,,old-,,fa%ion$ ,,e?ics ,,&             
,,common-,,s5se ,,metaphysics  ,) ,"s ( 
,_! ,applications  by  ,,william ,,?omas
 ,,?ornton  ,au?or ( a ,treatise ',on   
,lab\r'        ,london ,macmillan & ,co4
 #ahgc  ,all rights res]v$         ',i  
entirely agree ) y z to ! ill t5d5cy ( !
 affect$      d\bts ( "s philosoph]s & !
 fanta/ical conceits ( o!rs4      ,i am 
ev5 s f> gone ( late 9 ?is way ( ?9k+1 t
 ,i h      quitt$ sev]al ( ! sublime    
notions ,i _h got 9 _! s*ools      =    
vulg> op9ions4 ,& ,i give x y on my ^w1 
t s9ce ?is      revolt f metaphysical   
notions to ! pla9 dictates ( nature     
& common s5se1 ,i f9d my und]/&+        
/rangely enlight5$1 s      t ,i c n[    
easily compreh5d a great _m ?+s :i* be=e
      7 all my/]y &                     
riddle4'--,,b]keley',s ,,hylas ,,&      
,,philon\s4     ,,preface4   ,! book 0  
all b f9i%$1 & only ! ,preface rema9$1  
ov] :i* ,i 0 hesitat+1 appreh5sive      
equally ( putt+ into x too mu* & too    
little1 :5 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t           

'companions ( my solitude' came to my   
aid1 %ew+ me1 9 fragm5ts1 a preface     
already ne>ly writt51 & ne$+ only a     
little piec+ to become =?) pres5table4  
,"h x is4  ',9 ^! sick days1 9 a _w su* 
z ours1 ri*] ?an usual 9 ,tru?s gr[n    
obsolete1 :at c ! fool ?9k b t x is all 
a ,d5 ( ,lies :]e9 :oso w n speak & act 
,lies mu/ /& idle & despair8' ,:]eby x  
happ5s t = ! arti/ :o w\ld fa9 m9i/]    
m$ic9ally to ! relief ( folly1 '!       
publi%+ ( a ,"w ( ,art1' design$1 l ?is1
 to r$eem ,tru? f premature obsolesc5ce1
 'becomes almo/ a necessity4' ,=1       
albeit1 '9 ! he>t ( ! speak] !re ought  
to be "s k9d ( gospel tid+s burn+ until 
x be utt]$1 s t o!rwise x 7 bett] = him 
t he altoge!r held 8 peace1' /ill1 ?an  
to h fire burn+ )91 & n to put x =?1 n  
_m worse ?+s are readily imag9able4     
',has ! ^w ,duty no mean+8 ,is :at we   
call ,duty no div9e mess5g] & guide1 b a
 false1 e>?ly fantasm1 made up ( ,desire
 & ,fe>8' ,9 t' ,logic-mill ( ?9e' ha/  
?\ 'an e>?ly me*anism = ! ,godlike      

itself1 & = gr9d+ out ,virtue f ! husks 
( ,pleasure8 ,i tell !e1 ,nay6 ,o!rwise1
 n on ,morality1 b on ,cook]y1 let u    
build our /ronghold4 ,!re1 br&i%+ our   
fry+-pan z c5s]1 let u (f] up sweet     
inc5se to ! ,devil1 & live at ease on ! 
fat ?+s he has provid$ = 8 elect1' see+ 
t ') /upidity & s\nd dige/ion1 man may  
front mu*4'  ,or1 'is !re no ,god8 or1  
at be/1 an abs5tee ,god1 sitt+ idle ev] 
s9ce ! fir/ ,sabba?1 at ! outside ( ,8  
univ]se1 & see+ x g8' ,"k t = man's     
well-be+1 :atev] else be ne$$1 ',fai? is
 "o ?+ ne$ful4' ,m>k1 'h[1 ) x1 ,m>tyrs1
 o!rwise weak1 c *e]fully endure ! %ame 
& ! cross2 h[1 )\t x1 worldl+s puke up  
_! sick exi/5ce1 by suicide1 9 ! mid/ ( 
luxury4' ,( h[ mu* else1 '= a pure moral
 nature1 is n ! loss ( ,religi\s ,belief
 ! loss8' ',all w\nds1 ! cru% (         
long-cont9u$ ,de/itution1 ! /ab ( false 
,fri5d%ip & ( false ,love1 all w\nds 9 !
 s g5ial he>t w\ld h heal$ aga9 _h n !  
life-w>m? ( ,fai? be5 )drawn4' ,b ?is   
once lo/1 h[ recov]able8 h[1 r1 ev]     

acquirable8 ',fir/ mu/ ! dead ,lett] (  
,religion own itself dead1 & drop       
piecemeal into du/1 if ! liv+ ,_s (     
,religion1 fre$ f ?is1 its *>nel h\se1  
is to arise on u1 new born ( ,heav51 & )
 new heal+ "u its w+s4'  ,beside ^!     
burn+ words ( ,mr4 ,c>lyle any          
additional words ( m9e w\ld /& only z   
sup]flu\s foils1 & are1 !re=e1          
consid]ately pret]mitt$4  ,,cadogan     
,,place3 ,decemb] #ahgb4     ,,cont5ts4 
,,*apt]                                 
,,page    ,i4 ,,anti-,,utilit>ianism    
#a    ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory',s ,,sci5tific     
,,pret5sions                            
#hd    ,,iii4 ,,david ,,hume ,,z ,a     
,,metaphysician                         
#aac    ,,iv4 ,,huxleyism               
#aeh    ,v4 ,,rec5t ,,phases ,,(        
,,sci5tific ,,a!ism                     
#aii    ,,vi4 ,,limits ,,( ,,demon/rable
 ,,!ism                                 
#bff       ,,epilogue                   
#bih     ,,old-,,fa%ion$ ,,e?ics  ,,&   
,,common-,,s5se ,,metaphysics           

,,*apt] ,i4  ,,anti-,,utilit>ianism4    
,i4  ,hav+1 by ! head+ ( ?is essay1     
ann\nc$ t x is int5d$ to be p>tly       
controv]sial1 ,i c sc>cely beg9 bett]   
?an by furni%+ ! read] ) ! means ( judg+
 :e!r ,i myself correctly appreh5d !    
doctr9e :i* ,i am ab\t to criticise4    
,if1 !n1 ,i 7 myself an ,utilit>ian1 &1 
= ! sake ei!r ( v9dicat+ my own belief1 
or ( mak+ conv]ts ( o!r p1 _h und]tak5  
to expla9 :at ,utilit>ianism is1 ,i %\ld
 set ab\t ! task some:at 9 ?is wise3--  
,! sole use & sole object ( exi/5ce is  
enjoym5t or pleasure1 :i* two words w "h
 be treat$ z synonym\s2 happ9ess1 also1 
?\gh n q id5tical 9 mean+1 be+          
occasionally sub/itut$ = !m4 ,enjoym5t1 
x mu/ be obs]v$1 is ( v v>i\s k9ds1     
measures1 & degrees4 ,x may be s5sual1  
or emotional1 or imag9ative1 or         
intellectual1 or moral4 ,x may be       
mom5t>y or et]nal2 intoxicat+ delight or
 sob] satisfaction4 ,x may be unmix$ &  
undi/urb$1 9 :i* case1 h[ev] %ort (     
duration or co>se 9 quality1 x may 9    

/rictness be call$ happ9ess2 or x may be
 tr\bl$ & alloy$1 al?\gh ( a flav\r :i* 
w\ld be exquisite if pure1 & if !re 7   
no?+ to int]f]e ) ! p]ception ( x4      
,und]/ood1 h[ev]1 9 a suffici5tly       
compreh5sive s5se1 enjoym5t or pleasure 
may be cle>ly p]ceiv$ to be ! sole      
object ( exi/5ce4 ,! :ole value ( life  
pla9ly consi/s ( ! enjoym5t1 pres5t or  
future1 :i* life af=ds1 or is capable ( 
af=d+ or secur+4 ,n[1 ! excell5ce ( all 
rules dep5ds on _! conduciv5ess to !    
object !y h 9 view4 ,! excell5ce ( all  
rules ( life mu/1 !re=e1 dep5d on _!    
conduciv5ess to ! sole object :i* life  
has 9 view1 viz41 enjoym5t4 ,b !        
excell5ce ( rules ( life1 or ( conduct  
or modes ( act+1 w\ld seem to be b ano!r
 "n = _! morality1 & ! morality (       
actions obvi\sly dep5ds on _! con=mity  
to moral rules4 ,:5ce1 if s mu* be      
admitt$1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! te/ ( !
 morality ( actions is _! conduciv5ess  
to enjoym5t4  ,b ! enjoym5t ?us ref]r$  
to is n t ( ! ag5t alone1 = if x 71 no  

action :atev] c\ld possibly be immoral4 
,:atev] any "o does1 he does ei!r       
because to d x gives him or promises him
 pleasure1 or because he believes t ! n 
do+ x w\ld subject him to m pa9 ?an he w
 suff] f do+ x4 ,besides1 "o p]son's    
enjoym5t may be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( o!r
 p's suff]+1 s t an act 9 :i* ! actor   
takes pleasure may de/roy or prev5t m   
pleasure altoge!r ?an x creates4 ,!     
enjoym5t or happ9ess1 !re=e1 :i*        
,utilit>ianism reg>ds1 is n individual1 
b g5]al happ9ess2 n t ( "o or ( a few1 b
 ( ! _m1 nor ev5 ( ! _m only4 ,x is (t5 
decl>$ to be ! greate/ happ9ess ( !     
greate/ numb]1 b x may ) m accuracy be  
describ$ z ! l>ge/ aggregate ( happ9ess 
atta9able by any or by all conc]n$4#a   
,aga91 an action :i*1 9 "s p>ticul>     
in/ance1 causes m pleasure ?an pa9 to ^?
 affect$ by x1 may yet belong to a class
 ( actions :i*1 9 ! g5]ality ( cases1   
causes m pa9 ?an pleasure1 & may ?us    
involve a violation ( a moral rule1 &1  
consequ5tly1 be itself immoral4 ,:]e=e !

 enjoym5t :i* ,utilit>ianism adopts z   
its moral te/ is n simply ! greate/ sum 
( enjoym5t = all conc]n$1 b t greate/   
sum 9 ! greate/ numb] ( cases4 ,9 its   
wide/ signification x is ! greate/      
happ9ess ( society at l>ge & 9 ! long   
run4 ,f ^! premises a decisive crit]ion 
( "r & wrong may be d$uc$4 ,e action    
belong+ to a class calculat$ to promote 
! p]man5t happ9ess ( society is "r4 ,e  
action belong+ to a class oppos$ to !   
p]man5t happ9ess ( society is wrong4  ,9
 ! =ego+ exposition ,i h1 ,i tru/1 ev9c$
 a s9c]e desire to give ,utilit>ianism  
its full due1 & ,i %all at lea/ be      
admitt$ to h %[n myself entirely free f 
mo/ ( ^? m vulg> misconceptions ( its   
nature :i* h giv5 its pr(essors su* j   
(f5ce4 ,_m ( its assailants h n scrupl$ 
to /igmatise z wor?y only ( sw9e a      
doctr9e :i* repres5ts life z hav+ no    
bett] & nobl] object ( desire & pursuit 
?an pleasure4 ,to ^!1 h[ev]1 x has1 by !
 great apo/le ( ,utilit>ianism1 be5     
triumphantly repli$ t x is really !y    

!mselves :o insult human nature by us+  
language t assumes human be+s to be     
capable ( no high] pleasures ?an ^? (   
:i* sw9e are capable2 & t1 moreov]1 if !
 assumption 7 correct1 & if ! capacities
 ( m5 & ( sw9e 7 id5tical1 :atev] rule (
 life 7 good en\gh = ! latt] w\ld       
likewise be good en\gh = ! =m]4 ,b ,i am
 n an assailant ( ?is description4      
,inasmu* z !re und5iably are v _m & v   
v>i\s k9ds ( pleasure1 ,i ( c\rse all[  
,utilit>ianism cr$it = common s5se en\gh
 to ackn[l$ge t ^? k9ds are mo/ wor?y ( 
pursuit :i*1 f :atev] cause1 possess mo/
 value--t ^? :i* are mo/ preci\s are ^? 
mo/ to be priz$4 ,b :oev] all[s ?us mu* 
w h no alt]native b to conc$e a great   
deal m4 ,! mo/ preci\s ( pleasures is t 
:i* arises f ! practice ( virtue1 z may 
be prov$ conclusively 9 ! only way ( :i*
 ! case admits1 viz41 by ref]5ce to !   
fact t1 :oev] is equally acqua9t$ ) t & 
) o!r pleasures1 delib]ately pref]s x to
 all ! re/1 w1 if necess>y1 =ego all    
o!rs = its sake1 & values no o!rs       

obta9able only at its exp5se4 ,by       
necess>y implication x foll[s t1 z be+ m
 valuable ?an any o!r1 ! pleasure aris+ 
f ! practice ( virtue mu/ be t :i*      
,utilit>ianism recomm5ds above all o!rs 
z an object ( pursuit4 ,b ! pursuit (   
?is p>ticul> pleasure & ! practice (    
virtue are synonym\s t]ms4 ,:at1 !re=e1 
,utilit>ianism above all o!r ?+s        
recomm5ds & insi/s ^u is ! practice (   
virtue4 ,n[1 ! practice ( virtue        
commonly involves subord9ation ( "o's   
own int]e/ to t ( o!r p2 inde$1 virtue  
w\ld n be virtue 9 ! utilit>ian s5se ( !
 ^w unless x did involve su*            
subord9ation4 ,:]e=e ! pleasure aris+ f 
! practice ( virtue1 ! pleasure :i*     
occupies ! highe/ place on ! utilit>ian 
scale1 & t :i* ,utilit>ianism exhorts   
its disciples *iefly to seek aft]1 is   
no?+ else ?an ! pleasure d]iv$ f att5d+ 
to o!r p's pleasure in/ead ( to our own4
  ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 ord] adequately to
 appreciate ! l(t9ess ( utilit>ian      
tea*+1 & its utt] exemption f !         

sordidness ) :i* x is ignorantly *>g$1  
we mu/ devote a few mom5ts to exam9ation
 ( ^? di/9ctive peculi>ities ( diff]5t  
k9ds ( pleasure :i* entitle !m to       
diff]5t places 9 our e/eem4  ,all       
pleasures may be arrang$ "u five heads1 
& 9 regul>ly asc5d+ s]ies1 z foll[s3--  
#a4 ,s5sual pleasures3--,to wit1 ^? (   
eat+ & dr9k+1 & :atev] o!rs are altoge!r
 ( ! fle%1 fle%ly4  #b4 ,emotional1 by  
:i* are to be und]/ood agreeable moods (
 ! m9d1 su* z1 irrespectively ( any     
agreeable idea br\ght =w>d simultane\sly
 by association1 are produc$ by music   
7'=1' z ,milton says1 'eloqu5ce ! s\l1  
song *>ms ! s5se'71 by beauty ( =m or   
col\r1 by g5ial sun%9e1 by balmy or     
invigorat+ air4  #c4 ,imag9ative1 or    
pleasures d]iv$ f ! contemplation (     
m5tal pictures4  #d4 ,intellectual1 or  
^? consequ5t on ex]cise ( ! reason+     
p[]s4  #e4 ,moral1 or ^? :i* are allud$ 
to :5 virtue is spok5 ( z be+ its own   
rew>d4#b  ,t ( ^! sev]al k9ds1 ea* ( !  
la/ f\r is pref]able to any prec$+ x on 

! li/ w1 x is to be hop$1 be all[$ to   
pass z an unque/ion$ tru?1 = to any "o  
p]v]se en\gh to d5y x1 ! only answ] t c 
be made is an appeal to obs]vation 9    
pro( t all p]sons :o are equally        
acqua9t$ ) ! sev]al k9ds d exhibit !    
pref]5ces indicat$4 ,nei!r1 s f> z ! two
 k9ds fir/-nam$ alone are conc]n$1 is x 
possible to g mu* m deeply into !       
reasons :y emotional pleasures are to be
 pref]r$ to s5sual1 ?an by po9t+ to !   
fact t all compet5t judges ( bo? are    
obs]v$ to l ! =m] be/4 ,if all ^? :o are
 end[$ ) equal s5sitiv5ess ( e> & (     
palate pref] music to fea/+1 & w\ld any 
day give up a d9n] at ,francatelli's = !
 sake ( he>+ a rejuv5esc5t ,p]siani z   
,z]l9a1 or ,patti z ,d9orah1 ! "o ?+    
presumable is1 t all su* p]sons d]ive m 
enjoym5t f p]fect melody ?an f p]fect   
cook]y1 & little else rema9s to be said 
on ! subject4 ,! same ultimate fact ne$ 
n1 h[ev]1 limit our inquiry z to !      
pref]abl5ess ( imag9ative or            
intellectual to emotional pleasures1 & (

 moral to any ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,?is admits 
(1 & dem&s1 a m subtle explanation1 f   
:i* we may le>n1 n m]ely t c]ta9        
pref]5ces are %[n1 b also :y !y are %[n4
 ,! pref]5ces 9 "q are demon/rably n due
 to ! great] poignancy ( ! pleasures    
pref]r$4 ,x is simply n true t ! ke5e/ (
 imag9ative pleasures is ke5] ?an !     
ke5e/ ( emotional1 & /ill less t ! ke5e/
 ( intellectual is s4 ,! v rev]se is !  
tru?4 ,! supreme/ delight atta9able 9   
fancy's mo/ romantic flight is1 ,i      
suspect1 fa9t 9 comp>ison ) ! sort (    
ec/asy into :i* a *ild ( fre%ly-/rung   
n]ves is sometimes ?r[n by ! m]e        
brilliance or balm9ess ( a summ]'s day1 
& ) :i* ev5 we1 dull$ adults1 provid$ we
 be 9 ! "r hum\r1 & t all ?+s are 9 a   
concat5ation accord+ly1 are n[ & !n     
mom5t>ily affect$ :ile li/5+ to !       
wood-notes wild ( a night+ale1 or a     
,j5ny ,l9d1 or :ile gaz+ on />-lit sky  
or moon-lit sea1 or on ! sn[y or        
dolomite peaks ( a m\nta9 range fulg5t )
 ! violet & purple glories ( ! sett+    

sun4 ,& yet ! *oice/ snat*es ( su*      
beatitude ) :i*--at lea/1 aft] ! f9e    
edge ( our susceptibilities has be5 worn
 away by ! _w's friction--we creatures (
 co>se human m\ld are ev] indulg$1 are b
 poor 9 comp>ison ) ! ri* abundance ( ! 
same 9 :i* "s m delicately-con/itut$    
organisms habitually revel4 ,if we w\ld 
und]/& ( :at developm5t emotional       
delight is capable1 we %\ld wat* !      
skyl>k4 ,z t 'bli! _s' n[ at heav5's    
gate 'p\re? its full he>t1' & anon c    
,sc>ce get out 8 notes = joy1   ,b %akes
 8 song toge!r z he ne>s   ,8 happy     
home1 ! gr\nd1  :at poet b mu/ ne$s     
confess ) ,%elley1 t 9 8 mo/ raptur\s   
dream1 8 transport nev] came nigh !     
bird's8 ,& yet :at poet w\ld *ange      
conditions ) ! l>k8 ,nay1 :at /ud5t or  
philosoph] w\ld8 albeit ! utmo/         
gratification ev] e>n$ by ei!r ( ^! 9 ! 
prosecution ( 8 special call+--9 acquir+
 k1 9 solv+ knotty problems1 or 9 scal+ 
! heights ( ab/ract contemplation--is   
probably z inf]ior 9 ke5ness ( ze/ to t 

:i* ! poet kn[s1 z ! be/ prose is       
inf]ior 9 *>m to ! be/ poetry4 ,x may   
ev5 be t bo? poet & philosoph] owe1 on !
 :ole1 m unhapp9ess ?an happ9ess--! "o  
to 8 sup]ior s5sibility1 ! o!r to 8     
sup]ior enlight5m5t1 & yet nei!r w\ld   
ex*ange 8 own less] happ9ess = ! great] 
happ9ess ( ! l>k4 ,:y w\ld he n8 ,x is  
no suffici5t answ] to say t 9 ! l>k's   
happ9ess !re are few1 if any1 imag9ative
 or intellectual +r$i5ts2 t x is almo/  
utt]ly unideal1 almo/ purely emotional1 
exactly ! same 9 k9d1 & only high] 9    
degree1 ?an ! glee ( puppies or kitt5s  
at play4 ,! "q recurs z =cibly z ev]1   
:y--see+ t enjoym5t is ! "o ?+          
desirable1 ! only ?+ ei!r valuable 9    
itself1 or t gives value to o!r ?+s--:y 
is x t no intellig5t man w\ld accept1 9 
lieu ( 8 own1 ano!r mode ( exi/5ce1 9   
:i*1 al?\gh deb>r$ f ! joys ( ?\ght &   
fancy1 he nev]!less has reason to       
believe t ! %>e ( enjoym5t fall+ to 8   
lot w\ld be great]1 bo? 9 quantity &    
sapidity1 ?an x is at pres5t8 ,! foll[+ 

seems to me to be ! explanation ( !     
my/]y4  ,x might be too mu* to say t    
no?+ c please a p]son :o is n pleas$ )  
himself1 b x is at any rate cle> t no?+ 
c greatly please him :i* int]f]es ) 8   
self-satisfaction4 ,n[ imag9ative &     
intellectual enjoym5t1 ea* ( !m1        
involves ! ex]cise ( a special & sup]ior
 faculty1 m]e consci\sness ( !          
possession ( :i* helps to make !        
possessor satisfi$ ) himself4 ,x exalts 
:at ,mr4 ,mill aptly t]ms 8 s5se (      
dignity1 a s5se possess$ 9 "s =m or o!r 
by e human be+1 & "o s ess5tial to t    
self-satisfaction )\t :i* all pleasure  
w\ld be ta/eless1 t no?+ :i* conflicts )
 x c be an object ( s]i\s desire4 ,9    
virtue ( ?is special faculty1 ! mo/     
wret*$ ( m5 holds himself to be sup]ior 
to ! mo/ joy\s ( l>ks4 ,to dive/ himself
 ( x w\ld be to l[] himself t[>ds !     
level ( ! bird1 & to commit su* an act (
 self-degradation w\ld occasion to him  
an am\nt ( pa9 :i* he is n dispos$ to   
incur = ! sake ( any am\nt ( pleasure   

obta9able at its exp5se4 ,x is1 !n1 !   
fe> ( pa9 :i* prev5ts 8 wi%+ to be turn$
 into a l>k4 ,he is n ignorant t he w\ld
 be happi] = ! metamorphosis1 b he      
dreads ! pa9 t mu/ prec$e ! increase (  
happ9ess1 m ?an he desires ! increase ( 
happ9ess t w\ld foll[ ! pa94  ,! =ce (  
^! consid]ations w be equally1 or m     
app>5t1 on _! be+ appli$ to analysis (  
moral pleasures4 ,t ^! are ! mo/ truly  
preci\s ( all pleasures1 is prov$ by _! 
be+ habitually m highly priz$ ?an any   
o!rs by all :o are qualifi$ to make !   
comp>ison4 ,b :y are !y s priz$8 ,n1 z  
,i am con/ra9$1 h[ev] reluctantly1 to   
admit1 on acc\nt ( _! great] ke5ness z  
pleasures4 ,x w\ld be at be/ b          
well-mean+ cant to pret5d t !           
self-approval1 ! sympa!tic p>ticipation 
9 o!r p's augm5t$ welf>e1 ! grateful    
consci\sness ( hav+ done t :i* is pleas+
 9 our ,heav5ly ,fa!r's sight1 toge!r ) 
:atev] else helps to compose ! int]nal  
rew>d ( virtue1 con/itute a sum total ( 
delight ne>ly z exquisite z t :i* may be

 obta9$ 9 a v>iety ( o!r ways4 ,! m]e   
circum/ance ( !re be+ inv>iably includ$ 
9 a j or g5]\s action m or less (       
self-d5ial1 self-re/ra9t1 or            
self-sacrifice1 mu/ always sob] d[n !   
gratification by :i* virtue is rew>d$1 &
 make x appe> tame beside ! delirium (  
gladness caus$ by _m ?+s ) :i* virtue   
has no?+ to d4 ,we w *>itably suppose t 
! occupant ( a duk$om1 :o %\ld secretly 
light ^u conclusive pro( t x 0 n 8 by   
"r1 w\ld at once ab&on x to ! legal     
heir1 & we ne$ n d\bt t he w\ld         
subsequ5tly be1 on ! :ole1 well cont5t  
to h s act$1 b we _c suppose t he w\ld  
make ! surr5d] ) any?+ l ! elation ) :i*
 he ent]$ on ! e/ate & title4 ,if !re 7 
really no pleasure equal to t ) :i*     
virtue recomp5ses its vot>ies1 !        
p]=mance ( a virtu\s act w\ld always    
make a man happi] ?an previ\sly2        
moreov]1 ! great] ! virtue1 ! great]    
w\ld be ! consequ5t pleasure4 ,b any "o 
may see t an act ( ! mo/ exalt$ virtue1 
f> f increas+1 (t5 utt]ly de/roys !     

ag5t's happ9ess4 ,imag9e an affectionate
 fa!r1 "s second ,brutus or second      
,fitz/eph5 ( ,galway1 con/ra9$ by       
ov]:elm+ s5se ( duty to s5t5ce a belov$ 
son to dea?1 or a bankrupt begg>+       
himself & 8 family by hone/ly mak+ ov]  
to 8 cr$itors prop]ty ) :i* he might h  
safely abscond$4 ,pla9ly1 su* virtu\s   
a*ievem5t1 f> f add+ to ! happ9ess ( its
 au?or1 has plung$ him 9 an abyss (     
mis]y1 8 only com=t be+ t 9 ! l[e/ deep 
!re is1 z we %all pres5tly see1 a l[]   
deep /ill4 ,f> f be+ happi] ?an he 0    
be=e act+ z he has done1 he w\ld be mu* 
happi] if1 be+ vici\s in/ead ( virtu\s1 
he _h n felt b\nd s to act4             
,unque/ionably1 :at ei!r upright judge  
or hone/ bankrupt has incurr$--! "o by  
becom+ a saticide1 ! o!r by mak+ himself
 a begg>--is pure & simple pa91         
unmitigat$ by "o p>ticle ( positive     
pleasure4 ,yet x is at ! same "t c]ta9 t
 ! virtue ( ea* has 9 "s =m or o!r giv5 
full comp5sation = ! pa9 x has          
occasion$1 = n only 0 t pa9 delib]ately 

incurr$ 9 lieu ( ! pleasure :i* x has   
supplant$1 b re/oration ( ! pleasure    
w\ld n[ be refus$1 if rev]sal ( !       
virtu\s conduct 7 made a condition ( !  
re/oration4 ,9 :at1 !n1 does !          
comp5sation consi/8 ,9 no?+ else ?an    
?is1 9 judge or bankrupt hav+ be5 sav$ f
 pa9 /ill great] ?an t :i* he is        
actually suff]+4 ,wret*$ z he is1       
inf9itely m wret*$ ?an he 0 be=e !re 0  
any call ^u him to act z he has done1 he
 is less wret*$ ?an he w\ld be if1      
recognis+ ! obligation s to act1 he _h n
 s act$4 ,he has escap$ ! /+s (         
consci5ce1 ! s5se ( hav+ wrong$ 8       
neighb\r & (f5d$ 8 ,god2 he has escap$1 
9 %ort1 self-condemnation--a torm5t s   
intol]able to ^? s con/itut$ z to be    
susceptible ( x1 t hell itself has be5  
kn[n to be1 9 imag9ation at lea/1       
pref]r$ to x4 ,mr4 ,mill's spl5did      
outbur/ t1 r ?an wor%ip a fi5d t c\ld   
s5d him to hell = refus+1 he w\ld g to  
hell z he 0 bid1 w d\btless occur to e  
read]4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 is all4 ,9 bo? !   

suppos$ cases1 z 9 e "o 9 :i* virtue    
consi/s ( compliance ) a pa9ful duty1 ! 
pleasure aris+ f ! practice ( virtue _c 
9 /rictness be call$ pleasure at all4   
,at be/ x is b a p>tial negation ( pa92 
m prop]ly1 inde$1 ! sub/itution ( "o pa9
 = ano!r m acute4 ,yet ?is m]e negation1
 ?is e!real inanity1 is pron\nc$ by     
,utilit>ianism to be pref]able to aught 
t c come into competition ) x4 ,truly x 
is some:at h>d ^u ^? :o att5d to su*    
tea*+1 to be reproa*$ ) _! grossness (  
ta/e & lik5$ to hogs1 = no bett] reason 
?an _! pr$ilection = ! lighte/ ( all    
conceivable diets4 ,/ill h>d] w ?is     
seem1 :5 we recollect t ,utilit>ians are
 exhort$ to be virtu\s1 less = _! own   
?an = o!r p's sakes4 ,if1 inde$1 virtue 
7 practis$ by all mank9d1 ! utilit>ian  
idea ( ! greate/ possible happ9ess1 or1 
at lea/1 ( ! greate/ possible exemption 
f unhapp9ess1 w\ld be univ]sally        
realis$4 ,/ill1 x is 9 ord] t !y may    
af=d pleasure to ! community at l>ge1 r 
?an t !y may obta9 x = !mselves2 x is t 

!y may save1 n s mu* !mselves1 z !      
community1 f pa91 t individual          
,utilit>ians are *>g$ to be virtu\s4    
,among ^? pleasures1 :e!r positive or   
negative1 :i* x is all[able to !m to    
seek = !mselves1 ! fir/ place is assign$
 to ! pleasure aris+ f ! s5se ( giv+    
pleasure to o!rs4 ,?us1 n only is x !   
pure/ ( pleasures t ,utilit>ianism      
*iefly recomm5ds = pursuit3 ev5 t       
pleasure is to be pursu$ only f ! pure/ 
& mo/ dis9t]e/$ motives4  ,all ?is ,i   
frankly ackn[l$ge2 & ,i own1 too1 t1 f> 
f des]v+ to be /igmatis$ z irreligi\s1  
,utilit>ianism is lit]ally no?+ else ?an
 an amplification ( "o moiety (         
,*ri/ianity2 t x n adopts m]ely1 b      
exp&s1 '! gold5 rule ( ,jesus (         
,naz>e?1' exhort+ u to love our         
neighb\r1 n simply z well1 b bett] ?an  
ourselves2 to d = o!rs1 n simply :at we 
w\ld h !m d = u1 b mu* m ?an we c\ld h !
 face to ask !m to d2 n m]ely n to      
pursue our int]e/s at ! exp5se ( !irs1 b
 to reg>d z our own *ief int]e/ !       

promotion ( !irs4 ,t on acc\nt ( ^!     
exhortations ,utilit>ianism is godless c
 be suppos$ by ^? only :o suppose t love
 to "o's neighb\r is contr>y to ! w (   
,god4 ,by ^? :o believe t works are !   
be/ signs ( fai?1 & t love to ,god is   
be/ ev9c$ by do+ good to man1           
,utilit>ianism might r seem to be b     
ano!r "n = practical religion4  ,s ,i   
say 9 all s9c]ity1 ?\gh n )\t "s        
misgiv+1 z :ile s speak+ ,i involunt>ily
 be?9k myself ( ,balaam1 son ( ,beor1 :o
 hav+ be5 call$ =? to curse1 caught     
himself bless+ altoge!r4 ,m9e eyes1 too1
 h be5 op5$ to ! good ( t :i* ,i 0      
purpos$ to condemn1 & behold ,i h z yet 
done no?+ b eulogise4 ,no w>me/ p>tisan 
( ,utilit>ianism1 n ,mr4 ,mill himself1 
ev] spoke m highly ( x ?an ,i h j be5   
do+4 ,:at c5sures1 !n1 c ,i h 9 res]ve  
to c\nt]vail su* praises8 ,:at gr\nds ( 
qu>rel c ,i h ) a sy/em ( e?ics :i* ,i h
 describ$ z ev] seek+ ! noble/ ends f ! 
pure/ motives2 ^: precepts ,i own to be 
z elevat+ z its aims are exalt$8 ,on    

reflection1 ,i am reassur$ by recollect+
 sev]al1 :i* ,i proce$ to br+ =w>d "o at
 a "t1 beg9n+ ) a s9 enorm\s en\gh to   
cov] any multitude ( m]its4  ,my fir/   
*>ge aga9/ ,utilit>ianism is t x is n   
true4 ,i d n say t !re is no tru? 9 x4  
,t ,i h f\nd mu* to admire 9 its        
premises has be5 frankly av[$2 & 9 "o1  
at lea/1 ( ! lead+ d$uctions f ^?       
premises ,i p>tially concur4 ,i admit t 
acts utt]ly )\t utility mu/ likewise be 
utt]ly )\t wor?2 t conduct :i* subs]ves 
! enjoym5t nei!r ( oneself nor ( any "o 
else1 _c1 except 9 a v re/rict$ s5se1 be
 t]m$ "r2 t conduct :i* int]f]es ) !    
enjoym5t bo? ( oneself & ( all o!rs1 :i*
 injur+ oneself injures o!rs also1 &    
b5efits no "o1 _c be o!rwise ?an wrong2 
t purely objectless asceticism :i* has n
 ev5 self-discipl9e 9 view1 is n virtue1
 b folly2 t misdirect$ *>ity :i*1       
eng5d]+ improvid5ce1 creates m di/ress  
?an x relieves1 is n virtue1 b crim9al  
weakness4 ,b ?\gh admitt+ t !re c be no 
virtue )\t utility1 ,i d n admit ei!r t 

virtue mu/ be abs5t unless utility      
prepond]ate1 or t if utility prepond]ate
 virtue mu/ be pres5t4 ,i d5y t any     
am\nt ( utility c ( itself con/itute    
virtue4 ,i d5y t :atev] adds to ! g5]al 
happ9ess mu/ be "r4 ,equally d ,i d5y t 
:atev] dim9i%es ! g5]al happ9ess or     
prev5ts its increas+ mu/ be wrong4 ,an  
action1 be x obs]v$1 may be "r 9 ?ree   
diff]5t s5ses4 ,x may be "r z be+       
m]itori\s1 & des]v+ ( comm5dation4 ,x   
may be "r z be+ t :i* "o is b\nd to d1 =
 ! do+ ( :i*1 !re=e1 "o des]ves no      
praise1 & = neglect+ to d :i* "o w\ld   
ju/ly incur blame4 ,x may be "r simply z
 n be+ wrong--z be+ all[able--some?+ :i*
 "o has a "r to d1 ?\gh to refra9 f do+ 
x might p]haps be praisewor?y4 ,!re w be
 little difficulty 9 adduc+ examples (  
conduct :i*1 ?\gh calculat$ to dim9i% ! 
sum total ( happ9ess1 w\ld be "r 9 !    
fir/ ( ^! s5ses4 ,no?+ c be easi] ?an to
 multiply examples ( su* conduct t w\ld 
be "r 9 ! ?ird s5se4 ,i proce$ to cite  
cases :i* w answ] bo? ^! purposes1 &    

likewise ! conv]se "o ( %[+ t conduct   
calculat$ to increase ! g5]al happ9ess  
may nev]!less be wrong4  ,:5 ! ,grecian 
*iefs1 assembl$ at ,aulis1 7 wait+ = a  
fair w9d to convey !m to ,ilium1 !y 71  
we are told1 w>n$ by :at 0 to !m z a    
voice f heav51 t _! ent]prise w\ld make 
no progress unless ,agamemnon's daught] 
7 sacrific$ to ,diana4 ,9 ord] to place 
! details ( ! /ory 9 a light z little   
fav\rable z possible to my argum5t1 we w
 deviate some:at f ! accept$ v]sion1 & w
 suppose t ! arre/$ ent]prise 0 "o ( ev5
 great] pi? & mom5t ?an tradition       
ascribes to x4 ,we w suppose t ^u its   
successful prosecution dep5d$ ! national
 exi/5ce ( ,greece2 t its failure w\ld h
 involv$ ! ext]m9ation ( "o-half ( ! p1 
& ! slav]y ( ! o!r half4 ,we w suppose1 
too1 t ( all ?is ,iphig5ia 0 z firmly   
p]suad$ z e "o else4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1
 _h h] c\ntrym5 a "r to insi/ on h]     
immolation8 ,if s1 on :at 0 t "r f\nd$8 
,is x suffici5t to say 9 reply t h] dea?
 0 ess5tial to ! national happ9ess1 to !

 ext5t ev5 ( be+ indisp5sable to prev5t 
t happ9ess f be+ conv]t$ into national  
woe8 ,manife/ly1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 
x 0 exp$i5t = all conc]n$1 ) ! s+le     
exception ( h]self1 t %e %\ld die2 b 7 !
 o!rs !reby entitl$ to take h] life8    
,did ! fact ( its be+ = _! advantage to 
d ?is w>rant _! do+ x8 ,simply because x
 0 _! int]e/1 0 x also _! "r8 ,"r1 we   
mu/ recollect1 inv>iably implies        
correspond+ duty4 ,"r1 x is cle>1 c nev]
 be rightfully resi/$4 ,if x be ! "r (  
c]ta9 p]sons to d a c]ta9 ?+1 x mu/ be !
 duty ( all o!r p]sons to let t ?+ be   
done4 ,:]e !re is no su* duty1 !re c be 
no su* "r4 ,:]e=e1 if ! '/]n1           
black-be>d$ k+s1 ) wolfi% eyes1' :o sate
 'wait+ to see h] die1' _h a "r to kill 
,iphig5ia1 x mu/ h be5 ,iphig5ia's duty 
to let h]self be kill$4 ,0 ?is !n h]    
duty8 ',duty1' z ,i h else:]e obs]v$1#c 
'signifies some?+ due1 a debt1          
indebt$ness1 & a debt _c h be5 incurr$ =
 no?+1 or )\t "s antec$5t /ep on ! "p   
ei!r ( debtor or cr$itor4' ,b x is n    

pret5d$ t 9 any way :atev]1 by any      
antec$5t act ( h]s or !irs1 ,iphig5ia _h
 incurr$ or _h be5 subject$ to a debt to
 h] c\ntrym5 :i* c\ld be paid (f only ) 
h] life4 ,x c\ld n1 !n1 be incumb5t on  
h] to let h] life be tak5 9 paym5t4 ,if 
x _h be5 9 h] p[] to bur/ h] bonds1 &   
break ?r\gh ! wolves 9 human %ape t     
girdl$ h] 91 %e w\ld h be5 guilty ( no  
wrong by escap+4 ,b if n1 !n1 h[ev]     
m]itori\s x might h be5 on h] "p to     
cons5t to die = h] c\ntrym51 x 0 n h]   
duty s to die1 nor1 consequ5tly1 _h !y a
 "r to put h] to dea?4 ,%e w\ld h be5 at
 lea/ negatively "r 9 refus+ to die1    
:ile !y 7 guilty ( a v positive & a v   
griev\s wrong 9 kill+ h]1 not)/&+ t bo? 
%e & !y 7 p]fectly agre$ t = h] to be   
kill$ w\ld be = ! incalculably great]   
happ9ess ( a great] numb]1 exce$+ !     
less] numb] 9 ! proportion ( sev]al     
hundr$s ( ?\s&s to "o4  ,x is true t    
?r\gh\t ?is affair e "o conc]n$ 0 lab\r+
 "u a gross delusion--t !re 0 no real   
use 9 putt+ ,iphig5ia to dea?1 & t no?+ 

b sup]/ition made anybody suppose !re 04
 ,i d n ?9k ! case is "o less to our    
purpose on t acc\nt1 = ,utilit>ians1 l  
o!r fallible mortals1 are liable to     
deceive !mselves4 ,!y nev] c be q secure
 ( ! g5u95ess ( ! utility on :i* !y     
rely1 & 9 default ( positive k !y w     
always be r$uc$ to act1 z ! ,grecian    
*iefs did1 accord+ to ! be/ ( _!        
convictions4 ,nev]!less1 = !            
satisfaction ( ^? :o di/ru/ romance &   
insi/ ^u reality1 we w leave fable =    
fact1 & take z our next illu/ration an  
incid5t t may any day occur4  ,imag9e   
?ree %ipwreck$ m>9]s to h leapt f _!    
s9k+ vessel into a cockboat sc>ce big   
en\gh to hold !m1 & ! two slimm] ( !    
?ree to h pres5tly discov]$ t !re 0     
little or no *ance ( ei!r ( !m rea*+ l& 
unless _! ov]-weight$ craft 7 light5$ ( 
_! comp>atively corpul5t companion4     
,next1 imag9e y\rself 9 ! fat sailor's  
place1 & !n consid] :e!r y w\ld feel x  
incumb5t on y to submit quietly to be   
dr[n$ 9 ord] t ! residuum ( happ9ess    

might be great] ?an if ei!r y all ?ree  
w5t to ! bottom1 or ?an if y alone 7    
sav$4 ,w\ld y n1 f> f recognis+ any su* 
moral obligation1 hold y\rself morally  
ju/ifi$ 9 ?r[+ ! o!r two ov]bo>d1 if y 7
 /rong en\gh1 & if ne$ 71 to prev5t _!  
simil>ly ou/+ y8 ,b if x 7 n y\r duty to
 all[ y\rself to be ca/ into ! sea1 !   
o!rs c\ld h no "r to ca/ y out2 s t1 if 
!y did ca/ y out1 !y w\ld cle>ly be do+ 
n "r b wrong4 ,& yet1 z cle>ly1 _!      
wrong-do+ w\ld h conduc$ to ! great]    
happ9ess ( ! great] numb]1 inasmu* z1   
:ile only "o life c\ld o!rwise h be5    
sav$1 x w\ld save two1 & inasmu* z1     
coet]is p>ibus1 two p]sons w\ld         
necess>ily d]ive twice z mu* enjoym5t f 
cont9u$ exi/5ce z "o w\ld4 ,moreov]1 _! 
wrong-do+ w\ld be ( a k9d calculat$     
always to produce simil>ly useful       
results4 ,x _c1 ,i suppose1 be d5i$ t a 
rule to ! effect t :5ev] =feiture ( "o  
life w\ld save two1 "o life %\ld be     
sacrific$1 w\ld--n exceptionally only1 b
 at l>ge & 9 ! long run--conduce to !   

sav+ ( life1 & !re=e to ! cons]vation ( 
happ9ess connect$ ) life4  ,! =ego+     
cases are no d\bt bo? ( !m extreme1     
involv+ exaction ( ! l>ge/ possible     
private sacrifice = ! g5]al good2 b 9   
all cases ( ! k9d1 :e!r ! exaction be   
small or great1 ! same gov]n+ pr9ciple  
equally applies4 ,if y1 a foot-sore1    
homew>d-b\nd p$e/rian1 on a swelt]+     
,july day1 7 to see y\r next-door       
neighb\r driv+ 9 ! same direction 9     
solit>y /ate1 w\ld y h a "r to /op 8    
c>riage & =ce y\rself 98 ,nay1 ev5 ?\gh 
y _h j be=e fall5 d[n & brok5 y\r leg1  
w\ld ! compassionat+ by-/&]s be ju/ifi$ 
9 =c+ him to take y 98 ,or1 aga91 if y 7
 outside a coa* dur+ a pelt+ %[]1 & saw 
a fell[-pass5g] ) a sp>e umbrella betwe5
 8 legs1 :ile an unprotect$ female close
 beside 0 be+ dr5*$ ) ! ra91 w\ld y h a 
"r to wre/ ! second umbrella f him1 &   
hold x ov] h]8 ,t1 v likely1 is :at y   
w\ld d 9 ! circum/ances1 & few w\ld be  
dispos$ greatly to blame ! indignant    
ebullition4 ,/ill1 unless y are a       

disciple ( ,pr\dhon1 y w sc>cely pret5d 
t y c h a "r to take possession (       
ano!r's c>riage or umbrella aga9/ !     
own]'s w4 ,y c sc>cely suppose t x is n 
= him b = y to decide :at use %all be   
made ( articles belong+ n to y b to him4
 ,yet !re c be no d\bt t ! happ9ess (   
society w\ld be va/ly promot$ if ev]yone
 felt himself "u an irresi/ible         
obligation to assi/ 8 neighb\r :5ev] he 
c\ld d s ) little or no inconv5i5ce to  
himself1 or1 consequ5tly1 if ext]nal =ce
 7 always at h& to con/ra9 anyone s to  
assi/ :o 0 unwill+ to d s ( 8 own       
accord4  ,s mu* 9 pro( t among ?+s ( !  
highe/ & mo/ ext5sive utility !re are   
sev]al :i* x w\ld be decid$ly ! rev]se (
 "r to d1 & sev]al o!rs :i* x w\ld be   
p]fectly "r to leave undone4 ,i proce$  
to %[ t !re are _m o!r ?+s n simply n ( 
prepond]at+ utility1 b calculat$1 on !  
contr>y1 to d m h>m ?an good1 to de/roy 
m happ9ess ?an !y are capable ( creat+1 
:i*1 nev]!less1 x w\ld be n simply      
all[able to d1 b ! do+ ( :i* w\ld be    

highly m]itori\s1 acts possibly ( ! mo/ 
exalt$ virtue4  ,let no "o di/ru/ !     
doctr9e ( developm5t by reason ( its    
suppos$ extravagance ( pret5sion :o has 
n duly consid]$ to :at a sublime ( moral
 beauty ! unit$ hide\sness & absurdity (
 ,calv9ism may give bir?4 ,9 t ,puritan 
society ( ,new ,engl& ( :i* ,mrs4 ,bee*]
 ,/[e has giv5 s s+ul>ly int]e/+ an     
acc\nt 9 h] ',m9i/]'s ,woo+1' & among ^:
 memb]s x 0 an univ]sal article ( belief
 t ! bulk ( mank9d are creat$ = !       
express purpose ( be+ consign$ to       
ev]la/+ flames1 !re are said to h be5 n 
a few en?usia/s 9 :om a self-conc5trat+ 
cre$ begat ! v qu9tess5ce (             
self-devotion4 ',z a gallant soldi]     
r5\nces life & p]sonal aims 9 ! cause ( 
8 k+ & c\ntry1 & holds himself ready to 
be draft$ = a =lorn hope1 to be %ot d[n1
 or help to make a bridge ( 8 mangl$    
body1 ov] :i* ! m =tunate %all pass to  
victory & glory1' s among ! e>ly        
desc5dants ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs _m an "o 
'reg>d$ himself z devot$ to ! ,k+       

,et]nal1 ready 9 8 h&s to be us$ to     
illu/rate & build up an et]nal          
commonweal?1 ei!r by be+ sacrific$ z a  
lo/ _s1 or glorifi$ z a r$eem$ "o2 ready
 to ?r[1 n m]ely 8 mortal life1 b 8     
immortality ev51 into ! =lorn hope1 to  
bridge1 ) a nev]-dy+ s\l1 ! *asm ov] :i*
 :ite-rob$ victors %\ld pass to a       
commonweal? ( glory & spl5d\r1 ^:       
va/ness %\ld dw>f ! mis]y ( all ! lo/ to
 an inf9itesimal4' ,& :ile by _m ! idea 
( suff]+ ev]la/+ pa9s = ! glory ( ,god1 
& ! good ( be+ 9 g5]al1 0 ?us           
contemplat$ ) equanimity1 !re 7 "s few =
 :om ! idea ( s suff]+ = ! good ( o!rs  
de>] ?an !mselves w\ld h be5 greet$ )   
positive exultation4 ',& don't ,i c>e = 
y\r s\l1 ,james8' exclaims ,m>y ,scudd] 
to h] lov]4 ',if ,i c\ld take my hopes (
 heav5 out ( my own he>t & give !m to y1
 ,i w\ld4 ,dr4 ,h4 prea*$ la/ ,sunday on
 ! text1 ,i c\ld wi% myself accurs$ f   
,*ri/ = my bre?r51 my k9sm51 & he w5t on
 to %[ h[ we mu/ be will+ to give up ev5
 our own salvation1 if necess>y1 = !    

good ( o!rs4 ,p said x 0 a h>d doctr9e1 
b ,i c\ld feel my way ?r\gh x4 ,yes1 ,i 
w\ld give my s\l = y\rs4 ,i wi% ,i      
c\ld4' ,n[ we mu/ on no acc\nt p]mit    
admiration ( ,miss ,scudd]'s transc5d5t 
g5]osity 9 desir+ to make ?is ex*ange   
bl9d u to ! fatal effect on social      
happ9ess :i*1 if su* ex*ange 7 possible1
 ! preval5ce ( a disposition to make x  
c\ld n fail to h4 ,if ,calv9ism 7 true  
in/ead ( blasphem\s1 if ,god 7 really ! 
,molo* x repres5ts ,him1 & if1 moreov]1 
,molo* 7 indiff]5t z to :i* ( 8 (fspr+ 7
 ca/ into ! fire1 c>+ only t ! prescrib$
 numb] ( victims %\ld be =?com+ 9 full  
tale1 no?+ c be conceiv$ m likely to    
prove an enc\ragem5t to evil-do]s1 & a  
t]ror to !m t did well1 ?an obs]vation t
 well-do+ n infrequ5tly l$ to et]nal    
mis]y1 & evil-do+ to et]nal bliss4      
,aga91 if 9 ,*9a1 :]e crim9als "u s5t5ce
 ( dea? are p]mitt$1 if !y c1 by pur*ase
 or o!rwise1 to procure sub/itutes to   
die 9 _! /ead1 a son 7 to propose to die
 = a p>5t base en\gh to take advantage (

 ! (f]1 c\ld any arrangem5t be m pla9ly 
repugnant to ! common-weal ?an t by :i* 
society w\ld ?us lose "o ( its noble/1  
in/ead ( gett+ rid ( "o ( its vile/     
memb]s8 ,or1 :5 9 ,engl&1 a ?rifty son1 
by cons5t+ to cut ! entail ( an e/ate to
 :i* he is heir-app>5t1 enables a       
prodigal fa!r to consume 9 riot\s liv+  
sub/ance :i* w\ld o!rwise h ev5tually   
become 81 is he n cle>ly tak+ ! worse   
c\rse = ! public by p]mitt+ ! prop]ty to
 be wa/$1 in/ead ( caus+ x to be husb&$8
  ,beyond all "q1 ,am]ican ,puritan1    
,*9ese or ,engli% devotee to filial     
affection1 w\ld ?us1 ea* 9 h] or 8      
degree1 h1 9 ! circum/ances suppos$1    
act$ 9 a mann] oppos$ to ! g5]al int]e/1
 & w\ld !re=e be condemn$ by            
,utilit>ianism z hav+ act$ immorally4   
,nor c\ld ?is v]dict be ga9said if      
utility & morality 71 z ,utilit>ianism  
assumes !m to be1 "o & ! same ?+4       
,cle>ly1 t ! j %\ld suff] = ! unju/1 !  
innoc5t = ! guilty1 is diametrically    
oppos$ to ! welf>e ( society2 :]e=e1    

accord+ to utilit>ian pr9ciples1 by     
cons5t+ s to suff]1 ! j becomes unju/1 !
 innoc5t r5d]s himself guilty4 ,b c !re 
be a bett] pro( t utilit>ian pr9ciples  
are uns\nd ?an t ?is %\ld be a          
legitimate d$uction f !m8 ,c !re be     
bett] pro( t utility & morality are n   
id5tical1 b two absolutely di/9ct ?+s8  
,pla9ly1 !re c be no m]itori\s or       
comm5dable immorality2 nei!r c !re be   
any virtue :i* is n m]itori\s &         
comm5dable4 ,is !re1 !n1 no m]it1 no?+  
comm5dable1 9 accept+ ru9 or 9 volunte]+
 to die tempor>ily1 or to p]i%          
ev]la/+ly1 9 ord] to save a             
fell[-creature f ru91 or dea?1 or       
p]dition8 ,does n su* conduct1 consid]$ 
indep5d5tly & )\t ref]5ce ei!r to its   
utility or its hurtfulness1 comm& our   
in/antane\s & en?usia/ic admiration8 ,b 
h[1 be+ s admirable1 c x be immoral8 h[ 
o!r ?an virtu\s8 ,:at else is x1 inde$1 
b ! v p]fection ( t pure/ virtue :i*1   
cont5t to be its own rew>d1 delib]ately 
cuts itself (f f all o!r recomp5se8 ,)\t

 *ang+ ! immemorial mean+ ( ! mo/       
famili> words1 !re is no avoid+ ! obvi\s
 answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,if virtue &    
morality1 "r & wrong1 are to cont9ue to 
mean any?+ l t :i*1 except by           
,utilit>ians1 has always be5 consid]$ to
 be _! only mean+1 x is n simply n      
wrong1 x is n simply "r1 x is among !   
highe/ a*ievem5ts ( virtue & morality to
 sacrifice y\r own 9 ord] to secure     
ano!r's happ9ess1 & ! dis9t]e/$ness1 &  
!re=e ! virtue1 is surely ! great]1 r   
?an less1 if y sacrifice m happ9ess (   
y\r own ?an y secure to ano!r4 ,s mu*   
foll[s necess>ily f :at has be5 said1 & 
some?+ m besides4 ,x foll[s fur!r t     
,utilit>ianism is n less 9 error 9      
decl>+ t actions calculat$ to dim9i% !  
total sum ( happ9ess mu/ necess>ily be  
wrong1 _c possibly be all[able1 /ill    
less m]itori\s1 ?an x _h previ\sly be5  
%[n to be 9 decl>+ t actions calculat$  
to augm5t ! sum total ( happ9ess mu/    
necess>ily be m]itori\s4  ,!re is b "o  
way 9 :i* ,utilit>ianism c ev5          

tempor>ily rebut ! *>ge ( fallacy1 ( :i*
 o!rwise x mu/ "h /& convict$1 & t is by
 r5\nc+ all claim to be a new sy/em (   
e?ics1 & n pret5d+ to be m ?an a new    
sy/em ( nom5clature4 ,& ev5 s1 x c\ld n 
help contradict+1 & !reby refut+ itself4
 ,t no?+ is "r b :at is ( prepond]at+   
utility2 t :atev] is ( prepond]at+      
utility is "r2 ^! are propositions      
p]fectly intelligible1 inde$1 b :i* w be
 f\nd to be t5able only on condition t !
 v same ?+s may be bo? "r & wrong4 ,!   
confusion1 ?rice conf\nd$1 insep>able f 
! sub/itution ( su* novel def9itions =  
^? :i* _h previ\sly be5 univ]sally 9    
vogue1 is b ! small] ( two evils :i* mu/
 !nce arise4 ,x w\ld be bad en\gh t ! ^w
 '"r' c\ld n be us$ )\t rais+ d\bt :e!r 
:at p _h previ\sly und]/ood by ! 'j' or 
! 'g5]\s1' or only ! 'exp$i5t' 7 meant2 
b a /ill worse consequ5ce w\ld be t1 ev5
 if no d\bt ( ! sort 7 ent]ta9$1 & if   
all m5 7 agre$ to take ! ^w 9 none b its
 utilit>ian s5se1 ! l&m>ks ( "r & wrong 
w\ld !reby be well nigh oblit]at$4 ,due 

cr$it has already be5 giv5 to           
,utilit>ianism = its exempl>y zeal 9    
inculcat+ ! practice ( virtue1 b its    
m]it 9 t respect is m ?an neutralis$ by 
its equally zeal\s inculcation (        
pr9ciples1 accord+ to :i* x is          
impossible to decide be=eh& :e!r any    
p>ticul> practice w be virtu\s or n4    
,?is is my second *>ge aga9/            
,utilit>ianism4 ,i ma9ta9 x to be a     
doctr9e 9 mo/ ( its ess5tials errone\s2 
b ,i ma9ta91 fur!r1 t1 ev5 if x 7       
correct1 in/ead ( furni%+ u ) an        
infallible crit]ion ( "r & wrong1 x w\ld
 deprive u ( ! means ( cle>ly di/+ui%+  
betwe5 "r & wrong at all times at :i* ! 
p[] ( s di/+ui%+ is ( practical value4  
,bluntly en\gh1 ,i h pron\nc$ x to be   
false4 ,) equal bluntness1 ,i n[ add t1 
ev5 if x 7 true1 x w\ld1 all ! same1 be 
practically mis*iev\s1 & directly oppos$
 to ! v utility f :i* x takes its "n4 ,!
 argum5t 9 support ( ?is *>ge %all n[ be
 /at$4  ,accord+ to utilit>ian e?ics1 ! 
morality ( actions dep5ds :olly & solely

 on _! consequ5ces4 ,on ?is po9t !      
language ( au?ority is di/9ct1 emphatic1
 unanim\s1 & self-contradictory4        
',utilit>ian morali/s1' says ! *ief     
among/ !m1 'h gone beyond all o!rs 9    
affirm+ t ! motive has no?+ to d ) !    
morality ( an action4444 ,he :o saves a 
fell[-creature f dr[n+ does :at is      
morally "r1 :e!r 8 motive be duty or !  
hope ( be+ paid = 8 tr\ble4' ,^u :i* ,i 
w\ld obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t to save a       
fell[-creature f dr[n+ c be deem$ to be 
necess>ily "r by none b uncompromis+    
oppon5ts ( capital puni%m5t4 ,mo/ o!rs w
 be dispos$ to d\bt its hav+ be5 a      
suffici5t reason = commut+ ! s5t5ce (   
dea? pass$ ^u ! murd]] ( ,dhuleep ,s+'s 
gamekeep]1 t1 ow+ to physical           
mal=mation1 hang+ might p]haps h giv5   
him m ?an ord9>y pa9 9 ! neck1 or p]haps
 h prolong$ ! pleasure :i*1 accord+ to !
 select few qualifi$ to speak f         
exp]i5ce1 is att5dant on t mode (       
/rangulation4 ,nei!r1 )\t sacrific+ 8   
judgm5t to 8 feel+s1 c\ld "o ( ^!       

d\bt]s1 if ,ru!r=d _h be5 s5t5c$ to be  
dr[n$ in/ead ( hang$1 h /ret*$ out a h& 
to save ! miscreant f ! wat]y grave he s
 ri*ly des]v$4 ,t !re are no actions :i*
 by reason ( _! b5eficial consequ5ces   
are always & inv>iably moral1 might be  
too mu* to affirm2 b ,i h no hesitation 
9 say+ t !re are ?\s&s1 ! morality or   
immorality ( :i*--_! results rema9+ !   
same--dep5ds absolutely on _! motives4  
,?us1 if two doctors--( :om1 =          
di/9ction's sake1 we w call "o ,sme?ur/ 
& ! o!r ,smi?--9 att5dance on pati5ts   
afflict$ ) precisely ! same disease1 7  
by ! adm9i/ration ( ov]doses ( /ry*n9e  
ea* to kill 8 man1 ! only diff]5ce      
betwe5 !m be+ t :]eas "o int5d$ &       
expect$ to kill1 ! o!r hop$ to          
cure--w\ld ! act ( kill+ be equally     
immoral 9 bo? cases8 ,w\ld x n 9 ! "o   
case be murd]1 9 ! o!r m]e error (      
judgm5t2 & w\ld bo? be equally crimes1  
or w\ld ! latt] be 9 any degree crim9al8
 ,& if x _h be5 ,sme?ur/ in/ead ( ,smi? 
:o committ$ ! error ( judgm5t--if !     

ov]doses by :i* he _h meant to kill _h  
happ5$ to cure--w\ld 8 error ( judgm5t h
 !reby be5 r5d]$ moral1 not)/&+ t 8     
motive 0 murd]8  ,! same great tea*]1 :o
 s /r5u\sly insi/s t ! motive has no?+  
to d ) ! morality ( an action1 does     
inde$ g on to say t x has 'mu* to d ) ! 
wor? ( ! ag5t4' ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i confess  
myself unable to foll[ him4 ,t an act   
may possess morality indep5d5t ( ! ag5t1
 may be intelligible on ! assumption t  
morality means simply utility1 & no?+ m2
 b h[1 ev5 !n1 wor? c be ev9c$ by !     
p]=mance ( an immoral action1 is beyond 
my compreh5sion1 except ^u ! fur!r      
assumption t !re may be wor? 9          
immorality4  ,waiv+1 h[ev]1 ^! & all o!r
 objections1 let u = ! mom5t1 & = ! sake
 ( argum5t1 assume t morality & utility 
are really "o & ! same ?+1 t ! "r or    
wrong ( an act dep5ds entirely on its   
results1 & !n let u obs]ve h[ utt]ly )\t
 rudd] or compass to assi/ him 9 /e]+   
correctly w be ! be/-int5tion$ navigator
 ( ! ocean ( life4  ,we c seldom1 if    

ev]1 be q sure :at w be ! result ( our  
conduct4 ,mean+ to cure1 we may only too
 probably kill2 mean+ to kill1 we may n 
impossibly cure4 ,until a ?+ is done1 we
 _c det]m9e z to its utility2 nor1      
consequ5tly1 9 an utilit>ian s5se1 z to 
! morality ( do+ x4 ,we mu/ tru/        
implicitly to our skill 9 calculat+     
ev5ts1 & if t skill happ5 to fail u1 our
 conduct may become culpable4 ,) ! mo/  
e>ne/ desire to act righte\sly1 we c    
only guess be=eh& :e!r :at we propose   
do+ w turn out to be righte\s1 & c nev] 
be sure1 !re=e1 t we are n go+ to d     
some?+ wick$4  ,"h ,i %all1 ( c\rse1 & v
 prop]ly1 be rem9d$ t :at ,utilit>ianism
 requires to be tak5 into acc\nt1 are n 
m]ely ! probable consequ5ces ( "s       
propos$ act1 b ! usual consequ5ces ( all
 acts ( ! same description2 s t its     
disciples1 in/ead ( be+ left to _!      
conjectures ab\t ! future1 may be said  
to h all pa/ exp]i5ce to ref] to4 ,&    
und5iably ,utilit>ianism does require   
?is2 !reby1 h[ev]1 contradict+ itself z1

 ,i j n[ h9t$1 x w\ld pres5tly be f\nd  
do+4 ,x does inde$ decl>e ^? actions    
only to be moral :i* 9 ! long run are   
conducive to1 or at lea/ n oppos$ to1 ! 
g5]al happ9ess2 b x also says t !       
morality ( ea* p>ticul> action dep5ds on
 its own p>ticul> consequ5ces4 ,s t !   
docile disciple :o %\ld d some?+ :i*1   
?\gh useful 9 ! long run1 happ5$ to be  
o!rwise 9 8 p>ticul> case--:o1 =        
in/ance1 %\ld save ! life ( a           
fell[-creature ( :om x w\ld h be5 well =
 ! _w to be rid1 w\ld1 to 8 disgu/ &    
bewild]m5t1 f9d t :ile1 ) no desire b t 
( act+ rightly1 he _h be5 obey+ "o      
utilit>ian law1 he _h nev]!less be5     
infr++ ano!r law ( ! same code1 & !reby 
act+ wrongly4  ,ov]look+1 h[ev]1 ?is    
incongruity ( two equally au?oritative  
rules1 let u proce$ to consid] :at      
dang]\s latitude ( int]pretation is     
all[$ to ! foll[]s ( ei!r ( !m4 ,^? :o  
believe t ! m]it or dem]it ( ea* sep>ate
 action dep5ds on t action's sep>ate    
consequ5ces1 ne$ seldom be at a loss = a

 pretext = committ+ ! mo/ he9\s (       
crimes4 ,a husb& :o1 hat+ 8 wife1 _h 8  
hate return$1 & lov+ ano!r woman1 _h 8  
love return$1 might plausibly reason ?us
 )9 himself3 ,! prescrib$ objects ( life
 are ! multiplication ( happ9ess & !    
dim9ution ( mis]y2 "h are ?ree ( u1 all 
doom$ to be mis]able z long z we all    
?ree live2 b ! wret*$ness ( two ( u     
might be at once conv]t$ into happ9ess1 
if ! ?ird 7 put out ( ! way4 ,by "s su* 
logical process1 ,que5 ,m>y & ,bo?well  
may h satisfi$ !mselves ( ! propriety ( 
bl[+ up ,d>nley3 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,mann+1 z 
!y sate at meat ) _! de/9$ victim ov] 8 
ready-made grave1 may h argu$ !mselves  
into self-approval ( ! cr[n+ rite ) :i* 
_! hospitalities 7 to t]m9ate3 any      
scampi% appr5tice ) designs ^u 8 ma/]'s 
till1 any burgl> plott+ an entry into a 
goldsmi?'s %op1 may become conv9c$ ( 8  
rectitude ( purpose1 & ev5 take cr$it = 
public-spirit$ zeal1 9 seek+ to         
appropriate to 8 own use "p ( ano!r's   
weal?1 :i* he may fairly suppose w\ld be

 productive ( m enjoym5t if divid$      
betwe5 two or m ?an if left 9 ! h&s (   
"o1 & t "o already p]haps ! possessor ( 
m ?an he kn[s :at to d )4  ,precisely ! 
same sophi/ry w n inde$ suffice = ^?    
disciples :o1 adopt+ ! alt]native law ( 
! utilit>ian code1 feel b\nd to att5d to
 ! consequ5ces n ( individual actions1 b
 ( classes ( actions4 ,! clev]e/        
self-deceiv] c sc>cely br+ himself to   
believe t1 because x might suit 8       
p]sonal conv5i5ce to kill or /eal1 kill+
 & /eal+ w\ld n be prejudicial to       
society if g5]ally practis$4 ,/ill1 x is
 only necess>y to h1 or to fancy "o has1
 public in/ead ( private objects 9 view1
 9 ord] to be able to look )            
approbation1 f an utilit>ian po9t (     
view1 on any am\nt ( homicide or robb]y4
 ,x 0 ! v same ,robespi]re t1 :ile z yet
 diocesan judge at ,arras1 felt con/ra9$
 to abdicate because1 'behold1 "o day   
comes a culprit ^: crime m]its hang+1 & 
/rict-m9d$1 /rait-lac$ ,max's consci5ce 
w n p]mit ! doom+ ( any son ( ,adam to  

die1' :o1 %ortly aft]1 :5 suffici5tly   
imbu$ ) ! utilit>ian _s1 0 fully prep>$ 
to wade ?r\gh floods ( slaught] t[>ds ! 
en?ronisation ( 8 pr9ciples--"o ( ^?    
pr9ciples evid5tly be+ t1 if !          
decimation ( mank9d w\ld conduce to !   
great] happ9ess ( ! residue1 add+ m to !
 happ9ess ( ! n9e-t5?s :om x sp>$ ?an x 
took f ! t5? :om x de/roy$1 ! said      
decimation w\ld be a duty incumb5t on   
any "o possess$ ( p[] to p]petrate x4   
,nor are pr9ciples l ^! appeal$ to only 
by ^? :o h rec\rse to !m = ! v9dication 
( _! own proc$ure4 ,at ^?               
petits-s\p]s--ba*elors' d9n]s is _!     
mod]n ,engli% "n1 noctes co5que dem _!  
anci5t classical--= :i* "s ( our ,london
 clubs are des]v$ly celebrat$1 & ) :i* !
 ,g>rick 9 especial is1 9 my m9d1       
gratefully associat$--at ^? *oice ga!r+s
 ( cong5ial spirits1 conv]sation1 *ang+ 
f gay to grave1 turns n unfrequ5tly1    
among o!r l(ty topics1 on t :i* we are  
"h discuss+4 ,!n1 ev5 at su* div9e      
symposium1 "o at lea/ ( ! gue/s is      

pretty sure to take ! "p ( devil's      
advocate1 & to ex]cise 8 =5sic skill 9  
%[+ h[ easily int]*angeable are ! names 
( virtue & iniquity1 crime & well-do+4  
,septemb] massacres !n f9d1 n _!        
apologi/1 b _! eulogi/4 ,noyades (      
,c>ri]1 fusilades ( ,collot d',h]bois1  
are cit$ z examples v suitable =        
imitation 9 adequate em]g5cies4         
,prussia's seizure1 on behalf ( ,g]many1
 ( ,s*leswig & ,hol/e91 on pret5ce ( _! 
be+ n ,dani%1 b ,g]man1 & h] subsequ5t  
ret5tion ( !m = h]self on ! plea ( _!   
hav+ always be5 n ,g]man1 b ,dani%1 are 
applaud$ z acts p]fectly consi/5t ) ea* 
o!r & ) ! et]nal fitness ( ?+s4 ,& all  
?is is urg$ 9 ! be/ possible fai?4 ,( ! 
recit$ enormities1 7 n "s1 /eps to !    
reg5]ation ( ,france--o!rs1 to !        
unifaction ( ,g]many8 ,& :at are myriads
 ( lives 9 comp>ison ) a reg5]ate--:at  
violation ( ! mo/ solemn engagem5ts 9   
comp>ison ) a unit$1 p8 ,did n !        
millions ( ,fr5*m5 :o surviv$ ! ,reign (
 ,t]ror ga9 m ?an 0 lo/ by ! ?\s&s :o 7 

guillot9$ at ,p>is1 or dr[n$ at ,nantes1
 or %ot d[n at ,lyons8 ,is n ,g]many    
likely to turn ,kiel to f> bett] acc\nt 
?an ,d5m>k ev] did or c\ld h done8 & w n
 ,g]man asc5d5cy be abundant comp5sation
 = ,dani% decad5ce8 ,h[ culpably        
misplac$1 !n1 7 consci5ti\s scruples t  
w\ld h imp$$ ! m>* ( ev5ts 9 su*        
directions6 ,ends ne$ b to be great     
en\gh to ju/ify any means4 ,let b ! good
 promise to exce$ ! evil1 & !re is no   
evil :i* ought n to be done 9 ord] t    
good may come ( x4 ,?us slightly        
qualifi$1 ! ,satanic adage1 ',evil1 be  
?\ my good1' is1 )\t m ado1 accept$ z ! 
utilit>ian wat*word4  ,& :at ?\gh x be  
only ! mo/ ?or\gh-pac$ ,utilit>ians :o g
 ^! extreme l5g?s8 ,^! l5g?s1 extreme z 
!y are1 are legitimate d$uctions f t5ets
 held 9 common by ! mo/ mod]ate &       
cauti\s z well z by ! mo/ reckless ( !  
sect4 ,crime 9 ! ab/ract is condemn$ n  
less vehem5tly by ! latt] ?an by ! =m]2 
b by bo? equally x is condemn$ on       
acc\nt1 n ( its inh]5t vil5ess1 b solely

 ( its obs]v$ results4 ,if ! results 7  
diff]5t1 ! ag5cy to :i* !y are due w\ld 
be fitt$ ) a diff]5t epi!t4 ,if a _w    
c\ld be conceiv$ to be s organis$1 or1  
if ?is _w ( ours c\ld be conceiv$ to be 
s *ang$ z t ! practice ( kill+1 /eal+1  
or tell+ lies w\ld be conducive to !    
g5]al good1 ! practice 9 "q w\ld obta9 a
 new "n 9 ! ,utilit>ian vocabul>y4      
,crime w\ld become b5efic5ce2 & to kill1
 to /eal1 or to tell lies w\ld be n     
wrong1 b "r4 ,^! are propositions :i*1  
)\t abjur+ ! prime articles ( 8 cre$1 ! 
mo/ timid ,utilit>ian has no alt]native 
b to endorse2 b h[1 !n1 c he %ut 8 eyes 
to _! obvi\s application8 ,h[ presume to
 rebuke ^? e>ne/ philan?ropi/s1 :o1 to  
judge f _! habitual language1 are firmly
 ( op9ion t annihilation ( "o half (    
mank9d w\ld be a small price to pay =   
conv]sion ( ! o!r moiety into citiz5s ( 
a _w-wide ,r$ ,republic2 or ^? admir]s (
 ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 :o1 hold+ national    
aggr&isem5t to be ! national summum     
bonum1 deem ! mo/ solemn treaties t     

might imp$e x to be ob/acles :i* x is   
obligatory on a patriot to set aside8 ,w
 n ! effects ( any giv5 cause v>y ) !   
*anges 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! cause   
acts8 ,may x n easily happ5 t ! direct  
effect ( "s private crime %all be to    
augm5t1 in/ead ( to dim9i% ! total      
happ9ess ( all ! p]sons affect$ by x8 ,&
 is x n1 !n1 conceivable t a public     
crime1 provid$ x be ( suffici5t         
magnitude1 may m ?an c\nt]poise1 by !   
good x is calculat$ to d1 all ! h>m t   
all crimes ( ! same description ei!r h  
done or are likely to d h]eaft]8 ,x is  
idle to reply t su* a comp>ison betwe5  
public good & evil mu/ ne$s be mi/ak53 t
 ! h>m1 = in/ance1 :i* violation (      
treaties does to mank9d by sapp+ !      
f\ndations ( int]national confid5ce1    
r5d]+ impossible int]national           
co-op]ation1 & br++ ! v "n (            
int]national morality into contempt1 is 
inf9itely beyond any good x c d 9 ! %ape
 ( national aggr&isem5t4 ,:e!r ?is be s 
or n is matt] ( op9ion1 on :i* e "o may 

fairly insi/ on =m+ 8 own1 & if t op9ion
 be 9 ! negative1 a utilit>ian ag5t1 9  
,pr9ce ,bism>ck's circum/ances1 w\ld be 
b\nd 9 duty to imitate ,pr9ce ,bism>ck's
 high-h&$ policy4 ,9 all circum/ances ( 
int]national import1 9 all cases be>+ ^u
 ! g5]al int]e/s ( society1 a           
,utilit>ian1 aft] decid+ accord+ to 8   
lights :i* ( ! v>i\s c\rses op5 to him  
w\ld be/ promote ! g5]al welf>e1 ei!r   
imm$iately by its direct effects1 or    
subsequ5tly & indirectly by ! example x 
w\ld set1 w\ld be b\nd 9 duty to adopt t
 c\rse4 ,t c\rse1 h[ev] wrong x might h 
appe>$ 9 all previ\s cases1 w\ld n[     
become "r1 z be+ app>5tly ! "o mo/      
conducive to ! future welf>e ( mank9d4  
,utilit>ianism's /&>d ( morality ?us    
turns out to be1 n any fix$ & def9ite   
notion ( exp$i5cy1 b "o liable to *ange 
) e *ange 9 individual judgm5t4 ,its    
boa/$ crit]ion ( ! "r or wrong ( an     
action is ! be/ conjecture :i* ! ag5t1 )
 or )\t extr9sic advice1 is able to =m (
 ! future consequ5ces ( ! action4       

,utilit>ian law1 9 %ort1 resolves itself
 into ?is--t e man %all be a law unto   
himself4 ,( c\rse no ,utilit>ians w     
ackn[l$ge ?is to be _! law1 n ev5 ^? :o 
%ape _! conduct 9 exact con=mity to x4  
,nev]!less1 t su* is ! law foll[s       
necess>ily f _! own premises4 ,= does n 
,utilit>ianism sometimes--a little      
he$lessly1 p]haps1 b n ! less           
positively--decl>e t ! morality ( an    
action dep5ds n at all ^u its motives1 b
 exclusively ^u its consequ5ces8 ,does x
 n1 :5 mo/ gu>d$ 9 its language1 affirm 
! morality ( actions to dep5d ^u _!     
t5d5cies1 t is to say1 on _! consequ5ces
 at l>ge1 & 9 ! long run8 ,b !re c nev] 
be p]fect c]ta9ty z to consequ5ces4 ,)  
reg>d to ! future1 plausible conjecture 
is ! utmo/ possible2 & by diff]+        
judgm5ts diff]5t conjectures w ne$s be  
made4 ,s t ! value ( ! rule ( conduct   
furni%$ by ,utilit>ianism to any        
individual dep5ds ^u ! latt]'s ability1 
supplem5t$ by t ( any c\nsellors :om he 
may consult1 to =eca/ ev5ts4 ,he _c     

proce$ correctly1 except 9 s f> z he or 
!y h ! gift ( prophecy4 ,h[ev] dull 8   
vision may be1 he mu/ cont5t himself ) 8
 own bl9d guidance1 unless he pref] z   
guide "s "o :o1 = aught he c tell1 may  
be z bl9d z himself4 ,& x is always =   
himself to judge :e!r he w foll[ advice3
 s t 9 effect e ,utilit>ian is 8 own    
moral law-giv]2 &1 c]ta9ly1 a worse     
assignm5t ( legislative functions _c be 
imag9$4  ,b ! mis*iev\sness (           
,utilit>ianism does n /op "h4 ,we h se5 
h[ "o ( its pr9ciples de/roys ! l&m>ks  
betwe5 "r & wrong1 betwe5 virtue & vice1
 caus+ ea* to take cont9ually ! place ( 
its opposite4 ,we h n[ to see h[ ano!r (
 its pr9ciples oblit]ates all di/9ctions
 betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( virtue1 conf\nd+ 
!m 9 "o indiscrim9ate mass1 & imp>t+ to 
!m a sort ( g5]al on5ess n m lucid ?an t
 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,curdle1 is !     
ess5ce ( ! dramatic unities4  ,! object 
:i* x insi/s ^u z conduct's end & aim is
 ! g5]al good--! greate/ possible       
aggregate ( good or happ9ess = all4 ,z !

 ,scriptures enjo9 u1 :e!r we eat or    
dr9k1 or :atsoev] we d1 to d all to !   
glory ( ,god1 s ,utilit>ianism exhorts u
 to d all = ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,n[1 f>  
be x f me to c>icature ?is s\l-inspir+  
rule by =c+ x1 "u a /ra9$ con/ruction1  
to an unnatural extreme4 ,fairly exam9$1
 x w be se5 to make no extravagant dem&s
 on our self-d5ial4 ,z ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 
:ile bidd+ u to seek fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god
 & 8 righte\sness1 promises t all o!r   
?+s %all be add$ unto u1 s              
,utilit>ianism1 ev5 :ile insi/+ on our  
seek+ fir/ to please o!rs1 p]mits1 nay1 
directs1 u to take z mu* pleasure =     
ourselves z we c lay hold ( )\t depriv+ 
o!rs1 s9ce ! aggregate ( happ9ess :i* x 
is incumb5t ^u u to augm5t to ! be/ (   
our ability w\ld o!rwise be less4 ,nay1 
= ! same reason1 x disapproves ( our    
=ego+ any pleasure ( our own1 ! full    
equival5t ( :i* is n transf]r$ to o!rs4 
,! happ9ess :i* x requires u to att5d to
 is t ( a society ( :i* ea* ( u is a    
compon5t memb]1 & no memb] ( :i* c d5y  

himself any pleasure )9 8 rea*1 & beyond
 ! rea* ( o!rs1 )\t dim9i%+ ! total (   
happ9ess :i* ! :ole society might enjoy4
 ',z betwe5 8 own happ9ess & t ( o!rs1' 
says ,mr4 ,mill1 ',utilit>ianism        
requires an ag5t to be z /rictly        
imp>tial z a dis9t]e/$ & b5evol5t       
spectator4' ,?us qualifi$1 ! prescrib$  
subord9ation ( "o's own to ! g5]al good 
is no su* extravagantly self-d5y+       
ord9ance4 ,if = any?+1 x might r be     
reproa*$ = its cold1 calculat+ equity4  
,) ref]5ce q z mu* to individual z to   
communal happ9ess x is an excell5t rule 
( conduct1 aga9/ :i* n a ^w c\ld be     
said1 provid$ only x 7 left to be adopt$
 volunt>ily1 & 7 n au?oritatively       
impos$4  ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1           
,utilit>ianism all[s no option 9 !      
matt]4 ,unless we d our v utmo/ to      
promote ! g5]al weal1 at :atev]         
sacrifice to ourselves1 x *>ges u ) s9 (
 omission4 ,9 ! words ( "o ( ! able/    
among able ,editors1 'ju/ice is ! social
 idea 9 its highe/1 wide/1 & mo/ b9d+   

expression4444 ,x signifies ! moral     
pr9ciple :i* obliges ea* s to %ape 8    
conduct & relations1 8 claims & 8       
a*ievem5ts1 t !y h>monise ) ! highe/    
good ( all4'#d ,to :i* doctr9e ( ,mr4   
,morley's1 if o!r ,utilit>ians d n      
subscribe1 x c only be because !y are   
less resolutely logical4 ,mr4 ,mill1    
inde$1 ?\gh diss5t+ 9 appe>ance on ?is  
po9t f ,mr4 ,morley1 agrees ) him 9     
sub/ance4 ,ev5 :5 on "o occasion1       
di/+ui%+ betwe5 duty & virtue1 he says t
 !re are innum]able acts & =be>ances (  
human be+s :i*1 ?\gh ei!r causes or     
h9drances ( good to _! fell[-creatures1 
lie beyond ! doma9 ( duty1 & )9 t (     
virtue or m]it1 he goes on to assign z !
 sole reason = plac+ !m 9 ! doma9 ( !   
latt] t1 9 respect to !m1 x is1 on !    
:ole1 = ! g5]al int]e/ t p %\ld be left 
free1 !reby pla9ly intimat+ t society   
w\ld be equitably entitl$ to insi/ on !m
 if x ?\ght prop]4 ,b conduct t c be    
equitably insi/$ on is cle>ly1 9 !      
/ricte/ s5se1 duty2 & x w\ld be         

prepo/]\s to claim m]it = do+ t :i* x   
w\ld be a brea* ( duty to leave undone4 
,duties d n cease to be duties because  
he on :om !y are incumb5t is n compell$ 
"u p5alty to p]=m !m1 any m ?an debts   
cease to be debts because cr$itors d n  
*oose to ask = paym5t4 ,all consi/5t    
utilit>ian tea*+ po9ts inflexibly t[>ds 
,mr4 ,morley's conclusion1 accord+ to   
:i* ju/ice & social virtue are          
absolutely id5tical1 & accord+ to :i*1  
also1 :oev] does n %ape 8 'conduct1 c41 
9 h>mony ) ! highe/ good ( all1' does   
less ?an is due f him1 :ile x is        
impossible = him to d m4 ,= :atev] he   
propose to d mu/ ei!r be or n be 9 !    
prescrib$ h>mony4 ,if x be1 he is b\nd  
to d x4 ,if n1 he is b\nd n to d x4 ,! v
 utmo/ he c d is no m ?an is incumb5t ^u
 him4 ,less ?an 8 v utmo/ is less ?an is
 incumb5t4 ,no action ( 81 !re=e1 c     
possess any m]it2 = m]e fulfilm5t (     
obligations is reckon$ n ( grace1 b (   
debt4 ,hav+ done ev]y?+1 he is /ill b an
 unpr(itable s]vant2 he has b done t :i*

 0 8 duty to d4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! boa/ (   
virtue8 ,x is exclud$4 ,by :at law8 ,by 
t ( ,utilit>ianism1 set =? 9 its full   
amplitude4 ,hone/y & g5]osity1 fai?1    
tru?1 *>ity1 pati5t endurance1 &        
*ivalr\s self-devotion1 all are m+l$    
toge!r "u ! "n ( ju/ice1 & ju/ice itself
 only rema9s j z long z x rema9s        
id5tical ) ! l>ge/ exp$i5cy4  ,at ?is   
rate we _c possibly h any virtue to     
plume ourselves ^u4 ,! be/ we c d be+ no
 m ?an our duly1 ! only rew>d we c claim
 is exemption f ! puni%m5t we %\ld h    
des]v$ if we _h n done x4 ,:e!r x be t  
we h ab/a9$ f kill+ or robb+ our        
fell[-citiz5s = our own advantage1 or h 
impov]i%$ or half-kill$ ourselves 9 !   
s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 our me$ is ! same4    
,loris non ur]is4 ,non pasces 9 cruce   
corvos1 is :at we are told4 ,we may     
congratulate ourselves on hav+ escap$ ! 
cat-o'-n9e-tails & ! gall[s4 ,well1 we  
h1 mo/ ( u1 s mu* self-suffici5cy1 t to 
deprive u ( all gr\nd = x might be a    
fault on ! "r side4 ,b n[ comes a second

 & m awkw>d reflection4 ,if y w n ( y\r 
own accord d y\r duty1 ^? to :om        
p]=mance ( ! duty is ow+ h a "r to use  
means to make y--f\l means if fair means
 w n avail4 ,if1 !n1 y hesitate to d y\r
 utmo/ = ! int]e/s ( society1 society is
 w>rant$ 9 tak+ measures to accel]ate   
y\r movem5t4 ,if y are n1 or :at is     
practically ! same ?+1 if a num]ical    
majority ( y\r fell[-citiz5s ?9k y are  
n1 mak+ ! mo/ b5eficial use ( y\r       
prop]ty2 if x be g5]ally consid]$ t x   
w\ld be = ! great] good ( ! great] numb]
 to divide y\r p>k & g>d5 into peasant  
prop]ties & cottage allotm5ts1 to d\ble 
! wages ( ! workm5 9 y\r employm5t1 or  
to subject y & ! likes ( y to a graduat$
 income tax = ! purpose ( sett+ up      
national work%ops to compete ) y 9 y\r  
own trade2 &1 if y d n readily ent] into
 ! same views1 !n ! said num]ical       
majority are n simply w>rant$ 9 tak+ !  
law into _! own h&s & do+1 9 spite ( y1 
:at !y ?9k ought to be done ) y\r       
prop]ty1 b w\ld be culpably remiss if !y

 neglect$ s to act4  ,n[ x is ne$less to
 dwell on ! ext5t to :i* t l>ge num]ical
 majority ( our fell[-citiz5s :i*       
consi/s ( ! work+ classes is imbu$ ) ?is
 notion1 nor1 except to ^? :o are       
simil>ly imbu$1 c x be necess>y to insi/
 t !re is no notion ( :i* x is m        
indisp5sable to disabuse ! work+-class  
m9d4 ,?is1 accord+ly1 ,i /rove to d     
?r\gh\t a rec5t "w ( m9e1 ',on ,lab\r1' 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! *apt] :i* treats ( !     
claims & rights !re(4 ,i !re e>ne/ly    
plead$ t !re may be1 & are1 private     
rights indep5d5t ( utility :i* no public
 ne$s c cancel2 t all :i* any man1 or   
set ( m51 is entitl$ to exact f ano!r is
 paym5t or fulfilm5t ( :at is due to him
 or !m f t o!r2 t unless ! pov]ty ( ! _m
 has be5 caus$ by ! few1 ! _m are n     
w>rant$ 9 extort+ relief ( _! wants f ! 
few2 t ! m]e circum/ance ( _! be+ )\t   
food or "w does n entitle ! poor to be  
f$ or employ$ by ! ri*1 = t !re is      
likewise a ju/ice indep5d5t ( & sup]ior 
to utility1 consi/+ simply ( respect =  

rights1 :ile inju/ice consi/s simply (  
violation ( rights4  ,9 s argu+1 ,i ran 
directly c\nt] to ,utilit>ianism1       
provok+ !reby a retaliatory assault f   
,utilit>ianism's tutel>y *ampion1 :o1 z 
read]s ( ! ',=tnightly ,review'#e are   
aw>e1 bore d[n ^u me ) an en]gy no :it !
 less effective = be+ temp]$ ) all      
knightly c\rtesy4 ,yet1 n to say x      
va+lori\sly1 ,i am n consci\s ( hav+ be5
 %ak5 9 ! saddle1 & ,i n[ return to !   
enc\nt] ) mode/ assurance1 firmly       
believ+ m9e to be ! bett] cause1 &      
recollect+ too t 9 a conte/ ) ,mr4      
,mill1 let ! issue be :at x may1 ,i may 
at lea/ com=t myself ) ! reflection     
,m9us turpe v9ci quam cont5disse        
decorum4  ,i mu/ at ! outset be p]mitt$ 
to rem>k t "o or two ( ,mr4 ,mill's     
objections to my /atem5ts are bas$ ^u   
misconception ( _! mean+4 ,i nev]       
que/ion$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 h always 9 ! 
di/9cte/ t]ms admitt$ t society is      
p]fectly at lib]ty to put an end to !   
in/itution ( prop]ty 9 l&4 ,no extreme/ 

,sociali/ ev] w5t beyond me 9 proclaim+ 
t ! 'e>? 0 be/[$ by ! ,creator1 n on any
 privileg$ class or classes1 b on all   
mank9d & on all successive g5]ations (  
m51 s t no "o g5]ation c h m ?an a life 
int]e/ 9 ! soil1 or be entitl$ to       
ali5ate ! bir?right ( succe$+           
g5]ations4'#f ,no "o m fully recognises 
t prop]ty 9 l& exi/s only on suff]ance &
 by concession1 & t society1 :i* made ! 
concession1 may at any mom5t take x back
 on giv+ full comp5sation to !          
concession]s4  ,aga91 :5 ass]t+ !       
inviolability ( moveable1 z di/+ui%$ f  
l&$1 prop]ty1 ,i 0 c>eful to limit !    
ass]tion to prop]ty hone/ly acquir$4 ,i 
nev] suppos$ x possible to acquire by   
prescription 'a fee simple 9 an         
inju/ice4' ,only1 if 9 any p>ticul>     
in/ance x be suspect$ t prop]ty has be5 
acquir$ by =ce1 fraud1 or robb]y1 ,i    
cont5d t ! onus prob&i lies on him :o   
raises ! "q4 ,x is = him to %[1 if he c1
 t a comm]cial =tune has1 z ,mr4 ,mill  
sugge/s1 be5 built up by 'jobb+         

contracts1 pr(ligate loans1 or o!r      
repreh5sible practices4' ,b if ?is _c be
 %[n1 ! validity ( ! actual possessor's 
title mu/ n be impugn$4 ,prop]ty mu/ be 
treat$ z ( innoc5t acquisition &        
d]ivation until prov$ to be ( guilty4 ,&
 t n m]ely because !re c\ld o!rwise be  
no rights ( prop]ty at all1 s9ce x mu/  
always be impossible = any own] to      
demon/rate t nei!r he nor any "o ( ^? f 
:om he d]ives ev] ei!r ov]rea*$ 9 a     
b>ga9 or fail$ 9 a contract2 b also1 &  
mu* m1 because :e!r a p]son be or be n !
 rightful own] ( ! weal? 9 8 possession1
 no "o c possibly be entitl$ to despoil 
him unless ! weal? c be %[n to h be5    
ill-gott54 ,t "r mu/ be held to be      
complete ) :i* no "o c %[ a "r to       
int]f]e4  ,! grave/1 h[ev]1 ( ,mr4      
,mill's criticisms is t m9e is 'a       
doctr9e  priori1 claim+ to comm& ass5t  
by its own light1 & to be evid5t by     
simple intuition4' ,?is is an imputation
 to :i* ,i am s unaw>e ( hav+ laid      
myself op5 t ,i c acc\nt = its hav+ be5 

made only on ! supposition t ,mr4 ,mill1
 9 common ) mo/ o!r ,utilit>ians1       
imag9es t _! only oppon5ts are          
,intuitioni/s1 & t x is only necess>y to
 set aside ! t5ets ( ^! 9 ord] to get _!
 own e/abli%$ in/ead4 ,if ?is 7 really !
 case1 utilit>ian advocacy w\ld be a    
comp>atively easy task4 ,intuitionism1  
:e!r capable or n ( be+ disprov$1 is by 
its nature unsusceptible ( decisive     
pro(4 ,if ,i1 9 support ( ! proposition 
t !re is 9 ! human m9d an intuitive s5se
 ( any sort1 7 to ass]t t ,i _h su* a   
s5se :ile y d5i$ t y _h1 x w\ld be      
impossible = me to prove y to be mi/ak51
 :ile1 unless y 7 mi/ak5 z to y\r       
individual exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld cle>ly be  
mi/ak5 z to ! g5]alisation :i* ,i _h    
bas$ ^u m9e4 ,b ,i nev] said a ^w ab\t  
an intuitive s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,h[ c\ld
 ,i1 see+1 z no "o :o *ooses to look c  
fail to see1 t ! in/9cts ( untutor$     
*ildr5 prompt !m to disreg>d all rights 
b _! own1 to spit cock*af]s1 rob birds' 
ne/s1 & confiscate y\ng] *ildr5's cakes 

& apples8 ,all ,i say is t !re may be & 
are rights indep5d5t ( & ev5 oppos$ to  
utility1 & ^!1 = reasons :i* %all       
imm$iately be /at$1 ,i call natural     
rights2 b ,i d n say t !y are           
intuitively p]ceiv$4 ,z = s5se ( ju/ice 
or ( duty1 or moral s5se or faculty1 :at
 ,i und]/& by t is n recognition ( c]ta9
 rights or duties z su*1 b recognition (
 ! obligation to respect :atev] rights &
 to fulfil :atev] duties are recognis$1 
accord+ to :i* def9ition x is m]e       
tautology to add t ! s5se or faculty 9  
"q orig9ates simultane\sly ) !          
recognition ( any rights or duties4 ,=  
inasmu* z rights inv>iably imply        
correspond+ obligations--inasmu* z if a 
?+ be rightfully claim$1 t same ?+ mu/  
ne$s be due or ow+1 x is ( c\rse        
impossible to p]ceive t a ?+ is ow+ )\t 
p]ceiv+ at ! same mom5t t x ought to be 
paid4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 & ) ?is           
explanation1 ,i %\ld n scruple to speak 
( ! moral s5se z intuitive2 b if = t    
reason ,i am to be call$ an             

,intuitioni/1 s equally mu/ ,mr4 ,mill1 
= he has said precisely ! same ?+4 ,he  
likewise has said t '! moral faculty1 if
 n a "p ( our nature1 is a natural      
out-gr[? f x1 capable1 9 a c]ta9 small  
degree1 ( spr++ up spontane\sly4'       
,,ii4  ,by my av[al ( a belief 9        
',natural ,rights1' ,i feel t ,i mu/ h  
incurr$ 9 philosophic qu>t]s a sort (   
civil contempt1 :i* ,i am v desir\s (   
remov+1 & :i* w1 ,i tru/1 be some:at    
dim9i%$ on my proce$+ to expla9 h[ few &
 elem5t>y are ! rights t ,i propose =   
naturalisation4 ,!y are b two 9 numb]1 &
 !y are ^!3--7#a7 ,absolute "r1 except 9
 s f> z ! same may h be5 =feit$ by      
misconduct or modifi$ by cons5t1 to deal
 9 any way "o pleases1 n noxi\s to o!r  
p1 ) "o's own self or p]son2 7#b7 "r    
equally absolute to dispose simil>ly ( !
 produce ei!r ( "o's own hone/ indu/ry1 
or ( t ( o!rs ^: rights 9 connection ) x
 h be5 hone/ly acquir$ by oneself4 ,i   
call ^! 'rights1' because !re _c        
possibly any:]e exi/ ei!r ! "r to prev5t

 _! be+ ex]cis$1 or any rights ) :i* !y 
c cla%1 & because1 !re=e1 by _! free/   
ex]cise1 no "o c possibly be wrong$1    
:ile to int]f]e ) _! ex]cise w\ld be to 
wrong _! possessor4 ,& ,i call !m       
'natural1' because !y are n artificially
 creat$1 & h no ne$ ( ext]nal           
ratification4 ,:oev] ?9ks prop] to d5y  
?is--:oev]1 z all ,utilit>ians d1       
cont5ds t society is entitl$ to int]f]e 
) ! rights :i* ,i h call$ natural1 is   
b\nd to attempt to %[ h[ society became 
s entitl$2 :5 = ! claim he puts =w>d on 
society's behalf he w f9d x impossible  
to produce any plausible pretext1 )\t   
cr$it+ society ) possession ( a "r      
belong+ to t same 'natural' class1 !    
exi/5ce ( :i* he d5ies4 ,=1 z !re c be  
no rights )\t correspond+ obligations or
 duties1 if x be really ! "r ( society  
to deal at its discretion ) ! p]sons or 
effects ( individuals1 x mu/ be incumb5t
 on individuals to p]mit !mselves &     
:atev] is !irs to be s dealt )4 ,h1 !n1 
individuals incurr$ any su* obligation8 

,no obligation1 be x rememb]$1 c arise1 
except ?r\gh "s antec$5t act ( "o or o!r
 or bo? ( ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,ei!r a     
pl$ge ( "s sort mu/ h be5 giv5 or a     
b5efit ( "s sort mu/ h be5 receiv$4 ,n[ 
und\bt$ly !re are no limits to ! ext5t  
to :i* society & its individual memb]s  
might h reciprocally pl$g$ !mselves4 ,x 
might h be5 /ipulat$ by _! articles (   
association t society at l>ge %\ld d its
 utmo/ = ! welf>e ( ea* ( its memb]s1 & 
t ea* ( its memb]s %\ld d 8 utmo/ = !   
welf>e ( society at l>ge4 ,b x is c]ta91
 ei!r t no su* compact ev] 0 made1 or t1
 if made1 x has always be5 sy/ematically
 set at n\ght4 ,society has nev] made   
mu* pret5ce ( tr\bl+ itself ab\t !      
welf>e ( individuals1 except 9 c]ta9    
specifi$ p>ticul>s2 s t1 ev5 if         
individuals _h1 on condition ( be+      
treat$ ) reciprocal solicitude1 accept$ 
! obligation ( att5d+ to ! welf>e (     
society 9 o!r ?an ! same p>ticul>s1 t   
conditional obligation w\ld f !         
comm5cem5t h be5 null & void4 ,! "o ?+  

:i* society inv>iably pl$ges itself to d
 is to protect p]son & prop]ty1 & by    
implication to en=ce p]=mance (         
contracts2 & ! two ?+s :i* individual   
associates 9 turn pl$ge !mselves to d   
are to ab/a9 f mole/+ ea* o!r's p]sons &
 prop]ty1 & to assi/ society 9 protect+ 
bo?4 ,9 s ab/a9+ & s assi/+ consi/ all  
^? '_m acts & ! /ill great] numb] (     
=be>ances1 ! p]petual practice ( :i* by 
all is1' z ,mr4 ,mill says1 'univ]sally 
deem$ to be s necess>y to ! g5]al       
well-be+1 t p mu/ be held to x          
compulsorily1 ei!r by law or by social  
pressure4'#g ,"u "o or o!r ( ^! two     
heads may be rang$ ev]y?+ t individuals 
owe to society 9 return = ! m]e         
protection :i* !y receive f x4  ,true1  
!re is an univ]sal und]/&+ t individuals
 %all be subject to any laws1 :e!r wise 
or fooli%1 provid$ only !y be ( equal & 
imp>tial op]ation1 :i* may be enact$ by 
a num]ical majority ( ! community to :i*
 ! individuals belong2 & 9 ?is mann]    
individuals may become b\nd by any numb]

 ( miscellane\s pl$ges1 society acquir+ 
simultane\sly ! "r to hold individuals  
to ! p]=mance ( ^? pl$ges4 ,?us1 if by !
 vote ( an unimpea*ably repres5tative   
,h\se ( ,commons x 7 decl>$ to be = !   
g5]al good1 & agre$ to accord+ly1 t e "o
 %\ld be vacc9at$ or circumcis$1 x w\ld 
be incumb5t on e "o to submit quietly to
 vacc9ation or circumcision1 h[ev]      
delet]i\s ! op]ation might be deem$ by  
"s4 ,or if1 improv+ ^u a hypo!tical     
sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,mill1 a p>liam5t      
elect$ by con/itu5cies 9 :i* !          
lab\r+-class elem5t greatly pr$om9at$1  
%\ld prospectively =bid ! accumulation  
by any individual ( prop]ty beyond a    
specifi$ am\nt1 !n1 ?\gh ! almo/ c]ta9  
consequ5ce w\ld be t ! prescrib$ limit (
 accumulation w\ld n be exce$$1 /ill if 
x 7 exce$$1 ! accumulator c\ld n ju/ly  
compla9 :5 ! surplus 0 =feit$ accord+ to
 law4 ,yet ev5 ?us ! obligations or     
duties creat$ w correspond exactly ) !  
pl$ges giv52 none w be incurr$ except   
su* z h be5 impos$ by special           

legislation--nor ev5 ^?1 unless !       
legislation h be5 imp>tial4 ,a law      
requir+ p to pay poor's-rates w\ld n    
suffice z a pretext = requir+ !m to pay 
education rates likewise4 ,nei!r if1    
in/ead ( pass+ ! prospective law j n[   
suppos$1 a gov]n+ majority :i* _h       
previ\sly always p]mitt$ ! indef9ite    
accumulation ( weal?1 7 retrospectively 
to decree ! =feiture ( all pa/          
accumulations beyond a def9$ am\nt1 w\ld
 individuals be morally b\nd to submit  
to su* a decree if !y c\ld contrive to  
evade x1 any m ?an sexquip$alians w\ld  
be b\nd to lay _! heads on ! block 9    
ob$i5ce to a law direct+ ev]ybody six   
feet high to be decapitat$4 ,all su*    
p>tial legislation w\ld be tyrannical1 &
 circum/ances mu/ be v peculi> inde$ to 
make submission to tyranny a duty4 ,b ( 
all conceivable legislation1 none c\ld  
possibly be m p>tial1 or !re=e m        
tyrannical1 ?an su* z %\ld give to      
society a g5]al p[] ( deal+ at its      
pleasure ) its associates1 & (          

arbitr>ily subject+ sep>ate classes or  
individuals to exceptional treatm5t4    
,ev51 !re=e1 if a law to su* mon/r\s    
effect 7 enact$1 x c\ld h no morally    
b9d+ =ce4 ,x w\ld be no "o's duty to    
acquiesce 9 x4  ,i w n "h /op to        
dispute1 ?\gh ,i am n sure t ,i c\ld )\t
 "s slight res]vation admit1 t ! receipt
 ( unask$-= b5efits places ! recipi5t "u
 precisely ! same obligation to b5efit 8
 b5efactor1 z if ! good receiv$ by him  
_h be5 conf]r$ on express condition ( 8 
avail+ himself ( ! fir/ opportunity to  
r5d] equal good4 ,i w n /op to dispute1 
= in/ance1 t a p]son sav$ f dr[n+ at !  
risk ( 8 own rescu]'s life1 w\ld be     
b\nd1 on occasion aris+1 to risk 8 own  
life 9 ord] to save 8 =m] rescu]'s4 ,=  
my imm$iate purpose1 x may suffice to   
rem>k t society has nev] be5 9 ! habit (
 %[+ su* p>5tal solicitude = its        
compon5t memb]s z w\ld w>rant its claim+
 filial devotion f !m4 ,9 ! matt] (     
philan?ropy its practice has nev] be5 9 
advance ( its v mod]ate pr(essions4 ,x  

has inv>iably cont5t$ itself ) r5d]+    
c]ta9 specific s]vices1 nev] fail+ to   
exact 9 return fully equival5t s]vices (
 ea* species4  ,9 c&\r1 h[ev]1 !re mu/  
be admitt$ to be innum]able bless+s n   
yet adv]t$ to1 includ+ inde$ mo/ ( ^? by
 ! possession ( :i* man is di/+ui%$ f   
brutes1 = :i* he is 9 s f> indebt$ to   
society t1 b = ! in/rum5tality (        
society1 !y w\ld nev] h be5 84 ,unless  
individuals _h =m$ !mselves into        
communities1 civilization c\ld h made no
 s5sible progress3 !re c\ld h be5 no    
consid]able advances1 mat]ial1          
intellectual1 moral1 or /hetic4 ,n only 
%\ld we h be5 de/itute ( all ! com=ts & 
luxuries t n[ surr\nd u1 we %\ld h lack$
 also :atev] c]ebral developm5t we h    
atta9$1 toge!r ) all its concomitants & 
consequ5ces2 :atev] ( intellig5ce1 or   
moral p]ceptiv5ess1 or arti/ic ta/e we h
 to boa/ (4 ,/ill1 ?\gh none ( ^!       
faculties c\ld h made mu* approa* to    
maturity except "u ! %elt] ( society1 !y
 are n gifts ( society4 ,)\t ! help ( a 

pl\gh1 l& _c be pl\gh$2 b we d n !re=e  
cr$it ! pl\ghmak] ) ! a*ievem5ts ( !    
pl\ghman4 ,nei!r is society to take to  
itself praise because its memb]s h made 
good use ( ! protection :i*1 9          
consid]ation ( /ipulat$ s]vices on _!   
"p1 x has af=d$ !m4 ,besides1 :atev] we 
inh]it f society1 we inh]it f a society 
( memb]s no long] 9 be+4 ,let ! dead    
come to life aga91 & x may !n become u  
to exam9e _! claims ^u our gratitude1 b 
we ne$ n mean:ile conf\nd pa/ & pres5t  
g5]ations1 nor our =efa!rs ) our        
contempor>ies4 ,to ! mass ( ^! latt]1 at
 any rate1 we are none ( u indebt$ = our
 bra9s or our aptitudes ( ?\ght & feel+1
 & ! circum/ance ( our be+ jo9t %>]s )  
!m 9 patrimony bequea!d by a common     
ance/ry1 af=ds no v obvi\s reason :y our
 %>e ( ! inh]itance1 toge!r ) :atev]    
else we possess1 %\ld be at _! absolute 
disposal4  ,?us x appe>s t 9 no "o ( !  
ways 9 :i* alone c orig9ate !           
obligations :i* mu/ always prec$e or    
accompany artificially-creat$ rights1   

has t p>ticul> obligation aris5 )\t :i* 
x is impossible = society to obta9      
artificially ! "r ( prev5t+ individuals 
f do+ z !y w ) _! own4 ,no suffici5t    
pl$ge has be5 giv5 by "o side1 no       
suffici5t b5efit conf]r$ by ! o!r4      
,individuals nev] agre$ to place _! all 
at ! disposal ( society2 society nev]   
r5d]$ to individuals any s]vices entitl+
 x to claim su* b\ndless gratitude4 ,"o 
s]vice :i* x inv>iably und]takes is t ( 
protect+ p]son & prop]ty4 ,?is is its   
*ief & prim>y duty1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* is
 always ! fir/ object ( its in/itution1 
(t5 ! only "o x ackn[l$ges4 ,b cle>ly x 
_c by p]=mance ( a duty acquire ! "r (  
do+ ! exact rev]se ( t duty4 ,x _c by   
protect+ acquire ! "r ( mole/+4 ,x _c by
 prev5t+ p]son & prop]ty f be+ m$dl$ )1 
acquire 9 its corporate capacity ! "r ( 
itself m$dl+4 ,s9ce !n ?is "r ( m$dl+1  
?is "r ( dispos+ ( :at is exclusively "s
 individual's own1 o!rwise ?an ! own]   
wi%es1 has n be5 acquir$ by society     
artificially1 x mu/1 if x d actually    

belong to society1 h be5 come by        
naturally2 & ?is accord+ly is :at       
,utilit>ians really1 ?\gh p]haps        
unconsci\sly1 assume1 treat+ moreov] ?is
 gratuit\s assumption ( !irs z a        
self-evid5t tru?4  ,=1 z ,utilit>ians   
!mselves _c fail on reflection to       
p]ceive1 !y (f] no %ad[ ( argum5t 9     
support ( t 'greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple' 
on :i* _! :ole sy/em re/s4 ,comm5c+ ) ! 
und5iable po/ulate t happ9ess is ! sole 
object ( exi/5ce1 & p]ceiv+ t individual
 happ9ess alone w\ld be a v mislead+    
object1 !y proce$ to take quietly =     
grant$ t ! only happ9ess at :i* life    
ought to aim is social happ9ess4 ,n[1   
und\bt$ly social happ9ess is ( m        
importance ?an individual happ9ess--!   
happ9ess ( _m ?an t ( "o or a few2 nei!r
 c !re be any wor?i] object ( pursuit   
?an ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/      
numb]4 ,all ?is is se5 )\t be+ said1 b  
:at is by no means s easily se5 is h[ x 
c be incumb5t on any "o to pursue t     
object to 8 own detrim5t--h[ x c be     

imp]ative on "o or on a few to sacrifice
 8 or _! happ9ess 9 ord] to promote t ( 
! _m4 ,pla9ly su* self-devotion _c be = 
_! p]sonal advantage1 & ,utilit>ianism  
does n ev5 attempt to %[ h[ x c h become
 _! duty4 ,m]itori\s1 magnanim\s1 h]oic 
9 ! highe/ degree x w\ld c]ta9ly be1 b  
does n t v circum/ance prove            
conclusively t x _c be due1 inasmu* z   
!re is no?+ m]itori\s 9 m]ely do+ "o's  
duty & pay+ "o's debts8 ,b ( t :i* is n 
due1 h[ c paym5t be rightfully insi/$   
^u8 ,:at ! few are "u no obligation to  
yield1 h[ c ! _m be entitl$ to extort1  
or h[ c ! wor?9ess ( ! latt]'s object   
excuse _! do+ t :i* !y h no "r to d8 ,is
 any object1 h[ev] wor?y1 to be pursu$  
reg>dless ( all collat]al consid]ations8
 ,to ^! objections ,utilit>ians h no    
answ] to make4 ,all !y c d is tacitly to
 take = grant$ ! disput$ duty & "r4 ,t !
 less ought to give way to ! great]1 & !
 few to ! _m1 & t ! _m may rightfully   
!re=e1 if ne$ be1 use =ce to compel !   
less or ! few to give way--^! are treat$

 by !m z inconte/able propositions1 ev5 
z 'doctr9es  priori1 claim+ ass5t by _! 
own light1 evid5t by simple intuition4' 
,& al?\gh ?us f _! own inn] consci\sness
 evolv+ ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( _! own     
philosophy1 ! premises ( _! d$uction t  
social happ9ess is ! prop] aim 9 life1 &
 t conduciv5ess to su* happ9ess is ! te/
 ( morality--',intuitioni/s1' /range to 
say1 is ! di/9ctive appellation :i* !y  
propose to affix to all ^? :o hesitate  
to accept z e?ical f\ndation /ones !    
results ( _! intuitional evolution4     
,sc>cely by a taunt s readily rebuttable
 w anti-,utilit>ians be excit$ to spe$i]
 appreh5sion ( ! nature ( ! li5 :i*     
corporate self-int]e/ is presum$ to h ^u
 individual self-devotion4 ,n ! less    
t5aci\sly may !y cl+ to _! belief 9 ! "r
 ( e "o to d z he w ) :atev] has come by
 fair means into 8 exclusive & complete 
possession4 ,nei!r1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1   
ne$ less /ore be set by t "r 9          
consequ5ce ( an objection v adroitly    
tak5 to x by ,mr4 ,mill1 :i*1 on acc\nt 

bo? ( its inh]5t +5uity & ( its hav+ be5
 address$ m imm$iately to myself1 x w\ld
 be inexcusable 9 me to leave unexam9$4 
,9 ,mr4 ,mill's op9ion1 ! "r 9 "q1 ev5  
if valid1 w\ld be valueless1 because x  
w\ld be neutralis$ by precisely simil>  
rights belong+ to society4 ,if1 he      
argues1 individuals are at lib]ty to d z
 !y w ) _! own1 s likewise mu/ society  
be4 ,b 'exi/+ social arrangem5ts & law  
itself exi/ 9 virtue n only ( !         
=be>ance1 b ( ! active support ( !      
lab\r+ classes' :o 9 e community        
con/itute a num]ical majority4 ,?is     
work+-class majority might !n if !y     
pleas$ )draw _! support f exi/+         
arrangem5ts1 !reby depriv+ p]son &      
prop]ty ( social protection2 & by m]ely 
?reat5+ su* )drawal !y c\ld compel      
individuals to acquiesce 9 _! mo/       
extravagant dem&s4 ',!y might b9d ! ri* 
to take ! :ole burd5 ( taxation ^u      
!mselves4 ,!y might b9d !m to give      
employm5t1 at lib]al wages1 to a numb] (
 lab\r]s 9 a direct ratio to ! am\nt (  

_! incomes4 ,!y might en=ce on !m a     
total abolition ( inh]itance & beque/4' 
,mr4 ,mill ma9ta9s t ^! ?+s1 al?\gh     
exce$+ly fooli%1 might accord+ to my    
pr9ciples1 ) p]fect equity be done2 nay1
 if ,i und]/& him correctly1 t accord+  
nei!r to m9e nor to any "o else's       
pr9ciples c any adequate reason be      
assign$ :y !y %\ld n be done1 except t  
_! practical results w\ld be baneful    
in/ead ( b5eficial4 ,& tak+ ?is view1 he
 is fully w>rant$ 9 ask+ :at x c matt] t
 accord+ to my !ory 'an employ] does no 
wrong 9 mak+ ! use he does ( 8 capital1 
if ! same !ory w\ld ju/ify ! employ$ 9  
compell+ him by law to make a diff]5t   
use--if ! lab\r]s w\ld 9 no way infr+e !
 def9ition ( ju/ice by tak+ ! matt] into
 _! own h&s & e/abli%+ by law any       
modification ( ! rights ( prop]ty :i* 9 
_! op9ion w\ld increase ! remun]ation ( 
_! lab\r4'#h  ,my reply to ?is & to !   
:ole argum5t is ! foll[+4 ,s long z     
society cont9ues to exi/1 society _c    
dive/ itself ( ! prim>y function = !    

dis*>ge ( :i* x 0 orig9ally con/itut$4  
,society1 hav+ come toge!r 9 ! fir/     
in/ance1 tacitly pl$g$ to ext5d         
protection to ea* individual associate1 
_c1 )\t brea* ( contract1 )draw t       
protection4 ,x may1 inde$1 make any     
imp>tial laws x pleases1 & atta* any    
p5alty x pleases to violation ( any     
imp>tial law1 b x _c 9 equity1 :atev] x 
may 9 practice1 place any ( its memb]s  
outside ! law2 nei!r1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 ev5  
if its compet5ce did ext5d ?us f>1 c\ld 
x g ! f>!r l5g? ( conf]r+ on any "o ! "r
 ( do+ wrong to an outlaw4 ,x may ev5 be
 d\bt$ :e!r1 if an outlaw 7 to injure   
any "o /ill belong+ to ! society1 any b 
! injur$ p]son himself w\ld be w>rant$ 9
 retaliat+4 ,! sole reason t ,i c       
p]ceive :y ev5 he w\ld is1 t 8 rights _h
 be5 infr+$1 & t rep>ation 0 due to him 
= any damage su/a9$ by him 9 consequ5ce1
 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! aggressor _h      
=feit$ ^? rights ( 8 :i* might o!rwise h
 =bidd5 ! injur$ p]son f tak+ !         
rep>ation due4 ,b society _h _h none (  

its rights infr+$4 ,by society no injury
 _h be5 su/a9$4 ,to society1 !re=e1 no  
rep>ation 0 due2 & society1 x seems to  
me1 w\ld h no "r to insi/ on exact+     
rep>ation n due to itself f "o :om x _h 
=cibly extrud$ f its communion1 & :o1   
!re=e1 0 no long] am5able to its        
jurisdiction4 ,society might1 inde$1    
dissolve itself1 proclaim+ t 'e man =   
himself1 & ,god = all1' %\ld !nce=w>d be
 ! rule4 ,b al?\gh x might ?us leave    
individual rights )\t o!r def5ce ?an t (
 ! own]1 x c\ld n annihilate individual 
rights4 ,x might cancel ! "r to mutual  
protection1 b x c\ld n1 9 place ( t1    
create a "r ( mutual mole/ation4 ,"o's  
own p]son & prop]ty w\ld /ill be z mu*  
"o's own z be=e1 & :oev] outrag$ ei!r   
w\ld n be ! less a wrong do] because    
society p]mitt$ 8 wrong do+ to rema9    
unpuni%$4 ,9 all e?ical inve/igations x 
is impossible to gu>d too wat*fully     
aga9/ ! smalle/ approa* to confusion (  
might ) "r4  ,in/ead ( be+ valueless1 ! 
p>ticul> rights ( :i* ,mr4 ,mill speaks 

s disp>ag+ly1 appe> to me to possess a  
value :i* c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,!y   
are1 z may be readily p]ceiv$1 id5tical 
) ! two :i* ,i h t]m$ 'natural1' & ( :i*
 ,i began by say+ t !y are exce$+ly     
elem5t>y1 b ( :i* ,i h n[ to add t !y   
are also all-compreh5sive1 = t !re are  
no g5u9e rights :atev]1 h[ev] num]\s or 
complex1 :i* nei!r are includ$ )91 nor  
bran* out f1 !m4 ,?is w be manife/ on   
comp>ison ( !m ) ! items enum]at$ 9 any 
o!r catalogue ( rights2 z1 = in/ance1 ) 
! "o drawn up by ,mr4 ,mill1 accord+ to 
:om all rights may be classifi$ z       
foll[s3--7#a7 ,legal rights2 7#b7 moral 
rights2 7#c7 ! "r ( e "o to t :i* he    
des]ves2 7#d7 ! "r to fulfilm5t (       
engagem5ts2 7#e7 "r to imp>tiality (    
treatm5t2 7#f7 "r to equality (         
treatm5t4#i ,ea* ( ^! v>ieties w repay a
 brief exam9ation4  ,"u ! head ( 'legal'
 rights are commonly plac$1 n ^? only   
:i* are conf]r$1 b ^? also :i* are      
confirm$1 by law4 ,su* z law has m]ely  
confirm$1 h[ev]1 are ( c\rse n !        

creatures ( law4 ,b x is admitt$ on all 
h&s t a law may be unju/--t is to say1 x
 may )\t cons5t f ! p>ties conc]n$1     
infr+e "s previ\sly exi/+ "r--& z ! "r s
 violat$ _c h be5 creat$ by law1 inasmu*
 z :at law _h be5 compet5t to create1   
law w\ld be equally compet5t to         
cancel--x is cle> t !re mu/ be rights   
o!r ?an ^? creat$ by law1 rights ^:     
orig9 0 indep5d5t (1 & ant]ior to1 law4 
,x is app>5tly to rights ( ?is          
description t ,mr4 ,mill applies ! "n ( 
'moral' rights4 ,examples ( !m are a    
man's rights to p]sonal lib]ty & to     
prop]ty 9 :atev] belongs to him z hav+  
become 8 by hone/ means1 to bo? ( :i*1  
unless he _h =feit$ !m by misconduct1 he
 w\ld be equally entitl$1 :e!r 8 title  
to !m 7 or 7 n recognis$ by law4 ,! only
 g5u9e rights :i* law c create1 or      
consequ5tly c h to conf]1 are privileges
 9 respect ( p]son or prop]ty o!r ?an   
"o's own4 ,b su* legalis$ privileges are
 n necess>ily rights4 ,:e!r !y are s    
actually or n dep5ds ma9ly on ! "* ( !  

legislative au?ority4 ,a "r to int]f]e )
 rights n bas$ ^u law _c be conf]r$ )\t 
! cons5t ( ! p>ties 9 :om ! indep5d5t   
rights are ve/$1 giv5 ei!r directly by  
!mselves or indirectly ?r\gh _!         
repres5tatives4 ,if a legislative body  
be truly & ?or\ghly repres5tative ( !   
community :i* x controls1 !n e "o ( its 
enactm5ts1 h[ev] bad or fooli%1 is      
virtually an engagem5t to :i* e memb] ( 
! community is a p>ty1 & any privilege  
aris+ out ( x becomes to all int5ts &   
purposes a "r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !      
legislative au?ority be autocratic1 or  
if x repres5t only c]ta9 fav\r$ sections
 ( ! community1 !n none ( its enactm5ts1
 h[ev] wise & good1 ( :i* a majority ( !
 public disapprove1 & :i* int]f]e ) !   
rights t]m$ by ,mr4 ,mill 'moral1' are  
morally b9d+1 except on ! legislators   
!mselves & _! imm$iate con/itu5ts4 ,any 
"o else may q blamelessly break ! law1 &
 resi/ any privilege !reby creat$1 ?\gh 
he mu/1 ( c\rse1 be prep>$1 9 case (    
detection1 to take ! legal consequ5ces (

 8 disob$i5ce4 ,= example1 protective   
duties1 h[ev] impolitic1 if impos$      
because a majority ( ! nation 7 ( op9ion
 t a c]ta9 bran* ( dome/ic indu/ry _h   
bett] be fo/]$ by protection1 c\ld n be 
evad$ )\t inju/ice to ^? engag$ 9 !     
protect$ indu/ry1 ?\gh !re w\ld be no   
inju/ice 9 smuggl+1 if !y _h be5 impos$ 
9 opposition to ! g5]al s5se ( ! public 
by a pack$ ,p>liam5t or an absolute     
mon>*4 ,! same legal monopoly1 :i* 9 !  
"o case c\ld n be ju/ly evad$1 c\ld n 9 
! o!r be ju/ly en=c$4 ,a legal          
privilege1 9 %ort1 becomes a "r only :5 
a majority ( ^? at ^: exp5se x is to be 
ex]cis$1 h =mally cons5t$ ei!r directly 
or indirectly to its be+ ex]cis$2 & x !n
 becomes a "r solely because an         
engagem5t has be5 ent]$ into1 9 virtue (
 :i*1 :atev] is requisite = its         
satisfaction has become due4 ,?us x     
appe>s t1 :atev] legal rights are g5u9e1
 & are n at ! same "t 'moral' rights    
also1 resolve !mselves into specim5s ( !
 "r to fulfilm5t ( engagem5ts1 & belong 

n m to ! fir/ ?an to ! f\r? ( ,mr4      
,mill's categories1 to :i* latt]1 !re=e1
 we may at once transf] our att5tion4   
,:y is x1 !n1 t e "o has a "r to        
fulfilm5t ( engagem5ts1 to h fai? kept )
 him1 to h promises obs]v$8 ,solely1 z x
 seems to me1 because :atev] has be5    
promis$ to any "o becomes ev5tually 8   
due1 & because :atev] is due or ow+     
ought to be paid4 ,a promise is no?+    
less ?an a prospective transf] ( prop]ty
 9 "s ?+1 or 9 ! advantage d]ivable f "s
 action1 & :5 ! "t appo9t$ = mak+ !     
transf] arrives1 :atev] has be5 promis$1
 :e!r actually transf]r$ or n1 becomes !
 complete prop]ty (1 & 9 ! fulle/ s5se (
 ! ^w belongs to him to :om x has be5   
promis$2 s t ! "r to fulfilm5t (        
engagem5ts resolves itself into ! moral 
"r ( e "o to h t :i* belongs to him1 &  
we h already se5 t e legal "r :i* _c on 
o!r gr\nds be %[n to be a moral "r      
resolves itself into a "r to fulfilm5t (
 an engagem5t4 ,:5ce x foll[s t !re are 
no legal rights :atev] :i* are n        

likewise moral rights1 & :i* might n    
!re=e be equally rights1 ev5 ?\gh !y _h 
nev] be5 legalis$4 ,:5ce1 & f :at has j 
be5 obs]v$ ) respect to ! "r to         
fulfilm5t ( engagem5ts1 x fur!r foll[s t
 ( ! five bran*es ( ,mr4 ,mill's        
classification1 ! fir/ & f\r? may )\t   
inconv5i5ce be disp5s$ )1 & t ! second w
 suffice to d duty = itself & = ! o!r   
two4  ,we h next to consid] a p]son's "r
 to t :i* he des]ves1 ) ref]5ce to :i*1 
& to my ass]tion t !re is no necess>y   
correspond5ce betwe5 ! remun]ation :i* a
 lab\r] ought to receive & ei!r 8 m]its 
or 8 ne$s1 ,mr4 ,mill inquires z        
foll[s3--',if ju/ice be an affair (     
intuition1 if we are guid$ to x by !    
imm$iate & spontane\s p]ceptions ( !    
moral s5se1 :at doctr9es ( ju/ice are   
!re on :i* ! human race w\ld m          
in/antane\sly & ) "o accord put ! /amp (
 its recognition ?an ^!--t x is j t ea* 
%\ld h :at he des]ves1 & t1 9 !         
disp5sation ( good ?+s1 ^? ^: wants are 
! mo/ urg5t %\ld h ! pref]5ce8' ,b      

surely h[ev] j x be t ea* %\ld h :at he 
des]ves1 x is s only on condition t he h
 x f ^? f :om x is due1 & d n take x f  
^? f :om x is n due4 ,! latt]1 surely1  
at lea/ z mu* des]ve to be all[$ to keep
 :at !y h already by hone/ means got1 z 
o!rs to get :at !y h n yet got4 ,b if s1
 !n t ^! %\ld be depriv$ ( _! des]ts1 9 
ord] t ^? may get !irs1 is surely ab\t !
 v la/ doctr9e t ought to be put =w>d z 
self-evid5t & intuitive4 ',b1' ,mr4     
,mill proce$s to ask1 'if !re be 9 !    
natural con/itution ( ?+s some?+ pat5tly
 unju/1 some?+ contr>y to s5tim5ts (    
ju/ice1 :i* s5tim5ts1 be+ intuitive1 are
 suppos$ to h be5 implant$ 9 u by ! same
 ,creator :o made ! ord] ( ?+s t !y     
prote/ aga9/--d n ^! s5tim5ts impose ^u 
u ! duty ( /riv+ by all human means to  
repair ! inju/ice8 ,& if1 on ! contr>y1 
we avail ourselves ( x = our own p]sonal
 advantage1 d we n make ourselves       
p>ticipators 9 inju/ice1 allies &       
auxili>ies ( ! ,evil ,pr9ciple8'#aj ,n[1
 z ,i h already said1 ,i am myself no   

intuitioni/1 b if ,i 71 ,i %\ld n ! less
 feel w>rant$ 9 "h reply+ t by no !ory (
 ju/ice1 intuitive or o!r1 c ! passive  
spectator ( an inju/ice to :i* he is no 
p>ty be b\nd to assi/ 9 repair+ !       
inju/ice1 simply because he has ! means4
 ,a cr$itor d5i$ paym5t ( 8 fair debts  
does n get :at he des]ves2 b ^u :om1    
except ! default+ debtor1 does x !re=e  
become incumb5t to repair ! latt]'s     
inju/ice by pay+ 8 debts8 ,& if !re be 9
 ! g5]al ord] ( mundane affairs1        
z--provid$ ,i may attribute ! exi/5ce ( 
x1 z ( all o!r evil1 n to ,god1 b to !  
devil--,i don't m9d admitt+ !re may     
be--some?+ :i* prev5ts _m ( our         
fell[-creatures f gett+ _! dess]ts1     
some?+ contr>y1 !re=e1 to our s5tim5ts (
 ju/ice :e!r ^? s5tim5ts h be5 implant$ 
9 u by ! ,creator or n1 ,i /ill ma9ta9 t
 ^? s5tim5ts d n impose ^u u ! duty (   
/riv+ to correct ! inju/ice4 ,!y        
necess>ily /imulate u m or less         
p[]fully1 accord+ to _! own intr9sic    
/r5g?1 to und]take t noble/ ( all tasks1

 b !y d n r5d] x imp]ative ^u u4 ,:e!r1 
if we actively avail ourselves ( !      
inju/ice = our own pr(it--?\gh ?is1 by !
 way1 is no m ?an e "o ( u does :o takes
 advantage ( competition among lab\r]s  
to obta9 lab\r = a less price ?an he    
p]ceives x to be wor?--we are n mak+    
ourselves auxili>ies ( ! ,evil          
,pr9ciple1 may be matt] ( op9ion2 b1 at 
all ev5ts1 we d n ev5 !n become         
p>ticipators 9 an inju/ice :i* we did n 
create1 & d n uphold or help to         
p]petuate1 b m]ely accommodate ourselves
 to4 ,at wor/1 we are b accessories to x
 aft] ! fact4 ,9 simply accept+ !       
situation & /riv+ to make ! be/ ( x =   
ourselves1 )\t try+ to make x bett] &   
only ab/a9+ f mak+ x worse = o!rs1 our  
conduct may be contemptible1 mean1 base1
 disgu/+1 or :at y w1 only n iniquit\s2 
= :atev]1 %ort ( _! des]ts1 may1 f !    
cause suppos$1 be receiv$ by our        
fell[-creatures1 al?\gh 9 "o s5se pla9ly
 due to !m1 is z pla9ly n due f u1 & we 
_c1 )\t palpable inju/ice1 z well z     

palpable abuse ( words1 be *>g$ )       
inju/ice = m]ely decl9+ to pay debts t  
we d n owe4  ,! rights to imp>tial & to 
equal treatm5t ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,!re 
is no "r to imp>tiality except :]e      
imp>tiality is due1 & x is only 9 a     
small m9ority ( cases t imp>tiality is  
due4 ,!re is no?+ iniquit\s 9 %[+ fav\r 
to ! ext5t ( giv+ "o p]son m ?an 8 due1 
provid$ no o!r p]son be prev5t$ f hav+ z
 mu* z 8 due4 ,! "l ( ! v9ey>d :o gave  
unto all 8 lab\r]s alike1 ! same to ^?  
:o _h wr\ght = him b "o h\r z to ^? )   
:om he _h agre$ t = a p5ny !y %\ld be> !
 burd5 & heat ( ! day1 did ! latt] no   
wrong2 8 eye 0 n ! less good because    
!irs 0 evil4 ,a judge1 or an arbitrator1
 or ! conductor ( a competitive         
exam9ation1 is b\nd to make 8 aw>d )\t  
respect ( p]sons1 because he _c fav\r "o
 )\t )hold+ f "s o!r :at t o!r ought to 
h4 ,on e di/ributor ( ,gov]nm5t         
patronage1 likewise1 x is morally       
incumb5t to select = ! public = :om he  
is tru/ee1 ! be/ s]vants he c f9d4 ,an  

,engli% ,prime ,m9i/] has no "r to make 
8 son a ,"l ( ! ,treasury or ( !        
,admiralty1 if he "k ( any "o bett]     
fitt$ = ! po/ & will+ to accept x2 & if 
he "n any b ! fitte/ c&idate1 he fails 9
 8 duty to ! community on ^: behalf he  
acts4 ,b a private employ]1 act+ =      
himself alone1 is "u no simil>          
obligation1 & may take :om he pleases   
into 8 s]vice1 & assign to him :atev]   
position !re9 he pleases1 )\t af=d+ any 
cause = reasonable compla9t to ^? m     
capable memb]s ( 8 e/abli%m5t :om he    
places "u "o less capable4 ,9 %ort1     
except 9 ^? r>e cases 9 :i* imp>tiality 
means r5d]+ :at is due1 9 :i* cases x is
 b ano!r "n = ju/ice1 !re is no?+ unju/ 
9 disreg>d+ x4  ,z = equality1 al?\gh   
its 'idea1' z ,mr4 ,mill says1 '(t5     
ent]s z a compon5t "p bo? into !        
conception & into ! practice ( ju/ice1 &
 9 ! eyes ( _m p]sons con/itutes its    
ess5ce1'#aa ,i c ?9k ( no s+le case 9   
:i*1 unless by reason ( "s special      
agreem5t1 x c possibly be due1 or 9 :i*1

 consequ5tly1 !re c be any "r to x4 ,ev5
 t equal protection = :atev] is         
indisputably "o's own1 ! claim ( all to 
:i* is commonly admitt$ almo/ z a matt] 
( c\rse1 is really due f ^? only by :om 
! obligation to af=d x has be5 tacitly  
or =mally accept$4 ,on ?is gr\nd x is   
due f ! public at l>ge1 & f ^?          
individuals to :om ! public has delegat$
 c]ta9 ( its tutel>y functions1 b f no  
o!r individuals :atev]4 ,no "o else is  
b\nd to take1 = ! protection ( all o!r  
p1 :atev] pa9s or tr\ble he takes = 8   
own security--to wat*1 = in/ance1 z     
vigilantly t 8 neighb\r's h\se z t 8 own
 is n brok5 into4 ,& :ile ! "o solit>y  
claim ( any plausibility to univ]sal    
equality ( treatm5t requires to be      
l>gely qualifi$ be=e x c be conc$$1 !re 
is no o!r claim ( ! k9d :i* does n c>ry 
) x its own refutation2 !re is no o!r   
:i* does n p>take ( ! absurdity pat5t 9 
! communi/ic notion t all ! memb]s ( a  
society are entitl$ to %>e equally 9 !  
aggregate produce ( ! society's lab\r4  

,h[ is x possible t an equal %>e c be   
ev]ybody's due1 if diff]5t p]sons may h 
diff]5t des]ts1 & ev]yone's des]ts be   
likewise 8 due8  ,we h n[ gone          
completely ?r\gh ! li/ ( artificially   
creat$ rights1 )\t f9d+ "o t does n     
d]ive all its validity f connection ) "s
 pre-exi/+ "r4 ,we h se5 t among s-call$
 rights none :atev] are g5u9e by reason 
m]ely ( any extr9sic sanction !y may h  
receiv$1 b t all real rights ei!r are   
su* intr9sically1 or are bas$ ^u1 or    
embody )9 !m1 "s "r purely intr9sic4 ,we
 h se5 t !re are two rights endu$ ) ?is 
intr9sic "*--viz41 t ( absolute control 
ov] "o's own self or p]son1 & t ( simil>
 control ov] :atev] else has by hone/   
means come into "o's exclusive          
possession1 or become due or ow+ to him 
exclusively2 &1 because ^! rights1 :]ev]
 ! conditions necess>y = _! ex]cise     
occur1 ( necessity exi/1 spr++ up at    
once & full gr[n1 9 ! necess>y abs5ce ( 
any antagoni/ic rights t c\ld prev5t _! 
exi/+1 ,i h n scrupl$ to call !m        

'natural2' nor d ,i ?9k t fur!r apology 
c be ne$$ = su* application ( ! epi!t4  
,to ma9ta91 moreov]1 t ^! natural rights
 con/itute ! ess5ce ( all artificial    
rights1 0 simply equival5t to say+ t no 
s-call$ "r c be g5u9e unless requir+ =  
its satisfaction no m ?an already       
actually belongs or is due to its       
claimant2 :ile e "r :i* does require no 
m mu/ be g5u9e1 because !re c n[h]e exi/
 ! "r to )draw or to )hold f any "o     
any?+ t is exclusively 84 ,^! seem+     
truisms are inde$ diametrically oppos$  
to a !ory :i* ent]s on its li/ ( fri5ds 
names no less illu/ri\s ?an ^? ( ,plato1
 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,b5?am1 & ,mill4 ,/ill1
 :oev]1 undet]r$ by s =midable an array 
( adv]se au?orities1 is prep>$ to accept
 ! description ( rights ( :i* !y =m "p1 
w h no difficulty 9 fram+ a !ory (      
ju/ice p]fectly con=mable !reunto4  ,!  
ju/ice ( an action consi/s 9 its be+ "o1
 ab/95ce f :i* is due to nobody4 ,!     
ju/ice ( inaction--= j or unju/ behavi\r
 may be ei!r active or passive--consi/s 

9 !re be+ nobody to :om action1 ! rev]se
 ( ! inaction1 is due4 ',ju/ice1 l _m   
o!r moral attributes1 may be be/ def9$  
by its opposite1' & all examples (      
inju/ice h ?is "o po9t 9 common1 t !y   
)hold or )draw f "s p]son some?+ belong+
 or due to him1 or 9 "s o!r way infr+e 8
 rights1 & consequ5tly wrong him4       
,conv]sely1 a po9t common to &          
*>act]i/ic ( all j acts & omissions1 is 
t !y nei!r prev5t anybody f hav+ t :i*  
is due to him1 nor 9 any o!r way infr+e 
any "o's rights1 & t !y consequ5tly d no
 "o any wrong4 ,x is n ess5tial to !    
ju/ice ( conduct t any?+ due be !reby   
r5d]$4 ,x suffices t no?+ due be )held4 
,all conduct is j by :i* nobody is      
wrong$4  ,x is fur!r to be not$ t all j 
conduct is ( "o ( ?ree k9ds--t :i*      
ju/ice p]emptorily exacts2 t :i* %e     
m]ely p]mits1 & may ev5 be said b>ely to
 tol]ate2 & t :i* %e approves ( &       
applauds1 )\t1 h[ev]1 presum+ to enjo9  
x4 ,conduct ( ?is la/ sort is j 9 t x   
leaves no?+ undone :i* ju/ice requires1 

b x is also m ?an j 9 t x does m ?an    
ju/ice requires4 ,to speak ( x z simply 
j1 is !re=e some:at disp>ag+4 ,x is j 9 
! s5se 9 :i* ! less is compreh5d$ by !  
great]4 ,he :o fai?fully fulfils an     
engagem5t t has provid$ = 8 mak+ a      
reasonable return = :atev] advantage he 
might obta9 "u x1 %[s himself simply j 9
 ! matt]1 & no?+ ei!r m or less4 ,he :o1
 hav+ driv5 a h>d b>ga91 insi/s         
rigor\sly ^u x1 giv+ no?+ less1 & tak+  
no?+ m ?an _h be5 mutually /ipulat$1 is 
likewise /rictly j1 b is also %abby1 &  
des]ves to be told s pla9ly4 ,he :o1    
besides mak+ full return1 accord+ to    
contract1 = value receiv$1 does some?+  
m1 at "s inconv5i5ce to himself1 out (  
reg>d = ano!r's ne$1 is n a :it m j ?an 
ei!r ( ! o!r two1 b he is g5]\s into !  
b>ga91 & des]ves ?anks 9 proportion4    
,ris+ out ( ^! consid]ations are two    
o!rs equally m]it+ att5tion4  ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 we may see additional cause =    
di/ru/+ ! te/imony :i* etymology has be5
 suppos$ to record 9 fav\r ( 'an orig9 (

 ju/ice connect$ ) ! ord9ances (        
law4'#ab ,t 'ju/um is a =m ( jussum1 t  
:i* has be5 ord]$3' t ',greek3 dikaion  
comes directly f ,greek3 dik1 a suit (  
law3' t 're*t1 f :i* came "r & righte\s1
 is synonym\s ) law1' is obvi\s en\gh2 &
 x may n be out ( place to add t 9 ,fr5*
 ! ^w droit has1 ) almo/ savage irony1  
be5 select$ z ! te*nical "n1 n ( law    
simply1 b ( legal proc$ure ) all its    
crook$ness4#ac ,/ill x seems m 9 !      
ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s to expla9 ?is l+ui/ic
 id5tification ( law ) ju/ice1 by       
suppos+ con=mity to ju/ice to h be5 !   
primitive elem5t 9 ! =mation ( ! notion 
( law1 ?an by suppos+ 'con=mity to law  
to h be5 ! primitive elem5t 9 ! =mation 
( ! notion ( ju/ice4' ,x seems m        
probable t c]ta9 ?+s 7 comm&$ because !y
 7 deem$ j1 ?an t !y 7 deem$ j because  
!y 7 comm&$4 ,ev5 ! anci5t ,hebrews1 :o 
'believ$ _! laws to be a direct         
emanation f ! ,supreme ,be+1' al?\gh1 if
 ask$ :y x 0 wrong to kill or /eal1 !y  
might v likely h repli$1 ',because !ft &

 murd] h be5 =bidd5 by ,god1' w\ld /ill 
h ackn[l$g$ t x w\ld be wrong to kill or
 /eal1 ev5 if !re _h be5 no div9e       
prohibition ( ! practices4 ,& :5 we     
recollect t among 'o!r nations1 & 9     
p>ticul> ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :o1 kn[+ t
 _! laws _h be5 made by m51 7 n afraid  
to admit t m5 might make bad laws1 444 !
 s5tim5t ( ju/ice came to be atta*$1 n  
to all violations ( law1 b only to      
violations ( su* laws z ought to exi/1' 
:at _h previ\sly appe>$ probable is     
conv]t$ into c]ta9ty4 ,pr9ciples (      
ju/ice to :i* law ought to con=m _c b h 
be5 ant]ior to law1 & _c h orig9at$ 9   
law4 ,& c]ta9ty on ?is po9t gr[s /ill m 
c]ta91 assurance becomes d\bly sure1 :5 
we reflect t1 z 0 po9t$ out above1 _m   
?+s are j :i*1 n only does n law comm&1 
b :i* ju/ice b>ely tol]ates1 p]mitt+ !m1
 inde$1 to be done1 b p]mitt+ !m also to
 be reprobat$4  ,secondly1 we may       
p]ceive t 9 m]e ju/ice !re c be no?+    
praisewor?y4 ,ju/ice is no?+ m ?an      
ab/95ce f inju/ice1 & no comm5dation c  

be due = n do+ t ! do+ ( :i* w\ld des]ve
 c5sure4 ,ju/ice1 if entitl$ to be rank$
 among ! virtues at all1 is at be/ only 
a negative virtue1 z be+ ! rev]se ( a   
vice4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f all o!r moral    
qualities1 z be+ ! s+le & solit>y "o1   
compliance ) ^: behe/s is a duty :i* we 
owe to o!rs4 ,( meekness1 pati5ce1      
temp]ance1 =titude1 c\rtesy1 :atev]     
display x may = any reason be our duty  
to make1 precisely t display ju/ice     
requires u to make4 ,:atev] ( any "o (  
^! qualities ju/ice does n exact f u1 we
 may1 )\t wrong+ any "o1 omit4 ,we mu/  
n1 inde$1 incapacitate ourselves by     
tippl+ = our prop] "w1 nor (f5d ! eyes  
or e>s ( dec5t] folk by reel+           
ob/rep]\sly ?r\gh ! /reets2 b1 if we    
take ! precaution ( retir+ dur+ an      
int]val ( leisure to our privy *amb]1   
our mak+ bea/s ( ourselves !n & !re to  
our he>t's cont5t1 is our own conc]n1 & 
nobody else's4 ,no d\bt1 9 do+ ?is we   
%\ld be do+ v wrong1 b /ill !re is no   
contradiction 9 say+ t we %\ld h p]fect 

"r to d x1 inasmu* z we %\ld !reby be   
wrong+ no "o b ourselves4 ,( ano!r class
 ( virtues--( all ^? :i* admit ( be+    
directly contra/$ ) ju/ice1 & :i* may = 
%ortness' sake be )\t mu* inaccuracy    
compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al designation (     
g5]osity--x may1 ) lit]al tru?1 be said 
t ! practice ( !m is no "p ( our duty to
 our neighb\r4 ,provid$ we are c>eful to
 let e "o h :at1 betwe5 him & u1 are 8  
b>e dues1 we may be selfi%1 mean1 sordid
 to excess1 )\t infr++ any "o else's    
rights1 )\t ! smalle/ d]eliction ( our  
duty to o!rs4 ,true1 e?ical writ]s are 9
 ! habit ( speak+ ( 'duties ( p]fect &  
imp]fect obligation1' b ( ^! 'ill-*os5  
expressions1' z ,mr4 ,mill1#ad )        
abundant reason1 /yles !m1 ! latt]1 m   
p>ticul>ly1 is ( a slov5l9ess :i* ought 
to h prev5t$ its be+ us$ by any         
'philosophic juri/s4' ,:at "s ( ^! mean 
by x is /at$ to be 'duties 9 :i*1 ?\gh !
 act is obligatory1 ! p>ticul> occasions
 ( p]=m+ x are left to our *oice2 z 9 ! 
case ( *>ity or b5efic5ce1 :i* we are   

inde$ b\nd to practise1 b n t[>ds any   
def9$ p]son1 or at any prescrib$ "t4'   
,b1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 !re are 
duties ( :i* p]=mance may n only be     
indef9itely po/pon$1 ev5 until a morr[ t
 may nev] come1 b ( :i* p]=mance at "o  
"t w w>rant non-p]=mance ( !m           
subsequ5tly2 s t1 = in/ance1 he :o has  
behav$ *>itably on pa/ occasions1 may be
 un*>itable aft]w>ds4 ',9 ! m precise   
language' ( o!r writ]s1 we are told t   
:ile 'duties ( p]fect obligation are ^? 
duties 9 virtue ( :i* a correlative "r  
resides 9 "s p]son or p]sons1 duties (  
imp]fect obligation are ^? :i* d n give 
bir? to any "r4' ,b1 z :]e !re is no "r 
no?+ c be due1 x w\ld seem f ?is t by   
duties ( imp]fect obligation are to be  
und]/ood duties p]=mance ( :i* is n due4
 ,i hope to be p>don$ = decl9+ to accept
 ^! illusive di/9ctions z ! b\nd>ies :i*
 sep>ate ju/ice f ! o!r compon5ts (     
morality4 ,i nei!r und]/& h[ any        
obligation c be o!rwise ?an p]fect1 nor 
d ,i recognise any duties :atev] except 

^? ( ju/ice4 ,! ma9 di/9ction betwe5    
ju/ice & all positive virtues ,i take to
 be t1 :]eas compliance ) its behe/s is 
always imp]ative1 compliance ) !irs nev]
 is1 b is always optional &             
discretion>y4 ,( :atsoev] is1 = :atsoev]
 reason1 due1 x is inv>iably ju/ice1 &  
ju/ice alone1 t dem&s paym5t or         
p]=mance4 ,ju/ice claims1 & claims      
p]emptorily1 :atev] is ow+1 b nev] puts 
=w>d ! smalle/ pret5sion to any?+ t is n
 ow+4 ,b s9ce :atev] is ow+ pla9ly ought
 to be paid1 & s9ce ju/ice nev] claims  
any?+ b :at is ow+1 x is cle> t !re _c  
be any m]it 9 satisfy+ ! claims (       
ju/ice4 ,m]it is possible only 9 actions
 :i* ju/ice does n enjo91 b to :i* "s   
o!r virtue exhorts4  ,f ! ma9 diff]5ce  
"h po9t$ out1 a m9or collat]al diff]5ce 
ramifies4 ,( :atev] ought to be paid or 
done1 paym5t or p]=mance may be         
righte\sly en=c$4 ,"h ,i h !            
satisfaction ( proce$+ = a few /eps side
 by side ) ,mr4 ,mill1 al?\gh only1 ,i  
am sorry to say1 to "p company aga9     

imm$iately4 ',x is a "p1' he says1 '( ! 
notion ( duty 9 e "o ( its =ms t a p]son
 may rightfully be compell$ to fulfil x4
 ,duty is a ?+ :i* may be exact$ f a    
p]son z "o exacts a debt4 ,unless we ?9k
 x may be exact$ f him1 we d n call x 8 
duty4'#ae ,n[1 s9ce ju/ice nev] asks =  
any?+ b :at is due1 nev] makes a        
requisition compliance ) :i* is n a     
duty1 x foll[s t all ^? p]sons to :om   
its requisitions are address$ may be    
rightfully compell$ to comply ) !m1     
:]eas1 s9ce :at e o!r virtue requires is
 always some?+ n due1 compliance ) its  
requisitions is nev] a duty1 & _c1      
except unrighte\sly1 be en=c$4          
,?is--viz41 ! rightfulness ( us+        
compulsion 9 aid ( ju/ice1 z contra/$ ) 
! wrongfulness ( resort+ to x 9 aid (   
g5]osity1 r ?an ! rightfulness ( puni%+ 
brea*es ( ! "o & n ( ! o!r1 seems to me 
! 'real turn+-po9t ( ! di/9ction' betwe5
 ! two4 ,= gross disreg>d ( g5]osity1 & 
inde$ ( any o!r virtue1 may rightfully  
be puni%$1 ju/ice fully sanction+ !     

puni%m5t al?\gh indicat+ also ! nature (
 ! p5alty to be inflict$ 9 ea* case1 &  
re/rict+ x )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,:oev] plays
 ! dog 9 ! mang] 9 a mang] ( 8 own1 or  
makes an exclusively selfi% use ( 8     
weal? or o!r advantages1 refus+ to d    
good to 8 neighb\r at h[ev] little      
sacrifice on 8 own "p x might be done1  
is n !reby infr++ anybody else's rights1
 or !reby wrong+ any "o else4 ,he is    
only ex]cis+ 8 own und\bt$ rights4 ,/ill
 he is ex]cis+ !m 9 a mann] des]v+ (    
sev]e reprobation1 & :i* witnesses ( 8  
conduct may ju/ly puni% by te/ify+ to   
him ! scorn1 disgu/1 or indignation he  
has excit$4 ,x is no m ?an j t he %\ld h
 8 des]ts & receive ! puni%m5t :i* has  
become 8 due4 ,b ju/ice1 al?\gh p]mitt+ 
him to be puni%$ = act+ ung5]\sly1 does 
n sanction 8 be+ compell$ to make a %[ (
 act+ g5]\sly4 ,if 8 conduct _h be5     
unju/ in/ead ( simply ung5]\s1 no       
puni%m5t w\ld be adequate t did n =ce   
him to repair ! evil he _h done1 or to d
 ! good he _h left undone4 ,b ! mo/     

flagrant brea* ( g5]osity1 nei!r keep+  
nor tak+ away any?+ to :i* any "o has a 
"r1 does no?+ = :i* rep>ation c be due4 
,x consi/s simply 9 a man's mak+ an     
exclusively selfi% use ( :at is         
exclusively 81 & to make su* use is "o (
 ! rights ( prop]ty4 ,:oev] ex]cises t  
odi\s "r is ju/ly puni%$ by be+ %[n h[  
hateful we ?9k him1 b we mu/ n1 on      
pret5ce ( ju/ice1 commit ! inju/ice (   
depriv+ him ( a "r :i* is confess$ly 84 
,x is n1 !n1 by be+ rightfully liable to
 puni%m5t t unju/ diff]s f ung5]\s      
conduct4 ,! latt] also (ttimes des]ves &
 incurs puni%m5t4 ,b s9ce !re c be no   
m]it 9 do+ t ! n do+ ( :i* w\ld m]it    
puni%m5t1 x may seem t1 z 9 ju/ice s    
likewise 9 g5]osity !re _c be any?+     
positively m]itori\s4 ,nei!r 9 tru? w\ld
 !re be if conduct 7 entitl$ to be /yl$ 
g5]\s simply z be+ ! rev]se ( ung5]\s4  
,g5]osity w\ld !n1 l ju/ice1 be a virtue
 9 no high] s5se ?an t ( n be+ a vice--a
 negative virtue if a virtue at all4 ,b 
an action does n really des]ve to be    

call$ g5]\s unless :at ju/ice requires  
be exce$$ by x 9 a degree m ?an         
suffici5t to prev5t ! ag5t f des]v+ !   
imputation ( meanness1 nor ev5 !n unless
 ! excess h be5 done f a pur] motive ?an
 t ( ! hope ( praise or o!r rew>d4 ,an  
action is g5]\s only 9 ! proportion 9   
:i* x involves self-sacrifice1          
volunt>ily und]gone = ! b5efit ( o!rs1  
)\t any view on ! ag5t's "p to fur!r    
comp5sation ?an t d]ivable f !          
consci\sness ( mak+ o!r p happy4 ,9 su* 
volunt>y & dis9t]e/$ self-sacrifice     
consi/s ! m]it :i* is "o *ief *>act]i/ic
 ( g5]osity z ( mo/ positive virtue1    
di/+ui%+ x f ju/ice1 9 :i* !re is nev] a
 surr5d] ( any?+ :i* "o w\ld be w>rant$ 
9 keep+1 b m]ely a r5d]+ ( :at belongs  
or is due to o!rs4 ,all conduct1 n      
immoral1 admits1 z already m ?an once   
intimat$1 ( a trip>tite division1 into t
 :i* may be rightfully en=c$2 t ( :i*1  
?\gh x be n due nor rightfully en=cible1
 neglect des]ves to be & may ju/ly be   
puni%$ by reproa*es2 t :i* is nei!r due 

nor reasonably to be look$ =1 b :i*     
involves a volunt>y surr5d] = ! good (  
o!rs ( "s good :i* "o might )\t reproa* 
keep = oneself4 ,( ?is la/ description  
is ! only conduct 9 :i* !re is any prop]
 or positive virtue4  ,s mu* & su*      
complex argum5tation may n impossibly be
 deem$ a good deal 9 excess ( :at is    
requisite to e/abli% ! conclusion to :i*
 x po9ts1 & :i* may be summ$ up 9 !     
foll[+ v simple propositions3--,t1 by a 
p]son's rights be+ und]/ood ! privilege 
( hav+ or do+ :atev] no o!r p]son has a 
"r to prev5t 8 hav+ or do+1 ju/ice      
consi/s ( ab/95ce f conduct t w\ld      
int]f]e ) t privilege2 t ju/ice1 !re=e1 
is n dep5d5t on extr9sic sanction1 b    
arises spontane\sly f ! nature ( ?+s1 & 
may almo/ inde$ be said to spr+         
necess>ily f ! mean+ ( words2 & t its   
sole m]it is exemption f ! dem]it t w\ld
 atta* to ! )hold+ or )draw+ f any p]son
 any?+ belong+ or due to t p]son4 ,) all
 possible confid5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! innate  
vig\r ( ^! propositions1 ,i _c suppose t

 !y d n require all possible adv5titi\s 
/r5g!n+ to be qualifi$ to displace !    
doctr9e to :i* !y are oppos$4 ,i proce$1
 !re=e1 to te/ some:at fur!r ! adequacy 
( ! description ( ju/ice :i* !y involve 
by confront+ x ) c]ta9 intricate        
problems1 9 pres5ce ( :i* ! rival       
utilit>ian def9ition w be f\nd to be    
hopelessly at fault4  ,!re are few      
subjects on :i* casui/s h diff]$ m      
widely ?an ^? ( ! legitimacy1 & ! prop] 
measure ( puni%m5t4 ,"o ?9ks x unju/ t  
anybody %\ld be puni%$ = ! sake (       
example to o!rs1 or = any purpose except
 8 own amelioration4 ,a second replies t
 x is only = ! sake ( o!r p's good t an 
(f5d] ought to be puni%$2 = t1 z = 8 own
 good1 he himself %\ld be left to decide
 :at t is1 & he is pretty sure n to     
decide t x is puni%m5t4 ,a ?ird         
pron\nces all puni%m5t unju/1 see+ t a  
man does n make himself crim9al1 b is   
made s by circum/ances beyond 8         
control--by 8 bir?1 p>5tage1 education1 
& ! temptations he meets )4 ,!n1 = !    

apportionm5t ( puni%m5t1 "s p]sons ?9k  
!re is no pr9ciple l t ( ! lex          
talionis--an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a 
too?4 ,o!rs t ! p5alty %\ld be          
accurately proportion$ to ! immorality (
 ! (f5ce1 by :atev] /&>d t immorality be
 measur$4 ,o!rs1 aga91 t puni%m5t %\ld  
be limit$ to ! m9imum necess>y to det] f
 crime1 q irrespectively ( ! he9\sness (
 ! p>ticul> crime puni%$4 ,( ! fir/ ?ree
 ( ^! op9ions1 ,mr4 ,mill obs]ves t '!y 
are all extremely plausible1 & t s long 
z ! "q is argu$ z "o ( ju/ice simply1   
)\t go+ d[n to ! pr9ciples t lie "u     
ju/ice1 & are ! s\rce ( its au?ority1 he
 is unable to see h[ any "o ( ! reason]s
 c be refut$4 ,= e "o ( !m builds ^u    
rules ( ju/ice confess$ly true--ea* is  
triumphant s long z he is n oblig$ to   
take into consid]ation any o!r maxims ( 
ju/ice ?an ^? he has select$1 b t z soon
 z _! sev]al maxims are br\ght face to  
face1 ea* disputant seems to h z mu* to 
say = himself z ! o!rs4 ,no "o c c>ry   
out 8 own notion ( ju/ice )\t trampl+ ^u

 ano!r equally b9d+4'#af ,?is view ( !  
matt]1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z     
satisfactory4 ,if utilit>ian notions (  
ju/ice _c be c>ri$ out )\t trampl+ ea*  
o!r d[n1 !y pla9ly %\ld n be suff]$ to g
 at l>ge1 b %\ld be relegat$ =?) to !   
limbo ( oblivion4 ,b "r _c really be    
oppos$ to "r2 ju/ice _c really be       
inconsi/5t ) itself3 x nev] c be unju/  
to d :at is j4 ,anti-utilit>ian ju/ice  
tol]ates no su* inte/9e disord]4 ,! sole
 gr\nd on :i* %e sanctions puni%m5t is !
 indisp5sabl5ess ( puni%m5t = !         
rep>ation ( injury4 ,:oev] has suff]$   
wrong has be5 subject$ to invasion ( "s 
"r1 p]sonal or propriet>y1 & is entitl$ 
to am5ds = ! outrage2 :ile ! aggressor f
 :om ! am5ds are due1 ought to r5d] !m  
because he owes !m1 & because he ought1 
may1 if necess>y1 be compell$1 to r5d]  
!m4 ,by ! brea* ( "r :i* he has         
committ$1 he has =feit$ 8 own           
correspond+ "r1 :i* may n[ be equitably 
set aside to :atev] ext5t may be        
requisite = rep>ation ( ! evil he has   

done1 "o ess5tial "p ( su* rep>ation be+
 adequate security aga9/ repetition ( ! 
wrong4 ,s f> z may be necess>y = ?is    
purpose1 puni%m5t may equitably g1 b no 
fur!r4 ,g5u9e ju/ice does n p]mit p5al  
laws ( human enactm5t to take into      
acc\nt ! ab/ract turpitude ( crime4 ,t  
%e res]ves = div9e cognisance1          
recollect+ t ',v5geance is m9e1 ,i w    
repay1' sai? ! ,"l4 ,nor does %e p]mit !
 smalle/ aggravation ( puni%m5t = ! sake
 ei!r ( ! (f5d]'s own m5tal improvem5t1 
or to disc\rage o!rs f evil do+2 nei!r1 
on ! o!r h&1 does %e recognise any claim
 to abatem5t on ! plea ( an (f5d] n hav+
 be5 able to help act+ z he did4 ,%e    
w\ld n1 inde$1 puni% ) dea? or ) /ripes 
an outrage committ$ by a lunatic or an  
idiot1 p>tly because an outrage may be  
really less (f5sive = be+ committ$      
unwitt+ly1 inasmu* z x does n1 at any   
rate1 add insult to injury1 & also      
because ! corporal *a/isem5t ( a lunatic
 or an idiot c\ld af=d no rep>ation to !
 w\nd$ feel+s ( a heal?y m9d4 ,b s f> z 

ev5 an idiot or a lunatic 0 capable (   
mak+ good ! evil he _h done by r5d]+ :at
 _h 9 consequ5ce become due1            
,anti-utilit>ianism w\ld require him    
equally ) an err+ sa9t or sage to make  
x1 & equally1 too1 w\ld subject him to  
:atev] re/ra9t might be deem$ n m ?an   
suffici5t to prev5t 8 do+ ! same evil   
aga94 ,& ( c\rse %e does n treat an     
(f5d] ( ord9>y intellig5ce ) indulg5ce  
:i* %e w\ld n %[ ev5 to a lunatic1 b    
exacts inexorably full rep>ation = :at  
he has done1 requir+ him commonly to pay
 9 k9d s f> z he c1 & to make up ) 8    
p]son = any defici5cy4 ,)9 ! limits ?us 
m>k$ out %e is well cont5t t1 ) ! "o    
object :i* alone ju/ifies puni%m5t1 o!r 
second>y objects ) :i* ju/ice has no    
conc]n1 %\ld be comb9$4 ,%e is well     
cont5t t ! same p5al measures z are     
call$ = 9 ord] to comp5sate ! injur$    
p>ty1 %\ld also subs]ve ! re=m ( !      
crim9al1 & s]ve z g5]al det]r5ts f      
crime4 ,b %e prote/s aga9/ ! notion t   
^!1 or any o!r objects1 c ev] excuse !  

infr+em5t ( any ord9ance ( ju/ice1 or ( 
any ( ev5 a crim9al's rights :i* !      
crim9al has n =feit$ by crime4 ,ju/ice1 
9 %ort1 9 h] p5al1 z 9 all h] o!r       
arrangem5ts1 has b to adh]e closely to !
 anti-utilit>ian pr9ciples ( r5d]+ :at  
is due1 & ( tak+ no?+ t is n due1 9 ord]
 to /e] cle> ( all ! difficulties by :i*
 ! able/ & mo/ accompli%$ ,utilit>ians  
confess !mselves /agg]$4  ,a second     
greatly vex$ "q is1 ':e!r1 9 a          
co-op]ative indu/rial association1 x is 
j or n t tal5t or skill %\ld give a     
title to sup]ior remun]ation8 ,on ! "o  
side x is argu$ t all :o d ! be/ !y c   
des]ve equally well2 444 t sup]ior      
abilities h already advantages m ?an    
en\gh 9 ! admiration !y excite1 !       
p]sonal influ5ce !y comm&1 & ! int]nal  
satisfaction att5d+ !m2 & t society is  
b\nd 9 ju/ice r to make comp5sation to !
 less fav\r$ = ?is unm]it$ inequality ( 
advantages1 ?an to aggravate x4 ,on !   
contr>y side1 t society1 receiv+ m f ! m
 effici5t lab\r]1 owes him a l>g]       

return2 t a l>g] %>e ( ! jo9t result be+
 actually 8 "w1 n to all[ 8 claim to x  
is a sort ( robb]y2 t if he is only to  
receive z mu* z o!rs he c only be       
requir$ to produce z mu*4'#ag ',betwe5  
^! appeals to conflict+ pr9ciples (     
ju/ice1' ,mr4 ,mill consid]s x          
impossible to decide4 ',ju/ice1' he     
says1 'has 9 ?is case two sides to x1   
:i* x is impossible to br+ into h>mony1 
& ! two disputants h *os5 opposite      
sides2 ! "o looks to :at x is j t !     
individual %\ld receive1 ! o!r to :at x 
is j t ! community %\ld give4 ,ea* f 8  
own po9t ( view is unansw]able1 & any   
*oice betwe5 !m1 on gr\nds ( ju/ice1 mu/
 be p]fectly arbitr>y4 ,social utility  
alone c decide ! pref]5ce4'#ah ,! =m (  
ju/ice depict$ ) ?is ,janus-l aspect c  
sc>cely be ! utilit>ian1 s9ce1 :oev]1 on
 utilit>ian gr\nds1 selects "o ( its    
sides1 mu/ p]=ce1 on ! same gr\nds1     
reject ! o!r4 ,/ill1 x is spok5 ( z     
g5u9e ju/ice1 :]e=e t !re is a ju/ice   
indep5d5t ( utility1 w\ld seem1 aft]    

all1 to be admitt$ by ,utilit>ians      
!mselves4 ,x is = !m1 h[ev]1 to deal ) !
 dilemma :i* _! own +5uity has ?us      
devis$4 ,my only conc]n ) ! two-head$   
mon/] !y h imag9$ is to prote/ aga9/ its
 be+ mi/ak5 = ! "o sole species ( ju/ice
 :i* ,anti-utilit>ianism recognises1 &  
:i* nev] pres5ts any su* d\ble-fac$     
appe>ance4 ,9 ! case be=e u             
anti-utilit>ian ju/ice w\ld decide ) h] 
accu/om$ ease betwe5 ! two appellants4  
,:at %e w\ld look to w\ld simply be t   
ea* co-op]ator %\ld h 8 due4 ,b h[ mu*  
soev] %e might decl>e an inf]ior workman
 to des]ve = do+ 8 be/1 %e c]ta9ly w\ld 
n all[ 8 des]ts to ext5d to p>ticipation
 9 ! fruits ( ! toil ( ^? ( 8 fell[s :o 
_h done bett] ?an he4 ,8 hav+ produc$ z 
mu* z he 0 able c\ld n r5d] due to him a
 %>e 9 ! l>g] produce ( o!rs ( sup]ior  
capacity4 ,v possibly ! sup]ior workm5  
might agree t all %\ld p>ticipate       
equally 9 ! aggregate results ( _! jo9t 
lab\r4 ,if s1 well & good4 ,= s lib]al a
 concession !y w\ld des]ve cr$it1 &     

?anks w\ld be due to !m f ^? 9 ^: fav\r 
x 0 made2 b ?is ( itself w\ld be a      
conclusive pro(1 if any 7 want+1 t !    
concession 0 an act1 n ( ju/ice1 b (    
g5]osity1 n ( debt1 b ( grace4  ,aga91  
:at discordance is !re n z to ! mo/     
equitable rep>tition ( taxation6 ,t all 
%\ld be tax$ 9 equal proportion to _!   
pecuni>y means2 t taxation %\ld be a    
graduat$ p]c5tage on income1 ris+ z     
income rose2 t all1 :e!r ri* or poor1   
%\ld be tax$ alike2 t all %\ld pay equal
 capitation1 b unequal prop]ty-tax--^!  
are "s out ( _m div]g5cies ( op9ion1 &  
'f ^! confusions' !re is1 ,mr4 ,mill    
consid]s1 'no o!r mode ( extrication ?an
 ! utilit>ian4'#ai ,b if !re 7 really no
 o!r1 !re w\ld1 9 fact1 be none at all4 
,= op9ions diff] sc>cely less z to !    
utility1 ?an z to ! ju/ice ( ea*        
specifi$ mode ( taxation4 ,!re are q z  
_m p]sons :o ?9k x exp$i5t z :o ?9k x   
equitable t p %\ld be tax$ ei!r equally1
 or accord+ to any ( ! sugge/$ s*emes ( 
inequality4 ,all ! help t ,utilit>ianism

 "h af=ds is1 z usual1 to leave e "o to 
judge = himself :i* plan is ! mo/       
advisable1 & !n to pron\nce t to be !   
only moral plan4 ,anti-utilit>ianism    
(f]s guidance ( a v diff]5t sort4 ,x    
wa/es no "t 9 seek+ = an escape f       
confusion1 = x all[s no confusion to    
exi/4 ,x spurns equally ! idea ( diff]5t
 p]sons be+ requir$ to pay diff]5t      
prices = equal quantities ( ! same ?+1  
m]ely because "s ( !m c af=d to pay m1 &
 t ( _! be+ all requir$ to pay ! same   
price = diff]5t quantities1 m]ely       
because all are equally 9 ne$ ( !       
quantities !y respectively obta94 ,x    
recognises only an imp]fect analogy     
betwe5 a club or a mess to :i* no "o ne$
 subscribe unless he likes1 & a national
 community to ^: funds e resid5t )9 its 
t]ritory has no *oice b to contribute2 &
 :ile q cont5t t memb]s ( ! "o %\ld be  
assess$ at any rates to :i* !y h        
spontane\sly cons5t$1 x prote/s aga9/ ! 
imposition on memb]s ( ! o!r ( burd5s   
disproportion$ to _! sev]al abilities4  

,x d5ies t ! %ill+ ( a man :o has b "o 9
 ! _w is ( ! same value to him because x
 is 8 all1 z is to ano!r an e/ate br++  
him 9 #ajj1jjjl4 a ye>1 see+ t1 if ! =m]
 _h 8 pocket pick$1 he might pres5tly   
beg1 borr[1 or e>n a second co91 :]eas  
if ! latt] 7 dispossess$ ( 8 e/ate he   
might live to ! age ( ,me?usaleh )\t    
acquir+ its equival5t4 ,x p]ceives t a  
ri* man1 by receiv+ public protection = 
8 prop]ty z well z 8 p]son1 is reliev$ f
 an exp5se 9 ma9ta9+ private wat*m51 :i*
 a poor man1 ) no?+ b 8 c>cass to def5d1
 w\ld h z little occasion z ability to  
incur2 & x concludes t m be+ ?us 9      
effect giv5 to ! ri*1 m is due f him 9  
return1 & m1 consequ5tly1 may be        
rightfully exact$4  ,we come1 n[1 to a  
case t may well give to bo? ,utilit>ians
 & ,anti-utilit>ians pause--) ?is       
diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t :]eas x br+s ! =m] to
 an ev]la/+ /&/ill1 ! latt] may1 aft] a 
:ile1 g on complac5tly m$itative1 at    
lea/1 if n rejoic+4  ,!re are c]ta9     
situations 9 :i* ju/ice loses its       

au?ority4 ',?us1 to save a life1 x may  
be all[able 444 to /eal or take by =ce !
 necess>y food or m$ic9e1 or kidnap &   
compel to (ficiate ! only qualifi$      
m$ical practition]4'#bj ,:]e=e1 s9ce to 
/eal or to kidnap is ess5tially wrong1 x
 may sometimes be all[able to d wrong4  
,mr4 ,mill's explanation ( ! p>adox is1 
t '!re are p>ticul> cases 9 :i* "s o!r  
social duty is s important z to ov]rule 
any "o ( ! g5]al maxims ( ju/ice2 b t 9 
su* cases we usually say1 n t ju/ice mu/
 give way to "s o!r moral pr9ciple1 b t 
:at is j 9 ord9>y cases is1 by reason ( 
t o!r pr9ciple1 n j 9 ! p>ticul>        
case4'#ba ,i submit1 h[ev]1 t !re is no 
real occasion to resort to any su*      
'useful accommodation ( language1' 9    
ord] to be 'sav$ f ! necessity ( admitt+
 t !re may be laudable inju/ice4' ,let u
 nev] %r9k f look+ error 9 ! face1 = fe>
 t1 aft] %e has slunk away aba%$1 "s    
insoluble my/]y may rema9 beh9d4 ,x is  
bett]1 at any rate1 to be puzzl$ ?an    
deceiv$4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t !ft be+ 

ess5tially unju/1 & no skill 9 !        
arrangem5t ( words c conv]t inju/ice    
into ju/ice1 or prev5t inju/ice f be+   
wrong4 ,b :51 z occasionally happ5s1 !  
only *oice op5 to u is betwe5 two       
immoral c\rses1 x is morally incumb5t on
 u to select ! less immoral ( ! two4 ,! 
wrong we decide ^u does n1 h[ev]1 itself
 become small] because x prev5ts a l>g]4
 ,a sworn bravo1 :o _h tak5 9 advance ! 
wages ( assass9ation1 w\ld s9 less by   
break+ ?an by keep+ fai? ) 8 employ]2 b1
 9 ei!r case1 w\ld s94 ,ab/95ce f murd] 
w\ld n absolve him f ! guilt ( p]jury4  
,if1 unless a loaf 7 /ol51 a life w\ld  
be lo/1 ,anti-utilit>ianism might p>don1
 b w\ld sc>cely applaud ! !ft4 ,at all  
ev5ts x w\ld n1 l ! rival doctr9e 9 a   
simil> /rait1 be r$uc$ to d\ble on      
itself1 decl>+ t wrong _h become "r &   
black :ite1 t ! ,e?iopian _h *ang$ 8 sk9
 & ! leop>d 8 spots4 ,x w\ld /ill insi/ 
z positively z ev] t to /eal ano!r man's
 bread _c be j1 h[ev] b5evol5t ! purpose
 = :i* x is /ol54  ,"o m illu/ration &  

,i h done4 ,:oev] believes z ,i d 9 !   
indefeasible sanctity ( hone/ly acquir$ 
moveable prop]ty1 is logically b\nd to  
hold equally sacr$ ! rights ( beque/ &  
inh]itance4 ,) :atev] is exclusively y\r
 own1 y may surely d any?+ y please     
except h>m2 nor ne$ ev5 h>m be except$  
if x be done to y\rself alone4 ,if1     
inde$1 y g ! l5g? ( play+ ducks & drakes
 ) gold pieces1 or ( light+ cig>s )     
bank-notes1 y are likely en\gh to be    
/opp$ & plac$ "u re/ra9t z a lunatic1 b 
x is cle> t ?is w be done solely because
 y are presum$ n to und]/& :at y are    
do+1 & n f any "q z to y\r "r to d x if 
y d und]/&1 = !re are pl5ty ( ?+s f> m  
objectionable 9 !mselves1 only n imply+ 
a want ( sanity1 :i* y w be left        
p]fectly at lib]ty to d4 ,if y *oose1 9 
imitation ( ,cleopatra1 to spoil y\r    
fi%-sauce by mix+ p[d]$ pe>ls ) x1 or1 9
 imitation ( a c]ta9 ,p]uvian vic]oy1 to
 %oe y\r c>riage horses ) silv]1 no "o w
 dream ( int]f]+ ) y2 any m ?an (       
prev5t+ c\rtesans & o!r f9e ladies f    

bef\l+ _! ne!r limbs by sweep+ ! du/y   
road ) fl\nces ( ,brussels lace2 or (   
prev5t+ memb]s ( ! ,cobd5 ,club f gorg+ 
!mselves annually1 at a co/ ( five      
gu9eas p] paun*1 9 hon\r ( ! pr9ce (    
practical economi/s4 ,b prop]ty1 :i*1   
h[ev] great ! good x is capable ( do+1 y
 are at lib]ty to employ solely = y\r   
own hurt1 y are1 ( c\rse1 at lib]ty to  
de/roy1 !reby prev5t+ x1 at lea/1 f do+ 
any m h>m4 ,! less] "r ( abuse is pla9ly
 compreh5d$ 9 ! l>g]4 ,& ( t :i* is s   
absolutely y\r own t y may1 if y please1
 wantonly wa/e or de/roy x1 y may1 (    
c\rse1 transf] ! own]%ip1 !reby convey+ 
to ano!r p]son all y\r rights 9 x1 &    
r5d]+ x z unju/ to int]f]e ) ! new      
own]'s disposal ( ! prop]ty1 z x w\ld   
previ\sly h be5 to int]f]e ) y\rs4      
,moreov]1 s9ce ! gift is a purely       
volunt>y act1 y may1 if y please1 )\t   
impair+ its validity1 arrange t x %all  
beg9 to take effect f "s future date    
in/ead ( imm$iately2 s t1 by nam+ "s    
date subsequ5t to y\r own decease1 y w  

be conv]t+ ! gift into an equally valid 
beque/4 ,?is1 ,i submit1 is decisive z  
to ! iniquity ( any legal limitation (  
te/am5t>y p[]4 ,! "r ( beque/ is        
compreh5d$ )9 & re/s ^u ! same basis z !
 "r ( possession1 s t1 unless x w\ld be 
j to pass a law depriv+ all p]sons ( any
 prop]ty possess$ by !m 9 excess ( a    
giv5 am\nt1 x w\ld n be j to deprive !m 
by law ( ! p[] ( bequea?+ ! surplus4  ,!
 rights ( inh]itance obvi\sly co9cide   
precisely ) ^? ( beque/4 ,j s mu* z !   
te/ator p>ts ) ! legatee obta9s4 ,:5 !  
beque/ is unconditional1 ! new own] :om 
x creates /eps into ! precise position  
:i* ! previ\s own] has vacat$4 ,(t51    
h[ev]1 a legacy is qualifi$ by          
conditions1 &1 among o!rs1 by ?is1 t !  
prop]ty bequea!d %all be held 9 tru/ =  
c]ta9 purposes4 ,n[1 if ^! purposes be  
socially noxi\s1 society ne$ n hesitate 
to set aside ! w t has provid$ = !m4 ,q 
ju/ifiably1 society might annul !       
te/am5t>y end[m5t ( a hospital = fleas &
 lice1 su* z ,bi%op ,heb]1 9 8 ,indian  

t\r1 f\nd exi/+ at ,b>oa* & at ,surat1  
because ^? p>ticul> insect pe/s c\ld    
sc>cely be reta9$ )9 ! walls ( _!       
infirm>y4 ,p]haps1 too1 society might be
 ju/ifi$ 9 simil>ly prev5t+ ! end[m5t ( 
a hospital = sup]annuat$ dogs & cats2   
:e!r x w\ld or n dep5d+ ma9ly on !      
awkw>d "q :e!r su* inf]ior animals h any
 rights inconsi/5t ) human int]e/s4 ,be 
?is z x may1 h[ev]1 :]e human int]e/s   
alone are conc]n$1 ! rights (           
conditional heir%ip pres5t no e?ical    
difficulty4 ,:5 x is = purposes socially
 innocu\s & affect+ human be+s alone t  
prop]ty is left 9 tru/1 x _c be         
equitably div]t$ f ^? purposes )\t !    
cons5t ( all ! individuals :om !        
te/am5t>y arrangem5ts 7 int5d$ to       
affect4 ,x matt]s n h[ :imsical or      
prepo/]\s ! object enjo9$ may be2 n ev5 
?\gh x be a p]iodical d9n]1 cook$ aft] !
 mann] ( ! anci5ts1 l ! nause\s "o at   
:i* ,p]egr9e ,pickle assi/$2 or         
in/ruction 9 al*emy or 9 ,h9doo         
a/ronomy1 or 9 ! art ( walk+ on "o's    

head4 ,n until !re rema9 no p]sons at   
once entitl$ "u ! w1 & also wi%+ to     
p>take ( ! banquet or ! in/ruction1 c "o
 or ! o!r be equitably discont9u$8 ,z   
long z !re are any su* p]sons left1 to  
/op1 )\t _! cons5t & )\t adequately     
comp5sat+ !m1 arrangem5ts1 rights 9 :i* 
h be5 ve/$ 9 !m by beque/1 w\ld be z    
palpable a violation ( ju/ice z to pick 
_! pockets ( sums equival5t to _! sev]al
 int]e/s1 real or suppos$1 9 !          
arrangem5ts4  ,if scrupul\s adh]5ce to !
 pr9ciple ?us laid d[n w\ld heavily     
%ackle ! activity & s]i\sly impair !    
imm$iate usefulness ( ,mr4 ,=/] & 8     
coadjutors 9 ! ,end[$ ,s*ool            
,commission1 ,i am exce$+ly sorry1 b n 9
 ! lea/ %ak5 9 my conviction t !        
pr9ciple ought to be rigidly adh]$ to4  
,if p>o*ial or o!r communities are too  
/upid or too selfi% to cons5t t s*ool   
end[m5ts "u _! *>ge %all be appli$ to   
purposes ( m ext5sive utility ?an !     
f\nd]s contemplat$1 e ef=t %\ld be made 
to p]suade or to %ame !m into cons5t+1 b

 )\t _! cons5t ! ?+ %\ld on no acc\nt be
 done4 ,on ?is po9t ,utilit>ianism &    
,anti-utilit>ianism w\ld1 ,i appreh5d1  
give id5tical c\nsel1 ! =m] condemn+ z  
impolitic :at ! latt] d5\nc$ z unju/4 ,!
 cause ( national education w\ld be ill 
s]v$ by any c\rse calculat$ to disc\rage
 its future end[m5t by private te/ators1
 & no?+ w\ld be m likely to h t effect  
?an arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) ! end[m5ts (   
=m] te/ators4  ,! c\rte\s read] may n[  
be tempor>ily releas$1 ) fitt+          
ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 exempl>y pati5ce4 ,x    
w\ld be cruel to deta9 him ) a          
recapitulation1 )\t :i* he may readily  
trace = himself1 9 :at has gone be=e1 ! 
outl9es ( a consi/5t body (             
anti-utilit>ian e?ics4 ,9 ^! !re is     
little new1 little t has n be5          
anticipat$ by _m an old-fa%ion$ saw &   
antiquat$ apo!gm--su* z1 ,fiat ju/itia  
ruat clum1 ',be j be=e y are g5]\s1' &1 
,i w\ld fa9 add1 ',hone/y is ! be/      
policy'--save t to t ,utilit>ianism may 
fairly lay equal claim4 ,my mode/       

ambition ?r\gh\t ?is essay has be5 to   
v9dicate "s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ( primeval  
tru?s f ! slights to :i* philosophy--n  
mod]n1 inde$1 b mod]nis$ & refurbi%$--is
 cont9ually subject+ !m1 & ,i w n d5y t 
,i h mode/ assurance en\gh to believe t 
,i h at lea/ p>tially succe$$4 ,i ?9k ,i
 h %[n t !re are su* ?+s z ab/ract "r & 
wrong1 re/+ n on fanci$ intuition1 b on 
a solidly rational basis1 & support+ 9  
turn ab/ract ju/ice1 ^: guidance1 :oev] 
accepts x1 w f9d to be z sure & z       
adequate z any t unassi/$ reason is     
capable ( supply+4 ,anti-utilit>ian     
ju/ice nev] tries to look half-a-doz5   
diff]5t ways at once1 nev] po9ts at !   
same "t 9 opposite directions1 nev]     
issues contradictory m&ates1 nev] halts 
betwe5 two op9ions4 ,h] vot>ies1 l o!r  
mortals1 may (t5 be 9 d\bt z to         
accompli%$ facts2 b1 provid$ ^! be cle>1
 _! c\rse is 9 g5]al equally cle>2 !re  
seldom rema9s aught to emb>rass !m4 ,if 
!y s9c]ely desire to asc]ta9 :at is due 
f !m1 !y c seldom err1 except on ! "r   

side1 & !y w nev] dream ( disput+ t     
:atev] is due f !m x mu/ be _! duty to  
d1 )\t respect ( consequ5ces4 ,^! !y w  
leave to ! supreme controll] ( ev5ts1 if
 !y believe 9 "o1 & w leave to take _!  
*ance1 if !y d n s believe1 feel+ all ! 
m c]ta9 9 ! latt] case t to control     
ev5ts _c1 at any rate1 be )9 _! p[]4 ,!y
 nev] /op to calculate h[ mu* good may  
p]haps ensue if evil be done4 ,simple   
ari?metic1 ap>t f fai?1 satisfies !m t  
to add wrong to wrong _c possibly augm5t
 ! sum total ( "r4 ,! prime article ( _!
 cre$ is ! absolute obligation ( pay+   
debts--a piece ( unworldly wisdom m ?an 
ev] n[ to ,jews a /umbl+-block1 & to    
,greeks fooli%ness1 b n ! less to all1  
:e!r ,jews or ,g5tiles1 :o w accept x1 a
 light to %[ ?r\gh ! mazes ( life1 a pa?
 s pla9ly m>k$ t ! fooli%e/ ( wayf>+ m5 
_c greatly err !re94  ,,footnotes3  #a  
,! di/9ction "h drawn is n m]ely v]bal4 
,! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]   
may mean ei!r ! l>ge/ total ( happ9ess 9
 :i* ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( ^? conc]n$

 c p>ticipate1 or a /ill l>g] total1    
:i*1 if "s ( ! possible p>ticipants 7   
exclud$1 w\ld be divisible among !      
rema9d]4 ,! l>ge/ aggregate ( happ9ess  
atta9able by any or by all conc]n$1     
means ! l>ge/ sum total absolutely1 )\t 
ref]5ce to ! numb] ( p>ticipants4       
,writ]s on ,utilit>ianism seem to h     
sometimes ! fir/1 sometimes ! second (  
^! totals 9 view1 b m frequ5tly ! second
 ?an ! fir/4  #b ,i d n =m a sep>ate    
class ( pleasures ( ! affections1       
because ^! seem to me n to be elem5t>y1 
b to be always comp\nd$ ( two or m ( !  
o!r five k9ds4  #c ',on ,lab\r1' p4     
#ace4  #d ',=tnightly ,review1' ,june1  
#ahfh4  #e ,see ! ,no4 = ,june1 #ahfi4  
#f ',on ,lab\r1' p4 #ic4  #g ',=tnightly
 ,review' = ,june1 #ahfi1 p4 #fhc4  #h  
,see ',=tnightly ,review' = ,june1      
#ahfi1 pp4 #fhg-h4  #i ',utilit>ianism1'
 by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 pp4 #fd-h4  #aj      
',=tnightly ,review' = ,june1 #ahfi1 pp4
 #fhd-e4  #aa ',utilit>ianism1' p4 #bfg4
  #ab ',utilit>ianism1' pp4 #fi1 #gj4   

#ac ',les lgi/es leur f\rnir5t au beso9 
l'appui du droit contre le droit        
mme4'--,de ,tocqueville1 ',l',anci5     
,rgime1' p4 #efg4  #ad ',utilit>ianism1'
 pp4 #gb1 #gc4  #ae ',utilit>ianism1' p4
 #ga4  #af ',utilit>ianism1' pp4 #ha1   
#hb4  #ag ',utilit>ianism1' pp4 #hd1    
#he4  #ah ,ibid4 p4 #he4  #ai           
',utilit>ianism1' pp4 #hf1 #hg4  #bj    
',utilit>ianism1' p4 #id4  #ba ,ibid4   
pp4 #id1 #ie4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4         
,,hi/ory',s ,,sci5tific ,,pret5sions4   
,w>wick4 ,!re is a hi/ory 9 all m5's    
lives1   ,figur+ ! nature ( ! times     
deceas$2   ,! :i* obs]v$1 a man may     
prophesy1   ,) a ne> aim1 ( ! ma9 *ance 
( ?+s   ,z yet n come to life1 :i* 9 _! 
se$s1   ,& weak beg9n+s1 lie intreasur$4
   ,su* ?+s become ! hat* & brood ( "t2 
,&1 by ! necess>y =m ( ?is1   ,k+ ,ri*>d
 might create a p]fect guess1   ,t great
 ,nor?umb]l&1 !n false to him1   ,w\ld1 
( t se$1 gr[ to a great] fals5ess1      
,:i* %\ld n f9d a gr\nd to root ^u1     
,unless on y4     ,k+ ,h5ry4 ,are ^!    

?+s1 !n1 necessities8    ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv4
 ,"p ,,ii4 ,act4 #c1 ,sc4 ,i4   ,:5     
equally compet5t ?9k]s appe> to take    
directly opposite views ( a matt] (     
purely speculative int]e/1 x w commonly 
be f\nd t _! diff]5ces arise f _! us+ ! 
same words 9 diff]5t s5ses1 or f _! be+1
 by "s o!r cause1 prev5t$ f ?or\ghly    
appreh5d+ ea* o!r's mean+4 ,an          
illu/ration is af=d$ by ! controv]sy    
reg>d+ ! possibility ( con/ruct+ a      
,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory1 :i* c\ld sc>cely h   
be5 s mu* prolong$ if all :o h tak5 "p 9
 x _h begun by def9+ _! t]ms1 _h agre$  
to & adh]$ to ! same def9itions1 & _h   
always kept /eadily 9 view ! po9ts      
really 9 debate4 ,if ! ^w 'sci5ce' _h   
be5 us$ only 9 ! re/rict$1 ?\gh r       
inaccurate s5se 9 :i* x is sometimes    
employ$ by "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( !      
disputants1 !re w\ld h be5 less "q z to 
its applicability to hi/ory4 ,no "o     
d\bts t f an ext5sive hi/orical survey  
may be drawn l>ge g5]al d$uctions on :i*
 reasonable expectations may be f\nd$4  

,no "o d5ies t ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ may   
tea* lessons ( political wisdom = !     
guidance ( ! future4 ,if x 7 n s1 hi/ory
 w\ld be z un9/ructive z fairy lore2 its
 *ief use w\ld be to amuse ! fancy2 &   
little m practical advantage c\ld result
 f inve/igat+ ! causes ( ! failure (    
,james ,,ii4's designs on civil &       
religi\s lib]ty1 ?an f an inquiry into !
 artifices by :i* ,jack-!-,giant-kill]  
contriv$ to escape ! maw ( ! mon/]s     
aga9/ :om he _h pitt$ himself4 ,:at is  
commonly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 by a ,sci5ce (
 ,hi/ory is some?+ f> beyond ! idea     
ent]ta9$ ( x by su* temp]ate reason]s z 
,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,mr4 ,fitzjames
 ,/eph54 ,! sci5ce1 = ! reality ( :i*   
,m4 ,comte 9 ,france & ,mr4 ,buckle 9   
,engl& h be5 ! =emo/ *ampions1 w\ld be> 
! same relation to political ev5ts z    
,optics & ,a/ronomy d to ! ph5om5a (    
light & ( ! sol> & sid]eal sy/ems4 ,x   
w\ld deal less ) ! conjectural &        
probable ?an ) ! pr$icable & positive4  
',9 ! moral z 9 ! physical _w1' say its 

lead+ advocates1 'are inv>iable rule1   
inevitable sequ5ce1 undeviat+           
regul>ity1' con/itut+ '"o va/ s*eme (   
univ]sal ord]4' ',! actions ( m51 &     
!re=e ( societies1 are gov]n$ by fix$   
et]nal laws1' :i* 'assign to e man 8    
place 9 ! necess>y *a9 ( be+1' & 'all[  
him no *oice z to :at t place %all be4' 
,"o su* law is t1 '9 a giv5 /ate (      
society1 a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons mu/ put 
an end to _! own lives3' ano!r1 t a     
c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons mu/ commit murd]2 a
 ?ird1 t :5 wages & prices are at c]ta9 
po9ts1 a c]ta9 numb] ( m>riages mu/     
annually take place1 '! numb] be+       
det]m9$ n by ! temp] & wi%es (          
individuals1 b by l>ge g5]al facts1 ov] 
:i* individuals c ex]cise no au?ority4' 
,^! are g5]al laws2 b ! special "q z to 
:o %all commit ! crimes or !            
indiscretion enjo9$ by !m1 'dep5ds ^u   
special laws1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 _! total    
action mu/ obey ! l>ge social law to :i*
 !y are all subord9ate4' ,a ,sci5ce (   
,hi/ory w\ld consi/ ( a collection (    

'social laws1' duly sy/ematis$ &        
codifi$1 by ! application ( :i* to giv5 
/ates ( society ! hi/orical /ud5t might 
pr$ict ! future c\rse ( political ev5ts1
 ) a confid5ce simil> to t ) :i* he c\ld
 =etell ! results ( famili> *emical     
comb9ations1 or ! movem5t ( !           
planets4#bb  ,?is is ! !ory :i* a few   
ye>s ago 0 s mu* discuss$1 & aga9/ :i*1 
not)/&+ ! s+ul> fasc9ation x evid5tly   
possesses = "s m9ds1 ! moral s5se ( a   
mu* l>g] numb] indignantly revolts1     
rightly appreh5d+ t its e/abli%m5t w\ld 
be subv]sive ( all morality4 ,=1 if !   
actions ( m5 are gov]n$ by 'et]nal &    
immutable laws1' m5 _c be free ag5ts2 & 
:]e !re is n free ag5cy !re _c be moral 
responsibility4 ,nor are ! appreh5sions 
ent]ta9$ on ?is score to be allay$ by ! 
answ]1 +5i\s z x is1 :i* has be5 giv5 to
 !m#bc by "o ( ! able/ & mo/ judici\s   
apologi/s = ! new cre$4 ,x is true t    
human actions c be said to be 'gov]n$'  
only 9 ! same metaphorical s5se z t 9   
:i* we speak ( ! laws ( nature1 :i* d n 

really gov]n any?+1 b m]ely describe !  
inv>iable ord] 9 :i* natural ph5om5a h  
be5 obs]v$ to occur4 ,x is true t !     
discov]y ( inv>iable regul>ity 9 human  
affairs1 suppos+ su* a discov]y to h be5
 made1 w\ld n prove t !re 0 any         
necessity = su* regul>ity4 ,x is        
conceivable t ! orbs ( heav5 may be     
intellig5t be+s1 possess+ full p[] to   
*ange or to arre/ _! own c\rse1 & mov+  
con/antly 9 ! same orbits m]ely because 
x pleases !m to d s4 ,inv>iable         
regul>ity1 !re=e1 w\ld be p]fectly      
consi/5t ) free ag5cy4 ,all ?is is      
p]fectly j1 b x is also altoge!r beside 
! "q4 ,! (f5ce giv5 by ! writ]s on ^:   
behalf ! apology is set up consi/s n s  
mu* 9 _! ass]t+ t !re are1 z 9 _! insi/+
 t !re mu/ be1 uni=mity & regul>ity 9   
human affairs2 or1 z ,mr4 ,buckle       
expresses x1 t social ph5om5a 'are !    
results ( l>ge & g5]al causes :i*1 work+
 on ! aggregate ( society1 mu/ produce  
c]ta9 consequ5ces1 )\t reg>d to !       
volition ( ! p>ticul> m5 ( :om ! society

 is compos$4' ,n[1 ?\gh free ag5cy may  
co-exi/ ) inv>iable regul>ity1 x        
obvi\sly _c co-exi/ ) necess>y          
regul>ity1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 is         
incompatible likewise ) moral           
responsibility4 ,if m5 are compell$ by !
 =ce ( circum/ances1 or by any =ce1 to  
move only 9 "o direction1 !y _c be      
responsible = n mov+ 9 a diff]5t        
direction4 ,nor is x m to ! purpose to  
und]take a subtle analysis ( ! nature ( 
causation1 & to expla9 t x does n1      
prop]ly speak+1 involve compulsion1 b   
simply means inv>iable antec$5ce4 ,let x
 be t a cannon-ball does n really knock 
d[n ! wall aga9/ :i* x /rikes1 & t x    
w\ld be m correct to say t ! ball imp+es
 & ! wall falls2 ?\gh1 see+ t ! wall    
w\ld n h fall5 unless ! ball _h imp+$1 !
 di/9ction is too nice = ord9>y         
appreh5sion4 ,z und]/ood1 at any rate1  
by ! jo9t headma/]s ( ! new s*ool1      
causation does involve compulsion4      
',m5's actions1' say !y1 'are ! product 
n ( _! volition1 b ( _! antec$5ts1' &   

'result f l>ge & g5]al causes :i* mu/   
produce c]ta9 consequ5ces4' ,nei!r1 if  
?is be s1 is x ( any avail to sugge/ t1 
possibly1 ! l>ge & g5]al causes 9 "q may
 be ( only tempor>y op]ation4 ',x may be
 t ! rules1' 9 accordance ) :i* ! sun   
has hi!rto ris5 e morn+ s9ce ! creation 
( ! _w1 'w hold good only = a "t4' ,x   
may be t ! spr+s1 :atev] !y are1 by :i* 
! univ]se is kept 9 motion1 may require 
to be p]iodically w\nd up l ! works ( a 
clock1 & t1 unless ?is be done1 'on "s  
p>ticul> day out ( _m billions1' ! sun  
may fail to rise1 j z ! clock1 if suff]$
 to run d[n1 w\ld /op on ! eigh? day4 ,!
 conjecture w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be n less    
applicable to social ?an to natural     
laws4 ,x is conceivable t ! l>ge g5]al  
causes assum$ to regulate human actions 
might lose _! efficacy at ! end ( a     
c]ta9 cycle1 :5 mank9d might ei!r h to  
recomm5ce a social revolution simil> to 
! "o j complet$1 or might h to beg9 an  
entirely diff]5t revolution "u entirely 
diff]5t laws4 ,be x s4 ,/ill1 if !      

causes1 z long z !y rema9$ 9 op]ation1  
possess$ a compulsory "*--if1 dur+ !    
cont9uance ( ! suppos$ cycle1 m5 7 b\nd 
to act 9 a c]ta9 way 9 accordance )     
c]ta9 laws1 & irrespectively ( _! own   
volition--:at w\ld x matt] t ^? laws 7 n
 et]nal & immutable8 ,= ! "t be+ m5 w\ld
 no m be free ag5ts ?an ! h&s ( a clock1
 :ile ! clock 0 w\nd up4 ,bo? w\ld be   
con/ra9$ to move 9 a prescrib$          
direction1 :e!r !y w\ld or no4 ,m5 9 su*
 circum/ances might well be lik5$1 z by 
,mr4 ,buckle !y are lik5$1 to l9ks 9 a  
*a91 b few w\ld be prev5t$ f jo9+ 9 ,mr4
 ,goldw9 ,smi?'s eloqu5t prote/ aga9/ ! 
comp>ison1 by be+ told t ! *a9 p]haps 0 
n an endless "o4  ,x is cle>1 !n1 t !   
pr9ciples to :i* we h be5 adv]t+ w\ld1  
if e/abli%$1 be really subv]sive (      
morality1 inasmu* z !y are incompatible 
) free ag5cy1 )\t :i* !re c be no       
responsibility4 ,! s\ndness ( a doctr9e 
does n1 h[ev]1 dep5d ^u its t5d5cies2 & 
,mr4 ,buckle 0 fully w>rant$ 9 dem&+ t 8
 views %\ld be exam9$ ) ref]5ce1 n at   

all to _! consequ5ces1 b solely &       
exclusively to _! tru?4 ,!y c]ta9ly     
ought to be s exam9$1 if exam9$ at all2 
b morality is s indisp5sable to !       
happ9ess ( mank9d1 t if !re 7 reason =  
appreh5d+ x to be bas$ ^u error1 !re    
w\ld be equal reason = avoid+ an enquiry
 :i* might demon/rate ! weakness ( its  
f\ndations1 by br++ =w>d an antagoni/ic 
tru?4 ,! only adequate excuse1 !re=e1 = 
enquir+1 z ,i n[ proce$ to d1 into !    
validity ( ,mr4 ,buckle's !ory1 is !    
confid5ce ,i feel t x w be f\nd to      
conta9 n recondite1 newly-discov]$ tru?1
 b1 at be/1 only skilfully &            
curi\sly-comp\nd$ fallacies1 :i*1 be+   
dispell$1 w leave ! f\ndations (        
morality z firm & unimpea*able z be=e4  
,9 ord] t he might be able to prove !   
possibility ( a ,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory1 ,mr4 
,buckle ask$ no m ?an ! foll[+          
concessions3 ',t1 :5 we p]=m an action1 
we p]=m x 9 consequ5ce ( "s motive or   
motives2 t ^? motives are ! results ( "s
 antec$5ts1 & t !re=e1 if we 7 acqua9t$ 

) ! :ole ( ! antec$5ts & ) all ! laws ( 
_! movem5ts1 we c\ld ) un]r+ c]ta9ty    
pr$ict ! :ole ( _! imm$iate results4'   
,n[1 !re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ^! dem&s :i* 
may n be unhesitat+ly conc$$4 ,z !re c  
be no effect )\t a cause1 s !re c be no 
action )\t a motive3 ! motive or motives
 ( an action are ! product ( all !      
conditions & circum/ances among :i* !   
ag5t is plac$--:i* conditions &         
circum/ances1 aga91 mu/ h be5 br\ght    
ab\t by antec$5t ev5ts4 ,! same         
circum/ances w\ld inde$ diff]5tly affect
 p]sons ( diff]5t m5tal con/itutions &  
*>act]s2 b ! orig9al con/itution ( a    
man's m9d is itself ! product ( antec$5t
 ev5ts1 z is also any subsequ5t         
modification ( "* :i* x may h und]gone4 
,x _c be d5i$1 !n1 t m5's motives are ! 
results ( antec$5ts4 ,equally und5iable 
is x t a k ( all ! antec$5ts & ( all !  
laws ( _! movem5ts w\ld enable u to     
=esee _! results1 = ?is1 suppos+ ! laws 
ref]r$ to to h any real exi/5ce1 is     
m]ely equival5t to ! self-evid5t        

proposition1 t if we p]ceiv$ c]ta9      
causes & knew exactly h[ !y w\ld act1 we
 %\ld "k be=eh& :at w\ld be _! effects4 
,b :at if !re be no su* laws8 ,:at if1  
on ! %[+ ( ,mr4 ,buckle himself & ( 8   
associates1 !re nei!r are nor c be8  ,! 
true nature ( a sci5tific law has nev]  
be5 bett] expla9$ ?an by ! writ] already
 quot$ z ,mr4 ,buckle's dext]\s         
apologi/4 ,a sci5tific law is n an      
ord9ance1 b a record4 ,x simply pr(esses
 to describe ! ord] 9 :i* c]ta9 ph5om5a 
h be5 obs]v$ uni=mly to recur4 ,x diff]s
 f a legislative enactm5t1 9 t ! "o w\ld
 be a law al?\gh x 7 nev] obey$1 :]eas !
 o!r w\ld cease to be a law if "o s+le  
exception to its /atem5t c\ld be po9t$  
out4 ,?us ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t enjo9+ !   
regi/ration ( bir?s1 w\ld be equally a  
law al?\gh no bir?s 7 ev] regi/]$2 :]eas
 ! law1 t 9 a body mov+ 9 consequ5ce (  
pressure ! mom5tum g5]at$ is 9          
proportion to ! pressure1 w\ld entirely 
=feit its legal "* if1 on any "o        
occasion or 9 any circum/ances1 mom5tum 

7 g5]at$ 9 any o!r proportion4 ,x is    
ess5tial1 !n1 to ! exi/5ce ( a sci5tific
 law t !re %\ld be uni=mity ( ph5om5a4  
,b 9 human affairs uni=mity is          
impossible4 ,no d\bt1 9 exactly ! same  
circum/ances exactly ! same ev5ts mu/   
happ52 b exactly ! same aggregation (   
circum/ances _c possibly be repeat$4    
,su* repetition is inconsi/5t ) ! v     
!ory1 :i* is bas$ on ! assumption t !   
repetition is cont9ually happ5+4  ',9 ! 
moral z well z ! physical _w' !re are1  
say ! expon5ts ( ! new !ory1 n only     
'inv>iable rule' & 'inevitable sequ5ce1'
 b 'irresi/ible gr[?' & 'cont9ual       
advance4' ,9 o!r words1 ?+s c nev] be   
twice 9 precisely ! same                
condition--nev]1 at lea/1 )9 ! same     
cycle4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ t !re 
may be 9 human affairs ! same sort (    
regul>ity z is obs]v$ by ! h&s ( a      
clock2 & t1 z ! latt]1 at ! end ( e     
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 recomm5ce ! movem5t :i* 
!y h j conclud$1 s at ! end (1 say 'e t5
 ?\s& ye>s1' all ! same ev5ts :i* h be5 

happ5+ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod may beg9 to happ5
 ov] aga9 9 ! same ord] z be=e4 ,su* a  
succession1 h[ev]1 w\ld involve q z mu* 
( retrogression z ( progression1 & !    
cont9ual advance s boa/fully spok5 (    
w\ld be no?+ else ?an a t5d5cy ( society
 to return to ! condition f :i* x _h    
orig9ally em]g$4 ,b1 ev5 on ?is         
uncom=table hypo!sis1 !re c\ld be no    
regul>ity ( occurr5ces )9 ! same cycle2 
no clue z to ! future c\ld be obta9$ f  
inve/igation ( ! pa/4 ,on ! contr>y1 !  
only c]ta9ty w\ld !n1 z n[1 be t no     
comb9ation ( ev5ts :i* _h happ5$ once   
c\ld happ5 aga91 z long z ! exi/+ ord] (
 ?+s cont9u$4 ,! inf]5ce "h foll[s      
necess>ily f ! premises4 ,if !re be     
cont9ual advance--if ?+s are con/antly  
mov+ =w>d--!y _c rema9 9 ! same /ate2 & 
if n 9 ! same /ate1 !y _c produce ! same
 effects4 ,=1 if x be obvi\s1 on ! "o   
h&1 t precisely ! same causes mu/       
inv>iably produce ! same results1 x is  
equally evid5t1 on ! o!r1 t ! same      
results _c be reproduc$ except by ! same

 causes4 ,if causes calculat$ to br+    
ab\t c]ta9 ph5om5a und]go ei!r          
augm5tation or dim9ution1 !re mu/ be a  
correspond+ *ange 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,n[1     
effects _c be id5tical ) _! causes1 &1 9
 ! moral _w1 effects once produc$ become
 9 turn causes1 act+ ei!r indep5d5tly or
 9 conjunction ) pre-exi/+ causes4 ,!y  
become 9 turn ! antec$5ts spok5 ( by    
,mr4 ,buckle1 f :i* spr+ ! motives (    
human conduct4 ,b1 z all su* antec$5ts  
mu/ necess>ily diff] f all =m]          
antec$5ts1 !y mu/ also give rise to     
motives1 mu/ be foll[$ by actions1 & mu/
 br+ ab\t comb9ations ( circum/ances1   
diff]+ f any previ\sly exp]i5c$4 ,?us1 9
 human affairs1 !re c be no recurr5ce   
ei!r ( antec$5ts or ( consequ5ces2 &1 z 
a sci5tific law is simply a record ( !  
uni=m recurr5ce ( consequ5ces1 x foll[s 
t 9 human affairs !re c be no sci5tific 
laws4  ,x w be und]/ood t human conduct1
 & ! circum/ances or causes :i* influ5ce
 x1 are "h spok5 ( 9 ! aggregate4 ,x is 
n pret5d$ t p>ticul> causes or          

circum/ances may n cont9ue p]man5tly 9  
op]ation1 ?\gh ) an influ5ce modifi$ by 
! concomitance ( fre% circum/ances2 or t
 !y may n cont9ue to produce consequ5ces
 diff]+ f _! =m] consequ5ces n m ?an 9  
proportion to ! modification und]gone by
 ! causes4 ,/ill less is x pret5d$ t    
c]ta9 human ph5om5a1 ) :i* human motives
 h little or no?+ to d1 may n be repeat$
 once & aga91 not)/&+ ! important *anges
 con/antly go+ on 9 e human society4 ,x 
is n d5i$ t m>riages may cont9ue = ye>s 
toge!r to be> mu* ! same annual         
proportion to ! population1 provid$ t   
dur+ ^? ye>s !re be no mat]ial *ange 9 !
 am\nt ( ! economical ob/acles :i*      
commonly int]f]e1 m ?an any?+ else1 )   
m5's natural incl9ation to m>ry4 ,/ill  
less is x d5i$ t1 9 a giv5 numb] (      
bir?s1 ! numb] ( girls may always       
pres]ve ne>ly ! same sup]iority ov] t ( 
boys1 or t ! proportion betwe5 r$-hair$ 
& flax5-hair$ *ildr5 may g5]ally be ab\t
 ! same1 or t ! p]c5tage ( lett]s       
misdirect$ 9 a giv5 c\ntry may v>y      

little dur+ long p]iods4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ ( 
^! cases1 m5 d n get m>ri$1 z ,mr4      
,buckle imag9$1 irrespectively ( _!     
volition4 ,if1 = sev]al ye>s toge!r1    
m>riages cont9ue to be> ab\t ! same     
proportion to population1 x is because  
dur+ t p]iod circum/ances cont9ue to    
pres5t a c]ta9 am\nt1 & no m1 (         
opposition to m5's connubial            
proclivities4 ,9 ! o!r cases1 x is n at 
all because ! p>5ts wi% x t a girl is   
born in/ead ( a boy1 or ) flax5 hair    
in/ead ( c>rots2 nei!r is x f any motive
 or int5tion t lett]s are (t5           
misdirect$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 f want (   
?\ght1 & f ! c>elessness & ha/e ) :i*   
lett]-writ+1 l mo/ o!r human actions1 is
 un=tunately too (t5 p]=m$4 ,b1 be=e    
assum+ t ?is c>elessness & ha/e be> an  
inv>iable proportion to numb]s1 we %\ld 
inquire :e!r ! proportion ( misdirect$  
lett]s is ! same 9 all human            
societies--! same1 = in/ance1 9 ,france 
& ,spa9 z 9 ,engl&4 ,if n--if v>y+      
circum/ances produce diff]5t results 9  

?is respect 9 diff]5t c\ntries--x may be
 inf]r$ t a v>iation ( circum/ances may 
produce a diff]5ce ( result 9 ! same    
c\ntry4 ,x w1 at any rate1 be cle> t !re
 is no 'necess>y & inv>iable ord]' 9 :i*
 lett]s are misdirect$4 ,9 "o s5se1     
inde$1 x may be said t ! proportion (   
misdirect$ lett]s dep5ds ^u '! /ate (   
society1' if by t expression be meant1  
among o!r ?+s1 ! num]ical proportion :i*
 individuals ( diff]5t *>act]s & habits 
be> to ea* o!r4 ,9 t s5se1 we may accept
 "s f> m />tl+ propositions4 ,we may    
p>tly admit t ! /ate ( society det]m9es 
! numb] ( murd]s & suicides1 if by ?is  
be simply meant t ! numb] ( murd]s &    
suicides committ$ w dep5d ^u ! numb] (  
p]sons ^: *>act]s h be5 s m\ld$ by      
circum/ances z to dispose !m to put an  
end to _! own or o!r p's lives4 ,b ,mr4 
,buckle1 by :om ! ass]tion 0 made1 0    
c>eful to expla9 t 8 mean+ 0 ! v rev]se 
( :at is "h suppos$4 ,speak+ ( suicide1 
he decl>es x to be 'a g5]al law t1 9 a  
giv5 /ate ( society1 a c]ta9 numb] (    

p]sons mu/ put an end to _! own lives2' 
add+ t '! "q z to :o %all commit ! crime
 dep5ds ^u special laws1' & t '!        
individual felon only c>ries into effect
 :at is a necess>y consequ5ce ( prec$+  
circum/ances4' ,9 o!r words1 x is n !   
am\nt ( crime t dep5ds ^u ! numb] (     
p]sons prep>$ to commit x2 x is ! numb] 
( crim9als :i* dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( crime
 t mu/ ne$s be committ$4 ',murd]1' he   
else:]e says1 'is committ$ ) z mu*      
regul>ity1 & be>s z uni=m a relation to 
c]ta9 kn[n circum/ances1 z d ! movem5ts 
( ! tides & ! relations ( ! seasons4'   
',! uni=m reproduction ( crime is m     
cle>ly m>k$1 & m capable ( be+ pr$ict$1 
?an are ! physical laws connect$ ) !    
disease & de/ruction ( our bodies4 ,!   
(f5ces ( m5 are ! result n s mu* ( !    
vices ( individual (f5d]s1 z ( ! /ate ( 
society into :i* ! individuals are      
?r[n4'  ,!re is "h s mu* loos5ess &     
inconsi/5cy ( language1 t :at is mo/    
(f5sive 9 x may easily be> m ?an "o     
int]pretation3 & ! %ock+ dogma t1 9 a   

giv5 /ate ( society1 ! =ce (            
circum/ances con/ra9s ! commission ( a  
c]ta9 am\nt ( crime1 may possibly admit 
( be+ expla9$ away & s(t5$ d[n into !   
comp>atively h>mless proposition t1 :]e 
all ! circum/ances1 conditions or causes
 requir$ = ! commission ( a c]ta9 am\nt 
( crime are pres5t1 t am\nt ( crime w   
c]ta9ly be committ$4 ,b :at is mo/      
provok+ 9 ,mr4 ,buckle is ! he$lessness 
or wantonness ) :i* he is con/antly     
insi/+ t ! causes 9 "q are necess>ily   
pres5t & uni=mly act+4 ,:at he calls !  
uni=m reproduction ( crime is lik5$ by  
him to ! uni=m recurr5ce ( ! tides4     
,accord+ to him1 x is a law t a c]ta9   
numb] ( suicides %all take place        
annually1 j z x is a law t !re %all be  
high & l[ wat] twice 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4
 ,n[ a law1 z ! ^w is "h us$1 means a   
record ( inv>iable repetitions (        
ph5om5a4 ,has x be5 obs]v$1 !n1 t       
suicides be>1 we w n say an inv>iable1 b
 any?+ l a def9ite proportion to        
population8 ,mr4 ,buckle ?9ks x has1 &  

he adduces "s facts 9 support ( !       
op9ion2 b 8 facts1 prop]ly und]/ood1    
disprove in/ead ( prov+ :at he ass]ts2  
&1 ev5 if !y prov$ x1 !y w\ld yet af=d  
no support to 8 ma9 !ory4  ,9 ,london1 =
 "s ye>s pa/--h[ _m is n /at$--ab\t #bdj
 p]sons annually h made away )          
!mselves--sometimes a few m1 sometimes a
 few less--! highe/ numb] hav+ be5 #bff 
9 #ahdf1 & ! l[e/ #bac 9 #ahdi4 ,b1 :ile
 ! numb] ( suicides has ?us be5 ne>ly   
/ation>y1 population has be5 any?+ b    
/ation>y 9 ! metropolitan di/rict1 b has
 advanc$ ) va/ & unremitt+ /rides at an 
av]age rate ( ne>ly #dc1jjj a ye>4 ,9   
#ahda x 0 #a1idh1cfi2 9 #ahea1          
#b1cfa1fdj2 & 9 #ahfa1 #b1hjc1ihi4 ,!   
proportion ( suicide to population has  
consequ5tly be5 by no means uni=m1 b has
 v>i$ exce$+ly1 & on ! :ole has %[n a   
con/ant t5d5cy to decrease4 ,b ev5 if x 
_h cont9u$ uni=m1 x w\ld simply h %[n t1
 dur+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 ! g5]al "* (
 ,london]s _h1 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s1       
und]gone no mat]ial *ange4 ,x w\ld n h  

prov$ t ! regul>ity ( suicide obs]vable 
among ,london]s 0 9 accordance ) any    
g5]al law4 ,to prove ?is x w\ld h be5   
necess>y to %[ t ! proportion _h be5    
uni=m1 n only 9 ! same b 9 all          
societies2 9 ,p>is z well z 9 ,london1  
among ! ,esquimaux ( ,labrador1 & among 
! ,negroes ( ,s\dan4 ,=1 if ! proportion
 7 f\nd to v>y by reason ( ! diff]+     
circum/ances ( diff]5t societies1 x w\ld
 pla9ly be se5 to be at lea/ susceptible
 ( v>iation 9 ! same society1 inasmu* z 
9 no society d circum/ances rema9 ! same
 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,s equally )   
murd]s4 ,ev5 if !re 7 no d\bt t !       
p]c5tage ( su* crimes 9 ,engl& _h long  
cont9u$ ! same1 /ill t fact w\ld prove  
no?+ z to ! uni=m reproduction ( crime1 
if x c\ld be %[n t ! p]c5tage _h ev]    
v>i$ any:]e else--9 ,france or ,italy1 =
 example1 or 9 ,dahomey4 ,= x w\ld be   
m]e *ildi%ness to po9t to ! diff]5t     
conditions ( ,engl& & ,dahomey1 & to    
plead t no m 0 int5d$ to be said ?an t1 
) uni=mity ( circum/ances !re w\ld also 

be uni=mity ( results4 ,s mu* no "o1 9 !
 lea/ compet5t to discuss ! subject1    
w\ld = a mom5t dream ( disput+4 ,b 9    
political affairs !re _c be uni=mity (  
circum/ances4 ,! aggregate (            
circum/ances f :i* spr+ human motives   
_c1 f ! nature ( ?+s1 ev] be repeat$2 &1
 ?\gh a few g5]al causes may cont9ue    
p]man5tly 9 op]ation1 !y _c cont9ue to  
produce ! same id5tical results2 = ev5  
?\gh !y c\ld !mselves rema9 /ation>y1 x 
w\ld be impossible t _! op]ation %\ld n 
be affect$ by ! con/ant *ange go+ on    
ar\nd1 or %\ld n p>take ( an o!rwise    
univ]sal =w>d movem5t4 ,9 political     
affairs !re _c possibly be any recurr5ce
 ( id5tical ph5om5a2 nor c !re1 except  
)9 a v limit$ p]iod1 be any occurr5ce ( 
v simil> ph5om5a4 ,b recurr5ce 7& n     
m]ely recurr5ce1 b complete & inv>iable 
recurr5ce7 is ! v f\ndation ( sci5ce4   
,)\t x !re c be no sci5tific laws1 & )\t
 su* laws--i4e41 )\t records ( pa/      
recurr5ces--!re c be no sure pr$ictions 
z to ! future4 ,x is only because c]ta9 

motions ( c]ta9 bodies h hi!rto be5     
obs]v$ to take place ) inv>iable        
regul>ity1 t !y are expect$ to cont9ue  
to d s1 & x is ^u t assumption only t we
 v5ture to pr$ict t ! sun w rise        
to-morr[ morn+1 or t an eclipse w take  
place next ye>4 ,b if no ev5t record$ 9 
hi/ory has ev] yet be5 kn[n to occur    
twice "u precisely ! same conditions1 & 
z a consequ5ce ( ! same causes1 :at     
gr\nd c !re be = pr$ict+ :e!r or :5 any 
su* ev5t w occur aga98 ,:at possibility 
is !re ( con/ruct+ a sci5ce ( hi/ory1 :5
 hi/ory supplies no mat]ials = ei!r     
f\ndation or sup]/ructure8  ,!re is no?+
 9 ?is conclusion 9 ! slighte/ degree   
oppos$ to ! mo/ approv$ doctr9e (       
causation4 ,no effect c be )\t a cause4 
,no d\bt1 !n1 ! reg5cy ( inv>iable      
causation holds good ( human volitions4 
,no d\bt ! volitions & consequ5tly !    
actions ( m5 are ! jo9t results ( !     
ext]nal circum/ances amid :i* m5 are    
plac$1 & ( _! own *>act]s2 :i* aga9 are 
! results ( circum/ances1 natural &     

artificial4 ,s mu* mu/ ne$s be admitt$1 
& some?+ m besides4 ,c]ta9 causes w     
infallibly be succe$$ by c]ta9 effects4 
,f any p>ticul> comb9ation (            
circum/ances1 c]ta9 det]m9ate           
consequ5ces & no o!rs w result2 ^? aga9 
w give rise to consequ5ces equally      
det]m9ate1 & ^? 9 turn to o!rs1 & s on 9
 an inf9ite s]ies4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 f !   
reg5cy ( causation1 t !re is a det]m9ate
 c\rse already1 z x 71 trac$ out1 :i*   
human ev5ts w c]ta9ly foll[ to ! end (  
"t2 e /ep ( :i* c\rse1 h[ev] remote1    
might n[ be =ese5 & pr$ict$ by adequate1
 t is to say by inf9ite1 intellig5ce4   
,inf9ite intellig5ce w\ld d ?is1 h[ev]1 
n by ! aid ( law1 b by virtue ( its own 
intr9sic & unassi/$ /r5g?1 :]e) x w\ld  
p]ceive h[ ea* succe$+ comb9ation (     
causes w\ld op]ate4 ,=1 z _c be too (t5 
repeat$1 a law is m]ely a record (      
recurr5ces2 & 9 human affairs !re c be  
no recurr5ces ( ! same aggregate ei!r ( 
causes or results4 ,!re be+ !n no       
hi/oric laws1 !re c be no ,sci5ce (     

,hi/ory1 = sci5ce _c exi/ )\t laws4 ,!  
hi/oric presci5ce1 :i* is an attribute (
 ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce1 n be+ regulat$  
by law1 or at any rate n by any law     
except t ( causation1 is n1 te*nically  
speak+1 a sci5ce1 & ev5 if x 71 w\ld be 
utt]ly beyond ! rea* ( human intellect &
 atta9able only by ,inf9ite ,wisdom4  ,!
 admission made 9 ! la/ p>agraph has    
cle>$ ! way = ! introduction ( a "q1 f  
:i* ! subject "u discussion d]ives its  
pr9cipal int]e/1 & :i* x is indisp5sable
 !re=e c>efully1 ?\gh briefly1 to       
exam9e4 ,if !re be c]ta9 det]m9ate l9es 
( conduct :i* m5 w infallibly pursue    
?r\gh\t all succe$+ g5]ations1 h[ c m5  
be free ag5ts8 ,h[--= x is m]ely ! old  
puzzle ov] aga9--h[ c =ekn[l$ge be      
reconcil$ ) freewill8 ,! difficulty is n
 to be got rid ( by discr$it+ ! reality 
( freewill1 & treat+ x z a ?+ = :i* !re 
is no evid5ce4 ,:5 ,johnson sil5c$      
,boswell's *att] ) ! words1 ',sir1 we "k
 our w is free & !re's an end on't1' he 
express$ a great tru? 9 language n !    

less philosophically accurate on acc\nt 
( its colloquial curtness4 ,!           
consci\sness possess$ by an ag5t ab\t to
 p]=m an act1 t he is at lib]ty to p]=m 
x or n1 is really conclusive evid5ce t !
 act is free4 ,= x matt]s n a jot :e!r  
consci\sness be 'an indep5d5t faculty1' 
or :e!r--z1 ,mr4 ,buckle rem9ds u1 'is !
 op9ion ( "s ( ! able/ ?9k]s'--x be n   
m]ely 'a /ate or condition ( ! m9d4' ,if
 consci\sness be a condition ( ! m9d1 s 
also is p]ception2 b p]ception1 :atev]  
else x be1 is also t :i* makes u        
acqua9t$ ) ext]nal ph5om5a1 j z         
consci\sness is t :i* makes u acqua9t$ )
 int]nal emotions4 ,! two in=mants1 x is
 true1 are n equally tru/wor?y4         
,p]ception (t5 deceives u1 b            
consci\sness1 nev]4 ,we (t5 fancy we    
p]ceive :at we d n p]ceive4 ,we may     
fancy we see a gho/1 :5 we are m]ely    
mock$ by an optical illusion1 or we may 
mi/ake ! impalpable imag]y ( ! ,fata    
,morgana = solid objects1 or ! rumbl+ ( 
a c>t = ?und]4 ,b consci\sness is       

infallible4 ,we _c fancy we exp]i5ce an 
emotion :i* we d n exp]i5ce4 ,we _c     
fancy we are glad :5 we are n glad1 or  
sorry :5 we are n sorry1 or hopeful :5 9
 despair2 & to pret5d t we c possibly be
 consci\s ( will+ :5 we are n will+1    
w\ld be z absurd z to meet ! cogito1    
ergo sum ( ,desc>tes1 ) ! reply t1      
p]haps1 we d n really ?9k1 b only ?9k we
 ?9k4  ,freewill1 !n1 be+ an            
indisputable reality1 h[ c x be         
reconcil$ ) =ekn[l$ge8 ,!re c be no m   
conclusive way ( %[+ t ! two ?+s are    
capable ( co-exi/+ ?an to po9t to an    
example ( _! actual co-exi/5ce1 & su* an
 example is af=d$ by ! idea ( ,inf9ite  
,p[]4 ,omnipot5ce1 :i* by its nature    
implies freewill1 compreh5ds also       
,omnisci5ce4 ,omnipot5ce c d any?+      
:atsoev] :i* does n involve a           
contradiction2 b ev5 ,omnipot5ce c d    
no?+ :i* ,omnisci5ce does n =esee4 ,x c1
 inde$1 d :atsoev] x pleases2 b         
,omnisci5ce =esees precisely :at x w be 
pleas$ to d4 ,) unb\nd$ lib]ty to *oose 

any c\rse ( action1 x c yet *oose no    
c\rse :i* has n be5 =ese52 b its fre$om 
( *oice is evid5tly n affect$ by ! fact 
t ! *oice :i* x w make is kn[n be=e h&4 
,nei!r is t ( man4 ,an eag] aspirant to 
ecclesia/ical pref]m5t is n ! less at   
lib]ty to refuse a pr(f]$ mitre1 because
 all 8 acqua9tances h a well f\nd$      
assurance t he w accept4 ,a wayf>]1 ) a 
yawn+ precipice be=e 8 eyes1 may or may 
n1 z he pleases1 ca/ himself d[n        
headlong4 ,:e!r he w d s or n mu/ always
 h be5 positively =ekn[n to ,omnisci5ce2
 b t fact 9 no degree affects 8 p[] (   
decid+ = himself4 ,if argu+ on ! notion 
t :at is to be mu/ be1 he decide on mov+
 =w>d to 8 de/ruction1 !n :at has be5   
=ese5 is simply t he w s argue & be     
self-deceiv$1 & w consequ5tly p]i%4 ,b !
 =ekn[l$ge :i* simply p]ceives :at      
direction w be tak5 by ! w is a v       
diff]5t ?+ f an ov]-rul+ de/9y1 :i* %\ld
 compel ! w to take "s special          
direction4 ,/ill x is obvi\s t1 9 ?is   
in/ance also1 =ekn[l$ge is bas$ entirely

 on causation4 ,x is solely because     
human volitions take place z inevitable 
effects ( antec$5t causes t ,omnisci5ce 
itself c be conceiv$ z capable ( =esee+ 
!m4  ,b on su* conditions1 h[ c human   
volitions really be free8 ,h[ c man be  
really at lib]ty to w ( 8 good pleasure1
 if :at he is prompt$ to w dep5ds on !  
influ5ce :i* ! circum/ances t happ5 to  
surr\nd him may ex]cise on ! con/itution
 & "*1 :i* he has d]iv$ f pre-exi/+     
circum/ances8 ,h[ c 8 w be free1 if t w 
be m\ld$ & %ap$ by circum/ances ov] :i* 
he has no control8 ,i h1 ,i am aw>e1 by 
! mode ,i h adopt$ ( reconcil+ free-w ) 
=ekn[l$ge1 incurr$ ! obligation (       
reconcil+ x ) ano!r co-exi/5ce ( yet    
great] app>5t incompatibility4 ,by      
admitt+ t 'human volitions take place z 
inevitable effects ( antec$5t causes1' t
 !y mu/ be su*1 & _c be o!r ?an su*1 z  
antec$5t causes make !m1 ,i h admitt$ t 
! w1 ?\gh indep5d5t ( law1 is absolutely
 subject to1 & mu/ implicitly obey1     
causes4 ,freewill1 !n1 mu/ be %[n to be 

compatible n ) =ekn[l$ge only1 b )      
necessity also4 ,= !re is no use 9      
attempt+ to ignore necessity2 no use 9  
exclaim+ ) ,pr(essor ,huxley3 ',fact ,i 
"k1 & ,law ,i "k2 b :at is ,necessity b 
an empty %ad[ ( ! m9d's own ?r[+8'#bd ,a
 %ad[ x mo/ c]ta9ly is n1 ?\gh x is a   
bugbe>1 & ! v]ie/ t 0 ev] suff]$ to     
torm5t a morbid imag9ation4 ,x is an    
indisputable reality1 a sub/antial1 b at
 ! same "t p]fectly h>mless1 or r       
salut>y reality1 ^: t]rors ne$ only to  
be boldly confront$ 9 ord] to disappe> &
 to trans=m !mselves into highly        
attractive recomm5dations4 ,= :at1 aft] 
all1 does x imply8 ,:at b t effects mu/ 
foll[ _! causes1 & causes prec$e _!     
effects1 z pla9ly !y mu/1 unless cause &
 effect be utt]ly unmean+ expletives4 ,(
 c\rse we mu/ on all occasions be       
affect$ by surr\nd+ circum/ances1 9     
modes exactly accordant ) our           
idiosyncracies1 moral & physical4 ,(    
c\rse1 too1 our volitions mu/ exactly   
correspond ) our contemporane\s         

affections4 ,:5 we are empty1 we mu/1 if
 9 heal?1 feel hungry1 & desire to eat2 
:5 full1 we mu/1 unless we are hogs1 be 
satisfi$1 & pref] to rum9ate4 ,mo/ m5   
are s organis$ t :5 tickl$ !y mu/ laugh2
 :5 wrong$1 mu/ fr[n or sigh4 ,! sight (
 di/ress makes !m pity1 & desire to see 
x reliev$4 ,t ( virtue makes !m admire1 
& desire to see x rew>d$4 ,t ( vice     
makes !m angry1 & desire to see x       
puni%$4 ,w\ld we h all ^! ?+s rev]s$8   
,w\ld x be well = u t our be+ />v$ or   
surfeit$ %\ld make no diff]5ce 9 our wi%
 to fe$1 or our will+ness to fa/8 ,%\ld 
we l ! *ances to be equal :e!r we %\ld  
desire di/ress to be alleviat$ or       
aggravat$8 ,if n1 :at is ! bondage "u   
:i* we groan8 ,:at ! lib]ty :]e) we long
 to be made free8 ,our sole grievance is
 t1 accord+ to actual arrangem5ts1 !re  
mu/ be reasons = our wi%es1 & t on ^?   
reasons our wi%es mu/ dep5d4 ,%\ld we !n
 pref] t !re 7 no su* reasons8 ,w\ld we 
h our wi%es to be indep5d5t ( reason1 & 
adrift be=e irrational caprice8         

,probably we may1 on second ?\ghts1 be  
cont5t to =ego an enfran*isem5t l ?is2  
b1 if n1 we may at lea/ console         
ourselves = its indef9ite po/ponem5t1 by
 reflect+ t ,omnipot5ce itself is1      
equally ) ourselves1 subject to ! sort (
 necessity "u :i* we are groan+2 equally
 de/itute ( ! sort ( free-w to :i* we   
aspire4 ,x is manife/ t1 s9ce !re _c be 
omnipot5ce )\t b\ndless lib]ty1         
omnipot5ce mu/ possess complete/ fre$om 
( w4 ,yet ev5 ! ,w ( ,omnipot5ce is     
subject to ! despotism ( causation4     
,div9e p]fection _c b be at all times   
affect$ 9 modes z exactly correspond+ ) 
its own excell5ce z human imp]fection is
 9 modes correspond+ ) its defici5cies1 
& ! movem5ts ( ! ,div9e ,m9d _c b       
correspond ) ! affections ( ! ,div9e    
,m9d4 ,^? movem5ts are n unmean+1       
purposeless1 wayw>d4 ,!y1 too1 h _!     
appropriate spr+s1 & proce$ by regul>   
process f legitimate causes1 ! *ief ( ^?
 causes be+ ! inf9ite p]fection ( !     
,div9e ,nature4 ,div9e ,p[] _c !n1 any m

 ?an human1 be direct$ by its own]'s w  
to purposes aga9/ :i* its own]'s nature 
revolts4 ,b is ?is inability a matt] to 
lam5t ov]8 ,^? mu/ be greatly at a loss 
= a grievance :o make "o ( its be+      
impossible = !m to w ?+s :i* !y h       
ov]-rul+ reasons = n will+4 ,besides1   
does man1 9 ord] to believe himself     
free1 require m fre$om ?an 8 ,mak]8 ,!  
disciple is n above 8 ma/]1 nor ! s]vant
 above 8 "l4 ,surely x is suffici5t t ! 
disciple be z 8 ma/]1 & ! s]vant z 8    
"l4#be  ,! fact1 !n1 t human conduct is 
subject to causation1 & may by adequate 
intellig5ce be pr$ict$ 9 its m9ute/     
details until ! end ( "t1 no m proves t 
x is gov]n$ by inv>iable laws1 :i* act  
irrespectively ( human volitions1 ?an ! 
correspond+ fact ) ref]5ce to ,div9e    
conduct impairs ! fre$om ( ! ,div9e ,w4 
,!re is no "o liv+ to :om su* a         
doctr9e--degrad+ man1 z x does1 into a  
helpless puppet1 robb+ him ( all moral  
responsibility & ( e motive = ei!r      
ex]tion or self-control--c be m utt]ly  

repugnant ?an to ,mr4 ,mill1 :o         
nev]!less1 al?\gh diss5t+ f ,mr4        
,buckle's m extreme op9ions1 makes use (
 "s expressions :i* may be con/ru$ into 
a qualifi$ approval ( 8 g5]al views4    
,ev5 ,mr4 ,mill speaks ( 'human         
volitions z dep5d+ on sci5tific laws1'  
!reby imply+ t ! circum/ances f :i*     
human motives &1 consequ5tly1 human     
actions result are cont9ually recurr+ ) 
a c]ta9 regul>ity4 ,he speaks ( 'g5]al  
laws affect+ communities1 :i* are inde$ 
modifi$ 9 _! action by special causes   
affect+ individuals1 b :i*1 if _!       
effects c\ld be obs]v$ ov] a field      
suffici5tly wide & = a p]iod suffici5tly
 long to embrace all possible           
comb9ations ( ! special causes1 w\ld be 
f\nd to produce con/ant results4'#bf    
,?is proposition seems to proce$ on !   
assumption t g5]al causes are ei!r (    
uni=m op]ation1 or t1 if !y v>y 9 _!    
effects1 _! v>iations1 & also ^? (      
special causes1 occur ) a c]ta9         
regul>ity1 & con/antly recur )9 a c]ta9 

def9ite p]iod4 ,b ?is is precisely :at  
_c possibly happ54 ,among ! g5]al causes
 ref]r$ to1 "s few are cont9u\s--^?1    
namely1 :i* are inh]5t 9 human nature2 b
 ev5 ^! are cont9ually modifi$ 9 _!     
action by *anges cont9ually tak+ place 9
 ^? o!r g5]al causes :i* con/itute !    
exi/+ /ate ( society1 & :i* are n m]ely 
cont9ually *ang+1 b are cont9ually      
becom+ m & m diff]5t f :at !y 7         
orig9ally4 ,s mu* is fully admitt$ by   
,mr4 ,mill himself1 & inde$ c be sc>cely
 m /rongly en=c$ ?an by 8 own words4    
',!re is a progressive *ange1' he says1 
'bo? 9 ! "* ( ! human race1 & 9 _!      
outw>d circum/ances1 s f> z m\ld$ by    
!mselves2 9 ea* successive age !        
pr9cipal ph5om5a ( society are diff]5t f
 :at !y 7 9 ! age prec$+1 & /ill m      
diff]5t f any previ\s age4'#bg ,x is    
admitt$1 !n1 t !re c be no recurr5ce (  
social ph5om5a2 & x is obvi\s t1 ! long]
 ! p]iod ( obs]vation1 ! less           
possibility c !re be ( _! recurr+1 s9ce 
! great] is ! c]ta9ty t new causes w    

come into op]ation4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh x 7    
possible t all ! ext]nal circum/ances   
:i* h once influ5c$ ei!r communities or 
individuals c\ld be repeat$1 ! same     
circum/ances c\ld n a second "t produce 
! same effects4 ,m5 ( diff]5t *>act]s   
are affect$ 9 v diff]5t ways by ! same  
influ5ces1 & ! *>act]s ( any p>ticul>   
g5]ation ( m5 are always v diff]5t f ^? 
( e prec$+ g5]ation4 ,let x be suppos$1 
= ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! ,fr5* ( ! pres5t
 day c\ld be plac$ 9 precisely ! same   
social condition 9 :i* _! fa!rs 7 t[>ds 
! close ( ! la/ c5tury2 /ill !y w\ld act
 v diff]5tly f _! fa!rs4 ,nay1 ev5 ?\gh 
!y %\ld1 ) "o s+le exception1 h inh]it$ 
! dispositions ( _! fa!rs1 ! diff]5ce ( 
"* 9 "o s+le individual might suffice to
 give an entirely new turn to ! c\rse ( 
ev5ts4 ,if e o!r antec$5t ( ! fir/ ,fr5*
 ,revolution 7 aga9 pres5t1 /ill !re    
might be no second revolution1 provid$  
only t1 in/ead ( ano!r ,l\is ! ,sixte5?1
 a ,leopold ( ,belgium1 or a ,fr$]ick ! 
,great 7 k+4#bh ,) ! la/ m5tion$ on !   

?rone1 !re w\ld assur$ly be no          
repetition ( t vacillation ( purpose :i*
 rock$ ! cradle & fo/]$ ! gr[? ( popul> 
fury till x culm9at$ 9 a ,reign (       
,t]ror4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re _c be ei!r a     
repetition ( ! same circum/ances to act 
^u m51 or a reproduction ( ! same sort (
 m5 to be act$ ^u by circum/ances1 human
 conduct c nev] exhibit a repetition ( !
 same ph5om5a2 exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ c nev]1 
9 social or political affairs1 furni% a 
=mula = pr$ictions z to ! future4       
,accord+ly ,mr4 ,mill1 9 common ) ,mr4  
,/eph51 disclaims ! idea ( positive1 &  
pleads only = conditional1 pr$ictions4  
,b ! v t]m 'conditional pr$ictions'     
involves a contradiction1 s9ce x is     
obvi\sly impossible to see be=eh& :at   
p]haps may nev] come to pass4 ,:at is   
meant by ! phrase is really no?+ m ?an  
conjectures2 & conjectures1 h[ev] +5i\s 
& reasonable1 _c be admitt$ )9 ! pale ( 
sci5ce4 ,!y _c be accept$ z fruits ( a  
tree :i* has by ! quality ( its fruits  
prov$ its "r to be entitl$ ! ,sci5ce (  

,hi/ory4  ,) ! view ( enhanc+ ! value ( 
conditional pr$ictions1 x has be5 urg$ t
 !y are ( precisely ! same description z
 ^? :i* we are 9 ! habit ( haz>d+ )     
respect to our famili> acqua9tance4 ,!re
 are1 x is said1 'g5]al maxims reg>d+   
human conduct1 by ! application ( :i* to
 giv5 /ates ( fact1 pr$ictions may be   
made z to :at w happ52' & all t is      
necess>y = ! con/ruction ( hi/orical    
sci5ce1 is ! employm5t ( ^! maxims on a 
l>g] scale4 ,if ! premiss "h be s\nd1 ! 
inf]5ce may be own$ to be suffici5tly   
legitimate4 ,if !re be any =mula ) :i* !
 actions ( individuals are obs]v$ to    
correspond1 !re is e likelihood t ! same
 =mula may1 by ext5sion & amplification1
 be adapt$ to ! actions ( communities4  
,b1 al?\gh !re are pl5ty ( maxims tell+ 
m5 :at !y ought to d1 !re is n          
"o--except t :i* decl>es t !y mu/ all   
die--:i* af=ds any positive in=mation z 
to :at !y w d4 ',?\ %alt n /eal1' '?\   
%alt n kill1' '?\ %alt n commit         
adult]y2'--all ^! & _m m are moral laws2

 b ( n "o ( !m--! m's ! pity--is !      
obs]vance suffici5tly regul>1 to give x 
! smalle/ pret5sion to be /yl$ a        
sci5tific law4 ,g5]al propositions1 too1
 !re are 9 abundance1 repres5t+ ) m or  
less accuracy ! probable results (      
p>ticul> l9es ( conduct4 ,su* are !     
prov]bial say+s1 t ',hone/y is ! be/    
policy1' t ',a roll+ /one ga!rs no      
moss1' t ',! racec\rse is ! road to     
ru94' ,b adages l ^! 7 nev] suppos$ to  
af=d any basis = prophecy4 ,x may be t  
an hone/ man m commonly gets on 9 ! _w  
?an a knave1 ?\gh !re is also mu* to be 
said on behalf ( ! c\nt]-proposition1 t 
',! *ildr5 ( d>kness are wis] 9 _!      
g5]ation ?an ! *ildr5 ( light2' b1 at   
any rate1 !re is no d\bt t a man may be 
hone/ )\t be+ prosp]\s1 & t he is (t5   
all ! poor] = 8 probity4 ,b1 inde$1 is  
!re any "o conceivable situation 9 life 
9 :i* a positive rule c be laid d[n z to
 ! c\rse :i* m5 w foll[8 ,c x ev5--to   
make use ( an illu/ration :i* has be5 v 
effectively employ$ on ! o!r side--c x  

ev5 be said t a man w c]ta9ly m>ry a    
woman ) :om he is deeply 9 love1 :o     
returns 8 affection1 :om he c m>ry if he
 likes1 & :om he has ! means ( ma9ta9+ 9
 a suitable mann]8 ,n9e times out ( t5  
he probably w2 b 9 ! t5? in/ance a      
,brahm9's passion may be *eck$ by fe> ( 
contam9ation ) a ,p>iah1 or a ,k+       
,cophetua's pride may prev5t 8 w$d+ a   
begg>-maid1 or ! titl$ own] ( an entail$
 e/ate may decl9e to illegitimatise 8   
(fspr+ by esp\s+ 8 deceas$ wife's si/]1 
or betro!d lov]s may be p>t$ by "s su*  
my/]i\s b>ri] z sprang up betwe5 ,talbot
 ,bul/rode & ,aurora ,floyd1 or an ,adam
 ,b$e1 9 spite ( ! example set by       
,george ,eliot's h]o1 may refra9 f m>ry+
 ,d9ah = fe> ( break+ 8 bro!r ,se?'s    
he>t4  ,equally va9 w\ld be ! se>* = any
 rule inv>iably applicable to political 
affairs4 ,ev5 g5]al propositions :i*    
s\nd l truisms are n univ]sally true4 ,x
 _c ev5 be said t misgov]nm5t always    
produces discont5t1 or t ! comb9ation ( 
sup]ior /r5g? & sup]ior /rategy is      

always successful 9 w>2 = examples might
 be cit$ ( nations rema9+ pati5t "u an  
iron despotism1 & p]haps also (         
campaigns lo/ by armies ) e advantage ( 
skill1 numb]s1 & discipl9e on _! side4  
,no bett] specim5 c be giv5 ( :at are   
popul>ly spok5 ( z hi/orical laws ?an "o
 prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,m]ivale1 ^:      
c>eful /udy ( ,roman annals has taught  
him to reg>d x z 'a condition ( p]man5t 
dom9ion t conqu]ors %\ld absorb !       
conqu]$ gradually into _! own body1 by  
ext5d+1 z circum/ances arise1 a %>e 9 _!
 own exclusive privileges to ! masses f 
:om !y h torn _! orig9al indep5d5ce4' ,!
 pr9ciple ?us laid d[n is ( great value1
 b x mu/ n be mi/ak5 = an index po9t+   
un]r+ly to a goal :i* w c]ta9ly be      
obta9$ by foll[+ its direction4 ,at lea/
 ! (f] ( ,au/rian citiz5%ip _h no       
p]ceptible effect 9 ov]com+ !           
exclusiv5ess ( ,hung>ian nationality2   
nor 9 induc+ ,v5etia to become a will+  
memb] ( a ,teutonic ,f$]ation1 & to l5d 
! same assi/ance to ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg1

 z ,gaul & ,spa9 did to ! ,cs>s1 9      
suppress+ insurrection on ! banks ( !   
,danube4 ,hi/ory supplies _m pr9ciples  
simil> to ! "o evolv$ by ,mr4 ,m]ivale1 
all m or less useful = ! guidance ( !   
/atesman4 ,s f> z !y are j1 !y indicate 
! results :i* w\ld spr+ f ! adoption (  
c]ta9 l9es ( policy1 unless some?+      
un=ese5 %\ld happ54 ,x is true t some?+ 
un=ese5 is almo/ sure to happ5 & to     
div]t or imp$e ! c\rse :i* ev5ts w\ld   
o!rwise take2 b /ill1 x is mo/ important
 to be able to p]ceive cle>ly ! influ5ce
 ex]t$ by c]ta9 causes1 h[ mu* soev] t  
influ5ce may be di/urb$ by o!r causes2  
s9ce1 if x does no?+ else1 x w at lea/  
prev5t ! di/urb+ causes f produc+ :at   
w\ld o!rwise h be5 _! full effect4 ,on  
pr9ciples :i* indicate only a few out ( 
_m causes 9 simultane\s op]ation1 x is  
evid5t t no?+ des]v+ to be call$        
pr$ictions c be f\nd$2 b f !m1          
nev]!less--inasmu* z !y tea* t "s causes
 act = good & o!rs = evil1 z f> z _!    
action ext5ds--practical rules (        

gov]nm5t may be d$uc$4 ,su* rules1      
h[ev]1 :i* at be/ c only furni% a loose 
& %ift+ basis = d\btful conjectures1 /& 
)\t ! conf9es ( positive k2 !y occupy a 
middle-gr\nd betwe5 sci5ce & nesci5ce1 &
 con/itute :at1 until v lately1 0 ?\ght 
to be designat$ ) suffici5t di/9ctness z
 ! ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory4' ,by t t]m1  
,mr4 ,/eph5 9 "o place says1 is really  
meant all t he ev] meant by ! ,sci5ce ( 
,hi/ory2 & ! obs]vation1 7 x n app>5tly 
inconsi/5t ) 8 g5]al reason+1 might seem
 to imply t ! only "q betwe5 him & 8    
oppon5ts is :e!r a ?+1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*  
is n disput$1 ought or ought n to       
receive a new appellation4 ,b x is      
o!rwise1 at any rate1 ) ,mr4 ,mill4 ,!  
language us$ by him on ?is z on all o!r 
subjects1 is too cle> & precise to admit
 ( its be+ suppos$ t he has us$ a new   
phrase )\t atta*+ to x a new            
signification1 or to p]mit ! pres5t     
writ] to believe1 z he fa9 w\ld d1 t a  
po9t ( nom5clature is ! only po9t (     
diff]5ce betwe5 himself & "o f :om x is 

s difficult to diff] )\t diffid5ce &    
self-di/ru/4  ,,footnotes3  #bb ,mr4    
,buckle's fir/ *apt]1 passim4  #bc      
',cornhill ,magaz9e1' = ,june & ,july1  
#ahfa4  #bd ',lay ,s]mons1' p4 #aeh4    
#be ,a highly e/eem$ lit]>y fri5d1 :o   
has done me ! fav\r ( look+ ov] ^! pages
 9 manuscript1 consid]s t :at ,i h prov$
 is1 n t ,omnipot5ce involves !         
co-exi/5ce ( ,freewill & ,necessity1 b t
 ,omnipot5ce itself1 al?\gh capable (   
possess+ all ?+s1 c\ld n possess        
,freewill1 & t consequ5tly ,freewill _c 
possibly exi/--t !re _c possibly be any 
su* ?+4  ,al?\gh1 = reasons /at$ f\r    
pages back1 n myself prep>$ to accept   
?is view ( ! matt]1 ,i %\ld *e]fully    
accept x if ,i c\ld4 ,! argum5t 9 ! text
 proce$s ^u ! assumption t p mean some?+
 :5 !y talk ab\t ,freewill4 ,if1 h[ev]1 
!y h no mean+1 if ! phrase be a simple  
s\nd signify+ no?+1 ( c\rse all         
controv]sy reg>d+ ! possible co-exi/5ce 
( t no?+ ) ,necessity is settl$ at once 
& = ev]1 :ile no great am\nt (          

philosophy w be requisite to induce     
mank9d to resign !mselves v placidly to 
! abs5ce ( t same no?+4  #bf ,mill's    
',logic4' ,fif? edition4 ,vol4 ii4 p4   
#ebg4  #bg ,mill's ',logic1' vol4 ii4 p4
 #ejd4  #bh ',s'il se ft tr\v alors 7v]s
 #agej7 sur le trne un pr9ce de la      
taille et de l'humeur du ,gr& ,frdric1  
je ne d\te po9t qu'il n'et accompli dans
 la socit et dans le g\v]nem5t plusieurs
 des plus gr&s *angem5ts que la         
,rvolution y a faits1 non-seulem5t sans 
p]dre sa c\ronne1 mais en augm5tant     
beauc\p son p\voir4'--,de ,tocqueville1 
,l',anci5 ,rgime1 p4 #bgd4     ,,*apt]  
,,iii4  ,,david ,,hume ,,z ,a           
,,metaphysician4       ,b ! mis*ief lie?
 "h2 t :5 m5 ( less leisure see !m      
:o are suppos$ to h sp5t _! :ole "t 9 ! 
pursuit (      k pr(ess+ an entire      
ignorance ( all ?+s1 or      advanc+ su*
 notions z are repugnant to pla9 &      
commonly      receiv$ pr9ciples1 !y w be
 tempt$ to ent]ta9 suspicions           
conc]n+ ! mo/ important tru?s :i* !y _h 

hi!rto held      sacr$ &                
unque/ionable4--,b]keley's ,hylas &     
,philon\s4   ,9 no dep>tm5t ( sci5ce is 
x possible = an enquir] to advance      
consid]ably beyond all 8 pr$ecessors )\t
 s]v+ z a light by ^: aid 8 successors  
may advance some:at beyond him4 ,?is is 
! only apology t ,i feel dispos$ to (f] 
= ! fre$om ) :i* ,i am ab\t to criticize
 "o :o1 hav+ be51 by judges s compet5t z
 ,adam ,smi? & ,pr(essor ,huxley1       
pron\nc$ to be 'by f> ! greate/         
philosoph]' & 'acute/ ?9k]' ( 8 own age1
 w\ld1 d\btless1 be at lea/ on a level )
 ! greate/ philosoph]s ( ! pres5t age if
 he 7 liv+ n[4 ,! v]ie/ cripple t c     
manage to sit on horseback may contrive 
to crawl "s few /eps beyond ! utmo/ po9t
 to :i* 8 /e$ has borne him1 &1 if ^?   
/eps be uphill1 may1 by look+ back on ! 
c\rse he has come1 p]ceive :]e ! animal 
has deviat$ f ! "r road4 ,yet he does n 
on t acc\nt suppose t 8 own locomotive  
p[] is 9 any respect to be comp>$ to 8  
horse's2 nei!r ne$ an annotator on      

,hume1 :5 po9t+ to holes 9 8 au?or's    
metaphysical coat1 be suppos$ n to be   
p]fectly aw>e t x is ! /r5g?1 n ( 8 own 
eyes1 b ( ! spectacles furni%$ to him by
 8 au?or1 t enables him to p]ceive !m4  
,! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( ,hume's          
metaphysics is to be f\nd 9 ',an        
,enquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1' =m+  
"p ( a volume ( ,essays :i* ,hume       
publi%$ some:at late 9 life1 & :i* he   
desir$ might 'alone be reg>d$ z conta9+ 
8 philosophical s5tim5ts & pr9ciples4'  
,to a =mal1 ?\gh necess>ily rapid1      
exam9ation ( ! results ( ?is ',enquiry1'
 ! pres5t *apt] w be almo/ exclusively  
devot$4 ,(t5 z ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$ 
already1 !re are two reasons :y its     
repetition "h may n be )\t utility3 =1  
fir/1 its subject is a treatise conta9+ 
! g]ms ( mu* subsequ5t & /ill curr5t    
speculation :i*1 9 s f> z x is m]ely a  
developm5t ( ^? g]ms1 _c b be infect$ by
 :atev] uns\ndness may be inh]5t 9 !m2  
&1 secondly1 because ! subject1 hackney$
 z x may seem1 is s f> f be+ exhau/$1 t 

!re is sc>cely "o among ! doctr9es      
embodi$ 9 x to :i*1 z ,i proce$ at once 
to %[1 fre% objection1 m or less grave1 
may n be tak5 by a fre% inve/igator4    
,to beg9 v ne> inde$ to ! beg9n+1 let u 
take1 fir/1 ! section ( ! ',enquiry' :i*
 treats ( ! ',orig9 ( ,ideas4' ,all !   
p]ceptions ( ! m9d may1 accord+ to      
,hume1 be divid$ into two classes1 :]e( 
! "o consi/s ( all ^? 'm lively         
p]ceptions1' t]m$ by him indiff]5tly    
,impressions or ,s5sations1 :i* we      
exp]i5ce :5 we 'he>1 or see1 or feel1 or
 love1 or hate1 or desire1 or w3' ! o!r1
 ( ^? 'less lively p]ceptions ( :i* we  
are consci\s :5 we reflect on any ( !   
s5sations above-m5tion$1' & :i* are     
commonly d5om9at$ ?\ghts or ideas4 ',all
 our ideas or m feeble p]ceptions1' he  
cont9ues1 'are copies ( our impressions 
or m lively ones1' ! 'entire creative   
p[] ( ! m9d am\nt+ to no m ?an ! faculty
 ( comp\nd+1 transpos+1 augm5t+1 or     
dim9i%+ ! mat]ials af=d$ by ! s5ses &   
exp]i5ce4' ,s confid5t is he ( ! lit]al 

accuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 z to proce$ to  
intimate t :5ev] we f9d 9 conv]sation or
 argum5t 'a philosophical t]m employ$   
seem+ly )\t any idea or mean+1' we h    
only to enquire f :at impression its    
idea1 if x h "o1 is d]iv$1 :51 if no    
impression c be adduc$1 we may be sure t
 no idea is pres5t ei!r4 ,! only        
ph5om5on oppos$ to ?is rule1 :i* he     
pr(esses himself able to ?9k (1 is t ( a
 p]son :o1 ( a col\r--z1 = in/ance1     
blue--) :i* he is famili>1 is able to   
conceive a %ade some:at diff]5t f any ( 
! %ades :i* he has actually se52 b ?is  
in/ance he disreg>ds z too s+ul> to     
affect ! g5]al maxim1 to :i*1 z he might
 h add$1 x is n really an exception1 any
 m ?an w\ld be ! p[] ( a p]son :o _h    
nev] se5 a m\nta9 high] ?an ,sn[don or  
,mont ,blanc to conceive "o z high z    
,*imborazo or ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 =1 equally 9
 bo? cases1 ! ideas are copies ( s5sible
 impressions1 al?\gh ( complex1 n       
simple1 ones--( col\r & graduation 9 !  
fir/ case1 ( size & increase 9 ! second4

 ,/ill1 !re is at lea/ "o g5u9e         
exception1 :i* x is ! m rem>kable t     
,hume %\ld h ov]look$1 z x may be said  
to h />$ him 9 ! face f ! v             
subject-matt] he 0 consid]+4 ,our idea (
 idea itself1 f :at s5sible impression  
is t d]iv$8 ,we h j be5 told t !        
diff]5ce betwe5 an idea & a s5sation is 
t ! fir/ is a copy ( ! second1 a feeble 
copy ( a lively orig9al4 ,! idea !re=e  
is n itself a s5sation2 ! copy is n     
itself an orig9al4 ,nei!r consequ5tly c 
! idea or notion :i* ! m9d proce$s to =m
 ( any ( its previ\s ideas be d]iv$ f or
 be a copy ( a s5sation3 x _c h ent]$ ! 
m9d '9 ! only mann] by :i*1' accord+ to 
,hume1 'an idea c h access to ! m9d1 to 
wit1 by actual feel+ & s5sation4'  ,let 
me n be misund]/ood4 ,let me n be       
suppos$ to be c\rt+ collision ) !       
,b]kleian !sis ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ab/ract
 ideas4 ,i d n = "o mom5t d\bt t all our
 g5]al or class notions ( s5sible       
objects or ev5ts are m]ely concrete     
ideas ( individual objects or ev5ts--t1 

= in/ance1 :5ev] we talk ( man or motion
 9 g5]al1 we are really ?9k+ ( "s       
p>ticul> man or motion1 :i*1 z possess+ 
all prop]ties common to all m5 or       
motions1 s]ves z a repres5tative ( !    
entire g5us4 ,nei!r am ,i prep>$ to d5y1
 al?\gh sc>cely ei!r prep>$ to admit1 t 
ev5 ( ab/ract qualities all our g5]al or
 class notions are equally ideas (      
p>ticul> specim5s ( ^? qualities2 t1 :5 
we speak1 = in/ance1 ( virtue or vice 9 
g5]al1 we are ?9k+ ( "s p>ticul>        
exhibition ( "s p>ticul> k9d ( virtue or
 vice4 ,nay1 ,i am n ev5 conc]n$ to d5y 
t our idea ( idea 9 g5]al may possibly  
be a copy ( "s p>ticul> "o ( our previ\s
 ideas :i*1 = ! nonce1 s]ves to repres5t
 all our o!r previ\s ideas4 ,i limit    
myself to say+ t our idea ( idea 9      
g5]al1 :e!r x be or be n itself an      
ab/raction1 is1 at all ev5ts1 n a copy (
 s5sation4 ,i admit t x !reby diff]s    
ess5tially f mo/1 if n all1 o!r g5]al   
ideas4 ,possibly x may be only ?r\gh my 
hav+ myself felt ! prompt+s ( "s        

p>ticul> virtue or vice1 t ,i am able to
 =m an idea ( t p>ticul> virtue or vice4
 ,if s1 ,i admit t my idea ( t p>ticul> 
virtue or vice is b1 z ,hume w\ld say1 a
 copy ( my feel+4 ,& s9ce1 und\bt$ly1 ,i
 c feel myself ?9k+1 or p]ceiv+1 or     
p]=m+ any o!r m5tal op]ation1 ,i am b\nd
 to admit1 fur!r1 t my idea ( any su*   
op]ation may equally be describ$ z a    
copy ( a s5sation :i* ,i h exp]i5c$4    
,all ,i cont5d = is t if1 aft] hav+ =m$ 
my idea1 ei!r ( a m5tal op]ation or (   
any?+ else :atev]1 ,i proce$ to ask     
myself :at sort ( an entity t idea is1 !
 answ] :i* ,i give myself1 or1 9 o!r    
words1 ! idea :i* ,i =m ( my previ\s    
idea1 be+ a copy ( idea1 _c be a copy ( 
s5sation4  ,s mu* mu/ surely be conc$$  
to me1 = t :ite1 be+ :ite1 _c be also   
black is n ne>ly s c]ta9 z t idea &     
s5sation1 be+ two di/9ct ?+s1 idea (    
idea _c be idea ( s5sation4 ,!          
concession1 inde$1 is likely en\gh to be
 accompani$ by an exclamation ( wond] t 
s microscopic a flaw 9 an elaborate     

exposition %\ld be ?\ght wor? po9t+ out2
 b ,hume himself w\ld c]ta9ly n h s     
retort$4 ,( ! doctr9e :i* ,i am impugn+1
 viz41 t e idea is copi$ f "s prec$+    
s5sation1 he _h spok5 z foll[s3--',^? :o
 w\ld ass]t t ?is position is n         
univ]sally true1 nor )\t exception1 h   
only "o1 & t an easy1 me?od ( refut+ x1 
by produc+ ! idea :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 is n
 d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,x w !n be incumb5t 
on u1 if we w\ld ma9ta9 our doctr9e1 to 
produce ! impression or lively p]ception
 :i* corresponds to x4' ,he 0 mu* too   
c&id n to h ackn[l$g$ t ?is *all5ge ( 8 
_h be5 fairly & fully met4 ,he 0 n a man
 to refuse to own himself refut$ :51    
aft] di/9ctly intimat+ t ! production ( 
"o s+le idea1 hav+ no p]ception         
correspond5t to x among/ ^? :i* we      
exp]i5ce ':5 we see1 or he>1 or feel1 or
 love1 or hate1 or w1 or desire1' w\ld  
suffice = 8 entire refutation1 he f\nd  
su* an idea produc$4 ,he knew too well  
also to :at enorm\s errors ( ?\ght m9ute
 errors ( expression may lead1 to       

disreg>d any speck ( inaccuracy 9 any "o
 ( 8 def9itions4 ,! app>5tly slight     
ov]sight committ$ by him on ?is occasion
 w1 inde$1 be pres5tly se5 to h s5sibly 
contribut$ to lead him subsequ5tly into 
a mi/ake ( no small practical mom5t4    
,we come next to ! ',association (      
,ideas1' ! influ5ce ( :i* almo/ all (   
,hume's successors1 z well z himself1   
seem to me to h greatly ov]-rat$4 ,t !re
 is a 'pr9ciple ( connection betwe5 !   
diff]5t ?\ghts or ideas ( ! m9d' is1 z  
he says1 suffici5tly evid5t2 & t ?is    
pr9ciple is1 z he 0 app>5tly ! fir/ to  
rem>k1 ?reefold1 d]iv+ its efficacy f   
resemblance1 contiguity 9 "t or place1 &
 cause or effect1 may also be admitt$ ) 
little qualification4 ,b ,i presume to  
?9k t he is q incorrect 9 add+ t1 9     
virtue ( ! a=esaid pr9ciple1 ideas      
'introduce ea* o!r ) a c]ta9 degree (   
me?od or regul>ity4' ,y are walk+1 let u
 suppose1 ?r\gh ,hyde ,p>k1 ?9k+ ( no?+ 
m p>ticul> ?an t ! morn+ is a pleasant  
"o1 :5 y sudd5ly f9d y\rself 9          

imag9ation pac+ ! %ore ( ! ,dead ,sea1  
&1 paus+ to ask y\rself h[ y got !re1 y 
discov]1 p]haps1 t x 0 by ! foll[+ /eps4
 ,rem>k+ "s l&scape effect 9 ! di/ance1 
y 7 rem9d$ ( a simil> "o :i* y _h rem>k$
 ye>s be=e :ile tak+ a walk fifty miles 
(f 9 ,sussex4 ,"h resemblance op]at$4   
,!n y recollect$ h[ dur+ t walk y 7 ?9k+
 ab\t ,mr4 ,buckle1 ^: lucubrations y _h
 be5 conn+ ov] be=e />t+4 ,"h ent]$     
contiguity bo? ( "t & space4 ,! "n (    
,buckle rem9d$ y h[ t promis+ writ] end$
 8 travels abroad by dy+ ( a fev] :i* he
 caught :ile sail+ ov] ! sites ( !      
engulph$ cities ( ! pla94 ,"h cause &   
effect came into action2 &1 s f>1 ev]y?+
 accords ) ,hume's !ory4 ,b if y repeat 
! same walk to-morr[1 ! same l&scape    
effect w almo/ c]ta9ly sugge/ a tra9 (  
ideas q diff]5t f t ( to-day4 ,p]haps x 
may beg9 by rem9d+ y ( l&scape effects 9
 g5]al2 !n ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 :o has        
disc\rs$ s eloqu5tly on t topic1 & next 
( ,mr4 ,rusk9's ',/ones ( ,v5ice1' f    
:5ce x is equal *ances :e!r y\r ?\ghts  

radiate1 on "o side ( ! compass1 to /one
 *9a1 or ,/oney ,/rat=d1 or ,/onewall   
,jackson1 or1 on ! o!r1 to ! ',v5etian  
,bracelet1' ,l4 ,e4 ,l4 & ,f]n&o ,po1 or
 to t effective adaptation ( ! ,v5etian 
/yle ( ar*itecture1 ! ,railway ,/ation  
at ,/4 ,pancras1 & !nce to "s t[n or o!r
 on ! ,midl& ,l9e4  ,^! examples w be   
readily recogniz$ z fair av]age specim5s
 ( ^? unprem$itat$ tra9s ( ?\ght ) :i*  
we are all famili>4 ,is !re1 !n1 9 !    
arrangem5t ( ! consecutive ?\ghts ( :i* 
! sev]al tra9s are compos$1 any me?od or
 regul>ity common1 ,i w n say to all1 b 
to any two ( !m8 ,accord+ to ,hume & to 
mo/ ( 8 successors 9 ! same pa? (       
enquiry1 !re ought to be4 ,?us !        
illu/ri\s au?or ( ! ',analysis ( !      
,human ,m9d' affirms1 )\t rebuke or     
prote/ f any "o ( 8 n less illu/ri\s    
comm5tators1 t 'our ideas spr+ up or    
exi/ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! s5sations exi/$ ( 
:i* !y are ! copies3 t ( ^? s5sations   
:i* occurr$ syn*ronically1 ! ideas also 
spr+ up syn*ronically1 & t ( ! s5sations

 :i* occurr$ successively1 ! ideas rise 
successively4' ,& he adds1 '?is is !    
g5]al law ( ! ,association ( ,ideas1'   
rem>k+1 by way ( illu/ration1 t1 z ',i h
 se5 ! sun1 & ! sky 9 :i* x is plac$1   
syn*ronically1 if ,i ?9k ( ! "o ,i ?9k (
 ! o!r at ! same "t'2 & t1 z :5 committ+
 to memory a passage ( words1 z1 =      
in/ance1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 we pron\nce !  
words 9 successive ord]1 & h consequ5tly
 ! s5sation ( ! words 9 successive ord]1
 s :5 we proce$ to repeat ! passage1 '! 
ideas ( ! words also rise 9 succession1 
,our sugge/+ ,fa!r1 ,fa!r sugge/+ :i*1  
:i* sugge/+ art1 & s on to ! end4'#bi   
,oh ,law6 ,law6 mo/ abus$ ( sci5tific   
t]ms1 :at an inf9ity ( dogmatic         
illegalities are committ$ 9 ?y "n6 ,! "o
 ?+ :i* sci5tific law implies is        
regul>ity ( occurr5ce1 b :at regulation 
is x t is obey$ 9 common by a numb] (   
sequ5ces comm5c+ at ! same po9t 9 ,hyde 
,p>k1 yet t]m9at+1 "o 9 ,africa1 ano!r 9
 ,am]ica1 a ?ird 9 ,pale/9e1 & a f\r? 9 
! c5tre ( ,engl&8 ,c x h be5 s]i\sly    

said t x is impossible = u to ?9k ( !   
sky )\t ?9k+ simultane\sly ( ! sun :i*  
illum9ates ! sky8 ,is x impossible = u  
to ?9k in/ead ( ! e!r :i* con/itutes x1 
or p]adv5ture ev5 ( ! resemblance betwe5
 its cele/ial azure & :at ,moore calls !
 'mo/ unholy blue' ( "s frolicsome      
,cyn?ia's eyes8 ,& is x n notori\s t :5 
say+ ! ,"l's ,pray]--a pray] :i*1 9     
spite ( ! injunction by :i* its orig9al 
dictation 0 accompani$1 to 'avoid va9   
repetitions1 z ! hea!n d1' _m ,anglican 
cl]gym5 insi/ on repeat+ half-a-doz5    
times 9 a s+le s]vice--is x n notori\s  
t1 s f> f ! idea ( "o ^w sugge/+ to u ! 
idea ( ! next1 no small ef=t ( att5tion 
is requisite to enable u to h any idea  
at all ( :at we are say+8  ,x w\ld seem 
t ! au?or ( ! ',analysis' ei!r c\ld n   
help ask+ himself que/ions l ^!1 or1 )\t
 ask+ ! que/ions1 c\ld n help see+ !    
commonplace tru?s involv$ 9 ! inevitable
 replies to !m4 ,x w\ld seem to h be5   
semi-consci\sness ( ! utt] inability ( !
 evid5ce fir/ cit$ by him to ju/ify     

belief 9 ! necess>ily simultane\s or    
successive occurr5ce ( ! ideas (        
simultane\sly or successively exp]i5c$  
s5sations1 :i* made him h rec\rse = help
 to complex ideas4 ',if1' he says1 'f a 
/one ,i h _h syn*ronically ! s5sation ( 
col\r1 ! s5sation ( h>dness1 ! s5sations
 ( %ape & size1 ! s5sation ( weight1--:5
 ! idea ( "o ( ^! s5sations occurs1 !   
ideas ( all ( !m occur4' ,because1 !n1  
,i may h asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce t a /one  
is :ite1 h>d1 & r\nd1 two feet 9        
diamet]1 & tw5ty p\nds 9 weight1 am ,i  
really incapable1 if ,i happ5 to break  
my %9 aga9/ x1 ( ?9k+ h[ h>d x is1 )\t  
?9k+ also h[ heavy2 or1 :5 try+ to lift 
x1 ( ?9k+ h[ heavy x is )\t ?9k+        
likewise ( its %ape & col\r8 ,else:]e ! 
same writ] speaks ( 'ideas :i* h be5 s  
(t5 conjo9$ t :5ev] "o exi/s 9 ! m9d1 ! 
o!rs imm$iately exi/ along ) x1 seem to 
run into "o ano!r1 to coalesce1 z x 71 &
 out ( _m to =m "o idea4' ,b :i* are !  
ideas :]e( ?is c be said8 ,! writ]      
in/ances ^? simple ideas1 col\r1        

h>dness1 ext5sion1 weight1 :i*1 he says1
 make up our complex ideas ( gold or    
iron4 ,he in/ances1 too1 ! ideas (      
resi/ance1 muscul> contractility1       
direction1 ext5sion1 place1 & motion1 ( 
:i* he says our app>5tly simple idea1   
weight1 is comp\nd$4 ,does he mean1 !n1 
t we _c ent]ta9 ! idea ( yell[ness )\t  
ent]ta9+ at ! same "t all ! o!r ideas   
necess>y = compos+ ! idea ( gold1 &     
ent]ta9+1 too1 t idea 9 addition to all 
! re/8 ,does he mean t a tra9 ( ?\ght _c
 comm5ce ) place )\t t]m9at+ ) weight8  
,( c\rse he means no?+ ( ! k9d1 al?\gh s
 he di/9ctly says4 ,r1 he appe>s to mean
 ! direct conv]se1 viz41 t we _c h !    
idea ( gold or ( weight pres5t to ! m9d1
 )\t hav+ pres5t also all ! simple ideas
 ( :i* ^? complex ideas are comp\nd$--9 
o!r words1 n t ! occurr5ce ( any "o     
compon5t necess>ily calls up all ! o!r  
compon5ts1 & =ms ) !m ! comp\nd1 b t !  
appe>ance ( ! comp\nd br+s ) x all its  
sep>ate compon5ts4  ,b nei!r does ?is   
seem to be a /rictly correct            

repres5tation4 ,i am n sure t ,i c ?9k (
 gold )\t ?9k+ ( yell[ness1 b ,i am     
positive t ,i c )\t ?9k+ ( h>dness4 ,nor
 is !re any d\bt t ! y\nge/ *ild kn[s   
p]fectly well :at x means :51 try+ to   
lift a /one1 x calls ! /one heavy1      
al?\gh x might n be m difficult to make 
! /one itself ?an ! *ild und]/& :at is  
meant by muscul> contractility4 ,i own t
 if x be "h dem&$ ( me h[ a comp\nd c be
 pres5t unless e "o ( its compon5ts be  
pres5t also1 ,i may "u pressure be      
con/ra9$ to sugge/ t possibly1 aft] all1
 ! v t]m comp\nd or complex idea may be 
some:at ( a misnom]1 or at any rate t ! 
con/itu5ts ( su* an idea are mu* few]   
?an is commonly suppos$4 ,be x admitt$ t
 ! idea1 s /yl$1 c\ld n h be5 =m$ )\t ! 
in/rum5tality ( o!r & previ\sly-=m$     
ideas1 /ill x does n foll[ t ! in/rum5ts
 ( production %\ld = ev] aft] accompany 
! product4 ,! rackful ( dry toa/ :i* is 
br\ght to y = breakfa/ c\ld sc>cely h   
be5 s neatly slic$ )\t ! help ( a knife1
 b ! toa/ is n ! less 9 bodily pres5ce  

on ! breakfa/-table because ! knife t   
cut x has be5 left beh9d 9 ! kit*54     
,nei!r1 al?\gh y may probably be aw>e t 
salt1 suet1 sug>1 & spice ent] into !   
composition ( a ,*ri/mas pudd+1 d y     
necess>ily ?9k ( ^? sep>ate +r$i5ts :5 y
 ?9k ( ! pudd+1 any m ?an y w\ld see !m 
sep>ately if y saw ! pudd+4 ,! only     
qualities :i* y app>5tly _c help ?9k+ ( 
:5 y ?9k ( ! pudd+ are its size1 %ape1 &
 col\r4  ,"o ^w m ab\t ! assum$         
regul>ity 9 ! succession ( ideas4 ,t :5 
y are repeat+ a famili> =m ( words or   
play+ a famili> piece ( music1 e ^w     
utt]$ or note /ruck1 by reason (        
connexion ( "s sort betwe5 itself & ! ^w
 or note next 9 ord]1 enables y )\t !   
smalle/ m5tal ef=t to utt] t ^w or /rike
 t note1 is too notori\s to be que/ion$4
 ,b ,i d v e>ne/ly "q :e!r ! connexion t
 ?us op]ates is an association ( ideas4 
,h[ c x be1 :51 z frequ5tly happ5s1 y h 
n ! smalle/ idea ( :at x is y are say+  
or play+8 ,h y n (t51 aft] rev]5tly say+
 grace1 l ! dec5t pat]familias y        

probably are1 occasion$ a giggle r\nd ! 
table by say+ x aga9 a m9ute or two     
aft]w>ds1 9 utt] unconsci\sness t y _h  
said x j be=e8 ,or1 if ,i may s f>      
flatt] myself z to fancy my read] a fair
 daught] ( ! h\se in/ead ( ! /aid h\se  
fa!r--has x nev] happ5$ to y1 ,miss1    
:ile execut+ a brilliant p]=mance on !  
piano1 to h be5 s entirely engross$ by  
an animat$ flirtation c>ri$ on          
simultane\sly1 t1 if at ! conclusion ( !
 piece y _h be5 ask$ :at y _h be5 play+1
 y c\ld n h repli$ :e!r x 0 ,l ci d>em  
la mano or ,non mi voglio m>it>8 ,& is x
 n evid5t t non-exi/5t ideas _c h call$ 
real ideas into exi/5ce8  ,my own mode/ 
contribution t[>ds explanation ( ^!     
my/]i\s ph5om5a is z foll[s4 ,ap>t f    
association ( ideas1 !re is a sep>ate & 
indep5d5t association--to wit1          
association ( volitions4 ,:ile committ+ 
to memory a =m ( words1 or try+ a new   
piece ( music1 e sep>ate movem5t ( y\r  
tongue or ( y\r f+]s is consequ5t on "s 
sep>ate volition4 ,ea* s]ies ( movem5ts 

is consequ5t on a s]ies ( volitions4 ,by
 be+ repeat$ly made to foll[ ea* o!r 9 !
 same ord]1 ! sev]al volitions become   
connect$ ) ea* o!r1 s t :5ev] ! m9d     
desires to m>%al !m 9 ! a=esaid ord]1   
ea* "o1 z x pres5ts itself1 br+s ) x !  
next 9 succession1 until ! :ole s]ies is
 complet$2 :ile1 z ea* volition has     
consequ5t ^u x a correspond+ movem5t1 a 
s]ies ( correspond+ movem5ts            
simultane\sly takes place4 ,! m9d       
mean:ile is q unconsci\s ( ! muscul>    
movem5ts t are go+ on4 ,:at x is        
consci\s ( are ! volitions )\t :i* no   
volunt>y movem5ts ( ! muscles c\ld h be5
 made1 & ( :i* ! m9d mu/ ne$s be        
consci\s1 because a volition ( :i* ! m9d
 0 n consci\s w\ld be an involunt>y     
volition1 a bir? too mon/r\s = ev5      
metaphysics to be equal to4 ,b al?\gh   
necess>ily consci\s ( ^! volitions1 !   
m9d is only mom5t>ily consci\s4 ,x pays 
!m b>ely an in/ant's att5tion1 & !re=e  
in/antane\sly =gets !m1 reta9+ no m     
trace ( !m ?an if !y _h nev] be54  ,!   

doctr9e ( ,hume's :i* next confronts u  
is 8 fam\s "o conc]n+ ,cause & ,effect4 
,he comm5ces x by expla9+ t all objects 
( human enquiry are divisible into two  
k9ds--#a4 ,relations ( ,ideas1 l ^? (   
:i* geometry1 algebra1 & ari?metic      
treat1 & :i* are ei!r intuitively c]ta91
 or 'discov]able by ! m]e op]ation (    
?\ght1 )\t dep5d5ce on :at is any:]e    
exi/5t 9 ! univ]se1' z1 = example1 !    
tru?s demon/rat$ by ,euclid1 :i* w\ld be
 equally inconte/able ev5 '?\gh !re 7   
nev] a circle or a triangle 9 nature3'  
#b4 ,matt]s ( ,fact1 z1 = example1 !    
sun's ris+ & sett+1 or ! emission (     
light & heat by fire1 :i* are nev]      
discov]able by unassi/$ reason1 because 
( no "o ( !m w\ld ! opposite imply a    
contradiction or be consequ5tly         
inconceivable2 & 9 our k ( any "o ( :i* 
we c nev] 'g beyond ! evid5ce ( our     
memory & s5ses1' except by means (      
reasons d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ( "s fact or   
facts connect$ 9 "s way or o!r ) !      
p>ticul> matt] ( fact we are consid]+4  

,s f>1 all is comp>atively pla9 sail+1 b
 ,hume n[ prop\nds a difficulty :i* he  
at fir/ pres5ts z seem+ly insurm\ntable1
 b :i* ,i _c help ?9k+ to be ma9ly ( 8  
own creation1 & :i* he himself1 almo/   
imm$iately aft]w>ds1 sugge/s a mode1    
?\gh a v inadequate mode1 ( ov]com+4 ,8 
language "h is n m>k$ by 8 usual        
p]spicuity1 or r--to speak )\t respect (
 p]sons--x contradicts itself 9 mo/     
a/\nd+ fa%ion2 b 8 mean+ is n ! less    
c]ta9ly ! foll[+1 = !re is no o!r       
con/ruction :i* 8 words w be>4  ',:at1' 
he asks1 'is ! f\ndation ( all          
conclusions f exp]i5ce8' ,:y is x t1    
hav+ f\nd t su* an object has always be5
 att5d$ ) su* an effect1 we inf] t      
simil> objects w always be att5d$ )     
simil> effects8 ,! proposition t a c]ta9
 antec$5t has always be5 foll[$ by a    
c]ta9 consequ5t1 & ! proposition t !    
same antec$5t w be foll[$ by ! same     
consequ5t1 are n id5tical4 ,:at1 !n1 is 
! connexion betwe5 !m :i* causes "o to  
be inf]r$ f ! o!r8 ,! connexion is      

unhesitat+ly pron\nc$ by him to be nei!r
 intuitively p]ceiv$1 nor yet to be     
'f\nd$ on any process ( ! und]/&+4' ,if 
y insi/ t ! inf]5ce is made by a *a9 (  
reason+1 he *all5ges y to produce t     
reason+1 & tak+ = grant$ t y h none to  
produce1 he proce$s to indicate :at     
pr9ciple x is :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 does     
det]m9e u to =m ! inf]5ce4 ,t pr9ciple  
he decl>es to be cu/om or habit1 by :i* 
alone1 he ass]ts1 we are1 aft] ! con/ant
 conjunction ( two objects1 det]m9$ to  
expect ! "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r2 add+ 
t all inf]5ces f exp]i5ce are effects ( 
cu/om1 n ( reason+4  ,:at is ! correct  
answ] to ?is "q ( ,hume's ,i %all be ra%
 en\gh to endeav\r to indicate a little 
fur!r on2 mean:ile !re c be no tem]ity 9
 say+ t :atev] be ! "r answ]1 ,hume's is
 c]ta9ly a wrong "o4 ,habit pla9ly _c be
 its own p>5t4 ,x enables u to repeat m 
easily :at we h already repeat$ly done1 
b x _c be ! cause ( our do+ or be+ able 
to d any?+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,an infant t has
 once burnt its f+]s by t\*+ ! flame ( a

 c&le1 expects t if x t\* ! flame aga9 x
 w burn its f+]s aga91 b x does n expect
 ?is because x has be5 9 ! habit (      
expect+ x4 ,nei!r1 if we be "h bidd5 to 
und]/& t ! habit ref]r$ to is n any     
m5tal habit ( our own1 b a habit :i* we 
h obs]v$ c]ta9 ph5om5a to h ( foll[+ ea*
 o!r1 %all we !reby be br\ght "o :it    
ne>] ! tru?4 ,our infant ) ! burnt f+]  
has n obs]v$ t flame is 9 ! habit (     
burn+4 ,x only kn[s t flame did burn on 
! "o occasion on :i* x tri$ ! exp]im5t1 
:i* exp]im5t x consequ5tly decl9es to   
repeat4 ,besides1 no "o ne$s to be told 
t inf]5ces1 ?\gh ?us capable ( be+ drawn
 f s+le occurr5ces1 are drawn ) increas$
 confid5ce f obs]vation ( habit4 ,we all
 "k already t1 hav+ always f\nd t fire  
burns1 we inf] t x always w burn4 ,:at  
we want to "k is1 :y we draw ?is        
inf]5ce4 ,?is is ! "q :i* ,hume puts1 & 
respect+ :i* he gives v positively !    
negative reply t ! inf]5ce is n drawn   
ei!r intuitively1 nor yet by any process
 ( ! und]/&+4 ,yet t a body :5 n mov+   

mu/ ne$s be at re/1 is n m c]ta9ly      
demon/rable ?an t inf]5ces _c possibly  
be drawn except 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two    
ways4 ,is n e inf]5ce a species (       
belief1 & mu/ n e belief be ei!r innate 
)9 u1 or h be5 acquir$ artificially2 &1 
z 9 ! latt] case1 x is a m5tal          
acquisition1 mu/ x n 9 t case h be5     
acquir$ by an op]ation ( ! m9d or       
und]/&+8 ,is x n cle>1 !n1 t inf]5ces   
mu/ always be ei!r intuitive or         
ratioc9ative2 & is x n /range t ,hume   
%\ld d5y t !y ev] are s8 ,yet /rang]    
/ill is x1 t ev5 :ile d5y+ !m to be ei!r
 "o or ! o!r1 he1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?1 
pron\nces !m to be bo?4 ,=1 aft] hav+ on
 "o page d5i$ t !y are f\nd$ on reason1 
or any process ( ! und]/&+1 he describes
 !m on ! next page z be+ n simply f\nd$ 
on1 b z be+ !mselves 'processes ( !     
m9d1' 'processes ( ?\ght1' & imm$iately 
aft]w>ds 'argum5ts1' nay1 'reason+s f   
exp]i5ce2' &1 yet aga91 aft] z %ort a   
pause1 ^! v same 'reason+s1' &          
'argum5ts1' & 'processes ( ! m9d &      

?\ght1' he concludes by /yl+ 'natural   
in/9cts :i* no reason or process ( !    
?\ght or und]/&+ is able ei!r to produce
 or to prev5t'--'op]ations ( ! s\l z    
unavoidable' :5 ! m9d is plac$ 9 c]ta9  
circum/ances1 z x is 'to feel ! passion 
( love :5 we receive b5efits1 or hatr$  
:5 we meet ) injuries4'  ,:at are we to 
say to a description ( m5tal op]ations  
:i* are & are n 'argum5ts' & 'reason+s1'
 :i* are & are n 'processes ( ?\ght1'   
:i* are n 'intuitive1' & :i* yet are    
'in/9cts8' ,h[ are we to acc\nt = su*   
amaz+ inconsi/5cies 9 an exposition ( "o
 ( ! greate/ ( philosoph]s8 ,) all      
humility1 ,i submit ! foll[+ z a        
possible solution ( ! enigma4  ,! "o    
solit>y gr\nd on :i* ,hume d5ies !      
argum5tative & ratioc9ative "* ( :at he 
nev]!less t]ms argum5ts & reason+s1 is !
 impossibility ( produc+ ! *a9s (       
argum5t or reason+ ( :i* !y are compos$4
 ,b ?is impossibility c at mo/ only     
prove t ! reason+s are elem5t>y1 & h1   
consequ5tly1 no compon5t p>ts into :i*  

!y c be resolv$4 ,b reason+ is n ! less 
reason+ = be+ elem5t>y1 or = be+ only a 
s+le l9k 9 a *a91 in/ead ( be+ itself a 
*a9 compos$ ( _m l9ks4 ,/ill1 be+       
elem5t>y1 x may occur to1 & pass ?r\gh1 
! m9d ) extreme rapidity--) n less      
rapidity ?an an intuition or in/9ct1 =  
:i* !re=e x may easily be mi/ak51 z     
accord+ly x has actually be5 by ,hume4  
,b t a reason+ f exp]i5ce is n really an
 in/9ct is c]ta91 fir/ly1 because       
intuitive or in/9ctive reason+1 if n a  
phrase absolutely devoid ( mean+1 is a  
contradiction 9 t]ms2 &1 secondly1      
because1 if x 7 in/9ctive1 x w\ld prec$e
 in/ead ( foll[+ exp]i5ce1 & a baby1    
in/ead ( f9d+ out t flame burns by t\*+ 
x1 w\ld "k be=eh& t flame burns1 & w\ld 
!re=e n t\* x4  ,f ! species ( ,belief  
con/itut$ by an inf]5ce f exp]i5ce1     
,hume1 by an easy transition1 passes on 
to ,belief 9 g5]al1 :i* he def9es to be 
'no?+ b a m vivid1 lively1 =cible1 firm1
 /eady conception ( an object1 ?an :at !
 imag9ation alone is ev] able to atta91'

 ref]r+1 by way ( illu/ration1 to an    
animal ) ! head ( a man & ! body ( a    
horse1 :i* anyone c imag9e1 b no "o c   
believe 91 & desir+ u app>5tly to       
suppose t if our groom 7 to come & tell 
u t he _h f\nd a c5taur fe$+ 9 ! paddock
 beside our fav\rite saddle-horse1 our  
sole reason = believ+ 9 ! horse & = n   
believ+ 9 ! c5taur w\ld be our great]   
ability to conceive ! "o ?an ! o!r4 ,t  
su* a def9ition %\ld = a mom5t h        
satisfi$ its au?or's curiosity1 is      
itself a psy*ological curiosity :i* mu/ 
n1 h[ev]1 be suff]$ to deta9 u4 ,:oev]1 
n cont5t ) kn[+ p]fectly well :at belief
 is1 desires to h 8 k ( x set d[n 9     
writ+1 %\ld read ! admirable notes on ! 
subject1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,john ,mill & ,mr4  
,ba9 h enri*$ ! la/ edition ( ,mr4      
,james ,mill's ',analysis ( ! ,human    
,m9d4' ,mo/ read]s1 h[ev]1 w probably be
 dispos$ to avail !mselves "h ( a r     
fav\rite phrase ( ,hume himself1 & to   
plead t1 'if we agree ab\t ! ?+1 x is   
ne$less to dispute ab\t t]ms2' & x is n 

unlikely t su* ( !m z may h =m$ _!      
notion ( metaphysical discussions 9     
g5]al f ! specim5s giv5 above1 may g s  
f> z to h9t a d\bt :e!r any ( ! nice    
v]bal di/9ctions :i* metaphysicians s   
mu* affect1 are really wor? ! tr\ble    
requir$ to und]/& !m4 ,nor w\ld anyone1 
p]haps1 be mu* ! worse = act+ ^u ?is    
suspicion1 provid$ t1 9 accordance ) x1 
he kept altoge!r alo( f ! /udies :i* x  
disp>ages4 ,8 ideas ne$ n be ! less cle>
 because he nei!r kn[s nor c>es ( :at !y
 are copies1 nor :e!r !y are copies (   
any?+2 nor w ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce be at
 all affect$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 be+       
simil>ly c>eless1 :e!r t ord] is or is n
 gov]n$ by a law ( association2 nei!r   
ne$ 8 inf]5ces f exp]i5ce be ! less s\nd
 9 consequ5ce ( 8 nev] hav+ enquir$ h[  
or :y !y are d$uc$4 ,b al?\gh ! mo/     
absolute ignorance & correspond+        
indiff]5ce ab\t ^! & k9dr$ topics may n 
t5d 9 ! lea/ to disqualify him =        
p]=mance ( ! :ole duty ( man1 x is n !  
less important t1 if he d c>e to "k     

aught ab\t !m1 8 k %\ld be exact1 = !re 
is no kn[+ be=eh& h[ luxuriantly !      
m9ute/ g]m ( !oretical error may ramify 
9 practice1 or into :at sub/antive      
quagmire tru/ 9 deceitful %ad[s may     
lead4 ,^! respectable aphorisms may be  
b5eficially borne 9 m9d dur+ p]usal (   
:at is ab\t to be said4  ,if ! fact 7   
really1 z ,hume suppos$1 t we h no      
reason = our inf]5ces f exp]i5ce1 & draw
 !m only because ei!r we h be5 9 ! habit
 ( draw+ !m1 or because we are s        
con/itut$ z to be unable to help draw+  
!m1 ! reason ( our draw+ !m pla9ly c\ld 
n be t we p]ceive any necess>y          
connection betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t  
ev5ts1 or any =ce or p[] b9d+ ^! toge!r 
z cause & effect4 ,accord+ly1 ,hume does
 n scruple to affirm t 'we h no idea (  
connection or p[] at all1 & t ^! words  
are absolutely )\t mean+ :5 employ$ ei!r
 9 philosophical reason+ or 9 common    
life4' ,e idea1 he argues1 ref]r+ to a  
rule :i* he some:at ha/ily supposes     
himself to h already prov$ to be )\t    

exception1 mu/ ne$s h be5 copi$ f "s    
prec$+ s5sible impression1 b nei!r f )9 
nor f )\t c we h receiv$ an impression f
 :i* ?is p>ticul> idea c h be5 copi$4   
,no ke5e/ scrut9y ( any portion ( matt]1
 no /udy ( its ext]nal configuration or 
int]nal /ructure c\ld1 previ\sly to     
exp]i5ce1 enable u to conjecture t x    
c\ld produce any effect :atev]1 /ill    
less any p>ticul> effect3 c\ld enable u 
to guess1 = in/ance1 t flame w\ld burn1 
or ice w\ld *ill1 if t\*$4 ,nor ev5 ?\gh
 on once t\*+ flame we get our f+]s     
burnt1 are mature philosoph]s l u to    
conclude1 z if we _h no m intellig5ce   
?an s _m babies1 t if we t\* aga9 we    
%all be burnt aga94 ,all we h z yet     
le>nt f ! exp]im5t is t ! s5sation (    
t\*+ fire has once be5 foll[$ by !      
s5sation ( burn+1 b no?+ has occurr$ to 
sugge/ t 9 ! fir/ s5sation lurk$ any    
secret p[] ( produc+ ! second4 ,& :at a 
s+le exp]im5t does n prove1 no numb] (  
repetitions ( precisely ! same exp]im5t 
) precisely ! same results c prove4 ,ev5

 ?\gh on a l5g!n$ c\rse ( exp]i5ce we h 
f\nd t 9 e case ( our t\*+ flame our    
f+]s h be5 burnt1 we are /ill z f> z ev]
 f p]ceiv+ any bond ( connection betwe5 
! two ev5ts4 ,we d inde$ believe t z    
flame :5 t\*$ has hi!rto inv>iably      
burnt1 s1 :5ev] t\*$ h]eaft]1 x w       
h]eaft] inv>iably burn2 b ?is1 accord+  
to ,hume1 we believe simply because by  
long practice we h contract$ su* a habit
 ( associat+ ! idea ( t\*$ flame ) burnt
 f+]s1 t :5ev] we witness ! "o we _c    
help expect+ ! o!r4  ,nei!r1 if1 )draw+ 
our eyes f ! outw>d _w1 we ca/ !m       
inw>dly ^u ! op]ations ( our own m9ds1  
%all we1 accord+ to ,hume1 any ! m      
discov] :at we are 9 se>* (4 ,:at ?\gh  
we "k by exp]i5ce t :atev]1 )9 c]ta9    
limits1 our w appo9ts1 our bodily organs
 or m5tal faculties w ord9>ily p]=m2 t  
our limbs w move z we wi% !m1 & our     
memory1 reason1 or imag9ation br+ =w>d  
ideas :i* we desire to contemplate1 :at 
k h we "h beyond t ( c]ta9 volitions &  
c]ta9 o!r acts tak+ place 9 succession8 

,:at smalle/ evid5ce h we ( any         
connection betwe5 ! volitions & ! o!r   
acts8 ,a volition is an op]ation ( !    
m9d1 is x n8 & body is matt]1 is x n8 ,&
 d y pret5d to "k--c y =m ! smalle/     
approa* to a guess--h[ m9d is unit$ )   
body1 & h[ x is possible !re=e = ! ref9$
 spiritual ess5ce to actuate ! gross    
mat]ial sub/ance4 ,if y '7 emp[]$ by a  
secret wi% to remove m\nta9s or to      
control ! planets 9 _! orbit1' w\ld su* 
ext5sive au?ority be "o :it m           
inexplicable ?an ! suppos$ ability ( y\r
 w to raise y\r h& to y\r head or to    
cause y\r foot to make "o =w>d /ep8     
,if1 nev]!less1 y fancy y und]/& 9 :at  
mann] ! w has "s ( ! bodily organs "u   
its gov]nm5t1 h[1 pray1 d y acc\nt = its
 n hav+ all equally--! he>t & liv] z    
well z ! tongue & f+]s8 ,)\t try+1 y    
nev] w\ld h discov]$ t y\r b[els w n1   
any m ?an )\t try+ y c\ld h kn[n t y\r  
limbs w1 ord9>ily move 9 con=mity ) y\r 
wi%es4 ,nei!r1 if "o ( y\r limbs 7 to be
 sudd5ly p>alys$1 w\ld y1 until y tri$1 

become aw>e t x w\ld no long] move z y  
wi%$4 ,if !re be1 !n1 a p[] atta*$ to ! 
w1 x is pla9ly exp]i5ce alone :i*       
apprises y ( its exi/5ce2 :]eas if y 7  
indep5d5tly consci\s ( x1 y w\ld "k     
be=eh& precisely :at x c & :at x _c     
effect1 & w\ld1 moreov]1 :5 y lo/ x1    
become in/antly aw>e ( y\r loss4  ,aga91
 & above all1 does n anatomy tea* u t :5
 ! m9d wills ! movem5t ( any bodily     
memb]1 x 'is n ! memb] itself :i* is    
imm$iately mov$1 b c]ta9 int]v5+ n]ves1 
muscles1 & animal spirits1 or possibly  
some?+ /ill m m9ute & m unkn[n1' ?r\gh  
:i* ! motion is successively propagat$  
until x rea* ! memb]8 ,s t :5 ! m9d     
wills "o ev5t1 a s]ies ( o!r ev5ts1 q   
diff]5t & q un?\ght (1 take place       
in/ead2 & x is only by _! means t ! w's 
purpose is f9ally a*iev$4 ,b h[ c ! m9d 
be consci\s1 h[ c x =m ! remote/        
conception1 ( a p[] :i* n only nev] does
 :at ! m9d desires1 b nev] does aught ( 
:i* ! m9d is cognisant8  ,& z we are ?us
 utt]ly unable to p]ceive any p[] t !   

m9d has ov] ! body1 s are we equally    
unconsci\s ( any p[] ( ! m9d ov] itself4
 ,we "k z little ( its int]nal nature & 
con/itution z we d ( its mode (         
connection ) ! body4 ,we "k by exp]i5ce 
t at ! bidd+ ( ! w ideas are cont9ually 
br\ght =w>d2 b by :at means !y are      
br\ght =w>d we are absolutely ignorant1 
z we are also ( ! reasons ( !           
fluctuation ( m5tal activity1 & :y m5tal
 op]ations are m vigor\s 9 heal? ?an 9  
sickness1 be=e breakfa/ ?an aft] a heavy
 d9n] or deep c>\se4  ,su*1 on ! issue  
imm$iately be=e u1 is ,hume's reason+1  
to :i*--?\gh necess>ily v greatly       
cond5s+ x--,i %all1 ,i am sure1 be      
ackn[l$g$ to h consci5ti\sly /riv5 to d 
full ju/ice1 by br++ all its po9ts into 
! /ronge/ light1 & arrang+ !m 9 ! mo/   
effective ord]4 ,/ill1 ) its utmo/ /r5g?
 ?us display$ be=e u1 we are fully      
w>rant$ 9 ass]t+  priori t its :ole     
utmo/ /r5g? is weakness4 ,if1 by foll[+ 
a lead] :o has engag$ to conduct u to a 
c]ta9 spot1 we f9d ourselves at our     

j\rney's end 9 a q diff]5t place1 no    
appeal t ! guide c make to maps or      
f+]-po/s w p]suade u t he has n mi/ak5 !
 way4 ,nor ne$ our judgm5t be o!rwise1  
ev5 ?\gh our guide be ,hume1 if1 hav+   
/>t$ ) him 9 pursuit ( tru?1 we are     
f9ally l&$ 9 a pat5t absurdity4 ,) all  
due respect = logic1 we prote/ ) ,tony  
,lumpk9 aga9/ be+ argufi$ out ( our     
s5ses1 z we pla9ly %\ld be if we all[$  
ourselves to be p]suad$ t :5ev] we use !
 words p[] or connection we h no idea   
!reto correspond5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ,hume    
tells u ?is1 we may be q sure t he has  
be5 delud$ by "s fallacy :i* may be     
detect$ by adequate se>*2 & be+1        
moreov]1 s5sible t we really h ! idea   
our possession ( :i* is d5i$ by him1 we 
may be equally sure t ! orig9al ( :i* ! 
idea is a copy is simil>ly discov]able4 
,9 soo?1 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is f> to  
seek4 ,! fallacy consi/s simply 9       
confusion ( ! def9ite ) ! indef9ite     
article4 ,! orig9al ( our idea ( p[]    
,hume himself indicates ev5 :ile reject+

 x4 ,al?\gh con/ra9$ by ,hume's         
demon/ration to confess t we _c ev5     
conjecture ( :at k9d is ! au?ority :i* !
 w ex]cises ov] ! limbs1 we are n ! less
 s5sible t x does ex]cise an au?ority ( 
"s sort or o!r1 :i* !y are unable to    
disobey4 ,we "k t 9 ord9>y circum/ances 
our limbs w move :5 we wi% !m to move1 &
 w rema9 quiet :5 we wi% !m n to move4  
,nor ?is only4 ,we moreov] "k1 or at any
 rate fancy we "k1 t !y w\ld n h mov$   
unless we _h wi%$ !m4 ,9 examples l ^! (
 volitions foll[$1 z ! case may be1 by  
prem$itat$ motion or re/1 we h some?+ m 
?an ! simple sequ5ce obs]vable 9 !      
succession ( ext]nal ev5ts4 ,we d n     
p]ceive simply t1 z :5 fire is light$1  
heat is emitt$1 s :5 ! m9d wills ! body 
moves4 ,we p]ceive cle>ly t !re mu/ be a
 connection ( "s sort betwe5 antec$5t & 
consequ5t1 )\t :i* ! fir/ c]ta9ly w\ld n
 &1 we fancy1 c\ld n h foll[$ ! fir/4   
,we p]ceive1 9 %ort1 t ! second foll[$  
because ! fir/ prec$$4 ,if fire 7 an    
animat$ be+1 capable ( =m+ & manife/+   

volitions2 & if we obs]v$ t :5ev] x wi%$
 to emit heat1 heat 0 emitt$2 & t :5ev] 
x wi%$ to )hold heat1 heat 0 )held2 & if
 we 7 !reupon to say t fire has ! p[] ( 
emitt+ or )hold+ heat at its pleasure1  
our words surely w\ld n be de/itute (   
signification2 !y w\ld c]ta9ly possess  
"s mean+1 & t a v obvi\s "o4 ,& s !y z  
c]ta9ly d :5 we say t ! m9d has p[] ov] 
^? bodily movem5ts :i* we obs]ve to take
 place & to cease 9 con/ant con=mity )  
its w4 ,i am n say+ t :at !y mean is    
necess>ily tru?--we w come to t         
pres5tly--all ,i say z yet is1 t !y mean
 some?+1 & t t some?+1 :e!r x be a real 
or only an imag9>y p]ception1 is        
p]fectly fitt$ to be ! orig9al ( t idea 
( 'p[]' connect+ cause & effect1 or (   
'connection' betwe5 cause & effect1 :i* 
,hume ma9ta9s does n exi/1 because !re  
is no orig9al f :i* x c h be5 copi$4 ,x 
matt]s n t we are q ignorant ( :at      
nature is ! some?+ f :i* our idea ( p[] 
possess$ by ! m9d ov] ! body is d]iv$1 &
 :i*1 = aught we "k1 may reside1 n 9 !  

m9d1 b 9 ! body1 & may consi/1 n ( any  
/r5g? inh]5t 9 ! =m]1 b ( loyalty &     
docility inh]5t 9 ! latt]4 ,j z !       
au?ority ( a popul> g5]al ov] a         
well-discipl9$ army is n ! less real    
because ! soldi]s1 e "o ( ^: lives is at
 ! g5]al's disposal1 might1 if s incl9$1
 mut9y en masse1 s x c make no diff]5ce 
9 ! m9d's p[] ov] ! body :e!r ! m9d be  
intr9sically able to en=ce ob$i5ce1 or !
 limbs be s con/itut$ z to be unable to 
disobey4 ,z little does x matt] t we are
 also ignorant ( ! mode 9 :i* ! m9d's   
behe/s are communicat$ to ! memb]s4 ,x  
is n ! less c]ta9 t 9 "s mode or o!r !y 
are communicat$4 ,nei!r does x signify m
 t ! m9d does n communicate directly ) !
 "p ( ! body :i* x desires to influ5ce1 
& acts ^u t "p only by means ( action   
propagat$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( int]v5+ p>ts2 
or t x is able to direct only "s organs1
 & n o!rs1 or _c direct ev5 ^?1 if by "s
 accid5t !y h become s]i\sly d]ang$4 ,a 
/rong-arm$ blockhead is n ! less        
obvi\sly able to pump up wat] because ! 

t]ms 'muscul> contractility' &          
'atmosph]ic pressure' are z hea!n ,greek
 to him2 or because ! pump-h&le1 :i*    
alone is directly mov$ by him1 t\*es1 n 
! wat] itself1 b only ! fir/ l9k 9 a *a9
 ( me*anism connect+ x ) ! wat]2 or     
because1 if ! suck] ( ! pump got *ok$1  
or ! well 7 to dry up1 x w\ld be va9 =  
him to g on mov+ ! pump-h&le4 ,blockhead
 z he is1 no?+ ( all ?is 9 ! lea/       
dim9i%es 8 conviction t z long z ! pump 
cont9ues 9 ord] & !re rema9s wat] 9 !   
well1 he c oblige ! wat] to rise by mov+
 ! pump-h&le2 nor c any?+ analog\s      
prev5t ! m9d f feel+ t :5ev]1 9 ord9>y  
circum/ances1 x wills t ! limbs be mov$1
 ! limbs n only w be mov$1 b _c help be+
 mov$ accord+ly4 ,b x is simply         
impossible t1 f ! ex]cise ( volitions   
:i* x kn[s w be obey$1 ! m9d %\ld n     
receive ! s5sation ( ex]cis+ causal p[]2
 & hav+ ?us got ! s5sation1 x has no?+  
to d b to copy ! s5sation 9 ord] to get 
! idea ( causal p[]4 ,ce n'e/ que le    
premi] pas qui cote2 ! fir/ /ep be+ tak5

 ! o!rs co/ no?+4 ,! m9d hav+1 by       
introspection ( its own op]ations1      
discov]$ :at ,hume1 ?\gh pr(ess+ to look
 9 ! same direction1 unacc\ntably       
contriv$ to ov]look--! idea1 namely1 (  
causal p[]--proce$s to apply t idea to !
 connection ( ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,n only d
 we1 :5ev] we see a horse or an ox walk+
 ( its own accord1 inf] t ! animal walks
 because x wi%es to walk2 b hav+ obs]v$ 
t1 :5 a /one is ?r[n into ! air x       
inv>iably falls pres5tly aft]w>ds t[>ds 
! gr\nd2 t a magnet inv>iably attracts  
any light piece ( iron plac$ ne> x2 t   
r$-hot coals always burn2 & t wat]      
always moi/5s1 we inf] t ! second       
con/itu5t ( ea* brace ( ph5om5a takes   
place because ( ! fir/1 mean+ !reby t   
!re is "s /rong bond connect+ ! two &   
compell+ "o to foll[ ! o!r4 ,if call$ ^u
 to ju/ify ?is inf]5ce1 we may d s by   
r$uc+ to absurdity its only possible    
alt]native4 ,if !re be suppos$ to be no 
connection betwe5 two ph5om5a con/itut+ 
"o ( ^? inv>iable sequ5ces :i* we are   

accu/om$ to d5om9ate cause & effect1 !  
sequ5ce :i* !y con/itute mu/ ne$s be an 
unconnect$ sequ5ce1 & ! only reason =   
/yl+ "o ( ! ph5om5a a cause is1 t x is  
an antec$5t :i* ! o!r inv>iably foll[s4 
,b accord+ to ?is1 z has be5 po9t$ out  
ov] & ov] aga91 day w\ld be ! cause (   
night1 & night ! cause ( day1 & tidal   
flux & reflux likewise w\ld be ea* o!r's
 causes2 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill has !re=e 
propos$ to int]polate a ^w1 & to def9e !
 cause ( a ph5om5on z '! antec$5t on :i*
 x 7! ph5om5on7 is inv>iably &          
unconditionally consequ5t4'#cj ,i mu/1  
h[ev]1 confess myself unable to p]ceive 
h[ ! def9ition is improv$ by ?is        
em5dation4 ,!re is n1 & _c possibly be1 
su* a ?+ z unconditionally inv>iable    
sequ5ce1 z1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,mill himself   
virtually admits by expressly assum+ z  
an indisp5sable condition ( all         
causation t '! pres5t con/itution ( ?+s 
endure4' ,b if1 not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ?is 
indisp5sable condition1 x be p]missible 
to call any sequ5ce unconditionally     

inv>iable1 !n ! sequ5ces ( night ^u day 
& ( day ^u night are su* sequ5ces1 & day
 & night cont9ue consequ5tly entitl$ to 
be /yl$ ea* o!r's causes z mu* "u !     
am5d$ z "u ! orig9al def9ition4 ,= z    
long z '! pres5t con/itution ( ?+s      
endures1' t is1 z long z ! e>? cont9ues 
to revolve on its axis1 & ! sun cont9ues
 to %9e1 & no opaque sub/ance int]v5es  
betwe5 e>? & sun1 day & night w cont9ue 
to be z inv>iably & unconditionally ea* 
o!r's antec$5ts z sunlight w cont9ue to 
be ! antec$5t or concomitant ( day4     
,true1 ,mr4 ,mill d5ies t ! e>?'s       
diurnal motion is "p ( ! pres5t         
con/itution ( ?+s1 because1 accord+ to  
him1 'no?+ c be s call$ :i* might       
possibly be t]m9at$ or alt]$ by natural 
causes3' b1 if s1 !n nei!r ought        
sunlight to be s call$1 = x too q       
possibly may1 nay1 9 ! op9ion ( _m      
philosoph]s1 mo/ c]ta9ly w1 be ext+ui%$ 
ev5tually by natural causes4 ,if day    
ought n to be call$ ! unconditionally   
inv>iable consequ5t ( night m]ely       

because x w\ld cease to be s if ! e>? 7 
to cease turn+ on its axis1 !n nei!r    
ought x to be call$ ! unconditionally   
inv>iable consequ5t ( ! un%r\d$         
proximity ( ! sun1 inasmu* z x w\ld     
cease to be !reupon consequ5t if ! sun 7
 to become burnt out4 ,if night be n1 & 
if sunlight be1 ! cause ( day1 ! reason 
is n t sunlight always hi!rto has be51  
&1 on "o indisp5sable condition1 always 
w be foll[$ by day1 = s equally has     
hi!rto be51 & on ! same condition w     
h]eaft] be1 night4 ,! real reason is1 t 
sunlight n only always has be5 & w be1 b
 also always mu/ be foll[$ by day2 t    
unless ! con/itution ( nature v         
mat]ially *ange1 :]ev] is sunlight day  
mu/ be2 :]eas n only might day be1      
al?\gh night _h nev] prec$$1 b unless   
night _h prec$$1 day mu/ h be5 f !      
beg9n+4 ,9 %ort1 to con/itute cause1    
inv>iability1 h[ev] unconditional1 w n  
suffice4 ,ano!r quality mu/ be add$1 & t
 quality ,i cont5d to be obligator9ess4 
,a cause1 ,i ma9ta91 w\ld n be a cause  

unless its effect n only d or w1 b mu/  
necess>ily foll[ x4 ,9 common ) ! great 
unphilosophic mass ( mank9d1 ,i hold t  
betwe5 cause & effect !re is a b9d+ p[] 
:i* con/ra9s ! "o to foll[ ! o!r4 ,if   
ask$ :5ce we suppose t p[] c h be5      
d]iv$1 su* ( u1 z consci\s t we are 'no 
v great wits1' don't m9d confess+ t we  
'believe 9 a ,god1' w n m9d ei!r sugge/+
 t ! p[]1 :]ev] n ex]t$ by an animat$   
creature1 may possibly be directly f    
,god4 ,"o ?+ c]ta9 is1 t inanimate matt]
 _c possibly possess or ex]cise any =ce 
or p[] :atev]1 s t1 unless matt]1 al?\gh
 app>5tly dead1 be really alive1        
attraction1 cohesion1 gravitation1 & all
 its o!r s call$ =ces1 be+ incompatible 
) dead in]tness1 mu/ ne$s be            
manife/ations ( "s liv+1 & possibly     
div9e1 p[]4 ,f> f !re be+ any difficulty
 9 conceiv+ ,omnipres5t ,deity to be    
exhibit+ its might 9 e speck ( univ]sal 
space 9 e in/ant ( nev]-end+ "t1 x is1  
on ! contr>y1 impossible to conceive    
o!rwise4 ,we _c conceive "o s+le m9ute/ 

po9t 9 limitless ext5sion to be = "o    
mom5t exempt f ! imm$iate control ( a   
div9e nature assum$ to be    ,diffus$   
?r\gh\t inf9ity's expanse   ,& co-exi/5t
 ) et]nity4  ,"h1 inde$1 we ha/5 to     
ackn[l$ge ) ,hume t 'our l9e is too %ort
 to fa?om ! imm5se abyss' :i* we h n[   
rea*$4 ,b we ne$ n1 !re=e1 foll[ ,hume  
to ! l5g?s to :i* 8 insidi\s mock-mode/y
 w\ld fa9 entice u4 ,we may conc$e to   
him t 'we h no idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ b 
:at we le>n f reflection on our own     
faculties1' b we ne$ n imitate him by   
p]v]sely %utt+ our eyes to ! evid5ces ( 
an en]gy inh]5t 9 our own faculties1 &  
!reby entitle him to insi/ on our jo9+  
him 9 d5y+ t !re is any evid5ce ( en]gy 
9 ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,we ne$ n1 because   
con/ra9$ to admit t we "k no m ( !      
ess5ce ( div9e1 ?an we d ( human1 p[]1  
pret5d t we _c ev5 conceive su* a ?+ z  
div9e p[]4 ,hume's affectation ( pr(\nd 
ignorance on ! subject mu/ h occasion$  
unusual amusem5t 9 a c]ta9 qu>t]4 ,!    
,devil c seldom h _h a m he>ty gr9 at 8 

d>l+ s9 ?an :5 witness+ ?is peculi>     
exhibition ( ! pride t apes humility4   
,t ,hume's ignorance 0 no?+ b           
affectation is prov$ by 8 ve]+          
completely r\nd imm$iately aft]w>ds1 & 9
 8 v next *apt]1 & almo/ 9 8 v next     
page1 pron\nc+ x to be 'univ]sally all[$
 t matt] 9 all its op]ations is actuat$ 
by a necess>y =ce1 & t e natural effect 
is s precisely det]m9$ by ! en]gy ( its 
cause t no o!r effect 9 su* p>ticul>    
circum/ances c\ld possibly h result$ f  
x4' ,?r\gh\t ! same *apt] he argues 9 ! 
same s5se1 & q =gett+ h[ ob/9ately he _h
 j be=e cont5d$ t !re are absolutely no 
su* ?+s z connection or p[] at all1 he  
defies any "o to 'def9e a cause )\t     
compreh5d+1 z "p ( ! def9ition1 necess>y
 connection ) its effect4' ,s highly1   
inde$1 does he n[ rate t connect+ p[]1  
^: v exi/5ce he _h previ\sly s vehem5tly
 d5i$1 t he pr(esses himself unable to  
set any limit to its efficacy4 ,ev5 = ^?
 :o %\ld und]take to d$uce f x !        
impossibility ( any lib]ty ( human w1 & 

consequ5tly ( any human responsibility1 
plead+ t1 inasmu* z ) a cont9u$ *a9 (   
necess>y causes1 rea*+ f ! fir/ great   
cause ( all to e sep>ate volition ( e   
s+le human creature1 x mu/ ne$s be !    
,creator ( ! _w :o is ! ultimate au?or (
 all volitions1 & consequ5tly solely    
acc\ntable = e crime :i* man commits1 he
 affects1 ) exce$+ly ill-sitt+          
sanctimoni\sness1 to h no bett] answ]   
?an t su* belief1 be+ impi\s1 mu/ be    
absurd & _c be true4 ,x did n suit 8    
purpose to po9t out t ! volitions (     
,omnipot5ce itself1 equally ) human     
volitions1 are necess>y effects (       
causes--! causes 9 _! case be+ ! o!r    
attributes ) :i* ,omnipot5ce is         
conjo9$--& t z x is nev]!less impossible
 = ! volitions ( ,omnipot5ce to be      
o!rwise ?an absolutely free &           
uncontroll$1 s !re is no reason :y human
 volitions likewise %\ld n1 9 spite ( ! 
same objection1 be z ?or\ghly free z our
 own feel+s assure u !y are4  ,hume's   
sudd5 conv]sion1 s amaz+ at fir/ sight1 

f flatte/ d5ial to positive/ ass]tion ( 
causal p[]1 becomes intelligible :5 he  
is se5 imm$iately aft]w>ds us+ 8 newly  
adopt$ cre$ z a fulcrum :]eon to re/ 8  
argum5tative lev] 9 8 assault ^u        
,miracles4 ,ab\t t celebrat$ piece (    
reason+1 />tl+ z ! av[al may s\nd1 !re  
is1 to my m9d1 no?+ m rem>kable ?an its 
celebrity1 =1 on close inspection1 x w  
be f\nd to be entirely made up ( 7#a7 ! 
demon/ration ( a truism1 & 7#b7 !       
inculcation ( a confess$ly mislead+     
rule4 ,n f> f its comm5cem5t w be f\nd a
 def9ition :i*1 if correct1 w\ld leave  
no?+ to dispute ab\t4 ,a miracle1 we are
 told1 is 'a violation ( ! laws (       
nature1' ( laws :i* a firm & unalt]able 
exp]i5ce has e/abli%$4 ,b if s1 cadit   
qu/io4 ,( c\rse1 !re c be no alt]ation (
 ! unalt]able4 ,no ne$1 ( c\rse1 ( fur!r
 words to prove t a miracle ?us def9$ is
 an impossibility4  ,let u suppose1     
h[ev]1 ! ^w unalt]able to h be5 us$ "h  
by a slip ( ! p5 in/ead ( unalt]$1 & t  
,hume really meant by a miracle any     

alt]ation ( :at _h previ\sly appe>$ to  
be ! con/ant c\rse ( nature4 ,ev5 s1 we 
%all h him cont5d+ t no am\nt1 h[ev]    
great1 ( te/imony h[ev] unimpea*able1   
ought to be accept$ z adequate pro( (   
su* an alt]ation4 ,( :at he urges 9     
support ( ?is position mu* may be at    
once dismiss$ z altoge!r irrelevant4 ,t 
! mo/ hone/ witness may be ! dupe (     
optical or auricul> illusion1 or ( a    
di/ort+ or magnify+ imag9ation2 t !re is
 9 _m m9ds a natural pr$isposition to   
believe 9 ! m>vell\s1 & t ! love (      
a/oni%+ (t5 gives exagg]at$ expression  
to ! exagg]ations ( ! fancy2 t          
self-int]e/ & religi\s zeal (t5 furni%  
additional motives = m5dacity1 & t      
te/imony1 ev5 :5 s9c]e at fir/1 is apt  
to become corrupt$ at e /age z x passes 
f h& to h&1 or is committ$ to pap]--all 
?is1 toge!r ) any fur!r enum]ation (    
circum/ances calculat$ to invalidate    
te/imony1 is q beside ! real "q4 ,x     
m]ely proves :at no "o ne$s to h prov$1 
! propriety1 viz41 ( weigh+ evid5ce &   

balanc+ adv]se probabilities2 & ev5 ?\gh
 x prov$ 9 addition t ( all ! s-/yl$    
miracles on record1 !re is n a s+le "o !
 evid5ce = :i* is suffici5t1 x w\ld /ill
 prove no?+ to ! purpose4 ,= ,hume is   
argu+ aga9/ ! cr$ibility1 n ( any       
miracles 9 p>ticul>1 b ( all miracles 9 
g5]al1 ^? includ$ ! witnesses = :i* are 
( indisputable intellig5ce & undisput$  
v]acity4 ,be ! quality ( ! te/imony :at 
x may1 no quantity ( x1 accord+ to him1 
c be suffici5t4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( 8    
!sis1 ! only "p ( x 9 :i* !re is any    
novelty1 & 9 behalf ( ?is "p all t he   
has to say may be resolv$ into a        
sophism1 foll[$ by a repetition ( ! same
 begg+ ( ! "q1 z is involv$ 9 8 a=e-cit$
 def9ition ( a miracle4 ,9 sub/ance x   
runs z foll[s4 ,all te/imony is at be/ b
 a description ( ! results ( s5sible    
exp]i5ce--( obs]vations ( ! s5ses--b !  
mo/ fai?ful description mu/ ne$s be a   
less vivid pres5tation ( tru? ?an !     
reality describ$4 ,a s+le orig9al is    
bett] evid5ce ?an any numb] ( copies4   

,y\r own p]sonal exp]i5ce is m tru/wor?y
 ?an any numb] ( m]e records ( !        
exp]i5ce ( o!r p1 & :]e ! two conflict1 
! =m] always des]ves pref]5ce4 ,n[ !    
p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ea* "o ( u assures u 
t _m sets ( natural ph5om5a take place 9
 p]fectly inv>iable sequ5ces1 9 sequ5ces
 s inv>iable z to appe> to be1 & to be  
famili>ly spok5 ( z1 manife/ations or   
op]ations ( c]ta9 inflexible laws (     
nature4 ,)9 our exp]i5ce !re has nev]   
be5 a s+le deviation f any su* law4     
,:]e=e1 ?\gh all ! re/ ( mank9d %\ld    
unite 9 ass]t+ t !y h obs]v$ su* a      
deviation1 we ought n to believe !m4    
,ev5 ?\gh1 = example--! example1 h[ev]1 
be+ n ,hume's1 b my own--we 71 on leav+ 
home "s morn+1 to he> on all sides t1   
:ile we 7 yet 9 b$1 ! sun 0 se5 to rise 
9 ! we/ in/ead ( ! ea/1 & ?\gh we f\nd !
 /atem5t repeat$ 9 ! ',times' & ',daily 
,news1' & pres5tly aft]w>ds saw x po/$  
up at ! ,ex*ange z hav+ be5 fla%$ by    
electric wire f ,new ,york & ,kurra*ee1 
we are n = a mom5t to d\bt t ^! reit]at$

 & mutually corroborative /atem5ts are  
utt]ly false4 ,=1 num]\s & consi/5t z !y
 may be1 !y are b copies ( ! exp]i5ce ( 
o!r p1 :ile1 al?\gh we may h to oppose  
to !m only our own s+le exp]i5ce1 /ill t
 s+le exp]i5ce is orig9al1 & !re=e ( m  
wor?4 ,! value1 moreov]1 ( any exp]i5ce 
is1 irrespective ( orig9ality1 det]m9$  
by ! diff]5ce 9 numb] betwe5 ! results (
 opposite k9ds :i* x has discov]$4 ,!   
small] numb] is d$uct$ f ! l>g]1 & !    
balance repres5ts ! probability t !     
results :i* h mo/ frequ5tly occurr$     
hi!rto w cont9ue to occur h5ce=w>d4 ,!  
l>g] ! d$uction ?us to be made1 ! small]
 ! probability1 & vice v]s2 & :5 !      
d$uction is nil1 or :5 !re has hi!rto   
be5 complete uni=mity1 ! probability    
becomes virtual c]ta9ty4 ,:5 two orig9al
 exp]i5ces are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 _!    
respective values1 asc]ta9$ 9 ! same    
mann]1 are comp>$1 & tru/ is repos$ 9 "o
 or ! o!r accord+ly4 ,n[1 accord+ to ^! 
pr9ciples1 difficult z x might be 9 !   
case suppos$ = any "o to conceive :at   

motive all ! re/ ( ! _w c\ld h = ly+1 x 
w\ld be /ill m difficult to believe !m  
to be speak+ tru?4 ,= :y d we ev]       
believe any?+ t anyone says8 ,:y b      
because we h le>nt by exp]i5ce t1 :5 p h
 no app>5t motive = ly+1 !y commonly d  
speak ! tru?8 ,b ! same exp]i5ce :i* has
 taught u ?is has taught u likewise t p 
d n[ & !n lie )\t app>5t motive4 ,at    
be/1 !re=e1 !re is nev] m ?an a         
probability t p are speak+ ! tru?1 :ile 
9 ?is in/ance1 ! supposition t !y might 
be speak+ ! tru? w\ld imply t !re may be
 a tru? aga9/ :i* !re is pro( am\nt+ to 
c]ta9ty4 ,= :at !y affirm is t some?+   
has happ5$ ! v rev]se ( :at has         
inv>iably happ5$ be=e 9 ! same          
circum/ances4 ,is x n inf9itely m likely
 t p %\ld be ly+ z !y h (t5 done be=e1  
?an t ! inv>iable c\rse ( nature %\ld h 
und]gone a v>iation8 ,) evid5ce on ! "o 
side t has nev] yet deceiv$1 ) no       
evid5ce on ! o!r save :at has (t5 prov$ 
deceptive1 h[ c we hesitate :i* to      
accept8 ,ev5 ?\gh ! unanimity ( te/imony

 be su* z might o!rwise be deem$        
complete pro(1 x is "h met by absolutely
 complete pro( 9 ! %ape ( a law (       
nature4 ,! great] probability ov]:elms !
 less]4 ,! /rong] pro( annihilates !    
weak]1 leav+ none ( x beh9d1 s t :oev]  
/ill p]si/s 9 believ+ t a law ( nature  
has be5 violat$1 mu/ be cont5t to d s   
)\t "o p>ticle ( pro(4 ,no quantity (   
te/imony c furni% ! smalle/ pro( ( a    
miracle unless ! falsehood ( ! te/imony 
w\ld be a great] dep>ture f antec$5t    
uni=mity--9 o!r words1 w\ld be a great] 
miracle--?an ! miracle :i* x atte/s4    
,un=tunately x is b too notori\s t !re  
is n1 & nev] has be51 su* a ?+ z uni=m  
tru?fulness ( te/imony to dep>t f4      
,su*1 unless mo/ un9t5tionally injur$ by
 compression1 is ,hume's fam\s argum5t  
aga9/ miracles1 ( :i* ! au?or 0         
suffici5tly pr\d to boa/ op5ly t 9 x he 
_h discov]$ :at 'w be useful1 z long z !
 _w endures1' z 'an ev]la/+ *eck to all 
k9ds ( sup]/iti\s delusion1' b :i*1 z ,i
 nev]!less v5ture to repeat1 is comp\nd$

 9 ab\t equal moieties ( transp>5t      
sophism & baseless assumption4 ,= is x n
 ! v]ie/ juggle ( words to insi/ on !   
necess>y inf]iority ( copies to an      
orig9al1 )\t adv]t+ to ! indisp5sable   
proviso t ! orig9al ) :i* ! copies are  
comp>$ %\ld be ! orig9al f :i* ! copies 
h be5 tak58 ,may n a copy ( ,leon>do ,da
 ,v9ci's ',la/ ,supp]' q possibly be    
equal 9 =ce & vividness ( expression to 
! orig9al pa9t+ by ,b5jam9 ,we/ be>+ !  
same "n8 ,might x n be wise to tru/ r to
 an ,airy1 or a ,de la ,rue1 or a       
,locky]'s acc\nt ( :at he _h obs]v$ dur+
 a sol> eclipse ?an to y\r own imm$iate 
obs]vations on ! same occasion8         
,besides1 ?is fir/ bran* ( ,hume's      
argum5t1 if s\nd1 w\ld tell q z mu* =1 z
 aga9/1 miracles1 r5d]+ x equally       
incumb5t on actual witnesses to believe1
 z on all b actual witnesses to         
disbelieve4 ,if y are always to pref]   
y\r own orig9al exp]i5ce to m]e         
descriptions giv5 by o!r p ( !irs1 !n   
%\ld x happ5 to be y\rself to :om ! sun 

appe>$ 9 ! we/ at an h\r :51 accord+ to 
cu/om1 he ought to h be5 9 ! ea/1 y are 
n to all[ ! prote/ations ( any numb] (  
p]sons :o1 happ5+ at ! "t to h be5 look+
 ! o!r way1 saw ! sun 9 8 usual place1  
to p]suade y t :at y saw 0 a mock sun or
 an ignis fatuus4 ,r ?an imag9e t y\r   
own s5ses c h deceiv$ y1 y are to       
suppose t all ab\t y are 9 a league to  
deceive y4 ,= precisely ! same reason = 
:i* y %\ld reject ev5 univ]sal te/imony 
9 fav\r ( a miracle :i* y h n witness$1 
y are equally to reject univ]sal        
te/imony 9 opposition to a miracle !    
similitude ( :i* y h witness$4  ,or is x
 possible = a "q to be m di/9ctly begg$ 
?an :51 to ! "q :e!r a miracle has      
occurr$1 x is answ]$ t a miracle is n a 
miracle unless !re be uni=m exp]i5ce    
aga9/ x2 t uni=mly adv]se exp]i5ce is   
direct & full pro( aga9/ any?+2 & t     
!re=e !re mu/ always be full pro( aga9/ 
miracles8 ,:at is "h tak5 = grant$ to be
 full pro( is ! v ?+ requir+ to be      
prov$4 ,if pa/ uni=mity really be a     

pl$ge = cont9u$ uni=mity1 ( c\rse !re c 
be no dep>ture f uni=mity4 ,if ! :ole "q
 does n at once fall to ! gr\nd1 x is   
because no "q has ev] really aris54 ,b  
:at %ad[ ( pretext is !re = treat+ an   
hi!rto unv>i$ c\rse ( ev5ts z necess>ily
 inv>iable8 ,f pa/ exp]i5ce we h d$uc$  
:at we are pleas$ to call laws ( nature1
 b x is morally impossible t we c       
s]i\sly ?9k1 :atev] we are 9 ! habit (  
say+1 t ^! laws are self-d5y+ ord9ances 
:]eby nature's ,god has volunt>ily      
abdicat$ "p ( ,8 inali5able pr]ogative4 
,! utmo/ efficacy we are w>rant$ 9      
ascrib+ to !m is t ( l9es m>k+ c]ta9 ( !
 c\rses )9 :i* ,god's provid5ce is      
pleas$ to move4 ,b h[ c we pret5d to "k 
= h[ long a season su* may cont9ue to be
 ! div9e pleasure8 ,h[ d we "k t !      
pres5t season may n be ! fir/ ( an      
alt]nat+ s]ies1 & t x may n at any mom5t
 t]m9ate1 & be succe$$ by "o ( an       
opposite "*8 ,:at ?\gh we h "s %ad[ (   
hi/orical evid5ce t mo/ physical ph5om5a
 h be5 go+ on 9 mu* ! same ord] = "s six

 ?\s& ye>s1 is t a basis :]eon to !orise
 ) reg>d to ! proce$+s ( ,him 9 ^: sight
 "o day is z a ?\s& ye>s & a ?\s& ye>s z
 "o day8 ,might n z well "s sci5tific   
memb] ( an insect tribe ( ephem]a1 :om  
ance/ral tradition1 confirm$ by p]sonal 
exp]i5ce1 _h assur$ t an eight-day clock
 _h already gone on = six days1 pron\nce
 x to be a law ( ! clock's nature t x   
%\ld g on = ev] )\t be+ aga9 w\nd up8   
,w\ld ! insect philosoph]'s dogmatism be
 "o :it less absurd ?an t ( ^? human    
ephem]a :o s positively lay d[n ! law   
ab\t ! clockwork ( ! univ]se8 ,^? laws (
 nature to :i* un]r+ regul>ity &        
p]petuity ( op]ation are s confid5tly   
attribut$1 may !y n1 p]*ance1 be b s+le 
clauses ( mu* f>!r rea*+ laws1 accord+  
to ^: o!r provisions ! =ce ( ^! isolat$ 
clauses may1 9 novel comb9ations (      
circum/ances1 be c\nt]act$ by "s lat5t &
 hi!rto unsuspect$ =ce8 ,or is x n1 at  
all ev5ts1 op5 to _! div9e promulgator  
to susp5d _! op]ation at 8 pleasure8    
,may x n conceivably h be5 preorda9$ t !

 globe ( our e>?1 aft] revolv+ = a giv5 
numb] ( ages1 9 "o direction1 %all !n1 l
 a meat-jack1 or l an ,ascidian's       
he>t1#ca rev]se its ord] ( proc$ure1 &  
comm5ce a contr>y s]ies ( revolutions8  
,or might n ,he :o prescrib$ to ! e>?   
its rotatory movem5t1 w t ! rotation    
%\ld = "s h\rs cease1 & t ! sun %\ld 9  
consequ5ce seem to /& /ill1 z x is      
record$ to h done at ! comm& ( ,jo%ua8  
,improbable z ^! suppositions may be1 :o
 t has n be5 tak5 into c\nsel by 8      
,creator c presume to say t !y may n be 
correct8 ,! ev5ts :i* !y involve are n  
inconceivable1 & :atev] is n utt]ly     
inconceivable may possibly occur1 h[ev] 
num]\s ! *ances aga9/ its occurr5ce4 ,x 
is n !n ! fact t 'pa/ exp]i5ce1' h[ev]  
unv>i$1 af=ds full pro( ( ! future      
exi/5ce ( any ev5t1 or con/itutes       
c]ta9ty aga9/ ! future exi/5ce ( !      
rev]se ( t ev5t4 ,complete/ uni=mity (  
exp]i5ce _c create a c]ta9ty by :i* any 
opposite probability w\ld be completely 
annihilat$4 ,x only creates a           

probability :i*1 h[ev] great1 is /ill   
only a probability1 & :i* w\ld become a 
small] probability by d$uction f x ( any
 opposite probability4 ,b m]e           
probability1 h[ev] great1 always        
includes "s d\bt z to its own           
correctness1 "s suspicion t its opposite
 may possibly be correct4 ,h[ mu* soev]1
 !re=e1 uni=m exp]i5ce may v\* = !      
inviolability ( natural laws1 x always  
rema9s possible = ^? laws to be violat$1
 &1 z miracles are no?+ else b          
violations ( natural laws1 x always     
rema9s possible = miracles to happ54 ,b 
s9ce miracles are possible1 te/imony to 
_! occurr5ce may1 ) equal possibility1  
be true1 & no fur!r refutation c1 ,i    
submit1 be ne$$ = an argum5t :i* insi/s 
t all su* te/imony %\ld be set aside )\t
 enquiry z self-evid5tly false4  ,_h    
,hume be5 cont5t to insi/ t te/imony 9  
fav\r ( miracles %\ld nev] be receiv$   
)\t extreme d\bt & hesitation1 8 lesson 
might well h pass$ )\t fur!r objection  
?an t ( its be+ sup]flu\s = any "o )    

s5se en\gh to pr(it by x4 ,nor might x h
 be5 easy to discov] a flaw 9 8 logic1  
al?\gh he _h gone s f> z to ma9ta9 t no 
"o ( ! miracles z yet on record is ei!r 
adequately atte/$1 or w\ld1 ev5 if x _h 
und\bt$ly occurr$1 af=d suffici5t       
evid5ce ( any religi\s tru?4 ,! be/ &   
only adequate evid5ce = any religi\s    
cre$ is ! satisfaction :i* x af=ds to ! 
s\l's crav+s & promises to ! s\l's      
aspirations2 & no rational ,*ri/ian w\ld
 be at all ! m dispos$ to turn          
,mussulman1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be          
demon/rat$ to 8 entire conviction t     
,*ri/ did n raise ,laz>us f ! dead1 & t 
,mahomet did turn ! hill ,safa into     
gold1 in/ead ( prud5tly conf9+ himself  
to boa/+ t he c\ld h effect$ !          
transmutation if he _h ?\ght prop]4 ,b =
 ! purpose :i* ,hume _h 9 view1 x 0     
necess>y to e/abli%1 n m]ely !          
d\btfulness1 b ! absolute falsehood ( ! 
miracul> te/imony on :i*1 9 8 op9ion1   
'our holy religion' re/s1 9 ord] t ! "* 
( ! sup]/ructure be+ inf]r$ f t ( !     

f\ndation1 bo? might be condemn$ toge!r4
 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an irreligi\s z well z 
a religi\s fanaticism1 &1 ?\gh x is     
difficult1 :ile look+ at ,hume's        
portrait1 to cr$it ! own] ( t plump1    
good-hum\r$ face ) feel+ ( any sort w>m 
en\gh to be t]m$ fanatical1 x is        
humiliat+ to note f 8 example into :at  
/range inconsi/5cy ! coole/ & calme/    
judgm5t may be w>p$ by irreligi\s       
prejudice4 ,hav+ n long be=e1 9 ord] to 
disp>age natural religion1 emphatically 
d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any causal connection  
betwe5 successive ev5ts1 he n[1 9 ord]  
equally to discr$it ! v possibility (   
reveal$ religion1 tacitly assumes t same
 connection1 n simply to exi/1 b to be (
 an efficacy :i* no di/urb+ =ces c      
impair4 ,admitt+ t '! ,indian pr9ce :o  
refus$ to believe ! fir/ relations      
conc]n+ ! effects ( fro/' 0 wrong 9 8   
belief1 ,hume w h x t ! pr9ce nev]!less 
'reason$ ju/ly4' ,al?\gh recognis+ tru? 
to be ! sole wor?y object ( que/1 he yet
 enjo9s rigid adh]5ce to a rule :i* he  

is aw>e mu/ inevitably lead to frequ5t  
error4  ,r /rik+ly contra/$1 9 respect (
 execution1 ) ,hume's *apt] on          
,miracles1 comes ! "o next 9 ord] on a  
,provid5ce & a ,future ,/ate1 :i*1 = !  
skill ) :i* ! fallacy involv$ 9 x is    
disguis$1 may be reg>d$ z q a ma/]piece 
( false reason+4 ,among its lead+       
propositions !re is b "o :i* does n     
comm& imm$iate ass5t4 ,t we c argue b f 
:at we "k2 t ( causes1 kn[n to u only by
 _! effects1 our e/imate ought to be    
exactly proportion$ to ! effects2 t ( a 
,creator manife/$ only by ,8 works1 no  
high] qualities1 no great] degrees (    
p[]1 intellig5ce1 ju/ice1 or b5evol5ce1 
c be confid5tly pr$icat$--:atev] be     
conjectur$--?an are app>5t 9 8          
workman%ip3 all ?is1 on "o mom5t's      
reflection1 is p]ceiv$ to be            
indisputable4 ,ne$s mu/ x be1 h[ev]     
reluctantly1 admitt$ t no?+ c be m      
illogical ?an to return back to ! cause1
 & inf] f x o!r effects beyond ^? by :i*
 alone x is kn[n to u1 or to inf] f     

creative attributes1 di/9ctly manife/$1 
! exi/5ce ( o!r & n app>5t attributes1  
end[$ ) "s efficacy additional to t     
possess$ by ! =m]4 ,b does x h5ce foll[ 
t fai? 9 a sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce is s m]e
 a matt] ( 'conceit & imag9ation1' a    
fai? s absolutely irrational z ,hume    
consid]$ x8 ,a c&id exam9ation ( ,god's 
works w w>rant u 9 com+ to a widely     
diff]5t conclusion4 ,among ^? works is  
man--a be+ :o1 9 spite ( ! utt]         
insignificance ( 8 greate/ p]=mances1 is
 capable ( =m+ mo/ exalt$ conceptions ( 
ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 & goodness 9 g5]al1 &
 ( feel+ ! mo/ eag] desire to act up to 
8 own ideal4 ,if ! div9e notions (      
goodness 9 its sev]al v>ieties be n     
id5tical ) ! human1 x c only be because 
!y are sup]ior2 & s1 too1 ( ! div9e love
 (1 & zeal =1 goodness4 ,x _c be t !    
,creator is inf]ior to ! creature 9     
virtues :i* ! creature d]ives f ,him    
alone4 ,demon/rably1 !re=e1 ,god is good
 & j 9 ! v highe/ degree 9 :i* ^?       
qualities c be conceiv$ by man4         

,demon/rably1 too1 s9ce ! univ]se is !  
"w ( ,8 h&s1 ,he mu/ be possess$ ( p[]  
:i*1 if n necess>ily unb\nd$1 is at lea/
 z b\ndless z ! univ]se4 ,?us1 rigidly  
argu+ f effects to causes1 & scrupul\sly
 proportion+ ! "o to ! o!r1 man sees    
imag$ on ! face ( creation a creator1   
bo? realis+ 8 highe/ conception (       
goodness1 & wield+ measureless might4   
,is n su* a be+ wor?y to be look$ up to1
 & confid$ 91 & ador$ & lov$ z a        
sup]9t5d+ provid5ce8 ,is n fai? 9 su* a 
provid5ce n simply n irrational1 b !    
direct result ( a /rictly inductive     
process8 ,& w\ld x be an irrational     
/ret* ( fai? sangu9ely to hope1 if n    
implicitly to believe1 t an union (     
inf9ite ju/ice ) measureless might may1 
9 "s future /age ( exi/5ce1 af=d        
comp5sation = ! app>5tly inequitable    
di/ribution ( good & evil :i*1 accord+  
to all exp]i5ce1 has hi!rto tak5 place  
among human be+s8  ,7 x desirable to    
amplify ! apology ) :i* ?is pap]        
comm5c$1 "s additional ju/ification ( ! 

fre$om ( ! =ego+ criticisms might be    
f\nd 9 h9ts ?r[n out by ,hume 9 v>i\s   
p>ts ( ! treatise :i* we h be5 exam9+1 &
 p>ticul>ly 9 its conclud+ *apt]1 t 9 _m
 ( 8 mo/ />tl+ doctr9es he 0 b half 9   
e>ne/4 ,hume's temp]am5t1 too cool =    
fanaticism1 _h yet 9 x en\gh ( a c]ta9  
tepid g5iality to save him f becom+ a   
sc(f]4 ,! "* :i* he claims = himself1 & 
some:at o/5tati\sly p>ades1 is t ( a    
sceptic or g5]al d\bt]--a "* 9 :i*1 :5  
rightly und]/ood1 !re is no?+ to be     
a%am$ (4 ,to take no?+ on tru/1 to      
believe no?+ )\t pro(1 to %[ no great]  
respect = au?ority ?an may consi/ 9     
att5tive & c&id exam9ation ( its        
/atem5ts1 to accept only v]ifi$ facts z 
bases = reason+ on matt]s ( fact &      
exi/5ce--^! are gold5 rules (           
philosophical rese>*1 pr9ciples 9 :i*   
lies ! secret ( all real progress 9 any 
( ! high] dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,by ,hume 
!y 7 adopt$ con amore1 & ) ke5          
appreciation1 n m ( _! practical        
utility1 ?an ( ! sport :i* he p]ceiv$ !m

 to be capable ( yield+4 ,8 s]i\s       
purpose 0 to unmask ! numb]less pret5ces
 :i* 9 politics1 political economy1     
metaphysics1 morals1 & !ology he f\nd   
univ]sally curr5t z gospel tru?s2 to    
expose ! ambiguity & contradictions     
lat5t 9 popul> ?\ght1 & 9 ! popul> =ms (
 expression :i* are s apt to be mi/ak5 =
 ?\ght1 & to indicate ! only safe mode (
 inve/igation & ! only tru/wor?y te/s ( 
g5u9e k2 8 fav\rite amusem5t to put     
"t-hon\r$ commonplaces on ! rack1 &     
dem&+ _! raison d'tre1 to pass on !m    
summ>y s5t5ce ( ext9ction if !y fail$ to
 acc\nt satisfactorily = _! exi/5ce4    
,un=tunately1 9 8 ke5 enjoym5t ( ! fun (
 ! ?+1 he n unfrequ5tly ov]look$ ! solid
 int]e/s at /ake4 ,l a huntsman :o1 = ! 
sake ( a bett] run1 %\ld outrace 8      
qu>ry1 or :o1 see+ t ! dogs 7 close ^u !
 h>e1 %\ld1 9 ord] to prolong ! *ase1   
/>t a fre% h>e1 kept till !n snug at 8  
saddle-b[1 s ,hume1 9 ! excitem5t (     
metaphysical pursuit1 in/ead ( /opp+ to 
ga!r up :atev] v]ifi$ affirmations came 

9 8 way1 w\ld pref] to foll[ any new    
negation t he espi$1 or1 if mom5t>ily   
accept+ any affirmation z e/abli%$1 w\ld
 proce$ =?) to affirm its direct        
opposite ) ! view ( neutralis+ bo?4 ,9  
?is1 8 practice resembl$ t (            
metaphysicians 9 g5]al1 :o take a s+ul> 
delight 9 sett+ !mselves riddle aft]    
riddle1 :i* !y ei!r assume to be        
hopelessly insoluble1 or :i* !y no soon]
 solve ?an !y use ! solution z ! subject
 ( ano!r riddle involv+ its pr$ecessor 9
 r$\bl$ p]plexity4 ,n[1 little h>m1 &   
little1 p]haps1 ( any?+ b good1 might   
!reby be done if ! lov]s ( ?is game 7   
cont5t to play x by !mselves1 )\t invit+
 o!rs to jo9 :o are con/itutionally     
unfit = su* intellectual wre/l+4 ,b     
m5tal ex]cises may to philosoph]s be    
heal? & invigorat+ sport1 & yet be dea? 
to ! multitude2 & ,hume1 z an           
,utilit>ian1 /&s self-condemn$ = mak+   
ord9>y p uncom=table by *all5g+ !m to   
disputations confess$ly lead+ no :i!r1 &
 bewild]+ !m ) confess$ly 'va9 & pr(ane 

babbl+s1 & /riv+s aft] words to no      
pr(it1 b to subv]t+ ( ! he>]s1 & ov]?r[ 
( ! fai? ( "s4' ,& x is z poor an excuse
 = ?is wanton tamp]+ ) o!r p's cre$s1 z 
x is poor am5ds = its mis*iev\s         
consequ5ces1 t ,hume (f]s :51 aft] wat*+
 = a :ile 8 puzzl$ disciples bl[n ab\t  
by ! w9ds ( adv]se doctr9e t he has let 
loose ^u !m1 he proce$s to rally !m on  
_! ':imsical condition1' :i* he speaks (
 z a m]e laugh+ matt] got up *iefly =   
amusem5t4 ,x is only an aggravation (   
(f5ce t1 :ile1 on ! "o h&1 he solemnly  
pron\nces ev]y?+ to be 'a riddle1 an    
enigma1 an inexplicable my/]y1' he1 on !
 o!r h&1 *e]ily exhorts u n to suff] !  
'd\bts rais$ by philosophy to affect our
 actions4' ',nature1' he says1 'is      
always too /rong = pr9ciples1 w always  
ma9ta9 h] rights1 & prevail1 9 ! end1   
aga9/ all reason+ :atev]4' ',! great    
subv]t] ( ,pyrrhonism1' he cont9ues1 'is
 actual employm5t & ! occupations (     
common life1' 9 pres5ce ( :i* its       
ov]/ra9$ scruples 'vani% l smoke4'      

,al?\gh real k consi/s solely 9 kn[+ t  
we "k no?+1 & 9 d\bt+ ev]y?+1 & al?\gh  
sceptics may 'ju/ly triumph' 9 pr9ciples
 :i* lead !m to d5y ev5 ! attraction (  
gravitation1 /ill !y _h bett] bew>e h[  
!y act on ^! pr9ciples1 le/ by /epp+    
unconc]n$ly out ( w9d[ !y come fatally  
to grief on ! /ones bel[1 & s ! sect &  
its t5ets be annihilat$ toge!r4 ,s1 or  
to su* effect1 ,hume3 b h[ c !re be j   
gr\nd = pride 9 speculations :i*1 z _!  
own pr(essors admit1 w\ld1 on ! fir/    
attempt to r$uce !m to practice1 be     
%att]$ to pieces by h>d facts8 ,t _c    
possibly1 ev5 on ,hume's recomm5dation1 
be accept$ z metaphysical tru?1 :i*     
flatly contradicts common s5se1 nor c   
!re be any unbecom+ self-confid5ce 9    
seek+1 ev5 ?\gh ,hume pron\nce ! se>*   
hopeless1 = metaphysical tru?1 ) :i*    
common s5se may be reconcil$4           
,,footnotes3  #bi ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a
 ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,by ,james ,mill4     
,edition ( #ahfi1 ) ,notes by ,alex&]   
,ba91 ,&rew ,f9dlat]1 ,george ,grote1 & 

,john ,/u>t ,mill1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gh et   
seq4  #cj ,mill's ',logic4' #e?         
,edition4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cgg4  #ca ',!re  
is a class ( animals call$ ,ascidians1  
:i* possess a he>t & a circulation1 & up
 to ! ye> #ahbd no "o w\ld h dreamt (   
que/ion+ ! propriety ( ! d$uction1 t ^! 
creatures h a circulation 9 "o def9ite &
 inv>iable direction2 nor w\ld any "o h 
?\ght x wor? :ile to v]ify ! po9t4 ,b 9 
t ye> ,m4 von ,hasselt1 happ5+ to exam9e
 a transp>5t animal ( ?is class1 f\nd to
 8 inf9ite surprise t aft] ! he>t _h    
beat a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 x /opp$1 &  
!n began beat+ ! opposite way1 s z to   
rev]se ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 :i* return$  
by-&-by to its orig9al                  
direction4'--,huxley's ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 
#ie4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,huxleyism4    
' =ce d'esprit t\t lui p>ot matire4'    
,9 "o ( 8 int]e/+ ',lay ,s]mons1' ! mo/ 
int]e/+ p]haps ( ! :ole int]e/+ s]ies1  
,pr(essor ,huxley1 tak+ = 8 !me !       
',physical ,basis ( ,life1' combats '!  
widely-spread conception ( life z a     

some?+ :i* works ?r\gh matt]1 b is      
indep5d5t ( x2' affirm+1 on ! contr>y1  
't matt] & life are insep>ably connect$1
 & t !re is "o k9d ( matt] :i* is common
 to all liv+ be+s4' ,! prea*] may be    
safely all[$ to h satisfactorily made   
out ! second portion ( ?is affirmation4 
,) 8 own s+ul> felicity ( illu/ration1  
he %[s h[ all vegetable & animal        
tissues1 )\t exception1 f t ( ! brightly
 col\r$ li*5 look+ s l a m]e m9]al      
incru/ation on ! rock t be>s x1 to t ( !
 pa9t] :o admires or ! botani/ :o       
dissects x1 are1 h[ev] div]se 9 aspect1 
ess5tially "o 9 composition & /ructure4 
,he expla9s h[ ! microscopic fungi      
clu/]+ by millions )9 ! body ( a s+le   
fly1 ! giant p9e ( ,cali=nia t[]+ to !  
height ( a ca!dral spire1 ! ,indian     
fig-tree cov]+ acres ) its pr(\nd %ad[1 
! animalcules ( ocean's l[e/ deep1 m9ute
 en\gh to dance 9 myriads on ! po9t ( a 
ne$le1 & ! ,f9n] :ale1 huge/ ( bea/s1 t 
disports its n9ety feet ( bone & blubb] 
on ocean's bill[y heights1 ! fl[] t a   

girl we>s 9 h] hair1 & ! blood t c\rses 
?r\gh h] ve9s1 are1 ea* & all1 small] or
 l>g] multiples or aggregates ( "o & !  
same /ructural unit1 :i*1 aga91 is      
inv>iably resolvable into ! same        
id5tical elem5ts4 ,t unit1 he tells u1  
is an atom or corpuscle compos$ ( oxyg51
 nitrog51 hydrog51 & c>bon1 :i*1 & :i*  
alone1 seem to be requir$ by nature =   
lay+ )al ! f\ndations ( vitality1       
inasmu* z no sub/ance f :i* any "o ( ^! 
+r$i5ts is totally abs5t1 ev] exhibits  
any sign ( life1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 n   
only are ^! f\r +r$i5ts suffici5t (     
!mselves to =m a sub/ance capable (     
liv+1 b !y actually d ) v little 7:5    
any7 =eign admixture1 =m all sub/ances  
:atsoev] t are ev] f\nd vivifi$4 ,all   
su* sub/ances1 he in=ms u1 are b        
v>ieties ( protoplasm1 diff]+ inde$ f   
ea* o!r 9 texture1 col\r1 & g5]al       
appe>ance1 ev5 z a diamond diff]s f     
granite1 yet all be+ equally protoplasm1
 j z a diamond & a block ( granite are  
equally /ones1 or z he>t ( oak & ! out] 

case ( a nettle's /+ are equally wood4  
,! human ovum1 he gives u to und]/&1 is 
9 its e>lie/ /age b a s+le p>ticle (    
protoplasm2 ! human foetus b an         
aggregation ( su* p>ticles1 v>i\sly     
modifi$2 ! human body p]fectly matur$1 b
 a l>g] aggregation ( su* p>ticles /ill 
fur!r modifi$4  ,he proce$s to po9t out1
 z foll[+ f ^! premises1 t a solution ( 
smell+ salts1 toge!r ) an inf9itesimal  
quantity ( c]ta9 o!r salts1 conta9s all 
! elem5ts t ent] into ! composition (   
protoplasm1 & consequ5tly ( :atev]      
sub/ance ! v highe/ animal requires =   
su/5ance4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 leave u to 
suppose t any abundance ( ! fluid 9 "q  
w\ld avail aught to save a hungry       
creature ( any sort f />v+1 b cont9ues 8
 exposition to ! foll[+ effect4 ,n only 
is !re no animal1 !re is n ev5 any      
vegetable organism1 to :i* ! elem5ts (  
food c s]ve z food1 z long z !y rema9   
elem5t>y4 ,x is indisp5sable t hydrog5 &
 oxyg5 %\ld comb9e to =m wat]1 nitrog5 &
 hydrog5 to =m ammonia1 c>bon & oxyg5 to

 =m c>bonic acid2 & ev5 !n1 ev5 at a    
table groan+ "u :ole hog%eads ( ^!      
primitive comp\nds1 !re is no s+le      
animal t w\ld n f9d itself at a         
,b>mecide fea/4 ,!re are _m plants      
likewise1 :i* 9 ! mid/ ( su* uncong5ial 
pl5ty w\ld be equally )\t a drop to     
dr9k2 b !re are also multitudes ( o!rs  
:i*1 )\t ! aid ( any m elaborat$        
nutrim5t1 w\ld be able to gr[ into a    
million1 nay million million fold ( _!  
orig9al bulk4 ,provid$ !re be 9 ! se$ or
 g]m ( any ( ^! latt] "o s+le p>ticle ( 
liv+ protoplasm to beg9 )1 t s+le       
p>ticle may conv]t into animat$         
protoplasm an indef9ite quantity (      
inanimate ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 & wat]4
 ,! protoplasm ?us creat$ 9 ! fir/      
in/ance1 & creat$1 let u suppose1 9 ! =m
 ( a li*5 or a fungus1 is conv]t$ by    
decay into vegetable m\ld1 9 :i* grass  
may take root & gr[1 & :i*1 9 t case1 w 
be conv]t$ into h]bace\s protoplasm2    
:i*1 be+ eat5 by %eep or ox51 becomes   
ov9e or bov9e protoplasm1 commonly call$

 mutton or beef2 :i*1 aga91 be+ eat5 by 
man1 becomes human protoplasm1 &1 if    
eat5 by a philosoph]1 becomes "p ( a    
mass ( protoplasm capable ( inve/igat+ &
 ( exp\nd+ 9 lectures or lay s]mons1 !  
*anges :i* itself & its sev]al compon5ts
 h und]gone4  ,s f> we advance ) will+  
/eps l dutiful disciples along ! pa? ( k
 indicat$ by our di/+ui%$ biological    
tea*]1 :o "h1 h[ev]1 pulls u up %ort by 
sudd5ly intimat+ t he sees no break 9 ! 
s]ies ( transub/antiations :]eby        
precisely su* oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 &
 c>bon z he is lectur+ ^u1 h become     
metamorphos$ into him1 ! lectur]1 & u1 !
 lectur$ audi5ce1 & _c 'und]/& :y !     
language :i* is applicable to any "o t]m
 ( ! s]ies %\ld n be us$ 9 reg>d to any 
( ! o!rs4' ,oxyg5 & hydrog51 he rem9ds  
u1 are gases1 ^: p>ticles1 at & also mu*
 bel[ #cb ,fahr5heit1 t5d to ru% away f 
ea* o!r ) great =ce2 & ?is t5d5cy we    
call a prop]ty ( ea* gas4 ,let oxyg5 &  
hydrog5 be mix$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 &  
an electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh !m1 & !y w 

disappe>1 & a quantity ( wat] equal 9   
weight to ! sum ( _! weights w appe> 9  
_! place4 ,b among/ ! prop]ties ( ! wat]
 w be "s1 ! direct opposites ( ^? ( its 
compon5ts2 wat]y p>ticles1 = example1 at
 any temp]ature n high] ?an #cb         
,fahr5heit1 t5d+ n to ru% asund]1 b to  
coh]e into def9ite geometrical %apes or 
to build up fro/y imitations ( vegetable
 foliage4 ,& let ! wat] be br\ght into  
conjunction ) ammonia & c>bonic acid1 & 
! ?ree w1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 give rise
 to protoplasm1 :i* aga91 if subject$ to
 a c]ta9 succession ( processes1 w rise 
by successive /ages f protoplasm t gives
 no o!r signs ( life ?an ^? ( fe$+ &    
reproduc+ its k9d1 to protoplasm end[$ )
 ! p[] ( spontane\s motion1 & f9ally to 
protoplasm t ?9ks & reasons1 speculates 
& philosophises4 ,n[ :y %\ld any ( !    
v>i\s ph5om5a ( life exhibit$ by ^!     
v>ieties ( protoplasm be suppos$ to be (
 a diff]5t class f ! appe>ances (       
activity exhibit$ by any ( ! v>ieties ( 
lifeless matt]8 ,:at reason is !re :y1 =

 in/ance1 ?\ght %\ld n be t]m$ a prop]ty
 ( ?9k+ protoplasm1 j z congelation is a
 prop]ty ( wat]1 & c5trifugi5ce ( gas8  
,pr(essor ,huxley prote/s t he is aw>e (
 no reason4 ,we call1 he says1 ! sev]al 
/range ph5om5a :i* are peculi> to wat]1 
'! prop]ties ( wat]1 & d n hesitate to  
believe t 9 "s way or o!r !y result f ! 
prop]ties ( ! compon5t elem5ts ( wat]4  
,we d n assume t some?+ call$ aquosity  
ent]$ into & took possession ( ! oxide (
 hydrog5 z soon z x 0 =m$1 & !n guid$ ! 
aque\s p>ticles to _! places 9 ! facets 
( ! cry/al or among ! leaflets ( ! ho>  
fro/4 ,on ! contr>y1 we live 9 ! hope & 
fai? t1 by ! advance ( molecul> physics1
 we %all by-&-by be able to see our way 
z cle>ly f ! con/itu5ts ( wat] to !     
prop]ties ( wat]1 z we are n[ able to   
d$uce ! op]ations ( a wat* f ! =m ( its 
p>ts or ! mann] 9 :i* !y are put        
toge!r4' ,:y1 !n1 :5 c>bonic acid1 wat]1
 & ammonia disappe>1 & an equival5t     
weight ( ! matt] ( life makes its       
appe>ance 9 _! place1 %\ld we assume !  

exi/5ce 9 ! liv+ matt] ( a some?+ :i*   
has no repres5tative or correlative 9 ! 
unliv+ matt] t gave rise to x8 ,:y      
imag9e t into ! newly =m$               
hydro-nitrog5is$ oxide ( c>bon a some?+ 
call$ vitality ent]$ & took possession8 
',:at bett] philosophical /atus has     
vitality ?an aquosity8' ',if sci5tific  
language is to possess a def9ite &      
con/ant signification1 we are1' he      
consid]s1 'logically b\nd to apply to   
protoplasm or ! physical basis ( life ! 
same conceptions z ^? :i* are held to be
 legitimate else:]e4' ,:]e=e1 he        
concludes1 t 'if ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by  
wat] are its prop]ties1 s are ^? pres5t$
 by protoplasm its prop]ties1' & t if x 
be correct to describe '! prop]ties (   
wat] z result+ f ! nature & disposition 
( its compon5t molecules1' !re c be no  
'intelligible gr\nd = refus+ to say t ! 
prop]ties ( protoplasm result f ! nature
 & disposition ( its molecules4'  ,"h1  
h[ev]1 our lay prea*] c&idly w>ns u t by
 ! va/ majority ( 8 cl]ical bre?r5 ?is  

doctr9e w\ld be d5\nc$ z ranke/ h]esy1 &
 t :oev] accepts x is plac+ 8 foot on ! 
fir/ rung ( a ladd] :i*1 9 mo/ p's      
e/imation1 is ! 'rev]se ( ,jacob's1 &   
leads to ! antipodes ( heav54' ,he      
frankly owns t ! t]ms ( 8 propositions  
are di/9ctly mat]iali/ic3 nay1 t :oev]  
commits himself to !m w be tempor>ily   
l&$ 9 'gross mat]ialism4' ,n ! less1    
h[ev]1 does he1 m+l+ consolation )      
admonition1 recomm5d u to plunge boldly 
into ! mat]iali/ic sl\gh1 promis+ to    
po9t out a way ( escape f x1 & insi/+1  
inde$1 t ?r\gh x lies ! only pa? to     
g5u9e spirituali/ic tru?4  ,9 pron\nc+  
?is to be exce$+ly evil c\nsel1 z ) !   
mo/ unfeign$ respect = its au?or ,i feel
 b\nd at once to d1 x might n be        
necess>y = me to und]take a detail$     
topographical survey ( ! pa? allud$ to4 
,x might1 p]haps1 suffice to specify !  
conclusions to :i* ! pa? is repres5t$ z 
lead+1 9 ord] to %[ t ^? conclusions _c 
possibly be rea*$ by any su* r\te4 ,by  
,pr(essor ,huxley himself !y are ?us    

describ$3--,we "k no?+ ( matt] 'except z
 a "n = ! unkn[n & hypo!tical cause (   
/ates ( our own consci\sness1' nor ( _s1
 except t 'x also is a "n = an unkn[n & 
hypo!tical cause ( /ates ( consci\sness4
 ,9 o!r words matt] & _s are b names = !
 imag9>y sub/rata ( gr\ps ( natural     
ph5om5a4'  ,b if matt] be n a ?+1 b a   
"n1 & a "n too n = a real1 b only an    
imag9>y ?+1 "o p]fect c]ta9ty is t matt]
 _c possibly be compos$ ei!r :olly or 9 
"p ( molecules1 &1 by necess>y          
consequ5ce1 t life _c possibly be '!    
product ( any disposition ( mat]ial     
molecules1' nor ! ph5om5a ( life be     
'expressions ( molecul> *anges 9 ! matt]
 ( life4' ,( ! p>ticul> ,huxleian       
doctr9e :i* we are consid]+1 ! two      
moieties are absolutely irreconcileable2
 s t on ! assumption t ei!r moiety 7    
true1 ! tru? ( t moiety w\ld be decisive
 aga9/ ! o!r4 ,if matt] h no real1 &    
only a nom9al exi/5ce1 life1 :i* is     
und5iably a reality1 _c be a prop]ty (  
matt]4 ,if life1 be+ an undisput$       

reality1 be a prop]ty ( matt]1 matt] mu/
 ne$s be a reality also1 & n m]ely a "n4
 ,any "o1 h[ev]1 :o1 l myself1 is       
?or\ghly conv9c$ t bo? halves ( !       
doctr9e are equally & utt]ly errone\s1  
is preclud$ f employ+ "o = ! refutation 
( ! o!r1 & 9 ord] to prove1 z ,i %all n[
 attempt to d1 t life is 9 no s5se ei!r 
a product or a prop]ty ( matt]1 mu/     
resort = ! purpose to indep5d5t reason+4
  ,i comm5ce by def9+ "o ( ! pr9cipal   
t]ms occurr+ 9 ! debate4 ,:5 9 sci5tific
 disc\rse we speak ( any?+ z a prop]ty (
 an object1 we mean !reby n simply t x  
is a ?+ belong+ to ! object1 b also t x 
is a ?+ )\t :i* ! object c\ld n subsi/4 
,we mean t x is "o ( ! con/itu5ts inh]5t
 9 & insep>able f ! object1 ^: union    
gives to ! object its di/9ctive "*4 ,:5 
we call fluidity at "o temp]ature1      
solidity at ano!r1 & vaporisation at a  
?ird1 prop]ties ( wat]1 we mean t matt] 
:i* did n liquefy1 congeal1 & evaporate 
at diff]5t temp]atures w\ld n be wat]4  
,! habits ( exhibit+ ^! ph5om5a1 9      

conjunction ) c]ta9 o!r habits1 make up 
! aquosity or wat]9ess ( wat]4 ,!y are  
p>ts ( wat]'s nature1 &1 9 ! abs5ce (   
any "o ( !m1 wat] w\ld n be its own     
self1 & c\ld n exi/4 ,b 9 no su* s5se1  
nor 9 any s5se :atev]1 is ! life or     
vitality :]eby :at we are accu/om$ to   
call animat$ are di/+ui%$ f inanimate   
objects1 ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( !      
species ( matt] t]m$ matt] ( life or    
protoplasm4 ,take f wat] its aquosity1 &
 wat] ceases to be wat]2 b y may take   
away vitality f protoplasm1 & yet leave 
protoplasm z mu* protoplasm z be=e4     
,vitality1 !re=e1 evid5tly be>s to      
protoplasm a q diff]5t relation f t :i* 
aquosity be>s to wat]4 ,protoplasm c d  
p]fectly well )\t ! "o1 b wat] _c = a   
mom5t disp5se ) ! o!r4 ,protoplasm1 :e!r
 liv+ or lifeless1 is equally itself2 b 
unaque\s wat] is unmitigat$ gibb]i%4 ,b 
if protoplasm1 al?\gh depriv$ ( its     
vitality1 /ill rema9s protoplasm1       
vitality pla9ly is n indisp5sable to    
protoplasm1 is n !re=e a prop]ty (      

protoplasm4  ,& t x is n a product (    
protoplasm1 or a result ( any p>ticul>  
arrangem5t ( protoplasmic p>ticles or   
molecules1 is n less easily or          
unansw]ably demon/rable4 ,= if x 71 z   
long z ! p>ticul> molecul> arrangem5t   
rema9$ unalt]$1 life w\ld necess>ily be 
9 att5dance2 an amputat$ jo9t w\ld1     
until decomposition set 91 be z mu*     
alive z ! trunk f :i* x _h be5 lopp$1   
ev5 z wat] p\r$ f a jug into a glass is 
q z mu* liquid z ! wat] rema9+ 9 ! jug4 
,!re w\ld be no su* ?+ z dead meat1 :i* 
0 n putrid z well z dead1 any m ?an wat]
 c freeze )\t *ang+ f a fluid to a      
solid2 & !re w\ld moreov] be production 
antec$5t 9 orig9 to its own produc]4 ,! 
=ce ( ! la/ at lea/ ( ^! objections is n
 to be resi/$4 ,wat]1 ammonia1 & c>bonic
 acid _c1 x is admitt$1 comb9e to =m    
protoplasm1 unless a pr9ciple ( life    
preside ov] ! op]ation4 ,unless "u ^?   
auspices ! comb9ation nev] takes place4 
,at pres5t1 :5ev] assum+ its presid5tial
 functions1 ! pr9ciple ( life seems to  

be inv>iably embodi$ 9 a portion (      
pre-exi/+ protoplasm2 b !re c]ta9ly 0 a 
"t :5 ! fact 0 o!rwise4 ,"t 01 z geology
 places beyond all d\bt1 :5 our globe & 
its appurt5ances consi/$ :olly (        
inorganic matt]1 & possess$ n "o s+le   
animal or vegetable inhabitant4 ,9 ord]1
 !n1 t any protoplasm or ! sub/ance (   
any organism %\ld h be5 br\ght into     
exi/5ce 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 life pla9ly   
mu/ h be5 already exi/5t4 ,x mu/ at "o  
"t h be5 possible = life1 )\t be+       
previ\sly embodi$1 to m\ld & vivify in]t
 matt]2 & x mu/ ne$s h be5 by unembodi$ 
life t inorganic matt] 0 fir/ organis$ &
 animat$4 ,!re is no possible alt]native
 to ?is conclusion1 except t ( suppos+ t
 dea? may h giv5 bir? to life--t        
absolutely lifeless & in]t matt] may h  
spontane\sly ex]t$ itself ) all !       
m>vell\s en]gy requisite = its conv]sion
 into liv+ matt]1 ex]t+ = ! purpose p[]s
 :i*1 "u ! conditions ( ! case1 x c\ld n
 h acquir$ )\t ex]cis+ be=e x acquir$   
!m4 ,:oev] decl9es to swall[ su*        

absurdity has no *oice b to admit t     
unembodi$ life mu/ h be5 ! orig9al      
manufactur] ( protoplasm3 b to admit    
?is1 & yet to suppose t :5 n[-a-days    
embodi$ life is obs]v$ to give bir? to  
new embodi$ life1 ! cr$it ( ! op]ation  
belongs n to ! life itself b to its     
protoplasmic embodim5t1 is mu* ! same z 
to suppose t :5 a tailor1 dress$ 9 clo!s
 ( 8 own mak+1 makes a second suit (    
clo!s1 ?is latt] is ! product n ( !     
tailor himself b ( ! clo!s he is we>+4  
,?us1 irrespectively ( :atev] gr\nds !re
 may be = believ+ t life /ill does1 x is
 inconte/able t life once did1 exi/ ap>t
 f protoplasm2 & t protoplasm bo? may & 
cont9ually does exi/ ap>t f :at is      
commonly und]/ood by life1 mu/ be obvi\s
 to e "o :o is aw>e t protoplasm is !   
sub/ance ( :i* all plants & all animals 
are compos$1 & has obs]v$ also t plants 
& animals are 9 ! habit ( dy+4 ,t matt] 
& life are insep>ably connect$ _c1      
!re=e1 x w\ld seem1 be ass]t$ except 9  
total disreg>d ( ! tea*+s bo? ( reason &

 obs]vation1 & '! popul> conception (   
life z a some?+ :i* works ?r\gh matt] b 
is indep5d5t ( x1' w\ld seem to be z    
true z x is popul>4 ,if ! only *oice    
all[$ to u be betwe5 '! old notion ( an 
,ar*u gov]n+ & direct+ bl9d matt]1' & ! 
new conception ( life z ! product ( a   
c]ta9 disposition ( mat]ial molecules1 !
 absolute c]ta9ty t ! latt] conception  
is wrong1 may be fairly urg$ z equival5t
 to c]ta9ty1 equally absolute1 t ! =m]  
notion is "r4  ,h[ f> soev] x may be    
true t1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1 '!    
progress ( physical sci5ce means1 & has 
9 all ages meant1 ! ext5sion ( ! prov9ce
 ( matt] & causation1' x is c]ta9ly n   
true t1 z he proce$s to pr$ict1 ! same  
prov9ce w ev] be ext5d$ suffici5tly to  
bani% f ! region ( human ?\ght n        
'spontaneity' simply1 b likewise '_s4'  
,9 "o direction at lea/1 limits are     
cle>ly disc]nible :i* sci5tific         
inve/igation ne$ n hope to ov]leap4 ,h[ 
mu* soev] we may ev5tually discov] ( !  
*anges :]eby inorganic matt] becomes    

gradually adapt$ = ! reception ( life1  
physical sci5ce c nev] tea* u :at or    
:5ce is ! life t ev5tually takes        
possession ( ! f9i%$ receptacle4        
,possibly we at l5g? may1 z ,pr(essor   
,huxley d\bts n t we by-&-by %all1 see  
h[ x is t ! prop]ties peculi> to wat] h 
result$ f ! prop]ties peculi> to ! gases
 ^: junction con/itutes wat]2 & simil>ly
 h[ ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( protoplasm 
h sprung f prop]ties 9 ! wat]1 ammonia1 
& c>bonic acid t h unit$ to =m          
protoplasm2 b kn[+ all ?is1 we %all n be
 a hair's bread? ne>] to ! m recondite k
 up to :i* x is expect$ to lead4 ,to    
extract ! g5esis ( life f any data t    
complete/ acqua9tance ) ! /ages &       
processes ( protoplasmic gr[? c furni%1 
is a truly hopeless problem4 ,giv5 !    
plan ( a h\se1 ) samples ( its brick &  
mort>1 to f9d ! "n & nationality ( !    
h\sehold]1 w\ld be *ild's play 9        
comp>ison4 ,life1 z we h se51 is n !    
(fspr+ ( protoplasm1 b some?+ :i* has   
be5 sup]9duc$ ^u1 & may be sep>at$ f1 ! 

protoplasm t s]ves z its mat]ial basis4 
,x is1 !re=e1 di/9ct f ! matt] :i* x    
animates1 &1 be+ ?us immat]ial1 _c      
possibly become bett] kn[n by any       
analysis ( matt]4  ,( ?is emphatically  
vital "q ,pr(essor ,huxley1 z has be5   
already intimat$1 takes a diametrically 
opposite view4 ,he does n m]ely1 9      
suffici5tly explicit t]ms1 d5y t !re is 
any intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & _s1
 & affirm ! two to be1 9 spite (        
appe>ances1 ess5tially id5tical4 ,if ?is
 7 all1 ,i at any rate %\ld n be entitl$
 to object1 = ,i %all myself pres5tly h 
occasion to use v simil> language1      
al?\gh atta*+ to x a widely diff]5t     
mean+ f t ) :i* x is us$ by ,pr(essor   
,huxley4 ,b ! latt] goes on to av[ 8    
belief t ! human body1 l e o!r liv+     
body1 is a ma*9e1 all ! op]ations ( :i* 
w soon] or lat] be expla9$ on physical  
pr9ciples1 insomu* t we %all ev5tually  
arrive at a me*anical equival5t (       
consci\sness1 ev5 z we h already arriv$ 
at a me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,he    

consid]s t ) ! same propriety ) :i* !   
am\nt ( heat :i* a p\nd weight produces 
by fall+ ?r\gh ! di/ance ( a foot1 may  
be call$ its equival5t 9 "o s5se1 may ! 
am\nt ( feel+ :i* ! p\nd produces by    
fall+ ?r\gh a foot ( di/ance on a g\ty  
big toe1 be call$ its equival5t 9 ano!r 
s5se1 to wit1 t ( consci\sness4 ,yet he 
prote/s aga9/ ^! t5ets be+ deem$        
mat]iali/ic1 :i*1 he decl>es1 !y c]ta9ly
 nei!r are nor c be1 = t :ile he himself
 c]ta9ly holds !m1 he z c]ta9ly is n    
himself a mat]iali/4 ,pr(essor ,huxley  
is among ! la/ to be suspect$ ( talk+   
any?+1 z ,monsieur ,j\rda9 did prose1   
)\t kn[+ x4 ,he kn[s p]fectly well t he 
has "h be5 talk+ mat]ialism1 b he insi/s
 t 8 mat]ialism is only ano!r =m (      
idealism4 ,he seeks to evade ! seem+ly  
inevitable d$uction f 8 premises by     
repres5t+ bo? matt] & _s z m]e names1 & 
names1 too1 n = real ?+s1 b = fanciful  
hypo!ses :i* may be spok5 ( indiff]5tly 
9 mat]iali/ic or 9 spirituali/ic t]ms1  
?\ght 9 ! "o case be+ treat$ z a =m (   

matt]1 & matt] 9 ! o!r z a =m ( ?\ght4  
,! id5tity ( matt] & _s is1 9 %ort1     
repres5t$ by him z consi/+ 9 ?is3 t !   
exi/5ce ( bo? is m]ely nom9al1 or at be/
 m]ely ideal4  ,ord9>y folk may p]haps  
be some:at sl[ to d]ive f ?is compromis+
 !ory all ! com=t :i* its au?or deems x 
capable ( af=d+4 ,mo/ ( u may1 probably1
 be incl9$ to ?9k t we might z well h   
be5 left to fret 9 ! fry+-pan (         
mat]ialism z be ca/ headlong into       
ideali/ic fire1 to no bett] end ?an t ( 
be+ !re fus$ body & s\l toge!r1 &       
sublimat$ into inappreh5sible no?+ness4 
,our imm$iate conc]n1 h[ev]1 is n ) !   
pleasantness ( ! !ory1 b ) its tru?2 9  
proce$+ to te/ :i* we %all probably f9d 
t !re is z little w>rant = idealis+     
matt] aft] ?is fa%ion z we h already se5
 t !re is = mat]ialis+ m9d4  ,!         
orig9ator ( ! !ory ab\t to be exam9$1 or
 r1 p]haps1 ( a some:at diff]5t !ory out
 ( :i* ?is has be5 develop$--n to say   
p]v]t$--may1 )\t mu* inaccuracy1 be     
pron\nc$ to be ,desc>tes4 ,he x 0 :o1   

p]ceiv+ t we are surr\nd$ on all sides  
by illusions ( all sorts1 t n only is   
!re no au?ority or te/imony implicitly  
to be dep5d$ on1 b t our s5ses likewise 
(t5 play ! traitor1 & t we c nev] be    
p]fectly sure :e!r we are really see+1  
he>+1 or feel+1 or m]ely ?9k+ or dream+ 
t we see1 he>1 or feel1 & look+ anxi\sly
 ar\nd = "o s+le po9t at lea/ on :i*    
complete confid5ce might be plac$1      
discov]$ su* a po9t 9 ?\ght4 ,:atev]    
else we may d\bt ab\t1 we _c1 he ju/ly  
argu$1 d\bt t !re are ?\ghts4 ,if x 7   
possible to d\bt ?is1 our v d\bt w\ld be
 ?\ght1 con/itut+ & pres5t+ z evid5ce ! 
v exi/5ce d\bt$ (4 ,our ?\ghts1 !n1 are 
unque/ionably real exi/5ces4 ,!y may be 
delusive1 b !y _c possibly be fictiti\s4
  ,we may p]haps h]eaft] h occasion to  
note h[ ,desc>tes1 hav+ ?us secur$ "o   
firm foo?old & solid re/+-place1 outw5t 
! f>!/ /ret* ( ,ar*im$ean ambition by   
us+ x1 n z a fulcrum f :5ce to move !   
_w1 b z a site = logical f\ndations     
:]eon he might1 if he _h p]sev]$1 h     

rais$ ! sup]/ructure ( an univ]se at    
once m5tal & mat]ial4#cb ,int]m$iately1 
h[ev]1 we h to obs]ve h[ two pre-em95t  
disciples ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool h p]v]t$ !
 fundam5tal proposition ( _! great ma/] 
by treat+ its conv]se z its synonyme4   
,desc>tes hav+ demon/rat$ t all ?\ght is
 exi/5ce1 ,bi%op ,b]keley & ,pr(essor   
,huxley inf] t all exi/5ce is ?\ght4 ,s 
says ! ,pr(essor 9 s _m words1 & to     
precisely ! same effect is ! m diffuse  
language ( ! ,bi%op1 :]e1 speak+ ( 'all 
! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( e>?1 ( all 
! bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! 
_w1' he decl>es t _! esse is p]cipi1 t  
_! 'be+' consi/s 9 _! be+ 'p]ceiv$ or   
kn[n1' & t unless !y 7 actually p]ceiv$ 
by1 or exi/$ 91 "s creat$ or uncreate   
m9d1 !y c\ld n possibly exi/ at all4  ,!
 reason+ 9 support ( ^! ass]tions is 9  
sub/ance z foll[s3--,we "k no?+ ( any   
mat]ial object except by ! s5sations :i*
 x produces 9 our m9ds4 ,:at we are     
accu/om$ to call ! qualities ( an object
 are no?+ else b ! m5tal s5sations (    

v>i\s k9ds :i* ! object produces )9 u4  
,"s ( ^! qualities1 su* z ext5sion1     
figure1 solidity1 motion1 & numb]1 are  
class$ z prim>y2 o!rs1 z1 = in/ance1    
smell1 ta/e1 col\r1 s\nd1 z second>y4   
,n[ t ^! latt] h no exi/5ce ap>t f m9d c
 readily be %[n ?us4 ,if ,i prick my f+]
 ) a ne$le1 ! pa9 ,i suff] 9 consequ5ce 
is surely 9 myself1 n 9 ! ne$le1 nor    
any:]e else b 9 myself4 ,if an orange be
 plac$ on my op5 h&1 my s5sation ( t\*+ 
x is 9 myself1 n 9 ! orange4 ,if !      
orange c\ld feel1 :at x w\ld feel w\ld  
be a h&1 :ile :at ,i am feel+ is an     
orange4 ,nor are my s5sations ( pa9 &   
t\* m]ely conf9$ to myself2 !y are also 
conf9$ to a p>ticul> "p ( myself1 viz41 
to ! bra91 ! seat ( my consci\sness1 :i*
 x is1 & n ! f+] or h&1 t really feels  
:5 ! "o is hurt1 or :5 any?+ comes 9    
h>mless contact ) ! o!r4 ,to prove ?is1 
let ! f9e n]v\s ?reads1 :i*1 runn+ up ! 
:ole l5g? ( ! arm1 connect ! sk9 ( ! f+]
 ) ! sp9al m>r[ & bra91 be cut ?r\gh    
close to ! sp9al cord1 & no pa9 w be    

felt1 :atev] injury be done3 :ile if !  
ends :i* rema9 9 connection ) ! cord be 
prick$1 ! s5sation ( prick+ 9 ! f+] w   
arise j z di/9ctly z be=e4 ,or let a    
walk+-/ick be held firmly by ! h&le1 &  
its o!r end be t\*$1 & ! tactile        
s5sation w be exp]i5c$ z if at ! end ( !
 /ick1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x pla9ly _c be4 ,x is
 ! m9d alone :i* feels1 b :i*1 by a     
peculi> faculty ( localisation or       
extradition1 seems to remove a feel+    
exclusively its own1 n only to ! outside
 ( itself1 b to ! outside also ( ! walls
 ( its fle%ly t5em5t4 ,& z x is ) pa9 or
 t\*1 s x is ) e s5sation ) :i* any ( ! 
s-call$ second>y qualities ( matt] are  
id5tical4 ,if ,i look at1 or smell1 or  
ta/e a blood orange1 ! s5sation ( col\r1
 or sc5t1 or flav\r ,i receive is       
entirely & exclusively my own1 ! orange 
rema9+ q unconsci\s ( its own r$ness1 or
 fragrance1 or sweetness1 & n1 inde$1   
possess+ 9 itself any real qualities ( !
 k9d4 ,= to take r$ness z an example2 h[
 does ! s5sation ( x or ( any o!r col\r 

arise8 ,! waves ( a c]ta9 v att5uat$    
m$ium1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are vibrat+ )   
va/ rapidity b ) v diff]5t velocities1  
/rike ^u an object & are ?r[n (f 9 all  
directions4 ,( ! p>ticles :i* vibrate ) 
any p>ticul> velocity1 "s are ga!r$ by !
 optical app>atus ( ! eye1 & deflect$ s 
z to imp+e on ! ret9a & on ! fibres ( ! 
optic n]ve !re) connect$1 produc+ 9 ^!  
fibres a *ange :i* is foll[$ by o!r     
*anges 9 ! bra91 :i*1 aga91 by virtue ( 
"s inscrutable union betwe5 ! bra9 & !  
m9d1 create a feel+ or consci\sness (   
col\r4 ,:at ! p>ticul> col\r %all be1   
dep5ds ei!r on ! rate ( motion 9 !      
vibrat+ m$ium or on ! "* ( ! ret9a2 &   
if1 :ile ! =m] rema9$ ! same1 ! o!r 7 to
 be alt]$1 or if two p]sons1 ) diff]5tly
 =m$ ret9as1 & "o ( ! two col\r-bl9d1 7 
to be look+1 :at _h fir/ seem$ r$ might 
n[ seem gre51 or :at seem$ r$ to "o     
spectator might seem gre5 to ! o!r4 ,b z
 ! same object _c itself be bo? r$ &    
gre5 at ! same "t1 x foll[s t :at are   
call$ its r$ness & gre5ness are n 9 x1 b

 9 ! spectator4 ,simil>ly1 ! s\nds :i*  
an object appe>s to give =? nei!r are   
nor ev] 7 9 x3 !y orig9ate 9 ! m9d ( !  
he>]1 & h n1 & nev] h _h any exi/5ce    
else:]e4 ',if ! :ole body 7 an eye1     
:]e1' asks ,/4 ,paul1 '7 ! he>+8 ,if !  
:ole 7 he>+1 :]e 7 ! smell+8' &         
,pr(essor ,huxley m ?an meets ! drift ( 
! ,apo/le's que/ions by pron\nc+ x      
'impossible to imag9e b t if ! univ]se  
conta9$ only bl9d & deaf be+s1 d>kness &
 sil5ce w\ld reign ev]y:]e4'  ,& z ) !  
second>y qualities ( matt]1 s1 on ! same
 %[+1 mu/ x be ) ! prim>y4 ,if col\r1   
ta/e1 sc5t1 & ! l1 exi/ n[h]e b 9 ! m9d1
 s nei!r d ext5sion1 solidity1 & ! l4   
,if ! =m] c\ld n exi/ unless !re 7      
intellig5t m9ds to p]ceive !m1 !n nei!r 
c\ld ! latt]4 ,=1 by ext5sion & its     
cognates1 we und]/& simply relations :i*
 we conceive to exi/ betwe5 c]ta9       
qualities ( objects id5tical ) c]ta9 (  
our own visual & tactile s5sations1 or  
betwe5 ^! & our consci\sness ( muscul>  
ef=t2 b inasmu* z all s5sations & all   

consci\sness are purely m5tal1 & exi/   
n[h]e b 9 ! m9d1 x foll[s necess>ily t  
ideas ( relation betwe5 diff]5t         
s5sations1 or betwe5 s5sations &        
consci\sness1 mu/ also be purely m5tal1 
& non-exi/5t save 9 ! m9d4 ,all !       
qualities ( matt]1 !re=e1 prim>y z well 
z second>y1 are alike conceptions ( !   
m9d1 & consequ5tly c\ld n exi/ )\t a m9d
 = !m to be conceiv$ by & to exi/ 94 ,b 
if ! qualities did n exi/1 !n matt]1 :i*
 _c be conceiv$ o!rwise ?an z an        
assemblage ( qualities1 c\ld n exi/     
ei!r4 ,:]e=e 9 respect ( matt] itself1 z
 well z ( ! qualities ( matt]1 esse is  
p]cipi1 ess5ce is p]ception1 to be is to
 be p]ceiv$4 ,:]e=e1 f9ally1 if !re 7 no
 m9d to p]ceive matt]1 matt] c\ld n     
exi/4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4#cc  ,al?\gh 9 ! =ego+ 
summ>y ( an argum5t to :i* n ,b]keley & 
,huxley alone1 b o!rs ( ! deepe/ &      
acute/ ?9k]s t ?is c\ntry has produc$1 h
 contribut$1 ,i h /r5u\sly lab\r$ to    
/ate all its po9ts z conv9c+ly z !      
obligations ( brevity w\ld p]mit1 ,i am 

n myself by any means conv9c$ by x4 ,on 
! contr>y1 al?\gh to say s may seem to  
imply a consid]able ov]/ock ( mode/     
assurance1 /ill ,i d say t :atev]       
portion ( x is s\nd is irrelevant1 & t  
:atev] portion is relevant is n s\nd4 ,s
 mu* ( x z relates to ! nature ( !      
qualities ( matt]1 is1 h[ev] int]e/+ or 
o!rwise important1 v little1 if at all1 
to ! purpose4 ,no d\bt if ,i prick my   
f+] ) a ne$le1 or--to take 9 pref]5ce an
 illu/ration employ$ by ,locke--if my   
f+]s a*e 9 consequ5ce ( my h&l+ sn[1 x  
w\ld be supremely ridicul\s to talk ( ! 
pa9 ,i feel be+ 9 ! sn[2 yet n a :it m  
ridicul\s ?an to call ! sn[ itself :ite 
or cold1 if1 by s speak+1 ,i mean t     
any?+ 9 ! slighte/ degree resembl+ my   
s5sation ( ei!r sn[y :it5ess or sn[y    
coldness resides 9 ! sn[ itself4 ,& z ( 
coldness & :it5ess1 s ( all ! o!r s-/yl$
 second>y qualities4 ,if ,i smell a     
rose1 or li/5 to a piano1 ! rose or !   
piano is q ins5sible to ! sc5t or s\nds 
by :i* my s5se is ravi%$4 ,& ( prim>y   

qualities1 also1 precisely ! same ?+ may
 ) equal confid5ce be alleg$4 ,a /one   
:i* ,i p]ceive to be l>ge1 r\nd1 h>d1 & 
ei!r rotat+ or motionless1 has no m     
p]ception ( its own ext5sion1 figure1   
solidity1 motion1 or re/ ?an a sn[ball  
has ( its col\r or temp]ature4 ,b all   
?is1 ?\gh p]fectly true1 has no?+ to d )
 ! "q1 :i* is n :at qualities ( matt]   
are1 b :]e !y are1 & :e!r !y c exi/     
any:]e b 9 m9d2 & ?is "q1 ,i submit1 is 
di/9ctly begg$ by ^? :o assume1 z is    
done ?r\gh\t ! reason+ "u exam9ation1 t 
our s5sations ) reg>d to mat]ial        
objects1 & ! qualities ( ^? objects1 are
 synonym\s & conv]tible t]ms4           
,inconte/ably1 s5sations are affections 
( ! m9d :i* nei!r h nor c h any exi/5ce 
outside ! m9d4 ,if1 !n1 ! qualities (   
objects are id5tical ) ! s5sations :i*  
arise 9 ! m9d conc]n+ ^? objects1 :y1 ( 
c\rse1 ! qualities likewise c exi/ n[h]e
 b 9 ! m9d4 ,on n>r[ly scrut9is+1 h[ev]1
 ! suppos$ id5tity1 we %all f9d t x     
involves some:at reckless confusion (   

diametrical opposites4 ,:5 ,i look at or
 smell a rose1 or eat a beef/eak1 or    
li/5 to a piano1 ! s5sations :i* !reupon
 arise )9 me1 :e!r imm$iately or        
subsequ5tly1 ei!r are ! results ( my    
see+1 smell+1 eat+1 or he>+1 or !y are  
n4 ,to say t !y are n is equival5t to   
say+ t an object ne$ n be )9 rea* ( !   
p]ceptive faculties 9 ord] to be        
p]ceiv$2 t ,i may see or smell a rose1  
?\gh !re be no rose to be se5 or smelt2 
may d9e sumptu\sly (f empty di%es1 & be 
rais$ to ! sev5? heav5 ( delight by !   
audible /ra9s ( a music :i* is n be+    
execut$4 ,=tunati nimium--only too lucky
 w\ld mank9d be1 did ?is turn out to be 
a correct !ory1 af=d+ z x w\ld a        
solution ( e social problem1 & s]v+ z a 
panacea = e social evil4 ,psy*ology w\ld
 !n be ! only sci5ce wor? att5tion1 = ( 
:atev] ?+s pr(ici5cy 9 t bran* ( /udy _h
 qualifi$ any "o to =m m5tal images1 (  
^? same ?+s w\ld he simultane\sly become
 possessor 9 full prop]ty4 ,:oev] _h    
succe$$ 9 tra9+ himself to imag9e       

vigor\sly might at once h1 d1 or be     
:atev] x pleas$ him to imag9e1 becom+   
ipso facto1 z ! ,/oics us$ to say an    
acquir] ( virtue does1 'ri*1 beautiful1 
a k+4' ,woe betide any "o1 h[ev]1 :o1 z 
long z ! cosmical con/itution rema9s :at
 x is1 %all attempt to put ! !ory into  
practice1 & desi/+ f all ^? animal      
functions1 involv+ int]c\rse ) a real or
 imag9>y ext]nal _w1 :i* are vulg>ly    
suppos$ ess5tial to animal exi/5ce1 %all
 ob/9ately re/rict himself to !         
s5sations :i* he believes ! m9d to be1  
)\t any su* int]c\rse1 capable ( creat+ 
= ! body's su/5ance & delectation4 ,!   
physical ext9ction inevitably consequ5t 
on su* devotion to pr9ciple w\ld spe$ily
 r5d] all ! devotees physically         
incapable ( te/ify+ 9 behalf ( _!       
peculi> op9ion1 &1 cle>+ !m away1 w\ld  
leave no witnesses surviv+ b su* z 7    
signify+ by de$s if n 9 words _! he>ty  
adh]5ce to ! popul> belief4             
,practically1 !n1 !re may be assum$ to  
be entire unanimity ( ass5t to ! truism 

t = our s5ses to be affect$ by ! pres5ce
 ( ext]nal objects1 ! objects mu/ ne$s  
be pres5t to affect !m4 ,on all h&s x is
 9 effect admitt$ t 9 "s mode or o!r    
ext]nal objects exi/1 b if s1 & if !    
s5sations result+ f op]ations p]=m$ by !
 bodily organs ) ext]nal objects w\ld n 
h result$ unless ! objects _h be5 pres5t
 to op]ate or to be op]at$ ^u1 cle>ly   
!re mu/ be resid5t 91 or insep>ably b\nd
 up )1 ! objects a p[] or p[]s ( produc+
 s5sation 9 consci\s m9d4 ,b ! p[] (    
produc+ s5sation1 & s5sation itself1 are
 n "o & ! same ?+1 b two sep>ate &      
di/9ct ?+s1 intr9sically di/9ct &       
locally sep>ate4 ,! feel+1 agreeable or 
pa9ful1 accord+ to its int5sity1 :i*    
heat occasions1 is n ! same ?+ z ! heat 
by :i* x is occasion$4 ,! tw(old ta/e1  
sweet to a heal?y1 bitt] to a di/emp]$  
palate1 ( "o & ! same alim5t1 _c be     
id5tical ) ! s+le prop]ty ( ! alim5t    
:]eby ! ta/e is produc$4 ,9 ! s5se (    
seem+ r$ to a spectator ) normally      
con/ruct$ eyes1 & gre5 to "o :o is      

col\r-bl9d1 a ruby or a ,sib]ian crab is
 at once bo? r$ & gre51 b ! two col\rs  
:i* x causes to be p]ceiv$ _c be        
id5tical ) ! peculi> /ructure1 or :atev]
 else x be1 :]eby ! ruby or ,sib]ian    
crab communicates to circumambi5t e!r ! 
"o self-same motion t t]m9ates 9 diff]5t
 impressions on diff]5tly con/ruct$     
eyes4 ,9 ^! & 9 all cases ( ! k9d !     
feel+ is 9 ! m9d1 ! s\rce ( ! feel+ 9   
matt]4 ,! "o is a p]ception1 ! o!r a    
quality1 & to mi/ake ! quality1 n m]ely 
= a p]ception1 b = ! v p]ception to :i* 
! quality gives rise2 & to inf] !nce t !
 quality mu/ likewise be 9 ! m9d1 is an 
in/ance z gl>+ z c well be imag9$ ( t   
mo/ he9\s ( logical (f5ces1 ! conf\nd+ (
 cause ) effect4  ,by :at /eps ,b]keley 
0 l$1 & has s9ce l$ s _m aft] him1 into 
s grave an error1 he has himself        
acqua9t$ u4 ,?us x is t he argues3 ,by  
s5sible ?+s c be meant only su* z c be  
p]ceiv$ imm$iately by s5se3 & s5sible   
qualities are ( c\rse s5sible ?+s4 ,b ! 
only p]ceptions ( s5se are s5sations1 & 

all p]ceptions are purely m5tal4 ,:]e=e1
 s5sible qualities be+1 z su*1          
p]ceptible imm$iately by ! s5ses1 mu/ be
 s5sations1 & be+ s5sations mu/ be      
p]ceptions1 & be+ p]ceptions !y are (   
c\rse purely m5tal1 & exi/5t n[h]e save 
9 ! m9d4 ,c>efully1 h[ev]1 z ,b]keley   
fanci$ he 0 pick+ 8 way1 he really _h   
tripp$1 & t fatally1 at ! second /ep4   
,he calls ! qualities ( objects s5sible 
?+s2 b s5sible !y are n accord+ to 8    
def9ition1 = !y are n capable ( be+     
imm$iately p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,x is n  
s5se :i* p]ceives1 b reason :i* inf]s   
!m4 ,! s5ses1 z ,b]keley else:]e        
repeat$ly & e>ne/ly insi/s1 receive no?+
 f objects b s5sations1 & ^! !y         
communicate to ! m9d )\t accompany+ !m  
by ! slighte/ h9t z to :5ce !y orig9ally
 came4 ,! s5ses sugge/ no?+ z to any    
qualities resid5t 9 or app]ta9+ to an   
object correspond+ ) ! s5sations d]iv$ f
 ! object4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* qualities is
 an inf]5ce ( reason :i*1 tak+ = grant$ 
t s5sations1 9 common ) all o!r         

occurr5ces1 mu/ h causes1 & obs]v+ t    
c]ta9 ( !m commonly occur 9 ! pres5ce ( 
c]ta9 objects1 & nev] occur 9 ! abs5ce (
 ^? objects1 inf]s t ! causes ( !       
s5sations mu/ exi/ 9 ! objects4 ,to !   
causes ?us inf]r$ ! "n ( qualities is   
giv51 to di/+ui% !m f ! s5sations :]e(  
!y are causes2 & ! ,b]keleian           
transgression consi/s 9 ov]look+ !      
di/9ction betwe5 ?+s s diametrically    
opposite4  ,by ! commission ( su* a s9 !
 mo/ p[]ful intellect becomes inevitably
 committ$ to fur!r enormities4 ,except  
by neglect+ to di/+ui% betwe5 sight &   
he>+1 ! effects1 & light & s\nd1 _!     
respective causes1 x w\ld surely h be5  
impossible = ,pr(essor ,huxley to come  
to ! /range conclusion t if all liv+    
be+s 7 bl9d & deaf1 'd>kness & sil5ce   
w\ld ev]y:]e reign4' ,_h he n himself   
previ\sly expla9$ t light & s\nd are    
peculi> motions communicat$ to ! vibrat+
 p>ticles ( an univ]sally diffus$ e!r1  
:i* motions1 on rea*+ ! eye or e>1      
produce impressions1 :i*1 aft] v>i\s    

modifications1 result ev5tually 9 see+  
or he>+8 ,h[ ^! motions are communicat$ 
to ! e!r matt]s n4 ,only x is           
indisp5sable to note t !y are n         
communicat$ by ! p]cipi5t own] ( ! eye  
or e>1 s t ! fact ( !re be+ no p]cipi5t 
pres5t _c possibly furni% any reason :y 
! motions %\ld n g on all ! same4 ,b z  
long z !y did g on !re w\ld necess>ily  
be light & s\nd2 = ! motions are        
!mselves light & s\nd4 ,if1 on return+  
to 8 /udy 9 :i*1 an h\r be=e1 he _h left
 a c&le burn+ & a clock tick+1 ,pr(essor
 ,huxley %\ld p]ceive f ! appe>ance (   
c&le & clock t !y _h gone on burn+ &    
tick+ dur+ 8 abs5ce1 w\ld he d\bt t !y  
_h likewise gone on produc+ ! motions   
con/itut+ & t]m$ light & s\nd1 not)/&+ t
 no eyes or e>s _h be5 pres5t to see or 
he>8 ,b if he did n d\bt ?is1 h[ c\ld he
 any m d\bt t1 al?\gh all s5ti5t        
creatures sudd5ly became eyeless &      
e>less1 ! sun might g on %9+1 & ! w9d   
ro>+1 & ! sea bell[+ z be=e8  ,ak9 to ! 
inadv]t5ce :i*1 z ,i presume to ?9k1 has

 l$ ,pr(essor ,huxley ?us to misconceive
 second>y qualities1 is an inatt5tion to
 ! diff]5ces betwe5 our ideas1 or m5tal 
pictures1 & ! orig9als :]e( ^? pictures 
are copies1 :i* seems to me s]i\sly to  
vitiate 8 reason+ ) reg>d to prim>y     
qualities4 ,) admirable p]spicuity he   
%[s#cd h[ x is t our notions ( prim>y   
qualities are =m$2 h[ ! m9d1 by localis+
 on di/9ct po9ts ( ! s5sory surface ( ! 
body its v>i\s1 tactile s5sations1      
obta9s ! idea ( ext5sion1 or space 9 two
 dim5sions1 ( figure1 numb]1 & motion3  
h[ ! p[]1 comb9$ ) consci\sness ( ! p[]1
 ( mov+ ! h& 9 all directions ov] any   
sub/ance x is 9 contact )1 adds ! idea (
 geometrical solidity1 or ( space 9 ?ree
 dim5sions3 h[ ! ideas ?us =m$ ) ! aid (
 ! s5se ( t\* are confirm$ by1 & bl5d$  
)1 o!rs d]iv$ f visual s5sations &      
muscul> movem5ts ( ! eye3 &1 f9ally1 h[ 
! idea ( me*anical solidity1 or         
imp5etrability1 arises f exp]i5ce (     
resi/ance to our muscul> ex]tions4 ,all 
^! details1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ z !y are1 are

 nev]!less q out ( place4 ,:at we are at
 pres5t conc]n$ ) is ! nature ( ! ?+s   
!mselves1 n ! nature ( our k ( !m4 ,no  
"q t ?is latt] is purely m5tal4 ,if     
figure1 motion1 & solidity 7 really1 z  
,pr(essor ,huxley says1 ea* ( !m no?+ b 
a p]ception ( ! relation ( two or m     
s5sations to "o ano!r1 no "q b t1 s9ce !
 m9d is ! sole seat ( p]ception1 !y c\ld
 exi/ n[h]e else4 ,b if all ^!          
suppositions be incorrect1 if1 z we h   
se51 !re be 9 matt] & ap>t f m9d1       
pot5tialities ( produc+ s5sations1 x    
foll[s t1 9 matt]1 & outside ( m9d1 !re 
mu/ be relations betwe5 diff]5t         
pot5tialities1 & !re mu/1 moreov]1 be   
limits to1 & !re may be *anges 91 ^?    
relations4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce !re is 9 matt] a
 pot5tiality ( imp>t+ to ! m9d ^?       
s5sations :5ce x d]ives its ideas (     
place & di/ance1 & s9ce figure is b a   
'limitation ( di/ance1' & motion b a    
'*ange ( place1' x necess>ily foll[s t  
!re is 9 matt] a pot5tiality ( convey+  
to ! m9d ^? s5sations :5ce x d]ives its 

ideas ( figure & motion4 ,& a simil>    
rem>k applies equally to solidity1 & to 
e o!r s-call$ quality ( matt]4 ,all ( !m
 are sub/antive pot5tialities ( produc+ 
9 ! m9d ^? s5sations :5ce our ideas (   
!mselves 7! qualities7 are d]iv$4 ,no   
d\bt all ^! qualities w\ld be           
inconceivable 9 ! abs5ce ( a m9d by :i* 
!y might be conceiv$1 b x is n necess>y 
t1 9 ord] to be1 !y %\ld be conceiv$4 ,9
 discussions ( any ab/rus5ess we _c be  
too precise 9 our use ( words1 & we %all
 inevitably be go+ a/ray "h if we all[  
ourselves = a mom5t to =get t a quality 
& ! conception ( t quality are n "o s+le
 ?+1 b two ?+s4 ,c x be s]i\sly suppos$ 
t if all ! consci\s creatures1 ( e      
description1 by :i* ! univ]se is peopl$1
 7 to fall tempor>ily into complete     
/upor1 ! mat]ial univ]se w\ld1 at !     
comm5cem5t ( ! trance1 be depriv$ ( its 
ext5sion1 solidity1 figure1 & all its   
o!r con/itu5t prop]ties1 recov]+ !m aga9
 z soon z its inhabitants woke up aga98 
,c x be d\bt$ t1 on ! contr>y1 all      

pot5tialities resid5t 9 its mat]ial     
composition w\ld pursue ! ev5 t5or ( _! 
way j z if no?+ _h happ5$2 p]=m+1 dur+ !
 tempor>y abs5ce ( ext]nal p]cipi5t     
m9ds1 precisely ^? op]ations :i*1 z soon
 z consci\sness return$ to ^? m9ds1 w\ld
 be foll[$ by ! p]ceptions ( sight1     
he>+1 & t\*8 ,b if s1 !n pla9ly x is    
exce$+ly d]ogatory to matt] to *>ge x ) 
su* absolute dep5d5ce on ext]nal support
 t its v be+ consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$ f    
)\t4 ,t matt] _c exi/ )\t m9d ,i        
*e]fully admit1 or r mo/ e>ne/ly affirm1
 propos+ pres5tly to expla9 9 :at s5se  
,i make ! affirmation4 ,mean:ile let x  
suffice to h asc]ta9$ t ! m5tal s]vice )
 :i* matt] _c disp5se1 :atev] else x be1
 is at any rate n1 z ! :ole ,b]keleian  
s*ool s positively insi/1 t ( m5tal     
te/imony to its exi/5ce4  ,let u pause  
"h = a mom5t to report progress4 ,we h  
se51 on ! "o h&1 t unless m9d & matt] h 
be5 et]nally coexi/5t1 m9d mu/ h prec$$ 
matt]1 & t x is idle1 !re=e1 to expect1 
by any rese>*es into matt]1 to discov]  

h[ m9d 7or life7 orig9at$4 ,we h se5 t f
 a mat]ialism :i* repres5ts m9d z 9 any 
s5se a prop]ty or product ( matt] !re is
 no possible outlet to an idealism :i*  
repres5ts matt] z ow+ its be+ to m9d4   
,to see ?is is simply to see t ! build] 
( a h\se _c possibly h be5 born 9 ! h\se
 he has himself built4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we 
h se5 t ! idealism :i* repres5ts be+ or 
exi/5ce z consi/+ ( p]ception is utt]ly 
incompatible ) mat]ialism ( any sort or 
k9d1 unless1 inde$1 ) a mat]iali/ic     
nihilism :]e9 w\ld be no room = a       
solit>y molecule1 /ill less = any       
molecul> /ructure1 & lea/ ( all = t     
motion ( molecul> /ructures into :i*    
consi/5t mat]iali/s are logically b\nd  
to attempt to resolve all natural       
ph5om5a4 ,we h1 9 %ort1 se5 t mat]ialism
 & idealism1 9 ! s5ses 9 :i* ^? t]ms are
 commonly us$1 are utt]ly incapable (   
amalgamation1 or inde$ ( ev5 be+        
h>moni\sly approximat$1 )\t be+ fir/    
depriv$ ( all ! *>act]i/ic traits :i* at
 pres5t entitle !m to _! di/+ui%+       

appellations4  ,to :i* ( ! two belongs !
 l>g] %>e ( blame = ?is implacable      
ho/ility is easily det]m9$4 ,mat]ialism1
 9 deal+ ) m5tal ph5om5a1 beg9s by sett+
 *ronology at defiance2 b betwe5        
idealism & ! ph5om5a ( matt] !re is no  
su* aborig9al incongruity4 ,f pr9ciples 
common to e =m ( idealism a !ory is     
d$ucible :i*1 :ile frankly ackn[l$g+ !  
reality ( matt]1 may1 ) p]fect          
consi/5cy1 ma9ta9 t reality to be       
m5tal--al?\gh m5tal 9 ! s5se ( be+1 n a 
p]ception by1 b a metamorphosis (1 m9d4 
,( su* a !ory ! outl9es seem to me to h 
be5 sket*$1 & ! f\ndations p>tly laid1  
by ,desc>tes1 & x _c be o!rwise ?an     
int]e/+ to inquire 9 :at mann] & h[ f> s
 consummate an artific] advanc$ 9 ! "w1 
& :]e & :]e=e he sudd5ly /opp$ %ort 9 x4
  ,:5 ,desc>tes1 aft] conv9c+ himself ( 
! holl[ pret5ti\sness ( mo/ human k1    
proce$$ to dig away ! accumulat$ drift &
 s& ( ages 9 que/ ( any clay or rock !re
 might be bel[1 ! fir/ indubitable v]ity
 he came to 0 ?\ght1 ab\t ^: reality !re

 c\ld1 z already expla9$1 be no         
possibility ( d\bt1 inasmu* z any d\bt  
conc]n+ x1 be+ itself ?\ght1 w\ld be b  
an additional pro( ( x4 ,on ! bit ( firm
 gr\nd ?us ?or\ghly te/$1 he proce$$ to 
place a =mula n less c>efully v]ifi$1 8 
fam\s ',cogito1 ergo sum'--',i ?9k1     
!re=e ,i am4' ,by _m ( 8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1
 ?is second v]ification ( 8 is deem$ to 
be by no means s satisfactory z x 0 by  
himself1 ,pr(essor ,huxley m especially 
tak+ vehem5t1 ?\gh1 z ,i make bold to   
add1 some:at gratuit\s1 exception to e  
s+le ^w ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,c>tesian   
=mul4 ,no d\bt ! premiss ( ! =mula      
assumes ! conclusion1 b x likewise      
includes z well z assumes x4 ,no d\bt1  
s9ce ',i ?9k' is b ano!r way ( say+ ',i 
am ?9k+1' to say t ',i ?9k' is to assume
 t ',i am2' nay1 ! same ?+ is equally   
assum$ by ! m]e introduction ( ! pron\n 
',i4' ,b ,desc>tes 0 fully w>rant$ 9    
tak+ = grant$ ! tru? ( 8 conclusion4 ,= 
by previ\sly %[+ inconte/ably t ?\ght & 
consci\sness are real exi/5ces1 he _h   

completely prov$ ! premiss :]e9 8       
conclusion is includ$4 ,:at ?\gh1 z     
,pr(essor ,huxley sugge/s1 '?\ght' may  
possibly 'be self-exi/5t1' 'or a giv5   
?\ght ! result ( its antec$5t ?\ght1 or 
( "s ext]nal p[]'8 ,be ?\ght :at else x 
may1 x mu/ ne$s be1 also1 ei!r an       
affection or an op]ation2 if n p]=m$1 x 
mu/ be felt2 !re mu/ ne$s be1 !re=e1    
some?+ by :i* x is ei!r p]=m$ or felt1 &
 t some?+ _c possibly be o!r ?an a ?9k+ 
& consci\s ?+4 ,z surely z ?\ght is1 s  
surely mu/ !re be a ?9k]4 ,?is is1 9    
sub/ance1 affirm$ ev5 by _m :o d5y x 9  
t]ms1 & ,hume1 9 p>ticul>1 :5 say+1 z he
 some:]e does1 t 'all we are consci\s ( 
is a s]ies ( p]ceptions1' d5ies &       
affirms x at "o & ! same "t4 ,= h[ c !re
 be p]ception )\t a p]cipi5t8 or h[     
consci\sness )\t a consci\s entity8 or  
h[ c t entity be consci\s ( feel+ )\t   
be+ simultane\sly consci\s t x is itself
 :i* feels1 )\t kn[+1 consequ5tly1 t x  
has a self1 or )\t be+ w>rant$1 if x    
possess ! gift ( spee*1 9 decl>+1 9     

words ev5 m emphatic ?an ^? ( ,desc>tes1
 ',i myself am'8 ,& h[1 if ^! que/ions d
 n admit ( reply1 c ,pr(essor ,huxley be
 w>rant$ 9 decl>+ self & non-self to be 
m]e 'hypo!ses by :i* we acc\nt = ! facts
 ( consci\sness1' & add+ t ( _! exi/5ce 
we 'nei!r h1 nor by any possibility c h'
 ! same 'unque/ionable & imm$iate       
c]ta9ty z we h ( ! /ates ( consci\sness 
:i* we consid] to be _! effects'8       
,surely ! exi/5ce ( self is "o ( ! mo/  
direct & imm$iate subjects (            
consci\sness2 yet x does n dep5d =      
evid5ce on consci\sness alone1 b is z   
unansw]ably demon/rable z t two /raight 
l9es _c enclose space or t p>allel l9es 
_c meet1 or z any o!r ma!matical        
negation4 ,no ratioc9ative d$uction c be
 m inconte/able ?an t1 s9ce ,i h ?\ghts1
 !re mu/ be an ,i to h !m4  ,:oev] ?us  
assures himself ( ! exi/5ce ( self      
obta9s simultane\sly equal assurance ( !
 exi/5ce ( non-self2 = feel+ t 8        
consci\s self is n b\ndless1 b is conf9$
 )9 limits1 he _c d\bt t beyond ^?      

limits !re mu/ be space1 &1 receiv+     
cont9ual s5sations f )\t1 he p]ceives t 
!re are1 9 ext]nal space1 pot5tialities 
( imp>t+ s5sations4 ,?us1 ,i repeat1    
,desc>tes 9 lay+ d[n ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 
8 philosophy creat$ an intellectual     
basis = ! ext]nal univ]se4 ,un=tunately1
 h[ev]1 in/ead ( proce$+ to place its   
prop] sup]/ructure on ! f\ndation ?us   
laid1 he wilfully /epp$ aside f :at he  
_h j pron\nc$ ! only firm gr\nd 9       
exi/5ce1 & und]took to raise a rival    
edifice on "p ( ! =mless void beyond4   
,deeply /ruck by ! gr& discov]ies ( 8   
illu/ri\s contempor>ies1 ,galileo &     
,h>vey1 & !nce discov]+ = himself t !   
ph5om5a ( remote/ worlds & also !       
involunt>y ph5om5a ( our own bodily     
frames take place 9 accordance ) =ces ( 
uni=m op]ation1 he leap$ sudd5ly to !   
conclusion t ^? =ces are purely         
me*anical4 ,! circulation ( ! blood1 he 
says1 'is z mu* ! necess>y result ( !   
/ructure ( ! p>ts "o c see 9 ! he>t1 & (
 ! heat :i* "o may feel !re1 & ( !      

nature ( ! blood :i* may be exp]im5tally
 asc]ta9$1 z is ! motion ( a clock !    
result ( ! =ce1 situation1 & figure (   
its :eels & ( its weight4' ,nor1 9 8    
view1 does ! he>t1 by virtue ( its      
/ructure & composition1 m]ely cause !   
blood to circulate4 ',x also g5]ates    
animal spirits1' :i*1 'asc5d+ l a v     
subtle fluid1 or v pure & vivid flame1  
into ! bra9 z into a res]voir1 pass !nce
 into ! n]ves1 :]e1 accord+ z !y m or   
less ent]1 or t5d to ent]1 !y h ! p[] ( 
alt]+ ! figures ( ! muscles into :i* !  
n]ves are ins]t$1 & ( s caus+ all !     
organs & limbs to move4' ,he puts ! case
 ?us3 ,ev5 z ! ord9>y movem5ts ( a      
wat]-clock or ( a mill are kept up by ! 
ord9>y fl[ ( ! wat]1 & ev5 z '9 !       
grottoes & f\nta9s ( royal g>d5s1 ! =ce 
:]e) ! wat] issues f its res]voirs      
suffices to move v>i\s ma*9es1 & ev5 to 
make !m play in/rum5ts or pron\nce words
 accord+ to ! diff]5t disposition ( !   
pipes :i* lead ! wat]'--ev5 s d         
pulsation1 respiration1 dige/ion1       

nutrition1 & gr[?1 & 'o!r su* actions z 
are natural & usual 9 ! body1' result   
naturally f ! usual c\rse ( ! animal    
spirits4 ,moreov]1 ev5 z intrud]s ^u !  
wat]works a=esaid unconsci\sly by _! m]e
 pres5ce cause special movem5ts to take 
place1 ev5 z1 = example1 'if !y approa* 
a ba?+ ,diana1 !y tread on c]ta9 planks 
s arrang$ z to make h] hide among !     
re$s1 &1 if !y attempt to foll[ h]1 see 
approa*+ a ,neptune :o ?reat5s ) 8      
trid5t1 or r\se "s o!r mon/] :o vomits  
wat] into _! faces'--ev5 s d ext]nal    
objects1 by _! m]e pres5ce1 act ^u !    
organs ( s5se2 ev5 s d '! reception (   
light1 s\nds1 od\rs1 flav\rs1 heat1 &   
su* l qualities 9 ! organs ( ! ext]nal  
s5ses1 ! impression ( ! ideas ( ^! 9 !  
intellect1 ! imag9ation1 & ! memory1 !  
int]nal movem5ts ( ! appetites &        
passions1 & ! ext]nal movem5ts :i* foll[
 s aptly on ! pres5tation ( objects to !
 s5ses1 or on ! resuscitation (         
impressions by ! memory1' yea1 ev5 s d  
all ^! 'functions proce$ naturally f !  

arrangem5t ( ! bodily organs1 nei!r m   
nor less ?an d ! movem5ts ( a clock or  
o!r automaton f t ( its weights & its   
:eels1 )\t ! aid ( any o!r vegetative or
 s5sitive s\l or any o!r pr9ciple (     
motion or ( life ?an ! blood & ! spirits
 agitat$ by ! fire :i* burns cont9ually 
)9 ! he>t1 & :i* diff]s 9 no wise f !   
fire exi/+ 9 inanimate bodies4'#ce  ,q  
fairly x may be urg$ t ! writ] (        
passages l ^! w\ld1 if writ+ 9 mod]n    
language1 & ) ! aid ( mod]n conceptions1
 h express$ himself mu* z ,pr(essor     
,huxley does :51 decl>+ t ! circulation 
( ! blood & ! regul> movem5ts ( !       
respiratory1 alim5t>y1 & o!r int]nal    
organs are simply 'affairs ( me*anism1  
result+ f ! /ructure & arrangem5t' ( !  
bodily organs conc]n$1 f '!             
contractility ( ^? organs1 & f !        
regulation ( t contractility by an      
automatically act+ n]v\s app>atus2' t   
muscul> contractility & ! automatic     
activity or irritability ( ! n]ves are  
'purely ! results ( molecul> me*anism2' 

& t '! modes ( motion :i* con/itute !   
physical bases ( light1 s\nd1 & heat are
 transmut$ by ! s5sory organs into      
affections ( n]v\s matt]1' :i*          
affections become 'a k9d ( physical     
ideas con/itut+ a physical memory1' &   
may be comb9$ 9 a mann] answ]+ to       
association & imag9ation1 or may give   
rise to muscul> contractions 9 ^? reflex
 actions :i* are ! me*anical            
repres5tatives ( volition4' ,q fairly   
may a doctr9e1 capable ( be+ ?us        
translat$1 be describ$ z lead+ '/raight 
to mat]ialism4' ,q ju/ly may its au?or  
be claim$ by ,huxley z jo9t pr(essor ( a
 mat]iali/ic cre$4 ,true1 ,desc>tes     
lodges )9 8 human me*anism a *ose       
p5sante or rational s\l1 ^: pr9cipal    
seat is 9 ! bra91 & :o is treat$ z      
correspond+ to a hydraulic eng9e]       
/ation$ 9 ! c5tre ( wat]works = !       
purpose ( increas+1 slack5+1 or o!rwise 
alt]+ _! movem5ts4 ,b ?is rational s\l  
is a v ne$less app5dage to ei!r !       
,c>tesian or ! ,huxleian sy/em1 :]e91 if

 its po/ be n a lit]al s9ecure1 !re is1 
at any rate1 little or no?+ = x to d :i*
 might n q z well be done )\t x4 ,!     
hydraulic eng9e]1 sitt+ 9 8 c5tral      
(fice1 has to w9d up ! :ole ma*9]y f "t 
to "t1 & to turn n[ ?is tap1 n[ t1 :5 he
 wi%es to set ?is or t p>ticul> ma*9e 9 
motion4 ,b1 z no "o ne$ be told1 our    
*ose p5sante has no?+ to d ) ! w9d+ up (
 our dige/ive1 circulatory1 or          
respiratory app>atus2 & s f> f int]nally
 arrang+ ^? o!r int]nal organs f ! m]e  
arrangem5t ( ^: p>ts1 accord+ to        
,desc>tes1 ! reception1 conv]sion1 &    
ret5tion ( s5sations1 & ! movem5ts1 :e!r
 int]nal or ext]nal1 !reupon consequ5t1 
naturally proce$1 or f regulat+ !       
molecul> me*anism1 :5ce1 accord+ to     
,pr(essor ,huxley1 results ! automatic  
n]v\s activity :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 gov]ns !
 movem5ts ( ! limbs n less absolutely   
?an ^? ( ! inte/9es1 x1 n9e times out ( 
t51 nei!r kn[s nor suspects t any su*   
organs or me*anism exi/4 ,if ! functions
 above attribut$ to ! human frame c\ld  

be %[n really to belong to x1 pure1 n to
 say crass1 mat]ialism1 w\ld require no 
fur!r pro(4 ,^? p>ticul> functions      
und\bt$ly take place )\t ! cognisance ( 
t p>ticul> s5sitive s\l :i* we call     
ourself1 s t if no o!r s5sitive s\l take
 cognisance ( !m1 !y mu/ ne$s be1 n     
simply automatic p]=mances1 b p]=mances 
( an automaton ( su* m>vell\s p[]s z to 
be q equal to ! p]=mance likewise (     
:atev] human op]ations are vulg>ly      
class$ z m5tal4 ,assume1 h[ev]          
illogically1 t motion is a function (   
matt]1 & f t premiss1 :e!r true or      
false1 ! conclusion t ?\ght likewise is 
a function ( matt] may be q logically   
d$uc$4 ',t ?\ght is z mu* a function (  
matt] z motion is' mu/ ne$s be conc$$ to
 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o1 !re=e1 if he    
c\ld %[ t motion is really su* a        
function1 w\ld be fully ju/ifi$ 9 add+1 
t '! di/9ction betwe5 _s & matt]        
vani%es1' t 'we lose _s 9 matt]4'       
,und5iably1 !n1 ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy
 "o moiety is1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1

 mat]iali/ic2 b f ! self-contradictions 
insep>able f e species ( mat]ialism !   
,c>tesian v>iety is1 ( c\rse1 no m      
exempt ?an any o!r1 & x has besides "o  
self-contradiction peculi> to itself4 ,a
 clock's p5dulum vibrates1 & its h&s    
move1 n simply by reason ( ! situation &
 figure ( its weight & :eels1 b also    
because "s intellig5t p]son1 by w9d+ up 
! clock1 has communicat$ an impulsive   
=ce to ! weight & :eels4 ,wat]works p]=m
 all sorts ( antics1 n solely because ! 
pipes are skilfully con/ruct$ & arrang$ 
) a view to su* end1 b because also an  
intellig5t eng9e] has turn$ runn+ wat]  
into ! pipes4 ,b ! only intellig5t ag5t 
to :om ,desc>tes all[s access to 8      
corporeal ma*9]y is "o :o n only has no 
notion h[ to apply a mov+ =ce except to 
"s few portions ( ! ma*9]y1 b ) reg>d to
 ! o!r portions has mo/ likely no       
suspicion t !y ev5 exi/4 ,b h[ 9 !      
abs5ce ( "s o!r intellig5ce1 ( "s o!r   
'vegetative or s5sitive s\l or pr9ciple 
( motion or ( life1' is x possible = !  

in]t & inanimate he>t to g5]ate animal  
spirits8--h[ is x possible = dea? ?us to
 give bir? to life8--or1 if ! g5]ative  
faculty be suppos$ to be ! necess>y     
result ( a p>ticul> molecul> /ructure1  
h[ is x t :5 ! animal spirits become f  
any cause ext9ct1 !y are n imm$iately   
reg5]at$ by ! same molecul> /ructure8 or
 r1 h[ is x possible = animal spirits to
 become ext9ct z long z ! molecul>      
/ructure ( :i* !y are necess>y          
concomitants rema9s unalt]$8 ,9 ^!      
que/ions ! old insup]able difficulties  
reappe> 9 new =ms1 b on ^! we ne$ n     
dwell4 ,ap>t f anti-mat]iali/ic argum5ts
 ( g5]al applicability1 !re is a mode ( 
refutation specially adapt$ to !        
,c>tesian =m ( mat]ialism1 :i*1 besides 
flatly contradict+ itself1 contradicts n
 less flatly a tw9 sy/em ( unimpea*able 
v]acity4 ,tru? _c be oppos$ to tru?3--a 
doctr9e _c be true1 ev5 ?\gh prop\nd$ by
 ,desc>tes & ,huxley1 if x conflict     
irreconcileably ) doctr9es :i* ,desc>tes
 & ,huxley h unansw]ably demon/rat$4 ,n[

 "o-half ( ,c>tesian philosophy %[s     
conclusively t amid/ ! c\ntless inf9ity 
( human notions1 ! "o s+le & solit>y    
c]ta9ty ( indep5d5t & self-evid5t       
au?ority is ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght1 & no?+   
else :atev]1 !re=e1 c be entitl$ to be  
reg>d$ z absolutely c]ta9 :i* _c be %[n 
to re/ m$iately or imm$iately ^u ?is4   
,"o ?+ :i* c1 by /ricte/ logical        
process1 be %[n s to re/1 is ! exi/5ce (
 a ?9k+ self2 & ano!r is ! exi/5ce ( a  
non-self or ext]nal univ]se2 b ( ?is    
ext]nal univ]se we "k sc>cely any?+     
beyond ! b>e fact t x exi/s4 ,we "k t   
outside ! ?9k+ self !re are             
pot5tialities capable ( someh[ or o!r   
communicat+ s5sations to ! ?9k+ self2 b 
( ! nature ( ^! pot5tialities our s5ses 
tea* u absolutely no?+1 & ! few         
p>ticul>s t reason is able to discov]1  
are1 ) "o s+le ?\gh v mom5t\s exception1
 to :i* we are rapidly approa*+1 purely 
negative4 ,we d "k to a c]ta9 ext5t :at 
qualities ( objects are n4 ,we "k t !y  
are n & _c be 9 ! lea/ l ! s5sations :i*

 we call by ! same names4 ,we "k t :at  
we call ! :it5ess & coldness ( sn[ or ! 
h>dness & weight ( m>ble1 c no m        
resemble ! feel+s we receive f look+ at 
or h&l+ sn[ or m>ble ?an ! m5tal        
exaltation produc$ )9 u on he>+ "o (    
,ba*'s fugues is l ! organ on :i*1 or ! 
organi/ by :om1 x is play$4 ,we "k t ( !
 pictures :i* our s5ses =m = u n "o c   
possibly be a correct lik5ess4 ,we "k t 
:at we fancy we see 9 matt] we d n see2 
t :at we seem to feel we d n feel2 t !  
app>5t /ructure & composition ( matt] _c
 !re=e possibly be real4 ,to ?is        
conviction we are irresi/ibly drawn by a
 *a9 ( ideali/ic reason+ ( :i* ,desc>tes
 =g$ ! fir/ l9k1 & e l9k ( :i* w /& !   
sev]e/ /ra94 ,b if ?is be ! tea*+ ( an  
idealism occupy+ z its base ! only      
morsel ( solid gr\nd to be f\nd 9 !     
m5tal univ]se1 :at scrap ( foot+ is !re 
left = an antagoni/ic mat]ialism        
purport+ to re/ on :at we c see & feel (
 a /ructure & composition :i*1 z we h j 
satisfi$ ourselves1 we _c see or feel at

 all8  ,z pla9ly !n z "o half (         
,desc>tes' philosophy is mat]iali/ic1 s 
pla9ly1 t half1 in/ead ( a necess>y     
outgr[? & exact correlative ( ! o!r or  
ideali/ic moiety is1 on ! contr>y1 !    
latt]'s diametrical & implacable        
oppon5t4 ,z pla9ly1 !re=e1 z ! "o is    
true1 mu/ ! o!r be false1 & ,c>tesian   
idealism1 9 s f> z its "* has be5       
exhibit$ above1 has1 ,i submit1 be5     
demon/rat$ to be true4 ,! great] ! pity 
t x 0 n br\ght to maturity by its au?or4
 ,9 enum]at+ its fir/ pr9ciples1        
,desc>tes1 z ,i mu/ once aga9 obs]ve1 0 
=m+ a logical basis :]eon a compreh5sive
 & consi/5t conception ( an ext]nal     
univ]se might =?) h be5 securely        
deposit$1 _h he n unluckily1 in/ead (   
himself proce$+ to build on 8 own       
f\ndations1 ) congru\s mat]ials1 left !m
 free = o!rs to build ^u ) gold1 silv]1 
preci\s /ones1 wood1 hay1 or /ubble1 z  
*ance might det]m9e4 ,may ,i1 )\t       
presumption1 haz>d a conjecture z to !  
sort ( fabric t might h aris51 if he _h 

/eadily prosecut$ 8 orig9al design8  ,at
 ! /age :i* we are suppos+ him to h     
rea*$1 v little rema9$ to complete ! "w4
 ,ar\nd man1 ar\nd e individual man1 or 
o!r consci\s intellig5ce1 z its c5tre1  
is rang$ inf9itely ext5d$ space1 fill$  
)1 or1 z x 71 compos$ ( v>i\s k9ds (    
matt]1 e k9d & e sep>ate portion ( :i*  
is end[$ ) special qualities capable (  
communicat+ correspond+ s5sations to !  
c5tral intellig5ce4 ,s f> all t c be    
pr$icat$ ( any mat]ial object or portion
 ( matt] is t x is a collection (       
qualities2 b f h5ce we may advance      
boldly to ! fur!r negative discov]y t x 
is no?+ else2 t !re is n & _c be1 9     
addition to ^? qualities1 any sub/ance 9
 or to :i* ! qualities inh]e1 or are 9  
any way atta*$4  ,! abs5ce f matt] ( any
 su* sub/ance is evid5c$ by ! absurdity 
involv$ 9 ! idea ( its pres5ce4 ,suppose
 ! sub/ance to exi/3 ! qualities inh]5t 
9 x mu/ ne$s be z completely di/9ct f   
itself z p9s are f a p9cu%ion2 !        
ext5sion & solidity ( an ext5d$1 solid  

sub/ance c no m be id5tical ) ! sub/ance
 ?an ! nom9ative is id5tical ) ! g5itive
 case4 ,! sub/ance1 !re=e1 al?\gh       
depriv$ ( all its qualities w /ill reta9
 its ess5ce unimpair$1 w /ill be equally
 a sub/ance1 j z a p9cu%ion cont9ues    
equally a p9cu%ion aft] its la/ p9 has  
be5 ab/ract$4 ,conceive1 !n1 all !      
qualities ( matt] to be ab/ract$1 &     
consid] :at rema9s--a sub/ance )\t      
qualities ( any sort4 ,b a sub/ance     
nei!r solid1 nor fluid1 nor yet gase\s2 
nei!r col\r$ nor col\rless2 nei!r s+ul> 
nor plural2 )\t =m & void1 )\t ev5      
ext5sion--:at is x8 n some?+1 b no?+2 a 
non5tity or non-exi/5ce4 ,! qualities ( 
matt] 9 be+ remov$ f ! sub/ance h !re=e 
left no?+ beh9d1 &1 consequ5tly1 al?\gh 
c>ry+ ) !m no?+ b !mselves1 h yet c>ri$ 
) !m all ! con/itu5ts ( matt]1 :i* is   
?us se5 to be compos$ exclusively (     
qualities )\t a s+le p>ticle ( =eign    
admixture4 ,& s9ce1 moreov]1 ! qualities
 ( matt] are cle>ly n !mselves          
sub/ances1 t is to say d n !mselves /&  

"u or uphold any?+1 x foll[s t _!       
comp\nd1 matt]1 mu/ likewise be purely  
unsub/antial4  ,! edifice begun by      
,desc>tes has n[ be5 rais$ high & /rong 
en\gh to h its lay] ( negations cr[n$ ) 
an affirmation ( pre-em95t importance4  
,! qualities ( matt]1 be+ kn[n only by  
_! effects1 are evid5tly causes3 &1 be+ 
causes1 mu/ necess>ily be ei!r !mselves 
=ces1 or1 at ! lea/1 manife/ations (    
=ce2 & inasmu* z =ce involves ex]tion1 x
 _c be in]t2 & inasmu* z deadness mu/ be
 incapable ( ex]tion1 all =ce mu/ be    
alive2 & life )\t sub/ance _c be        
conceiv$ o!rwise ?an z "s species ( _s  
or m9d4 ,su* !re=e mu/ be matt]4 ,matt] 
c be no?+ else ?an pure _s ( "s k9d4  ,&
 may we n ) good reason congratulate    
ourselves on ?is result ( our           
inve/igations8 ,in/ead ( ! vision we 7  
?reat5$ )1 ( m9d los+ itself 9 matt]1   
our eyes are gladd5$ ) t ( ! conv]se    
op]ation1 ( ! transmutation ( matt] into
 m9d4 ,& on no acc\nt is ?is            
metamorphosis to be mi/ak5 =            

annihilation ( matt]1 ^: /olid grossness
 has vani%$1 n 9 ord] to give place to  
empty nom9alism or to a ?9 mi/ ( m]e    
m5tal p]ceptions exi/+ only 9 virtue (  
be+ p]ceiv$1 b 9 ord] to reappe>        
glori\sly e!realis$ into liv+ en]gy4 ,by
 ! *ange t has tak5 place1 corruption   
has put on incorruption2 ! natural body 
has become a quick5+ _s2 dea? is swall[$
 up 9 victory4 ,matt] reappe>s conv]t$1 
n into a p]ception ( p]cipi5t m9d1 b    
into p]cipi5t m9d itself2 yet al?\gh ?us
 presumably p]cipi5t ( its own exi/5ce1 
x n ! less has an exi/5ce p]fectly      
indep5d5t ( p]ception1 ei!r by itself or
 by any o!r intellig5ce4  ,"u :at head !
 m9d1 or comb9ation ( liv+ =ces1 ?us    
con/itut+ all matt]1 ought to be class$1
 is a "q1 :i* ! imp]fection ( human     
faculties may z well be cont5t to leave 
unansw]$1 ?\gh to its be+ suppos$ to    
emanate directly f ! m9d ( ,omnipres5t  
,deity1 "o insup]able objection may be  
m5tion$1 :i* %\ld be kept /eadily 9     
view4 ,!re are few ( u :o w n %r9k )    

horror f a notion1 accord+ to :i* man1  
:5ev] do+ z he pleases ) any mat]ial    
object1 apply+ x1 z likely z n1 to "s   
base or crim9al purpose1 is dispos+ at 8
 pleasure ( a portion ( ! ,div9e ess5ce3
 few :o w n greatly pref] to believe t !
 vital pr9ciple :i* manife/s itself 9 ! 
=m ( a dunghill or ( a poison$ dagg]1   
may be1 = ! "t1 z completely            
individualis$ & sep>ate f all o!r life  
or m9d1 z e human be+ p]ceives 8 own    
consci\s m9d or self to be4 ,at all     
ev5ts1 we h n[ rea*$ a po9t beyond :i* x
 w\ld be ra% to ru% ha/ily on4 ,= a :ile
 we may be well cont5t to re/ :]e we    
are4 ,t matt] is no?+ else b a peculi>  
manife/ation1 or avat>1 ( "s species (  
m9d1 :atev] t species be1 is a          
proposition z demon/rably true z its    
conv]se is demon/rably false4 ,unless x 
be possible = dea? to give bir? to life1
 x is impossible = liv+ m9d to be !     
(fspr+ ( inanimate matt]2 b s surely z  
m9d is m9d1 & t liv+ =ce alone c act    
ei!r on m9d or aught else1 s surely mu/ 

all matt] t imp>ts s5sation to m9d1 be  
itself a species ( liv+ =ce &           
consequ5tly a species ( m9d4  ,an       
unexpect$ conclusion ?is1 & widely      
diff]5t1 ,i confess1 f t to :i* ,i 0    
myself look+ =w>d at ! outset ( !       
discussion2 yet1 at ! same "t1 "o ( :i* 
!re is ! be/ possible pro( 9 !          
impossibility ( conceiv+ its contr>y4 ,x
 is besides a conclusion to :i* n only  
ought ,desc>tes 9 consi/5cy to h come1 b
 at :i* bo? ,locke & ,b]keley1 ?\gh     
advanc+ f opposite po9ts ( ! compass1   
did v ne>ly arrive2 nay1 :i* ! latt] did
 almo/ t\*1 & mu/ app>5tly h grasp$1 _h 
n 8 h&s be5 already full ( o!r ?+s4 ,x  
is1 moreov]1 "o f :i* ,i d n appreh5d t 
,pr(essor ,huxley himself w s]i\sly     
diss5t4 ,inde$1 ,i almo/ hope t he may  
object *iefly to its hav+ be5 mov$ by me
 z an am5dm5t on 8 orig9al motion1 & t  
he may be dispos$ to claim x = himself z
 a portion ( g5u9e ,huxleyism4 ,if s1 ,i
 %all readily recognise ! claim s f> z  
to admit t ?+s v simil> to _m ( ^? said 

by me above _h already be5 said by      
,pr(essor ,huxley2 ?\gh1 9 ju/ice to    
myself1 ,i mu/ add t _! complete        
opposites _h likewise be5 said by him4  
,b ! (fice :i* ,i "h propos$ to myself 0
 ma9ly t ( an eclectic1 :o1 go+ ov] a   
field :i* ano!r husb&man has till$1     
sep>ates ! :eat f ! t>es1 & b9ds up !   
=m] into %apely & easily portable       
%eaves2 & no m satisfactory assurance c 
be giv5 ( my hav+ be5 usefully employ$ 9
 su* subord9ate capacity ?an t ,pr(essor
 ,huxley1 :o1 among/ all 8 num]\s       
admir]s1 has n "o s9c]] ?an myself1 %\ld
 welcome me z a coadjutor1 in/ead (     
repell+ me z an antagoni/4  ,,footnotes3
  #cb ,ar*imde1 p\r tir] le globe       
t]re/re de sa place et le transport] en 
un autre lieu1 ne dem&ait ri5 qu'un po9t
 qui ft f]me et immobile3 a9si j'aurai  
droit de concevoir de hautes esprances  
si je suis assez heureux p\r tr\v]      
seulem5t une *ose qui soit c]ta9e et    
indubitable4--,desc>tes1 ,mditation     
,deuxime4  #cc ,lay ,s]mons1 xiv4 ',on  

,desc>tes' ,disc\rse2' also an article  
by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 on ',b]keley & !  
,metaphysics ( ,s5sation1' 9            
',macmillan's ,magaz9e' = ,june1 #ahga4 
#cd ,article on ',b]keley & !           
,metaphysics ( ,s5sation1' 9            
',macmillan's ,magaz9e' = #ahga1 pp4    
#aeb et seq4  #ce ,! quotations1 ( :i*  
^? 9 ! text are abridgm5ts1 w be f\nd 9 
',lay ,s]mons1' xiv4 pp4 #cfd-g4        
,,*apt] ,v4  ,,rec5t ,,phases ,,(       
,,sci5tific ,,a!ism4       ',wond] is ! 
basis ( wor%ip4 ,t progress ( sci5ce :i*
 is      to de/roy wond]1 & 9 its /ead  
sub/itute m5suration &      num]ation1  
f9ds small fav\r ) ,teufelsdrckh1 mu* z 
he      o!rwise v5]ates ^? two latt]    
processes4'--,s>tor      ,res>tus4   ,i4
  ,by ! tra9 ( ?\ght pursu$ 9 ! la/     
*apt]1 we 7 l$ to ! conclusion1 n1      
inde$1 t matt] has no exi/5ce1 b t its  
nature or con/itution is altoge!r       
diff]5t f :at is commonly suppos$4 ,!   
diff]5ce ?us discov]$ does n1 h[ev]1    
imply any correspond+ diff]5ce ) respect

 to ! prop]ties--s5sible prop]ties1 z !y
 are commonly call$--:]eby matt] affects
 ! s5ses4 ,equally1 :e!r matt] be1 9 all
 & ea* ( its v>i\s species1 inanimate1  
in]t1 passive sub/ance1 or a comb9ation 
( self-act+ =ces--equally :e!r x be !   
au?or or m]ely ! subject ( :atev]       
activity x manife/s1 t activity is      
equally manife/$ 9 c]ta9 sequ5ces :i*   
are z unv>y+ z if !y 7 prescrib$ by     
inexorable & irresi/ible laws1 & :i*1   
inde$1 by a conv5i5t1 ?\gh exce$+ly     
trea*]\s metaphor1 are usually /yl$     
laws--laws ( ,nature :5 spok5 (         
collectively1 laws ( attraction1        
repulsion1 gravitation1 motion1 heat1   
light1 & ! l1 :5 sep>ately ref]r$ to4   
,:i!rsoev] we turn our eyes1 h[ev]      
closely we pry1 into :atev] dep?s (     
inf9ity we pe]1 we obs]ve ! mo/ p]fect  
h>mony betwe5 /ructure & law1 law m\ld+ 
/ructure & /ructure utilis+ law4 ,af> (f
 we descry sy/ems ^u sy/ems1 sol> &     
sid]eal1 l s& ^u ! sea-%ore = multitude1
 & e individual orb !re( rotat+ or      

revolv+ 9 /ricte/ accordance )          
inflexible ma!matical pr9ciples1 &      
evid5tly ow+ to ! previ\s influ5ce ( ^? 
same pr9ciples its *>act]i/ic           
configuration4 ,ne> at h& we disc]n     
organic =ms innum]able1 ea* ) its own   
special arrangem5t ( compon5t p>ts      
admirably apt = ! p]=mance 9 ord9>y     
circum/ances ( special functions1       
admirably1 z circum/ances *ange1        
accommodat+ itself by correspond+ *anges
 = cont9u+ ! same or und]tak+ o!r &     
equally appropriate functions1 nor m]ely
 p]=m+ !m all 9 despite ( ! re/ra9ts    
impos$ by law1 b avail+ itself ( ^? v   
re/ra9ts z means & aids = _! p]=mance4  
,:]e s mu* aptness is1 adaptation surely
 mu/ h be53 :]e arrangem5t is s pla9ly  
conducive to ends1 ! ends mu/ surely h  
be5 =ese51 & ! arrangem5t effect$ by    
design & accord+ to preconceiv$ plan4 ,&
 !re _c h be5 design )\t a design] or   
design]s3 ! plan _c b h _h its au?or or 
au?ors3 nor c\ld ! plan h be5 execut$   
)\t an artific] or artific]s4 ,au?or or 

au?ors1 too1 artific] or artific]s1 be !
 same s+ul> or plural1 mu/ h possess$1  
individually or collectively1 n less (  
wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness ?an are display$
 by ! f9i%$ "w4 ,n[ ( ea* ( ^!          
attributes1 ! am\nt to :i* ! aspect ( ! 
univ]se be>s witness1 albeit n inf9ite1 
inasmu* z ! univ]se is n )\t            
imp]fections1 is yet indef9ite2 z pla9ly
 )\t measure z ! univ]se is )\t b\nds4  
,:]e=e1 n only mu/ ! univ]se h _h an    
au?or or au?ors1 an artific] or         
artific]s1 b 8 or _! wisdom1 p[]1 &     
goodness1 mu/1 :e!r inf9ite or n1 h be5 
at lea/ illimitable4  ,su* is ! argum5t 
f design1 & su*1 to my ?9k+1 ! only     
absolute c]ta9ties legitimately d$ucible
 f x2 & al?\gh ^!1 9 comp>ison ) !      
num]\s probabilities ord9>ily associat$ 
) !m1 may appe> some:at meagre1 yet are 
!y intr9sically ( exce$+ mom5t4 ,!y     
con/itute ! only basis on :i* any       
rational religion1 any t appeals to !   
intellect z well z to ! feel+s1 c re/   
securely4 ,:oev] accepts !m1 by :atev]  

o!r "n he pref] to call himself1 is     
ess5tially a !i/4 ,he only :o d5ies or  
ignores !m c ju/ly be /igmatis$ z an    
a!i/4 ,yet1 al?\gh an inquiry into _!   
s\ndness is ?us pla9ly second 9 int]e/  
to none1 x is n t 9 :i* ,i propose to   
engage at pres5t1 unless indirectly4 ,my
 imm$iate conc]n is n ) ! /r5g? ( !ism1 
b ) ! weakness ( a!ism1 & ! holl[ness ( 
! latt]'s dialectical pret5sions4 ,:at 9
 e =m ( piety is mo/ provocative (      
philosophic scorn1 is its =w>dness (    
fai?1 its eag]ness ( acquiesc5ce2 b to  
?is sort ( reproa* ,i expect to be able 
to %[ t none are m obnoxi\s ?an ^? v    
philosoph]s by :om x is mo/ freely ca/4 
,t no?+ is m unphilosophical ?an        
uncompromis+ irreligion1 no?+ m cr$ul\s 
?an its cr$ulity1 no o!r beliefs m      
mon/r\s ?an ^? by :i* x /rives to fill  
up ! void creat$ by its own unbelief3   
?is is my pres5t !sis1 & ?is ,i prop\nd1
 n unaw>e :at =midable antagoni/s ,i am 
!reby *all5g+1 b n )\t some?+ ( ! same  
confid5ce1 & some?+ )al ( ! same gr\nd =

 x1 z ,david _h :51 9 equal /rait1      
exclaim+1 ',! ,"l is on my side2 ,i w n 
fe>2 :at c man d unto me8'  ,let u at ! 
outset consid] :at d5ial ( plan 9 !     
/ructure ( ! univ]se implies1 & note1   
among o!r ?+s signifi$1 ! foll[+4 ,!    
exact con=mity on matt]'s "p to         
,nature's laws1 ev]y:]e obs]vable1 & ev5
 m /rik+ p]haps 9 m9ute details ?an 9   
gr&iose g5]alities1 is purely accid5tal4
 ,! laws 7 n enact$ 9 ord] to be obey$2 
matt]'s v>i\s %apes 7 n giv5 to or      
assum$ by x 9 ord] t its ob$i5ce might  
s]ve any p>ticul> purpose4 ,all         
appe>ances ( +5i\s contrivance 9 !      
collocation ( elem5t>y p>ticles1 or 9 ! 
co-op]ation ( elem5t>y =ces1 are m]e    
appe>ances4 ,x 0 n design$ t "u !       
influ5ce ( ! laws ( motion1 *aos %\ld   
resolve itself into sy/ems1 & "t divide 
itself into ye>s & seasons & days &     
nights4 ,x is q un9t5tionally t !       
c\ntless v>ieties ( me*anism app]ta9+ to
 diff]5t vegetable & animal fabrics h   
be5 r5d]$ fit = p]=m+ ^? special        

processes :i*1 by reason 9 ea* case ( "s
 special arrangem5t ( p>ts1 !y actually 
d p]=m ) su* m>vell\s precision4 ,x is a
 total mi/ake to suppose t ! eye 0 meant
 = see+1 or ! e> = he>+1 or ! he>t =    
initiat+ & regulat+ ! circulation ( !   
blood1 or n]v\s ramifications = receiv+ 
& dissem9at+ s5sible impressions4 ,^!   
v>i\s organs h be5 discov]$ to be       
useful1 & are us$ accord+ly2 b !y 7 n   
int5d$ to be s us$1 or contriv$ ) any   
su* view1 or1 inde$1 contriv$ at all4 ,!
 =ces1 :atev] !y be1 & :e!r id5tical )  
or totally di/9ct f itself1 :]eby matt]1
 on "o supposition1 acts1 &1 on ! o!r1  
is act$ ^u1 & by ^: op]ation ! univ]se &
 all its cont5ts h be5 fa%ion$ & are    
su/a9$1 are 9 ei!r case p]fectly he$less
 & reckless =ces1 op]at+ always )\t !   
slighte/ ref]5ce to result4  ,language l
 ?is 0 mu* 9 vogue among ! ,fr5*        
encyclopdi/s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,by oppos+ 
x1 ev5 ,voltaire incurr$ ! reputation ( 
bigotry1 & ,hume probably _h to li/5 to 
a good deal ( x on t memorable occasion 

:51 d9+ ) ,b>on ,d',holba*1 & intimat+  
to 8 ho/ 8 disbelief 9 ! exi/5ce (      
a!i/s1 he 0 in=m$ by way ( reply t he 0 
actually at table ) sev5te5 memb]s ( !  
sect4#cf ,t 9 ,engl&1 too1 x 0 a good   
deal talk$ at ab\t ! same & a some:at   
lat] p]iod1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t    
aga9/ its tea*+ "o ( ,paley's mo/       
celebrat$ treatises 0 expressly direct$4
 ,doctr9e :i* 0 once s fa%ionable1 & :i*
 ev5 n[ _c be said to be obsolete1 0 n1 
( c\rse1 )\t "s %[ ( reason to support  
x1 & some:at 9 ?is wise ! *ief argum5ts 
9 its behalf 7 usually m>%all$3--,9 ord]
 to acc\nt = actual result1 !re is no   
ne$ to imag9e previ\s purpose4 ,all ?+s 
t exi/1 all ev5ts t occur1 mu/ be> to   
ea* o!r "s relations 9 situation & "t1  
:i* relations are n less likely to be   
ord]ly ?an disord]ly1 or1 r1 inde$1 are 
m likely to be ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,=    
necess>ily ! r>] rises above ! d5s]2 !  
/rong] compels ! weak]2 t :i* is pu%$   
h>de/ runs fa/e/4 ,& ev5 ?\gh1 among    
organic =ms1 ord]ly & disord]ly _h be51 

by ! purely =tuit\s concurr5ce ( atoms1 
orig9ally produc$ 9 equal numb]s1 ! =m] 
w\ld be sure 9 ! c\rse ( ages to become 
! m num]\s1 & t 9 proportion to !       
ord]l9ess ( _! composition1 & to _!     
consequ5t suitabl5ess = ! reception &   
ma9t5ance ( organic life1 by :i* !y 9   
turn w\ld be ma9ta9$ & multipli$1 :ile  
less aptly organis$ =ms1 succumb+ 9 !   
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 p]i%$ & vani%$ away4 
,?us ev]y?+ arranges itself--ev]y?+1    
h[ev]1 be+ "h ano!r "n = ,nature1 :i*   
alone does or c exi/1 :i* is all & does 
all2 yet1 ?\gh do+ all ?+s 9 g5]al1 does
 :atev] x does q un9tellig5tly1 & )\t ! 
lea/ desire ( do+ any "o ?+ 9 p>ticul> m
 ?an ano!r4  ,?\gh speak+ ( ?is z a %[ (
 reason+1 ,i w\ld by no means be        
und]/ood to consid] x z m]ely a %[4 ,on 
! contr>y1 ,i mu/ admit t x conta9s a   
modicum ( reality suffici5t1 9 my       
op9ion1 to secure ! position tak5 up f  
be+ utt]ly ov]?r[n by any direct attack 
n foll[$ up by ref]5ce to a c]ta9       
palpable absurdity :i* we %all pres5tly 

p]ceive to be insep>ably connect$ ) !   
position4 ,to s mu* ( real reason+ z we 
h be=e u1 let !n all due respect be %[n4
 ,no d\bt all exi/5ces mu/ necess>ily   
dispose !mselves or be dispos$ someh[4  
,no d\bt all occurr5ces mu/ succe$ ea*  
o!r someh[4 ,no d\bt1 ei!r1 t if !      
dispos+ or o!rwise orig9at+ =ces op]at$ 
q reg>dlessly ( plan1 no "o disposition 
or succession w\ld be a :it less        
possible ?an any o!r--! mo/ symmetric or
 ev5ly graduat$ ?an ! mo/ disjo9t$ or   
confus$4 ,n[ al?\gh1 s9ce ex]tion is    
utt]ly inconceivable )\t volition1 &    
s9ce volition is equally inconceivable  
)\t consci\sness1 x mu/ be impossible = 
any =ces ev] to ex]t !mselves altoge!r  
un9t5tionally1 x is yet p]fectly        
possible = _! ex]tion to h no ult]ior   
int5tion beyond t ( gratify+ an         
unprospective w4 ,?is is all t "o       
fidgett+ ab\t1 z ! phrase is1 int5ds1 :5
 he has no special motive = fidgett+ 9  
any p>ticul> direction m ?an 9 any o!r1 
& simil>ly x may by possibility be ! m]e

 fidgett9ess ( ,nature t gives rise to  
all natural ph5om5a4 ,nature1 inde$1 _c1
 any m ?an any o!r =ce or comb9ation (  
=ces1 be utt]ly de/itute ( intellig5ce1 
b its intellig5ce may n inconceivably be
 ( no high] sort ?an t :i* ! s5sitive   
plant exhibits or mimics4 ,nature _c    
ex]t itself q unconsci\sly1 nor         
consequ5tly q un9t5tionally1 b its      
ex]tions1 ?\gh n un9t5d$1 may possibly n
 be int5d$ = any result4 ,x mu/ be      
admitt$1 !n1 t1 s f>1 no reason has     
appe>$ :y ! =ce or =ces by :i* ! univ]se
 0 orig9ally m\ld$1 may n1 z cont5d$1 h 
be5 p]fectly he$less & reckless2 may n1 
)\t ! lea/ prem$itation or ! slighte/   
view to any ult]ior object1 h produc$   
c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 ^? p>ticul> sequ5ces to 
:i* ! "n ( natural laws has be5 giv52 & 
may n1 ) ! same total abs5ce ( purpose1 
h adopt$ c]ta9 o!r c\rses ( action :i*1 
v =tunately1 ?\gh q undesign$ly1 h      
result$ 9 ! production ( endless        
v>ieties ( me*anism1 mo/ ( !m (         
m>vell\sly intricate & complex /ructure1

 & all & ea* ( !m ( /ructure m>vell\sly 
suitable = p]=m+1 9 co-op]ation )       
,nature's laws1 functions ( an utility z
 v>i$ z _! /ructure4 ,& :at any =ces h  
be5 equal to d once1 ^? same =ces1 if   
rema9+ unimpair$1 mu/ be equal to repeat
 times )\t numb]4 ,al?\gh1 if y f\nd y\r
 oppon5t at dice inv>iably ?r[+         
d\ble-sixes1 y might feel confid5t t 8  
dice 7 load$1 y\r confid5ce1 unless     
o!rwise corroborat$1 w\ld n am\nt to    
entire c]ta9ty4 ,) unload$ dice !re w\ld
 be no?+ /range 9 d\ble-six be+ ?r[n    
once2 b1 if once1 :y n twice runn+8 & if
 twice1 :y n ?ree1 f\r1 or a million    
times runn+1 provid$ t ! ?r[]'s /r5g?   
held out s long8 ,no "o ( ! sep>ate     
?r[s1 f ! fir/ to ! million?1 w\ld be   
att5d$ ) m difficulty ?an any o!r4      
,:oev] made ! fir/ might ) no great]    
ef=t make any "o1 & !re=e e "o1 ( ! re/4
 ,9 ! fact ( 8 hav+ comm5c$ ! s]ies !re 
w\ld be pro( ( ! possibility ( 8        
complet+ x4 ,9 l mann]1 if x be n       
inconceivable t ,nature's =ces may once1

 by a s+le unprem$itat$ ex]tion1 h be/[$
 on ! univ]se its actual con/itution1 x 
is n inconceivable t by cont9ual        
repetition ( simil>ly unprem$itat$      
ex]tions1 !y may h ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ t   
con/itution4 ,9 ?is supposition !re is  
no?+ pat5tly absurd4 ,x is p]fectly     
legitimate to suppose t any ev5t or     
comb9ation ( ev5ts1 n demon/rably       
impossible1 may h occurr$ 9 ! abs5ce (  
complete c]ta9ty t !y h n occurr$4 ,x   
may n be illegitimate1 !re=e1 to suppose
 t all ph5om5a ( ! description t]m$     
physical1 & all repeat$ sequ5ces ( su*  
ph5om5a1 may h occurr$1 n causally1 b   
casually--t x may h be5 a =tuit\s       
conc\rse ( atoms :i* orig9ally e/abli%$ 
! exi/+ economy ( ! univ]se1 & an       
un9t]rupt$ succession ( simil> =tuit\s  
conc\rses t has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ t      
economy4 ,t supposition1 ,i repeat1     
involves no absolute absurdity4 ,:at    
h[ev] is1 if n absurd1 at any rate      
egregi\sly unsci5tific & mo/            
unphilosophically cr$ul\s1 is to treat !

 supposition z a c]ta9ty1 not)/&+ t !   
*ances aga9/ its repres5t+ real facts   
are z inf9ity to inf9itesimality2 = n   
less is ! prepond]ance ( improbability t
 ! laws ( nature 7 n int5tionally       
prescrib$1 & t ! wondr\sly complex &    
wondr\sly useful h>mony t has be5       
e/abli%$ betwe5 organic /ructure &      
natural law 0 n design$ly e/abli%$4 ,9  
consid]+ ?is po9t1 x w be conv5i5t to   
take law fir/4  ,inasmu* z1 on !        
assumption t all ph5om5a ( inorganic    
matt] are effects1 purely unprem$itat$1 
( ,nature's caprici\s re/lessness1 !re  
w\ld ( c\rse be no m reason :y any "o   
su* ph5om5on ?an any o!r %\ld n at any  
"t occur1 !re w\ld equally ( c\rse on ! 
same assumption1 be no m reason :y x    
%\ld4 ,an inf9ity ( ph5om5a be+ at all  
times equally possible1 ! *ances aga9/  
any "o be+1 on any occasion1 pref]r$ to 
all ! re/1 w\ld be inf9ity less "o4     
,aga9/ any p>ticul> sequ5ce ( ph5om5a !y
 w\ld be z inf9ity less "o multipli$ by 
! numb] ( ph5om5a compos+ ! sequ5ce1 &  

aga9/ "o or m repetitions ( ! same      
sequ5ce !y w\ld be ! same multiple (    
virtual inf9ity multipli$ by ! numb] (  
repetitions4 ,aga9/ p]petual repetition1
 !y w\ld1 z x 71 be virtual inf9ity     
multipli$ by inf9ity4 ,on ! assumption  
/at$1 an apple loos5$ f ! p>5t /em1     
might q possibly fall to ! gr\nd1 b q z 
possibly might rema9 susp5d$ 9 mid air1 
or rise /raight upw>ds1 or take any "o (
 ! innum]able directions int]v5+ betwe5 
z5i? & nadir1 travell+ too1 unless      
int]rupt$1 9 ! direction select$ = any  
p]iod1 f a s+le mom5t to endless ages4  
,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 tea*es t an apple or  
any o!r body ( great] specific gravity  
?an air1 does inv>iably1 :5 depriv$ (   
support1 fall /raight d[nw>d1 su* d[nw>d
 movem5t be+ "p ( "o ( ^? sequ5ces (    
ph5om5a :i* are class$ "u ! head (      
gravitation4 ,n[1 to ass]t t ?is1 or any
 o!r1 & consequ5tly e o!r1 specim5 (    
gravitation1 _c possibly h be5          
unprem$itat$ w\ld no d\bt be            
unw>rantable4 ,no d\bt !re is "o        

solit>y1 "o inf9itesimal *ance t ! =ce  
^: action results 9 gravitation may1 :5 
produc+ t result1 be act+ ) z little    
*oice ( direction z a fidgetty man makes
 :5 mov+ 8 arms or legs ab\t = no bett] 
reason ?an t he w n take ! tr\ble to    
keep !m quiet4 ,only1 z on ! supposition
 t ! =ce did n select its c\rse1 !      
*ances aga9/ its always tak+ ! same     
c\rse w\ld be inf9ity less "o           
indef9itely multipli$1 ! probability t x
 does select mu/ ne$s be ! same         
indef9ite multiple ( virtual inf9ity4 ,n
 less ?an ?is is ! prepond]ance (       
probability t ! inv>iably recurr5t      
sequ5ces ( ph5om5a :i* we are 9 ! habit 
( ref]r+ to gravitation1 are prem$itat$1
 & t ! law ( gravitation has1 s to      
speak1 be5 witt+ly orda9$4 ,& 9 ?is     
respect all inv>iable sequ5ces (        
ph5om5a1 o!rwise t]m$ laws ( nature1 /& 
pla9ly 9 ! same category4 ,"o solit>y & 
inf9itesimal unit is ! sole d$uction to 
be made f :at w\ld o!rwise be inf9ite   
c]ta9ty1 t ! assumption we />t$ ) is    

false1 & t all inv>iable sequ5ces are   
prem$itat$1 all ! laws ( nature enact$  
by a law-giv] :o int5d$ :at he 0 enact+4
  ,int5tion1 h[ev]1 is n q ! same ?+ z  
design4 ,x is possible = action to be at
 once int5tional & purposeless4 ,if a   
man1 tak+ regul>ly a con/itutional walk1
 is obs]v$ always to take ! same road1 &
 to /op exactly at ! same po9t1 !re c be
 no reasonable d\bt z to 8 int5tion to  
walk j s f> & no f>!r2 b x does n foll[ 
t he has any object 9 walk+ :i* he      
supposes w\ld n be equally s]v$ by 8    
walk+ a few paces m or less4 ,simil>ly  
:atev] be ! c]ta9ty t ! laws ( nature h 
be5 int5tionally e/abli%$1 !re is 9 t   
c]ta9ty no pro( ( _! hav+ be5 e/abli%$ =
 any purpose beyond t ( gratify+ "s :im 
or hum\r ( ! lawgiv]4 ,= indications (  
design 9 ! univ]se we mu/ look r to     
organic ?an to inorganic nature1 r to   
/ructure ?an to law4 ,we %all f9d apply+
 to ! =m] ! same reason+ z to ! latt]1 &
 likewise "s m besides4  ,inasmu* z1 ( !
 innum]able comb9ations ( :i* ! elem5ts 

or elem5t>y =ces are susceptible1 ea* & 
e "o1 9 ! abs5ce ( any pref]5ce = "o ov]
 ano!r on ! "p ( ! volition on :i* !    
occurr5ce ( all dep5ds1 w\ld h equal    
*ances ( occurr+1 ! *ances aga9/ !      
occurr5ce at any p>ticul> "t ( any      
p>ticul> comb9ation w\ld be z ! numb]1  
or r z ! innum]osity1 ( all ! re/ to "o4
 ,su*1 9 ! abs5ce ( any int5tional      
action on ,nature's "p1 w\ld be ! odds  
aga9/ any "o s+le occurr5ce ( any "o    
elem5tal comb9ation4 ,aga9/ ! p]petual  
repetition ( ! same comb9ation ! odds   
w\ld be ! same innum]osity innum]able   
times multipli$4 ,nev]!less !re actually
 is ev]la/+ly recurr+1 n simply "o s+le 
specim51 b an innum]able multitude ( !  
same elem5tal comb9ations4 ,:atev] 7 !  
comb9ations necess>y = produc+ all !    
exi/+ organisms1 vegetable & animal1 )  
:i* our e>? sw>ms1 ! con/ant recurr5ce (
 ^? same or ne>ly ! same comb9ations is 
indisp5sable bo? = ! ma9t5ance ( !      
organisms dur+ life & = ! production (  
successors to !m2 & su* con/ant         

recurr5ce is pla9ly go+ on4 ,! *ances !n
 aga9/ its be+ un9t5d$ mu/ be ! a=esaid 
multiple ( innum]osity4 ,b ?is is n all4
 ,! multiple 9 "q repres5ts ! *ances    
aga9/ p]petual repetition ( any set     
:atev] ( elem5tal comb9ations1 b ab\t ! 
actually recurr5t set !re is ?is        
peculi>ity1 t x produces & ma9ta9s      
innum]able organisms or ma*9es1         
:i*--inasmu* z all ( !m are m>vell\sly  
fit1 by reason ( _! respective          
specialities ( /ructure1 = p]=m+ diff]5t
 obvi\sly useful purposes--h all !      
appe>ance ( hav+ be5 expressly con/ruct$
 = ! p]=mance ( ^? purposes4 ,if ^!     
appe>ances ( adaptation 7 fallaci\s1 if 
! app>5t utility 7 undesign$1 ! *ances  
aga9/ ! p]petual recurr5ce ( s s+ul>ly  
useful1 r ?an ( "s totally useless1 set 
( comb9ations w\ld be a multiple (      
innum]osity simil> to t :i* has cle>ly  
be5 %[n to repres5t ! prepond]ance (    
probability aga9/ ! con/ant repetition (
 any set ( comb9ations :atev]1 :e!r     
useful or useless4 ,if1 !n1 x 7         

p]missible to use s extravagant an      
hyp]bole to indicate an idea ( multitude
 to :i* x is n 9 ! p[] ( words to give  
adequate expression1 x might be said t  
:ile ! *ances aga9/ ,nature's habitual  
action be+ un9t5tional1 or ! result z x 
7 ( m]e fidgett9ess or re/lessness1 are 
an indef9ite multiple ( inf9ity1 !      
*ances aga9/ its be+ purposeless &      
undesign$1 )\t view to end or object1 is
 ! same multiple d\bl$4  ,/ill1 9 ord]  
to give ! solit>y & inf9itesimal *ance  
on ! o!r side its full due1 let u       
confess x to be z yet n q conclusively  
demon/rat$ t ! actual ord] ( inorganic1 
& ! actual con/itution ( organic1 nature
 are results ( un9t]rupt$ repetition (  
"o & ! same purposeless volition1 & ( ! 
same purely =tuit\s conc\rses ( atoms4  
,let u admit x to be n absolutely       
impossible1 n utt]ly inconceivable1 t   
vegetable & animal organisms 7 n        
contriv$ su* z !y are ) any view to _!  
becom+ habitations ( vegetable & animal 
life1 b t hav+ be5 accid5tally discov]$ 

to be fit to be liv$ 91 !y h be5 tak5   
possession ( by life & inhabit$         
accord+ly2 t1 simil>ly1 ! wondr\sly     
complex & v>i$ me*anisms ( :i* mo/      
organisms are compos$ 7 n made to be    
us$1 b are us$ because c]ta9 uses h be5 
accid5tally discov]$ = !m--! eye1 =     
in/ance1 to take "o example out (       
myriads n less rem>kable1 n hav+ be5    
meant to be se5 )1 b be+ employ$ = see+ 
because1 by a happy co9cid5ce1 !        
p>ticles compos+ x h got to be collocat$
 9 su* wise t a picture ( :atev] is     
opposite to x is =m$ ^u ! ret9a1 & is   
!nce by a n]v\s concat5ation transmitt$ 
to ! bra94 ,al?\gh1 if ! mo/ consummate 
skill1 9 comp>ison ) :i* t display$ 9 ! 
fabrication ( ,mr4 ,newall's telescope 7
 d[nright clums9ess1 _h /riv5 to devise 
a see+ app>atus1 capable ( exact        
self-adju/m5t to all degrees ( light1   
all gradations ( di/ance1 all v>ieties (
 refrangibility1 x c\ld n h adopt$ a    
contrivance m exquisitely +5i\s1 or     
ev9c+ m m9utely accurate k ( ! mo/      

secret laws ( optics1 ?an ! me*anism ( !
 eye app>5tly betok5s1 let x /ill be    
admitt$ to be n q beyond ! b\nds (      
possibility1 t n skill b ! bl9de/ &     
d5se/ ignorance may h presid$ ov] ! :ole
 op]ation4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! modes (        
proc$ure involv$ 9 ^! admissions 7 n q  
impossible or inconceivable1 belief 9 !m
 w\ld1 ,i repeat1 be palpably           
irrational1 & t almo/ to ! la/ degree4  
,! ne>e/ approa* to a reason t c be     
imag9$ = x is ! ,cr$o quia incr$ibile e/
 to :i* philosoph]s 9 despair h         
occasionally be5 kn[n to resort4 ,dudum 
9 s*olis audiv]am1 says ,desc>tes1 nihil
 tam absurd dici posse quod non dicatur 
ab aliquo ,philosophorum4 ,9 8 e>ly     
college days he _h he>d t no?+ s absurd 
c possibly be said1 b t "s philosoph] or
 o!r may say x4 ,su* words are too h>d =
 me4 ,i make z yet no *>ges ( absurdity1
 cont5t+ myself = ! mom5t ) say+ t no   
notion c be too unsci5tific to be adopt$
 by ^? sci5tific m5 :o1 gratuit\sly     
runn+ c\nt] to ! /ronge/ possible       

presumption1 set ! sci5ce (             
probabilities s utt]ly at naught z to   
adopt z reality an hypo!sis ! *ances    
aga9/ :i* are b "o s+le iota %ort (     
inf9ite4  ,:at1 h[ev]1 is unequivocally 
absurd1 is a c]ta9 notion :i* ,i h9t$   
w\ld be f\nd to be inevitably consequ5t 
on ! =ego+ premisses1 & ^: self-evid5t  
falsity c>ries ) x condemnation ( !     
premisses4 ,to say t ! creative ag5cy   
d5om9at$ ,nature1 or by :atev] o!r "n   
kn[n1 nei!r _h any ends 9 view :5       
orig9ally adopt+ c]ta9 sequ5ces (       
action1 & orig9ally fabricat+ innum]able
 organisms exactly suitable = !         
p]=mance1 9 conc]t ) ^? sequ5ces1 (     
innum]able useful functions2 nor1 al?\gh
 ev] s9ce repeat+ ! sequ5ces1 & ma9ta9+ 
or reproduc+ ! organisms1 has s done )  
any ref]5ce to ! purposes :i* ! sequ5ces
 & organisms s]ve1 is equival5t to say+ 
t ! ag5cy 9 "q is n ev5 aw>e t any      
purposes are s]v$4 ,he :o plant$ ! eye  
do? n !n see4 ,he :o fa%ion$ ! e> do? n 
he>4 ,he :o tea*e? man k do? n1 x seems1

 "k4 ,yet :at1 accord+ to ?is1 creative 
ag5cy1 :e!r ,god or ,nature1 ,creator or
 ,creatress1 c n p]ceive1 ! creature c4 
,ev5 an ass kn[s t ?i/les are good to   
eat1 & t c]ta9 movem5ts ( 8 tongue &    
l>ynx w result 9 a bray2 :ile man n only
 daily discov]s fre% uses = ?+s1 b      
imag9es t if he _h _h ! fa%ion+ ( !m1 he
 might h mat]ially increas$ _! utility2 
,k+ ,alfonso ( ,ca/ile1 = in/ance1 boa/+
 ( ! valuable cosmogonical advice he    
c\ld h giv5 _h he be5 tak5 into c\ncil2 
& "o ( ,kais] ,wilhelm's pr$ecessors on 
! ?rone ( ,prussia intimat+ t he1 9 l   
case1 w\ld h prov$ conclusively t p\nd$ 
qu>tz & silex may easily be 9 excess 9  
arable soil4 ,! creature1 !n1 has       
intellig5ce ( :i* ! ,creator has always 
be5 de/itute4 ,yet ! creature c h no?+  
save :at1 ei!r directly or indirectly1  
he d]ives f a creator4 ,:]e=e t1 9      
becom+ end[$ ) intellig5ce1 man mu/ h   
receiv$ f ! ,creator t :i* ! ,creator _h
 n to give1 is an article insep>able f !
 pr(ession ( fai? ( ^? mod]ate ,a!i/s :o

 are cont5t to reg>d man z a creature4  
,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!rs ( a m uncompromis+
 temp]1 :o d n hesitate to pron\nce     
creation1 9 ! s5se ( =mation ( some?+   
out ( no?+1 to be an incompreh5sible    
my?2 & x _c be d5i$ to ^! t1 h[ev]      
difficult x be to conceive an uncreat$  
univ]se exi/+ f all et]nity1 !          
conception ( an et]nally exi/5t ,creator
 is n "o :it easi]4 ,fairly en\gh1      
!re=e1 ^! may proce$ to argue t 9 !     
production ( t comp\nd1 man1 ! %>e ( !  
ag5cy usually /yl$ creative mu/ h be5   
limit$ to comb9+ & arrang+ ! elem5tal   
p>ticles ( 8 corporeal moiety4 ,q       
fairly1 advanc+ /ill f>!r1 !y may haz>d 
a conjecture t x is f ! union ( !       
corporeal con/itu5ts ( man t ! g5]ation 
( 8 spiritual moiety has result$4 ,b =  
su* g5]ation x is pla9ly indisp5sable t 
! corporeal con/itu5ts %\ld h be5 n in]t
 p>ticles b self-act+ =ces1 & t1 z su*1 
!y mu/ h be5 9 possession ( m or less   
intellig5ce1 :i* intellig5ce aga9 ei!r 0
 or 0 n equal 9 am\nt to t ( ! human _s 

or m9d g5]at$ by !m4 ,if x 7 n equal1 !n
 ! =ces mu/ h giv5 to _! (fspr+ m ?an !y
 _h !mselves got to give--:i* is %e]    
nons5se4 ,if x 7 equal1 !n1 inasmu* z ! 
human m9d is q clev] en\gh to discov]   
uses = ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! human body & (  
o!r organisms1 ! =ces to :i* ! human m9d
 owes its orig9 mu/ be at lea/ equally  
clev]4 ,! elem5t>y =ces by ^: action !  
human & o!r organic bodies h be5        
con/ruct$1 mu/ h be5 p]fectly aw>e :at  
!y 7 con/ruct+1 & :at s]vices ! result+ 
/ructures w\ld be fitt$ to r5d]4 ,9 o!r 
words1 !y mu/ 9 _! con/ructive op]ations
 h work$ t[>ds specific ends1 accord+ to
 preconceiv$ plan & set design1 witt+ly 
contriv+ v>i\s ma*9es = v>i\s purposes4 
,! advanc$ ,a!i/s1 ) ^: speculations we 
are "h especially conc]n$1 are ?us at   
lib]ty to *oose betwe5 two horns ( a    
dilemma1 b mu/ n hope to escape bo?4    
,ei!r !y /& self-refut$ by assum+ some?+
 to h be5 made out ( no?+--a process :i*
 !y began by pron\nc+ impossible--or !y 
mu/ imag9e intellig5ce1 compet5t to     

devise all organisms1 to be diffus$     
?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 !reby %[+ !mselves to
 h assum$ _! sect>ian appellation )\t   
suffici5t w>rant1 & to be 9 reality r   
,pan!i/s ?an ,a!i/s4  ,a ?ird hypo!sis  
inde$ rema9s = any :o are cont5t to     
believe t ,nature's elem5t>y =ces hav+1 
)\t kn[+ :at !y 7 ab\t1 con/ruct$ !     
human body1 ! human m9d1 until !n a     
h\seless w&]]1 lit ^u x by *ance1 &1    
obs]v+ x to be a habitation suitably    
swept & g>ni%$1 ent]$ 9 & dwelt !re4 ,^u
 ?is supposition !re mu/ be1 )9 ! limits
 ( our t]r5e sph]e1 two di/9ct species (
 intellig5ce1 a great] & a less]--! "o  
compet5t to con/ruct all sorts (        
m>vell\sly complex & m>vell\sly         
s]viceable ma*9es1 yet incompet5t to    
und]/& _! utility1 ! o!r fully p]ceiv+ !
 utility ( ! ma*9es1 yet utt]ly         
incompet5t to fabricate !m4 ,b !re are  
probably few adv5tur]s on ! ocean (     
speculation :o w\ld n pref] total       
%ipwreck to ! %elt] ( su* a h>b\r (     
refuge z ?is4  ,a!ism mu/ 9 fairness be 

ackn[l$g$ to h mu* m5d$ its mann]s )9 ! 
la/ two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,its tone &  
language are no long] ( ! rude1 sc(f+   
sort at :i* ,voltaire may be readily    
pictur$ z break+ into voluble prote/1 or
 ,hume z contemptu\sly op5+ 8 eyes &    
%rugg+ 8 %\ld]s4 ,?\gh gr[n m civil1    
h[ev]1 x _c be complim5t$ on hav+ gr[n m
 rational4 ,at mo/ may x be cr$it$ ) be+
 m elaborately irrational ?an ( old4 ,x 
n[ no long] d5ies1 x only ignores4 ,x   
does n pron\nce ,god non-exi/5t4 ,x only
 insi/s t !re is n complete pro( t ,god 
exi/s2 !reupon1 h[ev]1 proce$+ to argue 
z if ,he did n exi/1 & !reby1 n simply  
conf\nd+ defici5cy ( pro( on "o side )  
suffici5cy ( pro( on ! o!r1 b ov]look+  
an am\nt ( pro( t on any o!r subject    
w\ld1 provisionally at lea/1 be deem$   
conclusive1 & p]v]sely reject+ an       
hypo!sis :i*1 :e!r correct1 or n1 is at 
lea/ a good work+ hypo!sis1 co9cid+     
exactly ) mo/ ( ! facts1 & inconsi/5t ) 
none ( !m1 9 fav\r ( an hypo!sis :i*1   
ev5 9 ! h&s ( a ,huxley or a ,d>w91 _c  

be made to "w at all4   ,,ii4  ,to my   
m9d !re is a g5u9e pleasure 9 giv+      
expression to admiration ( any great    
intellectual a*ievem5t2 & x is mu* r = t
 reason ?an on acc\nt ( any value :i* ,i
 imag9e my op9ion on su* a subject c    
possess1 t1 hav+ _h occasion to "n !    
illu/ri\s au?or ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1'
 ,i desire to preface my criticism on   
:at appe>s to me to be a grave defect 9 
8 !ory1 by intimat+ my he>ty concurr5ce 
9 its lead+ pr9ciples4 ,t inasmu* z1 ow+
 to ! exce$+ fecundity ( ! g5]ality (   
organic be+s1 m individuals ( almo/ e   
species are born ?an c possibly survive1
 & t consequ5tly a desp]ate /ruggle =   
exi/5ce mu/ take place among/ !m2 t 9   
su* a /ruggle ! smalle/ gra9 may turn ! 
scale1 ! m9ute/ advantage possess$ by "s
 individuals ov] o!rs det]m9e :i* %all  
live & :i* %all die2 t1 z ! circum/ances
 9 :i* life is to be ma9ta9$ *ange1 ! "*
 & /ructure ( organisms mu/ *ange also 9
 ord] to be accommodat$ !reto1 b t !    
*anges :i* consequ5tly take place 9 "s  

individuals are bett] suit$ to ! alt]$  
circum/ances ?an ^? :i* take place 9 o!r
 individuals2 t individual (fspr+1      
moreov]1 al?\gh always /rongly resembl+ 
_! p>5ts 9 ! majority ( p>ticul>s1      
always exhibit "s slight diff]5ces f !m2
 t ( ^! diff]5ces su* z d n r5d] !      
(fspr+ less fit w almo/ ( necessity r5d]
 !m m fit = cop+ ) _! rivals2 & t       
sup]ior fitness1 h[ev] acquir$1 is z    
likely z any o!r quality to be          
transmitt$ to succe$+ g5]ations--all ^! 
are indisputable facts1 & f ^!1 z       
premisses1 x seems to me n s mu* to be  
legitimately d$ucible t mo/ exi/+       
species may h be5 produc$ 'by desc5t1 ) 
modification1 ?r\gh natural selection1' 
or 'survival ( ! fitte/1' z necess>ily  
to foll[ t !y _c h orig9at$ 9 any o!r   
way4 ,= all species to h be5 creat$ su* 
z !y n[ are1 is simply inconsi/5t ) !   
premisses4 ,:atev] be+s may at any      
remote epo* h be5 creat$1 !re mu/1      
accord+ to ! conditions involv$1 h be5  
among/ _! desc5dants "s bett] fitt$1 by 

reason ( div]g5ce f ! p>5t type1 =      
engag+ 9 int]nec9e /rife ?an ^?1 if any 
su* !re 71 :i* adh]$ closely to t type4 
,:e!r1 !n1 among ! survivors f ! fir/   
engagem5t 9 t nev]-end+ /ruggle = life  
:i* mu/ h comm5c$ soon aft] ! creation1 
!re 7 or 7 n any exact repres5tatives ( 
! p>5t type1 !re mu/ h be5 "s exhibit+ m
 or less ( div]g5ce f t type4 ,among !  
desc5dants ( ^!1 aga91 !re mu/ h be5 "s 
:o1 toge!r ) ! /ructural or o!r         
advantages inh]it$ f _! imm$iate        
ance/ors1 possess$1 moreov]1 "s         
advantages fir/ nasc5t 9 !mselves1 & :o 
7 simil>ly enabl$ !reby to prevail ov]  
_! less gift$ competitors1 & simil>ly to
 transmit all _! advantages to a        
po/]ity1 "s memb]s ( :i* w\ld simil>ly  
be born ) c]ta9 new advantages 9        
addition4 ,by cont9ual repetition ( ^!  
processes1 & ! consequ5t accumulation ( 
div]g5cies f ! orig9al patt]n1 h[ev]    
slight ^? div]g5cies might sep>ately be1
 !re c\ld n b ev5tually become =m$ bre$s
 s di/9ct f ea* o!r z to be to all      

int5ts & purposes di/9ct species1 9     
:i*soev] ( its _m vague s5ses ! t]m     
'species' be und]/ood4 ,n[ ^! species1  
in/ead ( hav+ be5 creat$1 w\ld be !     
result ( div]g5ce f _! creat$ prog5itor4
 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 any creat$ species d or d
 n /ill exi/1 x is c]ta9 t among exi/+  
species !re are "s t 7 n creat$1 b :i* h
 be5 gradually evolv$1 & evolv$1 too1   
?r\gh survival ( ! fitte/4 ,mr4 ,d>w91  
!n1 is fairly entitl$ to ! praise ( hav+
 plac$ beyond dispute t a process call$ 
by himself ',natural ,selection1' & by  
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ',survival ( !       
,fitte/1' has almo/ f ! comm5cem5t (    
organic life be51 & /ill is1 9 active   
op]ation2 t x is a cause :i* mu/ ne$s h 
orig9at$ "s species1 & is q compet5t to 
h orig9at$ all t /ill exi/2 :]eas       
creation1 ! only o!r sugge/$ cause1 _c  
be conceiv$ to h done ?is latt] unless e
 m9ute/ %ade ( diff]5ce betwe5 (fspr+ & 
p>5t be reg>d$ z ! effect ( a sep>ate   
creative act4 ,unless creation h        
orig9at$ e "o ( ^? div]g5cies !         

accumulation ( :i* con/itutes a species1
 cle>ly x _c h orig9at$ t species4 ,) "s
 ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) species ! !ory (
 creation _c be reconcil$ unless ?is    
novel int]pretation be plac$ ^u ! ^w    
creation1 :]eas !re are none ( ! ph5om5a
 ) :i* ! evolution>y hypo!sis conflicts1
 & few1 if any1 :i*1 :5 re/rict$ to its 
prop] (fice ( auxili>y1 x w n help to   
expla94  ,to :at we might ?us be assur$ 
(1 ev5 if we _h only g5]al pr9ciples to 
guide u1 all obta9able evid5ce          
unanim\sly te/ifies4 ,geology di/9ctly  
proclaims t e portion ( our globe's     
surface has und]gone va/ *anges1 & t its
 organic inhabitants h *ang$            
simultane\sly & proportionately4 ,! pro(
 absolute1 :i* x furni%es1 t at a p]iod 
:5 few1 if any1 exi/+ species _h made _!
 appe>ance1 _m species n[ ext9ct already
 exi/$1 is pro( equally absolute t if   
all species ext9ct & extant 7 creat$1 !y
 _c1 at any rate1 h be5 creat$ at ! same
 "t4 ,( s mu* at lea/ we mu/ be         
satisfi$1 unless we are prep>$ to accept

 ! +5i\s conjecture ( an or?odox div9e1 
t1 :ile our e>? 0 be+ =m$ out ( *aos1   
,satan1 to conf\nd ! fai? ( remote      
g5]ations1 br\ght ov] bones ( mon/]s f  
o!r worlds & emb$d$ !m 9 ! soil ( ours1 
or t1 z ! same idea has be5 o!rwise     
express$1 :ile ! e>?'s cru/ 0 a bak+ !  
devil _h a f+] 9 ! pie4 ,moreov]1 on !  
supposition t !re 0 a break ( ages      
betwe5 ! creations ( ext9ct & ( extant  
species1 z geology positively decl>es   
!re mu/ h be5 if bo? 7 sep>ately creat$1
 h[ pass+ /range is ! 'gr& fact t all   
ext9ct be+s c be class$ ) all rec5t     
be+s'6 ,! /rang5ess disappe>s1 h[ev]1 :5
 bo? are reg>d$ z desc5dants ( common   
prog5itors4 ,! wond] w\ld !n be if !y   
c\ld n be s class$4 ,aga91 h[ a/oni%+ on
 ! creative1 h[ natural on ! evolution>y
 hypo!sis1 t ! arrangem5t ( bones 9 ! h&
 ( a man1 ! w+ ( a bat1 ! f9 ( a        
porpoise1 ! leg ( a horse1 %\ld be      
precisely ! same2 ! numb] ( v]tebr 9 !  
neck ( a giraffe1 & 9 t ( an elephant ! 
same2 ! primitive g]ms f :i* a man1 a   

dog1 a frog1 & a lob/] are gradually    
evolv$1 to all appe>ance ! same--! same 
microscopic atom ( homog5e\s matt]1     
undi/+ui%able by any kn[n te/ f an      
animalcule almo/ at ! bottom ( ! organic
 scale6 ,above all1 t ! c\rses by :i*   
animals ( all degrees ( complexity are  
gradually develop$ f app>5tly equally   
simple g]ms %\ld1 :5ev] traceable1 be   
f\nd to consi/ ( progressive            
ramifications1 s t e high] animal1 be=e 
arriv+ at maturity1 passes ?r\gh sev]al 
/ages at ! end ( ea* ( :i* l[] animals h
 /opp$6 ,h[ impossible1 or h[ easy1 to  
und]/&1 accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r hypo!sis
 is adopt$1 is ! ph5om5on ( :at 9 ! "o  
case w be treat$ z rudim5t>y1 9 ! o!r z 
obsolete1 organs6 ,no "o ne$ scruple to 
reg>d ^! z app>atus :i* ! creature has  
outgr[n & all[$ to fall into decay ?r\gh
 neglect2 b :atev] !re is 9 u ( real    
nobl5ess ( feel+ revolts aga9/ ! notion 
( _! be+ app>atus :i* a div9e ,creator  
began to build b 0 n able to f9i%4 ,&   
yet aga91 h[ insult+ly irreconcilable ) 

any rational e/imate ( ,div9e nature is 
! possibility ( any exi/+ type ( mammals
 hav+ be5 creat$1 see+ t if s1 x mu/ h  
be5 creat$ ) false m>ks ( n\ri%m5t f !  
womb ( a "m t nev] exi/$6  ,^! are "s ( 
! ma9 gr\nds on :i* ! ,d>w9ian !ory     
re/s4 ,( ! abundance ( detail$          
illu/rations f :i* x may d]ive          
additional support no adequate idea c be
 =m$1 except by c>eful p]usal ( its     
au?or's own writ+s1 & ^! =tunately may  
)\t mu* exagg]ation be said to be 9     
ev]ybody's h&s4 ,( ! argum5ts t h be5   
br\ght =w>d 9 opposition to x1 all seem 
to me to be susceptible ( v complete    
answ]s1 & "o or two ( ! /ronge/1 (      
answ]s m complete ?an !y h yet receiv$4 
,true1 !re is no disput+ ! te/imony     
borne by ! pa9t+s & sculptures (        
,egyptian tombs1 & ( ,n9evite palaces1 t
 ! basem5t floors 9 ,!bes & ,memphis 7  
infe/$ by mu* ! same sort ( beetles z ^?
 :i* are su* nuisances 9 ,london kit*5s2
 t ,s>danapalus1 if ev] he ex*ang$      
indoor = outdoor sports1 may h hunt$ )  

dogs & horses t might pass mu/] at an   
,engli% meet1 & t ! ,ph>aohs 7 s]v$ by  
negro slaves z l z two peas 9 all       
ext]nals to ^? :o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h   
rec5tly & prematurely be5 metamorphos$  
into free & indep5d5t electors4 ,b all  
?is only proves t c]ta9 species :i*     
exi/$ #d1jjj ye>s ago are /ill repres5t$
 by un*ang$ desc5dants4 ,x does n prove 
t o!r desc5dants & gr\ps ( desc5dants f 
! same species h n )9 ! same p]iod      
und]gone *anges suffici5tly great to    
conv]t !m into di/9ct races2 nei!r1 if x
 did prove ?us mu*1 w\ld x d m ?an af=d 
a presumption1 & a v deceptive "o1 t    
#d1jjj ye>s are too %ort a "t = !       
=mation ( a new race1 af=d+ besides1 at 
! same "t1 mu* /rong] presumption t1 )9 
! remote/ limits to :i* ,mosaic         
*ronology c be pu%$ back1 ! v>i\s races 
( mank9d1 :ite1 black1 & int]m$iately   
t9t$1 c n possibly h desc5d$ f "o pair (
 ance/ors4  ,t dome/icat$ animals1 :5   
suff]$ to run wild1 always return to !  
primitive wild type--?is1 in/ead ( an   

argum5t aga9/1 is "o ( ! /ronge/        
argum5ts = ! evolution !ory1 f :i* x is 
inde$1 z ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes says1 a    
necess>y d$uction4 ,x is simply because1
 z ! conditions ( life *ange1 /ructure  
mu/1 = adaptation's sake1 *ange         
likewise1 t wild animals are capable (  
be+ dome/icat$1 ( be+1 t is1 made to    
und]go modifications by be+ br\ght f !  
conditions ( wildness to ^? (           
dome/icity4 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld !y possibly   
reta9 ^? modifications1 h[ escape return
 to _! previ\s %ape & habits1 :5        
retransf]r$ f dome/icity to wildness8   
,! "q1 ,:y are n new species cont9ually 
produc$8 may be aptly met by ano!r4 ,h[1
 consi/5tly ) ! !ory1 is x possible !y  
%\ld8 ,natural ,selection is repres5t$ z
 act+ 'solely by accumulat+ slight      
successive fav\rable v>iations1' z tak+ 
only %ort & sl[ /eps4 ,by :at           
possibility1 !n1 c x sudd5ly produce    
modifications suffici5tly conspicu\s to 
m>k (f a new species8 ,new species may  
be1 & inde$ are1 con/antly 9 process (  

=mation on all sides1 "u our v eyes1 )\t
 our be+ aw>e2 = s9ce ! process requires
 ages = its accompli%m5t1 x mu/ ne$s be 
imp]ceptible by ! ke5e/ obs]vation4 ,s t
 ev5 :5 a new species is complet$1 x is 
n recognis$ z new1 s m9ute is ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! p]fection to :i* x has atta9$1
 & ! imp]fect /ate 9 :i* we & our fa!rs 
be=e u _h long kn[n x4  ',:y1 h[ev]1    
s9ce1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,natural      
,selection1 an int]m9able numb] (       
int]m$iate =ms mu/ h exi/$1 l9k+ toge!r 
all ! species 9 ea* gr\p by gradations z
 f9e z are our pres5t v>ieties--:y d we 
n see ^! l9k+ =ms all ar\nd u8' ,to ?is 
objection ! v !ory aga9/ :i* x is urg$  
af=ds a p>tial & almo/ adequate reply1 !
 defici5cies ( :i* are besides to "s    
ext5t suppli$ by embryology & geology1 &
 to a f>!r ext5t acc\nt$ = by !         
meagr5ess ( ! geological record4        
,natural selection = survival necess>ily
 implies ext9ction ( all t are n select$
 to survive1 s t fossil rema9s are n[ ! 
only procurable evid5ce t any ( ^! latt]

 t h long be5 ext9ct ev] exi/$4 ,b v _m 
organic be+s are incapable ( be+ pres]v$
 9 a fossil condition1 :ile ( ^? :i* c  
be s pres]v$ '! numb] ( specim5s 9 all  
our museums is absolutely z no?+ comp>$ 
) ! c\ntless g5]ations ( c\ntless       
species t mu/ h exi/$4' ,x %\ld be      
recollect$1 too1 t among /ill exi/+ =ms 
are to be includ$ sev]al :i* result f   
ut]9e trans=mation1 & are nev] f\nd     
alive except 9 ut]o4  ,ano!r objection1 
not)/&+ ! great /ress (t5 laid on x1    
seems to me to be altoge!r beside ! real
 issue4 ,x is ! "o d]iv$ f ! inv>iable  
/]ility1 real or suppos$1 ( hybrids4 ,a 
fact cit$ by ,mr4 ,lewes1#cg t ( !      
fecundity ( a cross call$ ,leporides1   
br$ by ,m4 ,r\y ( ,ang\lme1 betwe5 ! h>e
 & rabbit1 ( :i* a ?\s& on an av]age 7 =
 _m ye>s1 & probably are /ill1 s5t      
annually to m>ket1 w\ld seem to be      
decisive aga9/ ! assum$ /]ility2 b1     
h[ev] ?is be1 matt]s n ! lea/ 9 reg>d to
 ! efficacy ( ,natural ,selection1 :i*1 
be x once aga9 obs]v$1 is repres5t$ z   

produc+ new species1 n sudd5ly by !     
copulation ( two old & utt]ly di/9ct    
ones1 b v gradually & sl[ly1 by !       
accumulation ( m9ute diff]5ces occurr+ 9
 successive individuals ( ! same        
species4  ,! *ief if n ! only s]i\s     
ob/acles to acceptance ( ,d>w9ism seem  
to me to be ( ! au?or's own creation4   
,n[ & !n he appe>s some:at ne$lessly to 
ov]/ra9 8 pr9ciples1 z = in/ance :5 he  
intimates 8 conviction t 'all           
individuals ( ! same species1 & all !   
closely alli$ species ( mo/ g5]a1' w    
h]eaft] be discov]$ to 'h desc5d$ f "o  
p>5t & to h migrat$ f "s "o bir?place4' 
,?is1 to my m9d1 is mu* m unlikely ?an 8
 fur!r sugge/ion t 'all animals & plants
 are desc5d$ f "s "o prototype4' ,/>tl+ 
z ?is second proposition may be on fir/ 
he>+1 x may n v improbably express !    
real fact1 provid$ by '"s "o prototype' 
be signifi$1 n a s+le individual1 b     
sev]al individuals ( "o & ! same type4  
,beyond all d\bt !re 0 a "t :5 on & ab\t
 our e>? all matt] 0 z yet inorganic1 & 

:5 :atev] _s1#ch ( ! sort s t]m$ 9      
contradi/9ction to matt]1 ei!r p]meat$ !
 e>?'s sub/ance or mov$ ab\t its        
surface1 mu/ h be5 z yet unembodi$4 ,mr4
 ,d>w9 dem&s :e!r any "o c 'really      
believe t at innum]able p]iods 9 ! e>?'s
 hi/ory1 elem5tal atoms h be5 comm&$    
sudd5ly to fla% into liv+ tissues4' ,i =
 "o c]ta9ly am f> f believ+ ?is4 ,i see 
no reason = believ+ t1 :atev] o!r       
ph5om5on1 at all simil>1 may at any /age
 ( ! _w's progress h occurr$1 x has at  
innum]able subsequ5t /ages be5 repeat$2 
nei!r d ,i consid] t ! ph5om5on is      
likely to h worn ! guise ( a sudd5 fla%4
 ,b ,i d firmly believe1 & am q unable  
to sub/itute any equally plausible      
sub/itute = ! belief1 t :5 ! cru/ ( !   
e>? _h suffici5tly cool$1 & :5 o!r      
physical conditions _h become su* z to  
admit ( ! manife/ation ( t life :i* we  
are accu/om$ to di/+ui% by atta*+ to x !
 epi!t 'organic1' c]ta9 ( ^? =ces#ci    
:i*1 9 my op9ion1 con/itute matt]1 did1 
ei!r ( _! own accord or "u sup]ior      

direction--n sudd5ly fla%1 b--sl[ly     
elaborate !mselves into organic         
/ructures ( "s exce$+ly simple type2 t 9
 ! c\rse ( ages ^! simple /ructures ei!r
 develop$ !mselves or 7 develop$ into   
/ructures r5d]$ by sl[ degrees m & m    
complex1 until ! degree ( complexity    
atta9$1 be+ su* z to fit !m = be+       
inhabit$ by _s previ\sly unembodi$1 !y  
71 by individualis$ portions ( su* _s1  
appropriat$ & inhabit$ accord+ly4       
,beyond all d\bt1 at "s p]iod or o!r1   
:at _h always previ\sly be5 unorganis$  
matt] mu/ h become organis$4 ,( two ?+s 
"o1 !n4 ,ei!r ?is matt] mu/1 :e!r "u    
sup]ior direction or n1 h organis$      
itself1 or x mu/ h be5 organis$ by "s   
o!r ag5cy4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 toge!r ) all     
?or\gh-go+ ,d>w9ians1 incl9es1 ,i       
suspect1 to ! op9ion t matt] organis$   
itself2 b if s1 x _c possibly h be5 in]t
 or lifeless1 b mu/ h be5 active &      
animate1 & capable ( volition2 & on t   
condition1 !re is no great /ret* ( fancy
 9 imag9+ x to h spontane\sly adopt$ !  

s]ies ( arrangem5ts indicat$4 ,if1 on ! 
o!r h&1 we are cont5t to admit t "s     
ext]nal sup]ior intellig5ce may h p]=m$1
 or conduct$1 or presid$ ov] op]ations1 
all room = wond] vani%es4  ,9 reg>d to !
 "* ( ! /ructural prototype1 t1 ( c\rse1
 w\ld dep5d 9 "p on surr\nd+ physical   
conditions1 & if ^! h ev] be5 ! same 9  
all p>ts ( ! globe1 !re is no app>5t    
reason :y any numb] ( specim5s ( !      
prototype may n any:]e h be5 indep5d5tly
 elaborat$4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 t1 
s9ce ! e>? began to revolve r\nd ! sun1 
physical conditions c h be5             
simultane\sly ! same 9 all latitudes2   
:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x seems probable t1  
al?\gh ! same set ( conditions might    
p]haps admit ( ! production ( only "o   
organic type1 !re might be o!r sets (   
conditions fav\rable to ! production (  
o!r types4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x seems m    
probable t inorganic matt] comb9$ 7or 0 
comb9$7 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 sev]al modes1
 ?an 9 "o s+le mode1 9 ord] to become   
organic4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! organic  

=m or =ms x fir/ took1 to assume t only 
a s+le individual ( ea* =m 0 indep5d5tly
 elaborat$1 & t all o!r individuals1 bo?
 ( ! same =m & ( all ! m complex =ms1   
gradually evolv$ f t "o--are desc5dants 
f ! same fir/ individual1 ! same fir/   
p>5t--surely v gratuit\sly increases !  
difficulties ( ! subject4 ,especially x 
complicates ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( 
! same plants & animals ov] c\ntries    
immemorially sep>at$ by gulfs app>5tly  
impassable by natural means4  ,!        
ob/ruction :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has creat$ to 
! progress ( 8 op9ions by ! exagg]at$   
%ape 9 :i* "s ( !m h be5 pres5t$ is1    
h[ev]1 z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! injury he 
does to 8 !ory by ob/9ately reject+     
c]ta9 mat]ials indisp5sable = its       
satisfactory completion4 ,:at an        
admirable !ory x is s f> z x goes6 ,h[  
nicely x fits into all ! facts x comes 9
 contact )1 ev5 into ^? :i* x is1 (     
itself & unassi/$1 incompet5t to expla96
 ,h[ elevat+ too & ennobl+1 :5 rightly  
conceiv$6 = :o c fail to rejoice 9 !    

view x pres5ts ( ',natural selection    
work+ solely by & = ! good ( ea* be+' t 
x sp>es1 & caus+ 'all corporal & m5tal  
end[m5ts to t5d t[>ds p]fection'8 or :o 
ne$ m9d suspect+ himself to be desc5d$1 
?r\gh an ape1 f a triton or a hydra1 if 
he may comp5sate himself by hop+ to h a 
di/ant po/]ity ( angels8 ,h[ well1      
moreov]1 w\ld x1 if p]mitt$1 *ime 9 )   
any rational religion1 besides be+1 z   
already h9t$1 absolutely ess5tial to t  
"p ( ! ,mosaic cre$ :i* repres5ts all ! 
v>i\sly col\r$ & v>i\sly featur$ races (
 m5 z spr++ f "o s+le c\ple4 ,by :at    
p]v]sity !n is x t ,mr4 ,d>w9 takes su* 
pa9s1 if n to r5d] 8 !ory irreligi\s1 at
 lea/ to exclude f x ! assi/ance :i*    
religion alone c af=d1 & :i* x s greatly
 ne$s1 t :oev]1 )\t t assi/ance1        
attempts to apply ! !ory to ! complete  
elucidation ( ph5om5a1 w be f\nd        
inevitably committ+ himself to ! mo/    
a/\nd+ hypo!ses8 ,"h ,i picture to      
myself a curl on ! lip ( "s advanc$     
,d>w9ian :o1 hav+ accompani$ me s f>1 _c

 altoge!r suppress 8 compassionate scorn
 at ! propos$ recurr5ce n[-a-days to a  
mode ( ?\ght s obsolete 9 ! treatm5t (  
sci5tific subjects z ! !ological4       
',positive biology1' he w p]haps sup]bly
 exclaim1 repeat+ ! words ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4
 ,lewes1 'decl9es !ological explanations
 altoge!r4' ,yes1 b positive biology is 
!re9 v unwise1 = z1 if ! same read] w   
accompany me a little fur!r1 ,i pl$ge   
myself to %[1 x is ! un!ological or     
a!i/ical1 n ! !i/ical1 mode ( treatm5t  
:i* is "h utt]ly out ( place &          
flagrantly unsci5tific4 ,be x1 )\t !    
slighte/ res]ve1 admitt$ t ! =mation (  
almo/ all1 & probably ( q all1 exi/+    
species is due1 & _c be o!rwise ?an due1
 to survival ( ! fitte/1 ! sup]ior      
fitness ( ^!1 moreov]1 be+ due to !     
gradual accumulation ( innum]able &1 = !
 mo/ "p1 exce$+ly slight div]g5cies f ! 
p>5t /ock4 ,b :5ce & :y ^! div]g5cies8  
,x _c be )\t a cause t ev5 "o m fea!r   
?an ! p>5t possess$ appe>s 9 ! (fspr+'s 
w+1 or a novel t9t on its coat1 or t !  

curve ( beak or talons is n precisely ! 
same 9 ea*4 ,:at !n is ! cause8         
,unphilosophic p w mo/ likely call x    
'all *ance1' gett+ sne]$ at = _! pa9s1 &
 ju/ly too1 z us+ words )\t mean+4 ,b   
are n philosoph]s !mselves do+ mu* !    
same ?+1 & m]ely re/at+ facts :i* !y    
pr(ess to expla91 :51 l ,mr4 ,lewes1#dj 
!y talk ( ! 'specific %ape' assum$ by an
 'organic plasma' be+ 'always dep5d5t on
 ! pol>ity ( its molecules1' 'or due to 
! op]ation ( imman5t prop]ties2' or     
decl>e t1 9 ! process ( organic         
evolution1 'ea* /age det]m9es its       
successor1' 'cons5sus ( ! :ole impress+ 
a peculi> direction on ! developm5t (   
p>ts1 & ! law ( ,epig5esis necessitat+ a
 s]ial developm5t1' insomu* t1 'e "p be+
 ! effect ( a pre-exi/+1 & 9 turn !     
cause ( a succe$+ "p1' ! reason :y1 :5 a
 crab loses its claw1 ! memb] is        
reproduc$1 is t ! gr\p ( cells rema9+ at
 ! /ump 'is ! necess>y condition ( !    
g5esis' ( precisely t new gr\p :i* !    
reproductive process imp]atively        

requires to foll[ next 9 ord]1 ?is      
second gr\p equally ! necess>y condition
 = g5esis ( ! "o requir$ ?ird1 ! ?ird = 
! f\r?1 & s on2 & t ! reason :y ! ?orns 
( a blackb]ry admit ( some:at close     
comp>ison ) ! hooks & sp9es ( c]ta9     
cru/ace1 is t portions ( ! integum5t (  
bo? plant & crawfi% 't5d "u simil>      
ext]nal =ces to develop' into simil>    
=ms8  ,i pass rapidly ov] "o or two m9or
 difficulties t "h pres5t !mselves4 ,i w
 n /op to ask h[--if reproduction ( lo/ 
limbs be due to pol>ity ( ! molecules1 9
 o!r words to ! direction :i* 9 !       
circum/ances ( ! case ! molecules are   
b\nd to take1 & if ! pol>ity ( ea*      
p>ticul> set ( molecules be impress$ ^u 
!m by ! gr\p =m$ imm$iately             
previ\sly--h[ x is t ! gr\p t]m9at+ !   
dock$ /ump ( a limb1 :i* gr\p is        
repres5t$ z comm5c+ ! "w ( reproduction1
 imp>ts a diff]5t direction or t5d5cy to
 ! fre% molecules ( n\ri%m5t t are      
suppli$ to x1 f t :i* x has be5 accu/om$
 to communicate to previ\s molecul>     

supplies4 ,hi!rto x has us$ su*         
molecules solely = ! repair ( its own   
wa/e2 n[ x employs a l>ge portion ( !m  
to build up an entirely new fabric4 ,x  
seems !n t molecul> pol>ity is n a fix$ 
b a v>iable prop]ty1 &1 be+ su*1 _c be  
inh]5t or orig9ate 9 ! molecul> nature4 
,b ,i w n l+] ov] ?is po9t nor yet ov] !
 fact1 absolutely un9telligible on !    
pol> hypo!sis1 t x is comp>atively only 
few animals t are capable ( reproduc+   
sev]$ p>ts4 ,al?\gh ! process requir$1  
no d\bt1 is1 z ,mr4 ,lewes says1 '9 all 
ess5tial respects ! same z t :i*        
orig9ally produc$' ! p>ts1 ! la/ lay] ( 
cells left at ! place ( excision aft] a 
human leg or arm has be5 cut (f1 lacks !
 skill to repeat an op]ation1 :i*       
accord+ to ! hypo!sis x has once be=e   
p]=m$4 ,x _c s det]m9e ! pol>ity ( !    
molecules ) :i* x is suppli$ by !       
art]ies z to con/ra9 !m to gr\p !mselves
 into a new lay]1 in/ead ( m]ely repair+
 an old "o4 ,a crab or a lob/]1 or a    
polype's molecules are clev] en\gh =    

?is1 a man's n4 ,)\t press+ ^!          
objections1 b on ! contr>y1 conc$+ = !  
nonce & = argum5t's sake1 to molecul>   
pol>ity1 to imman5t prop]ties1 to       
,epig5etic evolution1 all ! efficacy    
claim$ = !m1 ,i limit myself to inquir+ 
:at causes ! v>i\s t5d5cies & directions
 :i* ^! imply4 ,t5d5cy pre-supposes     
impulse2 direction control4 ,:at is x t 
"h imp>ts ! impulse & ex]cises !        
control8 ,:atev] else x be1 x mu/1 =    
reasons /at$ at l5g? on a previ\s page1 
be some?+ possess+ at lea/ en\gh (      
intellig5ce to ex]cise volition1 & :i*  
at lea/ int5ds t ! movem5ts :i* x       
orig9ates %all take place1 :e!r x fur!r 
int5ds or n ! ends :i* ev5tually result 
f ! movem5ts4 ,to myself x seems b>ely  
conceivable t ev5 ! lea/ m>vell\s ( ^!  
ends %\ld h be5 undesign$4 ,take1 =     
in/ance1 half a doz5 infusoria ( "s     
exce$+ly l[ type1 all individually s+le 
cells or sacs ( matt] p]fectly transp>5t
 & de/itute ( any approa* to /ructure t 
c be detect$ ) a magnify+ p[] ( five    

?\s& diamet]s4 ,obs]ve h[1 aft] fe$+ = a
 :ile1 & increas+ proportionately 9     
size1 "o w divide itself 9 half1 ea*    
half becom+ a sep>ate & complete        
animalcule1 ano!r l9e itself int]nally &
 clo! itself ext]nally ) clu/]$ cells1  
:i*1 by a s]ies ( diff]5tiations1       
traceable ?r\gh a numb] ( animalcul>    
v>ieties1 ev5tually exhibit ! outl9es ( 
respiratory & circulatory sy/ems4 ,to   
me1 ,i repeat1 x seems all b            
inconceivable1 & altoge!r incr$ible1 t !
 intellig5ce :i* will$ ^! cellul>       
divisions1 multiplications1 &           
diff]5tiations to take place1 did n     
=esee :at w\ld be _! results1 & did n w 
!m = ! sake ( ^? results4 ,& if ,i d n  
deem x /ill m incr$ible t !re %\ld be   
natural selection sep>at+ ! fitte/ =    
survival by accumulat+ ^u !m slight     
advantages :i* qualify !m to survive1   
)\t !re be+ at ! same "t a nature1 or   
o!r exalt$ intellig5ce1 h[ev] designat$1
 :i* selects1 & :i* accumulates         
advantages ^u ! objects ( its selection1

 9 ord] t !y may survive1 x is only     
because ,i consid] ! extreme/ limits (  
cr$ibility to h be5 already pass$4 ,b ,i
 =get4 ,on reflection ,i p]ceive t ,i am
 do+ scant ju/ice to ! ela/icity (      
philosophic belief4 ,h[ f> ?is is       
capable ( /ret*+ on occasion1 let "o or 
two notable ,d>w9ian specim5s %[4  ,no  
s+le piece ( organic me*anism is (t5] or
 m confid5tly appeal$ to by ,!i/s z     
r5d]+ conclusive evid5ce on _! side ?an 
! eye1 nor w\ld !y run mu* risk by all[+
 s5t5ce to g = or aga9/ !m accord+ z    
,mr4 ,d>w9 has or has n succe$$ 9 8     
attempt to expla9 t evid5ce away4       
,possibly he may disclaim hav+ made any 
attempt ( ! k9d1 & ,i mu/ admit t x is  
less by :at he says ?an by :at he leaves
 unsaid1 t he lays himself op5 to !     
*>ge4 ,inde$1 9 almo/ all he says on !  
subject1 ,i myself cordially agree1     
embrac+ ev5 "s ( 8 views ) less (       
hesitation ?an he seems to h felt 9     
putt+ !m =w>d4 ,he seems to me1 =       
in/ance1 to h some:at gratuit\sly       

admitt$ x to be app>5tly '9 ! highe/    
degree absurd to suppose t ! eye1 ) all 
its inimitable contrivances = adju/+ !  
focus to diff]5t di/ances1 = admitt+    
diff]5t am\nts ( light1 & = ! correction
 ( sph]ical & *romatic ab]ration1 c\ld h
 be5 =m$ by natural selection4' ,= s9ce1
 z he proce$s unansw]ably to argue1     
'num]\s gradations1 f an imp]fect &     
simple eye to "o p]fect & complex1 ea*  
grade be+ useful to its possessor1 c    
c]ta9ly be %[n to exi/2' s9ce1 z        
c]ta9ly1 slight v>iations ( ! eye d     
occur1 & are inh]it$1 & s9ce ( ^!       
v>iations !re _c b be "s :i* are useful 
to ! animal exhibit+ !m "u *ang+        
conditions ( life1 ! difficulty (       
believ+ 9 ! =mation ( a p]fect & complex
 eye by natural selection c be little   
else ?an a prejudice ( ! imag9ation4 ,he
 proce$s to indicate "s probable /ages 9
 ! assum$ process4 ,"s ( ! l[e/         
organisms1 9 :i* no trace ( n]ves c be  
detect$1 are kn[n to be s5sible to      
light1 ow+1 probably1 to ! pres5ce 9 !  

s>code ( :i* !y are ma9ly compos$1 (    
c]ta9 elem5ts :i*1 9 organisms some:at  
high] 9 ! scale1 become aggregat$ &     
develop$ into n]ves specially end[$ ) ! 
same s5sibility4 ,an optic n]ve ?us =m$1
 surr\nd$ by pigm5t cells1 & cov]$ by   
transluc5t sk91 is ! simple/ organ t c  
be call$ an eye1 b x is an eye incapable
 ( di/9ct vision1 & s]v+ only to di/+ui%
 light f d>kness4 ,9 c]ta9 />-fi%es1    
small depressions 9 ! lay] (            
pigm5t-cells are fill$ ) transp>5t      
gelat9\s matt] project+ ) a convex      
surface l a rudim5t>y cornea1 & ?is1 x  
has be5 sugge/$1 may s]ve1 n only to =m 
an image1 b to conc5trate ! lum9\s rays4
 ,9 insects1 ! num]\s facets 9 ! cornea 
( _! great comp\nd eyes h n[ be5        
asc]ta9$ to =m true l5ses1 ! cones1     
moreov]1 hav+ be5 discov]$ to include   
curi\sly modifi$ n]v\s filam5ts4 ,x is  
impossible n1 9 ?is s]ies ( *anges1 to  
p]ceive ! appe>ance ( graduation1 nor   
ought !re to be mu* difficulty 9 believ+
 ! app>5t graduation to be real1 :5 we  

consid] h[ few comp>atively are ! /ill  
liv+ =ms 9 :i* ! *anges cit$ h be5      
obs]v$1 & h[ f> m num]\s ! ext9ct =ms by
 :i* int]m$iate *anges may h be5        
pres5t$4 ,if !re be no extravagance 9   
suppos+ t natural selection may h       
occasion$ ^! e>ly /eps1 nei!r is !re any
 9 suppos+ t1 by cont9u$ progress 9 !   
same direction1 x may at l5g? h         
fabricat$ ! mo/ p]fect optical in/rum5t 
possess$ by any memb] ( ! articulata4   
,&1 if cr$it$ s f>1 :y n /ill fur!r8 :y 
n ) compet5ce to =m a man's or an       
eagle's eye8 ,s f> ,i am z completely at
 "o ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 respect to ! eye z 9 
respect to any o!r ( ! subjects tak5 by 
him = illu/ration4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t 
9 ?is1 z 9 e simil> in/ance1 he has     
completely evad$ ! real difficulties ( !
 case4 ,x is n a :it m />tl+ to be told 
t ! mo/ complex eye1 ) all ! late/      
improvem5ts1 ?an to be told t ! e>lie/  
rudim5t ( an optic n]ve1 may h be5 =m$  
by ! gradual accumulation ( m9ute       
diff]5ces4 ,only all[ "t en\gh = !      

requisite accumulation1 & nei!r op]ation
 is "o :it m un9telligible ?an ! o!r4 ,!
 difficulty1 equally & utt]ly insup]able
 9 bo? cases1 is to und]/& h[ ! diff]5ce
 c h be5 undesign$4 ',h[ a n]ve comes to
 be s5sitive to light1' says ,mr4 ,d>w91
 'h>dly conc]ns u m ?an h[ life itself  
orig9at$4' ,p]haps n2 nor1 inde$1 v well
 c\ld x1 = ! second "q ( ! two is surely
 "o ( almo/ unsurpass$ conc]nm5t2 b1 at 
any rate1 :5 ei!r ( ! two is ask$1 no?+ 
c be m repreh5sible ?an1 by /udi\sly    
ignor+ ! only alt]native reply1 to leave
 x to be inf]r$ t ! n]ve made itself1 or
 t life caus$ itself to live1 t bo? are 
9 %ort examples ( :at ,mr4 ,d>w9        
/rangely calls 'v>iation caus+          
alt]ations4'#da ,let u briefly consid] a
 few ( ! results suppos$ to be          
attributable to ?is s+ul> process4 ,!   
eye1 z e read] ( c\rse kn[s1 ?\gh "h &  
!re "o p]haps may n be ! worse = be+    
rem9d$1 consi/s ( f\r coats--! scl]otic1
 out]mo/ & /ronge/1 :i* con/itutes !    
:ite ( ! eye2 ! circul>1 t\gh1 & col\r$1

 yet pellucid1 cornea1 9 ! c5tre ( :i*  
is se5 ! pupil2 ! *oroid1 full *>g$ )   
black pigm5t1 & l9+ ! scl]otic2 ! ret9a1
 an expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 l9+ 9 its 
turn ! *oroid2 ( ! iris1 a flat         
membrane1 divid+ ! eye into two v       
unequally-siz$ *amb]s2 ( a l5s t]m$ !   
cry/all9e1 susp5d$ 9 ! po/]ior *amb]    
imm$iately beh9d ! iris2 & ( two hum\rs 
7also virtual l5ses71 :]e( "o1 ! aque\s1
 is enclos$ 9 ! ant]ior *amb] =m$ by !  
iris & ! cornea1 :ile ! o!r1 ! vitre\s1 
fills ! :ole ( ! po/]ior *amb] save :at 
is occupi$ by ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,by :at  
nice int]lacem5t ( filam5ts ! fibr\s r+ 
t m>g9s ! pupil1 or ap]ture ?r\gh !     
iris1 regulates ! admission ( light1    
contract+ or exp&+1 yet always pres]v+  
its circul> =m1 accord+ z ! brilliance  
is excessive or defici5t2 h[ ! hum\rs or
 l5ses are cont9ually v>y+ 9 figure &   
relative position s z to conc5trate e   
p5cil ( light admitt$ on t po9t exactly 
:]e ! ret9a is spread out to receive x2 
h[1 accord+ z ! object look$ at is ne>  

at h& or f> (f1 c]ta9 muscles p]=m q    
opposite s]vices1 r5d]+ ! cornea m or   
less prom95t1 pu%+ ! cry/all9e l5s =w>d 
or backw>d1 & !reby l5g!n+ or %ort5+ !  
axis ( vision1 s t1 :e!r ! rays ent]    
div]g5tly f a ne> object1 or p>allel f a
 remote "o1 !y equally fall into focus  
at ! same di/ance beyond1 & equally =m  
on ! ret9a a picture ( ! object f :i* !y
 come1 p]haps compress+ a l&scape ( five
 or six squ>e leagues into a space (    
half an in* diamet]1 & anon all[+ ! page
 ( a book or a d9n]-plate to occupy !   
entire field ( vision--to ^! & to any   
k9dr$ m>vels x w\ld be sup]flu\s m ?an  
mom5t>ily to ref]4 ,suffice x to note h[
 measureless ! sup]iority1 z a m]e piece
 ( me*anism1 ( an av]age eye to ! f9e/ (
 telescopes1 & h[ j1 nev]!less1 is !    
telescope-mak]'s claim to praise =      
skilful adaptation to ! laws ( optics1  
:5 he has succe$$ 9 a fa9t & feeble     
imitation ( "s m9or "p ( nature's visual
 app>atus4 ,yet nature's orig9al &      
inf9itely m beautiful aptitudes we are  

=bidd5 to deem adaptations1 be+ requir$ 
in/ead to reg>d !m z self-produc$1 or1  
at any rate1 z hav+ be5 undesign$4 ,n[  
,i unres]v$ly admit t1 among all        
conceivable =ms1 among ! mo/ exquisitely
 beautiful & mo/ usefully intricate &   
complex1 !re is n "o :i* may n possibly 
h be5 produc$ )\t aim or purpose by !   
m]e re/lessness ( elem5tal =ces2 ! am\nt
 ( probability ( _! hav+ be5 s produc$  
be+1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! =mula already  
set =? 9 its prop] place1 z "o to       
inf9ity multipli$ m or less frequ5tly by
 itself4 ,b :at adequate sup]lative %all
 we inv5t to express ! cr$ulity1 !      
cr$ulosity run mad1 ( ^? :o1 9 a matt] (
 sci5tific belief1 delib]ately accept   
su* odds4 ,obs]ve h[ at once            
extravagantly gratuit\s & pa9fully      
elaborate su* cr$ulosity is2 h[ easily1 
on ! "o h&1 all its ends c\ld be s]v$ by
 ! simple exp$i5t ( suppos+ a sup]9t5d+ 
intellig5ce2 h[1 on ! o!r1 x compels    
+5uity l ,mr4 ,d>w9's to entr5* itself  
beh9d a phrase ( utt]ly unmean+ gibb]i%4

  ,if y see a man mov+ sl[ly1 ) head    
d[n1 ov] an ext5sive pla91 y may fairly 
suspect t he does n "k :]e he is go+1 & 
possibly does n mean to g any:]e 9      
p>ticul>4 ,b if y p]ceive t on rea*+ a  
dit* he takes a leap ov]1 y are q sure  
t1 :5 leap+1 he meant to get to ! o!r   
side4 ,to t ext5t 8 saltatory movem5t is
 unequivocal evid5ce ( design4 ,x is    
p]haps to escape ! necessity ( a simil> 
inf]5ce t ,mr4 ,d>w9 s frequ5tly quotes 
! prov]b ,natura non facit saltum2 b1 if
 s1 he leans on a brok5 re$--on a bit ( 
prov]bial philosophy z weak z ! weake/ (
 ,mr4 ,tupp]'s4 ,t ,nature does         
sometimes make a leap1 & a pretty long  
"o1 mu/ be obvi\s to any visitor to !   
,museum ( ! ,london ,college (          
,surgeons1 :o has exam9$ ! two-head$ &  
f\r-legg$ human foeti !re pres]v$ 9     
spirits4 ,x may be said t ^! are leaps 9
 ! wrong direction4 ,be x s4 ,/ill1     
:oev] c leap backw>d c make an equal    
leap =w>d1 & mo/ p w f9d ! latt] ! easi]
 feat ( ! two4 ,! p[]1 :atev] x be1 t   

c\pl$ toge!r ! ,siamese ,tw9s1 & gave to
 ^? respect$ bro!rs1 ! late ,william &  
,rob]t ,*amb]s ( ,ed9burgh1 twelve f+]s 
& twelve toes apiece1 w\ld n h gone at  
all m out ( ! way by do+1 sudd5ly & at  
once1 sev]al ( ^? ?+s :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9    
d\bts n t x does sl[ly & by degrees--by 
s+le acts1 = in/ance1 in/ead ( by a     
succession ( acts1 aggregat+ into !     
semblance ( an optic n]ve c]ta9 elem5ts 
9 ! s>code ( c]ta9 l[ organisms1 spread+
 out ! n]ve ?us =m$ into a network or   
ret9a1 =m+ a numb] ( sep>ate            
pigm5t-cells into a homog5e\s cornea1 & 
foll[+ up ^! fir/ /eps by o!rs :i*1 h[  
mu* soev] m app>5tly complex1 w\ld co/  
comp>atively little aft] ! e>li] &      
simpl] ones _h be5 tak54 ,n[ let b ! p[]
 compet5t to d ^! ?+s be cr$it$ ) s5se  
en\gh to be aw>e ( its compet5ce1 & x   
may !n be reg>d$ z n unlikely to h done 
"s ( !m on purpose4 ,:]eupon1 ! g5esis (
 ! eye ceases to be a my/]y4 ,all !     
appe>ances ( contrivance t h result$ f !
 op]ation f9d _! obvi\s & complete      

explanation 9 ! assumption ( a contriv]1
 & all su* hazy films z t ( v>iability  
produc+ v>iation cease to be capable (  
s]v+ z excuses = wilful bl9dness4 ,& :y 
%\ld n ! p[] 9 "q be s cr$it$8 ,"h is   
,mr4 ,d>w9's solit>y reason :y4 ,he     
d\bts :e!r ! inf]5ce impli$ may n be    
'presumptu\s4' ,he appreh5ds t we h no  
'"r to assume t ! ,creator works by     
intellectual p[]s l ^? ( a man4' ,truly1
 ( all sugge/$ modes ( m>k+ respect =   
creative p[]1 t ( assum+ x to h work$   
un9tellig5tly is ! mo/ orig9al4  ,!     
hypo!sis (f]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9           
explanation ( ! mo/ p]fect ( organic    
/ructures1 is deem$ by him to be equally
 explanatory ( ! mo/ m>vell\s ( animal  
in/9cts4 ,p>5!tically1 "h1 nev] hav+ z  
yet met ) a def9ition ( in/9ct :i* ,i am
 able to accept z satisfactory1 ,i make 
bold to (f] a description ( my own4     
,in/9ct is innate k h[ to p]=m any      
useful actions1 accompani$ by a t5d5cy  
or prop5sity to p]=m ^? actions1 b :olly
 unaccompani$ by k ( any purpose :i* !y 

c s]ve4 ,?is is pure in/9ct1 an example 
:]e( is af=d$ by ! beav]1 ( :i* animal  
,i h some:]e read t "o caught :5 newly  
born1 & br\ght up by itself 9 a room 9  
its captor's h\se1 proce$$ aft] a :ile  
to build up across ! ap>tm5t ! semblance
 ( a dam1 compos$ ( bru%es1 rugs1       
billets ( wood1 & o!r litt]4 ,pure      
in/9ct diff]s ess5tially1 n 9 degree    
only1 b 9 k9d1 f reason1 :i* is n k1 b  
an in/rum5t = acquir+ k4 ,in/9ct1 h[ev]1
 is r>ely if ev] f\nd pure1 be+ app>5tly
 always accompani$ by m or less (       
reason4 ,ev5 a polype makes "s %[ (     
reason by mov+ its cilia 9 "o mode :5 x 
desires to suck 9 food1 & 9 ano!r :5 x  
m]ely wi%es to move on2 :ile x is       
sc>cely possible = an unprejudic$       
spectator to d\bt ( its be+ by a        
rational d$uction f exp]i5ce t a dog    
kn[s t x w get kick$ if x presume to    
snat* at ! meat on its ma/]'s plate1    
in/ead ( wait+ = ! scraps he may be     
pleas$ to ?r[ to x :5 he has done4      
,in/9ct by necess>y implication involves

 habit2 habit z necess>ily always m or  
less modifies /ructure2 /ructural       
modification always may be1 & (t5 is1   
inh]it$1 c>ry+ ) x a t5d5cy to ! habit  
out ( :i* itself arose2 !re=e habit &   
in/9ct are likewise h]itable4 ,"s       
in/9cts are orig9at$ artificially4 ,!   
reason :y1 on ! v fir/ opportunity1 a "y
 po9t] has be5 kn[n to po9t at game1 & a
 "y %eep-dog to run r\nd1 in/ead ( at1 a
 flock ( %eep1 is t "s ( _! respective  
ance/ors _h be5 c>efully tra9$ s to po9t
 & to :eel4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are exceptions  
to ! g5]al rule4 ,mo/ in/9cts are ( :at 
e "o w\ld call natural1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9    
calls 'spontane\s' orig91 he expla9+ !  
mean+ ( ! latt] t]m to be t ! slight    
v>iations f a primordial type1 !        
accumulation ( :i* is consid]$ by him to
 con/itute actual in/9ct1 are 'v>iations
 produc$ by ! same unkn[n causes z ^?   
:i* produce slight deviations ( bodily  
/ructure4' ,b "h ,i am once m compell$  
to jo9 issue ) him4 ,( ! causes :i* he  
/yles unkn[n1 ,i ma9ta9 t we "k at lea/ 

?us mu*--ei!r !y are !mselves intellig5t
 =ces1 or !y are =ces act+ "u intellig5t
 direction2 & 9 support ( ?is           
proposition ,i ne$ n p]haps d m ?an %[ f
 ,mr4 ,d>w9's example :at inf9itely h>d]
 ?+s mu/ be accept$ by ^? :o decl9e to  
accept ?is4  ,mr4 ,d>w91 l e really     
tru?-lov+ controv]siali/1 f> f desir+ to
 %r\d1 invites special att5tion to any  
seem+ weaknesses 9 8 position2 &1 !re=e1
 :5 cont5d+ t all ! faculties commonly  
class$ z in/9cts1 are exclusively due to
 natural selection1 ( c\rse takes c>e to
 p>ticul>ise ! cellmak+ faculty ( ! hive
 bee4 ,& "h1 aga91 ,i gladly be> my     
humble te/imony to ! p>tial success he  
has a*iev$4 ,al?\gh b\nd to prote/ aga9/
 ! claim set up by him1 on behalf (     
natural selection1 to ! entire cr$it (  
produc+ ! hive bee's mo/ rem>kable      
*>act]i/ic1 ,i _c b ?9k he has succe$$ 9
 remov+ all ! app>5t difficulties (     
believ+ t natural selection's %>e may h 
be5 n less important 9 t ?an 9 any o!r  
productive op]ation 9 :i* x takes "p4   

,9 popul> e/imation ! hive bee is a     
heav5-born ma!matician :i*1 hav+ be5 set
 ! problem h[ to fill a giv5 space )    
wax5 cells ) ! lea/ loss ( room &       
exp5diture ( mat]ial1 arrives by        
intuition & in/antane\sly at a solution 
:i* ,newton himself 0 ignorant (1 & to  
:i*1 b = 8 discov]y ( ! fluxional       
calculus1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = 8   
foll[]1 ,maclaur91 to atta94 ,&1        
d\btless1 x may excusably be deem$      
sup]natural t ! insect %\ld adopt (f-h& 
precisely t six-sid$ figure1 & precisely
 t incl9ation ( ! angles ( ! same       
figure's pyramidal ro( or floor1 :i*1   
only by v ref9$ & recondite             
inve/igation1 c be sci5tifically %[n to 
be ^? be/ fitt$ = ! purpose4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 
has1 h[ev]1 adduc$ /rong gr\nds =       
suppos+ ! amaz+ ar*itectural skill ?us  
display$ to h be5 acquir$1 n sudd5ly1 b 
by ! same sl[ degrees z ^? :i* are s    
cle>ly traceable ?r\gh\t organic        
progress 9 g5]al4 ,at ! l[] end ( a %ort
 api>y s]ies1 he obs]v$ humble bees us+ 

_! old cocoons = honey pots1 sometimes  
add+ to !m %ort tubes ( wax1 & likewise 
mak+ sep>ate & v irregul> cells entirely
 ( wax4 ,at ! high] end ( ! s]ies1 he   
saw hive bees mak+ d\ble lay]s ( cells1 
ea* cell an hexagonal prism ) ! basal   
ends ( its six sides bevell$ s z to fit 
on to a pyramid =m$ ( ?ree rhombs1 & ea*
 ( ! ?ree rhombs :i* compose ! pyramidal
 base ( a s+le cell on "o side ( ! comb 
ent]+ into ! composition ( "o ( ! ?ree  
adjo9+ cells on ! opposite side4        
,int]m$iately1 he f\nd ! ,mexican       
melipon dome/ic deposit+ _! honey 9     
cells ne>ly sph]ical1 & ( ne>ly equal   
sizes4 ',^! cells1 al?\gh aggregat$ into
 a mass o!rwise irregul>1 are always at 
su* a degree ( ne>ness to ea* o!r t !y  
w\ld h int]sect$ or brok5 into ea* o!r  
if ! sph]es _h be5 complet$4 ,b ?is is  
nev] p]mitt$1 ! bees build+ p]fectly    
flat walls ( wax betwe5 ! sph]es :i* ?us
 t5d to int]sect4 ,h5ce1 ea* cell       
consi/s ( an out] sph]ical portion1 & ( 
two1 ?ree1 or m1 p]fectly flat surfaces1

 accord+ z ! cell adjo9s two1 ?ree1 or m
 cells2 & :5 "o cell re/s on ?ree o!rs1 
z f ! sph]es be+ ne>ly ( ! same size is 
v frequ5tly & necess>ily ! case1 ! ?ree 
flat surfaces are unit$ into a pyramid  
rudely resembl+ ! ?ree-sid$ pyramidal   
base ( ! hive bee's cell1 & necess>ily  
ent]1 l ! ?ree rhombs ( ! latt]1 into ! 
con/ruction ( ?ree adjo9+ cells4'       
,reflect+ on ^! rem>kable gradations1 x 
occurr$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9 t if ! melipona 7 
to make its sph]es ( precisely equal    
sizes1 & to arrange !m symmetrically 9  
d\ble lay]s1 & 7 fur!r s to dispose !m z
 t ! c5tre ( ea* %\ld be at ! di/ance ( 
radius x ma!matical symbol 'squ>e       
root'#b or radius  #a4dadba f ! c5tres (
 ! six surr\nd+ sph]es 9 ! same lay]1 & 
at ! same di/ance f ! c5tres ( ! adjo9+ 
sph]es 9 ! o!r & p>allel lay]--!n 'if   
planes ( int]section betwe5 ! sev]al    
sph]es on bo? lay]s 7 =m$1 !re w\ld     
result a d\ble lay] ( hexagonal prisms  
unit$ toge!r by pyramidal bases =m$ (   
?ree rhombs2 & ! rhombs & ! sides ( !   

hexagonal prisms w\ld h e angle         
id5tically ! same ) ! be/ measurem5ts t 
h be5 made ( ! cells ( ! hive bee4' ,!n1
 submitt+ ?is view to ,pr(essor ,mill] (
 ,cambridge1 he _h ! gratification ( be+
 assur$ by t di/+ui%$ geomet] t x 0     
/rictly correct4 ,c]ta9ly a v happy     
example ( an +5i\s conjecture v]ifi$ by 
a species ( demon/ration h>dly inf]ior  
to ! exp]im5tal4 ,c]ta9ly a v valuable  
te/imony to ! s\ndness ( all ! ma9 &    
really ess5tial pr9ciples ( ,d>w9ism4   
,good cause1 c]ta9ly1 is h]eby %[n =    
believ+ t ! cell-mak+ faculty ( ! hive  
bee may be no?+ m ?an ! aggregate ( _m  
m9ute & successive improvem5ts ^u t ( ! 
melipona1 & ?is1 aga91 ?an a simil>     
aggregate ( improvem5ts on t ( ! humble 
bee2 & = believ+ fur!r t hive bee &     
melipona may bo? be ei!r desc5dants f ! 
humble bee1 or jo9t-desc5dants ) x f "s 
/ill e>li] common prog5itor4 ,9 ord] to 
believe ?is x suffices to believe t a   
bee :i* at "o p]iod made1 l ! humble    
bee1 cells v unequally siz$ & irregul>ly

 r\nd$1 came gradually1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 
to make !m z ne>ly equal 9 size & z     
ne>ly sph]ical z ^? ( ! melipona2 &     
subsequ5tly1 dur+ a fur!r lapse ( "t1   
came to arrange !m at ! same di/ances f 
ea* o!r1 & 9 d\ble lay]s l ^? ( ! humble
 bee4 ,to assume ?us mu* requires no    
inord9ate /ret* ( fai?2 & ?us mu* be+   
assum$1 x is se5 at once t ! hive bee1  
requir+ = its cells only ab\t half z mu*
 wax z ! humble bee does1 & consequ5tly 
only ab\t half z mu* honey = ! secretion
 ( ! requisite wax1 w\ld1 9 a /ruggle = 
exi/5ce1 leave ! humble bee s little    
*ance t 9 all probability ! two species 
w\ld n[h]e coexi/1 7 x n = ! special    
res\rce d]iv$ by ! humble bee f         
possession ( a trunk long en\gh to ent] 
! nect>ies ( c]ta9 fl[]s1 :i* ! %ort]   
trunk ( ! hive bee is unable to tap4 ,b 
?\gh !re be no difficulty 9 assum+ !    
improvem5ts 9 "q to h gradually tak5    
place1 & to h become aggregat$ 9 ! mann]
 suppos$1 !re is1 to my m9d1 an         
insup]able objection to suppos+ t       

successive g5]ations ( bees %\ld h      
successively adopt$ ! improvem5ts )\t   
ei!r hav+ ! s5se to "k :at !y 7 do+1 or 
be+ prompt$ by "s sup]ior intellig5ce t 
did "k4 ,i w n be s sup]flu\s z to      
exagg]ate ! difficulty4 ,pass+ ov] !    
e>li] /ages ( ! process1 & conf9+ myself
 to "o or two ( ! lat]1 ,i w cont5t     
myself ) %[+ h[ inf9itesimally small1 :5
 magnifi$ to ! utmo/1 are ! *ances 9    
fav\r ( ^! hav+ be5 pass$ ?r\gh bl9dly4 
,i w admit x to be possible t 9 a       
society ( purely meliponi% habits1 !re  
might1 9 virtue ( "o or o!r ( ^?        
inscrutable causes class$ "u ! g5]al "n 
( spontane\s v>iation1 arise "s two or  
?ree individuals ) an innate prop5sity  
to make accurately sph]ical & equally   
siz$ cells2 t ^! individuals1 if ei!r   
males or f]tile females1 & n /]ile      
neut]s1 might help to g5]ate o!rs ) !   
same prop5sity1 ^! aga9 g5]at+ o!rs1 & s
 on1 until ! great] "p or ! :ole ( !    
community became possess$ ( ! same      
con/ructive aptitude4 ,i w admit fur!r  

t1 9 virtue ( ! same inscrutable causes1
 individuals1 at fir/ few1 b gradually  
increas+ 9 numb]1 might simil>ly be born
 ) ! additional t5d5cy to make cells at 
! same1 & t ! mo/ appropriate1 di/ance f
 all adjo9+ cells2 & w freely ackn[l$ge 
t ! bees1 modify+ _! previ\s mode (     
con/ruction1 z melipon necess>ily w\ld d
 "u ^! alt]$ circum/ances1 w\ld con/ruct
 a lay] ( cells simil> 9 all respects to
 ^? on "o side ( ! hive bee's comb1     
except t _! bases w\ld be flat in/ead ( 
pyramidal4 ,fur!r1 ,i admit t ! bases   
w\ld become pyramidal 9 case ! bees %\ld
 set ab\t con/ruct+ d\ble in/ead ( s+le 
lay]s ( cells on ! same pr9ciple4 ,n a  
little lib]ality is requir$ = ^!        
admissions4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact (
 ! bees hav+ acquir$ ! habit ( mak+     
p]fect & equally siz$ sph]es w\ld n (   
itself be ( any obvi\s b5efit ei!r to   
individual bees or to ! society at l>ge3
 9 ord] t x %\ld enable mat]ial & lab\r 
to be sav$ x w\ld h to be accompani$ by 
! habit ( mak+ ! cells at special       

di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,&1 9 ! second      
place1 ?\gh "s few individuals %\ld     
pres5t !mselves ) an innate t5d5cy to   
*oose ^! special di/ances1 :atev]       
advantage might result !refrom1 :atev]  
sav+ ( mat]ial or lab\r1 w\ld be %>$ 9  
equally by ! :ole community1 ! p>ticul> 
individuals to :om x 0 due b5efit+ by x 
no m ?an any ( ! re/1 & n be+1 9        
consequ5ce1 m likely ?an !y to survive 9
 any /ruggle = exi/5ce1 or to leave     
beh9d !m (fspr+ inh]it+ _! special      
*>act]i/ics4 ,no help1 !re=e1 c be d]iv$
 f ,mr4 ,d>w9's pr9ciples t[>ds         
conjectur+ :y a small m9ority ( su*     
specially end[$ bees %\ld be gradually  
conv]t$ into a majority1 & %\ld         
ev5tually con/itute ! :ole community1   
!reupon becom+ 9 fact conv]t$ into a new
 species4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 lib]ally waive 
?is & all simil> objections1 & assume a 
community ( hive bees to h be51 9 !     
utt]ly unacc\ntable mann] indicat$ by ! 
t]m spontane\s v>iation1 develop$ f a   
meliponi% /ock4 ,un=tunately1 all our   

lib]ality w be f\nd to h be5 ?r[n away  
)\t p]ceptibly simplify+ ! problem to be
 solv$4 ,=1 :atev] be among melipon !   
di/ribution ( ! g5]ative capacities1    
among hive bees1 at any rate1 all work]s
 are /]ile neut]s1 :i* nev] h any (fspr+
 to :om to bequea? _! cellmak+ skill1   
:ile ! que5 bee & drones1 :i* alone c   
become p>5ts1 h no su* skill to bequea?4
 ,cle>ly ! =mula ( 'desc5t )            
modification by natural selection1' is1 
9 its lit]al s5se1 utt]ly inapplicable  
"h4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! cell-mak+ faculty 
might h be5 acquir$ by ! fir/ homog5e\s 
sw>m ( hive bees1 x mu/ inevitably h    
t]m9at$ ) ! g5]ation ) :i* x comm5c$1 if
 transmission by direct desc5t _h be5   
necess>y = its cont9uance4 ,! only      
res\rce op5 to ,mr4 ,d>w9 is to suppose1
 n m]ely 7:at is1 inde$1 obvi\sly !     
fact7 t que5 bee aft] que5 bee1 besides 
g5]at+ ea* 9 turn a prog5y ( work]s     
end[$ ) in/9cts :i* _! p>5ts did n      
possess & c\ld n !re=e imp>t1 g5]at$    
also pr9cess bees de/9$ 9 due season to 

g5]ate a work+ prog5y simil>ly end[$ )  
in/9cts und]iv$ f _! p>5ts2 b to suppose
 fur!r t all ?is has happ5$ 9 ! total   
abs5ce ( aim1 object1 int5tion1 or      
design4 ,n[ t all ?is %\ld h s happ5$1  
al?\gh n absolutely inconceivable1 nor1 
!re=e1 absolutely impossible1 is surely 
too incr$ible to be believ$ except 9    
despair ( "s o!r hypo!sis a trifle less 
prepo/]\s4 ,x is surely n wor? :ile to  
set ! doctr9e ( probabilities s         
completely at naught1 = ! sake ( an     
explanation :i* av[$ly leaves e         
difficulty unexpla9$1 ref]r+ !m all to  
causes n simply unkn[n b                
unconjecturable4 ,:at excuse1 !n1 h     
philosoph]s1 ( all p1 = do+ ?is 9       
pref]5ce to ! simple exp$i5t ( suppos+  
t1 al?\gh ! p>turi5t bee1 que5 or o!r1  
_c int5d t any ( h] prog5y %\ld be m    
b\nte\sly end[$ ?an h]self1 !re is an   
indep5d5t intellig5ce t does s int5d8   
,to cont5t oneself ) pron\nc+ su*       
pref]5ce to be em95tly unsci5tific is   
t5d]ness ( language ne>ly ak91 ,i fe>1  

to lit]>y ba?os4   ,,iii4  ,i h said t !
 =m ( unbelief to :i*1 on ! pr9ciple (  
call+ a spade a spade1 ,i h tak5 !      
lib]ty ( giv+ ! "n ( ,sci5tific ,a!ism1 
manife/s itself n[-a-days r by          
ignoration ?an by =mal d5ial ( ,god4    
,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a new feature 9 any   
a!ism really wor?y ( be+ /yl$ sci5tific4
 ,ev5 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 v]bally recognises a 
,creator1 al?\gh )\t assign+ to ,him any
 %>e 9 creation1 ev5 s ,kant1 :5 m ?an a
 c5tury ago und]tak+1 9 8 ',g5]al       
,natural ,hi/ory & ,!ory ( ! ,cele/ial  
,bodies1'#db to acc\nt = ! con/itution &
 me*anical orig9 ( ! univ]se on         
,newtonian pr9ciples1 spoke ( ! elem5ts 
z d]iv+ _! ess5tial qualities f !       
'et]nal ?\ght ( ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce1' 
)\t1 h[ev]1 cr$it+ ! said ,intellig5ce )
 hav+ int]pos$ 9 ord] to c>ry out ,8    
?\ghts4 ',give me matt]1' he says1 '& ,i
 w build ! _w2' & )\t o!r data ?an      
diffus$ atoms ( matt] end[$ ) simple    
attractive & repulsive =ces1 he proce$s 
to exp\nd a complete cosmogony4  ,he    

pictures to himself ! univ]se z         
orig9ally an inf9ite expansion ( m9utely
 subdivid$ matt]1 & suppos+ a s+le c5tre
 ( attraction to be some:]e !re9 set up1
 he endeav\rs to %[ t ! result mu/ be a 
prodigi\s c5tral body surr\nd$ by sy/ems
 ( sol> & planet>y worlds 9 all /ages ( 
developm5t4 ',9 vivid language1' says   
,pr(essor ,huxley1#dc 'he describes !   
great _w-mael/rom wid5+ ! m>g9 ( its    
prodigi\s eddy 9 ! sl[ progress (       
millions ( ages1 gradually reclaim+ m & 
m ( ! molecul> wa/e1 & conv]t+ *aos into
 cosmos4' ,!n1 fix+ 8 att5tion m        
p>ticul>ly on our own sy/em1 he acc\nts 
= ! relation betwe5 ! masses & d5sities 
( ! planets & _! di/ances f ! sun1 = !  
ecc5tricity ( _! orbits1 = _! rotation1 
= _! satellites1 = ! g5]al agreem5t 9 ! 
direction ( rotation among ! cele/ial   
bodies1 = ,saturn's r+1 & = ! zodiacal  
light4 ,all ?is he does1 accord+ to     
,pr(essor ,huxley1 by '/rict d$uction f 
admitt$ dynamical pr9ciples1' & ,i1 well
 aw>e ( my own inability to =m an       

indep5d5t judgm5t on ! po9t1 gladly take
 s high an au?ority's ^w = x4 ,= aught t
 ,i "k1 ,kant's attractive & repulsive  
=ces be+ admitt$1 ! e/abli%m5t ( c5tres 
( attraction1 & ( circle )9 circle (    
revolutions r\nd !m1 & all 8 o!r        
details1 w\ld foll[ naturally & ( c\rse4
 ,i limit myself to ask+1 ,:5ce ^!      
simple =ces8--& :5 ,kant replies1 ',f ! 
,et]nal ,?\ght ( ! ,div9e ,und]/&+1' ,i 
%\ld be ! la/ to criticise if 8 answ]   
/opp$ !re4 ,un=tunately1 he adds t !    
=ces 7 'evolv$ )\t purpose'2 9 o!r      
words1 t ! ,intellig5ce :i* ?\ght !m    
into exi/5ce fail$ to ?9k ( any purpose 
= !m4 ',matt]1' he proce$s1 'is purely  
passive1 yet1 nev]!less1 has 9 its      
simple/ /ate a det]m9ation t[>ds !      
assumption ( a m p]fect con/itution 9 ! 
way ( natural developm5t1 :]eby x breaks
 up re/1 /irs up nature1 gives to *aos  
%ape4' ,= ! elem5ts :]e( ?is passively  
/irr+ up matt] is compos$ 'h native p[]s
 ( sett+ ea* o!r 9 motion1 & are to     
!mselves a spr+ ( life2' & :51 hav+ (   

c\rse be+ previ\sly dead1 !y h giv5     
!mselves life1 !y =?) beg9 to attract   
ea* o!r ) a /r5g? v>y+ ) _! v>y+ degrees
 ( specific gravity4 ,! scatt]$ elem5ts 
( ! d5s] sort collect by attraction all 
p>ticles ( less specific gravity out (  
_! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & are !mselves
 simil>ly collect$ by p>ticles ( /ill   
d5s] sort1 ^! aga9 by o!rs d5s] yet1 & s
 on1 until1 z results ( ?is p>ticul>    
action1 sev]al masses are =m$ :i* 9 l   
mann] w\ld conv]ge t[>ds & be unit$ ) ! 
l>ge/ & d5se/ ( _! numb]1 7 x n t !     
c\nt] pr9ciple ( repulsion n[ comes into
 play4 ,?is pr9ciple--famili>ly         
exemplifi$ 9 ! ela/icity ( vap\rs1 !    
emanations f /rong smell+ sub/ances1 & !
 expansion ( all spiritu\s              
sub/ances--causes ! v]tical movem5ts ( !
 conv]g+ masses to be deflect$ lat]ally1
 s z ultimately to enclose ! c5tral mass
 )9 circles :i*1 at fir/ int]sect+ ea*  
o!r 9 all directions1 are at l5g?1 by   
d9t ( mutual collision1 made all to     
revolve 9 ! same direction1 & ne>ly !   

same plane4  ,n[ ,i mo/ e>ne/ly prote/  
aga9/ be+ suspect$ ( :at 9 me w\ld be ! 
intol]able imp]t95ce ( desir+ to ca/    
ridicule on ^! magnific5t speculations1 
! gr&eur ( :i* ,i ?or\ghly appreciate s 
f> z my scant ma!matics enable me to    
foll[ !m4 ,i take exception to !m only  
because ! language 9 :i* !y are c\*$    
seems to imply t op]ations1 ( ^: nature 
"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( human intellects    
c\ld1 at its utmo/ /ret*1 cat* only a   
fa9t hazy inkl+1 may yet h be5 initiat$ 
& p]fect$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( any        
intellect at all4 ,?is is a falsism     
aga9/ :i* my respect = philosophy &     
philosoph]s makes me only all ! m       
indignant :5 ,i f9d any ( ! latt] fall+ 
into x1 z ^? ( !m inevitably mu/ :o1    
busy+ !mselves1 e>ly or late1           
,) a mighty debate1   ,a pr(\nd         
speculation ab\t ! creation   ,&        
organical life1 & *aotical /rife1   ,)  
v>i\s notions ( heav5ly motions1   ,&   
riv]s & oceans1 & valleys & m\nta9s1    
,& s\rces ( f\nta9s1 & meteors on high1 

,& />s 9 ! sky1--propose by & bye1  l   
,john ,hookham ,fr]e's ,ari/ophanic     
,birds1    ,if we'll li/5 & he>1   ,to  
make p]fectly cle>  h[ creation took    
place )\t a consci\s ,creator4 ,all _!  
fanci$ solutions ( ?is hopeless puzzle h
 "o feature 9 common--a family lik5ess  
:i* ! wick$e/ wit f9ds x difficult to   
c>icature4 ,!re is a note to ,fr]e &    
,cann+'s ',loves ( ! ,triangles' :i* !  
read] w be grateful to me = transcrib+  
"h1 ! m frequ5tly he may h laugh$ at x  
already1 laugh+ n[ all ! m1 & laugh+    
he>tily at x n[ ?\gh he may nev] h be=e4
  ,x beg9s by trac+ ! g5esis or orig9al 
=mation ( ,space to a s+le po9t1 9 !    
same mann] z ! eld] ,d>w9 _h1 9 8       
',zoonomia1' trac$ ! :ole organiz$      
univ]se to 8 six ,filam5ts4 ,x repres5ts
 ?is primeval ,po9t or ,p9ctum sali5s ( 
! univ]se1 aft] 'evolv+ itself by its   
own en]gies1 to h mov$ =w>ds 9 a "r l9e 
ad inf9itum till x grew tir$4' ,:]eupon1
 '! "r l9e :i* x _h g5]at$ w\ld beg9 to 
put itself 9 motion 9 a lat]al          

direction1 describ+ an area ( inf9ite   
ext5t4 ,?is area1 z soon z x became     
consci\s ( its own exi/5ce1 w\ld beg9 to
 asc5d or desc5d1 accord+ z its specific
 weight might det]m9e1 =m+ an imm5se    
solid space fill$ ) vacuum1 & capable ( 
conta9+ ! pres5t exi/+ univ]se4'    ,?us
 sl[ progressive po9ts protract ! l9e1  
,z p5dant spid]s sp9 ! filmy tw9e3      
,?us l5g!n$ l9es impetu\s sweep+ r\nd1  
,spread ! wide plane1 & m>k its circl+  
b\nd2   ,?us planes1 _! sub/ance ) _!   
motion gr[n1   ,=m ! huge cube1 !       
cyl9d]1 ! cone4  ,x !n proce$s z        
foll[s3--  ',,space be+ ?us obta9$1 &   
pres5t+ a suitable nidus or receptacle =
 ! g5]ation ( *aotic matt]1 an imm5se   
deposit ( x w\ld gradually be           
accumulat$2 aft] :i* ! filam5t ( fire   
be+ produc$ 9 ! *aotic mass by an       
idiosyncrasy or self-=m$ habit analog\s 
to f]m5tation1 explosion w\ld take      
place1 suns w\ld be %ot f ! c5tral *aos1
 planets f suns1 & satellites f planets4
 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! filam5t (         

organization w\ld beg9 to ex]t itself 9 
^? indep5d5t masses :i*1 9 proportion to
 _! bulk1 expos$ ! greate/ surface to ! 
action ( light & heat4 ,?is filam5t1    
aft] an inf9ite s]ies ( ages1 w\ld beg9 
to ramify1 & its vivip>\s (fspr+ w\ld   
div]sify _! =ms & habits s z to         
accommodate !mselves to ! v>i\s         
incunabula :i* nature _h prep>$ = !m4   
,^u ?is view ( ?+s1 x seems highly      
probable t ! fir/ ef=t ( ,nature t]m9at$
 9 ! production ( vegetables1 & t ^! be+
 ab&on$ to _! own en]gies1 by degrees   
deta*$ !mselves f ! surface ( ! e>?1 &  
suppli$ !mselves ) w+s & feet1 accord+ z
 _! diff]5t prop5sities det]m9$ !m 9    
fav\r ( a]ial or t]re/rial exi/5ce4     
,o!rs1 by an inh]5t disposition to      
society & civilisation1 & by a /rong]   
ef=t ( volition1 w\ld become m54 ,^! 9  
"t w\ld re/rict !mselves to ! use ( _!  
h9d feet2 _! tails w\ld gradually rub (f
 by sitt+ 9 _! caves or huts z soon z !y
 arriv$ at a dome/icat$ /ate2 !y w\ld   
inv5t language & ! use ( fire1 ) our    

pres5t & hi!rto imp]fect sy/em (        
society4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,fuci & ,alg1 
) ! ,corall9es & ,madrepores1 w\ld      
trans=m !mselves into fi%1 & gradually  
populate all ! subm>9e portions ( !     
globe4'#dd  ,al?\gh ! writ]s ( ?is      
delici\s droll]y seem to h _h ,dr4      
,erasmus ,d>w9 only 9 view1 !y c\ld n1  
we ?us see1 p>ody 8 peculi> crot*ets )\t
 hitt+ (f n less neatly "s ( !          
correspond+ extravagances ( bo? e>li] & 
lat] exp\nd]s ( ,nature4 ,nature is a   
phrase :i*1 greatly to ! confusion ( ^? 
:o s employ x1 is habitually us$        
simultane\sly 9 two q opposite s5ses1 s 
z to d5ote at ! same "t bo? ! ag5cy 9   
virtue ( ^: action ! univ]se exi/s1 &   
likewise ! univ]se itself :i* results f 
t action4 ,nature1 9 ei!r signification1
 becomes to a great ext5t int]pretable  
:5 ! ag5cy s designat$ is cr$it$ )      
suffici5t s5se to =esee & to int5d !    
results ( its own action4 ,on t         
condition1 al?\gh among ! _m unsolv$    
problems %e may cont9ue to pres5t !re w 

be "s evid5tly ly+ beyond ! limits (    
human compreh5sion1 !re w be none runn+ 
c\nt] to human reason4 ,except on t     
condition1 ! univ]se is n simply        
un9t]pretable1 x is a bewild]+          
assemblage ( irreconcilable c]ta9ties4  
,philosophy's *oice lies betwe5 su*     
pat5t truisms z t !re c be no =ce b liv+
 =ce1 no vis b vis vivida1 no vis in]ti 
o!rwise ?an metaphorically1 & su*       
blatant falsisms z t in]tness & ex]tion 
may co9cide1 un9tellig5ce g5]ate        
intellig5ce1 ag5cy ( :atsoev] sort      
produce1 m]ely by its own act1 & m]ely  
out ( its own ess5ce1 o!r ag5cy capable 
( high] action ?an its own4 ,philosophy1
 :5 ) ^! sets ( alt]natives be=e h] %e  
delib]ately *ooses ! latt]1 becomes     
,sci5tific ,a!ism1 all ! v>ieties ( :i* 
h "o po9t 9 common1 resembl+ ea* o!r 9  
_! pron5ess to ru% ^u & embrace         
demon/rable impossibilities = ! sake (  
avoid+ a few ?+s h>d to be und]/ood4 ,"o
 v>iety1 h[ev]1 ! ,comti/1 f> exce$s all
 ! re/ 9 ! l5g?s to :i* x is c>ri$ by   

?is prop5sity4   ,,iv4  ,if1 9 speak+ z 
,i am ab\t to d ( ,comtism1 ,i          
commit--he$less ( ,mr4 ,lewes' solemn   
w>n+--! grave (f5ce ( speak+ confid5tly 
ab\t a writ] :om ,i h nev] read1 ,i may 
at lea/ plead 9 ext5uation ( my fault1  
t1 al?\gh my k ( t writ] be confess$ly  
m]ely an e*o ( :at o!rs h said ( him1 ^?
 o!rs1 at any rate1 f> f be+ 8          
antagoni/s1 are two ( ! mo/ ard5t ( 8 n 
undiscrim9at+ admir]s4 ,x is f ,mr4     
,mill#de & f ,mr4 ,lewes#df himself t ,i
 h d]iv$ ! notions ( ,comti/ philosophy 
t sugge/ to me ! foll[+ notes4  ,i lay  
no /ress on c]ta9 flaws 9 ! fundam5tal  
propositions t 'we h no k ( any?+ b     
ph5om5a1 & t our k ( ph5om5a is only    
relative1 n absolute2 t we "k n ! ess5ce
 nor ! real mode ( production ( any     
fact1 b only its relations to o!r facts 
9 ! way ( succession or similitude2 t ! 
con/ant resemblances :i* l9k ph5om5a    
toge!r1 & ! con/ant sequ5ces :i* unite  
!m z antec$5t & consequ5t1 are all we "k
 ab\t !m1 & t _! causes1 :e!r effici5t  

or f9al1 are unkn[n & inscrutable4' ,i w
 only sugge/ t our m]e consci\sness (   
possess+ "s k ( ph5om5a is itself a k   
di/9ct f ! k :i* con/itutes its         
subject--di/9ct1 t is1 f ! k ( ph5om5a2 
t if x 7 possible = u to be aw>e ( only 
"o s+le fact1 we %\ld "k some?+ ab\t t  
fact1 not)/&+ t !re 7 no o!r facts :i* x
 c\ld be p]ceiv$ to h prec$$ or foll[$1 
or to :i* x c\ld be lik5$1 ev5 z a      
polype ) a /oma*-a*e w\ld "k some?+ ab\t
 a /oma*-a*e1 al?\gh ignorant t x _h a  
/oma*1 & oblivi\s ( any =m] s5sation1   
:e!r pa9ful or pleasurable2 & t if !    
causes ( ph5om5a be utt]ly unkn[n1 our  
ignorance ( !m ought n to be s signifi$ 
z to s\nd l k1 z x does :5 resemblances 
are said to l9k1 & sequ5ces to unite1   
ph5om5a toge!r1 !reby w>rant+ ! inf]5ce 
t "o ph5om5on succe$s ano!r because !   
two are s l9k$ & unit$4  ,^!1 h[ev]1 are
 trifles--m]e spots on ! sun "o might   
say1 7 b ! surface on :i* !y appe>      
altoge!r sunlike--& ,i leave !m )\t     
additional rem>k except t1 al?\gh x may 

p]haps h be5 hyp]critical to po9t !m    
out1 /ill ! language ( a new philosophy1
 claim+ to sup]s$e all old ones1 ought  
to be pro( ev5 aga9/ hyp]criticism4 ,i  
pass on to a g5]alisation1 t]m$ by ,mr4 
,mill '! key to ,comte's o!r            
g5]alisations3 "o on :i* all ! o!rs are 
dep5d5t1 & :i* =ms ! back-bone1 s to    
speak1 ( 8 philosophy1' insomu* t       
'unless x be true he has accompli%$     
little4' ,?is is ! s mu* vaunt$ discov]y
 t all human ?\ght passes necess>ily    
?r\gh ?ree /ages1 beg9n+ ) ! !ological1 
& proce$+ ?r\gh ! metaphysical to !     
positive4 ,^! ?ree t]ms1 h[ev]1 9 !     
novel s5se 9 :i* !y are us$ by ,comte1  
/& v urg5tly 9 ne$ ( def9ition4 ,by !   
!ological is to be und]/ood t /age ( !  
m9d 9 :i* ! facts ( ! univ]se are reg>d$
 z gov]n$ by s+le & direct volitions ( a
 be+ or be+s possess$ ( life &          
intellig5ce4 ,x is ! /age 9 :i* w9ds are
 suppos$ to bl[1 seas to rage1 trees to 
gr[1 & m\nta9s to t[] al(t1 ei!r because
 w9ds1 seas1 trees1 & m\nta9s are       

!mselves alive & s act ( _! own accord2 
or because !re is a _s dwell+ 9 ea* ( !m
 :i* desires t x %all s act2 or because 
ea* sep>ate class ( objects is sup]9t5d$
 by an out-dwell+ div9ity1 :i* simil>ly 
desires2 or1 f9ally1 because "o s+le    
div9ity1 supreme ov] all ?+s1 initiates 
& ma9ta9s all ! app>5tly spontane\s     
movem5ts ( inanimate bodies4 ,9 !       
metaphysical /age1 ph5om5a are ascrib$ n
 to volitions1 ei!r sublun>y or         
cele/ial1 b to realis$ ab/ractions--to  
prop]ties1 qualities1 prop5sities1      
t5d5cies1 =ces1 reg>d$ z real exi/5ces1 
inh]5t 9 b di/9ct f ! concrete bodies 9 
:i* !y reside2 :ile ! *>act]i/ic ( !    
positive /age is ! univ]sal recognition 
t all ph5om5a )\t exception are gov]n$  
by inv>iable laws1 ) :i* no volitions1  
natural or sup]natural1 int]f]e4 ,^! be+
 ! ?ree /ages1 ! discov]y ( :i* z a     
s]ies necess>ily pass$ ?r\gh by human   
?\ght 9 its progress t[>ds maturity1    
con/itutes "o ( ,comte's *ief glories1  
,i almo/ tremble at my own audacity1    

%r9k+ f ! s\nd myself am mak+1 :5 by    
inexorable s5se ( duty con/ra9$ to      
decl>e t ! gr& discov]y is aft] all     
m]ely t ( a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce4   
,:at ,comte *iefly condemn$ 9 !         
metaphysical mode ( ?\ght1 are !        
conception ( m5tal ab/ractions z real   
entities :i* ex]t p[] & produce ph5om5a1
 & ! enunciation ( ^! entities z        
explanations ( ! ph5om5a2 & c]ta9ly 'x  
is1' z ,mr4 ,mill says1 or r 01         
previ\sly to 8 own +5i\s solution ( x1  
'"o ( ! puzzles ( philosophy1 h[ mank9d1
 aft] inv5t+ a set ( m]e names to keep  
toge!r c]ta9 comb9ations ( ideas &      
images1 c\ld h s f> =gott5 _! own act z 
to inve/ ^! creations ( _! w ) objective
 reality1 & mi/ake ! "n ( a ph5om5on =  
its effici5t cause4' ,^? natural laws1  
h[ev]1 on :i* ,positivism relies--are n 
!y z purely m5tal ab/ractions z !       
ess5ces1 virtues1 prop]ties1 =ces1 & :at
 n1 = :i* x is propos$ to sub/itute !m8 
,yet s9ce ,positivism reg>ds ^! laws z  
'gov]n+' ph5om5a1 & hav+ ph5om5a        

'subject' to !m1 mu/ x n necess>ily     
reg>d !m likewise z realis$ ab/ractions1
 z real entities8 ,pla9ly1 if its       
language be tak5 lit]ally1 its pr(essors
 mu/ ackn[l$ge t x does1 unless !y pref]
 to /ultify !mselves by prop\nd+ su*    
unmitigat$ nons5se z t p[] may be       
ex]cis$1 & ph5om5a produc$1 by          
non-entities4 ,b if s1 :at else is      
,positivism ?an ano!r =m ( t v          
metaphysicism :i* x condemns8 & a =m1   
too1 peculi>ly obnoxi\s to ,mr4 ,mill's 
cau/ic rem>k t 'z 9 religion1 s 9       
philosophy1 m5 m>vel at ! absurdity (   
o!r p's t5ets1 :ile exactly p>allel     
absurdities rema9 9 _! own1 & ! same man
 is unaffect$ly a/oni%$ t words c be    
mi/ak5 = ?+s1 :o is treat+ o!r words z  
if !y 7 ?+s e "t he op5s 8 m\?4'        
,possibly1 h[ev]1 x may be repli$ t     
'gov]nm5t by natural laws' is a phrase  
:i* ,positivi/s nev] use except         
metaphorically1 & by :i* !y nev] mean m 
?an c]ta9 successions ( ev5ts4#dg ,v    
well4 ,ei!r1 !n1 !y ackn[l$ge no real   

gov]nm5t ( ph5om5a at all1 9 :i* case to
 speak ( ph5om5a z gov]n$ by law is1 if 
n a purely gratuit\s my/ification1 z    
gl>+ an in/ance z c well be conceiv$ ( a
 'b>e enunciation ( facts1 put =w>d z a 
!ory or explanation ( !m3' or1 if !y d  
recognise real gov]nm5t1 !n !y mu/      
suppose t1 beh9d ^? m]e m5tal           
ab/ractions1 laws or ord] ( ,nature1 !re
 mu/ be "s lawgiv] or o!r be+ t         
orig9ally issu$ ! laws1 or orda9$ !     
ord]1 & /ill en=ces !m1 or ma9ta9s x4 ,b
 if ?is be ! positivi/ fai?1 !n1 t we   
may discov] its o!r self1 we h only to g
 /ill fur!r back2 z f> back1 h[ev]1 z to
 ! !ological /age1 suppos$ to h be5 s   
e>ly left beh9d1 yes1 ev5 unto ! deities
 or deity t ! metaphysical entities _h  
displac$4 ,positivism1 9 %ort1 is 9 ?is 
dilemma3 ei!r ! mode ( ?\ght claim$ by x
 z peculi>ly its own is simply t process
 s ju/ly ridicul$ by ,comte himself z ! 
'naf reproduction ( ph5om5a z ! reason =
 !mselves1' & by ,mr4 ,lewes z 'a       
re/atem5t' 7by way ( explanation7 '( !  

facts to be expla9$2' or x is at any    
rate no?+ m ?an a return1 ei!r to !     
metaphysical or to ! !ological mode (   
?\ght1 accord+ z "o or ! o!r is adopt$ (
 ! only two int]pretations t c possibly 
be plac$ on its own nom5clature4 ,a new 
mode x c]ta9ly is n4 ,x is ei!r no mode 
( ?\ght at all1 b m]ely an empty =m (   
words2 or x is at be/ only a new "n = "o
 or o!r ( two old-fa%ion$ modes1 bo? (  
:i* its au?or d5\nces z false f !       
beg9n+1 & n[ worn out & obsolete into ! 
b>ga94  ,( o!r features ( ,comti/       
philosophy x w\ld be out ( place to     
speak "h1#dh :]e1 inde$1 t philosophy   
w\ld n h be5 m5tion$ at all b = its hav+
 be5 trans=m$ by its au?or into a       
religion1 & t1 too1 an a!i/ical         
religion--! ',religion ( ,humanity4' ,to
 myself1 z to mo/ p1 a religion )\t a   
,god is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,to     
con/itute :at is almo/ univ]sally       
und]/ood by religion x does n suffice t 
!re be a 'cre$ or conviction claim+     
au?ority ov] ! :ole ( human life3 a     

belief or set ( beliefs delib]ately     
adopt$ respect+ human de/9y & duty1 to  
:i* ! believ] inw>dly ackn[l$ges t all 8
 actions ought to be subord9ate3' nor t 
!re be 9 addition 'a s5tim5t connect$ ) 
?is cre$ or capable ( be+ invok$ by x1  
suffici5tly p[]ful to give x1 9 fact1 ! 
au?ority ov] human conduct to :i* x lays
 claim 9 !ory3' nor yet t !re be1       
moreov]1 'an ideal object1 ! believ]'s  
atta*m5t & s5se ( duty t[>ds :i* are    
able to control & discipl9e all 8 o!r   
s5tim5ts & prop5sities1 & prescribe to  
him a rule ( life4'#di ,t su* an object 
is fully capable ( ga!r+ r\nd x feel+s  
suffici5tly /rong to en=ce ! mo/ rigid  
rule ( life1 w c]ta9ly n be d5i$ by me1 
privileg$ z ,i am to c\nt among my      
fri5ds m ?an "o ^: :ole life is little  
else ?an a life ( devotion to an object1
 '! g5]al int]e/ ( ! human race1' pla9ly
 incapable ( af=d+ !m 9 ex*ange t       
'et]nity ( p]sonal enjoym5t' to :i*     
ord9>y devotees look =w>d z _! rew>d1 & 
^: virtue ,i hon\r z approa*+ ! sublime1

 on acc\nt ( its indep5d5ce ( all !     
props & /imulants :i* ord9>y virtue f9ds
 indisp5sable4 ,b ! sublime/ virtue does
 n ( itself con/itute religion4 ,=1     
besides ! 'cre$1' 'conviction1' &       
's5tim5t' indicat$ above1 !re is ne$$ "s
 suitable object ( wor%ip to :i* ! s\l  
may alt]nately b[ d[n 9 humble rev]5ce1 
& look up 9 f]v5t love--"s be+ to :om   
its pray]1 praise1 & ?anksgiv+ may be   
fitt+ly address$4 ,?is want1            
recognis$--z "o ( ! few :o d n recognise
 x admits--by n9e out ( e t5 p]sons1 0  
di/9ctly recognis$ by ,comte1 :o1 h[ev]1
 attempt$ to supply x by po9t+1 n to    
,god1 b to ,man4 ,8 reason = ?is 0 n a  
conviction t !re is no ,god4 ,on !      
contr>y1 he habitually disclaim$1 n )\t 
acrimony1 dogmatic a!ism2 & once ev5    
condesc5d$ s f> z to decl>e t '!        
hypo!sis ( design has mu* great]        
v]isimilitude ?an t ( a bl9d me*anism4' 
,b 9 ! 'mature /ate ( intellig5ce' at   
:i* 8 m9d _h arriv$1 'conjecture f\nd$  
on analogy did n seem to him a basis to 

re/ a !ory ^u4' ,he pref]r$ a religi\s  
!ory )\t a basis1 & !re=e adopt$ "o z   
de/itute ( support z ! tortoise on :i*  
/&s ! e>?-uphold+ elephant ( ,h9doo     
my?ology2 select+1 z ! ',gr& tre' to be 
wor%ipp$1 '! entire ,human ,race1       
conceiv$ z a cont9u\s :ole1 pa/1 pres5t1
 & future4' ,= ?is great collective     
non-exi/5ce1 ?is comp\nd ( t :i* is1 t  
:i* has be5 b has ceas$ to be1 & t :i*  
is n yet1 he elaborat$ a m9ute ritual ( 
devotional obs]vances1 & w\ld1 if he _h 
_h ! *ance1 h consecrat$ a complete     
sac]dotal hi]>*y1 subord9at$ to himself 
z supreme pontiff4 ,hav+1 = fe> (       
recognis+ :at possibly might n be1 begun
 by1 wilfully & ) 8 eyes op51 recognis+ 
:at c\ld n possibly be1 he proce$$ to   
inve/ ?is sanctifi$ non-exi/5ce )       
precisely ^? attributes be/ calculat$ to
 r5d] x unfit to receive ! admiration he
 prescrib$ = x4 ,t feeble ,humanity--!  
actually liv+ portion !re(1 t is--may   
ne$ & be ! bett] = our s]vices1 :i*     
,div9e ,omnipot5ce ( c\rse _c be1 0     

di/9ctly urg$ by him z a reason :y      
pray]s1 or at lea/ ^? outp\r+s ( feel+  
:i* he s designat$1 %\ld be address$ to 
! =m] & n to ! latt]4 ,t ,humanity is 9 
a con/ant /ate ( progress1 s t bo? !    
collective mass & *oice specim5s ( ea*  
successive g5]ation ( m5 mu/ always be  
sup]ior to ! correspond+ masses &       
specim5s ( all previ\s g5]ations1 is a  
prime article ( ! ,comti/ cre$2 b n !   
less is x an imp]ative injunction ( !   
,comti/ rubrick t religi\s homage %all  
be paid1 n only to ! collective ',gr&   
tre' ( ,humanity1 b also to individual  
wor?ies ( pa/ ages--t sup]iors %all     
consequ5tly fall d[n be=e1 & wor%ip1 &  
take z models1 _! intellectual & moral  
inf]iors4 ,! fact ( a religion made up (
 t5ets l ^! hav+ be5 ?\ght out by "o ( !
 pr(\nde/ ( reason]s does n prev5t its  
be+ ! v p]fection ( unreason4 ,ev5 ?\gh 
on ! "o side !re 7 no?+ m ?an "s d\bt   
:e!r ,deity might n exi/1 /ill )        
complete c]ta9ty on ! o!r ( !           
non-exi/5ce ( ',humanity1' ,deity ought 

9 fairness to h at lea/ ! b5efit ( !    
d\bt4 ,9 selection = adoration1 t :i*   
only p]haps may be1 at any rate des]ves 
to be1 pref]r$ to t :i* positively is n4
 ,! excess ( sup]/ition ) :i* ,/4 ,paul 
reproa*$ ! ,a!nians1 = rais+ an alt> to 
! ',unkn[n ,god1' looks l excessive     
circumspection1 beside ! solemn         
d$ication ( temples to a *im]a kn[n n to
 be4 ,nay1 ev5 ,isaiah's mak] ( grav5   
images is at l5g? outdone4 ,ev5 he :o1  
hav+ hewn d[n a tree1 'burne? "p !re( 9 
! fire1 ) "p !re( eate? fle%1 roa/e?    
roa/1 & is satisfi$1 w>me? himself1 &   
sai?1 ,aha1 ,i am w>m1 ,i h se5 ! fire2 
& ) ! residue make? a god1 yea1 8 grav5 
image1 & falle? d[n unto x & wor%ippe?  
x1 & praye? unto x1 & sai?1 ,deliv] me1 
= ?\ art my god'--ev5 he has at la/ f\nd
 m ?an 8 mat* 9 irrationality4 ,= he has
 at lea/ be=e him a visible tangible    
block ( wood1 n ! m]e memory ( "o t has 
long ago rott$1 nor ! dream ( "o t is   
yet to gr[1 :]eas t m5tal figm5t1       
,consecrat$ ,humanity1 is n ev5 a real  

%ad[1 b only a fanci$ "o1 a %ad[ ca/ by 
no sub/ance4 ,& x is to ,comti/s ( all  
p--intellectual salt ( ! e>? z !y are--t
 ?is figm5t is recomm5d$ =              
adoration--yes1 to ^? :o1 ph>isaically  
/&+ alo( f ! common h]d1 ?ank _! imag9>y
 sub/itute = ,god1 or :atev] else x is  
!y deem ?ankwor?y1 t !y are n bl9d z o!r
 m5 are1 & lea/ ( all z ^? daz$         
metaphysicians :o actually p]sonify _!  
own m5tal ab/ractions4 ,no wond] t su*  
extreme provocation %\ld try ! pati5ce (
 all b ! /an*e/ disciples4 ,no wond] t  
,mr4 ,lewes himself %\ld seem half      
incl9$ to apo/rophise 8 quondam ma/] 9  
words resembl+ ^? once address$ to      
,robespi]re1 ',avec ton ,gr& tre1 tu    
comm5ces  m'embt]4'  ,"h make we "o m   
pause4 ,?is *apt]'s !me is1 z 0 betimes 
premis$1 n ! /r5g? ( !ism1 b ! weakness 
( a!ism4 ,i h 9 x attempt$ to execute a 
design :i*1 accord+ to ,boswell1 0      
conceiv$ by ,"l ,hailes1 & approv$ by   
,dr4 ,johnson1 t ( writ+ an essay1 ,sur 
la crdulit des incrdules1 & ,i ?9k ,i h 

succe$$ s f> z to %[ t1 if any "o :o c  
swall[ a!ism affects to /ra9 at !ism1 x 
_c1 at any rate1 be = want ( a          
suffici5tly capaci\s gullet4            
,,footnotes3  #cf ,! /ory 0 ?us told by 
,did]ot1 to ,sir ,samuel ,romilly1 :5 a 
"y man3--',je v\s dirai un trait de lui1
 mais il v\s s]a un peu sc&aleux        
peut-tre1 c> v\s autres ,anglais1 v\s   
croyez un peu en ,dieu2 p\r n\s autres1 
n\s n'y croyons gures4 ,hume dna dans   
une gr&e compagnie avec le b>on         
,d',holba*4 ,il tait assis  ct du b>on2 
on p>la de la religion naturelle4 ,p\r  
les a?es1 disait ,hume1 je ne crois pas 
qu'il en exi/e2 je n'en ai jamais vu6   
,v\s avez t un peu malheureux1 rpondit  
l'autre1 v\s voici  table avec dix-sept 
p\r la premire fois4'--,ed9burgh ,review
 = ,janu>y #ahdg4  #cg ',/udies 9       
,animal ,life1' *ap4 v4  #ch ,! read]   
:o1 hav+ skipp$ "s ( ! e>li] *apt]s1 may
 f9d ?is language obscure1 is reque/$ to
 turn back to ! essay on ',huxleyism1'  
pp4 #aid-f4  #ci ,see aga91 pp4 #aid-f4 

#dj ',mr4 ,d>w9's ,hypo!ses4' ,"p ,,ii4 
',=tnightly ,review' = ,june #ahfh4  #da
 ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #bbf4  #db ,(  
?is treatise1 no ,engli% or ,fr5*       
translation has1 ,i believe1 be5        
publi%$4 ,= my own v limit$ acqua9tance 
) x1 ,i am indebt$ to ! extreme k9dness 
( my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,croom ,rob]tson1 
:o has mo/ oblig+ly fav\r$ me ) a       
manuscript v]sion ( ! portion ref]r$ to 
9 ! text4  #dc ',lay ,s]mons1' p4 #bdj4 
#dd ',beauties ( ! ,anti-,jacob91'      
#agii1 pp4 #bad-f4  #de ',augu/e ,comte 
& ,positivism1' passim4  #df ',hi/ory ( 
,philosophy1' #d? edition1 vol4 ii4 pp4 
#fed-gce4  #dg ,n t s re/rict$ a mean+  
c1 ) any propriety1 be plac$ on         
positivi/ def9itions ( law4 ,see1 =     
in/ance1 t ( ,mr4 ,lewes 7',hi/ory (    
,philosophy1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gja71 :o     
def9es law to be '! inv>iable relation  
betwe5 two di/9ct ph5om5a1 accord+ to   
:i* "o dep5ds on ! o!r4'  #dh ,"s few   
additional r&om rem>ks1 h[ev]1 ?\gh n   
p]missible 9 ! text may1 p]haps1 be less

 inappropriate 9 a note4  ,my sci5tific 
defici5cies d n prev5t my und]/&+ or1 at
 lea/1 fancy+ ,i und]/&1 t ,comte's     
fam\s ',classification ( ! ,sci5ces' may
 be extremely s]viceable z indicat+ 9   
:at ord] ! sci5ces may mo/ pr(itably be 
/udi$4 ,t a /ud5t's g5]al progress w\ld 
be swift] & sur] if1 be=e ent]+ on      
physics or *emi/ry1 he _h already made  
consid]able progress 9 algebra1         
geometry1 & me*anics1 ?an if he comm5c$ 
all five sci5ces simultane\sly1 seems   
probable en\gh4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !           
classification be int5d$ also to        
indicate hi/orically ! ord] 9 :i* !     
sci5ces h actually be5 /udi$1 ,i _c b   
suspect x to be mislead+4 ,c]ta9ly1 if k
 ( numb] 0 ! e>lie/ k acquir$ by man1 ^?
 savage races :i* h n ev5 yet le>nt h[  
to c\nt beyond f\r1 mu/ h be5 cont5t ) v
 few lessons 9 ari?metic :5 turn+ (f to 
o!r bran*es ( le>n+4  ,z to ! measure ( 
success t att5d$ ,comte's s*eme ( creat+
 a ,philosophy ( ,g5]al ,sci5ce1 ,i     
presume n to utt] "o syllable ( my own1 

pref]r+ to cite :at ,mr4 ,mill says ( t 
'wond]ful sy/ematization ( ! philosophy 
( all ! antec$5t sci5ces f ma!matics to 
physiology1 :i*1 if he _h done no?+     
else1 w\ld h /amp$ him on all m9ds      
compet5t to appreciate x z "o ( !       
pr9cipal ?9k]s ( ! age4' ,9 all s9c]ity1
 ,i say t ! m]e conception ( !          
ent]prise1 ^: va/ness is s lum9\sly     
exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,lewes1 9 ! la/ edition 
( 8 ',hi/ory ( ,philosophy1' seems to me
 to betok5 sup]ior g5ius4 ,i feel1 z x  
71 simply awe-/ruck 9 ! pres5ce ( an    
intellectual ambition1 t )9 ! brief span
 ( "o human life c\ld aspire to a ma/]y 
ov] all ! sci5ces1 suffici5t1 fir/ =    
co-ord9at+ ! fundam5tal tru?s & special 
me?ods1 & s obta9+ ! philosophy ( ea*1 &
 !n = co-ord9at+ ! manifold philosophies
 s obta9$1 &--by cond5s+ !m all into "o 
homog5e\s doctr9e1 & bl5d+ !m into "o   
organic :ole1 :]e( ea* "p w\ld be se5 to
 dep5d on all t prec$$1 & to det]m9e all
 t succe$$--trans=m+ all sci5ce into    
philosophy4  ,"o po9t h[ev] rema9s on   

:i* ,i %all speak ) "s confid5ce1 t1    
namely1 ( ! inclusion among ',comte's   
titles to immortal fame' ( ! creation ( 
a ,sci5ce ( ,sociology4 ',:at ! law (   
gravitation is to a/ronomy1 :at !       
elem5t>y prop]ties ( tissues are to     
physiology1' t1 says ,mr4 ,lewes1 9 !   
op9ion ( ,comte's disciples1 'is ! law (
 ! ?ree /ages to sociology4' ,b if1 z ,i
 h %[n1 !re are n really ?ree b only two
 /ages1 ! s-call$ ?ird /age be+ simply a
 return to ei!r ! second or ! fir/1 !   
law ( ! ?ree /ages _c be mu* ( a law1   
nor ! sci5ce ( :i* x is ! ess5ce mu* ( a
 sci5ce4  ,mr4 ,lewes1 nev]!less1       
ma9ta9s t ,m4 ,comte creat$ ,social     
,sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,mill consid]s t he did n 
create x1 b only prov$ its creation to  
be possible4 ,) all possible def]5ce1 ,i
 submit t :at he really did 0 to prove  
its creation to be impossible4  ,9 a    
passage ( ,mr4 ,mill's ',positivism1'   
quot$ ) approval 9 ,mr4 ,lewes's        
',hi/ory ( ,philosophy1' & presumably1  
!re=e1 express+ ! s5tim5ts ( bo? writ]s1

 ,comte is describ$ z pron\nc+          
inappropriate to ! ,sci5ce ( ,society1 !
 me?od univ]sally admitt$ to be prop] to
 all o!r sci5ces--t1 namely1 ( obta9+ by
 induction ! laws ( ! elem5t>y ph5om5a1 
!n1 f ^! laws ?9k+ out d$uctively ^? ( !
 complex ph5om5a1 &1 f9ally1 ( v]ify+ by
 specific obs]vation ! laws obta9$ by   
d$uction4 ,among social ph5om5a1 he is  
describ$ z argu+1 ! elem5t>y ones are   
human feel+s & actions1 ! laws ( :i* are
 ! laws ( univ]sal human nature4 ,b !   
human be+s1 on ! laws ( ^: nature social
 facts dep5d1 are n ab/ract or univ]sal1
 b hi/orical human be+s1 already %ap$ & 
made :at !y are1 n by ! simple t5d5cies 
( univ]sal human nature1 b by !         
accumulat$ influ5ce ( pa/ g5]ations (   
human society4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! laws (
 univ]sal human nature evid5tly _c s]ve 
z mat]ials1 :5ce x w\ld be possible =   
any p[]s ( d$uction1 />t+ f ! b>e       
conception ( ! ,be+ ,man1 to pr$ict     
be=eh& h[ successive g5]ations ( m5 w\ld
 feel & act4 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] to get at   

social laws1 we mu/ rev]se ! ord9>y     
me?od1 seiz+ ^u any g5]alizations :i* ! 
facts ( hi/ory1 empirically consid]$1 w 
supply1 & !n us+ ! univ]sal laws ( human
 nature = ! v]ification ( ^!            
g5]alizations4  ,i w n l+] ov] ! gl>+   
inconsi/5cy involv$ 9 ! conclusion ?us  
arriv$ at1 ( appeal+1 = ! v]ification ( 
empirical g5]alizations1 to a species ( 
d$uction confess$ to be impracticable = 
want ( ! requisite mat]ials4 ,i pref] to
 %[ t f ,comte's own premises1 z r5d]$  
by ,mr4 ,mill1 necess>ily results a     
sep>ate conclusion1 absolutely fatal to 
8 sociologically creative pret5sions4   
,accord+ to him1 z we h se51 ! laws (   
elem5t>y social facts1 or ( human       
actions & feel+s1 are ! laws ( univ]sal 
human nature1 :i* latt] c1 ( c\rse1 be  
no o!r ?an :atev] habits ( inv>iably1 9 
giv5 circum/ances1 feel+ & act+ 9 giv5  
modes1 may be common to all mank9d4 ,b x
 is admitt$ t ! p>ticul> g5]ation (     
human be+s at any "t exi/+ mu/1 by !    
accumulat$ influ5ce ( prec$+ g5]ations1 

h be5 r5d]$ v diff]5t f e prec$+        
g5]ation3 & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t two   
g5]ations diff]+ widely f ea* o!r 9 "*1 
w\ld1 9 _m giv5 circum/ances1 n only n  
feel & act 9 precisely ! same1 b w\ld   
inevitably feel & act 9 widely diff]5t1 
mann]s4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! circum/ances
 by :i* any g5]ation is surr\nd$ h be5  
p>tly %ap$ = x by prec$+ g5]ations1     
p>tly modifi$ by itself--s t x is n     
possible = any two g5]ations ev] to f9d 
!mselves 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,:]e=e1 
z !re nev] c be a repetition ( ei!r m5  
or ( circum/ances precisely ! same1 x is
 manife/ly impossible = any habits (    
feel+ & ?9k+1 9 giv5 modes 9 giv5       
circum/ances1 to be common to any two   
g5]ations ( m51 /ill less to univ]sal   
mank9d4 ,9 o!r words1 !re _c possibly be
 any laws ( human nature3 & if no laws (
 human nature1 !n no laws ( elem5t>y    
social facts2 & if no laws ( elem5t>y   
social facts1 !n no laws ( complex      
social facts2 & if no laws ( social     
facts1 elem5t>y or complex1 !n no s+le  

p>ticle ( mat]ial :]e) to build up !    
,sci5ce ( ,society or ,sociology4  #di  
',augu/e ,comte & ,positivism1' pp4     
#acc-d4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,limits ,,( 
,,demon/rable ,,!ism4       ,?\ght )\t  
,rev]5ce is b>r54 ,! man :o _c wond]1 :o
      does n habitually wond] 7&        
wor%ip71 7 he presid5t (      innum]able
 ,royal ,societies1 & c>ri$ ! :ole      
,mcanique      ,cle/e & ,hegel's        
,philosophy1 & ! epitome ( all          
laboratories & obs]vatories ) _!        
results1 9 8 s+le      head1 is b a pair
 ( spectacles1 beh9d :i* !re is no eye4 
,let ^? :o h eyes look ?r\gh him2 !n he 
may be      useful4--,s>tor ,res>tus4   
',i w\ldn't m9d1' said once a           
repres5tative ( extreme het]odoxy1 9    
debate ) a *ampion ( its diametrical    
opposite--',i w\ldn't m9d conc$+ !      
,deity y cont5d =1 7 x n = ! use        
commonly made ( him aft] he is conc$$4' 
,& no d\bt t use is su* z might well    
provoke a sa9t1 provid$ ! sa9t 7        
likewise a philosoph]4 ,to :atev] ext5t 

x be true t man 0 creat$ 9 ! image (    
,god1 x is c]ta9 t 9 all ages & c\ntries
 ,god has be5 creat$ 9 ! image ( man1   
inve/$ ) all human prop5sities1         
appetites1 & passions1 & expect$ to     
demean himself on all occasions z m5    
w\ld d 9 l circum/ances4 ,z popul>ly    
conceiv$1 s long z s5sual gratification 
0 e/eem$ to be ! summum bonum1 he wall[$
 9 all mann] ( s5sual lu/2 :5 "s ( 8 m  
f]v5t wor%ipp]s turn$ ascetics out (    
disgu/ ) fle%ly surfeit1 he became      
ascetism p]sonifi$3 at e /age 8 great   
delight has be5 flatt]y1 & 8 /ill       
great]1 rev5ge2 9 ! ex]cise ( p[] he has
 always be5 caprici\s & (t5             
wanton--ru?lessly v9dictive aga9/       
impugn]s ( 8 hon\r & dignity1           
unspeakably b>b>\s to unbeliev]s 9 8    
reality4 ,n[1 z k advanc$1 unbelief 9 a 
,god s mu* bel[ ! level ( ord9>ily      
virtu\s m5 advanc$ equally1 quick5+ its 
pace1 too1 z ! p>ticul> bran* ( k /yl$  
'physics' spread1 &1 spread+1 expos$ !  
utt] impossibility ( _m ( ! fables 9 :i*

 !ological views _h be5 express$4       
,:]e=e1 !ological oracles h 9 e age &   
c\ntry be5 apt to conf\nd sci5tific     
inquisitiv5ess ) unbelief1 & to d5\nce  
physical sci5ce especially z a delusion 
& a sn>e1 & its cultivators z impo/ors  
none ! less mis*iev\s = be+ at ! same "t
 dupes4 ,( c\rse1 ! latt] h n be5 sl[ to
 return ! complim5t4 ,he>+ ! tru?s      
discov]$ by !m /igmatis$ z falsehoods1  
!y naturally en\gh retort$ ! *>ge (     
falsity aga9/ ! div9e au?orities 9 ^: "n
 x 0 made4 ,f9d+ w> wag$ aga9/ !m by e  
religion ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$1 !y        
naturally en\gh 9 turn decl>$ w> aga9/  
all religion1 ev5 ) t =m !re( :i*       
und]lies e o!r except :5 suffic+ to     
itself = sup]/ructure z well z base4    
,natural en\gh ?is1 = humanum e/ err>e2 
b v humanly errone\s )al1 = to include  
,deity itself 9 ! same d5ial )          
pseudo-div9e attributes is ab\t z       
sagaci\s a proce$+ z to refuse to       
recognise ! sun at midday on acc\nt ( 8 
n appe>+ 9 ,phoebus's *>iot & f\r4  ,:5 

religion on ! def5sive decl>es h]self   
oppos$ to reason1 s mu* ! worse =       
religion4 ,%e is !reby virtually        
surr5d]+ at discretion1 s9ce to appeal  
to h] only o!r res\rce--revelation--is  
to beg ! :ole subject 9 dispute4        
,simil>ly1 ! worse & /ill less excusable
 is x = sci5ce to decl>e h]self         
irreconcileable ) religion1 = %e1 too1  
is !reby slight+ reason4 ,x is only by  
=sak+ ! s+le guide 9 :om %e pr(esses to 
tru/1 & bl9dly giv+ h]self up to angry  
prejudice1 t %e c fail to discov] !     
rational solidity ( s mu* ( e religion z
 consi/s ( !ism4  ,= ?is1 z we h se51 ! 
argum5t f design abundantly suffices1   
al?\gh ! only absolute c]ta9ty !nce     
d$ucible be t ! univ]se mu/ h an au?or  
or au?ors fully equal to its orig9al    
con/ruction1 its subsequ5t developm5t1 &
 its cont9u$ ma9t5ance4 ,ev5 if x be n  
inconceivable1 not)/&+ t ! *ances to !  
contr>y be _m times inf9ity to "o1 t !  
m]e re/lessness ( "s utt]ly un9tellig5t 
=ce may h fabricat$ all mat]ial         

/ructures1 & imp>t$ to all _! movem5ts  
c]ta9 ord]ly successions1 x is /ill     
manife/ly impossible = un9tellig5ce to h
 br\ght =? intellig5ce--= ! speculative1
 critical1 c>p+ _s ( man to h be5 g5]at$
 by t :i* has no speculation 9 its eyes1
 nor any eyes1 to h speculation 92      
impossible1 9 %ort1 = ! creature to be m
 ri*ly end[$ ?an its creator4 ,s9ce     
num]\s embodi$ intellig5ces actually    
exi/1 !y mu/ h be5 prec$$ by intellig5ce
 capable ( creat+ !m & all o!r exi/+    
intellig5ces t h n et]nally exi/$2 & x  
is simply impossible t creative         
intellig5ce1 ^: creatures owe to x      
:atev] intellig5ce !y possess1 %\ld on  
any occasion h exhibit$ a want (        
intellig5ce :i* !y are compet5t to      
detect4  ,b al?\gh x be ?us demon/rably 
c]ta9 t an au?or ( ! univ]se exi/s1 x   
does n foll[ t !re is only "o4 ,z to ?is
 no pro( positive1 only probabilities1 c
 be adduc$2 b ! probabilities are ( an  
am\nt all b equival5t to c]ta9ty4 ,!y   
are =cibly urg$ by ,mr4 ,mill4 ,_m      

exactly uni=m occurr5ces1 he obs]ves1   
are m naturally ref]r$ to 'a s+le1 ?an  
to a numb] ( wills precisely accordant4'
 ,b ! classes ( uni=m occurr5ces be+    
exce$+ly num]\s1 if !re 7 a sep>ate w = 
ea* class1 !re w\ld be equally num]\s   
wills1 & 'unless all ^! wills 7 9       
complete h>mony 7:i* w\ld itself be !   
mo/ difficult to cr$it ( all cases (    
inv>iability1 & w\ld require beyond     
any?+ else ! asc5dancy ( a supreme      
,deity71' x w\ld be 'impossible t !     
c\rse ( ph5om5a "u _! gov]nm5t %\ld be  
inv>iable4' ,e fre% appe>ance (         
resemblance ext5d+ ?r\gh all nature     
'af=ds fre% presumption t ! :ole is !   
"w1 n ( _m1 b ( ! same h&1 & r5d]s x    
va/ly m probable t !re %\ld be "o       
indef9itely =esee+ ,intellig5ce &       
immoveable ,w ?an t !re %\ld be hundr$s 
& ?\s&s ( su*4'#ej ,i w n run ! risk (  
weak5+ ?is reason+ by expansion4 ,its   
obvi\s inf]5ce t1 !re be+ a ,god1 !re _c
 be m ?an "o1 c\ld n be set =? m        
irresi/ibly4  ,t ! wisdom ( ! ,creator  

_c be less ?an ! am\nt !re( manife/$ 9  
,8 works is a self-evid5t proposition1  
:i* none w be h>dy en\gh directly to    
dispute4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o critic1 (   
great ability & yet great] d>+1 :o      
appe>s to d\bt :e!r ! wisdom manife/$ 9 
! univ]se is any?+ to speak (4 ,mr4     
,lewes' faculty ( v5]ation is1 ,i       
suspect1 b imp]fectly develop$1 s9ce '! 
succession ( phases :i* ea* 7animal7    
embryo is =c$ to pass ?r\gh1' is        
suffici5t to give its action pause4     
',none ( ^! phases1' he rem>ks1 'h any  
adaptation to ! future /ate ( ! animal1 
b are 9 positive contradiction to x1 or 
are simply purposeless2 _m ( !m h no    
adaptation ev5 to its embryonic /ate2   
:]eas all %[ /amp$ on !m ! unmi/akable  
*>act]s ( ance/ral adaptations & !      
progressions ( organic evolution4'      
',:at1' he asks1 'does ?is fact imply8' 
',!re is n1' he cont9ues1 'a s+le kn[n  
example ( an organism :i* is n develop$ 
out ( simpl] =ms4 ,be=e x c atta9 !     
complex /ructure :i* di/+ui%es x1 !re   

mu/ be an evolution ( =ms :i* di/+ui% ! 
/ructures ( organisms l[] 9 ! s]ies4444 
,on ! hypo!sis ( a plan t pre-arrang$ ! 
organic _w' 7by no means1 h[ev]1        
necess>ily 9 types t c\ld n *ange1 b r 9
 types adapt$ & calculat$ to *ange71    
'no?+1' he consid]s1 'c\ld be m unwor?y 
( a supreme intellig5ce ?an ?is         
inability to con/ruct an organism at    
once )\t mak+ sev]al t5tative ef=ts1    
undo+ to-day :at 0 s c>efully done      
ye/]day1 & repeat+ = c5turies ! same    
t5tatives & ! same corrections 9 ! same 
succession4' ',an?ropomorphi/s1' he     
says1 'talk ( ,! ,great ,ar*itect1      
emphasis+ ! "n ) capitals1' b ':at %\ld 
we say to an ar*itect :o 0 unable1 or1  
be+ able1 0 ob/9ately unwill+1 to erect 
a palace except by fir/ us+ 8 mat]ials 9
 ! %ape ( a hut1 !n pull+ x d[n &       
rebuild+ !m z a cottage1 !n add+ /orey  
to /orey & room to room1 n ) any ref]5ce
 to ! ultimate purposes ( ! palace1 b   
:olly ) ref]5ce to ! way 9 :i* h\ses 7  
con/ruct$ 9 anci5t times8 ,:at %\ld we  

say to ! ar*itect :o c\ld n =m a museum 
out ( bricks & mort>1 b 0 =c$ to beg9 z 
if go+ to build a mansion1 &1 aft]      
proce$+ "s way 9 ?is direction1 alt]$ 8 
plan into a palace1 & t aga9 into a     
museum8 ,w\ld !re be a *orus ( applause 
f ! ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects1 & fav\rable 
notices 9 ! newspap]s ( ?is pr(\nd      
wisdom8'#ea  ,not)/&+ ! exult+ tone 9   
:i* ^! que/ions are put1 & :i* seems to 
imply t 9 _! propos]'s op9ion !y are    
unansw]able1 !y may1 ,i ?9k1 be v       
summ>ily dispos$ (4 ,:atev] o!r comm5ts 
might be made on ! conduct ( an ar*itect
 :o %\ld build 9 ! complex mann]        
sugge/$1 surely ! v la/ ?+ said w\ld be 
t he did n "k h[ to build 9 simpl] wise4
 ,8 hav+ actually built a palace w\ld be
 decisive pro( ( 8 kn[+ h[ to build a   
palace2 & ( all que] reasons = que/ion+ 
8 possession ( t mu* ar*itectural k1    
ab\t ! que]e/ w\ld be ! fact ( 8 hav+   
built1 n a palace only1 b a hut &       
cottage 9 addition4 ,& if1 adopt+ a /ill
 m complicat$ /yle1 he %\ld beg9 by s   

con/ruct+ a hut t1 if left to itself1 x 
w\ld draw up brick & mort> f ! e>?1 &   
gr[ into a cottage1 & !n g on gr[+ &    
add+ /orey to /orey till x became a     
palace1 ?is surely w\ld be a pro( n (   
less1 b ( inf9itely m1 ar*itectural k   
?an if he _h comm5c$ & complet$ ! palace
 ) 8 own h&s4 ,n unw>rantably1 p]haps1  
may ,mr4 ,lewes1 reflect+ t 8 own & e   
o!r human organism's g5esis has consi/$ 
( at lea/ ?ree /ages1 oval1 foetal1 &   
infant9e1 wond] :y he 0 n =m$ all at    
once1 'z ,eve 0 my?ically affirm$ to be 
tak5 f ,adam's rib1 & ,m9]va f ,jupit]'s
 head1' & :y he 0 n br\ght =? full      
dress$ 9 an indef9itely expansible suit 
( clo!s4 ,n q inexcusably1 p]haps1 might
 he conceive ! reason to be "s m]e :im  
or hum\r ( 8 ,mak]1 ?\gh !re might be m 
gratitude 9 conjectur+ t ! triple       
process 0 adopt$ = ! purpose ( assi/+   
biological enquir]s l himself 9 _!      
special rese>*es4 ,f s practis$ a       
logician1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! v la/ ?+ to h   
be5 "h expect$ 0 t he %\ld sugge/       

creative 'ignorance & incompet5ce' z !  
only app>5t alt]native to d5y+ a        
,creator altoge!r1 z if incapacity = a  
comp>atively easy process 7 a likely    
reason = *oos+ "o greatly m difficult4  
,x might h occurr$ to ,mr4 ,lewes t1 if 
!re 7 any absurdity 9 ! *oice1 ! ,be+ :o
 made him & be/[$ on him ! faculty (    
p]ceiv+ ! absurdity1 c\ld n h fail$     
himself likewise to p]ceive x &         
consequ5tly to avoid x4  ,( div9e p[]1 !
 measure or measurelessness is obvi\sly 
id5tical ) t ( div9e wisdom4 ,bo?       
attributes mu/ be at lea/ co-ext5sive ) 
! univ]se2 bo? consequ5tly illimitable4 
,div9e goodness1 moreov]1 inasmu* z !   
creature's moral ideal _c be sup]ior to 
8 ,creator's1 mu/ be at lea/ z va/ z    
human imag9ation3 ,god mu/ be at lea/ z 
good z man c conceive ,him4 ,b h[1 by   
goodness s transc5d+1 conjo9$ )         
immeasurable might1 c ! co-exi/5ce (    
evil be tol]at$8 ,to ?is la/1 & p]haps  
greate/1 among ! _m great que/ions      
br\ght =w>d = r5ew$ discussion 9 ^!     

pages1 ,i h long _h by me an attempt at 
a reply1 :i*1 f9d+ myself unable ei!r to
 /r5g!n or %ort5 x by turn+ x into      
prose1 ,i v5ture to submit 9 its orig9al
 rhy?mical =m4    ,a ,voice came to me z
 ,i sate ap>t1     ,pond]+ ! bur!n (    
life's my/]y1     ,9 dim p]plexity1 )   
tr\bl$ he>t4   ,) :isp] weak & fa9t x   
came to me1     ,l feeble glimm] ( !    
/ruggl+ moon     ,to wild]$ m>9] on     
midnight sea3   ,) :isp] weak at fir/1 b
 /r5g!n+ soon1     ,l ! moon's beam :5  
filmy cl\ds disp]se1     ,& ?r\gh my    
scatt]$ d\bts1 ) quiet tune1   ,utt]+ 9 
cle>1 apocalyptic v]se1     ,tru?1 :i* =
 com=t & monition s5t1     ,e'en z !    
voice reveal$1 d ,i rehe>se4    ',:at   
art ?\8 ,:5ce d]iv$8 ,) :at int5t       
,plac$ :]e p]petual h9drances exhau/    
,?y wa/$ /r5g?1 9 baffl$ ef=t sp5t8     
,:]e 9 bl9d maze1 ) crafty w9d+s cross$1
     ,) /umbl+-blocks beset1 ) pitfalls 
/rew$1     ,?\ w&]e/1 9 endless error   
lo/2   ,a?ir/ beside glad riv]s t elude1
     ,) mock+ lapse1 ?y tantaliz$       

pursuit1     ,& hung]+ :]e gild$ husks  
delude   ,) bitt] a%es z ( ,dead ,sea   
fruit1     ,a%es ( ,hope1 b se$ (       
,discont5t1     ,t re>s its upas gr[? f 
blight$ root8   ,ar\nd1 ?\ he>'/        
,creation eloqu5t1     ,hymn+ creative  
attributes1 & see/     ,! />ry m>vels ( 
! firmam5t1   ,& m>vels ( ! ne>] e>?1   
releas$     ,by impulse f )91 n dimly   
%[n1     ,nor pla9li] 9 ! greate/ ?an ! 
lea/3   ,&1 ?r\gh ! kn[n discov]+ !     
unkn[n1     ,ackn[l$ge/ ?y ,mak]1 p[]   
supreme1     ,might1 & dom9ion1 deem+ ,8
 alone4   ,nor ,8 ! lax dom9ion may/ ?\ 
deem     ,t builds up empire1 & :5      
built1 neglects4     ,lo6 :]e1 af>1     
sid]eal orbits gleam1   ,:at fir/       
impell$1 impell+ /ill1 directs3         
,urges & guides ea* sol> *>iot1     ,!  
mundane mass ( e globe connects1   ,by  
its own en]gy coh]+ n1     ,e'en z dead 
leaves1 decay+ languidly1     ,n f      
!mselves d]ive ! =ce to rot4            
',all-/r5g!n+1 all-su/a9+ ,deity1       
,diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! inf9ite1 abides1     

,dwells & upholds3--!n1 haply1 dwells 9 
!e8   ,yea1 v]ily4 ,)9 ?y frame resides 
,:at1 by its movem5t only may/ ?\ "k4   
,! circl+ blood1 ?y be+'s ambi5t tides1 
,is't ?9e own w t bids !m ebb & fl[1    
,& f _! inundat+ flood depose           
,organic g]ms1 :5ce heal? & vig\r gr[8  
,yet ?\gh su* witness s]ve !e to        
disclose     ,9 human t5em5t div9e      
abode1     ,n ?9e be ! mat]ial cre$ t   
%[s   ,! _s's bir?place 9 ! m\ld$ clod2 
,n ?9e ! pan!i/ rav+1 t because     ,god
 dwelle? ) !e1 ?\ ?yself art ,god4      
,be?9k !e--is't self-rev]5ce t o'erawes 
,?y pro/rate s\l1 & f ?y falt]+ tongue1 
,subdu$1 involunt>y homage draws8   ,&  
:5 by h>r[+ pang ?9e he>t is wrung1     
,is't = self-aid ?y w&]+ eyes inquire1  
,heav5w>d1 at l5g?1 9 f]vid suppliance  
flung8   ,& f ?y native sl\gh ( s5sual  
mire1     ,is't to ! m>k ( ?9e own      
purity     ,?y l(ti] aims & holi] hopes 
aspire8   ,h>%ly ?y fle%ly fett]s be> on
 !e1     ,9 d>k & dre>y prison-h\se     
conf9$1     ,cramp$ & diseas$ ) long    

captivity1   ,& ha? div9e ,intellig5ce  
design$     ,t noisome dungeon = h] own 
re/ra9t--     ,by h] own act to gall+   
bonds consign$1--   ,self-doom$1 )      
wilful purpose1 to acqua9t     ,h]self )
 s9 & sorr[1 & pollute     !real ess5ce 
) corporeal ta9t8   ,h[ do? ?y helpless 
mis]y confute     ,t frantic boa/ ( va9 
conceit1 untaugh     ,! paltrie/ ( its  
plans to execute6    ,ha/ ?\ ! art to   
add1 by tak+ ?\ght1     ,"o cubit to ?y 
/ature8 & ha/ ?\1     ,or su* z ?\1     
,nature's :ole fabric wr\ght8   ,n ?9e  
su* vaunt--n ?9e to disav[     ,! lu/re 
( ?y g5u9e orig94     ,to ! ,mo/        
,highe/1 z ?9e au?or1 b[   ,) rapture ( 
exult+ fai?1 :]e9     ,devotion's crav+s
 _! desire a*ieve1     ,! bright ideal t
 !y imag$1 w94   ,rejoice t ?us 'tis    
giv5 !e to believe1--     ,to recognise 
transc5d+ maje/y1     ,wor?y all        
praise--all hon\r to receive3   ,rejoice
 9 t high pres5ce1 gratefully     ,(f]+ 
! v[s t ?y full he>t dilate3            
,rejoice t !nce !re fl[e? light1 :]eby  

,?y emulative que/ to elevate           
,?i!rw>d1 :]e unblemi%$ hol9ess         
,irradiates sov]eignty1 b5ign z great4  
',b "h ?\ pause/1 scrupl+ to confess    
,a provid5ce ( aspect all b5ign4        
,fe> n t sceptic scruple to express4    
,( tru?1 ,almighty ,goodness c\ld assign
     ,good only to ! "w ( ,8 own h&1    
,w>m$ into life by ,8 own brea? div9e3  
,&1 :]e un*eck$ ,b5efic5ce _h plann$    
,a home = creatures ( a fragile race1   
,evok$ f no?+ness at ,8 comm&1   ,nor   
c>e1 nor want1 nor angui% %\ld h place1 
,nor fraud betray1 nor viol5ce oppress1 
,nor hate inflame1 nor wall[+ lu/       
debase1   ,nor aught be f\nd1 save :at  
conspir$ to bless     ,! s5ti5t clay1   
wr\ght surely = t end1--     ,= :]e=e   
wr\ght1 if n = happ9ess8    ',n1 z "s   
tea*1 = ma/]y to cont5d     ,) fate1--9 
d\btful conflict to engage1--           
,/ruggl+1 9 pa9 & p]il1 to asc5d        
,sl[ly1 ?r\gh ?is probation>y /age1     
,sore let1 b tri$ & *a/5$1 & !reby      
,e>n+ on e>? a heav5ly h]itage4    ,0   

!re !n ne$ t presci5ce %\ld try1     ,by
 ordeal pitiless1 assur$ ev5t1          
,disclos$ be=eh& to prophetic eye8      
,ne$ 0 !re1 by au/]e exp]im5t1     ,to  
te/ ! frailty & ! fall =ekn[n     ,(    
man1 b5ea? o'er:elm+ bur!n b5t8   ,9 ?is
 0 tutel> prevision %[n8     ,h>dly may 
he1 9 su* belief confide1     ,:o sees 8
 fell[ myriads left to groan   ,9 b>r5  
p5ance1 )\t light or guide1     ,e'en f 
_! bir? by fo/]+ vice controll$1        
,doom$ z !y cross life's ?re%old--doom$ 
untri$4    ',z h>dly1 too1 may he !     
dogma hold     ,t fett]s reason ) a     
graduate *a9     ,( be+s1 l9k$ 9 ord]   
manifold1   ,:]e1 to ea* l9k1 'tis giv5 
to su/a9     ,a "p subs]vi5t to ! g5]al 
weal1--     ,duly to %>e ! mutual       
bur!n's /ra93--   ,?\gh :o f su*        
allotm5t w\ld appeal1     ,c\ld x be    
tru? t wisdom's ma/]piece     ,su* aid  
c\ld lack1 su* feebl5ess conceal1   ,su+
 its own con/itu5ts = release     ,f    
wrong innate1 ?r\gh\t its texture wove1 
,by h>d necessity1 n light caprice8   ,b

 to :at purport c\ld premoni%$ ,love    
,a sy/em tw9$ ) mutual suff]+ weave1    
,:5 b a ^w all suff]+ w\ld remove8   ,& 
:]e=e yet delaye? ! reprieve     ,(     
,love1 t do? n will+ly afflict     ,its 
*ildr51 nei!r wantonly aggrieve8   ,c   
aught ! graci\s purpose int]dict     ,( 
,him1 ^: pi]c+ eye1 ^: b\ndless sway1   
,no cl\d c dim1 no b>ri] re/rict8       
,say'/ ?\1 ,by pa? inscrutable1 & way   
,pa/ f9d+ out1 p]*ance1 may m]cy b5d    
,to its own use1 :ate'er its c\rse w\ld 
/ay1   ,& ?r\gh ! lab\r+ _w high m&ate  
s5d     ,t all ?+s "w toge!r unto good1 
,"w1 ?\gh by means corrupt1 to righte\s 
end8    ,bew>e h[ su* conjectures mu/   
conclude4     ,c means impure           
,omnipot5ce befit1     ,& clog ! range (
 its solicitude8   ,c f9ite bonds conf9e
 ! ,inf9ite8     ,?\gh man1 by *oice (  
ill1 mu/ ne$s (f5d1     ,ne$ ,god d ill 
t good may come ( x8   ,mu/ havoc's mad 
typhoon p]=ce desc5d8     ,may naught   
else s]ve to fan ! /agnant air8     ,mu/
 captive flame e>?'s quak+ surface r5d1 

,or seek escape 9 lava flood8 & ere     
,effete society new /ructure raise1     
,mu/ de>? or pe/il5ce ! gr\nd prep>e8   
,?us is x t a p>5t's c>e purveys     ,8 
b\nty1 &1 exact+ rigor\sly     ,! price 
9 te>s1 ea* boon's full co/ defrays8    
,?us1 ) va9 ?rift )hold+ ! decree1      
,t f 8 treasury's exhau/less /ore       
,to all c\ld grant unb\ght felicity8    
',b haply /ill 'tis reason$ 7& ) m      
,( reason's semblance 7 ! plea ma9ta9$71
     ,t high] yet w\ld life's ambition  
so>1   ,n = m]e s*eme ( happ9ess orda9$1
     ,b = advance 9 virtue1--= ! gr[?   
,by pati5t zeal & meek endurance ga9$3  
,t1 at ! table ( voluptu\s slo?1        
,?\gh banquet$ on sweets )\t alloy1     
,unsat$ 7 a g5]\s nature1 lo?   ,to fea/
 :]e une>n$ lusci\sness w\ld cloy1      
,fa9t ) ! t$ium ( unbrok5 re/1     ,sick
 ) ! sam5ess ( unruffl$ joy3   ,t = m   
poignant pleasure1 & ( ze/     ,height5$
 & edg$ by heal?ful ex]cise1--     ,=   
scope :]e9 h] consci\s /r5g? to te/   ,9
 ke5 pursuit & v5tur\s ent]prise1     ,=

 de> exempl>s1 9 ^: c\rse s]5e          
,affection's te>ful w>m? might          
sympa?ise1   ,= ^! ! ye>n+ m9d w\ld     
langui%1 e'en     ,?\gh ) all else t wi%
 c\ld "n endu$1     ,:ile1 9 h] /riv+ = 
self-discipl9e1   ,foil$1 & ) f]vid     
impulses imbu$     ,va9ly1 :]e nei!r    
aught c\ld val\r d>e     ,nor aught     
confront & *all5ge =titude3   ,& :]e no 
outw>d tok5 c\ld decl>e     ,! hidd5    
wor? cong5ial he>t w\ld hail1     ,hail 
) ea* k9dr$ *ord vibrat+ !re2d   ,s9ce  
virtue wakes n b :5 griefs assail1      
,or travail bur!ns1 or temptations try1 
,slumb]+ sup9e1 till r\s$ by adv]se     
gale1   ,9 ! deep sleep ( moral le?>gy1 
,joy's fulle/ cup1 by hope or d\bt      
un/irr$1     ,curdl+ ! :ile to dull     
satiety4    ',?us haply "s h reason$1   
undet]r$     ,by reason+1 ) equal       
emphasis     ,b c\nt] aim1 z readily    
pref]r$3   ,s9ce ,heav5's p]fection     
/rive? n1 nor is     ,9 p]il le/ x lapse
 to apa?y1     ,or lassitude invade its 
tranquil bliss4   ,& 7 x z !y deem1 &   

righte\sly     ,7 man adjudg$ ) 8 br['s 
sweat to eat     ,bread leav5$ )        
embitt]+ mis]y1   ,e'en !n affliction's 
measure to complete1     ,amply might   
pa91 & want1 & dea? suffice1     ,&     
feel+'s blight1 & baffl$ love's defeat1 
,&1 on ! alt> ( self-sacrifice1         
,hope's )]$ blooms by resignation laid3 
,nor 7 x ne$$ t inc>nate vice1   ,9     
human m\ld1 9 ! same image made1        
,trampl$ ) iron ho( 8 fell[ man1        
,virtue's *a/is$ developm5t to aid4   ,=
 :5ce 0 ,vice d]iv$8 ,ere life began1   
,= ,8 own (fspr+ c\ld _! ,mak] trace    
,_! loa?some (fice1 & b5ea? 8 ban       
,place !m1 accur/ 7creat+ to debase71   
,& doom z fuel = ! flames t te/     ,a  
fav\r$ few1 elect by p>tial grace8      
,elect or outca/--if alike confess$     
,( ! same p>5t1 sons--bre?r5 :o be>     
,no diff]+ l9eam5ts1 save ^? impre/     
,by 8 prevision--9 _! p>5t's c>e        
,%\ld n all be p>tak]s8 ,%\ld n all     
,freely1 alike1 8 nurtur+ guidance %>e8 
,are any wor?i]8 ',tis t w>n+'s call    

,ext5ds to !m alone--'tis t to !m       
,alone is giv5 vig\r1 :]e)al            
,temptation's fraudful viol5ce to /em-- 
,& h[ %all ,he1 :o ne$ful /r5g? d5ies1  
,weakness = its pr$e/9$ fall condemn8   
,h[1 :5 ! creature ( ,8 wra? replies    
,) feeble wail & in>ticulate moan1      
,! sigh+ ( t contrite he>t despise8     
,:at man among/ ?y fell[s ha/ ?\ kn[n   
,:o1 if 8 son ask fi%1 w je]+ly         
,give him a s]p5t1 or = bread a /one8   
,if ye1 be+ evil1 at y\r *ildr5's cry   
,"k h[ to give good gifts1 %\ld n mu* m 
,y\r heav5ly ,fa!r ,8 good ?+s supply   
,to !m :o ask ,him8 ,%\ld ,he n re/ore  
,a cleans$ he>t )9 !m1 & r5ew     ,an   
upright _s8 n1 :at !y implore   ,rev]s+1
 & re/ra9+1 le/ !y d     ,! good !y     
w\ld1--con/ra9+ !m )al     ,to d ! evil 
!y w\ld fa9 es*ew8   ,h[ wilt ?\ to !   
same orig9al     ,:5ce all j ?\ghts &   
pure desires proce$1     ,impute corrupt
 imag9+s1 ^: ?rall   ,enslaves anew !   
s\l b newly fre$     ,f _! pollution8 ,c
 a hybrid gr[?     ,arise spontane\s f  

unm+l$ se$8   ,are grapes ^u ! bramble  
borne1 or do?     ,! fig be> olive      
b]ries8 ,can/ ?\ %[     ,tw9 wat]s1     
sweet & bitt]1 issu+ bo?   ,f ! same    
f\nta98 ,nei!r %\ld !re fl[     ,bless+ 
& curs+ f "o m\?1 nor yet     ,f ! same 
,provid5ce bo? weal & woe4    ',vile z  
?\ art1 (ttimes 9 !e h met     ,m]cy &  
,tru?--& ,peace & ,righte\sness     ,h  
kiss$ ea* o!r2 & ?9e he>t is set        
,(ttimes to foll[ :at is j1 r$ress      
,:]e ?\ ha/ trespass$1 r5d]+2 (ttimes1  
too1     ,=giv+ o!r's trespass3 to      
di/ress   ,?\ grudge/ n its sympa!tic   
due     ,( k9dly de$1 or ^w1 or mutual  
te>s1     ,nor 9 va9 :olly lab\re/ to   
subdue   ,! hydra ho/ ^: f\l miasm ble>s
     ,?y vision1 & ! di/ant gleam       
obscures     ,t dimly ?r\gh ?y prison   
casem5t pe]s4   ,e'en to ! d>k5$ dungeon
 t immures     ,?y s\l1 "s feeble glimm]
 f9ds its way4     ,cru%$ b5ea? e>?ly   
durance1 /ill endures   ,"s l+]+ fire   
bel[ t weight ( clay1     ,"s g5]\s     
zeal1 "s hone/ h>dihood1     ,"s        

fai?--"s *>ity4--,& :5ce are !y8   ,if n
 ( ,him ^: quick5+ brea? endu$     ,all 
?+s ) life1--&1 :5 he look$ ^u     ,:at 
,he _h made1 beheld t all 0 good3   ,all
 good1--b *iefly man1 9 :om alone       
,"s lik5ess ( ,himself--"s cl\d$ light1 
,f ,8 own c\nt5ance reflect$1 %one4     
,do? n ! sun out%9e ! satellite8     ,& 
%all n ,he :o 9 ! murkie/ h\r     ,(    
s9's defilem5t1 /reaks ?y dre>y night   
,) beams t bid !e1 l[] yet & l[]        
,desc5d+1 hope1 p]*ance1 to rise aga91--
     ,say--%all n ,he 9 hol9ess z p[]   
,transc5d ! creature :om ,8 gifts su/a96
     ,& "h1 if sne]+ casui/ blaspheme1  
,& to divid$ nature's sov]eign1         
,ascribe1 9 nature's opposite extreme   
,l em95ce1 & nature's ,god av]     ,9   
evil1 ev5 z 9 good1 supreme1--   ,he$ n1
 or ask if man's ,artific]     ,) ,8 own
 "w1 9 virtue mat*$1 c prove     ,at    
once m holy & unholi]8    ',yet s9ce all
 good is fruit ( love1 & love           
,worke? no ill1 h[ /ill do? ill ab\nd8  
,is't haply t ) love a rival /rove8     

,m>k well ?is p>able4 ,9 *os5 gr\nd     
,only good se$ a husb&man _h s[n1       
,yet :5 ! blade sprang up1 !re) he f\nd 
,t>es t amid ! /ifl$ :eat _h gr[n4      
,!n knew he well1 h[1 ent]+ unaw>es1    
,?is1 :ile m5 slept1 an enemy _h done4  
,& 'tis an enemy :o1 scatt]+ t>es       
,amid ! corn s[n 9 ,creation's field1   
,) deadly coil ! gr[+ plant ensn>es4    
,& no mean enemy1 nor "o un/eel$     ,= 
bold defiance1 nor r$uc$ to c[]     ,ev]
 9 cov]t ambuscade conceal$1   ,b at ^: 
he/ ! rav5+ hell-h\nds sc\r     ,a wa/$ 
_w1 :ile himself pr[ls to seek1     ,l  
ro>+ lion1 :om he may dev\r1   ,& ^u :om
 8 rancor\s wra? to wreak1     ,sniff+ !
 ta9t$ /eam ( slaught]'s brea?1     ,&  
lull$ by agony's despair+ %riek4   ,= x 
is he :o ha? ! p[] ( dea?1     ,ev5 !   
devil1 by :om ent]e? s9     ,into ! _w1 
& dea? eng5d]e?3   ,yea6 by :om ent]e?  
:atsoe'er )9     ,w>re? aga9/ !         
_s1--sordid gre$1     ,pride1 c>nal lu/1
 envy to lu/ ak91   ,& malice1 & deceit1
 ^: trea*]ies bre$     ,/rife betwe5    

bre?r51 & ! fai? o'er?r[     ,( _m1 & ! 
dup$ des]t]s lead1   ,b5ea? ! bann] ( _!
 deadlie/ foe1     ,9 rebel arms a ,p>5t
 to defy1     ,:om1 by ,8 gifts alone1  
,8 *ildr5 "k4    ',n less t ,p>5t m>ks )
 pity+ eye     ,! bl9d$ rage t rivets   
its own *a93     ,n less to ,8 own      
glori\s lib]ty   ,seeks1 f corruption's 
bondage1 to rega9     ,8 err+           
*ildr51--by device1 or lewd1     ,or    
?reat5+1 lur$1 or goad$ to _! bane3   ,n
 less to ov]come evil ) good            
,lab\rs1 & %all !re) all ?+s subdue     
,unto ,himself--b ha? n yet subdu$4     
,& :]e=e8 :]e=e t>rie? ,he1 :ile ?r\gh  
,ed51 by d>+ =ay (t defac$1     ,m>aud+ 
fi5ds malignant raid pursue1   ,w++ !   
turbid :irlw9d's frantic ha/e1          
,po9t+ ! lev9's arr[y efflu5ce1     ,ov]
 ! mildew$ h>ve/'s hungry wa/e1         
,brea?+ ! fetid brea? ( pe/il5ce1     ,&
 cry+ havoc to ! dogs ( w>1     ,let    
slip on unresi/+ innoc5ce8   ,:y suff]e?
 ,he t ?us a rival m>     ,8 *]i%$      
"w--?r\gh deva/at$ fields     ,borne on 

triumphant 9 ensangu9$ c>8--   ,him1 :o 
) p[] to rescue1 tamely yields     ,8   
helpless *>ge to p]secut+ hate1     ,nor
 ,8 own (fspr+ f ! tortur] %ields1   ,b 
sits alo(1 call\sly obdurate1     ,:ile 
b ! w is lack+ to r$eem1--     ,him1 h[ 
%all fitt+ /igma designate8    ',b 'tis 
n ?us ?y calm] d\bts e/eem     ,!       
lov+-k9dness t ) op5 h&     ,disp5ses   
b\nty 9 p]5nial /ream4   ,(t ha/ ?\     
prov$1 :ile 9 a =eign l&     ,a soj\rn]1
 z all ?y fa!rs 71     ,?\ pace/        
pa9fully ! b>r5 s&1   ,h[ o'er ?y pa?   
wat*es a ,com=t]1     ,& scatt]s manna  
daily = ?y food1     ,& bids ! smitt5   
rocks t b>ri]   ,! arid track1 well out 
) gurgl+ flood1     ,& (t to %ade ( gre5
 oasis leads1     ,&1 f pursu] ?ir/+ =  
?y blood1   ,su* scanty %elt] z is ?9e  
provides3     ,& ?\gh full (t t %elt]   
fails1 & ?\gh     ,its torn def5ce      
demoniac glee d]ides1   ,yet n = ?is !  
*e]ful fai? =ego1     ,t memory (       
unc\nt$ b5efits     ,& consci\s in/9ct's
 /ill1 small tones be/[4   ,*>ge n ?y   

,god ) aught t unbefits     ,t5d]e/     
compassion1 nor believe t ,he     ,)    
h>d5$ apa!tic scorn commits   ,a fav\r$ 
p ?r\gh\t life to be     ,subject to    
bondage4 ,d\bt n ( ,8 w     ,to rescue f
 t gall+ tyranny4   ,yet1 if 9 ,8       
despite creation /ill     ,9 ?raldom    
groan & travail--:at rema9s8     ,:at b 
t /r5g? is want+ to fulfil   ,8 s*eme ( 
m]cy8 ,:at b t ,he reigns1     ,n z sole
 wield] ( omnipot5ce1     ,b1 o'er a _w 
unconqu]$ yet1 ma9ta9s   ,enc\nt] )     
oppos+ influ5ce1     ,:i* ,he %all      
surely quell1 b :i* c /ay1     ,a:ile   
unquell$1 ,8 mighti] provid5ce4    ',&  
do? ?is sadd5 only1 or dismay8          
,grieves x t ,he1 ^: foll[] ?\ art1     
,rules n supreme ) unresi/$ sway8   ,or 
t1 ! progress ( ,8 grace to ?w>t1       
,satanic might ! ho/ ( hell arrays8     
,& do? x n a ?rill ( joy imp>t   ,t n   
alone ne$ b>r5 pray] & praise     ,?9e  
homage be1--?y *oice/ (f]+     ,! =mal  
dues prescrib$ ob$i5ce pays8   ,h5ce=? )
 firm] /ep approa* ?y ,k+4     ,"s puny 

succ\r1 ?\1 9 ?y degree1     ,"s feeble 
aid1 ?\1 ev5 ?\1 may/ br+6   ,9 ! fell  
conflict rag+ ceaselessly     ,ar\nd1   
?\1 too1 may/ jo9--?\1 too1 engage      
,9 t dread feud1 tw9 ) et]nity1   ,:i*  
fai?ful angels & ar*angels wage         
,aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness1 to ext5d1      
,o'er realms reta9$ 9 demon vassalage1  
,_! sov]eign's pure dom9ion1--& to bl5d 
,all worlds b5ea? "o righte\s gov]nance1
     ,into "o k+dom :i* %all h no end4  
',w\ld/ ?\1 if haply s ?\ may/1 advance 
,t bless$ consummation8 ,w\ld/ ?\ spe$  
,! l+]+ h\r ( ,e>?'s deliv]ance8        
,arise--! nak$ clo!1 ! hungry fe$1      
,! sick & w\nd$ t5d1--soo! ! di/ress$4  
,if ?y weak arm _c protect1 yet plead   
,) bold rebuke ! cause ( ! oppress$1    
,k9dl+ hot %ame 9 ,mammon's vot>ies1    
,aba%$1 at lea/1 9 lucre's grovell+     
que/2   ,&1 9 ! toil-worn s]f1 a glad   
surprise     ,awak5+--:51 f brute       
despond5cy1     ,taught to look up to   
heav5 ) dazzl$ eyes4--   ,?us may/ ?\ d 
,god s]vice1--?us apply     ,?yself1 )9 

?y limit1 to abate     ,:at wick$ness ?\
 see/1 or mis]y3   ,?us1 9 a ,sacr$ ,b&1
 associate     ,new levies1 f ! adv]se  
ranks ( ,s9     ,conv]t$1--aga9/ ,s9    
conf$]ate4   ,or--if by outw>d act to   
s]ve1 or w9     ,jo9t foll[]s to ! /&>d 
( ?y ,"l1     ,?y lot =bid1--turn1 !n1  
?y ?\ght )93   ,be ea* recess ( ?9e own 
brea/ explor$3     ,!re1 o'er ?y        
passions be ?y victories won3     ,!re1 
be ! alt> ( ?y fai? re/or$1   ,& ?\1 a  
liv+ sacrifice1 !reon     ,pres5t       
?yself4--,?is ev] may/ ?\ d1     ,nor1  
do+ ?is1 wilt aught h left undone4'     
,"h ceas$ ! ,voice1 commission$ to r5ew 
,tru?1 :i*1 ( old1 :5 ,bactrian sage    
began     ,nature's dim maze to ?read ) 
sl5d]e/ clue1   ,its d\btful scope & d>k
 design to scan1     ,) inw>d :isp]1    
hopeful witness b>e1     ,& ju/ifi$ !   
ways ( ,god to man4   ,& sudd5ly its    
w>n+ ceas$1 b ere     ,x ceas$1 ! scales
 _h fall5 f my eyes1     ,& ,i beheld1 &
 %all ,i n decl>e   ,:at my uncurta9$   
vision te/ifies8     ,%all c[>d lips !  

^w ( life suppress8     ,! oracle       
v\*saf$ f ,heav5 disguise8   ,nay1 z "o 
cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1     ,:]e none else  
he>k51 to ! vacant air     ,& /olid     
m\nta9s utt]s 8 di/ress1   ,e'en s w ,i 
too cry al\d1 ',prep>e     ,be=e ,him ! 
,"l's way4 ,make ,8 pa? /raight1'       
,nor he$ ?\gh none reg>d me1 nor =be>   
,?\gh all revile1 b pati5tly await      
,till1 l light brea? t pant+ meads      
exhale1     ,& scornful zephyrs lightly 
dissipate1   ,b :i*1 full surely1 d[n ! 
e*o+ vale1     ,%all roll ) s\nd+       
curr5t1 swift & l\d1     ,my slight$    
message likewise %all prevail1   ,ent]+ 
! he>t ( _m a m\rn]1 b[$     ,b5ea?     
despair1 & ) inspir+ voice     ,call+ to
 hope to cleave h] midnight cl\d1   ,&  
bidd+ grief1 9 hope's new dawn1 rejoice4
  ,?is is a cre$ :i* long s9ce came to  
me aft] e>ne/ inw>d commun+s1 & :i*1    
?\gh subsequ5t reflection has 9 "s few  
p>ticul>s modifi$ x1 ,i /ill 9 sub/ance 
hold1 cl++ to x ) a grateful            
consci\sness ( ev]-multiply+            

obligations4 ,= 9 x ! s\l has free scope
 = its l(tie/ aspirations & its wide/ & 
deepe/ sympa?ies1 /ronge/ inc5tives to  
zeal1 sure/ guidance = activity1 solace 
9 e di/ress1 support "u e difficulty1   
add$ cause = exultation 9 e success1    
r5ew$ resolution 9 e defeat4 ,/ill1 x is
 "h (f]$1 n z asc]ta9$ tru?1 b m]ely z a
 sample ( ^? guesses at tru? by :i*     
alone ord9>y mortals ne$ hope to promote
 ! common cause ( humanity 9 any ( its  
high] be>+s4 ,su* guesses1 h[ev]1 :5    
h>monis+ ) all ! conditions ( _!        
subject-matt]1 may fairly claim to be   
provisionally reg>d$ z tru?s--nay1 to be
 adopt$ z work+ hypo!ses until sup]s$$  
by new hypo!ses capable ( do+ ! same "w 
bett]2 9 :i* sup]cession none ought to  
rejoice1 nor1 if s9c]e tru?-seek]s1 w   
rejoice1 m cordially ?an ! prop\nd]s ( !
 discr$it$ doctr9es4 ,x is 9 ?is _s & ) 
^! res]vations t ! articles ( fai? above
 recit$ are submitt$ = consid]ation4 ,h[
 mu* soev] !y may fall %ort ( ! tru?1 !y
 are1 ,i feel1 9 ! abs5ce ( any ne>]    

approa* to ! tru?1 capable ( r5d]+      
excell5t s]vice4 ,h[ev] fa9tly & hazily 
! outl9es ( ,deity be %[n 9 !m1 ! ,deity
 :om !y s imp]fectly del9eate is yet "o 
to :om may ju/ly be ascrib$ glory 9 !   
highe/1 "o wor?y ( all tru/1 love1 &    
adoration--( an adoration1 too1         
inclusive n m ( praise ?an pray]4  ,if !
 div9e claim to ! la/-nam$ tribute be   
disput$1 x _h bett] be by argum5ts o!r  
?an ^? on :i* c]ta9 writ]s1 ) ,mr4      
,galton = _! lead] & ,pr(essor ,tyndall 
= _! back]1 h be5 rec5tly exp5d+ mu*    
misappli$ +5uity4 ,if ! efficacy ( pray]
 be1 z ! =emo/ ( ^! decl>es x to be1 'a 
p]fectly appropriate & legitimate       
subject ( sci5tific enquiry1' ! enquiry 
ought at lea/ to be conduct$ accord+ to 
sci5tific rules4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr4      
,galton himself lays mu* /ress1 intimat+
 t :]eas an unsci5tific reason] may be  
expect$ to be 'guid$ by a confus$       
recollection ( crude exp]i5ce1 a        
sci5tific reason] w scrut9ise ea*       
sep>ate exp]i5ce be=e he admits x z     

evid5ce1 & w comp>e all ! cases he has  
select$ on a me?odical sy/em4'          
,nev]!less1 a brief exam9ation ( !      
exp]i5ces on :i* he & 8 pr9cipal        
associate rely1 may sugge/ "s d\bt z to 
:i* ( ! two specifi$ classes ( reason]s 
x is t !y !mselves belong4  ,! facts or 
fancies cit$ by ,mr4 ,galton 9 pro( t   
pray+ is ( no use are ! foll[+3 #a4     
',sick p :o pray or are pray$ = d n on !
 av]age recov] m rapidly ?an o!rs4' #b4 
,al?\gh '! public pray] = ! sov]eign ( e
 /ate1 ,prote/ant or ,ca?olic1 is & has 
be5 9 ! _s ( our own--,grant h] 9 heal? 
long to live--sov]eigns are lit]ally !  
%orte/-liv$ ( all p]sons :o h !         
advantage ( afflu5ce4' #c4 ,! 'cl]gy are
 a f> m pray]ful class' ?an ei!r lawy]s 
or m$ical m51 x be+ '_! pr(ession to    
pray1' & '_! practice t ( (f]+ morn+ &  
ev5+ family pray]s 9 addition to _!     
private devotions1' yet 'we d n f9d t ! 
cl]gy are 9 any way m long-liv$ 9       
consequ5ce2' r1 !re is room = believ+ _!
 class to be ! '%orte/-liv$ ( ! ?ree4'  

,nay1 ev5 mission>ies1 em95tly pray]ful 
z !y are !mselves1 & pray$ = z !y are ) 
especial e>ne/ness by o!rs1 'are n      
sup]naturally end[$ ) heal?1' & 'd n    
live long] ?an o!r p4' #d4 ',!          
proportion ( dea?s at ! "t ( bir? is    
id5tical among ! *ildr5 ( ! pray+ & !   
non-pray+ classes4' #e4 ,?\gh 'we pray 9
 our ,liturgy t ! nobility may be end[$ 
) grace1 wisdom1 & und]/&+1' our        
'nobility are peculi>ly subject to      
insanity2' z are likewise1 inde$1 'v    
religi\s p ( all d5om9ations1' 'religi\s
 madness be+ v common inde$4' #f4 ,s f> 
f 'religi\s influ5ces' appe>+ to h      
'clu/]$ 9 any rem>kable degree r\nd !   
y\? ( ^? :o1 :e!r by _! tal5ts or _!    
social position1 h left a m>k ^u ,engli%
 hi/ory1' 'rem>kable devotional         
t5d5cies' h be5 conspicu\s *iefly by _! 
abs5ce f '! lives ei!r ( our ,"l        
,*ancellors or ( ! lead]s ( our great   
political p>ties2' :ile1 out ( our      
tw5ty-?ree extant dukes1 f\r at lea/1 if
 n five1 are desc5d$ f mi/resses (      

,*>les ,,ii41 n a s+le "o ( !m1 on ! o!r
 h&1 be+ kn[n to ,mr4 ,galton to be (   
'em95tly pray]ful qualities4' #g4 ,9    
respect ( ^? 'in/itutions1 societies1   
comm]cial adv5tures1 political meet+s & 
comb9ations ( all sorts' ) :i* ,engl& s 
mu* ab\nds1 & ( :i* '"s are exclusively 
cl]ical1 "s lay1 & o!rs mix$1' ,mr4     
,galton '= 8 own "p nev] he>d a         
fav\rable op9ion ( ! value ( !          
prepond]at+ cl]ical elem5t 9 _! bus9ess 
committees4' ',! proc$ure ( ,convocation
 :i*1 l all exclusively cl]ical meet+s1 
is op5$ ) pray]1 has n inspir$ ! out] _w
 ) mu* respect4' ,nay1 'x is a common   
week-day op9ion ( ! _w t pray+ p are n  
practical4' #h4 ,9 ^? num]\s in/ances 9 
:i* an ent]prise is execut$ by ! ag5cy (
 ! pr(ane on behalf n ( ! pr(ane        
!mselves b ( pi\s cli5ts1 '! ent]prises 
are n obs]v$ to prosp] beyond ! av]age4'
 ,und]writ]s recognise no diff]5ce 9 !  
risks run by mission>y %ips & by ord9>y 
trad]s1 nor d life insurance companies1 
be=e !y accept a life1 introduce into _!

 'confid5tial enquiries into ! antec$5ts
 ( ! applicant' any 'su* "q z ,does he  
habitually use family pray]s & private  
devotions8' ,nei!r are ! funds ( dev\t  
%>ehold]s & depositors at all saf] ?an  
^? ( ! pr(ane :5 entru/$ to ! cu/ody (  
untru/wor?y directors1 n ev5 ?\gh !     
day's "w ( ! und]tak+ comm5ce1 z t ( !  
disa/r\s ,royal ,briti% ,bank us$ to d1 
) solemn pray]4#eb  ,two or ?ree m9utes'
 att5tion to ! gr\nds =1 & !            
circum/ances connect$ )1 ^! /atem5ts1   
may assi/ u 9 appreciat+ ,mr4 ,galton's 
notion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 confus$ly    
recollect$ exp]i5ces & exp]i5ces prop]ly
 scrut9is$ & me?odically select$4  ,= ! 
/atem5t fir/ on ! li/1 "s negative      
evid5ce is consid]$ to be af=d$ by !    
abs5ce ( any 's+le in/ance 9 :i* pap]s  
read be=e ,/ati/ical ,societies h       
recognis$ ! ag5cy ( pray] ei!r 9 disease
 or 9 any?+ else4' ,! *ief au?ority = x1
 h[ev]1 is ! eloqu5t sil5ce ( m$ical m5 
':o1 _h pray]s = ! sick any notable     
effect1 w\ld be sure to h obs]v$ x1'    

see+ t !y are 'always on ! wat* = su*   
?+s4' ,b are !y really1 9 e case (      
recov]y f illness t comes "u _! notice1 
s p>ticul> & s successful 9 _! enquiries
 :e!r any1 &1 if s1 h[ mu*1 pray] has   
be5 (f]$ on behalf ( ! pati5t1 z to be  
qualifi$ to judge :e!r pray] has _h     
any?+ to d ) ! cure8 ,if n1 al?\gh !y   
may be %[+ _! discretion by n speak+ on 
! po9t1 ! 'eloqu5ce ( _! sil5ce' mu/ n  
be too ha/ily int]pret$4 ,= doctors1 (  
all m51 %\ld be ! la/ to d5y1 z an      
ab/ract proposition1 ! efficacy ( pray] 
9 disease1 kn[+1 z !y d1 h[ great is !  
curative influ5ce ( pray] :5 address$ to
 !mselves4 ,h[1 !y may naturally ask1 is
 x to be expect$ t sickness %\ld be cur$
 unless prop]ly treat$8 & h[ c x be     
prop]ly treat$ )\t a doctor8 & h[ c a   
doctor be expect$ to att5d unless he be 
ask$8 ,^u :i* v natural qu]ies o!rs     
naturally foll[4 ,:at w\ld be ! good ( !
 doctor's com+ unless he prescrib$      
judici\sly8 & w he n m c]ta9ly prescribe
 judici\sly if 8 judgm5t be guid$ by    

special int]position ( div9e grace8 & if
 pray] to himself has pla9ly be5 "o     
condition ( 8 com+1 :y may n pray] to   
,god h be5 "o condition ( 8 judgm5t hav+
 be5 rightly guid$8 ,w x be pret5d$ t   
,god's proce$+s are abjectly submissive 
to inexorable laws f :i* ^? ( ! doctor  
are exempt1 & t ?\gh ! latt] w\ld       
c]ta9ly n h att5d$ unless he _h be5     
ask$1 ! grace ( ,god1 if giv5 at all1   
mu/ h be5 giv5 equally :e!r ask$ = or n8
  ,/atem5ts #b & #c are f\nd$ on a      
memoir by ,dr4 ,guy1 purport+ to %[ !   
',mean ,age atta9$ by males ( v>i\s     
classes :o _h surviv$ _! #cj? ye> f     
#ageh to #ahdc1' & ^: dea?s 7 n caus$ by
 viol5ce or accid5t4 ,accord+ to ?is    
table1 ! av]age age ( #ig memb]s ( royal
 h\ses 0 only #fdjd1 :ile t ( #a1agi    
memb]s ( ! ,engli% ari/ocracy 0 #fgca1 &
 t ( #a1fcb g5tlem5 common]s #gjbb2 !   
proportion betwe5 ! total numb] ( royal1
 & t ( noble & g5tle1 p]sonages :o di$  
)9 ! p]iod specifi$1 be+ app>5tly       
suppos$ to be z #ig to #bhaa1 or z #a to

 ab\t #bi4 ,except ^u ?is supposition1  
,mr4 ,galton c\ld n ) any consi/5cy h   
appeal$ to ^! figures1 = he _h previ\sly
 ann\nc$ 8 int5tion to be 'guid$ solely 
by broad av]ages & n to deal ) isolat$  
in/ances4' ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to =get ?is
 judici\s rule :5 he comes to treat ( ! 
cl]gy1 ( :om #ide are comp>$ 9 ! table )
 #bid lawy]s & #bdd m$ical m54 ,"h1 he  
says1 '! cl]gy z a :ole %[ a life value 
( #fidi aga9/ #fhad = lawy]s1 & #fgca = 
m$ical m52' b !n1 he adds '?is diff]5ce 
is rev]s$' :5 ! comp>ison is made betwe5
 memb]s ( ! ?ree classes suffici5tly    
di/+ui%$ to h _h _! lives record$ 9     
,*alm]s' ,biographical ,diction>y or !  
,annual ,regi/]1 ! value ( life among   
cl]gy1 lawy]s1 & m$ical m5 !n appe>+ z  
#ffdb1 #ffea & #fgcd respectively4      
,:e!r1 ( ! di/+ui%$ pr(essional m5      
conc]n$ 9 ?is second comp>ison1 ! p>sons
 7 di/+ui%$ = _! pray]fulness & ! lawy]s
 & doctors = _! pray]lessness1 ,mr4     
,galton omits to /ate2 & /ill m s]i\s   
omissions on 8 "p are ^? ( n m5tion+ 9  

:at "p ( our ,liturgy we are accu/om$ to
 pray t x may be grant$ to ! ,que51 n   
simply long to live1 b also to live     
long] ?an o!r p2 likewise 9 :i* ( '!    
num]\s publi%$ collections ( family     
pray]s' t h und]gone 8 scrut9y1 is to be
 f\nd a petition t p>sons may live long]
 ?an lawy]s or doctors2 &1 yet aga91    
s9ce an av]age1 fall+ %ort ( ?reescore  
ye>s & t5 by little m ?an ?ree & a half1
 is s contemptu\sly reject$ by him1 :at 
is ! precise numb] ( ye>s t w\ld be     
accept$ by him z a lib]al compliance )  
pray] = long life8  ,:ile d$uc+ 8       
argum5t f cl]gym51 ,mr4 ,galton makes   
repeat$ & p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! cl]ical 
sub-g5us1 mission>ies1 treat+ x z ! m   
rem>kable t ^! %\ld n enjoy comp>ative  
immunity f disease1 because1 z he       
sugge/s1 x w\ld h be5 s easy = ,god to h
 made !m a fav\r$ class 9 respect (     
heal?3 to wit1 by ! notable exp$i5t (   
dissuad+ !m f expos+ !mselves to any ( !
 risks peculi>ly att5dant on mission>y  
ent]prise4 ',tropical fev]1 = example1  

is due to _m subtle causes :i* are p>tly
 "u man's control4 ,a s+le h\r's        
exposure to sun1 or wet1 or fatigue1 or 
m5tal agitation w det]m9e an attack4'   
,:at m simple ?an = ,god s to 'act on ! 
m9ds ( ! mission>ies z to dis9cl9e !m to
 take ^? c\rses :i* might result 9      
mis*ance1 su* z ! =c$ m>*1 ! wett+1 !   
ab/95ce f food1 or ! night exposure8'   
,:at m simple1 ei!r1 x may be add$1 ?an 
= ,god to save pray]ful soldi]s f ev]   
be+ kill$ 9 battle by m]ely putt+ x into
 _! m9ds to des]t :5ev] !y are ord]$ ^u 
active s]vice8  ,t '! di/ribution (     
/ill-bir?s is :olly unaffect$ by piety' 
,mr4 ,galton has satisfi$ himself by    
f9d+1 'on exam9ation ( a p>ticul> p]iod1
 t ! proportion ( su* bir?s publi%$ 9 ! 
',record' newspap] & 9 ! ',times' bore  
an id5tical relation to ! total numb] ( 
dea?s4' ,he _h previ\sly1 we mu/        
suppose1 satisfi$ himself t adv]tis]s 9 
! ',times' nev] say _! pray]s4  ,= !    
ass]t$ commonness ( religi\s madness    
,mr4 ,galton cites no evid5ce :atev]1 &1

 to judge f ! sympa?ies & antipa?ies (  
:i* "o ( 8 av[$ op9ions may be suppos$  
to be ! subject & ! object1 speaks      
probably on ?is po9t solely f he>say4 ,v
 possibly1 h[ev]1 8 assurance ( !       
extraord9>y preval5ce ( insanity among  
,briti% noblem5 may be bas$ on p]sonal  
obs]vation1 z1 ( c\rse1 is t reg>d+ !   
pray]lessness ( 8 own ducal             
acqua9tances4 ,birds ( a fea!r1         
prov]bially1 flock toge!r1 & ! same t\* 
( irreligion may q possibly suffice to  
make c]ta9 dukes & c]ta9 common]s k94   
,aga9/ ! ineffici5cy1 h[ev] notori\s1 ( 
! cl]ical elem5t 9 bus9ess committees1  
ought 9 fairness to be set ! equally    
notori\s effici5cy ( ,jesuits 9 :atev]  
!y und]take1 ! signal /atecraft display$
 by ! ,wolseys1 ! ,ri*elieus1 & !       
,xim5es's ( ! days 9 :i* c>d9als &      
ar*bi%ops 7 p]mitt$ to take a lead+ "p 9
 executive politics1 & ! v respectable  
figure /ill pres5t$ by ! lords          
spiritual1 beside ! lords temporal ( !  
,briti% ,h\se ( ,pe]s4 ,z = '! common   

week-day op9ion t pray+ p are n         
practical1' ^? by :om x is ent]ta9$1 (  
c\rse1 m5tally except pray+ ,quak]s4  ,!
 fact t insurance (fices d n attempt to 
di/+ui% betwe5 ! pray]ful & ! pray]less1
 b1 treat+ bo? classes z liable to !    
same risks1 exact f bo? ! same premiums1
 proves1 ,i submit1 no?+ aga9/ !        
efficacy ( pray]1 n ev5 t ! manag]s (   
insurance (fices d n believe 9 x4 ,!    
/atem5t t pray]ful & pray]less1 :5 plac+
 _! money 9 ! same di%one/ keep+1 or    
engag+ 9 ! same bad speculations1 suff] 
losses1 be>+ exactly ! same proportion  
to _! respective v5tures1 al?\gh mo/    
probably q true1 is also "o :i* ,mr4    
,galton has neglect$ to v]ify by !      
application to x ( any te/1 sci5tific or
 o!r4 ,f9ally1 if ! disa/]s ( ! ,royal  
,briti% ,bank are to be ascrib$ to its  
cu/om ( op5+ bus9ess ) pray]1 n only    
ought ! cackle ( ,convocation to be     
attribut$ to a simil> cause1 b also all 
! legislative bot*]y ( ! ,h\se (        
,commons1 & ! abolition ( pray] be=e    

debate %\ld be treat$ z ! mo/ urg5tly   
ne$$ ( ^? fur!r p>liam5t>y re=ms ) :i* !
 f]tile bra9s ( c]ta9 em95t /atesm5 are 
suspect$ to be teem+4  ,?us mu* by way (
 intimation t !re w\ld be no excessive  
tem]ity 9 enc\nt]+ ,mr4 ,galton ev5 on !
 gr\nd ( 8 own *oos+1 7 t gr\nd really  
wor? cont5d+ =4 ,b baseless & exorbitant
 z all ,mr4 ,galton's po/ulates are1 !re
 is n "o ( !m to :i* he might n be made 
he>tily welcome1 = any effect its       
surr5d] c\ld h ^u ! real issue1 ! true  
nature :]e( bo? ,mr4 ,galton & 8        
pr9cipal coadjutor h1 ) m>vell\s sleight
 ( eye1 contriv$ completely to ov]look4 
,su* ,ph>isees 9 sci5ce1 su* /ickl]s =  
rigor\sly sci5tific me?od1 might h be5  
expect$ to beg9 by au!nticat+ ! mat]ials
 !y propos$ to op]ate ^u1 &1 :5 pr(ess+ 
to exp]im5t ^u pure metal1 at lea/ to   
see t x 0 n m]e dross !y 7 ca/+ into !  
crucible4 ,pla9ly1 h[ev]1 !y despise any
 su* nice di/9ctions4 ,! mo/ e>ne/ pray]
 & ! emptie/ c]emonial prate are bo?    
alike to !m4 ,:at sort ( a process !y   

imag9e pray] to be may be at once       
p]ceiv$ f ! sort ( trials to :i* !y     
desire to subject x4  ',aft] mu* ?\ght &
 exam9ation1' ! coadjutor a=esaid--a    
ba%ful ,teuc]1 ov] :om ,pr(essor        
,tyndall has1 l a second ,ajax ,telamon1
 ext5d$1 ) *ivalr\s ha/e1 ! %elt] ( 8   
%ield--does 'n hesitate to propose t "o 
s+le w>d or hospital "u ! c>e (         
fir/-rate physicians or surgeons1       
conta9+ a numb] ( pati5ts afflict$ ) ^? 
diseases :i* h be5 be/ /udi$1 & ( :i* ! 
mortality rates are be/ kn[n1 %\ld be1  
dur+ a p]iod ( n less ?an ?ree to five  
ye>s1 made ! object ( special pray] by !
 :ole body ( ! fai?ful1 & t1 at ! end ( 
t "t1 ! mortality rates %\ld be comp>$ )
 ! pa/ rates1 & also ) ^? ( o!r lead+   
hospitals simil>ly well manag$ dur+ !   
same p]iod4'#ec ,9 sugge/+ ?is exp]im5t1
 t]m$ by himself 'exhau/ive & complete1'
 its prop\nd] imag9es himself to be (f]+
 to ! fai?ful 'an occasion ( demon/rat+ 
to ! fai?less an imp]i%able record ( !  
real p[] ( pray]4' ,if1 h[ev]1 he 7     

himself petition+ = ! reprieve ( a      
condemn$ crim9al1 he w\ld sc>cely expect
 to succe$1 ev5 ) s t5d]-he>t$ a m9i/] z
 ,mr4 ,bruce1 if he 7 to let out 9 !    
c\rse ( 8 supplications1 t he did n c>e 
:e!r he succe$$ or n1 & 0 ask+ = !      
reprieve solely = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+  
:e!r ! head ( ! ,home ,(fice is really  
inve/$ ) ! pr]ogative ( m]cy4 ,yet no   
suspicion crosses 8 m9d t ! ,se>*] (    
,he>ts may possibly be displeas$ )      
pray]s address$ to ,him by ! lips ( ^?  
:o 71 all ! :ile1 say+ 9 _! he>ts t !y  
did n want _! pray]s to be grant$1 b    
only want$ to satisfy _! curiosity to "k
 :e!r !y w\ld be grant$ or n4 ,equally  
rem>kable is ! tru/fulness ( ,mr4       
,galton1 9 op9+ t 'x w\ld be p]fectly   
practicable to select out ( ! pati5ts at
 diff]5t hospitals "u treatm5t =        
fractures1 or amputations1 or o!r common
 maladies1 ^: c\rse is s well und]/ood z
 to admit ( accurate tables be+         
con/ruct$ = _! duration & result1 two   
consid]able gr\ps1 ! "o consi/+ ( m>k$ly

 religi\s & pi\sly befri5d$ individuals1
 ! o!r ( ^? :o 7 rem>kably cold-he>t$ & 
neglect$2 & t1 !n1 an hone/ comp>ison ( 
_! respective p]iods ( treatm5t1 & !    
result1 w\ld manife/ a di/9ct pro( ( !  
efficacy ( pray]1 if x exi/$ to ev5 a   
m9ute fraction ( ! am\nt t religi\s     
tea*]s exhort u to believe4' ,evid5tly1 
he imag9es t x w\ld be suffici5t = !    
hospital au?orities to adv]tise--n (    
c\rse1 9 ! ',times1' b 9 ! ',record'--& 
t1 !reupon1 :oev]1 hav+ ent]$ into 8    
closet & %ut ! door1 _h1 on behalf ( any
 ( ! pati5ts exp]im5t$ ^u1 pray$ to !   
,fa!r :o see? 9 secret1 w\ld at once    
come =? & proclaim op5ly h[ he _h be5   
engag$4 ,n by 'argum5ts' ( no great]    
'cog5cy' ?an t ( any bas$ ^u results ?us
 obta9able1 ne$ ei!r ( ! two            
exp]im5tali/s expect to p]suade pray+ p 
t pray] is1 '9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1'
 doom$ to become 'obsolete1 j z ! ,wat]s
 ( ,jeal\sy & ! ,urim & ,?umm9 ( !      
,mosaic ,law did 9 ! times ( ! lat]     
,jewi% ,k+s4' ,n q s easily w !y cause x

 to be 'ab&on$ to ! doma9 ( recognis$   
sup]/ition1' j z belief 9 wit*es & 9 !  
,sov]eign's t\* z a cure = scr(ula1 &   
'_m o!r items ( anci5t fai? h already   
successively be54' ,bo? ( !m h1 x seems1
 yet to le>n t ! only pray] :i* is      
believ$ by p ( "s little enlight5m5t to 
be ( any avail1 is ! 'f]v5t1 effectual  
pray] ( a righte\s man1' pray] t come? f
 'a pure he>t f]v5tly1' pray] t is made 
') ! _s & ) ! und]/&+ also4' ,pray] (   
?is sort is n to be discr$it$ by any    
abundance ( /ati/ical te/imony to !     
futility ( cold lip-wor%ip1 or by any   
numb] ( fre% examples ( ! g5]ally       
recognis$ fact t ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are  
wis] 9 _! g5]ation ?an ! *ildr5 ( light4
 ,! recov]y f ! v jaws ( dea? ( ,k+     
,hezekiah1 ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ( ,france1 :ile
 z yet undetect$ & bi5-aim1 & ( ! pres5t
 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 may1 none ! less      
probably1 h be5 9 "p due to ! pray]s    
(f]$ up = ! fir/ by himself1 = ! second1
 accord+ to ,presid5t ,hnault & ,mr4    
,c>lyle1 by all ,p>is1 &1 = ! ?ird1 by !

 :ole ,briti% empire1 because lessons   
appo9t$ to be regul>ly said or sung 9   
*ur*es = ! prolongation ( ! ,sov]eign's 
life1 & said & sung by ! congregations  
to :om !y are set1 ) equal regul>ity1   
:e!r ! ,sov]eign be well or ill1 dete/$ 
or belov$1 are to all appe>ance         
disreg>d$4 ,mod]n believ]s 9 pray] are  
well aw>e t1 al?\gh !y ask1 !y may n    
receive if !y ask amiss1 & w\ld accept  
?is z fully adequate explanation ( !    
disappo9tm5t ( anyone1 :o _h ! face to  
pray t he might gr[ z ri* z ! late ,mr4 
,brassey1 or be creat$ a duke1 or       
appo9t$ ,"l ,*ancellor1 or supplant ,mr4
 ,glad/one 9 ! premi]%ip1 or ,mr4       
,d',israeli 9 ! lead]%ip ( ,h] ,maje/y's
 ,opposition4 ,moreov]1 ! _s1 duly      
season$ ) und]/&+1 9 :i* alone true     
pray] c be made1 is "o1 n ( presumptu\s 
dictation to a ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 b ( s9c]e
 & grateful recognition t ',he kn[e?    
bett] ?an ourselves :at is = our good4' 
,f> f pray+ = selfi% aggr&isem5t1 we _c1
 if we pray aright1 pray t1 :e!r f      

ourselves or o!rs1 ! cup ( affliction   
may pass away1 )\t add+1 ',nev]!less1 n 
z ,i w1 b z ,?\ wilt4' ,! only gifts t c
 ) propriety be pray$ = unconditionally 
are gifts spiritual--cleans+ ( ! ?\ghts 
( ! he>t1 /r5g? to resi/ temptation1    
/r5g? to endure trials1 /r5g? to p]=m   
our appo9t$ "w2 & :oev] may ?9k fit to  
make ^! ! subjects ( /ati/ical inquiry1 
may dep5d ^u be+ assur$ by ev]yone      
exp]im5tally qualifi$ to reply1 t !y are
 nev] ask$ = fai?fully )\t be+ obta9$   
effectually2 toge!r ) l>ge measure1 if n
 ( ! *e]fulness1 at lea/ ( ! pati5ce1 ( 
hope4  ,,footnotes3  #ej ',augu/e ,comte
 & ,positivism1' pp4 #be-h4  #ea        
',=tnightly ,review' = ,june #ahfh1     
',mr4 ,d>w9's ,hypo!ses4'  #eb          
',/ati/ical ,enquiries into ! ,efficacy 
( ,pray]1' by ,francis ,galton1 9       
,=nightly ,review1' = ,augu/ #ahgb4  #ec
 ',contempor>y ,review1' ,july #ahgb4   
',! ,pray] = ! ,sick4 ,h9ts t[>ds a     
s]i\s attempt to e/imate its value4'    
,communicat$ by ,pr(4 ,tyndall4         

,,epilogue4     ,if ) ra% /ep1 or )     
presumptu\s ^w   ,i h transgress$1 or ) 
un%r9k+ eye   ,h s\ght to pi]ce ! awful 
my/]y   ,t veils ?y ,godhead1 yet =give 
me1 ,"l6   ,?\ kn[e/ t ,i s\ght n to    
draw nigh   ,?y ,?rone1 save t my       
witness might record   ,m truly ( ,?9e  
attributes1 :]eby   ,on ,e>?1 e'en z 9  
,heav51 might be ador$   ,! fulness (   
,?y glory4 ,n 9 wra?   ,8 trespass wilt 
,?\ judge1 :om1 lic5ce1 br$   ,( zeal1  
?\gh bl9d$1 yet dev\t1 betrays1   ,nor  
scorn ! unconsci\s w&]] f ,?y pa?1      
,nor leave me hopeless1 if inde$ misl$  
,by ?ir/ = tru?1 m deep 9 error's maze4 
,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by   ,,spottiswoode 
,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e   ,,&  
,,p>liam5t ,,/reet     ,,by ,,! ,,same  
,,au?or4   ,,on ,,lab\r3  ,,its         
,,wrongful ,,claims ,,& ,,rightful      
,,dues2  ,,its ,,actual ,,pres5t ,,&    
,,possible ,,future4  ,,second          
,,edition4  #hvo4 clo?1 price #ads4     
',?is is a book :i* all true economi/s  
%\ld welcome4'    ,,economi/44    ',x   

may be d\bt$ :e!r any consid]able       
economic "w ( equal m]it has appe>$ s9ce
 ! fir/ publication ( ,mr4 ,mill's      
,political ,economy4'    ,,a!n,,um4     
,,macmillan  ,,co41 ,london4