,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religion ,a ,sket* ( ,primitive ,religi\s ,beliefs & ,practices1 & ( ! ,orig9 & ,"* ( ! ,great ,sy/ems by ,,allan ,,m5zies1 ,d4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,criticism 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews ,kn[n unto ,god are all 8 works f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4--,,acts xv4 #ah4 ,new ,york ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons #eig-eii ,fif? ,av5ue #aiag ,,fir/ ,,edition 4 4 4 ,april #ahie ,,second ,,edition 4 4 ,septemb] #ahie ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,m>* #ahig ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,june #aijj ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,janu>y #aijb ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,m>* #aijc ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,octob] #aije ,,?ird ,,edition 4 4 4 ,janu>y #aijh ,,f\r? ,,edition 4 4 ,septemb] #aiaa ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,june #aiad ,repr9t$ 4 4 4 4 ,octob] #aiah ,,preface ,?is book makes no pret5ce to be a guide to all ! my?ologies1 or to all ! religi\s practices :i* h prevail$ 9 ! _w4 ,x is int5d$ to aid ! /ud5t :o desires to obta9 a g5]al idea ( comp>ative religion1 by exhibit+ ! subject z a connect$ & organic :ole1 & by indicat+ ! lead+ po9ts ( view f :i* ea* ( ! great sy/ems may be/ be und]/ood4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( discussion is employ$ 9 ord] to br+ cle>ly be=e ! read] ! great motives & ideas by :i* ! v>i\s religions are inspir$1 & ! movem5ts ( ?\ght :i* !y pres5t4 ,& ! attempt is made to exhibit ! great manife/ations ( human piety 9 _! g5ealogical connection4 ,! writ] has v5tur$ to deal ) ! religions ( ! ,bible1 ea* 9 its prop] hi/orical place1 & tru/s t he has n by do+ s r5d]$ any diss]vice ei!r to ,*ri/ian fai? or to ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 a "w claim+ to be sci5tific1 & appeal+ to m5 ( e fai?1 all religions mu/ be treat$ imp>tially1 & t ! same me?od mu/ be appli$ to ea* ( !m4 ,9 a field ( /udy1 e "p ( :i* is be+ illum9at$ almo/ e ye> by fre% discov]ies1 su* a sket* z ! pres5t c be m]ely t5tative1 & mu/ soon1 9 _m ( its p>ts1 gr[ antiquat$ & be sup]s$$4 ,& :]e s mu* dep5ds on ! selection ( "s facts out ( _m :i* might h be5 employ$1 x w no d\bt appe> to read]s :o h "s acqua9tance ) ! subject1 t "h & !re a bett] *oice might h be5 made4 ,! writ] hopes t ! great difficulty w n be ov]look$ ) :i* he has _h to cont5d1 ( compress+ a va/ subject into a comp5di\s /atem5t )\t all[+ its life & int]e/ to evaporate 9 ! process4 ,= a full] bibliography ?an is giv5 9 ?is volume ! read] may consult ! works ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 & ( ,dr4 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye4 ,x w readily be believ$ t ! writ] ( ?is volume has be5 indebt$ to _m an au?or :om he has n nam$4 ,,/4 ,,&rews1 #ahie4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird 7,,revis$7 ,,edition ,s9ce ?is book fir/ appe>$ twelve ye>s ago x has be5 sev]al times repr9t$ )\t *ange4 ,advantage has n[ be5 tak51 h[ev]1 ( a call = a fre% issue1 to introduce into x "s alt]ations & additions1 su* z its /]eotyp$ =m all[s4 ,"s mi/akes h be5 correct$1 ! names ( rec5t books h be5 add$ to ! bibliographies1 & 9 "s *apt]s1 especially ^? deal+ ) ! ,semitic religions1 consid]able *anges h be5 made4 ,9 go+ ov] ! book = ?is purpose1 ,i h se5 v cle>ly t if x _h be5 call$ = & writt5 at ?is "t in/ead ( twelve ye>s ago1 "s ?+s :i* are 9 x ne$ n h appe>$1 & additions might h be5 made :i* are n n[ possible4 ,! la/ twelve ye>s h made a great *ange 9 ! /udy ( religions2 ! prejudices ) :i* x 0 reg>d$ h almo/ pass$ away1 p[]ful =ces h be5 enli/$ 9 its s]vice1 & admirable works h appe>$ deal+ ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! va/ field4 ,yet ,i am glad to ?9k t ! attempt made 9 ?is book to furni% a simple introduction to a deeply important /udy1 & especially to promote ! und]/&+ ( ! religions ( ! ,bible by plac+ !m 9 _! connection ) ! religion ( mank9d at l>ge1 may /ill prove useful4 ,,/4 ,,&rews1 ,june #aijg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition ,?is book is n[ be+ repr9t$ 9 a some:at l>g] type1 & an opportunity is giv51 less re/rict$ ?an ! la/1 = mak+ *anges 9 x4 ,x is impossible = me at pres5t to re-write x2 x appe>s sub/antially z x 04 ,"s alt]ations & additions h be5 made 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1 & ! bibliographies h be5 br\ght m ne>ly up to date4 ,i w\ld take ?is opportunity ( direct+ ! att5tion ( read]s ( ?is book to ! publi%$ ,proce$+s ( ! ,ox=d ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 held 9 ,septemb] #aijh4 ,!y w !re see h[ l>ge ?is field ( /udy has n[ gr[n1 & :at v>i$ life & movem5t e "p ( x conta9s4 ,i h giv5 ref]5ces only to ! addresses ( ! ,presid5ts ( ! ,sections ( ! ,congress1 9 :i* a fre% review w be f\nd ( rec5t progress 9 ! /udy ( ea* ( ! great religions4 ,,/4 ,,&rews1 ,july #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,_w ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,page ,position ( ! sci5ce--,unity ( all religion--,! gr[? ( religion cont9u\s--,prelim9>y def9ition ( religion-- ,criticism ( o!r def9itions--,full] def9ition--,religion & civilisation advance toge!r 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a-ah ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,religion ,orig9 ( civilisation--,x 0 f ! savage /ate t civilisation 0 by degrees produc$--,! religion ( savages--,all savages h religion--,x is a psy*ological necessity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ai-bh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,objects ,,( ,,wor%ip ,nature-wor%ip--,ance/or-wor%ip--,feti%- wor%ip--,a supreme be+--,:i* gods 7 fir/ wor%ipp$8--,feti%-gods came fir/--,spirits1 human or quasi-human1 came fir/--,!ories ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,tylor--,animism--,! m9or nature-wor%ip came fir/--,!ories ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,mll] & ( ,ed4 von ,h>tmann--,! great nature-p[]s came fir/--,bo? nature-wor%ip & ! wor%ip ( spirits are s\rces ( e>ly religion--,conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bi-ej ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>ly ,,developm5ts--,,belief ,gr[? ( ! great gods--,poly!ism--,ka!no!ism--,! m9or nature-wor%ip--,! wor%ip ( animals--,trees1 wells1 /ones--,! /ate aft] dea?--,gr[? ( ! great religions out ( ^! beliefs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ea-fe ,,*apt] ,v ,,e>ly ,,developm5ts--,,practices ,sacrifice--,pray]--,sacr$ places1 objects1 p]sons--,magic-- ,"* ( e>ly religion--,e>ly religion & morality 4 4 #ff-gh ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,national ,,religion ,classifications ( religions--,rise ( national religion--,x af=ds a new social bond--,& a bett] ,god--,example--,! ,inca religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gi-ij ,,"p ,,ii ,,isolat$ ,,national ,,religions ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,babylon ,,& ,,assyria ,p & lit]ature--,wor%ip ( spirits--,wor%ip ( animals--,! great ,gods--,my?ology--,! /ate religion 4 4 4 #ia-aje ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,*9a ,hi/ory ( ,*9a--,! lit]ature ( ! religion--,! /ate religion ( anci5t ,*9a--,heav5--,! spirits--,ance/ors-- ,confucius--,8 life--,8 doctr9e--,taoism--,buddhism 9 ,*9a #ajf-abe ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt ,hi/ory & lit]ature--#a4 ,animal wor%ip--,!ories acc\nt+ = x--#b4 ,! great ,gods--,!y also are local-- ,my?ology--,dyna/ies ( gods--,ra--,osiris--,ptah--,0 ! e>lie/ religion mono!i/ic8--,syncretism--,pan!ism-- ,wor%ip--#c4 ,! doctr9e ( ! o!r life--,treatm5t ( ! dead--,! _s 9 ! "u-_w--,! ,book ( ! ,dead-- ,conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abf-aeg ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,semitic ,,gr\p ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,semitic ,,religion ,home ( ! ,semites--,"* ( ! race--,_! e>ly religi\s ideas--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,semitic & ,aryan religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aei-afi ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,canaanites ,,& ,,ph5icians ,! ,religion ( ! ,canaanites--,! ,ph5icians--,_! gods-- ,a/ral deities ( ,ph5icia--,influ5ce ( ,ph5ician art 4 4 4 #agj-agh ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,israel ,! sacr$ lit]ature--,! p--,jehovah--,! e>ly ritual 0 simple--,contact ) ,canaanite religion--,dang] ( fusion--,religi\s conflict--,! mon>*y--,religion n c5tralis$--,! ,prophets--,! old religion national-- ,criticism ( ! old religion by ! prophets--,appe>ance ( ,univ]salism--,e?ical mono!ism--,individualism ( ! prophetic tea*+--,! re=ms--,deut]onomy--,e>li] codes-- ,! exile--,! return2 ! re=m ( ,ezra--,"* ( ! lat] religion--,hea!ni% elem5ts ( ,judaism--,spiritual elem5ts--,! ,psalms--,! ,synagogue--,! national hopes--,! /ate aft] dea? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agi-baf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,islam ,arabia be=e ,mahomet--,! old religion--,confusion ( wor%ip--,allah--,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia--,mahomet1 e>ly life--,8 religi\s impressions--,! revelations--,8 prea*+--,p]secution--,trials2 decides to leave ,mecca-- ,mahomet at ,m$9a--,new religi\s union--,brea* ) ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity--,dome/ic--,conque/ ( ,mecca--,mecca made ! capital ( ,islam--,spread ( ,islam--,! duties ( ! ,moslem-- ,! ,koran--,islam a univ]sal religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bag-bdb ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,aryan ,,gr\p ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,aryan ,,religion ,! ,aryans1 _! e>ly home--,_! civilisation describ$-- ,little kn[n ( _! gods--,_! wor%ip 0 dome/ic 4 4 4 #bdc-bee ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,teutons ,! ,aryans 9 ,europe--,! anci5t ,g]mans--,! e>ly ,g]man gods--,! work+ religion--,lat] ,g]man religion--,icel&-- ,! ,eddas--,! gods ( ! ,eddas--,! twilight ( ! gods 4 #bef-bgc ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,greece ,p & l&--,e>lie/ religion2 functional deities-- ,gr[? ( ,greek gods--,/ones1 animals1 trees--,greek religion is local--,arti/ic t5d5cy--,e>ly ,ea/]n influ5ces-- ,hom]--,! ,hom]ic gods--,wor%ip 9 ,hom]--,om5s--,! /ate aft] dea?--,hesiod--,! poets & ! work+ religion--,rise ( religi\s art--,fe/ivals & games--,zeus & ,apollo-- ,*ange ( ! ,greek _s 9 six? c5tury ,b4,c4--,new religi\s feel+2 ! my/]ies--,religion & philosophy 4 4 #bgd-cjd ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,rome ,roman religion 0 diff]5t f ,greek--,! e>lie/ gods ( ,rome are functional be+s--,! wor%ip ( ^! be+s--,! great gods--,sacr$ p]sons--,roman religion legal r ?an prie/ly--,*anges introduc$ f )\t--,etruria--,greek gods 9 ,rome--,! ,graeco-,roman religion--,decay & confusion #cje-cbc ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,india ,i4 ,! ,v$ic ,religion ,relation ( ,indian to ,aryan religion--,! ,rigv$a--,! ,v$ic gods--,hymns to ! gods--,to :at /age does ?is religion belong8--,x is primitive--,x is advanc$--,9 spite ( _m gods1 a t5d5cy to ,mono!ism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cbd-ccg ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,india ,,ii4 ,brahmanism ,! ca/e sy/em3 ! ,brahmans--,! gr[? ( ! sacr$ lit]ature--,sacrifice--,practical life--,philosophy-- ,transmigration--,lat] developm5ts 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cch-ceb ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,india ,,iii4 ,buddhism ,! lit]ature--,0 !re a p]sonal f\nd]8--,! /ory ( ! f\nd]--,is ,buddhism a revolt aga9/ ,brahmanism8--,! ,buddha--,! doctr9e--,buddhi/ morality--,nirvana--,no gods-- ,! ord]--,buddhism made popul>--,conclusion--,buddhism is n a complete religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cec-chj ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,p]sia ,s\rces--,! cont5ts ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a are composite-- ,zoroa/]--,primitive religion ( ,iran--,! call ( ,z>a?u/ra--,! doctr9e--,its inconsi/5cies--,man is call$ to judge betwe5 ! gods--,?is religion is ess5tially intol]ant--,gr[? ( ,mazdeism--,organisation ( ! heav5ly be+s--,! attributes ( ,ahura--,anci5t te/imonies to ! ,p]sian religion--,! ,v5didad3 laws ( purity--,h[ ?is doctr9e ent]$ ,mazdeism--,influ5ce ( ,mazdeism on ,judaism & 9 o!r directions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cha-djh ,,"p ,v ,,univ]sal ,,religion ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*ri/ianity ,/ate ( ,jewi% religion at ! ,*ri/ian era--,! tea*+ ( ,jesus--,8 p]son & "w--,univ]salism ( ,*ri/ianity-- ,! ,apo/le ,paul--,:at ,*ri/ianity receiv$ f ,judaism-- ,& f ! ,greek _w--,! diff]5t religions ( ,*ri/ian nations & ! common ,*ri/ianity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dji-dbe ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,conclusion ,tribal1 national1 & individual religion--,?is ! c5tral developm5t--,has to be /udi$ 9 nations--,p]iods ( g5]al advance 9 religion--,conditions ( religi\s progress 4 4 4 4 #dbf-dcd ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dce-ddj ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,_w ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! sci5ce to :i* ?is little volume is devot$ is a comp>atively new "o4 ,x is sc>cely half a c5tury s9ce ! att5tion ( ,we/]n ,europe began to fix itself s]i\sly on ! great religions ( ! ,ea/1 & ! /udy ( ^! anci5t sy/ems ar\s$ reflection on ! great facts t ! _w possesses n "o religion only1 b sev]al1 nay1 _m religions1 & t ^! exhibit bo? great diff]5ces & great resemblances4 ,! agitation ( m9d !n awak5$ by ! ?\ght t o!r fai?s might be comp>$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 has to a l>ge ext5t pass$ away2 & on ! o!r h& fre% fields ( k h be5 op5$ to ! /ud5t ( ! wor%ips ( mank9d4 ,by new me?ods ( rese>* ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome h come to be kn[n z !y nev] 7 be=e2 & all ! o!r religions ( :i* we =m]ly knew any?+ h be5 l$ to tell _! /ories 9 a new way4 ,a new /udy--t ( ! e>lie/ human life on ! e>?--has br\ght to light _m primitive beliefs & practices1 :i* seem to expla9 e>ly religi\s ideas2 & ! acc\nts ( mission>ies & o!rs ab\t savage tribes n[ exi/+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 are se5 to be full ( a significance :i* 0 n notic$ =m]ly4 ,we are ?us 9 a v diff]5t position f our fa!rs = /udy+ ! religion ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,to !m _! own religion 0 ! true "o & all ! o!rs 7 false4 ,calv9 speaks ( ! imm5se welt] ( errors 9 :i* ! :ole _w outside ( ,*ri/ianity is imm]s$2 x is unnecess>y = him to deal ) ^! errors1 he c at once proce$ to set =? ! true doctr9e4 ,! belief ( ! e>ly fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 t all wor%ips b ^? ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7 direct$ to demons1 & t ! demons bore sway 9 !m1 practically prevail$ till our own day2 & x c\ld n b d s1 s9ce no o!r religions ?an ^! 7 really kn[n4 ,t ignorance has ceas$1 & we are responsible = =m+ a view ( ! subject accord+ to ! light t has be5 giv5 u4 ,! sci5ce ( religion1 ?\gh ( su* rec5t orig91 has already pass$ beyond its e>lie/ /age1 z a ref]5ce ev5 to its e>li] & its lat] names w %[4 ,comp>ative ,religion 0 ! title giv5 at fir/ to ! comb9$ /udy ( v>i\s religions4 ,:at _h to be done1 x 0 ?\ght1 0 to comp>e !m4 ,! facts ab\t !m _h to be collect$1 ! sy/ems arrang$ accord+ to ! be/ in=mation procurable1 & !n laid side by side1 t x might be se5 :at features !y _h 9 common & :at ea* _h to di/+ui% x f ! o!rs4 ,"w ( ?is k9d is /ill abundantly necess>y4 ,! collection ( mat]ials & ! specify+ ( ! simil>ities & dissimil>ities ( ! v>i\s fai?s w long occupy _m work]s4 ,unity ( all ,religion4--,b rec5t works on ! religions ( ! _w reg>d$ z a :ole h be5 call$ hi/ories4 ,we h ! well-kn[n ,hi/ory ( ,religion ( ,m4 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 n[ 9 its ?ird edition1 & ! ,comp>ative ,hi/ory ( ! ,religions ( ,antiquity ( ,m4 ,tiele4 ,a hi/ory ( religion may be ei!r ( two ?+s4 ,! ^w hi/ory may be us$ z 9 ! t]m ,natural ,hi/ory1 to d5ote a reason$ acc\nt ( ?is dep>tm5t ( human life1 )\t attempt+ any *ronological sequ5ce2 or x may be us$ z :5 we speak ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans1 an attempt be+ made to tell ! /ory ( religion 9 ! _w 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,9 ei!r case ! use ( ! t]m hi/ory indicates t ! /udy n[ aims at some?+ m ?an ! accumulation ( mat]ials & ! po9t+ out ( resemblances & analogies1 namely1 at arrang+ ! mat]ials at its comm& s z to %[ !m 9 an organic connection4 ,?is1 x _c be d\bt$1 is ! task :i* ! sci5ce ( religion is n[ call$ to attempt4 ,:at e "o ) any int]e/ 9 ! subject is /riv+ aft]1 is a k ( ! religions ( ! _w n z isolat$ sy/ems :i*1 ?\gh hav+ _m po9ts ( resemblance1 may yet1 = all we "k1 be ( sep>ate & indep5d5t gr[?1 b z connect$ ) ea* o!r & z =m+ p>ts ( "o :ole4 ,our sci5ce1 9 fact1 is seek+ to grasp ! religions ( ! _w z manife/ations ( ! religion ( ! _w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! above /atem5t is criticis$ by ,mr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,jordan 9 8 excell5t "w1 ,comp>ative ,religion1 p4 #dhe1 b is 9 ! ma9 a true acc\nt ( :at has tak5 place4 ,mr4 ,jordan /rongly holds t ,comp>ative ,religion is a sci5ce by itself1 & ought to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 ?\gh ! latt] is1 ( c\rse1 its necess>y f\ndation4 ,9 ris+ to ?is conception ( its task1 ! sci5ce ( religion is only obey+ ! impulse :i* dom9ates e dep>tm5t ( /udy 9 mod]n times4 ,:at e sci5ce is do+ is to seek to %[ ! unity ( law amid ! multiplicity ( ! ph5om5a ) :i* x has to deal1 to ga!r up ! _m into "o1 or r to %[ h[ ! "o has giv5 rise to ! _m4 ,9 ! /udy ( religion1 if x be really a sci5ce1 ?is impulse ( all sci5ce mu/ surely be felt4 ,"h also we mu/ *]i% ! conviction t an ord] does exi/ amid ! app>5t disord]1 if we c\ld b f9d x4 ,we mu/ believe t ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( mank9d are n a m]e *aos1 n a m]e incessant outbur/ ( unreason1 consi/5t only 9 t x has appe>$ 9 e age & e c\ntry ( ! _w1 b t !y =m a cosmos1 & may be kn[n1 if we take ! "r way1 z a "p ( human life f :i* reason has nev] be5 abs5t1 & 9 :i* a gr[+ purpose has fulfill$ & /ill fulfils itself4 ,"s !ories1 x is true1 f :i* ! _w =m]ly hop$ mu*1 are n n[ reli$ on1 & ! pres5t t5d5cy is to ab/a9 f any g5]al doctr9e ( ! subject1 & to be cont5t ) c>eful collection & arrangem5t ( ! facts 9 special p>ts ( ! field4 ,caution is no d\bt mo/ ne$ful 9 ! attempt to =m a view ( ?is great /udy z a :ole4 ,yet some?+ ( ?is k9d is possible1 & is beyond all d\bt mu* call$ =4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is little "w n only to describe ! lead+ features ( ! great religions1 b also to set =? "s ( ! results :i* appe> to h be5 rea*$ reg>d+ ! relation 9 :i* ^! sy/ems /& to ea* o!r4 ,! ,gr[? ( ,religion ,cont9u\s4--,we %all n pret5d to set out on ?is ent]prise )\t any assumptions4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal assumption we make is t 9 religion z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( human life !re has be5 a developm5t f ! beg9n+1 ev5 till n[1 & t ! gr[? ( religion has gone on accord+ to ! ord9>y laws ( human progress4 ,?is is a position :i*1 beg9 ! /udy at :atev] po9t he may1 ! /ud5t ( ?is subject w f9d himself compell$ to take up1 if he is n to r5\nce altoge!r ! idea ( und]/&+ x z a :ole4 ,to und]/& any?+ means1 to ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t day1 to "k h[ x has come to be :at x is2 ( any hi/orical ph5om5on at lea/ x is c]ta9 t x _c be und]/ood except by trac+ its hi/ory up to ! root4 ,we assume1 !re=e1 until x be disprov$1 t 9 ?is z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( human activity1 gr[? has be5 cont9u\s f ! fir/4 ,9 e o!r bran* ( hi/orical /udy1 ?is assumption is made4 ,! hi/ory ( in/itutions is trac$ back 9 a cont9u\s l9e to an age be=e !re 0 any family or any su* ?+ z prop]ty4 ,! me?ods by :i* m5 h e>n$ _! subsi/5ce on ! e>? are kn[n equally f> back2 & !re is no break 9 ! developm5t f ! hook$ /ick to ! /eam pl\gh4 ,& %\ld x n be ! same 9 religion8 ,"h also %all we n assume1 until we f9d x prov$ to be incorrect1 t !re has be5 no break 9 ! gr[? ( ideas & practices f ! e>lie/ days till n[1 & t ! highe/ religion ( ! pres5t day is organically connect$ ) t religion :i* man _h at fir/8 ,x is1 inde$1 9 _m ways f> remov$ f ! e>lie/ religion1 b :at 0 mo/ ess5tial 9 ! e>lie/ belief /ill lives 9 x1 & :at 0 fitte/ to survive ( its e>lie/ motives1 /ill prompts its wor%ip4 ,%\ld we adopt ?is view1 we %all f9d _m ( ! difficulties disappe> :i* h frequ5tly /ood 9 ! way ( ?is /udy4 ,:51 accord+ to ! new t5d5cy t seems to gov]n all mod]n ?\ght1 in/itutions & beliefs are reg>d$ n z fix$ ?+s1 b z ?+s gr[+ f some?+ t 0 !re be=e1 & t5d+ t[>ds some?+ t is com+1 !y cease to ar\se contempt1 or jeal\sy1 or hatr$4 ,if we c reg>d religions z /ages 9 ! evolution ( religion1 !n we h no motive ei!r to depreciate or unduly to extol any ( !m4 ,! e>li] /ages ( ! developm5t w h a peculi> int]e/ = u1 j z we look ) affection on ! home ( our ance/ors ev5 ?\gh we %\ld n *oose to dwell !re4 ,we %all n divide religions into ! true "o1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ! false ones1 all ! re/2 no religion w be to u a m]e sup]/ition1 nor %all we reg>d any z unguid$ by ,god4 ,feel+ t we _c und]/& our own religion aright )\t und]/&+ ^? out ( :i* x has be5 built up1 we %all value ^! o!rs = ! "p !y h play$ 9 ! great movem5t1 & our own mo/ ( all1 )\t :i* !y c\ld n be made p]fect4 ,9 ! light ( ?is pr9ciple ( gr[? we %all f9d good 9 ! l[e/1 & %all see t ! good & true r ?an ! evil & false1 furni% ! ultimate mean+ ( ev5 ! poore/ sy/ems4 ,we />t !n ) ! assumption t religion is a ?+ :i* has develop$ f ! fir/1 z law has1 or z art has2 & ! be/ me?od we c foll[1 if x %\ld prove practicable1 w be to foll[ its movem5t f ! beg9n+4 ,we mu/ n presume to hope t ev]y?+ w be made cle>1 or t we %all meet ) no religi\s ph5om5a to :i* we _c assign _! place 9 ! developm5t4 ,we mu/ rememb] t gr\nd is (t5 lo/ z well z won 9 human hi/ory1 & t 9 religions z 9 nations deg5]ation frequ5tly occurs z well z progress4 ,we mu/ n be too sure t we %all be able to f9d any pla9 pa? lead+ ?r\gh ! immeasurable =e/s ( man's religi\s s5tim5ts & practices4 ,yet we may at lea/ expect to f9d evid5ce ( ! direction :i* on ! :ole ! gr[? ( religion has foll[$4 ,prelim9>y ,def9ition ( ,religion4--,b1 be=e we c set out on ?is inquiry1 we are met by ! "q1 ,:at is x t we suppose to h be5 ?us develop$8 ,9 ord] to trace any process ( evolution x is necess>y to def9e t :i* is evolv$2 = x belongs to ! v idea ( evolution t ! id5tity ( ! subject ( x is n *ang$ on ! way up1 b t ! g]m & ! f9i%$ product are ! same entity1 only diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 t ! "o has /ill to gr[ :ile ! o!r is gr[n4 ,futile 7 x inde$ to sket* a hi/ory ( religion ) ! savage at "o end ( x & ! ,*ri/ian ?9k] at ! o!r1 if x c\ld be said t 9 no po9t did ! religion ( ! savage & t ( ! ,*ri/ian co9cide1 b t ! product 0 a ?+ ( entirely diff]5t nature f ! g]m4 ,x seems necess>y1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 to say :at t is1 ( :i* we are to attempt ! hi/ory2 or 9 o!r words1 to say :at we mean by religion4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t an adequate def9ition ( a ?+ :i* is gr[+ c only be rea*$ :5 ! gr[? is complete4 ,dur+ its gr[? x is %[+ :at x is1 & its high] z well z its l[] manife/ations are "p ( its nature4 ,! _w has n yet f\nd out completely1 b is /ill 9 ! c\rse ( f9d+ out1 :at religion is4 ,any def9ition prop\nd$ at ?is /age mu/1 !re=e1 be ( an elem5t>y & provisional "*4 ,i propose !n z a work+ def9ition ( religion 9 ! meantime1 t x is ,! wor%ip ( high] p[]s4 ,?is appe>s at fir/ sight a v meagre acc\nt ( ! matt]2 b if we consid] :at x implies1 we %all f9d x is n s meagre4 ,9 ! fir/ place x involves an elem5t ( belief4 ,no "o w wor%ip high] p[]s unless he believes t su* p[]s exi/4 ,?is is ! intellectual factor4 ,n t ! intellectual is di/+ui%$ 9 e>ly =ms ( religion f ! o!r factors1 any m ?an gramm> is di/+ui%$ by e>ly man z an elem5t ( language4 ,b some?+ intellectual1 "s cre$1 is pres5t implicitly ev5 9 ! e>lie/ wor%ips4 ,%\ld !re be no belief 9 high] p[]s1 true wor%ip _c cont9ue4 ,if x be cont9u$ 9 outw>d act1 x has lo/ reality to ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp]1 & ! result is an app>5t or a %am religion1 a wor%ip devoid ( "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( religion4 ,?is is true at e /age4 ,b 9 ! second place1 ^! p[]s :i* are wor%ipp$ are high]4 ,religion has respect1 n to be+s m5 reg>d z on a level ) !mselves or ev5 b5ea? !mselves1 b to be+s 9 "s way above & beyond !mselves1 & :om !y are dispos$ to approa* ) rev]5ce4 ,:5 objects appe> to be wor%ipp$ = :i* ! wor%ipp] feels contempt1 & :i* a mom5t aft]w>ds he w maltreat or ?r[ away1 !re also "o ( ! ess5tial conditions is abs5t1 & su* wor%ip mu/ be judg$ to fall %ort ( religion4 ,!re may no d\bt be "s religion 9 x2 ! object he wor%ips may appe> to ! savage1 9 ^: m9d !re is little cont9uity1 at "o mom5t to be high] ?an himself & ! next mom5t to be l[]2 b ! result ( ! :ole is some?+ less ?an religion4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place ^! high] p[]s are wor%ipp$4 ,t is to say1 religion is n only belief 9 ! high] p[]s b x is a cultivat+ ( relations ) !m1 x is a practical activity cont9u\sly direct$ to ^! be+s4 ,x is n only a ?9k+ b also a do+2 ?is also is ess5tial to x4 ,:5 wor%ip is discont9u$1 religion ceases2 a pr9ciple inde$ n to be appli$ too n>r[ly1 s9ce ! app>5t cessation ( wor%ip may be m]ely its transition to ano!r1 possibly a high] =m2 b religion is n pres5t unless !re be n only a belief 9 high] p[]s b an ef=t ( "o k9d or ano!r to keep on good t]ms ) !m4 ,criticism ( o!r ,def9itions4--,:at has n[ be5 said w enable u to judge ( sev]al ( ! def9itions ( religion :i* h be5 put be=e ! _w 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,)\t go+ back to ! def9itions (f]$ by philosoph]s :o wrote be=e ! sci5tific /udy ( our subject _h begun1 & limit+ ourselves to ^? :i* h be5 prop\nd$ 9 ! int]e/s ( our sci5ce1 we notice t sev]al make religion consi/ 9 an intellectual activity4#b ,?us ,mr4 ,max ,mll]#c says t ,religion is a m5tal faculty or disposition :i* indep5d5t (1 nay1 9 spite (1 s5se & reason1 enables man to appreh5d ! ,inf9ite "u diff]5t names1 & "u v>y+ disguises4 ,)\t t faculty 444 no religion w\ld be possible4 ,to ?is def9ition !re are v>i\s /rong objections4 ,x implies t !re is only "o way 9 :i* m5 come to believe 9 high] be+s2 !y arrive at t belief by f9d+ some?+ :i* transc5ds !m & :i* !y _c und]/&2 i4e4 by an intellectual process4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! s5se ( disappo9tm5t ) ! f9ite is ! only road1 or ev5 a common road1 to belief 9 gods4 ,mr4 ,mll]'s omission1 moreov]1 f 8 def9ition1 ( ! practical side ( religion1 ( ! elem5t ( wor%ip1 is a fatal objection to x4 ,belief & wor%ip are insep>able sides ( religion1 :i* does n come fully into exi/5ce till bo? are pres5t4 ,9 a lat] "w#d ,mr4 ,mll] admits ! =ce ( ?is objection1 urg$ by sev]al s*ol>s1 to 8 def9ition1 & modifies x z foll[s3 ,religion consi/s 9 ! p]ception ( ! inf9ite "u su* manife/ations z are able to influ5ce ! moral "* ( man4 ,9 ?is =m ! def9ition recognises t wor%ip1 ! practical activity 9 :i* man's moral "* %[s itself 9 fe>1 gratitude1 love1 contrition1 is an ess5tial "p ( religion1 & t p]ceptions ( ! inf9ite ap>t f ?is are only "o side ( x4 ,8 orig9al def9ition1 h[ev]1 has play$ too l>ge a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( our subject to be left )\t c>eful notice4 ,! same objection applies to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s acc\nt ( ! matt]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] f9ds ! basis ( all religion 9 ! inscrutabl5ess ( ! ,p[] :i* ! univ]se manife/s to u4 ,! belief common to all religions1 he holds1 is ! pres5ce ( some?+ :i* passes compreh5sion4 ,! idea ( ! absolute & uncondition$ he reg>ds z accompany+ all our consci\sness ( ?+s condition$ & limit$1 & z be+ n a negative notion1 n m]ely ! d5ial ( limits1 b a positive "o4 ,! uncondition$ is t ( :i* all our ?\ghts & ideas are manife/ations1 b :i* we nev] c "k1 ) reg>d to :i* we _c affirm any?+ b t x exi/s4 ,?is def9ition l t la/ notic$ traces religion to ! defects 9 man's k1 & r to a negative ?an a positive elem5t 9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,x also comes "u ! objection t x traces religion r to an intellectual ?an a practical motive1 & omits ! elem5t ( wor%ip4 ,footnote #b3 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,tylor def9es religion z ! belief 9 spiritual be+s1 he is n to be *>g$ ) mak+ x too mu* a matt] ( ! intellect4 ,he uses ! ^w belief 9 a wide s5se z includ+ ! practices x involves4 ,9 ! ^w spiritual1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,tylor br+s into ! def9ition 8 !ory ( ,animism1 & ?us makes x uns]viceable = ^? :o d n adopt t !ory4 ,footnote #c3 ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 #ahhb1 p4 #ac4 ,! def9ition 0 put =w>d 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 & 9 8 lectures on ! ,orig9 ( ,religion1 #ahhb1 ,mr4 ,mll] adh]$ to x z be+ 9 ! ma9 s\nd 7p4 #bc74 ,footnote #d3 ,natural ,religion1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ahh1 #aic4 ,o!r s*ol>s h expla9$ religion z ! action ( ! curiosity ( ! human m9d1 ( t impulse :i* prompts man to inve/igate ! causes ( ?+s1 & specially to seek = ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s4 ,"h we t\* :at is c]ta9ly to be recognis$ z an inv>iable feature ( religion2 x always pr(esses to expla9 ! _w1 & to br+ unity to man's m9d by cle>+ up ! problems :i* p]plex him1 & af=d+ him a comm&+ po9t ( view1 f :i* he may see all ! p>ts ( ! _w & ( life fall into _! places4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n tell u :at religion itself is4 ,?is curiosity1 ?is impulse to "k1 are n specifically religi\s2 !y belong r to philosophy4 ,o!r motives ?an ^? connect$ ) k ent]$ f ! fir/ into man's wor%ip4 ,curiosity impell$ him to seek ! fir/ cause ( ?+s2 9 religion he saw some?+ t promis$ to expla9 ! _w to him1 & to expla9 him to himself4 ,b x 0 some?+ m ?an curiosity t made him reg>d t cause1 :5 f\nd1 z a god1 & pay x rev]5ce & sacrifice4 ,:at is ! motive ( wor%ip8 ,wond]1 no d\bt1 is always pres5t 9 x1 b :at is !re 9 x beyond wond]8 ,no def9ition ( religion c be reg>d$ z complete 9 :i* ! motive ( wor%ip is left undet]m9$4 ,t is ( ! ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,!re mu/ be a moral z well z an intellectual quality :i* is *>act]i/ic ( religion4 ,:at is religion morally8 ,acts ( wor%ip may be specifi$ 9 :i* e conceivable moral quality seeks to express itself4 ,! mo/ contradictory motives1 pride & ang] & rev5ge1 z well z fe> or hung] or contrition1 ent] into su* acts4 ,b if religion is a matt] ( s5tim5t z well z ( outw>d po/ure1 ^! acts ( wor%ip _c all be equally entitl$ to ! "n1 & some?+ is want$ to complete our def9ition4 ,full] ,def9ition4--,let u add :at seems to be want+2 & say t religion is ! wor%ip ( high] p[]s f a s5se ( ne$6 ,?is w rem9d ! read] ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s def9ition--a s5se ( inf9ite dep5d5ce4 ,x 0 always object$ to t def9ition1 t x made religion no m ?an a s5tim5t1 a mood1 b t besides ?is1 x is bo? belief & action4 ,b ! tru? ,s*lei]ma*] urg$ 0 "o ( ess5tial importance to ! matt]4 ,belief 9 gods & acts ( wor%ip paid to !m d n con/itute religion unless ! s5tim5t1 ! s5se ( ne$1 be also !re4 ,^! ?ree toge!r1 feel+1 belief1 & w express+ itself 9 action1 con/itute religion bo? 9 ! l[e/ & 9 ! highe/ levels ( civilisation4 ,a belief mu/ exi/1 to take a /ep f>!r1 t ! be+ wor%ipp$ is capable ( supply+ :at ! wor%ipp] requires4 ,m5 d n pray nor br+ (f]+s to be+s !y suppose to be incapable ( att5d+ to !m1 or p[]less to d !m any good or evil4 ,x is impli$ 9 e act ( wor%ip t ! be+ address$ is a p[] :o is able to d = ! wor%ipp] :at he _c d = himself4 ,x is 8 inability to help himself or to supply 8 own ne$s t s5ds ! wor%ipp] to 8 god1 :o has a p[] he himself has n4 ,if he c\ld help himself he w\ld n ne$ religion1 if 8 life 7 ei!r p]fectly prosp]\s & ev51 s t !re 0 no?+ left to wi% =1 or p]fectly mis]able & unsuccessful1 s t !re 0 no room = hope1 he w\ld n resort to high] p[]s2 b nei!r ( ^! two be+ ! case1 8 life on ! contr>y be+ a mix$ lot ( good & evil1 9 :i* !re are bless+s 8 own =ces _c secure1 & dang]s f :i* no ef=ts ( 8 own c save him1 & ! belief hav+ aris5 )9 him1 9 :at way we ne$ n n[ inquire1 t high] p[]s exi/ :o c1 if !y w1 def5d & prosp] him1 9 ?is way he has religion1 he keeps up int]c\rse ) high] p[]s4 ,& ?us religion is n necess>ily1 ev5 9 its mo/ primitive =m1 a manife/ation ( m]e selfi%ness4 ,?\gh gifts are (f]$ :i* are expect$ to please ! high] be+s1 & ?\gh b5efits are ask$ ( :i* ! wor%ipp] is urg5tly 9 ne$1 su* transactions are n necess>ily sordid any m ?an simil> applications betwe5 human be+s1 betwe5 two fri5ds1 or betwe5 a p>5t & a *ild4 ,ev5 ! savage liv+ 9 entire isolation1 at w> ) e "o & consci\s ( no ne$s b ^? ( food & %elt]1 w n seek b5efits f 8 god )\t "s feel+ ( atta*m5t1 nor )\t "s s5se ( /r5g!n$ fri5d%ip %\ld ! b5efit be grant$ him4 ,:5 once ?is s5se ( fri5d%ip has aris51 religion is pres5t1 ! man has come to be 9 liv+ relation ) a high] p[]1 :om he conceives1 no d\bt1 aft] 8 own lik5ess1 b nev]!less z great] ?an he is4 ,?is !n is :at we conceive to be ! ess5ce ( religion--! wor%ip ( high] p[]s1 f a s5se ( ne$2 & x is ( ?is t we are to trace ! hi/ory ?\gh only 9 ! b>e/ outl9es4 ,! def9ition itself sugge/s 9 :at way ! developm5t may be expect$ to "w itself out4 ,accord+ z ! ne$s *ange _! "*1 ( :i* m5 are consci\s1 s w _! religion also *ange4 ,! gradual elevation & ref9em5t ( human ne$s1 9 ! gr[? ( civilisation1 is ! motive =ce ( ! developm5t ( religion4 ,! deities !mselves1 _! pa/ hi/ory & _! pres5t "*1 ! sacrifices (f]$ to !m1 & ! b5efits aim$ at 9 int]c\rse ) !m1 all mu/ gr[ up z man himself gr[s1 f rud5ess to ref9em5t & f caprice to ord]4 ,at its l[e/1 religion is p]haps an individual affair betwe5 ! savage & 8 god1 & has to d ) mat]ial individual ne$s4 ,at a high] /age 7n always nor ev5 commonly lat] 9 "t7 x is ! affair ( a family1 ( a tribe1 or ( a comb9ation ( tribes1 & ) ea* ( ^! ext5sions ! reque/s gr[ broad] & less p]sonal :i* h to be pres5t$ to ! deity2 ! religion becomes a common wor%ip = public ends4 ,! ne$s ( ! nomad are o!r ?an ^? ( ! settl$ agriculturi/1 & ^? ( ! c\ntryman diff] f ^? ( ! citiz51 & ^? ( ! ,lapl&] f ^? ( ! ,negro1 & ^! diff]5ces w be reflect$ 9 ! aspect ( ! deities & 9 ! obs]vances celebrat$ 9 _! hon\r4 ,:5 art beg9s to /ir )9 a nation1 ! gods h to adapt !mselves to ! new ta/e4 ,z society gr[s m humane1 cruel & sangu9>y religi\s obs]vances1 ?\gh !y may long keep a hold ( ! ignorant & excitable1 lose _! support 9 ! public consci5ce & are s5t5c$ to *ange or to ext9ction4 ,& :5 a new consci\sness ( p]sonal human dignity spr+s up1 & m5 come to feel ! inf9ite value & ! inf9ite responsibility ( p]sonal life1 ! old public religion is felt to be cold & di/ant1 & religi\s s]vices ( a m p]sonal & m intimate k9d are s\ght =4 ,?us religion & civilisation advance toge!r2 accord+ z ! civilisation is 9 any p1 s is its religion4 ,x is va91 broadly speak+1 to look = ! comb9ation ( primitive mann]s & cu/oms ) a l(ty spiritual fai?4 ,! conv]se x is true may (t5 seem to take place4 ,religion1 or r religi\s cre$s & practices1 (t5 seem to lag beh9d civilisation & to ma9ta9 !mselves long aft] ! reason & ! consci5ce ( a p has condemn$ !m4 ,t is because religion is :at man values mo/ 9 8 life1 & he is loa? to *ange obs]vances 9 :i* 8 affections are p[]fully engag$4 ,b religion mu/ reflect ! ideals ( ! society 9 :i* x exi/s2 ! ne$s :i* ! society feels at ! "t mu/ be ! burd5 ( its pray]s2 its sacrifices mu/ be su* z ! g5]al s5tim5t all[s2 its gods1 to reta9 ! allegiance ( ! community1 mu/ alt] ) "t & prove !mselves alive & 9 t\* ) _! p4 ,& if x be ! case t civilisation has on ! :ole advanc$ upw>ds f ! fir/2 if1 z ,mr4 ,tylor assures u1#e man began ) 8 l[e/ & has1 9 spite ( occasional decl9es1 on ! :ole be5 improv+ ev] s9ce1 !n ( religion also ! same w be true4 ,x also w be f\nd to beg9 ) its rude/ =ms & gradually to gr[ bett]4 ,religion 9 fact is ! inn] side ( civilisation1 & expresses ! ess5tial _s ( human life 9 v>i\s ages & nations4 ,! religion ( a race is ! true/ expression ( its "*1 & reflects mo/ fai?fully its attitude & aims & policy4 ,! religion ( an age %[s :at at t "t con/itut$ ! object ( man's aspiration & endeav\r1 z old] hopes grew pale & new hopes rose on 8 sight4 ,?us ! /udy ( ! religions ( ! _w is ! /udy ( ! v s\l ( its hi/ory2 x is ! /udy ( ! desires & aspirations :i* ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( hi/ory m5 h n be5 a%am$1 nay1 :i* !y h be5 pr\d & det]m9$ to confess4 ,no m fasc9at+ /udy c\ld possibly engage u4 ,x is true t ! requirem5ts = ! adequate treatm5t ( ! subject are su* z few inde$ c hope to possess4 ,he :o w\ld treat ! hi/ory ( religion aright ought to "k ?or\ghly ! :ole ( ! hi/ory ( civilisation2 he %\ld h explor$ ! va/ doma9 ( savage life & ?\ght t has rec5tly be5 op5$ up to u1 & he %\ld be at home 9 e c5tury ( e nation f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,at a "t l ?is1 :5 new light is be+ p\r$ e ye> on e "p ( our subject1 no /atem5t ( x c be m ?an t5tative & p>tial4 ,! /ud5t w be direct$ at ea* /ep to s\rces ( full] in=mation4 ,footnote #e3 ,primitive ,culture1 *ap4 ii4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ 7,,g5]al7 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion to ! ,spread ( ! ,univ]sal ,religions4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele4 ,translation4 ,9 ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies4 ,v cond5s$ & 9 some:at te*nical language2 b ! "w ( "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! subject4 ,a full ,bibliography is app5d$ to ! v>i\s *apt]s4 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te1 von ,p4 ,d4 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye4 ,freiburg1 #ahhg4 ,! ,engli% translation has an alt]$ title1 viz4 ,manual ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,longmans1 #ahia4 ,! ,?ird ,edition 7#aije7 is practically a diff]5t book1 & consi/s ( /udies1 ea* by an exp]t1 ( ! v>i\s religions4 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w 7,sonn5s*e91 #ahib7 is a full collection ( descriptions ( ! v>i\s religions1 by p]sons specially acqua9t$ ) !m2 ( v unequal m]it4 ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s works cit$ above1 also 8 m rec5t volumes ( ,gif=d ,lectures1 conta9 a numb] ( g5]al discussions4 ,see also ! ,gif=d ,lectures ( ! late ,mr4 ,ed4 ,caird1 & ! late ,pr(4 ,tiele4 ,pfleid]]'s ,philosophy ( ,religion1 #d vols4 ,pnj]1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/l4 ,religionsphilosophie1 #b vols4 #ahhj-hc4 ,rauw5h(f1 ,wijsbege]de van d5 ,godsdi5/1 #b vols4 #ahhg 7also 9 ,g]man74 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,/udy ( ,religion1 #aija4 ,l4 ,h4 ,jordan1 ,comp>ative ,religion1 its ,orig9 & ,gr[?1 #aije4 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 edit$ by ,m4 ,j4 ,rville4 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 edit$ by ,alb4 ,diet]i*4 ,re9a*1 ,orpheus1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,religions1 #aiji4 ,ha/+s1 ,encyclop$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 vol4 i4 ,a-,art1 #aijh4 ,! ,new ,s*aff-,heizog ,encyclop$ia ( ,religi\s ,k has excell5t articles on ! v>i\s religions4 ,l\is ,h4 ,jordan1 ,comp>ative ,religion1 #aije4 ,an acc\nt ( ! progress ( our /udy1 ) ext5sive bibliography4 ,gall[ay1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,religi\s ,developm5t1 a psy*ological & philosophical /udy1 #aiji4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,ox=d ,int]national ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh4 #b vols4 ,! addresses ( ! ,presid5ts ( ! ,sections give a record ( ! mo/ rec5t progress 9 e "p ( our /udy4 ,( ^! see1 = ?is *apt]1 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cfe sqq4 on ! ,me?od & ,scope ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,religion ,orig9 ( ,civilisation4--,e inhabit$ c\ntry1 we are assur$ by e?nologi/s1 0 once peopl$ by savages2 ! /one age ev]y:]e came be=e ! age ( metals4 ,antec$5t to e civilisation t has sprung up on ! e>? is ?is dim p]iod1 ! p]iod ( ! cave dwell]s & aft]w>ds ( ! lake dwell]s4 ,!re c be no *ronology nor any exact k ( ^! e>ly m5 :o liv$ by hunt+1 ) /one weapons1 animals :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,h[ f 8 e>lie/ & mo/ helpless /ate man came 9 v>i\s ways to help himself2 h[ he discov]$ fire1 h[ he improv$ 8 weapons & inv5t$ tools1 h[ he le>n$ to tame c]ta9 ( ! animals on :i* he _h =m]ly made w>1 & in/ead ( w&]+ ab\t ! _w came to settle 9 "o place & till ! soil1 & h[ family life came to be in/itut$1 & ! fa!r z well z ! "m to act z gu>dian to ! *ildr52 all t is a va/ hi/ory1 :i* mu/ be read 9 its own place4 ,imm5se1 inde$1 7 ! lab\rs e>ly man _h to und]go1 9 wre/l+ 8 way up f a life l t ( ! brutes to a life 9 :i* 8 own di/9ctive nature c\ld beg9 to display itself4 ,x 0 f ! savage /ate t civilisation 0 by degrees produc$4 ,! !ory t man 0 orig9ally civilis$ & humane1 & t x 0 by a fall1 by a deg5]ation f t e>lie/ condition1 t ! /ate ( savag]y made its appe>ance1 is n[ g5]ally ab&on$4 ,!re may be in/ances ( su* deg5]ation hav+ tak5 place2 b on ! :ole1 ! conviction n[ obta9s t civilisation is ! result ( progressive developm5t1 & 0 ! result man conqu]$ = himself by 8 age-long /ruggles ) 8 environm5t4 ,t developm5t did n take place 9 all l&s alike4 ,9 "s x proce$$ fa/] ?an 9 o!rs1 & its advances 7 due (t5] to propagation f )\t1 ?an to unaid$ gr[? f )92 z "o race came 9 contact ) ano!r new ideas 7 ar\s$ ( ! possibilities ( life 9 v>i\s directions4 ,9 "s l&s ! developm5t has sc>cely tak5 place at all4 ,!re rema9 to ?is day races :o are judg$ to be /ill 9 ! primitive condition4 ,n all savage tribes are ?\ght to be 9 t condition4 ,! bu%m5 ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,&aman ,isl&]s1 & o!rs1#a are f\nd to be 9 su* a /ate 9 po9t ( habits & acquirem5ts t !y mu/ be consid]$ z races :i* h fall5 f a high] position1 & pres5t in/ances ( deg5]ation4 ,b a multitude ( savage tribes rema9 9 all qu>t]s ( ! globe :o d n appe> to h be5 ?us enfeebl$1 & :o are held to be /ill 9 t /ate 9 :i* ! dwell]s 9 all p>ts ( ! e>? 7 be=e :at we n[ call civilisation began4 ,!y are races among :om civilisation did n spr+ up1 z x did 9 ,*9a or 9 ,p]u4 ,f ^! races we may le>n 9 a g5]al way1 ?\gh 9 ?is great caution is requir$1 :at ! ance/ors ( all ! civilis$ nations 74 ,x confirms ?is conclusion t we f9d 9 e civilis$ nation a numb] ( ph5om5a1 practices1 beliefs1 /ories1 :i* ! m5tal condition ( ! nation z we "k x does n acc\nt =1 :i* manife/ly are n outgr[?s ( ! civilisation1 b relics ( an old] /ate ( life1 :i* civilisation has n entirely oblit]at$2 & t ^! practices1 beliefs1 & /ories c be exactly mat*$ by ^? ( ! savage races4 ,! inf]5ce is drawn t civilisation has sprung f savage life1 t1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 ! savage /ate repres5ts ! e>ly condition ( mank9d1 out ( :i* ! high] culture has gradually be5 develop$ by causes /ill 9 op]ation4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to g back to ! e>lie/ k we h ( human life ^u ! e>?1 & to ask :at g]ms & rudim5ts c be discov]$ among savages ( law1 ( in/itutions1 ( arts & sci5ces4 ,su* works z ,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law1 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 ,lubbock's ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 %[ h[ fruitful ?is me?od is1 & :at floods ( light x p\rs on ! hi/ory ( society4 ,footnote #a3 ,in/ances 9 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 *ap4 ii41 :]e ! !ory ( deg5]ation is fully discuss$4 ,n[ :at is true ( civilisation g5]ally w be true also ( religion1 :i* is "o ( its pr9cipal elem5ts4 ,if e c\ntry 0 once inhabit$ by savages1 !n ! orig9al religion ( e c\ntry mu/ h be5 a religion ( savages2 & 9 ! lat] religion !re w be features :i* h be5 c>ri$ on f ! e>li] "o4 ,?is1 inde$1 we mu/ 9 any case expect to f9d4 ,no new religion c ent] on its c>e] on a soil q unprep>$1 on :i* no gods h be5 wor%ipp$ be=e4 7,t w\ld imply t !re _h be5 races 9 ! _w )\t religion1 on :i* we %all speak pres5tly47 ,a new fai? has always to beg9 by adju/+ itself to t :i* x f\nd 9 possession ( ! soil1 & x always adopts :at x c ( ! old sy/em4 ,we %\ld expect !n t ! great religions ( ! _w %\ld exhibit features :i* d n belong to _! own /ructure1 b :i* !y inh]it$1 ) or aga9/ _! w1 f _! uncivilis$ pr$ecessors4 ,& t is ! case1 z we %all see aft]w>ds1 ) all ! great religions4 ,!y are all full ( survivals ( ! savage /ate4 ,! old religi\s associations cl+ to ! face ( a l& & refuse to be uproot$1 :atev] *anges take place among ! gods above4 ,sup]/iti\s practices cont9ue among a race long aft] a tru? has be5 prea*$ !re ) :i* !y are entirely inconsi/5t4 ,/ories are long told ab\t ! gods1 q out ( keep+ ) _! "* 9 ! !ology ( ! new fai?1 po9t+ to a "t :5 n s mu* 0 expect$ ( a god4 ,9 ,mr4 ,lang's ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 ! read] w f9d an admirable collection ( mat]ial %[+ h[ ! popul> elem5ts ( an old religion survive 9 a new "o 9 :i* !y are q out ( place4 ,!re is none ( ! great religions to :i* ?is does n apply4 ,n[1 if x be ! case t ea* ( ! great religions has be5 built ^u a primitive religion =m]ly occupy+ ! same gr\nd1 x might appe> t we mu/1 9 ord] to und]/& any ( ! great religions1 /udy fir/1 9 ea* case1 ! savage sy/em :i* x sup]s$$4 ,x w\ld be a s]i\s prospect = ! /ud5t if he _h to make a sep>ate /udy ( a set ( savage beliefs z an approa* to ea* ( ! t5 or twelve great religions4 ,b ?is1 z we %all see aft]w>ds1 is n ! case4 ,!re is a great family lik5ess 9 ! religions ( savages1 & we may ev5 all[ ourselves to speak n ( ! religions b ( ! religion ( e>ly races4 ,9 ! next *apt] an attempt w be made to describe t religion2 b we may say "h t !re are "s features :i* are g5]ally1 ?\gh by no means always f\nd 9 x1 & t ^! features may be reg>d$ = practical purposes z ! religion ( ! primitive _w1 :i* ev]y:]e 0 ! =]unn] ( ! great sy/ems4 ,?is is ! jungle1 z x 71 ov]spread+ all ! e>ly _w1 out ( :i* l giant trees ! great religions arose1 & f :i* !y d]iv$ & /ill d]ive a n\ri%m5t !y _c dis[n4 ,inde$1 we may g mu* f>!r4 ,9 "s ( _! lead+ doctr9es1 ! great religions %[ ! mo/ /rik+ aff9ity ) "o ano!r4 ,*9a & ,egypt h "s doctr9es 9 common :i* are also f\nd 9 ! religion ( ! ,incas2 ! ,aryan & ! ,semitic religions "k !m too4 ,%\ld ^! doctr9es be f\nd 9 ! religion ( savages1 x w at lea/ be a "q :e!r ! great religions all alike borr[$ & develop$ !m f t s\rce1 or :e!r any o!r explanation ( ! case c be f\nd4 ,evid5tly we _c make any progress ) our subject till we h tak5 a g5]al view ( ?is religion ( savages & come to "s conclusions reg>d+ x4 ,a few words mu/ be said1 by way ( preface to ?is subject1 on ! m5tal habits ( e>ly races4 ,we _c hope to und]/& ! ?\ghts ( ^? p )\t kn[+ h[ !y came to h su* ?\ghts1 h[ !y 7 accu/om$ to ?9k4 ,n[ ( ! savage we may say t he is j l a *ild :o has n yet le>n$ to ?9k correctly1 or to "k ?+s truly4 ,he is mak+ all k9ds ( exp]im5ts 9 ?\ght1 & be+ l$ into all sorts ( errors & confusion2 & if ! *ild takes ye>s1 ! savage may take mill5niums1 to get free f ^!4 ,he does n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r1 betwe5 himself & ! l[] animals1 or betwe5 an animal & a wat]-sp\t4 ,he does n "k h[ f> ?+s are away f him1 nor :at makes !m move & act z !y d2 :y1 = example1 ! sun & moon g r\nd ! sky1 or :y ! w9d bl[s4 ,he _c tell :y ?+s h ?is or t peculi> appe>ance2 :y1 = example1 ! rabbit has no tail1 :y ! sky is r$ 9 ! morn+1 :y "s /ones are l m54 ,& he wants to "k all ^! ?+s1 & is = ev] ask+ que/ions4 ,b almo/ any answ] w d = him1 ! fir/ explanation t turns up is accept$2 & :ile a *ild f9ds out pretty soon if he has be5 told wrong1 ! savage is s ignorant t he _c see ! absurde/ explanation to be false1 b /icks to x s]i\sly & goes on us+ x4 ,!re is no consi/5cy 9 ! cont5ts ( 8 m9d1 & inconsi/5cy does n di/ress him4 ,he has no classes & ord]s ( ?+s1 b consid]s ea* ?+ by itself z x occurs1 )\t putt+ x 9 its place ) ref]5ce to o!r ?+s4 ,he has no idea ( :at is possible & :at is impossible2 ^! words 9 fact w\ld h no mean+ = him1 s9ce he is n aw>e ( any laws by :i* ev5ts are gov]n$4 ,8 imag9ation1 accord+ly1 is n "u any re/ra9t2 he hits ^u all k9ds ( grotesque !ories1 &1 hav+ no critical faculty to te/ !m1 he repeats !m & s]i\sly believes !m4 ,! /ories ( ! nurs]y1 9 :i* !re are no impossibilities1 9 :i* a man may visit ! sun & ! w9ds 9 _! homes & f9d !m at _! bro?1 9 :i* ! bea/s c speak1 9 :i* ! wit* or ! fairy kn[s at any di/ance :at is go+ on & c turn up j at ! nick ( "t1 9 :i* gho/s walk1 9 :i* any?+ c be *ang$ into any?+1 a h]o go+ ?r\gh half a doz5 trans=mations to escape f s _m dang]s1--^! are to ! savage n incr$ible nor fooli% tales1 to him !y are v real1 & v s]i\s matt]s4 ,he lives1 9 fact1 we are told by ! au?orities on ! subject1 9 ! my?-mak+ p]iod ( ! _w2 9 ! p]iod :5 su* incid5ts z occur 9 ! tales ( fairyl& & 9 ! /ories ( my?ology are matt] ( common belief1 & ev51 x is ?\ght1 ( common exp]i5ce1 s t :5 ! /ory is put 9 a good =m1 x lives & is believ$ z a true record ( :at has actually tak5 place4 ,on "o feature ( ! savage imag9ation 9 p>ticul> we mu/ fix our att5tion4 ,! savage reg>ds all ?+s z animat$1--z animat$ ) a life l 8 own4 ,( 8 own life he has no v exalt$ idea2 he has no notion h[ diff]5t he really is f any?+ ar\nd him2 z he is himself1 s he supposes o!r be+s to be also1 n only ! animals b ! trees & all t moves & ev5 :at does n move1 ev5 rocks & /ones4 ,he is liv+ himself2 he reg>ds all ^! z liv+ too4 ,he imag9es !m l himself1 & supposes !m to h feel+s & passions l 8 own1 to reason z he does1 & ev5 if he is told !y speak z he does1 t is n incr$ible to him4 ,?us he lives 9 a _w ( inf9ite confusion1 9 :i* !re are no laws1 no classes ( be+s1 no means ( kn[+ :at may happ51 or ( v]ify+ any /atem5t1 :]e e ef=t ( fancy may be believ$4 ,! m5tal _w ( savages has be5 comp>$ to ! rav+s ( a :ole _w turn$ lunatic4 ,we survey x1 h[ev]1 )\t horror1 because we "k t reason is n unseat$ !re1 b /riv+ t[>ds h] k+dom4 ,t is ! exp]i5ce t _h to be gone ?r\gh1 ^! are "p ( ! exp]im5ts1 su* z e *ild has /ill to make1 by :i* ! k ( ! _w is gradually arriv$ at4 ,amid ?is app>5t univ]sal confusion a c]ta9 consi/5cy ( view is to be obs]v$4 ,x might be expect$ t ! savage habit ( ?\ght1 act+ indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 w\ld lead to an inf9ite numb] ( div]g5t & inconsi/5t views ( ! nature ( ?+s & ( man's place 9 ! _w4 ,b ?is is n f\nd to be ! case4 ,mr4 ,lang acc\nts z foll[s = ! diffusion ( ! same /ories all ov] ! _w3 ,an anci5t id5tity ( m5tal /atus1 & ! work+ ( simil> m5tal =ces at ! attempt to expla9 ! same ph5om5a1 w acc\nt )\t any !ory ( borr[+1 or ( transmission ( my?1 or ( orig9al unity ( race1 = ! _w-wide diffusion ( _m my?ical conceptions4 ,mr4 ,tylor says t ! same imag9ative processes regul>ly recur1 t _w-wide my?s %[ ! regul>ity & ! consi/5cy ( ! human imag9ation4 ,m4 ,rville1 9 8 ,religions des peuples non-civiliss1 rem>ks t ! "* ( savage religions is ev]y:]e ! same2 t only ! =ms v>y4 ,n[ ( ! ?+s t all savages possess1 c]ta9ly religion is "o4 ,x is practically agre$ t religion1 ! belief 9 & wor%ip ( gods1 is univ]sal at ! savage /age2 & ! acc\nts :i* "s travell]s h giv5 ( tribes )\t religion are ei!r set d[n to misund]/&+1 or are ?\ght to be insuffici5t to invalidate ! ass]tion t religion is a univ]sal feature ( savage life4 ,h[ did x get !re8 ,h[ comes x t m5 s ne> ! l[e/ human /ate1 s devoid ( all t has be5 s9ce acquir$1 %\ld yet be f\nd to h ?is mode ( ?\ght univ]sally diffus$ among !m8 ,x has be5 ascrib$ to a primitive revelation4 ,at ! beg9n+1 x is said1 ,god1 ) ! o!r gifts ,he gave to man1 gave him religion2 t is to say1 gave him n only a disposition = rev]5ce & piety1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( religi\s k1 s t he set out ) a /ock ( religi\s ideas :i* 7 n elaborat$ by 8 own ef=ts1 b be/[$ on him ready made4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to conceive h[ ?is c\ld be done4 ,if ! religion giv5 at fir/ 0 a l(ty & pure "o1--& no o!r ne$ be ?\ght ( 9 su* a connection1--!n x implies a condition ( human life f> above ! /ruggles & unc]ta9ties ( savage exi/5ce2 & bo? ! civilisation & ! religion mu/ h be5 lo/ aft]w>ds4 ,b h[ c\ld all mank9d =get a pure religion8 ,mank9d 9 t case _c h be5 fit = ! possession ( x2 x 0 giv5 prematurely4 ,no4 ,! hi/ory ( e>ly civilisation is ! hi/ory ( a /ruggle 9 :i* man has ev]y?+ to conqu]1 & 9 :i* he is n rememb]+ some?+ he _h lo/1 b advanc+ by new r\tes to a l& he nev] rea*$ be=e4 ,& if civilisation 0 won = ! fir/ "t1 s 0 religion4 ,we may also put aside ! !ory t man _h religion f ! fir/ z an innate idea1 t he f\nd in=mation all ready & prep>$ 9 8 m9d ( :at x 0 prop] to d 9 ?is direction1 & h[ x 0 to be done4 ,!re 0 inde$ a sugge/ion f )92 b x 0 due n to any special faculty ly+ outside ! ess5tial /ructure ( human nature1 b to ! con/itution ( ! human m9d itself4 ,we _c g into ! philosophical "q ( ! basis ( religion 9 ! human m9d4#b ,x w\ld seem to be a psy*ological necessity4 ,at all /ages ( 8 exi/5ce ! _w ( :i* man is aw>e outside him1 & ! _w ( feel+s & desires )9 him are 9 conflict4 ,b ! conviction lives )9 him t 9 "s way !y c be br\ght into h>mony1 & t a p[] exi/s :i* rules 9 bo? ( ^! discordant realms & 9 :i*1 if he c id5tify himself ) x1 he also w escape f _! discord4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ?is necessity to seek aft] a high] p[] mu/ h begun to op]ate z soon z human consci\sness appe>$4 ,! savage c]ta9ly 0 nev] unacqua9t$ ) ! discrepancy betwe5 :at he want$ & :at ! _w w\ld give him1 betwe5 ! inn] man s full ( desires & plans1 & t outw>d nature :i* d5i$ him 8 desires & ?w>t$ 8 plans1 & be=e :i* he felt s feeble & insecure4 ,he also c\ld n b be driv51 if 8 life 0 to g on at all on any tol]able basis1 to believe 9 some?+ t _h to d bo? ) ! _w outside him & ) ! _w ( 8 he>t1 9 a be+ :i* bo? _h sympa?y ) 8 desires & p[] to give effect to !m outw>dly4 ,footnote #b3 ,see on ?is subject ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,caird's ,gif=d ,lectures1 ,! ,evolution ( ,religion1 #ahic4 ,gall[ay1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,religi\s ,developm5t4 ,! :ole ( ! e>ly _w did ent]ta9 su* a belief4 ,?is is ! fir/ & ! mo/ important in/ance ( uni=mity ( ?\ght at a /age ?r\gh :i* e nation once pass$2 all m5 at t /age believe 9 gods4 ,we w n refuse ! "n ( religion to ?is side ( savage life1 ev5 %\ld ! ne$s be l[ & mat]ial :i* s5d ! savage to 8 god1 ?\gh 8 god be a be+ :o 9 u w\ld excite ! v opposite ( rev]5ce1 & ?\gh 8 treatm5t ( 8 god be f> f :at to u seems wor?y1 or ev5 ?\gh he /rove to appease a multitude ( spirits :i* he conceiv$ z flitt+ ab\t him1 be=e he came to =m a settl$ relation ( confid5ce ) "o be+ :om he took = 8 own god4 ,:]e ! s5se ( ne$ has s5t a human be+ to hold int]c\rse ) a high] p[]1 !re we hold religion is mak+ its appe>ance4 ,& if ?is is univ]sally ! case among m5 at ! savage /age1 !n religion is univ]sal among ! ance/ors ( all nations2 x did n ne$ to be inv5t$ :5 k+s & prie/s appe>$ & want$ x z an in/rum5t = _! own purposes2 x 0 !re be=e !re 7 any k+s or prie/s1 & is an inh]itance :i* has come d[n to all mank9d f ! "t :5 human intellig5ce fir/ turn$ to ! ef=t to und]/& ! _w4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,= ?is & ! ?ree foll[+ *apt]s ,j4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 ,?ird ,edition1 #ahia4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,f\r? ,edition1 #aijc4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,?ird ,edition1 #aijj4 ,a new edition is n[ appe>+ 9 p>ts4 ,a4 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 new edition1 #ahii4 ,?4 ,a*elis1 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,waitz und ,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 #ahei-gb4 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 #ahig4 ,! reports ( travell]s & mission>ies are1 ( c\rse1 important4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,objects ,,( ,,wor%ip ,we mu/ n[ make "s attempt to set =? ! pr9cipal features ( ! religion ( savages4 ,x is an attempt ( "s difficulty2 = savage religion is an imm5se & bewild]+ jungle ( all mann] ( extraord9>y gr[?s4 ,x is describ$ 9 detail 9 l>ge books & if we try to sum x up 9 a %ort /atem5t1 we may be told t ess5tial features h be5 omitt$4 ,no "o set ( savages has any?+ t c be call$ a sy/em1 & diff]5t sets ( savages are n alike4 ,= ! pres5t purpose we are oblig$ to include "u ! "n1 tribes :o occupy v>i\s positions 9 ! scale ( human advancem5t1 & tribes 9 all sorts ( geographical positions1 9 hot climates & 9 cold1 bo? rude savages & ^? :o are nobl]2 & ^! w1 ( c\rse1 h a v>iety ( ideas & ne$s1 & 9 s f>1 diff]5t religions4 ,aft] read+ su* a book z ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh1 or turn+ ov] ! pages ( ,waitz & ,g]l&'s ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 "o is incl9$ to reg>d x z a hopeless task to r$uce savage religion to any compact /atem5t4 ,mr4 ,tylor's ord]ly collections1 9 8 great book ,primitive ,culture1 ( mat]ials be>+ on diff]5t features ( e>ly religion are a help = :i* ! /ud5t _c be suffici5tly ?ankful4 ,aft] all1 x is n ! :ole ( savage religion t we are responsible = "h1 b only ^? p>ts ( x t grew & surviv$ 9 high] fai?s4 ,rememb]+ :at has be5 said z to ! uni=mity ( savage ?\ght amid its great v>iety ( =ms1 & look+ = ^? p>ts ( x :i* h prov$ to h life 9 !m1 r ?an = :at is m]ely curi\s & grotesque1 we may v5ture on our task n )\t hope4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all inquire :at be+s savages wor%ip z gods4 ,( ^! we %all f9d t !re are sev]al classes2 & x w be necess>y to notice ! great discussions :i* h aris5 on ! "q :i* ( ^! classes ( deities 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ by man4 ,! objects wor%ipp$ by m5 9 l[ /ages ( civilisation may be arrang$ 9 f\r classes1 viz4-- #a4 ,p>ts ( nature 7a7 great1 7b7 small4 #b4 ,spirits ( ance/ors & o!r spirits4 #c4 ,objects suppos$ to be haunt$ by spirits 7feti%-wor%ip74 #d4 ,a ,supreme ,be+4 #a4 ,nature-wor%ip4--,x is n difficult to realise :y e>ly man turn$ to ! great elem5ts ( nature z be+s :o c\ld help him1 & :om he ought1 !re=e1 to cultivate4 ,! f>!r we g back 9 civilisation1 ! less protection has man aga9/ ! wea!r1 ! m d 8 subsi/5ce & 8 com=t dep5d on ! action ( ! sun1 ! w9ds1 ! ra94 ,if1 accord+ to ! habits ( e>ly ?\ght1 he conceiv$ ^! be+s z liv+ l himself & z guid$ by feel+s & motives simil> to 8 own1 he c\ld n fail to wi% to op5 up communication ) !m4 ,t simple view1 t !y 7 liv+ be+s ) feel+s l 8 own1 0 en\gh to g ^u4 ,9 8 anxieties = food or w>m? he c\ld n fail to ?9k ( ! be+s :o1 he _h obs]v$1 _h p[] to supply him ) ^! com=ts1 ( ! ra9 :i* he _h notic$ 0 able to make food gr[1 ( ! sun ^: w>m? he knew4 ,! ?und]/orm 0 a be+ :o _h p[] to put an end to a long dr\ght2 ! w9ds c\ld break ! trees1 c\ld dry up ! wet e>?1 or c\ld br+ ra94 ,heav5 0 ov] all1 & ! ,e>? 0 ! support] & f]tile produc] ( all2 f h] all life came4 ,! moon z well z ! sun 0 a fri5dly p[]1 nay1 9 "s climates1 m fri5dly4 ,fire 0 a liv+ be+ c]ta9ly1 on :om mu* dep5d$2 & s 0 ! great lake or ! ocean4 ,?is is :at ,m4 ,rville calls ! great ,nature-wor%ip1 9 comp>ison ) ! m9or ,nature-wor%ip to be notic$ pres5tly4 ,we d n n[ ent] on ! subject ( my?ology2 t is to say1 ( ! names m5 v e>ly began to give to ! great natural objects ( wor%ip1 ! *>act]s !y ascrib$ to !m1 ! /ories !y told ab\t !m4 ,t process ( my?-mak+ began v e>ly1 & is to be f\nd at "w 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,b at fir/ x 0 simply ! natural be+ itself1 conceiv$ z liv+1 t 0 wor%ipp$1 n a _s or a p]son ?\ght to dwell 9 x4 ,( ?is1 abundant evid5ce has surviv$ 9 ! great religions4 ,jupit] is j ! sky1 ! ,greek god ,helios is j ! sun1 & ! goddess ,sel5e ! moon4 ,9 ,*9a heav5 itself is wor%ipp$ to ?is day4 ,! ,babylonians wor%ipp$ ! />s4 ,! ,v$ic gods are prim>ily ! elem5ts4 ,f savage life examples ( ?is e>lie/ /ate ( matt]s c also be quot$1 ?\gh my?ology has ne>ly ev]y:]e greatly confus$ x4 ,! ,m9copies adore ! sun z a b5efic5t deity1 ! moon z an inf]ior god4 ,to ! ,nat*ez ! sun is ! supreme god2 ) "s tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! *ief god is heav5 bl[+1 ! sky ) a w9d 9 x1 :at ,longfell[ calls ! ,great ,_s or bl[+4 ,! ,incas invok$ toge!r ! ,creator & ! ,sun & ,?und]4 ,?und] 0 "o ( ! great gods ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,samoy$e b[s to ! ,sun e morn+ & e ev5+ & says4 ,:5 ?\ arise/ ,i also arise2 :5 ?\ sette/ ,i also betake myself to re/4 ,to ! ,ojibways ,fire is a div9e be+1 to be well ent]ta9$1 ) :om no lib]ties mu/ be tak54 ,9 e l& m5 are to be f\nd :o wor%ip ! ,e>? z a great deity1 call+ h] by h] own "n & s]v+ h] ) suitable rites4 ,9 ! ,prome!us ( s*ylus ! h]o addresses 8 appeal z foll[s to ! be+s he reg>ds z gods ( old race :o w sympa?ise ) him aga9/ ! up/>t ,zeus3-- ,e!r ( ,heav5 & ,w9ds untir$ ( w+1 ,riv]s ^: f\nta9s fail n1 & ?\ ,sea1 ,laugh+ 9 waves innum]able6 ,o ,e>?1 ,all-"m6--,yea & on ! ,sun ,i call1 ,^: orb scans all ?+s2 look on me & see ,h[ ,i1 a god1 am wrong$ by gods4 ,lewis ,campbell1 l9e #he sq4 ,! m9or ,nature-wor%ip has to d ) riv]s & spr+s1 ) trees & groves1 ) crops & fruits1 ) rocks & /ones1 & ) ! l[] animals4 ,"h also we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! habit ( m9d ( e>ly man1 :o reg>d$ all ?+s z animat$ & z l himself4 ,x 0 n necess>y = "o :o ?\ght 9 ?is way to suppose t ! spr+ 0 haunt$ by a nymph or ! oak inhabit$ by a dryad1 be=e he felt t ! spr+ or ! oak _h a claim on him1 & br\ght (f]+s to secure _! fri5d%ip4 ,! ,nile & ! ,ganges did n become sacr$ by hav+ a my?ical be+ add$ to !m z _! _s2 !y 7 !mselves sacr$ be+s4 ,e c\ntry is /udd$ ) names :i* reveal to ! s*ol> ! primeval sanctity ( ! spots !y belong to2 ! m\nta91 ! grove1 & ! individual tree1 ! rocky gorge1 ! rock1 ! grassy knoll1 ea* 0 once an object ( rev]5ce4 ,brita9 is full ( sacr$ wells1 :i* once receiv$ pray]s & (f]+s4 ,!re is no animal t has n once be5 wor%ipp$4 ,a m>k$ feature ( primitive life also is ! wor%ip ( nature n 9 its p>ticul> objects b 9 its liv+ processes4 ,9 a multitude ( curi\s rites1 "s ( :i* /ill survive 9 local usages1 & h only rec5tly be5 expla9$1 primitive man br\ght himself into relations ) nature 9 its gr[?1 decay1 & resurrection4 ,he sympa?is$ ) x & imitat$ x1 & he ?us s\ght to make himself sure ( ! b5efits :i* he saw be/[$ by "s p[] :i* he appreh5d$ 9 its processes & believ$ able to fur!r him4 #b4 ,ance/or-wor%ip4--,a set ( be+s ( a v diff]5t k9d comes next4 ,if man f\nd 9 ! _w :i* he beheld outside him a numb] ( objects he c\ld make gods1 8 dome/ic exp]i5ce =c$ him to consid] c]ta9 be+s ( a diff]5t k9d1 ( :om ! outw>d _w c\ld tell him no?+4 ,! wor%ip ( ! dead1 ( ance/ors1 is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole ( antiquity1 x is practis$ by mo/ savages4 ,man at an e>ly /age does n fully realise ! mean+ ( dea?4 ,he int]prets dea? aft] ! analogy ( dreams1 9 :i* he judges t ! _s leaves ! body & trav]ses di/ant regions1 com+ back to ! body aga9 :5 ! j\rney is end$4 ,a vision is to him an in/ance ( ! same ?+4 ,he sees a fri5d1 :o1 he aft]w>ds le>ns1 0 f> f him at ! "t1 & he judges t x 0 ! _s ( 8 fri5d :i* visit$ him4 ,?us !re arises 9 8 m9d ! conception ( a human _s :i* is able to leave ! body & dwell at a di/ance f x4 ,x is call$ by v>i\s names1--! %ade1 ! image1 ! he>t1 z p]haps :5 ,eli%a says 8 he>t w5t ) ,gehazi :5 he w5t to meet ,naaman ! ,syrian 7#b ,k+s v4 #bf71 ! brea?1 ! s\l4 ,:5 ! brea? or _s goes away & /ays away 79 spite ( ef=ts made to br+ x back7 ! man dies4 ,b ! _s is n dead4 ,x has gone away & is /ay+ some:]e else4 ,! _s resembles ! body 9 %ape1 b x is ( a ?9 & light consi/5ce1 & is able to move ab\t & to pass ?r\gh ! smalle/ op5+s1 to make unpleasant noises1 & to cause its pres5ce to be felt 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ times1 ! savage reg>ds ! _s :i* has left ! h\se z an enemy1 & uses a v>iety ( precautions to keep x f com+ back to tr\ble him 7vampires1 gho/s1 lemures74 ,:e!r f su* fe> or f m lib]al motives1 mu* is done to please ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ & to increase _! com=t 9 ! abodes to :i* !y h gone4 ,at _! burial or cremation all !y may be suppos$ to want :]e !y are go+1 i4e4 ! ?+s !y us$ on e>?1 are made to accompany !m2 food & weapons are plac$ beside !m2 s]vants are kill$ ^: spirits are to wait on !m1 ev5 a wife1 volunt>ily or )\t be+ ask$1 gives up h] e>?ly life to accompany h] husb&4 ,(f]+s ( food & dr9k are made to !m aft]w>ds1 pray]s are address$ to !m1 memorials ( !m1 ( v>i\s k9ds1 are pres]v$ 9 ! h\ses !y occupi$4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal belief ( ! e>ly _w t ! p]son cont9u$ to exi/ aft] ! dea? ( ! body2 & ?is furni%$ ! mat]ials = a religion :i* 0 m widely preval5t 9 antiquity ?an ! wor%ip ( any god4 ,9 "s =ms ( x1 inde$1 ! _s appe>s to h be5 treat$ z an enemy1 & ?is wor%ip might be judg$ to fall %ort ( religion1 :i* is ! cultivation1 n ! avoidance1 ( int]c\rse ) high] p[]s4 ,! savage has no hope f ! _s1 & does n seek 8 int]c\rse4 ,b 9 mo/ =ms ( ! belief 9 ! cont9u$ life ( ! dep>t$1 o!r s5tim5ts ?an fe> prevail2 natural affection is felt = ! lo/ relative2 ! ance/or repres5ts ! family1 to :i* ! individual is call$ to subord9ate & to "s ext5t ev5 to sacrifice himself2 ! _s ( ! dead is ! uphold] ( a family tradition :i* ! liv+ mu/ hold sacr$4 ,ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* no?+ b fe> is app>5t1 ^! latt] s5tim5ts may also be to "s ext5t op]ative4 #c4 ,feti%-wor%ip4--,! e>ly _w has /ill ano!r k9d ( deity4 ,9 ! case ( all ^? we h consid]$1 ! god /&s 9 "s respect above ! wor%ipp]2 man rev]5ces ! sun1 _s1 or animal1 = "s quality 9 !m t is admirable or t gives !m a hold ov] him2 !y are 9 "s ways beyond him4 ,among c]ta9 sets ( savages1 h[ev]1 notably 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ?is feature ( religion p>tially disappe>s1 & objects are rev]5c$ n = any intr9sic quality 9 !m t makes !m wor?y ( reg>d1 b because ( a _s :i* is suppos$ to be connect$ ) !m4 ,/ones1 trees1 twigs1 pieces ( b>k1 roots1 corn1 claws ( birds1 tee?1 sk91 fea!rs1 articles ( human manufacture1 any conceivable object1 w be held 9 rev]5ce by ! savage & reg>d$ z embody+ a _s4 ,any?+ t /rikes 8 fancy z be+ out ( ! common he w take up & add to 8 museum ( objects1 ea* ( :i* has 9 x a hidd5 p[]4 ,t p[]1 be x repeat$1 is n connect$ ) ! natural quality ( ! object1 b is due to a _s :i* has come to reside 9 x1 & :i* may v possibly leave x aga94 ,hav+ *os5 ?is deity & set x up = wor%ip1 ! man c use x z he ?9ks fit4 ,he addresses pray]s to x & extols its virtues2 b %\ld 8 ent]prise n prosp]1 he w ca/ 8 deity aside z useless1 & cease to wor%ip x2 he w address x ) torr5ts ( abuse1 & w ev5 beat x1 to make x s]ve him bett]4 ,x is a deity at 8 disposal1 to s]ve 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 desires2 ! individual keeps gods ( 8 own to help him 9 8 und]tak+s4 ,! "n feti%ism1 by :i* ?is k9d ( wor%ip is kn[n1 is ( ,portuguese orig92 x is d]iv$ f feitio1 made1 artificial 7comp>e ! old ,engli% fetys1 us$ by ,*auc]72 & ?is t]m1 us$ ( ! *>ms & amulets worn 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion ( ! p]iod1 0 appli$ by ! ,portuguese sailors ( ! eighte5? c5tury to ! deities !y saw wor%ipp$ by ! negroes ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,de ,brosses1 a ,fr5* savant ( la/ c5tury1 br\ght ! ^w feti%ism into use z a t]m = ! type ( religion ( ! l[e/ races4 ,! ^w has giv5 rise to "s confusion1 hav+ be5 appli$ by ,comte & o!r writ]s to ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( ! great features ( nature4 ,x is be/ to limit x1 z has be5 done above1 to ! wor%ip ( su* natural objects z are rev]5c$ n = _! own p[] or excell5ce b because !y are suppos$ to be occupi$ ea* by a _s4 ,c ?is be call$ religion8 ,9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m x _c4 ,we %\ld rememb] t x is n ! casual object1 b ! _s connect$ ) x t ! savage wor%ips2 b ev5 !n we %all be oblig$ to hold t ! feti% wor%ipp] is r seek+ aft] religion ?an actually 9 possession ( x4 #d4 ,a ,supreme ,be+4--,is x necess>y to add ano!r class ( deity to ^! ?ree1 & to say t besides nature-gods & spirits e>ly man also wor%ipp$ a ,supreme ,be+ above all ^!8 ,9 mo/ savage religions !re is a pr9cipal deity to :om ! o!rs are subord9ate4 ,b if we c>efully exam9e "o by "o ! supreme gods ( ^! religions1 we %all f9d reason to d\bt :e!r !y really h a common "* s z to =m a class by !mselves4 ,_m ( !m are nature gods :o h outgr[n ! o!r deities ( t class & come to occupy an isolat$ position4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 z we saw1 wor%ip ! ,great ,_s1 ! heav5 ) its brea?1 to :om sun & moon & o!r ord9ances ( nature act z m9i/]s4 ,9 _m cases heav5 is ! highe/ god4 ,9 o!rs aga9 ! sun is supreme4 ,ukko ! great god ( ! ,f9ns is a heav5- & ra9-god4 ,p]kunas ! god ( ! ,li?uanians is connect$ ) ?und]4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! supreme god appe>s to be a diff]5t be+ f ! nature-god4 ,! ,samoy$es wor%ip ! sun & moon & ! spirits ( o!r p>ts ( nature2 b !y also believe 9 a good _s :o is above all4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific be>s 9 ,new ,zeal& ! "n ( ,tang>oa1 & is spok5 ( 9 q metaphysical t]ms z ! uncreat$ & et]nal ,creator4 ,"h we may suspect ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,) ! ,zulus ,unkulunkulu ! ,old-old "o might be suppos$ to be a k9d ( fir/ cause4 ,b on look+ ne>] we f9d he is di/9ctly a man1 ! fir/ man1 ! common ance/or2 beyond :i* idea speculation does n seem to g4 ,among _m ,nor? ,am]ican tribes x is usual to f9d an animal ! *ief deity1 ! h>e or ! musk-rat or ! coyote4 ,x is v common to f9d 9 savage beliefs a vague f>-(f god :o is at ! back ( all ! o!rs1 takes little "p 9 ! managem5t ( ?+s1 & receives little wor%ip4 ,b x is impossible to judge :at t be+ 0 at an e>li] "t2 he may h be5 a nature-god or a _s :o has by degrees gr[n fa9t & come to occupy ?is position4 ,we _c judge f ! supreme be+s ( savages1 su* z !y are1 t ! belief 9 a supreme be+ 0 g5]ally diffus$ 9 ! _w#a 9 ! e>lie/ times1 & is n to be d]iv$ f any ( ! processes f :i* ! o!r gods arose4 ,we %all see aft]w>ds h[ natural ! t5d5cy is :i*1 :]e !re are sev]al gods1 br+s "o ( !m to ! front :ile ! o!rs lose importance4 ,= a !ory ( primitive mono!ism ! supreme gods ( savages c]ta9ly d n furni% suffici5t evid5ce2 !y d n appe> to h sprung all f ! same s\rce1 b to h advanc$ f v diff]5t qu>t]s to ! supreme position1 9 ob$i5ce to t native in/9ct ( man's m9d :i* causes him1 ev5 :5 he believes 9 _m gods1 to make "o ( !m supreme4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,a4 ,lang1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion 7#ahih72 ,gall[ay1 ,/udies 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,religion 7#aijd71 p4 #abc1 sqq4 ,:i* ,gods 7 ,fir/ ,wor%ipp$8--,if !n e>ly man =m$ 8 gods f p>ts ( nature & f spirits ( dep>t$ ance/ors or h]oes1 & ev51 %\ld ! m backw>d races n[ exi/+ repres5t a /age ( human life belong+ to ! e>ly _w1 f spirits resid+ 9 outw>d objects1 :i* ( ^! is ! orig9al root ( all ! religions ( ! _w8 ,! claim has be5 made = ea* ( ^! k9ds ( religion1 t x came fir/4 #a4 ,feti%-gods came ,fir/4--,till rec5tly ! view prevail$ t all ! religion ( ! _w has sprung out ( feti%ism4 ,fir/ ! savage took = 8 god "s casual object1 z we h describ$1 !n he *ose high] objects1 trees & m\nta9s1 riv]s & lakes1 & ev5 ! sun & />s4 ,! heav5s at la/ became 8 supreme feti%1 & at a high] level1 :5 he _h le>n$ ab\t spirits1 he w\ld make a _s 8 feti%1 & s at la/ come to ,mono!ism4 ,?is view is attractive because x places ! beg9n+ ( religion 9 ! l[e/ kn[n =m ( x & ?us makes = ! belief t ! c\rse ( ! _w's fai? has be5 upw>d f ! fir/4 ,b x pres5ts ! grave/ difficulties2 = :y %\ld ! savage make a god ( a /ick or a /one1 & attribute to x sup]natural p[]s8 ,:o told him ab\t a god1 t he %\ld call a /ick god1 or ab\t sup]natural p[]s1 t he %\ld suppose a /ick to "w wond]s8 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! /ick to sugge/ su* notions2 t he %\ld make gods 9 ?is way1 t ! belief 9 wond]ful p[]s %\ld orig9ate 9 ?is way1 is surely q incr$ible4 ,mu* m likely is x1 surely1 t he got ! notion ( ,god f "s o!r qu>t] & appli$ x 9 8 own grotesque & degrad$ way2 ?an t ! notion ( ,god 0 tak5 fir/ f su* poor =ms & appli$ aft]w>ds to objects bett] suit$ to x4 ,religion & civilisation g h& 9 h&1 & if civilisation c decay 7& lead+ an?ropologi/s decl>e t ! debas$ tribes ( ,au/ralia & ,we/ ,africa %[ signs ( a high] civilisation !y h lo/7 !n religion also may decay4 ,a l[] race may borr[ religi\s ideas f a high] & adapt !m to _! own position1 i4e4 degrade !m4 ,& ! progress ( religion may /ill h be5 upw>ds on ! :ole1 al?\gh retrograde movem5ts h tak5 place 9 c]ta9 races4 ,on ^! & o!r gr\nds x is n[ held ) gr[+ c]ta9ty t feti%ism _c be ! orig9al =m ( religion1 & t ! high] /ages ( x are n to be d]iv$ f t "o4 ,! races among :om feti%ism is f\nd exhibit a well-kn[n feature ( ! decad5ce ( religion1 namely t ! great god or gods h gr[n weak & fa9t1 & small] gods & spirits h cr[d$ 9 to fill up ! blank ?us caus$4 ,wor%ip is transf]r$ f ! great be+s :o are ! orig9al gods ( ! tribe & :om x /ill pr(esses 9 a vague way to believe1 to num]\s small] be+s1 & f ! good gods to ! bad4 #b4 ,spirits1 ,human or ,quasi-human1 came ,fir/4--,is ! wor%ip ( spirits !n ! orig9al =m ( religions4 ,?is has be5 p[]fully ma9ta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c] ! rudim5t>y =m ( all religion is ! propitiation ( dead ance/ors4 ,m5 conclud$1 z soon z !y 7 capable ( su* reason+1 t ! life !y witness$ 9 plants & animals1 9 sun & moon & o!r p>ts ( nature1 0 due to _! be+ inhabit$ by ! spirits ( dep>t$ m54 ,) all respect = ! spl5did exposition giv5 by ,mr4 ,sp5c]#b ( ! e>ly beliefs ( mank9d reg>d+ spirits1 x is impossible to ?9k t he has made out 8 case :5 he treats ! gods ( e>ly ,india & ( ,greece z deifi$ ance/ors4 ,if ! natural incr$ulity we feel at be+ told t ,jupit]1 ,indra1 ! sun1 ! sacr$ m\nta91 & ! />s all alike came to be wor%ipp$ because ea* ( !m repres5t$ "s dep>t$ human h]o1 is n at once decisive1 we h only to wait a little to see :e!r "s o!r !ory _c acc\nt = ^! gods 9 a simpl] way4 ,footnote #b3 ,sociology1 vol4 i4 ,also ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions1 p4 #fge2 gho/-propitiation is ! orig9 ( all religions4 ,mr4 ,tylor also d]ives all religion f ! wor%ip ( spirits1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,8 is ! mo/ compreh5sive sy/em ( ,animism1 us+ t t]m 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( s\l-wor%ip4 ,/>t+ f ! doctr9e ( s\ls1 rea*$ by e>ly man 9 ! way describ$ above 7p4 #cc1 sqq471 he argues t :5 once ?is notion 0 rea*$ x w\ld be appli$ to o!r be+s z well z man4 ,n hav+ le>n$ to di/+ui% himself cle>ly f o!r be+s1 man w\ld judge t !y _h s\ls l 8 own2 & s e "p ( nature came to h its s\l1 & ev]y?+ t w5t on 9 ! univ]se 0 to be expla9$ z ! activity ( s\ls4 ,x 0 9 ?is way1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tylor1 t ! view ( ! univ]sal animation ( nature1 *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ?\ght1 0 rea*$4 ,z ! human body 0 held to live & act by virtue ( its own inhabit+ _s-s\l1 s ! op]ations ( ! _w seem$ to be c>ri$ on by o!r spirits4 ,at ?is po9t ! s\l is an unsub/antial ess5ce inhabit+ a body1 x has its life & activity only 9 connection ) ! body2 b ! /ep 0 easily tak5 to ! fur!r belief 9 spirits l ! s\ls1 b n atta*$ to any body4 ,! spirits mov$ ab\t freely1 l ! g5ii1 demons1 fairies1 & be+s ( all k9ds1 ) :om to ! m9d ( antiquity ! _w 0 s cr[d$4 ,?ree classes ( spirits we h up to ?is po9t3 ^? ( ance/ors1 ^? atta*$ to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! life ( nature1 & ^? exi/+ indep5d5tly4 ,c ! high] nature-deities be acc\nt$ = by ?is !ory z well z ! m9or spirits ( ! p>ts ( nature8 ,mr4 ,tylor consid]s t !y c2 he decl>es t ! high] deities ( poly!ism h _! place 9 ! g5]al animi/ic sy/em ( mank9d4 ,he ackn[l$ges t1 ) few exceptions1 great gods h a place z well z small] gods 9 e non-civilis$ sy/em ( religion4 ,b 9 orig9 & ess5ce he holds !y are ! same4 ,! diff]5ce is r ( rank ?an ( nature4 ,z *iefs & k+s are among m5 s are ! great gods among ! less] spirits4 ,! sun1 ! heav5s1 ! />s1 are liv+ be+s1 because !y h spirits z man has a s\l1 or z a spr+ has a _s t haunts x4 ,?us 9 ! doctr9e ( s\ls is f\nd ! orig9 ( ! :ole ( e>ly religion4 ,mr4 ,tylor confesses1 h[ev]1 t x is impossible to trace ! process by :i* ! doctr9e ( s\ls gave rise to ! belief 9 ! great gods4 ,! weakness ( ?is view is t x involves a d5ial t ! great p[]s ( nature c\ld be wor%ipp$ be=e ! process ( reason+ _h be5 complet$ :i* l$ to ! belief t !y _h s\ls or spirits4 ,b h[ did e>ly man reg>d ^! great p[]s be=e ?is8 ,did !y n appe> to him adorable by ! v impressions !y made ^u 8 v>i\s s5ses8 ,did he really ne$ to argue out ! belief t !y _h s\ls1 be=e he felt drawn to wond] at !m1 & to seek to ent] into relations ) !m8 ,animism4--,! ^w ,animism1 x %\ld "h be notic$1 is us$ 9 ! /udy ( religions 9 a wid] s5se ?an t ( ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,_m ( ! great religions are kn[n to h aris5 out ( a primitive wor%ip ( spirits & to h advanc$ f t /age to a wor%ip ( gods4 ,! god diff]s f ! _s 9 hav+ a m>k$ p]sonal "*1 :ile ! spirits =m a vague & some:at undi/+ui%able cr[d2 9 hav+ a regul> cli5tle ( wor%ipp]s1 :]eas ! _s is only s]v$ by ^? :o ne$ to communicate ) him2 9 hav+ !re=e a regul> wor%ip1 :ile ! _s is only wor%ipp$ :5 ! occasion arises2 & 9 be+ s]v$ f feel+s ( atta*m5t & tru/1 & n l ! spirits f fe>4 ,:5 gods appe>1 "s writ]s hold1 !n & n till !n does religion beg92 be=e t po9t is rea*$ magic & exorcism are ! =ms us$ = address+ ! unse5 be+s1 b :5 x is rea*$ we h wor%ip2 int]c\rse is delib]ately s\ght ) be+s :o hold regul> relations ) man4 ,! ^w ,animism is be/ employ$ to d5ote ! wor%ip ( spirits z di/+ui%$ f t ( gods4 ,:e!r or n e>ly man d]iv$ 8 belief 9 ! multitude ( spirits by :i* he believ$ himself to be surr\nd$1 f 8 belief 9 ! sep>able human s\l1 !re is no d\bt t he did consid] himself to be s surr\nd$4 ,animism 9 ?is s5se is und\bt$ly ! beg9n+ ( "s at lea/ ( ! great religions4 #c4 ,! ,m9or ,nature-wor%ip came ,fir/4--,m4 ,rville holds#c t ! tree & ! riv] & o!r su* be+s 7 ! fir/ gods1 & t ! deification ( ! great p[]s ( nature came aft]w>ds z an ext5sion ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,mr4 ,max ,mll] seems to %>e ?is view :5 he says t man 0 l$ f ! wor%ip ( semi-tangible objects1 :i* provid$ him ) semi-deities1 to t ( intangible objects1 :i* gave him deities prop]4 ,! ,g]mans1 z a rule1 hold ! view t ! great nature-wor%ip came fir/1 & t ! sanctity ( ! tree & ! riv] came to !m f above1 ^! objects be+ reg>d$ z less] liv+ be+s des]v+ to be wor%ipp$ z well z ! great] ones4 ,! ,engli% s*ool let ! sanctity ( ^! objects come to !m z x 7 f bel[2 :5 man has come to believe 9 spirits1 he concludes t !y h spirits too1 & wor%ips ! spirits he supposes to dwell 9 !m4 ,x does n seem t ^! !ories are entirely exclusive ( ea* o!r4 ,fr5* writ]s suppose t ! m9or nature-wor%ip fir/ sprang up ( itself1 half-animal man respect+ ! animals z rivals1 ! trees z fruit-be>]s = 8 hung]1 & s on1 & t spirits 7 add$ to ^! be+s :5 ! great animi/ic movem5t ( ?\ght 9 :i* ^! writ]s believe took place1 ( c\rse at a v e>ly p]iod4#d ,footnote #c3 ,rville1 ,hi/oire des religions des peuples non-civiliss1 ii4 #bbe4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is view is ! basis ( ,m4 ,&r ,lefvre's ,la ,religion4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 #d4 ,! ,great ,nature-p[]s came ,fir/4--,we come 9 ! la/ place to t class ( deities :i* we spoke ( fir/--! p[]s ( nature4 ,by sev]al great writ]s x is held t ! wor%ip ( ^! is ! orig9al =m ( all religion4 ,we %all give two ( ! lead+ !ories on ! subject1 t ( ,mr4 ,max ,mll] & t ( ,ed4 von ,h>tmann4 ,mr4 ,max ,mll] has writt5 v /rongly aga9/ ! view t feti%ism is a prim>y =m ( religion1 & holds t ! wor%ip ( casual objects is n a /age ( religion once univ]sally preval5t1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 a p>asitical developm5t & ( accid5tal orig94 ,he does n tell u :at ! orig9al religion ( mank9d 04 ,! "w 9 :i* he deals mo/ directly ) ?is "q#e is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! ,indian fai?1 ! e>ly /ages ( :i* he reg>ds z ! mo/ typical in/ance ( ! gr[? ( religion g5]ally4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 tell u def9itely out ( :at e>li] k9d ( religion t ( ! ,aryans grew1 :i* ,india be/ tea*es u to "k1 or :at religion !y _h be=e !y develop$ t ( ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,we may inf]1 h[ev]1 :at 8 view on ?is po9t is f ! v int]e/+ sket* he draws ( ! psy*ological advance man c\ld make1 9 select+ objects ( rev]5ce1 f "o class ( ?+s to ano!r 7p4 #agi1 sqq474 ,fir/1 !re are tangible objects1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,max ,mll] d5ies t mank9d z a :ole ev] did wor%ip2 su* ?+s z /ones1 %ells1 & bones4 ,!n second1 semi-tangible objects2 su* z trees1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 ! sea1 ! e>?1 :i* supply ! mat]ial = :at may be call$ semi-deities4 ,& ?ird1 intangible objects1 su* z ! sky1 ! />s1 ! sun1 ! dawn1 ! moon2 9 ^! are to be se5 ! g]ms ( deities4 ,at ea* ( ^! /ages man is seek+ n = some?+ f9ite b = ! inf9ite2 f ! fir/ he has a pres5tim5t ( some?+ f> beyond2 he grasps successive objects ( wor%ip n = !mselves b = :at !y seem to tell (1 ?\gh x is n !re1 & ?is s5se ( ! inf9ite1 ev5 9 poor & inadequate beliefs1 is ! g]m ( religion 9 him4 ,:5 he rises aft] 8 long j\rney to fix 8 reg>ds on ! great p[]s ( nature1 he appreh5ds 9 !m some?+ great & transc5d5t4 ,he applies to !m great titles2 he calls !m devas1 %9+ ones2 asuras1 liv+ ones2 &1 at l5g?1 am>tas1 immortal ones4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 no m ?an descriptive titles1 appli$ to ! great visible ph5om5a ( nature z a class4 ,!y express$ ! admiration & wond] ! "y m9d ( man felt itself compell$ to pay to ^! magnific5t be+s4 ,b by giv+ !m ^! names he 0 l$ in/9ctively to reg>d !m z p]sons2 he ascrib$ to !m human attributes & dramatic actions1 s t !y became def9ite1 transc5d5t1 liv+ p]sonalities4 ,9 ^!1 m ?an 9 any =m] objects ( 8 adoration1 8 crav+ = ! inf9ite 0 satisfi$4 ,?us ! anci5t ,aryan advanc$1 f ! visible to ! invisible1 f ! bright be+s t c\ld be t\*$1 l ! riv] t c\ld be se51 l ! ?und] t c\ld be he>d1 l ! sun1 to ! devas t c\ld no long] be t\*$ or he>d or se54444 ,! way 0 trac$ out by nature h]self4 ,footnote #e3 ,lectures on ! ,orig9 ( ,religion1 #ahhb4 ,?is fam\s !ory is1 :5 we come to exam9e x1 r puzzl+4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! fir/ beg9n+s ( religion except by inf]5ce1 & x does s 9 two contradictory ways2 =1 on ! "o h&1 ,mr4 ,max ,mll] enum]ates tangible objects fir/ z ^? f :i* m5 rose to high] objects1 & on ! o!r he d5ies t feti%ism is a primitive =mation4 ,he sugge/s t !re 7 e>li] gods ?an ! devas1 b he tells u no?+ ab\t !m1 except t !y 7 n fully deities2 !y 7 only semi-deities1 or n deities at all4 ,! wor%ip ( spirits he leaves entirely out ( consid]ation2 religion did n1 9 8 view1 beg9 ) ,animism4 ,:5 he does tell u ( ! beg9n+s ( religion1 :at is 8 view8 ,! religion ( ! ,aryans began1 & x is a type--! o!r religions presumably began 9 ! same way1 e4g4 ^? ( ,*9a & ( ,egypt--by ! impression made on man f )\t by great natural objects co-op]at+ ) 8 inn] pres5tim5t ( ! inf9ite1 :i* !y met to a great] degree ?an any objects he _h tri$ be=e4 ,religion 0 due accord+ly to /hetic impressions f )\t1 answ]+ an /hetic & intellectual inn] ne$4 ,^? ne$s1 !n1 :i* l$ m5 to make gods ( ! great p[]s ( e>? & heav5 7 n ( an animal or mat]ial nature1 b belong$ to ! intellectual "p ( 8 con/itution4 ,^? :o fram$ su* a religion = !mselves mu/ h be5 rais$ above ! press+ necessities & c>es ( savage life2 !y 7 n absorb$ 9 ! task ( mak+ _! liv+1 b _h leisure to /& & admire ! heav5ly bodies1 & to analyse ! impressions made on !m by ! wat]s & ! ?und]4 ,nay1 !y _h suffici5t p[] ( ab/raction to =m a class ( su* great be+s1 to be/[ on !m a common title1 n only "o b sev]al progressive common titles1 ea* express+ a deep] reflection ?an ! la/4 ,?us did !y reflect on ! nature ( ! cosmic p[]s1 tak5 z a class4 ,?is1 evid5tly1 is n ! beg9n+ ( religion4 ,x is ! religion ( a comp>atively l(ty civilisation2 l[] /ages ( civilisation1 & ( religion also1 mu/ h prec$$ ?is "o4 ,ev5 ! heav5ly bodies1 x appe>s to _m s*ol>s1 mu/ h be5 wor%ipp$ by m5 :o reg>d$ !m n ) /hetic admiration & intellectual satisfaction only1 b 9 ! light ( m press+ & practical int]e/s4 ,we take ,edw>d von ,h>tmann z ! repres5tative ( ^? :o1 l ,mr4 ,max ,mll]1 trace ! orig9 ( religion to ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly p[]s1 b :o c>ry back t wor%ip to ! e>lie/ /age4 ,writ]s :o disagree ) 8 philosophy take grave exception to 8 treatm5t ( religion1 = he reg>ds religion1 z he consid]s consci\sness itself1 n z an orig9al & insep>able elem5t ( human nature1 b z a ?+ acquir$ by man on 8 way upw>ds2 & he f9ds ! orig9al motive ( religion to h la9 9 egoi/ic eudmonism1 9 ! selfi% desire ( happ9ess1 :i* at t /age ( man's life det]m9$ all 8 actions4 ,! acc\nt1 h[ev]1 giv5 by ,von ,h>tmann ( ! beg9n+ ( religion 9 ! adoration ( ! p[]s ( nature is ( s+ul> fre%ness & p[]1 & we c d$uct f x1 aft] /at+ x1 ! peculi>ities aris+ out ( 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,! fir/ religion t exi/$ 9 ! _w _h = its objects ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,! objects wor%ipp$ are kn[n1 inde$1 be=e religion beg9s2 ! illusions ( e>ly ?\ght h settl$ on ! heav5ly p[]s be=e !y are wor%ipp$2 on ! outw>d object ! m9d has conf]r$ ! "* ( a liv+ & act+ be+1 :i* x is h5ce=? to we>4 ,?is trans=mation1 poetic fancy1 n m]e logic & n m]ely utilit>ian consid]ations1 has br\ght ab\t4 ,b religion only beg9s :5 man sets himself to wor%ip ^! be+s1 & to ?is he is driv5 by 8 mat]ial ne$s4 ,religion beg9s 9 a be+ z yet )\t religion & )\t morality4 ,! ne$ = food is ! motive t br+s ab\t ! *ange1 = t pure egoi/ e>ly man has se5 t ! p[]s ( nature are able to help or h9d] him 9 8 se>* = a liv+2 ! sun c set 8 plants gr[+ or c burn !m up1 & ! ?und]/orm c revive !m4 ,8 happ9ess dep5ds on ^! p[]s1 & he seeks to set up relations ) !m4 ,he seeks to ga9 z an ally ! heav5ly p[] :o is s able to fur!r or to ?w>t 8 aims2 he makes kn[n to x 8 wi%es by call+ ^u x1 & he (f]s pres5ts to x4 ,he wor%ips ! heav5ly p[]s1 & religion has begun4 ,wor%ip l5ds to ^! p[]s1 ?\gh !y 7 kn[n be=e1 a fixity & reality !y did n =m]ly possess4 ,von ,h>tmann is incl9$ to trace all ! v>i\s wor%ips ( ^! p[]s1 :i* h prevail$ 9 ! mo/ diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 to ! same orig9al c5tre1 :ile at ! same "t he ma9ta9s t ev5 if all ! in/ances ( ?is wor%ip _c be ref]r$ to any common orig91 x mu/ h aris5 9 ?is way1 :]ev] m5 ( ! same nature dwelt2 ! psy*ological necessity ( ?is developm5t acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( ?is same religion 9 diff]5t l&s & among dissimil> races4 ,! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly p[]s1 accord+ly1 is ) ?is writ] ! orig9al religion4 ,:ile admitt+ t ! wor%ip ( dome/ic spirits grew up 9 ! way describ$ by ! ,engli% an?ropologi/s1 he d5ies t ,animism is ev] a religion by itself )\t be+ comb9$ ) high] beliefs4 ,he d5ies also t feti%ism c\ld ev] be an orig9al religi\s product1 or t m5 c\ld ev] pass f hav+ no religion to ! religion ( feti%ism4 ,:]ev] x appe>s1 x is a religion ( decay4 ,all ! religion 9 ! _w has come f ! wor%ip ( nature1 :i*1 :e!r aris+ at "o c5tre or at sev]al1 spread ov] ! _w1 & is to be recognis$1 cle>ly or dimly1 9 ! religions ( all l&s4 ,?is view ( ! orig9 ( religion is %>$ 9 ! ma9 by ,otto ,pfleid]]1#f & o!r ,g]man writ]s4 ,x 0 f ! impressions made on man by ! p[]s ( nature1 ^! s*ol>s hold1 & n f 8 belief 9 spirits1 t 8 religion came4 ,b x 0 n necess>ily due to pure egoism1 z ,von ,h>tmann repres5ts2 ! e>lie/ religions ne$ n1 !y hold1 h be5 a m]e attempt at brib]y4 ,! motives :i* fir/ caus$ man to wor%ip ! heav5ly p[]s surely arose f o!r ne$s ?an t = food alone4 ,! intellectual crav+1 ! desire to "k ! nature ( ! _w he liv$ 91 & to ref] himself to ! highe/ pr9ciple ( x1 z f> z t c\ld be atta9$2 ! /hetic ne$1 ! desire to h to d ) objects :i* fill$ 8 imag9ation2 ! moral ne$1 ! desire n to occupy a purely isolat$ position1 b to place himself "u "s au?ority1 & to feel "s obligation1 ^! also1 ?\gh 9 ! dimme/ way1 z matt]s ( pres5tim5t r ?an cle> consci\sness1 ent]$ into ! e>lie/ wor%ip ( ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,?is view has ! great advantage ov] t ( ,von ,h>tmann1 t x makes ! developm5t ( religion cont9u\s f ! fir/1 in/ead ( repres5t+ x z be+ orig9ally a purely selfi% ?+1 into :i* ! "* ( affection & devotion only ent]$ at "s subsequ5t /age4 ,if man's nature is ess5tially religi\s1 !n all t con/itutes religion mu/ h be5 ) him f ! fir/1 9 h[ev] unconsci\s & undevelop$ =m4 ,footnote #f3 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 vol4 iii4 *ap4 i4 ,conclusion4--,we h enum]at$ ! diff]5t k9ds ( gods wor%ipp$ by e>ly man--feti%es1 spirits1 ! p[]s ( nature4 ,we h f\nd a g5]al agreem5t t feti%ism is n an orig9al =m ( religion1 b a product ( ! decay ( high] =ms 9 unfav\rable conditions4 ,z to ! o!r two k9ds ( deities1 x is impossible to d5y t gods h be5 =m$ f ! v fir/ 9 ea* ( ^! two ways4 ,! dome/ic wor%ip ( ! e>ly _w _c be d]iv$ f nature-wor%ip1 b grew out ( ! belief awak5$ 9 e>ly man1 by ! famili> exp]i5ces m5tion$ above4 ,t ! great] nature-wor%ip1 on ! o!r h&1 c be d]iv$ f ! belief 9 spirits is an ass]tion :i* c nev] be prov$1 or ev5 made probable2 t x arose f ! impressions produc$ on e>ly man by ! great objects & =ces ( nature1 is a ?+ we c und]/& & believe4 ,! m9or nature-wor%ip is also a v intelligible ?+1 ev5 )\t ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( s\ls to expla9 x4 ,:at m natural ?an t ! savage %\ld wor%ip ! great oak or ! wat]fall1 or %\ld ?9k himself surr\nd$ by invisible be+s1 ev5 if he did n frame ! latt] on ! model ( ! human s\l8 ,we arrive !re=e at ! conclusion t ) ! exception ( ! doctr9es ab\t dea? & ! abode ( spirits1 we mu/ reg>d ! wor%ip ( nature z ! root ( ! _w's religion4 ,we mu/ bew>e1 h[ev]1 ( imput+ to ! ?\ghts ( e>ly m5 ab\t _! gods1 any su* qualities z consi/5cy or regul>ity4 ,! p[] ( hold+ at "o & ! same "t religi\s beliefs :i* are inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r1 is "o :i* ev5 9 ! mo/ develop$ religions is by no means want+2 & h[ mu* m 0 ?is ! case among m5 :o liv$ be=e !re 0 any exact ?\ght6 ,! savage c\ld h a v>iety ( gods ( v diff]5t natures1 :o =m$ 9 8 m9d q a happy family4 ,:5 he f\nd a new god1 t did n oblige him to "p ) any old "o2 x 0 "o god he 0 seek+1 b he c\ld n settle on "o god z yet1 :5 !re 7 s _m be+s ) a good claim to ! position4 ,he made 8 gods n out ( no?+1 b out ( a great v>iety ( exp]i5ces & impressions1 & !y act$ & react$ on ea* o!r 9 an endless v>iety ( ways4 ,"o god came to ! front "h & ano!r !re2 an object 0 deifi$ "h f "o reason & !re f ano!r2 new gods 9 "t turn$ old & 7 less ?\ght ( :ile =gott5 gods ( =m] days came back to memory & 7 wor%ipp$ once m4 ,endless *ange1 endless recurr5ces ( gr[? & ( decay fill$ up ^? great spaces & p]iods1 measureless & trackless almo/ z ! expanses ( ! ocean1 t 7 cov]$ by ! prehi/oric life ( mank9d4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 #ahif4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 9 ,proce$+s ( ,ox=d ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #ba1 sqq4 ,( ! l>ge class ( books report+ ! mann]s & beliefs ( special savage races we may specify-- ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 #ahif4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gill1 ,my?s & ,songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific1 #ahgf4 ,k+sley1 ,miss1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 #ahii4 ,callaway1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 #ahfc-gb4 ,duff ,macdonald1 ,africana1 ! ,he>t ( ,hea!n ,africa1 #ahhb4 ,g4 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/]n & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 #ahda4 ,sp5c] & ,gilp54 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>ly ,,developm5ts--,,belief ,we h se5 f :at mat]ials e>ly man made 8 gods4 ,z ! gods diff]$ 9 _! orig91 !y diff]$ also f ! v fir/ 9 ! mode ( _! developm5t4 ,! great nature-gods gave rise to "o k9d ( religion1 & ! m9or nature-gods to ano!r1 ! ?\ght ( ! dep>t$ memb]s ( ! h\sehold to a ?ird4 ,b ^! v>i\s religions c\ld n develop side by side )\t influ5c+ ea* o!r4 ,^! diff]5t wor%ips began 9 ! v e>lie/ times to get mix$ up toge!r2 !re is none ( ! great religions :i* we d n f9d to be a comb9ation ( !m4 ,x w be well to consid] !m 9 ! fir/ place sep>ately4 #a4 ,gr[? ( ! ,great ,gods4--,tak+ !m 9 ! ord] we h already foll[$1 we come fir/ to ! great nature-wor%ip1 ( :i* heav51 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 dawn & sunset1 & !n ! ph5om5a ( ! wea!r1 ra91 /orm1 & ?und] & lightn+1 are ! objects4 ,x _c be too cle>ly borne 9 m9d t :at 0 wor%ipp$ 0 orig9ally ! natural object itself1 reg>d$1 aft] ! e>lie/ habit ( ?\ght1 z liv+4 ,to heav5 itself1 to ! sun z he rose or set1 to ! /orm itself1 m5 address$ pray]s & made (f]+s2 & 9 _m qu>t]s1 bo? among savages & 9 ! great religions1 ! same ?+ occurs to ?is day4 ,b x 0 impossible = man to /op "h1 8 imag9ation w\ld n all[ him to d s4 ,9 "s races1 imag9ation 0 m active ?an 9 o!rs1 b n[h]e 0 x q inop]ative2 & s x happ5$ t man 0 l$1 "h to a great] !re to a less ext5t1 beyond ! direct & simple adoration ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,:5 he began to give !m names1 a fir/ & a great /ep 0 tak5 9 advance ( ! orig9al simplicity4 ,a "n is a p[]2 if x is any?+ m ?an a m]e title or label1 & all primitive names are m ?an ?is1 x br+s ) x associations ( its own1 & ?us m5 are l$ to ascribe to ! object indicat$ by ! "n1 a new "* & new p[]s4 ,!y proce$ to argue ab\t ! "n & draw conclusions f x z to ! nature ( ! be+ !y wor%ip1 & s come to ?9k ( _! deity 9 q a diff]5t mann]4 ,ev5 to classify objects toge!r & give !m a common title1 ! bright ones1 or ! liv+ ones1 z ! e>ly ,aryans did1 gives !m an indep5d5t position ( _! own1 & tempts ! imag9ation to g fur!r 9 describ+ !m4 ,/riv+ to f9d names = ^? be+s he wor%ips & ?9ks ab\t s mu*1 e>ly man gives !m ! names ( liv+ creatures ) :om he is famili>1 & 9 ?is way he br+s !m mu* ne>] to himself1 & at ! same "t appe>s to himself to "k a great deal m ab\t !m4 ,! moon1 = example1 has horns1 ! moon is a c[4 ,heav5 is ov] all1 heav5 is a fa!r4 ,& z he kn[s all ab\t a c[1 & all ab\t a fa!r1 he at once has ^! deities made mu* m real to him1 !y h an indep5d5t exi/5ce to him4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 he has got some?+ m 9 8 deity ?an !re is 9 ! natural object4 ,x is no long] ! m]e nak$ heav5 or ! m]e moon he wor%ips2 b ^! be+s ) additions made to !m by 8 own imag9ation4 ,z "t goes on ! additions gr[ m & m4 ,hav+ got liv+ p]sons = 8 deities1 e>ly man readily goes on to weave _! hi/ories & _! relations4 ,if ! moon is a c[1 ! sun is a bull *as+ h] r\nd ! sky4 ,?is is an in/ance ( a pr9ciple :i* obta9s 9 _m at lea/ ( ! e>ly religions & :i* x is important to rememb]1 viz4 t ! p[]s ( nature 7 fir/ id5tifi$ ) animals4 ,! zoomorphic /age ( ! nature-gods comes be=e ! an?ropomorphic 7cf4 ! signs ( ! zodiac71 & 9 _m savage tribes x /ill survives4 ,b x is :5 ! gods beg9 to be ?\ght ( aft] ! lik5ess ( human be+s t ! decisive /ep is made 9 _! developm5t4 ,if heav5 is a fa!r1 x is easy to g on f t4 ,e>? w be ! correspond+ "m 7an idea f\nd all ov] ! _w72 & all m5 w be _! *ildr54 ,if ! sun is inve/$ ) a "n ( mascul9e g5d] 7b ! sun is frequ5tly fem99e71 he mu/ d feats becom+ su* a "*4 ,if ! /orm is a male god1 he w be a w>rior or a huntsman4 ,?us ! god acquires a p]sonal "* & an indep5d5t movem5t2 :at is told ab\t him has ref]5ce1 ( c\rse1 to ! natural object he sprang f1 or ! season ) :i* he is connect$2 b ! deity is becom+ m & m sep>ate f ! natural object1 & acquir+ a "* & hi/ory ( 8 own4 ,! /ories connect$ ) ! god v>y accord+ to ! habits & ! imag9ations ( diff]5t peoples2 9 "s cases ! gods rema9 pure & exalt$ be+s1 9 o!rs savage & indec5t my?s are accumulat$ ar\nd !m1 & ^! primitive my?s adh]e to _! p]sons long aft] !y !mselves h felt an upw>d t5d5cy & acquir$ a civilis$ "* ) ! moral elevation ( _! peoples4 ,we %all see 9 _m in/ances h[ ! nature-gods 7 p]sonifi$1 made into bea/s1 made into m51 & surr\nd$ ) my?s & leg5ds4 ,t is ! natural hi/ory ( ! nature-gods2 ! process ?r\gh :i* !y mu/ pass if !y gr[ at all4 ,poly!ism4--,ano!r g5]al feature ( ! wor%ip ( ! great natural objects has to be m5tion$4 ,ea* god has a hi/ory ( 8 own2 he has gr[n up sep>ately z m5 conc5trat$ _! att5tion ^u him4 ,b z "o god gr[s up aft] ano!r1 or z ! gods :o gr[ up 9 two c\ntries are aft]w>ds br\ght toge!r1 x comes to pass t !re are _m ( !m1 & none ( !m is necess>ily supreme4 ,:at is ! wor%ipp] to d8 ,! lea/ reflection w conv9ce u t 9 any act ( wor%ip man fixes 8 att5tion on "o object only4 ,t belongs to ! v nature ( religion2 z a *ild c\ld n treat sev]al m5 at once z its fa!r1 nor a s]vant be equally fai?ful to sev]al ma/]s1 s man naturally t5ds to h "o god4 ,he turns to ! highe/ he kn[s1 :o is mo/ likely to be able to help him1 & !re _c be two highe/s1 b only "o4 ,b man's position 9 ! e>ly _w does n all[ him to be true to ?is religi\s in/9ct4 ,z he sees "o aspect ( ! _w to-day1 & ano!r to-morr[1 he _c1 :5 8 god is a p[] ( nature1 always see ! same god be=e him4 ,b c he n wor%ip ano!r god :5 ! fir/ "o is out ( sight & out ( m9d8 ,?\gh he wor%ipp$ heav5 ye/]day1 c he n wor%ip ! sun to-day1 or ! /orm1 or ! great sea8 ,& ?\gh ! =m] g5]ation wor%ipp$ "o ( ^! be+s 9 ! =emo/ place1 may n ! exi/+ g5]ation devote itself pr9cipally to ano!r8 ,t p[] does n cease to be a deity :i* is n imm$iately be=e 8 m9d4 ,x is /ill a deity1 & 9 a :ile he w turn to x aga91 & make x fir/4 ,?us x comes ab\t by inevitable logic t :5 man gets 8 gods f nature1 he has a numb] ( !m4 ,:5 he gets a new god he does n d5y ! god he _h be=e2 he is n yet 9 a position to conclude t !re c only be "o god4 ,:5 he is wor%ipp+ he feels z if !re 7 only "o2 b ?is feel+ applies at diff]5t times to a numb] ( diff]5t be+s1 & f su* inconsi/5cy he lacks ! p[] to free himself4 ,! o!r is a god too2 all ! gods he has ev] wor%ipp$ he may on occasion wor%ip aga94 ,nor c he refuse to recognise ! gods ( o!rs2 to !m no d\bt !y are gods1 if n to him2 !y are be+s ( ! same class ) 8 god4 ,& ?us e>ly man is a poly!i/4 ,poly!ism is a complex product2 x is ! addition to ea* o!r ( a numb] ( cults :i* h gr[n up sep>ately4 ,9 ,poly!ism1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t religi\s positions are possible4 ,m5 may feel t ! :ole set ( ! gods 9 ^: exi/5ce !y believe h claims on !m1 & may reg>d !mselves z wor%ipp]s ( !m all1 resort+1 z feel+ & old association moves !m1 n[ to "o & n[ to ano!r1 or def9+ ! places or occasions at :i* ea* ( !m is to be s\ght1 or 9 "s o!r way adju/+ _! v>i\s claims2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( _m gods1 !y may conf9e _! wor%ip to "o4 ,a man kn[s t !re are _m gods1 b says t he has only to d ) "o ( !m4 ,?is is a religi\s position v frequ5tly met ) 9 antiquity4 ,a circle ( gods is believ$ 91 b "o ( !m comes into prom95ce at a "t & is wor%ipp$ z supreme4 ,?is is call$ ,ka!no!ism3 ! wor%ip ( "o god at a "t4 ,! title 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,max ,mll]1 :o also gives ! title ( ,h5o!ism to t position 9 :i* _m gods are believ$ 9 z exi/+1 b wor%ip is giv5 to only "o4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( ! v>i\s positions3-- ,! language ( ,poly!ism is--,fa!r ,zeus t rule/ f ,ida1 mo/ glori\s1 mo/ great1 & ?\ sun t see/ all ?+s1 & ye riv]s & ?\ e>?1 & ye t 9 ! und]world puni% :osoev] swe>e? falsely--be ye witnesses4--,iliad1 iii4 #bhj4 ,! ,jews at ! "t ( ,josiah 7 accompli%$ poly!i/s1 z we may see f ! catalogue ( ! wor%ips suppress$ at ,j]usalem by t mon>*1 #b ,k+s xxiii4 ,! gods ( ea* ( ! surr\nd+ tribes appe> to h be5 wor%ipp$ !re1 & ! old gods ( ! sep>ate tribes & families ( ,israel appe> to h be5 kept up4 ,ka!no!ism4--,! ,v$ic poets1 z we %all see1 speak ( ! god !y are imm$iately address+ z supreme1 & heap ^u him all ! highe/ attributes1 :ile n ?9k+ ( d5y+ ! div9ity ( o!r gods4 ,! language ( ,h5o!ism is--,?\1 ,o ,jehovah1 art f> above all ! e>?2 ?\ art exalt$ f> above all gods 7,ps4 xcvii4 #i74 ,!re is none l unto ,!e among ! gods1 ,o ,"l6444 ,?\ art great1 & doe/ wondr\s ?+s3 ,?\ art ,god alone 7,ps4 lxxxvi4 #h1 #aj74 ,"h ! o!r gods are recognis$ z exi/+1 b only "o is wor%ipp$4 ,comp>e also ,/ ,paul3 ,!re are gods _m1 & lords _m1 b to u !re is "o ,god 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #e1 #f74 ,! language ( ,mono!ism is--,all ! gods ( ! peoples are idols3 b ,jehovah made ! heav5s 7,ps4 xcvi4 #e71 & ,?\ %alt h no o!r god be=e ,me4 ,a fur!r religi\s position to be notic$ "h is t ( ,dualism4 ,n all dualism comes f nature-wor%ip1 b 9 a l& :]e a b5efic5t & a h>mful natural =ce are 9 /rik+ antagonism to ea* o!r1 ?is may take place4 ,man1 :5 he int]prets ! k9dly influ5ces ( nature z ! bless+s ( ! good god1 naturally int]prets ! ag5cies :i* blight or ru9 z be+ also ! manife/ation ( a liv+ p[]1 b ( an evil "o4 ,?anks to ! good god alt]nate1 9 ?is case1 ) ef=ts to c\nt]act or to appease ! bad "o2 if ! two appe> to be ne>ly balanc$1 !n nei!r is supreme1 & bo? ov]awe ! m9d & receive wor%ip4 ,b 9 g5]al we may rem>k t ! great] nature-wor%ip is ( an elevat+ t5d5cy4 ,x br+s man into relations ) p[]s :i* are truly great1 & places him ev5 physically 9 ! position ( look+ up1 n d[n4 ,:]e ! nature-p[] is a h>% "o1 a scor*+ sun1 a tempe/u\s sea1 ! self-comm& & self-sacrifice call$ out by ! wor%ip ( !m may be1 if n c>ri$ to extremes1 a brac+ discipl9e2 b ) "s exceptions ! nature-gods are good1 & h to d ) light & ) k9dness4 #b4 ,! ,m9or ,nature-wor%ip4--,! wor%ip ( ! great p[]s ( nature has a univ]sal "*2 x c be c>ri$ on any:]e2 w&]+ tribes c>ry x ) !m2 heav5 & ! sun & ! w9ds c be address$ 9 e l&4 ,! m9or nature-wor%ip diff]s f x 9 ?is respect3 an animal is only wor%ipp$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e x occurs1 & ! wor%ip ( ! tree1 ! well1 ! /one1 is altoge!r local4 ,) ?is local nature-wor%ip ! _w 01 9 e>ly times1 ?ickly ov]spread2 & manifold survivals ( x are /ill to be f\nd ev5 9 l&s :]e ! primitive religion has be5 longe/ sup]s$$4 ,?is is ! religion ( local obs]vance & local leg5d1 :i* cl+s to ! face ( a c\ntry 9 spite ( public *anges ( cre$1 &1 :5 ! old religion has dep>t$1 is f\nd to h secur$ a %elt] = itself 9 ! new "o4 ,9 ?is m9or nature-wor%ip :i* spreads its network ov] all ! e>ly _w1 ! "* ( primitive society is cle>ly repres5t$2 ! small communities h _! small local wor%ips--ea* clan1 almo/ ea* kraal1 has its %r9e1 its god1 & limits itself to its own sacr$ ?+s4 ,religion is a bond connect+ toge!r ! memb]s ( small gr\ps ( m51 b sep>at+ !m f ! memb]s ( o!r gr\ps4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m important developm5ts ( ?is4 7a7 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,animals4--,primitive man _h to hold 8 own aga9/ ! animals by =ce ( /r5g? & cunn+2 & he 0 well acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,he respect$ !m = ! qualities 9 :i* !y excell$ him1 ! h>e = 8 swiftness1 ! beav] = 8 skill1 ! fox = 8 craft9ess4 ,:at he wor%ipp$1 h[ev]1 0 n ! individuals ( a species1 b ! species z a :ole1 typifi$ p]haps 9 a great h>e or a great fox1 ! my?ical fir/ p>5t ( ! species1 & possess+ its qualities 9 a supreme degree4 ,x happ5$ app>5tly ov] ! :ole _w1 ) ! exception ( mo/ bran*es ( ! ,aryan family1 t m5 at a v e>ly /age reg>d$ !mselves z relat$ by ! tie ( desc5t1 "s to "o species ( animals or ( plants & "s to ano!r4 ,f ?is belief tribes took _! names1 ea* memb] tattoo+ ! figure ( 8 animal ance/or on 8 p]son4 ,! ,be*uanas1 = example1 are divid$ into crocodile-m51 fi%-1 ape-1 buffalo-1 elephant-1 & lion-m51 & s on4 ,! hairy or scaly ance/or is ! totem ( ! tribe1 & !y consid] t animal sacr$1 & w n eat ! fle% ( x4 ,all :o be> ! same totem reg>d ea* o!r z ( k9dr$ blood1 z desc5d$ f ! same ance/or4 ,! totem may also be a vegetable1 9 :i* case no memb] ( ! /ock w ga!r or eat x4 ,totemism is to be se5 9 op]ation at ! pres5t day 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,nor? ,am]ica is1 p]haps1 its classic l& 9 mod]n times4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a /age ( society ?r\gh :i* all races h at "o "t or ano!r pass$4 ,accord+ to ! late/ inve/igations totemism is n to be reg>d$ z itself a religion2 ! totem be+ reg>d$ n z a sup]ior b z an equal4 ,its influ5ce on ! e>ly gr[? ( religion1 h[ev]1 0 great1 & widely ramifi$4#a ,f ?is two important consequ5ces foll[ :i* w meet u aga9 & aga9 9 our /udy ( ! great religions4 ,! fir/ is animal-wor%ip1 a ph5om5on ( frequ5t occurr5ce & ( p]plex+ import4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan has %[n t mu* at lea/ ( ! widespread wor%ip ( animals is to be trac$ to an e>ly totem-/age ( society1#b :5 animals 7 held sacr$ z ! ance/ors ( m54 ,9 ! second place1 totemism expla9s ! view tak5 9 ! e>ly _w ( ! nature ( religi\s fell[%ip4 ,9 mod]n times p reg>d ea* o!r z bro!rs 9 religion :5 !y believe ! same doctr9es4 ,x is belief1 an intellectual or spiritual agreem5t1 t b9ds !m toge!r4 ,! anci5t religi\s union 0 ( a q diff]5t nature4 ,p !n reg>d$ ea* o!r z bro!rs because !y 7 ( ! same blood1 desc5d$ f ! same ance/or4 ,9 ! ,bible ! ,hebrews are all desc5d$ f ,abraham1 ! ,edomites f ,esau1 etc4 ,t is ! necess>y condition ( bro!rhood 9 e>ly times2 only ^? c\ld jo9 9 a religi\s rite :o 7 ( ! same blood4 ,= m5 ( ano!r blood !re 0 ano!r wor%ip1 ano!r god4 ,x is an e>li] /age ( ?is view1 :5 m5 are ( ! same wor%ip because !y are desc5d$ f ! same animal1 & :5 !y wor%ip t animal4 ,footnote #a3 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xxiii41 & n[ 8 ,totemism & ,exogamy4 ,x 0 =m]ly held t ! ,semites 7 an exception1 hav+ nev] pass$ ?r\gh ! totemi/ic /age4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 9 8 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ma9ta9s t1 ?\gh !y are pa/ t /age :5 we fir/ "k !m1 ! traces ( x are app>5t 9 _! in/itutions1 & t _! sacrifices especially are bas$ on ideas belong+ to x4 ,wellhaus5 does n agree ) him 9 ?is4 ,footnote #b3 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahfi-gj4 ,see also ,mr4 ,lang's ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion 9 _m passages4 7b7 ,trees1 ,wells1 ,/ones4--,! wor%ip ( ea* ( ^! ?ree is 9 itself a great subject1 & we c d no m ?an m5tion ! lead+ views :i* appe> to h ent]$ into !m4 ,mannh>dt 9 8 ,feld- und ,waldkulte & ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh h /udi$ ! survivals ( tree-wor%ip 9 ! local cu/oms ( ! peasantry ( ,europe4 ,e>ly man appe>s to h wor%ipp$ trees z wond]ful liv+ be+s2 b 8 ?\ght soon advanc$ to ! conception ( a tree-_s1 ( :i* ! tree itself 0 ei!r ! body or ! dwell+1 & :i* possess$ v>i\s p[]s1 su* z t ( comm&+ ra91 or t ( caus+ f]tility 9 plants or 9 animals4 ,f ! tree-_s1 aga91 ! tree-god 0 fur!r =m$1 a be+ :o 0 able to quit ! sacr$ tree or :o presid$ ov] _m trees4 ,( ^! beliefs ! fa/-decay+ usages ( ! ,maypole & ! ,h>ve/ ,may /ill rem9d u4 ,! well1 9 a simil> mann]1 may fir/ h be5 wor%ipp$ 9 & = itself1 & !n a nymph may h be5 add$ to x4 ,! wor%ip ( wells consi/$ 9 ?r[+ preci\s articles into !m1 or hang+ su* (f]+s on ! surr\nd+ trees1 & ask+ "s boon f ! deity4#c ,riv]s & lakes 7 also held sacr$4 ,! wor%ip ( /ones1 t is ( /ones n treat$ by art1 b reg>d$ z sacr$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 0 widely diffus$ among e>ly races2 b ?is is a subject on :i* light is /ill call$ =4 ,! ,caaba ( ,mecca & ! /one ( ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus are fam\s isolat$ in/ances ( x2 b x has be5 sugge/$ t ! /&+ /ones or m5hirs :i* are f\nd 9 e "p ( ,europe1 & 9 ! s\? & we/ ( ,asia1 7 objects ( ?is wor%ip4 ,9 ,pale/9e ^! /ones are n f\nd1 ?\gh !y occur 9 ! neighb\r+ l&s2 & ?is is attribut$ by ,major ,cond]#d to ! zeal ( ! or?odox k+s1 :o1 we "k f ! ,bible1 de/roy$ all ! monum5ts ( idolatry 9 _! t]ritory4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,gomme's ,e?nology 9 ,folklore _m sacr$ wells are m5tion$ :i* are /ill1 or 7 lately1 frequ5t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,/4 ,walla*'s well & ba?1 9 ! p>i% ( ,glass1 ,moray%ire1 0 mu* resort$ to )9 liv+ memory4 ,footnote #d3 ,scotti% ,review1 #ahid1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #cc1 ,rude ,/one ,monum5ts 9 ,syria4 ,:at is common to ^! cults1 & _c be disreg>d$1 is _! local nature4 ,?is gives its col\r to all ! religion ( e>ly man4 ,! god ( ! sacr$ tree _c be wor%ipp$ any:]e else ?an :]e ! tree /&s1 & he :o w\ld h 8 wi%es grant$ by ! well mu/ come to x4 ,! deity ( ?is k9d ( religion has 8 abode at a c]ta9 spot1 & he is a fix$1 n a movable deity4 ,!re is a /ory1 or a set ( /ories1 connect$ ) 8 %r9e1 & !re are obs]vances ( "o k9d or ano!r to be done !re2 & ?is goes on f age to age4 ,n[ a deity :o is fix$ to "o spot w be wor%ipp$ by ! p :o dwell ar\nd t spot4 ,! god w h 8 own p & dwell among !m1 & !y alone w be 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,& ?us ! surface ( ! e>? comes to be p>cell$ out among a numb] ( deities1 ea* seat$1 l a little pr9ce1 at 8 own c\rt among 8 own p4 ,9 pass+ f 8 own home to a di/ant spot1 a man w leave ! t]ritory ( 8 own god & ent] on t ( ano!r1 & z ! god c only be wor%ipp$ at 8 own %r9e1 ! man w leave 8 religion :5 he leaves 8 home1 & ei!r be compell$ to s]ve ! gods ( /rang]s1 or to p]=m no religi\s duties at all4#e ,?us ! ideas connect$ ) totemism meet & h>monise 9 _m old c\ntries ) ^? connect$ ) local %r9es4#f ,^? dwell+ ar\nd ! %r9e =m a k9dr$ ( "o blood1 ( :i* ! local god is bo? ! prog5itor & ! liv+ head4 ,religion is ?us bo? /rictly tribal & /rictly local4 ,x is = 8 bre?r5 ( ! tribe1 = ^? 9 ^: ve9s ! blood ( ! same div9e ance/or runs1 t a man's en?usiasm is k9dl$ 9 acts ( wor%ip2 x is 8 duty to 8 clan t he !n realises1 ! prosp]ity ( 8 clan t he desires4 ,to ^? ( o!r /ems no religi\s bond unites him1 !y are m5 ( ano!r blood1 ( ano!r wor%ip4 ,8 religi\s duty is to love 8 neighb\r1 or fell[-tribesman1 to hate 8 enemy1 ! man ( ano!r tribe4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 z religion consi/s 9 approa*es to a p>ticul> spot & ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites1 x is left beh9d :5 ^! rites are accompli%$1 & ! man is away f 8 god4 ,! sanctu>y is reg>d$ ) extreme v5]ation1 (t5 ) %r9k+ & t]ror1 b di/ance makes a *ange1 ! religion alt]s ) travel1 & is left beh9d4 ,?is religion 0 on ! :ole a m excit+ & int5se ?+ ?an t ( ! great nature p[]s2 & 0 f> m int]wov5 ) social life2 b x also pres5t$ ! greate/ ob/acles to progress1 limit+ m5's affections to _! own k9 & _! own l&1 & conf9+ !m 9 an invet]ate cons]vatism4 ,footnote #e3 ,z illu/rat+ ?is circle ( ideas1 comp>e ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,bible3 ,g5esis xxviii42 ,ru? i4 #af2 #a ,sam4 xxvi4 #ai2 #b ,k+s v4 #ag2 & ( a lat] p]iod1 ,psalm xlii4 ,footnote #f3 ,see on ?is :ole subject ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,religion ( ! ,semites4 #c4 ,! ,/ate aft] ,dea?4--,! belief t ! human _s 0 n ext+ui%$ at ! dea? ( ! body1 b ent]$ on an exi/5ce )\t ! body some:]e else1 op5$ ! door to a wide range ( speculation2 & ! ideas arriv$ at by e>ly man z to ! place ( spirits & ! life beyond1 are a pr9cipal "p ( t antique religion ( :i* ! great sy/ems are ! heirs4 ,! fun]al practices ( prehi/oric times1 :5 v>i\s articles 7 plac$ 9 ! tomb along ) ! body ( ! dep>t$ h]o or fa!r1 & v>i\s sacrifices made to him at 8 burial or cremation & at anniv]s>y fe/ivals aft]w>ds1 %[ t ! spirits ( ! dead 7 conceiv$ z c>ry+ on ! same k9d ( exi/5ce z !y _h l$ "h1 ?\gh an exi/5ce unsub/antial & ( little p[]2 /r5g?less heads ,hom] calls !m4 ,food & dr9k 7 ( use to !m2 = ! f9] "p ( x 0 suppos$ to rea* !m4 ,! ta/e ( blood reviv$ !m2 & v>i\s pleasures 7 possible to !m4#g ,?is belief1 x w be se51 diff]s f all ! mod]n doctr9es ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,x is n ! resurrection ( ! body t ! savage believes 94 ,he kn[s well en\gh t ! body does n rise2 b he also kn[s t ! _s c exi/ & move & d a numb] ( ?+s t 7 done 9 life1 )\t ! body4 ,nor c he be said to believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,t t]m describes a free & unfett]$ exi/5ce aft] dea?1 b to ! savage ! _s aft] dea? has b a tr\bl$ & frail exi/5ce2 x is te!r$ to c]ta9 spots on ! e>?1 kn[n to x =m]ly2 x _c d mu*1 x lives "u _m limitations & con/ra9ts4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be said t retribution aft] dea? is a true designation ( ! e>ly belief4 ,t may be f\nd "h & !re 9 e>ly times1 b g5]ally ! o!r life is less "u a div9e gov]nm5t ?an ?is "o2 dea? takes a man away f 8 god z well z f 8 family1 & ! dead are left to !mselves4 ,footnote #g3 ,on ?is subject comp>e ,mr4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 twelf? & ?irte5? *apt]s4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ?is is ! g5]al backgr\nd ( primitive belief ab\t ! o!r life1 imag9ation is at "w on ! subject v e>ly1 & v>i\s features ( t life are t\*$ ) m vivid col\rs1 "h 9 "o way & !re 9 ano!r4 ,! place :]e ! dep>t$ /ay1 _! occupations1 _! delights1 are v>i\sly describ$2 ! l& :]e !y dwell is modell$ on a l& t is kn[n1 ) ! addition ( ideal features2 !y d v mu* :at !y did on e>?1 hunt or fea/1 make music or c>ry on discussions4 ,9 "s cases !re is a judgm5t-seat be=e :i* ! s\l appe>s = its trial1 & "h ( c\rse ! _s-_w mu/ be divid$ into two p>ts or m1 = ! reception ( ^? :o are approv$ & ( ^? :o are condemn$4 ,! detail$ description ( ! abodes ( ! ble/ & ( ! damn$1 by no means peculi> to ,*ri/ianity1 are lat] developm5ts 9 ! e>ly _w4 ,hell1 ,mr4 ,tylor says1 is unkn[n to savage ?\ght4 ,! doctr9e ( transmigration1 h[ev]1 :e!r into plants or into l[] animals1 is ( e>ly gr[?4 ,gr[? ( ! ,great ,religions out ( ^! ,beliefs4--,^! v>i\s developm5ts ( ?\ght ab\t ! gods did1 z a matt] ( fact1 take place 9 primitive times1 & t is almo/ all t c be said4 ,9 ! religion ( savages ! v>i\s elem5ts we h s briefly indicat$ cross & recross ea* o!r1 9 endless comb9ations2 none ( !m is to be f\nd entirely by itself4 ,!re is no feti% wor%ip :i* is n accompani$ by traces ( an e>ly belief 9 great gods2 !re is no belief 9 great gods :i* is n accompani$ by a belief 9 l[] spirits4 ,) reg>d to e savage religion ! /ud5t has to ask :at ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( x are1 9 :at way ! v>i\s beliefs ( ! e>ly _w1 beliefs aris+ f su* diff]5t s\rces1 meet 9 x & comb9e ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ea* ( ! high] religions1 too1 ! same que/ions h to be ask$4 ,! beliefs :i* we h sket*$ are ! mat]ials out ( :i* !y also arose4 ,!y did n orig9ate ! belief 9 high gods ) p[] ov] nature1 nor ! belief 9 ! less] spirits :i* busy !mselves ) man's affairs4 ,!y did n orig9ate ! belief 9 a life aft] dea?1 nor 0 x left to !m to appo9t sacr$ seasons 9 ! ye>1 or to consecrate ! spots to :i* wor%ip has always clung4 ,all ^! beliefs are prehi/oric1 & :at rema9$ = ! great religions 0 n to br+ !m =w>d = ! fir/ "t1 b to surr\nd !m ) a new k9d ( au?ority1 & to e/abli% z a matt] ( positive ord9ance or revelation :at _h =m]ly gr[n up )\t any ord9ance by ! unconsci\s "w ( cu/om4 ,x 0 n left = any ( ! great f\nd]s to plant religion 9 ! _w z a new ?+1 b only to add to ! old religion new =ms & new sanctions4 ,x may be said t if ^! are ! elem5ts ( :i* religion z a :ole is made1 !n religion arose at fir/ out ( illusions4 ,t is no d\bt true1 9 a s5se4 ,x 0 an illusion on ! "p ( e>ly man to suppose t ! p[]s ( heav5 7 animat$ be+s :o c\ld be 8 allies & answ] 8 appeals2 x 0 an illusion to ?9k t ! tree or ! /one conta9$ a _s1 & an illusion to ?9k t m5's spirits c g & w&] ab\t ! e>? by !mselves1 leav+ _! bodies unt5ant$4 ,b ^! illusions 7 aft] all only ! outw>d & inadequate expression 9 :i* ! _s ( religion !n clo!d itself4 ,religion mu/ always express itself 9 t]ms ( ! k :i* exi/s 9 ! _w at a p>ticul> "t2 & if ! k is defective to :i* ! _w has atta9$1 religi\s beliefs mu/ %>e 9 its defects4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 religion is some?+ m ?an k2 x is also fai? & communion1 & ^! c be deep & true1 ev5 :5 ! k :i* provides _! =ms ( expression is greatly mi/ak54 ,& :5 ! =ms ( k 9 :i* religion has clo!d itself are f\nd to be mi/ak51 religion has p[] to leave !m beh9d & to adopt o!r =ms1 z ! tree is clo!d ) fre% leaves 9 place ( ^? :i* are )]$4 ,yet x w\ld be wrong to admit t ev5 9 its "* z k e>ly religion 0 illusion & no m4 ,! poetic faculty1 ! faculty :i* prompts u to f9d outside u :at we feel to be )9 u & to ass]t its reality1 l$ man "r & n wrong4 ,:at he wor%ipp$ 0 n ! b>e object :i* met ! eye & e>1 b ! ?+ z he conceiv$ x4 ,he conceiv$ t !re 0 )\t him t ( :i* 8 inn] consci\sness bore witness1 an ideal1 a be+ n grasp$ by ! s5ses1 :i* c\ld help him1 ) :i* he c\ld hold int]c\rse1 :i* _h ! p[] he himself _h n4 ,?is1 n ! faulty outw>d expressions 9 :i* ! s5tim5t clo!d itself1 0 ! liv+ & gr[+ elem5t ( 8 religion4 ,9 addition to ! books cit$ 9 ?is *apt]1 we may m5tion-- ,c4 ,btti*]1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,hell551 #ahef4 ,j4 ,f]guson1 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 #ahfh4 ,j4 ,f]guson1 ,rude ,/one ,monum5ts 9 all ,c\ntries1 #ahgb4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fras]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 #d vols4 #aiaj4 ,an imm5se collection ( mat]ial on ! subject ( totemism1 ) fre% conclusions z to ! orig9 & mean+ ( ! sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,e>ly ,,developm5ts--,,practices ,9 e>ly religion x is important to rememb] t belief c\nt$ = mu* less ?an x n[ does2 a man's religion consi/$ 9 ! religi\s acts he did1 & n 9 ! beliefs or ?\ghts he *]i%$ ab\t 8 god4 ,wor%ip1 moreov]1 is t elem5t ( religion :i* 9 all ages & l&s is apt to advance mo/ sl[ly4 ,ev5 9 times ( f]m5t ( ideas & *ange ( belief1 we (t5 see t ! wor%ip ( a =m] "t1 be x simple or /ately1 goes on 9 its old =ms1 z if x 7 a ?+ t c\ld n *ange4 ,m5 alt] _! beliefs m readily ?an _! habits1 especially ! habits connect$ ) _! fai?4 ,if ?is is ! case g5]ally1 x 0 mu* m ! case 9 ! e>ly _w ?an x is n[4 ,! religion ( a %r9e 9 old times consi/$ ( a c]ta9 /ory ab\t ! god1 & c]ta9 acts done be=e or ne> ! object :i* repres5t$ him4 ,!re 0 no compulsion1 h[ev]1 to believe ! /ory if a man did ! acts or took "p 9 !m4 ,z to 8 private beliefs no "o inquir$2 if he took "p 9 ! prop] acts ( wor%ip he c\nt$ z a religi\s man1 unless he w5t s f> z op5ly to fl\t ! curr5t op9ions ( 8 "t4 ,nor 7 ! acts :i* w5t to make up religion ( an elaborate or difficult nature4 ,no m9ute ritual regulat$ 9 e>ly times ! approa*es to ! deity2 !y 7 a matt] ( common k1 & 7 fix$ n by law1 :i* did n yet exi/ 9 any =m1 b by public cu/om & public op9ion4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a god is to be s]v$ is kn[n ( c\rse to 8 own p :o dwell ar\nd him2 o!rs d n "k x4 ,! immigrants f ,assyria _h to s5d = a ,hebrew to tea* !m ! ritual ( ! ,god ( ,pale/9e1 z !y 7 on 8 gr\nd & did n "k ! "r way to wor%ip ,him 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #bd sqq474 ,x is lat] t ! rite becomes a my/]y1 kn[n only to ! pr(essional gu>dian ( ! %r9e or to ! initiat$ few4 ,sacrifice is an inv>iable feature ( e>ly religion4 ,:]ev] gods are wor%ipp$1 gifts & (f]+s are made to !m ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,x is 9 ?is way t1 9 antiquity at lea/1 ! relation ) ! deity 0 r5ew$1 if x _h be5 slack5$ or brok51 or /r5g!n$ & made sure4 ,sacrifice & wor%ip are 9 ! anci5t _w id5tical t]ms4 ,! nature ( ! (f]+ & ! mode ( pres5t+ x are inf9itely v>i\s1 b !re is always sacrifice 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,diff]5t deities ( c\rse receive diff]5t gifts2 ! tree has its roots wat]$1 or trophies ( battle or ( ! *ase are hung ^u its bran*es2 horses are ?r[n into ! sea4 ,b ( primitive sacrifice g5]ally we may affirm t x consi/s ( su* food & dr9k z m5 !mselves p>take (4 ,:e!r x be ! fruit ( ! field or ! fir/l+ ( ! flock t is (f]$ at ! sacr$ /one1 :e!r ! (f]+ is burnt be=e ! god or set d[n & left ne> him1 or :e!r he is summon$ to come d[n f ! sky or to travel f ! f> c\ntry to :i* he may h gone1 x is ( ! mat]ials ( a meal t ! sacrifice consi/s4 ,9 "s cases x appe>s to be ?\ght t ! god consumes ! (f]+1 z :5 ,fire is wor%ipp$ ) (f]+s :i* he burns up1 or :5 a fissure 9 ! e>? closes ^u a victim2 b 9 mo/ cases x is only ! _s or f9] ess5ce ( ! sacrifice t ! god enjoys2 ! re/ he leaves to m54 ,& ?us sacrifice is g5]ally accompani$ by a meal4 ,! (f]+ is pres5t$ to ! god :ole1 b ! wor%ipp]s help to eat x4 ,! god gets ! sav\r ( x :i* rises into ! air t[>ds him1 :ile ! m mat]ial "p is dev\r$ bel[4 ,e sacrifice is also a fe/ival4#a ,if ?is be ! case x is unnecess>y to sp5d mu* "t 9 consid]+ a numb] ( !ories =m]ly reg>d$ ) fav\r z to ! orig9al mean+ & int5tion ( sacrifice4 ,! view t x is orig9ally simply a bribe to ! deity to induce him to af=d "s ne$$ help1 receives a good deal ( c\nt5ance f primitive expressions4 ,d ut des1 ,i give to !e t ?\ maye/ give to me4 ,"h is butt]1 give u c[s6 ,by gifts are ! gods p]suad$1 by gifts great k+s4 ,0 e>ly sacrifice !n simply a bus9ess transaction1 9 :i* man br++ a pray] to ! deity br\ght a gift too1 z he 0 accu/om$ to d to ! great ones ( ! e>?1 9 ord] t ! deity might be well dispos$ t[>ds him & grant 8 petition8 ,ev5 if ?is 0 ! case1 if sacrifice 7 (f]$ ) ! direct & almo/ ! av[$ int5tion ( gett+ good value = x1 yet if x takes ! =m ( a meal1 x is lift$ above ! mo/ sordid =m ( brib]y4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 slipp+ money into a man's h& & ask+ him to d9n]1 ev5 if ! object aim$ at be 9 bo? cases ! same2 & :5 ! invitations are num]\s & =mal1 !re mu/ be a moral1 n an immoral1 relation betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,:]e ! sacrifice is a meal1 int]c\rse is s\ght =2 a c]ta9 sympa?y exi/s betwe5 wor%ipp] & wor%ipp$2 !y /& to ea* o!r n only 9 ! relation ( brib] & brib$1 buy] & sell]1 b 9 t ( patron & cli5t1 or ( fa!r & son4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,tylor 7,prim4 ,cult4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cig7 /ates t sacrifices to deities1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ levels ( culture1 consi/1 to ! ext5t ( n9e-t5?s or m1 ( gifts ( food & sacr$ banquets4 ,b grant+ t e>ly sacrifice 0 = ! mo/ "p a meal1 an obs]vance1 ) a social elem5t 9 x1 betwe5 ! god & ! wor%ipp]1 :at 0 ! object ( ?is meal1 :at 0 ! motive = hold+ x8 ,9 "s cases x looks z if ! int5tion _h be5 to /r5g!n ! god1 & to make him m vigor\s1 s t he might be able to d :at 0 want$ ( him4 ,9 ! ,v$ic hymns ?is motive und5iably is to be met )4 ,! notion is by no means unkn[n 9 e>ly ?\ght1 t n only does man ne$ ,god1 b t ,god is also dep5d5t on man1 & capable ( be+ aid$ & enc\rag$4 ,9 rites :i* are n /rictly sacrifices1 we notice m5 seek+ to sympa?ise ) _! gods 9 :at ! gods are do+1 & to take a %>e 9 x by do+ simil> ?+s !mselves4 ,! ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] fires 9 pagan times connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 are examples ( ?is1 & _m o!r in/ances might be cit$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! pr9cipal motive ( e>ly sacrifice4 ,all ! incid5ts ( x sugge/ t x is n m]ely a ?+ (f]$ to ! deity1 b a ?+ 9 :i* man takes "p2 if x is a meal1 x is "o ( :i* ! god & ! wor%ipp]s p>take 9 common4 ,9 ,*9a ! ance/ors are invit$ to ! family fea/2 _! place is set = !m2 _! %>e 9 ! fea/ is plac$ be=e !m4 ,9 ! ,iliad1#b we h an acc\nt ( a solemn religi\s act3 aft] pray]s ! victims 7 slaught]$1 *oice slices 7 cut f !m & cook$ at ! fire by ! wor%ipp]s1 :o !n ate & drank _! fill2 aft] ?is all day long !y wor%ipp$ ! god ) music1 s++ ! beautiful pan to ,apollo1 & 8 he>t 0 glad to he>4 ,9 ! ,bible we "k t ! blood is p\r$ out = ! ,deity1 & 9 v>i\s sacrifices ! p>ts ,he is to h are specifi$1 :ile ! re/ is to be eat5 by ! prie/s4 ,9 ! e>li] sacrifices ( ! ,hebrews !re are no prie/s2 ^? :o pres5t ! sacrifice consume x aft] ! act ( pres5tation1 & ! occasion is "o ( mir? & jollity1 z at a banquet 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #ab1 #ac1 & ! foll[+ description2 see also ,exod4 xxxii4 #e1 #f74 ,9 fact x is a banquet4 ,?is is specially pla9 9 ! sacrifices ( ! ,semites1 z ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? has %[n4 ,e>ly ,semitic usage exhibits cle>ly h[ sacrifice 0 an act ( communion1 9 :i* ! god & 8 human family proclaim$ & r5ew$ _! unity ) ea* o!r4 ,! details may diff] 9 o!r races1 b 9 g5]al x may be said t e>ly sacrifice 0 an act done n by an individual1 ?\gh pl5ty ( individual sacrifices are also to be met )1 b by a tribe1 9 :i* all ! p>tak]s ( ! blood ( ! tribe took "p be=e ! god :o 0 _! common ance/or1 & :o1 z x 71 presid$ ov] & %>$ 9 _! fea/4 ,9 "s cases ( totem-clans ! totem animal is sacrific$1 & all ! memb]s ( ! clan eat _! animal ance/or 7only on su* a solemn occasion c\ld ! totem be eat571 & s r5ew _! bond ( memb]%ip & bro!rhood4 ,a cov5ant is made by sacrifice1 to :i* ! deity & all ! memb]s ( 8 p are p>ties4 ,footnote #b3 ,i4 #deg sqq4 ,to ^! primitive conceptions o!rs no d\bt %\ld be add$4 ,! mood 0 n always ! same :i* prevail$ :5 ! tribe r5ew$ its union ) its god2 t dep5d$ on circum/ances4 ,9 g5]al ! sacrifice ( e>ly days is a joy\s ?+1 b to a fi]ce god cruel rites belong$4 ,:5 cannibalism 0 practis$ x also 0 su* a primitive sacrifice1 & ! mo/ p[]ful means1 no d\bt1 ( cem5t+ ! union ( ! god ) ! memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,:5 ! god 0 not$ = suff]+1 a tragic tone prevail$1 & ! sacrifice might h a dramatic "* & repres5t ! lead+ incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! god4 ,if we trace ! hi/ory ( sacrifice 9 any p>ticul> p we f9d two opposite t5d5cies at "w 9 connection ) x4 ,on ! "o h& !re is a disposition to smoo? matt]s1 to drop ! h>%] practices1 to let an animal victim suffice :]e a man us$ to be sacrific$1 to let ! man (f ) "s slight mutilation1 su* z circumcision2 or to all[ poor p to (f] a less co/ly victim ?an ! =m] cu/om claim$--! rite1 9 fact1 becomes civilis$1 & adapts itself to ! feel+s ( a human] p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a t5d5cy to add to ! value ( ! (f]+s1 & to reckon ! efficacy ( sacrifice by its co/ & pa9fulness4 ,9 p]iods ( outw>d di/ress sacrifice atta9s a deep] e>ne/ness1 no?+ is to be left undone1 & no co/ to be sp>$ to br+ ! deity back to 8 p2 d>k] cu/oms :i* _h become obsolete are reviv$ aga91#c ! c]emonial is made m elaborate1 new k9ds ( sacrifice are introduc$4 ,! old social aspect ( sacrifice gr[s fa9t2 x becomes a propitiation or a trespass-(f]+2 ! notion is ent]ta9$ t sacrifice is ! m efficaci\s ! m x has co/1 or ! m magnific5t & awful its mode ( pres5tation4 ,footnote #c3 ,an in/ance ( human sacrifice has j tak5 place 9 a remote "p ( ,russia4 ,pray] is ! ord9>y concomitant ( sacrifice2 ! wor%ipp] expla9s ! reason ( ! gift1 & urges ! deity to accept x1 & to grant ! help t is ne$$4 ,! pray]s ( ! e>lie/ /age are (f]$ on em]g5cies1 & (t5 appe> to be int5d$ to attract ! att5tion ( ! god :o may be engag$ 9 ano!r direction4 ,! reque/s !y conta9 are ( ! mo/ prim>y sort4 ,food is ask$ =1 success 9 hunt+ or fi%+1 /r5g? ( arm1 ra91 a good h>ve/1 *ildr51 etc4 ,! pray]s h a r+ ( urg5cy2 !y /ate ! claims ! wor%ipp] has on ! god1 & m5tion 8 =m] (f]+s z well z ! pres5t "o2 !y praise ! p[] & ! pa/ acts ( ! deity1 & adjure him by 8 :ole relation%ip to 8 p 7& also to _! enemies7 to grant _! reque/s4 ,z life gr[s m secure1 ! note ( imm$iate urg5cy fades out ( pray]2 be+ a feature n ( an occasional wor%ip aris+ f "s press+ ne$1 b ( a wor%ip /at$ly (f]$ at set times1 x t5ds to run into =ms1 & to become fix$ & to h ! nature ( a liturgy4 ,!n x comes ab\t t ! words !mselves are reg>d$ z sacr$1 & t ! efficacy ( ! sacrifice is suppos$ to be p>tly dep5d5t on !m4 ,!y are incantations :i* ! deity _c resi/1--*>ms :i* 9 !mselves h virtue to secure ! desir$ result4 ,sacr$ ,places1 ,objects1 ,p]sons4--,! e>ly _w _h no temples1 nor idols1 nor prie/s4 ,! wor%ip ( nature does n sugge/ ! enclos+ ( a space = religi\s acts4 ,! natural object itself be+ ! sacr$ ?+1 wor%ip is br\ght to x :]e x /&s2 ! gift is c>ri$ to ! tree or to ! well1 & if ! deities are conceiv$ z be+ above ! e>?1 !n ! tops ( hills are ! spots :]e man c be ne>e/ to !m4 ,high places are sacr$ 9 all l&s4 ,groves & remote spots are also sacr$4 ,:5 man 0 c>ry+ on 8 /ruggle ) ! wild bea/s he w\ld reg>d ) t]ror ! places :]e !y _h _! lairs & /rongholds2 x 0 9 ?is =m t ! feel+ ( my/]y ) :i* mod]ns reg>d places :]e !y are cut (f f all human int]c\rse1 fir/ appeal$ to man4 ,aft] ?is e>lie/ /age _h pass$1 & ! grove _h come to be reg>d$ z ! dwell+ ( a deity1 x became a place man did n d>e to approa* except ) ! necess>y precautions4 ,we may "h expla9 a notion :i* plays a great "p 9 e>ly religion1 b is n specially connect$ ) any "o in/itution ( x1 ! notion1 namely1 ( taboo4 ,taboo is a ,polynesian t]m1 & indicates t :i* man mu/ n use or t\*1 because x belongs to a deity4 ,! god's l& mu/ n be trodd51 ! animal d$icat$ to ! god mu/ n be eat51 ! *ief :o repres5ts ! god mu/ n be lightly treat$ or spok5 (4 ,^! are examples ( taboo :]e ! inviolable object or p]son belongs to a good god1 & :]e ! taboo corresponds exactly ) ! rule ( hol9ess4#d ,b in/ances are /ill m num]\s among savages ( taboo atta*+ to an object because x is connect$ ) a malignant p[]4 ,! savage is surr\nd$ on e side by su* prohibitions2 !re is dang] at e /ep t he may t\* on :at is =bidd5 to him1 & draw d[n on himself un=ese5 p5alties4 ,! nature ( ! e>ly deities also excludes idolatry 9 connection ) !m2 !re is no ne$ = a repres5tation ( a be+ :o is visibly pres5t1 & c be extoll$ & wor%ipp$ 9 8 own p]son4 ,x 0 at a lat] /age1 :5 ! god came to be p]sonifi$ & sep>at$ 9 ?\ght f 8 natural basis1 t ! ne$ arose to make repres5tations ( him to aid ! imag9ation4 ,! /ones ( e>ly religion are n idols4 ,!y are natural1 n artificial /ones2 !y are n images ( ! god1 b ! god himself1 or at lea/ t 9 :i* ! div9e _s dwells1#e or ) :i* x associates itself = ! purpose ( wor%ip4 ,&1 fur!r1 ! e>lie/ "t kn[s no prie/s2 !re is no special class to :om alone ! celebration ( sacrifice is entru/$4 ,x w\ld be q inconsi/5t ) ! :ole view ( sacrifice :i* !n prevail$1 to suppose t x c\ld be done by proxy4 ,x 0 a man's own act1 by :i* he id5tifi$ himself ) 8 god & ) 8 tribe1 & t c\ld only be done by a p]sonal s]vice4 ,we (t5 f9d k+s & *iefs sacrific+4 ,agamemnon does s1 ,abraham & ,saul d s1 ?\gh ! sacrifice ( ! latt] is disapprov$ ( by ! prie/ly writ]4 ,david does s )\t be+ rebuk$ = x4 ,! k+ or *ief does ?is z ! natural head ( 8 clan2 "s "o mu/ take ! lead+ "p 9 ! transaction4 ,z religion is ! pr9cipal "p ( politics1 & ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! /ate is to keep itself "r ) ! gods1 ! head ( ! /ate is its mo/ natural repres5tative on su* an occasion4 ,! head ( a h\sehold also sacrifices = 8 h\se1 n only to ! spirits ( ! h\se1 b 9 cases l t ( ,job1 :]e !re is no "q ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,e>ly cu/om did n fix 9 any uni=m mann] by ^: h&s a sacrifice 0 to be made4 ,footnote #d3 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 p4 #adb1 sqq4 ,footnote #e3 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 p4 #aib4 ,magic4--,9 ano!r direction1 h[ev]1 we see 9 ! e>lie/ times ! gr[? ( a class ( p]sons ) religi\s functions & attributes4 ,:ile ! ord9>y wor%ip ( ! gods does n require ! s]vices ( any special class1 !re is ev]y:]e f\nd ! man ( special k & gifts1 to :om m5 resort = ne$s ly+ outside ! scope ( t wor%ip4 ,e savage religion conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( magic1 ( practices1 t is to say1 by :i* x is ?\ght possible to influ5ce or to =etell outw>d ev5ts4 ,e>ly man is n limit$ 9 8 views ( :at may happ5 by any accurate k ( natural laws1 or ( ! sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 & he imag9es x possible to influ5ce nature 9 v>i\s ways4 ,he imitates :at he supposes to be ! causes ( ?+s1 judg+ t ! effect w also foll[2 or he uses su* p[]s z he may h ov] spirits1 to induce or compel !m to accompli% 8 wi%es2 or he manipulates objects he believes to h a hidd5 virtue1 9 a way he believes calculat$ to br+ ab\t ! desir$ result4 ,magic is ?us relat$ bo? to ! cult ( spirits & to t ( casual objects1 bo? to animism & to feti%ism4 ,!re is g5]ally a special p]son 9 a tribe :o kn[s ^! ?+s1 & is able to "w !m4 ,x may be ! *ief or k+1--!re are _m in/ances 9 :i* ! *ief is believ$ to h p[] to br+ ra91--or x may be a sep>ate function>y1 m$ic9e-man1 sorc]]1 div9]1 se]1 or :atev] "n be giv5 him4 ,he has m p[] ov] spirits ?an o!r m5 h1 & is able to make !m d :at he likes4 ,he c heal sickness1 he c =etell ! future1 he c *ange a ?+ into some?+ else1 or a man into a l[] animal or a tree1 or any?+2 he c also assume su* trans=mations himself at w4 ,he uses means to br+ ab\t su* results2 he kn[s ab\t h]bs1 he has /ones or o!r objects end[$ ) special virtues1 he also has rec\rse to rubb+1 to mak+ images ( affect$ p>ts ( ! body1 & to v>i\s o!r arts4 ,v frequ5tly he is reg>d$ z inspir$4 ,x is ! _s dwell+ 9 him :i* br+s ab\t ! wond]ful results2 )\t ! _s he c\ld n d any?+4 ,:ile ! details ( c\rse v>y inf9itely 9 diff]5t tribes1 ! figure ( ! work] ( magic is an ess5tial feature ( any g5]al sket* ( e>ly religion4 ,he is (t5 a p]son ( great political importance2 be+ suppos$ to be 9 clos] alliance ?an any "o else ) spiritual be+s1 he has a p[] :i* is mu* dread$1 & :i* ev5 ! *ief _c disreg>d4 ,( ,sacr$ ,seasons !re c be b few 9 ! e>lie/ human life1 :5 !re is no fix$ measure ( "t1 nor any notion ( regul>ity1 b all dep5ds on ! occurr5ce ( ne$ & ( dang]4 ,z soon z agriculture 0 engag$ 91 h[ev]1 att5tion mu/ h be5 fix$ on ! recurr5ce ( ! seasons1 & ! measures ( "t af=d$ by ! moon mu/1 at lea/1 h be5 obs]v$4 ,! summ] & ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! equ9oxes1 ! new moons1 ^! 7 to ! e>ly cultivator epo*s to be obs]v$2 & c]ta9 annual fea/s are f\nd to h come into use 9 v e>ly times1 epo*s ( man's simple/ & e>lie/ cal5d>1 & occasions = tribal ga!r+s & = su* fix$ religi\s obs]vances z we h describ$4 ,a private religi\s em]g5cy aris+ 9 ! int]val betwe5 two fea/s is dealt ) by means ( a v[2 ! help ( ! deity1 t is to say1 is claim$ at once1 b ! paym5t ( ! due consid]ation = x on man's "p is def]r$ till ! "t ( sacrifice comes r\nd4#f ,footnote #f3 ,g5esis xxviii4 #bj2 ,judges xi4 #cj2 #b ,sam4 xv4 #h4 ,"* ( ,e>ly ,religion4--,we h n[ pass$ 9 review ! pr9cipal obs]vances & usages ( primitive religion2 b be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] "s rem>ks h to be made z to ! position religion held 9 ! life ( anci5t times1 & z to ! _s & temp] :i* x exhibit$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we rem>k$ above1 religion 0 9 ^! times ! mo/ important bran* ( ! public s]vice4 ,e uncommon occurr5ce _h to be laid be=e ! god1 & no important /ep c\ld be tak5 )\t consult+ him2 & x 0 a pr9cipal duty ( ! head ( ! /ate to keep ! god on good t]ms ) ! tribe1 & to apply to him = all ! aid & protection ! tribe requir$ f him4 ,9 att5d+ to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! *ief 0 act+ = 8 tribesm52 :]e !re 0 no *ief ^! matt]s 7 n neglect$1 b 7 look$ aft] by common spontane\s action by ! memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,! god 0 _! "l1 _! fa!r1 & !y mu/ always take him along ) !m4 ,?is id5tification ( ! god ) ! int]e/s ( 8 subjects is s close t ! latt] are tr\bl$ ) no d\bts z to :e!r or n _! god is ) !m4 ,if !y obs]ve ! cu/om>y rules = cultivat+ 8 fri5d%ip1 he mu/ be ) !m2 !y nev] imag9e t he c be e/rang$ f !m4 ,x is ! habitual attitude ( e>ly religion to take x = grant$ t ! god goes ) 8 p 7he g5]ally has no o!r p to g )7 & helps !m aga9/ _! adv]s>ies4 ,to d\bt ?is & to resort to sacrifices ( atonem5t to br+ him back f 8 e/rangem5t is a lat] /age ( religion4 ,b if religion is 9 ?is way a public matt]1 a matt] ( ! tribe & its conc]ns1 :at place is !re 9 x = ! individual8 ,individual c>es & ne$s may =m ! subject ( pray]s & v[s1 b religion on ! :ole has to d ) ! tribe1 n ) ! individual1 or ) ! individual only z a memb] ( ! tribe4 ,x is ! duty ( e "o to take 8 "p 9 ! public approa*es to ! god2 he mu/ ei!r d s or be cut (f f 8 tribe4 ,= 8 own griefs !re is little com=t 9 ! tribal wor%ip2 inde$1 p]sonal sorr[s & p]plexities meet ) b little consid]ation 9 e>ly religion4 ,z ! tribe is 9 no d\bt ( ! goodwill ( its god1 & reg>ds him z a firm ally n easily turn$ away1 old religion has a confid5t & joy\s air1 /rongly contra/+ ) ! d\bts & ! contrition ( mod]n fai?4 ,! acts ( wor%ip are fea/s at :i* ! memb]s ( ! tribe rejoice & make m]ry be=e _! god4 ,to ! delights ( fea/+ ^? ( dance & song are add$ 7,! p sat d[n to eat & dr9k1 & rose up to play71 & frequ5tly ! m]rymak+ goes to ! pit* ( fr5zy2 ! wor%ipp]s dance !mselves into an ec/asy2 !y feel ! god tak+ possession ( !m1 & are hurri$ along by ! sacr$ inspiration to behavi\r !y w\ld n dream ( at any o!r "t4 ,e>ly ,religion & ,morality4--,h[ did ?is e>ly religion be> ^u morality8 ,9 h[ f> 0 x a p[] = righte\sness8 ,!re are two sides to ?is "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! religion ( ! infant _w 0 a /rong influ5ce = ! re/ra9t ( individual excess4 ,! god be+ ! p>5t ( ! tribe1 its cu/oms _h 8 sanction1 he _h no high] int]e/ ?an its welf>e1 he 0 id5tifi$ ) all its ent]prises1 its battles 7 8 battles also4 ,! wor%ip ( ! god !re=e made /rongly = loyalty to ! tribe1 & = ! obs]vance ( its cu/oms2 x caus$ a man to =get 8 own int]e/ :]e t ( ! tribe 0 conc]n$1 & unhesitat+ly to sacrifice himself = ! public cause4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 primitive religion 0 an int5sely cons]vative =ce2 x subject$ ! :ole life to ! cu/oms ( ! tribe1 & disc\rag$ spontaneity & indep5d5ce 9 moral action4 ,! duties x prescrib$ 7 ( a conv5tional ord]2 a man _h no duties to ^? beyond 8 tribe1 & to 8 fell[-tribesm5 religion bade him r walk by rule ?an consult 8 own feel+s4 ,( ! morality :i* consi/s 9 discipl9e & subord9ation to ! community1 e>ly religion 0 an effici5t s*ool2 to ! high] morality1 ! law ( :i* is f\nd writt5 9 ! he>t1 & :i* aims at r5d]+ high] s]vices ?an ^? ( cu/om1 x did n atta94 ,! wor%ip ( ! high] nature-p[]s1 ! heav5ly p[]s ( light & k9dness1 t5d+ z x did to transc5d ! limits ( place & ( nationality1 0 de/9$ p[]fully to fo/] a m g5]\s morality ?an t ( ! tribal wor%ip1 & ?is t5d5cy 0 no d\bt dimly felt by e>ly man long be=e x 0 possible = him to foll[ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,national ,,religion ,we n[ leave beh9d u ! beliefs & practices ( savage & b>b>\s tribes1 & turn to ^? ( mighty empires4 ,! gulf :i* lies betwe5 ^! two p>ts ( our subject is obvi\sly a wide "o2 & 9 _m in/ances !re is no bridge by :i* ! /ud5t c pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,(t5 x is a matt] ( inf]5ce r ?an ( direct pro( t ! great sy/ems are built out ( ! mat]ials accumulat$1 z we h se51 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod4 ,b ! inf]5ce is suffici5tly /rong to re/ ^u2 9 "s cases we are able to see q cle>ly h[ ! religion ( ! empire arose by an un9t]rupt$ gr[? out ( t ( ! tribe2 & 9 ! cases :]e ?is _c be s fully made out1 we yet judge t ! result came ab\t 9 a simil> way4 ,we pause !re=e at ?is po9t to ask :at is ! nature ( ! transition at :i* we h arriv$1 or1 9 o!r words1 :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! primitive & ! lat] religions8 ,! diff]5ce is probably n "o ( magnitude only2 x consi/s n m]ely 9 ! fact t ! religion ( ! empire is t ( a mu* l>g] numb] ( p ?an t ( ! tribe2 !re is a diff]5ce 9 "* z well z 9 dim5sions4 ,) a view to ! exam9ation ( ?is po9t x w be f\nd conv5i5t to consid] "s ( ! propos$ classifications ( religions1 z mo/ ( ^!1 ?\gh = diff]5t reasons1 place ! religions ( ! e>ly _w 9 a diff]5t category f ^? kn[n to u hi/orically4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,classification ( ,religions 0 t ( ! true & ! false4 ,?is our pr9ciple =bids u to accept1 s9ce we reg>d ! v>i\s fai?s ( ! _w z /ages 9 ! developm5t ( religion1 & !re=e all relatively true4 ,ano!r division :i* has done good s]vice is t into natural & reveal$ religion4 ,by natural religion has g5]ally be5 und]/ood su* religion z human reason c\ld atta9 to )\t sup]natural aid4 ,b ?is description does n apply to any religi\s sy/em t ev] prevail$ l>gely 9 any c\ntry2 ! actual religions h all be5 ! "w ( cu/om & age-long tradition1 n ( ! delib]ate op]ation ( reason4 ,natural religion !re=e is a t]m :i* is ( no use to u 9 classification2 s9ce none ( ! actual religions :i* we h to /udy answ]s to t title4 ,nor is reveal$ religion a t]m we c conv5i5tly use 9 su* a "w z ?is4 ,_m religions claim to be ! result ( revelation1 b few make x at ! outset ( _! c>e]4 ,! title tells u no?+ ab\t ! orig9al "* ( a religion1 b only t at "s p]iod 9 its c>e] ! claim 0 made = x t its orig9 0 sup]natural4 ,if we gr\p$ ! reveal$ religions toge!r we might f9d t ! memb]s ( ! gr\p _h no simil>ity to ea* o!r beyond ! accid5tal circum/ance t ! claim ( revelation _h be5 made = !m4 ,besides1 sci5ce _c possibly take ! reveal$ "* ( any religion = grant$1 b mu/ exam9e ea* su* fai? to see if its gr[? _c be acc\nt$ = )\t t assumption4 ,! t]m natural religion has1 h[ev]1 o!r mean+s ?an t j m5tion$1 & "s ( ^! we may f9d to be ( m s]vice4 ,x is propos$ to divide religions into natural & positive1 or into ^? :i* h gr[n up & ^? :i* h be5 f\nd$4 ,! e>li] religions 7 n due to ! p]sonal action ( out/&+ individuals 7at lea/ if !y 71 z surely !y mu/ h be5 9 "p1 ! individuals & _! /ruggles are unrecord$71 b 7 ! "w ( unconsci\s gr[?1 & 7 produc$ by =ces1 :i*1 z !y 7 at "w 9 e "p ( ! e>ly _w1 may be call$ natural4 ,^! religions d n appeal to ! au?ority ( any f\nd]1 b are borne =w>d by cu/om & tradition4 ,"s ( ! lat] sy/ems1 on ! contr>y1 be> ! names ( _! f\nd]s1 & are said to h be5 introduc$ into ! _w at a c]ta9 "t & place4 ,_! beg9n+ is fix$1 & !y h a body ( beliefs & practices :i* belong to _! orig9al con/itution1 & possess au?ority = all subsequ5t g5]ations ( believ]s4 ,?is classification promises well at fir/1 b x is difficult to apply x2 "s religions pass imp]ceptibly f ! /age ( cu/om to t ( /atute1 & 9 _m religions bo? elem5ts are s l>gely pres5t t x is difficult to /rike ! balance betwe5 !m4 ,we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] religions is a m vital "o ?an any ( ^! classifications w\ld indicate4 ,! au?ority & ! positive "* ( ! lat] sy/ems is a symptom ( ! *ange :i* has produc$ !m1 b ! *ange itself lies deep]4 ,! high] =m ( religion is due to a great /ep :i* has be5 tak5 9 civilisation2 x is "o ( ! features ( ! advance ( society to a new /age4 ,rise ( ,national ,religion4--,x is an imm5se /ep 9 human progress :5 a set ( b>b>\s tribes unite to =m a nation4 ,"u ! /rong h& ( "s *ief or "u ! pressure ( "s great necessity1 !y give up ! isolation :i* is bo? ! weakness & ! /r5g? ( ! tribal /ate ( society1 !y *oose "s /rong place = _! c5tre1 !y submit to a common gov]nm5t1 & :ile /ill rememb]+ _! sep>ate tribal traditions & usages1 !y le>n to act z memb]s ( a great] community ?an ! tribe4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( civilisation prop]4 ,law takes ! place ( cu/om2 ! /ate und]takes to puni% crime1 & private v5geance is disc\rag$2 ! /ate also und]takes ! protection ( ! weak1 s t humane s5tim5t appe>s1 & a security is eng5d]$ 9 :i* ! arts & sci5ces c spr+ up & fl\ri%4 ,:5 ?is takes place a new type ( religion also makes its appe>ance4 ,:ile ea* ( ! tribes may long reta9 its own gods1 & its peculi> rites1 "s "o god1 p]haps ! god ( ! /ronge/ tribe1 assumes a high] position ?an ! re/2 8 wor%ip becomes ! c5tral religion ( ! community1 r\nd :i* ! o!r wor%ips arrange !mselves by degrees1 until !re comes to be a sy/em embrac+ !m all1 b itself possess+ a new "*4 ,9 ?is way a national religion comes into exi/5ce4 ,! details ( ?is process are 9 e case beyond our obs]vation4 ,x is n p]haps = c5turies aft] ! national religion has come into op]ation1 t reflection is turn$ t[>ds x2 n till ! art ( writ+ has come to "s p]fection is x describ$ & =mulat$ & made /atutory2 & by t "t all accurate memory ( its beg9n+s has fad$ away1 & its orig9 is expla9$ in/ead by a set ( leg5ds4 ,b ?\gh its beg9n+s1 l all beg9n+s1 are obscure1 ! national religion is !re4 ,x has its hi/ory2 ! great man :o br\ght ! tribes toge!r1 or :o fir/ devis$ = !m a high] =m ( wor%ip1 is rememb]$ z its f\nd]2 ! f\ndation is ascrib$ to ! inspiration ( ! *ief god himself2 its sacr$ =ms are writt5 d[n & obta9 ! =ce ( div9e laws1 ! w ( ! deity is a ?+ cle>ly kn[n & express$ 9 positive t]ms4 ,x is n ass]t$ t ?is description w apply to ! orig9 ( all ! national religions2 ! "* & ! circum/ances ( "o nation diff] f ^? ( ano!r1 & x ne$ n be suppos$ t !y all rea*$ _! /ate wor%ips 9 ! same way4 ,"s religions h become national by conque/ r ?an gr[?2 :ile "s :i* may truly be call$ national nev] atta9$ to any national organisation4 ,! process we h describ$1 h[ev]1 may be reg>d$ z ! typical "o = ! rise ( a national out ( tribal religions1 & indicates to u :at we may reg>d z ! real & sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! /age ) :i* we h be5 occupi$ & t to :i* we are n[ to turn4 ,all o!r diff]5ces betwe5 ! prehi/oric & ! hi/orical religions may be trac$ to ?is "o4 ,be=e ! religion ( a nation has sy/ematis$ its doctr9e & its ritual s z to m]it ! "n ( positive1 be=e x has provid$ itself ) a detail$ ritual or a fix$ cre$1 or a regul> prie/hood1 or a set ( sacr$ books1 ! mom5t\s /ep has already be5 tak51 ! new =m ( religi\s consci\sness has appe>$4 ,m5 h begun to believe n only 9 ! tribal b 9 ! national god or gods1 & a national religion has come into exi/5ce4 ,! advance f tribal to national wor%ip is "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( religion4 ,! nature ( ! *ange involv$ 9 x may be summ$ up z foll[s4 #a4 ,m5 obta9 a ,great] ,god ?an !y _h be=e4 ,=m]ly a man believ$ 9 ! god ( 8 tribe1 "o deity among _m1 z 8 tribe 0 "o among _m1 ea* hav+ its own god2 b n[ he comes to "k a god :o is high] ?an ! o!r tribal gods1 z ! k+ :om ! tribes h unit$ to obey is great] ?an ! tribal *iefs4 ,! god /&s at a great] di/ance ?an be=e f ! wor%ipp]2 famili>ity is less5$1 & religion becomes capable ( a deep] rev]5ce & adoration4 ,al?\gh ! wor%ip ( ! tribal god is /ill kept up1 yet if ! new-born national consci\sness is /rong1 ! national =m ( religion r ?an ! tribal w det]m9e ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ! individual4 #b4 ,new ,social ,bond4--,! nature ( ! social =ce ex]t$ by religion is altoge!r *ang$4 ,9 tribal religion ! tie ( ! wor%ipp]s bo? to _! god & to ea* o!r is t ( blood2 ! god is _! common l9eal ance/or1 ^: blood is 9 ! ve9s ( all ! tribesm54 ,! social bond suppli$ by su* a religion is limit$ to ! memb]s ( ! tribe2 a man's fell[-tribesm5 are 8 bro!rs1 b all o!r m5 are 8 enemies2 ) !m he is at w> z 8 god is4 ,social duty is a matt] ( blood relation%ip1 & ext5ds only to ! k9dr$4 ,:5 a national religion is arriv$ at1 a social obligation ( a new k9d w evid5tly make its appe>ance4 ,! national god is relat$ by blood to only "o ( ! tribes compos+ ! nation2 ! bond betwe5 him & ! o!r tribes mu/ be ( ano!r nature4 ,he has conqu]$ _! gods or !y h volunt>ily accept$ him z _! *ief god2 9 any case x is n ! tie ( blood t b9ds !m to him1 b "s m ideal tie1 l t betwe5 a k+ & 8 subjects1 or betwe5 a patron & 8 cli5ts4 ,& !y n[ h a religi\s connection also ) m5 :o are n _! k9dr$4 ,! national wor%ip is inconsi/5t ) ! gross mat]ialism ( ! sy/em ( k9%ip1 & places in/ead ( x ! belief 9 a god fur!r above ! _w1 & !re=e m spiritual1 & obligations to m5 :i*1 z !y are n d]iv$ f a common blood1 are some:at m purely moral4 #c4 ,a ,bett] ,god4--,! new god ( ! nation z he is high] above ! _w is a be+ ( high] & bett] "*4 ,he belongs to all ! tribes1 & is n ! m]e p>tisan ( any2 l ! k+1 he is above tribal jeal\sies1 & is int]e/$ 9 *eck+ ! viol5ce ( all1 & secur+ ju/ice to all4 ,he may be appeal$ to by ^? :o h suff]$ viol5ce & :o h no e>?ly help]2 & ?us he t5ds to become an ideal ( ju/ice & fa!rly k9dness1 & to reflect 9 ! _w above ! s5tim5ts spr++ up 9 ! _w bel[1 9 fav\r ( ! repression ( viol5ce & ! adm9i/ration ( ev5-h&$ ju/ice4 ,9 ^! directions ! religion ( ! nation t5ds to rise above t ( ! tribe4 ,! tribal wor%ips may cont9ue almo/ z !y 71 ! tribal gods may /ill be wor%ipp$1 ! tribal jeal\sies & conflicts /ill be c>ri$ on 9 spite ( ! new union1 & all ! sup]/itions ( e>ly religion may long survive2 yet a new religi\s =ce has appe>$ :i* w 9 "t produce a complete new sy/em4 ,! true pr9ciple ( classification1 !re=e1 mu/ be drawn f ! diff]5ce betwe5 tribal & national religion1 z ?is is ! mo/ vital diff]5ce1 & t f :i* all ! o!rs :i* we m5tion$ may be d]iv$4 ,! transition ?us sket*$ took place at widely diff]5t p]iods 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 x began e>ly & has tak5 place ev5 9 mod]n times1 :ile v _m tribes 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe h n yet arriv$ at x4 ,x is a transition ( :i* x is manife/ly impossible to exhibit ! detail2 9 mo/ cases ! detail is n kn[n1 & x 7 a pr(itless task to trace h[ primitive religions met1 unit$ or rema9$ ap>t1 & h[ _! cross+s 9 "o case l$ to a national religion1 & 9 _m o!rs l$ to no su* result4 ,mu*1 no d\bt1 is to be f\nd on su* po9ts 9 special works1 & mu* /ill rema9s to be discov]$4 ,v>i\s in/ances ( ! =mation ( national religions w meet u 9 our subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,! ,inca ,religion4--,we give1 h[ev]1 at ?is po9t an example ( ! transition we h describ$1 drawn f a qu>t] remote f ! great movem5ts ( hi/ory1 & 9 :i* ! facts are pla9 & unconte/$4 ,( ! two great civilis$ communities ( ! ,new ,_w1 discov]$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,mexico pres5ts a wor%ip comp\nd$ ( _m elem5ts1 :i*1 along ) high & l(ty morality & great magnific5ce ( ritual1 yet reta9s an extraord9>y am\nt ( cruelty & savage horror4 ,9 ,p]u1 h[ev]1 we f9d a /ate religion :i* sup]s$$ savage cults /ill rememb]$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & f ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,incas1 writt5 by ! ,inca ,g>cilaso de la ,vega 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1#a we are able to describe ! religion ( ,p]u bo? be=e & aft] ! ,inca re=mation4 ,footnote #a3 ,pr9t$ by ! ,hakluyt ,society4 ,be=e ! ,incas1 ?is writ] tells u1 ea* prov9ce1 ea* nation1 & ea* h\se _h its own gods1 diff]5t f "o ano!r1 = !y ?\ght t a /rang]'s god c\ld n att5d to !m b only _! own4 ,!y wor%ipp$ all mann] ( deities2 ( ^! are m5tion$ h]bs1 plants1 fl[]s1 all k9ds ( trees1 high hills1 great rocks1 & ! *9ks 9 !m2 caves1 pebbles1 em]alds4 ,!y also wor%ipp$ animals2 ! tig]1 ! lion1 & ! be> = _! fi]c5ess1 & ! monkey = 8 cunn+2 ^! !y did n kill1 b w5t d[n on ! gr\nd to wor%ip !m & w\ld ev5 suff] !mselves to be dev\r$ by !m1 s9ce !y reg>d$ ^! animals z _! own ance/ors4 ,all k9ds ( animals !y treat$ 9 ?is way2 !re 0 n an animal1 h[ fil?y & vile soev]1 s ! qua9t words tell u1 !y did n look on z a god4 ,o!r ,indians1 aga91 wor%ipp$ ?+s f :i* !y d]iv$ b5efit1 su* z great f\nta9s & riv]s2 "s wor%ipp$ ! e>?1 & call$ x "m1 because x yield$ _! fruits2 "s ! sea1 call+ x ,mamaco*a2 & a great numb] ( o!r objects ( adoration are m5tion$4 ,!y sacrific$ animals & maize1 b also m5 & wom51 & ^! n only captives tak5 9 w> b also _! own *ildr51 sme>+ ! idol ) ! blood4 7,9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe ?is is a symbolic act %[+ t ! idol & ! wor%ipp]s all p>take 9 ! same life47 ,"s tribes 7 fi]c] ?an o!rs1 & practis$ cannibalism m ext5sively4 ,!y 7 also well provid$ ) sorc]]s & wit*es4 ,all ?is ! ,incas alt]$4 ,!y 7 a pr9cely family1 reg>d+ ^: orig9 & accession to p[] v>i\s leg5ds are told2 ! god !y wor%ipp$ 0 ! sun1 & !y consid]$ & call$ !mselves ! *ildr5 ( ! sun4 ,_! fa!r ! sun1 !y said1 _h s5t _! =efa!rs to tea* ! tribes v>i\s ?+s !y v mu* ne$$ to le>n2 to cultivate ! fields1 to bre$ flocks1 to live 9 peace1 to respect ! wives & daught]s ( o!rs1 & to h no m ?an "o wife4 ,! ,incas knew bett]1 x 0 said1 ?an ! re/ h[ to *oose a god1 & !y decl>$ t m5 %\ld wor%ip ! sun1 :o gave light & heat & made ?+s gr[2 !y %\ld be grateful = 8 b5efits1 & he w\ld rew>d !m if !y 7 ob$i5t4 ,! ,indians accord+ly took ! sun = _! god )\t fa!r or bro!rs2 !y consid]$ ! moon to be 8 si/] & wife1 b did n wor%ip h]4 ,besides ?is1 we he> ! ,incas s\ght a supreme god1 & call$ him ,pa*acamac1 t is s\l ( ! _w4 ,?is be+ gave life to ! _w & support$ x1 b !y did n build temples to him or (f] him any sacrifice2 !y wor%ipp$ him 9 _! he>ts z an unkn[n god4 ,! practice ( ! ,inca religion z describ$ to u by sev]al ,spani% writ]s falls a good deal %ort ( ?is doctr9e4 ,_m be+s 7 wor%ipp$ besides ! sun2 a numb] ( pray]s 7 address$ to ! ,creator & ! sun & ?und]4 ,_m sacr$ objects also 7 ador$1 su* z embalm$ bodies ( ance/ors & v>i\s idols4 ,!y practis$ all k9ds ( magic1 &1 wor/ ( all1 _m boys & girls 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 ev5 be=e ! ,incas & on great public occasions4 ,! re=mation ( ! ,incas is evid5tly n complete2 if x _h n be5 arre/$ by ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds x may be t ! purify+ ag5cy ( ! new religion w\ld h f\nd mu* /ill to d4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 is se5 to af=d /rong confirmation ( ! pr9ciple t religion ga9s inf9itely 9 elevation :5 a national wor%ip appe>s4 ,! ,incas 7 no d\bt ! heads ( a tribe :i* _h conqu]$ o!rs1 & impos$ its religion on !m4 ,! less] conqu]$ wor%ips d n die out at once1 b cont9ue along ) ! c5tral "o4 ,b ! latt] expresses ! national _s & aspirations2 &1 z settl$ life fo/]s ! gr[? ( intellig5ce & ( public _s1 ! c5tral wor%ip mu/ m & m sup]s$e ! o!rs1 :ile itself ca/+ (f its sup]/iti\s & backw>d elem5ts & becom+ reasonable & elevat+4 ,x w be conv5i5t to indicate at ?is /age ! fur!r l9e ( /udy to be foll[$ 9 ?is volume4 ,z x is our aim to trace1 h[ev] inadequately1 ! gr[? ( ! religion ( ! _w z a :ole1 x is necess>y t we %\ld conf9e ourselves to ^? p>ts ( religi\s hi/ory :i* lie 9 ! l9e ( t gr[?1 or :i* s]ve 9 a conspicu\s mann] to illu/rate ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* x has tak5 place4 ,x is by no means our purpose to give an acc\nt ( all ! religions ( ! _w1 nor d we seek to =m a complete magaz9e ( ! curi\s ph5om5a ) :i* ?is va/ field ( /udy is 9 e "p s well suppli$4 ,if we h int]pos$ ! =ego+ brief acc\nt ( ! religion ( ! ,incas1 x is n because ( its own intr9sic importance1 b because x supplies )9 s brief a compass su* an apt example ( t process :i* occurs s (t5 9 ! gr[? ( religion1 by :i* ! unorganis$ rites ( a multitude ( clans & families give way :5 ! nation comes into be+1 to ! high] & bett] religion ( ! /ate4 ,9 ! same way ! great religions ( :i* we mu/ next speak h1 no d\bt1 only a loose connection ) ! c5tral l9e ( ! _w's religi\s progress4 ,no "w pr(ess+ to deal ev] s cursorily ) our subject c\ld omit to deal ) ! religion ( ,*9a nor ) t ( ,egypt2 yet nei!r ( ^! fai?s p]haps has p]man5tly enri*$ ! religi\s consci\sness ( mank9d4 ,! religion ( ,babylonia1 ) :i* ea* ( ^! is connect$1 0 also ( isolat$ & indep5d5t gr[?1 & is f> away f u bo? 9 "t & 9 hi/orical connection4 ,l great & solit>y m\nta9s ( anci5t =mation1 ea* on a cont95t di/ant f ours1 ^! fai?s attract u n because we dep5d on !m1 b because !y are int]e/+ 9 !mselves4 ,x 0 out ( ! same jungle ( primitive beliefs & rites1 out ( :i* our own religion has at l5g? gr[n1 t ea* ( ^! lift$ its head to su* heights z x atta9$4 ,aft] dispos+ ( ^! great sy/ems we come to ! developm5ts1 mu* lat] 9 po9t ( "t1 :i* h l$ to ! highe/ religion yet atta9$4 ,& "h two great races or gr\ps ( peoples h to be consid]$1 ea* 9 its own way s+ul>ly gift$ & ea* contribut+ 9 a di/9ctive mann] to ! gr[? ( religion4 ,^! are ! ,semitic & ! ,indo-,european families4 ,"u ea* ( ^! heads we f9d sev]al well-m>k$ religions2 & ! nature ( ! case itself po9ts out our fur!r proc$ure4 ,tak+ up fir/ ! ,semitic gr\p1--includ+ ,islam1--s9ce ?is "p ( ! subject lies at a great] di/ance f ourselves1 we %all inquire :e!r !re is any common elem5t 9 ! v>i\s religions x comprises1 or1 9 o!r words1 if !re is a ,semitic religion :i* may be reg>d$ z ! orig9 f :i* ! ,semitic religions alike sprang1 & :i* gave !m a common "*2 & we %all !n proce$ to discuss ! ,semitic religions ea* by itself4 ,we %all !n discuss ! common belief ( ! ,aryans1 & g on to ! religions ( ! m important ,aryan nations4 ,our la/ *apt]s w deal ) ,*ri/ianity & w po9t out ! nature ( developm5t :i* our /udy z a :ole may h taught u to recognise 9 ! religion ( mank9d4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,on ! classification ( ,religions see ,tiele's article on ,religion 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,n9? ,edition4 ,alb4 ,reville1 ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion z illu/rat$ by ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhd4 ,de la ,saussaye1 ,?ird ,edition1 pp4 #e-af1 gives a good conspectus ( ! v>i\s classifications :i* h be5 propos$4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,isolat$ ,,national ,,religions ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,babylon ,,& ,,assyria ,! religion ( ,babylonia1 ( :i* t ( ,assyria is a late =m1 z ! ,assyrians appropriat$ all !y c\ld ( ! religion & ! lit]ature ( ?is s\!rn empire :i* !y conqu]$1 _c be class$ along ) any o!r )\t "s inconv5i5ce4 ,9 po9t ( remot5ess 9 "t x takes prec$5ce ev5 ( ! religions ( ,*9a & ( ,egypt2 l ^! great fai?s x also is1 9 its e>li] /age1 a gr[? by itself 9 a l& & p ( its own1 :]e app>5tly x grew up indep5d5tly f rude beg9n+s4 ,x is und\bt$ly "o ( ! ,semitic religions2 b x _h a "* ( its own :i* o!r ,semitic religions did n %>e1 & ( ! simple & e>ly ,semitic religi\s attitude :i* w be set =? 9 ano!r *apt] x reta9$ b little4 ,x _h an imm5se influ5ce4 ,its ideas ent]$ ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by sev]al roads4 ,abram came to ,canaan ?r\gh ,h>an f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees2 & 9 ,canaan ! religi\s ideas1 my?s1 & leg5ds ( ,babylon mu/ h be5 well kn[n4 ,! discov]y ( ?is code ( ,hammurabi has %[n t _m ( ! laws ( ,moses 7 laws ( ,babylonia long be=e ,moses4 ,9 a lat] p]iod ! tread ( ,babylonian soldi]y 0 he>d 9 ,pale/9e _m a "t be=e ! great captivity1 9 :i* ,israel sat d[n & wept rememb]+ ,zion by ! wat]s ( ,babylon4 ,9 ,greece also we f9d t ideas :i* came f ,babylon _h become kn[n1 by way ( ,ph5icia1 at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 seems to make x impossible to assign to ! religion ( ,mesopotamia any o!r place ?an ! fir/ among ! great fai?s ( ! _w4 ,! anci5t connection betwe5 ,mesopotamia & ,egypt1 surmis$ till n[ r ?an kn[n1 is com+ to light1 & x appe>s1 at lea/1 possible t ! fir/ ( ^! c\ntries may h to be reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( all ! civilisations ( antiquity4 ,! pan!on ( ,egypt has /rik+ simil>ities to t ( ,babylonia1 & "s ( ! ,egyptian temples %[ traces ( d]ivation f ! l&s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,! simil>ities 9 ! case ( ,*9a are n s m>k$1 b !y are sub/antial4 ,9 ,babylonia1 !re=e1 we may be deal+ n ) "o ( ?ree isolat$ religions1 b ) ! "m ( ! o!r two4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,locky] holds1#a ,egypt borr[$ a/ronomy f ,babylon 9 connection ) temple-build+1 m ?an #ejjj ye>s ,b4,c41 ! religion ( ,babylon mu/ inde$ be c>ri$ f> into ! pa/4 ,footnote #a3 ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 #ahid4 ,p & ,lit]ature4--,c]ta9 p>ts ( ,babylonian religion are mu* rud] & m sup]/iti\s ?an ! exalt$ />-wor%ip :i* is its c5tral feature1 & ^! h be5 ascrib$ to peoples :o dwelt 9 ,babylonia be=e ! suppos$ ,semitic conque/1 viz4 ! ,accadians 9 ! nor? & ! ,sum]ians to ! s\?1 peoples n relat$ to ! ,semites 9 blood or 9 language1 b g5]ally call$ ,turanian1 & ?\ght to be p]haps ak9 to ! ,*9ese4 ,! cunei=m writ+ :i* rema9$ 9 use = mill5niums aft] ! ,semitic immigration z ! sacr$ lit]>y =m1 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! inv5tion ( ^! peoples1 :o _h also made "s progress 9 pla/ic art4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no direct evid5ce ( ! alleg$ e>ly ,semitic invasion1 & ! ,sum]ian hypo!sis ( :i* x is a feature is n[ reg>d$ by "s ) less confid5ce4 ,x is bas$ on l+ui/ic ph5om5a4 ,hammurabi1 #bbej ,b4,c41 reign$ ov] a realm ^: subjects 7 ( diff]5t tongues1 & entru/$ 8 records to two me?ods ( writ+4 ,! old ,sum]ian language1 :i* _c1 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ s*ol>s1 be %[n to h aff9ity ) any language ( ! anci5t _w1 came to be conf9$ to matt]s ( religion & magic1 & 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,assyro-,babylonian1 :i* 0 ,semitic4 ,b ! feeble ray ( ! ,sum]ian hypo!sis c be disp5s$ ) 9 ! light :i* is %9+ on anci5t ,babylonia f o!r qu>t]s4 ,= its in=mation ab\t t anci5t l& ! _w 0 =m]ly dep5d5t on ! scanty notices ( ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s1 b )9 ! la/ half-c5tury a/oni%+ new s\rces ( in=mation h be5 op5$ up4 ,explorations c>ri$ on by s*ol>s ( _m l&s h made u acqua9t$ ) ,babylonian & ,assyrian temples & palaces1 & ) _m a great royal inscription4 ,great libr>ies1 made ( brick tablets1 h be5 discov]$ buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ! cities1 & ! gradual deciph]m5t & arrangem5t ( ?is old lit]ature is proce$+ z fa/ z able & devot$ work]s c ov]take x4 ,^? :o "k ! subject be/ decl>e t no complete hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion c yet be writt54 ,! texts n[ 9 our possession embody _m docum5ts ( mu* m remote age1 yet ! in=mation is z yet too fragm5t>y & (t5 ( too d\btful int]pretation1 :ile ! proportion x be>s to ! :ole ( ,babylonian life is too little kn[n to supply a solid f\ndation = hi/ory4 ,) ?is caution we proce$ to /ate ! results :i* are consid]$ likely to prove well f\nd$4 ,z we saw1 sev]al features rema9 9 ! religion 9 lat] times :i* appe> to ?r[ light back ^u its e>ly condition1 & x may be be/ to beg9 ) ^! be=e describ+ ! noble /ructure pres5t$ on ! :ole by ?is religion4 #a4 ,wor%ip ( ,spirits4--,! ,babylonians1 l ! ,*9ese1 believ$ ! _w to be ?ickly peopl$ ) spirits ( all k9ds2 & saw 9 ea* movem5t 9 nature ! action ( a zi or _s4 ,^! spirits c\ld be to "s ext5t controll$2 ?\gh _! "* 0 n kn[n1 yet c]ta9 *>ms & incantations 7 believ$ to h p[] ov] !m1 & communication ) ! unse5 _w took1 !re=e1 ! =m ( magic4 ,! e>lie/ portions ( ! sacr$ lit]ature consi/ ( spells or *>ms believ$ to possess ?is virtue1 & ^! 7 nev] displac$ f ! collection2 on ! contr>y1 new spells 7 writt5 ev5 aft] high] spiritual be+s 7 kn[n & m e?ical =ms ( address+ !m _h be5 devis$4 ,especially 7 all pa9s & diseases ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( spirits or ( sorc]]s & wit*es1 _! human allies1 & ! sick p]son naturally s5t = an exorci/ to expel ! _s :i* 0 torm5t+ him4 ,"s spirits 7 m p[]ful ?an o!rs1 & ! /rong] _s 0 invok$ to rebuke & drive out ! weak]4 ,! _s ( heav5 & ! _s ( e>? 7 adjur$ to conjure ! plague-demon1 ! demon :o 0 afflict+ ! eye1 ! he>t1 ! head1 or any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,ass]tions are n want+ 9 ! cunei=m lit]ature t beliefs & practices ( ?is k9d =m$ no "p ( ! true religion ( ,babylonia1 & "s s*ol>s reg>d x z a late deg5]ation4 ,! analogy ( simil> cases po9ts1 h[ev]1 to ! conclusion t magic is ev]y:]e an e>ly =m ( religion :i* is only ov]%ad[$1 n kill$1 :5 a great religion arises1 & :i* t5ds to reappe>4 ,x may be said t !re is no evid5ce ( any break 9 ,babylonian religion2 if ! ,sum]ians yield$ to ! ,semites1 ?is l$ to no religi\s revolution2 ! religion is ,semitic f fir/ to la/4 #b4 ,animals4--,a /ep above ?is traffick+ ) spirits is ! wor%ip ( animals1 :i* ,mr4 ,sayce consid]s to h be5 an e>ly =m ( ,babylonian religion1 & to af=d an explanation ( v>i\s features 9 x4 ,l ! gods ( ,egypt & ^? ( ,greece1 _m ( ! gods ( ,babylon h animal emblems2 ?is appe>s bo? 9 ! repres5tations ( !m & 9 _! leg5ds4 ,! w+$ bulls & eagle-head$ m5 ( ,babylonian art repres5t ! same rise ( ! gods :i* we "k to h tak5 place 9 ,egypt1 f ! animal to ! semi-human1 & !n to ! fully human =m4 ,an int]m$iate /age 9 ,babylonia is t ! god /&s on ! back ( ! animal ) :i* presumably he 0 =m]ly id5tifi$4 ,we h an ,assyrian ,dagon ^: head & %\ld]s are cov]$ ) a fi%'s sk92 we h gods & goddesses :o are human figures ) ! exception ( _! w+s2 we h w+$ dragons2 we h ! great bulls ) human head & w+s :i* /ood z gu>dian deities to w>d (f evil spirits at ! portal ( a palace4 ,! foll[+ animals 7 also connect$ ) gods3 ! antelope1 ! s]p5t1 :i* came to be ! embodim5t ( cunn+ & wick$ness1 ! goat1 ! pig1 ! vulture4 ,we ?us see t ! rise f zoomorphism to an?ropomorphism :i* ! ,greeks aft]w>ds c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t atta9able by ! res\rces ( art1 began 9 ,babylonia4 ,l all e>ly religions1 t ( ,babylonia is brok5 up into a multiplicity ( local wor%ips4 ,!re is no common sy/em1 b ea* place has its own god or gods & its own sacr$ rites4 ,9 ,egypt we %all f9d reason to believe t ?is /ate ( matt]s _h its orig9 9 an e>ly totemi/ic arrangem5t ( society2 :e!r ! same 0 ! case 9 ,babylonia or n1 x is va9 to speculate4 ,babylonian religion z we see x has ris5 f> above ! direct wor%ip ( animals4 ,ea* god comes be=e u 9 a c]ta9 local connection & ) a special "*1 b !y t5d to gr[ l ea* o!r1 & _! wor%ip is organis$ on ! same plan4 ,! gods ( ,babylonia und\bt$ly belong$ to diff]5t t[ns1 & ?\gh attempts 7 made 9 lat] times to br+ !m all toge!r 9 an imp]ial ,babylonian religion1 & to settle _! relations to ea* o!r1 ^! attempts l$ to no sy/em :i* 0 f9ally accept$4 ,! numb] ( ! recognis$ great gods v>i$1 & !re 0 always a l>ge numb] ( m9or gods4 ,ea* god has 8 own e>ly hi/ory2 "h z ev]y:]e x is ! case t ! individual gods are e>li] ?an ! sy/em :i* seeks to connect !m toge!r4 ,! ,great ,gods4--,! great gods ( ,babylonia belong to ! elem5ts & to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:5 we fir/ see !m1 !y are n1 l ! gods ( ! we/]n ,semites1 lords & ma/]s1 *>act]s tak5 f human families2 !y are n husb&s & fa!rs b creators & univ]sal p[]s4 ,ano!r m>k ab\t !m is t !y h orig9ally no wives4 ,:5 !y come to h wives1 ^! are simply d\bles ( !mselves ) no special "*4 ,a consort is giv5 to ! god by add+ a fem99e t]m9ation to 8 "n1 ?us ,bel receives ,belit1 ,anu has ,anat4 ,f9ally ,babylonian religion is m & m direct$ to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x is ,a/ral religion c>ri$ to its fur!/ po9t4 ,?is fix$ ! arrangem5t ( its temples1 ! occupations ( its prie/s4 ,we rapidly pass 9 review ! pr9cipal ,gods4 ,"o ( ! olde/ is ,ea ( ,eridu1 a t[n :i* /ood 9 old times at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,he is a god ( ! deep1 :e!r x 0 t he 0 consid]$ to h come ov] ! wat] f ano!r l&1 or :e!r he is connect$ ) ! belief :i* 0 held 9 ,babylonia z else:]e1 t all ?+s orig9ally arose out ( ! abyss4 ,9 lat] =ms ( ! leg5d 8 "n appe>s z ,oannes1 & he is an amphibi\s be+1 half-fi%1 half-man1 :o rises f ! deep & in/ructs m5 9 arts & sci5ces4 ,works 7 pres]v$ be>+ 8 "n1 = he 0 an au?or4 ,he cont9ues1 ev5 :5 little direct wor%ip is address$ to him1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! gods4 ,ana ! sky1 is ! god ( ,ere* on ! l[] ,euphrates4 ,l ! ,*9ese1 ! m5 ( ,ere* reg>d$ ! sky itself z ! highe/ god1 & ! mak] & rul] ( all ?+s4 ,9 ,babylonia1 h[ev]1 ! notion became spiritualis$ m ?an 9 ,*9a2 at fir/ we he> t 8 dwell+ became ! refuge ( ! gods dur+ ! ,deluge1 b 9 lat] times he is reg>d$ z a be+ q above heav5 & all creat$ be+s1 & ev5 all ! gods4 ,a ?ird great god is ,bel ( ,nippur1 n ! lat] ,bel ( ,babylon1 b an old] "o1 id5tical ) ! ,accadian ,mullilla1 ! "l ( ! "u-_w4 ,! e>lie/ gods ( ?is religion are ^? ( ! sea1 ! e>?1 & ! sky4 ,z !y belong to diff]5t di/ricts ( ! c\ntry1 !y c sc>cely be call$ a tr9ity4 ,a bett] approa* to a tr9ity is =m$ by ,ea ( ,eridu1 ,davk9a 8 wife :o is ! e>?1 & ! sun-god ,dumuzi1 _! (fspr+4 ,! son ( ,ea1 also nam$ ,miri-,dugga or ,m]oda* 7,m>duk71 is id5tifi$ ) ! ,egyptian ,osiris2 !y h ! same symbol1 ea* is a sun-god1 & ea* has a si/] :o is also 8 wife1 ,m]oda* has ,i/>1 & ,osiris1 ,isis4 ,9 ,s]gul ! pr9cipal deity 0 ! fire-god1 sometimes call$ ,savul2 9 ,cu?a !y wor%ipp$ ,n]gal ! god ( dea?1 ! /rong "o :o _h 8 ?rone b5ea?4 ,cu?a 0 a fav\rite place ( sepulture ) ! ,babylonians4 ,rimmon 0 a god ( w9d1 ,matu ( /orms4 ,!re is a dragon ,tiamat1 ) :om ! great gods h to cont5d4 ,! sun & ! moon 7 wor%ipp$ ev]y:]e2 ea* city _h its own sun-god & its own moon-god4 ,! pref]5ce g5]ally %[n by nomads = ! moon1 s9ce _! j\rneys are made by night1 is kept up 9 e>ly ,babylonia1 :]e ! moon-god is reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ! sun-god1 & z ! great] be+4 ,9 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees ! moon 0 ! pr9cipal deity4 ,!re 7 also t[ns su* z ,l>sa & ,sipp>a1 :]e ! sun 0 ! *ief god2 & _m ( ! great gods ( lat] times 7 orig9ally sun-gods4 ,! ,*aldeans1 moreov]1 7 prov]bially />-wat*]s1 & a zigurra? or obs]vatory1 a build+ ( sev5 sph]es correspond+ to ^? ( ! planets z !y pass ?r\gh ! signs ( ! zodiac1 & l !m ris+ up to ! seat ( ,god at ! ,nor? ,/>1 0 a regul> "p ( ! lat] ,babylonian temple4 ,to ,babylonia is due ! practice ( ! ori5tation ( temples2 t is to say1 ! arrangem5t ( ! build+ 9 su* a way t its pr9cipal axis %all po9t exactly 9 a desir$ direction4 ,"s ( ! ,babylonian temples 7 ori5t$ s t ! sun %\ld %9e to ! we/]n end ( !m on ! day ( ! spr+ equ9ox :5 ! inundation ( ! riv]s began on :i* ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry s mu* dep5d$4 ,! temple 0 ?us an a/ronomical in/rum5t ( a high degree ( accuracy1 & ! prie/s :o direct$ its build+ & s]v$ 9 x :5 built 7 m5 ( sci5ce & le>n+4 ,a religion :i* is connect$ ) ! heav5ly bodies1 ?\gh x does n fully supply ! ne$s ( ! l[] ord]s & has too little en]gy to cope ) sup]/ition1 t5ds to produce a prie/hood :o =m c5tres ( enlight5m5t & civilisation ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,?is 0 9 ! highe/ degree ! case 9 ,babylonia4 ,to ^! old a/ronom]s ! _w owes ! signs ( ! zodiac1 :i* 7 fix$ n lat] ?an 9 ! fif? mill5nium ,b4,c41 & 9 :i* we see h[ e>ly man beheld 9 ! nightly heav5s ! creatures :i* on e>? he reg>d$ z div9e1 s t he wor%ipp$ !m 9 bo? regions4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? is also ,babylonian2 :e!r x 0 connect$ ) ! *anges ( ! moon1 or ) a week ( days nam$ aft] ! sev5 planets1 is n c]ta94 ,sev5 is a sacr$ numb] 9 ,babylonia1 z we f9d 9 _m a connection4 ,my?ology4--,we come la/ly1 9 our attempt to enum]ate ^? p>ts ( ,babylonian religion :i* h ent]$ deeply into human ?\ght1 to ! my?s4 ,! h]oic leg5ds & romances are ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! be/-kn[n portions ( ! newly-recov]$ lit]ature4 ,we h already notic$ "s fragm5ts ( my?ology1 su* z ! /ory ( ! fi%-god :o comes up daily f ! sea1 ! moon be+ ! fa!r ( ! sun1 & ! family hi/ory ( ,ea & ,davk9a1 ) ! sun _! *ild4 ,! two latt] are evid5tly inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,b ! /ory ab\t ! son ( ,ea & ,davk9a has an important fur!r developm5t4 ,8 "n is ,duzu or ,dumuzu1 & he is ! ,tammuz ( :om we he> 9 ! ,bible 7,ezekiel viii4 #ad71 :o is ador$ by wom5 rais+ lam5tations = him4 ,he is said to be ! sun-god ( spr+1 to :om ! heat ( summ] is fatal1 & :o dies 9 ,june4 ,x is :5 moi/ure is fail+ f ! gr\nd t he is bemoan$4 ,8 home is 9 ,ed51 = ,ed5 belongs to ,babylonian leg5d1 :i* places x ne> ,eridu4 ,!re gr[s ! great _w-tree :i* ! gods love2 x rises f ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & is n\ri%$ f spr+s :i* ,ea himself repl5i%es4 ,x is a c$> 7,yggdrasil1 ! a%-tree1 we %all f9d1 occupies ! same position ) ! ,nor!rn ,teutons72 x is sometimes f\nd 9 a highly conv5tional =m ) ! figure ( a *]ub at ea* side ( x1 ea* ( :om holds 9 8 h& a fruit4 ,9 ?is tree s*ol>s recognise bo? ! tree ( life & ! tree ( k ) :i* we are famili>4 ,! k ( ! prie/s 9 ,babylonia 0 n = e "o1 b 0 jeal\sly gu>d$1 & kept = ! initiat$ alone4 ,f ,tammuz we naturally pass to ,i/>1 "o ( ! few goddesses ( old ,babylonia1 & by f> ! mo/ fam\s ( !m4 ,i/> 0 orig9ally ! goddess ( ! e>?1 & bo? "m & si/] ( ! sun-god1 = we are l$ to believe t %e is at fir/ ! same z ,davk9a4 ,! great my? ( ! desc5t ( ,i/> describes h[ %e goes d[n to ! k+dom ( ! %ades to seek ! wat]s t %all give life aga9 to h] bridegroom ,tammuz4 ,! poem 9 :i* ! n>rative is pres]v$ gives a description ( ! h\se ( d>kness1 :]e !y behold no light1 & !n tells h[1 at ! ord]s ( ,n9kigal or ,allat1 que5 ( ,hades1 ,i/> is depriv$1 successively1 9 spite ( h] remon/rances1 ( all h] ornam5ts1 & h[ ! plague-demon ,namt> is bidd5 to /rike h] ) all mann] ( diseases4 ,! result ( ,i/>'s disappe>ance "u ! e>? is t all love & c\rt%ip cease bo? among m5 & ! l[] animals1 & ,ea himself is appeal$ to1 to br+ to an end s unnatural a /ate ( affairs4 ,a mess5g] is s5t to ! l[] regions to cause ! release ( ,i/> & ! reasc5t ( ,tammuz4 ,?is goddess1 h[ev]1 is kn[n n only f ?is leg5d2 %e has _m =ms1 & pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s =tunes4 ,! ,i/> ( ,ere* h]self lures ,tammuz to 8 de/ruction4 ,9 e>ly times ,i/> is also ! ev5+ />1 ! bright companion ( ! moon4 ,h] lead+ "*1 h[ev]1 seems to be t ( a goddess ( love4 ,f]tility dep5ds on h]2 %e goes "u ! e>? to f9d h] lov]4 ,9 ?is "* %e attract$ 9 ,babylonia a wor%ip not$ = impurity1 :i* "u ! "n ( ,a%tore? is f\nd also 9 ,ph5icia & 9 ,syria4 ,!re is also1 h[ev]1 a w>like ,i/>1 a /rict goddess s]v$ by ,amazons1 & capable ( id5tification ) ! ,greek ,artemis1 z ! ,i/> ( love is id5tifi$ ) ,aphrodite4 ,mu* m primitive ?an ! leg5d ( ,i/> are "s p>ts ( ! ,babylonian acc\nts ( ! creation4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^! acc\nts1 "s newly discov]$4 ,9 "o ! old god ,ea peoples ! orig9al *aos ) a v>iety ( /range mon/]s4 ,9 ano!r ! bir? ( ! gods is n>rat$ z well z t ( ! _w2 we f9d also t *aos is itself conceiv$ z a female mon/]1 a dragon ( evil1 & ! god has to d battle ) ?is p[] ( d>kness & evil1 & to br+ light & ! habitable _w up f its realm4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! ,babylonian leg5ds ( ! creation are crude & inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r1 & t ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis belongs to a mu* high] ord] ( ?\ght4 ,! ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! deluge & ! ark is m closely p>allel to ! ,bible n>rative2 ! two _c possibly be indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & !re may be no impropriety 9 hold+ t ! ,hebrew writ]s 7 acqua9t$ ) my?s ( g5]al diffusion 9 ! _w !y liv$ 94 ,! ,/ate ,religion4--,! ,babylonian & ,assyrian religion ( :i* we he> 9 ! ,bible 7cf4 ,isa4 xl4-lxvi47 is ! spl5did wor%ip ( mighty empires2 x has =gott5 its humble beg9n+s1 & "u ! guidance ( l>ge prie/ly & le>n$ corporations has gr[n mu* 9 dep? & purity4 ,( its outw>d magnific5ce ! monum5ts furni% ample pro(4 ,! temple ( ,bel-,m]oda* at ,babylon 0 a wond] ( ! _w4 ,be+ ! god ( ! prevail+ city ( ! empire1 ,m]oda* 0 ! greate/ ( all ! gods1 & 0 rev]5c$ & extoll$ z befitt$ ! fri5d & patron ( ! greate/ ( mon>*s4 ,8 son ,nebo 0 a prophet & a god ( wisdom4 ,:at ,m]oda* 0 to ,babylon1 ,assur 0 to ,assyria2 9 fact1 he 0 ! only god peculi> to ,assyria4 ,! rule t z religion gr[s 9 outw>d spl5d\r x also ga9s 9 inw>d /r5g? & spirituality is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! case be=e u4 ,! gods h come to be moral p[]s1 :o really c>e = m51 n only = ! k+1 _! e>?ly repres5tative1 b = _! wor%ipp]s 9 g5]al4 ,m]oda* is prais$ = 8 m]cy2 he n only accompanies ! k+ 9 8 w>s1 ( :i* ! inscriptions give u s _m a we>isome catalogue1 b he heals ! sick1 he br+s relief to him :o is m\rn+ = 8 transgressions1 & he br+s life out ( dea? & receives ! s\l committ$ to 8 m]cy to a bless$ dwell+ above4 ,p]haps we pass "h some:at beyond ! e>ly p]iod ( ! religion & t\* on its ultimate phase4 ,! p5it5tial hymns ( ! lat] lit]ature =m a /rong contra/ to ! magical incantations1 :i* fill s mu* space 9 ! ,babylonian sacr$ lit]ature4 ,! confessions !y conta9 are n v spiritual2 ! supplicant bewails 8 suff]+s r ?an 8 s9s4 ,inde$1 he r inf]s f 8 suff]+s t he has s9n$1 trodd51 x may be1 :]e he ought n to h trodd51 or eat5 :at he %\ld n h eat51 ?an confesses t he des]v$ to suff] = s9s ( :i* he is aw>e4 ,:at is implor$ is outw>d r$ress or ease1 n inw>d peace4 ,! removal ( outw>d ills is tak5 z =giv5ess4 ,!re c be no comp>ison betwe5 ^! hymns & ^? ( ! ,bible4 ,b :at !y d %[ is ! rise 9 ,babylonia ( a religion = ! individual4 ,! gods are s\ght n only (ficially by ! /ate or = /ate ends1 b by ! individual4 ,!y are believ$ to h reg>d to individual suff]+s2 & ! fri5ds ( a dy+ p]son believe t ! gods c>e = & w receive 8 s\l4 ,our k ( ! religion ( ^! l&s is too imp]fect to admit ( wide conclusions be+ drawn f x4 ,we "k :at ! high] religion ( ,babylonia 02 & we also see t ! high] wor%ip nev] entirely prevail$ 9 ?is l&2 ! god1 l ,bel or ,assur1 :o bore ! "* ( a human ov]-"l1 nev] drove out ! old set ( spirits1 nor br\ght ! s]vice ( !m to an end4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,egypt1 s "h ! attempts made 9 ! direction ( a pure & spiritual wor%ip met ) no ultimate success4 ,babylon & ,assyria nev] came s ne> to ,mono!ism z did ,egypt ?ree mill5niums be=e ,*ri/4 ,nabonidos1 ! la/ k+ ( ,babylon1 collect$ all ! gods toge!r 9 8 capital1 & endeav\r$ to organise !m 9 a sy/em "u ,m]oda* z _! head2 b ?is l$ to religi\s discord r ?an to peace1 s9ce ! m9or deities vehem5tly res5t$ ! removal ( _! images f _! accu/om$ %r9es1 & 7 und]/ood to refuse _! aid to ! /ate on ! new conditions4 ,! religion ( ,babylon 0 too mu* brok5 up into indep5d5t local cults to admit ( su* a unification4 ,! highe/ t 0 rea*$ 0 t "o great god 0 ador$ 9 "o city1 ano!r 9 ano!r1 ) "s dep? & spirituality4 ,to nations :i* _h atta9$ a high] fai?1 t ( ,babylon appe>$ to be an idolatr\s wor%ip ( _m gods4 ,t is a h>% judgm5t4 ,?is religion also _h life 9 x & advanc$ f a l[] to a high] /age2 f a timid traffick+ ) spirits to a s]vice ( gods :o 7 ideal heads ( human communities1 & fri5ds ( individual m54 ,x 0 n a m]e sy/em1 z ! _w has be5 accu/om$ to ?9k1 ( a/rology & ( div9ation ( o!r k9ds4 ,b :5 ,babylon & ,assyria ceas$ to be indep5d5t p[]s1 & became prov9ces ( ,p]sia1 ,bel b[$ d[n & ,nebo /oop$1 n to rise aga94 ,! _w ( t day _h no ne$ ( !m4 ,x _h already atta9$ 9 m ?an "o c\ntry to a high] religion ?an t ( ^! deities4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,! ,hi/ories ( ,antiquity1 viz4-- ,maspro1 ,hi/oire anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t4 ,dunck]1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity1 f ! ,g]man1 by ,evelyn ,abbott4 ,rawl9son1 ,! ,five ,great ,mon>*ies ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/]n ,_w3 ,*aldea1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,m$ia1 & ,p]sia4 ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 #ahhd4 ,! fir/ volume embraces ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ to ! f\ndation ( ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das alte ,te/am5t1 #aijc4 ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions *iefly f ,nippur1 #ahic4 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa4 ,sayce's ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhg4 ,tiele1 ,egyptis*e en ,mesopotamis*e ,godsdi5/54 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ahih4 ,! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ! :ole subject4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia1 9 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 vol4 v4 ,ja/r[1 ,on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 9 ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbe1 sqq4 ,f4 ,j]emias 9 ,de la ,saussaye1 pp4 #bdf-cdg4 ,bezold1 ,n9iva & ,babylon1 #aijc4 ,e4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,! ,olde/ ,code ( ,laws 9 ! ,_w1 #aijc4 ,on ! ,code ( ,hammurabi4 ,e4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 9 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 vol4 v4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,*9a ,! ,*9ese h always be5 a _w 9 !mselves1 remote f o!r races ( m52 yet !y develop$ a civilisation :i* is 9 _m respects wor?y to be comp>$ ) t ( ,india or ( ! ,we/4 ,! p :o made gunp[d] & pap] & :o pr9t$ books1 long be=e any ( ^! ?+s 7 done 9 ,europe1 might naturally ?9k !mselves ! =emo/ nation ( ! e>?4 ,_! civilisation1 h[ev]1 has ex]cis$ no influ5ce on ! _w outside ( ,*9a1 nor has x advanc$ to ! high] a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d4 ,z _! great wall secludes !m f o!r nations1 s d _! m5tal habits prev5t !m f a free int]*ange ( ideas ) =eign]s4 ,! ,mongolian race1 inde$1 f :i*1 l ! ,hung>ians & ! ,f9ns1 !y are desc5d$1 is s diff]5t f o!r races 9 _m respects t "s an?ropologi/s suppose x to h a sep>ate orig94 ,phlegmatic & matt]-(-fact by nature1 exact & c>eful 9 practical matt]s1 & to a high degree imitative & indu/ri\s1 ! ,*9ese are s+ul>ly devoid ( imag9ation & indispos$ to philosophy4 ,_! monosyllabic & un9flect$ language1 belong+ to "o ( ! e>lie/ /rata ( human spee*1 & ill fitt$ to express ab/ract or poetical ideas1 is an index to _! :ole nature4 ,if an awak5+1 z v>i\s signs appe> to indicate1 is n[ at h& = !m1 no "o c tell h[ fa/ x w proce$1 or :at ! f9al issue ( x may be4 ,*9a has at pres5t ?ree religions1 all recognis$ by ! /ate & repres5t$ 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry--viz4 ,confucianism1 ,taoism1 & ,buddhism4 ,= our purpose ! fir/ ( ^! is v mu* ! mo/ important1 z ,taoism1 orig9ally a philosophy1 quickly deg5]at$ into a sy/em ( magic1 & ,buddhism is import$ into ,*9a1 & has to be spok5 ( else:]e4 ,confucianism1 be+ ! direct desc5dant ( ! old /ate religion ( ,*9a1 is ! native gr[? ( ! m9d ( ! nation4 ,l ! ,*9ese language1 ! /ate religion belongs to a v e>ly =mation1 & pres5ts ! symptoms ( a developm5t :i* 0 rapid at fir/ b 0 e>ly arre/$4 ,hi/ory ( ,*9a4--,leg5d goes back to v remote antiquity & tells 9 a %ad[y way ( ! arrival ( ! ,*9ese f ! ,we/ 7:i* s*ol>s are agre$ 9 reg>d+ z a fact71 & ( e>ly pot5tates1 patt]ns to all _! successors1 :o treat$ ! p z _! *ildr51 & inv5t$ = !m ! arts on :i* life 9 ,*9a mo/ dep5ds4 ,hi/ory prop] beg9s ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c41 ?\gh ! ,*9ese _h ! art ( writ+ a ?\s& ye>s be=e t4 ,rese>*es1 h[ev]1 :i* are n[ be+ made by sev]al s*ol>s1 seem likely to lead to ! conclusion t ,*9a receiv$ at lea/ ! se$s ( civilisation & "s religi\s ideas f ,mesopotamia4 ,t ,*9ese religion resembles 9 "s respects t ( ,babylonia 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 a "w l ?is & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k x is necess>y to deal ) ! religion ( ,*9a z an isolat$ "o4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry op5s1 ! "*1 mann]s1 & in/itutions ( ! p are already fix$4 ,!y are already civilis$ & h an organis$ religion1 ?\gh h[ all ?is came ab\t we _c tell4 ,! e>ly k+s are m5 ( piety1 inv5tors ( arts1 & au?ors ( fundam5tal maxims ( policy2 b z "t w5t on ! k+s grew worse & lo/ ! affections ( _! p4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,*[ dyna/y came into p[] & gave ,*9a "s ( its be/ rul]s1 b x also soon fell (f2 ! c\ntry broke up into a numb] ( sep>ate feudal pr9cipalities ov] :i* ! c5tral gov]nm5t lo/ all control1 & 9 ! six? c5tury ,confucius is f\nd w&]+ f "o indep5d5t /ate to ano!r4 ,?is confusion l$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! displacem5t ( ! ,*[ by ! ,ts9 dyna/y4 ,%i-,hoang-,ti1 f\r? rul] ( ?is l9e1 "o ( ! /ronge/ rul]s ,*9a ev] _h1 assum$ ! title ( ,univ]sal ,emp]or4 ,he beat back ! enemies ( ,*9a beyond ! fronti]1 began ! build+ ( ! great wall1 & broke d[n ! p[] ( ! feudal rul]s4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! feudal sy/em /ill liv$ 9 ! affections ( ! p1 & z x 0 ! religi\s books :i* ma9ly kept ! pa/ 9 v5]ation1 ! emp]or ord]$ _! de/ruction & en=c$ ! edict ) great rig\r4 ,! ,h\se ( ,han1 h[ev]1 :i* replac$ t ( ,ts9 9 #bjf ,b4,c41 recov]$ ! anci5t lit]ature ( ! c\ntry f ! hid+-places :]e copies ( ! books _h be5 pres]v$1 & e/abli%$ 9 accordance ) !m ! v cons]vative con/itution :i* has la/$ to ?is day4 ,s\rces4--,! books ?us condemn$ & ?us recov]$ supply u ) our k ( anci5t ,*9a & ( its religion4 ,!y are political r ?an religi\s 9 _! nature4 ,*9a has no ,bible1 no book gu>d$ by ! m9i/]s ( religion z ! basis ( ! sy/em !y conduct2 ! religi\s tea*]s ( ,*9a1 if !re are any1 are ! lit]ati1 ! books !y pres]ve & /udy are ! ,classics4 ,^! are connect$ ) ! "n ( ,confucius1 :o collect$ or edit$ !m1 & himself wrote "o ( !m4 ,!y are n ?\ght to be inspir$1 b are rev]$ because ( _! immemorial antiquity4 ,no p 0 ev] m completely "u ! influ5ce ( a book1 or set ( books1 ?an ! ,*9ese4 ,! le>n$ class1 :o con/itute ! only nobility ( ,*9a1 receive _! :ole education f ! books ascrib$ to ,confucius2 :i*1 l o!r au?oritative lit]atures1 conta9 matt] ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! ,*9ese collection consi/s ( ! five ,classics 7,k+7 & ! f\r books 7,%u74 ,! =m] 7 edit$ by ,confucius2 ! latt] are by ! disciples ( t sage or by ,m5cius1 a di/+ui%$ tea*] 9 8 s*ool ab\t a c5tury aft] him4 ,! five ,classics are ! mo/ sacr$ ( all4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,i4--#a4 ,! ,yih-k+1 or ,book ( ,*anges4 ,?is is a div9+ book2 x consi/s ( a set ( int]pretations by pr9ces ( ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c41 ( a set ( l9eal figures4 ,! sy/em is 9 itself ( *ildlike simplicity1 b use & age h collect$ my/]ies ab\t x4 ,x 0 exempt$ f ! proscription ( ,%i-,hoang-,ti4 #b4 ,! ,%u-k+1 or ,book ( ,hi/ory1 conta9s spee*es & docum5ts ( ! e>ly pr9ces f ! tw5ty-f\r? to ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 #c4 ,! ,%i-k+1 or ,book ( ,poetry1 consi/s ( a collection ( #cjj songs1 select$ by ,confucius f a mass t5 times z great4 ,"s ( ^! pieces are extremely old4 #d4 ,! ,le ke1 or ,record ( ,rites4 ,?is book is said to h be5 compos$ by ! duke ( ,*[ 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c41 & is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ! anci5t /ate religion ( ,*9a4 ,x conta9s precepts n only = religi\s c]emonies1 b also = social & dome/ic duties1 & is ! ,*9aman's manual ( conduct to ! pres5t day4 #e4 ,*un ,tsew1 ,spr+ & ,autumn1 conta9s ! annals ( ! pr9cipality ( ,loo1 ( :i* ,confucius 0 a native1 f #gba-dhj ,b4,c4 ,!y are extremely dry2 & if we c\ld und]/& ! /atem5t ( ,m5cius t ,confucius by writ+ !m 7= !y are 8 own "w7 produc$ a great effect on ! m9ds ( 8 contempor>ies1 _m ?+s ab\t ,*9ese religion & mann]s w\ld be cle>] to u ?an !y un=tunately are4 ,to ^! five ,classics is sometimes add$1 z a six?1 ! ,hsiao-k+1 or ,book ( ,filial ,piety1 a conv]sation on t subject betwe5 ,confucius & a disciple4 ,x is impossible to tell h[ mu* ,confucius did = ^! old books4 ,"s hold t he did n *ange !m mu*1 nor put into !m mu* ( 8 own1 & t1 9 fact1 he 0 himself indebt$ to ^! books = all he is report$ to h taught4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is decl>$ t he made ! anci5t books tea* 8 own doctr9e1 & left out all t did n suit him2 &1 9 confirmation ( ?is view1 ! fact is po9t$ out t :ile ^! books z we h !m tea* pure ,confucianism1 ano!r religion ( a diff]5t _s 0 gr[+ up 9 ,*9a 9 ,confucius's own day1 :i* mu/ h _h "s support 9 ! old sy/em4 ,x may be t ,confucius did n c>e to report to u all ! features ( ! old religion1 b only ^? ( :i* he approv$4 ,b ! in=mation giv5 u ab\t t old religion is admitt$ly correct s f> z x goes2 & !re is little d\bt t :at ,confucius ?\ght be/ 9 x1 & :at pass$ ?r\gh him into ! subsequ5t religion ( ,*9a1 0 its mo/ *>act]i/ic & mo/ important "p4 ,,ii4--,! ,classics ( ! second ord] comprise f\r books3-- #a4 ,! ,lun ,yu1 or ,dige/$ ,conv]sations ( ! ,ma/]2 or1 z ,dr4 ,legge calls x1 ,! ,confucian ,analects4 ,x is f ?is book t we d]ive our in=mation ab\t ! sage2 x 0 compil$ probably by ! disciples ( 8 disciples4 #b4 ,! ,ta-,heo1 or ,great ,le>n+1 & #c4 ,! ,*ung ,yung1 or ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 are small] works1 giv+ a m lit]>y =m to ! doctr9e ( ! sage4 #d4 ,! ,mang-tsze conta9s ! tea*+s ( ,m5cius4 ,! ,/ate ,religion ( ,anci5t ,*9a4--,confucius nev] imag9$ himself to be a re=m] ( ! religion ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! religion ( ,*9a is 9 ! ma9 ! same to ?is day#a z x 0 be=e he appe>$1 & :at is call$ ,confucianism is simply t old sy/em4 ,t ! wor%ip ( ,confucius himself has be5 add$ to x does n involve any *ange ( its /ructure4 ,x is already well develop$ :5 we fir/ see x1 & :at is v peculi>1 x has already p>t$ ) all savage & irrational elem5ts4 ,!re is no my?ology2 ! univ]sal leg5d ( ! m>riage ( heav5 & e>? is dimly recognisable1 b !re is no set ( primitive /ories ab\t ! gods4 ,( human sacrifice !re is only "o anci5t in/ance2 !re are no rites ) any?+ savage or cruel ab\t !m4 ,ev]y?+ is prop]1 dignifi$1 & well arrang$4 ,! deities are be+s wor?y to be wor%ipp$1 & !y exact no mean+less s]vices4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any "p ( ! religion to di/urb ! propriety ( ! wor%ipp] or to sugge/ any d\bts to 8 m9d4 ,9 no o!r religion ( ! _w d we f9d ev]y?+ 9 su* excell5t ord]4 ,footnote #a3 ,! work+ religion ( ! pres5t day is fully describ$ by ,pr(4 de ,groot 9 ,de la ,saussaye1 ,lehrbu*1 ,?ird edition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n a highly-develop$ religion4 ,its beliefs are ^? ( extremely e>ly times1 & repres5t a /age ( ?\ght at :i* no o!r national religion /ood /ill4 ,! organisation common to develop$ sy/ems is entirely want+2 !re is no idol1 no prie/ly class1 no ,bible1 no !ology2 ! mo/ important doctr9es are left s vague & undet]m9$ t s*ol>s int]pret !m 9 opposite ways4 ,x is a religion 9 :i*1 j z 9 ! primitive /age1 outw>d acts are ev]y?+1 ! doctr9e no?+1 & :i* is n regulat$ by an organis$ code b by cu/om & prec$5t4 ,all ^! m>ks po9t to a =mation 9 v e>ly times1 & to a v e>ly arre/ ( gr[?1 be=e ! ord9>y developm5ts ( my?ology & doctr9e1 prie/hood1 ritual1 & sacr$ lit]ature _h "t to take place4 ,!y also po9t to ! op]ation ( "s p[]ful cause1 :i*1 :5 ! religion _h develop$ its ma9 features1 0 able to suppress old] beliefs & practices1 & lead ! nation to devote itself altoge!r to ! new] fai?4 ,h[ ?is took place we c only conjecture1 b c]ta9ly x c\ld nev] h be5 done unless ! new fai? & ! national "* _h fitt$ ea* o!r p]fectly4 ,! classical religion may1 z ,pr(4 de ,groot says1 h come into exi/5ce along ) ! classical con/itution set up by ! ,han dyna/y #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,b x mu/ h be5 ready to ent] into ?is position4 ,! objects ( wor%ip 9 ! ,*9ese religion arrange !mselves 9 ?ree classes4 ,! ,*9aman ( old wor%ipp$ & 8 desc5dant ( to-day wor%ips /ill-- #a4 ,heav54 #b4 ,spirits ( v>i\s k9ds1 o!r ?an human4 #c4 ,! spirits ( dead ance/ors4 #a4 ,heav5 7,?ian7 is ! pr9cipal ,*9ese deity2 9 /rictness we mu/ say ! sole deity1 = !re is no family ( upp] gods2 heav5 receives all ! wor%ip t is direct$ al(t4 ,x is ! cle> vault1 ! fri5dly ev]-pres5t & all-see+ blue t is meant1 n ! w9dy nor ! ra9y sky1 b t :i* is above all agitations1 & :i* all be+s ( ! air or ( ! e>? look up to & s]ve4 ,x is conceiv$ z liv+4 ,x is n a sep>able _s1 n a p[] beh9d1 t is wor%ipp$1 b heav5 itself1--! liv+ heav5 ( t e>ly ?\ght1 :i* has n yet come to di/+ui% betwe5 matt] & _s1--! liv+ heav5 :i* is ov] all1 kn[s all1 ord]s & gov]ns all4 ,to ?is heav5 o!r names are giv51 ev5 9 ! olde/ writ+s--,ti1 ,rul]2 or ,%ang-ti1 ,supreme ,rul]4 ,did ! ,*9ese conceive ?is rul] z id5tical ) heav51 or z a p]sonality dwell+ 9 x or above x8 ,x has be5 held t ! two beliefs are n ! same2 t ! ,*9ese ( ! e>lie/ times wor%ipp$ ! ,supreme ,rul]1 i4e4 ! "o ,god1 ,ti1 & aft]w>ds fell away f t position ( pure mono!ism & decl9$ to ! wor%ip ( ! mat]ial object1 heav54 ,! e>ly ,ca?olic mission>ies argu$ t ! ,*9ese ,%ang-ti 0 equival5t to ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 & signifi$ a be+ o!r ?an ! sky1 ! ,supreme ,p[] ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 g5]ally d5i$ t !y made any su* di/9ction1#b & ev5 decl>$ t !y c\ld n und]/& x4 ,! names ,heav5 & ,supreme ,rul] are us$ by !m indiscrim9ately3 "o notices t ,confucius does n use ! p]sonal =m1 b only speaks ( heav52 heav51 he says1 :5 feel+ di/ress$1 is de/roy+ me4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 an e>ly =m ( nature-wor%ip4 ,footnote #b3 ,dr4 ,legge1 :ile admitt+ t ! ,*9ese orig9ally wor%ipp$ ! vault ( heav5 itself1 ma9ta9s t !y got pa/ ! e>ly mode ( ?\ght :i* consid]s e natural object z animat$1 be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory1 & became pure !i/s1 believ]s 9 a supreme spiritual be+4 ,confucius he consid]s to h held a l[] religi\s position ?an 8 c\ntrym5 _h already atta9$ to4 ,he also reg>ds ! wor%ip ( spirits & ( ance/ors z a lat] p]v]sion & degradation ( ! orig9al religion ( "o god4 ,9 ^! positions he is foll[$ by ,pr(essor ,giles1 ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 vol4 i4 p4 #aje1 sqq4 ,! ,supreme ,p[] directs all ?+s1 & is an ev]-pres5t gov]nor bo? 9 ! natural & 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,^! two sph]es inde$ are n reg>d$ z di/9ct4 ,nature reveals 9 all its *anges ! m9d ( its rul]1 & human conduct is reg>d$ z an outw>d ?+1 z a ph5om5on on ! same plane ) ! movem5ts ( nature2 ! two are suppos$ to be "p ( "o sy/em & to act directly on ea* o!r4 ,z ,heav5 bo? gov]ns ! wea!r & looks aft] m5's actions1 = e day heav5 witnesses our actions & is pres5t 9 ! places :]e we are1 ^! two aspects ( provid5ce are closely bl5d$ & are 9 fact ! same4 ,heav5 makes its w kn[n 9 a natural way4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ peculi> features ( ,*9ese religion t x kn[s no revelation1 no miracles1 no div9e int]f]5ces4 ,x has a belief 9 de/9y1 ,m+2 e "o has 8 ,m+1 b x is only kn[n :5 x is accompli%$4 ,does ,heav5 pla9ly decl>e its ,m+8 ,confucius is ask$2 & he replies1 ,no1 heav5 speaks n2 by ! ord] ( ev5ts its w is kn[n1 n o!rwise4 ,man le>ns by ! ext]nal occurr5ces h[ ,heav5 is dispos$ t[>ds him4 ,:5 !re is excessive ra9 or long dr\ght1 ?is %[s t ! h>mony betwe5 ,heav5 & ! e>? is di/urb$4 ,x belongs to ! emp]or to put ?is "r4 ,he alone is entitl$ to (f] sacrifice to ,heav52 he /&s 9 ! close/ relation to ,heav51 :o is ! ance/or ( 8 h\se2 & :5 ,heav5 is se5 to be displeas$1 ! emp]or mu/ re/ore ! h>mony by gov]n+ 8 subjects bett] or by sacrifices4 ,9 an extreme case1 :5 ! emp]or is se5 to h fall5 "u ! displeasure ( ,heav51 ! conclusion is drawn t he mu/ no long] be emp]or4 ,! p !n are entitl$ to depose him & to set up a new rul]1 ?r\gh :om ! necess>y transactions ) ,heav5 c be c>ri$ on4 ,! belief has always be5 held 9 ,*9a1 at lea/ !oretically1 & is op]ative to ?is day1 t x c be kn[n :5 ,heav5 has reject$ a rul]1 & t x belongs to ! p to c>ry out t s5t5ce4 #b4 ,! ,spirits4--,! wor%ip ( ! spirits is a prim>y religi\s duty = ! ,*9aman4 ,! spirits1 h[ev]1 are an ill-def9$ set ( be+s2 !y are g5]ally spok5 ( 9 ! plural numb]1 & sacrifice 0 (f]$ to !m z a body1 no p>ticul> spirits be+ nam$4 ,! spirits are connect$ ) natural objects1 e "p ( nature has its _s4 ,! sun1 ! moon1 ! five planets1 cl\ds1 ra91 w9d1 ! five great m\nta9s1 b also e small] m\nta91 ! riv]s1 ea* di/rict1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s1 all h _! spirits4#c ,! spirits are n flitt+ ab\t caprici\sly1 b h be5 collect$ toge!r & organis$ 9 a hi]>*y1 & ?is has loos5$ _! connection ) natural objects4 ,!y are spok5 ( z a set ( be+s :o may be address$ z a body4 ,a pr9ce alone may sacrifice to ! _s ( ! e>?1 & to ^? ( ! m\nta9s & riv]s ( 8 t]ritory4 ,b to ! spirits 9 g5]al all may & %\ld pray2 !y assi/ ^? :o pay !m rev]5ce & sacrifice to !m4 ,x w be se5 t ! wor%ip ( heav5 & t ( ! spirits are kept sep>ate4 ,! =m] is ! imp]ial wor%ip2 ! emp]or alone is compet5t to att5d to x4 ,! latt] is ! (ficial wor%ip ( m9or /ates4 ,nor are ! two sets ( deities wr\ght into a homog5e\s sy/em2 we he> t ! spirits1 :ile subord9ate to ,%ang-ti1 are n 8 mess5g]s4 ,! surmise is n to be avoid$ t ^! two wor%ips came orig9ally f diff]5t circles ( ideas1 & h n be5 p]fectly bl5d$4 ,! wor%ip ( heav5 belongs to ! high] nature-wor%ip1 t ( ! spirits to ! l[]2 ! latt] is animi/ic1 x is a wor%ip ( deta*$ spirits1 :ile ! =m] is a wor%ip ( ! natural object itself4 ,! spirits are all good2 !re are sc>cely any bad spirits 9 ,*9ese belief4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,japanese (ficial religion1 ,%9-to 7way ( ! gods1 z di/+ui%$ f ,butsudo1 way ( ,buddha1 i4e4 ,japanese ,buddhism71 an easy wor%ip ( numb]less spirits1 )\t sacrifices & )\t any moral doctr9e1 is alli$ to ?is bran* ( ! religion ( ,*9a2 z also is ! religion ( ,corea4 ,%9-to is n ance/ral wor%ip1 & recognises no life aft] dea?4 #c4 ,ance/ors4--,! wor%ip ( ance/ors is t :i* is assign$ to ! private individual4 ,he does n approa* ,%ang-ti any m ?an he w\ld address ! emp]or on e>?2 8 work+ religion is direct$ to 8 ance/ors4 ,! ,*9ese believ$ 9 ! cont9uance ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 & address$ solemn invitations to x to return to ! body x _h =sak54 ,_! belief c sc>cely be describ$ z t 9 p]sonal immortality2 x is ! cont9uance ( ! family r ?an ( ! p]son t is ?\ght (4 ,! individual does n look =w>d to 8 own future life or all[ t to influ5ce him2 !re is little trace ( any belief 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,*9a has no heav5 & no hell4 ,x is ! pa/1 n ! future1 t influ5ces ! pres5t2 ! dep>t$ memb]s ( ! family are believ$ to be /ill atta*$ to x1 & to h become its tutel>y spirits4 ,9 e h\se !re is a hall ( ance/ors1 :]e wor%ip & sacrifice is (f]$ to !m1 & _m ev5 ( ! details ( ?is wor%ip rem9d u /rongly ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,romans s]v$ _! family h]oes4 ,tablets belong+ to ! ance/ors are plac$ 9 ?is hall2 & to ^! !y are suppos$ to come :5 prop]ly invok$1 s z to be pres5t ) ! family4 ,at e important family ev5t !y are summon$ to att5d4 ,?is wor%ip has to be r5d]$ by husb& & wife jo9tly1 s t m>riage is necess>y = its p]=mance1 & an e>ly m>riage is a religi\s duty4 ,! family sacrifice1 l all sacrifices 9 ,*9a1 is ( ! nature ( a banquet1 at :i* ! liv+ memb]s ( ! family1 & ! spirits :o h be5 summon$1 eat & dr9k toge!r4 ,to height5 ! illusion1 ! gr&son 0 sometimes dress$ 9 ! clo!s ( ! dep>t$ head ( ! h\se & made ! pr9cipal figure ( ! celebration-- ,! dead _c 9 =m be "h1 ,b !re are ^? _! "p :o be>2 ,we lead !m to ! highe/ seat ,& beg t !y w dr9k & eat3 ,s %all our sires our s]vice own1 ,& deign our happ9ess to cr[n ,) bless+s /ill m bright4#d ,footnote #d3 ,%i-k+1 ,,ii4 vi4 #e4 ,x is n only 9 ! family t ance/ors are ador$4 ,! emp]or sacrifices 9 a public capacity to all ! ance/ors ( 8 own l9e1 & also to all 8 pr$ecessors on ! ?rone2 a magi/rate to all :o h occupi$ 8 (fice be=e him4 ,anci5t ,*9a possess$ an elaborate ritual1 & occasions ( sacrifice 7 frequ5t4 ,e *ange ( season1 e port5t ( nature1 e important /ep ei!r 9 public or 9 private life1 requir$ its consecration4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! p t ! sacrifices are n ( ! nature ( propitiation1 b expressions ( gratitude & devotion m]ely4 ,asceticism has no place 9 ?is religion2 ev]y?+ 9 x is bright & s5sible4 ,he :o is to (f] a sacrifice prep>es himself by pray] & retirem5t to d s wor?ily2 b beyond ?is reasonable measure !re is no afflict+ ( ! s\l1 & 9 ! pray]s belong+ to ! occasion self-humiliation & confession h no place1 b only ?anksgiv+s & petitions4 ,! petitions are = worldly b5efits & fur!rance2 ! sacrifices are means ( procur+ ^! f ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( animal victims1 b fruits are also us$1 & ) ! importance ( ! occasion ! v>iety & co/l9ess ( ! (f]+s increase4 ,elaborate music also accompanies great sacrifices1 & is ?\ght to be v acceptable to ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,religion is n sep>at$ f life 9 ,*9a4 ,!re is no special class to take c>e ( x2 e "o has to att5d himself to ^? sacrifices :i* are incumb5t on him2 ?is is a natural1 matt]-(-c\rse "p ( a man's duty4 ,z !re is no ,bible1 !re is no religi\s in/ruction1 & ! doctr9e is q vague & undef9$4 ,! ritual1 h[ev]1 is fix$ by tradition 9 e detail1 & if a man att5ds to x he does 8 duty2 religion is a set ( acts prop]ly & exactly done1 ! prop] p]son sacrific+ always to ! prop] object 9 ! prop] way4 ,confucius 0 n a man :o tri$ to *ange ! religion ( 8 c\ntry2 inde$1 he dislik$ to talk ( religi\s subjects1 & he practis$ rev]5tly ! religion :i* _h long prevail$ 9 ,*9a4 ,8 conv]sation 0 *iefly ab\t :at we %\ld call worldly matt]s1 & x is h>d to see :y ! religion ( ,*9a1 ! same aft] him z x _h be5 be=e him1 %\ld be call$ by 8 "n4 ,:at l$ to ! connection 03 7#a7 ,t he taught 9 a cle> & simple way1 z _h nev] be5 done be=e1 ! !ory ( gov]nm5t & morals :i* lies at ! root ( ,*9ese religion1 & ?us did some?+1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 to provide t religion ) a doctr9e4 ,& 7#b7 t he collect$ & edit$ ! books :i* are ! only lit]>y docum5ts ! religion has1 & :i* h =m$ ev] s9ce ! /udy ( ! rul+ classes 9 ,*9a4 ,receiv+ ^! books at 8 h&s1 !y h naturally look$ to him z ! prophet ( _! fai?4 ,8 ,life4--,kung-fu-tsze 7i4e4 ,ma/] ,kong2 ! "n 0 ,lat9is$ by ! ,jesuits7 is bett] kn[n to u ?an mo/ o!r religi\s f\nd]s4 ,he liv$ to ! age ( sev5ty-?ree1 surr\nd$ by admir+ disciples1 :o rememb]$ :at !y saw 9 him & he>d f 8 lips2 & ?is tradition is pres]v$ 9 ! ,lun ,yu1 ,dige/$ ,conv]sations1#e a "w compil$1 z we obs]v$1 by disciples ( ! second g5]ation4 ,! sup]natural elem5t :i* 9 o!r cases ga!r$ s quickly r\nd a v5]at$ figure1 is "h entirely abs5t2 9 ,*9a su* gr[?s d n take place4 ,!re may be "s t5d5cy to idealise ! moral greatness ( ! sage1 b !re are also passages 9 :i* ?is t5d5cy evid5tly has n be5 at "w2 bo? 9 its c&\r & 9 ! homel9ess ( mu* t is report$1 ! book invites confid5ce z a g5u9e record4 ,we see ! sage z ! dilig5ce ( /ud5ts 9 ! pres5t g5]ation enables u to see ,kant or ,wordswor?2 we he> 8 op9ions on a great v>iety ( subjects2 we see h[ he behav$ on occasions ( /ate & at 8 meals 9 private1 t[>ds pr9ces & t[>ds common m52 we laugh at 8 jokes & sigh ) him at 8 privations4 ,footnote #e3 ,dr4 ,legge1 ,confucian ,analects4 ,he 0 born 9 #eea ,b4,c4 9 a good rank ( society1 b 0 br\ght up 9 pov]ty1 & ow$ all 8 success to 8 own m]its4 ,! b5t ( 8 m9d %[$ itself e>ly2 z a *ild he amus$ himself ) play+ at c]emonies2 at ?irte51 he tells u1 he b5t 8 m9d to le>n+1 ! subject ( 8 /udies be+ hi/ory & poetry1 ! c]emonies & ! music ( ! empire4 ,he e>ly arriv$ at ! views he always aft]w>ds held z to ! prop] way to gov]n a p1 & he believ$ ) all ! fai? ( an en?usia/ t a va/ improvem5t ( society w\ld foll[ ! adoption ( 8 me?od4 ,x 0 to public employm5t t he aspir$ f an e>ly p]iod ( life2 b he did n readily f9d x 9 ! unquiet times 9 :i* 8 lot 0 ca/4 ,he did enjoy (fice = c]ta9 brief p]iods1 & m>vell\s ?+s are told ( ! re=mation ( mann]s :i* at once att5d$ 8 ef=ts z a gov]nor4 ,all got _! due2 !re 0 no ?iev+1 & !re 0 no occasion to put ! p5al laws 9 execution1 = no (f5d]s %[$ !mselves4 ,:at 0 ! me?od :i* 0 held to h _h su* results8 ,9 ! c\nsels :i* he gave to v>i\s rul]s :o appli$ to him ?is is set =?4 ,he believ$ ! p[] ( example to be capable ( effect+ all t a rul] %\ld desire4 ,puni%m5ts might be disp5s$ )1 & excessive pa9s ne$ n be be/[$ on ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 b a pr9ce :o has rectifi$ himself w soon h 8 p rectifi$ too4 ,! fir/ task ( a rul] is to rectify names2 i4e4 !re is good gov]nm5t :5 ! pr9ce is really a pr9ce & ! m9i/] a m9i/]1 :5 ! fa!r is a real fa!r & ! son a real son4 ,! p]fect ord] consi/s ( ! due obs]vance by ea* rank ( ! duties belong+ to x2 !re is to be a well-regulat$ hi]>*y 9 :i* ea* und]/&s 8 function & acts x out4 ,! p are naturally good & docile1 he held1 & if !y are well gov]n$ !y w n d wrong ev5 ?\gh rew>ds be (f]$ = x4 ,?us by docile respect to tradition & au?ority1 :i* all m5 are will+ to pay if prop]ly guid$ t[>ds x1 ! pill>s ( ! /ate are e/abli%$4 ,8 ,doctr9e4--,?is is ! tru? :i* ,confucius prea*$ mo/ e>ne/ly4 ,he spoke ( heav5 b seldom1 & ( ! spirits he pr(ess$ no c]ta9 k2 he decl>$ t[>ds ! end ( 8 life t he _h n pray$ = _m ye>s4 ,he 0 a dilig5t frequ5t] ( all religi\s c]emonies & a /rong uphold] ( ! old ord]1 b 8 int]e/ 9 ^! ?+s 0 n speculative or my/ical1 b entirely practical4 ,he reg>d$ himself z a tea*] ( virtue1 n ( religi\s doctr9e2 8 wat*word 0 propriety1 ! dutiful obs]vance ( all "r & cu/om>y rules ( conduct4 ,yet !re is n want+ an ideal elem5t 9 8 doctr9e4 ,he en\nces ! !ory1 ( :i* ! :ole ( ,*9ese religion is ! outw>d expression1 t ! univ]se 9 all its p>ts1 9 nature & 9 man1 is an ord]2 t t ord] is decl>$ to man alike 9 ! ord9ances ( outw>d nature1 9 ! con/itution ( society ) its v>i\s ranks & classes1 & 9 ! ritual ( religion2 & t x is ! :ole duty ( man to "k t ord] & to con=m himself to x4 ,! !ory is "o 9 :i* ! /ate is all1 ! individual no?+1 & 9 :i* ! pres5t is entirely cru%$ "u ! dead h& ( ! pa/1 & all orig9ality & progress condemn$ ev5 be=e !y appe>4 ,if religion has be5 deliv]$ f all t is unseemly & irrational1 x has also1 at lea/ to ,we/]n eyes1 lo/ mu* ( its int]e/2 ! en?usiasms & excitem5ts ( its e>ly /ages h dep>t$1 & no new en?usiasm has come 9 _! place2 no great god-wr\ght deliv]ance ?rills ! memory ( po/]ity1 no local cults excite exceptional devotion1 no div9e hi/orical figure attracts to itself p]sonal affection4 ,religion has ca/ (f fe> b has n yet ris5 to ! inspiration ( love4 ,! dome/ic wor%ip came ne>e/ to ?is1 = ! o!r wor%ips are cold & di/ant inde$2 b t wor%ip 0 a p[]ful influ5ce = ! prev5tion ( progress4 ,! ,*ri/ian text :i* hall[s individual d>+ & innovation1 by bidd+ a man put 8 convictions above 8 fa!r & "m1 w\ld be a %ock+ impiety to ,*9ese e>s4 ,a temple 0 built to ,confucius aft] 8 dea? & 8 wor%ip 0 add$ to ! /ate religion4 ,! attempt made by ! emp]or ,%i-,hoang-,ti 9 ! ?ird c5tury aft] 8 dea? to suppress 8 memory & ! books connect$ ) 8 "n1 01 ?\gh conduct$ ) great vig\r1 unsuccessful4 ,! tea*+ ( ,m5cius 7#cga-bhh ,b4,c471 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( 8 disciples1 add$ no new elem5t to t ( ,confucius4 ,two movem5ts1 h[ev]1 h to be notic$1 :i* 9 diff]5t ways aim$ at giv+ some?+ ri*] & deep] ?an ,confucianism1 & to :i* ,*9a owes ! two additional religions ( ,taoism & ,buddhism4 ,taoism looks to ,lao-tsze z its f\nd]2 b x has no p]sonal f\nd] & is compos$ ( old] elem5ts4 ,lao 0 a philosoph] :o liv$ at ! same "t ) ,confucius1 ?\gh half a c5tury old]2 ,confucius met him1 z we he> 9 ! ,analects1 & spoke ( him ) great respect4 ,8 "w1 ! ,tao-te-k+1 has be5 pres]v$1 & ?\gh few pr(ess to und]/& x1 a g5]al idea ( 8 ?\ght may be ga!r$ f x4 ,lao1 l ,confucius1 f\nds on ! exi/+ sy/em2 he quotes l>gely f old] works1 & !re are say+s common to bo? ! sages4 ,metaphysical ?\ght1 h[ev]1 :i* ) ,confucius 0 impli$ r ?an reason$ out1 "h /&s 9 ! =efront4 ,lao's sy/em is a philosophy appli$ practically4 ,tao1 ! rul+ idea ( ! sy/em1 f :i* bo? x & ! religion :i* foll[$ x are nam$1 is v>i\sly r5d]$ ,reason1 ,nature1 ! ,way2 ! la/ is ! ne>e/1 ?\gh by no means a full r5d]+ ( x4 ,by ! manifold op]ations attribut$ to x1 x rem9ds u ( ! ,indian ,brahma1 & ! riddle ( ,lao's obscurity has be5 propos$ to be solv$ by ! supposition t he 0 deal+ ) a doctr9e import$ f ,india :i* ,*9ese =ms ( spee* c\ld b imp]fectly express4#f ,tao is n p]sonal1 b some?+ t prec$es all p]sons1 all p>ticul> be+s4 ,x 0 !re be=e heav5 02 all ?+s are f x & return to x at la/4 ,x is ! pr9ciple at ! root & ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 by :i* !y move1 )\t ha/e or /ruggle1 ambition or confusion4 ,exi/+ fir/ absolute & undevelop$1 x has n[ be5 express$2 m5 c "k x1 & ! secret ( all goodness1 all success bo? = ! individual & = ! /ate1 is to "k ,tao & live 9 x4 ,?is makes a man sup]ior to all rules & conv5tions2 at home ) himself he is sup]ior to ! _w2 he does n dissipate 8 en]gies 9 le>n+ a great numb] ( outw>d ?+s1 b acts spontane\sly f an inn] impulse4 ,9 ?is way ! philosoph] look$ = a return ( society to simpl] mann]s2 he ev5 imag9$ t m5 might cons5t to put away ! mat]ial arts ( :i* !y ?\ght s mu*1 & cont5t !mselves ) liv+ accord+ to wisdom & be+ gov]n$ by ! wise/4 ,footnote #f3 ,lao-,tzeu et le ,brahmanisme1 by ,e4 ,guimet 9 ! ,v]h&lung5 ( ! ,basal ,conf]5ce1 #aijd4 ,! moral precepts ( ,lao are (t5 ( s+ul> beauty & %[ a mu* deep] insight ?an ! cold tea*+ ( ,confucius4 ,lao taught ! gold5 rule3 ,recomp5se injury1 he said1 ) k9dness4 ,confucius1 on be+ ask$ ab\t ?is1 did n agree ) ,lao1 b decl>$ t k9dness ought to be recomp5s$ ) k9dness1 b injury ) ju/ice1 z if private morality ought n to rise high] ?an public policy4 ,res5t x n :5 y are revil$1 ,lao tea*es2 & ,he :o ov]comes o!rs is /rong2 he :o ov]comes himself is mighty4 ,he :o kn[s :5 he has en\gh is ri*4 ,! weake/ ?+s 9 ! _w subjugate ! /ronge/4 ,! ,book ( ,recomp5ses1 :i* is ! practical manual ( ,taoi/s & is univ]sally read 9 ,*9a1 sets up a high ideal ( goodness1 & claims to be /udi$ ) devotion & e>ne/ness4 ,! task ( self-discipl9e is repres5t$ z "o requir+ fai? & c\rage1 ! cont9u\s ef=ts ( a lifetime1 & unceas+ wat*fulness4 ,if we judge ,taoism ei!r by its philosophy or by its morals1 we mu/ assign x a high rank among ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made to guide m5 9 ! way ( wisdom4 ,z a religion1 h[ev]1 x is a dismal failure1 & %[s h[ little philosophy & morals c d )\t a hi/orical religi\s framework to support !m4 ,taoism 0 n at fir/ a religion1 & 0 n fitt$ to become "o1 z x nei!r (f]$ any sacr$ objects ( its own = pi\s s5tim5t to cl+ to1 nor1 l ,confucianism1 leant ^u ! /ate sy/em4 ,! religion :i* looks to ,lao z its *ief figure is n bas$ on 8 tea*+2 at mo/ x is connect$ ) "s ( 8 less important doctr9es4 ,x did n take a place 9 ! _w till five c5turies aft] ! philosoph]'s dea?1 & its rise 0 due p>tly to ! emp]or nam$ above1 :o 0 oppos$ to ,confucius1 & p>tly to tea*]s :o br\ght =w>d isolat$ doctr9es ( ,lao's sy/em :i* admitt$ ( a popul> application4 ,:5 ! religion appe>s x is a sy/em n ( philosophy b ( magic4 ,lao _h spok5 ( immortality z ! portion ( ^? :o liv$ accord+ to ,tao2 "u ! ,*9 dyna/y 7#bbj ,b4,c47 ,taoism is engag$ 9 a se>* = ! fairy isl&s1 :]e ! h]b ( immortality is to be f\nd2 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era ! head ( ,taoism is devis+ a pill :i* %all r5ew 8 y\?4 ,:5 ,buddhism ent]s ,*9a1 9 ! same c5tury ,taoism borr[s f x ! app>atus ( religion1 temples1 mona/]ies1 & liturgies1 & sets out on its c>e] z a *ur*4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ,buddhism 0 s5t =1 if we are truly in=m$1 by ! rul]s ( ,*9a1 or t x spread ov] ! c\ntry1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,nei!r ,confucianism nor ,taoism is a religion1 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 z supply+ by int]c\rse ) high] be+s an inspiration = life4 ,! =m] is regulative & no m2 ! latt] is a m]e set ( devices = obta9+ b5efits f my/]i\s p[]s4 ,buddhism1 on ! contr>y1 appeals1 z we %all see :5 we consid] x 9 connection ) ,india1 to unselfi% motives1 & insi/s on ! solemn responsibilities ( individual life 9 su* a way z to raise ! value ( ! human p]son4 ,z x appe>$ 9 ,*9a x is ri*] ?an we %all f9d x 9 ,india2 x has a god1 unkn[n to s\!rn ,buddhism1 & x has a goddess ,k\an ,y91 ! be+ :o he>s ! cries ( m51 sometimes repres5t$ ) a *ild on h] knee1 j l a ,we/]n ,madonna4 ,:ile /ill ess5tially mona/ic1 x (f]s salvation & a way ( life to all4 ,to fai? 9 ,buddha ! m]ciful "o is also add$ a belief 9 ! p>adise 9 :i* he receives believ]s4 ,?us a popul> wor%ip is provid$1 :i* nei!r ( ! old] beliefs suppli$4 ,x rema9s true t ,*9a has no religion wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! ph5om5on may !re be witness$1 :i* is se5 ) c]ta9 diff]5ces also 9 ,japan1 t sev]al religions exi/ side by side1 all ( :i* are support$ by ! /ate & live toge!r )\t rivalry1 & to all ( :i* a man may belong at ! same "t4 ,?is c\ld n be ! case if any ( ! ?ree appeal$ /rongly to patriotic s5tim5t1 or gave full expression to ! ideals ( ! nation4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 iii41 xvi41 xxvii41 & xxviii4 conta9 translations ( ,*9ese ,classics1 by ,dr4 ,legge4 ,! same writ] has publi%$ ?ree conv5i5t volumes ( 8 own1 conta9+3 #a4 ,! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,confucius1 #b4 ,! ,life & ,works ( ,m5cius1 #c4 ,! ,%i-,k+4 ,dr4 ,legge has also writt5 a popul> "w1 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a1 #ahhj4 ,also ,! ,notions ( ! ,*9ese conc]n+ ,god & ,spirits1 #aheb4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ! old ,/ate ,religion is t ( ,j4 ,h4 ,pla?1 ,die ,religion und d] ,cultus d] alt5 ,*9es51 #ahfb4 ,rville1 ,la ,religion *9oise 7#ahhi74 ,! ?ird volume ( 8 ,hi/ory4 ,r4 ,k4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,taoism1 #ahgf4 ,s4,p4,c4,k4 ,de ,groot1 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 vols4 i4-iv41 #ahib-aija4 ,also a small book1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese1 #aiaj4 ,beal1 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 #ahhd4 ,murray's ,guide to ,japan4 ,j4 ,edk9s' ,religion 9 ,*9a1 #ahgh1 ! acc\nt ( a mod]n mission>y1 may be consult$4 ,on ,taoism1 ,pfizmai]1 ,die ,lsung d] ,lei*name und ,s*w]t]1 #ahgj2 & ,die ,tao-lehre von dem wahr5 ,m5s*5 und d5 ,un/]bli*51 #ahgj4 ,julius ,grill1 ,lao-tsze's ,bu* vom h*/5 ,wes5 und vom h*/5 gut4 ,tao-te-,k+1 #aiaj4 ,vols4 xxxix4-xl4 ( ! ,s4,b4,e4 give ,taoi/ ,texts4 ,revon1 ,le ,%9toisme1 #aijg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt ,egypt is a l& ( /ill m anci5t civilisation ?an ,*9a1 & its civilisation is ( m int]e/ to u1 s9ce f x ! nations ( ! ,we/ obta9$ 9 "p ! se$s ( _! arts & sci5ces4 ,ev5 to antiquity ev]y?+ ,egyptian appe>$ v5]able & my/]i\s1 & ! air ( my/]y is n yet remov$ f ! c\ntry ( ! ,nile4 ,we h discov]$ ! s\rces ( ! riv] & h le>n$ to read ! writ+ on ,egyptian monum5ts2 b ! sph9x has o!r riddles ?an ^!--riddles n yet solv$4 ,:o are ! ,egyptians1 & :]e did !y come f8 ,9 anci5t times !y 7 ?\ght to h desc5d$ f ! int]ior ( ,africa2 n[ ! op9ion ga9s gr\nd t !y 7 at a v e>ly p]iod connect$ ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,semitic races2 _! language is ?\ght to %[ signs ( ?is remote relation%ip4 ,h[1 by :om1 & :5 7 !y =m$ into a nation8 ,no "o c tell2 !y come be=e u f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 a fully-=m$ nation1 ) an elaborately organis$ public s]vice1 & ) a civilisation bo? broad & ri*4 ,& la/ly1 ,:at is ! religion ( ,egypt8 ,:at are ! e>lie/ gods ( ! l&1 & 9 :at relation d ! v>i\s gods :i* 7 wor%ipp$ 9 x /& to ea* o!r8 ,t "q _c at ! pres5t "t be fully answ]$4 ,ev5 %\ld x be prov$1 z x appe>s likely to be1 t ,egyptian civilisation 0 d]iv$ orig9ally f ,mesopotamia1 mu* w /ill be d>k & enigmatical4 ,! =emo/ s*ol>s 9 ,egyptology confess t no hi/ory ( ,egyptian religion c z yet be writt54 ,^? :o h tri$ to sket* x diff] f ea* o!r z widely z possible1 "s alleg+ mono!ism z its />t+-po9t1 & "s ! wor%ip ( animals4 ,! religion also comes into view at ! e>ly p]iod we h m5tion$ z a fully-=m$ & /ately public sy/em1 ^: y\?ful /ruggles1 if x _h any1 are long pa/4 ,:at is mo/ peculi> 9 t religion is1 t x embraces elem5ts :i* appe> at fir/ sight to h no?+ :atev] 9 common1 nay1 to be q irreconcilable ) ea* o!r4 ,we %all d well n to attempt any con/ruction ( ,egyptian religion z a :ole1 b to cont5t ourselves ) exam9+ "o aft] ano!r ! v>i\s elem5ts1 almo/ am\nt+ to diff]5t religions1 :i* are f\nd 9 x side by side4 ,we %all no d\bt le>n some?+ ( ! relations 9 :i* !y /ood to ea* o!r1 b x may prove t we %all f9d ourselves unable to adopt any ( ! !ological !ories by :i* ,egyptian prie/s or ,greek philosoph]s s\ght to comb9e !m 9 "o sy/em4 ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature4--,! pr9cipal ?+ to be rememb]$1 9 ord] to und]/& ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,egypt1 is t ! c\ntry 0 divid$ into a numb] ( prov9ces or nomes1 :i*1 !re is e reason to ?9k1 7 orig9ally indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,( ^! nomes !re 7 ab\t tw5ty 9 ,upp] ,egypt--t is1 9 ! long gorge ( ! ,nile f ,elephant9e 9 ! s\? to ,memphis 9 ! nor?2 & ab\t ! same numb] 9 ,l[] ,egypt--t is1 9 ! flatt] c\ntry f ,memphis to ! sea4 ,k+ ,m5a or ,m5es1 f\nd] ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 ^: date1 if he 0 a hi/orical "* at all1 & n a my?ic f\nd] l ,m9os ( ,crete1 ,manu ( ,india1 or ,mannus ( ,g]many1 _c be lat] ?an #cbjj ,b4,c41 is said to h unit$ = ! fir/ "t ! two cr[ns ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,b ?\gh !y became unit$ "u "o rul]1 ! nomes nev] =got _! indep5d5ce1 nor did !y cease to ma9ta9 _! sep>ate exi/5ce z /ates )9 ! empire1 ea* hav+ its own army1 its own rul]1 its own sy/em ( taxation1 its own wor%ip4 ,! supreme p[] resid$ n[ 9 "o nome & n[ 9 ano!r4 ,! fir/ two dyna/ies belong$ to t ( ,abydos2 ! succe$+ dyna/ies1 to :i* ! e>lie/ monum5ts belong1 s t ,egypt "h beg9s its real hi/ory1 _h _! seat at ,memphis4 ,! twelf? dyna/y1 :i* is kn[n to u1 b is bo? prec$$ & foll[$ by a gap ( half a mill5nium 9 ,egyptian hi/ory1 made ,!bes ! capital4 ,!bes 0 also ! seat ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies1 :i* came aft] ! =eign dom9ation ( ! %eph]d k+s1 & "u :i* ,egypt 0 at ! summit ( its p[]4 ,ramses ,,ii4 & 8 successors1 ! ,ph>aohs ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 belong to ! n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,h[ spl5did ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt ( ,egypt 0 at v>i\s p]iods1 ! monum5ts tell u2 ^! palaces1 temples1 & tombs are 9 proportion to a p[] :i* consid]$ itself to h ! _w at its feet1 & to be ! manife/ation ( ! greate/ gods4 ,lit]ature is at ! same high level ( developm5t ) ! o!r arts1 & writ+ is us$ = e bran* ( ! public s]vice4 ,?is1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! lit]atures ( ! _w1 is spread ov] ! imm5se surfaces ( anci5t temples & tombs1 & /or$ up 9 masses ( papyrus rolls1 mu* ( :i* is /ill to be explor$4 ,our k ( anci5t ,egypt & its religion is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,! /ory ( ! deciph]m5t ( ! v>i\s *>act]s & ( ! recov]y ( ! e>ly language ( ,egypt is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful triumphs ( s*ol>%ip4 ,only "o rem>k1 h[ev]1 d we n[ make 9 connection ) ,egyptian writ+1 namely1 t x illu/rates 9 a s+ul> mann] ! cons]vatism ( ! ,egyptian p1 a feature ( _! "* :i* is /rik+ly manife/$ 9 _! religion also4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian did n ca/ away an old usage :5 a new "o1 ev5 a v sup]ior "o1 _h be5 introduc$4 ,long aft] metals _h come into use1 he /ill employ$ = v>i\s purposes1 especially ^? connect$ ) religion1 implem5ts ( /one4 ,! fl9t knives f\nd 9 mummy-cases are connect$ ) ! "w ( embalm+1 & %[ ! ret5tion ( an ar*aic usage4 ,! same is true ( ! matt] ( writ+4 ,! e>lie/ ,egyptian writ+ 0 t :i* is call$ hi]oglyphic1 or picture-writ+4 ,9 ?is sy/em :at is writt5 d[n does n repres5t ! s\nds ( words ! writ] uses1 b ! ideas 9 8 m9d2 x is writ+ )\t words2 a clumsy sy/em we %\ld say1 & pres5t+ ! greate/ possible difficulties to ! read]4 ,at a v e>ly "t1 h[ev]1 :at is call$ hi]atic writ+ 0 inv5t$1 9 :i* ! symbols us$ repres5t n ?+s b s\nds1 ?\gh ! symbols us$ are adapt$ f ^? ( ! e>li] picture-writ+4 ,x is 9 ?is hi]atic "* t ! great mass ( ,egyptian lit]ature is pres]v$ to u2 b "h aga9 we f9d t ! new sy/em did n bani% ! old "o f use4 ,especially 9 religi\s inscriptions & docum5ts1 ! matt] is giv5 bo? 9 ! new] writ+ & 9 ! old]2 ! piece is writt5 twice1 fir/ 9 hi]oglyphic1 ! old & sacr$ =m1 & !n 9 hi]atic1 ! new =m1 :i* c\ld be easily read4 ,9 ! matt] ( diff]5t objects ( wor%ip1 too1 x may p]haps be f\nd t ! same av]sion to disc>d any?+ old & sacr$ manife/s itself1 ! same disposition r to c>ry on ! old & ! new toge!r4 ,i4 ,,animal ,,wor%ip ,we beg9 ) t elem5t 9 ,egyptian religion :i* is to our eyes lea/ rational4 ,9 ! ages be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 a numb] ( ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s tell u ab\t ,egypt1 we f9d t ! religion ( ! c\ntry is describ$ z consi/+ ma9ly 9 ! wor%ip ( animals4 ,?is excit$ ! wond] ( ^! writ]s 9 no small degree4 ,h]odotus ass]ts t ! ,egyptians c\nt$ all animals sacr$1 & gives a li/ ( ^? :i* 7 specially wor%ipp$4 ,! hippopotamus1 he says1 is sacr$ at ,papremis1 ! crocodile at ,!bes2 & "s animals are sacr$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,he has mu* to tell ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! sacr$ animals are f$ & t5d$1 & ( ! hon\rs paid to !m at _! dea?4 ,lucian says3 ,9 ,egypt ! temple is a build+ ( great size & spl5d\r1 adorn$ ) preci\s /ones & decorat$ ) gold & ) inscriptions2 b if y g 9 & look = ! god1 y f9d an ape or an ibis or a goat or a cat4 ,! same /atem5t is made by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria2 & ,celsus1 ! e>ly ,roman assailant ( ,*ri/ianity1 speaks to ! same effect4 ,?us ! popul> religion ( ,egypt1 be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 _h animals = its pr9cipal objects4 ,a repres5tative ( ! sacr$ species sat or crawl$ or hopp$ 9 ! temple1 & 9 t nome t animal 0 n eat54 ,9 ! nome 9 :i* ! cat 0 sacr$ all cats 7 inviolable2 any insult (f]$ to a cat r\s$ ! :ole population to fr5zy1 & "o :o kill$ a cat1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 a /rang] 9 ! place & unacqua9t$ ) its mann]s1 =feit$ 8 own life4 ,9 ! next nome ! cat 0 n sacr$ b "s o!r animal2 & ^! local diff]5ces ( religion might occasion w> betwe5 "o nome & ano!r4 ,juv5al gives 9 8 fifte5? satire an acc\nt ( a religi\s w> ( old /&+ betwe5 two neighb\r+ nomes1 ea* ( :i* hat$ & insult$ ! animal :i* 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! o!r4 ,?is may expla9 :y x 0 impossible = ! ,israelites to (f] sacrifice to ,jehovah 9 ,egypt4 ,!y _h to g out into ! wild]ness1 (f ,egyptian soil1 be=e !y c\ld sacrifice animals ,egypt held sacr$4 ,! wor%ip ( a sacr$ animal 9 its own nome1 a memb] ( ! species dwell+ 9 ! temple & ! o!rs enjoy+ respect & protection ?r\gh\t t nome1 ?is is ! normal /ate ( affairs4 ,sometimes an individual animal acquires sacr$ness = ,egypt g5]ally1 z ! bull ,apis ( ,memphis1 ! bull ,mnevis ( ,heliopolis1 or ! goat ( ,m5des4 ,^!1 ?\gh orig9ally local deities1 might obta9 a wid] rev]5ce if ! nome !y belong$ to rose to great] p[]4 ,animals ( e size & k9d 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt4 ,besides ! l>ge animals we h m5tion$1 ! ape1 ! dog1 ! little %rew-m\se1 ea* _h its local sacr$ness2 also snakes1 frogs1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fi%es4 ,! beetle 7sc>ab7 c by no means be left )\t m5tion2 & a numb] ( trees & %rubs 7 also sacr$1#a b1 v curi\sly1 n ! palm4 ,footnote #a3 ,a v complete li/ ( ! sacr$ animals & trees w be f\nd 9 ,wilk9son's ,anci5t ,egyptians1 vol4 iii4 p4 #beh1 sqq4 ,x w be obs]v$ t our acc\nt ( ,egyptian animal wor%ip is drawn f v late s\rces & applies to a late p]iod ( ! religion4 ,! religion ( ! e>li] ages ( ,egypt is ( q a diff]5t k9d2 ! k+s & prie/s :o wrote ! inscriptions ( ! monum5ts tell u no?+ ab\t animal wor%ip4 ,is t because su* wor%ip did n fl\ri% 9 _! day8 ,n necess>ily4 ,p]haps !y knew x well1 b 7 n int]e/$ 9 x1 or did n wi% to enc\rage x4 ,! ,egyptians c]ta9ly did n believe ! wor%ip ( animals to h be5 a late innovation4 ,mane?o1 an ,egyptian prie/ :o wrote 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 says t ! wor%ip ( animals 0 introduc$ "u ! second k+ ( ! second dyna/y4 ,t is z if we %\ld say t an old cu/om ( :i* we did n "k ! orig9 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,! prie/s ( ,mane?o's day wi%$ animal wor%ip to be consid]$ a corruption ( ! orig9al religion ( _! c\ntry1 b !y c\ld n specify ! "t at :i* x _h come 91 & plac$ its orig9 9 ! my?ical p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! /ory ( ,mane?o !re=e goes to prove t ! orig9 ( animal wor%ip is ant]ior to writt5 records4 ,b we h o!r evid5ce to ! same effect4 ,! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ! deities ( ,egypt on ! monum5ts te/ify 9 a way :i* c sc>cely be mi/ak5 t ^! great be+s _h orig9ally "s connection ) memb]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! great gods ( ,egypt are designat$ on ! monum5ts 9 ?ree ways4 ,_! ultimate =m is human1 ! god is a man or woman1 & z ! human figures ( all ! deities are drawn aft] "o conv5tional male & "o conv5tional female patt]n1 a symbol is add$ to ! head to %[ :i* god or goddess is meant4 ,ha?or is a woman ) a c['s horns on h] head1 ,seb has a duck on 8 head1 & s on4 ,b an e>li] =m ( ! writt5 symbols ( ! deities is t :i* repres5ts !m p>tly 9 human & p>tly 9 animal =m4 ,horus appe>s z a man ) ! head ( a hawk1 ,ha?or z a woman ) ! head & horns ( a c[1 ,ba/ is a woman ) ! head ( a cat1 ,osiris has ! head ( a bull or ( an ibis1 ,*num ( a ram1 ,amon has ! head n[ ( a ram n[ ( a hawk4 ,deities also occur ) human bodies & ! heads ( my?ical animals su* z ! pho5ix4 ,b along ) ^! semi-human1 semi-animal figures !re are f\nd /ill simpl] symbols = ! deities2 !y are drawn z animals4 ,x is only ab\t ! twelf? dyna/y t ! *ange to ! high] =m takes place1 b ev5 aft] ! /ep 0 made ( repres5t+ ! gods z half-human1 ! old] pictures ( !m 7 n disc>d$1 b plac$ side by side ) ! new ones4 ,?us we f9d on ! same /one two repres5tations ( ,horus1 "o ( :i* gives him z a man ) a hawk's head1 :ile ! o!r makes him simply a hawk2 & simil> d\ble repres5tations ( ! o!r gods occur4 ,if ! gods ( ,egypt 7 ?us conceiv$ & repres5t$ 9 ! e>lie/ times1 !n ! animal wor%ip describ$ by ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s 0 n ! inv5tion ( a late age ( decad5ce1 b _h its roots at lea/ f> back 9 ! pa/4 ,! e>ly gods ( ,egypt 7 animals1 :atev] else1 :atev] m !y 74 ,x may be t ! animal wor%ip ( ! lat] & weak] ,egyptian p]iods 0 a revival1 su* z takes place 9 weak p]iods1 ( a /yle ( wor%ip :i* 9 e>li] c5turies _h to a l>ge ext5t disappe>$ 9 fav\r ( a m spiritual fai?4#b ,( ?is only an ,egyptologi/ c judge1 b at any rate animal wor%ip 0 n a new ?+ 9 ,egypt1 b a v old ?+4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is held by ,le ,page ,r5\f1 9 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 z ,illu/rat$ by ! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,!ories ,acc\nt+ = ,animal ,wor%ip4--,:at did ?is wor%ip mean8 & h[ are we to acc\nt = x8 ,! ,egyptians !mselves1 & ! anci5t writ]s :o turn$ _! att5tion to ,egypt1 acc\nt$ = x by a v>iety ( !ories2 & v>i\s !ories are /ill held on ! subject4 ,we c only enum]ate ! pr9cipal ones4 7#a7 ,! bea/s 7 wor%ipp$ = _! qualities1 z is said to h be5 ! case 9 ,p]u be=e ! ,incas 7*apt] vi472 ea* 0 rev]5c$ = t div9e excell5ce or virtue :i* appe>$ to be manife/ly resid5t 9 x4 ,?us ! dog 0 wor%ipp$ = 8 wat*fulness & fai?fulness2 ! hawk = its d>t+ flight ?r\gh ! upp] air1 l ! fla%+ ( ! sunlight or ( ! sun-god himself2 ! c[ z a great k9d "m2 ! beetle = t wond]ful proc$ure 9 ! reproduction ( 8 k9d1 9 :i* he s /rik+ly br+s life out ( decay4 7#b7 ,! bea/s are n wor%ipp$ !mselves2 !y are only ! emblems ( ! deities ) :om !y are connect$1 & x is ! deity :o is wor%ipp$1 n ! animal4 ,?is may be q true ( lat] practice1 b is by no means a satisfactory explanation ( its orig92 = h[ 0 x arrang$1 & :o 0 x t orda9$ at fir/1 t ! jackal %\ld be ! emblem ( ,anubis1 ! cat ( ,ba/1 ! crocodile ( ,sebak1 & s on8 7#c7 ,v>i\s my?ological & quasi-hi/orical acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( ! practice are giv51 su* z t m5 long ago *ose diff]5t animals = _! /&>ds 9 w>1 or t "s e>ly k+1 wi%+ to keep 8 subjects disunit$1 ord]$ t ea* nome %\ld s]ve a diff]5t animal4 ,x is also told z a /ory ( e>ly times t ! gods :5 !y walk$ on e>? assum$ ! =ms ( v>i\s animals2 ?us ! gods are /ill 9 ! animals4 ,! gods hid 9 ! bea/s 9 ord] to be ne> m5 & see h[ !y did4 ,b m5 f\nd !m out & wor%ipp$ !m 9 ! disguise !y _h assum$4 7#d7 ,! gods _c be pres5t 9 ! _w & _c be satisfactorily wor%ipp$ unless !y h bodies to dwell 9--t is involv$ 9 ,egyptian psy*ology2 & z ! gods w\ld be too mu* alike if !y all occupi$ human bodies1 !y *ose ! bodies ( diff]5t animals4 ,^! !ories ( animal wor%ip are evid5tly lat] inv5tions1 to acc\nt = a /ate ( matt]s ! real orig9 ( :i* 0 n kn[n4 ,philosophical prie/s c\ld n accommodate !mselves to ! animal wor%ip ( ! temples )\t a doctr9e to ju/ify x to _! m9ds4 ,b ^? :o resort$ to su* !ories ab\t animal wor%ip c\ld h no?+ to d ) call+ ! sy/em into exi/5ce4 ,we may be sure t a ref9$ & cultivat$ p did n take up animal wor%ip & cl+ to x1 9 spite ( its repulsive features1 ) su* t5acity z ! ,egyptians did1 because ( a speculative idea ( ! lik5ess ( c]ta9 bea/s to c]ta9 gods1 or to express pan!i/ic views ( ! emanations ( deity 9 animal =ms4 ,! sy/em1 9 fact1 _c h sprung up aft] ! ,egyptians became civilis$1 & c\ld n cont9ue to exi/ among a civilis$ p1 if x 0 n hall[$ by an immemorial antiquity4 ,only z a my/]y1 a ?+ ( :i* ! orig9 0 n kn[n1 c\ld su* a wor%ip cont9ue among su* a p4 ,a new explanation ( ,egyptian animal wor%ip has be5 put =w>d 9 rec5t times by ! ,an?ropological s*ool ( /ud5ts ( religion1#c & is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd4 ,! religi\s circum/ances ( ,egypt z n>rat$ by ,juv5al & ,diodorus h ! /ronge/ resemblance to ! totemi/ic /ate ( society describ$ above 7*apt] iv474 ,"h1 z 9 ,p]u be=e ! ,incas1 or among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ( to-day1 we h a numb] ( communities ea* ) its special sacr$ animal1 :i* x does n eat1 b rev]5ces & def5ds4 ,o!r traces ( totemi/ic arrangem5ts may be suspect$ "h & !re 9 ,egyptian obs]vances1 b ev5 did ! analogy ext5d no fur!r ?an to ! facts j m5tion$1 !re w\ld be a case = consid]+ :e!r ! nomes 7 n fir/ peopl$ by a set ( totemi/ic clans1 :o1 ev5 aft] !y 7 unit$ 9 "o p1 pres]v$ _! e>ly sep>ate traditions4 ,! sacr$ animals ( ! nomes w\ld !n be ! totems ( ! clans :i* fir/ settl$ 9 ^! localities4 ,lat] developm5ts ( religion nev] displac$ ^! v5]able emblems1 if ?is be s1 ( tribal life4#d ,footnote #c3 ,see ,a4 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 ,second ,edition4 ,fraz]'s ,totemism4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n ,egyptologi/s incl9e to ! !ory t animal wor%ip1 ?\gh n ! only1 0 "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( ,egyptian religion4 ,piets*mann fir/ took up ?is gr\nd4 ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ! wor%ip ( animals 9 ,babylonia1 *apt] vii4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,great ,,gods ,a v diff]5t set ( gods are ^? made kn[n to u by ! monum5ts & books4 ,x is ! pr9cipal problem ( ?is religion to expla9 h[1 along ) ! sacr$ animal1 ! cat or ibis or crocodile1 !re 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,egyptian temple ! cele/ial be+1 ! god ( heav5 or ( ! sun1 ^: nature is light1 :o is righte\s & good1 & :o m & m fills ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp] ) noble adoration1 & leads him t[>ds ! high tru?s ( !ism4 ,^! high gods ( ,egypt 7 repres5t$1 z we h se51 f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any k1 "u animal =ms4 ,z f> back z we c see1 ,ha?or is a c[1 & ,horus a hawk1 & ,anubis a jackal4 ,did bea/ wor%ip spr+ by a process ( degradation f ! wor%ip ( ! high gods8 ,we h se5 h[ difficult x is to ma9ta9 su* a view4 ,did ! high] wor%ip !n spr+ by a process ( developm5t out ( ! l[]8 ,t also w\ld be h>d to prove1 = ! high gods ( ,egypt are n bea/s1 h[ev] magnifi$ & spiritualis$1 b be+s ( a diff]5t ord]2 !y are ! sky1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! dawn4 ,& z 9 our op5+ *apt]s we saw reason to believe t ! wor%ip ( ! great p[]s ( nature is an orig9al ?+ ) e>ly man1 & expla9s itself )\t be+ d]iv$ f l[] =ms ( religion1 s we mu/ judge ) reg>d to ,egypt too4 ,ev5 if "s ( ! great gods came f ,mesopotamia1 t helps u b little to und]/& _! hi/ory aft] !y arriv$ 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ?is field also we are driv5 to recognise two religions1 diff]5t 9 nature & ( indep5d5t orig91 exi/+ side by side1 & seek+ to come to t]ms ) ea* o!r2 & ! comb9ation ( ! two is a process 9 ,egyptian religion :i* took place be=e ! p]iod ( :i* we h k4 ,x is prehi/oric4 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ t ! nature-gods ( ,egypt _h v little my?ology connect$ ) !m2 only "o consid]able /ory ( _! do+s 0 kn[n2 mo/ ( !m _h no hi/ory beyond ! few phrases appli$ by primitive ?\ght to ! great natural ph5om5a to qualify !m to be reg>d$ z liv+ & active be+s4 ,b z m inscriptions are read1 m div9e my?s are com+ to light1 & fur!r discov]ies ( ! same k9d may be /ill 9 /ore = u4 ,^! diff]5t my?s1 h[ev]1 are =m$ aft] ! same patt]n4 ,! great gods ( ,egypt are simple be+s & easy to und]/&1 & !y 7 nev] =m$ into an organis$ sy/em l ! gods ( ,greece1 b rema9 9 sep>ate dyna/ies or families1 & are v l ea* o!r4 ,_m ( !m are sun-gods1 or gods ( ! morn+ & ev5+1 & _! /ories _c diff] v widely f ea* o!r1 b !y belong to diff]5t di/ricts ( ! c\ntry2 t is :at con/itutes _! diff]5ce f ea* o!r1 & keeps !m sep>ate4 ,! ,great ,gods also are ,local4--,! nature-god z well z ! animal-god 0 wor%ipp$ 9 8 own nome1 :]e he dwelt 9 ! mid/ ( 8 own community ( wor%ipp]s2 he 0 n recognis$ 9 o!r nomes unless !re 7 special reasons = x4 ,b at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( our k ( ,egypt ?is simple e>ly arrangem5t has already und]gone _m modifications4 ,ea* nome has its own special deity4 ,set is ! god ( ,oxyrhyn*us1 ,nei? ( ,sais1 b m gods ?an "o are wor%ipp$ 9 ea* nome4 ,g5]ally !re are ?ree2 9 _m places !re is an ennead1 a n9e ( gods1 b ! n9e is a r\nd numb]2 !re might be "o or two less or m4 ,! god ( a nome :i* _h ris5 to a comm&+ position ext5d$ 8 influ5ce beyond 8 own nome1 & came to %>e ! temples ( o!r gods1 s t he 0 at home 9 a numb] ( places4 ,ra is said to h f\rte5 p]sons--t is1 f\rte5 views ( 8 p]son h be5 develop$ 9 s _m diff]5t di/ricts4 ,b if "o god c\ld ?us be divid$ into sev]al1 ! conv]se also took place2 two or m gods 7 comb9$1 by ! simple addition ( _! names toge!r1 to =m a new god4 ,we h ,ra-h>ma*is1 ,amon-ra1 ,ptah-,sok>-,osiris1 & "s ev5 m elaborately comp\nd$ deities4 ,?us !re 0 a con/ant t5d5cy to ! production ( new deities2 ev5 ! attempts to comb9e exi/+ deities only add to ! numb]4 ,no attempt 9 ! direction ( a sy/em ( gods _h any success2 local deities c\ld n be suppress$2 ! nomes reta9$ _! sep>ate deities & religi\s e/abli%m5ts to ! end4 ,!re nev] 0 a religi\s organisation ( ,egypt g5]ally2 a prie/ c\ld 9 "s cases pass f ! religion ( "o nome to t ( ano!r1 b !re 0 nev] a high prie/ ( ,egypt z a :ole1 h[ev] mu* a k+ might wi% to organise all ! wor%ips ( ! c\ntry 9 "o sy/em4 ,?is local "* ( ! ,egyptian high gods 0 a s\rce ( weakness 9 ^! great be+s1 & nev] ceas$ to *eck _! upw>d movem5t4 ,! temple ( a nome _h1 z a rule1 ?ree gods1 & ^! =m$ a family1 ! *ief god hav+ 8 consort & ! ?ird be+ _! son4 ,( ^! triads we may m5tion "s3-- ,am5-,mut-,*onsu are ! triad ( ,!bes4 ,ptah-,se*et-,imhotep ,memphis4 ,osiris-,isis-,horus ,abydos 7,phil74 ,sebak-,ha?or-,*onsu ,ombos4 ,h>-hat-,ha?or-,h>-sem-ta ,edfu4 ,! son is ! successor ( 8 fa!r1 & x is 8 de/9y 9 turn to m>ry 8 "m & s to reproduce himself1 t is 8 own successor2 & s ?\gh con/antly dy+ he is ev] r5ew$4 ,! "m1 n be+ a sun-god1 does n die4 ,if we rememb] t ! gods h to d ) ! sun ^! ?+s ne$ n %ock u1 nor ne$ we wond] at ! /atem5t :i* is v frequ5tly met )1 t a god is self-begott51 or t he produces 8 own memb]s4 ,my?ology4--,a few words may be said ab\t ,egyptian my?ology 9 g5]al be=e we speak ( "s ( ! pr9cipal gods4 ,! usual /ories ( ! beg9n+ ( ?+s are n want+1 z :5 ! pr9cipal god is said to h be5 born f a primeval egg1 or a :ole family ( gods to be ! *ildr5 ( ,seb & ,nut2 ,seb1 ! e>?1 be+ 9 ,egypt ! male1 & ,nut1 heav51 ! female1 ( ^! e>lie/ p>5ts ( all ?+s4 ,m ?an "o god1 moreov]1 is held to h be5 an e>?ly k+1 & to be ! f\nd] ( ! royal h\se :i* n[ pays him homage4 ,! days ( ,ra1 = example1 are spok5 ( z a gold5 age 9 :i* p]fect ju/ice & happ9ess prevail$4 ,_m /ories too may be f\nd :i* pr(ess to furni% an explanation ( "s feature ( nature or "s in/itution ( society1 to acc\nt = ! names ( places or ( animals1 or = ! pres5ce ( ! five days :i* 7 add$ to ! twelve lun> mon?s 9 ,egypt to produce a satisfactory sol> ye>4 ,_m old /ories ( ! gods h magical efficacy :5 told 9 c]ta9 situations2 "o is good aga9/ poison1 b mu/ be told 9 a c]ta9 way to produce ! effect4 ,aft] ^! /ories ( ! gods' e>ly reign ( peace1 come ^? relat+ to less happy p]iods1 :5 ! old god grew weak & began to h enemies1 :5 gods & m5 became disob$i5t to him1 :5 a w> broke out among ! gods1 :i* is n yet br\ght to an end b breaks out ev] afre%2 or :5 ! old god succumb$ to 8 enemies1 & 8 successor _h to set out to av5ge him4 ,9 "s ( ^! /ories v primitive & savage traits appe>1 :i* %[ t !y orig9at$ 9 a rude /ate ( society4 ,b !y are ab\t m51 n ab\t bea/s1 z we might h expect$ ( ,egyptian my?ology1 & ! m5 are und\bt$ly sol> h]oes2 x is ! =tunes ( ! daily 7n ! ye>ly7 sun1 8 spl5did & b5efic5t reign1 8 decl9e1 8 conflict ) ! p[]s ( d>kness1 8 decease & 8 resurrection1 or ! v5geance exact$ on 8 behalf by 8 successor1 t are spok5 (1 9 connection n[ ) "o god & n[ ) ano!r4 ,dyna/ies ( ,gods4--,9 ! hi/ory ( ,egyptian religion "o set ( su* gods succe$s ano!r z ! prevail+ dyna/y1 accord+ z ! seat ( empire 9 ! c\ntry %ifts to a new nome4 ,^! religi\s *anges c\ld take place )\t great convulsions4 ,x 0 only ! attempt to ext+ui% old e/abli%$ wor%ips t 0 fi]cely resi/$1 n ! addition ( a new god1 ev5 z sup]ior to ^? already seat$ 9 ! temple4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times kn[n to u ,ra ( ,heliopolis is ! *ief god ( ,egypt2 ,osiris ( ,?9is 7,abydos7 is also a great god1 b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic developm5t ( ,osiris-wor%ip belongs to a lat] p]iod4 ,ptah ( ,memphis comes to ! front 9 ! e>lie/ dyna/ies4 ,mu* lat] is ! rise ( ,amon to ! fir/ place1 :i* he held :5 ! ,greeks & ,romans _h to d ) ,egypt4 ,a v %ort acc\nt only c be giv5 ( ! sets ( gods ( :i* ^! are ! heads4 ,ra4--,ra means sun2 8 seat is ,heliopolis or ,on1 :]e ,joseph's ma/] ,potiph]a1 or ,prie/ ( ,ra1 liv$4 ,heliopolis is ! h\se ( ! obelisk1 ! obelisk be+ a repres5tation ( ! sun4 ,fir/ a k9dly old k+1 he is lat] a w>rior2 he has to cont5d ) ! s]p5t ,apep1 ! dragon ( d>kness :o appe>s pi]c$ by ! %afts ( ,ra4 ,b z ,ra s9ks 9 ! conflict he is com=t$ by ,ha?or1 ! goddess ( ! we/]n sky1 & av5g$ by ,horus1 ! ev] "y & ev] victori\s w+$ sun4#e ,b ,ra is a god ( ! "u z well z ! upp] _w4 ,k+ ,pi'an*i1 ( ! tw5ty-second dyna/y1 ent]$ into ! great temple ( ,ra at ,heliopolis & p5etrat$ to ! inmo/ *amb] ( x1 aft]w>ds seal+ x up aga94 ,we are told :at he saw !re4#f ,he look$ ^u 8 fa!r ,ra1 & saw ! two boats int5d$ = ! daily j\rney ( ! god4 ,ra travels 9 8 boat ?r\gh ! sky1 b also at night ?r\gh ! "u-_w1 ( :i* also he is "l4 ,! progress ( ! god ( light ?r\gh ! _w ( d>kness is a !me :i* 0 work$ out lat] 9 mu* detail 9 connection ) ,osiris2 b x =ms "p ( ! e>lie/ kn[n religi\s conceptions ( ! ,egyptians1 & ,ra's voyage ?r\gh ! ,am ,duat or "u-_w1 is describ$ 9 consid]able detail4 ,_m figures accompany him 9 ?is voyage1 & _m are ! ob/acles to be ov]come dur+ ! successive h\rs ( night be=e he rea*es aga9 ! gates ( day4 ,! s\ls ( m5 :o h di$ are also l$ by him ?r\gh ^? ne!r spaces2 by a hidd5 k1 if !y h be5 at pa9s to possess !mselves ( x1 !y are able to keep close to ,ra on ! p]il\s j\rney4 ,he gives !m fields to cultivate 9 ! pla9s b5ea?1 & !y are made glad by 8 appe>ance at ! appo9t$ h\r 9 ! nights t foll[4 ,footnote #e3 ,!re are 9 ,egyptian religion sev]al gods call$ ,horus2 ?is1 ! olde/ "o1 is fus$ ) ,ra1 ! fir/ sun-god1 9 ! d\ble "n ,ra-,h>ma*is1 a be+ to :om ! highe/ attributes are giv54 ,! symbol ( ?is god is a recumb5t lion ) a man's head1 ! figure 9 :i* also ! k+s ( ,egypt are repres5t$4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ! inscription 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ii4 #ih4 ,osiris1 ! sun-god ( ,abydos1 is also report$ to h be5 a human be+ :o 0 exalt$ to div9e hon\rs4 7,! god ( ! "u-_w & judge ( ! dead1 :o be>s ! same "n1 is a diff]5t figure2 ( him we %all speak aft]w>ds47 ,he is ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! be/ kn[n ( ! gods ( ,egypt2 8 my? is f\nd at l5g? 9 ,plut>*1 ) ! my/ical int]pretations propos$ = x 9 anci5t times2 he is also ! god 9 :om ! aff9ity ( ,egyptian ) ,babylonian religion appe>s mo/ cle>ly3 cf4 *apt] vii4 ,born1 accord+ to ! my? we m5tion$ above1 at "o bir? ) f\r o!r gods1 ( ! v5]able p>5ts ,seb & ,nut 7see above71 he f ! fir/ has ,isis = 8 wife & si/]1 & 8 bro!r ,set is also born along ) him1 ) :om he lives 9 p]petual ho/ility4 ,nei!r c q ov]come ! o!r1 & _m are ! incid5ts ( _! w>f>e4 ,z a rule ! gods ( ,egypt are s]5e & good be+s2 "h only dualism %[s itself4 ,osiris is ! good p[] bo? morally & 9 ! sph]e ( outw>d nature1 :ile ,set is ! embodim5t ( all t ! ,egyptian reg>ds z evil1--d>kness1 ! des]t1 ! hot s\? w9d1 sickness1 & r$ hair4 ,x is n ! case t ,set 0 an import$ god & belong$ to ,semitic invad]s1 b ^! invad]s f\nd him m suit$ to _! notions ( deity ?an any o!r god ( ,egypt1 & s\ght to make him supreme1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y c\ld n succe$4 ,! /ory ( ! dismemb]m5t ( ,osiris & ( ! se>* ( ,isis = 8 lov$ rema9s1 :i* %e buri$ 9 f\rte5 diff]5t places :]e %e f\nd !m1 is "o :i* is f\nd connect$ ) o!r names 9 o!r l&s4 ,horus is ! av5g] ( 8 fa!r4 ,"h we h ?is deity 9 ?ree /ages--,horus ! *ild 9 8 "m's arms1 ,horus ! av5g]1 & ,horus ! successor ( 8 fa!r1 ! complete sun-god4 ,?is family ( gods is m human & liv+ to u ?an t ( ,ra or ?an any o!r set ( ,egyptian deities4 ,x 0 also m tak5 up 9 o!r l&s1 :5 ! gods ( old] peoples began to f9d acceptance 9 ! ,we/4 ,we see ) special cle>ness 9 ?is case ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* ! contra/ ( light & d>kness :5 repres5t$ 9 ! gods passes into t ( moral good & evil1 s t ! god ( light becomes ! great uphold] ( righte\sness & disp5s] ( b5efic5ce4 ,! good god ( ,egyptian religion1 moreov]1 is accompani$ by a goddess :o is some:at m ?an ! pale reflection ( ! male god1 z mo/ ,egyptian goddesses are4 ,! incid5ts ( ! leg5d also l5d to ! div9e *>act]s a tragic dep? 9 :i* ! prosp]\s & happy gods ( ,egypt d n g5]ally %>e4 ,ptah is ! god ( ,memphis1 & adjo9+ 8 temple is ! *apel ( ! bull ,apis1 :o is call$ ! second life ( ,ptah4 ,if ^! two resid$ side by side1 "s !ory ( _! relation%ip 0 ne$$1 & ! bull became ! e>?ly repres5tative ( ! unse5 deity4 ,ea* _h a wor%ip ( prehi/oric antiquity1 & x is va9 to !orise on _! orig9al relation to ea* o!r4 ,z = ,ptah1 8 "n means he :o =ms1 & ! ,greeks call$ him by ! "n ( _! own ,hephai/os1 ! artific]4 ,9 lat] times he came to be id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 & 0 call$ ! hon\rable1 gold51 beautiful1 & ( comely face2 b e>li] he seems r to h to d ) ! hidd5 s\rce ( ! _w's heat1 ! elem5tal w>m? :i* is at ! beg9n+ ( all life4 ,he also is1 l ,ra & ,osiris1 a god ( ! "u-_w to :i* m5 g aft] dea?4 ,he is said to op5 ! m\? ( ! dead--t is to say1 t he he>s !m & judges !m4 ,b 9 ! upp]-_w too he has to d ) ju/ice2 he is call$ ! ,"l ( ! ,ell1 a title connect+ him ) measurem5ts & b\nd>ies1 matt]s ( ! greate/ importance 9 ,egypt4 ,8 son is ,imhotep1 he :o comes 9 peace2 ! ,greeks reg>d$ ?is god z a physician1 & call$ him ,asclepios4 ,! goddess ( ! triad is ,se*et1 :o 0 also wor%ipp$ at ,buba/is "u ! "n ( ,ba/1 & ^: symbol is a cat4 ,ptah1 x w be se51 is a less di/9ct figure ?an ei!r ,osiris or ,ra1 & he v readily passes into comb9ations ) o!r gods4 ,ptah-,sok>i & ,ptah-,sok>-,osiris are f\nd mu* m frequ5tly ?an ,ptah alone4 ,^! are ! *ief gods ( ! old k+dom--t is to say1 ( ! fir/ six dyna/ies4 ,:5 we come to ! great twelf? dyna/y1 aft] ! gap 9 ! monum5ts :i* ext5ds f #bejj-bjjj ,b4,c41 we f9d t ^! gods h become fa9t & new gods h become supreme1 namely1 ! local gods ( ,!bes1 & ( ! adjo9+ nomes4 ,( ^!1 ,amon1 god ( ,!bes1 has ! mo/ di/+ui%$ hi/ory1 ?\gh ,*em1 ! agricultural god ( ,coptos1 & ,munt ( ,h]mon?is 7 orig9ally z important4 ,amon1 ! hidd51 i4e4 ! hidd5 =ce ( nature1 l ,ptah1 is seldom f\nd alone2 he is g5]ally comb9$ ) "s o!r god1 especially ) ,ra4 ,! gods ( agriculture b[ _! heads by degrees be=e ! sun-gods :o t5d to draw to !mselves all ,egyptian wor%ip2 rude c\ntry repres5tations connect$ ) ! idea ( f]tility be+ discr$it$ be=e ! religion ( ! royal temples :i* 0 direct$ ma9ly to ! god ( light4 ,0 ! ,e>lie/ ,religion ,mono!i/ic8--,we h m5tion$ only "s ( ! *ief gods ( ,egypt1 out ( a c\ntless numb]4 ,^! are ! gods fav\r$ by k+s & city prie/hoods1 :o1 we _c d\bt1 desir$ ! religi\s elevation ( ! p4 ,! gods !y prais$ 7 ( a nature to promote t end4 ,x w be grant$ t ! wor%ip ( ! light-gods ( ,egyptian religion 0 fitt$ to lead ! m9ds ( ! ,egyptians to !ism4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is /atem5t extracts may be "h giv5 f hymns1 :i* date z we h !m f ! eighte5? dyna/y #aeij ,b4,c41 b :i* are probably mu* old]4 ,,to ,,horus ,! gods recognise ! univ]sal "l4444 ,he judges ! _w accord+ to 8 w2 heav5 & e>? are 9 subjection to him4 ,he give? 8 comm&s to m51 to ! g5]ations pres5t1 pa/1 & future2 to ,egyptians & to /rang]s4 ,! circuit ( ! sol> orb is "u 8 direction2 ! w9ds1 ! wat]s1 ! wood ( ! plants1 & all vegetables4 ,a god ( se$s1 he give? all h]bs & ! abundance ( ! soil4 ,he af=de? pl5tifulness1 & give? x to all ! e>?4 ,all m5 are 9 ec/asy1 all he>ts 9 sweetness1 all bosoms 9 joy1 e "o 9 adoration4 ,e "o glorifie? 8 goodness1 8 t5d]ness encircles our he>ts1 great is 8 love 9 all bosoms4 ,,to ,,tehuti ,,or ,,ptah ,to him is due ! "w ( ! h&s1 ! walk+ ( ! feet1 ! sight ( ! eyes1 ! he>+ ( ! e>s1 ! brea?+ ( ! no/rils1 ! c\rage ( ! he>t1 ! vig\r ( ! h&1 activity 9 body & 9 m\? ( all ! gods & m51 & ( all liv+ animals2 intellig5ce & spee*1 :atev] is 9 ! he>t & :atev] is on ! tongue4 ,,to ,,ptah-,,tan5 ,o let u give glory to ! god :o ha? rais$ up ! sky & :o cause? 8 disk to float ov] ! bosom ( ,nut1 :o ha? made ! gods & m5 & all _! g5]ations1 :o ha? made all l&s & c\ntries & ! great sea1 9 8 "n ( ,let-!-e>?-be4 ,,to ,,amon-,,ra ,hail to !e1 mak] ( all be+s1 "l ( law1 fa!r ( ! gods2 mak] ( m51 creator ( bea/s2 "l ( gra9s1 mak+ food = ! bea/ ( ! field4444 ,! "o )\t a second4444 ,k+ alone1 s+le among ! gods2 ( _m names1 unkn[n is _! numb]4 ,!re is a beautiful hymn address$ to ! ,nile1 :o is also conceiv$ z ! *ief deity & ! rul]1 n\ri%]1 & com=t] ( all creatures4 ,f ^! hymns & o!rs l !m1 important conclusions h be5 drawn z to ! nature ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptian religion2 namely1 t ^? :o wrote su* pieces mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! "o true god & address$ him "u ^! v>i\s names1 s t ! true orig9 ( ,egyptian religion w\ld be a primitive mono!ism4 ,!re are "s texts inde$ :i* seem to po9t ev5 m /rongly ?an ^? cit$ to ! conclusion t ,egyptian religion />t$ f ! belief 9 "o supreme deity4 ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f quotes along ) ! passages above1 "o f a ,tur9 papyrus1 9 :i* words are put into ! m\? ( ! ,almighty ,god1 ! self-exi/5t1 :o made heav5 & e>?1 ! wat]s1 ! brea?s ( life1 fire1 ! gods1 m51 animals1 cattle1 reptiles1 birds1 etc4 ,?is be+ speaks z foll[s3-- ,i am ! mak] ( ! heav5 & ! e>?4444 ,x is ,i :o h giv5 to all ! gods ! s\l :i* is )9 !m4 ,:5 ,i op5 my eyes !re is light1 :5 ,i close !m !re is d>kness4 ,i am ,*ep]a 9 ! morn+1 ,ra at noon1 ,tum 9 ! ev5+4 ,m4 de la ,r\g ma9ta9s t ,egyptian religion1 mono!i/ic at fir/1 ) a noble belief 9 ! unity ( ! ,supreme ,god & 9 ,8 attributes z ! ,creator & ,law-giv] ( man1 fell away f t position & grew m & m poly!i/ic4 ,x is m ?an #ejjj ye>s s9ce 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile ! hymn began to ! unity ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & we f9d ,egypt arriv$ 9 ! la/ ages at ! mo/ unbridl$ ,poly!ism4 ,! sublim] "p ( ,egyptian religion is demon/rably anci5t1 z ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f says2 yet we are n %ut up to ! conclusion t ,egyptian religion z a :ole is no?+ b a backslid+ & a failure4 ,if we 7 oblig$ to reg>d t mono!ism :i* ,egypt _h at fir/ b fail$ to ma9ta91 z a gift conf]r$ f above1 :i* human p[]s prov$ unequal to cons]ve1 !n ! op5+ ( ! hi/ory ( ?is religion w\ld be inde$ mo/ melan*oly4 ,b ?\gh mono!ism appe>$ 9 ,egypt s e>ly1 !re is no necessity to ?9k t x 0 n atta9$ by human p[]s4 ,= all we "k1 x 0 n an e>ly b a mature product ( ?\ght1 & 0 rea*$ aft] a long developm5t4 ,x is n impossible = ! human m9d1 />t+ f ! works ( ,god1 to rise by its own ef=ts to ! belief 9 ,8 invisible p[] & ,godhead4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is rise ( ?\ght may be witness$ among savages1 & ! ,egyptians 9 _! seclud$ valley _h an opportunity su* z no o!r nation _h1 to "w out1 z _! civilisation grew up f rude beg9n+s to its unequall$ spl5d\r1 a noble view ( ! ,deity ^: works !y ador$4 ,! god rul+ f 8 heav5 ( light ov] ! great empire ( a mon>* :o knew no equal 9 ! _w1 possess+ = 8 e>?ly abode a temple ( unsurpass$ magnific5ce1 unit+ p]haps "u 8 sway di/ricts long at w> & ext5d+ 8 influ5ce ov] remote cont95ts z ! armies ( ,egypt prosp]$1 su* a be+ drew to himself f 8 wor%ipp+ ret9ue ( prie/s & nobles1 ! highe/ praise & adoration1 0 exalt$ f> above all o!r p[]s 9 heav5 & e>?1 & extoll$ ev5 z ! ,creator & ,rul] ( all4 ,mono!ism is ?us approa*$ 9 ?\ght1 b only 9 a prophetic & anticipatory way2 ! circum/ances ( ! c\ntry =bade its realisation z a g5]al belief or z a work+ sy/em4 ,ev5 9 ! highe/ flights ( ^? e>ly ?9k]s1 :5 !y seem to be speak+ ( a god q univ]sal & supreme1 x is a local deity t lies at ! basis ( _! speculations1 a be+ :o has 8 temple 9 a c]ta9 place1 :o is symbolis$ 9 a c]ta9 animal1 :o has a local leg5d & a limit$ popul> wor%ip4 ,^! are ! facts t clog ! w+s ( ,egyptian mono!i/ic speculation & br+ x to ! e>? aga94 ,pure mono!ism accord+ly1 ! belief 9 a god beside :om no o!r god exi/s1 x might be h>d to f9d 9 ,egypt at all4 ,! la/ extract giv5 above comes ne>e/ to x2 b ! la/ l9e ( t extract _c be call$ mono!i/ic4 ,an attempt$ religi\s re=mation at ! end ( ! eighte5? dyna/y may be m5tion$ "h1 z x appe>s to h aim$ at conc5trat+ all ! wor%ip ( ,egypt on a s+le object4 ,! object *os51 h[ev]1 0 a mat]ial "o1--! sun's disk1 ,at51--& ?\gh all ,egyptian gods t5d$ to become sun-gods1 "s sun-gods1 no d\bt1 7 bett] ?an o!rs1 & ,at5 0 n ! f9e/ ( !m4 ,k+ ,*ut-en-,at51 or ,glory ( ! ,sun-disk1 ! royal fanatic :o made ?is attempt at unity1 w5t great l5g?s to accompli% 8 object1 b ! attempt 0 a failure1 & 0 ab&on$ aft] 8 dea? ev5 by ! memb]s ( 8 own family4 ,:at ,*ut-en-,at5 tri$ to introduce p]haps came ne>] true mono!ism ?an any?+ t ev] exi/$ 9 ,egypt4 ,he made w> on o!r gods & wi%$ to e/abli% "o only god 9 ! l&1 b ?is exclusiv5ess ! ,egyptians c\ld n und]/&4 ,! ,egyptian believ$ 9 _m gods1 & :ile wor%ipp+ "o god ) f]v\r1 by no means d5i$ ! exi/5ce or ! p[] ( o!rs 9 o!r places4 ,ev5 =eign deities 7 9 8 eyes real & pot5t be+s1 ea* 9 8 own t]ritory4 ,x is h5o!ism1 n mono!ism1 t we see 9 ?is mo/ religi\s l&2 ! wor%ip ( "o god at a "t :ile o!r gods are also believ$ to exi/ & act4 ,! "o god :o is be=e ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp] is exalt$ above ! re/1 & spok5 ( z if no o!r god requir$ to be consid]$2 b ! wor%ipp] does n dream z yet ( que/ion+ ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods1 or feel himself deb>r$ f wor%ipp+ !m if he %\ld visit _! c\ntry4 ,syncretism4--,! hymns conta9 sev]al o!r speculative positions ab\t ! gods 7*apt] iv471 & we may briefly m5tion ^!4 ,syncretism1 z we saw1 is v l>gely repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian ?\ght1 & ent]s1 inde$1 into its v bone & m>r[4 ,9 ! ennead ( a city ! great gods may be arrang$ toge!r aft] ! fa%ion ( a c\rt :]e "o or two rule ov] ! re/2 b 9 numb]less passages we f9d ! relations ( gods adju/$ 9 ano!r way1 by mak+ !m "o4 ,ra comes z ,tum1 ! god is kn[n "h "u "o "n or aspect & !re "u ano!r4 ,! names ( two deities be+ add$ toge!r1 a new deity is produc$2 & 9 lat] times ^! gods ) d\ble1 treble1 or multiple names are among ! mo/ important4 ,rah>ma*is & ,amonra are national gods1 & h left mu* evid5ce ( !mselves4 ,x is a little /ep f syncretism to pan!ism4 ,let ! gods once lose ! individual "* t keeps !m sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & x is possible = "o god1 :o gr[s /rong & great en\gh1 to swall[ up all ! re/1 till !y appe> only z 8 =ms4 ,9 ! position :i* !y occupi$ 9 ,egypt ! v>i\s gods c\ld n disappe>1 _! local connections kept !m alive2 b !y 7 s l "o ano!r t "o ( !m c\ld be reg>d$ z a =m ( ano!r1 & a multitude ( !m z =ms ( "o4 ,! god :o did mo/ 9 ! way ( swall[+ up ! re/ 0 ,ra1 ! great sun-god ( ,!bes4 ,! ,litany ( ,ra#g repres5ts t god z et]nal & self-begott51 & s+s 9 sev5ty-five successive v]ses sev5ty-five =ms :i* he assumes2 !y are ! =ms ( ! gods & ( all ! great elem5ts & p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! sep>ate gods are r$uc$ f ! rank ( indep5d5t pot5tates to %apes ( ,ra1 & ?us a k9d ( unity is set up 9 ! popul\s ,egyptian ,pan!on4 ,b ,ra is n /rong en\gh to get ! bett] ( ^! %apes1 & to rule a sole mon>* by 8 own "r1 9 8 own way4 ,he is ! god1 b he is n an indep5d5t god2 x is pan!ism1 n !ism1 to :i* he owes 8 exaltation4 ,! "o 9 ,egypt _c gov]n ! _m2 ! pure exaltation ( ,ra z a supreme & absolute god does n prev5t ! wor%ip ( a diff]5t be+ 9 ea* diff]5t t[n4 ,! "o sole god is = ! prie/s alone1 n = ! p2 & ?is belief 9 him does n ev5 lead to attempts to root out ! wor%ip ( animals1 or to conc5trate ! s]vice ( ! temples on him alone4 ,& 9 ! abs5ce ( su* attempts we read ! s5t5ce condemn+ a religion :i* produc$ mo/ noble fruits ( ?\ght1 to gr[ worse & n bett] z "t w5t on1 & to pass away )\t br++ any p]man5t contribution to ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ! _w4 ,footnote #g3 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 viii4 #aje4 ,wor%ip4--,! ,egyptian temple 0 con/ruct$ r to af=d ! god a spl5did resid5ce among 8 p ?an to accommodate a l>ge congregation at an act ( wor%ip4 ,! temple 0 ! public place ( ! community1 its po9t ( meet+ 7= ! ,egyptian t[n has no m>ket-place71 & its =tress :5 attack$ 7= ! t[n is n =tifi$74 ,b :ile ! c\rts ( ! temple 7 op5 to ! p1 !re 0 a holy place :i* only ! prie/s might ent]1 :]e ! sacr$ ark1 ! symbol ( ! god1 rema9$1 & :]e sacrifices 7 (f]$4 ,! images ab\t ! temple 7 n plac$ !re to be wor%ipp$1 b 7 votive (f]+s meant to provide ! god ) a body :i* he might ent] :5 he *ose4 ,! obelisk is su* a symbol or incorporation ( ! sun4 ,on c]ta9 days ! sacr$ objects & animals 7 tak5 9 procession ?r\gh ! temple gr\nds1 or made voyages on ! lake belong+ to ! temple1 or 7 ev5 tak5 ?r\gh ! nome among ! fields & dwell+s ( _! p2 & on ^! occasions repres5tations took place symbolis+ ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! god4 ,x 0 ?us t ! private individual came to "k ! god2 x 0 a great fe/ival & an occasion ( ! utmo/ joy :5 ! div9e protectors & b5efactors ( ! nome1 :o g5]ally rema9$ 9 _! spl5did retirem5t1 came =? to m+le = a brief space ) ! fai?ful community4 ,! wor%ip ( ! gods 0 9 ,egypt1 z 9 e nation ( ! anci5t _w1 a matt] ( /ate1 n ( individual conc]n4 ,x is ! *ief bran* ( ! public s]vice2 ! /ate is "u ! direct rule ( ! gods2 nev] 0 !re a m absolute !ocracy4 ,! k+ is a *ild ( ! god1--a conception (t5 treat$ 9 ! mo/ mat]ial way1--& be+ ?us ( m ?an human race1 becomes himself ! object ( wor%ip1 & ev5 (f]s sacrifice to himself4 ,x is "o ( ! k+'s *ief c>es to provide a /ately dwell+ = ! god2 ! k+ himself (f]s sacrifice on ! mo/ important occasions4 ,! god 9 8 sacr$ ark goes ) 8 p :5 !y are at w> & fights along ) !m1 s t e w> is a holy w>4 ,! prie/s are public (ficials1 & (t5 ex]cise imm5se influ5ce4 ,! k+ in/itutes !m into _! functions2 !y are exempt1 z we may read 9 ,g5esis1 f public burd5s2 e function involv+ le>n+ or art is 9 _! h&s4 ,fram$ 9 su* in/itutions religion is n likely to h any free gr[?2 ! "t is f> di/ant "h :5 m5 w =m volunt>y associations ( _! own = spiritual ends4 ,yet1 no d\bt1 ! lay ,egyptian _h a private religion ( 8 own z well z 8 %>e 9 ! great public acts he witness$4 ,?\gh ! gods ( ,egypt are ne>ly all good1 ! evil p[] ,set 0 mu* wor%ipp$1 & w\ld be approa*$ 9 private z well z 9 ! public acts depict$ on ! monum5ts1 by all :o _h any?+ to fe> f him--t is to say1 by all4 ,e "o _h to treat ) k9dness & respect ! animal species sacr$ 9 8 nome1 & o!r sacr$ animals4 ,! belief 9 magic 0 /rong2 hidd5 p[]s _h to be reckon$ ) on manifold occasions2 sickness 0 imput$ to ! ag5cy ( evil spirits1 & treat$ by exorcism1 by p]sons duly tra9$ & le>n$ 9 su* arts4 ,lucky & unlucky days1 & days suitable or unsuitable = p>ticul> und]tak+s1 fill$ ! cal5d>2 ! belief 9 amulets & *>ms 0 univ]sal4 ,su* ?+s we expect to f9d among ! p1 ev5 :]e religi\s ?\ght has ris5 highe/4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,life ,mo/ ( our k ab\t anci5t ,egypt is drawn f ! tombs4 ,no o!r nation ev] be/[$ s mu* c>e on ! dead z ! ,egyptians did1 nor ?\ght ( ! o!r _w s mu*4 ,! liv+ _h to prep>e = 8 fur!r exi/5ce aft] dea?1 & ! dead claim$ f 8 successors on e>? elaborate (fices ( piety4 ,x is 9 ?is "p ( ! religion t !re is mo/ gr[?1 & ?is "p ( x 9 its ultimate =m is be/ kn[n4 #a4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,dead4--,! doctr9e ( ! o!r _w takes its rise ) ! ,egyptians 9 ! belief common to all e>ly races1 :i* 0 describ$ above 7*apt] iii474 ,! _s /ill lives :5 ! body dies1 & x comes back to ! body1 & is affect$ by ! treatm5t ! body receives4 ,to c>e = ! dead is ! fir/ duty ( ! liv+1 & a man mu/ m>ry 9 ord] to h (fspr+ :o w pay him ! necess>y att5tion aft] 8 dea?4 ,v>i\s ?+s are buri$ ) ! corpse = ! use ( ! _s1 & (f]+s are made to x f "t to "t aft]w>ds4 ,?is is no m ?an ! common primitive belief1 b ! ,egyptians c>ri$ x out m fully 9 practice ?an any o!r p4 ,!y s\ght to make ! body incorruptible1 embalm+ x & re/or+ to x all its organs1 s t ! _s %\ld be able to dis*>ge e function ( life4 ,!y plac$ ! mummy if possible 9 su* a situation t x %\ld nev] be di/urb$ to ! end ( "t2 ! grave !y call$ an et]nal dwell+4 ,!y ev5 in/itut$ end[m5ts to secure due (f]+s to ! dead 9 all com+ "t4 ,cultivat$ z ?is "p ( religion 0 9 ,egypt1 x c\ld n fail to assume a special "*4 ,= "o ?+1 !re is a v>iety ( names = :at survives ( man aft] dea?2 we he> ( 8 he>t1 8 s\l1 8 %ade1 8 lum9osity2 & 9 ! lat] doctr9e ^! are all comb9$ & made p>ts ( "o !ory2 all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! man h to come toge!r aga9 aft] _! disp]sion at dea? be=e 8 p]son is complete4 ,! pr9cipal t]m1 h[ev]1 is ! ka1 image1 or1 z we say1 g5ius1 ( ! man1 a non-sub/antial d\ble ( him :i* has j\rneys & adv5tures to make1 & to :i* ! (f]+s are address$4 ,! ka ne$s food1 & regul> gifts are made to x ( all x c require2 x ne$s guidance & in/ruction1 & ^! c be convey$ to x by pictures & writ+s on ! walls ( ! tomb or 9 ! mummy-case2 ev5 its amusem5t & its ne$ ( society & ( m9i/ration c be to "s ext5t met 9 ?is way4 ,x is n peculi> to ,egypt t ! advantages ( weal? & rank are cont9u$ aft] dea?1 & t ! ri* c d mu* m1 or cause mu* m to be done = 8 et]nal welf>e1 ?an ! poor4 ,! k+'s mummy lies 9 a pyramid1 :]e x w nev] be mov$2 t ( ! noble 9 a rock-tomb or a /ately edifice or ma/aba2 ! poor man has to be cont5t ) an inf]ior k9d ( embalm+1 & a tomb ( tiles if he gets any at all2 & no prie/ c be reta9$ to pray = him4 #b4 ,! ,_s 9 ! ,"u-_w4--,be=e hi/ory op5s1 ?is common belief & practice 9 reg>d to ! dead _h come to be comb9$ 9 ,egypt ) ! wor%ip ( a sol> deity2 a /ep ( imm5se importance1 :i* add$ immeasurably to ! pa?os & ! moral p[] ( ?is k9d ( religion4 ,milton says 9 ,lycidas-- ,s s9ks ! day/> 9 ! ocean b$2 ,& yet anon repairs 8 droop+ head1 ,& tricks 8 beams1 & ) new-spangl$ ore ,flames 9 ! =ehead ( ! morn+ sky2 ,s ,lycidas sank l[1 b m\nt$ high4 ,b :at to ,milton 0 a poetic imag9ation 0 to ! e>ly ,egyptian a s]i\s belief4 ,if ! sun 0 8 god1 he did n say l ,wordswor? 9 8 e>ly p]iod-- ,our fate h[ diff]5t f ?9e1 ble/ />1 9 ?is1 ,t no to-morr[ %all our beams re/ore1 b he 0 conv9c$ t ! hi/ory ( 8 god1 :o sank "u ! ,we/]n horizon1 & aft] a p]iod ( d>kness came back aga9 to light & triumph1 0 an und\bt$ indication ( :at he himself _h to look = aft] dea?4 ,! mummy 0 c>ri$ across ! ,nile & deposit$ 9 ! we/ l&1 :i* is also ! "u-_w1 to %>e 9 ! repose & 9 ! fur!r progress ( ! dead4 ,z ! jackal p]vades t region1 ! dead is left to ! c>e ( ,anubis1 ! jackal-head$ deity1 :o op5s pa?s to him = fur!r travel1 & leads him into ! pres5ce ( ! gods4 ,! "u-_w is elaborately portion$ out into v>i\s p>ts & sc5es1 & manifold are ! %apes ( evil & mis*ief ) :i* x is peopl$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x conta9s abundance ( bless+s1 :i* ! dep>t$ may secure if ! prop] means h be5 tak5 by himself & by 8 fri5ds surviv+ him4 ,! e>?ly life is !re repeat$ ) all its occupations & enjoym5ts1 b free f fe> & f decay4 ,! doctr9e ( ! dead accompany+ ! sun-god to ! "u-_w1 & liv+ "u 8 protection1 is v old 9 ,egypt2 we saw x 9 an e>ly =m 9 connection ) ! god ,ra4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ,osiris1 h[ev]1 t x atta9$ its wide/ diffusion2 to ! :ole ,egyptian p ,osiris 0 ! "l ( ! _w bel[1 ) :om ! dep>t$ 74 ,! id5tification ( ! dep>t$ ) ,osiris 0 ?or\gh & complete2 he becomes ,osiris1 takes ! "n ( ! deity1 & is kn[n 9 ! inscriptions z ,osiris ,n4 ,n4 ,isis is 8 si/]1 ,horus 8 def5d]1 ,anubis 8 h]ald & guide1 & hav+ %>$ ! god's eclipse1 he is also to %>e 8 triumph & revival4 #c4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! mo/ fam\s relic ( ,egyptian lit]ature1 is a collection ( pieces _m ( :i* are v anci5t1 be>+ on ! passage ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! "u-_w4 ,! book has also be5 call$ ! ,fun]al ,ritual2 a bett] translation ( ! title is1 ,book ( ,com+ out f ! ,day4 ,! e>?ly life is ! day f :i* ! deceas$ comes =? into ! l>g] exi/5ce ( ! _w beyond4 ,! book 7or su* p>ts ( x z may be us$ 9 ea* case7 is ! s\l's vade mecum = ! "u-_w1 & conta9s ! =ms ! s\l mu/ h at comm& 9 ord] to w>d (f all ! dang]s ( t region1 & to secure an easy & happy passage ?r\gh x4 ,h[ ! p]son is to be recon/ruct$1 ! diff]5t p>ts com+ back to be built up aga9 9 "o1 h[ he is to "k ! spirits he meets1 h[ he is to get ! gates op5$ = him1--su* are ! subjects ( v>i\s *apt]s2 & ! s\l's success 9 its passage dep5ds on its k ( ^!4 ,! words !y conta9 are n m]ely in=mation1 !y h magic p[] to smoo? away ob/acles & to op5 doors4 ,h5ce x is important = a man to h le>n$ !m :5 alive1 &1 to assi/ 8 memory1 a few *apt]s are writt5 on papyrus or l951 & ! rolls plac$ ) ! mummy 9 its case1 or !y are writt5 on ! walls ( ! tomb4 ,no o!r ,egyptian "w1 9 consequ5ce1 has be5 pres]v$ 9 s _m copies1 b "o roll or set ( inscriptions conta9s "o set ( *apt]s & ano!r ano!r set4 ,does ! fate ( ! individual aft] dea? dep5d !n entirely on magic2 is x a "q ( h[ _m ( ^! =mul he is able to rememb]1 or h[ _m 8 relatives h got writt5 out = him8 ,d no d\bts intrude on 8 m9d le/1 ev5 if he has all ! requisite k at comm&1 he himself %\ld be f\nd unwor?y to live ) ! immortals8 ,= ! mo/ "p ! ,book ( ! ,dead /&s on ! e>li] position at :i* man nev] ?9ks ( d\bt+ ! fav\r ( 8 god1 & tru/s to ov]come :at is ho/ile by hav+ 8 magic ready1 n by hav+ 8 he>t pure4 ,b 9 sev]al *apt]s a deep] tone is he>d4 ,!re is a =m = hav+ ! /a9 rubb$ away f ! he>t ( ! ,osiris1 & if !re are abundant directions = outw>d purification1 !re are also directions = hav+ 8 s9s =giv54 ,9 ! great #abe? *apt] ! deceas$ ent]s ! ,hall ( ! two ,tru?s1 & is sep>at$ f 8 s9s aft] he has se5 ! faces ( ! gods4 ,"h he /&s be=e =ty-two judges 7comp>e ! numb] ( ! nomes ( ,egypt7 /yl$ ,lords ( ,tru?1 ea* ( :om is !re to judge ( a p>ticul> s91 & to ea* he has to pr(ess t he did n :5 on e>? commit t s94 ,i h n /ol51 he has to say2 ,i h n play$ ! hypocrite1 ,i h n /ol5 ! ?+s ( ! gods1 ,i h n made conspiracies1 ,i h n blasphem$1 ,i h n clipp$ ! sk9s ( ! sacr$ bea/s1 ,i h n injur$ ! gods1 ,i h n calumniat$ ! slave to 8 ma/]2 & s on4 ,! l9e is n yet cle>ly drawn betwe5 moral & ritual or conv5tional (f5ces2 & moral duty is express$ 9 a negative =m1 & appe>s z a %ackle1 n z an inspiration4 ,yet ! v great advance has be5 made "h1 t div9e law wat*es n only ov] specially religi\s matt]s b ov] social life1 & ev5 ov] ! ?\ghts ( ! individual he>t4 ,! gods enjo9 on a man n only to (f] sacrifice & to respect ! sacr$ bea/s1 b also to d 8 duty z a citiz5 & z a neighb\r1 & to keep 8 own lips unpollut$ & 8 own he>t pure4 ,x is to ! same effect :5 we f9d t a man's ju/ification dep5ds on ! /ate ( 8 he>t at dea?4 ,8 he>t is weigh$ aga9/ ! tru?1 & if x is f\nd defective1 he _c live aga92 if x turns out well1 !n he is ju/ifi$ & goes to ! fields ( ,aalu1 ! place ( ! bless$ ( ,osiris4 ,,conclusion ,?is doctr9e ( ! life to come1 l ! !i/ic doctr9e ! ,egyptians at "o "t atta9$1 might h seem$ de/9$ to lead to a pure spiritual fai?1 f :i* sup]/ition %\ld h disappe>$4 ,b 9 nei!r case is t result atta9$4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ,egyptian religion is t ( ! increase ( magic1 & ( ! rise ( a prie/ly class absorb+ to itself1 z ! old] prie/s :o 7 closely connect$ ) ! civil life ( ! nation _h nev] done1 all ! functions ( religion4 ,doctr9e gr[s m pan!i/ic & m recondite1 my/]ies & symbols are multipli$1 all to ! increase ( ! influ5ce ( ! prie/hood1 & to ! inf9ite ex]cise ( +5uity 9 com+ times4 ,popul> religion1 on ! o!r h&1 comes to be m tak5 up ) su* matt]s z *>ms & amulets & horoscopes2 & :ile morals did n decl9e f ! high level !y _h ga9$ f ! reign ( ! gods ( light1 ! _s ( ! nation lo/ vig\r "u ! gr[? ( religiosity at ! exp5se ( patriotism1 & heal?y re=m grew m & m impossible4 ,:at ( ! religion ( ,egypt liv$ on 9 o!r l&s :i* felt h] influ5ce1 x is h>d to say4 ,! religi\s art ( ,egypt1 & ) x no d\bt "s t9cture ( ! ideas x embodi$1 und\bt$ly w5t nor?w>ds to ,ph5icia2 & ,greece ow$ to ,ph5icia1 z we %all see1 _m a sugge/ion 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,long be=e ,isis & ,s]apis 7 introduc$ 9 ,rome 9 _! own p]sons1 ! leg5d ( ,osiris _h fl\ri%$ 9 ,greece "u new names1 & ! ,greek doctr9e ( ! life to come1 taught 9 ! my/]ies1 has sugge/$ to "s s*ol>s an ,egyptian orig94 ,to ! ,greeks & ,romans ?is religion af=d$ an inf9ity ( puzzles & my/]ies2 to ! mod]n _w x af=ds ! greate/ example ( a religion ! e>ly promise ( :i* 0 n fulfill$1 ! spl5did moral aspirations ( :i* 7 /ifl$ amid ! sup]/itions !y 7 too weak to conqu]4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,= g5]al in=mation ,wilk9son's ,egyptians4 ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,budge1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 vols4 i4-viii41 #aijb-jc4 ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,budge1 ,! ,mummy2 *apt]s on ,egyptian fun]al ar*ology1 ,cambridge1 #ahic4 ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,budge1 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,engli% ,translation ( ! ,!ban ,rec5sion1 #c vols41 #aiaj4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 9 ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahd1 sqq4 ,! ,hi/ories ( ,antiquity ( ,dunck]1 ,masp]o1 & especially ,ed4 ,mey]4 ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 #ahid4 ,masp]o1 ,manual ( ,egyptian ,ar*ology1 ,second ,edition1 #ahie4 ,r5\f's ,hibb]t ,lectures4 ,tiele1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian ,religion1 translat$ by ,ball+al4 ,wi$emann1 gyptis*e ,ges*i*te1 #ahhd-hh2 ,die ,religion d] alt5 ,aegypti]1 #ahij2 also ,egyptian ,religion1 9 ,ha/+s' ,bible ,diction>y1 vol4 v4 ,a4 ,o4 ,lange1 ,die gypt] 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,fir/ ,s]ies 7#ahgc-ha71 vols4 ii41 iv41 vi41 viii41 x41 xii4 ,second ,s]ies1 #ahhh-ib1 vols4 ii4-vi4 ,b5son & ,g\rlay1 ,! ,temple ( ,mut 9 ,a%]1 #ahii4 ,naville1 ,! ,old ,egyptian ,fai?1 translat$ by ,col9 ,campbell1 #aiji4 ,col9 ,campbell1 ,two ,!ban ,que5s1 #aiji4 ,a /udy ( ! inscriptions 9 two royal tombs4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,semitic ,,gr\p ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,semitic ,,religion ,z us$ by ! mod]n s*ol>1 ! t]m ,semites or ,semitic races includes ! ,arabs1 ! ,hebrews1 ! ,canaanites & ,ph5icians1 ! ,syrians or ,arameans1 ! ,babylonians & ! ,assyrians4 ,?is enum]ation diff]s f t ( ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :]e ! *ildr5 ( ,%em include ,elam1 or ! dwell]s 9 ,susiana1 & ,lud or ! ,lydians1 :ile ! tribes :o dwelt 9 ,canaan be=e ! ,hebrews are plac$ 9 ano!r & a l[] division ( ! human family4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! enum]ation 9 ,g5esis is probably t ( geographical neighb\rhood2 ! mod]n pr9ciple is t ( l+ui/ic aff9ity4 ,! peoples m5tion$ above spoke1 or /ill speak1 languages :i* belong to ! same family ( human spee*4 ,! inf]5ce f aff9ity ( language to aff9ity ( blood is 9 ?is case a /rong "o1 s t ! peoples us+ ! ,semitic tongues are consid]$ to be ( ! same race4 ,to ! "q1 :]e ! cradle ( ! ,semitic race is to be s\ght1 mo/ s*ol>s n[ answ] t we mu/ seek x 9 ,arabia4 ,f ?is isolat$ l& ! ,semitic disp]sion spread 9 e direction1 till ,semitic language & cu/oms fill$ ! e>? f ! s\? ( ,arabia to ! nor? ( ,syria1 & f ! m\nta9s ( ,iran to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & f> along ! nor!rn %ores ( ,africa2 ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 :]e ,semitic culture & religion assum$ at ! dawn ( human hi/ory a v special & peculi> =m1 we h already spok54 ,we h n[ to speak ( ,semitic religion z f\nd 9 ! l&s bord]+ on ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean 9 a m orig9al =m4 ,! ,semitic peoples outside ( ,babylonia f\nd$ no la/+ empires1 & %[$ no great aptitude = art or = lit]>y /yle2 b1 9 po9t ( religion1 !y communicat$ to ! _w impulses ( immeasurable =ce1 :i* w act p[]fully on ! _w z long z ! ,prophet is nam$ or ,*ri/ prea*$4 ,x is possible to def9e to a c]ta9 ext5t ! typical religion ( ! ,semites4 ,! ,burnett lectures ( ! late lam5t$ ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?#a pr(ess to d ?is2 a book 9 :i* great le>n+ & bold speculation are rem>kably comb9$1 & :i* =ms "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to ! e>ly hi/ory1 n ( ,semitic religion only1 b ( e>ly religion 9 g5]al4 ,! writ] 0 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( prehi/oric man & ( primitive in/itutions1 & mu* ( 8 book ref]s to an e>li] p]iod 9 ! gr[? ( religion ?an t ( ! =mation ( ! ,semitic type4 ,on ! "q ( ! specific "* ( ,semitic z di/+ui%$ f o!r religions1 x is "o ( our pr9cipal au?orities4 ,footnote #a3 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,in/itutions1 #ahhi4 ,! ,semitic races diff] f ! ,indo-,european1 ) :om alone we ne$ comp>e !m1 9 _! great] int5sity ( disposition & a correspond+ pov]ty ( imag9ation4 ,! ,semite has a small] range ( ideas1 b he applies !m m practically & m ?or\ghly4 ,he has1 inde$1 an int5sely practical turn1 & does n t\* philosophy except "u an irresi/ible pressure ( great practical ideas2 :ile = pla/ic art he has no native incl9ation4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! religi\s views he ent]ta9s appe> to him less z ideas ?an z facts1 :i* mu/ be reckon$ ) to _! full ext5t z o!r common facts ( life mu/1 & f :i* !re is no escape4 ,8 religi\s convictions1 !re=e1 are apt to be c>ri$ out to _! utmo/ ext5t1 ev5 at ! co/ ( great & pa9ful sacrifices4 ,religion admits ) ! ,semite ( less compromise1 & is less affect$ by fancy1 ?an ) ! ,aryan2 x is1 9 fact1 a m practical matt]4 ,! result proves to be t ! ,semitic m9d br+s religi\s ideas to be> on life & conduct ) ! greate/ possible =ce2 ! sub/ance is m1 ! =m less1 ?an is ! case else:]e4 ,:5 we ask = ! common type ( work+ ,semitic religion1 :]e are we to look = x8 ,n 9 ,babylonia2 ! *>act]i/ic ,babylonian religion is ,semitic1 b late ,semitic2 x has receiv$ ! impress ( high civilisation & ( empire4 ,nor ne$ we look = x 9 ! t[n life ( ,ph5icia4 ,x is 9 ! seclusion ( ! ,arabian p59sula t we f9d x1 9 ! di/rict1 z we saw1 n[ reg>d$ z ! cradle ( ! ,semitic race1 :]e life cont9ues to ?is day little *ang$ f :at x 0 be=e ! days ( ,abraham4 ,!re ! type ( society /ill exi/s ) :i* s*ol>s l ,wellhaus5 & ,smi? consid] ! e>lie/ ,semitic religion to be connect$4 ,x is a society ( nomad clans1 :i* own no allegiance to any c5tral au?ority1 :i* h no k+ & d n yet =m a nation4 ,?is is a /age ( social gr[? :i* 9 e anci5t p prec$es ! rise ( ! nation & ( mon>*y4 ,! ,hebrews are ris+ out ( ?is /age :5 we fir/ see !m4 ,_! neighb\rs ! ,moabites & ,canaanites h already pass$ beyond x4 ,b all ^! peoples alike h _! root 9 a /ate ( society :5 !re 0 no l>ge & ord]ly community1 b only a multitude ( small & re/less tribes1 :5 !re 0 no writt5 law1 b only cu/om1 & :5 !re 0 no c5tral au?ority to execute ju/ice1 b x 0 left to a man's fell[-clansm5 to av5ge 8 murd]4 ,n[ ! religion ( ! clan1 ! ideas ( :i* det]m9e ! "* ( lat] ,semitic sy/ems1 may be briefly describ$ z foll[s4 ,ea* clan has its own god1 p]haps he 0 orig9ally an animal1 at any rate he is ! fa!r or ance/or ( ! clan1 he is ( ! same blood ) !m1 he belongs to !m & to no o!r clan4 ,s f> ! ass]tion t ! ,semites are naturally mono!i/s is true2 b ! same is true ( all totemi/ic or clanni% communities4 ,a man is born into a community ) su* a div9e head1 & ! wor%ip ( t god is ! only "o possible to him4 ,%\ld he be expell$ f 8 clan he is driv5 away f 8 god1 & he _c obta9 access into ano!r clan except by a =mal adoption z a /rang] cli5t4 ,! l9k1 on ! o!r h& betwe5 ! god & 8 clansm5 is ( ! /ronge/4 ,he jo9s 9 all _! ent]prises1 aft] be+ consult$ on ! subject1 & hav+ a sacrifice (f]$ to him1 :i* r5ews ! union ( ! clansm5 to him & to ea* o!r4 ,_! w>s are 8 w>s2 :5 any ( !m is injur$ or sla9 he jo9s 9 _! necess>y acts ( retaliation2 x is a religi\s duty = ea* ( !m to be fai?ful to ! o!rs1 & to keep up ! tribal cu/oms1 ( :i* ! god approves4 ,?us ! ,semites h z _m gods z !y h clans2 & ^! gods d n greatly diff] f ea* o!r4 ,z long1 moreov]1 z ! clans are at con/ant feud1 no s+le god c gr[ v great4 ,x is only :5 "o clan conqu]s o!rs1 t a k+-god c arise to rule ov] all alike z a mon>* rules ov] 8 nobles & _! prov9ces4 ,b 9 ?is type ( deity ! g5ius ( ,semitic religion is already express$4 ,! god ( ! ,semite is n a nature-p[] :o be>s ! same aspect to all m51 b a memb] ( a p>ticul> clan1 a p]son to :om ! clansman occupies ! same position ( natural subord9ation z he does to 8 fa!r or 8 *ief4 ,! god takes 8 "n n f a "p ( nature b f a human relation%ip4 ,he is ,baal1 ma/] or own]1 he is ,adon1 "l2 9 lat] circum/ances he is ,mele*1 k+4 ,el1 mighty "o1 h]o1 is a m g5]ic t]m2 l our ,god1 x is appli$ to any div9e be+4 ,^! deities1 x w be notic$1 are all mascul9e2 b x is n to be suppos$ t ! ,semites _h no goddesses4 ,n to speak ( ! goddesses ( ,babylonia1 m]e d\bles ( ! gods ^: names !y bore 7*apt] vii471 ! e>lie/ ,semites are believ$ by sev]al great s*ol>s to h _h a goddess b no god4 ,! matri>*al /ate ( society1 9 :i* ! "m alone rul$ ! family1 came be=e ! patri>*al1 & s ! reign ( ! goddess came be=e t ( ! god4 ,ea* community has its own ,al-lat1 ,! ,lady1 z %e is call$ 9 ,arabia1 a /rict & exact+ lady1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! lic5ti\s goddesses ( lat] times2 & 9 all ,semitic l&s traces ( h] e>ly preval5ce are f\nd4#b ,z ! male god came to ! front1 ! female became a less def9ite figure1 till %e 0 g5]ally a m]e c\nt]p>t ( ! male god1 ) little "* ( h] own4 ,) gods ( ?is type !re is little scope = my?ology4 ,! hi/ory ( ! god is t ( ! tribe2 ! gods are too little indep5d5t ( _! human cli5ts to =m a society by !mselves1 or to give rise to /ories ab\t _! do+s4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia4 ,?is is "o side ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,semitic gods2 b t hi/ory has ano!r side4 ,! l&s 9 :i* ! ,semites dwelt 7 full f ! fir/ ( sacr$ spots2 & we h to notice t ! god ( a clan is also ! god ( a c]ta9 piece ( e>? :]e he is suppos$ to dwell1 :i* is reg>d$ z 8 prop]ty1 & ! f]tility ( :i* is ascrib$ to 8 b5efic5ce4 ,9 ! ,bible we read ( sacr$ trees1 ( sacr$ wells1 ( sacr$ /ones or m\nds1 & ( /ones or pill>s :i* 7 connect$ ) sacrifice4 ,9 v>i\s ,semitic l&s !re are also sacr$ /reams & sacr$ caves4 ,! ,semites 9 fact _h _! %>e ( ! inh]itance ! :ole _w has d]iv$ f ! e>lie/ times1 ( prehi/oric religi\s sites & objects4 ,a _s spoke 9 ! ru/l+ ( ! bran*es ( ! tree1 c\nsel c\ld be procur$ at ! spr+2 :]ev] !re appe>$ to be some?+ my/]i\s 9 nature1 a _s 0 believ$ to dwell2 & especially 9 woods & f]tile spots1 :]e wild bea/s orig9ally _h _! lair1 a _s 0 ?\ght to reside1 :i* 0 approa*$ ) fe>4 ,_m ( ^! sup]/itions ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,semites long cont9u$ to hold2#c b ! race sup]s$$ 9 ! ma9 ?is _w ( spirits by a set ( gods1 & ! magic address$ to spirits by religi\s obs]vances address$ to gods4 ,! g5ius or j9n haunt+ ! ?icket1 :o _h no regul> wor%ipp]s1 b 0 an object ( fe> to all1 & _h to be propitiat$ or controll$ by my/]i\s arts1 gave way to ! god ( a clan1 :o took up 8 resid5ce !re1 & receiv$ ! regul> wor%ip ( 8 clansm52 ! /one became ! symbol ( a deity :o _h be5 ask$ & _h cons5t$ to become id5tifi$ ) x = ! purpose ( ! /at$ rites ( ! clan4 ,9 ?is way ! clan gods became localis$ z ! clans t5d$ to acquire fix$ settlem5ts1 & ea* sacr$ spot 0 occupi$ by ! deity ( ! clan :o dwelt ar\nd x4 ,! view 0 held t ea* god 0 to be f\nd at ! spot :]e1 on "s m>k$ occasion1 he _h giv5 evid5ce ( 8 p[]1 & he :o wi%$ to enquire ( t god _h to g !re4 ,x might happ5 t ! god manife/$ 8 p[] at ano!r spot to "o ( 8 dep5d5ts on a j\rney1 z ,jehovah did to ,jacob at ,be!l 7,g5esis xxviii474 ,!n t spot also 0 recognis$ z a holy "o :]e communication c\ld be _h ) ! deity1 & ! app>atus ( wor%ip 0 erect$ !re s t ! int]c\rse might be suitably c>ri$ on1 z ,jacob is report$ to h done4 ,9 "t also x came to be ?\ght t ea* god _h 8 l& :i* belong$ to him1 on :i* alone 8 wor%ip 0 possible1 & s ! e>? 0 p>cell$ out among a numb] ( deities2 & ,naaman1 :o wi%es to wor%ip ,jehovah 9 8 ,syrian home1 c>ries (f two mules' burd5 ( ,jehovah's soil1 to make 9 ! mid/ ( ,syria a little piece ( ! l& ( ! ,god ( ,israel 7#b ,k+s v474 ,footnote #c3 ,! late ,pr(essor ,ives ,curtius 9 a pap] read to ! ,basel ,congress 7#aije1 ,v]h&lung51 p4 #aed71 on ,traces ( ,e>ly ,semitic ,religion 9 ,syria1 gives details ( local sanctu>ies /ill resort$ to 9 t c\ntry4 ,"o circum/ance rema9s to be m5tion$ :i* con/itutes a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan religions4 ,aryan religion has its c5tre 9 ! h\sehold2 ! he>? is its alt>1 & ! gods ( ! dome/ic cult are ! dep>t$ ance/ors ( ! family4 ,semitic religion is )\t ?is cult2 ! he>? is n an alt>2 ! religi\s community is n ! family b ! clan4 ,! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 if1 z !re is reason to believe1 x _h once be5 practis$ by ! ,semites 7! ,arabs ti$ a camel to ! grave ( ! dead *ief71 lo/ at a v e>ly p]iod all practical importance4 ,:ile ! e>ly ,semites believ$ 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dep>t$1 !y ?\ght ( !m z be+s q de/itute ( en]gy1 z %ades laid 9 ! gr\nd1 & did n wor%ip !m4 ,! o!r _w occupi$1 !re=e1 a v small space 9 ,semitic ?\ght4 ,religion conf9$ itself to ?is life2 aft] dea?1 x 0 held1 ev5 religion came to an end4 ,a man mu/ enjoy ! society ( 8 god 9 ?is life2 aft] dea? he c\ld take "p 9 no sacrifice1 & c\ld r5d] to 8 god no ?anks nor s]vice4 ,f :at has be5 said ! "* ( sacrifice among ! ,semites is readily und]/ood4 ,sacrifice is n dome/ic b takes place at ! spot :]e ! god is ?\ght to reside1 or :]e ! symbol /&s :i* repres5ts him4 ,usually ?is 0 an upright monoli?1 su* z is f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & ! c5tral act ( ! sacrifice consi/$ 9 apply+ ! blood ( ! new-sla9 victim to ?is /one4 ,! blood 0 ?us br\ght ne> to ! god1 ! clansm5 also may h t\*$ ! blood at ! same "t2 & ! act meant t ! god & ! tribesm51 all com+ into contact ) ! blood1 :i* orig9ally p]haps 0 t ( ! animal totem ( ! clan1 decl>$ t !y 7 ( ! same blood1 & r5ew$ ! bond :i* connect$ !m ) ea* o!r4 ,a fur!r feature ( e>ly ,semitic sacrifice is also t ! slaught] & ! blood c]emony are succe$$ by a banquet1 at :i* ! god is ?\ght to sit at table ) 8 cli5ts1 8 %>e be+ expos$ = him on ! /one or alt>4 ,:5 he came to be believ$ to dwell al(t1 8 %>e 0 burn$ ) fire s t ! smell or f9] ess5ce ( x might asc5d to him4 ,_m examples may be collect$ 9 ! e>ly hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ( sacrifices :i* are at ! same "t social & fe/ive occasions2 9 fact1 9 e>ly ,israel e act ( slaught] 0 a sacrifice1 & e sacrifice a banquet4 ,! p dance & make m]ry be=e _! god1 ( ^: fav\r !y h j become assur$ once m by ! act ( communion !y h obs]v$4 ,! und]tak+ !y h on h& is hall[$ by 8 approval1 s t !y c boldly advance to x2 ! corporate _s ( ! tribe is quick5$ by r5ew$ contact ) its head2 all ?\ghts ( c>e are f> away2 ! religi\s act makes ! wor%ipp]s simply & unaffect$ly happy1 if x does n ev5 fill !m ) an orgia/ic ec/asy4 ,?is c>eless happ9ess1 9 connection ) religi\s acts1 is f\nd also 9 ,babylonian sacrifice4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 peculi> to ! ,semites1 b is *>act]i/ic ( ! religion ( ! e>ly _w 9 g5]al4 ,nor is x peculi> to ?is race t religion does n address ! individual z su*1 b only z a memb] ( 8 tribe1 & t x provides small com=t = private sorr[s or long+s4 ,! sad face is out ( place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! god4 ,religion is ess5tially a happy ?+2 s9 is n yet ?\ght (1 & if ?+s g wrong1 ! tribe nev] ent]ta9s any d\bt b t ) prop] sacrifices & promises ! god w %[ !m 8 fav\r aga9 & r5ew _! prosp]ity4 ,all ?is is n specially ,semitic1 b simply e>ly religion4 ,:at is specially ,semitic is1 to repeat t ) :i* we set out1 t gods are wor%ipp$ ^: relations to _! wor%ipp]s are borr[$ f exi/+ =ms ( society4 ,! god is ! fa!r or ! ma/] or ! *ampion1 ( ! circle ( wor%ipp]s2 he is ( _! k9dr$1 he is _! greate/ & /ronge/ clansman1 he belongs to !m & to none b !m4 ,?is1 :e!r x is d]iv$--z ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? ?9ks--f ! ideas ( totemism or n1 leads to a religion :i* is exclusive & int5se1 & _c be trifl$ )4 ,! god :o is a man's ma/]1 & ! head ( 8 clan1 /&s 9 a m imp]ative position t[>ds him ?an ! god ( ! sky1 or ?an a dep>t$ ance/or4 ,he does n *ange ) ! seasons or ! wea!r1 nor is !re any d\bt z to 8 int5tions & dem&s4 ,semitic religion1 ev5 at ?is /age1 is a v real ?+1 & may easily1 9 fav\r+ circum/ances1 become a =ce ( ov]ma/]+ en]gy4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,hommel1 ,die ,semitis*5 ,vlk] und ,spra*54 ,semites1 by ,mc,curdy1 9 ,ha/+s' ,bible ,diction>y1 vol4 v4 ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ori5tales dans la ,paganisme ,roma91 #aijg4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,canaanites ,,& ,,ph5icians ,:5 ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel cross$ ! ,jordan & settl$ 9 ,pale/9e1 !y f\nd t c\ntry inhabit$ by a race ( m5 :o spoke ! same language z !mselves1 & :o 7 mu* fur!r advanc$ ?an !y 9 civilisation4 ,! lett]s ( ,el-,am>na :i* belong to ?is p]iod %[ ,syria to h be5 full ( small !ocratic /ates1 all p]vad$1 ?\gh n[ "u ! p[] ( ,egypt1 by ,babylonian culture1 ea* ) a god & a settl$ wor%ip ( its own4 ,! ,israelites ( a lat] "t reg>d$ ! ,canaanites ) su* disda9 t !y reckon$ !m 7,g5esis x4 #f1 #ae7 z belong+ to an inf]ior race2 b ! two peoples belong$ to ! same race1 & _h _m common ideas & practices4 ,9 religion !y resembl$ ea* o!r1 or ,israel c\ld nev] h be5 tempt$ s /rongly1 & = s long a p]iod1 to adopt ! rites ( ! p !y conqu]$4 ,! ,israelites 7 n ! only p :o invad$ ! l& ( ! ,canaanites & /ay$ 9 x4 ,?ree su* invasions took place3 ^? ( ! ,ph5icians1 ( ! ,phili/9es1 & ( ! ,hebrews--! fir/ & ?ird be+ ,semitic peoples1 & p]haps ! second also4 ,! ,phili/9es1 settl+ on ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 _h a ,semitic religion1 ( :i* ! fi%-god ,dagon1 ! ,fly-,baal ( ,ekron1 & ! ,a%tore?1 probably ( ,ascalon1 are kn[n figures4 ,! ,phili/9es1 h[ev]1 lo/ ultimately _! sep>ate "*1 & ceas$ to exi/ z an indep5d5t p4 ,x w n be necess>y = u to m5tion !m aga94 ,! ,ph5icians1 settl+ on ! nor!rn sea-bo>d ( ,syria1 :]e great trade r\tes to ,ea/ & ,we/ conv]g$1 & :]e good h>b\rs c\ld be made1 became a nation ( m]*ants1 & kept up active communication ) ! great k+doms ( ! ,ea/1 ) ,egypt1 & ) ! isl&s & ! di/ant %ores ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! c>ri]s ( ! anci5t _w1 !y transmitt$ to ,europe n only ! spices & ! fabrics b also ! ideas & ! practices ( ,asia1 & r5d]$ to ! _w ! ine/imable s]vice ( awak+ ! slumb]+ en]gies ( ! ,aryan peoples to new life4 ,a %ort *apt] may be devot$ to ! religion ( ! ,canaanites & to t ( ! ,ph5icians1 n because ^! 7 important 9 !mselves1 = 9 nei!r 0 !re any?+ orig9al or any?+ de/9$ to survive1 b because ( ! light !y ?r[ on o!r religions :i* 7 to h a great c>e]4 ,x 0 9 conflict ) ! ,canaanite religion t ! fai? ( ,israel fir/ realis$ its true nature & 0 l$ to organise itself 9 a mann] befitt+ its "*4 ,& f ,ph5icia bo? ,israel & ,greece accept$ _m a sugge/ion1 bo? 9 ext]nal matt]s connect$ ) wor%ip & 9 matt]s ( a deep] nature4 ,! religion ( ! ,canaanites is well kn[n to u f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is su* a sy/em z we f\nd t ( ! ,semites to be1 ) c]ta9 peculi> developm5ts1 ( :i* we h already se5 some?+ 9 our *apt] on ,babylonia4 ,a local community recognises an invisible head1 ) :om x meets at ! sacr$ spot1 :om x reg>ds z ov]lord or ma/]1 ( ^: fav\r x is 9 no d\bt1 & :om x s]ves ) sacrifices & ) lively manife/ations ( joy at c]ta9 fix$ p]iods4 ,! god is call$ ,baal4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a prop] "n b a title2 x means "l1 ma/]1 & ! ,baal may h a "n ( 8 own 9 addition3 we he> ( ,baal ,peor1 ! "l ( ,peor1 & ( _m ano!r4 ,baals are spok5 ( 9 ! plural2 we read 9 ,judges ii4 #aa & 9 o!r passages t ! ,israelites foll[$ ! ,baals1 t is ! gods ( ! ,canaanites4 ,ea* place has its own ,baal1 :o is wor%ipp$ at ! local sanctu>y4 ,! sanctu>y is at an elevat$ spot outside ! t[n or village1 ei!r on a natural em95ce or on a m\nd artificially made = ! purpose2 ^! are ! high places ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 orig9ally ,canaanite places ( wor%ip1 !y drew to !mselves also ! wor%ip ( ,israel4 ,! app>atus ( wor%ip at ^! %r9es is ( a v simple nature4 ,an upright /one repres5ts ! god2 x is n a /atue ( him1 be+ unhewn & hav+ no resemblance to ! human figure4 ,he 0 suppos$ to come to ! /one :5 meet+ ) 8 wor%ipp]s2 & 9 ! e>lie/ times ( ,semitic religion ?is /one s]v$ ! purpose ( an alt>3 ! gifts1 :i* 7 n orig9ally burn$1 7 laid ^u x1 or ! blood ( ! victim 0 appli$ to x4 ,b besides ! alt> & ! upright /one or massebah ! ,canaanite %r9e _h ano!r piece ( furniture4 ,a massive tree-trunk1 fix$ 9 ! gr\nd & ) "s ( its bran*es p]haps /ill rema9+1 repres5t$ ! female deity :o is ! inv>iable companion ( ! ,baal4 ,?is is ! ,a%]a ( ,canaan1 a ^w :i* 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion is translat$ grove1 aft] an error ( ! ,vulgate1 b :i* 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion is rightly left untranslat$4 7,judges iii4 #g1 vi4 #be2 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #f1 !re is "o 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem2 etc47 ,! ^w ,a%]a is 9 su* passages ! designation ( ! tree :i* /ood to repres5t ! goddess2 :e!r x is ev] ! prop] "n ( ! goddess h]self is d\btful4 ,at any rate ,a%]a1 l ,baal1 is n ! "n ( "o hi/oric deity1 b a "n appli$ to ! goddess ( ea* place all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! "* ( ,canaanite religion is cle>ly reveal$ 9 its app>atus ( wor%ip4 ,we saw t ! ,babylonians add$ to _m ( ! gods ( _! c\ntry a female c\nt]p>t1 turn+ ! "n ( ! god into a fem99e =m 7*apt] vii41 also *apt] x474 ,9 ,canaan we f9d t ,semitic wor%ip is address$ to pairs ( deities2 !re is a god & a goddess at ea* %r9e4 ,:ile x w\ld be wrong to reg>d ?is z ! g5]al type ( ,semitic religion1--our *apt] on t subject po9ts to a diff]5t conclusion1 & ! great gods ( ,ph5icia1 ( ,moab1 & ( ,israel are solit>y be+s1--we mu/ recognise t ! wor%ip ( god & goddess 0 widespread 9 ,semitic peoples4 ,9 ,canaan x is n difficult to und]/& x4 ,we h "h ! wor%ip ( an agricultural community2 & z ! ,baal is ! "l ( ! soil & ! au?or ( its f]tility1 :o is entitl$ to receive ! fir/-fruits1 s ! ,a%]a is ! f]tile matron :o repres5ts ! pr9ciple ( increase4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t leaves u 9 no d\bt z to ! k9d ( wor%ip :i* 0 c>ri$ on at ^! %r9es4 ,! fe/ivals 7 ^? ( ! f>m]'s cal5d>2 ! ,baal is pres5t$ ) ! fir/-fruits ( corn & w9e & oil1 9 ! mid/ ( g5]al fea/+ & boi/]\s m]ry-mak+4 ,8 consort1 on ! o!r h&1 is s]v$ ) rites apply+ 9 ! mo/ direct mann] ! pr9ciple %e repres5ts4 ,! %r9e has a /aff ( female att5dants = ?is "p ( ! s]vice ( religion4 ,! ru/ic wor%ip ( ,pale/9e ?us %[s u a side ( ! religion ( ,we/]n ,asia :i* we "k f o!r s\rces to h be5 widely diffus$4 ,a female deity l ! ,babylonian ,i%t> 7*apt] vii471 is s]v$ ) impure rites 9 great cities z well z 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 & h] wor%ip spread we/w>ds ) o!r ,ea/]n products4 ,%e is f\nd z ,baalit1 z ,mylitta1#a z ,a/>te2 ! ,greeks call h] ,aphrodite1 & h] horrid wor%ip f\nd entrance 9 v>i\s ,greek cities4 ,footnote #a3 ,h]od4 i4 #aii4 ,to ! ,israelites ! wor%ip ( ,canaan prov$ a great temptation 7,numb]s xxv471 b !y gradually rose above x4 ,! ,ph5icians also came to h gods ( a mu* high] "*1 & ( ^! also we mu/ speak4 ,! ,ph5icians 7 n orig9al 9 _! religion any m ?an 9 _! art2 _! religion began ) ! ord9>y ,semitic notions z ^! _h be5 appli$ by ! old] population 9 ,syria1 & !y improv$ x by borr[+ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ) :i* !y traffick$4 ,s v>i\s 7 _! borr[+s t x is impossible to draw up a consi/5t sy/em ( _! gods4 ,"o t[n has "o set ( gods1 ano!r t[n ano!r1 & ! same deity we>s diff]5t & ev5 opposite *>act]s 9 diff]5t places4 ,all t c be done is to s+le out a few features :i* we c see to h be5 on ! :ole *>act]i/ic ( ,ph5ician religion1 & to h enabl$ x to influ5ce ! wor%ip ( o!r peoples4 ,! ,ph5icians 7 v mu* 9 e>ne/ ab\t ! ma9t5ance ( /ate & ( religion4 ,9 _! successive city-/ates ( ,sidon1 ,tyre1 & ,c>?age1 we see !m exhibit+ an int5se devotion to ! commonweal?1 & v mu* "u ! influ5ce ( _! prie/hood4 ,semitic religion t5ds to gr[ m sombre & int5se z x develops2 & ! ,ph5icians1 :ile /ill hold+ ! pr9ciple ( a god & goddess1 conc5trate _! wor%ip m & m on a s+le div9e figure1 & come to reg>d t figure f a great] di/ance & ) great] awe4 ,! lib]al & easy-go+ ,baals & ,a%]as ( agricultural life are n suit$ to ! temple ( a great comm]cial city2 a figure ( m dignity is want$4 ,& ?us above ! cr[d ( ,baals !re appe>s ! ,molo* or k+1 a mu* great] be+ & requir+ a mu* /ateli] s]vice4 ,molo* also is n orig9ally a prop] "n2 !re are v>i\s ,molo*s or k+-gods :o rise above ! ,baals1 & ! individuals h special designations1 z ,melc>?1 k+ ( ! city4 ,?is type ( deity occurs n ) ! ,ph5icians only1 b ) sev]al o!r ,syrian peoples ab\t ! same "t4 ,! ,molo* ( ,sidon & ,tyre is a be+ ( ! same "* z ! *ief gods ( ,moab1 ,ammon1 & ,israel4 ,he has to d n only ) ! bless+s ( agricultural life1 b ) /ate & gov]nm5t4 ,he is ! f\nd] ( a /ate2 he is ! inv5tor ( navigation & ( purple2 he is ! fir/ k+2 :5 a colony is s5t out1 x goes ) 8 approval1 & he himself leads ! exp$ition2 he is ! dread rul] :om none mu/ disobey2 ! maje/y1 ! p[]1 & ! ent]prise ( ! /ate are all embodi$ 9 him4 ,& z ! k+-god is f> above ! l&lord-god 9 p[]1 he is inf9itely remov$ f him 9 "* also4 ,! *ief gods ( ,sidon & ,tyre h no?+ luxuri\s or effem9ate ab\t !m4 ,!y are /rict & awful be+s1 & mu/ n be incauti\sly approa*$4 ,!y reta9 _! primitive "* z s\rces ( life1 b !y are de/roy]s ( life z well4 ,pure & holy !mselves1 !y require purity & hol9ess 9 all :o draw ne> to !m4 ,_! prie/s are celibates1 _! prie/esses virg9s4 ,!y require sacrifices ( a v diff]5t nature f ^? ( ! ,baals1 m co/ly & m dreadful4 ,human sacrifices appe> to h be5 a regul> feature ( _! wor%ip3 :5 ! ,israelites turn to ! wor%ip ( ,ph5ician gods1 or :5 !y copy ,ph5ician practices1 we he> ( _! mak+ _! *ildr5 pass ?r\gh ! fire--t is1 (f]+ !m up z burnt-sacrifices4 ,! ,molo* requires :at is mo/ co/ly z a sacrifice1 or :at w cause ! /ronge/ ?rill ( t]ror 9 8 wor%ip4 ,ev5 ! fir/-born *ild is n to be kept back f him 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #aj1 ,j]em4 vii4 #ca1 cf4 ,micah vi4 #g74 ,s f> ! orig9 ( ! ,ph5ician gods is simple4 ,!y are purely ,semitic deities1 =m$ on ! patt]n ( human rul]s & d]iv+ _! attributes f t "*4 ,:5 a /ate becomes highly organis$ be=e x is q civilis$ 9 o!r respects1 its religion is apt to be /]n & cruel2 ( ?is v>i\s in/ances may be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 & ! pres5t is "o ( !m4 ,! ,ph5ician gods 7 ( su* a "* z to fav\r ! survival ( savage practices2 ! ,semite1 z we saw1 is extremely matt]-(-fact & practical 9 8 religion1 & a god :o 0 a k+ w\ld receive ! same k9d ( (f]+s z ! k+ ( ,sidon or ( ,tyre 0 accu/om$ to4 ,a /rict & dreadful religion ?us survives beyond ! savage /ate2 pleasure is tak5 9 trampl+ on natural feel+s & 9 sett+ =? %ock+ spectacles at ! bidd+ ( ! deity4 ,a/ral ,deities ( ,ph5icia4--,x is n possible to arrange 9 a sy/em ! rema9+ ph5om5a ( ,ph5ician religion4 ,9 ! hi/orical p]iod ! gods h ano!r "* besides t ( be+ heads & rul]s ( communities4 ,!y are connect$ ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! *ief god1 :atev] "n he be>s1 ,el1 ,baal1 ,molo*1 ,rimmon1 or ,adonis1 is always ! sun4 ,a sun-god may h come f ,egypt or ,babylon1 b !re is no reason :y ! ,ph5icians may n h _h a sun-god f ! fir/1 ^: "* spread to _! o!r deities4 ,& 9 accordance ) ! t5d5cy above spok5 (1 ! sun-god has a consort4 ,sometimes 8 consort is ! e>?2 & !n we h a s5su\s & immoral wor%ip su* z t ( ! ,canaanites4 ,sometimes x is ! moon2 h] "n is ,a/>te or ,a%tore?1 & %e is a v diff]5t be+ f ! ,a%]a ( ,canaan2 ! names are n ! same1 & ! *>act]s are opposite4 ,a%tore?1 l ! primitive ,semitic goddess 7*apt] x471 is a *a/e matron2 %e is repres5t$ rob$ & 9 /ately attitude1 & is a fit companion = ! /rict ,molo* ( ! cities4 ,h] wor%ip is describ$ to u by ,j]emiah1 9 ^: "t ! matrons ( ,j]usalem made cakes = h] & p\r$ out dr9k-(f]+s & burn$ inc5se to h] z ! que5 ( heav52 all ?is 0 done ) ! k & co-op]ation ( _! husb&s1 s t ! wor%ip _h no?+ immoral ab\t x4 ,?is /rict goddess is n to be id5tifi$ ) ,i/> ( ,babylonia1 al?\gh ! names are alike4 ,i/> is n a moon-goddess l ,a%tore?2 9 ,babylonia1 9 fact1 ! moon is mascul9e1 & ! *>act]s ( ! two goddesses are opposite4 ,! ,sidonian ,a/>te & ! ,canaanite ,a%]a repres5t two oppos+ types ( female deity1 bo? ( :i* may possibly h _! reflections 9 ,greece--! latt] 9 ! l[] =ms ( ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite1 & ! =m] 9 ! figures ( su* /rict maid5 goddesses z ,artemis & ,a!ne4 ,ano!r wor%ip :i* prevail$ 9 ,ph5icia %\ld n be left unnotic$--t ( ! ,cabiri4 ,!re 7 temples ( ! ,cabiri 9 sev]al ( ! t[ns2 _! wor%ip1 h[ev]1 0 secret1 & little 0 kn[n ( x ev5 9 antiquity4 ,we "k at all ev5ts t ! ,cabiri 7 sev5 9 numb]1 & ! numb] is ?\ght to be connect$1 n ) ! sev5 planets1 b ) ! sev5 heav5ly sph]es ( e>ly a/ronomy4 ,!y h a head call$ ,e%mun1 :o is ! god ( ! eigh? or highe/ sph]e4 ,! ,cabiri are be+s ( a moral "*2 !y are n only mighty ones & creators1 b !y are ! *ildr5 ( ,sydyk--t is1 ( ,righte\sness2 & !y give c\nsel4 ,x is "h t ! t5d5cy to speculative exaltation ( ! deity appe>s 9 ,ph5icia2 b !re is little ( x1 & nei!r 9 ?is direction nor 9 t ( morals 0 ! religion de/9$ to h any rem>kable gr[?4 ,! s]vice ( ! gods 0 s closely id5tifi$ ) ! s]vice ( ! /ate1--= ei!r ! prie/ & ! k+ 7 "o1 z 9 ,israel aft] ! exile1 or no?+ c\ld be done )\t ! prie/hood1--t no indep5d5t religi\s developm5t 0 possible4 ,9 a !ocracy religion _c gr[1 at lea/ x _c be op5ly ackn[l$g$ to d s2 & ! prophet & re=m] f9ds e influ5ce array$ aga9/ him4 ,h[ greatly ,israel 0 indebt$ to ,ph5ician art is kn[n to all4 ,x 0 by artific]s f ,tyre t ,solomon's royal build+s 7 plann$ & execut$1 :5 he _h m>ri$ a daught] ( ,egypt & 0 compell$ to aim at "s magnific5ce4 ,a royal temple =m$ "p ( ^! build+s1 & 0 necess>ily erect$ accord+ to ! ideas :i* prevail$ 9 ! m advanc$ neighb\r+ k+doms4 ,x 0 f ! same s\rce t ! ,greeks a c5tury or two lat] drew sugge/ions = _! sacr$ ar*itecture2 & ?us we f9d t ! gr\nd-plan ( ,solomon's temple & t ( ! ,greek temple are closely simil>4 ,bo? are to be trac$ ultimately to ! model d]iv$ by ! ,ph5icians f ,egypt4 ,& ^? :o borr[$ f ,ph5icia ! =m ( _! temple1 borr[$ _m o!r ?+s too4 ,9 ! por* ( ,solomon's temple /ood two great pill>s ( bronze1 :i* 7 call$ ,ja*9 & ,boaz2 !y 7 simply ! symbols :i* /ood at ! entrance to e ,ph5ician temple ( ! sun-god wor%ipp$ !re4 ,! prie/s ( ,israel 7 dress$ l ^? ( ,tyre & ,sidon2 !y (f]$ ! same animals z sacrifices1 !y receiv$ ! same dues = _! ma9t5ance4 ,:5 s mu* app>atus 0 borr[$1 x is no wond] t ! gods ( ,ph5icia 7 at times wor%ipp$ at ,j]usalem4 ,we see f ?is :ole *apt] t ! religion ( ,israel 0 n s mu* ap>t f t ( ! o!r ,syrian peoples z we h be5 wont to imag9e4 ,ev5 9 8 religion ,israel ow$ some?+ to 8 neighb\rs2 8 religion came to be bett] ?an !irs1 b x 0 ! result ( a movem5t 9 :i* !y also _h tak5 "p4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,! ,hi/ories ( ,antiquity4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,dunck] 7see p4 #aja74 ,tiele's ,egyptis*e en ,mesopotamis*e ,godsdi5/54 ,book ,,ii43 ,ph5icia & ,israel4 ,! ,hi/ories ( ,israel1 especially ,ku551 ,! ,religion ( ,israel4 ,f4 ,j]emias1 9 ,de la ,saussaye1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cdh-chc4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ph5icia1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,israel ,x is a circum/ance ( ! greate/ value = ! sci5ce ( religion t ! ,old ,te/am5t is s well kn[n4 ,t book is ! mo/ valuable lit]>y /oreh\se we possess ( ! facts & ideas connect$ ) ! e>ly religion ( mank9d2 x is ! be/ text-book ( ! e>li] portion ( our subject4 ,9 our *apt]s on primitive wor%ip1 z well z 9 t on ! ,semites1 we h drawn l>gely f ?is s\rce1 & = ! e>li] /ages ( ! religion ( ,israel we may ref] to ^! *apt]s4 ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 to deal specially ) ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to endeav\r to %[1 z has be5 done 9 o!r cases1 :at 0 its specific "*1 & h[ its "* det]m9$ its hi/ory4 ,! /ory to be told 9 ?is *apt] is1 ev5 ap>t f our special int]e/ 9 x1 z fasc9at+ z any 9 ?is volume2 x 0 ?r\gh a m5tal movem5t ( unp>allel$ gr&eur1 z well z ?r\gh an outw>d hi/ory ( tragic & entranc+ int]e/1 t ! ,jews came to possess ! religion :i* 0 ! desire ( all nations1 & ! *ief prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h to beg91 h[ev]1 ) repeat+ 9 ?is case :at has be5 & w be ! burd5 ( our op5+ p>agraphs 9 _m *apt]s ( ?is book1 namely t ! traditional ideas ab\t ! nature ( ?is religion require to be correct$1 & t its sacr$ books z !y n[ /& d n accurately repres5t its hi/ory4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature has suff]$ 9 a high degree :at seems to be ! pr$e/9$ fate ( e set ( sacr$ books4 ,old mat]ials & new are mix$ up toge!r 9 x2 _m works h be5 revis$ by lat] editors1 & s mu* *ang$1 t labori\s critical processes are necess>y be=e !y c be us$ by ! hi/orian4 ,9 =m+ 8 fir/ impressions z to ! relations ! books be> to ea* o!r1 & z to ! purport ( ! :ole1 ! read] is naturally guid$ by ! ord] 9 :i* he f9ds !m2 b ! ord] 9 :i* ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews /& 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 fix$ f a peculi> po9t ( view at a late age 9 ,jewi% hi/ory1 & is 9 _m respects q unnatural & mislead+4 ,to come to p>ticul>s2 ! ,old ,te/am5t z x /&s sugge/s t ! ,law 0 ! e>lie/ product ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 & t all ! details ( ritual1 z well z ( moral & social duty1 7 fix$ = ! ,jews at ! v outset ( _! hi/ory2 & x sugge/s t ! books ( ! prophets 7 writt5 la/4 ,?is1 till q rec5tly1 0 g5]ally believ$ to be ! case1 b by ! lab\rs ( a s]ies ( illu/ri\s s*ol>s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! conclusion has be5 rea*$1 :i* is n[ less & less disput$1 t ! e>li] prophetic books come fir/ 9 *ronological ord]1 & t ! law1 :i* is n all ( "o piece1 b conta9s a numb] ( codes ( diff]5t p]iods1 toge!r ) a collection ( leg5ds & traditions drawn f v>i\s qu>t]s & subject$ to editorial treatm5t1 did n assume ! =m 9 :i* we h x till aft] ! exile4 ,! hi/orical books1 9 :i* no d\bt v>i\s anci5t pieces are embodi$1 7 writt5 "u ! inspiration ( prophetic ideas2 & ! late/ books ( all are ^? :i* /& 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,engli% ,bible2 ! ,psalt]1 :i* _h be5 gr[+ dur+ a long p]iod be=e x came to conta9 its pres5t numb] ( pieces1 ! books ( morals & philosophy1 & ! book ( ,job4 ,daniel belongs to ! p]iod ( ! ,maccabees4 ,! hi/orian1 !re=e1 />ts f ! age ( ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! writ+s ( ^! great m5 af=d a graphic picture ( _! "t1 & an entirely tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! m5tal furniture ,israel !n possess$4 ,f ?is fix$ po9t ! /ud5t is able to inf] :at happ5$ to ,israel 9 e>li] times1 & to judge ( ! _s 9 :i* ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! p 0 aft]w>ds writt5 & edit$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,israel :i* ! /ud5t arrives at aft] ^! critical processes diff]s1 x is true1 9 v important respects f t :i* appe>s at fir/ sight on ! face ( ! ,bible4 ,b ! same ?+ has occurr$ 9 ! case ( o!r nations4 ,! sacr$ books ( ,p]sia also h to be turn$ outside 9 be=e !y furni% ! hi/orian ) an acc\nt he c accept4 ,ev5 ( ! spee*es ( ,mohamm$ ! same is true4 ,^? :o und]take ! task ( codify+ sacr$ lit]atures h to consid] ! purpose to :i* ! books are to be put 9 ! community1 & to arrange !m s z be/ to s]ve t purpose2 !y d n ask1 ,h[ mu/ !y be arrang$ s z to exhibit ! true sequ5ce ( ! hi/ory8--t int]e/ only arises mu* lat]--b1 ,h[ w !y be/ s]ve ! ne$s ( ! community8 ,! ord] ( books 9 sacr$ collections is1 !re=e1 fix$ by practical consid]ations1 n[ ( "o k9d & n[ ( ano!r1 & n accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,we n[ proce$ to give ! outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! religion ( ,israel z x appe>s 9 ! light ( rec5t critical inve/igation4 ,israel consi/$ orig9ally ( a gr\p ( tribes1 b\nd toge!r by ! memory ( a great deliv]ance !y _h exp]i5c$ 9 common1 & ( battles 9 :i* !y _h f\ght side by side4 ,accu/om$ to ! free life ( %eph]ds1 !y _h be5 enslav$ 9 ,egypt & held to intol]able tasks2 b !y _h made _! escape 9 a wond]ful mann] "u a lead] :o _h kn[n h[ to k9dle !m to h]oic ef=ts by rem9d+ !m ( _! religi\s traditions4 ,"u 8 lead]%ip !y _h visit$ ! ,s9aitic p59sula aft] leav+ ,egypt1 & _h w&]$ 9 ! regions to ! nor? ( ,s9ai1 till at la/ !y conqu]$ t]ritory to ! ea/ ( ,jordan1 on :i* "s ( !m settl$1 :ile o!rs cross$ ! ,jordan1 & took up _! abodes among ! ,canaanite tribes :om !y f\nd !re4 ,! nation & ! religion came into ! _w at ! same "t4 ,al?\gh ! tribes reta9$ _! sep>ate gods & religi\s obs]vances1 & families among !m also _h _! own family cults1 ! bond by :i* !y _h be5 =m$ into a p & made capable ( common action 0 /rong] ?an ^! e>li] ties2 ! ,god :om ,moses proclaim$ z _! head inspir$ 9 !m an en?usiasm & vig\r unkn[n be=e4 ,8 "n 0 ,yahweh1 & is said to h a metaphysical mean+1 & to designate ! god z m really exi/+ ?an any o!r4 ,?is is d\bt$2 :at is c]ta9 is t ,moses decl>$ t ,yahweh promis$ to be ) ! tribes1 & t !y took him = _! ,god4 ,jehovah1 to use ! m famili> =m ( ! "n1 0 p]haps ! ,god ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! tribes2 he 0 probably a nature-god1 & connect$ ) /orms & ?und]1 & he _h 8 seat at ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,?i!r ! tribes repair$ to hold a solemn meet+ ) him2 f !re he 0 aft]w>ds repres5t$ z com+ =? :5 ab\t to d any mighty act = 8 p4 ,he is ?\ght ( z a be+ :o _c be se51 s9ce he dwells 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,he utt]s 8 voice 9 ?und] & /orm2 he is possess$ ( irresi/ible en]gy :i* he unfolds 9 battle1 & 9 :i* he causes 8 p to %>e :5 he goes be=e !m to w>4 ,b he is also a god ( c\nsel1 & takes ! greate/ int]e/ 9 ! moral & social life ( 8 p4 ,8 human repres5tatives1 aid$ by 8 _s1 settle disputes :i* are laid be=e !m1 & pron\nce au?oritative c\nsels on difficult matt]s4 ,?is k9d ( guidance is con/antly go+ on1 s t ,jehovah is felt to be wat*+ ov] ! conduct ( 8 p1 & to be an effective help] & guide 9 _! dome/ic conc]ns1 :i* n e god att5ds to1 z well z 9 _! meet+s ) _! enemies4 ,! ,e>ly ,ritual 0 ,simple4--,9 all ?is we h a v apt example ( ! advance :i*1 z we saw 9 a =m] *apt]1 religion makes :5 x becomes national in/ead ( m]ely tribal2 :5 ! great god ( ! nation takes 8 place above ! gods ( ! tribes4 ,9 ,israel1 h[ev]1 x is n ! case t ! national religion1 :5 x appe>s1 at once develops a high] /yle ( wor%ip1 & draws att5tion to itself by great] pomp & deep] solemnity ( =m4 ,! prie/ly legislation ( ,exodus & ,leviticus1 inde$1 repres5ts ?is z hav+ be5 ! case4 ,"h ! tribes h sc>cely adopt$ ! s]vice ( ,jehovah1 :5 an army ( ?\s&s ( prie/s is call$ into be+1 = ^: ma9t5ance elaborate provision is made1 & a spl5did & highly-organis$ wor%ip is arrang$4 ,?is directory ( wor%ip1 h[ev]1 mo/ s*ol>s are agre$1 nev] 0 9 op]ation till aft] ! exile3 we see 9 x ! wor%ip :i* ,ezra & 8 fell[-scribes aim$ at introduc+ 9 ! second temple at ,j]usalem4 ,! wor%ip ( ! wild]ness & ( ! e>ly p]iod ( ,israel 9 ,canaan 0 ( a v diff]5t nature4 ,! lead+ features & pr9ciples ( x diff]$ little f :at we h describ$ 9 =m] p>ts ( ?is book 7*apt] v41 *apt] x474 ,x 0 conduct$ accord+ to cu/om r ?an /atute1 & its lead+ *>act]i/ic 0 t x 0 a common meal at :i* ! god 0 pres5t along ) 8 wor%ipp]s1 & assurances 7 giv5 t ! good und]/&+ /ill cont9u$ :i* b\nd ! tribesm5 to _! god & ea* o!r4 ,x 0 by ! p]son ( 8 god r ?an by a m elaborate wor%ip1 or a m num]\s prie/hood1 t ,israel 0 di/+ui%$ f ,moab & ,ammon4 ,contact ) ,canaanite ,religion4--,aft] be+ deliv]$ out ( ,egypt by ! p[] ( ,jehovah1 & ent]+ ,canaan1 ,israel 0 plac$ 9 a position 9 :i* x is wond]ful1 inde$1 t ! national "* & ! national religion 7 n m]g$ 9 ^? ( ! surr\nd+ population4 ,br++ ) !m ! few ideas & ! scanty appliances ( ! wild]ness1 !y f\nd !mselves dwell+ amid a p ^: civilisation 0 fully =m$1 & :o possess$ a comp>atively elaborate wor%ip4 ,! tribes ( ,canaan spoke ! same language1 & 7 ( ! same race ) !mselves1 b _h advanc$ to ! high] life ( agriculture & ( cities4 ,_! wor%ip 0 ! same 9 pr9ciple z t ( ,israel1 b x _h a high] organisation4 ,! l& 0 /udd$ ) sacr$ places1 ! sanctity ( :i* ,israel c\ld n d5y1 & :i* =m$ c5tres ( pilgrimage & wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,canaanites 0 describ$ 9 la/ *apt] 7*apt] xi472 ! read] w rememb] ! upright /one 7masseba7 repres5t+ ! ,baal1 & ! tree-trunk 7a%]a71 if !re 0 no liv+ tree1 repres5t+ ! goddess4 ,if all ?is or mo/ ( x 0 new to ! ,israelites1 s 0 ! sacr$ ye> :i* fix$ ! seasons ( wor%ip 9 ,canaan4 ,m9or fe/ivals 7 fix$ by ! appe>ance ( ! new moon1 or by ! regul> return ( ! sev5? day 7x is d\btful if ! ,sabba? 0 obs]v$ 9 ! wild]ness1 x is connect$ ) agriculture1 & is sc>cely compatible ) pa/oral life72 great] ones by ! epo*s ( ! ye>1 su* z h>ve/ & v9tage4 ,! wor%ip connect$ ) agriculture 9 ! e>ly _w is ( a noisy & frantic ord]2 & :]e gods are wor%ipp$ :o are connect$ ) f]tility1 x is apt1 z we saw1 to be m>k$ by sexual features4 ,dang] ( ,fusion4--,! ,israelites 7 naturally prompt$ to adopt :at !y c\ld ( ! religion ( ! ,canaanites4 ,! old sacr$ places ( ! l&1 :e!r connect$ ) _! own ance/ral traditions or n1 !y c\ld n help adopt+2 x w\ld h be5 /range1 inde$1 if1 :5 !y became agriculturi/s1 !y _h n adopt$ ! agricultural fe/ivals2 & if1 z 0 natural1 !y reg>d$ ! ,baal ( ! ,canaanite z ! "l ( ! l& & ! giv] ( its f]tility1 _! ?anks = ! h>ve/ w\ld be address$ to him 7,hosea ii4 #h74 ,_! wor%ip ( ,jehovah c\ld n be left poor] ?an t :i* _! neighb\rs address$ to ,baal2 = x also !y erect$ a%]as & made use ( /&+ /ones1 & ( ,jehovah also !y _h images4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ,hezekiah1 0 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t3 9 o!r places ,jehovah 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a bull4 ,:]e an image ( him 0 kept1 he c\ld be consult$ by means ( lots or 9 o!r ways4 ,! ark or *e/ :i* 0 kept at "o ( ! m important %r9es1 repres5t$ him mo/ fully2 x 0 c>ri$ into battle1 & he 0 ?\ght to g ) x4 ,religi\s ,conflict4--,b ! m develop$ wor%ip ?us paid to ,jehovah aft] ! settlem5t 9 ,canaan1 z x _h n gr[n out ( ! religion ( ,jehovah1 did n truly express its _s1 & 0 felt by ^? :o believ$ mo/ ?or\ghly 9 ! national god1 to be a wrong way ( s]v+ him4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! ,israelites1 :o liv$ scatt]$ & f> ap>t f ea* o!r among ! old] inhabitants1 w5t s f> 9 adopt+ ,canaanite practices1 !re 0 a dang] t ,israel w\ld =get ! fai? :i* _h made him a nation1 & ?us "p entirely ) 8 "* & nationality4 ,a conte/ ?us arose1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole ( ,israelite hi/ory d[n to ! exile1 betwe5 ! few :o c>$ = ,jehovah only1 & desir$ to see ! pr9ciples ( 8 religion c>ri$ out purely & )\t res]ve1 & ! _m :o1 :ile also pr(ess+ to foll[ ,jehovah1 saw no h>m 9 wor%ipp+ him z o!r gods 7 wor%ipp$1 or ev5 9 address+ o!r gods z well z him4 ,?is /ruggle is repres5t$ 9 ! hi/ories z if ,israel _h f "t to "t become entirely apo/ate f its own fai?4 ,b x is cle> t ,israel nev] =got ,jehovah s f> z to be incapable ( be+ call$ back to him4 ,! call 0 g5]ally a call to w>4 ,! p1 hav+ =gott5 ! true s\rce ( _! /r5g?1 & s lo/ _s & became a prey to _! enemies1 7 summon$ by "o 9 :om ! _s ( ,jehovah 0 burn+ fre%ly1 to foll[ him to battle aga9/ _! enemies4 ,! _s ( ,jehovah1 ?us appli$ anew to ! he>ts ( 8 p1 did n fail ( its effect4 ,! wave ( c\rage & ( m>tial ard\r spread f place to place1 f tribe to tribe1 & soon an army /ood 9 ! field :i* /ruck ) ! old vig\r1 & soon %ook (f ! yoke ( ! oppressor4 ,jehovah ?us prov$ himself to be ,jehovah ,sebao?1 i4e41 9 ! mo/ probable r5d]+ ( ! phrase1 ! ,god ( ! armies ( 8 p4 ,a religion :i* prov$ itself 9 ?is way c\ld nev] cease to be a p[] 9 ! he>t ( ! nation2 ev5 if ! tribes1 disp]s+ aga9 aft] a victory1 soon seem$ to lose t\* ( ea* o!r1 & to be s9k+ deep] ?an ev] 9 ! surr\nd+ tide ( ,canaanite life1 yet ! fai?1 :i* 0 associat$ ) all ! highe/ mom5ts ( _! pa/ hi/ory1 & 0 ! secret ( all _! victories1 c\ld n die4 ,! ,mon>*y4--,x 0 a great advance1 h[ev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! religion ( ,israel1 :5 ! judges or h]oes :o appe>$1 at di/ant int]vals ( "t & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 to summon ,israel to fight = fre$om 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 7 succe$$ by ! mon>*y4 ,?is 0 a /ep :i* ^? mo/ zeal\s = ! national fai? w>mly approv$1 &1 inde$1 !mselves br\ght ab\t2 ! mon>*y 0 f\nd$1 9 ! case ( ! fir/ two k+s1 on religi\s en?usiasm4 ,! religion ( ,jehovah at once became ! /ate religion1 & a m satisfactory wor%ip 0 =m$ at ! c\rt4 ,! p]man5t union ( ! tribes "u ! mon>*y soon %[$ ,israel to be possess$ ( mu* great] =ce ?an c\ld h be5 imag9$1 & )9 a c5tury ! p ( ,jehovah =m$ a consid]able p[]1 :i* 0 he>d ( 9 all ends ( ! e>?4 ,in/ead ( a set ( scatt]$ tribes !y 7 n[ a homog5e\s p1 consci\s ( a great pa/ & look+ =w>d to a /ill great] future4 ,z !y pass$ rapidly f b>b>ism to civilisation1 ,jehovah %>$ _! rise4 ,8 en]gy _h always be5 und\bt$1 b he n[ put on 9 addition all ! settl$ attributes ( k+ly p[]--he 0 a great god1 & a great k+1 a j judge1 a lib]al fri5d--all 8 do+s 7 wond]ful4 ,he _h *os5 ,israel = 8 p1 & by a s]ies ( mighty acts _h guid$ & pres]v$ !m1 & made !m great4 ,8 p /ood 9 a peculi> position 9 ! _w2 ) su* a god !y mu/ rise high] /ill1 !re c\ld be no limit to :at he c\ld d = !m4 ,religion n ,c5tralis$4--,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppose t ! rise ( ,jehovah to a great position1 & ! in/itution ( 8 wor%ip at ! c\rt1 made any great or sudd5 *ange 9 ! religi\s arrangem5ts ( ! p at l>ge4 ,:ile ! wor%ip ( ! mon>* w5t on at ,gibeon or at ,j]usalem1 ! great %r9es at ,be!l1 at ,dan1 & at ,be]%eba 7 /ill frequ5t$1 & ! sacr$ places ?r\gh\t ! l& rema9$ 9 hon\r4 ,/ories inde$ 7 told to %[ t !y _h be5 f\nd$ by ! patri>*s = ! wor%ip ( _! god1 s t !re ne$ be no scruple 9 frequ5t+ !m4 ,! wor%ip ( ,baal & t ( ,jehovah w5t on at ^! places side by side1 & nei!r c\ld fail to be influ5c$ by ! o!r4 ,sacrifice 0 guid$ by m ?an "o pr9ciple3 on ! "o h& x 0 a common meal ) ! deity2 & z ,jehovah 0 ?\ght to h 8 dwell+ 9 ,heav51 8 "p ( ! banquet 0 burn$1 s t x might asc5d to him 9 ! column ( smoke4 ,! sacrifice ( agriculturi/s1 h[ev]1 naturally turns to ! idea ( pres5t+ to ! god1 ) joy & ?ankfulness1 a "p ( ! gifts1 or ! fir/ or be/ "p ( ! gifts1 :i*1 z "l ( ! soil1 he has be/[$4 ,! idea ( propitiation or atonem5t does n ent] into ! ord9>y sacrifices at ?is "t4 ,jehovah 9 8 /]n] moods may dem& m awful (f]+s4 ,z we see f ! /ory ( ,abraham (f]+ up ,isaac1 x 0 ?\ght t ,jehovah might dem& human sacrifice1 & in/ances ( su* sacrifice actually occur 9 ! records4 ,jeph?ah d$icates 8 daught]2 aft] a w> ! be/ ( ! booty is (f]$ to ,jehovah1 & ,samuel hews ,agag 9 pieces be=e him4 ,b su* occurr5ces lie q ap>t f ord9>y wor%ip1 :i* is ( a joyful "* & is accompani$ by m]ry-mak+ ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,no fix$ ritual prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 ! attempt to introduce uni=mity came mu* lat]4 ,e "o knew h[ to sacrifice1 z ! /ories ( ,manoah & ( ,gideon %[2 x 0 by no means necess>y t a prie/ %\ld be pres5t4 ,! functions ( ! prie/ inde$ 7 (t5 connect$ ) o!r matt]s ?an sacrifice1 & might be ( a humble description4 ,eli ) a few att5dants 0 ! gu>dian ( ! ark :i* 0 ! symbol ( ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah4 ,a "y prie/ 0 engag$ by ,micah = t5 pieces ( silv] ye>ly to take *>ge ( 8 collection ( idols4 ,b ! mo/ important duty ( ! prie/hood1 & t on :i* _! influ5ce ma9ly dep5d$1 0 t ( consult+ ,jehovah & asc]ta9+ 8 w4 ,?is 0 done by "s sacr$ object 9 ! *>ge ( ! prie/1 & v>i\s objects are nam$ 7,ephod & ,t]aphim are images ( deities2 ,urim & ,?ummim are ! lots us$ on su* occasions7 :i* possess$ ?is virtue4 ,! prie/ also act$ z a judge 9 matt]s br\ght to him = decision1 & ?us 0 9 a position to =m ! unwritt5 law ( ! p1 & to set up pr9ciples ( conduct :i* came 9 c\rse ( "t to be reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,! prie/s' torah or law is ! beg9n+ ( ! ,jewi% legislation1 & we see f ! humane & k9dly provisions ( ! e>lie/ codes t ?is important function 0 dis*>g$ 9 no unwor?y way4 ,x 0 ?us t ,jehovah act$ z ! liv+ lawgiv] ( 8 p1 long be=e any writt5 law exi/$4 ,) 8 "* z a w>rior1 a mighty "l1 & a giv] ( ri* gifts1 he comb9es f ! fir/ t ( "o :o wat*es ov] ! conduct ( 8 p1 *ecks _! excesses1 & is will+ & able to lead !m on to bett] liv+4 ,?is fact w be ( mu* importance :5 ! m9d ( ! p exp&s & seeks to und]/& m cle>ly 8 be+ & "*4 ,! ,prophets4--,israel1 l o!r nations ( antiquity1 _h1 9 addition to ! prie/s :o 7 pr(essionally connect$ ) religion1 a class ( m5 :o 7 organs ( ! deity n on acc\nt ( _! position b by a special p]sonal gift4 ,! inspiration ( ,jehovah appe>$ 9 e>ly times 9 some:at crude =ms4 ,b&s ( f]vid devotees 7 se51 :o produc$ 9 !mselves by dance & song an ec/atic en?usiasm1 9 :i* !y 7 ?\ght to become ! organs ( ! deity4 ,^! m5 liv$ 9 societies or guilds1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ,israel = sev]al c5turies4 ,!re 7 su* prophets ( ,baal z well z ( ,jehovah1 s t ! ph5om5on is n specifically ,israelite4 ,:at we he> ( !m does n always give u a l(ty idea ( _! "*4 ,!y are f\nd practis+ magical tricks1 & :5 !y prophesy !y all say ! same ?+2 sometimes !y are will+ to prophesy :at a k+ wi%es to he>4 ,! great] prophecy ( ,israel arose out ( su* beg9n+s z ^!4 ,israel 0 accu/om$ to expect to he> ! w ( ,jehovah decl>$ by a speak] ( :om ! _s _h laid hold1 & among ^? :o came =w>d to meet ?is expectation !re appe>$ f "t to "t m5 ( comm&+ insight & ( great int5sity ( "*4 ,! "n se] indicates ! nature ( ?is k9d ( prophecy4 ,! se] is "o to :om ,jehovah communicates 8 int5tions p]sonally1 p]haps )\t any /eps hav+ be5 tak5 on 8 "p to place himself 9 ! way ( ! god4 ,he sees visions :ile awake & 9 8 ord9>y frame ( m9d1 he also he>s :at o!rs d n he>2 & ! vision & ! message h ref]5ce to ! future4 ,?+s are intimat$ :i* are %ortly to come to pass1 & !y are ?+s conc]n+ ! /ate or ! mon>*y3 ! fate ( ,israel is ! burd5 ( ! prophet's intimation4 ,samuel's see+ l$ him to in/itute ! mon>*y "u ,saul4 ,! prophet ,abijah decl>$ = ! division ( ! k+dom into two2 & 8 prophecy 0 n va94 ,elijah =etold ! d[nfall ( ! h\se ( ,omri1 & ,eli%a saw to ! accompli%m5t ( t pr$iction4 ,! prophets we see 7 a great p[] 9 public affairs1 & 7 able 9 important crises to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! nation's hi/ory4 ,(t5 ! prophet /&s q alone1 & 9 opposition to ! c\rt & app>5tly to ! nation1 & yet 8 words h a t5d5cy to get !mselves fulfill$2 ,jehovah's ^w does n return to him void4 ,at o!r times ! prophet seems to h _m sympa?is]s among ! nation1 & to speak z ! m\?piece ( ! mo/ e>ne/ section ( ! community1 ! section mo/ devot$ to ,jehovah2 & 9 ^! cases x is less wond]ful t 8 words come true4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we speak ( ! prophets z a :ole1 ! expression is a loose "o2 ! prophets are n a p>ty t always acts toge!r1 nor a s*ool 9 :i* ! lead] is always sure ( a foll[+4 ,a great voice s\nds1 p]haps once 9 a c5tury or a half-c5tury2 & ^! voices repres5t ! true tradition ( ,israelite religion1 & develop x fur!r4 ,9 ! "t ( ,elijah we notice t !re is a puritan movem5t 9 ,israel2 a numb] ( m5 are agre$ toge!r 9 dete/ation ( ! =eign wor%ips :i* are practis$ at c\rt1 & are he>tily agre$ 9 wi%+ to br+ back ! good old ways & ! pure wor%ip ( ,jehovah only4 ,& :5 ,elijah speaks1 he gives voice to ?is t5d5cy2 he claims t ev]y?+ %\ld be det]m9$ by religion2 no consid]ations ( /ate %\ld = a mom5t /& 9 ! way ( ! pure fai? ( ,jehovah1 by :i* ev]y?+ %\ld be decid$2 & :atev] /&s 9 ! way ( ?is policy is d$icat$ to de/ruction4 ,?is1 broadly speak+1 is ! keynote ( ,hebrew prophecy4 ,:5 we come to ! canonical prophets1 h[ev]1 we feel t !re is a great deal m 9 _! tea*+ ?an ! b>e dem& t ev]y?+ mu/ give way to ! requirem5ts ( religion4 ,a great *ange has tak5 place 9 _! _w ( ?\ght4 ,x is no less ?an t a new god & a new religion h ann\nc$ !mselves 9 ! ?9k+ ( ^! m54 ,!y d n say s2 !y are n aw>e ( x1 & yet x is s4 ,! ,old ,religion ,national4--,! religion ( ,israel dur+ ! mon>*y is1 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 a national "o4 ,f a clu/] ( tribes ,israel has become a nation1 & has begun to ?9k ( itself z a unity4 ,x has its national hi/ory1 its national rul]s1 z o!r nations h4 ,9 _! nationality x _c be d5i$ t ! ,israelites _h mu* to be pr\d (2 nor did _! rapid gr[? 9 weal? & p[]1 :i* gave !m sev]al c5turies ( prosp]ity1 t5d to lesson t pride4 ,n[ z !y h _! own k+1 !y h also _! own god4 ,jehovah is ! god ( ,israel2 ,israel is ! p ( ,jehovah1 on ?is !y 7 all agre$4 ,t ,jehovah 0 _! god did n prev5t !m f believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods3 ,*emo% 0 ! god ( ,moab1 a be+ n v unlike ,jehovah1 ! ,baals 7 ! old gods ( ,canaan4 ,jehovah1 ( c\rse1 0 ! greate/ & /ronge/1 & an ,israelite %\ld wor%ip him1 9 ,canaan at lea/2 b !re 0 no great h>m if he wor%ipp$ o!r gods too1 :5 x came 9 8 way to d s4 ,he might jo9 9 ! wor%ip ( ,baal 9 c\ntry places2 & ! k+ might1 )\t do+ any h>m1 set up ! images ( ! gods ( 8 wives beside ! images ( ,jehovah 9 ! capital1 & if _m ( 8 subjects jo9$ 9 ^! o!r wor%ips1 x 0 b natural4 ,9 ?is way a great v>iety ( gods 0 9 "s reigns br\ght toge!r f diff]5t c\ntries4 ,jehovah1 h[ev]1 0 ! special god ( ,israel1 !re c\ld be no d\bt ( t2 ,israel 0 specially pl$g$ to him2 & he on 8 side 0 pl$g$ to ,israel1 :o 0 entitl$ to look to him = help 9 e em]g5cy4 ,jehovah _h no o!r p2 he 0 entirely b\nd up ) ,israel1 he mu/1 if only = 8 own hon\r1 come to ! aid ( 8 own p :5 !y ne$$ him4 ,he nev] c\ld p]mit ,israel to suff] any fatal injury1 su* z deportation to a =eign c\ntry4 ,religi\s fai? =bade ! ?\ght t su* a ?+ 0 possible2 if ,israel 0 de/roy$1 :]e w\ld ,israel's religion be8 ,x 0 utt] impiety1 !re=e1 to d\bt t ,israel 0 safe1 t ,jehovah wat*$ ov] 8 own l& & 8 own p1 or t he w\ld gu>d !m f any fatal h>m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 z 0 too (t5 ! case1 ,israel _h to submit to injury & insult f o!r peoples1 !re c\ld be no d\bt t ,jehovah took notice ( ! fact1 & t 9 due "t he w\ld set ?+s "r4 ,x might be "s "t be=e 8 att5tion 0 suffici5tly direct$ to ! case2 he might be wait+ till m ( ! same k9d ( occurr5ces took place be=e he f9ally int]pos$2 b ! "t w\ld come1 ! ,day ( ! ,"l w\ld arrive 9 due season1 :5 ! spoil]s & insult]s ( ,israel w\ld be dealt ) accord+ to _! des]ts1 & ,israel set on high 9 full deliv]ance & peace4 ,criticism ( ! ,old ,religion by ! ,prophets4--,! prophets1 impress$ m deeply ?an ! p by ! moral "* ( ,jehovah1 & "u ! pressure ( great national dang]s & calamities1 atta9$ to views ( ,god & ( 8 ways s diff]5t f ^? curr5t at ! "t z to appe>1 :5 fir/ produc$1 mo/ unpatriotic & ev5 impi\s4 ,9 _! "* ( se]s !y =esaw ) cle>ness ! t]rible cata/rophes :i* 7 ab\t to bur/ ^u _! p4 ,amos prophesies t ,israel w be c>ri$ away captive out ( 8 l&2 ,isaiah ann\nces ! same ?+ 9 ! s\!rn k+dom1 & decl>es t only a remnant %all return4 ,^! m5 are 9 no d\bt z to ! imp5d+ political annihilation ( ,israel1 & !y set !mselves to f9d "s reason = an occurr5ce s port5t\s1 s impossible to h>monise ) ord9>y religi\s fai?4 ,!y acc\nt = x by a view ( ! nature ( ,jehovah f> exalt$ above t ( _! p4 ,he is puni%+ !m = _! iniquities1 !y say1 he is s righte\s t he mu/ puni% s91 & he mu/ puni% ! s9 ( ,israel 8 belov$ p n less /rictly1 b m /rictly ?an t ( o!r peoples4 ,z a husb& ^: wife has gone a/ray mu/ subject h] to discipl9e be=e he c receive h] aga9 to 8 fav\r1 s ,hosea1 made a prophet by su* a dome/ic affliction1 cont5ds t ,jehovah _c b deal /rictly ) ,israel4 ,?is !ory ( ! mean+ ( ! imp5d+ calamities is support$ by ! prophets by ^? d5unciations ( ! national s9s :i* give s gloomy a complexion to _! works4 ,among ! national del9qu5cies ! disorganisation & app>5t wilfulness %[n 9 wor%ip h a prom95t place4 ,wor%ip is n :at ! s]vice ( ,jehovah ought to be4 ,o!r be+s ?an he are s\ght aft]2 hea!ni% fe/ivals are kept1 ! indec5t practices ( hea!n wor%ip are introduc$ into t ( ,jehovah3 !re is no s]i\sness1 no dignity1 no wor?y ord]1 9 ! acts ( wor%ip t are done4 ,any place does = !m1 & _m ( ! places us$ are q unfit1 f _! associations1 = ! s]vice ( ,jehovah4 ,!y are celebrat$ m z wild orgies ?an z solemn approa*es to ! deity4 ,! int]e/s ( ! prophets1 h[ev]1 d n c5tre 9 ritual4 ,! wor%ip ( o!r gods ?an ,jehovah1 or ! s]vice ( ,jehovah 9 unfitt+ ways1 !y c\ld n b d5\nce1 b !y h no positive in/ructions to give ab\t wor%ip4 ,:5 ! p h app>5tly giv5 up ! wrong wor%ips1 & are apply+ !mselves ) zeal to t ( ,jehovah1 seek+ 8 fav\r by au/]ities1 or by co/ly (f]+s1 ! prophets are no less sev]e on ?is l9e ( conduct4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! passages 9 :i* !y app>5tly d5\nce sacrifice altoge!r z a ?+ ,god has nev] ask$1 & by :i* ,israel _c hope to w9 8 fav\r4 ,^! passages d n prove t ! prophets desir$ ! entire discont9uance ( sacrifice2 !y m]ely comp>e sacrifice ) ano!r l9e ( duty :i* is said to be va/ly m important4 ,n sacrifice b m]cy1 n sacrifice b to d ju/ly1 & love m]cy1 & walk humbly ) ,god1--is ! burd5 ( ^! utt]ances4 ,ev5 m ?an by ! irregul>ities ( wor%ip1 ! prophets are %ock$ by ! m directly moral %ortcom+s ( _! p4 ,! p are accus$ ( all ! acts t are =bidd5 9 ! decalogue ( ,exodus xx41 & ( _m (f5ces n !re nam$4 ,especially are ! prophets indignant at ! h>dhe>t$ness ( ! ri* t[>ds ! poor1 & at ! frequ5t disreg>d ( fai? & tru?2 oppression & brib]y1 gluttony & o!r luxuri\s excesses1 are frequ5tly _! m>k4 ,^! mo/ ( all are ! s9s :i* h call$ d[n ! div9e judgm5ts2 ^! are ! transgressions :i* make x impossible = ,jehovah to turn away ! puni%m5t ( ,israel & ( ,judah4 ,he is1 above all ?+s1 a righte\s god1 :o loves judgm5t & m]cy1 & a p :i* s manife/ly fails to practice ju/ice & m]cy _c cont9ue to be 8 p2 he mu/ de/roy !m4 ,! prophets !re=e decl>e t ,jehovah has decid$ on ! rejection ( 8 p4 ,?is %[s t !y h advanc$ to a new conception ( :at ,jehovah is4 ,to !m he is some?+ m ?an ! m]e national deity indissolubly l9k$ to ! =tunes ( 8 p1 pl$g$ to advance !m 9 ! _w1 & doom$ :5 !y fall to fall himself along ) !m4 ,he is fir/ ( all a moral rul]2 ! ma9t5ance & promotion ( righte\sness is f> m to him ?an ! prosp]ity ( any s+le p1 ev5 ( ,israel4 ,he loves ,israel x is true2 ,israel is 8 son1 :om he loves1 ! wife ( 8 y\?1 ! p ( 8 cov5ant4 ,b t makes x ! m & n ! less necess>y t ,israel %\ld n be all[$ to g on 9 iniquity4 ,jehovah c be no p>tisan ( a p t does n walk accord+ to 8 laws4 ,?us ! prophets h arriv$ at a new conception ( ,jehovah's "*1 :i* necess>ily unfits him1 ?\gh !y d n yet see ?is1 = ! rle ( a national god4 ,!y h id5tifi$ him ) ! ideal ( righte\sness & m]cy1 & 9 s do+ !y h made ! great /ep1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 f national to univ]sal religion1 f ! religion t is b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( "o p>ticul> p1 & _c pass beyond !m1 to ! religion :i* is capable ( be+ und]/ood by all m51 & fit to be prea*$ to all m5 ( :atev] race4 ,appe>ance ( ,univ]salism4--,to ! deep] view :i* !y h ga9$ ( ! "* ( ,jehovah ! prophets add a wid] & high] view ( 8 relation to ! _w1 & to ! v>i\s nations 9 x4 ,!y frankly /ate t ,jehovah has relations to o!r nations ?an ,israel4 ,he might if he _h *os5 h tak5 "s o!r race to be 8 p2 !y 7 all at 8 disposal & he reg>d$ none ( !m z ho/ile4 ,he is n dep5d5t on ,israel1 & ! inf]5ce is cle>1 t if he c\ld h done )\t ,israel at fir/1 he c\ld d )\t ,israel /ill1 7 he driv5 to t4 ,israel is n indisp5sable to ! cont9uance ( ! true religion4 ,jehovah inde$ has a position f> above t :i* ,israelite national ?\ght ascrib$ to him4 ,he is "l n ( "o nation only1 b ( all ! nations4 ,he c use any ( !m z 8 in/rum5t :5 & z he *ooses4 ,x is he :o has br\ght ea* ( !m to its pres5t seat1 x is he :o is direct+ _! movem5ts n[4 ,& = :at end does he wield ?is mighty rule8 ,he is gov]n+ ! _w n 9 ! int]e/s ( "o nation only1 b 9 ! int]e/s ( righte\sness4 ,he is guid+ ! de/9ies ( nations s z to br+ ab\t an end :i* he has fix$1 namely ! e/abli%m5t ( a _w-wide k+dom ( tru?4 ,! day is inde$ com+ z ! ,israelites believ$ :5 he w\ld hold a judgm5t ov] ! _w1 only let ,israel bew>e le/ t day %\ld be d>kness & n light to !m2 x w br+ ab\t ! puni%m5t ( s9n]s ( :atev] race4 ,an end is to be made ( s9 bo? 9 ,israel & 9 o!r nations1 t a new _w may beg94 ,! position ?us giv5 to ,jehovah is cle>ly "o :i* lifts him high above ! rank ( a national deity4 ,! prophets und]/& ) gr[+ cle>ness t ,jehovah is ! creator ( ! _w1 & ! au?or ( all ! glories1 bo? ( ! cele/ial & ( ! t]re/rial frame4 ,! ,mak] ( ! ends ( ! e>?1 & ! ,gov]nor ( all ! nations1 ?\gh he has *os5 to reveal himself to "o p>ticul> race1 _c be limit$ to !m4 ,! position ( ,mono!ism has be5 atta9$4 ,! e>li] prophets speak ( ! gods ( o!r nations z if !y really exi/$1 ?\gh = ,israel ,jehovah is ! only god1 b by degrees ! advance is made to ! position t ^! be+s d n exi/ at all1 & are simply vanities or no?+s4 ,in/ead ( say+ t ,jehovah is ! greate/ among ! gods1 & t !re is none l him1 ^! prea*]s say t ,jehovah alone is god1 & t he is ! au?or ( all t exi/s & ( all t takes place 9 ! univ]se4 ,a god has be5 unveil$ :om all be+s exi/ to glorify1 & :om all ! nations ( ! e>? c confid5tly be summon$ to praise4 ,e?ical ,mono!ism4--,^! results 7 rea*$ gradually3 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,amos & t ( ,j]emiah4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y 7 atta9$ n z o!r mono!isms h be51 by philosophical speculation1 b by purely moral ways4 ,x is because ,jehovah is supremely j & holy1 t he gr[s s great4 ,! ju/ice & hol9ess :i* are se5 9 him are ! /ronge/ ( all2 ! _w exi/s = no?+ else b to realise !m1 & ev]y?+ t /&s oppos$ to !m1 :e!r 9 ,israel or 9 any o!r nation1 mu/ g d[n be=e !m4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! conclusion is rea*$ t ,jehovah is ! only ,god4 ,! moral ideal mu/ be "o4 ,! :ole ( ! religion ( ! prophets is gov]n$ by moral consid]ations4 ,god asks f man no?+ b goodness2 ! true sacrifices are ^? ( ! he>t & conduct4 ,man's int]c\rse ) ,god is to be kept up z t ( an affectionate human relation%ip1 into :i* no motives ei!r ( =ce or ( comm]ce ent]4 ,al?\gh ,god is s j & holy1 he is p]fectly placable1 & ready to greet ! approa*es :i* are made to him4 ,x is absurd to sp5d s mu* money & toil on sacrifice1 :5 ! happie/ relations ) ,god c be atta9$ s mu* m simply4 ,god =gives )\t any sacrifice2 8 love & 8 desire to meet ) love surpass all t human relation%ips c %[2 8 con/ancy is l t ( ! return+ seasons1 or ( ! />s4 ,he ye>ns ov] ,israel z a fa!r ov] a wayw>d son1 & w leave no?+ undone t he c d to br+ 8 son back to him4 ,he w alt] all 8 =m] plans to br+ ab\t t result4 ,he w *ange man's nature1 & give him a new he>t1 if no?+ %ort ( t w suffice2 or he w *ange 8 own proc$ure entirely1 & deal ) man n by way ( comm&m5ts1 b by way ( inspiration1 plac+ 8 law 9 man's inw>d "p1 writ+ x 9 8 he>t1 s t ! great union ( ,god & man may be atta9$1 :i* he desires4 ,individualism ( ! ,prophetic ,tea*+4--,"h we mu/ pause to notice ano!r great advance :i* ! prophets h be5 l$ to make 9 religi\s k4 ,_! view ( ,jehovah z a purely moral be+1 & ( man's relation to him z a moral relation1 l t betwe5 two human be+s :o h to live toge!r1 su* z a husb& & wife or a fa!r & son1 makes religion less a matt] = ! p z a body1 m a matt] = ! individual4 ,:5 religion is c>ri$ on by public sacrifices & /ately fe/ivals & c]emonies1 !n x is ! p z a :ole t transacts ) ,god1 & ! individual ne$ feel no great weight ( responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,b if ,god asks = love1 if he says he does n c>e = sacrifice1 b insi/s on love & devotion1 & r ?an n h x w "w a miracle on man's nature1 !n ! individual is address$4 ,e "o :o has any love to (f] feels himself appeal$ to4 ,only 9 8 own he>t c any "o "k :e!r or n ,god's desire is met2 e "o1 !re=e1 :o und]/&s ! appeal becomes p]sonally responsible = ! answ]1 & religion becomes a matt]1 n only betwe5 ,god & ! p1 b betwe5 ,god & ! individual z well4 ,p]sonal religion1 !re=e1 makes its appe>ance among ! ,jews at ?is "t4 ,j]emiah c>ries on dialogues ) ,god2 pray] is met )1 z ! outp\r+1 n ( public ne$s alone1 b ( private feel+2 ! s\l has le>n$ t x is call$ to a life ( its own ) ,god1 & n m]ely to a %>e 9 ! life ( ! nation ) him4 ,we h dwelt at "s l5g? on ! ideas ( ! prophets2 n at su* l5g?1 inde$1 z to satisfy any ( ^? :o love _! writ+s1 = we h ?r[n toge!r 9 "o view :at belongs hi/orically to diff]5t c5turies1 :ile to ! p]sonalities ( ! prophets1 to _! sublime c]ta9ty & _! /up5d\s c\rage1 we h giv5 no att5tion4 ,we h /at$ ! outl9es also ( ! great movem5t ( ?\ght 9 :i* advances ( su* transc5d5t importance 7 made 9 religion4 ,!y are advances :i* h n be5 lo/1 b :i* we /ill enjoy4 ,if x is ! gift ( ! ,semitic race to br+ ! ?\ght ( ,god to be> on life ) su* direct practical =ce z ,aryan religion nev] by itself ex]t$1 we mu/ look ) pr(\nd v5]ation on ^? ,semitic ?9k]s :o appli$ ?is great =ce 9 ! s]vice ( a ,god1 :o has no o!r nature & prop]ty b t ( ju/ice & love4 ,religion ?us became to !m & to all !y influ5c$ an eng9e = ! direct promotion ( ju/ice & love among m52 & we d n ?9k ! less ( ! prophets t ! h>ve/ ( :i* !y s[$ ! se$ c\ld n be reap$ 9 _! day4 ,prophecy leads to no ,imm$iate ,re=m4--,! message ( ! prophets seems at fir/ sight to h be5 deliv]$ long be=e ! _w 0 ready = x4 ,ev5 ! practical measures :i* c be trac$ to _! influ5ce are f> f be+ 9 accordance ) _! ideas4 ,! causes ( ?is we h already to "s ext5t se54 ,! prophets 7 n practical re=m]s4 ,! am5dm5t !y call$ = 0 "o to be realis$ 9 individual lives r ?an 9 public policy1 & !y d n br+ =w>d s*emes ( re=m :i* !y urge ! p z a :ole to adopt2 !y r fl+ great ideas ^u ! m9d ( _! nation1 & leave x to o!rs to f9d out h[ practical effect may be giv5 to _! tea*+4 ,to ! v end ( ! ,jewi% /ate ! prophets & _! sympa?is]s appe> to be 9 a small m9ority ( _! nation4 ,! p z a :ole is unconv]t$1 ! wor%ip ( idols goes on1 & s does ! wor%ip ( o!r gods1 ev5 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,x has seem$ to "s great s*ol>s t ,israel1 z a :ole1 0 a hea!n p up to ! "t ( ! exile1 & /ill ne$$ to be conv]t$ to ! religion ( ,jehovah4 ,ku55 %[s#a 9 a conv9c+ way t ?is is an exagg]ation1 & t p & prophets alike held ! religion ( ,jehovah to be ! true religion ( ,israel2 b up to ! exile t religion 0 n re=m$ 9 ! way ! prophets desir$4 ,footnote #a3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ii4 ,! ,re=ms4--,yet ! ^w ( ,jehovah _h n return$ to him void ev5 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,a consid]able s]ies ( re=ms are n>rat$ 9 ! hi/ories1 & atte/$ by successive codes ( law n[ embodi$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,^! %[ t ! prophetic ideas _h ga9$ = !mselves a /rong p>ty among ! p1 & t 9 sev]al reigns ! c\rt 0 "u _! influ5ce4 ,^! re=ms %[ progress 9 two directions4 ,!re is a gr[+ desire to make ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah correspond to ! exalt$ new conceptions ( 8 "* z a be+ ( incomp>able maje/y & hol9ess2 & !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a rapid gr[? ( moral s5tim5t2 ju/ice & k9dness to o!rs are plac$ m & m 9 ! =efront ( ! div9e requirem5ts4 ,we c d little m ?an "n ! passages :]e ! details ( ^! matt]s may be f\nd4 ,! re=ms ( ,hezekiah 7#a ,k+s xviii47 did n la/ long4 ,he de/roy$ a celebrat$ image ( ,jehovah1 a fate :i* o!r images may h %>$1 & he remodell$ ! wor%ip ( ! holy places ?r\gh\t ,judah1 s z to remove its m hea!ni% features1 & conc5trate x on ,jehovah alone4 ,manasseh1 ,hezekiah's successor1 pursu$ ! opposite policy4 ,9 8 reign a l>ge collection ( /range cults1 "s ( !m p]haps ^? ( ! individual tribes1 7 br\ght back into use2 ev5 ! b>b>\s rite ( human sacrifice 0 e/abli%$ at ,j]usalem1 & ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah became m int5se & d>k]4 ,! %ad[ ( ! ,assyrian is ^u ,israel1 & z g5]ally happ5s 9 times ( public anxiety1 rites long disus$ are imag9$ to h a specially national "* & a peculi> pot5cy1 & are fet*$ back f oblivion4 ,! re=m ( ,josiah 7#b ,k+s xxii41 xxiii47 0 m ?or\gh-go+ ?an t ( ,hezekiah4 ,he made an end ( all ! unseemly wor%ips 8 pr$ecessor _h enc\rag$ at ,j]usalem1 s t no?+ b ! direct wor%ip ( ,jehovah 0 left4 ,! /ronge/ /ep he took1 h[ev]1 0 t he attempt$ to put an end altoge!r to ! %r9es at :i* local wor%ip _h hi!rto be5 conduct$1 ?us mak+ a clean sweep ( ! idolatry ( ! rural di/ricts4 ,all ?is 0 done1 we are told1 9 accordance ) a law-book :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! temple by c]ta9 high (ficials1 & :i*1 aft] duly consult+ a prophetess ab\t ! matt]1 ,josiah br\ght into op]ation1 & solemnly pl$g$ himself & 8 p to obs]ve4 ,we are 9 no d\bt z to ! nature ( ?is book4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy prescribes j su* re=ms z ,josiah c>ri$ out1 & is g5]ally all[$ to h be5 ! writt5 law :i* 0 promulgat$ on ?is occasion4 ,n[ ,deut]onomy1 :ile incorporat+ no d\bt _m old laws1 is 9 _s & effect a "w ( ! prophetic s*ool4 ,its moral tea*+ & its exhortations to love ,jehovah1 & to be true to him alone1 are q 9 ! mann] ( ,j]emiah1 :o 0 liv+ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah4 ,& ! pr9cipal re=m ( ,josiah1 namely1 ! suppression ( ! local wor%ips1 & ! conc5tration ( all wor%ip at ! temple ( ,j]usalem alone1 /&s 9 ! =efront ( ! special laws 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,^? :o aim$ at ! re=m ( religion1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! prophets1 _h ?\ght ?is out4 ,! wor%ip ( ! "o supreme ,god %\ld take place1 !y _h conclud$1 at "o place only1 & %\ld be national 9 its "*2 ! :ole p %\ld wor%ip ! "o ,god at its capital4 ,provision 0 made t ?is %\ld n imply ! deprivation ( ! dwell]s 9 c\ntry di/ricts ( ! use ( fle% meat4 ,=m]ly1 e act ( slaught] 0 a sacrifice1 & x 0 only 9 connection ) a sacrifice t ?is food c\ld be enjoy$4 ,b 9 future1 animals may be slaught]$ at a di/ance f ,j]usalem = food only1 ap>t f any connection ) sacrifice4 ,! promulgation ( ,deut]onomy is an important epo* 9 ! religion ( ,israel4 ,t "w is ! fir/ sacr$ book ( ,israel2 f ?is "t =w>d ,israel kn[s ! w ( ,jehovah1 n only f ! prophet's liv+ voice1 b f a book :i* is reg>d$ z hav+ div9e au?ority4 ,?is pr9ciple once introduc$ c\ld n fail to develop2 to ,deut]onomy o!r books 7 aft]w>ds add$ z "p ( ! same law1 ?\gh 9 reality !y sup]s$$ x1 & x ?us prov$ ! nucleus ( ! :ole ,jewi% canon4 ,e>li] ,codes4--,deut]onomy 0 n ! e>lie/ law drawn up "u prophetic influ5ce4 ,leviticus xvii4-xxvi4 is recognis$ z be+ a code by itself1 & is an e>li] attempt 9 ! same direction z ,deut]onomy4 ,! decalogue conta9$ 9 ,deut]onomy v41 id5tical 9 ! ma9 ) t ( ,exodus xx41 is ( e>li] orig9 ?an ,deut]onomy itself1 b is also a prophetical "w4 ,x deals ) ritual only to ! ext5t ( remov+ c]ta9 ob/acles to a "r wor%ip ( ,god1 & places ! *ief weight ( 8 requirem5ts 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! natural duties4 ,an e>li] decalogue :i* deals pr9cipally ) ritual1 & :i* conta9s an e>ly prophetic attempt to free ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah f hea!n abuses1 is f\nd 9 ,exodus xxxiv4 #aj-bf4 ,! olde/ legislation ( all is ! code f\nd 9 ,exodus xx4 #bb to xxiii4 #cc1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,x is true t 9 =m & 9 _m ( its precepts x is id5tical ) ! ,code ( ,hammurabi 7#bbej ,b4,c471 & s be>s /rong te/imony to ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m humane ?an t old code1 & 9 _m p>ticul>s is indep5d5t ( x4 ,z x appe>s 9 ,exodus x belongs to ! times ( ! e>ly canonical prophets1 & z x sc>cely deals ) ritual at all1 x %[s ! j & humane _s cultivat$ by ! religion ( ,jehovah 9 an agricultural community4 ,! ,exile4--,! re=mation ( ,josiah 0 quickly undone by 8 successor on ! ?rone1 & !re 0 no fur!r opportunity = a re=m :ile ! p rema9$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,b ! exile did n cause ! fri5ds ( re=m to ab&on _! ideas4 ,! prophets _h =etold ! exile1 & _h ma9ta9$ t ! religion ( ,israel w\ld n be de/roy$ b r w\ld be sav$ by x1 & ! ev5t prov$ t !y 7 "r 9 ?is po9t also4 ,! exile cur$ ! p def9itely ( idolatry1 & gave !m a /rong grasp ( ! idea t !y 7 a peculi> p1 call$ to a "w :i* no o!r p c\ld accompli% or inde$ und]/&1 namely to hold al(t 9 ! _w1 & = ! b5efit ( ! _w1 ! true religion4 ,?is conviction =ms ! burd5 ( ! prophecy ( ! ,unkn[n prophet ( ! exile 7,isaiah xl4-lxvi474 ,he exalts /ill m highly ?an 8 pr$ecessors ! "n & p[] ( ,jehovah4 ,he is ! ,creator ( ! ends ( ! e>?1 to :om ! nations1 includ+ ev5 t great ,babylon1 are z a drop ( ! bucket1 to be flung :i!r "o w2 x is he :o has *os5 ,israel = 8 p & :o n[ com=ts ,israel = ! sorr[s ( ! exile4 ,9 ! great drama he is unfold+ 9 ! e>? ,israel has a pr9cipal "p to play4 ,israel is call$ to make kn[n to ! nations :o d n "k him1 ! true ,god4 ,x _h be5 prophesi$ be=e t ! hea!n nations w\ld come to ,m\nt ,zion to ask c\nsel ( ! ,god ( ,judah1 & t ,jehovah %\ld become law-giv] & judge ov] !m4 ,! ,unkn[n enl>ges on ?is !me ) spl5did imag]y1 & /rives to p]suade ! p to make ?is cause _! own1 & to rise to ! responsibility x involves4 ,israel is to be a pr9ce1 a lead] & comm&]1 ( ! peoples4 ,! ,g5tiles are to come f f> br++ _! treasures & do+ homage to ! p ( ! true fai?4 ,if ,israel z a :ole is n fit z yet to dis*>ge ?is duty = ! _w1 yet !re is an inn] ,israel1 a fai?ful elect ( ! p :o sympa?ise entirely ) ,jehovah's purposes & are entirely devot$ to 8 w4 ,?is ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 at lea/1 has ris5 to ! height ( 8 call+2 ,jehovah's _s is 9 him4 ,he w n fail nor be disc\rag$ till ! true religion is e/abli%$ 9 ! e>?4 ,at ano!r "p ( ! prophecy ! fate ( ! ,s]vant is se5 9 d>k] col\rs4 ,he is subject to ill-treatm5t & misrepres5tation ( all sorts2 ev5 :5 he is suff]+ = ! sake ( o!rs he is d]id$ & despis$2 nay1 m1--he is call$ to suff] m>tyrdom1 & die = s9s n 8 own4 ,b ev5 s1 ! ,s]vant w conqu] 9 ! end4 ,he w "k t 8 suff]+s h n be5 9 va92 he w be ! means ( lead+ _m to righte\sness & w be ! in/rum5t ( ,jehovah to br+ 9 ! true religion4 ,! ,return4 ,! ,re=m ( ,ezra4--,su* utt]ances c\ld n fail ( effect on ! nation to :om !y 7 address$1 & :5 ! ,jews came back to ,pale/9e !y 7 und\bt$ly inspir$ ) a new s5se ( _! peculi> national mission4 ,!y at once proce$$ to %[ t !y 7 to be a p ap>t f o!rs1 by sep>at+ !mselves rigor\sly & ev5 cruelly f entanglem5ts ) ! surr\nd+ population4 ,!y also at once set up ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah z ! sole ,god :o _h 8 "o %r9e at ,j]usalem4 ,_! e>ly exp]i5ces 9 ,pale/9e 7 n enc\rag+4 ,= a c5tury !y rema9$ a /ruggl+ & poor community1 & x might seem d\btful if !y w\ld prove /rong en\gh to ma9ta9 _! sep>ate position1 & to hold up _! special te/imony to ! _w4 ,b at t "t ! ,jews :o _h rema9$ 9 ,babylon came to _! aid4 ,^! m5 _h nev] ceas$ to lab\r along ) _! bre?r5 9 ,pale/9e = ! advancem5t ( _! nation2 & 9 p>ticul> !y _h lab\r$ e>ne/ly at ! problem ( wor%ip1 & ! result ( _! lab\rs 0 a religi\s con/itution s rigid 9 its ideas1 s logically work$ out 9 detail1 & s skilfully incorporat+ & appropriat+ to itself all ! pa/ traditions & usages ( ! race1 t x might almo/ be said to be /rong en\gh to /& by itself1 & w\ld c]ta9ly af=d to ! p1 if !y adopt$ x1 ! support & ! discipl9e !y ne$$4 ,?is con/itution 0 introduc$ by ,ezra1 ! prie/ & scribe1 9 ! ye> #ddd ,b4,c41#b :5 he read 9 ! e>s ( ! p at ,j]usalem 7,nehemiah viii41 ix47 ! new law he _h br\ght ) him f ,babylon f\rte5 ye>s be=e1 & _h wait$ all t "t to promulgate4 ,! new law ( ?is p]iod 0 :at is call$ ! ,prie/ly ,code2 x occupies ! latt] "p ( ,exodus & a l>ge "p ( ,leviticus & ,numb]s2 & ! old] writ+s are skilfully int]wov5 ) x1 b 9 g5]al x may easily be di/+ui%$ by its tone f ! "w ( e>li] p]iods4 ,deut]onomy1 ! e>lie/ law-book1 is simply tack$ on to x z if x 7 a "p ( ! same code1 ?\gh 9 reality x is (t5 inconsi/5t ) ! latt] law4 ,! result is ! ,torah or law1 or1 z we call x1 ! ,p5tateu*1 or ! five books ( ,moses 7,moses be+ reg>d$ by a conv5i5t fiction z ! s\rce ( all ,jewi% laws74 ,?is 0 !nce=w>d ! law ( ! ,jews4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is date & _m features ( ! /ory ( ,ezra & ! return h ( late be5 mu* que/ion$4 ,see ,ezra 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica4 ,! acc\nt giv5 above foll[s ,wellhaus54 ,! ,jewi% religion1 ( :i* ?is is ! code1 is g5]ally di/+ui%$ f ! religion ( ,israel :i* prevail$ d[n to ! exile2 & sev]al important new pr9ciples und\bt$ly make _! appe>ance at ?is po9t4 ,?is *apt] may fitt+ly conclude ) an enum]ation fir/ ( ! features ( ,jewi% religi\s life connect$ ) ! law or ! prie/ly sy/em1 & !n ( ^? features ( x :i* lie outside t sy/em4 #a4 ,! prie/ly religion is f\nd$ on a s5tim5t :i* =ms b little "p ( ! fai? ( e>ly peoples1 namely ! s5se ( s94 ,! prophetic d5unciations ( ,israel's backslid+s h at la/ f\nd entrance1 & ! p is f\nd submitt+ to a sy/em :i* implies t ! :ole ( its pa/ hi/ory 0 s9ful & mi/ak51 & t !re is a con/ant ne$ = supplicat+ =giv5ess4 ,e pray] beg9s ) a long confession ( national s91 9 :i* ! pres5t g5]ation also %>es4 ,we h s9n$ ) our fa!rs1 !y say4 ,?is view is spread ov] ! hi/orical books 9 ! sweep+ judgm5ts pass$ on individual mon>*s1 on p]iods ( ! national life1 & especially on ! :ole ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom 7cf4 ,nehemiah ix474 ,! old confid5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah ) 8 p has n[ dep>t$4 ,! e>li] ,israelites nev] d\bt$ t ,jehovah 0 9 ! mid/ ( !m2 t c\ld be tak5 = grant$ except :5 ev5ts prov$ ! contr>y4 ,b n[ ,jehovah has gr[n great] & m awful1 :ile ! p h become pa9fully aw>e ( _! defici5cies & _c assume t he is ) !m1 b mu/ take /eps to secure 8 pres5ce4 ,?is is no d\bt connect$ ) ! gr[+ s5se ( an individual position & responsibility 9 religion4 ,to ! nation or ! tribe x is natural to feel t its cause is j & t its ,god is ) x2 b ! individual1 ?r[n ^u 8 own inn] _w = 8 alliances1 is less apt to feel t confid5ce4 ,n[ ! religion prea*$ by ! prophets is ess5tially "o = ! individual4 ,ezekiel especially felt himself responsible = ! fate ( individuals1 & lab\r$ to awak5 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 "o by "o to a s5se ( _! dang] & responsibility2 he taught t ea* man _h to see to 8 own salvation1 t ea* man w\ld receive ! fruit ( 8 own acts4 ,all ?is t5ds to a deep] feel+ & a m anxi\s mood 9 religion1 & helps to expla9 h[ ! s5se ( s91 on :i* religi\s progress at its high] /ages dep5ds s mu*1 0 fix$ s /rongly 9 ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,t ! ,jews und]w5t a radical *ange 9 _! disposition is prov$ by ! fact t !y submitt$ to ! yoke ( ! law3 = x may be que/ion$ if any p ev] sacrific$ _! natural lib]ty = ! sake ( _! religion to su* an ext5t z ?is p did4 #b4 ,! div9e w is n[ receiv$ by ! p 9 ! %ape ( a sacr$ book4 ,!y cease to look = ! liv+ voice ( prophecy1 & come to ?9k t ,god has giv5 !m 9 ! ,torah a p]fect & complete revelation4 ,! book takes ! place ( ! prophet1 & 9 "t also to "s ext5t ( consci5ce4 ,a man ceases to ?9k = himself :at is "r & good1 & only asks1 ,:at does ! law say8 ,x is true t a great "p ( ! book is tak5 up ) ritual1 ) :i* ! ord9>y individual has n mu* to d1 b he also believes t ! :ole ( 8 own duty is to be f\nd !re 9 x1 z is no d\bt ! case4 ,we see f ! #aai? ,psalm h[ beautiful a =m religion may assume ev5 "u ^! t]ms1 :5 ! book 9 "q is felt to be a spiritual treasure1 & to speak ! words ( a liv+ ,god2 b ! sy/em ( a book-religion has 9 x ! g]ms ( v diff]5t fruits4 ,! sacr$ book is believ$ to be an exhau/ive directory ( conduct2 b to make x apply to ! v>i\s cases t arise 9 practical life x has to be int]pret$1 & d$uctions h to be drawn f x4 ,x ?us comes to give _m a direction :i* does n appe> on ! surface4 ,! second>y law1 or tradition1 is ?us f\nd$1 a sy/em :i* calls = ! s]vices ( a special class ( /ud5ts4 ,! scribes1 :o int]pret ! law & apply x to life1 obta9 great influ5ce & become ! virtual rul]s ( ! nation4 ,:ile no d\bt guid$ 9 ! ma9 by ! noble _s ( _! religion1 !y are l$ by _! sy/em into _m absurdities1 & _! casui/ry ev5 becomes at times immoral4 ,!y af=d ! classical example ( ! results :i* fl[ f ! doctr9e ( v]bal inspiration1 ?or\ghly work$ out2 & ! life ( ! ,jews "u !m becomes highly unnatural & artificial1 & t5ds to occupy itself ) ! husk in/ead ( ! k]nel ( religion4 #c4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! div9e w1 z express$ 9 ! law1 is t connect$ ) sacrifice4 ,sacrifice occupies ! c5tral place 9 ! book1 & 9 ! hi/ory x records4 ,9 ?is book ! temple s]vice1 ?9ly disguis$ z ! s]vice ( ! tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness1 is set =? z ! great end & aim = :i* ,god creat$ ! _w1 settl$ ! nations 9 x1 & call$ ,israel to be a p4 ,! ritual :i* 0 obs]v$ f ! exile to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem may be /udi$ 9 ,exodus & ,leviticus4 ,we read ( ord]s & companies ( prie/s :o (f] daily & o!r sacrifices accord+ to a rule 9 :i* ! smalle/ details are c>efully arrang$1 sacrifices 9 :i* little ( ! old *e]ful common meal n[ l+]s1 b :i* are mo/ly ( a purificatory or piacul> "*4 ,! ritual ( sacrifice w\ld n appe> to an outw>d obs]v] to diff] v mu* f t 9 use among ! ,greeks or ,romans2 ! ,jews c]ta9ly conduct$ x on a l>g] scale4 ,:at end precisely 0 aim$ at 9 x1 ! ,jew w\ld h f\nd x p]haps h>d to say4 ,x 0 done1 he w\ld say1 because ! law s ord]$ x1 & ! law mu/ be obey$ ev5 if "o did n q und]/& :at 0 enjo9$4 ,! daily sacrifice remov$ ! impurity ( ! temple /aff1 & enabl$ ! p to be sure t ! fav\r ( ! deity cont9u$ ) !m4 ,_m sacrifices aim$ at ! removal ( p>ticul> s9s2 ?ankfulness also 0 express$ 9 !m1 & o!r feel+s may also h asc5d$ ) ! smoke f ! alt>4 ,to ,jews liv+ at a di/ance ! sacrifice1 :i* c\ld be (f]$ n[h]e b at ,j]usalem1 0 ! *ief symbol1 ! great my/]y1 ( _! fai?4 #d4 ,! notion ( hol9ess is closely connect$ ) wor%ip4 ,?+s & p]sons are holy :i* belong to ,jehovah1 & are )drawn f common use4 ,^! x is dang]\s to t\* unw>ily4 ,jehovah is an unapproa*able be+2 ! high prie/ may come into ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! temple1 b only once a ye>1 & no "o else may come !re2 ! prie/s may ent] ! ,holy ,place1 b n ! p4 ,to speak lightly ( ! temple 0 a crime ! ,jews c\ld n =give4 ,! ,sabba? 0 ! ,"l's day2 man mu/ n att5d on x to 8 own worldly conc]ns4 ,! deity is surr\nd$ ) dread to an unp>allel$ ext5t2 all t belongs to him is to be reg>d$ ) awe4 ,connect$ ) ! notion ( hol9ess is t ( purity4 ,9 ! lat] ,p]sian religion ! di/9ction has always to be anxi\sly rememb]$ by ! believ] betwe5 :at belongs to ! good _s & :at has fall5 "u ! p[] ( ! evil _s4 ,! ,jew1 also1 :o is call$ to be holy & sep>ate f o!r m51 lives 9 con/ant dread le/ he %\ld t\* some?+ unclean1 & s =feit 8 own purity4 ,!re are clean animals1 & unclean ones :i* he mu/ n eat2 v>i\s wa%+s ( ! h&s & ( dome/ic ut5sils are ne$$ 9 ord] to keep up ! /ate ( purity2 _m trades involve contact ) sub/ances :i* make purity almo/ impossible4 ,above all1 x is defil+ to eat :at a hea!n has cook$1 or to sit at ! same table ) hea!ns4 ,?us ! ,jew 0 confirm$ 9 ! belief ( 8 own sup]iority to m5 ( o!r races2 & 0 prev5t$ by _m b>ri]s f m+l+ ) !m1 or ev5 reg>d+ !m z bre?r54 ,8 circumcision1 8 ,sabba?1 8 laws ( purity1 8 peculi>ities ( diet1 ! absolute impossibility ( 8 eat+ along ) ,g5tiles1 kept him sep>ate1 & help$ to n\ri% 9 him ! _s ( haught9ess & exclusiv5ess4 ,! accept$ wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah is1 ) ! e>ly prophets1 ! man :o is morally s\nd1 :o has curb$ 8 passions & 8 selfi% impulses2 ) ! lat] ,jew t may /ill be ! case1 b !re are also a numb] ( indisp5sable prelim9>ies ( :i* ! prophets c]ta9ly did n dream4 ,! man :o w\ld g up to ! hill ( ,jehovah mu/ be "o :o has n eat5 %ell-fi% or pork1 nor op5$ 8 %op on ! ,sabba?1 nor t\*$ a dead body1 nor us$ a spoon h&$ to him by a ,g5tile )\t wa%+ x4 ,h[ all ?is unfitt$ ! ,jewi% p to be a mission>y ( ! pure religion1 & h[ adv]se ! :ole ,levitical sy/em 0 to ! e>ne/ appreh5sion ( t religion no less ?an to its diffusion1 ! ,new ,te/am5t amply %[s4 ,b x kept ! p sep>ate f ! _w & con/ant to _! fai? amid ev5 ! greate/ temptations & ! sev]e/ p]secutions1 & s enabl$ !m to pres]ve ! preci\s treasure committ$ to !m till ! "t %\ld come :5 ! _w 0 to receive x f _! h&s4 ,hea!ni% ,elem5ts ( ,judaism4--,9 ! sy/em we h sket*$1 9 :i* ! prophetic tea*+ 0 h>d5$ into a ritual & a law1 !re are v>i\s elem5ts :i* d n belong to an advanc$ /age ( religi\s progress4 ,:ile ! sacrificial ritual1 n outw>dly exalt$ above hea!nism1 is to "s ext5t r$eem$ by ! motives :i* ent] into x1 ! great sy/em ( clean & unclean re/s on no rational basis1 & resembles ! set ( taboos1 :i* no "o c expla91 ( a savage tribe2 & ! r$uction ( daily life "u a set ( m9ute & tr\blesome rules1 %[s ! devotion m ?an ! enlight5m5t ( ^? :o submitt$ to x4 ,!re 0 a necessity t ! vessel %\ld be s n>r[ & s h>d :i* 0 to keep ! w9e ( ,jewi% religion f be+ mix$ ) o!r liquids1 b ! vessel itself belongs to ! rude & e>ly _w4 ,9 ! ,jewi% religion ( ?is "t !re are f> diff]5t elem5ts1 :i* po9t =w>d & n backw>d1 & 9 :i* ! future c\rse ( religi\s progress is cle>ly anticipat$4 ,if 8 temple ritual 0 crude1 & if 8 law pursu$ him into e "o ( 8 actions1 ! ?\ghts ( ! ,jew 7 free2 ! tru?s :i* 7 unfold+ _! ri*es 9 8 m9d 7 suffici5t comp5sation = mu* outw>d re/ra9t1 & ! fair _w ( imag9ation 0 op5 to him 9 :i* ! pa/ clo!d itself ) leg5d & ! future ) spl5did hopes4 ,spiritual ,elem5ts4--,! p]iod aft] ! exile is t ( ! composition ( ! ,psalms4 ,_m ( ^! poems may h be5 writt5 e>li]2 _m 7 und\bt$ly writt5 at ?is "t1 & ! belief ga9s gr\nd t ! ,psalmi/ came aft] ! prophet1 & adopt$ = popul> use ! prophet's ideas4 ,9 ! ,psalt] we he> ! ?rill ( joy & triumph z ! great tru?s ( !ism come to be grasp$ z c]ta9ties4 ,! congregation n[ utt]s 9 song :at1 :5 ! prophet fir/ ann\nc$ x1 s few _h c\rage to believe1 t ,jehovah is k+1 t he rules ov] ! nations1 t he is f> above all ! gods1 nay1 t !re is no o!r ,god ?an he4 ,! joy ( hav+ embrac$ ?is ?\ght1 ( hav+ escap$ f all confusion ) reg>d to ! p[]s t rule ! _w1 & ( see+ all ?+s 9 ?is spl5did light1 f9ds manifold expression4 ,! believ]s delight !mselves anew 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 & see fre% beauties 9 8 c\rts1 & 9 ! s]vice ( him !re2 !y delight 9 8 ^w 9 connection ) e "p ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,!y und]/& ! _w z !y nev] did be=e1 s9ce x is 8 "w1 & praise ! ,creator z !y foll[ ! :ole process ( creation4 ,new lights op5 to !m on ! hi/ory ( _! race1 new solutions occur to !m ( ! moral difficulties !y h felt1 z !y saw ! wick$ prosp] & ! good ca/ d[n4 ,!re is v little ab\t ritual 9 ! ,psalms2 x is reg>d$ *iefly z an (f]+ ( ?anks & praise to ,jehovah = 8 wond]ful works1 & = 8 m]cies2 & x is view$ ideally z an act ( homage 9 :i* n only ! imm$iate wor%ipp]s1 b all nations on ! e>? may be conceiv$ z tak+ "p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! obs]vance ( ,jehovah's moral requirem5ts1 & implicit tru/ 9 him :ile "o seeks to d 8 w1 is insi/$ on aga9 & aga91 z ! true me?od to please him1 & to obta9 8 protection aga9/ all dang]s4 ,!re are few moods ( ! religi\s life t are n repres5t$ 9 ! ,psalms3 p5it5ce1 intellectual p]plexity1 dome/ic sorr[1 feebl5ess1 lonel9ess1 ! approa* ( dea?1 ! excitem5t ( great ev5ts1 ! agony ( p]secution1 quiet contemplation ( nature1 ea* has its ^w4 ,! imprecations ( "s ( ! ,psalms %[ a trait ( ! national "* )\t :i* ! picture w\ld be incomplete4 ,x may be 9 "p ext5uat$ by ! consid]ation t 9 ^! ,psalms x is ! community t speaks1 & t ! enemy ( ! good cause des]ves less =be>ance ?an ! private adv]s>y4 ,:e!r ! ,psalms 9 g5]al are to be conceiv$ z utt]$ by ! community r ?an z private outp\r+s1 is a "q n yet decid$4 ,9 ei!r s5se ! ,psalms h be5 us$ & are /ill us$ z ! hymn-book ( ,*ri/5dom1 z well z ( ! ,jews2 & x w always be a wond]ful feature 9 ! religion ( ,israel1 t s soon aft] ! tru? ( ! "o ,god 0 discov]$ by ! prophets1 x receiv$ a =m ( expression :i* has prov$ fitt$ = ! use ( e nation 9 ! _w4 ,! ,jews aft] ! exile are 9 possession ( a new =m ( religi\s association :i* belongs to a high /age ( gr[?4 ,! temple wor%ip is "o 9 :i* ! ord9>y layman has no "p1 or only an occasional "p to play4 ,! prie/ does ev]y?+ 9 x2 ev5 ! s++ ( ,psalms is done by *oirs ( prie/s4 ,& ! dwell] 9 ! c\ntry might r>ely be a witness ( ^! great solemnities4 ,b we "k t 9 ! ,maccabean p]iod ! c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) synagogues3 ) build+s1 t is to say1 :]e ! surr\nd+ population met on ! ,sabba?1 & p]haps on o!r days z well1 to jo9 9 common pray]1 & to he> lessons ( ,scripture & exhortations4 ,"s local religi\s meet+ 0 necess>y2 an e>ne/ p c\ld n d )\t x1 & ! local sacrifices 7 n[ ( ! pa/4 ,b ! synagogue s]vice m>ks a great advance 9 ! religi\s position ( ! ,jews4 ,!y c n[ meet )\t any act or sacram5t :i* !y h to d 9 common1 to engage 9 purely intellectual religi\s ex]cises4 ,! same advance1 z we %all see1 took place 9 ,greece ab\t ! same "t2 :at moral or religi\s fur!rance !y want$1 ! e>ne/ !re began to seek f ! lectures ( philosoph]s4 ,! synagogue1 h[ev]1 0 a t]ritorial in/itution2 all ! ,jews 9 ! neighb\rhood came to its s]vices4 ,x kept !m acqua9t$ ) ! law :i* o!rwise !y might h =gott51 & also ) ! writ+s ( ! prophets1 :i* 7 regul>ly read1 & ?us /r5g!n$ ! bonds :i* held all ,jews toge!r1 9 ! pa/ hi/ory & 9 ! gr[+ hopes ( _! race4 ,! ,national ,hopes4--,judaism becomes m & m1 z befits a fai? ( :i* prophets are ! pr9cipal expon5ts1 a religion ( hope4 ,deb>r$ by _! subjection "u successive hea!n p[]s f political activity1 & ke5ly aw>e ( _! outw>d humiliation1 ! ,jews turn to an ideal _w 9 :i* !y are free4 ,! prophets _h spok5 ( a judgm5t 9 :i* ,jehovah w\ld judge ! :ole _w1 ( a happy "t :5 ,israel w\ld be at peace f all 8 enemies1 & ,god & p w\ld dwell toge!r 9 full communion2 & :5 ! l& ( ,israel w\ld become ! religi\s capital ( ! _w4 ,!y _h add$ to _! picture features ev5 m ideal1 & _h decl>$ t ! conflicts ( ext]nal nature w\ld cease1 ! wild animals w\ld gr[ tame & fri5dly1 all physical z well z all moral evil w\ld disappe>4 ,x 0 9 ?is _w1 n 9 a remote region or 9 ! l& beyond dea?1 t all ?is 0 to be realis$4 ,j]usalem is ! c5tre ( ! picture & ! ,jewi% nation /&s 9 ! =egr\nd ( x z ! *os5 p ( ! ,god ( all ! _w4 ,n[ ^! pr$ictions1 :i* ) ! prophets are vague & idealis$1 7 tak5 by ! ,jews always m s]i\sly & work$ out 9 detail4 ,aft] ! prophet comes ! apocalyptic writ]1 su* z ,daniel 7! ,apocalypse ( ! ,new ,te/am5t belongs to ! same class ( lit]ature71 :o is able to give ! exact c\rse ( ! hi/ory :i* is to lead up to ! f9al judgm5t1 to fix its precise date1 & to give _m details ( ! ultimate /ate ( affairs4 ,^! revelations1 :i* 7 writt5 g5]ally to com=t ! ,jews 9 _! trials & to enc\rage !m to /eadfa/ness 9 p]secution1 7 v popul>4 ,x is true t !y n\ri%$ ! national pride1 & enabl$ ! ,jew to feel himself sup]ior to a _w 9 :i* he occupi$ outw>dly no great position2 b on ! o!r h& ! hopes !y f$ 7 n necess>ily unspiritual2 at ! ,*ri/ian era we f9d x to be a m>k ( ! mo/ g5u9e piety t "o %\ld be wait+ = ! r$emption ( ,israel4 ,at ?is p]iod ! national hope 0 occupi$ ) ! figure ( a ,messiah1 a ,god-s5t ,deliv]]1 ^: com+ 0 to be ! prelude to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! div9e k+dom4 ,we le>n f ! ,gospels :at v>i\s ideas 7 ent]ta9$ by ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury ab\t ?is com+ "o1 & h[ little ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 felt to answ] to ! common expectation4 ,a few words mu/ be said ( ,jewi% beliefs conc]n+ ! o!r _w4 ,:ile !re are traces ( an old ance/or-wor%ip 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 no belief ( ! k9d _h mu* importance 9 ,israel4 ,! ,jews %>$ ! g5]al belief ( ! e>ly _w t ! dead cont9u$ 9 a %ad[y exi/5ce )\t any p[] = action4 ,!y h an "u-_w1 ,%eol1 :]e ! dead are2 ,isaiah has a magnific5t description ( ! dead k+s sitt+ on ?rones toge!r 9 ,%eol & ris+ up to greet a newcom] :o 0 a great pot5tate on e>?1 ) ! words ,art ?\ also become weak z we8 ,art ?\ become l unto u8 ,! dead are conceiv$ z cont9u+ 9 a weak & unsub/antial reflection ( _! =m] selves4 ,!y c be fet*$ up to ! e>? by magic arts to tell ! future1 b ?is 0 /rictly =bidd5 at a v e>ly "t4 ,! ,psalms & o!r lat] books conta9 _m pla9 d5ials t man has any cont9uance to look = aft] dea?4 ,! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z has (t5 be5 said1 is = ?is life4 ,god's rew>ds are to be look$ = be=e dea?2 once gone to ! grave "o c no m enjoy ,god's b\nty or give him ?anks4 ,god's k+dom ( ! future is also a k+dom ( ?is _w2 ,j]usalem is its capital1 & nature is to be trans=m$ = x4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ! hope ( ! future :i* has be5 s entirely ab&on$1 :i* ,job1 = example1 9 an e>ly *apt] puts s p]emptorily away f him1 creates itself afre% 9 a new =m4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! ,jews believe1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t m5 w rise aga94 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ! ,jews d]iv$ _! lat] doctr9e ( a future life f _! contact ) ,p]sia1 b x is n necess>y to acc\nt = x 9 ?is way4 ,x arose naturally among ! ,jews 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! individual believ] l ,job1 entirely sure ( 8 own innoc5ce1 & feel+ t he 0 doom$ to die ( 8 disease )\t any v9dication 9 ?is life1 claim$ t an opportunity %\ld be f\nd beyond ! grave to pron\nce ! s5t5ce :i* a j ,god c\ld n omit to give4 ,9 ,daniel xii4 x is =etold t m5 ( conspicu\s virtue & m5 ( conspicu\s wick$ness w h a resurrection--! =m] to %>e ! glories ( ! k+dom f :i* z tea*]s & m>tyrs !y c\ld n be want+1 ! latt] to receive _! puni%m5t4 ,& z prophets :o h be5 long dead are expect$ to return to ! e>?1 ! gate ( dea? is n s firmly clos$ z =m]ly & ! belief 9 a future life easily became curr5t4 ,?us ,judaism comes to be a religion full ( contradictions1 & c\ld n z a :ole pass to o!r nations4 ,! temple & ! synagogue repres5t opposite pr9ciples ( wor%ip4 ,! ,jew feels himself to be entru/$ ) a _w-religion1 & yet %uts himself up 9 su* exclusiv5ess z to draw ^u himself ! hatr$ ( all peoples1 & to be *>g$ 9 turn ) hatr$ ( ! human race4 ,a religion ( fai? & love consorts ) a religion ( rules & limitations4 ,if ! fai? ( ,israel 0 to fulfil its mission to ! _w x 0 necess>y t "s "o %\ld come :o c\ld purge ?is ?re%+-floor1 burn+ ! *aff & ga!r+ up ! :eat to be ! se$ ( ! progress ( mank9d4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 includ+ ! ,apocrypha1 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,! ,hi/ories ( ,israel2 ,ewald1 ,ku551 ,wellhaus51 ,/ade4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 & articles 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,sm5d's ,altte/am5tli*e ,religionsges*i*te4 ,/ade1 ,biblis*e ,!ologie des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts1 #aije4 ,= a criticism ( ! critical hi/orians ! read] may consult ,! ,e>ly ,religion ( ,israel1 by ,pr(4 ,james ,rob]tson4 ,pr(4 ,valeton1 ,die ,israelit51 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,s*r]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/1 #ahhe-ij4 ,kantzs*1 ,religion ( ,israel1 9 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 vol4 v4 ,e4 ,j4 ,foakes-,jackson1 ,! ,biblical ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 ,second ,edition4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,islam ,9 *ronological ord] ,islam /&s la/ ( all ! great religions2 x appe>$ six c5turies aft] ,*ri/ianity1 & ,*ri/ian ideas ent] into x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s ess5tially ,semitic t x c only be und]/ood aright if /udi$ 9 connection ) ! gr\p n[ occupy+ our att5tion4 ,9 ,islam ,semitic religion op5s its arms to embrace mank9d1 & accompli%es1 9 a fa%ion1 ! de/9y to :i* ,judaism 0 invit$1 b :i* ,judaism fail$ to realise till x 0 trans=m$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,islam ,semitic religion is n trans=m$1 b ent]s 9 its own /]n & uncompromis+ "* into ! position ( a univ]sal fai?4 ,?is religion sprang up & ent]$ on its c>e] ( conque/ ) />tl+ sudd5ness & ev51 "s s*ol>s hold1 )\t any natural prep>ation = its com+ 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir?4 ,! ,arabs call$ ! p]iod be=e ,islam ! "t ( ignorance2 9 t p]iod !y consid]$ _! race _h no hi/ory2 ! new religion1 :5 x arose1 _h made a clean sweep ( all t _h gone be=e1 & _h caus$ a new _w to beg94 ,! lab\rs ( ,arabic s*ol>s h1 h[ev]1 done some?+ to dispel ! mi/s :i* hung ov] e>ly ,arabia1 & x is possible bo? to give a mu* m satisfactory sket* ?an =m]ly ( ! e>li] religion ( ! ,arabs1 & to disc]n to "s ext5t ! processes :i* _h unconsci\sly be5 prep>+ = ! adv5t ( a high] & /rong] fai?4 ,arabia be=e ,mahomet4--,! ,arabs ( ! c5tral p59sula 9 ! times be=e ,mahomet 7 n a nation b a set ( tribes--mo/ly nomadic1 b "s ( !m settl$ 9 cities1 :o1 :ile unit$ by language1 cu/om1 & traditions1 _h no c5tral gov]nm5t or organisation4 ,! des]t :i* !y inhabit$1 z x admitt$ no cultivation1 kept human life uni=m & unprogressive2 ext]nal influ5ces p5etrat$ sl[ly into ?is corn] ( ! _w1 & society 0 /ill arrang$ z x _h be5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! /ronge/ tie 0 t ( blood4 ,a man's fell[-tribesm5 7 b\nd to av5ge 8 murd]2 & s "o slaught] l$ to ano!r1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation ! l& 0 fill$ ) a p]petual s]ies ( blood-feuds4 ,twice a ye>1 h[ev]1 a cessation ( ^! feuds took place2 a mon? came r\nd 9 :i* !re 0 a univ]sal truce4 ,m5 :o 7 enemies !n made ! same pilgrimage to a di/ant %r9e2 at su* a "t trade c>avans c\ld set out & travel 9 safety2 & ! great m>kets or fe/ivals !n took place1 :i*1 :ile bas$ at fir/ on religi\s ideas1 _h 9 mo/ "p ceas$ to h any religi\s "*4 ,"s ( ^! m>kets 71 at ! "t ( ,mahomet1 national occasions3 m5 ( e tribe met & came to "k ea* o!r !re2 ! poetry :i* _h be5 compos$ dur+ ! prec$+ mon?s 0 publicly recit$1 s t ! rise ( a new poet 0 kn[n to all ,arabia2 ! news ( all ! tribes circulat$1 & =eign ideas & doctr9es 7 also to be he>d4 ,9 proportion z ! face ( nature 0 h>d & =bidd+1 social life 0 bright & gay2 w9e1 wom51 wit1 & w> provid$ ! !mes ( poets & ! ord9>y aims ( life4 ,! ,old ,religion4--,x has g5]ally be5 said t ! ,arabs be=e ,islam 7 irreligi\s4 ,!y !mselves contra/$ ! /]nness ( ! new p]iod ) ! gaiety ( ! old "o4 ,! tru? is1 z ,wellhaus5 has admirably %[n1#a t ! work+ religion ( ! c\ntry _h become be=e ! p]iod ( ,islam entirely effete4 ,arab religion 0 bas$ on ! ideas & usages :i* h be5 describ$ 9 *ap4 x4 ( ?is book2 x is ma9ly f ,arabia1 inde$1 t ! orig9al "* ( ,semitic religion is kn[n to u4 ,ea* tribe _h its god1 :om x reg>d$ z a magnifi$ ma/] or rul]1 & ) :om x held communion by sacrifice1 ! blood be+ br\ght 9 contact ) ! god & ! victim dev\r$ by ! tribesm54 ,! god is repres5t$ sometimes by a tree1 g5]ally by a /one2 a piece ( f]tile l& belongs to him1 )9 :i* ! plants & animals are sacr$2 ! religi\s meet+ c be held 9 no o!r spot4 ,h5ce ! ,arabs are said to be /one wor%ipp]s2 b ! phrase is an awkw>d "o3 :at !y wor%ipp$ 0 n ! /one b a god connect$ ) x4 ,& ! e>ly gods ( ,arabia are a motley company2 x is only 9 _! relations to _! wor%ipp]s & 9 ! ord] ( ! wor%ip paid !m t !y h "s uni=mity4 ,! greate/ & olde/ deity ( ! ,arabs is ,allat or ,alilat1 ! ,lady4 ,l ! female deity f\nd 9 all primitive ,semitic religions1 %e is a /ately & comm&+ lady4 ,%e is n ! wife ( a god1 nor are unseemly ideas connect$ ) h]4 ,%e belongs to ! e>ly _w 9 :i* mo!rhood 0 synonym\s ) rule1 s9ce ! family _h no male head2 %e has a "* b no hi/ory3 my?ology has n ga!r$ r\nd h]4 ,arabia has also c]ta9 nature-gods4 ,! /ell> deities are mo/ly female2 !re is a male sun-god ,dus>es4 ,heav5 is wor%ipp$ by "s1 n ! blue b ! ra9y heav51 :i* is a s\rce ( bless+s4 ,!re are no gods belong+ to ! region "u ! e>?4 ,! s]p5t is ! only animal t receives wor%ip4 ,footnote #a3 ,re/e ,arabis*5 ,heid5?ums1 p4 #ahh4 ,b ! gods ( ,arabia belong mo/ly to ano!r class ?an t ( nature-gods2 or at lea/ if !y ev] 7 connect$ ) nature1 !y h p>t$ ) su* associations4 ,!y are unc\? figures1 ) vague leg5ds & miscellane\s attributes4 ,"o set ( !m is said to h be5 wor%ipp$ by ! contempor>ies ( ,noah2 !y are big m51 & x is _! prop]ty to dr9k milk4 ,hubal 0 ! *ief god ( ,mecca4 ,x 0 8 prop]ty to br+ ra94 ,vadd 0 a great man1 ) two g>m5ts1 & a sword & spe>1 b[ & quiv]4 ,jaghu?1 ! ,help]1 0 a portable god1 n a /one probably1 s9ce he 0 c>ri$ into battle by 8 tribe1 z ! ark 0 by ! ,israelites4 ,ano!r god is call$ ! ,burn]1 no d\bt f ! sacrifices (f]$ to him4 ,ea* tribe has its god or set ( gods1 & c]ta9 sacr$ objects connect$ ) its gods4 ,"o god is f\nd by ^? :o kiss or rub a c]ta9 black /one1 ano!r 9 connection ) a :ite /one1 ano!r ) a tree4 ,& ( _m ( !m !re are images2 ! /one has "s "w done on x1 or !re is a wood5 block r\ghly hewn4 ,! ,caaba is orig9ally a black /one :i* is kiss$ or rubb$ at ,mecca4 ,! "n 0 giv51 h[ev]1 to ! cube-%ap$ build+1 9 "o ( ! walls ( :i* ! black /one _h be5 fix$4 ,9 ?is build+ !re /ood 9 old days images ( ,abraham & ,i%mael1 ea* ) div9+ arr[s 9 8 h&4 ,( su* idols a l>ge numb] exi/$ 9 ,mahomet's "t1 & 7 de/roy$ by him4 ,9 "s cases ! image _h a h\se1 & a p]son 0 ne$$ to gu>d x2 ?is function>y also kept "s simple app>atus = ca/+ lots or o!rwise obta9+ c\nsel f ! deity1 & oa?s & v[s 7 made be=e him1 to :i* ! deity became a witness4 ,to ^! beliefs ( e>ly ,arabia mu/ be add$ a lively belief 9 j9ns1 spirits :o are n gods1 s9ce ! gods are above ! e>?1 b ! j9n is compell$ to haunt "s "p ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! j9ns c assume any =m !y *oose1 & are (t5 met ) 9 ! %ape ( s]p5ts4 ,wellhaus5 surmises t ! s]aphs ( ! ,jews are to be trac$ to "s su* orig94 ,!y infe/ des]t places1 & are nocturnal 9 _! habits4 ,:at !y d is (t5 n obs]v$ till aft]w>ds4 ,!y spy ^u ! gods1 & may br+ in=mation f above to m5 :om !y haunt or ) :om !y are 9 league4 ,( ! magic ( ,arabia1 ! signs & om5s drawn f birds1 f dreams1 & o!r occurr5ces1 x is n necess>y to speak2 & we ne$ only say1 9 conclud+ ?is r\gh sket* ( ! ideas ( ! e>ly ,arabs1 t ! belief 9 a life beyond 0 v fa9t2 !y set out food = ! dead1 :om !y pr(ess$ to ?9k ( z /ill exi/+1 b ! belief1 if !y ent]ta9$ x1 0 p]functory & _h no influ5ce4 ,confusion ( ,wor%ip4--,at ! p]iod ( ,islam ! wor%ip ( ,arabia _h fall5 into great confusion4 ,! gods 7 /ation>y1 b ! tribes w&]$2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t ! w&]+ tribe left its %r9e beh9d x to be c>$ = by its successors 9 t piece ( c\ntry1 & itself also1 :5 x ga9$ a new seat1 succe$$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( a new god4 ,?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! wor%ip ( ea* %r9e 0 con/antly ga!r+ new associations1 z ea* tribe :i* _h be5 !re left beh9d x "s new leg5d or practice2 & on ! o!r h&1 pilgrimage became univ]sal1 s9ce ea* tribe _h to pay p]iodical visits to its gods :om x _h left beh9d4 ,at ,mecca we read ( hundr$s ( idols2 a hundr$ tribes h left !re some?+ ( _! own4 ,?us ,mecca became a sacr$ place = tribes f> & ne>1 & rose into national importance2 & ! same 0 ! case to a less degree 9 o!r places also4 ,b z ?is process w5t on1 x inevitably l$ to ! weak5+ ( religion4 ,! tie ( blood1 :i* 0 felt always1 0 a f> /rong] ?+ ?an ! tie ( a common wor%ip = :i* ! tribe _h to g to ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry1 & to come 9 contact ) a multitude ( o!r cults4 ,wor%ip !re=e became m & m a sup]/ition3 a ?+1 t is to say1 ^: real sacr$ness 0 9 ! pa/1 & :i* 0 only kept up f pi\s habit2 x did n supply ! inspiration ( ord9>y life nor guide ! m active m9ds among ! p4 ,we h n yet spok5 ( ,allah1 :o is und]/ood to be ! god p> excell5ce ( ,arabia4 ,b = ?is !re is a good reason4 ,allah is n1 l ! o!r be+s we h spok5 (1 a hi/orical god1 ) a leg5d1 a %r9e1 a tribe all to himself4 ,he is n a hi/orical p]sonage1 b an idea consolidat$1 no d\bt at an e>ly p]iod1 into a god4 ,wellhaus5 traces ! rise ( ,allah = u 9 a mo/ int]e/+ way4 ,! "n1 he %[s1 is n a prop] "n t belong$ to "o p>ticul> figure 9 ! pan!on ( ,arabia2 x is ! title :i* ! ,arab conf]r$ on 8 god1 :atev] ! prop] "n ( t be+ might be4 ,:atev] god he wor%ipp$1 he call$ him ,allah1 ,"l2 & ?us e ,arabic god 0 ,allah1 z e head ( a h\sehold has ! "n ( fa!r & e mon>* t ( k+4 ,& z e tribal god 0 ,allah1 ! ?\ght arose1 no d\bt 9 v e>ly times1 ( "o god :o 0 common to ! tribes4 ,language pav$ ! way = ?\ght2 :ile ! tribal gods 7 /ill believ$ 9 & ador$1 ?is figure rose above !m--a be+ :o has no special wor%ip ( 8 own1 :o does n ask = x nor ne$ x1 b :o yet fills1 z none ( ! less] be+s does1 ! "* ( deity4 ,allah 0 ! god ( all ! tribes2 & z 8 figure grew 9 ! m9d ( ! c\ntry1 x 0 inevitable t ! wor%ip ( ! hi/orical gods %\ld /ill fur!r lose its importance1 till only ! wom5 & *ildr5 really c>$ = x4 ,a mono!ism ( a grave & e>ne/ k9d ?us made its way beside ! old belief 9 _m gods4 ,mahomet f\nd t 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 did n really believe 9 ! m9or gods2 :5 !y 7 9 dang] or 9 urg5t ne$ ( any bless+1 x 0 to ,allah t !y call$4 ,! fall ( ! idols1 :5 x came ab\t1 took place v easily2 !y 7 no long] ne$$4 ,! ,arabs _h come to believe 9 a god :o dwelt 9 heav5 & 0 ! creator ( ! _w1 :o orda9$ man's life ) an irrev]sible decree1 by :om ! bitt] & ! sweet1 bo? ! hitt+ ( ! m>k & ! miss+ x1 7 alike fix$4 ,! moral "* ( ,allah 0 n m>k$ly 9 advance ( t ( 8 p4 ,:at a man ga9s by robb]y he calls ! gift ( ,allah1 :ile :at is ga9$ by indu/ry is call$ by ano!r "n4 ,yet ,allah is also felt by "s to keep !m back f robb]y2 he p[]fully upholds ! moral /&>ds :i* h be5 rea*$4 ,he is ! def5d] ( /rang]s1 ! av5g] ( treason4 ,8 moral influ5ce is negative1 h[ev]1 r ?an positive4 ,he does n inspire ) ideals ( goodness2 b he holds back f evil4 ,he is n a be+ :o is ev] likely to ent]1 l ! ,god ( ! ,jews1 into intimate & affectionate relations ) m52 he is too ab/ract & has too little hi/ory to be capable ( su* unb5d+2 8 religion1 :5 x comes to be fully =m$1 w be "o ( puritans & fanatics r ?an ( ! meek & l[ly4 ,he is ! "o great in/ance ( a god )\t any natural basis :o has come to ex]cise rule4 ,he is a god ( :om reason c ?or\ghly approve--no absurd leg5ds cl+ to him2 he is f ! fir/ great1 mighty1 & moral2 & he rules ! _w 9 righte\sness by inflexible /&>ds4 ,?is religion is com+ to ! surface ev5 9 ! "t ( ignorance4 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia4--,! "q has be5 mu* discuss$ :e!r ! new religion ( ,arabia 0 due to contact ) ,judaism or ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,bo? ( ^! fai?s 7 kn[n 9 ,arabia be=e ! "t ( ! ,prophet4 ,!re 0 a l>ge ,jewi% population at ,m$9a1 & synagogues exi/$ 9 _m o!r places2 & !re 7 ,*ri/ians 9 ,arabia1 ?\gh _! ,*ri/ianity 0 t only ( small sects & ( lonely ascetics1 & _h fail$ to conv]t ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,to ! ,arabs ! ,jews 7 ! p ( ! ,book1 ! book 9 ! traditions ( :i* !y also _h "s %>e4 ,ignorant !mselves = ! mo/ "p ( ! arts ( read+ & writ+1 & divid$ among a multitude ( petty wor%ips :i* !y 7 ceas+ to respect1 !y look$ up ) envy to ^? ^: fai? _h be5 fix$ = s _m ages 9 a lit]>y /&>d4 ,b :ile ! ,jews 7 respect$ 9 ,arabia1 !y 7 f> f popul>4 ,! qualities :i* h drawn d[n on !m ! bitt] hatr$ ( mod]n peoples among :om !y dwell1 act$ !re 9 ! same way2 _! pride & exclusiv5ess1 _! ke5ness 9 bus9ess1 _! pr(ession z money-l5d]s1 made !m dete/$ 9 ,arabia z 9 mod]n ,g]many4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ascetic view ( life :i* ! ,*ri/ians repres5t$ _h attractions ev5 = "s ( ! high] m9ds among ! ,arabs4 ,a set ( m5 call$ ,hanyfs 7 well kn[n 9 ,mahomet's "t1 :o 7 seek+ = a bett] religion ?an ! ,arab wor%ips af=d$1 & a bett] life ?an t ( et]nal feud4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n is controv]t$2 ^? to :om x 0 appli$ _h n atta*$ !mselves to ,judaism nor to ,*ri/ianity2 !y 7 p 9 e>ne/ ab\t religion :o _h n rea*$ any def9ite position4 ,ev5 :]e1 z ) ,mahomet himself1 ! facts ( ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity 7 mo/ inaccurately kn[n1 ! view ( ,god held 9 ^! religions & ! moral /&>d !y set up c\ld n fail to ex]cise mu* influ5ce4 ,if 9 ,arab ?\ght itself a god l ,allah 0 ris+ to def9ite p]sonal "* & to a position ( great sup]iority ov] ! old gods1 !n ! inn] movem5t 0 9 ! same direction z ! influ5ce ( old] religions f )\t1 & ! "t 0 ripe = a new fai?4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t a p l ! ,arabs %\ld accept a religion :i* _h its orig9 9 ano!r c\ntry1 or :i* ?reat5$ l ,*ri/ianity to br+ to an end ! old tribal sy/em2 a new gr[? f )9 0 ne$$1 & ?is 0 ready to appe>4 ,! beg9n+s ( mo/ religions are wrapt 9 obscurity2 b ! rise ( ,islam is kn[n to u ) p]fect c]ta9ty & 9 consid]able detail4 ,! only difficulties 9 ! way ( und]/&+ x are ( a psy*ological nature2 we h to acc\nt = ! f\ndation ( a religion :i* spread ) lightn+ spe$ ov] _m l&s1 & :i* /ill cont9ues to spread1 by "o ^: "* 0 9 "s respects f> f noble1 & :o 0 capable ( /oop+ to compromise & to ! d>ke/ trea*]y 9 ord] to ga9 8 ends4 ,h[ a religion fitt$ = _m races & _m g5]ations ( m5 c\ld be f\nd$ by a b>b>ian & by ! aid ( b>b>\s means--t is ! problem ( ?is religion4 ,! mat]ials = solv+ x lie op5 be=e u4 ,! ,koran is und\bt$ly ! au!ntic "w ( ,mahomet himself3 ! suras or *apt]s are arrang$ 9 a wrong ord]1 & if !y are read z !y /& d n tell any intelligible /ory2 b :5 plac$1 z has n[ be5 done by s*ol>s1#b 9 ! true hi/orical ord]1 !y %[ ! hi/ory ( ,mahomet's m9d ) great cle>ness4 ,aft] ! ,koran came ! traditions4 ,f ! imm5se volume ( ^! ! indu/ry ( ! s*ol>s ( ,islam z well z o!rs has succe$$ 9 sift+ out :at is mo/ to be reli$ on4 ,9 no o!r case is ! sep>ation ( ! my?ical f ! hi/orical elem5t 9 ! e>ly traditions s easily made1 & ! religion comes into view 9 ! full light ( day4 ,footnote #b3 ,s4 ,lane-,poole1 ,! ,spee*es ( ,mohammad1 #ahhb2 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! ,koran *ronologically arrang$ ) a v useful introduction4 ,mahomet4 ,e>ly ,life4--,mahomet 0 born ab\t #egj ,a4,d41 ( a family belong+ to ! ,mecca bran* ( ! ,corei%1 a p[]ful tribe1 :o c>ri$ on a l>ge c>avan trade ) ,syria1 & :o 7 ! gu>dians ( ! sanctu>y :i* 0 ! c5tral po9t ( ,arabian religion4 ,he ent]$ !re=e f 8 bir? into ! c5tre ( ! fai? ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 e>ly left an orphan1 & 0 br\ght up by relatives1 :o 7 k9d to him b :o 7 v poor4 ,he _h to make 8 liv+ at an e>ly age by h]d+ %eep1 an occupation :i* conduc$ 9 8 case1 z x has done 9 o!rs1 to contemplation & ?\ght4 ,9 e>ly manhood he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,khadija1 a ri* wid[2 & he made j\rneys 9 h] affairs to ,syria & ,pale/9e1 :]e he may h se5 places fam\s 9 ,jewi% hi/ory & may also h come 9 contact ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five he m>ri$ ,khadija1 :o 0 fifte5 ye>s old] ?an himself2 ! m>riage 0 a happy "o1 & !re 7 sev]al *ildr54 ,he is describ$ z a man ( middle height1 ) a fair sk91 a pleasant c\nt5ance1 & pleas+ mann]s2 & he _h prov$ 8 ability 9 bus9ess4 ,"s ye>s aft] 8 m>riage he began to ?9k deeply ab\t religi\s subjects4 ,he came into connection app>5tly ) "s ( ^? ,hanyfs or p5it5ts1 m5tion$ above1 :o1 )\t be+ =m$ into a sect1 7 at "o 9 seek+ = a m satisfactory religi\s position4 ,! religion to :i* !y 7 feel+ _! way 0 a mono!ism1 a s]vice ( ! "o ,god ( ,abraham1 b n t ( ,judaism ) its exaltation ( ! ,jewi% race1 nor t ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* ,god _h a ,son = 8 companion4 ,submission to ! "o ,god 0 to !m ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,islam means submission1 & ! ,moslem is ! p]son :o ?us submits himself to ! "o sole ,god1 :e!r he be ,jew or ,*ri/ian or nei!r4 ,! ,hanyfs also held ! belief ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 a com+ judgm5t2 & ! effect ( _! beliefs on _! lives 0 t !y practis$ au/]ities & (t5 retir$ f ! _w4 ,8 ,religi\s ,impressions4--,mahomet at ?is "p ( 8 life began also to )draw himself1 & to g ap>t to lonely spots = m$itation4 ,:at he m$itat$ we see f 8 say+s & do+s aft]w>ds4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! pure religion ( ,allah1 z held by ! ,hanyfs1 & ! popul> religion ( ,mecca ) :i* 8 bir? connect$ him1 ) its trade associations1 its idols1 its un9telligible rites1 0 c]ta9ly a trem5d\s "o2 & if a judgm5t 0 imp5d+ ov] all b ! believ]s 9 ,allah1 x 0 a t]rible prospect4 ,= _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,mahomet 0 simply a ,hanyf4 ,he 0 "o :o _h surr5d]$ himself1 ) a t5d] & impressionable s\l1 to ! div9e w & guidance1 & 0 fill$ ) ! s5se ( ,allah's pres5ce & p[]1 & ( 8 own acc\ntability to him 9 ! great & trem5d\s realities ( life4 ,9 addition to ?is1 h[ev]1 we h to m5tion a circum/ance :i* is g5]ally ?\ght to h _h a det]m9+ influ5ce 9 ,mahomet's production ( ,islam4 ,he _h a peculi> temp]am5t2 m5tal excitem5t l$ 9 him to inn] cata/rophes :i*1 :e!r !y are class$ "u epilepsy or hy/]ia1 caus$ him to see visions & to believe t c]ta9 words _h be5 address$ to him by heav5ly visitants4 ,! new religi\s movem5t 9 ,arabia _h secur$ an adh]5t 9 :om its tea*+s w\ld be felt ) trem5d\s int5sity1 & w\ld possibly break =? ) irresi/ible =ce4 ,! ,revelations4--,mahomet 0 =ty ye>s ( age :5 ! ?\ghts :i* _h long be5 work+ )9 him bur/ into op5 expression4 ,?is took place by means ( a vision4 ,an angel appe>$ to him z he slept on ,m\nt ,hira on "o ( 8 nightly w&]+s1 & held a scroll be=e him :i* he bade him read4 ,he _h n le>n$ to read1 b ! angel insi/$1 & s he read2 & :at he read 0 ! e>lie/ reveal$ piece ( ! ,koran 7sura #if73-- ,read1#c 9 ! "n ( ?y ,"l :o creat$1 creat$ man f a drop4 ,read1 = ?y ,"l is ! ,mo/ ,high1 :o ha? taught by ! p51 ha? taught to man :at he knew n4 ,nay1 truly man walke? 9 delusion :5 he deeme? t he suffice? = himself2 to ?y ,"l !y mu/ all return4 ,all m51 i4e41 h[ev] !y may ?9k1 z ! ,arabs 7 giv5 to ?9k1 t !y ne$ no help b t ( _! own "r arm1 mu/ come be=e ,allah's judgm5t & r5d] an acc\nt to him3 ?is is ! doctr9e by :i* ,mahomet fir/ appeal$ to 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,x is a revelation4 ,allah tea*es x by s5d+ d[n a copy ( :at is writt5 9 ! ,book 9 heav51 ! "m ( ! ,book f :i* all revelations1 ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,mahomet's own1 are alike d]iv$4 ,mahomet has ?us begun to prophesy4 ,! fir/ outbur/ ( revelation ?rew him into great agitation2 he ?\ght he 0 possess$ by a j9n2 & x t5d$ to 8 fur!r di/ress t an int]val ( two or ?ree ye>s elaps$ be=e ano!r vision took place4 ,!n ! vision came aga94 ,rise up & w>n6 x said to him2 & ?y ,"l magnify1 & ?y g>m5ts purify1 & abom9ation %un1 & grant n fav\rs to ga9 increase2 & wait = ?y ,"l4 ,! revelations n[ began to come 9 rapid succession1 & ,mahomet n[ believ$ 9 8 own inspiration4 ,9 ?is conviction he nev] wav]$ aft]w>ds2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! e>li] revelations 7 felt by him z if !y came f )\t & 7 dictat$ by a p[] he c\ld n resi/4 ,8 fell[-c\ntrym5 naturally took ano!r view2 l o!r prophets1 ,mahomet 0 said to be mad & to be possess$ by a _s2 & ^! accusations /ung him1 because he himself _h at fir/ appreh5d$ some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! lat] pieces 7 ( a diff]5t "*2 he _h ! p[] aft]w>ds ( produc+ a revelation to suit any situation :i* arose2 b ! cont5ts ( ! e>li] ones 7 n unwor?y ( be+ revelations1 & su* he felt !m to be4 ,footnote #c3 ,or1 ,prea*6--l\d read+ or repetition be+ ! mode ( claim+ att5tion = ! div9e ^w4 ,8 ,prea*+4--,he prea*$ ! new tru? at fir/ to ^? ) :om he 0 intimate4 ,x 0 n new b old2 x 0 ! religion ( ,abraham t he prea*$1 t ( ! ,book ( :i* bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians _h c\nt]p>ts2 he did n ?9k ( f\nd+ a new religion4 ,he call$ 8 own h\sehold & 8 relatives to submit !mselves to ,allah1 ! supreme ,"l & ! righte\s ,judge1 be=e ^: judgm5t !y mu/ soon /&4 ,!y 7 to put away hea!n vices & to practise ! duty ( regul> pray]1 ( giv+ alms )\t hop+ = any advantage f x1 & ( temp]ance4 ,aft] a "t he is enc\rag$ by new suras to prea* publicly1 & does s4 ,! ,meccans1 h[ev]1 d n li/5 to him4 ,! prophet's prea*+ acquires by ?is opposition a /]nness x did n possess at fir/1 & he proce$s to attack ! popul> wor%ip 9 a way fitt$ to /ir up aga9/ him ! bitt]e/ ho/ility4 ,! ,meccans he> f him t ! religion to :i* all ,arabia flocks toge!r1 & )\t :i* !y w\ld d little trade1 is n only a vanity b a ?+ abhorr5t to ,allah1 & und\bt$ly draw+ d[n damnation on all :o p>take 9 x2 & t _! =efa!rs are unque/ionably 9 hell4 ,su* prea*+ c\ld n be tol]at$2 ,mahomet's fri5ds are appeal$ to to /op 8 m\?1 b 9 va91 & 8 fell[-tribesm51 ?\gh !y d n believe 9 him1 yet protect him1 z ! laws ( k9dr$ require4 ,p]secution4--,mahomet suff]s z o!r prophets h done2 he is ridicul$1 misjudg$1 ?reat5$4 ,on ! o!r h& he has 8 consolations2 :5 depress$ he receives enc\rag+ messages f above4 ,8 enemies w p]i%2 8 cause w succe$2 ! day w come :5 m5 w flock to 8 doctr9e 9 cr[ds4 ,p]secution1 h[ev]1 is n )\t effect on him3 on "o occasion he attempt$ to compromise matt]s ) idolatry2 9 a sura recit$ at ! ,caaba he all[$ himself to use c]ta9 complim5t>y expressions ab\t ! ?ree daught]s ( ,allah1 9 :om ! ,meccans put _! tru/4 ,! ,meccans 7 mu* pleas$ ) ?is1 b ,mahomet _h to suff] ! reproa*es ( ! angel ,gabriel aft] he w5t home1 & ! concession 0 erelong )drawn4 ,if1 z appe>s likely1 ! compromise _h be5 delib]ately plann$1 a /range light is ?r[n on ! nature ( ! revelations at a "t n long aft] !y _h begun to fl[4 ,b !re is no approa* to compromise aft] ?is4 ,! position ( ! prophet naturally grew worse aft] ?is display ( weakness1 & ! p]secution ( ! t[nsm5 m embitt]$2 = two ye>s ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s 7 rigor\sly cut (f f int]c\rse ) _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! prophet's tone became h>d] & m sombre z he saw t no turn+ back 0 possible4 ,nev] 7 ! t]rors ( hell prea*$ ) m int5sity2 x makes "o's blood run cold to read ! d5unciations ( ! ,mecca unbeliev]s1 m5 p]sonally kn[n to ! prophet1 & to he> him =eca/ ! words ) :i* !y w be bidd5 to take _! place = ev] 9 ! fire4 ,p]sonal irritation gives edge to ! d5unciations ( fanaticism4 ,examples are s\ght 9 ,jewi% hi/ory ( ^? :o reject$ prophets1 ,moses or ,noah1 & suff]$ a prompt & t]rible judgm5t = s do+4 ,! ,meccans 7 little mov$ by su* ?reats2 !y _h no real belief 9 a future life1 & sc(f$ at ! idea ( a resurrection ( ! body2 & = ?is scepticism also p>allels are f\nd by ! prophet 9 hi/ory1 :i* %[ :at fate ! d\bt]s may expect4 ,f read+ ! ,koran we %\ld judge ,mahomet to h be5 a disagreeable fanatic2 b he also possess$ v diff]5t qualities4 ,^? :o knew him be/ 7 mo/ devot$ to him4 ,8 foll[]s adh]$ to him ) a fai? :i* 0 pro( aga9/ all p]secutions2 we f9d him ev5 orda9+ t slaves :o are conv]ts may dissemble _! connection ) him 9 ord] to avoid ! cruel treatm5t x drew d[n on !m4 ,su* atta*m5t c\ld only h be5 inspir$ by a noble nature2 8 foll[]s felt him to be inde$ a tea*] s5t by ,allah1 & 7 en?usia/ically conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( 8 doctr9e4 ,trials4 ,he decides to leave ,mecca4--,9 spite ( ?is 8 position 0 a prec>i\s & try+ "o4 ,8 wife ,khadija1 to :om he _h be5 mo/ fai?ful1 di$2 s did 8 mo/ p[]ful protector4 ,! cause1 moreov]1 0 n advanc+ at ,mecca1 & 0 n likely to d s2 & ,mahomet began to consid] ! propriety ( transf]r+ x to new gr\nd4 ,! fir/ attempt to d s 0 n successful2 at ,taif1 :]e he ask$ to be receiv$ & to be all[$ to prea*1 he 0 rudely repuls$1 s t he came back to ,mecca 9 deep dejection4 ,! new op5+ :i* he s\ght 01 h[ev]1 ab\t to pres5t itself 9 ano!r qu>t]4 ,among ! visitors to "o ( ! fea/s he met a company ( pilgrims f ,m$9a1 :o bo? address$ him ) respect & %[$ t !y und]/ood 8 doctr9es4 ,m$9a 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,jewi% ideas1 & pres5t$ a m fav\rable soil = ! prophet to "w on2 x is ev5 sugge/$ t ! ,arabs ( ,m$9a1 hav+ he>d ( ! ,jewi% expectation ( a ,messiah1 consid]$ t x w\ld be an advantage = !m if ! ,messiah %\ld be ( _! own race1 & t ,mahomet might possibly be ,he4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! cause to ,m$9a 01 h[ev]1 br\ght ab\t ) great delib]ation4 ,^? :o wi%$ ,mahomet to come prea*$ 8 doctr9e at ,m$9a = a ye>1 & ) enc\rag+ success4 ,pl$ges 7 giv5 & repeat$ by 8 fri5ds !re1 t !y w\ld h no god b ,allah1 t !y w\ld )hold _! h&s f :at 0 n _! own1 t !y w\ld flee =nication1 t !y w\ld n kill new-born infants1 t !y w\ld %un sl&]1 & t !y w\ld obey ,god's mess5g] z f> z 0 reasonable3--^! are ! practical re=ms :i* ,islam at ?is "t dem&$4 ,! result ( ^! proce$+s 0 t ,mahomet advis$ 8 foll[]s to g to ,m$9a4 ,he himself wait$ till ne>ly all _h gone1 & did n set out till a plot _h be5 laid by 8 enemies ! ,corei% to assass9ate him4 ,! ,hegira or flight took place on #af? ,june #fbb ,a4,d4 ,! flight1 n ! bir? ( ! prophet1 =ms ! era ( ,mohamm$an *ronology1 s9ce x 0 f ! mom5t ( ! flight t ,islam ent]$ on its victori\s c>e]4 ,mahomet at ,m$9a4--,f ?is po9t onw>ds ! prophet is se5 9 a diff]5t position & a diff]5t "*4 ,at ,mecca he is a p]secut$1 /ruggl+1 & unsuccessful prea*]1 b at ,m$9a he rapidly becomes ! mo/ p[]ful p]son 9 ! commonweal?4 ,he organises ! s]vice ( religion1 b he also gives new life to ! community 9 o!r ways1 t]m9at+ its feuds1 unit+ all its =ces 9 ! s]vice ( ,allah1 & by 8 decisions 9 ! cases :i* are br\ght to him lay+ ! f\ndation ( a new jurisprud5ce4 ,a pure !ocracy 0 set up at ,m$9a1 & he z ! prophet 0 its sole organ & adm9i/rator4 ,9 ?is capacity he display$ consummate ability4 ,alike 9 religi\s & 9 civil matt]s he %[$ ! mo/ p]fect compreh5sion ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he resort$ freely to compromise 9 ord] to make 8 religion & policy suitable to ! masses ( 8 p & to secure _! adhesion4 ,9 ?is way he soon secur$ = himself an absolute au?ority4 ,! new religion ?us became ! cem5t by :i* a /rong commonweal? 0 =m$ out ( elem5ts =m]ly at v>iance4 ,mahomet's fir/ c>e on rea*+ ,m$9a 0 to organise ! s]vice ( ! fai?4 ,a place 0 built :]e ! congregation c\ld meet = pray] & exhortation2 ! prophet's h\se beside x1 or r ! ap>tm5ts ( 8 wives1 = he n[ _h two1 & 0 soon to h m4 ,! mosque1 :i* all ov] ! _w is ! local habitation ( ,islam1 may h be5 d]iv$ f ! synagogue or ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! s]vice :i* takes place 9 x is n a sacrifice1 b consi/s ( intellectual ex]cises :i* n\ri% 9 ! he>]s ! _s ( ! religion4 ,9 ! ,mosque ( ,m$9a ,mahomet taught 8 conv]ts ! practices & duties :i* 7 requir$ ( !m4 ,he taught ?is ) great precision1 & himself set an example h[ ea* ex]cise 0 to be done2 s t1 z ,wellhaus5 says1 ! mosque became ! ex]cise gr\nd :]e ! p 7 drill$ 9 ! requirem5ts ( ! new fai?4 ,!re ! ,moslems acquir$ ! esprit de corps & ! rigid discipl9e :i* di/+ui% _! armies4 ,new ,religi\s ,union4--,a new bond ( union ?us took ! place ( ! old tie ( blood1 :i* _h be5 by f> ! /ronge/ 9 ,arabia4 ,e ,moslem reg>d$ e o!r ,moslem z 8 bro!r1 ev5 ?\gh belong+ to a diff]5t tribe4 ,! claims ( religion came to sup]s$e all o!rs2 all natural ta/es1 all family affections1 7 taught to yield to !m4 ,)9 a few ye>s ( 8 com+ to ,m$9a ,mahomet _h =bidd5 ! use ( w9e & ! pursuit ( art1 & _h impos$ on all wom5 :o adh]$ to him ! use ( ! veil4 ,9 e way ! community 0 taught to reg>d itself z sep>at$ f ! =m] life ( ! c\ntry & f all :o did n %>e ! new fai?4 ,x 0 repres5t$ z ! duty ( believ]s to fight aga9/ all unbeliev]s3 9 ?is way ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! religion 0 to be br\ght ab\t4 ,! c\rage ( ! fai?ful 0 /imulat$ by ! promise ( ri* booty & by ! assurance t ^? :o fell 9 battle w\ld g /raight to ! joys ( ,p>adise2 & ! w>s !y wag$ acquir$ 9 consequ5ce a rel5tless "* :i* 0 new 9 ,arabia4 ,!y 7 all[$ to fight 9 ! sacr$ mon?1 9 :i* anci5t cu/om orda9$ a univ]sal truce4 ,!y f\ght ) a gloomy det]m9ation1 & us$ _! victories ) a rel5tless cruelty1 :i* excit$ ! con/]nation & horror ( all witnesses4 ,!y did n scruple1 z o!r ,arabs did1 to fight aga9/ _! k9sm54 ,islam has r5t all bonds asund]1 ,islam has blott$ out all treaties1 !y said1 :5 reproa*$ ) _! disreg>d ( old und]/&+s4 ,! prophet himself 0 =emo/ 9 ?is unrel5t+ policy4 ,captives tak5 9 battle 7 slaught]$2 a :ole tribe 0 massacr$ :i* _h jo9$ ! enemy1 & _h surr5d]$ aft] a siege 9 ! hope ( m]ciful treatm5t4 ,brea* ) ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4--,z ,mahomet ?us fre$ himself1 9 spread+ ! fai? ( ! mo/ m]ciful ,god1 f all consid]ations ( m]cy & ( hon\r1 he also %ook (f1 z 8 position grew /rong1 relations :i* might h prov$ emb>rass+ ) o!r religions4 ,9 8 e>li] tea*+ he speaks ( 8 own religion z be+ sub/antially ! same z ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ?ree h ! ,book2 ! ,koran is a cont9uation & supplem5t ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian revelations1 & he is only ! la/ figure 9 ! great l9e ( prophets :o _h appe>$ 9 ^! religions4 ,l o!r f\nd]s1 he did n at fir/ int5d to f\nd a new religion1 b only to br+ to light aga9 & re/ore to au?ority ! orig9al tru?s ( ^! fai?s1 :i* _h become obscur$4 ,8 attitude at fir/1 !re=e1 0 fri5dly to bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & 8 fri5dly feel+s = ! =m] 7 likely to be /r5g!n$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 com+ to ,m$9a4 ,n long aft] 8 arrival1 h[ev]1 8 attitude t[>ds ! ,jews 0 *ang$4 ,8 foll[]s _h at fir/ pray$ ) _! faces turn$ 9 ! direction ( ,j]usalem2 b ! prophet orda9$ t ?is %\ld be alt]$1 & t !y %\ld pray ) _! faces turn$ n t[>ds ,j]usalem b t[>ds ,mecca4 ,?is sett+ ( a new kiblah z x is call$1 decl>$ t ,islam 0 a diff]5t religion f ,judaism1 & _h an ,arab n a ,jewi% c5tre4 ,! ho/ility to ! ,jews1 ( :i* ?is 0 a symptom1 grew m int5se2 qu>rels 7 s\ght ) !m :i* end$ 9 ! utt] annihilation ( ! ,jewi% p[] at ,m$9a4 ,f ,*ri/ianity also ,mahomet 0 c>eful to di/+ui% 8 religion4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,arabia 7 less t5aci\s ( _! fai? ?an 7 ! ,jews1 & easily accept$ ,islam1 s t ! ho/ility 0 n 9 ?is case s int5se4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity & ( ! ,inc>nation 7 ( c\rse d5\nc$ z intol]able blasphemies aga9/ ! sole deity ( ,allah4 ,dome/ic4--,! hi/ory ( ,mahomet dur+ ! ,m$9a p]iod is tak5 up to "s ext5t ) ! v>i\s m>riages into :i* he ent]$1 & ) ! sc&als ( 8 h\sehold4 ,on sev]al occasions he produc$ revelations to w>rant a /ep 9 ?is connection :i* he felt to require ju/ification1 & ! mod]n read] is =c$ to wond] h[ 8 cr$it surviv$ "s ( ^? proce$+s4 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly ! case t he did mu* to improve ! position ( wom5 9 ,arabia1 ! abs5ce ( any high ideal 9 ?is matt] is v app>5t4 ,conque/ ( ,mecca4--,9 giv+ 8 foll[]s a new kiblah & bidd+ !m turn _! faces t[>ds ,mecca at _! pray]s1 ,mahomet decl>$ t city to be ! religi\s capital ( ,arabia4 ,?\gh he _h left ,mecca 9 ang]1 he c\ld n =get or ignore ! city :i* held ?is place 9 8 eyes4 ,at fir/ 8 ?\ghts ( ,mecca 7 ^? ( v5geance2 he _h a score to settle ) ! ,corei%1 :o _h scorn$ & p]secut$ him1 & _h driv5 him =?4 ,= sev]al ye>s !re 0 w> betwe5 ,m$9a & ! ,corei%2 ! ,moslems plund]$ ! ri* c>avans ( ,mecca2 9 ! great battle ( ,b$r 7,a4,d4 #fbc7 ,mahomet defeat$ 8 enemies & compell$ !m to respect & fe> him2 & !y aft]w>ds attack$ & besieg$ him at ,m$9a1 ) no decisive result4 ,! next /ep 0 t ,mahomet made use ( ! sacr$ mon? to attempt a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 f :i* he _h be5 abs5t = six ye>s 7#fbh72 & ?\gh he 0 prev5t$ f p]=m+ 8 devotions at ! ,caaba on ?is occasion1 ! ,corei% f\nd x good to make a treaty ) him1 ?us recognis+ him z a pot5tate1 & to promise t he %\ld be all[$ to make ! pilgrimage on a future occasion4 ,t pilgrimage took place2 & s quickly 0 ,mahomet's p[] increas+ 9 ! re/ ( ,arabia t ! ,meccans began to feel t !y c\ld n long resi/ him4 ,9 ! ye> #fcj he mov$ aga9/ ,mecca ) a l>ge army1 & met ) b fa9t opposition4 ,mecca fell into 8 h&s4 ,he us$ 8 victory nobly3 only f\r p]sons 7 put to dea?4 ,x 0 at once %[n t no injury 0 to be done to ! city4 ,! old wor%ip & its v>i\s c]emonies 7 pres]v$4 ,all idols1 ( c\rse1 7 de/roy$1 bo? ^? ab\t ! ,caaba1 ( :i* !re are said to h be5 "o = ea* day 9 ! ye>1 & ^? 9 private h\ses4 ,mecca made ! ,capital ( ,islam4--,9 fact ,mecca ga9$ new importance f ?is conque/4 ,x 0 con/itut$ by ! irresi/ible p[] ( ,mahomet ! c5tral sanctu>y ( ! true religion4 ,a ye> aft] ! victory ,mahomet aga9 visit$ ,mecca1 & p]=m$ ! pilgrimage ) all its rites 9 8 own p]son1 sett+ ! correct patt]n 9 e detail1 :i* all pilgrims 7 to obs]ve 9 all "t com+4 ,^? :o wi% to "k :at ! rites ( ,mecca are1 w f9d !m graphically & m9utely describ$ 9 ,capta9 ,burton's ,pilgrimage to ,el-,m$9ah & ,mecca2 t gallant (fic] 0 "o ( ! ?ree ,europeans :o1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 assum$ ! disguise ( pilgrims & took "p 9 ! obs]vances4 ,! kiss+ ( ! sacr$ black /one 9 ! wall ( ! ,caaba1 ! sev5fold circuit ( ! build+1 ! dr9k+ ( ! wat] ( ! well ,zem-zem1 ! race f "o hill-top to ano!r 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,mecca1 ! ?r[+ ( sev5 /ones at a c]ta9 spot1 & ! sacrifice ( an animal 9 a c]ta9 valley--^! =m a collection ( rites ea* ( :i* _h probably a sep>ate orig91 & ( "s ( :i* ! orig9al mean+ c sc>cely be made out4#d ,?is block ( hea!nism ,mahomet made "p ( 8 religion4 ,he c\ld n h aboli%$ x1 & by adopt+ x 9 an improv$ =m z a "p ( 8 own sy/em he s]v$ himself heir to ! national religi\s traditions1 & acquir$ = 8 own religion ! au?ority ( a national fai?4 ,?is day h ,i appo9t$ y\r religion unto y1 are 8 words aft] fix+ ! =ms ( ! pilgrimage1 & appli$ ,islam = y to be y\r religion4 ,islam adopts ! ,mecca rites1 & !reby becomes ! national religion ( ,arabia4 ,hubal1 ! *ief god ( ! ,caaba1 disappe>s2 ,allah becomes ! sole god ( ! %r9e4 ,! leg5d t ,abraham f\nd$ x is put 9 circulation1 & x is ?us connect$ ) ! suppos$ e>lie/ ,arabian religion1 ! religion be=e idolatry1 ! ,islam be=e ,islam4 ,z ,paul appeals to ! fai? ( ,abraham z be+ a ,*ri/ianity be=e ,*ri/1 s ,mahomet claims ! ,caaba = ! pure wor%ip ( ,allah 9 primeval times4 ,x is sacr$ h5ce=? to him alone4 ,! rule 0 set up t no idolat] %\ld be admitt$ to ! pilgrimage1 & x ?us lo/ its "* z a hea!n1 & became in/ead a ,moslem1 in/itution4 ,footnote #d3 ,see = ?is ,wellhaus5's ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5?ums1 pp4 #fd-ih4 ,spread ( ,islam4--,mecca once conv]t$1 ! re/ ( ,arabia c\ld n long rema9 outside4 ,!re 0 reluctance 9 v>i\s places to make ! *ange :i* ,mahomet n[ requir$ ( all 8 c\ntrym54 ,b ! p5alty ( refus+ x 0 ! prophet's wra?1 ) its t]rible att5dants1 w> & rap9e1 & none ( ! ,arabs c>$ en\gh = _! old gods to brave su* t]rors = _! sake4 ,! inhabitants ( ,taif endeav\r$ to make t]ms1 s t ! *ange might be less abrupt4 ,_! ambassadors urg$ t =nication1 usury1 & ! use ( w9e might be all[$ !m1 b ?is c\ld n be grant$2 ! ,taifites mu/ accept ! deprivations to :i* all ! ,moslems _h agre$4 ,!n !y ask$ t _! ,rabba1 _! goddess1 might be sp>$ to !m = ?ree ye>s1 & z ?is 0 refus$1 = two ye>s1 a ye>1 a mon?4 ,b ! only concession !y c\ld obta9 0 t !y %\ld n be oblig$ to de/roy _! goddess ) _! own h&s4 ,! anci5t paganism1 x w be se51 fell easily & )\t any trag$y4 ,mahomet did n long survive ! national acceptance ( 8 religion2 he di$ on #h? ,june #fcb4 ,b he did n die )\t hav+ op5$ up to 8 foll[]s v wide views = ! future ( 8 cause1 & />t$ !m on a c>e] ( religi\s w> & conque/ :i* 0 n soon to be arre/$4 ,f a comp>atively e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e] he _h consid]$ t ,islam 0 de/9$ to prevail n only 9 ,arabia b 9 o!r l&s4 ,/>t+ ) ! idea t 8 revelation 0 only a lat] /age ( t :i* _h tak5 place 9 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 he _h advanc$ to ! position t ^! 7 false religions1 & 8 own ! only true "o4 ,:]ev] he look$ 9 ! _w he c\ld see no true religion b 8 own2 x mu/ !re=e take ! place ( all o!rs4 ,accord+ly he s5t embassies f ,m$9a to ,h]aclius ! emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 to ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 to ! gov]nor ( ,egypt1 & to o!r pot5tates1 ann\nc+ himself to be ! ,prophet ( ,god1 & call+ ^u !m to give up _! idolatr\s wor%ips & return to ! religion ( ! "o true ,god4 ,^! embassies _h small effect2 b ,mahomet 0 prep>$ to take mu* m =cible measures 9 ord] to spread ! fai?4 ,w> aga9/ infidels be+ "o ( ! /&+ duties ( ! fai?ful1 v>i\s regulations 7 laid d[n = ! treatm5t ( captives & ! disposal ( booty 9 su* w>s4 ,god1 :o is said 9 e v]se to be =giv+ & m]ciful1 enc\rages ! fai?ful 9 su* passages to slay & rob1 & to make concub9es ( wom5 tak5 9 sacr$ w>s4 ,at ! mom5t ( 8 dea? an exp$ition1 n ! fir/1 0 ready to />t aga9/ ! ,greek p[]4 ,x is 9 ?is guise t ,islam assumes ! rle ( a univ]sal religion4 ,! ,duties ( ! ,moslem4--,! mission>y ( ,islam requires ( 8 conv]ts no?+ v difficult ei!r 9 ! way ( belief or 9 ! way ( action4 ,8 dem&s are brief & precise4 ,!y consi/ ( ! foll[+ five po9ts3--#a4 ,! pr(ession ( belief 9 ! unity ( ,god & ! mission ( ,mahomet4 ,! =mula runs3 ,!re is no ,god b ,allah1 & ,mahomet is ! prophet ( ,allah4 #b4 ,pray]4 ,?is consi/s ( ! repetition ( a c]ta9 =m ( words at five sep>ate times ea* day1 ! wor%ipp] /&+ up ) 8 face t[>ds ,mecca4 ,! mosques are always op5 = pray]1 & !re is a special s]vice on ,friday1 ! day ( ! week *os5 by ,mahomet 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & ! ,*ri/ian ,sunday4 #c4 ,almsgiv+4 ,?is is done on a fix$ scale1 & ! contributions 71 9 ,mahomet's "t1 devot$ to ! support ( w> aga9/ infidels4 #d4 ,fa/+4 ,?is takes place dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramadan1 & ! fa/ is v /rictly obs]v$4 #e4 ,! ,hagg or pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! ,koran is ! sacr$ book ( ,islam4 ,! "n means read+2 see above 9 ?is *apt]4 ,l o!r sacr$ books1 ! ,koran is arrang$ 9 su* an ord] t he :o reads x z x /&s f9ds x v confus$1 & fails to grasp its hi/orical mean+4 ,! claim to div9e inspiration is made 9 e *apt] & e l9e ( x2 ,god himself is ! speak]4 ,b ! div9e oracles ref] to v v>i\s matt]s4 ,all sorts ( legal decisions1 milit>y ord]s1 injunctions ab\t religi\s affairs1 leg5ds & speculations1 h a place 9 x4 ,( pr$iction ( ! future1 inde$1 !re is b "o in/ance2 ! prophet disclaim$ ! p[] to "w miracles1 & held t no wond]s beyond ^? ( ! spl5did ord] ( ! univ]se are necess>y to fai?2 & simil>ly he does n pose z a =etell]1 b z an organ ( ! div9e w = ! pres5t4 ,z ! rul] ( a !ocracy1 ! lead] ( armies1 ! judge 9 _m a civil case1 ! gu>dian ( ! mann]s ( ! p1 ! (ficiat+ m9i/] 9 public wor%ip1 &1 let x also be m5tion$1 ! head ( a v peculi> dome/ic e/abli%m5t1 he has a hundr$ matt]s ( imm$iate conc]n to att5d to2 & :5 he has =m$ 8 decision on any ( ^! matt]s1 x takes its place 9 ! ,koran4 ,! book ?us produc$ is f> f be+ an attractive "o2 ev5 9 ! translation ( ,pr(essor ,palm]#e x c af=d pleasure to no read]4 ,! translation1 x is true1 loses ! poetry & music ( ! orig9al1 :i* are highly spok5 (2 b ! ma9 ob/acle to read+ ! ,koran is its want ( arrangem5t4 ,! e>lie/ suras 7*apt]s2 lit]ally c\rses ( bricks7 /& mo/ly t[>ds ! end ( ! collection2 ! long ones 9 ! beg9n+ & middle are lat]1 & _m ( !m are composite3 two or sev]al *apt]s h be5 jo9$ into "o4 ,:5 read 9 _! hi/orical ord]1 ! suras c be read ) pleasure by ! /ud5t z %[+ ! gr[? ( ! prophet's ideas & ( 8 cause4 ,! e>lie/ ones are %ort1 poetical1 & int5se4 ,^! are ! suras :i* ?rew ! prophet into su* excitem5t & di/ress t 8 hair turn$ :ite4 ,!y are full ( ! wond]s ( ,god 9 nature & 9 hi/ory1 ( fi]y d5unciation ( idolatry1 & ( fe>ful ?reat5+s4 ,9 lat] pieces we come to long leg5ds tak5 *iefly f ! ,jewi% ,haggadah & ! ,*ri/ian ,apocrypha1 9 :i* ! prophet displays mu* ignorance ( ! commone/ facts ( ! ,bible hi/ory2 & z 8 p[] increases & 8 functions multiply1 we come to ! miscellane\s matt]s spok5 ( above4 ,! /yle1 at fir/ poetic & exalt$1 becomes aft]w>ds prosaic & diffuse2 x is n ! inspir$ se] :o speaks1 b ! /atesman or ! judge2 & ! plac+ ( ^! lat] utt]ances 9 ! m\? ( ,god c\ld n deceive ! orig9al he>]s4 ,! ,koran1 l ! ,v$as & ! ,ga?as & ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 0 exalt$ 9 lat] /ages ( ! religion to ! highe/ conceivable hon\rs2 & "o ( ! greate/ controv]sies ( ,islam rag$ r\nd ! "q :e!r x _h exi/$ f et]nity & 0 uncreat$4 ,footnote #e3 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 vi4 & xi4 ,islam a ,univ]sal ,religion4--,:at is mo/ rem>kable ab\t ,islam is ! rapidity ( its gr[?4 ,mahomet beg9s life a poor & l[ly h]dsman1 & at 8 dea? bequea?s to 8 successors a k+dom :i* he has =m$1 & :i* is %ortly to prevail ov] all its neighb\rs4 ,9 ! same way 8 doctr9e1 conf9$ at fir/ to a small circle & bitt]ly oppos$1 becomes )9 half a c5tury ! fai? ( 8 nation1 & n only ( 8 nation1 b ( _m o!r l&s4 ,)9 t brief space x has ent]$ on ! c>e] ( a national religion1 & has also pass$ beyond ! national into ! univ]sal /age1 at :i* only two o!r religions h arriv$ at all4 ,! progress :i* ,*ri/ianity took c5turies to accompli%1 ,islam accompli%$ 9 s _m decades4 ,! title ( a univ]sal religion _c be d5i$ to x4 ,! tru? :i* x decl>$--! doctr9e ( ! unity & ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & ( ! responsibility ( e human be+ to 8 ,creator & ,judge--is "o :i* does n belong to any p>ticul> race ( m51 b to all m54 ,! attitude ( s\l :i* is call$ ,islam--t ( implicit surr5d] to ! great ,god1 ( entire acquiesc5ce 9 8 decrees & entire ob$i5ce to 8 w--is good = all4 ,all %\ld be call$ to take an e>ne/ view ( _! life & to realise _! deep responsibilities2 & ! idea express$ by ! title giv5 to ,god on e page ( ! ,koran1 ,! ,m]ciful & ,compassionate1 t ,god sympa?ises ) ! aspirations & ef=ts ( 8 s]vants1 & t !y may look up to him ) love z well z fe>1 is "o :i* all c und]/& & feel helpful4 ,especially at ! /age :5 ! _w is giv5 up to idolatry1 ,islam may well rank z a univ]sal religion2 :5 ea* place has its idol1 ea* nation its great] idols1 religion divides in/ead ( unit+1 & ! frivol\s & s5seless s]vice ( su* petty deities prev5ts m5 f realis+ _! solemn obligations to ! great ,god be=e :om !y are all alike1 s9ce he is ! ,gov]nor & ,judge ( all4 ,islam is an admirable corrective ( hea!nism2 x br+s ! scatt]$ & bewild]$ wor%ipp]s ( idols toge!r 9 "o l(ty fai? & "o simple rule4 ,! weakness ( ,islam is t x is n progressive4 ,its ideas are bald & poor2 x grew too fa/2 its doctr9es & =ms 7 /]eotyp$ at ! v outset ( its c>e]1 & d n admit ( *ange4 ,its morality is t ( ! /age at :i* m5 em]ge f idolatry1 & does n advance beyond t /age1 s t x p]petuates in/itutions & cu/oms :i* are a drag on civilisation4 ,mahomet's ,p>adise1 9 :i* ! w>rior is to be m9i/]$ to by beaute\s h\ris 7! numb] ( :om is n m5tion$71 may n h be5 an immoral conception 9 8 day2 b x is s n[1 & app>5tly _c be left beh9d4 ,an admirable in/rum5t = ! discipl9e ( populations at a l[ /age ( culture1 & well fitt$ to tea* !m a c]ta9 measure ( self-re/ra9t & piety1 ,islam _c c>ry !m on to ! high] developm5t ( human life & ?\ght4 ,x is repressive ( fre$om1 & ! reason is t its doctr9e is aft] all no m ?an negative4 ,allah is b a negation ( o!r gods2 !re is no /ore ( positive ri*es 9 8 "*1 he does n sympa?ise ) ! manifold gr[? ( human activity2 ! inspiration he af=ds is a negative inspiration1 an impulse ( ho/ility to :at is ov] aga9/ him1 n an impulse to /rive aft] high & fair ideals4 ,he rema9s et]nally ap>t ^u a fro/y ?rone2 8 voice is he>d1 b he _c condesc5d4 ,he does n ent] into humanity1 & !re=e _c r5d] to humanity ! highe/ s]vices4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,! ,life ( ,mahomet1 by ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 #aheh4 ,mohamm$1 by ,wellhaus51 & ,! ,koran1 by ,nldeke1 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xvi4 ,! ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse prefix$ to ,sale's ,koran2 & ,pr(essor ,palm]'s ,introduction 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,e41 vol4 vi4 ,islam1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,h4 ,/ob>t1 9 ! ,non-,*ri/ian ,religi\s ,sy/ems ,s]ies ( ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4 ,d] ,islam1 by ,h\tsma1 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,hughes1 ,a ,diction>y ( ,islam 7#ahhe1 #ahif74 ,sell1 ,! ,fai? ( ,islam1 ,second ,edition1 #ahif4 ,/anley ,lane-,poole1 ,! ,spee*es & ,table-talk ( ,mohammad1 #ahhb2 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! ,koran1 *ronologically arrang$1 ) a v useful introduction4 ,m>goli\?4 ,mohamm$ & ! ,rise ( ,islam1 #aije4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,aryan ,,gr\p ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,aryan ,,religion ,! sci5ce ( language has plac$ x beyond dispute t ! languages ( ! lead+ ,european peoples are g5ealogically relat$ to ea* o!r1 & t ! languages ( ,india & ( ,p]sia also belong to ! same family ( spee*4 ,! ,indo-,european languages1 ^?1 namely1 ( ! high] race 9 ,india1 & ( ! ,p]sians1 & ^? ( ! ,greeks1 ,italians1 ,celts1 ,g]mans1 ,slavs1 ,letts1 & ,albanians1 approa* ea* o!r always m ne>ly z !y are trac$ upw>ds4 ,sanscrit is n ! s\rce ( ^! tongues b an old] si/] ( ! gr\p2 ! "m language1 :i* ! facts prove to h at "o "t exi/$1 0 a highly-inflect$ spee*1 & is p]haps m ne>ly repres5t$ by ,lettic ?an by ,sanscrit2 b x c n[ be kn[n only by a /udy ( ! common features ( its surviv+ *ildr54 ,! fact t ! peoples nam$ above are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 po9t ( language l$ at once1 :5 x 0 discov]$1 to ! conclusion t !y 7 also ( ! same race1 & mu/ h come orig9ally f ! same qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,:]e1 !n1 0 ! e>ly home ( ! undivid$ ,aryan#a race1 f :i* ! sw>ms fir/ issu$ :i* 7 to conqu] & rule ! v>i\s l&s8 ,at fir/ x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ea/2 ! fact t ,indian civilisation 0 mu* e>li] 9 "t ?an t ( any o!r ,aryan p1 naturally sugge/$ ?is4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] describ$ 9 a v poetical way h[ ! ,european z well z ! ,indian mu/ f9d 9 ! ,ea/ ! cradle ( 8 race4 ,f ! high tablel& ( ,asia1 x 0 held1 ! sup]ior races came :o 7 to rule ne>ly ! :ole ( ,europe1 :ile ano!r migration desc5d$ t[>ds ,p]sia & ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,footnote #a3 ,aryan 0 ! "n ( ! conqu]+ race ( ,india4 ,! title ,indo-,european tells u t ! race n[ dwells 9 ,india & 9 ,europe4 ,indo-,g]manic describes ! gr\p by its ,ea/]n1 & :at is suppos$ to be its pr9cipal ,we/]n1 memb]4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 :i* plac$ ! home ( ! ,aryans on ! inhospitable /eppes1 ! high ,pam]e1 ( ,asia1 did n long comm& ass5t2 & attempts 7 made to place t home else:]e1 9 ! valley ( ! ,danube1 on ! s\? %ores ( ! ,baltic1 or ev5 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula4 ,! conque/1 x is argu$1 _c h come f ! ,ea/2 x is mu* m probable t ,aryan spee* & cu/om orig9at$ 9 ! ,we/1 :]e x has ! l>g] numb] ( repres5tatives1 & t x spread ea/w>d4 ,! m extreme /ep has also be5 tak5 ( d5y+ t ! ,aryans are relat$ to ea* o!r at all 9 po9t ( race4 ,unity ( language1 x is argu$1 is no pro( ( unity ( race--a glance ov] ! ,briti% ,empire or ev5 ! ,briti% ,isl&s is en\gh to %[ ?is4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 !re=e1 t ! relation%ip ( ! ,aryan peoples is n "o ( race b only ( language & ( culture2 ! ^w ,aryan d5otes no m ?an a c]ta9 type ( spee*1 & ( accompany+ civilisation1 :i* spread ov] all ! peoples 9 "q at a v e>ly "t4 ,aryan language & civilisation laid hold ( a numb] ( races n o!rwise relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! view1 h[ev]1 /ill prevails t ! v>i\s l&s :]e ,aryan spee* & culture prevail 7 settl$ f "o c5tre4 ,:5 society 0 9 ! nomadic /age1 x may naturally be presum$ t a sup]ior civilisation :i* _h e/abli%$ itself 9 any "o qu>t] ( ! _w w\ld be c>ri$ by w&]+ hordes 9 v>i\s directions1 & t ! be>]s ( ! new civilisation w\ld become ! conqu]ors & ma/]s ( ! c\ntries to :i* _! w&]+s l$ !m4 ,& !re is n[ "s agreem5t on ! "p ( lead+ au?orities z to ! qu>t] ( ! _w f :i* ! migrations ( ! ,aryans proce$$4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/eppes ( ,russia1 9 ! great pla9s nor? ( ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caspian1 & ! ,sea ( ,aral1 !re dwelt1 we are told1 9 times f> be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory1 hordes r ?an tribes ( m51 :o1 ?\gh !y _h orig9ally spok5 ! same language1 7 com+ to diff] f ea* o!r 9 spee* & culture4 ,^! hordes 7 peoples 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,x 0 natural to !m to w&]1 & z ea* w&]$ f>!r f ! c5tre1 x came to diff] m m>k$ly f ! common type4 ,"s ( ^! w5t s\?w>ds & ea/w>ds to ,p]sia & ,india2 o!rs w5t we/w>d1 to conqu] & possess ! c\ntries ( ,europe4#b ,footnote #b3 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples2 ,s*rad] & ,jevons 7,griff91 #ahij74 ,?is is ! ,engli% ( ,s*rad]'s ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te4 ,comp>e ,dr4 ,e4 ,mey]'s ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity1 vol4 i4 book vi4 ,dr4 ,isaac ,taylor's ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans gives a comp5di\s acc\nt ( ! "q1 conclud+ aga9/ ! unity ( ! ,aryans 9 po9t ( race4 ,! ,aryan "q lies at ! ?re%old ( ! hi/ory ( ea* ( ! ,aryan peoples1 & has to be met 9 ! /udy ( ea* ( ! religions4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! _w n[ kn[s less on ?is po9t ?an x ?\ght x did a g5]ation ago4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan _s is real & sub/antial1 z w appe> f ! /udy ( ! ,aryan religions1 b x is m important z well z m possible to "k ^! well 9 _! individual "* ?an to h a correct !ory ( _! hi/orical relation to ea* o!r4 ,! /ud5t ought1 h[ev]1 to be in=m$ z to ! c\rse ( a deeply int]e/+ enquiry4 ,! civilisation ( ! ,aryans 0 primitive en\gh4 ,! foll[+ is f ,dr4 ,taylor3-- ,! undivid$ ,aryans 7 a pa/oral p1 :o w&]$ ) _! h]ds z ! ,hebrew patri>*s w&]$ 9 ,canaan4 ,dogs1 cattle1 & %eep _h be5 dome/icat$1 b n ! pig1 ! horse1 ! goat1 or ! ass2 & dome/ic p\ltry 7 unkn[n4 ,! fibres ( c]ta9 plants 7 plait$ into mats1 b wool 0 n wov51 & ! sk9s ( bea/s 7 scrap$ ) /one knives1 & sew$ toge!r into g>m5ts ) s9ews by ! aid ( ne$les ( bone1 wood1 or /one4 ,_! food consi/$ ( fle% & milk1 :i* 0 n yet made into *eese or butt]4 ,mead1 prep>$ f ! honey ( wild bees1 0 ! only intoxicat+ dr9k1 bo? be] & w9e be+ unkn[n4 ,salt 0 unkn[n to ! ,asiatic bran* ( ! ,aryans1 b its use _h spread rapidly among ! ,european bran*es ( ! race4 ,9 w9t] !y liv$ 9 pits dug 9 ! e>? & ro($ ov] ) poles cov]$ ) turf1 or pla/]$ ) c[ dung4 ,9 summ] !y liv$ 9 rude waggons or 9 huts made ( ! bran*es ( trees4 ,( metals1 native copp] may h be5 beat5 into ornam5ts1 b tools & weapons 7 mo/ly ( /one4 ,b[s 7 made ( ! wood ( ! yew1 444 trees 7 holl[$ out = canoes by /one axes1 aid$ by ! use ( fire4 ,accord+ to ,hehn1 ! old or sick 7 kill$1 wives 7 obta9$ by pur*ase or capture1 infants 7 expos$ or kill$4 ,aft] a "t1 ) tillage1 came ! possession ( prop]ty1 & e/abli%$ cu/om grew sl[ly into law4 ,_! religi\s ideas 7 bas$ on magic & sup]/iti\s t]rors1 ! p[]s ( nature _h z yet assum$ no an?ropomorphic =ms1 ! great "n ( ,dyaus1 :i* aft]w>ds came to mean ,god1 signifi$ only ! bright sky4 ,!y c\nt$ on _! f+]s1 b !y _h n atta9$ to ! idea ( any numb] high] ?an "o hundr$4#c ,footnote #c3 ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans1 p4 #ahh4 ,^! sket*es ( ! e>ly ,aryan c]ta9ly atte/ m vig\r ?an ref9em5t2 & x takes "s ef=t to realise t ^? :o liv$ 9 ?is way _h already made mu* progress1 & t ^! e>ly arts & in/itutions 7 full ( promise4 ,savage z ! e>ly ,aryan is1 he is bett] ?an 8 neighb\rs1 & has made a good />t 9 ! way ( civilisation4 ,8 family arrangem5ts1 especially1 are fitt$ to survive & to develop4 ,! e>ly dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! ,aryan c\ntries1 :ile x belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod1 yet gives good evid5ce t ! patri>*al ideal ( ! family 0 "p ( ! common inh]itance4 ,9 e c\ntry !y conqu]$ ! ,aryans liv$ 9 l>ge patri>*al h\seholds4 ,! sons1 ) _! wives & *ildr51 rema9$ "u _! fa!r's ro(1 ! fa!r be+ judge & prie/ ( ?is dome/ic community4 ,we c specify o!r features ( ! society connect$ ) ?is type ( h\sehold4 ,z ! family increases & becomes too l>ge to dwell "u "o ro(1 ano!r h\se is built1 9 :i* son or gr&son1 ) 8 wife1 f\nds a new family4 ,?us a gr\p ( families arises1 all relat$ to ea* o!r by blood1 & 9 a position ( equality1 b look+ to ! orig9al h\se z _! c5tre4 ,?is type ( society mu/ h be5 c>ri$ to ,india by ! ,aryan invad]s1 :o !re set up patri>*al e/abli%m5ts 9 h\ses :i* are simil> 9 arrangem5t to ^? ( ,nor? ,holl&1 ( ,icel&1 or ( e>ly ,engl&4 ,! m5 :o liv$ 9 ?is way 7 n agriculturi/s1 !y 7 %eph]ds & huntsm51 & :5 !y settl$ 9 a di/rict !y 7 wont to =ce ! =m] dwell]s 9 x to till ! l& = !m z _! inf]iors4#d ,footnote #d3 ,see two rec5t works by ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,gomme1 ,! ,village ,community & ,e?nology 9 ,folklore2 also ,he>n's ,aryan ,h\sehold4 ,x is ?is type ( civilisation :i* ov]spread ! l&s 9 e>ly times1 & by its com+ creat$ 9 mo/ in/ances a new _w4 ,"s ( ! ,aryan peoples made m rapid progress ?an o!rs4 ,!y pass$ e>ly into ! age ( metals1 & appe> be=e u at ! dawn ( hi/ory ) fully-=m$ in/itutions1 :i* be> ! impress ( patri>*al ideas4 ,o!rs rema9$ long] 9 ! /one age1 & only 9 hi/oric times receiv$ ! impulse :i* caus$ !m to advance to ! rank ( nations4 ,! arts & inv5tions :i* are f\nd 9 _m or 9 all ( !m are n necess>ily a common inh]itance f ! undivid$ ,aryan age4 ,_m ( !m may h come into be+ 9 ea* ( ! l&s indep5d5tly1 or "o ,aryan p may h borr[$ !m f ano!r at a lat] "t4 ,/>t+ f ! common /ock ( civilisation1 ! v>i\s races work$ x out ea* 9 a way ( its own1 & (t51 z we %all see1 ) wond]ful simil>ities4 ,is x possible to give any description ( ! religion ! ,aryans _h 9 common be=e !y develop$ x 9 diff]5t ways 9 _! v>i\s l&s8 ,we c no long]1 foll[+ ,mr4 ,max ,mll]1 look to ,india to tell u :at 0 ! common ,aryan religion4 ,indian religion1 :5 we fir/ become acqua9t$ ) x1 has already gr[n into an elaborate prie/ly sy/em1 & is evid5tly at a mu* lat] /age ( ,aryan developm5t ?an ! ru/ic cults1 ) :i* we h a good deal ( acqua9tance1 9 v>i\s ,european l&s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we _c foll[ ! great ,g]man s*ol> 9 ?is1 we gladly use 8 words on ano!r aspect ( ! subject1 :5 he is %[+ ! etymological id5tity ( ! *ief god ( ! ,aryan peoples4 ,9 8 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfh1 he tells u t ,zeus1 ! mo/ sacr$ "n 9 ,greek my?ology1 is ! same ^w z ,dyaus 9 ,sanscrit1 ,jovis or ,ju 9 ,jupit] 9 ,lat91 ,tiw 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 pres]v$ 9 ,tiwsdg1 ,tuesday1 ! day ( ! ,eddic god ,tyr2 ,zio 9 old ,high-,g]man4 ,?is ^w 0 fram$1 he says1 once & once only2 x 0 n borr[$ by ! ,greeks f ! ,h9dus1 nor by ! ,romans & ,g]mans f ! ,greeks4 ,x mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! ance/ors ( ^? primeval races became sep>ate 9 language & religion2 be=e !y left _! common pa/ures to migrate to ! "r h& & to ! left4444 ,"h1 !n1 9 ?is v5]able ^w1 we may look = "s ( ! e>lie/ religi\s ?\ghts ( our race4#e ,footnote #e3 ,see also ,mr4 ,mll]'s ,hibb]t ,lectures1 & 8 ,biographies ( ,words4 ,9 ?is in/ance etymology admitt$ly po9ts out "o ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! common ,aryan religions4 ,b if we hope t etymology w reveal to u _m fur!r in/ances ( ! same k9d1 & introduce u to ! :ole ,pan!on ( ! ,aryans1 we %all be disappo9t$4 ,!re are "o or two m cases ( etymological agreem5t betwe5 ! gods ( ,india & ^? ( ,europe1#f b ! agreem5t is 9 "s ( ^! cases no m ?an etymological4 ,! ,tiw or ,tyr ( ! ,teutonic my?ology does n correspond 9 (fice or "* ) ,zeus or ,jupit]1 ?\gh ! names are etymologically ak94 ,! agreem5t does n ext5d to all ! religions 9 "q1 nor does x ext5d 9 any two religions to all _! gods2 mo/ ( ! gods ( ,europe h no p>allels 9 ,india4 ,! evid5ce ( etymology1 !re=e1 tells u b little ( t e>ly religion ( :i* we are 9 se>*4 ,b if we consid] ! views & habits ( ! b>b>\s %eph]d-huntsman1 :o is n[ se5 to be ! typical figure ( common ,aryanism1 we ne$ n seek long be=e we f9d some?+ t 0 common to all ! ,aryan fai?s4 ,! patri>*al h\sehold has a religion :i* belongs to itself1 & :i* is ! work+ bond ( union ( its memb]s4 ,! he>? is its alt>1 because ! =efa!rs ( ! h\se lie buri$ "u x1 or = ano!r reason4 ,^! =efa!rs c]ta9ly are its gods4 ,?is he>?-cult has = its prie/ ! fa!r ( ! family2 he 9 8 turn w be ga!r$ to 8 fa!rs if he has a legitimate son to d ! la/ rites = him4 ,no "o b memb]s ( ! family c p>take 9 ! dome/ic wor%ip1 all unconnect$ ) ! family by blood mu/ be kept at a di/ance f ^! rites4 ,?is is n a religion 9 :i* ! individual c\nts any?+ = 8 own sake1 any m ?an totemi/ic religion is2 9 bo? x is ! community alone t s]ves ! deity1 9 ! "o case1 ^? ackn[l$g+ ! same totem1 9 ! second1 ^? unit$ by blood 9 ! same family4 ,9 totemism ! individual sacrifices himself to ! tribe2 "h he is no?+ ap>t f 8 family4 ,aryan piety is family religion pure & simple4 ,x fo/]s s5tim5ts :i* h be5 ! /r5g? ( ,aryan society 9 all l&s4 ,x makes family life a sacr$ ?+1 l5ds to all dome/ic ties ! highe/ sanction1 & causes ! m]e m5tion ( he>? & home to be ! /ronge/ inc5tive to val\r & self-d5ial4 ,ev5 9 ! wild-bea/ f]ocity ) :i* e>ly m5 def5d _! homes aga9/ ! intrusion ( /rang]s1 ! g]ms ( l(ty dome/ic & patriotic virtues may be se54 ,?us ance/or-wor%ip1 :i* is a "p ( ! v beg9n+s ( human religion1 is a m effective =ce among ! ,aryans ?an any:]e else4 ,9 ,egypt & ,*9a t wor%ip is a highly artificial ?+1 & has lo/ mu* ( its orig9al =ce4 ,9 ,egypt x is ! =tunes ( ! dead t are mo/ ?\ght (2 9 ,*9a ! cult has be5 smoo!d d[n & depriv$1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! p1 ( its int5s] motives4 ,among ! ,aryans x comb9es actively ) /rong family feel+1 caus+ !m to cl+ ) an extreme t5acity to _! own gods & _! own wor%ip4#g ,footnote #f3 ,! pr9cipal are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,dyaus1 god ( ! sky1 see above4 #b4 ,sans4 ,u%as1 goddess ( dawn2 ,gr4 ,greek3 hs2 ,lat4 aurora2 ,li?4 auszra2 ,a4-,s4 eo/ra4 #c4 ,sans4 ,agni1 fire1 god ( fire2 ,lat4 ignis2 ,li?4 ugnis2 ,o4-,s4 ogni4 #d4 ,sans4 ,surya1 sun2 ,lat4 sol2 ,gr4 ,greek3 helios1 also ,greek3 ,seirios2 ,cymr4 seul4 #e4 ,sans4 ,ms1 moon2 ,gr4 ,greek3 mn2 ,lat4 m5a2 ,li?4 m5u4 ,m>s,m>uts1 ,manu,m9os,mannus1 ,v>una,ouranos1 & o!r equations =m]ly br\ght =w>d1 are n n[ reli$ on by etymologi/s4 ,footnote #g3 ,! comp>ative abs5ce ( ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,greeks leads ,dr4 ,s*rad] to d\bt :e!r _! religion is ,aryan4 ,! ,semites & ! ,greeks occupy ! same position 9 ?is respect 7see *apt] x41 *apt] xvi474 ,b ^? ( :om we are speak+ wor%ipp$ o!r gods besides ^? ( ! h\sehold4 ,! second great *>act]i/ic ( ,aryan religion is its adoration ( gods :o are nei!r local nor tribal1 b univ]sal4 ,dyaus1 ! sky1 ! heav5-god1 c be wor%ipp$ any:]e2 s c ! e>?1 s c ! heav5ly tw9s1 :o 7 objects ( e>ly ,aryan religion1 s c ! sun & moon4 ,n t ! ,aryans always rememb]$ t ^! be+s 7 n local or tribal4 ,! god ( heav5 c\ld be ! god ( a p>ticul> place too1 hav+ a special "n !re2 or he c\ld be appropriat$ by a tribe :o gave him a title z _! own p>ticul> patron4 ,ea* family c\ld h its own heav5-god z well z its own he>?-god4 ,nor are we to ?9k t :5 !y wor%ipp$ be+s :o c\ld be f\nd 9 e place1 ! ,aryans ov]look$ ! sacr$ places1 & ! sacr$ objects wor%ipp$ =m]ly4 ,!y _h !mselves ris5 out ( savag]y1 & /ill held _m ( ! ideas ( savages4 ,?\gh !y _h a few great gods !y c\ld /ill believe 9 a l>ge numb] ( small] ones4 ,! tree1 ! /ream1 /ill _h its _s = !m1 ! cave or ! d>k fissure its bad demon4 ,& _m a piece ( magic did !y practise1 su* z ! ra9-*>m :i* w\ld cause ev5 ! highe/ god to s5d :at 0 ne$$4 ,! _w 0 well peopl$ ) gods1 & to keep on good t]ms ) !m all 01 no d\bt1 a matt] t requir$ mu* att5tion & skill4 ,o!r features :i* h be5 /at$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ,aryan religion are its non-prie/ly "*1 & ! fact t its gods are g5]ally arrang$ 9 a mon>*ical pan!on4 ,b nei!r ( ^! con/itutes a specific diff]5ce ( ! k9d we are 9 se>* (4 ,all primitive religions are non-prie/ly2 a religion becomes prie/ly at a c]ta9 /age ( its gr[?1 :5 x is organis$ sep>ately f ! /ate4 ,! mon>*ical pan!on1 too1 su* z t ( ,hom] & ( ! ,eddas1 is an indication1 n ( ! g5ius ( a religion1 b ( its hav+ rea*$ ! sy/ematis+ /age1 & ( ! political ideas accord+ to :i* ! sy/em is drawn up4 ,! ,aryan religions1 x is true1 arrange _! gods :5 ! "t comes to d s1 aft] ! patt]n ( an ,aryan patri>*al e/abli%m5t1 ! fa!r at ! head1 8 sons & daught]s ne> him1 ! s]vants 9 att5dance1 ! unorganis$ ho/ ( spirits1 nymphs & elves1 outside4 ,b to "k ! orig9al "* ( ! religion x is less important to ask h[ ! pan!on is arrang$1 ?an :at gods are wor%ipp$1 & h[ !y are relat$ to man4 ,& ! po9t :i* /&s out cle>ly is t :ile ,semitic religion is purely tribal & local1 !re is an elem5t 9 ,aryan religion :i* naturally transc5ds ^! limits4 ,on ,semitic gr\nd ! body ) :om ! god transacts is ! tribe1 ! l9k is t ( blood :i* connects all ! memb]s ( ! tribe ) _! div9e head or ance/or4 ,9 ,aryan religion also blood c\nts = mu*4 ,! family alt> is ! seat ( wor%ip1 & he :o has be5 ca/ out ( 8 own family _c wor%ip any:]e4 ,! family gods are mo/ ?\ght (1 no d\bt1 & ex]cise imm5se p[] 9 ! ways we h m5tion$4 ,b ! wor%ip ( :i* blood is ! tie is n to ! ,aryan1 z to ! ,semite1 ! :ole ( religion4 ,!re are be+s al(t z well z be+s on ! e>? & "u ! e>?1 & ! wor%ip ( ^! be+s is wid] ?an ! family4 ,! family may address ,heav5 by a special private "n1 or at a p>ticul> spot1 b ,heav5 itself 0 above all ^! titles & places4 ,! spirits ( ! h\sehold made1 z all ! ,semitic gods d1 = sep>ation1 b ! gods above made = union1 & z any community grew1 ! upp] gods1 :o 7 wor%ipp$ by all its memb]s alike1 became m l(ty & m important4 ,?us we may agree ) ,mr4 ,gomme :5 he speaks 7,e?nology ( ,folklore1 p4 #fh7 ( ! emancipation ( ! ,aryans f ! pr9ciple ( local wor%ip1 & says t ! rise ( ! conception ( gods :o c\ld & did accompany ! tribes :]esoev] !y travell$1 0 ! greate/ triumph ( ! ,aryan race4 ,f>!r ?an ?is x may be dang]\s to g 9 a field s full ( unc]ta9ty4 ,9 all ,aryan wor%ips !re are sacrifices ( v>i\s k9ds & degrees ( importance4 ,! horse sacrifice appe>s 9 sev]al ( ! nations z "o ( di/9ction1 b human sacrifice 0 mo/ important ( all1 ?\gh 9 ea* ( ! ,aryan l&s commutations are made = x at a v e>ly /age4 ,! /rife ( ,aryan ) non-,aryan religions gave rise to _m sup]/itions2 aft] ! conque/ ! gods ( ! latt] (t5 became ! bad gods or demons ( ! =m]1 ! m9i/]s ( ! defeat$ cult 7 reg>d$ z sorc]]s or wit*es1 ! de?ron$ gods made _m an attempt to come back to _! seats1 & to revive disus$ practices4 ,b a religion bas$1 z we h se5 ! ,aryan to be1 9 ! family affections is de/9$ to rise z civilisation advances4 ,x w be f\nd t ! ,aryan draws a less absolute di/9ction ?an ! ,semite betwe5 ! human & ! div9e4 ,to ! ,semite ,god is1 broadly speak+1 a ma/]1 or ,"l1 ^: ^w is a comm&1 9 reg>d to :om man is a subject1 a slave4 ,to ! ,aryan ! relation is a fre] "o4 ,8 god is m human1 & art & imag9ation c d m 9 8 s]vice4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,e4 ,siecke1 ,die religion d4 ,indog]man51 #ahig4 ,c4 ,f4 ,ke>y1 ,outl9es ( ,primitive ,belief among ! ,indo-,european ,races1 #ahhb4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,teutons ,! ,aryans 9 ,europe4--,!re is m ?an "o ,european p :i* be=e x 0 t\*$ by ,roman civilisation _h rema9$ = an indef9ite p]iod--a p]iod to be measur$ probably r by mill5niums ?an by c5turies--9 ! /ate ( society describ$ 9 la/ *apt] 7see above7 z occurr+ :5 ! ,aryans dwelt among ^? :om !y _h conqu]$4 ,9 v>i\s l&s alike we meet ) ! comb9ation ( ! patri>*al h\sehold ) ! village1 ! comb9ation ( agricultural ) pa/oral life1 to :i* ! ,aryans e>ly settl$ d[n among non-,aryan populations4 ,?is type ( society1 :i* is ! basis ( feudalism1 is recognis$ alike 9 ,india & 9 ,g]many4 ,x /ret*es f> back into ! pa/1 & may ev5 be recognis$ 9 "s qu>t]s at ! pres5t day4 ,z ) civilisation s ) religion4 ,! e>ly fai? ( ! ,slavs1 ! ,celts1 & ! ,teutons is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z be/ repres5t+ t ( ! ,aryans4 ,x 0 a religion 9 :i* rite & belief 7 indef9ite & v>iable comp>$ ) ^? ( ! lat] ,aryan fai?s ( ,india & ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 !re be+ nei!r a regul> prie/hood nor ! use ( writ+ to imp>t fixity to religi\s =ms4 ,! riv]1 ! f\nta91 & ! ag$ oak1 ea* _h its leg5d & its obs]vance ( unkn[n antiquity4 ,! pre-,aryan & ! ,aryan elem5ts ( religion act$ & react$ on ea* o!r1 ! ,aryan1 no d\bt1 be+ ! elem5t ( progress1 b bl5d+ ) ! o!r 9 indi/+ui%able mixture4 ,! spirits ( ance/ors liv$ 9 ! belief & ! practice ( po/]ity2 a ?\s& unse5 ag5ts 9 ! sky1 & 9 ! e>?1 & "u ! e>? 7 believ$ 9 & treat$ accord+ to tradition1 f$ or fl\t$1 brib$ or exorcis$1 z occasion sugge/$4 ,new gods appe>$1 or old ones 7 comb9$ into new1 or a god migrat$ f "o prov9ce to ano!r4 ,"h also my?s & rituals 7 =m$ by v>i\s processes4 ,b a m con/ant gr[? ( belief took place 9 connection ) "s gods z l>g] social organisms came into exi/5ce1 village communities comb9+ into tribes1 tribes into nations4 ,! great gods ( heav51 :atev] ! hi/ory ( _! e>ly gr[?1 prov$ specially fitt$ to unite toge!r clans & peoples4 ,^! be+s receiv$ diff]5t names 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,_! e>ly hi/ory1 no d\bt1 0 n ! same 9 all1 yet 9 ea* my?ology !re 7 figures & /ories :i* occurr$ also 9 o!rs1 :e!r 9 consequ5ce ( p>allel gr[? out ( simil> circum/ances 9 ea* l&1 or f a process ( borr[+ at a lat] "t1 or f bo?1 we ne$ n try to decide4 ,we give a %ort acc\nt ( ! religion ( ! ,g]mans4 ,t ( ! ,celts1 :i* may be /udi$ 9 ! ,hibb]t ,lectures ( ,pr(essor ,rhys1#a or t ( ! ,slavs 7( :i* !re is an excell5t %ort summ>y by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,morfill 9 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w71 w\ld h equally well s]v$ ! purpose ( exhibit+ an ,aryan religion at a l[ /age ( developm5t1 & held by a p n ?or\ghly compact$ into a nation4 ,! religion ( ! ,teutons has ! advantage = our /udy ov] ^! o!rs1 t x rema9$ long] unsuppress$ by ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 its ,sc&9avian bran* put =? a vigor\s orig9al gr[? 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! late/ paganism :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,europe1 x is also ! religion ( our ance/ors1 on :i* ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,nor!rn l&s 0 graft$1 & _m a survival ( :i* may /ill be recognis$ 9 our own l&4 ,x !re=e possesses = u ev5 9 itself consid]able int]e/4 ,footnote #a3 ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion z illu/rat$ by ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 #ahhf4 ,( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 ( ! dwell]s 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 we h acc\nts by ,cs> & by ,tacitus4#b ,aft] ?is !re is a de>? ( in=mation2 ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies to ! ,g]mans ?\ght x _! duty to cov] ! =m] beliefs & rites ( _! conv]ts 9 oblivion1 & ab/a9$ f giv+ in=mation ab\t !m4 ,:at we "k is drawn f ,*ur* writ]s4 ,! ,eddas belong to a mu* m develop$ /age ( ,teutonic life2 !y tell _! own tale1 :i* w be notic$ 9 its turn4 ,footnote #b3 ,cs>1 ,b4 ,gall4 vi4 #ba4 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania4 ,! e>ly ,g]mans dwelt 9 scatt]$ settlem5ts surr\nd$ by ! great =e/s & m>%es :i* !n cov]$ ,c5tral ,europe4 ,e "o has read ! description ( ! brave & w>like p ( :om ! ,romans ju/ly /ood s mu* 9 awe1 & kn[s ab\t _! fi]ce blue eyes & _! fair hair1 _! tall /ature1 _! battle-cries & *>ges1 _! h>dy habits & /rict morals4 ,z ! ,roman writ]s describe !m1 !y are by no means savages4 ,!y d n live 9 t[ns1 b migrate f "o spot to ano!r1 ! community cultivat+ ! l& x takes possession (1 on a sy/em ( common own]%ip ) rotation ( occupants4 ,! wom5 did ! h>d "w1 ,tacitus says2 ! m5 sp5t _! "t 9 ! *ase & 9 fight+4 ,!y _h an organisation beyond t ( ! village1 be+ arrang$ 9 :at we may call hundr$s & %ires1 ea* di/rict hav+ to furni% s _m m5 = w>1 elect+ its own heads & hold+ meet+s = v>i\s purposes4 ,amid/ ^! local & tribal divisions !y did n =get t !y 7 a nation diff]5t f o!r nations1 & invasion f\nd !m a unit$ p4 ,! religi\s expression ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! leg5d :i* repres5ts ! ?ree great divisions ( ! nation z desc5d$ alike f ! god ,mannus1 son ( ! e>?-born ,tuisco2 hymns 7 sung to ! latt] z ! fa!r ( ! ,g]man race4 ,x 0 by hymns t ?is p rememb]$ ?+s :i* 7 important4 ,! ,e>ly ,g]man ,gods4--,!re is a national god1 !n2 & o!r gods ( :om ,tacitus tells u are national too1 n local or tribal4 ,! tribes to ! s\? ( ! ,baltic wor%ip ,h]?us1 :i*1 ,tacitus says1 is _! "n = ,t]ra ,mat]1 ,"m ,e>?4 ,! o!r gods he m5tions are call$ by ,roman names4 ,!y wor%ip ,m]cury1 he says1 z _! pr9cipal god2 on c]ta9 days !y wor%ip him ) human sacrifices4 ,!y also wor%ip ,m>s & ,h]cules ) animal victims2 & a p>ticul> tribe1 ! ,suevi1 wor%ip ,isis4 ,cs> says ! ,g]mans wor%ip ! sun1 & ,vulcan1 & ! moon4 ,tacitus m5tions o!r ,g]man gods2 ! two /atem5ts are bo? true4 ,tacitus gives ! ,g]man gods ,roman names accord+ to a common practice ( antiquity1 :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( mu* confusion2 we %all see aft]w>ds h[ ! ,romans id5tifi$ ! gods ( ,greece also ) ^? ( ,rome4 ,! equation :i* ,tacitus gives ( ! ,g]man gods ) ,lat9 ones is /ill 9 daily use 9 ! names ( ! days ( ! week4 ,! ,romans appli$ ! names ( ! planets1 :i* 7 ! names ( _! own gods1 to ! days ( ! week z e>ly z ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury2 & 9 ,g]many ! days 7 call$ aft] ! ,g]man gods suppos$ to answ] to ! ,roman gods 9 "q4 ,half ,europe to ?is day calls ! days ( ! week aft] ! ,roman1 & ! o!r half aft] ! ,g]man gods4 ,we give ! ,lat9 names ) ! mod]n ,fr5* & ov] aga9/ !m ! ,engli%1 9 :i* ! names ( ! ,g]man gods appe> m cle>ly ?an 9 mod]n ,g]man3-- ,dies ,solis1 ! ,sun's day,sunday4 7,! ,fr5* ,diman*e is f ,dom9icus1 ! ,"l's ,day47 ,dies ,lun 7,lundi7,monday or ,moon's day4 ,dies ,m>tis 7,m>di7,tuesday1 ! day ( ,tiw or ,ziu4 ,dies ,m]curii 7,m]cr$i7,w$nesday1 ! day ( ,wodan4 ,dies ,jovis 7,jeudi7,?ursday1 ! day ( ,?or4 ,9 ,g]man ?is is ,donn]/ag1 ! day ( ,don>,?or4 ,dies ,v5]is 7,v5dr$i7,friday1 ! day ( ,freya4 ,dies ,saturni reta9s ! ,lat9 god's "n 9 our ,saturday4 7,! ,fr5* ,sam$i is d]iv$ f ,sabba?47 ,^! ,teutonic names = ! days ( ! week are common to all ! bran*es ( ,teutonic spee*1 & mu/ h a high antiquity4 ,!y tell u :at gods ! ,g]mans _h 9 e>ly times1 & to :at ,roman gods ^! 7 believ$ to correspond2 b x w\ld be a va9 endeav\r to attempt to d$uce f ?is1 or inde$ f any e>ly in=mation we possess on ! subject1 ! orig9 & nature ( ^! gods4 ,f ,grimm's labori\s /udy ( ! "q 7,g]man ,my?ology1 vol4 i47 we ga!r t x is a matt] ma9ly ( speculation :at x 0 9 ,wodan t l$ ! ,romans to id5tify him ) _! ,m]cury4 ,?or1 :o is id5tifi$ ) ,jupit]1 0 probably a sky-god1 :ile ,tiw or ,ziu 7:om etymology id5tifies ) ,zeus1 n ,m>s7 0 a god ( w>1 & ,freya1 l ,v5us1 _h to d ) female beauty4 ,we come to "k m ( ^! gods :5 we f9d !m 9 ! ,eddas1 b x is sc>cely legitimate to fill 9 ! ,s\? ,g]man gods ( ! fir/ c5tury f ! ,nor? ,g]man gods ( ! same names ( ! elev5? or twelf?4 ,we res]ve1 !re=e1 our description ( ! ,g]man gods till we come to ! ,nor!rn my?ology4 ,! ,roman writ]s d n furni% any accurate idea ( ! work+ religion ( ! ,g]mans ( _! day4 ,cs> says !y 7 n s mu* "u ! guidance ( prie/s z ! ,gauls 71 & t !y 7 n greatly addict$ to sacrifice2 nei!r /atem5t c be receiv$ )\t scrut9y4 ,tacitus idealises ! untutor$ savage z ,r\sseau does1 9 ord] to rebuke ! vices ( a luxuri\s civilisation2 b 8 /atem5ts ( actual facts may be tru/$4 ,k rec5tly acquir$ ( e>ly =e/-cults disposes u to tru/ him :5 he speaks1 z he does m ?an once1 ( ! peculi> sacr$ness ! ,g]mans atta*$ to woods & groves4 ,he is idealis+ :5 he says1 ,!y did n conf9e _! gods 9 walls nor repres5t !m "u ! lik5ess ( m51 be+ l$ !reto by consid]+ ! greatness ( ! heav5ly be+s4 ,a few c5turies lat] at lea/ we f9d ,*ri/ian bi%ops busy de/roy+ temples ( ,g]man hea!nism & burn+ images f\nd 9 !m4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 ! great sanctu>y ( a di/rict 0 frequ5tly1 z he repres5ts1 9 ! recesses ( a wood4 ,"u a mighty tree a tribe w\ld hold its meet+s & sit 9 judgm5t & 9 c\ncil2 & !re 7 sacr$ groves 9 :i* no human foot might /ray1 :]e ! god 0 suppos$ to dwell1 :]e great sacrifices bo? ( animal & ( human victims took place1 :]e ! b\ghs 7 hung ) ! bones ( =m] sacrifices :i* 9 w> 7 c>ri$ =? at ! head ( ! tribe z its sacr$ /&>ds4 ,?is 0 done by ! prie/s1 :o accompani$ ! ho/ to battle1 & 7 *>g$ at su* a "t ) ! infliction ( all necess>y puni%m5ts1 s9ce !y repres5t$ ! god :o 0 suppos$ to be p]sonally pres5t z comm&]4 ,! prie/s _h to "w ! auguries :5 consult$ on matt]s ( /ate2 on private matt]s ! pat]familias might d ?is himself4 ,! prie/s also _h *>ge ( ! sacr$ :ite horses1 by ^: neigh+ ! w ( ! deity became kn[n4 ,sev]al wom5 are also m5tion$ z hav+ enjoy$ ! reputation ( sacr$ p]sonages2 & ev5 9 _! wives !y consid]$ t !re 0 a c]ta9 hol9ess & inspiration4 ,to judge f ,tacitus & f o!r writ]s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies1 !re 0 little sy/em 9 ! religion ( ,g]many 9 ^? days2 ! gods 7 n organis$ 9 a div9e family1 ! prie/s 7 n a ca/e l ! ,druids ( ,france & ,brita91 & religi\s practice 0 loose & v>iable4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t :at =eign writ]s report$ on ! subject 0 connect$ r ) national & (ficial cults ?an ) popul> local obs]vances4 ,( ! latt] !re 0 an abundant gr[?2 a di/+ui%$ =eign writ] might n "k ab\t x1 b ! evid5ce ( x survives 9 v>i\s =ms :i* are only n[ be+ s]i\sly /udi$4 ,to "k ! practical religion ( e>ly ,g]many we h to consult ! village fe/ival & leg5d 7z has be5 done by ,mannh>dt 9 8 ,wald- und ,feld-kulte & ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & _m a /ud5t ( folklore71 :i*1 ?\gh n[ app>5tly mean+less1 7 once ! s]i\s religi\s obs]vance & doctr9e ( ! peasantry4 ,! peasant c>ri$ 8 wi%es & pray]s to ! famili> wi%+-well1 & pres5t$ (f]+s to ! _s ( ! well by ?r[+ !m into ! wat] or hang+ !m on ! surr\nd+ trees4 ,! fairy r ?an f>-(f ,wodan 0 look$ to = good =tune2 ! rite ( ! fabul\s village h]o1 ) its qua9t immemorial usages1 r\s$ m en?usiasm ?an ! /ately public c]emonial4 ,ano!r side ( ! m9d ( e>ly ,g]many is to be ga!r$ f ! h]oic leg5ds & ! fairy tales1 _m ( ! elem5ts ( :i*1 we are assur$1 7 ev5 !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,7 ^! leg5ds =m$ by a process ( degradation2 did !y beg9 ) tell+ ab\t ! gods1 & 7 !y aft]w>ds appli$ to h]oes & pr9ces & common m58 ,or 0 ! process 9 ! opposite direction f ?is2 7 ! /ories1 fir/ ( all1 ^? ( human w>riors1 _! w>s & loves1 & did !y !n become mix$ up ) sol> & cele/ial ideas8 ,7 ! fairy tales orig9ally /ories ( ! gods1 & did !y by popul> & famili> treatm5t fall bel[ ! dignity ( _! orig9al !mes till !y came to be a debas$ & brok5-d[n my?ology8 or 7 !y at fir/ /ories ab\t bea/s & ab\t clev] tricks1 su* z savages love to tell1 & did !y rise to some?+ m dignifi$1 till 9 "s ( !m we may trace ! /ories ( ! gods8 ,x is n necess>y t we %\ld answ] ^! que/ions1 :i* c>ry u back to an e>li] "t ?an t ) :i* we are conc]n$2 b any "o :o kn[s ! tales1 & w try to realise ! /ate ( m9d ( ^? :o receiv$ !m n z fancy b z s]i\s fact1 w "k some?+ ( ! religion ( e>ly ,g]many2 ( ! /range be+s1 fairies1 dw>fs1 magicians1 talk+ animals1 animat$ sun & moon & w9ds1 by :i* ! ,g]man believ$ himself to be surr\nd$4 ,lat] ,g]man ,religion4--,9 ,s\!rn ,g]many ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity e>ly put an end to any developm5t ( ,teutonic religion :i* might h tak5 place !re4 ,! old fai?1 h[ev]1 /ill ma9ta9$ itself 9 m ,nor!rn latitudes4 ,x 0 br\ght to ,brita9 by ! ,g]man invad]s1 cont9u$ !re till ! sev5? c5tury1 & 0 br\ght 9 aga9 9 a m ,nor!rn =m by ! ,norsem51 :o 9 _! turn gradually des]t$ ,?or & ,od9 = ! :ite ,*ri/4#c ,b$e tells h>dly any?+ ( ! paganism :i* _h be5 ! religion ( ,engl& a c5tury be=e he wrote2 9 ?is he is l o!r ,*ri/ian tea*]s :o might h told b did n4 ,b ?\gh x came to an end 9 ,engl&1 ,teutonic religion cont9u$ to prevail 9 ! c\ntries f :i* ! invad]s _h come4 ,9 ,frisia 9 ! eigh? c5tury we he> ( a goddess ,hulda1 a k9d goddess1 z h] "n implies1 :o s5ds increase to plants & is a patroness ( fi%+4 ,a god call$ ,fosete1 or ,=sete 7,=seti 9 mod]n ,icel&ic*airman71 id5tifi$ bo? ) ,od9 & ) ,bald]1 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,heligol&2 he _h a sacr$ well !re1 f :i* wat] _h to be drawn 9 sil5ce4 ,!re are temples1 (t5 9 ! middle ( a wood1 ) prie/ly incumb5ts1 & ri* end[m5ts1 bo? ( l&s & treasure2 & human sacrifice 9 v>i\s =ms is said to h be5 9 use4 ,idols are m5tion$1 ev5 7at ,upsala 9 ,sw$57 a tr9ity ( idols2 b ?is is :at ,*ur* writ]s w\ld naturally impute to hea!ns1 & ! /atem5t is discr$it$4 ,no ,teutonic idol has surviv$2 ! loss to art may n be great1 b su* a relic w\ld h settl$ ! controv]sy4 ,footnote #c3 ,k+sley's ,h]ew>d ! ,wake4 ,icel&4--,teutonic paganism rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ,icel&4 ,( ?is bran* ( x alone is !re a lit]ature1 = _m ( ! sagas are ! fruit ( a lit]>y movem5t 9 ,icel& ant]ior to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! hi/orian ,ari1 :o wrote )9 a c5tury aft] t ev5t1 gives c>eful in=mation ( ! e>li] /ate ( affairs4 ,! read] ( ,burnt ,njal sees t among ! ,icel&]s life 0 %ort & prec>i\s4 ,) ! _s ( adv5ture1 :i* l$ !m to be con/antly sett+ out on w>like & piratical exp$itions1 !y comb9$ a /rong t5d5cy to local qu>rels1 :i* fill$ up _! life at home ) a con/ant s]ies ( blood-feuds4 ,^! latt] are gone ab\t 9 a me?odical & bus9ess-l way2 cu/om sanctions !m1 ! meet+s ( ! popul> assembly d n seek to suppress or puni% !m if only !y are conduct$ accord+ to ! rules4 ,no public au?ority _h z yet aris5 to c>ry out ! law betwe5 "o h\sehold & ano!r2 ! av5g] has 8 recognis$ place & duty4 ,society is patri>*al z 9 o!r ,aryan communities2 ea* family is a community ( blood-k9dr$ = mutual def5ce & also = wor%ip4 ,! lead+ cult ( ,icel&ic religion 0 ! dome/ic wor%ip ( ance/ors1 conduct$ by ! head ( ! h\sehold4 ,! dead 7 buri$ 9 knolls or burr[s ne> ! dwell+1 & _! spirits 7 ?\ght to inhabit ^! places2 !y are said to die into ! hill4 ,alt>s are erect$ & sacrifices (f]$ !re2 ! blood ( ! victim p\r$ out ^u ! gr\nd is suppos$ to be enjoy$ by !m4 ,^! knolls became ! sacr$ places ( _! di/rict1 & _m a belief exi/$ ab\t ^! quiet neighb\rs & ! help !y af=d$ to ! liv+4 ,elves !y 7 call$1 & !y 7 ?\ght ( z a cleanly & k9dly race4 ,! spirits ( bad m51 on ! contr>y1 liv$ an uneasy life1 z demons1 & 7 ! work]s ( mis*ief4 ,along ) ?is belief 9 ! spirits ( ! dead z inhabit+ ! burial hill ( ! h\sehold1 !re is ano!r conception1 namely1 t ! dead g to a di/ant region ( ! unse5 _w4 ,9 ,hom] also ^! two conceptions are comb9$4 ,! ,icel&ic burial rites are f\nd$ on ! latt] view4 ,! dep>t$ is go+ on a long j\rney1 & 8 fri5ds escort him z f> z !y c2 %oes are b\nd on 8 feet1 ! ,hel-%oes1 = ,hel is ! "n ( ! region ( ! dead4 ,gifts are giv5 to him2 horses1 male & female att5dants1 hawks & h\nds1 are burn$ ) him on ! pyre1 & 8 wife volunt>ily accompanies him2 all ^! he is to h ) him 9 ! c\ntry beyond4 ,9 addition to ! dome/ic cult we h t ( local objects2 holy wells1 wat]falls1 groves1 /ones are wor%ipp$4 ,"m ,e>? is call$ on1 s is ,?und]1 s is ,heav54 ,b besides ^! m9or wor%ips !re is ! public "o1 connect$ ) a l>ge tribe or ) a k+'s c\rt4 ,a temple on ! same plan z a l>ge dwell+-h\se =ms a place ( meet+ & ( sacrifice1 an asylum1 & a place ( oa?s & cov5ants4 ,on a table 9 front ( ! high seat /&s ! b[l :i*1 fill$ ) blood & along ) c]ta9 /icks1 =ms a means ( div9ation4 ,a gold r+ also lies !re1 :i* a man puts on :5 he is ab\t to swe> an oa?1 & :i* ! prie/ puts on at meet+s4 ,! prie/ has ! duty ( keep+ up ! build+ & prop]ty ( ! temple & ( ma9ta9+ ! sacrifices4 ,at ! latt] v>i\s rites are done ) ! blood ( victims1 & ^? pres5t fea/ on ! fle% & dr9k toa/s4 ,! fir/ cup is = ,wodan1 v>i\s o!r gods are celebrat$1 & !re is a cup ( remembrance = ! dep>t$4 ,sacrifices are (f]$ = ! crops1 = victory1 = any great object on :i* ! community is b5t4 ,9 ?is ritual !re is no evid5ce ( any idols4 ,?\gh ! ,icel&]s are n )\t art1 ! great gods h n yet p]haps assum$ to _! m9ds su* def9ite figures z to be ?us set =?3 no ,hom] has plac$ !m cle> be=e ! inw>d eye4 ,! rites are bloody1 ! alt> has ev] anew to be made to %9e ) ! blood ( victims4 ,human sacrifices are only resort$ to 9 times ( great common dang]1 z a t]rible la/ resort2 ! god to :om ! human victim is devot$ is mov$ by ! blood%$ to av]t 8 ang]1 or to make great] ex]tions = 8 p4 ,blood%$ =ms ! /ronge/ ( all bonds4 ,to l9k !mselves toge!r 9 an indissoluble bro!rhood1 two fri5ds m+le _! blood on ! gr\nd & !n ea* ( !m treads on x4 ,! %$d+ ( human blood at ! laun*+ ( a %ip or at ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation ( a build+ is also kn[n4 ,savage & cruel z ?is religion is1 !re are signs t x is s(t5+1 & t "s ( its d>k] rites are beg9n+ to admit ( commutation4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity approa*es1 ! ,icel&]s feel t x mu/ make a great *ange1 & t "s ( ! cruelties :i* !y reg>d z ! good old cu/oms1 w h to be laid aside4 ,we he> ( ! /ipulation be+ made t if !y receive baptism !y %all n be requir$ to give up ! removal ( unpromis+ *ildr5 nor ! eat+ ( horsefle%4 ,! ,eddas1 9 :i* ,sc&9avian my?ology rea*es its ultimate =m1 seem to belong to a high] plane ( human life ?an ! religion we h describ$1 & x has appe>$ to _m s*ol>s ( late ye>s t !y _c be reg>d$ z a pure product ( paganism1 b are 9 great "p influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity bo? 9 matt] & 9 s5tim5t4 ,! old] ,edda1 writt5 9 v]se1 is said to h be5 collect$ by ,smund ,sigfusson ! le>n$1 "o ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian prie/s ( ,icel&1 :o liv$ ab\t ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! o!r ,edda is 9 prose2 x is a collection made ab\t two c5turies lat]4 ,! =m giv5 to ! my?s 9 ^! collections is due to ! ,skalds1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,icel& 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages2 b ! leg5ds !mselves are old]4 ,no?+ is kn[n precisely ab\t _! orig9 or e>ly diffusion4 ,! ,eddas may be comp>$ 9 _m respects ) ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,z 9 ! latt]1 ! gods =m a family1 ! memb]s ( :i* come toge!r to a c]ta9 place = meet+s1 :ile individually !y h _! own adv5tures1 _! loves1 _! jeal\sies1 _! jokes1 _! tricks4 ,9 ! ,eddas too we f9d t ! gods are n1 /rictly speak+1 et]nal2 !y succe$$ an old] race ( gods1 & _! turn too may come to pass away4 ,!y are call$ sir1 :i* is ! plural ( ,z4 ,! etymology ( ?is is unc]ta92 comp>e ! ,sanscrit ,asura1 said to mean ! liv+ or brea?+ "o4 ,! sir are spok5 ( 9 lat] times1 n 9 ! ,eddas1 z if !y _h be5 a race ( w>riors2 !y are said to h come 9 to ,sc&9avia & got ! bett] ( ^? :o liv$ !re be=e1 because !y wor%ipp$ a sup]ior set ( gods4#d ,an hi/oric rem9isc5ce may lurk "h4 ,be=e ! sir !re 7 giants1 & ! e>? ) all its p>ts is made ( ! body ( "o ( ^! giants1#e :om ! new race sup]s$$ z gov]nors ( ! _w4 ,b ! giants are /ill !re & _! _s is un*ang$2 !re is a dang] ( _! int]f]+ to subv]t ! rule ( _! successors4 ,footnote #d3 ,see a simil> /atem5t ab\t ! ,incas1 *apt] vi4 ,footnote #e3 ,comp>e ,puru%a 9 ! ,rigv$a4 ,!re are o!r cosmogonic my?s besides t ( ! division ( ! giant ,ymir4 ,"o is on ?is wise4 ,ere ?is _w began1 !re 0 on "o side ,niflheim1 ! l& ( mi/ & cold1 on ! o!r side ,muspelheim1 ! region ( fire2 betwe5 ^! two lay ,g9nungagap1 ! nor? side ( x froz51 ! s\? side gl[+ hot1 & life orig9at$ by ! meet+1 9 "o way or ano!r1 ( ! heat & cold4 ,!re are v primitive my?s ( ! %ap+ ( man out ( two pieces ( wood1 ( ,night & ,day z driv]s ( *>iots & horses1 ( ! sun & moon flee+ f wolves1 & s on4 ,a m poetic conception is ! division ( ! _w into ,asg>d1 ! g>d5 ( ! sir2 ,midg>d1 ! _w ( man2 & ,utg>d1 ! _w outside4 ,9 ! fir/ ,od9 has 8 seat ,hlidskjalf2 :5 he sits 9 x he c see & und]/& :atev] is happ5+ 9 any "p ( ! broad _w 7is he ! sun1 !n874 ,! ?ird region is g5]ally call$ ,jtunheim1 ! home ( ! giants1 an icy region at ! extreme "p ( ! habitable _w4 ,a bridge exi/s f ! dwell+ ( m5 to t ( ! gods2 x is call$ ,bifr/1 & is ! ra9b[4 ,! gods h v>i\s places ( meet+2 b _! pr9cipal seat is "u a great tree1 ! a%4 ,yggdrasil#f is a tree wor?y ( ! gods2 x is a _w-tree2 its roots ext5d to all ! worlds2 its bran*es spread ev5 ov] heav54 ,"u x is ! f\nta9 ,mimir1 spr+ ( wisdom1 f :i* ,od9 dr9ks daily4 ,ne> x is ! dwell+ ( ! ,norns1 fates or weird si/]s1 :o e/abli% laws & uphold !m by _! judgm5ts1 & allot to e man 8 span ( life4 ,!y are nam$ ,urd ! pa/1 ,v]d&i ! pres5t1 & ,skuld ! future4 ,daily d !y wat] ! a% f ! spr+ to keep its leaves fre%1 & help x to cont5d ) its num]\s foes1 = a great s]p5t is cont9ually gnaw+ at its root1 & x has also o!r tr\bles4 ,?is my? ( ,yggdrasil is ! apo!osis ( ,teutonic tree-wor%ip1 & is ri*ly sugge/ive4#g ,footnote #f3 ,yggdrasil,od9's horse! gall[s4 ,is x ! cross8 ,footnote #g3 ,c>lyle 9 8 ,h]oes1 p4 #ah1 draws out ! spiritual significance ( x & ( ,norse my?ology g5]ally4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,eddas4--,we n[ come to ! gods ( ! sy/em4 ,od9 is 9 ! ,eddas ! f\nd] ( ! _w z n[ con/itut$4 ,he has displac$ ! old =mless race ( gods1 & is ! lead] ( a new & vigor\s race n[ rul+ 9 _! /ead4 ,! old s*ol>s rationalis$ ,od9 into a *ief :o _h l$ a migration f ,asia to ,norway 9 e>ly times4 ,he is ! inv5tor ( ! art ( writ+ by runes & ! f\nd] ( poetry2 ?us he has ! aspect ( a culture-h]o2 t is to say1 ( a man ( advanc$ views :o1 = ! b5efits he conf]r$ on 8 p1 0 exalt$ fir/ to a h]o & !n to a god4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,od9 or ,wodan is "o ( ! e>lie/ ?+s we "k ab\t ! ,g]man race4 ,he is ! god ( ! ,s\?-,g]mans f ! v fir/4 ,8 e>lie/ "* is t ( a /orm-god4 ,:e!r 8 "n is connect$ ) ! ,g]man w!n1 rage 7,scot4 wud7 or ) ! ,v$ic ,vata1 :o is a god ( /orm1 he is f ! fir/ an impetu\s be+4 ,! e>ly my? ( him is sc>cely dead at ?is day2 ! peasant he>s him ru%+ ?r\gh ! woods at night4 ,t is ! wild hunt ( ,wodan1 he says2 ! god is out ) 8 foll[]s1 & woe to him :o gets 9 8 way6 ,! e>ly ,g]mans ?\ght ( him z a k9d be+ :o fulfill$ ! wi%es ( m51 & x 0 probably ?is side ( 8 "* t caus$ him to be id5tifi$ ) ,m]cury4 ,9 ! ,eddic !ology he is a patron ( w>1 z becomes ! *ief god ( a w>like p4 ,he arranges battle & disp5ses victory2 ! h]oes :o fall 9 battle he receives into 8 heav5ly army2 !y live ) him 9 ,valhalla or ,valhll1 ! hall ( *oice4 ,od9 *ooses ^? :o are to g !re2 he is assi/$ 9 ?is by ! ,valkyries or *oice-maid5s4 ,life 9 ,valhalla is a con/ant r\nd ( fight+1 ! w\nds ( :i* are heal$ at once1 & fea/+1 ! mat]ials = :i* are ev] r5ew$4 ,od91 l o!r great gods1 be>s traces ( l[ surr\nd+s1 z if he _h once liv$ among savages4 ,he c turn himself into an eagle or o!r animal to ga9 8 object1 & he has engag$ 9 disreputable adv5tures4 ,b he t5ds to improve1 & ! ,eddas %[ him at 8 be/4 ,"h he is call$ ! ,all-fa!r1 ! ,rul] ( all1 :o gave man a s\l t %all nev] p]i%2 & we he> t he ne$s no food & takes no %>e himself 9 ! fea/s ( ! h]oes4 ,all ! righte\s %all be ) him 9 ,v+olf 7! same z ,valhalla71 b ! wick$ %all g to ,hel1 ! k+dom ( ,hel or ,hela1 ! goddess ( ! "u-_w4 ,?or or ,don>1 ,?und]1 is said to be ! mightie/ ( ! gods2 he is id5tifi$1 z we saw1 ) ,jove1 b he is a r\gh] & m primitive deity4 ,he drives 9 a *>iot drawn by two goats1 & is possess$ ( ?ree ?+s :i* h wond]ful prop]ties4 ,! fir/ is ! hamm] ,mjlnir1 :i* ! ,fro/- & ,m\nta9-giants _c resi/ :5 he ?r[s x2 ! second is ! belt ( /r5g?1 :i* makes him twice z /rong :5 he puts x on2 & ! ?ird a pair ( gauntlets ) :i* he grasps 8 mallet4 ,_m /ories are told ( 8 pr[ess1 ( 8 conflicts ) ! giants1 :o1 h[ev]1 give him a good deal ( tr\ble ) _! cunn+2 & ( 8 cat*+ ! ,midg>d s]p5t :i* surr\nds ! _w at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,be+ a god ( /orm1 he =ms a connection ) agriculture1 & ?us ga9s a m s$ate aspect2 he has also to d ) m>riage1 & a hamm] is us$ symbolically at ,icel&ic w$d+s4 ,?or is only half-bro!r to ! o!r sons ( ,od92 8 "m 0 ,firgyn1 ! e>?2 ! wor%ips ( ,od9 & ,?or1 orig9ally di/9ct1 seem to h be5 unit$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! god ,tyr1 son ( ,od9 by a giantess1 is ! ,eddic figure ( ! ,g]man ,tiw or ,ziu1 etymologically equival5t to ,zeus or ,jupit]1 b id5tifi$ by ! ,romans ) ,m>s4 ,8 greatness belongs to e>ly times2 he 0 !n a sword-god1 & _h an ext5sive wor%ip 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,eddas he has sc>cely any "*1 & seldom takes a prom95t "p 9 ! leg5d4 ,loki1 by etymology a fire-god 7,g]m4 ,lhe1 ,scot4 ,l[e71#h is 9 "o acc\nt ! bro!r ( ,od91 9 ano!r 8 son by a giantess4 ,8 "* is fitful2 sometimes he acts a bro!rly "p by ! gods & helps !m out ( _! difficulties by clev] devices1 & sometimes he provides ent]ta9m5t = !m2 b = ! mo/ "p he is an embodim5t ( cunn+ & mis*ief2 8 c\rse is d[nw>ds1 he t5ds to become a be+ purely evil1 sett+ himself he>tlessly aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! o!r gods1 & act+ s z to imp]il !m & _! _w till !y are oblig$ to ca/ him out ( heav54 ,he is ?us a k9d ( ,lucif] or ,satan1 & l ! ,*ri/ian devil1 8 ultimate fate is to be b\nd till ! end ( ! _w %all arrive4 ,baldur1 ! son ( ,od9 & ,frigga1 is ! be/ & brighte/ ( ! gods4 ,l ,apollo1 he has to d ) light1 & no pollution c come ne> him2 he has also to d ) ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & pron\nces s5t5ces :i* c nev] be rev]s$4 ,heimdall also is a light & graci\s god2 he is ! w>d] ( ! sir1 & /ays ne> ! bridge ,bifr/4 ,( him x is told t he wants less sleep ?an a bird1 sees a hundr$ miles (f by night or day1 & he>s ! grass gr[ on ! gr\nd & ! wool on ! %eep's back4 ,bragi is ! god ( poetry & eloqu5ce1 ! be/ ( all skalds4 ,footnote #h3 ,! etymology is n p]haps correct1 b x sugge/$ itself & influ5c$ ! view tak5 ( ?is god1 9 v e>ly times4 ,( ! goddesses1 ,frigga1 wife ( ,od91 /&s fir/1 an augu/ matron ( my/]i\s k1 :om ev5 gods consult1 & by :om m5 swe>2 %e has also to d ) m>riage1 & ! *ildless appeal to h]4 ,etymologically %e is sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ,freya1 wife ( ,odur1 :o1 h[ev]1 is light] 9 "*1 & is r a goddess ( love4 ,! goddesses 9 ! ,eddas are m %ad[y figures ?an ! gods2 !re are o!rs1 & an attempt is made to reckon up twelve ( !m to answ] to ! twelve *ief gods1 b _! names are tak5 f ! qualities !y repres5t1 & !y h little reality4 ,! /ory ( ! dea? ( ,baldur1 br\ght ab\t by ! evil m9d ( ,loki 9 defiance ( ! :ole div9e family1 s\nds ! note ( trag$y 9 ! div9e family ( ! ,eddas4 ,! gods !mselves suff]1 & are unable to retrieve ! mis=tune :i* has come ^u !m4 ,) "o accord !y try to get ,baldur br\ght back f ! "u-_w1 b !y are foil$ by ! same ag5cy ( evil :i* c>ri$ him (f4 ,) ! dea? ( ,baldur ! gods feel t _! rule1 :i*1 we saw1 _h a beg9n+1 & ) x ! _w !y gov]n1 = ! two are insep>ably b\nd up ) ea* o!r1 is com+ to an end4 ,! gods p]i% 9 ! ru9 ( ! _w2 & ?is is well1 = s9 cleaves to !m & to _! h\se1 & !y are n fit to endure4 ,ragn>k1 ! twilight ( ! gods1 comes on2 ! univ]se is burnt up 9 a mighty conflagration1 & :ile !re are abodes ( bliss & abodes ( mis]y :]e "s survive1 ! univ]se z a :ole is entirely *ang$1 & a mild] race ( gods w rule ov] a bett] _w4 ,if ?is my?ology 7 f\nd to be ( native ,sc&9avian gr[?1 x w\ld prove t ,teutonic religion 0 capable ( l(ty developm5t1 & w\ld ?r[ back an int]e/+ light ^u its previ\s hi/ory4 ,"h1 x has be5 ma9ta9$1 we see ! ,teutonic fai? ris+ to mono!ism4 ,od9 has among 8 o!r titles t ( ,all-fa!r2 he is ris+ above ! o!r gods to a position ( supremacy1 :i* w fit him1 if ! process 7 all[$1 z x 0 n1 to advance some:at fur!r1 to repres5t pure deity & to attract to himself an undivid$ rev]5ce4 ,"h also we f9d a religion :i* 0 =m]ly a rude int]c\rse betwe5 b>b>\s m5 & savage gods1 clo?+ itself ) an ideal elem5t4 ,z ! ,greeks f\nd religion 9 beauty & ! ,romans 9 utility1 s did ! ,g]mans f9d x at la/ 9 pa?os4 ,!y atta9 to ! conception ( suff]+ deity2 9 ,baldur a god falls victim to malice & wick$ness1 & ! sorr[ ( 8 fall takes possession ( ! :ole ( heav54 ,?us pa9 & sacrifice are hall[$1 = man by ! hi/ory ( ! gods1 & 8 int]c\rse ) !m leads him into heights & dep?s unkn[n be=e4 ,b ! conviction is n[ e/abli%+ itself t ?is phase ( ,teutonic religion is borr[$ f ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 !n s]i\sly m5ac+ ! exi/5ce ( ! old fai?1 & t x is ! %ad[ ( _! approa*+ ext9ction by ! new religion1 :i* occasions among ! ,nor!rn gods ?is feel+ ( sadness4 ,!y feel !mselves fall+ f _! position2 !y are to be gods no long]1 b are to yield to ! _w-ord]1 bas$ on a deep] law ?an !irs1 :i* call$ !m into be+ & n[ is prep>+ _! dismissal4 ,di/9ctly ,*ri/ian ideas ent] ! old _w ( gods2 ! ideas ( s91 ( sacrifice1 ( a f9al judgm5t1 ( a good god :o dies1 ( an evil _s :o1 aft] prevail+ = a "t1 is *a9$ up to await 8 doom4 ,t a s5se ( guilt re/s on ! gods %[s t !y are ab&on+ _! rule1 & !y ackn[l$ge t _! successors w be bett] ?an !y h be54 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,grimm's ,g]man ,my?ology1 translat$ by ,/allybrass1 #d vols4 ,grimm's ,fairy ,tales4 ,mr4 ,lang writes an ,introduction to ! ,engli% translation 9 ,bell's edition4 ,mannh>dt1 ,g]manis*e ,my!n1 #aheh1 & ,wald- und ,feld-kulte1 #ahge1 #gg4 ,= ! lat] ,nor!rn section1 ,vigfusson & ,p[ell's ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 especially ! ,excursus on ,religion1 i4 #dja4 ,das5t1 ,burnt ,njal2 or ,life 9 ,icel& at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities4 ,?orpe1 ,nor!rn ,my?ology4 ,de la ,saussaye1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,teutons1 #aijb1 ! mo/ compreh5sive /atem5t ( ! :ole subject4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ,russian ,p1 & ,russian ,folk ,tales4 ,simrock1 ,h&b4 d] deuts*5 ,my?ologie4 ,r4 ,m4 ,mey]1 ,altg]manis*e ,religionsges*i*te1 #aiaj4 ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 p4 #bja1 sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,greece ,! hi/ory ( ,europe beg9s 9 ,greece4 ,x is !re t ! ,aryans 9 ,europe fir/ feel ! t\* ( ! arts & civilisation ( ! ,ea/1 & are /irr$ up to new activities2 & ! life ?us quick5$ 9 ,greece transmitt$ its sp>k to ,italy1 & s to ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,p & ,l&4--,!re is no direct evid5ce t ! ,greeks came to _! c\ntry f else:]e2 & ! !ory ( a ,grco-,italic p]iod1 9 :i* ! future inhabitants ( ,greece & ,italy liv$ toge!r some:]e to ! nor? ( bo? ^! c\ntries & made common advances 9 civilisation1 is n[ ab&on$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 fa9t indications t ! ,greeks spread ov] _! c\ntry f ! nor? s\?w>ds4 ,:at p dwelt 9 x be=e !m x is impossible to say2 ! ,pelasgi & ,leleges1 :om !y !mselves conceiv$ to h prec$$ !m1 left beh9d !m no o!r trace ?an t belief4 ,:5 fir/ we descry ?is l& 9 ! fa9t dawn ( hi/ory1 x is t5ant$ by ! p ^: "n x be>s1 t\*$ only by ! ,?racians to ! nor?1 & ! ,illyrians to ! we/1 ^! also be+ ,aryan races4 ,?\gh ! ,greeks are on bo? sides ( ! ,egean1 :i* seems f ! e>lie/ times to h connect$ r ?an divid$ !m1 _! c5tre ( gravity is 9 ! ma9l& ( ,hellas1 includ+ ! ,peloponnesus4 ,9 ?is c\ntry _m a migration no d\bt took place be=e ! p 0 f9ally arrang$ 9 x2 & "s ( ^! migrations are fa9tly kn[n to hi/ory4 ,:5 once ! settlem5t _h be5 accompli%$1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry did mu* to fix ! in/itutions ( ! p & ! mutual relations ( _! v>i\s communities4 ,l>ge tribes com+ into ! n>r[ valleys & seque/]$ coa/s ( ,greece necess>ily broke up into small cantons1 ea* ( :i*1 ?\gh n cut (f f int]c\rse ) its neighb\rs1 0 free to develop by itself4 ,! c\ntry is said by travell]s to be ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w4 ,! bran* ( ! ,aryans :i* settl$ 9 x may h br\ght scanty acquirem5ts ) !m1 b !y br\ght great capacities4 ,! ,greeks _h an unrivall$ tal5t = do+ :at !y saw o!rs d1 9 a mu* bett] way1 & s mak+ x _! own4 ,!y _h an inborn disposition to :at is reasonable4 ,t !y _h a deep-seat$ incl9ation to :at is h>moni\s & beautiful is prov$ by _! fir/ great "w ( art1 _! language4 ,( t language !re 7 sev]al dialects 9 ! e>lie/ times2 ! pr9cipal ones be+ ! broad ,doric ( ! p59sula & ! colonies1 & ! s(t] ,ionic ( :i* ! classical language is a bran*4 ,b ! ,greeks ( all dialects c\ld und]/& ea* o!r1 & reg>d$ z b>b>ians ^? )\t :o spoke o!r tongues4 ,?us f ! fir/ ?is p 0 mu* divid$1 b 0 also held toge!r by /rong bonds4 ,e>lie/ ,religion--,functional ,deities4--,! religion ! ,greeks br\ght ) !m to _! c\ntry 0 und\bt$ly t :i* we h discuss$ 9 our *apt] on ! ,aryans4 ,! primitive elem5ts ( ,aryan religion all reappe> 9 ,greece2 ! comb9ation ( _m small h\sehold wor%ips ) ! supra-family wor%ip ( a great god or gods1 ! few great gods :o are surr\nd$ by a multitude ( spirits1 "s ( ^! also gr[+ into gods1 ! recognition ( spiritual pres5ces 9 _m a natural object1 liv+ or dead4 ,all ?is we f9d 9 e>ly ,greece4 ,! :ole nation believes 9 ,zeus2 to all he is ! ,"l ( heav51 ! giv] ( ra91 ! f]tilis] ( "m e>?1 ! supreme rul] 9 e>? z well z 9 heav51 ! fa!r ( ! gods z well z ( m54 ,?is is ! fir/ bond ( unity 9 ,greek religion4 ,b e family1 e village1 e t[n has its own peculi> wor%ip :i* is to be f\nd n[h]e else4 ,t wor%ip may be address$ to ,zeus ) a local title2 ea* circle ( m5 has its own p>ticul> ,zeus1 :o is _! protector & rul]2 & ?us ,zeus has _m =ms & names4 ,9 ea* community !re is also ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ( ! he>? 7,he/ia72 ea* h\sehold has its own ,he/ia1 & c>ries on ! wor%ip :i* 9 o!r ,aryan peoples is connect$ ) ! memory ( dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,b ! family or ! t[n%ip has also o!r objects ( wor%ip4 ,!re are o!r gods besides ,zeus :o are connect$ ) heav51 su* z ,apollo & ,h]acles4 ,!re are gods connect$ ) ea* activity ( ! p4 ,artemis is goddess ( hunt+1 ,aphrodite ( ! peaceful life ( nature & ( g>d5s1 & also ( love4 ,poseidon1 ! sea-god1 0 also wor%ipp$ inl&1 & 0 p]haps orig9ally a god ( horses & ox52 ,heph/us 0 ! god ( work]s 9 metal1 ,ares ! god ( battle4 ,^! are 9 _! orig9 :at are call$ functional deities1 t is to say1 gods :o are pres5t 9 ! function ) :i* !y are associat$1 & ( :i* !y con/itute ! ideal or sacr$ side1 & :o h no exi/5ce ap>t f x4 ,! gods ( ,greece 9 fact _h _! orig9 9 t view ( nature z animat$ 9 e "p1 :i* ! ,greeks %>$ ) o!r bran*es ( ! ,aryans1 & ) e>ly man g5]ally4 ,l ! ,lat9s1 ! ,greeks at fir/ saw a my/]y1 a _s1 9 e "p ( life2 ea* f\nta9 _h its nymph1 ea* =e/ glade its dryad2 & !y felt ! gods to be return+ to fre% life :5 spr+ came ) its fl[]s4 ,ea* ( _! own activities also _h its unse5 g5ius4 ,ea* enclosure = flocks _h its ,apollo1 him ( ! %eepfold1 :o protect$ ! flock & ! %eph]d2 & ea* b\nd>y /one its ,h]mes1 him ( ! b\nd>y1 :o also wat*$ ov] flocks & took *>ge ( m>*es & ( pa?s4 ,gr[? ( ,greek ,gods4--,su* be+s1 h[ev]1 are some?+ less ?an gods2 & ! ,greeks1 long be=e we "k !m1 _h made ! /ep :i* ! ,romans sc>cely made at all1 f ! _s to ! god1 f ! vague unse5 p[] beh9d an object or an act1 to ! free be+ conceiv$ ) human attributes & feel+s1 :o c be ! patron ( a community1 & af=d help 9 all its conc]ns4 ,n all ! spirits rise into gods2 x dep5ds on circum/ances :i* ( !m are select$ = t advance2 b ! *oice once made1 _! rise 0 rapid4 ,z ! gods grew into p]sonality & def9ite "*1 ?\gh ! function out ( :i* !y fir/ sprang 0 n =gott51 o!r functions 7 add$ to !m2 & z a god grew 9 p[] & consid]ation1 8 wor%ip 0 set up 9 new places1 :]e o!r titles & attributes await$ him4 ,! local god might be id5tifi$ ) ! great god f a di/ance4 ,! god ( a p[]ful community1 z ,a!ne 7%e ( ,a!ns71 might be adopt$ :]ev] ! influ5ce ( t community ext5d$2 ?us new gods arose & old ones took local =m4 ,:5 a *ange took place 9 ! habits ( ! p1 x 0 foll[$ by a correspond+ *ange 9 ! "* ( _! gods4 ,:5 agriculture comes 91 ! gods h to take notice ( x1 ! pa/oral god turns agricultural1 & ev5 ! huntress ,artemis becomes an enc\rag] ( f]tility4 ,:5 navigation rises 9 importance1 a numb] ( ! gods1 ,poseidon at _! head1 become sea-gods4 ,/ones1 ,animals1 ,trees4--,9 ,greece ! wor%ip ( ! gods soon sup]s$$ t ( objects n possess+ any human "*4 ,traces ( su* l[] wor%ips survive1 x is true1 9 ! lat] religion 9 great abundance1 b !y h no influ5ce 9 its developm5t2 !y only tell _! /ory ( ! o!rwise =gott5 pa/4 ,/ones 7 wor%ipp$ 9 e>ly ,greece4 ,n to speak ( ! cromle*s & dolm5s1 :i* are f\nd !re z 9 all p>ts ( ,asia & ,europe1 & ! mean+ ( :i* is s little und]/ood1 /ones 7 pres]v$ z sacr$ objects 9 v>i\s places1 ev5 to late times1 & _h no d\bt orig9ally be5 wor%ipp$4 ,! god ,h]mes 0 repres5t$ 9 e p]iod by a slab ( /one set upright1 a human head & o!r human features be+ indicat$ on x4 ,ev5 9 lat] ,greece1 bo>ds or blocks ( wood 7 9 "s places exhibit$ on r>e occasions1 :i* 7 ! olde/ images ( ! ,artemis or ! ,aphrodite !re ador$4 ,?\gh = ! public eye spl5did /atues _h tak5 ! place ( ! goddess1 ! orig9al image 0 /ill ?\ght to h a sanctity all its own4 ,we also notice t ! gods ( ,greece are associat$ ) animals4 ,zeus is a bull 9 ,crete2 he has also o!r trans=mations3 ,pan is a goat2 ,artemis is a be> 9 "s prov9ces1 else:]e a doe4 ,! ,a!ne ( ! ,acropolis is a s]p5t4 ,apollo is sometimes connect$ ) ! m\se4 ,along ) ^! id5tifications ( ! gods ) animals we may m5tion ! animal emblems ) :i* !y are g5]ally repres5t$4 ,! eagle is ! bird ( ,zeus1 ! owl ( ,a!ne1 ! peacock ( ,h]a1 ! dove ( ,aphrodite4 ,9 ?is connection we _c help ?9k+ ( ! sacr$ animals ( ! ,egyptian nomes2 & ! "q may be ask$ :e!r su* animals mu/ be tak5 to be 9 ,greece also ! signs ( a primitive totemism8 ,( ! tree-wor%ip ( ,greece mu* has be5 writt5 ( late4 ,! oak 0 ! sacr$ tree ( ,zeus2 he mu/ h be5 conceiv$ z liv+ 9 x2 he gave oracles at ,dodona by ! ru/l+ ( ! bran*es ( ! tree4 ,a!ne has ! olive1 ,apollo ! palm1 & also ! laurel4 ,aft] ! introduction ( agriculture ru/ic cults arose1 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( a village foll[$ 9 sympa!tic rites ! =tunes ( ! gods :o live 9 ! life ( ! plants 9 summ] & die ) !m 9 autumn4 ,! god ( ! ,semites is g5]ally a *angeless be+1 :o himself conducts & ord]s ! *anges ( ! seasons1 b 9 ,greece we f9d gods :om man c accompany 9 ! trag$y ( _! fall & ! triumph ( _! rise4 ,we %all see aft]w>ds t ! ru/ic wor%ips ( ,demet] & ,pros]p9e 7 br\ght =w>d at a critical p]iod 9 ,greek religion1 to supply an elem5t :i* 0 mu* requir$ 9 x4 ,^! wor%ips1 simil>1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s1#a to ^? /ill kept up by our own peasantry1 7 d\btless ( immemorial antiquity 9 ,greece1 ?\gh 9 ! e>li] p]iod !y are little he>d (4 ,footnote #a3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 vol4 i4 p4 #cef4 ,?us ! ,greek gods grew up 9 ! p]iod be=e ,greece 0 awak5$ to new ?\ghts by contact ) =eign peoples4 ,_m h>% & cruel rites 7 no d\bt practis$2 human sacrifice1 he>d ( ev5 9 lat] times 9 remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 0 n unkn[n1 & practices 7 connect$ ) ! s]vice ( /]n gods & goddesses :i*1 ?\gh lit]ature is sil5t ab\t !m1 left _! m>k on cu/om4 ,zeus & "o or two o!r gods are ess5tially moral1 & "s duties 7 /rongly enc\rag$ by religion1 su* z ^? ( hospitality & /rict reg>d = b\nd>ies1 ( fai?fulness to pl$ge1 ( respect = /rang]s4 ,b _m ( ! gods are too closely int]wov5 ) ext]nal nature to be v decid$ly moral p[]s2 !y are l ! plants & animals1 nei!r good nor bad b natural4 ,greek ,religion is ,local4--,:at /rikes u mo/ /rongly ab\t ?is e>ly ,greek religion is its entire want ( sy/em & its local & dis9tegrat$ "*4 ,e t[n1 e family1 has its own religion4 ,!re is no c5tral au?ority4 ,new gods are con/antly spr++ up2 ! old ones are con/antly receiv+ new titles & =m+ new unions ) ea* o!r or ) new] gods4 ,! god ( "o place is 9 ano!r only a h]o2 ! same god is repres5t$ 9 diff]5t places 9 entirely diff]5t ways1 & entirely diff]5t leg5ds are atta*$ to 8 "n4 ,?us ! ,greeks h f ! fir/ a my?ology s+ul>ly ext5sive & inconsi/5t1 & _! wor%ip also v>ies 9 ea* place4 ,!re is no g5]al religion1 b only a multitude ( local ones4 ,9 /ory & 9 rite old & new are mix$ up toge!r1--:at is local & :at is import$1 :at is savage 9 its nature & orig91 & :at is on ! side ( progress4 ,?is is a /ate ( matt]s :i* lies 9 e l& be=e ! beg9n+ ( organis$ religion4 ,rites & leg5ds are ev]y:]e ( local gr[?1 & ! attempt to frame ! v>i\s rites & leg5ds into a consi/5t ritual & a sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! gods1 comes lat]4 ,9 ,greece1 z ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? obs]ves1 ! e>li] /ate ( matt]s cont9u$ long] & influ5c$ ! national fai? m deeply ?an else:]e4 ,z ! ,greeks nev] succe$$ 9 =m+ a c5tral political sy/em1 s !y nev] atta9$ to unity 9 wor%ip4 ,no national temple arose1 ! prie/hood ( :i* _h p[] to frame ! national religion1 to lay d[n rules = sacrifice1 or to edit sacr$ texts4 ,! ,greeks 7 less ?an any o!r p "u ! sway ( religi\s au?ority4 ,:ile local practice 0 fix$1 & cu/om & tradition decl>$ pla9ly en\gh :at 0 to be reg>d$ z religi\s duty1 belief 0 q free to gr[ z circum/ances or ! gr[? ( culture dictat$4 ,a religion 9 su* a position1 & among a p ( lively imag9ation & specially gift$ 9 ! direction ( art1 mu/ necess>ily receive its =ms r f ! arti/ ?an ! prie/4 ,arti/ic ,t5d5cy4--,?us we c disc]n f ! fir/ ! direction :i* ,greek religion mu/ take4 ,! ,greeks %ap$ _! gods e>li] & m freely ?an o!r peoples1 & w5t on %ap+ !m till no fur!r advance c\ld be made 9 t way4 ,long be=e ,hom] !y _h be5 mak+ _! gods su* z free m51 & m5 end[$ ) a s5se ( beauty1 c\ld wor%ip4 ,!y 7 n cont5t to wor%ip lifeless objects1 b mu/ h liv+ be+s4 ,!y 7 n cont5t to wor%ip be+s )\t reason1 !y mu/ wor%ip reasonable be+s4 ,!y 7 n incl9$ to reg>d ! natural objects !y wor%ipp$ ) t]ror or self-pro/ration1 b r 9 a _s ( g5ial fri5dl9ess & sympa?y z be+ some?+ l !mselves4 ,& s !y turn$ _! gods into m54 ,! an?ropomorphis+ t5d5cy1 pres5t z we h se5 9 o!r l&s & at mu* e>li] p]iods1 pres5t inde$ :]ev] religion is a gr[+ p[]1 _h fre] play ) !m ?an ) any o!r p4 ,?us ! spirits ( ! f\nta9 & ! tree1 & ( e "p ( nature t 0 wor%ipp$1 took human =m4 ,at fir/1 no d\bt1 ! nymph 0 9 ! f\nta91 ! dryad 9 ! oak1 b z "t w5t on ! human maid5 ca/ (f h] mosses & h] b>k & leaves1 & /ood =? to imag9ation a be+ :olly human1 dwell+ beside ! f\nta9 or ! tree4 ,9 ! same way heav5 becomes a great human fa!r1 ! sea an e>?-%ak+ pot5tate drawn by dolph9s ov] ! waves1 ! sun a mighty ar*]1 fire a lame craftsman 7f ! flick]+ ( flame87 ^: smi?y is und]gr\nd :]e ! volcanoes are4 ,& ! figures once arriv$ at1 x 0 no h>d task to sp9 out _! /ories & _! relations ) ea* o!r1 & to connect ) !m old] tales1 z ta/e or fancy sugge/$4 ,! ?or\gh humanisation ( ! gods1 ! clo?+ ( ! gods 9 ! highe/ types connect$ ) free human society1 is ! fir/ great contribution made by ?is gift$ race to ! progress ( religion4 ,receiv+ f ! e>li] _w ! same k9d ( gods z o!r nations did1 ,greece proce$$ to treat !m 9 a way ( h] own1 idealis$ & ref9$ ! p>ts ( nature held div9e1 & ascrib$ to !m n only1 z all e>ly races d1 human motives & human passions1 b also human beauty & wisdom & goodness4 ,:atev] rude mat]ials %e receiv$ to "w on1 ei!r f ! e>li] dwell]s on ,greek soil or f =eign l&s1 %e made !m h] own by transfigur+ !m into ideal m5 & wom54 ,?us ! ,greeks rea*$ ! position1 :i* !y taught ! _w fir/ 9 immortal poetry & !n 9 immortal pla/ic art1 t man %\ld n b[ d[n to any?+ t is b5ea? him1 & t nature c only become fit to be wor%ipp$ by be+ idealis$ & made human4 ,an end 0 made to ! d>k imag9ation :i* 0 s apt to creep ov] all e>ly religion1 t deity & humanity may be diff]5t & opposite2 t an object devoid ( reason1 an object or an animal admir$ n = its goodness b = some?+ ab\t x :i* man _c und]/&1 may be 8 god & h a claim to 8 allegiance4 ,god & man are ( ! same nature1 ! ,greeks f\nd2 to arrive at a true idea ( a god we h to =m1 on ! basis ( ! natural object :]e he is suppos$ to dwell1 ! image ( an ideal man or woman4 ,?is 0 a great /ep1 b 9 ?is conception ( deity ! ,greeks also laid up = !mselves1 z we %all see1 _m difficulties4 ,e>ly ,ea/]n ,influ5ces4--,our positive k ( ,greek hi/ory beg9s ab\t ! middle ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c42 we h in=mation ( ?is p]iod 9 ! ru9s ( ,myc5 & ,tiryns & o!r places4 ,^! rema9s atte/ a political condition widely diff]5t f t ( ! patri>*al settlem5ts ( ! p]iod :5 ! ,greeks 7 em]g+ f ,aryan b>b>ism2 v diff]5t also f ! free city life :i* came aft]w>ds4 ,! rec5t excavations h br\ght to light ! palaces ( k+s1 built1 x is evid5t1 accord+ to an ,ea/]n type1 & ) arrangem5ts = ! burial & wor%ip ( dead pot5tates1 n unlike ^? ( ! pyramids4 ,! art is rude1 b %[s l>ge =ces to h be5 at ! comm& ( ^? :o direct$ x4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 a /ate ( matt]s su* z t describ$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 9 :i* petty k+s rule 9 _m ( ! ,greek t[ns1 "s ( !m be+ p]sonages ( great rank & p[]4 ,! movem5t 9 civilisation atte/$ by ^! rema9s is admitt$ to be due to an impulse f ! ,ea/2 b :e!r ?is impulse 0 imp>t$ by ! voyages ( ,ph5ician discov]]s & m]*ants1 or :e!r x came by l& along ! trade r\tes ( ,asia ,m9or & across ! ,egean1 is unc]ta94 ,x is 9 any case traceable to ,nor? ,syria1 :]e 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,babylonian & ,egyptian influ5ces met & gave rise to "s rude civilisation4 ,greece 0 n conqu]$ f ! ,ea/1 b /irr$ to new life by ! communication ( ,ea/]n ideas4 ,greek religion 0 n mu* assi/$1 or inde$ mu* modifi$ 9 any way1 by ?is movem5t4 ,! wor%ip ( ance/ors :i* w5t on 9 ! palaces 0 n contr>y to ,greek s5tim5t1 p]haps n ev5 mu* m elaborate ?an t s5tim5t requir$4 ,b ?is "p ( religion 0 n a gr[+ ?+ 9 ,greece2 & ! royal practices did n prev5t x f dy+ gradually away 9 lat] times4 ,t any god 0 import$ into ,greece at ?is "t1 is n prov$4 ,:]e ,greeks & ,ph5icians met1 z 9 "s ( ! isl&s1 a ,greek & an ,ea/]n god might be id5tifi$2 ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite & t ( ,a/>te 7 fus$ 9 ?is way 9 ,cyprus1 & ,aphrodite may ?us h acquir$ "s new *>act]i/ics ev5 9 ,greece4 ,?is is n c]ta94 ,p]haps ! mo/ important ?+ to notice 9 ?is connection is t ! new type ( society at ! royal c\rts may h furni%$ a model = ! arrangem5t ( ! heav5ly family :5 t arrangem5t came to be made4 ,! ,ea/]n influ5ce came to an end 9 "t1 & ! pressure be+ remov$1 ! mon>*ies crumbl$ away1 ! c\rt wor%ips 7 discont9u$1 & ,greece 0 left free1 aft] ?is awak+ to full] life1 to pursue h] own ?\ghts 9 h] own fa%ion4 ,hom] 0 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks :o liv$ aft] him z ! f\nd] ( _! religion4 ,h]odotus consid]s 7ii4 #ec7 t ,hom] & ,hesiod liv$ f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t1 & t x 0 !y :o fram$ a !ogony = ! ,greeks1 gave names to ! gods1 assign$ to !m hon\rs & arts1 & decl>$ _! sev]al =ms4 ,^! writ]s accord+ly =m$ a /&>d ( religi\s belief2 we "k t _! works 7 ! basis ( ! education ( ! ,greek1 & !y ?us provid$ an e>ly bond ( national unity4 ,! ,hom]ic poems are ! outcome1 :e!r we reg>d !m z ! "w ( "o s+] or ( two1 or ( a :ole s*ool1 ( long processes ( gr[?4 ,! poetic art :i* makes !m ! delight ( all mank9d is n a fir/ exp]im5t1 b ! ripe result ( an elaborate me?od4 ,! /ories & ! wisdom !y conta9 are br\ght toge!r f _m qu>t]s by long accumulation4 ,& 9 ! same way ! acc\nts !y give ( ! gods individually & ( _! relations to ea* o!r are n ?r[n toge!r at haphaz>d1 b are ! result ( a "w ( unconsci\s art :i* mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on = c5turies be=e x issu$ 9 ?is =m4 ,hom] does n by any means repeat all ! /ories he kn[s ab\t ! gods4 ,he passes ov] _m local my?s1 especially ^? ( ! m repulsive ord]1 :i* 7 kn[n = c5turies aft]1 & und\bt$ly exi/$ 9 8 day2 only :at is wor?y ( a pi\s b>d does he reproduce4 ,a pi\s b>d1 h[ev]1 _h consid]able latitude2 & ! phrase does n repres5t all t ,hom] 04 ,he 0 an ent]ta9] ( ! public at royal c\rts1 :]e a fea/ 0 incomplete )\t him 7,odyssey viii472 he _h to produce 8 songs at banquets or 9 ! op5 air at fe/ivals2 :at he gave _h to be ent]ta9+4 ,?is c\ld n b influ5ce 8 *oice ( mat]ials ev5 :5 ! gods 7 8 !me4 ,he c\ld n deal 9 :at 0 mo/ t]rible ab\t ! gods1 nor c\ld he ent] into speculations or my/]ies1 nor c\ld he make use ( a leg5d :i*1 ?\gh x _h po9t = ! locality x belong$ to1 0 n g5]ally int]e/+4 ,:at 0 p[]ful & dramatic1 :at all m5 c\ld und]/&1 :at 0 curi\s & piquant1 :at met ! g5]al s5tim5t1 t he w\ld be l$ to adopt & to "w up into a tell+ =m2 he naturally s\ght aft] broad pictures1 amus+ conv]sations1 simple & true emotions1 curi\s incid5ts connect$ ) well-kn[n *>act]s4 ,religion1 x is pla91 c\ld n ga9 9 dep? & int5sity f ! treatm5t ( su* poets2 _m ( ! ?\ghts m5 _h ab\t ! gods c\ld n f9d expression 9 _! l9es4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we h ! fact t ! ,greeks accept$ ! ,hom]ic repres5tation ( _! religion z ! /&>d "o2 n till x _h exi/$ = c5turies 7 voices rais$ aga9/ x4 ,& ?is is n /range4 ,hom] took away no?+ f ! religion ( any ,greek2 no local wor%ip 0 9 any way infr+$ ^u by him2 & on ! o!r side he gave to ! ,greek _w1 ^: belief consi/$ =m]ly 9 a multitude ( disconnect$ or ev5 inconsi/5t leg5ds1 a unit$ sy/em ( gods1 9 :i* !re 0 at t /age re/ = ! m9d1 & = ! imag9ation an inexhau/ible spr+ ( ideal beauty4 ,! ,hom]ic ,gods4--,:at1 !n1 is ! religion ( ,hom]8 ,! gods are a set ( be+s n v unlike m52 !y pres5t a curi\s comb9ation ( human frailty ) sup]human p[]s & virtues4 ,to speak fir/ ( ! physical side ( _! nature1 ! gods are f> /rong] ?an m51 _! frame is hug]1 _! eye ke5]1 _! voice l\d]2 l ! sorc]] ( savage times1 !y c assume o!r %apes to ga9 _! ends1 !y c become invisible1 or !y c travel v swiftly ?r\gh ! air4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 !y c be w\nd$ :5 !y /rive ev5 ) m52 accid5ts happ5 to !m1 !y require to eat & dr9k4 ,!y eat1 x is true1 ambrosia1 & dr9k nect>1 :i* give immortality2 & !y h 9 _! ve9s n human blood b div9e i*or4 ,x is ! fact ( _! immortality t makes !m diff]5t f m52 x has happ5$ t a man obta9$ immortality & became !reby a god4 ,! l9e betwe5 gods & m5 may be cross$2 9 =m] times x 0 cross$ m frequ5tly4 ,! gods ent]$ into relations ) mortals2 _m ( ! h]oes are ( div9e extraction1 & ! gods are /ill int]e/$ 9 ! royal h\ses !y ?us f\nd$4 ,b su* unions d n take place 9 ! poet's "t4 ,! _w is gr[+ less div9e4 ,hom]1 h[ev]1 looks fur!r back ?an ?is1 & we f9d 9 him ! belief1 f\nd also 9 ,india & 9 ,icel&1 t an old] & m savage race ( gods once rul$1 :om ! pres5t dyna/y conqu]$ & de?ron$4 ,( t old] set 0 ,kronos1 ! fa!r ( ,zeus1 & ! ,titans1 :o are n[ ca/ d[n to ,t>t>us1 ! ne!rmo/ region ( all4 ,! _w kn[n to m5 0 apportion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t age to ! ?ree sons ( ,kronos1 ,zeus obta9+ ! upp] _w1 includ+ heav51 :i* is at ! top ( ,m\nt ,olympus 9 ,!ssaly2 ,poseidon ! sea1 & ,hades ! "u-_w1 above ,t>t>us1 to :i* m5 g aft] dea?4 ,zeus rules 9 ,olympus4 ,he presides !re ov] ^? gods :o are at pres5t 9 p[]4 ,he summons !m to c\ncil1 he sits at meals ) !m4 ,!y are a v human set ( be+s4 ,!y are mov$ by ord9>y human motives2 love & rev5ge1 jeal\sy & ang]1 rule 9 _! brea/s4 ,!y d n act f et]nal pr9ciples1 b z m5 d1 f sudd5 impulses or f ! desire ( tempor>y advantages = !mselves or = _! fav\rites4 ,!y ev5 indulge 9 loose am\rs1 & are br\ght into ridicul\s situations4 ,!y laugh at ea* o!r2 ! /rong] god hurls ! weak] out ( ,olympus to ! e>?4 ,tak+ !m toge!r1 we d n f9d ! ,olympians an impressive set ( be+s4 ,tak+ !m1 h[ev]1 "o by "o1 we judge ( !m q diff]5tly4 ,! individual gods repres5t l(ty ideals & are n unwor?y ( wor%ip4 ,:atev] !y 7 once1 p[]s ( nature1 feti%es or m51 :atev] village leg5ds !y h br\ght ) !m f _! native place1 or :atev] traits ( savage life /ill cleave to !m1 to ! poet !y are ! embodim5ts ( v>i\s moral excell5ces4 ,zeus1 fa!r ( gods & m51 comb9es 9 8 "* ! attributes ( righte\sness & ( k9dness2 he is ! f\nd] ( social ord] & ! def5d] ( suppliants1 he possesses all wisdom4 ,h]a is ! matron ( fully unfold$ beauty & mat*less dignity2 ,apollo is ! fai?ful son :o c>ries out 8 fa!r's c\nsel2 ,a!ne is ! w>rior-maid5 skill$ 9 battle b equipp$ ) e k9d ( skill1 be/ c\nsellor & guide = ! mortal :om %e fav\rs2 ,aphrodite is ! goddess ( love1 9 ^: girdle are conta9$ all *>ms2 ,ares is ! impetu\s w>rior1 ,h]mes ! tru/y mess5g]1 ( ! heav5ly circle2 ,heph/us1 ! lame & awkw>d smi?1 is ! artific] = ! gods ( all mann] ( cunn+ "w 9 metal4 ,ar\nd & "u ! ,olympians are _m o!r deities2 su* z ,hebe1 ! budd+ girl1 & ,ganym$e1 ! y\? born ( human race b tak5 up to heav5 = 8 beauty to m9i/] to ! gods at _! banquets4 ,aphrodite is att5d$ by ! graces1 ,apollo by ! ,muses1 & ! _w is n /ripp$ by ,hom] ( its local deities1 al?\gh ! *ief deities n[ dwell al(t2 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 caves & isles ( ocean1 all h _! immortal occupants4 ,wor%ip 9 ,hom]4--,! gods be+ ( su* a nature1 :at relations does man keep up ) !m1 & h[ d !y affect 8 life8 ,wor%ip foll[s ! simple practice ( ! e>ly _w4 ,x is n prie/ly4 ,!re are prie/s1 & !y (f] sacrifices regul>ly at ! %r9es ( :i* !y h *>ge1 b ! k+ c sacrifice1 or ! head ( ! h\se2 & :ile "o or two temples are m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad1 sacrifice may be (f]$ any:]e4 ,temples fir/ appe> 9 ,greece m]ely z %elt]s = images1 b 9 ! ,iliad ! god is g5]ally wor%ipp$ n by means ( an image b z himself directly pres5t2 ! ne$ ( temples has n yet aris54 ,9 ! ,odyssey temples ( ! gods are spok5 ( z build+s no t[n c\ld be )\t1 b ?is is less primitive4 ,sacrifice is a fea/ 9 :i* ! god's portion ( ! vi&s is fir/ (f]$ to him1 & ! wor%ipp]s !n eat & dr9k to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,!re is a detail$ description ( ! proce$+s 9 ,iliad i4 #def sqq4 ,"h aft] ! fea/ !re is music2 ,all day long wor%ipp$ !y ! god ) music1 s++ ! beautiful pan to ! ,f>d>t] 7,apollo72 & 8 he>t 0 glad to he>4 ,! gods appe> manife/ among/ u1 we read 9 ! sev5? book ( ! ,odyssey1 :5soev] we (f] glori\s hecatombs1 & !y fea/ by our side1 sitt+ at ! same bo>d4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! nature ( an expiation ab\t su* a sacrifice2 x is simply ! r5ewal ( ! bond betwe5 ! god & ^? :o look = 8 aid1 :5 a new ent]prise is ab\t to be und]tak5 or a solemn engagem5t is ent]$ on4 ,pray]s are v simple4 ,?us prays ! w\nd$ ,diom$e to ,a!ne 7,iliad v4 #aae73 ,he> me1 daught] ( gis-be>+ ,zeus1 unwe>i$ maid56 ,if ev] 9 k9dly mood ?\ /oode/ by my fa!r 9 ! heat ( battle1 ev5 s be ?\ k9d to me1 ,a!ne6 ,grant me to slay ?is man1 & br+ )9 my spe>-ca/ him t took advantage to %oot me1 & boa/e? ov] me6 ,z !re are no bad gods1 good & evil are consid]$ to be s5t by ! same be+s4 ,?us !re is a great deal ( unc]ta9ty 9 m5's relations to ! gods4 ,all m5 ne$ ! gods1 we read2 ! ,hom]ic h]o reg>ds ! companion%ip ( a god z prop] & necess>y = 8 ent]prises4 ,b "s tr\ble mu/ be tak5 9 ord] to secure _! fav\r4 ,!y mu/ n be neglect$2 _! signs mu/ be att5d$ to2 above all1 a man mu/ be rev]5t & mu/ /udi\sly practise mod]ation 9 8 conduct & 9 8 ways ( ?9k+2 else ! gods may easily be (f5d$ or made jeal\s1 & )draw _! c\nt5ance4 ,& if !y are to a c]ta9 ext5t caprici\s1 !re is ano!r consid]ation :i* impairs confid5ce 9 !m4 ,!y are n all-p[]ful4 ,!re is a po9t beyond :i* !y _c give a man any help4 ,ea* man has a fate or de/9y1 :i* ! gods did n fix & ) :i* !y _c int]f]e4 ,:5 8 h\r comes1 !y mu/ leave him to 8 doom2 inde$ !y may ev5 deceive him1 & lead him into folly s t 8 fate %all ov]take him4 ,! puni%m5t ( crime1 bo? 9 ?is _w & aft]w>ds1 is committ$ to a special set ( be+s1 ! ,er9nyes4 ,! gods :o are mo/ wor%ipp$ d n ex]cise t function2 !y are n immovably id5tifi$ ) ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 b frequ5tly deviate f x !mselves4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 x is true1 we meet ) a deep] feel+4 ,"h ,zeus is a k9d ( provid5ce1 9 :om a man may tru/ :5 he does "r1 & to all ^: disp5sations x behoves him humbly to submit4 ,a root ( mono!ism is pres5t "h1 z 9 all ! ,aryan religions f ! fir/1 & 9 ,greece x is de/9$ to h a /ately gr[?4 ,! ,hom]ic pan!on1 h[ev]1 z a :ole1 %[s religion at a /age 9 :i* x is r an ext]nal ornam5t to life ?an an inn] inspiration4 ,p]haps !re 0 nev] a set ( real m5 :o ?\ght ( ! gods & address$ !m accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ,hom]4 ,if su* a religion ev] actually exi/$1 x 0 n a /rong "o4 ,^! gods1 ) _! caprices & infirmities & _! limit$ p[]1 c\ld nev] ex]cise any /rong moral influ5ce or r\se any passion 9 _! wor%ipp]s4 ,!y are fair-wea!r gods2 ! religion is "o ( *ildr51 9 :om consci5ce is n yet awake & ! deep] spiritual ne$s h n yet appe>$4 ,:at ! m9d ( ! ,greek has done up to ?is /age is to discov] t nature is n above him2 ! p[]s ( nature are human to him2 !y are div9e n because !y are ess5tially diff]5t f himself1 b because !y are mat*less ideals ( 8 own qualities4 ,x is a religion ( free m54 ,b ! ,greek has n yet discov]$ h[ diff]5t he himself is f all t is ar\nd him2 t elem5t ( himself :i* is above nature w :5 he discov]s x make su* a religion z ! ,hom]ic = ev] impossible to him4 ,om5s4--,z ! godhead is nev] f> away f ! ,hom]ic ,greek1 & is an active be+ :o takes an int]e/ 9 human affairs1 signs ( 8 pres5ce are n infrequ5t4 ,! air is ! sc5e ( !m2 9 ! flight ( birds1 9 sudd5 noises1 ! gods s5d messages2 lightn+ is a sign f ,zeus ( approa*+ ra9 or hail1 x may be ( approa*+ w>4 ,!re are rules = ! int]pretation ( signs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are 9 _m cases ( d\btful significance4 ,dreams also are a fav\rite *annel = div9e communications1 b !y also may be int]pret$ wrongly4 ,!re are p]sons :o h a special gift = kn[+ ! div9e w2 ! se] 7,greek3 mantis7 is enlight5$ by ! deity n by an outw>d sign b inw>dly2 he he>s ! god's voice1 & c decl>e ! div9e w directly4 ,?is gift may reside 9 a c]ta9 family1 & may be atta*$ to a c]ta9 spot1 :]e a regul> oracle is op5 = consultation4 ,at ,dodona we read t ! ,selloi or ,helloi1 a b& or family ( prie/s ( ascetic habits1 int]pret ! ru/l+ ( ! sacr$ oak1 & ,agamemnon consults ! ,py?ia1 ! ,delphic prie/ess1 be=e ! ,trojan w>4 ,! ,/ate aft] ,dea?4--,) reg>d to ! /ate aft] dea?1 belief is n uni=m 9 ,hom]4 ,!re are elaborate fun]al rites :i* po9t to ! assumption t ! _s ( ! h]o is liv+ some:]e & ne$s v>i\s ?+s4 ,b ! life ( ! dep>t$ 0 n mapp$ out 9 ,greece z x 0 9 ,egypt4 ,! ritual ( ,myc5 _h little influ5ce1 = ! fun]al celebrations 9 ,hom] are v simil> to ^? ( o!r e>ly ,aryan peoples1 & und\bt$ly 7 n import$4 ,:at !n is ?\ght ( ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! h]o8 ,he has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! body is ! man1 ! _s :5 x has left ! body has b a %ad[-life1 )\t any /r5g? or hope2 at ! mo/ x may revive a little at ! ta/e ( blood4 ,b :ile ! wor%ip ( ! dep>t$ is se5 f ,hom] to be decay+ among ! ,greeks1 imag9ation is se5 to be occupi$ 9 m ?an "o direction ) ! regions :]e !y are1 & to be ass]t+ = !m a m real & active exi/5ce ?an ! old beliefs all[$4 ,! subt]ranean k+dom ( ,hades 7! ,invisible7 is acquir+ cle>] %ape4 ,! puni%m5ts are describ$ :i* c]ta9 great transgressors1 su* z ,tantalus & ,ixion1 are !re und]go+2 & o!r details are also kn[n4 ,( a diff]5t _s is ! conception ( ! ,elysian pla9s 9 ! f> we/1 :i!r ! h]o is tak5 by ! gods :5 he dies1 & :]e !re is no sn[ nor /orm nor ra94 ,hom] 0 n ! only poet :o furni%$ ! ,greeks ) a sy/em ( _! gods2 nor 0 8 sy/em ev]y:]e accept$ )\t demur4 ,hesiod1 writ+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 gives a !ogony or bir? ( ! gods1 :i* is also a g5esis or orig9 ( ! _w1 = to ! ,greek m9d ! gods & ! _w came into exi/5ce toge!r4 ,he compla9s ( ^? :o on ?is subject h taught fictions :i* resemble tru?s1 ref]r+ p]haps to ,hom]4 ,8 own sy/em ( ! _w is n a light & airy fabric b a labori\s "w1 due no d\bt to pr(essional or prie/ly indu/ry1 9 :i* ! attempt is made to treat all ! div9e figures or half-figur$ spirits ! ,greeks knew1 g5ealogically1 & to give a complete enum]ation ( !m4 ,my?s are giv51 "s ( !m ( a horrible "*1 :i* d n occur 9 ,hom]4 ,! battle ( ! gods ) ! ,titans occupies a l>ge "p ( ! poem1 & x concludes ) a collection ( /ories %[+ ! desc5t ( h]oes f alliances betwe5 gods & mortals4 ,?is "w1 z we saw1 0 consid]$1 along ) ! ,hom]ic poems1 z a /&>d au?ority on ! subject ( ! gods1 & 0 appeal$ to ev5 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies z %[+ :at ! ,greeks believ$4 ,! ,poets & ! ,work+ ,religion4--,! "w ( ^! poets proves t ! ,greeks 9 _! days 7 anxi\s to arrive at cle> & h>moni\s conceptions ab\t ! gods4 ,! movem5t on :i* ,hom] & ,hesiod set _! seal1 ( fix+ ! *>act]s & attributes ( ! v>i\s deities1 mu/ h be5 long go+ on2 & x l$1 z we see1 to diff]5t results 9 diff]5t places4 ,t lab\r :5 accompli%$ end[$ ,greece ) a new religion4 ,! local rite /ill w5t on1 :i* ackn[l$g$ no c5tral au?ority & pres5t$ ! spectacle ( an inf9ite div]sity4 ,ea* city c>ri$ on 9 grave & solemn fa%ion ! traditional wor%ip ( its own gods1 on ^: fav\r its prosp]ity dep5d$4 ,! o!r gods ( ! ,pan!on ! city did n ne$ to wor%ip2 & moreov] local wor%ip 0 address$ to a l>ge ext5t to ! ,*?onian or e>?-gods1 z ,demet] & ,dionysus1 ( :om ! epic poems "k b little4 ,! poets 7 ( little assi/ance !re=e to ! work+ religion2 b on ! o!r h& ! happy & beautiful deities ( ,hom] f\nd entrance :]ev] poetry 0 lov$4 ,?is 0 a religion = all ,greece2 ^! gods 7 national2 ?\gh "s ( !m belong$ orig9ally to olia1 !y _h become national by be+ en%r9$ 9 poetry :i* ! :ole nation reg>d$ z its own4 ,! ,hom]ic conception ( deity act$ !re=e on ! :ole ,greek m9d2 all gods rose 9 rank by ! example1 a subject 0 set be=e ! m9d ( ! p1 :i* ! closely succe$+ developm5t ( religi\s art %[s to h be5 /udi$ 9 ! noble/ way4 ,rise ( ,religi\s ,art4--,! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 0 a p]iod ( rapid developm5t & ( great prosp]ity 9 ,greece4 ,x 0 ! age ( colonisation2 manufacture & trade 7 active1 & ?\gh ! ,ph5icians 7 n n[ 9 ! ,egean1 ,greeks sail$ to ! ,ea/ & br\ght home ) !m _m ideas4 ,x 0 a "t l ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,europe1 :5 ! _w ( geography 0 quickly op5+ out1 & views & s5tim5ts 7 also wid5+4 ,wor%ip c\ld n fail to %>e 9 ! upw>d movem5t ( su* a p]iod1 & x is "h t we f9d ! appe>ance ( ! ideas 9 religi\s art :i* h made ,greece ! envy ( ! _w4 ,ar*itecture receiv$ a new impulse f ,egypt & ,babylon2 dwell+s 7 built1 n = human rul]s1 z 9 ! ,myc5an p]iod1 b = ! gods4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts or small t[ns ! wood5 %$ might /ill suffice to %elt] ! rude image1 b 9 l>ge t[ns1 :]e ! high] conception ( ! gods & ! arti/ic impulse 7 bo? pres5t 9 _m m9ds1 temples ( m durable mat]ial 7 built4 ,?is came to be a univ]sal practice2 among ! fir/ tasks ( a new colony 0 always t ( erect+ on a comm&+ site 9 ! ris+ t[n1 spl5did temples to ! gods ( ! "m city4 ,! ,greek temple is n a place to accommodate a l>ge body ( wor%ipp]s1 b a dwell+ = ! god4 ,x is ( oblong %ape1 & is plac$ on a rais$ plat=m :i* is asc5d$ by /eps4 ,x is g5]ally surr\nd$ by pill>s1 is ro($1 & has a l[ gable at ea* end4 ,! mo/ important *amb] 9 x is t conta9+ ! image ( ! god4 ,f 8 dim *amb] ! god looks out to ! ea/ ?r\gh ! doorway fac+ him1 :i* op5s on ! pill>$ portico 9 front4 ,"h ! wor%ipp] /&s :5 pray+1 8 face turn$ we/w>d to ! god4 ,z x 0 ess5tial t ! smoke ( ! sacrifice %\ld asc5d freely to heav51 ! god's real dwell+1 ! alt> /ood outside4 ,9 "s cases ! ro( 0 p>tly op51 & ! alt> c\ld /& "u ! sky 9 ! cella ( ! god4 ,9 ! build+ & adornm5t ( ! temples ,greek art f\nd its highe/ ex]cise4 ,! ar*itecture ( ^? specim5s :i* c /ill be se5 or describ$ is ( a dignity & beauty nev] be=e atta9$2 ! be+s mu/ h be5 l(ty & rev]5d inde$ = :om su* dwell+s 7 =m$4 ,! gable spaces & ! flat surfaces betwe5 ! tops ( ! pill>s & ! ro( gave opportunity = sculpture2 & ! ar*ologi/ traces on ^! metopes 7spaces betwe5 ! beam-ends "u ! ro(7 & friezes1 ! progress ( ,greek sculpture f a rude /age to t 9 :i* ! sculptor has ga9$ complete ma/]y ov] 8 mat]ial1 & c give an impos+ repres5tation ( a my?1 or place on ! m>ble a complete religi\s procession ( brave m5 & fair wom54 ,! images ( ! gods to be plac$ 9 ! temples call$ =? ! arti/'s highe/ skill2 ev5 :5 ! rude old god 0 reta9$1 a f9e "w ( art c\ld also f9d place4 ,x is ! ideal gods ( poetry t are com+ to be wor%ipp$2 ! conception ( ! poet is express$ 9 m>ble4 ,sculpture1 h[ev]1 came to its highe/ po9t 9 ,greece some:at lat] ?an ar*itecture4 ,& (f]+s 7 made to ! temples ( j su* r>e & co/ly ?+s z m5 lov$ !n & love /ill to /ore up 9 _! h\ses1--b[ls & cups wr\ght curi\sly 9 preci\s metals1 /atues & tape/ries & all k9ds ( treasure4 ,fe/ivals & ,games4--,! temple = :i* s mu* 0 done1 =m$ ! c5tre ( ! city :]e x /ood4 ,9 x ! t[n deposit$ its treasure & its docum5ts2 !re oa?s & agreem5ts 7 ratifi$4 ,!re also at c]ta9 times1 su* z ! annual fe/ival ( ! god or ! anniv]s>y ( "s happy ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! t[n1--& z "t w5t on su* occasions t5d$ to multiply1--! t[n kept holiday4 ,wom5 escap$ f _! monoton\s conf9em5t & jo9$ ! procession to ! holy place1 p]haps c>ry+ a new dress = ! deity4 ,a sacrifice 0 (f]$1 ! god receiv$ 8 %>e ( ! victim or victims1 & ! wor%ipp]s fea/$ on :at rema9$4 ,b be=e ?is "p ( ! proce$+s arriv$ !re 0 a pause1 :i* 0 fill$ up ) v>i\s ex]cises all connect$ ) ! act ( wor%ip1 b t5d+ also 9 a high degree to ! delight ( ^? tak+ "p 9 x4 ,danc+ =m$ a "p ( e rite1 accompani$ ( c\rse ) music1 & consi/+ n ( a c>eless ex]cise ( ! limbs1 b ( a measur$ & c>efully tra9$ set ( movem5ts expressive ( ! emotions connect$ ) ! occasion4 ,?is "p ( ! religi\s act is obvi\sly capable ( great expansion4 ,we f9d ! art ( poetry also mak+ its contributions to religi\s art2 poems are recit$ be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ! god4 ,! sacrifice is foll[$ by conte/s ( v>i\s k9ds2 ! s+]s compete = a prize1 & a?letic sports also take place1 ! competitors = :i* h long be5 9 tra9+ = !m4 ,! w9n]s are cr[n$ ) a wrea? or bran* ( ! plant sacr$ to ! god4 ,! games ( ,greece1 :i* ?us arose out ( acts ( wor%ip1 & "s ( :i* became s fam\s & attract$ competitors f e ,greek-speak+ l&1 are a notable sign ( ! _s ( ,greek piety4 ,!re is no asceticism 9 ,greek religion2 ! god is repres5t$ z a beautiful human p]son1 & 8 wor%ipp]s appe> be=e him nak$1 9 ! fulness ( _! y\?ful beauty & ( _! well-tra9$ vig\r1 & (f] him _! /r5g? & skill 9 highe/ ex]cise2--! :ole city1 or a cr[d mu* l>g] ?an ! city1 rejoic+ 9 ! spectacle4 ,?us does ,greek religion enli/ 9 its s]vice all ! arts1 & increase z !y increase4 ,at ?is p]iod irrational manife/ations ( piety t5d to disappe>1 human sacrifice & ! wor%ip ( animals are he>d ( aft]w>ds only 9 remote qu>t]s4 ,! religion :i* n[ prevails is a bright & happy self-id5tification ) a be+ conceiv$ z a type ( human beauty & excell5ce1 by be+ z f> z possible beautiful oneself1 creat+ beautiful objects1 compos+ beautiful v]se1 tra9+ ! body to its highe/ pit* ( /r5g? & agility1 & display+ its p[]s 9 manly conte/s4 ,?is conception ( religion1 = a %ort "t realis$ 9 ,greece1 /ill haunts ! m9d z a vision :i* once se5 c nev] be =gott54 ,no "o ^: eyes h op5$ to t vision c reg>d any religi\s acts 9 :i* ! ef=t aft] h>mony & beauty =ms no "p1 z o!r ?an degrad$ & unwor?y4 ,zeus & ,apollo4--,x is impossible "h to ent] specially on ! wor%ip ( ! individual gods4 ,two ( ! gods1 h[ev]1 ! same :o ev5 9 ,hom] /& above ! level ( ! re/1 /ill ma9ta9 t sup]iority4 ,zeus draws to himself m & m all ! attributes ( pure deity2 8 "n comes m & m to /& simply = ,god1 z if !re 7 no o!r4 ,he is ! fa!r ( gods & m52 goodness & love are natural to him4 ,he is ! supreme ,rul] & ,dispos]1 ^: ^w is fate & ^: ways pi\s ?\ght feels call$ to ju/ify2 b he is also ! ,savi\r1 to :om e "o may appeal4 ,he is ! s\rce ( all wisdom2 all revelations come f him4 ,! o!r god :o occupies a m>k$ position is ,apollo1 ! god ( light & ! prophet ( 8 fa!r ,zeus4 ,8 oracle at ,delphi 0 ! mo/ important 9 ,greece2 x 0 held to be ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & 0 a meet+-place = ,greeks f e qu>t]4 ,8 prie/s ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! oracle a great influ5ce on ,greek life1 & z _! god requir$ /rict purity & tru?fulness & 0 ! inspir] ( e k9d ( art & ( none b noble purposes1 ! wor%ip ( ,apollo is "o ( ! highe/ =ms ( ,greek religion4 ,*ange ( ! ,greek ,_s 9 ! ,six? ,c5tury ,b4,c4--,b ! "t 0 at h& :5 ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( ! poets 0 to prove1 9 spite ( all t art _h done = x1 inadequate to meet ! spiritual ne$s ( ,greece4 ,civilisation advances 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ) imm5se rapidity2 ! ,greeks1 no long] prompt$ by any =eign influ5ce1 quickly le>n to ex]cise _! own p[]s1 & to apply !m 9 new directions4 ,life gr[s ri*] & deep]1 new modes ( s5tim5t appe>1 ! nation gr[s m consci\s ( its unity1 & at ! same "t ! individual le>ns to value himself m highly & to ass]t himself m /rongly4 ,on "o side ?\ght awakes to an indep5d5t c>e] & traditional beliefs are subject$ to criticism2 on ! o!r spiritual ne$s are felt :i* ! old wor%ip does n satisfy1 & = :i* religion has to f9d new outlets4 ,x is f> beyond our scope to deal ) ! religi\s movem5ts ( a p ?us pass+ into ! self-consci\s /age1 & unfold+ ) unp>allel$ fre%ness & p[] all ! v>i\s activities ( ! human m9d4 ,we c only po9t out a few ( ! l9es ( developm5t :i* become prom95t at ?is p]iod4 ,& fir/ly we notice ! rise ( rationalism1 t is ( ! impulse to criticise belief & to ask = t elem5t 9 x :i* approves itself to ! reflect+ m9d4 ,reason ass]ts its "r to judge ( tradition2 ! d\bt] sugge/s em5dations 9 ! leg5d2 ! pi\sly incl9$ turn _! att5tion to ^? p>ts only :i* are capable ( l(ty treatm5t4 ,?is t5d5cy is fatal to poly!ism4 ,z reason kn[s n gods b only ,god1 ! gods c only hold _! place on condition t !y are :at ,god mu/ be1 & s !y all t5d to become alike 9 _! "*2 att5tion is turn$ mo/ ( all to ,zeus1 ! highe/ god1 & :5 o!rs are wor%ipp$1 x is z 8 prophets or delegates4 ,! poets ( ! fif? c5tury reflect ! conviction :i* all ! high] m9ds ( _! c\ntry 7 n[ com+ to hold1 t ! _w is "u ! rule ( "o god4 ,f ?is !y are l$ to take up ! que/ions ( !odicy or ( ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 s*ylus & ,sophocles1 writ+ p]haps ab\t ! same "t z ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,job1 are full ( problems ( ?is nature4 ,:y is ,prome!us1 ?\gh ! noble/ b5efactor ( ! human race1 doom$ to und]go su* suff]+s8 ,:y does a curse cleave to a c]ta9 h\se1 evil produc+ evil f g5]ation to g5]ation8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! div9e laws :i* are writt5 9 ! he>ts ( all m51 & human laws :i* sometimes contradict ^! old] ones8 ,?us to ! educat$ ,greeks ( ! fif? c5tury ! old religion _h 9 its ess5ce pass$ away4 ,) unexampl$ rapidity _h ! j\rney "h be5 trac$ :i* ,india made m sl[ly1 :i* ,egypt made at a v e>ly p]iod1 b 0 n able to ma9ta91 & :i* e p />t+ f poly!ism mu/ make if _! religion is to prosp]4 ,new ,religi\s ,feel+2 ! ,my/]ies4--,b ! consci5ce z well z ! m9d ( ,greece awakes at ?is p]iod1 & ,greek religion becomes inspir$ ) a deep] feel+4 ,! simple objectivity ( ! ,hom]ic _s is gone 9 :i* man c\ld frankly wor%ip be+s l himself & n v f> above himself4 ,god at ?is "t is gr[+ great] & m awful1 & man1 less c]ta9 ( himself1 is beg9n+ to feel a new s5se ( my/]y & ( %ortcom+4 ,:e!r x 0 due to ! anxiety & depression felt 9 ,greece dur+ ! c5tury be=e ! ,p]sian w>s1 or to =eign influ5ces1 or ma9ly to ! natural gr[? ( ! ,greek m9d itself1 religi\s ph5om5a ( a new k9d n[ appe>4 ,sacrifices are he>d (1 :i* are n m]ely social reunions ) ! deity1 b are int5d$ to expiate "s guilt or to remove "s pollution4 ,! s5se ( s9 has aris51 :i* ! ,hom]ic _w kn[s n1 & gives a new col\r to man's conv]se ) ! deity4 ,ano!r new feature is ! rise into prom95ce ( cults 9 :i* man feels himself tak5 possession ( & inspir$ by 8 god4 ,"s ( ^! belong$ to ,asia ,m9or1 ! great c5tre ( wor%ips accompani$ ) ec/asy & fr5zy1 b "s 7 ( native gr[?4 ,9 ^! ! common man f\nd a satisfaction :i* ! /ately c]emonial ( ! temples did n af=d4 ,! (ficial religion _h gr[n cold & di/ant2 b 9 ! wor%ip ( ,demet] or ,dionysus1 z aft]w>ds ( ! ,phrygian ,cybele1 ! ,great ,"m :om ! ,romans import$1 ! lea/ educat$ c\ld feel ! joy ( en?usiasm & ( self-=gett+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! god1 & c\ld be closely id5tifi$ ) ! object ( wor%ip by p]=m+ acts 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! god 0 symbolically repeat$4 ,! rapid rise ( ! wor%ips ( ,demet] & ,dionysus ?us furni%es an in/ance ( ! law t a religion ( intellect & ( art is apt to be confront$1 ev5 :5 x appe>s to h ov]come all ob/acles1 by a religion ( feel+1 9 :i* all ! fair progress t 0 made appe>s to be entirely set at naught4 ,:5 ! wor%ip ( ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,a!ne 0 com+ to its highe/ spl5d\r1 ^! cults began to spread rapidly4 ,!y 7 orig9ally peasant rites ( unkn[n antiquity 9 ,attica & ,boeotia1 9 :i*1 aft] ! mann] ( ru/ic fe/ivals1 ! com+ ( spr+ or ! dy+ ( ! ye> 7 celebrat$ amid je/ & song1 & ) c]ta9 prescrib$ actions 9 :i* ! =tune ( ! god1 correspond+ to ! season1 0 dramatically set =?4 ,9 spr+ ,demet]1 ! "m goddess1 receiv$ h] daught] ,p]sephone1 :o _h left h] = ! w9t]2 or 9 autumn ,dionysus1 ! god ( vegetation1 0 defeat$ by 8 enemies & driv5 away or torn 9 pieces4 ,^! wor%ips1 :5 develop$ & =m+ a prom95t "p ( ,greek religion1 7 call$ my/]ies1 n because ! k ( !m 0 conf9$ to few1 b because "s p>ts ( !m 7 transact$ 9 deep sil5ce1 & 7 ! objects ( su* awe & rev]5ce t !y 7 n spok5 (4 ,no "o1 moreov]1 c\ld assi/ at ^! rites )\t be+ solemnly initiat$ aft] a p]iod ( probation & purification4 ,( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies at lea/1 :i* 7 ! mo/ widely diffus$ & :i* =m$ "p ( ! /ate religion ( ,a!ns1 anci5t writ]s agree 9 _! report t ! c\rse ( tra9+ be=e admission 0 p[]fully elevat+ & solemnis+1 s t ! p]iod ( initiation 0 ! highe/ po9t ( ! religi\s life4 ,x 0 a condition t ! c&idate %\ld be pure 9 he>t & n consci\s ( any crime4 ,!re 0 app>5tly no doctr9al in/ruction2 ev]y?+ 0 to be inf]r$ f ! spectacle4 ,! m9d 0 kept 9 a /ate ( int5se & dev\t expectation1 k & insight gr[+1 x 0 held1 z ! "t ( admission came ne>4 ,be=e ! f9al act !re came a p]iod ( fa/+1 !n a m>* f ,a!ns to ,eleusis along ! sacr$ way1 :i* 0 /udd$ ) %r9es2 !n a se>* = ! lo/ goddess 9 ! d>k ( a moonless night on ! pla9s ( ,eleusis1 & !n at la/ admission to ! brightly-light$ build+4 ,"h all ! arts 7 enli/$ to furni% a spectacle ( unp>allel$ magnific5ce1 dur+ :i* ! c&idate 0 all[$ to t\* & kiss c]ta9 sacr$ objects ( a simple nature1 & repeat$ a solemn =mula at 8 admission4 ,by p>tak+ 9 ^! rites a man 0 believ$ to "p ) 8 =m] s9s1 to =m a special union ) ! deity1 9 ^: nature he 0 made to p>take1 & to be />t$ on a c>e] 9 :i* he c\ld n fail to gr[ morally bett]4 ,x is easy to see ! imm5se sup]iority ( ?is wor%ip to ! (ficial rites ( ! temples4 ,! great po9t is t a new pr9ciple ( religi\s association is "h introduc$4 ,! tie :i* b9ds ! wor%ipp] to 8 god & to 8 fell[-wor%ipp]s is no long] t ( blood or ( common political int]e/s1 b ! high] "o ( a common spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,all ,greeks 7 eligible = initiation at ,eleusis4 ,a man 0 n born into ?is circle1 b ent]$ x ( 8 own free w & by means ( volunt>y ef=t & self-d5ial4 ,a community ( a high] ord] ?us makes its appe>ance 9 ,greek hi/ory1 9 :i* ! limits ( race & ( locality are ov]/epp$1 & ea* is connect$ ) ! re/1 because all h turn$ ( _! own volunt>y motion to ! same ideal c5tre4 ,! analogies betwe5 ! community =m$ on ! my/]ies & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* are too obvi\s to ne$ to be insi/$ on4 ,! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity ass]t$ t 9 ! my/]ies all ! tru?s & ! :ole morality ( t religion 7 to be f\nd4 ,religion & ,philosophy4--,b :ile ! my/]ies met to "s ext5t ! crav+ = a clos] union ) deity1 ano!r ne$ :i* _h long be5 gr[+ 9 ! ,greek m9d 0 to be satisfi$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,! ,greek religion we h describ$ _h v little to (f] 9 ! way ( doctr9e4 ,!re are no sacr$ books 9 x1 !re is no !ology1 !re is no religi\s in/ruction4 ,:5 ! m9d ( ,greece awoke to intellectual life1 & ! dem& 0 made = an explanation ( ! _w1 & = a view ( ! orig9 ( ?+s :i* %\ld expla9 man to himself1 ! ,greek religion 0 manife/ly little fitt$ to meet su* a dem&4 ,b man has ev]y:]e look$ to religion to d him ?is s]vice1 & a religion :i* is incapable ( r5d]+ x1 or :i* l ,buddhism explicitly refuses to take up ! task1 /&s 9 a p]il\s position4 ,if ! %r9e has no doctr9e enabl+ man to und]/& ! orig9 & ! connection ( ?+s1 he w seek su* a doctr9e else:]e1 & religion w h no control ov] x4 ,ano!r alt]native is t ( ,buddhism :]e 9 default ( su* a doctr9e man is condemn$ to subside into intellectual apa?y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld nev] be ! case ) ! ,greeks1 & _! fate 9 ?is respect prov$ diff]5t f t ( any o!r p4 ,aft] _! intellectual awak5+ took place1 & :5 !y _h begun to seek 9 e direction = a fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 nev] d\bt+ t ! _w 0 a sy/em ( reason1 b try+ "o key aft] ano!r to unlock its secret1 we f9d t religion itself became aw>e ( ! ne$ ( ! times1 & t ! attempt 0 made1 late 9 ! day b ) deep e>ne/ness & great ability1 to con/ruct out ( ! my?s a reason$ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,?is 0 ! aim ( ! ,orphic poets4 ,orpheus1 ! my?ical s+] ( ,?race1 :o *>m$ m5 & bea/s ) 8 songs on e>?1 _h desc5d$ into ,hades to fet* back 8 wife1 :o _h be5 tak5 f him1 & _h beheld ! secrets ( ! "u-_w4 ,! s*ool :i* 0 nam$ aft] him dealt ) ! deepe/ problems1 & s\ght to expla9 bo? ! nature ( ! gods & ! de/9y ( ! human s\l4 ,x insi/$ /rongly on ! p[] & sole head%ip ( ,zeus1 9 :om ,greek religion _h possess$ f ,hom] d[nw>ds a figure fitt$ = a mono!i/ic position4 ,zeus is ! head1 ,zeus ! middle1 f ,zeus are all ?+s made4 ,he is male & female1 he is ! f\ndation ( ! e>? & ( ! />ry heav51 ! brea? 9 all1 ! /r5g? ( fire1 ! root ( ! sea1 sun1 & moon4 ,zeus is ! k+1 ! prog5itor ( all ?+s4 ,! god ,dionysus also is plac$ by ! ,orphic writ]s at ! head ( ! :ole process ( creation4 ,! my? ( 8 dismemb]m5t & ( ! scatt]+ ( 8 a%es ov] ! :ole _w is made to symbolise ! great ?\ght ( ! connection ( all ?+s ) ! same s\rce ( life4 ,descriptions 7 also giv51 answ]+ to ! gr[+ s5se ( p]sonal responsibility1 ( ! abodes ( ,hades & ( ! fate ( s\ls !re1 & ( ! metempsy*oses ?r\gh :i* ! s\l mu/ pass4 ,?is tea*+ _h an influ5ce :i* x is difficult to measure2 x act$ on ! trag$ians 9 _! magnific5t attempts to re=m ! beliefs ( _! c\ntry by mak+ !m moral2 x is to be trac$ 9 ,plato1 x also f\nd expression 9 ! my/]ies4 ,9 its own developm5t x gave rise to a new ph5om5on 9 ,greek religion1 t ( it9]ant prea*]s :o w5t ab\t appeal+ to individuals to take ?\ght = ! salvation ( _! s\ls1 & also1 /range to say1 (f]+ private *>ms & spells to put !m on ! "r way ( salvation4 ,b ,greek religion 0 n ?us to be re=m$4 ,x 0 n f ! prie/s t ! gr[? ( ! high] fai? ( ,greece 0 to proce$1 b f ! philosoph]s4 ,:ile mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ! philosoph]s 0 app>5tly negative & de/ructive ( fai?1--= ,greece _h h] religi\s sceptics :o turn$ ! %afts ( ridicule on exi/+ beliefs1 h] ,agno/ics :o consid]$ t no?+ c]ta9 c\ld be affirm$ ab\t ! gods1 & ev5 h] secul>i/s :o held religion to be a m]e inv5tion ( prie/s & rul]s = _! own purposes1--! c\rse ( ,greek philosophy 01 on ! :ole1 con/ructive1 ev5 9 matt]s ( fai?1 & lab\r$ to provide religion ) a /able f\ndation 9 ?\ght4 ,9 ?is great movem5t ( ! human m9d ! ?9k]s ( ,greece--,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 to "n no m--7 work+ at ! same problem :i* occupi$ ! prophets ( ,israel1 & build+ up ! rule ( "o ,god1 a ,be+ supremely wise & good1 s\rce ( all beauty1 & ! work] ( all t is wr\ght 9 ! univ]se1 9 place ( ! _m fickle & weak deities :o =m]ly bore sway4 ,9 _m ways ! s*ools ( ,greece 7 ! =]unn]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ! ,jews1 c>ri$ f> f _! temple1 =m a new pr9ciple ( religi\s association & le>n to meet = ! s]vice ( ,god1 )\t any sacrifice1 9 pi\s m5tal ex]cises1 s ! ,greeks1 = :om _! temples c\ld d s little1 =m little communities ( e>ne/ seek]s aft] tru? "u "s tea*]4 ,! philosoph]'s disc\rse is held by /ud5ts ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,we/ to be ! model on :i* ! ,*ri/ian s]mon 0 =m$4 ,"s ( ! s*ools ev5 develop$ a true pa/oral activity1 ex]cis+ an ov]sight ( _! memb]s1 & seek+ to m\ld _! moral life & habits accord+ to ! dictates ( true wisdom4 ,?us !re arose on ,greek soil1 aft] ! temples _h gr[n cold1 :at may truly be call$ a second ,greek religion4 ,x took possession ( ! ,roman _w1 & 01 :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 ! prevail+ =m ( religion among ! m educat$4 ,bo? 9 its outw>d =ms ( association1 9 its doctr9e ( ,god1 :i* w5t ?r\gh lat] developm5ts v simil> to ^? ( ,judaism1 & 9 its conc5tration ( ?\ght on e?ical problems & on ! moral life ( ! individual1 x p[]fully prep>$ = ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 n a religion1 = x _h nei!r any hi/orical root nor any belief & practice def9ite en\gh = ! guidance ( ! common p4 ,yet ,*ri/ianity c\ld n h conqu]$ ! _w )\t x4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 vol4 ii41 conta9s ! fir/ attempt to deal ) ,greek religion 9 ! mann] n[ requir$4 ,! ,hi/ories ( ,greece ( ,grote1 ,curtius1 ,abbott1 & ,holm4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon d] grie*is*51 a ,rmis*5 ,my?ologie4 ,dy]1 ,! ,gods ( ,greece4 ,g>dn] & ,jevons1 ,manual ( ,greek ,antiquities1 #ahie4 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 #ahif-aijg4 ,ngelsba*1 die ,hom]is*e ,!ologie4 ,william[itz1 ,hom]is*e ,unt]su*ung54 ,g4 ,anri*1 das ,antike ,my/]i5wes54 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 #ahia4 ,l4 ,campbell's ,gif=d ,lectures on ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 #ahih4 ,e4 ,caird1 ,! ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 #aijd4 ,holw]da1 9 ,de la ,saussaye1 ,?ird ,edition4 ,ramsay on ,religion ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or 9 ,ha/+s' ,bible ,diction>y4 ,s4 ,re9a*1 9 ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aag1 sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,rome ,! ,romans !mselves at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 _! hi/ory id5tifi$ _! own gods ) ^? ( ,greece1 & borr[$ l>gely bo? f ,greek ritual & ,greek my?ology1 s t !y came to ! conclusion t ! ,roman & ! ,greek religions 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome =m "o sy/em2 & ! _w has reta9$ ! impression t !re 0 "o old pagan religion :i* assum$ c]ta9 local diff]5ces 9 ! two c\ntries1 b 0 sub/antially ! same 9 bo?4 ,roman ,religion 0 diff]5t f ,greek4--,n[ ! fact is t :ile ,greek religion conqu]$ ,rome1 ,italy _h an old] religion ( its own1 :i* 0 n annihilat$ by ! m brilliant newcom]1 b rema9$ beside x & nev] ent]$ into entire fusion ) x4 ,! ,romans 7 n a ?9k+ s mu* z an organis+ race2 9 politics !y 7 f> ahead ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 b 9 ?\ght & imag9ation !y 7 *ildr52 & s x happ5$ t !y borr[$ ideas & usages f neighb\rs on ?is side & on t1 & organis$ ! :ole into a sy/em !y c\ld use1 ! organism be+ _! own1 b only little ( ! cont5ts4 ,we mu/ !re=e inquire1 9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! religion ! ,romans _h be=e !y came "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas4 ,_! e>lie/ religion is to be trac$ 9 ! cal5d> ( _! sacr$ ye>1 9 ! li/s ( gods pres]v$ = u 9 ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs1 & 9 numb]less usages & in/itutions desc5d$ f e>ly times4 ,! sacr$ ye> ( e>ly ,rome is t ( an agricultural community4 ,! fe/ivals h to d ) s[+ & reap+ & /or+ corn1 ) v9tage1 ) flocks & h]ds1 ) wolves1 ) spirits ( ! woods1 ) b\nd>ies1 ) f\nta9s1 ) *anges ( ! sun & ( ! moon4 ,!re are fe/ivals ( dome/ic life1 ( ! h\sehold fire1 & ( ! spirits ( ! /or]oom1 ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 & ( ! h\sehold gho/s4 ,!re are also fe/ivals connect$ ) w>like matt]s1 "s connect$ ) ! riv] & ! h>b\r at its m\?1 & "s hav+ to d ) ! arts ( a simple population4 ,! cal5d>1 tak5 by itself1 w\ld create ! impression t ! community us+ x began ) agriculture & add$ to x aft]w>ds v>i\s o!r activities2 !re is no?+ 9 x to contradict ! supposition t ,roman religion _h its beg9n+s 9 ! fields & 9 ! woods4 ,! e>lie/ gods ( ,rome also agree ) ?is4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 a v peculi> set ( gods4 ,leav+ ! great gods 9 ! meantime1 we notice two ( ! agricultural deities2 !re is a ,saturnus1 god ( s[+1 & a ,t]m9us1 god ( b\nd>ies4 ,^! are :at are call$ functional deities1 su* z we met ) 9 ,greece1 see *apt] xvi42 !y take _! "n f ! act or prov9ce ov] :i* !y preside4 ,saturnus means "o :o has to d ) s[+2 ,t]m9us is a b\nd>y pure & simple4 ,! god !n1 9 ^! examples1 is n a great be+ :o has come to h ^! functions plac$ "u him z well z o!rs4 ,he & ! p>ticul> function belong toge!r2 he owes all 8 deity to x4 ,n[ ^! are only examples2 ! same is f\nd to be ! case ) all or ne>ly all ! di/9ctively ,roman gods2 !y are1 broadly speak+1 all functional be+s4 ,ea* be>s ! "n ( an object or a process2 & on ! o!r h& !re is no object & no act :i* has n its god4 ,x is a/\nd+ to obs]ve h[ f> ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r is c>ri$ among ^! be+s4 ,silvanus is ! god ( ! wood1 ,lympha ( ! /ream1 ea* wood & ea* /ream hav+ its own ,silvanus or ,lympha4 ,seia has to d ) ! corn be=e x spr\ts1 ,segetia ) corn :5 %ot up1 ,tutil9a ) corn /or$ 9 ! gran>y1 ,nodotus has = 8 c>e ! knots 9 ! /raw4 ,!re is a god ,door1 a goddess ,h+e1 a god ,?re%old4 ,ea* act 9 op5+ infancy has its god or goddess4 ,! *ild has ,cun9a :5 ly+ 9 ! cradle1 ,/at9a :5 he /&s1 ,edula :5 he eats1 ,locutius :5 he beg9s to speak1 ,adeona :5 he makes = 8 "m1 ,abeona :5 he leaves h]2 =ty-?ree su* gods ( *ildhood h be5 c\nt$4 ,pilumnus1 god ( ! pe/le1 & ,div]ra1 goddess ( ! broom1 may close our small sample ( ! limitless cr[d4 ,x is usually said ab\t ^! multitud9\s petty deities t ! ,roman 0 v religi\s1 & saw 9 e act & ev]y?+ = :i* he _h a "n1 some?+ my/]i\s & sup]natural4 ,! ,greek1 x is said1 sees ?+s on 8 own level1 & adds to !m a god :o is human2 x is by ! human _s t he int]prets !m4 ,! ,roman1 on ! contr>y1 sees ?+s z my/]ies & fills !m ) gods :o are n human4 ,t is true2 b ! "q to be ask$ ab\t ^! ,roman gods is1 to :at /age ( religi\s developm5t d !y belong3 d !y prove a primitive or an advanc$ /age ( religi\s ?\ght8 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ^! names ( gods are all epi!ts1 or adjectives2 & x has be5 suppos$ t !re 0 orig9ally a n\n belong+ to !m1 t !y 7 all epi!ts ( "o great deity1 or1 z "s are mascul9e & "s fem99e1 ( a great male & a great female deity4 ,! n\n fell out ( use1 x is suppos$1 b 0 /ill pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,roman1 & ?us 8 regim5ts ( div9e names are n really designations ( diff]5t p]sons1 b titles ( ! same p]son1 suppos$ to be pres5t alike 9 all ^! numb]less manife/ations4 ,b x is n easy to conceive h[1 if primitive ,italy _h rea*$ ! conception ( ! unity ( deity1 t deity became s rem>kably subdivid$1 nor h[ 8 own prop] "n & "* 7 lo/4 ,x is mu* m natural to suppose t ! petty gods ( ,rome 7 all ! deities ! e>ly ,lat9s _h1 & 7 wor%ipp$ = _! own sake4 ,!y repres5t ! /age ( ?\ght call$ ,animism 7see *apt] iii47 :5 e "p ( nature is ?\ght to h its _s1 & ! numb] ( invisible be+s is liable to be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,:ile o!r ,aryan races _h pass$ beyond ?is /age :5 we fir/ "k !m1 & advanc$ to ! belief 9 great gods rul+ great prov9ces ( nature1 ! ,lat9s1 ^: m9d 0 organis+ r ?an productive1 made ?is advance m sl[ly1 & in/ead ( mak+ x organis$ ! spiritual _w ( animism ) a ?or\ghness n[h]e else equall$4#a ,!y _h1 !re=e1 no gods prop]ly s call$1 b only a ho/ ( spirits4 ,ev5 ! be+s !y possess$1 :o aft]w>ds became great gods1 7 at fir/ no m ?an functional spirits4 ,janus1 aft]w>ds "o ( ! *ief deities ( ,rome1 is orig9ally ! _s ( op5+2 an ab/raction capable ( great multiplication2 a ,janus c\ld be invok$ = ea* act ( t k9d4 ,ve/a is ! _s ( ! he>?2 ea* h\sehold _h its ,ve/a1 bo? 9 e>ly & 9 lat] times4 ,juno is n "o b _m3 z ea* man _h 8 g5ius1 a spiritual self accompany+ or gu>d+ him1 s ea* woman _h--n h] g5ius1 b h] ,juno4 ,!re 7 _m ,ve/as1 _m ,junos2 & x is only lat] t ! great goddess arises1 :o may be look$ to f e qu>t]4 ,o!rs ( ! great gods ( lat] ,rome h a simil> e>ly hi/ory4 ,m>s 0 at fir/ ! _s :i* made ! corn gr[2 ,diana 0 a tree-_s1 ,jovis or ,diovis himself1 ?\gh 8 "n connects him ) ! ,greek ,zeus & ! ,sanscrit ,dyaus1 & ?\gh he is aft]w>ds1 l ^!1 ! god ( ! sky1 0 orig9ally 9 ,lat9 a _s ( w9e1 & 0 wor%ipp$1 ! ,jovis ( ea* village or ea* f>m1 at ! w9e-fea/ 9 ,april :5 ! fir/ cask 0 broa*$4 ,?us ! gods ( ! ,lat9s are n be+s :o h an indep5d5t exi/5ce & features ( _! own2 !y are limit$ ea* to ! p>ticul> object or process f :i* he d]ives 8 "*1 & h no realm beyond x4 ,& ! same is true ( ! family & h\se-gods1 ^: wor%ip =m$ p]haps ! pr9cipal "p ( ! work+ religion ( ! ,roman4 ,! ,l>es repres5t ! dep>t$ ance/ors ( ! family2 !y dwell ne> ! spot 9 ! h\se :]e !y 7 buri$1 & /ill preside ov] ! h\sehold z !y did 9 life4 ,!y are wor%ipp$ daily ) pray]s & (f]+s ( food & dr9k2 ! family adore 9 !m n s mu* ! dead individuals1 ?\gh _! masks hang on ! wall1 z ! ab/raction ( its own family cont9uity4 ,! ,p5ates or spirits ( ! /ore-*amb] are wor%ipp$ along ) ! ,l>es1 !y repres5t ! cont9uity ( ! family =tune4 ,a m g5]al "n = ! dep>t$ is ! ,manes1 ! k9d ones2 !y are ?\ght ( z liv+ bel[ ! e>?2 x is n individuals :o are wor%ipp$ at _! fe/ivals1 b ! dead 9 ! ab/ract1 ! =m] uphold]s ( ! family or ( ! p4 ,footnote #a3 ,see on ?is ,mr4 ,jevons's preface to ,plut>*'s ,romane ,que/ions 7,nutt1 #ahib72 :i* des]ves to be publi%$ 9 a m accessible =m4 ,! "* ( ,roman wor%ip is det]m9$ by ! nature ( its objects4 ,z ea* ( ! gods has 8 basis 9 a mat]ial object or action1 !re c be no ne$ ( any images ( !m2 :]e ! object or ! act is1 !re is ! god1 8 "* is express$ 9 x & n to be express$ o!rwise4 ,nor c\ld su* gods require any temples4 ,& :at ne$ ( prie/s = !m1 :5 e "o :o knew _! names 7a great deal dep5d$ on t7 c\ld place himself 9 contact ) !m z soon z he saw ! object or took 9 h& ! action beh9d :i* !y /ood8 ,nor c _m /ories be told ab\t gods l ^!1--! ,romans h no my?ology4 ,! be+s !y wor%ip are n p]sons b ab/ractions4 ,!y h j en\gh "* to be male or female1 b !y _c move ab\t or act indep5d5tly ( _! natural basis2 !y _c m>ry1 nor bre$ sc&al1 nor make w>4 ,nor c !re be any motive = id5tify+ ) su* be+s a great man :o has di$2 :]e !re are no true gods1 !re _c be any demi-gods or h]oes4 ,only a v limit$ p[] c possibly be put =? by su* be+s2 all !y c d is to give or to )hold prosp]ity1 ea* 9 ! n>r[ section ( affairs he has to d )4 ,! aim ( wor%ip :]e su* a set ( be+s is conc]n$1 is to get hold ( ! _s or god connect$ ) ! act "o has 9 view1 & s to deal ) him z to av]t 8 disfav\r1 :i* ! ,roman always appreh5d$1 & ga9 8 concurr5ce4 ,! h\se-gods are be+s possess+ a /at$ cult1 b outside ! h\se-cult ! wor%ipp] has to face ! "q at ea* em]g5cy :i* god he ought to address4 ,he might *oose ! wrong "o1 :i* w\ld make 8 act ( wor%ip va94 ,if he names ! god correctly he w h a hold on him2 9 a case ( unc]ta9ty1 !re=e1 he names a numb] ( gods1 9 ! hope t "o ( !m w be ! "r "o2 or he invokes !m all4 ,:e!r ?\ be god or goddess he w fur!r say1 if he is 9 d\bt on t po9t1 or by :atev] "n ?\ desire/ to be call$4 ,ea* god has 8 prop] /yle & title1 & x is va9 to approa* him )\t ^!2 li/s ( ! v>i\s gods & ( _! correct /yles 7 !re=e drawn up 9 v e>ly times to s]ve z guides to ! subject4 ,! ,lat9 ^w indigito1 to po9t out1 f digitus1 a f+]1 is ! t]m us$ ( address+ a god2 ! li/s ( deities ) _! prop] appellations 7 call$ indigitam5ta2 & ! gods nam$ 9 !m ,dii indigetes4 ,! act ( wor%ip is grave & =mal2 x has to be done ) precision & 9 /rict accordance ) ! rules2 sil5ce is comm&$2 ! sacrific] repeats ! pray] prop] = ! occasion aft] "s "o :o kn[s x by rote2 ! wor%ipp]s veil _! heads4 ,9 ?is ! ,roman ritual is m>k$ly diff]5t f ! ,greek4 ,momms5 says ! ,greek pray$ b>ehead$1 because 8 pray] 0 contemplation1 look+ at & to ! gods2 & ! ,roman ) head cov]$1 because 8 pray] 0 an ex]cise ( ?\ght2 & 9 ?is he sees a *>act]i/ic indication ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two religions4 ,a m mod]n int]pretation ( ! ,roman practice is t x arose f ! fe> t ! wor%ipp] might see ! god :om he has j summon$ by "n1 :i* w\ld be dang]\s4 ,if any mi/ake is made 9 wor%ip1 ! act is va9 & has to be done ov] aga94 ,! ,great ,gods4--,! =ego+ is ! logic ( ! sy/em on :i* ! ,roman religion1 z di/+ui%$ f ! =eign elem5ts aft]w>ds add$ to x1 0 bas$2 ! religion1 h[ev]1 does n come into view hi/orically till x has begun to rise above su* a wor%ip ( ab/ractions or ( petty spirits1 t[>ds a wor%ip ( gods4 ,x 0 app>5tly by ! gr[? ( l>g] social organisms t ! ,lat9 tribes advanc$ to ! wor%ip ( great] gods4 ,:ile ! family religions cont9u$ to ! end1 ! tribe _h1 z 9 ! case ( o!r e>ly peoples1 a l>g] religion ?an ! family1 & a union ( tribes produc$ a religion on a /ill great] scale4 ,! hi/ory ( e>ly ,rome consi/s ( a succession ( su* fusions ( tribes into a l>g] political :ole4 ,:5 hi/ory op5s1 ,rome is a fully-=m$ & unit$ city2 b ,rome is made up ( sev]al tribes1 :i* ma9ta9 _m sep>ate in/itutions4 ,! religion ( aft] times be>s witness to ^! successive unions4 ,deus ,fidius1 ! god ( good fai?1 is ! sacr$ imp]sonation ( an alliance4 ,m>s & ,quir9us are precisely simil> to ea* o!r1 & ea* has a flam51 or bl[] ( ! sacrificial flame1 & a /aff ( twelve salii or danc]s4 ,m>s is ! ,roman1 ,quir9us ! ,sab9e deity2 & we see t ! two tribes _h1 be=e !y 7 unit$1 v simil> wor%ips1 :i* 7 bo? kept up aft] ! union4 ,! f]iae ,lat9ae1 or ,lat9 fe/ival1 celebrat$ on ,mons ,albanus1 is common to ! ,lat9 tribes & commemorates _! union4 ,jovis rises into importance ) ! gr[? ( city life2 he comes to be call$ fa!r ,jovis1 ,jupit]2 !re are _m ,jupit]s1 b ! ,jupit] ( ! city ( ,rome is ! greate/ & be/ ( all2 he be>s ! title ( ,optimus ,maximus4 ,he rises above ,m>s1 9 e>li] times ! fir/ ,roman god1 aft] :om ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> 0 call$1 be=e ! mon? ( ,janus & ! mon? ( ,februus1 ! purifi]1 7 add$ to x4 ,janus1 ! great /ate-god ( op5+1 0 ! only "o ( :om !re 0 a repres5tation2 ,m>s 0 repres5t$ symbolically by a spe>1 b ,janus 0 figur$ z a man ) two faces4 ,ve/a1 ! he>?-goddess ( ! /ate1 0 ( c\rse a great deity ) a v important wor%ip4 ,"h we mu/ m5tion a side ( ,roman religion :i* no d\bt has its roots f> back 9 prehi/oric d>kness1 b :i* c\ld sc>cely be organis$ z we f9d x till ! great] gods _h ris5 to "s degree ( p[]4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! gods 7 con/antly mak+ signs to m51 especially 9 occurr5ces :i* take place 9 ! air1 su* z ?und] & lightn+1 & ! flight ( birds1 b also 9 _m o!r ways4 ,"s ( ! signs 7 simple1 s t any "o c\ld tell if !y 7 lucky or ! rev]se1 b "s 7 n to be int]pret$ except by m5 possess+ a special k ( ! subject4 ,& su* m5 might be ask$ by an individual or by ! /ate :5 ab\t to ent] on any und]tak+1 to seek a sign f heav5 conc]n+ t bus9ess4 ,?is became ) ! ,romans a great & important act1 & ^? :o _h x 9 _! h&s ex]cis$ great p[]4 ,sacr$ ,p]sons4--,! prie/ 9 ! e>lie/ times 01 9 ! dome/ic religion1 ! pat]familias1 9 t ( ! tribe1 :i* 0 b an ext5d$ h\sehold1 ! head ( ! lead+ family1 & 9 ! city1 :i* 0 con/itut$ aft] ! same model1 ! k+4 ,religion 0 ! pr9cipal "p ( ! s]vice ( ! /ate2 ! k+ z su* _h to (f] sacrifice1 to cause ! gods to be consult$1 to prosecute & judge & puni% ^? :o _h violat$ ! laws & came "u ! ang] ( ! gods4 ,b z ! /ate grew l>g]1 v>i\s (fices 7 set up to relieve ! k+ ( "p ( ^! duties2 :5 new wor%ips 7 add$ to ! old ones1 ! c>e ( !m 0 9 "s cases committ$ to a special p]son or college2 & ^! prie/hoods & sacr$ guilds ( e>ly ,rome ma9ta9$ _! place 9 ! con/itution = _m c5turies1 & c>ri$ on ?is "p ( ! public s]vice long aft] ! words !y spoke & ! acts !y did _h become mean+less4 ,beg9n+ ) ! sacr$ p]sons atta*$ to special cults1 we h1 fir/1 ?ree flam5s1 "o ( ,m>s1 "o ( ,quir9us1 & "o ( ,jovis 7fl4 ,m>tialis1 ,quir9alis1 ,dialis74 ,m>s & ,quir9us h _! danc]s1 z we m5tion$ above4 ,o!r flam5s ( l[] rank 7 aft]w>ds in/itut$ = ! sep>ate wor%ips ( ! tribes4 ,v old are ! fratres arvales1 field-bro!rs1 :o s]v$ ! creative goddess 7,dea ,dia7 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ) a view to a good gr[+ summ]1 danc+ to h] & address+ hymns to h] :i* may be read n[ b _c be und]/ood1 & 7 un9telligible to ! ,romans !mselves4 ,! ,lup]ci 7wolf-m57 held a %eph]d's fe/ival 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 sacrific+ goats & dogs to "s ru/ic deity1 & runn+ nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets aft]w>ds1 /rik+ ^? !y met ) ?ongs cut f ! hides ( ! victims4 ,! six ve/al virg9s are well kn[n1 :o _h *>ge ( keep+ up ! fire ( ,ve/a1 ! h\se-fire ( ! /ate4 ,!y devot$ _! :ole lives to ?is (fice1 & enjoy$ great respect4 ,^! prie/hoods & corporations1 in/itut$ to secure ! cont9uance ( special cults1 are n ( a nature to br+ ! :ole ( life "u ! influ5ce ( ! prie/s & s to fo/] a prie/ly type ( religion4 ,nor 7 ^? o!r religi\s (fices ( a nature to d s1 :i* 7 n atta*$ to special cults b s]v$ ! m g5]al purpose ( assi/+ & advis+ ! /ate 9 matt]s connect$ ) religion4 ,fir/ among ^! comes ! (fice ( pontifex1 a ^w :i* is v>i\sly int]pret$1 ei!r z bridge-mak]1--t be+ a v important & solemn proce$+1--or z lead] 9 a religi\s procession4 ,!re 7 orig9ally five pontifices1 & ! numb] 0 aft]w>ds rais$ to fifte54 ,!y ex]cis$ a great v>iety ( functions1 & _h a g5]al ov]sight ( all religi\s matt]s1 bo? public & dome/ic4 ,!y 7 exp]ts 9 ritual & 9 canon law2 !y advis$ ! /ate z to ! prop] sacrifices to be (f]$ = ! public1 &1 :5 consult$1 w\ld also direct ! private individual4 ,fun]als1 m>riages1 & o!r dome/ic occurr5ces into :i* religi\s consid]ations ent]$1 7 "u _! *>ge2 & on ! occurr5ce ( port5ts & om5s x 0 _! duty to indicate ! /eps to be tak5 9 ord] to f9d out :at ! gods wi%$ to signify4 ,!y _h *>ge ( ! cal5d>1 & _h to fix :at days 7 prop] = c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( ! c\rts 7dies fa/i71 & !y 7 ! au?orities on ! =ms ( legal process4 ,! *ief pontiff is call$ ! judge & arbit] ( ?+s div9e & human1 & ! college _h manife/ly a v /rong position4 ,! same is true ( ! augurs or exp]ts 9 signs & om5s4 ,?\gh !y did n consult ! gods ab\t public und]tak+s until ! magi/rate or ! g5]al ask$ !m to d s1 !y _h p[] to /op proce$+s ( :i* !y disapprov$2 & ?is at c]ta9 p]iods ( ,roman hi/ory !y v frequ5tly did4 ,9 ,cic]o's treatise on ,div9ation a great deal ( int]e/+ matt] may be f\nd on ?is subject4 ,ano!r sacr$ college ( some:at lat] date is t ( ! m51 at fir/ ?ree 9 numb]1 aft]w>ds fifte51 :o act$ z exp\nd]s ( ! sacr$ ,sibyll9e books1 :i* ,k+ ,t>qu9 pur*as$ f ! old woman or ,sibyl1 ( ,cumae4 ,roman ,religion ,legal r ?an ,prie/ly4--,:ile "s ( ^! prie/ly colleges ex]cis$ l>ge p[]s1 ^! p[]s 7 always reg>d$ n z inh]5t b deput$4 ,! sacr$ (fices 7 n h]$it>y b elective2 no c\rse ( tra9+ 0 necess>y to qualify = !m2 m5 7 *os5 = !m by ! /ate z = any o!r public (fice1 & ^? :o became prie/s did n cease to be citiz5s b cont9u$ to sit 9 ! ,s5ate1 &1 z x might happ51 to hold o!r (fices at ! same "t4 ,! gr[? ( a prie/ly ca/e 0 ?us effectively prev5t$2 religion 0 preclud$ f hav+ any free developm5t ( its own1 & kept 9 ! position ( an in/rum5t = ! fur!rance ( ends ( /ate4 ,!re is no great religion 9 :i* ritual is s mu*1 doctr9e & en?usiasm s little4 ,all ^! prie/s & colleges exi/ = no end b to c>ry out ) /rict exactitude ! ritual usage :i* is deem$ necess>y to keep on good t]ms ) ! gods4 ,!y h no doctr9e to tea*1 no f]v\r to communicate1 !y d n ev5 tell any /ories4 ,punctili\sness & anxiety att5d all _! proce$+s4 ,to ! ,roman1 ,ihne says1 religion turns out to be ! fe> le/ ! gods %\ld puni% !m = neglect2 any unusual occurr5ce may be a sign t ! gods are )draw+ _! co-op]ation f ! /ate1 & ?is mu/ be look$ into1 & ! due expiations us$ if judg$ necess>y4 ,ritual mu/ always be c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ precision2 x is n ! goodwill ( ! wor%ipp] b 8 exactitude t c\nts4 ,he may ev5 *eat ! gods ( _! due if he is =mally correct 9 8 obs]vance4 ,= example1 if ! auspices 7! signs d]iv$ f birds7 7 unfav\rable1 !y c\ld be repeat$ till a bett] result 0 obta9$4 ,:at we h describ$ is ! religion ( ,rome 9 its orig9al =m1 be=e x accept$ =eign modifications4 ,its gods are spirits ( ! woods & fields1 ( ! m>ket1 ( ! =ay1 ( ! treaty1 ( all ! aspects1 9 fact1 :i* life _h borne to ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,italy1 especially to ! ,lat9s & ! ,sab9es :o comb9$ to =m ! /ate ( ,rome4 ,^! gods =m no family & h no hi/ory1 !y d n1 l ! gods ( ,greece1 lay hold ( ! imag9ation1 nor1 l ^? ( ,g]many1 ( ! affections4 ,!y are only dimly kn[n2 b !y are p[]ful1 & x is necess>y to reckon ) !m2 & ! only relations :i* c be kept up ) su* be+s are ^? ( bus9ess & ( law4 ,x foll[s t ?is religion is "o ( con/ra9t & n ( inspiration4 ,9 ?is x agrees ) ! ,roman "*1 :i* is mu* m incl9$ to ord] ?an to fre$om1 to law ?an to art4 ,! ^w religion has "h its orig92 its prim>y mean+ is re/ra9t or *eck1 s9ce ! *ief feel+ ) :i* ! ,roman reg>d$ 8 gods 0 t ( anxiety4 ,n t ! gods 7 bad2 ,v$iovis1 ! bad c\nt]p>t ( ,jovis1 is a vani%+ figure1--b !y 7 ill-kn[n1 & might h cause to be angry4 ,wor%ip1 !re=e1 ! practical cultivation ( ! fri5d%ip ( ! gods1 swall[s up "h ! o!r elem5ts ( religion z a :ole4 ,religion does n free ! =ces ( human nature to realise !mselves 9 spontane\s activity1 b en*a9s !m to ! punctili\s s]vice ( a nonhuman au?ority4 ,ev]y?+ excit+ is kept at a di/ance1 & m5 are tra9$ 9 ob$i5ce & scrupul\sness & self-d5ial4 ,!y produce no beautiful works ( art1 & h h>dly any /ories to delight 92 b !y are rev]5t & consci5ti\s2 private feel+ is sacrific$ ) an au/]e satisfaction to ! public int]e/1 & !y accord+ly build up a great p[]4 ,liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( magic1 :]e unse5 dang]s lurk on e side1 & !re is virtue 9 words & =ms correctly us$ to av]t ^! dang]s1 ! ,roman develops to p]fection "o side ( religion4 ,to its inspirations & en?usiasms & hidd5 consolation he is a /rang]2 b he kn[s x bett] ?an o!rs z a cons]vative & regulat+ =ce1 :i* *ecks passion1 calls = w>y & ord]ly conduct1 & causes ! individual to subord9ate himself to ! community4 ,*anges introduc$ f )\t4--,! ,roman religion _h1 prop]ly speak+1 no developm5t4 ,:at x might h become _h x be5 left to unfold itself )\t int]f]5ce f )\t1 we c only guess2 b x 0 e>ly br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( m highly develop$ religions1 & x prov$ to h s little p[] ( resi/+ innovations t x spe$ily p>t$ ) mu* ( its own native "*4 ,! ,romans 7 n unconsci\s t _! religion 0 an imp]fect "o2 !y nev] claim$1 :5 !y 7 conqu]+ ! _w1 t _! religion 0 ! only true "o1 or _h any mission to prevail ov] o!rs4 ,!y 7 tol]ant f ! fir/ ( ! religions ( o!r peoples4 ,! gods ( o!r peoples !y always believ$ to be real be+s1 ) :om x 0 well = !m also to be on good t]ms4 ,if ev]y?+ 9 ! _w _h its _s1 ^! gods also 7 ! spirits ( _! own c\ntries & nations2 ! v notion ( deity :i* ! ,romans ent]ta9$ prev5t$ !m f hav+ any exclusive belief 9 _! own gods or f d5y+ ! "r ( ! gods ( o!rs4#b ,:5 !re=e !y came 9 contact ) =eign religions1 !y 7 n protect$ by any pr(\nd conviction ( ! tru? ( _! own1 & 7 expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! new ideas4 ,! new religions came to !m along ) ! culture ( peoples mu* fur!r advanc$ 9 art & 9 ?\ght ?an !y 7 !mselves2 at ea* su* contact1 !re=e1 !y felt ! =eign] to be sup]ior to !mselves 9 intellectual matt]s2 & :]ev] ?is happ5s1 ! less highly gift$ race is likely to *ange 9 its religion z well z 9 o!r ?+s4 ,we h to note ! *anges :i* 7 produc$ by su* ext]nal influ5ces4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,celsus 9 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 vii4 #fh4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,rome borr[$ f ,etruria4 ,etruscan religion 0 bo? m develop$ & m savage ?an t ( ,rome4 ,human sacrifice 0 an ackn[l$g$ feature ( x2 div9ation 0 c>ri$ to absurd l5g?s1 "o great bran* ( x consi/+ 9 ! pr$iction ( ! future f ! appe>ance ( ! entrails ( slaught]$ animals4 ,etruria _h a hell ) regul> torm5ts = ! dep>t$2 9 ,rome ! belief 9 a future life 0 mu* less def9ite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,etruria _h deities :o 7 some?+ m ?an ab/ractions2 !re 0 a circle ( twelve gods1 :o held meet+s on high1 & regulat$ ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,above !m 0 a p[]1 little def9$1 to :i* ! gods 7 subject1 a k9d ( fate4 ,greek influ5ce1 s notably app>5t 9 ,etruscan art1 is pres5t1 too1 we see1 9 ,etruscan religion2 x is ?r\gh ?is some:at d>k passage t ,greek religi\s ideas fir/ came to ,rome4 ,"u ?is influ5ce v>i\s innovations took place at ,rome4 ,be=e ! end ( ! mon>*y ! ,romans _h begun to build h\ses = _! gods1 aft] be+ = #agj ye>s1 we are told1 )\t any su* arrangem5t4 ,! ,roman templum 0 n orig9ally a build+1 b a space m>k$ (f1 accord+ to ! rules ( augury1 = ! obs]vation ( signs4 ,a "p ( ! sky 0 also m>k$ (f = su* obs]vation & contemplation4 ,on su* a holy site1 on ! ,capitol9e hill1 !re 0 f\nd$ by ! e>li] ,t>qu9 ! temple ( ,jupit] :i* always cont9u$ to be ! pr9cipal site ( ,roman religion4 ,its ar*itecture 0 ,tuscan2 & x conta9$ n only a cella or holy place = ! image ( ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus1 b also a cella = ,juno & "o = ,m9]va4 ,! latt] 0 bo? an ,etruscan & a ,roman deity1 ! goddess ( memory4 ,art 0 ?us enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! gods2 ! div9e figures acquir$ a reality & di/9ctness q want+ to ! e>li] div9e ab/ractions2 & a new notion ( deity 0 pres5t$ to ! ,roman m9d4 ,o!r temples foll[$1 to ,jupit] "u o!r names ?an t :i* he _h 9 ! ,capitol1 & to o!r deities4 ,t ( ,fai? 0 a v e>ly "o4 ,x 0 a rule 9 temple-build+ t ! image 9 ! cella fac$ ! we/1 s t ! wor%ipp]1 pray+ t[>ds x1 fac$ ! ea/4 ,"h also ! ,roman cu/om is a dep>ture f ! ,greek2 = 9 ,greek temples x is ! rule t ! image faces ! ea/1 & ! wor%ipp] ! we/4 ,! ,roman ori5tation ( sacr$ build+s has pass$ into ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,f ,etruria ! ,romans also d]iv$ a great addition to ! rules ( div9ation2 b ! m *ildi% p>ts ( ,etruscan div9ation 7 reg>d$ at ,rome z sup]/iti\s1 ?\gh private p]sons might frequ5tly resort to !m4 ,greek ,gods 9 ,rome4--,:ile ,greek ideas ?us came indirectly f ! nor?1 ! s\? ( ! p59sula 0 becom+ m & m ,greek1 & ! gods & temples ( ,hellas1 e/abli%$ fir/ at ! sea-ports & colonies1 gradually came to ,rome4 ,?is movem5t is connect$ ) ! ,sibyll9e books :i* 7 acquir$ by ! la/ ( ! k+s4 ,^! books 7 br\ght to ,rome f ! ,greek t[n ( ,cumae2 !y 7 writt5 9 ,greek1 & conta9$ oracles :i* 7 ascrib$ to an old ,greek prophetess4 ,!y 7 consult$ 9 grave em]g5cies ( /ate ?r\gh ! (ficials :o _h *>ge ( !m1 & :at !y g5]ally prescrib$ 0 t a god %\ld be s5t = f ,greece1 & 8 wor%ip set up 9 ,rome4 ,_m =eign wor%ips 7 ?us import$4 ,fir/ came ,apollo1 disguis$ "u ! ,lat9 "n ( ,ap]ta1 op5]1 = ! books conta9$ _m ( 8 oracles2 he 0 receiv$ & wor%ipp$ z a god ( purification1 s9ce ! /ate 0 9 ne$ ( t process at ! "t1 z well z ( prophecy4 ,9 ! ye> #dif ,b4,c4 came 9 ! same way ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 & ,dionysus1 id5tifi$ ) ! old ,lat9 ,c]es1 ,lib]a1 & ,lib]2 &1 a c5tury lat]1 ,h]acles1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,lat9 ,h]cules4 ,9 ! ye> #bia1 on ! occurr5ce ( a plague1 ,asclepios1 9 ,lat9 ,aesculapius1 0 br\ght f ,epidauros2 & :5 ! crisis ( ! conte/ ) ,hannibal 0 at h& 7#bjd ,b4,c47 ,cybele1 ! great "m ( ! gods1 0 fet*$ f ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia4 ,! p ( t t[n g5]\sly h&$ ov] to ! ,roman ambassadors ! field-/one :i* 0 _! image ( ! goddess1 & h] j\rney to ,rome _h ! desir$ effect1 9 ! expulsion ( ,hannibal f ,italy4 ,! ,v5us ( ,m\nt ,eryx 9 ,sicily arriv$ 9 ,rome ab\t ! same "t2 a goddess comb9+ ! *>act]s ( ,aphrodite & ,a/>te1 & q diff]5t f ! simple old ,roman ,v5us1 :o 0 a goddess ( ,spr+1 & presid$ ov] g>d5s4 ,! process ( :i* ^! are ! outw>d l&m>ks w5t on dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,republic1 & result$ 9 ! sub/itution ( :at may be call$ ) ,momms5 ! ,grco-,roman1 = ! old ,roman religion4 ,! *ange 0 a v pr(\nd "o4 ,n only 7 "s new gods add$ to ! old ones1 n only did ,greek art come to be employ$ 9 ,roman temples1 n only 7 new rites introduc$1 su* z ! lecti/]nium1 9 :i* c\*es 7 arrang$1 ea* ) ! image ( a god & t ( a goddess1 & tables spread to regale ! recumb5t deities4 ,! v notion ( deity 0 *ang$2 ! ,greek god1 repres5t$ by an image 9 human =m & mov+ freely 9 ! upp] _w1 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,lat9 god :o 0 ! unse5 side ( an act or process or quality1 f :i* he _h 8 "n1 & ap>t f :i* he 0 n4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal ,roman gods & ( ! ,greek ones ) :om !y 7 id5tifi$3--,jupit] 7,zeus71 ,juno 7,h]a71 ,neptunus 7,poseidon71 ,m9]va 7,a!ne71 ,m>s 7,ares71 ,v5us 7,aphrodite71 ,diana 7,artemis71 ,vulcanus 7,hephae/us71 ,ve/a 7,he/ia71 ,m]curius 7,h]mes71 ,c]es 7,demet]74 ,! id5tifications are by no means accurate2 ,jupit] & ,ve/a1 z we h se51 are ! only two ,roman gods :o are really id5tical ) ,greek gods1 ! o!r equations are f\nd$ on accid5tal resemblances1 & are m arbitr>y ?an real4 ,! result ( !m 01 h[ev]1 t ! ,romans =got to a l>ge ext5t _! own gods1 & got ,greek ones in/ead4 ,) ! div9e figures !y took ov] ! my?ology ( ,greece1 & ?us ! gods came to be well kn[n ) all _! weaknesses1 in/ead ( z be=e surr\nd$ ) my/]y & awe4 ,! wor%ip f\nd$ on ! e>li] conception ( ! deity1 & kept up ) unwav]+ regul>ity1 0 inapplicable to ^! new gods1 & inevitably lo/ all its reality4 ,?is is n ! only cause1 b x is "o ( ! *ief causes :i* prep>$ = ! fe>ful spectacle pres5t$ by ,roman religion at ! end ( ! ,republic1 :5 m5 ( le>n+ & di/9ction (ficiat$ z ! heads ( a religion 9 :i* !y _h no belief1 & :i* !y sc(f$ at 9 _! writ+s4 ,among ! wor%ips :i* came to ,rome f ! ,ea/ !re 7 sev]al :i* are n ( ,greek1 b ( ,ori5tal orig94 ,! wor%ip ( ,cybele belongs to ,asia ,m9or1 ?\gh x _h spread ov] ,greece2 t ( ,dionysus also came to ,greece f ,asia4 ,! practice ( bo? ^! cults 0 accompani$ by excitem5t & self-ab&onm5t on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]s2 & !y =m$ a great contra/ to ! /aid & =mal wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 ! only admissible passion 9 :i* 0 a calm passion = correctness4 ,! wor%ip ( ,cybele 0 c>ri$ on by eunu*s1 x _h noisy processions1 & dep5d$ on begg+ = its support4 ,:5 ! ,romans br\ght x to _! city1 !y orda9$ t ,roman citiz5s %\ld n fill lead+ (fices 9 x2 b x fl\ri%$ s /rongly1 among ! num]\s =eign]s 9 ! capital & among ! poor1 z to %[ t x met a great want !re4 ,! wor%ip ( ,bac*us _h to be suppress$ by ! /ate2 x 0 c>ri$ on at nocturnal meet+s1 :i* ev5 citiz5s att5d$1 & x l$ to all k9ds ( irregul>ities4 ,z ! subject ( ?is *apt] is n ! religions ( ,rome1 b ! ,roman religion1 we d n "h review ! num]\s =eign wor%ips :i* 7 br\ght to ! capital f e "p ( ! ,empire1 & made ,rome1 t[>ds ! close ( ! ,republic1 ! resid5ce ( ! gods ( e nation4 ,! ,romans z we saw 7 n l$ by any convictions ( _! own to d5y ! tru? ( =eign religions2 & _! policy z rul]s also incl9$ !m to tol]ate all wor%ips :i* did n (f5d aga9/ civil ord]4 ,9 ! prov9ces x 0 ! rule n to int]f]e ) local religion2 at ,rome ! au?orities recognis$ n ! import$ religion itself1 ( :i* ! /ate did n feel call$ to judge1 b ! association practis+ x1 :i* receiv$ p]mission to d s4 ,! wor%ip 0 !n protect$ by ! /ate--x became a religio licita4 ,amid ! meet+ ( all ! gods & ! cla%+ ( all ! cre$s :i* 7 ?us br\ght ab\t at ,rome1 ! ,roman religion itself ma9ta9$ its place1 n z a doctr9e :i* any "o believ$1 = ! v prie/s & augurs laugh$ at ! rites & c]emonies !y c>ri$ on1 b z a ritual :i* 0 b\nd up ) ! :ole pa/ hi/ory ( ,rome1 & believ$ to be necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! /ate z well z = ! satisfaction ( ! common p4 ,9 ! atmosph]e ( discussion & ( f>-rea*+ scepticism :i* !n prevail$ x 0 n to be expect$ t fai? c\ld aga9 f9d any /rong support 9 ! hi/orical religion ( ,rome4 ,! ,emp]or ,augu/us made a s]i\s attempt to re=m & revive religion4 ,he select$ ! dome/ic wor%ip ( ! ,l>es z ! mo/ liv+ "p ( ! old sy/em1 & orda9$ t ! two ,l>es %\ld be wor%ipp$ along ) ! g5ius ( ! ,emp]or1 & t ,rome %\ld be divid$ into di/ricts1 ea* ) its temple ( ?is /range tr9ity2 :ile 9 ! prov9ces ea* di/rict 0 to support a wor%ip ( ,rome & ( ! ,emp]or 9 addition to its exi/+ cults4 ,temples 7 rebuilt at ,rome1 new ones 7 rais$1 sacr$ (fices 7 fill$ :i* _h be5 vacant1 religi\s games 7 in/itut$ to c>ry ! ,roman m9d back to ! sacr$ pa/4 ,livy & ,virgil treat$ ! pa/ f a religi\s po9t ( view1 %[+ ! sacr$ mission ( ! ,roman race1 & exhibit+ ! val\r & piety ( ! f\nd]s ( ! /ate4 ,if ! ,roman religion c\ld be reviv$ ^! 7 ! prop] means to d x4 ,b ! religion ( ! future 0 n to be prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,! sections on religion 9 ,momms5's ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,ramsay's ,roman ,antiquities4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,cultur d] ,rm]4 ,holw]da1 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,= ! p]iod ( ! ,empire1 ,boissi]'s ,la ,religion ,roma9e4 ,see also ! "w ( ,cumont1 cit$ at ! end ( *apt] x4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,india ,i4 ,! ,v$ic ,religion ,no contra/ c\ld well be great] ?an t betwe5 ! ,g]man religion & t ( ,india4 ,9 ! "o case we h a p full ( vig\r1 b n yet civilis$2 9 ! o!r a p ( high organisation & culture1 b defici5t 9 vig\r2 ! =m] religion is "o ( action1 ! latt] "o ( speculation4 ,f ! orig9al ,aryan fai?1 to :i* t ( ! ,teutons mo/ closely approximates1 ,indian religion is remov$ by two great /eps4 ,fir/ we h z a v>iety ( ,aryan fai? ! ,indo-,iranian religion1 t ( ! undivid$ ance/ors ( ,p]sians & ,indians alike1 9 ! dim p]iod antec$5t to ! ,aryan settlem5t ( ,india4 ,( ?is religion1 ! common "m ( ^? ( ,p]sia & ( ,india1 we %all give "s sket* aft] we h made acqua9tance ) ! gods ( ,india1 at ! beg9n+ ( our ,p]sian *apt]4 ,indian religion is a v>iety ( ,indo-,iranian1 :i* is a v>iety ( ! ,aryan type4 ,nei!r its g5ealogy nor its "* entitles x to be tak5 z a typical example ( ! ,aryan religions4 ,9 lit]>y *ronology x is ! e>lie/ ( !m1 inasmu* z its books are ! olde/ sacr$ lit]ature ( ,aryan fai?2 b 9 po9t ( developm5t x is n an e>ly b an advanc$ product4 ,! absorb+ int]e/ x (f]s to ! /ud5t ( our sci5ce is due to ! fact t x pres5ts 9 an unbrok5 sequ5ce a gr[? ( religi\s ?\ght1 :i*1 beg9n+ ) simple conceptions & advanc+ to a great prie/ly ritual1 c be se5 to pass into my/icism & asceticism1 & !nce to ! rejection ( all gods & rites1 & a sy/em ( salvation by individual good conduct4 ,n[h]e else c ! progress ( religion ?r\gh :at we might call its sev5 ages ( life be se5 s cle>ly1 nor ! logical connection ( ^! ages ) ea* o!r be recognis$ s unmi/akably4 ,! pres5t *apt] deals ) ! infancy & lu/y y\? ( ! religion z se5 9 ,v$ism2 ! lat] /ages ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism w be spok5 ( 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,! ,rigv$a4--,! ,v$ic religion takes its "n f ! ,rigv$a1 ! olde/ portion ( ,indian lit]ature1 & ! e>lie/ lit]>y docum5t ( ,aryan religion4 ,( f\r v$as or collections ( hymns1 ! ,rigv$a is ! olde/ & mo/ int]e/+4 ,x conta9s a set ( hymns :i*1 ) mu* m ( _! e>ly religi\s lit]ature1 ! ,h9dus ascrib$ to direct div9e revelation1 b :i* we "k to h be5 writt5 by m5 :o claim$ no special inspiration4 ,mo/ ( !m date f ! "t :5 ! ,aryans1 hav+ made good _! entry 9 ,india1 b )\t by any means altoge!r subdu+ ! =m] inhabitants1 7 dwell+ 9 ! ,punjaub4 ,! religion ( ! hymns is a /rongly national "o4 ,! ,aryans appeal to _! gods to help !m aga9/ ! races1 aft]w>ds driv5 to ! s\? & to ! sea coa/s1 :o diff] f !mselves 9 col\r1 9 physiognomy1 9 language1 9 mann]s1 & 9 religion4 ,nor are ^! conqu]ors by any means an uncultivat$ p2 !y _h long be5 us+ metals2 !y built h\ses1--a numb] toge!r 9 a village2 !y liv$ pr9cipally by keep+ cattle1 b also by tillage1 & by hunt+4 ,!y drank ,sura1 a k9d ( br&y1 & ,soma1 a k9d ( /rong ale1 ( :i* we %all he> m4 ,!y 71 z a rule1 monogam\s1 ! wife occupy+ a high position 9 ! h\sehold1 & assi/+ h] husb& 9 (f]+ ! dome/ic sacrifice4 ,at ! head ( ea* /ate 0 a k+1 z among ! ,greeks ( ,hom]2 he 0 n1 h[ev]1 an absolute mon>*2 8 p met 9 c\ncil & controll$ him4 ,! k+ himself (f]$ sacrifice = 8 tribe 9 8 own h\se1--!re 7 no temples1--b he 0 frequ5tly assi/$ by a man or sev]al m5 ( special le>n+ 9 su* rites4 ,! hymns ( ! ,rigv$a 7 writt5 = use at sacrifices4 ,! sacrifice consi/s ( food & dr9k ( :i* ! god :o is address$ is invit$ to come & p>take1 or :i* are convey$ to ! gods seat$ on _! heav5ly ?rones1 by means ( fire4 ,soma1 ! intoxicat+ juice ( ! soma plant1 is an inv>iable feature ( ! banquets 9 ^! hymns2 ! solid "p consi/s ( butt]1 milk1 rice or cakes2 b animals 7 also kill$1 & ! horse-sacrifice 0 a specially important "o4 ,! hymn also is an ess5tial "p ( ! rite2 ! sacrifice w\ld h no virtue )\t x4 ,x consi/s ( praise & pray]4 ,! deity is extoll$ = ! exploits he has done1 = 8 /r5g?1 = 8 beauty1 = 8 wisdom or 8 goodness1 he is invok$ aga9 & aga9 to p>take ( :at has be5 provid$ = him1 & 9 return he is ask$ to s5d ! wor%ipp] food or c[s1 guidance or protection1 or :atev] ! latt] is 9 want (4 ,! ,v$ic ,gods4--,& :o are ! gods :o receive ?is wor%ip8 ,!y are p>ts ( nature or cele/ial ph5om5a1 m or less p]sonifi$4 ,wor%ip is direct$ n[ to "o div9e be+1 n[ to ano!r2 ea* has a /ory :i* is dwelt on & a numb] ( functions belong+ to him1 = ! sake ( :i* he is extoll$ & s\ght aft]2 ea* god1 t is to say1 has 8 my?4 ,9 ?is set ( gods ! my?s are s cle> t we c id5tify ) p]fect confid5ce ea* ( ! gods ) t "p ( ,nature f :i* he arose4 ,m4 ,b>? classifies ! ,v$ic gods accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* !y h become deta*$ f _! natural basis4 ,!re are two :i* are n s deta*$ at all4 ,agni1 :o is "o ( ! *ief deities ( ! ,rigv$a1 is fire1 & ,soma1 ! deity to :om all ! hymns ( ! n9? book are address$1 is simply ! juice ( ! soma plant1 ! liquid "p ( e sacrifice4 ,agni is n any p>ticul> fire1 b fire z a cosmic pr9ciple1 born 9 heav51 born also daily at ! sacrifice by ! rubb+ toge!r ( two pieces ( wood1 8 p>5ts :om he consumes4 ,he is a prie/ c>ry+ ! (f]+s ( m5 up to ! gods1 b he 0 a prie/ at ! fir/ sacrifice1 ! primeval heav5ly sacrifice1 be=e he _h come d[n to m54 ,he is also ! gue/ & h\sehold fri5d ( man1 a k9dly & famili> be+4 ,b he p]vades all nature1 & all gr[? & en]gy are due to him4 ,soma1 also insep>ably connect$ ) all sacrifice1 :o /r5g!ns ! gods & makes !m immortal1 is likewise a univ]sal pr9ciple2 he too came at fir/ f heav51 & he too is at "w all ?r\gh ! _w4 ,!re are /ories ( 8 fir/ production among ! gods1 & ( ! fir/ effects ( 8 appe>ance2 he is ! n\ri%] ( plants1 he gives inspiration to ! poet & f]v\r to pray]4 ,along ) ,agni he k9dl$ ! sun & ! />s4 ,9 o!r gods !re is a ne>] approa* to a human figure1 & ! physical side is n s obtrusive4 ,indra is mo/ frequ5tly invok$ ( all ! gods1 & may be call$ ! national god ( ?is p]iod4 ,he is describ$ z a *iefta9 /&+ 9 a *>iot drawn by two horses4 ,he wag$ a great battle1 b /ill wages x con/antly1 aga9/ ! mon/]s ( heat & dr\ght1 ,vrittra1 ! cov]]1 & ,ahi ! dragon1 = ! deliv]ance ( ! c[s1 ! heav5ly wat]s1 kept by !m 9 captivity4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! god & ! demon goes on = ev]4 ,indra is also ! giv] ( good ?+s ( e k9d1 he keeps ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! places1 he is ! au?or & pres]v] ( all life1 ! inspir] ( all noble ?\ghts & ! answ]] ( pi\s pray]s1 ! rew>d] ( all :o tru/ 9 him1 & ! =giv] ( ! p5it5t4 ,x is good to sacrifice to him & to (f] him soma 9 abundance2 = x /r5g!ns him to take up afre% 8 conflicts & lab\rs z ! *ampion ( man4 ,indra is surr\nd$ by ! ,m>uts1 ! /orm-gods1 :o are sep>ately invok$ 9 _m hymns4 ,!y drive ?r\gh ! sky ) spl5d\r & ) mighty music1 & br+ ra9 to ! p>*$ e>?4 ,_! fa!r is ,rudra1 also a god ( /orms1 ! h&some/ ( all ! gods1 &1 9 spite ( 8 ?und]bolts1 a helpful & k9dly be+4 ,:]ev] he sees evil done1 he hurls 8 spe> to smite ! evildo]1 b he is also a heal] ( bo? physical & moral evils1 & ! be/ ( all physicians4 ,( ! same ord] ( deities are ,vata or ,vayu1 ! w9d1 & ,p>janya1 ! ra9-/orm4 ,b ! l(tie/ ( all ! ,v$ic gods is ,v>una1 ! great s]5e lum9\s heav54 ,! hymns address$ to him are comp>atively few1 b among !m are ^? :i* rise to ! highe/ moral & religi\s level4 ,9 language recall+ t ( ! psalmi/s & prophets ( ! ,bible1 !y exalt ,v>una z ! creator ( ! _w & ( heav5 & ! />s1 z ! omnisci5t def5d] ( ! good & av5g] ( all evil1 z j & holy1 & yet full ( compassion1 s t ! consci5ce-/rick5 suppliant is enc\rag$ to turn to him4 ,we "h give a few extracts f hymns address$ to "s ( ! gods we h spok5 (4 ,! v]sions are ^? ( ! late ,dr4 ,john ,muir4 ,a metrical v]sion c sc>cely repres5t ! hymns ) ! accuracy ! s*ol> w\ld desire1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a lit]al translation1 su* z t ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] 9 vol4 xxxii4 ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 gives a less true idea ( ! _s ( ! pieces1 & is less fitt$ at lea/ = a "w l ?is4 ,,to ,,indra ,?\1 ,indra1 (t ( old ha/ quaff$ ,) ke5 delight1 our ,soma draught4 ,all gods delici\s ,soma love2 ,b ?\1 all o!r gods above4 ,?y "m knew h[ well ?is juice ,0 fitt$ = h] infant's use1 ,into a cup %e cru%$ ! sap ,:i* ?\ did/ sip ^u h] lap2 ,yes1 ,indra1 on ?y natal morn1 ,! v h\r t ?\ wa/ born1 ,?\ did/ ^? jovial ta/es display1 ,:i* /ill survive 9 /r5g? to-day4 ,& once1 ?\ pr9ce ( g5ial s\ls1 ,m5 say ?\ dra9$'/ ?irty b[ls4 ,to !e ! ,soma draughts proce$1 ,z /reamlets to ! lake !y fe$1 ,or riv]s to ! ocean spe$4 ,our cup is foam+ to ! brim ,) ,soma press$ to s\nd ( hymn4 ,come1 dr9k1 ?y utmo/ crav+ slake1 ,l ?ir/y /ag 9 =e/ lake1 ,or bull t roams 9 arid wa/e1 ,& burns ! cool+ brook to ta/e4 ,indulge ?y ta/e1 & quaff at w2 ,dr9k1 dr9k aga91 pr(usely swill6 ,,ano!r ,,to ,,indra ,& ?\ do/ view ) special grace1 ,! fair complexion$ ,aryan race1 ,:o own ! gods1 _! laws obey1 ,& pi\s homage duly pay4 ,?\ giv'/ u horses1 cattle1 gold1 ,z ?\ did/ give our sires ( old4 ,?\ sweep'/ away ! d>k-sk9n$ brood1 ,inhuman1 lawless1 s5seless1 rude1 ,:o "k n ,indra1 hate 8 fri5ds1 ,& spoil ! race :i* he def5ds4 ,*ase f> away1 ! robb]s1 *ase1 ,slay ^? b>b>ians black & base4 ,& save u1 ,indra1 f ! spite ,( sprites t haunt u 9 ! night1 ,our rites di/urb by contact vile1 ,our hall[$ (f]+s defile4 ,pres]ve u1 fri5d1 dispel our fe>s1 ,& let u live a hundr$ ye>s4 ,& :5 our e>?ly c\rse we've run1 ,& ga9$ ! region ( ! ,sun1 ,!n let u live 9 ceaseless glee1 ,sweet ,soma quaff+ !re ) !e4 ,,to ,,agni ,great ,agni1 ?\gh ?9e ess5ce be b "o1 ,?y =ms are ?ree2 z fire ?\ blaze/ "h1 ,z lightn+ fla%e/ 9 ! atmosph]e1 ,9 heav5 ?\ flame/ z ! gold5 sun4 ,x 0 9 heav5 ?\ had/ ?y primal bir?1 ,b !nce ( yore a holy sage b5ign1 ,convey$ !e d[n on human he>?s to %9e1 ,& ?\ abid'/ a d5iz5 ( e>?4 ,sprung f ! my/ic pair by prie/ly h&s1 ,9 w$lock jo9$1 =? fla%es ,agni bright2 ,b--,o ye heav5 & e>? ,i tell y "r-- ,! unnatural *ild dev\rs ! p>5t br&s4 ,,to ,,v>una ,! mighty "l on high our de$s1 z if at h&1 espies2 ,! gods "k all m5 d1 ?\gh m5 w\ld fa9 _! acts disguise4 ,:oev] /&s1 :oev] moves1 or /eals f place to place1 ,or hides him 9 8 secret cell1--! gods 8 movem5ts trace4 ,:]ev] two toge!r plot1 & deem !y are alone ,k+ ,v>una is !re1 a ?ird1 & all _! s*emes are kn[n4 ,?is e>? is 81 to him belong ^? va/ & b\ndless skies2 ,bo? seas )9 him re/1 & yet 9 t small pool he lies4 ,:oev] f> beyond ! sky %\ld ?9k 8 way to w+1 ,he c\ld n !re elude ! grasp ( ,v>una ! k+4 ,8 spies1 desc5d+ f ! skies1 glide all ?is _w ar\nd1 ,_! ?\s& eyes all-scann+ sweep to e>?'s remote/ b\nd4 ,:ate'er exi/s 9 heav5 & e>?1 :ate'er beyond ! skies1 ,be=e ! eyes ( ,v>una1 ! k+1 unfold$ lies4 ,! ceaseless w9k+s all he c\nts ( e mortal's eyes1 ,he wields ?is univ]sal frame z game/] ?r[s 8 dice4 ,^? knott$ nooses :i* ?\ fl+'/1 ,o ,god1 ! bad to sn>e1 ,all li>s let !m ov]take1 b all ! tru?ful sp>e4 ,v>una1 ! all-embrac+ sky1 is also 9 _m hymns a sol> deity4 ,!re are also o!r sol> deities2 ,mitra :o is frequ5tly invok$ along ) ,v>una2 ,surya1 ,savitri1 ,vi%nu1 & ,pu%an1 are all gods ( ?is class4 ,ea* ( ^! has "s attributes or "s /ory ( 8 own4 ,surya keeps 8 eye on m5 & reports _! fail+s to ,v>una & ,mitra4 ,savitri1 ! quick5]1 raises all ?+s f sleep 9 ! morn+ ) 8 long arms ( gold1 & cov]s !m ) sleep 9 ! ev5+4 ,vi%nu1 ! active1 trav]ses ! univ]se ) ?ree /rides4 ,pu%an is a %eph]d :o loses none ( 8 flock2 a guide also1 bo? 9 ! j\rneys ( ?is _w & 9 ! la/ j\rney4 ,a numb] ( ! pr9cipal gods h ! common title ( ,adityas or *ildr5 ( ,aditi1 imm5sity1 a be+ too va/ & undet]m9$ to be cle>ly repres5t$4 ,we %\ld also m5tion ,u%as1 ! dawn1 a goddess :om ! sun-god is daily *as+2 ! ,asv9s or two heav5ly *>iote]s1 :o daily make ! circuit ( ! heav5s2 ,tva%tri1 ! smi? :o made ! ?und]bolt ( ,indra2 ! ,ribhus1 artific]s :o 7 once m5 & h be5 admitt$ to ! society ( ! gods4 ,yama is ! god ( ! dead1 he fir/ trav]s$ ! road to ! c\ntry beyond1 & n[ he rules ov] x1 & com=ts ) sub/antial joys ! spirits guid$ !re by ,agni 7?is po9ts to cremation :i* 0 frequ5t b n univ]sal7 or by ,pu%an4 ,!re ! ,pitris or fa!rs sit at ! same tables ) ! gods1 & are et]nally happy4 ,brahmanaspati1 "l ( pray]1 is a god ( ano!r type1 a p]sonification ( ! act ( ritual1 & 8 pres5ce 9 ! ,v$as1 beside ! elem5tal deities1 %[s h[ e>ly speculation _h begun4 ,to :at ,/age does ?is ,religion belong8--,our sket* ( ?is sy/em is necess>ily brief2 we h n[ to inquire z to ! place x occupies 9 ! religi\s gr[? ( ,india4 ,x is held1 on ! "o h&1 t x is a primitive religi\s product1 t x %[s u "s ( ! v fir/ ef=ts m5 made to h a religion2 :ile on ! o!r h& x is held t ! ,v$ic hymns & ! ,v$ic sy/em are sac]dotal1 & are due to an advanc$ organisation ( wor%ip & to a special set ( m5 :o 7 mu* 9 advance ( _! age4 #a4 ,x is ,primitive4--,mr4 ,max ,mll]#a says t ! sacr$ books ( ,india (f] ! same advantages 444 = ! /udy ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( religion 444 :i* ,sanscrit has (f]$ = ! /udy ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( human spee*4 ,dr4 ,muir#b claims t ! ,v$ic hymns illu/rate ! natural work+s ( ! human m9d 9 ! p]iod ( its infancy4 ,9 ! ,v$as1 ^! writ]s consid]1 we are able to wat* ! process by :i* ! e>lie/ m5 rose to ! belief 9 gods1 & ! nave & simple me?ods by :i* man's fir/ int]c\rse ) gods 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! und\bt$ antiquity ( ^! pieces fav\rs ?is view2 ! ,rigv$a is admitt$ on all h&s to be ! e>lie/ "p ( ,indian lit]ature1 & _m ( ! hymns 7 writt5 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4#c ,! pure & simple nature ( ! ,v$ic religion may also appe> to fav\r ?is view4 ,x is a religion s+ul>ly free f ! l[] elem5ts ( man's e>ly fai?4 ,savage leg5ds & especially immoral /ories ( ! gods are m>k$ly abs5t f ! hymns2 !y are also free f ! elem5t ( magic & feti%ism2 ! gods are great be+s1 & religion consi/s 9 int]c\rse ) ^! great be+s4 ,n[ ! lat] religi\s lit]ature ( ,india1 ! brahmanas or comm5t>ies on ! ,rigv$a & ! o!r lat] ,v$as1 conta9 a v>iety ( leg5ds & a religion by no means free f magic4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ !re=e t ! pure religion ( ! ,aryans aft]w>ds became contam9at$ by contact ) ! l[] religion ( ! tribes ! ,aryans _h conqu]$4 ,x 0 f ! ,dravidian & ,kol>ian aborig9es1 we are told1 t ,indian religion took its lat] corruptions4 ,! ,v$ic religion has no idols1 x has no d>k descriptions ( hell1 ! ca/e sy/em on :i* lat] ,brahmanism 0 bas$ is abs5t f x1 x has no demons to be gu>d$ aga9/1 & no bad deities4 ,! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis is n f\nd "h1 except p]haps 9 g]m4 ,! immolation ( ! wid[ on ! fun]al pile ( h] husb& is n sanction$ by ! ,v$as1 & ( ance/or-wor%ip only a few traces are f\nd4 ,all ^!1 x may be held1 are lat] corruptions4 ,! ,v$ic religion is a bright & happy sy/em1 & ! primitive beliefs ( mank9d1 less *ang$ by ! ,indians ?an !y 7 else:]e1 are "h to be se52 ! hymns %[ ! k9d ( fai? to :i* a /rong & happy race ( m5 naturally came1 z _! m9ds began to op5 to ! wond]s ( ! _w !y liv$ 91 ! fai? ( primitive %eph]ds prais+ _! gods z !y lead _! flocks to ! pa/ure4 ,! ,indians _h pres]v$1 long] ?an o!r peoples1 ! gift ( recognis+ deity 9 nature2 & ! primitive beliefs ( mank9d survive "h 9 some?+ l _! fir/ integrity1 :ile else:]e !y 7 brok5 up & confus$4 ,footnote #a3 ,orig9 ( ,religion1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #b3 ,sanscrit ,texts1 vol4 v4 p4 #d4 ,footnote #c3 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,max ,mll] ! ,mantra or hymn p]iod is to be plac$ #ajjj-hjj ,b4,c42 b o!r s*ol>s place x e>li]4 #b4 ,x is ,advanc$4--,on ! o!r h&1 x is urg$ t ! society 9 :i* ! hymns arose 0 n a primitive "o1 b "o consid]ably advanc$ bo? 9 arts & in/itutions4 ,! ,ri%is 7se]s71 :o compos$ !m1 belong$ to families :o cultivat$ su* an art2 & ! hymns 7 no artless outp\r+s ( *ildlike emotion1 b 7 writt5 on an elaborate metrical sy/em = a def9ite purpose1 namely1 to =m "p ( great acts ( wor%ip4 ,z = ! abs5ce f !m ( savage my?s & ( immoral /ories ( ! gods1 ?is fact does n prove t su* ?+s 7 n kn[n to ! p at ! "t1 b only t ! poets did n put !m 9 _! hymns4 ,mr4 ,lang has collect$ ! savage my?s1 simil> to ^? ( o!r peoples 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,indian lit]ature ( a lat] date1 & has also %[n t ! hymns !mselves 7 n q ignorant ( "s ( !m4 ,! ,indians knew ! my? ( ! m>riage ( heav5 & e>?1 ) ! consequ5t bir? ( ! gods4 ,!y _h ! /ory ( ! deluge4 ,!y _h ! /ill m primitive /ory ( ! rais+ up ( ! e>? f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!y _h v>i\s my?s ( old conflicts ( ! gods1 & ( ! production ( ! e>? & all ! m5 9 x f ! dissection ( an imm5se prototypal human mon/]4 ,m5 7 ( diff]5t ca/es1 !y held1 because !y came f diff]5t portions ( ,puru%a's body :5 x 0 cut up4 ,_m /ories are to be f\nd 9 ,indian lit]ature :i* :5 f\nd else:]e are judg$ to be products ( savage imag9ation1 & ! fact t ! ,rigv$a ignores "s ( !m & ref9es o!rs1 simply %[s t ! au?ors ( t collection 7 on a high] level ?an _! p 9 po9t ( cultivation & ( piety1 z ! psalmi/s & ! prophets ( ,israel 7 9 advance ( !irs4 ,we are l$1 accord+ly1 t[>ds ! conclusion t dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! hymns 7 writt5 ^? :o took *>ge ( ! developm5t ( wor%ip 9 ,india 7 seek+ to draw away att5tion f ! m sup]/iti\s & *ildi% elem5ts ( religion1 & to br+ to ! front ! pure & l(ty int]c\rse man c\ld h ) ! good gods4 ,bad gods are n cultivat$2 if !re are fooli% /ories ab\t ! gods1 !y are n repeat$1 ev]y?+ d>k & t]rible1 z well z ev]y?+ irrational1 is remov$ f ! work+ religion4 ,ance/or-wor%ip is n enc\rag$2 family rites cont9u$1 b ! wor%ip 0 wid] ?an ! family1 & 0 n re/rict$ to p>ticul> places4 ,! ideas connect$ ) sacrifice are n inde$ v l(ty4 ,sacrifice is1 9 ! fir/ place1 b>t]4 ,gifts are provid$ = ! gods1 t !y may give 9 _! turn4 ,9 ! second place x is a social function 9 :i* ! god & ! wor%ipp] bo? take "p4 ,! food1 & especially ! soma1 /r5g!ns ! god1 & man & god are !reby drawn into close sympa?y4 ,b 9 ! ?ird place sacrifice 0 a piece ( magic4 ,! m]e accurate p]=mance ( ! rite _h a my/ic efficacy4 ,x 0 believ$ to help to uphold ! ord] ( ! _w2 )\t x ! gods w\ld gr[ weak1 ! ord9ances ( nature w\ld fail1 & man w\ld relapse to ! /ate ( savag]y4 ,! gods !mselves fir/ sacrific$2 f sacrifice !y !mselves 7 born1 s t sacrifice is an ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 0 s 9 ! beg9n+1 & mu/ always be s4 ,! ,v$ic lead]s ( religion1 !re=e1 7 n m]ely *ampions ( enlight5m5t 9 religion2 !y 7 also rituali/s1 ! rite 0 to !m an end 9 itself2 ! prop] p]=mance ( sacrifice 0 _! pr9cipal object4 ,?is side ( _! "w _h1 z we %all see1 grave consequ5ces4 ,b ! ,rigv$a did a great "w = ,india 9 cultivat+ gods :o 7 moral1 & to :om man 0 drawn by high] ?an selfi% motives4 ,gods :o are j & :o wat* man's conduct1 & d n fail to rew>d him accord+ to 8 de$s1 mu/ quick5 ! consci5ce ( ^? :o believe 9 !m1 & gods :o are able to help ! weak & to =give ! p5it5t mu/ make _! p also m]ciful4 ,9 all ! ab]rations ( ,indian religion ! high moral /&>d set by ! ,v$ic gods is nev] lo/ sight (4 ,:]e a plurality ( gods is believ$ 91 ^! gods mu/ /& 9 "s relation to ea* o!r2 & x is ( importance to notice h[ ! gods ( ! ,v$a are arrang$4 ,we c see "h v cle>ly h[ un/able a ?+ poly!ism is4 ,! position ( ! gods is con/antly *ang+ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,we f9d ,agni address$ z if he 7 und\bt$ly supreme2 he dwells 9 ! highe/ heav5s1 he g5]ates ! gods1 he orda9s ! ord] ( ! univ]se2 b !n we f9d ,indra spok5 ( 9 ! same way1 & ,v>una1 & ,mitra1 & o!rs4 ,!n we f9d pairs ( gods address$ toge!r4 ,indra & ,agni are frequ5tly s treat$2 s are ,v>una & ,mitra4 ,!re is no supreme god1 or r1 ea* god is supreme 9 turn2 ! poet wants a god capable ( be+ exalt$ 9 e way1 & does s exalt ! god he has be=e him4 ,9 ?is way a ,mono!ism is rea*$2 ! m9d recognises a god to :om unlimit$ adoration c be paid4 ,b x is a mono!ism1 z ,m4 ,b>? well puts x1 ! titul> god ( :i* is always *ang+2 & ,mr4 ,max ,mll] gives to ?is p>tial mono!ism ! "n ( ,ka!no!ism2 t is1 ! wor%ip ( "o god at a "t )\t any d5ial t o!r gods exi/ & are wor?y ( adoration4 ,n[ ?is =m ( religion1 9 :i* sev]al gods are wor%ipp$1 ea* ( :om 9 turn is reg>d$ z supreme1 is n peculi> to ,india2 we h met ) x already1 we %all meet ) x aga94 ,b 9 ,india a peculi> way 0 f\nd out ( ! difficulty4 ,! ,indian gods 7 too little def9$1 too little p]sonal1 too mu* alike1 to ma9ta9 _! sep>ate p]sonalities ) great t5acity2 nor did !y l5d !mselves to a mon>*ical =m ( pan!on2 no "o ( !m 0 suffici5tly m>k$ out f ! re/ or above ! re/1 to rule p]man5tly ov] !m4 ,yet ! s5se ( unity 9 ,indian religion is v /rong2 f ! fir/ ! ,indian m9d is seek+ a way to adju/ ! claims ( ! v>i\s gods1 & view !m all z "o4 ,an e>ly idea :i* makes 9 ?is direction is t ( ,rita1 ! ord]1 n specially connect$ ) any "o god1 :i* rules bo? 9 ! physical & ! moral _w1 & ) :i* all be+s h to reckon4 ,philosophy is busy f ! fir/ ) ! ,v$ic gods2 ! impulse to good conduct & t to my/icism are equally innate 9 ?is religion4 ,we c see1 ev5 9 ! ,rigv$a1 t ,india is to solve ! problem ( its _m gods n 9 ! way ( ,mono!ism1 by mak+ "o god rule ov] ! o!rs1 b 9 ! way ( ,pan!ism1 by mak+ all ! gods modes or manife/ations ( "o be+4 ,agni is all ! ,gods we read "h4 ,& a religion :i* arranges its objects ( wor%ip 9 ?is way w n be a religion ( action1 b ( speculation & ( resignation4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 xxxii4 ,v$ic ,hymns4 xlvi4 ,hymns to ,agni4 ,muir's ,sanscrit ,texts4 ,m4 ,mll]'s ,hibb]t ,lectures4 ,moni] ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom2 ,h9duism 9 ,non-,*ri/ian ,religi\s ,sy/ems 7,s4,p4,c4,k474 ,kaegi1 ,! ,rigv$a1 ! olde/ lit]ature ( ! ,indians1 #ahhf4 ,b>?1 ,! ,religions ( ,india1 9 ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies4 ,h]rmann ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion d] ,v$a1 #ahid4 ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 #c vols41 #ahgh-hc4 ,e4 ,h>dy1 ,die ,v$is* ,brahmanis*e ,p]iode d] ,religion des alt5 ,indi5s4 ,lehmann1 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 vol4 i4 p4 #a1 sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,india ,,ii4 ,brahmanism ,! p]iod 9 :i* ! songs 7 collect$ by ! ,aryans dwell+ 9 ! ,punjaub 0 succe$$ by a p]iod ( w>s & tr\bles1 aft] :i* ! successful race is f\nd to h spread fur!r t[>ds ! ,ea/1 & to h settl$ on ! ,ganges & its tribut>ies4 ,along ) ?is *ange ( position a great *ange has also tak5 place 9 ! _s ( ! p1 a *ange :i* is /rik+ly se5 9 _! religion4 ,! prie/hood has come to occupy ! position ( a sep>ate class to an ext5t n =m]ly ! case1 & all ! ph5om5a are app>5t :i* are g5]ally f\nd associat$ ) a hi]ocracy or rule ( prie/s4 ,! e>ly religi\s writ+s h be5 =m$ into a sacr$ canon3 !re is an active production ( new works :i* expla9 ! old ones2 ! sacrifices gr[ m elaborate & new virtues are attribut$ to !m2 & along ) ?is h>d5+ & =malis+ ( ! outw>d p>ts ( religion !re is a religi\s speculation ( great volume & ( great fre$om ( "*4 ,! ,ca/e ,sy/em3 ,! ,brahmans4--,! key to ! :ole movem5t is to be f\nd 9 ! new position ( ! prie/hood1 or 9 ! e/abli%m5t at ?is p]iod ( ! sy/em ( ca/e4 ,?\gh ?is sy/em is only once m5tion$ 9 ! ,rigv$a1 & t 9 a hymn ( late date1 s*ol>s f9d traces ( x 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! hymns1 & z x is f\nd 9 ,p]sia1 ! ,indians probably _h x be=e !y ent]$ ,india4 ,x may ev51 x is judg$1 be traceable to ! division ( ranks among ! primitive ,aryan families4 ,teutonic z well z ,indian leg5ds are f\nd expla9+ h[ mank9d 7 divid$ f ! fir/ into diff]5t classes4#a ,b ! primitive diff]5ces ( rank mu/ h _h a great developm5t be=e !y took %ape 9 ! rigid ca/e sy/em ( ,india4 ,?is sy/em appe>s to be organis$ ) a view expressly to ! exaltation ( ! prie/hood1 & mu/ h be5 ! result ( a /ruggle betwe5 ! prie/s & ! w>rior or rul+ classes4 ,! prie/s h made !mselves indisp5sable 9 ne>ly all religi\s acts4 ,_! v title %[s ?is4 ,:ile ,brahman1 z ! "n ( a god1 means prim>ily gr[?1 & lat]1 devotion or pray]1 brahmana 7neut47 signifies ! ritual texts accord+ to :i* wor%ip is p]=m$1 & brahman 7mas47 is ! "n ( ^? :o use su* texts1 & comes to /& = ! highe/ ca/e ( ,indian society4 ,)\t ! brahman !re c be no satisfactory wor%ip1 because !re c be no security t any rite is p]=m$ correctly2 & a rite :i* is n p]=m$ correctly has no efficacy4 ,religion1 !re=e1 is 9 ! h&s ( ?is ca/e1 ^: sacr$ness is h]$it>y1 & _c be acquir$ 9 any o!r way ?an by bir?4 ,! memb]s ( t ca/e & !y alone are qualifi$ to sup]9t5d religi\s obs]vances1 & )\t !m ! int]c\rse betwe5 man & ! gods _c be kept up4 ,f 8 bir? ! brahman is a be+ ( sup]ior hol9ess2 he is de/9$ = high] ends ?an o!r m51 & ! di/9ction betwe5 him & !m mu/ be manife/$ 9 all 8 acts & habits ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,he is ! natural "l ( all ! classes4 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,hans ,sa*s1 ,die ,unglei*5 ,k9d] ,eva's4 ,if ! highe/ ca/e is /rictly def9$1 s also are ! o!rs4 ,! second ca/e is t ( ! ,k%atriyas1 w>riors or rul]s1 ! ?ird t ( ! ,vaisyas or f>m]s4 ,^! ?ree h rank1 !y are ! twice-born classes 7_! second bir? answ]s to confirmation1 & takes place :5 a "y man is inve/$ ) ! sacr$ ?read74 ,! ,sudras are ! f\r? & l[e/ class2 no duty is assign$ to !m 9 ! law books b t ( s]v+ meekly ! o!r ca/es4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! ,sudras repres5t ! conqu]$ aborig9es1 ! ?ree classes ( rank belong+ to ! ,aryan invad]s1 b ?is is op5 to "q4 ,! /ud5t ( religion has to fix 8 att5tion on ! ,brahmans1 :o h secur$ !mselves 9 ! position ( ! lead+ ca/e4 ,we speak fir/ ( ! lit]>y movem5t 9 :i* !y 7 conc]n$1 !n ( ! sacrifices !y conduct$1 & ( _! gods4 ,we %all !n say some?+ ( ! practical op]ation ( _! religion z a rule ( life1 & la/ly we %all come to ! speculative "w ( _! p]iod1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 to be set d[n to !m alone4 #a4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,sacr$ ,lit]ature4--,! ,v$as rose 9 sacr$ness aft] ! age :i* produc$ !m pass$ away4 ,a few c5turies aft] !y 7 writt5 !y 7 n g5]ally intelligible2 !y ne$$ int]pretation1 b at ! same "t ! doctr9e ( _! inspiration rose high] & high]4 ,! brahmans _h bo? to int]pret ! words ( ! old hymns & to expla9 h[1 :5 us$ at ! sacrifice1 !y produc$ ! effect ascrib$ to !m4 ,?is l$ to ! production ( ! e>lie/ ,indian prose1 ! brahmanas or ritual treatises4 ,prim>ily int5d$ to be directories ( wor%ip = ! prie/s1 ^! works 7 enri*$ ) all sorts ( ideas ab\t ! sacrifices1 _! orig91 & _! effects2 po9ts 9 ! ritual are expla9$ 9 !m by my?ological /ories :i* we %\ld n o!rwise "k1 & we see f !m t _m sup]/itions1 to :i* ! ,v$as gave no enc\ragem5t1 yet liv$ among ! p4 ,ea* ,samhita1 or collection ( hymns1 _h its ,brahmana1 & "s ( ! collections _h sev]al4 ,^! works1 ?\gh transc5d+ 9 dre>9ess mo/ directories ( wor%ip1 are yet ( great value = ! light !y ?r[ on ! hi/ory ( ,indian mann]s & ideas1 z well z on t ( my?ology4 ,& z x happ5$ among ! ,jews 9 _! lat] p]iod s x happ5$ "h2--! sanctity ( ! text 0 ext5d$ to ! comm5t>y1 ! brahmana also 0 held to be god-giv5 & inspir$1 & by "s 0 ev5 m highly e/eem$ ?an ! hymns !mselves4 ,a ?ird class ( inspir$ writ+s consi/s ( ! ,upani%ads1 or speculative treatises1 ( :i* we %all speak lat]4 ,! ,v$a 9 ! l>g] s5se is made up ( ^! ?ree bodies ( compositions1 mantras1 brahmanas1 & upani%ads4 ,^! ?ree belong to revelation or ,s'ruti1 i4e4 he>+2 :at is conta9$ 9 ^! is to be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 he>d by inspir$ m5 f a high] s\rce4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ,s'ruti is smriti1 i4e4 recollection1 tradition4 ,?is embraces ! ,sutras or works deal+ ) c]emonial 9 ! way ( %ort rules ga!r$ f ! old] lit]ature1 ) ! exposition ( ! ,v$as1 ) dome/ic rites & conv5tional usages4 ,! law books1 ! epics1 & ! ,puranas1 or anci5t leg5d>y hi/ories1 also belong to ?is class4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,v$as1 ( _! sacr$ness & ( _! virtues1 play$ a great "p 9 ,indian ?\ght4 ,!y 7 rev]$ n z a writt5 ^w1 = !y 7 n writt5 b h&$ d[n by memory1--! ,brahman /ill kn[s 8 sacr$ lit]ature by he>t1--b z hymns possess+ sup]natural p[]s & ( f> high] ?an human orig94 ,!y 7 rais$ to ! rank ( a div9ity1 !y 7 said to h _h to d ) ! creation ( ! _w1 or to h be5 among ! fir/ creat$ be+s4 ,! value ( ! /udy ( !m 0 n to be exagg]at$2 he :o engages 9 x1 we he>1 (f]s a complete sacrifice1 obta9s = himself ! _w :i* does n pass away1 & becomes unit$ ) ,brahma4 ,! class ( m5 :o _h in/all$ !mselves z ! au?oris$ int]pret]s ( ! hymns1 _h evid5tly tak5 up a v /rong position4 #b4 ,sacrifice4--,indian ritual is an imm5se subject4 ,9 ! ,v$ic p]iod !re 7 sev]al ord]s ( sacrifice--! hymns ( ! ,rigv$a h to d ) ! ,soma-sacrifice alone--& sev]al k9ds ( prie/s1 & x /&s to reason t an elaborate ritual d]iv$ f a di/ant age & *]i%$ by a prie/ly ca/e :i* 0 gr[+ 9 p[]1 c\ld n quickly *ange4 ,9 spite ( ! consid]able am\nt ( mat]ials accessible 9 ! ,brahmanas & ,sutras1 a hi/ory ( ,indian sacrifice z a :ole has /ill to be writt54 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,indian sacrifice t x is n conf9$ to a temple or to any sacr$ spot1 & t x does n require any image ( ! deity4 ,in/ructions are always giv5 = *oos+ & prep>+ a place = ! rite1 & = erect+ an alt>2 a place _h to be prep>$ on ea* occasion4 ,! gods 7 ask$ to come1 or 7 ?\ght to be seat$ 9 heav5 look+ on2 ! sacrifice is 9 ! op5 air4 ,:ile ! celebration proce$$ accord+ to a c]ta9 ritual1 x lay ) ! wor%ipp]s to fix to :at god or gods ! sacrifice %\ld be address$4 ,!re 0 n "o ritual = ,agni & ano!r = ,indra1 b ! same w\ld s]ve = ei!r or = bo?4 ,! sacrifices ( :i* we he> 9 ! ,brahmanas are dome/ic rites2 !y are (f]$ by ! heads ( ! h\sehold1 :o invite ance/ors also to be pres5t4 ,a ,brahman is pres5t to direct ^? :o sacrifice & ! inf]ior prie/s :o assi/ !m1 & ! b5efits ( ! act ext5d to all ! dep5dants ( ! h\sehold4 ,! "t 0 det]m9$ by natural seasons or by h\sehold ev5ts4 ,"s sacrifices 7 great] ?an o!rs1 ! m elaborate ones requir+ sev]al days1 mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s = _! celebration4 ,among ! k9ds ( (f]+s :i* might be made we f9d t ( man enum]at$2 human sacrifice1 h[ev]1 if x _h prevail$ 9 e>li] times1 _h n[ gr[n obsolete4 ,! rise ( ! ,brahmans into a ca/e *ang$ ! "* ( ! sacrifice by mak+ its due celebration dep5d m on special k1 & by increas+ its elaborate my/]y4 ,once ! hymn 0 recognis$ z an ess5tial elem5t ( su* an act1 ! p]son :o c\ld int]pret ! hymn & expla9 its effects acquir$ great importance4 ,& :5 ! explanation ( all ! v>i\s features ( ! sacrifice 0 once begun1 a wide door 0 op5$ to m9ute +5uity4 ,x is a/oni%+ to :at trifles ^! prie/ly directories desc5d1 :at explanations are br\ght f e "p ( e>? & heav5 ( ! mo/ trivial circum/ances1 & :at sacr$ness is f\nd 9 ! v blades ( grass ar\nd ! alt>4 ,n[ ! effect ( su* a treatm5t ( ritual is inevitably t ! rite itself1 ! outw>d me*anical p]=mance1 comes to be reg>d$ z important1 & t ! e?ical & religi\s end :i* 0 orig9ally aim$ at1 is lo/ sight (4 ,! prie/ & ^? he acts = are s int5t on ! m9uti ( _! celebration t !y =get ab\t ! god x is int5d$ =4 ,& z !y are q conv9c$ t ! sacrifice1 if (f]$ ) p]fect correctness & ) no?+ left out1 mu/ produce its effect1 ! sacrifice itself comes to appe> z ! ag5t ( ! desir$ bless+2 ! god gr[s less b ! sacrifice gr[s m4 ,?is process1 :i* may be obs]v$ :]ev] ritualism exi/s1 0 c>ri$ 9 ! p]iod ( ,brahmanism to its utmo/ l5g?4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! old gods lo/ ! /rong hold !y _h be=e ov] ! p's m9d2 m5 ceas$ to look = _! gods to ! sky or to ! tempe/1 & began to look in/ead to ! long c]emonies ( ! prie/ or to ! hymn he *ant$ at ! alt>1 or to ! au/]ities he practis$4 ,gods ( a new type n[ make _! appe>ance4 ,z 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod we saw t ,brahmanaspati1 "l ( pray]1 _h a place beside ,indra & ,v>una1 s n[ we see t ! supreme deity is nam$ ,brahma4 ,! pray] connect$ ) ! sacrifice has giv5 its "n to ! rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,o!r names = ! supreme are also f\nd to be mak+ _! way to g5]al use1 z ! old hi/orical & my?ological gods fall into ! backgr\nd1 & an ab/ract div9e unity is s\ght aft]4 ,prajapati1 "l ( creatures1 :o is little he>d ( 9 ! hymns1 is frequ5tly invok$ z ! head ( all ! gods1 & a triad ( gods is he>d (1 consi/+ ( ,agni1 ,vayu1 ,surya1 fire1 ! air1 ! sun1 & summ+ up ! div9e en]gies4 ,! attributes ( ! gods are p]sonifi$1 & a set ( pale ab/ractions is ?us add$ to ! ,pan!on2 & spirits & gobl9s n he>d ( 9 ! hymns1 ?\gh n !re=e necess>ily unkn[n 9 ! =m] p]iod1 make _! appe>ance4 ,^! are1 p]haps1 ! gods ( ! aborig9es1 :o ?us rev5ge !mselves1 z ! religion ( ! invad]s :i* at fir/ suppress$ !m loses its e>li] vig\r4 ,! /rong gods retire & weak gods1 _m & %ad[y1 & bad z well z good1 are wor%ipp$4 ,! ,asuras 7 =m]ly ! gods g5]ally1 n[ !y are evil be+s ) :om ! good gods h to cont5d4 #c4 ,practical ,life4--,we possess v complete pictures ( ,indian life & mann]s 9 ! p]iod ( ,brahmanism4 ,( ! codes ( anci5t sages by :i* ,h9du society 0 suppos$ to be gov]n$ _m are extant to u2 & 9 ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ! ,engli% read] may make himself acqua9t$ ) sev]al ( ^!4 ,! mo/ fam\s & ! longe/1 is ! laws ( ,manu1 a my?ical prog5itor ( mank9d4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* we h x ?is "w dates probably f ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 b ! body ( ! "w is mu* old]4 ,orig9ally a local collection ( rules1 x ext5d$ its au?ority gradually ov] ! entire ,h9du population ( ,india4 ,) o!r collections1 also ( local orig91 x repres5ts to u ! condition ( ,indian society aft] ! ca/e sy/em became fix$2 b mu* ( ! law ?us h&$ d[n to u mu/ h _h its orig9 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! law ( ,manu h+es on ! sup]iority ( ! ,brahman ov] ! o!r ca/es4 ,! ,brahmans =m ! c5tre ( ! /ate & really control ev]y?+2 b _! life1 9 turn1 is fram$ 9 /rict rules1 & _! :ole hi/ory & actions are laid d[n = !m to ! la/ detail f ! mom5t ( _! bir?4 ,! life ( ! ,brahman is divid$ into f\r p]iods4 ,= a qu>t] ( 8 life he is a /ud5t liv+ ) a tea*] & le>n+ f him ! sacr$ k ( ! ,v$as4 ,e act ( /udy beg9s ) ! s-call$ ,savitri-v]se1 ,let u m$itate on t excell5t glory ( ! div9e ,vivifi]4 ,may he enlight5 our und]/&+s4 ,?is pray]1 ) ! my/ic syllable1 ,om 7?\ght to h to d ) ! ?ree gods ( a triad1 b probably ! orig9al mean+ is ,yes1 an ab/ract all-embrac+ yes1 9 :i* no?+ b pure be+ is affirm$71 is repeat$ at e return to /udy1 & also ) great frequ5cy at o!r times4 ,! tea*] is m to ! /ud5t ?an 8 fa!r1 & is to be treat$ ) ! greate/ def]5ce & c\rtesy2 ^! ye>s are a tra9+ 9 g5tle & seemly conduct z well z 9 law4 ,8 /ud5t days complet$1 ! ,brahman (f]s 8 fir/ sacrifice1 m>ries1 & becomes a h\sehold]4 ,little is said ( e>n+ a liv+2 ! ,brahman is n to be worldly1 b he is to be indep5d5t if he c4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 all[$ to beg if 9 want4 ,b m /ress is laid on ! cont9u$ pursuit ( k1 & on ! dome/ic sacrifices to gods & manes :i* are to be 8 daily c>e4 ,aft] he has br\ght up a son to take *>ge ( 8 h\se & goods1 ! ?ird /age ( 8 life is rea*$2 he may retire f ! _w & become a recluse1 giv+ himself to contemplation & au/]ities4 ,! f\r? /age is t ( ! ascetic1 bhikku or sannyas91 ! ag$ man :o hav+ giv5 up all possessions1 all human society1 & ! practice ( all rites1 & subsi/+ only on alms1 seeks to purge 8 he>t ( all desire & to become unit$ by deep m$itation ) ! supreme s\l1 ?us atta9+ union ) ,brahma & f9al lib]ation4 ,9 ?is section ( ! laws ( ,manu an ideal ( moral p]fection is set =?1 :i* is n dem&$ at ! e>li] /ages ( life4 ,let him n desire to die2 let him n desire to live2 let him wait = 8 "t z a s]vant = ! paym5t ( 8 wages4 ,let him pati5tly be> h>d words1 let him n insult any "o1 nor become any "o's enemy = ! sake ( ?is p]i%able body4 ,aga9/ an angry man let him n 9 return %[ ang]2 let him bless :5 he is curs$4 ,he is to be s$ul\sly c>eful n to injure any liv+ creature1 he is to m$itate on ! supreme s\l :i* is pres5t 9 all organisms1 bo? ! highe/ & ! l[e/4 ,he is to give up all atta*m5ts1 & 9 ?is way1 z 8 body decays1 he ent]s ev5 "h into a /ate ( p]fect fre$om & repose & union ) ! great _s4 ,su* ideas prove t ! m9d ( ,brahmanism 0 n occupi$ ) sacrifices alone4 ,manu speaks ( ! sup]9t5d5ce ( sacrifices z only "o ( sev]al c>e]s :i* ! ,brahman might *oose2 & if he might ) equal "r devote himself to /udy or to self-discipl9e1 we see t ano!r side ( religion ?an t direct+ itself to ext]nal gods or occupy+ itself ) outw>d acts1 0 press+ itself =w>d4 ,! inn] _w ( ! m9d is gr[+ l>g] z ! outw>d gods gr[ %ad[y2 x is be+ f\nd t salvation may be rea*$ by inw>ds ef=ts z well z by outw>d rites1 t ! se>* = wisdom & ! "w ( self-conque/1 & a union ) ! deity :i* is q ap>t f any (f]+ or f any =m ( wor%ip1 also lead to salvation4 ,x is object$ to ! e?ics ( ,manu t ! ideal !y set up is n an active b a suff]+ "o2 ! ascetic is plac$ on a high] plat=m ?an ! h\sehold]1 m5 are enc\rag$ to )draw f ! p]=mance ( _! duties 9 ! family & 9 society1 & to devote !mselves to an aim :i*1 h[ev] l(ty1 is p]sonal &1 s f>1 selfi%4 ,x is c]ta9ly a weakness 9 ! religion t x has no high] aim ?an ?is to set be=e its mo/ eag] m9ds4 ,ap>t f ?is1 life is regulat$ 9 a way we _c b admire4 ,amid ! mass ( trivialities & =malities 9 :i* e action is involv$ !re brea!s a grave humane & g5tle _s1 & a s\nd practical morality1 & ! ord9>y h\sehold ( ! ,brahman may h be5 a sc5e ( activity & *e]fulness4 ,! ,sudra1 h[ev]1 is spok5 ( ev]y:]e z a be+ ^: degradation c nev] be remov$1 & to t\* :om is to be defil$4 ,^? :o belong$ to no ca/e 7 9 a /ill worse plight & liv$ 9 ! greate/ mis]y4 #d4 ,philosophy4--,we h se5 h[ bo? 9 ! ritual sy/em !y adm9i/]$ & 9 ! ideal !y =m$ ( ! highe/ good1 ! ,brahmans 7 l$ =w>d f ! old gr\nd ( ! ,v$ic nature-wor%ip to a m inw>d & subjective religi\s attitude4 ,! exaltation ( ,brahma1 ! p[] ( pray]1 to be ! supreme god1 0 an advance f an ext]nal deity to a deity bo? ext]nal & pres5t 9 man's own exp]i5ce2 & ! appe>ance ( a new way ( salvation1 ?\gh only p]mitt$ at fir/ to ! _w-we>y ascetic1 9 :i* inn] contemplation & absorption c\ld lead to ! highe/ consummation ( life1 also %[$ t a new =m ( religion 0 at h&4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod1 ! transition is made f ! s]vice ( gods ext]nal to man1 by ! me*anism ( rites1 to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a div9e be+ ) :om man feels himself to be inw>dly ak9 & to :om he draws ne> by 8 own spiritual ef=t4 ,9 ?is movem5t1 to :i* we le>n t memb]s ( ! lay ari/ocracy & ev5 wom5 ( intellectual di/9ction made important contributions1 & :i* may h appe>$ 9 its beg9n+s z a sceptical revolt aga9/ _! own sy/em1 ! ,brahmans yet took "p1 & ! works 9 :i* ! record ( x is conta9$ became a "p ( revelation4 ,! ,upani%ads or communicat$ doctr9es1 =m ! ?ird bran* ( ! sacr$ k1 & mu* ( ?is lit]ature belongs to ! p]iod be=e ,buddhism4 ,^! books are read /ill by ! educat$ ,h9du z "p ( scripture1 & ! philosophy ( !m is a "p ( 8 religion4 ,we c only po9t out ! pr9cipal t]ms & notions ( t philosophy4 ,seek+ to escape f ! confusion ( _m gods ! ,indian m9d is look+ out ev5 f ! ,v$ic p]iod = "s means to conceive ( !m all z "o4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ea* reign$ 9 turn z ! supreme2 a god is supreme n because he is ess5tially ! greate/ ( ! gods1 b because circum/ances h br\ght him to ! front4 ,?is is ,h5o!ism4 ,!n we h attempts to sum !m all up 9 "o expression4 ,prajapati1 "l ( creatures1 ,visvak>man1 mak] ( all ?+s1 repres5t su* attempts4 ,!n we h z ! supreme1 ,brahma1 ! p[] ( pray]1#b a be+ ( a diff]5t "* f all 8 pr$ecessors4 ,brahma is an intellectual deity4 ,he is a ?9k]1 a kn[]1 he is ! ,mahan ,atma or great _s1 :i* sits 9 unbrok5 calm above ! *ange & di/raction ( ! univ]se4 ,9 r5d]+ ,mahan ,atma by great _s1 h[ev]1 we are anticipat+4 ,atma1 orig9ally brea? or life1 comes1 aft]w>ds1 to mean ! p]son1 ! self :5 all t is accid5tal is remov$ f x1 ! ess5tial1 inn]mo/ self4 ,n[ ,brahma is ! great self1 ! inmo/ ess5ce ( all ?+s1 :i* 0 be=e !m1 & is unaffect$ by _! *anges4 ,b man also has an atma1 a self2 x may be v small & lodge 9 a "p ( ! body :]e x _c be detect$1 b x is !re1 & ! small atma is ! same z ! great "o4 ,by :at physiological doctr9es ?is is upheld1 _c "h be trac$2 b ! notion ( ! atma1 ! great =m ( :i* 9 ,brahma is id5tical ) its small =m 9 man1 lies at ! basis ( ,brahmanic ?\ght4 ,footnote #b3 ,on ! etymology ( ,brahma see ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cff4 ,9 ,brahma "o god has be5 rea*$1 b he has be5 rea*$ by ?9k+ away f him ev]y?+ concrete4 ,all pr$icates are unsuitable to him1 z any pr$icate implies a limitation2 he c only be describ$ 9 negatives1 or 9 que/ionable metaphors4 ,he is meant to satisfy ! religi\s crav+ = a be+ q free f any imp]fection & entirely supreme--& x is ! p5alty ( ?is t he has no cle> outl9e or "*4 ,& h[ inde$ is he to be relat$ to ! _w8 ,?is _w ( *ange & decay1 ( disappo9tm5t & sorr[1 :at has ! p]fect be+ to d ) t8 ,did he make x1 & is he responsible = x8 ,! answ] to ?is 9 ,h9du ?\ght is t ! _w is due to ,maya1 illusion4 ,x 0 due to an ab]ration 9 ,brahma1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 v>i\s ways1 t ! transition 0 made f ! "o to ! _m1 & ?is error has be5 productive ( all t has be5 suff]$ on ! e>?4 ,or else x is held t x 0 n ,brahma :o became subject to illusion1 b t ! illusion resides 9 man's views & ?\ghts ab\t ! _w2 & if a man c\ld free himself f ! me%es ( ,maya by recognis+ t ! _w is an illusion1 & t no?+ exi/s b ,brahma only1 !n he w\ld h done some?+ = 8 own emancipation1 ! ,brahma 9 him w\ld be free f illusion1 & he w\ld also h done some?+1 ?\gh little1 = ! salvation ( ! _w f its great error4 ,t ! :ole _w-process is no?+ b an illusion1 a confus$ & tr\bl$ dream pass+ ov] ! m9d ( ,brahma1 :o himself alone is real1 ?is is ! c>d9al doctr9e ( ,brahmanism1 f :i* ,buddhism also1 z we %all see1 sets out4 ,! _w is really no?+ b an app>5t _w2 & ! true wisdom1 ! only salvation consi/s 9 kn[+ ?is1 & 9 liv+ a life 9 accordance ) t k4 ,! wise man %\ld reg>d a _w :i* he kn[s to be illusion1 ) complete indiff]5ce2 x c d no?+ to him1 he c d no?+ = x2 x affects him only ) an in]adicable regret t x exi/s at all1 & ) a long+ = its disappe>ance4 ,! practical outcome ( ! /ate ( matt]s :i* he recognises is fir/ly negative1 t he mu/ n all[ ! _w to influ5ce him at all1 &1 secondly1 positive1 t he mu/ /rive to be unit$ ) ,brahma4 ,! negative task is p]=m$ by )draw+ ! m9d f all p>ticul> ?+s1 & lett+ x be fill$ ) ! g5]al1 ! absolute alone2 & simil>ly by =bidd+ ! desires to fa/5 on any worldly objects1 by ext+ui%+ desire & ceas+ to be affect$ 9 any way by worldly ?+s4 ,! positive task is p]=m$ by means ( a m5tal process :i* we _c "h describe1 b by :i* ! m9d returns to ! self t is )9 & realises x z x is1 cle>$ f all p>ticul> ?\ghts & affections4 ,^! ex]cises _c be call$ moral2 :]e all is illusion morality disappe>s4 ,!re is no good1 no evil1 no ef=t to promote ! good & less5 ! evil4 ,x is n because ! _w is bad t x is condemn$1 b because x exi/s4 ,! en]gy :i* 9 o!r fai?s is devot$ to a moral /ruggle1 is "h p\r$ into ! ascetic discipl9e by :i* ! individual looks to escape altoge!r f ! _w z x is4 ,!re are no good works1 :at is good is to ab/a9 f all works2 !re is no b5evol5ce fur!r ?an t ! m9d mu/ be kept cle> ( all t confuses or degrades2 ! salvation ( ! individual alone is s\ght aft]2 !re is no desire to spread ! light & save o!rs1 s9ce few are capable ( t k ( ! illusive nature ( all ?+s by :i* alone salvation is possible4 ,?is1 x is pla91 c\ld nev] be a popul> religion4 ,brahma1 ! ab/ract "o1 does n appeal to ! imag9ation2 he c\ld n drive out ! popul> nature-gods ) _! def9ite my?s & attributes4 ,nor c\ld a religion spread among ! p1 :i* reg>d$ ! social & ! dome/ic /ate z inf]ior1 & c\ld only be practis$ by "o :o _h left 8 home & family4 ,! h]mits & ascetics & begg+ monks may =m ! religi\s ari/ocracy2 b a tea*+ ( a diff]5t nature 0 necess>y = ! p4 ,& we f9d1 9 fact1 two religions prevail+ 9 ,india 9 ! p]iod ( ,brahmanism2 t :i* we h describ$ = ! enlight5$1 :o escapes 9 x f all law1 all cre$1 all ritual1 ^: :ole religion m ?an any o!r :i* ev] fl\ri%$ 9 ! _w is )9 ! m9d2#c & on ! o!r h&1 a religion 9 :i* outw>d gods are wor%ipp$1 an outw>d law en=c$ :i* is c\nt$ sacr$ because a god or gods inspir$ x1 & 9 :i* sup]/itions ga!r$ f all qu>t]s f9d %elt]4 ,! high] religion by no means kill$ ! l[] "o1 z we see 9 ,india to ?is day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! )drawal ( ! high] religion ( ! c\ntry to a region :i!r ! p c\ld n foll[1 left ! religion ( ! p to s9k into a degradation unkn[n be=e4 ,"o doctr9e mu/ "h be notic$4 ,! belief 9 transmigration :i* ,buddhism receiv$ f ! religion x f\nd exi/+ 9 ,india1 does n belong to ! high] ?\ght ( ,brahmanism describ$ 9 ?is section2 ! atman or self1 :i* is id5tical ) ! supreme self1 belongs to q a diff]5t ord] ( ?\ght f ! s\l :i* 0 =m]ly 9 "s "o else1 is n[ 9 me1 & may yet come to be 9 _m ano!r be+4 ,! doctr9e is ?\ght to h be5 an importation into ,india ab\t ! "t we are speak+ (4 ,x admits ( be+ made a p[]ful det]r5t f vice & inc5tive to virtue4 ,if my pres5t suff]+s are due n to my acts1 b to ! acts ( ! p]son 9 :om my s\l dwelt be=e1 x is possible = me s to act t my s\l's future exi/5ce may be bett] & n worse ?an ?is "o1 & t x %all n s9k b rise 9 ! ord] ( be+s1 & draw ne>] to its f9al deliv]ance4 ,( ?is we %all he> m 9 connection ) ,buddhism4 ,footnote #c3 ,f ! /&po9t ( unity ) ,brahma1 ! gods are no-gods1 ! ,v$as no-,v$as4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ,indian religion1 ap>t f ,buddhism1 is 9 two directions4 ,!re is a philosophical movem5t1 9 :i* ! ,brahmanic ideas on ,god1 ! _w1 ! s\l & its *anges1 are fur!r work$ out1 & :i* leads to ! six s*ools ( ,h9du philosophy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gods h _! hi/ory4 ,brahma rema9s ! great god1 b z 8 "* is s undef9$ he is little wor%ipp$4 ,indra1 ! old national god1 yields to ,vi%nu1 ! old sun-god ( ! ?ree /eps 7heav51 ! air1 ! e>?71 :o becomes ! fav\rite deity4 ,! /]n & de/ructive ,s'iva is a new figure1 & seems to be p>tly an adaptation ( a god ( ! savage aborig9es3 8 wor%ip is ! mo/ fanatical4 ,^! ?ree1 ! ,creator1 ! ,uphold]1 & ! ,de/roy]1 =m ! ,trimurti1 or div9e tr9ity ( ,india1--a tr9ity arriv$ at n by unfold+ ! ri*es ( ! "o great god1 b by comp\nd+ ! claims ( ?ree gods :o 7 rivals4 ,! doctr9e ( inc>nation is also f\nd "h4 ,vi%nu has t5 avat>s or inc>nations 9 human =m2 he comes d[n to ! e>? :5 !re is a special reason = 8 int]f]5ce4 ,9 ^! avat>s1 especially 9 ,kri%na1 ! d>k god1 ^: exploits z a h]o are told 9 ! great epic ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! ne$ is to "s ext5t met1 ( :i* bo? ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity lay hold1 ( a div9e figure :o is n too f> away f man1 & :o c be reg>d$ ) p]sonal affection4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,mo/ ( ! books m5tion$ at ! end ( la/ *apt] deal also ) ,brahmanism4 ,( ! ,brahmanic lit]ature giv5 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3-- ,vols4 i4 & xv4 ,upani%ads4 ,vols4 ii4 & xiv4 ,sacr$ ,laws ( ! ,aryas4 ,vol4 vii4 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu4 ,vols4 xii41 xxvi41 & xli4 ,! ,satapa?a-,brahmana 7,sacrificial ,rituals74 ,vol4 xxv4 ,manu4 ,vols4 xxix41 & xxx4 ,grihya-,sutras 7,dome/ic ,c]emonies74 ,vol4 xxxiv4 ,v$ic ,hymns4 xlvi4 ,hymns to ,agni4 ,vols4 xlii4-xliv4 ,hymns ( ! ,a?>va-,v$a4 ,vols4 xxxiv41 xxxviii41 xlviii4 ,v$anta ,sutras4 ,muir's ,sanscrit ,texts4 ,web]1 ,indis*e ,skizz54 ,haug1 ,ait>eya ,brahmana4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,india ,,iii4 ,buddhism ,9 ,buddhism ! great movem5t ( ,indian religion works itself out to its ultimate conclusion & rea*es a /age beyond :i* !re c be no advance4 ,"h we h a religion1 if su* x may be call$1 )\t a god1 )\t pray]1 )\t prie/hood or wor%ip2 a religion :i* owes its great success1 n to its !ology1 nor to its ritual1 s9ce x has nei!r1 b to its moral s5tim5t & to its ext]nal organisation4 ,orig9at+ 9 ! c5tre ( ,india1 & giv+ practical =m to ,indian ideas1 x spread rapidly & widely bo? 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir? & 9 neighb\r+ l&s4 ,x is n[ ext9ct 9 ,india1 yet x numb]s m adh]5ts ?an any o!r religion4 ,x has be5 divid$ s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era into two great bran*es4 ,s\!rn ,buddhism is ! religion ( ,ceylon1 ( ,burmah1 & ( ,siam2 :ile ,nor!rn ,buddhism ext5ds ov] ,tibet1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 & ! isl&s ( ,java & ,sumatra4 ,! ,lit]ature4--,^! two bran*es ( ,buddhism h diff]5t lit]>y traditions1 ?\gh "s works are common to bo?2 & ^! lit]atures1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 language1 also diff] widely 9 cont5ts & 9 _s4 ,! s\!rn tradition1 compos$ 9 ,pali1 ! lit]>y language ( ,ceylon1 has rec5tly be5 op5$ up to s*ol>s1 & has greatly *ang$ _! views ( ! orig9 & ! true nature ( ?is religion4 ,! ,canon ( ,s\!rn ,buddhism1 :i* we might call ! ,pali ,bible1 is a lit]ature ab\t twice z l>ge z ! ,bible ( ,europe1 al?\gh if ! repetitions 9 x 7 remov$1 x w\ld be some:at small] ?an ! ,bible4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree ,pitakas1 baskets or collections4 ,! fir/ is ! ,v9aya ,pitaka1 deal+ ) discipl9e1 b includ+ ! ,mahavagga1 a hi/ory ( ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! ord] z ! f\nd] ga!r$ x ar\nd him4 ,! second is ! ,sutta ,pitaka or collection ( tea*+s4 ,x conta9s ! e>lie/ acc\nt ( ! lat] life ( ! f\nd]1 books ( m$itation & devotion1 collections ( say+s by ! ,ma/]1 poems1 fairy tales1 & fables1 /ories ab\t ,buddhi/ sa9ts1 & s on4 ,! ?ird collection1 ! ,abidhamma1 conta9s speculations & discussions on v>i\s subjects4 ,mu* ( ^! mat]ials is n peculi> to ,buddhism1 !re is mu* pre-,buddhi/ic speculation1 & !re are _m /ories :i* are n peculi> ev5 to ,india4 ,along ) all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! books give u ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( ! life & ( ! dea? ( ! f\nd]1 & conta9 a repres5tation writt5 a c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 ( :at he 0 consid]$ to h taught4 ,! f\nd] himself wrote no?+2 b ! "w ( compos+ books ab\t him & 8 doctr9e began e>ly1 & mu* ( ! canon is consid]$1 especially by ,engli% s*ol>s1 to h be5 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! fir/ ,buddhi/ c5tury4#a ,= _m c5turies !y 7 pres]v$ by memory alone4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,buddhi/ lit]ature giv5 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ is z foll[s3 ,vol4 x4 ,! ,dhammapada1 conta9+ ! qu9tess5ce ( ,buddhi/ morality1 & ! ,sutta-nipata1 giv+ tea*+s ( ,buddha on religion4 ,vol4 xi4 ,buddhi/ ,suttas4 ,religi\s1 moral1 & philosophical disc\rses4 ,vol4 xlix4 ,buddhi/ ,mahayana ,sutras4 ,vol4 xiii4 ,v9aya ,texts4 ,! ,patimokha or ord] ( discipl9e1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mahavagga1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! op5+ ( ! m9i/ry ( ! f\nd]4 ,vol4 xvii4 ,v9aya ,texts ii4 ,mahavagga cont9u$4 ,kullavagga or discipl9e z e/abli%$ by ! ,ma/]4 ,vol4 xx4 ,kullavagga cont9u$4 ,vols4 xxii41 xlv4 conta9 ,suttas ( ! religion ( ! ,ja9as4 ,vols4 xxxv41 xxxvi4 ,que/ions ( ,k+ ,mil9da4 ,0 !re a ,p]sonal ,f\nd]8--,s5>t 9 8 ,essai sur la lg5de du ,buddha1 & ,k]n 9 8 ,het ,buddhisme 9 ,indie1 bo? hold t we h "h to d ) a sun-my?1 & int]pret ! v>i\s features ( ! leg5d 9 a v +5i\s way 9 accordance ) t !ory4 ,?is view has made few conv]ts4 ,_m incid5ts 9 ! /ory are natural1 & appe> to be due to a real tradition2 !re is lit]>y evid5ce ( ! e>ly exi/5ce ( ! books1 & ! religion c be be/ und]/ood if reg>d$ z ! "w ( a real p]sonality ( comm&+ greatness4#b ,footnote #b3 ,rec5t ar*ological discov]ies1 ( :i* an acc\nt is giv5 by ,mr4 ,rhys ,davids 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,april #aijb1 place x beyond d\bt t ! ,buddha really exi/$1 & t pi\s (fices 7 paid to 8 a%es aft] 8 cremation by ! memb]s ( 8 own clan z well z by o!rs4 ,inscriptions br\ght to light 9 #ahih %[ t ! ,sakhya clan1 ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 dwelt at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 :at is n[ a fronti] di/rict ( ,nepal4 ,?ree ye>s be=e t ev5t !y 7 driv5 f _! old capital ,kapilava/u2 b !y =m$ a new "o fifte5 miles fur!r s\?1 j beyond ! pres5t fronti] ( ,nepal1 & !re !y erect$ a /upa or massive /one cairn1 to gu>d ! portion ( ! a%es ( ! ,buddha :i* 0 committ$ to _! keep+4 ,s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 are agre$ z to ! difficulty ( draw+ ! l9e betwe5 :at is hi/ory & :at is leg5d4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly ,pali acc\nts ! h]o has become a religi\s figure1 he we>s titles :i* lift him above mank9d1 & he has sup]natural p[]s at 8 comm&4 ,a labori\s critical process mu/ be und]tak51 comp>+ ! v>i\s n>ratives ) ea* o!r & te/+ !m 9 o!r ways1 be=e ! real hi/ory c be reg>d$ z made out beyond "q4 ,! slight sket* ( ! /ory :i* we give does n aim at su* critical correctness2 we m]ely indicate ! outl9e ( a n>rative :i* is "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! /r5g? ( ! religion4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,f\nd]4--,! f\nd]'s family "n 0 ,gautama1 & by t "n he 0 commonly kn[n dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,! p]sonal "n giv5 him z a *ild 0 ,sidd>?a4 ,^? :o wi%$ aft] 8 dea? to speak ( him ) rev]5ce call$ him ,sakya-,muni1 ! ,sage ( ! ,sakyas4 ,^! 7 a tribe :o dwelt1 at ! p]iod ( ! /ory1 i4e4 half a mill5nium be=e ,*ri/1 9 ! c\ntry to ! nor? ( ! sacr$ ,ganges1 a few days' j\rney f ! city ( ,b5>es4 ,gautama's fa!r1 ,suddhodana1 0 rajah 7*ief7 ( ! ,sakyas2 8 resid5ce 0 ,kapilava/u1 ne> ,oude4 ,! future sage ?us belong$ to ! ,k%atriya class1 & 0 accu/om$ to a position ( rank & ease4 ,we he> little ( 8 y\?2 he _h be5 m>ri$ t5 ye>s1 & 8 wife1 :om he lov$1 _h j br\ght him a son1 :51 at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 he sudd5ly & secretly left 8 home to devote himself to ! religi\s life4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is /ep by witness+ v>i\s pa9ful sights :i* caus$ him vividly to realise ! suff]+ :i* accompanies all exi/5ce1 & made him scorn a life ( luxury4 ,x 0 a "t :5 _m 7 seek+ a bett] way1 & :5 a sup]ior m9d naturally turn$ to t retirem5t & absorption 9 :i* x 0 believ$ t ! key to life's pa9s & my/]ies 0 to be f\nd4 ,9 ! ,great ,r5unciation1 z ?is act is call$1 !re is no?+ we _c und]/&4 ,?is l(ty act1 h[ev]1 0 foll[$ by a temptation2 ,m>a1 ! _s ( evil1 urg$ him1 b urg$ him 9 va91 to give up ! purpose he _h =m$4 ,he !n atta*$ himself to ,brahmanic ascetics1 f :om he le>n$ _! philosophy2 & aft] ?is he devot$ himself = six ye>s to a life ( fa/+ & p5ance1 ! ,brahmanic me?od = draw+ ne>] ! goal ( ! religi\s life4 ,aft] ?is p]iod he gave up 8 fa/+1 n hav+ pr(it$ by x z he _h expect$1 & return$ to an ord9>y diet4 ,?is *ange co/ him ! adhesion ( five disciples :o _h become atta*$ to him1 & _h be5 fill$ ) wond] at 8 mortifications4 ,b ! loss 0 a small "o comp>$ ) ! ga9 :i* 0 at h&4 ,aft] a second great spiritual /ruggle & a r5ewal ( ! temptation1 he at la/ rea*$ t :i* he _h long be5 seek+4 ,seat$ "u a ficus religiosa1 ! tree aft]w>ds call$ ! tree ( k1 or ! ,bo-tree1 he rose 9 contemplation above all 8 temptations & d\bts till he beheld at l5g? ! true nature ( ?+s4 ,f ?is mom5t he 0 ,buddha1 ,enlight5$2 he _h ! key ( tru?1 & = himself he 0 assur$ t sorr[ & evil _h lo/ all hold on him4 ,8 doctr9e _h dawn$ 9 8 m9d4 ,he _h discov]$ ! cause ( ! sorr[ :i* is s closely int]tw9$ 9 man's life1 & _h div9$ ! way 9 :i* sorr[ might be ov]come4 ,! me?od _h be5 f\nd by :i* "o c\ld escape f ! un5d+ succession ( new lives1 all pa9ful1 to :i*1 accord+ to ! g5]al belief ( ! "t1 m5 7 condemn$4 ,! words plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! f\nd] :5 he atta9$ to ,buddhahood tell _! own tale4 ,look+ = ! ,mak] ( ?is tab]nacle1 ,i h to run ?r\gh a c\rse ( _m bir?s s long z ,i d n f9d him2 & pa9ful is bir? aga9 & aga94 ,b n[1 ,mak] ( ! tab]nacle1 ?\ ha/ be5 se52 ?\ %alt n make up ?is tab]nacle aga94 ,all ?y raft]s are brok52 ?y ridge-pole is sund]$2 ! m9d1 approa*+ ! et]nal1 has atta9$ to ! ext9ction ( all desires4#c ,footnote #c3 ,dhammapada1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 x4 #db4 ,! great discov]y be+ made1 & duly pond]$ & realis$1 ! "q arose1 ,:at 0 to be done ) x8 ,! ,buddha %r9ks f ! "w ( prea*+ x to o!rs4 ,brahma himself is br\ght into ! /ory to enc\rage him to make 8 secret kn[n to o!rs1 & to assure him t _m w receive x ) great joy4 ,! ,bless$ ,"o cons5ts1 & ?us replies3 ,wide op5 is ! gate ( ! ,immortal to all :o h e>s to he>2 let !m s5d =? fai? to meet x4 ,! tea*+ is sweet & good2 because ,i despair$ ( ! task1 ,i spake n to m5 be=e4#d ,he turns 8 /eps1 guid$ by 8 own sup]natural k1 to ! city ( ,b5>es1 to seek ! five monks :o _h =m]ly ab&on$ him4 ,on 8 way ?i!r he meets a nak$ ascetic :o asks ! reason ( 8 *e]ful mi52 he answ]s t he has ov]come all foes1 has rea*$ emancipation by ! de/ruction ( desire1 & has obta9$ ,nirvana4 ,to f\nd ! k+dom ( ,tru? ,i g to ! city ( ! ,kasis 7,b5>es72 ,i w beat ! drum ( ! ,immortal 9 ! d>kness ( ?is _w4 ,! acc\nt :i* foll[s ( ! op5+ ( ! k+dom ( righte\sness pres5ts _m analogies to ! e>ly /ages ( o!r spiritual movem5ts4 ,! f\nd]1 immovably sure ( himself & ( 8 doctr9es1 goes f place to place1 sp5d+ ! ra9y season 9 t[n1 & prea*+ ev]y:]e4 ,x is at ,b5>es t ! :eel ( ! law is fir/ set 9 motion2 !re ! fir/ s]mon 0 prea*$4 ,! circum/ances are also n>rat$ "u :i* o!r s]mons 7 deliv]$1 details be+ giv5 z to "t1 place1 ! p]sons :o he>d !m1 ! incid5ts :i* occasion$ !m4 ,8 conv]ts at fir/ are few & _! names are record$1 b by degrees !y become m num]\s4 ,! m devot$ ( !m become memb]s ( 8 ord]1 ,bhikkus 7= ,bhik%us71 m5dicants2 !y =sake dome/ic life1 %ave _! heads1 adopt ! yell[ dress & ! alms-b[l4 ,!y also are s5t out to prea*4 ,g ye1 ,o ,bhikkus1 & w&]1 = ! welf>e ( _m1 out ( compassion = ! _w1 = ! ga9 & = ! welf>e ( gods & m54 ,let n two ( y g ! same way4 ,prea*1 ,o ,bhikkus1 ! doctr9e :i* is glori\s 9 ! beg9n+1 glori\s 9 ! middle1 glori\s 9 ! end1 9 ! _s1 & 9 ! lett]2 proclaim a consummate1 p]fect1 & pure life ( hol9ess4 ,!re are be+s ^: m5tal eyes are cov]$ ) sc>cely any du/1 b if ! doctr9e is n prea*$ to !m !y _c atta9 salvation4 ,! incid5ts n>rat$ 9 ?is "p ( ! /ory are mo/ly connect$ ) p]sons seek+ admission to ! ord]1 or p]sons requir+ to be conv9c$2 ! doctr9e & its spread are ev]y?+4 ,t spread takes place1 z x is desir$ by ! ,buddha1 *iefly among ! high] classes ( society2 a great triumph is rea*$ :5 ,bimbis>a1 k+ ( ,magadha1 becomes a patron ( ! ord]1 & "s acc\nts tell ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,buddha's own fa!r & "m4 ,! "w ( ! mission is ( a peaceful nature2 ! ,buddha lives on good t]ms ) ! ,brahmans & ) o!r tea*]s & _! pupils4 ,! only =midable opposition he _h to meet arose )9 ! ord]4 ,8 c\s9 ,dewadatta1 :o _h become a monk1 wi%$ to f\nd a new ord] ) mu* /rict] rules ?an ^? ( ! orig9al "o4 ,! ,buddha refus$ to atta* importance1 z 0 propos$1 to matt]s ( clo!s & food1 or liv+ 9 ! op5 air2 to d s w\ld h made 8 movem5t n>r[] & less univ]sal ?an he desir$4 ,footnote #d3 ,mahavagga1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 xiii4 #hh4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry is told 9 "s detail1 b ( a long p]iod ( ! life only a few scatt]$ incid5ts are giv54 ,!re is a detail$ acc\nt ( ! ?ree la/ mon?s ( ! life4 ,! ,buddha is n[ eighty ye>s ( age1 & 9 ! ,maha-p>anibbana ,sutta#e ! tale ( 8 migrations & prea*+s is c>ri$ on accord+ to ! same s*eme z 9 ! acc\nts ( 8 e>ly days4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season1 h[ev]1 :5 he has rea*$ ! age ( eighty1 he has an illness1 & sees he _c live long4 ,?is he tells 8 monks1 exhort+ !m ) urg5cy to be true to ! tea*+ & ! ord]1 & to %$ ! light abroad4 ,8 end is ha/5$ by a meal ( pork set be=e him by a goldsmi?1 a man ( l[ ca/e1 :o hospitably ent]ta9$ him4 ,aft] ?is 8 face %9es ) a heav5ly radiance1 & z ! end approa*es _m heav5ly signs appe>4 ,! ,buddha is fully consci\s t he is ab\t to leave ! _w1 & t 8 dea? is an ev5t ( supreme int]e/ to ! heav5ly p[]s1 :om he believes to be ?rong+ ar\nd to wat* 8 la/ h\rs4 ,he is solicit\s1 h[ev]1 to soo! ! grief ( 8 fri5ds1 l>ge numb]s ( :om also are ar\nd him1 & to give !m su* c\nsels & su* inc5tives to a fai?ful uphold+ ( ! cause z he yet may4 ,!y ask ab\t 8 obsequies1 & he claims t ! rema9s ( su* an "o z he is1 ( a ,ta?agata1 "o :o has atta9$ p]fection1 %\ld be treat$ z m5 treat ! rema9s ( a k+ ( k+s4 ,he recognises ! k9dness ( ,an&a1 8 mo/ intimate disciple1 & tries to com=t him by enc\rag+ him to be e>ne/ 9 ef=t1 s t he too may soon be free f evils4 ,he directs 8 disciples g5]ally n to m\rn too mu* at 8 removal z if !y 7 be+ des]t$4 ,! tru?s :i* he has set =?1 & ! rules ( ! ord] he has laid d[n = !m1 are to be _! tea*] aft] he is gone4 ,he asks if any ( !m has any d\bt or misgiv+ z to ! ,buddha1 or ! tru?1 or ! fai?1 or ! way4 ,if s1 !y are to inquire freely1 s t !y may n reproa* !mselves aft]w>ds = n hav+ consult$ him :ile /ill among !m4 ,! bre?r51 h[ev]1 are sil5t1 ?\gh address$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! same way4 ,9 ! :ole assembly !re is n "o :o has any d\bt or misgiv+4 ,ev5 ! mo/ backw>d ( ^! bre?r5 has become conv]t$ 7lit4 ent]$ into ! curr5t72 he is no long] liable to be born to a /ate ( suff]+1 b is assur$ ( et]nal salvation4 ,footnote #e3 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 xl4 ,!n ! ,bless$ ,"o address$ ! bre?r5 & said1 ',behold n[1 bre?r51 ,i exhort y1' say+1 ',decay is inh]5t 9 all ?+s t h come into be+4 ,"w out y\r salvation ) dilig5ce6' ,?is 0 ! la/ ^w ( ! ,ta?agata6 ,8 dea? or ,nirvana =ms ! era ( ,buddhi/ *ronology1 & ! date has n[ be5 approximately fix$ ) "s c]ta9ty2 x took place some:]e 9 ! decade #dhb-dgb ,b4,c4 ,is ,buddhism a ,revolt aga9/ ,brahmanism8--,be=e proce$+ to discuss ! religion to :i* ?is some:at monki% n>rative =ms ! preface1 x is necess>y to say a few words on ! relation :i* t religion is n[ suppos$ to hold to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,indian piety4 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 till rec5tly1 to reg>d ,buddha z a great re=m]1 & 8 religion z a great revolt aga9/ t :i* x f\nd prevail+ 9 ,india4 ,he is cr$it$ ) hav+ prea*$ a!ism z a reaction aga9/ ! burd5some wor%ip ( too _m gods1 ) hav+ in/itut$ a great social movem5t consi/+ 9 ! abolition ( ca/e1 ) hav+ op5ly d5i$ ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as1 till !n un*all5g$1 & ) hav+ rebuk$ ! pride ( ,brahmanism by mak+ 8 ord] ( m5dicants ! repres5tatives ( 8 religion4 ,none ( ^! ass]tions c n[ be upheld4 ,in/ead ( hav+ be5 a trem5d\s reaction aga9/ ,brahmanism x is se5 t ,buddhism 0 ! natural outgr[? ( t sy/em4 ,! clos] k ( bo?1 ga9$ by ! op5+ up ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 t5ds to %[ t mu* t 0 =m]ly ?\ght di/9ctive ( ,buddhism 0 9 reality inh]it$ f ,brahmanism4 ,we saw 9 deal+ ) ! e>li] =m ( ,indian religion t a =m ( piety _h be5 /ruck out 9 x :i* made ! ascetic indep5d5t ( sacrifice1 prie/hood1 ev5 ( ! gods1 all save ! "o ,god :o is 9 all ?+s4 ,9 t phase ( ,indian religion ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as _h already be5 impugn$1 an inn] discipl9e _h tak5 ! place ( outw>d wor%ip1 ! sa9t _h le>n$ to =sake ! _w4 ,?is turn ( religi\s ?\ght produc$ all ! ph5om5a ( ,buddhism be=e ! p]iod ( ,gautama4 ,! sannyas9 7vide sup41 *apt] xix47 ( ,brahmanism is also call$ bhikku1 m5dicant2 ! rules ( ! old] ascetics are closely simil> to ^? ( ! ,buddhi/ monk2 _! v outfit1 _! cloak & alms-b[l1 are ! same4 ,a circum/ance :i* %[s v cle>ly h[ f> ,buddhism 0 f be>+ ! "* ( a revolt1 is ! occurr5ce at ! same "t & 9 ! same di/rict ( ,india ( ano!r movem5t ( a v simil> nature4 ,ja9ism is an ,indian religion s l ,buddhism z to h be5 consid]$ by _m to be a sect ( ! latt]4 ,x also has an ord] ( monks ) robes & ) a rule l ^? ( ! ,buddhi/ frat]nity4 ,x also has a human f\nd] on :om _m ( ! same titles are conf]r$ z on ,gautama1 & :o is aft]w>ds deifi$ & wor%ipp$4 ,mahavira1 ! f\nd] ( ,ja9ism1 is1 l ,gautama1 ! son ( a royal h\se2 & ! ,ja9i/ & ! ,buddhi/ leg5d h _m features 9 common4 ,0 ! leg5d ( ,mahavira1 !n1 a sect>ian v]sion ( ! leg5d ( ,gautama1 did no su* p]son exi/1 at lea/ z ! f\nd] ( a religi\s body8 ,s x 0 =m]ly consid]$2 b x has n[ be5 discov]$ t ! ,buddhi/ scriptures !mselves be> witness to ! actual exi/5ce ( ,mahavira 9 ! lifetime ( ,gautama1 :o once _h an enc\nt] ) him & confut$ him4 ,x appe>s !n t two simil> movem5ts 7 go+ on close toge!r at ! same "t4 ,!y 7 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 ! two rules diff] 9 important p>ticul>s4 ,ja9ism c>ries to a mu* great] l5g? ?an ,buddhism ! ahimsa1 or prohibition ( ! de/ruction ( life2 ! ,ja9i/s practise au/]ities :i* ,buddhism disc>ds1 & 9 ! philosophies ( ! two sy/ems !re are f>-rea*+ discrepancies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? ,buddhism & ,ja9ism borr[ f ,brahmanism mo/ ( _! practices & in/itutions2 bo? are developm5ts ( ! way ( salvation /ruck out n by ,brahmans alone1 b by m5 ( o!r ca/es & o!r views1 :5 fai? 9 ! old national gods 0 gr[+ dim4 ,we n[ proce$ to discuss ! ,buddhi/ sy/em1 tak+ x z x appe>s 9 ! e>ly books1 :i* tell u at lea/ :at 0 believ$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 to h be5 ! ideas & int5tions ( ! f\nd]4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula 9 :i* ! conv]t express$ 8 desire to be admitt$ to ! ord]3 ,i take %elt] 9 ! ,buddha1 ,i take %elt] 9 ! ,dhamma 7doctr9e71 ,i take %elt] 9 ! ,samgha 7ord]74 #a4 ,! ,buddha4--,?is confession ( fai? is direct$ to a triad ( :i* ! ,buddha is ! fir/ memb]4 ,n[ ! title ,buddha 0 n inv5t$ by ,buddhism1 b belongs to e>li] ,indian ?\ght1 :i* held t f "t to "t1 9 a specially fav\r$ age1 an ,enlight5$ ,"o & ,enlight5]1 an omnisci5t & p]fect tea*]1 visit$ ! _w4 ,( ^! !re _h be5 9 =m] ages tw5ty-f\r1 & ! foll[]s ( ,gautama held him to be ! tw5ty-fif?1 b n ! la/4 ,! application to ,gautama ( ?is title remov$ him1 to ! believ]1 f ! ranks ( ord9>y m51 & 0 ! signal = a con/antly increas+ exaltation ( 8 p]son4 ,9 adh]+ to ! ,buddha1 !re=e1 ! conv]t is n b[+ to a m]e man1 b to "o 9 :om a new type ( deity is on ! way to be realis$4 ,he is a man2 !re is a record ( 8 human life1 9 :i* he made a great r5unciation1 ab&on+1 out ( compassion = m5's suff]+s1 a position ( lordly ease = t ( ! m5dicant4 ,9 ?is way he is a savi\r n too exalt$ = ! pi\s he>t to love & foll[4 ,hav+ f\nd out 9 8 own exp]i5ce ! way ( peace1 & op5$ up t way = o!rs1 he is a patt]n & an enc\ragem5t z well z a lawgiv] to ! e>ne/ s\l2 & ! p]sonal relation :i* may ?us be enjoy$ ) ! f\nd] is "o great secret ( ! success ( ! religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he is m ?an a man4 ,! belief grew up v e>ly t he 0 n born 9 ! ord9>y way1 b t 8 bir? _h be5 8 own volunt>y act1 & t 8 great r5unciation consi/$ 9 8 *oos+1 out ( compassion = m51 to ent] human life & to be> ! burd5 ( its suff]+s4 ,9 ?is way a religion :i* orig9ally _h no gods & no wor%ip began to supply itself ) ^!4 ,"s s*ol>s hold t x 0 among ! lay community1 among m5 n ?or\ghly initiat$ into ,buddhi/ ?\ght1 & fail+ to f9d 9 ! new fai? :at _! =m] religions _h af=d$1 t ! deification ( ! ,buddha & ! wor%ip ( him began2 x may c]ta9ly be d\bt$ :e!r ! religion c\ld h liv$ long or spread f> if ^! defici5cies _h n be5 e>ly suppli$4 #b4 ,! ,doctr9e4--,! life ( ! f\nd] gives u ! key to 8 doctr9e4 ,we see at once t t doctr9e 0 n negative b positive & con/ructive4 ,nei!r 0 x socially ( a revolution>y "*1 nor did x d5y any "p ( ! exi/+ religion4 ,we nev] read t ,gautama's tea*+ 0 assail$ by ! ,brahmans z uns\nd2 x 0 c5turies aft] 8 dea? t antagonism broke out betwe5 ! ord] & ! uphold]s ( o!r sy/ems4 ,nor aga9 did ! tea*+ put =w>d a new philosophy4 ,on c]ta9 po9ts :i* we %all notice !re is a developm5t ( ?\ght 9 x2 b ?is 0 n obtrud$4 ,9 fact ! doctr9e is n a speculation at all1 b a way ( salvation :i* is prea*$ = its own sake1 & c>efully gu>d$ f be+ mix$ up ) speculative or religi\s controv]sy4 ,! ,buddha is "o :o has f\nd out a new way to be sav$1 & he comes =w>d to prea* :at he has discov]$1 & t alone4 ,o!r matt]s he leaves z !y are4 ,all 8 disc\rses sav\r ( r$emption z all ! sea is salt4 ,o!r m5 may draw inf]5ces z to ! relation 8 doctr9e be>s to ! position ( ! ,brahmans1 or to ! sacrifices1 or to exi/+ beliefs2 he does n draw ^! inf]5ces1 he feels no ne$ to d s4 ,! doctr9e pr(esses to be an answ] to a def9ite problem--! problem ( pa94 ,x is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ?+ ab\t bo? ! f\nd] & ! doctr9e1 t !y />t f ! univ]sal exi/5ce ( pa91 to seek a rem$y = x2 !y are inspir$ !re=e f ! fir/ by a d>k view ( human life1 & by ! s5tim5t ( compassion4 ,x 0 ! impression made on ! "y pr9ce1 ( ! g5]al preval5ce ( suff]+1 t drove him =? f ! palace to be a sannyas9 or devotee4 ,9 a /rik+ s]mon he uses ! figure ( fire to indicate h[ univ]sal is ! rule ( pa9 9 all p>ts ( nature & ( human life4 ,all is burn+2 ! eye is burn+1 & all x looks on & all x rememb]s ( :at x has se52 s x is ) ea* ( ! s5ses1 s also ) ! m9d4 ,! fire is t ( passion1 ( malice1 ( illusion1 ( bir?1 ( age1 ( dea?1 ( pa91 despond5cy1 & despair4 ,b ! nature ( ! compla9t f :i* man suff]s1 & also ! rem$y = x1 are describ$ mo/ cle>ly 9 ! ,f\r ,noble ,tru?s set =? 9 ! op5+ s]mon at ,b5>es4 ,9 ^! memorable utt]ances ! tea*] expresses himself accord+ to ! rules ( ! m$ical art1 fir/ sett+ =? ! nature ( ! disease1 !n its cause1 !n h[ x takes end1 & la/ly1 ! means to be adopt$ 9 ord] t x may d s4 #a4 ,! ,noble ,tru? ( ,suff]+4 ,bir? is suff]+1 decay is suff]+1 illness is suff]+1 dea? is suff]+4 ,pres5ce ( objects we hate is suff]+1 sep>ation f objects we love is suff]+1 n to obta9 :at we desire is suff]+4 ,briefly1 ! fivefold cl++ to exi/5ce is suff]+4 #b4 ,! ,noble ,tru? ( ! ,cause ( ,suff]+4 ,?ir/ t leads to rebir?1 accompani$ by pleasure & lu/1 f9d+ its delight "h & !re4 ,?is ?ir/ is ?reefold1 namely1 ?ir/ = pleasure1 ?ir/ = exi/5ce1 ?ir/ = prosp]ity4 #c4 ,! ,noble ,tru? ( ! ,cessation ( ,suff]+4 ,x ceases ) ! complete cessation ( ?is ?ir/1 a cessation :i* consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( e passion1 ) ! ab&on+ ( ?is ?ir/1 ) ! deliv]ance f x1 ) ! de/ruction ( desire4 #d4 ,! ,noble ,tru? ( ! ,pa? :i* leads to ! ,cessation ( ,suff]+4 ,! holy eightfold ,pa?2 t is to say1 ,"r ,belief1 ,"r ,aspiration1 ,"r ,spee*1 ,"r ,conduct1 ,"r ,means ( ,livelihood1 ,"r ,endeav\r1 ,"r ,memory1 ,"r ,m$itation4 ,9 ^! /atem5ts !re are "s ?+s :i* we c readily und]/&1 b also "s ?+s :i* are n s easy4 ,x is a ?\ght ) :i* ,*ri/ians are famili>1 t desire is ! p>5t ( all sorts ( pa9 & disappo9tm5t1 t ! ass]tion ( ! self1 ! putt+ =w>d ( p]sonal wi%es & claims1 involves suff]+4 ,& we read 9 ! ,gospels t ! way to escape f su* suff]+ is to cease f desire1 no long] to be anxi\s ab\t :at ?is _w c give u or take f u1 & n to lay up treasures4 ,buddhi/ doctr9e has its moral basis 9 ! p]ception ( ! vanity ( all human ef=t & desire1 & 9 ! conviction t ! true ri*es = man _c consi/ 9 any ( ^? goods to :i* ! he>t naturally cl+s4 ,:]e t p]ception does n exi/1 :]e ! fir/ ( ! ,noble ,tru?s is n accept$ z beyond all "q1 ,buddhism c h no hold4 ,s f> ! doctr9e is easy to foll[4 ,b 9 ! second ( ! ,tru?s we f9d t ! cause ( suff]+ is s\ght 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human p]son z ,indian ?\ght conceives x4 ,man suff]s because he has be5 born aga91 has suff]$ a rebir?1 & ! cause ( 8 rebir? is ! ?ir/ :i* has be5 felt or ev5 n\ri%$ 9 a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,! ?\ght t suff]+ is due to desire is n pres5t$ simply1 z x is 9 our ,gospels1 b 9 connection ) a doctr9e ( man's life & ( ! connection ( "o g5]ation ) ano!r1 :i* is q /range to u1 b ap>t f :i* primitive ,buddhism held t its doctr9e ( suff]+ c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,! ,buddha1 aft] discov]+ ! doctr9e1 is at fir/ 9 d\bt :e!r or n he w prea* x2 & ! cause ( 8 d\bt is t he is n sure if m5 w be able to und]/& ! law ( causality & ! *a9 ( exi/5ce1 on :i* he himself m$itat$ a :ole night aft] 8 enlight5m5t1 & 8 discov]y ( :i* he reg>ds z a great "p ( 8 a*ievem5t4 ,?is *a9 ( causation is /at$ 9 a long s]ies ( ass]t$ processes1 9 :i* ! connection betwe5 "o g5]ation & ano!r1 & ! transmission f life to life ( ! melan*oly h]itage ( desire & sorr[1 is obscurely & enigmatically trac$4 ,! beg9n+ ( all is ignorance 7( ! f\r tru?s72 f ignorance proce$ ! samkh>as or =ms ( production1 f ^! 9 turn consci\sness1 ! s5ses1 contact1 s5sation1 ?ir/1 & s on to bir? & ! mis]ies ( life4 ,suff]+ is de/roy$ by trac+ ?is sequ5ce ov] aga9 9 a negative way1 s t1 ! fir/ memb] ( x be+ de/roy$1 ea* subsequ5t memb] is de/roy$ 9 turn4 ,x is no wond] t ! f\nd] d\bt$ :e!r ?is doctr9e ( causation w\ld be g5]ally und]/ood2 = x is 9 fact an attempt to reconcile two opposite views ( ! nature ( ! human p]son4 ,9 ! fir/ place we f9d 9 e>ly ,buddhism ! ?\ght t !re is no su* ?+ z a self 9 ! human be+2 a man is made up ( v>i\s bundles ( attributes & s5sations call$ sk&has1 b he himself is none ( ^!4 ,!re is no p]si/5t sub/ratum ( a self "u ^! activities & =ms1 any m ?an !re is a c>riage 9 addition to ! :eels1 %afts1 nails1 etc41 ( :i* a c>riage is compos$4 ,! ,buddhi/ is call$ on to give up ! belief 9 a p]man5t ego2 only :]e ! v>i\s p>ts come toge!r is ! man !re4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n d5ial ( ! s\l 9 ?is religion2 ! s\l is no?+ b ! "n & =m ( a *ance collocation ( elem5ts4 ,x is h>d to "k :]e ?is doctr9e came f2 ,k]n says x is d]iv$ f ! sci5ce ( dissection1 o!rs comp>e x ) ! doctr9e ( ,h]aclitus1 taught ab\t ! same "t 9 ,greece1 t all ?+s are 9 con/ant flux1 no?+ p]man5t4 ,! la/ words ( ! ,ma/] ass]t t decay is univ]sal2 & ! doctr9e ( ! sk&has is a coroll>y f t pr9ciple2 if all ! elem5ts ( :i* ! human p]son is made up are 9 process ( decay1 !n ! self _c be a sub/antial & p]si/5t ?+4 ,t doctr9e1 h[ev]1 does n g well toge!r ) ! belief 9 ! univ]sality & inexorabl5ess ( suff]+4 ,if !re is no self1 mu/ n consci\sness come to an end :5 ! elem5ts fall asund] :i* *ance has br\ght toge!r1 & mu/ n ! h\r ( dea? be also ! h\r ( complete emancipation8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x 0 impossible to hold 9 ,india at ! "t ( ,gautama2 ! belief 9 transmigration 0 too firmly fix$1 he nev] ?\ght ( disput+ x4 ,t belief inde$ is :at *iefly makes ! suff]+ ( ! _w s lam5table4 ,to ,indian eyes ! pa9 actually 9 ! _w 0 magnifi$ a hundr$-fold by ! d>k imag9ation ( its connection ) ! pa/ & ) ! future4 ,:at a man suff]$ 0 ! result ( acts done 9 _m =m] lives1 all sp5t 9 ! va9 mis]y ( desire2 & ! sad prospect 0 ext5d$ be=e him t dea? w\ld n end 8 pa9s1 b t he w\ld be born aga9 & aga9 to suff] ev] anew s long z desire cont9u$4 ,b if ?is is ! case1 !n ! s\l w\ld seem to be a durable & p]si/5t ?+ :i* is able to g ?r\gh _m lives & mu* suff]+ )\t be+ br\ght to an end4 ,on ! !ory ( transmigration ! s\l is n a m]e %ad[-"n ( an aggregation ( qualities1 b ! "o durable ?+ :i* survives :5 all t is accid5tal & tempor>y falls away f x4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,sk&has & t ( transmigration are ?us oppos$1 & ! doctr9e ( ! nidanas or ! *a9 ( causation is ! bridge :i* satisfi$ ,gautama's own m9d1 b :i* he 0 d\btful ab\t pres5t+ to o!rs1 to br+ !m into h>mony4 ,he aim$ at %[+ by 8 catalogue ( ^! obscure processes h[ ! actions done 9 a life set up a t5d5cy to a correspond+ exi/5ce 9 ano!r life :i* beg9s aft] ! =m] "o ends4 ,?\gh !re is no s\l to be transmitt$1 ! moral effects ( =m] lives are transmitt$ to _! successors4 ,! ess5tial doctr9e ( ! ,buddha1 h[ev]1 is det]m9$ by ! belief 9 transmigration4 ,8 cry ( triumph at ! "t ( 8 enlight5m5t is to ! effect t ! long s]ies ( suff]+ exi/5ces ?r\gh :i* he has pass$ has n[ come to an end1 & t he w n be born aga94 ,& :at he prea*es ) con/ant it]ation is ! mis]y ( ?is awful succession ( bir?s to r5ewal ( suff]+1 & ! inf9ite bless$ness ( escap+ f ?is cycle4 ,! disciple1 :5 conv]t$1 is to be able to say3 ,hell is de/roy$ = me1 & rebir? z an animal or a gho/ or 9 any place ( woe4 ,i am conv]t$1 ,i am no long] liable to be reborn 9 a /ate ( suff]+1 & am assur$ ( et]nal salvation4 ,n[ x re/s ) a man's own acts to end 8 suff]+s4 ,! *a9 ( causation :i* ends ) suff]+ beg9s ) ignorance4 ,! ignorance :i* is meant is t ( ! f\r noble tru?s1 ( ! way ( salvation4 ,let a man cease f ignorance1 let him accept ! ,noble ,tru?s & ! insight !y convey into ! cause ( suff]+1 !n by ceas+ to ?ir/1 or to burn1 or 9 our own language by turn+ 8 m9d away f all desire1 believ+ t :at he does w be effective = 8 salvation1 he sets up a *a9 ( causation 9 an opposite direction1 & hav+ de/roy$ ignorance he may re/ assur$ t he has de/roy$ suff]+ too & is 9 ! "r way4 ,! burd5 he has inh]it$ he w n ne$ to c>ry any f>!r1 b w1 :5 he dies1 lay d[n = ev]4 ,:5 we look at ! f\r? ,noble ,tru?1 :i* tells :at a man has to d 9 ord] to obta9 ?is salvation1 we are at fir/ surpris$4 ,aft] ! deep e>ne/ness ) :i* ! nature ( ! disease & ! cause & cure ( ! disease h be5 /at$1 we expect t /rong] practical measures w be ask$ = ?an ^! eight =ms ( mod]ation4 ,*ri/ianity speaks ( cutt+ (f ! "r h&1 pluck+ out ! "r eye1 9 ord] to cut (f desire3 & ! ,brahmanic me?od ( union ) ! ,deity 01 z we h se51 t ( ! mo/ extreme self-mortification unit$ ) contemplation4 ,?is ,brahmanic me?od1 ! yoga by :i* ! devotee s\ght to escape f all ! accid5ts ( be+ & to make himself "o ) ! great ,self1 ! ,buddha _h tri$ = six ye>s2 b he _h giv5 x up = a ye> :5 ! h\r ( 8 enlight5m5t /ruck1 & he explicitly condemns = o!rs ! pa? he _h f\nd unpr(itable = himself4 ,x is "o ( two extremes1 bo? to be avoid$1 ,! "o extreme is a life devot$ to pleasures & lu/s2 ?is is degrad+1 s5sual1 vulg>1 pr(itless2 ! o!r is a life giv5 to mortifications2 ?is is pa9ful1 ignoble1 & pr(itless4 ,by avoid+ ^! two extremes ! ,ta?agata has ga9$ ! k ( ! ,middle ,pa?1 :i* leads to insight1 wisdom1 calm1 to ,nirvana4 ,! way1 !re=e1 to escape f ! ,k>ma1 ! moral retribution :i* works inexorably 9 "o life ! result /or$ up 9 previ\s lives1 is t ( a c>eful & un9t]mitt$ self-discipl9e1 :i* does n run to extremes1 b practices1 ) p]fectly cle> purpose & self-possession1 ! ne$ful virtues m5tion$ 9 ! f\r? ( ! ,noble ,tru?s4 ,:at are ^!8 ,!re is to be-- #a4 ,"r belief1 )\t sup]/ition or delusion4 #b4 ,"r aspiration1 aft] su* ?+s z ! ?\ghtful & e>ne/ man sets /ore by4 #c4 ,"r spee*1 spee* t is fri5dly & s9c]e4 #d4 ,"r conduct1 conduct t is peaceable1 hon\rable1 & pure4 #e4 ,"r means ( livelihood1 i4e4 a pursuit :i* does n involve ! tak+ or injur+ ( life4 #f4 ,"r endeav\r1 i4e4 self-re/ra9t & wat*fulness4 #g4 ,"r memory1 i4e4 pres5ce ( m9d1 n =gett+ at any "t :at "o ought to rememb]2 & #h4 ,"r m$itation1 i4e4 e>ne/ occupation ) ! riddles ( life4 ,?is is ! pa?2 !re are f\r /ages ( x-- #a4 ,! /age ( him :o has ent]$ ! pa?4 #b4 ,! /age ( him :o has yet to return once to life4 #c4 ,! /age ( him :o returns n aga91 b may be born aga9 z a sup]ior be+2 & #d4 ,! /age ( ! wor?y1 holy "o1 ! ,arahat1 :o is free f desire = exi/5ce1 & also f pride & self-righte\sness1 & :o is sav$ & has obta9$ hol9ess1 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,an ,arahat is n equal to a ,buddha2 ! =m] is himself sav$1 b ! p]fect ,buddha is able by 8 p]fect k to save o!rs4 ,( ,buddhas1 h[ev]1 !re are n _m4 ,"o becomes an ,arahat by a life ( /r5u\s & untir+ discipl9e4 ,t5 fett]s are to be brok5 by :i* a man is kept f fre$om2 self-deception is "o ( !m1 tru/ 9 sacrifice ano!r1 & ! li/ embraces bo? s5sual & intellectual weaknesses4 ,"o mu/ wat* & be sob]2 e act1 h[ev] trivial1 is to be done ) full self-consci\sness & e>ne/ness4 ,"o mu/ rememb] t he is engag$ 9 a great & a h>d "w1 & mu/ resolutely swim up/ream1 e/imat+ at its prop] value e affection & temptation t w\ld hold him back4 ,! body is to be contemn$1 & all natural ties2 emotion is to be uproot$ f ! he>t s t ! prop] /ate ( entire calm & undi/urb$ness may be ma9ta9$4 ,!n "o is an ,arahat1 a true ,brahman4 ,?is mann] ( life requires )drawal f ! _w2 ! true salvation c only be atta9$ by him :o has left 8 home = ! h\seless life4 ,b ,buddhism has also a g5]al moral code = ^? :o h n tak5 ?is /ep2 ! keep+ ( x w n save !m directly2 f ! life !y are n[ lead+ t is impossible1 b x is a beg9n+2 x w make x easi] = !m to become ,arahats & atta9 salvation 9 "s future exi/5ce4 ,= all x is good to be free f desire2 z all desire conta9s 9 itself a g]m ( dea?1 !re is no approa* to salvation except 9 ?is direction4 ,buddhi/ ,morality4--,t[>ds fell[-m5 ,buddhi/ morality is bas$ on ! notion ( ! equality ( all2 respect is to be paid to all liv+ be+s4 ,! five rules ( righte\sness :i* are b9d+ on all foll[]s ( ! ,buddha are3 #a4 ,n to kill any liv+ be+4 #b4 ,n to take t :i* is n giv54 #c4 ,to refra9 f adult]y4 #d4 ,to speak no untru?4 #e4 ,to ab/a9 f all intoxicat+ liquors4 ,to ^! are add$ five m = memb]s ( ! ord]1 :o are also requir$ to refra9 f all sexual int]c\rse1 viz43 #a4 ,n to eat aft] mid-day4 #b4 ,n to be pres5t at danc+1 s++1 music1 or plays4 #c4 ,n to use wrea?s1 sc5ts1 o9tm5ts1 or p]sonal ornam5ts4 #d4 ,n to use a high or a broad b$4 #e4 ,to possess no silv] or gold4 ,^! comm&m5ts1 l ^? ( ! ,decalogue1 are negative 9 =m2 b 9 ! ,buddhi/ scriptures a positive moral ideal is inculcat$ on all1 :i* is grave & attractive 9 its "*1 & is su/a9$ by a /rong ?\gh quiet en?usiasm4 ,we f9d "h a delicate consci5ti\sness z to ! relations to be cultivat$ ) "o's fell[-m52 ! wide/ tol]ation is enjo9$1 a tol]ation ext5d+ to all be+s1 to all op9ions4 ,hatr$ is to be repaid by love1 life is to be fill$ ) k9dness & compassion4 ,! ,dhammapada & ! ,sutta-nipata des]ve to be read by all :o c>e = ! unse5 ri*es ( ! s\l4 ,by _! simple e>ne/ness1 _! qua9t use ( p>able & metaphor1 & _! m+l+ ( ! homelie/ ?+s ) ! highe/ tru?s1 ^! books take rank among ! mo/ impressive ( ! religi\s books ( ! _w4 ,we give only a few jewels f ?is treasury4 ,f ! ,dhammapada4--,e>ne/ness is ! pa? ( immortality 7,nirvana71 ?\ghtlessness ! pa? ( dea?4 ,^? :o are 9 e>ne/ d n die1 ^? :o are ?\ghtless are z if dead already4 ,all t we are is ! result ( :at we h ?\ght2 x is f\nd$ on :at we h ?\ght1 x is made up ( :at we h ?\ght4 ,if a man speaks or acts ) a pure ?\ght1 happ9ess foll[s him1 l a %ad[ t nev] leaves him4 ,by oneself evil is done1 by oneself "o suff]s2 by oneself evil is left undone1 by oneself "o is purifi$4 ,purity & impurity belong to oneself2 no "o c purify ano!r4 ,f ! ,sutta-nipata4--,to live 9 a suitable c\ntry1 to h done good de$s 9 a =m] exi/5ce1 & a ?or\gh /udy ( oneself1 ?is is ! highe/ bless+4 ,z a "m at ! risk ( h] life wat*es ov] h] own *ild1 h] only *ild1 s also let e "o cultivate a b\ndless fri5dly m9d t[>ds all be+s4 ,a ,bhikku :o has turn$ away f desire & atta*m5t1 & is possess$ ( und]/&+ 9 ?is _w1 has already gone to ! immortal place1 ! un*angeable /ate ( ,nirvana4 ,nirvana4--,our acc\nt ( ! doctr9e w\ld appe> incomplete if we did n attempt to answ] ! "q1 ,:at is ,nirvana8 ,x is1 z ! la/ extract %[s1 ! /ate ( salvation 9 ,buddhism4 ,z we h se51 x is ! condition ( ! man :o has escap$ f ! s]ies ( rebir?s1 & w nev] be born aga94 ,x is atta9$ ev5 9 ?is life by ! ,arahat1 9 :om all desire & re/lessness h come to an end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said ( su* an "o t he ent]s ,nirvana :5 he dies1 z if x 7 a /ate n ( ?is life1 b ( ! p]iod beyond4 ,?us x has be5 mu* debat$ :e!r ! ,buddhi/ 7or r ,indian1 = ! notion is n peculi> to ,buddhism7 ,nirvana is ext9ction1 annihilation1 ( :i* ! qu5*+ ( desire 9 ?is life is ! prelude1 or if x is a /ate ( negative or quiesc5t bless$ness1 on :i* ! sa9t c ent] "h & n[1 b :i* is only made p]fect :5 he dies4 ,b !re are two ,nirvanas2--t ( entire passionlessness atta9$ 9 ?is life1 & ! consummate ,nirvana ent]$ at dea?4 ,! sa9t does n ne$ to wait = dea? = 8 r$emption1 nor mu/ he ha/5 8 dea? 9 ord] to enjoy x fully2 ,buddha1 by example & by precept1 =bids any su* anticipation4 ,dea? seals t :i* 0 already won1 !re is no return f ! ,nirvana ( dea? to any fur!r life4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n am\nt to an ass]tion t ! dead ,arahat has no life or k 9 ! beyond2 he is fre$ f desire1 b :e!r 8 consci\sness is altoge!r ext+ui%$1 ,buddhism does n decide1 & reg>ds z a va9 speculation4 ,no ,gods4--,we %all speak aft]w>ds ( ?is view ( r$emption1 :i* is ! key to ! nature ( ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,we rem>k "h t x is a r$emption man a*ieves by 8 own ef=ts1 )\t any outw>d prop or aid4 ,9 ?is sy/em !re is no occasion = any prie/s or sacrifices1 = any pray]s1 or = any gods4 ,!re is no ritual1 because !re is no object ( wor%ip1 !re is no s9 9 ! s5se ( (f5d+ a high] be+4 ,! gods are d5i$ n because ( any speculative d\bt ( _! exi/5ce1 b because 9 t inn] _w ( moral ef=t :i* man has come to feel s supremely real & important1 !y h no "p to play4 ,z all ! gods fad$ away 9 ,indian speculation be=e ,brahma1 s ,brahma's own turn has come to fade away4 ,! ,buddhi/ speaks ( ! gods z if !y exi/$1 & he makes no attack on ! sacrifices2 b no liv+ god fills 8 he>t4 ,! ,buddha is great] ?an all ! gods2 8 tea*+ is = ! b5efit ( gods z well z m54 ,b ! ,buddha is n an object ( wor%ip4 ,if ! ,buddhi/ c be said to wor%ip any high] p[]1 x is ! moral ord] :i* nev] fails to rew>d m5 accord+ to ! de$s done 9 ?is or =m] exi/5ces4 ,t is = him a real & trem5d\s1 ?\gh imp]sonal p[]1 & 9 contemplat+ x he may be said to wor%ip aft] a fa%ion4 ,b he has no aid to look = f any p[] 9 heav5 or e>? 9 work+ out 8 salvation4 ,buddhism is ! mo/ autosot]ic ( all religions2 x decl>es m uncompromis+ly ?an any o!r1 t man mu/ save himself by 8 own ef=ts1 & t no "o c possibly /& 9 8 place or relieve him ( any "p ( 8 great task4 ,all t any "o1 ev5 ! ,buddha1 c d = ano!r1 is to enlight5 him1 to op5 8 eyes to ! true k1 & %[ him ! n>r[ pa? on :i* he mu/ !nce=? walk4 #c4 ,! ,ord]4--,!re 7 monks be=e ,buddhism4 ,t religion made its appe>ance :5 ,indian ?\ght 0 at ! /age ( gr[? at :i* mona/ic communities may be expect$ to arise4 ,:5 religion has ceas$ to be reg>d$ z ! affair ( ! nation or ! tribe1 & is *]i%$ z ! affair ( ! individual1 :5 ! m9d turns f ! sacrifices & ritual ( public religion to cultivate relations ) a p[] kn[n *iefly 9 ! he>t & s\l1 & :5 religi\s duty has ?us come to be recognis$ z a b\ndless & all-embrac+ ?+1 n a s]vice ! h&s & feet c dis*>ge1 b ! ef=t1 nev] end+1 /ill beg9n+1 to make ! :ole p]sonality ) all its acts & aims con=m to ! ideal1 !n x is t m5 :o are liv+ = religion seek = su* aid z !y c give ea* o!r1 & f9d x 9 an ord] & a discipl9e4 ,! rules ( ! ,buddhi/ ,samgha or ord] are extant1 & s are ! rules ( ! contempor>y ,ja9i/ frat]nity4 ,! ,samgha resembl$ ! ,franciscan m ?an ! o!r great ,*ri/ian ord]s4 ,! ,bhikku on jo9+ x ab&on$ 8 family & prop]ty1 assum$ ! yell[ robe & o!r scanty prop]ties ( ! "*1 & liv$ !nce=? by begg+1 & 9 /rict subjection to ! rules1 9 :i* e detail ( 8 food1 8 clo?+1 8 resid5ce1 & 8 daily walk & conv]sation1 7 laid d[n4 ,! two great objects ( ! society 7 mutual help 9 ! religi\s life & ! prea*+ ( ! doctr9e4 ,"u ! fir/ head come ! frequ5t meet+s ( monks & ! confessions !y make to ea* o!r accord+ to a fix$ =m4 ,!re is no v[ ( ob$i5ce2 ! monk obeys ! law1 n ! human au?ority4 ,9 prea*+ !y are to g "o by "o1 & !y are to prea* to all4 ,to all :o w\ld he> x 0 ! gate op5 to ?is salvation4 ,"h ! ,buddhi/ neglect ( ca/e comes 94 ,buddhism makes no g5]al or =mal decl>ation ( ! equality ( all m51 nor is !re any attack on ! ,brahman ca/e or any exaltation ( ! l[] ca/es4 ,! ord] drew its recruits at fir/ f ! ranks ( ! ,brahmans4 ,b ! impell+ motive ( ! new religion 0 compassion1 & g5u9e compassion is n to be re/ra9$ 9 artificial limits4 ,! salvation prea*$ 0 fitt$ = all m54 ,! disease to be cur$ 0 "o f :i* all suff]1 & ! cure 0 "o :i* all c\ld at lea/ beg9 to lay hold (4 ,?us ,buddhism 0 fitt$ to break ?r\gh ! b>ri]s ( ca/e1 & to ga!r into "o religi\s community m5 ( all ca/es alike4 ,9 ! community1 x 0 held1 ^! di/9ctions disappe>$4 ,n bir? b conduct !re made ! true ,brahman4 ,! univ]sali/ t5d5cy ( ! religion also fitt$ x to spread to o!r l&s4 ,x 0 n limit$ by any?+ 9 its tea*+ to ! soil ( ,india1 nor to ! t]ritory ( any p>ticul> set ( gods4 ,s wide inde$ is its tol]ation1 t a man may embrace x )\t giv+ up ! fai? 9 :i* he liv$ be=e4 ,"o c add x )\t incongruity to "o's =m] beliefs & practices4 ,! believ] 9 ,%ang-ti c be a ,buddhi/ z well z ! believ] 9 ,brahma4#f ,! abs5ce ( any hi]>*y or c5tralis$ organisation enabl$ x to spread freely1 & ! v meagr5ess ( its doctr9e1 & its fre$om f ritual1 7 also 9 its fav\r4 ,footnote #f3 ,millions ( ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a & ,japan are also adh]5ts ( ! o!r religions ( ^! c\ntries4 ,buddhism made ,popul>4--,buddhism prov$ able to spread ov] _m l&s because x 0 s simple1 & 9 its ess5ce s moral & s broadly human4 ,b1 l o!r fai?s :i* h spread to _m l&s1 x assum$ v diff]5t =ms 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & ! lat] =m is (t5 v diff]5t f ! e>ly simplicity4 ,ev5 at ! outset x 0 n free f a /rong infusion ( magic2 ! ,arahat1 l ! ,brahmanic ascetic be=e him1 0 believ$ to obta9 influ5ce ov] ! gods by 8 virtues1 & ?us a claim to sup]natural p[] is br\ght 91 :i* agrees b ill ) ! e?ical doctr9e4 ,! religion1 :i* at fir/ ignor$ ! gods & bade ea* man tru/ to 8 own ef=ts = 8 highe/ good1 became1 ere long1 :at a popul> religion at ! /age ( progress prevail+ at t "t necess>ily 01 namely1 a wor%ip ( sup]ior be+s & a me?od ( obta9+ b5efits f !m4 ,! national gods 7 disc>d$1 b ! deification ( ! f\nd] e>ly furni%$ a be+ :o c\ld be wor%ipp$4 ,leg5d grew luxuriantly r\nd 8 bir? & e>ly c>e]2 & he obta9$ ! rank ( ! greate/ ( all ! gods4 ,=m] ,buddhas :o _h liv$ 9 =m] ages /ill liv$ z gods2 & ! div9e family1 be+ once f\nd$1 admitt$ ( v>i\s additions2 ev5 a popul> deity1 su* z ,indra1 c\ld be jo9$ to ! gr[+ circle4 ,! *ief sc5es ( ! life ( ! f\nd] became holy places & objects ( pilgrimage1 :]e relics 7 expos$ = adoration4 ,! gr[? ( leg5d & ( magic proce$$ m rapidly1 & w5t to great] l5g?s1 9 ,nor!rn ?an 9 ,s\!rn ,buddhism2 b 9 ! l& ( its bir?1 too1 ,buddhism prov$ unable to s]ve z a work+ religion )\t additions & modifications entirely =eign to its true "*4 ,! pr(ession ( ,buddhism 0 comb9$ ev5 ) ! savage wor%ip ( ! non-,aryan tribes2 ,siva 0 id5tifi$ ) ,buddha & !n wor%ipp$ in/ead ( him1 z also 0 ,vi%nu1 & ! p]v]sion & degradation ( ! religion prep>$ = its expulsion f ! c\ntry ( its bir?4 ,t expulsion 0 probably br\ght ab\t m imm$iately by ! advance ( ,mohamm$anism 9 ,india1 & took place 9 ! p]iod ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,we _c speak "h ( ! /range guise ,buddhism has assum$ 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 notably 9 ,tibet4 ,! ,lamaism ( t c\ntry1 ) its p]petual liv+ inc>nation ( ! div9e ,buddha 9 a succession ( human repres5tatives1 its hi]>*ical *ur* /rongly resembl+ 9 _m ( its features ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ! pray]-flags & :eels = ! me*anical dis*>ge ( religi\s acts1 h long be5 ! wond] ( ! _w4 ,conclusion4--,x is n f :at ,buddhism is n[ 9 any ( ! c\ntries :]e x fl\ri%es1 & :]e x has vot>ies :o pr(ess o!r religions also1 t we c judge ( :at x really is1 or e/imate its value z a product ( ! human m9d4 ,x is to e>ly ,buddhism t we mu/ look = ?is4 ,:at are we to judge ( ?is religion )\t gods1 & bas$ on ! ass]tion t all life is suff]+1 & t ! *ief good is altoge!r to escape f life8 ,x is n true to *>act]ise x z a religion 9 :i* !re is no joy1 & :i* delib]ately refuses to h any?+ to d ) joy4 ,! ,arahat1 9 :om desire is vanqui%$1 & :o has no fur!r bir? to anticipate1 is fill$ ) a deep joy & triumph z ( a victor :o has conqu]$ e foe2 & ^? :o are less advanc$ 9 ! pa? yet h _! %>e 9 ?is en?usiasm1 & are inspir$ by x to cont9ue ! /ruggle4 ,/ill ,buddhism is a sad religion4 ,x arrives 9 ,india :5 ! ,deity !re believ$ 9 has des]t$ ! _w1 & tells man he is alone 9 x4 ,!re is no "o to help him1 no "o to assure him t ! good cause 9 a wid] s5se--a cause ext5d+ beyond 8 own p]sonal life--is de/9$ to succe$2 !re is no uphold] ( any moral ord] beyond t :i* works itself out 9 ea* individual exp]i5ce4 ,! result is t ! believ] does n tr\ble himself ab\t ! _w1 b only ab\t 8 own p]sonal salvation4 ,?is religion is n a social =ce1 x aims n at a ,k+dom ( ,god to be built up by ! unit$ ef=ts ( multitudes ( ! fai?ful1 b only at sav+ individual s\ls1 :i* 9 ! act ( be+ sav$ are remov$ beyond all activity & all contact ) ! _w4 ,buddhism1 !re=e1 is n a p[] :i* makes actively = civilisation4 ,x is a p[]ful ag5t = ! tam+ ( passion & ! prev5tion ( vagrant & lawless desires1 x t5ds1 !re=e1 t[>ds peace4 ,b x (f]s no /imulus to ! realisation ( ! ri*es :i* are giv5 to man 9 8 own nature3 x *ecks r ?an fo/]s ent]prise1 x fav\rs a dull con=mity to rule r ?an ! free cultivation ( v>i\s gifts4 ,its ideal is to empty life ( ev]y?+ active & positive1 r ?an to conc5trate en]gy on a /rong purpose4 ,x does n tra9 ! affections to virtu\s & h>moni\s action1 b d5ies to !m all action & consigns !m to ext9ction4 ,?is condemnation x has incurr$ by p>t+ ) t highe/ /imulus to human virtue & endeav\r1 :i* lies 9 ! belief 9 a liv+ ,god4 ,by s do+ x ceas$ to fulfil ! (fice ( a religion = m51 & ?\gh1 = hi/orical purposes1 we may class x among ! religions ( ! _w1 a sy/em :i* leaves its adh]5ts free n to wor%ip at all1 or to f9d satisfaction = _! spiritual in/9cts 9 ! wor%ip ( be+s :om x reg>ds ) indiff]5ce1 comes %ort ( ! notion ( religion1 & is n prop]ly entitl$ to t "n4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,moni] ,williams1 ,buddhism1 9 its connection ) ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 & 9 its contra/ ) ,*ri/ianity1 #ahhi4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism 7,s4,p4,c4,k474 ,old5b]g's1 ,buddha1 8 ,life1 8 ,doctr9e & 8 ,ord]1 #ahhb 7out ( pr9t74 7,?ird ,g]man ,edition1 #ahig47 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 #ahfj4 ,e4 ,h>dy1 ,d] ,buddhismus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,p]sia ,! ,aryans :o ent]$ ,india to become its dom9ant race came f ,c5tral ,asia1 & left beh9d !m !re o!r tribes ( ,aryan culture4 ,^! tribes rema9$ 9 :at is call$ ,iran1 9 ! l&s1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! ,indus1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,x is f ?is region1 a "p ( :i* bore 9 anci5t times ! "n ( ,ariana1 t ! ^w ,aryan is d]iv$4 ,! languages ( ?is t]ritory are ak9 to ,sanscrit2 & !re is ample evid5ce t be=e ! ,indian invasion ! prog5itors ( ! ,indians & ^? ( ! ,iranians dwelt toge!r !re1 & enjoy$ a common civilisation4 ,if ! civilisation 0 ! same ! religion also 0 ! same4 ,h[ ! ,indo-,iranian religion 0 develop$ 9 ,india1 we h se54 ,at fir/ a wor%ip ( active & militant deities1 x became by degrees a religion ( a passive type1 9 :i* a suff]+1 acquiesc5t1 & brood+ humanity pres5t$ to heav5 its ne$s & problems1 & receiv$ a correspond+ answ]4 ,! ,aryans :o rema9$ 9 ,iran reta9$ _! active & practical disposition4 ,:ile by no means want+ 9 s5sitiv5ess & flexibility ( m9d1 !y 7 less giv5 to speculation & m to a robu/ morality ?an _! ,indian k9sm54 ,x has to be not$ t :ile ! religion ( ,india has n influ5c$ ,europe 9 any manife/ degree until ! pres5t c5tury1 t ( ,p]sia has contribut$ 9 a m>k$ way to =m ! _w ( ?\ght 9 :i* we dwell4 ,s\rces4--,! views g5]ally curr5t ab\t ! anci5t religion ( ,p]sia are d]iv$ f late ,greek writ]s1 ^: acc\nts w be notic$ at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,a tru] k is n[ possible1 s9ce ! sacr$ books ( ! religion are n[ op5 to ! _w4 ,!y 7 only obta9$ f ! ,p>sis1 :o keep up _! anci5t religion on ! soil ( ,india1 dur+ la/ c5tury1 & ! /udy ( !m has be5 v labori\s & difficult1 & has giv5 rise to great controv]sies :i* are n yet settl$4 ,^! anci5t books are furni%$ ) ,ea/]n translations & comm5t>ies4 ,is ! ,we/]n s*ol> to place himself "u ! guidance ( ^!1 :i* no d\bt are "p ( ! hi/orical tradition ( ! religion1 or may he claim t he is himself 9 z good a position z ! ,ori5tal comm5tator = und]/&+ ! orig9al mean+ ( ! texts2 & w he be/ int]pret !m by comp>+ !m ) ! ,v$as8 ,:at is _! age2 9 :i* ( ! l&s ( ,iran 7 !y writt52 0 any "p ( !m writt5 by ,zoroa/]1 or is ,zoroa/] to be reg>d$ z an hi/orical p]sonage at all8 ,on all ^! que/ions & on _m o!rs1 s*ol>s are n yet agre$2 & :ile s mu* is unc]ta9 ab\t ! books1 !re mu/ also be great unc]ta9ty ab\t ! hi/ory & ! v nature ( ! religion4 ,9 :at foll[s we are guid$ ma9ly by ! s*ol>s :o h tak5 *>ge ( ! volumes connect$ ) ,p]sia 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4#a ,9 ! la/ ( ^! volumes 7xxxi47 a new clue is giv5 to ! subject1 ( :i* we %all gladly avail ourselves4 ,footnote #a3 ,z5d-,ave/a1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e41 vols4 iv41 xxiii41 xxxi4 ,! sacr$ books ( ,p]sia are kn[n by ! "n ( ,z5d-,ave/a1 :i* is an incorrect expression2 we ought to say ,ave/a & ,z5d4 ,ave/a1 l ! k9dr$ ^w ,v$a1 signifies k1 & ! ^w ,z5d d5otes "h n ! language ( t "n1 b ! comm5t>y aft]w>ds add$ to ! orig9al k or text4 ,! comm5t>y is n writt5 9 ! ,z5d language1 b 9 ,pahlavi or ,p]sian4 ,! ,ave/a1 :i* is writt5 9 ! old] ,z5d1 ! sacr$ language ( ,p]sia1 is1 l o!r ,bibles1 a collection ( books writt5 9 diff]5t ages1 & ev51 x may be1 9 diff]5t l&s4 ,! books 7 br\ght toge!r into "o only at "s p]iod aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! lat] leg5ds z to ! sup]natural communication to ,zoroa/] ( ! e>li] books ne$ n deta9 u2 we mu/ notice1 h[ev]1 t ! pres]v$ books ( ,p]sian religion are held to be no m ?an ! scanty ru9s ( an ext5sive lit]ature4 ,! ,ave/a consi/$ orig9ally ( #ba ,nosks or books1 & mo/ ( ^! 7 de/roy$ by ,alex&] :5 he invad$ ! ,ea/2 only "o ,nosk 0 pres]v$ entire4 ,z we h x1 ! ,ave/a is a liturgical "w1 x conta9s "s leg5ds & "s anci5t hymns1 z well z a good deal ( law1 b its prevail+ "* is t ( a s]vice-book1 & x is to ?is t its p>tial pres]vation bo? at ! invasion ( ,alex&]1 & at t ( ! ,mohamm$ans 9 a lat] c5tury1 is probably due4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts4 ,! olde/ is ! ,yasna1 a collection ( liturgies1 :i* admit & inde$ invite comp>ison ) ^? ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity3 along ) ^! are f\nd ! ,ga?as or hymns1 ! only "p ( ! ,ave/a compos$ 9 v]se1 & writt5 9 an old] dialect4 ,! ,visp]ad is a collection ( litanies = ! sacrifice2 & ! ,v5didad is a code ( e>ly law1 b conta9s also v>i\s religi\s leg5ds4 ,besides ^! works1 :i* con/itute ! ,ave/a prop]1 !re is ! ,khorda 7or small7 ,ave/a conta9+ devotions = v>i\s times ( ! day1 = ! days ( ! mon?1 & = ! religi\s ye>2 ^! are = ! use n ( ! prie/s alone b ( all ! fai?ful1 & _m ( !m are /ill s us$4 ,! ,cont5ts ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a are ,composite4--,9 ^! works ! /ud5t soon obs]ves t he has be=e him n "o religi\s sy/em only b sev]al4 ,9 "o place we f9d a wor%ip ( "o god1 z if !re 7 no o!rs to be consid]$2 "s ( ! litanies on ! o!r h& conta9 l5g?y & elaborate li/s ( objects ( wor%ip4 ,9 "s p>ts ! religion is p]sonal & imm$iate2 9 o!rs x is prie/ly4 ,p>sism is (t5 call$ fire-wor%ip1 & ! elem5ts ( e>? & wat] also obta9 extreme sanctity 9 x1 b ( ?is also !re is 9 ! olde/ books little trace4 ,! v>iety 9 ! lit]ature no d\bt reflects a v>iety 9 ! religion ( ,iran4 ,iran 9 fact _h n "o religion b sev]al1 & ?us ! problem is to trace h[ ^! successively ent]$ into contact ) ,mazdeism or ,zoroa/rianism1 :i* is ! religion mo/ native to ,iran1 & 7 embodi$ 9 x4 ,! diff]5t religions belong$ to a c]ta9 ext5t to diff]5t prov9ces4 ,we "k t ,p]sia1 ! conqu]or ( ,m$ia1 0 conqu]$ 9 turn by ! ,m$ian religion2 we also "k t ! religion ( ! ,p]sian k+s z read 9 _! inscriptions#b does n correspond to any ( ! religi\s positions held 9 ! ,ave/a4 ,! ,magi1 f :om also ! religion z a :ole d]ives "o ( its names1 belong$ to ,m$ia & pass$ f !re to great] p[] 9 ,iran z a :ole4 ,f ! ,scy?ians on ! nor? & f ,babylonia on ! s\?1 ideas & practices 7 import$2 & 9 ^! & o!r ways1 =ms ( religion arose z diff]5t f ! fai? ( ,zoroa/] z lat] =ms ( ,*ri/ianity f ! simplicity ( ,*ri/1 yet look+ to him z _! f\nd] & ! giv] ( _! law4 ,footnote #b3 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i4 #ajg4 ,zoroa/]4--,we beg9 ) ! tea*+ ( ,zoroa/]4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,mey] 9 8 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 vol4 i41 & ,mr4 ,d>me/et] 9 8 admirable introduction to ! ,ave/a 7,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 iv47 bo? treat ,zoroa/] z a my?ical p]sonage1 a figure-head ( ! (ficial class ( ! religion1 :o give curr5cy to _! edicts "u 8 "n4 ,weighty au?orities may1 h[ev]1 be quot$ = ! hi/orical reality ( ,zoroa/]1 & :at appe>s to u mo/ important ( all1 ! editor ( ! ,ga?as1 9 ! ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 xxxi41 dep>t+ f 8 collaborateur1 ,mr4 ,d>me/et]1 has treat$ ^! hymns1 :i* give an acc\nt ( ! f\nd]'s acts & exp]i5ces :5 fir/ proclaim+ ! true doctr9e1 9 su* a way z to produce on ! m9d ( ! read] ! /ronge/ impression ( ! hi/orical reality ( ! prophet & ( 8 mission4 ,!y introduce u to a religi\s movem5t actually 9 progress 9 ! poet's "t1 a movem5t 9 :i* a pure & l(ty fai? is /ruggl+ to e/abli% itself aga9/ prevail+ sup]/itions4 ,! doctr9e plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! re=m] is t :i* is mo/ c5tral 9 ,p]sian religion2 & only by su* deep e>ne/ness & devotion z is "h ascrib$ to him1 c\ld x h atta9$ t position4 ,we />t1 !n1 ) ,zoroa/] & 8 "w2 & fir/ ( all we ask :at 0 8 date1 :]e did he live1 & :at k9d ( religion did he f9d exi/+ 9 8 c\ntry8 ,! date ( ,zoroa/] or ,z>a?u/ra--! =m] is ! ,greek1 ! latt] ! old ,iranian =m ( ! "n1 contract$ 9 ,p]sian to ,z>du%t--c only be fix$ v approximately4 ,he /&s at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,ave/a lit]ature1 & ! developm5ts 9 religion to :i* t lit]ature te/ifies mu/ h occupi$ a long p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h& no "o proposes to place ,z>a?u/ra be=e ! dep>ture ( ! ,indian ,aryans f ! ,indo-,iranian /ock4 ,f su* vague data he may be assign$ p]haps to some:]e ab\t #adjj ,b4,c4 ,z to 8 prov9ce1 !re is consid]able agreem5t among s*ol>s t 8 doctr9e spread f ! ea/ ( ,iran we/w>ds2 & ?\gh tradition gives him a bir?place 9 ,m$ia1 8 mission lay ne>] to ,india1 9 ,bactria4 ,primitive ,religion ( ,iran4--,he did n prea* to m5 unacqua9t$ ) religion4 ,_m ( ! religi\s ideas & figures ( ! ,v$as occur also 9 ,p]sia1 & by ! /udy ( ^! x is possible to =m c]ta9 inf]5ces z to ! m5tal hi/ory ( ,p]sia be=e ,z>a?u/ra4 ,mi?ra ! sun-god belongs to ,p]sia z well z ,india4 ,! heav5-god kn[n 9 ,india z ,v>una grew into ! pr9cipal deity ( ,p]sia4 ,a fire-god1 w9d- & ra9-gods1 & ! s]p5t ho/ile to man1 on :om ^! made w>1 are common to bo? c\ntries4 ,! in/itution ( sacrifice1 9 :i* ! deities are s]v$ ) (f]+s & ) hymns1 is m>k$ly alike 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,9 bo? alike sacrifice is at fir/ ! affair n ( a prie/hood b ( laym51 especially ( pr9ces1 & is n conf9$ to temples b is p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air1 on a spot judg$ to be suitable4 ,! mo/ impos+ sacrifice is t ( ! horse1 & an (f]+ ( con/ant occurr5ce is t ( ! intoxicat+ liquor1 9 ,india ,soma1 9 ,p]sia by a recognis$ translit]ation ,homa1 :i* is itself view$ z a cosmic pr9ciple ( life1 & address$ z a deity4 ,& 9 bo? c\ntries alike ! view ( sacrifice prevails 9 e>ly times1 t ! gods come to x to take _! "p 9 a banquet :i* _! wor%ipp]s %>e ) !m1 & t !y are /r5g!n$ & enc\rag$ by x4 ,^! simil>ities1 & o!rs :i* might be m5tion$1 %[ t ! religion ( ,india & t ( ,p]sia />t$ f a common /ock ( ideas & usages4 ,a fur!r circum/ance ( great importance %[s n only ! orig9al id5tity ( ! two sy/ems1 b also p]haps h[ !y came to div]ge f ea* o!r4 ,two g5]ic titles = deities occur 9 ,india4 ,! fir/ ( ^!--deva1 is said to signify ! bright or %9+ "o1 ! second--asura1 ! liv+ "o4 ,n[ ^! titles are also f\nd 9 ,p]sia2 b ! use ( ! t]ms is diff]5t 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,9 ,india bo? are at fir/ titles = deity1 b by degrees1 :ile deva cont9ues to d5ote ! gods :o are wor%ipp$1 asura assumes a less fav\rable mean+1 until at l5g? x comes to /& = a second ord] ( be+s1 inf]ior to ! devas1 & includ+ su* p[]s z are malignant & ho/ile4 ,9 ,p]sia ! =tunes ( ! two words are rev]s$4 ,ahura becomes ! god p> excell5ce1 ! supreme god2 :ile deva1 ! title :i* 9 ,india rema9$ 9 hon\r1 is 9 ! ,ave/a t ( evil gods :o are n to be wor%ipp$4 ,9 ?is "s s*ol>s consid] t we may he> ! wat*words ( ! conflict :i* l$ to ! sep>ation ( ! two religions2 !re 0 a s*ism betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! ,ahuras & ^? ( ! ,devas1 :i* l$ to ! entire sep>ation ( ! two p>ties4 ,?is is ! late/ =m ( ! old view :i* makes ,zoroa/rianism ! outcome ( a religi\s conflict1 ( a reaction aga9/ ! gods aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ 9 ,india4 ,!re is no direct evid5ce ( su* a conflict1 & ! diff]5ce we h describ$ may be due to ! natural developm5t ( ! ,indo-,iranian religion 9 diff]5t sets ( circum/ances & among diff]5t peoples4 ,z>a?u/ra 9 ! ,ga?as f9ds ! anti!sis fully =m$ betwe5 ! good & ! evil deities2 he appeals to 8 c\ntrym5 on t matt] z "o :i* he does n ne$ to tea* !m1 b ) :i* !y h long be5 famili>4 ,9 speak+ ( 8 date ?is has to be rememb]$4 ,we proce$ n[ to describe f ! ,ga?as ! "w & tea*+ ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,! ,ga?as are poems writt5 9 metres :i* occur also 9 ! ,v$as1 & int5d$1 l ! ,indian hymns1 to be us$ 9 wor%ip4 ,! acc\nt :i* !y furni% ( ! mission & ! tea*+ ( ! sage are ?us clo!d 9 a poetical dress1 & d n n>rate b>e facts z !y occurr$1 b ! facts z int]pret$ & treat$ = religi\s use4 ,!y are 9 ! m\? ( ,z>a?u/ra himself2 he writes !m = use at sacrifice1 & rememb]+ h[ !y are to be r5d]$1 he sometimes puts 9 ! m\? ( ! celebrants ! words1 ,z>a?u/ra & we4 ,^! words d n prove t ! hymns are n by him4 ,z expla9$ by ,dr4 ,mills1 ! hymns are se5 to be v fully *>g$ ) mean+ & ) s5tim5t4 ,unc\? & in>ti/ic 9 expression1 & dem&+ an imm5se am\nt ( pati5ce & +5uity to trace _! connection ( ?\ght1 !y surprise ! read] :5 once he seizes _! mean+1 by ! dep? & spirituality ( _! cont5ts1 & =ce him to ackn[l$ge t !y are a wor?y docum5t ( ! bir? ( a great religion4 ,! ,call ( ,z>a?u/ra4--,! hymns give a vivid picture ( t e>ly _w 9 :i* ! prophet liv$4 ,x 0 a _w di/ract$ ) conflict4 ,on "o side !re is an agricultural community b5t on indu/ry1 &1 l ! ,h9dus1 ev5 at ?is day1 valu+ z mo/ sacr$ ! cattle :i* =m _! *ief sub/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are m5 :o dwell on ! outskirts betwe5 ! till$ l& & ! wild]ness1 :o are con/antly mak+ raids on ! f>ms1 driv+ (f & kill+ ! cattle = sacrifice & = food1 & ru9+ ! fields by de/roy+ ! irrigat+ works on :i* _! f]tility dep5ds4 ,& !re is a religi\s diff]5ce z well z a diff]5ce 9 culture betwe5 ^! two sets ( p4 ,! agriculturi/s are wor%ipp]s ( ,ahura2 ! contemn]s ( ! cattle wor%ip be+s call$ 9 ! ,ga?as daevas4 ,?is s*ism 0 n ( ,z>a?u/ra's mak+1 he f\nd x go+ on1 & be+ a prie/ 0 entitl$ to come =w>d & seek to guide o!rs ) reg>d to x4 ,su* is ! situation :i* ! hymns pres5t to u4 ,we w try to /ate ! sub/ance ( "s ( ^? hymns4 ,! nak$ words ( !m1 ev5 :5 we are sure ( ! correctness ( ! translation1 are b>ely intelligible )\t l5g?y comm5t>y2 & on ! o!r h&1 no %ort /atem5t 9 mod]n t]ms c convey ! =ce & solemnity ( ^! /ruggl+ utt]ances4 ,z we are deal+ ) ! orig9al revelation ( ,z>a?u/ra1 ! s\rce ( ! ,p]sian religion1 we %all give ! /ory ) "s degree ( detail4 ,! fir/ hymn 9 ! arrangem5t pres5t$ to u 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 deals ) :at we may t]m ! call ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,x sums up 9 a poetic & dramatic =m ! religi\s result ( ! movem5t :i* l$ him to come =w>d4 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,k9e fir/ speaks2 x is ! imp]sonation ( ! agricultural community1 to :om _! cattle are mo/ sacr$4 ,%e raises a compla9t to ,ahura & ,a%a 7! righte\sness :i* is an attribute ( ,ahura1 & l 8 o!r attributes (t5 appe>s z an indep5d5t p]son7 ( ! insol5ce & highh&$ deva/ation & robb]y %e has to suff]4 ,= :om did ye fa%ion me1 %e says2 :]e=e 0 ,i made8 ,%e appeals to ! ,immortals = in/ruction 9 tillage ) a view to security & welf>e4 ,ahura !n speaks & asks ,a%a :at gu>dian has be5 appo9t$ = ! k9e to lead & to def5d h]2 & ,a%a answ]s t no "o1 himself free f passion & viol5ce1 c\ld be f\nd :o 0 capable ( be+ an adequate gu>dian4 ,! causes ( ^! evils lie at ! roots ( ! con/itution ( ?+s1 & !re=e ^? seek+ success 9 any ent]prise mu/ approa* ,ahura himself & n any subord9ate be+4 ,z>a?u/ra speaks1 & confirms ! utt]ances ( ,a%a2 x is 9 ,ahura himself t he & ! k9e place _! confid5ce2 to 8 w !y submit !mselves2 ! d\bts & que/ions aris+ f _! outw>d insecurity1 !y ref] to him4 ,ahura speaks & answ]s 8 own "q4 ,x is true t no "l ( ! k9e is to be f\nd1 :o 9 himself is q equal to t position1 b he appo9ts ,z>a?u/ra z head to ! agricultural community4 ,a *orus speaks1 consi/+ ( a company ( ! fai?ful suppos$ to be pres5t1 or ( ! ,ame%osp5ds1 ! p]sonifi$ attributes ( ,ahura1 & praise ! ,"l = 8 b\nty & = ! wisdom he makes kn[n2 b asks :om he has end[$ ) ! ,good ,m9d1 or1 z we might say1 ! ,holy ,_s1 to make kn[n to mortals 8 doctr9e4 ,! call ( ,z>a?u/ra1 intimat$ 9 ! =ego+ v]se1 is ov]look$1 z if x 7 impossible t su* a "o z he c\ld und]take ! (fice4 ,ahura replies1 repeat+ 8 commission to ,z>a?u/ra1 "h call$ also by 8 family "n ( ,spitama1 & promis+ to e/abli% him & make him successful 9 8 "w4 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,k9e speaks1 lam5t+ /ill t no adequate "l has be5 assign$ h]4 ,z>a?u/ra is a feeble & pusillanim\s man1 n "o ( royal /ate :o is able to br+ 8 purpose to effect4 ,! ,ame%osp5ds jo9 9 ! cry = ! true "l to appe>4 ,z>a?u/ra !n speaks1 accept+ ! mission 9 an address to ,ahura1 :om he entreats to s5d 8 bless+s ( peace & happ9ess1 s9ce none b he c give !m1 & to set up 9 ! m9ds ( ! disciples ( ! cause t joy & t k+dom :i*1 ?\gh x fir/ comes inw>dly1 yet br+s ) x also all outw>d bless+s4 ,= himself also he prays t ! ,good ,m9d & ! ,sov]eign ,p[] 7ano!r ( ! attributes7 ( ! ,"l may ha/5 to come to him & /r5g!n him = 8 mission4 ,?is poetical r5d]+ ( ! call ( ,z>a?u/ra is free bo? f miracul\s embelli%m5t & f undue exaltation ( ! p]son ( ! prophet1 & =ms a great contra/ to lat] /atem5ts 9 ! ,ave/a1 :]e ! prophet is plac$ 9 secret conclave ) ,ahura1 ask+ him que/ions & receiv+ detail$ replies :i* at once rank z revelation4 ,9 ! ,ga?as1 all[+ = ! !ological & poetic =m1 ev]y?+ is human & natural4 ,we are /rongly rem9d$ ( ! acc\nts ( ! calls ( prophets 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--!re is ! same *oice by ! deity ( an app>5tly weak in/rum5t to accompli% a "w urg5tly call$ = by ! times1 ! same s5se ( insuffici5cy on ! "p ( ! prophet1 b ! same absolute confid5ce on 8 "p 9 ! p[] ( ! deity1 & h5ce ! same absolute assurance1 once ! mission is accept$1 t ! cause :i* he has be5 call$ to c>ry =w>d mu/ succe$4 ,9 _m ( ! foll[+ ,ga?as ! same p>allel is /rongly impress$ on ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,! s5se ( weakness is express$ aga9 & aga9--! prophet has no victori\s c>e]1 b is expos$ to mu* ga9say+1 :i* he feels acutely4 ,yet he nev] d\bts t 8 god is ) him1 & is work+ = him4 ,to him he commits 8 d\bts & fe>s1 ( 8 goodness he is joyfully assur$1 & 8 aid he expects ) confid5ce4 ,he is entirely devot$ to ,ahura & 8 cause1 & (f]s himself up ) 8 :ole p[]s to "w out ! div9e w4 ,he w tea*1 he says1 z long z he is able1 till he has br\ght all ! liv+ to believe4 ,he is consci\s ( a div9e p[] work+ 9 him4 ,no?+ 9 himself1 he is /rong by ! div9e grace :i* ,ahura s5ds him3 8 words h efficacy to keep ! fi5ds at a di/ance1 & to advance 9 m5's m9ds ! div9e k+dom2 l ,/4 ,paul he feels 8 message to be to "s a sav\r ( life unto life1 to o!rs a sav\r ( dea? unto dea?4 ,! ,doctr9e4--,& :at is ! message he proclaims8 ,x is a philosophy ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 b a philosophy ! acceptance ( :i* involves imm$iate & /r5u\s action4 ,! di/ract$ condition ( ! _w be=e him requires to be expla9$1 s t a rem$y = x may be f\nd2 & ,z>a?u/ra prays1 :5 he is ab\t to br+ =w>d 8 doctr9e1 t ,ahura w\ld help him to expla9 h[ ! mat]ial _w arose4 ,! explanation :5 x appe>s is n q new1 x has be5 %ap+ itself already 9 ! m9d ( 8 p1 b he sets x =? z a dogma1 & draws f x at once all its practical consequ5ces4 ,9 ! ?ird hymn ( ! fir/ ,ga?a he solemnly br+s =w>d 8 doctr9e be=e ! p1 & appeals to !m1 n z a p1 b z individuals1 ea* = himself1 ) a full s5se ( 8 responsibility1 to consid] x1 & adopt x1 & act ^u x4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( dualism1 n 9 ! fully develop$ lat] =m 9 :i* two p]sonal pot5tates divide ! univ]se betwe5 !m f ! fir/1 b z yet 9 a =m m speculative & vague4 ,!re are two primeval pr9ciples1 spirits1 ?+s1 z is well kn[n--! expression is indef9ite--! c\nt]p>ts ( ea* o!r1 indep5d5t 9 _! action1 a bett] & a worse1 & ,z>a?u/ra calls on 8 audi5ce to *oose betwe5 !m1 & n to *oose z d ! evildo]s4 ,! _w1 z x is1 0 made by ! jo9t action ( ! two pr9ciples1 & !y also fix$ ! alt]native fates ( m51 = ! wick$1 ,hell--! wor/ life2 & = ! holy1 ,heav5--! be/ m5tal /ate4 ,aft] ! creation 0 accompli%$1 ! two pr9ciples drew (f f ea* o!r1 ! evil "o mak+ *oice ( evil & ( evil works1 & ! b\nte\s _s *oos+ righte\sness1 mak+ 8 /rong seat 9 heav51 & tak+ = 8 own ^? :o d good & :o believe 9 him4 ,! ,daevas & _! foll[]s are incapable ( mak+ a j *oice betwe5 ! good & ! evil2 !y h surr5d]$ !mselves f ! outset to ! ,wor/ ,m9d1 ! demon ( fury1 & to all evil works4 7,!re are vague sugge/ions "h ( a temptation & a fall1 b only ( ! evil spirits & _! foll[]s47 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ! _w is fill$ ) a great /ruggle4 ,on ! "o side is ,ahura1 ! only god wor%ipp$ by "n 9 ! ,ga?as4 ,ahura is a heav5-god1 he is1 9 fact1 ! bright heav51 & !n ! good & b5efic5t be+ :o dwells 9 brightness4 ,9 ! hymns he is los+ 8 def9ite "* & becom+ an ab/raction1 a god ( dogmatics r ?an ( hi/ory4 ,he is ! good pr9ciple p]sonifi$1 & z becomes a god ( su* transc5d5t "*1 he does n act directly1 b ?r\gh 8 satellites4 ,8 attributes p]sonifi$1 d 8 bidd+1 aid ! sa9ts 9 spiritual ways1 & prep>e = ! bett] ord] ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h& are ! ,daevas ) ! demon ( wra?1 :o propagate ev]y:]e lies & mis*ief1 & heap up v5geance = !mselves aga9/ ! f9al judgm5t4 ,= ! good !re is no?+ bett] ?an to aid1--= !y c aid1 9 br++ on ! r5ovation1 dwell+ ) ,ahura ev5 n[1 & by 8 attributes :i* "w 9 !m z well z 9 him1 re9=c+ ! righte\s ord]1 & prep>+ !mselves to dwell :]e wisdom has h] home4 ,9 ! end ! ,demon ( ! ,lie w be r5d]$ h>mless & deliv]$ up to ,righte\sness z a captive4 ,inconsi/5cies4--,z x happ5s 9 e su* re=m1 ! new tea*+ is n q consi/5t ) itself2 old views are tak5 up into ! new tea*+1 al?\gh !y d n h>monise ) x2 ! spiritual way ( look+ at ?+s alt]nates ) a m worldly way4 ,! foll[+ are "s examples ( ?is3--,! great doctr9e ( ,heav5 & ,hell z inn] /ates1 z be+ simply ! be/ & ! wor/ /ate ( m9d1 is cle>ly ann\nc$2 b ! traditional view ( future abodes ( happ9ess & mis]y also appe>s4 ,! ,k9vat-bridge is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,ga?as1 ov] :i* ,iran conceiv$ t ! individual _h to pass aft] dea?4 ,if he 0 righte\s ! bridge bore him safely ov] to ! sacr$ m\nta91 :]e ! good liv$ aga92 if he 0 wick$1 he fell (f ! bridge & f\nd himself 9 ! place ( torm5t4 ,x is ano!r inconsi/5cy t ,z>a?u/ra expects1 on ! "o h&1 to conv]t ! _w by 8 prea*+1 :ile on ! o!r h& 8 s5se ( ! antagonism betwe5 ! good & ! evil spirits & _! foll[]s (t5 hurries him into viol5t me?ods4 ,"o hymn concludes ) a summons to 8 adh]5ts to fall on ! unbeliev]s ) ! halb]d1 & he is con/antly pr$ict+ _! sudd5 ov]?r[4 ,along ) ?is1 we may m5tion t he s\ght to ally himself ) p[]ful families = ! sake ( ! support !y w\ld br+ ! cause4 ,! "n ( ,vi%taspa1 k+ we "k n ( :at realm1 is always associat$ ) ! prophet z t ( 8 royal patron2 o!r influ5tial fri5ds are also m5tion$4 ,ano!r po9t1 9 :i* we notice accommodation to exi/+ usage1 is t ( sacrifice4 ,! ,ga?as h sev]al noble passages describ+ ! true sacrifice man has to (f] to ,god = 8 goodness1 z consi/+ simply 9 ! (f]+ ( self1 9 ! devotion to ! deity ( all a man is1 & all he c d4 ,at ! same "t ,z>a?u/ra has n a ^w to say 9 disp>agem5t ( ! sacrifice ( victims4 ,he prays = guidance 9 ?is "p ( religi\s duty2 he desires to h ev]y?+ connect$ ) sacrifice done 9 ! be/ way & ) ! mo/ effective hymns4 ,?us ! spiritual life is n left to /& alone4 ,!re is a p]sonal walk ) ,god1 our piety is said to be ,god's daught] 9 u1 8 righte\sness is work+ 9 u & m\ld+ u = 8 purposes2 bo? w & de$ ( ! good man are attribut$ to him1 & ! processes are describ$ ) true insight by :i* ! s\l is sanctifi$ & w$d$ to h] task & h] true de/9y2 b at ! same "t !re is an int5t look+ to t sacr$ ,fire :i* is an outw>d repres5tative ( deity2 !re is ! (f]+ ( victims1 ev5 ( horses1 :5 ! prophet's m9d is b5t on w> 7! ,homa-(f]+ does n occur1 & we may suppose ! prophet reject$ ?is s]vice ( ! deity by intoxication72 !re is ! smit+ ( ! demons ) pray]1 & imprecations1 simil> to ^? 9 ! ,psalms1 aga9/ adv]s>ies ( ! cause4 ,x is no pro( ( unspirituality t ! welf>e ( ! ,k9e1 ) ^: wail ! call ( ! prophet began1 is /eadily kept 9 view dur+ 8 mission4 ,! agriculturi/s are on ! side ( ! righte\s be+1 good & ev]-bett] tillage is a means ( pleas+ him2 x is 8 w t ! k9e %\ld be fre$ f al>ms & %\ld prosp]2 & he may be appeal$ to to give lessons ) a view to t end4 ,! doctr9e passes f> beyond its fir/ occasion2 yet ! occasion :i* call$ = x is nev] lo/ sight (4 ,! ,ga?as1 tak5 alone1 tell u h>dly any?+ ( ! religion 9 :i* ,z>a?u/ra's fell[-c\ntrym5 believ$4 ,!y believ$ und\bt$ly 9 _m gods2 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,ave/a :i* come next to ! hymns 9 "t1 poly!ism is 9 full =ce4 ,t ,z>a?u/ra only speaks ( "o god1 ,ahura 7?\gh he also speaks ( ! ,immortals g5]ally71 may be due to ! limit$ ext5t & special purpose ( ! hymns1 b x may also be tak5 z an indication t ! prophet did n ne$lessly int]f]e ) ! beliefs ( 8 p3 cont5t to prea* ! doctr9e ) :i* he 0 *>g$1 & :i* 0 to him ! sum & sub/ance ( all religion1 he1 l sev]al o!r religi\s f\nd]s1 /irr$ up no /rife he c\ld avoid4 ,! doctr9e he prea*$ 0 n unprep>$ = 9 ! m9d ( 8 c\ntry1 & cont9u$ to be ! lead+ feature ( ,p]sian religion 9 subsequ5t p]iods4 ,x is a mom5t\s /ep 9 religi\s progress1 :i* ! prophet ( ,iran calls on 8 c\ntrym5 to take4 ,we notice ! ma9 features ( ! advance4 #a4 ,man is ,call$ to ,judge betwe5 ! ,gods4--,z>a?u/ra1 l ,elijah1 puts be=e 8 p ! *oice betwe5 two wor%ips4 ,v>i\s di/9ctions betwe5 ! two cases might be drawn4 ,9 ! ,scripture case ,baal is n a bad god1 b simply ! wrong god = ,israel to wor%ip4 ,9 ! case ( our re=m] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two wor%ips is a deep] "o4 ,! individual is to *oose 8 god1 he is to decl>e ( 8 own motion t "o god is bett] ?an o!rs1 & t no wor%ip :atev] is to be paid to ^! o!rs4 ,?is 0 a new dep>ture 9 antiquity2 ! e>ly _w lov$ to ?9k ( _m gods1 all alike div9e & wor%ipful1 ea* race or clan hav+ its god :om x naturally s]v$1 or ea* "p ( ! e>? be+ portion$ out to a div9e "l ( its own4 ,nei!r ,greece nor ,rome ev] ?\ght ( mak+ ! individual man ! arbit] among ! unse5 be+s :om he knew1 & requir+ him to decide :i* ( !m he %\ld consid] div9e1 & :i* he %\ld dis[n4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 moreov]1 ! *oice is to be made on moral gr\nds4 ,m5 are call$ to judge ( ! "* ( ! be+s :o are call$ gods1 !y are told t !re is no necessity to ackn[l$ge ^? ( :om !y disapprove1 !y are emancipat$ f ! fe> ( hurtful & evil be+s4 ,!re is w> 9 heav51 & m5 are enc\rag$ to take "p 9 t w>1 & to ca/ (f allegiance to su* p[]s z d n make = righte\sness4 ,h[ !re came to be su* /rife among ! gods1 & h[ x became necess>y t m5 %\ld judge ( x1 we h no cle> in=mation2 we only "k t ! mom5t\s /ep 0 call$ = & 0 tak54 ,! belief1 h[ev]1 rema9s ev5 aft] ! decision t !re are unse5 evil be+s1 :o _h influ5ce 9 =m+ ! con/itution ( ?+s1 & :o h influ5ce /ill ov] ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,! position tak5 up is n mono!ism4 ,! good god is n sole creator or sole gov]nor ( ! _w1 he is a limit$ be+2 f ! outset he has only 9 "p got 8 own way1 & he has adv]s>ies 9 ! v con/itution ( ?+s1 :om he _c get rid (4 ,p]sian ?\ght is duali/ic2 ! conception ( an ,evil ,creator & ,gov]nor co-ord9ate ) ! good "o diff]5tiates x f ! ?\ght ( ,india1 :i* always t5ds to a pr9ciple ( unity4 #b4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is religion is ess5tially intol]ant & p]secut+4 ,hav+ *os5 8 side 9 ! great w> :i* divides ! univ]se1 man c only prosecute t w> ) all 8 =ce2 he mu/ reg>d ! ,daevas & _! foll[]s z 8 enemies1 & try to weak5 & ext+ui% !m4 ,! g5]al feel+ ( ! anci5t _w ab\t diff]5ces 9 religion 0 t all religions 7 equally legitimate1 ea* on its own soil4 ,! ,jews1 we "k1 %ock$ ! ,greeks & ,romans greatly by d5y+ ?is1 & ma9ta9+ t !re 0 only "o true religion1 namely1 _! own1 & t all ! o!rs 7 wor%ips ( gods false & va94 ,b ! ,p]sians came be=e ! ,jews 9 ?is2 ! ,ga?as prea* p]secution1 & ! insults (f]$ by ,p]sian k+s 9 lat] times to ! religions ( ,egypt & ,greece 7 no d\bt ju/ifi$ by _! convictions4 ,9 ,p]sia1 z 9 ,israel1 religion _h come to ent]ta9 ! notion ( false gods4 ,& a religion :i* ent]ta9s t notion mu/ be exclusive4 ,^? :o h refus$ to wor%ip be+s hi!rto deem$ gods1 on ! gr\nd t !y ought n to be wor%ipp$ & are n truly gods1 _c b desire to br+ ! wor%ip ( su* be+s entirely to an end1 & to make ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god prevail in/ead1 by rude or by g5tle means1 z ! /age ( civilisation may 9 ea* case sugge/4 ,gr[? ( ,mazdeism4--,aft] ! ,ga?as prop] we h o!r hymns writt5 9 ! ,ga?ic dialect1 f :i* ! hi/ory ( ! religion aft] its f\ndation may be to "s ext5t inf]r$4#c ,^! %[ t ! ,z>a?u/rian religion 0 reg>d$1 aft] ! dep>ture ( ! f\nd]1 z a great div9e in/itution1 & 0 work$ out on ! l9es he _h laid d[n4 ,! =ms ( x became ( c\rse m fix$4 ,! god x s]ves is n[ call$ ,ahura ,mazda1 ! ,all-,kn[+ ,"l 7! "n is aft]w>ds contract$ into ! ,greek ,oromazdes1 ! ,p]sian ,hormazd2 & ! religion is call$ f x ,mazdeism72 he is /ill implor$ = spiritual bless+s bo? = ?is & = ! future life1 & = fur!rance 9 agriculture4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy to address pray] n only to ,ahura himself b to be+s connect$ ) him4 ,z if ! m9d we>i$ ( dwell+ on ! "o supreme1 ! ,b\ntiful ,immortals are associat$ ) him1 ! p>ts ( 8 holy creation are invok$1 ! fire :i* is mo/ closely id5tifi$ ) him1 ! />s :i* are 8 body1 ! wat]s1 ! e>?1 all good animals & plants4 ,! k9e's s\l receives sacrifice1 & n only ! k9e's s\l :i* we h met be=e1 b ! s\ls ( j m5 & holy wom51 ! ,frava%is or spirits n only ( ! dep>t$ b ( ! liv+ also1 ! s]vice ( :i* cont9ues & increases h5ce=w>d 9 ,p]sian religion4 ,^! are inv5t$ deities & h a %ad[y "*2 b gods ( m sub/ance1 & m hi/orical reality also came into view at ?is po9t4 ,z>a?u/ra becomes a god1 ! hymns !mselves are ador$2 ! ,homa-(f]+ reappe>s1 ,mi?ra is (t5 c\pl$ ) ,ahura1 o!r old gods creep back & are m5tion$ along ) ! moral ab/ractions1 :i* also increase 9 numb]2 9 "o passage !re are said to be ?irty-?ree objects ( wor%ip1 a numb] :i* also occurs 9 ,india4 ,footnote #c3 ,yasna ,haptanghaiti1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 xxxi4 p4 #bah1 sqq41 & o!rs foll[+4 ,organisation ( ! ,heav5ly ,be+s4--,) all ?is multiplication !re is1 z we %all see1 no compromise ( ! supreme claims ( ,ahura4 ,9 "s ( ! hymns1 all be+s1 all attributes1 all places1 & all times ( a sacr$ nature are heap$ indiscrim9ately toge!r1 9 int]m9able catalogues4 ,b ?is app>5t confusion is correct$ by a rem>kable t5d5cy to organisation4 ,! ,p]sian religion ultimately came to h a v simple & v /rik+ !ology2 & t !ology 0 made up by trans=m+ ! ab/ractions 9 :i* ! f\nd] dealt1 into p]sons1 & arrang+ !m aft] ! patt]n ( ,ori5tal society4 ,9 ! lat] ,yasnas 7liturgies7 a figure rises into view :i* ! ,ga?as d n m5tion2 t ( ,angra ,ma9yu1 lat] ,ahriman1 ! ,bad ,_s4 ,9 ?is c\nt]p>t ( ,sp5ta ,ma9yu1 ! ,good ,_s 7:o is n at fir/ id5tifi$ ) ,ahura1 b proce$s f him71 ! demons obta9 a p]sonal head1 & ! dualism :i* appe>s 9 all nature & all human society is ?us br\ght to a p]sonal expression4 ,ahura & ,ahriman confront ea* o!r z ! good p[] & ! evil4 ,bo? alike _h "p 9 mak+ ! _w :at x is4 ,9 e "p ( ! _w1 & 9 all t is felt & done !y are at /rife4 ,ahura1 to quote ,mr4 ,d>me/et]1 is all light1 tru?1 goodness1 & k2 ,angra ,ma9yu is all d>kness1 falsehood1 wick$ness1 & ignorance4 ,:atev] ! good _s makes1 ! evil _s m>s2 he opposes e creation ( ,ahura's ) a plague ( 8 own1 x is he :o mix$ poison ) plants1 smoke ) fire1 s9 ) man1 & dea? ) life4 ,! ,attributes ( ,ahura4--,ea* ( ^! be+s has 8 ret9ue4 ,t ( ,ahura 0 =m$ fir/2 x consi/s ( 8 attributes4 ,ev5 9 ! hymns ! attributes are reg>d$ z p]sons1 insep>able companions ( ,ahura2 appeals are made to "o or ano!r ( !m1 accord+ z ! wor%ipp] seeks help f "o side or ! o!r ( ! div9e be+4 ,by a process :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 religi\s ?\ght1 !y aft]w>ds come to be m =mally arrang$ & def9$2 !re are six ( !m1 & ea* is *>g$ ) a prov9ce ( ! div9e economy4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,vohu ,mano 7,bahman7 ,good ,m9d2 he is ! head & ! gu>dian ( ! liv+ creation ( ,ahura4 ,a%a ,vahi/a 7,ardibehe%t71 ,excell5t ,hol9ess2 he is ! g5ius ( fire4 ,k%a?ra ,vairya 7,%ahrev>71 ,p]fect ,sov]eignty2 he is ! "l ( metals4 ,sp5ta ,armaiti 7,sp5d>mat7 div9e piety1 conceiv$ z female1 ! goddess ( ! e>?4 ,haurvatat 7,khordat7 heal?4 ,am]etat 7,am]dat7 immortality4 ,! la/ two are a pair1 & h *>ge conjo9tly ( wat]s & ( trees4 ,ahura is himself "o ( ^! spirits2 ?us !re are sev5 supreme spirits4 ,ret9ue ( ,ahriman4--,angra ,ma9yu on 8 "p comes to h a correspond+ ret9ue ( six daevas1 ea* be+ ! evil c\nt]p>t ( "o ( ! good spirits4 ,evil ,m9d1 ,sickness1 & ,decay are ! names ( "s ( !m4 ,! :ole spiritual _w is rang$ on ! side ( ! good or ( ! evil deity4 ,! ,izatas 7,iz$s7 or angels consi/ ( gods ( immemorial wor%ip 9 ,iran1 "s ( :om are ! same z gods wor%ipp$ 9 ,india2 b ! title also applies to gods1 heav5ly & e>?ly1 ( lat] creation1 s t ! class is a v wide & ela/ic "o4 ,x comprises "s be+s :o h be5 r$uc$ by ! op]ation ( ! new ideas f ! fir/ to ! second rank ( deities1 su* z ,v]e?ragna1 :o corresponds to ! ,v$ic ,indra1 & ,mi?ra1 ! sun-god4 ,^! n[ appe> 9 ! same rank z gods ( ! new] /yle1 su* z ,srao%a1 ,ob$i5ce1 & survivals ( e>ly sup]/ition1 su* z ! ,curse ( ! wise1 a v p[]ful ,iz$4 ,z>a?u/ra himself belongs to ?is class ( deities1 a miscellane\s "o inde$4 ,ano!r class ( sacr$ be+s ( _w-wide ext5t is t ( ! ,frava%is spok5 ( above4 ,if ! good spirits are _m & v>i\s1 s are ! evil4 ,( ^! are ! great demon-s]p5t ,azhi :o plays a great "p 9 ,p]sian my?ology1 z ,vrittra does 9 ,indian4 ,ae%ma1 lat] ,asmodeus1 may be nam$2 he is "o ( ! ,drvants1 or /orm-fi5ds4 ,gahi1 an unfai?ful goddess1 has fall5 to a demon ( un*a/ity2 ! ,pairikas 7,p]is7 are female tempt]s2 ! ,yatu are demons connect$ ) sorc]y4 ,! firm organisation ( ^! ho/s ( spiritual be+s1 & ! s5se ( a great conflict 9 :i* !y are all engag$ f ! greate/ to ! lea/ ( !m1 pres]ve ,mazdeism f ! weakness & absurdity :i* are apt to creep ov] religion :5 ! population ( ! upp] & ! ne!r regions is unduly multipli$4 ,! fai?ful nev] =get ,ahura 9 fav\r ( ! m9or deities1 nor d !y =get t morals & indu/ry are ! *ief ends ( religion1 & t 9 cultivat+ ^! !y ha/5 ! com+ ( ! k+dom4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula1 ! ,praise ( ,hol9ess1 ) :i* e act ( wor%ip beg9s 9 ! ,ya/s#d 7liturgies ( ! ,iz$s73 ,may ,ahura ,mazda be rejoic$6 ,hol9ess is ! be/ ( all good6 ,i confess myself a wor%ipp] ( ,mazda1 a foll[] ( ,z>a?u/ra1 "o :o hates ! daevas & obeys ! laws ( ,ahura4 ,footnote #d3 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 xxiii4 ,anci5t ,te/imonies to ! ,p]sian ,religion4--,x is at ?is /age1 :ile x is /ill 9 a /ate ( vig\r1 t we he> ( ! ,p]sian religion f v>i\s qu>t]s 9 anci5t records4 ,! *apt]s 9 ! latt] half ( ,isaiah1 :i* s vigor\sly d5\nce idolatry1 hail ! approa* ( ,cyrus t[>ds ,babylon1 & claim unity ( religion betwe5 him & ! ,jews 7,isaiah xliv4 #bh sq474 ,he is ! %eph]d :o is to lead ,jehovah's p back to _! own l&1 & to cause _! temple to be rebuilt4 ,& ?is claim t ! ,jewi% & ! ,p]sian religions 7 ! same1 t ! ,jews & ! ,p]sians 7 alike wor%ipp]s ( ! "o true ,god1 :ile all ! surr\nd+ nations 7 poly!i/s & idolat]s1 0 admitt$ on ! side ( ,p]sia4 ,aft] 8 conque/ ( ,babylon1 ,cyrus at once p]mitt$ ! exiles to return to _! own l&4 ,! ,p]sian mon>*s ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,d>ius & ,artax]xes1 cont9u$ to take a fri5dly int]e/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 :om !y app>5tly reg>d$ z a =m ( _! own god1 ! ,god ( heav51 ,hormazd 7,ezra vii4 #ba74 ,!y accord+ly took measures = ! rebuild+ ( ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & = ! introduction !re ( ! new religi\s con/itution :i* _h be5 prep>$ at ,babylon4 ,?is c\ld n h happ5$ if ! religion ( ! ,p]sian k+s _h n be5 a pure s]vice ( "o god1#e & ! o!r in=mation we h on ! subject %[s t ! ,mazdeism ( ,p]sia at ?is p]iod 0 a v elevat$ =m ( ! religion4 ,! inscriptions ( ,d>ius d n m5tion ! spread ( ! wor%ips ( ,mitra & ,anahita1 :i*1 h[ev]1 make _! appe>ance 9 ! lat] inscriptions ( ,artax]xes2 9 none ( !m is ,ahriman spok5 (4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n prove t he 0 n believ$ 92 :5 ! ,jewi% prophet proclaims t ,jehovah makes bo? light & d>kness1 t he bo? w\nds & heals1 !re may be a ref]5ce to ,p]sian dualism4 ,yet ,mazdeism 0 capable ( appe>+1 & did appe> to ! =eign]1 z a l(ty wor%ip ( a god ( light & goodness4 ,! same impression is produc$ by ! descriptions ( ! ,greek writ]s4 ,h]odotus 7i4 #aca1 #acb7 writes z foll[s2 he is a contempor>y ( ,ezra3 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts z to ! cu/oms ( ! ,p]sians is to be reli$ on4 ,!y d n fa%ion images ( ! gods1 nor build temples1 nor alt>s--!y consid] x wrong to d s1 & c\nt x a pro( ( folly2 _! reason = ?is be+1 z ,i ?9k1 t !y d n believe ! gods to be be+s ( ! same nature ) m5 z ! ,greeks d4 ,!y are accu/om$ to (f] sacrifices to ,zeus on ! summits ( m\nta9s2 !y call ! :ole circle ( heav5 ,zeus4 ,!y sacrifice also to ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! e>?1 & to fire1 & to wat]1 & to ! w9ds4 ,^! are ! anci5t p>ts ( _! ritual1 b !y h add$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,que5 ( heav51 ,aphrodite2 x 0 f ! ,assyrians & ! ,arabs t !y acquir$ ?is4 ,! ,assyrian "n = ,aphrodite is ,mylitta1 ! ,arabs call h] ,alilat1 ! ,p]sians1 ,anahita4#f ,su* be+ _! gods ! ,p]sians sacrifice to !m on ?is wise4 ,!y h no alt>1 & d n use fire 9 sacrifice1 nor d !y h libations nor flutes1 nor wrea?s nor b>ley4 ,he :o wi%es to sacrifice takes 8 victim to a clean spot & !re calls on ! deity1 8 turban wrea!d1 z a rule1 ) myrtle4 ,he does n ?9k ( pray+ = b5efits = himself individually 9 connection ) 8 sacrifice2 he prays = ! welf>e ( ! ,p]sian p & k+2 he himself is "o ( ! ,p]sian p4 ,he !n cuts up ! victim1 boils ! pieces & spreads !m out on ! s(te/ grass he c f9d--if possible1 on clov]4 ,?is done1 "o ( ! ,magians :o has come to assi/1 s+s a !ogony1#g z !y call ! accompany+ hymn2 no sacrifice is all[$ to be (f]$ )\t "o ( ! ,magi be+ pres5t4 ,aft] a %ort pause ! sacrific] takes up ! pieces ( fle% & does ) !m :atev] he likes4 ,footnote #e3 ,^! two religions1 ,ku55 says1 7 m l ea* o!r ?an any o!r two religions ( antiquity4--,religion ( ,israel1 iii4 #cc4 ,footnote #f3 ,h]odotus says ,mitra2 b ?is is a mi/ake1 :e!r ( ! fa!r ( hi/ory or ( a transcrib]4 ,footnote #g3 ,"o ( ! ,ya%ts 9 praise ( ! p>ticul> deity4 ,9 o!r passages ,h]odotus tells u ( ! extreme sanctity attribut$ by ! ,p]sians to wat]s1 to fire1 & to ! sun4 ,he also tells u t !y reg>d$ ly+ z ! wor/ possible (f5ce1 & next to x fall+ into debt1 s9ce ! debtor is tempt$ to tell lies4 ,plut>* writes z foll[s1 quot+ f an e>li] ,greek writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c43 ,zoroa/] ! ,magician1#h :o 0 #ejjj ye>s be=e ! w> ( ,troy1 nam$ ! good god ,oromazes & ! o!r ,arimonius 444 ,oromazes is eng5d]$ ( ! cle>e/ & pure/ light1 ,arimonius ( deep d>kness2 & !y w> "o ^u ano!r4 ,! =m] ( ^! creat$ six o!r gods 7"h foll[ ! ,am%asp&s71 b ! latt] produce? z _m o!r 9 numb]1 ( adv]se op]ation to ! =m]4444 ,!re w come a "t :5 ?is ,arimonius1 :o br+s into ! _w plague & fam9e1 %all ( necessity be root$ out & utt]ly de/roy$ = ev] 444 !n %all m5 be all 9 happy e/ate1 !y %all ne$ no m food1 nor ca/ any %ad[ f !m2 & t god :o ha? effect$ all ?is %all repose himself = a "t1 & re/ 9 quiet4 ,footnote #h3 ,holl&'s translation4 ,! ,v5didad3 ,laws ( ,p>ity4--,^! extracts %[ ! gr[? ( c]ta9 ideas :i* we h n notic$ be=e4 ,! dualism is be+ work$ out m 9 detail1 o!r gods are com+ 91 & ! doctr9e ( ! sanctity ( ! elem5ts has made its appe>ance4 ,t doctr9e is ! basis ( a new set ( ideas & practices :i* we h n[ to consid]1 ^? namely :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,v5didad1 "o ( ! lat] works ( ! ,p]sian canon4 ,to pass f ! ,ga?as to ! ,v5didad is l pass+ f ,isaiah to ,leviticus1 & ! laws ( purity ( ,p]sian religion be> a /rong analogy to ^? ( ,judaism4 ,! ,v5didad#i is compos$ pr9cipally ( laws & rules design$ to direct ! fai?ful 9 ! great task ( ma9ta9+ _! ritual purity4 ,! :ole ( life is dom9at$ 9 ?is "w by ! ideas ( purity & defilem5t2 ! great bus9ess ( life is to avoid impurity1 & :5 x is contract$ to remove x 9 ! correct mann] z quickly z possible4 ,purity "h is n prim>ily sanit>y or ev5 moral2 ?\gh su* consid]ations 7 no d\bt indirectly pres5t4 ,impure is :at belongs to ! bad _s1 :e!r because he creat$ x1 z he did c]ta9 noxi\s animals1 or because he has e/abli%$ a hold on x z he does on m5 at dea?4 ,a man is impure1 n because he has expos$ himself to ! infection ( disease1 n because he has contract$ a /a9 on 8 consci5ce1 b because he has t\*$ some?+ ( :i* a ,daeva has possession1 & s has come "u ! influ5ce ( t ,daeva4 ,purification1 !re=e1 & ! act ( heal+ consi/ ( exorcisms ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?is notion ( purity plays a great "p 9 o!r old religions also2 x is "h t we see its orig9al mean+ mo/ cle>ly4 ,ano!r great feature ( ! doctr9e ( purity 9 ! ,v5didad is t ! elem5ts1 fire1 e>?1 & wat]1 are holy1 & to defile !m 9 any way is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,z ev]y?+ :i* leaves ! body is unclean1 a man mu/ n bl[ up a fire ) 8 brea?1 & ba?+ ) a view to cleanl9ess is n to be ?\ght (4 ,! disposal ( ! dead 0 a matt] ( imm5se difficulty1 s9ce corpses1 be+ unclean1 c\ld be committ$ nei!r to ,fire nor to ! ,e>?4 ,!y are ord]$ to be expos$ nak$ on a build+ con/ruct$ = t purpose on high gr\nd1 s t birds ( prey may dev\r !m2 & a great "p ( ! ,v5didad is tak5 up ) directions = purification1 aft] a dea? has tak5 place1 ( ! p]sons :o 7 9 ! h\se1 ( ! h\se itself1 ( ^? :o c>ri$ ! corpse1 & ( ! road !y travell$1 etc4 ,footnote #i3 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 iv4 ,h[ ?is ,doctr9e ,ent]$ ,mazdeism4--,?is sy/em 0 n 9 =ce 9 ! "t ( ,d>ius & ,artax]xes 7:5 ! dead 7 buri$ or1 z 9 ! case ( ,croesus1 burn$7 ?\gh ! ideas 7 appe>+ at t p]iod on :i* x is f\nd$2 & x is pla9 t x has no necess>y or vital connection ) ! religion ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,b 9 lat] ,mazdeism !re are _m su* importations4 ,?is religion1 9 its c\rse f ea/ to we/1 came 9 contact ) beliefs & usages ) :i*1 ?\gh =eign to its own nature1 x yet came to t]ms4 ,mazdeism is n orig9ally a m>k$ly prie/ly religion2 x is ?\ght t x became s :5 plant$ 9 ,m$ia4 ,no d\bt !re 7 g]ms 9 ! e>ly ,iranian religion ( a prie/ly sy/em4 ,z>a?u/ra himself 0 a prie/ & 0 fav\rable to due religi\s obs]vances4 ,b x is q contr>y to 8 _s t life %\ld be gov]n$ entirely by ritual law4 ,x 0 9 ,m$ia t ?is came to be ! case4 ,! "n ( ,magi1 orig9ally p]haps t ( a tribe1 became 9 ,m$ia ! "n ( ! prie/hood1 & s furni%$ an additional title = ,mazdeism4 ,x is to ?is /age ( ! religion t ! prie/ly legislation ( ! ,v5didad1 ) all its puritanical regulation ( life1 is to be ascrib$4 7,! practice ( expos+ ! bodies ( ! dead to be dev\r$ by birds ( prey is probably ( ,scy?ian orig947 ,9 ?is p]iod also1 remote f ! orig9 ( ! religion1 we f9d a new view ( ,z>a?u/ra himself & ( 8 revelation4 ,9 ! e>li] s\rces ,z>a?u/ra composes 8 hymns 9 a natural mann]2 he is n an absolute lawgiv]1 b dep5ds on pr9ces = ! c>ry+ out ( 8 views4 ,9 ! lat] works ! revelation takes place 9 a s]ies ( private int]views betwe5 ,ahura & ,z>a?u/ra2 ! prophet puts que/ions to ! god1 & ! god dictates 9 reply s5t5ces :i* are at once promulgat$ z sacr$ laws4 ,mazdeism1 l o!r religions1 has its wood5 age1 its v]bal inspiration1 & its prie/ly code4 ,to trace ! l9es by :i* ! influ5ce ( ! religion ( ,p]sia ass]t$ itself 9 ! wid] _w w\ld be a l>ge ent]prise3 only a few indications c be giv5 "h4 ,"o great s]vice :i* t religion did to ! _w 0 und\bt$ly t x _h sympa?y ) ! ,jews1 & enabl$ ,jewi% mono!ism to take a fre% />t on its way to become a religion = mank9d4 ,mazdeism itself _h a t+e ( univ]salism2 ,z>a?u/ra expect$ 8 religion to spread beyond 8 own l&1 & x did spread ov] all ! prov9ces ( ,iran4 ,x nev] became a _w-religion1 b x might h done s _h x n become swa!d & *ok$ 9 ,magism or _h any new movem5t aris5 9 x to ass]t ! supremacy ( its purely human ov] its artificial elem5ts4 ,b ,ahura himself1 p]haps1 0 too ab/ract & philosophic a god to inspire mission>y ard\r2 x ne$$ a be+ m firmly root$ 9 hi/ory1 a god :o _h done m to prove ! en]gy & int5sity ( 8 nature1 &1 fur!r1 a god m und\bt$ly omnipot5t ?an ,ahura1 to e/abli% a univ]sal rule4 ,! int]e/+ inquiry rema9s1 h[ f> ! ,jewi% religion 0 modifi$ by its contact ) ! ,p]sian4 ,! laws ( purity 9 ! ,jewi% prie/ly code f9d a close p>allel 9 ! ,v5didad2 b ) ! ,israelites ! notion ( religi\s purity exi/$1 & 0 work$ out 9 consid]able detail1 z we see f ,deut]onomy1 be=e ! exile1 & !re=e long be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,v5didad4 ,! belief 9 ! resurrection1 f\nd among ! ,jews aft] ! exile1 & n be=e x1 has be5 ma9ta9$ by _m to be a loan f ,p]sia1 :]e ! belief 9 future rew>d & puni%m5t 0 a settl$ ?+ f ! "t ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,b ! ,jews d n appe> to h grasp$ ?is belief all at once or fully =m$4 ,!y arriv$ at x gradually1 _m ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s affirm1 & by spiritual inf]5ces timidly put =? at fir/1 f _! own religi\s consci\sness4 ,a belief :i* ! ,jewi% religion 0 capable ( produc+ ( itself ne$ n1 )\t cle>] evid5ce ?an we possess1 be reg>d$ z borr[$4 ,we are n on mu* sur] gr\nd :5 we come to ask :e!r ! angels & demons ( ,judaism are connect$ ) ^? ( ,p]sia4 ,?is belief also arises naturally 9 ,judaism1 :]e ,god came to be ?\ght ( z v high & v inaccessible1 & int]m$iate be+s 7 !re=e ne$$4 ,"s ( ! figures ( ! ,jewi% _s-_w are1 no d\bt1 due to ,p]sia2 ! ,a%modeus ( ! book ( ,tobit is a ,p]sian figure4 ,lat] ,judaism is l ,p>sism 9 arrang+ ! heav5ly be+s 9 a hi]>*y1 & assign+ to ! *ief angels special functions 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ,god's k+dom1 & /ill m s :5 ! upp] hi]>*y is confront$ by a l[] "o ) a great adv]s>y & fa!r ( lies at its head4 ,b ?is takes place long aft] ! ,p]sian contact4 ,! ,p]sian deities _h1 z a rule1 too little leg5d to enable !m to be receiv$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,ahura does n travel4 ,anaitis is ?\ght to h pass$ into ,greece1 *ang+ h] "n to ,aphrodite1 b also to ! sev]] ,artemis2 b %e is p]haps n orig9al 9 ,p]sia4 ,! ,p]sian god be/ kn[n 9 o!r l&s 0 ,mi?ra1 ! sun-god & god ( wisdom4 ,he 0 a fav\rite ) ! ,roman armies 9 ! e>ly empire1 & repres5tations ( him z a h]o 9 ! act ( slay+ a bull 9 a cave h be5 f\nd 9 _m l&s4 ,!re 7 also my/]ies connect$ ) him1 9 :i* ! c&idates _h to pass ?r\gh a great s]ies ( trials & h>d%ips4 ,p]sia influ5c$ ,europe & ! we/ ( ,asia at ! same p]iod 9 ano!r way4 ,mani*eism1 a sy/em :i* 0 "o ( ! ?ree great univ]sal religions ( t "t1 & _h a wor%ip & a prie/hood & a sacr$ lit]ature ( its own1 0 f\nd$ by a native ( ,p]sia4 ,he lab\r$ at a di/ance f 8 own c\ntry1 & ! doctr9es he prop\nd$ came m f ,*aldea ?an f ,p]sia1 & consi/$ ( great hi/ories1 l ^? ( ! ,gno/ics1 ( ! do+s & suff]+s ( cosmic & o!r p]sons2 a great /ruggle betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & ^? ( d>kness 0 "o ( its pr9cipal features4 ,! wor%ip ( ?is *ur* 0 spiritual2 its morals 7 9 !ory ( ! pure/ & mo/ ascetic k9d1 be+ f\nd$ on a pr9ciple ( dualism 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & requir+ mu* self-d5ial & long fa/s4 ,! high] virtue ( ! sy/em 0 n1 h[ev]1 requir$ ( ! ord9>y memb]4 ,lat] ,p>sism1 bo? 9 ,iran & 9 ,india1 has %[n a disposition to ca/ (f dualism1 & to become1 bo? philosophically & practically1 a moni/ic sy/em4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vols4 iv41 xxiii4 7,d>me/et]72 xxxi4 7,mills74 ,! ,z5dave/a1 vols4 v41 xviii41 xxiv41 xxxvii41 xlvii4 ,pahlavi ,texts 7,e4 ,w4 ,we/74 ,! ,hi/ories ( ,antiquity ( ,dunck]1 ,masp]o1 & ,ed4 ,mey]4 ,haug's ,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 & ,religion ( ! ,p>sis4 ,second ,edition1 #ahgh1 ,f4 ,w9dis*mann1 ,zoroa/r4 ,/udi51 #ahfc4 ,geldn]1 ,zoroa/]1 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica2 ,zoroa/rianism1 9 ,encyclopdia ,bibl4 ,mills1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,five ,z>a?u/rian ,ga?as1 #ahib-id4 ,lehmann1 9 ,de la ,saussaye4 ,dadhabai ,naoroji1 ,! ,p>see ,religion4 ,on ,mi?raism1 ,diet]i* ,e9e ,mi?ras-liturgie4 ,cumont1 ,! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ra1 #aijc4 ,,"p ,v ,,univ]sal ,,religion ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*ri/ianity ,! writ] is aw>e t 9 (f]+ a *apt] on ,*ri/ianity at ! conclusion ( ?is "w1 he attempts a difficult task4 ,if treat$ at all1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ be dealt ) 9 ! same way z ! o!r religions1 & no assumptions mu/ be made = x :i* 7 n made = !m4 ,& a view ( our own religion writt51 n f ! /&po9t ( ! fai? & love we feel t[>ds x b ( sci5tific accuracy1 mu/ appe> to _m pi\s ,*ri/ians to be cold & meagre4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ianity is ! key ( ! ar* we h be5 build+1 ! consummat+ memb] ( ! developm5t we h s\ght to trace1 & to )hold any e/imate ( its "* w\ld be to leave our "w mo/ imp]fect4 ,x seems bett]1 !re=e1 t "s h9ts at lea/ %\ld be (f]$ on ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,*ri/ianity _c inde$ be dealt ) 9 ! same proportion z ! o!r religions2 t w\ld f> exce$ our space4 ,b "s views are (f]$ reg>d+ its ess5tial nature1 :i* ! writ] believes to be s firmly f\nd$ 9 fact t ev5 ^? :o are n ,*ri/ians _c d5y !m1 & ?us to af=d a valid crit]ion = ! comp>ison ( ,*ri/ianity ) o!r fai?s4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! religion ( ,israel we saw h[ ! prophets be=e & dur+ ! exile began to *]i% ! idea ( a new relation betwe5 ,god & man1 :i* w\ld n dep5d on sacrifice nor be conf9$ to ,israel4 ,god1 !y decl>$1 0 prep>+ a new age1 9 :i* he w\ld receive man to m intimate communion ?an be=e2 & man w\ld be guid$ 9 ! "r pa?1 n by cov5ants & laws1 b by ! con/ant inspiration ( a pres5t deity4 ,! new religion w\ld be "o :i* all nations c\ld %>e4 ,j]usalem1 ! seat ( ! true fai?1 w\ld attract all eyes2 all w\ld turn to h] because ( ! ,"l h] ,god4 ,b1 alas1 in/ead ( gr[+ broad] to realise its univ]sal de/9y1 ! religion ( ,israel grew n>r[] aft] ! exile1 & seem$ to =get ! prospects ?us op5$ up to x4 ,judaism1 ?\gh immeasurably enri*$ 9 its inn] consci\sness by ! tea*+ ( ! prophets1 ma9ta9$ its e>li] semi-hea!ni% =ms ( wor%ip1 only surr\nd+ !m ) new /atel9ess & new significance2 & clo!d itself 9 a h>d %ell ( public ritual & p]sonal obs]vance4 ,! ,jews sep>at$ !mselves rigor\sly f ! _w1 & cultivat$ an exclusive pride2 z if _! religion _h be5 giv5 !m = !mselves alone1 & n = mank9d4 ,"u ! ,maccabees !y display$ ! mo/ h]oic c\rage & t5acity1 ma9ta9+ _! own beliefs & rites amid ! flood ( ,hell5ism :i* at "o "t almo/ swept !m away4 ,t !y c>ri$ _! nationality unimpair$ ?r\gh ?is p]iod is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( ! ,jewi% race4 ,9 ! succe$+ p]iod1 h[ev]1 _m signs appe>$ %[+ t _! religion 0 los+ en]gy4 ,! rule ( ! prie/s & scribes ext5d$ m & m ov] ! :ole ( life1 tradition & obs]vance grew m & m ext5sive1 b ! moral judgm5t lo/ its ela/icity4 ,! s5se ( ! div9e pres5ce grew fa9t1 & multitudes ( spirits fill$ ! air in/ead1 oppress+ human life ) a s5se ( vague anxiety4 ,z political indep5d5ce 0 lo/1 ! p became less happy & m easily excit$4 ,b :ile =malism held increas+ sway ov] _! actions1 imag9ation 0 free1 & surr\nd$ bo? ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,israel & its future triumphs ) manifold embelli%m5ts4 ,9 su* a condition 0 ! religion ( ! ,jews :5 ,jesus appe>$ 9 ,pale/9e & creat$ a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,*ri/ianity 0 at fir/ a movem5t )9 ,judaism4 ,l all ! religions :i* trace _! hi/ory to p]sonal f\nd]s1 x grew f v small beg9n+s2 b its doctr9e 0 ( su* a nature1 t if circum/ances fav\r$1 x c\ld n fail to spread beyond ,judaism1 to m5 ( o!r l&s & o!r tongues4 ,! doctr9e consi/$ prim>ily 9 a decl>ation t t great religi\s consummation1 ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* ! prophets _h =etold1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ,jesus z a f>-(f hope1 & :i* _h j be5 h]ald$ by ,john ! ,bapti/ z be+ imm$iately at h&1 _h actually tak5 place4 ,! p]fect /ate 0 ann\nc$ to h arriv$1 & to be a ?+ n ( ! future b ( ! pres5t4 ,! long-expect$ int]c\rse ( ,god & man on new t]ms ( p]fect agreem5t & sympa?y1 _h come into op]ation2 any "o :o *ose c\ld assure himself ( ! fact4 ,! title by :i* ,jesus describ$ ! intimate relation%ip ( man & ,god :i* he ann\nc$1 suffici5tly %[s its "*4 ,god is ! ,fa!r 9 heav52 m5 are 8 *ildr51 & all t m5 h to d is to realise t ?is is s1 to ent] ! circle & beg9 to live ) ,god on su* t]ms4 ,! great ,god seeks to h e "o liv+ ) him z 8 *ild2 & religion is no m1 no less1 ?an ?is communion4 ,fa!r & *ild dwell toge!r 9 p]fect love & confid5ce2 no outw>d regulations are ne$$ = _! int]c\rse1 no b>ga9s1 no traditions1 no ritual1 no pilgrimage1 no sacrifice4 ,! int]c\rse c be c>ri$ on by any "o1 any:]e4 ,x is n a matt] ( app>atus1 b a purely moral affair1 an affair ( love4 ,! ,fa!r kn[s all ab\t ! *ild1 is able to give him all he ne$s1 ev5 be=e he asks x2 is will+ to =give 8 s9s :5 he rep5ts ( !m2 is anxi\s above all to re9=ce 8 ef=ts aft] goodness4 ,! *ild kn[s t ! ,fa!r is always ne> him1 c>ries e ne$ & wi% to him 9 pray]1 ev5 ?\gh kn[+ t he is aw>e ( !m be=eh&2 reg>ds all t happ5s1 ei!r good or ill1 z s5t by him = ! be/ ends1 & seeks 9 e case to "k 8 w & to submit to x sweetly1 & execute x fai?fully4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl]1 or deep]1 or broad]4 ,religion is "h pres5t$ free f all local or accid5tal or obscur+ elem5ts2 religion itself is "h reveal$4 ,accept$ 9 ?is =m1 x does = man all t x c4 ,! relation betwe5 ,god & man is made purely moral2 ! l9k is n t ( race1 nor does x consi/ 9 any?+ ext]nal4 ,! individual--e individual :o w pause to he>--is assur$ t !re exi/s betwe5 ,god & him a natural sympa?y1 & is urg$ to all[ t sympa?y to h its way4 ,x is easy to see :at effect su* a belief mu/ h4 ,! individual1 bidd5 to seek ! pr9ciple ( union ) ,god n 9 any ext]nal circum/ance or arrangem5t1 b 9 8 own he>t1 becomes consci\s ( an inn] fre$om f all artificial re/ra9ts4 ,he f9ds 9 8 own he>t ! secret ( happ9ess1 & is rais$ above all fe>s & irritations2 & h5ce ! =ces ( 8 nature are enc\rag$ to unfold !mselves freely4 ,he sees cle>ly :at z a human p]son he is call$ to be & to d1 & feels a new en]gy to realise 8 ideals4 ,z ,god has come d[n to him1 he is lift$ up to ,god2 a div9e p[] has ent]$ 8 life1 :i* is able to d all ?+s 9 him & = him4 ,x may be said t :at we h describ$ are ! effects ( religi\s inspiration g5]ally1 & may take place 9 connection ) any fai?4 ,b ! div9e impulse communicat$ to mank9d 9 ,*ri/ianity diff]s f t ( any o!r religion 9 two important respects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,god :o "h ent]s into union ) man possesses full reality & a "* ( ! utmo/ en]gy4 ,x is ,jehovah ) :om we h to d "h1 *ang$1 inde$1 b /ill ! same2 a ,god ( real & irresi/ible p[]1 on :om speculation has n laid its weak5+ h&4 ,! union ( man ) ,god is n secur$ by mak+ ,god ab/ract & vague1 nor is 8 inf9ite k9dness & =giv+ness pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( 8 int5sity & awfulness4 ,) ,jesus1 ,god is /ill ! p[] :o has actual control ov] ev]y?+ t goes on1 & :o is able to d ev5 :at appe>s to be mo/ impossible4 ,he is a ,god ( /rict ju/ice & hol9ess2 ?\gh he is s k9d1 8 judgm5ts h n ceas$1 b are /ill imp5d+ ov] guilty m5 & a guilty p4 ,x is he :o c ca/ bo? s\l & body into hell4 ,x is a ,god ( su* en]gy1 su* zeal1 :o yet (f]s himself z ! will+ b5efactor & def5d]1 & ! lov+ guide & help] ( ! humble/ ( 8 human creatures4 ,9 ! second place1 ! t]ms ( ! union "h =m$ betwe5 ,god & man are su* z c be f\nd n[h]e else4 ,! deity inspires man n to any p>ticul> k9d ( acts1 n to sacrifices1 nor to )drawal f ! _w1 b inspires him simply to realise himself4 ,man is assur$ ( ! sympa?y ( ?is great ,god1 & is !n left 9 fre$om z to ! mode 9 :i* he %\ld s]ve him4 ,no rules are prescrib$2 human life is n press$ into an artificial m\ld1 z is ! case 9 s _m great religions2 no pref]5ce is accord$ to any "o pursuit ov] o!rs4 ,?is religion is n a yoke to co]ce m5 & to make !m less1 b an inspiration capable ( ent]+ into e k9d ( life1 & ( mak+ m5 great] & bett] 9 :atev] occupation4 ,ev5 religi\s duties are left to =m !mselves naturally2 all t is insi/$ on is t ! *ild %all h liv+ & real int]c\rse ) ! ,fa!r4 ,pray] is necess>y1 & s is ! practice ( good works2 ! *ild mu/ keep 9 sympa?y ) ! ,fa!r by do+ z he does4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! =ms ( ! religi\s life are n prescrib$4 ,) reg>d to morals1 x is ! same4 ,! moral life is to build itself up freely f )92 goodness is n to be a matt] ( rule1 b ! spontane\s & happy developm5t ( a pr9ciple :i* lives & speaks deep 9 ! c5tre ( ! he>t4 ,jesus is n a lawgiv]1 save 9 a metaphorical s5se3 ! law :i* he sets up is no?+ m ?an t :i* e man1 :5 he turns away f all t is artificial1 c f9d 9 8 own brea/4 ,x is "o feature ( ! spontaneity & spirituality ( ! religion ( ,jesus1 t x has no con/itution4 ,jesus reg>d$ himself z ! f\nd] n ( a new religion1 b only ( an inn] circle ( m devot$ believ]s inside ! old religion ( 8 c\ntry2 he did n !re=e feel call$ to draw up rules = a new fai?1 & ! result ( ?is is t ! me*anism ( ! religion is ( lat] gr[?4 ,! au?ority ( ! f\nd] c be appeal$ to = a direct & con/ant int]c\rse ) ,god z ( a *ild ) 8 fa!r1 & = ! conduct ( m5 t[>ds ea* o!r1 :i* su* int]c\rse ) ,god necess>ily implies1 b = h>dly any?+ m4 ,"h1 z 9 no o!r hi/orical religion1 man is free4 ,! religion ( ,jesus1 !re=e1 is "o ( love alone4 ,! div9e nature consi/s 9 love1 & ! impulse :i* religion communicates1 is simply t :i* proce$s f be+ lov$ & lov+4 ,& a religion ( love f9ds ! way1 z no o!r c1 to make man free1 to unseal 8 en]gies1 & to lead him upw>ds to ! be/ life4 ,! appe>ance ( su* a religion =ms ! mo/ mom5t\s epo* ( human hi/ory4 ,he :o br\ght x =w>d mu/ occupy a unique position 9 ! e/imation ( mank9d4 ,x c nev] be sup]s$$4 ,x is no d\bt ! case t ! doctr9e ( ,jesus 0 n 9 all respects new4 ,! ideas ( ! prophets live aga9 9 him2 8 foll[]s h always f\nd _m ( ! ,jewi% ,psalms to be p]fectly suit$ to _! exp]i5ce4 ,jesus liv$ 9 ! fai? ( ,israel1 & consid]$ t he _h come only to make t fai? bett] und]/ood1 & to free x f improp] accretions4 ,:at 0 new 0 8 own p]son4 ,8 great "w 0 t he embodi$ 8 tea*+ 9 a life :i* express$ x p]fectly4 ,x is f> %ort ( ! tru? to say t !re 0 no inconsi/5cy betwe5 :at he taught & 8 own conduct4 ,8 life is a demon/ration1 9 e detail1 ( ! effects ( 8 religion2 all fl[s ) ! utmo/ simplicity1 & ev5 z a matt] ( necessity1 out ( ! tru? he taught4 ,:at he prea*$ 01 9 fact1 himself2 he 0 himself liv+ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 to :i* he call$ o!rs to come2 he knew 9 8 own exp]i5ce :at x 0 to live z a *ild ) ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 & to view all p]sons1 all ?+s1 all duties1 9 ! light ( t int]c\rse4 ,all 8 acts & words fl[$ f ! same spr+ 9 8 own inn] exp]i5ce4 ,9 no o!r way c\ld 8 life %ape itself ?an z x did1 & he saw ) p]fect cle>ness :at m5 mu/ be1 & on :at t]ms !y mu/ live toge!r :5 ,god & !y 7 z ,fa!r & *ildr5 to ea* o!r4 ,:at he ?us knew he liv$1 z if no laws b ^? ( ! k+dom ( heav5 _h any au?ority = him1 & s he pres5t$ to ! _w t liv+ embodim5t ( ! true religion1 :i* has be5 ! ma9 /r5g? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus ann\nces a new union ( ,god ) man1 a union 9 :i* he himself is ! fir/ to rejoice1 b :i* all may %>e along ) him2 & h5ce 8 p]son c\nts = m 9 8 religion ?an t ( any o!r religi\s f\nd] 9 81 & necess>ily becomes an object ( fai? to all :o ent] ! communion4 ,! doctr9e does n produce its specific effect ap>t f ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,because 9 him alone !y "k ! tru? :i* br+s !m peace1 8 foll[]s reg>d him1 9 a way :i* has no p>allel 9 any o!r religion1 z _! ,savi\r4 ,b ?is "n is giv5 to him by 8 foll[]s1 z x is claim$ by himself1 = ano!r reason also4 ,jesus 0 m ?an a tea*]4 ,he felt a p[] to be pres5t 9 him :i* 0 able to supply all ne$s & to com=t all sorr[s2 he did n %r9k f summon+ all :o 7 we>y & heavy lad5 to come to him1 nor f und]tak+ to give !m re/4 ,ke5ly alive to ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 & able to p]ceive ev5 ^? suff]+s ( :i* !y 7 n !mselves consci\s1 he felt x to be 8 mission to deal ) ! sadd] side ( human life2 he 0 a physician s5t to ! sick1 a %eph]d seek+ ! lo/ %eep4 ,x 0 among ! poor & ! sick1 & ev5 among ! outca/s ( society1 9 :om ! s5se ( ne$ 0 /ronge/1 t he felt himself mo/ at home & mo/ able to fulfil 8 call+4 ,?us ! motive ( compassion ent]s /rongly into all he said & did3 b ! compassion is n hopeless 9 ?is case z 9 ! simil> case ( ,gautama 7see *apt] xx471 nor is ! cure recomm5d$ = ! ills ( humanity t ( )drawal f mank9d or ( =getfulness4 ,"h !re is a belief 9 ,god4 ,! compassion f :i* ! religion fl[s is n z 9 ! case ( ,gautama1 t ( a prea*] :o has ceas$ to tru/ 9 any heav5ly p[]2 x is ann\nc$ z exi/+ fir/ ( all 9 ! he>t ( ,god ,himself4 ,god c d all ?+s1 & 9 8 ye>n+ pity = 8 *ildr5 has s5t 8 repres5tative to assure !m ( 8 sympa?y & to com=t !m 9 _! sorr[s4 ,) ,jesus !re=e no evil is s great z n to admit ( a positive cure2 he feels ! rem$y ( all human ills to be pres5t 9 8 own he>t1 & s he appe>s z ! ,messiah1 n su* a ,messiah z 8 c\ntrym5 look$ =1 b z ! true ,messiah1 9 :om all human wants are met1 & all human hopes fulfill$4 ,! cure :i* he ann\nces = all ills consi/s 9 devotion to ! w ( ! ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,to give oneself unres]v$ly to ! lab\r ( realis+ ! purposes ( ! heav5ly ,fa!r 9 "o's own he>t & 9 ! _w1 is to rise above all c>es & sorr[s2 en?usiasm 9 ! ,fa!r's s]vice is ! sov]eign rem$y4 ,to "o :o believes 9 ! ,fa!r1 & seeks to live z 8 *ild1 no despair is possible4 ,to be engag$ 9 8 bus9ess is at all times ! highe/ happ9ess1 & 8 k+dom is assur$ly com+1 ?\gh man has /ill ! privilege ( work+ = x1--! k+dom 9 :i* all d>kness & evil w be put away4 ,we h indicat$ ! *ief po9ts :i* 9 a sci5tific comp>ison ( ,*ri/ianity ) o!r religions appe> to con/itute its di/9ctive "*2 & we h s\ght to make our /atem5t su* z ! reasonable adh]5t ( o!r religions w feel to be w>rant$4 ,! po9ts are ^!4 ,*ri/ianity is a religion ( fre$om1 x is a sy/em ( inn] inspiration m ?an ( ext]nal law or sy/em1 x is embodi$ 9 ! liv+ p]son ( its f\nd]1 9 :i* alone x c be truly se52 & ! f\nd] is "o :o is liv+ himself 9 ! relation to ,god to :i* he calls m5 to come1 & feels himself call$ & s5t to be ! ,savi\r ( m54 ,x is impossible 9 ?is "w to treat ,*ri/ianity on ! same scale z ! o!r religions2 b ! "q ( its univ]salism mu/ necess>ily receive att5tion4 ,jesus himself did n expressly say t 8 religion 0 = all m54 ,x 0 8 imm$iate aim to br+ ab\t ! r5ewal ( ! fai? ( 8 c\ntrym51 & to give x a m spiritual "*2 & "s ( 8 foll[]s consid]$ t he _h aim$ at no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,b he =m$ a circle ( disciples & adh]5ts1 :i* aft]w>ds came to be ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & he atta*$ no ritual condition :atev] to memb]%ip 9 t community4 ,nay1 m2 by 8 repudiation ( ! ,jewi% sy/em ( tradition he %[$ t ! ,jewi% laws ( ritual purity 7 n b9d+ ^u 8 disciples1 & ! fur!r inf]5ce c\ld readily be drawn1 t "o c\ld ent] ! ,k+dom )\t be+ a ,jew at all4 ,! /rong mission>y impulse ( ! infant religion br\ght x v e>ly 9 contact ) ,g5tile life1 & ! "q soon arose1 :e!r ^? :o refus$ to become ,jews c\ld yet claim a %>e 9 ! ,messiah4 ,x 0 ! task ( ! ,apo/le ,paul to "w out ! !ory ( ! univ]salism ( ,*ri/ianity1 & aft] "s conflict ! pr9ciple 0 recognis$ t 9 ! ,*ur* all racial diff]5ces disappe>2 9 ,*ri/ !re is nei!r ,jew nor ,greek4 ,?is controv]sy once settl$--& a few ye>s suffic$ to settle x--! new religion 0 free to spread 9 all directions4 ,x spread rapidly2 ! gospel 0 v simple & impos$ no burd5some conditions1 & x soon prov$ itself to be capable ( /rik+ root 9 any c\ntry4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul 0 ! fir/ great !ologian ( ! ,*ur*2 b 8 doctr9e1 z w happ5 9 su* a case1 does n 9 all po9ts spr+ out ( ! nature ( ! religion itself4 ,! ,paul9e !ology is an attempt to reconcile ! facts ( ,*ri/ianity & especially t great /umbl+-block to ! ,jews1 ! dea? ( ! ,messiah1 ) ! requirem5ts ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,in/ead ( see+ 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 z ! old] apo/les at fir/ did1 a p]plex+ enigma1 ,/4 ,paul saw 9 x ! pr9cipal manife/ation ( ! compassion ( ! ,savi\r1 & ! great purpose = :i* he _h come into ! _w4 ,he conc5trat$ att5tion on ,*ri/'s dea? & made ! cross r ?an ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah ! burd5 ( 8 tea*+4 ,to und]/& ,paul we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 8 religion & 8 !ology4 ,8 religi\s position is ess5tially ! same z t ( ,jesus himself2 ) him1 too1 ! new religion is t ( fa!r & *ild1 & ( ! consequ5ces :i* inevitably fl[ f su* a union4 ,b ! movem5t ( ?\ght :i* began at ! mom5t ( ! crucifixion1 ! conc5tration ( ,*ri/ian fai? & love on ! p]son ( ! ,savi\r1 0 n[ complete4 ,! figure ( ! ,crucifi$ ) its p[]ful tragic attraction1 & ) its deep lessons ( conque/ by self-surr5d]1 ( life by dy+1 rema9$ f ,/4 ,paul onw>ds1 9 ! c5tre ( ! fai?4 ,! _w ( ! e>ly c5turies 0 9 great ne$ ( a religion1 & ,*ri/ianity suppli$ ! place :i* 0 vacant4 ,br\ght 9 contact1 9 ! great ocean ( ! ,roman ,empire :]e all curr5ts met1 ) religions & philosophies ( e k9d1 x prov$ be/ suit$ to ! task ( supply+ an inspiration = life1 unit+ toge!r diff]5t classes ( m5 & s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,b 9 ! wide ar5a ( ! ,empire x receiv$ z well z gave1 & 9 its enc\nt]s ) /range rites & doctr9es x also put on _m a /range aspect4 ,x became ! heir ( ! ?\ghts & aspirations ( a hundr$ empires2 all ! pi\s s5tim5ts t fl[$ toge!r f e qu>t] ( ! _w help$ to enri* its doctr9e1 & to make x ! great res]voir x is ( all ! t5d5cies & views1 ev5 ^? mo/ contr>y to ea* o!r1 :i* are connect$ ) religion4 ,its in/itutions are ( div]se orig94 ,f ! ,jews x receiv$ its e>lie/ ,bible1 = ! ,*ri/ians _h at fir/ no sacr$ books b ^? ( ! old cov5ant1 & its weekly fe/ival1 ?\gh ! day 0 *ang$4 ,its ,god 0 ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & its ,savi\r 0 ! ,messiah ( ,jewi% prophecy1 s t x 0 a cont9uation ( ! ,jewi% religion1 & ! attempts :i* 7 made by e>ly ,gno/ics to dissolve ?is tie 7 soon =gott54 ,f ,greece x receiv$ mu*4 ,! _w x _h to conqu] 0 ,greek1 & ! conque/ c\ld only take place by an accommodation to ,greek ?\ght & to ,greek ways4 ,9 ! end ( *apt] xvi4 we spoke ( ! second ,greek religion :i* arose "u ! influ5ce ( philosophy1 & f\nd its way :]ev] ,greek culture spread4 ,9 ?is great movem5t1 ,*ri/ianity f\nd a prep>ation = its com+ 9 ! ,greek _w1 )\t :i* its spread mu/ h be5 mu* m d\btful4 ,9 ! ,graeco-,roman religion ! advances :i* appe> 9 ,*ri/ianity are already prefigur$4 ,?\ght has be5 busy 9 build+ up a great doctr9e ( ,god1 su* a ,god z human reason c arrive at1 a ,be+ inf9itely wise & good1 :o is ! fir/ cause & ! hidd5 gr\nd ( all ?+s1 ! sum ( all wisdom1 beauty1 & goodness1 & 9 :om all m5 alike may tru/4 ,greek ?\ght also f\nd mu* occupation 9 ! attempt to rea* a true acc\nt ( man's moral nature & de/9y4 ,bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice _m an attempt 0 made to build up ! ideal life ( man1 & ?us _m m9ds 7 prep>$ = a religion :i* places ! ri*es ( ! inn] life above all o!rs4 ,! ,greek philosoph]'s s*ool 0 a semi-religi\s union1 ! c5tral po9t ( :i* 01 z is ! case ) ,*ri/ianity also1 n outw>d sacrifice b m5tal activity4 ,x is n wond]ful !re=e if ,*ri/ian in/itutions 7 assimilat$ to "s ext5t to ! ,greek s*ools4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n t ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/ came v e>ly to be> a close resemblance to t ( a ,greek my/]y1 & t !re is an unbrok5 l9e ( connection betwe5 ! disc\rse ( ! ,greek philosoph] & ! ,*ri/ian s]mon4 ,9 "s ( ! ,greek s*ools pa/oral visitation 0 practis$1 & ! prea*] kept up an ov]sight ( ! moral conduct ( 8 adh]5ts4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity c]ta9ly _h vig\r en\gh to %ape its own in/itutions1 & may ev5 be se5 to be do+ s 9 "s ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ,greek & ,*ri/ian practices am\nts to some?+ m ?an co9cid5ce4 ,x 0 t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury t ! alliance betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,greek _w 0 f9ally ratifi$4 ,till !n belief & practice 7 det]m9$ ma9ly by cu/om & tradition2 b n[ ^! 7 to give way to def9ite laws & settl$ in/itutions4 ,!re came to full developm5t1 ab\t ! p]iod we h m5tion$1 a highly-organis$ sy/em ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 a canon ( sacr$ books ( ,*ri/ian orig91 & a cre$ 9 :i* ! beliefs ( ,*ri/ians 7 drawn toge!r 9 "o /atem5t4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! elaborate ext]nal =ms ) :i* ! religion ( ,jesus 0 ?us inve/$ w5t f> to *ange its _s also4 ,b ?is happ5s to e religion :i* rea*es ! /age ( organis+ itself 9 ord] to cont9ue 9 ! _w & to rule p]man5tly 9 human ?\ght & 9 human society4 ,no ext]nal =ms c adequately express liv+ religi\s ideas2 & yet !re mu/ be ext]nal =ms 9 ord] t religi\s ideas may be p]petuat$4 ,! m9i/]s ( ! new tru? inevitably rise 9 dignity till !y gr[ into a hi]>*y4 ,t tru? inevitably seeks to e/abli% itself z sci5tifically true1 & ) ! aid ( ! rul+ philosophical t5d5cy ( ! day clo!s itself 9 a view ( ! univ]se & 9 a cre$4 ,?us ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity came to consi/ n 9 lov+ ! ,ma/] & foll[+ him 9 fai? & love1 b 9 uphold+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 receiv+ h] sacram5ts1 & believ+ v>i\s metaphysical & transc5d5tal /atem5ts4 ,"h also a h>d %ell is =m$ r\nd ! spiritual k]nel ( ! religion :i*1 if x is fitt$ to pres]ve ! latt] 9 rude & /ormy times1 is also fitt$ to confuse & also apt to conceal x4 ,9 ea* ( ! c\ntries to :i* x came1 ,*ri/ianity adopt$ :at x c\ld ( ! religion =m]ly exi/+ !re4 ,! old religions ( ^! l&s 7 n all alike1 & h5ce x came to pass t z ! language ( ,rome 0 trans=m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & pass$ into ! diff]5t yet cognate tongues ( ! ,romance nations1 s ! religion ( ! ,empire1 comb9+ ) v>i\s =ms ( hea!nism1 pass$ into sev]al national religions1 ! diff]5ces ( :i* are at lea/ z conspicu\s z _! simil>ity4 ,9 ,italy ,*ri/ianity appe>s to be a sy/em ( local deities1 ea* village wor%ipp+ its own ,madonna or sa9t4 ,9 ,holl& wor%ip consi/s almo/ entirely ( prea*+4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! ritual & ! intellectual elem5ts ( religion are bl5d$ 9 v>y+ proportions2 & ! =m] hea!nism ( ea* l& is also to be trac$ 9 _m a popul> obs]vance & belief4 ,s great is ! v>iety ( ! religions ( ,europe1 n to m5tion t ( ! negroes or ! ,%ak]s ( ,am]ica1 t _m h d\bt$ :e!r !y ought all to be consid]$ z bran*es ( "o fai?1 or :e!r !y w\ld n m fitly be reg>d$ z s _m national religions :i* h all alike connect$ !mselves ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,aga9/ ?is !re is to be urg$ 9 ! fir/ place t z a matt] ( hi/ory !y are all und\bt$ly (f%oots ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,x may also be urg$ t :]ev] ! "n ( ,jesus is nam$1 8 ideas mu/ to "s ext5t be pres5t1 h[ev] mu* !y are obscur$ & prev5t$ f op]at+ by l[] modes ( view4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( no c\ntry ought to be judg$ by ! attitude ( its mo/ ignorant or ev5 ( its av]age adh]5ts2 & 9 e l& :]e ,*ri/ianity prevails1 an influ5ce connect$ ) religion is at "w1 :i* makes = ! emancipation & elevation ( ! human p]son1 & = ! awak5+ ( ! manifold en]gies ( human nature4 ,?is1 z we saw1 is ! imm$iate & native t5d5cy ( ! religion ( ,jesus2 x op5s ! prison doors to !m t are b\nd2 x communicates by its inn] enc\ragem5t an en]gy :i* makes ! infirm =get _! weaknesses1 x fills ! he>t ) hope & op5s up new views ( :at man c d & c become4 ,x is ?is t makes x ! "o truly univ]sal religion4 ,islam1 x is true1 has also prov$ its p[] to live 9 _m l&s1 & ,buddhism has spread ov] half ( ,asia4 ,b ,buddhism is n a full religion1 x does n t5d to action b to passivity1 & af=ds no help to progress4 ,islam1 on ! o!r h&1 is a yoke r ?an an inspiration2 x is inw>dly ho/ile to fre$om1 & is incapable ( aid+ 9 high] moral developm5t4 ,*ri/ianity has a message to :i* m5 become always m will+ to respond z !y rise 9 ! scale ( civilisation2 x has prov$ its p[] to ent] into ! lives ( v>i\s nations1 & to adapt itself to _! circum/ances & guide _! aspirations )\t humiliat+ !m4 ,a religion :i* id5tifies itself1 z ,*ri/ianity does1 ) ! cause ( fre$om 9 e l&1 & t5ds to unite all m5 9 "o great bro!rhood "u ! lov+ ,god :o is ! ,fa!r ( all alike1 is surely ! desire ( all nations1 & is de/9$ to be ! fai? ( all mank9d4 ,a bibliography ( ! rec5t /udy ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be f> too ext5sive = ?is book4 ,an excell5t /atem5t on ! subject w be f\nd at ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,s&ay 9 ! ,ox=d ,proce$+s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfc1 sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,conclusion ,x w n be expect$ t ! result ( ! great movem5t trac$ 9 ! *apt]s ( ?is "w c be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,we set out ) a def9ition ( our subject :i* we said c\ld only be fully v]ifi$ aft] religion _h accompli%$ its gr[? & _h fully unfold$ its nature4 ,we also set out ) ! assumption t all ! religion ( ! _w is "o1 & t x exhibits a developm5t :i* is 9 ! ma9 cont9u\s1 f ! mo/ elem5t>y to ! highe/ /ages4 ,we %all n n[ attempt to ju/ify by argum5t t def9ition or t assumption4 ,! hi/ory :i* we h s\ght to place be=e ! read] mu/ itself be ! pro( ( !m4 ,all t c be done 9 br++ ?is "w to a close is to po9t out "o great l9e ( developm5t1 :i* may be recognis$ m or less di/9ctly 9 ! gr[? ( ea* religion1 & may !re=e be held to be *>act]i/ic ( religion z a :ole4 ,no d\bt ! gr[? ( religion1 z ( o!r human activities1 has _m sides & aspects1 b p]haps x may be possible to specify ! c5tral l9e ( gr[? 9 :i* ! explanation ( all ! subsidi>y & p>allel =w>d movem5ts is to be f\nd4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 our fir/ *apt] t religion is ! expression ( human ne$s ) ref]5ce to high] be+s :o are suppos$ to be capable ( fulfill+ m5's desires1 & x 0 also /at$ z an inf]5ce f ?is1 t ! gr[? ( human ne$s is ! cause ( religi\s *ange & progress4 ,if ?is is true1 !n ! key to ! progress ( religion is to be f\nd 9 ! successive em]g5ce 9 human exp]i5ce ( high] & /ill high] ne$s4 ,if we c discov] ! ord] 9 :i* high] aspirations successively em]ge 9 ! gr[? ( humanity1 !n we %all possess ! *ief clue to ! c\rse ( religi\s advance4 ,n[ :ile !re is inf9ite v>iety 9 ! ne$s & desires ( m51 e l& & ea* nation hav+ ideals all its own1 we c yet disc]n1 on a broad view ( human progress1 an advance f l[] to high] ne$s :i* is common to ! human race1 & manife/s itself 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* nation4 ,?ree successive conditions ( human life /& out be=e u z m>k$ly di/9ct1 & z occurr+ :]ev] civilisation cont9ues to advance4 ,! fir/ is t 9 :i* mat]ial ne$s are all-absorb+2 ! second t 9 :i* fre$om f mat]ial ne$s has be5 to "s ext5t atta9$1 & ! highe/ aspirations are direct$ to ! safety & advancem5t ( ! nation 9 :i* m5 f9d !mselves unit$ & secure2 & ! ?ird is t 9 :i* ! individual realises 8 own value ap>t f ! /ate1 & develops a p]sonal ideal :i* is !nce=w>d 8 *ief end4 ,to ^! ?ree /ages ( human exi/5ce ?ree types ( religion correspond1 & ! gr[? ( religion consi/s 9 ! ma9 9 its passage f ! l[] to ! high] ( ^! /ages4 ,! religion ( ! tribe belongs to t /age ( man's exi/5ce 9 :i* 8 en]gies are entirely occupi$ 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ nature & aga9/ o!r tribes4 ,! conditions ( 8 life d n all[ 8 high] faculties to gr[1 & :ile he is n )\t _m glimpses & anticipations ( high] ?+s1 8 religion1 z a :ole1 is a mass ( *ildi% fancies1 & ( fix$ traditions :i* he _c expla91 b does n v5ture to criticise or *ange4 ,8 gods are petty & caprici\s be+s1 & 8 modes ( influ5c+ !m1 ?\gh us$ ) zeal & f]v\r1 h little to d ) reason or ) ta/e or ) morality4 ,x is 9 ?is k9d ( religion t magic ( all sorts is at home4 ,! advance f ! religion ( ! tribe to t ( ! nation 0 briefly describ$ above 7*apt] vi474 ,! lead+ classes ( ! /ate at lea/ hav+ ga9$ "s measure ( security & leisure1 ideas ( a nobl] ord] spr+ up 9 _! m9ds4 ,! s]vice ( ! great gods ( ! /ate is organis$ ) befitt+ dignity & spl5d\r2 ! be/ m9ds contribute to x all !y c 9 ! way ( art1 ( poetry1 ( purifi$ leg5d1 ( /ately c]emonial4 ,patriotism & religion are "o1 ! (fices ( wor%ip are upheld by ! :ole p[] ( ! /ate1 & ! gods speak ) new au?ority to ! _s ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,n[ x is t great religi\s sy/ems arise1 s p[]ful1 s highly organis$1 s spl5didly adorn$1 & surr\nd$ ) su* v5]able traditions1 t !y seem to be de/9$ = et]nity4 ,! prie/hood becomes a v p[]ful class1 & acquires a p]sonal hol9ess :i* m>ks out its memb]s z diff]5t f o!r m52 ! sacrifices acquire ! "* ( div9e my/]ies1 e detail ( :i*1 ev5 ! mo/ trivial1 has a sacr$ mean+2 religi\s books are compil$ or writt51 :i* by & by are reg>d$ z inspir$1 & z possess+ absolute au?ority4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! old] /yle ( religion is n at once driv5 out by ! gr[? ( ! new1 b cont9ues to fl\ri% beside x & "u its %ad[4 ,! tribes ( :om ! nation is compos$ /ill *]i% & adore _! own special deities4 ,t old] wor%ip is (t5 ?\ght to br+ bless+s :i* ! new wor%ip ( ! /ate does n comm&1 & _m a piece ( anci5t magic1 _m a practice :i* has no connection ) ! /ate religion1 /ill goes on1 especially among ^? :o are n cultivat$ en\gh to appreciate ! nobl] fai? :i* has aris54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n keep ! national fai? f gr[+ 9 ri*es & consi/5cy2 & religion appe>s1 z ?is gr[? proce$s1 to h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( p[] & au?ority at :i* x c possibly arrive4 ,comm&+ z x does all ! res\rces ( ! nation1 enri*$ by all t c be br\ght to x ( mat]ial or intellectual ri*es1 plac$ 9 a position ( absolute exaltation & inviolabl5ess1 to :at fur!r conque/s c x /ill look =w>d8 ,yet :5 a national religion appe>s to be mo/ firmly e/abli%$1 ! =ces are mo/ c]ta9ly at "w :i* mu/ ere long lead to a f>-rea*+ *ange4 ,:ile ! national wor%ip has be5 gr[+ up to its highe/ spl5d\rs1 ! lives ( ! citiz5s h also be5 gr[+ ri*] & deep]1 & ! individual s\l has become aw>e ( wants & long+s :i* _c be satisfi$ 9 ! national temple4 ,! fur!r progress ( religion is apt to appe> z a revolt aga9/ ! sy/em :i* has gr[n s /rong4 ,! individual sets out to seek a consi/5t intellectual view1 & s figures z a sceptic4 ,he aims at a high] moral law ?an t ( ! prie/ly sy/em1 & is accus$ ( und]m9+ public morality4 ,he feels a new call to p]sonal goodness1 a new ne$ = p]sonal atonem5t ) ! ideal hol9ess :i* he has le>n$ to appreh5d2 & z ! public ritual does n meet ^! ne$s1 he seeks = new religi\s associations & p]haps appe>s to prea* a doctr9e contr>y to patriotism1 z x is subv]sive ( ! e/abli%$ religion ( 8 c\ntry1 & to be wilfully de/roy+ :at 8 c\ntrym5 rev]e1 & wilfully break+ ?r\gh old ties & obligations4 ,?us ! individuali/ /age ( religion succe$s ! national4 ,b ! individuali/ /age is also1 9 "p at lea/1 ! univ]sal /age4 ,:at ! ?9k+ m9d & ! pi\s he>t seeks & _c f9d 9 ! national wor%ip1 is a religion free z ! seek] himself has become free1 f all t is unreasonable & artificial1 a religion !re=e 9 :i* e ?9k+ m9d & e pi\s he>t c h a %>e4 ,:at is ga9$ by individuals 9 ?is direction is capable1 !re=e1 if circum/ances fav\r1 ( prov+ an acquisition n only = ! individual re=m] or 8 nation1 b = all m54 ,b z ! rise ( national religion does n br+ to an end ! rud] wor%ips ( ! tribes1 :i* /ill g on beside x1 s nei!r does ! rise ( individualism1 ev5 9 its pure/ =m1 br+ to an end ! national wor%ip4 ,9 ! long run ?is may foll[1 b x does n take place at once4 ,all ?ree =ms ( religion g on toge!r2 ! religion ( magic1 t ( /ately public sacrifices & c]emonials1 & t ( intellectual ef=t & pi\s m$itation & pray]4 ,ea* no d\bt influ5ces to "s ext5t ! o!rs1 & is influ5c$ by !m 9 turn4 ,! movem5t ?us indicat$ f tribal to national1 & f national to individual & to univ]sal religion1 is ! c5tral developm5t ( religion1 & all ! m9or developm5ts :i* might be trac$1 z t ( sacrifice f rude to spiritual =ms1 ( ! functions ( ! sacr$ class1 ( ! morality dictat$ by religion at its v>i\s /ages1 or ( ! lit]ature connect$ ) piety1 may be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ?is "o4 ,?is movem5t has tak5 place 9 e nation2 we h se5 some?+ ( x 9 ea* ( our *apt]s4 ,9 "s nations x has be5 e>ly arre/$1 s t no important contribution has !re be5 br\ght to ! g5]al religion ( mank9d1 9 o!rs x has run its full c\rse1 & l a great riv] has arriv$ at ! ocean at la/1 to m+le its wat]s ) ^? ( o!r mighty /reams4 ,! /ory ( ! gr[? ( ! _w's religion has !re=e to be told 9 a numb] ( p>allel n>ratives1 ea* deal+ ) ! exp]i5ce ( a sep>ate nation4 ,!re c sc>cely be any g5]al hi/ory ( ! religion ( ! _w1 9 addition to ^? special hi/ories4 ,"s epo*s1 x is true1 /& out z hav+ witness$ simultane\s religi\s movem5ts 9 _m l&s1 z if ! m9d ( ! :ole human race _h !n be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! same crisis ( ?\ght4 ,! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 is ! age ( ,confucius & ( ,laotsze 9 ,*9a1 ( ,gautama 9 ,india1 ( ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel & ! ,unkn[n ,prophet ( ! ,exile1 ( ,py?agoras1 ,h]aclitus1 & ,x5ophanes1 & also ( ! rise into prom95ce ( ! ,greek my/]ies4 ,widely diff]5t z ! movem5ts are :i* ?us took place contemporane\sly 9 ^! l&s1 we may disc]n 9 all ( !m alike ! t5d5cy to plant religion 9 ! m9d & he>t1 & to create a deep] union ?an ! old ext]nal "o1 a union bas$ on common intellectual ef=t & spiritual sympa?y4 ,! p]iod imm$iately be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era might also appe> to be "o 9 :i* ! m9d ( ! _w z a :ole made a great /ep =w>d4 ,! union ( _m nations "u ! sway ( ,rome1 & ! univ]sal diffusion ( ! ,greek language z a means ( g5]al communication1 made m5 consci\s at ?is "t z !y _h nev] be5 be=e1 ( ! unity ( mank9d 9 spite ( all diff]5ces ( race & spee*4 ,a philosophy also 0 popul> at ?is "t :i* 0 cosmopolitan 9 its "*1 & occupi$ itself ) ! great problems1 :i* are ! same = all1 ( man's relation to ! gods & ( 8 moral duty4 ,if we add to ?is ! comb9ation :i* took place at ,rome & :]ev] diff]5t races met1 ( v>i\s rites & cre$s1 we see t ! age 0 "o s+ul>ly dispos$ to ! break+ d[n ( artificial b>ri]s betwe5 m51 & s+ul>ly fitt$ to promote ! gr[? ( a belief 9 :i* m5 ( all nations might unite & feel !mselves to be bre?r54 ,9 ^! two p]iods we may recognise important /eps 9 t great ,education ( ! ,human ,race :i* ! ,apo/le ,paul ref]s to 9 a bold philosophy ( hi/ory 7,galat4 iv471 & :i* lat] ?9k]s h /riv5 to set =? 9 detail4 ,aft] ! long s]vitude ( mank9d to irrational practices & to gods :o 7 no gods1 !re comes fir/ ! p]iod :5 m5 recognise t ! true ,god is to be f\nd n m]ely outside !m b )9 _! he>ts & m9ds1 & !n ! p]iod :5 !y f9d t ! true ,god is ! same to all m51 t !y are all *ildr5 ( ! same ,fa!r4 ,b :ile ^! g5]al movem5ts ( ! human m9d may be ackn[l$g$1 ! education ( ! human race proce$s = ! mo/ "p 9 nations4 ,z ea* nation has to elaborate its own art1 its own lit]ature1 its own sy/em ( law1 s ea* nation has to p]fect its own religion4 ,ev5 aft] a univ]sal fai? has appe>$1 religion does n cease to be a national ?+4 ,ea* p m\lds ! univ]sal religion :i* x has adopt$ into a special =m1 cont9ues by means ( x ! rites & traditions ( ! pa/1 & expresses ?r\gh x its own national "* & aspirations4 ,ea* nation z well z ea* individual mu/ necess>ily h a fai? specially its own1 aris+ out ( its own "* & exp]i5ce & 9 great "p incommunicable to o!rs4 ,no two nations c\ld possibly ex*ange religions4 ,b on ! o!r h& e nation conta9s )9 itself =ms ( religion :i* diff] f ea* o!r z widely z ^? ( two sep>ate nations4 ,x has be5 said t no religi\s belief or usage :i* has once liv$ c ev] be de/roy$2 & ! pro( ( ?is may be witness$ 9 e nation4 ,ev5 aft] t religion has come :i* has its ma9 seat 9 ! he>t & s\l1 ! rud] =ms ( piety live on1 & ev5 at times aggressively ass]t !mselves4 ,if !re are classes = :om ! /ruggle aga9/ mat]ial h>d%ips /ill cont9ues1 no l(ty religion c be atta9$ by !m any m ?an by savage tribes4 ,z ! conditions ( _! life =bid ! gr[? ( _! high] faculties1 _! religion _c be "o ( ?\ght or ( ref9em5t1 b mu/ be "o :i* promises palpable b5efits or an escape f imm$iate dang]s4 ,at a some:at high] /age is ! class ( ^? :o1 :ile p>tly escap$ f ! /ruggle aga9/ want1 h n yet fully realis$ !mselves z ?9k+ & spiritual be+s1 & to :om ! b5efits ( religion /ill lie outside1 r ?an 9 ! inn] life4 ,:5 ! b5efits ( religion are ?us conceiv$1 its processes mu/ be ( a me*anical nature4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s sy/ems ( app>atus = connect+ ! wor%ipp] ) a s\rce ( good di/ant f him 9 "t or space1 & = fet*+ z x 7 f ano!r region1 ) c]ta9ty & accuracy1 ne$$ supplies ( grace4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( religion 9 a community s mix$ mu/ dep5d on ! progressive education & elevation ( ! p4 ,z m & m ( !m are fre$ fir/ f di/ract+ wants & c>es1 & !n f sordid & mat]iali/ic views1 _! spiritual nature w exp&4 ,! ne$ = ,god himself r ?an = 8 gifts1 w arise & increase 9 _! he>ts1 & !y w gr[ capable ( t highe/ religion :i* is ! life ( ! s\l ) ,god2 !y w feel its beauty & w dr9k ( ! deep spr+s :i* x conta9s1 ( /r5g? & peace4 ,to atta9 ?is true religion ! human race has _h to travel f> & to make _m exp]im5ts4 ,_m temples 7 built & fell to ru9 be=e ! true temple ( ! s\l 0 rea*$ 9 :i*1 z ea* f9ds :at he z an individual requires1 !re is also room = all mank9d4 ,ev5 aft] ?is highe/ religion has be5 made kn[n to m51 x has (t5 be5 obscur$ & lo/1 & _m a /ruggle has be5 ne$$ to v9dicate its claims & help x to reta9 its rightful place4 ,b ) gr[+ exp]i5ce ! _w becomes m assur$ t ! simple/ & broade/ religion ev] prea*$ ^u ?is e>? is also ! be/ & ! true/1 & t 9 ma9ta9+ ,*ri/ianity z at fir/ prea*$1 & apply+ x 9 e ne$$ direction1 lies ! hope ( ! future ( mank9d4 ,to ^? :o agree 9 ?is conclusion ! hi/ory ( ! religion ( ! _w1 full ( errors & ( griev\s failures z x has be5 se5 to be1 _c appe> to h be5 a va9 & purposeless excursion 9 a l& ( %ad[s4 ,n )\t a div9e call1 & n )\t div9e guidance did man set out s e>ly1 & p]sev]e s con/antly 9 spite ( all 8 disappo9tm5ts1 9 ! se>* = ,god4 ,,index ,aesir1 #bfg ,ahura ,mazda1 #chg1 #cia1 #cig1 #cih1 #dje ,allah1 #bbb ,allat1 ,! ,lady1 #afe1 #agc1 #bai ,am>tas1 #dd ,anaitis1 #djg ,ance/or-wor%ip1 primitive1 #cc1 #dj ,*9a1 #aae ,aryan1 #bej ,india1 #cch ,angels & demons1 ,p]sia1 #djj1 #djg ,animals1 wor%ip (1 #bi1 #eg 9 ,p]u1 #hf 9 ,babylonia1 #if 9 ,egypt1 #acj h[ acc\nt$ =1 #acc 9 ,arabia1 #bai 9 ,greece1 #bgg ,animation ( ,nature 9 savage ?\ght1 #bd ,animism1 mean+ (1 #dj1 #if1 #cjh 9 ,roman religion1 #cjh ,an?ropomorphism1 #ec ,babylonia1 #if ,egypt1 #acb ,greece1 #bha ,apocalypse1 #bac ,arabia1 be=e ,mahomet1 #bah gods (1 #bai ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 91 #bbc ,art1 ,ph5ician1 #agd ,egyptian1 #acb ,greece1 #bhj1 #bib ,aryans1 !1 #bde description (1 #bdh 9 ,europe1 #bef religion1 #bej etymology ( names ( gods1 #bej ,ascetics1 ,brahmanic1 #cej ,a%]a1 ,canaanite goddess1 #agb ,a%tore?1 #agf ,association1 =ms ( religi\s1 ,totem-,clan1 #gj nation1 #hd ,greek my/]ies1 #bih ,greek s*ools1 #cjc new =m 9 ,israel1 #bab new =m 9 ,islam1 #bcc ,asuras1 #dd ,baal1 ,canaanite god1 #aga1 #ahi ,babylon & ,assyria1 religion (1 #ic connection ) ,egypt1 #id1 #if1 #ig connection ) ,*9a1 #ic1 #ih my?ology (1 #ajj ,belief1 an ess5tial "p ( religion1 #i1 #ac less important ?an rite 9 primitive religion1 #ff ,brahman1 etymology (1 #cci ,brahmanism1 #cch ,buddhism1 #cec1 sqq4 9 ,*9a1 #abc ,burnt ,njal1 #bfd ,burton1 ,capta91 ,pilgrimage to ,el-,m$9ah & ,mecca1 #bcf ,caaba1 #bbj1 #bcf ,cabiri1 #agg ,canaanites1 #agj religion (1 #aga1 #aia ,ca/e1 #cch ,celts1 #beg ,*9a1 #ajf connection ) ,babylonia1 #ajg /ate religion (1 #aaa ,*ri/ianity1 #daa1 sqq4 ,civilisation & religion advance toge!r1 #ae orig9 (1 #ai ,classification ( religions1 #hj ,confucius1 #ajg1 #aag1 sqq4 ,cont9uity ( gr[? 9 religion1 #f ,curiosity1 an elem5t ( religion1 #ab ,daniel1 #bac ,decalogues1 #bjb ,def9ition ( religion1 prelim9>y1 #h full]1 #ac ,deg5]ation 9 civilisation1 #ai 9 religion1 #ch ,deut]onomy1 #bja ,devas1 #dd1 #cif ,developm5t ( religion1 #h1 #ea1 sqq41 #dcj1 sqq4 ,dome/ic wor%ip1 orig9 (1 #cc ,*9a1 #aae ,aryans1 #bea ,icel&1 #bfd ,greece1 #bge ,rome1 #caa ,brahmanic1 #cdb ,dualism1 #ef ,eddas1 #bff ,egypt1 religion (1 #abf1 sqq4 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 #aij ,elves1 #bfe ,ephod1 #ahh ,etruria1 religion (1 #cah ,exile ( ,israel1 #bjb ,ezra1 #bjd ,fairy ,tales 7,g]man71 #bfb ,fate1 #bhi ,fe/ivals1 ,greek1 #bid ,feti%-wor%ip1 #ce ,feti%ism1 #ch ,fire1 #ca ,fraz]1 ,mr41 #eh1 #ei2 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bh1 #bgi ,frisia1 religion 91 #bfc ,functional deities1 ,greece1 #bge ,rome1 #cjh ,fun]al practices1 #fb ,egypt1 #adi ,icel&ic1 #bfd ,greece1 #bhb1 #bij ,india1 #ccb ,p]sian1 #dje ,games1 ,greek1 #bid ,gautama ,buddha1 #cef 8 dea?1 #cfa ,g]mans1 ! anci5t1 #beh _! gods1 #bei _! gods id5tifi$ ) ,roman1 #bfj work+ religion (1 #bfj lat] religion1 #bfc ,gho/s1 #cd ,gods1 ! great1 9 ,babylonia1 #ih 9 ,egypt1 #acg ( ! ,aryans1 #beb ,g]man1 #bei ,icel&ic1 #bff ( ,hom]1 #bhe ,roman1 #caa ,indian1 #cbf ,gomme1 ,e?nology 9 ,folklore1 #fj1 #bdi1 #bed ,greece1 #bgd ,grimm1 ,g]man ,my?ology1 #bfj ,hades1 #bia ,hammurabi1 #ic1 #ie1 #bjb ,hanyfs1 #bbd ,h>tmann1 ,edw>d von1 #df ,heav51 #eb an object ( primitive wor%ip1 #ca1 #ec ,babylonia1 #ic ,*9a1 #aab ,arabia1 #bai ,india1 #cah1 #cbf1 #ccc ,hegira1 #bca ,hell1 #bbi1 #bfe1 #cib ,h5o!ism1 #ef ,h]oic leg5ds1 ,babylonian1 #ajj ,g]man1 #bfb ,hesiod1 #bia ,hom]1 #bhc wor%ip 91 #bhg ,hom]ic gods1 #bhe ,hymns1 ,babylonian1 #aja ,egyptian1 #add ,v$ic1 #cbh ,p]sian1 #chc4 ,see ,psalms ,icel&1 #bfd decay ( old religion (1 #bgb ,idols1 none 9 primitive religion1 #gc ,arabia1 #bai1 #bbj ,g]man8 #bfd ,immortality1 ,*9a1 #aae ,egypt1 #aeb ,incas1 ! religion (1 #he-hh ,india1 #cbd ,individual1 !1 n consid]$ 9 primitive religion1 #gf ,individual religion1 ,babylonia1 #ajd ,israel1 #bje ,greece1 #cjj ,india1 #cdf a high /age ( religion1 #dbi ! por* to univ]salism1 #dcj ,see ,buddhism ,indo-,europeans4 ,see ,aryans ,isaiah xli4-lxvi41 #bjc ,islam1 #bag4 ,see ,mahomet mean+ (1 #bbf spread (1 #bcg a univ]sal religion1 #bdj weakness (1 #bda ,israel1 #agi ,israel & ,canaanites1 #ahd ,prophets1 #ahi re=ms ( religion1 #bjj exile1 #bjb ! return1 #bjd ,i/>1 #aja ,ja9ism1 #cfb ,japan1 #aae ,jehovah1 #ahb ,jesus ,*ri/1 #dac1 sqq4 ,jewi% religion1 #bje spiritual elem5ts (1 #bji hea!ni% elem5ts (1 #baj ,p]sian influ5ce on8 #bae ,j9ns1 #bbj ,job1 #bae ,judaism1 #bje sqq4 ,hell5i/ic p]iod (1 #dab at "t ( ,*ri/1 #dac ,ka!no!ism1 #ee1 #ccf ,koran1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bci ,lang1 ,&rew1 #be1 #ei2 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 #bb ,legge1 ,dr41 #aaj1 #aac ,lit]atures1 sacr$1 #agi ,babylonia1 #ic1 #ajj ,buddhi/1 #cec ,*9a1 #ajh ,eddas1 #bff ,egypt1 #abg1 #aed ,koran1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bci ,israel1 #agi1 #bjg ,sibyll9e books1 #cai ,v5didad1 #djf ,z5d-,ave/a1 #chb ,local nature ( e>ly religion1 #fj ,local obs]vances1 ,aryan1 #bec old ,g]man1 #bfb ,icel&ic1 #bfd ,locky]1 ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 #id ,magi1 #dje ,magic1 #gd ,babylonia1 #ie ,egypt1 #aee ,mahomet1 #bbe1 sqq4 prea*+1 #bbh leaves ,mecca1 #bca at ,m$9a1 #bcb brea* ) ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 #bcd dome/ic1 #bce ,mani*eism1 #djh ,mannh>dt1 ,feld- und ,waldkulte1 #ei1 #bfb ,manu1 law (1 #cdd ,massebah1 #agb ,maya1 #cdi ,mc,lennan1 #ei ,mecca1 #bbj becomes capital ( ,islam1 #bce ,mey]1 ,e41 #bdg ,mi?ra1 #djg ,molo*1 #agd ,mon>*ical ,pan!on ( ! ,aryans1 #bec ,mono!ism1 n primitive1 #cg1 #ef 9 ,egypt8 #add em]g5ce (1 9 ,israel1 #aif 9 ,india1 #cdh ,morality1 9 primitive religion1 #gg ,egyptian religion1 #aee ,greece1 #bgi ,v$ic religion1 #cce ,brahmanism1 #cde ( ,buddhism1 #cgb ,moslem1 mean+ (1 #bbf duties ( !1 #bch ,mll]1 ,mr4 ,max1 #aj1 #db1 #bdf1 #bej1 #ccb 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion1 #dc ,myc51 #bhb ,my/]ies1 ! ,greek1 #bih ,my?ology1 orig9 (1 #ea ,babylonia1 #ajj ,egypt1 #ach ,greece1 #bhj ,icel&ic1 #bfg ,indian1 #ccc ,national religion1 h[ diff]5t f e>li] =m1 #ha1 #dbh ,israel1 #aia ,natural religion1 #hj ,nature gods1 gr[? (1 #ea ,nature-wor%ip1 ! great]1 #cj1 #dc ! m9or1 #cb1 #db1 #eg ,nirvana1 #cfa1 #cgc ,om5s1 #bij ,roman1 #cab ,ori5tation1 ( temples1 #ajj ,orig9 ( religion1 7#a7 ,primitive revelation1 #bf 7#b7 ,innate idea1 #bf 7#c7 ,psy*ological necessity1 #bg ,orphism1 #cjb ,o!r ,_w1 ! 9 ,egypt1 #aea ) ! ,semites1 #afg ,jewi% beliefs ab\t1 #bad ,arabia1 #bbj ,icel&1 #bfe1 #bff ,hom]1 #bhc ,pan!ism1 9 ,egypt1 #adh ,india1 #ccf1 #cdh ,patri>*al society & religion ( ,aryans1 #bdh ,p]kunas1 #cf ,p]sia1 #cha primitive religion1 #che contact ( ,jews )1 #dja1 #djf ,pfleid]]1 ,otto1 #dg ,ph5icians1 #agj religion (1 #agf influ5ce on ,greece1 #bhb ,phili/9es1 #agj ,philosophy1 ,greek1 #cja ,indian1 #cdg ,poly!ism1 orig9 (1 #ec ,indian1 #cce ,pray]1 primitive1 #ga ,israel1 #aih1 #bab ,indian1 #cci ,p]sian1 #chb1 #cid ,prie/ly code1 #bjb1 #djc ,prie/s1 none 9 ! e>lie/ religion1 #gb n necess>y 9 e>ly ,israel1 #ahg ,roman1 #cac ,brahmans1 #cch ,primitive religion1 !1 #ba diff]5ce betwe5 x & lat] =ms1 #gi ,prophets1 9 ,israel1 #ahi _! criticism ( ! old religion ( ,israel1 #aib ,psalms1 #baj4 ,see ,hymns ,purity1 laws (1 ,israel1 #bji ,p]sia1 #djd ,rationalism1 ,greece1 #big ,india1 #cej ,re=ms1 ( ,israelite religion1 #bjj ( ,augu/us1 #cbb ,r5\f1 ,le ,page1 #ade ,reveal$ religion1 #hj ,rville1 ,m41 #be1 #ca1 #db ,resurrection1 #bad ,retribution1 aft] dea?1 9 ,egypt1 #aee ,mahomet1 #bbi ,israel1 #bad ,rig-v$a1 !1 #cbe ,ritualism1 ,brahmanic1 #cdc ,roman1 #cad ,p]sian1 #djc ,jewi%1 #bjd1 #bjh ,rome1 #cje1 sqq4 ,r\g1 ,m4 de la1 #ade ,sacr$ places1 #ei ,semitic1 #afe ,canaanite1 #ahd1 #bjj ,arabia1 #bai ,g]many1 #bfa ,sacr$ seasons1 #ge ,sacrifice1 primitive1 g5]ally a meal1 #fg 9 ,*9a1 #aad ,semitic1 #afd human 7,ph5ician71 #age human 7,israel71 #ahg human 7,icel&ic71 #bfe e>ly ,israelite1 #ahc d5\nc$ by ,o4 ,t4 prophets1 #aic ,jewi%1 #bjg ,icel&ic1 #bfd ,hom]ic1 #bhg ,p]sia1 #cid ,saussaye1 ,p4 ,d4 ,*antepie de la1 #ag ,savage elem5ts 9 all ! great religions1 #ba ,savages1 _! religion falls %ort ( ! def9ition1 #h repres5t ! orig9al /ate ( mank9d1 #ai m5tal habits (1 #bc all h religion1 #be ! religion (1 describ$1 #bi1 sqq4 _! beliefs furni% ! elem5ts ( ! great religions1 #fc ,s*rad] 7,aryans71 #bdg1 #beb ,semites1 #afa religion (1 #afb gods (1 #afd1 #agc goddess (1 #ii1 #afe1 #bai ,s]aph1 #bbj ,%9-to1 #aae ,s91 ,babylon1 #ajc ,israel1 #bje ,slavs1 #bef ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 #fa2 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #eh1 #gj1 #afb ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,h41 #aa1 #ci ,_s1 ! great1 #cf ,spirits1 ( dead p]sons1 #cc wor%ip (1 ! orig9 ( all religion8 #ch 9 ,babylonia1 #ie 9 ,*9a1 #aad 9 ,arabia1 #bbj 9 ,greece1 #bge 9 ,p]sia1 #cih ,/&+ /ones1 #fj ,sun1 #cj ,sun-gods1 ,babylonia1 #ii ,egypt1 #adj1 #adh ,ph5ician1 #agf ,arabian1 #bai ,supreme ,be+1 an object ( primitive wor%ip8 #cf ,survival ( savage /ate 9 ! great religions1 #ba ,synagogue1 #bab ,syncretism1 ( gods 9 ,egypt1 #adh ,taboo1 #gb ,taoism1 #aba ,taylor1 ,dr4 ,i41 #bdg1 #bdh ,temples1 n primitive1 #gb ,babylonia1 #ii ,egyptian1 #abh1 #acj1 #acf ,ph5ician & ,jewi%1 #agh ,greek1 #bib ,roman1 #cah1 #cbc ,t]aphim1 #ahh ,teutons1 #bef4 ,see ,g]mans ,?und]1 #cj1 #bfe1 #bgj ,tiele1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,p41 #ae ,totemism1 #eh1 #ace1 #bgg ,transmigration1 #cjb1 #cea1 #cfh ,tree-wor%ip1 primitive1 #cb1 #ei1 #bgh ,babylonia1 #aja ,canaanites1 #agb ,arabia1 #bai ,greece1 #bgh ,tribal religion1 #eg1 #gg1 #dbg ,tylor1 ,mr41 ,primitive ,culture1 #aj1 #bj1 #be1 #bi1 #ci1 #fb1 #fc1 #fh ,"u-_w1 !1 ,babylonia1 #ajj1 #ajb ,egypt1 #adj1 #adb1 #aeb ,unity ( all religion1 #d ,univ]sal deities ( ! ,aryans1 #beb ,univ]salism1 9 ,o4 ,t4 prophets1 #aie 9 ,islam1 #bdj 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #dai ,urim & ,?ummim1 #ahh ,v$ic hymns1 #cbh ,v$ic religion1 #cbd1 sqq4 its gods1 #cbf is x e>ly or late8 #cca ,v[1 orig9al mean+ (1 #ge ,waitz & ,g]l&'s ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 #bi ,wellhaus51 ,j41 #afc1 #bah ,wells1 sacr$1 #cb1 #eg1 #ei ,wor%ip1 an ess5tial elem5t ( religion1 #i primitive1 #ff ,*9ese1 #aab ,egyptian1 #adg ,canaanite1 #agc ,israelite1 #ahg ,jewi%1 #bjg ,roman1 #cji ,see ,sacrifice ,zeus1 etymology (1 #bej1 #bhf1 #bif ,zoomorphism1 #ec ,zoroa/]1 #chd 8 call1 #chh 8 doctr9e1 #cia ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,press1 #i ,,& #aa ,,"y ,,/reet4