mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,,! ,,/ory                       ,,(    
,a ,,t9d]-,,box4     ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,t9d]-,,box              
,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5ce4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,,! ,,/ory                         ,,(  
,a ,,t9d]-,,box4                ,a      
,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures    ,deliv]$ be=e 
a ,juv5ile ,auditory at ! ,london       
,in/itution           dur+ ! ,*ri/mas   
,holidays ( #ahhh-hi4                   
,,by ,,! ,,late          ,,*>les        
,,meymott ,,tidy1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,s41       
,f4,c4,s4               ,,=m]ly         
,,b>ri/]-,,at-,,law2   ,,pr(essor ,,(   
,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,( ,,=5sic ,,m$ic9e ,,at 
,,! ,,london ,,hospital2   ,,m$ical     
,,(fic] ,,( ,,heal? ,,= ,,isl+ton2      
,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute    
,,( ,,*emi/ry2 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,(ficial   
,,analy/s ,,to ,,! ,,home ,,(fice4      
,,london3        ,,society ,,= ,,promot+
 ,,*ri/ian ,,k1   ,,nor?umb]l& ,,av5ue1 
,w4,c42 #dc1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 

,e4,c4            ,,brighton3 #abi1     
,,nor? ,,/reet4          ,,new ,,york3  
,e4  ,j4 ,b4 ,,"y  ,,co4                
#ahig4     ,,publi%$ ,,"u ,,!           
,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature 
,,committee4    ,,preface4   ,^!        
lectures 7 deliv]$ ) ! assi/ance m]ely (
 a few notes1 ! au?or 9 prep>+ !m = !   
press adh]+ z ne>ly z possible to !     
%or?& writ]'s manuscript4 ,!y mu/ be    
read z int5tionally unte*nical holiday  
lectures int5d$ = juv5iles4 ,b z ! pr9t 
_c convey ! exp]im5ts or !              
demon/rations1 ! read] is begg$ to make 
! necess>y all[ance4  ,! au?or desires  
to take ?is opportunity ( express+ 8    
?anks to ,messrs4 ,bryant & ,may2 to    
,messrs4 ,woodh\se & ,rawson1 electrical
 eng9e]s2 to ,mr4 ,woolf1 ! lead-p5cil  
manufactur]2 & to ,mr4 ,g>d9]1 = num]\s 
specim5s ) :i* ! lectures 7 illu/rat$4  
,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,t9d]-,,box          
,,lecture ,i4   ,,my ,,"y ,,fri5ds1--,"s
 mon?s ago ! ,directors ( ?is           
,in/itution hon\r$ me ) a reque/ t ,i   

%\ld deliv] a c\rse ( ,*ri/mas ,juv5ile 
,lectures4 ,i mu/ admit ,i did my be/ to
 %irk ! task1 feel+ t ! duty w\ld be    
bett] intru/$ to "o :o _h few] dem&s ^u 
8 "t4 ,x 0 "u ! g5ial influ5ce ( a      
bright summ]'s aft]noon1 :5 "o ?\ght    
,*ri/mas-tide su* a long way (f t x     
might nev] come1 t ,i cons5t$ to        
und]take ?is c\rse ( lectures4 ,no soon]
 _h ,i done s ?an ,i 0 press$ to "n a   
subject4 ,n[ x is a v difficult ?+ to   
*oose a subject1 & especially a subject 
= a c\rse ( juv5ile lectures2 & ,i w    
take y ?us mu* into my confid5ce by     
tell+ y t ,i select$ ! subject ^u :i* ,i
 am to speak to y1 long be=e ,i _h a    
notion :at ,i c\ld make ( x1 or inde$   
:e!r ,i c\ld make any?+ at all ( x4 ,i  
m5tion ^! details to ask y & our eld]s  
:o hon\r u--y & me--) _! company at ^!  
lectures1 = "s little indulg5ce1 if at  
times ! /ory ,i h to tell proves some:at
 commonplace1 some?+ y may h he>d be=e1 
a tale (t told4 ,my sole desire is t ^! 
lectures %\ld be true juv5ile lectures4 

,well1 y all "k :at ?is is8 ,hold+ up a 
box ( mat*es4 ,x is a box ( mat*es4 ,& y
 "k1 moreov]1 :at x is us$ =1 & h[ to   
use x4 ,i w take out "o ( ! mat*es1 rub 
x on ! box1 & /rike a light4 ,y say t   
exp]im5t is commonplace en\gh4 ,be x s4 
,at any rate1 ,i want y to recollect t  
phrase--/rike a light4 ,x w occur aga9 9
 our c\rse ( lectures4 ,b1 y mu/ "k1 !re
 0 a "t :5 p want$ fire1 b _h no mat*es 
:]e) to procure x4 ,h[ did !y obta9     
fire8 ,! necessity =1 & !re=e ! art (   
produc+1 fire is1 ,i %\ld suppose1 z old
 z ! _w itself4 ,al?\gh x may be true t 
our v e>lie/ ance/ors reli$ = necess>y  
food *iefly on an uncook$ vegetable     
diet1 nev]!less x is c]ta9 t v e>ly 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! _w p discov]$ t cook$ meat 7!
 v5ison t our s\ls love7 0 a ?+ n       
altoge!r to be despis$4 ,c]ta9ly by ! "t
 ( ,tubal ,ca91 an e>ly work] 9 metals1 
n only ! me?ods ( produc+ fire1 b also !
 uses to :i* fire c\ld be appli$1 mu/ h 
be5 well und]/ood4 ,imag9e ! a/oni%m5t (
 our ance/ors :5 !y fir/ saw fire6      

,possibly1 ! fir/ sight ( ?is wond]ful  
elem5t v\*saf$ to mortals 0 a burn+     
m\nta91 or some?+ ( t k9d4 ,"o is       
sc>cely a/oni%$ t !re %\ld h be5 9 ^?   
e>ly times a numb] ( p :o 7 pr(ess$     
fire-wor%ipp]s4 ,no wond]1 ,i say1 t    
fire %\ld h be5 reg>d$ ) int5se rev]5ce4
 ,x con/itut$ an ess5tial "p ( e>ly     
sacrificial wor%ip4 ,"s ( my "y fri5ds1 
too1 may rememb] h[ 9 anci5t ,rome !re 0
 a special ord] 7call$ ! ord] ( ! ,ve/al
 ,virg9s71 ^: duty x 0 to pres]ve !     
sacr$ fire1 :i* if once ext+ui%$1 x 0   
?\ght w\ld br+ ru9 & de/ruction ^u _!   
city4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  ,h[   
did our ance/ors1 ?9k y1 obta9 fire 9 ^?
 e>ly times8 ,i sugge/$ a burn+ m\nta9 z
 a s\rce ( fire4 ,y rememb]1 too1 p]haps
 read+ ab\t ,prome!us1 :o /ole fire f   
heav51 br++ x to e>? 9 a copp] rod1 :i* 
comb9$ act ( !ft & sci5tific exp]im5t   
made ! gods v angry1 because !y 7 afraid
 mortals might le>n z _m wond]ful ?+s z 
!y knew !mselves4 ,hi/ory seems to %[ t 
! en]getic rubb+ toge!r ( dry /icks 0 "o

 ( ! e>lie/ me?ods adopt$ by our        
ance/ors = produc+ fire4 ,i f9d1 =      
in/ance1 describ$ & pictur$ by an e>ly  
au?or "s su* plan z ! foll[+3--,a ?ick  
piece ( wood 0 plac$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,into a
 hole bor$ 9 ?is piece ( wood a cone (  
wood 0 fitt$4 ,by plac+ a boy or man on 
! top ( ! cone1 & :irl+ him r\nd1       
suffici5t friction result$ :]e ! two    
pieces ( wood rubb$ "o aga9/ ! o!r to   
produce fire4 ,our arti/ has mod]niz$ ! 
picture to give y an idea ( ! op]ation  
7,fig4 #a74 ,n[ in/ead ( repeat+ t      
exp]im5t exactly1 ,i w try to obta9 fire
 by ! friction ( wood ) wood4 ,i take   
?is piece ( boxwood1 & hav+ cut x to a  
po9t1 rub x briskly on ano!r piece (    
wood 7,fig4 #b74 ,if ,i employ suffici5t
 en]gy1 ,i h no d\bt ,i may make x hot  
en\gh to fire t9d]4 ,yes6 ,i h done s1 z
 y see4 7,i w at once apologize = !     
smoke4 ,un=tunately we _c g5]ally h fire
 )\t smoke47 ,e boy kn[s t exp]im5t 9   
ano!r =m4 ,a boy takes a brass button1 &
 aft] giv+ x a good rub on 8 desk1      

applies x to ! *eek ( "s in(f5sive boy  
at 8 side1 mu* to ! a/oni%m5t ( 8 quiet 
neighb\r4 ,well1 ,i am go+ to see :e!r  
,i c produce fire ) a brass button4 ,i h
 m\nt$ my button1 z y see1 = c]ta9      
reasons on a cork1 & ,i w endeav\r by   
rubb+ ! button on a piece ( p9ewood to  
make x suffici5tly hot to fire t9d]4    
,already ,i h done s4    ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #b4  ,talk+ ab\t friction z a     
means ( produc+ heat1 ,i %\ld l to      
m5tion t at ! la/ ,p>is ,exhibition ,i  
saw wat] made to boil1 & c(fee prep>$ f 
x1 by ! heat result+ f ! friction ( two 
copp] plates )9 ! liquid4  ,t !n is !   
e>lie/ hi/ory ,i c give y ( ! production
 ( fire1 & at once f t hi/ory ,i come to
 ! reign ( ! t9d]-box4 ,! t9d]-box      
con/itutes "o ( ! v e>lie/ me?ods1 no   
d\bt1 ( obta9+ fire4 ,i h se>*$ = "s    
hi/ory ( ! t9d]-box1 & all ,i c say =   
c]ta9 is t x 0 9 use long be=e ! age (  
pr9t+4 ,i h "h sev]al r>e old           
t9d]-boxes4 ,i int5d %[+ y 9 ! c\rse (  
^! lectures e detail ( _! con/ruction & 

use4 ,i h no d\bt ?is v old t9d]-box t y
 see "h 7,fig4 #c ,a7 0 once ^u a "t    
kept on ! mantel-piece ( ! kit*5 well   
poli%$ & bright1 & ,i d n d\bt b t x has
 lit hundr$s & ?\s&s ( fires1 &1 :at is 
m1 has v (t5 be5 spok5 to v             
disrespectfully :5 ! s]vant want$ to    
light ! fire1 & h] ma/] 0 wait+ = 8     
breakfa/4 ,i w project a picture ( x on 
! scre51 s t y may all see x4 ,!re x is4
 ,x is a beautiful piece ( app>atus4    
,!re is ! t9d]1 ! /eel 7,fig4 #c b71 !  
fl9t 7c71 & ! mat*es 7d7 complete4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #d4  ,x 0 ) ?is in/rum5t1 long   
be=e ! inv5tion ( mat*es1 t our gr&fa!rs
 obta9$ light4 ,i want to %[ y h[ !     
trick 0 manag$4 ,fir/ ( all x 0 necess>y
 to h good t9d]4 ,to obta9 ?is1 !y took 
a piece ( l95 & simply *>r$ or burnt x1 
z y see ,i am do+ n[ 7,fig4 #d74        
7,cambric1 ,i am told1 makes ! be/ t9d] 
= mat*-light+1 & ! ladies1 9 ! k9dness (
 _! he>ts1 =m]ly made a po9t ( sav+ _!  
old cambric h&k]*iefs = ?is purpose47 ,!

 s]vants prep>$ ! t9d] ov]-night1 =     
reasons ,i %all expla9 to y directly4   
,hav+ made ! t9d]1 !y %ut x d[n 9 ! box 
) ! lid 7,fig4 #c ,a7 to prev5t contact 
) air4 ,y see ,i h ! t9d] n[ safely     
secur$ 9 my t9d]-box4 ,"h is a piece (  
common fl9t1 & "h is ! /eel4 ,"h too are
 ! mat*es1 & ,i am =tunate 9 hav+ "s ( !
 old mat*es made _m ye>s ago1 prep>$ z y
 see ) a little sulphur ^u _! tips4     
,well1 hav+ got all ^! etcet]as1 box1   
t9d]1 fl9t & /eel1 we set to "w 9 ?is   
way3--,tak+ ! /eel 9 "o h&1 & ! fl9t 9 !
 o!r1 ,i mu/ give ! /eel a bl[1 or r a  
succession ( bl[s ) ! fl9t 7,fig4 #c    
,b74 ,notice :at beautiful sp>ks ,i     
obta96 ,i want "o ( ^! sp>ks1 if ,i c   
p]suade x to d s1 to fall on my t9d]4   
,!re6 x has done s1 & my t9d] has caught
 fire4 ,i bl[ my fir$ t9d] a little to  
make x burn bett]1 & n[ ,i apply a      
sulphur mat* to ! r$-hot t9d]4 ,see1 ,i 
h succe$$ 9 gett+ my mat* 9 flame4 ,i w 
n[ set light to "o ( ^! old-fa%ion$     
c&les--a ru%light--) :i* our ance/ors 7 

satisfi$ be=e ! days ( gas & electric   
light+4 ,?is 0 _! light1 & ?is 0 ! way  
!y light$ x4 ,no wond] 7p]haps y say7 t 
!y w5t to b$ e>ly4  ,i %\ld l to draw   
y\r att5tion to "o o!r =m ( t9d]-box1   
because ,i d n suppose y h ev] se5 ^!   
k9d ( ?+s be=e4 ,i h "h two specim5s ( !
 pi/ol =m ( t9d]-box 7,fig4 #e74 ,"h is 
! fl9t1 ! t9d] be+ conta9$ 9 ?is little 
box4 ,x is ! same sort ( t9d] z we made 
j n[4 ,! t9d] 0 fir$ ) fl9t & /eel 9 !  
same way z ! old-fa%ion$ fl9t pi/ols    
fir$ ! gunp[d]4 ,& y see ?is pi/ol      
t9d]-box is s con/ruct$ z to s]ve z a   
c&le/ick z well z a t9d]-box4 ,i h fir$1
 z y p]ceive1 my *>r$ l95 ) ?is curi\s  
t9d]-box1 & ?us ,i get my sulphur mat*  
alight once m6    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#e4  ,x 0 9 ! ye> #affi t ,br&t1 an     
al*emi/ & a m]*ant--a v di/+ui%$        
sci5tific man--discov]$ ! rem>kable     
sub/ance ,i h "h1 :i* we call           
phosphorus4 ,br&t 0 an al*emi/4 ,i d n  
"k :e!r y "k :at an al*emi/ is4 ,an     
al*emi/ 0 an old-fa%ion$ *emi/4 ,^!     

al*emi/s _h ?ree prom95t ideas be=e !m4 
,! fir/ ?+ !y s\ght = 0 to discov] a    
some?+--a p[d] !y ?\ght x ought to be--t
 w\ld *ange ! common] or bas] metals    
7su* z iron7 into gold4 ,! second idea 0
 to discov] a univ]sal solv5t1 t is1 a  
liquid :i* w\ld dissolve ev]y?+1 & !y   
hop$ out ( ?is liquid to be able to     
cry/allize gems4 ,& !n1 hav+ obta9$ gold
 & gems1 ! ?ird ?+ !y desir$ 0 a vital  
elixir to prolong _! lives indef9itely  
to enjoy ! gold & gems !y _h            
manufactur$4 ,^! 7 ! mode/ aims (       
al*emy4 ,well n[--al?\gh y may say su*  
notions s\nd v fooli%--let me tell y t  
great practical discov]ies _h _! orig9 9
 ! v out-(-!-way rese>*es ( ! al*emi/s4 
,dep5d ^u ?is1 t an object ( l(ty       
pursuit1 ?\gh t object be "o (          
practically impossible atta9m5t1 is n   
unwor?y ! ambition ( ! sci5tific man4   
,?\gh we _c scale ! summit ( ! volcanic 
cone1 we may not)/&+ rea* a po9t :]e we 
c exam9e ! lava its fires h melt$4 ,we  
may d a great deal ev5 9 our attempt to 

grasp ! impossible4 ,x 0 s ) ,br&t4 ,he 
0 se>*+ = a some?+ t w\ld *ange ! bas]  
metals into gold1 &1 9 ! se>*1 he       
discov]$ phosphorus4 ,! *ief ?+ t /ruck 
,br&t ab\t phosphorus 0 its prop]ty (   
%9+ 9 ! d>k )\t hav+ previ\sly be5      
expos$ to light4 ,a great _m sub/ances 7
 kn[n to sci5ce ev5 at t "t t %one 9 !  
d>k aft] !y _h be5 expos$ to light4 ,b x
 0 n until ,br&t1 9 ! ye> #affi1        
discov]$ phosphorus t a sub/ance lum9\s 
9 ! d>k1 )\t hav+ be5 previ\sly expos$  
to light1 _h be5 obs]v$4 ,i %\ld l1 9   
pass+1 to %[ y h[ beautifully ^!        
phosphoresc5t p[d]s %9e aft] hav+ be5   
expos$ to a p[]ful light4 ,see h[       
magnific5tly brilliant !y are6 ,^!1 or  
some?+ l !m1 7 kn[n be=e ! "t ( ,br&t4  
,%ortly aft] phosphorus _h be5 discov]$1
 p came to ! conclusion t x might be    
employ$ = ! purpose ( procur+ artificial
 light4 ,b ,i want y to note1 t al?\gh  
phosphorus 0 discov]$ 9 #affi 7& ! g5]al
 prop]ties ( phosphorus seem to h be5   
/udi$ & 7 well und]/ood )9 five ye>s (  

its discov]y71 x 0 n until ! ye> #ahcc t
 phosphorus mat*es became a comm]cial   
success1 s t until ! ye> #ahcc1 our old 
fri5d ! t9d]-box held its gr\nd4 ,i w   
try & give y z ne>ly z ,i c a complete  
li/ ( ! v>i\s attempts made ) ! purpose 
( procur+ fire betwe5 ! ye>s #affi &    
#ahcc4  ,! fir/ inv5tion 0 :at 7 call$  
phosphoric tap]s4 ,f ! acc\nts giv5     
7al?\gh x is n easy to und]/& !         
description71 phosphoric tap]s seem to h
 be5 sulphur mat*es ) a little piece (  
phosphorus enclos$ 9 glass fix$ on ! top
 ( ! mat*1 ! idea be+ t y _h only to    
break ! glass & expose ! phosphorus to  
air = x to cat* fire imm$iately & ignite
 ! sulphur4 ,if ?is 0 ! notion 7al?\gh  
,i am n sure71 x is n easy to und]/& h[ 
! phosphoric tap]s 7 work$4 ,! second   
inv5tion = ! purpose ( utiliz+          
phosphorus = gett+ fire 0 by scrap+ ) a 
mat* a little phosphorus f a bottle     
coat$ ) a phosphorus composition1 & fir+
 x by friction4 ,! fact is1 phosphorus  
may be easily ignit$ by slight friction4

 ,if ,i wrap a small piece ( phosphorus 
9 pap]1 z ,i am do+ n[1 & rub ! pap] on 
! table1 y see ,i readily fire my       
phosphorus4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4  
,aft] ?is1 ,homb]g's ,pyrophorus1       
consi/+ ( a roa/$ mixture ( alum & fl\r1
 0 sugge/$ z a means ( obta9+ fire4 ,!n 
comes ! ,electrophorus1 an electrical   
in/rum5t sugge/$ by ,volta1 :i* 0 ?\ght 
at ! "t a gr& inv5tion = ! purpose (    
gett+ light 7,fig4 #f ,a74 ,! nuisance  
ab\t ?is in/rum5t 0 t x prov$ some:at   
caprici\s 9 its action1 & altoge!r      
decl9$ to "w 9 damp foggy wea!r4 ,i d n 
"k :e!r ,i %all be successful 9 light+ a
 gas-jet ) ! electrophorus1 b ,i w try4 
,i excite ?is plate ( res9 ) a cat-sk9  
7,fig4 #f ,b71 !n put ?is brass plate ^u
 ! res9 plate & t\* ! brass 7,fig4 #f   
,c72 !n take ! brass plate (f ! res9    
plate by ! insulat+ h&le & draw a sp>k f
 x1 :i* ,i hope w light ! gas4 ,!re1 ,i 
h done x6 7,fig4 #f ,d47                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4  ,well1 next    
aft] ! electrophorus comes ! fire syr+e 

7,fig4 #g74 ,! necess>y heat 9 ?is case 
is produc$ by ! compression ( air4 ,y   
see 9 ?is syr+e /opp$ at "o end1 ,i h a 
c]ta9 quantity ( air4 ,my pi/on-rod 7,c7
 fits v closely into ! syr+e 7,b71 s t !
 air _c escape4 ,if ,i pu% ! pi/on d[n  
,i compress ! air p>ticles1 = !y c't get
 out2--,i make !m 9 fact occupy less    
bulk4 ,9 ! act ( compress+ ! air ,i     
produce heat1 & ! heat1 z y see1 fires  
my t9d]4  ,x 0 9 or ab\t ! ye> #ahjg t  
*emical mat*es 7 introduc$ to ! public =
 ! fir/ "t4 ,^! *emical mat*es 7 simply 
sulphur mat*es tipp$ ) a mixture (      
*lorate ( pota% & sug>4 ,^! mat*es 7    
fir$ by dipp+ !m 9 a bottle conta9+     
asbe/os moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,"h is 
"o ( ^! *emical mat*es1 & "h ! bottle ( 
asbe/os & sulphuric acid4 ,i dip ! mat* 
into ! bottle &1 z y see1 x cat*es fire4
    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4  ,9 ! ye>   
#ahbj1 ,dob]e9]1 a v le>n$ man1 discov]$
 a me?od ( gett+ fire by p]mitt+ a jet (
 hydrog5 to play ^u f9ely-divid$        
plat9um4 ,! plat9um1 ow+ to a prop]ty x 

possesses 9 a high degree 7:i* prop]ty  
h[ev] is n special to plat9um71 has !   
p[] ( co]c+ ! union ( ! hydrog5 & oxyg54
 ,"h is "o ( ,dob]e9]'s orig9al lamps   
7,fig4 #h74 ,i am go+ to %[ y !         
exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 on a some:at l>g] scale
 ?an ?is lamp p]mits4 ,"h ,i h a        
quantity ( f9e plat9um-wire1 made up 9 !
 =m ( a rosette4 ,i place ?is ov] !     
coal-gas z x issues f ! gas-burn]1 &1 z 
y see1 ! plat9um beg9s to gl[1 until at 
la/ x becomes suffici5tly hot to fire ! 
gas 7,fig4 #i74    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#i4  ,9 ! ye> #ahbf :at 7 call$ lucif]s 
7 inv5t$1 & ,i %[ y "h "s ( ! orig9al   
lucif]s4 ,!y are simply sulphur mat*es  
tipp$ ) a mixture ( *lorate ( pota% &   
sulphide ( antimony1 & 7 ignit$ by draw+
 !m briskly ?r\gh a little piece ( fold$
 glass-pap]4  ,9 ! ye> #ahbh1 ,prome!ans
 7 inv5t$4 ,i h "h two ( ! orig9al      
,prome!ans4 ,!y consi/ 7z y see7 ( a    
small quantity ( *lorate ( pota% & sug> 
roll$ up tightly 9 a piece ( pap]4      
,inside ! pap] roll is plac$ a small &  

seal$ glass bubble conta9+ sulphuric    
acid4 ,:5 x 0 want$ to light a ,prome!an
 y _h only to break ! bulb ( sulphuric  
acid1 ! action ( :i* set fire to !      
mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & sug>1 :i*   
ignit$ ! pap] roll4  ,9 ! ye> #ahcj     
mat*es ) sulphur tips 7 introduc$ z a   
means ( obta9+ fire4 ,!y 7 fir$1 s f> z 
,i c make out1 by dipp+ !m into a bottle
 conta9+ a little phosphorus1 :i* !n _h 
to be ignit$ by friction4  ,s f> z ,i   
"k1 ,i h n[ giv5 y v %ortly ! hi/ory (  
obta9+ fire betwe5 ! ye>s #affi & #ahcj4
 ,y see h[ brisk +5uity _h be5 dur+ ?is 
long p]iod1 & yet no?+ ou/$ our old     
fri5d ! t9d]-box4 ,! t9d]-box seems1 z x
 71 to speak to u ) a feel+ ( pride &   
say1 ,yes1 all y h be5 talk+ ab\t 7 !   
clev] ideas ( clev] m51 b ,i liv$ ?r\gh 
!m all2 my fl9t & my /eel 7 easily      
procur$1 my +r$i5ts 7 n dang]\s1 & ,i 0 
fairly c]ta9 9 my action4  ,9 ! ye>     
#ahcc ! reign ( ! t9d]-box came to an   
end4 ,x _h _h a v long inn+s--_m1 _m    
hundr$ ye>s2 b 9 #ahcc its reign 0      

f9i%$4 ,x 0 9 ?is ye> ! discov]y 0      
ann\nc$1 t bone c\ld be made to yield   
l>ge quantities ( phosphorus at a *eap  
rate4 ,orig9ally ! price ( phosphorus 0 
suffici5t to prev5t its e-day use4      
,hanckwitz ?us adv]tises x--,= !        
in=mation ( ! curi\s1 he is ! only "o 9 
,london :o makes inflammable phosphorus 
t c be pres]v$ 9 wat]4 ,all v>ieties    
unadult]at$4 ,sells :olesale & retail4  
,:olesale1 #ejs4 p] oz42 retail1 #c /]l+
 p] oz4 ,e description ( good drugs4 ,my
 portrait w be di/ribut$ among/ my      
cu/om]s z a keepsake4    ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #aj4  ,let me give y a brief      
acc\nt ( ! me?od ( prep>+ lucif] mat*es1
 & to illu/rate ?is "p ( my /ory1 ,i am 
indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,bryant & ,may =    
specim5s4 ,pieces ( wood are cut into   
blocks ( ! size y see "h 7,fig4 #aj ,a74
 ,^! blocks are !n cut into little      
pieces1 or spl9ts1 ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an 
in* squ>e 7,fig4 #aj b74 ,by ! bye1     
abroad !y usually make _! mat* spl9ts   
r\nd by =c+ !m ?r\gh a circul> plate1   

pi]c$ ) small r\nd holes4 ,i d n "k :y  
we 9 ,engl& make our mat*es squ>e1      
except = ! reason t ,engli%m5 are fond (
 do+ ?+s on ! squ>e4 ,! next "p ( !     
process is to coat ! spl9ts ) p>aff9 or 
melt$ sulphur4 ,! necessity = ?is coat+ 
( sulphur or p>aff9 y w und]/& by an    
exp]im5t4 ,if ,i take "s pieces (       
phosphorus & place !m ^u a %eet (       
c>tridge pap]1 & !n set fire to ! pieces
 ( phosphorus1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! ignit$ 
phosphorus w n set fire to ! pap]4 ,i h 
tak5 five little pieces ( phosphorus 7z 
y see71 s z to give ! pap] e *ance (    
cat*+ fire 7,fig4 #aa74 ,n[ t is exactly
 :at w\ld happ5 if p>aff9 7or "s        
simil>ly combu/ible body7 0 n plac$ on !
 end ( ! spl9t2 my phosphorus w\ld burn 
:5 ,i rubb$ x on ! box1 b x w\ld n set  
fire to ! mat*4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 z
 y see1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to put some?+ 
on ! mat* t ! ignit$ phosphorus w easily
 fire1 & :i* w ignite ! wood4 ,i w say  
no m ab\t ?is n[1 z ,i %all h to draw   
y\r att5tion to ! subject 9 ano!r       

lecture4 ,! end ( ! spl9ts are g5]ally  
scor*$ by contact ) a hot plate be=e !y 
are dipp$ 9 ! p>aff91 aft] :i* !        
phosphorus composition is appli$ to !   
mat*4 ,?is composition is simply a      
mixture ( phosphorus1 glue1 & *lorate ( 
pota%4 ,! composition is spread ^u a w>m
 plate1 & ! mat*es dipp$ on ! plate1 s t
 a small quantity ( ! phosphorus mixture
 may adh]e to ! tip ( ! mat*4 ,e mat*   
passes ?r\gh ab\t sev5te5 p's h&s be=e x
 is f9i%$4 ,i told y t 9 ,engl& we      
g5]ally use *lorate ( pota% 9 !         
prep>ation ( ! phosphorus composition1  
:il/ abroad nitrate ( pota% is usually  
employ$4 ,y "k t :5 we /rike a light )  
an ,engli% mat* a slight snap results1  
:i* is due to ! *lorate ( pota% 9 !     
mat*4 ,9 ! case ( nitrate ( pota% no su*
 snapp+ noise occurs4 ,"s p are wick$   
en\gh to call !m ?ieves' mat*es4 ,j let 
me %[ y 79 pass+7 h[ a mixture ( *lorate
 ( pota% & sulphur explodes :5 ,i /rike 
x4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4  ,n[1 !n1
 comes a v rem>kable /ory to :i* ,i     

desire to draw y\r att5tion4 ,!re 7 _m  
disadvantages 9 ! use ( ?is yell[       
phosphorus4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is a poison\s
 sub/ance2 & :at is m1 ! vap\r ( !      
phosphorus 0 liable to affect !         
workpeople engag$ 9 ! manufacture (     
lucif] mat*es ) a bad disease ( ! jaw1 &
 :i* 0 practically1 ,i am afraid1       
incurable4 ,a v great *emi/1 ,s*rtt]1   
discov]$ t phosphorus exi/$ "u ano!r =m1
 "s ( :i* ,i h "h4 ,?is1 :i* is ( a r$  
col\r1 0 f\nd to be exactly ! same      
*emical sub/ance z ! yell[ phosphorus1 b
 possess+ 9 _m respects diff]5t         
prop]ties4 ,= in/ance1 y see ,i keep ?is
 yell[ phosphorus "u wat]2 ,i don't keep
 ! r$ phosphorus 9 wat]4 ,among/ o!r    
peculi>ities x 0 f\nd t r$ phosphorus 0 
n a poison1 :il/ ! yell[ phosphorus 01 z
 ,i told y1 v poison\s inde$4 ,ab\t two 
to ?ree gra9s ( yell[ phosphorus is     
suffici5t to poison an adult4 ,i h kn[n 
sev]al cases ( *ildr5 poison$ by suck+ !
 ends ( phosphorus mat*es4 ,s y see x 0 
n unimportant = ! workpeople1 z well z =

 ! public g5]ally1 t some?+ %\ld be     
discov]$ equally effective to take !    
place ( ?is poison\s yell[ phosphorus4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4  ,i %\ld l to  
%[ y :at v diff]5t prop]ties ^! two k9ds
 ( phosphorus possess4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i
 take a small piece ( ! yell[ phosphorus
 & p\r ^u x a little ( ?is              
liquid--bi-sulphide ( c>bon--& 9 ano!r  
bottle treat ! r$ phosphorus 9 a simil> 
way1 we %all f9d ! yell[ phosphorus is  
soluble 9 ! liquid1 :il/ ! r$ is n4 ,i w
 p\r ^! solutions on blott+-pap]1 :5 y w
 f9d t ! solution ( ! yell[ phosphorus w
 be=e long cat* fire spontane\sly 7,fig4
 #ab ,a71 :il/ ! solution 7al?\gh x is n
 a solution1 = ! r$ phosphorus is n     
soluble 9 ! bi-sulphide ( c>bon7 ( ! r$ 
phosphorus w n fire 7,fig4 #ab ,b74     
,aga91 if ,i add a little iod9e to !    
yell[ phosphorus1 y see x imm$iately    
cat*es fire 7,fig4 #ac a72 b ! same     
result does n foll[ ) ! r$ phosphorus   
7,fig4 #ac b74 ,i w %[ y an exp]im5t1   
h[ev]1 to prove1 not)/&+ ^! diff]5t     

prop]ties1 t ?is r$ & yell[ mat]ial are 
! same elem5t>y body4 ,i w take a little
 piece ( ! yell[ phosphorus1 & aft]     
ignit+ x introduce x into a j> conta9+  
oxyg51 & ,i w make a simil> exp]im5t ) !
 r$ phosphorus4 ,y w notice t ! r$      
phosphorus does n cat* fire q s readily 
z ! yell[4 ,h[ev]1 exactly ! same result
 takes place :5 !y burn--y get ! same   
:ite smoke ) ea*1 & !y combu/ equally   
brilliantly4 ,! r$ & yell[ v>ieties are 
! same body--t is :at ,i want to %[ y--)
 diff]5t prop]ties4    ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ac4  ,!n comes ! next improvem5t 
9 ! manufacture ( mat*es1 :i* is putt+ !
 phosphorus on ! box & n on ! mat*4 ,?is
 is :y ! use ( r$ phosphorus1 0         
introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ,messrs4   
,bryant & ,may4 ,i h no d\bt t _m a good
 draw+-room pap] has be5 sp>$ by ! use (
 mat*es t light only on ! box4  ,i _c   
help ?9k+ t ! old t9d]-box1 :i* ,i h    
plac$ on ! table 9 a prom95t position   
be=e y to-night1 feels a c]ta9 pleasure 
9 li/5+ to our /ory4 ,envi\s p]haps a   

little ( its successor1 x nev]!less     
fully recognizes t its own reign _h be5 
a ?\s& times long] ?an t ( ! lucif]     
mat*4 ,if we c\ld only he> t t9d]-box   
talk1 ,i ?9k we %\ld f9d x say+ some?+ (
 ?is k9d to ! lucif] mat*--,i gave way  
to y1 because my "t 0 ov]2 b m9d1 y\r   
turn w come next1 & y w !n h to give way
 to some?+ else1 z once ^u a "t ,i _h to
 give way to y4 ,& t is ! end ( ! fir/  
*apt] ( my /ory ( a t9d]-box4           
,,lecture ,,ii4   ,we 7 engag$ 9 our la/
 lecture 9 consid]+ ! v>i\s me?ods t h  
be5 adopt$ f e>ly times = obta9+ fire1 &
 we left (f at ! inv5tion ( ! lucif]    
mat*4 ,i v5tur$ to h9t at ! conclusion (
 my la/ lecture1 t ! t9d]-box _h some?+ 
to say to ! lucif] mat*1 by way (       
sugge/ion1 t j z ! lucif] mat* _h ou/$  
x1 s x 0 n impossible t some?+ "s day   
might ou/ ! lucif] mat*4 ,electricians h
 unlimit$ confid5ce 7,i c assure y7 9 ! 
unlimit$ applications ( electricity3--!y
 believe 9 _! sci5ce4 ,n[ "o ( ! effects
 ( electricity is to cause a consid]able

 rise ( temp]ature 9 c]ta9 sub/ances    
?r\gh :i* ! electrical curr5t is pass$4 
,"h is a piece ( plat9um wire1 =        
example1 & if ,i pass an electrical     
curr5t ?r\gh x1 y see h[ ! wire gl[s    
7,fig4 #ad74 ,if we 7 to pass m curr5t  
?r\gh x1 :i* ,i c easily d1 we %\ld be  
able to make ! plat9um wire :ite hot1 9 
:i* condition x w\ld give out a         
consid]able am\nt ( light4 ,!re is !    
secret ( ^? beautiful inc&esc5t gl[     
lamps t y s (t5 see n[-a-days 7,fig4    
#ae74 ,in/ead ( a plat9um wire1 a f9e   
?read ( c>bon is br\ght to a v high     
temp]ature by ! passage ?r\gh x ( !     
electrical curr5t1 9 :i* condition x    
gives out light4 ,all t y h to d to     
light up is to connect y\r lamp ) !     
batt]y4 ,! reign ( ! mat*1 z y see1 s f>
 z inc&esc5t electric lamps are conc]n$1
 is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,we ne$ no mat* to    
fire x4 ,"h are v>i\s =ms ( ^! beautiful
 little lamps4 ,?is is1 z y see1 a      
little rosette = ! coat4 ,notice h[ ,i c
 turn ! m9ute inc&esc5t lamp1 plac$ 9 ! 

c5tre ( ! rose1 (f or on at my pleasure4
 ,if ,i disconnect x ) ! batt]y1 :i* is 
9 my pocket1 ! lamp goes out2 if ,i     
connect x ) my batt]y ! lamp %9es       
brilliantly4 ,?is all comes by swit*+ x 
on or swit*+ x (f1 z we commonly express
 ! act ( connect+ or disconnect+ ! lamp 
) ! s\rce ( electricity4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4  ,"h is ano!r  
app>atus to :i* ,i desire to call y\r   
att5tion4 ,if ,i take a batt]y su* z ,i 
h "h--a small galvanic batt]y ( "s t5   
cells--y w see a v little sp>k :5 ,i    
make & break contact ( ! two poles4 ,?is
 is :at is call$ an electrical tor*1 9  
:i* ,i utilize ?is small sp>k z a       
gas-light] 7,fig4 #af74 ,?is in/rum5t   
conta9s at its l[] "p a s\rce (         
electricity1 & if ,i connect ! two wires
 t run ?r\gh ?is long tube ) ! app>atus 
:i* g5]ates ! curr5t1 :i* ,i d by press+
 on ?is button1 y see a little sp>k is  
at once produc$ :i* readily sets fire to
 my gas-lamp4 ,we h 9 ?is electrical    

tor* a sub/itute--p>tial sub/itute1 ,i  
ought to say--= ! lucif] mat*4 ,i ?9k y 
w admit t x 0 ) "s %[ ( reason ,i       
sugge/$ t aft] all x is possible !      
lucif] mat* may n h q s long an inn+s z 
! t9d]-box4 ,b !re is ano!r curi\s ?+ to
 note 9 ^! days ( great sci5tific       
progress1 viz4 t !re are signs ( ! old  
t9d]-box com+ to ! front aga94 ,m51 ,i h
 (t5 notic$1 f9d x a v difficult ?+ to  
light _! pipes ) a mat* on ! top ( an   
omnibus on a w9dy day1 & inv5tors are   
always try+ to f9d out some?+ t w enable
 !m to d s )\t ! tr\ble & difficulty (  
/rik+ a mat*1 & keep+ ! flame a-go+ long
 en\gh to light _! cig>s4 ,& s we h     
v>i\s =ms ( pipe-light+ app>atus1 ( :i* 
"h is "o--:i* is no?+ m ?an a t9d]-box )
 its fl9t & /eel 7,fig4 #ag74 ,y set to 
"w some:at 9 ?is way3 plac+ ! t9d] 7a7  
on ! fl9t 7b71 y /rike ! fl9t ) ! /eel  
7c71 &--!re1 ,i h done x6--my t9d] is   
fir$ by ! sp>k4 ,s y see !re are signs1 
n only ( ! lucif] mat* be+ ou/$ by !    
applications ( electricity1 b ( ! old   

t9d]-box com+ among/ u once aga9 9 a new
 =m4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4  ,i am n[ go+  
to ask y to travel ) me /ep by /ep ?r\gh
 ! op]ation ( gett+ fire out ( !        
t9d]-box4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i h to d is to    
prep>e my t9d]1 & ,i told y1 if y       
rememb]1 t ! way we made t9d] 0 by *>r+ 
pieces ( l95 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,i told y  
la/ "t :at a de> old fri5d told me1 :o f
 practical exp]i5ce is f> m famili> )   
t9d]-boxes & _! work+ ?an ,i am1 t no   
mat]ial 0 bett] = mak+ t9d] ?an an old  
cambric h&k]*ief4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i h no     
cambric h&k]*ief to op]ate ^u1 ,i mu/   
use a piece ( common l95 rag4 ,i want y 
to see precisely :at takes place4 ,i set
 fire to my l95 7:i*1 by ! bye1 ,i h    
tak5 c>e to wa% c>efully s t !re %\ld be
 no dirt nor />* left 9 x71 & :ile x is 
burn+ %ut x d[n 9 my t9d]-box4 ,t is my 
t9d]4 ,let u n[ call ?is *>r$ l95 by its
 prop] "n--my t9d] is c>bon 9 a /ate (  
some:at f9e subdivision4 ,c>bon is an   
elem5t>y body4 ,an elem5t--,i d n say   

?is is a v good def9ition1 b x is       
suffici5tly good = my purpose--an elem5t
 is a ?+ f :i* no?+ c be obta9$ b !     
elem5t itself4 ,iron is an elem5t4 ,y _c
 get any?+ out ( iron b iron2 y _c      
decompose iron4 ,c>bon is an elem5t2 y c
 get no?+ out ( c>bon b c>bon4 ,y c     
comb9e x ) o!r ?+s1 b if y h only c>bon 
y c get no?+ out ( ! c>bon b c>bon4 ,b  
?is c>bon is f\nd to exi/ 9 v diff]5t   
/ates or conditions4 ,= in/ance1 x is   
f\nd 9 ! =m ( ! diamond4 7,fig4 #ah a74 
,diamonds consi/ ( no?+ m nor less ?an  
?is simple elem5t>y body--c>bon4 ,x is a
 v diff]5t =m ( c>bon1 no d\bt y ?9k1 to
 t9d]4 ,j let me tell y1 to use a v h>d 
^w1 t we call ! diamond an allotropic =m
 ( c>bon4 ,allotropic means an elem5t ) 
ano!r =m to x--! diamond is simply an   
allotropic =m ( c>bon4 ,n[ ! diamond is 
a v h>d sub/ance inde$4 ,y "k p]fectly  
well t :5 ! glass-cutt] wants to cut    
glass he employs a diamond = ! purpose1 
& ! reason :y glass c be cut ) a diamond
 is because ! diamond is h>d] ?an !     

glass4 ,i d>e say y h (t5 se5 ! names ( 
p scrat*$ on ! w9d[s ( railway-c>riages1
 ) ! object ,i suppose t x may be kn[n  
to all future occupants ( ^! c>riages t 
p]sons ( a c]ta9 "n wore diamond r+s4   
,well1 9 addition to ! diamond !re is   
ano!r =m ( c>bon1 :i* is call$          
black-lead4 ,black-lead--or1 z we t]m x1
 graphite--( :i* ,i h sev]al specim5s   
"h--is simply c>bon--an allotrope (     
c>bon--! same elem5t>y sub/ance1        
not)/&+1 z ! diamond4 ,?is black-lead   
7und]/& black-lead1 z x is call$1       
conta9s no metallic lead7 is us$ l>gely 
= mak+ lead-p5cils4 ,! manufacture (    
lead-p5cils1 by ! bye1 is a v int]e/+   
subject4 ,=m]ly !y cut little pieces (  
black-lead out ( lumps ( ! natural      
black-lead su* z y see !re2 b n[-a-days 
!y p[d] ! black-lead1 & !n compress ! v 
f9e p[d] into a block4 ,!re is a block (
 graphite or black lead1 = in/ance1     
prep>$ by simple pressure 7,fig4 #ah b74
 ,! great pressure to :i* ! p[d] is     
subject$ br+s ^! f9e p>ticles v close   

toge!r1 :5 !y coh]e1 & =m a sub/antial  
block4 ,i w %[ y an exp]im5t to         
illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,"h are two      
pieces ( common metallic lead4 ,no      
ord9>y pressure w\ld make ^! two pieces 
/ick toge!r2 b if ,i pu% !m toge!r v    
en]getically--boys w\ld call x giv+ !m a
 %ove toge!r--t is to say1 employ+      
consid]able pressure to br+ !m into     
close contact--,i h no d\bt t ,i c make 
^! two pieces ( lead /ick toge!r--9 o!r 
words1 make !m coh]e4 ,to coh]e is n to 
adh]e4 ,cohesion is ! union ( simil>    
p>ticles--l to l2 adhesion is ! union ( 
dissimil> p>ticles4 ,n[ t is exactly :at
 is done 9 ! prep>ation ( ! black-lead =
 lead-p5cils4 ,! black-lead p[d] is     
submitt$ to great pressure1 & !n all ^! 
f9e p>ticles coh]e into "o solid lump4  
,! p5cil mak] n[ cuts ^! blocks ) a saw 
into v ?9 pieces 7,fig4 #ai b74 ,! next 
?+ is to prep>e ! wood to receive !     
black-lead /rips4 ,to d ?is !y take a   
piece ( flat c$> wood & cut a numb] (   
grooves 9 x1 plac+ "o ( ^! little /rips 

( black-lead into ea* ( ! grooves 7,fig4
 #ai a1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ! grooves74  
,!n hav+ glu$ on ! cov] 7,fig4 #ai c71  
!y cut x into /rips1 & plane ea* little 
/rip into a r\nd lead-p5cil 7,fig4 #ai  
d74 ,b :at y h !re z black-lead 9 !     
p5cil 7= ?is is :at ,i m p>ticul>ly wi% 
y to rememb]7 is simply c>bon1 be+ j !  
same *emical sub/ance z ! diamond4 ,to a
 *emi/ diamond & black-lead h ! same    
composition1 be+ inde$ ! same sub/ance4 
,z to _! money value1 ( c\rse !re is "s 
diff]5ce2 /ill1 s f> z *emical          
composition is conc]n$1 diamonds &      
black-lead are bo? absolutely true      
v>ieties ( ! elem5t c>bon4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4  ,well n[1 ,i  
come to ano!r =m ( c>bon1 call$ *>coal  
7,fig4 #ah c74 ,y all "k :at *>coal is4 
,!re is a lump ( wood *>coal4 ,x is1 z y
 see1 v s(t1--s s(t inde$ is x t "o c   
cut x easily ) a knife4 ,graphite is n  
por\s1 b ?is *>coal is v por\s4 ,b m9d1 
:e!r x be diamond1 or black-lead1 or ?is

 por\s *>coal1 ea* & all h ! same       
*emical composition2 !y are :at we call 
! elem5t>y undecomposable sub/ance      
c>bon4 ,! t9d] ,i made a little :ile ago
 7,fig4 #d71 & :i* ,i h securely %ut d[n
 9 my t9d]-box1 is c>bon4 ,x is n a     
diamond4 ,x is n black-lead1 b all !    
same x is c>bon--t =m ( por\s c>bon :i* 
we g5]ally call *>coal4 ,n[ ,i hope y   
und]/& ! mean+ ( t le>n$ ^w allotropic4 
,diamond1 black-lead1 & t9d] are        
allotropic =ms ( c>bon1 j z ,i expla9$  
to y 9 my la/ lecture1 t ! elem5t>y body
 phosphorus 0 also kn[n to exi/ 9 two   
=ms1 ! r$ & ! yell[ v>iety1 ea* hav+ v  
diff]5t prop]ties4    ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #bj4  ,n[ x has be5 notic$ :5     
sub/ances are 9 a v f9ely-divid$ /ate t 
!y (t5 possess great] *emical activity  
?an !y h 9 lump4 ,let me try & illu/rate
 :at ,i mean4 ,"h ,i h a metal call$    
antimony1 :i* is easily act$ ^u by      
*lor9e4 ,i w place ?is lump ( antimony 9
 a j> ( *lor9e1 & s f> z y c see v      
little action takes place betwe5 ! metal

 & ! *lor9e4 ,!re is an action tak+     
place1 b x is r sl[ 7,fig4 #bj ,a74 ,n[ 
,i w introduce into ! *lor9e "s ( ! same
 metal :i* ,i h f9ely p[d]$4 ,see6 x    
cat*es fire imm$iately 7,fig4 #bj ,b74  
,:at ,i want y to und]/& is1 t al?\gh ,i
 h 9 bo? ^! cases precisely ! same      
*lor9e & ! same metal1 nev]!less1 t :il/
 ! action ( ! *lor9e on ! lump (        
antimony 0 n v app>5t1 9 ! case ( !     
p[d]$ antimony ! action 0 v en]getic4   
,aga91 !re is a lump ( lead 7,fig4 #ba  
a74 ,y w\ld be v mu* a/oni%$ if ! lead  
pipe t conveys ! wat] ?r\gh y\r h\ses   
caught fire spontane\sly2 b let me tell 
y t1 if y\r lead wat]-pipes 7 r$uc$ to a
 suffici5tly f9e p[d]1 !y w\ld cat* fire
 :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,i h "s f9ely-p[d]$
 lead 9 ?is tube 7,fig4 #ba b71 :i* y w 
notice cat*es fire directly x is expos$ 
to ! atmosph]e 7,fig4 #ba c74 ,!re x is6
 ,only p[d] ! lead suffici5tly f9e1--t  
is to say1 br+ x into a /ate ( m9ute    
subdivision1--& x fires by contact ) !  
oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,& n[ apply ?is4 ,we h 9 

our diamond ! elem5t c>bon1 b           
diamond-c>bon is a h>d sub/ance1 & n 9 a
 f9ely-divid$ /ate4 ,we h 9 ?is t9d] !  
same sub/ance z ! diamond1 b t9d]-c>bon 
is f9ely divid$1 & x is because x is 9 a
 f9ely-divid$ condition t ! c>bon 9 our 
t9d]-box cat*es fire s readily4 ,i hope 
,i h made t "p ( my subject q cle> to y4
 ,i %\ld wi% y to note t ?is v          
f9ely-divid$ c>bon has r an incl9ation  
to attract moi/ure4 ,t is ! reason :y   
our t9d] is s dispos$ to get damp1 z ,i 
told y2 &1 z damp t9d] is v difficult to
 light1 ?is expla9s ! mean+ ( ^?        
disrespectful words t ,i sugge/$ our    
t9d]-box _h (t5 _h address$ to x 9 !    
c\rse ( its active life ( s]vice4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4  ,b to proce$4 
,:at d ,i want n[8 ,i want a sp>k to    
fire my t9d]4 ,a sp>k is en\gh4 ,d y    
rememb] ! motto ( ! ,royal ,humane      
,society8 ,"s ( my "y fri5ds c no d\bt  
translate x1 ,lateat sc9tilla           
=san--p]*ance a sp>k may lie hid4 ,if a 
p]son rescu$ f dr[n+ has b a sp>k ( life

 rema9+1 try & get ! sp>k to bur/ into  
activity4 ,t is :at ! motto ( t excell5t
 society means4 ,h[ am ,i to get ?is    
sp>k f ! fl9t & /eel to set fire to my  
t9d]8 ,i take ! /eel 9 "o h&1 z y see1 &
 ,i set to "w to /rike x z vehem5tly z  
,i c ) ! fl9t :i* ,i hold 9 ! o!r 7,fig4
 #c ,a ,b74 ,sp>k foll[s sp>k4 ,see h[  
brilliant !y are6 ,b ,i want "o sp>k at 
lea/ to fall on my t9d]4 ,!re1 ,i h     
succe$$1 & x has set fire to my t9d]4   
,"o sp>k 0 en\gh4 ,! sp>k 0 obta9$ by ! 
collision ( ! /eel & fl9t4 ,! sp>ks     
produc$ by ?is /rik+ ( fl9t aga9/ /eel 7
 =m]ly ! only safe light ! coal-m9] _h  
to light him 9 8 d>k dre>y "w ( procur+ 
coal4 ,"h is ! fl9t & /eel lamp :i*     
orig9ally belong$ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy
 7,fig4 #bb74 ,! m9]s c\ld n use c&les 9
 coal-m9es because t w\ld h be5 dang]\s1
 & !y 7 driv5 to employ an app>atus     
consi/+ ( an iron :eel revolv+ aga9/ a  
piece ( fl9t = ! purpose ( gett+ z mu*  
light z ! sp>ks w\ld yield4 ,?is        
in/rum5t has be5 v k9dly l5t to me by   

,pr(essor ,dew>4 ,i w project a picture 
( ! app>atus on ! scre51 s t ^? at a    
di/ance may be bett] able to see !      
con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t4               
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4  ,& n[ foll[ me
 c>efully4 ,i take ! /eel & ! fl9t1 &   
/rik+ !m toge!r ,i get sp>ks4 ,i want y 
to ask y\rselves1 ,:]e d ! sp>ks come f8
 ,ea* sp>k is due to a m9ute piece (    
iron be+ knock$ (f ! /eel by ! bl[ (    
fl9t ) /eel4 ,note ! precise "* ( !     
sp>k4 ,let me spr9kle "s iron fil+s into
 ?is l>ge gas flame4 ,y w notice t !    
sp>ks ( burn+ iron fil+s are v simil> 9 
appe>ance to ! sp>k ,i produce by !     
collision ( my fl9t & /eel4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4  ,b n[ ,i want 
to c>ry y some:at fur!r 9 our /ory4 ,x  
w\ld n d = me simply to knock (f a small
 piece ( iron2 ,i want :5 ,i knock x (f 
t x %\ld be r$-hot4 ,/ay = a mom5t & ?9k
 ( ?is--iron p>ticles knock$ (f--iron   
p>ticles made r$-hot4 ,all me*anical =ce
 g5]ates heat4,a ,y rememb]1 9 my la/   
lecture1 ,i rubb$ toge!r "s pieces (    

wood1 & !y became suffici5tly hot to    
fire phosphorus4 ,on a cold day y rub   
y\r h&s toge!r to w>m !m1 & ! cabm5     
buffet !mselves4 ,x is ! same           
/ory--me*anical =ce g5]at+ heat6 ,! ba!r
 kn[s p]fectly well t a r\gh sea is w>m]
 ?an a smoo? sea4 ,:y8--because !       
me*anical da% ( ! waves has be5 conv]t$ 
into heat4 ,let me rem9d y ( ! famili>  
phrase1 /rik+ a light1 :5 ,i rub ! mat* 
on ! mat*-box4 ,=give me urg+ su* simple
 facts by su* simple illu/rations & su* 
simple exp]im5ts4 ,! facts ,i am        
endeav\r+ to br+ be=e y are illu/rations
 ( pr9ciples t det]m9e ! polity ( ! :ole
 mat]ial univ]se4 ,friction produces    
heat4 ,"h is a little toy 7crack]7 t y  
may h se5 be=e 7,fig4 #bc74 ,x is       
sci5tific 9 its way4 ,a small quantity (
 fulm9at+ mat]ial is plac$ betwe5 two   
pieces ( c>d on :i* a few fragm5ts ( s& 
h be5 spr9kl$ 7,fig4 #bc a74 ,! two ends
 ( ! pap] 7b b7 are pull$ asund]4 ,!    
friction produces heat1 ! heat fires !  
fulm9ate1 & (f x goes ) a crack4 ,& n[  

put ?is "q to y\rselves1 ,:at produc$ ! 
friction8 ,=ce4 ,:at is m1 ! am\nt (    
heat produc$ is ! exact measure ( !     
am\nt ( =ce us$4 ,heat is a =m ( =ce4 ,i
 mu/ urge y to realize precisely ?is    
en]gy ( =ce4 ,:5 y %>p5 a knife y put   
oil ^u ! hone4 ,:y8--,:5 ! c>p5t] saws a
 piece ( wood he greases ! saw4         
,:y8--,:5 y travel by tra9 y see !      
railway-port] runn+ up & d[n ! plat=m ) 
a box ( yell[ grease ) :i* he greases ! 
:eels4 ,:y8--,! answ] to ^! que/ions is 
n f> to seek--x is because y want y\r   
knife %>p5$2 x is because y want ! saw  
to cut2 x is because y want ! tra9 to   
travel4 ,! c>p5t] f9ds saw+ h>d "w1 & he
 does n want ! =ce ( ! muscles ( 8      
arm--8 lab\r1 9 %ort--to be conv]t$ into
 heat1 & s he greases ! saw1 kn[+ t ! m 
completely he prev5ts friction1 ! m wood
 he w cut4 ,x is ! =ce ( /eam t makes ! 
eng9e travel4 ,/eam co/s money4 ,!      
eng9e-driv] does n want t /eam-=ce to be
 conv]t$ into heat1 because e degree (  
heat produc$ means dim9i%$ spe$ ( 8     

tra92 & s ! port] greases ! :eels4 ,b z 
y approa* ! /ation ! tra9 mu/ be /opp$4 
,! /eam is turn$ (f1 & ! gu>d puts on   
:at he calls ! brake4 ,:at is ! brake8  
,x is a piece ( wood s con/ruct$ & plac$
 t x c be made to press ^u ! :eel4      
,consid]able friction results betwe5 !  
:eel & ! brake2--heat is produc$2--!    
tra9 gradually comes to a /op4 ,:y8 ,we 
h n[ ! conv]sion ( t =ce into heat :i* a
 m9ute ago 0 be+ us$ = ! purpose ( keep+
 ! tra9 a-go+4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 =ce y c h  
heat or motion2 b y _c h heat & motion )
 ! same =ce 9 ! same am\nt z if y _h !m 
s+ly4 ,9 e-day life1 y _c h y\r pudd+ & 
eat x4      ,a ,i ne$ sc>cely say1 t    
:atev] is ( any value 9 !     foll[+    
rem>ks is d]iv$ f t *>m+ book (         
,pr(essor     ,tyndall's1 ,heat a ,mode 
( ,motion4  ,heat !n is g5]at$ by       
me*anical =ce2 x is a mode ( motion4    
,!re 0 an old !ory t heat 0 mat]ial4    
,!re 0 heat1 = in/ance1 y 7 told1 9 ?is 
nail4 ,suppose ,i hamm] x1 x w get hot1 
& at ! same "t ,i %all r$uce by hamm]+ !

 bulk ( ! iron nail4 ,a p9t pot w n hold
 s mu* z a qu>t pot4 ,! nail 7y 7 told7 
_c hold s mu* heat :5 x occupies a less 
bulk z x did :5 x occupi$ a l>g] bulk4  
,!re=e if ,i r$uce ! bulk ( ! nail ,i   
squeeze out "s ( ! heat4 ,t 0 ! old     
!ory4 ,"o s+le exp]im5t knock$ x on !   
head4 ,x 0 c]ta91 t 9 wat] !re is a     
great deal m entrapp$ heat--lat5t heat x
 0 call$--?an !re is 9 ice4 ,if y take  
two pieces ( ice & rub !m toge!r1 y w   
f9d ! ice melts--! solid ice *anges 7t  
is to say7 into liquid wat]4 ,:]e did ! 
heat come f to melt ! ice8 ,y c\ld n get
 ! heat f ! ice1 because x 0 n !re1 !re 
be+ admitt$ly m lat5t heat 9 ! wat] ?an 
9 ! ice4 ,! explanation is c]ta9--! heat
 0 ! result ( ! friction4 ,& n[ let me g
 to my hamm] & nail4 ,i wi% to see :e!r 
,i c make ?is nail hot by hamm]+4 ,x is 
q cold at ! pres5t "t4 ,i hope to make !
 nail hot en\gh by hamm]+ x to fire t   
piece ( phosphorus 7,fig4 #bd74 ,"o or  
two %>p bl[s ) ! hamm] suffice1 & z y   
see ! ?+ is done--,i h fir$ !           

phosphorus4 ,b foll[ ! precise details (
 ! exp]im5t4 ,x 0 ,i :o gave motion to !
 hamm]4 ,i br\ght t hamm] on to t nail4 
,:]e did ! motion g to t ,i gave !      
hamm]8 ,x w5t into ! nail1 & x is t v   
motion t made ! nail hot1 & x 0 t heat  
:i* light$ ! phosphorus4 ,x 0 ,i :o fir$
 ! phosphorus3 d n be mi/ak51 ,i fir$ ! 
phosphorus4 ,x 0 my arm t gave motion to
 ! hamm]4 ,x 0 my =ce t 0 communicat$ to
 ! hamm]4 ,x 0 ,i :o made ! hamm] give !
 motion to ! nail4 ,x 0 ,i myself t fir$
 ! phosphorus4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#bd4  ,i want y !n to realize ?is great 
fact1 t :5 ,i hold ! /eel & /rike x ) ! 
fl9t1 & get sp>ks1 ,i fir/ ( all knock  
(f a m9ute fragm5t ( iron by ! bl[ t ,i 
imp>t to x1 :il/ ! =ce ,i use 9 /rik+ ! 
bl[ actually r5d]s ! little piece (     
deta*$ iron r$-hot4 ,:at a wond]ful     
?\ght ?is is6 ,look at ! sun1 ! great   
c5tre ( heat6 ,x looks z if x 7 a blaz+ 
ball ( fire 9 ! heav5s4 ,:]e does ! heat
 ( ! sun come f8 ,x seems bold to sugge/
 t ! heat is produc$ by ! impact (      

meteorites on ! sun4 ,j z ,i1 = in/ance1
 take a hamm] & heat ! nail by ! da% ( !
 hamm] on x1 s ! da% ( ^! meteorites on 
! sun are suppos$ to produce ! heat s   
ess5tial to our life & com=t4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4  ,let u take   
ano!r /ep =w>d 9 ! /ory ( our t9d]-box4 
,hav+ produc$ a r$-hot sp>k & set fire  
to my t9d]1 ,i want y to see :at ,i d   
next4 ,i set to "w to bl[ ^u my light$  
t9d]4 ,y rememb]1 by ! bye1 t ,lat9     
motto ( our s*ool-books--al7ere flammam1
 n\ri% ! flame4 ,:5 ,i bl[ on ! t9d] my 
object is to n\ri% ! flame4 ,"h is a    
pair ( common kit*5 bell[s 7,fig4 #be72 
:5 ! fire is l[ ! cook bl[s ! fire to   
make x burn up4 ,:at is ! object ( ?is  
bl[+ op]ation8 ,x is to supply a l>g]   
quantity ( atmosph]ic oxyg5 to ! almo/  
lifeless fire ?an x w\ld o!rwise obta94 
,oxyg5 is ! sp>k's n\ri%m5t & life1 & ! 
m x gets ! bett] x ?rives4 ,oxyg5 is an 
extremely active ag5t 9 n\ri%+ flame4   

,if1 = in/ance1 ,i take a little piece (
 c>bon & m]ely set fire to "o small     
corn] ( x1 & !n introduce x into ?is j> 
( oxyg51 see h[ brilliantly x burns2 y  
notice h[ rapidly ! c>bon is becom+     
consum$ 7,fig4 #bf74 ,9 ! t9d]-box ,i   
bl[ on ! t9d] to supply a l>g] am\nt (  
oxyg5 to my sp>k4 ,a ?+ to burn "u      
ord9>y conditions mu/ h oxyg51 & ! m    
oxyg5 x gets ! bett] x burns4 ,x does n 
foll[ t ! supply ( oxyg5 to a burn+ body
 mu/ necess>ily come directly f ! air4  
,"h1 = in/ance1 ,i h a squib4 ,i w fire 
x & put x "u wat] 7,fig4 #bg74 ,y see x 
goes on burn+ :e!r x is 9 ! wat] or out 
( x1 because "o ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !    
squib is compos$ supplies ! oxyg54 ,!   
oxyg5 is actually lock$ up inside !     
squib4 ,:5 !n ,i bl[ ^u my t9d]1 my     
object is to supply m oxyg5 to x ?an x  
w\ld get "u ord9>y conditions4 ,&1 z y  
see1 ! m ,i bl[1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! m ! 
sp>k spreads1 until n[ ! :ole ( my t9d] 
has become r$-hot4 ,b my "t is gone1 &  
we mu/ leave ! re/ ( our /ory = ! next  

lecture4    ,,lecture ,,iii4   ,recall =
 a few m9utes ! facts ,i br\ght be=e y 9
 my la/ lecture4 ,! fir/ po9t we        
discuss$ 0 ! prep>ation ( ! t9d]4 ,i    
expla9$ to y t t9d] 0 no?+ m ?an c>bon 9
 a f9ely-divid$ /ate4 ,! second po9t 01 
t ,i _h to /rike ! /eel ) ! fl9t 9 su*  
mann] t a m9ute p>ticle ( ! iron %\ld be
 deta*$2 ! =ce us$ 9 knock+ x (f be+    
suffici5t to make ! small p>ticle ( iron
 r$-hot4 ,?is sp>k fall+ ^u ! t9d] set  
fire to x4 ,! next /age ( ! op]ation 0  
to bl[ ^u ! t9d]1 9 ord]1 z ,i said1 to 
n\ri% ! flame2 9 o!r words1 to promote  
combu/ion by an increas$ supply ( oxyg51
 j z we use an ord9>y pair ( bell[s = ! 
purpose ( fann+ a fire :i* has ne>ly    
gone out into a blaze4  ,& n[ comes !   
next po9t 9 my /ory ( a t9d]-box4 ,hav+ 
ignit$ ! t9d] ,i want to set fire to !  
mat*4 ,n[ ,i h "h "s ( ! old t9d]-box   
mat*es1 & y w see t !y are simply wood5 
spl9ts ) a little sulphur at ! end4 ,:y 
7y say7 use sulphur8 ,= ?is reason--!   
wood is n combu/ible en\gh to be fir$ by

 ! r$-hot t9d]4 ,we put !re=e ^u ! wood 
a sub/ance :i* is m combu/ible ?an !    
wood4 ,?is sulphur--:i* mo/ p call      
brim/one--has be5 kn[n f v e>ly times4  
,9 ! middle ages x 0 reg>d$ z ! pr9ciple
 ( fire4 ,x is ref]r$ to by ,moses &    
,hom] & ,pl9y4 ,a v di/+ui%$ *emi/1     
,geb]1 describes x z "o ( ! pr9ciples ( 
nature4 ,hav+ fir$ my t9d]1 z y see1 &  
bl[n ^u x1 ,i place my sulphur mat* 9   
contact ) ! r$-hot t9d]4 ,& n[ ,i want y
 to notice t ! sulphur mat* does n cat* 
fire imm$iately4 ,x wants1 9 fact1 a    
little "t1 & z y see a little coax+4 ,n[
 ,i h got x alight4 ,b note1 x is !     
sulphur t at ! pres5t mom5t is burn+4 ,!
 burn+ sulphur is n[ beg9n+ to set fire 
to ! wood4 ,! :ole mat* is well alight  
n[6 ,b x 0 ! sulphur t caught fire fir/1
 & x 0 ! sulphur t set fire to ! wood4  
,a little "t 0 occupi$1 we said1 9 mak+ 
! sulphur cat* fire4 ,ask y\rselves ?is 
"q--,:y 0 x t ! sulphur took a little "t
 to cat* fire8 ,?is 0 ! reason--because 
be=e ! sulphur c\ld cat* fire x 0       

necess>y to *ange ! solid sulphur 7!    
condition 9 :i* x 0 ^u ! mat* end7 into 
gase\s sulphur4 ,! solid sulphur c\ld n 
cat* fire4 ,!re=e ! heat ( my t9d] dur+ 
! int]val t ,i 0 coax+ ! mat* 7z ,i     
call$ x7 0 be+ ex]t$ 9 conv]t+ my solid 
into gase\s sulphur4 ,:5 ! solid sulphur
 _h _h suffici5t heat appli$ to x to    
vap\rize x1 ! sulphur gas imm$iately    
caught fire4 ,n[ und]/&1 t 9 ord] to    
conv]t a solid into a liquid1 or a      
liquid into a gas1 heat is always a     
necessity4 ,i mu/ h heat to produce a   
gas out ( a solid or a liquid4 ,i w     
endeav\r to make ?is cle> to y by an    
exp]im5t4 ,i h "h1 z y see1 a wood5     
/ool1 & ,i am ab\t to p\r a little wat] 
on ?is /ool4 ,i place a glass beak] on !
 /ool1 ! liquid wat] only int]v5+ betwe5
 ! /ool & ! bottom ( ! glass4 ,y see !  
glass is p]fectly loose1 & easily lift$ 
(f ! /ool not)/&+ ! lay] ( wat]4 ,i w n[
 p\r into ! beak] a little ( a v        
volatile liquid--i4 e4 a liquid t is    
easily conv]t$ into a gas--7bisulphide (

 c>bon74 ,i wi% some:at rapidly to      
effect ! *ange ( ?is liquid bisulphide (
 c>bon into gase\s bisulphide ( c>bon1 &
 9 ord] to accompli% ?is object ,i mu/ h
 heat4 ,s ,i take ?is tube :i*1 z y see1
 is connect$ ) a pair ( bell[s1 & simply
 bl[ on my bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,?is     
effects ! *ange ( ! liquid into a gas ) 
great rapidity4 ,j z ,i conv]t$ my solid
 sulphur into a gas by ! heat ( ! t9d]1 
s "h ,i am conv]t+ ?is liquid bisulphide
 ( c>bon into a gas by ! w9d f my       
bell[s4 ,b my liquid bisulphide ( c>bon 
mu/ get heat some:]e or ano!r 9 ord] t !
 *ange ( ! liquid into a gas1 t ,i      
desire %\ld take place1 may be effect$2 
& s1 see+ t ! wat] t ,i h plac$ betwe5 !
 glass & ! /ool is ! mo/ conv5i5t place 
f :i* ! liquid c d]ive ! necess>y heat1 
x says1 ,i w take ! heat out ( ! wat]4  
,x does s1 b 9 remov+ ! heat f ! wat] x 
*anges ! liquid wat] into solid ice4 ,& 
see1 already ! beak] is froz5 to ! /ool1
 s t ,i c actually lift up ! /ool by !  
beak] 7,fig4 #bh74 ,und]/& !n :y my     

sulphur mat* want$ "s "t & "s coax+ be=e
 x caught fire1 viz4 to *ange ?is solid 
sulphur into gase\s sulphur4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4  ,b let u g a  
/ep fur!r3 :y mu/ ! solid sulphur be    
conv]t$ into a gas8 ,we want a flame1 & 
:5ev] we h flame x is absolutely        
necess>y t we %\ld h a gas to burn4 ,y  
_c h flame )\t y h gas4 ,let me endeav\r
 to illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,i p\r into  
?is flask a small quantity ( e!r1 a     
liquid easily conv]t$ into a gas4 ,if ,i
 apply a light$ tap] to ! m\? ( ! flask1
 no gas1 or practically none1 be+ evolv$
 at ! mom5t1 no?+ happ5s4 ,b ,i w heat !
 e!r s z to conv]t x into a gas4 ,& n[ t
 ,i h evolv$ a l>ge quantity ( e!r gas1 
:5 ,i apply a light$ tap] to ! m\? ( !  
flask ,i get a l>ge flame 7,fig4 #bi74  
,!re x is6 ,! m gas ,i evolve 7t is1 ! m
 actively ,i apply ! heat7 ! l>g] is !  
flame4 ,y see x is a v l>ge flame n[4   
,if ,i take ! _s lamp away1 ! production
 ( gas gr[s less & less1 until my flame 
almo/ dies out2 b y see if ,i aga9 apply

 my heat & set m gas free1 ,i revive my 
flame4 ,i want y to grasp ?is v         
important fact1 ^u :i* ,i _c enl>ge     
fur!r n[1 t giv5 flame1 ,i mu/ h a gas  
to burn1 & !re=e heat z a p[] is ne$$   
be=e ,i c obta9 flame4    ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #bi4  ,well1 y ask me1 is t true (
 all flame8 ,:]e is ! gas1 y say1 9 t   
c&le flame8 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! sci5ce   
involv$ 9 light+ a c&le4 ,:at am ,i do+ 
:5 ,i apply a light$ mat* to ?is c&le8  
,! fir/ ?+ ,i d is to melt ! tall[1 !   
melt$ tall[ be+ drawn up by ! capill>ity
 ( ! wick4 ,! next ?+ ,i d is to conv]t 
! liquid tall[ into a gas4 ,?is done1 ,i
 set fire to ! gas4 ,i don't suppose y  
ev] ?\ght s mu* 0 involv$ 9 light+ a    
c&le4 ,my c&le is no?+ m ?an a portable 
gas-works1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to !       
gas-works f :i* ! gas t ,i am burn+ "h  
is suppli$4 ,:e!r x is a lamp1 or a     
gas-burn]1 or a c&le1 !y are all 9 a    
true s5se gas-works1 & !y all           
pre-suppose ! application ( heat to "s  
mat]ial or ano!r = ! purpose ( =m+ a gas

 :i* w burn4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4
  ,be=e ,i pass on1 ,i want to ref] to !
 beautiful burn] t ,i h "h4 ,x is !     
burn] us$ by ! ,:ite*apel /all-keep]s on
 a ,saturday night 7,fig4 #cj74 7,fig4 a
 is an enl>g$ draw+ ( ! burn]47 ,j let  
me expla9 ! sci5ce ( ! ,:ite*apel burn]4
 ,fir/ ( all y w see ! man ) a funnel   
fill+ ?is top portion ) naph?a 7c74 ,"h 
is a /op-cock1 by turn+ :i* he lets a   
little naph?a run d[n ! tube ?r\gh a v  
m9ute orifice into ?is small cup at !   
bottom ( ! burn] 7a74 ,?is cup he heats 
9 a fri5d's lamp1 !reby conv]t+ ! liquid
 naph?a1 :i* runs into ! cup1 into a    
gas4 ,s soon z ! gas is =m$--9 o!r      
words1 s soon z ! naph?a has be5        
suffici5tly heat$--! naph?a gas cat*es  
fire1 ! heat be+ !n suffici5t to ma9ta9 
t little cup hot en\gh to keep up a     
regul> supply ( naph?a gas4 ,:5 ! lamp  
does n burn v well1 y w (t5 see ! man   
pok+ x ) a p94 ,! c>bon giv5 (f f !     
naph?a is v dispos$ to *oke up ! little 
hole ?r\gh :i* ! naph?a runs into ! cup1

 & ! co/]mong] pu%es a p9 into ! little 
hole to all[ ! free passage ( ! naph?a4 
,t1 !n1 is ! me*anism ( ?is beautiful   
lamp ( ! ,:ite*apel trad]s1 kn[n z      
,halliday's lamp4  ,n[ ,i g to ano!r    
po9t3 hav+ obta9$ ! gas1 ,i mu/ set fire
 to x4 ,x is important to note t !      
temp]ature requir$ to set fire to       
diff]5t gases v>ies ) ! gas4 ,= in/ance1
 ,i w set free 9 ?is bottle a small     
quantity ( gas1 :i* fires at a v l[     
temp]ature4 ,x is ! vap\r ( c>bon       
disulphide4 ,see1 ,i m]ely place a hot  
rod into ! bottle1 & ! gas fires at     
once4 ,if ,i put a hot rod into ?is     
bottle ( coal gas1 no su* effect        
results1 s9ce coal gas requires a v mu* 
high] temp]ature to ignite x ?an        
bisulphide ( c>bon gas4 ,i want almo/--n
 q--actual flame to fire coal gas4 ,b "h
 is ano!r gas1 ab\t :i* ,i may h to say 
some?+ directly1 call$ m>% gas 7! gas ( 
coal-m9es74 ,?is requires a mu* high]   
temp]ature ?an ev5 coal gas to fire x4  
,i want y to und]/& t al?\gh all gases  

require heat to fire !m1 diff]5t gases  
ignite at v diff]5t temp]atures4        
,bisulphide ( c>bon gas1 e4 g41 ignites 
at a v l[ temp]ature1 :il/ m>% gas      
requires a v high temp]ature inde$ = its
 ignition4 ,y w see directly t ?is is a 
v important fact4 ,sulphur gas ignites  
=tunately at a fairly l[ temp]ature1 & t
 is :y sulphur is s useful an addition  
to ! wood spl9t by :i* to get fire out (
 ! t9d]-box4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4
  ,& "h ,i wi% to make a slight         
digression 9 my /ory4 ,i w %[ y an      
exp]im5t prep>atory to br++ be=e y !    
fact ,i am anxi\s n[ to make cle>4 ,i h 
be=e me a tube1 "o half ( :i* is brass &
 ! o!r half wood4 ,i h cov]$ ! tube1 z y
 see1 ) a tightly-fitt+ piece ( :ite    
pap]4 ,! :ole tube1 wood & brass1 has   
be5 treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,n[  
,i w set fire to "s _s 9 ! tr\gh ,i h   
"h1 & expose ! entire tube to ! action (
 ! flame4 ,notice ?is v curi\s result1  
viz4 t ! pap] cov]+ ! brass portion ( ! 
tube does n cat* fire1 :]eas ! pap]     

cov]+ ! wood is rapidly consum$ 7,fig4  
#ca74 ,y see ! exact l9e t divides wood 
f brass by ! burn+ ( ! pap]4 ,well1 :y  
is t8 ,n[ all ( y "k t "s ?+s conduct   
heat 7i4 e4 c>ry away heat7 bett] ?an   
o!r sub/ances4 ,= in/ance1 if y 7 to put
 a copp] rod & a glass rod into ! fire1 
all[+ a "p ( ea* to project1 ! copp] rod
 t projects out ( ! fire w\ld soon      
become s v hot t y d>e n t\* x1 ow+ to !
 copp] conduct+ ! heat f ! fire1 :]eas y
 w\ld be able to take hold ( ! project+ 
end ( ! glass rod long aft] ! end ( !   
glass expos$ to ! fire _h melt$4 ,! fact
 is1 ! copp] c>ries heat well1 & ! glass
 c>ries heat badly4 ,n[ ) ! tea*+ ( t   
exp]im5t be=e y1 y w und]/&1 ,i hope1 ! 
exact object ( "o or two exp]im5ts ,i am
 ab\t to %[ y4 ,"h is a piece ( co>se   
wire gauze--,i am ab\t to place x ov] ! 
flame ( ?is ,arg& burn]4 ,y w notice t x
 l[]s ! flame = a mom5t1 b almo/        
imm$iately ! flame da%es ?r\gh ! gauze  
7,fig4 #cb ,a74 ,"h is ano!r piece (    
gauze1 n q s co>se z ! la/4 ,i place ?is

 ov] ! flame1 & = a mom5t ! flame _c get
 ?r\gh x4 ,!re1 y see x is ?r\gh n[1 b x
 did n pass ) ! same read9ess t x did 9 
! case ( ! o!r piece ( gauze1 :i* 0     
co>s]4 ,n[1 :5 ,i take a piece ( f9e    
gauze1 ! flame does n pass ?r\gh at all 
until ! gauze is ne>ly r$-hot4 ,!re is  
pl5ty ( gas pass+ all ! "t4 ,if ,i take 
a /ill f9] gauze1 ,i %all f9d t ! flame 
won't pass ev5 :5 x is almo/ r$-hot     
7,fig4 #cb ,b74 ,pl5ty ( gas is pass+   
?r\gh1 rememb]1 all ! "t1 b ! flame does
 n pass ?r\gh4 ,n[ :y is x t ! flame is 
unable to pass8 ,! reason is            
?is--because ! metal gauze has s cool$ !
 flame t ! heat on "o side is n         
suffici5t to set fire to ! gas on ! o!r 
side4 ,i mu/ h1 y see1 a c]ta9          
temp]ature to fire my gas4 ,:5 !re=e ,i 
exp]im5t ) a v f9e piece ( gauze1 :]e ,i
 h a good deal ( metal & a l>ge conduct+
 surface1 !re is no possibility ( !     
flame pass+4 ,9 fact1 ,i h s cool$ !    
flame by ! metal gauze t x is no long]  
hot en\gh to set fire to ! gas on !     

opposite side4 ,i w give y "o or two m  
illu/rations ( ! same fact4 ,suppose ,i 
put ^u ?is gauze a piece ( camphor      
7camphor be+ a sub/ance t gives (f a    
heavy combu/ible vap\r :5 heat$71 & !n  
heat x1 y see ! camphor gas burn+ on !  
"u side ( ! gauze1 b ! camphor gas on ! 
upp] side is n fir$ 7,fig4 #cc74 ,pl5ty 
( camphor gas is be+ giv5 (f1 b ! flame 
( ! burn+ camphor on ! "u side is n high
 en\gh to set fire to ! camphor gas on !
 upp] side1 ow+ to ! conduct+ p[] ( !   
metal betwe5 ! flame & ! upp] gas4 ,!re 
is "o o!r exp]im5t ,i %\ld l to %[ y4   
,^u ?is piece ( metal gauze ,i h pil$ up
 a small heap ( gunp[d]4 ,i w place a   
_s-lamp und]nea? ! gunp[d]1 z y see ,i  
am n[ do+1 & ,i don't suppose ! gunp[d] 
w cat* fire4 ,i see ! sulphur ( !       
gunp[d] at ! pres5t mom5t volatiliz+1 b 
! flame1 cool$ by ! action ( ! metal1 is
 n hot en\gh to set fire to ! gunp[d]4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4  ,i %[$ y !    
/eel & fl9t lamp--if ,i may call x a    

lamp--us$ by coal-m9]s at ! "t ( ,davy  
7,fig4 #bb74 ,davy set to "w to inv5t a 
m satisfactory lamp ?an t1 & ! result ( 
8 exp]im5ts 0 ! beautiful m9]'s lamp :i*
 ,i h "h 7,fig4 #cd74 ,i reg>d ?is lamp 
) consid]able affection1 because ,i h   
be5 d[n _m a coal-m9e ) x4 ,?is is !    
coal-m9]'s safety-lamp4 ,! old-fa%ion$  
=m ( x t ,i h "h has be5 mu* improv$1 b 
x illu/rates ! pr9ciple z well z1 if n  
bett] ?an1 m elaborate v>ieties4 ,x is  
simply an oil flame cov]$ ) a gauze     
%ade1 exactly l t gauze ) :i* ,i h be5  
exp]im5t+4 ,i w all[ a jet ( coal gas to
 play ^u ?is lamp1 b ! gas1 z y see1    
does n cat* fire4 ,y w notice ! oil     
flame 9 ! lamp elongates 9 a curi\s     
mann]4 ,! flame ( ! lamp cool$ by !     
gauze is n hot en\gh to set fire to !   
coal gas1 b ! appe>ance ( ! flame w>ns !
 m9]1 & tells him :5 !re is dang]4 ,& t 
is ! explanation ( ! beautiful m9]'s    
safety-lamp inv5t$ by ,sir ,humphry     
,davy4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4  ,n[ 
let me once m put ?is fact cle>ly be=e  

y1 t :e!r x is ! gas flame or our f>?+  
ru%light1 :e!r x is our lamp or our     
lucif] mat*1 if we h a flame we mu/ h a 
gas to burn1 & hav+ a gas1 we mu/ heat x
 to1 & ma9ta9 x at1 a c]ta9 temp]ature4 
,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e our t9d]-box  
has pres5t$ u ) flame4 ,a flame is inde$
 ! consummat$ "w ( ! t9d]-box4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4  ,j let me say 
a few words ab\t ! gr& result--!        
consummat$ "w ( ! t9d]-box4 ,a flame is 
a v rem>kable ?+4 ,x looks solid1 b x is
 n solid4 ,y w f9d t ! inside ( a flame 
consi/s ( unburnt gas--gas1 t is to say1
 n 9 a /ate ( combu/ion at all4 ,! only 
spot :]e true combu/ion takes place is !
 out] cov]+ ( ! flame4 ,i w try to %[ y 
"s exp]im5ts illu/rat+ ?is4 ,i w take a 
l>ge flame = ?is purpose4 ,"h is a piece
 ( glass tube :i* ,i h cov]$ ) ord9>y   
:ite pap]4 ,hold+ ! cov]$ glass tube 9  
our l>ge flame = a m9ute or two1 y      
obs]ve ,i get two r+s ( *>r$ pap]1      
correspond+ to ! out] envelope ( !      

flame1 :il/ t portion ( ! pap] betwe5 ! 
black r+s has n ev5 be5 scor*$1 %[+ y t 
x is only ! out] "p ( ! flame t is burn+
 7,fig4 #ce74 ,! heat ( ! flame is at t 
"p :]e1 z ,i said be=e1 ! combu/ible    
gases come into contact--into collision 
) ! atmosph]e4 ,s completely is ?is     
true1 t if ,i take a tube1 su* z ,i h   
"h1 ,i c easily convey ! unburnt gas 9 !
 c5tre ( ! flame away f ! flame1 & set  
fire to x1 z y see1 at ! end ( ! glass  
tube a long di/ance f ! flame 7,fig4    
#cf74 ,i w place 9 ! c5tre ( my flame "s
 phosphorus :i* is at ! pres5t mom5t 9 a
 /ate ( active burn+1 & obs]ve h[       
in/antly ! combu/ion ( ! phosphorus     
ceases s soon z x gets into ! c5tre ( ! 
flame4 ,! crucible :i* conta9s x is     
cool$ d[n imm$iately1 & pres5ts an      
entirely diff]5t appe>ance )9 ! flame to
 :at x did outside ! flame4 ,x is a     
curi\s way1 p]haps y ?9k1 to /op a      
sub/ance burn+ by putt+ x into a flame4 
,inde$ ,i c put a heap ( gunp[d] inside 
a flame s t ! out] envelope ( burn+ gas 

does n ignite x 7,fig4 #cg74 ,!re y see 
a heap ( gunp[d] 9 ! c5tre ( our l>ge   
flame4 ,! flame is s completely holl[ t 
ev5 x _c explode ! p[d]4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4  ,i want y1 if 
y w1 to g a /ep fur!r ,! heat ( ! flame 
is due1 z ,i expla9$ 9 my la/ lecture1  
to ! cla%+ ( molecules4 ,b :at is !     
light ( my c&le & gas due to8 ,! light  
is due to ! solid matt] 9 ! flame1      
br\ght to a /ate ( :ite heat or         
inc&esc5ce by ! heat ( ! flame4 ,! heat 
is due to ! cla%+ ( ! p>ticles1 ! light 
is due to ! heat$ solid matt] 9 ! flame4
 ,let me see if ,i c %[ y t4 ,i am sett+
 free 9 ?is bottle "s hydrog51 :i* ,i am
 ab\t to ignite at ! end ( ?is piece (  
glass tube 7,fig4 #ch ,a74 ,i %all be a 
little cauti\s1 because !re is dang] if 
my hydrog5 gets mix$ ) air4 ,!re is my  
hydrog5 burn+2 b see1 x gives little or 
no light4 ,b ?is c&le flame gives light4
 ,:y8 ,! light ( ! c&le is due to !     
int5sely heat$ solid matt] 9 ! flame2 ! 

abs5ce ( light 9 ! hydrog5 flame dep5ds 
on ! abs5ce ( solid matt]4 ,let me hold 
clean :ite plates ov] bo? ^! flames4    
,see ! quantity ( black solid matt] t ,i
 am able to collect f ?is c&le flame    
7,fig4 #ch ,b74 ,b my hydrog5 yields me 
no soot or solid matt] :atsoev] 7,fig4  
#ch ,a74 ,! plate rema9s p]fectly clean1
 & only a little moi/ure collects ^u x4 
,! light t c&le gives dep5ds ^u ! solid 
matt] 9 ! flame becom+ int5sely heat$4  
,if :at ,i say be true1 x foll[s t if ,i
 take a flame :i* gives no light1 l ?is 
hydrog5 flame 7,fig4 #ci ,a71 & give x  
solid p>ticles1 ,i ought to *ange !     
non-lum9\s flame into a lum9\s "o4 ,let 
u see :e!r ?is be s or n4 ,i h "h a     
glass tube conta9+ a little cotton wadd+
 7,fig4 #ci ,b a71 & ,i am ab\t to p\r  
on ! wadd+ a little e!r1 & to make !    
hydrog5 gas pass ?r\gh ! cotton wadd+   
soak$ ) e!r be=e ,i fire x4 ,& n[ if :at
 ,i h said is correct1 ! hydrog5 flame  
to :i* ,i h imp>t$ a l>ge quantity (    
solid matt] ought to produce a good     

light1 & s x does6 ,see1 ,i h conv]t$ ! 
flame :i* gave no light 7,fig4 #ci ,a7  
into a flame :i* gives an excell5t light
 m]ely by incorporat+ solid matt] ) !   
flame 7,fig4 #ci ,b74 ,:at is m1 ! am\nt
 ( light t a flame gives dep5ds ^u !    
am\nt or r ! numb] ( solid p>ticles t x 
conta9s4 ,! m solid p>ticles !re are 9 !
 flame1 ! great] is ! light4 ,let me    
give y an illu/ration ( ?is4 ,"h is an  
int]e/+ little piece ( app>atus giv5 to 
my pr$ecessor 9 ! *air ( *emi/ry at !   
,london ,hospital by ! ,augu/us ,h>ris (
 t day4 ,x is "o ( ! tor*es =m]ly us$ by
 ! pantomime fairies z !y desc5d$ f !   
realms ( ! c>p5t]s4 ,i h an alcohol     
flame at ! top ( ! tor* :i* gives me v  
little light4 ,"h1 y see1 is an         
arrangem5t by :i* ,i c %ake a quantity (
 solid matt] 7lycopodium7 into !        
non-lum9\s alcohol flame4 ,y w obs]ve   
:at a magnific5tly lum9\s flame ,i      
produce 7,fig4 #dj74    ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ci4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4  
,i h told y t ! light ( a flame is due  

to solid matt] 9 ! flame2,b fur!r1 t !  
am\nt ( light is due to ! am\nt ( solid 
matt]4 ,& n[ ,i want to %[ y t ! k9d (  
light is due to ! k9d ( solid matt] 9 ! 
flame4 ,"h are "s pieces ( cotton wadd+1
 :i* ,i am ab\t to saturate ) alcoholic 
solutions ( diff]5t k9ds ( solid matt]4 
,= in/ance1 ,i h 9 "o bottle an         
alcoholic solution ( a li?ium salt1 9   
ano!r ( a b>ium1 9 a ?ird ( a /rontium1 
& s on4 ,i w set fire to all ^!         
solutions1 & y see h[ va/ly diff]5t !   
col\rs are1 ! col\r ( ! flames be+      
dep5d5t on ! v>i\s =ms ( solid matt] t  
,i h introduc$ into !m4      ,b ,i h n  
=gott5 ,frankl&'s exp]im5ts on ?is      
subject1     b ! lectures did n admit ( 
deal+ ) exceptional cases4  ,?us ,i h   
%[n y t ! heat ( our flame is due to !  
cla%+ ( ! two gases1 & ! light ( ! flame
 to ! solid matt] 9 ! flame1 & ! k9d (  
light to ! k9d ( solid matt]4  ,well1   
!re is ano!r po9t to :i* ,i desire to   
ref]4 ,light is ! pa9t :i* col\rs       
bodies4 ,y "k t ord9>y :ite light is    

made up ( a s]ies ( beautiful col\rs 7! 
spectrum71 :i* ,i %[ y "h4 ,if ,i take  
all ^! spectrum or ra9b[ col\rs :i* are 
pa9t$ on ?is glass ,i c1 z y see1       
recompose !m into :ite light by rotat+ !
 disc ) suffici5t rapidity t !y may get 
mix$ toge!r on ! little scre5 at ! back 
( y\r eye4 ,:ite light !n is a mixture (
 a numb] ( col\rs4  ,j ask y\rselves ?is
 "q4 ,:y is ?is piece ( ribbon :ite8 ,! 
:ite light falls ^u x4 ,:ite light is   
made up ( all ^? col\rs y saw j n[ ^u ! 
scre54 ,! light is reflect$ f ?is ribbon
 exactly z x fell ^u ! ribbon4 ,! :ole (
 ^? col\rs come (f toge!r1 & t ribbon is
 :ite because ! :ole ( ! col\rs ( !     
spectrum are reflect$ at ! same mom5t4  
,:y is t ribbon gre58 ,! :ite light     
falls ^u ! ribbon--! violet1 ! indigo1 !
 r$1 ! blue1 ! orange1 & ! yell[1 are   
absorb$ by ! dye ( ! ribbon1 & y d n see
 !m4 ,! ribbon1 z x 71 dr9ks 9 all ^!   
col\rs1 b x _c dr9k 9 ! gre54 ,&        
reflect+ ! gre5 ( ! spectrum1 y see t   
ribbon gre5 because ! ribbon is         

incapable ( absorb+ ! gre5 ( ! :ite     
light4 ,:y is ?is ribbon r$8 ,= ! same  
reason4 ,x c absorb ! gre5 :i* ! previ\s
 piece ( ribbon c\ld n absorb1 b x _c   
absorb ! r$4 ,! fact is1 col\r is n an  
inh]5t prop]ty ( a body4 ,if y ask me :y
 t ribbon is gre51 & :y ?is ribbon is   
r$1 ! real answ] is1 t ! r$ ribbon has  
absorb$ e col\r except ! r$1 & ! gre5   
ribbon e col\r except ! gre51 n because 
!y are ( !mselves r$ & gre5 b because !y
 h ! p[] ( reflect+ ^? col\rs f _!      
surfaces4  ,?is !n is ! consummat$ "w ( 
our t9d]-box4 ,our t9d]-box set fire to 
! mat*1 & ! mat* set fire to ! c&le1    
:il/ ! heat & ! light ( ! c&le are !    
f9i%$ "w ( ! c&le t ! t9d]-box light$4  
,! clock w>ns me t ,i mu/ br+ to an end 
my /ory ( a t9d]-box4 ,to be sure1 !    
t9d]-box is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b ,i hope its 
/ory has n be5 altoge!r )\t tea*+4 ,let 
me assure y t ! failure1 if failure !re 
be1 is n ! fault ( ! /ory1 b ( !        
/ory-tell]4 ,if "s day1 my "y fri5ds1 y 
desire to be great philosoph]s--& su*   

desire is a high & holy ambition--be    
cont5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance to li/5 to !    
famili> /ories told y by ! commone/ (   
common ?+s4 ,!re is no?+1 dep5d ^u x1   
too little to le>n f4 ,9 "t y w rise to 
high] ef=ts ( ?\ght & intellectual      
activity1 b y w be prim$ = ^? ef=ts by !
 grasp y h secur$ 9 y\r /udies ( e-day  
ph5om5a4               ,great ?+s are   
made ( little ?+s1   ,& little ?+s g    
less5+1 till at la/   ,comes ,god beh9d 
!m4   ,,! ,,end4               ,,ri*>d  
,,clay  ,,sons1 ,,limit$1               
,,london  ,,bungay4                     
,,publications                     ,,(  
,,!   ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4  
,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,rambles4   ,fcap4  
#hvo41 ) num]\s ,woodcuts1 ,clo? bo>ds1 
#bs4 #f;d4 ea*4         99       99     
99       99       99                    
,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,m9]als4        ,by !   
late ,d4 ,t4 ,,an/ead1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4
                    ,,lakes ,,& ,,riv]s4
             ,by ,c4 ,o4 ,,groom        
,,napi]1 ,f4,g4,s4                      

,,lane ,,& ,,field4            ,by !    
late ,,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4      
,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,moor4             ,by ,j4
 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4     
,,ponds ,,& ,,dit*es4               ,by 
,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4       
,,! ,,sea-,,%ore4     ,by ,pr(essor ,p4 
,,m>t9 ,,duncan1 ,m4,b41 7,london71     
,f4,r4,s4                     ,,!       
,,woodl&s4   ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke1       
,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,au?or ( ,freaks &    
,m>vels (                    ,plant     
,life1 c4                               
,,und]gr\nd4           ,by ,j4 ,e4      
,,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4          
,,manuals ,,( ,,heal?4   ,fcap4 #hvo1   
#abh pp41 ,limp ,clo?1 price #as4 ea*4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,air1 ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,dis9fectants4      
,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,aikman1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41  
,f4,r4,s4,e4                ,,heal? ,,& 
,,occupation4     ,by ! late ,sir ,b4   
,w4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,d4       
,,habitation ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,heal?
 7,!74         ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,b4          

,,*aumont1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4            
,,on ,,p]sonal ,,c>e ,,( ,,heal?4       
,by ! late ,e4 ,a4 ,,p>kes1 ,m4,d41     
,f4,r4,s4       ,,notes ,,on ,,!        
,,v5tilation ,,& ,,w>m+ ,,( ,,h\ses1    
,,*ur*es1 ,,s*ools1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,build+s4
     ,by ! late ,,erne/ ,h4 ,,jacob1    
,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 7,oxon74                 
,,manuals ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,sci5ce4      
,foolscap #hvo1 #abh pp41 )             
,illu/rations1 ,limp ,clo?1 #as4 ea*4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,physiology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4         
,,macali/]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41
 ,f4,s4,a4    ,,geology4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4
 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4        
,,a/ronomy4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,*ri/ie1       
,m4,a41 ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 
,,botany4 ,by ! late ,pr(essor ,,rob]t  
,,b5tley4    ,,zoology4 ,by ,,alfr$     
,,newton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor (
 ,zoology 9 !   ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4
 ,a ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4    ,,matt] 
,,& ,,motion4 ,by ! late ,j4 ,,cl]k     
,,maxwell1 ,m4,a4    ,,spectroscope     

7,,!71 ,,& ,,its ,,"w4 ,by ! late       
,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4                  
,,cry/allography4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,pal9     
,,gurney1 ,m4,a41 ,cl>e ,college1       
,cambridge4    ,,electricity4 ,by ! late
 ,pr(4 ,,fleem+ ,,j5k94       ,,atlases4
                                        
s4 d4   ,,h&y ,,g5]al ,,atlas ,,( ,,!   
,,_w 7,!74   ,a ,compreh5sive s]ies (   
,maps illu/rat+ ,g5]al &   ,comm]cial   
,geography4 ,) ,index4         ,half    
morocco  #db    #j    ,,bible ,,atlas   
7,!74 ,maps & ,plans1 ) ,explanatory    
,notes1 ,complete ,index4 ,royal #dto4  
,clo? bo>ds  #ad    #j    ,,! ,,graphic 
,,atlas ,,& ,,gazette] ,,( ,,! ,,_w4    
,edit$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,b>?olomew1           
,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4   ,) #abh    
,maps & ,plans4                  ,clo?  
bo>ds  #ab    #f                        
,half morocco  #ae    #j    ,a ,,mod]n  
,,atlas2 conta9+ #cj ,maps1 ) ,indexes1 
c4                                      
,clo? bo>ds  #ab    #j    ,,h&y         
,,ref]5ce ,,atlas ,,( ,,! ,,_w4         

,complete ,index & ,geographical        
,/ati/ics4      ,clo?   #g    #f    ,,/>
 ,,atlas 7,!74 ,translat$ & adapt$ f !  
,g]man by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,mc,clure1 ,m4,a4 
,) #ah   ,*>ts4                         
,clo?   #g    #f    ,,/ud5t',s ,,atlas  
7,!7 ,,( ,,anci5t ,,&   ,,mod]n         
,,geography1 ) #dh ,maps & a copi\s     
consult+ ,index4                        
,clo? bo>ds   #g    #f    ,,_w 7,!71 an 
,,atlas1 conta9+ #cd ,col\r$ ,maps   &  
,complete ,index4 ,fold$ #hvo4          
,clo? gilt   #e    #j    ,,h&y ,,atlas  
,,( ,,! ,,c\nties ,,( ,,engl&4          
,=ty-?ree ,col\r$ ,maps & ,index4       
,clo?   #e    #j    ,,c5tury ,,atlas ,,&
 ,,gazette] ,,( ,,! ,,_w1   conta9+ #eb 
,maps & ,gazette] ( #ce1jjj names1      
#dto4                                   
,clo?   #c    #f    ,,"y ,,s*ol>',s     
,,atlas 7,!71 conta9+ #bd   ,col\r$     
,maps & ,index4 ,imp4 #dto4             
,clo?   #b    #f    ,,pocket ,,atlas ,,(
 ,,! ,,_w 7,!74 ,) ,complete   ,index1  
c4                                      

#b    #f    ,,briti% ,,colonial ,,pocket
 ,,atlas 7,!74 ,fifty-six   ,maps ( !   
,colonies & ,index4           ,clo?     
bo>ds   #b    #f    ,,jubilee ,,atlas   
,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire1 )            
,descriptive & ,/ati/ical ,notes4       
,pap] bo>ds   #a    #j    ,,physical    
,,atlas ,,= ,,beg9n]s1 conta9+ #ab      
,col\r$ ,maps4                          
,pap] cov]   #a    #j    ,,%ill+ ,,qu>to
 ,,atlas 7,!71 conta9+ #bd   ,col\r$    
,maps4                           ,pap]  
wrapp]   #a    #j    ,,sixp5ny ,,bible  
,,atlas 7,!71 conta9+ #af ,col\r$       
,maps4                                  
,pap] wrapp]   #j    #f    ,,briti%     
,,colonies 7,atlas ( !71 conta9+ #af    
,col\r$ ,maps4                          
,pap] cov]   #j    #f    ,,?reep5ny     
,,atlas 7,!71 conta9+ #af ,col\r$       
,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4                      
,pap] cov]   #j    #c    ,,p5ny ,,atlas 
7,!71 conta9+ #ac ,maps4 ,small #dto4   
#j    #a       ,,maps4    ,,m\nt$ ,,on  
,,canvas ,,& ,,roll]1 ,,v>ni%$4         

s4 d4   ,,ea/]n ,,hemisph]e             
#d ft4 #aj 94 by #d ft4 #b 94  #ac  #j  
,,we/]n ,,hemisph]e                     
ditto4             #ac  #j   ,,europe   
ditto4             #ac  #j   ,,asia4    
,scale1 #ach miles to an in*            
ditto4             #ac  #j   ,,africa   
ditto4             #ac  #j   ,,nor?     
,,am]ica4 ,scale1 #ig m4 to 94          
ditto4             #ac  #j   ,,s\?      
,,am]ica4 ,scale1 ditto                 
ditto4             #ac  #j              
,,au/ralasia                            
ditto4             #ac  #j              
,,au/ralasia 7,diocesan ,map7           
ditto4             #ad  #j   ,,india4   
,scale1 #dj m4 to 94             #ej 94 
by #eh 94       #ac  #j   ,,au/ralia    
#c ft4 #f 94 by #b ft4 #aj 94  #i  #j   
,,irel&4 ,scale1 #h m4 to 94      #b ft4
 #aj 94 by #c ft4 #f 94   #i  #j        
,,scotl&4 ,scale1 ditto                 
ditto4              #i  #j   ,,gt4      
,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&1      ,! ,unit$    
,k+dom (          #f ft4 #c 94 by #g ft4

 #d 94  #db  #j   ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales   
7,photo-,relievo7 #d ft4 #h 94 by #c ft4
 #aj 94 #ac  #j   ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales   
7,diocesan ,map7  #d ft4 #b 94 by #d ft4
 #aj 94 #af  #j   ,,briti% ,,isles      
#eh 94 by #ej 94       #ac  #j   ,,holy 
,,l&                         #d ft4 #b  
94 by #d ft4 #aj 94 #ac  #j   ,,holy    
,,l&1 to illu/rate ! ,old     & ,new    
,te/am5ts4 ,scale1 #i     miles to an   
in*                     #bg 94 by #cb 94
        #f  #j   ,,s9ai 7,! ,p59sula (71
 !     ,,negeb1 & ,,l[] ,,egypt4 ,to    
illu/rate ! ,hi/ory ( !     ,patri>*s & 
! ,exodus      #b ft4 #aj 94 by #c ft4  
#f 94   #i  #j   ,,places m5tion$ 9 !   
,,acts &     ! ,,epi/les4 ,scale1 #eg   
miles     to an in*                     
#c ft4 #f 94 by #b ft4 #aj 94  #i  #j   
,,small ,,maps ,,( ,,holy ,,l&3--       
,old ,te/am5t--,new ,te/am5t--,places   
m5tion$ 9 ,acts & ,epi/les              
on %eets1 ea* #a  #f                    
millbo>d1 v>ni%$1 ea* #b  #j            
,,photo-,,relievo ,,maps4    ,,on       

,,%eets #ai ,,in*es ,,by #ad ,,in*es4   
s4 d4   ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4 ,,scotl&4  
,,europe4     ,names ( places & riv]s   
left to be fill$ 9 by       s*ol>s      
ea*  #j   #f     ,) riv]s & names (     
places                           #j   #i
     ,) names ( places1 & ) c\nty &     
c\ntry       divisions 9 col\rs         
#a   #j    ,,asia ,,& ,,nor? ,,am]ica4  
,names ( places & riv]s left to be fill$
 9 by       s*ol>s                      
#j   #f     ,) riv]s & names ( places1  
c4                      #j   #i         
,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,london4     ,) names 
( places1 c4                            
#j   #f    ,,photo-,,relievo ,,wall     
,,map4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4     #ef 94  
by #df 94 on canvas roll] &             
v>ni%$4     pla9 #abs41 col\r$          
#ac   #j                     ,,h]oes ,,(
 ,,sci5ce4        ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?     
bo>ds1 #ds4 ea*4         99       99    
99       99       99    ,,a/ronom]s4 ,by
 ,e4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,morton1 ,b4,a4           
,,botani/s1 ,,zoologi/s1 ,,&            

,,geologi/s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,,m>t9   
,,duncan1     ,f4,r4,s41 c4    ,,*emi/s4
 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,esq41  
,f4,r4,s4,e4    ,,me*anicians4 ,by ,t4  
,c4 ,,lewis1 ,m4,a4    ,,physici/s4 ,by 
,w4 ,,g>nett1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4             
,,specific ,,subjects4   ,fcap4 #hvo1   
#fd pages1 ,limp ,clo?1 price #d;d4 ea*4
         99       99       99       99  
99    ,,algebra4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,h4        
,,hudson1 ,m4,a4     ,answ]s to !       
,examples giv5 9 ! above1 ,limp clo?1   
#f;d4    ,,euclid4 ,books #a & #b4      
,edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,hudson1 ,m4,a4  
,,elem5t>y ,,me*anics4 ,by ,w4 ,,g>nett1
 ,m4,a4    ,,physical ,,geography4 ,by !
 ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,f4,g4,s4      
,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5ce4   ,po/ #hvo4
 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo? bo>ds4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,coal1 ,,& ,,:at ,,we ,,get ,,f ,,x4   
,by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,,meldola1 ,f4,r4,s41 
,f4,i4,c4 #bs4 #f;d4    ,,col\r         
,,measurem5t ,,& ,,mixture4   ,by       
,capta9 ,w4 de ,w4 ,,abney1 ,c4,b41     

,r4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4            
,,diseases ,,( ,,plants4   ,by ,pr(essor
 ,,m>%all ,,w>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41     
,f4,l4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4    ,,our ,,secret  
,,fri5ds ,,& ,,foes4   ,second ,edition1
 revis$ & enl>g$4   ,by ,,p]cy ,,f>aday 
,,frankl&1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 #cs4      
,,soap-,,bubbles1 ,,& ,,! ,,=ces ,,:i*  
,,m\ld ,,!m4   ,by ,c4 ,v4 ,,boys1      
,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4      
,,sp9n+ ,,tops4   ,by ,pr(essor ,j4     
,,p]ry1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4    
,,"t ,,& ,,tide3 a ,romance ( ! ,moon4  
,?ird ,edition1 revis$4   ,by ,sir      
,,rob]t ,s4 ,,ball4 #bs4 #f;d4    ,,!   
,,mak+ ,,( ,,fl[]s4   ,by ,rev4         
,pr(essor ,g4 ,,h5sl[1 ,m4,a41          
,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4    ,,!  
,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,t9d]-,,box4   ,by ! late
 ,c4 ,,meymott ,,tidy1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,s4   
#bs4    ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,gr[? ,,(       
,,worlds4   ,by ! late ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4
 ,,gre51 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #as4    ,,!  
,,spla% ,,( ,a ,,drop4   ,by ,pr(essor  
,a4 ,m4 ,,wor?+ton1 ,f4,r4,s4 #as4 #f;d4

                    ,,london3           
,,nor?umb]l& ,,av5ue1 ,w4,c4            
,transcrib]'s note3  ,9 ?is etext an 'e'
 ) breve is repres5t$ z 7e  ,bold font  
is repres5t$ by