,transcrib]'s note ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 *ang$ )\t notice4 ,pr9t] errors h be5 *ang$ & are li/$ at ! end4 ,all o!r inconsi/5cies are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,,essays3 ,,sci5tific1 ,,political1 ,,speculative4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,libr>y ,,edition1 7,,o!rwise ,,fif? ,,?\s&7 ,conta9+ ,sev5 ,essays n be=e ,republi%$1 & v>i\s o!r additions4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london3 ,,& #bj4 ,,s\? ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet4 ,,ed9burgh4 #ahia4 ,,london3 ,g4 ,,norman ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,preface ,except+ ^? :i* h appe>$ z articles 9 p]iodicals dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s1 ! essays "h ga!r$ toge!r 7 orig9ally re-publi%$ 9 sep>ate volumes at long int]vals4 ,! fir/ volume appe>$ 9 ,decemb] #aheg2 ! second 9 ,novemb] #ahfc2 & ! ?ird 9 ,febru>y #ahgd4 ,by ! "t ! orig9al editions ( ! fir/ two _h be5 sold1 ,am]ican repr9ts1 diff]5tly entitl$ & hav+ ! essays diff]5tly arrang$1 _h be5 produc$2 &1 = economy's sake1 ,i h s9ce cont5t$ myself ) import+ successive supplies pr9t$ f ! ,am]ican /]eotype plates4 ,( ! ?ird volume1 h[ev]1 supplies h1 z !y 7 requir$1 be5 pr9t$ ov] "h1 f plates p>tly ,am]ican & p>tly ,engli%4 ,! completion ( ?is f9al edition ( c\rse puts an end to ?is make-%ift arrangem5t4 ,! essays above ref]r$ to z hav+ be5 writt5 s9ce #ahhb1 are n[ incorporat$ ) ^? previ\sly re-publi%$4 ,!re are sev5 ( !m2 namely--,morals & ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 ,pr(essor ,gre5's ,explanations1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,kant1 ,absolute ,political ,e?ics1 ,f ,fre$om to ,bondage1 & ,! ,am]icans4 ,z well z ^! l>ge additions !re are small additions1 9 ! %ape ( po/scripts to v>i\s essays--"o to ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,sun1 "o to ,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle1 "o to ,railway ,morals1 "o to ,prison ,e?ics1 & "o to ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music3 :i* la/ is ab\t equal 9 l5g? to ! orig9al essay4 ,*anges h be5 made 9 _m ( ! essays3 9 "s cases by omitt+ passages & 9 o!r cases by includ+ new ones4 ,especially ! essay on ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis may be nam$ z "o :i*1 ?\gh un*ang$ 9 ess5tials1 has be5 mu* alt]$ by additions & subtractions1 & by br++ its /atem5ts up to date2 s t x has be5 9 l>ge measure re-ca/4 ,beyond ^! respects 9 :i* ?is f9al edition diff]s f prec$+ editions1 x diff]s 9 hav+ und]gone a v]ification ( its ref]5ces & quotations1 z well z a second v]bal revision4 ,naturally ! fusion ( ?ree sep>ate s]ies ( essays into "o s]ies1 has made ne$ful a g5]al re-arrangem5t4 ,:e!r to foll[ ! ord] ( "t or ! ord] ( subjects 0 a "q :i* pres5t$ itself2 &1 z nei!r alt]native promis$ satisfactory results1 ,i ev5tually decid$ to compromise--to foll[ p>tly ! "o ord] & p>tly ! o!r4 ,! fir/ volume is made up ( essays 9 :i* ! idea ( evolution1 g5]al or special1 is dom9ant4 ,9 ! second volume essays deal+ ) philosophical que/ions1 ) ab/ract & concrete sci5ce1 & ) ae/hetics1 are br\ght toge!r2 b ?\gh all ( !m are tacitly evolution>y1 _! evolutionism is an incid5tal r ?an a necess>y trait4 ,! e?ical1 political1 & social essays compos+ ! ?ird volume1 ?\gh mo/ly writt5 f ! evolution po9t ( view1 h = _! m imm$iate purposes ! enunciation ( doctr9es :i* are directly practical 9 _! be>+s4 ,mean:ile1 )9 ea* volume ! essays are arrang$ 9 ord] ( "t3 n inde$ /rictly1 b s f> z consi/s ) ! requirem5ts ( sub-class+4 ,beyond ! essays includ$ 9 ^! ?ree volumes1 !re rema9 sev]al :i* ,i h n ?\ght x well to include--9 "s cases because ( _! p]sonal "*1 9 o!r cases because ( _! relative unimportance1 & 9 yet o!r cases because !y w\ld sc>cely be und]/ood 9 ! abs5ce ( ! argum5ts to :i* !y are replies4 ,b = ! conv5i5ce ( any :o may wi% to f9d !m1 ,i app5d _! titles & places ( publication4 ,^! are z foll[s3--,retrogressive ,religion1 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,july #ahhd2 ,la/ ,words ab\t ,agno/icism & ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,novemb] #ahhd2 a note to ,pr(4 ,cairns' ,critique on ! ,/udy ( ,sociology1 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 = ,febru>y #ahge2 ,a ,%ort ,rejo9d] to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,june #ahgg2 ,pr(4 ,goldw9 ,smi? z a ,critic1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,m>* #ahhb2 ,a ,rejo9d] to ,m4 de ,laveleye1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april #ahhe4 ,,london1 ,decemb]1 #ahij4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis #a ,,progress3 ,,its ,,law ,,& ,,cause #h ,,transc5d5tal ,,physiology #fc ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis #ajh ,,illogical ,,geology #aib ,,ba9 ,,on ,,! ,,emotions ,,& ,,! ,,w #bda ,,! ,,social ,,organism #bfe ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,animal ,,wor%ip #cjh ,,morals ,,& ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts #cca ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,man #cea ,,mr4 ,,m>t9eau ,,on ,,evolution #cga ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution #chi 7,= ,index1 see ,volume ,,iii47 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis4 ,orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,! ,lead]1 = ,m>* #bj1 #aheb4 ,brief ?\gh x is1 ,i place ?is essay be=e ! re/1 p>tly because ) ! exception ( a simil>ly-brief essay on ,use & ,beauty1 x came fir/ 9 ord] ( "t1 b *iefly because x came fir/ 9 ord] ( ?\ght1 & /ruck ! keynote ( all t 0 to foll[4 ,9 a debate ^u ! developm5t hypo!sis1 lately n>rat$ to me by a fri5d1 "o ( ! disputants 0 describ$ z argu+ t z1 9 all our exp]i5ce1 we "k no su* ph5om5on z transmutation ( species1 x is unphilosophical to assume t transmutation ( species ev] takes place4 ,_h ,i be5 pres5t ,i ?9k t1 pass+ ov] 8 ass]tion1 :i* is op5 to criticism1 ,i %\ld h repli$ t1 z 9 all our exp]i5ce we h nev] kn[n a species creat$1 x 01 by 8 own %[+1 unphilosophical to assume t any species ev] _h be5 creat$4 ,^? :o cavali]ly reject ! ,!ory ( ,evolution z n be+ adequately support$ by facts1 seem to =get t _! own !ory is support$ by no facts at all4 ,l ! majority ( m5 :o are born to a giv5 belief1 !y dem& ! mo/ rigor\s pro( ( any adv]se belief1 b assume t _! own ne$s none4 ,"h we f9d1 scatt]$ ov] ! globe1 vegetable & animal organisms numb]+1 ( ! "o k9d 7accord+ to ,humboldt71 "s #cbj1jjj species1 & ( ! o!r1 "s #b1jjj1jjj species 7see ,c>p5t]72 & if to ^! we add ! numb]s ( animal & vegetable species :i* h become ext9ct1 we may safely e/imate ! numb] ( species t h exi/$1 & are exi/+1 on ! ,e>?1 at n less ?an t5 millions4 ,well1 :i* is ! mo/ rational !ory ab\t ^! t5 millions ( species8 ,is x mo/ likely t !re h be5 t5 millions ( special creations8 or is x mo/ likely t1 by cont9ual modifications due to *ange ( circum/ances1 t5 millions ( v>ieties h be5 produc$1 z v>ieties are be+ produc$ /ill8 ,d\btless _m w reply t !y c m easily conceive t5 millions ( special creations to h tak5 place1 ?an !y c conceive t t5 millions ( v>ieties h aris5 by successive modifications4 ,all su*1 h[ev]1 w f9d1 on inquiry1 t !y are "u an illusion4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m cases 9 :i* m5 d n really believe1 b r believe !y believe4 ,x is n t !y c truly conceive t5 millions ( special creations to h tak5 place1 b t !y ?9k !y c d s4 ,c>eful introspection w %[ !m t !y h nev] yet realiz$ to !mselves ! creation ( ev5 "o species4 ,if !y h =m$ a def9ite conception ( ! process1 let !m tell u h[ a new species is con/ruct$1 & h[ x makes its appe>ance4 ,is x ?r[n d[n f ! cl\ds8 or mu/ we hold to ! notion t x /ruggles up out ( ! gr\nd8 ,d its limbs & visc]a ru% toge!r f all ! po9ts ( ! compass8 or mu/ we receive ! old ,hebrew idea1 t ,god takes clay & m\lds a new creature8 ,if !y say t a new creature is produc$ 9 none ( ^! modes1 :i* are too absurd to be believ$1 !n !y are requir$ to describe ! mode 9 :i* a new creature may be produc$--a mode :i* does n seem absurd2 & su* a mode !y w f9d t !y nei!r h conceiv$ nor c conceive4 ,%\ld ! believ]s 9 special creations consid] x unfair ?us to call ^u !m to describe h[ special creations take place1 ,i reply t ?is is f> less ?an !y dem& f ! support]s ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis4 ,!y are m]ely ask$ to po9t out a conceivable mode4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y ask1 n simply = a conceivable mode1 b = ! actual mode4 ,!y d n say--,%[ u h[ ?is may take place2 b !y say--,%[ u h[ ?is does take place4 ,s f> f its be+ unreasonable to put ! above "q1 x w\ld be reasonable to ask n only = a possible mode ( special creation1 b = an asc]ta9$ mode2 see+ t ?is is no great] a dem& ?an !y make ^u _! oppon5ts4 ,& "h we may p]ceive h[ mu* m def5sible ! new doctr9e is ?an ! old "o4 ,ev5 c\ld ! support]s ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis m]ely %[ t ! orig9ation ( species by ! process ( modification is conceivable1 !y w\ld be 9 a bett] position ?an _! oppon5ts4 ,b !y c d mu* m ?an ?is4 ,!y c %[ t ! process ( modification has effect$1 & is effect+1 decid$ *anges 9 all organisms subject to modify+ influ5ces4 ,?\gh1 f ! impossibility ( gett+ at a suffici5cy ( facts1 !y are unable to trace ! _m phases ?r\gh :i* any exi/+ species has pass$ 9 arriv+ at its pres5t =m1 or to id5tify ! influ5ces :i* caus$ ! successive modifications2 yet1 !y c %[ t any exi/+ species--animal or vegetable--:5 plac$ "u conditions diff]5t f its previ\s ones1 imm$iately beg9s to und]go c]ta9 *anges fitt+ x = ! new conditions4 ,!y c %[ t 9 successive g5]ations ^! *anges cont9ue2 until1 ultimately1 ! new conditions become ! natural ones4 ,!y c %[ t 9 cultivat$ plants1 9 dome/icat$ animals1 & 9 ! sev]al races ( m51 su* alt]ations h tak5 place4 ,!y c %[ t ! degrees ( diff]5ce s produc$ are (t51 z 9 dogs1 great] ?an ^? on :i* di/9ctions ( species are 9 o!r cases f\nd$4 ,!y c %[ t x is a matt] ( dispute :e!r "s ( ^! modifi$ =ms are v>ieties or sep>ate species4 ,!y c %[1 too1 t ! *anges daily tak+ place 9 ourselves--! facility t att5ds long practice1 & ! loss ( aptitude t beg9s :5 practice ceases--! /r5g!n+ ( passions habitually gratifi$1 & ! weak5+ ( ^? habitually curb$--! developm5t ( e faculty1 bodily1 moral1 or intellectual1 accord+ to ! use made ( x--are all explicable on ?is same pr9ciple4 ,& ?us !y c %[ t ?r\gh\t all organic nature !re is at "w a modify+ influ5ce ( ! k9d !y assign z ! cause ( ^! specific diff]5ces3 an influ5ce :i*1 ?\gh sl[ 9 its action1 does1 9 "t1 if ! circum/ances dem& x1 produce m>k$ *anges--an influ5ce :i*1 to all appe>ance1 w\ld produce 9 ! millions ( ye>s1 & "u ! great v>ieties ( condition :i* geological records imply1 any am\nt ( *ange4 ,:i*1 !n1 is ! mo/ rational hypo!sis8--t ( special creations :i* has nei!r a fact to support x nor is ev5 def9itely conceivable2 or t ( modification1 :i* is n only def9itely conceivable1 b is c\nt5anc$ by ! habitudes ( e exi/+ organism8 ,t by any s]ies ( *anges a protozoon %\ld ev] become a mammal1 seems to ^? :o are n famili> ) zoology1 & :o h n se5 h[ cle> becomes ! relation%ip betwe5 ! simple/ & ! mo/ complex =ms :5 int]m$iate =ms are exam9$1 a v grotesque notion4 ,habitually look+ at ?+s r 9 _! /atical aspect ?an 9 _! dynamical aspect1 !y nev] realize ! fact t1 by small increm5ts ( modification1 any am\nt ( modification may 9 "t be g5]at$4 ,t surprise :i* !y feel on f9d+ "o :om !y la/ saw z a boy1 gr[n into a man1 becomes incr$ulity :5 ! degree ( *ange is great]4 ,nev]!less1 abundant in/ances are at h& ( ! mode 9 :i* we may pass to ! mo/ div]se =ms by ins5sible gradations4 ,argu+ ! matt] "s "t s9ce ) a le>n$ pr(essor1 ,i illu/rat$ my position ?us3--,y admit t !re is no app>5t relation%ip betwe5 a circle & an hyp]bola4 ,! "o is a f9ite curve2 ! o!r is an inf9ite "o4 ,all p>ts ( ! "o are alike2 ( ! o!r no p>ts are alike save p>ts on its opposite sides4 ,! "o incloses a space2 ! o!r w n inclose a space ?\gh produc$ = ev]4 ,yet opposite z are ^! curves 9 all _! prop]ties1 !y may be connect$ toge!r by a s]ies ( int]m$iate curves1 no "o ( :i* diff]s f ! adjac5t ones 9 any appreciable degree4 ,?us1 if a cone be cut by a plane at "r angles to its axis we get a circle4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ p]fectly at "r angles1 ! plane subt5ds ) ! axis an angle ( #hi #ei1 we h an ellipse :i* no human eye1 ev5 :5 aid$ by an accurate pair ( compasses1 c di/+ui% f a circle4 ,decreas+ ! angle m9ute by m9ute1 ! ellipse becomes fir/ p]ceptibly ecc5tric1 !n manife/ly s1 & by & by acquires s imm5sely elongat$ a =m1 z to be> no recognizable resemblance to a circle4 ,by cont9u+ ?is process1 ! ellipse passes ins5sibly into a p>abola2 &1 ultimately1 by /ill fur!r dim9i%+ ! angle1 into an hyp]bola4 ,n[ "h we h f\r diff]5t species ( curve--circle1 ellipse1 p>abola1 & hyp]bola--ea* hav+ its peculi> prop]ties & its sep>ate equation1 & ! fir/ & la/ ( :i* are q opposite 9 nature1 connect$ toge!r z memb]s ( "o s]ies1 all producible by a s+le process ( ins5sible modification4 ,b ! bl9dness ( ^? :o ?9k x absurd to suppose t complex organic =ms may h aris5 by successive modifications out ( simple ones1 becomes a/oni%+ :5 we rememb] t complex organic =ms are daily be+ ?us produc$4 ,a tree diff]s f a se$ immeasurably 9 e respect--9 bulk1 9 /ructure1 9 col\r1 9 =m1 9 *emical composition3 diff]s s greatly t no visible resemblance ( any k9d c be po9t$ out betwe5 !m4 ,yet is ! "o *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s into ! o!r3 *ang$ s gradually1 t at no mom5t c x be said--,n[ ! se$ ceases to be1 & ! tree exi/s4 ,:at c be m widely contra/$ ?an a newly-born *ild & ! small1 semi-transp>5t sph]ule con/itut+ ! human ovum8 ,! infant is s complex 9 /ructure t a cyclopdia is ne$$ to describe its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! g]m9al vesicle is s simple t x may be def9$ 9 a l9e4 ,nev]!less a few mon?s suffice to develop ! "o out ( ! o!r2 & t1 too1 by a s]ies ( modifications s small1 t 7 ! embryo exam9$ at successive m9utes1 ev5 a microscope w\ld ) difficulty disclose any s5sible *anges4 ,t ! un$ucat$ & ! ill-educat$ %\ld ?9k ! hypo!sis t all races ( be+s1 man inclusive1 may 9 process ( "t h be5 evolv$ f ! simple/ monad1 a ludicr\s "o1 is n to be wond]$ at4 ,b = ! physiologi/1 :o kn[s t e individual be+ is s evolv$--:o kn[s1 fur!r1 t 9 _! e>lie/ condition ! g]ms ( all plants & animals :atev] are s simil>1 t !re is no appreciable di/9ction among/ !m1 :i* w\ld enable x to be det]m9$ :e!r a p>ticul> molecule is ! g]m ( a ,conf]va or ( an ,oak1 ( a ,zoophyte or ( a ,man2#a--;= him to make a difficulty ( ! matt] is inexcusable4 ,surely if a s+le cell may1 :5 subject$ to c]ta9 influ5ces1 become a man 9 ! space ( tw5ty ye>s2 !re is no?+ absurd 9 ! hypo!sis t "u c]ta9 o!r influ5ces1 a cell may1 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s1 give orig9 to ! human race4 ,we h1 inde$1 9 ! "p tak5 by _m sci5tific m5 9 ?is controv]sy ( ,law v]sus ,miracle1 a good illu/ration ( ! t5aci\s vitality ( sup]/itions4 ,ask "o ( our lead+ geologi/s or physiologi/s :e!r he believes 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 & he w take ! "q z next to an insult4 ,ei!r he rejects ! n>rative entirely1 or und]/&s x 9 "s vague nonnatural s5se4 ,yet "o "p ( x he unconsci\sly adopts2 & t1 too1 lit]ally4 ,= :5ce has he got ?is notion ( special creations1 :i* he ?9ks s reasonable1 & fights = s vigor\sly8 ,evid5tly he c trace x back to no o!r s\rce ?an ?is my? :i* he repudiates4 ,he has n a s+le fact 9 nature to cite 9 pro( ( x2 nor is he prep>$ ) any *a9 ( reason+ by :i* x may be e/abli%$4 ,cate*ize him1 & he w be =c$ to confess t ! notion 0 put into 8 m9d 9 *ildhood z "p ( a /ory :i* he n[ ?9ks absurd4 ,& :y1 aft] reject+ all ! re/ ( ! /ory1 he %\ld /r5u\sly def5d ?is la/ remnant ( x1 z ?\gh he _h receiv$ x on valid au?ority1 he w\ld be puzzl$ to say4 ,,footnote3 ,footnote #a3 ,c>p5t]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,comp>ative ,physiology1 p4 #dgd4 ,,progress3 ,,its ,,law ,,& ,,cause4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april1 #aheg4 ,?\gh ! ideas & illu/rations conta9$ 9 ?is essay 7 ev5tually incorporat$ 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 yet ,i ?9k x well "h to reproduce x z exhibit+ ! =m "u :i* ! ,g5]al ,doctr9e ( ,evolution made its fir/ appe>ance4 ,! curr5t conception ( progress is %ift+ & indef9ite4 ,sometimes x compreh5ds little m ?an simple gr[?--z ( a nation 9 ! numb] ( its memb]s & ! ext5t ( t]ritory ov] :i* x spreads4 ,sometimes x has ref]5ce to quantity ( mat]ial products--z :5 ! advance ( agriculture & manufactures is ! topic4 ,sometimes ! sup]ior quality ( ^! products is contemplat$2 & sometimes ! new or improv$ appliances by :i* !y are produc$4 ,:51 aga91 we speak ( moral or intellectual progress1 we ref] to /ates ( ! individual or p exhibit+ x2 :ile1 :5 ! progress ( ,sci5ce1 or ,art1 is comm5t$ ^u1 we h 9 view c]ta9 ab/ract results ( human ?\ght & action4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ! curr5t conception ( progress m or less vague1 b x is 9 great measure errone\s4 ,x takes 9 n s mu* ! reality ( progress z its accompanim5ts--n s mu* ! sub/ance z ! %ad[4 ,t progress 9 intellig5ce se5 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! *ild into ! man1 or ! savage into ! philosoph]1 is commonly reg>d$ z consi/+ 9 ! great] numb] ( facts kn[n & laws und]/ood2 :]eas ! actual progress consi/s 9 ^? int]nal modifications ( :i* ?is l>g] k is ! expression4 ,social progress is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! mak+ ( a great] quantity & v>iety ( ! articles requir$ = satisfy+ m5's wants2 9 ! increas+ security ( p]son & prop]ty2 9 wid5+ fre$om ( action2 :]eas1 rightly und]/ood1 social progress consi/s 9 ^? *anges ( /ructure 9 ! social organism :i* h entail$ ^! consequ5ces4 ,! curr5t conception is a teleological "o4 ,! ph5om5a are contemplat$ solely z be>+ on human happ9ess4 ,only ^? *anges are held to con/itute progress :i* directly or indirectly t5d to height5 human happ9ess2 & !y are ?\ght to con/itute progress simply because !y t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,b rightly to und]/& progress1 we mu/ le>n ! nature ( ^! *anges1 consid]$ ap>t f our int]e/s4 ,ceas+1 = example1 to reg>d ! successive geological modifications t h tak5 place 9 ! ,e>?1 z modifications t h gradually fitt$ x = ! habitation ( ,man1 & z !re=e con/itut+ geological progress1 we mu/ asc]ta9 ! "* common to ^! modifications--! law to :i* !y all con=m4 ,& simil>ly 9 e o!r case4 ,leav+ out ( sight concomitants & b5eficial consequ5ces1 let u ask :at progress is 9 itself4 ,9 respect to t progress :i* individual organisms display 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution1 ?is "q has be5 answ]$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,! inve/igations ( ,wolff1 ,goe!1 & von ,ba]1 h e/abli%$ ! tru? t ! s]ies ( *anges gone ?r\gh dur+ ! developm5t ( a se$ into a tree1 or an ovum into an animal1 con/itute an advance f homog5eity ( /ructure to het]og5eity ( /ructure4 ,9 its prim>y /age1 e g]m consi/s ( a sub/ance t is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 bo? 9 texture & *emical composition4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! appe>ance ( a diff]5ce betwe5 two p>ts ( ?is sub/ance2 or1 z ! ph5om5on is call$ 9 physiological language1 a diff]5tiation4 ,ea* ( ^! diff]5tiat$ divisions pres5tly beg9s itself to exhibit "s contra/ ( p>ts3 & by & by ^! second>y diff]5tiations become z def9ite z ! orig9al "o4 ,?is process is cont9u\sly repeat$--is simultane\sly go+ on 9 all p>ts ( ! gr[+ embryo2 & by endless su* diff]5tiations !re is f9ally produc$ t complex comb9ation ( tissues & organs con/itut+ ! adult animal or plant4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all organisms :atev]4 ,x is settl$ beyond dispute t organic progress consi/s 9 a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,n[1 we propose 9 ! fir/ place to %[1 t ?is law ( organic progress is ! law ( all progress4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! developm5t ( ,life ^u its surface1 9 ! developm5t ( ,society1 ( ,gov]nm5t1 ( ,manufactures1 ( ,comm]ce1 ( ,language1 ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 ?is same evolution ( ! simple into ! complex1 ?r\gh successive diff]5tiations1 holds ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! e>lie/ traceable cosmical *anges d[n to ! late/ results ( civilization1 we %all f9d t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 is t 9 :i* progress ess5tially consi/s4 ,) ! view ( %[+ t if ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true1 ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em supplies "o illu/ration ( ?is law1 let u assume t ! matt] ( :i* ! sun & planets consi/ 0 once 9 a diffus$ =m2 & t f ! gravitation ( its atoms !re result$ a gradual conc5tration4 ,by ! hypo!sis1 ! sol> sy/em 9 its nasc5t /ate exi/$ z an indef9itely ext5d$ & ne>ly homog5e\s m$ium--a m$ium almo/ homog5e\s 9 d5sity1 9 temp]ature1 & 9 o!r physical attributes4 ,! fir/ *ange 9 ! direction ( increas$ aggregation1 br\ght a contra/ 9 d5sity & a contra/ 9 temp]ature1 betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( ?is mass4 ,simultane\sly ! draw+ 9 ( out] p>ts caus$ motions end+ 9 rotation r\nd a c5tre ) v>i\s angul> velocities4 ,^! diff]5tiations increas$ 9 numb] & degree until !re 0 evolv$ ! organiz$ gr\p ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 :i* we n[ "k--a gr\p :i* pres5ts num]\s contra/s ( /ructure & action among its memb]s4 ,!re are ! imm5se contra/s betwe5 ! sun & ! planets1 9 bulk & 9 weight2 z well z ! subord9ate contra/s betwe5 "o planet & ano!r1 & betwe5 ! planets & _! satellites4 ,!re is ! simil>ly-m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! sun z almo/ /ation>y 7relatively to ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em71 & ! planets z mov+ r\nd him ) great velocity3 :ile !re are ! second>y contra/s betwe5 ! velocities & p]iods ( ! sev]al planets1 & betwe5 _! simple revolutions & ! d\ble ones ( _! satellites1 :i* h to move r\nd _! prim>ies :ile mov+ r\nd ! sun4 ,!re is ! yet fur!r /rong contra/ betwe5 ! sun & ! planets 9 respect ( temp]ature2 & !re is good reason to suppose t ! planets & satellites diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! prop] heats1 z well z 9 ! am\nts ( heat !y receive f ! sun4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t1 9 addition to ^! v>i\s contra/s1 ! planets & satellites also diff] 9 respect to _! di/ances f ea* o!r & _! prim>y2 9 respect to ! incl9ations ( _! orbits1 ! incl9ations ( _! axes1 _! times ( rotation on _! axes1 _! specific gravities1 & _! physical con/itutions2 we see :at a high degree ( het]og5eity ! sol> sy/em exhibits1 :5 comp>$ ) ! almo/ complete homog5eity ( ! nebul\s mass out ( :i* x is suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,pass+ f ?is hypo!tical illu/ration1 :i* mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 )\t prejudice to ! g5]al argum5t1 let u desc5d to a m c]ta9 ord] ( evid5ce4 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ among geologi/s & physici/s t ! ,e>? 0 at "o "t a mass ( molt5 matt]4 ,if s1 x 0 at t "t relatively homog5e\s 9 consi/5ce1 &1 9 virtue ( ! circulation :i* takes place 9 heat$ fluids1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively homog5e\s 9 temp]ature2 & x mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e consi/+ p>tly ( ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 & p>tly ( ^? v>i\s o!r elem5ts :i* are among ! m ready to assume gase\s =ms at high temp]atures4 ,t sl[ cool+ by radiation :i* is /ill go+ on at an inappreciable rate1 & :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally f> m rapid ?an n[1 necess>ily requir$ an imm5se "t to produce any decid$ *ange1 mu/ ultimately h result$ 9 ! solidification ( ! portion mo/ able to "p ) its heat--namely1 ! surface4 ,9 ! ?9 cru/ ?us =m$ we h ! fir/ m>k$ diff]5tiation4 ,a /ill fur!r cool+1 a consequ5t ?ick5+ ( ?is cru/1 & an accompany+ deposition ( all solidifiable elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 mu/ f9ally h be5 foll[$ by ! cond5sation ( ! wat] previ\sly exi/+ z vap\r4 ,a second m>k$ diff]5tiation mu/ ?us h aris52 & z ! cond5sation mu/ h tak5 place on ! coole/ p>ts ( ! surface--namely1 ab\t ! poles--!re mu/ ?us h result$ ! fir/ geographical di/9ction ( p>ts4 ,to ^! illu/rations ( gr[+ het]og5eity1 :i*1 ?\gh d$uc$ f kn[n physical laws1 may be reg>d$ z m or less hypo!tical1 ,geology adds an ext5sive s]ies t h be5 inductively e/abli%$4 ,inve/igations %[ t ! ,e>? has be5 cont9ually becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! multiplication ( s$im5t>y /rata :i* =m its cru/2 also1 t x has be5 becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! composition ( ^! /rata1 ! lat] ( :i*1 be+ made f ! detritus ( ! e>li]1 are _m ( !m r5d]$ highly complex by ! mixture ( mat]ials !y conta92 & fur!r1 t ?is het]og5eity has be5 va/ly increas$ by ! actions ( ! ,e>?'s /ill molt5 nucleus ^u its envelope1 :5ce h result$ n only _m k9ds ( igne\s rocks1 b ! tilt+ up ( s$im5t>y /rata at all angles1 ! =mation ( faults & metallic ve9s1 ! production ( endless dislocations & irregul>ities4 ,yet aga91 geologi/s tea* u t ! ,e>?'s surface has be5 gr[+ m v>i$ 9 elevation--t ! mo/ anci5t m\nta9 sy/ems are ! smalle/1 & ! ,&es & ,himalayas ! mo/ mod]n2 :ile 9 all probability !re h be5 correspond+ *anges 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! ceaseless diff]5tiations1 we n[ f9d t no consid]able portion ( ! ,e>?'s expos$ surface is l any o!r portion1 ei!r 9 cont\r1 9 geologic /ructure1 or 9 *emical composition2 & t 9 mo/ p>ts x *anges f mile to mile 9 all ^! *>act]s4 ,moreov]1 !re has be5 simultane\sly go+ on a diff]5tiation ( climates4 ,z fa/ z ! ,e>? cool$ & its cru/ solidifi$1 !re arose appreciable diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ^? p>ts ( its surface m expos$ to ! sun & ^? less expos$4 ,z ! cool+ progress$1 ^! diff]5ces became m pron\nc$2 until !re f9ally result$ ^? m>k$ contra/s betwe5 regions ( p]petual ice & sn[1 regions :]e w9t] & summ] alt]nately reign = p]iods v>y+ accord+ to ! latitude1 & regions :]e summ] foll[s summ] ) sc>cely an appreciable v>iation4 ,at ! same "t ! _m & v>i$ elevations & subsid5ces ( portions ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 br++ ab\t ! pres5t irregul> di/ribution ( l& & sea1 h entail$ modifications ( climate beyond ^? dep5d5t on latitude2 :ile a yet fur!r s]ies ( su* modifications h be5 produc$ by increas+ diff]5ces ( elevation 9 ! l&1 :i* h 9 sundry places br\ght arctic1 temp]ate1 & tropical climates to )9 a few miles ( "o ano!r4 ,& ! g5]al outcome ( ^! *anges is1 t n only has e ext5sive region its own meteorologic conditions1 b t e locality 9 ea* region diff]s m or less f o!rs 9 ^? conditions2 z 9 its /ructure1 its cont\r1 its soil4 ,?us1 betwe5 our exi/+ ,e>?1 ! ph5om5a ( ^: cru/ nei!r geograph]s1 geologi/s1 m9]alogi/s1 nor meteorologi/s h yet enum]at$1 & ! molt5 globe out ( :i* x 0 evolv$1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is extreme4 ,:5 f ! ,e>? itself we turn to ! plants & animals :i* h liv$1 or /ill live1 ^u its surface1 we f9d ourselves 9 "s difficulty f lack ( facts4 ,t e exi/+ organism has be5 develop$ out ( ! simple into ! complex1 is inde$ ! fir/ e/abli%$ tru? ( all2 & t e organism :i* exi/$ 9 pa/ times 0 simil>ly develop$1 is an inf]5ce no physiologi/ w hesitate to draw4 ,b :5 we pass f individual =ms ( life to ,life 9 g5]al1 & inquire :e!r ! same law is se5 9 ! ensemble ( its manife/ations1--:e!r mod]n plants & animals are ( m het]og5e\s /ructure ?an anci5t ones1 & :e!r ! ,e>?'s pres5t ,flora & ,fauna are m het]og5e\s ?an ! ,flora & ,fauna ( ! pa/1--we f9d ! evid5ce s fragm5t>y1 t e conclusion is op5 to dispute4 ,?ree-fif?s ( ! ,e>?'s surface be+ cov]$ by wat]2 a great "p ( ! expos$ l& be+ inaccessible to1 or untravell$ by1 ! geologi/2 ! great] "p ( ! rema9d] hav+ be5 sc>cely m ?an glanc$ at2 & ev5 ! mo/ famili> portions1 z ,engl&1 hav+ be5 s imp]fectly explor$ t a new s]ies ( /rata has be5 add$ )9 ^! f\r ye>s1--x is impossible = u to say ) c]ta9ty :at creatures h1 & :at h n1 exi/$ at any p>ticul> p]iod4 ,consid]+ ! p]i%able nature ( _m ( ! l[] organic =ms1 ! metamorphosis ( num]\s s$im5t>y /rata1 & ! great gaps occurr+ among ! re/1 we %all see fur!r reason = di/ru/+ our d$uctions4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! repeat$ discov]y ( v]tebrate rema9s 9 /rata previ\sly suppos$ to conta9 none1--( reptiles :]e only fi% 7 ?\ght to exi/1--( mammals :]e x 0 believ$ !re 7 no creatures high] ?an reptiles1--r5d]s x daily m manife/ h[ small is ! value ( negative evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wor?lessness ( ! assumption t we h discov]$ ! e>lie/1 or any?+ l ! e>lie/1 organic rema9s1 is becom+ equally cle>4 ,t ! olde/ kn[n s$im5t>y rocks h be5 greatly *ang$ by igne\s action1 & t /ill old] ones h be5 totally trans=m$ by x1 is becom+ und5iable4 ,& ! fact t s$im5t>y /rata e>li] ?an any we "k1 h be5 melt$ up1 be+ admitt$1 x mu/ also be admitt$ t we _c say h[ f> back 9 "t ?is de/ruction ( s$im5t>y /rata has be5 go+ on4 ,?us ! title ,palozoic1 z appli$ to ! e>lie/ kn[n fossilif]\s /rata1 involves a petitio pr9cipii2 &1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 only ! la/ few *apt]s ( ! ,e>?'s biological hi/ory may h come d[n to u4 ,on nei!r side1 !re=e1 is ! evid5ce conclusive4 ,nev]!less we _c b ?9k t1 scanty z !y are1 ! facts1 tak5 altoge!r1 t5d to %[ bo? t ! m het]og5e\s organisms h be5 evolv$ 9 ! lat] geologic p]iods1 & t ,life 9 g5]al has be5 m het]og5e\sly manife/$ z "t has advanc$4 ,let u cite1 9 illu/ration1 ! "o case ( ! ,v]tebrata4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrate rema9s are ^? ( ,fi%es2 & ,fi%es are ! mo/ homog5e\s ( ! v]tebrata4 ,lat] & m het]og5e\s are ,reptiles4 ,lat] /ill1 & m het]og5e\s /ill1 are ,birds & ,mammals4 ,if x be said t ! ,palozoic deposits1 n be+ e/u>y deposits1 are n likely to conta9 ! rema9s ( t]re/rial v]tebrata1 :i* may nev]!less h exi/$ at t era1 we reply t we are m]ely po9t+ to ! lead+ facts1 su* z !y are4 ,b to avoid any su* criticism1 let u take ! mammalian subdivision only4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n rema9s ( mammals are ^? ( small m>supials1 :i* are ! l[e/ ( ! mammalian type2 :ile1 conv]sely1 ! highe/ ( ! mammalian type--,man--is ! mo/ rec5t4 ,! evid5ce t ! v]tebrate fauna1 z a :ole1 has become m het]og5e\s1 is consid]ably /rong]4 ,to ! argum5t t ! v]tebrate fauna ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 consi/+1 s f> z we "k1 entirely ( ,fi%es1 0 less het]og5e\s ?an ! mod]n v]tebrate fauna1 :i* includes ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals1 ( multitud9\s g5]a1 x may be repli$1 z be=e1 t e/u>y deposits ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 c\ld we f9d !m1 might conta9 o!r ord]s ( v]tebrata4 ,b no su* reply c be made to ! argum5t t :]eas ! m>9e v]tebrata ( ! ,palozoic p]iod consi/$ entirely ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ! m>9e v]tebrata ( lat] p]iods include num]\s g5]a ( osse\s fi%es2 & t1 !re=e1 ! lat] m>9e v]tebrate faunas are m het]og5e\s ?an ! olde/ kn[n "o4 ,nor1 aga91 c any su* reply be made to ! fact t !re are f> m num]\s ord]s & g5]a ( mammalian rema9s 9 ! t]ti>y =mations ?an 9 ! second>y =mations4 ,did we wi% m]ely to make out ! be/ case1 we might dwell ^u ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 :o says t ! g5]al facts ( ,palontology appe> to sanction ! belief1 t ! same plan may be trac$ out 9 :at may be call$ ! g5]al life ( ! globe1 z 9 ! individual life ( e "o ( ! =ms ( organiz$ be+ :i* n[ p x4 ,or we might quote1 z decisive1 ! judgm5t ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o holds t ! e>li] examples ( ea* gr\p ( creatures sev]ally dep>t$ less widely f ar*etypal g5]ality ?an ! lat] examples--7 sev]ally less unlike ! fundam5tal =m common to ! gr\p z a :ole2 & ?us con/itut$ a less het]og5e\s gr\p ( creatures4 ,b 9 def]5ce to an au?ority = :om we h ! highe/ respect1 :o consid]s t ! evid5ce at pres5t obta9$ does n ju/ify a v]dict ei!r way1 we are cont5t to leave ! "q op54#b ,:e!r an advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is or is n display$ 9 ! biological hi/ory ( ! globe1 x is cle>ly en\gh display$ 9 ! progress ( ! late/ & mo/ het]og5e\s creature--,man4 ,x is true alike t1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,e>? has be5 peopl$1 ! human organism has gr[n m het]og5e\s among ! civiliz$ divisions ( ! species2 & t ! species1 z a :ole1 has be5 gr[+ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! multiplication ( races & ! diff]5tiation ( ^! races f ea* o!r4 ,9 pro( ( ! fir/ ( ^! positions1 we may cite ! fact t1 9 ! relative developm5t ( ! limbs1 ! civiliz$ man dep>ts m widely f ! g5]al type ( ! plac5tal mammalia ?an d ! l[] human races4 ,:ile (t5 possess+ well-develop$ body & arms1 ! ,au/ralian has v small legs3 ?us rem9d+ u ( ! *impanzee & ! gorilla1 :i* pres5t no great contra/s 9 size betwe5 ! h9d & =e limbs4 ,b 9 ! ,european1 ! great] l5g? & massiv5ess ( ! legs h become m>k$--! =e & h9d limbs are m het]og5e\s4 ,aga91 ! great] ratio :i* ! cranial bones be> to ! facial bones illu/rates ! same tru?4 ,among ! v]tebrata 9 g5]al1 progress is m>k$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! v]tebral column1 & m especially 9 ! segm5ts con/itut+ ! skull3 ! high] =ms be+ di/+ui%$ by ! relatively l>g] size ( ! bones :i* cov] ! bra91 & ! relatively small] size ( ^? :i* =m ! jaws1 c4 ,n[ ?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* is /rong] 9 ,man ?an 9 any o!r creature1 is /rong] 9 ! ,european ?an 9 ! savage4 ,moreov]1 judg+ f ! great] ext5t & v>iety ( faculty he exhibits1 we may inf] t ! civiliz$ man has also a m complex or het]og5e\s n]v\s sy/em ?an ! unciviliz$ man3 &1 inde$1 ! fact is 9 "p visible 9 ! increas$ ratio :i* 8 c]ebrum be>s to ! subjac5t ganglia1 z well z 9 ! wid] dep>ture f symmetry 9 its convolutions4 ,if fur!r elucidation be ne$$1 we may f9d x 9 e nurs]y4 ,! infant ,european has sundry m>k$ po9ts ( resemblance to ! l[] human races2 z 9 ! flatness ( ! al ( ! nose1 ! depression ( its bridge1 ! div]g5ce & =w>d op5+ ( ! no/rils1 ! =m ( ! lips1 ! abs5ce ( a frontal s9us1 ! wid? betwe5 ! eyes1 ! smallness ( ! legs4 ,n[1 z ! developm5tal process by :i* ^! traits are turn$ into ^? ( ! adult ,european1 is a cont9uation ( t *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s display$ dur+ ! previ\s evolution ( ! embryo1 :i* e anatomi/ w admit2 x foll[s t ! p>allel developm5tal process by :i* ! l traits ( ! b>b>\s races h be5 turn$ into ^? ( ! civiliz$ races1 has also be5 a cont9uation ( ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,! tru? ( ! second position--t ,mank9d1 z a :ole1 h become m het]og5e\s--is s obvi\s z sc>cely to ne$ illu/ration4 ,e "w on ,e?nology1 by its divisions & subdivisions ( races1 be>s te/imony to x4 ,ev5 7 we to admit ! hypo!sis t ,mank9d orig9at$ f sev]al sep>ate /ocks1 x w\ld /ill rema9 true1 t z1 f ea* ( ^! /ocks1 !re h sprung _m n[ widely-diff]5t tribes1 :i* are prov$ by philological evid5ce to h _h a common orig91 ! race z a :ole is f> less homog5e\s ?an x once 04 ,add to :i*1 t we h1 9 ! ,anglo-,am]icans1 an example ( a new v>iety aris+ )9 ^! few g5]ations2 & t1 if we may tru/ to ! descriptions ( obs]v]s1 we are likely soon to h ano!r su* example 9 ,au/ralia4 ,on pass+ f ,humanity "u its individual =m1 to ,humanity z socially embodi$1 we f9d ! g5]al law /ill m v>i\sly exemplifi$4 ,! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ 9 ! progress ( civilization z a :ole1 z well z 9 ! progress ( e nation2 & is /ill go+ on ) increas+ rapidity4 ,z we see 9 exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 society 9 its fir/ & l[e/ =m is a homog5e\s aggregation ( individuals hav+ l p[]s & l functions3 ! only m>k$ diff]5ce ( function be+ t :i* accompanies diff]5ce ( sex4 ,e man is w>rior1 hunt]1 fi%]man1 tool-mak]1 build]2 e woman p]=ms ! same drudg]ies4 ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( social evolution1 !re arises an incipi5t diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$4 ,"s k9d ( *iefta9%ip seems coeval ) ! fir/ advance f ! /ate ( sep>ate w&]+ families to t ( a nomadic tribe4 ,! au?ority ( ! /ronge/ or ! mo/ cunn+ makes itself felt among a body ( savages z 9 a h]d ( animals1 or a posse ( s*oolboys4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x is indef9ite1 unc]ta92 is %>$ by o!rs ( sc>cely inf]ior p[]2 & is unaccompani$ by any diff]5ce 9 occupation or /yle ( liv+3 ! fir/ rul] kills 8 own game1 makes 8 own weapons1 builds 8 own hut1 &1 economically consid]$1 does n diff] f o!rs ( 8 tribe4 ,gradually1 z ! tribe progresses1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$ gr[s m decid$4 ,supreme p[] becomes h]$it>y 9 "o family2 ! head ( t family1 ceas+ to provide = 8 own wants1 is s]v$ by o!rs2 & he beg9s to assume ! sole (fice ( rul+4 ,at ! same "t !re has be5 aris+ a co-ord9ate species ( gov]nm5t--t ( ,religion4 ,z all anci5t records & traditions prove1 ! e>lie/ rul]s are reg>d$ z div9e p]sonages4 ,! maxims & comm&s !y utt]$ dur+ _! lives are held sacr$ aft] _! dea?s1 & are en=c$ by _! div9ely-desc5d$ successors2 :o 9 _! turns are promot$ to ! pan!on ( ! race1 "h to be wor%ipp$ & propitiat$ along ) _! pr$ecessors3 ! mo/ anci5t ( :om is ! supreme god1 & ! re/ subord9ate gods4 ,= a long "t ^! connate =ms ( gov]nm5t--civil & religi\s--rema9 closely associat$4 ,= _m g5]ations ! k+ cont9ues to be ! *ief prie/1 & ! prie/hood to be memb]s ( ! royal race4 ,= _m ages religi\s law cont9ues to include m or less ( civil regulation1 & civil law to possess m or less ( religi\s sanction2 & ev5 among ! mo/ advanc$ nations ^! two controll+ ag5cies are by no means completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,hav+ a common root ) ^!1 & gradually div]g+ f !m1 we f9d yet ano!r controll+ ag5cy--t ( ,c]emonial usages4 ,all titles ( hon\r are orig9ally ! names ( ! god-k+2 aft]w>ds ( ! god & ! k+2 /ill lat] ( p]sons ( high rank2 & f9ally come1 "s ( !m1 to be us$ betwe5 man & man4 ,all =ms ( complim5t>y address 7 at fir/ ! expressions ( submission f prison]s to _! conqu]or1 or f subjects to _! rul]1 ei!r human or div9e--expressions :i* 7 aft]w>ds us$ to propitiate subord9ate au?orities1 & sl[ly desc5d$ into ord9>y int]c\rse4 ,all modes ( salutation 7 once obeisances made be=e ! mon>* & us$ 9 wor%ip ( him aft] 8 dea?4 ,pres5tly o!rs ( ! god-desc5d$ race 7 simil>ly salut$2 & by degrees "s ( ! salutations h become ! due ( all4#c ,?us1 no soon] does ! orig9ally-homog5e\s social mass diff]5tiate into ! gov]n$ & ! gov]n+ p>ts1 ?an ?is la/ exhibits an incipi5t diff]5tiation into religi\s & secul>--,*ur* & ,/ate2 :ile at ! same "t !re beg9s to be diff]5tiat$ f bo?1 t less def9ite species ( gov]nm5t :i* rules our daily int]c\rse--a species ( gov]nm5t :i*1 z we may see 9 h]alds' colleges1 9 books ( ! pe]age1 9 ma/]s ( c]emonies1 is n )\t a c]ta9 embodim5t ( its own4 ,ea* ( ^! is itself subject to successive diff]5tiations4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 !re arises1 z among ourselves1 a highly complex political organization ( mon>*1 m9i/]s1 lords & commons1 ) _! subord9ate adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 rev5ue (fices1 c41 supplem5t$ 9 ! prov9ces by municipal gov]nm5ts1 c\nty gov]nm5ts1 p>i% or union gov]nm5ts--all ( !m m or less elaborat$4 ,by its side !re gr[s up a highly complex religi\s organization1 ) its v>i\s grades ( (ficials1 f ar*bi%ops d[n to sextons1 its colleges1 convocations1 ecclesia/ical c\rts1 c42 to all :i* mu/ be add$ ! ev]-multiply+ indep5d5t sects1 ea* ) its g5]al & local au?orities4 ,& at ! same "t !re is develop$ a highly complex aggregation ( cu/oms1 mann]s1 & tempor>y fa%ions1 en=c$ by society at l>ge1 & s]v+ to control ^? m9or transactions betwe5 man & man :i* are n regulat$ by civil & religi\s law4 ,moreov]1 x is to be obs]v$ t ?is increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( ea* nation1 has be5 accompani$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! assemblage ( gov]nm5tal appliances ( diff]5t nations3 all nations be+ m or less unlike 9 _! political sy/ems & legislation1 9 _! cre$s & religi\s in/itutions1 9 _! cu/oms & c]emonial usages4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a second diff]5tiation ( a m famili> k9d2 t1 namely1 by :i* ! mass ( ! community has be5 segregat$ into di/9ct classes & ord]s ( work]s4 ,:ile ! gov]n+ "p has und]gone ! complex developm5t above detail$1 ! gov]n$ "p has und]gone an equally complex developm5t1 :i* has result$ 9 t m9ute division ( lab\r *>act]iz+ advanc$ nations4 ,x is ne$less to trace out ?is progress f its fir/ /ages1 up ?r\gh ! ca/e-divisions ( ! ,ea/ & ! incorporat$ guilds ( ,europe1 to ! elaborate produc+ & di/ribut+ organization exi/+ among ourselves4 ,x has be5 an evolution :i*1 beg9n+ ) a tribe ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m ! same actions ea* = himself1 ends ) a civiliz$ community ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m diff]5t actions = ea* o!r2 & an evolution :i* has trans=m$ ! solit>y produc] ( any "o commodity into a comb9ation ( produc]s :o1 unit$ "u a ma/]1 take sep>ate p>ts 9 ! manufacture ( su* commodity4 ,b !re are yet o!r & high] phases ( ?is advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s 9 ! indu/rial organization ( society4 ,long aft] consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! division ( lab\r among diff]5t classes ( work]s1 !re is /ill little or no division ( lab\r among ! widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! community3 ! nation cont9ues comp>atively homog5e\s 9 ! respect t 9 ea* di/rict ! same occupations are pursu$4 ,b :5 roads & o!r means ( transit become num]\s & good1 ! diff]5t di/ricts beg9 to assume diff]5t functions1 & to become mutually dep5d5t4 ,! calico manufacture locates itself 9 ?is c\nty1 ! wooll5-clo? manufacture 9 t2 silks are produc$ "h1 lace !re2 /ock+s 9 "o place1 %oes 9 ano!r2 pott]y1 h>dw>e1 cutl]y1 come to h _! special t[ns2 & ultimately e locality becomes m or less di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by ! lead+ occupation c>ri$ on 9 x4 ,?is subdivision ( functions %[s itself n only among ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same nation1 b among diff]5t nations4 ,t ex*ange ( commodities :i* free-trade is increas+ s l>gely1 w ultimately h ! effect ( specializ+1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! indu/ry ( ea* p4 ,s t1 beg9n+ ) a b>b>\s tribe1 almo/ if n q homog5e\s 9 ! functions ( its memb]s1 ! progress has be51 & /ill is1 t[>ds an economic aggregation ( ! :ole human race2 gr[+ ev] m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! sep>ate functions assum$ by sep>ate nations1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! local sections ( ea* nation1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! _m k9ds ( mak]s & trad]s 9 ea* t[n1 & ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! work]s unit$ 9 produc+ ea* commodity4 ,! law ?us cle>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! evolution ( ! social organism1 is exemplifi$ ) equal cle>ness 9 ! evolution ( all products ( human ?\ght & action2 :e!r concrete or ab/ract1 real or ideal4 ,let u take ,language z our fir/ illu/ration4 ,! l[e/ =m ( language is ! exclamation1 by :i* an entire idea is vaguely convey$ ?r\gh a s+le s\nd1 z among ! l[] animals4 ,t human language ev] consi/$ solely ( exclamations1 & s 0 /rictly homog5e\s 9 respect ( its p>ts ( spee*1 we h no evid5ce4 ,b t language c be trac$ d[n to a =m 9 :i* n\ns & v]bs are its only elem5ts1 is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ! gradual multiplication ( p>ts ( spee* out ( ^! prim>y ones--9 ! diff]5tiation ( v]bs into active & passive1 ( n\ns into ab/ract & concrete--9 ! rise ( di/9ctions ( mood1 t5se1 p]son1 ( numb] & case--9 ! =mation ( auxili>y v]bs1 ( adjectives1 adv]bs1 pron\ns1 prepositions1 articles--9 ! div]g5ce ( ^? ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties ( p>ts ( spee* by :i* civiliz$ races express m9ute modifications ( mean+--we see a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,ano!r aspect "u :i* we may trace ! developm5t ( language is ! div]g5ce ( words hav+ common orig9s4 ,philology e>ly disclos$ ! tru? t 9 all languages words may be gr\p$ into families1 ! memb]s ( ea* ( :i* are alli$ by _! d]ivation4 ,names spr++ f a primitive root1 !mselves become ! p>5ts ( o!r names /ill fur!r modifi$4 ,& by ! aid ( ^? sy/ematic modes :i* pres5tly arise1 ( mak+ d]ivatives & =m+ comp\nd t]ms1 !re is f9ally develop$ a tribe ( words s het]og5e\s 9 s\nd & mean+1 t to ! un9itiat$ x seems incr$ible !y %\ld be ne>ly relat$4 ,mean:ile f o!r roots !re are be+ evolv$ o!r su* tribes1 until !re results a language ( "s sixty ?\s& or m unlike words1 signify+ z _m unlike objects1 qualities1 acts4 ,yet ano!r way 9 :i* language 9 g5]al advances f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 is 9 ! multiplication ( languages4 ,:e!r all languages h gr[n f "o /ock1 or :e!r1 z "s philologi/s ?9k1 !y h gr[n f two or m /ocks1 x is cle> t s9ce l>ge gr\ps ( languages1 z ! ,indo-,european1 are ( "o p>5tage1 !y h become di/9ct ?r\gh a process ( cont9u\s div]g5ce4 ,! same diffusion ov] ! ,e>?'s surface :i* has l$ to diff]5tiations ( race1 has simultane\sly l$ to diff]5tiations ( spee*3 a tru? :i* we see fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ea* nation by ! di/9ct dialects f\nd 9 sep>ate di/ricts4 ,?us ! progress ( ,language con=ms to ! g5]al law1 alike 9 ! evolution ( languages1 9 ! evolution ( families ( words1 & 9 ! evolution ( p>ts ( spee*4 ,on pass+ f spok5 to writt5 language1 we come ^u sev]al classes ( facts1 hav+ simil> implications4 ,writt5 language is connate ) ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture2 & at fir/ all ?ree are app5dages ( ,ar*itecture1 & h a direct connection ) ! prim>y =m ( all ,gov]nm5t--! !ocratic4 ,m]ely not+ by ! way ! fact t sundry wild races1 z = example ! ,au/ralians & ! tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 are giv5 to depict+ p]sonages & ev5ts ^u ! walls ( caves1 :i* are probably reg>d$ z sacr$ places1 let u pass to ! case ( ! ,egyptians4 ,among !m1 z also among ! ,assyrians1 we f9d mural pa9t+s us$ to decorate ! temple ( ! god & ! palace ( ! k+ 7:i* 71 inde$1 orig9ally id5tical72 & z su* !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 ! same s5se z /ate-pageants & religi\s fea/s 74 ,!y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 ano!r way3 repres5t+ z !y did ! wor%ip ( ! god1 ! triumphs ( ! god-k+1 ! submission ( 8 subjects1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! rebelli\s4 ,fur!r1 !y 7 gov]nm5tal1 z be+ ! products ( an art rev]5c$ by ! p z a sacr$ my/]y4 ,f ! habitual use ( ?is pictorial repres5tation !re grew up ! b-slightly-modifi$ practice ( picture-writ+--a practice :i* 0 f\nd /ill extant among ,nor? ,am]ican peoples at ! "t !y 7 discov]$4 ,by abbreviations analog\s to ^? /ill go+ on 9 our own writt5 language1 ! mo/ frequ5tly-recurr+ ( ^! pictur$ figures 7 successively simplifi$2 & ultimately !re grew up a sy/em ( symbols1 mo/ ( :i* _h b di/ant resemblances to ! ?+s = :i* !y /ood4 ,! inf]5ce t ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,egyptians 7 ?us produc$1 is confirm$ by ! fact t ! picture-writ+ ( ! ,mexicans 0 f\nd to h giv5 bir? to a l family ( ideographic =ms2 & among !m1 z among ! ,egyptians1 ^! _h be5 p>tially diff]5tiat$ into ! kuriological or imitative1 & ! tropical or symbolic2 :i* 71 h[ev]1 us$ toge!r 9 ! same record4 ,9 ,egypt1 writt5 language und]w5t a fur!r diff]5tiation1 :5ce result$ ! hi]atic & ! epi/olographic or en*orial2 bo? ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! orig9al hi]oglyphic4 ,at ! same "t we f9d t = ! expression ( prop] names1 :i* c\ld n be o!rwise convey$1 signs hav+ phonetic values 7 employ$2 & ?\gh x is alleg$ t ! ,egyptians nev] a*iev$ complete alphabetic writ+1 yet x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^! phonetic symbols1 occasionally us$ 9 aid ( _! ideographic ones1 7 ! g]ms ( an alphabetic sy/em4 ,once hav+ become sep>ate f hi]oglyphics1 alphabetic writ+ itself und]w5t num]\s diff]5tiations--multipli$ alphabets 7 produc$2 betwe5 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 m or less connection c /ill be trac$4 ,& 9 ea* civiliz$ nation !re has n[ gr[n up1 = ! repres5tation ( "o set ( s\nds1 sev]al sets ( writt5 signs us$ = di/9ct purposes4 ,f9ally1 f writ+ div]g$ pr9t+2 :i*1 uni=m 9 k9d z x 0 at fir/1 has s9ce become multi=m4 ,:ile writt5 language 0 pass+ ?r\gh its fir/ /ages ( developm5t1 ! mural decoration :i* conta9$ its root 0 be+ diff]5tiat$ into ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,! gods1 k+s1 m51 & animals repres5t$1 7 orig9ally m>k$ by ind5t$ outl9es & col\r$4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! outl9es 7 ( su* dep?1 & ! object !y circumscrib$ s f> r\nd$ & m>k$ out 9 its lead+ p>ts1 z to =m a species ( "w int]m$iate betwe5 intaglio & bas-relief4 ,9 o!r cases we see an advance ^u ?is3 ! rais$ spaces betwe5 ! figures be+ *isell$ (f1 & ! figures !mselves appropriately t9t$1 a pa9t$ bas-relief 0 produc$4 ,! re/or$ ,assyrian ar*itecture at ,syd5ham exhibits ?is /yle ( art c>ri$ to great] p]fection--! p]sons & ?+s repres5t$1 ?\gh /ill b>b>\sly col\r$1 are c>v$ out ) m tru? & 9 great] detail3 & 9 ! w+$ lions & bulls us$ = ! angles ( gateways1 we may see a consid]able advance t[>ds a completely sculptur$ figure2 :i*1 nev]!less1 is /ill col\r$1 & /ill =ms "p ( ! build+4 ,b :ile 9 ,assyria ! production ( a /atue prop] seems to h be5 little1 if at all1 attempt$1 we may trace 9 ,egyptian art ! gradual sep>ation ( ! sculptur$ figure f ! wall4 ,a walk ?r\gh ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s ?is2 :ile at ! same "t x af=ds an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! traces :i* ! indep5d5t /atues be> ( _! d]ivation f bas-relief3 see+ t ne>ly all ( !m n only display t fusion ( ! legs ) "o ano!r & ( ! arms ) ! body :i* is *>act]i/ic ( bas-relief1 b h ! back unit$ f head to foot ) a block :i* /&s 9 place ( ! orig9al wall4 ,greece repeat$ ! lead+ /ages ( ?is progress4 ,on ! friezes ( ,greek ,temples1 7 col\r$ bas-reliefs repres5t+ sacrifices1 battles1 processions1 games--all 9 "s sort religi\s4 ,! p$im5ts conta9$ pa9t$ sculptures m or less unit$ ) ! tympanum1 & hav+ = subjects ! triumphs ( gods or h]oes4 ,ev5 /atues def9itely sep>at$ f build+s 7 col\r$2 & only 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,greek civilization does ! diff]5tiation ( ,sculpture f ,pa9t+ appe> to h become complete4 ,9 ,*ri/ian art we may trace a p>allel re-g5esis4 ,all e>ly works ( art ?r\gh\t ,europe 7 religi\s 9 subject--repres5t$ ,*ri/s1 crucifixions1 virg9s1 holy families1 apo/les1 sa9ts4 ,!y =m$ integral p>ts ( *ur* ar*itecture1 & 7 among ! means ( excit+ wor%ip2 z 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries !y /ill are4 ,moreov]1 ! sculptur$ figures ( ,*ri/ on ! cross1 ( virg9s1 ( sa9ts1 7 col\r$2 & x ne$s b to call to m9d ! pa9t$ madonnas /ill abundant 9 cont95tal *ur*es & highways1 to p]ceive ! significant fact t ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture cont9ue 9 close/ connection ) ea* o!r :]e !y cont9ue 9 close/ connection ) _! p>5t4 ,ev5 :5 ,*ri/ian sculpture became diff]5tiat$ f pa9t+1 x 0 /ill religi\s & gov]nm5tal 9 its subjects--0 us$ = tombs 9 *ur*es & /atues ( k+s2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 pa9t+1 :]e n purely ecclesia/ical1 0 appli$ to ! decoration ( palaces1 & besides repres5t+ royal p]sonages1 0 mo/ly devot$ to sacr$ leg5ds4 ,only 9 rec5t times h pa9t+ & sculpture become q sep>ate & ma9ly secul>4 ,only )9 ^! few c5turies has ,pa9t+ be5 divid$ into hi/orical1 l&scape1 m>9e1 ar*itectural1 g5re1 animal1 /ill-life1 c42 & ,sculpture gr[n het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! v>iety ( real & ideal subjects ) :i* x occupies itself4 ,/range z x seems !n1 we f9d t all =ms ( writt5 language1 ( ,pa9t+1 & ( ,sculpture1 h a common root 9 ! politico-religi\s decorations ( anci5t temples & palaces4 ,little resemblance z !y n[ h1 ! l&scape t hangs aga9/ ! wall1 & ! copy ( ! ,times ly+ on ! table1 are remotely ak94 ,! braz5 face ( ! knock] :i* ! po/man has j lift$1 is relat$ n only to ! woodcuts ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news :i* he is deliv]+1 b to ! *>act]s ( ! billet-d\x :i* accompanies x4 ,betwe5 ! pa9t$ w9d[1 ! pray]-book on :i* its light falls1 & ! adjac5t monum5t1 !re is consangu9ity4 ,! effigies on our co9s1 ! signs ov] %ops1 ! coat ( arms outside ! c>riage panel1 & ! plac>ds inside ! omnibus1 are1 9 common ) dolls & pap]-hang+s1 l9eally desc5d$ f ! rude sculpture-pa9t+s 9 :i* anci5t peoples repres5t$ ! triumphs & wor%ip ( _! god-k+s4 ,p]haps no example c be giv5 :i* m vividly illu/rates ! multiplicity & het]og5eity ( ! products t 9 c\rse ( "t may arise by successive diff]5tiations f a common /ock4 ,be=e pass+ to o!r classes ( facts1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture f ,ar*itecture & f ea* o!r1 & 9 ! great] v>iety ( subjects !y embody1 b x is fur!r %[n 9 ! /ructure ( ea* "w4 ,a mod]n picture or /atue is ( f> m het]og5e\s nature ?an an anci5t "o4 ,an ,egyptian sculpture-fresco usually repres5ts all its figures z at ! same di/ance f ! eye2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ t repres5ts !m z at v>i\s di/ances f ! eye4 ,x exhibits all objects z expos$ to ! same degree ( light2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i* exhibits its diff]5t objects & diff]5t p>ts ( ea* object z 9 diff]5t degrees ( light4 ,x uses *iefly ! prim>y col\rs1 & ^! 9 _! full int5sities2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i*1 introduc+ ! prim>y col\rs b sp>+ly1 employs num]\s int]m$iate t9ts1 ea* ( het]og5e\s composition1 & diff]+ f ! re/ n only 9 quality b 9 /r5g?4 ,moreov]1 we see 9 ^! e>ly works great uni=mity ( conception4 ,! same arrangem5t ( figures is p]petually reproduc$--! same actions1 attitudes1 faces1 dresses4 ,9 ,egypt ! modes ( repres5tation 7 s fix$ t x 0 sacrilege to introduce a novelty4 ,! ,assyrian bas-reliefs display p>allel *>act]s4 ,deities1 k+s1 att5dants1 w+$-figures & animals1 are "t aft] "t depict$ 9 l positions1 hold+ l implem5ts1 do+ l ?+s1 & ) l expression or non-expression ( face4 ,if a palm-grove is introduc$1 all ! trees are ( ! same height1 h ! same numb] ( leaves1 & are equidi/ant4 ,:5 wat] is imitat$1 ea* wave is a c\nt]p>t ( ! re/2 & ! fi%1 almo/ always ( "o k9d1 are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface4 ,! be>ds ( ! k+s1 ! gods1 & ! w+$-figures1 are ev]y:]e simil>2 z are ! manes ( ! lions1 & equally s ^? ( ! horses4 ,hair is repres5t$ ?r\gh\t by "o =m ( curl4 ,! k+'s be>d is q ar*itecturally built up ( comp\nd ti]s ( uni=m curls1 alt]nat+ ) twi/$ ti]s plac$ 9 a transv]se direction1 & arrang$ ) p]fect regul>ity2 & ! t]m9al tufts ( ! bulls' tails are repres5t$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,)\t trac+ out analog\s facts 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 9 :i*1 ?\gh less /rik+1 !y are /ill visible1 ! advance 9 het]og5eity w be suffici5tly manife/ on rememb]+ t 9 ! pictures ( our own day ! composition is endlessly v>i$2 ! attitudes1 faces1 expressions1 unlike2 ! subord9ate objects diff]5t 9 sizes1 =ms1 textures2 & m or less ( contra/ ev5 9 ! smalle/ details4 ,or1 if we comp>e an ,egyptian /atue1 seat$ bolt upright on a block1 ) h&s on knees1 f+]s p>allel1 eyes look+ /raight =w>d1 & ! two sides p]fectly symmetrical 9 e p>ticul>1 ) a /atue ( ! advanc$ ,greek s*ool or ! mod]n s*ool1 :i* is asymmetrical 9 respect ( ! attitude ( ! head1 ! body1 ! limbs1 ! arrangem5t ( ! hair1 dress1 app5dages1 & 9 its relations to neighb\r+ objects1 we %all see ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s cle>ly manife/$4 ,9 ! co-ord9ate orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,poetry1 ,music1 & ,danc+1 we h ano!r s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,rhy?m 9 words1 rhy?m 9 s\nds1 & rhy?m 9 motions1 7 9 ! beg9n+ p>ts ( ! same ?+1 & h only 9 process ( "t become sep>ate ?+s4 ,among exi/+ b>b>\s tribes we f9d !m /ill unit$4 ,! dances ( savages are accompani$ by "s k9d ( monoton\s *ant1 ! clapp+ ( h&s1 ! /rik+ ( rude in/rum5ts3 !re are measur$ movem5ts1 measur$ words1 & measur$ tones4 ,! e>ly records ( hi/oric races simil>ly %[ ^! ?ree =ms ( metrical action unit$ 9 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,9 ! ,hebrew writ+s we read t ! triumphal ode compos$ by ,moses on ! defeat ( ! ,egyptians1 0 sung to an accompanim5t ( danc+ & timbrels4 ,! ,israelites danc$ & sung at ! inauguration ( ! gold5 calf4 ,& z x is g5]ally agre$ t ?is repres5tation ( ! ,deity 0 borr[$ f ! my/]ies ( ,apis1 x is probable t ! danc+ 0 copi$ f t ( ! ,egyptians on ^? occasions4 ,aga91 9 ,greece ! l relation is ev]y:]e se53 ! orig9al type be+ !re1 z probably 9 o!r cases1 a simultane\s *ant+ & mimetic repres5tation ( ! life & adv5tures ( ! h]o or ! god4 ,! ,sp>tan dances 7 accompani$ by hymns & songs2 & 9 g5]al ! ,greeks _h no fe/ivals or religi\s assemblies b :at 7 accompani$ ) songs & dances--bo? ( !m be+ =ms ( wor%ip us$ be=e alt>s4 ,among ! ,romans1 too1 !re 7 sacr$ dances3 ! ,salian & ,lup]calian be+ nam$ z ( t k9d4 ,& ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 z at ,limoges1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 ! p h danc$ 9 ! *oir 9 hon\r ( a sa9t4 ,! incipi5t sep>ation ( ^! once-unit$ arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 0 e>ly visible 9 ,greece4 ,probably div]g+ f dances p>tly religi\s1 p>tly w>like1 z ! ,corybantian1 came ! w>-dances prop]1 ( :i* !re 7 v>i\s k9ds4 ,mean:ile ,music & ,poetry1 ?\gh /ill unit$1 came to h an exi/5ce sep>ate f ,danc+4 ,! primitive ,greek poems1 religi\s 9 subject1 7 n recit$ b *ant$2 & ?\gh at fir/ ! *ant ( ! poet 0 accompani$ by ! dance ( ! *orus1 x ultimately grew into indep5d5ce4 ,lat] /ill1 :5 ! poem _h be5 diff]5tiat$ into epic & lyric--:5 x became ! cu/om to s+ ! lyric & recite ! epic--poetry prop] 0 born4 ,z dur+ ! same p]iod musical in/rum5ts 7 be+ multipli$1 we may presume t music came to h an exi/5ce ap>t f words4 ,& bo? ( !m 7 beg9n+ to assume o!r =ms besides ! religi\s4 ,facts hav+ l implications might be cit$ f ! hi/ories ( lat] times & peoples2 z ! practices ( our own e>ly m9/rels1 :o sang to ! h>p h]oic n>ratives v]sifi$ by !mselves to music ( _! own composition3 ?us unit+ ! n[ sep>ate (fices ( poet1 compos]1 vocali/1 & in/rum5tali/4 ,b1 )\t fur!r illu/ration1 ! common orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,danc+1 ,poetry1 & ,music w be suffici5tly manife/4 ,! advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ^! arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 b also 9 ! multipli$ diff]5tiations :i* ea* ( !m aft]w>ds und]goes4 ,n to dwell ^u ! numb]less k9ds ( danc+ t h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 come into use3 & n to occupy space 9 detail+ ! progress ( poetry1 z se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( metre1 ( rhyme1 & ( g5]al organization2 let u conf9e our att5tion to music z a type ( ! gr\p4 ,z impli$ by ! cu/oms ( /ill extant b>b>\s races1 ! fir/ musical in/rum5ts 71 )\t d\bt1 p]cussive--/icks1 calaba%es1 tom-toms--& 7 us$ simply to m>k ! "t ( ! dance2 & 9 ?is con/ant repetition ( ! same s\nd1 we see music 9 its mo/ homog5e\s =m4 ,! ,egyptians _h a lyre ) ?ree /r+s4 ,! e>ly lyre ( ! ,greeks _h f\r1 con/itut+ _! tetra*ord4 ,9 c\rse ( "s c5turies lyres ( sev5 & eight /r+s 7 employ$2 &1 by ! expiration ( a ?\s& ye>s1 !y _h advanc$ to _! great sy/em ( ! d\ble octave4 ,?r\gh all :i* *anges !re ( c\rse arose a great] het]og5eity ( melody4 ,simultane\sly !re came into use ! diff]5t modes--,dorian1 ,ionian1 ,phrygian1 olian1 & ,lydian--answ]+ to our keys2 & ( ^! !re 7 ultimately fifte54 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re 0 b little het]og5eity 9 ! "t ( _! music4 ,in/rum5tal music be+ at fir/ m]ely ! accompanim5t ( vocal music1 & vocal music be+ subord9at$ to words1--! s+] be+ also ! poet1 *ant+ 8 own compositions & mak+ ! l5g?s ( 8 notes agree ) ! feet ( 8 v]ses1--!re result$ a tiresome uni=mity ( measure1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,burney says1 no res\rces ( melody c\ld disguise4 ,lack+ ! complex rhy?m obta9$ by our equal b>s & unequal notes1 ! only rhy?m 0 t produc$ by ! quantity ( ! syllables1 & 0 ( necessity comp>atively monoton\s4 ,& fur!r1 x maybe obs]v$ t ! *ant ?us result+1 be+ l recitative1 0 mu* less cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f ord9>y spee* ?an is our mod]n song4 ,nev]!less1 9 virtue ( ! ext5d$ range ( notes 9 use1 ! v>iety ( modes1 ! occasional v>iations ( "t consequ5t on *anges ( metre1 & ! multiplication ( in/rum5ts1 music _h1 t[>ds ! close ( ,greek civilization1 atta9$ to consid]able het]og5eity--n inde$ z comp>$ ) our music1 b z comp>$ ) t :i* prec$$ x4 ,/ill1 !re exi/$ no?+ b melody3 h>mony 0 unkn[n4 ,x 0 n until ,*ri/ian *ur*-music _h rea*$ "s developm5t1 t music 9 p>ts 0 evolv$2 & !n x came into exi/5ce ?r\gh a v unobtrusive diff]5tiation4 ,difficult z x may be to conceive a priori h[ ! advance f melody to h>mony c\ld take place )\t a sudd5 leap1 x is none ! less true t x did s4 ,! circum/ance :i* prep>$ ! way = x 0 ! employm5t ( two *oirs s++ alt]nately ! same air4 ,aft]w>ds x became ! practice--v possibly fir/ sugge/$ by a mi/ake--= ! second *oir to comm5ce be=e ! fir/ _h ceas$2 ?us produc+ a fugue4 ,) ! simple airs !n 9 use1 a p>tially-h>moni\s fugue might n improbably ?us result3 & a v p>tially-h>moni\s fugue satisfi$ ! e>s ( t age1 z we "k f /ill pres]v$ examples4 ,! idea hav+ once be5 giv51 ! compos+ ( airs productive ( fugal h>mony w\ld naturally gr[ up1 z 9 "s way x did gr[ up1 out ( ?is alt]nate *oir-s++4 ,& f ! fugue to conc]t$ music ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & m p>ts1 ! transition 0 easy4 ,)\t po9t+ out 9 detail ! increas+ complexity t result$ f introduc+ notes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f ! multiplication ( keys1 f ! use ( accid5tals1 f v>ieties ( "t1 & s =?1 x ne$s b to contra/ music z x is1 ) music z x 01 to see h[ imm5se is ! increase ( het]og5eity4 ,we see ?is if1 look+ at music 9 its ensemble1 we enum]ate its _m diff]5t g5]a & species--if we consid] ! divisions into vocal1 in/rum5tal1 & mix$2 & _! subdivisions into music = diff]5t voices & diff]5t in/rum5ts--if we obs]ve ! _m =ms ( sacr$ music1 f ! simple hymn1 ! *ant1 ! canon1 motet1 an!m1 c41 up to ! oratorio2 & ! /ill m num]\s =ms ( secul> music1 f ! ballad up to ! s]5ata1 f ! in/rum5tal solo up to ! symphony4 ,aga91 ! same tru? is se5 on comp>+ any "o sample ( aborig9al music ) a sample ( mod]n music--ev5 an ord9>y song = ! piano2 :i* we f9d to be relatively v het]og5e\s1 n only 9 respect ( ! v>iety 9 ! pit*es & 9 ! l5g?s ( ! notes1 ! numb] ( diff]5t notes s\nd+ at ! same in/ant 9 company ) ! voice1 & ! v>iations ( /r5g? ) :i* !y are s\nd$ & sung1 b 9 respect ( ! *anges ( key1 ! *anges ( "t1 ! *anges ( timbre ( ! voice1 & ! _m o!r modifications ( expression4 ,:ile betwe5 ! old monoton\s dance-*ant & a gr& op]a ( our own day1 ) its endless or*e/ral complexities & vocal comb9ations1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is s extreme t x seems sc>cely cr$ible t ! "o %\ld h be5 ! ance/or ( ! o!r4 ,7 !y ne$$1 _m fur!r illu/rations might be cit$4 ,go+ back to ! e>ly "t :5 ! de$s ( ! god-k+ 7 record$ 9 picture-writ+s on ! walls ( temples & palaces1 & s con/itut$ a rude lit]ature1 we might trace ! developm5t ( ,lit]ature ?r\gh phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 x pres5ts 9 "o "w !ology1 cosmogony1 hi/ory1 biography1 law1 e?ics1 poetry2 d[n to its pres5t het]og5e\s developm5t1 9 :i* its sep>at$ divisions & subdivisions are s num]\s & v>i$ z to defy complete classification4 ,or we might trace out ! evolution ( ,sci5ce2 beg9n+ ) ! era 9 :i* x 0 n yet diff]5tiat$ f ,art1 & 01 9 union ) ,art1 ! h&maid ( ,religion2 pass+ ?r\gh ! era 9 :i* ! sci5ces 7 s few & rudim5t>y1 z to be simultane\sly cultivat$ by ! same m52 & end+ ) ! era 9 :i* ! g5]a & species are s num]\s t few c enum]ate !m1 & no "o c adequately grasp ev5 "o g5us4 ,or we might d ! l ) ,ar*itecture1 ) ! ,drama1 ) ,dress4 ,b d\btless ! read] is already we>y ( illu/rations2 & our promise has be5 amply fulfill$4 ,abundant pro( has be5 giv5 t ! law ( organic developm5t =mulat$ by von ,ba]1 is ! law ( all developm5t4 ,! advance f ! simple to ! complex1 ?r\gh a process ( successive diff]5tiations1 is se5 alike 9 ! e>lie/ *anges ( ! ,univ]se to :i* we c reason our way back1 & 9 ! e>lie/ *anges :i* we c inductively e/abli%2 x is se5 9 ! geologic & climatic evolution ( ! ,e>?2 x is se5 9 ! unfold+ ( e s+le organism on its surface1 & 9 ! multiplication ( k9ds ( organisms2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,humanity1 :e!r contemplat$ 9 ! civiliz$ individual1 or 9 ! aggregate ( races2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,society 9 respect alike ( its political1 its religi\s1 & its economical organization2 & x is se5 9 ! evolution ( all ^? endless concrete & ab/ract products ( human activity :i* con/itute ! environm5t ( our daily life4 ,f ! remote/ pa/ :i* ,sci5ce c fa?om1 up to ! novelties ( ye/]day1 t 9 :i* progress ess5tially consi/s1 is ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 mu/ n ?is uni=mity ( proc$ure be a consequ5ce ( "s fundam5tal necessity8 ,may we n rationally seek = "s all-p]vad+ pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ?is all-p]vad+ process ( ?+s8 ,does n ! univ]sality ( ! law imply a univ]sal cause8 ,t we c compreh5d su* cause1 n\m5ally consid]$1 is n to be suppos$4 ,to d ?is w\ld be to solve t ultimate my/]y :i* mu/ ev] transc5d human intellig5ce4 ,b x /ill may be possible = u to r$uce ! law ( all progress1 above set =?1 f ! condition ( an empirical g5]alization1 to ! condition ( a rational g5]alization4 ,j z x 0 possible to int]pret ,kepl]'s laws z necess>y consequ5ces ( ! law ( gravitation2 s x may be possible to int]pret ?is law ( progress1 9 its multi=m manife/ations1 z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( "s simil>ly univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,z gravitation 0 assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a :i* ,kepl] g5]aliz$2 s may "s equally simple attribute ( ?+s be assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a g5]aliz$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,we may be able to affiliate all ^! v>i$ evolutions ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 ^u c]ta9 facts ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 :i*1 9 virtue ( endless repetition1 we reg>d z necess>y4 ,! probability ( a common cause1 & ! possibility ( =mulat+ x1 be+ grant$1 x w be well1 fir/1 to ask :at mu/ be ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( su* cause1 & 9 :at direction we ought to look = x4 ,we c ) c]ta9ty pr$ict t x has a high degree ( ab/ractness2 see+ t x is common to su* inf9itely-v>i$ ph5om5a4 ,we ne$ n expect to see 9 x an obvi\s solution ( ?is or t =m ( progress2 because x is equally conc]n$ ) =ms ( progress be>+ little app>5t resemblance to !m3 its association ) multi=m ord]s ( facts1 involves its dissociation f any p>ticul> ord] ( facts4 ,be+ t :i* det]m9es progress ( e k9d--a/ronomic1 geologic1 organic1 e?nologic1 social1 economic1 arti/ic1 c4--x mu/ be involv$ ) "s fundam5tal trait display$ 9 common by ^!2 & mu/ be expressible 9 t]ms ( ?is fundam5tal trait4 ,! only obvi\s respect 9 :i* all k9ds ( progress are alike1 is1 t !y are modes ( *ange2 & h5ce1 9 "s *>act]i/ic ( *anges 9 g5]al1 ! desir$ solution w probably be f\nd4 ,we may suspect a priori t 9 "s univ]sal law ( *ange lies ! explanation ( ?is univ]sal trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ,?us mu* premis$1 we pass at once to ! /atem5t ( ! law1 :i* is ?is3--,e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange--e cause produces m ?an "o effect4 ,to make ?is proposition compreh5sible1 a few examples mu/ be giv54 ,:5 "o body /rikes ano!r1 t :i* we usually reg>d z ! effect1 is a *ange ( position or motion 9 "o or bo? bodies4 ,b a mom5t's ?\ght %[s u t ?is is a v incomplete view ( ! matt]4 ,besides ! visible me*anical result1 s\nd is produc$2 or1 to speak accurately1 a vibration 9 "o or bo? bodies1 :i* is communicat$ to ! surr\nd+ air2 & "u "s circum/ances we call ?is ! effect4 ,moreov]1 ! air has n only be5 made to undulate1 b has _h curr5ts caus$ 9 x by ! transit ( ! bodies4 ,fur!r1 !re is a dis>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! two bodies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( _! po9t ( collision2 am\nt+1 9 "s cases1 to a visible cond5sation4 ,yet m1 ?is cond5sation is accompani$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( heat4 ,9 "s cases a sp>k--t is1 light--results1 f ! inc&esc5ce ( a portion /ruck (f2 & sometimes ?is inc&esc5ce is associat$ ) *emical comb9ation4 ,?us1 by ! me*anical =ce exp5d$ 9 ! collision1 at lea/ five1 & (t5 m1 diff]5t k9ds ( *anges h be5 produc$4 ,take1 aga91 ! light+ ( a c&le4 ,prim>ily ?is is a *emical *ange consequ5t on a rise ( temp]ature4 ,! process ( comb9ation hav+ once be5 />t$ by extrane\s heat1 !re is a cont9u$ =mation ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 c4--9 itself a result m complex ?an ! extrane\s heat t fir/ caus$ x4 ,b accompany+ ?is process ( comb9ation !re is a production ( heat2 !re is a production ( light2 !re is an asc5d+ column ( hot gases g5]at$2 !re are infl[+ curr5ts set go+ 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,moreov]1 ! complicat+ ( effects does n end "h3 ea* ( ! sev]al *anges produc$ becomes ! p>5t ( fur!r *anges4 ,! c>bonic acid giv5 (f w by & by comb9e ) "s base2 or "u ! influ5ce ( sun%9e give up its c>bon to ! leaf ( a plant4 ,! wat] w modify ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air ar\nd2 or1 if ! curr5t ( hot gases conta9+ x comes aga9/ a cold body1 w be cond5s$3 alt]+ ! temp]ature ( ! surface x cov]s4 ,! heat giv5 out melts ! subjac5t tall[1 & exp&s :atev] x w>ms4 ,! light1 fall+ on v>i\s sub/ances1 calls =? f !m reactions by :i* its composition is modifi$2 & s div]s col\rs are produc$4 ,simil>ly ev5 ) ^! second>y actions1 :i* may be trac$ out into ev]-multiply+ ramifications1 until !y become too m9ute to be appreciat$4 ,& ?us x is ) all *anges :atev]4 ,no case c be nam$ 9 :i* an active =ce does n evolve =ces ( sev]al k9ds1 & ea* ( ^!1 o!r gr\ps ( =ces4 ,univ]sally ! effect is m complex ?an ! cause4 ,d\btless ! read] already =esees ! c\rse ( our argum5t4 ,?is multiplication ( effects1 :i* is display$ 9 e ev5t ( to-day1 has be5 go+ on f ! beg9n+2 & is true ( ! gr&e/ ph5om5a ( ! univ]se z ( ! mo/ insignificant4 ,f ! law t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 x is an inevitable coroll>y t dur+ ! pa/ !re has be5 an ev]-gr[+ complication ( ?+s4 ,?r\gh\t creation !re mu/ h gone on1 & mu/ /ill g on1 a nev]-ceas+ trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ,let u trace ?is tru? 9 detail4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to x z m ?an a speculation1 ?\gh a highly probable "o1 let u aga9 comm5ce ) ! evolution ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em out ( a nebul\s m$ium4 ,! hypo!sis is t f ! mutual attraction ( ! molecules ( a diffus$ mass ^: =m is unsymmetrical1 !re results n only cond5sation b rotation4 ,:ile ! cond5sation & ! rate ( rotation g on increas+1 ! approa* ( ! molecules is necess>ily accompani$ by an increas+ temp]ature4 ,z ! temp]ature rises1 light beg9s to be evolv$2 & ultimately !re results a revolv+ sph]e ( fluid matt] radiat+ int5se heat & light--a sun4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high] tang5tial velocity orig9ally possess$ by ! out] p>ts ( ! cond5s+ nebul\s mass1 !re w be occasional deta*m5ts ( rotat+ r+s2 & t1 f ! break+ up ( ^! nebul\s r+s1 !re w arise masses :i* 9 ! c\rse ( _! cond5sation repeat ! actions ( ! p>5t mass1 & s produce planets & _! satellites--an inf]5ce /rongly support$ by ! /ill extant r+s ( ,saturn4 ,%\ld x h]eaft] be satisfactorily %[n t planets & satellites 7 ?us g5]at$1 a /rik+ illu/ration w be af=d$ ( ! highly het]og5e\s effects produc$ by ! prim>y homog5e\s cause2 b x w s]ve our pres5t purpose to po9t to ! fact t f ! mutual attraction ( ! p>ticles ( an irregul> nebul\s mass !re result cond5sation1 rotation1 heat1 & light4 ,x foll[s z a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 t ! ,e>? mu/ once h be5 inc&esc5t2 & :e!r ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true or n1 ?is orig9al inc&esc5ce ( ! ,e>? is n[ inductively e/abli%$--or1 if n e/abli%$1 at lea/ r5d]$ s highly probable t x is an accept$ geological doctr9e4 ,let u look fir/ at ! a/ronomical attributes ( ?is once molt5 globe4 ,f its rotation !re result ! oblat5ess ( its =m1 ! alt]nations ( day & night1 & 7"u ! influ5ce ( ! moon & 9 a small] degree ! sun7 ! tides1 aque\s & atmosph]ic4 ,f ! incl9ation ( its axis1 !re result ! _m diff]5ces ( ! seasons1 bo? simultane\s & successive1 t p]vade its surface1 & f ! same cause jo9$ ) ! action ( ! moon on ! equatorial protub]ance !re results ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,?us ! multiplication ( effects is obvi\s4 ,sev]al ( ! diff]5tiations due to ! gradual cool+ ( ! ,e>? h be5 already notic$--z ! =mation ( a cru/1 ! solidification ( sublim$ elem5ts1 ! precipitation ( wat]1 c41--& we "h aga9 ref] to !m m]ely to po9t out t !y are simultane\s effects ( ! "o cause1 dim9i%+ heat4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 obs]ve ! multipli$ *anges aft]w>ds aris+ f ! cont9uance ( ?is "o cause4 ,! cool+ ( ! ,e>? involves its contraction4 ,h5ce ! solid cru/ fir/ =m$ is pres5tly too l>ge = ! %r9k+ nucleus2 & z x _c support itself1 inevitably foll[s ! nucleus4 ,b a sph]oidal envelope _c s9k d[n into contact ) a small] int]nal sph]oid1 )\t disruption3 x mu/ run into wr9kles z ! r9d ( an apple does :5 ! bulk ( its int]ior decreases f evaporation4 ,z ! cool+ progresses & ! envelope ?ick5s1 ! ridges consequ5t on ^! contractions w become great]1 ris+ ultimately into hills & m\nta9s2 & ! lat] sy/ems ( m\nta9s ?us produc$ w n only be high]1 z we f9d !m to be1 b w be long]1 z we also f9d !m to be4 ,?us1 leav+ out ( view o!r modify+ =ces1 we see :at imm5se het]og5eity ( surface has aris5 f ! "o cause1 loss ( heat--a het]og5eity :i* ! telescope %[s u to be p>allel$ on ! face ( ,m>s1 & :i* 9 ! moon too1 :]e aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 abs5t1 x reveals "u a some:at diff]5t =m4 ,b we h yet to notice ano!r k9d ( het]og5eity ( surface simil>ly & simultane\sly caus$4 ,:ile ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 /ill ?91 ! ridges produc$ by its contraction mu/ n only h be5 small1 b ! spaces betwe5 ^! ridges mu/ h re/$ ) great ev5ness ^u ! subjac5t liquid sph]oid2 & ! wat] 9 ^? arctic & ant>ctic regions 9 :i* x fir/ cond5s$1 mu/ h be5 ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,b z fa/ z ! cru/ ?ick5$ & ga9$ correspond+ /r5g?1 ! l9es ( fracture f "t to "t caus$ 9 x1 mu/ h occurr$ at great] di/ances ap>t2 ! int]m$iate surfaces mu/ h foll[$ ! contract+ nucleus ) less uni=mity2 & !re mu/ h result$ l>g] areas ( l& & wat]4 ,if any "o1 aft] wrapp+ up an orange 9 tissue pap]1 & obs]v+ n only h[ small are ! wr9kles1 b h[ ev5ly ! int]v5+ spaces lie ^u ! surface ( ! orange1 w !n wrap x up 9 ?ick c>tridge-pap]1 & note bo? ! great] height ( ! ridges & ! l>g] spaces ?r\gh\t :i* ! pap] does n t\* ! orange1 he w realize ! fact t1 z ! ,e>?'s solid envelope grew ?ick]1 ! areas ( elevation & depression increas$4 ,9 place ( isl&s homog5e\sly disp]s$ amid an all-embrac+ sea1 !re mu/ h gradually aris5 het]og5e\s arrangem5ts ( cont95t & ocean4 ,once m1 ?is d\ble *ange 9 ! ext5t & 9 ! elevation ( ! l&s1 involv$ yet ano!r species ( het]og5eity--t ( coa/-l9e4 ,a tol]ably ev5 surface rais$ out ( ! ocean mu/ h a simple1 regul> sea-m>g92 b a surface v>i$ by table-l&s & int]sect$ by m\nta9-*a9s mu/1 :5 rais$ out ( ! ocean1 h an outl9e extremely irregul> bo? 9 its lead+ features & 9 its details4 ,?us1 multitud9\s geological & geographical results are sl[ly br\ght ab\t by ?is "o cause--! contraction ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 we pass f ! ag5cy t]m$ igne\s1 to aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies1 we see ! l ev]-gr[+ complications ( effects4 ,! d5ud+ actions ( air & wat]1 jo9$ ) ^? ( *ang+ temp]ature1 h1 f ! beg9n+1 be5 modify+ e expos$ surface4 ,oxidation1 heat1 w9d1 fro/1 ra91 glaci]s1 riv]s1 tides1 waves1 h be5 unceas+ly produc+ dis9tegration2 v>y+ 9 k9d & am\nt accord+ to local circum/ances4 ,act+ ^u a tract ( granite1 !y "h "w sc>cely an appreciable effect2 !re cause exfoliations ( ! surface1 & a result+ heap ( dbris & b\ld]s2 & else:]e1 aft] decompos+ ! feldsp> into a :ite clay1 c>ry away ?is & ! accompany+ qu>tz & mica1 & deposit !m 9 sep>ate b$s1 fluviatile & m>9e4 ,:5 ! expos$ l& consi/s ( sev]al unlike k9ds ( s$im5t>y /rata1 or igne\s rocks1 or bo?1 d5udation produces *anges proportionably m het]og5e\s4 ,! =mations be+ dis9tegrable 9 diff]5t degrees1 !re foll[s an increas$ irregul>ity ( surface4 ,! areas dra9$ by diff]5t riv]s be+ diff]5tly con/itut$1 ^! riv]s c>ry d[n to ! sea diff]5t comb9ations ( +r$i5ts2 & s sundry new /rata ( unlike compositions are =m$4 ,& "h we may see v simply illu/rat$1 ! tru?1 :i* we %all pres5tly h to trace out 9 m involv$ cases1 t 9 proportion to ! het]og5eity ( ! object or objects on :i* any =ce exp5ds itself1 is ! het]og5eity ( ! effects4 ,a cont95t ( complex /ructure1 expos+ _m /rata irregul>ly di/ribut$1 rais$ to v>i\s levels1 tilt$ up at all angles1 w1 "u ! same d5ud+ ag5cies1 give orig9 to innum]able & involv$ results3 ea* di/rict mu/ be diff]5tly modifi$2 ea* riv] mu/ c>ry d[n a diff]5t k9d ( detritus2 ea* deposit mu/ be diff]5tly di/ribut$ by ! entangl$ curr5ts1 tidal & o!r1 :i* wa% ! contort$ %ores2 & ?is multiplication ( results mu/ manife/ly be greate/ :]e ! complexity ( surface is greate/4 ,"h we might %[ h[ ! g5]al tru?1 t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 is aga9 exemplifi$ 9 ! highly-involv$ fl[ ( ! tides1 9 ! ocean curr5ts1 9 ! w9ds1 9 ! di/ribution ( ra91 9 ! di/ribution ( heat1 & s =?4 ,b n to dwell ^u ^!1 let u1 = ! full] elucidation ( ?is tru? 9 relation to ! inorganic _w1 consid] :at w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( "s ext5sive cosmical cata/rophe--say ! subsid5ce ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! imm$iate results ( ! di/urbance w\ld !mselves be suffici5tly complex4 ,besides ! numb]less dislocations ( /rata1 ! ejections ( igne\s matt]1 ! propagation ( e>?quake vibrations ?\s&s ( miles ar\nd1 ! l\d explosions1 & ! escape ( gases2 !re w\ld be ! ru% ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans to fill ! vacant space1 ! subsequ5t recoil ( enorm\s waves1 :i* w\ld trav]se bo? ^! oceans & produce myriads ( *anges along _! %ores1 ! correspond+ atmosph]ic waves complicat$ by ! curr5ts surr\nd+ ea* volcanic v5t1 & ! electrical dis*>ges ) :i* su* di/urbances are accompani$4 ,b ^! tempor>y effects w\ld be insignificant comp>$ ) ! p]man5t ones4 ,! curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific w\ld be alt]$ 9 _! directions & am\nts4 ,! di/ribution ( heat a*iev$ by ^? ocean curr5ts w\ld be diff]5t f :at x is4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 n only on neighb\r+ cont95ts1 b ev5 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 w\ld be *ang$4 ,! tides w\ld fl[ diff]5tly f :at !y d n[4 ,!re w\ld be m or less modification ( ! w9ds 9 _! p]iods1 /r5g?s1 directions1 qualities4 ,ra9 w\ld fall sc>cely any:]e at ! same times & 9 ! same quantities z at pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! meteorological conditions ?\s&s ( miles (f1 on all sides1 w\ld be m or less revolutioniz$4 ,?us1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! inf9itude ( modifications :i* ^! *anges w\ld produce ^u ! flora & fauna1 bo? ( l& & sea1 ! read] w p]ceive ! imm5se het]og5eity ( ! results wr\ght out by "o =ce1 :5 t =ce exp5ds itself ^u a previ\sly complicat$ area2 & he w draw ! coroll>y t f ! beg9n+ ! complication has advanc$ at an increas+ rate4 ,be=e go+ on to %[ h[ organic progress also dep5ds on ! law t e =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 we h to notice ! manife/ation ( ?is law 9 yet ano!r species ( inorganic progress--namely1 *emical4 ,! same g5]al causes t h wr\ght out ! het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 physically consid]$1 h simultane\sly wr\ght out its *emical het]og5eity4 ,!re is e reason to believe t at an extreme heat ! elem5ts _c comb9e4 ,ev5 "u su* heat z c be artificially produc$1 "s v /rong aff9ities yield1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( oxyg5 = hydrog52 & ! great majority ( *emical comp\nds are decompos$ at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,b )\t insi/+ on ! highly probable inf]5ce1 t :5 ! ,e>? 0 9 its fir/ /ate ( inc&esc5ce !re 7 no *emical comb9ations at all1 x w suffice = our purpose to po9t to ! unque/ionable fact t ! comp\nds :i* c exi/ at ! highe/ temp]atures1 & :i* mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 ! fir/ t 7 =m$ z ! ,e>? cool$1 are ^? ( ! simple/ con/itutions4 ,! protoxides--includ+ "u t head ! alkalies1 e>?s1 c4--are1 z a class1 ! mo/ /able comp\nds we "k3 mo/ ( !m resi/+ decomposition by any heat we c g5]ate4 ,^! are comb9ations ( ! simple/ ord]--are b "o degree less homog5e\s ?an ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,m het]og5e\s1 less /able1 & !re=e lat] 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 are ! deutoxides1 tritoxides1 p]oxides1 c42 9 :i* two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m atoms ( oxyg5 are unit$ ) "o atom ( metal or o!r elem5t4 ,high] ?an ^! 9 het]og5eity are ! hydrates2 9 :i* an oxide ( hydrog51 unit$ ) an oxide ( "s o!r elem5t1 =ms a sub/ance ^: atoms sev]ally conta9 at lea/ f\r ultimate atoms ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,yet m het]og5e\s & less /able /ill are ! salts2 :i* pres5t u ) molecules ea* made up ( five1 six1 sev51 eight1 t51 twelve1 or m atoms1 ( ?ree1 if n m1 k9ds4 ,!n !re are ! hydrat$ salts1 ( a yet great] het]og5eity1 :i* und]go p>tial decomposition at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,aft] !m come ! fur!r complicat$ sup]salts & d\ble salts1 hav+ a /ability aga9 decreas$2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,)\t ent]+ into qualifications = :i* space fails1 we believe no *emi/ w d5y x to be a g5]al law ( ^! inorganic comb9ations t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! /ability decreases z ! complexity increases4 ,:5 we pass to ! comp\nds ( organic *emi/ry1 we f9d ?is g5]al law /ill fur!r exemplifi$3 we f9d mu* great] complexity & mu* less /ability4 ,a molecule ( album51 = in/ance1 consi/s ( #dhb ultimate atoms ( five diff]5t k9ds4 ,fibr9e1 /ill m intricate 9 con/itution1 conta9s 9 ea* molecule1 #bih atoms ( c>bon1 #di ( nitrog51 #b ( sulphur1 #bbh ( hydrog51 & #ib ( oxyg5--9 all1 #ffi atoms2 or1 m /rictly speak+1 equival5ts4 ,& ^! two sub/ances are s un/able z to decompose at q ord9>y temp]atures2 z t to :i* ! outside ( a jo9t ( roa/ meat is expos$4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! pres5t *emical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?'s surface has aris5 by degrees1 z ! decrease ( heat has p]mitt$2 & t x has %[n itself 9 ?ree =ms--fir/1 9 ! multiplication ( *emical comp\nds2 second1 9 ! great] numb] ( diff]5t elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! m mod]n ( ^! comp\nds2 & ?ird1 9 ! high] & m v>i$ multiples 9 :i* ^! m num]\s elem5ts comb9e4 ,to say t ?is advance 9 *emical het]og5eity is due to ! "o cause1 dim9ution ( ! ,e>?'s temp]ature1 w\ld be to say too mu*2 = x is cle> t aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 conc]n$2 & fur!r1 t ! aff9ities ( ! elem5ts !mselves are impli$4 ,! cause has all along be5 a composite "o3 ! cool+ ( ! ,e>? hav+ be5 simply ! mo/ g5]al ( ! concurr5t causes1 or assemblage ( conditions4 ,& "h1 inde$1 x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! sev]al classes ( facts already dealt ) 7except+1 p]haps1 ! fir/71 & /ill m 9 ^? ) :i* we %all pres5tly deal1 ! causes are m or less comp\nd2 z inde$ are ne>ly all causes ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,sc>cely any *ange c rightly be ascrib$ to "o ag5cy alone1 to ! neglect ( ! p]man5t or tempor>y conditions "u :i* only ?is ag5cy produces ! *ange4 ,b z x does n mat]ially affect our argum5t1 we pref]1 = simplicity's sake1 to use ?r\gh\t ! popul> mode ( expression4 ,p]haps x w be fur!r object$1 t to assign loss ( heat z ! cause ( any *anges1 is to attribute ^! *anges n to a =ce1 b to ! abs5ce ( a =ce4 ,& ?is is true4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! *anges %\ld be attribut$ to ^? =ces :i* come into action :5 ! antagoni/ =ce is )drawn4 ,b ?\gh !re is inaccuracy 9 say+ t ! freez+ ( wat] is due to ! loss ( its heat1 no practical error arises f x2 nor w a p>allel laxity ( expression vitiate our /atem5ts respect+ ! multiplication ( effects4 ,inde$1 ! objection s]ves b to draw att5tion to ! fact1 t n only does ! ex]tion ( a =ce produce m ?an "o *ange1 b ! )drawal ( a =ce produces m ?an "o *ange4 ,return+ to ! ?read ( our exposition1 we h next to trace1 ?r\gh\t organic progress1 ?is same all-p]vad+ pr9ciple4 ,& "h1 :]e ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s 0 fir/ obs]v$1 ! production ( _m effects by "o cause is lea/ easy to demon/rate4 ,! developm5t ( a se$ into a plant1 or an ovum into an animal1 is s gradual1 :ile ! =ces :i* det]m9e x are s involv$1 & at ! same "t s unobtrusive1 t x is difficult to detect ! multiplication ( effects :i* is else:]e s obvi\s4 ,b1 guid$ by indirect evid5ce1 we may safely conclude t "h too ! law holds4 ,note1 fir/1 h[ num]\s are ! *anges :i* any m>k$ action works ^u an adult organism--a human be+1 = in/ance4 ,an al>m+ s\nd or sight1 besides ! impressions on ! organs ( s5se & ! n]ves1 may produce a />t1 a scream1 a di/ortion ( ! face1 a trembl+ consequ5t on g5]al muscul> relaxation1 a bur/ ( p]spiration1 a ru% ( blood to ! bra91 foll[$ possibly by arre/ ( ! he>t's action & by syncope2 & if ! subject be feeble1 an indisposition ) its long tra9 ( complicat$ symptoms may set 94 ,simil>ly 9 cases ( disease4 ,a m9ute portion ( ! small-pox virus introduc$ into ! sy/em1 w1 9 a sev]e case1 cause1 dur+ ! fir/ /age1 rigors1 heat ( sk91 accel]at$ pulse1 furr$ tongue1 loss ( appetite1 ?ir/1 epiga/ric uneas9ess1 vomit+1 heada*e1 pa9s 9 ! back & limbs1 muscul> weakness1 convulsions1 delirium1 c42 9 ! second /age1 cutane\s eruption1 it*+1 t+l+1 sore ?roat1 swell$ fauces1 salivation1 c\gh1 ho>s5ess1 dyspnoea1 c42 & 9 ! ?ird /age1 o$emat\s inflammations1 pneumonia1 pleurisy1 di>rhoea1 inflammation ( ! bra91 oph?almia1 erysipelas1 c43 ea* ( :i* enum]at$ symptoms is itself m or less complex4 ,m$ic9es1 special foods1 bett] air1 might 9 l mann] be in/anc$ z produc+ multipl$ results4 ,n[ x ne$s only to consid] t ! _m *anges ?us wr\ght by "o =ce ^u an adult organism1 w be 9 "p p>allel$ 9 an embryo organism1 to und]/& h[ "h also1 ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s may be due to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause4 ,! ext]nal heat1 :i*1 fall+ on a matt] hav+ special proclivities1 det]m9es ! fir/ complications ( ! g]m1 may1 by act+ on ^!1 sup]9duce fur!r complications2 ^u ^! /ill high] & m num]\s ones2 & s on cont9ually3 ea* organ z x is develop$ s]v+1 by its actions & reactions on ! re/1 to initiate new complexities4 ,! fir/ pulsations ( ! foetal he>t mu/ simultane\sly aid ! unfold+ ( e "p4 ,! gr[? ( ea* tissue1 by tak+ f ! blood special proportions ( elem5ts1 mu/ modify ! con/itution ( ! blood2 & s mu/ modify ! nutrition ( all ! o!r tissues4 ,! he>t's action1 imply+ z x does a c]ta9 wa/e1 necessitates an addition to ! blood ( effete matt]s1 :i* mu/ influ5ce ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 & p]haps1 z "s ?9k1 cause ! =mation ( excretory organs4 ,! n]v\s connexions e/abli%$ among ! visc]a mu/ fur!r multiply _! mutual influ5ces2 & s cont9ually4 ,/ill /rong] becomes ! probability ( ?is view :5 we call to m9d ! fact1 t ! same g]m may be evolv$ into diff]5t =ms accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?us1 dur+ its e>li] /ages1 e embryo is sexless--becomes ei!r male or female z ! balance ( =ces act+ on x det]m9es4 ,aga91 x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! l>va ( a work+-bee w develop into a que5-bee1 if be=e x is too late1 its food be *ang$ to t on :i* ! l>v ( que5-bees are f$4 ,all :i* in/ances sugge/ t ! proximate cause ( ea* advance 9 embryonic complication is ! action ( incid5t =ces ^u ! complication previ\sly exi/+4 ,inde$1 we may f9d a priori reason to ?9k t ! evolution proce$s aft] ?is mann]4 ,= s9ce no g]m1 animal or vegetal1 conta9s ! slighte/ rudim5t or indication ( ! future organism--s9ce ! microscope has %[n u t ! fir/ process set up 9 e f]tiliz$ g]m1 is a process ( repeat$ spontane\s fissions end+ 9 ! production ( a mass ( cells1 n "o ( :i* exhibits any special "*2 !re seems no alt]native b to suppose t ! p>tial organization at any mom5t exi/+ 9 a gr[+ embryo1 is trans=m$ by ! ag5cies act+ ^u x into ! succe$+ phase ( organization1 & ?is into ! next1 until1 ?r\gh ev]-increas+ complexities1 ! ultimate =m is rea*$4 ,n inde$ t we c ?us really expla9 ! production ( any plant or animal4 ,we are /ill 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? my/]i\s prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* ! g]m1 :5 subject to fit influ5ces1 und]goes ! special *anges t beg9 ! s]ies ( trans=mations4 ,all we aim to %[1 is1 t giv5 a g]m possess+ ^? p>ticul> proclivities di/+ui%+ ! species to :i* x belongs1 & ! evolution ( an organism f x1 probably dep5ds on t multiplication ( effects :i* we h se5 to be ! cause ( progress 9 g5]al1 s f> z we h yet trac$ x4 ,:51 leav+ ! developm5t ( s+le plants & animals1 we pass to t ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 ! c\rse ( our argum5t aga9 becomes cle> & simple4 ,?\gh1 z 0 admitt$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is article1 ! fragm5t>y facts ,paleontology has accumulat$1 d n cle>ly w>rant u 9 say+ t1 9 ! lapse ( geologic "t1 !re h be5 evolv$ m het]og5e\s organisms1 & m het]og5e\s assemblages ( organisms1 yet we %all n[ see t !re mu/ ev] h be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds ^! results4 ,we %all f9d t ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 :i* z already %[n1 has be5 all along increas+ ! physical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 has fur!r involv$ an increas+ het]og5eity 9 its flora & fauna1 individually & collectively4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is cle>4 ,suppose t by a s]ies ( upheavals1 occurr+1 z !y are n[ kn[n to d1 at long int]vals1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7 to be1 /ep by /ep1 rais$ into a cont95t1 & a *a9 ( m\nta9s =m$ along ! axis ( elevation4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! upheavals1 ! plants & animals inhabit+ ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! re/1 w\ld be subject$ to slightly modifi$ sets ( conditions4 ,! climate 9 g5]al w\ld be alt]$ 9 temp]ature1 9 humidity1 & 9 its p]iodical v>iations2 :ile ! local diff]5ces w\ld be multipli$4 ,^! modifications w\ld affect1 p]haps inappreciably1 ! entire flora & fauna ( ! region4 ,! *ange ( level w\ld produce additional modifications3 v>y+ 9 diff]5t species1 & also 9 diff]5t memb]s ( ! same species1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! axis ( elevation4 ,plants1 gr[+ only on ! sea-%ore 9 special localities1 might become ext9ct4 ,o!rs1 liv+ only 9 swamps ( a c]ta9 humidity1 w\ld1 if !y surviv$ at all1 probably und]go visible *anges ( appe>ance4 ,:ile /ill great] alt]ations w\ld occur 9 ! plants gradually spread+ ov] ! l&s newly rais$ above ! sea4 ,! animals & insects liv+ on ^! modifi$ plants1 w\ld !mselves be 9 "s degree modifi$ by *ange ( food1 z well z by *ange ( climate2 & ! modification w\ld be m m>k$ :]e1 f ! dw9dl+ or disappe>ance ( "o k9d ( plant1 an alli$ k9d 0 eat54 ,9 ! lapse ( ! _m g5]ations aris+ be=e ! next upheaval1 ! s5sible or ins5sible alt]ations ?us produc$ 9 ea* species w\ld become organiz$--!re w\ld be a m or less complete adaptation to ! new conditions4 ,! next upheaval w\ld sup]9duce fur!r organic *anges1 imply+ wid] div]g5ces f ! prim>y =ms2 & s repeat$ly4 ,b n[ let x be obs]v$ t ! revolution ?us result+ w\ld n be a sub/itution ( a ?\s& m or less modifi$ species = ! ?\s& orig9al species2 b 9 place ( ! ?\s& orig9al species !re w\ld arise sev]al ?\s& species1 or v>ieties1 or *ang$ =ms4 ,ea* species be+ di/ribut$ ov] an area ( "s ext5t1 & t5d+ cont9ually to colonize ! new area expos$1 its diff]5t memb]s w\ld be subject to diff]5t sets ( *anges4 ,plants & animals spread+ t[>ds ! equator w\ld n be affect$ 9 ! same way z o!rs spread+ f x4 ,^? spread+ t[>ds ! new %ores w\ld und]go *anges unlike ! *anges und]gone by ^? spread+ into ! m\nta9s4 ,?us1 ea* orig9al race ( organisms1 w\ld become ! root f :i* div]g$ sev]al races diff]+ m or less f x & f ea* o!r2 & :ile "s ( ^! might subsequ5tly disappe>1 probably m ?an "o w\ld survive 9 ! next geologic p]iod3 ! v disp]sion itself increas+ ! *ances ( survival4 ,n only w\ld !re be c]ta9 modifications ?us caus$ by *ange ( physical conditions & food1 b also 9 "s cases o!r modifications caus$ by *ange ( habit4 ,! fauna ( ea* isl&1 peopl+1 /ep by /ep1 ! newly-rais$ tracts1 w\ld ev5tually come 9 contact ) ! faunas ( o!r isl&s2 & "s memb]s ( ^! o!r faunas w\ld be unlike any creatures be=e se54 ,h]bivores meet+ ) new bea/s ( prey1 w\ld1 9 "s cases1 be l$ into modes ( def5ce or escape diff]+ f ^? previ\sly us$2 & simultane\sly ! bea/s ( prey w\ld modify _! modes ( pursuit & attack4 ,we "k t :5 circum/ances dem& x1 su* *anges ( habit d take place 9 animals2 & we "k t if ! new habits become ! dom9ant ones1 !y mu/ ev5tually 9 "s degree alt] ! organization4 ,obs]ve n[1 h[ev]1 a fur!r consequ5ce4 ,!re mu/ arise n simply a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( ea* race ( organisms into sev]al races2 b also a t5d5cy to ! occasional production ( a some:at high] organism4 ,tak5 9 ! mass ^! div]g5t v>ieties :i* h be5 caus$ by fre% physical conditions & habits ( life1 w exhibit *anges q indef9ite 9 k9d & degree2 & *anges t d n necess>ily con/itute an advance4 ,probably 9 mo/ cases ! modifi$ type w be nei!r m nor less het]og5e\s ?an ! orig9al "o4 ,9 "s cases ! habits ( life adopt$ be+ simpl] ?an be=e1 a less het]og5e\s /ructure w result3 !re w be a retrogradation4 ,b x mu/ n[ & !n occur1 t "s division ( a species1 fall+ into circum/ances :i* give x r m complex exp]i5ces1 & dem& actions some:at m involv$1 w h c]ta9 ( its organs fur!r diff]5tiat$ 9 proportionately small degrees1--w become slightly m het]og5e\s4 ,?us1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 !re w f "t to "t arise an increas$ het]og5eity bo? ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 & ( individual races includ$ 9 !m4 ,omitt+ detail$ explanations1 & all[+ = ! qualifications :i* _c "h be specifi$1 we ?9k x is cle> t geological mutations h all along t5d$ to complicate ! =ms ( life1 :e!r reg>d$ sep>ately or collectively4 ,! same causes :i* h l$ to ! evolution ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ f ! simple into ! complex1 h simultane\sly l$ to a p>allel evolution ( ! ,life ^u its surface4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 previ\s ones1 we see t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is consequ5t ^u ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange4 ,! d$uction "h drawn f ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( geology & ! g5]al laws ( life1 ga9s imm5sely 9 weight on f9d+ x to be 9 h>mony ) an induction drawn f direct exp]i5ce4 ,j t div]g5ce ( _m races f "o race1 :i* we inf]r$ mu/ h be5 cont9ually occurr+ dur+ geologic "t1 we "k to h occurr$ dur+ ! pre-hi/oric & hi/oric p]iods1 9 man & dome/ic animals4 ,& j t multiplication ( effects :i* we conclud$ mu/ h produc$ ! fir/1 we see has produc$ ! la/4 ,s+le causes1 z fam9e1 pressure ( population1 w>1 h p]iodically l$ to fur!r disp]sions ( mank9d & ( dep5d5t creatures3 ea* su* disp]sion initiat+ new modifications1 new v>ieties ( type4 ,:e!r all ! human races be or be n d]iv$ f "o /ock1 philology makes x cle> t :ole gr\ps ( races n[ easily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 7 orig9ally "o race1--t ! diffusion ( "o race into diff]5t climates & conditions ( exi/5ce1 has produc$ _m modifi$ =ms ( x4 ,simil>ly ) dome/ic animals4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases--z t ( dogs--community ( orig9 w p]haps be disput$1 yet 9 o!r cases--z t ( ! %eep or ! cattle ( our own c\ntry--x w n be que/ion$ t local diff]5ces ( climate1 food1 & treatm5t1 h trans=m$ "o orig9al bre$ into num]\s bre$s n[ become s f> di/9ct z to produce un/able hybrids4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! complication ( effects fl[+ f s+le causes1 we "h f9d1 :at we be=e inf]r$1 n only an increase ( g5]al het]og5eity1 b also ( special het]og5eity4 ,:ile ( ! div]g5t divisions & subdivisions ( ! human race _m h und]gone *anges n con/itut+ an advance2 :ile 9 "s ! type may h degrad$2 9 o!rs x has become decid$ly m het]og5e\s4 ,! civiliz$ ,european dep>ts m widely f ! v]tebrate ar*etype ?an does ! savage4 ,?us1 bo? ! law & ! cause ( progress1 :i*1 f lack ( evid5ce1 c be b hypo!tically sub/antiat$ 9 respect ( ! e>li] =ms ( life on our globe1 c be actually sub/antiat$ 9 respect ( ! late/ =ms4#d ,if ! advance ( ,man t[>ds great] het]og5eity is traceable to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 /ill m cle>ly may ! advance ( ,society t[>ds great] het]og5eity be s expla9$4 ,consid] ! gr[? ( an indu/rial organization4 ,:51 z mu/ occasionally happ51 "s memb] ( a tribe displays unusual aptitude = mak+ an article ( g5]al use--a weapon1 = in/ance--:i* 0 be=e made by ea* man = himself1 !re arises a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( t memb] into a mak] ( su* weapon4 ,8 companions--w>riors & hunt]s all ( !m1--sev]ally feel ! importance ( hav+ ! be/ weapons t c be made2 & are !re=e c]ta9 to (f] /rong inducem5ts to ?is skill$ individual to make weapons = !m4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ n only an unusual faculty1 b an unusual lik+1 = mak+ su* weapons 7! tal5t & ! desire = any occupation be+ commonly associat$71 is pr$ispos$ to fulfil ea* commission on ! (f] ( an adequate rew>d3 especially z 8 love ( di/9ction is also gratifi$ & 8 liv+ facilitat$4 ,?is fir/ specialization ( function1 once comm5c$1 t5ds ev] to become m decid$4 ,on ! side ( ! weapon-mak] practice gives increas$ skill--increas$ sup]iority to 8 products4 ,on ! side ( 8 cli5ts1 cessation ( practice entails decreas$ skill4 ,?us ! influ5ces :i* det]m9e ?is division ( lab\r gr[ /rong] 9 bo? ways2 & ! incipi5t het]og5eity is1 on ! av]age ( cases1 likely to become p]man5t = t g5]ation if no long]4 ,?is process n only diff]5tiates ! social mass into two p>ts1 ! "o monopoliz+1 or almo/ monopoliz+1 ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 function1 & ! o!r los+ ! habit1 & 9 "s measure ! p[]1 ( p]=m+ t function2 b x t5ds to initiate o!r diff]5tiations4 ,! advance describ$ implies ! introduction ( b>t]1--! mak] ( weapons has1 on ea* occasion1 to be paid 9 su* o!r articles z he agrees to take 9 ex*ange4 ,he w n habitually take 9 ex*ange "o k9d ( article1 b _m k9ds4 ,he does n want mats only1 or sk9s1 or fi%+-ge>1 b he wants all ^!1 & on ea* occasion w b>ga9 = ! p>ticul> ?+s he mo/ ne$s4 ,:at foll[s8 ,if among 8 fell[s !re exi/ any slight diff]5ces ( skill 9 ! manufacture ( ^! v>i\s ?+s1 z !re are almo/ sure to d1 ! weapon-mak] w take f ea* "o ! ?+ :i* t "o excels 9 mak+3 he w ex*ange = mats ) him ^: mats are sup]ior1 & w b>ga9 = ! fi%+-ge> ( him :o has ! be/4 ,b he :o has b>t]$ away 8 mats or 8 fi%+-ge>1 mu/ make o!r mats or fi%+-ge> = himself2 & 9 s do+ mu/1 9 "s degree1 fur!r develop 8 aptitude4 ,?us x results t ! small specialities ( faculty possess$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ! tribe1 w t5d to gr[ m decid$4 ,& :e!r or n !re ensue di/9ct diff]5tiations ( o!r individuals into mak]s ( p>ticul> articles1 x is cle> t incipi5t diff]5tiations take place ?r\gh\t ! tribe3 ! "o orig9al cause produces n only ! fir/ dual effect1 b a numb] ( second>y dual effects1 l 9 k9d1 b m9or 9 degree4 ,?is process1 ( :i* traces may be se5 among s*oolboys1 _c well produce la/+ effects 9 an unsettl$ tribe2 b :]e !re gr[s up a fix$ & multiply+ community1 su* diff]5tiations become p]man5t1 & increase ) ea* g5]ation4 ,! enhanc$ dem& = e commodity1 int5sifies ! functional activity ( ea* specializ$ p]son or class2 & ?is r5d]s ! specialization m def9ite :]e x already exi/s1 & e/abli%es x :]e x is b nasc5t4 ,by increas+ ! pressure on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 a l>g] population aga9 augm5ts ^! results2 see+ t ea* p]son is =c$ m & m to conf9e himself to t :i* he c d be/1 & by :i* he c ga9 mo/4 ,pres5tly1 "u ^! same /imuli1 new occupations arise4 ,compet+ work]s1 ev] aim+ to produce improv$ articles1 occasionally discov] bett] processes or raw mat]ials4 ,! sub/itution ( bronze = /one entails on him :o fir/ makes x a great increase ( dem&2 s t he or 8 successor ev5tually f9ds all 8 "t occupi$ 9 mak+ ! bronze = ! articles he sells1 & is oblig$ to depute ! fa%ion+ ( ^! articles to o!rs2 &1 ev5tually1 ! mak+ ( bronze1 ?us diff]5tiat$ f a pre-exi/+ occupation1 becomes an occupation by itself4 ,b n[ m>k ! ramifi$ *anges :i* foll[ ?is *ange4 ,bronze pres5tly replaces /one1 n only 9 ! articles x 0 fir/ us$ =1 b 9 _m o!rs--9 arms1 tools1 & ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds3 & s affects ! manufacture ( !m4 ,fur!r1 x affects ! processes :i* ^! ut5sils subs]ve1 & ! result+ products1--modifies build+s1 c>v+s1 p]sonal decorations4 ,yet aga91 x sets go+ manufactures :i* 7 be=e impossible1 f lack ( a mat]ial fit = ! requisite implem5ts4 ,& all ^! *anges react on ! p--increase _! manipulative skill1 _! intellig5ce1 _! com=t1--ref9e _! habits & ta/es4 ,?us ! evolution ( a homog5e\s society into a het]og5e\s "o1 is cle>ly consequ5t on ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t _m effects are produc$ by "o cause4 ,space p]mitt+1 we might %[ h[ ! localization o special indu/ries 9 special p>ts ( a k+dom1 z well z ! m9ute subdivision ( lab\r 9 ! mak+ ( ea* commodity1 are simil>ly det]m9$4 ,or1 turn+ to a some:at diff]5t ord] ( illu/rations1 we might dwell on ! multitud9\s *anges--mat]ial1 intellectual1 moral1--caus$ by pr9t+2 or ! fur!r ext5sive s]ies ( *anges wr\ght by gunp[d]4 ,b leav+ ! int]m$iate phases ( social developm5t1 let u take a few illu/rations f its mo/ rec5t & its pass+ phases4 ,to trace ! effects ( /eam-p[]1 9 its manifold applications to m9+1 navigation1 & manufactures ( all k9ds1 w\ld c>ry u into unmanageable detail4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! late/ embodim5t ( /eam p[]--! locomotive eng9e4 ,?is1 z ! proximate cause ( our railway sy/em1 has *ang$ ! face ( ! c\ntry1 ! c\rse ( trade1 & ! habits ( ! p4 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! complicat$ sets ( *anges t prec$e ! mak+ ( e railway--! provisional arrangem5ts1 ! meet+s1 ! regi/ration1 ! trial section1 ! p>liam5t>y survey1 ! li?ograph$ plans1 ! books ( ref]5ce1 ! local deposits & notices1 ! application to ,p>liam5t1 ! pass+ ,/&+ ,ord]s ,committee1 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird read+s3 ea* ( :i* brief heads indicates a multiplicity ( transactions1 & ! extra developm5t ( sundry occupations--z ^? ( eng9e]s1 surveyors1 li?ograph]s1 p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 %>e-brok]s2 & ! creation ( sundry o!rs--z ^? ( traffic-tak]s1 ref]5ce-tak]s4 ,consid]1 next1 ! yet m m>k$ *anges impli$ 9 railway con/ruction--! cutt+s1 embank+s1 tunnell+s1 div]sions ( roads2 ! build+ ( bridges & /ations1 ! lay+ d[n ( balla/1 sleep]s1 & rails2 ! mak+ ( eng9es1 t5d]s1 c>riages1 & waggons3 :i* processes1 act+ on num]\s trades1 increase ! importation ( timb]1 ! qu>ry+ ( /one1 ! manufacture ( iron1 ! m9+ ( coal1 ! burn+ ( bricks2 in/itute a v>iety ( special manufactures weekly adv]tis$ 9 ! ,railway ,times2 &1 f9ally1 op5 ! way to sundry new occupations1 z ^? ( driv]s1 /ok]s1 clean]s1 plate-lay]s1 c41 c4 ,& !n consid] ! *anges1 /ill m num]\s & involv$1 :i* railways 9 action produce on ! community at l>ge4 ,bus9ess ag5cies are e/abli%$ :]e previ\sly !y w\ld n h paid2 goods are obta9$ f remote :olesale h\ses in/ead ( ne> retail ones2 & commodities are us$ :i* di/ance once r5d]$ inaccessible4 ,aga91 ! dim9i%$ co/ ( c>riage t5ds to specialize m ?an ev] ! indu/ries ( diff]5t di/ricts--to conf9e ea* manufacture to ! p>ts 9 :i*1 f local advantages1 x c be be/ c>ri$ on4 ,fur!r1 ! fall 9 freights1 facilitat+ di/ribution1 equalizes prices1 & also1 on ! av]age1 l[]s prices3 ?us br++ div]s articles )9 ! means ( ^? be=e unable to buy !m1 & s increas+ _! com=ts & improv+ _! habits4 ,at ! same "t ! practice ( travell+ is imm5sely ext5d$4 ,p :o nev] be=e dream$ ( x1 take trips to ! sea2 visit _! di/ant relations2 make t\rs2 & s we are b5efit$ 9 body1 feel+s1 & ideas4 ,! m prompt transmission ( lett]s & ( news produces o!r m>k$ *anges--makes ! pulse ( ! nation fa/]4 ,once m1 !re arises a wide dissem9ation ( *eap lit]ature ?r\gh railway book-/alls1 & ( adv]tisem5ts 9 railway c>riages3 bo? ( !m aid+ ult]ior progress4 ,& ! c\ntless *anges "h briefly indicat$ are consequ5t on ! inv5tion ( ! locomotive eng9e4 ,! social organism has be5 r5d]$ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! _m new occupations introduc$1 & ! _m old ones fur!r specializ$2 prices ( ne>ly all ?+s 9 e place h be5 alt]$2 ea* trad] has modifi$ 8 way ( do+ bus9ess2 & e p]son has be5 affect$ 9 8 actions1 ?\ghts1 emotions4 ,illu/rations to ! same effect might be indef9itely accumulat$1 b !y are ne$less4 ,! only fur!r fact dem&+ notice1 is1 t we "h see /ill m cle>ly ! tru? be=e po9t$ out1 t 9 proportion z ! area on :i* any =ce exp5ds itself becomes het]og5e\s1 ! results are 9 a yet high] degree multipli$ 9 numb] & k9d4 ,:ile among ! simple tribes to :om x 0 fir/ kn[n1 ca\t*\c caus$ b few *anges1 among ourselves ! *anges h be5 s _m & v>i$ t ! hi/ory ( !m occupies a volume4#e ,^u ! small1 homog5e\s community inhabit+ "o ( ! ,hebrides1 ! electric telegraph w\ld produce1 7 x us$1 sc>cely any results2 b 9 ,engl& ! results x produces are multitud9\s4 ,! comp>atively simple organization "u :i* our ance/ors liv$ five c5turies ago1 c\ld h und]gone b few modifications f an ev5t l ! rec5t "o at ,canton2 b n[1 ! legislative decision respect+ x sets up _m hundr$s ( complex modifications1 ea* ( :i* w be ! p>5t ( num]\s future ones4 ,space p]mitt+1 we c\ld will+ly h pursu$ ! argum5t 9 relation to all ! subtl] results ( civilization4 ,z be=e we %[$ t ! law ( progress to :i* ! organic & inorganic worlds con=m1 is also con=m$ to by ,language1 ! pla/ic arts1 ,music1 c42 s might we "h %[ t ! cause :i* we h hi!rto f\nd to det]m9e progress holds 9 ^! cases also4 ,in/ances might be giv5 prov+ h[1 9 ,sci5ce1 an advance ( "o division pres5tly advances o!r divisions--h[ ,a/ronomy has be5 imm5sely =w>d$ by discov]ies 9 ,optics1 :ile o!r optical discov]ies h initiat$ ,microscopic ,anatomy1 & greatly aid$ ! gr[? ( ,physiology--h[ ,*emi/ry has indirectly increas$ our k ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,biology1 ,geology--h[ ,electricity has react$ on ,*emi/ry & ,magnetism1 & has develop$ our views ( ,light & ,heat4 ,9 ,lit]ature ! same tru? might be exhibit$ 9 ! manifold effects ( ! primitive my/]y-play1 z orig9at+ ! mod]n drama1 :i* has v>i\sly bran*$2 or 9 ! /ill multiply+ =ms ( p]iodical lit]ature :i* h desc5d$ f ! fir/ newspap]1 & :i* h sev]ally act$ & react$ on o!r =ms ( lit]ature & on ea* o!r4 ,! influ5ce :i* a new s*ool ( ,pa9t+--z t ( ! pre-,raphaelites--ex]cises ^u o!r s*ools2 ! h9ts :i* all k9ds ( pictorial art are d]iv+ f ,photography2 ! complex results ( new critical doctr9es1 z ^? ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 might sev]ally be dwelt ^u z display+ ! l multiplication ( effects4 ,b we v5ture to ?9k our case is already made out4 ,! imp]fections ( /atem5t :i* brevity has necessitat$1 d n1 we believe1 invalidate ! propositions laid d[n4 ,! qualifications "h & !re dem&$ w\ld n1 if made1 affect ! inf]5ces4 ,?\gh1 9 trac+ ! g5esis ( progress1 we h frequ5tly spok5 ( complex causes z if !y 7 simple ones2 x /ill rema9s true t su* causes are f> less complex ?an _! results4 ,detail$ criticisms d n affect our ma9 position4 ,endless facts g to %[ t e k9d ( progress is f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s2 & t x is s because ea* *ange is foll[$ by _m *anges4 ,& x is significant t :]e ! facts are mo/ accessible & abundant1 !re ^! tru?s are mo/ manife/4 ,h[ev]1 to avoid committ+ ourselves to m ?an is yet prov$1 we mu/ be cont5t ) say+ t su* are ! law & ! cause ( all progress t is kn[n to u4 ,%\ld ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ev] be e/abli%$1 !n x w become manife/ t ! ,univ]se at l>ge1 l e organism1 0 once homog5e\s2 t z a :ole1 & 9 e detail1 x has unceas+ly advanc$ t[>ds great] het]og5eity4 ,x w be se5 t z 9 ea* ev5t ( to-day1 s f ! beg9n+1 ! decomposition ( e exp5d$ =ce into sev]al =ces has be5 p]petually produc+ a high] complication2 t ! increase ( het]og5eity s br\ght ab\t is /ill go+ on & mu/ cont9ue to g on2 & t ?us progress is n an accid5t1 n a ?+ )9 human control1 b a b5efic5t necessity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few words mu/ be add$ on ! ontological be>+s ( our argum5t4 ,probably n a few w conclude t "h is an attempt$ solution ( ! great que/ions ) :i* ,philosophy 9 all ages has p]plex$ itself4 ,let none ?us deceive !mselves4 ,aft] all t has be5 said1 ! ultimate my/]y rema9s j z x 04 ,! explanation ( t :i* is explicable1 does b br+ out into great] cle>ness ! inexplicabl5ess ( t :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,little z x seems to d s1 fe>less inquiry t5ds cont9ually to give a firm] basis to all true ,religion4 ,! timid sect>ian1 oblig$ to ab&on "o by "o ! sup]/itions bequea!d to him1 & daily f9d+ 8 *]i%$ beliefs m & m %ak51 secretly fe>s t all ?+s may "s day be expla9$2 & has a correspond+ dread ( ,sci5ce3 ?us ev9c+ ! pr(\nde/ ( all infidelity--! fe> le/ ! tru? be bad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s9c]e man ( sci5ce1 cont5t to foll[ :]ev] ! evid5ce leads him1 becomes by ea* new inquiry m pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! ,univ]se is an insoluble problem4 ,alike 9 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal worlds1 he sees himself 9 ! mid/ ( ceaseless *anges1 ( :i* he c discov] nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,if1 trac+ back ! evolution ( ?+s1 he all[s himself to ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis t all matt] once exi/$ 9 a diffus$ =m1 he f9ds x impossible to conceive h[ ?is came to be s2 & equally1 if he speculates on ! future1 he c assign no limit to ! gr& succession ( ph5om5a ev] unfold+ !mselves be=e him4 ,simil>ly1 if he looks inw>d1 he p]ceives t bo? t]m9ations ( ! ?read ( consci\sness are beyond 8 grasp3 he _c rememb] :5 or h[ consci\sness comm5c$1 & he _c exam9e ! consci\sness at any mom5t exi/+2 = only a /ate ( consci\sness :i* is already pa/ c become ! object ( ?\ght1 & nev] "o :i* is pass+4 ,:51 aga91 he turns f ! succession ( ph5om5a1 ext]nal or int]nal1 to _! ess5tial nature1 he is equally at fault4 ,?\gh he may succe$ 9 resolv+ all prop]ties ( objects into manife/ations ( =ce1 he is n !reby enabl$ to conceive :at =ce is2 b f9ds1 on ! contr>y1 t ! m he ?9ks ab\t x1 ! m he is baffl$4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh analysis ( m5tal actions may f9ally br+ him d[n to s5sations z ! orig9al mat]ials out ( :i* all ?\ght is wov51 he is none ! =w>d]2 = he _c 9 ! lea/ compreh5d s5sation4 ,inw>d & outw>d ?+s he ?us discov]s to be alike inscrutable 9 _! ultimate g5esis & nature4 ,he sees t ! ,mat]iali/ & ,spirituali/ controv]sy is a m]e w> ( words2 ! disputants be+ equally absurd--ea* believ+ he und]/&s t :i* x is impossible = any man to und]/&4 ,9 all directions 8 inve/igations ev5tually br+ him face to face ) ! unkn[able2 & he ev] m cle>ly p]ceives x to be ! unkn[able4 ,he le>ns at once ! greatness & ! littl5ess ( human intellect--its p[] 9 deal+ ) all t comes )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce2 its impot5ce 9 deal+ ) all t transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,he feels m vividly ?an any o!rs c feel1 ! utt] incompreh5sibl5ess ( ! simple/ fact1 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,he alone truly sees t absolute k is impossible4 ,he alone kn[s t "u all ?+s !re lies an imp5etrable my/]y4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 79 #aheg7 ! advance ( paleontological discov]y1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 has %[n conclusively1 9 respect ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( v]tebrates1 t high] types h aris5 by modifications ( l[]2 s t1 9 common ) o!rs1 ,pr(4 ,huxley1 to :om ! above allusion is made1 n[ admits1 or r ass]ts1 biological progression1 &1 by implication1 t !re h aris5 m het]og5e\s organic =ms & a m het]og5e\s assemblage ( organic =ms4 ,footnote #c3 ,= detail$ pro( ( ^! ass]tions see essay on ,mann]s & ,fa%ion4 ,footnote #d3 ,! argum5t conc]n+ organic evolution conta9$ 9 ?is p>agraph & ! "o prec$+ x1 /&s v]batim z x did :5 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april1 #aheg4 ,i h ?us left x )\t ! alt]ation ( a ^w t x may %[ ! view ,i !n held conc]n+ ! orig9 ( species4 ,! sole cause recogniz$ is t ( direct adaptation ( con/itution to conditions consequ5t on inh]itance ( ! modifications ( /ructure result+ f use & disuse4 ,!re is no recognition ( t fur!r cause disclos$ 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w1 publi%$ two & a half ye>s lat]--! indirect adaptation result+ f ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations4 ,! multiplication ( effects is1 h[ev]1 equally illu/rat$ 9 :atev] way ! adaptation to *ang+ conditions is effect$1 or if x is effect$ 9 bo? ways1 z ,i hold4 ,i may add t !re is indicat$ ! view t ! succession ( organic =ms is n s]ial b proce$s by p]petual div]g5ce & re-div]g5ce--t !re has be5 a cont9ual div]g5ce ( _m races f "o race3 ea* species be+ a root f :i* sev]al o!r species bran* out2 & ! gr[? ( a tree be+ ?us ! impli$ symbol4 ,footnote #e3 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,ca\t*\c1 or ,india-,rubb] ,manufacture 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,?omas ,hancock4 ,,transc5d5tal ,,physiology4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,national ,review = ,octob]1 #aheg1 "u ! title ( ,! ,ultimate ,laws ( ,physiology4 ,! title ,transc5d5tal ,physiology1 :i* ! editor did n approve1 0 re/or$ :5 ! essay 0 re-publi%$ ) o!rs 9 #aheg4 ,! title ,transc5d5tal ,anatomy is us$ to di/+ui% t division ( biological sci5ce :i* treats1 n ( ! /ructures ( individual organisms consid]$ sep>ately1 b ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /ructure common to va/ & v>i$ gr\ps ( organisms1--! unity ( plan disc]nible ?r\gh\t multitud9\s species1 g5]a1 & ord]s1 :i* diff] widely 9 appe>ance4 ,& "h1 "u ! head ( ,transc5d5tal ,physiology1 we purpose putt+ toge!r sundry laws ( developm5t & function :i* hold n ( p>ticul> k9ds or classes ( organisms1 b ( all organisms3 laws1 "s ( :i* h n1 we believe1 be5 hi!rto enunciat$4 ,by way ( unobtrusively introduc+ ! g5]al read] to biological tru?s ( ?is class1 let u beg9 by notic+ "o or two ) :i* he is famili>4 ,take fir/1 ! relation betwe5 ! activity ( an organ & its gr[?4 ,?is is a univ]sal relation4 ,x holds1 n only ( a bone1 a muscle1 a n]ve1 an organ ( s5se1 a m5tal faculty2 b ( e gl&1 e viscus1 e elem5t ( ! body4 ,x is se51 n 9 man only1 b 9 ea* animal :i* af=ds u adequate opportunity ( trac+ x4 ,always provid+ t ! p]=mance ( function is n s excessive z to produce disord]1 or to exce$ ! repair+ p[]s ei!r ( ! sy/em at l>ge or ( ! p>ticul> ag5cies by :i* nutrim5t is br\ght to ! organ1--always provid+ ?is1 x is a law ( organiz$ bodies t1 o!r ?+s equal1 developm5t v>ies z function4 ,on ?is law are bas$ all maxims & me?ods ( "r education1 intellectual1 moral1 & physical2 & :5 /atesm5 are wise en\gh to see x1 ?is law w be f\nd to und]lie all "r legislation4 ,ano!r tru? co-ext5sive ) ! organic _w1 is t ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,x is n1 z commonly suppos$1 t h]$it>y transmission is exemplifi$ m]ely 9 re-appe>ance ( ! family peculi>ities display$ by imm$iate or remote prog5itors4 ,nor does ! law ( h]$it>y transmission compreh5d only su* m g5]al facts z t modifi$ plants or animals become ! p>5ts ( p]man5t v>ieties2 & t new k9ds ( potatoes1 new bre$s ( %eep1 new races ( m51 h be5 ?us orig9at$4 ,^! are b m9or exemplifications ( ! law4 ,und]/ood 9 its entirety1 ! law is t ea* plant or animal produces o!rs ( l k9d ) itself3 ! lik5ess ( k9d consi/+ n s mu* 9 ! repetition ( individual traits z 9 ! assumption ( ! same g5]al /ructure4 ,?is tru? has be5 made by daily illu/ration s famili> z ne>ly to h lo/ its significance4 ,t :eat produces :eat1--t exi/+ ox5 are desc5d$ f ance/ral ox51--t e unfold+ organism ultimately takes ! =m ( ! class1 ord]1 g5us1 & species f :i* x sprang2 is a fact :i*1 by =ce ( repetition1 has assum$ 9 our m9ds ! "* ( a necessity4 ,x is 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 t ! law ( h]$it>y transmission is pr9cipally display$2 ! ph5om5a commonly nam$ z exemplify+ x be+ q subord9ate manife/ations4 ,& ! law1 z ?us und]/ood1 is univ]sal4 ,n =gett+ ! app>5t1 b only app>5t1 exceptions pres5t$ by ! /range class ( ph5om5a kn[n z alt]nate g5]ation1 ! tru? t l produces l is common to all types ( organisms4 ,let u take next a univ]sal physiological law ( a less conspicu\s k9d4 ,to ! ord9>y obs]v]1 x seems t ! multiplication ( organisms proce$s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,he sees t ! "y ( ! high] animals :5 born resemble _! p>5ts2 t birds lay eggs1 :i* !y fo/] & hat*2 t fi% deposit spawn & leave x4 ,among plants1 he f9ds t :ile 9 "s cases new individuals gr[ f se$s only1 9 o!r cases !y also gr[ f tub]s2 t by c]ta9 plants lay]s are s5t out1 take root1 & develop new individuals2 & t _m plants c be reproduc$ f cutt+s4 ,fur!r1 9 ! m\ld t quickly cov]s /ale food1 & ! infusoria t soon sw>m 9 wat] expos$ to air & light1 he sees a mode ( g5]ation :i*1 seem+ inexplicable1 he is apt to consid] spontane\s4 ,! read] ( popul> sci5ce ?9ks ! modes ( reproduction /ill m v>i\s4 ,he le>ns t :ole tribes ( creatures multiply by gemmation--by a developm5t f ! body ( ! p>5t ( buds :i*1 aft] unfold+ into ! p>5tal =m1 sep>ate & lead indep5d5t lives4 ,conc]n+ microscopic =ms ( bo? animal & vegetal life1 he reads t ! ord9>y mode ( multiplication is by spontane\s fission--a splitt+ up ( ! orig9al individual into two or m individuals1 :i* by & by sev]ally repeat ! process4 ,/ill m rem>kable are ! cases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,aphis1 an egg gives rise to an imp]fect female1 f :i* o!r imp]fect females are born vivip>\sly1 gr[1 & 9 _! turns be> o!r imp]fect females2 & s on = eight1 t51 or m g5]ations1 until f9ally1 p]fect males & females are vivip>\sly produc$4 ,b n[ "u all ^!1 & _m m1 modifi$ modes ( multiplication1 ! physiologi/ f9ds complete uni=mity4 ,! />t+-po9t1 n only ( e high] animal or plant1 b ( e clan ( organisms :i* by fission or gemmation h sprung f a s+le organism1 is always a spore1 se$1 or ovum4 ,! millions ( infusoria or ( aphides :i*1 by sub-division or gemmation1 h proce$$ f "o individual2 ! c\ntless plants :i* h be5 successively propagat$ f "o orig9al plant by cutt+s or tub]s2 are1 9 common ) ! highe/ creature1 prim>ily desc5d$ f a f]tiliz$ g]m4 ,& 9 all cases--9 ! humble/ alga z 9 ! oak1 9 ! protozoon z 9 ! mammal--?is f]tiliz$ g]m results f ! union ( ! cont5ts ( two cells4 ,:e!r1 z among ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 ^! two cells are seem+ly id5tical 9 nature2 or :e!r1 z among high] =ms1 !y are di/+ui%able into sp]m-cell & g]m-cell2 x rema9s ?r\gh\t true t f _! comb9ation results ! mass out ( :i* is evolv$ a new organism or new s]ies ( organisms4 ,t ?is law is )\t exception we are n prep>$ to say2 = 9 ! case ( ! ,aphis c]ta9 exp]im5ts are ?\ght to imply t "u special conditions ! desc5dants ( an orig9al individual may cont9ue multiply+ = ev]1 )\t fur!r fecundation4 ,b we "k ( no case :]e x actually is s2 = al?\gh !re are c]ta9 plants ( :i* ! se$s h nev] be5 se51 x is m probable t our obs]vations are 9 fault ?an t ^! plants are exceptions4 ,& until we f9d und\bt$ exceptions1 ! above-/at$ induction mu/ /&4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ano!r ( ! tru?s ( ,transc5d5tal ,physiology3 a tru? :i*1 s f> z we "k1 transc5ds all di/9ctions ( g5us1 ord]1 class1 k+dom1 & applies to e liv+ ?+4 ,yet ano!r g5]alization ( l univ]sality expresses ! process ( organic developm5t4 ,to ! ord9>y obs]v] !re seems no unity 9 ?is4 ,no obvi\s p>allelism exi/s betwe5 ! unfold+ ( a plant & ! unfold+ ( an animal4 ,!re is no manife/ simil>ity betwe5 ! developm5t ( a mammal1 :i* proce$s )\t break f its fir/ to its la/ /age1 & t ( an insect1 :i* is divid$ into /rongly-m>k$ /ages--egg1 l>va1 pupa1 imago4 ,nev]!less x is n[ an e/abli%$ fact1 t all organisms are evolv$ aft] "o g5]al me?od4 ,at ! outset ! g]m ( e plant or animal is relatively homog5e\s2 & advance t[>ds maturity is advance t[>ds great] het]og5eity4 ,ea* organiz$ ?+ comm5ces z an almo/ /ructureless mass1 & rea*es its ultimate complexity by ! e/abli%m5t ( di/9ctions ^u di/9ctions1--by ! div]g5ce ( tissues f tissues & organs f organs4 ,"h1 !n1 we h yet ano!r biological law ( transc5d5t g5]ality4 ,hav+ ?us recogniz$ ! scope ( ,transc5d5tal ,physiology z pres5t$ 9 its lead+ tru?s1 we are prep>$ = ! consid]ations t are to foll[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& fir/1 return+ to ! la/ ( ! great g5]alizations above giv51 let u inquire m ne>ly h[ ?is *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is c>ri$ on4 ,usually x is said to result f successive diff]5tiations4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be consid]$ a complete acc\nt ( ! process4 ,dur+ ! evolution ( an organism !re occur1 n only sep>ations ( p>ts1 b coalesc5ces ( p>ts4 ,!re is n only segregation1 b aggregation4 ,! he>t1 at fir/ a simple pulsat+ blood-vessel1 by & by twi/s ^u itself & becomes integrat$4 ,! bile-cells con/itut+ ! rudim5t>y liv]1 d n m]ely div]ge f ! surface ( ! inte/9e 9 :i* !y at fir/ =m a simple lay]2 b !y simultane\sly consolidate into a def9ite organ4 ,& ! gradual conc5tration se5 9 ^! & o!r cases is a "p ( ! developm5tal process--a "p :i*1 ?\gh m or less recogniz$ by ,milne-,edw>ds & o!rs1 does n seem to h be5 includ$ z an ess5tial elem5t 9 x4 ,?is progressive integration1 manife/ alike :5 trac+ up ! sev]al /ages pass$ ?r\gh by e embryo1 & :5 asc5d+ f ! l[] organic =ms to ! high]1 may be mo/ conv5i5tly /udi$ "u sev]al heads4 ,let u consid] fir/ :at may be call$ longitud9al integration4 ,! l[] ,annulosa--worms1 myriapods1 c4--are *>act]iz$ by ! great numb]s ( segm5ts ( :i* !y respectively consi/1 rea*+ 9 "s cases to sev]al hundr$s2 b z we advance to ! high] ,annulosa--c5tip$es1 cru/aceans1 insects1 spid]s1--we f9d ^! numb]s greatly r$uc$1 d[n to tw5ty-two1 ?irte51 & ev5 few]2 & accompany+ ?is !re is a %ort5+ or integration ( ! :ole body1 rea*+ its extreme 9 crabs & spid]s4 ,simil>ly ) ! developm5t ( an individual cru/acean or insect4 ,! ?orax ( a lob/]1 :i*1 9 ! adult1 =ms1 ) ! head1 "o compact box conta9+ ! visc]a1 is made up by ! union ( a numb] ( segm5ts :i* 9 ! embryo 7 sep>able4 ,! ?irte5 di/9ct divisions se5 9 ! body ( a cat]pill>1 become fur!r integrat$ 9 ! butt]fly3 sev]al segm5ts are consolidat$ to =m ! ?orax1 & ! abdom9al segm5ts are m aggregat$ ?an !y orig9ally 74 ,! l tru? is se5 :5 we pass to ! int]nal organs4 ,9 ! l[] annulose =ms1 & 9 ! l>v ( ! high] ones1 ! alim5t>y canal consi/s ei!r ( a tube t is uni=m f end to end1 or else bulges into a succession ( /oma*s1 "o to ea* segm5t2 b 9 ! develop$ =ms !re is a s+le well-def9$ /oma*4 ,9 ! n]v\s1 vascul>1 & respiratory sy/ems a p>allel conc5tration may be trac$4 ,aga91 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,v]tebrata we h sundry examples ( longitud9al integration4 ,! coalesc5ce ( sev]al segm5tal gr\ps ( bones to =m ! skull is "o in/ance ( x4 ,x is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ! os coccygis1 :i* results f ! fusion ( a numb] ( caudal v]tebr4 ,& 9 ! consolidation ( ! sacral v]tebr ( a bird x is also well exemplifi$4 ,t :i* we may di/+ui% z transv]se integration1 is well illu/rat$ among ! ,annulosa 9 ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,leav+ out ^? simple =ms :i* d n pres5t di/9ct ganglia1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! l[] annulose animals1 9 common ) ! l>v ( ! high]1 are sev]ally *>act]iz$ by a d\ble *a9 ( ganglia runn+ f end to end ( ! body2 :ile 9 ! m advanc$ annulose animals ?is d\ble *a9 becomes a s+le *a94 ,mr4 ,newport has describ$ ! c\rse ( ?is conc5tration 9 insects2 & by ,ra?ke x has be5 trac$ 9 cru/aceans4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,a/acus fluviatilis1 or common cray-fi%1 !re is a pair ( sep>ate ganglia to ea* r+4 ,( ! f\rte5 pairs belong+ to ! head & ?orax1 ! ?ree pairs 9 advance ( ! m\? consolidate into "o mass to =m ! bra91 or cephalic ganglion4 ,mean:ile out ( ! rema9d]1 ! fir/ six pairs sev]ally unite 9 ! m$ian l9e1 :ile ! re/ rema9 m or less sep>ate4 ,( ^! six d\ble ganglia ?us =m$1 ! ant]ior f\r coalesce into "o mass2 ! rema9+ two coalesce into ano!r mass2 & !n ^! two masses coalesce into "o4 ,"h we see longitud9al & transv]se integration go+ on simultane\sly2 & 9 ! highe/ cru/aceans !y are bo? c>ri$ /ill fur!r4 ,! ,v]tebrata exhibit ?is transv]se integration 9 ! developm5t ( ! g5]ative sy/em4 ,! l[e/ ( ! mammalia--! ,monotremata--9 common ) birds1 h oviducts :i* t[>ds _! l[] extremities are dilat$ into cavities sev]ally p]=m+ 9 an imp]fect way ! function ( a ut]us4 ,9 ! ,m>supialia1 !re is a clos] approximation ( ! two lat]al sets ( organs on ! m$ian l9e2 = ! oviducts conv]ge t[>ds "o ano!r & meet 7)\t coalesc+7 on ! m$ian l9e2 s t _! ut]9e dilatations are 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 =m+ a true 'd\ble ut]us4' 444 ,z we asc5d ! s]ies ( 'plac5tal' mammals1 we f9d ! lat]al coalesc5ce becom+ gradually m & m complete4444 ,9 _m ( ! ,rod5tia1 ! ut]us /ill rema9s completely divid$ into two lat]al halves2 :il/ 9 o!rs1 ^! coalesce at _! l[] portion1 =m+ a rudim5t ( ! true 'body' ( ! ut]us 9 ! ,human subject4 ,?is "p increases at ! exp5se ( ! lat]al 'cornua' 9 ! high] ,h]bivora & ,c>nivora2 b ev5 9 ! l[] ,quadrumana1 ! ut]us is some:at cleft at its summit4#f ,& ?is process ( transv]se integration1 :i* is /ill m /rik+ :5 obs]v$ 9 its details1 is accompani$ by p>allel ?\gh less important *anges 9 ! opposite sex4 ,once m2 9 ! increas+ commissural connexion ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 :i*1 ?\gh sep>ate 9 ! l[] v]tebrata1 become gradually m unit$ 9 ! high]1 we h ano!r in/ance4 ,& fur!r ones ( a diff]5t ord]1 b ( l g5]al implication1 are suppli$ by ! vascul> sy/em4 ,n[ x seems to u t ! v>i\s k9ds ( integration "h exemplifi$1 :i* are commonly set d[n z s _m indep5d5t ph5om5a1 ought to be g5]aliz$1 & includ$ 9 ! =mula describ+ ! process ( developm5t4 ,! fact t 9 an adult crab1 _m pairs ( ganglia orig9ally sep>ate h become fus$ into a s+le mass1 is a fact only second 9 significance to ! diff]5tiation ( its alim5t>y canal into /oma* & inte/9e4 ,t 9 ! high] ,annulosa1 a s+le he>t replaces ! /r+ ( rudim5t>y he>ts con/itut+ ! dorsal blood-vessel 9 ! l[] ,annulosa1 7rea*+ 9 "o species to ! numb] ( "o hundr$ & sixty71 is a tru? z mu* ne$+ to be compris$ 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution1 z is ! =mation ( a respiratory surface by a bran*$ expansion ( ! sk94 ,a "r conception ( ! g5esis ( a v]tebral column1 includes n only ! diff]5tiations f :i* result ! *orda dorsalis & ! v]tebral segm5ts imb$d$ 9 x2 b q z mu* x includes ! coalesc5ce ( num]\s v]tebral processes ) _! respective v]tebral bodies4 ,! *anges 9 virtue ( :i* sev]al ?+s become "o1 dem& recognition equally ) ^? 9 virtue ( :i* "o ?+ becomes sev]al4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! curr5t /atem5t :i* ascribes ! developm5tal progress to diff]5tiations alone1 is incomplete4 ,adequately to express ! facts1 we mu/ say t ! transition f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is c>ri$ on by diff]5tiations & accompany+ integrations4 ,x may n be amiss "h to ask--,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! integrations8 ,! evid5ce seems to %[ t !y are 9 "s way dep5d5t on community ( function4 ,! eight segm5ts :i* coalesce to make ! head ( a c5tip$e1 jo9tly protect ! cephalic ganglion1 & af=d a solid fulcrum = ! jaws1 c4 ,! _m bones :i* unite to =m a v]tebral skull h l uses4 ,9 ! consolidation ( ! sev]al pieces :i* con/itute a mammalian pelvis1 & 9 ! an*ylosis ( f t5 to n9ete5 v]tebr 9 ! sacrum ( a bird1 we h k9dr$ in/ances ( ! integration ( p>ts :i* transf] ! weight ( ! body to ! legs4 ,! m or less ext5sive fusion ( ! tibia ) ! fibula & ! radius ) ! ulna 9 ! ungulat$ mammals1 ^: habits require only p>tial rotations ( ! limbs1 is a fact ( l mean+4 ,& all ! in/ances lately giv5--! conc5tration ( ganglia1 ! replacem5t ( _m pulsat+ blood-sacs by few] & f9ally by "o1 ! fusion ( two ut]i into a s+le ut]us--h ! same implication4 ,:e!r1 z 9 "s cases1 ! integration is m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! gr[? :i* ev5tually br+s into contact adjac5t p>ts p]=m+ simil> duties2 or :e!r1 z 9 o!r cases1 !re is an actual approximation ( ^! p>ts be=e _! union2 or :e!r1 z 9 yet o!r cases1 ! integration is ( t indirect k9d :i* arises :51 out ( a numb] ( l organs1 "o1 or a gr\p1 dis*>ges an ev]-increas+ %>e ( ! common function1 & s gr[s :ile ! re/ dw9dle & disappe>2--! g5]al fact rema9s ! same1 t !re is a t5d5cy to ! unification ( p>ts hav+ simil> duties4 ,! t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 acts "u limit+ conditions2 & recognition ( !m w expla9 "s app>5t exceptions4 ,9 ! human foetus1 z 9 ! l[] v]tebrata1 ! eyes are plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! head4 ,dur+ evolution !y become relatively ne>]1 & at bir? are 9 front2 ?\gh !y are /ill1 9 ! ,european infant z 9 ! adult ,mongol1 proportionately fur!r ap>t ?an !y aft]w>ds become4 ,b ?is approximation %[s no signs ( fur!r increase4 ,two reasons sugge/ !mselves4 ,"o is t ! two eyes h n q ! same function1 s9ce !y are direct$ to slightly-diff]5t aspects ( ea* object look$ at2 &1 s9ce ! result+ b9ocul> vision has an advantage ov] monocul> vision1 !re results a *eck ^u fur!r approa* t[>ds id5tity ( function & unity ( /ructure4 ,! o!r reason is t ! int]pos$ /ructures d n admit ( any ne>] approa*4 ,= ! orbits ( ! eyes to be br\ght clos] toge!r1 w\ld imply a decrease 9 ! olfactory *amb]s2 & z ^! are probably n l>g] ?an is dem&$ by _! pres5t functional activity1 no decrease c take place4 ,aga91 if we trace up ! ext]nal organs ( smell ?r\gh fi%es1#g reptiles1 ungulate mammals & unguiculate mammals1 to man1 we p]ceive a g5]al t5d5cy to coalesc5ce 9 ! m$ian l9e2 & on comp>+ ! savage ) ! civiliz$1 or ! infant ) ! adult1 we see ?is approa* ( ! no/rils c>ri$ fur!/ 9 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! species4 ,b s9ce ! septum :i* divides !m has ! function bo? ( an evaporat+ surface = ! la*rymal secretion1 & ( a ramify+ surface = a n]ve ancill>y to t ( smell1 x does n disappe> entirely3 ! integration rema9s incomplete4 ,^! & o!r l in/ances d n h[ev] militate aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,!y m]ely %[ t ! t5d5cy is sometimes antagoniz$ by o!r t5d5cies4 ,be>+ 9 m9d :i* qualification1 we may say1 t z diff]5tiation ( p>ts is connect$ ) diff]5ce ( function1 s !re appe>s to be a connexion betwe5 integration ( p>ts & sam5ess ( function4 99 99 99 99 99 ,closely relat$ to ! g5]al tru? t ! evolution ( all organisms is c>ri$ on by comb9$ diff]5tiations & integrations1 is ano!r g5]al tru?1 :i* physiologi/s appe> n to h recogniz$4 ,:5 we look at ! organic _w z a :ole1 we may obs]ve t1 on pass+ f l[] to high] =ms1 we pass to =ms :i* are n only *>act]iz$ by a great] diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 b are at ! same "t m completely diff]5tiat$ f ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,?is tru? may be contemplat$ "u v>i\s aspects4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is illu/rat$ 9 /ructure4 ,! advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s itself involves an increas+ di/9ction f ! inorganic _w4 ,9 ! l[e/ ,protozoa1 z "s ( ! ,rhizopods1 we h a homog5eity approa*+ to t ( air1 wat]1 or e>?2 & ! asc5t to organisms ( great] & great] complexity ( /ructure1 is an asc5t to organisms :i* are 9 t respect m /rongly contra/$ ) ! relatively /ructureless masses 9 ! environm5t4 ,9 =m aga9 we see ! same tru?4 ,a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( inorganic matt] is its indef9it5ess ( =m1 & ?is is also a *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] organisms1 z comp>$ ) ! high]4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 plants are less def9ite ?an animals1 bo? 9 %ape & size--admit ( great] modifications f v>iations ( position & nutrition4 ,among animals1 ! ,amoeba & its allies are n only almo/ /ructureless1 b are amorph\s2 & ! irregul> =m is con/antly *ang+4 ,( ! organisms result+ f ! aggregation ( amoeba-l creatures1 we f9d t :ile "s assume a c]ta9 def9it5ess ( =m1 9 _! comp\nd %ells at lea/1 o!rs1 z ! ,sponges1 are irregul>4 ,9 ! ,zoophytes & 9 ! ,polyzoa1 we see comp\nd organisms1 mo/ ( :i* h modes ( gr[? n m det]m9ate ?an ^? ( plants4 ,b among ! high] animals1 we f9d n only t ! mature %ape ( ea* species is q def9ite1 b t ! individuals ( ea* species diff] v little 9 size4 ,a p>allel increase ( contra/ is se5 9 *emical composition4 ,) b few exceptions1 & ^? only p>tial ones1 ! l[e/ animal & vegetal =ms are inhabitants ( ! wat]2 & wat] is almo/ _! sole con/itu5t4 ,dessicat$ ,protophyta & ,protozoa %r9k into m]e du/2 & among ! acalephes we f9d b a few gra9s ( solid matt] to a p\nd ( wat]4 ,! high] aquatic plants1 9 common ) ! high] aquatic animals1 possess+ z !y d mu* great] t5acity ( sub/ance1 also conta9 a great] proportion ( ! organic elem5ts2 & s are *emically m unlike _! m$ium4 ,& :5 we pass to ! sup]ior classes ( organisms--l& plants & l& animals--we f9d t1 *emically consid]$1 !y h little 9 common ei!r ) ! e>? on :i* !y /& or ! air :i* surr\nds !m4 ,9 specific gravity1 too1 we may note ! l4 ,! v simple/ =ms1 9 common ) ! spores & gemmules ( ! high] ones1 are z ne>ly z may be ( ! same specific gravity z ! wat] 9 :i* !y float2 & ?\gh x _c be said t among aquatic creatures sup]ior specific gravity is a /&>d ( g5]al sup]iority1 yet we may fairly say t ! sup]ior ord]s ( !m1 :5 dive/$ ( ! appliances by :i* _! specific gravity is regulat$1 diff] m f wat] 9 _! relative weights ?an d ! l[]4 ,9 t]re/rial organisms1 ! contra/ becomes extremely m>k$4 ,trees & plants1 9 common ) insects1 reptiles1 mammals1 birds1 are all ( a specific gravity consid]ably less ?an ! e>? & imm5sely great] ?an ! air4 ,we see ! law simil>ly fulfill$ 9 respect ( temp]ature4 ,plants g5]ate b an extremely small quantity ( heat1 :i* is to be detect$ only by delicate exp]im5ts2 & practically !y may be consid]$ z be+ 9 ?is respect l _! environm5t4 ,aquatic animals rise v little above ! surr\nd+ wat] 9 temp]ature3 t ( ! inv]tebrata be+ mo/ly less ?an a degree above x1 & t ( fi%es n exce$+ x by m ?an two or ?ree degrees1 save 9 ! case ( "s l>ge r$-blood$ fi%es1 z ! tunny1 :i* exce$ x by ne>ly t5 degrees4 ,among insects1 ! range is f two to t5 degrees above t ( ! air3 ! excess v>y+ accord+ to _! activity4 ,! heat ( reptiles is f f\r to fifte5 degrees m ?an t ( _! m$ium4 ,:ile mammals & birds ma9ta9 a heat :i* cont9ues almo/ unaffect$ by ext]nal v>iations1 & is (t5 great] ?an t ( ! air by sev5ty1 eighty1 n9ety1 & ev5 a hundr$ degrees4 ,once m1 9 great] self-mobility a progressive diff]5tiation is traceable4 ,dead matt] is in]t3 "s =m ( indep5d5t motion is our mo/ g5]al te/ ( life4 ,pass+ ov] ! indef9ite bord]-l& betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 we may r\ghly class plants z organisms :i*1 :ile !y exhibit ! k9d ( motion impli$ 9 gr[?1 are n only )\t locomotive p[]1 b 9 ne>ly all cases are )\t ! p[] ( mov+ _! p>ts 9 relation to "o ano!r2 & ?us are less diff]5tiat$ f ! inorganic _w ?an animals4 ,?\gh 9 ^? microscopic ,protophyta & ,protozoa inhabit+ ! wat]--! spores ( alg1 ! gemmules ( sponges1 & ! infusoria g5]ally--we see locomotion produc$ by cili>y action2 yet ?is locomotion1 :ile rapid relatively to _! sizes1 is absolutely sl[4 ,( ! ,coel5t]ata1 a great "p are ei!r p]man5tly root$ or habitually /ation>y1 & s h sc>cely any self-mobility b t impli$ 9 ! relative movem5ts ( p>ts2 :ile ! re/1 ( :i* ! common jelly-fi% s]ves z a sample1 h mo/ly b little ability to move !mselves ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,among ! high] aquatic ,inv]tebrata1--cuttle-fi%es & lob/]s1 = in/ance1--!re is a v consid]able p[] ( locomotion2 & ! aquatic ,v]tebrata are1 consid]$ z a class1 mu* m active 9 _! movem5ts ?an ! o!r inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,b x is only :5 we come to air-brea?+ creatures t we f9d ! vital *>act]i/ic ( self-mobility manife/$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,fly+ insects1 mammals1 birds1 travel ) velocities f> exce$+ ^? atta9$ by any ( ! l[] classes ( animals2 & s are m /rongly contra/$ ) _! in]t environm5ts4 ,?us1 on contemplat+ ! v>i\s grades ( organisms 9 _! asc5d+ ord]1 we f9d !m m & m di/+ui%$ f _! inanimate m$ia 9 /ructure1 9 =m1 9 *emical composition1 9 specific gravity1 9 temp]ature1 9 self-mobility4 ,x is true t ?is g5]alization does n hold ) regul>ity4 ,organisms :i* are 9 "s respects ! mo/ /rongly contra/$ ) ! inorganic _w1 are 9 o!r respects less contra/$ ?an inf]ior organisms4 ,z a class1 mammals are high] ?an birds2 & yet !y are ( l[] temp]ature1 & h small] p[]s ( locomotion4 ,! /ation>y oy/] is ( high] organization ?an ! free-swimm+ m$usa2 & ! cold-blood$ & less het]og5e\s fi% is quick] 9 its movem5ts ?an ! w>m-blood$ & m het]og5e\s slo?4 ,b ! admission t ! sev]al aspects "u :i* ?is increas+ contra/ %[s itself be> v>iable ratios to "o ano!r1 does n negative ! g5]al tru? enunciat$4 ,look+ at ! facts 9 ! mass1 x _c be d5i$ t ! successively high] gr\ps ( organisms are sev]ally *>act]iz$1 n only by great] diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 b also by great] diff]5tiation f ! surr\nd+ m$ium 9 sundry o!r physical attributes4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is peculi>ity has "s necess>y connexion ) sup]ior vital manife/ations4 ,"o ( ^? l[ly gelat9\s =ms :i* are "s ( !m s transp>5t & col\rless z to be ) difficulty di/+ui%$ f ! wat] !y float 91 is n m l its m$ium 9 *emical1 me*anical1 optical1 !rmal1 & o!r prop]ties1 ?an x is 9 ! passivity ) :i* x submits to all ! actions br\ght to be> on x2 :ile ! mammal does n m widely diff] f inanimate ?+s 9 ^! prop]ties ?an x does 9 ! activity ) :i* x meets surr\nd+ *anges by comp5sat+ *anges 9 itself4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes1 we see a tol]ably con/ant ratio betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( contra/4 ,9 proportion z an organism is physically l its environm5t x rema9s a passive p>tak] ( ! *anges go+ on 9 its environm5t2 :ile 9 proportion z x is end[$ ) p[]s ( c\nt]act+ su* *anges1 x exhibits great] unlik5ess to its environm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> we h proce$$ inductively1 9 con=mity ) e/abli%$ usage2 b x seems to u t mu* may be done 9 ?is & o!r dep>tm5ts ( biologic inquiry by pursu+ ! d$uctive me?od4 ,! g5]alizations at pres5t con/itut+ ! sci5ce ( physiology1 bo? g5]al & special1 h be5 rea*$ a po/]iori2 b c]ta9 fundam5tal data h n[ be5 discov]$1 />t+ f :i* we may reason our way a priori1 n only to "s ( ! tru?s t h be5 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 b also to "s o!rs4 ,! possibility ( su* a priori conclusions w be at once recogniz$ on consid]+ "s famili> cases4 ,*emi/s h %[n t a necess>y condition to vital activity 9 animals is oxidation ( c]ta9 matt]s conta9$ 9 ! body ei!r z compon5ts or z wa/e products4 ,! oxyg5 requisite = ?is oxidation is conta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ m$ium--air or wat]1 z ! case may be4 ,if ! organism be m9ute1 m]e contact ( its ext]nal surface ) ! oxyg5at$ m$ium a*ieves ! requisite oxidation2 b if ! organism is bulky1 & s exposes a surface :i* is small 9 proportion to its mass1 any consid]able oxidation _c be ?us a*iev$4 ,"o ( two ?+s is !re=e impli$4 ,ei!r ?is bulky organism1 receiv+ no oxyg5 b t absorb$ ?r\gh its integum5t1 mu/ possess b little vital activity2 or else1 if x possesses mu* vital activity1 !re mu/ be "s ext5sive ramifi$ surface1 int]nal or ext]nal1 ?r\gh :i* adequate a]ation may take place--a respiratory app>atus4 ,t is to say1 lungs1 or gills1 or bran*i1 or _! equival5ts1 are pr$icable a priori z possess$ by all active creatures ( any size4 ,simil>ly ) respect to nutrim5t4 ,!re are entozoa :i*1 liv+ 9 ! insides ( o!r animals1 & be+ con/antly ba!d by nutritive fluids1 absorb a suffici5cy ?r\gh _! out] surfaces2 & s h no ne$ ( /oma*s1 & d n possess !m4 ,b all o!r animals1 inhabit+ m$ia t are n 9 !mselves nutritive1 b only conta9 masses ( food "h & !re1 mu/ h appliances by :i* ^! masses ( food may be utiliz$4 ,evid5tly m]e ext]nal contact ( a solid organism ) a solid portion ( nutrim5t1 c\ld n result 9 ! absorption ( x 9 any mod]ate "t1 if at all4 ,to effect absorption1 !re mu/ be bo? a solv5t or mac]at+ action1 & an ext5d$ surface fit = conta9+ & imbib+ ! dissolv$ products3 !re mu/ be a dige/ive cavity4 ,?us1 giv5 ! ord9>y conditions ( animal life1 & ! possession ( /oma*s by all creatures liv+ "u ^! conditions may be d$uctively kn[n4 ,c>ry+ out ! tra9 ( reason+ /ill fur!r1 we may inf] ! exi/5ce ( a vascul> sy/em or some?+ equival5t to x1 9 all creatures ( any size & activity4 ,9 a comp>atively small in]t animal1 su* z ! hydra1 :i* consi/s ( little m ?an a sac hav+ a d\ble wall--an out] lay] ( cells =m+ ! sk91 & an inn] lay] =m+ ! dige/ive & absorb5t surface--!re is no ne$ = a special app>atus to diffuse ?r\gh ! body ! alim5t tak5 up2 = ! body is little m ?an a wrapp] to ! food x encloses4 ,b :]e ! bulk is consid]able1 or :]e ! activity is su* z to involve mu* wa/e & repair1 or :]e bo? ^! *>act]i/ics exi/1 !re is a necessity = a sy/em ( blood-vessels4 ,x is n en\gh t !re be adequately ext5sive surfaces = absorption & a]ation2 = 9 ! abs5ce ( any means ( conveyance1 ! absorb$ elem5ts c be ( little or no use to ! organism at l>ge4 ,evid5tly !re mu/ be *annels ( communication4 ,:51 z 9 ! ,m$us1 we f9d ^! *annels ( communication consi/+ simply ( bran*$ canals op5+ out ( ! /oma* & spread+ ?r\gh ! disk1 we may "k1 a priori1 t su* creatures are comp>atively inactive2 see+ t ! nutritive liquid ?us p>tially di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t _! bodies is crude & dilute1 & t !re is no effici5t appliance = keep+ x 9 motion4 ,conv]sely1 :5 we meet ) a creature ( consid]able size :i* displays mu* vivacity1 we may "k1 a priori1 t x mu/ h an app>atus = ! unceas+ supply ( conc5trat$ nutrim5t1 & ( oxyg51 to e organ--a pulsat+ vascul> sy/em4 ,x is manife/1 !n1 t sett+ out f c]ta9 kn[n fundam5tal conditions to vital activity1 we may d$uce f !m sundry ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( organiz$ bodies4 ,d\btless ^! kn[n fundam5tal conditions h be5 inductively e/abli%$4 ,b :at we wi% to %[ is t1 giv5 ^! inductively-e/abli%$ prim>y facts 9 physiology1 we may ) safety draw c]ta9 g5]al d$uctions f !m4 ,&1 inde$1 ! legitimacy ( su* d$uctions1 ?\gh n =mally ackn[l$g$1 is practically recogniz$ 9 ! convictions ( e physiologi/1 z may be readily prov$4 ,?us1 7 a physiologi/ to f9d a creature exhibit+ complex & v>i\sly co-ord9at$ movem5ts1 & yet hav+ no n]v\s sy/em2 he w\ld be less a/oni%$ at ! brea* ( 8 empirical g5]alization t all su* creatures h n]v\s sy/ems1 ?an at ! dispro( ( 8 unconsci\s d$uction t all creatures exhibit+ complex & v>i\sly co-ord9at$ movem5ts mu/ h an int]nuncial app>atus by :i* ! co-ord9ation may be effect$4 ,or 7 he to f9d a creature hav+ blood rapidly circulat$ & rapidly a]at$1 b yet %[+ a l[ temp]ature1 ! pro( s af=d$ t active *ange ( matt] is n1 z he _h inf]r$ f *emical data1 ! cause ( animal heat1 w\ld /agg] him m ?an w\ld ! exception to a con/antly-obs]v$ relation4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! a priori me?od already plays a "p 9 physiological reason+4 ,if n o/5sibly employ$ z a means ( rea*+ new tru?s1 x is at lea/ privately appeal$ to = confirmation ( tru?s rea*$ a po/]iori4 ,b ! illu/rations above giv5 g f> to %[1 t x may to a consid]able ext5t be safely us$ z an indep5d5t in/rum5t ( rese>*4 ,! necessities = a nutritive sy/em1 a respiratory sy/em1 & a vascul> sy/em1 9 all animals ( size & vivacity1 seem to u legitimately inf]able f ! conditions to cont9u$ vital activity4 ,giv5 ! physical & *emical data1 & ^! /ructural peculi>ities may be d$uc$ ) z mu* c]ta9ty z may ! holl[ness ( an iron ball f its p[] ( float+ 9 wat]4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 ass]t$ t ! m special physiological tru?s c be d$uctively rea*$4 ,! argum5t by no means implies ?is4 ,legitimate d$uction presupposes adequate data2 & 9 respect to ! special ph5om5a ( organic gr[?1 /ructure1 & function1 adequate data are unatta9able1 & w probably ev] rema9 s4 ,x is only 9 ! case ( ! m g5]al physiological tru?s1 su* z ^? above in/anc$1 :]e we h some?+ l adequate data1 t d$uctive reason+ becomes possible4 ,& "h is rea*$ ! /age to :i* ! =ego+ consid]ations are introductory4 ,we propose n[ to %[ t !re are c]ta9 /ill m g5]al attributes ( organiz$ bodies1 :i* are d$ucible f c]ta9 /ill m g5]al attributes ( ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 an essay on ,progress3 its ,law & ,cause1 else:]e publi%$1#h we h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 9 :i* all progress1 organic or o!r1 ess5tially consi/s1 is consequ5t on ! production ( _m effects by "o cause--_m *anges by "o =ce4 ,hav+ po9t$ out t ?is is a law ( all ?+s1 we proce$$ to %[ d$uctively t ! multi=m evolutions ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s--a/ronomic1 geologic1 e?nologic1 social1 c41--7 explicable z consequ5ces4 ,& ?\gh 9 ! case ( organic evolution1 lack ( data disabl$ u f specifically trac+ out ! progressive complication z due to ! multiplication ( effects2 yet1 we f\nd sundry indirect evid5ces t x 0 s4 ,n[ 9 s f> z ?is conclusion1 t organic evolution results f ! decomposition ( ea* exp5d$ =ce into sev]al =ces1 0 inf]r$ f ! g5]al law previ\sly po9t$ out1 x 0 an example ( d$uctive physiology4 ,! p>ticul> 0 conclud$ f ! univ]sal4 ,we "h propose 9 ! fir/ place to %[1 t !re is ano!r g5]al tru? closely connect$ ) ! above2 & 9 common ) x und]ly+ explanations ( all progress1 & !re=e ! progress ( organisms--a tru? :i* may inde$ be consid]$ z tak+ prec$5ce ( x 9 respect ( "t1 if n 9 respect ( g5]ality4 ,?is tru? is1 t ! condition ( homog5eity is a condition ( un/able equilibrium4 ,! phrase un/able equilibrium is "o us$ 9 me*anics to express a balance ( =ces ( su* k9d1 t ! int]f]5ce ( any fur!r =ce1 h[ev] m9ute1 w de/roy ! arrangem5t previ\sly exi/+1 & br+ ab\t a diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,?us1 a /ick pois$ on its l[] end is 9 un/able equilibrium3 h[ev] exactly x may be plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 z soon z x is left to itself x beg9s1 at fir/ imp]ceptibly & !n visibly1 to lean on "o side1 & ) increas+ rapidity falls into ano!r position4 ,conv]sely1 a /ick susp5d$ f its upp] end is 9 /able equilibrium3 h[ev] mu* di/urb$1 x w return to ! same position4 ,our mean+ is1 !n1 t ! /ate ( homog5eity1 l ! /ate ( ! /ick pois$ on its l[] end1 is "o t _c be ma9ta9$2 & t h5ce results ! fir/ /ep 9 its gravitation t[>ds ! het]og5e\s4 ,let u take a few illu/rations4 ,( me*anical ones ! mo/ famili> is t ( ! scales4 ,if accurately made & n clogg$ by dirt or ru/1 a pair ( scales _c be p]fectly balanc$3 ev5tually "o scale w desc5d & ! o!r asc5d--!y w assume a het]og5e\s relation4 ,aga91 if we spr9kle ov] ! surface ( a liquid a numb] ( equal-siz$ p>ticles1 hav+ an attraction = "o ano!r1 !y w1 no matt] h[ uni=mly di/ribut$1 by & by conc5trate irregul>ly into gr\ps4 ,7 x possible to br+ a mass ( wat] into a /ate ( p]fect homog5eity--a /ate ( complete quiesc5ce1 & exactly equal d5sity ?r\gh\t--yet ! radiation ( heat f neighb\r+ bodies1 by affect+ diff]5tly its diff]5t p>ts1 w\ld soon produce inequalities ( d5sity & consequ5t curr5ts2 & w\ld s r5d] x to t ext5t het]og5e\s4 ,take a piece ( r$-hot matt]1 & h[ev] ev5ly heat$ x may at fir/ be1 x w quickly cease to be s3 ! ext]ior1 cool+ fa/] ?an ! int]ior1 w become diff]5t 9 temp]ature f x4 ,& ! lapse into het]og5eity ( temp]ature1 s obvi\s 9 ?is extreme case1 is ev] tak+ place m or less 9 all cases4 ,! actions ( *emical =ces supply o!r illu/rations4 ,expose a fragm5t ( metal to air or wat]1 & 9 c\rse ( "t x w be coat$ ) a film ( oxide1 c>bonate1 or o!r comp\nd3 its out] p>ts w become unlike its inn] p>ts4 ,?us1 e homog5e\s aggregate ( matt] t5ds to lose its balance 9 "s way or o!r--ei!r me*anically1 *emically1 !rmally or electrically2 & ! rapidity ) :i* x lapses into a non-homog5e\s /ate is simply a "q ( "t & circum/ances4 ,social bodies illu/rate ! law ) l con/ancy4 ,end[ ! memb]s ( a community ) equal prop]ties1 positions1 p[]s1 & !y w =?) beg9 to slide into inequalities4 ,be x 9 a repres5tative assembly1 a railway bo>d1 or a private p>tn]%ip1 ! homog5eity1 ?\gh x may cont9ue 9 "n1 inevitably disappe>s 9 reality4 ,! in/ability ?us v>i\sly illu/rat$ becomes /ill m manife/ if we consid] its rationale4 ,x is consequ5t on ! fact t ! sev]al p>ts ( any homog5e\s mass are necess>ily expos$ to diff]5t =ces--=ces :i* diff] ei!r 9 _! k9ds or am\nts2 & be+ expos$ to diff]5t =ces !y are ( necessity diff]5tly modifi$4 ,! relations ( outside & inside1 & ( comp>ative ne>ness to neighb\r+ s\rces ( influ5ce1 imply ! reception ( influ5ces :i* are unlike 9 quantity or quality or bo?2 & x foll[s t unlike *anges w be wr\ght 9 ! p>ts dissimil>ly act$ ^u4 ,! un/able equilibrium ( any homog5e\s aggregate c ?us be %[n bo? inductively & d$uctively4 ,& n[ let u consid] ! be>+ ( ?is g5]al tru? on ! evolution ( organisms4 ,! g]m ( a plant or animal is "o ( ^! homog5e\s aggregates--relatively homog5e\s if n absolutely s--^: equilibrium is un/able4 ,b x has n simply ! ord9>y in/ability ( homog5e\s aggregates3 x has some?+ m4 ,= x consi/s ( units :i* are !mselves specially *>act]iz$ by in/ability4 ,! con/itu5t molecules ( organic matt] are di/+ui%$ by ! feebl5ess ( ! aff9ities :i* hold _! compon5t elem5ts toge!r4 ,!y are extremely s5sitive to heat1 light1 electricity1 & ! *emical actions ( =eign elem5ts2 t is1 !y are peculi>ly liable to be modifi$ by di/urb+ =ces4 ,h5ce !n x foll[s1 a priori1 t a homog5e\s aggregate ( ^! un/able molecules w h an excessive t5d5cy to lose its equilibrium4 ,x w h a q special liability to lapse into a non-homog5e\s /ate4 ,x w rapidly gravitate t[>ds h]etog5eity4 ,moreov]1 ! process mu/ repeat itself 9 ea* ( ! subord9ate gr\ps ( organic units :i* are diff]5tiat$ by ! modify+ =ces4 ,ea* ( ^! subord9ate gr\ps1 l ! orig9al gr\p1 mu/ gradually1 9 ob$i5ce to ! influ5ces act+ on x1 lose its balance ( p>ts--mu/ pass f a uni=m into a multi=m /ate4 ,& s on cont9u\sly4 ,?us1 />t+ f ! g5]al laws ( ?+s1 & ! kn[n *emical attributes ( organic matt]1 we may conclude d$uctively t ! homog5e\s g]ms ( organisms h a peculi> proclivity t[>ds a non-homog5e\s /ate2 :i* may be ei!r ! /ate we call decomposition1 or ! /ate we call organization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at pres5t we h rea*$ a conclusion only ( ! mo/ g5]al nature4 ,we m]ely le>n t "s k9d ( het]og5eity is inevitable2 b z yet !re is no?+ to tell u :at k9d4 ,besides t ord]ly het]og5eity :i* di/+ui%es organisms1 !re is ! disord]ly or *aotic het]og5eity1 into :i* a loose mass ( inorganic matt] lapses2 & at pres5t no reason has be5 giv5 :y ! homog5e\s g]m ( a plant or animal %\ld n lapse into ! disord]ly in/ead ( ! ord]ly het]og5eity4 ,b by pursu+ /ill fur!r ! l9e ( argum5t hi!rto foll[$ we %all f9d a reason4 ,we h se5 t ! in/ability ( homog5e\s aggregates 9 g5]al1 & ( organic ones 9 p>ticul>1 is consequ5t on ! v>i\s ways & degrees 9 :i* _! con/itu5t p>ts are expos$ to ! di/urb+ =ces br\ght to be> on !m3 _! p>ts are diff]5tly act$ ^u1 & !re=e become diff]5t4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 a rationale ( ! special *anges :i* a g]m und]goes1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ! p>ticul> relations :i* its sev]al p>ts be> to ea* o!r & to _! environm5t4 ,h[ev] x may be mask$1 we may suspect ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( organization to be1 t ! _m l units =m+ a g]m acquire ^? k9ds & degrees ( unlik5ess :i* _! respective positions entail4 ,take a mass ( unorganiz$ b organizable matt]--ei!r ! body ( "o ( ! l[e/ liv+ =ms1 or ! g]m ( "o ( ! high]4 ,consid] its circum/ances4 ,x is imm]s$ 9 wat] or air2 or x is conta9$ )9 a p>5t organism4 ,:]ev] plac$1 h[ev]1 its out] & inn] p>ts /& diff]5tly relat$ to surr\nd+ exi/5ces--nutrim5t1 oxyg51 & ! v>i\s /imuli4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,:e!r x lies quiesc5t at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 :e!r x moves ?r\gh ! wat] pres]v+ "s def9ite attitude1 or :e!r x is 9 ! inside ( an adult2 x equally results t c]ta9 p>ts ( its surface are m directly expos$ to surr\nd+ ag5cies ?an o!r p>ts--9 "s cases m expos$ to light1 heat1 or oxyg51 & 9 o!rs to ! mat]nal tissues & _! cont5ts4 ,! de/ruction ( its orig9al equilibrium is !re=e c]ta94 ,x may take place 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r ! di/urb+ =ces may be su* z to ov]balance ! aff9ities ( ! organic elem5ts1 9 :i* case !re results t *aotic het]og5eity kn[n z decomposition2 or1 z is ord9>ily ! case1 su* *anges are induc$ z d n de/roy ! organic comp\nds1 b only modify !m3 ! p>ts mo/ expos$ to ! modify+ =ces be+ mo/ modifi$4 ,h5ce result ^? fir/ diff]5tiations :i* con/itute incipi5t organization4 ,f ! po9t ( view ?us rea*$1 suppose we look at a few cases3 neglect+ = ! pres5t all consid]ation ( ! t5d5cy to assume ! inh]it$ type4 ,note fir/ :at appe> to be exceptions1 z ! ,amoeba4 ,9 ?is creature & its allies1 ! sub/ance ( ! jelly-l body rema9s ?r\gh\t life unorganiz$--und]goes no p]man5t diff]5tiations4 ,b ?is fact1 :i* seems directly oppos$ to our inf]5ce1 is really "o ( ! mo/ significant evid5ces ( its tru?4 ,= :at is ! peculi>ity ( ! ,rhizopods1 exemplifi$ by ! ,amoeba8 ,!y und]go p]petual & irregul> *anges ( %ape--!y %[ no p]si/5t relations ( p>ts4 ,:at lately =m$ a portion ( ! int]ior is n[ protrud$1 &1 z a tempor>y limb1 is atta*$ to "s object x happ5s to t\*4 ,:at is n[ a "p ( ! surface w pres5tly be drawn1 along ) ! atom ( nutrim5t /ick+ to x1 into ! c5tre ( ! mass4 ,?us !re is an unceas+ int]*ange ( places2 & ! relations ( inn] & out] h no settl$ exi/5ce4 ,b by ! hypo!sis1 x is only 9 virtue ( _! unlike positions ) respect to modify+ =ces1 t ! orig9ally-l units ( a liv+ mass become unlike4 ,we mu/ n !re=e expect any e/abli%$ diff]5tiation ( p>ts 9 creatures :i* exhibit no e/abli%$ diff]5ces ( position 9 _! p>ts4 ,?is negative evid5ce is borne out by abundant positive evid5ce4 ,:5 we turn f ^! ev]-*ang+ specks ( liv+ jelly to organisms hav+ un*ang+ di/ributions ( sub/ance1 we f9d diff]5ces ( tissue correspond+ to diff]5ces ( relative position4 ,9 all ! high] ,protozoa1 z also 9 ! ,protophyta1 we meet ) a fundam5tal diff]5tiation into cell-membrane & cell-cont5ts1 answ]+ to t fundam5tal contra/ ( conditions impli$ by ! words outside & inside4 ,& on pass+ f :at are r\ghly class$ z unicellul> organisms to ! l[e/ ( ^? :i* consi/ ( aggregat$ cells1 we equally obs]ve ! connexion betwe5 /ructural diff]5ces & diff]5ces ( circum/ance4 ,9 ! sponge1 p]meat$ ?r\gh\t by curr5ts ( sea-wat]1 ! abs5ce ( def9ite organization corresponds ) ! abs5ce ( def9ite unlik5ess ( conditions4 ,9 ! ,?alassicolla ( ,pr(essor ,huxley--a transp>5t1 col\rless body1 f\nd float+ passively at ! surface ( ! sea1 & consi/+ ess5tially ( a mass ( cells unit$ by jelly--!re is display$ a rude /ructure obvi\sly subord9at$ to ! prim>y relations ( c5tre & surface3 9 all ( its _m & important v>ieties1 ! p>ts exhibit a m or less conc5tric arrangem5t4 ,aft] ?is prim>y modification1 by :i* ! out] tissues are diff]5tiat$ f ! inn]1 ! next 9 ord] ( con/ancy & importance is t by :i* "s "p ( ! out] tissues is diff]5tiat$ f ! re/2 & ?is corresponds ) ! almo/ univ]sal fact t "s "p ( ! out] tissues is m directly expos$ to c]ta9 environ+ influ5ces ?an ! re/4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ! app>5t exceptions are extremely significant4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ vegetable organisms1 z ! ,hematococci & ,protococci1 ev5ly imb$d$ 9 a mass ( mucus1 or disp]s$ ?r\gh ! ,arctic sn[1 display no diff]5tiations ( surface3 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! surface be+ subject$ to no def9ite contra/s ( conditions4 ,! ,?alassicolla above m5tion$1 unfix$1 & roll$ ab\t by ! waves1 pres5ts all its sides successively to ! same ag5cies2 & all its sides are alike4 ,a ciliat$ sph]e l ! ,volvox has no p>ts ( its p]iph]y unlike o!r p>ts2 & x is n to be expect$ t x %\ld h2 see+ t z x revolves 9 all directions1 x does n1 9 trav]s+ ! wat]1 p]man5tly expose any "p to special conditions4 ,b :5 we come to creatures t are ei!r fix$1 or :ile mov+1 sev]ally pres]ve a def9ite attitude1 we no long] f9d uni=mity ( surface4 ,! gemmule ( a ,zoophyte1 :i* dur+ its locomotive /age is di/+ui%able only into out] & inn] tissues1 no soon] takes root ?an its upp] end beg9s to assume a diff]5t /ructure f its l[]4 ,! free-swimm+ embryo ( an aquatic annelid1 be+ ovate & n ciliat$ all ov]1 moves ) "o end =emo/2 & its diff]5tiations proce$ 9 con=mity ) ?is contra/ ( circum/ances4 ,! pr9ciple ?us display$ 9 ! humbl] =ms ( life1 is traceable dur+ ! developm5t ( ! high]2 ?\gh be+ "h soon mask$ by ! assumption ( ! h]$it>y type1 x _c be trac$ f>4 ,?us ! mulb]ry-mass into :i* a f]tiliz$ ovum ( a v]tebrate animal fir/ resolves itself1 soon beg9s to exhibit a diff]5ce betwe5 ! out] & inn] p>ts answ]+ to ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances4 ,! p]iph]al cells1 aft] rea*+ a m complete developm5t ?an ! c5tral ones1 coalesce into a membrane enclos+ ! re/2 & !n ! cells ly+ next to ^! out] ones become aggregat$ ) !m1 & increase ! ?ickness ( ! g]m9al membrane1 :ile ! c5tral cells liquefy4 ,aga91 "o "p ( ! g]m9al membrane pres5tly becomes di/+ui%able z ! g]m9al spot2 & )\t ass]t+ t ! cause ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! unlike relations :i* ! respective p>ts ( ! g]m9al membrane be> to environ+ influ5ces1 x is cle> t we h 9 ^! unlike relations an elem5t ( di/urbance t5d+ to de/roy ! orig9al homog5eity ( ! g]m9al membrane4 ,fur!r1 ! g]m9al membrane by & by divides into two lay]s1 int]nal & ext]nal2 ! "o 9 contact ) ! liquefi$ int]ior "p or yelk1 ! o!r expos$ to ! surr\nd+ fluids3 ?is contra/ ( circum/ances be+ 9 obvi\s correspond5ce ) ! contra/ ( /ructures :i* foll[s x4 ,once m1 ! subsequ5t appe>ance ( ! vascul> lay] betwe5 ^! muc\s & s]\s lay]s1 z !y h be5 nam$1 admits ( a l int]pretation4 ,& 9 ?is & ! v>i\s complications :i* n[ beg9 to %[ !mselves1 we may see com+ into play t g5]al law ( ! multiplication ( effects fl[+ f "o cause1 to :i* ! increase ( het]og5eity 0 else:]e ascrib$4#i ,conf9+ our rem>ks1 z we d1 to ! mo/ g5]al facts ( developm5t1 we ?9k t "s light is ?us ?r[n on !m4 ,t ! un/able equilibrium ( a homog5e\s g]m mu/ be de/roy$ by ! unlike exposure ( its sev]al units to surr\nd+ influ5ces1 is an a priori conclusion4 ,& x seems also to be an a priori conclusion1 t ! sev]al units ?us diff]5tly act$ ^u1 mu/ ei!r be decompos$1 or mu/ und]go su* modifications ( nature z may enable !m to live 9 ! respective circum/ances !y are ?r[n into3 9 o!r words--!y mu/ ei!r die or become adapt$ to _! conditions4 ,inde$1 we might inf] z mu* )\t go+ ?r\gh ! =ego+ tra9 ( reason+4 ,! sup]ficial organic units 7be !y ! out] cells ( a mulb]ry-mass1 or be !y ! out] molecules ( an individual cell7 mu/ assume ! function :i* _! position necessitates2 & assum+ ?is function1 mu/ acquire su* "* z p]=mance ( x involves4 ,! lay] ( organic units ly+ 9 contact ) ! yelk mu/ be ^? ?r\gh :i* ! yelk is absorb$2 & s mu/ be adapt$ to ! absorb5t (fice4 ,on ?is condition only does ! process ( organization appe> possible4 ,we might almo/ say t j z "s race ( animals1 :i* multiplies & spreads into div]s regions ( ! e>?1 becomes diff]5tiat$ into sev]al races ?r\gh ! adaptation ( ea* to its conditions ( life2 s1 ! orig9ally homog5e\s population ( cells aris+ 9 a f]tiliz$ g]m-cell1 becomes divid$ into sev]al populations ( cells t gr[ unlike 9 virtue ( ! unlik5ess ( _! circum/ances4 ,moreov]1 x is to be rem>k$ 9 fur!r pro( ( our position1 t x f9ds its cle>e/ & mo/ abundant illu/rations :]e ! conditions ( ! case are ! simple/ & mo/ g5]al--:]e ! ph5om5a are ! lea/ involv$3 we mean 9 ! production ( individual cells4 ,! /ructures :i* pres5tly arise r\nd nuclei 9 a bla/ema1 & :i* h 9 "s way be5 det]m9$ by ^? nuclei z c5tres ( influ5ce1 evid5tly con=m to ! law2 = ! p>ts ( ! bla/ema 9 contact ) ! nuclei are diff]5tly condition$ f ! p>ts n 9 contact ) !m4 ,aga91 ! =mation ( a membrane r\nd ea* ( ! masses ( granules into :i* ! endo*rome ( an alga-cell breaks up1 is an in/ance ( analog\s k9d4 ,& %\ld ! rec5tly-ass]t$ fact t cells may arise r\nd vacuoles 9 a mass ( organizable sub/ance1 be confirm$1 ano!r good example w be furni%$2 = su* portions ( sub/ance z b\nd ^! vacant spaces are subject to influ5ces unlike ^? to :i* o!r portions ( ! sub/ance are subject4 ,if !n we c mo/ cle>ly trace ?is law ( modification 9 ^! primordial processes1 z well z 9 ^? m complex b analog\s ones exhibit$ 9 ! e>ly *anges ( an ovum1 we h /rong reason = ?9k+ t ! law is fundam5tal4 ,b1 z already m ?an once h9t$1 ?is pr9ciple1 und]/ood 9 ! simple =m "h pres5t$1 supplies no key to ! detail$ ph5om5a ( organic developm5t4 ,x fails entirely to expla9 g5]ic & specific peculi>ities2 & leaves u equally 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? m important di/9ctions by :i* families & ord]s are m>k$ out4 ,:y two ova1 simil>ly expos$ 9 ! same pool1 %\ld become ! "o a fi%1 & ! o!r a reptile1 x _c tell u4 ,t f two diff]5t eggs plac$ "u ! same h51 %\ld respectively come =? a duckl+ & a *ick51 is a fact n to be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis above develop$4 ,"h we are oblig$ to fall back ^u ! unexpla9$ pr9ciple ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,! capacity possess$ by an unorganiz$ g]m ( unfold+ into a complex adult :i* repeats ance/ral traits 9 m9ute details1 & t ev5 :5 x has be5 plac$ 9 conditions unlike ^? ( its ance/ors1 is a capacity impossible = u to und]/&4 ,t a microscopic portion ( seem+ly /ructureless matt] %\ld embody an influ5ce ( su* k9d1 t ! result+ man w 9 fifty ye>s aft] become g\ty or insane1 is a tru? :i* w\ld be incr$ible 7 x n daily illu/rat$4 ,b ?\gh ! mann] 9 :i* h]$it>y lik5ess1 9 all its complications1 is convey$1 is a my/]y pass+ compreh5sion1 x is q conceivable t x is convey$ 9 subord9ation to ! law ( adaptation above expla9$2 & we are n )\t reasons = ?9k+ t x is s4 ,v>i\s facts %[ t acquir$ peculi>ities result+ f ! adaptation ( con/itution to conditions1 are transmissible to (fspr+4 ,su* acquir$ peculi>ities consi/ ( diff]5ces ( /ructure or composition 9 "o or m ( ! tissues4 ,t is to say1 ( ! aggregate ( simil> organic units compos+ a g]m1 ! gr\p go+ to ! =mation ( a p>ticul> tissue1 w take on ! special "* :i* ! adaptation ( t tissue to new circum/ances _h produc$ 9 ! p>5ts4 ,we "k ?is to be a g5]al law ( organic modifications4 ,fur!r1 x is ! only law ( organic modifications ( :i* we h any evid5ce4#aj ,x is n impossible !n t x is ! univ]sal law2 compreh5d+ n simply ^? m9or modifications :i* (fspr+ inh]it f rec5t ance/ry1 b compreh5d+ also ^? l>g] modifications di/9ctive ( species1 g5us1 ord]1 class1 :i* !y inh]it f antec$5t races ( organisms4 ,& ?us x may be t ! law ( adaptation is ! sole law2 presid+ n only ov] ! diff]5tiation ( any race ( organisms into sev]al races1 b also ov] ! diff]5tiation ( ! race ( organic units compos+ a g]m1 into ! _m races ( organic units compos+ an adult4 ,s und]/ood1 ! process gone ?r\gh by e unfold+ organism w consi/1 p>tly 9 ! direct adaptation ( its elem5ts to _! sev]al circum/ances1 & p>tly 9 ! assumption ( *>act]s result+ f analog\s adaptations ( ! elem5ts ( all ance/ral organisms4 ,b our argum5t does n commit u to any su* f>-rea*+ speculation z ?is2 :i* we introduce simply z sugge/$ by x1 n involv$4 ,all we are "h conc]n$ to %[1 is1 t ! d$uctive me?od aids u 9 int]pret+ "s ( ! m g5]al ph5om5a ( developm5t4 ,t all homog5e\s aggregates are 9 un/able equilibrium is a univ]sal tru?1 f :i* is d$ucible ! in/ability ( e organic g]m4 ,f ! kn[n s5sitiv5ess ( organic comp\nds to *emical1 !rmal1 & o!r di/urb+ =ces1 we fur!r inf] ! unusual in/ability ( e organic g]m--a pron5ess f> beyond t ( o!r homog5e\s aggregates to lapse into a het]og5e\s /ate4 ,by ! same l9e ( reason+ we are l$ to ! additional inf]5ce1 t ! fir/ divisions into :i* a g]m resolves itself1 be+ sev]ally 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 are simil>ly prone to und]go fur!r *anges2 & s on cont9u\sly4 ,moreov]1 we h f\nd x to be equally an a priori conclusion1 t z1 9 all o!r cases1 ! loss ( homog5eity is due to ! diff]5t degrees & k9ds ( =ce br\ght to be> on ! diff]5t p>ts2 s1 9 ?is case too1 diff]5ce ( circum/ances is ! prim>y cause ( diff]5tiation4 ,add to :i*1 t z ! sev]al *anges und]gone by ! respective p>ts ?us div]sely act$ ^u1 are *anges :i* d n de/roy _! vital activity1 !y mu/ be *anges :i* br+ t vital activity into subord9ation to ! incid5t =ces--!y mu/ be adaptations2 & ! l mu/ be 9 "s s5se true ( all ! subsequ5t *anges4 ,?us by d$uctive reason+ we get "s insight into ! me?od ( organization4 ,h[ev] unable we are1 & probably ev] %all be1 to compreh5d ! way 9 :i* a g]m is made to take on ! special =m ( its race1 we may yet compreh5d ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* regulate its fir/ modifications2 &1 rememb]+ ! unity ( plan s conspicu\s ?r\gh\t nature1 we may suspect t ^! pr9ciples are 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 succe$+ modifications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a controv]sy n[ go+ on among zoologi/s1 op5s yet ano!r field = ! application ( ! d$uctive me?od4 ,we believe t ! "q :e!r !re does or does n exi/ a necess>y correlation among ! sev]al p>ts ( an organism is det]m9able a priori4 ,cuvi]1 :o fir/ ass]t$ ?is necess>y correlation1 pr(ess$ to base 8 re/orations ( ext9ct animals ^u x4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire & ,de ,bla9ville1 f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 conte/$ ,cuvi]'s hypo!sis2 & ! discussion1 :i* has mu* int]e/ z be>+ on paleontology1 has be5 rec5tly reviv$ "u a some:at modifi$ =m3 ,pr(essors ,huxley & ,ow5 be+ respectively ! assailant & def5d] ( ! hypo!sis4 ,cuvi] says--,comp>ative anatomy possesses a pr9ciple ^: j developm5t is suffici5t to dissipate all difficulties2 x is t ( ! correlation ( =ms 9 organiz$ be+s1 by means ( :i* e k9d ( organiz$ be+ might1 /rictly speak+1 be recogniz$ by a fragm5t ( any ( its p>ts4 ,e organiz$ be+ con/itutes a :ole1 a s+le & complete sy/em1 ^: p>ts mutually correspond & concur by _! reciprocal reaction to ! same def9ite end4 ,none ( ^! p>ts c be *ang$ )\t affect+ ! o!rs2 & consequ5tly ea* tak5 sep>ately1 indicates & gives all ! re/4 ,he !n gives illu/rations3 argu+ t ! c>nivor\s =m ( too? necessitat+ a c]ta9 action ( ! jaw1 implies a p>ticul> =m 9 its condyles2 implies also limbs fit = seiz+ & hold+ prey2 !re=e implies claws1 a c]ta9 /ructure ( ! leg-bones1 a c]ta9 =m ( %\ld]-blade4 ,summ+ up he says1 t ! claw1 ! scapula1 ! condyle1 ! femur1 & all ! o!r bones1 tak5 sep>ately1 w give ! too? or "o ano!r2 & by comm5c+ ) any "o1 he :o _h a rational conception ( ! laws ( ! organic economy1 c\ld recon/ruct ! :ole animal4 ,x w be se5 t ! me?od ( re/oration "h cont5d$ =1 is bas$ on ! alleg$ physiological necessity ( ! connexion betwe5 ^! sev]al peculi>ities4 ,! argum5t us$ is1 n t a scapula ( a c]ta9 %ape may be recogniz$ z hav+ belong$ to a c>nivor\s mammal because we always f9d t c>nivor\s mammals d possess su* scapulas2 b ! argum5t is t !y mu/ possess !m1 because c>nivor\s habits w\ld be impossible )\t !m4 ,& 9 ! above quotation ,cuvi] ass]ts t ! necess>y correlation :i* he consid]s s obvi\s 9 ^! cases1 exi/s ?r\gh\t ! sy/em3 admitt+1 h[ev]1 t 9 consequ5ce ( our limit$ k ( physiology we are unable 9 _m cases to trace ?is necess>y correlation1 & are oblig$ to base our conclusions ^u obs]v$ coexi/5ces1 ( :i* we d n und]/& ! reason1 b :i* we f9d inv>iable4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,huxley has rec5tly %[n t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is empirical me?od1 :i* ,cuvi] introduces z q subord9ate1 & to be us$ only 9 aid ( ! rational me?od1 is really ! me?od :i* ,cuvi] habitually employ$--! s-call$ rational me?od rema9+ practically a dead lett]2 &1 9 ! second place1 he has %[n t ,cuvi] himself has 9 sev]al places s f> admitt$ ! inapplicability ( ! rational me?od1 z virtually to surr5d] x z a me?od4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ,pr(essor ,huxley cont5ds t ! alleg$ necess>y correlation is n true4 ,q admitt+ ! physiological dep5d5ce ( p>ts on ea* o!r1 he d5ies t x is a dep5d5ce ( a k9d :i* c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,?us ! tee? ( a lion & ! /oma* ( ! animal are 9 su* relation t ! "o is fitt$ to dige/ ! food :i* ! o!r c te>1 !y are physiologically correlat$2 b we h no reason = affirm+ ?is to be a necess>y physiological correlation1 9 ! s5se t no o!r c\ld equally fit its possessor = liv+ on rec5t fle%4 ,! numb] & =m ( ! tee? might h be5 q diff]5t f t :i* we "k !m to be1 & ! con/ruction ( ! /oma* might h be5 greatly alt]$2 & yet ! functions ( ^! organs might h be5 equally well p]=m$4 ,?us mu* is ne$ful to give an idea ( ! controv]sy4 ,x is n "h our purpose to g m at l5g? into ! evid5ce cit$ on ei!r side4 ,we simply wi% to %[ t ! "q may be settl$ d$uctively4 ,be=e go+ on to d ?is1 h[ev]1 let u briefly notice two collat]al po9ts4 ,9 8 def5ce ( ! ,cuvi]ian doctr9e1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 avails himself ( ! odium !ologicum4 ,he attributes to 8 oppon5ts ! ins9uation & mask$ advocacy ( ! doctr9e subv]sive ( a recognition ( ! ,high] ,m9d4 ,n[1 say+ no?+ ab\t ! que/ionable propriety ( ?us prejudg+ an issue 9 sci5ce1 we ?9k ?is is an un=tunate accusation4 ,:at is !re 9 ! hypo!sis ( necess>y1 z di/+ui%$ f actual1 correlation ( p>ts1 :i* is p>ticul>ly 9 h>mony ) ,!ism8 ,ma9t5ance ( ! necessity1 :e!r ( sequ5ces or ( coexi/5ces1 is commonly ?\ght r a d]ogation f div9e p[] ?an o!rwise4 ,cuvi] says--,none ( ^! p>ts c be *ang$ )\t affect+ ! o!rs2 & consequ5tly1 ea* tak5 sep>ately1 indicates & gives all ! re/4 ,t is to say1 9 ! nature ( ?+s ! correlation c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,huxley says we h no w>rant = ass]t+ t ! correlation c\ld n h be5 o!rwise2 b h n a little reason = ?9k+ t ! same physiological ends might h be5 diff]5tly a*iev$4 ,! "o doctr9e limits ! possibilities ( creation2 ! o!r d5ies ! impli$ limit4 ,:i*1 !n1 is mo/ op5 to ! *>ge ( cov]t ,a!ism8 ,on ! o!r po9t we lean to ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,we agree ) him 9 ?9k+ t :]e a rational correlation 79 ! highe/ s5se ( ! t]m7 c be made out1 x af=ds a bett] basis = d$uction ?an an empirical correlation asc]ta9$ only by accumulat$ obs]vations4 ,premis+ t by rational correlation is n meant "o 9 :i* we c trace1 or ?9k we c trace1 a design1 b "o ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable 7& ?is is ! species ( correlation :i* ,cuvi]'s pr9ciple implies72 !n we hold t our k ( ! correlation is ( a m c]ta9 k9d ?an :]e x is simply inductive4 ,we ?9k t ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 anxiety to avoid ! error ( mak+ ,?\ght ! measure ( ,?+s1 does n suffici5tly be> 9 m9d ! fact1 t z our notion ( necessity is det]m9$ by "s absolute uni=mity p]vad+ all ord]s ( our exp]i5ces1 x foll[s t an organic correlation :i* _c be conceiv$ o!rwise1 is gu>ante$ by a mu* wid] induction ?an "o asc]ta9$ only by ! obs]vation ( organisms4 ,b ! tru? is1 t !re are relatively few organic correlations ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable4 ,if we f9d ! skull1 v]tebr1 ribs1 & phalanges ( "s quadrup$ z l>ge z an elephant2 we may inde$ be c]ta9 t ! legs ( ?is quadrup$ 7 ( consid]able size--mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( a rat2 & our reason = conceiv+ ?is correlation z necess>y1 is1 t x is bas$1 n only ^u our exp]i5ces ( mov+ organisms1 b ^u all our me*anical exp]i5ces relative to masses & _! supports4 ,b ev5 7 !re _m physiological correlations really ( ?is ord]1 :i* !re are n1 !re w\ld be dang] 9 pursu+ ?is l9e ( reason+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! liability to include )9 ! class ( truly necess>y correlations1 ^? :i* are n su*4 ,= in/ance1 !re w\ld seem to be a necess>y correlation betwe5 ! eye & ! surface ( ! body3 light be+ ne$ful = vision1 x might be suppos$ t e eye mu/ be ext]nal4 ,nev]!less x is a fact t !re are creatures1 z ! ,cirrhip$ia1 hav+ eyes 7n v effici5t ones1 x may be7 deeply imb$d$ )9 ! body4 ,aga91 a necess>y correlation might be assum$ betwe5 ! dim5sions ( ! mammalian ut]us & ^? ( ! pelvis4 ,x w\ld appe> impossible t 9 any species !re %\ld exi/ a well-develop$ ut]us conta9+ a full-siz$ foetus1 & yet t ! ar* ( ! pelvis %\ld be too small to all[ ! foetus to pass4 ,& 7 ! only mammal hav+ a v small pelvic ar*1 a fossil "o1 x w\ld h be5 inf]r$1 on ! ,cuvi]ian me?od1 t ! foetus mu/ h be5 born 9 a rudim5t>y /ate2 & t ! ut]us mu/ h be5 proportionally small4 ,b !re happ5s to be an extant mammal hav+ an undevelop$ pelvis--! mole--:i* pres5ts u ) a fact t saves u f ?is errone\s inf]5ce4 ,! "y ( ! mole are n born ?r\gh ! pelvic ar* at all2 b 9 front ( x6 ,?us1 grant+ t "s q direct physiological correlations may be necess>y1 we see t !re is great risk ( includ+ among !m "s :i* are n4 ,) reg>d to ! great mass ( ! correlations1 h[ev]1 includ+ all ! indirect ones1 ,pr(essor ,huxley seems to u w>rant$ 9 d5y+ t !y are necess>y2 & we n[ propose to %[ d$uctively ! tru? ( 8 !sis4 ,let u beg9 ) an analogy4 ,:oev] has be5 ?r\gh an ext5sive iron-works1 has se5 a gigantic pair ( %e>s work$ by ma*9]y1 & us$ = cutt+ 9 two1 b>s ( iron t are f "t to "t ?ru/ betwe5 its blades4 ,suppos+ ^! blades to be ! only visible p>ts ( ! app>atus1 anyone obs]v+ _! movem5ts 7or r ! movem5t ( "o1 = ! o!r is commonly fix$71 w see f ! mann] 9 :i* ! angle increases & decreases1 & f ! curve describ$ by ! mov+ extremity1 t !re mu/ be "s c5tre ( motion--ei!r a pivot or an ext]nal box equival5t to x4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z a necess>y correlation4 ,moreov]1 he might inf] t beyond ! c5tre ( motion ! mov+ blade 0 produc$ into a lev]1 to :i* ! p[] 0 appli$2 b z ano!r arrangem5t is j possible1 ?is c\ld n be call$ any?+ m ?an a highly probable correlation4 ,if n[ he w5t a /ep fur!r1 & ask$ h[ ! reciprocal movem5t 0 giv5 to ! lev]1 he w\ld p]haps conclude t x 0 giv5 by a crank4 ,b if he knew any?+ ( me*anics1 he w\ld "k t x might possibly be giv5 by an ecc5tric4 ,or aga91 he w\ld "k t ! effect c\ld be a*iev$ by a cam4 ,t is to say1 he w\ld see t !re 0 no necess>y correlation betwe5 ! %e>s & ! remot] p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,take ano!r case4 ,! plate ( a pr9t+-press is requir$ to move up & d[n to ! ext5t ( an in* or s2 & x mu/ ex]t its greate/ pressure :5 x rea*es ! extreme ( its d[nw>d movem5t4 ,if n[ anyone w look ov] ! /ock ( a pr9t+-press mak]1 he w see half a doz5 diff]5t me*anical arrangem5ts by :i* ^! ends are a*iev$2 & a ma*9i/ w\ld tell him t z _m m might readily be inv5t$4 ,if1 !n1 !re is no necess>y correlation betwe5 ! special p>ts ( a ma*9e1 /ill less is !re betwe5 ^? ( an organism4 ,f a conv]se po9t ( view ! same tru? is manife/4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! above analogy1 x w be =ese5 t an alt]ation 9 "o "p ( an organism w n necess>ily entail "s "o specific set ( alt]ations 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,cuvi] says1 ,none ( ^! p>ts c be *ang$ )\t affect+ ! o!rs2 & consequ5tly1 ea* tak5 sep>ately1 indicates & gives all ! re/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! propositions may pass1 b ! second1 :i* x is alleg$ foll[s f x1 is n true2 = x implies t all ! re/ c be sev]ally affect$ 9 only "o way & degree1 :]eas !y c be affect$ 9 _m ways & degrees4 ,to %[ ?is1 we mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to a me*anical analogy4 ,if y set a brick on end & ?ru/ x ov]1 y c pr$ict ) c]ta9ty 9 :at direction x w fall1 & :at attitude x w assume4 ,if1 aga9 sett+ x up1 y put ano!r on ! top ( x1 y c no long] =esee ) accuracy ! results ( an ov]?r[2 & on repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 no matt] h[ mu* c>e is tak5 to place ! bricks 9 ! same positions1 & to apply ! same degree ( =ce 9 ! same direction1 ! effects w on no two occasions be exactly alike4 ,& 9 proportion z ! aggregation is complicat$ by ! addition ( new & unlike p>ts1 w ! results ( any di/urbance become m v>i$ & incalculable4 ,! l tru? is curi\sly illu/rat$ by locomotive eng9es4 ,x is a fact famili> to me*anical eng9e]s & eng9e-driv]s1 t out ( a numb] ( eng9es built z accurately z possible to ! same patt]n1 no two w act 9 j ! same mann]4 ,ea* w h its peculi>ities4 ,! play ( actions & reactions w s f> diff]1 t "u l conditions ea* w behave 9 a some:at diff]5t way2 & e driv] has to le>n ! idiosyncrasies ( 8 own eng9e be=e he c "w x to ! greate/ advantage4 ,9 organisms !mselves ?is indef9it5ess ( me*anical reaction is cle>ly traceable4 ,two boys ?r[+ /ones w always diff] m or less 9 _! attitudes1 z w two billi>d-play]s4 ,! famili> fact t ea* individual has a *>act]i/ic gait1 illu/rates ! po9t /ill bett]4 ,! rhy?mical motion ( ! leg is simple1 & on ! ,cuvi]ian hypo!sis1 %\ld react on ! body 9 "s uni=m way4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( ^? slight diff]5ces ( /ructure :i* consi/ ) id5tity ( species1 no two individuals make exactly simil> movem5ts ei!r ( ! trunk or ! arms4 ,!re is always a peculi>ity recognizable by _! fri5ds4 ,:5 we pass to di/urb+ =ces ( a non-me*anical k9d1 ! same tru? becomes /ill m conspicu\s4 ,expose sev]al p]sons to a dr5*+ /orm2 & :ile "o w subsequ5tly feel no appreciable inconv5i5ce1 ano!r w h a c\gh1 ano!r a cat>rh1 ano!r an attack ( di>rhoea1 ano!r a fit ( rheumatism4 ,vacc9ate sev]al *ildr5 ( ! same age ) ! same quantity ( virus1 appli$ to ! same "p1 & ! symptoms w n be q alike 9 any ( !m1 ei!r 9 k9d or int5sity2 & 9 "s cases ! diff]5ces w be extreme4 ,! quantity ( alcohol :i* w s5d "o man to sleep1 w r5d] ano!r unusually brilliant--w make ?is maudl91 & t irritable4 ,opium w produce ei!r dr[s9ess or wakefulness3 s w tobacco4 ,n[ 9 all ^! cases--me*anical & o!r--"s =ce is br\ght to be> prim>ily on "o "p ( an organism1 & second>ily on ! re/2 &1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,cuvi]1 ! re/ ought to be affect$ 9 a specific way4 ,we f9d ?is to be by no means ! case4 ,! orig9al *ange produc$ 9 "o "p does n /& 9 any necess>y correlation ) e "o ( ! *anges produc$ 9 ! o!r p>ts2 nor d ^! /& 9 any necess>y correlation ) "o ano!r4 ,! functional alt]ation :i* ! di/urb+ =ce causes 9 ! organ directly act$ ^u1 does n involve "s p>ticul> set ( functional alt]ations 9 ! o!r organs2 b w be foll[$ by "s "o out ( v>i\s sets4 ,& x is a manife/ coroll>y1 t any /ructural alt]ation :i* may ev5tually be produc$ 9 ! "o organ1 w n be accompani$ by "s p>ticul> set ( /ructural alt]ations 9 ! o!r organs4 ,!re w be no necess>y correlation ( =ms4 ,?us ,paleontology mu/ dep5d ^u ! empirical me?od4 ,a fossil species t 0 oblig$ to *ange its food or habits ( life1 did n ( necessity und]go ! p>ticul> set ( modifications exhibit$2 b1 "u "s slight *ange ( pr$ispos+ causes--z ( season or latitude--might h und]gone "s o!r set ( modifications3 ! det]m9+ circum/ance be+ "o :i*1 9 ! human s5se1 we call =tuit\s4 ,may we n say !n1 t ! d$uctive me?od elucidates ?is vex$ "q 9 physiology2 :ile at ! same "t our argum5t collat]ally exhibits ! limits )9 :i* ! d$uctive me?od is applicable4 ,= :ile we see t ?is extremely g5]al "q may be satisfactorily dealt ) d$uctively2 ! conclusion arriv$ at itself implies t ! m special ph5om5a ( organization _c be s dealt )4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is yet ano!r me?od ( inve/igat+ ! g5]al tru?s ( physiology--a me?od to :i* physiology already owes "o lum9\s idea1 b :i* is n at pres5t =mally recogniz$ z a me?od4 ,we ref] to ! comp>ison ( physiological ph5om5a ) social ph5om5a4 ,! analogy betwe5 individual organisms & ! social organism1 is "o t has f e>ly days occasionally =c$ itself on ! att5tion ( ! obs]vant4 ,& ?\gh mod]n sci5ce does n c\nt5ance ^? crude ideas ( ?is analogy :i* h be5 f "t to "t express$ s9ce ! ,greeks fl\ri%$2 yet x t5ds to %[ t !re is an analogy1 & a rem>kable "o4 ,:ile x is becom+ cle> t !re are n ^? special p>allelisms betwe5 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( a man & ^? ( a nation1 :i* h be5 ?\ght to exi/2 x is also becom+ cle> t ! g5]al pr9ciples ( developm5t & /ructure display$ 9 organiz$ bodies are display$ 9 societies also4 ,! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic bo? ( societies & ( liv+ creatures1 is1 t !y consi/ ( mutually-dep5d5t p>ts2 & x w\ld seem t ?is involves a community ( v>i\s o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! broad facts ( bo? physiology & sociology1 are beg9n+ to recognize ?is correspond5ce n z a plausible fancy1 b z a sci5tific tru?4 ,& we are /rongly ( op9ion t x w by & by be se5 to hold to an ext5t :i* few at pres5t suspect4 ,mean:ile1 if any su* correspond5ce exi/s1 x is cle> t physiology & sociology w m or less int]pret ea* o!r4 ,ea* af=ds its special facilities = inquiry4 ,relations ( cause & effect cle>ly traceable 9 ! social organism1 may lead to ! se>* = analog\s ones 9 ! individual organism2 & may s elucidate :at might else be inexplicable4 ,laws ( gr[? & function disclos$ by ! pure physiologi/1 may occasionally give u ! clue to c]ta9 social modifications o!rwise difficult to und]/&4 ,if !y c d no m1 ! two sci5ces c at lea/ ex*ange sugge/ions & confirmations2 & ?is w be no small aid4 ,! conception ( ! physiological division ( lab\r1 :i* political economy has already suppli$ to physiology1 is "o ( no small value4 ,& probably x has o!rs to give4 ,9 support ( ?is op9ion1 we w n[ cite cases 9 :i* su* aid is furni%$4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 let u see :e!r ! facts ( social organization d n af=d additional support to "s ( ! doctr9es set =? 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is article4 ,"o ( ! propositions support$ by evid5ce 0 t 9 animals ! process ( developm5t is c>ri$ on1 n by diff]5tiations only1 b by subord9ate integrations4 ,n[ 9 ! social organism we may see ! same duality ( process2 & fur!r1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! integrations are ( ! same ?ree k9ds4 ,?us we h integrations :i* arise f ! simple gr[? ( adjac5t p>ts t p]=m l functions3 z1 = in/ance1 ! coalesc5ce ( ,man*e/] ) its calico-weav+ suburbs4 ,we h o!r integrations :i* arise :51 out ( sev]al places produc+ a p>ticul> commodity1 "o monopolizes m & m ( ! bus9ess1 & leaves ! re/ to dw9dle3 witness ! gr[? ( ! ,york%ire clo?-di/ricts at ! exp5se ( ^? 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&2 or ! absorption by ,/af=d%ire ( ! pott]y-manufacture1 & ! consequ5t decay ( ! e/abli%m5ts t once fl\ri%$ at ,worce/]1 ,d]by1 & else:]e4 ,& we h ^? yet o!r integrations :i* result f ! actual approximation ( ! simil>ly-occupi$ p>ts3 :5ce result su* facts z ! conc5tration ( publi%]s 9 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ( lawy]s 9 ! ,temple & neighb\rhood1 ( corn-m]*ants ab\t ,m>k ,lane1 ( civil eng9e]s 9 ,great ,george ,/reet1 ( bank]s 9 ! c5tre ( ! city4 ,f9d+ ?us t 9 ! evolution ( ! social organism1 z 9 ! evolution ( individual organisms1 !re are integrations z well z diff]5tiations1 & moreov] t ^! integrations are ( ! same ?ree ord]s2 we h additional reason = consid]+ ^! integrations z ess5tial p>ts ( ! developm5tal process1 ne$$ to be includ$ 9 its =mula4 ,& fur!r1 ! circum/ance t 9 ! social organism ^! integrations are det]m9$ by community ( function1 confirms ! hypo!sis t !y are ?us det]m9$ 9 ! individual organism4 ,aga91 we endeav\r$ to %[ d$uctively1 t ! contra/s ( p>ts fir/ se5 9 all unfold+ embryos1 are consequ5t ^u ! contra/$ circum/ances to :i* su* p>ts are expos$2 t ?us1 adaptation ( con/itution to conditions is ! pr9ciple :i* det]m9es _! prim>y *anges2 & t1 possibly1 if we include "u ! =mula h]$it>ily-transmitt$ adaptations1 all subsequ5t diff]5tiations may be simil>ly det]m9$4 ,well1 we ne$ n long contemplate ! facts to see t "s ( ! pr$om9ant social diff]5tiations are br\ght ab\t 9 an analog\s way4 ,z ! memb]s ( an orig9ally-homog5e\s community multiply & spread1 ! gradual sep>ation into sections :i* simultane\sly takes place1 manife/ly dep5ds on diff]5ces ( local circum/ances4 ,^? :o happ5 to live ne> "s place *os51 p]haps = its c5trality1 z "o ( p]iodical assemblage1 become trad]s1 & a t[n spr+s up2 ^? :o live disp]s$1 cont9ue to hunt or cultivate ! e>?2 ^? :o spread to ! sea-%ore fall into m>itime occupations4 ,& ea* ( ^! classes und]goes modifications ( "* fitt+ to its function4 ,lat] 9 ! process ( social evolution ^! local adaptations are greatly multipli$4 ,9 virtue ( diff]5ces ( soil & climate1 ! rural inhabitants 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 h _! occupations p>tially specializ$2 & are respectively di/+ui%$ z *iefly produc+ cattle1 or %eep1 or :eat1 or oats1 or hops1 or cid]4 ,p liv+ :]e coal-fields are discov]$ become colli]s2 ,corni%m5 take to m9+ because ,cornwall is metallif]\s2 & ! iron-manufacture is ! dom9ant indu/ry :]e iron/one is pl5tiful4 ,liv]pool has assum$ ! (fice ( import+ cotton1 9 consequ5ce ( its proximity to ! di/rict :]e cotton goods are made2 & = analog\s reasons ,hull has become ! *ief port at :i* =eign wools are br\ght 94 ,ev5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( brew]ies1 ( dye-works1 ( slate-qu>ries1 ( brick-y>ds1 we may see ! same tru?4 ,s t1 bo? 9 g5]al & 9 detail1 ^! indu/rial specializations ( ! social organism :i* *>act]ize sep>ate di/ricts1 prim>ily dep5d on local circum/ances4 ,( ! orig9ally-simil> units mak+ up ! social mass1 diff]5t gr\ps assume ! diff]5t functions :i* _! respective positions entail2 & become adapt$ to _! conditions4 ,?us1 t :i* we conclud$1 a priori1 to be ! lead+ cause ( organic diff]5tiations1 we f9d1 a po/]iori1 to be ! lead+ cause ( social diff]5tiations4 ,nay fur!r1 z we inf]r$ t possibly ! embryonic *anges :i* are n ?us directly caus$1 are caus$ by h]$it>ily-transmitt$ adaptations2 s1 we may actually see t 9 embryonic societies1 su* *anges z are n due to direct adaptations1 are 9 ! ma9 traceable to adaptations orig9ally und]gone by ! p>5t society4 ,! colonies f\nd$ by di/9ct nations1 :ile !y are alike 9 exhibit+ specializations caus$ 9 ! way above describ$1 gr[ unlike 9 s f> z !y take on1 m or less1 ! organizations ( ! nations !y sprung f4 ,a ,fr5* settlem5t does n develop exactly aft] ! same mann] z an ,engli% "o2 & bo? assume =ms diff]5t f ^? :i* ,roman settlem5ts assum$4 ,n[ ! fact t ! diff]5tiation ( societies is det]m9$ p>tly by ! direct adaptation ( _! units to local conditions1 & p>tly by ! transmitt$ influ5ce ( l adaptations und]gone by ance/ral societies1 t5ds /rongly to en=ce ! conclusion1 o!rwise rea*$1 t ! diff]5tiation ( individual organisms1 simil>ly results f imm$iate adaptations comp\nd$ ) ance/ral adaptations4 ,f confirmations ?us furni%$ by sociology to physiology1 let u n[ pass to a sugge/ion simil>ly furni%$4 ,a factory1 or o!r produc+ e/abli%m5t1 or a t[n made up ( su* e/abli%m5ts1 is an ag5cy = elaborat+ "s commodity consum$ by society at l>ge2 & may be reg>d$ z analog\s to a gl& or viscus 9 an individual organism4 ,if we inquire :at is ! primitive mode 9 :i* "o ( ^! produc+ e/abli%m5ts gr[s up1 we f9d x to be ?is4 ,a s+le work]1 :o himself sells ! produce ( 8 lab\r1 is ! g]m4 ,8 bus9ess increas+1 he employs help]s--8 sons or o!rs2 & hav+ done ?is1 he becomes a v5dor n only ( 8 own h&iwork1 b ( t ( o!rs4 ,a fur!r increase ( 8 bus9ess compels him to multiply 8 assi/ants1 & 8 sale gr[s s rapid t he is oblig$ to conf9e himself to ! process ( sell+3 he ceases to be a produc]1 & becomes simply a *annel ?r\gh :i* ! produce ( o!rs is convey$ to ! public4 ,%\ld 8 prosp]ity rise yet high]1 he f9ds t he is unable to manage ev5 ! sale ( 8 commodities1 & has to employ o!rs1 probably ( 8 own family1 to aid him 9 sell+2 s t1 to him z a ma9 *annel are n[ add$ subord9ate *annels4 ,moreov]1 :5 !re gr[ up 9 "o place1 z a ,man*e/] or a ,birm+ham1 _m e/abli%m5ts ( l k9d1 ?is process is c>ri$ /ill fur!r4 ,!re arise factors & buy]s1 :o are ! *annels ?r\gh :i* is transmitt$ ! produce ( _m factories2 & we believe t prim>ily ^! factors 7 manufactur]s :o und]took to dispose ( ! produce ( small] h\ses z well z _! own1 & ultimately became salesm5 only4 ,"u a conv]se aspect1 all ! /ages ( ?is developm5t h be5 )9 ^! few ye>s exemplifi$ 9 our railway contractors4 ,!re are sundry m5 n[ liv+ :o illu/rate ! :ole process 9 _! own p]sons--m5 :o 7 orig9ally navvies1 digg+ & :eel+2 :o !n und]took "s small sub-contract1 & work$ along ) ^? !y paid2 :o pres5tly took l>g] contracts1 & employ$ =em52 & :o n[ contract = :ole railways1 & let portions to sub-contractors4 ,t is to say1 we h m5 :o 7 orig9ally work]s1 b h f9ally become ! ma9 *annels out ( :i* div]ge second>y *annels1 :i* aga9 bifurcate into ! subord9ate *annels1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! money 7repres5t+ ! nutrim5t7 suppli$ by society to ! actual mak]s ( ! railway4 ,n[ x seems wor? inquir+ :e!r ?is is n ! orig9al c\rse foll[$ 9 ! evolution ( secret+ & excret+ organs 9 an animal4 ,we "k t su* is ! process by :i* ! liv] is develop$4 ,out ( ! gr\p ( bile-cells =m+ ! g]m ( x1 "s c5trally-plac$ ones1 ly+ next to ! inte/9e1 are trans=m$ into ducts ?r\gh :i* ! secretion ( ! p]iph]al bile-cells is p\r$ into ! inte/9e2 & z ! p]iph]al bile-cells multiply1 !re simil>ly arise second>y ducts empty+ !mselves into ! ma9 ones2 t]ti>y ones into ^!2 & s on4 ,rec5t inquiries %[ t ! l is ! case ) ! lungs1--t ! bron*ial tubes are ?us =m$4 ,b :ile analogy sugge/s t ?is is ! orig9al mode 9 :i* su* organs are develop$1 x at ! same "t sugge/s t ?is does n necess>ily cont9ue to be ! mode4 ,= z we f9d t 9 ! social organism1 manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts are no long] commonly develop$ ?r\gh ! s]ies ( modifications above describ$1 b n[ mo/ly arise by ! direct trans=mation ( a numb] ( p]sons into ma/]1 cl]ks1 =em51 work]s1 c42 s ! approximate me?od ( =m+ organs1 may 9 "s cases be replac$ by a direct metamorphosis ( ! organic units into ! de/9$ /ructure1 )\t any transitional /ructures be+ pass$ ?r\gh4 ,t !re are organs ?us =m$ is an asc]ta9$ fact2 & ! additional "q :i* analogy sugge/s is1 :e!r ! direct me?od is sub/itut$ = ! indirect me?od4 ,su* p>allelisms might be multipli$4 ,& 7 x possible "h to %[ 9 detail ! close correspond5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( organization1 our case w\ld be se5 to h abundant support4 ,b1 z x is1 ^! few illu/rations w suffici5tly ju/ify ! op9ion t /udy ( organiz$ bodies may be indirectly fur!r$ by /udy ( ! body politic4 ,h9ts may be expect$1 if no?+ m4 ,& ?us we v5ture to ?9k t ! ,inductive ,me?od1 usually alone employ$ by mo/ physiologi/s1 may n only d]ive important assi/ance f ! ,d$uctive ,me?od1 b may fur!r be supplem5t$ by ! ,sociological ,me?od4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 ,c>p5t]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,comp>ative ,physiology1 pp4 #faf-ag4 ,footnote #g3 ,) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,myx9oid fi%es1 9 :i* :at is consid]$ z ! nasal orifice is s+le1 & on ! m$ian l9e4 ,b see+ h[ unusual is ! position ( ?is orifice1 x seems que/ionable :e!r x is ! true homologue ( ! no/rils4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april1 #aheg2 & n[ repr9t$ 9 ?is volume4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,essay on ,progress3 its ,law & ,cause4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,i leave x /&+ because x %[s ! /age ( ?\ght !n arriv$ at4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,july1 #aheh4 ,9 explanation ( sundry passages1 x seems ne$ful to /ate t ?is essay 0 writt5 9 def5ce ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis at a "t :5 x _h fall5 into disrepute4 ,h5ce !re are "s op9ions spok5 ( z curr5t :i* are no long] curr5t4 ,inquir+ into ! p$igree ( an idea is n a bad means ( r\ghly e/imat+ its value4 ,to h come ( respectable ance/ry1 is prima facie evid5ce ( wor? 9 a belief z 9 a p]son2 :ile to be desc5d$ f a discr$itable /ock is1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 an unfav\rable index4 ,! analogy is n a m]e fancy4 ,beliefs1 toge!r ) ^? :o hold !m1 are modifi$ little by little 9 successive g5]ations2 & z ! modifications :i* successive g5]ations ( ! hold]s und]go d n de/roy ! orig9al type1 b only disguise & ref9e x1 s ! accompany+ alt]ations ( belief1 h[ev] mu* !y purify1 leave beh9d ! ess5ce ( ! orig9al belief4 ,consid]$ g5ealogically1 ! receiv$ !ory respect+ ! creation ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em is unmi/akably ( l[ orig94 ,y may cle>ly trace x back to primitive my?ologies4 ,its remote/ ance/or is ! doctr9e t ! cele/ial bodies are p]sonages :o orig9ally liv$ on ! ,e>?--a doctr9e /ill held by "s ( ! negroes ,liv+/one visit$4 ,sci5ce hav+ dive/$ ! sun & planets ( _! div9e p]sonalities1 ?is old idea 0 succe$$ by ! idea :i* ev5 ,kepl] ent]ta9$1 t ! planets are guid$ 9 _! c\rses by presid+ spirits3 no long] !mselves gods1 !y are /ill sev]ally kept 9 _! orbits by gods4 ,& :5 gravitation came to disp5se ) ^! cele/ial /e]sm51 !re 0 begott5 a belief1 less gross ?an its p>5t1 b p>tak+ ( ! same ess5tial nature1 t ! planets 7 orig9ally laun*$ into _! orbits by ! ,creator's h&4 ,evid5tly1 ?\gh mu* ref9$1 ! an?ropomorphism ( ! curr5t hypo!sis is inh]it$ f ! aborig9al an?ropomorphism1 :i* describ$ gods z a /rong] ord] ( m54 ,!re is an antagoni/ hypo!sis :i* does n propose to hon\r ! ,unkn[n ,p[] manife/$ 9 ! ,univ]se1 by su* titles z ,! ,ma/]-,build]1 or ,! ,great ,artific]2 b :i* reg>ds ?is ,unkn[n ,p[] z probably work+ aft] a me?od q diff]5t f t ( human me*anics4 ,& ! g5ealogy ( ?is hypo!sis is z high z t ( ! o!r is l[4 ,x is begott5 by t ev]-enl>g+ & ev]-/r5g!n+ belief 9 ! pres5ce ( ,law1 :i* accumulat$ exp]i5ces h gradually produc$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation ,sci5ce has be5 prov+ uni=mities ( relation among ph5om5a :i* 7 be=e ?\ght ei!r =tuit\s or sup]natural 9 _! orig9--has be5 %[+ an e/abli%$ ord] & a con/ant causation :]e ignorance _h assum$ irregul>ity & arbitr>9ess4 ,ea* fur!r discov]y ( ,law has increas$ ! presumption t ,law is ev]y:]e con=m$ to4 ,& h5ce1 among o!r beliefs1 has aris5 ! belief t ! ,sol> ,sy/em orig9at$1 n by manufacture b by evolution4 ,besides its ab/ract p>5tage 9 ^? gr& g5]al conceptions :i* ,sci5ce has g5]at$1 ?is hypo!sis has a concrete p>5tage ( ! highe/ "*4 ,bas$ z x is on ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 x may claim = its remote prog5itor ! great ?9k] :o e/abli%$ t law4 ,x 0 fir/ sugge/$ by "o :o ranks high among philosoph]s4 ,! man :o collect$ evid5ce indicat+ t />s result f ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]1 0 ! mo/ dilig5t1 c>eful1 & orig9al a/ronomical obs]v] ( mod]n times4 ,& ! _w has n se5 a m le>n$ ma!matician ?an ! man :o1 sett+ out ) ?is conception ( diffus$ matt] conc5trat+ t[>ds its c5tre ( gravity1 po9t$ out ! way 9 :i* !re w\ld arise1 9 ! c\rse ( its conc5tration1 a balanc$ gr\p ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 l t ( :i* ! ,e>? is a memb]4 ,?us1 ev5 7 !re b little direct evid5ce assignable = ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! probability ( its tru? w\ld be /rong4 ,its own high d]ivation & ! l[ d]ivation ( ! antagoni/ hypo!sis1 w\ld toge!r =m a weighty reason = accept+ x--at any rate1 provisionally4 ,b ! direct evid5ce assignable = ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis is by no means little4 ,x is f> great] 9 quantity1 & m v>i$ 9 k9d1 ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,mu* has be5 said "h & !re on ?is or t class ( evid5ces2 b n[h]e1 s f> z we "k1 h all ! evid5ces be5 fully /at$4 ,we propose "h to d some?+ t[>ds supply+ ! defici5cy3 believ+ t1 jo9$ ) ! a priori reasons giv5 above1 ! array ( a po/]iori reasons w leave little d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any c&id inquir]4 ,& fir/1 let u address ourselves to ^? rec5t discov]ies 9 /ell> a/ronomy :i* h be5 suppos$ to conflict ) ?is celebrat$ speculation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 direct+ 8 great reflector to v>i\s nebul\s spots1 f\nd !m resolvable into clu/]s ( />s1 he inf]r$1 & = a "t ma9ta9$1 t all nebul\s spots are clu/]s ( />s exce$+ly remote f u4 ,b aft] ye>s ( consci5ti\s inve/igation1 he conclud$ t !re 7 nebulosities :i* are n ( a />ry nature2 & on ?is conclusion 0 bas$ 8 hypo!sis ( a diffus$ lum9\s fluid :i*1 by its ev5tual aggregation1 produc$ />s4 ,a telescopic p[] mu* exce$+ t us$ by ,h]s*el1 has enabl$ ,"l ,rosse to resolve "s ( ! nebul previ\sly unresolv$2 &1 return+ to ! conclusion :i* ,h]s*el fir/ =m$ on simil> gr\nds b aft]w>ds reject$1 _m a/ronom]s h assum$ t1 "u suffici5tly high p[]s1 e nebula w\ld be decompos$ into />s--t ! irresolvability is due solely to di/ance4 ,! hypo!sis n[ commonly ent]ta9$ is1 t all nebul are galaxies m or less l 9 nature to t imm$iately surr\nd+ u2 b t !y are s inconceivably remote z to look1 ?r\gh ord9>y telescopes1 l small fa9t spots4 ,& n a few h drawn ! coroll>y1 t by ! discov]ies ( ,"l ,rosse ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis has be5 disprov$4 ,n[1 ev5 suppos+ t ^! inf]5ces respect+ ! di/ances & natures ( ! nebul are valid1 !y leave ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis sub/antially z x 04 ,admitt+ t ea* ( ^! fa9t spots is a sid]eal sy/em1 s f> remov$ t its c\ntless />s give less light ?an "o small /> ( our own sid]eal sy/em2 ! admission is 9 no way inconsi/5t ) ! belief t />s1 & _! att5dant planets1 h be5 =m$ by ! aggregation ( nebul\s matt]4 ,?\gh1 d\btless1 if ! exi/5ce ( nebul\s matt] n[ 9 c\rse ( conc5tration be disprov$1 "o ( ! evid5ces ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis is de/roy$1 yet ! rema9+ evid5ces rema94 ,x is a t5able position t ?\gh nebul> cond5sation is n[ n[h]e to be se5 9 progress1 yet x 0 once go+ on univ]sally4 ,&1 inde$1 x might be argu$ t ! /ill-cont9u$ exi/5ce ( diffus$ nebul\s matt] is sc>cely to be expect$2 see+ t ! causes :i* h result$ 9 ! aggregation ( "o mass1 mu/ h be5 act+ on all masses1 & t h5ce ! exi/5ce ( masses n aggregat$ w\ld be a fact call+ = explanation4 ,?us1 grant+ ! imm$iate conclusions sugge/$ by ^! rec5t disclosures ( ! six-feet reflector1 ! coroll>y :i* _m h drawn is inadmissible4 ,b ^! conclusions may be successfully conte/$4 ,receiv+ !m ?\gh we h be51 = ye>s pa/1 z e/abli%$ tru?s1 a critical exam9ation ( ! facts has conv9c$ u t !y are q unw>rantable4 ,!y involve s _m manife/ incongruities1 t we h be5 a/oni%$ to f9d m5 ( sci5ce ent]ta9+ !m1 ev5 z probable4 ,let u consid] ^! incongruities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m>k :at is inf]able f ! di/ribution ( nebul4 ,! spaces :i* prec$e or :i* foll[ simple nebul1 says ,arago1 & a =tiori1 gr\ps ( nebul1 conta9 g5]ally few />s4 ,h]s*el f\nd ?is rule to be inv>iable4 ,?us e "t t dur+ a %ort int]val no /> approa*$ 9 virtue ( ! diurnal motion1 to place itself 9 ! field ( 8 motionless telescope1 he 0 accu/om$ to say to ! secret>y :o assi/$ him1--',prep>e to write2 nebul are ab\t to arrive4' ,h[ does ?is fact consi/ ) ! hypo!sis t nebul are remote galaxies8 ,if !re 7 b "o nebula1 x w\ld be a curi\s co9cid5ce 7 ?is "o nebula s plac$ 9 ! di/ant regions ( space1 z to agree 9 direction ) a />less spot 9 our own sid]eal sy/em4 ,if !re 7 b two nebul1 & bo? 7 s plac$1 ! co9cid5ce w\ld be excessively /range4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say on f9d+ t !re are ?\s&s ( nebul s plac$8 ,%all we believe t 9 ?\s&s ( cases ^! f>-remov$ galaxies happ5 to agree 9 _! visible positions ) ! ?9 places 9 our own galaxy8 ,su* a belief is impossible4 ,/ill m manife/ does ! impossibility ( x become :5 we consid] ! g5]al di/ribution ( nebul4 ,besides aga9 %[+ itself 9 ! fact t ! poore/ regions 9 />s are ne> ! ri*e/ 9 nebul1 ! law above specifi$ applies to ! heav5s z a :ole4 ,9 t zone ( cele/ial space :]e />s are excessively abundant1 nebul are r>e2 :ile 9 ! two opposite cele/ial spaces t are fur!/ remov$ f ?is zone1 nebul are abundant4 ,sc>cely any nebul lie ne> ! galactic circle 7or plane ( ! ,milky ,way72 & ! great mass ( !m lie r\nd ! galactic poles4 ,c ?is also be m]e co9cid5ce8 ,:5 to ! fact t ! g5]al mass ( nebul are anti!tical 9 position to ! g5]al mass ( />s1 we add ! fact t local regions ( nebul are regions :]e />s are sc>ce1 & ! fur!r fact t s+le nebul are habitually f\nd 9 comp>atively />less spots2 does n ! pro( ( a physical connexion become ov]:elm+8 ,%\ld x n require an inf9ity ( evid5ce to %[ t nebul are n p>ts ( our sid]eal sy/em8 ,let u see :e!r any su* inf9ity ( evid5ce is assignable4 ,let u see :e!r !re is ev5 a s+le alleg$ pro( :i* w be> exam9ation4 ,z se5 ?r\gh colossal telescopes1 says ,humboldt1 ! contemplation ( ^! nebul\s masses leads u into regions f :5ce a ray ( light1 accord+ to an assumption n :olly improbable1 requires millions ( ye>s to rea* our e>?--to di/ances = ^: measurem5t ! dim5sions 7! di/ance ( ,sirius1 or ! calculat$ di/ances ( ! b9>y />s 9 ,cygnus & ! ,c5taur7 ( our ne>e/ /ratum ( fix$ />s sc>cely suffice4 ,9 ?is confus$ s5t5ce !re is impli$ a belief1 t ! di/ances ( ! nebul f our galaxy ( />s z mu* transc5d ! di/ances ( our />s f "o ano!r1 z ^! int]/ell> di/ances transc5d ! dim5sions ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,j z ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 is a m]e po9t :5 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( our ,sun f ,sirius2 s is ! di/ance ( our ,sun f ,sirius1 a m]e po9t :5 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( our galaxy f ^? f>-remov$ galaxies con/itut+ nebul4 ,obs]ve ! consequ5ces ( ?is assumption4 ,if "o ( ^! suppos$ galaxies is s remote t its di/ance dw>fs our int]/ell> spaces into po9ts1 & !re=e makes ! dim5sions ( our :ole sid]eal sy/em relatively insignificant2 does x n inevitably foll[ t ! telescopic p[] requir$ to resolve ?is remote galaxy into />s1 mu/ be incomp>ably great] ?an ! telescopic p[] requir$ to resolve ! :ole ( our own galaxy into />s8 ,is x n c]ta9 t an in/rum5t :i* c j exhibit ) cle>ness ! mo/ di/ant />s ( our own clu/]1 mu/ be utt]ly unable to sep>ate "o ( ^! remote clu/]s into />s8 ,:at1 !n1 are we to ?9k :5 we f9d t ! same in/rum5t :i* decomposes ho/s ( nebul into />s1 fails to resolve completely our own ,milky ,way8 ,take a homely comp>ison4 ,suppose a man :o 0 surr\nd$ by a sw>m ( bees1 ext5d+1 z !y sometimes d1 s high 9 ! air z to r5d] "s ( ! individual bees almo/ invisible1 7 to decl>e t a c]ta9 spot on ! horizon 0 a sw>m ( bees2 & t he knew x because he c\ld see ! bees z sep>ate specks4 ,incr$ible z ! ass]tion w\ld be1 x w\ld n exce$ 9 incr$ibility ?is :i* we are criticis+4 ,r$uce ! dim5sions to figures1 & ! absurdity becomes /ill m palpable4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ! di/ance ( ,sirius f ! ,e>? is half a million times ! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun2 &1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 ! di/ance ( a nebula is some?+ l half a million times ! di/ance ( ,sirius4 ,n[1 our own />ry isl&1 or nebula1 z ,humboldt calls x1 =ms a l5s-%ap$1 flatt5$1 & ev]y:]e deta*$ /ratum1 ^: major axis is e/imat$ at sev5 or eight hundr$1 & its m9or axis at a hundr$ & fifty times ! di/ance ( ,sirius f ! ,e>?4#aa ,& s9ce x is conclud$ t ! ,sol> ,sy/em is ne> ! c5tre ( ?is aggregation1 x foll[s t our di/ance f ! remote/ p>ts ( x is "s f\r hundr$ di/ances ( ,sirius4 ,b ! />s =m+ ^! remote/ p>ts are n individually visible1 ev5 ?r\gh telescopes ( ! highe/ p[]4 ,h[1 !n1 c su* telescopes make individually visible ! />s ( a nebula :i* is half a million times ! di/ance ( ,sirius8 ,! implication is1 t a /> r5d]$ invisible by di/ance becomes visible if tak5 twelve hundr$ times fur!r (f6 ,%all we accept ?is implication8 or %all we n r conclude t ! nebul are n remote galaxies8 ,%all we n inf] t1 be _! nature :at x may1 !y mu/ be at lea/ z ne> to u z ! extremities ( our own sid]eal sy/em8 ,?r\gh\t ! above argum5t1 x is tacitly assum$ t diff]5ces ( app>5t magnitude among ! />s1 result ma9ly f diff]5ces ( di/ance4 ,on ?is assumption ! curr5t doctr9es respect+ ! nebul are f\nd$2 & ?is assumption is1 = ! nonce1 admitt$ 9 ea* ( ! =ego+ criticisms4 ,f ! "t1 h[ev]1 :5 x 0 fir/ made by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ?is assumption has be5 purely gratuit\s2 & x n[ proves to be inadmissible4 ,b1 awkw>dly en\gh1 its tru? & its untru? are alike fatal to ! conclusions ( ^? :o argue aft] ! mann] ( ,humboldt4 ,note ! alt]natives4 ,on ! "o h&1 :at foll[s f ! untru? ( ! assumption8 ,if app>5t l>g5ess ( />s is n due to comp>ative ne>ness1 & _! successively small] sizes to _! great] & great] degrees ( remot5ess1 :at becomes ( ! inf]5ces respect+ ! dim5sions ( our sid]eal sy/em & ! di/ances ( nebul8 ,if1 z has lately be5 %[n1 ! almo/ invisible /> #fa ,cygni has a great] p>allax ?an ,greek3 a ,cygni1 ?\gh1 accord+ to an e/imate bas$ on ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's assumption1 x %\ld be ab\t twelve times m di/ant--if1 z x turns out1 !re exi/ telescopic />s :i* are ne>] to u ?an ,sirius2 ( :at wor? is ! conclusion t ! nebul are v remote1 because _! compon5t lum9\s masses are made visible only by high telescopic p[]s8 ,cle>ly1 if ! mo/ brilliant /> 9 ! heav5s & a /> t _c be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 prove to be equidi/ant1 relative di/ances _c be 9 ! lea/ inf]r$ f relative visibilities4 ,& if s1 nebul may be comp>atively ne>1 ?\gh ! />lets ( :i* !y are made up appe> extremely m9ute4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at foll[s if ! tru? ( ! assumption be grant$8 ,! argum5ts us$ to ju/ify ?is assumption 9 ! case ( ! />s1 equally ju/ify x 9 ! case ( ! nebul4 ,x _c be cont5d$ t1 on ! av]age1 ! app>5t sizes ( ! />s indicate _! di/ances1 )\t its be+ admitt$ t1 on ! av]age1 ! app>5t sizes ( ! nebul indicate _! di/ances--t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! l>g] are ! ne>] & ! small] are ! m di/ant4 ,m>k1 n[1 ! necess>y inf]5ce respect+ _! resolvability4 ,! l>ge/ or ne>e/ nebul w be mo/ easily resolv$ into />s2 ! successively small] w be successively m difficult ( resolution2 & ! irresolvable ones w be ! smalle/ ones4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is exactly ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,! l>ge/ nebul are ei!r :olly irresolvable1 or b p>tially resolvable "u ! highe/ telescopic p[]s2 :ile l>ge numb]s ( q small nebul are easily resolv$ by f> less p[]ful telescopes4 ,an in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 two & a half degrees long & "o degree broad1 appe>s m]ely z a diffus$ light1 decomposes a nebula ( fifte5 m9utes diamet] into tw5ty ?\s& />ry po9ts4 ,at ! same "t t ! individual />s ( a nebula eight m9utes 9 diamet] are s cle>ly se5 z to all[ ( _! numb] be+ e/imat$1 a nebula cov]+ an area five hundr$ times z great %[s no />s at all6 ,:at possible explanation ( ?is c be giv5 on ! curr5t hypo!sis8 ,yet a fur!r difficulty rema9s--"o :i* is1 p]haps1 /ill m obvi\sly fatal ?an ! =ego+4 ,?is difficulty is pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a ( ! ,magellanic cl\ds4 ,describ+ ! l>g] ( ^!1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el says3-- ,! ,nubecula ,major1 l ! ,m9or1 consi/s p>tly ( l>ge tracts & ill-def9$ pat*es ( irresolvable nebula1 & ( nebulosity 9 e /age ( resolution1 up to p]fectly resolv$ />s l ! ,milky ,way1 z also ( regul> & irregul> nebul prop]ly s call$1 ( globul> clu/]s 9 e /age ( resolvability1 & ( clu/]+ gr\ps suffici5tly insulat$ & cond5s$ to come "u ! designation ( 'clu/]s ( />s4'--,cape ,obs]vations1 p4 #adf4 ,9 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 aft] repeat+ ?is description 9 o!r words1 goes on to rem>k t-- ,?is comb9ation ( *>act]s1 rightly consid]$1 is 9 a high degree in/ructive1 af=d+ an insight into ! probable comp>ative di/ance ( />s & nebul1 & ! real brightness ( individual />s z comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,tak+ ! app>5t semidiamet] ( ! nubecula major at ?ree degrees1 & reg>d+ its solid =m z1 r\ghly speak+1 sph]ical1 its ne>e/ & mo/ remote p>ts diff] 9 _! di/ance f u by a little m ?an a t5? "p ( our di/ance f its c5t]4 ,! brightness ( objects situat$ 9 its ne>] portions1 !re=e1 _c be mu* exagg]at$1 nor t ( its remot] mu* enfeebl$1 by _! diff]5ce ( di/ance2 yet )9 ?is globul> space1 we h collect$ upw>ds ( six hundr$ />s ( ! sev5?1 eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? magnitudes1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ nebul1 & globul> & o!r clu/]s1 ( all degrees ( resolvability1 & small] scatt]$ />s innum]able ( e inf]ior magnitude1 f ! t5? to su* z by _! multitude & m9ut5ess con/itute irresolvable nebulosity1 ext5d+ ov] tracts ( _m squ>e degrees4 ,7 !re b "o su* object1 x might be ma9ta9$ )\t utt] improbability t its app>5t sph]icity is only an effect ( =e%ort5+1 & t 9 reality a mu* great] proportional diff]5ce ( di/ance betwe5 its ne>] & m remote p>ts exi/s4 ,b su* an adju/m5t1 improbable en\gh 9 "o case1 mu/ be reject$ z too mu* s = fair argum5t 9 two4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 z a demon/rat$ fact1 t />s ( ! sev5? or eigh? magnitude & irresolvable nebula may co-exi/ )9 limits ( di/ance n diff]+ 9 proportion m ?an z n9e to t54--,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy 7#aj? ,ed471 pp4 #fef-eg4 ,?is supplies yet ano!r r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! doctr9e we are combat+4 ,x gives u ! *oice ( two incr$ibilities4 ,if we are to believe t "o ( ^! includ$ nebul is s remote t its hundr$ ?\s& />s look l a milky spot1 invisible to ! nak$ eye2 we mu/ also believe t !re are s+le />s s enorm\s t ?\gh remov$ to ?is same di/ance !y rema9 visible4 ,if we accept ! o!r alt]native1 & say t _m nebul are no fur!r (f ?an our own />s ( ! eigh? magnitude2 !n x is requisite to say t at a di/ance n great] ?an t at :i* a s+le /> is /ill fa9tly visible to ! nak$ eye1 !re may exi/ a gr\p ( a hundr$ ?\s& />s :i* is invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,nei!r ( ^! suppositions c be ent]ta9$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! conclusion t rema9s8 ,?is only3--t ! nebul are n fur!r f u ?an p>ts ( our own sid]eal sy/em1 ( :i* !y mu/ be consid]$ memb]s2 & t :5 !y are resolvable into discrete masses1 ^! masses _c be consid]$ z />s 9 any?+ l ! ord9>y s5se ( t ^w4#ab ,& n[1 hav+ se5 ! unt5ability ( ?is idea1 ra%ly esp\s$ by sundry a/ronom]s1 t ! nebul are extremely remote galaxies2 let u consid] :e!r ! v>i\s appe>ances !y pres5t are n reconcilable ) ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,giv5 a r>e & widely-diffus$ mass ( nebul\s matt]1 hav+ a diamet]1 say1 ( "o hundr$ times t ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1#ac :at are ! successive *anges t may be expect$ to take place 9 x8 ,mutual gravitation w approximate its atoms or its molecules2 b _! approximation w be oppos$ by t atomic motion ! resultant ( :i* we recognize z repulsion1 & ! ov]com+ ( :i* implies ! evolution ( heat4 ,z fa/ z ?is heat p>tially escapes by radiation1 fur!r approximation w take place1 att5d$ by fur!r evolution ( heat1 & s on cont9u\sly3 ! processes n occurr+ sep>ately z "h describ$1 b simultane\sly1 un9t]rupt$ly1 & ) increas+ activity4 ,:5 ! nebul\s mass has rea*$ a p>ticul> /age ( cond5sation--:5 its int]nally-situat$ atoms h approa*$ to )9 c]ta9 di/ances1 h g5]at$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 & are subject to a c]ta9 mutual pressure1 comb9ations may be anticipat$4 ,:e!r ! molecules produc$ be ( k9ds su* z we "k1 :i* is possible1 or :e!r !y be ( k9ds simpl] ?an any we "k1 :i* is m probable1 matt]s n to ! argum5t4 ,x suffices t molecul> unions1 ei!r betwe5 atoms ( ! same k9d or betwe5 atoms ( diff]5t k9ds1 w f9ally take place4 ,:5 !y d take place1 !y w be accompani$ by a sudd5 & great dis5gagem5t ( heat2 & until ?is excess ( heat has escap$1 ! newly-=m$ molecules w rema9 uni=mly diffus$1 or1 z x 71 dissolv$ 9 ! pre-exi/+ nebul\s m$ium4 ,b n[ :at may be expect$ by & by to happ58 ,:5 radiation has adequately l[]$ ! temp]ature1 ^! molecules w precipitate2 &1 hav+ precipitat$1 !y w n rema9 uni=mly diffus$1 b w aggregate into flocculi2 j z wat]1 precipitat$ f air1 collects into cl\ds4 ,conclud+1 ?us1 t a nebul\s mass w1 9 c\rse ( "t1 resolve itself into flocculi ( precipitat$ d5s] matt]1 float+ 9 ! r>] m$ium f :i* !y 7 precipitat$1 let u inquire :at are ! me*anical results to be inf]r$4 ,( clu/]$ bodies 9 empty space1 ea* w move along a l9e :i* is ! resultant ( ! tractive =ces ex]cis$ by all ! re/1 modifi$ f mom5t to mom5t by ! acquir$ motion2 & ! aggregation ( su* clu/]$ bodies1 if x ev5tually results at all1 c result only f collision1 dissipation1 & ! =mation ( a resi/+ m$ium4 ,b ) clu/]$ bodies already imm]s$ 9 a resi/+ m$ium1 & especially if su* bodies are ( small d5sities1 su* z ^? we are consid]+1 ! process ( conc5tration w beg9 =?)3 two factors conspir+ to produce x4 ,! flocculi describ$1 irregul> 9 _! %apes & pres5t+1 z !y mu/ 9 ne>ly all cases1 unsymmetrical faces to _! l9es ( motion1 w be deflect$ f ^? c\rses :i* mutual gravitation1 if un9t]f]$ )1 w\ld produce among !m2 & ?is w militate aga9/ t balanc+ ( movem5ts :i* p]man5ce ( ! clu/] pre-supposes4 ,if x be said1 z x may truly be said1 t ?is is too trifl+ a cause ( d]angem5t to produce mu* effect1 !n !re comes ! m important cause ) :i* x co-op]ates4 ,! m$ium f :i* ! flocculi h be5 precipitat$1 & ?r\gh :i* !y are mov+1 mu/1 by gravitation1 be r5d]$ d5s] 9 its c5tral p>ts ?an 9 its p]iph]al p>ts4 ,h5ce ! flocculi1 none ( !m mov+ 9 /raight l9es to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 b hav+ c\rses made to div]ge to "o or o!r side ( x 79 small degrees by ! cause j assign$1 & 9 mu* great] degrees by ! tractive =ces ( o!r flocculi7 w1 9 mov+ t[>ds ! c5tral region1 meet ) great] resi/ances on _! inn] sides ?an on _! out] sides2 & w be ?us made to div]ge outw>dly f _! c\rses m ?an !y w\ld o!rwise d4 ,h5ce a t5d5cy :i*1 ap>t f o!r t5d5cies1 w cause !m sev]ally to g on "o or o!r side ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 &1 approa*+ x1 to get motions m & m tang5tial4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t _! respective motions w be deflect$1 n t[>ds "o side ( ! common c5tre ( gravity1 b t[>ds v>i\s sides4 ,h[ !n c !re result a movem5t common to !m all8 ,v simply4 ,ea* flocculus1 9 describ+ its c\rse1 mu/ give motion to ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x is mov+4 ,b ! probabilities are inf9ity to "o aga9/ all ! respective motions ?us impress$ on ?is m$ium1 exactly balanc+ "o ano!r4 ,& if !y d n balance "o ano!r ! result mu/ be rotation ( ! :ole mass ( ! m$ium 9 "o direction4 ,b prepond]at+ mom5tum 9 "o direction1 hav+ caus$ rotation ( ! m$ium 9 t direction1 ! rotat+ m$ium mu/ 9 its turn gradually arre/ su* flocculi z are mov+ 9 opposition1 & impress its own motion ^u !m2 & ?us !re w ultimately be =m$ a rotat+ m$ium ) susp5d$ flocculi p>tak+ ( its motion1 :ile !y move 9 conv]g+ spirals t[>ds ! common c5tre ( gravity4#ad ,be=e comp>+ ^! conclusions ) facts1 let u pursue ! reason+ a little fur!r1 & obs]ve c]ta9 subord9ate actions4 ,! respective flocculi mu/ be drawn n t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity only1 b also t[>ds neighb\r+ flocculi4 ,h5ce ! :ole assemblage ( flocculi w break up into gr\ps3 ea* gr\p conc5trat+ t[>ds its local c5tre ( gravity1 & 9 s do+ acquir+ a vortical movem5t l t subsequ5tly acquir$ by ! :ole nebula4 ,accord+ to circum/ances1 & *iefly accord+ to ! size ( ! orig9al nebul\s mass1 ?is process ( local aggregation w produce v>i\s results4 ,if ! :ole nebula is b small1 ! local gr\ps ( flocculi may be drawn into ! common c5tre ( gravity be=e _! con/itu5t masses h coalesc$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 a l>g] nebula1 ^! local aggregations may h conc5trat$ into rotat+ sph]oids ( vap\r1 :ile yet !y h made b little approa* t[>ds ! g5]al focus ( ! sy/em4 ,9 a /ill l>g] nebula1 :]e ! local aggregations are bo? great] & m remote f ! common c5tre ( gravity1 !y may h cond5s$ into masses ( molt5 matt] be=e ! g5]al di/ribution ( !m has greatly alt]$4 ,9 %ort1 z ! conditions 9 ea* case det]m9e1 ! discrete masses produc$ may v>y indef9itely 9 numb]1 9 size1 9 d5sity1 9 motion1 9 di/ribution4 ,& n[ let u return to ! visible *>act]s ( nebul1 z obs]v$ ?r\gh mod]n telescopes4 ,take fir/ ! description ( ^? nebul :i*1 by ! hypo!sis1 mu/ be 9 an e>ly /age ( evolution4 ,among ! irregul> nebul1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 may be compreh5d$ all :i*1 to a want ( complete & 9 mo/ in/ances ev5 ( p>tial resolvability by ! p[] ( ! #bj-;feet reflector1 unite su* a deviation f ! circul> or elliptic =m1 or su* a want ( symmetry 7) t =m7 z preclude _! be+ plac$ 9 class #a1 or t ( ,regul> ,nebul4 ,?is second class comprises _m ( ! mo/ rem>kable & int]e/+ objects 9 ! heav5s1 z well z ! mo/ ext5sive 9 respect ( ! area !y occupy4 ,&1 ref]r+ to ?is same ord] ( objects1 ,m4 ,arago says3--,! =ms ( v l>ge diffuse nebul d n appe> to admit ( def9ition2 !y h no regul> outl9e4 ,?is coexi/5ce ( l>g5ess1 irregul>ity1 & indef9it5ess ( outl9e1 ) irresolvability1 is extremely significant4 ,! fact t ! l>ge/ nebul are ei!r irresolvable or v difficult to resolve1 might h be5 inf]r$ a priori2 see+ t irresolvability1 imply+ t ! aggregation ( precipitat$ matt] has gone on to b a small ext5t1 w be f\nd 9 nebul ( wide diffusion4 ,aga91 ! irregul>ity ( ^! l>ge1 irresolvable nebul1 might also h be5 expect$2 see+ t _! outl9es1 comp>$ by ,arago ) ! fanta/ic figures :i* *>act]ize cl\ds c>ri$ away & toss$ ab\t by viol5t & (t5 contr>y w9ds1 are simil>ly *>act]i/ic ( a mass n yet ga!r$ toge!r by ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts4 ,& once m1 ! fact t ^! l>ge1 irregul>1 irresolvable nebul h indef9ite outl9es--outl9es t fade (f ins5sibly into surr\nd+ d>kness--is "o ( l mean+4 ,speak+ g5]ally 7& ( c\rse diff]5ces ( di/ance negative any?+ beyond av]age /atem5ts71 ! spiral nebul are small] ?an ! irregul> nebul1 & m resolvable2 at ! same "t t !y are n s small z ! regul> nebul1 & n s resolvable4 ,?is is z1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 x %\ld be4 ,! degree ( cond5sation caus+ spiral movem5t1 is a degree ( cond5sation also imply+ masses ( flocculi t are l>g]1 & !re=e m visible1 ?an ^? exi/+ 9 an e>li] /age4 ,moreov]1 ! =ms ( ^! spiral nebul are q 9 h>mony ) ! explanation giv54 ,! curves ( lum9\s matt] :i* !y exhibit1 are n su* z w\ld be describ$ by discrete masses />t+ f a /ate ( re/1 & mov+ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium to a common c5tre ( gravity2 b !y are su* z w\ld be describ$ by masses hav+ _! movem5ts modifi$ by ! rotation ( ! m$ium4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a spiral nebula is se5 a mass bo? m lum9\s & m resolvable ?an ! re/4 ,assume t1 9 process ( "t1 all ! spiral /reaks ( lum9\s matt] :i* conv]ge to ?is c5tre are drawn into x1 z !y mu/ be2 assume fur!r1 t ! flocculi1 or o!r discrete portions con/itut+ ^! lum9\s /reaks1 aggregate into l>g] masses at ! same "t t !y approa* ! c5tral gr\p1 & t ! masses =m+ ?is c5tral gr\p also aggregate into l>g] masses2 & !re w f9ally result a clu/] ( su* l>g] masses1 :i* w be resolvable ) comp>ative ease4 ,&1 z ! coalesc5ce & conc5tration g on1 ! con/itu5t masses w gradually become few]1 l>g]1 bright]1 & m d5sely collect$ ar\nd ! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,see n[ h[ completely ?is inf]5ce agrees ) obs]vation4 ,! circul> =m is t :i* mo/ commonly *>act]ises resolvable nebul1 writes ,arago4 ,resolvable nebul1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 are almo/ univ]sally r\nd or oval4 ,moreov]1 ! c5tre ( ea* gr\p habitually displays a clos] clu/]+ ( ! con/itu5t masses ?an ! out] p>ts2 & x is %[n t1 "u ! law ( gravitation1 :i* we n[ "k ext5ds to ! />s1 ?is di/ribution is n "o ( equilibrium1 b implies progress+ conc5tration4 ,:ile1 j z we inf]r$ t1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! ext5t to :i* aggregation has be5 c>ri$ mu/ v>y2 s we f9d t1 9 fact1 !re are regul> nebul ( all degrees ( resolvability1 f ^? consi/+ ( innum]able m9ute masses1 to ^? 9 :i* _! numb]s are small] & ! sizes great]1 & to ^? 9 :i* !re are a few l>ge bodies wor?y to be call$ />s4 ,on ! "o h&1 !n1 we see t ! notion1 ( late ye>s uncritically receiv$1 t ! nebul are extremely remote galaxies ( />s l ^? :i* make up our own ,milky ,way1 is totally irreconcilable ) ! facts--involves u 9 sundry absurdities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see t ! hypo!sis ( nebul> cond5sation h>monizes ) ! mo/ rec5t results ( /ell> a/ronomy3 nay m--t x supplies u ) an explanation ( v>i\s appe>ances :i* 9 its abs5ce w\ld be incompreh5sible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,desc5d+ n[ to ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 let u consid] fir/ a class ( ph5om5a 9 "s sort transitional--^? (f]$ by comets4 ,9 !m1 or at lea/ 9 ^? mo/ num]\s ( !m :i* lie f> out ( ! plane ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & are n to be c\nt$ among its memb]s1 we h1 /ill exi/+1 a k9d ( matt] l t out ( :i*1 accord+ to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 evolv$4 ,h5ce1 = ! explanation ( !m1 we mu/ g back to ! "t :5 ! sub/ances =m+ ! sun & planets 7 yet unconc5trat$4 ,:5 diffus$ matt]1 precipitat$ f a r>] m$ium1 is aggregat+1 !re are c]ta9 to be "h & !re produc$ small flocculi1 :i* long rema9 deta*$2 z d1 = in/ance1 m9ute %r$s ( cl\d 9 a summ] sky4 ,9 a conc5trat+ nebula ^! w1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ev5tually coalesce ) ! l>g] flocculi ne> to !m4 ,b x is tol]ably evid5t t "s ( ^? =m$ at ! out]mo/ p>ts ( ! nebula1 w n coalesce ) ! l>g] int]nal masses1 b w sl[ly foll[ )\t ov]tak+ !m4 ,! relatively great] resi/ance ( ! m$ium necessitates ?is4 ,z a s+le fea!r fall+ to ! gr\nd w be rapidly left beh9d by a pill[-full ( fea!rs2 s1 9 _! progress to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 w ! out]mo/ %r$s ( vap\r be left beh9d by ! great masses ( vap\r int]nally situat$4 ,b we are n dep5d5t m]ely on reason+ = ?is belief4 ,obs]vation %[s u t ! less conc5trat$ ext]nal p>ts ( nebul1 are left beh9d by ! m conc5trat$ int]nal p>ts4 ,exam9$ ?r\gh high p[]s1 all nebul1 ev5 :5 !y h assum$ regul> =ms1 are se5 to be surr\nd$ by lum9\s /reaks1 ( :i* ! directions %[ t !y are be+ drawn into ! g5]al mass4 ,/ill high] p[]s br+ into view /ill small]1 fa9t]1 & m widely-disp]s$ /reaks4 ,& x _c be d\bt$ t ! m9ute fragm5ts :i* no telescopic aid makes visible1 are yet m num]\s & widely disp]s$4 ,?us f>1 !n1 inf]5ce & obs]vation are at "o4 ,grant+ t ! great majority ( ^! outly+ portions ( nebul\s matt] w be drawn into ! c5tral mass long be=e x rea*es a def9ite =m1 ! presumption is t "s ( ! v small1 f>-remov$ portions w n be s2 b t be=e !y arrive ne> x1 ! c5tral mass w h contract$ into a comp>atively mod]ate bulk4 ,:at n[ w be ! *>act]s ( ^! late-arriv+ portions8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y w h ei!r extremely ecc5tric orbits or non-elliptic pa?s4 ,left beh9d at a "t :5 !y 7 mov+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity 9 slightly-deflect$ l9es1 & !re=e hav+ b v small angul> velocities1 !y w approa* ! c5tral mass 9 greatly elongat$ curves2 & ru%+ r\nd x1 w g (f aga9 into space4 ,t is1 !y w behave j z we see ! majority ( comets d2 ! orbits ( :i* are ei!r s ecc5tric z to be indi/+ui%able f p>abolas1 or else are n orbits at all1 b are pa?s :i* are di/9ctly ei!r p>abolic or hyp]bolic4 ,9 ! second place1 !y w come f all p>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,our supposition implies t !y 7 left beh9d at a "t :5 ! nebul\s mass 0 ( irregul> %ape1 & _h n acquir$ a def9ite rotation2 & z ! sep>ation ( !m w\ld n be f any "o surface ( ! nebul\s mass m ?an ano!r1 ! conclusion mu/ be t !y w come to ! c5tral body f v>i\s directions 9 space4 ,?is1 too1 is exactly :at happ5s4 ,unlike planets1 ^: orbits approximate to "o plane1 comets h orbits t %[ no relation to "o ano!r2 b cut ! plane ( ! ecliptic at all angles1 & h axes incl9$ to x at all angles4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ^! remote/ flocculi ( nebul\s matt] w1 at ! outset1 be deflect$ f _! direct c\rses to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 n all on "o side1 b ea* on su* side z its =m1 or its orig9al prop] motion1 det]m9es4 ,& be+ left beh9d be=e ! rotation ( ! nebula is set up1 !y w sev]ally reta9 _! diff]5t individual motions4 ,h5ce1 foll[+ ! conc5trat$ mass1 !y w ev5tually g r\nd x on all sides2 & z (t5 f "r to left z f left to "r4 ,"h aga9 ! inf]5ce p]fectly corresponds ) ! facts4 ,:ile all ! planets g r\nd ! sun f we/ to ea/1 comets z (t5 g r\nd ! sun f ea/ to we/ z f we/ to ea/4 ,( #bfb comets record$ s9ce #afhj1 #acj are direct1 & #acb are retrograde4 ,?is equality is :at ! law ( probabilities w\ld indicate4 ,!n1 9 ! f\r? place1 ! physical con/itution ( comets accords ) ! hypo!sis4#ae ,! ability ( nebul\s matt] to conc5trate into a concrete =m1 dep5ds on its mass4 ,to br+ its ultimate atoms into t proximity requisite = *emical union--requisite1 t is1 = ! production ( d5s] matt]--_! repulsion mu/ be ov]come4 ,! only =ce antagoni/ic to _! repulsion1 is _! mutual gravitation4 ,t _! mutual gravitation may g5]ate a pressure & temp]ature ( suffici5t int5sity1 !re mu/ be an enorm\s accumulation ( !m2 & ev5 !n ! approximation c sl[ly g on only z fa/ z ! evolv$ heat escapes4 ,b :]e ! quantity ( atoms is small1 & !re=e ! =ce ( mutual gravitation small1 !re w be no?+ to co]ce ! atoms into union4 ,:5ce we inf] t ^! deta*$ fragm5ts ( nebul\s matt] w cont9ue 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,non-p]iodic comets seem to d s4 ,we h already se5 t ?is view ( ! orig9 ( comets h>monizes ) ! *>act]s ( _! orbits2 b ! evid5ce h5ce d]iv$ is mu* /rong] ?an 0 indicat$4 ,! great majority ( comet>y orbits are class$ z p>abolic2 & x is ord9>ily inf]r$ t !y are visitors f remote space1 & w nev] return4 ,b are !y rightly class$ z p>abolic8 ,obs]vations on a comet mov+ 9 an extremely ecc5tric ellipse1 :i* are possible only :5 x is comp>atively ne> p]ihelion1 mu/ fail to di/+ui% its orbit f a p>abola4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 x is n safe to class x z a p>abola because ( inability to detect ! elem5ts ( an ellipse4 ,b if extreme ecc5tricity ( an orbit necessitates su* inability1 x seems q possible t comets h no o!r orbits ?an elliptic ones4 ,?\gh five or six are said to be hyp]bolic1 yet1 z ,i le>n f "o :o has paid special att5tion to comets1 no su* orbit has1 ,i believe1 be5 comput$ = a well-obs]v$ comet4 ,h5ce ! probability t all ! orbits are ellipses is ov]:elm+4 ,ellipses & hyp]bolas h c\ntless v>ieties ( =ms1 b !re is only "o =m ( p>abola2 or1 to speak lit]ally1 all p>abolas are simil>1 :ile !re are inf9itely num]\s dissimil> ellipses & dissimil> hyp]bolas4 ,consequ5tly1 any?+ com+ to ! ,sun f a great di/ance mu/ h "o exact am\nt ( prop] motion to produce a p>abola3 all o!r am\nts w\ld give hyp]bolas or ellipses4 ,& if !re are no hyp]bolic orbits1 !n x is inf9ity to "o t all ! orbits are elliptical4 ,?is is j :at !y w\ld be if comets _h ! g5esis above suppos$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 leav+ ^! erratic bodies1 let u turn to ! m famili> & important memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,x 0 ! rem>kable h>mony among _! movem5ts :i* fir/ made ,laplace conceive t ! ,sun1 planets1 & satellites _h result$ f a common g5etic process4 ,z ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 by 8 obs]vations on ! nebul1 0 l$ to ! conclusion t />s result$ f ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]2 s ,laplace1 by 8 obs]vations on ! /ructure ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 0 l$ to ! conclusion t only by ! rotation ( aggregat+ matt] 7 its peculi>ities to be expla9$4 ,9 8 ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde1 he enum]ates z ! lead+ evid5ces3--#a4 ,! movem5ts ( ! planets 9 ! same direction & 9 orbits approa*+ to ! same plane2 #b4 ,! movem5ts ( ! satellites 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! planets2 #c4 ,! movem5ts ( rotation ( ^! v>i\s bodies & ( ! sun 9 ! same direction z ! orbital motions1 & mo/ly 9 planes little diff]5t2 #d4 ,! small ecc5tricities ( ! orbits ( ! planets & satellites1 z contra/$ ) ! great ecc5tricities ( ! comet>y orbits4 ,& ! probability t ^! h>moni\s movem5ts _h a common cause1 he calculates z two hundr$ ?\s& billions to "o4 ,?is imm5se prepond]ance ( probability does n po9t to a common cause "u ! =m ord9>ily conceiv$--an ,invisible ,p[] work+ aft] ! me?od ( a ,great ,artific]2 b to an ,invisible ,p[] work+ aft] ! me?od ( evolution4 ,= ?\gh ! support]s ( ! common hypo!sis may argue t x 0 necess>y = ! sake ( /ability t ! planets %\ld g r\nd ! ,sun 9 ! same direction & ne>ly 9 "o plane1 !y _c ?us acc\nt = ! direction ( ! axial motions4#af ,! me*anical equilibrium w\ld n h be5 int]f]$ )1 _h ! ,sun be5 )\t any rotatory movem5t2 or _h he revolv$ on 8 axis 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! planets g r\nd him2 or 9 a direction at "r angles to ! av]age plane ( _! orbits4 ,) equal safety ! motion ( ! ,moon r\nd ! ,e>? might h be5 ! rev]se ( ! ,e>?'s motion r\nd its axis2 or ! motions ( ,jupit]'s satellites might simil>ly h be5 at v>iance ) 8 axial motion2 or ^? ( ,saturn's satellites ) 84 ,z1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! alt]natives h be5 foll[$1 ! uni=mity mu/ be consid]$1 9 ?is case z 9 all o!rs1 evid5ce ( subord9ation to "s g5]al law--implies :at we call natural causation1 z di/+ui%$ f arbitr>y arrangem5t4 ,h5ce ! hypo!sis ( evolution w\ld be ! only probable "o1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( any clue to ! p>ticul> mode ( evolution4 ,b :5 we h1 prop\nd$ by a ma!matician ( ! highe/ au?ority1 a !ory ( ?is evolution bas$ on e/abli%$ me*anical pr9ciples1 :i* acc\nts = ^! v>i\s peculi>ities1 z well z = _m m9or ones1 ! conclusion t ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 evolv$ becomes almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! g5]al nature ( ,laplace's !ory sc>cely ne$s /at+4 ,books ( popul> a/ronomy h famili>iz$ mo/ read]s ) 8 conceptions2--namely1 t ! matt] n[ cond5s$ into ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 once =m$ a va/ rotat+ sph]oid ( extreme r>ity ext5d+ beyond ! orbit ( ! out]mo/ planet2 t z ?is sph]oid contract$1 its rate ( rotation necess>ily increas$2 t by augm5t+ c5trifugal =ce its equatorial zone 0 f "t to "t prev5t$ f foll[+ any fur!r ! conc5trat+ mass1 & s rema9$ beh9d z a revolv+ r+2 t ea* ( ! revolv+ r+s ?us p]iodically deta*$1 ev5tually became ruptur$ at its weake/ po9t1 &1 contract+ on itself1 gradually aggregat$ into a rotat+ mass2 t ?is1 l ! p>5t mass1 increas$ 9 rapidity ( rotation z x decreas$ 9 size1 &1 :]e ! c5trifugal =ce 0 suffici5t1 simil>ly left beh9d r+s1 :i* f9ally collaps$ into rotat+ sph]oids2 & t ?us1 out ( ^! prim>y & second>y r+s1 !re arose planets & _! satellites1 :ile f ! c5tral mass !re result$ ! ,sun4 ,moreov]1 x is tol]ably well kn[n t ?is a priori reason+ h>monizes ) ! results ( exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,plateau has %[n t :5 a mass ( fluid is1 z f> may be1 protect$ f ! action ( ext]nal =ces1 x w1 if made to rotate ) adequate velocity1 =m deta*$ r+s2 & t ^! r+s w break up into sph]oids :i* turn on _! axes 9 ! same direction ) ! c5tral mass4 ,?us1 giv5 ! orig9al nebula1 :i*1 acquir+ a vortical motion 9 ! way indicat$1 has at l5g? conc5trat$ into a va/ sph]oid ( a]i=m matt] mov+ r\nd its axis--giv5 ?is1 & me*anical pr9ciples expla9 ! re/4 ,! g5esis ( a ,sol> ,sy/em display+ movem5ts l ^? obs]v$1 may be pr$ict$2 & ! reason+ on :i* ! pr$iction is bas$ is c\nt5anc$ by exp]im5t4#ag ,b n[ let u inquire :e!r1 besides ^! mo/ conspicu\s /ructural & dynamic peculi>ities ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 sundry m9or ones are n simil>ly explicable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,take fir/ ! relation betwe5 ! planes ( ! planet>y orbits & ! plane ( ! ,sun's equator4 ,if1 :5 ! nebul\s sph]oid ext5d$ beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 all p>ts ( x _h be5 revolv+ exactly 9 ! same plane1 or r 9 p>allel planes--if all its p>ts _h _h "o axis2 !n ! planes ( ! successive r+s w\ld h be5 co9cid5t ) ea* o!r & ) t ( ! ,sun's rotation4 ,b x ne$s only to g back to ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 to see t !re c\ld exi/ no su* complete uni=mity ( motion4 ,! flocculi1 already describ$ z precipitat$ f an irregul> & widely-diffus$ nebula1 & z />t+ f all po9ts to _! common c5tre ( gravity1 mu/ move n 9 "o plane b 9 innum]able planes1 cutt+ ea* o!r at all angles4 ,! gradual e/abli%m5t ( a vortical motion su* z we at pres5t see indicat$ 9 ! spiral nebul1 is ! gradual approa* t[>ds motion 9 "o plane4 ,b ?is plane c b sl[ly become decid$4 ,flocculi n mov+ 9 ?is plane1 b ent]+ into ! aggregation at v>i\s incl9ations1 w t5d to p]=m _! revolutions r\nd its c5tre 9 _! own planes2 & only 9 c\rse ( "t w _! motions be p>tly de/roy$ by conflict+ ones1 & p>tly resolv$ into ! g5]al motion4 ,especially w ! out]mo/ portions ( ! rotat+ mass reta9 = a long "t _! m or less indep5d5t directions4 ,h5ce ! probabilities are1 t ! planes ( ! r+s fir/ deta*$ w diff] consid]ably f ! av]age plane ( ! mass2 :ile ! planes ( ^? deta*$ late/ w diff] f x less4 ,"h1 aga91 inf]5ce to a consid]able ext5t agrees ) obs]vation4 ,?\gh ! progression is irregul>1 yet1 on ! av]age1 ! incl9ations decrease on approa*+ ! ,sun2 & ?is is all we c expect4 ,= z ! portions ( ! nebul\s sph]oid mu/ h arriv$ ) miscellane\s incl9ations1 its /rata mu/ h _h planes ( rotation div]g+ f ! av]age plane 9 degrees n always proportionate to _! di/ances f ! c5tre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid] next ! movem5ts ( ! planets on _! axes4 ,laplace alleg$ z "o among o!r evid5ces ( a common g5etic cause1 t ! planets rotate 9 a direction ! same z t 9 :i* !y g r\nd ! ,sun1 & on axes approximately p]p5dicul> to _! orbits4 ,s9ce he wrote1 an exception to ?is g5]al rule has be5 discov]$ 9 ! case ( ,uranus1 & ano!r /ill m rec5tly 9 ! case ( ,neptune--judg+1 at lea/1 f ! motions ( _! respective satellites4 ,?is anomaly has be5 ?\ght to ?r[ consid]able d\bt on 8 speculation2 & at fir/ sight x does s4 ,b a little reflection %[s t ! anomaly is n inexplicable1 & t ,laplace simply w5t too f> 9 putt+ d[n z a c]ta9 result ( nebul> g5esis1 :at is1 9 "s in/ances1 only a probable result4 ,! cause he po9t$ out z det]m9+ ! direction ( rotation1 is ! great] absolute velocity ( ! out] "p ( ! deta*$ r+4 ,b !re are conditions "u :i* ?is diff]5ce ( velocity may be too insignificant1 ev5 if x exi/s4 ,if a mass ( nebul\s matt] approa*+ spirally to ! c5tral sph]oid1 & ev5tually jo9+ x tang5tially1 is made up ( p>ts hav+ ! same absolute velocities2 !n1 aft] jo9+ ! equatorial p]iph]y ( ! sph]oid & be+ made to rotate ) x1 ! angul> velocity ( its out] p>ts w be small] ?an ! angul> velocity ( its inn] p>ts4 ,h5ce1 if1 :5 ! angul> velocities ( ! out] & inn] p>ts ( a deta*$ r+ are ! same1 !re results a t5d5cy to rotation 9 ! same direction ) ! orbital motion1 x may be inf]r$ t :5 ! out] p>ts ( ! r+ h a small] angul> velocity ?an ! inn] p>ts1 a t5d5cy to retrograde rotation w be ! consequ5ce4 ,aga91 ! sectional =m ( ! r+ is a circum/ance ( mom5t2 & ?is =m mu/ h diff]$ m or less 9 e case4 ,to make ?is cle>1 "s illu/ration w be necess>y4 ,suppose we take an orange1 &1 assum+ ! m>ks ( ! /alk & ! calyx to repres5t ! poles1 cut (f r\nd ! l9e ( ! equator a /rip ( peel4 ,?is /rip ( peel1 if plac$ on ! table ) its ends meet+1 w make a r+ %ap$ l ! hoop ( a b>rel--a r+ ( :i* ! ?ickness 9 ! l9e ( its diamet] is v small1 b ( :i* ! wid? 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its diamet] is consid]able4 ,suppose1 n[1 t 9 place ( an orange1 :i* is a sph]oid ( v slight oblat5ess1 we take a sph]oid ( v great oblat5ess1 %ap$ some:at l a l5s ( small convexity4 ,if f ! edge or equator ( ?is l5s-%ap$ sph]oid1 a r+ ( mod]ate size 7 cut (f1 x w\ld be unlike ! previ\s r+ 9 ?is respect1 t its greate/ ?ickness w\ld be 9 ! l9e ( its diamet]1 & n 9 a l9e at "r angles to its diamet]3 x w\ld be a r+ %ap$ some:at l a quoit1 only f> m sl5d]4 ,t is to say1 accord+ to ! oblat5ess ( a rotat+ sph]oid1 ! deta*$ r+ may be ei!r a hoop-%ap$ r+ or a quoit-%ap$ r+4 ,"o fur!r implication mu/ be not$4 ,9 a mu*-flatt5$ or l5s-%ap$ sph]oid1 ! =m ( ! r+ w v>y ) its bulk4 ,a v sl5d] r+1 tak+ (f j ! equatorial surface1 w be hoop-%ap$2 :ile a tol]ably massive r+1 tr5*+ appreciably on ! diamet] ( ! sph]oid1 w be quoit-%ap$4 ,?us1 !n1 accord+ to ! oblat5ess ( ! sph]oid & ! bulk9ess ( ! deta*$ r+1 w ! greate/ ?ickness ( t r+ be 9 ! direction ( its plane1 or 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its plane4 ,b ?is circum/ance mu/ greatly affect ! rotation ( ! result+ planet4 ,9 a decid$ly hoop-%ap$ nebul\s r+1 ! diff]5ces ( velocity betwe5 ! inn] & out] surfaces w be small2 & su* a r+1 aggregat+ into a mass ( :i* ! greate/ diamet] is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! orbit1 w almo/ c]ta9ly give to ?is mass a pr$om9ant t5d5cy to rotate 9 a direction at "r angles to ! plane ( ! orbit4 ,:]e ! r+ is b little hoop-%ap$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inn] & out] velocities great]1 z x mu/ be1 ! oppos+ t5d5cies--"o to produce rotation 9 ! plane ( ! orbit1 & ! o!r1 rotation p]p5dicul> to x--w bo? be influ5tial2 & an int]m$iate plane ( rotation w be tak5 up4 ,:ile1 if ! nebul\s r+ is decid$ly quoit-%ap$1 & !re=e aggregates into a mass ^: greate/ dim5sion lies 9 ! plane ( ! orbit1 bo? t5d5cies w conspire to produce rotation 9 t plane4 ,on ref]r+ to ! facts1 we f9d !m1 z f> z c be judg$1 9 h>mony ) ?is view4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s circumf]5ce ( ,uranus's orbit1 & 8 comp>atively small mass1 we may conclude t ! r+ f :i* he result$ 0 a comp>atively sl5d]1 & !re=e a hoop-%ap$ "o3 especially z ! nebul\s mass mu/ h be5 at t "t less oblate ?an aft]w>ds4 ,h5ce1 a plane ( rotation ne>ly p]p5dicul> to 8 orbit1 & a direction ( rotation hav+ no ref]5ce to 8 orbital movem5t4 ,saturn has a mass sev5 times z great1 & an orbit ( less ?an half ! diamet]2 :5ce x foll[s t 8 g5etic r+1 hav+ less ?an half ! circumf]5ce1 & less ?an half ! v]tical ?ickness 7! sph]oid be+ !n c]ta9ly z oblate1 & inde$ m oblate71 mu/ h _h a mu* great] wid?--mu/ h be5 less hoop-%ap$1 & m approa*+ to ! quoit-%ap$3 not)/&+ diff]5ce ( d5sity1 x mu/ h be5 at lea/ two or ?ree times z broad 9 ! l9e ( its plane4 ,consequ5tly1 ,saturn has a rotatory movem5t 9 ! same direction z ! movem5t ( translation1 & 9 a plane diff]+ f x by ?irty degrees only4 ,9 ! case ( ,jupit]1 aga91 ^: mass is ?ree & a half times t ( ,saturn1 & ^: orbit is little m ?an half ! size1 ! g5etic r+ mu/1 = ! l reasons1 h be5 /ill broad]--decid$ly quoit-%ap$1 we may say2 & !re h5ce result$ a planet ^: plane ( rotation diff]s f t ( 8 orbit by sc>cely m ?an ?ree degrees4 ,once m1 consid]+ ! comp>ative insignificance ( ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 x foll[s t1 ! dim9i%+ circumf]5ces ( ! r+s n suffic+ to acc\nt = ! smallness ( ! result+ masses1 ! r+s mu/ h be5 sl5d] ones--mu/ h aga9 approximat$ to ! hoop-%ap$2 & ?us x happ5s t ! planes ( rotation aga9 div]ge m or less widely f ^? ( ! orbits4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! increas+ oblat5ess ( ! orig9al sph]oid 9 ! successive /ages ( its conc5tration1 & ! diff]5t proportions ( ! deta*$ r+s1 x may fairly be held t ! respective rotatory motions are n at v>iance ) ! hypo!sis b contr>iwise t5d to confirm x4 ,n only ! directions1 b also ! velocities ( rotation seem ?us explicable4 ,x might naturally be suppos$ t ! l>ge planets w\ld revolve on _! axes m sl[ly ?an ! small ones3 our t]re/rial exp]i5ces ( big & little bodies incl9e u to expect ?is4 ,x is a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 m especially :5 int]pret$ z above1 t :ile l>ge planets w rotate rapidly1 small ones w rotate sl[ly2 & we f9d t 9 fact !y d s4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 a conc5trat+ nebul\s mass :i* is diffus$ ?r\gh a wide space1 & ^: out] p>ts h1 !re=e1 to travel f great di/ances to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 w acquire a high axial velocity 9 c\rse ( its aggregation2 & conv]sely ) a small mass4 ,/ill m m>k$ w be ! diff]5ce :]e ! =m ( ! g5etic r+ conspires to increase ! rate ( rotation4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 a g5etic r+ :i* is broade/ 9 ! direction ( its plane w produce a mass rotat+ fa/] ?an "o :i* is broade/ at "r angles to its plane2 & if ! r+ is absolutely z well z relatively broad1 ! rotation w be v rapid4 ,^! conditions 71 z we saw1 fulfill$ 9 ! case ( ,jupit]2 & ,jupit] turns r\nd 8 axis 9 less ?an t5 h\rs4 ,saturn1 9 ^: case1 z above expla9$1 ! conditions 7 less fav\rable to rapid rotation1 takes ne>ly t5 h\rs & a half4 ,:ile ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 ^: r+s mu/ h be5 sl5d]1 take m ?an d\ble t "t3 ! smalle/ tak+ ! longe/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! planets let u n[ pass to ! satellites4 ,"h1 beyond ! conspicu\s facts commonly adv]t$ to1 t !y g r\nd _! prim>ies 9 ! directions 9 :i* ^! turn on _! axes1 9 planes div]g+ b little f _! equators1 & 9 orbits ne>ly circul>1 !re are sev]al significant traits :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,"o ( !m is t ea* set ( satellites repeats 9 m9iature ! relations ( ! planets to ! ,sun1 bo? 9 c]ta9 respects above nam$ & 9 ! ord] ( _! sizes4 ,on progress+ f ! outside ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em to its c5tre1 we see t !re are f\r l>ge ext]nal planets1 & f\r int]nal ones :i* are comp>atively small4 ,a l contra/ holds betwe5 ! out] & inn] satellites 9 e case4 ,among ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! p>allel is ma9ta9$ z well z ! comp>ative smallness ( ! numb] all[s3 ! two out] ones are ! l>ge/1 & ! two inn] ones ! smalle/4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,lassell1 ! l is true ( ! f\r satellites ( ,uranus4 ,9 ! case ( ,saturn1 :o has eight second>y planets revolv+ r\nd him1 ! lik5ess is /ill m close 9 arrangem5t z 9 numb]3 ! ?ree out] satellites are l>ge1 ! inn] ones small2 & ! contra/s ( size are "h mu* great] betwe5 ! l>ge/1 :i* is ne>ly z big z ,m>s1 & ! smalle/1 :i* is ) difficulty discov]$ ev5 by ! be/ telescopes4 ,b ! analogy does n end "h4 ,j z ) ! planets1 !re is at fir/ a g5]al increase ( size on travell+ inw>ds f ,neptune & ,uranus1 :i* d n diff] v widely1 to ,saturn1 :i* is mu* l>g]1 & to ,jupit]1 :i* is ! l>ge/2 s ( ! eight satellites ( ,saturn1 ! l>ge/ is n ! out]mo/1 b ! out]mo/ save two2 s ( ,jupit]'s f\r second>ies1 ! l>ge/ is ! mo/ remote b "o4 ,n[ ^! p>allelisms are inexplicable by ! !ory ( f9al causes4 ,= purposes ( light+1 if ?is be ! presum$ object ( ^! att5dant bodies1 x w\ld h be5 f> bett] _h ! l>g] be5 ! ne>]3 at pres5t1 _! remot5ess r5d]s !m ( less s]vice ?an ! smalle/4 ,to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ^! analogies give fur!r support4 ,!y %[ ! action ( a common physical cause4 ,!y imply a law ( g5esis1 hold+ 9 ! second>y sy/ems z 9 ! prim>y sy/em4 ,/ill m in/ructive %all we f9d ! di/ribution ( ! satellites--_! abs5ce 9 "s in/ances1 & _! pres5ce 9 o!r in/ances1 9 small] or great] numb]s4 ,! argum5t f design fails to acc\nt = ?is di/ribution4 ,suppos+ x be grant$ t planets ne>] ! ,sun ?an ourselves1 h no ne$ ( moons 7?\gh1 consid]+ t _! nights are z d>k1 &1 relatively to _! brilliant days1 ev5 d>k] ?an ours1 ! ne$ seems q z great7--suppos+ ?is to be grant$2 h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t ,uranus has b half z _m moons z ,saturn1 ?\gh he is at d\ble ! di/ance8 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! curr5t presumption is unt5able1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis furni%es u ) an explanation4 ,x enables u to pr$ict :]e satellites w be abundant & :]e !y w be abs5t4 ,! reason+ is z foll[s4 ,9 a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid :i* is conc5trat+ into a planet1 !re are at "w two antagoni/ me*anical t5d5cies--! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal4 ,:ile ! =ce ( gravitation draws all ! atoms ( ! sph]oid toge!r1 _! tang5tial mom5tum is resolvable into two p>ts1 ( :i* "o resi/s gravitation4 ,! ratio :i* ?is c5trifugal =ce be>s to gravitation1 v>ies1 o!r ?+s equal1 z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,h5ce1 ! aggregation ( a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid w be m or less h9d]$ by ?is resi/+ =ce1 accord+ z ! rate ( rotation is high or l[3 ! opposition1 9 equal sph]oids1 be+ f\r times z great :5 ! rotation is twice z rapid2 n9e times z great :5 x is ?ree times z rapid2 & s on4 ,n[ ! deta*m5t ( a r+ f a planet-=m+ body ( nebul\s matt]1 implies t at its equatorial zone ! increas+ c5trifugal =ce consequ5t on conc5tration has become s great z to balance gravity4 ,:5ce x is tol]ably obvi\s t ! deta*m5t ( r+s w be mo/ frequ5t f ^? masses 9 :i* ! c5trifugal t5d5cy be>s ! greate/ ratio to ! gravitative t5d5cy4 ,?\gh x is n possible to calculate :at ratio ^! two t5d5cies _h to ea* o!r 9 ! g5etic sph]oid :i* produc$ ea* planet1 x is possible to calculate :]e ea* 0 ! greate/ & :]e ! lea/4 ,:ile x is true t ! ratio :i* c5trifugal =ce n[ be>s to gravity at ! equator ( ea* planet1 diff]s widely f t :i* x bore dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration2 & :ile x is true t ?is *ange 9 ! ratio1 dep5d+ on ! degree ( contraction ea* planet has und]gone1 has 9 no two cases be5 ! same2 yet we may fairly conclude t :]e ! ratio is /ill ! greate/1 x has be5 ! greate/ f ! beg9n+4 ,! satellite-=m+ t5d5cy :i* ea* planet _h1 w be approximately indicat$ by ! proportion n[ exi/+ 9 x betwe5 ! aggregat+ p[]1 & ! p[] t has oppos$ aggregation4 ,on mak+ ! requisite calculations1 a rem>kable h>mony ) ?is inf]5ce comes out4 ,! foll[+ table %[s :at fraction ! c5trifugal =ce is ( ! c5tripetal =ce 9 e case2 & ! relation :i* t fraction be>s to ! numb] ( satellites4#ah ,m]cury4 #a_/cfj ,v5us4 #a_/bec ,e>?4 #a_/bhi #a ,satellite4 ,m>s4 #a_/abg #b ,satellites4 ,jupit]4 #a_/aad #d ,satellites4 ,saturn4 #a_/fd #h ,satellites1 & ?ree r+s4 ,uranus4 #a_/aji #d ,satellites4 ,?us tak+ z our /&>d ( comp>ison ! ,e>? ) its "o moon1 we see t ,m]cury1 9 :i* ! c5trifugal =ce is relatively less1 has no moon4 ,m>s1 9 :i* x is relatively mu* great]1 has two moons4 ,jupit]1 9 :i* x is f> great]1 has f\r moons4 ,uranus1 9 :i* x is great] /ill1 has c]ta9ly f\r1 & m if ,h]s*el 0 "r4 ,saturn1 9 :i* x is ! greate/1 be+ ne>ly "o-six? ( gravity1 has1 includ+ 8 r+s1 elev5 att5dants4 ,! only in/ance 9 :i* !re is noncon=mity ) obs]vation1 is t ( ,v5us4 ,"h x appe>s t ! c5trifugal =ce is relatively great] ?an 9 ! ,e>?2 &1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 ,v5us ought to h a satellite4 ,respect+ ?is anomaly sev]al rem>ks are to be made4 ,)\t putt+ any fai? 9 ! alleg$ discov]y ( a satellite ( ,v5us 7repeat$ at int]vals by five diff]5t obs]v]s71 x may yet be cont5d$ t z ! satellites ( ,m>s elud$ obs]vation up to #ahgg1 a satellite ( ,v5us may h elud$ obs]vation up to ! pres5t "t4 ,m]ely nam+ ?is z possible1 b n probable1 a consid]ation ( m weight is t ! p]iod ( rotation ( ,v5us is b indef9itely fix$1 & t a small dim9ution 9 ! e/imat$ angul> velocity ( h] equator w\ld br+ ! result into congruity ) ! hypo!sis4 ,fur!r1 x may be rem>k$ t n exact1 b only g5]al1 congruity is to be expect$2 s9ce ! process ( cond5sation ( ea* planet f nebul\s matt] c sc>cely be expect$ to h gone on ) absolute uni=mity3 ! angul> velocities ( ! sup]pos$ /rata ( nebul\s matt] probably diff]$ f "o ano!r 9 degrees unlike 9 ea* case2 & su* diff]5ces w\ld affect ! satellite-=m+ t5d5cy4 ,b )\t mak+ mu* ( ^! possible explanations ( ! discrepancy1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 inf]5ce & fact :i* we f9d 9 s _m planets1 may be held to af=d /rong support to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,c]ta9 m special peculi>ities ( ! satellites mu/ be m5tion$ z sugge/ive4 ,"o ( !m is ! relation betwe5 ! p]iod ( revolution & t ( rotation4 ,no discov]able purpose is s]v$ by mak+ ! ,moon g r\nd its axis 9 ! same "t t x goes r\nd ! ,e>?3 = our conv5i5ce1 a m rapid axial motion w\ld h be5 equally good2 & = any possible inhabitants ( ! ,moon1 mu* bett]4 ,aga9/ ! alt]native supposition1 t ! equality occurr$ by accid5t1 ! probabilities are1 z ,laplace says1 inf9ity to "o4 ,b to ?is arrangem5t1 :i* is explicable nei!r z ! result ( design nor ( *ance1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis furni%es a clue4 ,9 8 ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde1 ,laplace %[s1 by reason+ too detail$ to be "h repeat$1 t "u ! circum/ances su* a relation ( movem5ts w\ld be likely to e/abli% itself4 ,among ,jupit]'s satellites1 :i* sev]ally display ^! same syn*ron\s movem5ts1 !re also exi/s a /ill m rem>kable relation4 ,if ! mean angul> velocity ( ! fir/ satellite be add$ to twice t ( ! ?ird1 ! sum w be equal to ?ree times t ( ! second2 & f ?is x results t ! situations ( any two ( !m be+ giv51 t ( ! ?ird c be f\nd4 ,n[ "h1 z be=e1 no conceivable advantage results4 ,nei!r 9 ?is case c ! connexion h be5 accid5tal3 ! probabilities are inf9ity to "o to ! contr>y4 ,b aga91 accord+ to ,laplace1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis supplies a solution4 ,are n ^! significant facts8 ,mo/ significant fact ( all1 h[ev]1 is t pres5t$ by ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,z ,laplace rem>ks1 !y are1 z x 71 /ill extant witnesses ( ! g5etic process he prop\nd$4 ,"h we h1 cont9u+ p]man5tly1 =ms ( aggregation l ^? ?r\gh :i* ea* planet & satellite once pass$2 & _! movem5ts are j :at1 9 con=mity ) ! hypo!sis1 !y %\ld be4 ,la dure de la rotation d'une plante doit donc tre1 d'aprs cette hypo?se1 plus petite que la dure de la rvolution du corps le plus vois9 qui circule aut\r d'elle1 says ,laplace4 ,& he !n po9ts out t ! "t ( ,saturn's rotation is to t ( 8 r+s z #dbg to #dch--;an am\nt ( diff]5ce su* z 0 to be expect$4#ai ,respect+ ,saturn's r+s x may be fur!r rem>k$ t ! place ( _! occurr5ce is n )\t significance4 ,r+s deta*$ e>ly 9 ! process ( conc5tration1 consi/+ ( gase\s matt] hav+ extremely little p[] ( cohesion1 c h little ability to resi/ ! disruptive =ces due to imp]fect balance2 &1 !re=e1 collapse into satellites4 ,a r+ ( a d5s] k9d1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or compos$ ( small discrete masses 7z ,saturn's r+s are n[ conclud$ to be71 we c expect w be =m$ only ne> ! body ( a planet :5 x has rea*$ s late a /age ( conc5tration t its equatorial portions conta9 matt]s capable ( easy precipitation into liquid &1 f9ally1 solid =ms4 ,ev5 !n x c be produc$ only "u special conditions4 ,ga9+ a rapidly-increas+ prepond]ance z ! gravitative =ce does dur+ ! clos+ /ages ( conc5tration1 ! c5trifugal =ce _c1 9 ord9>y cases1 cause ! leav+ beh9d ( r+s :5 ! mass has become d5se4 ,only :]e ! c5trifugal =ce has all along be5 v great1 & rema9s p[]ful to ! la/1 z 9 ,saturn1 c we expect d5se r+s to be =m$4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t besides ^? mo/ conspicu\s peculi>ities ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em :i* fir/ sugge/$ ! !ory ( its evolution1 !re are _m m9or ones po9t+ 9 ! same direction4 ,7 !re no o!r evid5ce1 ^! me*anical arrangem5ts w\ld1 consid]$ 9 _! totality1 g f> to e/abli% ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! me*anical arrangem5ts ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 turn we n[ to its physical *>act]s2 &1 fir/1 let u consid] ! inf]5ces d$ucible f relative specific gravities4 ,! fact t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! d5s] planets are ! ne>] to ! ,sun1 has be5 by "s consid]$ z add+ ano!r to ! _m indications ( nebul> orig94 ,legitimately assum+ t ! out]mo/ p>ts ( a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid1 9 its e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 mu/ be comp>atively r>e2 & t ! increas+ d5sity :i* ! :ole mass acquires z x contracts1 mu/ hold ( ! out]mo/ p>ts z well z ! re/2 x is argu$ t ! r+s successively deta*$ w be m & m d5se1 & w =m planets ( high] & high] specific gravities4 ,b pass+ ov] o!r objections1 ?is explanation is q inadequate to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,us+ ! ,e>? z a /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! relative d5sities run ?us3-- ,neptune4 ,uranus4 ,saturn4 ,jupit]4 ,m>s4 ,e>?4 ,v5us4 ,m]cury4 ,sun4 #jag #jbe #jaa #jbc #jde #ajj #jib #abf #jbe ,two insurm\ntable objections are pres5t$ by ?is s]ies4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! progression is b a brok5 "o4 ,neptune is d5s] ?an ,saturn1 :i*1 by ! hypo!sis1 x ought n to be4 ,uranus is d5s] ?an ,jupit]1 :i* x ought n to be4 ,uranus is d5s] ?an ,saturn1 & ! ,e>? is d5s] ?an ,v5us--facts :i* n only give no c\nt5ance to1 b directly contradict1 ! alleg$ explanation4 ,! second objection1 /ill m manife/ly fatal1 is ! l[ specific gravity ( ! ,sun4 ,if1 :5 ! matt] ( ! ,sun fill$ ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 its /ate ( aggregation 0 su* t ! deta*$ r+ =m$ a planet hav+ a specific gravity equal to t ( iron2 !n ! ,sun itself1 n[ t x has conc5trat$1 %\ld h a specific gravity mu* great] ?an t ( iron2 :]eas its specific gravity is only half z mu* aga9 z t ( wat]4 ,in/ead ( be+ f> d5s] ?an ! ne>e/ planet1 x is b "o-fif? z d5se4 ,:ile ^! anomalies r5d] unt5able ! position t ! relative specific gravities ( ! planets are direct indications ( nebul> cond5sation2 x by no means foll[s t !y negative x4 ,sev]al causes may be assign$ = ^! unlik5esses3--#a4 ,diff]5ces among ! planets 9 respect ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances compos+ !m2 or 9 ! proportions ( su* elem5t>y sub/ances1 if !y conta9 ! same k9ds4 #b4 ,diff]5ces among !m 9 respect ( ! quantities ( matt] !y conta92 =1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! mutual gravitation ( molecules w make a l>g] mass d5s] ?an a small]4 #c4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]atures2 =1 o!r ?+s equal1 ^? hav+ high] temp]atures w h l[] specific gravities4 #d4 ,diff]5ces ( physical /ates1 z be+ gase\s1 liquid1 or solid2 or1 o!rwise1 diff]5ces 9 ! relative am\nts ( ! solid1 liquid1 & gase\s matt] !y conta94 ,x is q possible1 & we may inde$ say probable1 t all ^! causes come into play1 & t !y take v>i\s %>es 9 ! production ( ! sev]al results4 ,b difficulties /& 9 ! way ( def9ite conclusions4 ,nev]!less1 if we rev]t to ! hypo!sis ( nebul> g5esis1 we are furni%$ ) p>tial explanations if no?+ m4 ,9 ! cool+ ( cele/ial bodies sev]al factors are conc]n$4 ,! fir/ & simple/ is ! "o illu/rat$ at e fire-side by ! rapid black5+ ( little c9d]s :i* fall into ! a%es1 9 contra/ ) ! long-cont9u$ r$ness ( big lumps4 ,?is factor is ! relation betwe5 increase ( surface & increase ( cont5t3 surfaces1 9 simil> bodies1 increas+ z ! squ>es ( ! dim5sions :ile cont5ts increase z _! cubes4 ,h5ce1 on comp>+ ! ,e>? ) ,jupit]1 ^: diamet] is ab\t elev5 times t ( ! ,e>?1 x results t :ile 8 surface is #abe times z great1 8 cont5t is #acij times z great4 ,n[ ev5 7suppos+ we assume l temp]atures & l d5sities7 if ! only effect 7 t ?r\gh a giv5 area ( surface elev5 times m matt] _h to be cool$ 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 !re w\ld be a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! times occupi$ 9 conc5tration4 ,b1 9 virtue ( a second factor1 ! diff]5ce w\ld be mu* great] ?an t consequ5t on ^! geometrical relations4 ,! escape ( heat f a cool+ mass is effect$ by conduction1 or by convection1 or by bo?4 ,9 a solid x is :olly by conduction2 9 a liquid or gas ! *ief "p is play$ by convection--by circulat+ curr5ts :i* cont9ually transpose ! hott] & cool] p>ts4 ,n[ 9 fluid sph]oids--gase\s1 or liquid1 or mix$--increas+ size entails an increas+ ob/acle to cool+1 consequ5t on ! increas+ di/ances to be travell$ by ! circulat+ curr5ts4 ,( c\rse ! relation is n a simple "o3 ! velocities ( ! curr5ts w be unlike4 ,x is manife/1 h[ev]1 t 9 a sph]e ( elev5 times ! diamet]1 ! transit ( matt] f c5tre to surface & back f surface to c5tre1 w take a mu* long] "t2 ev5 if its movem5t is unre/ra9$4 ,b its movem5t is1 9 su* cases z we are consid]+1 greatly re/ra9$4 ,9 a rotat+ sph]oid !re come into play ret>d+ =ces augm5t+ ) ! velocity ( rotation4 ,9 su* a sph]oid ! respective portions ( matt] 7suppos+ !m equal 9 _! angul> velocities r\nd ! axis1 :i* !y w t5d m & m to become z ! d5sity increases71 mu/ v>y 9 _! absolute velocities accord+ to _! di/ances f ! axis2 & ea* portion _c h its di/ance f ! axis *ang$ by circulat+ curr5ts1 :i* x mu/ cont9ually be1 )\t loss or ga9 9 its quantity ( motion3 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( fluid friction1 =ce mu/ be exp5d$1 n[ 9 increas+ its motion & n[ 9 ret>d+ its motion4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! l>g] sph]oid has also a high] velocity ( rotation1 ! relative sl[ness ( ! circulat+ curr5ts1 & ! consequ5t ret>dation ( cool+1 mu/ be mu* great] ?an is impli$ by ! extra di/ances to be travell$4 ,& n[ obs]ve ! correspond5ce betwe5 inf]5ce & fact4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if we comp>e ! gr\p ( ! great planets1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus1 ) ! gr\p ( ! small planets1 ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 we see t l[ d5sity goes along ) great size & great velocity ( rotation1 & t high d5sity goes along ) small size & small velocity ( rotation4 ,9 ! second place1 we are %[n ?is relation /ill m cle>ly if we comp>e ! extreme in/ances--,saturn & ,m]cury4 ,! special contra/ ( ^! two1 l ! g5]al contra/ ( ! gr\ps1 po9ts to ! tru? t l[ d5sity1 l ! satellite-=m+ t5d5cy1 is associat$ ) ! ratio borne by c5trifugal =ce to gravity2 = 9 ! case ( ,saturn ) 8 _m satellites & lea/ d5sity1 c5trifugal =ce at ! equator is ne>ly #a_/f? ( gravity1 :]eas 9 ,m]cury ) no satellite & greate/ d5sity c5trifugal =ce is b #a_/cfj? ( gravity4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 factors :i*1 work+ 9 an opposite way1 qualify & complicate ^! effects4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 mutual gravitation among ! p>ts ( a l>ge mass w cause a great] evolution ( heat ?an is simil>ly caus$ 9 a small mass2 & ! result+ diff]5ce ( temp]ature w t5d to produce m rapid dissipation ( heat4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! great] velocity ( ! circulat+ curr5ts :i* ! int5s] =ces at "w 9 l>g] sph]oids w produce--a contra/ made /ill great] by ! relatively small] ret>dation by friction to :i* ! m volum9\s curr5ts are expos$4 ,9 ^! causes1 jo9$ ) causes previ\sly indicat$1 we may recognize a probable explanation ( ! o!rwise anomal\s fact t ! ,sun1 ?\gh hav+ a ?\s& times ! mass ( ,jupit]1 has yet rea*$ z advanc$ a /age ( conc5tration4 ,= ! =ce ( gravity 9 ! ,sun1 :i* at 8 surface is "s t5 times t at ! surface ( ,jupit]1 mu/ expose 8 c5tral p>ts to a pressure relatively v int5se2 produc+1 dur+ contraction1 a relatively rapid g5esis ( heat4 ,& x is fur!r to be rem>k$ t1 ?\gh ! circulat+ curr5ts 9 ! ,sun h f> great] di/ances to travel1 yet s9ce 8 rotation is relatively s sl[ t ! angul> velocity ( 8 sub/ance is b ab\t "o-sixtie? ( t ( ,jupit]'s sub/ance1 ! result+ ob/acle to circulat+ curr5ts is relatively small1 & ! escape ( heat f> less ret>d$4 ,"h1 too1 we may note t 9 ! co-op]ation ( ^! factors1 !re seems a reason = ! great] conc5tration rea*$ by ,jupit] ?an by ,saturn1 ?\gh ,saturn is ! eld] z well z ! small] ( ! two2 = at ! same "t t ! gravitative =ce 9 ,jupit] is m ?an twice z great z 9 ,saturn1 8 velocity ( rotation is v little great]1 s t ! opposition ( ! c5trifugal =ce to ! c5tripetal is n mu* m ?an half4 ,b n[1 n judg+ m ?an r\ghly ( ! effects ( ^! sev]al factors1 co-op]at+ 9 v>i\s ways & degrees1 "s to aid conc5tration & o!rs to resi/ x1 x is suffici5tly manife/ t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! l>g] nebul\s sph]oids1 long] 9 los+ _! heat1 w m sl[ly rea* high specific gravities2 & t :]e ! contra/s 9 size are s imm5se z ^? betwe5 ! great] & ! small] planets1 ! small] may h rea*$ relatively high specific gravities :5 ! great] h rea*$ b relatively l[ ones4 ,fur!r1 x appe>s t su* qualification ( ! process z results f ! m rapid g5esis ( heat 9 ! l>g] masses1 w be c\nt]vail$ :]e high velocity ( rotation greatly imp$es ! circulat+ curr5ts4 ,?us int]pret$ !n1 ! v>i\s specific gravities ( ! planets may be held to furni% fur!r evid5ces support+ ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,increase ( d5sity & escape ( heat are correlat$ ph5om5a1 & h5ce 9 ! =ego+ section1 treat+ ( ! respective d5sities ( ! cele/ial bodies 9 connexion ) nebul> cond5sation1 mu* has be5 said & impli$ respect+ ! accompany+ g5esis & dissipation ( heat4 ,q ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! =ego+ argum5ts & inf]5ces1 !re is to be not$ ! fact t 9 ! pres5t temp]atures ( ! cele/ial bodies at l>ge we f9d additional supports to ! hypo!sis2 & ^!1 too1 ( ! mo/ sub/antial "*4 ,= if1 z is impli$ above1 heat mu/ inevitably be g5]at$ by ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]1 we ought to f9d 9 all ! heav5ly bodies1 ei!r pres5t high temp]atures or m>ks ( pa/ high temp]atures4 ,?is we d1 9 ! places & 9 ! degrees :i* ! hypo!sis requires4 ,obs]vations %[+ t z we desc5d bel[ ! ,e>?'s surface !re is a progressive increase ( heat1 jo9$ ) ! conspicu\s evid5ce furni%$ by volcanoes1 necessitate ! conclusion t ! temp]ature is v high at great dep?s4 ,:e!r1 z "s believe1 ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? is /ill molt51 or :e!r1 z ,sir ,william ,?omson cont5ds1 x mu/ be solid2 !re is agreem5t 9 ! inf]5ce t its heat is int5se4 ,& x has be5 fur!r %[n t ! rate at :i* ! temp]ature increases on desc5d+ bel[ ! surface1 is su* z w\ld be f\nd 9 a mass :i* _h be5 cool+ = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,! ,moon1 too1 %[s u1 by its corrugations & its conspicu\s ext9ct volcanoes1 t 9 x !re has be5 a process ( refrig]ation & contraction1 l t :i* has gone on 9 ! ,e>?4 ,!re is no teleological explanation ( ^! facts4 ,! frequ5t de/ructions ( life by e>?quakes & volcanoes1 imply1 r1 t x w\ld h be5 bett] _h ! ,e>? be5 creat$ ) a l[ int]nal temp]ature4 ,b if we contemplate ! facts 9 connexion ) ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 we see t ?is /ill-cont9u$ high int]nal heat is "o ( its coroll>ies4 ,! ,e>? mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! gase\s & ! molt5 conditions be=e x became solid1 & mu/ = an almo/ inf9ite p]iod by its int]nal heat cont9ue to be> evid5ce ( ?is orig94 ,! gr\p ( giant planets furni%es rem>kable evid5ce4 ,! a priori inf]5ce drawn above1 t great size jo9$ ) relatively high ratio ( c5trifugal =ce to gravity mu/ greatly ret>d aggregation1 & mu/ ?us1 by *eck+ ! g5esis & dissipation ( heat1 make ! process ( cool+ a sl[ "o1 has ( late ye>s receiv$ v]ifications f inf]5ces drawn a po/]iori2 s t n[ ! curr5t conclusion among a/ronom]s is t 9 physical condition ! great planets are 9 /ages midway betwe5 t ( ! ,e>? & t ( ! ,sun4 ,! fact t ! c5tre ( ,jupit]'s disc is twice or ?rice z bright z 8 p]iph]y1 jo9$ ) ! facts t he seems to radiate m light ?an is acc\nt$ = by reflection ( ! ,sun's rays1 & t 8 spectrum %[s ! r$-/> l9e1 are tak5 z evid5ces ( lum9osity2 :ile ! imm5se & rapid p]turbations 9 8 atmosph]e1 f> great] ?an c\ld be caus$ by heat receiv$ f ! ,sun1 z well z ! =mation ( spots analog\s to ^? ( ! ,sun1 :i* also1 l ^? ( ! ,sun1 %[ a high] rate ( rotation ne> ! equator ?an fur!r f x1 are held to imply high int]nal temp]ature4 ,?us 9 ,jupit]1 z also 9 ,saturn1 we f9d /ates :i*1 n admitt+ ( any teleological explanations 7= !y manife/ly exclude ! possibility ( life71 admit ( explanations d]iv$ f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,b ! argum5t f temp]ature does n end "h4 ,!re rema9s to be notic$ a m conspicu\s & /ill m significant fact4 ,if ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 produc$ by ! conc5tration ( diffus$ matt]1 :i* evolv$ heat :ile gravitat+ into its pres5t d5se =m2 !n !re is an obvi\s implication4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! late/-=m$ mass w be ! late/ 9 cool+--w1 = an almo/ inf9ite "t1 possess a great] heat ?an ! e>li]-=m$ ones4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! l>ge/ mass w1 because ( its sup]ior aggregative =ce1 become hott] ?an ! o!rs1 & radiate m int5sely4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! l>ge/ mass1 not)/&+ ! high] temp]ature x rea*es1 w1 9 consequ5ce ( its relatively small surface1 be ! sl[e/ 9 los+ its evolv$ heat4 ,& h5ce1 if !re is "o mass :i* 0 n only =m$ aft] ! re/1 b exce$s !m enorm\sly 9 size1 x foll[s t ?is "o w rea* an int5sity ( inc&esc5ce f> beyond t rea*$ by ! re/2 & w cont9ue 9 a /ate ( int5se inc&esc5ce long aft] ! re/ h cool$4 ,su* a mass we h 9 ! ,sun4 ,x is a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 t ! matt] =m+ ! ,sun assum$ its pres5t integrat$ %ape at a p]iod mu* m rec5t ?an t at :i* ! planets became def9ite bodies4 ,! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ! ,sun is ne>ly five million times t conta9$ 9 ! smalle/ planet1 & above a ?\s& times t conta9$ 9 ! l>ge/4 ,& :ile1 f ! enorm\s gravitative =ce ( 8 p>ts to _! common c5tre1 ! evolution ( heat has be5 int5se1 ! facilities ( radiation h be5 relatively small4 ,h5ce ! /ill-cont9u$ high temp]ature4 ,j t condition ( ! c5tral body :i* is a necess>y inf]5ce f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 we f9d actually exi/+ 9 ! ,sun4 ,! p>agraph :i* "h foll[s1 ?\gh x conta9s "s que/ionable propositions1 ,i reproduce j z x /ood :5 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aheh1 = reasons :i* w pres5tly be app>5t4 ,x may be well to consid] m closely1 :at is ! probable condition ( ! ,sun's surface4 ,r\nd ! globe ( inc&esc5t molt5 sub/ances1 ?us conceiv$ to =m ! visible body ( ! ,sun :i* 9 con=mity ) ! argum5t 9 a previ\s section1 n[ transf]r$ to ! ,add5da1 0 inf]r$ to be holl[ & fill$ ) gase\s matt] at high t5sion !re is kn[n to exi/ a volum9\s atmosph]e3 ! inf]ior brilliancy ( ! ,sun's bord]1 & ! appe>ances dur+ a total eclipse1 alike %[ ?is4 ,:at n[ mu/ be ! con/itution ( ?is atmosph]e8 ,at a temp]ature approa*+ a ?\s& times t ( molt5 iron1 :i* is ! calculat$ temp]ature ( ! sol> surface1 v _m1 if n all1 ( ! sub/ances we "k z solid1 w\ld become gase\s2 & ?\gh ! ,sun's enorm\s attractive =ce mu/ be a p[]ful *eck on ?is t5d5cy to assume ! =m ( vap\r1 yet x _c be que/ion$ t if ! body ( ! ,sun consi/s ( molt5 sub/ances1 "s ( !m mu/ be con/antly und]go+ evaporation4 ,t ! d5se gases ?us cont9ually be+ g5]at$ w =m ! entire mass ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 is n probable4 ,if any?+ is to be inf]r$1 ei!r f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 or f ! analogies suppli$ by ! planets1 x mu/ be conclud$ t ! out]mo/ "p ( ! sol> atmosph]e consi/s ( :at are call$ p]man5t gases--gases t are n cond5sible into fluid ev5 at l[ temp]atures4 ,if we consid] :at mu/ h be5 ! /ate ( ?+s "h1 :5 ! surface ( ! ,e>? 0 molt51 we %all see t r\nd ! /ill molt5 surface ( ! ,sun1 !re probably exi/s a /ratum ( d5se a]i=m matt]1 made up ( sublim$ metals & metallic comp\nds1 & above ?is a /ratum ( comp>atively r>e m$ium analog\s to air4 ,:at n[ w happ5 ) ^! two /rata8 ,did !y bo? consi/ ( p]man5t gases1 !y c\ld n rema9 sep>ate3 accord+ to a well-kn[n law1 !y w\ld ev5tually =m a homog5e\s mixture4 ,b ?is w by no means happ5 :5 ! l[] /ratum consi/s ( matt]s t are gase\s only at excessively high temp]atures4 ,giv5 (f f a molt5 surface1 asc5d+1 exp&+1 & cool+1 ^! w pres5tly rea* a limit ( elevation above :i* !y _c exi/ z vap\r1 b mu/ cond5se & precipitate4 ,mean:ile ! upp] /ratum1 habitually *>g$ ) its quantum ( ^! d5s] matt]s1 z our air ) its quantum ( wat]1 & ready to deposit !m on any depression ( temp]ature1 mu/ be habitually unable to take up any m ( ! l[] /ratum2 & !re=e ?is l[] /ratum w rema9 q di/9ct f x4#bj 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid]$ 9 _! ensemble1 ! sev]al gr\ps ( evid5ces assign$ am\nt almo/ to pro(4 ,we h se5 t1 :5 critically exam9$1 ! speculations ( late ye>s curr5t respect+ ! nature ( ! nebul1 commit _! promulgators to sundry absurdities2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we see t ! v>i\s appe>ances ^! nebul pres5t1 are explicable z diff]5t /ages 9 ! precipitation & aggregation ( diffus$ matt]4 ,we f9d t ! imm5se majority ( comets 7i4e4 omitt+ ! p]iodic ones71 by _! physical con/itution1 _! imm5sely-ext5d$ & v>i\sly-direct$ pa?s1 ! di/ribution ( ^? pa?s1 & _! manife/ /ructural relation to ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 be> te/imony to ! pa/ exi/5ce ( t sy/em 9 a nebul\s =m4 ,n only d ^? obvi\s peculi>ities 9 ! motions ( ! planets :i* fir/ sugge/$ ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 supply pro(s ( x1 b on clos] exam9ation we discov]1 9 ! slightly-div]g+ incl9ations ( _! orbits1 9 _! v>i\s rates ( rotation1 & _! diff]5tly-direct$ axes ( rotation1 t ! planets yield u yet fur!r te/imony2 :ile ! satellites1 by sundry traits1 & especially by _! occurr5ce 9 great] or less abundance :]e ! hypo!sis implies great] or less abundance1 confirm ?is te/imony4 ,by trac+ out ! process ( planet>y cond5sation1 we are l$ to conclusions respect+ ! physical /ates ( planets :i* expla9 _! anomal\s specific gravities4 ,once m1 x turns out t :at is inf]able f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis respect+ ! temp]atures ( cele/ial bodies1 is j :at obs]vation e/abli%es2 & t bo? ! absolute & ! relative temp]atures ( ! ,sun & planets are ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,:5 we contemplate ^! v>i\s evid5ces 9 _! totality--:5 we obs]ve t1 by ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! lead+ ph5om5a ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ! heav5s 9 g5]al1 are explicable2 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] t ! curr5t cosmogony is n only )\t a s+le fact to /& on1 b is at v>iance ) all our positive k ( ,nature1 we see t ! pro( becomes ov]:elm+4 ,x rema9s only to po9t out t :ile ! g5esis ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ( c\ntless o!r sy/ems l x1 is ?us r5d]$ compreh5sible1 ! ultimate my/]y cont9ues z great z ev]4 ,! problem ( exi/5ce is n solv$3 x is simply remov$ fur!r back4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ?r[s no light on ! orig9 ( diffus$ matt]2 & diffus$ matt] z mu* ne$s acc\nt+ = z concrete matt]4 ,! g5esis ( an atom is n easi] to conceive ?an ! g5esis ( a planet4 ,nay1 inde$1 s f> f mak+ ! ,univ]se less a my/]y ?an be=e1 x makes x a great] my/]y4 ,creation by manufacture is a mu* l[] ?+ ?an creation by evolution4 ,a man c put toge!r a ma*9e2 b he _c make a ma*9e develop itself4 ,t our h>moni\s univ]se once exi/$ pot5tially z =mless diffus$ matt]1 & has sl[ly gr[n into its pres5t organiz$ /ate1 is a f> m a/oni%+ fact ?an w\ld h be5 its =mation aft] ! artificial me?od vulg>ly suppos$4 ,^? :o hold x legitimate to argue f ph5om5a to n\m5a1 may rightly cont5d t ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis implies a ,fir/ ,cause z mu* transc5d+ ! me*anical ,god ( ,paley1 z ?is does ! feti% ( ! savage4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aa3 ,cosmos4 7,sev5? ,edition47 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,s9ce ! publication ( ?is essay ! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor has giv5 v>i\s fur!r reasons = ! conclusion t ! nebul belong to our own sid]eal sy/em4 ,! opposite conclusion1 conte/$ ?r\gh\t ! =ego+ section1 has n[ be5 tacitly ab&on$4 ,footnote #ac3 ,any objection made to ! extreme t5uity ?is involves1 is met by ! calculation ( ,newton1 :o prov$ t 7 a sph]ical in* ( air remov$ f\r ?\s& miles f ! ,e>?1 x w\ld exp& into a sph]e m ?an fill+ ! orbit ( ,saturn4 ,footnote #ad3 ,a ref]5ce may fitly be made "h to a reason giv5 by ,mons4 ,bab9et = rejection ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,he has calculat$ t tak+ ! exi/+ ,sun1 ) its obs]v$ angul> velocity1 its sub/ance1 if exp&$ s z to fill ! orbit ( ,neptune1 w\ld h no?+ approa*+ ! angul> velocity :i* ! "t ( revolution ( t planet implies4 ,! assumption he makes is inadmissible4 ,he supposes t all p>ts ( ! nebul\s sph]oid :5 x fill$ ,neptune's orbit1 _h ! same angul> velocities4 ,b ! process ( nebul> cond5sation z indicat$ above1 implies t ! remot] flocculi ( nebul\s matt]1 lat] 9 rea*+ ! c5tral mass1 & =m+ its p]iph]al portions1 w acquire1 dur+ _! long] j\rneys t[>ds x1 great] velocities4 ,an inspection ( "o ( ! spiral nebul1 z #ea/ or #ii? ,messi]1 at once %[s t ! outly+ portions :5 !y rea* ! nucleus1 w =m an equatorial belt mov+ r\nd ! common c5tre m rapidly ?an ! re/4 ,?us ! c5tral p>ts w h small angul> velocities1 :ile !re w be increas+ angul> velocities ( p>ts increas+ly remote f ! c5tre4 ,& :ile ! d5sity ( ! sph]oid cont9ues small1 fluid friction w sc>cely at all *ange ^! diff]5ces4 ,a l criticism may1 ,i ?9k1 be pass$ on an op9ion express$ by ,pr(4 ,newcomb4 ,he says3--,:5 ! contraction ( ! nebul\s sph]oid _h gone s f> t ! c5trifugal & attract+ =ces ne>ly balanc$ ea* o!r at ! out] equatorial limit ( ! mass1 ! result w\ld h be5 t contraction 9 ! direction ( ! equator w\ld cease entirely1 & be conf9$ to ! pol> regions1 ea* p>ticle dropp+1 n t[>ds ! sun1 b t[>ds ! plane ( ! sol> equator4 ,?us1 we %\ld h a con/ant flatt5+ ( ! sph]oidal atmosph]e until x 0 r$uc$ to a ?9 flat disk4 ,?is disk might !n sep>ate itself into r+s1 :i* w\ld =m planets 9 mu* ! same way t ,laplace suppos$4 ,b !re w\ld probably be no m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! age ( ! planets4 7,popul> ,a/ronomy1 p4 #eab47 ,n[ ?is conclusion assumes1 l t ( ,m4 ,bab9et1 t all p>ts ( ! nebul\s sph]oid _h equal angul> velocities4 ,if1 z above cont5d$1 x is inf]able f ! process by :i* a nebul\s sph]oid 0 =m$1 t its out] portions revolv$ ) great] angul> velocities ?an its inn]2 !n ! inf]5ce :i* ,pr(4 ,newcomb draws is n necessitat$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,x is true t s9ce ?is essay 0 writt5 reasons h be5 giv5 = conclud+ t comets consi/ ( sw>ms ( meteors envelop$ 9 a]i=m matt]4 ,v possibly ?is is ! con/itution ( ! p]iodic comets :i*1 approximat+ _! orbits to ! plane ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 =m e/abli%$ p>ts ( ! ,sy/em1 & :i*1 z w be h]eaft] indicat$1 h probably a q diff]5t orig94 ,footnote #af3 ,?\gh ?is rule fails at ! p]iph]y ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 yet x fails only :]e ! axis ( rotation1 in/ead ( be+ almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! orbit-plane1 is v little incl9$ to x2 & :]e1 !re=e1 ! =ces t5d+ to produce ! congruity ( motions 7 b little op]ative4 ,footnote #ag3 ,x is true t1 z express$ by him1 ^! propositions ( ,laplace are n all beyond dispute4 ,an a/ronom] ( ! highe/ au?ority1 :o has fav\r$ me ) "s criticisms on ?is essay1 alleges t in/ead ( a nebul\s r+ ruptur+ at "o po9t1 & collaps+ into a s+le mass1 all probability w\ld be 9 fav\r ( its break+ up into _m masses4 ,?is alt]native result c]ta9ly seems ! m likely4 ,b grant+ t a nebul\s r+ w\ld break up into _m masses1 x may /ill be cont5d$ t1 s9ce ! *ances are inf9ity to "o aga9/ ^! be+ ( equal sizes & equidi/ant1 !y c\ld n rema9 ev5ly di/ribut$ r\nd _! orbit4 ,?is annul> *a9 ( gase\s masses w\ld break up into gr\ps ( masses2 ^! gr\ps w\ld ev5tually aggregate into l>g] gr\ps2 & ! f9al result w\ld be ! =mation ( a s+le mass4 ,i h put ! "q to an a/ronom] sc>cely second 9 au?ority to ! "o above ref]r$ to1 & he agrees t ?is w\ld probably be ! process4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! comp>ative /atem5t "h giv5 diff]s1 slightly 9 mo/ cases & 9 "o case l>gely1 f ! /atem5t includ$ 9 ?is essay z orig9ally publi%$ 9 #aheh4 ,z !n giv5 ! table ran ?us3-- ,m]cury4 #a_/cfb ,v5us4 #a_/bhb ,e>?4 #a_/bhi #a ,satellite4 ,m>s4 #a_/cbf ,jupit]4 #a_/ad #d ,satellites4 ,saturn4 #a_/fb #h ,satellites1 & ?ree r+s4 ,uranus4 #a_/i #d 7or #f accord+ to ,h]s*el74 ,! calculations end+ ) ^! figures 7 made :ile ! ,sun's di/ance 0 /ill e/imat$ at #ie millions ( miles4 ,( c\rse ! r$uction aft]w>ds e/abli%$ 9 ! e/imat$ di/ance1 entail+1 z x did1 *anges 9 ! factors :i* ent]$ into ! calculations1 affect$ ! results2 &1 ?\gh x 0 unlikely t ! relations /at$ w\ld be mat]ially *ang$1 x 0 ne$ful to h ! calculations made afre%4 ,mr4 ,lynn has be5 good en\gh to und]take ?is task1 & ! figures giv5 9 ! text are 84 ,9 ! case ( ,m>s a l>ge error 9 my calculation _h aris5 f accept+ ,arago's /atem5t ( 8 d5sity 7#jie71 :i* proves to be some?+ l d\ble :at x %\ld be4 ,"h a curi\s incid5t may be nam$4 ,:51 9 #ahgg1 x 0 discov]$ t ,m>s has two satellites1 ?\gh1 accord+ to my hypo!sis1 x seem$ t he %\ld h none1 my fai? 9 x receiv$ a %ock2 & s9ce t "t ,i h occasionally consid]$ :e!r ! fact is 9 any way reconcilable ) ! hypo!sis4 ,b n[ ! pro( af=d$ by ,mr4 ,lynn t my calculation conta9$ a wrong factor1 disposes ( ! difficulty--nay1 *anges ! objection to a v]ification4 ,x turns out t1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 ,m>s ought to h satellites2 &1 fur!r1 t he ought to h a numb] int]m$iate betwe5 #a & #d4 ,footnote #ai3 ,s9ce ?is p>agraph 0 fir/ publi%$1 ! discov]y t ,m>s has two satellites revolv+ r\nd him 9 p]iods %ort] ?an t ( 8 rotation1 has %[n t ! implication on :i* ,laplace "h insi/s is g5]al only1 & n absolute4 ,7 x a necess>y assumption t all p>ts ( a conc5trat+ nebul\s sph]oid revolve ) ! same angul> velocities1 ! exception w\ld appe> an inexplicable "o2 b if1 z sugge/$ 9 a prec$+ section1 x is inf]able f ! process ( =mation ( a nebul\s sph]oid1 t its out] /rata w move r\nd ! g5]al axis ) high] angul> velocities ?an ! inn] ones1 !re foll[s a possible int]pretation4 ,?\gh1 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 :ile ! nebul\s matt]1 & especially its p]iph]al portions1 are v r>e1 ! effects ( fluid-friction w be too small to *ange greatly su* diff]5ces ( angul> velocities z exi/2 yet1 :5 conc5tration has rea*$ its la/ /ages1 & ! matt] is pass+ f ! gase\s into ! liquid & solid /ates1 & :5 also ! convection-curr5ts h become common to ! :ole mass 7:i* !y probably at fir/ are n71 ! angul> velocity ( ! p]iph]al portion w gradually be assimilat$ to t ( ! int]ior2 & x becomes compreh5sible t 9 ! case ( ,m>s ! p]iph]al portion1 m & m dragg$ back by ! int]nal mass1 lo/ "p ( its velocity dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! =mation ( ! inn]mo/ satellite & ! arrival at ! f9al =m4 ,footnote #bj3 ,i 0 ab\t to suppress "p ( ! above p>agraph1 writt5 be=e ! sci5ce ( sol> physics _h tak5 %ape1 because ( c]ta9 physical difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( its argum5t1 :51 on look+ into rec5t a/ronomical works1 ,i f\nd t ! hypo!sis x sets =? respect+ ! ,sun's /ructure has k9%ips to ! sev]al hypo!ses s9ce set =? by ,zlln]1 ,faye1 & ,"y4 ,i h !re=e decid$ to let x /& z x orig9ally did4 ,! contemplat$ p>tial suppression j nam$1 0 prompt$ by recognition ( ! tru? t to effect me*anical /ability ! gase\s int]ior ( ! ,sun mu/ h a d5sity at lea/ equal to t ( ! molt5 %ell 7great]1 inde$1 at ! c5tre72 & ?is seems to imply a specific gravity high] ?an t :i* he possesses4 ,x may1 inde$1 be t ! unkn[n elem5ts :i* spectrum analysis %[s to exi/ 9 ! ,sun1 are metals ( v l[ specific gravities1 & t1 exi/+ 9 l>ge proportion ) o!r ( ! light] metals1 !y may =m a molt5 %ell n d5s] ?an is impli$ by ! facts4 ,b ?is c be reg>d$ z no?+ m ?an a possibility4 ,no ne$1 h[ev]1 has aris5 = ei!r rel9qui%+ or hold+ b loosely ! associat$ conclusions respect+ ! con/itution ( ! photosph]e & its envelope4 ,widely speculative z seem$ ^! sugge/$ coroll>ies f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis :5 set =? 9 #aheh1 & q at v>iance ) ! beliefs !n curr5t1 !y prov$ to be n ill-f\nd$4 ,at ! close ( #ahei1 !re came ! discov]ies ( ,kir*h(f1 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( v>i\s metallic vap\rs 9 ! ,sun's atmosph]e4 ,,add5da4 ,speculative z is mu* ( ! =ego+ essay1 x appe>s undesirable to include 9 x any?+ /ill m speculative4 ,= ?is reason ,i h decid$ to set =? sep>ately "s views conc]n+ ! g5esis ( ! s-call$ elem5ts dur+ nebul> cond5sation1 & conc]n+ ! accompany+ physical effects4 ,at ! same "t x has seem$ be/ to deta* f ! essay "s ( ! m debatable conclusions orig9ally conta9$ 9 x2 s t its g5]al argum5t may n be ne$lessly implicat$ ) !m4 ,^! new portions1 toge!r ) ! old portions :i* re-appe> m or less modifi$1 ,i "h app5d 9 a s]ies ( notes4 ,,note ,i4 ,= ! belief t ! s-call$ elem5ts are comp\nd !re are bo? special reasons & g5]al reasons4 ,among ! special may be nam$ ! p>allelism betwe5 allotropy & isom]ism2 ! num]\s l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ea* elem5t2 & ! cyclical law ( ,newl&s & ,m5deljeff4 ,( ! m g5]al reasons1 :i*1 z di/+ui%$ f ^! *emical or *emico-physical ones1 may fitly be call$ cosmical1 ! foll[+ are ! *ief4 ,! g5]al law ( evolution1 if x does n actually involve ! conclusion t ! s-call$ elem5ts are comp\nds1 yet af=ds a priori gr\nd = suspect+ t !y are su*4 ,! implication is t1 :ile ! matt] compos+ ! ,sol> ,sy/em has progress$ physically f t relatively-homog5e\s /ate :i* x _h z a nebula to t relatively-het]og5e\s /ate pres5t$ by ,sun1 planets1 & satellites1 x has also progress$ *emically1 f ! relatively-homog5e\s /ate 9 :i* x 0 compos$ ( "o or a few types ( matt]1 to t relatively-het]og5e\s /ate 9 :i* x is compos$ ( _m types ( matt] v div]se 9 _! prop]ties4 ,?is d$uction f ! law :i* holds ?r\gh\t ! cosmos z n[ kn[n to u1 w\ld h mu* weight ev5 7 x unsupport$ by induction2 b a survey ( *emical ph5om5a at l>ge discloses sev]al gr\ps ( inductive evid5ces support+ x4 ,! fir/ is t s9ce ! cool+ ( ! ,e>? rea*$ an advanc$ /age1 ! compon5ts ( its cru/ h be5 ev] increas+ 9 het]og5eity4 ,:5 ! s-call$ elem5ts1 orig9ally exi/+ 9 a dissociat$ /ate1 unit$ into oxides1 acids1 & o!r b9>y comp\nds1 ! total numb] ( diff]5t sub/ances 0 imm5sely augm5t$1 ! new sub/ances 7 m complex ?an ! old1 & _! prop]ties 7 m v>i$4 ,t is1 ! assemblage became m het]og5e\s 9 its k9ds1 9 ! composition ( ea* k9d1 & 9 ! range ( *emical *>act]s4 ,:51 at a lat] p]iod1 !re arose salts & o!r comp\nds ( simil> degrees ( complexity1 !re 0 aga9 an increase ( het]og5eity1 alike 9 ! aggregate & 9 its memb]s4 ,& :51 /ill lat]1 matt]s class$ z organic became possible1 ! multi=mity 0 yet fur!r augm5t$ 9 k9dr$ ways4 ,if1 !n1 *emical evolution1 s f> z we c trace x1 has be5 f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 may we n fairly suppose t x has be5 s f ! beg9n+8 ,if1 f late /ages 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 we run back1 & f9d ! l9es ( *emical evolution cont9ually conv]g+1 until !y br+ u to bodies :i* we _c decompose1 may we n suspect t1 c\ld we run back ^! l9es /ill fur!r1 we %\ld come to /ill decreas+ het]og5eity 9 ! numb] & nature ( ! sub/ances1 until we rea*$ some?+ l homog5eity8 ,a p>allel argum5t may be d]iv$ f consid]ation ( ! aff9ities & /abilities ( *emical comp\nds4 ,beg9n+ ) ! complex nitrog5\s bodies out ( :i* liv+ ?+s are =m$1 & :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 are ! mo/ mod]n1 at ! same "t t !y are ! mo/ het]og5e\s1 we see t ! aff9ities & /abilities ( ^! are extremely small4 ,_! molecules d n ent] bodily into union ) ^? ( o!r sub/ances s z to =m m complex comp\nds /ill1 & _! compon5ts (t5 fail to hold toge!r "u ord9>y conditions4 ,a /age l[] 9 degree ( composition we come to ! va/ assemblage ( oxy-hydro-c>bons1 numb]s ( :i* %[ _m & decid$ aff9ities1 & are /able at common temp]atures4 ,pass+ to ! inorganic gr\p1 we are %[n by ! salts c4 /rong aff9ities betwe5 _! compon5ts & unions :i* are1 9 _m cases1 n v easily brok54 ,& !n :5 we come to ! oxides1 acids1 & o!r b9>y comp\nds1 we see t 9 _m cases ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are =m$1 :5 br\ght into ! pres5ce ( "o ano!r "u fav\rable conditions1 unite ) viol5ce2 & t _m ( _! unions _c be dissolv$ by heat alone4 ,if1 !n1 z we g back f ! mo/ mod]n & mo/ complex sub/ances to ! mo/ anci5t & simple/ sub/ances1 we see1 on ! av]age1 a great increase 9 aff9ity & /ability1 x results t if ! same law holds ) ! simple/ sub/ances kn[n to u1 ! compon5ts ( ^!1 if !y are comp\nd1 may be assum$ to h unit$ ) aff9ities f> m int5se ?an any we h exp]i5ce (1 & to cl+ toge!r ) t5acities f> exce$+ ! t5acities ) :i* *emi/ry acqua9ts u4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( a class ( sub/ances :i* are undecomposable & !re=e seem simple1 appe>s to be an implication2 & ! coroll>y is t ^! 7 =m$ dur+ e>ly /ages ( t]re/rial conc5tration1 "u conditions ( heat & pressure :i* we _c n[ p>allel4 ,yet ano!r support = ! belief t ! s-call$ elem5ts are comp\nds1 is d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( !m1 consid]$ z an aggregate asc5d+ 9 _! molecul> weights1 ) ! aggregate ( bodies kn[n to be comp\nd1 simil>ly consid]$ 9 _! asc5d+ molecul> weights4 ,contra/ ! b9>y comp\nds z a class ) ! quat]n>y comp\nds z a class4 ,! molecules con/itut+ oxides 7:e!r alkal9e or acid or neutral7 *lorides1 sulphurets1 c4 are relatively small2 &1 comb9+ ) great avidity1 =m /able comp\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! molecules con/itut+ nitrog5\s bodies are relatively va/ & are *emically in]t2 & su* comb9ations z _! simpl] types ent] into1 _c )/& di/urb+ =ces4 ,n[ a l diff]5ce is se5 if we contra/ ) "o ano!r ! s-call$ elem5ts4 ,^? ( relatively-l[ molecul> weights--oxyg51 hydrog51 potassium1 sodium1 c41--%[ great read9ess to unite among !mselves2 &1 inde$1 _m ( !m _c be prev5t$ f unit+ "u ord9>y conditions4 ,contr>iwise1 "u ord9>y conditions ! sub/ances ( high molecul> weights--! noble metals--are indiff]5t to o!r sub/ances2 & su* comp\nds z !y d =m "u conditions specially adju/$1 are easily de/roy$4 ,?us z1 among ! bodies we "k to be comp\nd1 increas+ molecul> weight is associat$ ) ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 & z1 among ! bodies we class z simple1 increas+ molecul> weight is associat$ ) ! appe>ance ( simil> *>act]s1 ! composite nature ( ! elem5ts is 9 ano!r way po9t$ to4 ,!re has to be add$ "o fur!r class ( ph5om5a1 congru\s ) ^? above nam$1 :i* "h specially conc]ns u4 ,look+ g5]ally at *emical unions1 we see t ! heat evolv$ usually decreases z ! degree ( composition1 & consequ5t massiv5ess1 ( ! molecules1 increases4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! fact t dur+ ! =mation ( simple comp\nds ! heat evolv$ is mu* great] ?an t :i* is evolv$ dur+ ! =mation ( complex comp\nds3 ! elem5ts1 :5 unit+ ) "o ano!r1 usually give out mu* heat2 :ile1 :5 ! comp\nds !y =m are recomp\nd$1 b little heat is giv5 out2 &1 z %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(4 ,&rews1 ! heat giv5 out dur+ ! union ( acids & bases is habitually small] :]e ! molecul> weight ( ! base is great]4 ,!n1 9 ! second place1 we see t among ! elem5ts !mselves1 ! unions ( ^? hav+ l[ molecul> weights result 9 f> m heat ?an d ! unions ( ^? hav+ high molecul> weights4 ,if we proce$ on ! supposition t ! s-call$ elem5ts are comp\nds1 & if ?is law1 if n univ]sal1 holds ( undecomposable sub/ances z ( decomposable1 !n !re are two implications4 ,! "o is t ^? comp\nd+s & recomp\nd+s by :i* ! elem5ts 7 =m$1 mu/ h be5 accompani$ by degrees ( heat exce$+ any degrees ( heat kn[n to u4 ,! o!r is t among ^! comp\nd+s & recomp\nd+s !mselves1 ^? by :i* ! small-molecul$ elem5ts 7 =m$ produc$ m int5se heat ?an ^? by :i* ! l>ge-molecul$ elem5ts 7 =m$3 ! elem5ts =m$ by ! f9al recomp\nd+s be+ necess>ily lat] 9 orig91 & at ! same "t less /able1 ?an ! e>li]-=m$ ones4 ,,note ,,ii4 ,may we f ^! propositions1 & especially f ! la/1 draw any conclusions respect+ ! evolution ( heat dur+ nebul> cond5sation8 ,& d su* conclusions affect 9 any way ! conclusions n[ curr5t8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x seems inf]able f physico-*emical facts at l>ge1 t only ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^? comb9ations :i* =m$ ! elem5ts1 did ! conc5tration ( diffus$ nebul\s matt] into concrete masses become possible4 ,if we rememb] t hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 _! uncomb9$ /ates oppose1 ! "o an insup]able & ! o!r an almo/ insup]able1 resi/ance to liquefaction1 :ile :5 comb9$ ! comp\nd assumes ! liquid /ate ) facility1 we may suspect t 9 l mann] ! simpl] types ( matt] out ( :i* ! elem5ts 7 =m$1 c\ld n h be5 r$uc$ ev5 to su* degrees ( d5sity z ! kn[n gases %[ u1 )\t :at we may call proto-*emical unions3 ! implication be+ t aft] ! heat result+ f ea* ( su* proto-*emical unions _h escap$1 mutual gravitation ( ! p>ts 0 able to produce fur!r cond5sation ( ! nebul\s mass4 ,if we ?us di/+ui% betwe5 ! two s\rces ( heat accompany+ nebul> cond5sation--! heat due to proto-*emical comb9ations & t due to ! contraction caus$ by gravitation 7bo? ( !m1 h[ev]1 be+ int]pretable z consequ5t on loss ( motion71 x may be inf]r$ t !y take diff]5t %>es dur+ ! e>li] & dur+ ! lat] /ages ( aggregation4 ,x seems probable t :ile ! diffusion is great & ! =ce ( mutual gravitation small1 ! *ief s\rce ( heat is comb9ation ( units ( matt]1 simpl] ?an any kn[n to u1 into su* units ( matt] z ^? we "k2 :ile1 conv]sely1 :5 !re has be5 rea*$ close aggregation1 ! *ief s\rce ( heat is gravitation1 ) consequ5t pressure & gradual contraction4 ,suppos+ ?is to be s1 let u ask :at may be inf]r$4 ,if at ! "t :5 ! nebul\s sph]oid f :i* ! ,sol> ,sy/em result$1 fill$ ! orbit ( ,neptune1 x _h rea*$ su* a degree ( d5sity z enabl$ ^? units ( matt] :i* compose ! sodium molecules to ent] into comb9ation2 & if1 9 con=mity ) ! analogies above indicat$1 ! heat evolv$ by ?is proto-*emical comb9ation 0 great comp>$ ) ! heats evolv$ by ! *emical comb9ations kn[n to u2 ! implication is t ! nebul\s sph]oid1 9 ! c\rse ( its contraction1 w\ld h to get rid ( a mu* l>g] quantity ( heat ?an x w\ld1 did x comm5ce at any ord9>y temp]ature & _h only to lose ! heat consequ5t on contraction4 ,t is to say1 9 e/imat+ ! pa/ p]iod dur+ :i* sol> emission ( heat has be5 go+ on at a high rate1 mu* mu/ dep5d on ! initial temp]ature assum$2 & ?is may h be5 r5d]$ int5se by ! proto-*emical *anges :i* took place 9 e>ly /ages4#ba ,respect+ ! future duration ( ! sol> heat1 !re mu/ also be diff]5ces betwe5 ! e/imates made accord+ z we d or d n take into acc\nt ! proto-*emical *anges :i* possibly h /ill to take place4 ,true z x may be t ! quantity ( heat to be emitt$ is measur$ by ! quantity ( motion to be lo/1 & t ?is mu/ be ! same :e!r ! approximation ( ! molecules is effect$ by *emical unions1 or by mutual gravitation1 or by bo?2 yet1 evid5tly1 ev]y?+ mu/ turn on ! degree ( cond5sation suppos$ to be ev5tually rea*$2 & ?is mu/ 9 l>ge measure dep5d on ! natures ( ! sub/ances ev5tually =m$4 ,?\gh1 by spectrum-analysis1 plat9um has rec5tly be5 detect$ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 x seems cle> t ! metals ( l[ molecul> weights greatly pr$om9ate2 & suppos+ ! =ego+ argum5ts to be valid1 x may be inf]r$1 z n improbable1 t ! comp\nd+s & recomp\nd+s by :i* ! heavy-molecul$ elem5ts are produc$1 n hi!rto possible 9 l>ge measure1 w h]eaft] take place2 & t1 z a result1 ! ,sun's d5sity w f9ally become v great 9 comp>ison ) :at x is n[4 ,i say n hi!rto possible 9 l>ge measure1 because x is a feasible supposition t !y may be =m$1 & c cont9ue to exi/1 only 9 c]ta9 out] p>ts ( ! ,sol> mass1 :]e ! pressure is suffici5tly great :ile ! heat is n too great4 ,& if ?is be s1 ! implication is t ! int]ior body ( ! ,sun1 high] 9 temp]ature ?an its p]iph]al lay]s1 may consi/ :olly ( ! metals ( l[ atomic weights1 & t ?is may be a "p cause ( 8 l[ specific gravity2 & a fur!r implication is t :51 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! int]nal temp]ature falls1 ! heavy-molecul$ elem5ts1 z !y sev]ally become capable ( exi/+ 9 x1 may arise3 ! =mation ( ea* hav+ an evolution ( heat z its concomitant4#bb ,if s1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! am\nt ( heat to be emitt$ by ! ,sun1 & ! l5g? ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! emission w g on1 mu/ be tak5 z mu* great] ?an if ! ,sun is suppos$ to be p]man5tly con/itut$ ( ! elem5ts n[ pr$om9at+ 9 him1 & to be capable ( only t degree ( cond5sation :i* su* composition p]mits4 ,,note ,,iii4 ,are ! int]nal /ructures ( cele/ial bodies all ! same1 or d !y diff]8 ,& if !y diff]1 c we1 f ! process ( nebul> cond5sation1 inf] ! conditions "u :i* !y assume "o or o!r "*8 ,9 ! =ego+ essay z orig9ally publi%$1 ^! que/ions 7 discuss$2 & ?\gh ! conclusions rea*$ _c be su/a9$ 9 ! =m giv5 to !m1 !y =e%ad[ conclusions :i* may1 p]haps1 be su/a9$4 ,ref]r+ to ! conceivable causes ( unlike specific gravities 9 ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 x 0 said t ^! might be-- #a4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! k9ds ( matt] or matt]s compos+ !m4 #b4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! quantities ( matt]2 =1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! mutual gravitation ( atoms w make a l>ge mass d5s] ?an a small "o4 #c4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! /ructures3 ! masses be+ ei!r solid or liquid ?r\gh\t1 or hav+ c5tral cavities fill$ ) ela/ic ari=m sub/ance4 ,( ^! ?ree conceivable causes1 t commonly assign$ is ! fir/1 m or less modifi$ by ! second4 ,writt5 z ?is 0 be=e spectrum-analysis _h made its disclosures1 no notice c\ld ( c\rse be tak5 ( ! way 9 :i* ^! conflict ) ! fir/ ( ! =ego+ suppositions2 b aft] po9t+ out o!r objections to x ! argum5t cont9u$ ?us3-- ,h[ev]1 spite ( ^! difficulties1 ! curr5t hypo!sis is1 t ! ,sun & planets1 inclusive ( ! ,e>?1 are ei!r solid or liquid1 or h solid cru/s ) liquid nuclei4#bc ,aft] say+ t ! famili>ity ( ?is hypo!sis mu/ n delude u into uncritical acceptance ( x1 b t if any o!r hypo!sis is physically possible x may reasonably be ent]ta9$1 x 0 argu$ t by trac+ out ! process ( cond5sation 9 a nebul\s sph]oid1 we are l$ to inf] ! ev5tual =mation ( a molt5 %ell ) a nucleus consi/+ ( gase\s matt] at high t5sion4 ,! p>agraph :i* !n foll[s runs ?us3-- ,b :at1 x may be ask$1 w become ( ?is gase\s nucleus :5 expos$ to ! enorm\s gravitative pressure ( a %ell "s ?\s&s ( miles ?ick8 ,h[ c a]i=m matt] )/& su* a pressure8 ,v readily4 ,x has be5 prov$ t1 ev5 :5 ! heat g5]at$ by compression is all[$ to escape1 "s gases rema9 uncond5sible by any =ce we c produce4 ,an unsuccessful attempt lately made 9 ,vi5na to liquify oxyg51 cle>ly %[s ?is enorm\s resi/ance4 ,! /eel pi/on employ$ 0 lit]ally %ort5$ by ! pressure us$2 & yet ! gas rema9$ unliquifi$6 ,if1 !n1 ! expansive =ce is ?us imm5se :5 ! heat evolv$ is dissipat$1 :at mu/ x be :5 t heat is 9 great measure deta9$1 z 9 ! case we are consid]+8 ,inde$ ! exp]i5ces ( ,m4 ,cagni>d de ,lat\r h %[n t gases may1 "u pressure1 acquire ! d5sity ( liquids :ile reta9+ ! a]i=m /ate1 provid$ ! temp]ature cont9ues extremely high4 ,9 su* a case1 e addition to ! heat is an addition to ! repulsive p[] ( ! atoms3 ! increas$ pressure itself g5]ates an increas$ ability to resi/2 & ?is rema9s true to :atev] ext5t ! compression is c>ri$4 ,inde$ x is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce t if1 "u increas+ pressure1 a gas reta9s all ! heat evolv$1 its resi/+ =ce is absolutely unlimit$4 ,h5ce ! int]nal planet>y /ructure we h describ$ is z physically /able a "o z t commonly assum$4 ,_h ?is p>agraph1 & ! subsequ5t p>agraphs1 be5 writt5 five ye>s lat]1 :5 ,pr(4 ,&rews _h publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 rese>*es1 ! propositions !y conta91 :ile r5d]$ m specific & at ! same "t m def5sible1 w\ld p]haps h be5 fre$ f ! errone\s implication t ! int]nal /ructure indicat$ is an univ]sal "o4 ,let u1 :ile guid$ by ,pr(4 ,&rews' results1 consid] :at w\ld probably be ! successive *anges 9 a cond5s+ nebul\s sph]oid4 ,pr(4 ,&rews has %[n t = ea* k9d ( gase\s matt] !re is a temp]ature above :i* no am\nt ( pressure c cause liquefaction4 ,! rem>k1 made a priori 9 ! above extract1 t if1 "u increas+ pressure1 a gas reta9s all ! heat evolv$1 its resi/+ =ce is absolutely unlimit$1 h>monizes ) ! inductively-rea*$ result t if ! temp]ature is n l[]$ to its critical po9t a gas does n liquify1 h[ev] great ! =ce appli$4 ,at ! same "t ,pr(4 ,&rews' exp]im5ts imply t1 suppos+ ! temp]ature to be l[]$ to ! po9t at :i* liquefaction becomes possible1 !n liquefaction w take place :]e !re is fir/ rea*$ ! requir$ pressure4 ,:at are ! coroll>ies 9 relation to conc5trat+ nebul\s sph]oids8 ,assume a sph]oid ( su* size z w =m "o ( ! inf]ior planets1 & consi/+ ext]nally ( a volum9\s1 cl\dy atmosph]e compos$ ( ! less cond5sible elem5ts1 & int]nally ( metallic gases3 su* int]nal gases be+ kept by convection-curr5ts at temp]atures n v widely diff]+4 ,& assume t cont9u\s radiation has br\ght ! int]nal mass ( metallic gases d[n to ! critical po9t ( ! mo/ cond5sible4 ,may we n say t !re is a size ( ! sph]oid su* t ! pressure w n be great en\gh to produce liquefaction at any o!r place ?an ! c5tre8 or1 9 o!r words1 t 9 ! process ( decreas+ temp]ature & increas+ pressure1 ! c5tre w be ! place at :i* ! comb9$ conditions ( pressure & temp]ature w be fir/ rea*$8 ,if s1 liquefaction1 comm5c+ at ! c5tre1 w spread !nce to ! p]iph]y2 &1 9 virtue ( ! law t solids h high] melt+ po9ts "u pressure ?an :5 free1 x may be t solidification w simil>ly1 at a lat] /age1 beg9 at ! c5tre & progress outw>ds3 ev5tually produc+1 9 t case1 a /ate su* z ,sir ,william ,?omson alleges exi/s 9 ! ,e>?4 ,b n[ suppose t in/ead ( su* a sph]oid1 we assume "o (1 say1 tw5ty or ?irty times ! mass2 :at w !n happ58 ,not)/&+ convection-curr5ts1 ! temp]ature at ! c5tre mu/ always be high] ?an else:]e2 & 9 ! process ( cool+ ! critical po9t ( temp]ature w soon] be rea*$ 9 ! out] p>ts4 ,?\gh ! requisite pressure w n exi/ ne> ! surface1 !re is evid5tly1 9 a l>ge sph]oid1 a dep? bel[ ! surface at :i* ! pressure w be great en\gh1 if ! temp]ature is suffici5tly l[4 ,h5ce x is inf]able t some:]e betwe5 c5tre & surface 9 ! suppos$ l>g] sph]oid1 !re w arise t /ate describ$ by ,pr(4 ,&rews1 9 :i* flick]+ /ri ( liquid float 9 gase\s matt] ( equal d5sity4 ,& x may be inf]r$ t gradually1 z ! process goes on1 ^! /ri w become m abundant :ile ! gase\s int]spaces dim9i%2 until1 ev5tually1 ! liquid becomes cont9u\s4 ,?us !re w result a molt5 %ell conta9+ a gase\s nucleus equally d5se ) itself at _! surface ( contact & m d5se at ! c5tre--a molt5 %ell :i* w sl[ly ?ick5 by additions to bo? ext]ior & int]ior4 ,t a solid cru/ w ev5tually =m on ?is molt5 %ell may be reasonably conclud$4 ,to ! demurr] t solidification _c comm5ce at ! surface1 because ! solids =m$ w\ld s9k1 !re are two replies4 ,! fir/ is t v>i\s metals exp& :ile solidify+1 & !re=e w\ld float4 ,! second is t s9ce ! envelope ( ! suppos$ sph]oid w\ld consi/ ( ! gases & non-metallic elem5ts1 comp\nds ( ^! ) ! metals & ) "o ano!r w\ld cont9ually accumulate on ! molt5 %ell2 & ! cru/1 consi/+ ( oxides1 *lorides1 sulphurets1 & ! re/1 hav+ mu* less specific gravity ?an ! molt5 %ell1 w\ld be readily support$ by x4 ,cle>ly a planet ?us con/itut$ w\ld be 9 an un/able /ate4 ,always x w\ld rema9 liable to a cata/rophe result+ f *ange 9 its gase\s nucleus4 ,if1 "u "s condition ( pressure & temp]ature ev5tually rea*$1 ! compon5ts ( ?is sudd5ly ent]$ into "o ( ^? proto-*emical comb9ations =m+ a new elem5t1 !re might result an explosion capable ( %att]+ ! entire planet1 & propell+ its fragm5ts 9 all directions ) high velocities4 ,if ! hypo!tical planet betwe5 ,jupit] & ,m>s 0 int]m$iate 9 size z 9 position1 x w\ld app>5tly fulfil ! conditions "u :i* su* a cata/rophe might occur4 ,,note ,,iv4 ,! argum5t set =? 9 ! =ego+ note1 is 9 "p design$ to introduce a "q :i* seems to require re-consid]ation--! orig9 ( ! m9or planets or planetoids4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,olb]s1 z prop\nd$ by him1 impli$ t ! disruption ( ! assum$ planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] _h tak5 place at no v remote p]iod 9 ! pa/2 & ?is implication 0 %[n to be inadmissible by ! discov]y t !re exi/s no su* po9t ( int]section ( ! orbits ( ! planetoids z ! hypo!sis requires4 ,! inquiry :e!r1 9 ! pa/1 !re 0 any ne>] approa* to a po9t ( int]section ?an at pres5t1 hav+ result$ 9 a negative1 x is held t ! hypo!sis mu/ be ab&on$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 admitt$ t ! mutual p]turbations ( ! planetoids !mselves w\ld suffice1 9 ! c\rse ( "s millions ( ye>s1 to de/roy all traces ( a place ( int]section ( _! orbits1 if x once exi/$4 ,b if ?is be admitt$ :y ne$ ! hypo!sis be ab&on$8 ,giv5 su* duration ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em z is curr5tly assum$1 !re seems no reason :y lapse ( a few millions ( ye>s %\ld pres5t any difficulty4 ,! explosion may z well h tak5 place t5 million ye>s ago z at any m rec5t p]iod4 ,& :oev] grants ?is mu/ grant t ! probability ( ! hypo!sis has to be e/imat$ f o!r data4 ,z a prelim9>y to clos] consid]ation1 let u ask :at may be inf]r$ f ! rate ( discov]y ( ! planetoids1 & f ! sizes ( ^? mo/ rec5tly discov]$4 ,9 #ahgh1 ,pr(4 ,newcomb1 argu+ t ! prepond]ance ( evid5ce is on ! side ( ! numb] & magnitude be+ limit$1 says t ! newly discov]$ ones d n seem1 on ! av]age1 to be mat]ially small] ?an ^? :i* 7 discov]$ t5 ye>s ago2 & fur!r t ! new ones w probably be f\nd to gr[ decid$ly r>e be=e ano!r hundr$ are discov]$4 ,n[1 inspection ( ! tables conta9$ 9 ! j-publi%$ f\r? edition ( ,*amb]s' ,descriptive ,a/ronomy 7vol4 ,i7 %[s t :]eas ! planetoids discov]$ 9 #ahfh 7! ye> ,pr(4 ,newcomb s+les out = comp>ison7 h an av]age magnitude ( #aaef ^? discov]$ la/ ye> 7#ahhh7 h an av]age magnitude ( #abdc4 ,fur!r1 x is obs]vable t ?\gh m ?an n9ety h be5 discov]$ s9ce ,pr(4 ,newcomb wrote1 !y h by no means become r>e3 ! ye> #ahhh hav+ add$ t5 to ! li/1 & hav+ !re=e ma9ta9$ ! av]age rate ( ! prec$+ t5 ye>s4 ,if1 !n1 ! indications ,pr(4 ,newcomb names1 _h !y aris51 w\ld h impli$ a limitation ( ! numb]1 ^! opposite indications imply t ! numb] is unlimit$4 ,! reasonable conclusion appe>s to be t ^! m9or planets are to be c\nt$ n by hundr$s b by ?\s&s2 t m p[]ful telescopes w g on reveal+ /ill small] ones2 & t additions to ! li/ w cease only :5 ! smallness ends 9 invisibility4 ,comm5c+ n[ to scrut9ize ! two hypo!ses respect+ ! g5esis ( ^! multitud9\s bodies1 ,i may fir/ rem>k conc]n+ t ( ,laplace1 t he might possibly n h prop\nd$ x _h he kn[n t in/ead ( f\r su* bodies !re are hundr$s1 if n ?\s&s4 ,! supposition t !y result$ f ! break+ up ( a nebul\s r+ into num]\s small portions1 in/ead ( its collapse into "o mass1 might n1 9 su* case1 h seem$ to him s probable4 ,x w\ld h appe>$ /ill less probable _h he be5 aw>e ( all t has s9ce be5 discov]$ conc]n+ ! wide diff]5ces ( ! orbits 9 size1 _! v>i\s & (t5 great ecc5tricities1 & _! v>i\s & (t5 great incl9ations4 ,let u look at ^! & o!r incongru\s traits ( !m4 7#a47 ,betwe5 ! greate/ & lea/ mean di/ances ( ! planetoids !re is a space ( #bjj millions ( miles2 s t ! :ole ( ! ,e>?'s orbit might be plac$ betwe5 ! limits ( ! zone occupi$1 & leave #g millions ( miles on ei!r side3 add to :i* t ! wide/ excursions ( ! planetoids occupy a zone ( #bgj millions ( miles4 ,_h ! r+s f :i* ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ! ,e>? 7 =m$ be5 "o-six? ( ! small] wid? or "o-n9? ( ! great]1 !y w\ld h unit$3 !re w\ld h be5 no nebul\s r+s at all1 b a cont9u\s disk4 ,nay m1 s9ce "o ( ! planetoids tr5*es ^u ! orbit ( ,m>s1 x foll[s t ! nebul\s r+ out ( :i* ! planetoids 7 =m$ mu/ h ov]lapp$ t out ( :i* ,m>s 0 =m$4 ,h[ d ^! implications consi/ ) ! nebul> hypo!sis8 7#b47 ,! tacit assumption usually made is t ! diff]5t p>ts ( a nebul\s r+ h ! same angul> velocities4 ,?\gh ?is assumption may n be /rictly true1 yet x seems sc>cely likely t x is s widely untrue z x w\ld be _h ! inn] "p ( ! r+ an angul> velocity ne>ly ?rice t ( ! out]4 ,yet ?is is impli$4 ,:ile ! p]iod ( ,?ule is #h4h ye>s1 ! p]iod ( ,m$usa is #ca ye>s4 7#c47 ,! ecc5tricity ( ,jupit]'s orbit is #jjdhaf1 & ! ecc5tricity ( ,m>s' orbit is #jjicaa4 ,e/imat$ by gr\ps ( ! fir/ f\nd & la/ f\nd ( ! planetoids1 ! av]age ecc5tricity ( ! assemblage is ab\t ?ree times t ( ,jupit] & m ?an "o & a half times t ( ,m>s2 & among ! memb]s ( ! assemblage !mselves1 "s h an ecc5tricity ?irty-five times t ( o!rs4 ,h[ came ?is nebul\s zone1 out ( :i* x is suppos$ ! planetoids arose1 to h orig9at$ ecc5tricities s div]g5t f "o ano!r z well z f ^? ( ! neighb\r+ planets8 7#d47 ,a l "q may be ask$ respect+ ! incl9ations ( ! orbits4 ,! av]age incl9ation ( ! planetoid-orbits is f\r times ! incl9ation ( ,m>s' orbit & six times ! incl9ation ( ,jupit]'s orbit2 & among ! planetoid-orbits !mselves ! incl9ations ( "s are fifty times ^? ( o!rs4 ,h[ are all ^! diff]5ces to be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis ( g5esis f a nebul\s r+8 7#e47 ,mu* great] becomes ! difficulty on inquir+ h[ ^! extremely unlike ecc5tricities & incl9ations came to co-exi/ be=e ! p>ts ( ! nebul\s r+ sep>at$1 & h[ !y surviv$ aft] ! sep>ation4 ,7 all ! great ecc5tricities display$ by ! out]mo/ memb]s ( ! gr\p1 & ! small by ! inn]mo/ memb]s1 & 7 ! incl9ations s di/ribut$ t ! orbits hav+ mu* belong$ to "o "p ( ! gr\p1 & ^? hav+ little to ano!r "p ( ! gr\p2 ! difficulty ( explanation might n be insup]able4 ,b ! arrangem5t is by no means ?is4 ,! orbits are1 to use an expressive ^w1 miscellane\sly jumbl$4 ,h5ce1 if we g back to ! nebul\s r+1 !re pres5ts itself ! "q1--,h[ came ea* planetoid-=m+ portion ( nebul\s matt]1 :5 x ga!r$ itself toge!r & sep>at$1 to h a motion r\nd ! ,sun diff]+ s mu* f ! motions ( its neighb\rs 9 ecc5tricity & incl9ation8 ,& !re pres5ts itself ! fur!r "q1--,h[1 dur+ ! "t :5 x 0 conc5trat+ into a planetoid1 did x manage to jo/le its way ?r\gh all ! diff]5tly-mov+ l masses ( nebul\s matt]1 & yet to pres]ve its individuality8 ,answ]s to ^! que/ions are1 x seems to me1 n ev5 imag9able4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn we n[ to ! alt]native hypo!sis4 ,dur+ revision ( ! =ego+ essay1 9 prep>ation = t edition ( ! volume conta9+ x :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhc1 !re occurr$ ! ?\ght t "s light on ! orig9 ( ! planetoids ought to be obta9$ by /udy ( _! di/ributions & movem5ts4 ,if1 z ,olb]s suppos$1 !y result$ f ! bur/+ ( a planet once revolv+ 9 ! region !y occupy1 ! implications are3--fir/1 t ! fragm5ts mu/ be mo/ abundant 9 ! space imm$iately ab\t ! orig9al orbit1 & less abundant f> away f x2 second1 t ! l>ge fragm5ts mu/ be relatively few1 :ile ( small] fragm5ts ! numb]s w increase z ! sizes decrease2 ?ird1 t z "s among ! small] fragm5ts w be propell$ fur!r ?an any ( ! l>g]1 ! wide/ deviations 9 mean di/ance f ! mean di/ance ( ! orig9al planet1 w be pres5t$ by ! smalle/ memb]s ( ! assemblage2 & f\r?1 t ! orbits diff]+ mo/ f ! re/ 9 ecc5tricity & 9 incl9ation1 w be among ^? ( ^! smalle/ memb]s4 ,9 ! f\r? edition ( ,*amb]s's ,h&book ( ,descriptive & ,practical ,a/ronomy 7! fir/ volume ( :i* has j be5 issu$7 !re is a li/ ( ! elem5ts 7extract$ & adapt$ f ! ,b]l9] ,a/ronomis*es ,jahrbu* = #ahij7 ( all ! small planets 7#bha 9 numb]7 :i* _h be5 discov]$ up to ! end ( #ahhh4 ,! app>5t brightness1 z express$ 9 equival5t />-magnitudes1 is ! only index we h to ! probable comp>ative sizes ( by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( ! planetoids3 ! exceptions be+ among ^? fir/ discov]$4 ,?us mu* premis$1 let u take ! above po9ts 9 ord]4 7#a7 ,!re is a region ly+ betwe5 #bej & #bhj 79 t]ms ( ! ,e>?'s mean di/ance f ! ,sun7 :]e ! planetoids are f\nd 9 maximum abundance4 ,! mean betwe5 ^! extremes1 #bfe1 is ne>ly ! same z ! av]age ( ! di/ances ( ! f\r l>ge/ & e>lie/-kn[n ( ^! bodies1 :i* am\nts to #bfd4 ,may we n say t ! ?ick clu/]+ ab\t ?is di/ance 7:i* is1 h[ev]1 r less ?an t assign$ = ! orig9al planet by ,bode's empirical law71 9 contra/ ) ! wide scatt]+ ( ! comp>atively few ^: di/ances are little m ?an #b or exce$ #c1 is a fact 9 accordance ) ! hypo!sis 9 "q8#bd 7#b7 ,any table :i* gives ! app>5t magnitudes ( ! planetoids1 %[s at once h[ mu* ! numb] ( ! small] memb]s ( ! assemblage exce$s t ( ^? :i* are comp>atively l>ge2 & e succe$+ ye> has emphasiz$ ?is contra/ m /rongly4 ,only "o ( !m 7,ve/a7 exce$s 9 brightness ! sev5? />-magnitude1 :ile "o o!r 7,c]es7 is betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh?1 & a ?ird 7,pallas7 is above ! eigh?2 b betwe5 ! eigh? & n9? !re are six2 betwe5 ! n9? & t5?1 tw5ty2 betwe5 ! t5? & elev5?1 fifty-five2 bel[ ! elev5? a mu* l>g] numb] is kn[n1 & ! numb] exi/+ is probably f> great]1--a conclusion we _c d\bt :5 ! difficulty ( f9d+ ! v fa9t memb]s ( ! family1 visible only 9 ! l>ge/ telescopes1 is consid]$4 7#c7 ,k9dr$ evid5ce is furni%$ if we broadly contra/ _! mean di/ances4 ,out ( ! #ac l>ge/ planetoids ^: app>5t brightnesses exce$ t ( a /> ( ! #ie magnitude1 !re is n "o hav+ a mean di/ance t exce$s #c4 ,( ^? hav+ magnitudes at lea/ #ie & small] ?an #aj1 !re are #ae2 & ( ^! "o only has a mean di/ance great] ?an #c4 ,( ^? betwe5 #aj & #aje !re are #ag2 & ( ^! also !re is "o exce$+ #c 9 mean di/ance4 ,9 ! next gr\p !re are #cg1 & ( ^! #e h ?is great mean di/ance4 ,! next gr\p1 #dh1 conta9s #ab su*2 ! next1 #dg1 conta9s #ac su*4 ,( ^? ( ! twelf? magnitude & fa9t]1 #gb planetoids h be5 discov]$1 & ( ^? ( !m ( :i* ! orbits h be5 comput$1 no few] ?an #bc h a mean di/ance exce$+ #c 9 t]ms ( ! ,e>?'s4 ,x is evid5t f ?is h[ comp>atively erratic are ! fa9t] memb]s ( ! ext5sive family ) :i* we are deal+4 7#d7 ,to illu/rate ! next po9t1 x may be not$ t among ! planetoids ^: sizes h be5 approximately measur$1 ! orbits ( ! two l>ge/1 ,ve/a & ,c]es1 h ecc5tricities fall+ betwe5 4#je & 4#aj1 :il/ ! orbits ( ! two smalle/1 ,m5ippe & ,eva1 h ecc5tricities fall+ betwe5 4#bj & 4#be1 & betwe5 4#cj & 4#ce4 ,& !n among ^? m rec5tly discov]$1 hav+ diamet]s s small t measurem5t ( !m has n be5 practicable1 come ! extremely erratic ones1--,hilda & ,?ule1 :i* h mean di/ances ( #c4ig & #d4be respectively2 ?ra1 hav+ an orbit s ecc5tric t x cuts ! orbit ( ,m>s2 & ,m$usa1 :i* has ! smalle/ mean di/ance f ! ,sun ( any4 7#e7 ,if ! av]age ecc5tricities ( ! orbits ( ! planetoids gr\p$ accord+ to _! decreas+ sizes are comp>$1 no v def9ite results are disclos$1 except+ ?is1 t ! eight ,polyhymnia1 ,atalanta1 ,eurydice1 ?ra1 ,eva1 ,&roma*e1 ,i/ria1 & ,eudora1 :i* h ! greate/ ecc5tricities 7fall+ betwe5 4#cj & 4#ch71 are all among ^? ( smalle/ />-magnitudes4 ,nor :5 we consid] ! incl9ations ( ! orbits d we meet ) obvi\s v]ifications2 s9ce ! proportion ( highly-incl9$ orbits among ! small] planetoids does n appe> to be great] ?an among ! o!rs4 ,b consid]ation %[s t !re are two ways 9 :i* ^! la/ comp>isons are vitiat$4 ,"o is t ! incl9ations are measur$ f ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 in/ead ( be+ measur$ f ! plane ( ! orbit ( ! hypo!tical planet4 ,! o!r1 & m important "o1 is t ! se>* = planetoids has naturally be5 c>ri$ on 9 t comp>atively n>r[ zone )9 :i* mo/ ( _! orbits fall2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ^? hav+ ! mo/ highly-incl9$ orbits are ! lea/ likely to h be5 detect$1 especially if !y are at ! same "t among ! smalle/4 ,moreov]1 consid]+ ! g5]al relation betwe5 ! incl9ation ( planetoid orbits & _! ecc5tricities1 x is probable t among ! orbits ( ^! undetect$ planetoids are _m ( ! mo/ ecc5tric4 ,b :ile recogniz+ ! incomplet5ess ( ! evid5ce1 x seems to me t x goes f> to ju/ify ! hypo!sis ( ,olb]s1 & is q incongru\s ) t ( ,laplace4 ,& z hav+ ! same mean+s let me n omit ! rem>kable fact conc]n+ ! planetoids discov]$ by ,d',arre/1 t if _! orbits are figur$ "u ! =m ( mat]ial r+s1 ^! r+s w be f\nd s entangl$1 t x w\ld be possible1 by means ( "o among !m tak5 at haz>d1 to lift up all ! re/1--a fact incongru\s ) ,laplace's hypo!sis1 :i* implies an approximate conc5tricity1 b q congru\s ) ! hypo!sis ( an explod$ planet4 ,next to be consid]$ come ph5om5a1 ! be>+s ( :i* on ! "q be=e u are sc>cely consid]$--,i mean ^? pres5t$ by meteors & %oot+ />s4 ,! natures & di/ributions ( ^! h>monize ) ! hypo!sis ( an explod$ planet1 & ,i ?9k ) no o!r hypo!sis4 ,! !ory ( volcanic orig91 jo9$ ) ! rem>k t ! ,sun emits jets :i* might propel !m ) adequate velocities1 seems q unt5able4 ,su* meteoric bodies z h desc5d$ to u1 =bid absolutely ! supposition ( sol> orig94 ,nor c !y rationally be ascrib$ to planet>y volcanoes4 ,ev5 7 _! m9]al *>act]s appropriate1 :i* _m ( !m are n 7= volcanoes d n eject iron71 no planet>y volcanoes c\ld propel !m ) any?+ l ! impli$ velocity--c\ld no m )/& ! trem5d\s =ce to be assum$1 ?an c\ld a c>d-bo>d gun ! =ce beh9d a rifle bullet4 ,b t _! m9]al *>act]s1 v>i\s z !y are1 h>monize ) ! supposition t !y 7 d]iv$ f ! cru/ ( a planet is manife/2 & t ! bur/+ ( a planet might give to !m1 & to %oot+ />s1 ! ne$ful velocities1 is a reasonable conclusion4 ,along ) ^? l>g] fragm5ts ( ! cru/ con/itut+ ! kn[n planetoids1 v>y+ f "s #bjj miles 9 diamet] to little ov] a doz51 !re w\ld be s5t out /ill m multitud9\s portions ( ! cru/1 decreas+ 9 size z !y increas$ 9 numb]4 ,& :ile !re w\ld ?us result su* masses z occasionally fall ?r\gh ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e to its surface1 !re w\ld1 9 an accompany+ process1 be an adequate cause = ! myriads ( f> small] masses :i*1 z %oot+ />s1 are dissipat$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,let u figure to ourselves1 z well z we may1 ! process ( explosion4 ,assume t ! diamet] ( ! miss+ planet 0 #bj1jjj miles2 t its solid cru/ 0 a ?\s& miles ?ick2 t "u ?is came a %ell ( molt5 metallic matt] :i* 0 ano!r ?\s& miles ?ick2 & t ! space1 #af1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 )9 ?is1 0 occupi$ by ! equally d5se mass ( gases above ! critical po9t1 :i*1 ent]+ into a proto-*emical comb9ation1 caus$ ! de/roy+ explosion4 ,! prim>y fissures 9 ! cru/ mu/ h be5 f> ap>t--probably av]ag+ di/ances betwe5 !m z great z ! ?ickness ( ! cru/4 ,suppos+ !m approximately equidi/ant1 !re w\ld1 9 ! equatorial p]iph]y1 be betwe5 #fj & #gj fissures4 ,by ! "t ! prim>y fragm5ts ?us sep>at$ _h be5 heav$ a mile outw>ds1 ! fissures =m$ w\ld sev]ally h1 at ! surface1 a wid? ( #agj odd y>ds4 ,( c\rse ^! great masses1 z soon z !y mov$1 w\ld !mselves beg9 to fall 9 pieces2 especially at _! b\nd+ surfaces4 ,b pass+ ov] ! result+ complications1 we see t :5 ! masses _h be5 propell$ #aj miles outw>ds1 ! fissures betwe5 !m w\ld be ea* a mile wide4 ,not)/&+ ! enorm\s =ces at "w1 an appreciable int]val w\ld elapse be=e ^! va/ portions ( ! cru/ c\ld be put 9 motion ) any consid]able velocities4 ,p]haps ! e/imate w be "u ! m>k if we assume t x took #aj seconds to propel !m ?r\gh ! fir/ mile1 & t1 by implication1 at ! end ( #bj seconds !y _h travell$ #d miles1 & at ! end ( #cj seconds #i miles4 ,suppos+ ?is grant$1 let u ask :at w\ld be tak+ place 9 ea* int]v5+ fissure a ?\s& miles deep1 :i*1 9 ! space ( half a m9ute1 _h op5$ out to ne>ly a mile wide1 & 9 ! subsequ5t half m9ute to a *asm approa*+ #c miles 9 wid?4 ,!re w\ld fir/ be propell$ ?r\gh x enorm\s jets ( ! molt5 metals compos+ ! int]nal liquid %ell2 & ^! w\ld "p into relatively small masses z !y 7 %ot into space4 ,pres5tly1 z ! *asm op5$ to "s miles 9 wid?1 ! molt5 metals w\ld beg9 to be foll[$ by ! equally d5se gase\s matt] beh9d1 & ! two w\ld ru% out toge!r4 ,soon ! gases1 pr$om9at+1 w\ld c>ry ) !m ! portions ( ! liquid %ell cont9ually collaps+2 until ! bla/ became "o fill$ ) millions ( small masses1 billions ( small] masses1 & trillions ( drops4 ,^! w\ld be driv5 into space 9 a /ream1 ! emission ( :i* w\ld cont9ue = _m seconds or ev5 sev]al m9utes4 ,rememb]+ ! rate ( motion ( ! jets emitt$ f ! sol> surface1 & suppos+ t ! bla/s produc$ by ?is explosion rea*$ only "o-t5? ( t rate1 ^! myriads ( small masses & drops w\ld be propell$ ) planet>y velocities1 & 9 approximately ! same direction4 ,i say approximately1 because !y w\ld be made to deviate some:at by ! friction & irregul>ities ( ! *asm pass$ ?r\gh1 & also by ! rotation ( ! planet4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh !y w\ld all h imm5se velocities1 _! velocities w\ld n be equal4 ,dur+ its e>li] /ages ! bla/ w\ld be consid]ably ret>d$ by ! resi/ance :i* ! sides ( its *annel (f]$4 ,:5 ?is became relatively small ! velocity ( ! bla/ w\ld rea* its maximum2 f :i* x w\ld decl9e :5 ! space = emission became v wide1 & ! pressure beh9d consequ5tly less4 ,h5ce ^! almo/ inf9itely num]\s p>ticles ( planet-spray1 z we might call x1 z well z ^? =m$ by ! cond5sation ( ! metallic vap\rs accompany+ !m1 w\ld =?) beg9 to "p company3 "s go+ rapidly 9 advance1 & o!rs fall+ beh9d2 until ! /ream ( !m1 p]petually elongat+1 =m$ an orbit r\nd ! ,sun1 or r an assemblage ( innum]able orbits1 sep>at+ widely at aphelion & p]ihelion1 b approximat+ midway1 :]e !y might fall )9 a space (1 say1 "s two millions ( miles1 z d ! orbits ( ! ,novemb] meteors4 ,at a lat] /age ( ! explosion1 :5 ! l>ge masses1 hav+ mov$ f> outw>ds1 _h also fall5 to pieces ( e size1 f t ( ,ve/a to t ( an a]olite1 & :5 ! *annels j describ$ _h ceas$ to exi/1 ! cont5ts ( ! planet w\ld disp]se !mselves ) l[] velocities & )\t any unity ( direction4 ,h5ce we see causes alike = ! /reams ( %oot+ />s1 = ! solit>y %oot+ />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 & = ! telescopic %oot+ />s a score times m num]\s4 ,fur!r significant evid5ce is furni%$ by ! comets ( %ort p]iods4 ,( ! ?irte5 con/itut+ ?is gr\p1 twelve h orbits fall+ betwe5 ^? ( ,m>s & ,jupit]3 "o only hav+ its aphelion beyond ! orbit ( ,jupit]4 ,t is to say1 ne>ly all ( !m frequ5t ! same region z ! planetoids4 ,by implication1 !y are simil>ly associat$ 9 respect ( _! p]iods4 ,! p]iods ( ! planetoids range f #c4a to #h4h ye>s2 & all ^! twelve comets h p]iods fall+ betwe5 ^! extremes3 ! lea/ be+ #c4bi & ! greate/ #h4hf4 ,once m ?is family ( comets1 l ! planetoids 9 ! zone !y occupy & l !m 9 _! p]iods1 are l !m also 9 ! respect t1 z ,mr4 ,lynn has po9t$ out1 _! motions are all direct4 ,h[ happ5s ?is close k9%ip--h[ happ5s !re to be ?is family ( comets s mu* l ! planetoids & s mu* l "o ano!r1 b s unlike comets at l>ge8 ,! obvi\s sugge/ion is t !y are among ! products ( ! explosion :i* orig9at$ ! planetoids1 ! a]olites1 & ! /reams ( meteors2 & consid]ation ( ! probable circum/ances %[s u t su* products might be expect$4 ,if ! hypo!tical planet 0 l its neighb\r ,jupit] 9 hav+ an atmosph]e1 or l its neighb\r ,m>s 9 hav+ wat] on its surface1 or l bo? 9 ^! respects2 !n ^! sup]ficial masses ( liquid1 ( vap\r1 & ( gas1 bl[n into space along ) ! solid matt]s1 w\ld yield ! mat]ials = comets4 ,!re w\ld result1 too1 comets unlike "o ano!r 9 con/itution4 ,if a fissure op5$ b5ea? "o ( ! seas1 ! molt5 metals & metallic gases ru%+ ?r\gh x z above describ$1 w\ld decompose "p ( ! wat] c>ri$ ) !m2 & ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 lib]at$ w\ld be m+l$ ) undecompos$ vap\r4 ,9 o!r cases1 portions ( ! atmosph]e might be propell$1 probably ) portions ( vap\r2 & 9 yet o!r cases masses ( wat] alone4 ,sev]ally subject to great heat at p]ihelion1 ^! w\ld behave m or less diff]5tly4 ,once m1 x w\ld ord9>ily happ5 t deta*$ sw>ms ( meteors project$ z impli$1 w\ld c>ry ) !m masses ( vap\rs & gases2 :5ce w\ld result ! cometic con/itution n[ insi/$ on4 ,& sometimes !re w\ld be l accompanim5ts to meteoric /reams4 ,see1 !n1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! two hypo!ses4 ,t ( ,laplace1 look+ probable :ile !re 7 only f\r planetoids1 b decreas+ 9 app>5t likelihood z ! planetoids increase 9 numb]1 until1 z !y pass ?r\gh ! hundr$s on _! way to ! ?\s&s1 x becomes obvi\sly improbable1 is1 at ! same "t1 o!rwise objectionable4 ,x pre-supposes a nebul\s r+ ( a wid? s enorm\s t x w\ld h ov]lapp$ ! r+ ( ,m>s4 ,?is r+ w\ld h _h diff]5ces betwe5 ! angul> velocities ( its p>ts q inconsi/5t ) ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,! av]age ecc5tricities ( ! orbits ( its p>ts mu/ h diff]$ greatly f ^? ( adjac5t orbits2 & ! av]age incl9ations ( ! orbits ( its p>ts mu/ simil>ly h diff]$ greatly f ^? ( adjac5t orbits4 ,once m1 ! orbits ( its p>ts1 confus$ly int]sp]s$1 mu/ h _h v>ieties ( ecc5tricity & incl9ation unacc\ntable 9 portions ( ! same nebul\s r+2 &1 dur+ conc5tration into planetoids1 ea* mu/ h _h to ma9ta9 its c\rse :ile /ruggl+ ?r\gh ! assemblage ( o!r small nebul\s masses1 sev]ally mov+ 9 ways unlike its own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hypo!sis ( an explod$ planet is support$ by e increase 9 ! numb] ( planetoids discov]$2 by ! great] numb]s ( ! small] sizes2 by ! ?ick] clu/]+ ne> ! inf]r$ place ( ! miss+ planet2 by ! occurr5ce ( ! greate/ mean di/ances among ! smalle/ memb]s ( ! assemblage2 by ! occurr5ce ( ! greate/ ecc5tricities 9 ! orbits ( ^! smalle/ memb]s2 & by ! entanglem5t ( all ! orbits4 ,fur!r support = ! hypo!sis is yield$ by a]olites1 s v>i\s 9 _! k9ds1 b all sugge/ive ( a planet's cru/2 by ! /reams ( %oot+ />s hav+ _! radiant po9ts v>i\sly plac$ 9 ! heav5s2 & also by ! solit>y %oot+ />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 & ! m num]\s ones visible ?r\gh telescopes4 ,once m1 x h>monizes ) ! discov]y ( a family ( comets1 twelve out ( ?irte5 ( :i* h mean di/ances fall+ )9 ! zone ( ! planetoids1 h simil>ly associat$ p]iods1 h all ! same direct motions1 & are connect$ ) sw>ms ( meteors & ) meteoric /reams4 ,may we n1 inde$1 say1 t if !re once exi/$ a planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] :i* bur/1 ! explosion mu/ h produc$ j su* clu/]s ( bodies & classes ( ph5om5a z we actually f9d8 ,& :at is ! objection8 ,m]ely t if su* an explosion occurr$ x mu/ h occurr$ _m millions ( ye>s ago--an objection :i* is 9 fact no objection2 = ! supposition t ! explosion occurr$ _m millions ( ye>s ago is j z reasonable z ! supposition t x occurr$ rec5tly4 ,x is1 inde$1 fur!r object$ t "s ( ! result+ fragm5ts ought to h retrograde motions4 ,x turns out on calculation1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n ! case4 ,assum+ z true ! velocity :i* ,lagrange e/imat$ w\ld h suffic$ to give ! f\r *ief planetoids ! positions !y occupy1 x results t su* a velocity1 giv5 to ! fragm5ts :i* 7 propell$ backw>ds by ! explosion1 w\ld n h giv5 !m retrograde motions1 b w\ld simply h r$uc$ _! direct motions f some?+ ov] #aa miles p] second to ab\t #f miles p] second4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 manife/ t ?is r$uction ( velocity w\ld h necessitat$ ! =mation ( highly-elliptic orbits--m elliptic ?an any ( ^? at pres5t kn[n4 ,?is seems to me ! mo/ s]i\s difficulty :i* has pres5t$ itself4 ,/ill1 consid]+ t !re rema9 probably an imm5se numb] ( planetoids to be discov]$1 x is q possible t among ^! !re may be "s hav+ orbits answ]+ to ! requirem5t4 ,,note ,v4 ,%ortly be=e ,i comm5c$ ! revision ( ! =ego+ essay1 fri5ds on two occasions nam$ to me "s rem>kable photographs ( nebul rec5tly obta9$ by ,mr4 ,isaac ,rob]ts1 & exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society3 say+ t !y pres5t$ appe>ances su* z might h be5 sket*$ by ,laplace 9 illu/ration ( 8 hypo!sis4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts has be5 k9d en\gh to s5d me copies ( ! photographs 9 "q & sundry o!rs illu/rative ( /ell> evolution4 ,^? repres5t+ ! ,great ,nebul 9 ,&rom$a & ,canum ,v5aticorum z well z #ha ,messi] are at once impressive & in/ructive--illu/rat+ z !y d ! g5esis ( nebul\s r+s r\nd a c5tral mass4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t !y seem to sugge/ ! ne$ = "s modification ( ! curr5t conception2 s9ce !y make x tol]ably cle> t ! process is a mu* less uni=m "o ?an is suppos$4 ,! usual idea is t a va/ rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid arises be=e !re are produc$ any ( ! planet-=m+ r+s4 ,b bo? ( ^! photographs app>5tly imply t1 9 "s cases at any rate1 ! portions ( nebul\s matt] compos+ ! r+s take %ape be=e !y rea* ! c5tral mass4 ,x looks z ?\gh ^! p>tially-=m$ annuli mu/ be prev5t$ by _! acquir$ motions f approa*+ ev5 v ne> to ! /ill-irregul> body !y surr\nd4 ,be ?is z x may1 h[ev]1 & be ! dim5sions ( ! incipi5t sy/ems :at !y may 7& x w\ld seem to be a necess>y implication t !y are va/ly l>g] ?an our ,sol> ,sy/em71 ! process rema9s ess5tially ! same4 ,practically demon/rat$ z ?is process n[ is1 we may say t ! doctr9e ( nebul> g5esis passes f ! region ( hypo!sis into ! region ( e/abli%$ tru?4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ba3 ,( c\rse !re rema9s ! "q :e!r1 be=e ! /age "h recogniz$1 !re _h already be5 produc$ a high temp]ature by ^? collisions ( cele/ial masses :i* r$uc$ ! matt] to a nebul\s =m4 ,z sugge/$ 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 7 #acf 9 ! edition ( #ahfb1 & #ahb 9 subsequ5t editions71 !re mu/1 aft] !re h be5 effect$ all ^? m9or dissolutions :i* foll[ evolutions1 rema9 to be effect$ ! dissolutions ( ! great bodies 9 & on :i* ! m9or evolutions & dissolutions h tak5 place2 & x 0 argu$ t su* dissolutions w be1 at "s "t or o!r1 effect$ by ^? imm5se trans=mations ( mol> motion into molecul> motion1 consequ5t on collisions3 ! argum5t be+ bas$ on ! /atem5t ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t 9 clu/]s ( />s collisions mu/ inevitably occur4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t ?\gh su* a result may be reasonably look$ = 9 closely aggregat$ assemblages ( />s1 x is difficult to conceive ( its tak+ place ?r\gh\t our ,sid]eal ,sy/em at l>ge1 ! memb]s ( :i*1 & _! int]vals1 may be r\ghly figur$ z p9s-heads #ej miles ap>t4 ,x w\ld seem t some?+ l an et]nity mu/ elapse be=e1 by e!real resi/ance or o!r cause1 ^! c be br\ght into proximity great en\gh to make collisions probable4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! two s5t5ces :i*1 9 ! text1 prec$e ! a/]isk1 ,i h introduc$ :ile ^! pages are /&+ 9 type3 be+ l$ to d s by ! p]usal ( "s notes k9dly l5t to me by ,pr(4 ,dew>1 conta9+ ! outl9e ( a lecture he gave at ! ,royal ,in/itution dur+ ! session ( #ahhj4 ,discuss+ ! conditions "u :i*1 if our s-call$ elem5ts are comp\nd$ ( elem5tal matt]1 !y may h be5 =m$1 ,pr(4 ,dew>1 argu+ f ! kn[n habitudes ( comp\nd sub/ances1 concludes t ! =mation is 9 ea* case a function ( pressure1 temp]ature1 & nature ( ! environ+ gases4 ,footnote #bc3 ,at ! date ( ?is passage ! e/abli%$ teleology made x seem ne$ful to assume t all ! planets are habitable1 & t ev5 b5ea? ! photosph]e ( ! ,sun !re exi/s a d>k body :i* may be ! sc5e ( life2 b s9ce !n1 ! influ5ce ( teleology has s f> dim9i%$ t ?is hypo!sis c no long] be call$ ! curr5t "o4 ,footnote #bd3 ,x may "h be m5tion$ 7?\gh ! pr9cipal significance ( ?is comes "u ! next head7 t ! av]age mean di/ance ( ! lat]-discov]$ planetoids is some:at great] ?an t ( ^! e>li]-discov]$2 am\nt+ to #bfa = ,nos4 #a to #ce & #bhj = ,nos4 #baa to #bde4 ,= ?is obs]vation ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,lynn2 ^: att5tion 0 drawn to x :ile revis+ = me ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ?is p>agraph1 s z to include discov]ies made s9ce ! p>agraph 0 writt54 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,read] = ,febru>y #be1 #ahfe4 ,i reproduce ?is essay *iefly to give a place to ! speculation conc]n+ ! sol> spots :i* =ms ! latt] portion ( x4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,m4 ,faye1 describ$ 9 y\r numb]s = ,janu>y #bh & ,febru>y #d1 respectively1 is to a consid]able ext5t co9cid5t ) "o :i* ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ 9 an article on ,rec5t ,a/ronomy & ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,july1 #aheh4 ,9 consid]+ ! possible causes ( ! imm5se diff]5ces ( specific gravity among ! planets1 ,i 0 l$ to "q ! validity ( ! tacit assumption t ea* planet consi/s ( solid or liquid matt] f c5tre to surface4 ,x seem$ to me t any o!r int]nal /ructure :i* 0 me*anically /able1 might be assum$ ) equal legitimacy4 ,& ! hypo!sis ( a solid or liquid %ell1 hav+ its cavity fill$ ) gase\s matt] at high pressure & temp]ature & ( great d5sity1 0 "o :i* seem$ wor? consid]+4 ,h5ce arose ! inquiry--,:at /ructure w result f ! process ( nebul> cond5sation8 ,"h foll[$ a long speculation respect+ ! processes go+ on 9 a conc5trat+ nebul\s sph]oid2 ! g5]al outcome ( :i* is impli$ 9 ,note ,,iii ( ! =ego+ essay4 ,i d n reproduce x because1 n hav+ ! guidance ( ,pr(4 ,&rew's rese>*es1 ,i _h conclud$ t ! =mation ( a molt5 %ell w\ld occur univ]sally1 in/ead ( occasionally1 z is n[ argu$ 9 ! note nam$4 ,! essay !n proce$$ ?us3-- ,! process ( cond5sation be+ 9 its ess5tials ! same = all conc5trat+ nebul> sph]oids1 planet>y or sol>1 x 0 argu$ t ! ,sun is /ill pass+ ?r\gh t inc&esc5t /age :i* all ! planets h long ago pass$ ?r\gh3 8 lat] aggregation1 jo9$ ) ! imm5sely great] ratio ( 8 mass to 8 surface1 involv+ comp>ative lat5ess ( cool+4 ,suppos+ ! sun to h rea*$ ! /ate ( a molt5 %ell1 inclos+ a gase\s nucleus1 x 0 conclud$ t ?is molt5 %ell1 ev] radiat+ its heat1 b ev] acquir+ fre% heat by fur!r integration ( ! ,sun's mass1 mu/ be con/antly kept up to t temp]ature at :i* its sub/ance evaporates4 ,"h foll[$ "p ( ! p>agraph quot$ 9 ! prec$+ essay on p4 #aee2 & !re succe$$1 9 subsequ5t editions1 a p>agraph aim+ to %[ t ! inf]r$ /ructure ( ! ,sun's int]ior 0 congru\s ) ! l[ specific gravity ( ! ,sun--a conclusion :i*1 z indicat$ on p4 #aef1 implies "s v problematical assumptions respect+ ! natures ( ! unkn[n elem5ts ( ! ,sun4 ,!re !n came ?is passage3-- ,! conception ( ! ,sun's con/itution ?us set =?1 is l t ( ,m4 ,faye 9 s f> z ! successive *anges1 ! result+ /ructures1 & ! ultimate /ate1 are conc]n$2 b unlike x 9 s f> z ! ,sun is suppos$ to h rea*$ a lat] /age ( conc5tration4 ,z ,i ga!r f y\r ab/ract ( ,m4 ,faye's pap] ?is ref]r$ to an article 9 ,! ,read]1 he consid]s ! ,sun to be at pres5t a gase\s sph]oid1 hav+ an envelope ( metallic matt]s precipitat$ 9 ! %ape ( lum9\s cl\ds1 ! local disp]sions ( :i*1 caus$ by curr5ts f )91 appe> to u z spots2 & he looks =w>d to ! future =mation ( a liquid film z an ev5t t w soon be foll[$ by ext9ction4 ,:]eas ! above hypo!sis is t ! liquid film already exi/s b5ea? ! visible photosph]e1 & t ext9ction _c result until1 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r aggregation1 ! gase\s nucleus has become s mu* r$uc$1 & ! %ell s mu* ?ick5$1 t ! escape ( ! heat g5]at$ is greatly ret>d$4444 ,m4 ,faye's hypo!sis appe>s to be esp\s$ by him1 p>tly because x af=ds an explanation ( ! spots1 :i* are consid]$ z op5+s 9 ! photosph]e1 expos+ ! comp>atively non-lum9\s gases fill+ ! int]ior4 ,b if ^! int]ior gases are non-lum9\s f ! abs5ce ( precipitat$ matt]1 mu/ !y n = ! same reason be transp>5t8 ,& if transp>5t1 w n ! light f ! remote side ( ! photosph]e se5 ?r\gh !m1 be ne>ly z bright z t ( ! side next to u8 ,by z mu* z ! int5sely-heat$ gases ( ! int]ior are disabl$ by ! dissociation ( _! molecules f giv+ (f lum9if]\s undulations1 by s mu* mu/ !y be disabl$ f absorb+ ! light transmitt$ ?r\gh !m4 ,& if _! great light-transmitt+ p[] is exactly complem5t>y to _! small light-emitt+ p[]1 !re seems no reason :y ! int]ior ( ! ,sun1 disclos$ to u by op5+s 9 ! photosph]e1 %\ld n appe> z bright z its ext]ior4 ,take1 on ! o!r h&1 ! supposition t a m advanc$ /ate ( conc5tration has be5 rea*$4 ,a %ell ( molt5 metallic matt] enclos+ a gase\s nucleus /ill high] 9 temp]ature ?an itself1 w be cont9ually kept at ! highe/ temp]ature consi/5t ) its /ate ( liquid aggregation4 ,unless we assume t simple radiation suffices to give (f all ! heat g5]at$ by progress+ integration1 we mu/ conclude t ! mass w be rais$ to t temp]ature at :i* "p ( its heat is absorb$ 9 vaporiz+ its sup]ficial p>ts4 ,! atmosph]e ( metallic gases h5ce result+1 _c cont9ue to accumulate )\t rea*+ a height above ! ,sun's surface1 at :i* ! cool+ due to radiation & r>efaction w cause cond5sation into cl\d--_c1 inde$1 cease accumulat+ until ! precipitation f ! upp] limit ( ! atmosph]e balances ! evaporation f its l[] limit4 ,?is upp] limit ( ! atmosph]e ( metallic gases1 :5ce precipitation is p]petually tak+ place1 w =m ! visible photosph]e--p>tly giv+ (f light ( its own1 p>tly lett+ ?r\gh ! m brilliant light ( ! inc&esc5t mass bel[4 ,?is conclusion h>monizes ) ! appe>ances4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 advocat+ ?\gh he does an antagoni/ hypo!sis1 gives a description ( ! ,sun's surface :i* agrees completely ) ! processes "h suppos$4 ,he says3-- ,!re is no?+ :i* repres5ts s fai?fully ?is appe>ance z ! sl[ subsid5ce ( "s floccul5t *emical precipitates 9 a transp>5t fluid1 :5 view$ p]p5dicul>ly f above3 s fai?fully1 inde$1 t x is h>dly possible n to be impress$ ) ! idea ( a lum9\s m$ium int]mix$1 b n conf\nd$1 ) a transp>5t & non-lum9\s atmosph]e1 ei!r float+ z cl\ds 9 our air1 or p]vad+ x 9 va/ %eets & columns l flame1 or ! /ream]s ( our nor!rn lights4--,treatise on ,a/ronomy1 p4 #bjh4 ,if ! con/itution ( ! ,sun be t :i* is above inf]r$1 x does n seem difficult to conceive /ill m specifically ! production ( ^! appe>ances4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! atmosph]e ( metallic vap\rs :i* clo!s ! sol> surface1 !re mu/ be asc5d+ & desc5d+ curr5ts4 ,! magnitude ( ^! curr5ts mu/ obvi\sly dep5d on ! dep? ( ?is atmosph]e4 ,if x is %all[1 ! curr5ts mu/ be small2 b if _m ?\s&s ( miles deep1 ! curr5ts may be wide en\gh to r5d] visible to u ! places at :i* !y sev]ally imp+e on ! limit ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! places :5ce ! desc5d+ curr5ts comm5ce4 ,! top ( an asc5d+ curr5t w be a space ov] :i* ! ?ickness ( cond5s$ cl\d is ! lea/1 & ?r\gh :i* ! greate/ am\nt ( light f b5ea? p5etrates4 ,! cl\ds p]petually =m$ at ! top ( su* a curr5t1 w be p]petually ?ru/ aside by ! uncond5s$ gases f bel[ !m2 &1 gr[+ :ile !y are ?ru/ aside1 w collect 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! asc5d+ curr5ts1 :]e !re w result ! greate/ degree ( opacity4 ,h5ce ! mottl$ appe>ance--h5ce ! pores1 or d>k int]spaces1 sep>at+ ! light-giv+ spots4#be ,( ! m special appe>ances :i* ! photosph]e pres5ts1 let u take fir/ ! facul4 ,^! are ascrib$ to waves 9 ! photosph]e2 & ! way 9 :i* su* waves might produce an excess ( light has be5 v>i\sly expla9$ 9 con=mity ) v>i\s hypo!ses4 ,:at w\ld result f !m 9 a photosph]e con/itut$ & condition$ z above suppos$8 ,trav]s+ a canopy ( cl\d1 "h ?ick] & !re ?9n]1 a wave w\ld cause a di/urbance v unlikely to leave ! ?9 & ?ick p>ts )\t any *ange 9 _! av]age p]meability to light4 ,!re w\ld probably be1 at "s p>ts ( ! wave1 ext5sions 9 ! areas ( ! light-transmitt+ cl\ds1 result+ 9 ! passage ( m rays f bel[4 ,ano!r ph5om5on1 less common b m /rik+1 appe>s also to be 9 h>mony ) ! hypo!sis4 ,i ref] to ^? bright spots1 ( a brilliancy great] ?an t ( ! photosph]e1 :i* are sometimes obs]v$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a physical process s va/ & s active z t "h suppos$ to be go+ on 9 ! ,sun1 we may expect t concurr5t causes w occasionally produce asc5d+ curr5ts mu* hott] ?an usual1 or m volum9\s1 or bo?4 ,"o ( ^!1 on rea*+ ! /ratum ( lum9\s & illum9at$ cl\d =m+ ! photosph]e1 w bur/ ?r\gh x1 disp]s+ & dissolv+ x1 & asc5d+ to a great] height be=e x beg9s itself to cond5se3 mean:ile all[+ to be se51 ?r\gh its transp>5t mass1 ! inc&esc5t molt5 %ell ( ! sun's body4 ,! =ego+ passages1 to mo/ ( :i* ,i d n commit myself z m ?an possibilities1 ,i republi% *iefly z introductory to ! foll[+ speculation1 :i*1 s9ce x 0 prop\nd$ 9 #ahfe1 has met ) "s acceptance4 ,b :at ( ! spots commonly s call$8 x w be ask$4 ,9 ! essay on ! ,nebul> hypo!sis1 above quot$ f1 x 0 sugge/$ t refraction ( ! light pass+ ?r\gh ! depress$ c5tres ( cyclones 9 ?is atmosph]e ( metallic gases1 might possibly be ! cause2 b ?is1 ?\gh def5sible z a true cause1 appe>$ on fur!r consid]ation to be an inadequate cause4 ,keep+ ! "q 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 & /ill tak+ z a po/ulate ! conclusion ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t ! spots are 9 "s way produc$ by cyclones1 ,i 0 l$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> foll[+ ! publication ( ! essay1 to an hypo!sis :i* seem$ m satisfactory4 ,?is1 :i* ,i nam$ at ! "t to ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 _h a po9t 9 common ) ! "o aft]w>d publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,kir*h(f1 9 s f> z x suppos$ cl\d to be ! cause ( d>kness2 b diff]$ 9 s f> z x assign$ ! cause ( su* cl\d4 ,m press+ matt]s prev5t$ me f develop+ ! idea = "s "t2 &1 aft]w>ds1 ,i 0 det]r$ f includ+ x 9 ! revis$ edition ( ! essay1 by its inconsi/5cy ) ! will[-leaf doctr9e1 at t "t dom9ant4 ,! reason+ 0 z foll[s3--,! c5tral region ( a cyclone mu/ be a region ( r>efaction1 &1 consequ5tly1 a region ( refrig]ation4 ,9 an atmosph]e ( metallic gases ris+ f a molt5 surface1 & pres5tly rea*+ a limit at :i* cond5sation takes place1 ! molecul> /ate1 especially t[>d its upp] "p1 mu/ be su* t a mod]ate dim9ution ( d5sity1 & fall ( temp]ature1 w cause precipitation4 ,t is to say1 ! r>efi$ int]ior ( a sol> cyclone w be fill$ ) cl\d3 cond5sation1 in/ead ( tak+ place only at ! level ( ! photosph]e1 w "h ext5d to a great dep? bel[ x1 & ov] a wide area4 ,:at w be ! *>act]s ( a cl\d ?us occupy+ ! int]ior ( a cyclone8 ,x w h a rotatory motion2 & ?is x has be5 se5 to h4 ,be+ funnel-%ap$1 z analogy w>rants u 9 assum+1 its c5tral p>ts w be mu* deep] ?an its p]iph]al p>ts1 & !re=e m opaque4 ,?is1 too1 corresponds ) obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,dawes has discov]$ t 9 ! middle ( ! spot !re is a black] spot3 j :]e !re w\ld exi/ a funnel-%ap$ prolongation ( ! cyclonic cl\d d[n t[>d ! ,sun's body1 ! d>kness is great] ?an else:]e4 ,moreov]1 !re is furni%$ an adequate reason = ! depression :i* "o ( ^! d>k spaces exhibits4 ,9 a :irlw9d1 z 9 a :irlpool1 ! vortex w be bel[ ! g5]al level1 & all ar\nd1 ! surface ( ! m$ium w desc5d t[>d x4 ,h5ce a spot se5 obliquely1 z :5 c>ri$ t[>d ! ,sun's limb1 w h its umbra m & m hidd51 :ile its p5umbra /ill rema9s visible4 ,nor are we )\t "s int]pretation ( ! p5umbra4 ,if1 z is impli$ by :at has be5 said1 ! s-call$ will[-leaves1 or rice-gra9s1 are ! tops ( ! curr5ts asc5d+ f ! ,sun's body1 :at *anges ( appe>ance are !y likely to und]go 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a cyclone8 ,= "s di/ance r\nd a cyclone !re w be a draw+ 9 ( ! sup]ficial gases t[>d ! vortex4 ,all ! lum9\s spaces ( m transp>5t cl\d =m+ ! adjac5t photosph]e1 w be *ang$ 9 %ape by ^! c5tripetal curr5ts4 ,!y w be greatly elongat$2 & !re w s be produc$ t ?at*-l aspect :i* ! p5umbra pres5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! explanation ( ! sol> spots above sugge/$1 :i* 0 orig9ally prop\nd$ 9 opposition to t ( ,m4 ,faye1 0 ev5tually adopt$ by him 9 place ( 8 own4 ,9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus = #ahfg1 ,vol4 ,,lxiv41 p4 #djd1 he ref]s to ! article 9 ! ,read]1 p>tly reproduc$ above1 & speaks ( me z hav+ be5 repli$ to 9 a previ\s note4 ,aga9 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus = #ahgb1 ,vol4 ,,lxxv41 p4 #affd1 he recognizes ! inadequacy ( 8 hypo!sis1 say+3--,il e/ c]ta9 que l'objection de ,m4 ,sp5c]1 reproduit et dveloppe p> ,m4 ,kir*(f1 e/ fonde jusqu' un c]ta9 po9t2 l'intrieur des ta*es1 si ce sont des lacunes dans la photosphre1 doit tre froid relativem5t4444 ,il e/ donc impossible qu'elles provi5n5t d'ruptions asc5dantes4 ,he !n proce$s to set =? ! hypo!sis t ! spots are caus$ by ! precipitation ( vap\r 9 ! int]iors ( cyclones4 ,b ?\gh1 z above %[n1 he ref]s to ! objection made 9 ! =ego+ essay to 8 orig9al hypo!sis1 & recognizes its cog5cy1 he does n say t ! hypo!sis :i* he !reupon sub/itutes is also to be f\nd 9 ! =ego+ essay4 ,nor does he intimate ?is 9 ! elaborate pap] on ! subject read be=e ! ,fr5* ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique = ! #bd? ,m>* #ahhc4 ,! result is t ! hypo!sis is n[ curr5tly ascrib$ to him4#bf ,ab\t f\r mon?s be=e ,i _h to revise ?is essay on ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,sun1 :ile /ay+ ne> ,pewsey1 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to witness a ph5om5on :i* furni%$1 by analogy1 a v]ification ( ! above hypo!sis1 & s]v$ m especially to elucidate "o ( ! traits ( sol> spots1 o!rwise difficult to und]/&4 ,x 0 at ! close ( ,augu/1 :5 !re _h be5 a spell ( v hot wea!r4 ,a slight curr5t ( air f ! ,we/1 mov+ along ! l9e ( ! valley1 _h p]si/$ ?r\gh ! day1 :i*1 up to #e o'clock1 _h be5 cl\dless1 &1 ) ! exception n[ to be nam$1 rema9$ cl\dless4 ,! exception 0 furni%$ by a /range-look+ cl\d almo/ directly ov]head4 ,its c5tral "p 0 comp>atively d5se & /ructureless4 ,its p]iph]al "p1 or to speak /rictly1 ! two-?irds ( x :i* 7 ne>e/ & mo/ cle>ly visible1 consi/$ ( conv]g+ /reaks ( comp>atively ?9 cl\d4 ,possibly ! ?ird "p on ! remot] side 0 simil>ly con/itut$2 b ?is ,i c\ld n see4 ,x did n occur to me at ! "t to ?9k ab\t its cause1 ?\gh1 _h ! "q be5 rais$1 ,i %\ld d\btless h conclud$ t z ! sky /ill rema9$ cl\dless ev]y:]e else1 ?is precipitat$ mass ( vap\r mu/ h result$ f a local eddy4 ,9 ! space ( p]haps half-an-h\r1 ! g5tle breeze _h c>ri$ ?is cl\d "s miles to ! ,ea/2 & n[ its nature became obvi\s4 ,t c5tral "p :i*1 se5 f und]nea?1 seem$ simply a d5se1 confus$ "p1 app>5tly no ne>] ?an ! re/1 n[1 se5 sideways1 0 obvi\sly mu* l[] ?an ! re/ & rudely funnel-%ap$--nipple-%ap$ "o might say2 :ile ! wide ?9 portion ( cl\d above x 0 disk-%ap$3 ! conv]g+ /reaks ( cl\d be+ n[1 9 p]spective1 m]g$ toge!r4 ,x ?us became manife/ t ! cl\d 0 produc$ by a feeble :irlw9d1 p]haps a qu>t] to half-a-mile 9 diamet]4 ,fur!r1 ! appe>ances made x cle> t ?is feeble :irlw9d 0 limit$ to ! l[] /ratum ( air3 ! /ratum ( air above x 0 n implicat$ 9 ! cyclonic action4 ,& !n1 la/ly1 !re 0 ! /rik+ fact t ! upp] /ratum1 ?\gh n involv$ 9 ! :irl1 01 by its proximity to a region ( dim9i%$ pressure1 slightly r>ifi$2 & t its precipitat$ vap\r 01 by ! draught set up t[>ds ! vortex bel[1 drawn into conv]g+ /reaks4 ,"h1 !n1 0 an action analog\s to t :i*1 z above sugge/$1 happ5s ar\nd a sun-spot1 :]e ! masses ( illum9at$ vap\r con/itut+ ! photosph]e are drawn t[>ds ! vortex ( ! cyclone1 & simultane\sly elongat$ into /ri3 s =m+ ! p5umbra4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 furni%$ an answ] to ! *ief objection to ! cyclonic !ory ( sol> spots4 ,= if1 z "h se51 a cyclone 9 a l[] /ratum may fail to communicate a vortical motion to ! /ratum above x1 we may compreh5d h[1 9 a sol> cyclone1 ! photosph]e commonly fails to give any indication ( ! revolv+ curr5ts bel[1 & is only occasionally s entangl$ 9 ^! curr5ts z itself to display a vortical motion4 ,let me add t ap>t f ! elucidations furni%$ by ! ph5om5on above describ$1 ! probabilities are greatly 9 fav\r ( ! cyclonic orig9 ( ! sol> spots4 ,t "s ( !m exhibit cle> m>ks ( vortical motion is und5iable2 & if ?is is s1 ! "q arises--,:at is ! degree ( likelihood t !re are two causes = spots8 ,consid]+ t !y h s _m *>act]s 9 common1 x is extremely improbable t _! common *>act]s are 9 "s cases ! concomitants ( vortical motion & 9 o!r cases ! concomitants ( a diff]5t k9d ( action4 ,recogniz+ ?is great improbability1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a reconciliation betwe5 ! app>5tly conflict+ traits1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 cle> t :51 9 ! way above %[n1 we are enabl$ to und]/& h[ x happ5s t ! vortical motion1 n ord9>ily implicat+ ! photosph]e1 may consequ5tly be 9 mo/ cases unapp>5t1 ! reasons = accept+ ! cyclonic !ory become almo/ conclusive4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #be3 ,if ! rice-gra9 appe>ance is ?us produc$ by ! tops ( ! asc5d+ curr5ts 7& ,m4 ,faye accepts ?is int]pretation71 !n ,i ?9k x excludes ,m4 ,faye's hypo!sis t ! ,sun is gase\s ?r\gh\t4 ,! comp>ative smallness ( ! light-giv+ spots & _! comp>ative uni=mity ( size1 %[ u t !y h asc5d$ ?r\gh a /ratum ( b mod]ate dep? 7say #aj1jjj miles71 & t ?is /ratum has a def9ite l[] limit4 ,?is fav\rs ! hypo!sis ( a molt5 %ell4 ,footnote #bf3 ,i %\ld add t :ile ,m4 ,faye ascribes sol> spots to cl\ds =m$ )9 cyclones1 we diff] conc]n+ ! nature ( ! cl\d4 ,i h argu$ t x is =m$ by r>efaction1 & consequ5t refrig]ation1 ( ! metallic gases con/itut+ ! /ratum 9 :i* ! cyclone exi/s4 ,he argues t x is =m$ )9 ! mass ( cool$ hydrog5 drawn f ! *romosph]e into ! vortex ( ! cyclone4 ,speak+ ( ! cyclones he says3--,dans leur emb\*ure vase ils entran]ont l'hydrogne froid de la *romosphre1 produisant p>t\t sur leur trajet v]tical un abaissem5t notable de temprature et une obscurit relative1 due l'opacit de l'hydrogne froid engl\ti4 7,revue ,sci5tifique1 #bd ,m>* #ahhc47 ,consid]+ ! int5se cold requir$ to r$uce hydrog5 to ! critical po9t1 x is a /rong supposition t ! motion giv5 to x by fluid friction on ent]+ ! vortex ( ! cyclone1 c produce a rotation1 r>efaction1 & cool+1 great en\gh to produce precipitation 9 a region s int5sely heat$4 ,,illogical ,,geology4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,univ]sal ,review = ,july1 #ahei4 ,t proclivity to g5]alization :i* is possess$ 9 great] or less degree by all m9ds1 & )\t :i*1 inde$1 intellig5ce _c exi/1 has unavoidable inconv5i5ces4 ,?r\gh x alone c tru? be rea*$2 & yet x almo/ inevitably betrays into error4 ,b = ! t5d5cy to pr$icate ( e o!r case1 t :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! obs]v$ cases1 !re c\ld be no rational ?9k+2 & yet by ?is indisp5sable t5d5cy1 m5 are p]petually l$ to f\nd1 on limit$ exp]i5ce1 propositions :i* !y wrongly assume to be univ]sal or absolute4 ,9 "o s5se1 h[ev]1 ?is c sc>cely be reg>d$ z an evil2 = )\t premature g5]alizations ! true g5]alization w\ld nev] be arriv$ at4 ,if we wait$ till all ! facts 7 accumulat$ be=e try+ to =mulate !m1 ! va/ unorganiz$ mass w\ld be unmanageable4 ,only by provisional gr\p+ c !y be br\ght into su* ord] z to be dealt )2 & ?is provisional gr\p+ is b ano!r "n = premature g5]alization4 ,h[ uni=mly m5 foll[ ?is c\rse1 & h[ ne$ful ! errors are z /eps to tru?1 is well illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,! heav5ly bodies move r\nd ! ,e>? 9 circles1 said ! e>lie/ obs]v]s3 l$ p>tly by ! appe>ances1 & p>tly by _! exp]i5ces ( c5tral motions 9 t]re/rial objects1 ) :i*1 z all circul>1 !y class$ ! cele/ial motions f lack ( any alt]native conception4 ,)\t ?is provisional belief1 wrong z x 01 !re c\ld n h be5 t comp>ison ( positions :i* %[$ t ! motions are n repres5table by circles2 & :i* l$ to ! hypo!sis ( epicycles & ecc5trics4 ,only by ! aid ( ?is hypo!sis1 equally untrue1 b capable ( acc\nt+ m ne>ly = ! appe>ances1 & s ( induc+ m accurate obs]vations--only ?us did x become possible = ,cop]nicus to %[ t ! helioc5tric !ory is m feasible ?an ! geoc5tric !ory2 or = ,kepl] to %[ t ! planets move r\nd ! sun 9 ellipses4 ,yet aga91 )\t ! aid ( ,kepl]'s m advanc$ !ory ( ! ,sol> sy/em1 ,newton c\ld n h e/abli%$ t g5]al law f :i* x foll[s1 t ! motion ( a heav5ly body is n necess>ily 9 an ellipse1 b may be 9 any conic section4 ,& la/ly1 x 0 only aft] ! law ( gravitation _h be5 v]ifi$1 t x became possible to det]m9e ! actual c\rses ( planets1 satellites1 & comets2 & to prove t1 9 consequ5ce ( p]turbations1 _! orbits always deviate1 m or less1 f regul> curves4 ,9 ^! successive !ories we may trace bo? ! t5d5cy m5 h to leap f scanty data to wide g5]alizations1 t are ei!r untrue or b p>tially true2 & ! necessity !re is = su* transitional g5]alizations z /eps to ! f9al "o4 ,9 ! progress ( geological speculation1 ! same laws ( ?\ght are display$4 ,we h dogmas t 7 m ?an half false1 pass+ curr5t = a "t z univ]sal tru?s4 ,we h evid5ce collect$ 9 pro( ( ^! dogmas2 by & by a colligation ( facts 9 antagonism ) !m2 & ev5tually a consequ5t modification4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is improv$ hypo!sis1 we h a bett] classification ( facts2 a great] p[] ( arrang+ & int]pret+ ! new facts n[ rapidly ga!r$ toge!r2 & fur!r result+ corrections ( hypo!sis4 ,be+1 z we are at pres5t1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is process1 x is n possible to give an adequate acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( geological sci5ce z ?us reg>d$3 ! e>li] /ages are alone kn[n to u4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is x int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ! m advanc$ views n[ receiv$ respect+ ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 h be5 evolv$ out ( ! crude views :i* prec$$ !m2 b we %all f9d x extremely in/ructive to obs]ve ?is4 ,we %all see h[ greatly ! old ideas /ill sway bo? ! g5]al m9d & ! m9ds ( geologi/s !mselves4 ,we %all see h[ ! k9d ( evid5ce t has 9 "p aboli%$ ^! old ideas1 is /ill daily accumulat+1 & ?reat5s to make o!r l revolutions4 ,9 brief1 we %all see :]eab\ts we are 9 ! elaboration ( a true !ory ( ! ,e>?2 &1 see+ our :]eab\ts1 %all be ! bett] able to judge1 among v>i\s conflict+ op9ions1 :i* be/ con=m to ! asc]ta9$ direction ( geological discov]y4 ,x is ne$less "h to enum]ate ! _m speculations :i* 7 9 e>li] ages prop\nd$ by acute m5--speculations "s ( :i* conta9$ portions ( tru?4 ,fall+ 9 unfit times1 ^! speculations did n g]m9ate2 & h5ce d n conc]n u4 ,we h no?+ to d ) ideas1 h[ev] good1 out ( :i* no sci5ce grew2 b only ) ^? :i* gave orig9 to ! exi/+ sy/em ( ,geology4 ,we !re=e beg9 ) ,w]n]4 ,tak+ = data ! appe>ances ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ 9 a n>r[ di/rict ( ,g]many2 obs]v+ ! con/ant ord] ( sup]position ( /rata1 & _! respective physical *>act]s2 ,w]n] drew ! inf]5ce t /rata ( l *>act]s succe$$ ea* o!r 9 l ord] ov] ! entire surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,& see+1 f ! lam9at$ /ructure ( _m =mations & ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 o!rs1 t !y 7 s$im5t>y2 he fur!r inf]r$ t ^! univ]sal /rata _h be5 9 succession precipitat$ f a *aotic m5/ruum :i* once cov]$ our planet4 ,?us1 on a v incomplete acqua9tance ) a ?\s&? "p ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 he bas$ a sweep+ g5]alization apply+ to ! :ole ( x4 ,?is ,neptuni/ hypo!sis1 m>k1 borne out ?\gh x seem$ to be by ! mo/ conspicu\s surr\nd+ facts1 0 q unt5able if analyz$4 ,t a univ]sal *aotic m5/ruum %\ld deposit a s]ies ( num]\s %>ply-def9$ /rata1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 composition1 is incompreh5sible4 ,t ! /rata s deposit$ %\ld conta9 ! rema9s ( plants & animals1 :i* c\ld n h liv$ "u ! suppos$ conditions1 is /ill m incompreh5sible4 ,physically absurd1 h[ev]1 z 0 ?is hypo!sis1 x recogniz$1 ?\gh "u a di/ort$ =m1 "o ( ! great ag5cies ( geological *ange--! action ( wat]4 ,x s]v$ also to express ! fact1 t ! =mations ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ /& 9 "s k9d ( ord]4 ,fur!r1 x did a little t[>ds supply+ a nom5clature1 )\t :i* mu* progress 0 impossible4 ,la/ly1 x furni%$ a /&>d ) :i* successions ( /rata 9 v>i\s regions c\ld be comp>$1 ! diff]5ces not$1 & ! actual sections tabulat$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ provisional g5]alization2 & 0 useful1 if n indisp5sable1 z a /ep to tru] ones4 ,foll[+ ?is rude conception1 :i* ascrib$ geological ph5om5a to "o ag5cy1 act+ dur+ "o primeval epo*1 !re came a greatly-improv$ conception1 :i* ascrib$ !m to two ag5cies1 act+ alt]nately dur+ successive epo*s4 ,hutton1 p]ceiv+ t s$im5t>y deposits 7 /ill be+ =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea f ! detritus c>ri$ d[n by riv]s2 p]ceiv+1 fur!r1 t ! /rata ( :i* ! visible surface *iefly consi/s1 bore m>ks ( hav+ be5 simil>ly =m$ out ( pre-exi/+ l&2 & inf]r+ t ^! /rata c\ld h become l& only by upheaval aft] _! deposit2 conclud$ t ?r\gh\t an indef9ite pa/1 !re _h be5 p]iodic convulsions1 by :i* cont95ts 7 rais$1 ) int]v5+ eras ( repose1 dur+ :i* su* cont95ts 7 worn d[n & trans=m$ into new m>9e /rata1 fat$ to be 9 _! turns elevat$ above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,& f9d+ t igne\s action1 to :i* sundry e>li] geologi/s _h ascrib$ basaltic rocks1 0 9 c\ntless places a cause ( di/urbance1 he taught t f x result$ ^! p]iodic convulsions4 ,9 ?is !ory we see3--fir/1 t ! previ\sly-recogniz$ ag5cy ( wat] 0 conceiv$ to act1 n z by ,w]n]1 aft] a mann] ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 b aft] a mann] daily display$ to u2 & secondly1 t ! igne\s ag5cy1 be=e consid]$ only z orig9at+ special =mations1 0 recogniz$ z a univ]sal ag5cy1 b assum$ to act 9 an unprov$ way4 ,w]n]'s sole process ,hutton develop$ f ! cata/rophic & inexplicable into ! uni=m & explicable2 :ile t antagoni/ic second process1 ( :i* he fir/ adequately e/imat$ ! importance1 0 reg>d$ by him z a cata/rophic "o1 & 0 n assimilat$ to kn[n processes--n expla9$4 ,we h "h to note1 h[ev]1 t ! facts collect$ & provisionally arrang$ 9 con=mity ) ,w]n]'s !ory1 s]v$1 aft] a "t1 to e/abli% ,hutton's m rational !ory--9 s f>1 at lea/1 z aque\s =mations are conc]n$2 :ile ! doctr9e ( p]iodic subt]ranean convulsions1 crudely z x 0 conceiv$ by ,hutton1 0 a tempor>y g5]alization ne$ful z a /ep t[>ds ! !ory ( igne\s action4 ,s9ce ,hutton's "t1 ! developm5t ( geological ?\ght has gone /ill fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,^! e>ly sweep+ doctr9es h receiv$ additional qualifications4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t m num]\s & m het]og5e\s ag5cies h be5 at "w1 ?an 0 at fir/ believ$4 ,! conception ( igne\s action has be5 rationaliz$1 z ! conception ( aque\s action _h previ\sly be54 ,! gratuit\s assumption t va/ elevations sudd5ly occurr$ aft] long int]vals ( quiesc5ce1 has gr[n into ! consi/5t !ory1 t isl&s & cont95ts are ! accumulat$ results ( successive small upheavals1 l ^? exp]i5c$ 9 ord9>y e>?quakes4 ,to speak m specifically1 we f9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 t in/ead ( assum+ ! d5udation produc$ by ra9 & riv]s to be ! sole means ( we>+ d[n l&s & produc+ _! irregul>ities ( surface1 geologi/s n[ see t d5udation is only a "p-cause ( su* irregul>ities2 & fur!r1 t ! new /rata deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are n ! products ( riv]-s$im5t solely1 b are 9 "p due to ! actions ( waves & tidal curr5ts on ! coa/s4 ,9 ! second place1 we f9d t ,hutton's conception ( upheaval by subt]ranean =ces1 has n only be5 modifi$ by assimilat+ ^! subt]ranean =ces to ord9>y e>?quake-=ces2 b mod]n inquiries h %[n t1 besides elevations ( surface1 subsid5ces are ?us produc$2 t local upheavals1 z well z ! g5]al upheavals :i* raise cont95ts1 come )9 ! same category2 & t all ^! *anges are probably consequ5t on ! progressive collapse ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ ^u its cool+ & contract+ nucleus4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we f9d t beyond ^! two great antagoni/ic ag5cies1 mod]n ,geology recognizes sundry m9or ones3 ^? ( glaci]s & iceb]gs1 ^? ( coral-polypes2 ^? ( ,protozoa hav+ silice\s or calc>e\s %ells--ea* ( :i* ag5cies1 insignificant z x seems1 is f\nd capable ( sl[ly work+ t]re/rial *anges ( consid]able magnitude4 ,?us1 !n1 ! rec5t progress ( ,geology has be5 a /ill fur!r dep>ture f primitive conceptions4 ,in/ead ( "o cata/rophic cause1 once 9 univ]sal action1 z suppos$ by ,w]n]--in/ead ( "o g5]al cont9u\s cause1 antagoniz$ at long int]vals by a cata/rophic cause1 z taught by ,hutton2 we n[ recognize sev]al causes1 all m or less g5]al & cont9u\s4 ,we no long] resort to hypo!tical ag5cies to expla9 ! ph5om5a display$ by ! ,e>?'s cru/2 b we are day by day m cle>ly p]ceiv+ t ^! ph5om5a h aris5 f =ces l ^? n[ at "w1 :i* h act$ 9 all v>ieties ( comb9ation1 ?r\gh immeasurable p]iods ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us briefly trac$ ! evolution ( geologic sci5ce1 & not$ its pres5t =m1 let u g on to obs]ve ! way 9 :i* x is /ill sway$ by ! crude hypo!ses x set out )2 s t ev5 n[1 doctr9es long s9ce ab&on$ z unt5able 9 !ory1 cont9ue 9 practice to m\ld ! ideas ( geologi/s1 & to fo/] sundry beliefs t are logically indef5sible4 ,we %all see1 bo? h[ ^? simple sweep+ conceptions ) :i* ! sci5ce comm5c$1 are ^? :i* e /ud5t is apt at fir/ to seize hold (1 & h[ sev]al influ5ces conspire to ma9ta9 ! twi/ ?us result+--h[ ! orig9al nom5clature ( p]iods & =mations necess>ily keeps alive ! orig9al implications2 & h[ ! ne$ = arrang+ new data 9 "s ord]1 results 9 _! be+ ?ru/ into ! old classification1 unless _! incongruity ) x is v gl>+4 ,a few facts w be/ prep>e ! way = criticism4 ,up to #ahci x 0 inf]r$1 f _! cry/all9e "*1 t ! metamorphic rocks ( ,anglesea 7 m anci5t ?an any rocks ( ! adjac5t ma9 l&2 b x has s9ce be5 %[n t !y are ( ! same age ) ! slates & grits ( ,c>n>von & ,m]ione?4 ,aga91 slaty cleavage hav+ be5 fir/ f\nd only 9 ! l[e/ rocks1 0 tak5 z an indication ( ! highe/ antiquity3 :5ce result$ s]i\s mi/akes2 = ?is m9]al *>act]i/ic is n[ kn[n to occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,once m1 c]ta9 r$ conglom]ates & grits on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 long suppos$ f _! li?ological aspect to belong to ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 are n[ id5tifi$ ) ! ,l[] ,silurians4 ,^! are a few in/ances ( ! small tru/ to be plac$ 9 m9]al qualities1 z evid5ce ( ! ages or relative positions ( /rata4 ,f ! rec5tly-publi%$ ?ird edition ( ,siluria1 may be cull$ num]\s facts ( l implication4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison consid]s x asc]ta9$1 t ! silice\s ,/ip] /ones ( ,%rop%ire are ! equival5ts ( ! ,tremadock slates ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,judg$ by _! fossils1 ,bala slate & lime/one are ( ! same age z ! ,c>adoc s&/one1 ly+ =ty miles (f4 ,9 ,radnor%ire1 ! =mation class$ z upp] ,ll&ov]y rock1 is describ$ at diff]5t spots1 z s&/one or conglom]ate1 impure lime/one1 h>d co>se grits1 silice\s grit--a consid]able v>iation = s small an area z t ( a c\nty4 ,c]ta9 s&y b$s on ! left bank ( ! ,t[y1 :i* ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison _h1 9 8 ,silurian ,sy/em1 class$ z ,c>adoc s&/one 7evid5tly f _! m9]al *>act]s71 he n[ f9ds1 f _! fossils1 belong to ! ,ll&eilo =mation4 ,nev]!less1 inf]5ces f m9]al *>act]s are /ill habitually drawn & receiv$4 ,?\gh ,siluria1 9 common ) o!r geological works1 supplies num]\s pro(s t rocks ( ! same age are (t5 ( widely-diff]5t composition a few miles (f1 :ile rocks ( widely-diff]5t ages are (t5 ( simil> composition2 & ?\gh ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison %[s u1 z 9 ! case j cit$1 t he has himself 9 pa/ times be5 misl$ by tru/+ to li?ological evid5ce2 yet 8 reason+ all ?r\gh ,siluria1 %[s t he /ill ?9ks x natural to expect =mations ( ! same age to be *emically simil>1 ev5 9 remote regions4 ,= example1 9 treat+ ( ! ,silurian rocks ( ,s\? ,scotl&1 he says3--,:5 trav]s+ ! tract betwe5 ,dumfries & ,m(fat1 9 #ahej1 x occurr$ to me1 t ! dull r$di% or purple s&/one & s*i/ to ! nor? ( ! =m] t[n1 :i* s resembl$ ! bottom rocks ( ,longmynd1 ,llanb]is1 & ,/4 ,david's1 w\ld prove to be ( ! same age2 & fur!r on1 he aga9 insi/s ^u ! fact t ^! /rata are absolutely ( ! same composition z ! bottom rocks ( ! ,silurian region4 ,on ?is unity ( m9]al "* x is1 t ?is ,scotti% =mation is conclud$ to be contemporane\s ) ! l[e/ =mations 9 ,wales2 = ! scanty paleontological evid5ce suffices = nei!r pro( nor dispro(4 ,n[1 _h !re be5 a cont9uity ( l /rata 9 l ord] betwe5 ,wales & ,scotl&1 !re might h be5 little to criticize 9 ?is conclusion4 ,b s9ce ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison himself admits1 t 9 ,we/morel& & ,cumb]l&1 "s memb]s ( ! sy/em assume a li?ological aspect diff]5t f :at !y ma9ta9 9 ! ,silurian & ,wel% region1 !re seems no reason to expect m9]alogical cont9uity 9 ,scotl&4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ! assumption t ^! ,scotti% =mations are ( ! same age ) ! ,longmynd ( ,%rop%ire1 implies ! lat5t belief t c]ta9 m9]al *>act]s indicate c]ta9 eras4 ,f> m /rik+ in/ances1 h[ev]1 ( ! influ5ce ( ?is lat5t belief rema9 to be giv54 ,n 9 su* comp>atively ne> di/ricts z ! ,scotti% l[l&s only1 does ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison expect a repetition ( ! ,longmynd /rata2 b 9 ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 c]ta9 qu>tzose flag/ones & grits1 l ^? ( ! ,longmynd1 are seem+ly conclud$ to be ( contemporane\s orig91 because ( _! lik5ess4 ,qu>tzites 9 ro(+-slates ) a gre5i% t+e t rem9d$ u ( ! l[] slates ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&1 are evid5tly suspect$ to be ( ! same age4 ,9 ,russia1 he rem>ks t ! c>bonif]\s lime/ones are ov]laid along ! we/]n edge ( ! ,ural *a9 by s&/ones & grits1 :i* occupy mu* ! same place 9 ! g5]al s]ies z ! mill/one grit ( ,engl&2 & 9 call+ ?is gr\p1 z he does1 ! repres5tative ( ! mill/one grit1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison cle>ly %[s t he ?9ks lik5ess ( m9]al composition "s evid5ce ( equival5ce 9 "t1 ev5 at t great di/ance4 ,nay1 on ! flanks ( ! ,&es & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* simil>ities are look$ =1 & consid]$ z significant ( c]ta9 ages4 ,n t ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison cont5ds !oretically = ?is relation betwe5 li?ological "* & date4 ,= on ! page f :i* we h j quot$ 7,siluria1 p4 #chg71 he says1 t :il/ ! s(t ,l[] ,silurian clays & s&s ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg h _! equival5ts 9 ! h>d s*i/s & qu>tz rocks ) gold ve9s 9 ! he>t ( ! ,ural m\nta9s1 ! equally s(t r$ & gre5 ,devonian m>ls ( ! ,valdai ,hills are repres5t$ on ! we/]n flank ( t *a9 by h>d1 contort$1 & fractur$ lime/ones4 ,b ^!1 & o!r su* admissions1 seem to g = little4 ,:ile himself ass]t+ t ! ,potsdam-s&/one ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,l+ula-flags ( ,engl&1 & ! alum-slates ( ,sc&9avia are ( ! same p]iod--:ile fully aw>e t among ! ,silurian =mations ( ,wales1 !re are oolitic /rata l ^? ( second>y age2 yet 8 reason+ is m or less col\r$ by ! assumption1 t =mations ( l qualities probably belong to ! same era4 ,is x n manife/1 !n1 t ! explod$ hypo!sis ( ,w]n] cont9ues to influ5ce geological speculation8 ,b1 x w p]haps be said1 ?\gh individual /rata are n cont9u\s ov] l>ge areas1 yet sy/ems ( /rata are4 ,?\gh )9 a few miles ! same b$ gradually passes f clay into s&1 or ?9s out & disappe>s1 yet ! gr\p ( /rata to :i* x belongs does n d s2 b ma9ta9s 9 remote regions ! same relations to o!r gr\ps4 ,?is is ! g5]ally-curr5t belief4 ,on ?is assumption ! receiv$ geological classifications appe> to be fram$4 ,! ,silurian sy/em1 ! ,devonian sy/em1 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 etc41 are set d[n 9 our books z gr\ps ( =mations :i* ev]y:]e succe$ ea* o!r 9 a giv5 ord]2 & are sev]ally ev]y:]e ( ! same age4 ,?\gh x may n be ass]t$ t ^! successive sy/ems are univ]sal2 yet x seems to be tacitly assum$ t !y are4 ,9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,asia1 9 ,au/ralia1 sets ( /rata are assimilat$ to "o or o!r ( ^! gr\ps2 & _! possession ( c]ta9 m9]al *>act]s & a c]ta9 ord] ( sup]position are among ! reasons assign$ = s assimilat+ !m4 ,?\gh1 probably1 no compet5t geologi/ w\ld cont5d t ! ,european classification ( /rata is applicable to ! globe z a :ole2 yet mo/1 if n all geologi/s1 write z ?\gh x 74 ,among read]s ( works on ,geology1 n9e out ( t5 c>ry away ! impression t ! divisions1 ,prim>y1 ,second>y & ,t]ti>y1 are ( absolute & uni=m application2 t ^! great divisions are sep>able into subdivisions1 ea* ( :i* is def9itely di/+ui%able f ! re/1 & is ev]y:]e recognizable by its *>act]s z su* or su*2 & t 9 all p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 ^! m9or sy/ems sev]ally began & end$ at ! same "t4 ,:5 !y meet ) ! t]m ,c>bonif]\s era1 !y take = grant$ t x 0 an era univ]sally c>bonif]\s--t x 01 :at ,hugh ,mill] inde$ actually describes x1 an era :5 ! ,e>? bore a vegetation f> m luxuriant ?an x has s9ce done2 & 7 !y 9 any ( our colonies to meet ) a coal-b$1 !y w\ld conclude t1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 x 0 ( ! same age z ! ,engli% coal-b$s4 ,n[ ?is belief t geologic sy/ems are univ]sal1 is no m t5able ?an ! o!r4 ,x is j z absurd :5 consid]$ a priori2 & x is equally inconsi/5t ) ! facts4 ,?\gh "s s]ies ( /rata class$ toge!r z ,oolite1 may range ov] a wid] di/rict ?an any "o /ratum ( ! s]ies2 yet we h b to ask :at 7 ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 deposit$1 to see t ! ,oolitic s]ies1 l "o ( its individual /rata1 mu/ be ( local orig92 & t !re is n likely to be any:]e else1 a s]ies :i* corresponds1 ei!r 9 its *>act]s or 9 its comm5cem5t & t]m9ation4 ,= ! =mation ( su* a s]ies implies an area ( subsid5ce1 9 :i* its compon5t b$s 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,e area ( subsid5ce is necess>ily limit$2 & to suppose t !re exi/ else:]e gr\ps ( b$s completely answ]+ to ^? kn[n z ,oolite1 is to suppose t1 9 contemporane\s areas ( subsid5ce1 l processes 7 go+ on4 ,!re is no reason to suppose ?is2 b good reason to suppose ! rev]se4 ,t 9 contemporane\s areas ( subsid5ce ?r\gh\t ! globe1 ! conditions w\ld cause ! =mation ( ,oolite1 is an assumption :i* no mod]n geologi/ w\ld op5ly make4 ,he w\ld say t ! equival5t s]ies ( b$s f\nd else:]e1 w\ld probably be ( dissimil> m9]al "*4 ,moreov]1 9 ^! contemporane\s areas ( subsid5ce1 ! processes go+ on w\ld n only be diff]5t 9 k9d2 b 9 no two cases w\ld !y be likely to agree 9 _! comm5cem5ts & t]m9ations4 ,! probabilities are greatly aga9/ sep>ate portions ( ! ,e>?'s surface beg9n+ to subside at ! same "t1 & ceas+ to subside at ! same "t--a co9cid5ce :i* alone c\ld produce equival5t gr\ps ( /rata4 ,subsid5ces 9 diff]5t places beg9 & end ) utt] irregul>ity2 & h5ce ! gr\ps ( /rata ?r[n d[n 9 !m c b r>ely correspond4 ,measur$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 "t1 _! limits mu/ disagree4 ,on turn+ to ! evid5ce1 we f9d t x daily t5ds m & m to ju/ify ^! a priori positions4 ,take1 z an example1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one sy/em4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ?is is repres5t$ by a s+le /ratum ( conglom]ate4 ,9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 & ,%rop%ire1 x exp&s into a s]ies ( /rata f eight to t5 ?\s& feet ?ick1 made up ( conglom]ates1 r$1 gre51 & :ite s&/ones1 r$1 gre51 & spott$ m>ls1 & concretion>y lime/ones4 ,to ! s\?-we/1 z betwe5 ,ca]m>!n & ,pembroke1 ^! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one /rata exhibit consid]able li?ological *anges2 on ! o!r side ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 !y display fur!r *anges 9 m9]al *>act]s2 :ile 9 ,s\? ,devon & ,cornwall1 ! equival5t /rata1 consi/+ *iefly ( slates1 s*i/s1 & lime/ones1 are s :olly diff]5t1 t !y 7 = a long "t class$ z ,silurian4 ,:5 we ?us see t 9 c]ta9 directions ! :ole gr\p ( deposits ?9s out1 & t its m9]al *>act]s *ange )9 mod]ate di/ances2 does x n become cle> t ! :ole gr\p ( deposits 0 a local "o8 ,& :5 we f9d1 9 o!r regions1 =mations analog\s to ^! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one or ,devonian =mations1 is x c]ta9--is x ev5 probable--t !y sev]ally began & end$ at ! same "t ) !m8 ,%\ld x n require ov]:elm+ evid5ce to make u believe z mu*8 ,yet s /rongly is geological speculation sway$ by ! t5d5cy to reg>d ! ph5om5a z g5]al in/ead ( local1 t ev5 ^? mo/ on _! gu>d aga9/ x seem unable to escape its influ5ce4 ,at page #aeh ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell says3-- ,a gr\p ( r$ m>l & r$ s&/one1 conta9+ salt & gypsum1 be+ int]pos$ 9 ,engl& betwe5 ! ,lias & ! ,coal1 all o!r r$ m>ls & s&/ones1 associat$ "s ( !m ) salt1 & o!rs ) gypsum1 & occurr+ n only 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,p]u1 ,india1 ! salt des]ts ( ,asia1 ^? ( ,africa--9 a ^w1 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 7 ref]r$ to "o & ! same p]iod4444 ,x 0 9 va9 to urge z an objection ! improbability ( ! hypo!sis :i* implies t all ! mov+ wat]s on ! globe 7 once simultane\sly *>g$ ) s$im5t ( a r$ col\r4 ,b ! ra%ness ( pret5d+ to id5tify1 9 age1 all ! r$ s&/ones & m>ls 9 "q1 has at l5g? be5 suffici5tly expos$1 by ! discov]y t1 ev5 9 ,europe1 !y belong decid$ly to _m diff]5t epo*s4 ,nev]!less1 :ile 9 ?is & _m k9dr$ passages ,sir ,c4 ,lyell prote/s aga9/ ! bias "h illu/rat$1 he seems himself n completely free f x4 ,?\gh he utt]ly rejects ! old hypo!sis t all ov] ! ,e>? ! same cont9u\s /rata lie "o ^u ano!r 9 regul> ord]1 l ! coats ( an onion1 he /ill writes z ?\gh geologic sy/ems d ?us succe$ ea* o!r4 ,a read] ( 8 ,manual w\ld c]ta9ly suppose him to believe1 t ! ,prim>y epo* end$1 & ! second>y epo* began1 all ov] ! _w at ! same "t--t ^! t]ms really correspond to di/9ct univ]sal eras4 ,:5 he assumes1 z he does1 t ! division betwe5 ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian 9 ,am]ica1 answ]s *ronologically to ! division betwe5 ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian 9 ,wales--:5 he takes = grant$ t ! p>t+s ( ,l[] f ,middle ,silurian1 & ( ,middle ,silurian f ,upp]1 9 ! "o region1 are ( ! same dates z ! l p>t+s 9 ! o!r region2 does x n seem t he believes geologic sy/ems to be univ]sal1 9 ! s5se t _! sep>ations 7 9 all places contemporane\s8 ,?\gh he w\ld1 d\btless1 dis[n ?is z an article ( fai?1 is n 8 ?9k+ unconsci\sly influ5c$ by x8 ,mu/ we n say t1 ?\gh ! onion-coat hypo!sis is dead1 its _s is traceable1 "u a transc5d5tal =m1 ev5 9 ! conclusions ( its antagoni/s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ consid] ano!r lead+ geological doctr9e1--! doctr9e t /rata ( ! same age conta9 l fossils2 & t1 !re=e1 ! age & relative position ( any /ratum may be kn[n by its fossils4 ,:ile ! !ory t /rata ( l m9]al *>act]s 7 ev]y:]e deposit$ simultane\sly1 has be5 o/5sibly ab&on$1 !re has be5 accept$ ! !ory t 9 ea* geologic epo* simil> plants & animals exi/$ ev]y:]e2 & t1 !re=e1 ! epo* to :i* any =mation belongs may be kn[n by ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 ! =mation4 ,?\gh1 p]haps1 no lead+ geologi/ w\ld op5ly commit himself to an unqualifi$ ass]tion ( ?is !ory1 yet x is tacitly assum$ 9 curr5t geological reason+4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely m t5able ?an ! o!r4 ,x _c be conclud$ ) any c]ta9ty1 t =mations 9 :i* simil> organic rema9s are f\nd1 7 ( contemporane\s orig92 nor c x be safely conclud$ t /rata conta9+ diff]5t organic rema9s are ( diff]5t ages4 ,to mo/ read]s ^! w be />tl+ propositions2 b !y are fully admitt$ by ! highe/ au?orities4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell confesses t ! te/ ( organic rema9s mu/ be us$ "u v mu* ! same re/rictions z ! te/ ( m9]al composition4 ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e1 :o v>i\sly illu/rates ?is tru?1 rem>ks on ! great incongruity !re mu/ be betwe5 ! fossils ( our c>bonif]\s rocks & ^? ( ! m>9e /rata deposit$ at ! same p]iod4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ! ab/ract1 ! dang] ( bas+ positive conclusions on evid5ce d]iv$ f fossils1 is recogniz$2 yet1 9 ! concrete1 ?is dang] is g5]ally disreg>d$4 ,! e/abli%$ convictions respect+ ! ages ( /rata1 h be5 =m$ 9 spite ( x2 & by "s geologi/s x seems altoge!r ignor$4 ,?r\gh\t 8 ,siluria1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison habitually assumes t ! same1 or k9dr$1 species1 liv$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,e>? at ! same "t4 ,9 ,russia1 9 ,bohemia1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 /rata are class$ z belong+ to ?is or t "p ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 because ( ! simil> fossils conta9$ 9 !m--are conclud$ to be ev]y:]e contemporane\s if !y enclose a proportion ( id5tical or alli$ =ms4 ,9 ,russia ! relative position ( a /ratum is inf]r$ f ! fact t1 along ) "s ,w5lock =ms1 x yields ! ,p5tam]us oblongus4 ,c]ta9 cru/aceans call$ ,eurypt]i1 be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock1 x is rem>k$ t l>ge ,eurypt]i occur 9 a s-call$ black grey-wacke slate 9 ,we/morel&1 9 ,oneida ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 :i* w probably be f\nd to be on ! p>allel ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock3 9 :i* ^w probably1 we see bo? h[ dom9ant is ?is belief ( univ]sal di/ribution ( simil> creatures at ! same p]iod1 & h[ apt ?is belief is to make its own pro(1 by rais+ ! expectation t ! ages are id5tical :5 ! =ms are alike4 ,besides ?us int]pret+ ! =mations ( ,russia1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison ?us int]prets ^? ( ! antipodes4 ,fossils f ,victoria ,colony1 he agrees ) ! ,gov]nm5t-surveyor 9 class+ z ( ,l[] ,silurian or ,ll&ov]y age3 t is1 he takes = grant$ t :5 c]ta9 cru/aceans & mollusks 7 liv+ 9 ,wales1 c]ta9 simil> cru/aceans & mollusks 7 liv+ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,yet ! improbability ( ?is assumption may be readily %[n f ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's own facts4 ,if1 z he po9ts out1 ! fossil cru/aceans ( ! upp]mo/ ,silurian rocks 9 ,lan>k%ire are1 ) "o d\btful exception1 all di/9ct f any ( ! =ms kn[n on ! same horizon 9 ,engl&2 h[ c x be fairly presum$ t ! =ms exi/+ on ! o!r side ( ! ,e>? dur+ ! ,silurian p]iod1 7 ne>ly alli$ to ^? exi/+ "h8 ,n only1 inde$1 d ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's conclusions tacitly assume ?is doctr9e ( univ]sal di/ribution1 b he di/9ctly enunciates x4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( a graptolite1 he says1 w at once decide t ! enclos+ rock is ,silurian2 & he says ?is1 not)/&+ repeat$ w>n+s aga9/ su* g5]alizations4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ,geology1 x has ov] & ov] aga9 happ5$ t a p>ticul> fossil1 long consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( a p>ticul> =mation1 has be5 aft]w>ds discov]$ 9 o!r =mations4 ,until "s twelve ye>s ago1 ,goniatites _h n be5 f\nd l[] ?an ! ,devonian rocks2 b n[1 9 ,bohemia1 !y h be5 f\nd 9 rocks class$ z ,silurian4 ,q rec5tly1 ! ,or?oc]as1 previ\sly suppos$ to be a type exclusively palozoic1 has be5 detect$ along ) mesozoic ,ammonites & ,belemnites4 ,yet ho/s ( su* exp]i5ces fail to ext+ui% ! assumption1 t ! age ( a /ratum may be det]m9$ by ! occurr5ce 9 x ( a s+le fossil =m4 ,nay1 ?is assumption survives evid5ce ( ev5 a /ill m de/ructive k9d4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,silurian sy/em 9 ,we/]n ,irel&1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison says1 9 ! b$s ne> ,maam1 ,pr(essor ,nicol & myself collect$ rema9s1 "s ( :i* w\ld be consid]$ ,l[]1 & o!rs ,upp]1 ,silurian2 & he !n names sundry fossils :i*1 9 ,engl&1 belong to ! summit ( ! ,ludl[ rocks1 or highe/ ,silurian /rata2 "s1 :i* else:]e are kn[n only 9 rocks ( ,ll&ov]y age--t is1 ( middle ,silurian age2 & "s1 only be=e kn[n 9 ,l[] ,silurian /rata1 n f> above ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s b$s4 ,n[ :at d ^! facts prove8 ,cle>ly1 !y prove t species :i* 9 ,wales are sep>at$ by /rata m ?an tw5ty ?\s& feet deep1 & !re=e seem to belong to p]iods f> m remote f ea* o!r1 7 really co-exi/5t4 ,!y prove t ! mollusks & cr9oids held to be *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,silurian /rata1 & suppos$ to h become ext9ct long be=e ! mollusks & cr9oids ( ! lat] ,silurian /rata came into exi/5ce1 7 really fl\ri%+ at ! same "t ) ^! la/2 & t ^! la/ possibly date back to z e>ly a p]iod z ! fir/4 ,!y prove t n only ! m9]al *>act]s ( s$im5t>y =mations1 b also ! collections ( organic =ms !y conta91 dep5d1 to a great ext5t1 on local circum/ances4 ,!y prove t ! fossils met ) 9 any s]ies ( /rata1 _c be tak5 z repres5t+ any?+ l ! :ole ,flora & ,fauna ( ! p]iod !y belong to4 ,9 brief1 !y ?r[ great d\bt ^u num]\s geological g5]alizations4 ,not)/&+ facts l ^!1 & not)/&+ 8 av[$ op9ion t ! te/ ( organic rema9s mu/ be us$ "u v mu* ! same re/rictions z ! te/ ( m9]al composition1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 too1 consid]s sundry positive conclusions to be ju/ifi$ by ?is te/3 ev5 :]e ! community ( fossils is slight & ! di/ance great4 ,hav+ decid$ t 9 v>i\s places 9 ,europe1 middle ,eoc5e /rata are di/+ui%$ by ,nummulites2 he inf]s1 )\t any o!r assign$ evid5ce1 t :]ev] ,nummulites are f\nd--9 ,morocco1 ,alg]ia1 ,egypt1 9 ,p]sia1 ,sc9de1 ,cut*1 ,ea/]n ,b5gal1 & ! fronti]s ( ,*9a--! conta9+ =mation is ,middle ,eoc5e4 ,& f ?is inf]5ce he draws ! foll[+ important coroll>y3-- ,:5 we h once arriv$ at ! conviction t ! nummulitic =mation occupies a middle place 9 ! ,eoc5e s]ies1 we are /ruck ) ! comp>atively mod]n date to :i* "s ( ! greate/ revolutions 9 ! physical geography ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & nor!rn ,africa mu/ be ref]r$4 ,all ! m\nta9 *a9s1 su* z ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 ,c>pa?ians1 & ,himalayas1 into ! composition ( ^: c5tral & l(tie/ p>ts ! nummulitic /rata ent] bodily1 c\ld h _h no exi/5ce till aft] ! ,middle ,eoc5e p]iod4--,manual1 p4 #bcb4 ,a /ill m m>k$ case foll[s on ! next page4 ,because a c]ta9 b$ at ,claiborne 9 ,alabama1 :i* conta9s f\r hundr$ species ( m>9e %ells1 includes among !m ! ,c>dita planico/a1 & "s o!rs id5tical ) ,european species1 or v ne>ly alli$ to !m1 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell says x is highly probable ! ,claiborne b$s agree 9 age ) ! c5tral or ,brackle%am gr\p ( ,engl&4 ,:5 we f9d contemporaneity alleg$ on ! /r5g? ( a community no great] ?an t :i* sometimes exi/s betwe5 /rata ( widely-diff]5t ages 9 ! same c\ntry1 x seems z ?\gh ! above-quot$ caution _h be5 =gott54 ,x appe>s to be assum$ = ! occasion1 t species :i* _h a wide range 9 space _h a n>r[ range 9 "t2 :i* is ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,! t5d5cy to sy/ematize ov]rides ! evid5ce1 & ?ru/s ,nature into a =mula too rigid to fit h] endless v>iety4 ,b1 x may be urg$1 surely1 :5 9 diff]5t places ! ord] ( sup]position1 ! m9]al *>act]s1 & ! fossils1 agree1 x may safely be conclud$ t ! =mations ?us correspond+ date back to ! same "t4 ,if1 = example1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates display a succession ( ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems1 li?ologically simil> to ^? kn[n "h by ^? names1 & *>act]iz$ by l fossils1 x is a fair inf]5ce t ^! gr\ps ( /rata 7 sev]ally be+ deposit$ 9 ,am]ica :ile _! equival5ts 7 be+ deposit$ "h4 ,on ?is position1 :i* seems a /rong "o1 we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 to rem>k1 t ! evid5ce ( correspond5ce is always m or less suspici\s4 ,we h already adv]t$ to ! sev]al idols--if we may use ,bacon's metaphor--to :i* geologi/s unconsci\sly sacrifice1 :5 int]pret+ ! /ructures ( unexplor$ regions4 ,c>ry+ ) !m ! classification ( /rata exi/+ 9 ,europe1 & assum+ t gr\ps ( /rata 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w mu/ answ] to "s ( ! gr\ps ( /rata kn[n "h1 !y are necess>ily prone to ass]t p>allelism on insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,!y sc>cely ent]ta9 ! previ\s "q1 :e!r ! =mations !y are exam9+ h or h n any ,european equival5ts2 b ! "q is--) :i* ( ! ,european s]ies %all !y be class$8--) :i* d !y mo/ agree8--f :i* d !y diff] lea/8 ,& ?is be+ ! mode ( inquiry1 !re is apt to result great laxity ( int]pretation4 ,h[ lax ! int]pretation really is1 may be readily %[n4 ,:5 /rata are discont9u\s1 z betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 no evid5ce c be d]iv$ f ! ord] ( sup]position1 ap>t f m9]al *>act]s & organic rema9s2 =1 unless /rata c be cont9u\sly trac$1 m9]al *>act]s & organic rema9s af=d ! only means ( class+ !m z su* or su*4 ,z to ! te/ ( m9]al *>act]s1 we h se5 t x is almo/ wor?less2 & no mod]n geologi/ w\ld d>e to say x %\ld be reli$ on4 ,if ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies 9 mid-,engl&1 diff]s :olly 9 li?ological aspect f ! equival5t s]ies 9 ,s\? ,devon1 x is cle> t simil>ities ( texture & composition _c ju/ify u 9 class+ a sy/em ( /rata 9 ano!r qu>t] ( ! globe ) "s ,european sy/em4 ,! te/ ( fossils is ! only "o t rema9s2 & ) h[ little /rictness ?is te/ is appli$1 "o case w %[4 ,( =ty-six species ( ,briti% ,devonian corals1 only six occur 9 ,am]ica2 & ?is1 not)/&+ ! wide range :i* ! ,an?ozoa are kn[n to h4 ,simil>ly ( ! ,mollusca & ,cr9oidea1 x appe>s t1 :ile !re are sundry g5]a f\nd 9 ,am]ica :i* are f\nd "h1 !re are sc>cely any ( ! same species4 ,& ,sir ,*>les ,lyell admits t ! difficulty ( decid+ on ! exact p>allelism ( ! ,new ,york subdivisions1 z above enum]at$1 ) ! memb]s ( ! ,european ,devonian1 is v great1 s few are ! species 9 common4 ,yet x is on ! /r5g? ( community ( fossils1 t ! :ole ,devonian s]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is assum$ to be contemporane\s ) ! :ole ,devonian s]ies ( ,engl&4 ,& x is p>tly on ! gr\nd t ! ,devonian ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates corresponds 9 "t ) our own ,devonian1 t ,sir ,*>les ,lyell concludes ! sup]jac5t coal-measures ( ! two c\ntries to be ( ! same age4 ,is x n1 !n1 z we said1 t ! evid5ce 9 ^! cases is v suspici\s8 ,%\ld x be repli$1 z x may fairly be1 t ?is correspond5ce f :i* ! syn*ronism ( di/ant =mations is inf]r$1 is n a correspond5ce betwe5 p>ticul> species or p>ticul> g5]a1 b betwe5 ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! conta9$ assemblages ( fossils--betwe5 ! facies ( ! two ,faunas2 ! rejo9d] is1 t ?\gh su* correspond5ce is a /rong] evid5ce ( syn*ronism x is /ill an insuffici5t "o4 ,to inf] syn*ronism f su* correspond5ce1 involves ! po/ulate t ?r\gh\t ea* geologic era !re has habitually exi/$ a recognizable simil>ity betwe5 ! gr\ps ( organic =ms inhabit+ all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?2 & t ! causes :i* h 9 "o "p ( ! ,e>? *ang$ ! organic =ms into ^? :i* *>act]ize ! next era1 h simultane\sly act$ 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 9 su* ways z to produce p>allel *anges ( _! organic =ms4 ,n[ ?is is n only a l>ge assumption to make2 b x is an assumption contr>y to probability4 ,! probability is1 t ! causes :i* h *ang$ ,faunas h be5 local r ?an univ]sal2 t h5ce :ile ! ,faunas ( "s regions h be5 rapidly *ang+1 ^? ( o!rs h be5 almo/ quiesc5t2 & t :5 ^? ( o!rs h be5 *ang$1 x has be51 n 9 su* ways z to ma9ta9 p>allelism1 b 9 su* ways z to produce div]g5ce4 ,ev5 suppos+1 h[ev]1 t di/ricts "s hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 furni%$ gr\ps ( /rata :i* completely agre$ 9 _! ord] ( sup]position1 _! m9]al *>act]s1 & _! fossils1 we %\ld /ill h inadequate pro( ( contemporaneity4 ,= !re are conditions1 v likely to occur1 "u :i* su* gr\ps might diff] widely 9 age4 ,if !re be a cont95t ( :i* ! /rata crop out on ! surface obliquely to ! l9e ( coa/--runn+1 say1 we/-nor?-we/1 :ile ! coa/ runs ea/ & we/--x is cle> t ea* gr\p ( /rata w crop out on ! bea* at a p>ticul> "p ( ! coa/2 t fur!r we/ ! next gr\p ( /rata w crop out on ! bea*2 & s cont9u\sly4 ,z ! localization ( m>9e plants & animals1 is 9 a consid]able degree det]m9$ by ! natures ( ! rocks & _! detritus1 x foll[s t ea* "p ( ?is coa/ w h its m or less di/9ct ,flora & ,fauna4 ,:at n[ mu/ result f ! action ( ! waves 9 ! c\rse ( a geologic epo*8 ,z ! sea makes sl[ inroads on ! l&1 ! place at :i* ea* gr\p ( /rata crops out on ! bea* w gradually move t[>ds ! we/3 its di/9ctive fi%1 mollusks1 cru/aceans1 & sea-we$s1 migrat+ ) x4 ,fur!r1 ! detritus ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( /rata w1 z ! po9t ( outcrop moves we/w>ds1 be deposit$ ov] ! detritus ( ! gr\p 9 advance ( x4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ^! actions1 c>ri$ on = "o ( ^? enorm\s p]iods :i* a geologic *ange takes1 w be t1 correspond+ to ea* ea/]n /ratum1 !re w arise a /ratum f> to ! we/1 :i*1 ?\gh occupy+ ! same position relatively to o!r b$s1 =m$ ( l mat]ials1 & conta9+ l fossils1 w yet be p]haps a million ye>s lat] 9 date4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! illegitimacy1 or at any rate ! great d\btfulness1 ( _m curr5t geological inf]5ces1 is be/ se5 :5 we contemplate t]re/rial *anges n[ go+ on2 & ask h[ f> su* inf]5ces are c\nt5anc$ by !m4 ,if we c>ry out rigor\sly ! mod]n me?od ( int]pret+ geological ph5om5a1 :i* ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has done s mu* to e/abli%--t ( ref]r+ !m to causes l ^? at pres5t 9 action--we _c fail to see h[ improbable are sundry ( ! receiv$ conclusions4 ,along ea* %ore :i* is be+ worn away by ! waves1 !re are be+ =m$ mud1 s&1 & pebbles4 ,?is detritus has1 9 ea* locality1 a m or less special "*2 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! /rata de/roy$4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,*annel x is n ! same z 9 ! ,iri% ,*annel2 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,irel& x is n ! same z on ! we/ coa/2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,at ! m\? ( ea* great riv]1 !re is be+ deposit$ s$im5t diff]+ m or less f t deposit$ at ! m\?s ( o!r riv]s 9 col\r & quality2 =m+ /rata :i* are "h r$1 !re yell[1 & else:]e br[n1 grey1 or dirty :ite4 ,besides :i* v>i\s =mations1 go+ on 9 deltas & along %ores1 !re are "s mu* wid]1 & /ill m /rongly contra/$1 =mations4 ,at ! bottom ( ! gean ,sea1 !re is accumulat+ a b$ ( ,pt]opod %ells1 :i* w ev5tually1 no d\bt1 become a calc>e\s rock4 ,= "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 ! ocean-b$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 is be+ cov]$ ) a /ratum ( *alk2 & ov] l>ge areas 9 ! ,pacific1 !re are go+ on deposits ( corall9e lime/one4 ,?us1 !re are at ?is mom5t be+ produc$ 9 diff]5t places multitud9\s /rata diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 li?ological *>act]s4 ,"n at r&om any "p ( ! sea-bottom1 & ask :e!r ! deposit !re tak+ place is l ! deposit tak+ place at "s di/ant "p ( ! sea-bottom1 & ! almo/-c]ta9ly correct answ] w be--,no4 ,! *ances are n 9 fav\r ( simil>ity1 b aga9/ x--_m to "o aga9/ x4 ,9 ! ord] ( sup]position ( /rata !re is be+ e/abli%$ a l v>iety4 ,ea* region ( ! ,e>?'s surface has its special hi/ory ( elevations1 subsid5ces1 p]iods ( re/3 & ?is hi/ory 9 no case fits *ronologically ) ! hi/ory ( any o!r portion4 ,riv] deltas are n[ be+ ?r[n d[n on =mations ( diff]5t ages3 "s v anci5t1 "s q mod]n4 ,:ile "h !re has be5 deposit$ a s]ies ( b$s _m hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 !re has else:]e be5 deposit$ b a s+le b$ ( f9e mud4 ,:ile "o region ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 cont9u+ = a va/ epo* above ! surface ( ! ocean1 be>s record ( no *anges save ^? result+ f d5udation2 ano!r region ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ gives pro( ( sundry *anges ( level1 ) _! sev]al result+ masses ( /ratifi$ detritus4 ,if any?+ is to be judg$ f curr5t processes1 we mu/ inf]1 n only t ev]y:]e ! succession ( s$im5t>y =mations diff]s m or less f ! succession else:]e2 b also t 9 ea* place1 !re exi/ gr\ps ( /rata to :i* _m o!r places h no equival5ts4 ,) respect to ! organic bodies imb$d$ 9 =mations n[ 9 progress1 a l tru? is equally manife/1 if n m manife/4 ,ev5 along ! same coa/1 )9 mod]ate di/ances1 ! =ms ( life diff] v consid]ably2 & !y diff] mu* m on coa/s t are remote f "o ano!r4 ,aga91 dissimil> creatures :i* are liv+ toge!r ne> ! same %ore1 d n leave _! rema9s 9 ! same b$s ( s$im5t4 ,= in/ance1 at ! bottom ( ! ,adriatic1 :]e ! prevail+ curr5ts cause ! deposits to be "h ( mud1 & !re ( calc>e\s matt]1 x is prov$ t diff]5t species ( co-exi/+ %ells are be+ buri$ 9 ^! respective =mations4 ,on our own coa/s1 ! m>9e rema9s f\nd a few miles f %ore1 9 banks :]e fi% congregate1 are diff]5t f ^? f\nd close to ! %ore1 :]e littoral species fl\ri%4 ,a l>ge proportion ( aquatic creatures h /ructures :i* d n admit ( fossilization2 :ile ( ! re/1 ! great majority are de/roy$1 :5 dead1 by v>i\s k9ds ( scav5g]s4 ,s t no "o deposit ne> our %ores c conta9 any?+ l a true repres5tation ( ! ,fauna ( ! surr\nd+ sea2 mu* less ( ! co-exi/+ ,faunas ( o!r seas 9 ! same latitude2 & /ill less ( ! ,faunas ( seas 9 di/ant latitudes4 ,7 x n t ! ass]tion seems ne$ful1 x w\ld be almo/ absurd to say1 t ! organic rema9s n[ be+ buri$ 9 ! ,dogg] ,bank1 c tell u next to no?+ ab\t ! fi%1 cru/aceans1 mollusks1 & corals1 :i* are be+ buri$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,/ill /rong] is ! argum5t 9 ! case ( t]re/rial life4 ,) m num]\s & great] contra/s betwe5 ! types inhabit+ "o cont95t & ^? inhabit+ ano!r1 !re is a f> m imp]fect regi/ry ( !m4 ,s*\w m>ks out on ! ,e>? m ?an tw5ty botanical regions1 occupi$ by gr\ps ( =ms s di/9ct1 t1 if fossiliz$1 geologi/s w\ld sc>cely be dispos$ to ref] !m all to ! same p]iod4 ,( ,faunas1 ! ,arctic diff]s f ! ,temp]ate2 ! ,temp]ate f ! ,tropical2 & ! ,s\? ,temp]ate f ! ,nor? ,temp]ate4 ,nay1 9 ! ,s\? ,temp]ate ,zone itself1 ! two regions ( ,s\? ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica are unlike 9 _! mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 mollusks1 insects4 ,! %ells & bones n[ ly+ at ! bottoms ( lakes & e/u>ies 9 ^! sev]al regions1 h c]ta9ly n t simil>ity :i* is usually look$ = 9 ^? ( contemporane\s /rata2 & ! rec5t =ms exhum$ 9 any "o ( ^! regions w\ld v untruly repres5t ! pres5t ,flora & ,fauna ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 con=mity ) ! curr5t /yle ( geological reason+1 an exhau/ive exam9ation ( deposits 9 ! ,arctic circle1 might be held to prove t ?\gh at ?is p]iod !re 7 sundry mammals exi/+1 !re 7 no reptiles2 :ile ! abs5ce ( mammals 9 ! deposits ( ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 :]e !re are pl5ty ( reptiles1 might be held to prove ! rev]se4 ,& at ! same "t1 f ! =mations ext5d+ = two ?\s& miles along ! great b>ri]-reef ( ,au/ralia--=mations 9 :i* are imb$d$ no?+ b corals1 e*9od]ms1 mollusks1 cru/aceans1 & fi%1 along ) an occasional turtle1 or bird1 or cetacean--x might be inf]r$ t !re liv$ 9 our epo* nei!r t]re/rial reptiles1 nor t]re/rial mammals4 ,! m5tion ( ,au/ralia1 inde$1 sugge/s an illu/ration :i*1 ev5 alone1 w\ld amply prove our case4 ,! ,fauna ( ?is region diff]s widely f any t is f\nd else:]e4 ,on l&1 all ! indig5\s mammals1 except bats1 belong to ! l[e/1 or implac5tal division2 & ! insects are s+ul>ly diff]5t f ^? f\nd else:]e4 ,! surr\nd+ seas conta9 num]\s =ms :i* are m or less /range2 & among ! fi% !re exi/s a species ( %>k1 :i* is ! only liv+ repres5tative ( a g5us t fl\ri%$ 9 e>ly geologic epo*s4 ,if1 n[1 ! mod]n fossilif]\s deposits ( ,au/ralia 7 to be exam9$ by "o ignorant ( ! exi/+ ,au/ralian ,fauna2 & if he 7 to reason 9 ! usual mann]2 he w\ld be v unlikely to class ^! deposits ) ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 ,h[1 !n1 c we place confid5ce 9 ! tacit assumption t c]ta9 =mations 9 remote p>ts ( ! ,e>? are ref]able to ! same p]iod1 because ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 !m display a c]ta9 community ( "*8 or t c]ta9 o!rs are ref]able to diff]5t p]iods1 because ! facies ( _! ,faunas are diff]5t8 ,b1 x w be repli$1 9 pa/ eras ! same1 or simil>1 organic =ms 7 m widely di/ribut$ ?an n[4 ,x may be s2 b ! evid5ce adduc$ by no means proves x4 ,! argum5t by :i* ?is conclusion is rea*$1 runs a risk ( be+ quot$ z an example ( reason+ 9 a circle4 ,z already po9t$ out1 betwe5 =mations 9 remote regions ! accept$ te/ ( equival5ce is community ( fossils4 ,if1 !n1 ! contemporaneity ( remote =mations is conclud$ f ! lik5ess ( _! fossils2 h[ c x be said t simil> plants & animals 7 once m widely di/ribut$1 because !y are f\nd 9 contemporane\s /rata 9 remote regions8 ,is n ! fallacy manife/8 ,ev5 suppos+ !re 7 no su* fatal objection z ?is1 ! evid5ce commonly assign$ w\ld /ill be insuffici5t4 ,= we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! community ( organic rema9s usually ?\ght suffici5t pro( ( correspond5ce 9 "t1 is a v imp]fect community4 ,:5 ! comp>$ s$im5t>y b$s are f> ap>t1 x is sc>cely expect$ t !re w be _m species common to ! two3 x is en\gh if !re be discov]$ a consid]able numb] ( common g5]a4 ,n[ _h x be5 prov$ t ?r\gh\t geologic "t1 ea* g5us liv$ b = a %ort p]iod--a p]iod measur$ by a s+le gr\p ( /rata--some?+ might be inf]r$4 ,b :at if we le>n t _m ( ! same g5]a cont9u$ to exi/ ?r\gh\t enorm\s epo*s1 measur$ by sev]al va/ sy/ems ( /rata8 ,among molluscs1 ! g5]a ,avicula1 ,modiola1 ,t]ebratula1 ,l+ula1 & ,orbicula1 are f\nd f ! ,silurian rocks upw>ds to ! pres5t day4 ,if1 !n1 betwe5 ! l[e/ fossilif]\s =mations & ! mo/ rec5t1 !re exi/s ?is degree ( community2 mu/ we n inf] t !re w probably (t5 exi/ a great degree ( community betwe5 /rata t are f> f contemporane\s8 ,?us ! reason+ f :i* x is conclud$ t simil> organic =ms 7 once m widely spread ?an n[1 is d\bly fallaci\s2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! classifications ( =eign /rata bas$ on ! conclusion are untru/wor?y4 ,judg+ f ! pres5t di/ribution ( life1 we _c expect to f9d simil> rema9s 9 geographically remote /rata ( ! same age2 & :]e1 betwe5 ! fossils ( geographically remote /rata1 we d f9d mu* simil>ity1 x is probably due r to lik5ess ( conditions ?an to contemporaneity4 ,if f causes & effects su* z we n[ witness1 we reason back to ! causes & effects ( pa/ epo*s1 we discov] inadequate w>rant = sundry ( ! receiv$ doctr9es4 ,see+1 z we d1 t 9 l>ge areas ( ! ,pacific ?is is a p]iod *>act]iz$ by abundance ( corals2 t 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic x is a p]iod 9 :i* a great *alk-deposit is be+ =m$2 & t 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi x is a p]iod ( new coal-bas9s--see+ also1 z we d1 t 9 "o ext5sive cont95t ?is is peculi>ly an era ( implac5tal mammals1 & t 9 ano!r ext5sive cont95t x is peculi>ly an era ( plac5tal mammals2 we h good reason to hesitate be=e accept+ ^! sweep+ g5]alizations :i* are bas$ on a cursory exam9ation ( /rata occupy+ b a t5? "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! outset1 ?is article 0 to h be5 a review ( ! works ( ,hugh ,mill]2 b x has gr[n into some?+ mu* m g5]al4 ,nev]!less1 ! rema9+ two doctr9es :i* we propose to criticize1 may conv5i5tly be treat$ 9 connexion ) 8 "n1 z t ( "o :o fully committ$ himself to !m4 ,& fir/1 a few words respect+ 8 position4 ,t he 0 a man ^: life 0 "o ( m]itori\s a*ievem5t1 e "o kn[s4 ,t he 0 a dilig5t & successful work+ geologi/1 sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,t ) indomitable p]sev]ance he /ruggl$ up f obscurity to a place 9 ! _w ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 %[s him to h be5 highly end[$ 9 "* & intellig5ce4 ,& t he _h a rem>kable p[] ( pres5t+ 8 facts & argum5ts 9 an attractive =m1 a glance at any ( 8 books w quickly prove4 ,by all means1 let u respect him z a man ( activity & sagacity1 jo9$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( poetry4 ,b :ile say+ ?is we mu/ add1 t 8 reputation /&s by no means s high 9 ! sci5tific _w z 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,p>tly f ! fact t our ,scot* neighb\rs are 9 ! habit ( bl[+ ! trumpet r l\dly be=e _! notabilities--p>tly because ! *>m+ /yle 9 :i* 8 books are writt5 has ga9$ him a l>ge circle ( read]s--p>tly1 p]haps1 ?r\gh a praisewor?y sympa?y ) him z a self-made man2 ,hugh ,mill] has met ) an am\nt ( applause :i*1 little z we wi% to dim9i% x1 mu/ n be all[$ to bl9d ! public to 8 defects z a man ( sci5ce4 ,! tru? is1 he 0 s f> committ$ to a =egone conclusion1 t he c\ld n become a philosophical geologi/4 ,he might be aptly describ$ z a !ologian /udy+ geology4 ,! dom9ant idea ) :i* he wrote1 may be se5 9 ! titles ( two ( 8 books--,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1--,! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks4 ,reg>d+ geological facts z evid5ce = or aga9/ c]ta9 religi\s conclusions1 x 0 sc>cely possible = him to deal ) geological facts imp>tially4 ,8 rul+ aim 0 to disprove ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis1 ! assum$ implications ( :i* 7 repugnant to him2 & 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( 8 feel+1 0 ! "o-sid$ness ( 8 reason+4 ,he admitt$ t ,god might z c]ta9ly h orig9at$ ! species by a law ( developm5t1 z he ma9ta9s x by a law ( developm5t2--! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,great ,cause is z p]fectly compatible ) ! "o s*eme z ) ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 he consid]$ ! hypo!sis at v>iance ) ,*ri/ianity2 & !re=e combat$ ) x4 ,he app>5tly ov]look$ ! fact1 t ! doctr9es ( geology 9 g5]al1 z held by himself1 _h be5 reject$ by _m on simil> gr\nds2 & t he _h himself be5 repeat$ly attack$ = 8 anti-,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,he seems n to h p]ceiv$ t1 j z 8 antagoni/s 7 wrong 9 condemn+ z irreligi\s1 !ories :i* he saw 7 n irreligi\s2 s might he be wrong 9 condemn+1 on l gr\nds1 ! ,!ory ( ,evolution4 ,9 brief1 he fell %ort ( t highe/ fai? :i* kn[s t all tru?s mu/ h>monize2 & :i* is1 !re=e1 cont5t tru/fully to foll[ ! evid5ce :i!rsoev] x leads4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to criticize 8 works )\t ent]+ on ?is great "q to :i* he *iefly devot$ himself4 ,! two rema9+ doctr9es to be "h discuss$1 be> directly on ?is "q2 &1 z above said1 we propose to treat !m 9 connexion ) ,hugh ,mill]'s "n1 because1 ?r\gh\t 8 reason+s1 he assumes _! tru?4 ,let x n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t we %all aim to prove :at he has aim$ to disprove4 ,:ile we purpose %[+ t 8 geological argum5ts aga9/ ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis are bas$ on invalid assumptions2 we d n purpose %[+ t ! geological argum5ts urg$ 9 support ( x are bas$ on valid assumptions4 ,we hope to make x app>5t t ! geological evid5ce at pres5t obta9$1 is insuffici5t = ei!r side2 fur!r1 t !re seems little probability t suffici5t evid5ce w ev] be obta9$2 & t if ! "q is ev5tually decid$1 x mu/ be decid$ on o!r ?an geological gr\nds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ ( ! curr5t doctr9es to :i* we h j ref]r$1 is1 t !re occur 9 ! s]ial records ( =m] life on our planet1 two great blanks2 :5ce x is inf]r$ t1 on at lea/ two occasions1 ! previ\sly exi/+ inhabitants ( ! ,e>? 7 almo/ :olly de/roy$1 & a diff]5t class ( inhabitants creat$4 ,comp>+ ! g5]al life on ! ,e>? to a ?read1 ,hugh ,mill] says3-- ,x is cont9u\s f ! pres5t "t up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 & !n s abrupt a break occurs1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! microscopic diatomace1 to :i* ,i la/ ev5+ ref]r$1 & ( "o %ell & "o coral1 n a s+le species cross$ ! gap4 ,on its f>!r or remot] side1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ,second>y division closes1 ! int]m+l+ ( species aga9 beg9s1 & runs on till ! comm5cem5t ( ?is great ,second>y division2 & !n1 j :]e ! ,palozoic division closes1 we f9d ano!r abrupt break1 cross$1 if cross$ at all1--= !re /ill exi/s "s d\bt on ! subject1--by b two species ( plant4 ,^! breaks are suppos$ to imply actual new creations on ! surface ( our planet--suppos$ n by ,hugh ,mill] only1 b by ! majority ( geologi/s4 ,& ! t]ms ,palozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,ca9ozoic1 are us$ to indicate ^! ?ree successive sy/ems ( life4 ,x is true t "s accept ?is belief ) caution2 kn[+ h[ geologic rese>* has be5 all along t5d+ to fill up :at 7 once ?\ght wide gaps4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell po9ts out t ! hiatus :i* exi/s 9 ,great ,brita9 betwe5 ! fossils ( ! ,lias & ^? ( ! ,magnesian ,lime/one1 is suppli$ 9 ,g]many by ! ri* fauna & flora ( ! ,mus*elkalk1 ,keup]1 & ,bunt] ,s&/e91 :i* we "k to be ( a date precisely int]m$iate4 ,aga9 he rem>ks t until lately ! fossils ( ! coal-measures 7 sep>at$ f ^? ( ! antec$5t ,silurian gr\p by a v abrupt & decid$ l9e ( dem>cation2 b rec5t discov]ies h br\ght to light 9 ,devon%ire1 ,belgium1 ! ,eifel1 & ,we/phalia1 ! rema9s ( a fauna ( an int]v5+ p]iod4 ,& once m1 he says1 we h also 9 l mann] _h "s success ( late ye>s 9 dim9i%+ ! hiatus :i* /ill sep>ates ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e p]iods 9 ,europe4 ,to :i* let u add t1 s9ce ,hugh ,mill] p5n$ ! passage above quot$1 ! second ( ! great gaps he ref]s to has be5 v consid]ably n>r[$ by ! discov]y ( /rata conta9+ ,palozoic g5]a & ,mesozoic g5]a int]m+l$4 ,nev]!less1 ! occurr5ce ( two great revolutions 9 ! ,e>?'s ,flora & ,fauna appe>s /ill to be held by _m2 & geologic nom5clature habitually assumes x4 ,be=e seek+ a solution ( ! problem ?us rais$1 let u glance at ! sev]al m9or causes :i* produce breaks 9 ! geological succession ( organic =ms2 tak+ fir/1 ! m g5]al ones :i* modify climate1 &1 !re=e1 ! di/ribution ( life4 ,among ^! may be not$ "o :i* has n1 we believe1 be5 nam$ by writ]s on ! subject4 ,we mean t result+ f a c]ta9 sl[ a/ronomic rhy?m1 by :i* ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es are alt]nately subject to great] extremes ( temp]ature4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! slight ellipticity ( its orbit1 ! ,e>?'s di/ance f ! sun v>ies to ! ext5t ( "s #c1jjj1jjj ( miles4 ,at pres5t1 ! aphelion occurs at ! "t ( our nor!rn summ]2 & ! p]ihelion dur+ ! summ] ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( t sl[ movem5t ( ! ,e>?'s axis :i* produces ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ?is /ate ( ?+s w 9 "t be rev]s$3 ! ,e>? w be ne>e/ to ! sun dur+ ! summ] ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & fur!/ f x dur+ ! s\!rn summ] or nor!rn w9t]4 ,! p]iod requir$ to complete ! sl[ movem5t produc+ ^! *anges1 is ne>ly #bf1jjj ye>s2 & 7 !re no modify+ process1 ! two hemisph]es w\ld alt]nately exp]i5ce ?is co9cid5ce ( summ] ) relative ne>ness to ! sun1 dur+ a p]iod ( #ac1jjj ye>s4 ,b !re is also a /ill sl[] *ange 9 ! direction ( ! axis major ( ! ,e>?'s orbit2 f :i* x results t ! alt]nation we h describ$ is complet$ 9 ab\t #ba1jjj ye>s4 ,t is to say1 if at a giv5 "t ! ,e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun at our mid-summ]1 & fur!/ f ! sun at our mid-w9t]2 !n1 9 #aj1ejj ye>s aft]w>ds1 x w be fur!/ f ! sun at our mid-summ]1 & ne>e/ at our mid-w9t]4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! di/ances f ! sun at ! two extremes ( ?is alt]nation1 am\nts to "o-?irtie?2 & h5ce1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities ( heat receiv$ f ! sun on a summ]'s day "u ^! opposite conditions am\nts to "o-fifte5?4 ,e/imat+ ?is1 n ) ref]5ce to ! z]o ( our !rmomet]s1 b ) ref]5ce to ! temp]ature ( ! cele/ial spaces1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el calculates #bc ,fahr5heit1 z ! lea/ v>iation ( temp]ature "u su* circum/ances :i* c reasonably be attribut$ to ! actual v>iation ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,?us1 !n1 ea* hemisph]e has at a c]ta9 epo*1 a %ort summ] ( extreme heat1 foll[$ by a long & v cold w9t]4 ,?r\gh ! sl[ *ange 9 ! direction ( ! ,e>?'s axis1 ^! extremes are gradually mitigat$4 ,& at ! end ( #aj1ejj ye>s1 !re is rea*$ ! opposite /ate--a long & mod]ate summ]1 ) a %ort & mild w9t]4 ,at pres5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr$om9ance ( sea 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! extremes to :i* its a/ronomical conditions subject x1 are mu* ameliorat$2 :ile ! great proportion ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 t5ds to exagg]ate su* contra/ z n[ exi/s 9 x betwe5 w9t] & summ]3 :5ce x results t ! climates ( ! two hemisph]es are n widely unlike4 ,b #aj1jjj ye>s h5ce1 ! nor!rn hemisph]e w und]go annual v>iations ( temp]ature f> m m>k$ ?an n[4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el recognizes ?is z an elem5t 9 geological processes2 reg>d+ x z possibly a "p-cause ( ^? climatic *anges indicat$ by ! records ( ! ,e>?'s pa/4 ,t x has _h mu* to d ) ^? l>g] *anges ( climate ( :i* we h evid5ce1 seems unlikely1 s9ce !re is reason to ?9k t ^! h be5 f> sl[] & m la/+2 b t x mu/ h entail$ a rhy?mical exagg]ation & mitigation ( ! climates o!rwise produc$1 seems beyond "q4 ,& x seems also beyond "q t !re mu/ h be5 a consequ5t rhy?mical *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( organisms--a rhy?mical *ange to :i* we "h wi% to draw att5tion1 z "o cause ( m9or breaks 9 ! succession ( fossil rema9s4 ,ea* species ( plant & animal has c]ta9 limits ( heat & cold )9 :i* only x c exi/2 & ^! limits 9 a great degree det]m9e its geographical position4 ,x w n spread nor? ( a c]ta9 latitude1 because x _c be> a m nor!rn w9t]1 nor s\? ( a c]ta9 latitude1 because ! summ] heat is too great2 or else x is indirectly re/ra9$ f spread+ fur!r by ! effect ( temp]ature on ! humidity ( ! air1 or on ! di/ribution ( ! organisms x lives ^u4 ,b n[1 :at w result f a sl[ alt]ation ( climate1 produc$ z above describ$8 ,suppos+ ! p]iod we set out f is t 9 :i* ! contra/ ( seasons is lea/ m>k$1 x is manife/ t dur+ ! progress t[>ds ! p]iod ( mo/ viol5t contra/1 ea* species ( plant & animal w gradually *ange its limits ( di/ribution--w be driv5 back1 "h by ! w9t]'s increas+ cold1 & !re by ! summ]'s increas+ heat--w retire into ^? localities t are /ill fit = x4 ,?us dur+ #aj1jjj ye>s1 ea* species w ebb away f c]ta9 regions x 0 inhabit+2 & dur+ ! succe$+ #aj1jjj ye>s w fl[ back into ^? regions4 ,f ! /rata !re =m+1 its rema9s w disappe>2 !y w be abs5t f "s ( ! sup]pos$ /rata2 & w be f\nd 9 /rata high] up4 ,b 9 :at %apes w !y re-appe>8 ,expos$ dur+ ! #ba1jjj ye>s ( _! sl[ recession & _! sl[ return1 to *ang+ conditions ( life1 !y are likely to h und]gone modifications2 & w probably re-appe> ) slight diff]5ces ( con/itution & p]haps ( =m--w be new v>ieties or p]haps new sub-species4 ,to ?is cause ( m9or breaks 9 ! succession ( organic =ms--a cause on :i* we h dwelt because x has n be5 tak5 into acc\nt--we mu/ add sundry o!rs4 ,besides ^! p]iodically-recurr+ *anges ( climate1 !re are ! irregul> ones produc$ by r$i/ributions ( l& & sea2 & ^!1 sometimes less1 sometimes great]1 9 degree1 ?an ! rhy?mical *anges1 mu/1 l !m1 cause 9 ea* region emigrations & immigrations ( species2 & consequ5t breaks1 small or l>ge z ! case may be1 9 ! paleontological s]ies4 ,o!r & m special geological *anges mu/ produce o!r & m local blanks 9 ! succession4 ,by "s inl& elevation ! natural dra9age ( a cont95t is modifi$2 & in/ead ( ! s$im5t previ\sly br\ght d[n to ! sea by x1 a great riv] br+s d[n s$im5t unfav\rable to v>i\s plants & animals liv+ 9 its delta3 :]eupon ^! disappe> f ! locality1 p]haps to re-appe> 9 a *ang$ =m aft] a long epo*4 ,upheavals or subsid5ces ( %ores or sea-bottoms1 involv+ deviations ( m>9e curr5ts1 remove ! habitats ( _m species to :i* su* curr5ts are salut>y or injuri\s2 & fur!r1 ?is r$i/ribution ( curr5ts alt]s ! places ( s$im5t>y deposits1 & ?us /ops ! bury+ ( organic rema9s 9 "s localities1 :ile comm5c+ x 9 o!rs4 ,_h we space1 _m m su* causes ( blanks 9 our paleontological records might be add$4 ,b x is ne$less "h to enum]ate !m4 ,!y are admirably expla9$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,n[1 if ^! m9or *anges ( ! ,e>?'s surface produce m9or breaks 9 ! s]ies ( fossiliz$ rema9s2 mu/ n great *anges produce great breaks8 ,if a local upheaval or subsid5ce causes ?r\gh\t its small area ! abs5ce ( "s l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( fossil =ms2 does x n foll[ t an upheaval or subsid5ce ext5d+ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 mu/ cause ! abs5ce ( a great numb] ( su* l9ks ?r\gh\t a v wide area8 ,:5 dur+ a long epo* a cont95t1 sl[ly s9k+1 gives place to a f>-spread+ ocean "s miles 9 dep?1 at ! bottom ( :i* no deposits f riv]s or abrad$ %ores c be ?r[n d[n2 & :51 aft] "s enorm\s p]iod1 ?is ocean-bottom is gradually elevat$ & becomes ! site = new /rata2 x is cle> t ! fossils conta9$ 9 ^! new /rata are likely to h b little 9 common ) ! fossils ( ! /rata bel[ !m4 ,take1 9 illu/ration1 ! case ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,we h already nam$ ! fact t betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ocean-bottom is be+ cov]$ ) a deposit ( *alk--a deposit :i* has be5 =m+1 probably1 ev] s9ce !re occurr$ t great depression ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ f :i* ! ,atlantic result$ 9 remote geologic times4 ,?is *alk consi/s ( ! m9ute %ells ( ,=am9if]a1 spr9kl$ ) rema9s ( small ,entomo/raca1 & probably a few ,pt]opod-%ells2 ?\gh ! s\nd+ l9es h n yet br\ght up any ( ^! la/4 ,?us1 9 s f> z all high =ms ( life are conc]n$1 ?is new *alk-=mation mu/ be a blank4 ,at r>e int]vals1 p]haps1 a pol> be>1 drift$ on an iceb]g1 may h its bones scatt]$ ov] ! b$2 or a dead1 decay+ :ale may simil>ly leave traces4 ,b su* rema9s mu/ be s r>e1 t ?is new *alk-=mation1 if accessible1 might be exam9$ = a c5tury be=e any ( !m 7 disclos$4 ,if n[1 "s millions ( ye>s h5ce1 ! ,atlantic-b$ %\ld be rais$1 & e/u>y deposits or %ore deposits laid ^u x1 ^! w\ld conta9 rema9s ( a ,flora & a ,fauna s di/9ct f ev]y?+ bel[ !m1 z to appe> l a new creation4 ,?us1 along ) cont9uity ( life on ! ,e>?'s surface1 !re n only may be1 b !re mu/ be1 great gaps 9 ! s]ies ( fossils2 & h5ce ^! gaps are no evid5ce aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,evolution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o o!r curr5t assumption rema9s to be criticiz$2 & x is ! "o on :i*1 m ?an on any o!r1 dep5ds ! view tak5 respect+ ! "q ( developm5t4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy1 ! argum5ts = & aga9/ h turn$ ^u ! evid5ce ( progression 9 organic =ms1 f\nd 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( our s$im5t>y =mations4 ,on ! "o h&1 ^? :o cont5d t high] organisms h be5 evolv$ out ( l[]1 jo9$ ) ^? :o cont5d t successively high] organisms h be5 creat$ at successively lat] p]iods1 appeal = pro( to ! facts ( ,paleontology2 :i*1 !y say1 c\nt5ance _! views4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,uni=mit>ians1 :o n only reject ! hypo!sis ( developm5t1 b d5y t ! mod]n =ms ( life are high] ?an ! anci5t ones1 reply t ! paleontological evid5ce is at pres5t v incomplete2 t ?\gh we h n yet f\nd rema9s ( highly-organiz$ creatures 9 /rata ( ! greate/ antiquity1 we mu/ n assume t no su* creatures exi/$ :5 ^? /rata 7 deposit$2 & t1 probably1 se>* w ev5tually disclose !m4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?us f>1 ! evid5ce has gone 9 fav\r ( ! latt] p>ty4 ,geological discov]y has ye> aft] ye> %[n ! small value ( negative facts4 ,! conviction t !re are no traces ( high] organisms 9 e>li] /rata1 has result$ n f ! abs5ce ( su* traces1 b f incomplete exam9ation4 ,at p4 #dfj ( 8 ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell gives a li/ 9 illu/ration ( ?is4 ,x appe>s t 9 #agji1 fi%es 7 n kn[n l[] ?an ! ,p]mian sy/em4 ,9 #agic !y 7 f\nd 9 ! subjac5t ,c>bonif]\s sy/em2 9 #ahbh 9 ! ,devonian2 9 #ahdj 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,( reptiles1 we read t 9 #agaj ! l[e/ kn[n 7 9 ! ,p]mian2 9 #ahdd !y 7 detect$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s2 & 9 #aheb 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian4 ,:ile ( ! ,mammalia ! li/ %[s t 9 #agih none _h be5 discov]$ bel[ ! ,middle ,eoc5e3 b t 9 #ahah !y 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,l[] ,oolite2 & 9 #ahdg 9 ! ,upp] ,trias4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t bo? p>ties set out ) an inadmissible po/ulate4 ,( ! ,uni=mit>ians1 n only su* writ]s z ,hugh ,mill]1 b also su* z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1#bg reason z ?\gh we _h f\nd ! e>lie/1 or some?+ l ! e>lie/1 /rata4 ,_! antagoni/s1 :e!r def5d]s ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis or simply ,progressioni/s1 almo/ uni=mly d ! l4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 :o is a ,progressioni/1 calls ! l[e/ fossilif]\s /rata1 ,protozoic4 ,pr(4 ,an/$ uses ! same t]m4 ,:e!r av[$ly or n1 all ! disputants /& on ?is assumption z _! common gr\nd4 ,yet is ?is assumption indef5sible1 z "s :o make x v well "k4 ,facts may be cit$ aga9/ x :i* %[ t x is a m ?an que/ionable "o--t x is a highly improbable "o2 :ile ! evid5ce assign$ 9 its fav\r w n be> criticism4 ,because 9 ,bohemia1 ,great ,brita91 & portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! l[e/ unmetamorphos$ /rata yet discov]$1 conta9 b slight traces ( life1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison conceives t !y 7 =m$ :ile yet few1 if any1 plants or animals _h be5 creat$2 &1 !re=e1 classes !m z ,azoic4 ,8 own pages1 h[ev]1 %[ ! illegitimacy ( ! conclusion t !re exi/$ at t p]iod no consid]able am\nt ( life4 ,su* traces ( life z h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,longmynd rocks1 = _m ye>s consid]$ unfossilif]\s1 h be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! l[e/ b$s2 & ! tw5ty ?\s& feet ( sup]pos$ b$s1 /ill yield no organic rema9s4 ,if n[ ^! sup]pos$ /rata ?r\gh\t a dep? ( f\r miles1 are )\t fossils1 ?\gh ! /rata ov] :i* !y lie prove t life _h comm5c$2 :at becomes ( ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's inf]5ce8 ,at page #ahi ( ,siluria1 a /ill m conclusive fact w be f\nd4 ,! ,gl5g>iff grits1 & o!r accompany+ /rata !re describ$ z #ac1ejj feet ?ick1 conta9 no signs ( contemporane\s life4 ,yet ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison ref]s !m to ! ,devonian p]iod--a p]iod :i* _h a l>ge & v>i$ m>9e ,fauna4 ,h[ !n1 f ! abs5ce ( fossils 9 ! ,longmynd b$s & _! equival5ts1 c we conclude t ! ,e>? 0 azoic :5 !y 7 =m$8 ,b1 x may be ask$1 if liv+ creatures !n exi/$1 :y d we n f9d fossilif]\s /rata ( t age1 or an e>li] age8 ,"o reply is1 t ! non-exi/5ce ( su* /rata is b a negative fact--we h n f\nd !m4 ,& consid]+ h[ little we "k ev5 ( ! two-fif?s ( ! ,e>?'s surface n[ above ! sea1 & h[ absolutely ignorant we are ( ! ?ree-fif?s bel[ ! sea1 x is ra% to say t no su* /rata exi/4 ,b ! *ief reply is1 t ^! records ( ! ,e>?'s e>li] hi/ory h be5 9 great "p de/roy$1 by ag5cies :i* are ev] t5d+ to de/roy su* records4 ,x is an e/abli%$ geological doctr9e1 t s$im5t>y /rata are liable to be *ang$1 m or less pr(\ndly1 by igne\s action4 ,! rocks orig9ally class$ z transition1 because !y 7 int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! igne\s rocks f\nd bel[ !m1 & ! s$im5t>y /rata f\nd above !m1 are n[ kn[n to be no?+ else ?an s$im5t>y /rata alt]$ 9 texture & appe>ance by ! int5se heat ( adjac5t molt5 matt]2 & h5ce are r5am$ metamorphic rocks4 ,mod]n rese>*es h %[n1 too1 t ^! metamorphic rocks are n1 z 0 once suppos$1 all ( ! same age4 ,besides prim>y & second>y /rata :i* h be5 trans=m$ by igne\s action1 !re are simil>ly-*ang$ deposits ( t]ti>y orig9--deposits *ang$1 ev5 z f> z a qu>t] ( a mile f ! po9t ( contact ) neighb\r+ granite4 ,by ?is process fossils are ( c\rse de/roy$4 ,9 "s cases1 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 d>k lime/ones1 replete ) %ells & corals1 h be5 turn$ into :ite /atu>y m>ble1 & h>d clays1 conta9+ vegetable or o!r rema9s1 into slates call$ mica-s*i/ or hornbl5de-s*i/2 e ve/ige ( ! organic bodies hav+ be5 oblit]at$4 ,aga91 x is fa/ becom+ an ackn[l$g$ tru? t igne\s rock1 ( :atev] k9d1 is ! product ( s$im5t>y /rata :i* h be5 completely melt$4 ,granite & gneiss1 :i* are ( l *emical composition1 h be5 %[n1 9 v>i\s cases1 to pass "o into ! o!r2 z at ,valors9e1 ne> ,mont ,blanc1 :]e ! two1 9 contact1 are obs]v$ to bo? und]go a modification ( m9]al "*4 ,! granite /ill rema9+ un/ratifi$1 becomes *>g$ ) gre5 p>ticles2 & ! talcose gneiss assumes a graniti=m /ructure )\t los+ its /ratification4 ,9 ! ,ab]de5-granite1 lumps ( unmelt$ gneiss are abundant2 & we c ourselves be> witness t ! granite on ! banks ( ,lo* ,sun>t yields pro(s t1 :5 molt51 x conta9$ incompletely-fus$ clots ( s$im5t>y /rata4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 x 0 ?\ght t all granitic rocks 7 primitive1 or exi/$ be=e any s$im5t>y /rata2 b x is n[ no easy task to po9t out a s+le mass ( granite demon/rably m anci5t ?an all ! kn[n fossilif]\s deposits4 ,9 brief1 accumulat$ evid5ce %[s1 t by contact )1 or proximity to1 ! molt5 matt] ( ! ,e>?'s nucleus1 all b$s ( s$im5t are liable to be actually melt$1 or p>tially fus$1 or s heat$ z to agglut9ate _! p>ticles2 & t accord+ to ! temp]ature !y h be5 rais$ to1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* !y cool1 !y assume ! =ms ( granite1 porphyry1 trap1 gneiss1 or rock o!rwise alt]$4 ,fur!r1 x is manife/ t ?\gh /rata ( v>i\s ages h be5 ?us *ang$1 yet ! mo/ anci5t /rata h be5 s *ang$ to ! greate/ ext5t2 bo? because !y h be5 ne>] to ! c5tre ( igne\s ag5cy2 & because !y h be5 = long] p]iods liable to be affect$ by x4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t s$im5t>y /rata pass+ a c]ta9 antiquity1 are unlikely to be f\nd 9 an unmetamorphos$ /ate2 & t /rata mu* e>li] ?an ^! are c]ta9 to h be5 melt$ up4 ,?us if1 ?r\gh\t a pa/ ( indef9ite duration1 !re _h be5 at "w ^? aque\s & igne\s ag5cies :i* we see /ill at "w1 ! /ate ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ might be j :at we f9d x4 ,we h no evid5ce :i* puts a limit to ! p]iod ?r\gh\t :i* ?is =mation & de/ruction ( /rata has be5 go+ on4 ,= aught ! facts prove1 x may h be5 go+ on = t5 times ! p]iod measur$ by our :ole s]ies ( s$im5t>y deposits4 ,besides hav+1 9 ! pres5t appe>ances ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 no data = fix+ a comm5cem5t to ^! processes--besides f9d+ t ! evid5ce p]mits u to assume su* comm5cem5t to h be5 inconceivably remote1 z comp>$ ev5 ) ! va/ eras ( geology2 we are n )\t positive gr\nds = inf]r+ ! inconceivable remot5ess ( su* comm5cem5t4 ,mod]n geology has e/abli%$ tru?s :i* are irreconcilable ) ! belief t ! =mation & de/ruction ( /rata began :5 ! ,cambrian rocks 7 =m$2 or at any?+ l s rec5t a "t4 ,"o fact f ,siluria w suffice4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison e/imates ! v]tical ?ickness ( ,silurian /rata 9 ,wales1 at f #bf1jjj to #bg1jjj feet1 or ab\t five miles2 & if to ?is we add ! v]tical dep? ( ! ,cambrian /rata1 on :i* ! ,silurians lie con=mably1 !re results1 on ! l[e/ computation1 a total dep? ( "s sev5 miles4 ,n[ x is held by geologi/s1 t ?is va/ s]ies ( =mations mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 an area ( gradual subsid5ce4 ,^! b$s c\ld n h be5 ?us laid "o on ano!r 9 regul> ord]1 unless ! ,e>?'s cru/ _h be5 at t place s9k+1 ei!r cont9u\sly or by small /eps4 ,su* an imm5se subsid5ce1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 impossible )\t a cru/ ( great ?ickness4 ,! ,e>?'s molt5 nucleus t5ds ev]1 ) enorm\s =ce1 to assume ! =m ( a regul> oblate sph]oid4 ,any depression ( its cru/ bel[ ! surface ( equilibrium1 & any elevation ( its cru/ above t surface1 h to )/& imm5se resi/ances4 ,x foll[s inevitably t1 ) a ?9 cru/1 no?+ b small elevations & subsid5ces w\ld h be5 possible2 & t1 conv]sely1 a subsid5ce ( sev5 miles implies a cru/ ( great /r5g?1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( great ?ickness4 ,inde$1 if we comp>e ?is inf]r$ subsid5ce 9 ! ,silurian p]iod1 ) su* elevations & depressions z our exi/+ cont95ts & oceans display1 we see no evid5ce t ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 appreciably ?9n] !n ?an n[4 ,:at are ! implications8 ,if1 z geologi/s g5]ally admit1 ! ,e>?'s cru/ has result$ f t sl[ cool+ :i* is ev5 /ill go+ on--if we see no sign t at ! "t :5 ! e>lie/ ,cambrian /rata 7 =m$1 ?is cru/ 0 appreciably ?9n] ?an n[2 we are =c$ to conclude t ! era dur+ :i* x acquir$ t great ?ickness possess$ 9 ! ,cambrian p]iod1 0 enorm\s z comp>$ ) ! int]val betwe5 ! ,cambrian p]iod & our own4 ,b dur+ ! incalculable s]ies ( epo*s ?us impli$1 !re exi/$ an ocean1 tides1 w9ds1 waves1 ra91 riv]s4 ,! ag5cies by :i* ! d5udation ( cont95ts & fill+ up ( seas h all along be5 c>ri$ on1 7 z active !n z n[4 ,endless successions ( /rata mu/ h be5 =m$4 ,& :5 we ask--,:]e are !y8 ,nature's obvi\s reply is--,!y h be5 de/roy$ by t igne\s action to :i* s great a "p ( our olde/-kn[n /rata owe _! fusion or metamorphosis4 ,only ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,e>?'s hi/ory has come d[n to u4 ,! _m previ\s *apt]s1 /ret*+ back to a "t immeasurably remote1 h be5 burnt2 & ) !m all ! records ( life we may presume !y conta9$4 ,! great] "p ( ! evid5ce :i* might h s]v$ to settle ! ,developm5t-controv]sy1 is = ev] lo/2 & on nei!r side c ! argum5ts d]iv$ f ,geology be conclusive4 ,b h[ happ5 !re to be su* evid5ces ( progression z exi/8 x may be ask$4 ,h[ happ5s x t1 9 asc5d+ f ! mo/ anci5t /rata to ! mo/ rec5t /rata1 we d f9d a succession ( organic =ms1 :i*1 h[ev] irregul>ly1 c>ries u f l[] to high]8 ,?is "q seems difficult to answ]4 ,nev]!less1 !re is reason = ?9k+ t no?+ c be safely inf]r$ f ! app>5t progression "h cit$4 ,& ! illu/ration :i* %[s z mu*1 w1 we believe1 also %[ h[ little tru/ is to be plac$ 9 c]ta9 geological g5]alizations t appe> to be well e/abli%$4 ,) ?is some:at elaborate illu/ration1 to :i* we n[ pass1 our criticisms may fitly conclude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u suppose t 9 a region n[ cov]$ by wide ocean1 !re beg9s "o ( ^? great & gradual upheavals by :i* new cont95ts are =m$4 ,to be precise1 let u say t 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 midway betwe5 ,new ,zeal& & ,patagonia1 ! sea-bottom has be5 little by little ?ru/ up t[>d ! surface1 & is ab\t to em]ge4 ,:at w be ! successive ph5om5a1 geological & biological1 :i* are likely to occur be=e ?is em]g+ sea-bottom has become ano!r ,europe or ,asia8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* portions ( ! incipi5t l& z are rais$ to ! level ( ! waves1 w be rapidly d5ud$ by !m3 _! s(t sub/ance w be torn up by ! break]s1 c>ri$ away by ! local curr5ts1 & deposit$ 9 neighb\r+ deep] wat]4 ,successive small upheavals w br+ new & l>g] areas )9 rea* ( ! waves2 fre% portions w ea* "t be remov$ f ! surfaces previ\sly d5ud$2 & fur!r1 "s ( ! newly-=m$ /rata1 be+ elevat$ ne>ly to ! level ( ! wat]1 w be wa%$ away & re-deposit$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! h>d] =mations ( ! uprais$ sea-bottom w be uncov]$4 ,^!1 be+ less easily de/roy$1 w rema9 p]man5tly above ! surface2 & at _! m>g9s w arise ! usual break+ d[n ( rocks into bea*-s& & pebbles4 ,:ile 9 ! sl[ c\rse ( ?is elevation1 go+ on at ! rate ( p]haps two or ?ree feet 9 a c5tury1 mo/ ( ! s$im5t>y deposits produc$ w be aga9 & aga9 de/roy$ & re=m$2 !re w1 9 ^? adjac5t areas ( subsid5ce :i* accompany areas ( elevation1 be m or less cont9u\s successions ( s$im5t>y deposits ly+ on ! pre-exi/+ ocean b$4 ,& n[1 :at w be ! "* ( ^! /rata1 old & new8 ,!y w conta9 sc>cely any traces ( life4 ,! deposits t _h previ\sly be5 sl[ly =m$ at ! bottom ( ?is wide ocean1 w\ld be spr9kl$ ) fossils ( b few species4 ,! oceanic ,fauna is n a ri* "o2 its hydrozoa d n admit ( pres]vation2 & ! h>d p>ts ( its few k9ds ( molluscs & cru/aceans & insects are mo/ly fragile4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ocean-b$ 0 "h & !re rais$ to ! surface--:5 its /rata ( s$im5t ) _! conta9$ organic fragm5ts 7 torn up & long wa%$ ab\t by ! break]s be=e be+ re-deposit$--:5 ! re-deposits 7 aga9 & aga9 subject to ?is viol5t abrad+ action by subsequ5t small elevations1 z !y w\ld mo/ly be2 :at few fragile organic rema9s !y conta9$1 w\ld be 9 ne>ly all cases de/roy$4 ,?us su* ( ! fir/-=m$ /rata z surviv$ ! repeat$ *anges ( level1 w\ld be practically azoic2 l ! ,cambrian ( our geologi/s4 ,:5 by ! wa%+ away ( ! s(t deposits1 ! h>d sub-/rata _h be5 expos$ 9 ! %ape ( rocky islets1 & a foot+ _h ?us be5 furni%$1 ! pione]s ( a new life might be expect$ to make _! appe>ance4 ,:at w\ld !y be8 ,n any ( ! surr\nd+ oceanic species1 = ^! are n fitt$ = a littoral life2 b species fl\ri%+ on "s ( ! f>-di/ant %ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,( su*1 ! fir/ to e/abli% !mselves w\ld be sea-we$s & zoophytes2 because ! mo/ readily convey$ on float+ wood1 c41 & because :5 convey$ !y w\ld f9d fit food4 ,x is true t ,cirrhip$s & ,lamellibran*s1 subsi/+ on ! m9ute creatures :i* ev]y:]e p ! sea1 w\ld also f9d fit food4 ,b ! *ances ( e>ly colonization are 9 fav\r ( species :i*1 multiply+ by agamog5esis1 c p a :ole %ore f a s+le g]m2 & aga9/ species :i*1 multiply+ only by gamog5esis1 mu/ be introduc$ 9 consid]able numb]s t "s may propagate4 ,?us we inf] t ! e>lie/ traces ( life left 9 ! s$im5t>y deposits ne> ^! new %ores1 w be traces ( life z humble z t indicat$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,imag9e n[ t ! processes above indicat$1 cont9ue--t ! em]g+ l&s become wid] 9 ext5t1 & fr+$ by high] & m v>i$ %ores2 & t !re /ill g on ^? ocean-curr5ts :i*1 at long int]vals1 convey f f> di/ant %ores immigrant =ms ( life4 ,:at w result8 ,lapse ( "t w ( c\rse fav\r ! introduction ( su* new =ms3 admitt+1 z x mu/1 ( ^? comb9ations ( fit conditions1 :i* c occur only aft] long int]vals4 ,moreov]1 ! increas+ area ( ! isl&s1 individually & z a gr\p1 implies increas+ l5g? ( coa/1 & !re=e a long] l9e ( contact ) ! /reams & waves :i* br+ drift+ masses be>+ g]ms ( fre% life4 ,& once m1 ! comp>atively-v>i$ %ores1 pres5t+ physical conditions :i* *ange f mile to mile1 w furni% suitable habitats = m num]\s species4 ,s t z ! elevation proce$s1 ?ree causes conspire to introduce additional m>9e plants & animals4 ,to :at classes w ! increas+ ,fauna be = a long p]iod conf9$8 ,( c\rse1 to classes ( :i* individuals1 or _! g]ms1 are mo/ liable to be c>ri$ f> away f _! native %ores by float+ sea-we$ or drift-wood2 to classes :i* are also lea/ likely to p]i% 9 transit1 or f *ange ( climate2 & to ^? :i* c be/ subsi/ ar\nd coa/s comp>atively b>e ( life4 ,evid5tly !n1 corals1 annelids1 inf]ior molluscs1 & cru/aceans ( l[ grade1 w *iefly con/itute ! e>ly ,fauna4 ,! l>ge pr$atory memb]s ( ^! classes1 w be lat] 9 e/abli%+ !mselves2 bo? because ! new %ores mu/ fir/ become well peopl$ by ! creatures !y prey on1 & because1 be+ m complex1 !y1 or _! ova1 mu/ be less likely to survive ! j\rney1 & ! *ange ( conditions4 ,we may inf]1 !n1 t ! /rata deposit$ next aft] ! almo/ azoic /rata1 w\ld conta9 ! rema9s ( inv]tebrata1 alli$ to ^? f\nd ne> ! %ores ( ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,( su* inv]tebrate rema9s1 ! l[] b$s w\ld furni% comp>atively few g5]a1 & ^? ( relatively l[ types2 :ile 9 ! upp] b$s ! numb] ( g5]a w\ld be great]1 & ! types high]3 j z among ! fossils ( our ,silurian sy/em4 ,z ?is great geologic *ange sl[ly advanc$ ?r\gh its long hi/ory ( e>?quakes1 volcanic di/urbances1 m9or upheavals & subsid5ces--z ! ext5t ( ! ar*ipelago became great] & its small] isl&s coalesc$ into l>g] ones1 :ile its coa/-l9e grew /ill long] & m v>i$1 & ! neighb\r+ sea m ?ickly inhabit$ by inf]ior =ms ( life2 ! l[e/ division ( ! v]tebrata w\ld beg9 to be repres5t$4 ,9 ord] ( "t1 fi% w\ld naturally come lat] ?an ! l[] inv]tebrata2 bo? z be+ less likely to h _! ova transport$ across ! wa/e ( wat]s1 & z requir+ = _! subsi/5ce a pre-exi/+ ,fauna ( "s developm5t4 ,!y might be expect$ to make _! appe>ance along ) ! pr$ace\s cru/aceans2 z !y d 9 ! upp]mo/ ,silurian rocks4 ,& "h1 too1 let u rem>k1 t z1 dur+ ?is long epo* we h be5 describ+1 ! sea w\ld h made great inroads on "s ( ! newly-rais$ l&s :i* _h rema9$ /ation>y2 & w\ld probably 9 "s places h rea*$ masses ( igne\s or metamorphic rocks2 !re might1 9 c\rse ( "t1 arise by ! decomposition & d5udation ( su* rocks1 local deposits col\r$ ) oxide ( iron1 l our ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,& 9 ^! deposits might be buri$ ! rema9s ( ! fi% !n peopl+ ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,mean:ile1 h[ w\ld ! surfaces ( ! upheav$ masses be occupi$8 ,at fir/ _! des]ts ( nak$ rocks w\ld be> only ! humble/ =ms ( vegetal life1 su* z we f9d 9 grey & orange pat*es on our own rugg$ m\nta9 sides2 = ^! alone c\ld fl\ri% on su* surfaces1 & _! spores w\ld be ! mo/ readily transport$4 ,:51 by ! decay ( su* protophytes1 & t decomposition ( rock effect$ by !m1 !re _h result$ a fit habitat = mosses2 ^!1 ( :i* ! g]ms might be convey$ 9 drift$ trees1 w\ld beg9 to spread4 ,a soil hav+ be5 ev5tually ?us produc$1 x w\ld become possible = plants ( high] organization to f9d roo?old2 & z ! ar*ipelago & its con/itu5t isl&s grew l>g]1 & _h m multipli$ relations ) w9ds & wat]s1 su* high] plants might be expect$ ultimately to h _! se$s transf]r$ f ! ne>e/ l&s4 ,aft] some?+ l a ,flora _h ?us coloniz$ ! surface1 x w\ld become possible = insects to exi/2 & ( air-brea?+ creatures1 insects w\ld manife/ly be among ! fir/ to f9d _! way f else:]e4 ,z1 h[ev]1 t]re/rial organisms1 bo? vegetal & animal1 are less likely ?an m>9e organisms to survive ! accid5ts ( transport f di/ant %ores2 x is inf]able t long aft] ! sea surr\nd+ ^! new l&s _h acquir$ a v>i$ ,flora & ,fauna1 ! l&s !mselves w\ld /ill be comp>atively b>e2 & ?us t ! e>ly /rata1 l our ,silurians1 w\ld af=d no traces ( t]re/rial life4 ,by ! "t t l>ge areas _h be5 rais$ above ! ocean1 we may fairly suppose a luxuriant vegetation to h be5 acquir$4 ,"u :at circum/ances are we likely to f9d ?is vegetation fossiliz$8 ,l>ge surfaces ( l& imply l>ge riv]s ) _! accompany+ deltas2 & are liable to h lakes & swamps4 ,^!1 z we "k f extant cases1 are fav\rable to rank vegetation2 & af=d ! conditions ne$ful = pres]v+ x 9 coal-b$s4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 t :ile 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( su* a cont95t a c>bonif]\s p]iod c\ld n occur1 ! occurr5ce ( a c>bonif]\s p]iod w\ld become probable aft] long-cont9u$ upheavals _h uncov]$ l>ge areas4 ,z 9 our own s$im5t>y s]ies1 coal-b$s w\ld make _! appe>ance only aft] !re _h be5 enorm\s accumulations ( e>li] /rata *>g$ ) m>9e fossils4 ,let u ask next1 9 :at ord] ! high] =ms ( animal life w\ld make _! appe>ance4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 ! succession ( m>9e =ms1 !re w\ld be some?+ l a progress f ! l[] to ! high]3 br++ u 9 ! end to pr$ace\s molluscs1 cru/aceans1 & fi%4 ,:at are likely to succe$ fi%8 ,aft] m>9e creatures1 ^? :i* w\ld h ! greate/ *ance ( surviv+ ! voyage w\ld be amphibi\s reptiles2 bo? because !y are m t5aci\s ( life ?an high] animals1 & because !y w\ld be less completely out ( _! elem5t4 ,su* reptiles z c live 9 bo? fre% & salt wat]1 l alligators2 & su* z are drift$ out ( ! m\?s ( great riv]s on float+ trees1 z ,humboldt says ! ,or9oco alligators are2 might be e>ly coloni/s4 ,x is manife/1 too1 t reptiles ( o!r k9ds w\ld be among ! fir/ v]tebrata to p ! new cont95t4 ,if we consid] :at w occur on "o ( ^? natural rafts ( trees1 soil1 & matt$ vegetable matt]1 sometimes swept out to sea by su* curr5ts z ! ,mississippi1 ) a miscellane\s liv+ c>go2 we %all see t :ile ! active1 hot-blood$1 highly-organiz$ creatures w soon die ( />vation & exposure1 ! in]t1 cold-blood$ ones1 :i* c g long )\t food1 w live p]haps = weeks2 & s1 out ( ! *ances f "t to "t occurr+ dur+ long p]iods1 reptiles w be ! fir/ to get safely l&$ on =eign %ores3 z inde$ !y are ev5 n[ kn[n sometimes to be4 ,! transport ( mammalia be+ comp>atively prec>i\s1 mu/1 9 ! ord] ( probability1 be long] po/pon$2 & w\ld1 inde$1 be unlikely to occur until by ! enl>gem5t ( ! new cont95t1 ! di/ances ( its %ores f adjac5t l&s _h be5 greatly dim9i%$1 or ! =mation ( int]v5+ isl&s _h increas$ ! *ances ( survival4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! facilities = immigration _h become adequate2 :i* w\ld be ! fir/ mammals to arrive & live8 ,n l>ge h]bivores2 = !y w\ld be soon dr[n$ if by any accid5t c>ri$ out to sea4 ,n ! c>nivora2 = ^! w\ld lack appropriate food1 ev5 if !y outliv$ ! voyage4 ,small quadrup$s frequ5t+ trees1 & fe$+ on insects1 w\ld be ^? mo/ likely bo? to be drift$ away f _! native l&s & to f9d fit food 9 a new "o4 ,insectivor\s mammals1 l 9 size to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,trias & ! ,/onesfield slate1 might naturally be look$ = z ! pione]s ( ! high] v]tebrata4 ,& if we suppose ! facilities ( communication to be aga9 increas$1 ei!r by a fur!r %all[+ ( ! int]v5+ sea & a consequ5t multiplication ( isl&s1 or by an actual junction ( ! new cont95t ) an old "o1 ?r\gh cont9u$ upheavals2 we %\ld f9ally h an influx ( ! l>g] & m p]fect mammals4 ,n[ rude z is ?is sket* ( a process t w\ld be extremely elaborate & involv$1 & op5 z "s ( its propositions are to criticisms :i* !re is no space "h to meet2 no "o w d5y t x repres5ts some?+ l ! biologic hi/ory ( ! suppos$ new cont95t4 ,details ap>t1 x is manife/ t simple organisms1 able to fl\ri% "u simple conditions ( life1 w\ld be ! fir/ successful immigrants2 & t m complex organisms1 ne$+ = _! exi/5ce ! fulfilm5t ( m complex conditions1 w\ld aft]w>ds e/abli% !mselves 9 some?+ l an asc5d+ succession4 ,at ! "o extreme we see e facility4 ,! new individuals c be convey$ 9 ! %ape ( m9ute g]ms2 imm5se numb]s ( ^! are p]petually be+ c>ri$ 9 all directions to great di/ances by ocean-curr5ts--ei!r deta*$ or atta*$ to float+ bodies2 !y c f9d nutrim5t :]ev] !y arrive2 & ! result+ organisms c multiply asexually ) great rapidity4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 we see e difficulty4 ,! new individuals mu/ be convey$ 9 _! adult =ms2 _! numb]s are1 9 comp>ison1 utt]ly insignificant2 !y live on l&1 & are v unlikely to be c>ri$ out to sea2 :5 s c>ri$1 ! *ances are imm5se aga9/ _! escape f dr[n+1 />vation1 or dea? by cold2 if !y survive ! transit1 !y mu/ h a pre-exi/+ ,flora or ,fauna to supply _! special food2 !y require1 also1 ! fulfilm5t ( v>i\s o!r physical conditions2 & unless at lea/ two individuals ( diff]5t sexes are safely l&$1 ! race _c be e/abli%$4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 ! immigration ( ea* successively high] ord] ( organisms1 hav+1 f "o or o!r additional condition to be fulfill$1 an enorm\sly-increas$ probability aga9/ x1 w\ld naturally be sep>at$ f ! immigration ( a l[] ord] by "s p]iod l a geologic epo*4 ,& ?us ! successive s$im5t>y deposits =m$ :ile ?is new cont95t 0 und]go+ gradual elevation1 w\ld seem to furni% cle> evid5ce ( a g5]al progress 9 ! =ms ( life4 ,t l&s ?us rais$ up 9 ! mid/ ( a wide ocean1 w\ld fir/ give orig9 to unfossilif]\s /rata2 next1 to /rata conta9+ only ! l[e/ m>9e =ms2 next to /rata conta9+ only ! high] m>9e =ms1 asc5d+ f9ally to fi%2 & t ! /rata above ^! w\ld conta9 reptiles1 !n small mammals1 !n great mammals2 seems to u demon/rable4 ,& if ! succession ( fossils pres5t$ by ! /rata ( ?is suppos$ new cont95t1 w\ld ?us simulate ! succession pres5t$ by our own s$im5t>y s]ies2 mu/ we n conclude t our own s$im5t>y s]ies v possibly records no?+ m ?an ! ph5om5a accompany+ "o ( ^! great upheavals8 ,! probability ( ?is conclusion be+ admitt$1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! facts ( ,paleontology c nev] suffice ei!r to prove or disprove ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis2 b t ! mo/ !y c d is to %[ :e!r ! la/ few pages ( ! ,e>?'s biologic hi/ory1 are or are n 9 h>mony ) ?is hypo!sis--:e!r ! exi/+ ,flora & ,fauna c or c n be affiliat$ ^u ! ,flora & ,fauna ( ! mo/ rec5t geologic times4 ,,footnote3 ,footnote #bg3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell is no long] to be class$ among ,uni=mit>ians4 ,) r>e & admirable c&\r he has1 s9ce ?is 0 writt51 yield$ to ! argum5ts ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,,ba9 ,,on ,,! ,,emotions ,,& ,,! ,,w4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahfj4 ,aft] ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,neptuni/s & ! ,vulcani/s _h be5 long c>ri$ on )\t def9ite results1 !re came a reaction aga9/ all speculative geology4 ,reason+ )\t adequate data hav+ l$ to no?+1 inquir]s w5t into ! opposite extreme1 & conf9+ !mselves :olly to collect+ data1 rel9qui%$ reason+4 ,! ,geological ,society ( ,london 0 =m$ ) ! express object ( accumulat+ evid5ce2 = _m ye>s hypo!ses 7 =bidd5 at its meet+s3 & only ( late h attempts to organize ! mass ( obs]vations into consi/5t !ory be5 tol]at$4 ,?is reaction & subsequ5t re-reaction1 well illu/rate ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,engli% ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,! "t 0 :5 our c\ntrym5 speculat$1 c]ta9ly to z great an ext5t z any o!r p1 on all ^? high que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves to ! human intellect2 &1 inde$1 a glance at ! sy/ems ( philosophy t are or h be5 curr5t on ! ,cont95t1 suffices to %[ h[ mu* o!r nations owe to ! discov]ies ( our ance/ors4 ,= a g5]ation or two1 h[ev]1 ^! m ab/ract subjects h fall5 into neglect2 &1 among ^? :o plume !mselves on be+ practical1 ev5 into contempt4 ,p>tly1 p]haps1 a natural accompanim5t ( our rapid mat]ial gr[?1 ?is intellectual phase has be5 9 great measure due to ! exhau/ion ( argum5t1 & ! necessity = bett] data4 ,n s mu* ) a consci\s recognition ( ! end to be subs]v$1 z f an unconsci\s subord9ation to t rhy?m traceable 9 social *anges z 9 o!r ?+s1 an era ( !oriz+ )\t obs]v+1 has be5 foll[$ by an era ( obs]v+ )\t !oriz+4 ,dur+ ?is long-cont9u$ devotion to concrete sci5ce1 an imm5se quantity ( raw mat]ial = ab/ract sci5ce has be5 accumulat$2 & n[ !re is obvi\sly comm5c+ a p]iod 9 :i* ?is accumulat$ raw mat]ial w be organiz$ into consi/5t !ory4 ,on all sides--equally 9 ! inorganic sci5ces1 9 ! sci5ce ( life1 & 9 ! sci5ce ( society--we may note ! t5d5cy to pass f ! sup]ficial & empirical to ! m pr(\nd & rational4 ,9 ,psy*ology ?is *ange is conspicu\s4 ,! facts br\ght to light by anatomi/s & physiologi/s dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 are at l5g? be+ us$ t[>ds ! int]pretation ( ?is highe/ class ( biological ph5om5a2 & already !re is promise ( a great advance4 ,! "w ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 ( :i* ! second volume has be5 rec5tly issu$1 may be reg>d$ z especially *>act]i/ic ( ! transition4 ,x gives u1 9 ord]ly arrangem5t1 ! great mass ( evid5ce suppli$ by mod]n sci5ce t[>ds ! build+-up ( a coh]5t sy/em ( m5tal philosophy4 ,x is n 9 itself a sy/em ( m5tal philosophy1 prop]ly s call$2 b a classifi$ collection ( mat]ials = su* a sy/em1 pres5t$ ) t me?od & insight :i* sci5tific discipl9e g5]ates1 & accompani$ ) occasional passages ( an analytical "*4 ,x is inde$ t :i* x 9 ! ma9 pr(esses to be--a natural hi/ory ( ! m9d4 ,7 we to say t ! rese>*es ( ! naturali/ :o collects & dissects & describes species1 be> ! same relation to ! rese>*es ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ trac+ out ! laws ( organization1 :i* ,mr4 ,ba9's lab\rs be> to ! lab\rs ( ! ab/ract psy*ologi/1 we %\ld be go+ some:at too f>2 = ,mr4 ,ba9's "w is n :olly descriptive4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 su* an analogy conveys ! be/ g5]al conception ( :at he has done2 & s]ves mo/ cle>ly to indicate its ne$fulness4 ,= z1 be=e !re c be made any?+ l true g5]alizations respect+ ! classification ( organisms & ! laws ( organization1 !re mu/ be an ext5sive accumulation ( ! facts pres5t$ 9 num]\s organic bodies2 s1 )\t a tol]ably-complete del9eation ( m5tal ph5om5a ( all ord]s1 !re c sc>cely arise any adequate !ory ( m9d4 ,until rec5tly1 m5tal sci5ce has be5 pursu$ mu* z physical sci5ce 0 pursu$ by ! anci5ts2 n by draw+ conclusions f obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 b by draw+ !m f arbitr>y a priori assumptions4 ,?is c\rse1 long s9ce ab&on$ 9 ! "o case ) imm5se advantage1 is gradually be+ ab&on$ 9 ! o!r2 & ! treatm5t ( ,psy*ology z a division ( natural hi/ory1 %[s t ! ab&onm5t w soon be complete4 ,e/imat$ z a means to high] results1 ,mr4 ,ba9's "w is ( great value4 ,( its k9d x is ! mo/ sci5tific 9 conception1 ! mo/ ca?olic 9 _s1 & ! mo/ complete 9 execution4 ,besides del9eat+ ! v>i\s classes ( m5tal ph5om5a z se5 "u t /rong] light ?r[n on !m by mod]n sci5ce1 x includes 9 ! picture mu* :i* previ\s writ]s _h omitt$--p>tly f prejudice1 p>tly f ignorance4 ,we ref] m especially to ! p>ticipation ( bodily organs 9 m5tal *anges2 & ! addition to ! prim>y m5tal *anges1 ( ^? _m second>y ones :i* ! actions ( ! bodily organs g5]ate4 ,mr4 ,ba9 has1 we believe1 be5 ! fir/ to appreciate ! importance ( ?is elem5t 9 our /ates ( consci\sness2 & x is "o ( 8 m]its t he %[s h[ con/ant & l>ge an elem5t x is4 ,fur!r1 ! relations ( volunt>y & involunt>y movem5ts are elucidat$ 9 a way t 0 n possible to writ]s unacqua9t$ ) ! mod]n doctr9e ( reflex action4 ,& beyond ?is1 "s ( ! analytical passages t "h & !re occur1 conta9 important ideas4 ,valuable1 h[ev]1 z is ,mr4 ,ba9's "w1 we reg>d x z ess5tially transitional4 ,x pres5ts 9 a dige/$ =m ! results ( a p]iod ( obs]vation2 adds to ^! results _m well-del9eat$ facts collect$ by himself2 arranges new & old mat]ials ) t m sci5tific me?od :i* ! discipl9e ( our times has fo/]$2 & s prep>es ! way = bett] g5]alizations4 ,b almo/ ( necessity its classifications & conclusions are provisional4 ,9 ! gr[? ( ea* sci5ce1 n only is correct obs]vation ne$ful = ! =mation ( true !ory2 b true !ory is ne$ful z a prelim9>y to correct obs]vation4 ,( c\rse we d n int5d ?is ass]tion to be tak5 lit]ally2 b z a /rong expression ( ! fact t ! two mu/ advance h& 9 h&4 ,! fir/ crude !ory or r\gh classification1 bas$ on v slight k ( ! ph5om5a1 is requisite z a means ( r$uc+ ! ph5om5a to "s k9d ( ord]2 & z supply+ a conception ) :i* fre% ph5om5a may be comp>$1 & _! agreem5t or disagreem5t not$4 ,incongruities be+ by & by made manife/ by wid] exam9ation ( cases1 !re comes su* modification ( ! !ory z br+s x into a ne>] correspond5ce ) ! evid5ce4 ,?is reacts to ! fur!r advance ( obs]vation4 ,m ext5sive & complete obs]vation br+s additional corrections ( !ory2 & s on till ! tru? is rea*$4 ,9 m5tal sci5ce1 ! sy/ematic collection ( facts hav+ b rec5tly comm5c$1 x is n to be expect$ t ! results c be at once rightly =mulat$4 ,all t may be look$ = are approximate g5]alizations :i* w pres5tly s]ve = ! bett] direct+ ( inquiry4 ,h5ce1 ev5 7 x n n[ possible to say 9 :at way x does s1 we might be tol]ably c]ta9 t ,mr4 ,ba9's "w be>s ! /amp ( ! in*oate /ate ( ,psy*ology4 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x w n be difficult to f9d 9 :at respects its organization is provisional2 & at ! same "t to %[ :at mu/ be ! nature ( a m complete organization4 ,we propose "h to attempt ?is3 illu/rat+ our positions f 8 rec5tly-issu$ second volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is x possible to make a true classification )\t ! aid ( analysis8 or mu/ !re n be an analytical basis to e true classification8 ,c ! real relations ( ?+s be det]m9$ by ! obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( ! ?+s8 or does x n commonly happ5 t c]ta9 hidd5 *>act]i/ics1 on :i* ! obvi\s ones dep5d1 are ! truly significant ones8 ,?is is ! prelim9>y "q :i* a glance at ,mr4 ,ba9's s*eme ( ! emotions sugge/s4 ,?\gh n av[$ly1 yet by implication1 ,mr4 ,ba9 assumes t a "r conception ( ! nature1 ! ord]1 & ! relations ( ! emotions1 may be arriv$ at by contemplat+ _! conspicu\s objective & subjective *>act]s1 z display$ 9 ! adult4 ,aft] po9t+ out t we lack ^? means ( classification :i* s]ve 9 ! case ( ! s5sations1 he says-- ,9 ^! circum/ances we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! mann] ( diffusion ( ! diff]5t passions & emotions1 9 ord] to obta9 a basis ( classification analog\s to ! arrangem5t ( ! s5sations4 ,if :at we h already advanc$ on t subject be at all well f\nd$1 ?is is ! g5u9e turn+ po9t ( ! me?od to be *os51 = ! same mode ( diffusion w always be accompani$ by ! same m5tal exp]i5ce1 & ea* ( ! two aspects w\ld id5tify1 & w\ld be evid5ce (1 ! o!r4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ s ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( any /ate ( feel+ z ! nature ( ! diffusive wave t embodies x1 or ! v>i\s organs specially r\s$ into action by x1 toge!r ) ! mann] ( ! action4 ,! only drawback is our comp>ative ignorance1 & our inability to disc]n ! precise "* ( ! diffusive curr5ts 9 e case2 a radical imp]fection 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d z con/itut$ at pres5t4 ,our own consci\sness1 =m]ly reckon$ ! only m$ium ( k to ! m5tal philosoph]1 mu/ !re=e be /ill ref]r$ to z a pr9cipal means ( discrim9at+ ! v>ieties ( human feel+4 ,we h ! p[] ( not+ agreem5t & diff]5ce among our consci\s /ates1 & on ?is we c raise a /ructure ( classification4 ,we recognise su* g5]alities z pleasure1 pa91 love1 ang]1 ?r\gh ! prop]ty ( m5tal or intellectual discrim9ation t accompanies 9 our m9d ! fact ( emotion4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( precision is atta9able by ?is mode ( m5tal comp>ison & analysis2 ! f>!r we c c>ry su* precision ! bett]2 b t is no reason :y x %\ld /& alone to ! neglect ( ! corporeal embodim5ts ?r\gh :i* "o m9d reveals itself to o!rs4 ,! companion%ip ( inw>d feel+ ) bodily manife/ation is a fact ( ! human con/itution1 & des]ves to be /udi$ z su*2 & x w\ld be difficult to f9d a place m appropriate ?an a treatise on ! m9d = sett+ =? ! conjunctions & sequ5ces traceable 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,i %all make no scruple 9 conjo9+ ) ! description ( ! m5tal ph5om5a ! physical appe>ances1 9 s f> z ,i am able to asc]ta9 !m4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r qu>t] to be ref]r$ to 9 settl+ a complete arrangem5t ( ! emotions1 namely1 ! v>ieties ( human conduct1 & ! ma*9]y creat$ 9 subs]vi5ce to our common susceptibilities4 ,= example1 ! va/ sup]/ructure ( f9e art has its f\ndations 9 human feel+1 & 9 r5d]+ an acc\nt ( ?is we are l$ to recognise ! int]e/+ gr\p ( arti/ic or /hetic emotions4 ,! same outw>d ref]5ce to conduct & creations br+s to light ! s-call$ moral s5se 9 man1 ^: f\ndations 9 ! m5tal sy/em h accord+ly to be exam9$4 ,comb9+ toge!r ^! v>i\s indications1 or s\rces ( discrim9ation1--outw>d objects1 diffusive mode or expression1 inw>d consci\sness1 result+ conduct & in/itutions1--,i adopt ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! families or natural ord]s ( emotion4 ,"h1 !n1 are confess$ly adopt$1 z bases ( classification1 ! mo/ manife/ *>act]s ( ! emotions2 z disc]n$ subjectively1 & objectively4 ,! mode ( diffusion ( an emotion is "o ( its outside aspects2 ! in/itutions x g5]ates =m ano!r ( its outside aspects2 & ?\gh ! peculi>ities ( ! emotion z a /ate ( consci\sness1 seem to express its intr9sic & ultimate nature1 yet su* peculi>ities z are p]ceptible by simple introspection1 mu/ also be class$ z sup]ficial peculi>ities4 ,x is a famili> fact t v>i\s intellectual /ates ( consci\sness turn out1 :5 analyz$1 to h natures widely unlike ^? :i* at fir/ appe>2 & we believe ! l w prove true ( emotional /ates ( consci\sness4 ,j z our concept ( space1 :i* is apt to be ?\ght a simple1 undecomposable concept1 is yet resolvable into exp]i5ces q diff]5t f t /ate ( consci\sness :i* we call space2 s1 probably1 ! s5tim5t ( affection or rev]5ce is comp\nd$ ( elem5ts t are sev]ally di/9ct f ! :ole :i* !y make up4 ,& mu* z a classification ( our ideas :i* dealt ) ! idea ( space z ?\gh x 7 ultimate1 w\ld be a classification ( ideas by _! ext]nals2 s1 a classification ( our emotions1 :i*1 reg>d+ !m z simple1 describes _! aspects 9 ord9>y consci\sness1 is a classification ( emotions by _! ext]nals4 ,?us1 !n1 ,mr4 ,ba9's gr\p+ is ?r\gh\t det]m9$ by ! mo/ manife/ attributes--^? objectively display$ 9 ! natural language ( ! emotions1 & 9 ! social ph5om5a t result f !m1 & ^? subjectively display$ 9 ! aspects ! emotions assume 9 an analytical consci\sness4 ,& ! "q is--,c !y be correctly gr\p$ aft] ?is me?od8 ,we ?9k n2 & _h ,mr4 ,ba9 c>ri$ f>!r an idea ) :i* he has set out1 he w\ld probably h se5 t !y _c4 ,z already said1 he av[$ly adopts ! natural-hi/ory-me?od3 n only ref]r+ to x 9 8 preface1 b 9 8 fir/ *apt] giv+ examples ( botanical & zoological classifications1 z illu/rat+ ! mode 9 :i* he proposes to deal ) ! emotions4 ,?is we conceive to be a philosophical conception2 & we h only to regret t ,mr4 ,ba9 has ov]look$ "s ( its mo/ important implications4 ,= 9 :at has ess5tially consi/$ ! progress ( natural-hi/ory-classification8 ,9 ! ab&onm5t ( gr\p+ by ext]nal1 conspicu\s *>act]s2 & 9 ! mak+ ( c]ta9 int]nal1 b all-ess5tial *>act]s1 ! bases ( gr\ps4 ,:ales are n n[ rang$ along ) fi%1 because 9 _! g5]al =ms & habits ( life !y resemble fi%2 b !y are rang$ ) mammals1 because ! type ( _! organization1 z asc]ta9$ by dissection1 corresponds ) t ( mammals4 ,no long] consid]$ z sea-we$s 9 virtue ( _! =ms & modes ( gr[?1 ,polyzoa are n[ %[n1 by exam9ation ( _! economy1 to belong to ! animal k+dom4 ,x is f\nd1 !n1 t ! discov]y ( real relation%ips involves analysis4 ,x has turn$ out t ! e>li] classifications1 guid$ by g5]al resemblances1 ?\gh conta9+ mu* tru?1 & ?\gh v useful provisionally1 7 yet 9 _m cases radically wrong2 & t ! true aff9ities ( organisms1 & ! true homologies ( _! p>ts1 are to be made out only by exam9+ _! hidd5 /ructures4 ,ano!r fact ( great significance 9 ! hi/ory ( classification is also to be not$4 ,v frequ5tly ! k9%ip ( an organism _c be made out ev5 by exhau/ive analysis1 if t analysis is conf9$ to ! adult /ructure4 ,9 _m cases x is ne$ful to exam9e ! /ructure 9 its e>li] /ages2 & ev5 9 its embryonic /age4 ,s difficult 0 x1 = in/ance1 to det]m9e ! true position ( ! ,cirrhip$ia among animals1 by exam9+ mature individuals only1 t ,cuvi] errone\sly class$ !m ) ,mollusca1 ev5 aft] dissect+ !m2 & n until _! e>ly =ms 7 discov]$1 7 !y cle>ly prov$ to belong to ! ,cru/acea4 ,s important1 inde$1 is ! /udy ( developm5t z a means to classification1 t ! fir/ zoologi/s n[ hold x to be ! only absolute crit]ion4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! advance ( natural-hi/ory-classification1 are two fundam5tal facts1 :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 classify+ ! emotions4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,ba9 rightly assumes1 ! emotions are to be gr\p$ aft] ! natural-hi/ory-me?od2 !n x %\ld be ! natural-hi/ory-me?od 9 its complete =m1 & n 9 its rude =m4 ,mr4 ,ba9 w d\btless agree 9 ! belief1 t a correct acc\nt ( ! emotions 9 _! natures & relations1 mu/ correspond ) a correct acc\nt ( ! n]v\s sy/em--mu/ =m ano!r side ( ! same ultimate facts4 ,/ructure & function mu/ necess>ily h>monize4 ,/ructures :i* h ) ea* o!r c]ta9 ultimate connexions1 mu/ h functions :i* h answ]+ connexions4 ,/ructures :i* h aris5 9 c]ta9 ways1 mu/ h functions :i* h aris5 9 p>allel ways4 ,& h5ce if analysis & developm5t are ne$ful = ! "r int]pretation ( /ructures1 !y mu/ be ne$ful = ! "r int]pretation ( functions4 ,j z a sci5tific description ( ! dige/ive organs mu/ include n only _! obvi\s =ms & connexions1 b _! microscopic *>act]s1 & also ! ways 9 :i* !y sev]ally result by diff]5tiation f ! primitive muc\s membrane2 s mu/ a sci5tific acc\nt ( ! n]v\s sy/em include its g5]al arrangem5ts1 its m9ute /ructure1 & its mode ( evolution2 & s mu/ a sci5tific acc\nt ( n]v\s actions include ! answ]+ ?ree elem5ts4 ,alike 9 class+ sep>ate organisms1 & 9 class+ ! p>ts ( ! same organism1 ! complete natural-hi/ory-me?od involves ultimate analysis1 aid$ by developm5t2 & ,mr4 ,ba91 9 n bas+ 8 classification ( ! emotions on *>act]s rea*$ ?r\gh ^! aids1 has fall5 %ort ( ! conception ) :i* he set out4 ,b1 x w p]haps be ask$1 h[ are ! emotions to be analyz$1 & _! modes ( evolution to be asc]ta9$8 ,diff]5t animals1 & diff]5t organs ( ! same animal1 may readily be comp>$ 9 _! int]nal /ructures & microscopic /ructures1 z also 9 _! developm5ts2 b functions1 & especially su* functions z ! emotions1 d n admit ( l comp>isons4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! application ( ^! me?ods is "h by no means s easy4 ,?\gh we c note diff]5ces & simil>ities betwe5 ! int]nal =mations ( two animals2 x is difficult to contra/ ! m5tal /ates ( two animals4 ,?\gh ! true morphological relations ( organs may be made out by obs]vation ( embryos2 yet1 :]e su* organs are inactive be=e bir?1 we _c completely trace ! hi/ory ( _! actions4 ,obvi\sly1 too1 pursuance ( inquiries ( ! k9d indicat$1 raises que/ions :i* sci5ce is n yet prep>$ to answ]2 z1 = in/ance--,:e!r all n]v\s functions1 9 common ) all o!r functions1 arise by gradual diff]5tiations1 z _! organs d8 ,:e!r ! emotions are1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z div]g5t modes ( action t h become unlike by successive modifications8 ,:e!r1 z two organs :i* orig9ally budd$ out ( ! same membrane h n only become diff]5t z !y develop$1 b h also sev]ally become comp\nd int]nally1 ?\gh ext]nally simple2 s two emotions1 simple & ne> ak9 9 _! roots1 may n only h gr[n unlike1 b may also h gr[n involv$ 9 _! natures1 ?\gh seem+ homog5e\s to consci\sness8 ,& "h1 inde$1 9 ! inability ( exi/+ sci5ce to answ] ^! que/ions :i* und]lie a true psy*ological classification1 we see h[ purely provisional any pres5t classification is likely to be4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 n[1 classification may be aid$ by developm5t & ultimate analysis to a consid]able ext5t2 & ! defect 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's "w is1 t he has n sy/ematically avail$ himself ( !m z f> z possible4 ,?us we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 /udy ! evolution ( ! emotions up ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades ( ! animal k+dom3 obs]v+ :i* ( !m are e>lie/ & exi/ ) ! l[e/ organization & intellig5ce2 9 :at ord] ! o!rs accompany high] end[m5ts2 & h[ !y are sev]ally relat$ to ! conditions ( life4 ,9 ! second place1 we may note ! emotional diff]5ces betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] human races--may reg>d z e>li] & simpl] ^? feel+s :i* are common to bo?1 & z lat] & m comp\nd ^? :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/ civiliz$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we may obs]ve ! ord] 9 :i* ! emotions unfold dur+ ! progress f infancy to maturity4 ,& la/ly1 comp>+ ^! ?ree k9ds ( emotional developm5t1 display$ 9 ! asc5d+ grades ( ! animal k+dom1 9 ! advance ( ! civiliz$ races1 & 9 individual hi/ory1 we may see 9 :at respects !y h>monize1 & :at are ! impli$ g5]al tru?s4 ,hav+ ga!r$ toge!r & g5]aliz$ ^! sev]al classes ( facts1 analysis ( ! emotions w\ld be made easi]4 ,sett+ out ) ! assumption t e new =m ( emotion mak+ its appe>ance 9 ! individual or ! race1 is a modification ( "s pre-exi/+ emotion1 or a comp\nd ( sev]al pre-exi/+ emotions1 we %\ld be greatly aid$ by kn[+ :at always are ! pre-exi/+ emotions4 ,:51 = example1 we f9d t v few ( ! l[] animals %[ any love ( accumulation1 & t ?is feel+ is abs5t 9 infancy--:5 we see t an infant 9 arms exhibits ang]1 fe>1 wond]1 :ile yet x manife/s no desire ( p]man5t possession1 & t a brute :i* has no acquisitiv5ess c nev]!less feel atta*m5t1 jeal\sy1 love ( approbation2 we may suspect t ! feel+ :i* prop]ty satisfies is comp\nd$ out ( simpl] & deep] feel+s4 ,we may conclude t z1 :5 a dog hides a bone1 !re mu/ exi/ 9 him a prospective gratification ( hung]2 s !re mu/ simil>ly at fir/1 9 all cases :]e any?+ is secur$ or tak5 possession (1 exi/ an ideal excitem5t ( ! feel+ :i* t ?+ w gratify4 ,we may fur!r conclude t :5 ! intellig5ce is su* t a v>iety ( objects come to be utiliz$ = diff]5t purposes--:51 z among savages1 div]s wants are satisfi$ ?r\gh ! articles appropriat$ = weapons1 %elt]1 clo?+1 ornam5t2 ! act ( appropriat+ comes to be "o con/antly involv+ agreeable associations1 & "o :i* is !re=e pleasurable1 irrespective ( ! end subs]v$4 ,& :51 z 9 civiliz$ life1 ! prop]ty acquir$ is ( a k9d n conduc+ to "o ord] ( gratification 9 p>ticul>1 b is capable ( adm9i/]+ to all gratifications1 ! pleasure ( acquir+ prop]ty gr[s m di/9ct f ea* ( ! v>i\s pleasures subs]v$--is m completely diff]5tiat$ into a sep>ate emotion4 ,?is illu/ration1 r\ghly z x is sket*$1 w %[ :at we mean by ! use ( comp>ative psy*ology 9 aid ( classification4 ,asc]ta9+ by induction ! actual ord] ( evolution ( ! emotions1 we are l$ to suspect ?is to be _! ord] ( successive dep5d5ce2 & are s l$ to recognize _! ord] ( asc5d+ complexity2 & by consequ5ce _! true gr\p+s4 ,?us1 9 ! v process ( arrang+ ! emotions into grades1 beg9n+ ) ^? involv$ 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( consci\s activity & end+ ) ^? peculi> to ! adult civiliz$ man1 ! way is op5$ = t ultimate analysis :i* alone c lead u to ! true sci5ce ( ! matt]4 ,= :5 we f9d bo? t !re exi/ 9 a man feel+s :i* d n exi/ 9 a *ild1 & t ! ,european is *>act]iz$ by "s s5tim5ts :i* are :olly or 9 great "p abs5t f ! savage--:5 we see t1 besides ! new emotions :i* arise spontane\sly z ! individual becomes completely organiz$1 !re are new emotions mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ! m advanc$ divisions ( our race2 we are l$ to ask--,h[ are new emotions g5]at$8 ,! l[e/ savages h n ev5 ! ideas ( ju/ice or m]cy3 !y h nei!r words = !m nor c !y be made to conceive !m2 & ! manife/ation ( !m by ,europeans !y ascribe to fe> or cunn+4 ,!re are /hetic emotions common among ourselves1 :i* are sc>cely 9 any degree exp]i5c$ by "s inf]ior races2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? produc$ by music4 ,to :i* in/ances may be add$ ! less m>k$ b m num]\s contra/s t exi/ betwe5 civiliz$ races 9 ! degrees ( _! sev]al emotions4 ,& if x is manife/1 bo? t all ! emotions are capable ( be+ p]man5tly modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( successive g5]ations1 & t :at mu/ be class$ z new emotions may be br\ght into exi/5ce2 !n x foll[s t no?+ l a true conception ( ! emotions is to be obta9$1 until we und]/& h[ !y are evolv$4 ,comp>ative ,psy*ology1 :ile x raises ?is inquiry1 prep>es ! way = answ]+ x4 ,:5 obs]v+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 races1 we c sc>cely fail to obs]ve also h[ ^! diff]5ces correspond ) diff]5ces betwe5 _! conditions ( exi/5ce1 & consequ5t activities4 ,among ! l[e/ races ( m51 love ( prop]ty /imulates to ! obta9m5t only ( su* ?+s z satisfy imm$iate desires1 or desires ( ! imm$iate future4 ,improvid5ce is ! rule3 !re is little ef=t to meet remote cont+5cies4 ,b ! gr[? ( e/abli%$ societies hav+ gradually giv5 security ( possession1 !re has be5 an increas+ t5d5cy to provide = com+ ye>s3 !re has be5 a con/ant ex]cise ( ! feel+ :i* is satisfi$ by a provision = ! future2 & !re has be5 a gr[? ( ?is feel+ s great t x n[ prompts accumulation to an ext5t beyond :at is ne$ful4 ,note1 aga91 t "u ! discipl9e ( social life--"u a comp>ative ab/95ce f aggressive actions1 & a p]=mance ( ^? naturally-s]viceable actions impli$ by ! division ( lab\r--!re has be5 a developm5t ( ^? g5tle emotions ( :i* inf]ior races exhibit b ! rudim5ts4 ,savages delight 9 giv+ pa9 r ?an pleasure--are almo/ devoid ( sympa?y2 :ile among ourselves1 philan?ropy organizes itself 9 laws1 e/abli%es num]\s in/itutions1 & dictates c\ntless private b5efactions4 ,f :i* & o!r l facts1 does x n seem an unavoidable inf]5ce1 t new emotions are develop$ by new exp]i5ces--new habits ( life8 ,all are famili> ) ! tru? t1 9 ! individual1 ea* feel+ may be /r5g!n$ by p]=m+ ^? actions :i* x prompts2 & to say t ! feel+ is /r5g!n$1 is to say t x is 9 "p made by ^! actions4 ,we "k1 fur!r1 t n unfrequ5tly1 individuals1 by p]si/5ce 9 special c\rses ( conduct1 acquire special lik+s = su* c\rses1 disagreeable z ^! may be to o!rs2 & ^! :ims1 or morbid ta/es1 imply incipi5t emotions correspond+ to ^! special activities4 ,we "k t emotional *>act]i/ics1 9 common ) all o!rs1 are h]$it>y2 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 civiliz$ nations desc5d$ f ! same /ock1 %[ u ! cumulative results ( small modifications h]$it>ily transmitt$4 ,& :5 we see t betwe5 savage & civiliz$ races :i* div]g$ f "o ano!r 9 ! remote pa/1 & h = a hundr$ g5]ations foll[$ modes ( life becom+ ev] m unlike1 !re exi/ /ill great] emotional contra/s2 may we n inf] t ! m or less di/9ct emotions :i* *>act]ize civiliz$ races1 are ! organiz$ results ( c]ta9 daily-repeat$ comb9ations ( m5tal /ates :i* social life involves8 ,mu/ we n say t habits n only modify emotions 9 ! individual1 & n only beget t5d5cies to l habits & accompany+ emotions 9 desc5dants1 b t :5 ! conditions ( ! race make ! habits p]si/5t1 ?is progressive modification may g on to ! ext5t ( produc+ emotions s f> di/9ct z to seem new8 ,& if s1 we may suspect t su* new emotions1 & by implication all emotions analytically consid]$1 consi/ ( aggregat$ & consolidat$ gr\ps ( ^? simpl] feel+s :i* habitually occur toge!r 9 exp]i5ce4 ,:51 9 ! circum/ances ( any race1 "s "o k9d ( action or set ( actions1 s5sation or set ( s5sations1 is usually foll[$1 or accompani$1 by v>i\s o!r sets ( actions or s5sations1 & s entails a l>ge mass ( pleasurable or pa9ful /ates ( consci\sness2 ^!1 by frequ5t repetition1 become s connect$ toge!r t ! initial action or s5sation br+s ! ideas ( all ! re/ cr[d+ into consci\sness3 produc+1 9 "s degree1 ! pleasures or pa9s t h be=e be5 felt 9 reality4 ,& :5 ?is relation1 besides be+ frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! individual1 occurs 9 successive g5]ations1 all ! _m n]v\s actions involv$ t5d to gr[ organically connect$4 ,!y become incipi5tly reflex2 &1 on ! occurr5ce ( ! appropriate /imulus1 ! :ole n]v\s app>atus :i* 9 pa/ g5]ations 0 br\ght into activity by ?is /imulus1 becomes nasc5tly excit$4 ,ev5 :ile yet !re h be5 no individual exp]i5ces1 a vague feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 is produc$2 con/itut+ :at we may call ! body ( ! emotion4 ,& :5 ! exp]i5ces ( pa/ g5]ations come to be repeat$ 9 ! individual1 ! emotion ga9s bo? /r5g? & def9it5ess2 & is accompani$ by ! appropriate specific ideas4 ,?is view ( ! matt]1 :i* we believe ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( ,physiology & ,psy*ology unite 9 indicat+1 & :i* is ! view t g5]alizes ! ph5om5a ( habit1 ( national *>act]i/ics1 ( civilization 9 its moral aspects1 at ! same "t t x gives u a conception ( emotion 9 its orig9 & ultimate nature1 may be illu/rat$ f ! m5tal modifications und]gone by animals4 ,on newly-discov]$ l&s n inhabit$ by man1 birds are s devoid ( fe> z to all[ !mselves to be knock$ ov] ) /icks2 b 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 !y acquire su* a dread ( man z to fly on 8 approa*2 & ?is dread is manife/$ by "y z well z by old4 ,n[ unless ?is *ange be ascrib$ to ! kill+-(f ( ! less fe>ful1 & ! pres]vation & multiplication ( ! m fe>ful1 :i*1 consid]+ ! comp>atively small numb] kill$ by man1 is an inadequate cause2 x mu/ be ascrib$ to accumulat$ exp]i5ces2 & ea* exp]i5ce mu/ be held to h a %>e 9 produc+ x4 ,we mu/ conclude t 9 ea* bird :i* escapes ) injuries inflict$ by man1 or is al>m$ by ! outcries ( o!r memb]s ( ! flock 7greg>i\s creatures ( any intellig5ce be+ necess>ily m or less sympa!tic71 !re is e/abli%$ an association ( ideas betwe5 ! human aspect & ! pa9s1 direct & indirect1 suff]$ f human ag5cy4 ,& we mu/ fur!r conclude t ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* impels ! bird to take flight1 is at fir/ no?+ m ?an an ideal reproduction ( ^? pa9ful impressions :i* be=e foll[$ man's approa*2 t su* ideal reproduction becomes m vivid & m massive z ! pa9ful exp]i5ces1 direct or sympa!tic1 increase2 & t ?us ! emotion 9 its incipi5t /ate1 is no?+ else ?an an aggregation ( ! reviv$ pa9s be=e exp]i5c$4 ,z1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 ! "y birds ( ?is race beg9 to display a fe> ( man be=e yet !y h be5 injur$ by him1 x is an unavoidable inf]5ce t ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! race has be5 organically modifi$ by ^! exp]i5ces3 we h no *oice b to conclude t :5 a "y bird is ?us l$ to fly1 x is because ! impression produc$ on its s5ses by ! approa*+ man1 entails1 ?r\gh an incipi5tly-reflex action1 a p>tial excitem5t ( all ^? n]ves :i* 9 its ance/ors _h be5 excit$ "u ! l conditions2 t ?is p>tial excitem5t has its accompany+ pa9ful consci\sness2 & t ! vague pa9ful consci\sness ?us aris+1 con/itutes emotion prop]--emotion undecomposable into specific exp]i5ces1 & !re=e seem+ly homog5e\s4 ,if su* be ! explanation ( ! fact 9 ?is case1 !n x is 9 all cases4 ,if emotion is s g5]at$ "h1 !n x is s g5]at$ ?r\gh\t4 ,we mu/ p]=ce conclude t ! emotional modifications display$ by diff]5t nations1 & ^? high] emotions by :i* civiliz$ are di/+ui%$ f savage1 are to be acc\nt$ = on ! same pr9ciple4 ,& conclud+ ?is1 we are l$ /rongly to suspect t ! emotions 9 g5]al h sev]ally ?us orig9at$4 ,p]haps we h n[ made suffici5tly cle> :at we mean by ! /udy ( ! emotions ?r\gh analysis & developm5t4 ,we h aim$ to ju/ify ! positions t1 )\t analysis aid$ by developm5t1 !re _c be a true natural hi/ory ( ! emotions2 & t a natural hi/ory ( ! emotions bas$ on ext]nal *>act]s c be b provisional4 ,we ?9k t ,mr4 ,ba91 9 conf9+ himself to an acc\nt ( ! emotions z !y exi/ 9 ! adult civiliz$ man1 has neglect$ ^? classes ( facts out ( :i* ! sci5ce ( ! matt] mu/ *iefly be built4 ,x is true t he has treat$ ( habits z modify+ emotions 9 ! individual2 b he has n recogniz$ ! fact t :]e conditions r5d] habits p]si/5t 9 successive g5]ations1 su* modifications are cumulative3 he has n h9t$ t ! modifications produc$ by habit are emotions 9 ! mak+4 ,x is true1 also1 t he occasionally ref]s to ! *>act]i/ics ( *ildr52 b he does n sy/ematically trace ! *anges ?r\gh :i* *ildhood passes into manhood1 z ?r[+ light on ! ord] & g5esis ( ! emotions4 ,x is fur!r true t he "h & !re ref]s to national traits 9 illu/ration ( 8 subject2 b ^! /& z isolat$ facts1 hav+ no g5]al significance3 !re is no h9t ( any relation betwe5 !m & ! national circum/ances2 :ile all ^? _m moral contra/s betwe5 l[] & high] races :i* ?r[ great light on classification1 are pass$ ov]4 ,& once m1 x is true t _m passages ( 8 "w1 & sometimes1 inde$1 :ole sections ( x1 are analytical2 b 8 analyses are incid5tal--!y d n und]lie 8 entire s*eme1 b are "h & !re add$ to x4 ,9 brief1 he has writt5 a ,descriptive ,psy*ology1 :i* does n appeal to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology & ,analytical ,psy*ology = its lead+ ideas4 ,& 9 do+ ?is1 he has omitt$ mu* t %\ld be includ$ 9 a natural hi/ory ( ! m9d2 :ile to t "p ( ! subject ) :i* he has dealt1 he has giv5 a necess>ily-imp]fect organization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev5 leav+ out ( view ! abs5ce ( ^? me?ods & crit]ia on :i* we h be5 insi/+1 x appe>s to u t m]itori\s z is ,mr4 ,ba9's book 9 its details1 x is defective 9 "s ( its lead+ ideas4 ,! fir/ p>agraphs ( 8 fir/ *apt]1 q />tl$ u by ! /rang5ess ( _! def9itions--a /rang5ess :i* c sc>cely be ascrib$ to laxity ( expression4 ,! p>agraphs run ?us3-- ,m9d is compris$ "u ?ree heads1--,emotion1 ,volition1 & ,intellect4 ,,emotion is ! "n "h us$ to compreh5d all t is und]/ood by feel+s1 /ates ( feel+1 pleasures1 pa9s1 passions1 s5tim5ts1 affections4 ,consci\sness1 & consci\s /ates also = ! mo/ "p d5ote modes ( emotion1 al?\gh !re is su* a ?+ z ! ,intellectual consci\sness4 ,,volition1 on ! o!r h&1 indicates ! great fact t our ,pleasures & ,pa9s1 :i* are n ! :ole ( our emotions1 prompt to action1 or /imulate ! active ma*9]y ( ! liv+ framework to p]=m su* op]ations z procure ! fir/ & abate ! la/4 ,to )draw f a scald+ heat1 & cl+ to a g5tle w>m?1 are ex]cises ( volition4 ,! la/ ( ^! def9itions1 :i* we may mo/ conv5i5tly take fir/1 seems to u v faulty4 ,we _c b feel a/oni%$ t ,mr4 ,ba91 famili> z he is ) ! ph5om5a ( reflex action1 %\ld h s express$ himself z to include a great "p ( !m along ) ! ph5om5a ( volition4 ,he seems to be ignor+ ! discrim9ations ( mod]n sci5ce1 & return+ to ! vague conceptions ( ! pa/--nay m1 he is compreh5d+ "u volition :at ev5 ! popul> spee* w\ld h>dly br+ "u x4 ,if y 7 to blame any "o = snat*+ 8 foot f ! scald+ wat] into :i* he _h inadv]t5tly put x1 he w\ld tell y t he c\ld n help x2 & 8 reply w\ld be indors$ by ! g5]al exp]i5ce1 t ! )drawal ( a limb f contact ) some?+ extremely hot1 is q involunt>y--t x takes place n only )\t volition1 b 9 defiance ( an ef=t ( w to ma9ta9 ! contact4 ,h[1 !n1 c t be in/anc$ z an example ( volition1 :i* occurs ev5 :5 volition is antagoni/ic8 ,we are q aw>e t x is impossible to draw any absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 automatic actions & actions :i* are n automatic4 ,d\btless we may pass gradually f ! purely reflex1 ?r\gh ! cons5sual1 to ! volunt>y4 ,tak+ ! case ,mr4 ,ba9 cites1 x is manife/ t f a heat ( su* mod]ate degree t ! )drawal f x is :olly volunt>y1 we may advance by inf9itesimal /eps to a heat :i* compels involunt>y )drawal2 & t !re is a /age at :i* ! volunt>y & involunt>y actions are mix$4 ,b ! difficulty ( absolute discrim9ation is no reason = neglect+ ! broad g5]al contra/2 any m ?an x is = conf\nd+ light ) d>kness4 ,if we are to include z examples ( volition1 all cases 9 :i* pleasures & pa9s /imulate ! active ma*9]y ( ! liv+ framework to p]=m su* op]ations z procure ! fir/ & abate ! la/1 !n we mu/ consid] sneez+ & c\gh+ z examples ( volition2 & ,mr4 ,ba9 surely _c mean ?is4 ,inde$1 we mu/ confess ourselves at a loss4 ,on ! "o h& if he does n mean x1 8 expression is lax to a degree t surprises u 9 s c>eful a writ]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he does mean x1 we _c und]/& 8 po9t ( view4 ,a p>allel criticism applies to 8 def9ition ( ,emotion4 ,"h1 too1 he has dep>t$ f ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w2 &1 z we ?9k1 9 ! wrong direction4 ,:atev] may be ! int]pretation t is ju/ifi$ by its d]ivation1 ! ^w emotion has come g5]ally to mean t k9d ( feel+ :i* is n a direct result ( any action on ! organism2 b is ei!r an indirect result ( su* action1 or arises q ap>t f su* action4 ,x is us$ to indicate ^? s5ti5t /ates :i* are indep5d5tly g5]at$ 9 consci\sness2 z di/+ui%$ f ^? g5]at$ 9 our corporeal framework1 & kn[n z s5sations4 ,n[ ?is di/9ction1 tacitly made 9 common spee*1 is "o :i* ,psy*ology _c well reject2 b "o :i* x mu/ adopt1 & to :i* x mu/ give sci5tific precision4 ,mr4 ,ba91 h[ev]1 appe>s to ignore any su* di/9ction4 ,"u ! t]m emotion1 he includes n only passions1 s5tim5ts1 affections1 b all feel+s1 /ates ( feel+1 pleasures1 pa9s1--t is1 all s5sations4 ,?is does n appe> to be a m]e lapse ( expression2 = :51 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce1 he ass]ts t m9d is compris$ "u ! ?ree heads--,emotion1 ,volition1 & ,intellect1 he ( necessity implies t s5sation is includ$ "u "o ( ^! heads2 & z x _c be includ$ "u volition or intellect1 x mu/ be class$ ) emotion2 z x cle>ly is 9 ! next s5t5ce4 ,we _c b ?9k ?is a retrograde /ep4 ,?\gh di/9ctions :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 popul> ?\ght & language1 are n unfrequ5tly m]g$ 9 ! high] g5]alizations ( sci5ce 7z1 = in/ance1 :5 crabs & worms are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! sub-k+dom ,annulosa72 yet sci5ce v g5]ally recognizes ! validity ( ^! di/9ctions1 z real ?\gh n fundam5tal4 ,& s 9 ! pres5t case4 ,su* community z analysis discloses betwe5 s5sation & emotion1 mu/ n %ut out ! broad contra/ t exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,if !re ne$s a wid] ^w1 z !re does1 to signify any s5ti5t /ate :atev]2 !n we may fitly adopt = ?is purpose ! ^w curr5tly s us$1 namely1 ,feel+4 ,& consid]+ z ,feel+s all t great division ( m5tal /ates :i* we d n class z ,cognitions1 we may !n sep>ate ?is great division into ! two ord]s1 ,s5sations & ,emotions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h we may1 be=e conclud+1 briefly indicate ! lead+ outl9es ( a classification :i* r$uces ?is di/9ction to a sci5tific =m1 & develops x some:at fur!r--a classification :i*1 :ile sugge/$ by c]ta9 fundam5tal traits rea*$ )\t a v l5g!n$ inquiry1 is yet1 we believe1 9 h>mony ) t disclos$ by detail$ analysis4 ,leav+ out ( view ! ,w1 :i* is a simple homog5e\s m5tal /ate1 =m+ ! l9k betwe5 feel+ & action1 & n admitt+ ( subdivisions2 our /ates ( consci\sness fall into two great classes--,,cognitions & ,,feel+s4 ,,cognitions1 or ^? modes ( m9d 9 :i* we are occupi$ ) ! relations t subsi/ among our feel+s1 are divisible into f\r great sub-classes4 ,pres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ 9 localiz+ a s5sation impress$ on ! organism--occupi$1 t is1 ) ! relation betwe5 ?is pres5t$ m5tal /ate & ^? o!r pres5t$ m5tal /ates :i* make up our consci\sness ( ! "p affect$3 z :5 we cut ourselves4 ,pres5tative-repres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ ) ! relation betwe5 a s5sation or gr\p ( s5sations & ! repres5tations ( ^? v>i\s o!r s5sations t accompany x 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is is :at we commonly call p]ception--an act 9 :i*1 along ) c]ta9 impressions pres5t$ to consci\sness1 !re arise 9 consci\sness ! ideas ( c]ta9 o!r impressions ord9>ily connect$ ) ! pres5t$ ones3 z :5 its visible =m & col\r1 lead u to m5tally end[ an orange ) all its o!r attributes4 ,repres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ ) ! relations among ideas or repres5t$ s5sations2 z 9 all acts ( recollection4 ,re-repres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* ! occupation ( consci\sness is n by repres5tation ( special relations t h be=e be5 pres5t$ to consci\sness2 b ^? 9 :i* su* repres5t$ special relations are ?\ght ( m]ely z compreh5d$ 9 a g5]al relation--^? 9 :i* ! concrete relations once exp]i5c$1 9 s f> z !y become objects ( consci\sness at all1 are incid5tally repres5t$1 along ) ! ab/ract relation :i* =mulates !m4 ,! ideas result+ f ?is ab/raction1 d n !mselves repres5t actual exp]i5ces2 b are symbols :i* /& = gr\ps ( su* actual exp]i5ces--repres5t aggregates ( repres5tations4 ,& ?us !y may be call$ re-repres5tative cognitions4 ,x is cle> t ! process ( re-repres5tation is c>ri$ to high] /ages1 z ! ?\ght becomes m ab/ract4 ,,feel+s1 or ^? modes ( m9d 9 :i* we are occupi$1 n ) ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 our s5ti5t /ates1 b ) ! s5ti5t /ates !mselves1 are divisible into f\r p>allel sub-classes4 ,pres5tative feel+s1 ord9>ily call$ s5sations1 are ^? m5tal /ates 9 :i*1 in/ead ( reg>d+ a corporeal impression z ( ?is or t k9d1 or z locat$ "h or !re1 we contemplate x 9 itself z pleasure or pa93 z :5 eat+4 ,pres5tative-repres5tative feel+s1 embrac+ a great "p ( :at we commonly call emotions1 are ^? 9 :i* a s5sation1 or gr\p ( s5sations1 or gr\p ( s5sations & ideas1 ar\ses a va/ aggregation ( repres5t$ s5sations2 p>tly ( individual exp]i5ce1 b *iefly deep] ?an individual exp]i5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 indef9ite4 ,! emotion ( t]ror may s]ve z an example4 ,along ) c]ta9 impressions made on ! eyes or e>s1 or bo?1 are recall$ 9 consci\sness _m ( ! pa9s to :i* su* impressions h be=e be5 ! antec$5ts2 & :5 ! relation betwe5 su* impressions & su* pa9s has be5 habitual 9 ! race1 ! def9ite ideas ( su* pa9s :i* individual exp]i5ce has giv51 are accompani$ by ! indef9ite pa9s t result f inh]it$ effects ( exp]i5ces--vague feel+s :i* we may call organic repres5tations4 ,9 an infant1 cry+ at a /range sight or s\nd :ile yet 9 ! nurse's arms1 we see ^! organic repres5tations call$ into exi/5ce 9 ! %ape ( dim discom=t1 to :i* individual exp]i5ce has yet giv5 no specific outl9es4 ,repres5tative feel+s1 compreh5d+ ! ideas ( ! feel+s above class$1 :5 !y are call$ up ap>t f ! appropriate ext]nal excitem5ts4 ,z in/ances ( ^! may be nam$ ! feel+s ) :i* ! descriptive poet writes1 & :i* are ar\s$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,re-repres5tative feel+s1 "u :i* head are includ$ ^? m complex s5ti5t /ates t are less ! direct results ( ext]nal excitem5ts ?an ! indirect or reflex results ( !m4 ,! love ( prop]ty is a feel+ ( ?is k9d4 ,x is awak5$ n by ! pres5ce ( any special object1 b by ownable objects at l>ge2 & x is n f ! m]e pres5ce ( su* object1 b f a c]ta9 ideal relation to !m1 t x arises4 ,z be=e %[n 7p4 #bec7 x consi/s1 n ( ! repres5t$ advantages ( possess+ ?is or t1 b ( ! repres5t$ advantages ( possession 9 g5]al--is n made up ( c]ta9 concrete repres5tations1 b ( ! ab/racts ( _m concrete repres5tations2 & s is re-repres5tative4 ,! high] s5tim5ts1 z t ( ju/ice1 are /ill m completely ( ?is nature4 ,"h ! s5ti5t /ate is comp\nd$ out ( s5ti5t /ates t are !mselves :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 re-repres5tative3 x involves repres5tations ( ^? l[] emotions :i* are produc$ by ! possession ( prop]ty1 by fre$om ( action1 etc42 & ?us is re-repres5tative 9 a high] degree4 ,?is classification1 "h r\ghly indicat$ & capable ( fur!r expansion1 w be f\nd 9 h>mony ) ! results ( detail$ analysis aid$ by developm5t4 ,:e!r we trace m5tal progression ?r\gh ! grades ( ! animal k+dom1 ?r\gh ! grades ( mank9d1 or ?r\gh ! /ages ( individual gr[?2 x is obvi\s t ! advance1 alike 9 cognitions & feel+s1 is1 & mu/ be1 f ! pres5tative to ! m & m remotely repres5tative4 ,x is und5iable t intellig5ce asc5ds f ^? simple p]ceptions 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ 9 localiz+ & classify+ s5sations1 to p]ceptions m & m comp\nd1 to simple reason+1 to reason+ m & m complex & ab/ract--m & m remote f s5sation4 ,& 9 ! evolution ( feel+s1 !re is a p>allel s]ies ( /eps4 ,simple s5sations2 s5sations comb9$ toge!r2 s5sations comb9$ ) repres5t$ s5sations2 repres5t$ s5sations organiz$ into gr\ps1 9 :i* _! sep>ate *>act]s are v mu* m]g$2 repres5tations ( ^! repres5tative gr\ps1 9 :i* ! orig9al compon5ts h become /ill m vague4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! progress has necess>ily be5 f ! simple & concrete to ! complex & ab/ract2 & z ) ! cognitions1 s ) ! feel+s1 ?is mu/ be ! basis ( classification4 ,! space "h occupi$ ) criticisms on ,mr4 ,ba9's "w1 we might h fill$ ) exposition & eulogy1 _h we ?\ght ?is ! m important4 ,?\gh we h freely po9t$ out :at we conceive to be its defects1 let x n be inf]r$ t we "q its great m]its4 ,we repeat t1 z a natural hi/ory ( ! m9d1 we believe x to be ! be/ yet produc$4 ,x is a mo/ valuable collection ( c>efully-elaborat$ mat]ials4 ,p]haps we _c bett] express our s5se ( its wor?1 ?an by say+ t1 to ^? :o h]eaft] give to ?is bran* ( ,psy*ology a ?or\ghly sci5tific organization1 ,mr4 ,ba9's book w be indisp5sable4 ,,! ,,social ,,organism4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahfj4 ,sir ,james ,mac9to% got great cr$it = ! say+1 t con/itutions are n made1 b gr[4 ,9 our day1 ! mo/ significant ?+ ab\t ?is say+ is1 t x 0 ev] ?\ght s significant4 ,z f ! surprise display$ by a man at "s famili> fact1 y may judge ( 8 g5]al culture2 s f ! admiration :i* an age accords to a new ?\ght1 its av]age degree ( enlight5m5t may be inf]r$4 ,t ?is apoph!gm ( ,mac9to% %\ld h be5 quot$ & requot$ z x has1 %[s h[ pr(\nd has be5 ! ignorance ( social sci5ce4 ,a small ray ( tru? has seem$ brilliant1 z a di/ant ru%light looks l a /> 9 ! surr\nd+ d>kness4 ,su* a conception c\ld n1 inde$1 fail to be />tl+ :5 let fall 9 ! mid/ ( a sy/em ( ?\ght to :i* x 0 utt]ly ali54 ,univ]sally 9 ,mac9to%'s day1 ?+s 7 expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( manufacture1 r ?an t ( gr[?2 z inde$ !y are1 by ! majority1 9 our own day4 ,x 0 held t ! planets 7 sev]ally project$ r\nd ! ,sun f ! ,creator's h&1 ) j ! velocity requir$ to balance ! ,sun's attraction4 ,! =mation ( ! ,e>?1 ! sep>ation ( sea f l&1 ! production ( animals1 7 me*anical works f :i* ,god re/$ z a lab\r] re/s4 ,man 0 suppos$ to be m\ld$ aft] a mann] some:at ak9 to t 9 :i* a modell] makes a clay-figure4 ,& ( c\rse1 9 h>mony ) su* ideas1 societies 7 tacitly assum$ to be arrang$ ?us or ?us by direct int]position ( ,provid5ce2 or by ! regulations ( law-mak]s2 or by bo?4 ,yet t societies are n artificially put toge!r1 is a tru? s manife/1 t x seems wond]ful m5 %\ld ev] h ov]look$ x4 ,p]haps no?+ m cle>ly %[s ! small value ( hi/orical /udies1 z !y h be5 commonly pursu$4 ,y ne$ b to look at ! *anges go+ on ar\nd1 or obs]ve social organization 9 its lead+ traits1 to see t ^! are nei!r sup]natural1 nor are det]m9$ by ! wills ( individual m51 z by implication ! old] hi/orians tea*2 b are consequ5t on g5]al natural causes4 ,! "o case ( ! division ( lab\r suffices to prove ?is4 ,x has n be5 by comm& ( any rul] t "s m5 h become manufactur]s1 :ile o!rs h rema9$ cultivators ( ! soil4 ,9 ,lanca%ire1 millions h devot$ !mselves to ! mak+ ( cotton-fabrics2 9 ,york%ire1 ano!r million lives by produc+ wooll5s2 & ! pott]y ( ,/af=d%ire1 ! cutl]y ( ,%effield1 ! h>dw>e ( ,birm+ham1 sev]ally occupy _! hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,^! are l>ge facts 9 ! /ructure ( ,engli% society2 b we c ascribe !m nei!r to miracle1 nor to legislation4 ,x is n by ! h]o z k+1 any m ?an by collective wisdom1 t m5 h be5 segregat$ into produc]s1 :olesale di/ributors1 & retail di/ributors4 ,our indu/rial organization1 f its ma9 outl9es d[n to its m9ute/ details1 has become :at x is1 n simply )\t legislative guidance1 b1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 spite ( legislative h9drances4 ,x has aris5 "u ! pressure ( human wants & result+ activities4 ,:ile ea* citiz5 has be5 pursu+ 8 individual welf>e1 & none tak+ ?\ght ab\t division ( lab\r1 or consci\s ( ! ne$ ( x1 division ( lab\r has yet be5 ev] becom+ m complete4 ,x has be5 do+ ?is sl[ly & sil5tly3 few hav+ obs]v$ x until q mod]n times4 ,by /eps s small1 t ye> aft] ye> ! indu/rial arrangem5ts h seem$ j :at !y 7 be=e--by *anges z ins5sible z ^? ?r\gh :i* a se$ passes into a tree2 society has become ! complex body ( mutually-dep5d5t work]s :i* we n[ see4 ,& ?is economic organization1 m>k1 is ! all-ess5tial organization4 ,?r\gh ! comb9ation ?us spontane\sly evolv$1 e citiz5 is suppli$ ) daily necess>ies2 :ile he yields "s product or aid to o!rs4 ,t we are sev]ally alive to-day1 we owe to ! regul> work+ ( ?is comb9ation dur+ ! pa/ week2 & c\ld x be sudd5ly aboli%$1 multitudes w\ld be dead be=e ano!r week end$4 ,if ^! mo/ conspicu\s & vital arrangem5ts ( our social /ructure h aris5 n by ! devis+ ( any "o1 b ?r\gh ! individual ef=ts ( citiz5s to satisfy _! own wants2 we may be tol]ably c]ta9 t ! less important arrangem5ts h simil>ly aris54 ,b surely1 x w be said1 ! social *anges directly produc$ by law1 _c be class$ z spontane\s gr[?s4 ,:5 p>liam5ts or k+s ord] ?is or t ?+ to be done1 & appo9t (ficials to d x1 ! process is cle>ly artificial2 & society to ?is ext5t becomes a manufacture r ?an a gr[?4 ,no1 n ev5 ^! *anges are exceptions1 if !y be real & p]man5t *anges4 ,! true s\rces ( su* *anges lie deep] ?an ! acts ( legislators4 ,to take fir/ ! simple/ in/ance4 ,we all "k t ! enactm5ts ( repres5tative gov]nm5ts ultimately dep5d on ! national w3 !y may = a "t be out ( h>mony ) x1 b ev5tually !y mu/ con=m to x4 ,& to say t ! national w f9ally det]m9es !m1 is to say t !y result f ! av]age ( individual desires2 or1 9 o!r words--f ! av]age ( individual natures4 ,a law s initiat$1 !re=e1 really gr[s out ( ! popul> "*4 ,9 ! case ( a ,gov]nm5t repres5t+ a dom9ant class1 ! same ?+ holds1 ?\gh n s manife/ly4 ,= ! v exi/5ce ( a class monopoliz+ all p[]1 is due to c]ta9 s5tim5ts 9 ! commonalty4 ,)\t ! feel+ ( loyalty on ! "p ( reta9]s1 a feudal sy/em c\ld n exi/4 ,we see 9 ! prote/ ( ! ,highl&]s aga9/ ! abolition ( h]itable jurisdictions1 t !y pref]r$ t k9d ( local rule4 ,& if to ! popul> nature mu/ be ascrib$ ! gr[? ( an irresponsible rul+ class2 !n to ! popul> nature mu/ be ascrib$ ! social arrangem5ts :i* t class creates 9 ! pursuit ( its own ends4 ,ev5 :]e ! ,gov]nm5t is despotic1 ! doctr9e /ill holds4 ,! "* ( ! p is1 z be=e1 ! orig9al s\rce ( ?is political =m2 &1 z we h abundant pro(1 o!r =ms sudd5ly creat$ w n act1 b rapidly retrograde to ! old =m4 ,moreov]1 su* regulations z a despot makes1 if really op]ative1 are s because ( _! fitness to ! social /ate4 ,8 acts be+ v mu* sway$ by g5]al op9ion--by prec$5t1 by ! feel+ ( 8 nobles1 8 prie/hood1 8 army--are 9 "p imm$iate results ( ! national "*2 & :5 !y are out ( h>mony ) ! national "*1 !y are soon practically abrogat$4 ,! failure ( ,cromwell p]man5tly to e/abli% a new social condition1 & ! rapid revival ( suppress$ in/itutions & practices aft] 8 dea?1 %[ h[ p[]less is a mon>* to *ange ! type ( ! society he gov]ns4 ,he may di/urb1 he may ret>d1 or he may aid ! natural process ( organization2 b ! g5]al c\rse ( ?is process is beyond 8 control4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is is true4 ,^? :o reg>d ! hi/ories ( societies z ! hi/ories ( _! great m51 & ?9k t ^! great m5 %ape ! fates ( _! societies1 ov]look ! tru? t su* great m5 are ! products ( _! societies4 ,)\t c]ta9 antec$5ts--)\t a c]ta9 av]age national "*1 !y nei!r c\ld h be5 g5]at$ nor c\ld h _h ! culture :i* =m$ !m4 ,if _! society is to "s ext5t re-m\ld$ by !m1 !y 71 bo? be=e & aft] bir?1 m\ld$ by _! society--7 ! results ( all ^? influ5ces :i* fo/]$ ! ance/ral "* !y inh]it$1 & gave _! own e>ly bias1 _! cre$1 morals1 k1 aspirations4 ,s t su* social *anges z are imm$iately traceable to individuals ( unusual p[]1 are /ill remotely traceable to ! social causes :i* produc$ ^! individuals2 & h5ce1 f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 su* social *anges also1 are p>ts ( ! g5]al developm5tal process4 ,?us t :i* is s obvi\sly true ( ! indu/rial /ructure ( society1 is true ( its :ole /ructure4 ,! fact t con/itutions are n made1 b gr[1 is simply a fragm5t ( ! mu* l>g] fact1 t "u all its aspects & ?r\gh all its ramifications1 society is a gr[? & n a manufacture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a p]ception t !re exi/s "s analogy betwe5 ! body politic & a liv+ individual body1 0 e>ly rea*$2 & has f "t to "t re-appe>$ 9 lit]ature4 ,b ?is p]ception 0 necess>ily vague & m or less fanciful4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( physiological sci5ce1 & especially ( ^? compreh5sive g5]alizations :i* x has b lately rea*$1 x 0 impossible to disc]n ! real p>allelisms4 ,! c5tral idea ( ,plato's model ,republic1 is ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! p>ts ( a society & ! faculties ( ! human m9d4 ,classify+ ^! faculties "u ! heads ( ,reason1 ,w1 & ,passion1 he classifies ! memb]s ( 8 ideal society "u :at he reg>ds z ?ree analog\s heads3--c\ncillors1 :o are to ex]cise gov]nm5t2 milit>y or executive1 :o are to fulfil _! behe/s2 & ! commonalty1 b5t on ga9 & selfi% gratification4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rul]1 ! w>rior1 & ! craftsman1 are1 accord+ to him1 ! analogues ( our reflective1 volitional1 & emotional p[]s4 ,n[ ev5 7 !re tru? 9 ! impli$ assumption ( a p>allelism betwe5 ! /ructure ( a society & t ( a man1 ?is classification w\ld be indef5sible4 ,x might m truly be cont5d$ t1 z ! milit>y p[] obeys ! comm&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 x is ! ,gov]nm5t :i* answ]s to ! ,w2 :ile ! milit>y p[] is simply an ag5cy set 9 motion by x4 ,or1 aga91 x might be cont5d$ t :]eas ! ,w is a product ( pr$om9ant desires1 to :i* ! ,reason s]ves m]ely z an eye1 x is ! craftsm51 :o1 accord+ to ! alleg$ analogy1 ought to be ! mov+ p[] ( ! w>riors4 ,hobbes s\ght to e/abli% a /ill m def9ite p>allelism3 n1 h[ev]1 betwe5 a society & ! human m9d1 b betwe5 a society & ! human body4 ,9 ! introduction to ! "w 9 :i* he develops ?is conception1 he says-- ,= by art is creat$ t great ,,levia?an call$ a ,,commonweal?1 or ,,/ate1 9 ,lat9 ,,civitas1 :i* is b an artificial man2 ?\gh ( great] /ature & /r5g? ?an ! natural1 = ^: protection & def5ce x 0 int5d$1 & 9 :i* ! sov]eignty is an artificial s\l1 z giv+ life & motion to ! :ole body2 ! magi/rates & o!r (fic]s ( judicature & execution1 artificial jo9ts2 rew>d & puni%m5t1 by :i*1 fa/5$ to ! seat ( ! sov]eignty1 e jo9t & memb] is mov$ to p]=m 8 duty1 are ! n]ves1 t d ! same 9 ! body natural2 ! weal? & ri*es ( all ! p>ticul> memb]s are ! /r5g?2 salus populi1 ! p's safety1 its bus9ess2 c\nsellors1 by :om all ?+s ne$ful = x to "k are sugge/$ unto x1 are ! memory2 equity & laws an artificial reason & w2 concord1 heal?2 s$ition1 sickness2 & civil w>1 dea?4 ,& ,hobbes c>ries ?is comp>ison s f> z actually to give a draw+ ( ! ,levia?an--a va/ human-%ap$ figure1 ^: body & limbs are made up ( multitudes ( m54 ,j not+ t ^! diff]5t analogies ass]t$ by ,plato & ,hobbes1 s]ve to cancel ea* o!r 7be+1 z !y are1 s completely at v>iance71 we may say t on ! :ole ^? ( ,hobbes are ! m plausible4 ,b !y are full ( inconsi/5cies4 ,if ! sov]eignty is ! s\l ( ! body-politic1 h[ c x be t magi/rates1 :o are a k9d ( deputy-sov]eigns1 %\ld be comp>able to jo9ts8 ,or1 aga91 h[ c ! ?ree m5tal functions1 memory1 reason1 & w1 be sev]ally analog\s1 ! fir/ to c\nsellors1 :o are a class ( public (fic]s1 & ! o!r two to equity & laws1 :i* are n classes ( (fic]s1 b ab/ractions8 ,or1 once m1 if magi/rates are ! artificial jo9ts ( society1 h[ c rew>d & puni%m5t be its n]ves8 ,its n]ves mu/ surely be "s class ( p]sons4 ,rew>d & puni%m5t mu/ 9 societies1 z 9 individuals1 be conditions ( ! n]ves1 & n ! n]ves !mselves4 ,b ! *ief errors ( ^! comp>isons made by ,plato & ,hobbes1 lie mu* deep]4 ,bo? ?9k]s assume t ! organization ( a society is comp>able1 n simply to ! organization ( a liv+ body 9 g5]al1 b to ! organization ( ! human body 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re is no w>rant :atev] = assum+ ?is4 ,x is 9 no way impli$ by ! evid5ce2 & is simply "o ( ^? fancies :i* we commonly f9d mix$ up ) ! tru?s ( e>ly speculation4 ,/ill m errone\s are ! two conceptions 9 ?is1 t !y con/rue a society z an artificial /ructure4 ,plato's model republic--8 ideal ( a heal?ful body-politic--is to be consci\sly put toge!r by m51 j z a wat* might be2 & ,plato manife/ly ?9ks ( societies 9 g5]al z ?us orig9at$4 ,q specifically does ,hobbes express a l view4 ,= by art1 he says1 is creat$ t great ,,levia?an call$ a ,,commonweal?4 ,& he ev5 goes s f> z to comp>e ! suppos$ social contract1 f :i* a society sudd5ly orig9ates1 to ! creation ( a man by ! div9e fiat4 ,?us !y bo? fall into ! extreme inconsi/5cy ( consid]+ a community z simil> 9 /ructure to a human be+1 & yet z produc$ 9 ! same way z an artificial me*anism--9 nature1 an organism2 9 hi/ory1 a ma*9e4 ,not)/&+ errors1 h[ev]1 ^! speculations h consid]able significance4 ,t su* lik5esses1 crudely z !y are ?\ght out1 %\ld h be5 alleg$ by ,plato & ,hobbes & o!rs1 is a reason = suspect+ t "s analogy exi/s4 ,! unt5abl5ess ( ! p>ticul> p>allelisms above in/anc$1 is no gr\nd = d5y+ an ess5tial p>allelism2 s9ce e>ly ideas are usually b vague adumbrations ( ! tru?4 ,lack+ ! great g5]alizations ( biology1 x 01 z we h said1 impossible to trace out ! real relations ( social organizations to organizations ( ano!r ord]4 ,we propose "h to %[ :at are ! analogies :i* mod]n sci5ce discloses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u set out by succ9ctly /at+ ! po9ts ( simil>ity & ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,societies agree ) individual organisms 9 f\r conspicu\s peculi>ities3-- #a4 ,t comm5c+ z small aggregations1 !y ins5sibly augm5t 9 mass3 "s ( !m ev5tually rea*+ t5 ?\s& times :at !y orig9ally 74 #b4 ,t :ile at fir/ s simple 9 /ructure z to be consid]$ /ructureless1 !y assume1 9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[?1 a cont9ually-increas+ complexity ( /ructure4 #c4 ,t ?\gh 9 _! e>ly1 undevelop$ /ates1 !re exi/s 9 !m sc>cely any mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 _! p>ts gradually acquire a mutual dep5d5ce2 :i* becomes at la/ s great1 t ! activity & life ( ea* "p is made possible only by ! activity & life ( ! re/4 #d4 ,t ! life ( a society is indep5d5t (1 & f> m prolong$ ?an1 ! lives ( any ( its compon5t units2 :o are sev]ally born1 gr[1 "w1 reproduce1 & die1 :ile ! body-politic compos$ ( !m survives g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 increas+ 9 mass1 9 complet5ess ( /ructure1 & 9 functional activity4 ,^! f\r p>allelisms w appe> ! m significant ! m we contemplate !m4 ,:ile ! po9ts specifi$1 are po9ts 9 :i* societies agree ) individual organisms1 !y are also po9ts 9 :i* individual organisms agree ) "o ano!r1 & disagree ) all ?+s else4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce1 e plant & animal increases 9 mass1 9 a way n p>allel$ by inorganic objects3 ev5 su* inorganic objects z cry/als1 :i* arise by gr[?1 %[ u no su* def9ite relation betwe5 gr[? & exi/5ce z organisms d4 ,! ord]ly progress f simplicity to complexity1 display$ by bodies-politic 9 common ) liv+ bodies1 is a *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es liv+ bodies f ! inanimate bodies amid :i* !y move4 ,t functional dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 :i* is sc>cely m manife/ 9 animals ?an 9 nations1 has no c\nt]p>t else:]e4 ,& 9 no aggregate except an organic or a social "o1 is !re a p]petual removal & replacem5t ( p>ts1 jo9$ ) a cont9u$ integrity ( ! :ole4 ,moreov]1 societies & organisms are n only alike 9 ^! peculi>ities1 9 :i* !y are unlike all o!r ?+s2 b ! highe/ societies1 l ! highe/ organisms1 exhibit !m 9 ! greate/ degree4 ,we see t ! l[e/ animals d n increase to any?+ l ! sizes ( ! high] ones2 &1 simil>ly1 we see t aborig9al societies are comp>atively limit$ 9 _! gr[?s4 ,9 complexity1 our l>ge civiliz$ nations z mu* exce$ primitive savage tribes1 z a mammal does a zoophyte4 ,simple communities1 l simple creatures1 h s little mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 t mutilation or subdivision causes b little inconv5i5ce2 b f complex communities1 z f complex creatures1 y _c remove any consid]able organ )\t produc+ great di/urbance or dea? ( ! re/4 ,& 9 societies ( l[ type1 z 9 inf]ior animals1 ! life ( ! aggregate1 (t5 cut %ort by division or dissolution1 exce$s 9 l5g? ! lives ( ! compon5t units1 v f> less ?an 9 civiliz$ communities & sup]ior animals2 :i* outlive _m g5]ations ( _! compon5t units4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lead+ diff]5ces betwe5 societies & individual organisms are ^!3-- #a4 ,t societies h no specific ext]nal =ms4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a po9t ( contra/ :i* loses mu* ( its importance1 :5 we rememb] t ?r\gh\t ! vegetal k+dom1 z well z 9 "s l[] divisions ( ! animal k+dom1 ! =ms are (t5 v indef9ite--def9it5ess be+ r ! exception ?an ! rule2 & t !y are manife/ly 9 "p det]m9$ by surr\nd+ physical circum/ances1 z ! =ms ( societies are4 ,if1 too1 x %\ld ev5tually be %[n1 z we believe x w1 t ! =m ( e species ( organism has result$ f ! av]age play ( ! ext]nal =ces to :i* x has be5 subject dur+ its evolution z a species2 !n1 t ! ext]nal =ms ( societies %\ld dep5d1 z !y d1 on surr\nd+ conditions1 w be a fur!r po9t ( community4 #b4 ,t ?\gh ! liv+ tissue :]e( an individual organism consi/s1 =ms a cont9u\s mass1 ! liv+ elem5ts ( a society d n =m a cont9u\s mass2 b are m or less widely disp]s$ ov] "s portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,?is1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be an absolute di/9ction1 is "o :i* yet to a great ext5t fades :5 we contemplate all ! facts4 ,=1 9 ! l[] divisions ( ! animal & vegetal k+doms1 !re are types ( organization mu* m ne>ly alli$1 9 ?is respect1 to ! organization ( a society1 ?an might be suppos$--types 9 :i* ! liv+ units ess5tially compos+ ! mass1 are disp]s$ ?r\gh an in]t sub/ance1 t c sc>cely be call$ liv+ 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is ?us ) "s ( ! ,protococci & ) ! ,no/oce1 :i* exi/ z cells imb$d$ 9 a viscid matt]4 ,x is s1 too1 ) ! ,?alassicoll--bodies made up ( diff]5tiat$ p>ts1 disp]s$ ?r\gh an undiff]5tiat$ jelly4 ,& ?r\gh\t consid]able portions ( _! bodies1 "s ( ! ,acaleph exhibit m or less ?is type ( /ructure4 ,n[ ?is is v mu* ! case ) a society4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t ?\gh ! m5 :o make up a society are physically sep>ate1 & ev5 scatt]$1 yet ! surface ov] :i* !y are scatt]$ is n "o devoid ( life1 b is cov]$ by life ( a l[] ord] :i* m9i/]s to _! life4 ,! vegetation :i* clo!s a c\ntry makes possible ! animal life 9 t c\ntry2 & only ?r\gh its animal & vegetal products c su* a c\ntry support a society4 ,h5ce ! memb]s ( ! body-politic are n to be reg>d$ z sep>at$ by int]vals ( dead space1 b z diffus$ ?r\gh a space occupi$ by life ( a l[] ord]4 ,9 our conception ( a social organism1 we mu/ include all t l[] organic exi/5ce on :i* human exi/5ce1 & !re=e social exi/5ce1 dep5d4 ,& :5 we d ?is1 we see t ! citiz5s :o make up a community may be consid]$ z highly vitaliz$ units surr\nd$ by sub/ances ( l[] vitality1 f :i* !y draw _! nutrim5t3 mu* z 9 ! cases above in/anc$4 #c4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce is t :ile ! ultimate liv+ elem5ts ( an individual organism are mo/ly fix$ 9 _! relative positions1 ^? ( ! social organism are capable ( mov+ f place to place4 ,b "h1 too1 ! disagreem5t is mu* less ?an w\ld be suppos$4 ,= :ile citiz5s are locomotive 9 _! private capacities1 !y are fix$ 9 _! public capacities4 ,z f>m]s1 manufactur]s1 or trad]s1 m5 c>ry on _! bus9esses at ! same spots1 (t5 ?r\gh\t _! :ole lives2 & if !y g away occasionally1 !y leave beh9d o!rs to dis*>ge _! functions 9 _! abs5ce4 ,ea* great c5tre ( production1 ea* manufactur+ t[n or di/rict1 cont9ues always 9 ! same place2 & _m ( ! firms 9 su* t[n or di/rict1 are = g5]ations c>ri$ on ei!r by ! desc5dants or successors ( ^? :o f\nd$ !m4 ,j z 9 a liv+ body1 ! cells t make up "s important organ sev]ally p]=m _! functions = a "t & !n disappe>1 leav+ o!rs to supply _! places2 s1 9 ea* "p ( a society ! organ rema9s1 ?\gh ! p]sons :o compose x *ange4 ,?us1 9 social life1 z 9 ! life ( an animal1 ! units z well z ! l>g] ag5cies =m$ ( !m1 are 9 ! ma9 /ation>y z respects ! places :]e !y dis*>ge _! duties & obta9 _! su/5ance4 ,& h5ce ! p[] ( individual locomotion does n practically affect ! analogy4 #d4 ,! la/ & p]haps ! mo/ important di/9ction is1 t :ile 9 ! body ( an animal only a special tissue is end[$ ) feel+1 9 a society all ! memb]s are end[$ ) feel+4 ,ev5 ?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is n a complete "o4 ,= 9 "s ( ! l[e/ animals1 *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em1 su* s5sitiv5ess z exi/s is possess$ by all p>ts4 ,x is only 9 ! m organiz$ =ms t feel+ is monopoliz$ by "o class ( ! vital elem5ts4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t societies1 too1 are n )\t a c]ta9 diff]5tiation ( ?is k9d4 ,?\gh ! units ( a community are all s5sitive1 !y are s 9 unequal degrees4 ,! classes engag$ 9 labori\s occupations are less susceptible1 intellectually & emotionally1 ?an ! re/2 & especially less s ?an ! classes ( highe/ m5tal culture4 ,/ill1 we h "h a tol]ably decid$ contra/ betwe5 bodies-politic & individual bodies2 & x is "o :i* we %\ld keep con/antly 9 view4 ,= x rem9ds u t :ile1 9 individual bodies1 ! welf>e ( all o!r p>ts is rightly subs]vi5t to ! welf>e ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ^: pleasurable or pa9ful activities make up ! good or ill ( life2 9 bodies-politic ! same ?+ does n hold1 or holds to b a v slight ext5t4 ,x is well t ! lives ( all p>ts ( an animal %\ld be m]g$ 9 ! life ( ! :ole1 because ! :ole has a corporate consci\sness capable ( happ9ess or mis]y4 ,b x is n s ) a society2 s9ce its liv+ units d n & _c lose individual consci\sness1 & s9ce ! community z a :ole has no corporate consci\sness4 ,?is is an ev]la/+ reason :y ! welf>es ( citiz5s _c rightly be sacrific$ to "s suppos$ b5efit ( ! ,/ate1 & :y1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,/ate is to be ma9ta9$ solely = ! b5efit ( citiz5s4 ,! corporate life mu/ "h be subs]vi5t to ! lives ( ! p>ts1 in/ead ( ! lives ( ! p>ts be+ subs]vi5t to ! corporate life4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! po9ts ( analogy & ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,may we n say t ! po9ts ( diff]5ce s]ve b to br+ into cle>] light ! po9ts ( analogy8 ,:ile comp>ison makes def9ite ! obvi\s contra/s betwe5 organisms commonly s call$1 & ! social organism1 x %[s t ev5 ^! contra/s are n s decid$ z 0 to be expect$4 ,! indef9it5ess ( =m1 ! discont9uity ( ! p>ts1 & ! univ]sal s5sitiv5ess1 are n only peculi>ities ( ! social organism :i* h to be /at$ ) consid]able qualifications2 b !y are peculi>ities to :i* ! inf]ior classes ( animals pres5t approximations4 ,?us we f9d b little to conflict ) ! all-important analogies4 ,societies sl[ly augm5t 9 mass2 !y progress 9 complexity ( /ructure2 at ! same "t _! p>ts become m mutually dep5d5t2 _! liv+ units are remov$ & replac$ )\t de/roy+ _! integrity2 & ! ext5ts to :i* !y display ^! peculi>ities are proportionate to _! vital activities4 ,^! are traits t societies h 9 common ) organic bodies4 ,& ^! traits 9 :i* !y agree ) organic bodies & disagree ) all o!r ?+s1 entirely subord9ate ! m9or di/9ctions3 su* di/9ctions be+ sc>cely great] ?an ^? :i* sep>ate "o half ( ! organic k+dom f ! o!r4 ,! pr9ciples ( organization are ! same1 & ! diff]5ces are simply diff]5ces ( application4 ,"h end+ ?is g5]al survey ( ! facts :i* ju/ify ! comp>ison ( a society ) a liv+ body1 let u look at !m 9 detail4 ,we %all f9d t ! p>allelism becomes ! m m>k$ ! m closely x is exam9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l[e/ animal & vegetal =ms--,protozoa & ,protophyta--are *iefly inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,!y are m9ute bodies1 mo/ ( :i* are made individually visible only by ! microscope4 ,all ( !m are extremely simple 9 /ructure1 & "s ( !m1 z ! ,rhizopods1 almo/ /ructureless4 ,multiply+1 z !y ord9>ily d1 by ! spontane\s division ( _! bodies1 !y produce halves :i* may ei!r become q sep>ate & move away 9 diff]5t directions1 or may cont9ue atta*$4 ,by ! repetition ( ?is process ( fission1 aggregations ( v>i\s sizes & k9ds are =m$4 ,among ! ,protophyta we h "s classes1 z ! ,diatomace & ! ,yea/-plant1 9 :i* ! individuals may be ei!r sep>ate or atta*$ 9 gr\ps ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m2 o!r classes 9 :i* a consid]able numb] ( cells are unit$ into a ?read 7,conf]va1 ,monilia72 o!rs 9 :i* !y =m a network 7,hydrodictyon72 o!rs 9 :i* !y =m plates 7,ulva72 & o!rs 9 :i* !y =m masses 7,lam9>ia1 ,ag>icus73 all :i* vegetal =ms1 hav+ no di/9ction ( root1 /em1 or leaf1 are call$ ,?allog5s4 ,among ! ,protozoa we f9d p>allel facts4 ,imm5se numb]s ( ,amoeba-l creatures1 mass$ toge!r 9 a framework ( horny fibres1 con/itute ,sponge4 ,9 ! ,=am9if]a we see small] gr\ps ( su* creatures arrang$ into m def9ite %apes4 ,n only d ^! almo/ /ructureless ,protozoa unite into regul> or irregul> aggregations ( v>i\s sizes1 b among "s ( ! m organiz$ ones1 z ! ,vorticell1 !re are also produc$ clu/]s ( individuals unit$ to a common /em4 ,b ^! little societies ( monads1 or cells1 or :atev] else we may call !m1 are societies only 9 ! l[e/ s5se3 !re is no subord9ation ( p>ts among !m--no organization4 ,ea* ( ! compon5t units lives by & = itself2 nei!r giv+ nor receiv+ aid4 ,! only mutual dep5d5ce is t consequ5t on me*anical union4 ,d we n "h disc]n analogies to ! fir/ /ages ( human societies8 ,among ! l[e/ races1 z ! ,bu%m51 we f9d b incipi5t aggregation3 sometimes s+le families1 sometimes two or ?ree families w&]+ ab\t toge!r4 ,! numb] ( associat$ units is small & v>iable1 & _! union incon/ant4 ,no division ( lab\r exi/s except betwe5 ! sexes1 & ! only k9d ( mutual aid is t ( jo9t attack or def5ce4 ,we see an undiff]5tiat$ gr\p ( individuals1 =m+ ! g]m ( a society2 j z 9 ! homog5e\s gr\ps ( cells above describ$1 we see ! initial /age ( animal & vegetal organization4 ,! comp>ison may n[ be c>ri$ a /ep high]4 ,9 ! vegetal k+dom we pass f ! ,?allog5s1 consi/+ ( m]e masses ( simil> cells1 to ! ,acrog5s1 9 :i* ! cells are n simil> ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass2 b are "h aggregat$ into a /ructure s]v+ z leaf & !re into a /ructure s]v+ z root2 ?us =m+ a :ole 9 :i* !re is a c]ta9 subdivision ( functions among ! units1 & !re=e a c]ta9 mutual dep5d5ce4 ,9 ! animal k+dom we f9d analog\s progress4 ,f m]e unorganiz$ gr\ps ( cells1 or cell-l bodies1 we asc5d to gr\ps ( su* cells arrang$ into p>ts t h diff]5t duties4 ,! common ,polype1 f ! sub/ance ( :i* may be sep>at$ cells t exhibit1 :5 deta*$1 appe>ances & movem5ts l ^? ( a solit>y ,amoeba1 illu/rates ?is /age4 ,! compon5t units1 ?\gh /ill %[+ great community ( "*1 assume some:at div]se functions 9 ! sk91 9 ! int]nal surface1 & 9 ! t5tacles4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( physiological division ( lab\r4 ,turn+ to societies1 we f9d ^! /ages p>allel$ 9 mo/ aborig9al tribes4 ,:51 in/ead ( su* small v>iable gr\ps z are =m$ by ,bu%m51 we come to ! l>g] & m p]man5t gr\ps =m$ by savages n q s l[1 we f9d traces ( social /ructure4 ,?\gh indu/rial organization sc>cely %[s itself1 except 9 ! diff]5t occupations ( ! sexes2 yet !re is m or less ( gov]nm5tal organization4 ,:ile all ! m5 are w>riors & hunt]s1 only a "p ( !m are includ$ 9 ! c\ncil ( *iefs2 & 9 ?is c\ncil ( *iefs "s "o has commonly supreme au?ority4 ,!re is ?us a c]ta9 di/9ction ( classes & p[]s2 & ?r\gh ?is slight specialization ( functions is effect$ a rude co-op]ation among ! increas+ mass ( individuals1 :5ev] ! society has to act 9 its corporate capacity4 ,beyond ?is analogy 9 ! slight ext5t to :i* organization is c>ri$1 !re is analogy 9 ! indef9it5ess ( ! organization4 ,9 ! ,hydra1 ! respective p>ts ( ! creature's sub/ance h _m functions 9 common4 ,!y are all contractile2 omitt+ ! t5tacles1 ! :ole ( ! ext]nal surface c give orig9 to "y hydr2 &1 :5 turn$ inside out1 /oma* p]=ms ! duties ( sk9 & sk9 ! duties ( /oma*4 ,9 aborig9al societies su* diff]5tiations z exi/ are simil>ly imp]fect4 ,not)/&+ di/9ctions ( rank1 all p]sons ma9ta9 !mselves by _! own ex]tions4 ,n only d ! head m5 ( ! tribe1 9 common ) ! re/1 build _! own huts1 make _! own weapons1 kill _! own food2 b ! *ief does ! l4 ,moreov]1 su* gov]nm5tal organization z exi/s is incon/ant4 ,x is frequ5tly *ang$ by viol5ce or trea*]y1 & ! function ( rul+ assum$ by "s o!r w>rior4 ,?us betwe5 ! rude/ societies & "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 !re is analogy alike 9 ! slight ext5t to :i* organization is c>ri$1 9 ! indef9it5ess ( ?is organization1 & 9 its want ( fixity4 ,a fur!r complication ( ! analogy is at h&4 ,f ! aggregation ( units into organiz$ gr\ps1 we pass to ! multiplication ( su* gr\ps1 & _! coalesc5ce into comp\nd gr\ps4 ,! ,hydra1 :5 x has rea*$ a c]ta9 bulk1 puts =? f its surface a bud :i*1 gr[+ & gradually assum+ ! =m ( ! p>5t1 f9ally becomes deta*$2 & by ?is process ( gemmation ! creature peoples ! adjac5t wat] ) o!rs l itself4 ,a p>allel process is se5 9 ! multiplication ( ^? l[ly-organiz$ tribes above describ$4 ,:5 "o ( !m has increas$ to a size t is ei!r too great = co-ord9ation "u s rude a /ructure1 or else t is great] ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry c supply ) game & o!r wild food1 !re arises a t5d5cy to divide2 & z 9 su* communities !re (t5 occur qu>rels1 jeal\sies1 & o!r causes ( division1 !re soon comes an occasion on :i* a "p ( ! tribe sep>ates "u ! lead]%ip ( "s subord9ate *ief & migrates4 ,?is process be+ f "t to "t repeat$1 an ext5sive region is at l5g? occupi$ by num]\s tribes desc5d$ f a common ance/ry4 ,! analogy by no means ends "h4 ,?\gh 9 ! common ,hydra ! "y ones t bud out f ! p>5t soon become deta*$ & indep5d5t2 yet ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! class ,hydrozoa1 to :i* ?is creature belongs1 ! l does n g5]ally happ54 ,! successive individuals ?us develop$ cont9ue atta*$2 give orig9 to o!r su* individuals :i* also cont9ue atta*$2 & s !re results a comp\nd animal4 ,z 9 ! ,hydra itself we f9d an aggregation ( units :i*1 consid]$ sep>ately1 are ak9 to ! l[e/ ,protozoa2 s "h1 9 a ,zoophyte1 we f9d an aggregation ( su* aggregations4 ,! l is also se5 ?r\gh\t ! ext5sive family ( ,polyzoa or ,molluscoida4 ,! ,ascidian ,mollusks1 too1 9 _! _m =ms1 %[ u ! same ?+3 exhibit+1 at ! same "t1 v>i\s degrees ( union among ! compon5t individuals4 ,= :ile 9 ! ,salp ! compon5t individuals adh]e s slightly t a bl[ on ! vessel ( wat] 9 :i* !y are float+ w sep>ate !m2 9 ! ,botryllid !re exi/ vascul> connexions among !m1 & a common circulation4 ,n[ 9 ^! diff]5t /ages ( aggregation1 may we n see p>allel$ ! union ( gr\ps ( connate tribes into nations8 ,?\gh1 9 regions :]e circum/ances p]mit1 ! tribes desc5d$ f "s orig9al tribe migrate 9 all directions1 & become f> remov$ & q sep>ate2 yet1 :]e ! t]ritory pres5ts b>ri]s to di/ant migration1 ?is does n happ53 ! small k9dr$ communities are held 9 clos] contact1 & ev5tually become m or less unit$ into a nation4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! tribes ( ,am]ican ,indians & ! ,scotti% clans1 illu/rates ?is4 ,& a glance at our own e>ly hi/ory1 or ! e>ly hi/ories ( cont95tal nations1 %[s ?is fusion ( small simple communities tak+ place 9 v>i\s ways & to v>i\s ext5ts4 ,z says ,m4 ,guizot1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1-- ,by degrees1 9 ! mid/ ( ! *aos ( ! ris+ society1 small aggregations are =m$ :i* feel ! want ( alliance & union ) ea* o!r4444 ,soon inequality ( /r5g? is display$ among neighb\r+ aggregations4 ,! /rong t5d to subjugate ! weak1 & usurp at fir/ ! rights ( taxation & milit>y s]vice4 ,?us political au?ority leaves ! aggregations :i* fir/ in/itut$ x1 to take a wid] range4 ,t is to say1 ! small tribes1 clans1 or feudal gr\ps1 sprung mo/ly f a common /ock1 & long held 9 contact z occupants ( adjac5t l&s1 gradually get unit$ 9 o!r ways ?an by k9%ip & proximity4 ,a fur!r s]ies ( *anges beg9s n[ to take place1 to :i*1 z be=e1 we f9d analogies 9 individual organisms4 ,return+ to ! ,hydrozoa1 we obs]ve t 9 ! simple/ ( ! comp\nd =ms ! connect$ individuals are alike 9 /ructure1 & p]=m l functions2 ) ! exception t "h & !re a bud1 in/ead ( develop+ into a /oma*1 m\?1 & t5tacles1 becomes an egg-sac4 ,b ) ! oceanic ,hydrozoa ?is is by no means ! case4 ,9 ! ,calycophorid "s ( ! polypes gr[+ f ! common g]m1 become develop$ & modifi$ into l>ge1 long1 sack-l bodies1 :i*1 by _! rhy?mical contractions1 move ?r\gh ! wat]1 dragg+ ! community ( polypes aft] !m4 ,9 ! ,physophorid a v>iety ( organs simil>ly arise by trans=mation ( ! budd+ polypes2 s t 9 creatures l ! ,physalia1 commonly kn[n z ! ,portuguese ,man-(-w>1 in/ead ( t tree-l gr\p ( simil> individuals =m+ ! orig9al type1 we h a complex mass ( unlike p>ts fulfill+ unlike duties4 ,z an individual ,hydra may be reg>d$ z a gr\p ( ,protozoa :i* h become p>tially metamorphos$ into diff]5t organs2 s a ,physalia is1 morphologically consid]$1 a gr\p ( ,hydr ( :i* ! individuals h be5 v>i\sly trans=m$ to fit !m = v>i\s functions4 ,?is diff]5tiation ^u diff]5tiation is j :at takes place dur+ ! evolution ( a civiliz$ society4 ,we obs]v$ h[1 9 ! small communities fir/ =m$1 !re arises a simple political organization3 !re is a p>tial sep>ation ( classes hav+ diff]5t duties4 ,& n[ we h to obs]ve h[1 9 a nation =m$ by ! fusion ( su* small communities1 ! sev]al sections1 at fir/ alike 9 /ructures & modes ( activity1 gr[ unlike 9 bo?--gradually become mutually-dep5d5t p>ts1 div]se 9 _! natures & functions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! doctr9e ( ! progressive division ( lab\r1 to :i* we are "h introduc$1 is famili> to all read]s4 ,& fur!r1 ! analogy betwe5 ! economical division ( lab\r & ! physiological division ( lab\r1 is s /rik+ z long s9ce to h drawn ! att5tion ( sci5tific naturali/s3 s /rik+1 inde$1 t ! expression physiological division ( lab\r1 has be5 sugge/$ by x4 ,x is n ne$ful1 !re=e1 to treat ?is "p ( ! subject 9 great detail4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) not+ a few g5]al & significant facts1 n manife/ on a fir/ inspection4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole animal k+dom1 f ! ,coel5t]ata upw>ds1 ! fir/ /age ( evolution is ! same4 ,equally 9 ! g]m ( a polype & 9 ! human ovum1 ! aggregat$ mass ( cells out ( :i* ! creature is to arise1 gives orig9 to a p]iph]al lay] ( cells1 slightly diff]+ f ! re/ :i* !y include2 & ?is lay] subsequ5tly divides into two--! inn]1 ly+ 9 contact ) ! includ$ yelk1 be+ call$ ! muc\s lay]1 & ! out]1 expos$ to surr\nd+ ag5cies1 be+ call$ ! s]\s lay]3 or1 9 ! t]ms us$ by ,pr(4 ,huxley1 9 describ+ ! developm5t ( ! ,hydrozoa--! endod]m & ectod]m4 ,?is prim>y division m>ks out a fundam5tal contra/ ( p>ts 9 ! future organism4 ,f ! muc\s lay]1 or endod]m1 is develop$ ! app>atus ( nutrition2 :ile f ! s]\s lay]1 or ectod]m1 is develop$ ! app>atus ( ext]nal action4 ,out ( ! "o arise ! organs by :i* food is prep>$ & absorb$1 oxyg5 imbib$1 & blood purifi$2 :ile out ( ! o!r arise ! n]v\s1 muscul>1 & osse\s sy/ems1 by ! comb9$ actions ( :i* ! movem5ts ( ! body z a :ole are effect$4 ,?\gh ?is is n a rigor\sly-correct di/9ction1 see+ t "s organs involve bo? ( ^! primitive membranes1 yet high au?orities agree 9 /at+ x z a broad g5]al di/9ction4 ,well1 9 ! evolution ( a society1 we see a prim>y diff]5tiation ( analog\s k9d1 :i* simil>ly und]lies ! :ole future /ructure4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! only manife/ contra/ ( p>ts 9 primitive societies1 is t betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$4 ,9 ! lea/ organiz$ tribes1 ! c\ncil ( *iefs may be a body ( m5 di/+ui%$ simply by great] c\rage or exp]i5ce4 ,9 m organiz$ tribes1 ! *ief-class is def9itely sep>at$ f ! l[] class1 & (t5 reg>d$ z diff]5t 9 nature--sometimes z god-desc5d$4 ,& lat]1 we f9d ^! two becom+ respectively freem5 & slaves1 or nobles & s]fs4 ,a glance at _! respective functions1 makes x obvi\s t ! great divisions ?us e>ly =m$1 /& to ea* o!r 9 a relation simil> to t 9 :i* ! prim>y divisions ( ! embryo /& to ea* o!r4 ,=1 f its fir/ appe>ance1 ! w>rior-class1 head$ by *iefs1 is t by :i* ! ext]nal acts ( ! society are c>ri$ on3 alike 9 w>1 9 negotiation1 & 9 migration4 ,aft]w>ds1 :ile ?is upp] class gr[s di/9ct f ! l[]1 & at ! same "t becomes m & m exclusively regulative & def5sive 9 its functions1 alike 9 ! p]sons ( k+s & subord9ate rul]s1 prie/s1 & soldi]s2 ! inf]ior class becomes m & m exclusively occupi$ 9 provid+ ! necess>ies ( life = ! community at l>ge4 ,f ! soil1 ) :i* x comes 9 mo/ direct contact1 ! mass ( ! p takes up1 & prep>es = use1 ! food & su* rude articles ( manufacture z are kn[n2 :ile ! ov]ly+ mass ( sup]ior m51 ma9ta9$ by ! work+ population1 deals ) circum/ances ext]nal to ! community--circum/ances ) :i*1 by position1 x is m imm$iately conc]n$4 ,ceas+ by-&-by to h any k (1 or p[] ov]1 ! conc]ns ( ! society z a :ole1 ! s]f-class becomes devot$ to ! processes ( alim5tation2 :ile ! noble class1 ceas+ to take any "p 9 ! processes ( alim5tation1 becomes devot$ to ! co-ord9at$ movem5ts ( ! entire body-politic4 ,equally rem>kable is a fur!r analogy ( l k9d4 ,aft] ! muc\s & s]\s lay]s ( ! embryo h sep>at$1 !re pres5tly arises betwe5 ! two a ?ird1 kn[n to physiologi/s z ! vascul> lay]--a lay] out ( :i* are develop$ ! *ief blood-vessels4 ,! muc\s lay] absorbs nutrim5t f ! mass ( yelk x encloses2 ?is nutrim5t has to be transf]r$ to ! ov]ly+ s]\s lay]1 out ( :i* ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em is be+ develop$2 & betwe5 ! two arises a vascul> sy/em by :i* ! transf] is effect$--a sy/em ( vessels :i* cont9ues ev] aft] to be ! transf]r] ( nutrim5t f ! places :]e x is absorb$ & prep>$1 to ! places :]e x is ne$$ = gr[? & repair4 ,well1 may we n trace a p>allel /ep 9 social progress8 ,betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$1 !re at fir/ exi/s no int]m$iate class2 & ev5 9 "s societies t h rea*$ consid]able sizes1 !re are sc>cely any b ! nobles & _! k9dr$ on ! "o h&1 & ! s]fs on ! o!r3 ! social /ructure be+ su* t transf] ( commodities takes place directly f slaves to _! ma/]s4 ,b 9 societies ( a high] type1 !re gr[s up1 betwe5 ^! two primitive classes1 ano!r--! trad+ or middle class4 ,equally at fir/ z n[1 we may see t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ?is middle class is ! analogue ( ! middle lay] 9 ! embryo4 ,= all trad]s are ess5tially di/ributors4 ,:e!r !y be :olesale deal]s1 :o collect into l>ge masses ! commodities ( v>i\s produc]s2 or :e!r !y be retail]s1 :o divide out to ^? :o want !m1 ! masses ( commodities ?us collect$ toge!r2 all m]cantile m5 are ag5ts ( transf] f ! places :]e ?+s are produc$ to ! places :]e !y are consum$4 ,?us ! di/ribut+ app>atus 9 a society1 answ]s to ! di/ribut+ app>atus 9 a liv+ body2 n only 9 its functions1 b 9 its int]m$iate orig9 & subsequ5t position1 & 9 ! "t ( its appe>ance4 ,)\t enum]at+ ! m9or diff]5tiations :i* ^! ?ree great classes aft]w>ds und]go1 we w m]ely note t ?r\gh\t1 !y foll[ ! same g5]al law ) ! diff]5tiations ( an individual organism4 ,9 a society1 z 9 a rudim5t>y animal1 we h se5 t ! mo/ g5]al & broadly contra/$ divisions are ! fir/ to make _! appe>ance2 & ( ! subdivisions x cont9ues true 9 bo? cases1 t !y arise 9 ! ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality4 ,let u obs]ve1 next1 t 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! specializations are at fir/ v incomplete1 & approa* complet5ess z organization progresses4 ,we saw t 9 primitive tribes1 z 9 ! simple/ animals1 !re rema9s mu* community ( function betwe5 ! p>ts :i* are nom9ally diff]5t--t1 = in/ance1 ! class ( *iefs long rema9s indu/rially ! same z ! inf]ior class2 j z 9 a ,hydra1 ! prop]ty ( contractility is possess$ by ! units ( ! endod]m z well z by ^? ( ! ectod]m4 ,we not$ also h[1 z ! society advanc$1 ! two great primitive classes p>took less & less ( ea* o!r's functions4 ,& we h "h to rem>k t all subsequ5t specializations are at fir/ vague & gradually become di/9ct4 ,9 ! infancy ( society1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 ev]y?+ is confus$ & unc]ta92 !re is z yet no fix$ & precise l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! diff]5t p[]s 9 a /ate4 ,orig9ally k+s liv$ l o!r l&[n]s1 on ! incomes d]iv$ f _! own private e/ates4 ,nobles 7 petty k+s2 & k+s only ! mo/ p[]ful nobles4 ,bi%ops 7 feudal lords & milit>y lead]s4 ,! "r ( co9+ money 0 possess$ by p[]ful subjects1 & by ! ,*ur*1 z well z by ! k+4 ,e lead+ man ex]cis$ alike ! functions ( l&[n]1 f>m]1 soldi]1 /atesman1 judge4 ,reta9]s 7 n[ soldi]s1 & n[ lab\r]s1 z ! day requir$4 ,b by degrees ! ,*ur* has lo/ all civil jurisdiction2 ! ,/ate has ex]cis$ less & less control ov] religi\s tea*+2 ! milit>y class has gr[n a di/9ct "o2 h&icrafts h conc5trat$ 9 t[ns2 & ! sp9n+-:eels ( scatt]$ f>mh\ses1 h disappe>$ be=e ! ma*9]y ( manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,n only is all progress f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 b1 at ! same "t1 x is f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite4 ,ano!r fact :i* %\ld n be pass$ ov]1 is t 9 ! evolution ( a l>ge society out ( a clu/] ( small ones1 !re is a gradual oblit]ation ( ! orig9al l9es ( sep>ation--a *ange to :i*1 also1 we may see analogies 9 liv+ bodies4 ,! sub-k+dom ,annulosa1 furni%es good illu/rations4 ,among ! l[] types ! body consi/s ( num]\s segm5ts t are alike 9 ne>ly e p>ticul>4 ,ea* has its ext]nal r+2 its pair ( legs1 if ! creature has legs2 its equal portion ( inte/9e1 or else its sep>ate /oma*2 its equal portion ( ! great blood-vessel1 or1 9 "s cases1 its sep>ate he>t2 its equal portion ( ! n]v\s cord2 &1 p]haps1 its sep>ate pair ( ganglia4 ,b 9 ! highe/ types1 z 9 ! l>ge ,cru/acea1 _m ( ! segm5ts are completely fus$ toge!r2 & ! int]nal organs are no long] uni=mly repeat$ 9 all ! segm5ts4 ,n[ ! segm5ts ( :i* nations at fir/ consi/1 lose _! sep>ate ext]nal & int]nal /ructures 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 feudal times ! m9or communities1 gov]n$ by feudal lords1 7 sev]ally organiz$ 9 ! same rude way1 & 7 held toge!r only by ! fealty ( _! respective rul]s to a suz]a94 ,b along ) ! gr[? ( a c5tral p[]1 ! dem>cations ( ^! local communities become relatively unimportant1 & _! sep>ate organizations m]ge into ! g5]al organization4 ,! l is se5 on a l>g] scale 9 ! fusion ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&2 &1 on ! ,cont95t1 9 ! coalesc5ce ( prov9ces into k+doms4 ,ev5 9 ! disappe>ance ( law-made divisions1 ! process is analog\s4 ,among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 ,engl& 0 divid$ into ti?+s1 hundr$s1 & c\nties3 !re 7 c\nty-c\rts1 c\rts ( hundr$1 & c\rts ( ti?+4 ,! c\rts ( ti?+ disappe>$ fir/2 !n ! c\rts ( hundr$1 :i* h1 h[ev]1 left traces2 :ile ! c\nty-jurisdiction /ill exi/s4 ,*iefly1 h[ev]1 x is to be not$1 t !re ev5tually gr[s up an organization :i* has no ref]5ce to ^! orig9al divisions1 b trav]ses !m 9 v>i\s directions1 z is ! case 9 creatures belong+ to ! sub-k+dom j nam$2 &1 fur!r1 t 9 bo? cases x is ! su/a9+ organization :i* ?us trav]ses old b\nd>ies1 :ile1 9 bo? cases1 x is ! gov]nm5tal1 or co-ord9at+ organization 9 :i* ! orig9al b\nd>ies cont9ue traceable4 ,?us1 9 ! highe/ ,annulosa ! exo-skeleton & ! muscul> sy/em nev] lose all traces ( _! primitive segm5tation2 b ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! body1 ! conta9$ visc]a d n 9 ! lea/ con=m to ! ext]nal divisions4 ,simil>ly ) a nation we see t :ile1 = gov]nm5tal purposes1 su* divisions z c\nties & p>i%es /ill exi/1 ! /ructure develop$ = c>ry+ on ! nutrition ( society :olly ignores ^! b\nd>ies3 our great cotton-manufacture spreads out ( ,lanca%ire into ,nor? ,d]by%ire2 ,leice/]%ire & ,nott+ham%ire h long divid$ ! /ock+-trade betwe5 !m2 "o great c5tre = ! production ( iron & iron-goods1 includes p>ts ( ,w>wick%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 & ,worce/]%ire2 & ^? v>i\s specializations ( agriculture :i* h made diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl& not$ = diff]5t products1 %[ no m respect to c\nty-b\nd>ies ?an d our gr[+ t[ns to ! b\nd>ies ( p>i%es4 ,if1 aft] contemplat+ ^! analogies ( /ructure1 we inquire :e!r !re are any su* analogies betwe5 ! processes ( organic *ange1 ! answ] is--yes4 ,! causes :i* lead to increase ( bulk 9 any "p ( ! body-politic1 are ( l nature ) ^? :i* lead to increase ( bulk 9 any "p ( an individual body4 ,9 bo? cases ! antec$5t is great] functional activity consequ5t on great] dem&4 ,ea* limb1 viscus1 gl&1 or o!r memb] ( an animal1 is develop$ by ex]cise--by actively dis*>g+ ! duties :i* ! body at l>ge requires ( x2 & simil>ly1 any class ( lab\r]s or artisans1 any manufactur+ c5tre1 or any (ficial ag5cy1 beg9s to enl>ge :5 ! community devolves on x m "w4 ,9 ea* case1 too1 gr[? has its conditions & its limits4 ,t any organ 9 a liv+ be+ may gr[ by ex]cise1 !re ne$s a due supply ( blood4 ,all action implies wa/e2 blood br+s ! mat]ials = repair2 & be=e !re c be gr[?1 ! quantity ( blood suppli$ mu/ be m ?an is requisite = repair4 ,9 a society x is ! same4 ,if to "s di/rict :i* elaborates = ! community p>ticul> commodities--say ! wooll5s ( ,york%ire--!re comes an augm5t$ dem&2 & if1 9 fulfilm5t ( ?is dem&1 a c]ta9 exp5diture & we> ( ! manufactur+ organization are incurr$2 & if1 9 paym5t = ! extra quantity ( wooll5s s5t away1 !re comes back only su* quantity ( commodities z replaces ! exp5diture1 & makes good ! wa/e ( life & ma*9]y2 !re c cle>ly be no gr[?4 ,t !re may be gr[?1 ! commodities obta9$ 9 return mu/ be m ?an suffici5t = ^! ends2 & j 9 proportion z ! surplus is great w ! gr[? be rapid4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t :at 9 comm]cial affairs we call pr(it1 answ]s to ! excess ( nutrition ov] wa/e 9 a liv+ body4 ,moreov]1 9 bo? cases :5 ! functional activity is high & ! nutrition defective1 !re results n gr[? b decay4 ,if 9 an animal1 any organ is work$ s h>d t ! *annels :i* br+ blood _c furni% en\gh = repair1 ! organ dw9dles3 atrophy is set up4 ,& if 9 ! body-politic1 "s "p has be5 /imulat$ into great productivity1 & _c aft]w>ds get paid = all its produce1 c]ta9 ( its memb]s become bankrupt1 & x decreases 9 size4 ,"o m p>allelism to be "h not$1 is t ! diff]5t p>ts ( a social organism1 l ! diff]5t p>ts ( an individual organism1 compete = nutrim5t2 & sev]ally obta9 m or less ( x accord+ z !y are dis*>g+ m or less duty4 ,if a man's bra9 be ov]excit$ x ab/racts blood f 8 visc]a & /ops dige/ion2 or dige/ion1 actively go+ on1 s affects ! circulation ?r\gh ! bra9 z to cause dr[s9ess2 or great muscul> ex]tion det]m9es su* a quantity ( blood to ! limbs z to arre/ dige/ion or c]ebral action1 z ! case may be4 ,s1 likewise1 9 a society1 great activity 9 "s "o direction causes p>tial arre/s ( activity else:]e by ab/ract+ capital1 t is commodities3 z in/ance ! way 9 :i* ! sudd5 developm5t ( our railway-sy/em hamp]$ comm]cial op]ations2 or ! way 9 :i* ! rais+ ( a l>ge milit>y =ce tempor>ily /ops ! gr[? ( lead+ indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ few p>agraphs introduce ! next division ( our subject4 ,almo/ unaw>es we h come ^u ! analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! blood ( a liv+ body & ! circulat+ mass ( commodities 9 ! body-politic4 ,we h n[ to trace out ?is analogy f its simple/ to its mo/ complex manife/ations4 ,9 ! l[e/ animals !re exi/s no blood prop]ly s call$4 ,?r\gh ! small assemblage ( cells :i* make up a ,hydra1 p]meate ! juices absorb$ f ! food4 ,!re is no app>atus = elaborat+ a conc5trat$ & purifi$ nutrim5t1 & di/ribut+ x among ! compon5t units2 b ^! compon5t units directly imbibe ! unprep>$ nutrim5t1 ei!r f ! dige/ive cavity or f "o ano!r4 ,may we n say t ?is is :at takes place 9 an aborig9al tribe8 ,all its memb]s sev]ally obta9 = !mselves ! necess>ies ( life 9 _! crude /ates2 & sev]ally prep>e !m = _! own uses z well z !y c4 ,:5 !re arises a decid$ diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$1 "s am\nt ( transf] beg9s betwe5 ^? inf]ior individuals :o1 z work]s1 come directly 9 contact ) ! products ( ! e>?1 & ^? sup]ior ones :o ex]cise ! high] functions--a transf] p>allel to t :i* accompanies ! diff]5tiation ( ! ectod]m f ! endod]m4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 h[ev]1 x is a transf] ( products t are little if at all prep>$2 & takes place directly f ! unit :i* obta9s to ! unit :i* consumes1 )\t ent]+ into any g5]al curr5t4 ,pass+ to l>g] organisms--individual & social--we meet ! fir/ advance on ?is arrangem5t4 ,:]e1 z among ! comp\nd ,hydrozoa1 !re is a union ( _m su* primitive gr\ps z =m ,hydr2 or :]e1 z 9 a ,m$usa1 "o ( ^! gr\ps has become ( great size2 !re exi/ rude *annels runn+ ?r\gh\t ! sub/ance ( ! body3 n1 h[ev]1 *annels = ! conveyance ( prep>$ nutrim5t1 b m]e prolongations ( ! dige/ive cavity1 ?r\gh :i* ! crude *yle-aque\s fluid rea*es ! remot] p>ts1 & is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by ! creature's contractions4 ,d we n f9d 9 "s ( ! m advanc$ primitive communities an analog\s condition8 ,:5 ! m51 p>tially or fully unit$ into "o society1 become num]\s--:51 z usually happ5s1 !y cov] a surface ( c\ntry n ev]y:]e alike 9 its products--:51 m especially1 !re arise consid]able classes :i* are n indu/rial2 "s process ( ex*ange & di/ribution inevitably arises4 ,trav]s+ "h & !re ! e>?'s surface1 cov]$ by t vegetation on :i* human life dep5ds1 & 9 :i*1 z we say1 ! units ( a society are imb$d$1 !re are =m$ indef9ite pa?s1 along :i* "s ( ! necess>ies ( life occasionally pass1 to be b>t]$ = o!rs :i* pres5tly come back along ! same *annels4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t at fir/ little else b crude commodities are ?us transf]r$--fruits1 fi%1 pigs or cattle1 sk9s1 etc43 !re are few1 if any1 manufactur$ products or articles prep>$ = consumption4 ,& note also1 t su* di/ribution ( ^! unprep>$ necess>ies ( life z takes place1 is b occasional--goes on ) a c]ta9 sl[1 irregul> rhy?m4 ,fur!r progress 9 ! elaboration & di/ribution ( nutrim5t1 or ( commodities1 is a necess>y accompanim5t ( fur!r diff]5tiation ( functions 9 ! individual body or 9 ! body-politic4 ,z fa/ z ea* organ ( a liv+ animal becomes conf9$ to a special action1 x mu/ become dep5d5t on ! re/ = ^? mat]ials :i* its position & duty d n p]mit x to obta9 = itself2 9 ! same way t1 z fa/ z ea* p>ticul> class ( a community becomes exclusively occupi$ 9 produc+ its own commodity1 x mu/ become dep5d5t on ! re/ = ! o!r commodities x ne$s4 ,&1 simultane\sly1 a m p]fectly-elaborat$ blood w result f a highly specializ$ gr\p ( nutritive organs1 sev]ally adapt$ to prep>e its diff]5t elem5ts2 9 ! same way t ! /ream ( commodities circulat+ ?r\gh\t a society1 w be ( sup]ior quality 9 proportion to ! great] division ( lab\r among ! work]s4 ,obs]ve1 also1 t 9 ei!r case ! circulat+ mass ( nutritive mat]ials1 besides com+ gradually to consi/ ( bett] +r$i5ts1 also gr[s m complex4 ,an increase 9 ! numb] ( ! unlike organs :i* add to ! blood _! wa/e matt]s1 & dem& f x ! diff]5t mat]ials !y sev]ally ne$1 implies a blood m het]og5e\s 9 composition--an a priori conclusion :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,williams1 is inductively confirm$ by exam9ation ( ! blood ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s grades ( ! animal k+dom4 ,& simil>ly1 x is manife/ t z fa/ z ! division ( lab\r among ! classes ( a community becomes great]1 !re mu/ be an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! curr5ts ( m]*&ize fl[+ ?r\gh\t t community4 ,! circulat+ mass ( nutritive mat]ials 9 individual organisms & 9 social organisms1 becom+ at once bett] 9 ! quality ( its +r$i5ts & m het]og5e\s 9 composition1 z ! type ( /ructure becomes high]1 ev5tually has add$ to x 9 bo? cases ano!r elem5t1 :i* is n itself nutritive b facilitates ! processes ( nutrition4 ,we ref]1 9 ! case ( ! individual organism1 to ! blood-discs2 & 9 ! case ( ! social organism1 to money4 ,?is analogy has be5 obs]v$ by ,liebig1 :o 9 8 ,famili> ,lett]s on ,*emi/ry says3-- ,silv] & gold h to p]=m 9 ! organism ( ! /ate1 ! same function z ! blood-corpuscles 9 ! human organism4 ,z ^! r\nd discs1 )\t !mselves tak+ an imm$iate %>e 9 ! nutritive process1 are ! m$ium1 ! ess5tial condition ( ! *ange ( matt]1 ( ! production ( ! heat & ( ! =ce by :i* ! temp]ature ( ! body is kept up1 & ! motions ( ! blood & all ! juices are det]m9$1 s has gold become ! m$ium ( all activity 9 ! life ( ! /ate4 ,& blood-corpuscles be+ l co9 9 _! functions1 & 9 ! fact t !y are n consum$ 9 nutrition1 he fur!r po9ts out t ! numb] ( !m :i* 9 a consid]able int]val fl[s ?r\gh ! great c5tres1 is enorm\s :5 comp>$ ) _! absolute numb]2 j z ! quantity ( money :i* annually passes ?r\gh ! great m]cantile c5tres1 is enorm\s :5 comp>$ ) ! quantity ( money 9 ! k+dom4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,liebig has omitt$ ! significant circum/ance t only at a c]ta9 /age ( organization does ?is elem5t ( ! circulation make its appe>ance4 ,?r\gh\t ext5sive divisions ( ! l[] animals1 ! blood conta9s no corpuscles2 & 9 societies ( l[ civilization1 !re is no money4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ ! analogy betwe5 ! blood 9 a liv+ body & ! consumable & circulat+ commodities 9 ! body-politic4 ,let u n[ comp>e ! appliances by :i* !y are respectively di/ribut$4 ,we %all f9d 9 ! developm5ts ( ^! appliances p>allelisms n less rem>kable ?an ^? above set =?4 ,already we h %[n t1 z classes1 :olesale & retail di/ributors dis*>ge 9 a society ! (fice :i* ! vascul> sy/em dis*>ges 9 an individual creature2 t !y come into exi/5ce lat] ?an ! o!r two great classes1 z ! vascul> lay] appe>s lat] ?an ! muc\s & s]\s lay]s2 & t !y occupy a l int]m$iate position4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x rema9s to be po9t$ out t a complete conception ( ! circulat+ sy/em 9 a society1 includes n only ! active human ag5ts :o propel ! curr5ts ( commodities1 & regulate _! di/ribution1 b includes1 also1 ! *annels ( communication4 ,x is ! =mation & arrangem5t ( ^! to :i* we n[ direct att5tion4 ,go+ back once m to ^? l[] animals 9 :i* !re is f\nd no?+ b a p>tial diffusion1 n ( blood1 b only ( crude nutritive fluids1 x is to be rem>k$ t ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! diffusion takes place1 are m]e excavations ?r\gh ! half-organiz$ sub/ance ( ! body3 !y h no l9+ membranes1 b are m]e lacun trav]s+ a rude tissue4 ,n[ c\ntries 9 :i* civilization is b comm5c+1 display a l condition3 !re are no roads prop]ly s call$2 b ! wild]ness ( vegetal life cov]+ ! e>?'s surface is pi]c$ by tracks1 ?r\gh :i* ! di/ribution ( crude commodities takes place4 ,& :ile1 9 bo? cases1 ! acts ( di/ribution occur only at long int]vals 7! curr5ts1 aft] a pause1 n[ sett+ t[>ds a g5]al c5tre & n[ away f x71 ! transf] is 9 bo? cases sl[ & difficult4 ,b among o!r accompanim5ts ( progress1 common to animals & societies1 comes ! =mation ( m def9ite & complete *annels ( communication4 ,blood-vessels acquire di/9ct walls2 roads are f5c$ & gravell$4 ,?is advance is fir/ se5 9 ^? roads or vessels t are ne>e/ to ! *ief c5tres ( di/ribution2 :ile ! p]iph]al roads & p]iph]al vessels long cont9ue 9 _! primitive /ates4 ,at a yet lat] /age ( developm5t1 :]e comp>ative f9i% ( /ructure is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! sy/em z well z ne> ! *ief c5tres1 !re rema9s 9 bo? cases ! diff]5ce t ! ma9 *annels are comp>atively broad & /raight1 :ile ! subord9ate ones are n>r[ & tortu\s 9 proportion to _! remot5ess4 ,la/ly1 x is to be rem>k$ t !re ultimately arise 9 ! high] social organisms1 z 9 ! high] individual organisms1 ma9 *annels ( di/ribution /ill m di/+ui%$ by _! p]fect /ructures1 _! comp>ative /raightness1 & ! abs5ce ( ^? small bran*es :i* ! m9or *annels p]petually give (f4 ,& 9 railways we also see1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! social organism1 a sy/em ( d\ble *annels convey+ curr5ts 9 opposite directions1 z d ! art]ies & ve9s ( a well-develop$ animal4 ,^! p>allelisms 9 ! evolutions & /ructures ( ! circulat+ sy/ems1 introduce u to o!rs 9 ! k9ds & rates ( ! movem5ts go+ on ?r\gh !m4 ,?r\gh ! l[e/ societies1 z ?r\gh ! l[e/ creatures1 ! di/ribution ( crude nutrim5t is by sl[ gurgitations & regurgitations4 ,9 creatures t h rude vascul> sy/ems1 j z 9 societies t are beg9n+ to h roads1 !re is no regul> circulation along def9ite c\rses2 b1 in/ead1 p]iodical *anges ( ! curr5ts--n[ t[>ds ?is po9t & n[ t[>ds t4 ,?r\gh ea* "p ( an inf]ior mollusk's body1 ! blood fl[s = a :ile 9 "o direction1 !n /ops & fl[s 9 ! opposite direction2 j z ?r\gh a rudely-organiz$ society1 ! di/ribution ( m]*&ize is sl[ly c>ri$ on by great fairs1 occurr+ 9 diff]5t localities1 to & f :i* ! curr5ts p]iodically set4 ,only animals ( tol]ably complete organizations1 l advanc$ communities1 are p]meat$ by con/ant curr5ts t are def9itely direct$4 ,9 liv+ bodies1 ! local & v>iable curr5ts disappe> :5 !re gr[ up great c5tres ( circulation1 g5]at+ m p[]ful curr5ts by a rhy?m :i* ends 9 a quick1 regul> pulsation4 ,& :5 9 social bodies !re arise great c5tres ( comm]cial activity1 produc+ & ex*ang+ l>ge quantities ( commodities1 ! rapid & cont9u\s /reams drawn 9 & emitt$ by ^! c5tres subdue all m9or & local circulations3 ! sl[ rhy?m ( fairs m]ges into ! fa/] "o ( weekly m>kets1 & 9 ! *ief c5tres ( di/ribution1 weekly m>kets m]ge into daily m>kets2 :ile 9 place ( ! languid transf] f place to place1 tak+ place at fir/ weekly1 !n twice or ?rice a week1 we by-&-by get daily transf]1 & f9ally transf] _m times a day--! orig9al sluggi%1 irregul> rhy?m1 becomes a rapid1 equable pulse4 ,m>k1 too1 t 9 bo? cases ! increas$ activity1 l ! great] p]fection ( /ructure1 is mu* less conspicu\s at ! p]iph]y ( ! vascul> sy/em4 ,on ma9 l9es ( railway1 we h1 p]haps1 a score tra9s 9 ea* direction daily1 go+ at f ?irty to fifty miles an h\r2 z1 ?r\gh ! great art]ies1 ! blood moves rapidly 9 successive gu%es4 ,along high roads1 !re g vehicles convey+ m5 & commodities ) mu* less1 ?\gh /ill consid]able1 spe$1 & ) a mu* less decid$ rhy?m2 z1 9 ! small] art]ies1 ! spe$ ( ! blood is greatly dim9i%$ & ! pulse less conspicu\s4 ,9 p>i%-roads1 n>r[]1 less complete1 & m tortu\s1 ! rate ( movem5t is fur!r decreas$ & ! rhy?m sc>cely traceable2 z 9 ! ultimate art]ies4 ,9 ^? /ill m imp]fect by-roads :i* lead f ^! p>i%-roads to scatt]$ f>mh\ses & cottages1 ! motion is yet sl[] & v irregul>2 j z we f9d x 9 ! capill>ies4 ,:ile along ! field-roads1 :i*1 9 _! un=m$1 unf5c$ /ate1 are typical ( lacun1 ! movem5t is ! sl[e/1 ! mo/ irregul>1 & ! mo/ infrequ5t2 z x is1 n only 9 ! primitive lacun ( animals & societies1 b z x is also 9 ^? lacun 9 :i* ! vascul> sy/em ends among ext5sive families ( inf]ior creatures4 ,?us1 !n1 we f9d betwe5 ! di/ribut+ sy/ems ( liv+ bodies & ! di/ribut+ sy/ems ( bodies-politic1 wond]fully close p>allelisms4 ,9 ! l[e/ =ms ( individual & social organisms1 !re exi/ nei!r prep>$ nutritive matt]s nor di/ribut+ appliances2 & 9 bo?1 ^!1 aris+ z necess>y accompanim5ts ( ! diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 approa* p]fection z ?is diff]5tiation approa*es complet5ess4 ,9 animals1 z 9 societies1 ! di/ribut+ ag5cies beg9 to %[ !mselves at ! same relative p]iods1 & 9 ! same relative positions4 ,9 ! "o1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! nutritive mat]ials circulat$ are at fir/ crude & simple1 gradually become bett] elaborat$ & m het]og5e\s1 & h ev5tually add$ to !m a new elem5t facilitat+ ! nutritive processes4 ,! *annels ( communication pass ?r\gh simil> phases ( developm5t1 :i* br+ !m to analog\s =ms4 ,& ! directions1 rhy?ms1 & rates ( circulation1 progress by l /eps to l f9al conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come at l5g? to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,hav+ notic$ ! prim>y diff]5tiation ( societies into ! gov]n+ & gov]n$ classes1 & obs]v$ its analogy to ! diff]5tiation ( ! two prim>y tissues :i* respectively develop into organs ( ext]nal action & organs ( alim5tation2 hav+ notic$ "s ( ! lead+ analogies betwe5 ! developm5t ( indu/rial arrangem5ts & t ( ! alim5t>y app>atus2 & hav+1 above1 m fully trac$ ! analogies betwe5 ! di/ribut+ sy/ems1 social & individual2 we h n[ to comp>e ! appliances by :i* a society1 z a :ole1 is regulat$1 ) ^? by :i* ! movem5ts ( an individual creature are regulat$4 ,we %all f9d "h p>allelisms equally /rik+ ) ^? already detail$4 ,! class out ( :i* gov]nm5tal organization orig9ates1 is1 z we h said1 analog\s 9 its relations to ! ectod]m ( ! l[e/ animals & ( embryonic =ms4 ,& z ?is primitive membrane1 out ( :i* ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em is evolv$1 mu/1 ev5 9 ! fir/ /age ( its diff]5tiation1 be slightly di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by t great] impressibility & contractility *>act]iz+ ! organs to :i* x gives rise2 s1 9 t sup]ior class :i* is ev5tually trans=m$ into ! directo-executive sy/em ( a society 7its legislative & def5sive appliances71 does !re exi/ 9 ! beg9n+1 a l>g] end[m5t ( ! capacities requir$ = ^! high] social functions4 ,always1 9 rude assemblages ( m51 ! /ronge/1 mo/ c\rage\s1 & mo/ sagaci\s1 become rul]s & lead]s2 &1 9 a tribe ( "s /&+1 ?is results 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a dom9ant class1 *>act]iz$ on ! av]age by ^? m5tal & bodily qualities :i* fit !m = delib]ation & vigor\s comb9$ action4 ,?us t great] impressibility & contractility1 :i* 9 ! rude/ animal types *>act]ize ! units ( ! ectod]m1 *>act]ize also ! units ( ! primitive social /ratum :i* controls & fights2 s9ce impressibility & contractility are ! respective roots ( intellig5ce & /r5g?4 ,aga91 9 ! unmodifi$ ectod]m1 z we see x 9 ! ,hydra1 ! units are all end[$ bo? ) impressibility & contractility2 b z we asc5d to high] types ( organization1 ! ectod]m diff]5tiates into classes ( units :i* divide ^? two functions betwe5 !m3 "s1 becom+ exclusively impressible1 cease to be contractile2 :ile "s1 becom+ exclusively contractile1 cease to be impressible4 ,simil>ly ) societies4 ,9 an aborig9al tribe1 ! directive & executive functions are diffus$ 9 a m+l$ =m ?r\gh\t ! :ole gov]n+ class4 ,ea* m9or *ief comm&s ^? "u him1 &1 if ne$ be1 himself co]ces !m into ob$i5ce4 ,! c\ncil ( *iefs itself c>ries out on ! battle-field its own decisions4 ,! head *ief n only makes laws1 b adm9i/]s ju/ice ) 8 own h&s4 ,9 l>g] & m settl$ communities1 h[ev]1 ! directive & executive ag5cies beg9 to gr[ di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,z fa/ z 8 duties accumulate1 ! head *ief or k+ conf9es himself m & m to direct+ public affairs1 & leaves ! execution ( 8 w to o!rs3 he deputes o!rs to en=ce submission1 to inflict puni%m5ts1 or to c>ry out m9or acts ( (f5ce & def5ce2 & only on occasions :51 p]haps1 ! safety ( ! society & 8 own supremacy are at /ake1 does he beg9 to act z well z direct4 ,z ?is diff]5tiation e/abli%es itself1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! rul] beg9 to *ange4 ,no long]1 z 9 an aborig9al tribe1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ d>+ man1 ! t5d5cy is = him to become ! man ( greate/ cunn+1 =esight1 & skill 9 ! managem5t ( o!rs2 = 9 societies t h advanc$ beyond ! fir/ /age1 x is *iefly su* qualities t insure success 9 ga9+ supreme p[]1 & hold+ x aga9/ int]nal & ext]nal enemies4 ,?us t memb] ( ! gov]n+ class :o comes to be ! *ief direct+ ag5t1 & s plays ! same "p t a rudim5t>y n]v\s c5tre does 9 an unfold+ organism1 is usually "o end[$ ) "s sup]iorities ( n]v\s organization4 ,9 ^? l>g] & m complex communities possess+1 p]haps1 a sep>ate milit>y class1 a prie/hood1 & disp]s$ masses ( population requir+ local control1 !re gr[ up subord9ate gov]n+ ag5ts2 :o1 z _! duties accumulate1 sev]ally become m directive & less executive 9 _! *>act]s4 ,& :51 z commonly happ5s1 ! k+ beg9s to collect r\nd himself advis]s :o aid him by communicat+ in=mation1 prep>+ subjects = 8 judgm5t1 & issu+ 8 ord]s2 we may say t ! =m ( organization is comp>able to "o v g5]al among inf]ior types ( animals1 9 :i* !re exi/s a *ief ganglion ) a few disp]s$ m9or ganglia "u its control4 ,! analogies betwe5 ! evolution ( gov]nm5tal /ructures 9 societies1 & ! evolution ( gov]nm5tal /ructures 9 liv+ bodies1 are1 h[ev]1 m /rik+ly display$ dur+ ! =mation ( nations by coalesc5ce ( tribes--a process already %[n to be1 9 sev]al respects1 p>allel to ! developm5t ( creatures t prim>ily consi/ ( _m l segm5ts4 ,among o!r po9ts ( community betwe5 ! successive r+s :i* make up ! body 9 ! l[] ,annulosa1 is ! possession ( simil> pairs ( ganglia4 ,^! pairs ( ganglia1 ?\gh connect$ by n]ves1 are v incompletely dep5d5t on any g5]al controll+ p[]4 ,h5ce x results t :5 ! body is cut 9 two1 ! h9d] "p cont9ues to move =w>d "u ! propulsion ( its num]\s legs2 & t :5 ! *a9 ( ganglia has be5 divid$ )\t sev]+ ! body1 ! h9d limbs may be se5 try+ to propel ! body 9 "o direction :ile ! =e limbs are try+ to propel x 9 ano!r4 ,b 9 ! high] ,annulosa1 call$ ,articulata1 sundry ( ! ant]ior pairs ( ganglia1 besides gr[+ l>g]1 unite 9 "o mass2 & ?is great cephalic ganglion hav+ become ! co-ord9ator ( all ! creature's movem5ts1 !re no long] exi/s mu* local indep5d5ce4 ,n[ may we n 9 ! gr[? ( a consolidat$ k+dom out ( petty sov]eignties or b>onies1 obs]ve analog\s *anges8 ,l ! *iefs & primitive rul]s above describ$1 feudal lords1 ex]cis+ supreme p[] ov] _! respective gr\ps ( reta9]s1 dis*>ge functions analog\s to ^? ( rudim5t>y n]v\s c5tres4 ,among ^! local gov]n+ c5tres !re is1 9 e>ly feudal times1 v little subord9ation4 ,!y are 9 frequ5t antagonism2 !y are individually re/ra9$ *iefly by ! influ5ce ( p>ties 9 _! own class2 & !y are b irregul>ly subject to t mo/ p[]ful memb] ( _! ord] :o has ga9$ ! position ( head-suz]a9 or k+4 ,z ! gr[? & organization ( ! society progresses1 ^! local directive c5tres fall m & m "u ! control ( a *ief directive c5tre4 ,clos] comm]cial union betwe5 ! sev]al segm5ts is accompani$ by clos] gov]nm5tal union2 & ^! m9or rul]s end 9 be+ little m ?an ag5ts :o adm9i/]1 9 _! sev]al localities1 ! laws made by ! supreme rul]3 j z ! local ganglia above describ$1 ev5tually become ag5ts :i* en=ce1 9 _! respective segm5ts1 ! ord]s ( ! cephalic ganglion4 ,! p>allelism holds /ill fur!r4 ,we rem>k$ above1 :5 speak+ ( ! rise ( aborig9al k+s1 t 9 proportion z _! t]ritories increase1 !y are oblig$ n only to p]=m _! executive functions by deputy1 b also to ga!r r\nd !mselves advis]s to aid 9 _! directive functions2 & t ?us1 9 place ( a solit>y gov]n+ unit1 !re gr[s up a gr\p ( gov]n+ units1 comp>able to a ganglion consi/+ ( _m cells4 ,let u "h add t ! advis]s & *ief (fic]s :o ?us =m ! rudim5t ( a m9i/ry1 t5d f ! beg9n+ to ex]cise "s control ov] ! rul]4 ,by ! in=mation !y give & ! op9ions !y express1 !y sway 8 judgm5t & affect 8 comm&s4 ,to ?is ext5t he is made a *annel ?r\gh :i* are communicat$ ! directions orig9at+ ) !m2 & 9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! advice ( m9i/]s becomes ! ackn[l$g$ s\rce ( 8 actions1 ! k+ assumes ! "* ( an automatic c5tre1 reflect+ ! impressions made on him f )\t4 ,beyond ?is complication ( gov]nm5tal /ructure _m societies d n progress2 b 9 "s1 a fur!r developm5t takes place4 ,our own case be/ illu/rates ?is fur!r developm5t & its fur!r analogies4 ,to k+s & _! m9i/ries h be5 add$1 9 ,engl&1 o!r great directive c5tres1 ex]cis+ a control :i*1 at fir/ small1 has be5 gradually becom+ pr$om9ant3 z ) ! great gov]n+ ganglia :i* especially di/+ui% ! highe/ classes ( liv+ be+s4 ,/range z ! ass]tion w be ?\ght1 our ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t dis*>ge1 9 ! social economy1 functions :i* are 9 sundry respects comp>able to ^? dis*>g$ by ! c]ebral masses 9 a v]tebrate animal4 ,z x is 9 ! nature ( a s+le ganglion to be affect$ only by special /imuli f p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body2 s x is 9 ! nature ( a s+le rul] to be sway$ 9 8 acts by exclusive p]sonal or class int]e/s4 ,z x is 9 ! nature ( a clu/] ( ganglia1 connect$ ) ! prim>y "o1 to convey to x a great] v>iety ( influ5ces f m num]\s organs1 & ?us to make its acts con=m to m num]\s requirem5ts2 s x is 9 ! nature ( ! subsidi>y controll+ p[]s surr\nd+ a k+ to adapt 8 rule to a great] numb] ( public exig5cies4 ,& z x is 9 ! nature ( ^? great & late/-develop$ ganglia :i* di/+ui% ! high] animals1 to int]pret & comb9e ! multipli$ & v>i$ impressions convey$ to !m f all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 & to regulate ! actions 9 su* way z duly to reg>d !m all2 s x is 9 ! nature ( ^? great & late/-develop$ legislative bodies :i* di/+ui% ! mo/ advanc$ societies1 to int]pret & comb9e ! wi%es ( all classes & localities1 & to make laws 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al wants4 ,we may describe ! (fice ( ! bra9 z t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( life1 physical1 intellectual1 moral2 & a good bra9 is "o 9 :i* ! desires answ]+ to ^! respective int]e/s are s balanc$1 t ! conduct !y jo9tly dictate1 sacrifices none ( !m4 ,simil>ly1 we may describe ! (fice ( a ,p>liam5t z t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( ! v>i\s classes 9 a community2 & a good ,p>liam5t is "o 9 :i* ! p>ties answ]+ to ^! respective int]e/s are s balanc$1 t _! unit$ legislation all[s to ea* class z mu* z consi/s ) ! claims ( ! re/4 ,besides be+ comp>able 9 _! duties1 ^! great directive c5tres1 social & individual1 are comp>able 9 ! processes by :i* _! duties are dis*>g$4 ,! c]ebrum is n occupi$ ) direct impressions f )\t b ) ! ideas ( su* impressions4 ,in/ead ( ! actual s5sations produc$ 9 ! body1 & directly appreciat$ by ! s5sory ganglia1 or primitive n]v\s c5tres1 ! c]ebrum receives only ! repres5tations ( ^! s5sations2 & its consci\sness is call$ repres5tative consci\sness1 to di/+ui% x f ! orig9al or pres5tative consci\sness4 ,is x n significant t we h hit on ! same ^w to di/+ui% ! function ( our ,h\se ( ,commons8 ,we call x a repres5tative body1 because ! int]e/s ) :i* x deals are n directly pres5t$ to x1 b repres5t$ to x by its v>i\s memb]s2 & a debate is a conflict ( repres5tations ( ! results likely to foll[ f a propos$ c\rse--a description :i* applies ) equal tru? to a debate 9 ! individual consci\sness4 ,9 bo? cases1 too1 ^! great gov]n+ masses take no "p 9 ! executive functions4 ,z1 aft] a conflict 9 ! c]ebrum1 ^? desires :i* f9ally pr$om9ate act on ! subjac5t ganglia1 & ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality det]m9e ! bodily actions2 s ! p>ties :i*1 aft] a p>liam5t>y /ruggle1 ga9 ! victory1 d n !mselves c>ry out _! wi%es1 b get !m c>ri$ out by ! executive divisions ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! fulfilm5t ( all legislative decisions /ill devolves on ! orig9al directive c5tres3 ! impulse pass+ f ! ,p>liam5t to ! ,m9i/]s & f ! ,m9i/]s to ! ,k+1 9 ^: "n ev]y?+ is done2 j z ^? small]1 fir/-develop$ ganglia1 :i* 9 ! l[e/ v]tebrata are ! *ief controll+ ag5ts1 are /ill1 9 ! bra9s ( ! high] v]tebrata1 ! ag5ts ?r\gh :i* ! dictates ( ! c]ebrum are work$ out4 ,moreov]1 9 bo? cases ^! orig9al c5tres become increas+ly automatic4 ,9 ! develop$ v]tebrate animal1 !y h little function beyond t ( convey+ impressions to1 & execut+ ! det]m9ations (1 ! l>g] c5tres4 ,9 our highly organiz$ gov]nm5t1 ! mon>* has long be5 laps+ into a passive ag5t ( ,p>liam5t2 & n[1 m9i/ries are rapidly fall+ into ! same position4 ,nay1 betwe5 ! two cases !re is a p>allelism ev5 9 respect ( ! exceptions to ?is automatic action4 ,= 9 ! individual creature x happ5s t "u circum/ances ( sudd5 al>m1 z f a l\d s\nd close at h&1 an unexpect$ object />t+ up 9 front1 or a slip f insecure foot+1 ! dang] is gu>d$ aga9/ by "s quick involunt>y jump1 or adju/m5t ( ! limbs1 :i* occurs be=e !re is "t to consid] ! imp5d+ evil & take delib]ate measures to avoid x3 ! rationale ( :i* is t ^! viol5t impressions produc$ on ! s5ses1 are reflect$ f ! s5sory ganglia to ! sp9al cord & muscles1 )\t1 z 9 ord9>y cases1 fir/ pass+ ?r\gh ! c]ebrum4 ,9 l mann] on national em]g5cies call+ = prompt action1 ! ,k+ & ,m9i/ry1 n hav+ "t to lay ! matt] be=e ! great delib]ative bodies1 !mselves issue comm&s = ! requisite movem5ts or precautions3 ! primitive1 & n[ almo/ automatic1 directive c5tres1 resume = a mom5t _! orig9al uncontroll$ p[]4 ,& !n1 /range/ ( all1 obs]ve t 9 ei!r case !re is an aft]-process ( approval or disapproval4 ,! individual on recov]+ f 8 automatic />t1 at once contemplates ! cause ( 8 fright2 &1 accord+ to ! case1 concludes t x 0 well he mov$ z he did1 or condemns himself = 8 gr\ndless al>m4 ,9 l mann]1 ! delib]ative p[]s ( ! ,/ate discuss1 z soon z may be1 ! unau?oriz$ acts ( ! executive p[]s2 &1 decid+ t ! reasons 7 or 7 n suffici5t1 grant or )hold a bill ( indemnity4#bh ,?us f> 9 comp>+ ! gov]nm5tal organization ( ! body-politic ) t ( an individual body1 we h consid]$ only ! respective co-ord9at+ c5tres4 ,we h yet to consid] ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ^! co-ord9at+ c5tres receive in=mation & convey comm&s4 ,9 ! simple/ societies1 z 9 ! simple/ organisms1 !re is no int]nuncial app>atus1 z ,hunt] /yl$ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,consequ5tly1 impressions c be b sl[ly propagat$ f unit to unit ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,! same progress1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 animal-organization1 %[s itself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ganglia or directive c5tres1 %[s itself also 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( n]ve-?reads1 ?r\gh :i* ! ganglia receive & convey impressions & s control remote organs4 ,& 9 societies ! l ev5tually takes place4 ,aft] a long p]iod dur+ :i* ! directive c5tres communicate ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! society ?r\gh o!r means1 !re at la/ comes into exi/5ce an int]nuncial app>atus1 analog\s to t f\nd 9 individual bodies4 ,! comp>ison ( telegraph-wires to n]ves is famili> to all4 ,x applies1 h[ev]1 to an ext5t n commonly suppos$4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom1 ! great n]ve-bundles div]ge f ! v]tebrate axis side by side ) ! great art]ies2 & simil>ly1 our gr\ps ( telegraph-wires are c>ri$ along ! sides ( our railways4 ,! mo/ /rik+ p>allelism1 h[ev]1 rema9s4 ,into ea* great bundle ( n]ves1 z x leaves ! axis ( ! body along ) an art]y1 !re ent]s a bran* ( ! sympa!tic n]ve2 :i* bran*1 accompany+ ! art]y ?r\gh\t its ramifications1 has ! function ( regulat+ its diamet] & o!rwise controll+ ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh x accord+ to local requirem5ts4 ,analog\sly1 9 ! gr\p ( telegraph-wires runn+ alongside ea* railway1 !re is a wire = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! traffic--= ret>d+ or exp$it+ ! fl[ ( pass5g]s & commodities1 z ! local conditions dem&4 ,probably1 :5 our n[ rudim5t>y telegraph-sy/em is fully develop$1 o!r analogies w be traceable4 ,su*1 !n1 is a g5]al outl9e ( ! evid5ce :i* ju/ifies ! comp>ison ( societies to liv+ organisms4 ,t !y gradually increase 9 mass2 t !y become little by little m complex2 t at ! same "t _! p>ts gr[ m mutually dep5d5t2 & t !y cont9ue to live & gr[ z :oles1 :ile successive g5]ations ( _! units appe> & disappe>2 are broad peculi>ities :i* bodies-politic display 9 common ) all liv+ bodies2 & 9 :i* !y & liv+ bodies diff] f ev]y?+ else4 ,& on c>ry+ out ! comp>ison 9 detail1 we f9d t ^! major analogies involve _m m9or analogies1 f> clos] ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,o!rs might be add$4 ,we _h hop$ to say some?+ respect+ ! diff]5t types ( social organization1 & some?+ also on social metamorphoses2 b we h rea*$ our assign$ limits4 ,,footnote3 ,footnote #bh3 ,x may be well to w>n ! read] aga9/ an error fall5 into by "o :o criticis$ ?is essay on its fir/ publication--! error ( suppos+ t ! analogy "h int5d$ to be drawn1 is a specific analogy betwe5 ! organization ( society 9 ,engl&1 & ! human organization4 ,z said at ! outset1 no su* specific analogy exi/s4 ,! above p>allel is "o betwe5 ! mo/-develop$ sy/ems ( gov]nm5tal organization1 individual & social2 & ! v]tebrate type is in/anc$ m]ely z exhibit+ ?is mo/-develop$ sy/em4 ,if any specific comp>ison 7 made1 :i* x _c rationally be1 x w\ld be made ) "s mu* l[] v]tebrate =m ?an ! human4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,animal ,,wor%ip4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review = ,may1 #ahgj4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's rec5t essays on ! ,wor%ip ( ,animals & ,plants h done mu* to elucidate a v obscure subject4 ,by pursu+ 9 ?is case1 z be=e 9 ano!r case1 ! truly sci5tific me?od ( comp>+ ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by exi/+ unciviliz$ races ) ^? :i* ! traditions ( civiliz$ races pres5t1 he has r5d]$ bo? ( !m m compreh5sible ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,mc,lennan gives b an indef9ite answ] to ! ess5tial "q--,h[ did ! wor%ip ( animals & plants arise8 ,inde$1 9 8 conclud+ pap]1 he expressly leaves ?is problem unsolv$2 say+ t 8 is n an hypo!sis explanatory ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 be x rememb]$1 b an hypo!sis explanatory ( ! animal & plant wor%ip ( ! anci5t nations4 ,s t we h /ill to ask--,:y h savage tribes s g5]ally tak5 animals & plants & o!r ?+s z totems8 ,:at c h induc$ ?is tribe to ascribe special sacr$ness to "o creature1 & t tribe to ano!r8 ,& if to ^! que/ions ! reply is1 t ea* tribe consid]s itself to be desc5d$ f ! object ( its rev]5ce1 !n !re presses = answ] ! fur!r "q--,h[ came s /range a notion into exi/5ce8 ,if ?is notion occurr$ 9 "o case only1 we might set x d[n to "s :im ( ?\ght or "s illusive occurr5ce4 ,b appeal+1 z x does1 ) multitud9\s v>iations among s _m unciviliz$ races 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & hav+ left num]\s m>ks 9 ! sup]/itions ( ext9ct civiliz$ races1 we _c assume any special or exceptional cause4 ,moreov]1 ! g5]al cause1 :atev] x may be1 mu/ be su* z does n negative an aborig9al intellig5ce l 9 nature to our own4 ,aft] /udy+ ! grotesque beliefs ( savages1 we are apt to suppose t _! reason is n z our reason4 ,b ?is supposition is inadmissible4 ,giv5 ! am\nt ( k :i* primitive m5 possess1 & giv5 ! imp]fect v]bal symbols us$ by !m 9 spee* & ?\ght1 & ! conclusions !y habitually rea* w be ^? t are relatively ! mo/ rational4 ,?is mu/ be our po/ulate2 &1 sett+ out ) ?is po/ulate1 we h to ask h[ primitive m5 came s g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 to believe !mselves ! prog5y ( animals or plants or inanimate bodies4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 a satisfactory answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! proposition ) :i* ,mr4 ,mc,lennan sets out1 t totem-wor%ip prec$$ ! wor%ip ( an?ropomorphic gods1 is "o to :i* ,i c yield b a qualifi$ ass5t4 ,x is true 9 a s5se1 b n :olly true4 ,if ! words gods & wor%ip c>ry ) !m _! ord9>y def9ite mean+s1 ! /atem5t is true2 b if _! mean+s are wid5$ s z to compreh5d ^? e>lie/ vague notions out ( :i* ! def9ite ideas ( gods & wor%ip are evolv$1 ,i ?9k x is n true4 ,! rudim5t>y =m ( all religion is ! propitiation ( dead ance/ors1 :o are suppos$ to be /ill exi/+1 & to be capable ( work+ good or evil to _! desc5dants4 ,z a prep>ation = deal+ h]eaft] ) ! pr9ciples ( sociology1 ,i h1 = "s ye>s pa/1 direct$ mu* att5tion to ! modes ( ?\ght curr5t 9 ! simpl] human societies2 & evid5ce ( _m k9ds1 furni%$ by all v>ieties ( unciviliz$ m51 has =c$ on me a conclusion h>moniz+ ) t lately express$ 9 ?is ,review by ,pr(4 ,huxley--namely1 t ! savage1 conceiv+ a corpse to be des]t$ by ! active p]sonality :o dwelt 9 x1 conceives ?is active p]sonality to be /ill exi/+1 & t 8 feel+s & ideas conc]n+ x =m ! basis ( 8 sup]/itions4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d express$ ,or impli$ ! belief t ea* p]son is d\ble2 & t :5 he dies1 8 o!r self1 :e!r rema9+ ne> at h& or gone f> away1 may return1 & cont9ues capable ( injur+ 8 enemies & aid+ 8 fri5ds4#bi ,b h[ out ( ! desire to propitiate ?is second p]sonality ( a deceas$ man 7! words gho/ & _s are some:at mislead+1 s9ce ! savage believes t ! second p]sonality reappe>s 9 a =m equally tangible ) ! fir/71 does !re gr[ up ! wor%ip ( animals1 plants1 & inanimate objects8 ,v simply4 ,savages habitually di/+ui% individuals by names t are ei!r directly sugge/ive ( "s p]sonal trait or fact ( p]sonal hi/ory1 or else express an obs]v$ community ( "* ) "s well-kn[n object4 ,su* a g5esis ( individual names1 be=e surnames h aris51 is inevitable2 & h[ easily x arises we %all see on rememb]+ t x /ill goes on 9 its orig9al =m1 ev5 :5 no long] ne$ful4 ,i d n ref] only to ! significant fact t 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 z 9 ! nail-mak+ di/ricts1 nicknames are g5]al1 & surnames little recogniz$2 b ,i ref] to a common usage among bo? *ildr5 & adults4 ,! rude man is apt to be kn[n z a be>2 a sly fell[1 z an old fox2 a hypocrite1 z ! crocodile4 ,names ( plants1 too1 are us$2 z :5 ! r$-hair$ boy is call$ c>rots by 8 s*ool-fell[s4 ,nor d we lack nicknames d]iv$ f inorganic objects & ag5ts3 in/ance t giv5 by ,mr4 ,c>lyle to ! eld] ,/]l+--,capta9 ,:irlw9d4 ,n[1 9 ! e>lie/ savage /ate1 ?is metaphorical nam+ w 9 mo/ cases comm5ce afre% 9 ea* g5]ation--mu/ d s1 inde$1 until surnames ( "s k9d h be5 e/abli%$4 ,i say 9 mo/ cases1 because !re w occur exceptions 9 ! cases ( m5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,if ! ,wolf1 prov+ fam\s 9 fight1 becomes a t]ror to neighb\r+ tribes1 & a dom9ant man 9 8 own1 8 sons1 pr\d ( _! p>5tage1 w n let fall ! fact t !y desc5d$ f ! ,wolf2 nor w ?is fact be =gott5 by ! re/ ( ! tribe :o hold ! ,wolf 9 awe1 & see reason to dread 8 sons4 ,9 proportion to ! p[] & celebrity ( ! ,wolf w ?is pride & ?is fe> conspire to ma9ta9 among 8 gr&*ildr5 & great-gr&*ildr51 z well z among ^? ov] :om !y dom9ate1 ! remembrance ( ! fact t _! ance/or 0 ! ,wolf4 ,& if1 z w occasionally happ51 ?is dom9ant family becomes ! root ( a new tribe1 ! memb]s ( ?is tribe w become kn[n to !mselves & o!rs z ! ,wolves4 ,we ne$ n re/ satisfi$ ) ! inf]5ce t ?is inh]itance ( nicknames w take place4 ,!re is pro( t x does take place4 ,z nicknam+ aft] animals1 plants1 & o!r objects1 /ill goes on among ourselves1 s among ourselves does !re g on ! desc5t ( nicknames4 ,an in/ance has come "u my own notice on an e/ate 9 ! ,we/ ,highl&s1 belong+ to "s fri5ds ) :om ,i frequ5tly h ! pleasure ( sp5d+ a few weeks 9 ! autumn4 ,take a "y ,cro%ek1 has m ?an once be5 ! reply ( my ho/ to ! inquiry1 :o %\ld g ) me1 :5 ,i 0 sett+ out salmon-fi%+4 ,! eld] ,cro%ek ,i knew well2 & suppos$ t ?is "n1 borne by him & by all belong+ to him1 0 ! family surname4 ,ye>s pass$ be=e ,i le>n$ t ! real surname 0 ,cam]on2 t ! fa!r 0 call$ ,cro%ek1 aft] ! "n ( 8 cottage1 to di/+ui% him f o!r ,cam]ons employ$ ab\t ! premises2 & t 8 *ildr5 _h come to be simil>ly di/+ui%$4 ,?\gh "h1 z v g5]ally 9 ,scotl&1 ! nickname 0 d]iv$ f ! place ( resid5ce1 yet _h x be5 d]iv$ f an animal1 ! process w\ld h be5 ! same3 inh]itance ( x w\ld h occurr$ j z naturally4 ,n ev5 = ?is small l9k 9 ! argum5t1 h[ev]1 ne$ we dep5d on inf]5ce4 ,!re is fact to be> u out4 ,mr4 ,bates1 9 8 ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons 7#b;d ed41 p4 #cgf71 describ+ ?ree half-ca/es :o accompani$ him on a hunt+ trip1 says--,two ( !m 7 bro!rs1 namely1 ,joo 7,john7 & ,zephyr9o ,jabut3 ,jabut1 or tortoise1 be+ a nickname :i* _! fa!r _h e>n$ = 8 sl[ gait1 & :i*1 z is usual 9 ?is c\ntry1 _h desc5d$ z ! surname ( ! family4 ,let me add ! /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,wallace respect+ ?is same region1 t "o ( ! tribes on ! riv] ,isnna is call$ ',jurup>i' 7,devils74 ,ano!r is call$ ',ducks2' a ?ird1 ',/>s2' a f\r?1 ',m&iocca4' ,putt+ ^! two /atem5ts toge!r1 c !re be any d\bt ab\t ! g5esis ( ^! tribal names8 ,let ! ,tortoise become suffici5tly di/+ui%$ 7n necess>ily by sup]iority--great inf]iority may occasionally suffice7 & ! tradition ( desc5t f him1 pres]v$ by 8 desc5dants !mselves if he 0 sup]ior1 & by _! contemptu\s neighb\rs if he 0 inf]ior1 may become a tribal "n4#cj ,b ?is1 x w be said1 does n am\nt to an explanation ( animal-wor%ip4 ,true3 a ?ird factor rema9s to be specifi$4 ,giv5 a belief 9 ! /ill-exi/+ o!r self ( ! deceas$ ance/or1 :o mu/ be propitiat$2 giv5 ?is survival ( 8 metaphorical "n among 8 gr&*ildr51 great-gr&*ildr51 etc42 & ! fur!r requisite is t ! di/9ction betwe5 metaphor & reality %all be =gott54 ,let tradition fail to keep cle>ly 9 view ! fact t ! ance/or 0 a man call$ ! ,wolf--let him be habitually spok5 ( z ! ,wolf1 j z :5 alive2 & ! natural mi/ake ( tak+ ! "n lit]ally w br+ ) x1 fir/ly1 a belief 9 desc5t f an actual wolf1 &1 secondly1 a treatm5t ( ! wolf 9 a mann] likely to propitiate him--a mann] appropriate to "o :o may be ! o!r self ( ! dead ance/or1 or "o ( ! k9dr$1 & !re=e a fri5d4 ,t a misund]/&+ ( ?is k9d is likely to gr[ up1 becomes obvi\s :5 we be> 9 m9d ! great indef9it5ess ( primitive language4 ,z ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] says1 respect+ c]ta9 mis9t]pretations ( an opposite k9d3 ,^! metaphors 444 w\ld become m]e names h&$ d[n 9 ! conv]sation ( a family1 und]/ood p]haps by ! gr&fa!r1 famili> to ! fa!r1 b /range to ! son1 & misund]/ood by ! gr&son4 ,we h ample reason1 !n1 = suppos+ su* mis9t]pretations4 ,nay1 we may g fur!r4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t !y are c]ta9 to occur4 ,= undevelop$ languages conta9 no words capable ( indicat+ ! di/9ction to be kept 9 view4 ,9 ! tongues ( exi/+ inf]ior races1 only concrete objects & acts are expressible4 ,! ,au/ralians h a "n = ea* k9d ( tree1 b no "n = tree irrespective ( k9d4 ,& ?\gh "s witnesses allege t _! vocabul>y is n absolutely de/itute ( g5]ic names1 its extreme pov]ty 9 su* is unque/ionable4 ,simil>ly ) ! ,tasmanians4 ,dr4 ,milligan says !y _h acquir$ v limit$ p[]s ( ab/raction or g5]alization4 ,!y possess$ no words repres5t+ ab/ract ideas2 = ea* v>iety ( gum-tree & wattle-tree1 etc41 etc41 !y _h a "n1 b !y _h no equival5t = ! expression1 'a tree2' nei!r c\ld !y express ab/ract qualities1 su* z h>d1 s(t1 w>m1 cold1 long1 %ort1 r\nd1 etc42 = 'h>d1' !y w\ld say 'l a /one2' = 'tall1' !y w\ld say 'long legs1' etc42 & = 'r\nd1' !y said 'l a ball1' 'l ! moon1' & s on1 usually suit+ ! action to ! ^w1 & confirm+1 by "s sign1 ! mean+ to be und]/ood4#ca ,n[1 ev5 mak+ all[ance = ov]-/atem5t "h 7:i* seems ne$ful1 s9ce ! ^w long1 said to be inexpressible 9 ! ab/ract1 subsequ5tly occurs z qualify+ a concrete 9 ! expression1 long legs71 x is manife/ t s imp]fect a language mu/ fail to convey ! idea ( a "n1 z some?+ sep>ate f a ?+2 & t /ill less c x be capable ( indicat+ ! act ( nam+4 ,famili> use ( su* p>tially-ab/ract words z are applicable to all objects ( a class1 is ne$ful be=e !re c be rea*$ ! conception ( a "n--a ^w symboliz+ ! symbolic "* ( o!r words2 & ! conception ( a "n1 ) its answ]+ ab/ract t]m1 mu/ be long curr5t be=e ! v]b to "n c arise4 ,h5ce1 m5 ) spee* s rude1 _c transmit ! tradition ( an ance/or nam$ ! ,wolf1 z di/+ui%$ f ! actual wolf4 ,! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 :o saw him w n be l$ into error2 b 9 lat] g5]ations1 desc5t f ! ,wolf w inevitably come to mean desc5t f ! animal kn[n by t "n4 ,& ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i*1 z above %[n1 naturally gr[ up r\nd ! belief t ! dead p>5ts & gr&p>5ts are /ill alive1 & ready1 if propitiat$1 to befri5d _! desc5dants1 w be ext5d$ to ! wolf species4 ,be=e pass+ to o!r developm5ts ( ?is g5]al view1 let me po9t out h[ n simply animal-wor%ip is ?us acc\nt$ =1 b also ! conception1 s v>i\sly illu/rat$ 9 anci5t leg5ds1 t animals are capable ( display+ human p[]s ( spee* & ?\ght & action4 ,my?ologies are full ( /ories ( bea/s & birds & fi%es t h play$ intellig5t p>ts 9 human affairs--creatures t h befri5d$ p>ticul> p]sons by giv+ !m in=mation1 by guid+ !m1 by yield+ !m help2 or else t h deceiv$ !m1 v]bally or o!rwise4 ,evid5tly all ^! traditions1 z well z ^? ab\t abductions ( wom5 by animals & fo/]+ ( *ildr5 by !m1 fall naturally into _! places z results ( ! habitual mis9t]pretation ,i h describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! probability ( ! hypo!sis w appe> /ill great] :5 we obs]ve h[ readily x applies to ! wor%ip ( o!r ord]s ( objects4 ,belief 9 actual desc5t f an animal1 /range z we may ?9k x1 is "o by no means incongru\s ) ! unanalyz$ exp]i5ces ( ! savage2 = !re come "u 8 notice _m metamorphoses1 vegetal & animal1 :i* are app>5tly ( l "*4 ,b h[ c\ld he possibly arrive at s grotesque a conception z t ! prog5itor ( 8 tribe 0 ! sun1 or ! moon1 or a p>ticul> />8 ,no obs]vation ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a af=ds ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( any su* possibility4 ,b by ! inh]itance ( nicknames t are ev5tually mi/ak5 = ! names ( ! objects f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 ! belief readily arises--is sure to arise4 ,t ! names ( heav5ly bodies w furni% metaphorical names to ! unciviliz$1 is manife/4 ,d we n ourselves call a di/+ui%$ s+] or actor a />8 ,& h we n 9 poems num]\s comp>isons ( m5 & wom5 to ! sun & moon2 z 9 ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/1 :]e ! pr9cess is call$ a graci\s moon1 & z 9 ,h5ry ,,vii41 :]e we read--,^? suns ( glory1 ^? two lights ( m58 ,cle>ly1 primitive peoples w be n unlikely ?us to speak ( ! *ief h]o ( a successful battle4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ ! arrival ( a triumphant w>rior mu/ affect ! feel+s ( 8 tribe1 dissipat+ cl\ds ( anxiety & bright5+ all faces ) joy1 we %all see t ! comp>ison ( him to ! sun is q natural2 & 9 e>ly spee* ?is comp>ison c be made only by call+ him ! sun4 ,z be=e1 !n1 x w happ5 t1 ?r\gh a conf\nd+ ( ! metaphorical "n ) ! actual "n1 8 prog5y1 aft] a few g5]ations1 w be reg>d$ by !mselves & o!rs z desc5dants ( ! sun4 ,&1 z a consequ5ce1 p>tly ( actual inh]itance ( ! ance/ral "*1 & p>tly ( ma9t5ance ( ! traditions respect+ ! ance/or's a*ievem5ts1 x w also naturally happ5 t ! sol> race w be consid]$ a sup]ior race1 z we f9d x habitually is4 ,! orig9 ( o!r totems1 equally /range1 if n ev5 /rang]1 is simil>ly acc\nt$ =1 ?\gh o!rwise unacc\ntable4 ,"o ( ! ,new-,zeal& *iefs claim$ z 8 prog5itor ! neighb\r+ great m\nta91 ,tong>iro4 ,?is seem+ly-:imsical belief becomes intelligible :5 we obs]ve h[ easily x may h aris5 f a nickname4 ,d we n ourselves sometimes speak figuratively ( a tall1 fat man z a m\nta9 ( fle%8 ,&1 among a p prone to speak 9 /ill m concrete t]ms1 w\ld x n happ5 t a *ief1 rem>kable = 8 great bulk1 w\ld be nicknam$ aft] ! highe/ m\nta9 )9 sight1 because he t[]$ above o!r m5 z ?is did above surr\nd+ hills8 ,su* an occurr5ce is n simply possible1 b probable4 ,&1 if s1 ! confusion ( metaphor ) fact w\ld orig9ate ?is surpris+ g5ealogy4 ,a notion p]haps yet m grotesque1 ?us receives a satisfactory int]pretation4 ,:at c\ld h put x into ! imag9ation ( any "o t he 0 desc5d$ f ! dawn8 ,giv5 ! extreme/ cr$ulity1 jo9$ ) ! wilde/ fancy1 x w\ld /ill seem requisite t ! ance/or %\ld be conceiv$ z an entity2 & ! dawn is entirely )\t t def9it5ess & comp>ative con/ancy :i* ent] into ! conception ( an entity4 ,b :5 we rememb] t ! ,dawn is a natural complim5t>y "n = a beautiful girl op5+ into womanhood1 ! g5esis ( ! idea becomes1 on ! above hypo!sis1 q obvi\s4#cb 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r indirect v]ification is t we ?us get a cle> conception ( ,feti*ism 9 g5]al4 ,"u ! feti*i/ic mode ( ?\ght1 surr\nd+ objects & ag5ts are reg>d$ z hav+ p[]s m or less def9itely p]sonal 9 _! natures2 & ! curr5t int]pretation is1 t human intellig5ce1 9 its e>ly /ages1 is oblig$ to conceive ( _! p[]s "u ?is =m4 ,i h myself hi!rto accept$ ?is int]pretation2 ?\gh always ) a s5se ( dissatisfaction4 ,?is dissatisfaction 01 ,i ?9k1 well gr\nd$4 ,! !ory is sc>cely a !ory prop]ly s-call$2 b r1 a re/atem5t 9 o!r words4 ,unciviliz$ m5 d habitually =m an?ropomorphic conceptions ( surr\nd+ ?+s2 & ?is obs]v$ g5]al fact is trans=m$ into ! !ory t at fir/ !y mu/ s conceive !m--a !ory = :i* ! psy*ological ju/ification attempt$1 seems to me inadequate4 ,f our pres5t /&-po9t1 x becomes manife/ t ,feti*ism is n prim>y b second>y4 ,:at has be5 said above almo/ ( itself %[s ?is4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 foll[ out ! /eps ( its g5esis4 ,respect+ ! ,tasmanians1 ,dr4 ,milligan says3--,! names ( m5 & wom5 7 tak5 f natural objects & occurr5ces ar\nd1 z1 = in/ance1 a kang>oo1 a gum tree1 sn[1 hail1 ?und]1 ! w9d1 fl[]s 9 blossom1 etc4 ,surr\nd+ objects1 !n1 giv+ orig9 to names ( p]sons1 & be+1 9 ! way %[n1 ev5tually mi/ak5 = ! actual prog5itors ( ^? :o desc5d f p]sons nicknam$ aft] !m1 x results t ^! surr\nd+ objects come to be reg>d$ z 9 "s mann] possess$ ( p]sonalities l ! human4 ,he ^: family tradition is t 8 ance/or 0 ! ,crab1 w conceive ! crab z hav+ a disguis$ inn] p[] l 8 own2 an alleg$ desc5t f ! ,palm-tree w entail belief 9 "s k9d ( consci\sness dwell+ 9 ! palm-tree4 ,h5ce1 9 proportion z ! animals1 plants1 & inanimate objects or ag5ts t orig9ate names ( p]sons1 become num]\s 7:i* !y w d 9 proportion z a tribe becomes l>ge & ! numb] ( p]sons to be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r increases71 multitud9\s ?+s ar\nd w acquire imag9>y p]sonalities4 ,& s x w happ5 t1 z ,mr4 ,mc,lennan says ( ! ,feejeeans1 ,vegetables & /ones1 nay1 ev5 tools & weapons1 pots & canoes1 h s\ls t are immortal1 & t1 l ! s\ls ( m51 pass on at la/ to ,mbulu1 ! abode ( dep>t$ spirits4 ,sett+ out1 !n1 ) a belief 9 ! /ill-liv+ o!r self ( ! dead ance/or1 ! alleg$ g5]al cause ( misappreh5sion af=ds u an intelligible orig9 ( ! feti*i/ic conception2 & we are enabl$ to see h[ x t5ds to become a g5]al1 if n a univ]sal1 conception4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r app>5tly inexplicable ph5om5a are at ! same "t dive/$ ( _! /rang5ess4 ,i ref] to ! beliefs 91 & wor%ip (1 comp\nd mon/]s--impossible hybrid animals1 & =ms t are half human1 half brutal4 ,! !ory ( a primordial ,feti*ism1 suppos+ x o!rwise adequate1 yields no feasible solutions ( ^!4 ,grant ! alleg$ orig9al t5d5cy to ?9k ( all natural ag5cies z 9 "s way p]sonal4 ,grant1 too1 t h5ce may arise a wor%ip ( animals1 plants1 & ev5 inanimate bodies4 ,/ill ! obvi\s implication is t ! wor%ip s d]iv$ w be limit$ to ?+s t are1 or h be51 p]ceiv$4 ,:y %\ld ?is mode ( ?\ght lead ! savage to imag9e a comb9ation ( bird & mammal2 & n only to imag9e x1 b to wor%ip x z a god8 ,if ev5 we admit t "s illusion may h sugge/$ ! belief 9 a creature half man1 half fi%1 we _c ?us expla9 ! preval5ce among ,ea/]n races ( idols repres5t+ bird-head$ m51 & m5 hav+ _! legs replac$ by ! legs ( a cock1 & m5 ) ! heads ( elephants4 ,c>ry+ ) u ! inf]5ces above drawn1 h[ev]1 x is a coroll>y t ideas & practices ( ^! k9ds w arise4 ,:5 tradition pres]ves bo? l9es ( ance/ry--:5 a *ief1 nicknam$ ! ,wolf1 c>ries away f an adjac5t tribe a wife :o is rememb]$ ei!r "u ! animal "n ( h] tribe1 or z a woman2 x w happ5 t if a son di/+ui%es himself1 ! remembrance ( him among 8 desc5dants w be t he 0 born ( a wolf & "s o!r animal1 or ( a wolf & a woman4 ,mis9t]pretation1 aris+ 9 ! way describ$ f defects ( language1 w entail belief 9 a creature unit+ ! attributes ( ! two2 & if ! tribe gr[s into a society1 repres5tations ( su* a creature w become objects ( wor%ip4 ,"o ( ! cases cit$ by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan may "h be repeat$ 9 illu/ration4 ,! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,dikokam5ni ,kirgheez1 !y say1 f a r$ greyh\nd & a c]ta9 que5 & h] =ty h&maid5s1 is ( anci5t date4 ,n[1 if ! r$ greyh\nd 0 ! nickname ( a man extremely swift ( foot 7celebrat$ runn]s h be5 nicknam$ greyh\nd among ourselves71 a /ory ( ?is k9d w\ld naturally arise2 & if ! metaphorical "n 0 mi/ak5 = ! actual "n1 !re might result1 z ! idol ( ! race1 a comp\nd =m appropriate to ! /ory4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !n1 at f9d+ among ! ,egyptians ! goddess ,pa%t repres5t$ z a woman ) a lion's head1 & ! god ,h>-hat z a man ) ! head ( a hawk4 ,! ,babylonian gods--"o hav+ ! =m ( a man ) an eagle's tail1 & ano!r unit+ a human bu/ to a fi%'s body--no long] appe> su* unacc\ntable conceptions4 ,we get feasible explanations1 too1 ( sculptures repres5t+ sph9xes1 w+$ human-head$ bulls1 etc42 z well z ( ! /ories ab\t c5taurs1 satyrs1 & ! re/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anci5t my?s 9 g5]al ?us acquire mean+s consid]ably diff]5t f ^? ascrib$ to !m by comp>ative my?ologi/s4 ,?\gh ^! la/ may be 9 "p correct1 yet if ! =ego+ argum5t is valid1 !y c sc>cely be correct 9 _! ma9 outl9es4 ,inde$1 if we read ! facts ! o!r way upw>d1 reg>d+ z second>y or additional1 ! elem5ts t are said to be prim>y1 :ile we reg>d z prim>y1 c]ta9 elem5ts :i* are consid]$ z accretions ( lat] times1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 be ne>] ! tru?4 ,! curr5t !ory ( ! my? is t x has gr[n out ( ! habit ( symboliz+ natural ag5ts & processes1 9 t]ms ( human p]sonalities & actions4 ,n[1 x may 9 ! fir/ place be rem>k$ t1 ?\gh symbolization ( ?is k9d is common among civiliz$ races1 x is n common among races t are ! mo/ unciviliz$4 ,by exi/+ savages1 surr\nd+ objects1 motions1 & *anges1 are habitually us$ to convey ideas respect+ human transactions4 ,x ne$s b to read ! spee* ( an ,indian *ief to see t j z primitive m5 "n "o ano!r metaphorically aft] surr\nd+ objects1 s d !y metaphorically describe "o ano!r's do+s z ?\gh !y 7 ! do+s ( natural objects4 ,b assum+ a contr>y habit ( ?\ght to be ! dom9ant "o1 anci5t my?s are expla9$ z results ( ! primitive t5d5cy to symbolize inanimate ?+s & _! *anges1 by human be+s & _! do+s4 ,a k9dr$ difficulty mu/ be add$4 ,! *ange ( v]bal mean+ f :i* ! my? is said to arise1 is a *ange opposite 9 k9d to t :i* prevails 9 ! e>li] /ages ( l+ui/ic developm5t4 ,x implies a d]ivation ( ! concrete f ! ab/ract2 :]eas at fir/ ab/racts are d]iv$ only f concretes3 ! concrete ( ab/racts be+ a subsequ5t process4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 !re are dialects spok5 at ! pres5t day :i* h no ab/ract n\ns1 & ! m we g back 9 ! hi/ory ( languages1 ! small] we f9d ! numb] ( ^! useful expressions 7,*ips1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ed72 or1 z he says m rec5tly--,anci5t words & anci5t ?\ghts1 = bo? g toge!r1 h n yet arriv$ at t /age ( ab/raction 9 :i*1 = in/ance1 active p[]s1 :e!r natural or sup]natural1 c be repres5t$ 9 any b a p]sonal & m or less human =m4 7,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #ahgj47 ,"h ! concrete is repres5t$ z orig9al1 & ! ab/ract z d]ivative4 ,imm$iately aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 hav+ giv5 z examples ( ab/ract n\ns1 day & night1 spr+ & w9t]1 dawn & twilight1 /orm & ?und]1 goes on to argue t1 z long z p ?\ght 9 language1 x 0 simply impossible to speak ( morn+ or ev5+1 ( spr+ & w9t]1 )\t giv+ to ^! conceptions some?+ ( an individual1 active1 sexual1 & at la/1 p]sonal "*4 7,*ips1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ee47 ,"h ! concrete is d]iv$ f ! ab/ract--! p]sonal conception is repres5t$ z com+ aft] ! imp]sonal conception2 & ?r\gh su* trans=mation ( ! imp]sonal into ! p]sonal1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] consid]s anci5t my?s to h aris54 ,h[ are ^! propositions reconcilable8 ,"o ( two ?+s mu/ be said3--,if orig9ally !re 7 none ( ^! ab/ract n\ns1 !n ! e>lie/ /atem5ts respect+ ! daily c\rse ( ,nature 7 made 9 concrete t]ms--! p]sonal elem5ts ( ! my? 7 ! primitive elem5ts1 & ! imp]sonal expressions :i* are _! equival5ts came lat]4 ,if ?is is n admitt$1 !n x mu/ be held t1 until aft] !re arose ^! ab/ract n\ns1 !re 7 no curr5t /atem5ts at all respect+ ^! mo/ conspicu\s objects & *anges :i* ! heav5s & ! e>? pres5t2 & t ! ab/ract n\ns hav+ be5 someh[ =m$1 & rightly =m$1 & us$ )\t p]sonal mean+s1 aft]w>d became p]sonaliz$--a process ! rev]se ( t :i* *>act]izes e>ly l+ui/ic progress4 ,no su* contradictions occur if we int]pret my?s aft] ! mann] t has be5 indicat$4 ,nay1 besides escap+ contradictions1 we meet ) unexpect$ solutions4 ,! mom5t we try x1 ! key unlocks = u ) ease :at seems a q inexplicable fact1 :i* ! curr5t hypo!sis takes z "o ( its po/ulates4 ,speak+ ( su* words z sky & e>?1 dew & ra91 riv]s & m\nta9s1 z well z ( ! ab/ract n\ns above nam$1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] says--,n[ 9 anci5t languages e "o ( ^! words _h necess>ily a t]m9ation expressive ( g5d]1 & ?is naturally produc$ 9 ! m9d ! correspond+ idea ( sex1 s t ^! names receiv$ n only an individual1 b a sexual "*4 ,!re 0 no sub/antive :i* 0 n ei!r mascul9e or fem99e2 neut]s be+ ( lat] gr[?1 & di/+ui%able *iefly 9 ! nom9ative4 7,*ips1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ee47 ,& ?is alleg$ necessity = a mascul9e or fem99e implication is assign$ z a "p ( ! reason :y ^! ab/ract n\ns & collective n\ns became p]sonaliz$4 ,b %\ld n a true !ory ( ^! fir/ /eps 9 ! evolution ( ?\ght & language %[ u h[ x happ5$ t m5 acquir$ ! seem+ly-/range habit ( s fram+ _! words = sky1 e>?1 dew1 ra91 etc41 z to make !m indicative ( sex8 ,or1 at any rate1 mu/ x n be admitt$ t an int]pretation :i*1 in/ead ( assum+ ?is habit to be necess>y1 %[s u h[ x results1 !reby acquires an additional claim to acceptance8 ,! int]pretation ,i h indicat$ does ?is4 ,if m5 & wom5 are habitually nicknam$1 & if defects ( language lead _! desc5dants to reg>d !mselves z desc5dants ( ! ?+s f :i* ! names 7 tak51 !n mascul9e or fem99e g5d]s w be ascrib$ to ^! ?+s accord+ z ! ance/ors nam$ aft] !m 7 m5 or wom54 ,if a beautiful maid5 kn[n metaphorically z ! ,dawn1 aft]w>ds becomes ! "m ( "s di/+ui%$ *ief call$ ! ,nor? ,w9d1 x w result t :51 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! two h be5 mi/ak5 = ! actual dawn & ! actual nor? w9d1 ^! w1 by implication1 be respectively consid]$ z male & female4 ,look+1 n[1 at ! anci5t my?s 9 g5]al1 _! seem+ly mo/ inexplicable trait is ! habitual comb9ation ( alleg$ human ance/ry & adv5tures1 ) ! possession ( p]sonalities o!rwise figur+ 9 ! heav5s & on ! e>?1 ) totally non-human attributes4 ,?is enorm\s incongruity1 n ! exception b ! rule1 ! curr5t !ory fails to expla94 ,suppose x to be grant$ t ! great t]re/rial & cele/ial objects & ag5ts naturally become p]sonaliz$2 x does n foll[ t ea* ( !m %all h a specific human biography4 ,to say ( "s /> t he 0 ! son ( ?is k+ or t h]o1 0 born 9 a p>ticul> place1 & :5 gr[n up c>ri$ (f ! wife ( a neighb\r+ *ief1 is a gratuit\s multiplication ( incongruities already suffici5tly great2 & is n acc\nt$ = by ! alleg$ necess>y p]sonalization ( ab/ract & collective n\ns4 ,z look$ at f our pres5t /&-po9t1 h[ev]1 su* traditions become q natural--nay1 x is cle> t !y w necess>ily arise4 ,:5 a nickname has become a tribal "n1 x !reby ceases to be individually di/9ctive2 &1 z already said1 ! process ( nicknam+ inevitably cont9ues4 ,x comm5ces afre% ) ea* *ild2 & ! nickname ( ea* *ild is bo? an individual "n & a pot5tial tribal "n1 :i* may become an actual tribal "n if ! individual is suffici5tly celebrat$4 ,usually1 !n1 !re is a d\ble set ( di/9ctions2 "u "o ( :i* ! individual is kn[n by 8 ance/ral "n1 & "u ! o!r ( :i* he is kn[n by a "n sugge/ive ( some?+ peculi> to himself3 j z we h se5 happ5s among ! ,scot* clans4 ,consid]1 n[1 :at w result :5 language has rea*$ a /age ( developm5t su* t x c convey ! notion ( nam+1 & is able1 !re=e1 to pres]ve traditions ( human ance/ry4 ,x w result t ! individual w be kn[n bo? z ! son ( su* & su* a man by a "m ^: "n 0 s & s1 & also z ! ,crab1 or ! ,be>1 or ! ,:irlw9d--suppos+ "o ( ^! to be 8 nickname4 ,su* jo9t use ( nicknames & prop] names occurs 9 e s*ool4 ,n[1 cle>ly1 9 advanc+ f ! e>ly /ate 9 :i* ance/ors become id5tifi$ ) ! objects !y are nicknam$ aft]1 to ! /ate 9 :i* !re are prop] names t h lo/ _! metaphorical mean+s1 !re mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a /ate 9 :i* prop] names1 p>tially settl$ only1 may or may n be pres]v$1 & 9 :i* ! new nicknames are /ill liable to be mi/ak5 = actual names4 ,"u su* conditions !re w arise 7especially 9 ! case ( a di/+ui%$ man7 ?is seem+ly-impossible comb9ation ( human p>5tage ) ! possession ( ! non-human1 or sup]human1 attributes ( ! ?+ :i* gave ! nickname4 ,ano!r anomaly simultane\sly disappe>s4 ,! w>rior may h1 & (t5 w h1 a v>iety ( complim5t>y nicknames--! p[]ful "o1 ! de/roy]1 etc4 ,suppos+ 8 lead+ nickname has be5 ! ,sun2 !n :5 he comes to be id5tifi$ by tradition ) ! sun1 x w happ5 t ! sun w acquire 8 alt]native descriptive titles--! swift "o1 ! lion1 ! wolf--titles n obvi\sly appropriate to ! sun1 b q appropriate to ! w>rior4 ,!n !re comes1 too1 an explanation ( ! rema9+ trait ( su* my?s4 ,:5 ?is id5tification ( conspicu\s p]sons1 male & female1 ) conspicu\s natural ag5ts1 has become settl$1 !re w 9 due c\rse arise int]pretations ( ! actions ( ^! ag5ts 9 an?ropomorphic t]ms4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ,endymion & ,sel5e1 metaphorically nam$1 ! "o aft] ! sett+ sun1 ! o!r aft] ! moon1 h _h _! human individualities m]g$ 9 ^? ( ! sun & moon1 ?r\gh mis9t]pretation ( metaphors2 :at w happ58 ,! leg5d ( _! loves hav+ to be reconcil$ ) _! cele/ial appe>ances & motions1 ^! w be spok5 ( z results ( feel+ & w2 s t :5 ! sun is go+ d[n 9 ! we/1 :ile ! moon 9 mid-heav5 is foll[+ him1 ! fact w be express$ by say+3 ,sel5e loves & wat*es ,endymion4 ,?us we obta9 a consi/5t explanation ( ! my? )\t di/ort+ x2 & )\t assum+ t x conta9s gratuit\s fictions4 ,we are enabl$ to accept ! biographical "p ( x1 if n z lit]al fact1 /ill z hav+ _h fact = its root4 ,we are help$ to see h[1 by an inevitable mis9t]pretation1 !re grew out ( a m or less true tradition1 ?is /range id5tification ( its p]sonages1 ) objects & p[]s totally non-human 9 _! aspects4 ,& !n we are %[n h[1 f ! attempt to reconcile 9 ?\ght ^! contradictory elem5ts ( ! my?1 !re arose ! habit ( ascrib+ ! actions ( ^! non-human ?+s to human motives4 ,"o fur!r v]ification may be drawn f facts :i* are ob/acles to ! conv]se hypo!sis4 ,^! objects & p[]s1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 :i* =ce !mselves mo/ on m5's att5tion1 h "s ( !m sev]al prop] names1 id5tifi$ ) ^? ( diff]5t individuals1 born at diff]5t places1 & hav+ diff]5t sets ( adv5tures4 ,?us we h ! sun v>i\sly kn[n z ,apollo1 ,endymion1 ,helios1 ,ti?onos1 etc4--p]sonages hav+ irreconcilable g5ealogies4 ,su* anomalies ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] app>5tly ascribes to ! untru/wor?9ess ( traditions1 :i* are c>eless ab\t contradictions1 or ready to solve !m sometimes by ! mo/ atroci\s exp$i5ts4 7,*ips1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hd47 ,b if ! evolution ( ! my? has be5 t above indicat$1 !re exi/s no anomalies to be got rid (3 ^! div]se g5ealogies become p>ts ( ! evid5ce4 ,= we h abundant pro( t ! same objects furni% metaphorical names ( m5 9 diff]5t tribes4 ,!re are ,duck tribes 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! eagle is /ill a totem among ! ,nor? ,am]icans1 z ,mr4 ,mc,lennan %[s reason to conclude t x 0 among ! ,egyptians1 among ! ,jews1 & among ! ,romans4 ,obvi\sly1 = reasons already assign$1 x naturally happ5$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! anci5t races1 t complim5t>y comp>isons ( _! h]oes to ! ,sun 7 frequ5tly made4 ,:at result$8 ,! ,sun hav+ furni%$ names = sundry *iefs & e>ly f\nd]s ( tribes1 & local traditions hav+ sev]ally id5tifi$ !m ) ! ,sun1 ^! tribes1 :5 !y grew1 spread1 conqu]$1 or came o!rwise into p>tial union1 orig9at$ a comb9$ my?ology1 :i* necess>ily conta9$ conflict+ /ories ab\t ! ,sun-god1 z ab\t its o!r lead+ p]sonages4 ,if ! ,nor?-,am]ican tribes1 among sev]al ( :i* !re are traditions ( a ,sun-god1 _h develop$ a comb9$ civilization1 !re w\ld simil>ly h aris5 among !m a my?ology :i* ascrib$ to ! ,sun sev]al diff]5t prop] names & g5ealogies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let me briefly set d[n ! lead+ *>act]s ( ?is hypo!sis :i* give x probability4 ,true int]pretations ( all ! natural processes1 organic & inorganic1 t h gone on 9 pa/ times1 habitually trace !m to causes /ill 9 action4 ,x is ?us 9 ,geology2 x is ?us 9 ,biology2 x is ?us 9 ,philology4 ,"h we f9d ?is *>act]i/ic repeat$4 ,nicknam+1 ! inh]itance ( nicknames1 & to "s ext5t1 ! mis9t]pretation ( nicknames1 g on among u /ill2 & 7 surnames abs5t1 language imp]fect1 & k z rudim5t>y z ( old1 x is tol]ably manife/ t results w\ld arise l ^? we h contemplat$4 ,a fur!r *>act]i/ic ( a true cause is t x acc\nts n only = ! p>ticul> gr\p ( ph5om5a to be int]pret$1 b also = o!r gr\ps4 ,! cause "h alleg$ does ?is4 ,x equally well expla9s ! wor%ip ( animals1 ( plants1 ( m\nta9s1 ( w9ds1 ( cele/ial bodies1 & ev5 ( appe>ances too vague to be consid]$ entities4 ,x gives u an intelligible g5esis ( feti*i/ic conceptions 9 g5]al4 ,x furni%es u ) a reason = ! practice1 o!rwise s unacc\ntable1 ( m\ld+ ! words appli$ to inanimate objects 9 su* ways z to imply mascul9e & fem99e g5d]s4 ,x %[s u h[ !re naturally arose ! wor%ip ( comp\nd animals1 & ( mon/]s half man1 half brute4 ,& x %[s u :y ! wor%ip ( purely an?ropomorphic deities came lat]1 :5 language _h s f> develop$ t x c\ld pres]ve 9 tradition ! di/9ction betwe5 prop] names & nicknames4 ,a fur!r v]ification ( ?is view is1 t x con=ms to ! g5]al law ( evolution3 %[+ u h[1 out ( "o simple1 vague1 aborig9al =m ( belief1 !re h aris51 by cont9u\s diff]5tiations1 ! _m het]og5e\s =ms ( belief :i* h exi/$ & d exi/4 ,! desire to propitiate ! o!r self ( ! dead ance/or1 display$ among savage tribes1 dom9antly manife/$ by ! e>ly hi/oric races1 by ! ,p]uvians & ,mexicans1 by ! ,*9ese at ! pres5t "t1 & to a consid]able degree by ourselves 7= :at else is ! wi% to d t :i* a lately-deceas$ p>5t 0 kn[n to h desir$87 has be5 ! univ]sal fir/ =m ( religi\s belief2 & f x h gr[n up ! _m div]g5t beliefs :i* h be5 ref]r$ to4 ,let me add1 z a fur!r reason = adopt+ ?is view1 t x imm5sely dim9i%es ! app>5tly-great contra/ betwe5 e>ly modes ( ?\ght & our own mode ( ?\ght4 ,d\btless ! aborig9al man diff]s consid]ably f u1 bo? 9 intellect & feel+4 ,b su* an int]pretation ( ! facts z helps u to bridge ov] ! gap1 d]ives additional likelihood f do+ ?is4 ,! hypo!sis ,i h sket*$ out enables u to see t primitive ideas are n s gratuit\sly absurd z we suppose1 & also enables u to rehabilitate ! anci5t my? ) f> less di/ortion ?an at fir/ sight appe>s possible4 ,^! views ,i hope to develop 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,! l>ge mass ( evid5ce :i* ,i %all be able to give 9 support ( ! hypo!sis1 jo9$ ) ! solutions x w be %[n to yield ( _m m9or problems :i* ,i h pass$ ov]1 w1 ,i ?9k1 !n give to x a /ill great] probability ?an x seems n[ to h4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bi3 ,a critical read] may raise an objection4 ,if animal-wor%ip is to be rationally int]pret$1 h[ c ! int]pretation set out by assum+ a belief 9 ! spirits ( dead ance/ors--a belief :i* j z mu* requires explanation8 ,d\btless !re is "h a wide gap 9 ! argum5t4 ,i hope ev5tually to fill x up4 ,"h1 out ( _m exp]i5ces :i* conspire to g5]ate ?is belief1 ,i c b briefly indicate ! lead+ ones3 #a4 ,x is n impossible t 8 %ad[1 foll[+ him ev]y:]e1 & mov+ z he moves1 may h "s small %>e 9 giv+ to ! savage a vague idea ( 8 duality4 ,x ne$s b to wat* a *ild's int]e/ 9 ! movem5ts ( its %ad[1 & to rememb] t at fir/ a %ad[ _c be int]pret$ z a negation ( light1 b is look$ ^u z an entity1 to p]ceive t ! savage may v possibly consid] x z a specific some?+ :i* =ms "p ( him4 #b4 ,a mu* m decid$ sugge/ion ( ! same k9d is likely to result f ! reflection ( 8 face & figure 9 wat]3 imitat+ him z x does 9 8 =m1 col\rs1 motions1 grimaces4 ,:5 we rememb] t n unfrequ5tly a savage objects to h 8 portrait tak51 because he ?9ks :oev] c>ries away a repres5tation ( him c>ries away "s "p ( 8 be+1 we see h[ probable x is t he ?9ks 8 d\ble 9 ! wat] is a reality 9 "s way belong+ to him4 #c4 ,e*oes mu/ greatly t5d to confirm ! idea ( duality o!rwise arriv$ at4 ,incapable z he is ( und]/&+ _! natural orig91 ! primitive man necess>ily ascribes !m to liv+ be+s--be+s :o mock him & elude 8 se>*4 #d4 ,! sugge/ions result+ f ^! & o!r physical ph5om5a are1 h[ev]1 second>y 9 importance4 ,! root ( ?is belief 9 ano!r self lies 9 ! exp]i5ce ( dreams4 ,! di/9ction s easily made by u betwe5 our life 9 dreams & our real life1 is "o :i* ! savage recognizes 9 b a vague way2 & he _c express ev5 t di/9ction :i* he p]ceives4 ,:5 he awakes1 & to ^? :o h se5 him ly+ quietly asleep1 describes :]e he has be51 & :at he has done1 8 rude language fails to /ate ! diff]5ce betwe5 see+ & dream+ t he saw1 do+ & dream+ t he did4 ,f ?is inadequacy ( 8 language x n only results t he _c truly repres5t ?is diff]5ce to o!rs1 b also t he _c truly repres5t x to himself4 ,h5ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( an alt]native int]pretation1 8 belief1 & t ( ^? to :om he tells 8 adv5tures1 is t 8 o!r self has be5 away1 & came back :5 he awoke4 ,& ?is belief1 :i* we f9d among v>i\s exi/+ savage tribes1 we equally f9d 9 ! traditions ( ! e>ly civiliz$ races4 #e4 ,! conception ( ano!r self capable ( go+ away & return+1 receives :at to ! savage mu/ seem conclusive v]ifications f ! abnormal susp5sions ( consci\sness1 & d]angem5ts ( consci\sness1 t occasionally occur 9 memb]s ( 8 tribe4 ,"o :o has fa9t$1 & _c be imm$iately br\ght back to himself 7note ! significance ( our own phrases return+ to himself1 etc47 z a sleep] c1 %[s him a /ate 9 :i* ! o!r self has be5 away = a "t beyond recall4 ,/ill m is ?is prolong$ abs5ce ( ! o!r self %[n him 9 cases ( apoplexy1 catalepsy1 & o!r =ms ( susp5d$ animation4 ,"h = h\rs ! o!r self p]si/s 9 rema9+ away1 & on return+ refuses to say :]e he has be54 ,fur!r v]ification is af=d$ by e epileptic subject1 into ^: body1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! o!r self1 "s enemy has ent]$2 = h[ else does x happ5 t ! o!r self1 on return+1 d5ies all k ( :at 8 body has be5 do+8 ,& ?is supposition t ! body has be5 possess$ by "s o!r be+1 is confirm$ by ! ph5om5a ( somnambulism & insanity4 #f4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! int]pretation inevitably put ^u dea?8 ,! o!r self has habitually return$ aft] sleep1 :i* simulates dea?4 ,x has return$1 too1 aft] fa9t+1 :i* simulates dea? mu* m4 ,x has ev5 return$ aft] ! rigid /ate ( catalepsy1 :i* simulates dea? v greatly4 ,w x n return also aft] ?is /ill m prolong$ quiesc5ce & rigidity8 ,cle>ly x is q possible--q probable ev54 ,! dead man's o!r self is gone away = a long "t1 b x /ill exi/s some:]e1 f> or ne>1 & may at any mom5t come back to d all he said he w\ld d4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s burial-rites--! plac+ ( weapons & valuables along ) ! body1 ! daily br++ ( food to x1 etc4 ,i hope h]eaft] to %[ t1 ) su* k ( ! facts z he has1 ?is int]pretation is ! mo/ reasonable ! savage c arrive at4 ,let me "h1 h[ev]1 by way ( %[+ h[ cle>ly ! facts be> out ?is view1 give "o illu/ration out ( _m4 ,! c]emonies ) :i* !y ! ,v$dahs invoke !m ! %ades ( ! dead are few z !y are simple4 ,! mo/ common is ! foll[+4 ,an arr[ is fix$ upright 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! ,v$dah dances sl[ly r\nd x1 *ant+ ?is invocation1 :i* is almo/ musical 9 its rhy?m3 ,m miya1 m miy1 m dey1 ,topang koyihetti mittigan y&h8 ,my dep>t$ "o1 my dep>t$ "o1 my ,god6 ,:]e art ?\ w&]+8 ,?is invocation appe>s to be us$ on all occasions :5 ! int]v5tion ( ! gu>dian spirits is requir$1 9 sickness1 prep>atory to hunt+1 etc4 ,sometimes1 9 ! latt] case1 a portion ( ! fle% ( ! game is promis$ z a votive (f]+1 9 ! ev5t ( ! *ase be+ successful2 & !y believe t ! spirits w appe> to !m 9 dreams & tell !m :]e to hunt4 ,sometimes !y cook food & place x 9 ! dry b$ ( a riv]1 or "s o!r seclud$ spot1 & !n call on _! deceas$ ance/ors by "n4 ',come & p>take ( ?is6 ,give u ma9t5ance z y did :5 liv+6 ,come1 :]esoev] y may be2 on a tree1 on a rock1 9 ! =e/1 come6' ,& !y dance r\nd ! food1 half *ant+1 half %\t+1 ! invocation4--,bailey1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society1 ,london1 ,n4 ,s41 ii41 p4 #cja-b4 ,footnote #cj3 ,s9ce ! =ego+ pages 7 writt51 my att5tion has be5 drawn by ,sir ,john ,lubbock to a passage 9 ! app5dix to ! second edition ( ,prehi/oric ,times1 9 :i* he has indicat$ ?is d]ivation ( tribal names4 ,he says3 ,9 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! wor%ip ( animals1 we mu/ rememb] t names are v frequ5tly tak5 f !m4 ,! *ildr5 & foll[]s ( a man call$ ! ,be> or ! ,lion w\ld make t a tribal "n4 ,h5ce ! animal itself w\ld be fir/ respect$1 at la/ wor%ipp$4 ,( ! g5esis ( ?is wor%ip1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock does n give any specific explanation4 ,app>5tly he incl9es to ! belief1 tacitly adopt$ also by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 t animal-wor%ip is d]iv$ f an orig9al ,feti*ism1 ( :i* x is a m develop$ =m4 ,z w %ortly be se51 ,i take a diff]5t view ( its orig94 ,footnote #ca3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,tasmania1 iii41 p4 #bhj-ha4 ,footnote #cb3 ,i h s9ce f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! "n ,dawn1 :i* occurs 9 v>i\s places1 seems m frequ5tly a bir?-"n1 giv5 because ! bir? took place at dawn4 ,,morals ,,& ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review = ,april1 #ahga4 ,if a writ] :o discusses unsettl$ que/ions takes up e gauntlet ?r[n d[n to him1 polemical writ+ w absorb mu* ( 8 en]gy4 ,hav+ a p[] ( "w :i* un=tunately does n suffice = execut+ ) any?+ l due rapidity ! task ,i h und]tak51 ,i h made x a policy to avoid controv]sy z mu* z possible1 ev5 at ! co/ ( be+ s]i\sly misund]/ood4 ,h5ce x result$ t :5 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 = ,july1 #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,hutton publi%$1 "u ! title ,a ,que/ionable ,p>5tage = ,morals1 a criticism on a doctr9e ( m9e1 ,i decid$ to let 8 misrepres5tations pass unnotic$ until1 9 ! c\rse ( my "w1 ,i arriv$ at ! /age :]e1 by a full exposition ( ?is doctr9e1 !y w\ld be set aside4 ,x did n occur to me t1 9 ! meantime1 ^! errone\s /atem5ts1 accept$ z true /atem5ts1 w\ld be repeat$ by o!r writ]s1 & my views comm5t$ ^u z unt5able4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has happ5$4 ,9 m p]iodicals ?an "o1 ,i h se5 x ass]t$ t ,mr4 ,hutton has effectually dispos$ ( my hypo!sis4 ,suppos+ t ?is hypo!sis has be5 rightly express$ by ,mr4 ,hutton1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 c41 has be5 l$ to express a p>tial diss5t2 :i* ,i ?9k he w\ld n h express$ _h my own exposition be5 be=e him4 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 too1 9 8 rec5t ,g5esis ( ,species1 has be5 simil>ly betray$ into misappreh5sions4 ,& n[ ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 foll[+ ! same lead1 has convey$ to ! read]s ( ! ,=tnightly ,review ano!r ( ^! conceptions1 :i* is b v p>tially true4 ,?us ,i f9d myself compell$ to say z mu* z w s]ve to prev5t fur!r spread ( ! mis*ief4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a g5]al doctr9e conc]n+ a highly-involv$ class ( ph5om5a c\ld be adequately pres5t$ 9 a s+le p>agraph ( a lett]1 ! writ+ ( books w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,9 ! brief exposition ( c]ta9 e?ical doctr9es held by me1 :i* is giv5 9 ,pr(essor ,ba9's ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 x is /at$ t !y are-- z yet1 n[h]e fully express$4 ,!y =m "p ( ! m g5]al doctr9e ( ,evolution :i* he is engag$ 9 work+ out2 & !y are at pres5t to be ga!r$ only f scatt]$ passages4 ,x is true t1 9 8 fir/ "w1 ,social ,/atics1 he pres5t$ :at he !n reg>d$ z a tol]ably complete view ( "o division ( ,morals4 ,b )\t ab&on+ ?is view1 he n[ reg>ds x z inadequate--m especially 9 respect ( its basis4 ,mr4 ,hutton1 h[ev]1 tak+ ! b>e enunciation ( "o "p ( ?is basis1 deals ) x critically2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( any exposition by me1 sets =? :at he supposes to be my gr\nds = x1 & proce$s to %[ t !y are unsatisfactory4 ,if1 9 8 anxiety to suppress :at he d\btless reg>ds z a p]nici\s doctr9e1 ,mr4 ,hutton c\ld n wait until ,i _h expla9$ myself1 x might h be5 expect$ t he w\ld use :atev] in=mation 0 to be _h conc]n+ x4 ,s f> f seek+ out su* in=mation1 h[ev]1 he has1 9 a way = :i* ,i _c acc\nt1 ignor$ ! in=mation imm$iately be=e him4 ,! title :i* ,mr4 ,hutton has *os5 = 8 criticism is1 ,a ,que/ionable ,p>5tage = ,morals4 ,n[ he has ample means ( kn[+ t ,i allege a prim>y basis ( ,morals1 q indep5d5t ( t :i* he describes & rejects4 ,i d n ref] m]ely to ! fact t hav+1 :5 he review$ ,social ,/atics1#cc express$ 8 v decid$ diss5t f ?is prim>y basis1 he mu/ h be5 aw>e t ,i alleg$ x2 = he may say t 9 ! _m ye>s :i* h s9ce elaps$ he _h =gott5 all ab\t x4 ,b ,i ref] to ! di/9ct enunciation ( ?is prim>y basis 9 t lett] to ,mr4 ,mill f :i* he quotes4 ,9 a prec$+ p>agraph ( ! lett]1 ,i h expla9$ t1 :ile ,i accept utilit>ianism 9 ! ab/ract1 ,i d n accept t curr5t utilit>ianism :i* recognizes = ! guidance ( conduct no?+ beyond empirical g5]alizations2 & ,i h cont5d$ t-- ,morality1 prop]ly s-call$--! sci5ce ( "r conduct--has = its object to det]m9e h[ & :y c]ta9 modes ( conduct are detrim5tal1 & c]ta9 o!r modes b5eficial4 ,^! good & bad results _c be accid5tal1 b mu/ be necess>y consequ5ces ( ! con/itution ( ?+s2 & ,i conceive x to be ! bus9ess ( ,moral ,sci5ce to d$uce1 f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :at k9ds ( action necess>ily t5d to produce happ9ess1 & :at k9ds to produce unhapp9ess4 ,hav+ done ?is1 its d$uctions are to be recognis$ z laws ( conduct2 & are to be con=m$ to irrespective ( a direct e/imation ( happ9ess or mis]y4 ,nor is ?is ! only enunciation ( :at ,i conceive to be ! prim>y basis ( morals1 conta9$ 9 ?is same lett]4 ,a subsequ5t p>agraph sep>at$ by f\r l9es only f t :i* ,mr4 ,hutton extracts1 comm5ces ?us3-- ,progress+ civilization1 :i* is ( necessity a succession ( compromises betwe5 old & new1 requires a p]petual re-adju/m5t ( ! compromise betwe5 ! ideal & ! practicable 9 social arrangem5ts3 to :i* end1 bo? elem5ts ( ! compromise mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,if x is true t pure rectitude prescribes a sy/em ( ?+s f> too good = m5 z !y are1 x is n less true t m]e exp$i5cy does n ( itself t5d to e/abli% a sy/em ( ?+s any bett] ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,:ile absolute morality owes to exp$i5cy ! *ecks :i* prev5t x f ru%+ into ,utopian absurdities1 exp$i5cy is indebt$ to absolute morality = all /imulus to improvem5t4 ,grant$ t we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ :at is relatively "r1 x /ill foll[s t we mu/ fir/ consid] :at is absolutely "r2 s9ce ! "o conception presupposes ! o!r4 ,i d n see h[ !re c\ld well be a m emphatic ass]tion t !re exi/s a prim>y basis ( morals indep5d5t (1 & 9 a s5se antec$5t to1 t :i* is furni%$ by exp]i5ces ( utility2 & consequ5tly1 indep5d5t (1 &1 9 a s5se antec$5t to1 ^? moral s5tim5ts :i* ,i conceive to be g5]at$ by su* exp]i5ces4 ,yet no "o c\ld ga!r f ,mr4 ,hutton's article t ,i ass]t ?is2 or w\ld ev5 f9d reasons = a fa9t suspicion t ,i d s4 ,f ! ref]5ce made to my fur!r views1 he w\ld inf] my acceptance ( t empirical utilit>ianism :i* ,i h expressly repudiat$4 ,& ! title :i* ,mr4 ,hutton gives to 8 pap] cle>ly ass]ts1 by implication1 t ,i recognize no p>5tage = morals beyond t ( ! accumulation & organization ( ! effects ( exp]i5ce4 ,i _c believe t ,mr4 ,hutton int5d$ to convey ?is errone\s impression4 ,he 01 ,i suppose1 too mu* absorb$ 9 contemplat+ ! proposition he combats to obs]ve1 or1 at lea/1 to atta* any weight to1 ! propositions :i* accompany x4 ,b ,i am sorry he did n p]ceive ! mis*ief he 0 likely to d me by spread+ ?is "o-sid$ /atem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i pass n[ to ! p>ticul> "q at issue--n ! p>5tage = morals1 b ! p>5tage ( moral s5tim5ts4 ,9 describ+ my view on ?is m special doctr9e1 ,mr4 ,hutton has simil>ly1 ,i regret to say1 neglect$ ! data :i* w\ld h help$ him to draw an approximately true outl9e ( x4 ,x _c well be t ! exi/5ce ( su* data 0 unkn[n to him4 ,!y are conta9$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 & ,mr4 ,hutton review$ t "w :5 x 0 fir/ publi%$4#cd ,9 a *apt] on ! ,feel+s1 :i* occurs ne> ! end ( x1 !re is sket*$ out a process ( evolution by no means l t :i* ,mr4 ,hutton indicates2 & _h he turn$ to t *apt] he w\ld h se5 t 8 description ( ! g5esis ( moral s5tim5ts out ( organiz$ exp]i5ces is n su* a "o z ,i %\ld h giv54 ,let me quote a passage f t *apt]4 ,n only are ^? emotions :i* =m ! imm$iate /imuli to actions1 ?us explicable2 b ! l explanation applies to ! emotions t leave ! subject ( !m comp>atively passive3 z1 = in/ance1 ! emotion produc$ by beautiful sc5]y4 ,! gradually increas+ complexity 9 ! gr\ps ( s5sations & ideas co-ord9at$1 ends 9 ! co-ord9ation ( ^? va/ aggregations ( !m :i* a gr& l&scape excites & sugge/s4 ,! infant tak5 into ! mid/ ( m\nta9s1 is totally unaffect$ by !m2 b is delight$ ) ! small gr\p ( attributes & relations pres5t$ 9 a toy4 ,! *ild c appreciate1 & be pleas$ )1 ! m complicat$ relations ( h\sehold objects & localities1 ! g>d51 ! field1 & ! /reet4 ,b x is only 9 y\? & mature age1 :5 individual ?+s & small assemblages ( !m h become famili> & automatically cognizable1 t ^? imm5se assemblages :i* l&scapes pres5t c be adequately grasp$1 & ! highly aggregat$ /ates ( consci\sness produc$ by !m1 exp]i5c$4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! v>i\s m9or gr\ps ( /ates t h be5 9 e>li] days sev]ally produc$ by trees1 by fields1 by /reams1 by cascades1 by rocks1 by precipices1 by m\nta9s1 by cl\ds1 are ar\s$ toge!r4 ,along ) ! s5sations imm$iately receiv$1 !re are p>tially excit$ ! myriads ( s5sations t h be5 9 times pa/ receiv$ f objects su* z ^? pres5t$2 fur!r1 !re are p>tially excit$ ! v>i\s incid5tal feel+s t 7 exp]i5c$ on all ^! c\ntless pa/ occasions2 & !re are probably also excit$ c]ta9 deep]1 b n[ vague comb9ations ( /ates1 t 7 organiz$ 9 ! race dur+ b>b>\s times1 :5 its pleasurable activities 7 *iefly among ! woods & wat]s4 ,& out ( all ^! excitations1 "s ( !m actual b mo/ ( !m nasc5t1 is compos$ ! emotion :i* a f9e l&scape produces 9 u4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 amply manife/ t ! processes "h indicat$ are n to be tak5 z intellectual processes--n z processes 9 :i* recogniz$ relations betwe5 pleasures & _! antec$5ts1 or intellig5t adaptations ( means to ends1 =m ! dom9ant elem5ts4 ,! /ate ( m9d produc$ by an aggregate ( picturesque objects is n "o resolvable into propositions4 ,! s5tim5t does n conta9 )9 itself any consci\sness ( causes & consequ5ces ( happ9ess4 ,! vague recollections ( o!r beautiful sc5es & o!r delightful days :i* x dimly r\ses1 are n ar\s$ because ( any rational co-ord9ations ( ideas t h be5 =m$ 9 bygone ye>s4 ,mr4 ,hutton1 h[ev]1 assumes t 9 speak+ ( ! g5esis ( moral feel+s z due to inh]it$ exp]i5ces ( ! pleasures & pa9s caus$ by c]ta9 modes ( conduct1 ,i am speak+ ( reason$-out exp]i5ces--exp]i5ces consci\sly accumulat$ & g5]aliz$4 ,he ov]looks ! fact t ! g5esis ( emotions is di/+ui%$ f ! g5esis ( ideas 9 ?is2 t :]eas ! ideas are compos$ ( elem5ts t are simple1 def9itely relat$1 & 79 ! case ( g5]al ideas7 con/antly relat$1 emotions are compos$ ( enorm\sly complex aggregates ( elem5ts t are nev] twice alike1 & :i* /& 9 relations t are nev] twice alike4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! result+ modes ( consci\sness is ?is3--,9 ! g5esis ( an idea ! successive exp]i5ces1 be !y ( s\nds1 col\rs1 t\*es1 ta/es1 or be !y ( ! special objects :i* comb9e _m ( ^! into gr\ps1 h s mu* 9 common t ea*1 :5 x occurs1 c be def9itely ?\ght ( z l ^? :i* prec$$ x4 ,b 9 ! g5esis ( an emotion ! successive exp]i5ces s f> diff] t ea* ( !m1 :5 x occurs1 sugge/s pa/ exp]i5ces :i* are n specifically simil>1 b h only a g5]al simil>ity2 &1 at ! same "t1 x sugge/s b5efits or evils 9 pa/ exp]i5ce :i* likewise are v>i\s 9 _! special natures1 ?\gh !y h a c]ta9 community 9 g5]al nature4 ,h5ce x results t ! consci\sness ar\s$ is a multitud9\s1 confus$ consci\sness1 9 :i*1 along ) a c]ta9 k9d ( comb9ation among ! impressions receiv$ f )\t1 !re is a vague cl\d ( ideal comb9ations ak9 to !m1 & a vague mass ( ideal feel+s ( pleasure or pa9 :i* 7 associat$ ) ^!4 ,we h abundant pro( t feel+s gr[ up )\t ref]5ce to recogniz$ causes & consequ5ces1 & )\t ! possessor ( !m be+ able to say :y !y h gr[n up2 ?\gh analysis1 nev]!less1 %[s t !y h be5 =m$ out ( connect$ exp]i5ces4 ,! famili> fact t a k9d ( jam :i* 01 dur+ *ildhood1 repeat$ly tak5 aft] m$ic9e1 may become1 by simple association ( s5sations1 s nause\s t x _c be tol]at$ 9 aft]-life1 illu/rates cle>ly ! way 9 :i* repugnances may be e/abli%$ by habitual association ( feel+s1 )\t any belief 9 causal connexion2 or r1 9 spite ( ! k t !re is no causal connexion4 ,simil>ly ) pleasurable emotions4 ,! caw+ ( rooks is n 9 itself an agreeable s\nd3 musically consid]$1 x is v mu* ! contr>y4 ,yet ! caw+ ( rooks usually produces 9 p feel+s ( a grateful k9d--feel+s :i* mo/ ( !m suppose to result f ! quality ( ! s\nd itself4 ,only ! few :o are giv5 to self-analysis are aw>e t ! caw+ ( rooks is agreeable to !m because x has be5 connect$ ) c\ntless ( _! greate/ gratifications--) ! ga!r+ ( wild fl[]s 9 *ildhood2 ) ,saturday-aft]noon excursions 9 s*ool-boy days2 ) midsumm] holidays 9 ! c\ntry1 :5 books 7 ?r[n aside & lessons 7 replac$ by games & adv5tures 9 ! fields2 ) fre%1 sunny morn+s 9 aft]-ye>s1 :5 a walk+ excursion 0 an imm5se relief f toil4 ,z x is1 ?is s\nd1 ?\gh n causally relat$ to all ^! multitud9\s & v>i$ pa/ delights1 b only (t5 associat$ ) !m1 c no m be he>d )\t r\s+ a dim consci\sness ( ^! delights1 ?an ! voice ( an old fri5d unexpect$ly com+ into ! h\se c be he>d )\t sudd5ly rais+ a wave ( t feel+ t has result$ f ! pleasures ( pa/ companion%ip4 ,if we are to und]/& ! g5esis ( emotions1 ei!r 9 ! individual or 9 ! race1 we mu/ take acc\nt ( ?is all-important process4 ,mr4 ,hutton1 h[ev]1 app>5tly ov]look+ x1 & n hav+ rem9d$ himself1 by ref]r+ to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 t ,i insi/ ^u x1 repres5ts my hypo!sis to be t a c]ta9 s5tim5t results f ! consolidation ( intellectual conclusions6 ,he speaks ( me z believ+ t :at seems to u n[ ! 'necess>y' intuitions & a priori assumptions ( human nature1 are likely to prove1 :5 sci5tifically analys$1 no?+ b a simil> conglom]ation ( our ance/ors' be/ obs]vations & mo/ useful empirical rules4 ,he supposes me to ?9k t m5 hav+1 9 pa/ times1 come to see t tru?fulness 0 useful1 ! habit ( approv+ tru?-speak+ & fidelity to engagem5ts1 :i* 0 fir/ bas$ on ?is gr\nd ( utility1 became s root$1 t ! utilit>ian gr\nd ( x 0 =gott51 & we f9d ourselves spr++ to ! belief 9 tru?-speak+ & fidelity to engagem5ts f an inh]it$ t5d5cy4 ,simil>ly ?r\gh\t1 ,mr4 ,hutton has s us$ ! ^w utility1 & s int]pret$ x on my behalf1 z to make me appe> to mean t moral s5tim5t is =m$ out ( consci\s g5]alizations respect+ :at is b5eficial & :at detrim5tal4 ,7 su* my hypo!sis1 8 criticisms w\ld be v mu* to ! po9t2 b z su* is n my hypo!sis1 !y fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! exp]i5ces ( utility ,i ref] to are ^? :i* become regi/]$1 n z di/9ctly recogniz$ connexions betwe5 c]ta9 k9ds ( acts & c]ta9 k9ds ( remote results1 b ^? :i* become regi/]$ 9 ! %ape ( associations betwe5 gr\ps ( feel+s t h (t5 recurr$ toge!r1 ?\gh ! relation betwe5 !m has n be5 consci\sly g5]aliz$--associations ! orig9 ( :i* may be z little p]ceiv$ z is ! orig9 ( ! pleasure giv5 by ! s\nds ( a rook]y2 b :i*1 nev]!less1 h aris5 9 ! c\rse ( daily conv]se ) ?+s1 & s]ve z inc5tives or det]r5ts4 ,9 ! p>agraph :i* ,mr4 ,hutton has extract$ f my lett] to ,mr4 ,mill1 ,i h indicat$ an analogy betwe5 ^? effects ( emotional exp]i5ces out ( :i* ,i believe moral s5tim5ts h be5 develop$1 & ^? effects ( intellectual exp]i5ces out ( :i* ,i believe space-intuitions h be5 develop$4 ,rightly consid]+ t ! fir/ ( ^! hypo!ses _c /& if ! la/ is disprov$1 ,mr4 ,hutton has direct$ "p ( 8 attack aga9/ ?is la/4 ,b w\ld x n h be5 well if he _h ref]r$ to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 :]e ?is la/ hypo!sis is set =? at l5g?1 be=e criticis+ x8 ,w\ld x n h be5 well to give an ab/ract ( my own description ( ! process1 in/ead ( sub/itut+ :at he supposes my description mu/ be8 ,any "o :o turns to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7fir/ edition1 pp4 #bah-bde71 & reads ! two *apt]s1 ,! ,p]ception ( ,body z pres5t+ ,/atical ,attributes1 & ,! ,p]ception ( ,space1 w f9d t ,mr4 ,hutton's acc\nt ( my view on ?is matt] has giv5 him no notion ( ! view z x is express$ by me2 & w1 p]haps1 be less incl9$ to smile ?an he 0 :5 he read ,mr4 ,hutton's acc\nt4 ,i _c "h d m ?an ?us imply ! invalidity ( su* "p ( ,mr4 ,hutton's argum5t z proce$s ^u ?is incorrect repres5tation4 ,! pages :i* w\ld be requir$ = prop]ly expla9+ ! doctr9e t space-intuitions result f organiz$ exp]i5ces may be bett] us$ = expla9+ ?is analog\s doctr9e at pres5t be=e u4 ,?is ,i w n[ endeav\r to d2 n indirectly by correct+ misappreh5sions1 b directly by an exposition :i* %all be z brief z ! extremely involv$ nature ( ! process all[s4 ,an infant 9 arms1 :5 old en\gh to gaze at objects ar\nd ) "s vague recognition1 smiles 9 response to ! laugh+ face & s(t c>ess+ voice ( its "m4 ,let !re come "s "o :o1 ) an angry face1 speaks to x 9 l\d1 h>% tones4 ,! smile disappe>s1 ! features contract into an expression ( pa91 &1 beg9n+ to cry1 x turns away its head1 & makes su* movem5ts ( escape z are possible4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! facts8 ,:y does n ! fr[n make x smile1 & ! "m's laugh make x weep8 ,!re is b "o answ]4 ,already 9 its develop+ bra9 !re is com+ into play ! /ructure ?r\gh :i* "o clu/] ( visual & auditory impressions excites pleasurable feel+s1 & ! /ructure ?r\gh :i* ano!r clu/] ( visual & auditory impressions excites pa9ful feel+s4 ,! infant kn[s no m ab\t ! relation exi/+ betwe5 a f]oci\s expression ( face1 & ! evils :i* may foll[ p]ception ( x1 ?an ! "y bird j out ( its ne/ kn[s ( ! possible pa9 & dea? :i* may be inflict$ by a man com+ t[>ds x2 & z c]ta9ly 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! al>m felt is due to a p>tially-e/abli%$ n]v\s /ructure4 ,:y does ?is p>tially-e/abli%$ n]v\s /ructure betray its pres5ce ?us e>ly 9 ! human be+8 ,simply because1 9 ! pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! human race1 smiles & g5tle tones 9 ^? ar\nd h be5 ! habitual accompanim5ts ( pleasurable feel+s2 :ile pa9s ( _m k9ds1 imm$iate & m or less remote1 h be5 cont9ually associat$ ) ! impressions receiv$ f knit br[s1 & set tee?1 & grat+ voice4 ,mu* deep] d[n ?an ! hi/ory ( ! human race mu/ we g to f9d ! beg9n+s ( ^! connexions4 ,! appe>ances & s\nds :i* excite 9 ! infant a vague dread1 indicate dang]2 & d s because !y are ! physiological accompanim5ts ( de/ructive action--"s ( !m common to man & inf]ior mammals1 & consequ5tly und]/ood by inf]ior mammals1 z e puppy %[s u4 ,:at we call ! natural language ( ang]1 is due to a p>tial contraction ( ^? muscles :i* actual combat w\ld call into play2 & all m>ks ( irritation1 d[n to t pass+ %ade ov] ! br[ :i* accompanies slight annoyance1 are incipi5t /ages ( ^! same contractions4 ,conv]sely ) ! natural language ( pleasure1 & ( t /ate ( m9d :i* we call amicable feel+3 ?is1 too1 has a physiological int]pretation4#ce ,let u pass n[ f ! infant 9 arms to ! *ildr5 9 ! nurs]y4 ,:at h ! exp]i5ces ( ea* be5 do+ 9 aid ( ! emotional developm5t we are consid]+8 ,:ile its limbs h be5 gr[+ m agile by ex]cise1 its manipulative skill increas+ by practice1 its p]ceptions ( objects gr[+ by use quick]1 m accurate1 m compreh5sive2 ! associations betwe5 ^! two sets ( impressions receiv$ f ^? ar\nd1 & ! pleasures & pa9s receiv$ along ) !m1 or aft] !m1 h be5 by frequ5t repetition made /rong]1 & _! adju/m5ts bett]4 ,! dim s5se ( pa9 & ! vague gl[ ( delight :i* ! infant felt1 h1 9 ! ur*91 sev]ally tak5 %apes t are m def9ite4 ,! angry voice ( a nursemaid no long] ar\ses only a =mless feel+ ( dread1 b also a specific idea ( ! slap t may foll[4 ,! fr[n on ! face ( a bigg] bro!r1 along ) ! primitive1 indef9able s5se ( ill1 br+s ! ideas ( ills t are def9able z kicks1 & cuffs1 & pull+s ( hair1 & losses ( toys4 ,! faces ( p>5ts1 look+ n[ sunny1 n[ gloomy1 h gr[n to be respectively associat$ ) multitud9\s =ms ( gratification & multitud9\s =ms ( discom=t or privation4 ,h5ce ^! appe>ances & s\nds1 :i* imply amity or enmity 9 ^? ar\nd1 become symbolic ( happ9ess & mis]y2 s t ev5tually1 p]ception ( ! "o set or ! o!r c sc>cely occur )\t rais+ a wave ( pleasurable feel+ or ( pa9ful feel+4 ,! body ( ?is wave is /ill sub/antially ( ! same nature z x 0 at fir/2 = ?\gh 9 ea* ( ^! multitud9\s exp]i5ces a special set ( facial & vocal signs has be5 connect$ ) a special set ( pleasures or pa9s2 yet s9ce ^! pleasures or pa9s h be5 imm5sely v>i$ 9 _! k9ds & comb9ations1 & s9ce ! signs t prec$$ !m 7 9 no two cases q alike1 x results t ev5 to ! end ! consci\sness produc$ rema9s z vague z x is volum9\s4 ,! ?\s&s ( p>tially-ar\s$ ideas result+ f pa/ exp]i5ces are mass$ toge!r & sup]pos$1 s z to =m an aggregate 9 :i* no?+ is di/9ct1 b :i* has ! "* ( be+ pleasurable or pa9ful accord+ to ! nature ( its orig9al compon5ts3 ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ?is develop$ feel+ & ! feel+ ar\s$ 9 ! infant be+1 t on bright or d>k backgr\nd =m+ ! body ( x1 may n[ be sket*$ out 9 ?\ght ! p>ticul> pleasures or pa9s :i* ! p>ticul> circum/ances sugge/ z likely4 ,:at mu/ be ! work+ ( ?is process "u ! conditions ( aborig9al life8 ,! emotions giv5 to ! "y savage by ! natural language ( love & hate 9 ! memb]s ( 8 tribe1 ga9 fir/ a p>tial def9it5ess 9 respect to 8 int]c\rse ) 8 family & playmates2 & he le>ns by exp]i5ce ! utility1 9 s f> z 8 own ends are conc]n$1 ( avoid+ c\rses :i* call f o!rs manife/ations ( ang]1 & tak+ c\rses :i* call f !m manife/ations ( pleasure4 ,n t he consci\sly g5]alizes4 ,he does n at t age1 probably n at any age1 =mulate 8 exp]i5ces 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple t x is well = him to d ?+s :i* br+ smiles1 & to avoid do+ ?+s :i* br+ fr[ns4 ,:at happ5s is t hav+1 9 ! way %[n1 inh]it$ ?is connexion betwe5 ! p]ception ( ang] 9 o!rs & ! feel+ ( dread1 & hav+ discov]$ t c]ta9 acts ( 8 br+ on ?is ang]1 he _c subsequ5tly ?9k ( committ+ "o ( ^! acts )\t ?9k+ ( ! result+ ang]1 & feel+ m or less ( ! result+ dread4 ,he has no ?\ght ( ! utility or inutility ( ! act itself3 ! det]r5t is ! ma9ly vague1 b p>tially def9ite1 fe> ( evil t may foll[4 ,s und]/ood1 ! det]r+ emotion is "o :i* has gr[n out ( exp]i5ces ( utility1 us+ t ^w 9 its e?ical s5se2 & if we ask :y ?is dread$ ang] is call$ =? f o!rs1 we %all habitually f9d t x is because ! =bidd5 act entails pa9 some:]e--is negativ$ by utility4 ,on pass+ f dome/ic injunctions to injunctions curr5t 9 ! tribe1 we see no less cle>ly h[ ^! emotions produc$ by approbation & reprobation come to be connect$ 9 exp]i5ce ) actions :i* are b5eficial to ! tribe1 & actions :i* are detrim5tal to ! tribe2 & h[ !re consequ5tly gr[ up inc5tives to ! "o class ( actions & prejudices aga9/ ! o!r class4 ,f e>ly boyhood ! "y savage he>s rec\nt$ ! d>+ de$s ( 8 *ief--he>s !m 9 words ( praise1 & sees all faces gl[+ ) admiration4 ,f "t to "t also he li/5s :ile "s "o's c[>dice is describ$ 9 tones ( scorn1 & ) contemptu\s metaphors1 & sees him meet ) d]ision & insult :5ev] he appe>s4 ,t is to say1 "o ( ! ?+s t come to be associat$ 9 8 m9d ) smil+ faces1 :i* are symbolical ( pleasures 9 g5]al1 is c\rage2 & "o ( ! ?+s t come to be associat$ 9 8 m9d ) fr[ns & o!r m>ks ( enmity1 :i* =m 8 symbol ( unhapp9ess1 is c[>dice4 ,^! feel+s are n =m$ 9 him because he has reason$ 8 way to ! tru? t c\rage is useful to ! tribe1 &1 by implication1 to himself1 or to ! tru? t c[>dice is a cause ( evil4 ,9 adult life he may p]haps see ?is2 b he c]ta9ly does n see x at ! "t :5 brav]y is ?us jo9$ 9 8 consci\sness ) all t is good1 & c[>dice ) all t is bad4 ,simil>ly !re are produc$ 9 him feel+s ( incl9ation or repugnance t[>ds o!r l9es ( conduct t h become e/abli%$ or int]dict$1 because !y are b5eficial or injuri\s to ! tribe2 ?\gh nei!r ! "y nor ! adults "k :y !y h become e/abli%$ or int]dict$4 ,in/ance ! praisewor?9ess ( wife-/eal+1 & ! vici\sness ( m>ry+ )9 ! tribe4 ,we may n[ asc5d a /age to an ord] ( inc5tives & re/ra9ts d]iv$ f ^!4 ,! primitive belief is t e dead man becomes a demon1 :o is (t5 some:]e at h&1 may at any mom5t return1 may give aid or d mis*ief1 & has to be cont9ually propitiat$4 ,h5ce among o!r ag5ts ^: approbation or reprobation are contemplat$ by ! savage z consequ5ces ( 8 conduct1 are ! spirits ( 8 ance/ors4 ,:5 a *ild he is told ( _! de$s1 n[ 9 triumphant tones1 n[ 9 :isp]s ( horror2 & ! in/ill$ belief t !y may inflict "s vaguely-imag9$ b fe>ful evil1 or give "s great help1 becomes a p[]ful inc5tive or det]r5t4 ,especially does ?is happ5 :5 ! /ory is ( a *ief1 di/+ui%$ = 8 /r5g?1 8 f]ocity1 8 p]si/5ce 9 t rev5ge on enemies :i* ! exp]i5ces ( ! savage make him reg>d z b5eficial & virtu\s4 ,! consci\sness t su* a *ief1 dread$ by neighb\r+ tribes1 & dread$1 too1 by memb]s ( 8 own tribe1 may reappe> & puni% ^? :o h disreg>d$ 8 injunctions1 becomes a p[]ful motive4 ,b x is cle>1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! imag9$ ang] & ! imag9$ satisfaction ( ?is deifi$ *ief1 are simply transfigur$ =ms ( ! ang] & satisfaction display$ by ^? ar\nd2 & t ! feel+s accompany+ su* imag9ations h ! same orig9al root 9 ! exp]i5ces :i* h associat$ an av]age ( pa9ful results ) ! manife/ation ( ano!r's ang]1 & an av]age ( pleasurable results ) ! manife/ation ( ano!r's satisfaction4 ,& x is cle>1 9 ! second place1 t ! actions ?us =bidd5 & enc\rag$ mu/ be mo/ly actions t are respectively detrim5tal & b5eficial to ! tribe2 s9ce ! successful *ief is usually a bett] judge ?an ! re/1 & has ! pres]vation ( ! tribe at he>t4 ,h5ce exp]i5ces ( utility1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly organiz$1 und]lie 8 injunctions2 & ! s5tim5ts :i* prompt ob$i5ce are1 ?\gh v indirectly & )\t ! k ( ^? :o feel !m1 ref]able to exp]i5ces ( utility4 ,?is transfigur$ =m ( re/ra9t1 diff]+ at fir/ b little f ! orig9al =m1 admits ( imm5se developm5t4 ,accumulat+ traditions1 gr[+ 9 gr&eur z !y are repeat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 make m & m sup]human ! e>ly-record$ h]o ( ! race4 ,8 p[]s ( inflict+ puni%m5t & giv+ happ9ess become ev] great]1 m multitud9\s1 & m v>i$2 s t ! dread ( div9e displeasure1 & ! desire to obta9 div9e approbation1 acquire a c]ta9 l>g5ess & g5]ality4 ,/ill ! conceptions rema9 an?ropomorphic4 ,! rev5geful deity cont9ues to be ?\ght ( 9 t]ms ( human emotions1 & cont9ues to be repres5t$ z display+ ^! emotions 9 human ways4 ,moreov]1 ! s5tim5ts ( "r & duty1 s f> z !y h become develop$1 ref] ma9ly to div9e comm&s & int]dicts2 & h little ref]5ce to ! natures ( ! acts comm&$ or int]dict$4 ,9 ! int5d$ (f]+-up ( ,isaac1 9 ! sacrifice ( ,jeph?ah's daught]1 & 9 ! hew+ to pieces ( ,agag1 z mu* z 9 ! c\ntless atrocities committ$ f religi\s motives by v>i\s e>ly hi/oric races1 z by "s exi/+ savage races1 we see t ! morality & immorality ( actions1 z we und]/& !m1 are at fir/ little recogniz$2 & t ! feel+s1 *iefly ( dread1 :i* s]ve 9 place ( !m1 are feel+s felt t[>ds ! unse5 be+s suppos$ to issue ! comm&s & int]dicts4 ,"h x w be said t1 z j admitt$1 ^! are n ! moral s5tim5ts prop]ly s call$4 ,!y are simply s5tim5ts t prec$e & make possible ^? highe/ s5tim5ts :i* d n ref] ei!r to p]sonal b5efits or evils to be expect$ f m51 or to m remote rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,sev]al comm5ts are1 h[ev]1 call$ =? by ?is criticism4 ,"o is1 t if we glance back at pa/ beliefs & _! correlative feel+s1 z %[n 9 ,dante's poem1 9 ! my/]y-plays ( ! middle ages1 9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew massacres1 9 burn+s = h]esy1 we get pro( t 9 comp>atively mod]n times "r & wrong meant little else ?an subord9ation or insubord9ation--to a div9e rul] prim>ily1 & "u him to a human rul]4 ,ano!r is1 t d[n to our own day ?is conception l>gely prevails1 & is ev5 embodi$ 9 elaborate e?ical works--in/ance ! ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 by ,jona?an ,dymond1 :i* recognizes no gr\nd ( moral obligation save ! w ( ,god z express$ 9 ! curr5t cre$4 ,& yet a fur!r is1 t :ile 9 s]mons ! torm5ts ( ! damn$ & ! joys ( ! bless$ are set =? z ! dom9ant det]r5ts & inc5tives1 & :ile we h prep>$ = u pr9t$ in/ructions h[ to make ! be/ ( bo? worlds1 x _c be d5i$ t ! feel+s :i* impel & re/ra9 m5 are /ill l>gely compos$ ( elem5ts l ^? op]ative on ! savage3 ! dread1 p>tly vague1 p>tly specific1 associat$ ) ! idea ( reprobation1 human & div9e1 & ! s5se ( satisfaction1 p>tly vague1 p>tly specific1 associat$ ) ! idea ( approbation1 human & div9e4 ,b dur+ ! gr[? ( t civilization :i* has be5 made possible by ^! ego-altrui/ic s5tim5ts1 !re h be5 sl[ly evolv+ ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts4 ,developm5t ( ^! has gone on only z fa/ z society has advanc$ to a /ate 9 :i* ! activities are ma9ly peaceful4 ,! root ( all ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts is sympa?y2 & sympa?y c\ld become dom9ant only :5 ! mode ( life1 in/ead ( be+ "o t habitually inflict$ direct pa91 became "o :i* conf]r$ direct & indirect b5efits3 ! pa9s inflict$ be+ ma9ly incid5tal & indirect4 ,adam ,smi? made a l>ge /ep t[>ds ?is tru? :5 he recogniz$ sympa?y z giv+ rise to ^! sup]ior controll+ emotions4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 h[ev]1 requires to be supplem5t$ 9 two ways4 ,! natural process by :i* sympa?y becomes develop$ into a m & m important elem5t ( human nature has to be expla9$2 & !re has also to be expla9$ ! process by :i* sympa?y produces ! highe/ & mo/ complex ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts--t ( ju/ice4 ,respect+ ! fir/ process1 ,i c "h d no m ?an say t sympa?y may be prov$1 bo? inductively & d$uctively1 to be ! concomitant ( greg>i\sness3 ! two hav+ all along-increas$ by reciprocal aid4 ,multiplication has ev] t5d$ to =ce into an association1 m or less close1 all creatures hav+ k9ds ( food & supplies ( food t p]mit association2 & e/abli%$ psy*ological laws w>rant ! inf]5ce t "s sympa?y w inevitably result f habitual manife/ations ( feel+s 9 pres5ce ( "o ano!r1 & t ! greg>i\sness be+ augm5t$ by ! increase ( sympa?y1 fur!r facilitates ! developm5t ( sympa?y4 ,b !re are negative & positive *ecks ^u ?is developm5t--negative1 because sympa?y _c advance fa/] ?an intellig5ce advances1 s9ce x presupposes ! p[] ( int]pret+ ! natural language ( ! v>i\s feel+s1 & ( m5tally repres5t+ ^? feel+s2 positive1 because ! imm$iate ne$s ( self-pres]vation are (t5 at v>iance ) its prompt+s1 z1 = example1 dur+ ! pr$atory /ages ( human progress4 ,= explanations ( ! second process1 ,i mu/ ref] to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7 #bjb1 fir/ edition1 & #bae1 second edition7 & to ,social ,/atics1 "p ii4 *apt] v4#cf ,ask+ t 9 default ( space ^! explanations may be tak5 = grant$1 let me "h po9t out 9 :at s5se ev5 sympa?y1 & ! s5tim5ts t result f x1 are due to exp]i5ces ( utility4 ,if we suppose all ?\ght ( rew>ds or puni%m5ts1 imm$iate or remote1 to be left out ( consid]ation1 x is cle> t any "o :o hesitates to inflict a pa9 because ( ! vivid repres5tation ( t pa9 :i* rises 9 8 consci\sness1 is re/ra9$1 n by any s5se ( obligation or by any =mulat$ doctr9e ( utility1 b by ! pa9ful association e/abli%$ 9 him4 ,& x is cle> t if1 aft] repeat$ exp]i5ces ( ! moral discom=t he has felt f witness+ ! unhapp9ess indirectly caus$ by "s ( 8 acts1 he is l$ to *eck himself :5 aga9 tempt$ to ^? acts1 ! re/ra9t is ( l nature4 ,conv]sely ) ! pleasure-giv+ acts3 repetitions ( k9d de$s1 & exp]i5ces ( ! sympa!tic gratifications t foll[1 t5d cont9ually to make /rong] ! association betwe5 su* de$s & feel+s ( happ9ess4 ,ev5tually ^! exp]i5ces may be consci\sly g5]aliz$1 & !re may result a delib]ate pursuit ( sympa!tic gratifications4 ,!re may also come to be di/9ctly recogniz$ ! tru?s t ! remot] results1 k9d & unk9d conduct1 are respectively b5eficial & detrim5tal--t due reg>d = o!rs is conducive to ultimate p]sonal welf>e1 & disreg>d ( o!rs to ultimate p]sonal disa/]2 & !n !re may become curr5t su* summations ( exp]i5ce z hone/y is ! be/ policy4 ,b s f> f reg>d+ ^! intellectual recognitions ( utility z prec$+ & caus+ ! moral s5tim5t1 ,i reg>d ! moral s5tim5t z prec$+ su* recognitions ( utility1 & mak+ !m possible4 ,! pleasures & pa9s directly result+ 9 exp]i5ce f sympa!tic & unsympa!tic actions1 _h fir/ to be sl[ly associat$ ) su* actions1 & ! result+ inc5tives & det]r5ts frequ5tly obey$1 be=e !re c\ld arise ! p]ceptions t sympa!tic & unsympa!tic actions are remotely b5eficial or detrim5tal to ! actor2 & !y _h to be obey$ /ill long] & m g5]ally be=e !re c\ld arise ! p]ceptions t !y are socially b5eficial or detrim5tal4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! remote effects1 p]sonal & social1 h ga9$ g5]al recognition1 are express$ 9 curr5t maxims1 & lead to injunctions hav+ ! religi\s sanction1 ! s5tim5ts t prompt sympa!tic actions & *eck unsympa!tic ones are imm5sely /r5g!n$ by _! alliances4 ,approbation & reprobation1 div9e & human1 come to be associat$ 9 ?\ght ) ! sympa!tic & unsympa!tic actions respectively4 ,! comm&s ( ! cre$1 ! legal p5alties1 & ! code ( social conduct1 unit$ly en=ce !m2 & e *ild z x gr[s up1 daily has impress$ on x by ! words & faces & voices ( ^? ar\nd ! au?ority ( ^! highe/ pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,& n[ we may see :y !re arises a belief 9 ! special sacr$ness ( ^! highe/ pr9ciples1 & a s5se ( ! supreme au?ority ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts answ]+ to !m4 ,_m ( ! actions :i*1 9 e>ly social /ates1 receiv$ ! religi\s sanction & ga9$ public approbation1 _h ! drawback t su* sympa?ies z exi/$ 7 outrag$1 & !re 0 h5ce an imp]fect satisfaction4 ,:]eas ^! altrui/ic actions1 :ile simil>ly hav+ ! religi\s sanction & ga9+ public approbation1 br+ a sympa!tic consci\sness ( pleasure giv5 or ( pa9 prev5t$2 &1 beyond ?is1 br+ a sympa!tic consci\sness ( human welf>e at l>ge1 z be+ fur!r$ by mak+ altrui/ic actions habitual4 ,bo? ?is special & ?is g5]al sympa!tic consci\sness become /rong] & wid] 9 proportion z ! p[] ( m5tal repres5tation increases1 & ! imag9ation ( consequ5ces1 imm$iate & remote1 gr[s m vivid & compreh5sive4 ,until at l5g? ^! altrui/ic s5tim5ts beg9 to call 9 "q ! au?ority ( ^? ego-altrui/ic s5tim5ts :i* once rul$ un*all5g$4 ,!y prompt resi/ance to laws t d n fulfil ! conception ( ju/ice1 enc\rage m5 to brave ! fr[ns ( _! fell[s by pursu+ a c\rse at v>iance ) cu/oms t are p]ceiv$ to be socially injuri\s1 & ev5 cause diss5t f ! curr5t religion2 ei!r to ! ext5t ( disbelief 9 ^? alleg$ div9e attributes & acts n approv$ by ?is supreme moral arbit]1 or to ! ext5t ( entire rejection ( a cre$ :i* ascribes su* attributes & acts4 ,mu* t is requir$ to make ?is hypo!sis complete mu/ /& ov] until1 at ! close ( ! second volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,i h space = a full exposition4 ,:at ,i h said w make x suffici5tly cle> t two fundam5tal errors h be5 made 9 ! int]pretation put ^u x4 ,bo? ,utility & ,exp]i5ce h be5 con/ru$ 9 s5ses mu* too n>r[4 ,utility1 conv5i5t a ^w z x is f its compreh5siv5ess1 has v inconv5i5t & mislead+ implications4 ,x vividly sugge/s uses1 & means1 & proximate ends1 b v fa9tly sugge/s ! pleasures1 positive or negative1 :i* are ! ultimate ends1 & :i*1 9 ! e?ical mean+ ( ! ^w1 are alone consid]$2 &1 fur!r1 x implies consci\s recognition ( means & ends--implies ! delib]ate tak+ ( "s c\rse to ga9 a p]ceiv$ b5efit4 ,exp]i5ce1 too1 9 its ord9>y acceptation1 connotes def9ite p]ceptions ( causes & consequ5ces1 z /&+ 9 obs]v$ relations1 & is n tak5 to include ! connexions =m$ 9 consci\sness betwe5 /ates t recur toge!r1 :5 ! relation betwe5 !m1 causal or o!r1 is n p]ceiv$4 ,x is 9 _! wide/ s5ses1 h[ev]1 t ,i habitually use ^! words1 z w be manife/ to e "o :o reads ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 & x is 9 _! wide/ s5ses t ,i h us$ !m 9 ! lett] to ,mr4 ,mill4 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n above t1 :5 !y are s und]/ood1 ! hypo!sis briefly set =? 9 t lett] is by no means s indef5sible z is suppos$4 ,at any rate1 ,i h %[n--:at seem$ = ! pres5t ne$ful to %[--t ,mr4 ,hutton's v]sions ( my views mu/ n be accept$ z correct4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,prospective ,review = ,janu>y1 #aheb4 ,footnote #cd3 ,8 criticism w be f\nd 9 ! ,national ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahef1 "u ! title ,a!ism4 ,footnote #ce3 ,h]eaft] ,i hope to elucidate at l5g? ^! ph5om5a ( expression4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i c ref] only to su* fur!r indications z are conta9$ 9 two essays on ,! ,physiology ( ,laught] & ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i may add t 9 ,social ,/atics1 *ap4 xxx41 ,i h indicat$1 9 a g5]al way1 ! causes ( ! developm5t ( sympa?y & ! re/ra9ts ^u its developm5t--conf9+ ! discussion1 h[ev]1 to ! case ( ! human race1 my subject limit+ me to t4 ,! accompany+ teleology ,i n[ disclaim4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,man4 ,orig9ally read be=e ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 ,m9d1 = ,janu>y1 #ahgf4 ,:ile discuss+ ) two memb]s ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ! "w to be und]tak5 by its psy*ological section1 ,i made c]ta9 sugge/ions :i* !y reque/$ me to put 9 writ+4 ,:5 rem9d$1 "s mon?s aft]1 ( ! promise ,i _h made to d ?is1 ,i fail$ to recall ! p>ticul> sugge/ions ref]r$ to2 b 9 ! endeav\r to rememb] !m1 ,i 0 l$ to glance ov] ! :ole subject ( comp>ative human psy*ology4 ,h5ce result$ ! foll[+ pap]4 ,t mak+ a g5]al survey is useful z a prelim9>y to delib]ate /udy1 ei!r ( a :ole or ( any "p1 sc>cely ne$s %[+4 ,vagu5ess ( ?\ght accompanies ! w&]+ ab\t 9 a region )\t kn[n b\nds or l&m>ks4 ,att5tion devot$ to "s portion ( a subject 9 ignorance ( its connexion ) ! re/1 leads to untrue conceptions4 ,! :ole _c be rightly conceiv$ )\t "s k ( ! p>ts2 & no "p c be rightly conceiv$ out ( relation to ! :ole4 ,to map out ! ,comp>ative ,psy*ology ( ,man mu/ also conduce to ! m me?odic c>ry+ on ( inquiries4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 division ( lab\r w facilitate progress2 & t !re may be division ( lab\r1 ! "w itself mu/ be sy/ematically divid$4 ,we may conv5i5tly sep>ate ! entire subject into ?ree ma9 divisions1 & may arrange !m 9 ! ord] ( increas+ speciality4 ,! fir/ division w treat ( ! degrees ( m5tal evolution ( diff]5t human types1 g5]ally consid]$3 tak+ acc\nt ( bo? ! mass ( m5tal manife/ation & ! complexity ( m5tal manife/ation4 ,?is division w include ! relations ( ^! *>act]s to physical *>act]s--! bodily mass & /ructure1 & ! c]ebral mass & /ructure4 ,x w also include inquiries conc]n+ ! "t tak5 9 complet+ m5tal evolution1 & ! "t dur+ :i* adult m5tal p[] la/s2 z well z c]ta9 mo/ g5]al traits ( m5tal action1 su* z ! great] or less p]si/5ce ( emotions & ( intellectual processes4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! g5]al m5tal type & ! g5]al social type %\ld also be "h dealt )4 ,9 ! second division may be conv5i5tly plac$ ap>t1 inquiries conc]n+ ! relative m5tal natures ( ! sexes 9 ea* race4 ,"u x w come su* que/ions z ^!3--,:at diff]5ces ( m5tal mass & m5tal complexity1 if any1 exi/+ betwe5 males & females1 are common to all races8 ,d su* diff]5ces v>y 9 degree1 or 9 k9d1 or 9 bo?8 ,are !re reasons = ?9k+ t !y are liable to *ange by increase or decrease8 ,:at relations d !y be> 9 ea* case to ! habits ( life1 ! dome/ic arrangem5ts1 & ! social arrangem5ts8 ,?is division %\ld also include 9 its scope ! s5tim5ts ( ! sexes t[>ds "o ano!r1 consid]$ z v>y+ quantitatively & qualitatively2 z well z _! respective s5tim5ts t[>ds (fspr+1 simil>ly v>y+4 ,= ! ?ird division ( inquiries may be res]v$ ! m special m5tal traits di/+ui%+ diff]5t types ( m54 ,"o class ( su* specialities results f diff]5ces ( proportion among faculties possess$ 9 common2 & ano!r class results f ! pres5ce 9 "s races ( faculties t are almo/ or q abs5t f o!rs4 ,ea* diff]5ce 9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 :5 e/abli%$ by comp>ison1 has to be /udi$ 9 connexion ) ! /age ( m5tal evolution rea*$1 & has to be /udi$ 9 connexion ) ! habits ( life & ! social developm5t1 reg>d+ x z relat$ to ^! bo? z cause & z consequ5ce4 ,su* be+ ! outl9es ( ^! sev]al divisions1 let u n[ consid] 9 detail ! subdivisions conta9$ )9 ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4--,"u ! head ( g5]al m5tal evolution we may beg9 ) ! trait (-- #a4 ,m5tal mass4--,daily exp]i5ces %[ u t human be+s diff] 9 volume ( m5tal manife/ation4 ,"s !re are ^: intellig5ce1 high ?\gh x may be1 produces little impression on ^? ar\nd2 :ile !re are "s :o1 :5 utt]+ ev5 commonplaces1 d x s z to affect li/5]s 9 a disproportionate degree4 ,comp>ison ( two su*1 makes x manife/ t1 g5]ally1 ! diff]5ce is due to ! natural language ( ! emotions4 ,beh9d ! intellectual quickness ( ! "o !re is n felt any p[] ( "*2 :ile ! o!r betrays a mom5tum capable ( be>+ d[n opposition--a pot5tiality ( emotion t has some?+ =midable ab\t x4 ,obvi\sly ! v>ieties ( mank9d diff] mu* 9 respect ( ?is trait4 ,ap>t f k9d ( feel+1 !y are unlike 9 am\nt ( feel+4 ,! dom9ant races ov]run ! inf]ior races ma9ly 9 virtue ( ! great] quantity ( en]gy 9 :i* ?is great] m5tal mass %[s itself4 ,h5ce a s]ies ( inquiries1 ( :i* ^! are "s3--7a7 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 m5tal mass & bodily mass8 ,manife/ly1 ! small races are defici5t 9 x4 ,b x also appe>s t races mu* ^u a p> 9 size--z1 = in/ance1 an ,engli%man & a ,dam>a1 diff] consid]ably 9 m5tal mass4 7b7 ,:at is its relation to mass ( bra98 &1 be>+ 9 m9d ! g5]al law t 9 ! same species1 size ( bra9 increases ) size ( body 7?\gh n 9 ! same proportion71 h[ f> c we connect ! extra m5tal mass ( ! high] races1 ) an extra mass ( bra9 beyond t :i* is prop] to _! great] bodily mass8 7c7 ,:at relation1 if any1 is !re betwe5 m5tal mass & ! physiological /ate express$ 9 vig\r ( circulation & ri*ness ( blood1 z sev]ally det]m9$ by mode ( life & g5]al nutrition8 7d7 ,:at are ! relations ( ?is trait to ! social /ate1 z nomadic or settl$1 pr$atory or indu/rial8 #b4 ,m5tal complexity4--,h[ races diff] 9 respect ( ! m or less involv$ /ructures ( _! m9ds1 w be/ be und]/ood on recall+ ! unlik5ess betwe5 ! juv5ile m9d & ! adult m9d among ourselves4 ,9 ! *ild we see absorption 9 special facts4 ,g5]alities ev5 ( a l[ ord] are sc>cely recogniz$1 & !re is no recognition ( high g5]alities4 ,we see int]e/ 9 individuals1 9 p]sonal adv5tures1 9 dome/ic affairs1 b no int]e/ 9 political or social matt]s4 ,we see vanity ab\t clo!s & small a*ievem5ts1 b little s5se ( ju/ice3 witness ! =cible appropriation ( "o ano!r's toys4 ,:ile !re h come into play _m ( ! simpl] m5tal p[]s1 !re has n yet be5 rea*$ t complication ( m9d :i* results f ! addition ( p[]s evolv$ out ( ^! simpl] ones4 ,k9dr$ diff]5ces ( complexity exi/ betwe5 ! m9ds ( l[] & high] races2 & comp>isons %\ld be made to asc]ta9 _! k9ds & am\nts4 ,"h1 too1 !re may be a subdivision ( ! inquiries4 7a7 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 m5tal complexity & m5tal mass8 ,d n ! two habitually v>y toge!r8 7b7 ,:at is ! relation to ! social /ate1 z m or less complex8 t is to say--,d n m5tal complexity & social complexity act & react on ea* o!r8 #c4 ,rate ( m5tal developm5t4--,9 con=mity ) ! biological law t ! high] ! organisms ! long] !y take to evolve1 memb]s ( ! inf]ior human races may be expect$ to complete _! m5tal evolution soon] ?an memb]s ( ! sup]ior races2 & we h evid5ce t !y d ?is4 ,travell]s f _m regions comm5t1 n[ on ! great precocity ( *ildr5 among savage & semi-civiliz$ peoples1 & n[ on ! e>ly arre/ ( _! m5tal progress4 ,?\gh we sc>cely ne$ m pro(s t ?is g5]al contra/ exi/s1 !re rema9s to be ask$ ! "q1 :e!r x is consi/5tly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t all gr\ps ( races1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/--:e!r1 say1 ! ,au/ralian diff]s 9 ?is respect f ! ,h9du1 z mu* z ! ,h9du does f ! ,european4 ,( second>y inquiries com+ "u ?is sub-head may be nam$ sev]al4 7a7 ,is ?is m rapid evolution & e>li] arre/ always unequally %[n by ! two sexes2 or1 9 o!r words1 are !re 9 l[] types proportional diff]5ces 9 rate & degree ( developm5t1 su* z high] types %[ u8 7b7 ,is !re 9 _m cases1 z !re appe>s to be 9 "s cases1 a traceable relation betwe5 ! p]iod ( arre/ & ! p]iod ( pub]ty8 7c7 ,is m5tal decay e>ly 9 proportion z m5tal evolution is rapid8 7d7 ,c we 9 o!r respects ass]t t :]e ! type is l[1 ! entire cycle ( m5tal *anges betwe5 bir? & dea?--asc5d+1 uni=m1 desc5d+--comes )9 a %ort] int]val8 #d4 ,relative pla/icity4--,is !re any relation betwe5 ! degree ( m5tal modifiability :i* rema9s 9 adult life1 & ! "* ( ! m5tal evolution 9 respect ( mass1 complexity1 & rapidity8 ,! animal k+dom at l>ge yields reasons = associat+ an inf]ior & m rapidly-complet$ m5tal /ructure1 ) a relatively automatic nature4 ,l[ly organiz$ creatures1 guid$ almo/ entirely by reflex actions1 are 9 b small degrees *angeable by individual exp]i5ces4 ,z ! n]v\s /ructure complicates1 its actions become less rigor\sly conf9$ )9 pre-e/abli%$ limits2 & z we approa* ! highe/ creatures1 individual exp]i5ces take l>g] & l>g] %>es 9 m\ld+ ! conduct3 !re is an increas+ ability to take 9 new impressions & to pr(it by ! acquisitions4 ,inf]ior & sup]ior human races are contra/$ 9 ?is respect4 ,_m travell]s comm5t on ! un*angeable habits ( savages4 ,! semi-civiliz$ nations ( ! ,ea/1 pa/ & pres5t1 71 or are1 *>act]iz$ by a great] rigidity ( cu/om ?an *>act]izes ! m civiliz$ nations ( ! ,we/4 ,! hi/ories ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations %[ u t 9 _! e>li] times1 ! modifiability ( ideas & habits 0 less ?an x is at pres5t4 ,& if we contra/ classes or individuals ar\nd u1 we see t ! mo/ develop$ 9 m9d are ! mo/ pla/ic4 ,to inquiries respect+ ?is trait ( comp>ative pla/icity1 9 its relations to precocity & e>ly completion ( m5tal developm5t1 may fitly be add$ inquiries respect+ its relations to ! social /ate1 :i* x helps to det]m9e1 & :i* reacts ^u x4 #e4 ,v>iability4--,to say ( a m9d t its actions are extremely incon/ant1 & at ! same "t to say t x is ( relatively un*angeable nature1 app>5tly implies a contradiction4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! incon/ancy is und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! manife/ations :i* foll[ "o ano!r f m9ute to m9ute1 & ! un*angeabl5ess to ! av]age manife/ations1 ext5d+ ov] long p]iods1 ! app>5t contradiction disappe>s2 & x becomes compreh5sible t ! two traits may1 & ord9>ily d1 co-exi/4 ,an infant1 quickly we>i$ ) ea* k9d ( p]ception1 want+ ev] a new object :i* x soon ab&ons = some?+ else1 & alt]nat+ a score times a day betwe5 smiles & te>s1 %[s u a v small p]si/5ce 9 ea* k9d ( m5tal action3 all its /ates1 intellectual & emotional1 are transi5t4 ,yet at ! same "t its m9d _c be easily *ang$ 9 "*4 ,true1 x *anges spontane\sly 9 due c\rse2 b x long rema9s incapable ( receiv+ ideas or emotions beyond ^? ( simple ord]s4 ,! *ild exhibits less rapid v>iations1 intellectual & emotional1 :ile its educability is great]4 ,inf]ior human races %[ u ?is comb9ation3 great rigidity ( g5]al "* ) great irregul>ity 9 its pass+ manife/ations4 ,speak+ broadly1 :ile !y resi/ p]man5t modification1 !y lack intellectual p]si/5ce1 & !y lack emotional p]si/5ce4 ,( v>i\s l[ types we read t !y _c keep ! att5tion fix$ beyond a few m9utes on any?+ requir+ ?\ght1 ev5 ( a simple k9d4 ,simil>ly ) _! feel+s3 ^! are less endur+ ?an ^? ( civiliz$ m54 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 qualifications to be made 9 ?is /atem5t2 & comp>isons are ne$$ to asc]ta9 h[ f> ^! qualifications g4 ,! savage %[s great p]si/5ce 9 ! action ( ! l[] intellectual faculties4 ,he is untir+ 9 m9ute obs]vation4 ,he is untir+1 also1 9 t k9d ( p]ceptive activity :i* accompanies ! mak+ ( 8 weapons & ornam5ts3 (t5 p]sev]+ = imm5se p]iods 9 c>v+ /ones1 c4 ,emotionally1 too1 he %[s p]si/5ce n only 9 ! motives prompt+ ^! small indu/ries1 b also 9 c]ta9 ( 8 passions--especially 9 t ( rev5ge4 ,h5ce1 9 /udy+ ! degrees ( m5tal v>iability %[n u 9 ! daily lives ( ! diff]5t races1 we mu/ ask h[ f> v>iability *>act]izes ! :ole m9d1 & h[ f> x holds only ( p>ts ( ! m9d4 #f4 ,impulsiv5ess4--,?is trait is closely alli$ ) ! la/3 un5dur+ emotions are emotions :i* sway ! conduct n[ ?is way & n[ t1 )\t any consi/5cy4 ,! trait ( impulsiv5ess may1 h[ev]1 be fitly dealt ) sep>ately1 because x has o!r implications ?an m]e lack ( p]si/5ce4 ,comp>isons ( ! l[] human races ) ! high]1 appe> g5]ally to %[ t1 along ) brevity ( ! passions1 !re goes viol5ce4 ,! sudd5 gu/s ( feel+ :i* m5 ( inf]ior types display1 are excessive 9 degree z !y are %ort 9 duration2 & !re is probably a connexion betwe5 ^! two traits3 int5sity soon] produc+ exhau/ion4 ,obs]v+ t ! passions ( *ildhood illu/rate ?is connexion1 let u turn to c]ta9 int]e/+ que/ions conc]n+ ! decrease ( impulsiv5ess :i* accompanies advance 9 evolution4 ,! n]v\s processes ( an impulsive be+1 are less remote f reflex actions ?an are ^? ( an unimpulsive be+4 ,9 reflex actions we see a simple /imulus pass+ sudd5ly into movem5t3 little or no control be+ ex]cis$ by o!r p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,z we asc5d to high] actions1 guid$ by m & m complicat$ comb9ations ( /imuli1 !re is n ! same in/antane\s dis*>ge 9 simple motions2 b !re is a comp>atively delib]ate & m v>iable adju/m5t ( comp\nd motions1 duly re/ra9$ & proportion$4 ,x is ?us ) ! passions & s5tim5ts 9 ! less develop$ natures & 9 ! m develop$ natures4 ,:]e !re is b little emotional complexity1 an emotion1 :5 excit$ by "s occurr5ce1 explodes 9 action be=e ! o!r emotions h be5 call$ into play2 & ea* ( ^!1 f "t to "t1 does ! l4 ,b ! m complex emotional /ructure is "o 9 :i* ^! simpl] emotions are s co-ord9at$ t !y d n act indep5d5tly4 ,be=e excitem5t ( any "o has _h "t to cause action1 "s excitem5t has be5 communicat$ to o!rs--(t5 antagoni/ic ones2 & ! conduct becomes modifi$ 9 adju/m5t to ! comb9$ dictates4 ,h5ce results a decreas$ impulsiv5ess1 & also a great] p]si/5ce4 ,! conduct pursu$1 be+ prompt$ by sev]al emotions co-op]at+ 9 degrees :i* d n exhau/ !m1 acquires a great] cont9uity2 & :ile spasmodic =ce becomes less conspicu\s1 !re is an increase 9 ! total en]gy4 ,exam9+ ! facts f ?is po9t ( view1 !re are sundry que/ions ( int]e/ to be put respect+ ! diff]5t races ( m54 7a7 ,to :at o!r traits ?an degree ( m5tal evolution is impulsiv5ess relat$8 ,ap>t f diff]5ce 9 elevation ( type1 ! ,new-,_w races seem to be less impulsive ?an ! ,old-,_w races4 ,is ?is due to con/itutional apa?y8 ,c !re be trac$ 7o!r ?+s equal7 a relation betwe5 physical vivacity & m5tal impulsiv5ess8 7b7 ,:at connexion is !re betwe5 ?is trait & ! social /ate8 ,cle>ly a v explosive nature--su* z t ( ! ,bu%man--is unfit = social union2 &1 commonly1 social union1 :5 by any means e/abli%$1 *ecks impulsiv5ess4 7c7 ,:at respective %>es 9 *eck+ impulsiv5ess are tak5 by ! feel+s :i* ! social /ate fo/]s--su* z ! fe> ( surr\nd+ individuals1 ! in/9ct ( sociality1 ! desire to accumulate prop]ty1 ! sympa!tic feel+s1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice8 ,^!1 :i* require a social environm5t = _! developm5t1 all ( !m involve imag9ations ( consequ5ces m or less di/ant2 & ?us imply *ecks ^u ! prompt+s ( ! simpl] passions4 ,h5ce arise ! que/ions--,9 :at ord]1 9 :at degrees1 & 9 :at comb9ations1 d !y come into play8 #g4 ,"o fur!r g5]al inquiry ( a diff]5t k9d may be add$4 ,:at effect is produc$ on m5tal nature by mixture ( races8 ,!re is reason = believ+ t ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 ! union ( v>ieties :i* h become widely div]g5t is physically injuri\s2 :ile ! union ( slightly div]g5t v>ieties is physically b5eficial4 ,does ! l hold ) ! m5tal nature8 ,"s facts seem to %[ t mixture ( human races extremely unlike1 produces a wor?less type ( m9d--a m9d fitt$ nei!r = ! k9d ( life l$ by ! high] ( ! two races1 nor = t l$ by ! l[]--a m9d out ( adju/m5t to all conditions ( life4 ,contr>iwise1 we f9d t peoples ( ! same /ock1 slightly diff]5tiat$ by lives c>ri$ on 9 unlike circum/ances = _m g5]ations1 produce by mixture a m5tal type hav+ c]ta9 sup]iorities4 ,9 8 "w on ,! ,hugu5ots1 ,mr4 ,smiles po9ts out h[ l>ge a numb] ( di/+ui%$ m5 among u h desc5d$ f ,flemi% & ,fr5* refugees2 & ,m4 ,alphonse de ,c&olle1 9 8 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces et des ,savants depuis deux ,sicles1 %[s t ! desc5dants ( ,fr5* refugees 9 ,switz]l& h produc$ an unusually great proportion ( sci5tific m54 ,?\gh1 9 "p1 ?is result may be ascrib$ to ! orig9al natures ( su* refugees1 :o mu/ h _h t indep5d5ce :i* is a *ief factor 9 orig9ality1 yet x is probably 9 "p due to mixtures ( races4 ,= ?9k+ ?is1 we h evid5ce :i* is n op5 to two int]pretations4 ,pr(4 ,morley draws att5tion to ! fact t1 dur+ sev5 hundr$ ye>s ( our e>ly hi/ory ! be/ g5ius ( ,engl& sprang up on ! l9e ( c\ntry 9 :i* ,celts & ,anglo-,saxons came toge!r4 ,9 l mann] ,mr4 ,galton1 9 8 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 %[s t 9 rec5t days ^! h mo/ly come f an inl& region1 runn+ g5]ally f nor? to s\?1 :i* we may reasonably presume conta9s m mix$ blood ?an d ! regions ea/ & we/ ( x4 ,su* a result seems probable a priori4 ,two natures respectively adapt$ to slightly unlike sets ( social conditions1 may be expect$ by _! union to produce a nature some:at m pla/ic ?an ei!r--a nature m impressible by ! new circum/ances ( advanc+ social life1 & !re=e m likely to orig9ate new ideas & display modifi$ s5tim5ts4 ,! ,comp>ative ,psy*ology ( ,man may1 !n1 fitly include ! m5tal effects ( mixture2 & among d]ivative inquiries we may ask--,h[ f> ! conque/ ( race by race has be5 in/rum5tal 9 advanc+ civilization by aid+ mixture1 z well z 9 o!r ways4 ,,ii4--,! second ( ! ?ree lead+ divisions nam$ at ! outset is less ext5sive4 ,/ill1 conc]n+ ! relative m5tal natures ( ! sexes 9 ea* race1 que/ions ( mu* int]e/ & importance may be rais$4 #a4 ,degree ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes4--,x is an e/abli%$ fact t1 physically consid]$1 ! contra/ betwe5 males & females is n equally great 9 all types ( mank9d4 ,! be>d$ races1 = in/ance1 %[ u a great] unlik5ess betwe5 ! two ?an d ! be>dless races4 ,among ,s\? ,am]ican tribes1 m5 & wom5 h a great] g5]al resemblance 9 =m1 c41 ?an is usual else:]e4 ,! "q1 !n1 sugge/s itself--,d ! m5tal natures ( ! sexes diff] 9 a con/ant or 9 a v>iable degree8 ,! diff]5ce is unlikely to be a con/ant "o2 &1 look+ = v>iation1 we may ask :at is its am\nt1 & "u :at conditions does x occur8 #b4 ,diff]5ce 9 mass & 9 complexity4--,! comp>isons betwe5 ! sexes1 ( c\rse1 admit ( subdivisions p>allel to ^? made 9 ! comp>isons betwe5 races4 ,relative m5tal mass & relative m5tal complexity h *iefly to be obs]v$4 ,assum+ t ! great inequality 9 ! co/ ( reproduction to ! two sexes1 is ! cause ( unlik5ess 9 m5tal mass1 z 9 physical mass1 ?is diff]5ce may be /udi$ 9 connexion ) reproductive diff]5ces pres5t$ by ! v>i\s races1 9 respect ( ! ages at :i* reproduction comm5ces1 & ! p]iods ov] :i* x la/s4 ,an alli$ inquiry may be jo9$ ) ?is2 namely1 h[ f> ! m5tal developm5ts ( ! two sexes are affect$ by _! relative habits 9 respect to food & physical ex]tion8 ,9 _m ( ! l[] races1 ! wom51 treat$ ) great brutality1 are1 physically1 mu* inf]ior to ! m53 excess ( lab\r & defect ( nutrition be+ app>5tly ! comb9$ causes4 ,is any arre/ ( m5tal developm5t simultane\sly caus$8 #c4 ,v>iation ( ! diff]5ces4--,if ! unlik5ess1 physical & m5tal1 ( ! sexes is n con/ant1 !n1 suppos+ all races h div]g$ f "o orig9al /ock1 x foll[s t !re mu/ h be5 transmission ( accumulat$ diff]5ces to ^? ( ! same sex 9 po/]ity4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! prehi/oric type ( man 0 be>dless1 !n ! production ( a be>d$ v>iety implies t )9 t v>iety ! males cont9u$ to transmit an increas+ am\nt ( be>d to desc5dants ( ! same sex4 ,?is limitation ( h]$ity by sex1 %[n u 9 multitud9\s ways ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 probably applies to ! c]ebral /ructures z mu* z to o!r /ructures4 ,h5ce ! "q--,d n ! m5tal natures ( ! sexes 9 ali5 types ( ,man div]ge 9 unlike ways & degrees8 #d4 ,causes ( ! diff]5ces4--,are any relations to be trac$ betwe5 ^! v>iable diff]5ces & ! v>iable p>ts ! sexes play 9 ! bus9ess ( life8 ,assum+ ! cumulative effects ( habit on function & /ructure1 z well z ! limitation ( h]$ity by sex1 x is to be expect$ t if1 9 any society1 ! activities ( "o sex1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 diff] f ^? ( ! o!r1 !re w arise sexual adaptations ( m9d4 ,"s in/ances 9 illu/ration may be nam$4 ,among ! ,africans ( ,loango & o!r di/ricts1 z also among "s ( ! ,indian ,hill-tribes1 ! m5 & wom5 are /rongly contra/$ z respectively in]t & en]getic3 ! indu/ry ( ! wom5 hav+ app>5tly become s natural to !m t no co]cion is ne$$4 ,( c\rse1 su* facts sugge/ an ext5sive s]ies ( que/ions4 ,limitation ( h]$ity by sex may acc\nt bo? = ^? sexual diff]5ces ( m9d :i* di/+ui% m5 & wom5 9 all races1 & = ^? :i* di/+ui% !m 9 ea* race1 or ea* society4 ,an int]e/+ subord9ate inquiry may be1 h[ f> su* m5tal diff]5ces are inv]t$ 9 cases :]e !re is inv]sion ( social & dome/ic relations2 z among ^? ,khasi ,hill-tribes1 ^: wom5 h s f> ! upp] h& t !y turn (f _! husb&s 9 a summ>y way if !y displease !m4 #e4 ,m5tal modifiability 9 ! two sexes4--,along ) comp>isons ( races 9 respect ( m5tal pla/icity may g p>allel comp>isons ( ! sexes 9 ea* race4 ,is x true always1 z x appe>s to be g5]ally true1 t wom5 are less modifiable ?an m58 ,! relative cons]vatism ( wom5--_! great] adhesion to e/abli%$ ideas & practices--is manife/ 9 _m civiliz$ & semi-civiliz$ societies4 ,is x s among ! unciviliz$8 ,a curi\s in/ance ( /rong] atta*m5t to cu/om 9 wom5 ?an 9 m5 is giv5 by ,dalton1 z occurr+ among ! ,juangs1 "o ( ! l[e/ wild tribes ( ,b5gal4 ,until rec5tly ! only dress ( bo? sexes 0 some?+ less ?an t :i* ! ,hebrew leg5d gives to ,adam & ,eve4 ,ye>s ago ! m5 7 l$ to adopt a clo? b&age r\nd ! lo9s1 9 place ( ! bun* ( leaves2 b ! wom5 adh]$ to ! aborig9al habit3 a cons]vatism %[n :]e x might h be5 lea/ expect$4 #f4 ,! sexual s5tim5t4--,results ( value may be look$ = f comp>isons ( races made to det]m9e ! am\nts & *>act]s ( ! high] feel+s to :i* ! relation ( ! sexes gives rise4 ,! l[e/ v>ieties ( mank9d h b small end[m5ts ( ^! feel+s4 ,among v>ieties ( high] types1 su* z ! ,malayo-,polynesians1 ^! feel+s seem consid]ably develop$3 ! ,dyaks1 = in/ance1 sometimes display !m 9 great /r5g?4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !y appe> to become /rong] ) ! advance ( civilization4 ,sev]al subord9ate inquiries may be nam$4 7a7 ,h[ f> is developm5t ( ! sexual s5tim5t dep5d5t ^u intellectual advance--^u gr[? ( imag9ative p[]8 7b7 ,h[ f> is x relat$ to emotional advance2 & especially to evolution ( ^? emotions :i* orig9ate f sympa?y8 ,:at are its relations to poly&ry & polygyny8 7c7 ,does x n t5d t[>ds1 & is x n fo/]$ by1 monogamy8 7d7 ,:at connexion has x ) ma9t5ance ( ! family bond1 & ! consequ5t bett] re>+ ( *ildr58 ,,iii4--,"u ! ?ird head1 to :i* we may n[ pass come ! m special traits ( ! diff]5t races4 #a4 ,imitativ5ess4--,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics 9 :i* ! l[] types ( m5 %[ u a small] dep>ture f reflex action ?an d ! high] types1 is _! /rong t5d5cy to mimic ! motions & s\nds made by o!rs--an almo/ involunt>y habit :i* travell]s f9d x difficult to *eck4 ,?is mean+less repetition1 :i* seems to imply t ! idea ( an obs]v$ action _c be fram$ 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v] )\t t5d+ =?) to dis*>ge itself 9 ! action conceiv$ 7& e ideal action is a nasc5t =m ( ! consci\sness accompany+ p]=mance ( su* action71 evid5tly div]ges b little f ! automatic2 & decrease ( x is to be expect$ along ) increase ( self-regulat+ p[]4 ,?is trait ( automatic mimicry is evid5tly alli$ ) t less automatic mimicry :i* %[s itself 9 great] p]si/5ce ( cu/oms4 ,= cu/oms adopt$ by ea* g5]ation f ! la/ )\t ?\ght or inquiry1 imply a t5d5cy to imitate :i* ov]ma/]s critical & sceptical t5d5cies3 s ma9ta9+ habits = :i* no reasons c be giv54 ,! decrease ( ?is irrational mimicry1 /ronge/ 9 ! l[e/ savage & feeble/ 9 ! highe/ ( ! civiliz$1 %\ld be /udi$ along ) ! successively high] /ages ( social life1 z be+ at once an aid & a h9drance to civilization3 an aid 9 s f> z x gives t fixity to ! social organization )\t :i* a society _c survive2 a h9drance 9 s f> z x (f]s resi/ance to *anges ( social organization t h become desirable4 #b4 ,incuriosity4--,project+ our own natures into ! circum/ances ( ! savage1 we imag9e ourselves z m>vell+ greatly on fir/ see+ ! products & appliances ( civiliz$ life4 ,b we err 9 suppos+ t ! savage has feel+s su* z we %\ld h 9 8 place4 ,want ( rational curiosity respect+ ^! incompreh5sible novelties1 is a trait rem>k$ ( ! l[e/ races :]ev] f\nd2 & ! p>tially-civiliz$ races are di/+ui%$ f !m z exhibit+ rational curiosity4 ,! relation ( ?is trait to ! intellectual nature1 to ! emotional nature1 & to ! social /ate1 %\ld be /udi$4 #c4 ,quality ( ?\ght4--,"u ?is vague head may be plac$ _m sets ( inquiries1 ea* ( !m ext5sive--7a7 ,! degree ( g5]ality ( ! ideas2 7b7 ! degree ( ab/ractness ( ! ideas2 7c7 ! degree ( def9it5ess ( ! ideas2 7d7 ! degree ( coh]5ce ( ! ideas2 7e7 ! ext5t to :i* !re h be5 develop$ su* notions z ^? ( class1 ( cause1 ( uni=mity1 ( law1 ( tru?4 ,_m conceptions :i* h become s famili> to u t we assume !m to be ! common prop]ty ( all m9ds1 are no m possess$ by ! l[e/ savages ?an !y are by our own *ildr52 & comp>isons ( types %\ld be s made z to elucidate ! processes by :i* su* conceptions are rea*$4 ,! developm5t "u ea* head has to be obs]v$--7a7 indep5d5tly 9 its successive /ages2 7b7 9 connexion ) ! co-op]ative intellectual conceptions2 7c7 9 connexion ) ! progress ( language1 ( ! arts1 & ( social organization4 ,already l+ui/ic ph5om5a h be5 us$ 9 aid ( su* inquiries2 & m sy/ematic use ( !m %\ld be made4 ,n only ! numb] ( g5]al words1 & ! numb] ( ab/ract words1 9 a p's vocabul>y %\ld be tak5 z evid5ce1 b also _! degrees ( g5]ality & ab/ractness2 = !re are g5]alities ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 c41 ord]s1 & ab/ractions simil>ly asc5d+4 ,blue is an ab/raction ref]r+ to "o class ( impressions d]iv$ f visible objects2 col\r is a high] ab/raction ref]r+ to _m su* classes ( visual impressions2 prop]ty is a /ill high] ab/raction ref]r+ to classes ( impressions receiv$ n ?r\gh ! eyes alone1 b ?r\gh o!r s5se-organs4 ,if g5]alities & ab/ractions 7 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! ext5siv5ess & 9 ! ord] ( _! grades1 te/s w\ld be obta9$ :i*1 appli$ to ! vocabul>ies ( ! unciviliz$1 w\ld yield def9ite evid5ce ( ! intellectual /ages rea*$4 #d4 ,peculi> aptitudes4--,to su* specialities ( intellig5ce z m>k diff]5t degrees ( evolution1 h to be add$ m9or ones relat$ to modes ( life3 ! k9ds & degrees ( faculty :i* h become organiz$ 9 adaptation to daily habits--skill 9 ! use ( weapons1 p[]s ( track+1 quick discrim9ation ( individual objects4 ,& "u ?is head may fitly come inquiries conc]n+ "s race-peculi>ities ( ! /hetic class1 n at pres5t explicable4 ,:ile ! rema9s f ! ,dordogne caves %[ u t _! inhabitants1 l[ z we mu/ suppose !m to h be51 c\ld repres5t animals1 bo? by draw+ & c>v+1 ) "s degree ( fidelity2 !re are exi/+ races1 probably high] 9 o!r respects1 :o seem sc>cely capable ( recogniz+ pictorial repres5tations4 ,simil>ly ) ! musical faculty4 ,almo/ or q want+ 9 "s inf]ior races1 we f9d x 9 o!r races n ( high grade1 develop$ to an unexpect$ degree3 in/ance ! ,negroes1 "s ( :om are s innately musical1 t1 z ,i h be5 told by a mission>y among !m1 ! *ildr5 9 native s*ools :5 taught ,european psalm-tunes1 spontane\sly s+ seconds to !m4 ,:e!r any causes c be discov]$ = race peculi>ities ( ?is k9d1 is a "q ( int]e/4 #e4 ,specialities ( emotional nature4--,^! are wor?y ( c>eful /udy1 z be+ intimately relat$ to social ph5om5a--to ! possibility ( social progress1 & to ! nature ( ! social /ructure4 ,among o!rs to be not$ !re are--7a7 ,greg>i\sness or sociality--a trait 9 ! /r5g? ( :i* races diff] widely3 "s1 z ! ,mantras1 be+ almo/ indiff]5t to social int]c\rse2 "s be+ unable to disp5se ) x4 ,obvi\sly ! degree ( ?is desire = ! pres5ce ( fell[-m51 affects greatly ! =mation ( social gr\ps1 & consequ5tly influ5ces social progress4 7b7 ,intol]ance ( re/ra9t4 ,m5 ( "s inf]ior types1 z ! ,mapu*1 are ungov]nable2 :ile ^? ( o!r types1 no high] 9 grade1 n only submit to re/ra9t1 b admire ! p]sons ex]cis+ x4 ,^! contra/$ natures h to be obs]v$ 9 connexion ) social evolution2 to ! e>ly /ages ( :i* !y are respectively antagoni/ic & fav\rable4 7c7 ,! desire = praise is a trait :i*1 common to all races1 high & l[1 v>ies consid]ably 9 degree4 ,!re are q inf]ior races1 z "s ( ^? 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ^: memb]s sacrifice )\t /9t to ga9 ! applause :i* lavi% g5]osity br+s2 :ile1 else:]e1 applause is s\ght ) less eag]ness4 ,notice %\ld be tak5 ( ! connexion betwe5 ?is love ( approbation & ! social re/ra9ts2 s9ce x plays an important "p 9 ! ma9t5ance ( !m4 7d7 ,! acquisitive prop5sity4 ,?is1 too1 is a "* ! degrees ( :i*1 & ! relations ( :i* to ! social /ate1 h to be especially not$4 ,! desire = prop]ty gr[s along ) ! possibility ( gratify+ x2 & ?is1 extremely small among ! l[e/ m51 increases z social developm5t goes on4 ,) ! advance f tribal prop]ty to family prop]ty & individual prop]ty1 ! notion ( private "r ( possession ga9s def9it5ess1 & ! love ( acquisition /r5g!ns4 ,ea* /ep t[>ds an ord]ly social /ate makes l>g] accumulations possible1 & ! pleasures a*ievable by !m m sure2 :ile ! result+ enc\ragem5t to accumulate1 leads to increase ( capital & to fur!r progress4 ,?is action & re-action ( ! s5tim5t & ! social /ate1 %\ld be 9 e case obs]v$4 #f4 ,! altrui/ic s5tim5ts4--,com+ la/1 ^! are also highe/4 ,! evolution ( !m 9 ! c\rse ( civilization1 %[s u cle>ly ! reciprocal influ5ces ( ! social unit & ! social organism4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re c be no sympa?y1 nor any ( ! s5tim5ts :i* sympa?y g5]ates1 unless !re are fell[-be+s ar\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ma9t5ance ( union ) fell[-be+s dep5ds 9 "p on ! pres5ce ( sympa?y1 & ! result+ re/ra9ts on conduct4 ,greg>i\sness or sociality fav\rs ! gr[? ( sympa?y2 increas$ sympa?y conduces to clos] sociality & a m /able social /ate2 & s1 cont9u\sly1 ea* increm5t ( ! "o makes possible a fur!r increm5t ( ! o!r4 ,comp>isons ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts result+ f sympa?y1 z exhibit$ 9 diff]5t types ( m5 & diff]5t social /ates1 may be conv5i5tly arrang$ "u ?ree heads--7a7 ,pity1 :i* %\ld be obs]v$ z display$ t[>ds (fspr+1 t[>ds ! sick & ag$1 & t[>ds enemies4 7b7 ,g5]osity 7duly discrim9at$ f ! love ( display7 z %[n 9 giv+2 z %[n 9 ! rel9qui%m5t ( pleasures = ! sake ( o!rs2 z %[n by active ef=ts on o!rs' behalf4 ,! manife/ations ( ?is s5tim5t1 too1 are to be not$ 9 respect ( _! range--:e!r !y are limit$ to relatives2 :e!r !y ext5d only to ^? ( ! same society2 :e!r !y ext5d to ^? ( o!r societies2 & !y are also to be not$ 9 connexion ) ! degree ( provid5ce--:e!r !y result f sudd5 impulses obey$ )\t c\nt+ ! co/1 or g along ) cle> =esight ( ! future sacrifices entail$4 7c7 ,ju/ice4 ,?is mo/ ab/ract ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts is to be consid]$ "u aspects l ^? j nam$1 z well z "u _m o!r aspects--h[ f> x is %[n 9 reg>d to ! lives ( o!rs2 h[ f> 9 reg>d to _! fre$om2 h[ f> 9 reg>d to _! prop]ty2 h[ f> 9 reg>d to _! v>i\s m9or claims4 ,& comp>isons conc]n+ ?is highe/ s5tim5t %\ld1 beyond all o!rs1 be c>ri$ on along ) comp>isons ( ! accompany+ social /ates1 :i* x l>gely det]m9es--! =ms & actions ( gov]nm5ts2 ! *>act]s ( laws2 ! relations ( classes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su*1 /at$ z briefly z consi/s ) cle>ness1 are ! lead+ divisions & subdivisions "u :i* ! ,comp>ative ,psy*ology ( ,man may be arrang$4 ,9 go+ rapidly ov] s wide a field1 ,i h d\btless ov]look$ mu* t %\ld be includ$4 ,d\btless1 too1 v>i\s ( ! inquiries nam$ w bran* out into subord9ate inquiries well wor? pursu+4 ,ev5 z x is1 h[ev]1 ! programme is ext5sive en\gh to occupy num]\s inve/igators1 :o may ) advantage take sep>ate divisions4 ,?\gh1 aft] occupy+ !mselves ) primitive arts & products1 an?ropologi/s h devot$ _! att5tion ma9ly to ! physical *>act]s ( ! human races2 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ t ! /udy ( ^! yields 9 importance to ! /udy ( _! psy*ical *>act]s4 ,! g5]al conclusions to :i* ! fir/ set ( inquiries may lead1 _c s mu* affect our views respect+ ! highe/ classes ( ph5om5a z c ! g5]al conclusions to :i* ! second set may lead4 ,a true !ory ( ! human m9d vitally conc]ns u2 & sy/ematic comp>isons ( human m9ds1 diff]+ 9 _! k9ds & grades1 w help u 9 =m+ a true !ory4 ,k ( ! reciprocal relations betwe5 ! *>act]s ( m5 & ! *>act]s ( ! societies !y =m1 mu/ influ5ce pr(\ndly our ideas ( political arrangem5ts4 ,:5 ! int]-dep5d5ce ( individual natures & social /ructures is und]/ood1 our conceptions ( ! *anges n[ tak+ place1 & h]eaft] to take place1 w be rectifi$4 ,a compreh5sion ( m5tal developm5t z a process ( adaptation to social conditions1 :i* are cont9ually rem\ld+ ! m9d & are aga9 rem\ld$ by x1 w conduce to a salut>y consci\sness ( ! remot] effects produc$ by in/itutions ^u "*2 & w *eck ! grave mis*iefs :i* ignorant legislation n[ causes4 ,la/ly1 a "r !ory ( m5tal evolution z exhibit$ by humanity at l>ge1 giv+ a key1 z x does1 to ! evolution ( ! individual m9d1 mu/ help to rationalize our p]v]se me?ods ( education2 & s to raise intellectual p[] & moral nature4 ,,mr4 ,,m>t9eau ,,on ,,evolution4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 = ,june1 #ahgb4 ,! article by ,mr4 ,m>t9eau1 9 ! ,april numb] ( ! ,contempor>y ,review1 on ,! ,place ( ,m9d 9 ,nature1 & ,intuition ( ,man1 recall$ to me a p>tially-=m$ int5tion to deal ) ! *ief criticisms :i* h f "t to "t be5 made on ! g5]al doctr9e set =? 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples2 s9ce1 ?\gh n av[$ly direct$ aga9/ propositions ass]t$ or impli$ 9 t "w1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's reason+ tells aga9/ !m by implication4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is int5tion ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 h cont9u$ to po/pone1 _h ,i n le>n$ t ! argum5ts ( ,mr4 ,m>t9eau are suppos$ by _m to be conclusive1 & t1 9 ! abs5ce ( replies1 x w be assum$ t no replies c be made4 ,x seems desirable1 !re=e1 to notice ^! argum5ts at once--especially z ! ess5tial ones may1 ,i ?9k1 be effectually dealt ) 9 a comp>atively small space4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ def9ite objection :i* ,mr4 ,m>t9eau raises is1 t ! hypo!sis ( ,g5]al ,evolution is p[]less to acc\nt ev5 = ! simpl] ord]s ( facts 9 ! abs5ce ( num]\s diff]5t sub/ances4 ,he argues t 7 matt] all ( "o k9d1 no su* ph5om5a z *emical *anges w\ld be possible2 & t1 9 ord] to />t ! _w on its *emical c>e]1 y mu/ enl>ge its capital & pres5t x ) an outfit ( het]og5e\s con/itu5ts4 ,try1 !re=e1 ! effect ( su* a gift2 fl+ into ! pre-exi/+ cauldron ! :ole li/ ( recogniz$ elem5t>y sub/ances1 & give leave to _! aff9ities to "w4 ,! int5d$ implication obvi\sly is1 t !re mu/ exi/ ! sep>ately-creat$ elem5ts be=e evolution c beg94 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau makes an assumption :i* few1 if any1 *emi/s w commit !mselves to1 & :i* _m w di/9ctly d5y4 ,!re are no recogniz$ elem5t>y sub/ances1 if ! expression means sub/ances kn[n to be elem5t>y4 ,:at *emi/s1 = conv5i5ce1 call elem5t>y sub/ances1 are m]ely sub/ances :i* !y h ?us f> fail$ to decompose2 b1 be>+ 9 m9d pa/ exp]i5ces1 !y d n d>e to say t !y are absolutely undecomposable4 ,wat] 0 tak5 to be an elem5t = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & !n 0 prov$ to be a comp\nd2 &1 until ,davy br\ght a galvanic curr5t to be> ^u !m1 ! alkalies & ! e>?s 7 suppos$ to be elem5ts4 ,s little true is x t recogniz$ elem5t>y sub/ances are suppos$ to be absolutely elem5t>y1 t !re has be5 mu* speculation among *emi/s respect+ ! process ( comp\nd+ & recomp\nd+ by :i* !y h be5 =m$ out ( "s ultimate sub/ance--"s *emi/s hav+ suppos$ ! atom ( hydrog5 to be ! unit ( composition1 b o!rs hav+ cont5d$ t ! atomic weights ( ! s-call$ elem5ts are n ?us int]pretable4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 0 "o1 among o!rs1 :o1 "s five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 ?rew out sugge/ions respect+ a sy/em ( comp\nd+ t might expla9 ^! relations ( ! atomic weights4 ,:at 0 at t "t a suspicion has n[ become practically a c]ta9ty4 ,spectrum-analysis yields results :olly irreconcilable ) ! assumption t ! conv5tionally-nam$ simple sub/ances are really simple4 ,ea* yields a spectrum hav+ l9es v>y+ 9 numb] f two to eighty or m1 e "o ( :i* implies ! int]cept+ ( e!real undulations ( a c]ta9 ord] by some?+ oscillat+ 9 unison or 9 h>mony ) !m4 ,7 iron absolutely elem5t>y1 x is n conceivable t its atom c\ld int]cept e!real undulations ( eighty diff]5t ord]s4 ,?\gh x does n foll[ t its molecule conta9s z _m sep>ate atoms z !re are l9es 9 its spectrum1 x mu/ cle>ly be a complex molecule4 ,! evid5ce ?us ga9$ po9ts to ! conclusion t1 out ( "s primordial units1 ! s-call$ elem5ts arise by comp\nd+ & recomp\nd+2 j z by ! comp\nd+ & recomp\nd+ ( s-call$ elem5ts !re arise oxides1 & acids1 & salts4 ,& ?is hypo!sis is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! ph5om5a ( allotropy4 ,v>i\s sub/ances1 conv5tionally di/+ui%$ z simple1 h sev]al =ms "u :i* !y pres5t q diff]5t prop]ties4 ,! semi-transp>5t1 col\rless1 extremely active sub/ance call$ phosphorus may be s *ang$ z to become opaque1 d>k r$1 & in]t4 ,l *anges are kn[n to occur 9 "s gase\s1 non-metallic elem5ts1 z oxyg52 & also 9 metallic elem5ts1 z antimony4 ,^! total *anges ( prop]ties1 br\ght ab\t )\t any *anges to be call$ *emical1 are int]pretable only z due to molecul> re>rangem5ts2 &1 by %[+ t diff]5ce ( prop]ty is producible by diff]5ce ( arrangem5t1 !y support ! inf]5ce o!rwise to be drawn1 t ! prop]ties ( diff]5t elem5ts result f diff]5ces ( arrangem5t aris+ by ! comp\nd+ & recomp\nd+ ( ultimate homog5e\s units4 ,?us ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's objection1 :i* at be/ w\ld imply a turn+ ( our ignorance ( ! nature ( elem5ts into positive k t !y are simple1 is1 9 fact1 to be met by two sets ( evid5ces1 :i* imply t !y are comp\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau next alleges t a fatal difficulty is put 9 ! way ( ! ,g5]al ,doctr9e ( ,evolution by ! exi/5ce ( a *asm betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+4 ,he says3--,b ) all y\r enl>gem5t ( data1 turn !m z y w1 at ! end ( e passage :i* !y explore1 ! door ( life is clos$ aga9/ !m /ill4 ,"h aga9 our ignorance is employ$ to play ! "p ( k4 ,! fact t we d n "k di/9ctly h[ an alleg$ transition has tak5 place1 is trans=m$ into ! assumption t no transition has tak5 place4 ,we h1 9 a m g5]al %ape1 ! argum5t :i* until lately 0 ?\ght conclusive--! argum5t t because ! g5esis ( ea* species ( creature _h n be5 expla9$1 !re=e ea* species mu/ h be5 sep>ately creat$4 ,m]ely not+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i g on to rem>k t sci5tific discov]y is day by day n>r[+ ! *asm1 or1 to v>y ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's metaphor1 op5+ ! door4 ,n _m ye>s s9ce1 x 0 held z c]ta9 t ! *emical comp\nds di/+ui%$ z organic c\ld n be =m$ artificially4 ,n[1 m ?an a ?\s& organic comp\nds h be5 =m$ artificially4 ,*emi/s h discov]$ ! art ( build+ !m up f ! simpl] to ! m complex1 & d n d\bt t !y w ev5tually produce ! mo/ complex4 ,moreov]1 ! ph5om5a att5d+ isom]ic *ange give a clue to ^? movem5ts :i* are ! only indications we h ( life 9 its l[e/ =ms4 ,9 v>i\s colloidal sub/ances1 includ+ ! album9oid1 isom]ic *ange is accompani$ by contraction or expansion1 & consequ5t motion2 &1 9 su* primordial types z ! ,protog5es ( ,haeckel1 :i* d n diff] 9 appe>ance f m9ute portions ( album51 ! obs]v$ motions are compreh5sible z accompany+ isom]ic *anges caus$ by v>iations 9 surr\nd+ physical actions4 ,! probability ( ?is int]pretation w be se5 on rememb]+ ! evid5ce we h t1 9 ! high] organisms1 _m functions are ess5tially effect$ by isom]ic *anges f "o to ano!r ( ! multitud9\s =ms :i* prote9 assumes4 ,?us ! reply to ?is objection is1 fir/1 t !re is go+ on f bo? sides a n>r[+ ( ! *asm suppos$ to be impassable2 &1 secondly1 t1 ev5 7 ! *asm n 9 c\rse ( be+ fill$ up1 we %\ld no m be ju/ifi$ 9 !re=e assum+ a sup]natural comm5cem5t ( life1 ?an ,kepl] 0 ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !re 7 guid+-spirits to keep ! planets 9 _! orbits1 because he c\ld n see h[ else !y 7 to be kept 9 _! orbits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird def9ite objection made by ,mr4 ,m>t9eau is ( k9dr$ nature4 ,! ,hypo!sis ( ,evolution is1 he ?9ks1 met by ! insurm\ntable difficulty t plant life & animal life are absolutely di/9ct4 ,y _c1 he says1 take a s+le /ep t[>d ! d$uction ( s5sation & ?\ght3 nei!r at ! upp] limit d ! highe/ plants 7! exog5s7 transc5d !mselves & ov]balance into animal exi/5ce2 nor at ! l[]1 grope z y may among ! sea-we$s & sponges1 c y p]suade ! sporules ( ! "o to develop into ! o!r4 ,?is is an extremely un=tunate objection to raise4 ,=1 ?\gh !re are no transitions f vegetal to animal life at ! places ,mr4 ,m>t9eau names1 :]e1 inde$1 no biologi/ w\ld look = !m2 yet ! connexion betwe5 ! two great k+doms ( liv+ ?+s is s complete t sep>ation is n[ reg>d$ z impossible4 ,= a long "t naturali/s endeavor$ to frame def9itions su* z w\ld1 ! "o include all plants & exclude all animals1 & ! o!r include all animals & exclude all plants4 ,b !y h be5 s repeat$ly foil$ 9 ! attempt t !y h giv5 x up4 ,!re is no *emical di/9ction :i* holds2 !re is no /ructural di/9ction :i* holds2 !re is no functional di/9ction :i* holds2 !re is no di/9ction z to mode ( exi/5ce :i* holds4 ,l>ge gr\ps ( ! simpl] animals conta9 *lorophyll1 & decompose c>bonic acid "u ! influ5ce ( light1 z plants d4 ,l>ge gr\ps ( ! simpl] plants1 z y may obs]ve 9 ! diatoms f any /agnant pool1 are no less actively locomotive ?an ! m9ute creatures class$ z animals se5 along ) !m4 ,nay1 among ^! l[e/ types ( liv+ ?+s1 x is common = ! life to be n[ pr$om9antly animal & pres5tly to become pr$om9antly vegetal4 ,! v "n zoospores1 giv5 to g]ms ( alg1 :i* = a :ile swim ab\t actively by means ( cilia1 & pres5tly settl+ d[n gr[ into plant-=ms1 is giv5 because ( ?is conspicu\s community ( nature4 ,s complete is ?is community ( nature t = "s "t pa/ _m naturali/s h wi%$ to e/abli% = ^! l[e/ types a sub-k+dom1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetal3 ! reason aga9/ ?is c\rse be+1 h[ev]1 t ! difficulty crops up afre% at any assum$ places :]e ?is int]m$iate sub-k+dom may be suppos$ to jo9 ! o!r two4 ,?us ! assumption on :i* ,mr4 ,m>t9eau proce$s is diametrically oppos$ to ! conviction ( naturali/s 9 g5]al4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh ,i d n p]ceive t x is specifically /at$1 !re appe>s to be tacitly impli$ a f\r? difficulty ( alli$ k9d--! difficulty t !re is no possibility ( transition f life ( ! simple/ k9d to m9d4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau says1 inde$1 t !re c be ) only vital res\rces1 z 9 ! vegetable _w1 no beg9n+ ( m9d3 app>5tly leav+ x to be inf]r$ t 9 ! animal _w ! res\rces are su* z to make ! beg9n+ ( m9d compreh5sible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( leav+ x a lat5t inf]5ce1 he _h di/9ctly ass]t$ a *asm betwe5 m9d & bodily life1 = :i* !re is c]ta9ly q z mu* reason z = ass]t+ a *asm betwe5 animal life & vegetal life1 ! difficulties 9 8 way w\ld h be5 no less insup]able4 ,= ^? l[e/ =ms ( irritability 9 ! animal k+dom :i*1 ,i suppose1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau ref]s to z ! beg9n+ ( m9d1 are n di/+ui%able f ! irritability :i* plants display3 !y 9 no great] degree imply consci\sness4 ,if ! sudd5 fold+ ( a s5sitive-plant's leaf :5 t\*$1 or ! spread+ out ( ! /am5s 9 a wild-ci/us :5 g5tly bru%$1 is to be consid]$ a vital action ( a purely physical k9d2 !n s too mu/ be consid]$ ! equally sl[ contraction ( a polype's t5tacles4 ,& yet1 f ?is simple motion ( an animal ( l[ type1 we may pass by ins5sible /ages ?r\gh ev]-complicat+ =ms ( actions1 ) _! accompany+ signs ( feel+ & intellig5ce1 until we rea* ! highe/4 ,ev5 ap>t f ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! asc5d+ grades ( animals up f zoophytes1 z !y are significantly nam$1 x ne$s only to obs]ve ! evolution ( a s+le animal to see t !re does n exi/ any break or *asm betwe5 ! life :i* %[s no m9d & ! life :i* %[s m9d4 ,! yelk ( an egg :i* ! cook has j brok51 n only yields no sign ( m9d1 b yields no sign ( life4 ,x does n respond to a /imulus z mu* ev5 z _m plants d4 ,_h ! egg1 in/ead ( be+ brok5 by ! cook1 be5 left "u ! h5 = a c]ta9 "t1 ! yelk w\ld h pass$ by inf9itesimal gradations ?r\gh a s]ies ( =ms end+ 9 ! *ick2 & by simil>ly inf9itesimal gradations w\ld h aris5 ^? functions :i* end 9 ! *ick break+ its %ell2 & :i*1 :5 x gets out1 %[ !mselves 9 runn+ ab\t1 di/+ui%+ & pick+ up food1 & squeak+ if hurt4 ,:5 did ! feel+ beg98 & h[ did !re come into exi/5ce t p[] ( p]ception :i* ! *ick's actions %[8 ,%\ld x be object$ t ! *ick's actions are ma9ly automatic1 ,i w n dwell on ! fact t1 ?\gh !y are l>gely s1 ! *ick manife/ly has feel+ & !re=e consci\sness2 b ,i w accept ! objection1 & propose t in/ead we take ! human be+4 ,! c\rse ( developm5t be=e bir? is j ( ! same g5]al k9d2 & simil>ly1 at a c]ta9 /age1 beg9s to be accompani$ by reflex movem5ts4 ,at bir? !re is display$ an am\nt ( m9d c]ta9ly n great] ?an t ( ! *ick3 !re is no p[] ( runn+ f dang]--no p[] ( di/+ui%+ & pick+ up food4 ,if we say ! *ick is un9tellig5t1 we mu/ c]ta9ly say ! infant is un9tellig5t4 ,& yet f ! un9tellig5ce ( ! infant to ! intellig5ce ( ! adult1 !re is an advance by /eps s small t on no day is ! am\nt ( m9d %[n1 appreciably diff]5t f t %[n on prec$+ & succe$+ days4 ,?us ! tacit assumption t !re exi/s a break1 is n simply gratuit\s1 b is negativ$ by ! mo/ obvi\s facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c]ta9 ( ! words & phrases us$ 9 expla9+ t p>ticul> "p ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution :i* deals ) ! orig9 ( species1 are comm5t$ ^u by ,mr4 ,m>t9eau z hav+ implications ju/ify+ 8 view4 ,let u consid] 8 comm5ts4 ,he says t competition is n an orig9al p[]1 :i* c ( itself d any?+2 fur!r1 t x _c act except 9 ! pres5ce ( "s possibility ( a bett] or worse2 & t ?is possibility ( a bett] or worse implies a _w pre-arrang$ = progress1 a direct+ ,w int5t ^u ! good4 ,_h ,mr4 ,m>t9eau look$ m closely into ! matt]1 he w\ld h f\nd t1 ?\gh ! words & phrases he quotes are us$ = conv5i5ce1 ! conceptions !y imply are n at all ess5tial to ! doctr9e4 ,"u its rigor\sly-sci5tific =m1 ! doctr9e is expressible 9 purely-physical t]ms1 :i* nei!r imply competition nor imply bett] & worse4#cg ,beyond ?is indirect mi/ake !re is a direct mi/ake4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau speaks ( ! survivor%ip ( ! bett]1 z ?\gh t 7 ! /atem5t ( ! law2 & !n adds t ! alleg$ result _c be inf]r$ except on ! assumption t :atev] is bett] is /rong] too4 ,b ! words he "h uses are 8 own words1 n ! words ( ^? he opposes4 ,! law is ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,probably1 9 sub/itut+ bett] = fitte/1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau did n suppose t he 0 *ang+ ! mean+2 ?\gh ,i d>e say he p]ceiv$ t ! mean+ ( ! ^w fitte/ did n suit 8 argum5t s well4 ,_h he exam9$ ! facts1 he w\ld h f\nd t ! law is n ! survival ( ! bett] or ! /rong]1 if we give to ^? words any ?+ l _! ord9>y mean+s4 ,x is ! survival ( ^? :i* are con/itutionally fitte/ to ?rive "u ! conditions 9 :i* !y are plac$2 & v (t5 t :i*1 humanly speak+1 is inf]iority1 causes ! survival4 ,sup]iority1 :e!r 9 size1 /r5g?1 activity1 or sagacity1 is1 o!r ?+s equal1 at ! co/ ( dim9i%$ f]tility2 & :]e ! life l$ by a species does n dem& ^! high] attributes1 ! species pr(its by decrease ( !m1 & accompany+ increase ( f]tility4 ,?is is ! reason :y !re occur s _m cases ( retrograde metamorphosis--?is is ! reason :y p>asites1 int]nal & ext]nal1 are s commonly degrad$ =ms ( high] types4 ,survival ( ! bett] does n cov] ^! cases1 ?\gh survival ( ! fitte/ does2 & z ,i am responsible = ! phrase1 ,i suppose ,i am compet5t to say t ! ^w fitte/ 0 *os5 = ?is reason4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ^! cases outnumb] all o!rs--t !re are m species ( p>asites ?an !re are species ( all o!r animals put toge!r--x w be se5 t ! expression survivor%ip ( ! bett] is :olly inappropriate1 & ! argum5t ,mr4 ,m>t9eau bases ^u x q unt5able4 ,inde$1 if1 9 place ( ^? adju/m5ts ( ! human s5se-organs1 :i* he s eloqu5tly describes z imply+ pre-arrangem5t1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau _h describ$ ! c\ntless elaborate appliances :i* enable p>asites to torture animals immeasurably sup]ior to !m1 & :i*1 f 8 po9t ( view1 no less imply pre-arrangem5t1 ,i ?9k ! notes ( admiration :i* end 8 descriptions w\ld n h seem$ to him s appropriate4 ,"o m ^w !re is f ! intr9sic mean+ ( :i* ,mr4 ,m>t9eau d$uces :at appe>s a p[]ful argum5t--! ^w ,evolution itself4 ,he says3-- ,x means1 to unfold f )92 & x is tak5 f ! hi/ory ( ! se$ or embryo ( liv+ natures4 ,& :at is ! se$ b a casket ( pre-arrang$ futurities1 ) its :ole cont5ts prospective1 settl$ to be :at !y are by ref]5ce to ends /ill 9 ! di/ance8 ,n[1 ?is criticism w\ld h be5 v mu* to ! po9t did ! ^w ,evolution truly express ! process x names4 ,if ?is process1 z sci5tifically def9$1 really involv$ t conception :i* ! ^w evolution 0 orig9ally design$ to convey1 ! implications w\ld be ^? ,mr4 ,m>t9eau alleges4 ,b1 un=tunately = him1 ! ^w1 hav+ be5 9 possession ( ! field be=e ! process 0 und]/ood1 has be5 adopt$ m]ely because displac+ x by ano!r ^w seem$ impracticable4 ,& ?is adoption ( x has be5 jo9$ ) a caution aga9/ misund]/&+s aris+ f its unfitness4 ,"h is a "p ( ! caution3--,evolution has o!r mean+s1 "s ( :i* are incongru\s )1 & "s ev5 directly oppos$ to1 ! mean+ "h giv5 to x4444 ,! anti!tical ^w1 ,involution1 w\ld mu* m truly express ! nature ( ! process2 & w\ld1 inde$1 describe bett] ! second>y *>act]s ( ! process :i* we %all h to deal ) pres5tly4#ch ,s t ! mean+s :i* ! ^w involves1 & :i* ,mr4 ,m>t9eau reg>ds z fatal to ! hypo!sis1 are already repudiat$ z n belong+ to ! hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 hav+ dealt ) ! ess5tial objections rais$ by ,mr4 ,m>t9eau to ! ,hypo!sis ( ,evolution z x is pres5t$ "u t purely sci5tific =m :i* g5]alizes ! process ( ?+s1 fir/ly z obs]v$ & secondly z inf]r$ f c]ta9 ultimate pr9ciples1 let me g on to exam9e t =m ( ! ,hypo!sis :i* he prop\nds--,evolution z det]m9$ by ,m9d & ,w--,evolution z pre-arrang$ by a ,div9e ,actor4 ,= ,mr4 ,m>t9eau app>5tly ab&ons ! primitive !ory ( creation by fiat ( ,almighty ,w1 & also ! !ory ( creation by manufacture--by a contriv+ & adapt+ p[]1 & seems to believe 9 evolution3 requir+ only t an orig9at+ ,m9d %all be tak5 z its antec$5t4 ,let u ask1 fir/1 9 :at relation ,mr4 ,m>t9eau conceives ! orig9at+ ,m9d to /& to ! evolv+ ,univ]se4 ,f "s passages x is inf]able t he consid]s ! pres5ce ( m9d to be ev]y:]e ne$ful4 ,he says3-- ,x is impossible to "w ! !ory ( ,evolution upw>ds f ! bottom4 ,if all =ce is to be conceiv$ z ,"o1 its type mu/ be look$ = 9 ! highe/ & all-compreh5d+ t]m2 & ,m9d mu/ be conceiv$ z !re1 & z dive/+ itself ( "s speciality at ea* /ep ( its desc5t to a l[] /ratum ( law1 till repres5t$ at ! base "u ! guise ( simple ,dynamics4 ,?is seems to be an unmi/akable ass]tion t1 :]ev] ,evolution is go+ on1 ,m9d is !n & !re beh9d x4 ,at ! close ( ! argum5t1 h[ev]1 a q diff]5t conception is impli$4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau says3-- ,if ! ,div9e ,idea w n retire at ! bidd+ ( our speculative sci5ce1 b reta9s its place1 x is natural to ask1 ,:at is its relation to ! s]ies ( s-call$ ,=ces 9 ! _w8 ,b ! "q is too l>ge & deep to be answ]$ "h4 ,let x suffice to say1 t !re ne$ n be any ov]rul+ ( ^! =ces by ! ,w ( ,god1 s t ! sup]natural %\ld di/urb ! natural2 or any supplem5t+ ( !m1 s t ,he %\ld fill up _! defici5cies4 ,r is ,8 ?\ght relat$ to !m z1 9 man1 ! m5tal =ce is relat$ to all bel[ x4 ,x w\ld take too mu* space to deal fully ) ! v>i\s que/ions :i* ?is la/ passage raises4 ,!re is ! "q--,:5ce come ^! ,=ces1 spok5 ( z sep>ate f ! ,w ( ,god--did !y pre-exi/8 ,!n :at becomes ( ! ,div9e ,p[]8 ,d !y exi/ by ! ,div9e ,w8 ,!n :at k9d ( nature is t by :i* !y act ap>t f ! ,div9e ,w8 ,aga91 !re is ! "q--,h[ d ^! deputy-=ces co-op]ate 9 ea* p>ticul> ph5om5on1 if ! presid+ ,w is n !re pres5t to control !m8 ,ei!r an organ :i* develops into fitness = its function1 develops by ! co-op]ation ( ^! =ces "u ! direction ( ,m9d !n pres5t1 or x s develops 9 ! abs5ce ( ,m9d4 ,if x develops 9 ! abs5ce ( ,m9d1 ! hypo!sis is giv5 up2 & if ! orig9at+ ,m9d is requir$ to be !n & !re pres5t1 we mu/ suppose a p>ticul> provid5ce to be pres5t 9 ea* p>ticul> organ ( ea* p>ticul> creature ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,once m !re is ! "q--,if ,8 ?\ght is relat$ to !m ^! ,=ces z1 9 ,man1 ! m5tal =ce is relat$ to all bel[ x1 h[ c ,8 ?\ght be reg>d$ z ! cause ( ,evolution8 ,9 man ! m5tal =ce is relat$ to ! =ces bel[ x nei!r z a creator ( !m nor z a regulator ( !m1 save 9 a v limit$ way3 ! great] "p ( ! =ces pres5t 9 man1 bo? /ructural & functional1 defy ! m5tal =ce absolutely4 ,nay1 m1 x ne$s b to injure a n]ve to see t ! p[] ( ! m5tal =ce ov] ! physical =ces is dep5d5t on conditions :i* are !mselves physical2 & "o :o takes morphia 9 mi/ake = magnesia1 discov]s t ! p[] ( ! physical =ces ov] ! m5tal is uncondition$ by any ?+ m5tal4 ,n dwell+ on ^! que/ions1 h[ev]1 ,i w m]ely draw att5tion to ! entire incongruity ( ?is conception ) ! previ\s conception :i* ,i h quot$4 ,assum+ t1 :5 ! *oice is press$ on him1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau w *oose ! fir/1 :i* alone has any ?+ l def5sibility1 let u g on to ask h[ f> ,evolution is made m compreh5sible by po/ulat+ ,m9d1 univ]sally imman5t1 z its cause4 ,9 metaphysical controv]sy1 _m ( ! propositions prop\nd$ & accept$ z q believable1 are absolutely inconceivable4 ,!re is a p]petual confus+ ( actual ideas ) :at are no?+ b pseud-ideas4 ,no di/9ction is made betwe5 propositions t conta9 real ?\ghts1 & propositions t are only ! =ms ( ?\ghts4 ,a ?9kable proposition is "o ( :i* ! two t]ms c be br\ght toge!r 9 consci\sness "u ! relation said to exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,b v (t51 :5 ! subject ( a proposition has be5 ?\ght ( z some?+ kn[n1 & :5 ! pr$icate has be5 ?\ght ( z some?+ kn[n1 & :5 ! relation alleg$ betwe5 !m has be5 ?\ght ( z a kn[n relation1 x is suppos$ t ! proposition itself has be5 ?\ght4 ,! ?9k+ sep>ately ( ! elem5ts ( a proposition is mi/ak5 = ! ?9k+ ( !m 9 ! comb9ation :i* ! proposition affirms4 ,& h5ce x cont9ually happ5s t propositions :i* _c be r5d]$ into ?\ght at all1 are suppos$ to be n only ?\ght b believ$4 ,! proposition t ,evolution is caus$ by ,m9d is "o ( ?is nature4 ,! two t]ms are sep>ately intelligible2 b !y c be reg>d$ 9 ! relation ( effect & cause only s long z no attempt is made to put !m toge!r 9 ?is relation4 ,! only ?+ :i* any "o kn[s z ,m9d is ! s]ies ( 8 own /ates ( consci\sness2 & if he ?9ks ( any m9d o!r ?an 8 own1 he c ?9k ( x only 9 t]ms d]iv$ f 8 own4 ,if ,i am ask$ to frame a notion ( ,m9d dive/$ ( all ^? /ructural traits "u :i* alone ,i am consci\s ( m9d 9 myself1 ,i _c d x4 ,i "k no?+ ( ?\ght save z c>ri$ on 9 ideas orig9ally traceable to ! effects wr\ght by objects & =ces on me4 ,a m5tal act is an un9telligible phrase if ,i am n to reg>d x z an act 9 :i* /ates ( consci\sness are sev]ally kn[n z l o!r /ates 9 ! s]ies t has gone by1 & 9 :i* ! relations betwe5 !m are sev]ally kn[n z l pa/ relations 9 ! s]ies4 ,if1 !n1 ,i h to conceive ,evolution z caus$ by an orig9at+ ,m9d1 ,i mu/ conceive ?is ,m9d z hav+ attributes ak9 to ^? ( ! only m9d ,i "k1 & )\t :i* ,i _c conceive ,m9d at all4 ,i w n dwell on ! _m incongruities h5ce result+1 by ask+ h[ ! orig9at+ ,m9d is to be ?\ght ( z hav+ /ates produc$ by ?+s objective to x2 z discrim9at+ among ^! /ates1 & class+ !m z l & unlike2 & z pref]r+ "o objective result to ano!r4 ,i w simply ask--,:at happ5s if we ascribe to ! orig9at+ ,m9d ! "* absolutely ess5tial to ! conception ( ,m9d1 t x consi/s ( a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness8 ,put a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness z cause1 & ! evolv+ ,univ]se z effect1 & !n endeavor to see ! la/ z fl[+ f ! fir/4 ,i f9d x possible to imag9e 9 "s dim way a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness s]v+ z antec$5t to any "o ( ! movem5ts ,i see go+ on2 = my own /ates ( consci\sness are (t5 indirectly ! antec$5ts to su* movem5ts4 ,b h[ if ,i attempt to ?9k ( su* a s]ies z antec$5t to all actions ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se--to ! motions ( ! multitud9\s />s ?r\gh space1 to ! revolutions ( all _! planets r\nd !m1 to ! gyrations ( all ^! planets on _! axes1 to ! inf9itely-multipli$ physical processes go+ on 9 ea* ( ^! suns & planets8 ,i _c ?9k ( a s+le s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness z caus+ ev5 ! relatively small gr\p ( actions go+ on ov] ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,i _c ?9k ( x ev5 z antec$5t to all ! v>i\s w9ds & ! dissolv+ cl\ds !y be>1 to ! curr5ts ( all ! riv]s1 & ! gr9d+ actions ( all ! glaci]s2 /ill less c ,i ?9k ( x z antec$5t to ! inf9ity ( processes simultane\sly go+ on 9 all ! plants t cov] ! globe1 f scatt]$ pol> li*5s to cr[d$ tropical palms1 & 9 all ! millions ( quadrup$s t roam among !m1 & ! millions ( millions ( insects t buzz ab\t !m4 ,ev5 to a s+le small set ( ^! multitud9\s t]re/rial *anges1 ,i _c conceive z antec$5t a s+le s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness--_c1 = in/ance1 ?9k ( x z caus+ ! hundr$ ?\s& break]s t are at ?is in/ant curl+ ov] on ! %ores ( ,engl&4 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible = me to conceive an orig9at+ ,m9d1 :i* ,i mu/ repres5t to myself z a s+le s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness1 work+ ! inf9itely-multipli$ sets ( *anges simultane\sly go+ on 9 worlds too num]\s to c\nt1 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t a space t baffles imag9ation8 ,if1 to acc\nt = ?is inf9itude ( physical *anges ev]y:]e go+ on1 ,m9d mu/ be conceiv$ z !re "u ! guise ( simple ,dynamics1 !n ! reply is t1 to be s conceiv$1 ,m9d mu/ be dive/$ ( all attributes by :i* x is di/+ui%$2 & t1 :5 ?us dive/$ ( its di/+ui%+ attributes1 ! conception disappe>s--! ^w ,m9d /&s = a blank4 ,if ,mr4 ,m>t9eau takes refuge 9 ! entirely diff]5t &1 z x seems to me1 incongru\s hypo!sis ( some?+ l a plurality ( m9ds--if he accepts1 z he seems to d1 ! doctr9e t y _c expla9 ,evolution unless among y\r primordial elem5ts y scatt] already ! g]ms ( ,m9d z well z ! inf]ior elem5ts--if ! insup]able difficulties ,i h j po9t$ out are to be met by assum+ a local s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness = ea* ph5om5on1 !n we are obvi\sly c>ri$ back to some?+ l ! alleg$ feti*i/ic notion1 ) ! diff]5ce only1 t ! assum$ spiritual ag5cies are indef9itely multipli$4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 ! proposition t an orig9at+ ,m9d is ! cause ( ,evolution1 is a proposition t c be ent]ta9$ s long only z no attempt is made to unite 9 ?\ght its two t]ms 9 ! alleg$ relation4 ,t x %\ld be accept$ z a matt] ( fai?1 may be a def5sible position1 provid$ good cause is %[n :y x %\ld be s accept$2 b t x %\ld be accept$ z a matt] ( und]/&+--z a /atem5t mak+ ! ord] ( ! univ]se compreh5sible--is a q indef5sible position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h let me gu>d myself aga9/ a mis9t]pretation v likely to be put ^u ! =ego+ argum5ts2 especially by ^? :o h read ! ,essay to :i* !y reply4 ,! /atem5ts ( t ,essay c>ry ! implication t all :o adh]e to ! hypo!sis x combats1 imag9e !y h solv$ ! my/]y ( ?+s :5 !y h %[n ! processes ( ,evolution to be naturally caus$4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau tacitly repres5ts !m z believ+ t1 :5 e ?+ has be5 int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 no?+ rema9s to be expla9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! fact4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution1 "u its purely sci5tific =m1 does n involve ,mat]ialism1 ?\gh its oppon5ts p]si/5tly repres5t x z do+ s4 ,inde$1 among adh]5ts ( x :o are fri5ds ( m9e1 !re are ^? :o speak ( ! ,mat]ialism ( ,bue*n] & 8 s*ool1 ) a contempt c]ta9ly n less ?an t felt by ,mr4 ,m>t9eau4 ,to %[ h[ anti-mat]iali/ic my own view is1 ,i may1 p]haps1 )\t impropriety1 quote "s out ( _m passages :i* ,i h writt5 on ! "q else:]e3 ,h5ce ?\gh ( ! two x seems easi] to translate s-call$ ,matt] into s-call$ ,_s1 ?an to translate s-call$ ,_s into s-call$ ,matt] 7:i* latt] is1 inde$1 :olly impossible72 yet no translation c c>ry u beyond our symbols4#ci ,& aga93 ,see !n our pr$icam5t4 ,we c ?9k ( ,matt] only 9 t]ms ( ,m9d4 ,we c ?9k ( ,m9d only 9 t]ms ( ,matt]4 ,:5 we h pu%$ our explorations ( ! fir/ to ! utt]mo/ limit1 we are ref]r$ to ! second = a f9al answ]2 &1 :5 we h got ! f9al answ] ( ! second1 we are ref]r$ back to ! fir/ = an int]pretation ( x4 ,we f9d ! value ( x 9 t]ms ( y2 !n we f9d ! value ( y 9 t]ms ( x2 & s on we may cont9ue =ev] )\t com+ ne>] to a solution4 ,! anti!sis ( subject & object1 nev] to be transc5d$ :ile consci\sness la/s1 r5d]s impossible all k ( t ,ultimate ,reality 9 :i* subject & object are unit$4#dj ,x is ?us1 ,i ?9k1 manife/ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's view & ! view he opposes is by no means s wide z he makes x appe>2 & fur!r1 x seems to me t su* diff]5ce z exi/s is r ! rev]se ( t indicat$ by 8 exposition4 ,briefly express$1 ! diff]5ce is t1 :]e he ?9ks !re is no my/]y1 ! doctr9e he combats recognizes a my/]y4 ,speak+ = myself only1 ,i may say t1 agree+ entirely ) ,mr4 ,m>t9eau 9 repudiat+ ! mat]iali/ic int]pretation z utt]ly futile1 ,i diff] f him simply 9 ?is1 t :ile he says he has f\nd ano!r int]pretation1 ,i confess t ,i _c f9d any int]pretation2 :ile he holds t he c und]/& ! ,p[] :i* is manife/$ 9 ?+s1 ,i feel oblig$ to admit1 aft] _m failures1 t ,i _c und]/& x4 ,s t1 9 pres5ce ( ! transc5d5t problem :i* ! univ]se pres5ts1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau reg>ds ! human intellect z capable1 & ,i z incapable4 ,?is contra/ does n appe> to me ( ! k9d :i* 8 ,essay tacitly ass]ts4 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z ! pride ( ,sci5ce1 x is obvi\sly exce$$ by ! pride ( ,!ology4 ,i fail to p]ceive humility 9 ! belief t ! human m9d is able to compreh5d t :i* is beh9d appe>ances2 & ,i d n see h[ piety is especially exemplifi$ 9 ! ass]tion t ! ,univ]se conta9s no mode ( exi/5ce high] 9 ,nature ?an t :i* is pres5t to u 9 consci\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x q a def5sible proposition t humility is bett] %[n by a confession ( incompet5ce to grasp 9 ?\ght ! ,cause ( all ?+s2 & t ! religi\s s5tim5t may f9d its highe/ sph]e 9 ! belief t ! ,ultimate ,p[] is no m repres5table 9 t]ms ( human consci\sness ?an human consci\sness is repres5table 9 t]ms ( a plant's functions4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cg3 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 #aei-afh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 second edition1 #ig4 ,footnote #ci3 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 second edition1 vol4 i41 #fc4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ibid41 #bgb4 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 = ,april & ,may1 #ahhf4 ,i4 ,)9 ! recollection ( m5 n[ 9 middle life1 op9ion conc]n+ ! d]ivation ( animals & plants 0 9 a *aotic /ate4 ,among ! un?9k+ !re 0 tacit belief 9 creation by miracle1 :i* =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom2 & among ! ?9k+ !re 7 two p>ties1 ea* ( :i* held an indef5sible hypo!sis4 ,imm5sely ! l>g] ( ^! p>ties1 includ+ ne>ly all ^: sci5tific culture gave weight to _! judgm5ts1 ?\gh n accept+ lit]ally ! !ologically-or?odox doctr9e1 made a compromise betwe5 t doctr9e & ! doctr9es :i* geologi/s _h e/abli%$2 :ile oppos$ to !m 7 "s1 mo/ly hav+ no au?ority 9 sci5ce1 :o held a doctr9e :i* 0 het]odox bo? !ologically & sci5tifically4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 lecture on ,! ,com+ ( ,age ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 rem>ks conc]n+ ! fir/ ( ^! p>ties z foll[s3-- ,"o-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 9 spite ( ! "w comm5c$ by ,hutton & cont9u$ ) r>e skill & pati5ce by ,lyell1 ! dom9ant view ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 cata/rophic4 ,great & sudd5 physical revolutions1 :olesale creations & ext9ctions ( liv+ be+s1 7 ! ord9>y ma*9]y ( ! geological epic br\ght into fa%ion by ! misappli$ g5ius ( ,cuvi]4 ,x 0 gravely ma9ta9$ & taught t ! end ( e geological epo* 0 signalis$ by a cataclysm1 by :i* e liv+ be+ on ! globe 0 swept away1 to be replac$ by a br&-new creation :5 ! _w return$ to quiesc5ce4 ,a s*eme ( nature :i* appe>$ to be modell$ on ! lik5ess ( a succession ( rubb]s ( :i/1 at ! end ( ea* ( :i* ! play]s upset ! table & call$ = a new pack1 did n seem to %ock anybody4 ,i may be wrong1 b ,i d\bt if1 at ! pres5t "t1 !re is a s+le responsible repres5tative ( ^! op9ions left4 ,! progress ( sci5tific geology has elevat$ ! fundam5t pr9ciple ( uni=mit>ianism1 t ! explanation ( ! pa/ is to be s\ght 9 ! /udy ( ! pres5t1 into ! position ( an axiom2 & ! wild speculations ( ! cata/rophi/s1 to :i* we all li/5$ ) respect a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 w\ld h>dly f9d a s+le pati5t he>] at ! pres5t day4 ,( ! p>ty above ref]r$ to z n satisfi$ ) ?is conception describ$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 !re 7 two classes4 ,! great majority 7 admir]s ( ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation--a "w :i*1 :ile x s\ght to %[ t organic evolution has tak5 place1 cont5d$ t ! cause ( organic evolution1 is an impulse sup]naturally imp>t$ to ! =ms ( life1 advanc+ !m1 444 ?r\gh grades ( organization4 ,be+ ne>ly all v inadequately acqua9t$ ) ! facts1 ^? :o accept$ ! view set =? 9 ! ,ve/iges 7 ridicul$ by ! well-in/ruct$ = be+ satisfi$ ) evid5ce1 mu* ( :i* 0 ei!r invalid or easily cancell$ by c\nt]-evid5ce1 & at ! same "t !y expos$ !mselves to ! ridicule ( ! m philosophical = be+ cont5t ) a suppos$ explanation :i* 0 9 reality no explanation3 ! alleg$ impulse to advance giv+ u no m help 9 und]/&+ ! facts ?an does ,nature's alleg$ abhorr5ce ( a vacuum help u to und]/& ! asc5t ( wat] 9 a pump4 ,! remnant1 =m+ ! second ( ^! classes1 0 v small4 ,:ile reject+ ?is m]e v]bal solution1 :i* bo? ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck _h %ad[$ =? 9 o!r language1 !re 7 "s few :o1 reject+ also ! hypo!sis indicat$ by bo? ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 t ! prompt+s ( desires or wants produc$ gr[?s ( ! p>ts subs]v+ !m1 accept$ ! s+le v]a causa assign$ by ^! writ]s--! modification ( /ructures result+ f modification ( functions4 ,!y recogniz$ z ! sole process 9 organic developm5t1 ! adaptation ( p>ts & p[]s consequ5t on ! effects ( use & disuse--t cont9ual m\ld+ & re-m\ld+ ( organisms to suit _! circum/ances1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by direct conv]se ) su* circum/ances4 ,b :ile ?is cause accept$ by ^! few is a true cause1 s9ce unque/ionably dur+ ! life ( ! individual organism *anges ( function produce *anges ( /ructure2 & :ile x is a t5able hypo!sis t *anges ( /ructure s produc$ are inh]itable2 yet x 0 manife/ to ^? n prepossess$1 t ?is cause _c ) reason be assign$ = ! great] "p ( ! facts4 ,?\gh 9 plants !re are "s *>act]s :i* may n irrationally be ascrib$ to ! direct effects ( modifi$ functions consequ5t on modifi$ circum/ances1 yet ! majority ( ! traits pres5t$ by plants are n to be ?us expla9$4 ,x is impossible t ! ?orns by :i* a bri> is 9 l>ge measure def5d$ aga9/ br[s+ animals1 c h be5 develop$ & m\ld$ by ! cont9u\s ex]cise ( _! protective actions2 = 9 ! fir/ place1 ! great majority ( ! ?orns are nev] t\*$ at all1 &1 9 ! second place1 we h no gr\nd :atev] = suppos+ t ^? :i* are t\*$ are !reby made to gr[1 & to take ^? %apes :i* r5d] !m effici5t4 ,plants :i* are r5d]$ uneatable by ! ?ick woolly coat+s ( _! leaves1 _c h _h ^! coat+s produc$ by any process ( reaction aga9/ ! action ( enemies2 = !re is no imag9able reason :y1 if "o "p ( a plant is eat51 ! re/ %\ld !reaft] beg9 to develop ! hairs on its surface4 ,by :at direct effect ( function on /ructure1 c ! %ell ( a nut h be5 evolv$8 ,or h[ c ^? se$s :i* conta9 ess5tial oils1 r5d]+ !m unpalatable to birds1 h be5 made to secrete su* ess5tial oils by ^! actions ( birds :i* !y re/ra98 ,or h[ c ! delicate plumes borne by "s se$s1 & giv+ ! w9d p[] to waft !m to new /ations1 be due to any imm$iate influ5ces ( surr\nd+ conditions8 ,cle>ly 9 ^! & 9 c\ntless o!r cases1 *ange ( /ructure _c h be5 directly caus$ by *ange ( function4 ,s is x ) animals to a l>ge ext5t1 if n to ! same ext5t4 ,?\gh we h pro( t by r\gh usage ! d]mal lay] may be s excit$ z to produce a greatly ?ick5$ epid]mal lay]1 sometimes q horny2 & ?\gh x is a feasible hypo!sis t an effect ( ?is k9d p]si/5tly produc$ may be inh]it$2 yet no su* cause c expla9 ! c>apace ( ! turtle1 ! arm\r ( ! armadillo1 or ! imbricat$ cov]+ ( ! manis4 ,! sk9s ( ^! animals are no m expos$ to habitual h>d usage ?an are ^? ( animals cov]$ by hair4 ,! /range excresc5ces :i* di/+ui% ! heads ( ! hornbills1 _c possibly h aris5 f any reaction aga9/ ! action ( surr\nd+ =ces2 = ev5 7 !y cle>ly protective1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! heads ( ^! birds ne$ protection m ?an ! heads ( o!r birds4 ,if1 l$ by ! evid5ce t 9 animals ! am\nt ( cov]+ is 9 "s cases affect$ by ! degree ( exposure1 x 7 admitt$ z imag9able t ! developm5t ( fea!rs f prec$+ d]mal gr[?s _h result$ f t extra nutrition caus$ by extra sup]ficial circulation1 we %\ld /ill be )\t explanation ( ! /ructure ( a fea!r4 ,nor %\ld we h any clue to ! specialities ( fea!rs--! cre/s ( v>i\s birds1 ! tails sometimes s enorm\s1 ! curi\sly plac$ plumes ( ! bird ( p>adise1 c41 c4 ,/ill m obvi\sly impossible is x to expla9 z due to use or disuse ! col\rs ( animals4 ,no direct adaptation to function c\ld h produc$ ! blue protub]ances on a m&ril's face1 or ! /rip$ hide ( a tig]1 or ! gorge\s plumage ( a k+fi%]1 or ! eyes 9 a peacock's tail1 or ! multitud9\s patt]ns ( insects' w+s4 ,"o s+le case1 t ( a de]'s horns1 might alone h suffic$ to %[ h[ insuffici5t 0 ! assign$ cause4 ,dur+ _! gr[?1 a de]'s horns are n us$ at all2 & :51 hav+ be5 cle>$ ( ! dead sk9 & dri$-up blood-vessels cov]+ !m1 !y are ready = use1 !y are n]veless & non-vascul>1 & h5ce are incapable ( und]go+ any *anges ( /ructure consequ5t on *anges ( function4 ,( ^! few !n1 :o reject$ ! belief describ$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 & :o1 esp\s+ ! belief 9 a cont9u\s evolution1 _h to acc\nt = ?is evolution1 x mu/ be said t ?\gh ! cause assign$ 0 a true cause1 yet1 ev5 admitt+ t x op]at$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 x left unexpla9$ ! great] "p ( ! facts4 ,hav+ be5 myself "o ( ^! few1 ,i look back ) surprise at ! way 9 :i* ! facts :i* 7 congru\s ) ! esp\s$ view monopoliz$ consci\sness & kept out ! facts :i* 7 incongru\s ) x--conspicu\s ?\gh _m ( !m 74 ,! misjudgm5t 0 n unnatural4 ,f9d+ x impossible to accept any doctr9e :i* impli$ a brea* 9 ! uni=m c\rse ( natural causation1 &1 by implication1 accept+ z unque/ionable ! orig9 & developm5t ( all organic =ms by accumulat$ modifications naturally caus$1 t :i* appe>$ to expla9 c]ta9 classes ( ^! modifications1 0 suppos$ to be capable ( expla9+ ! re/3 ! t5d5cy be+ to assume t ^! w\ld ev5tually be simil>ly acc\nt$ =1 ?\gh x 0 n cle> h[4 ,return+ f ?is p>5!tic rem>k1 we are conc]n$ "h *iefly to rememb] t1 z said at ! outset1 !re exi/$ ?irty ye>s ago1 no t5able !ory ab\t ! g5esis ( liv+ ?+s4 ,( ! two alt]native beliefs1 nei!r w\ld be> critical exam9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,out ( ?is dead lock we 7 releas$--9 l>ge measure1 ?\gh n ,i believe entirely--by ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,t "w br\ght into view a fur!r factor2 or r1 su* factor1 recogniz$ z 9 op]ation by "h & !re an obs]v] 7z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 8 introduction to ! second edition71 0 by him = ! fir/ "t se5 to h play$ s imm5se a "p 9 ! g5esis ( plants & animals4 ,?\gh lay+ myself op5 to ! *>ge ( tell+ a ?rice-told tale1 ,i feel oblig$ "h to indicate briefly ! sev]al great classes ( facts :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis expla9s2 because o!rwise t :i* foll[s w\ld sc>cely be und]/ood4 ,& ,i feel ! less hesitation 9 do+ ?is because ! hypo!sis :i* x replac$1 n v widely kn[n at any "t1 has ( late s completely dropp$ into ! backgr\nd1 t ! majority ( read]s are sc>cely aw>e ( its exi/5ce1 & d n !re=e und]/& ! relation betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9's successful int]pretation & ! prec$+ unsuccessful attempt at int]pretation4 ,( ^! classes ( facts1 f\r *ief ones may be "h di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* adju/m5ts z ^? exemplifi$ above are made compreh5sible4 ,?\gh x is inconceivable t a /ructure l t ( ! pit*]-plant c\ld h be5 produc$ by accumulat$ effects ( function on /ructure2 yet x is conceivable t successive selections ( fav\rable v>iations might h produc$ x2 & ! l holds ( ! no less rem>kable appliance ( ! ,v5us's ,fly-trap1 or ! /ill m a/oni%+ "o ( t wat]-plant by :i* infant-fi% are captur$4 ,?\gh x is impossible to imag9e h[1 by direct influ5ce ( increas$ use1 su* d]mal app5dages z a porcup9e's quills c\ld h be5 develop$2 yet1 pr(it+ z ! memb]s ( a species o!rwise def5celess might d by ! /iffness ( _! hairs1 r5d]+ !m unpleasant morsels to eat1 x is a feasible supposition t f successive survivals ( individuals ?us def5d$ 9 ! greate/ degrees1 & ! consequ5t gr[? 9 successive g5]ations ( hairs into bri/les1 bri/les into sp9es1 sp9es into quills 7= all ^! are homolog\s71 ?is *ange c\ld h aris54 ,9 l mann]1 ! odd inflatable bag ( ! bladd]-nos$ seal1 ! curi\s fi%+-rod ) its worm-l app5dage c>ri$ on ! head ( ! lophius or angl]1 ! spurs on ! w+s ( c]ta9 birds1 ! weapons ( ! sword-fi% & saw-fi%1 ! wattles ( f[ls1 & numb]less su* peculi> /ructures1 ?\gh by no possibility explicable z due to effects ( use or disuse1 are explicable z result+ f natural selection op]at+ 9 "o or o!r way4 ,9 ! second place1 :ile %[+ u h[ !re h aris5 c\ntless modifications 9 ! =ms1 /ructures1 & col\rs ( ea* "p1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has %[n u h[1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( fav\rable v>iations1 !re may arise new p>ts4 ,?\gh ! fir/ /ep 9 ! production ( horns on ! heads ( v>i\s h]bivor\s animals1 may h be5 ! gr[? ( callosities consequ5t on ! habit ( butt+--su* callosities ?us functionally initiat$ be+ aft]w>ds develop$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s ways by selection2 yet no explanation c be ?us giv5 ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a duplicate set ( horns1 z occasionally happ5s 9 %eep3 an addition :i*1 :]e x prov$ b5eficial1 might readily be made a p]man5t trait by natural selection4 ,aga91 ! modifications :i* foll[ use & disuse c by no possibility acc\nt = *anges 9 ! numb]s ( v]tebr2 b aft] recogniz+ spontane\s1 or r =tuit\s1 v>iation z a factor1 we c see t :]e an additional v]tebra h5ce result+ 7z 9 "s pigeons7 proves b5eficial1 survival ( ! fitte/ may make x a con/ant "*2 & !re may1 by fur!r l additions1 be produc$ extremely long /r+s ( v]tebr1 su* z snakes %[ u4 ,simil>ly ) ! mamm>y gl&s4 ,x is n an unreasonable supposition t by ! effects ( great] or less function1 inh]it$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 ^! may be enl>g$ or dim9i%$ 9 size2 b x is out ( ! "q to allege su* a cause = *anges 9 _! numb]s4 ,!re is no imag9able explanation ( ^! save ! e/abli%m5t by inh]itance ( spontane\s v>iations1 su* z are kn[n to occur 9 ! human race4 ,s too1 9 ! ?ird place1 ) c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! connexions ( p>ts4 ,accord+ to ! great] or small] dem&s made on ?is or t limb1 ! muscles mov+ x may be augm5t$ or dim9i%$ 9 bulk2 &1 if !re is inh]itance ( *anges s wr\ght1 ! limb may1 9 c\rse ( g5]ations1 be r5d]$ l>g] or small]4 ,b *anges 9 ! arrangem5ts or atta*m5ts ( muscles _c be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,x is f\nd1 especially at ! extremities1 t ! relations ( t5dons to bones & to "o ano!r are n always ! same4 ,v>iations 9 _! modes ( connexion may occasionally prove advantage\s1 & may ?us become e/abli%$4 ,"h aga91 !n1 we h a class ( /ructural *anges to :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis gives u ! key1 & to :i* !re is no o!r key4 ,once m !re are ! ph5om5a ( mimicry4 ,p]haps 9 a m /rik+ way ?an any o!rs1 ^! %[ h[ traits :i* seem inexplicable are explicable z due to ! m frequ5t survival ( individuals t h v>i$ 9 fav\rable ways4 ,we are enabl$ to und]/& su* m>vell\s simulations z ^? ( ! leaf-insect1 ^? ( beetles :i* resemble glitt]+ dew-drops ^u ! leaves2 ^? ( cat]pill>s :i*1 :5 asleep1 /ret* !mselves out s z to look l twigs4 ,& we are %[n h[ !re h aris5 /ill m a/oni%+ imitations--^? ( "o insect by ano!r4 ,z ,mr4 ,bates has prov$1 !re are cases 9 :i* a species ( butt]fly1 r5d]$ s unpalatable to insectivor\s birds by its disagreeable ta/e t !y w n cat* x1 is simulat$ 9 its col\rs & m>k+s by a species :i* is /ructurally q diff]5t--s simulat$ t ev5 a practis$ entomologi/ is liable to be deceiv$3 ! explanation be+ t an orig9al slight resemblance1 lead+ to occasional mi/akes on ! "p ( birds1 0 increas$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation by ! m frequ5t escape ( ! mo/-l individuals1 until ! lik5ess became ?us great4 ,b n[1 recogniz+ 9 full ?is process br\ght into cle> view by ,mr4 ,d>w91 & trac$ out by him ) s mu* c>e & skill1 c we conclude t1 tak5 alone1 x acc\nts = organic evolution8 ,has ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations be5 ! sole factor8 ,on critically exam9+ ! evid5ce1 we %all f9d reason to ?9k t x by no means expla9s all t has to be expla9$4 ,omitt+ = ! pres5t any consid]ation ( a factor :i* may be di/+ui%$ z primordial1 x may be cont5d$ t ! above-nam$ factor alleg$ by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & by ,lam>ck1 mu/ be recogniz$ z a co-op]ator4 ,utt]ly inadequate to expla9 ! major "p ( ! facts z is ! hypo!sis ( ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications1 yet !re is a m9or "p ( ! facts1 v ext5sive ?\gh less1 :i* mu/ be ascrib$ to ?is cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 discuss+ ! "q m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago 7,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 #aff71 ,i in/anc$ ! decreas$ size ( ! jaws 9 ! civiliz$ races ( mank9d1 z a *ange n acc\nt$ = by ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations2 s9ce no "o ( ! decrem5ts by :i*1 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ?is r$uction has be5 effect$1 c\ld h giv5 to an individual 9 :i* x occurr$1 su* advantage z w\ld cause 8 survival1 ei!r ?r\gh dim9i%$ co/ ( local nutrition or dim9i%$ weight to be c>ri$4 ,i did n !n exclude1 z ,i might h done1 two o!r imag9able causes4 ,x may be said t !re is "s organic correlation betwe5 increas$ size ( bra9 & decreas$ size ( jaw3 ,camp]'s doctr9e ( ! facial angle be+ ref]r$ to 9 pro(4 ,b ?is argum5t may be met by po9t+ to ! _m examples ( small-jaw$ p :o are also small-bra9$1 & by cit+ n infrequ5t cases ( individuals rem>kable = _! m5tal p[]s1 & at ! same "t di/+ui%$ by jaws n less ?an ! av]age b great]4 ,aga91 if sexual selection be nam$ z a possible cause1 !re is ! reply t1 ev5 suppos+ su* slight dim9ution ( jaw z took place 9 a s+le g5]ation to h be5 an attraction1 yet ! o!r inc5tives to *oice on ! "p ( m5 h be5 too _m & great to all[ ?is "o to weigh 9 an adequate degree2 :ile1 dur+ ! great] portion ( ! p]iod1 *oice on ! "p ( wom5 has sc>cely op]at$3 9 e>li] times !y 7 /ol5 or b\ght1 & 9 lat] times mo/ly co]c$ by p>5ts4 ,?us1 reconsid]ation ( ! facts does n %[ me ! invalidity ( ! conclusion drawn1 t ?is decrease 9 size ( jaw c h _h no o!r cause ?an cont9u$ inh]itance ( ^? dim9utions consequ5t on dim9utions ( function1 impli$ by ! use ( select$ & well-prep>$ food4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 my *ief purpose is to add an in/ance %[+1 ev5 m cle>ly1 ! connexion betwe5 *ange ( function & *ange ( /ructure4 ,?is in/ance1 alli$ 9 nature to ! o!r1 is pres5t$ by ^? v>ieties1 or r sub-v>ieties1 ( dogs1 :i*1 hav+ be5 h\sehold pets1 & habitually f$ on s(t food1 h n be5 call$ on to use _! jaws 9 te>+ & crun*+1 & h be5 b r>ely all[$ to use !m 9 cat*+ prey & 9 fight+4 ,no inf]5ce c be drawn f ! sizes ( ! jaws !mselves1 :i*1 9 ^! dogs1 h probably be5 %ort5$ ma9ly by selection4 ,to get direct pro( ( ! decrease ( ! muscles conc]n$ 9 clos+ ! jaws or bit+1 w\ld require a s]ies ( obs]vations v difficult to make4 ,b x is n difficult to get indirect pro( ( ?is decrease by look+ at ! bony /ructures ) :i* ^! muscles are connect$4 ,exam9ation ( ! skulls ( sundry indoor dogs conta9$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 proves ! relative smallness ( su* p>ts4 ,! only pug-dog's skull is t ( an individual n p]fectly adult2 & ?\gh its traits are q to ! po9t !y _c ) safety be tak5 z evid5ce4 ,! skull ( a toy-t]ri] has mu* re/rict$ areas ( ins]tion = ! temporal muscles2 has weak zygomatic ar*es2 & has extremely small atta*m5ts = ! masset] muscles4 ,/ill m significant is ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! skull ( a ,k+ ,*>les's spaniel1 :i*1 if we all[ ?ree ye>s to a g5]ation1 & be> 9 m9d t ! v>iety mu/ h exi/$ be=e ,*>les ! ,second's reign1 we may assume belongs to some?+ approa*+ to ! hundr$? g5]ation ( ^! h\sehold pets4 ,! relative bread? betwe5 ! out] surfaces ( ! zygomatic ar*es is conspicu\sly small2 ! n>r[ness ( ! temporal foss is also /rik+2 ! zygomata are v sl5d]2 ! temporal muscles h left no m>ks :atev]1 ei!r by limit+ l9es or by ! "* ( ! surfaces cov]$2 & ! places ( atta*m5t = ! masset] muscles are v feebly develop$4 ,at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 among skulls ( dogs !re is "o :i*1 ?\gh unnam$1 is %[n by its small size & by its tee?1 to h belong$ to "o v>iety or o!r ( lap-dogs1 & :i* has ! same traits 9 an equal degree ) ! skull j describ$4 ,"h1 !n1 we h two if n ?ree k9ds ( dogs :i*1 simil>ly lead+ protect$ & pamp]$ lives1 %[ t 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 cl5*+ ! jaws h dw9dl$4 ,to :at cause mu/ ?is decrease be ascrib$8 ,c]ta9ly n to artificial selection2 = mo/ ( ! modifications nam$ make no appreciable ext]nal signs3 ! wid? across ! zygomata c\ld alone be p]ceiv$4 ,nei!r c natural selection h _h any?+ to d ) x2 = ev5 7 !re any /ruggle = exi/5ce among su* dogs1 x _c be cont5d$ t any advantage 9 ! /ruggle c\ld be ga9$ by an individual 9 :i* a decrease took place4 ,economy ( nutrition1 too1 is exclud$4 ,abundantly f$ z su* dogs are1 ! con/itutional t5d5cy is to f9d places :]e excess ( absorb$ nutrim5t may be conv5i5tly deposit$1 r ?an to f9d places :]e "s cutt+ d[n ( ! supplies is practicable4 ,nor aga9 c !re be alleg$ a possible correlation betwe5 ^! dim9utions & t %ort5+ ( ! jaws :i* has probably result$ f selection2 = 9 ! bull-dog1 :i* has also relatively %ort jaws1 ^! /ructures conc]n$ 9 clos+ !m are unusually l>ge4 ,?us !re rema9s z ! only conceivable cause1 ! dim9ution ( size :i* results f dim9i%$ use4 ,! dw9dl+ ( a little-ex]cis$ "p has1 by inh]itance1 be5 made m & m m>k$ 9 successive g5]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,difficulties ( ano!r class may next be exemplifi$--^? :i* pres5t !mselves :5 we ask h[ !re c be effect$ by ! selection ( fav\rable v>iations1 su* *anges ( /ructure z adapt an organism to "s useful action 9 :i* _m diff]5t p>ts co-op]ate4 ,none c fail to see h[ a simple "p may1 9 c\rse ( g5]ations1 be greatly enl>g$1 if ea* enl>gem5t fur!rs1 9 "s decid$ way1 ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,x is easy to und]/&1 too1 h[ a complex "p1 z an entire limb1 may be increas$ z a :ole by ! simultane\s due increase ( its co-op]ative p>ts2 s9ce if1 :ile x is gr[+1 ! *annels ( supply br+ to ! limb an unusual quantity ( blood1 !re w naturally result a proportionately great] size ( all its compon5ts--bones1 muscles1 art]ies1 ve9s1 c4 ,b ?\gh 9 cases l ?is1 ! co-op]ative p>ts =m+ "s l>ge complex "p may be expect$ to v>y toge!r1 no?+ implies t !y necess>ily d s2 & we h pro( t 9 v>i\s cases1 ev5 :5 closely unit$1 !y d n d s4 ,an example is furni%$ by ^? bl9d crabs nam$ 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species :i* inhabit c]ta9 d>k caves ( ,k5tucky1 & :i*1 ?\gh !y h lo/ _! eyes1 h n lo/ ! foot-/alks :i* c>ri$ _! eyes4 ,9 describ+ ! v>ieties :i* h be5 produc$ by pigeon-fanci]s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 notes ! fact t along ) *anges 9 l5g? ( beak produc$ by selection1 !re h n gone proportionate *anges 9 l5g? ( tongue4 ,take aga9 ! case ( tee? & jaws4 ,9 mank9d ^! h n v>i$ toge!r4 ,dur+ civilization ! jaws h decreas$1 b ! tee? h n decreas$ 9 proportion2 & h5ce t preval5t cr[d+ ( !m1 (t5 rem$i$ 9 *ildhood by extraction ( "s1 & 9 o!r cases caus+ t imp]fect developm5t :i* is foll[$ by e>ly decay4 ,b ! abs5ce ( proportionate v>iation 9 co-op]ative p>ts t are close toge!r1 & are ev5 b\nd up 9 ! same mass1 is be/ se5 9 ^? v>ieties ( dogs nam$ above z illu/rat+ ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse4 ,we see 9 !m1 z we see 9 ! human race1 t dim9ution 9 ! jaws has n be5 accompani$ by correspond+ dim9ution 9 ! tee?4 ,9 ! catalogue ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons ,museum1 !re is app5d$ to ! entry :i* id5tifies a ,bl5heim ,spaniel's skull1 ! words--! tee? are closely cr[d$ toge!r1 & to ! entry conc]n+ ! skull ( a ,k+ ,*>les's ,spaniel ! words--! tee? are closely pack$1 p4 #c1 is plac$ q transv]sely to ! axis ( ! skull4 ,x is fur!r notewor?y t 9 a case :]e !re is no dim9i%$ use ( ! jaws1 b :]e !y h be5 %ort5$ by selection1 a l want ( concomitant v>iation is manife/$3 ! case be+ t ( ! bull-dog1 9 ! upp] jaw ( :i* also1 ! premol>s 444 are excessively cr[d$1 & plac$ obliquely or ev5 transv]sely to ! long axis ( ! skull4#da ,if1 !n1 9 cases :]e we c te/ x1 we f9d no concomitant v>iation 9 co-op]ative p>ts t are ne> toge!r--if we d n f9d x 9 p>ts :i*1 ?\gh belong+ to diff]5t tissues1 are s closely unit$ z tee? & jaws--if we d n f9d x ev5 :5 ! co-op]ative p>ts are n only closely unit$1 b are =m$ out ( ! same tissue1 l ! crab's eye & its p$uncle2 :at %all we say ( co-op]ative p>ts :i*1 besides be+ compos$ ( diff]5t tissues1 are remote f "o ano!r8 ,n only are we =bidd5 to assume t !y v>y toge!r1 b we are w>rant$ 9 ass]t+ t !y c h no t5d5cy to v>y toge!r4 ,& :at are ! implications 9 cases :]e increase ( a /ructure c be ( no s]vice unless !re is concomitant increase 9 _m di/ant /ructures1 :i* h to jo9 x 9 p]=m+ ! action = :i* x is useful8 ,z f> back z #ahfd 7,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 #aff7 ,i nam$ 9 illu/ration an animal c>ry+ heavy horns--! ext9ct ,iri% elk2 & indicat$ ! _m *anges 9 bones1 muscles1 blood-vessels1 n]ves1 compos+ ! =e-"p ( ! body1 :i* w\ld be requir$ to make an increm5t ( size 9 su* horns advantage\s4 ,"h let me take ano!r in/ance--t ( ! giraffe3 an in/ance :i* ,i take p>tly because1 9 ! six? edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 issu$ 9 #ahgb1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has ref]r$ to ?is animal :5 effectually dispos+ ( c]ta9 argum5ts urg$ aga9/ 8 hypo!sis4 ,he !re says3-- ,9 ord] t an animal %\ld acquire "s /ructure specially & l>gely develop$1 x is almo/ indisp5sable t sev]al o!r p>ts %\ld be modifi$ & co-adapt$4 ,al?\gh e "p ( ! body v>ies slightly1 x does n foll[ t ! necess>y p>ts %\ld always v>y 9 ! "r direction & to ! "r degree 7p4 #agi74 ,& 9 ! summ>y ( ! *apt]1 he rem>ks conc]n+ ! adju/m5ts 9 ! same quadrup$1 t ! prolong$ use ( all ! p>ts toge!r ) inh]itance w h aid$ 9 an important mann] 9 _! co-ord9ation 7p4 #aii73 a rem>k probably hav+ ref]5ce *iefly to ! increas$ massiv5ess ( ! l[] "p ( ! neck2 ! increas$ size & /r5g? ( ! ?orax requir$ to be> ! additional burd52 & ! increas$ /r5g? ( ! =e-legs requir$ to c>ry ! great] weight ( bo?4 ,b n[ ,i ?9k t fur!r consid]ation sugge/s ! belief t ! entail$ modifications are mu* m num]\s & remote ?an at fir/ appe>s2 & t ! great] "p ( ^! are su* z _c be ascrib$ 9 any degree to ! selection ( fav\rable v>iations1 b mu/ be ascrib$ exclusively to ! inh]it$ effects ( *ang$ functions4 ,:oev] has se5 a giraffe gallop w long rememb] ! sight z a ludicr\s "o4 ,! reason = ! /rang5ess ( ! motions is obvi\s4 ,?\gh ! =e limbs & ! h9d limbs diff] s mu* 9 l5g?1 yet 9 gallop+ !y h to keep pace--mu/ take equal /rides4 ,! result is t at ea* /ride1 ! angle :i* ! h9d limbs describe r\nd _! c5tre ( motion is mu* l>g] ?an ! angle describ$ by ! =e limbs4 ,& beyond ?is1 z an aid 9 equaliz+ ! /rides1 ! h9d "p ( ! back is at ea* /ride b5t v mu* d[nw>ds & =w>ds4 ,h5ce ! h9d-qu>t]s appe> to be do+ ne>ly all ! "w4 ,n[ a mom5t's obs]vation %[s t ! bones & muscles compos+ ! h9d-qu>t]s ( ! giraffe1 p]=m actions diff]+ 9 "o or o!r way & degree1 f ! actions p]=m$ by ! homolog\s bones & muscles 9 a mammal ( ord9>y proportions1 & f ^? 9 ! ance/ral mammal :i* gave orig9 to ! giraffe4 ,ea* fur!r /age ( t gr[? :i* produc$ ! l>ge =e-qu>t]s & neck1 entail$ "s adapt$ *ange 9 sundry ( ! num]\s p>ts compos+ ! h9d-qu>t]s2 s9ce any failure 9 ! adju/m5t ( _! respective /r5g?s w\ld entail "s defect 9 spe$ & consequ5t loss ( life :5 *as$4 ,x ne$s b to rememb] h[1 :5 cont9u+ to walk ) a bli/]$ foot1 ! tak+ ( /eps 9 su* a modifi$ way z to dim9i% pressure on ! sore po9t1 soon produces a*+ ( muscles :i* are call$ into unusual action1 to see t ov]-/ra9+ ( any "o ( ! muscles ( ! giraffe's h9d-qu>t]s might quickly incapacitate ! animal :5 putt+ out all its p[]s to escape2 & to be a few y>ds beh9d o!rs w\ld cause dea?4 ,h5ce if we are deb>r$ f assum+ t co-op]ative p>ts v>y toge!r ev5 :5 adjac5t & closely unit$--if we are /ill m deb>r$ f assum+ t ) increas$ l5g? ( =e-legs or ( neck1 !re w g an appropriate *ange 9 any "o muscle or bone 9 ! h9d-qu>t]s2 h[ entirely out ( ! "q x is to assume t !re w simultane\sly take place ! appropriate *anges 9 all ^? _m compon5ts ( ! h9d-qu>t]s :i* sev]ally require re-adju/m5t4 ,x is useless to reply t an increm5t ( l5g? 9 ! =e-legs or neck might be reta9$ & transmitt$ to po/]ity1 wait+ an appropriate v>iation 9 a p>ticul> bone or muscle 9 ! h9d-qu>t]s1 :i*1 be+ made1 w\ld all[ ( a fur!r increm5t4 ,= besides ! fact t until ?is second>y v>iation occurr$ ! prim>y v>iation w\ld be a disadvantage (t5 fatal2 & besides ! fact t be=e su* an appropriate second>y v>iation might be expect$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations to occur1 ! prim>y v>iation w\ld h di$ out2 !re is ! fact t ! appropriate v>iation ( "o bone or muscle 9 ! h9d-qu>t]s w\ld be useless )\t appropriate v>iations ( all ! re/--"s 9 ?is way & "s 9 t--a numb] ( appropriate v>iations :i* x is impossible to suppose4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,f> m num]\s appropriate v>iations w\ld be indirectly necessitat$4 ,! imm5se *ange 9 ! ratio ( =e-qu>t]s to h9d-qu>t]s w\ld make requisite a correspond+ *ange ( ratio 9 ! appliances c>ry+ on ! nutrition ( ! two4 ,! entire vascul> sy/em1 art]ial & ve9\s1 w\ld h to und]go successive unbuild+s & rebuild+s to make its *annels ev]y:]e adequate to ! local requirem5ts2 s9ce any want ( adju/m5t 9 ! blood-supply 9 ?is or t set ( muscles1 w\ld entail incapacity1 failure ( spe$1 & loss ( life4 ,moreov] ! n]ves supply+ ! v>i\s sets ( muscles w\ld h to be proportionately *ang$2 z well z ! c5tral n]v\s tracts f :i* !y issu$4 ,c we suppose t all ^! appropriate *anges1 too1 w\ld be /ep by /ep simultane\sly made by =tunate spontane\s v>iations1 occurr+ along ) all ! o!r =tunate spontane\s v>iations8 ,consid]+ h[ imm5se mu/ be ! numb] ( ^! requir$ *anges1 add$ to ! *anges above enum]at$1 ! *ances aga9/ any adequate re-adju/m5ts =tuit\sly aris+ mu/ be inf9ity to "o4 ,if ! effects ( use & disuse ( p>ts are inh]itable1 !n any *ange 9 ! =e p>ts ( ! giraffe :i* affects ! action ( ! h9d limbs & back1 w simultane\sly cause1 by ! great] or less ex]cise ( x1 a re-m\ld+ ( ea* compon5t 9 ! h9d limbs & back 9 a way adapt$ to ! new dem&s2 & g5]ation aft] g5]ation ! entire /ructure ( ! h9d-qu>t]s w be progressively fitt$ to ! *ang$ /ructure ( ! =e-qu>t]s3 all ! appliances = nutrition & inn]vation be+ at ! same "t progressively fitt$ to bo?4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications1 !re is no see+ h[ ! requir$ re-adju/m5ts c be made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yet a ?ird class ( difficulties /&s 9 ! way ( ! belief t ! natural selection ( useful v>iations is ! sole factor ( organic evolution4 ,?is class ( difficulties1 already po9t$ out 9 #aff ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,i _c m cle>ly set =? ?an 9 ! words !re us$4 ,h5ce ,i may p]haps be excus$ = "h quot+ !m4 ,:]e ! life is comp>atively simple1 or :]e surr\nd+ circum/ances r5d] "s "o function supremely important1 ! survival ( ! fitte/ may readily br+ ab\t ! appropriate /ructural *ange1 )\t any aid f ! transmission ( functionally-acquir$ modifications4 ,b 9 proportion z ! life gr[s complex--9 proportion z a heal?y exi/5ce _c be secur$ by a l>ge end[m5t ( "s "o p[]1 b dem&s _m p[]s2 9 ! same proportion d !re arise ob/acles to ! increase ( any p>ticul> p[]1 by '! pres]vation ( fav\r$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life4' ,z fa/ z ! faculties are multipli$1 s fa/ does x become possible = ! sev]al memb]s ( a species to h v>i\s k9ds ( sup]iorities ov] "o ano!r4 ,:ile "o saves its life by high] spe$1 ano!r does ! l by cle>] vision1 ano!r by ke5] sc5t1 ano!r by quick] he>+1 ano!r by great] /r5g?1 ano!r by unusual p[] ( endur+ cold or hung]1 ano!r by special sagacity1 ano!r by special timidity1 ano!r by special c\rage2 & o!rs by o!r bodily & m5tal attributes4 ,n[ x is unque/ionably true t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ea* ( ^! attributes1 giv+ its possessor an extra *ance ( life1 is likely to be transmitt$ to po/]ity4 ,b !re seems no reason to suppose t x w be increas$ 9 subsequ5t g5]ations by natural selection4 ,t x may be ?us increas$1 ! individuals n possess+ m ?an av]age end[m5ts ( x1 mu/ be m frequ5tly kill$ (f ?an individuals highly end[$ ) x2 & ?is c happ5 only :5 ! attribute is "o ( great] importance1 = ! "t be+1 ?an mo/ ( ! o!r attributes4 ,if ^? memb]s ( ! species :i* h b ord9>y %>es ( x1 nev]!less survive by virtue ( o!r sup]iorities :i* !y sev]ally possess2 !n x is n easy to see h[ ?is p>ticul> attribute c be develop$ by natural selection 9 subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,! probability seems r to be1 t by gamog5esis1 ?is extra end[m5t w1 on ! av]age1 be dim9i%$ 9 po/]ity--j s]v+ 9 ! long run to comp5sate ! defici5t end[m5ts ( o!r individuals1 ^: special p[]s lie 9 o!r directions2 & s to keep up ! normal /ructure ( ! species4 ,! work+ out ( ! process is "h some:at difficult to foll[2 b x appe>s to me t z fa/ z ! numb] ( bodily & m5tal faculties increases1 & z fa/ z ! ma9t5ance ( life comes to dep5d less on ! am\nt ( any "o1 & m on ! comb9$ action ( all2 s fa/ does ! production ( specialities ( "* by natural selection alone1 become difficult4 ,p>ticul>ly does ?is seem to be s ) a species s multitud9\s 9 its p[]s z mank9d2 & above all does x seem to be s ) su* ( ! human p[]s z h b m9or %>es 9 aid+ ! /ruggle = life--! /hetic faculties1 = example4 ,dwell+ = a mom5t on ?is la/ illu/ration ( ! class ( difficulties describ$1 let u ask h[ we are to int]pret ! developm5t ( ! musical faculty4 ,i w n enl>ge on ! family antec$5ts ( ! great compos]s4 ,i w m]ely sugge/ ! inquiry :e!r ! great] p[]s possess$ by ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t1 by ,web] & ,ross9i1 ?an by _! fa!rs1 7 n due 9 l>g] measure to ! inh]it$ effects ( daily ex]cise ( ! musical faculty by _! fa!rs1 ?an to inh]itance1 ) increase1 ( spontane\s v>iations2 & :e!r ! diffus$ musical p[]s ( ! ,ba* clan1 culm9at+ 9 ^? ( ,johann ,seba/ian1 did n result 9 "p f con/ant practice2 b ,i w raise ! m g5]al "q--,h[ came !re t end[m5t ( musical faculty :i* *>act]izes mod]n ,europeans at l>ge1 z comp>$ ) _! remote ance/ors4 ,! monoton\s *ants ( l[ savages _c be said to %[ any melodic inspiration2 & x is n evid5t t an individual savage :o _h a little m musical p]ception ?an ! re/1 w\ld d]ive any su* advantage 9 ! ma9t5ance ( life z w\ld secure ! spread ( 8 sup]iority by inh]itance ( ! v>iation4 ,& !n :at are we to say ( h>mony8 ,we _c suppose t ! appreciation ( ?is1 :i* is relatively mod]n1 c h aris5 by desc5t f ! m5 9 :om successive v>iations increas$ ! appreciation ( x--! compos]s & musical p]=m]s2 = on ! :ole1 ^! h be5 m5 ^: worldly prosp]ity 0 n su* z enabl$ !m to re> _m *ildr5 inh]it+ _! special traits4 ,ev5 if we c\nt ! illegitimate ones1 ! survivors ( ^! add$ to ! survivors ( ! legitimate ones1 c h>dly be held to h yield$ m ?an av]age numb]s ( desc5dants2 & ^? :o inh]it$ _! special traits h n (t5 be5 !reby s aid$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z to fur!r ! spread ( su* traits4 ,r ! t5d5cy seems to h be5 ! rev]se4 ,s9ce ! above passage 0 writt51 ,i h f\nd 9 ! second volume ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 a rem>k made by ,mr4 ,d>w91 practically imply+ t among creatures :i* dep5d = _! lives on ! effici5cy ( num]\s p[]s1 ! increase ( any "o by ! natural selection ( a v>iation is necess>ily difficult4 ,"h x is4 ,f9ally1 z indef9ite & almo/ illimitable v>iability is ! usual result ( dome/ication & cultivation1 ) ! same "p or organ v>y+ 9 diff]5t individuals 9 diff]5t or ev5 9 directly opposite ways2 & z ! same v>iation1 if /rongly pron\nc$1 usually recurs only aft] long int]vals ( "t1 any p>ticul> v>iation w\ld g5]ally be lo/ by cross+1 rev]sion1 & ! accid5tal de/ruction ( ! v>y+ individuals1 unless c>efully pres]v$ by man4--,vol4 ii1 #bib4 ,rememb]+ t mank9d1 subject z !y are to ?is dome/ication & cultivation1 are n1 l dome/icat$ animals1 "u an ag5cy :i* picks out & pres]ves p>ticul> v>iations2 x results t !re mu/ usually be among !m1 "u ! influ5ce ( natural selection alone1 a cont9ual disappe>ance ( any useful v>iations ( p>ticul> faculties :i* may arise4 ,only 9 cases ( v>iations :i* are specially pres]vative1 z = example1 great cunn+ dur+ a relatively b>b>\s /ate1 c we expect increase f natural selection alone4 ,we _c suppose t m9or traits1 exemplifi$ among o!rs by ! /hetic p]ceptions1 c h be5 evolv$ by natural selection4 ,b if !re is inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications ( /ructure1 evolution ( su* m9or traits is no long] inexplicable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two rem>ks made by ,mr4 ,d>w9 h implications f :i* ! same g5]al conclusion mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be drawn4 ,speak+ ( ! v>iability ( animals & plants "u dome/ication1 he says3-- ,*anges ( any k9d 9 ! conditions ( life1 ev5 extremely slight *anges1 (t5 suffice to cause v>iability4444 ,animals & plants cont9ue to be v>iable = an imm5se p]iod aft] _! fir/ dome/ication2 444 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y c be habituat$ to c]ta9 *anges1 s z to become less v>iable2 444 ,!re is good evid5ce t ! p[] ( *ang$ conditions accumulates2 s t two1 ?ree1 or m g5]ations mu/ be expos$ to new conditions be=e any effect is visible4444 ,"s v>iations are induc$ by ! direct action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions on ! :ole organization1 or on c]ta9 p>ts alone1 & o!r v>iations are induc$ indirectly ?r\gh ! reproductive sy/em be+ affect$ 9 ! same mann] z is s common ) organic be+s :5 remov$ f _! natural conditions4--7,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii1 #bgj47 ,!re are to be recogniz$ two modes ( ?is effect produc$ by *ang$ conditions on ! reproductive sy/em1 & consequ5tly on (fspr+4 ,simple arre/ ( developm5t is "o4 ,b beyond ! v>iations ( (fspr+ aris+ f imp]fectly develop$ reproductive sy/ems 9 p>5ts--v>iations :i* mu/ be ord9>ily 9 ! nature ( imp]fections--!re are o!rs due to a *ang$ balance ( functions caus$ by *ang$ conditions4 ,! fact not$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! above passage1 t ! p[] ( *ang$ conditions accumulates2 s t two1 ?ree1 or m g5]ations mu/ be expos$ to new conditions be=e any effect is visible1 implies t dur+ ^! g5]ations !re is go+ on "s *ange ( con/itution consequ5t on ! *ang$ proportions & relations ( ! functions4 ,i w n dwell on ! implication1 :i* seems tol]ably cle>1 t ?is *ange mu/ consi/ ( su* modifications ( organs z adapt !m to _! *ang$ functions2 & t if ! influ5ce ( *ang$ conditions accumulates1 x mu/ be ?r\gh ! inh]itance ( su* modifications4 ,nor w ,i press ! "q--,:at is ! nature ( ! effect regi/]$ 9 ! reproductive elem5ts1 & :i* is subsequ5tly manife/$ by v>iations8--,is x an effect entirely irrelevant to ! new requirem5ts ( ! v>iety8--,or is x an effect :i* makes ! v>iety less fit = ! new requirem5ts8--,or is x an effect :i* makes x m fit = ! new requirem5ts8 ,b n press+ ^! que/ions1 x suffices to po9t out ! necess>y implication t *ang$ functions ( organs d1 9 "s way or o!r1 regi/] !mselves 9 *ang$ proclivities ( ! reproductive elem5ts4 ,9 face ( ^! facts x _c be d5i$ t ! modifi$ action ( a "p produces an inh]itable effect--be ! nature ( t effect :at x may4 ,! second ( ! rem>ks above adv]t$ to z made by ,mr4 ,d>w91 is conta9$ 9 8 sections deal+ ) correlat$ v>iations4 ,9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #aad1 he says-- ,! :ole organization is s ti$ toge!r dur+ its gr[? & developm5t1 t :5 slight v>iations 9 any "o "p occur1 & are accumulat$ ?r\gh natural selection1 o!r p>ts become modifi$4 ,& a p>allel /atem5t conta9$ 9 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cbj1 runs ?us-- ,correlat$ v>iation is an important subject = u2 = :5 "o "p is modifi$ ?r\gh cont9u$ selection1 ei!r by man or "u nature1 o!r p>ts ( ! organization w be unavoidably modifi$4 ,f ?is correlation x app>5tly foll[s t1 ) our dome/icat$ animals & plants1 v>ieties r>ely or nev] diff] f ea* o!r by "s s+le "* alone4 ,by :at process does a *ang$ "p modify o!r p>ts8 ,by modify+ _! functions 9 "s way or degree1 seems ! necess>y answ]4 ,x is inde$1 imag9able1 t :]e ! "p *ang$ is "s d]mal app5dage :i*1 becom+ l>g]1 has ab/ract$ m ( ! ne$ful mat]ial f ! g5]al /ock1 ! effect may consi/ simply 9 dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( ?is mat]ial available = o!r d]mal app5dages1 lead+ to dim9ution ( "s or all ( !m1 & may fail to affect 9 appreciable ways ! re/ ( ! organism3 save p]haps ! blood-vessels ne> ! enl>g$ app5dage4 ,b :]e ! "p is an active "o--a limb1 or viscus1 or any organ :i* con/antly dem&s blood1 produces wa/e matt]1 secretes1 or absorbs--!n all ! o!r active organs become implicat$ 9 ! *ange4 ,! functions p]=m$ by !m h to con/itute a mov+ equilibrium2 & ! function ( "o _c1 by alt]ation ( ! /ructure p]=m+ x1 be modifi$ 9 degree or k9d1 )\t modify+ ! functions ( ! re/--"s appreciably & o!rs inappreciably1 accord+ to ! directness or indirectness ( _! relations4 ,( su* int]-dep5d5t *anges1 ! normal ones are naturally inconspicu\s2 b ^? :i* are p>tially or completely abnormal1 suffici5tly c>ry home ! g5]al tru?4 ,?us1 unusual c]ebral excitem5t affects ! excretion ?r\gh ! kidneys 9 quantity or quality or bo?4 ,/rong emotions ( disagreeable k9ds *eck or arre/ ! fl[ ( bile4 ,a consid]able ob/acle to ! circulation (f]$ by "s important /ructure 9 a diseas$ or disord]$ /ate1 ?r[+ m /ra9 ^u ! he>t1 causes hyp]trophy ( its muscul> walls2 & ?is *ange :i* is1 s f> z conc]ns ! prim>y evil1 a rem$ial "o1 (t5 entails mis*iefs 9 o!r organs4 ,apoplexy & palsy1 9 a sc>cely cr$ible numb] ( cases1 are directly dep5d5t on hyp]trophic enl>gem5t ( ! he>t4 ,& 9 o!r cases1 a/hma1 dropsy1 & epilepsy are caus$4 ,n[ if a result ( ?is int]-dep5d5ce z se5 9 ! individual organism1 is t a local modification ( "o "p produces1 by *ang+ _! functions1 correlative modifications ( o!r p>ts1 !n ! "q "h to be put is--,are ^! correlative modifications1 :5 ( a k9d fall+ )9 normal limits1 inh]itable or n4 ,if !y are inh]itable1 !n ! fact /at$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 t :5 "o "p is modifi$ ?r\gh cont9u$ selection1 o!r p>ts ( ! organization w be unavoidably modifi$ is p]fectly intelligible3 ^! entail$ second>y modifications are transmitt$ p>i passu ) ! successive modifications produc$ by selection4 ,b :at if !y are n inh]itable8 ,!n ^! second>y modifications caus$ 9 ! individual1 n be+ transmitt$ to desc5dants1 ! desc5dants mu/ comm5ce life ) organizations out ( balance1 & ) ea* increm5t ( *ange 9 ! "p affect$ by selection1 _! organizations mu/ get m out ( balance--mu/ h a l>g] & l>g] am\nts ( re-organization to be made dur+ _! lives4 ,h5ce ! con/itution ( ! v>iety mu/ become m & m unworkable4 ,! only imag9able alt]native is t ! re-adju/m5ts are effect$ 9 c\rse ( "t by natural selection4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 z we f9d no pro( ( concomitant v>iation among directly co-op]ative p>ts :i* are closely unit$1 !re _c be assum$ any concomitant v>iation among p>ts :i* are bo? indirectly co-op]ative & f> f "o ano!r4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 be=e all ! _m requir$ re-adju/m5ts c\ld be made1 ! v>iety w\ld die out f defective con/itution4 ,ev5 7 !re no su* difficulty1 we %\ld /ill h to ent]ta9 a /range gr\p ( propositions1 :i* w\ld /& z foll[s3--#a4 ,*ange 9 "o "p entails1 by reaction on ! organism1 *anges1 9 o!r p>ts1 ! functions ( :i* are necess>ily *ang$4 #b4 ,su* *anges work$ 9 ! individual1 affect1 9 "s way1 ! reproductive elem5ts3 ^! be+ f\nd to evolve unusual /ructures :5 ! con/itutional balance has be5 cont9u\sly di/urb$4 #c4 ,b ! *anges 9 ! reproductive elem5ts ?us caus$1 are n su* z repres5t ^! functionally-produc$ *anges3 ! modifications convey$ to (fspr+ are irrelevant to ^! v>i\s modifications functionally produc$ 9 ! organs ( ! p>5ts4 #d4 ,nev]!less1 :ile ! balance ( functions _c be re-e/abli%$ ?r\gh inh]itance ( ! effects ( di/urb$ functions on /ructures1 wr\ght ?r\gh\t ! individual organism2 x c be re-e/abli%$ by ! inh]itance ( =tuit\s v>iations :i* occur 9 all ! affect$ organs )\t ref]5ce to ^! *anges ( function4 ,n[ )\t say+ t acceptance ( ?is gr\p ( propositions is impossible1 we may c]ta9ly say t x is n easy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :]e are ! direct pro(s t inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications takes place8 is a "q :i* w be put by ^? :o h committ$ !mselves to ! curr5t exclusive int]pretation4 ,grant t !re are difficulties2 /ill1 be=e ! transmitt$ effects ( use & disuse c be legitimately assign$ 9 explanation ( !m1 we mu/ h good evid5ce t ! effects ( use & disuse are transmitt$4 ,be=e deal+ directly ) ?is demurr]1 let me deal ) x indirectly1 by po9t+ out t ! lack ( recogniz$ evid5ce may be acc\nt$ = )\t assum+ t !re is n pl5ty ( x4 ,inatt5tion & reluctant att5tion lead to ! ignor+ ( facts :i* really exi/ 9 abundance2 z is well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( pre-hi/oric implem5ts4 ,biass$ by ! curr5t belief t no traces ( man 7 to be f\nd on ! ,e>?'s surface1 save 9 c]ta9 sup]ficial =mations ( v rec5t date1 geologi/s & an?ropologi/s n only neglect$ to seek su* traces1 b = a long "t cont9u$ to pooh-pooh ^? :o said !y _h f\nd !m4 ,:5 ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s at l5g? succe$$ 9 draw+ ! eyes ( sci5tific m5 to ! fl9t implem5ts discov]$ by him 9 ! qu>t]n>y deposits ( ! ,somme valley2 & :5 geologi/s & an?ropologi/s _h ?us be5 conv9c$ t evid5ces ( human exi/5ce 7 to be f\nd 9 =mations ( consid]able age1 & !reaft] began to se>* = !m2 !y f\nd pl5ty ( !m all ov] ! _w4 ,or aga91 to take an in/ance closely g]mane to ! matt]1 we may recall ! fact t ! contemptu\s attitude t[>ds ! hypo!sis ( organic evolution :i* naturali/s 9 g5]al ma9ta9$ be=e ! publication ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w1 prev5t$ !m f see+ ! multitud9\s facts by :i* x is support$4 ,simil>ly1 x is v possible t _! ali5ation f ! belief t !re is a transmission ( ^? *anges ( /ructure :i* are produc$ by *anges ( action1 makes naturali/s slight ! evid5ce :i* supports t belief & refuse to occupy !mselves 9 seek+ fur!r evid5ce4 ,if x be ask$ h[ x happ5s t !re h be5 record$ multitud9\s in/ances ( v>iations =tuit\sly aris+ & re-appe>+ 9 (fspr+1 :ile !re h n be5 record$ in/ances ( ! transmission ( *anges functionally produc$1 !re are ?ree replies4 ,! fir/ is t *anges ( ! "o class are _m ( !m conspicu\s1 :ile ^? ( ! o!r class are ne>ly all inconspicu\s4 ,if a *ild is born ) six f+]s1 ! anomaly is n simply obvi\s b s />tl+ z to attract mu* notice2 & if ?is *ild1 gr[+ up1 has six-f+]$ desc5d5ts1 ev]ybody 9 ! locality he>s ( x4 ,a pigeon ) specially-col\r$ fea!rs1 or "o di/+ui%$ by a broad5$ & uprais$ tail1 or by a protub]ance ( ! neck1 draws att5tion by its oddness2 & if 9 its "y ! trait is repeat$1 occasionally ) increase1 ! fact is rem>k$1 & !re foll[s ! ?\ght ( e/abli%+ ! peculi>ity by selection4 ,a lamb disabl$ f leap+ by ! %ortness ( its legs1 c\ld n fail to be obs]v$2 & ! fact t its (fspr+ 7 simil>ly %ort-legg$1 & _h a consequ5t inability to get ov] f5ces1 w\ld inevitably become widely kn[n4 ,simil>ly ) plants4 ,t ?is fl[] _h an extra numb] ( petals1 t t 0 unusually symmetrical1 & t ano!r diff]$ consid]ably 9 col\r f ! av]age ( its k9d1 w\ld be easily se5 by an obs]vant g>d5]2 & ! suspicion t su* anomalies are inh]itable hav+ aris51 exp]im5ts lead+ to fur!r pro(s t !y are s1 w\ld frequ5tly be made4 ,b x is n ?us ) functionally-produc$ modifications4 ,! seats ( ^! are 9 ne>ly all cases ! muscul>1 osse\s1 & n]v\s sy/ems1 & ! visc]a--p>ts :i* are ei!r entirely hidd5 or greatly obscur$4 ,modification 9 a n]v\s c5tre is inaccessible to vision2 bones may be consid]ably alt]$ 9 size or %ape )\t att5tion be+ drawn to !m2 &1 cov]$ ) ?ick coats z are mo/ ( ! animals op5 to cont9u\s obs]vation1 ! increases or decreases 9 muscles mu/ be great be=e !y become ext]nally p]ceptible4 ,a fur!r important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two inquiries is t to asc]ta9 :e!r a =tuit\s v>iation is inh]itable1 ne$s m]ely a little att5tion to ! selection ( individuals & ! obs]vation ( (fspr+2 :ile to asc]ta9 :e!r !re is inh]itance ( a functionally-produc$ modification1 x is requisite to make arrangem5ts :i* dem& ! great] or small] ex]cise ( "s "p or p>ts2 & x is difficult 9 _m cases to f9d su* arrangem5ts1 tr\blesome to ma9ta9 !m ev5 = "o g5]ation1 & /ill m ?r\gh successive g5]ations4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re exi/ /imuli to inquiry 9 ! "o case :i* d n exi/ 9 ! o!r4 ,! money-int]e/ & ! int]e/ ( ! fanci]1 act+ n[ sep>ately & n[ toge!r1 h prompt$ multitud9\s individuals to make exp]im5ts :i* h br\ght out cle> evid5ce t =tuit\s v>iations are inh]it$4 ,! cattle-bre$]s :o pr(it by produc+ c]ta9 %apes & qualities2 ! keep]s ( pet animals :o take pride 9 ! p]fections ( ^? !y h br$2 ! flori/s1 pr(essional & amateur1 :o obta9 new v>ieties & take prizes2 =m a body ( m5 :o furni% naturali/s ) c\ntless ( ! requir$ pro(s4 ,b !re is no su* body ( m51 l$ ei!r by pecuni>y int]e/ or ! int]e/ ( a hobby1 to asc]ta9 by exp]im5ts :e!r ! effects ( use & disuse are inh]itable4 ,?us1 !n1 !re are amply suffici5t reasons :y !re is a great deal ( direct evid5ce 9 ! "o case & b little 9 ! o!r3 su* little be+ t :i* comes out incid5tally4 ,let u look at :at !re is ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid]able weight atta*es to a fact :i* ,br[n-,squ>d discov]$1 q by accid5t1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es4 ,he f\nd t c]ta9 artificially-produc$ lesions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 s small ev5 z a section ( ! sciatic n]ve1 left1 aft] heal+1 an increas+ excitability :i* end$ 9 liability to epilepsy2 & !re aft]w>ds came out ! unlook$-= result t ! (fspr+ ( gu9ea-pigs :i* _h ?us acquir$ an epileptic habit su* t a p9* on ! neck w\ld produce a fit1 inh]it$ an epileptic habit ( l k9d4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 s9ce alleg$ t gu9ea pigs t5d to epilepsy1 & t ph5om5a ( ! k9d describ$1 occur :]e !re h be5 no antec$5ts l ^? 9 ,br[n-,squ>d's case4 ,b consid]+ ! improbability t ! ph5om5a obs]v$ by him happ5$ to be no?+ m ?an ph5om5a :i* occasionally arise naturally1 we may1 until !re is good pro( to ! contr>y1 assign "s value to 8 results4 ,evid5ce n ( ?is directly exp]im5tal k9d1 b nev]!less ( consid]able weight1 is furni%$ by o!r n]v\s disord]s4 ,!re is pro( en\gh t insanity admits ( be+ induc$ by circum/ances :i*1 9 "o or o!r way1 d]ange ! n]v\s functions--excesses ( ?is or t k9d2 & no "o que/ions ! accept$ belief t insanity is inh]itable4 ,is x alleg$ t ! insanity :i* is inh]itable is t :i* spontane\sly arises1 & t ! insanity :i* foll[s "s *ronic p]v]sion ( functions is n inh]itable8 ,?is does n seem a v reasonable allegation2 & until "s w>rant = x is =?com+1 we may fairly assume t !re is "h a fur!r support = belief 9 ! transmission ( functionally-produc$ *anges4 ,moreov]1 ,i f9d among physicians ! belief t n]v\s disord]s ( a less sev]e k9d are inh]itable4 ,m5 :o h pro/rat$ _! n]v\s sy/ems by prolong$ ov]work or 9 "s o!r way1 h *ildr5 m or less prone to n]v\sness4 ,x matt]s n :at may be ! =m ( inh]itance--:e!r x be ( a bra9 9 "s way imp]fect1 or ( a defici5t blood-supply2 x is 9 any case ! inh]itance ( functionally-modifi$ /ructures4 ,v]ification ( ! reasons above giv5 = ! paucity ( ?is direct evid5ce1 is yield$ by contemplation ( x2 = x is obs]vable t ! cases nam$ are cases :i*1 f "o or o!r cause1 h ?ru/ !mselves on obs]vation4 ,!y ju/ify ! suspicion t x is n because su* cases are r>e t _m ( !m _c be cit$2 b simply because !y are mo/ly unobtrusive1 & to be f\nd only by t delib]ate se>* :i* nobody makes4 ,i say nobody1 b ,i am wrong4 ,successful se>* has be5 made by "o ^: compet5ce z an obs]v] is beyond "q1 & ^: te/imony is less liable ?an t ( all o!rs to any bias t[>ds ! conclusion t su* inh]itance takes place4 ,i ref] to ! au?or ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[-a-days mo/ naturali/s are m ,d>w9ian ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself4 ,i d n mean t _! beliefs 9 organic evolution are m decid$2 ?\gh ,i %all be suppos$ to mean ?is by ! mass ( read]s1 :o id5tify ,mr4 ,d>w9's great contribution to ! !ory ( organic evolution1 ) ! !ory ( organic evolution itself1 & ev5 ) ! !ory ( evolution at l>ge4 ,b ,i mean t ! p>ticul> factor :i* he fir/ recogniz$ z hav+ play$ s imm5se a "p 9 organic evolution1 has come to be reg>d$ by 8 foll[]s z ! sole factor1 ?\gh x 0 n s reg>d$ by him4 ,x is true t he app>5tly reject$ altoge!r ! causal ag5cies alleg$ by e>li] inquir]s4 ,9 ! ,hi/orical ,sket* prefix$ to ! lat] editions ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,species 7p4 xiv1 note71 he writes3--,x is curi\s h[ l>gely my gr&fa!r1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 anticipat$ ! views & errone\s gr\nds ( op9ion ( ,lam>ck 9 8 ',zoonomia' 7vol4 i1 pp4 #ejj-eaj71 publi%$ 9 #agid4 ,& s9ce1 among ! views ?us ref]r$ to1 0 ! view t *anges ( /ructure 9 organisms arise by ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ *anges1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems1 by ! above s5t5ce1 to h impli$ 8 disbelief 9 su* inh]itance4 ,b he did n mean to imply ?is2 = 8 belief 9 x z a cause ( evolution1 if n an important cause1 is prov$ by _m passages 9 8 works4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species 7p4 #h ( ! six? edition71 he says respect+ ! inh]it$ effects ( habit1 t ) animals ! increas$ use or disuse ( p>ts has _h a m m>k$ influ5ce2 & he gives z in/ances ! *ang$ relative weights ( ! w+ bones & leg bones ( ! wild duck & ! dome/ic duck1 ! great & inh]it$ developm5t ( ! udd]s 9 c[s & goats1 & ! droop+ e>s ( v>i\s dome/ic animals4 ,"h are o!r passages tak5 f ! late/ edition ( ! "w4 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t use 9 our dome/ic animals has /r5g!n$ & enl>g$ c]ta9 p>ts1 & disuse dim9i%$ !m2 & t su* modifications are inh]it$ 7p4 #ajh74 ,& on ! foll[+ pages he gives five fur!r examples ( su* effects4 ,habit 9 produc+ con/itutional peculi>ities & use 9 /r5g!n+ & disuse 9 weak5+ & dim9i%+ organs1 appe> 9 _m cases to h be5 pot5t 9 _! effects 7p4 #aca74 ,:5 discuss+ special cases1 ,mr4 ,miv>t passes ov] ! effects ( ! increas$ use & disuse ( p>ts1 :i* ,i h always ma9ta9$ to be highly important1 & h treat$ 9 my ',v>iation "u ,dome/ication' at great] l5g? ?an1 z ,i believe1 any o!r writ] 7p4 #agf74 ,disuse1 on ! o!r h&1 w acc\nt = ! less develop$ condition ( ! :ole inf]ior half ( ! body1 includ+ ! lat]al f9s 7p4 #ahh74 ,i may give ano!r in/ance ( a /ructure :i* app>5tly owes its orig9 exclusively to use or habit 7p4 #ahh74 ,x appe>s probable t disuse has be5 ! ma9 ag5t 9 r5d]+ organs rudim5t>y 7pp4 #djj-dja74 ,on ! :ole1 we may conclude t habit1 or use & disuse1 h1 9 "s cases1 play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! modification ( ! con/itution & /ructure2 b t ! effects h (t5 be5 l>gely comb9$ )1 & sometimes ov]ma/]$ by1 ! natural selection ( innate v>iations 7p4 #aad74 ,9 8 subsequ5t "w1 ,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 :]e he goes into full detail1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 gives m num]\s illu/rations ( ! inh]it$ effects ( use & disuse4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! cases1 quot$ f volume i ( ! fir/ edition4 ,treat+ ( dome/icat$ rabbits1 he says3--! want ( ex]cise has app>5tly modifi$ ! proportional l5g? ( ! limbs 9 comp>ison ) ! body 7p4 #aaf74 ,we ?us see t ! mo/ important & complicat$ organ ! bra9 9 ! :ole organization is subject to ! law ( decrease 9 size f disuse 7p4 #abi74 ,he rem>ks t 9 birds ( ! oceanic isl&s n p]secut$ by any enemies1 ! r$uction ( _! w+s has probably be5 caus$ by gradual disuse4 ,aft] comp>+ "o ( ^!1 ! wat]-h5 ( ,tri/an d',acunha1 ) ! ,european wat]-h51 & %[+ t all ! bones conc]n$ 9 flight are small]1 he adds--,h5ce 9 ! skeleton ( ?is natural species ne>ly ! same *anges h occurr$1 only c>ri$ a little fur!r1 z ) our dome/ic ducks1 & 9 ?is latt] case ,i presume no "o w dispute t !y h result$ f ! less5$ use ( ! w+s & ! increas$ use ( ! legs 7pp4 #bhf-g74 ,z ) o!r long-dome/icat$ animals1 ! in/9cts ( ! silk-mo? h suff]$4 ,! cat]pill>s1 :5 plac$ on a mulb]ry-tree1 (t5 commit ! /range mi/ake ( dev\r+ ! base ( ! leaf on :i* !y are fe$+1 & consequ5tly fall d[n2 b !y are capable1 accord+ to ,m4 ,rob9et1 ( aga9 crawl+ up ! trunk4 ,ev5 ?is capacity sometimes fails1 = ,m4 ,m>t9s plac$ "s cat]pill>s on a tree1 & ^? :i* fell 7 n able to rem\nt & p]i%$ ( hung]2 !y 7 ev5 incapable ( pass+ f leaf to leaf 7p4 #cjd74 ,"h are "s in/ances ( l mean+ f volume ii4 ,9 _m cases !re is reason to believe t ! less5$ use ( v>i\s organs has affect$ ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! (fspr+4 ,b !re is no good evid5ce t ?is ev] foll[s 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le g5]ation4444 ,our dome/ic f[ls1 ducks1 & geese h almo/ lo/1 n only 9 ! individual b 9 ! race1 _! p[] ( flight2 = we d n see a *ick51 :5 fright5$1 take flight l a "y pheasant4444 ,) dome/ic pigeons1 ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 ! prom95ce ( its cre/1 ! l5g? ( ! scapul & furcula1 ! l5g? ( ! w+s z measur$ f tip to tip ( ! radius1 are all r$uc$ relatively to ! same p>ts 9 ! wild pigeon4 ,aft] detail+ k9dr$ dim9utions 9 f[ls & ducks1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 adds ,! decreas$ weight & size ( ! bones1 9 ! =ego+ cases1 is probably ! indirect result ( ! reaction ( ! weak5$ muscles on ! bones 7pp4 #big-h74 ,na?usius has %[n t1 ) ! improv$ races ( ! pig1 ! %ort5$ legs & sn\t1 ! =m ( ! articul> condyles ( ! occiput1 & ! position ( ! jaws ) ! upp] can9e tee? project+ 9 a mo/ anomal\s mann] 9 front ( ! l[] can9es1 may be attribut$ to ^! p>ts n hav+ be5 fully ex]cis$4444 ,^! modifications ( /ructure1 :i* are all /rictly inh]it$1 *>act]ise sev]al improv$ bre$s1 s t !y _c h be5 d]iv$ f any s+le dome/ic or wild /ock4 ,) respect to cattle1 ,pr(essor ,tann] has rem>k$ t ! lungs & liv] 9 ! improv$ bre$s 'are f\nd to be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 size :5 comp>$ ) ^? possess$ by animals hav+ p]fect lib]ty2' 444 ,! cause ( ! r$uc$ lungs 9 highly-br$ animals :i* take little ex]cise is obvi\s 7pp4 #bii-cjj74 ,& on pp4 #cja1 #cjb & #cjc1 he gives facts %[+ ! effects ( use & disuse 9 *ang+1 among dome/ic animals1 ! *>act]s ( ! e>s1 ! l5g?s ( ! inte/9es1 &1 9 v>i\s ways1 ! natures ( ! in/9cts4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9's admission1 or r 8 ass]tion1 t ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications has be5 a factor 9 organic evolution1 is made cle> n by ^! passages alone & by k9dr$ ones4 ,x is made cle>] /ill by a passage 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( 8 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,he !re prote/s aga9/ t curr5t v]sion ( 8 views 9 :i* ?is factor makes no appe>ance4 ,! passage is z foll[s4 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+ t my critics frequ5tly assume t ,i attribute all *anges ( corporeal /ructure & m5tal p[] exclusively to ! natural selection ( su* v>iations z are (t5 call$ spontane\s2 :]eas1 ev5 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' ,i di/9ctly /at$ t great weight mu/ be attribut$ to ! inh]it$ effects ( use & disuse1 ) respect bo? to ! body & m9d4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re is evid5ce t ,mr4 ,d>w9's belief 9 ! effici5cy ( ?is factor1 became /rong] z he grew old] & accumulat$ m evid5ce4 ,! fir/ ( ! extracts above giv51 tak5 f ! six? edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 runs ?us3-- ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t use 9 our dome/ic animals has /r5g!n$ & enl>g$ c]ta9 p>ts1 & disuse dim9i%$ !m2 & t su* modifications are inh]it$4 ,n[ on turn+ to ! fir/ edition1 p4 #acd1 x w be f\nd t in/ead ( ! words--,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt1 ! words orig9ally us$ 7--,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt4 ,t ?is delib]ate erasure ( a qualify+ ^w & sub/itution ( a ^w imply+ unqualifi$ belief1 0 due to a m decid$ recognition ( a factor orig9ally "u-e/imat$1 is cle>ly impli$ by ! word+ ( ! above-quot$ passage f ! preface to ! ,desc5t ( ,man2 :]e he says t ev5 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' c43 ! implication be+ t mu* m 9 subsequ5t editions1 & subsequ5t works1 _h he insi/$ on ?is factor4 ,! *ange ?us indicat$ is especially significant z hav+ occurr$ at a "t ( life :5 ! natural t5d5cy is t[>ds fixity ( op9ion4 ,dur+ t e>li] p]iod :5 he 0 discov]+ ! multitud9\s cases 9 :i* 8 own hypo!sis af=d$ solutions1 & simultane\sly obs]v+ h[ utt]ly futile 9 ^! multitud9\s cases 0 ! hypo!sis prop\nd$ by 8 gr&fa!r & ,lam>ck1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 01 n unnaturally1 almo/ betray$ into ! belief t ! "o is all-suffici5t & ! o!r inop]ative4 ,b 9 ! m9d ( "o s c&id & ev] op5 to m evid5ce1 !re naturally came a reaction4 ,! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications1 :i*1 judg+ by ! passage quot$ above conc]n+ ! views ( ^! e>li] enquir]s1 w\ld seem to h be5 at "o "t d5i$1 b :i* z we h se5 0 always to "s ext5t recogniz$1 came to be recogniz$ m & m1 & delib]ately includ$ z a factor ( importance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ?is reaction display$ 9 ! lat] writ+s ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 let u n[ ask--,has x n to be c>ri$ fur!r8 ,0 ! %>e 9 organic evolution :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 latt]ly assign$ to ! transmission ( modifications caus$ by use & disuse1 its due %>e8 ,consid]ation ( ! gr\ps ( evid5ces giv5 above1 w1 ,i ?9k1 lead u to believe t its %>e has be5 mu* l>g] ?an he suppos$ ev5 9 8 lat] days4 ,!re is fir/ ! implication yield$ by ext5sive classes ( ph5om5a :i* rema9 inexplicable 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is factor4 ,if1 z we see1 co-op]ative p>ts d n v>y toge!r1 ev5 :5 few & close toge!r1 & may n !re=e be assum$ to d s :5 _m & remote1 we _c acc\nt = ^? innum]able *anges 9 organization :i* are impli$ :51 = advantage\s use ( "s modifi$ "p1 _m o!r p>ts :i* jo9 x 9 action h to be modifi$4 ,fur!r1 z increas+ complexity ( /ructure1 accompany+ increas+ complexity ( life1 implies increas+ numb] ( faculties1 ( :i* ea* "o conduces to pres]vation ( self or desc5dants2 & z ! v>i\s individuals ( a species1 sev]ally requir+ some?+ l ! normal am\nts ( all ^!1 may individually pr(it1 "h by an unusual am\nt ( "o1 & !re by an unusual am\nt ( ano!r2 x foll[s t z ! numb] ( faculties becomes great]1 x becomes m difficult = any "o to be fur!r develop$ by natural selection4 ,only :]e increase ( "s "o is pr$om9antly advantage\s does ! means seem adequate to ! end4 ,especially 9 ! case ( p[]s :i* d n subs]ve self-pres]vation 9 appreciable degrees1 does developm5t by natural selection appe> impracticable4 ,x is a fact recogniz$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 t :]e1 by selection ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 a "p has be5 increas$ or decreas$1 its reaction ^u o!r p>ts entails *anges 9 !m4 ,?is reaction is effect$ ?r\gh ! *anges ( function involv$4 ,if ! *anges ( /ructure produc$ by su* *anges ( function1 are inh]itable1 !n ! re-adju/m5t ( p>ts ?r\gh\t ! organism1 tak+ place g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 ma9ta9s an approximate balance2 b if n1 !n g5]ation aft] g5]ation ! organism mu/ get m & m out ( ge>1 & t5d to become unworkable4 ,fur!r1 z x is prov$ t *ange 9 ! balance ( functions regi/]s its effects on ! reproductive elem5ts1 we h to *oose betwe5 ! alt]natives t ! regi/]$ effects are irrelevant to ! p>ticul> modifications :i* ! organism has und]gone1 or t !y are su* z t5d to produce repetitions ( ^! modifications4 ,! la/ ( ^! alt]natives makes ! facts compreh5sible2 b ! fir/ ( !m n only leaves u ) sev]al unsolv$ problems1 b is incongru\s ) ! g5]al tru? t by reproduction1 ance/ral traits1 d[n to m9ute details1 are transmitt$4 ,?\gh1 9 ! abs5ce ( pecuni>y int]e/s & ! int]e/s 9 hobbies1 no su* special exp]im5ts z ^? :i* h e/abli%$ ! inh]itance ( =tuit\s v>iations h be5 made to asc]ta9 :e!r functionally-produc$ modifications are inh]it$2 yet c]ta9 app>5t in/ances ( su* inh]itance h =c$ !mselves on obs]vation )\t be+ s\ght =4 ,9 addition to o!r indications ( a less conspicu\s k9d1 is ! "o ,i h giv5 above--! fact t ! app>atus = te>+ & ma/ication has decreas$ ) decrease ( its function1 alike 9 civiliz$ man & 9 "s v>ieties ( dogs :i* lead protect$ & pamp]$ lives4 ,( ! num]\s cases nam$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 x is obs]vable t !y are yield$ n by "o class ( p>ts only1 b by mo/ if n all classes--by ! d]mal sy/em1 ! muscul> sy/em1 ! osse\s sy/em1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! visc]a2 & t among p>ts liable to be functionally modifi$1 ! mo/ num]\s obs]v$ cases ( inh]itance are furni%$ by ^? :i* admit ( pres]vation & easy comp>ison--! bones3 ^! cases1 moreov]1 be+ specially significant z %[+ h[1 9 sundry unalli$ species1 p>allel *anges ( /ructure h occurr$ along ) p>allel *anges ( habit4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say ( ! g5]al implication8 ,are we to /op %ort ) ! admission t inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications takes place only 9 cases 9 :i* !re is evid5ce ( x8 ,may we prop]ly assume t ^! _m in/ances ( *anges ( /ructure caus$ by *anges ( function1 occurr+ 9 v>i\s tissues & v>i\s organs1 are m]ely special & exceptional in/ances hav+ no g5]al significance8 ,%all we suppose t ?\gh ! evid5ce :i* already exi/s has come to light )\t aid f a body ( inquir]s1 !re w\ld be no great increase 7 due att5tion devot$ to ! collection ( evid5ce8 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 n a reasonable supposition4 ,to me ! ensemble ( ! facts sugge/s ! belief1 sc>cely to be resi/$1 t ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications takes place univ]sally4 ,look+ at physiological ph5om5a z con=m+ to physical pr9ciples1 x is difficult to conceive t a *ang$ play ( organic =ces :i* 9 _m cases ( diff]5t k9ds produces an inh]it$ *ange ( /ructure1 does n d ?is 9 all cases4 ,! implication1 v /rong ,i ?9k1 is t ! action ( e organ produces on x a reaction :i*1 usually n alt]+ its rate ( nutrition1 sometimes leaves x ) dim9i%$ nutrition consequ5t on dim9i%$ action1 & at o!r times increases its nutrition 9 proportion to its increas$ action2 t :ile g5]at+ a modifi$ cons5sus ( functions & ( /ructures1 ! activities are at ! same "t impress+ ?is modifi$ cons5sus on ! sp]m-cells & g]m-cells :5ce future individuals are to be produc$2 & t 9 ways mo/ly too small to be id5tifi$1 b occasionally 9 m conspicu\s ways & 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 ! result+ modifications ( "o or o!r k9d %[ !mselves4 ,fur!r1 x seems to me t z !re are c]ta9 ext5sive classes ( ph5om5a :i* are inexplicable if we assume ! inh]itance ( =tuit\s v>iations to be ! sole factor1 b :i* become at once explicable if we admit ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ *anges1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ?is inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ *anges has be5 n simply a co-op]at+ factor 9 organic evolution1 b has be5 a co-op]at+ factor )\t :i* organic evolution1 9 its high] =ms at any rate1 c\ld nev] h tak5 place4 ,be ?is or be x n a w>rantable conclusion1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 good reason = a provisional acceptance ( ! hypo!sis t ! effects ( use & disuse are inh]itable2 & = a me?odic pursuit ( inquiries ) ! view ( ei!r e/abli%+ x or disprov+ x4 ,x seems sc>cely reasonable to accept )\t cle> demon/ration1 ! belief t :ile a trivial diff]5ce ( /ructure aris+ spontane\sly is transmissible1 a massive diff]5ce ( /ructure1 ma9ta9$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation by *ange ( function1 leaves no trace 9 po/]ity4 ,consid]+ t unque/ionably ! modification ( /ructure by function is a v]a causa1 9 s f> z conc]ns ! individual2 & consid]+ ! numb] ( facts :i* s compet5t an obs]v] z ,mr4 ,d>w9 reg>d$ z evid5ce t transmission ( su* modifications takes place 9 p>ticul> cases2 ! hypo!sis t su* transmission takes place 9 con=mity ) a g5]al law1 hold+ ( all active /ructures1 %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be reg>d$ z at lea/ a good work+ hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b n[ suppos+ ! broad conclusion above drawn to be grant$--suppos+ all to agree t f ! beg9n+1 along ) inh]itance ( useful v>iations =tuit\sly aris+1 !re has be5 inh]itance ( effects produc$ by use & disuse2 d !re rema9 no classes ( organic ph5om5a unacc\nt$ =8 ,to ?is "q ,i ?9k x mu/ be repli$ t !re d rema9 classes ( organic ph5om5a unacc\nt$ =4 ,x may1 ,i believe1 be %[n t c]ta9 c>d9al traits ( animals & plants at l>ge are /ill unexpla9$2 & t a fur!r factor mu/ be recogniz$4 ,to %[ ?is1 h[ev]1 w require ano!r pap]4 ,,ii4 ,ask a plumb] :o is repair+ y\r pump1 h[ ! wat] is rais$ 9 x1 & he replies--,by suction4 ,recall+ ! ability :i* he has to suck up wat] into 8 m\? ?r\gh a tube1 he is c]ta9 t he und]/&s ! pump's action4 ,to inquire :at he means by suction1 seems to him absurd4 ,he says y "k z well z he does1 :at he means2 & he _c see t !re is any ne$ = ask+ h[ x happ5s t ! wat] rises 9 ! tube :5 he /ra9s 8 m\? 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,to ! "q :y ! pump1 act+ by suction1 w n make ! wat] rise above #cb feet1 & practically n s mu*1 he c give no answ]2 b ?is does n %ake 8 confid5ce 9 8 explanation4 ,on ! o!r h& an inquir] :o insi/s on kn[+ :at suction is1 may obta9 f ! physici/ answ]s :i* give him cle> ideas1 n only ab\t x b ab\t _m o!r ?+s4 ,he le>ns t on ourselves & all ?+s ar\nd1 !re is an atmosph]ic pressure am\nt+ to ab\t #ae p\nds on ! squ>e in*3 #ae p\nds be+ ! av]age weight ( a column ( air hav+ a squ>e in* = its base & ext5d+ upw>ds f ! sea-level to ! limit ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,he is made to obs]ve t :5 he puts "o end ( a tube into wat] & ! o!r end into 8 m\?1 & !n draws back 8 tongue1 s leav+ a vacant space1 two ?+s happ54 ,"o is t ! pressure ( air outside 8 *eeks1 no long] balanc$ by an equal pressure ( air inside1 ?ru/s 8 *eeks inw>ds2 & ! o!r is t ! pressure ( air on ! surface ( ! wat]1 no long] balanc$ by an equal pressure ( air )9 ! tube & 8 m\? 7into :i* "p ( ! air f ! tube has gone7 ! wat] is =c$ up ! tube 9 consequ5ce ( ! unequal pressure4 ,once und]/&+ ?us ! nature ( ! s-call$ suction1 he sees h[ x happ5s t :5 ! plung] ( ! pump is rais$ & relieves f atmosph]ic pressure ! wat] bel[ x1 ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! well1 n be+ balanc$ by t on ! wat] 9 ! tube1 =ces ! wat] high] up ! tube1 s t x foll[s ! plung]4 ,& n[ he sees :y ! wat] _c be rais$ beyond ! !oretic limit ( #cb feet3 a limit made mu* l[] 9 practice by imp]fections 9 ! app>atus4 ,= if1 simplify+ ! conception1 he supposes ! tube ( ! pump to be a squ>e in* 9 section1 !n ! atmosph]ic pressure ( #ae p\nds p] squ>e in* on ! wat] 9 ! well1 c raise ! wat] 9 ! tube to su* height only t ! entire column ( x weighs #ae p\nds4 ,hav+ be5 ?us enlight5$ ab\t ! pump's action1 ! action ( a b>omet] becomes intelligible4 ,he p]ceives h[1 "u ! conditions e/abli%$1 ! weight ( ! column ( m]cury balances t ( an atmosph]ic column ( equal diamet]2 & h[1 z ! weight ( ! atmosph]ic column v>ies1 !re is a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! weight ( ! m]curial column1--%[n by *ange ( height4 ,moreov]1 hav+ previ\sly suppos$ t he und]/ood ! asc5t ( a balloon :5 he ascrib$ x to relative lightness1 he n[ sees t he did n truly und]/& x4 ,= he did n recognize x z a result ( t upw>d pressure caus$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! mass =m$ by ! gas 9 ! balloon plus ! cyl9drical column ( air ext5d+ above x to ! limit ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! weight ( a simil> cyl9drical column ( air ext5d+ d[n to ! "u surface ( ! balloon3 ?is diff]5ce ( weight caus+ an equival5t upw>d pressure on ! "u surface4 ,:y d ,i introduce ^! famili> tru?s s entirely irrelevant to my subject8 ,i d x to %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! contra/ betwe5 a vague conception ( a cause & a di/9ct conception ( x2 or r1 ! contra/ betwe5 t conception ( a cause :i* results :5 x is simply class$ ) "s o!r or o!rs :i* famili>ity makes u ?9k we und]/&1 & t conception ( a cause :i* results :5 x is repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( def9ite physical =ces admitt+ ( measurem5t4 ,& ,i d x to %[1 9 ! second place1 t :5 we insi/ on resolv+ a v]bally-intelligible cause into its actual factors1 we get n only a cle> solution ( ! problem be=e u1 b we f9d t ! way is op5$ to solutions ( sundry o!r problems4 ,:ile we re/ satisfi$ ) unanalyz$ causes1 we may be sure bo? t we d n rightly compreh5d ! production ( ! p>ticul> effects ascrib$ to !m1 & t we ov]look o!r effects :i* w\ld be reveal$ to u by contemplation ( ! causes z analyz$4 ,especially mu/ ?is be s :]e ! causation is complex4 ,h5ce we may inf] t ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! developm5t ( species1 are n likely to be truly conceiv$ unless we keep 9 view ! concrete ag5cies at "w4 ,let u look closely at ! facts to be dealt )4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! gr[? ( a ?+ is effect$ by ! jo9t op]ation ( c]ta9 =ces on c]ta9 mat]ials2 & :5 x dw9dles1 !re is ei!r a lack ( "s mat]ials1 or ! =ces co-op]ate 9 a way diff]5t f t :i* produces gr[?4 ,if a /ructure has v>i$1 ! implication is t ! processes :i* built x up 7 made unlike ! p>allel processes 9 o!r cases1 by ! great] or less am\nt ( "s "o or m ( ! matt]s or actions conc]n$4 ,:]e !re is unusual f]tility1 ! play ( vital activities is !reby %[n to h deviat$ f ! ord9>y play ( vital activities2 & conv]sely1 if !re is inf]tility4 ,if ! g]ms1 or ova1 or se$1 or (fspr+ p>tially develop$1 survive m or survive less1 x is ei!r because _! mol> or molecul> /ructures are unlike ! av]age ones1 or because !y are affect$ 9 unlike ways by surr\nd+ ag5cies4 ,:5 life is prolong$1 ! fact implies t ! comb9ation ( actions1 visible & invisible1 con/itut+ life1 reta9s its equilibrium long] ?an usual 9 pres5ce ( environ+ =ces :i* t5d to de/roy its equilibrium4 ,t is to say1 gr[?1 v>iation1 survival1 dea?1 if !y are to be r$uc$ to ! =ms 9 :i* physical sci5ce c recognize !m1 mu/ be express$ z effects ( ag5cies def9itely conceiv$--me*anical =ces1 light1 heat1 *emical aff9ity1 c4 ,?is g5]al conclusion br+s ) x ! ?\ght t ! phrases employ$ 9 discuss+ organic evolution1 ?\gh conv5i5t & inde$ ne$ful1 are liable to mislead u by veil+ ! actual ag5cies4 ,t :i* really goes on 9 e organism is ! work+ toge!r ( compon5t p>ts 9 ways conduc+ to ! cont9uance ( _! comb9$ actions1 9 pres5ce ( ?+s & actions outside2 "s ( :i* t5d to subs]ve1 & o!rs to de/roy1 ! comb9ation4 ,! matt]s & =ces 9 ^! two gr\ps1 are ! sole causes prop]ly s call$4 ,! words natural selection1 d n express a cause 9 ! physical s5se4 ,!y express a mode ( co-op]ation among causes--or r1 to speak /rictly1 !y express an effect ( ?is mode ( co-op]ation4 ,! idea !y convey seems p]fectly intelligible4 ,natural selection hav+ be5 comp>$ ) artificial selection1 & ! analogy po9t$ out1 !re app>5tly rema9s no indef9it5ess3 ! inconv5i5ce be+1 h[ev]1 t ! def9it5ess is ( a wrong k9d4 ,! tacitly impli$ ,nature :i* selects1 is n an embodi$ ag5cy analog\s to ! man :o selects artificially2 & ! selection is n ! pick+ out ( an individual fix$ on1 b ! ov]?r[+ ( _m individuals by ag5cies :i* "o successfully resi/s1 & h5ce cont9ues to live & multiply4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 consci\s ( ^! mislead+ implications4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication 7p4 #f7 he says3-- ,= brevity sake ,i sometimes speak ( natural selection z an intellig5t p[]2 444 ,i h1 also1 (t5 p]sonifi$ ! ^w ,nature2 = ,i h f\nd x difficult to avoid ?is ambiguity2 b ,i mean by nature only ! aggregate action & product ( _m natural laws1--& by laws only ! asc]ta9$ sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,b :ile he ?us cle>ly saw1 & di/9ctly ass]t$1 t ! factors ( organic evolution are ! concrete actions1 inn] & out]1 to :i* e organism is subject1 ,mr4 ,d>w91 by habitually us+ ! conv5i5t figure ( spee*1 01 ,i ?9k1 prev5t$ f recogniz+ s fully z he w\ld o!rwise h done1 c]ta9 fundam5tal consequ5ces ( ^! actions4 ,?\gh x does n p]sonalize ! cause1 & does n assimilate its mode ( work+ to a human mode ( work+1 k9dr$ objections may be urg$ aga9/ ! expression to :i* ,i 0 l$ :5 seek+ to pres5t ! ph5om5a 9 lit]al t]ms r ?an metaphorical t]ms--! survival ( ! fitte/2#db = 9 a vague way ! fir/ ^w1 & 9 a cle> way ! second ^w1 calls up an an?ropoc5tric idea4 ,! ?\ght ( survival inevitably sugge/s ! human view ( c]ta9 sets ( ph5om5a1 r ?an t "* :i* !y h simply z gr\ps ( *anges4 ,if1 ask+ :at we really "k ( a plant1 we exclude all ! ideas associat$ ) ! words life & dea?1 we f9d t ! sole facts kn[n to u are t !re g on 9 ! plant c]ta9 int]-dep5d5t processes1 9 pres5ce ( c]ta9 aid+ & h9d]+ influ5ces outside ( x2 & t 9 "s cases a diff]5ce ( /ructure or a fav\rable set ( circum/ances1 all[s ^! int]-dep5d5t processes to g on = long] p]iods ?an 9 o!r cases4 ,aga91 9 ! work+ toge!r ( ^? _m actions1 int]nal & ext]nal1 :i* det]m9e ! lives or dea?s ( organisms1 we see no?+ to :i* ! words fitness & unfitness are applicable 9 ! physical s5se4 ,if a key fits a lock1 or a glove a h&1 ! relation ( ! ?+s to "o ano!r is pres5table to ! p]ceptions4 ,no approa* to fitness ( ?is k9d is made by an organism :i* cont9ues to live "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,nei!r ! organic /ructures !mselves1 nor _! individual movem5ts1 nor ^? comb9$ movem5ts ( c]ta9 among !m :i* con/itute conduct1 are relat$ 9 any analog\s way to ! ?+s & actions 9 ! environm5t4 ,evid5tly ! ^w fitte/1 z ?us us$1 is a figure ( spee*2 sugge/+ ! fact t amid surr\nd+ actions1 an organism *>act]iz$ by ! ^w has ei!r a great] ability ?an o!rs ( its k9d to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium ( its vital activities1 or else has s mu* great] a p[] ( multiplication t ?\gh n long] liv$ ?an !y1 x cont9ues to live 9 po/]ity m p]si/5tly4 ,& inde$1 z we "h see1 ! ^w fitte/ has to cov] cases 9 :i* !re may be less ability ?an usual to survive individually1 b 9 :i* ! defect is m ?an made good by high] degrees ( f]tility4 ,i h elaborat$ ?is criticism ) ! int5tion ( emphasiz+ ! ne$ = /udy+ ! *anges :i* h gone on1 & are ev] go+ on1 9 organic bodies1 f an exclusively physical po9t ( view4 ,on contemplat+ ! facts f ?is po9t ( view1 we become aw>e t1 besides ^? special effects ( ! co-op]at+ =ces :i* ev5tuate 9 ! long] survival ( "o individual ?an ( o!rs1 & 9 ! consequ5t increase ?r\gh g5]ations1 ( "s trait :i* fur!r$ its survival1 _m o!r effects are be+ wr\ght on ea* & all ( ! individuals4 ,bodies ( e class & quality1 inorganic z well z organic1 are f in/ant to in/ant subject to ! influ5ces 9 _! environm5ts2 are f in/ant to in/ant be+ *ang$ by ^! 9 ways t are mo/ly inconspicu\s2 & are 9 c\rse ( "t *ang$ by !m 9 conspicu\s ways4 ,liv+ ?+s 9 common ) dead ?+s1 are1 ,i say1 be+ ?us p]petually act$ ^u & modifi$2 & ! *anges h5ce result+1 con/itute an all-important "p ( ^? und]gone 9 ! c\rse ( organic evolution4 ,i d n mean to imply t *anges ( ?is class pass entirely unrecogniz$2 =1 z we %all see1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 takes cognizance ( c]ta9 second>y & special ones4 ,b ! effects :i* are n tak5 into acc\nt1 are ^? prim>y & univ]sal effects :i* give c]ta9 fundam5tal *>act]s to all organisms4 ,contemplation ( an analogy w be/ prep>e ! way = appreciation ( !m1 & ( ! relation !y be> to ^? :i* at pres5t monopolize att5tion4 ,an obs]vant rambl] along %ores1 w1 "h & !re1 note places :]e ! sea has deposit$ ?+s m or less simil>1 & sep>at$ !m f dissimil> ?+s--w see %+le p>t$ f s&2 l>g] /ones sort$ f small] /ones2 & w occasionally discov] deposits ( %ells m or less worn by be+ roll$ ab\t4 ,sometimes ! pebbles or b\ld]s compos+ ! %+le at "o end ( a bay1 he w f9d mu* l>g] ?an ^? at ! o!r3 int]m$iate sizes1 hav+ small av]age diff]5ces1 occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! extremes4 ,an example occurs1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 "s mile or two to ! we/ ( ,t5by2 b ! mo/ rem>kable & well-kn[n example is t af=d$ by ! ,*esil bank4 ,"h1 along a %ore "s sixte5 miles long1 !re is a gradual increase 9 ! sizes ( ! /ones2 :i*1 be+ at "o end b m]e pebbles1 are at ! o!r end imm5se b\ld]s4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 ! break]s & ! und]t[ h effect$ a selection--h at ea* place left beh9d ^? /ones :i* 7 too l>ge to be readily mov$1 :ile tak+ away o!rs small en\gh to be mov$ easily4 ,b n[1 if we contemplate exclusively ?is selective action ( ! sea1 we ov]look c]ta9 important effects :i* ! sea simultane\sly works4 ,:ile ! /ones h be5 diff]5tly act$ ^u 9 s f> t "s h be5 left "h & "s c>ri$ !re2 !y h be5 simil>ly act$ ^u 9 two alli$1 b di/+ui%able1 ways4 ,by p]petually roll+ !m ab\t & knock+ !m "o aga9/ ano!r1 ! waves h s brok5 (f _! mo/ prom95t p>ts z to produce 9 all ( !m m or less r\nd$ =ms2 & !n1 fur!r1 ! mutual friction ( ! /ones simultane\sly caus$1 has smoo!d _! surfaces4 ,t is to say 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! actions ( environ+ ag5cies1 s f> z !y h op]at$ indiscrim9ately1 h produc$ 9 ! /ones a c]ta9 unity ( "*2 at ! same "t t !y h1 by _! diff]5tial effects1 sep>at$ !m3 ! l>g] ones hav+ )/ood c]ta9 viol5t actions :i* ! small] ones c\ld n )/&4 ,simil>ly ) o!r assemblages ( objects :i* are alike 9 _! prim>y traits b unlike 9 _! second>y traits4 ,:5 simultane\sly expos$ to ! same set ( actions1 "s ( ^! actions1 ris+ to a c]ta9 int5sity1 may be expect$ to "w on p>ticul> memb]s ( ! assemblage *anges :i* !y _c "w 9 ^? :i* are m>k$ly unlike2 :ile o!rs ( ! actions w "w 9 all ( !m simil> *anges1 because ( ! uni=m relations betwe5 ^! actions & c]ta9 attributes common to all memb]s ( ! assemblage4 ,h5ce x is inf]able t on liv+ organisms1 :i* =m an assemblage ( ?is k9d1 & are unceas+ly expos$ 9 common to ! ag5cies compos+ _! inorganic environm5ts1 !re mu/ be wr\ght two su* sets ( effects4 ,!re w result a univ]sal lik5ess among !m consequ5t on ! lik5ess ( _! respective relations to ! matt]s & =ces ar\nd2 & !re w result1 9 "s cases1 ! diff]5ces due to ! diff]5tial effects ( ^! matt]s & =ces1 & 9 o!r cases1 ! *anges :i*1 be+ life-su/a9+ or life-de/roy+1 ev5tuate 9 c]ta9 natural selections4 ,i h1 above1 made a pass+ ref]5ce to ! fact t ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n fail to take acc\nt ( "s among ^! effects directly produc$ on organisms by surr\nd+ inorganic ag5cies4 ,"h are extracts f ! six? edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species %[+ ?is4 ,x is v difficult to decide h[ f> *ang$ conditions1 su* z ( climate1 food1 c41 h act$ 9 a def9ite mann]4 ,!re is reason to believe t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! effects h be5 great] ?an c be prov$ by cle> evid5ce4444 ,mr4 ,g\ld believes t birds ( ! same species are m brightly col\r$ "u a cle> atmosph]e1 ?an :5 liv+ ne> ! coa/ or on isl&s2 & ,wolla/on is conv9c$ t resid5ce ne> ! sea affects ! col\rs ( insects4 ,moqu9-,t&on gives a li/ ( plants :i*1 :5 gr[+ ne> ! sea-%ore1 h _! leaves 9 "s degree fle%y1 ?\gh n else:]e fle%y 7pp4 #ajf-g74 ,"s obs]v]s are conv9c$ t a damp climate affects ! gr[? ( ! hair1 & t ) ! hair ! horns are correlat$ 7p4 #aei74 ,9 8 subsequ5t "w1 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 /ill m cle>ly recognizes ^! causes ( *ange 9 organization4 ,a *apt] is devot$ to ! subject4 ,aft] premis+ t ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 :e!r lead+ to def9ite or indef9ite results1 is a totally di/9ct consid]ation f ! effects ( natural selection2 he goes on to say t *ang$ conditions ( life h act$ s def9itely & p[]fully on ! organisation ( our dome/icat$ productions1 t !y h suffic$ to =m new sub-v>ieties or races1 )\t ! aid ( selection by man or ( natural selection4 ,( 8 examples "h are two4 ,i h giv5 9 detail 9 ! n9? *apt] ! mo/ rem>kable case kn[n to me1 namely1 t 9 ,g]many sev]al v>ieties ( maize br\ght f ! hott] p>ts ( ,am]ica 7 trans=m$ 9 ! c\rse ( only two or ?ree g5]ations4 7,vol4 ii1 p4 #bgg47 ,& 9 ?is n9? *apt] conc]n+ ^! & o!r su* in/ances he says "s ( ! =ego+ diff]5ces w\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ ( specific value ) plants 9 a /ate ( nature4 7,vol4 i1 p4 #cba47 ,mr4 ,meehan1 9 a rem>kable pap]1 comp>es tw5ty-n9e k9ds ( ,am]ican trees1 belong+ to v>i\s ord]s1 ) _! ne>e/ ,european allies1 all gr[n 9 close proximity 9 ! same g>d5 & "u z ne>ly z possible ! same conditions4 ,& !n enum]at+ six traits 9 :i* ! ,am]ican =ms all ( !m diff] 9 l ways f _! alli$ ,european =ms1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks !re is no *oice b to conclude t ^! h be5 def9itely caus$ by ! long-cont9u$ action ( ! diff]5t climate ( ! two cont95ts on ! trees4 7,vol4 ii1 pp4 #bha-b47 ,b ! fact we h to note is t :ile ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?us took acc\nt ( special effects due to special am\nts & comb9ations ( ag5cies 9 ! environm5t1 he did n take acc\nt ( ! f> m important effects due to ! g5]al & con/ant op]ation ( ^! ag5cies4#dc ,if a diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities ( a =ce :i* acts on two organisms1 o!rwise alike & o!rwise simil>ly condition$1 produces "s diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 !n1 by implication1 ?is =ce produces 9 bo? ( !m effects :i* !y %[ 9 common4 ,! inequality betwe5 two ?+s _c h a value unless ! ?+s !mselves h values4 ,simil>ly if1 9 two cases1 "s unlik5ess ( proportion among ! surr\nd+ inorganic ag5cies to :i* two plants or two animals are expos$1 is foll[$ by "s unlik5ess 9 ! *anges wr\ght on !m2 !n x foll[s t ^! sev]al ag5cies tak5 sep>ately1 "w *anges 9 bo? ( !m4 ,h5ce we mu/ inf] t organisms h c]ta9 /ructural *>act]s 9 common1 :i* are consequ5t on ! action ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/3 us+ ! ^w m$ium 9 a compreh5sive s5se1 z includ+ all physical =ces fall+ ^u !m z well z matt]s ba?+ !m4 ,& we may conclude t f ! prim>y *>act]s ?us produc$ !re mu/ result second>y *>act]s4 ,be=e go+ on to obs]ve ^? g5]al traits ( organisms due to ! g5]al action ( ! inorganic environm5t ^u !m1 ,i feel tempt$ to enl>ge on ! effects produc$ by ea* ( ! sev]al matt]s & =ces con/itut+ ! environm5t4 ,i %\ld l to d ?is n only to give a cle> prelim9>y conception ( ! ways 9 :i* all organisms are affect$ by ^! univ]sally-pres5t ag5ts1 b also to %[ t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^! ag5ts modify inorganic bodies z well z organic bodies1 & t1 9 ! second place1 ! organic are f> m modifiable by !m ?an ! inorganic4 ,b to avoid undue susp5sion ( ! argum5t1 ,i cont5t myself ) say+ t :5 ! respective effects ( gravitation1 heat1 light1 c41 are /udi$1 z well z ! respective effects1 physical & *emical1 ( ! matt]s =m+ ! m$ia1 wat] & air1 x w be f\nd t :ile m or less op]ative on all bodies1 ea* modifies organic bodies to an ext5t imm5sely great] ?an ! ext5t to :i* x modifies inorganic bodies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 n discrim9at+ among ! special effects :i* ^! v>i\s =ces & matt]s 9 ! environm5t produce on bo? classes ( bodies1 let u consid] _! comb9$ effects1 & ask--,:at is ! mo/ g5]al trait ( su* effects8 ,obvi\sly ! mo/ g5]al trait is ! great] am\nt ( *ange wr\ght on ! out] surface ?an on ! inn] mass4 ,9 s f> z ! matt]s ( :i* ! m$ium is compos$ come into play1 ! unavoidable implication is t !y act m on ! p>ts directly expos$ to !m ?an on ! p>ts %elt]$ f !m4 ,& 9 s f> z ! =ces p]vad+ ! m$ium come into play1 x is manife/ t1 exclud+ gravity1 :i* affects out] & inn] p>ts indiscrim9ately1 ! out] p>ts h to be> l>g] %>es ( _! actions4 ,if x is a "q ( heat1 !n ! ext]ior mu/ lose x or ga9 x fa/] ?an ! int]ior2 & 9 a m$ium :i* is n[ w>m] & n[ cold]1 ! two mu/ habitually diff] 9 temp]ature to "s ext5t--at lea/ :]e ! size is consid]able4 ,if x is a "q ( light1 !n 9 all b absolutely transp>5t masses1 ! out] p>ts mu/ und]go m ( any *ange producible by x ?an ! inn] p>ts--suppos+ o!r ?+s equal2 by :i* ,i mean1 suppos+ ! case is n complicat$ by any su* convexities ( ! out] surface z produce int]nal conc5trations ( rays4 ,h5ce !n1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! necessity is t ! prim>y & almo/ univ]sal effect ( ! conv]se betwe5 ! body & its m$ium1 is to diff]5tiate its outside f its inside4 ,i say almo/ univ]sal1 because :]e ! body is bo? me*anically & *emically /able1 l1 = in/ance1 a qu>tz cry/al1 ! m$ium may fail to "w ei!r inn] or out] *ange4 ,( illu/rations among inorganic bodies1 a conv5i5t "o is suppli$ by an old cannon-ball t has be5 long ly+ expos$4 ,a coat+ ( ru/1 =m$ ( flakes )9 flakes1 incloses x2 & ?is ?ick5s ye> by ye>1 until1 p]haps1 x rea*es a /age at :i* its ext]ior loses z mu* by ra9 & w9d z its int]ior ga9s by fur!r oxidation ( ! iron4 ,mo/ m9]al masses--pebbles1 b\ld]s1 rocks--if !y %[ any effect ( ! environm5t at all1 %[ x only by t dis9tegration ( surface :i* foll[s ! freez+ ( absorb$ wat]3 an effect :i*1 ?\gh me*anical r ?an *emical1 equally illu/rates ! g5]al tru?4 ,occasionally a rock+-/one is ?us produc$4 ,!re are =m$ successive lay]s relatively friable 9 texture1 ea* ( :i*1 ?icke/ at ! mo/ expos$ p>ts1 & be+ pres5tly lo/ by wea!r+1 leaves ! conta9$ mass 9 a %ape m r\nd$ ?an be=e2 until1 re/+ on its convex "u-surface1 x is easily mov$4 ,b ( all in/ances p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable is "o to be se5 on ! we/ bank ( ! ,nile at ,phil1 :]e a ridge ( granite #ajj feet high1 has _h its out] p>ts r$uc$ 9 c\rse ( "t to a collection ( b\ld]-%ap$ masses1 v>y+ f say a y>d 9 diamet] to six or eight feet1 ea* "o ( :i* %[s 9 progress an exfoliation ( successively-=m$ %ells ( decompos$ granite3 mo/ ( ! masses hav+ portions ( su* %ells p>tially deta*$4 ,if1 n[1 inorganic masses1 relatively s /able 9 composition1 ?us h _! out] p>ts diff]5tiat$ f _! inn] p>ts1 :at mu/ we say ( organic masses1 *>act]iz$ by su* extreme *emical in/ability8--in/ability s great t _! ess5tial mat]ial is nam$ prote91 to indicate ! read9ess ) :i* x passes f "o isom]ic =m to ano!r4 ,cle>ly ! necess>y inf]5ce is t ?is effect ( ! m$ium mu/ be wr\ght inevitably & promptly1 :]ev] ! relation ( out] & inn] has become settl$3 a qualification = :i* ! ne$ w be se5 h]eaft]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,beg9n+ ) ! e>lie/ & mo/ m9ute k9ds ( liv+ ?+s1 we necess>ily enc\nt] difficulties 9 gett+ direct evid5ce2 s9ce1 ( ! c\ntless species n[ exi/+1 all h be5 subject dur+ millions ^u millions ( ye>s to ! evolution>y process1 & h _h _! prim>y traits complicat$ & obscur$ by ^? endless second>y traits :i* ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations has produc$4 ,among protophytes x ne$s b to ?9k ( ! multitud9\s v>ieties ( diatoms & desmids1 ) _! elaborately-con/ruct$ cov]+s2 or ( ! def9ite me?ods ( gr[? & multiplication among su* simple ,alg z ! ,conjugat2 to see t mo/ ( _! di/9ctive *>act]s are due to inh]it$ con/itutions1 :i* h be5 sl[ly m\ld$ by survival ( ! fitte/ to ?is or t mode ( life4 ,to dis5tangle su* p>ts ( _! developm5tal *anges z are due to ! action ( ! m$ium1 is !re=e h>dly possible4 ,we c hope only to get a g5]al conception ( x by contemplat+ ! totality ( ! facts4 ,! fir/ c>d9al fact is t all protophytes are cellul>--all %[ u ?is contra/ betwe5 outside & inside4 ,suppos+ ! multitud9\s specialities ( ! envelope 9 diff]5t ord]s & g5]a ( protophytes to be set aga9/ "o ano!r1 & mutually cancell$1 !re rema9s z a trait common to !m--an envelope unlike t :i* x envelopes4 ,! second c>d9al fact is t ?is simple trait is ! e>lie/ trait display$ 9 g]ms1 or spores1 or o!r p>ts f :i* new individuals are to arise2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ?is trait mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 primordial4 ,= x is an e/abli%$ tru? ( organic evolution t embryos %[ u1 9 g5]al ways1 ! =ms ( remote ance/ors2 & t ! fir/ *anges und]gone1 indicate1 m or less cle>ly1 ! fir/ *anges :i* took place 9 ! s]ies ( =ms ?r\gh :i* ! exi/+ =m has be5 rea*$4 ,describ+1 9 successive gr\ps ( plants1 ! e>ly trans=mations ( ^! primitive units1 ,sa*s#dd says ( ! l[e/ ,alg t ! conjugat$ protoplasmic body clo!s itself ) a cell-wall 7p4 #aj72 t 9 ! spores ( ,mosses & ,vascul> ,cryptogams & 9 ! poll5 ( ,phan]ogams 444 ! protoplasmic body ( ! "m-cell breaks up into f\r lumps1 :i* quickly r\nd !mselves (f & contract1 & become envelop$ by a cell-membrane only aft] complete sep>ation 7p4 #ac72 t 9 ! ,equisetace ! "y spores1 :5 fir/ sep>at$1 are /ill nak$1 b !y soon become surr\nd$ by a cell-membrane 7p4 #ad72 & t 9 high] plants1 z 9 ! poll5 ( _m ,dicotyl$ons1 ! contract+ daught]-cells secrete cellulose ev5 dur+ _! sep>ation 7p4 #ad74 ,"h1 !n1 9 :atev] way we int]pret x1 ! fact is t !re quickly arises an out] lay] diff]5t f ! conta9$ matt]4 ,b ! mo/ significant evid5ce is furni%$ by ! masses ( protoplasm t escape into wat] f ! injur$ sacs ( ,vau*]ia1 :i* (t5 in/antly become r\nd$ into globul> bodies1 & ( :i* ! hyal9e protoplasm envelopes ! :ole z a sk9 7p4 #da7 :i* is d5s] ?an ! inn] & m wat]y sub/ance 7p4 #db74 ,z 9 ?is case ! protoplasm is b a fragm5t1 & z x is remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! p>5t-cell1 ?is diff]5tiat+ process c sc>cely be reg>d$ z any?+ m ?an ! effect ( physico-*emical actions3 a conclusion :i* is support$ by ! /atem5t ( ,sa*s t n only e vacuole 9 a solid protoplasmic body1 b also e ?read ( protoplasm :i* p5etrates ! sap-cavity1 & f9ally ! inn] side ( ! protoplasm-sac :i* encloses ! sap-cavity1 is also b\nd$ by a sk9 7p4 #db74 ,if !n e portion ( a protoplasmic body imm$iately surr\nds itself1 :5 x becomes isolat$1 ) su* a sk91 :i* is %[n 9 all cases to arise at ! surface ( contact ) sap or wat]1 ?is prim>y diff]5tiation ( out] f inn] mu/ be ascrib$ to ! direct action ( ! m$ium4 ,:e!r ! coat+ ?us initiat$ is secret$ by ! protoplasm1 or :e!r1 z seems m likely1 x results f trans=mation ( x1 matt]s n to ! argum5t4 ,ei!r way ! action ( ! m$ium causes its =mation2 & ei!r way ! _m v>i$ & complex diff]5tiations :i* develop$ cell-walls display1 mu/ be consid]$ z orig9at+ f ^? v>iations ( ?is physically-g5]at$ cov]+ :i* natural selection has tak5 advantage (4 ,! conta9$ protoplasm ( a vegetal cell1 :i* has self-mobility & :5 lib]at$ sometimes p]=ms amoeba-l motions = a "t1 may be reg>d$ z an imprison$ amoeba2 & :5 we pass f x to a free amoeba1 :i* is "o ( ! simple/ types ( fir/ animals1 or ,protozoa1 we naturally meet ) k9dr$ ph5om5a4 ,! g5]al trait :i* "h conc]ns u1 is t :ile its pla/ic or semi-fluid s>code goes on protrud+1 9 irregul> ways1 n[ ?is & n[ t "p ( its p]iph]y1 & aga9 )draw+ into its int]ior fir/ "o & !n ano!r ( ^! tempor>y processes1 p]haps ) "s small portion ( food atta*$1 !re is b an indi/9ct diff]5tiation ( out] f inn] 7a fact %[n by ! frequ5t coalesc5ce ( ! pseudopodia 9 ,rhizopods72 b t :5 x ev5tually becomes quiesc5t1 ! surface becomes diff]5tiat$ f ! cont5ts3 ! pass+ into an ency/$ /ate1 d\btless 9 l>ge measure due to inh]it$ proclivity1 be+ fur!r$1 & hav+ probably be5 once initiat$1 by ! action ( ! m$ium4 ,! connexion betwe5 con/ancy ( relative position among ! p>ts ( ! s>code1 & ! rise ( a contra/ betwe5 sup]ficial & c5tral p>ts1 is p]haps be/ %[n 9 ! m9ute/ & simple/ ,infusoria1 ! ,monad94 ,! g5us ,monas is describ$ by ,k5t z pla/ic & un/able 9 =m1 possess+ no di/9ct cuticul> inve/m5t2 444 ! food-sub/ances incept$ at all p>ts ( ! p]iph]y2#de & ! g5us ,scytomonas he says diff]s f ,monas only 9 its p]si/5t %ape & accompany+ great] rigidity ( ! p]iph]al or ectoplasmic lay]4#df ,describ+ g5]ally su* l[ =ms1 "s ( :i* are said to h nei!r nucleus nor vacuole1 he rem>ks t 9 types some:at high] ! out] or p]iph]al bord] ( ! protoplasmic mass1 :ile n assum+ ! "* ( a di/9ct cell-wall or s-call$ cuticle1 pres5ts1 z comp>$ ) ! inn] sub/ance ( t mass1 a slightly m solid type ( composition4#dg ,& x is add$ t ^! =ms hav+ s slightly diff]5tiat$ an ext]ior1 :ile usually exhibit+ a m or less *>act]i/ic normal outl9e1 c rev]t at w to a pseud-amoeboid & rep5t /ate4#dh ,"h1 !n1 we h sev]al indications ( ! tru? t ! p]man5t ext]nality ( a c]ta9 "p ( ! sub/ance1 is foll[$ by trans=mation ( x into a coat+ unlike ! sub/ance x conta9s4 ,indef9ite & /ructureless 9 ! simple/ ( ^! =ms1 z in/ance aga9 ! ,greg>9a1#di ! limit+ membrane becomes1 9 high] ,infusoria1 def9ite & (t5 complex3 %[+ t ! selection ( fav\rable v>iations has _h l>gely to d ) its =mation4 ,9 su* types z ! ,=am9if]a1 :i*1 almo/ /ructureless int]nally ?\gh !y are1 secrete calc>e\s %ells1 x is cle> t ! nature ( ?is out] lay] is det]m9$ by inh]it$ con/itution4 ,b recognition ( ?is consi/s ) ! belief t ! action ( ! m$ium initiat$ ! out] lay]1 specializ$ ?\gh x n[ is2 & t ev5 /ill1 contact ) ! m$ium excites secretion ( x4 ,a rem>kable analogy rema9s to be nam$4 ,:5 we /udy ! action ( ! m$ium 9 an inorganic mass1 we are l$ to see t betwe5 ! out] *ang$ lay] & ! inn] un*ang$ mass1 comes a surface :]e active *ange is go+ on4 ,"h we h to note t1 alike 9 ! plant-cell & 9 ! animal-cell1 !re is a simil> relation ( p>ts4 ,imm$iately inside ! envelope comes ! primordial utricle 9 ! "o case1 & 9 ! o!r case ! lay] ( active s>code4 ,9 ei!r case ! liv+ protoplasm1 plac$ 9 ! position ( a l9+ to ! cuticle ( ! cell1 is %ield$ f ! direct action ( ! m$ium1 & yet is n beyond ! rea* ( its influ5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,limit$1 z ?us f> drawn1 to a c]ta9 common trait ( ^? m9ute organisms :i* are mo/ly bel[ ! rea* ( unaid$ vision1 ! =ego+ conclusion appe>s trivial en\gh4 ,b x ceases to appe> trivial on pass+ into a wid] field1 & obs]v+ ! implications1 direct & indirect1 z !y conc]n plants & animals ( s5sible sizes4 ,popul> expositions ( sci5ce h s f> famili>iz$ _m read]s ) a c]ta9 fundam5tal trait ( liv+ ?+s ar\nd1 t !y h ceas$ to p]ceive h[ m>vell\s a trait x is1 &1 until int]pret$ by ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 h[ utt]ly my/]i\s4 ,9 pa/ times1 ! conception ( an ord9>y plant or animal :i* prevail$1 n ?r\gh\t ! _w at l>ge only b among ! mo/ in/ruct$1 0 t x is a s+le cont9u\s entity4 ,"o ( ^! liv+s ?+s 0 unhesitat+ly reg>d$ z be+ 9 all respects a unit4 ,p>ts x might h1 v>i\s 9 _! sizes1 =ms1 & compositions2 b ^! 7 compon5ts ( a :ole :i* _h be5 f ! beg9n+ 9 its orig9al nature a :ole4 ,ev5 to naturali/s fifty ye>s ago1 ! ass]tion t a cabbage or a c[1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se a :ole1 is 9 ano!r s5se a va/ society ( m9ute individuals1 sev]ally liv+ 9 great] or less degrees1 & "s ( !m ma9ta9+ _! indep5d5t lives unre/ra9$1 w\ld h seem$ an absurdity4 ,b ?is tru? :i*1 l s _m ( ! tru?s e/abli%$ by sci5ce1 is contr>y to t common s5se 9 :i* mo/ p h s mu* confid5ce1 has be5 gradually gr[+ cle> s9ce ! days :5 ,leeuw5hoeck & 8 contempor>ies began to exam9e ?r\gh l5ses ! m9ute /ructures ( common plants & animals4 ,ea* improvem5t 9 ! microscope1 :ile x has wid5$ our k ( ^? m9ute =ms ( life describ$ above1 has reveal$ fur!r evid5ce ( ! fact t all ! l>g] =ms ( life consi/ ( units sev]ally alli$ 9 _! fundam5tal traits to ^! m9ute =ms ( life4 ,?\gh1 z =mulat$ by ,s*wann & ,s*leid51 ! cell-doctr9e has und]gone qualifications ( /atem5t2 yet ! qualifications h n be5 su* z to militate aga9/ ! g5]al proposition t organisms visible to ! nak$ eye1 are sev]ally comp\nd$ ( invisible organisms--us+ t ^w 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se4 ,& !n1 :5 ! developm5t ( any animal is trac$1 x is f\nd t hav+ be5 prim>ily a nucleat$ cell1 & hav+ aft]w>ds become by spontane\s fission a clu/] ( nucleat$ cells1 x goes on ?r\gh successive /ages to =m out ( su* cells1 ev] multiply+ & modify+ 9 v>i\s ways1 ! sev]al tissues & organs compos+ ! adult4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( evolution ?is univ]sal trait has to be accept$ n z a fact t is /range b unmean+4 ,x has to be accept$ z evid5ce t all ! visible =ms ( life h aris5 by union ( ! invisible =ms2 :i*1 in/ead ( fly+ ap>t :5 !y divid$1 rema9$ toge!r4 ,v>i\s int]m$iate /ages are kn[n4 ,among plants1 ^? ( ! ,volvox type %[ u ! compon5t protophytes s feebly comb9$ t !y sev]ally c>ry on _! lives ) no appreciable subord9ation to ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,& among animals1 a p>allel relation betwe5 ! lives ( ! units & ! life ( ! gr\p is %[n u 9 ,urogl5a & ,syncrypta4 ,f ^! fir/ /ages upw>ds1 may be trac$ ?r\gh successively high] types1 an increas+ subord9ation ( ! units to ! aggregate2 ?\gh /ill a subord9ation leav+ to !m conspicu\s am\nts ( individual activity4 ,jo9+ :i* facts ) ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! cell-multiplication & aggregation ( e unfold+ g]m1 naturali/s are n[ accept+ ! conclusion t by ?is process ( composition f ,protozoa1 7 =m$ all classes ( ! ,metazoa#ej--7;z animals =m$ by ?is comp\nd+ are n[ call$72 & t 9 a simil> way f ,protophyta1 7 =m$ all classes ( :at ,i suppose w be call$ ,metaphyta1 ?\gh ! ^w does n yet seem to h become curr5t4 ,& n[ :at is ! g5]al mean+ ( ^! tru?s1 tak5 9 connexion ) ! conclusion rea*$ 9 ! la/ section4 ,x is t ?is univ]sal trait ( ! ,metazoa & ,metaphyta1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! primitive action & re-action betwe5 ! organism & its m$ium4 ,! op]ation ( ^? =ces :i* produc$ ! prim>y diff]5tiation ( out] f inn] 9 e>ly m9ute masses ( protoplasm1 pre-det]m9$ ?is univ]sal cell-/ructure ( all embryos1 plant & animal1 & ! consequ5t cell-composition ( adult =ms aris+ f !m4 ,h[ unavoidable is ?is implication1 w be se5 on c>ry+ fur!r an illu/ration already us$--t ( ! %+le-cov]$ %ore1 ! pebbles on :i*1 :ile be+ 9 "s cases select$1 h be5 9 all cases r\nd$ & smoo!d4 ,suppose a b$ ( su* %+le to be1 z we (t5 see x1 solidifi$1 along ) int]fus$ mat]ial1 into a conglom]ate4 ,:at 9 su* case mu/ be consid]$ z ! *ief trait ( su* conglom]ate2 or r--:at mu/ we reg>d z ! *ief cause ( its di/9ctive *>act]s8 ,evid5tly ! action ( ! sea4 ,)\t ! break]s1 no pebbles2 )\t ! pebbles1 no conglom]ate4 ,simil>ly !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( t action ( ! m$ium by :i* 0 effect$ ! diff]5tiation ( out] f inn] 9 ^? microscopic portions ( protoplasm con/itut+ ! e>lie/ & simple/ animals & plants1 !re c\ld n h exi/$ ?is c>d9al trait ( composition :i* all ! high] animals & plants %[ u4 ,s t1 active z has be5 ! "p play$ by natural selection1 alike 9 modify+ & m\ld+ ! orig9al units--l>gely z survival ( ! fitte/ has be5 in/rum5tal 9 fur!r+ & controll+ ! comb9ation ( ^! units into visible organisms1 & ev5tually into l>ge ones2 yet we mu/ ascribe to ! direct effect ( ! m$ium on ! fir/ =ms ( life1 t "* ( :i* ?is ev]y:]e-op]ative factor has tak5 advantage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u turn n[ to ano!r & m obvi\s attribute ( high] organisms1 = :i* also !re is ?is same g5]al cause4 ,let u obs]ve h[1 on a high] plat=m1 !re recurs ?is diff]5tiation ( out] f inn]--h[ ?is prim>y trait 9 ! liv+ units ) :i* life comm5ces1 re-appe>s z a prim>y trait 9 ^? aggregates ( su* units :i* con/itute visible organisms4 ,9 its simple/ & mo/ unmi/akable =m1 we see ?is 9 ! e>ly *anges ( an unfold+ ovum ( primitive type4 ,! orig9al f]tiliz$ s+le cell1 hav+ by spontane\s fission multipli$ into a clu/] ( su* cells1 !re beg9s to %[ itself a contra/ betwe5 p]iph]y & c5tre2 & pres5tly !re is =m$ a sph]e consi/+ ( a sup]ficial lay] unlike its cont5ts4 ,! fir/ *ange1 !n1 is ! rise ( a diff]5ce betwe5 t out] "p :i* holds direct conv]se ) ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 & t inclos$ "p :i* does n4 ,?is prim>y diff]5tiation 9 ^! comp\nd embryos ( high] animals1 p>allels ! prim>y diff]5tiation und]gone by ! simple/ liv+ ?+s4 ,leav+1 = ! pres5t1 succe$+ *anges ( ! comp\nd embryo1 ! significance ( :i* we %all h to consid] by-&-by1 let u pass n[ to ! adult =ms ( visible plants & animals4 ,9 !m we f9d c>d9al traits :i*1 aft] :at we h se5 above1 w fur!r impress u ) ! importance ( ! effects wr\ght on ! organism by its m$ium4 ,f ! ?allus ( a sea-we$ up to ! leaf ( a highly develop$ phnogam1 we f9d1 at all /ages1 a contra/ betwe5 ! inn] & out] p>ts ( ^! flatt5$ masses ( tissue4 ,9 ! high] ,alg ! out]mo/ lay]s consi/ ( small] & firm] cells1 :ile ! inn] cells are (t5 v l>ge1 & sometimes extremely long2#ea & 9 ! leaves ( trees ! epid]mal lay]1 besides diff]+ 9 ! sizes & %apes ( its compon5t cells f ! p>5*yma =m+ ! inn] sub/ance ( ! leaf1 is itself diff]5tiat$ by hav+ a cont9u\s cuticle1 & by hav+ ! out] walls ( its cells unlike ! inn] walls4#eb ,especially significant is ! /ructure ( su* int]m$iate types z ! ,liv]worts4 ,beyond ! diff]5tiation ( ! cov]+ cells f ! conta9$ cells1 & ! contra/ betwe5 upp] surface & "u surface1 ! frond ( ,m>*antia polymorpha cle>ly %[s u ! direct effect ( incid5t =ces2 & %[s u1 too1 h[ x is involv$ ) ! effect ( inh]it$ proclivities4 ,! frond gr[s f a flat disc-%ap$ gemma1 ! two sides ( :i* are alike4 ,ei!r side may fall upp]mo/2 & !n ( ! develop+ %oot1 ! side expos$ to ! light is "u all circum/ances ! upp] side :i* =ms /omata1 ! d>k side becomes ! "u side :i* produces root-hairs & leafy processes4#ec ,s t :ile we h und5iable pro( t ! contra/$ influ5ces ( ! m$ium on ! two sides1 initiate ! diff]5tiation1 we h also pro( t ! completion ( x is det]m9$ by ! transmitt$ /ructure ( ! type2 s9ce x is impossible to ascribe ! developm5t ( /omata to ! direct action ( air & light4 ,on turn+ f foli> expansions1 to /ems & roots1 facts ( l mean+ meet u4 ,speak+ g5]ally ( epid]mal tissue & inn] tissue1 ,sa*s rem>ks t ! contra/ ( ! two is ! pla9] ! m ! "p ( ! plant conc]n$ is expos$ to air & light4#ed ,else:]e1 9 correspond5ce ) ?is1 x is said t 9 roots ! cells ( ! epid]mis1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ by be>+ hairs1 are o!rwise simil> to ^? ( ! fundam5tal tissue :i* !y clo!1#ee :ile ! cuticul> cov]+ is relatively ?92 :]eas 9 /ems ! epid]mis 7(t5 fur!r diff]5tiat$7 is compos$ ( lay]s ( cells :i* are small] & ?ick]-wall$3 a /rong] contra/ ( /ructure correspond+ to a /rong] contra/ ( conditions4 ,by way ( meet+ ! sugge/ion t ^! respective diff]5ces are :olly due to ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations1 x w suffice if ,i draw att5tion to ! unlik5ess betwe5 imb$d$ roots & expos$ roots4 ,:ile 9 d>kness1 & surr\nd$ by moi/ e>?1 ! out]mo/ protective coats1 ev5 ( l>ge roots1 are comp>atively ?92 b :5 ! accid5ts ( gr[? entail p]man5t exposure to light & air1 roots acquire cov]+s alli$ 9 "* to ! cov]+s ( bran*es4 ,t ! action ( ! m$ium causes ^! & conv]se *anges1 _c be d\bt$ :5 we f9d1 on ! "o h&1 t roots c become directly trans=m$ into leaf-be>+ %oots1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t 9 "s plants c]ta9 app>5t roots are only und]gr\nd %oots1 & t nev]!less !y are simil> to true roots 9 function & 9 ! =mation ( tissue1 b h no root-cap1 &1 :5 !y come to ! light above gr\nd1 cont9ue to gr[ 9 ! mann] ( ord9>y leaf-%oots4#ef ,if1 !n1 9 highly develop$ plants inh]it+ pron\nc$ /ructures1 ?is diff]5tiat+ influ5ce ( ! m$ium is s m>k$1 x mu/ h be5 all-important at ! outset :ile types 7 undet]m9$4 ,z ) plants s ) animals1 we f9d good reason = inf]r+ t :ile ! specialities ( ! tegum5t>y p>ts mu/ be ascrib$ to ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations1 _! mo/ g5]al traits are due to ! direct action ( surr\nd+ ag5cies4 ,"h we come ^u ! bord] ( ^? *anges :i* are ascribable to use & disuse4 ,b f ?is class ( *anges we may fitly exclude ^? 9 :i* ! p>ts conc]n$ are :olly or ma9ly passive4 ,a corn & a bli/] w conv5i5tly s]ve to illu/rate ! way 9 :i* c]ta9 out] actions initiate 9 ! sup]ficial tissues1 effects ( v m>k$ k9ds1 :i* are relat$ nei!r to ! ne$s ( ! organism nor to its normal /ructure4 ,!y are nei!r adaptive *anges nor *anges t[>ds completion ( ! type4 ,aft] not+ !m we may pass to alli$1 b /ill m in/ructive1 *anges4 ,cont9u\s pressure on any portion ( ! surface causes absorption1 :ile int]mitt5t pressure causes gr[?3 ! "o imp$+ circulation & ! passage ( plasma f ! capill>ies into ! tissues1 & ! o!r aid+ bo?4 ,!re are yet fur!r me*anically-produc$ effects4 ,t ! g5]al "* ( ! ribb$ sk9 on ! "u surfaces ( ! feet & insides ( ! h&s is directly due to friction & int]mitt5t pressure1 we h ! pro(s3--fir/1 t ! tracts mo/ expos$ to r\gh usage are ! mo/ ribb$2 second1 t ! insides ( h&s subject to unusual am\nts ( r\gh usage1 z ^? ( sailors1 are /rongly ribb$ all ov]2 & ?ird1 t 9 h&s :i* are v little us$1 ! p>ts commonly ribb$ become q smoo?4 ,^! sev]al k9ds ( evid5ce1 h[ev]1 full ( mean+ z !y are1 ,i give simply to prep>e ! way = evid5ce ( a mu* m conclusive k9d4 ,:]e a wide ulc] has eat5 away ! deep-seat$ lay] out ( :i* ! epid]mis gr[s1 or :]e ?is lay] has be5 de/roy$ by an ext5sive burn1 ! process ( heal+ is v significant4 ,f ! subjac5t tissues1 :i* 9 ! normal ord] h no conc]n ) outw>d gr[?1 !re is produc$ a new sk91 or r a pro-sk92 = ?is sub/itut$ outw>d-gr[+ lay] conta9s no hair-follicles or o!r specialities ( ! orig9al "o4 ,nev]!less1 x is l ! orig9al "o 9 s f> t x is a cont9ually r5ew$ protective cov]+4 ,d\btless x may be cont5d$ t ?is make-%ift sk9 results f ! inh]it$ proclivity ( ! type--! t5d5cy to complete afre% ! /ructure ( ! species :5 injur$4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 ignore ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! m$ium1 on recall+ ! facts above nam$1 or on rememb]+ ! fur!r fact t an inflam$ surface ( sk91 :5 n %elt]$ f ! air1 w ?r[ out a film ( coagulable lymph4 ,b t ! direct action ( ! m$ium is a *ief factor we are cle>ly %[n by ano!r case4 ,accid5t or disease occasionally causes p]man5t ev]sion1 or protrusion1 ( muc\s membrane4 ,aft] a p]iod ( irritability1 great at fir/ b decreas+ z ! *ange advances1 ?is membrane assumes ! g5]al "* ( ord9>y sk94 ,nor is ?is all3 its microscopic /ructure *anges4 ,:]e x is a muc\s membrane ( ! k9d cov]$ by cyl9d]-epi!lium1 ! cyl9d]s gradually %ort51 becom+ f9ally flat1 & !re results a squam\s epi!lium3 !re is a ne> approa* 9 m9ute composition to epid]mis4 ,"h a t5d5cy t[>ds completion ( ! type _c be alleg$2 = !re is1 contr>iwise1 div]g5ce f ! type4 ,! effect ( ! m$ium is s great t1 9 a %ort "t1 x ov]comes ! inh]it$ proclivity & produces a /ructure ( opposite k9d to ! normal "o4 ,) b little break we come "h ^u a significant analogy1 p>allel to an analogy already describ$4 ,z 0 po9t$ out1 an inorganic body t is modifiable by its m$ium1 acquires1 aft] a "t1 an out] coat :i* has already und]gone su* *ange z surr\nd+ ag5cies c effect2 has a conta9$ mass :i* is z yet un*ang$1 because unrea*$2 & has a surface betwe5 ! two :]e *ange is go+ on--a region ( activity4 ,& we saw t alike 9 ! vegetal cell & ! animal cell !re exi/ analog\s di/ributions3 ( c\rse ) ! diff]5ce t ! inn]mo/ "p is n in]t4 ,n[ we h to note t 9 ^? aggregates ( cells con/itut+ ! ,metaphyta & ,metazoa1 analog\s di/ributions also exi/4 ,9 plants !y are ( c\rse n to be look$ = 9 leaves & o!r decidu\s portions1 b only 9 portions ( long duration--/ems & bran*es4 ,naturally1 too1 we ne$ n expect !m 9 plants hav+ modes ( gr[? :i* e>ly produce an out] practically dead "p1 t effectually %ields ! inn] actively liv+ "p ( ! /em f ! influ5ce ( ! m$ium--long-liv$ acrog5s su* z tree-f]ns & long-liv$ endog5s su* z palms4 ,b 9 ! highe/ plants1 exog5s1 :i* h ! actively liv+ "p ( _! /ems )9 rea* ( environ+ ag5cies1 we f9d ?is "p1--! cambium lay]1--is "o f :i* !re is a gr[? inw>ds =m+ wood1 & a gr[? outw>ds =m+ b>k3 !re is an increas+ly ?ick cov]+ 7:]e x does n scale (f7 ( tissue *ang$ by ! m$ium1 & inside ?is a film ( highe/ vitality4 ,9 s f> z conc]ns ! pres5t argum5t1 x is ! same ) ! ,metazoa1 or at lea/ all ( !m :i* h develop$ organizations4 ,! out] sk9 gr[s up f a limit+ plane1 or lay]1 a little di/ance bel[ ! surface--a place ( pr$om9ant vital activity4 ,"h p]petually arise new cells1 :i*1 z !y develop1 are ?ru/ outw>ds & =m ! epid]mis3 flatt5+ & dry+ up z !y approa* ! surface1 :5ce1 hav+ = a "t s]v$ to %ield ! p>ts bel[1 !y f9ally scale (f & leave y\ng] ones to take _! places4 ,?is /ill undiff]5tiat$ tissue =m+ ! base ( ! epid]mis1 & exi/+ also z a s\rce ( r5ewal 9 int]nal organs1 is ! ess5tially liv+ sub/ance2 & facts above giv5 imply t x 0 ! action ( ! m$ium on ?is ess5tially liv+ sub/ance1 :i*1 dur+ e>ly /ages 9 ! organization ( ! ,metazoa1 initiat$ t protective envelope :i* pres5tly became an inh]it$ /ructure--a /ructure :i*1 ?\gh n[ ma9ly inh]it$1 /ill cont9ues to be modifiable by its initiator4 ,fully to p]ceive ! way 9 :i* ^! evid5ces compel u to recognize ! influ5ce ( ! m$ium z a primordial factor1 we ne$ b conceive !m z int]pret$ )\t x4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 we say t ! /ructure ( ! epid]mis is :olly det]m9$ by ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations2 :at mu/ be ! position tak5 9 pres5ce ( ! fact above nam$1 t :5 muc\s membrane is expos$ to ! air its cell-/ructure *anges into ! cell-/ructure ( sk98 ,! position tak5 mu/ be ?is3--,?\gh muc\s membrane 9 a highly-evolv$ individual organism1 ?us %[s ! p[]ful effect ( ! m$ium on its surface2 yet we mu/ n suppose t ! m$ium _h ! effect ( produc+ su* a cell-/ructure on ! surfaces ( primitive =ms1 undiff]5tiat$ ?\gh !y 72 or1 if we suppose t su* an effect 0 produc$ on !m1 we mu/ n suppose t x 0 inh]itable4 ,contr>iwise1 we mu/ suppose t su* effect ( ! m$ium ei!r 0 n wr\ght at all1 or t x 0 evanesc5t3 ?\gh repeat$ ?r\gh millions ^u millions ( g5]ations x left no traces4 ,& we mu/ conclude t ?is sk9-/ructure arose only 9 consequ5ce ( spontane\s v>iations n physically initiat$ 7?\gh l ^? physically initiat$7 :i* natural selection laid hold ( & increas$4 ,does any "o ?9k ?is a t5able position8 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ we approa* ! la/ & *ief s]ies ( morphological ph5om5a :i* mu/ be ascrib$ to ! direct action ( environ+ matt]s & =ces4 ,^! are pres5t$ to u :5 we /udy ! e>ly /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryos ( ! ,metazoa 9 g5]al4 ,we w set out ) ! fact already not$ 9 pass+1 t aft] repeat$ spontane\s fissions h *ang$ ! orig9al f]tiliz$ g]m-cell into t clu/] ( cells :i* =ms a gemmule or a primitive ovum1 ! fir/ contra/ :i* arises is betwe5 ! p]iph]al p>ts & ! c5tral p>ts4 ,:]e1 z ) l[] creatures :i* d n lay up l>ge /ores ( nutrim5t ) ! g]ms ( _! (fspr+1 ! inn] mass is inconsid]able1 ! out] lay] ( cells1 :i* are pres5tly made q small by repeat$ subdivisions1 =ms a membrane ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface--! bla/od]m4 ,! next /age ( developm5t1 :i* ends 9 ?is cov]+ lay] becom+ d\ble1 is rea*$ 9 two ways--by invag9ation & by delam9ation2 b :i* is ! orig9al way & :i* ! abridg$ way1 is n q c]ta94 ,( invag9ation1 multitud9\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! l[e/ types1 ,mr4 ,balf\r says3--,on purely priori gr\nds !re is 9 my op9ion m to be said = invag9ation ?an = any o!r view2#eg &1 = pres5t purposes1 x w suffice if we limit ourselves to ?is3 mak+ its nature cle> to ! g5]al read] by a simple illu/ration4 ,take a small india-rubb] ball--n ( ! inflat$ k9d1 nor ( ! solid k9d1 b ( ! k9d ab\t an in* or s 9 diamet] ) a small hole ?r\gh :i*1 "u pressure1 ! air escapes4 ,suppose t in/ead ( consi/+ ( india-rubb] its wall consi/s ( small cells made polyh$ral 9 =m by mutual pressure1 & unit$ toge!r4 ,?is w repres5t ! bla/od]m4 ,n[ ) ! f+]1 ?ru/ 9 "o side ( ! ball until x t\*es ! o!r3 s mak+ a cup4 ,?is action w /& = ! process ( invag9ation4 ,imag9e t by cont9uance ( x1 ! hemisph]ical cup becomes v mu* deep5$ & ! op5+ n>r[$1 until ! cup becomes a sac1 ( :i* ! introv]t$ wall is ev]y:]e 9 contact ) ! out] wall4 ,?is w repres5t ! two-lay]$ ga/rula--! simple/ ance/ral =m ( ! ,metazoa3 a =m :i* is p]man5tly repres5t$ 9 "s ( ! l[e/ types2 = x ne$s b t5tacles r\nd ! m\? ( ! sac1 to produce a common hydra4 ,"h ! fact :i* x *iefly conc]ns u to rem>k1 is t ( ^! two lay]s ! out]1 call$ 9 embryological language ! epibla/1 cont9ues to c>ry on direct conv]se ) ! =ces & matt]s 9 ! environm5t2 :ile ! inn]1 call$ ! hypobla/1 comes 9 contact ) su* only ( ^! matt]s z are put into ! food-cavity :i* x l9es4 ,we h fur!r to note t 9 ! embryos ( ,metazoa at all advanc$ 9 organization1 !re arises betwe5 ^! two lay]s a ?ird--! mesobla/4 ,! orig9 ( ?is is se5 9 types :]e ! developm5tal process is n obscur$ by ! pres5ce ( a l>ge food-yolk4 ,:ile ! above-describ$ introv]sion is tak+ place1 & be=e ! inn] surfaces ( ! result+ epibla/ & hypobla/ h come into contact1 cells1 or amoeboid units equival5t to !m1 are budd$ (f f "o or bo? ( ^! inn] surfaces1 or "s "p ( "o or o!r2 & ^! =m a lay] :i* ev5tually lies betwe5 ! o!r two--a lay] :i*1 z ?is mode ( =mation implies1 nev] has any conv]se ) ! surr\nd+ m$ium & its cont5ts1 or ) ! nutritive bodies tak5 9 f x4 ,! /rik+ facts to :i* ?is description is a necess>y introduction1 may n[ be /at$4 ,f ! out] lay]1 or epibla/1 are develop$ ! p]man5t epid]mis & its out-gr[?s1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! organs ( s5se4 ,f ! introv]t$ lay]1 or hypobla/1 are develop$ ! alim5t>y canal & ^? p>ts ( its app5d$ organs1 liv]1 pancreas1 c41 :i* are conc]n$ 9 deliv]+ _! secretions into ! alim5t>y canal1 z well z ! l9+s ( ^? ramify+ tubes 9 ! lungs :i* convey air to ! places :]e gase\s ex*ange is effect$4 ,& f ! mesobla/ orig9ate ! bones1 ! muscles1 ! he>t & blood-vessels1 & ! lymphatics1 toge!r ) su* p>ts ( v>i\s int]nal organs z are mo/ remotely conc]n$ ) ! out] _w4 ,m9or qualifications be+ admitt$1 !re rema9 ! broad g5]al facts1 t out ( t "p ( ! ext]nal lay] :i* rema9s p]man5tly ext]nal1 are develop$ all ! /ructures :i* c>ry on int]c\rse ) ! m$ium & its cont5ts1 active & passive2 out ( ! introv]t$ "p ( ?is ext]nal lay]1 are develop$ ! /ructures :i* c>ry on int]c\rse ) ! quasi-ext]nal sub/ances t are tak5 into ! int]ior--solid food1 wat]1 & air2 :ile out ( ! mesobla/ are develop$ /ructures :i* h nev] _h1 f fir/ to la/1 any int]c\rse ) ! environm5t4 ,let u contemplate ^! g5]al facts4 ,:o w\ld h imag9$ t ! n]v\s sy/em is a modifi$ portion ( ! primitive epid]mis8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( pro(s furni%$ by ! concurr5t te/imony ( embryologi/s dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 :o w\ld h believ$ t ! bra9 arises f an infold$ tract ( ! out] sk91 :i*1 s9k+ d[n b5ea? ! surface1 becomes imb$d$ 9 o!r tissues & ev5tually surr\nd$ by a bony case8 ,yet ! human n]v\s sy/em 9 common ) ! n]v\s sy/ems ( l[] animals is ?us orig9at$4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,balf\r1 e>ly embryological *anges imply t-- ! functions ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 :i* 7 orig9ally tak5 by ! :ole sk91 became gradually conc5trat$ 9 a special "p ( ! sk9 :i* 0 /ep by /ep remov$ f ! surface1 & has f9ally become 9 ! high] types a well-def9$ organ imb$d$ 9 ! subd]mal tissues4444 ,! embryological evid5ce %[s t ! ganglion-cells ( ! c5tral "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em are orig9ally d]iv$ f ! simple undiff]5tiat$ epi!lial cells ( ! surface ( ! body4#eh ,less />tl+ p]haps1 ?\gh /ill />tl+ en\gh1 is ! fact t ! eye is evolv$ out ( a portion ( ! sk92 & t :ile ! cry/all9e l5s & its surr\nd+s ?us orig9ate1 ! p]cipi5t portions ( ! organs ( special s5se1 especially ( optic organs1 are (t5 =m$ f ! same "p ( ! primitive epid]mis :i* =ms ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4#ei ,simil>ly is x ) ! organs = smell+ & he>+4 ,^!1 too1 beg9 z sacs =m$ by infold+s ( ! epid]mis2 & :ile _! p>ts are develop+ !y are jo9$ f )9 by n]v\s /ructures :i* 7 !mselves epid]mic 9 orig94 ,h[ are we to int]pret ^! /range trans=mations8 ,obs]v+1 z we pass1 h[ absurd f ! po9t ( view ( ! special-creationi/1 w\ld appe> su* a filiation ( /ructures1 & su* a r\nd-ab\t mode ( embryonic developm5t1 we h "h to rem>k t ! process is n "o to h be5 anticipat$ z a result ( natural selection4 ,aft] numb]s ( spontane\s v>iations _h occurr$1 z ! hypo!sis implies1 9 useless ways1 ! v>iation :i* prim>ily initiat$ a n]v\s c5tre might reasonably h be5 expect$ to occur 9 "s int]nal "p :]e x w\ld be fitly locat$4 ,its initiation 9 a dang]\s place & subsequ5t migration to a safe place1 w\ld be incompreh5sible4 ,n s if we be> 9 m9d ! c>d9al tru? above set =?1 t ! /ructures = hold+ conv]se ) ! m$ium & its cont5ts1 arise 9 t completely sup]ficial "p :i* is directly affect$ by ! m$ium & its cont5ts2 & if we draw ! inf]5ce t ! ext]nal actions !mselves initiate ! /ructures4 ,^! once comm5c$1 & fur!r$ by natural selection :]e fav\rable to life1 w\ld =m ! fir/ t]m ( a s]ies end+ 9 develop$ s5se organs & a develop$ n]v\s sy/em4#fj ,?\gh x w\ld en=ce ! argum5t1 ,i mu/1 = brevity's sake1 pass ov] ! analog\s evolution ( t introv]t$ lay]1 or hypobla/1 out ( :i* ! alim5t>y canal & atta*$ organs arise4 ,x w suffice to emphasize ! fact t hav+ be5 orig9ally ext]nal1 ?is lay] cont9ues 9 its develop$ =m to h a quasi-ext]nality1 alike 9 its dige/+ "p & 9 its respiratory "p2 s9ce x cont9ues to deal ) matt]s ali5 to ! organism4 ,i mu/ also refra9 f dwell+ at l5g? on ! fact already adv]t$ to1 t ! int]m$iate d]iv$ lay]1 or mesobla/1 :i* 0 at ! outset completely int]nal1 orig9ates ^? /ructures :i* ev] rema9 completely int]nal1 & h no communication ) ! environm5t save ?r\gh ! /ructures develop$ f ! o!r two3 an anti!sis :i* has great significance4 ,"h1 in/ead ( dwell+ on ^! details1 x w be bett] to draw att5tion to ! mo/ g5]al aspect ( ! facts4 ,:atev] may be ! c\rse ( subsequ5t *anges1 ! fir/ *ange is ! =mation ( a sup]ficial lay] or bla/od]m2 & by :atev] s]ies ( trans=mations ! adult /ructure is rea*$1 x is f ! bla/od]m t all ! organs =m+ ! adult orig9ate4 ,:y ?is m>vell\s fact8 ,mean+ is giv5 to x if we g back to ! fir/ /age 9 :i* ,protozoa1 hav+ by repeat$ fissions =m$ a clu/]1 !n arrang$ !mselves into a holl[ sph]e1 z d ! protophytes =m+ a ,volvox4 ,orig9ally alike all ov] its surface1 ! holl[ sph]e ( ciliat$ units ?us =m$1 w\ld1 if n q sph]ical1 assume a con/ant attitude :5 mov+ ?r\gh ! wat]2 & h5ce "o "p ( ! sph]oid w\ld m frequ5tly ?an ! re/ come 9 contact ) nutritive matt]s to be tak5 94 ,a division ( lab\r result+ f su* a v>iation be+ advantage\s1 & t5d+ !re=e to increase 9 desc5dants1 w\ld end 9 a diff]5tiation l t %[n 9 ! gemmules ( v>i\s l[ types ( ,metazoa1 :i*1 ovate 9 %ape1 are ciliat$ ov] "o "p ( ! surface only4 ,!re w\ld arise a =m 9 :i* ! cilium-be>+ units effect$ locomotion & a]ation2 :ile on ! o!rs1 assum+ an amoeba-l "*1 devolv$ ! function ( absorb+ food3 a primordial specialization v>i\sly indicat$ by evid5ce4#fa ,j not+ t an ance/ral orig9 ( ?is k9d is impli$ by ! fact t 9 l[ types ( ,metazoa a holl[ sph]e ( cells is ! =m fir/ assum$ by ! unfold+ embryo1 ,i draw att5tion to ! po9t "h ( *ief int]e/2 namely t ! prim>y diff]5tiation ( ?is holl[ sph]e is 9 su* case det]m9$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! conv]se ( its p>ts ) ! m$ium & its cont5ts2 & t ! subsequ5t invag9ation arises by a cont9uance ( ?is diff]5tial conv]se4 ,ev5 neglect+ ?is fir/ /age & comm5c+ ) ! next1 9 :i* a ga/rula has be5 produc$ by ! p]man5t introv]sion ( "o portion ( ! surface ( ! holl[ sph]e1 x w suffice if we consid] :at mu/ !reaft] h happ5$4 ,t :i* cont9u$ to be ! out] surface 0 ! "p :i* f "t to "t t\*$ quiesc5t masses & occasionally receiv$ ! collisions consequ5t on its own motions or ! motions ( o!r ?+s4 ,x 0 ! "p to receive ! s\nd-vibrations occasionally propagat$ ?r\gh ! wat]2 ! "p to be affect$ m /rongly ?an any o!r by ^? v>iations 9 ! am\nts ( light caus$ by ! pass+ ( small bodies close to x2 & ! "p :i* met ^? diffus$ molecules con/itut+ od\rs4 ,t is to say1 f ! beg9n+ ! surface 0 ! "p on :i* !re fell ! v>i\s influ5ces p]vad+ ! environm5t1 ! "p by :i* !re 0 receiv$ ^? impressions f ! environm5t s]v+ = ! guidance ( actions1 & ! "p :i* _h to be> ! me*anical re-actions consequ5t ^u su* actions4 ,necess>ily1 !re=e1 ! surface 0 ! "p 9 :i* 7 initiat$ ! v>i\s in/rum5talities = c>ry+ on int]c\rse ) ! environm5t4 ,to suppose o!rwise is to suppose t su* in/rum5talities arose int]nally :]e !y c\ld nei!r be op]at$ on by surr\nd+ ag5cies nor op]ate on !m1--:]e ! diff]5tiat+ =ces did n come into play1 & ! diff]5tiat$ /ructures _h no?+ to d2 & x is to suppose t mean:ile ! p>ts directly expos$ to ! diff]5tiat+ =ces rema9$ un*ang$4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 organization c\ld n b beg9 on ! surface2 & hav+ ?us begun1 its subsequ5t c\rse c\ld n b be det]m9$ by its sup]ficial orig94 ,& h5ce ^! rem>kable facts %[+ u t individual evolution is accompli%$ by successive 9-fold+s & 9-gr[+s4 ,d\btless natural selection soon came into action1 z1 = example1 9 ! removal ( ! rudim5t>y n]v\s c5tres f ! surface2 s9ce an individual 9 :i* !y 7 a little m deeply seat$ w\ld be less likely to be incapacitat$ by injury ( !m4 ,& s 9 multitud9\s o!r ways4 ,b nev]!less1 z we "h see1 natural selection c\ld op]ate only "u subjection4 ,x c\ld d no m ?an take advantage ( ^? /ructural *anges :i* ! m$ium & its cont5ts initiat$4 ,see1 !n1 h[ l>ge has be5 ! "p play$ by ?is primordial factor4 ,_h x done no m ?an give to ,protozoa & ,protophyta t cell-=m :i* *>act]izes !m--_h x done no m ?an entail ! cellul> composition :i* is s rem>kable a trait ( ,metazoa & ,metaphyta--_h x done no m ?an cause ! repetition 9 all visible animals & plants ( t prim>y diff]5tiation ( out] f inn] :i* x fir/ wr\ght 9 animals & plants invisible to ! nak$ eye2 x w\ld h done mu* t[>ds giv+ to organisms ( all k9ds c]ta9 lead+ traits4 ,b x has done m ?an ?is4 ,by caus+ ! fir/ diff]5tiations ( ^? clu/]s ( units out ( :i* visible animals 9 g5]al arose1 x fix$ ! />t+ place = organization1 & !re=e det]m9$ ! c\rse ( organization2 &1 do+ ?is1 gave indelible traits to embryonic trans=mations & to adult /ructures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh ma9ly c>ri$ on aft] ! inductive me?od1 ! argum5t at ! close ( ! =ego+ section has pass$ into ! d$uctive4 ,"h let u foll[ = a space ! d$uctive me?od pure & simple4 ,d\btless 9 biology priori reason+ is dang]\s2 b !re c be no dang] 9 consid]+ :e!r its results co9cide ) ^? rea*$ by reason+ po/]iori4 ,biologi/s 9 g5]al agree t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 no su* ?+ happ5s z ! rise ( a liv+ creature out ( non-liv+ matt]4 ,!y d n d5y1 h[ev]1 t at a remote p]iod 9 ! pa/1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! ,e>?'s surface 0 mu* high] ?an at pres5t1 & o!r physical conditions 7 unlike ^? we "k1 inorganic matt]1 ?r\gh successive complications1 gave orig9 to organic matt]4 ,s _m sub/ances once suppos$ to belong exclusively to liv+ bodies1 h n[ be5 =m$ artificially1 t m5 ( sci5ce sc>cely "q ! conclusion t !re are conditions "u :i*1 by yet ano!r /ep ( composition1 quat]n>y comp\nds ( l[] types pass into ^? ( highe/ types4 ,t !re once took place gradual div]g5ce ( ! organic f ! inorganic1 is1 inde$1 a necess>y implication ( ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 tak5 z a :ole2 & if we accept x z a :ole1 we mu/ put to ourselves ! "q--,:at 7 ! e>ly /ages ( progress :i* foll[$1 aft] ! mo/ complex =m ( matt] _h aris5 out ( =ms ( matt] a degree less complex8 ,at fir/1 protoplasm c\ld h _h no proclivities to "o or o!r arrangem5t ( p>ts2 unless1 inde$1 a purely me*anical proclivity t[>ds a sph]ical =m :5 susp5d$ 9 a liquid4 ,at ! outset x mu/ h be5 passive4 ,9 respect ( its passivity1 primitive organic matt] mu/ h be5 l inorganic matt]4 ,no su* ?+ z spontane\s v>iation c\ld h occurr$ 9 x2 = v>iation implies "s habitual c\rse ( *ange f :i* x is a div]g5ce1 & is !re=e exclud$ :]e !re is no habitual c\rse ( *ange4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( t cyclical s]ies ( metamorphoses :i* ev5 ! simple/ liv+ ?+ n[ %[s u1 z a result ( its inh]it$ con/itution1 !re c\ld be no po9t d'appui = natural selection4 ,h[1 !n1 did organic evolution beg98 ,if a primitive mass ( organic matt] 0 l a mass ( inorganic matt] 9 respect ( its passivity1 & diff]$ only 9 respect ( its great] *angeabl5ess2 !n we mu/ inf] t its fir/ *anges con=m$ to ! same g5]al law z d ! *anges ( an inorganic mass4 ,! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s is a univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,9 all cases ! homog5e\s t5ds to pass into ! het]og5e\s1 & ! less het]og5e\s into ! m het]og5e\s4 ,9 ! primordial units ( protoplasm1 !n1 ! /ep ) :i* evolution comm5c$ mu/ h be5 ! passage f a /ate ( complete lik5ess ?r\gh\t ! mass to a /ate 9 :i* !re exi/$ "s unlik5ess4 ,fur!r1 ! cause ( ?is /ep 9 "o ( ^! portions ( organic matt]1 z 9 any portion ( inorganic matt]1 mu/ h be5 ! diff]5t exposure ( its p>ts to incid5t =ces4 ,:at incid5t =ces8 ,^? ( its m$ium or environm5t4 ,:i* 7 ! p>ts ?us diff]5tly expos$8 ,necess>ily ! outside & ! inside4 ,inevitably1 !n1 alike 9 ! organic aggregate & ! inorganic aggregate 7suppos+ x to h coh]5ce en\gh to ma9ta9 con/ant relative positions among its p>ts71 ! fir/ fall f homog5eity to het]og5eity mu/ always h be5 ! diff]5tiation ( ! ext]nal surface f ! int]nal cont5ts4 ,no matt] :e!r ! modification 0 physical or *emical1 "o ( composition or ( decomposition1 x comes )9 ! same g5]alization4 ,! direct action ( ! m$ium 0 ! primordial factor ( organic evolution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 f9ally1 let u look at ! factors 9 _! ensemble1 & consid] ! respective p>ts !y play3 obs]v+1 especially1 ! ways 9 :i*1 at successive /ages1 !y sev]ally give place "o to ano!r 9 degree ( importance4 ,act+ alone1 ! primordial factor mu/ h initiat$ ! prim>y diff]5tiation 9 all units ( protoplasm alike4 ,i say alike1 b ,i mu/ =?) qualify ! ^w4 ,= s9ce surr\nd+ influ5ces1 physical & *emical1 c\ld n be absolutely ! same 9 all places1 especially :5 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( liv+ ?+s _h spread ov] a consid]able area1 !re necess>ily arose small contra/s betwe5 ! degrees & k9ds ( sup]ficial diff]5tiation effect$4 ,z soon z ^! became decid$1 natural selection came into play2 = inevitably ! unlik5esses produc$ among ! units _h effects on _! lives3 !re 0 survival ( "s among ! modifi$ =ms r ?an o!rs4 ,utt]ly 9 ! d>k ?\gh we are respect+ ! causes :i* set up t process ( fission ev]y:]e occurr+ among ! m9ute/ =ms ( life1 we mu/ inf] t1 :5 e/abli%$1 x fur!r$ ! spread ( ^? :i* 7 mo/ fav\rably diff]5tiat$ by ! m$ium4 ,?\gh natural selection mu/ h become increas+ly active :5 once x _h got a />t2 yet ! diff]5tiat+ action ( ! m$ium nev] ceas$ to be a co-op]ator 9 ! developm5t ( ^! fir/ animals & plants4 ,aga9 tak+ ! lead z !re arose ! composite =ms ( animals & plants1 & aga9 los+ ! lead ) t advanc+ diff]5tiation ( ^! high] types :i* gave m scope to natural selection1 x nev]!less cont9u$1 & mu/ ev] cont9ue1 to be a cause1 bo? direct & indirect1 ( modifications 9 /ructure4 ,along ) t rem>kable process :i*1 beg9n+ 9 m9ute =ms ) :at is call$ conjugation1 develop$ into sexual g5]ation1 !re came into play causes ( frequ5t & m>k$ =tuit\s v>iations4 ,! mixtures ( con/itutional proclivities made m or less unlike by unlik5esses ( physical conditions1 inevitably l$ to occasional concurr5ces ( =ces produc+ deviations ( /ructure4 ,^! 7 ( c\rse mo/ly suppress$1 b sometimes increas$1 by survival ( ! fitte/4 ,:51 along ) ! gr[+ multiplication 9 =ms ( life1 conflict & competition became cont9ually m active1 =tuit\s v>iations ( /ructure ( no acc\nt 9 ! conv]se ) ! m$ium1 became ( mu* acc\nt 9 ! /ruggle ) enemies & competitors2 & natural selection ( su* v>iations became ! pr$om9ant factor4 ,especially ?r\gh\t ! plant-_w its action appe>s to h be5 imm5sely ! mo/ important2 & ?r\gh\t t l>ge "p ( ! animal _w *>act]iz$ by relative inactivity1 ! survival ( individuals t _h v>i$ 9 fav\rable ways1 mu/ all along h be5 ! *ief cause ( ! div]g5ce ( species & ! occasional production ( high] ones4 ,b gradually ) t increase ( activity :i* we see on asc5d+ to successively high] grades ( animals1 & especially ) t increas$ complexity ( life :i* we also see1 !re came m & m into play z a factor1 ! inh]itance ( ^? modifications ( /ructure caus$ by modifications ( function4 ,ev5tually1 among creatures ( high organization1 ?is factor became an important "o2 & ,i ?9k !re is reason to conclude t1 9 ! case ( ! highe/ ( creatures1 civiliz$ m51 among :om ! k9ds ( v>iation :i* affect survival are too multitud9\s to p]mit easy selection ( any "o1 & among :om survival ( ! fitte/ is greatly int]f]$ )1 x has become ! *ief factor3 su* aid z survival ( ! fitte/ gives1 be+ usually limit$ to ! pres]vation ( ^? 9 :om ! totality ( ! faculties has be5 mo/ fav\rably m\ld$ by functional *anges4 ,( c\rse ?is sket* ( ! relations among ! factors mu/ be tak5 z 9 l>ge measure a speculation4 ,we are n[ too f> remov$ f ! beg9n+s ( life to obta9 data = any?+ m ?an t5tative conclusions respect+ its e>lie/ /ages2 especially 9 ! abs5ce ( any clue to ! mode 9 :i* multiplication1 fir/ agamog5etic & !n gamog5etic1 0 initiat$4 ,b x has seem$ to me n amiss to pres5t ?is g5]al conception1 by way ( %[+ h[ ! d$uctive int]pretation h>monizes ) ! sev]al inf]5ces rea*$ by induction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 article on ,evolution 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,pr(essor ,huxley writes z foll[s3-- ,h[ f> 'natural selection' suffices = ! production ( species rema9s to be se54 ,few c d\bt t1 if n ! :ole cause1 x is a v important factor 9 t op]ation4444 ,on ! evid5ce ( palontology1 ! evolution ( _m exi/+ =ms ( animal life f _! pr$ecessors is no long] an hypo!sis1 b an hi/orical fact2 x is only ! nature ( ! physiological factors to :i* t evolution is due :i* is /ill op5 to discussion4 ,) ^! passages ,i may fitly jo9 a rem>k made 9 ! admirable address ,pr(4 ,huxley deliv]$ be=e unveil+ ! /atue ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,deprecat+ ! supposition t an au?oritative sanction 0 giv5 by ! c]emony to ! curr5t ideas conc]n+ organic evolution1 he said t sci5ce commits suicide :5 x adopts a cre$4 ,along ) l>g] motives1 "o motive :i* has jo9$ 9 prompt+ ! =ego+ articles1 has be5 ! desire to po9t out t already among biologi/s1 ! beliefs conc]n+ ! orig9 ( species h assum$ too mu* ! "* ( a cre$2 & t :ile becom+ settl$ !y h be5 n>r[$4 ,s f> f fur!r broad5+ t broad] view :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 rea*$ z he grew old]1 8 foll[]s appe> to h retrograd$ t[>ds a m re/rict$ view ?an he ev] express$4 ,?us !re seems occasion = recogniz+ ! w>n+ utt]$ by ,pr(4 ,huxley1 z n uncall$ =4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! argum5ts & conclusions set =? 9 ?is article & ! prec$+ "o1 !y w p]haps s]ve to %[ t x is z yet f> too soon to close ! inquiry conc]n+ ! causes ( organic evolution4 ,,note4 ,! foll[+ passages =m$ "p ( a preface to ! small volume 9 :i* ! =ego+ essay re-appe>$4 ,i app5d !m "h z !y _c n[ be conv5i5tly prefix$4 ,?\gh ! direct be>+s ( ! argum5ts conta9$ 9 ?is ,essay are biological1 ! argum5t conta9$ 9 its fir/ half has indirect be>+s ^u ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1 & ,sociology4 ,my belief 9 ! pr(\nd importance ( ^! indirect be>+s1 0 orig9ally a *ief prompt] to set =? ! argum5t2 & x n[ prompts me to re-issue x 9 p]man5t =m4 ,?\gh m5tal ph5om5a ( _m k9ds1 & especially ( ! simpl] k9ds1 are explicable only z result+ f ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations2 yet !re are1 ,i believe1 /ill m num]\s m5tal ph5om5a1 includ+ all ^? ( any consid]able complexity1 :i* _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an z results ( ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications4 ,:at !ory ( psy*ological evolution is esp\s$1 ?us dep5ds on acceptance or rejection ( ! doctr9e t n only 9 ! individual1 b 9 ! successions ( individuals1 use & disuse ( p>ts produce respectively increase & decrease ( !m4 ,( c\rse !re are involv$ ! conceptions we =m ( ! g5esis & nature ( our high] emotions2 &1 by implication1 ! conceptions we =m ( our moral intuitions4 ,if functionally-produc$ modifications are inh]itable1 !n ! m5tal associations habitually produc$ 9 individuals by exp]i5ces ( ! relations betwe5 actions & _! consequ5ces1 pleasurable or pa9ful1 may1 9 ! successions ( individuals1 g5]ate innate t5d5cies to l or dislike su* actions4 ,b if n1 ! g5esis ( su* t5d5cies is1 z we %all see1 n satisfactorily explicable4 ,t our sociological beliefs mu/ also be pr(\ndly affect$ by ! conclusions we draw on ?is po9t1 is obvi\s4 ,if a nation is modifi$ en masse by transmission ( ! effects produc$ on ! natures ( its memb]s by ^? modes ( daily activity :i* its in/itutions & circum/ances involve2 !n we mu/ inf] t su* in/itutions & circum/ances m\ld its memb]s f> m rapidly & compreh5sively ?an !y c d if ! solo cause ( adaptation to !m is ! m frequ5t survival ( individuals :o happ5 to h v>i$ 9 fav\rable ways4 ,i w add only t1 consid]+ ! wid? & dep? ( ! effects :i* acceptance ( "o or o!r ( ^! hypo!ses mu/ h on our views ( ,life1 ,m9d1 ,morals1 & ,politics1 ! "q--,:i* ( !m is true8 dem&s1 beyond all o!r que/ions :atev]1 ! att5tion ( sci5tific m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! above articles 7 publi%$1 ,i receiv$ f ,dr4 ,d[nes a copy ( a pap] ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,light on ,protoplasm1 writt5 by himself & ,mr4 ,t4,p4 ,blunt1 ,m4,a41 :i* 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahgh4 ,x 0 a cont9uation ( a prec$+ pap] :i*1 ref]r+ *iefly to ,bact]ia1 cont5d$ t-- ,light is inimical to1 & "u fav\rable conditions may :olly prev5t1 ! developm5t ( ^! organisms4 ,?is supplem5t>y pap] goes on to %[ t ! injuri\s effect ( light ^u protoplasm results only 9 pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,tak+ fir/ a comp>atively simple type ( molecule :i* ent]s into ! composition ( organic matt]1 ! au?ors say1 aft] detail+ exp]im5ts3-- ,x 0 evid5t1 !re=e1 t oxyg5 0 ! ag5t ( de/ruction "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,& acc\nts ( exp]im5ts ^u m9ute organisms are foll[$ by ! s5t5ce-- ,x seem$1 !re=e1 t 9 abs5ce ( an atmosph]e1 light fail$ entirely to produce any effect on su* organisms z 7 able to appe>4 ,!y sum up ! results ( _! exp]im5ts 9 ! p>agraph-- ,we conclude1 !re=e1 bo? f analogy & f direct exp]im5t1 t ! obs]v$ action on ^! organisms is n dep5d5t on light p] se1 b t ! pres5ce ( free oxyg5 is necess>y2 light & oxyg5 toge!r accompli%+ :at nei!r c d alone3 & ! inf]5ce seems irresi/ible t ! effect produc$ is a gradual oxidation ( ! con/itu5t protoplasm ( ^! organisms1 & t1 9 ?is respect1 protoplasm1 al?\gh liv+1 is n exempt f laws :i* appe> to gov]n ! relations ( light & oxyg5 to =ms ( matt] less highly end[$4 ,a =ce :i* is indirectly absolutely ess5tial to life z we "k x1 & matt] 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* life has n yet be5 prov$ to exi/1 "h unite = its de/ruction4 ,:at is ! obvi\s implication8 ,if oxyg5 9 pres5ce ( light de/roys "o ( ^! m9ute/ portions ( protoplasm1 :at w be its effect on a l>g] portion ( protoplasm8 ,x w "w an effect on ! surface in/ead ( on ! :ole mass4 ,n l ! m9ute/ mass made in]t all ?r\gh1 ! l>g] mass w be made in]t only on its outside2 &1 inde$1 ! l w happ5 ) ! m9ute/ mass if ! light or ! oxyg5 is v small 9 quantity4 ,h5ce !re w result an envelope ( *ang$ matt]1 inclos+ & protect+ ! un*ang$ protoplasm--!re w result a rudim5t>y cell-wall4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #da3 ,x is probable t ?is %ort5+ has result$ n directly b indirectly1 f ! selection ( individuals :i* 7 not$ = t5acity ( hold2 = ! bull-dog's peculi>ity 9 ?is respect seems due to relative %ortness ( ! upp] jaw1 giv+ ! und]hung /ructure :i*1 involv+ retreat ( ! no/rils1 enables ! dog to cont9ue brea?+ :ile hold+4 ,footnote #db3 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,d>w9 approv$ ( ?is expression & occasionally employ$ x1 he did n adopt x = g5]al use2 cont5d+1 v truly1 t ! expression ,natural ,selection is 9 "s cases m conv5i5t4 ,see ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication 7fir/ edition7 ,vol4 i1 p4 #f2 & ,orig9 ( ,species 7six? edition7 p4 #di4 ,footnote #dc3 ,x is true t :ile n delib]ately admitt$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 ^! effects are n d5i$ by him4 ,9 8 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication 7vol4 ii1 #bha71 he ref]s to c]ta9 *apt]s 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 9 :i* ,i h discuss$ ?is g5]al int]-action ( ! m$ium & ! organism1 & ascrib$ c]ta9 mo/ g5]al traits to x4 ,b ?\gh1 by 8 expressions1 he implies a sympa!tic att5tion to ! argum5t1 he does n 9 su* way adopt ! conclusion z to assign to ?is factor any %>e 9 ! g5esis ( organic /ructures--mu* less t l>ge %>e :i* ,i believe x has _h4 ,i did n myself at t "t1 nor inde$ until q rec5tly1 see h[ ext5sive & pr(\nd h be5 ! influ5ces on organization :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are traceable to ! e>ly results ( ?is fundam5tal relation betwe5 organism & m$ium4 ,i may add t x is 9 an essay on ,transc5d5tal ,physiology1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aheg1 t ! l9e ( ?\ght "h foll[$ out 9 its wid] be>+s1 0 fir/ ent]$ ^u4 ,footnote #dd3 ,text-,book ( ,botany1 c4 by ,julius ,sa*s4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,b5nett & ,w4 ,t4 ,t4 ,dy]4 ,footnote #de3 ,a ,manual ( ! ,infusoria1 by ,w4 ,saville ,k5t4 ,vol4 i1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #df3 ,ib4 ,vol4 i1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #dg3 ,k5t1 ,vol4 i1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ib4 ,vol4 i1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #di3 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 pp4 #g-i4 ,footnote #ej3 ,a ,treatise on ,comp>ative ,embryology1 by ,f4 ,m4 ,balf\r1 ,vol4 ii1 *ap4 xiii4 ,footnote #ea3 ,sa*s1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 pp4 #hc-d4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid4 #hj4 ,footnote #ee3 ,sa*s1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #eg3 ,a ,treatise on ,comp>ative ,embryology4 ,by ,francis ,m4 ,balf\r1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #cdc 7second edition74 ,footnote #eh3 ,balf\r1 l4c4 ,vol4 ii1 #djj-a4 ,footnote #ei3 ,balf\r1 l4c4 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #fj3 ,= a g5]al del9eation ( ! *anges by :i* ! developm5t is effect$1 see ,balf\r1 l4c4 ,vol4 ii1 pp4 #dja-d4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,balf\r1 ,vol4 i1 #adi & ,vol4 ii1 #cdc-d4 ,a ,,c\nt]-,,criticism4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 = ,febru>y1 #ahhh4 ,:ile ,i d n concur 9 sundry ( ! /atem5ts & conclusions conta9$ 9 ! article entitl$ ,a ,great ,confession1 contribut$ by ! ,duke ( ,argyll to ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review1 yet ,i am oblig$ to him = hav+ rais$ afre% ! "q discuss$ 9 x4 ,?\gh ! injunction ,re/ & be ?ankful1 is "o = :i* 9 _m sph]es mu* may be said--especially 9 ! political1 :]e undue re/lessness is prov+ v mis*iev\s2 yet re/ & be ?ankful is an injunction out ( place 9 sci5ce4 ,unhappily1 :ile politicians h n duly reg>d$ x1 x appe>s to h be5 tak5 to he>t too mu* by naturali/s2 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z conc]ns ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,! new biological or?odoxy behaves j z ! old biological or?odoxy did4 ,9 ! days be=e ,d>w91 ^? :o occupi$ !mselves ) ! ph5om5a ( life1 pass$ by ) unobs]vant eyes ! multitud9\s facts :i* po9t to an evolution>y orig9 = plants & animals2 & !y turn$ deaf e>s to ^? :o insi/$ on ! significance ( ^! facts4 ,n[ t !y h come to believe 9 ?is evolution>y orig91 & h at ! same "t accept$ ! hypo!sis t natural selection has be5 ! sole cause ( ! evolution1 !y are simil>ly unobs]vant ( ! multitud9\s facts :i* _c rationally be ascrib$ to t cause2 & turn deaf e>s to ^? :o w\ld draw _! att5tion to !m4 ,! attitude is ! same2 x is only ! cre$ :i* has *ang$4 ,b1 z above impli$1 ?\gh ! prote/ ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll aga9/ ?is attitude is q ju/ifiable1 x seems to me t _m ( 8 /atem5ts _c be su/a9$4 ,"s ( ^! conc]n me p]sonally1 & o!rs are ( imp]sonal conc]n4 ,i propose to deal ) !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on page #add ! ,duke ( ,argyll quotes me z omitt+ = ! pres5t any consid]ation ( a factor :i* may be di/+ui%$ z primordial2 & he repres5ts me z imply+ by ?is t ,d>w9's ultimate conception ( "s primordial 'brea?+ ( ! brea? ( life' is a conception :i* c be omitt$ only '= ! pres5t4' ,ev5 _h !re be5 no o!r obvi\s int]pretation1 x w\ld h be5 a some:at ra% assumption t ?is 0 my mean+ :5 ref]r+ to an omitt$ factor2 & x is surpris+ t ?is assumption %\ld h be5 made aft] read+ ! second ( ! two articles criticis$1 9 :i* ?is factor omitt$ f ! fir/ is dealt )3 ?is omitt$ ?ird factor be+ ! direct physico-*emical action ( ! m$ium on ! organism4 ,su* a ?\ght z t :i* ! ,duke ( ,argyll ascribes to me1 is s incongru\s ) ! beliefs ,i h 9 _m places express$ t ! ascription ( x nev] occurr$ to me z possible4 ,l[] d[n on ! same page are "s o!r s5t5ces hav+ p]sonal implications1 :i* ,i mu/ dispose ( be=e go+ into ! g5]al "q4 ,! ,duke says x is m ?an d\btful :e!r any value atta*es to ! new factor ) :i* he ,i desires to supplem5t x natural selection2 & he ?9ks x unacc\ntable t ,i %\ld make s great a fuss ab\t s small a matt] z ! effect ( use & disuse ( p>ticul> organs z a sep>ate & a newly-recognis$ factor 9 ! developm5t ( v>ieties4 ,i d n suppose t ! ,duke ( ,argyll int5d$ to ca/ ^u me ! disagreeable imputation1 t ,i claim z new t :i* all :o are ev5 slightly acqua9t$ ) ! facts "k to be any?+ r ?an new4 ,b 8 words c]ta9ly d ?is4 ,h[ he %\ld h ?us writt5 9 spite ( ! ext5sive k ( ! matt] :i* he evid5tly has1 & h[ he %\ld h ?us writt5 9 pres5ce ( ! evid5ce conta9$ 9 ! articles he criticizes1 ,i _c und]/&4 ,naturali/s1 & multitudes besides naturali/s1 "k t ! hypo!sis :i* ,i am repres5t$ z putt+ =w>d z new1 is mu* old] ?an ! hypo!sis ( natural selection--goes back at lea/ z f> z ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,my purpose 0 to br+ into ! =egr\nd aga9 a factor :i* has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 ( late ye>s improp]ly ignor$2 to %[ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 recogniz$ ?is factor 9 an increas+ degree z he grew old] 7by %[+ :i* ,i %\ld h ?\ght ,i suffici5tly exclud$ ! supposition t ,i br\ght x =w>d z new72 to give fur!r evid5ce t ?is factor is 9 op]ation2 to %[ !re are num]\s ph5om5a :i* _c be int]pret$ )\t x2 & to argue t if prov$ op]ative 9 any case1 x may be inf]r$ t x is op]ative on all /ructures hav+ active functions4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is passage1 9 :i* ,i am repres5t$ z imply+ novelty 9 a doctr9e :i* ,i h m]ely s\ght to emphasize & ext5d1 is imm$iately succe$$ by a passage 9 :i* ! ,duke ( ,argyll himself repres5ts ! doctr9e z be+ famili> & well e/abli%$3-- ,t organs ?us enfeebl$ i4e4 by p]si/5t disuse are transmitt$ by inh]itance to (fspr+ 9 a l condition ( functional & /ructural decl9e1 is a correlat$ physiological doctr9e n g5]ally disput$4 ,! conv]se case--( increas$ /r5g? & developm5t aris+ out ( ! habitual & heal?y use ( special organs1 & ( ! transmission ( ^! to (fspr+--is a case illu/rat$ by _m examples 9 ! bre$+ ( dome/ic animals4 ,i d n "k to :at else we c attribute ! long sl5d] legs & bodies ( greyh\nds s manife/ly adapt$ to spe$ ( foot1 or ! delicate p[]s ( smell 9 po9t]s & sett]s1 or a doz5 cases ( modifi$ /ructure effect$ by artificial selection4 ,9 none ( ! ass]tions conta9$ 9 ?is passage c ,i agree4 ,_h ! inh]itance ( functional & /ructural decl9e be5 n g5]ally disput$1 half my argum5t w\ld h be5 ne$less2 & _h ! inh]itance ( increas$ /r5g? & developm5t caus$ by use be5 recogniz$1 z illu/rat$ by _m examples1 ! o!r half ( my argum5t w\ld h be5 ne$less4 ,b bo? are disput$2 &1 if n positively d5i$1 are held to be unprov$4 ,greyh\nds & po9t]s d n yield valid evid5ce1 because _! peculi>ities are m due to artificial selection ?an to any o!r cause4 ,x may1 inde$1 be d\bt$ :e!r greyh\nds use _! legs m ?an o!r dogs4 ,dogs ( all k9ds are daily 9 ! habit ( runn+ ab\t & *as+ "o ano!r at ! top ( _! spe$--o!r dogs m frequ5tly ?an greyh\nds1 :i* are n mu* giv5 to play4 ,! occasions on :i* greyh\nds ex]cise _! legs 9 *as+ h>es1 occupy b inconsid]able spaces 9 _! lives1 & c play b small p>ts 9 develop+ _! legs4 ,& !n1 h[ ab\t _! long heads & %>p noses8 ,are ^! develop$ by runn+8 ,! /ructure ( ! greyh\nd is explicable z a result ma9ly ( selection ( v>iations occasionally aris+ f unkn[n causes2 b x is inexplicable o!rwise4 ,/ill m obvi\sly invalid is ! evid5ce said to be furni%$ by po9t]s & sett]s4 ,h[ c ^! be said to ex]cise _! organs ( smell m ?an o!r dogs8 ,d n all dogs occupy !mselves 9 sniff+ ab\t "h & !re all day long3 trac+ animals ( _! own k9d & ( o!r k9ds8 ,in/ead ( admitt+ t ! olfactory s5se is m ex]cis$ 9 po9t]s & sett]s ?an 9 o!r dogs1 x might1 contr>iwise1 be cont5d$ t x is ex]cis$ less2 see+ t dur+ ! great] p>ts ( _! lives !y are %ut up 9 k5nels :]e ! v>ieties ( od\rs1 on :i* to practise _! noses1 is b small4 ,cle>ly if bre$]s ( sport+ dogs h f e>ly days habitually br$ f ^? puppies ( ea* litt] :i* _h ! ke5e/ noses 7& x is und5iable t ! puppies ( ea* litt] are made diff]5t f "o ano!r1 z are ! *ildr5 9 ea* human family1 by unkn[n comb9ations ( causes71 !n ! exi/5ce ( su* rem>kable p[]s 9 po9t]s & sett]s may be acc\nt$ =2 :ile x is o!rwise unacc\ntable4 ,^! in/ances1 & _m o!rs su*1 ,i %\ld h gladly us$ 9 support ( my argum5t1 _h !y be5 available2 b un=tunately !y are n4 ,on ! next page ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll's article 7page #ade71 occurs a passage :i* ,i mu/ quote at l5g? be=e ,i c deal effectually ) its v>i\s /atem5ts4 ,x runs z foll[s3-- ,b if natural selection is a m]e phrase1 vague en\gh & wide en\gh to cov] any numb] ( ! physical causes conc]n$ 9 ord9>y g5]ation1 !n ! :ole ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s labori\s argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 'o!r factor' becomes an argum5t worse ?an sup]flu\s4 ,x is :olly fallaci\s 9 assum+ t ?is 'factor' & 'natural selection' are at all exclusive (1 or ev5 sep>ate f1 ea* o!r4 ,! factor ?us assum$ to be new is simply "o ( ! subord9ate cases ( h]$ity4 ,b h]$ity is ! c5tral idea ( natural selection4 ,!re=e natural selection includes & cov]s all ! causes :i* c possibly op]ate ?r\gh inh]itance4 ,!re is ?us no difficulty :atev] 9 ref]r+ x to ! same "o factor ^: solit>y dom9ion ,mr4 ,sp5c] has pluck$ up c\rage to dispute4 ,he w nev] succe$ 9 %ak+ its dictator%ip by su* a small rebellion4 ,8 little cont5tion is l "s bit ( ,bumbl$om sett+ up = ,home ,rule--"s p>o*ial ve/ry claim+ indep5d5ce ( a univ]sal empire4 ,x pret5ds to set up = itself 9 "s fragm5t ( an idea4 ,b "h is n ev5 a fragm5t to boa/ ( or to /& up =4 ,8 new factor 9 organic evolution has nei!r indep5d5ce nor novelty4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is able to quote himself z hav+ m5tion$ x 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology publi%$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago2 & by a c>eful ransack+ ( ,d>w9 he %[s t ! idea 0 famili> to & admitt$ by him at lea/ 9 8 la/ edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4444 ,d>w9 0 a man s mu* wis] ?an all 8 foll[]s1 c4 ,_h !re n be5 ! ,duke ( ,argyll's signature to ! article1 ,i c\ld sc>cely h believ$ t ?is passage 0 writt5 by him4 ,rememb]+ t on read+ 8 article 9 ! prec$+ numb] ( ?is ,review1 ,i 0 /ruck by ! ext5t ( k1 cle>ness ( discrim9ation1 & p[] ( exposition1 display$ 9 x1 ,i c sc>cely und]/& h[ !re has come f ! same p5 a passage 9 :i* none ( ^! traits are exhibit$4 ,ev5 "o :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! subject may see 9 ! la/ two s5t5ces ( ! above extract1 h[ /rangely its propositions are /rung toge!r4 ,:ile 9 ! fir/ ( !m ,i am repres5t$ z br++ =w>d a new factor1 ,i am 9 ! second repres5t$ z say+ t ,i m5tion$ x tw5ty ye>s ago6 ,9 ! same brea? ,i am describ$ z claim+ x z new & ass]t+ x z old6 ,s1 aga91 ! un9/ruct$ read]1 on comp>+ ! fir/ words ( ! extract ) ! la/1 w be surpris$ on see+ 9 a sci5tific article /atem5ts s manife/ly want+ 9 precision4 ,if natural selection is a m]e phrase1 h[ c ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o ?\ght x expla9$ ! orig9 ( species1 be reg>d$ z wise8 ,surely x mu/ be m ?an a m]e phrase if x is ! key to s _m o!rwise inexplicable facts4 ,^! examples ( incongru\s ?\ghts ,i give to prep>e ! way2 & w n[ g on to exam9e ! *ief propositions :i* ! quot$ passage conta9s4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll says t h]$ity is ! c5tral idea ( natural selection4 ,n[ x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be conclud$ t ^? :o possess ! c5tral idea ( a ?+ h "s consci\sness ( ! ?+4 ,yet m5 h possess$ ! idea ( h]$ity = any numb] ( g5]ations & h be5 q unconsci\s ( natural selection4 ,cle>ly ! /atem5t is mislead+4 ,x might j z truly be said t ! occurr5ce ( /ructural v>iations 9 organisms is ! c5tral idea ( natural selection4 ,& x might j z truly be said t ! action ( ext]nal ag5cies 9 kill+ "s individuals & fo/]+ o!rs is ! c5tral idea ( natural selection4 ,no su* ass]tions are correct4 ,! process has ?ree factors--h]$ity1 v>iation1 & ext]nal action--any "o ( :i* be+ abs5t1 ! process ceases4 ,! conception conta9s ?ree correspond+ ideas1 & if any "o be /ruck out1 ! conception _c be fram$4 ,no "o ( !m is ! c5tral idea1 b !y are co-ess5tial ideas4 ,f ! errone\s belief t h]$ity is ! c5tral idea ( natural selection ! ,duke ( ,argyll draws ! conclusion1 consequ5tly errone\s1 t natural selection includes & cov]s all ! causes :i* c possibly op]ate ?r\gh inh]itance4 ,_h he consid]$ ! cases :i*1 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,i h cit$ to illu/rate ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications1 he w\ld h se5 t 8 inf]5ce is f> f correct4 ,i h in/anc$ ! decrease ( ! jaw among civiliz$ m5 z a *ange ( /ructure :i* _c h be5 produc$ by ! inh]itance ( spontane\s1 or =tuit\s1 v>iations4 ,t *anges ( /ructure aris+ f su* v>iations may be ma9ta9$ & increas$ 9 successive g5]ations1 x is ne$ful t ! individuals 9 :om !y occur %all d]ive f !m advantages 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce--advantages1 too1 suffici5tly great to aid _! survival & multiplication 9 consid]able degrees4 ,b a decrease ( jaw r$uc+ its weight by ev5 an ounce 7:i* w\ld be a l>ge v>iation71 _c1 by ei!r small] weight c>ri$ or small] nutrition requir$1 h appreciably advantag$ any p]son 9 ! battle ( life4 ,ev5 suppos+ su* dim9ution ( jaw to be b5eficial 7& 9 ! result+ decay ( tee? x entails great evils71 ! b5efit c h>dly h be5 su* z to increase ! relative multiplication ( families 9 :i* x occurr$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,unless x has done ?is1 h[ev]1 decreas$ size ( ! jaw _c h be5 produc$ by ! natural selection ( fav\rable v>iations4 ,h[ c x !n h be5 produc$8 ,only by decreas$ function--by ! habitual use ( s(t food1 jo9$1 probably1 ) disuse ( ! tee? z tools4 ,& n[ m>k t ?is cause op]ates on all memb]s ( a society :i* falls into civiliz$ habits4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation ?is decreas$ function *anges its compon5t families simultane\sly4 ,natural selection does n cov] ! case at all--has no?+ to d ) x4 ,& ! l happ5s 9 multitud9\s o!r cases4 ,e species spread+ into a new habitat1 com+ 9 contact ) new food1 expos$ to a diff]5t temp]ature1 to a dri] or moi/] air1 to a m irregul> surface1 to a new soil1 c41 c41 has its memb]s "o & all subject to v>i\s *ang$ actions1 :i* influ5ce its muscul>1 vascul>1 respiratory1 dige/ive1 & o!r sy/ems ( organs4 ,if !re is inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications1 !n all its memb]s w transmit ! /ructural alt]ations wr\ght 9 !m1 & ! species w *ange z a :ole )\t ! supplant+ ( "s /ocks by o!rs4 ,d\btless 9 respect ( c]ta9 *anges natural selection w co-op]ate4 ,if ! species1 be+ a pr$aci\s "o1 is br\ght1 by migration1 into ! pres5ce ( prey ( great] spe$ ?an be=e2 !n1 :ile all its memb]s w h _! limbs /r5g!n$ by extra action1 ^? 9 :om ?is muscul> adaptation is greate/ w h _! multiplication fur!r$2 & inh]itance ( ! functionally-increas$ /ructures w be aid$1 9 successive g5]ations1 by survival ( ! fitte/4 ,b x _c be s ) ! multitud9\s m9or *anges entail$ by ! modifi$ life4 ,! majority ( ^! mu/ be ( su* relative unimportance t "o ( !m _c give to ! individual 9 :i* x becomes mo/ m>k$1 advantages :i* pr$om9ate ov] k9dr$ advantages ga9$ by o!r individuals f o!r *anges m fav\rably wr\ght 9 !m4 ,9 respect to ^!1 ! inh]it$ effects ( use & disuse mu/ accumulate indep5d5tly ( natural selection4 ,to make cle> ! relations ( ^! two factors to "o ano!r & to h]$ity1 let u take a case 9 :i* ! op]ations ( all ?ree may be sev]ally id5tifi$ & di/+ui%$4 ,"h is "o ( ^? p]sons1 occasionally met )1 :o has an additional f+] on ea* h&1 & :o1 we w suppose1 is a blacksmi?4 ,he is nei!r aid$ nor mu* h9d]$ by ^! additional f+]s2 b1 by con/ant use1 he has greatly develop$ ! muscles ( 8 "r arm4 ,to avoid a p]turb+ factor1 we w assume t 8 wife1 too1 ex]cises h] arms 9 an unusual degree3 keeps a mangle1 & has all ! cu/om ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,su* be+ ! circum/ances1 let u ask :at are ! e/abli%$ facts1 & :at are ! beliefs & disbeliefs ( biologi/s4 ,! fir/ fact is t ?is six-f+]$ blacksmi? w be likely to transmit 8 peculi>ity to "s ( 8 *ildr52 & "s ( ^!1 aga91 to !irs4 ,x is prov$ t1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a l peculi>ity 9 ! o!r p>5t1 ?is /range v>iation ( /ructure 7:i* we mu/ ascribe to "s =tuit\s comb9ation ( causes7 is (t5 inh]it$ = m ?an "o g5]ation4 ,n[ ! causes :i* produce ?is p]si/5t six-f+]$ness are unque/ionably causes :i* op]ate ?r\gh inh]itance4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll says t natural selection includes & cov]s all ! causes :i* c possibly op]ate ?r\gh inh]itance4 ,h[ does x cov] ! causes :i* op]ate "h8 ,natural selection nev] comes into play at all4 ,!re is no fo/]+ ( ?is peculi>ity1 s9ce x does n help 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & !re is no reason to suppose x is su* a h9drance 9 ! /ruggle t ^? :o h x disappe> 9 consequ5ce4 ,x simply gets cancell$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations by ! adv]se influ5ces ( o!r /ocks4 ,:ile biologi/s admit1 or r ass]t1 t ! peculi>ity 9 ! blacksmi?'s arm :i* 0 born ) him is transmissible1 !y d5y1 or r d n admit1 t ! o!r peculi>ities ( 8 arm1 induc$ by daily lab\r--its l>ge muscles & /r5g!n$ bones--are transmissible4 ,!y say t !re is no pro(4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll ?9ks t ! inh]itance ( organs enfeebl$ by disuse is n g5]ally disput$2 & he ?9ks !re is cle> pro( t ! conv]se *ange--increase ( size consequ5t on use--is also inh]it$4 ,b biologi/s dispute bo? ( ^! alleg$ k9ds ( inh]itance4 ,if pro( is want$1 x w be f\nd 9 ! proce$+s at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 a pap] entitl$ ,are ,acquir$ ,*>act]s ,h]$it>y8 by ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]1 & 9 ! discussion rais$ by t pap]4 ,_h ?is =m ( inh]itance be51 z ! ,duke ( ,argyll says1 n g5]ally disput$1 ,i %\ld n h writt5 ! fir/ ( ! two articles he criticizes4 ,b suppos+ x prov$1 z x may h]eaft] be1 t su* a functionally-produc$ *ange ( /ructure z ! blacksmi?'s arm %[s u1 is transmissible1 ! p]si/5t inh]itance is aga9 ( a k9d ) :i* natural selection has no?+ to d4 ,if ! greatly /r5g!n$ arm enabl$ ! blacksmi? & 8 desc5dants1 hav+ l /r5g!n$ arms1 to c>ry on ! battle ( life 9 a mu* m successful way ?an x 0 c>ri$ on by o!r m51 survival ( ! fitte/ w\ld ensure ! ma9t5ance & increase ( ?is trait 9 successive g5]ations4 ,b ! skill ( ! c>p5t] enables him to e>n q z mu* z 8 /rong] neighb\r4 ,by ! v>i\s arts he has be5 taught1 ! plumb] gets z l>ge a weekly wage4 ,! small %opkeep] by 8 =esight 9 buy+ & prud5ce 9 sell+1 ! village-s*oolma/] by 8 k1 ! f>m-bailiff by 8 dilig5ce & c>e1 succe$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce equally well4 ,! advantage ( a /rong arm does n pr$om9ate ov] ! advantages :i* o!r m5 ga9 by _! innate or acquir$ p[]s ( o!r k9ds2 & !re=e natural selection _c op]ate s z to increase ! trait4 ,be=e x c be increas$1 x is neutraliz$ by ! unions ( ^? :o h x ) ^? :o h o!r traits4 ,to :atev] ext5t1 !re=e1 inh]itance ( ?is functionally-produc$ modification op]ates1 x op]ates indep5d5tly ( natural selection4 ,"o o!r po9t has to be not$--! relative importance ( ?is factor4 ,if additional developm5ts ( muscles & bones may be transmitt$--if1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 held1 !re are v>i\s o!r /ructural modifications caus$ by use & disuse :i* imply inh]itance ( ?is k9d--if acquir$ *>act]s are h]$it>y1 z ! ,duke ( ,argyll believes2 !n ! area ov] :i* ?is factor ( organic evolution op]ates is enorm\s4 ,n e muscle only1 b e n]ve & n]ve-c5tre1 e blood-vessel1 e viscus1 & ne>ly e bone1 may be increas$ or decreas$ by its influ5ce4 ,except+ p>ts :i* h passive functions1 su* z d]mal app5dages & ! bones :i* =m ! skull1 ! implication is t ne>ly e organ 9 ! body may be modifi$ 9 successive g5]ations by ! augm5t$ or dim9i%$ activity requir$ ( x2 &1 save 9 ! few cases :]e ! *ange caus$ is "o :i* conduces to survival 9 a pre-em95t degree1 x w be ?us modifi$ indep5d5tly ( natural selection4 ,?\gh ?is factor c op]ate b little 9 ! vegetal _w1 & c play b a subord9ate "p 9 ! l[e/ animal _w2 yet1 see+ t all ! active organs ( all animals are subject to its influ5ce1 x has an imm5se sph]e4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll comp>es ! claim made = ?is factor to "s bit ( ,bumbl$om sett+ up = ,home ,rule--"s p>o*ial ve/ry claim+ indep5d5ce ( a univ]sal empire4 ,b1 f> f ?is1 ! claim made = x is to an empire1 less inde$ ?an t ( natural selection1 & ov] a small "p ( :i* natural selection ex]cises concurr5t p[]2 b ( :i* ! indep5d5t "p has an area t is imm5se4 ,x seems to me1 !n1 t ! ,duke ( ,argyll is mi/ak5 9 f\r ( ! propositions conta9$ 9 ! passages ,i h quot$4 ,! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s is disput$ by biologi/s1 ?\gh he ?9ks x is n4 ,x is n true t h]$ity is ! c5tral idea ( natural selection4 ,! /atem5t t natural selection includes & cov]s all ! causes :i* c possibly op]ate ?r\gh inh]itance1 is q errone\s4 ,& if ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s is a factor at all1 ! dom9ion x rules ov] is n insignificant b va/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h ,i mu/ break (f1 aft] deal+ ) a page & a half ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll's article4 ,a /ate ( heal? :i* has prev5t$ me f publi%+ any?+ s9ce ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 n[ ne>ly two ye>s ago1 prev5ts me f c>ry+ ! matt] fur!r4 ,c\ld ,i h pursu$ ! argum5t x w\ld1 ,i believe1 h be5 practicable to %[ t v>i\s o!r positions tak5 up by ! ,duke ( ,argyll d n admit ( effectual def5ce4 ,b :e!r or n ?is is probable1 ! read] mu/ be left to judge = himself4 ,on "o fur!r po9t only w ,i say a ^w2 & ?is *iefly because1 if ,i pass x by1 a mi/ak5 impression ( a s]i\s k9d may be diffus$4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll repres5ts me z giv+ up ! fam\s phrase survival ( ! fitte/1 & wi%+ to ab&on x4 ,he does ?is because ,i h po9t$ out t its words h connotations aga9/ :i* we mu/ be on our gu>d1 if we w\ld avoid c]ta9 di/ortions ( ?\ght4 ,) equal propriety he might say t an a/ronom] ab&ons ! /atem5t t ! planets move 9 elliptic orbits1 because he w>ns 8 read]s t 9 ! heav5s !re exi/ no su* ?+s z orbits1 b t ! planets sweep on ?r\gh a pa?less void1 9 directions p]petually *ang$ by gravitation4 ,i regret t ,i %\ld h _h ?us to diss5t s entirely f v>i\s ( ! /atem5ts made1 & conclusions drawn1 by ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 because1 z ,i h already impli$1 ,i ?9k he has done good s]vice by rais+ afre% ! "q he has dealt )4 ,?\gh ! advantages :i* he hopes may result f ! discussion are widely unlike ! advantages :i* ,i hope may result f x1 yet we agree 9 ! belief t advantages may be look$ =4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! text3 ,page #ba3 het]oge5ity *ang$ to het]og5eity4 ,page #dg3 multipl$ results *ang$ to multipli$ results4 ,page #ei3 pre-,raffaelites *ang$ to pre-,raphaelites4 ,page #hd3 h]etog5eity *ang$ to het]og5eity4 ,page #id3 obs]v$coexi/5ces *ang$ to obs]v$ coexi/5ces4 ,page #ig3 ,cirrhipo$ia *ang$ to ,cirrhip$ia4 ,page #ajh3 prim facie *ang$ to prima facie4 ,page #aab3 =tiori *ang$ to a =tiori4 ,page #abd3 irreconcileable *ang$ to irreconcilable4 ,page #adj3 "s ?+ l d\ble *ang$ to some?+ l d\ble4 ,page #baf3 repres5tive *ang$ to repres5tative4 ,page #bia3 inbibe *ang$ to imbibe4 ,page #cjf3 :ic h!y & liv+ *ang$ to :i* !y & liv+4 ,page #cei3 ( ! two races1 n *ang$ to ( ! two races1 nor4 ,page #cic3 p>5!?ic *ang$ to p>5!tic4 ,page #daa3 hyp]tropic *ang$ to hyp]trophic4