,illu/ration3 ,to face ! ,title4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,air4 ,price #es4 unb\nd4 ,quamobrem1 si qua e/ erga ,creatorem humilitas1 si qua op]um ejus rev]5tia et magnificatio1 si qua *>itas 9 hom9es1 si erga necessitates et rumnas humanas relev&as /udium1 si quis amor v]itatis 9 naturalibus1 et odium t5ebr>um1 et intellectus purific&i desid]ium2 or&i sunt hom9es it]um atque it]um1 ut1 missis philosophiis i/is volaticis et prepo/]is1 qu !ses hypo!sibus ant]posu]unt1 et exp]i5tiam captivam dux]unt1 atque de op]ibus dei triumph>unt1 summisse1 et cum v5]atione quadam1 ad volum5 creatur>um evolv5dum acc$ant2 atque 9 eo moram faciant1 m$it5tur1 et ab op9ionibus abluti et mundi1 ca/e et integre v]s5tur4----,9 int]pretatione ejus eru5da nulli op] p>cant1 s$ /r5ue proc$ant1 p]si/ant1 immoriantur4 ,,"l ,,bacon ,,9 ,,in/auratione ,,magna4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,air4 ,by ,,joseph ,,prie/ley1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,,second ,,edition ,correct$4 ,f]t animus ,causas tant>um exprom]e r]um2 ,imm5sumque ap]itur opus4 ,,lucan ,,london3 ,pr9t$ = ,j4 ,,johnson1 ,no4 #gb1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*-,y>d4 ,,mdcclxxv4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,%elburne1 ,,?is ,,treatise ,,is ,,) ,,! ,,greate/ ,,gratitude ,,& ,,respect1 ,,inscrib$1 ,,by ,,8 ,,lord%ip's ,,mo/ ,,oblig$1 ,,& ,,ob$i5t ,,humble ,,s]vant1 ,j4 ,,prie/ley4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,! errata li/$ at ! end ( ! book h be5 correct$ 9 ! text4 ,9 ! text1 !re are places :]e ! apo!c>y symbols = ounce & dram are us$4 ,^! are *ang$ to oz4 & dr4 9 ! text file4 ,,! ,,preface4 ,"o reason = ! pres5t publication has be5 ! fav\rable reception ( ^? ( my ,obs]vations on diff]5t k9ds ( air1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #aggb1 & ! dem& = !m by p]sons :o did n *use1 = ! sake ( ^? pap]s only1 to pur*ase ! :ole volume 9 :i* !y 7 conta9$4 ,ano!r motive 0 ! additions to my obs]vations on ?is subject1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* my pap]s grew too l>ge = su* a publication z ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,contr>y1 !re=e1 to my int5tion1 express$ ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 #fd4 p4 #ij1 b ) ! approbation ( ! ,presid5t1 & ( my fri5ds 9 ! society1 ,i h det]m9$ to s5d !m no m pap]s = ! pres5t on ?is subject1 b to make a sep>ate & imm$iate publication ( all t ,i h done ) respect to x4 ,besides1 consid]+ ! att5tion :i*1 ,i am in=m$1 is n[ giv5 to ?is subject by philosoph]s 9 all p>ts ( ,europe1 & ! rapid progress t has already be5 made1 & may be expect$ to be made 9 ?is bran* ( k1 all unnecess>y delays 9 ! publication ( exp]im5ts relat+ to x are peculi>ly unju/ifiable4 ,:51 = ! sake ( a little m reputation1 m5 c keep brood+ ov] a new fact1 9 ! discov]y ( :i* !y might1 possibly1 h v little real m]it1 till !y ?9k !y c a/oni% ! _w ) a sy/em z complete z x is new1 & give mank9d a prodigi\s idea ( _! judgm5t & p5etration2 !y are ju/ly puni%$ = _! +ratitude to ! f\nta9 ( all k1 & = _! want ( a g5u9e love ( sci5ce & ( mank9d1 9 f9d+ _! boa/$ discov]ies anticipat$1 & ! field ( hone/ fame pre-occupi$1 by m51 :o1 f a natural ard\r ( m9d1 engage 9 philosophical pursuits1 & ) an +5u\s simplicity imm$iately communicate to o!rs :atev] occurs to !m 9 _! inquiries4 ,z to myself1 ,i f9d x absolutely impossible to produce a "w on ?is subject t %all be any ?+ l complete4 ,my fir/ publication ,i ackn[l$g$ to be v imp]fect1 & ! pres5t1 ,i am z ready to ackn[l$ge1 is /ill m s4 ,b1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 ?is w ev] be ! case 9 ! progress ( natural sci5ce1 s long z ! works ( ,god are1 l himself1 inf9ite & inexhau/ible4 ,9 complet+ "o discov]y we nev] fail to get an imp]fect k ( o!rs1 ( :i* we c\ld h no idea be=e2 s t we _c solve "o d\bt )\t creat+ sev]al new ones4 ,travell+ on ?is gr\nd resembles ,pope's description ( travell+ among ! ,alps1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t "h !re is n only succession1 b an increase ( new objects & new difficulties4 ,s pleas'd at fir/ ! t['r+ ,alps we try1 ,m\nt o'er ! vales1 & seem to tread ! sky4 ,?' et]nal sn[s appe> already pa/1 ,& ! fir/ cl\ds & m\nta9s seem ! la/1 ,b ^? atta9'd1 we tremble to survey ,! gr[+ lab\rs ( ! l5g!n'd way4 ,?' increas+ prospect tires our w&'r+ eyes1 ,hills peep o'er hills1 & ,alps on ,alps arise4 ,,essay ,,on ,,criticism4 ,newton1 z he _h v little k ( air1 s he _h few d\bts conc]n+ x4 ,_h ,dr4 ,hales1 aft] 8 v>i\s & valuable inve/igations1 giv5 a li/ ( all 8 desid]ata1 ,i am confid5t t he w\ld n h ?\ght ( "o 9 t5 t _h occurr$ to me at ! "t ( my la/ publication2 & my d\bts1 qu]ies1 & h9ts = new exp]im5ts are v consid]ably increas$1 aft] a s]ies ( inve/igations1 :i* h ?r[n great light ^u _m ?+s ( :i* ,i 0 n able to give any explanation be=e4 ,i w\ld obs]ve f>!r1 t a p]son :o means to s]ve ! cause ( sci5ce effectually1 mu/ haz>d 8 own reputation s f> z to risk ev5 mi/akes 9 ?+s ( less mom5t4 ,among a multiplicity ( new objects1 & new relations1 "s w necess>ily pass )\t suffici5t att5tion2 b if a man be n mi/ak5 9 ! pr9cipal objects ( 8 pursuits1 he has no occasion to di/ress himself ab\t less] ?+s4 ,9 ! progress ( 8 inquiries he w g5]ally be able to rectify 8 own mi/akes2 or if little & envi\s s\ls %\ld take a malignant pleasure 9 detect+ !m = him1 & endeav\r+ to expose him1 he is n wor?y ( ! "n ( a philosoph]1 if he has n /r5g? ( m9d suffici5t to enable him n to be di/urb$ at x4 ,he :o does n fooli%ly affect to be above ! fail+s ( humanity1 w n be mortifi$ :5 x is prov$ t he is b a man4 ,9 ?is "w1 z well z 9 all my o!r philosophical writ+s1 ,i h made x a rule n to conceal ! real views ) :i* ,i h made exp]im5ts2 because ?\gh1 by foll[+ a contr>y maxim1 ,i might h acquir$ a "* ( great] sagacity1 ,i ?9k t two v good ends are answ]$ by ! me?od t ,i h adopt$4 ,= x bo? t5ds to make a n>rative ( a c\rse ( exp]im5ts m int]e/+1 & likewise enc\rages o!r adv5tur]s 9 exp]im5tal philosophy2 %ew+ !m t1 by pursu+ ev5 false lights1 real & important tru?s may be discov]$1 & t 9 seek+ "o ?+ we (t5 f9d ano!r4 ,9 "s respects1 inde$1 ?is me?od makes ! n>rative long]1 b x is by mak+ x less t$i\s2 & 9 o!r respects ,i h writt5 mu* m concisely ?an is usual ) ^? :o publi% acc\nts ( _! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is treatise ! read] w (t5 f9d ! result ( long processes express$ 9 a few l9es1 & ( _m su* 9 a s+le p>agraph2 ea* ( :i*1 if ,i _h1 ) ! usual p>ade1 describ$ x at l>ge 7expla9+ fir/ ! prep>ation1 !n recit+ ! exp]im5t itself1 ) ! result ( x1 & la/ly mak+ suitable reflections7 w\ld h made z _m sections or *apt]s1 & h swell$ my book to a pomp\s & respectable size4 ,b ,i h ! pleasure to ?9k t ^? philosoph]s :o h b little "t to sp>e = read+1 :i* is always ! case ) ^? :o d mu* !mselves1 w ?ank me = n keep+ !m too long f _! own pursuits2 & t !y w f9d r m 9 ! volume1 ?an ! appe>ance ( x promises4 ,i d n ?9k x at all degrad+ to ! bus9ess ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 to comp>e x1 z ,i (t5 d1 to ! div]sion ( hunt+1 :]e x sometimes happ5s t ^? :o h beat ! gr\nd ! mo/1 & are consequ5tly ! be/ acqua9t$ ) x1 we>y !mselves )\t />t+ any game2 :5 x may fall 9 ! way ( a m]e pass5g]2 s t !re is b little room = boa/+ 9 ! mo/ successful t]m9ation ( ! *ace4 ,! be/ f\nd$ praise is t :i* is due to ! man1 :o1 f a supreme v5]ation = ! ,god ( nature1 takes pleasure 9 contemplat+ 8 works1 & f a love ( 8 fell[-creatures1 z ! (fspr+ ( ! same all-wise & b5evol5t p>5t1 ) a grateful s5se & p]fect enjoym5t ( ! means ( happ9ess ( :i* he is already possess$1 seeks1 ) e>ne/ness1 b )\t murmur+ or impati5ce1 t great] comm& ( ! p[]s ( nature1 :i* c only be obta9$ by a m ext5sive & m accurate k ( !m2 & :i* alone c enable u to avail ourselves ( ! num]\s advantages ) :i* we are surr\nd$1 & contribute to make our common situation m secure & happy4 ,besides1 ! man :o believes t !re is a gov]nor z well z a mak] ( ! _w 7& !re is c]ta9ly equal reason to believe bo?7 w ackn[l$ge 8 provid5ce & fav\r at lea/ z mu* 9 a successful pursuit ( k1 z ( weal?2 :i* is a s5tim5t t entirely cuts (f all boa/+ ) respect to ourselves1 & all envy & jeal\sy ) respect to o!rs2 & disposes u mutually to rejoice 9 e new light t we receive1 ?r\gh ^: h&s soev] x be convey$ to u4 ,i %all pass = an en?usia/ ) "s1 b ,i am p]fectly easy "u ! imputation1 because ,i am happy 9 ^? views :i* subject me to x2 b consid]+ ! amaz+ improvem5ts 9 natural k :i* h be5 made )9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ! _m ages1 ab\nd+ ) m5 :o _h no o!r object b /udy1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 no?+ ( ?is k9d 0 done1 !re appe>s to me to be a v p>ticul> provid5ce 9 ! concurr5ce ( ^? circum/ances :i* h produc$ s great a *ange2 & ,i _c help flatt]+ myself t ?is w be in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t o!r *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! _w1 ( mu* m consequ5ce to ! improvem5t & happ9ess ( x4 ,?is rapid progress ( k1 :i*1 l ! progress ( a wave ( ! sea1 ( s\nd1 or ( light f ! sun1 ext5ds itself n ?is way or t way only1 b 9 all directions1 w1 ,i d\bt n1 be ! means1 "u ,god1 ( extirpat+ all error & prejudice1 & ( putt+ an end to all undue & usurp$ au?ority 9 ! bus9ess ( religion1 z well z ( sci5ce2 & all ! ef=ts ( ! int]e/$ fri5ds ( corrupt e/abli%m5ts ( all k9ds w be ineffectual = _! support 9 ?is enlight5$ age3 ?\gh1 by ret>d+ _! d[nfal1 !y may make ! f9al ru9 ( !m m complete & glori\s4 ,x 0 ill policy 9 ,leo ! ,x? to patronize polite lit]ature4 ,he 0 *]i%+ an enemy 9 disguise4 ,& ! ,engli% hi]>*y 7if !re be any ?+ uns\nd 9 its con/itution7 has equal reason to tremble ev5 at an air-pump1 or an electrical ma*9e4 ,!re c]ta9ly nev] 0 any p]iod 9 :i* natural k made su* a progress z x has done ( late ye>s1 & especially 9 ?is c\ntry2 & !y :o affect to speak ) sup]cili\s contempt ( ! publications ( ! pres5t age 9 g5]al1 or ( ! ,royal ,society 9 p>ticul>1 are only ^? :o are !mselves engag$ 9 ! mo/ trifl+ ( all lit]>y pursuits1 :o are unacqua9t$ ) all real sci5ce1 & are ignorant ( ! progress & pres5t /ate ( x4#a ,x is true t ! ri* & ! great 9 ?is c\ntry give less att5tion to ^! subjects ?an1 ,i believe1 !y 7 ev] kn[n to d1 s9ce ! "t ( ,"l ,bacon1 & mu* less ?an m5 ( rank & =tune 9 o!r c\ntries give to !m4 ,b ) u ?is loss is made up by m5 ( leisure1 _s1 & +5uity1 9 ! middle ranks ( life1 :i* is a circum/ance t promises bett] = ! cont9uance ( ?is progress 9 useful k ?an any noble or royal patronage4 ,) u1 politics *iefly engage ! att5tion ( ^? :o /& =emo/ 9 ! community1 :i*1 inde$1 arises f ! fre$om & peculi> excell5ce ( our con/itution1 )\t :i* ev5 ! _s ( m5 ( lett]s 9 g5]al1 & ( philosoph]s 9 p>ticul>1 :o nev] directly int]f]e 9 matt]s ( gov]nm5t1 w\ld langui%4 ,x is r to be regrett$1 h[ev]1 t1 9 su* a numb] ( nobility & g5try1 s v few %\ld h any ta/e = sci5tifical pursuits1 because1 = _m valuable purposes ( sci5ce1 weal? gives a decisive advantage4 ,if ext5sive & la/+ fame be at all an object1 lit]>y1 & especially sci5tifical pursuits1 are pref]able to political ones 9 a v>iety ( respects4 ,! =m] are z mu* m fav\rable = ! display ( ! human faculties ?an ! latt]1 z ! sy/em ( nature is sup]ior to any political sy/em ^u e>?4 ,if ext5sive usefulness be ! object1 sci5ce has ! same advantage ov] politics4 ,! greate/ success 9 ! latt] seldom ext5ds f>!r ?an "o p>ticul> c\ntry1 & "o p>ticul> age2 :]eas a successful pursuit ( sci5ce makes a man ! b5efactor ( all mank9d1 & ( e age4 ,h[ trifl+ is ! fame ( any /atesman t ?is c\ntry has ev] produc$ to t ( ,"l ,bacon1 ( ,newton1 or ( ,boyle2 & h[ mu* great] are our obligations to su* m5 z ^!1 ?an to any o!r 9 ! :ole ,biographia ,britannica2 & e c\ntry1 9 :i* sci5ce has fl\ri%$1 c furni% in/ances = simil> obs]vations4 ,"h my read] w ?ank me1 & ! writ] w1 ,i hope1 =give me1 if ,i quote a passage f ! po/script ( a lett] :i* ,i happ5 to h j receiv$ f t excell5t1 & 9 my op9ion1 n too en?usia/ical philosoph]1 fa!r ,becc>ia ( ,tur94 ,mi spiace *e il mondo politico *' pur tanto passegg]o1 rubbi il gr&e ,frankl9 al mondo della natura1 *e non sa ne cambi>e1 ne manc>e4 ,9 ,engli%4 ,i am sorry t ! political _w1 :i* is s v transitory1 %\ld take ! great ,frankl9 f ! _w ( nature1 :i* c nev] *ange1 or fail4 ,i own x is ) peculi> pleasure t ,i quote ?is passage1 respect+ ?is truly great man1 at a "t :5 "s ( ! infatuat$ politicians ( ?is c\ntry are va9ly ?9k+ to build _! wret*$ & de/ructive projects1 on ! ru9s ( 8 e/abli%$ reputation2 a reputation z ext5sive z ! spread ( sci5ce itself1 & ( :i* x is say+ v little inde$1 to pron\nce t x w la/ & fl\ri% :5 ! names ( all 8 enemies %all be =gott54 ,i ?9k x prop]1 ^u ?is occasion1 to in=m my fri5ds1 & ! public1 t ,i h1 = ! pres5t1 susp5d$ my design ( writ+ ! hi/ory & pres5t /ate ( all ! bran*es ( exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,?is has aris5 n f any dislike ( ! und]tak+1 b1 9 tru?1 because ,i see no prospect ( be+ reasonably indemnifi$ = s mu* lab\r & exp5ce1 not)/&+ ! specim5s ,i h already giv5 ( t "w 79 ! hi/ory ( electricity1 & ( ! discov]ies relat+ to vision1 light1 & col\rs7 h met ) a mu* m fav\rable reception f ! be/ judges bo? at home & abroad1 ?an ,i expect$4 ,immortality1 if ,i %\ld h any view to x1 is n ! prop] price ( su* works z ^!4 ,i propose1 h[ev]1 hav+ giv5 s mu* att5tion to ! subject ( air1 to write1 at my leisure1 ! hi/ory & pres5t /ate ( discov]ies relat+ to x2 9 :i* case ,i %all1 z a "p ( x1 repr9t ?is "w1 ) su* improvem5ts z %all h occurr$ to me at t "t2 & ,i give ?is notice ( x1 t no p]son :o int5ds to pur*ase x may h reason 7be+ ?us appris$ ( my int5tion7 to compla9 ( buy+ ! same ?+ twice4 ,if any p]son *use x1 he may save 8 five or six %ill+s = ! pres5t1 & wait five or six ye>s long] 7if ,i %\ld live s long7 = ! opportunity ( buy+ ! same ?+1 probably mu* enl>g$1 & at ! same "t a complete acc\nt ( all t has be5 done by o!rs relat+ to ?is subject4 ,?\gh = ! pla91 & ,i hope satisfactory reason above m5tion$1 ,i %all probably write no o!r hi/ories ( ?is k9d1 ,i %all1 z opportunity s]ves1 endeav\r to provide mat]ials = su* hi/ories1 by cont9u+ my exp]im5ts1 keep+ my eyes op5 to su* new appe>ances z may pres5t !mselves1 inve/igat+ !m z f> z ,i %all be able1 & nev] fail+ to communicate to ! public1 by "s *annel or o!r1 ! result ( my obs]vations4 ,9 ! publication ( ?is "w ,i h ?\ght t x w\ld be agreeable to my read]s to pres]ve1 9 "s measure1 ! ord] ( hi/ory1 & !re=e ,i h n ?r[n toge!r all t ,i h obs]v$ ) respect to ea* k9d ( air1 b h divid$ ! "w into two p>ts2 ! =m] conta9+ :at 0 publi%$ be=e1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ) su* obs]vations & corrections z subsequ5t exp]i5ce has sugge/$ to me2 & ,i h res]v$ = ! latt] "p ( ! "w an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made s9ce t publication1 & aft] a pretty long int]ruption 9 my philosophical pursuits1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ summ]4 ,besides ,i am s5sible t 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is "w a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! subjects w be m conv5i5t1 = _! mutual illu/ration4 ,"s p]sons object to ! t]m air1 z appli$ to acid1 alkal9e1 & ev5 nitr\s air2 b x is c]ta9ly v conv5i5t to h a common t]m by :i* to d5ote ?+s :i* h s _m common prop]ties1 & ^? s v /rik+2 all ( !m agree+ ) ! air 9 :i* we brea!1 & ) fix$ air1 9 ela/icity1 & transp>5cy1 & 9 be+ alike affect$ by heat or cold2 s t to ! eye !y appe> to h no diff]5ce at all4 ,) mu* m reason1 z x appe>s to me1 might a p]son object to ! common t]m metal1 z appli$ to ?+s s v diff]5t f "o ano!r z gold1 quicksilv]1 & lead4 ,besides1 acid & alkal9e air d n diff] f common air 79 any respect t c c\nt5ance an objection to _! hav+ a common appellation7 except 9 su* prop]ties z are common to x ) fix$ air1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t degree2 viz4 t ( be+ imbib$ by wat]4 ,b1 inde$1 all k9ds ( air1 common air itself n except$1 are capable ( be+ imbib$ by wat] 9 "s degree4 ,"s may ?9k ! t]ms acid & alkal9e vap\r m prop] ?an acid & alkal9e air4 ,b ! t]m vap\r hav+ always be5 appli$ to ela/ic matt]s capable ( be+ cond5s$ 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 especially ! vap\r ( wat]1 x seems h>% to apply x to any ela/ic sub/ance1 :i* at ! same "t t x is z transp>5t z ! air we brea!1 is no m affect$ by cold ?an x is4 ,z my =m] pap]s 7 imm$iately translat$ into sev]al =eign languages1 ,i may presume t ?is treatise1 hav+ a bett] title to x1 w be translat$ also2 &1 ^u ?is presumption1 ,i _c help express+ a wi%1 t x may be done by p]sons :o h a compet5t k ( subject1 z well z ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! mi/akes made by "s =eign]s1 h induc$ me to give ?is caution4 ,london1 ,feb4 #aggd4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! weights m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise are ,troy1 & :at is call$ an ounce measure ( air1 is ! space occupi$ by an ounce weight ( wat]1 :i* is equal to #dhj gra9s1 & is1 !re=e1 almo/ two cubic in*es ( wat]2 = "o cubic in* weighs #bed gra9s4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,sir ,john ,pr+le's ,disc\rse on ! diff]5t k9ds ( air1 p4 #bi1 :i*1 if x became me to d x1 ,i w\ld recomm5d to ! read]1 z conta9+ a j & elegant acc\nt ( ! sev]al discov]ies t h be5 successively made1 relat+ to ! subject ( ?is treatise4 ,,! ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,introduction4 ,section ,i4 ,a g5]al view ( ,,prec$+ ,,discov]ies relat+ to ,,air ,page #a ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,,app>atus ) :i* ! foll[+ ,exp]im5ts 7 made #f ,,"p ,i4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made 91 & be=e ! ,ye> #aggb4 #bc ,sect4 ,i4 ,( ,,fix$ ,,air #be ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,( ,,air 9 :i* a ,,c&le1 or ,,brim/one1 has burn$ out #dc ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,inflammable ,,air #ee ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,( ,,air infect$ ) ,,animal ,,respiration1 or ,,putrefaction #gj ,sect4 ,v4 ,( ,,air 9 :i* a mixture ( ,,brim/one & ,,fil+s ( ,,iron has /ood #aje ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,( ,,nitr\s ,,air #ajh ,sect4 ,,vii4 ,( ,,air infect$ ) ! ,,fumes ( ,,burn+ ,,*>coal #abi ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,( ! effect ( ! ,,calc9ation ( ,,metals1 & ( ! ,,effluvia ( ,,pa9t made ) ,,:ite-,,lead & ,,oil1 on ,,air #acc ,sect4 ,,ix4 ,( ,,m>9e ,,acid ,,air #adc ,sect4 ,x4 ,miscellane\s ,obs]vations #aed ,,"p ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made 9 ! ,ye> #aggc1 & ! ,beg9n+ ( #aggd4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,obs]vations on ,,alkal9e ,,air #afc ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,( ,,common ,,air dim9i%$1 & made noxi\s by v>i\s processes #agg ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,nitr\s ,,air #bjc ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,( ,,m>9e ,,acid ,,air #bbi ,sect4 ,v4 ,( ,,inflammable ,,air #bdb ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,( ,,fix$ ,,air #bdh ,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,exp]im5ts #beb ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,qu]ies1 ,,speculations1 & ,,h9ts #beh ,,! ,,app5dix4 ,numb] ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,hey to prove t !re is no ,,oil ( ,,vitriol 9 wat] impregnat$ ) ,,fix$ ,,air #bhh ,numb] ,,ii4 ,a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,,hey to ,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 conc]n+ ! effects ( fix$ ,air appli$ by way ( ,cly/] #bib ,numb] ,,iii4 ,obs]vations on ! ,,m$ic9al ,,uses ( ,,fix$ ,,air4 ,by ,,?omas ,,p]cival1 ,m4 ,d4 ,fell[ ( ! ,,royal ,,society1 & ( ! ,,society ( ,,antiqu>ies 9 ,,london #cjj ,numb] ,,iv4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,,william ,,falcon]1 ,m4 ,d4 ( ,,ba? #cad ,numb] ,v4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,,william ,,bewley1 ( ,,great ,,mass+ham1 ,,norfolk #cag ,num4 ,,vi4 ,a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,,frankl9 #cba ,numb] ,,vii4 ,extract ( ,lett] f ,mr4 ,,h5ry ( ,,man*e/] #cbc ,,! ,,introduction4 ,,section ,i4 ,a g5]al view ( ,,prec$+ ,,discov]ies relat+ to air4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations on diff]5t k9ds ( air conta9$ 9 ?is treatise1 x w be useful to ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( natural philosophy1 to be in=m$ ( ^? facts :i* _h be5 discov]$ by o!rs1 be=e ,i turn$ my ?\ghts to ! subject2 :i* sugge/$1 & by ! help ( :i* ,i 0 enabl$ to pursue1 my inquiries4 ,let x be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,i d n pr(ess to recite 9 ?is place all t _h be5 discov]$ conc]n+ air1 b only ^? discov]ies ! k ( :i* is necess>y1 9 ord] to und]/& :at ,i h done myself2 s t any p]son :o is only acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 may be able to read ?is treatise1 &1 ) prop] att5tion1 to und]/& e "p ( x4 ,t ! air :i* con/itutes ! atmosph]e 9 :i* we live has weight1 & t x is ela/ic1 or consi/s ( a compressible & dilatable fluid1 7 "s ( ! e>lie/ discov]ies t 7 made aft] ! dawn+ ( philosophy 9 ?is we/]n "p ( ! _w4 ,t ela/ic fluids1 diff]+ ess5tially f ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 b agree+ ) x 9 ! prop]ties ( weight1 ela/icity1 & transp>5cy1 might be g5]at$ f solid sub/ances1 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,boyle1 ?\gh two rem>kable k9ds ( factiti\s air1 at lea/ ! effects ( !m1 _h be5 kn[n long be=e to all m9]s4 ,"o ( ^! is heavi] ?an common air4 ,x lies at ! bottom ( pits1 ext+ui%es c&les1 & kills animals t brea! x1 on :i* acc\nt x _h obta9$ ! "n ( ! *oke damp4 ,! o!r is light] ?an common air1 tak+ its place ne> ! ro(s ( subt]rane\s places1 & because x is liable to take fire1 & explode1 l gunp[d]1 x _h be5 call$ ! fire damp4 ,! ^w damp signifies vap\r or exhalation 9 ! ,g]man & ,saxon language4 ,?\gh ! =m] ( ^! k9ds ( air _h be5 kn[n to be noxi\s1 ! latt] ,i believe _h n be5 discov]$ to be s1 hav+ always be5 f\nd 9 its natural /ate1 s mu* dilut$ ) common air1 z to be brea!d ) safety4 ,air ( ! =m] k9d1 besides hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s cav]ns1 p>ticul>ly ! grotta del ,cane 9 ,italy1 _h also be5 obs]v$ on ! surface ( f]m5t+ liquors1 & _h be5 call$ gas 7:i* is ! same ) gei/1 or _s7 by ,van ,helmont1 & o!r ,g]man *ymi/s2 b aft]w>ds x obta9$ ! "n ( fix$ air1 especially aft] x _h be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,black ( ,ed9burgh to exi/1 9 a fix$ /ate1 9 alkal9e salts1 *alk1 & o!r calc>e\s sub/ances4 ,?is excell5t philosoph] discov]$ t x is ! pres5ce ( ! fix$ air 9 ^! sub/ances t r5d]s !m mild1 & t :5 !y are depriv$ ( x1 by ! =ce ( fire1 or any o!r process1 !y are 9 t /ate :i* _h be5 call$ cau/ic1 f _! corrod+ or burn+ animal & vegetable sub/ances4 ,fix$ air _h be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,macbride ( ,dubl91 aft] an obs]vation ( ,sir ,john ,pr+le's1 :i* l$ to x1 to be 9 a consid]able degree antiseptic2 & s9ce x is extract$ 9 great pl5ty f f]m5t+ vegetables1 he _h recomm5d$ ! use ( wort 7t is an infusion ( malt 9 wat]7 z :at w\ld probably give relief 9 ! sea-scurvy1 :i* is said to be a putrid disease4 ,dr4 ,br[nrigg _h also discov]$ t ! same species ( air is conta9$ 9 great quantities 9 ! wat] ( ! ,pyrmont spr+ at ,spa 9 ,g]many1 & 9 o!r m9]al wat]s1 :i* h :at is call$ an acidul\s ta/e1 & t _! peculi> flav\r1 briskness1 & m$ic9al virtues1 are d]iv$ f ?is +r$i5t4 ,dr4 ,hales1 )\t seem+ to imag9e t !re 0 any mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ^! k9ds ( air & common air1 obs]v$ t c]ta9 sub/ances & op]ations g5]ate air1 & o!rs absorb x2 imag9+ t ! dim9ution ( air 0 simply a tak+ away f ! common mass1 )\t any alt]ation 9 ! prop]ties ( :at rema9$4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 are s num]\s1 & v>i\s1 t !y are ju/ly e/eem$ to be ! solid f\ndation ( all our k ( ?is subject4 ,mr4 ,cav5di% _h exactly asc]ta9$ ! specific gravities ( fix$ & inflammable air1 %ew+ ! =m] ( !m to be #a-a_/b heavi] ?an common air1 & ! latt] t5 times light]4 ,he also %ew$ t wat] w\ld imbibe m ?an its own bulk ( fix$ air4 ,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,lane discov]$ t wat] ?us impregnat$ ) fix$ air w dissolve a consid]able quantity ( iron1 & !reby become a /rong *alybeate4 ,^!1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 are by no means all ! discov]ies conc]n+ air t h be5 made by ! g5tlem5 ^: names ,i h m5tion$1 & /ill less are !y all t h be5 made by o!rs2 b !y comprise all ! previ\s k ( ?is subject t is necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ?is treatise2 except a few p>ticul>s1 :i* w be m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 & :i* x is1 !re=e1 unnecess>y to recite 9 ?is place4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,,app>atus ) :i* ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,r ?an describe at l>ge ! mann] 9 :i* e p>ticul> exp]im5t t ,i %all h occasion to recite 0 made1 :i* w\ld bo? be v t$i\s1 & require an unnecess>y multiplicity ( draw+s1 ,i ?9k x m adviseable to give1 at "o view1 an acc\nt ( all my app>atus & in/rum5ts1 or at lea/ ( e ?+ t c require a description1 & ( all ! diff]5t op]ations & processes 9 :i* ,i employ !m4 ,x w be se5 t my app>atus = exp]im5ts on air is1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an ! app>atus ( ,dr4 ,hales1 ,dr4 ,br[nrigg1 & ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 div]sifi$1 & made a little m simple4 ,yet not)/&+ ! simplicity ( ?is app>atus1 & ! ease ) :i* all ! op]ations are conduct$1 ,i w\ld n h any p]son1 :o is altoge!r )\t exp]i5ce1 to imag9e t he %all be able to select any ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 & imm$iately p]=m x1 )\t difficulty or blund]+4 ,x is kn[n to all p]sons :o are conv]sant 9 exp]im5tal philosophy1 t !re are _m little att5tions & precautions necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 ! conduct+ ( exp]im5ts1 :i* _c well be describ$ 9 words1 b :i* x is ne$less to describe1 s9ce practice w necess>ily sugge/ !m2 ?\gh1 l all o!r arts 9 :i* ! h&s & f+]s are made use (1 x is only mu* practice t c enable a p]son to g ?r\gh complex exp]im5ts1 ( ?is or any o!r k9d1 ) ease & read9ess4 ,= exp]im5ts 9 :i* air w be> to be conf9$ by wat]1 ,i fir/ us$ an oblong tr\gh made ( e>!n w>e1 z a fig4 #a4 ab\t eight in*es deep1 at "o end ( :i* ,i put ?9 flat /ones1 b4 b4 ab\t an in*1 or half an in*1 "u ! wat]1 us+ m or few] ( !m accord+ to ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! tr\gh4 ,b ,i h s9ce f\nd x m conv5i5t to use a l>g] wood5 tr\gh1 ( ! same g5]al %ape1 elev5 in*es deep1 two feet long1 & #a-a_/b wide1 ) a %elf ab\t an in* l[] ?an ! top1 in/ead ( ! flat /ones above-m5tion$4 ,?is tr\gh be+ l>g] ?an ! =m]1 ,i h no occasion to make provision = ! wat] be+ high] or l[]1 ! bulk ( a j> or two n mak+ s great a diff]5ce z did be=e4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( air ,i usually keep 9 cyl9drical j>s1 z c1 c1 fig4 #a1 ab\t t5 in*es long1 & #b-a_/b wide1 be+ su* z ,i h g5]ally us$ = electrical batt]ies1 b ,i h likewise vessels ( v diff]5t =ms & sizes1 adapt$ to p>ticul> exp]im5ts4 ,:5 ,i want to remove vessels ( air f ! l>ge tr\gh1 ,i place !m 9 pots or di%es1 ( v>i\s sizes1 to hold m or less wat]1 accord+ to ! "t t ,i h occasion to keep ! air1 z fig4 #b4 ,^! ,i plunge 9 wat]1 & slide ! j>s into !m2 aft] :i* !y may be tak5 out toge!r1 & be set :]ev] x %all be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,= ! purpose ( m]ely remov+ a j> ( air f "o place to ano!r1 :]e x is n to /& long] ?an a few days1 ,i make use ( common tea-di%es1 :i* w hold wat] en\gh = t "t1 unless ! air be 9 a /ate ( dim9ution1 by means ( any process t is go+ on 9 x4 ,if ,i want to try :e!r an animal w live 9 any k9d ( air1 ,i fir/ put ! air into a small vessel1 j l>ge en\gh to give x room to /ret* itself2 & z ,i g5]ally make use ( mice = ?is purpose1 ,i h f\nd x v conv5i5t to use ! holl[ "p ( a tall be]-glass1 d fig4 #a1 :i* conta9s betwe5 two & ?ree ounce measures ( air4 ,9 ?is vessel a m\se w live tw5ty m9utes1 or half an h\r4 ,= ! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts x is mo/ conv5i5t to cat* ! mice 9 small wire traps1 out ( :i* x is easy to take !m1 & hold+ !m by ! back ( ! neck1 to pass !m ?r\gh ! wat] into ! vessel :i* conta9s ! air4 ,if ,i expect t ! m\se w live a consid]able "t1 ,i take c>e to put into ! vessel some?+ on :i* x may conv5i5tly sit1 out ( ! rea* ( ! wat]4 ,if ! air be good1 ! m\se w soon be p]fectly at its ease1 hav+ suff]$ no?+ by its pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,if ! air be suppos$ to be noxi\s1 x w be prop] 7if ! op]ator be desir\s ( pres]v+ ! mice = f>!r use7 to keep hold ( _! tails1 t !y may be )drawn z soon z !y beg9 to %ew signs ( uneas9ess2 b if ! air be ?or\ghly noxi\s1 & ! m\se happ5s to get a full inspiration1 x w be impossible to d ?is be=e x be absolutely irrecov]able4 ,9 ord] to keep ! mice1 ,i put !m into receiv]s op5 at ! top & bottom1 /&+ ^u plates ( t9 p]=at$ ) _m holes1 & cov]$ ) o!r plates ( ! same k9d1 held d[n by suffici5t weights1 z fig4 #c4 ,^! receiv]s /& ^u a frame ( wood1 t ! fre% air may h an opportunity ( gett+ to ! bottoms ( !m1 & circulat+ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ! inside ,i put a quantity ( pap] or t[1 :i* mu/ be *ang$1 & ! vessel wa%$ & dri$1 e two or ?ree days4 ,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly done by hav+ ano!r receiv]1 ready clean$ & prep>$1 into :i* ! mice may be transf]r$ till ! o!r %all be clean$4 ,mice mu/ be kept 9 a pretty exact temp]ature1 = ei!r mu* heat or mu* cold kills !m pres5tly4 ,! place 9 :i* ,i h g5]ally kept !m is a %elf ov] ! kit*5 fire-place :]e1 z x is usual 9 ,york%ire1 ! fire nev] goes out2 s t ! heat v>ies v little1 & ,i f9d x to be1 at a m$ium1 ab\t #gj degrees ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,:5 !y _h be5 made to pass ?r\gh ! wat]1 z !y necess>ily mu/ be 9 ord] to a *ange ( air1 !y require1 & w be> a v consid]able degree ( heat1 to w>m & dry !m4 ,i f\nd1 to my great surprize1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 t mice w live intirely )\t wat]2 = ?\gh ,i h kept !m = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 & h (f]$ !m wat] sev]al times1 !y w\ld nev] ta/e x2 & yet !y cont9u$ 9 p]fect heal? & vig\r4 ,two or ?ree ( !m w live v peaceably toge!r 9 ! same vessel2 ?\gh ,i _h "o in/ance ( a m\se te>+ ano!r almo/ 9 pieces1 & :5 !re 0 pl5ty ( provisions = bo? ( !m4 ,9 ! same mann] 9 :i* a m\se is put into a vessel ( any k9d ( air1 a plant1 or any ?+ else1 may be put into x1 viz4 by pass+ x ?r\gh ! wat]2 & if ! plant be ( a k9d t w gr[ 9 wat] only1 !re w be no occasion to set x 9 a pot ( e>?1 :i* w o!rwise be necess>y4 ,!re may appe>1 at fir/ sight1 "s difficulty 9 op5+ ! m\? ( a phial1 conta9+ any sub/ance1 solid or liquid1 to :i* wat] mu/ n be admitt$1 9 a j> ( any k9d ( air1 :i* is an op]ation t ,i h sometimes _h rec\rse to2 b ?is ,i easily effect by means ( a cork cut tap]+1 & a /rong1 wire ?ru/ ?r\gh x1 z 9 fig4 #d1 = 9 ?is =m x w suffici5tly fit ! m\? ( any phial1 & by hold+ ! phial 9 "o h&1 & ! wire 9 ! o!r1 & plung+ bo? my h&s into ! tr\gh ( wat]1 ,i c easily convey ! phial ?r\gh ! wat] into ! j>2 :i* mu/ ei!r be held by an assi/ant1 or be fa/5$ by /r+s1 ) its m\? project+ ov] ! %elf4 ,:5 ! phial is ?us convey$ into ! j>1 ! cork may easily be remov$1 & may also be put into x aga9 at pleasure1 & convey$ ! same way out aga94 ,:5 any ?+1 z a gallipot1 c4 is to be support$ at a consid]able height )9 a j>1 x is conv5i5t to h su* wire /&s z are repres5t$ fig4 #e4 ,!y answ] bett] ?an any o!r1 because !y take up b little room1 & may be easily b5d$ to any %ape or height4 ,if ,i h occasion to p\r air f a vessel ) a wide m\? into ano!r ) a v n>r[ "o1 ,i am oblig$ to make use ( a funnel1 fig4 #f1 b by ?is means ! op]ation is exce$+ly easy2 fir/ fill+ ! vessel into :i* ! air is to be convey$ ) wat]1 & hold+ ! m\? ( x1 toge!r ) ! funnel1 bo? "u wat] ) "o h&1 :ile ! o!r is employ$ 9 p\r+ ! air2 :i*1 asc5d+ ?r\gh ! funnel up into ! vessel1 makes ! wat] desc5d1 & takes its place4 ,^! funnels are be/ made ( glass1 because ! air be+ visible ?r\gh !m1 ! quantity ( x may be m easily e/imat$ by ! eye4 ,x w be conv5i5t to h sev]al ( ^! funnels ( diff]5t sizes4 ,9 ord] to expel air f solid sub/ances by means ( heat1 ,i sometimes put !m into a gun-b>rel1 fig4 #g1 & fill+ x up ) dry s&1 t has be5 well burn$1 s t no air c come f x1 ,i lute to ! op5 end ! /em ( a tobacco pipe1 or a small glass tube4 ,!n hav+ put ! clos$ end ( ! b>rel1 :i* conta9s ! mat]ials1 into ! fire1 ! g5]at$ air1 issu+ ?r\gh ! tube1 may be receiv$ 9 a vessel ( quicksilv]1 ) its m\? imm]s$ 9 a bason ( ! same1 susp5d$ all toge!r 9 wires1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! figure3 or any o!r fluid sub/ance may be us$ in/ead ( quicksilv]4 ,b ! mo/ accurate me?od ( procur+ air f sev]al sub/ances1 by means ( heat1 is to put !m1 if !y w be> x1 into phials full ( quicksilv]1 ) ! m\?s imm]s$ 9 ! same1 & !n ?r[ ! focus ( a burn+ mirror ^u !m4 ,= ?is purpose ! phials %\ld be made ) _! bottoms r\nd1 & v ?91 t !y may n be liable to break ) a pretty sudd5 application ( heat4 ,if ,i want to expel air f any liquid1 ,i ne>ly fill a phial ) x1 & hav+ a cork p]=at$1 ,i put ?r\gh x1 & secure ) cem5t1 a glass tube1 b5d$ 9 ! mann] repres5t$ at e fig4 #a4 ,i !n put ! phial into a kettle ( wat]1 :i* ,i set ^u ! fire & make to boil4 ,! air expell$ by ! heat1 f ! liquor conta9$ 9 ! phial1 issues ?r\gh ! tube1 & is receiv$ 9 ! bason ( quicksilv]1 fig4 #g4 ,in/ead ( ?is susp5d$ bason1 ,i sometimes cont5t myself ) ty+ a flaccid bladd] to ! end ( ! tube1 9 bo? ^! processes1 t x may receive ! newly g5]at$ air4 ,9 exp]im5ts on ^? k9ds ( air :i* are readily imbib$ by wat]1 ,i always make use ( quicksilv]1 9 ! mann] repres5t$ fig4 #h1 9 :i* a is ! bason ( quicksilv]1 b a glass vessel conta9+ quicksilv]1 ) its m\? imm]s$ 9 x1 c a phial conta9+ ! +r$i5ts f :i* ! air is to be produc$2 & d is a small recipi5t1 or glass vessel design$ to receive & int]cept any liquor t may be dis*>g$ along ) ! air1 :i* is to be transmitt$ free f any moi/ure into ! vessel b4 ,if !re be no appreh5sion ( moi/ure1 ,i make use ( ! glass tube only1 )\t any recipi5t1 9 ! mann] repres5t$ e fig4 #a4 ,9 ord] to inv]t ! vessel b1 ,i fir/ fill x ) quicksilv]1 & !n c>efully cov] ! m\? ( x ) a piece ( s(t lea!r2 aft] :i* x may be turn$ upside d[n )\t any dang] ( admitt+ ! air1 & ! lea!r may be )drawn :5 x is plung$ 9 ! quicksilv]4 ,9 ord] to g5]ate air by ! solution ( metals1 or any process ( a simil> nature1 ,i put ! mat]ials into a phial1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] repres5t$ at e fig4 #a1 & put ! end ( ! glass tube "u ! m\? ( any vessel into :i* ,i want to convey ! air4 ,if heat be necess>y ,i c easily apply to x a c&le1 or a r$ hot pok] :ile x hangs 9 ?is position4 ,:5 ,i h occasion to transf] air f a j> /&+ 9 ! tr\gh ( wat] to a vessel /&+ 9 quicksilv]1 or 9 any o!r situation :atev]1 ,i make use ( ! contrivance repres5t$ fig4 #i1 :i* consi/s ( a bladd]1 furni%$ at "o end ) a small glass tube b5d$1 & at ! o!r ) a cork1 p]=at$ s z j to admit ! small end ( a funnel4 ,:5 ! common air is c>efully press$ out ( ?is bladd]1 & ! funnel is ?ru/ tightly into ! cork1 x may be fill$ ) any k9d ( air z easily z a glass j>2 & !n a /r+ be+ ti$ above ! cork 9 :i* ! funnel is ins]t$1 & ! orifice 9 ! o!r cork clos$1 by press+ ! bladd] aga9/ x1 x may be c>ri$ to any place1 & if ! tube be c>efully wip$1 ! air may be convey$ q free f moi/ure ?r\gh a body ( quicksilv]1 or any ?+ else4 ,a little practice w make ?is v useful manoeuvre p]fectly easy & accurate4 ,9 ord] to impregnate fluids ) any k9d ( air1 z wat] ) fix$ air1 ,i fill a phial ) ! fluid l>g] or less z ,i h occasion 7z a fig4 #aj27 & !n inv]t+ x1 place x ) its m\? d[nw>ds1 9 a b[l b1 conta9+ a quantity ( ! same fluid2 & hav+ fill$ ! bladd]1 fig4 #i1 ) ! air1 ,i ?r[ z mu* ( x z ,i ?9k prop] into ! phial1 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,to accel]ate ! impregnation1 ,i lay my h& on ! top ( ! phial1 & %ake x z mu* z ,i ?9k prop]4 ,if1 )\t hav+ any air previ\sly g5]at$1 ,i w\ld convey x into ! fluid imm$iately z x arises f ! prop] mat]ials1 ,i keep ! same bladd] 9 connection ) a phial c fig4 #aj1 conta9+ ! same mat]ials 7z *alk1 salt ( t>t>1 or pe>l a%es 9 dilut$ oil ( vitriol1 = ! g5]ation ( fix$ air7 & tak+ c>e1 le/1 9 ! act ( eff]vesc5ce1 any ( ! mat]ials 9 ! phial c %\ld get into ! vessel a1 to place ?is phial on a /& l[] ?an t on :i* ! bason 0 plac$1 ,i press out ! newly g5]at$ air1 & make x asc5d directly into ! fluid4 ,= ?is purpose1 & t ,i may m conv5i5tly %ake ! phial c1 :i* is necess>y 9 "s processes1 especially ) *alk & oil ( vitriol1 ,i sometimes make use ( a flexible lea!rn tube d1 & sometimes only a glass tube4 ,= if ! bladd] be ( a suffici5t l5g?1 x w give room = ! agitation ( ! phial2 or if n1 x is easy to connect two bladd]s toge!r by means ( a p]=at$ cork1 to :i* !y may bo? be fa/5$4 ,:5 ,i want to try :e!r any k9d ( air w admit a c&le to burn 9 x1 ,i make use ( a cyl9drical glass vessel1 fig4 #aa4 & a bit ( wax c&le a fig4 #ab1 fa/5$ to ! end ( a wire b1 & turn$ up1 9 su* a mann] z to be let d[n into ! vessel ) ! flame upw>ds4 ,! vessel %\ld be kept c>efully cov]$ till ! mom5t t ! c&le is admitt$4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i h frequ5tly ext+ui%$ a c&le m ?an tw5ty times successively1 9 a vessel ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh x is impossible to dip ! c&le into x )\t giv+ ! ext]nal air an opportunity ( mix+ ) ! air 9 ! inside m or less4 ,! c&le c1 at ! o!r end ( ! wire is v conv5i5t = hold+ "u a j> /&+ 9 wat]1 9 ord] to burn z long z ! inclos$ air c supply x2 = ! mom5t t x is ext+ui%$1 x may be drawn ?r\gh ! wat] be=e any smoke c h mix$ ) ! air4 ,9 ord] to draw air out ( a vessel :i* has its m\? imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & !reby to raise ! wat] to :atev] height may be necess>y1 x is v conv5i5t to make use ( a glass syphon1 fig4 #ac1 putt+ "o ( ! legs up into ! vessel1 & draw+ ! air out at ! o!r end by ! m\?4 ,if ! air be ( a noxi\s quality1 x may be necess>y to h a syr+e fa/5$ to ! syphon1 ! mann] ( :i* ne$s no explanation4 ,i h n ?\ght x safe to dep5d ^u a valve at ! top ( ! vessel1 :i* ,dr4 ,hales sometimes made use (4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a v small hole be made at ! top ( a glass vessel1 x may be fill$ to any height by hold+ x "u wat]1 :ile ! air is issu+ out at ! hole1 :i* may !n be clos$ ) wax or cem5t4 ,if ! g5]at$ air w nei!r be absorb$ by wat]1 nor dim9i% common air1 x may be conv5i5t to put "p ( ! mat]ials into a cup1 support$ by a /&1 & ! o!r "p into a small glass vessel1 plac$ on ! edge ( x1 z at f1 fig4 #a4 ,!n hav+1 by means ( a syphon1 drawn ! air to at conv5i5t height1 ! small glass vessel may be easily pu%$ into ! cup1 by a wire introduc$ ?r\gh ! wat]2 or x may be contriv$1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 only to dis*>ge ! cont5ts ( ! small vessel into ! l>g]4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! b\nd>y ( air & wat]1 be=e & aft] ! op]ation1 w %ew ! quantity ( ! g5]at$ air4 ,! effect ( processes t dim9i% air may also be tri$ by ! same app>atus4 ,:5 ,i want to admit a p>ticul> k9d ( air to any ?+ t w n be> wett+1 & yet _c be conv5i5tly put into a phial1 & especially if x be 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 & mu/ be plac$ ^u a /& 7z 9 ^? exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! focus ( a burn+ mirror is to be ?r[n ^u x7 ,i fir/ exhau/ a receiv]1 9 :i* x is previ\sly plac$2 & hav+ a glass tube1 b5d$ = ! purpose1 z 9 fig4 #ad1 ,i screw x to ! /em ( a transf] ( ! air pump on :i* ! receiv] _h be5 exhau/$1 & introduc+ x ?r\gh ! wat] into a j> ( t k9d ( air ) :i* ,i w\ld fill ! receiv]1 ,i only turn ! cock1 & ,i ga9 my purpose4 ,9 ?is me?od1 h[ev]1 unless ! pump be v good1 & sev]al contrivances1 too m9ute to be p>ticul>ly describ$1 be made use ( a good deal ( common air w get into ! receiv]4 ,:5 ,i want to measure ! goodness ( any k9d ( air1 ,i put two measures ( x into a j> /&+ 9 wat]2 & :5 ,i h m>k$ ^u ! glass ! exact place ( ! b\nd>y ( air & wat]1 ,i put to x "o measure ( nitr\s air2 & aft] wait+ a prop] "t1 note ! quantity ( its dim9ution4 ,if ,i be comp>+ two k9ds ( air t are ne>ly alike1 aft] mix+ !m 9 a l>ge j>1 ,i transf] ! mixture into a long glass tube1 by :i* ,i c l5g!n my scale to :at degree ,i please4 ,if ! quantity ( ! air1 ! goodness ( :i* ,i want to asc]ta91 be exce$+ly small1 s z to be conta9$ 9 a "p ( a glass tube1 out ( :i* wat] w n run spontane\sly1 z a fig4 #ae2 ,i fir/ measure ) a pair ( compasses ! l5g? ( ! column ( air 9 ! tube1 ! rema9+ "p be+ fill$ ) wat]1 & lay x d[n ^u a scale2 & !n1 ?ru/+ a wire ( a prop] ?ickness1 b1 into ! tube1 ,i contrive1 by means ( a ?9 plate ( iron1 b5t to a %>p angle c1 to draw x out aga91 :5 ! :ole ( ?is little app>atus has be5 introduc$ ?r\gh ! wat] into a j> ( nitr\s air2 & ! wire be+ drawn out1 ! air f ! j> mu/ supply its place4 ,i !n measure ! l5g? ( ?is column ( nitr\s air :i* ,i h got into ! tube1 & lay x also d[n ^u ! scale1 s z to "k ! exact l5g? ( bo? ! columns4 ,aft] ?is1 hold+ ! tube "u wat]1 ) a small wire ,i =ce ! two sep>ate columns ( air into contact1 & :5 !y h be5 a suffici5t "t toge!r1 ,i measure ! l5g? ( ! :ole1 & comp>e x ) ! l5g? ( bo? ! columns tak5 be=e4 ,a little exp]i5ce w tea* ! op]ator h[ f> to ?ru/ ! wire into ! tube1 9 ord] to admit z mu* air z he wants & no m4 ,9 ord] to take ! electric sp>k 9 a quantity ( any k9d ( air1 :i* mu/ be v small1 to produce a s5sible effect ^u x1 9 a %ort "t1 by means ( a common ma*9e1 ,i put a piece ( wire into ! end ( a small tube1 & fa/5 x ) hot cem5t1 z 9 fig4 #af2 & hav+ got ! air ,i want into ! tube by means ( ! app>atus fig4 #ae1 ,i place x inv]t$ 9 a bason conta9+ ei!r quicksilv]1 or any o!r fluid sub/ance by :i* ,i *use to h ! air conf9$4 ,i !n1 by ! help ( ! air pump1 drive out z mu* ( ! air z ,i ?9k conv5i5t1 admitt+ ! quicksilv]1 c4 to x1 z at a1 & putt+ a brass ball on ! end ( ! wire1 ,i take ! sp>ks or %ocks ^u x1 & !reby transmit !m ?r\gh ! air to ! liquor 9 ! tube4 ,to take ! electric sp>ks 9 any k9d ( fluid1 z oil1 c4 ,i use ! same app>atus describ$ above1 & hav+ p\r$ into ! tube z mu* ( ! fluid z ,i conjecture ,i c make ! electric sp>k pass ?r\gh1 ,i fill ! re/ ) quicksilv]2 & plac+ x inv]t$ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]1 ,i take ! sp>ks z be=e4 ,if air be g5]at$ v fa/ by ?is process1 ,i use a tube t is n>r[ at ! top1 & gr[s wid] bel[1 z fig4 #ag1 t ! quicksilv] may n rec$e too soon beyond ! /rik+ di/ance4 ,sometimes ,i h us$ a diff]5t app>atus = ?is purpose1 repres5t$ fig4 #ah4 ,tak+ a pretty wide glass tube1 h]metically seal$ at ! upp]-end1 & op5 bel[1 at ab\t an in*1 or at :at di/ance ,i ?9k conv5i5t f ! top1 ,i get two holes made 9 x1 opposite to ea* o!r4 ,?r\gh ^! ,i put two wires1 & fa/5+ !m ) w>m cem5t1 ,i fix !m at :at di/ance ,i please f ea* o!r4 ,betwe5 ^! wires ,i take ! sp>ks1 & ! bubbles ( air rise1 z !y are =m$1 to ! top ( ! tube4 ,,"p ,i4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made 91 & be=e ! ye> #aggb4 ,9 writ+ ^u ! subject ( diff]5t k9ds ( air1 ,i f9d myself at a loss = prop] t]ms1 by :i* to di/+ui% !m1 ^? :i* h hi!rto obta9$ be+ by no means suffici5tly *>act]i/ic1 or di/9ct4 ,! only t]ms 9 common use are1 fix$ air1 mephitic1 & inflammable4 ,! la/1 inde$1 suffici5tly *>act]izes & di/+ui%es t k9d ( air :i* takes fire1 & explodes on ! approa* ( flame2 b x might h be5 t]m$ fix$ ) z mu* propriety z t to :i* ,dr4 ,black & o!rs h giv5 t d5om9ation1 s9ce x is orig9ally "p ( "s solid sub/ance1 & exi/s 9 an unela/ic /ate4 ,all ^! newly discov]$ k9ds ( air may also be call$ factiti\s2 & if1 ) o!rs1 we use ! t]m fixable1 x is /ill obvi\s to rem>k1 t x is applicable to !m all2 s9ce !y are all capable ( be+ imbib$ by "s sub/ance or o!r1 & consequ5tly ( be+ fix$ 9 !m1 aft] !y h be5 9 an ela/ic /ate4 ,! t]m mephitic is equally applicable to :at is call$ fix$ air1 to t :i* is inflammable1 & to _m o!r k9ds2 s9ce !y are equally noxi\s1 :5 brea!d by animals4 ,r1 h[ev]1 ?an ei!r introduce new t]ms1 or *ange ! signification ( old ones1 ,i %all use ! t]m fix$ air1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is n[ commonly us$1 & di/+ui% ! o!r k9ds by _! prop]ties1 or "s o!r p]iphrasis4 ,i %all be "u a necessity1 h[ev]1 ( giv+ names to ^? k9ds ( air1 to :i* no names _h be5 giv5 by o!rs1 z nitr\s1 acid1 & alkal9e4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,fix$ ,,air4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( liv+ = "s "t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a public brew]y1 t ,i 0 induc$ to make exp]im5ts on fix$ air1 ( :i* !re is always a l>ge body1 ready =m$1 ^u ! surface ( ! f]m5t+ liquor1 g5]ally ab\t n9e in*es1 or a foot 9 dep?1 )9 :i* any k9d ( sub/ance may be v conv5i5tly plac$2 & ?\gh1 9 ^! circum/ances1 ! fix$ air mu/ be cont9ually mix+ ) ! common air1 & is !re=e f> f be+ p]fectly pure1 yet !re is a con/ant fre% supply f ! f]m5t+ liquor1 & x is pure en\gh = _m purposes4 ,a p]son1 :o is q a /rang] to ! prop]ties ( ?is k9d ( air1 w\ld be agreeably amus$ ) ext+ui%+ light$ c&les1 or *ips ( wood 9 x1 z x lies ^u ! surface ( ! f]m5t+ liquor2 = ! smoke readily unites ) ?is k9d ( air1 probably by means ( ! wat] :i* x conta9s2 s t v little or none ( ! smoke w escape into ! op5 air1 :i* is incumb5t ^u x4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ! upp] surface ( ?is smoke1 float+ 9 ! fix$ air1 is smoo?1 & well def9$2 :]eas ! l[] surface is exce$+ly ragg$1 sev]al p>ts hang+ d[n to a consid]able di/ance )9 ! body ( ! fix$ air1 & sometimes 9 ! =m ( balls1 connect$ to ! upp] /ratum by sl5d] ?reads1 z if !y 7 susp5d$4 ,! smoke is also apt to =m itself into broad flakes1 p>allel to ! surface ( ! liquor1 & at diff]5t di/ances f x1 exactly l cl\ds4 ,^! appe>ances w sometimes cont9ue above an h\r1 ) v little v>iation4 ,:5 ?is fix$ air is v /rong1 ! smoke ( a small quantity ( gunp[d] fir$ 9 x w be :olly reta9$ by x1 no "p escap+ into ! common air4 ,mak+ an agitation 9 ?is air1 ! surface ( x1 7:i* /ill cont9ues to be exactly def9$7 is ?r[n into ! =m ( waves1 :i* x is v amus+ to look ^u2 & if1 by ?is agitation1 any ( ! fix$ air be ?r[n ov] ! side ( ! vessel1 ! smoke1 :i* is mix$ ) x1 w fall to ! gr\nd1 z if x 0 s mu* wat]1 ! fix$ air be+ heavi] ?an common air4 ,! r$ "p ( burn+ wood 0 ext+ui%$ 9 ?is air1 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive t a r$-hot pok] 0 soon] cool$ 9 x4 ,fix$ air does n in/antly mix ) common air4 ,inde$ if x did1 x c\ld n be caught ^u ! surface ( ! f]m5t+ liquor4 ,a c&le put "u a l>ge receiv]1 & imm$iately plung$ v deep bel[ ! surface ( ! fix$ air1 w burn "s "t4 ,b vessels ) ! smalle/ orifices1 hang+ ) _! m\?s d[nw>ds 9 ! fix$ air1 w 9 "t h ! common air1 :i* !y conta91 p]fectly mix$ ) x4 ,:5 ! f]m5t+ liquor is conta9$ 9 vessels close cov]$ up1 ! fix$ air1 on remov+ ! cov]1 readily affects ! common air :i* is contigu\s to x2 s t1 c&les held at a consid]able di/ance above ! surface w in/antly g out4 ,i h be5 told by ! workm51 t ?is w sometimes be ! case1 :5 ! c&les are held two feet above ! m\? ( ! vessel4 ,fix$ air unites ) ! smoke ( ros91 sulphur1 & o!r electrical sub/ances1 z well z ) ! vap\r ( wat]2 & yet1 by hold+ ! wire ( a *>g$ phial among ^! fumes1 ,i c\ld n make any electrical atmosph]e1 :i* surpriz$ me a good deal1 z !re 0 a l>ge body ( ?is smoke1 & x 0 s conf9$1 t x c\ld n escape me4 ,i also held "s oil ( vitriol 9 a glass vessel )9 ! fix$ air1 & by plung+ a piece ( r$-hot glass into x1 rais$ a copi\s & ?ick fume4 ,?is float$ ^u ! surface ( ! fix$ air l o!r fumes1 & cont9u$ z long4 ,consid]+ ! ne> aff9ity betwe5 wat] & fix$ air1 ,i conclud$ t if a quantity ( wat] 0 plac$ ne> ! yea/ ( ! f]m5t+ liquor1 x c\ld n fail to imbibe t air1 & !reby acquire ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ,pyrmont1 & "s o!r m$ic9al m9]al wat]s4 ,accord+ly1 ,i f\nd1 t :5 ! surface ( ! wat] 0 consid]able1 x always acquir$ ! pleasant acidul\s ta/e t ,pyrmont wat] has4 ,! readie/ way ( impregnat+ wat] ) ?is virtue1 9 ^! circum/ances1 is to take two vessels1 & to keep p\r+ ! wat] f "o into ! o!r1 :5 !y are bo? ( !m held z ne> ! yea/ z possible2 = by ?is means a great quantity ( surface is expos$ to ! air1 & ! surface is also cont9ually *ang+4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,i h sometimes1 9 ! space ( two or ?ree m9utes1 made a glass ( exce$+ly pleasant sp>kl+ wat]1 :i* c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ f v good ,pyrmont1 or r ,seltz] wat]4 ,b ! mo/ effectual way ( impregnat+ wat] ) fix$ air is to put ! vessels :i* conta9 ! wat] into glass j>s1 fill$ ) ! pure/ fix$ air made by ! solution ( *alk 9 dilut$ oil ( vitriol1 /&+ 9 quicksilv]4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i h1 9 ab\t two days1 made a quantity ( wat] to imbibe m ?an an equal bulk ( fix$ air1 s t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,br[nrigg's exp]im5ts1 x mu/ h be5 mu* /rong] ?an ! be/ import$ ,pyrmont2 = ?\gh he made 8 exp]im5ts at ! spr+-head1 he nev] f\nd t x conta9$ q s mu* z half its bulk ( ?is air4 ,if a suffici5t quantity ( quicksilv] _c be procur$1 oil may be us$ ) suffici5t advantage1 = ?is purpose1 z x imbibes ! fix$ air v sl[ly4 ,fix$ air may be kept 9 vessels /&+ 9 wat] = a long "t1 if !y be sep>at$ by a p>tition ( oil1 ab\t half an in* ?ick4 ,pyrmont wat] made 9 ^! circum/ances1 is little or no?+ inf]ior to t :i* has /ood 9 quicksilv]4 ,! readie/ me?od ( prep>+ ?is wat] = use is to agitate x /rongly ) a l>ge surface expos$ to ! fix$ air4 ,by ?is means m ?an an equal bulk ( air may be communicat$ to a l>ge quantity ( wat] 9 ! space ( a few m9utes4 ,b s9ce agitation promotes ! dissipation ( fix$ air f wat]1 x _c be made to imbibe s great a quantity 9 ?is me?od z 9 ! =m]1 :]e m "t is tak54 ,easy directions = impregnat+ wat] ) fix$ air ,i h publi%$ 9 a small pamphlet1 design$ orig9ally = ! use ( seam5 9 long voyages1 on ! presumption t x might be ( use = prev5t+ or cur+ ! sea scurvy1 equally ) wort1 :i* 0 recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,macbride = ?is purpose1 on no o!r acc\nt ?an its prop]ty ( g5]at+ fix$ air1 by its f]m5tation 9 ! /oma*4 ,wat] ?us impregnat$ ) fix$ air readily dissolves iron1 z ,mr4 ,lane has discov]$2 s t if a quantity ( iron fil+s be put to x1 x pres5tly becomes a /rong *alybeate1 & ( ! milde/ & mo/ agreeable k9d4 ,i h recomm5d$ ! use ( *alk & oil ( vitriol z ! *eape/1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 ! be/ mat]ials = ?is purpose4 ,b "s p]sons pref] pe>l a%es1 p\nd$ m>ble1 or o!r calc>e\s or alkal9e sub/ances2 & p]haps ) reason4 ,my own exp]i5ce has n be5 suffici5t to enable me to decide 9 ?is case4 ,:]eas "s p]sons _h suspect$ t a quantity ( ! oil ( vitriol 0 r5d]$ volatile by ?is process1 ,i exam9$ x1 by all ! *emical me?ods t are 9 use2 b c\ld n f9d t wat] ?us impregnat$ conta9$ ! lea/ p]ceivable quantity ( t acid4 ,mr4 ,hey1 inde$1 :o assi/$ me 9 ?is exam9ation1 f\nd t di/ill$ wat]1 impregnat$ ) fix$ air1 did n mix s readily ) soap z ! di/ill$ wat] itself2 b ?is 0 also ! case :5 ! fix$ air _h pass$ ?r\gh a long glass tube fill$ ) alkal9e salts1 :i*1 x may be suppos$1 w\ld h imbib$ any ( ! oil ( vitriol t might h be5 conta9$ 9 t air#b4 ,fix$ air itself may be said to be ( ! nature ( an acid1 ?\gh ( a weak & peculi> sort4----,mr4 ,b]gman ( ,upsal1 :o hon\r$ me ) a lett] ^u ! subject1 calls x ! arial acid1 &1 among o!r exp]im5ts to prove x to be an acid1 he says t x *anges ! blue juice ( t\rnesole into r$4 ,?is ,mr4 ,hey f\nd to be true1 & he moreov] discov]$ t :5 wat] t+$ blue ) ! juice ( t\rnesole1 & !n r$ ) fix$ air1 has be5 expos$ to ! op5 air1 x recov]s its blue col\r aga94 ,! heat ( boil+ wat] w expel all ! fix$ air1 if a phial conta9+ ! impregnat$ wat] be held 9 x2 b x w (t5 require above half an h\r to d x completely4 ,dr4 ,p]cival1 :o is p>ticul>ly att5tive to e improvem5t 9 ! m$ical art1 & :o has ?\ght s well ( ?is impregnation z to prescribe x 9 sev]al cases1 in=ms me t x seems to be mu* /rong]1 & sp>kles m1 l ! true ,pyrmont wat]1 aft] x has be5 kept "s "t4 ,?is circum/ance1 h[ev]1 %ews t1 9 "t1 ! fix$ air is m easily dis5gag$ f ! wat]2 & ?\gh1 9 ?is /ate1 x may affect ! ta/e m s5sibly1 x _c be ( s mu* use 9 ! /oma* & b[els1 z :5 ! air is m firmly reta9$ by ! wat]4 ,by ! process describ$ 9 my pamphlet1 fix$ air may be readily incorporat$ ) w9e1 be]1 & almo/ any o!r liquor :atev]2 & :5 be]1 w9e1 or cyd]1 is become flat or dead 7:i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! escape ( ! fix$ air !y conta9$7 !y may be reviv$ by ?is means2 b ! delicate & agreeable flav\r1 or acidul\s ta/e1 communicat$ by fix$ air1 & :i* is v manife/ 9 wat]1 c h>dly be p]ceiv$ 9 w9e1 or any liquors :i* h mu* ta/e ( _! own4 ,i %\ld ?9k t !re c be no d\bt1 b t wat] ?us impregnat$ ) fix$ air mu/ h all ! m$ic9al virtues ( g5u9e ,pyrmont or ,seltz] wat]2 s9ce ^! dep5d ^u ! fix$ air !y conta94 ,if ! g5u9e ,pyrmont wat] d]ives any advantage f its be+ a natural *alybeate1 ?is may also be obta9$ by provid+ a common *alybeate wat]1 & us+ x 9 ^! processes1 in/ead ( common wat]4 ,hav+ succe$$ s well ) ?is artificial ,pyrmont wat]1 ,i imag9$ t x might be possible to give ice ! same virtue1 especially z cold is kn[n to promote ! absorption ( fix$ air by wat]2 b 9 ?is ,i f\nd myself q mi/ak54 ,i put sev]al pieces ( ice into a quantity ( fix$ air1 conf9$ by quicksilv]1 b no "p ( ! air 0 absorb$ 9 two days & two nights2 b ^u br++ x into a place :]e ! ice melt$1 ! air 0 absorb$ z usual4 ,i !n took a quantity ( /rong artificial ,pyrmont wat]1 & putt+ x into a ?9 glass phial1 ,i set x 9 a pot t 0 fill$ ) sn[ & salt4 ,?is mixture in/antly freez+ ! wat] t 0 contigu\s to ! sides ( ! glass1 ! air 0 dis*>g$ pl5tifully1 s t ,i cat*$ a consid]able quantity1 9 a bladd] ti$ to ! m\? ( ! phial4 ,i also took two quantities ( ! same ,pyrmont wat]1 & plac$ "o ( !m :]e x might freeze1 keep+ ! o!r 9 a cold place1 b :]e x w\ld n freeze4 ,?is reta9$ its acidul\s ta/e1 ?\gh ! phial :i* conta9$ x 0 n cork$2 :]eas ! o!r be+ br\ght into ! same place1 :]e ! ice melt$ v sl[ly1 _h at ! same "t ! ta/e ( common wat] only4 ,t quantity ( wat] :i* _h be5 froz5 by ! mixture ( sn[ & salt1 0 almo/ z mu* l sn[ z ice1 su* a quantity ( air-bubbles 7 conta9$ 9 x1 by :i* x 0 prodigi\sly increas$ 9 bulk4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e assi/s v consid]ably 9 keep+ fix$ air conf9$ 9 wat]2 = 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 ,pyrmont wat] w absolutely boil1 by ! copi\s dis*>ge ( its air4 ,?is is also ! reason :y be] & ale fro? s mu* 9 vacuo4 ,i d n d\bt1 !re=e1 b t1 by ! help ( a cond5s+ eng9e1 wat] might be mu* m highly impregnat$ ) ! virtues ( ! ,pyrmont spr+2 & x w\ld n be difficult to contrive a me?od ( do+ x4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,i made sev]al exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! absorption ( fix$ air by diff]5t fluid sub/ances1 0 to put ! liquid into a di%1 & hold+ x )9 ! body ( ! fix$ air at ! brew]y1 to set a glass vessel into x1 ) its m\? inv]t$4 ,?is glass be+ necess>ily fill$ ) ! fix$ air1 ! liquor w\ld rise into x :5 !y 7 bo? tak5 into ! common air1 if ! fix$ air 0 absorb$ at all4 ,mak+ use ( e!r 9 ?is mann]1 !re 0 a con/ant bubbl+ f "u ! glass1 occasion$ by ?is fluid easily ris+ 9 vap\r1 s t ,i c\ld n1 9 ?is me?od1 det]m9e :e!r x imbib$ ! air or n4 ,i conclud$ h[ev]1 t !y did incorporate1 f a v disagreeable circum/ance1 :i* made me desi/ f mak+ any m exp]im5ts ( ! k9d4 ,= all ! be]1 ov] :i* ?is exp]im5t 0 made1 contract$ a peculi> ta/e2 ! fix$ air impregnat$ ) ! e!r be+1 ,i suppose1 aga9 absorb$ by ! be]4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t wat] :i* rema9$ a long "t )9 ?is air has sometimes acquir$ a v disagreeable ta/e4 ,at "o "t x 0 l t>-wat]4 ,h[ ?is 0 acquir$1 ,i 0 v desir\s ( mak+ "s exp]im5ts to asc]ta91 b ,i 0 disc\rag$ by ! fe> ( injur+ ! f]m5t+ liquor4 ,x c\ld n come f ! fix$ air only4 ,insects & animals :i* brea! v little are /ifl$ 9 fix$ air1 b are n soon q kill$ 9 x4 ,butt]flies & flies ( o!r k9ds w g5]ally become torpid1 & seem+ly dead1 aft] be+ held a few m9utes ov] ! f]m5t+ liquor2 b !y revive aga9 aft] be+ br\ght into ! fre% air4 ,b !re are v great v>ieties ) respect to ! "t 9 :i* diff]5t k9ds ( flies w ei!r become torpid 9 ! fix$ air1 or die 9 x4 ,a l>ge /rong frog 0 mu* swell$1 & seem$ to be ne>ly dead1 aft] be+ held ab\t six m9utes ov] ! f]m5t+ liquor2 b x recov]$ ^u be+ br\ght into ! common air4 ,a snail treat$ 9 ! same mann] di$ pres5tly4 ,fix$ air is pres5tly fatal to vegetable life4 ,at lea/ sprigs ( m9t gr[+ 9 wat]1 & plac$ ov] ! f]m5t+ liquor1 w (t5 become q dead 9 "o day1 or ev5 9 a less space ( "t2 nor d !y recov] :5 !y are aft]w>ds br\ght into ! common air4 ,i am told1 h[ev]1 t "s o!r plants are mu* m h>dy 9 ?is respect4 ,a r$ rose1 fre% ga!r$1 lo/ its r$ness1 & became ( a purple col\r1 aft] be+ held ov] ! f]m5t+ liquor ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 b ! tips ( ea* leaf 7 mu* m affect$ ?an ! re/ ( x4 ,ano!r r$ rose turn$ p]fectly :ite 9 ?is situation2 b v>i\s o!r fl[]s ( diff]5t col\rs 7 v little affect$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 n repeat$1 z ,i wi% !y might be done1 9 pure fix$ air1 extract$ f *alk by means ( oil ( vitriol4 ,= e purpose1 9 :i* x 0 necess>y t ! fix$ air %\ld be z unmix$ z possible1 ,i g5]ally made x by p\r+ oil ( vitriol ^u *alk & wat]1 cat*+ x 9 a bladd] fa/5$ to ! neck ( ! phial 9 :i* !y 7 conta9$1 tak+ c>e to press out all ! common air1 & also ! fir/1 & sometimes ! second1 produce ( fix$ air2 & also1 by agitation1 mak+ x z quickly z ,i possibly c\ld4 ,at o!r times1 ,i made x pass f ! phial 9 :i* x 0 g5]at$ ?r\gh a glass tube1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any bladd]1 :i*1 z ,i f\nd by exp]i5ce1 w n long make a suffici5t sep>ation betwe5 sev]al k9ds ( air & common air4 ,i _h once ?\ght t ! readie/ me?od ( procur+ fix$ air1 & 9 suffici5t purity1 w\ld be by ! simple process ( burn+ *alk1 or p\nd$ lime-/one 9 a gun-b>rel1 mak+ x pass ?r\gh ! /em ( a tobacco-pipe1 or a glass tube c>efully lut$ to ! orifice ( x4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i f\nd t air is produc$ 9 great pl5ty2 b1 ^u exam9+ x1 ,i f\nd1 to my v great surprise1 t little m ?an "o half ( x 0 fix$ air1 capable ( be+ absorb$ by wat]2 & t ! re/ 0 inflammable1 sometimes v weakly1 b sometimes pretty highly s4 ,:5ce ?is inflammability proce$s1 ,i am n able to det]m9e1 ! lime or *alk n be+ suppos$ to conta9 any o!r ?an fix$ air4 ,i conjecture1 h[ev]1 t x mu/ proce$ f ! iron1 & ! sep>ation ( x f ! calx may be promot$ by t small quantity ( oil ( vitriol1 :i* ,i am in=m$ is conta9$ 9 *alk1 if n 9 lime-/one also4 ,b x is an objection to ?is hypo!sis1 t ! inflammable air produc$ 9 ?is mann] burns blue1 & n at all l t :i* is produc$ f iron1 or any o!r metal1 by means ( an acid4 ,x also has n ! smell ( t k9d ( inflammable air :i* is produc$ f m9]al sub/ances4 ,besides1 oil ( vitriol )\t wat]1 w n dissolve iron2 nor c inflammable air be got f x1 unless ! acid be consid]ably dilut$2 & :5 ,i mix$ brim/one ) ! *alk1 nei!r ! quality nor ! quantity ( ! air 0 *ang$ by x4 ,inde$ no air1 or p]man5tly ela/ic vap\r1 c be got f brim/one1 or any oil4 ,p]haps ?is inflammable pr9ciple may come f "s rema9s ( ! animals1 f :i* x is ?\ght t all calc>e\s matt] proce$s4 ,9 ! me?od 9 :i* ,i g5]ally made ! fix$ air 7& inde$ always1 unless ! contr>y be p>ticul>ly m5tion$1 viz4 by dilut$ oil ( vitriol & *alk7 ,i f\nd by exp]im5t t x 0 z pure z ,mr4 ,cav5di% made x4 ,= aft] x _h patt$ ?r\gh a l>ge body ( wat] 9 small bubbles1 /ill #a_/ej or #a_/fj "p only 0 n absorb$ by wat]4 ,9 ord] to try ?is z exp$iti\sly z possible1 ,i kept p\r+ ! air f "o glass vessel into ano!r1 imm]s$ 9 a quantity ( cold wat]1 9 :i* mann] ,i f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t almo/ any quantity may be r$uc$ z f> z possible 9 a v %ort "t4 ,b ! mo/ exp$iti\s me?od ( mak+ wat] imbibe any k9d ( air1 is to conf9e x 9 a j>2 & agitate x /rongly1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 my pamphlet on ! impregnation ( wat] ) fix$ air1 & repres5t$ fig4 #aj4 ,at ! same "t t ,i 0 try+ ! purity ( my fix$ air1 ,i _h ! curiosity to endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r t "p ( x :i* is n miscible 9 wat]1 be equally diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole mass2 &1 = ?is purpose1 ,i divid$ a quantity ( ab\t a gallon into ?ree p>ts1 ! fir/ consi/+ ( t :i* 0 upp]mo/1 & ! la/ ( t :i* 0 ! l[e/1 contigu\s to ! wat]2 b all ^! p>ts 7 r$uc$ 9 ab\t an equal proportion1 by pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 s t ! :ole mass _h be5 ( an uni=m composition4 ,?is ,i h also f\nd to be ! case ) sev]al k9ds ( air1 :i* w1 n prop]ly incorporate4 ,a m\se w live v well1 ?\gh a c&le w n burn 9 ! residuum ( ! pure/ fix$ air t ,i c make2 & ,i once made a v l>ge quantity = ! sole purpose ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,?is1 !re=e1 seems to be "o in/ance ( ! g5]ation ( g5u9e common air1 ?\gh vitiat$ 9 "s degree4 ,x is also ano!r pro( ( ! residuum ( fix$ air be+1 9 "p at lea/1 common air1 t x becomes turbid1 & is dim9i%$ by ! mixture ( nitr\s air1 z w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,t fix$ air only wants "s addition to make x p]man5t1 & immiscible ) wat] if n 9 all respects1 common air1 ,i h be5 l$ to conclude1 f sev]al attempts :i* ,i once made to mix x ) air 9 :i* a quantity ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 made into a pa/e ) wat]1 _h /ood2 =1 9 sev]al mixtures ( ?is k9d1 ,i imag9$ t n mu* m ?an half ( ! fix$ air c\ld be imbib$ by wat]2 b1 n be+ able to repeat ! exp]im5t1 ,i conclude t ,i ei!r deceiv$ myself 9 x1 or t ,i ov]look$ "s circum/ance on :i* ! success ( x dep5d$4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 :e!r !y 7 fallaci\s or o!rwise1 induc$ me to try :e!r any alt]ation w\ld be made 9 ! con/itution ( fix$ air1 by ?is mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one4 ,i !re=e put a mixture ( ?is k9d into a quantity ( z pure fix$ air z ,i c\ld make1 & conf9$ ! :ole 9 quicksilv]1 le/ ! wat] %\ld absorb x be=e ! effects ( ! mixture c\ld take place4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ! fix$ air 0 dim9i%$1 & ! quicksilv] rose 9 ! vessel1 till ab\t ! fif? "p 0 occupi$ by x2 &1 z ne> z ,i c\ld judge1 ! process w5t on1 9 all respects1 z if ! air 9 ! inside _h be5 common air4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable1 9 ! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 is1 t ! fix$ air1 into :i* ?is mixture _h be5 put1 & :i* _h be5 9 "p dim9i%$ by x1 0 9 "p also r5d]$ insoluble 9 wat] by ?is means4 ,i made ?is exp]im5t f\r times1 ) ! greate/ c>e1 & obs]v$1 t 9 two ( !m ab\t "o six?1 & 9 ! o!r two ab\t "o f\rte5?1 ( ! orig9al quantity1 0 su* z c\ld n be absorb$ by wat]1 b cont9u$ p]man5tly ela/ic4 ,le/ ,i %\ld h made any mi/ake ) respect to ! purity ( ! fix$ air1 ! la/ "t t ,i made ! exp]im5t1 ,i set "p ( ! fix$ air1 :i* ,i made use (1 9 a sep>ate vessel1 & f\nd x to be exce$+ly pure1 s z to be almo/ :olly absorb$ by wat]2 :]eas ! o!r "p1 to :i* ,i _h put ! mixture1 0 f> f be+ s4 ,9 "o ( ^! cases1 9 :i* fix$ air 0 made immiscible ) wat]1 x appe>$ to be n v noxi\s to animals2 b 9 ano!r case1 a m\se di$ 9 x pretty soon4 ,?is diff]5ce probably arose f my hav+ inadv]t5tly agitat$ ! air 9 wat] r m 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,z ! iron is r$uc$ to a calx by ?is process1 ,i once conclud$1 t x is phlogi/on t fix$ air wants1 to make x common air2 &1 = any ?+ ,i yet "k ?is may be ! case1 ?\gh ,i am ignorant ( ! me?od ( comb9+ !m2 & :5 ,i calc9$ a quantity ( lead 9 fix$ air1 9 ! mann] :i* w be describ$ h]eaft]1 x did n seem to h be5 less soluble 9 wat] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,hey's exp]im5ts w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix to ^! pap]s4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,air 9 :i* a ,,c&le1 or ,,brim/one1 has burn$ out4 ,x is well kn[n t flame _c subsi/ long )\t *ange ( air1 s t ! common air is necess>y to x1 except 9 ! case ( sub/ances1 into ! composition ( :i* nitre ent]s1 = ^! w burn 9 vacuo1 9 fix$ air1 & ev5 "u wat]1 z is evid5t 9 "s rockets1 :i* are made = ?is purpose4 ,! quantity ( air :i* ev5 a small flame requires to keep x burn+ is prodigi\s4 ,x is g5]ally said1 t an ord9>y c&le consumes1 z x is call$1 ab\t a gallon 9 a m9ute4 ,consid]+ ?is amaz+ consumption ( air1 by fires ( all k9ds1 volcanos1 c4 x becomes a great object ( philosophical inquiry1 to asc]ta9 :at *ange is made 9 ! con/itution ( ! air by flame1 & to discov] :at provision !re is 9 nature = rem$y+ ! injury :i* ! atmosph]e receives by ?is means4 ,"s ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts w1 p]haps1 be ?\ght to ?r[ light ^u ! subject4 ,! dim9ution ( ! quantity ( air 9 :i* a c&le1 or brim/one1 has burn$ out1 is v>i\s2 ,b ,i imag9e t1 at a m$ium1 x may be ab\t "o fifte5?1 or "o sixte5? ( ! :ole2 :i* is "o ?ird z mu* z by animal or vegetable sub/ances putrefy+ 9 x1 by ! calc9ation ( metals1 or by any ( ! o!r causes ( ! complete dim9ution ( air1 :i* w be m5tion$ h]eaft]4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght1 t flame disposes ! common air to deposit ! fix$ air x conta9s2 = if any lime-wat] be expos$ to x1 x imm$iately becomes turbid4 ,?is is ! case1 :5 wax c&les1 tall[ c&les1 *ips ( wood1 _s ( w9e1 e!r1 & e o!r sub/ance :i* ,i h yet tri$1 except brim/one1 is burn$ 9 a close glass vessel1 /&+ 9 lime-wat]4 ,?is precipitation ( fix$ air 7if ?is be ! case7 may be ow+ to some?+ emitt$ f ! burn+ bodies1 :i* has a /rong] aff9ity ) ! o!r con/itu5t p>ts ( ! atmosph]e#c4 ,if brim/one be burn$ 9 ! same circum/ances1 ! lime-wat] cont9ues transp>5t1 b /ill !re may h be5 ! same precipitation ( ! fix$ "p ( ! air2 b t1 unit+ ) ! lime & ! vitriolic acid1 x =ms a sel5etic salt1 :i* is soluble 9 wat]4 ,hav+ evaporat$ a quantity ( wat] ?us impregnat$1 by burn+ brim/one a great numb] ( times ov] x1 a :iti% p[d] rema9$1 :i* _h an acid ta/e2 b repeat+ ! exp]im5t ) a quick] evaporation1 ! p[d] _h no acidity1 b 0 v mu* l *alk4 ,! burn+ ( brim/one b once ov] a quantity ( lime-wat]1 w affect x 9 su* a mann]1 t brea?+ into x w n make x turbid1 :i* o!rwise x always pres5tly does4 ,dr4 ,hales suppos$1 t by burn+ brim/one repeat$ly 9 ! same quantity ( air1 ! dim9ution w\ld cont9ue )\t end4 ,b ?is ,i h frequ5tly tri$1 & n f\nd to be ! case4 ,inde$1 :5 ! ignition has be5 imp]fect 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a second fir+ ( ! same sub/ance w increase ! effect ( ! fir/1 c4 b ?is progress soon ceases4 ,9 _m cases ( ! dim9ution ( air1 ! effect is n imm$iately app>5t1 ev5 :5 x /&s 9 wat]2 = sometimes ! bulk ( air w n be mu* r$uc$1 till x has pass$ sev]al times ?r\gh a quantity ( wat]1 :i* has !reby a bett] opportunity ( absorb+ t "p ( ! air1 :i* _h n be5 p]fectly detat*$ f ! re/4 ,i h sometimes f\nd a v great r$uction ( a mass ( air1 9 consequ5ce ( pass+ b once ?r\gh cold wat]4 ,if ! air has /ood 9 quicksilv]1 ! dim9ution is g5]ally inconsid]able1 till x has und]gone ?is op]ation1 !re n be+ any sub/ance expos$ to ! air t c\ld absorb any "p ( x4 ,i c\ld n f9d any consid]able alt]ation 9 ! specific gravity ( ! air1 9 :i* c&les1 or brim/one1 _h burn$ out4 ,i am satisfi$1 h[ev]1 t x is n heavi] ?an common air1 :i* mu/ h be5 manife/1 if s great a dim9ution ( ! quantity _h be5 ow+1 z ,dr4 ,hales & o!rs suppos$1 to ! ela/icity ( ! :ole mass be+ impair$4 ,aft] mak+ sev]al trials = ?is purpose1 ,i conclud$ t air1 ?us dim9i%$ 9 bulk1 is r light] ?an common air1 :i* fav\rs ! supposition ( ! fix$1 or heavi] "p ( ! common air1 hav+ be5 precipitat$4 ,an animal w live ne>ly1 if n q z long1 9 air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out1 z 9 common air4 ,?is fact surpriz$ me v greatly1 hav+ imag9$ t :at is call$ ! consumption ( air by flame1 or respiration1 to h be5 ( ! same nature1 & 9 ! same degree2 b ,i h s9ce f\nd1 t ?is fact has be5 obs]v$ by _m p]sons1 & ev5 s e>ly z by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t air1 9 :i* brim/one has burn$1 is n 9 ! lea/ injuri\s to animals1 aft] ! fumes1 :i* at fir/ make x v cl\dy1 h intirely subsid$4 ,i mu/1 9 ?is place1 admoni% my read] n to conf\nd ! simple burn+ ( brim/one1 or ( mat*es 7i4 e4 bits ( wood dipp$ 9 x7 & ! burn+ ( brim/one ) a burn+ mirror1 or any =eign heat4 ,! effect ( ! =m] is no?+ m ?an t ( any o!r flame1 or ignit$ vap\r1 :i* w n burn1 unless ! air ) :i* x is surr\nd$ be 9 a v pure /ate1 & :i* is !re=e ext+ui%$ :5 ! air beg9s to be mu* vitiat$4 ,light$ brim/one1 !re=e r$uces ! air to ! same /ate z light$ wood4 ,b ! focus ( a burn+ mirror ?r[n = a suffici5t "t ei!r ^u brim/one1 or wood1 aft] x has ceas$ to burn ( its own accord1 & has become *>coal1 w h a mu* great] effect3 ( ! same k9d1 dim9i%+ ! air to its utmo/ ext5t1 & mak+ x ?or\ghly noxi\s4 ,9 fact1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 m phlogi/on is expell$ f ^! sub/ances 9 ! latt] case ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,i nev]1 inde$1 actually c>ri$ ?is exp]im5t s f> ) brim/one2 b f ! dim9ution ( air t ,i did produce by ?is means1 ,i conclud$ t1 by cont9u+ ! process "s "t long]1 x w\ld h be5 effect$4 ,hav+ read1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,philosophical ,society at ,tur91 vol4 ,i4 p4 #da4 t air 9 :i* c&les _h burn$ out 0 p]fectly re/or$1 s t o!r c&les w\ld burn 9 x aga9 z well z ev]1 aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to a consid]able degree ( cold1 & likewise aft] hav+ be5 compress$ 9 bladd]s1 7= ! cold _h be5 suppos$ to h produc$ ?is effect by no?+ b cond5sation7 ,i repeat$ ^? exp]im5ts1 & did1 inde$1 f9d1 t :5 ,i compress$ ! air 9 bladd]s1 z ! ,c\nt de ,saluce1 :o made ! obs]vation1 _h done1 ! exp]im5t succe$$3 b hav+ _h suffici5t reason to di/ru/ bladd]s1 ,i compress$ ! air 9 a glass vessel /&+ 9 wat]2 & !n ,i f\nd1 t ?is process is altoge!r ineffectual = ! purpose4 ,i kept ! air compress$ mu* m1 & mu* long]1 ?an ! ,c\nt _h done1 b )\t produc+ any alt]ation 9 x4 ,i also f9d1 t a great] degree ( cold ?an t :i* he appli$1 & ( long] cont9uance1 did by no means re/ore ?is k9d ( air3 = :5 ,i _h expos$ ! phials :i* conta9$ x a :ole night1 9 :i* ! fro/ 0 v int5se2 & also :5 ,i kept x surr\nd$ ) a mixture ( sn[ & salt1 ,i f\nd x1 9 all respects1 ! same z be=e4 ,x is also advanc$1 9 ! same ,memoir1 p4 #da4 t heat only1 z ! rev]se ( cold1 r5d]s air unfit = c&les burn+ 9 x4 ,b ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ( ! ,c\nt = t purpose1 )\t f9d+ any su* effect f x4 ,i also rememb] t1 _m ye>s ago1 ,i fill$ an exhau/$ receiv] ) air1 :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh a glass tube made r$-hot1 & f\nd t a c&le w\ld burn 9 x p]fectly well4 ,also1 r>efaction by ! air-pump does n injure air 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,?\gh ?is exp]im5t fail$1 ,i h be5 s happy1 z by accid5t to h hit ^u a me?od ( re/or+ air1 :i* has be5 injur$ by ! burn+ ( c&les1 & to h discov]$ at lea/ "o ( ! re/oratives :i* nature employs = ?is purpose4 ,x is vegetation4 ,?is re/oration ( vitiat$ air1 ,i conjecture1 is effect$ by plants imbib+ ! phlogi/ic matt] ) :i* x is ov]load$ by ! burn+ ( inflammable bodies4 ,b :e!r !re be any f\ndation = ?is conjecture or n1 ! fact is1 ,i ?9k1 indisputable4 ,i %all introduce ! acc\nt ( my exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 by recit+ "s ( ! obs]vations :i* ,i made on ! gr[+ ( plants 9 conf9$ air1 :i* l$ to ?is discov]y4 ,"o might h imag9$ t1 s9ce common air is necess>y to vegetable1 z well z to animal life1 bo? plants & animals _h affect$ x 9 ! same mann]2 & ,i own ,i _h t expectation1 :5 ,i fir/ put a sprig ( m9t into a glass j>1 /&+ inv]t$ 9 a vessel ( wat]3 b :5 x _h cont9u$ gr[+ !re = "s mon?s1 ,i f\nd t ! air w\ld nei!r ext+ui% a c&le1 nor 0 x at all inconv5i5t to a m\se1 :i* ,i put into x4 ,! plant 0 n affect$ any o!rwise ?an 0 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its conf9$ situation2 = plants gr[+ 9 sev]al o!r k9ds ( air1 7 all affect$ 9 ! v same mann]4 ,e succession ( leaves 0 m dim9i%$ 9 size ?an ! prec$+1 till1 at l5g?1 !y came to be no bigg] ?an ! heads ( pretty small p9s4 ,! root decay$1 & ! /alk also1 beg9n+ f ! root2 & yet ! plant cont9u$ to gr[ upw>ds1 draw+ its n\ri%m5t ?r\gh a black & rott5 /em4 ,9 ! ?ird or f\r? set ( leaves1 long & :ite hairy filam5ts grew f ! ins]tion ( ea* leaf & sometimes f ! body ( ! /em1 %oot+ out z f> z ! vessel 9 :i* x grew w\ld p]mit1 :i*1 9 my exp]im5ts1 0 ab\t two in*es4 ,9 ?is mann] a sprig ( m9t liv$1 ! old plant decay+1 & new ones %oot+ up 9 its place1 b less & less cont9ually1 all ! summ] season4 ,9 repeat+ ?is exp]im5t1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to draw away all ! dead leaves f ab\t ! plant1 le/ !y %\ld putrefy1 & affect ! air4 ,i h f\nd t a fre% cabbage leaf1 put "u a glass vessel fill$ ) common air1 = ! space ( "o night only1 has s affect$ ! air1 t a c&le w\ld n burn 9 x ! next morn+1 & yet ! leaf _h n acquir$ any smell ( putrefaction4 ,f9d+ t c&les w\ld burn v well 9 air 9 :i* plants _h gr[n a long "t1 & hav+ _h "s reason to ?9k1 t !re 0 some?+ att5d+ vegetation1 :i* re/or$ air t _h be5 injur$ by respiration1 ,i ?\ght x 0 possible t ! same process might also re/ore ! air t _h be5 injur$ by ! burn+ ( c&les4 ,accord+ly1 on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #agga1 ,i put a sprig ( m9t into a quantity ( air1 9 :i* a wax c&le _h burn$ out1 & f\nd t1 on ! #bg? ( ! same mon?1 ano!r c&le burn$ p]fectly well 9 x4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i repeat$1 )\t ! lea/ v>iation 9 ! ev5t1 n less ?an eight or t5 times 9 ! rema9d] ( ! summ]4 ,sev]al times ,i divid$ ! quantity ( air 9 :i* ! c&le _h burn$ out1 into two p>ts1 & putt+ ! plant into "o ( !m1 left ! o!r 9 ! same exposure1 conta9$1 also1 9 a glass vessel imm]s$ 9 wat]1 b )\t any plant2 & nev] fail$ to f9d1 t a c&le w\ld burn 9 ! =m]1 b n 9 ! latt]4 ,i g5]ally f\nd t five or six days 7 suffici5t to re/ore ?is air1 :5 ! plant 0 9 its vig\r2 :]eas ,i h kept ?is k9d ( air 9 glass vessels1 imm]s$ 9 wat] _m mon?s1 )\t be+ able to p]ceive t ! lea/ alt]ation _h be5 made 9 x4 ,i h also tri$ a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts ^u x1 z by cond5s+1 r>efy+1 expos+ to ! light & heat1 c4 & ?r[+ into x ! effluvia ( _m diff]5t sub/ances1 b )\t any effect4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 ! ye> #aggb1 abundantly confirm$ my conclusion conc]n+ ! re/oration ( air1 9 :i* c&les _h burn$ out by plants gr[+ 9 x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 made 9 ! mon? ( ,may2 & !y 7 frequ5tly repeat$ 9 t & ! two foll[+ mon?s1 )\t a s+le failure4 ,= ?is purpose ,i us$ ! flames ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ?\gh ,i g5]ally us$ wax or tall[ c&les4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june ! exp]im5t succe$$ p]fectly well ) air 9 :i* _s ( w9e _h burn$ out1 & on ! #bg? ( ! same mon? x succe$$ equally well ) air 9 :i* brim/one mat*es _h burn$ out1 an effect ( :i* ,i _h despair$ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,?is re/oration ( air1 ,i f\nd1 dep5d$ ^u ! vegetat+ /ate ( ! plant2 = ?\gh ,i kept a great numb] ( ! fre% leaves ( m9t 9 a small quantity ( air 9 :i* c&les _h burn$ out1 & *ang$ !m frequ5tly1 = a long space ( "t1 ,i c\ld p]ceive no melioration 9 ! /ate ( ! air4 ,?is rem>kable effect does n dep5d ^u any ?+ peculi> to m9t1 :i* 0 ! plant t ,i always made use ( till ,july #aggb2 = on ! #af? ( t mon?1 ,i f\nd a quantity ( ?is k9d ( air to be p]fectly re/or$ by sprigs ( balm1 :i* _h gr[n 9 x f ! #g? ( ! same mon?4 ,t ?is re/oration ( air 0 n ow+ to any aromatic effluvia ( ^! two plants1 n only appe>$ by ! ess5tial oil ( m9t hav+ no s5sible effect ( ?is k9d2 b f ! equally complete re/oration ( ?is vitiat$ air by ! plant call$ gr\ndsel1 :i* is usually rank$ among ! we$s1 & has an (f5sive smell4 ,?is 0 ! result ( an exp]im5t made ! #af? ( ,july1 :5 ! plant _h be5 gr[+ 9 ! burn$ air f ! #h? ( ! same mon?4 ,besides1 ! plant :i* ,i h f\nd to be ! mo/ effectual ( any t ,i h tri$ = ?is purpose is sp9a*1 :i* is ( quick gr[?1 b w seldom ?rive long 9 wat]4 ,"o j> ( burn$ air 0 p]fectly re/or$ by ?is plant 9 f\r days1 & ano!r 9 two days4 ,?is la/ 0 obs]v$ on ! #bb;d ( ,july4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is effect may be presum$ to h tak5 place 9 mu* less "t ?an ,i h m5tion$2 because ,i nev] *ose to make a trial ( ! air1 till ,i 0 pretty sure1 f prec$+ obs]vations1 t ! ev5t :i* ,i _h expect$ mu/ h tak5 place1 if x w\ld succe$ at all2 le/1 return+ back t "p ( ! air on :i* ,i made ! trial1 & :i* w\ld !reby necess>ily receive a small mixture ( common air1 ! exp]im5t might n be judg$ to be q fair2 ?\gh ,i myself might be suffici5tly satisfi$ ) respect to ! all[ance t 0 to be made = t small imp]fection4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,! supposition1 m5tion$ 9 ?is & o!r passages ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is publication1 viz4 t ! dim9ution ( common air1 by ?is & o!r processes is1 9 "p at lea/1 ow+ to ! precipitation ( ! fix$ air f x1 ! read] w f9d confirm$ by ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations 9 ! second "p4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,inflammable ,,air4 ,i h g5]ally made inflammable air 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 f iron1 z9c1 or t92 b *iefly f ! two =m] metals1 on acc\nt ( ! process be+ ! lea/ tr\blesome3 b :5 ,i extract$ x f vegetable or animal sub/ances1 or f coals1 ,i put !m into a gun-b>rel1 to ! orifice ( :i* ,i lut$ a glass tube1 or ! /em ( a tobacco-pipe1 & to ! end ( ?is ,i ti$ a flaccid bladd] 9 ord] to cat* ! g5]at$ air2 or ,i receiv$ ! air 9 a vessel ( quicksilv]1 9 ! mann] repres5t$ ,fig4 #g4 ,!re is n1 ,i believe1 any vegetable or animal sub/ance :atev]1 nor any m9]al sub/ance1 t is inflammable1 b :at w yield great pl5ty ( inflammable air1 :5 !y are treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 & urg$ ) a /rong heat2 b1 9 ord] to get ! mo/ air1 ! heat mu/ be appli$ z sudd5ly1 & z vehem5tly1 z possible4 ,=1 not)/&+ ! same c>e be tak5 9 lut+1 & 9 e o!r respect1 six or ev5 t5 times m air may be got by a sudd5 heat ?an by a sl[ "o1 ?\gh ! heat t is la/ appli$ be z int5se z t :i* 0 appli$ sudd5ly4 ,a bit ( dry oak1 weigh+ ab\t twelve gra9s1 w g5]ally yield ab\t a %eep's bladd] full ( inflammable air ) a brisk heat1 :5 x w only give ab\t two or ?ree ounce measures1 if ! same heat be appli$ to x v gradually4 ,to :at ?is diff]5ce is ow+1 ,i _c tell4 ,p]haps ! phlogi/on be+ extricat$ m sl[ly may n be intirely expell$1 b =m ano!r k9d ( union ) its base2 s t *>coal made ) a heat sl[ly appli$ %all conta9 m phlogi/on ?an t :i* is made ) a sudd5 heat4 ,x may be wor? :ile to exam9e ! prop]ties ( ! *>coal ) ?is view4 ,inflammable air1 :5 x is made by a quick process1 has a v /rong & (f5sive smell1 f :atev] sub/ance x be g5]at$2 b ?is smell is ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ z ! air is extract$ f m9]al1 vegetable1 or animal sub/ances4 ,! la/ is exce$+ly fetid2 & x makes no diff]5ce1 :e!r x be extract$ f a bone1 or ev5 an old & dry too?1 f s(t muscul> fle%2 or any o!r "p ( ! animal4 ,! burn+ ( any sub/ance occasions ! same smell3 = ! gross fume :i* arises f !m1 be=e !y flame1 is ! inflammable air !y conta91 :i* is expell$ by heat1 & !n readily ignit$4 ,! smell ( inflammable air is ! v same1 z f> z ,i am able to p]ceive1 f :atev] sub/ance ( ! same k+dom x be extract$4 ,?us x makes no diff]5ce :e!r x be got f iron1 z9c1 or t91 f any k9d ( wood1 or1 z 0 obs]v$ be=e1 f any "p ( an animal4 ,if a quantity ( inflammable air be conta9$ 9 a glass vessel /&+ 9 wat]1 & h be5 g5]at$ v fa/1 x w smell ev5 ?r\gh ! wat]1 & ?is wat] w also soon become cov]$ ) a ?9 film1 assum+ all ! diff]5t col\rs4 ,if ! inflammable air h be5 g5]at$ f iron1 ?is matt] w appe> to be a r$ okre1 or ! e>? ( iron1 z ,i h f\nd by collect+ a consid]able quantity ( x2 & if x h be5 g5]at$ f z9c1 x is a :iti% sub/ance1 :i* ,i suppose to be ! calx ( ! metal4 ,x likewise settles to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & :5 ! wat] is /irr$1 x has v mu* ! appe>ance ( wool4 ,:5 wat] is once impregnat$ 9 ?is mann]1 x w cont9ue to yield ?is scum = a consid]able "t aft] ! air is remov$ f x4 ,?is ,i h (t5 obs]v$ ) respect to iron4 ,inflammable air1 made by a viol5t eff]vesc5ce1 ,i h obs]v$ to be mu* m inflammable ?an t :i* is made by a weak eff]vesc5ce1 :e!r ! wat] or ! oil ( vitriol prevail$ 9 ! mixture4 ,also ! (f5sive smell 0 mu* /rong] 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,! great] degree ( inflammability appe>$ by ! great] numb] ( successive explosions1 :5 a c&le 0 pres5t$ to ! neck ( a phial fill$ ) x4#d ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is dim9ution ( inflammability may1 9 "s measure1 arise f ! air cont9u+ s mu* long] 9 ! bladd] :5 x is made v sl[ly2 ?\gh ,i ?9k ! diff]5ce is too great = ?is cause to h produc$ ! :ole ( x4 ,x may1 p]haps1 des]ve to be tri$ by a diff]5t process1 )\t a bladd]4 ,inflammable air is n ?\ght to be miscible ) wat]1 & :5 kept _m mon?s1 seems1 9 g5]al1 to be z inflammable z ev]4 ,inde$1 :5 x is extract$ f vegetable or animal sub/ances1 a "p ( x w be imbib$ by ! wat] 9 :i* x /&s2 b x may be presum$1 t 9 ?is case1 !re 0 a mixture ( fix$ air extract$ f ! sub/ance along ) x4 ,i h indisputable evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t inflammable air1 /&+ long 9 wat]1 has actually lo/ all its inflammability1 & ev5 come to ext+ui% flame mu* m ?an t air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out4 ,aft] ?is *ange x appe>s to be greatly dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 & x /ill cont9ues to kill animals ! mom5t !y are put into x4 ,?is v rem>kable fact fir/ occurr$ to my obs]vation on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,may #agga1 :5 ,i 0 exam9+ a quantity ( inflammable air1 :i* _h be5 made f z9c1 ne> ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,^u ?is1 ,i imm$iately set by a common qu>t-bottle fill$ ) inflammable air f iron1 & ano!r equal quantity f z9c2 & exam9+ !m 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb] foll[+1 t f ! iron 0 r$uc$ ne> "o half 9 quantity1 if ,i be n greatly mi/ak52 = ,i f\nd ! bottle half full ( wat]1 & ,i am pretty cle> t x 0 full ( air :5 x 0 set by4 ,t :i* _h be5 produc$ f z9c 0 n alt]$1 & fill$ ! bottle z at fir/4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ?is k9d occurr$ to my obs]vation on ! #ai? ( ,june #aggb1 :5 a quantity ( air1 half ( :i* _h be5 inflammable air f z9c1 & half air 9 :i* mice _h di$1 & :i* _h be5 put toge!r ! #cj? ( ,july #agga1 appe>$ n to be 9 ! lea/ inflammable1 b ext+ui%$ flame1 z mu* z any k9d ( air t ,i _h ev] tri$4 ,i ?9k t1 9 all1 ,i h _h f\r in/ances ( inflammable air los+ its inflammability1 :ile x /ood 9 wat]4 ,?\gh air ta9t$ ) putrefaction ext+ui%es flame1 ,i h n f\nd t animals or vegetables putrefy+ 9 inflammable air r5d] x less inflammable4 ,b "o quantity ( inflammable air1 :i* ,i _h set by 9 ,may #agga1 along ) ! o!rs above m5tion$1 _h _h "s putrid fle% 9 x2 & ?is air _h lo/ its inflammability1 :5 x 0 exam9$ at ! same "t ) ! o!r 9 ! ,decemb] foll[+4 ,! bottle 9 :i* ?is air _h be5 kept1 smell$ exactly l v /rong ,h>rogate wat]4 ,i d n ?9k t any p]son c\ld h di/+ui%$ !m4 ,i h made plants gr[ = sev]al mon?s 9 inflammable air made f z9c1 & also f oak2 b1 ?\gh ! plants grew pretty well1 ! air /ill cont9u$ inflammable4 ,! =m]1 inde$1 0 n s highly inflammable z :5 x 0 fre% made1 b ! latt] 0 q z mu* s2 & ! dim9ution ( inflammability 9 ! =m] case1 ,i attribute to "s o!r cause ?an ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,no k9d ( air1 on :i* ,i h yet made ! exp]im5t1 w conduct electricity2 b ! col\r ( an electric sp>k is rem>kably diff]5t 9 "s diff]5t k9ds ( air1 :i* seems to %ew t !y are n equally good non-conductors4 ,9 fix$ air1 ! electric sp>k is exce$+ly :ite2 b 9 inflammable air x is ( a purple1 or r$ col\r4 ,n[1 s9ce ! mo/ vigor\s sp>ks are always ! :ite/1 &1 9 o!r cases1 :5 ! sp>k is r$1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! electric matt] passes ) difficulty1 & ) less rapidity3 x is possible t ! inflammable air may conta9 p>ticles :i* conduct electricity1 ?\gh v imp]fectly2 & t ! :it5ess ( ! sp>k 9 ! fix$ air1 may be ow+ to its meet+ ) no conduct+ p>ticles at all4 ,:5 an explosion 0 made 9 a quantity ( inflammable air1 x 0 a little :ite 9 ! c5t]1 b ! edges ( x 7 /ill t+$ ) a beautiful purple4 ,! degree ( :it5ess 9 ?is case 0 probably ow+ to ! electric matt] ru%+ ) m viol5ce 9 an explosion ?an 9 a common sp>k4 ,inflammable air kills animals z sudd5ly z fix$ air1 &1 z f> z c be p]ceiv$1 9 ! same mann]1 ?r[+ !m into convulsions1 & !reby occasion+ pres5t dea?4 ,i _h imag9$ t1 by animals dy+ 9 a quantity ( inflammable air1 x w\ld 9 "t become less noxi\s2 b ?is did n appe> to be ! case2 = ,i kill$ great numb] ( mice 9 a small quantity ( ?is air2 :i* ,i kept sev]al mon?s = ?is purpose1 )\t its be+ at all s5sibly m5d$2 ! la/1 z well z ! fir/ m\se1 dy+ ! mom5t x 0 put into x4 ,i once imag9$ t1 s9ce fix$ & inflammable air are ! rev]se ( "o ano!r1 9 sev]al rem>kable prop]ties1 a mixture ( !m w\ld make common air2 & :ile ,i made ! mixtures 9 bladd]s1 ,i imag9$ t ,i _h succe$$ 9 my attempt2 b ,i h s9ce f\nd t ?9 bladd]s d n suffici5tly prev5t ! air t is conta9$ 9 !m f mix+ ) ! ext]nal air4 ,also corks w n suffici5tly conf9e diff]5t k9ds ( air1 unless ! phials 9 :i* !y are conf9$ be set ) _! m\?s d[nw>ds1 & a little wat] lie 9 ! necks ( !m1 :i*1 inde$1 is equival5t to ! air /&+ 9 vessels imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,9 ?is mann]1 h[ev]1 ,i h kept diff]5t k9ds ( air = sev]al ye>s4 ,:atev] me?ods ,i took to promote ! mixture ( fix$ & inflammable air1 !y 7 all ineffectual4 ,i ?9k x my duty1 h[ev]1 to recite ! issue ( an exp]im5t or two ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* equal mixtures ( ^! two k9ds ( air _h /ood ne> ?ree ye>s1 z !y seem to %ew t !y _h 9 "p affect$ "o ano!r1 9 t long space ( "t4 ,^! mixtures ,i exam9$ ,april #bg1 #agga4 ,"o ( !m _h /ood 9 quicksilv]1 & ! o!r 9 a cork$ phial1 ) a little wat] 9 x4 ,on op5+ ! latt] 9 wat]1 ! wat] in/antly ru%$ 91 & fill$ almo/ half ( ! phial1 & v little m 0 absorb$ aft]w>ds4 ,9 ?is case ! wat] 9 ! phial _h probably absorb$ a consid]able "p ( ! fix$ air1 s t ! inflammable air 0 exce$+ly r>efi$2 & yet ! :ole quantity t mu/ h be5 r5d]$ non-ela/ic 0 t5 times m ?an ! bulk ( ! wat]1 & x has n be5 f\nd t wat] c conta9 mu* m ?an its own bulk ( fix$ air4 ,b 9 o!r cases ,i h f\nd ! dim9ution ( a quantity ( air1 & especially ( fix$ air1 to be mu* great] ?an ,i c\ld well acc\nt = by any k9d ( absorption4 ,! phial :i* _h /ood imm]s$ 9 quicksilv] _h lo/ v little ( its orig9al quantity ( air2 & be+ n[ op5$ 9 wat]1 & left !re1 along ) ano!r phial1 :i* 0 j !n fill$1 z ?is _h be5 ?ree ye>s be=e1 viz4 ) air half inflammable & half fix$1 ,i obs]v$ t ! quantity ( bo? 0 dim9i%$1 by ! absorption ( ! wat]1 9 ! same proportion4 ,^u apply+ a c&le to ! m\?s ( ! phials :i* _h be5 kept ?ree ye>s1 t :i* _h /ood 9 quicksilv] w5t (f at "o explosion1 exactly z x w\ld h done if !re _h be5 a mixture ( common air ) ! inflammable4 ,z a good deal dep5ds ^u ! ap]tures ( ! vessels 9 :i* ! inflammable air is mix$1 ,i mix$ ! two k9ds ( air 9 equal proportions 9 ! same phial1 & aft] lett+ ! phial /& "s days 9 wat]1 t ! fix$ air might be absorb$1 ,i appli$ a c&le to x1 b x made t5 or twelve explosions 7/opp+ ! phial aft] ea* ( !m7 be=e ! inflammable matt] 0 exhau/$4 ,! air :i* _h be5 conf9$ 9 ! cork$ phial explod$ 9 ! v same mann] z an equal & fre% mixture ( ! two k9ds ( air 9 ! same phial1 ! exp]im5t be+ made z soon z ! fix$ air 0 absorb$1 z be=e2 s t 9 ?is case1 ! two k9ds ( air did n seem to h affect$ "o ano!r at all4 ,consid]+ inflammable air z air unit$ to1 or load$ ) phlogi/on1 ,i expos$ to x sev]al sub/ances1 :i* are said to h a ne> aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 z oil ( vitriol1 & _s ( nitre 7! =m] = above a mon?71 b )\t mak+ any s5sible alt]ation 9 x4 ,i obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t inflammable air1 mix$ ) ! fumes ( smok+ _s ( nitre1 goes (f at "o explosion1 exactly l a mixture ( half common & half inflammable air4 ,?is ,i tri$ sev]al times1 by ?r[+ ! inflammable air into a phial full ( _s ( nitre1 ) its m\? imm]s$ 9 a bason conta9+ "s ( ! same _s1 & !n apply+ ! flame ( a c&le to ! m\? ( ! phial1 ! mom5t t x 0 uncov]$1 aft] x _h be5 tak5 out ( ! bason4 ,?is rem>kable effect ,i ha/ily conclud$ to h aris5 f ! inflammable air hav+ be5 9 "p depriv$ ( its inflammability1 by means ( ! /rong] aff9ity1 :i* ! _s ( nitre _h ) phlogi/on1 & !re=e ,i imag9$ t by lett+ !m /& long] 9 contact1 & especially by agitat+ !m /rongly toge!r1 ,i %\ld deprive ! air ( all its inflammability2 b nei!r ( ^! op]ations succe$$1 = /ill ! air 0 only explod$ at once1 z be=e4 ,& la/ly1 :5 ,i pass$ a quantity ( inflammable air1 :i* _h be5 mix$ ) ! fumes ( _s ( nitre1 ?r\gh a body ( wat]1 & receiv$ x 9 ano!r vessel1 x appe>$ n to h und]gone any *ange at all1 = x w5t (f 9 sev]al successive explosions1 l ! pure/ inflammable air4 ,! effect above-m5tion$ mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 ow+ to ! fumes ( ! _s ( nitre supply+ ! place ( common air = ! purpose ( ignition1 :i* is analog\s to o!r exp]im5ts ) nitre4 ,hav+ _h ! curiosity1 on ! #be? ( ,july #aggb1 to expose a great v>iety ( diff]5t k9ds ( air to wat] out ( :i* ! air x conta9$ _h be5 boil$1 )\t any p>ticul> view2 ! result 01 9 sev]al respects1 altoge!r unexpect$1 & l$ to a v>iety ( new obs]vations on ! prop]ties & aff9ities ( sev]al k9ds ( air ) respect to wat]4 ,among ! re/ ?ree f\r?s ( t :i* 0 inflammable 0 absorb$ by ! wat] 9 ab\t two days1 & ! rema9d] 0 inflammable1 b weakly s4 ,^u ?is1 ,i began to agitate a quantity ( /rong inflammable air 9 a glass j>1 /&+ 9 a pretty l>ge tr\gh ( wat]1 ! surface ( :i* 0 expos$ to ! common air1 & ,i f\nd t :5 ,i _h cont9u$ ! op]ation ab\t t5 m9utes1 ne> "o f\r? ( ! quantity ( air _h disappe>$2 & f9d+ t ! rema9d] made an eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air1 ,i conclud$ t x mu/ h become fit = respiration1 :]eas ?is k9d ( air is1 at ! fir/1 z noxi\s z any o!r k9d :atev]4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 ,i put a m\se into a vessel conta9+ #b-a_/b ounce measures ( x1 & obs]v$ t x liv$ 9 x tw5ty m9utes1 :i* is z long z a m\se w g5]ally live 9 ! same quantity ( common air4 ,?is m\se 0 ev5 tak5 out alive1 & recov]$ v well4 ,/ill also ! air 9 :i* x _h brea!d s long 0 inflammable1 ?\gh v weakly s4 ,i h ev5 f\nd x to be s :5 a m\se has actually di$ 9 x4 ,inflammable air ?us dim9i%$ by agitation 9 wat]1 makes b "o explosion on ! approa* ( a c&le1 exactly l a mixture ( inflammable air ) common air4 ,f ?is exp]im5t ,i conclud$ t1 by cont9u+ ! same process1 ,i %\ld deprive inflammable air ( all its inflammability1 & ?is ,i f\nd to be ! case2 =1 aft] a long] agitation1 x admitt$ a c&le to burn 9 x1 l common air1 only m fa9tly2 & inde$ by ! te/ ( nitr\s air x did n appe> to be ne> s good z common air4 ,cont9u+ ! same process /ill f>!r1 ! air :i* _h be5 mo/ /rongly inflammable a little be=e1 came to ext+ui% a c&le1 exactly l air 9 :i* a c&le _h burn$ out1 nor c\ld !y be di/+ui%$ by ! te/ ( nitr\s air4 ,i f\nd1 by repeat$ trials1 t x 0 difficult to cat* ! "t 9 :i* inflammable air obta9$ f metals1 9 com+ to ext+ui% flame1 0 9 ! /ate ( common air1 s t ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r mu/ be v %ort4 ,inde$ ,i ?9k t 9 _m1 p]haps 9 mo/ cases1 !re may be no prop] m$ium at all1 ! phlogi/on pass+ at once f t mode ( union ) its base :i* con/itutes inflammable air1 to t :i* con/itutes an air t ext+ui%es flame1 be+ s mu* ov]load$ z to admit ( no m4 ,i readily1 h[ev]1 f\nd ?is middle /ate 9 a quantity ( inflammable air extract$ f oak1 :i* air ,i _h kept a ye>1 & 9 :i* a plant _h gr[n1 ?\gh v poorly1 = "s "p ( ! "t4 ,a quantity ( ?is air1 aft] be+ agitat$ 9 wat] till x 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o half1 admitt$ a c&le to burn 9 x exce$+ly well1 & 0 ev5 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f common air by ! te/ ( nitr\s air4 ,i took "s pa9s to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( dim9ution1 9 fre% made & v highly-inflammable air f iron1 at :i* x ceas$ to be inflammable1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 ,i conclud$ t x 0 s :5 x 0 dim9i%$ a little m ?an "o half2 = a quantity :i* 0 dim9i%$ exactly "o half _h some?+ inflammable 9 x1 b 9 ! slighte/ degree imag9able4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 b !re may be great diff]5ces 9 ! result ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,f9d+ t wat] w\ld imbibe inflammable air1 ,i endeav\r$ to impregnate wat] ) x1 by ! same process by :i* ,i _h made wat] imbibe fix$ air2 b ?\gh ,i f\nd t di/ill$ wat] w\ld imbibe ab\t "o f\rte5? ( its bulk ( inflammable air1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive t ! ta/e ( x 0 s5sibly alt]$4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,to try ?is1 aft] e explosion1 :i* imm$iately foll[s ! pres5t+ ( ! flame1 ! m\? ( ! phial %\ld be clos$ 7,i g5]ally d x ) a f+] ( ! h& 9 :i* ,i hold ! phial7 = o!rwise ! inflammable air w cont9ue burn+1 ?\gh invisibly 9 ! day "t1 till ! :ole be consum$4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ,,air infect$ ) ,,animal ,,respiration1 or ,,putrefaction4 ,t c&les w burn only a c]ta9 "t1 9 a giv5 quantity ( air is a fact n bett] kn[n1 ?an x is t animals c live only a c]ta9 "t 9 x2 b ! cause ( ! dea? ( ! animal is n bett] kn[n ?an t ( ! ext9ction ( flame 9 ! same circum/ances2 & :5 once any quantity ( air has be5 r5d]$ noxi\s by animals brea?+ 9 x z long z !y c\ld1 ,i d n "k t any me?ods h be5 discov]$ ( r5d]+ x fit = brea?+ aga94 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re mu/ be "s provision 9 nature = ?is purpose1 z well z = t ( r5d]+ ! air fit = su/a9+ flame2 = )\t x ! :ole mass ( ! atmosph]e w\ld1 9 "t1 become unfit = ! purpose ( animal life2 & yet !re is no reason to ?9k t x is1 at pres5t1 at all less fit = respiration ?an x has ev] be54 ,i flatt] myself1 h[ev]1 t ,i h hit ^u two ( ! me?ods employ$ by nature = ?is great purpose4 ,h[ _m o!rs !re may be1 ,i _c tell4 ,:5 animals die ^u be+ put into air 9 :i* o!r animals h di$1 aft] brea?+ 9 x z long z !y c\ld1 x is pla9 t ! cause ( _! dea? is n ! want ( any pabulum vit1 :i* has be5 suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 ! air1 b on acc\nt ( ! air be+ impregnat$ ) some?+ /imulat+ to _! lungs2 = !y almo/ always die 9 convulsions1 & are sometimes affect$ s sudd5ly1 t !y are irrecov]able aft] a s+le inspiration1 ?\gh !y be )drawn imm$iately1 & e me?od has be5 tak5 to br+ !m to life aga94 ,!y are affect$ 9 ! same mann]1 :5 !y are kill$ 9 any o!r k9d ( noxi\s air t ,i h tri$1 viz4 fix$ air1 inflammable air1 air fill$ ) ! fumes ( brim/one1 infect$ ) putrid matt]1 9 :i* a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one has /ood1 or 9 :i* *>coal has be5 burn$1 or metals calc9$1 or 9 nitr\s air1 c4 ,z x is kn[n t convulsions weak51 & exhau/ ! vital p[]s1 mu* m ?an ! mo/ vigor\s volunt>y action ( ! muscles1 p]haps ^! univ]sal convulsions may exhau/ ! :ole ( :at we may call ! vis vit at once1 at lea/ t ! lungs may be r5d]$ absolutely incapable ( action1 till ! animal be suffocat$1 or be irrecov]able = want ( respiration4 ,if a m\se 7:i* is an animal t ,i h commonly made use ( = ! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts7 c /& ! fir/ %ock ( ?is /imulus1 or has be5 habituat$ to x by degrees1 x w live a consid]able "t 9 air 9 :i* o!r mice w die in/antane\sly4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd t :5 a numb] ( mice h be5 conf9$ 9 a giv5 quantity ( air1 less ?an half ! "t t !y h actually liv$ 9 x1 a fre% m\se be+ introduc$ to !m has be5 in/antly ?r[n into convulsions1 & di$4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t if ! exp]im5t ( ! ,black ,hole 7 to be repeat$1 a man w\ld /& ! bett] *ance ( surviv+ x1 :o %\ld ent] at ! fir/1 ?an at ! la/ h\r4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t "y mice w always live mu* long] ?an old ones1 or ?an ^? :i* are full gr[n1 :5 !y are conf9$ 9 ! same quantity ( air4 ,i h sometimes kn[n a "y m\se to live six h\rs 9 ! same circum/ances 9 :i* an old m\se has n liv$ "o4 ,on ^! acc\nts1 exp]im5ts ) mice1 &1 = ! same reason1 no d\bt1 ) o!r animals also1 h a consid]able degree ( unc]ta9ty att5d+ !m2 & !re=e1 x is necess>y to repeat !m frequ5tly1 be=e ! result c be absolutely dep5d$ ^u4 ,b e p]son ( feel+ w rejoice ) me 9 ! discov]y ( nitr\s air1 to be m5tion$ h]eaft]1 :i* sup]s$es _m exp]im5ts ) ! respiration ( animals1 be+ a mu* m accurate te/ ( ! purity ( air4 ,! discov]y ( ! provision 9 nature = re/or+ air1 :i* has be5 injur$ by ! respiration ( animals1 hav+ long appe>$ to me to be "o ( ! mo/ important problems 9 natural philosophy1 ,i h tri$ a great v>iety ( s*emes 9 ord] to effect x4 ,9 ^! my guide has g5]ally be5 to consid] ! influ5ces to :i* ! atmosph]e is1 9 fact1 expos$2 &1 z "s ( my unsuccessful trials may be ( use to ^? :o are dispos$ to take pa9s 9 ! f>!r inve/igation ( ?is subject1 ,i %all m5tion ! pr9cipal ( !m4 ,! noxi\s effluvium ) :i* air is load$ by animal respiration1 is n absorb$ by /&+1 )\t agitation2 9 fre% or salt wat]4 ,i h kept x _m mon?s 9 fre% wat]1 :51 in/ead ( be+ meliorat$1 x has seem$ to become ev5 m deadly1 s z to require m "t to re/ore x1 by ! me?ods :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]1 ?an air :i* has be5 lately made noxi\s4 ,i h ev5 sp5t sev]al h\rs 9 p\r+ ?is air f "o glass vessel into ano!r1 9 wat]1 sometimes z cold1 & sometimes z w>m1 z my h&s c\ld be> x1 & h sometimes also wip$ ! vessels _m times1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t1 9 ord] to take (f t "p ( ! noxi\s matt]1 :i* might adh]e to ! glass vessels1 & :i* evid5tly gave !m an (f5sive smell2 b all ^! me?ods 7 g5]ally )\t any s5sible effect4 ,! motion1 also1 :i* ! air receiv$ 9 ^! circum/ances1 x is v evid5t1 0 ( no use = ?is purpose4 ,i _h n !n ?\ght ( ! simple1 b mo/ effectual me?od ( agitat+ air 9 wat]1 by putt+ x into a tall j> & %ak+ x ) my h&4 ,?is k9d ( air is n re/or$ by be+ expos$ to ! light1 or by any o!r influ5ce to :i* x is expos$1 :5 conf9$ 9 a ?9 phial1 9 ! op5 air1 = "s mon?s4 ,among o!r exp]im5ts1 ,i tri$ a great v>iety ( diff]5t effluvia1 :i* are cont9ually exhal+ into ! air1 especially ( ^? sub/ances :i* are kn[n to resi/ putrefaction2 b ,i c\ld n by ^! means effect any melioration ( ! noxi\s quality ( ?is k9d ( air4 ,hav+ read1 9 ! memoirs ( ! ,imp]ial ,society1 ( a plague n affect+ a p>ticul> village1 9 :i* !re 0 a l>ge sulphur-"w1 ,i imm$iately fumigat$ a quantity ( ?is k9d ( air2 or 7:i* w h]eaft] appe> to be ! v same ?+7 air ta9t$ ) putrefaction1 ) ! fumes ( burn+ brim/one1 b )\t any effect4 ,i once imag9$1 t ! nitr\s acid 9 ! air might be ! g5]al re/orative :i* ,i 0 9 que/ (2 & ! conjecture 0 fav\r$1 by f9d+ t c&les w\ld burn 9 air extract$ f saltpetre4 ,i !re=e sp5t a good deal ( "t 9 attempt+1 by a burn+ glass1 & o!r means1 to impregnate ?is noxi\s air1 ) "s effluvium ( saltpetre1 &1 ) ! same view1 introduc$ into x ! fumes ( ! smoak+ _s ( nitre2 b bo? ^! me?ods 7 altoge!r ineffectual4 ,9 ord] to try ! effect ( heat1 ,i put a quantity ( air1 9 :i* mice _h di$1 into a bladd]1 ti$ to ! end ( ! /em ( a tobacco-pipe1 at ! o!r end ( :i* 0 ano!r bladd]1 out ( :i* ! air 0 c>efully press$4 ,i !n put ! middle "p ( ! /em into a *af+-di% ( hot coals1 /rongly urg$ ) a pair ( bell[s2 &1 press+ ! bladd]s alt]nately1 ,i made ! air pass sev]al times ?r\gh ! heat$ "p ( ! pipe4 ,i h also made ?is k9d ( air v hot1 /&+ 9 wat] be=e ! fire4 ,b nei!r ( ^! me?ods 7 ( any use4 ,r>efaction & cond5sation by in/rum5ts 7 also tri$1 b 9 va94 ,?9k+ x possible t ! e>? might imbibe ! noxi\s quality ( ! air1 & !nce supply ! roots ( plants ) su* putresc5t matt] z is kn[n to be nutritive to !m1 ,i kept a quantity ( air1 9 :i* mice _h di$1 9 a phial1 "o half ( :i* 0 fill$ ) f9e g>d5-m\ld2 b1 ?\gh x /ood two mon?s 9 ^! circum/ances1 x 0 n ! bett] = x4 ,i once imag9$ t1 s9ce sev]al k9ds ( air _c be long sep>at$ f common air1 by be+ conf9$ 9 bladd]s1 9 bottles well cork$2 or ev5 clos$ ) gr\nd /opples1 ! aff9ity betwe5 ?is noxi\s air & ! common air might be s great1 t !y w\ld mix ?r\gh a body ( wat] int]pos$ betwe5 !m2 ! wat] cont9ually receiv+ f ! "o1 & giv+ to ! o!r1 especially z wat] receives "s k9d ( impregnation f1 ,i believe1 e k9d ( air to :i* x is contigu\s2 b ,i h se5 no reason to conclude1 t a mixture ( any k9d ( air ) ! common air c be produc$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,i h kept air 9 :i* mice h di$1 air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out1 & inflammable air1 sep>at$ f ! common air1 by ! slighte/ p>tition ( wat] t ,i c\ld well make1 s t x might n evaporate 9 a day or two1 if ,i %\ld happ5 n to att5d to !m2 b ,i f\nd no *ange 9 !m aft] a mon? or six weeks4 ,! inflammable air 0 /ill inflammable1 mice di$ in/antly 9 ! air 9 :i* o!r mice _h di$ be=e1 & c&les w\ld n burn :]e !y _h burn$ out be=e4 ,s9ce air ta9t$ ) animal or vegetable putrefaction is ! same ?+ ) air r5d]$ noxi\s by animal respiration1 ,i %all n[ recite ! obs]vations :i* ,i h made ^u ?is k9d ( air1 be=e ,i treat ( ! me?od ( re/or+ !m4 ,t ^! two k9ds ( air are1 9 fact1 ! same ?+1 ,i conclude f _! hav+ sev]al rem>kable common prop]ties1 & f _! diff]+ 9 no?+ t ,i h be5 able to obs]ve4 ,!y equally ext+ui% flame1 !y are equally noxi\s to animals1 !y are equally1 & 9 ! same way1 (f5sive to ! smell1 & !y are re/or$ by ! same means4 ,s9ce air :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! lungs is ! same ?+ ) air ta9t$ ) animal putrefaction1 x is probable t "o use ( ! lungs is to c>ry (f a putrid effluvium1 )\t :i*1 p]haps1 a liv+ body might putrefy z soon z a dead "o4 ,:5 a m\se putrefies 9 any giv5 quantity ( air1 ! bulk ( x is g5]ally increas$ = a few days2 b 9 a few days m x beg9s to %r9k up1 & 9 ab\t eight or t5 days1 if ! wea!r be pretty w>m1 x w be f\nd to be dim9i%$ #a_/f1 or #a_/e ( its bulk4 ,if x d n appe> to be dim9i%$ aft] ?is "t1 x only requires to be pass$ ?r\gh wat]1 & ! dim9ution w n fail to be s5sible4 ,i h sometimes kn[n almo/ ! :ole dim9ution to take place1 ^u once or twice pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! same is ! case ) air1 9 :i* animals h brea!d z long z !y c\ld4 ,also1 air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out may almo/ always be f>!r r$uc$ by ?is means4 ,all ^! processes1 z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 seem to dispose ! comp\nd mass ( air to "p ) "s con/itu5t "p belong+ to x 7:i* appe>s to be ! fix$ air t ent]s into its con/itution7 & ?is be+ miscible ) wat]1 mu/ be br\ght into contact ) x1 9 ord] to mix ) x to ! mo/ advantage1 especially :5 its union ) ! o!r con/itu5t pr9ciples ( ! air is b p>tially brok54 ,i h put mice into vessels :i* _h _! m\?s imm]s$ 9 quicksilv]1 & obs]v$ t ! air 0 n mu* contract$ aft] !y 7 dead or cold2 b ^u )draw+ ! mice1 & admitt+ lime wat] to ! air1 x imm$iately became turbid1 & 0 contract$ 9 its dim5sions z usual4 ,i tri$ ! same ?+ ) air ta9t$ ) putrefaction1 putt+ a dead m\se to a quantity ( common air1 9 a vessel :i* _h its m\? imm]s$ 9 quicksilv]1 & aft] a week ,i took ! m\se out1 draw+ x ?r\gh ! quicksilv]1 & obs]v$ t1 = "s "t1 !re 0 an app>5t increase ( ! air p]haps ab\t #a_/bj4 ,aft] ?is1 x /ood two days 9 ! quicksilv]1 )\t any s5sible alt]ation2 & !n admitt+ wat] to x1 x began to be absorb$1 & cont9u$ s1 till ! orig9al quantity 0 dim9i%$ ab\t #a_/f4 ,if1 in/ead ( common wat]1 ,i _h made use ( lime-wat] 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ,i make no d\bt b x w\ld h become turbid4 ,if a quantity ( lime-wat] 9 a phial be put "u a glass vessel /&+ 9 wat]1 x w n become turbid1 & provid$ ! access ( ! common air be prev5t$1 x w cont9ue lime-wat]1 ,i d n "k h[ long2 b if a m\se be left to putrefy 9 ! vessel1 ! wat] w deposit all its lime 9 a few days4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fix$ air deposit$ by ! common air1 & p]haps also f m fix$ air dis*>g$ f ! putrefy+ sub/ances 9 "s "p ( ! process ( putrefaction4 ,! air t is dis*>g$ f putrefy+ sub/ances seems1 9 "s cases1 to be *iefly fix$ air1 ) ! addition ( "s o!r effluvium1 :i* has ! p[] ( dim9i%+ common air4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! true putrid effluvium & fix$ air 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* is z decisive z ,i c possibly contrive x1 appe>$ to be v great2 inde$ mu* great] ?an ,i _h expect$4 ,i put a dead m\se into a tall glass vessel1 & hav+ fill$ ! rema9d] ) quicksilv]1 & set x1 inv]t$1 9 a pot ( quicksilv]1 ,i let x /& ab\t two mon?s1 9 :i* "t ! putrid effluvium issu+ f ! m\se _h fill$ ! :ole vessel1 & "p ( ! dissolv$ blood1 :i* lodg$ ^u ! surface ( ! quicksilv]1 began to be ?r[n out4 ,i !n fill$ ano!r glass vessel1 ( ! same size & %ape1 ) z pure fix$ air z ,i c\ld make1 & expos$ !m bo?1 at ! same "t1 to a quantity ( lime-wat]4 ,9 bo? cases ! wat] grew turbid alike1 x rose equally fa/ 9 bo? ! vessels1 & likewise equally high2 s t ab\t ! same quantity rema9$ unabsorb$ by ! wat]4 ,"o ( ^! k9ds ( air1 h[ev]1 0 exce$+ly sweet & pleasant1 & ! o!r insuff]ably (f5sive2 "o ( !m also w\ld h made an addition to any quantity ( common air1 ) :i* x _h be5 mix$1 & ! o!r w\ld h dim9i%$ x4 ,?is1 at lea/1 w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce1 if ! m\se itself _h putrefi$ 9 any quantity ( common air4 ,x seems to dep5d1 9 "s measure1 ^u ! "t1 & o!r circum/ances1 9 ! dissolution ( animal or vegetable sub/ances1 :e!r !y yield ! prop] putrid effluvium1 or fix$1 or inflammable air2 b ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made ^u ?is subject1 h n be5 num]\s en\gh to enable me to decide ) c]ta9ty conc]n+ ^? circum/ances4 ,putrid cabbage1 gre5 or boil$1 infects ! air 9 ! v same mann] z putrid animal sub/ances4 ,air ?us ta9t$ is equally contract$ 9 its dim5sions1 x equally ext+ui%es flame1 & is equally noxi\s to animals2 b !y affect ! air v diff]5tly1 if ! heat t is appli$ to !m be consid]able4 ,if beef or mutton1 raw or boil$1 be plac$ s ne> to ! fire1 t ! heat to :i* x is expos$ %all equal1 or r exce$1 t ( ! blood1 a consid]able quantity ( air w be g5]at$ 9 a day or two1 ab\t #a_/g? ( :i* ,i h g5]ally f\nd to be absorb$ by wat]1 :ile all ! re/ 0 inflammable2 b air g5]at$ f vegetables1 9 ! same circum/ances1 w be almo/ all fix$ air1 & no "p ( x inflammable4 ,?is ,i h repeat$ aga9 & aga91 ! :ole process be+ 9 quicksilv]2 s t nei!r common air nor wat]1 _h any access to ! sub/ance on :i* ! exp]im5t 0 made2 & ! g5]ation ( air1 or effluvium ( any k9d1 except :at might be absorb$ by quicksilv]1 or resorb$ by ! sub/ance itself1 might be di/9ctly not$4 ,a vegetable sub/ance1 aft] /&+ a day or two 9 ^! circum/ances1 w yield ne>ly all ! air t c be extract$ f x1 9 t degree ( heat2 :]eas an animal sub/ance w cont9ue to give m air1 or effluvium1 ( "s k9d or o!r1 ) v little alt]ation1 = _m weeks4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh a piece ( beef or mutton1 plung$ 9 quicksilv]1 & kept 9 ?is degree ( heat1 yield air1 ! bulk ( :i* is inflammable1 & contracts no putrid smell 7at lea/1 9 a day or two7 a m\se treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 yields ! prop] putrid effluvium1 z inde$ ! smell suffici5tly indicates4 ,t ! putrid effluvium w mix ) wat] seems to be evid5t f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,if a m\se be put into a j> full ( wat]1 /&+ ) its m\? inv]t$ 9 ano!r vessel ( wat]1 a consid]able quantity ( ela/ic matt] 7& :i* may1 !re=e1 be call$ air7 w soon be g5]at$1 unless ! wea!r be s cold z to *eck all putrefaction4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 ! wat] contracts an extremely fetid & (f5sive smell1 :i* seems to indicate t ! putrid effluvium p]vades ! wat]1 & affects ! neighb\r+ air2 & s9ce1 aft] ?is1 !re is (t5 no increase ( ! air1 t seems to be ! v sub/ance :i* is c>ri$ (f ?r\gh ! wat]1 z fa/ z x is g5]at$2 & ! (f5sive smell is a suffici5t pro( t x is n fix$ air4 ,= ?is has a v agreeable flav\r1 :e!r x be produc$ by f]m5tation1 or extract$ f *alk by oil ( vitriol2 affect+ n only ! m\?1 b ev5 ! no/rils2 ) a pung5cy :i* is peculi>ly pleas+ to a c]ta9 degree1 z any p]son may easily satisfy himself1 :o w *use to make ! exp]im5t4 ,if ! wat] 9 :i* ! m\se 0 imm]s$1 & :i* is saturat$ ) ! putrid air1 be *ang$1 ! great] "p ( ! putrid air1 w1 9 a day or two1 be absorb$1 ?\gh ! m\se cont9ues to yield ! putrid effluvium z be=e2 = z soon z ?is fre% wat] becomes saturat$ ) x1 x beg9s to be (f5sive to ! smell1 & ! quantity ( ! putrid air ^u its surface increases z be=e4 ,i kept a m\se produc+ putrid air 9 ?is mann] = ! space ( sev]al mon?s4 ,six ounce measures ( air n readily absorb$ by wat]1 appe>$ to h be5 g5]at$ f "o m\se1 :i* _h be5 putrefy+ elev5 days 9 conf9$ air1 be=e x 0 put into a j> :i* 0 q fill$ ) wat]1 = ! purpose ( ?is obs]vation4 ,air ?us g5]at$ f putrid mice /&+ 9 wat]1 )\t any mixture ( common air1 ext+ui%es flame1 & is noxi\s to animals1 b n m s ?an common air only ta9t$ ) putrefaction4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult & t$i\s to collect a quantity ( ?is putrid air1 n miscible 9 wat]1 s v great a proportion ( :at is collect$ be+ absorb$ by ! wat] 9 :i* x is kept2 b :at t proportion is1 ,i h n endeav\r$ to asc]ta94 ,x is probably ! same proportion t t "p ( fix$ air1 :i* is n readily absorb$ by wat]1 be>s to ! re/2 & !re=e ?is air1 :i* ,i at fir/ di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! putrid effluvium1 is probably ! same ) fix$ air1 mix$ ) ! phlogi/ic matt]1 :i*1 9 ?is & o!r processes1 dim9i%es common air4 ,?\gh a quantity ( common air be dim9i%$ by any sub/ance putrefy+ 9 x1 ,i h n yet f\nd ! same effect to be produc$ by a mixture ( putrid air ) common air2 b1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h hi!rto made ! exp]im5t1 ,i 0 oblig$ to let ! putrid air pass ?r\gh a body ( wat]1 :i* might in/antly absorb ! phlogi/ic matt] t dim9i%$ ! common air4 ,insects ( v>i\s k9ds live p]fectly well 9 air ta9t$ ) animal or vegetable putrefaction1 :5 a s+le inspiration ( x w\ld h in/antly kill$ any o!r animal4 ,i h frequ5tly tri$ ! exp]im5t ) flies & butt]flies4 ,! aphides also w ?rive z well ^u plants gr[+ 9 ?is k9d ( air1 z 9 ! op5 air4 ,i h ev5 be5 frequ5tly oblig$ to take plants out ( ! putrid air 9 :i* !y 7 gr[+1 on purpose to bru% away ! sw>ms ( ^! insects :i* infect$ !m2 & yet s effectually did "s ( !m conceal !mselves1 & s fa/ did !y multiply1 9 ^! circum/ances1 t ,i c\ld seldom keep ! plants q cle> ( !m4 ,:5 air has be5 fre%ly & /rongly ta9t$ ) putrefaction1 s z to smell ?r\gh ! wat]1 sprigs ( m9t h pres5tly di$1 ^u be+ put into x1 _! leaves turn+ black2 b if !y d n die pres5tly1 !y ?rive 9 a mo/ surpriz+ mann]4 ,9 no o!r circum/ances h ,i ev] se5 vegetation s vigor\s z 9 ?is k9d ( air1 :i* is imm$iately fatal to animal life4 ,?\gh ^! plants h be5 cr\d$ 9 j>s fill$ ) ?is air1 e leaf has be5 full ( life2 fre% %oots h bran*$ out 9 v>i\s directions1 & h gr[n mu* fa/] ?an o!r simil> plants1 gr[+ 9 ! same exposure 9 common air4 ,?is obs]vation l$ me to conclude1 t plants1 in/ead ( affect+ ! air 9 ! same mann] ) animal respiration1 rev]se ! effects ( brea?+1 & t5d to keep ! atmosph]e sweet & :olesome1 :5 x is become noxi\s1 9 consequ5ce ( animals ei!r liv+ & brea?+1 or dy+ & putrefy+ 9 x4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ?is1 ,i took a quantity ( air1 made ?or\ghly noxi\s1 by mice brea?+ & dy+ 9 x1 & divid$ x into two p>ts2 "o ( :i* ,i put into a phial imm]s$ 9 wat]2 & to ! o!r 7:i* 0 conta9$ 9 a glass j>1 /&+ 9 wat]7 ,i put a sprig ( m9t4 ,?is 0 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ #agga1 & aft] eight or n9e days1 ,i f\nd t a m\se liv$ p]fectly well 9 t "p ( ! air1 9 :i* ! sprig ( m9t _h gr[n1 b di$ ! mom5t x 0 put into ! o!r "p ( ! same orig9al quantity ( air2 & :i* ,i _h kept 9 ! v same exposure1 b )\t any plant gr[+ 9 x4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i h sev]al times repeat$2 sometimes us+ air 9 :i* animals _h brea!d & di$1 & at o!r times us+ air1 ta9t$ ) vegetable or animal putrefaction2 & g5]ally ) ! same success4 ,once1 ,i let a m\se live & die 9 a quantity ( air :i* _h be5 noxi\s1 b :i* _h be5 re/or$ by ?is process1 & x liv$ ne>ly z long z ,i conjectur$ x might h done 9 an equal quantity ( fre% air2 b ?is is s exce$+ly v>i\s1 t x is n easy to =m any judgm5t f x2 & 9 ?is case ! symptom ( difficult respiration seem$ to beg9 e>li] ?an x w\ld h done 9 common air4 ,s9ce ! plants t ,i made use ( manife/ly gr[ & ?rive 9 putrid air2 s9ce putrid matt] is well kn[n to af=d prop] n\ri%m5t = ! roots ( plants2 & s9ce x is likewise c]ta9 t !y receive n\ri%m5t by _! leaves z well z by _! roots1 x seems to be exce$+ly probable1 t ! putrid effluvium is 9 "s measure extract$ f ! air1 by means ( ! leaves ( plants1 & !re=e t !y r5d] ! rema9d] m fit = respiration4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> "s exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d did n answ] s well z !y _h done be=e1 & ,i _h in/ances ( ! relaps+ ( ?is re/or$ air to its =m] noxi\s /ate4 ,i !re=e susp5d$ my judgm5t conc]n+ ! efficacy ( plants to re/ore ?is k9d ( noxi\s air1 till ,i %\ld h an opportunity ( repeat+ my exp]im5ts1 & giv+ m att5tion to !m4 ,accord+ly ,i resum$ ! exp]im5ts 9 ! summ] ( ! ye> #aggb1 :5 ,i pres5tly _h ! mo/ indisputable pro( ( ! re/oration ( putrid air by vegetation2 & z ! fact is ( "s importance1 & ! subsequ5t v>iation 9 ! /ate ( ?is k9d ( air is a little rem>kable1 ,i ?9k x necess>y to relate "s ( ! facts pretty circum/antially4 ,! air1 on :i* ,i made ! fir/ exp]im5ts1 0 r5d]$ exce$+ly noxi\s by mice dy+ 9 x on ! #bj? ( ,june4 ,into a j> ne>ly fill$ ) "o "p ( ?is air1 ,i put a sprig ( m9t1 :ile ,i kept ano!r "p ( x 9 a phial1 9 ! same exposure2 & on ! #bg? ( ! same mon?1 & n be=e1 ,i made a trial ( !m1 by introduc+ a m\se into a glass vessel1 conta9+ #b-a_/b ounce measures fill$ ) ea* k9d ( air2 & ,i not$ ! foll[+ facts4 ,:5 ! vessel 0 fill$ ) ! air 9 :i* ! m9t _h gr[n1 a v l>ge m\se liv$ five m9utes 9 x1 be=e x began to %ew any sign ( uneas9ess4 ,i !n took x out1 & f\nd x to be z /rong & vigor\s z :5 x 0 fir/ put 92 :]eas 9 t air :i* _h be5 kept 9 ! phial only1 )\t a plant gr[+ 9 x1 a y\ng] m\se cont9u$ n long] ?an two or ?ree seconds1 & 0 tak5 out q dead4 ,x nev] brea!d aft]1 & 0 imm$iately motionless4 ,aft] half an h\r1 9 :i* "t ! l>g] m\se 7:i* ,i _h kept alive1 t ! exp]im5t might be made on bo? ! k9ds ( air ) ! v same animal7 w\ld h be5 suffici5tly recruit$1 suppos+ x to h receiv$ any injury by ! =m] exp]im5t1 0 put into ! same vessel ( air2 b ?\gh x 0 )drawn aga91 aft] be+ 9 x h>dly "o second1 x 0 recov]$ ) difficulty1 n be+ able to /ir f ! place = ne> a m9ute4 ,aft] two days1 ,i put ! same m\se into an equal quantity ( common air1 & obs]v$ t x cont9u$ sev5 m9utes )\t any sign ( uneas9ess2 & be+ v uneasy aft] ?ree m9utes long]1 ,i took x out4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i conclud$ t ! re/or$ air want$ ab\t "o f\r? ( be+ z :olesome z common air4 ,! same ?+ also appe>$ :5 ,i appli$ ! te/ ( nitr\s air4 ,9 ! sev5 days1 9 :i* ! m9t 0 gr[+ 9 ?is j> ( noxi\s air1 ?ree old %oots _h ext5d$ !mselves ab\t ?ree in*es1 & sev]al new ones _h made _! appe>ance 9 ! same "t4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 & ,sir ,john ,pr+le happ5$ to be ) me1 :5 ! plant _h be5 ?ree or f\r days 9 ?is /ate1 & took notice ( its vigor\s vegetation1 & rem>kably heal?y appe>ance 9 t conf9em5t4 ,on ! #cj? ( ! same mon?1 a m\se liv$ f\rte5 m9utes1 brea?+ naturally all ! "t1 & )\t appe>+ to be mu* uneasy1 till ! la/ two m9utes1 9 ! vessel conta9+ two ounce measures & a half ( air :i* _h be5 r5d]$ noxi\s1 by mice brea?+ 9 x almo/ a ye> be=e1 & :i*1 ,i _h f\nd to be mo/ highly noxi\s on ! #ai? ( ?is mon?1 a plant hav+ gr[n 9 x1 b n exce$+ly well1 ^! elev5 days2 on :i* acc\nt ,i _h def]r$ mak+ ! trial s long4 ,! re/or$ air 0 affect$ by a mixture ( nitr\s air1 almo/ z mu* z common air4 ,z ?is putrid air 0 ?us easily re/or$ to a consid]able degree ( fitness = respiration1 by plants gr[+ 9 x1 ,i 0 9 hopes t by ! same means x might 9 "t be s mu* m p]fectly re/or$1 t a c&le w\ld burn 9 x2 & = ?is purpose ,i kept plants gr[+ 9 ! j>s :i* conta9$ ?is air till ! middle ( ,augu/ foll[+1 b did n take suffici5t c>e to pull out all ! old & rott5 leaves4 ,! plants1 h[ev]1 _h gr[n1 & look$ s well ^u ! :ole1 t ,i _h no d\bt b t ! air mu/ con/antly h be5 9 a m5d+ /ate2 :5 ,i 0 exce$+ly surpriz$ to f9d1 on ! #bd? ( t mon?1 t ?\gh ! air 9 "o ( ! j>s _h n gr[n worse1 x 0 no bett]2 & t ! air 9 ! o!r j> 0 s mu* worse ?an x _h be51 t a m\se w\ld h di$ 9 x 9 a few seconds4 ,x also made no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air1 z x _h done be=e4 ,suspect+ t ! same plant might be capable ( re/or+ putrid air to a c]ta9 degree only1 or t plants might h a contr>y t5d5cy 9 "s /ages ( _! gr[?1 ,i )drew ! old plant1 & put a fre% "o 9 its place2 & f\nd t1 aft] sev5 days1 ! air 0 re/or$ to its =m] :olesome /ate4 ,?is fact ,i consid] z a v rem>kable "o1 & well des]v+ ( a f>!r inve/igation1 z x may ?r[ m light ^u ! pr9ciples ( vegetation4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a s+le fact2 = ,i _h sev]al in/ances ( ! same k9d 9 ! prec$+ ye>2 b x seem$ s v extraord9>y1 t air %\ld gr[ worse by ! cont9uance ( ! same treatm5t by :i* x _h gr[n bett]1 t1 :5ev] ,i obs]v$ x1 ,i conclud$ t ,i _h n tak5 suffici5t c>e to satisfy myself ( its previ\s re/oration4 ,t plants are capable ( p]fectly re/or+ air injur$ by respiration1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be inf]r$ ) c]ta9ty f ! p]fect re/oration1 by ?is means1 ( air :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh my lungs1 s t a c&le w\ld burn 9 x aga91 ?\gh x _h ext+ui%$ flame be=e1 & ap>t ( ! same orig9al quantity ( air /ill cont9u$ to d s4 ,( ?is "o in/ance occurr$ 9 ! ye> #agga1 a sprig ( m9t hav+ gr[n 9 a j> ( ?is k9d ( air1 f ! #be? ( ,july to ! #ag? ( ,augu/ foll[+2 & ano!r trial ,i made1 ) ! same success1 ! #g? ( ,july #aggb1 ! plant hav+ gr[n 9 x f ! #bi? ( ,june prec$+4 ,9 ?is case also ,i f\nd t ! effect 0 n ow+ to any virtue 9 ! leaves ( m9t2 = ,i kept !m con/antly *ang$ 9 a quantity ( ?is k9d ( air1 = a consid]able "t1 )\t mak+ any s5sible alt]ation 9 x4 ,^! pro(s ( a p>tial re/oration ( air by plants 9 a /ate ( vegetation1 ?\gh 9 a conf9$ & unnatural situation1 _c b r5d] x highly probable1 t ! injury :i* is cont9ually done to ! atmosph]e by ! respiration ( su* a numb] ( animals1 & ! putrefaction ( su* masses ( bo? vegetable & animal matt]1 is1 9 "p at lea/1 repair$ by ! vegetable creation4 ,&1 not)/&+ ! prodigi\s mass ( air t is corrupt$ daily by ! above-m5tion$ causes2 yet1 if we consid] ! imm5se pr(usion ( vegetables ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 gr[+ 9 places1 suit$ to _! nature1 & consequ5tly at full lib]ty to ex]t all _! p[]s1 bo? inhal+ & exhal+1 x c h>dly be ?\ght1 b t x may be a suffici5t c\nt]balance to x1 & t ! rem$y is adequate to ! evil4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 :o1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 saw "s ( my plants 9 a v fl\ri%+ /ate1 9 highly noxi\s air1 0 pleas$ to express v great satisfaction ) ! result ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,9 8 answ] to ! lett] 9 :i* ,i in=m$ him ( x1 he says1 ,t ! vegetable creation %\ld re/ore ! air :i* is spoil$ by ! animal "p ( x1 looks l a rational sy/em1 & seems to be ( a piece ) ! re/4 ,?us fire purifies wat] all ! _w ov]4 ,x purifies x by di/illation1 :5 x raises x 9 vap\rs1 & lets x fall 9 ra92 & f>!r /ill by filtration1 :51 keep+ x fluid1 x suff]s t ra9 to p]colate ! e>?4 ,we knew be=e t putrid animal sub/ances 7 conv]t$ into sweet vegetables1 :5 mix$ ) ! e>?1 & appli$ z manure2 & n[1 x seems1 t ! same putrid sub/ances1 mix$ ) ! air1 h a simil> effect4 ,! /rong ?riv+ /ate ( y\r m9t 9 putrid air seems to %ew t ! air is m5d$ by tak+ some?+ f x1 & n by add+ to x4 ,he adds1 ,i hope ?is w give "s *eck to ! rage ( de/roy+ trees t gr[ ne> h\ses1 :i* has accompani$ our late improvem5ts 9 g>d5+1 f an op9ion ( _! be+ un:olesome4 ,i am c]ta91 f long obs]vation1 t !re is no?+ unheal?y 9 ! air ( woods2 = we ,am]icans h e :]e our c\ntry habitations 9 ! mid/ ( woods1 & no p on e>? enjoy bett] heal?1 or are m prolific4 ,hav+ r5d]$ inflammable air p]fectly innoxi\s by cont9u$ agitation 9 a tr\gh ( wat]1 depriv$ ( its air1 ,i conclud$ t o!r k9ds ( noxi\s air might be re/or$ by ! same means2 & ,i pres5tly f\nd t ?is 0 ! case ) putrid air1 ev5 ( m ?an a ye>'s /&+4 ,i %all obs]ve once = all1 t ?is process has nev] fail$ to re/ore any k9d ( noxi\s air on :i* ,i h tri$ x1 viz4 air injur$ by respiration or putrefaction1 air infect$ ) ! fumes ( burn+ *>coal1 & ( calc9$ metals1 air 9 :i* a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 t 9 :i* pa9t made ( :ite lead & oil has /ood1 or air :i* has be5 dim9i%$ by a mixture ( nitr\s air4 ,( ! rem>kable effect :i* ?is process has on nitr\s air itself1 an acc\nt w be giv5 9 its prop] place4 ,if ?is process be made 9 wat] depriv$ ( air1 ei!r by ! air-pump1 by boil+1 or by di/illation1 or if fre% ra9-wat] be us$1 ! air w always be dim9i%$ by ! agitation2 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! faire/ me?od ( mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,if ! wat] be fre% pump-wat]1 !re w always be an increase ( ! air by agitation1 ! air conta9$ 9 ! wat] be+ set loose1 & jo9+ t :i* is 9 ! j>4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! air has nev] fail$ to be re/or$2 b !n x might be suspect$ t ! melioration 0 produc$ by ! addition ( "s m :olesome +r$i5t4 ,z ^! agitations 7 made 9 j>s ) wide m\?s1 & 9 a tr\gh :i* _h a l>ge surface expos$ to ! common air1 ,i take x = grant$ t ! noxi\s effluvia1 :atev] !y be1 7 fir/ imbib$ by ! wat]1 & !reby transmitt$ to ! common atmosph]e4 ,9 "s cases ?is 0 suffici5tly indicat$ by ! disagreeable smell :i* att5d$ ! op]ation4 ,aft] ,i _h made ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 in=m$ t an +5i\s physician & philosoph] _h kept a f[l alive tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 a quantity ( air 9 :i* ano!r f[l ( ! same size _h n be5 able to live long] ?an an h\r1 by contriv+ to make ! air1 :i* x brea!d1 pass ?r\gh no v l>ge quantity ( acidulat$ wat]1 ! surface ( :i* 0 n expos$ to ! common air2 & t ev5 :5 ! wat] 0 n acidulat$1 ! f[l liv$ mu* long] ?an x c\ld h done1 if ! air :i* x brea!d _h n be5 drawn ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,z ,i %\ld n h conclud$ t ?is exp]im5t w\ld h succe$$ s well1 f any obs]vations t ,i _h made ^u ! subject1 ,i took a quantity ( air 9 :i* mice _h di$1 & agitat$ x v /rongly1 fir/ 9 ab\t five times its own quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i _h impregnat$ wat] ) fix$ air2 b ?\gh ! op]ation 0 cont9u$ a long "t1 x made no s5sible *ange 9 ! prop]ties ( ! air4 ,i also repeat$ ! op]ation ) pump-wat]1 b ) z little effect4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! air 0 agitat$ 9 a phial1 :i* _h a n>r[ neck1 ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! bason 0 consid]ably l>ge1 & expos$ to ! common atmosph]e1 :i* mu/ h t5d$ a little to fav\r ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ord] to judge m precisely ( ! effect ( ^! diff]5t me?ods ( agitat+ air1 ,i transf]r$ ! v noxi\s air1 :i* ,i _h hot be5 able to am5d 9 ! lea/ degree by ! =m] me?od1 into an op5 j>1 /&+ 9 a tr\gh ( wat]2 & :5 ,i _h agitat$ x till x 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o ?ird1 ,i f\nd x to be bett] ?an air 9 :i* c&les _h burn$ out1 z appe>$ by ! te/ ( ! nitr\s air2 & a m\se liv$ 9 #b-a_/b ounce measures ( x a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & 0 n s5sibly affect$ ! fir/ t5 or twelve m9utes4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! addition ( any acid to ! wat]1 w\ld make x m capable ( re/or+ putrid air1 ,i agitat$ a quantity ( x 9 a phial conta9+ v /rong v9eg>2 & aft] t 9 aqua =tis1 only half dilut$ ) wat]2 b by nei!r ( ^! processes 0 ! air at all m5d$1 ?\gh ! agitation 0 repeat$1 at int]vals1 dur+ a :ole day1 & x 0 moreov] all[$ to /& 9 t situation all night4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 wat] 9 ^! exp]im5ts mu/ h imbib$ & reta9$ a c]ta9 portion ( ! noxi\s effluvia1 be=e !y c\ld be transmitt$ to ! ext]nal air1 ,i d n ?9k x improbable b t ! agitation ( ! sea & l>ge lakes may be ( "s use = ! purification ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! putrid matt] conta9$ 9 wat] may be imbib$ by aquatic plants1 or be deposit$ 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,hav+ f\nd1 by sev]al exp]im5ts above-m5tion$ t ! prop] putrid effluvium is some?+ q di/9ct f fix$ air1 & f9d+1 by ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,macbride1 t fix$ air corrects putrefaction2 x occur$ to me1 t fix$ air1 & air ta9t$ ) putrefaction1 ?\gh equally1 noxi\s :5 sep>ate1 might make a :olesome mixture1 ! "o1 correct+ ! o!r2 & ,i 0 confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion by1 ,i believe1 n less ?an fifty or sixty in/ances1 9 :i* air1 t _h be5 made 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s1 by respiration or putrefaction1 0 s f> sweet5$1 by a mixture ( ab\t f\r times z mu* fix$ air1 t aft]w>ds mice liv$ 9 x exce$+ly well1 & 9 "s cases almo/ z long z 9 common air4 ,i f\nd x1 inde$1 to be m difficult to re/ore old putrid air by ?is means2 b ,i h>dly ev] fail$ to d x1 :5 ! two k9ds ( air _h /ood a long "t toge!r2 by :i* ,i mean ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks4 ,! reason :y ,i d n absolutely conclude t ! re/oration ( air 9 ^! cases 0 ! effect ( fix$ air1 is t1 :5 ,i made a trial ( ! mixture1 ,i sometimes agitat$ ! two k9ds ( air pretty /rongly toge!r1 9 a tr\gh ( wat]1 or at lea/ pass$ x sev]al times ?r\gh wat]1 f "o j> to ano!r1 t ! sup]flu\s fix$ air might be absorb$1 n suspect+ at t "t t ! agitation c\ld h any o!r effect4 ,b hav+ s9ce f\nd t v viol5t1 & especially long-cont9u$ agitation 9 wat]1 )\t any mixture ( fix$ air1 nev] fail$ to r5d] any k9d ( noxi\s air 9 "s measure fit = respiration 7& 9 "o p>ticul> in/ance ! m]e transf]r+ ( ! air f "o vessel to ano!r ?r\gh ! wat]1 ?\gh = a mu* long] "t ?an ,i ev] us$ = ! mixtures ( air1 0 ( consid]able use = ! same purpose7 ,i began to ent]ta9 "s d\bt ( ! efficacy ( fix$ air 9 ?is case4 ,9 "s cases also ! mixture ( fix$ air _h by no means s mu* effect on ! putrid air z1 f ! g5]ality ( my obs]vations1 ,i %\ld h expect$4 ,i 0 always aw>e1 inde$1 t x might be said1 t1 ! residuum ( fix$ air n be+ v noxi\s1 su* an addition mu/ contribute to m5d ! putrid air2 b1 9 ord] to obviate ?is objection1 ,i once mix$ ! residuum ( z mu* fix$ air z ,i _h f\nd1 by a v>iety ( trials1 to be suffici5t to re/ore a giv5 quantity ( putrid air1 ) an equal quantity ( t air1 )\t mak+ any s5sible melioration ( x4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is process c\ld h>dly h succe$$ s well z x did ) me1 & 9 s great a numb] ( trials1 unless fix$ air h "s t5d5cy to correct air ta9t$ ) respiration or putrefaction2 & x is p]fectly agreeable to ! analogy ( ,dr4 ,macbride's discov]ies1 & may naturally be expect$ f !m1 t x %\ld h su* an effect4 ,by a mixture ( fix$ air ,i h made :olesome ! residuum ( air g5]at$ by putrefaction only1 f mice plung$ 9 wat]4 ,?is1 "o w\ld imag9e1 priori1 to be ! mo/ noxi\s ( all k9ds ( air4 ,= if common air only ta9t$ ) putrefaction be s deadly1 mu* m might "o expect t air to be s1 :i* 0 g5]at$ f putrefaction only2 b x seems to be no?+ m ?an common air 7or at lea/ t k9d ( fix$ air :i* is n absorb$ by wat]7 ta9t$ ) putrefaction1 & !re=e requires no o!r process to sweet5 x4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 we seem to h an in/ance ( ! g5]ation ( g5u9e common air1 ?\gh mix$ ) some?+ t is =eign to x4 ,p]haps ! residuum ( fix$ air may be ano!r in/ance ( ! same nature1 & also ! residuum ( inflammable air1 & ( nitr\s air1 especially nitr\s air load$ ) phlogi/on1 aft] long agitation 9 wat]4 ,fix$ air is equally diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( any quantity ( putrid air ) :i* x is mix$3 = divid+ ! mixture into two equal p>ts1 !y 7 r$uc$ 9 ! same proportion by pass+ ?r\gh wat]4 ,b ?is is also ! case ) "s ( ! k9ds ( air :i* w n incorporate1 z inflammable air1 & air 9 :i* brim/one has burn$4 ,if fix$ air t5d to correct air :i* has be5 injur$ by animal respiration or putrefaction1 lime kilns1 :i* dis*>ge great quantities ( fix$ air1 may be :olesome 9 ! neighb\rhood ( popul\s cities1 ! atmosph]e ( :i* mu/ ab\nd ) putrid effluvia4 ,i %\ld ?9k also t physicians might avail !mselves ( ! application ( fix$ air 9 _m putrid disord]s1 especially z x may be s easily adm9i/]$ by way ( cly/]1 :]e x w\ld (t5 f9d its way to mu* ( ! putrid matt]4 ,no?+ is to be appreh5d$ f ! di/5tion ( ! b[els by ?is k9d ( air1 s9ce x is s readily absorb$ by any fluid or moi/ sub/ance4 ,s9ce fix$ air is n noxi\s p] se1 b1 l fire1 only 9 excess1 ,i d n ?9k x at all haz>d\s to attempt to brea! x4 ,x is h[ev] easily convey$ into ! /oma*1 9 natural or artificial ,pyrmont wat]1 9 briskly-f]m5t+ liquors1 or a vegetable diet4 ,x is ev5 possible1 t a consid]able quantity ( fix$ air might be imbib$ by ! absorb+ vessels ( ! sk91 if ! :ole body1 except ! head1 %\ld be susp5d$ ov] a vessel ( /rongly-f]m5t+ liquor2 & 9 "s putrid disord]s ?is treatm5t might be v salut>y4 ,if ! body 0 expos$ q nak$1 !re w\ld be v little dang] f ! cold 9 ?is situation1 & ! air hav+ fre] access to ! sk9 might produce a great] effect4 ,be+ no physician1 ,i run no risk by ?r[+ out ^! r&om1 & p]haps :imsical proposals4#e ,hav+ communicat$ my obs]vations on fix$ air1 & especially my s*eme ( apply+ x by way ( cly/] 9 putrid disord]s1 to ,mr4 ,hey1 an +5i\s surgeon 9 ,le$s a case pres5tly occurr$1 9 :i* he _h an opportunity ( giv+ x a trial2 & m5tion+ x to ,dr4 ,hird & ,dr4 ,cr[!r1 two physicians :o att5d$ ! pati5t1 !y approv$ ! s*eme1 & x 0 put 9 execution2 bo? by apply+ ! fix$ air by way ( cly/]1 & at ! same "t mak+ ! pati5t dr9k pl5tifully ( liquors /rongly impregnat$ ) x4 ,! ev5t 0 su*1 t ,i reque/$ ,mr4 ,hey to draw up a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! case1 describ+ ! :ole ( ! treatm5t1 t ! public might be satisfi$ t ?is new application ( fix$ air is p]fectly safe1 & also1 h an opportunity ( judg+ h[ f> x _h ! effect :i* ,i expect$ f x2 & z ! application is new1 & n unpromis+1 ,i %all subjo9 8 lett] to me on ! subject1 by way ( ,app5dix to ^! pap]s4 ,:5 ,i began my inquires into ! prop]ties ( diff]5t k9ds ( air1 ,i engag$ my fri5d ,dr4 ,p]cival to att5d to ! m$ic9al uses ( !m1 be+ s5sible t 8 k ( philosophy z well z ( m$ic9e w\ld give him a s+ul> advantage = ?is purpose4 ,! result ( 8 obs]vations ,i %all also ins]t 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,"s "t aft] ^! pap]s 7 fir/ pr9t$1 ,i 0 pleas$ to f9d ! same proposal 9 ,dr4 ,alex&]'s ,exp]im5tal ,essays4 ,,section ,v4 ,( ,,air 9 :i* a mixture ( ,,brim/one & ,,fil+s ( ,,iron has /ood4 ,read+ 9 ,dr4 ,hales's acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t !re 0 a great dim9ution ( ! quantity ( air 9 :i* a mixture ( p[d]$ brim/one & fil+s ( iron1 made into a pa/e ) wat]1 _h /ood1 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 & f\nd ! dim9ution great] ?an ,i _h expect$4 ,?is dim9ution ( air is made z effectually1 & z exp$iti\sly1 9 quicksilv] z 9 wat]2 & x may be measur$ ) ! greate/ accuracy1 because !re is nei!r any previ\s expansion or increase ( ! quantity ( air1 & because x is "s "t be=e ?is process beg9s to h any s5sible effect4 ,?is dim9ution ( air is v>i\s2 b ,i h g5]ally f\nd x to be betwe5 "o fif? & "o f\r? ( ! :ole4 ,air ?us dim9i%$ is n heavi]1 b r light] ?an common air2 & ?\gh lime-wat] does n become turbid :5 x is expos$ to ?is air1 x is probably ow+ to ! =mation ( a sel5itic salt1 z 0 ! case ) ! simple burn+ ( brim/one above-m5tion$4 ,t some?+ proce$+ f ! brim/one /rongly affects ! wat] :i* is conf9$ 9 ! same place ) ?is mixture1 is manife/ f ! v /rong smell t x has ( ! volatile _s ( vitriol4 ,i conclude t ! dim9ution ( air by ?is1 process is ( ! same k9d ) ! dim9ution ( x 9 ! o!r cases1 because :5 ?is mixture is put into air :i* has be5 previ\sly dim9i%$1 ei!r by ! burn+ ( c&les1 by respiration1 or putrefaction1 ?\gh x nev] fails to dim9i% x some?+ m1 x is1 h[ev]1 no f>!r ?an ?is process alone w\ld h done x4 ,if a fre% mixture be introduc$ into a quantity ( air :i* _h be5 r$uc$ by a =m] mixture1 x has little or no f>!r effect4 ,i once obs]v$1 t :5 a mixture ( ?is k9d 0 tak5 out ( a quantity ( air 9 :i* a c&le _h be=e burn$ out1 & 9 :i* x _h /ood = sev]al days1 x 0 q cold & black1 z x always becomes 9 a conf9$ place2 b x pres5tly grew v hot1 smoak$ cop\sly1 & smell$ v (f5sively2 & :5 x 0 cold1 x 0 br[n1 l ! ru/ ( iron4 ,i once put a mixture ( ?is k9d to a quantity ( inflammable air1 made f iron1 by :i* means x 0 dim9i%$ #a_/i or #a_/aj 9 its bulk2 b1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 x 0 /ill z inflammable z ev]4 ,ano!r quantity ( inflammable air 0 also r$uc$ 9 ! same proportion1 by a m\se putrefy+ 9 x2 b its inflammability 0 n seem+ly less5$4 ,air dim9i%$ by ?is mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 is exce$+ly noxi\s to animals1 & ,i h n p]ceiv$ t x gr[s any bett] by keep+ 9 wat]4 ,! smell ( x is v pung5t & (f5sive4 ,! quantity ( ?is mixture :i* ,i made use ( 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 0 f two to f\r ounce measures2 b ,i did n p]ceive1 b t ! dim9ution ( ! quantity ( air 7:i* 0 g5]ally ab\t tw5ty ounce measures7 0 z great ) ! smalle/1 z ) ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,h[ small a quantity is necess>y to dim9i% a giv5 quantity ( air to a maximum1 ,i h made no exp]im5ts to asc]ta94 ,z soon z ?is mixture ( iron fil+s )1 brim/one & wat]1 beg9s to f]m5t1 x also turns black1 & beg9s to swell1 & x cont9ues to d s1 till x occupies twice z mu* space z x did at fir/4 ,! =ce ) :i* x exp&s is great2 b h[ great x is ,i h n endeav\r$ to det]m9e4 ,:5 ?is mixture is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 x g5]ates no air1 ?\gh x becomes black1 & swells4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,( ,,nitr\s ,,air4 ,ev] s9ce ,i fir/ read ,dr4 ,hales's mo/ excell5t ,/atical ,essays1 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) t exp]im5t ( 81 ( :i* an acc\nt is giv51 ,,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbd4 & ,,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhj4 9 :i* common air1 & air g5]at$ f ! ,walton pyrites1 by _s ( nitre1 made a turbid r$ mixture1 & 9 :i* "p ( ! common air 0 absorb$2 b ,i nev] expect$ to h ! satisfaction ( see+ ?is rem>kable appe>ance1 suppos+ x to be peculi> to t p>ticul> m9]al4 ,happ5+ to m5tion ?is subject to ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,london1 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #aggb1 he said t he did n imag9e b t o!r k9ds ( pyrites1 or ! metals might answ] z well1 & t probably ! r$ appe>ance ( ! mixture dep5d$ ^u ! _s ( nitre only4 ,?is enc\rag$ me to att5d to ! subject2 & hav+ no pyrites1 ,i began ) ! solution ( ! diff]5t metals 9 _s ( nitre1 & cat*+ ! air :i* 0 g5]at$ 9 ! solution1 ,i pres5tly f\nd :at ,i want$1 & a good deal m4 ,beg9n+ ) ! solution ( brass1 on ! #d? ( ,june #aggb1 ,i fir/ f\nd ?is rem>kable species ( air1 only "o effect ( :i*1 0 casually obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hales2 & he gave s little att5tion to x1 & x has be5 s mu* unnotic$ s9ce 8 "t1 t1 z f> z ,i "k1 no "n has be5 giv5 to x4 ,i !re=e f\nd myself1 contr>y to my fir/ resolution1 "u an absolute necessity ( giv+ a "n to ?is k9d ( air myself4 ,:5 ,i fir/ began to speak & write ( x to my fri5ds1 ,i happ5$ to di/+ui% x by ! "n ( nitr\s air1 because ,i _h procur$ x by means ( _s ( nitre only2 & ?\gh ,i _c say t ,i altoge!r l ! t]m1 nei!r myself nor any ( my fri5ds1 to :om ,i h appli$ = ! purpose1 h be5 able to hit ^u a bett]2 s t ,i am oblig$1 aft] all1 to cont5t myself ) x4 ,i h f\nd t ?is k9d ( air is readily procur$ f iron1 copp]1 brass1 t91 silv]1 quicksilv]1 bismu?1 & nickel1 by ! nitr\s acid only1 & f gold & ! regulus ( antimony by aqua regia4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ ! solution ( ea* ( ^! metals are v>i\s1 b h>dly wor? m5tion+1 9 treat+ ( ! prop]ties ( ! air :i* !y yield2 :i*1 f :at metal soev] x is extract$1 has1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 ! v same prop]ties4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s prop]ties ( ?is k9d ( air is ! great dim9ution ( any quantity ( common air ) :i* x is mix$1 att5d$ ) a turbid r$1 or deep orange col\r1 & a consid]able heat4 ,! smell ( x1 also1 is v /rong1 & rem>kable1 b v mu* resembl+ t ( smok+ _s ( nitre4 ,! dim9ution ( a mixture ( ?is & common air is n an equal dim9ution ( bo? ! k9ds1 :i* is all t ,dr4 ,hales c\ld obs]ve1 b ( ab\t "o fif? ( ! common air1 & z mu* ( ! nitr\s air z is necess>y to produce t effect2 :i*1 z ,i h f\nd by _m trials1 is ab\t "o half z mu* z ! orig9al quantity ( common air4 ,= if "o measure ( nitr\s air be put to two measures ( common air1 9 a few m9utes 7by :i* "t ! eff]vesc5ce w be ov]1 & ! mixture w h recov]$ its transp>5cy7 !re w want ab\t "o n9? ( ! orig9al two measures2 & if bo? ! k9ds ( air be v pure1 ! dim9ution w /ill g on sl[ly1 till 9 a day or two1 ! :ole w be r$uc$ to "o fif? less ?an ! orig9al quantity ( common air4 ,?is f>!r dim9ution1 by long /&+1 ,i _h n obs]v$ at ! "t ( ! fir/ publication ( ^! pap]s4 ,i h>dly "k any exp]im5t t is m adapt$ to amaze & surprize ?an ?is is1 :i* exhibits a quantity ( air1 :i*1 z x 71 dev\rs a quantity ( ano!r k9d ( air half z l>ge z itself1 & yet is s f> f ga9+ any addition to its bulk1 t x is consid]ably dim9i%$ by x4 ,if1 aft] ?is full saturation ( common air ) nitr\s air1 m nitr\s air be put to x1 x makes an addition equal to its own bulk1 )\t produc+ ! lea/ r$ness1 or any o!r visible effect4 ,if ! smalle/ quantity ( common air be put to any l>g] quantity ( nitr\s air1 ?\gh ! two toge!r w n occupy s mu* space z !y did sep>ately1 yet ! quantity w /ill be l>g] ?an t ( ! nitr\s air only4 ,"o ounce measure ( common air be+ put to ne> tw5ty ounce measures ( nitr\s air1 made an addition to x ( ab\t half an ounce measure4 ,?is be+ a mu* great] proportion ?an ! dim9ution ( common air1 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 proves t "p ( ! dim9ution 9 ! =m] case is 9 ! nitr\s air4 ,besides1 x w pres5tly appe>1 t nitr\s air is subject to a mo/ rem>kable dim9ution2 & z common air1 9 a v>iety ( o!r cases1 suff]s a dim9ution f "o fif? to "o f\r?1 ,i conclude1 t 9 ?is case also x does n exce$ t proportion1 & !re=e t ! rema9d] ( ! dim9ution respects ! nitr\s air4 ,9 ord] to judge :e!r ! wat] contribut$ to ! dim9ution ( ?is mixture ( nitr\s & common air1 ,i made ! :ole process sev]al times 9 quicksilv]1 us+ "o ?ird ( nitr\s1 & two ?irds ( common air1 z be=e4 ,9 ?is case ! r$ness cont9u$ a v long "t1 & ! dim9ution 0 n s great z :5 ! mixtures _h be5 made 9 wat]1 !re rema9+ "o sev5? m ?an ! orig9al quantity ( common air4 ,?is mixture /ood all night ^u ! quicksilv]2 & ! next morn+ ,i obs]v$ t x 0 no f>!r dim9i%$ ^u ! admission ( wat] to x1 nor by p\r+ x sev]al times ?r\gh ! wat]1 & lett+ x /& 9 wat] two days4 ,ano!r mixture1 :i* _h /ood ab\t six h\rs on ! quicksilv]1 0 dim9i%$ a little m ^u ! admission ( wat]1 b 0 nev] less ?an ! orig9al quantity ( common air4 ,9 ano!r case h[ev]1 9 :i* ! mixture _h /ood b a v %ort "t 9 quicksilv]1 ! f>!r dim9ution1 :i* took place ^u ! admission ( wat]1 0 mu* m consid]able2 s t ! dim9ution1 ^u ! :ole1 0 v ne>ly z great z if ! process _h be5 intirely 9 wat]4 ,x is evid5t f ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! dim9ution is 9 "p ow+ to ! absorption by ! wat]2 b t :5 ! mixture is kept a long "t1 9 a situation 9 :i* !re is no wat] to absorb any "p ( x1 x acquires a con/itution1 by :i* x is aft]w>ds incapable ( be+ absorb$ by wat]1 or r1 !re is an addition to ! quantity ( air by nitr\s air produc$ by ! solution ( ! quicksilv]4 ,x w be se51 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w1 t1 9 ! decomposition ( nitr\s air by its mixture ) common air1 !re is no?+ at h& :5 ! process is made 9 quicksilv]1 ) :i* ! acid t ent]$ into its composition c readily unite4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! fix$ "p ( common air 0 deposit$ 9 ! dim9ution ( x by nitr\s air1 ,i inclos$ a vessel full ( lime-wat] 9 ! j> 9 :i* ! process 0 made1 b x occasion$ no precipitation ( ! lime2 & :5 ! vessel 0 tak5 out1 aft] x _h be5 9 t situation a :ole day1 ! lime 0 easily precipitat$ by brea?+ into x z usual4 ,b ?\gh ! precipitation ( ! lime 0 n s5sible 9 ?is me?od ( mak+ ! exp]im5t1 x is suffici5tly s :5 ! :ole process is made 9 lime-wat]1 z w be se5 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w2 s t we h "h ano!r evid5ce ( ! deposition ( fix$ air f common air4 ,i h made no alt]ation1 h[ev]1 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 because x may n be unuseful1 z a caution to future exp]im5t]s4 ,x is exce$+ly rem>kable t ?is eff]vesc5ce & dim9ution1 occasion$ by ! mixture ( nitr\s air1 is peculi> to common air1 or air fit = respiration2 &1 z f> z ,i c judge1 f a great numb] ( obs]vations1 is at lea/ v ne>ly1 if n exactly1 9 proportion to its fitness = ?is purpose2 s t by ?is means ! goodness ( air may be di/+ui%$ mu* m accurately ?an x c be done by putt+ mice1 or any o!r animals1 to brea! 9 x4 ,?is 0 a mo/ agreeable discov]y to me1 z ,i hope x may be an useful "o to ! public2 especially z1 f ?is "t1 ,i _h no occasion = s l>ge a /ock ( mice z ,i _h be5 us$ to keep = ! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts1 us+ !m only 9 ^? :i* requir$ to be v decisive2 & 9 ^! cases ,i h seldom fail$ to "k be=eh& 9 :at mann] !y w\ld be affect$4 ,x is also rem>kable t1 on :atev] acc\nt air is unfit = respiration1 ?is same te/ is equally applicable4 ,?us !re is n ! lea/ eff]vesc5ce betwe5 nitr\s & fix$ air1 or inflammable air1 or any species ( dim9i%$ air4 ,also ! degree ( dim9ution be+ f no?+ at all to m ?an "o ?ird ( ! :ole ( any quantity ( air1 we are1 by ?is means1 9 possession ( a prodigi\sly l>ge scale1 by :i* we may di/+ui% v small degrees ( diff]5ce 9 ! goodness ( air4 ,i h n att5d$ mu* to ?is circum/ance1 hav+ us$ ?is te/ *iefly = great] diff]5ces2 b1 if ,i did n deceive myself1 ,i h p]ceiv$ a real diff]5ce 9 ! air ( my /udy1 aft] a few p]sons h be5 ) me 9 x1 & ! air on ! outside ( ! h\se4 ,also a phial ( air hav+ be5 s5t me1 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,york1 x appe>$ n to be s good z ! air ne> ,le$s2 t is1 x 0 n dim9i%$ s mu* by an equal mixture ( nitr\s air1 e o!r circum/ance be+ z ne>ly ! same z ,i c\ld contrive4 ,x may p]haps be possible1 b ,i h n yet attempt$ x1 to di/+ui% "s ( ! diff]5t w9ds1 or ! air ( diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 c4 c4 by ?is te/4 ,by means ( ?is te/ ,i 0 able to det]m9e :at ,i 0 be=e 9 d\bt ab\t1 viz4 ! k9d z well z ! degree ( injury done to air by c&les burn+ 9 x4 ,i c\ld n tell ) c]ta9ty1 by means ( mice1 :e!r x 0 at all injur$ ) respect to respiration2 & yet if nitr\s air may be dep5d$ ^u = furni%+ an accurate te/1 x mu/ be r m ?an "o ?ird worse ?an common air1 & h be5 dim9i%$ by ! same g5]al cause ( ! o!r dim9utions ( air4 ,= :51 aft] _m trials1 ,i put "o measure ( ?or\ghly putrid & highly noxi\s air1 into ! same vessel ) two measures ( good :olesome air1 & into ano!r vessel an equal quantity1 viz4 ?ree measures ( air 9 :i* a c&le _h burn$ out2 & !n put equal quantities ( nitr\s air to ea* ( !m1 ! latt] 0 dim9i%$ r m ?an ! =m]4 ,x agrees ) ?is obs]vation1 t burn$ air is f>!r dim9i%$ bo? by putrefaction1 & a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one2 & ,i !re=e take x = grant$ by e o!r cause ( ! dim9ution ( air4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t burn$ air is air s f> load$ ) phlogi/on1 z to be able to ext+ui% a c&le1 :i* x may d long be=e x is fully saturat$4 ,inflammable air ) a mixture ( nitr\s air burns ) a gre5 flame4 ,?is makes a v pleas+ exp]im5t :5 x is prop]ly conduct$4 ,z1 = "s "t1 ,i *iefly made use ( copp] = ! g5]ation ( nitr\s air1 ,i fir/ ascrib$ ?is circum/ance to t prop]ty ( ?is metal1 by :i* x burns ) a gre5 flame2 b ,i 0 pres5tly satisfi$ t x mu/ arise f ! _s ( nitre1 = ! effect is ! v same f :i* ev] ( ! metals ! nitr\s air is extract$1 all ( :i* ,i tri$ = ?is purpose1 ev5 silv] & gold4 ,a mixture ( oil ( vitriol & _s ( nitre 9 equal proportions dissolv$ iron1 & ! produce 0 nitr\s air2 b a less degree ( _s ( nitre 9 ! mixture produc$ air t 0 inflammable1 & :i* burn$ ) a gre5 flame4 ,x also t+$ common air a little r$1 & dim9i%$ x1 ?\gh n mu*4 ,! dim9ution ( common air by a mixture ( nitr\s air1 is n s extraord9>y z ! dim9ution :i* nitr\s air itself is subject to f a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,?is mixture1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 dim9i%es common air betwe5 "o fif? & "o f\r?1 b has no su* effect ^u any k9d ( air t has be5 dim9i%$1 & r5d]$ noxi\s by any o!r process2 b :5 x is put to a quantity ( nitr\s air1 x dim9i%es x s mu*1 t no m ?an "o f\r? ( ! orig9al quantity w be left4 ,! effect ( ?is process is g5]ally p]ceiv$ 9 five or six h\rs1 ab\t :i* "t ! visible eff]ves5ce ( ! mixture beg9s2 & 9 a v %ort "t x advances s rapidly1 t 9 ab\t an h\r almo/ ! :ole effect w h tak5 place4 ,if x be suff]$ to /& a day or two long]1 ! air w /ill be dim9i%$ f>!r1 b only a v little f>!r1 9 proportion to ! fir/ dim9ution4 ,! glass j>1 9 :i* ! air & ?is mixture h be5 conf9$1 has g5]ally be5 s mu* heat$ 9 ?is process1 t ,i h n be5 able to t\* x4 ,nitr\s air ?us dim9i%$ has n s /rong a smell z nitr\s air itself1 b smells j l common air 9 :i* ! same mixture has /ood2 & x is n capable ( be+ dim9i%$ any f>!r1 by a fre% mixture ( iron & brim/one4 ,common air saturat$ ) nitr\s air is also no f>!r dim9i%$ by ?is mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 ?\gh ! mixture f]m5ts ) great heat1 & swells v mu* 9 x4 ,plants die v soon1 bo? 9 nitr\s air1 & also 9 common air saturat$ ) nitr\s air1 b especially 9 ! =m]4 ,nei!r nitr\s air1 nor common air saturat$ ) nitr\s air1 diff] 9 specific gravity f common air4 ,at lea/1 ! diff]5ce is s small1 t ,i c\ld n be sure !re 0 any2 sometimes ab\t ?ree p9ts ( x seem+ to be ab\t half a gra9 heavi]1 & at o!r times z mu* light] ?an common air4 ,hav+1 among o!r k9ds ( air1 expos$ a quantity ( nitr\s air to wat] out ( :i* ! air _h be5 well boil$1 9 ! exp]im5t to :i* ,i h m ?an once ref]r$ 7z hav+ be5 ! occasion ( sev]al new & important obs]vations7 ,i f\nd t #ai_/bj ( ! :ole 0 absorb$4 ,p]ceiv+1 to my great surprize1 t s v great a proportion ( ?is k9d ( air 0 miscible ) wat]1 ,i imm$iately began to agitate a consid]able quantity ( x1 9 a j> /&+ 9 a tr\gh ( ! same k9d ( wat]2 &1 ) ab\t f\r times z mu* agitation z fix$ air requires1 x 0 s f> absorb$ by ! wat]1 t only ab\t "o fif? rema9$4 ,?is rema9d] ext+ui%$ flame1 & 0 noxi\s to animals4 ,aft]w>ds ,i dim9i%$ a pretty l>ge quantity ( nitr\s air to "o eigh? ( its orig9al bulk1 & ! rema9d] /ill reta9$ mu* ( its peculi> smell1 & dim9i%$ common air a little4 ,a m\se also di$ 9 x1 b n s sudd5ly z x w\ld h done 9 pure nitr\s air4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! peculi> smell ( nitr\s air is v manife/1 ! wat] be+ fir/ impregnat$ ) ! air1 & !n transmitt+ x to ! common atmosph]e4 ,?is exp]im5t gave me ! h9t ( impregnat+ wat] ) nitr\s air1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i _h be=e done x ) fix$ air2 & ,i pres5tly f\nd t di/ill$ wat] w\ld imbibe ab\t "o t5? ( its bulk ( ?is k9d ( air1 & t x acquir$ a rem>kably acid & a/r+5t ta/e f x4 ,! smell ( wat] ?us impregnat$ is at fir/ peculi>ly pung5t4 ,i did n *use to swall[ any ( x1 ?\gh1 = any ?+ t ,i "k1 x may be p]fectly innoc5t1 & p]haps1 9 "s cases1 salut>y4 ,?is k9d ( air is reta9$ v ob/9ately by wat]4 ,9 an exhau/$ receiv] a quantity ( wat] ?us saturat$ emitt$ a :iti% fume1 su* z sometimes issues f bubbles ( ?is air :5 x is fir/ g5]at$1 & also "s air-bubbles2 b ?\gh x 0 suff]$ to /& a long "t 9 ?is situation1 x /ill reta9$ its peculi> ta/e2 b :5 x _h /ood all night pretty ne> ! fire1 ! wat] 0 become q vapid1 & _h deposit$ a filmy k9d ( matt]1 ( :i* ,i _h (t5 collect$ a consid]able quantity f ! tr\gh 9 :i* j>s conta9+ ?is air _h /ood4 ,?is ,i suppose to be a precipitate ( ! metal1 by ! solution ( :i* ! nitr\s air 0 g5]at$4 ,i h n giv5 s mu* att5tion to x z to "k1 ) c]ta9ty1 9 :at circum/ances ?is deposit is made1 any m ?an ,i d ! matt] deposit$ f inflammable air above-m5tion$2 = ,i _c get x1 at lea/ 9 any consid]able quantity1 :5 ,i please2 :]eas ,i h (t5 f\nd abundance ( x1 :5 ,i did n expect x at all4 ,! nitr\s air ) :i* ,i made ! fir/ impregnation ( wat] 0 extract$ f copp]2 b :5 ,i made ! impregnation ) air f quicksilv]1 ! wat] _h ! v same ta/e1 ?\gh ! matt] deposit$ f x seem$ to be ( a diff]5t k9d2 = x 0 :iti%1 :]eas ! o!r _h a yell[i% t+e4 ,except ! fir/ quantity ( ?is impregnat$ wat]1 ,i c\ld nev] deprive any m t ,i made ( its peculi> ta/e4 ,i h ev5 let "s ( x /& m ?an a week1 9 phials ) _! m\?s op51 & sometimes v ne> ! fire1 )\t produc+ any alt]ation 9 x#f4 ,:e!r any ( ! _s ( nitre conta9$ 9 ! nitr\s air be mix$ ) ! wat] 9 ?is op]ation1 ,i h n yet endeav\r$ to det]m9e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may probably be ! case1 z ! _s ( nitre is1 9 a consid]able degree1 volatile#g4 ,x w p]haps be ?\ght1 t ! mo/ useful1 if n ! mo/ rem>kable1 ( all ! prop]ties ( ?is extraord9>y k9d ( air1 is its p[] ( pres]v+ animal sub/ances f putrefaction1 & ( re/or+ ^? t are already putrid1 :i* x possesses 9 a f> great] degree ?an fix$ air4 ,my fir/ obs]vation ( ?is 0 altoge!r casual4 ,hav+ f\nd nitr\s air to suff] s great a dim9ution z ,i h already m5tion$ by a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 ,i 0 will+ to try :e!r x w\ld be equally dim9i%$ by o!r causes ( ! dim9ution ( common air1 especially by putrefaction2 & = ?is purpose ,i put a dead m\se into a quantity ( x1 & plac$ x ne> ! fire1 :]e ! t5d5cy to putrefaction 0 v great4 ,9 ?is case !re 0 a consid]able dim9ution1 viz4 f #e-a_/d to #c-a_/d2 b n s great z ,i _h expect$1 ! antiseptic p[] ( ! nitr\s air hav+ *eck$ ! t5d5cy to putrefaction2 = :51 aft] a week1 ,i took ! m\se out1 ,i p]ceiv$1 to my v great surprize1 t x _h no (f5sive smell4 ,^u ?is ,i took two o!r mice1 "o ( !m j kill$1 & ! o!r s(t & putrid1 & put !m bo? into ! same j> ( nitr\s air1 /&+ 9 ! usual temp]ature ( ! wea!r1 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/ ( #aggb2 & aft] tw5ty-five days1 hav+ obs]v$ t !re 0 little or no *ange 9 ! quantity ( ! air1 ,i took ! mice out2 &1 exam9+ !m1 f\nd !m bo? p]fectly sweet1 ev5 :5 cut ?r\gh 9 sev]al places4 ,t :i* _h be5 put into ! air :5 j dead 0 q firm2 & ! fle% ( ! o!r1 :i* _h be5 putrid & s(t1 0 /ill s(t1 b p]fectly sweet4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! antiseptic p[] ( ?is k9d ( air ) t ( fix$ air1 ,i exam9$ a m\se :i* ,i _h inclos$ 9 a phial full ( fix$ air1 z pure z ,i c\ld make x1 & :i* ,i _h cork$ v close2 b ^u op5+ ?is phial 9 wat] ab\t a mon? aft]1 ,i p]ceiv$ t a l>ge quantity ( putrid effluvium _h be5 g5]at$2 = x ru%$ ) viol5ce out ( ! phial2 & ! smell t came f x1 ! mom5t ! cork 0 tak5 out1 0 insuff]ably (f5sive4 ,inde$ ,dr4 ,macbride says1 t he c\ld only re/ore v ?9 pieces ( putrid fle% by means ( fix$ air4 ,p]haps ! antiseptic p[] ( ^! k9ds ( air may be 9 proportion to _! acidity4 ,if a little pa9s 7 tak5 ) ?is subject1 ?is rem>kable antiseptic p[] ( nitr\s air might possibly be appli$ to v>i\s uses1 p]haps to ! pres]vation ( ! m delicate birds1 fi%es1 fruits1 c4 mix+ x 9 diff]5t proportions ) common or fix$ air4 ,( ?is prop]ty ( nitr\s air anatomi/s may p]haps avail !mselves1 z animal sub/ances may by ?is means be pres]v$ 9 _! natural s(t /ate2 b h[ long x w answ] = ?is purpose1 exp]i5ce only c %ew4 ,i calc9$ lead & t9 9 ! mann] h]eaft] describ$ 9 a quantity ( nitr\s air1 b ) v little s5sible effect2 :i* r surpriz$ me2 z1 f ! result ( ! exp]im5t ) ! iron fil+s & brim/one1 ,i _h expect$ a v great dim9ution ( ! nitr\s air by ?is process2 ! mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 & ! calc9ation ( metals1 hav+ ! same effect ^u common air1 bo? ( !m dim9i%+ x 9 ne>ly ! same proportion4 ,b ?\gh ,i made ! metals fume copi\sly 9 nitr\s air1 !re might be no real calc9ation1 ! phlogi/on n be+ sep>at$1 & ! prop] calc9ation prev5t$ by !re be+ no fix$ air1 :i* is necess>y to ! =mation ( ! calx1 to unite ) x4 ,nitr\s air is procur$ f all ! prop] metals by _s ( nitre1 except lead1 & f all ! semi-metals t ,i h tri$1 except z9c4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h us$ bismu? & nickel1 ) _s ( nitre only1 & regulus ( antimony & plat9a1 ) aqua regia4 ,i got little or no air f lead by _s ( nitre1 & h n yet made any exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ?is solution4 ,) z9c ,i h tak5 a little pa9s4 ,f\r p5ny-weights & sev5te5 gra9s ( z9c dissolv$ 9 _s ( nitre1 to :i* z mu* wat] 0 add$1 yield$ ab\t twelve ounce measures ( air1 :i* _h1 9 "s degree1 ! prop]ties ( nitr\s air1 mak+ a slight eff]vesc5ce ) common air1 & dim9i%+ x ab\t z mu* z nitr\s air1 :i* _h be5 itself dim9i%$ "o half by wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,! smell ( !m bo? 0 also ! same2 s t ,i conclud$ x to be ! same ?+1 t "p ( ! nitr\s air1 :i* is imbib$ by wat]1 be+ reta9$ 9 ?is solution4 ,9 ord] to discov] :e!r ?is 0 ! case1 ,i made ! solution boil 9 a s&-heat4 ,"s air came f x 9 ?is /ate1 :i* seem$ to be ! same ?+1 ) nitr\s air dim9i%$ ab\t "o six?1 or "o eigh?1 by wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,:5 ! fluid "p 0 evaporat$1 !re rema9$ a br[n fix$ sub/ance1 :i* 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,hellot1 :o describes x1 ,ac4 ,p>4 #agce1 ,m4 p4 #ce4 ,a "p ( ?is ,i ?rew into a small r$-hot crucible2 & cov]+ x imm$iately ) a receiv]1 /&+ 9 wat]1 ,i obs]v$ t v d5se r$ fumes rose f x1 & fill$ ! receiv]4 ,?is r$ness cont9u$ ab\t z long z t :i* is occasion$ by a mixture ( nitr\s & common air2 ! air 0 also consid]ably dim9i%$ )9 ! receiv]4 ,?is sub/ance1 !re=e1 mu/ c]ta9ly h conta9$ )9 x ! v same ?+1 or pr9ciple1 on :i* ! peculi> prop]ties ( nitr\s air dep5d4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ! air )9 ! receiv] 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o fif? by ?is process1 x 0 itself z mu* affect$ ) a mixture ( nitr\s air1 z common air is1 & a c&le burn$ 9 x v well4 ,?is may p]haps be attribut$ to "s effect ( ! _s ( nitre1 9 ! composition ( t br[n sub/ance4 ,nitr\s air1 ,i f9d1 w be consid]ably dim9i%$ 9 its bulk by /&+ a long "t 9 wat]1 ab\t z mu* z inflammable air is dim9i%$ 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,= ?is purpose ,i kept = "s mon?s a qu>t-bottle full ( ea* ( ^! k9ds ( air2 b z diff]5t quantities ( inflammable air v>y v mu* 9 ?is respect1 x is n improbable b t nitr\s air may v>y also4 ,f "o trial t ,i made1 ,i conclude t nitr\s air may be kept 9 a bladd] mu* bett] ?an mo/ o!r k9ds ( air4 ,! air to :i* ,i ref] 0 kept ab\t a =tnight 9 a bladd]1 ?r\gh :i* ! peculi> smell ( ! nitr\s air 0 v s5sible = sev]al days4 ,9 a day or two ! bladd] became r$1 & 0 mu* contract$ 9 its dim5sions4 ,! air )9 x _h lo/ v little ( its peculi> prop]ty ( dim9i%+ common air4 ,i did n endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! exact quantity ( nitr\s air produc$ f giv5 quantities1 ( all ! metals :i* yield x2 b ! few obs]vations :i* ,i did make = ?is purpose ,i %all recite 9 ?is place3 dwt4 gr4 #f #j ( silv] yield$ #ag-a_/b ounce measures4 #e #ai ( quicksilv] #d-a_/b #a #b-a_/b ( copp] #ad-a_/b #b #j ( brass #ba #j #bj ( iron #af #a #e ( bismu? #f #j #ab ( nickel #d ,,footnotes3 #f ,i h s9ce f\nd1 t nitr\s air has nev] fail$ to escape f ! wat]1 :i* has be5 impregnat$ ) x1 by long exposure to ! op5 air4 #g ,?is suspicion has be5 confirm$ by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,bewley1 ( ,great ,mass+ham 9 ,norfolk1 :o has discov]$ t ! acid ta/e ( ?is wat] is n ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its impregnation ) nitr\s air1 b is ! effect ( ! acid vap\r1 into :i* "p ( ?is air is resolv$1 :5 x is decompos$ by a mixture ) common air4 ,?is1 x w be se51 exactly agrees ) my own obs]vation on ! con/itution ( nitr\s air1 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w4 ,a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,bewley's obs]vation w be giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,( ,,air infect$ ) ! ,,fumes ( ,,burn+ ,,*>coal4 ,air infect$ ) ! fumes ( burn+ *>coal is well kn[n to be noxi\s2 & ! ,hon\rable ,mr4 ,cav5di% fav\r$ me ) an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts ( 81 9 :i* a quantity ( common air 0 r$uc$ f #ahj to #afb ounce measures1 by pass+ ?r\gh a r$-hot iron tube fill$ ) ! du/ ( *>coal4 ,?is dim9ution he ascrib$ to su* a de/ruction ( common air z ,dr4 ,hales imag9$ to be ! consequ5ce ( burn+4 ,mr4 ,cav5di% also obs]v$1 t !re _h be5 a g5]ation ( fix$ air 9 ?is process1 b t x 0 absorb$ by sope leys4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i also repeat$1 ) a small v>iation ( circum/ances1 & ) ne>ly ! same result4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,i endeav\r$ to asc]ta91 by :at appe>s to me to be an easi] & m c]ta9 me?od1 9 :at mann] air is affect$ ) ! fumes ( *>coal1 viz4 by susp5d+ bits ( *>coal )9 glass vessels1 fill$ to a c]ta9 height ) wat]1 & /&+ inv]t$ 9 ano!r vessel ( wat]1 :ile ,i ?rew ! focus ( a burn+ mirror1 or l5s1 ^u !m4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i dim9i%$ a giv5 quantity ( air "o fif?1 :i* is ne>ly 9 ! same proportion ) o!r dim9utions ( air4 ,if1 in/ead ( pure wat]1 ,i us$ lime-wat] 9 ?is process1 x nev] fail$ to become turbid by ! precipitation ( ! lime1 :i* c\ld only be occasion$ by fix$ air1 ei!r dis*>g$ f ! *>coal1 or deposit$ by ! common air4 ,at fir/ ,i conclud$ t x came f ! *>coal2 b consid]+ t x is n probable t fix$ air1 conf9$ 9 any sub/ance1 c be> s great a degree ( heat z is necess>y to make *>coal1 )\t be+ :olly expell$2 & t 9 o!r dim9utions ( common air1 by phlogi/on only1 !re appe>s to be a deposition ( fix$ air1 ,i h n[ no d\bt b t1 9 ?is case also1 x is suppli$ f ! same s\rce4 ,?is op9ion is ! m probable1 f !re be+ ! same precipitation ( lime1 9 ?is process1 ) :atev] degree ( heat ! *>coal _h be5 made4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *>coal _h n be5 made ) a v consid]able degree ( heat1 !re nev] fail$ to be a p]man5t addition ( inflammable air produc$2 :i* agrees ) :at ,i obs]v$ be=e1 t1 9 conv]t+ dry wood into *>coal1 ! greate/ "p is *ang$ into inflammable air4 ,i h sometimes f\nd1 t *>coal :i* 0 made ) ! mo/ int5se heat ( a smi?'s fire1 :i* vitrifi$ "p ( a common crucible 9 :i* ! *>coal 0 conf9$1 & :i* _h be5 cont9u$ above half an h\r1 did n dim9i% ! air 9 :i* ! focus ( a burn+ mirror 0 ?r[n ^u x2 a quantity ( inflammable air equal to ! dim9ution ( ! common air be+ g5]at$ 9 ! process3 :]eas1 at o!r times1 ,i h n p]ceiv$ t !re 0 any g5]ation ( inflammable air1 b a simple dim9ution ( common air1 :5 ! *>coal _h be5 made ) a mu* less degree ( heat4 ,?is subject des]ves to be f>!r inve/igat$4 ,to make ! prec$+ exp]im5t ) /ill m accuracy1 ,i repeat$ x 9 quicksilv]2 :5 ,i p]ceiv$ t !re 0 a small increase ( ! quantity ( air1 probably f a g5]ation ( inflammable air4 ,?us x /ood )\t any alt]ation a :ole night1 & "p ( ! foll[+ day2 :5 lime-wat]1 be+ admitt$ to x1 x pres5tly became turbid1 &1 aft] "s "t1 ! :ole quantity ( air1 :i* 0 ab\t f\r ounce measures1 0 dim9i%$ "o fif?1 z be=e4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i c>efully weigh$ ! piece ( *>coal1 :i* 0 exactly two gra9s1 & c\ld n f9d t x 0 s5sibly dim9i%$ 9 weight by ! op]ation4 ,air ?us dim9i%$ by ! fumes ( burn+ *>coal n only ext+ui%es flame1 b is 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s to animals2 x makes no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air1 & is incapable ( be+ dim9i%$ any f>!r by ! fumes ( m *>coal1 by a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 or by any o!r cause ( ! dim9ution ( air t ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* respects all o!r k9ds ( dim9i%$ air1 proves t ,dr4 ,hales 0 mi/ak5 9 8 notion ( ! absorption ( air 9 ^? circum/ances 9 :i* he obs]v$ x4 ,= he suppos$ t ! rema9d] 01 9 all cases1 ( ! same nature ) t :i* _h be5 absorb$1 & t ! op]ation ( ! same cause w\ld n h fail$ to produce a f>!r dim9ution2 :]eas all my obs]vations %ew t air1 :i* has once be5 fully dim9i%$ by any cause :atev]1 is n only incapable ( any f>!r dim9ution1 ei!r f ! same or f any o!r cause1 b t x has likewise acquir$ new prop]ties1 mo/ rem>kably diff]5t f ^? :i* x _h be=e1 & t !y are1 9 a great measure1 ! same 9 all ! cases4 ,^! circum/ances give reason to suspect1 t ! cause ( dim9ution is1 9 reality1 ! same 9 all ! cases4 ,:at ?is cause is1 may1 p]haps1 appe> 9 ! next c\rse ( obs]vations4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,( ! effect ( ! ,,calc9ation ( ,,metals1 & ( ! ,,effluvia ( ,,pa9t made ) ,,:ite-,,lead & ,,oil1 on ,,air4 ,hav+ be5 l$ to suspect1 f ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i _h made ) *>coal1 t ! dim9ution ( air 9 t case1 & p]haps 9 o!r cases also1 01 9 "s way or o!r ! consequ5ce ( its hav+ m ?an its usual quantity ( phlogi/on1 x occurr$ to me1 t ! calc9ation ( metals1 :i* are g5]ally suppos$ to consi/ ( no?+ b a metallic e>? unit$ to phlogi/on1 w\ld t5d to asc]ta9 ! fact1 & be a k9d ( exp]im5tum crucis 9 ! case4 ,accord+ly1 ,i susp5d$ pieces ( lead & t9 9 giv5 quantities ( air1 9 ! same mann] z ,i _h be=e treat$ ! *>coal2 & ?r[+ ! focus ( a burn+ mirror or l5s ^u !m1 s z to make !m fume copi\sly4 ,i pres5tly p]ceiv$ a dim9ution ( ! air4 ,9 ! fir/ trial t ,i made1 ,i r$uc$ f\r ounce measures ( air to ?ree1 :i* is ! greate/ dim9ution ( common air t ,i _h ev] obs]v$ be=e1 & :i* ,i acc\nt =1 by suppos+ t1 9 o!r cases1 !re 0 n only a cause ( dim9ution1 b causes ( addition also1 ei!r ( fix$ or inflammable air1 or "s o!r p]man5tly ela/ic matt]1 b t ! effect ( ! calc9ation ( metals be+ simply ! escape ( phlogi/on1 ! cause ( dim9ution 0 alone & uncontr\l$4 ,! air1 :i* ,i _h ?us dim9i%$ by calc9ation ( lead1 ,i transf]r$ into ano!r clean phial1 b f\nd t ! calc9ation ( m lead 9 x 7or at lea/ ! attempt to make a f>!r calc9ation7 _h no f>!r effect ^u x4 ,?is air also1 l t :i* _h be5 infect$ ) ! fumes ( *>coal1 0 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s1 made no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air1 0 no f>!r dim9i%$ by ! mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 & 0 n only r5d]$ innoxi\s1 b also recov]$1 9 a great measure1 ! o!r prop]ties ( common air1 by wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,x might be suspect$ t ! noxi\s quality ( air 9 :i* lead 0 calc9$1 might be ow+ to "s fumes peculi> to t metal2 b ,i f\nd no s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ?is air1 & t 9 :i* t9 0 calc9$4 ,! wat] ov] :i* metals are calc9$ acquires a yell[i% t+e1 & an exce$+ly pung5t smell & ta/e1 pretty mu* 7z ne> z ,i c recollect1 = ,i did n comp>e !m toge!r7 l t ov] :i* brim/one has be5 frequ5tly burn$4 ,also a ?9 & :iti% pellicle cov]$ bo? ! surface ( ! wat]1 & likewise ! sides ( ! phial 9 :i* ! calc9ation 0 made2 insomu* t1 )\t frequ5tly agitat+ ! wat]1 x grew s opaque by ?is con/antly accumulat+ incru/ation1 t ! sun-beams c\ld n be transmitt$ ?r\gh x 9 a quantity suffici5t to produce ! calc9ation4 ,i imag9$1 h[ev]1 t1 ev5 :5 ?is air 0 transf]r$ into a clean phial1 ! metals 7 n s easily melt$ or calc9$ z !y 7 9 fre% air2 = ! air be+ once fully saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 may n s readily admit any m1 ?\gh x be only to transmit x to ! wat]4 ,i also suspect$ t metals 7 n easily melt$ or calc9$ 9 inflammable1 fix$1 or nitr\s air1 or any k9d ( dim9i%$ air4#h ,none ( ^! k9ds ( air suff]$ any *ange by ?is op]ation2 nor 0 !re any precipitation ( lime1 :5 *>coal 0 heat$ 9 any ( ^! k9ds ( air /&+ 9 lime-wat]4 ,?is furni%es ano!r1 & ,i ?9k a pretty decisive pro(1 t1 9 ! precipitation ( lime by *>coal1 ! fix$ air does n come f ! *>coal1 b f ! common air4 ,o!rwise x is h>d to assign a reason1 :y ! same degree ( heat 7or at lea/ a mu* great]7 %\ld n expel ! fix$ air f ?is sub/ance1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by ^! diff]5t k9ds ( air1 & :y ! fix$ air might n be transmitt$ ?r\gh !m to ! lime-wat]4 ,qu]y4 ,may n wat] impregnat$ ) phlogi/on f calc9$ metals1 or by any o!r me?od1 be ( "s use 9 m$ic9e8 ,! effect ( ?is impregnation is exce$+ly rem>kable2 b ! pr9ciple ) :i* x is impregnat$ is volatile1 & intirely escapes 9 a day or two1 if ! surface ( ! wat] be expos$ to ! common atmosph]e4 ,x %\ld seem t phlogi/on is reta9$ m ob/9ately by *>coal ?an x is by lead or t92 = :5 any giv5 quantity ( air is fully saturat$ ) phlogi/on f *>coal1 no heat t ,i h yet appli$ has be5 able to produce any m effect ^u x2 :]eas1 9 ! same circum/ances1 lead & t9 may /ill be calc9$1 at lea/ be made to emit a copi\s fume1 9 :i* "s "p ( ! phlogi/on may be set loose4 ,! air inde$1 c take no m2 b ! wat] receives x1 & ! sides ( ! phial also receive an addition ( incru/ation4 ,?is is a :ite p[d]y sub/ance1 & well des]ves to be exam9$4 ,i %all endeav\r to d x at my leisure4 ,lime-wat] nev] became turbid by ! calc9ation ( metals ov] x1 ! calx imm$iately seiz+ ! precipitat$ fix$ air1 9 pref]5ce to ! lime 9 ! wat]2 b ! col\r1 smell1 & ta/e ( ! wat] 0 always *ang$ & ! surface ( x became cov]$ ) a yell[ pellicle1 z be=e4 ,:5 ?is process 0 made 9 quicksilv]1 ! air 0 dim9i%$ only "o fif?2 & ^u wat] be+ admitt$ to x1 no m 0 absorb$2 :i* is an effect simil> to t ( a mixture ( nitr\s & common air1 :i* 0 m5tion$ be=e4 ,! prec$+ exp]im5ts on ! calc9ation ( metals sugge/$ to me a me?od ( expla9+ ! cause ( ! mis*ief :i* is kn[n to arise f fre% pa9t1 made ) :ite-lead 7:i* ,i suppose is an imp]fect calx ( lead7 & oil4 ,to v]ify my hypo!sis1 ,i fir/ put a small pot full ( ?is k9d ( pa9t1 & aft]w>ds 7:i* answ]$ mu* bett]1 by expos+ a great] surface ( ! pa9t7 ,i daub$ sev]al pieces ( pap] ) x1 & put !m "u a receiv]1 & obs]v$1 t 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! air 0 dim9i%$ betwe5 "o fif? & "o f\r?1 = ,i did n measure x v exactly4 ,?is air also 01 z ,i expect$ to f9d1 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s2 x did n eff]vesce ) nitr\s air1 x 0 no f>!r dim9i%$ by a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 & 0 made :olesome by agitation 9 wat] depriv$ ( all air4 ,i ?9k x appe>s pretty evid5t1 f ! prec$+ exp]im5ts on ! calc9ation ( metals t air is1 "s way or o!r1 dim9i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( be+ highly *>g$ ) phlogi/on2 & t agitation 9 wat] re/ores x1 by imbib+ a great "p ( ! phlogi/ic matt]4 ,t wat] has a consid]able aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 is evid5t f ! /rong impregnation :i* x receives f x4 ,may n plants also re/ore air dim9i%$ by putrefaction by absorb+ "p ( ! phlogi/on ) :i* x is load$8 ,! great] "p ( a dry plant1 z well z ( a dry animal sub/ance1 consi/s ( inflammable air1 or some?+ t is capable ( be+ conv]t$ into inflammable air2 & x seems to be z probable t ?is phlogi/ic matt] may h be5 imbib$ by ! roots & leaves ( plants1 & aft]w>ds incorporat$ into _! sub/ance1 z t x is altoge!r produc$ by ! p[] ( vegetation4 ,may n ?is phlogi/ic matt] be ev5 ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! food & support ( bo? vegetable & animal bodies8 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ) metals1 ! dim9ution ( air seems to be ! consequ5ce ( no?+ b a saturation ) phlogi/on2 & 9 all ! o!r cases ( ! dim9ution ( air1 ,i d n see b t x may be effect$ by ! same means4 ,:5 a vegetable or animal sub/ance is dissolv$ by putrefaction1 ! escape ( ! phlogi/ic matt] 7:i*1 toge!r ) all its o!r con/itu5t p>ts1 is !n let loose f x7 may be ! circum/ance t produces ! dim9ution ( ! air 9 :i* x putrefies4 ,x is highly improbable t :at rema9s aft] an animal body has be5 ?or\ghly dissolv$ by putrefaction1 %\ld yield s great a quantity ( inflammable air1 z ! dri$ animal sub/ance w\ld h done4 ,( ?is ,i h n made an actual trial1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 ?\ght ( do+ x1 & /ill int5d to d x2 b ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt ( ! result4 ,aga91 iron1 by its f]m5tation ) brim/one & wat]1 is evid5tly r$uc$ to a calx1 s t phlogi/on mu/ h escap$ f x4 ,phlogi/on also mu/ evid5tly be set loose by ! ignition ( *>coal1 & is n improbably ! matt] :i* flies (f f pa9t1 compos$ ( :ite-lead & oil4 ,la/ly1 s9ce _s ( nitre is kn[n to h a v rem>kable aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 x is f> f be+ improbable t nitr\s air may also produce ! same effect by ! same means4 ,to ?is hypo!sis x may be object$1 t1 if dim9i%$ air be air saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 x ought to be inflammable4 ,b ?is by no means foll[s2 s9ce its inflammability may dep5d ^u "s p>ticul> mode ( comb9ation1 or degree ( aff9ity1 ) :i* we are n acqua9t$4 ,besides1 inflammable air seems to consi/ ( "s o!r pr9ciple1 or to h "s o!r con/itu5t "p1 besides phlogi/on & common air1 z is probable f t rem>kable deposit1 :i*1 z ,i h obs]v$1 is made by inflammable air1 bo? f iron & z9c4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 b t a great] degree ( heat may inflame t air :i* ext+ui%es a common c&le1 if x c\ld be conv5i5tly appli$4 ,air t is inflammable1 ,i obs]ve1 ext+ui%es r$-hot wood2 & inde$ inflammable sub/ances c only be ^? :i*1 9 a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 h a less aff9ity ) ! phlogi/on !y conta91 ?an ! air1 or "s o!r contigu\s sub/ance1 has ) x2 s t ! phlogi/on only quits "o sub/ance1 ) :i* x 0 be=e comb9$1 & ent]s ano!r1 ) :i* x may be comb9$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 :e!r x be air or any ?+ else1 be+ n[ fully saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 & n be+ able to take any m1 9 ! same circum/ances1 mu/ necess>ily ext+ui% fire1 & put a /op to ! ignition ( all o!r bodies1 t is1 to ! f>!r escape ( phlogi/on f !m4 ,t plants re/ore noxi\s air1 by imbib+ ! phlogi/on ) :i* x is load$1 is v agreeable to ! conjectures ( ,dr4 ,frankl91 made _m ye>s ago1 & express$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! la/ edition ( 8 ,lett]s1 p4 #cdf4 ,i h be5 incl9$ to ?9k t ! fluid fire1 z well z ! fluid air1 is attract$ by plants 9 _! gr[?1 & becomes consolidat$ ) ! o!r mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$1 & makes a great "p ( _! sub/ance2 t1 :5 !y come to be dige/$1 & to suff] 9 ! vessels a k9d ( f]m5tation1 "p ( ! fire1 z well z "p ( ! air1 recov]s its fluid active /ate aga91 & diffuses itself 9 ! body1 dige/+ & sep>at+ x2 t ! fire s re-produc$1 by dige/ion & sep>ation1 cont9ually leav+ ! body1 its place is suppli$ by fre% quantities1 aris+ f ! cont9ual sep>ation2 t :atev] quick5s ! motion ( ! fluids 9 an animal1 quick5s ! sep>ation1 & re-produces m ( ! fire1 z ex]cise2 t all ! fire emitt$ by wood1 & o!r combu/ibles1 :5 burn+1 exi/$ 9 !m be=e 9 a solid /ate1 be+ only discov]$ :5 sep>at+2 t "s fossils1 z sulphur1 sea-coal1 c4 conta9 a great deal ( solid fire2 & t1 9 %ort1 :at escapes & is dissipat$ 9 ! burn+ ( bodies1 besides wat] & e>?1 is g5]ally ! air & fire1 t be=e made p>ts ( ! solid4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,i conclude f ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 :i* 7 made ) a mu* bett] burn+ l5s ?an ,i _h an opportunity ( mak+ use (1 t !re 0 no real calc9ation ( ! metals1 ?\gh !y 7 made to fume 9 inflammable or nitr\s air2 because he 0 n able to produce m ?an a slight degree ( calc9ation 9 any giv5 quantity ( common air4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,( ,,m>9e ,,acid ,,air4 ,be+ v mu* /ruck ) ! result ( an exp]im5t ( ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 relat$ ,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,lvi4 p4 #aeg1 by :i*1 ?\gh1 he says1 he 0 n able to get any inflammable air f copp]1 by means ( _s ( salt1 he got a mu* m rem>kable k9d ( air1 viz4 "o t lo/ its ela/icity by com+ into contact ) wat]1 ,i 0 exce$+ly desir\s ( mak+ myself acqua9t$ ) x4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,i began ) mak+ ! exp]im5t 9 quicksilv]1 :i* ,i nev] fail$ to d 9 any case 9 :i* ,i suspect$ t air might ei!r be absorb$ by wat]1 or be 9 any o!r mann] affect$ by x2 & by ?is means ,i pres5tly got a mu* m di/9ct idea ( ! nature & effects ( ?is curi\s solution4 ,hav+ put "s copp] fil+s into a small phial1 ) a quantity ( _s ( salt2 & mak+ ! air 7:i* 0 g5]at$ 9 great pl5ty1 on ! application ( heat7 asc5d into a tall glass vessel full ( quicksilv]1 & /&+ 9 quicksilv]1 ! :ole produce cont9u$ a consid]able "t )\t any *ange ( dim5sions4 ,i !n introduc$ a small quantity ( wat] to x2 :5 ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( x 7! :ole be+ ab\t f\r ounce measures7 pres5tly1 b gradually1 disappe>$1 ! quicksilv] ris+ 9 ! vessel4 ,i !n introduc$ a consid]able quantity ( wat]2 b !re 0 no f>!r dim9ution ( ! air1 & ! rema9d] ,i f\nd to be inflammable4 ,hav+ frequ5tly cont9u$ ?is process a long "t aft] ! admission ( ! wat]1 ,i 0 mu* amus$ ) obs]v+ ! l>ge bubbles ( ! newly g5]at$ air1 :i* came ?r\gh ! quicksilv]1 ! sudd5 dim9ution ( !m :5 !y came to ! wat]1 & ! v small bubbles :i* w5t ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,!y made1 h[ev]1 a cont9ual1 ?\gh sl[1 increase ( inflammable air4 ,fix$ air1 be+ admitt$ to ! :ole produce ( ?is air f copp]1 _h no s5sible effect ^u x4 ,^u ! admission ( wat]1 a great "p ( ! mixture pres5tly disappe>$2 ano!r "p1 :i* ,i suppose to h be5 ! fix$ air1 0 absorb$ sl[ly2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! v small p]man5t residuum did n take fire2 b x is v possible t x might h done s1 if ! quantity _h be5 great]4 ,! solution ( lead 9 ! m>9e acid is att5d$ ) ! v same phnom5a z ! solution ( copp] 9 ! same acid2 ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! g5]at$ air disappe>+ on ! admission ( wat]2 & ! rema9d] be+ inflammable4 ,! solutions ( iron1 t91 & z9c1 9 ! m>9e acid1 7 all att5d$ ) ! same phnom5a z ! solutions ( copp] & lead1 b 9 a less degree2 = 9 iron "o eigh?1 9 t9 "o six?1 & 9 z9c "o t5? ( ! g5]at$ air disappe>$ on ! admission ( wat]4 ,! rema9d] ( ! air f iron1 9 ?is case1 burn$ ) a gre51 or v light blue flame4 ,i _h always ?\ght x some?+ extraord9>y t a species ( air %\ld lose its ela/icity by ! m]e contact ( any ?+1 & f ! fir/ suspect$ t x mu/ h be5 imbib$ by ! wat] t 0 admitt$ to x2 b s v great a quantity ( ?is air disappe>$ ^u ! admission ( a v small quantity ( wat]1 t at fir/ ,i c\ld n help conclud+ t appe>ances fav\r$ ! =m] hypo!sis4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t :5 ,i admitt$ a mu* small] quantity ( wat]1 conf9$ 9 a n>r[ glass tube1 a "p only ( ! air disappe>$1 & t v sl[ly1 & t m ( x vani%$ ^u ! admission ( m wat]4 ,?is obs]vation put x beyond a d\bt1 t ?is air 0 prop]ly imbib$ by ! wat]1 :i*1 be+ once fully saturat$ ) x1 0 n capable ( receiv+ any m4 ,! wat] ?us impregnat$ ta/$ v acid1 ev5 :5 x 0 mu* dilut$ ) o!r wat]1 ?r\gh :i* ! tube conta9+ x 0 drawn4 ,x ev5 dissolv$ iron v fa/1 & g5]at$ inflammable air4 ,?is la/ obs]vation1 toge!r ) ano!r :i* imm$iately foll[s1 l$ me to ! discov]y ( ! true nature ( ?is rem>kable k9d ( air4 ,happ5+1 at "o "t1 to use a good deal ( copp] & a small quantity ( _s ( salt1 9 ! g5]ation ( ?is k9d ( air1 ,i 0 surpriz$ to f9d t air 0 produc$ long aft]1 ,i c\ld n b ?9k t ! acid mu/ h be5 saturat$ ) ! metal2 & ,i also f\nd t ! proportion ( inflammable air to t :i* 0 absorb$ by ! wat] cont9ually dim9i%$1 till1 in/ead ( be+ "o f\r? ( ! :ole1 z ,i _h fir/ obs]v$1 x 0 n s mu* z "o tw5tie?4 ,^u ?is1 ,i conclud$ t ?is subtle air did n arise f ! copp]1 b f ! _s ( salt2 & pres5tly mak+ ! exp]im5t ) ! acid only1 )\t any copp]1 or metal ( any k9d1 ?is air 0 imm$iately produc$ 9 z great pl5ty z be=e2 s t ?is rem>kable k9d ( air is1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an ! vap\r1 or fumes ( _s ( salt1 :i* appe> to be ( su* a nature1 t !y are n liable to be cond5s$ by cold1 l ! vap\r ( wat]1 & o!r fluids1 & !re=e may be v prop]ly call$ an acid air1 or m re/rictively1 ! m>9e acid air4 ,?is ela/ic acid vap\r1 or acid air1 ext+ui%es flame1 & is mu* heavi] ?an common air2 b h[ mu* heavi]1 w n be easy to asc]ta94 ,a cyl9drical glass vessel1 ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f\r in*es deep1 be+ fill$ ) x1 & turn$ upside d[n1 a light$ c&le may be let d[n into x m ?an tw5ty times be=e x w burn at ! bottom4 ,x is pleas+ to obs]ve ! col\r ( ! flame 9 ?is exp]im5t2 = bo? be=e ! c&le goes out1 & also :5 x is fir/ light$ aga91 x burns ) a beautiful gre51 or r light-blue flame1 su* z is se5 :5 common salt is ?r[n into ! fire4 ,:5 ?is air is all expell$ f any quantity ( _s ( salt1 :i* is easily p]ceiv$ by ! subsequ5t vap\r be+ cond5s$ by cold1 ! rema9d] is a v weak acid1 b>ely capable ( dissolv+ iron4 ,be+ n[ 9 ! possession ( a new subject ( exp]im5ts1 viz4 an ela/ic acid vap\r1 9 ! =m ( a p]man5t air1 easily procur$1 & effectually conf9$ by glass & quicksilv]1 ) :i* x did n seem to h any aff9ity2 ,i imm$iately began to introduce a v>iety ( sub/ances to x2 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its peculi> prop]ties & aff9ities1 & also ! prop]ties ( ^? o!r bodies ) respect to x4 ,beg9n+ ) wat]1 :i*1 f prec$+ obs]vations1 ,i knew w\ld imbibe x1 & become impregnat$ ) x2 ,i f\nd t #b-a_/b gra9s ( ra9-wat] absorb$ ?ree ounce measures ( ?is air1 aft] :i* x 0 increas$ "o ?ird 9 its bulk1 & weigh$ twice z mu* z be=e2 s t ?is conc5trat$ vap\r seems to be twice z heavy z ra9-wat]3 ,wat] impregnat$ ) x makes ! /ronge/ _s ( salt t ,i h se51 dissolv+ iron ) ! mo/ rapidity4 ,consequ5tly1 two ?irds ( ! be/ _s ( salt is no?+ m ?an m]e phlegm or wat]4 ,iron fil+s1 be+ admitt$ to ?is air1 7 dissolv$ by x pretty fa/1 half ( ! air disappe>+1 & ! o!r half becom+ inflammable air1 n absorb$ by wat]4 ,putt+ *alk to x1 fix$ air 0 produc$4 ,i _h n introduc$ _m sub/ances to ?is air1 be=e ,i discov]$ t x _h an aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 s t x w\ld deprive o!r sub/ances ( x1 & =m ) x su* an union z con/itutes inflammable air2 :i* seems to %ew1 t inflammable air univ]sally consi/s ( ! union ( "s acid vap\r ) phlogi/on4 ,inflammable air 0 produc$1 :5 to ?is acid air ,i put _s ( w9e1 oil ( olives1 oil ( turp5t9e1 *>coal1 phosphorus1 bees-wax1 & ev5 sulphur4 ,?is la/ obs]vation1 ,i own1 surpriz$ me2 =1 ! m>9e acid be+ reckon$ ! weake/ ( ! ?ree m9]al acids1 ,i did n ?9k t x _h be5 capable ( dislodg+ ! oil ( vitriol f ?is sub/ance2 b ,i f\nd t x _h ! v same effect bo? ^u alum & nitre2 ! vitriolic acid 9 ! =m] case1 & ! nitr\s 9 ! latt]1 giv+ place to ! /rong] vap\r ( _s ( salt4 ,! ru/ ( iron1 & ! precipitate ( nitr\s air made f copp]1 also imbib$ ?is air v fa/1 & ! little t rema9$ ( x 0 inflammable air2 :i* proves1 t ^! calces conta9 phlogi/on4 ,x seems also to be pretty evid5t1 f ?is exp]im5t1 t ! precipitate above m5tion$ is a real calx ( ! metal1 by ! solution ( :i* ! nitr\s air is g5]at$4 ,z "s rem>kable circum/ances att5d ! absorption ( ?is acid air1 by ! sub/ances above-m5tion$1 ,i %all briefly m5tion !m4 ,_s ( w9e absorbs ?is air z readily z wat] itself1 & is increas$ 9 bulk by t means4 ,also1 :5 x is saturat$1 x dissolves iron ) z mu* rapidity1 & /ill cont9ues inflammable4 ,oil ( olives absorbs ?is air v sl[ly1 & at ! same "t1 x turns almo/ black1 & becomes glut9\s4 ,x is also less miscible ) wat]1 & acquires a v disagreeable smell4 ,by cont9u+ ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 x became :ite1 & its (f5sive smell w5t (f 9 a few days4 ,oil ( turp5t9e absorb$ ?is air v fa/1 turn+ br[n1 & almo/ black4 ,no inflammable air 0 =m$1 till ,i rais$ m ( ! acid air ?an ! oil 0 able to absorb1 & let x /& a consid]able "t2 & /ill ! air 0 b weakly inflammable4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ! oil ( olives1 9 ! la/ m5tion$ exp]im5t2 & x seems to be probable1 t1 ! long] ?is acid air _h cont9u$ 9 contact ) ! oil1 ! m phlogi/on x w\ld h extract$ f x4 ,x is n :olly improbable1 b t1 9 ! int]m$iate /ate1 be=e x becomes inflammable air1 x may be ne>ly ( ! nature ( common air4 ,bees-wax absorb$ ?is air v sl[ly4 ,ab\t ! bigness ( a hazel-nut ( ! wax be+ put to ?ree ounce measures ( ! acid air1 ! air 0 dim9i%$ "o half 9 two days1 &1 ^u ! admission ( wat]1 half ( ! rema9d] also disappe>$4 ,?is air 0 /rongly inflammable4 ,*>coal absorb$ ?is air v fa/4 ,ab\t "o f\r? ( x 0 r5d]$ immiscible 9 wat]1 & 0 b weakly inflammable4 ,a small bit ( phosphorus1 p]haps ab\t half a gra91 smok$1 & gave light 9 ! acid air1 j z x w\ld h done 9 common air conf9$4 ,x 0 n s5sibly wa/$ aft] cont9u+ ab\t twelve h\rs 9 t /ate1 & ! bulk ( ! air 0 v little dim9i%$4 ,wat] be+ admitt$ to x absorb$ x z be=e1 except ab\t "o fif? ( ! :ole4 ,x 0 b weakly inflammable4 ,putt+ sev]al pieces ( sulphur to ?is air1 x 0 absorb$ b sl[ly4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ab\t "o fif? ( ! quantity _h disappe>$2 & wat] be+ admitt$ to ! rema9d]1 v little m 0 absorb$4 ,! rema9d] 0 inflammable1 & burn$ ) a blue flame4 ,not)/&+ ! aff9ity :i* ?is acid air appe>s to h ) phlogi/on1 x is n capable ( depriv+ all bodies ( x4 ,i f\nd t dry wood1 cru/s ( bread1 & raw fle%1 v readily imbib$ ?is air1 b did n "p ) any ( _! phlogi/on to x4 ,all ^! sub/ances turn$ v br[n1 aft] !y _h be5 "s "t expos$ to ?is air1 & ta/$ v /rongly ( ! acid :5 !y 7 tak5 out2 b ! fle%1 :5 wa%$ 9 wat]1 became v :ite1 & ! fibres easily sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 ev5 m ?an !y w\ld h done if x _h be5 boil$ or roa/$#i4 ,:5 ,i put a piece ( saltpetre to ?is air x 0 pres5tly surr\nd$ ) a :ite fume1 :i* soon fill$ ! :ole vessel1 exactly l ! fume :i* bur/s f ! bubbles ( nitr\s air1 :5 x is g5]at$ by a vigor\s f]m5tation1 & su* z is se5 :5 nitr\s air is mix$ ) ?is acid air4 ,9 ab\t a m9ute1 ! :ole quantity ( air 0 absorb$1 except a v little1 :i* might be ! common air t _h lodg$ ^u ! surface ( ! _s ( salt )9 ! phial4 ,a piece ( alum expos$ to ?is air turn$ yell[1 absorb$ x z fa/ z ! saltpetre _h done1 & 0 r$uc$ by x to ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,common salt1 z might be expect$1 _h no effect :atev] on ?is m>9e acid air4 ,i _h also imag9$1 t if air dim9i%$ by ! processes above-m5tion$ 0 affect$ 9 ?is mann]1 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 a mixture ( ?is acid air might imbibe t phlogi/on1 & r5d] x :olesome aga92 b ,i put ab\t "o f\r? ( ?is air to a quantity ( air 9 :i* metals _h be5 calc9$1 )\t mak+ any s5sible alt]ation 9 x4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 inf] f ?is1 t air is n dim9i%$ by means ( phlogi/on1 s9ce ! common air1 l "s o!r sub/ances1 may hold ! phlogi/on too fa/1 to be depriv$ ( x by ?is acid air4 ,i %all conclude my acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts ) obs]v+1 t ! electric sp>k is visible 9 acid air1 exactly z x is 9 common air2 & ?\gh ,i kept mak+ ?is sp>k a consid]able "t 9 a quantity ( x1 ,i did n p]ceive t any s5sible alt]ation 0 made 9 x4 ,a little inflammable air 0 produc$1 b n m ?an might h come f ! two iron nails :i* ,i made use ( 9 tak+ ! sp>ks4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,x w be se51 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w1 t1 9 "s ( ^! processes1 ,i _h aft]w>ds m success4 ,,section ,x4 ,,miscellane\s ,,obs]vations4 #a4 ,z _m ( ! prec$+ obs]vations relate to ! v9\s & putrefactive f]m5tations1 ,i _h ! curiosity to endeav\r to asc]ta9 9 :at mann] ! air w\ld be affect$ by ! acet\s f]m5tation4 ,= ?is purpose ,i inclos$ a phial full ( small be] 9 a j> /&+ 9 wat]2 & obs]v$ t1 dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree days1 !re 0 an increase ( ! air 9 ! j>1 b f t "t x gradually decreas$1 till at l5g? !re appe>$ to be a dim9ution ( ab\t "o t5? ( ! :ole quantity4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! :ole surface ( x 0 gradually cov]$ ) a scum1 beautifully corrugat$4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 an increase ( ! air till !re 0 m ?an ! orig9al quantity2 b ?is mu/ h be5 fix$ air1 n incorporat$ ) ! re/ ( ! mass2 =1 )draw+ ! be]1 :i* ,i f\nd to be s\r1 aft] x _h /ood #ah or #bj days "u ! j>1 & pass+ ! air sev]al times ?r\gh cold wat]1 ! orig9al quantity 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o n9?4 ,9 ! rema9d] a c&le w\ld n burn1 & a m\se w\ld h di$ pres5tly4 ,! smell ( ?is air 0 exce$+ly pung5t1 b diff]5t f t ( ! putrid effluvium4 ,a m\se liv$ p]fectly well 9 ?is air1 ?us affect$ ) ! acet\s f]m5tation2 aft] x _h /ood sev]al days mix$ ) f\r times ! quantity ( fix$ air4 #b4 ,all ! k9ds ( factiti\s air on :i* ,i h yet made ! exp]im5t are highly noxi\s1 except t :i* is extract$ f saltpetre1 or alum2 b 9 ?is ev5 a c&le burn$ j z 9 common air#aj4 ,9 "o quantity :i* ,i got f saltpetre a c&le n only burn$1 b ! flame 0 increas$1 & some?+ 0 he>d l a hiss+1 simil> to ! decrepitation ( nitre 9 an op5 fire4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made :5 ! air 0 fre% made1 & :ile x probably conta9$ "s p>ticles ( nitre1 :i* w\ld h be5 deposit$ aft]w>ds4 ,! air 0 extract$ f ^! sub/ances by heat+ !m 9 a gun-b>rel1 :i* 0 mu* corrod$ & soon spoil$ by ! exp]im5t4 ,:at effect ?is circum/ance may h _h ^u ! air ,i h n consid]$4 ,novemb] #f1 #aggb1 ,i _h ! curiosity to exam9e ! /ate ( a quantity ( ?is air :i* _h be5 extract$ f saltpetre above a ye>1 & :i* at fir/ 0 p]fectly :olesome2 :51 to my v great surprize1 ,i f\nd t x 0 become1 9 ! highe/ degree1 noxi\s4 ,x made no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air1 & a m\se di$ ! mom5t x 0 put into x4 ,i _h n1 h[ev]1 wa%$ x 9 ra9-wat] q t5 m9utes 7& p]haps less "t w\ld h be5 suffici5t7 :5 ,i f\nd1 ^u trial1 t x 0 re/or$ to its =m] p]fectly :olesome /ate4 ,x eff]vesc$ ) nitr\s air z mu* z ! be/ common air ev] does2 & ev5 a c&le burn$ 9 x v well1 :i* ,i _h nev] be=e obs]v$ ( any k9d ( noxi\s air meliorat$ by agitation 9 wat]4 ,?is s]ies ( facts1 relat+ to air extract$ f nitre1 appe> to me to be v extraord9>y & important1 &1 9 able h&s1 may lead to consid]able discov]ies4 #c4 ,!re are _m sub/ances :i* impregnate common air 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 b )\t mak+ x noxi\s to animals4 ,among o!r ?+s ,i tri$ volatile alkal9e salts1 & camphor2 ! latt] ( :i* ,i melt$ ) a burn+-glass1 9 air inclos$ 9 a phial4 ,! m\se1 :i* 0 put into ?is air1 sneez$ & c\gh$ v mu*1 especially aft] x 0 tak5 out2 b x pres5tly recov]$1 & did n appe> to h be5 s5sibly injur$4 #d4 ,hav+ made sev]al exp]im5ts ) a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 knead$ to a pa/e ) wat]1 ,i _h ! curiosity to try :at w\ld be ! effect ( sub/itut+ brass du/ 9 ! place ( ! iron fil+s4 ,! result 01 t :5 ?is mixture _h /ood ab\t ?ree weeks1 9 a giv5 quantity ( air1 x _h turn$ black1 b 0 n increas$ 9 bulk4 ,! air also 0 nei!r s5sibly increas$ nor decreas$1 b ! nature ( x 0 *ang$2 = x ext+ui%$ flame1 x w\ld h kill$ a m\se pres5tly1 & 0 n re/or$ by fix$ air1 :i* _h be5 mix$ ) x sev]al days4 #e4 ,i h frequ5tly m5tion$ my hav+1 at "o "t1 expos$ equal quantities ( diff]5t k9ds ( air 9 j>s /&+ 9 boil$ wat]4 ,common air 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 dim9i%$ f\r sev5?s1 & ! rema9d] ext+ui%$ flame4 ,?is exp]im5t demon/rates t wat] does n absorb air equally1 b t x decomposes x1 tak+ "o "p1 & leav+ ! re/4 ,to be q sure ( ?is fact1 ,i agitat$ a quantity ( common air 9 boil$ wat]1 & :5 ,i _h r$uc$ x f elev5 ounce measures to sev51 ,i f\nd t x ext+ui%$ a c&le1 b a m\se liv$ 9 x v well4 ,at ano!r "t a c&le b>ely w5t out :5 ! air 0 dim9i%$ "o ?ird1 & at o!r times ,i h f\nd ?is effect lake place at o!r v diff]5t degrees ( dim9ution4 ,?is diff]5ce ,i attribute to ! diff]5ces 9 ! /ate ( ! wat] ) respect to ! air conta9$ 9 x2 = sometimes x _h /ood long] ?an at o!r times be=e ,i made use ( x4 ,i also us$ di/ill$-wat]1 ra9-wat]1 & wat] out ( :i* ! air _h be5 pump$1 promiscu\sly ) ra9 wat]4 ,i ev5 d\bt1 n b t1 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( ! wat]1 !re might be no s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! bulk ( ! agitat$ air1 & yet at ! end ( ! process x w\ld ext+ui% a c&le1 air be+ suppli$ f ! wat] 9 ! place ( t "p ( ! common air :i* _h be5 absorb$4 ,x is c]ta9ly a little extraord9>y t ! v same process %\ld s f> m5d putrid air1 z to r$uce x to ! /&>d ( air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out2 & yet t x %\ld s f> injure common & :olesome air z to r$uce x to ab\t ! same /&>d3 b s ! fact c]ta9ly is4 ,if air ext+ui% flame 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ previ\sly saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 x mu/1 9 ?is case1 h be5 transf]r$ f ! wat] to ! air1 & x is by no means inconsi/5t ) ?is hypo!sis to suppose1 t1 if ! air be ov] saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 ! wat] w imbibe x1 till x be r$uc$ to ! same proportion t agitation 9 wat] w\ld h communicat$ to x4 ,to a quantity ( common air1 ?us dim9i%$ by agitation 9 wat]1 till x ext+ui%$ a c&le1 ,i put a plant1 b x did n s f> re/ore x z t a c&le w\ld burn 9 x aga92 :i* to me appe>$ n a little extraord9>y1 z x did n seem to be 9 a worse /ate ?an air 9 :i* c&les _h burn$ out1 & :i* _h nev] fail$ to be re/or$ by ! same means4 ,i _h no bett] success ) a quantity ( p]man5t air :i* ,i _h collect$ f my pump-wat]4 ,inde$ ^! exp]im5ts 7 begun be=e ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) t prop]ty ( nitr\s air1 :i* makes x s accurate a measure ( ! goodness ( o!r k9ds ( air2 & x might p]haps be r too late 9 ! ye> :5 ,i made ! exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ neglect$ ^! two j>s ( air1 ! plants di$ & putrefi$ 9 bo? ( !m2 & !n ,i f\nd ! air 9 !m bo? to be highly noxi\s1 & to make no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air4 ,i f\nd t a p9t ( my pump-wat] conta9$ ab\t "o f\r? ( an ounce measure ( air1 "o half ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds absorb$ by /&+ 9 fre% pump-wat]4 ,a c&le w\ld n burn 9 ?is air1 b a m\se liv$ 9 x v well4 ,^u ! :ole1 x seem$ to be 9 ab\t ! same /ate z air 9 :i* a c&le _h burn$ out4 #f4 ,i once imag9$ t1 by m]e /agnation1 air might become unfit = respiration1 or at lea/ ! burn+ ( c&les2 b if ?is be ! case1 & ! *ange be produc$ gradually1 x mu/ require a long "t = ! purpose4 ,= on ! #bb;d ( ,septemb] #aggb1 ,i exam9$ a quantity ( common air1 :i* _h be5 kept 9 a phial1 )\t agitation1 f ,may #agga1 & f\nd x to be 9 no respect worse ?an fre% air1 ev5 by ! te/ ( ! nitr\s air4 #g4 ,! cry/allization ( nitre makes no s5sible alt]ation 9 ! air 9 :i* ! process is made4 ,= ?is purpose ,i dissolv$ z mu* nitre z a quantity ( hot wat] w\ld conta91 & let x cool "u a receiv]1 /&+ 9 wat]4 #h4 ,novemb] #f1 #aggb1 a quantity ( inflammable air1 :i*1 by long keep+1 _h come to ext+ui% flame1 ,i obs]v$ to smell v mu* l common air 9 :i* a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one _h /ood4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 q s /rong1 b x 0 equally noxi\s4 #i4 ,bismu? & nickel are dissolv$ 9 ! m>9e acid ) ! application ( a consid]able degree ( heat2 b little or no air is got f ei!r ( !m2 b1 :at ,i ?\ght a little rem>kable1 bo? ( !m smell$ v mu* l ,h>r[gate wat]1 or liv] ( sulphur4 ,?is smell ,i h met ) sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( my exp]im5ts1 & 9 processes v diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,exp]im5ts1 ( :i* an acc\nt w be giv5 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w1 make x probable1 t ?\gh a c&le burn$ ev5 m ?an well 9 ?is air1 an animal w\ld n h liv$ 9 x4 ,at ! "t ( ?is fir/ publication1 h[ev]1 ,i _h no idea ( ?is be+ possible 9 nature4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made 9 ! ,ye> #aggc1 & ! ,beg9n+ ( #aggd4 ,,section ,i4 ,obs]vations on ,,alkal9e ,,air4 ,aft] ,i _h made ! discov]y ( ! m>9e acid air1 :i* ! vap\r ( _s ( salt may prop]ly en\gh be call$1 & _h made ^? exp]im5ts ^u x1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 an acc\nt 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is "w1 & o!rs :i* ,i propose to recite 9 ?is "p2 x occurr$ to me1 t1 by a process simil> to t by :i* ?is acid air is expell$ f ! _s ( salt1 an alkal9e air might be expell$ f sub/ances conta9+ volatile alkali4 ,accord+ly ,i procur$ "s volatile _s ( sal ammoniac1 & hav+ put x into a ?9 phial1 & heat$ x ) ! flame ( a c&le1 ,i pres5tly f\nd t a great quantity ( vap\r 0 dis*>g$ f x2 & be+ receiv$ 9 a vessel ( quicksilv]1 /&+ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]1 x cont9u$ 9 ! =m ( a transp>5t & p]man5t air1 n at all cond5s$ by cold2 s t ,i _h ! same opportunity ( mak+ exp]im5ts ^u x1 z ,i _h be=e on ! acid air1 be+ 9 ! same fav\rable circum/ances4 ,) ! same ease ,i also procur$ ?is air f _s ( h>t%orn1 & sal volatile ei!r 9 a fluid or solid =m1 i4 e4 f ^? volatile alkal9e salts :i* are produc$ by ! di/illation ( sal ammoniac ) fix$ alkalis4 ,b 9 ?is case ,i soon f\nd t ! alkal9e air ,i procur$ 0 n pure2 = ! fix$ air1 :i* ent]$ into ! composition ( my mat]ials1 0 expell$ along ) x4 ,also1 unit+ aga9 ) ! alkal9e air1 9 ! glass tube ?r\gh :i* !y 7 convey$1 !y /opp$ x up1 & 7 (t5 ! means ( bur/+ my vessels4 ,:ile ^! exp]im5ts 7 new to me1 ,i imag9$ t ,i 0 able to procure ?is air ) peculi> advantage & 9 ! greate/ abundance1 ei!r f ! salts 9 a dry /ate1 :5 !y 7 j cov]$ ) wat]1 or 9 a p]fectly fluid /ate2 =1 ^u apply+ a c&le to ! phials 9 :i* !y 7 conta9$1 !re 0 a mo/ a/oni%+ production ( air2 b hav+ exam9$ x1 ,i f\nd x to be *iefly fix$ air1 especially aft] ! fir/ or second produce f ! same mat]ials2 & remov+ my app>atus to a tr\gh ( wat] & us+ ! wat] in/ead ( quicksilv]1 ,i f\nd t x 0 n pres5tly absorb$ by x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be an easy & elegant me?od ( procur+ fix$ air1 f a small quantity ( mat]ials1 ?\gh !re mu/ be a mixture ( alkal9e air along ) x2 z x is by means ( its comb9ation ) ?is pr9ciple only1 t x is possible1 t s mu* fix$ air %\ld be reta9$ 9 any liquid4 ,wat]1 at lea/1 we "k1 _c be made to conta9 mu* m ?an its own bulk ( fix$ air4 ,aft] ?is disappo9tm5t1 ,i conf9$ myself to ! use ( t volatile _s ( sal ammoniac :i* is procur$ by a di/illation ) slak$ lime1 :i* conta9s no fix$ air2 & :i* seems1 9 a g5]al /ate1 to conta9 ab\t z mu* alkal9e air1 z an equal quantity ( _s ( salt conta9s ( ! acid air4 ,want+1 h[ev]1 to procure ?is air 9 great] quantities1 & ?is me?od be+ r exp5sive1 x occurr$ to me1 t alkal9e air might1 probably1 be procur$1 ) ! mo/ ease & conv5i5ce1 f ! orig9al mat]ials1 mix$ 9 ! same proportions t *emi/s _h f\nd by exp]i5ce to answ] ! be/ = ! production ( ! volatile _s ( sal ammoniac4 ,accord+ly ,i mix$ "o f\r? ( p\nd$ sal ammoniac1 ) ?ree f\r?s ( slak$ lime2 & fill+ a phial ) ! mixture1 ,i pres5tly f\nd x completely answ]$ my purpose4 ,! heat ( a c&le expell$ f ?is mixture a prodigi\s quantity ( alkal9e air2 & ! same mat]ials 7z mu* z fill$ an ounce phial7 w\ld s]ve me a consid]able "t1 )\t *ang+2 especially :51 in/ead ( a glass phial1 ,i made use ( a small iron tube1 :i* ,i f9d mu* m conv5i5t = ! purpose4 ,z wat] soon beg9s to rise 9 ?is process1 x is necess>y1 if ! air is int5d$ to be convey$ p]fectly dry into ! vessel ( quicksilv]1 to h a small vessel 9 :i* ?is wat] 7:i* is ! common volatile _s ( sal ammoniac7 may be receiv$4 ,?is small vessel mu/ be int]pos$ betwe5 ! vessel :i* conta9s ! mat]ials = ! g5]ation ( ! air1 & t 9 :i* x is to be receiv$1 z d fig4 #h4 ,?is alkal9e air be+ p]fectly analog\s to ! acid air1 ,i 0 naturally l$ to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( x 9 ! same mann]1 & ne>ly 9 ! same ord]4 ,f ?is analogy ,i conclud$1 z ,i pres5tly f\nd to be ! fact1 t ?is alkal9e air w\ld be readily imbib$ by wat]1 &1 by its union ) x1 w\ld =m a volatile _s ( sal ammoniac4 ,& z ! wat]1 :5 admitt$ to ! air 9 ?is mann]1 conf9$ by quicksilv]1 has an opportunity ( fully saturat+ itself ) ! alkal9e vap\r1 x is made prodigi\sly /rong] ?an any volatile _s ( sal ammoniac t ,i h ev] se52 & ,i believe /rong] ?an x c be made 9 ! common way4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at addition1 ) respect to quantity & weight1 wat] w\ld acquire by be+ saturat$ ) alkal9e air1 ,i put #a-a_/d gra9s ( ra9-wat] into a small glass tube1 clos$ at "o end ) cem5t1 & op5 at ! o!r1 ! column ( wat] measur+ #g_/aj ( an in*2 & hav+ introduc$ x ?r\gh ! quicksilv] into a vessel conta9+ alkal9e air1 obs]v$ t x absorb$ #g_/h ( an ounce measure ( ! air1 & _h !n ga9$ ab\t half a gra9 9 weight1 & 0 increas$ to #h-a_/b t5?s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,i did n make a second exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 & !re=e w n answ] = ! exactness ( ^! proportions 9 future trials4 ,:at ,i did suffici5tly answ]$ my purpose1 9 a g5]al view ( ! subject4 ,:5 ,i _h1 at "o "t1 saturat$ a quantity ( di/ill$ wat] ) alkal9e air1 s t a good deal ( ! air rema9$ unabsorb$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 ,i obs]v$ t1 z ,i cont9u$ to ?r[ up m air1 a consid]able proportion ( x 0 imbib$1 b n ! :ole2 & :5 ,i _h let ! app>atus /& a day1 mu* m ( ! air t lay on ! surface 0 imbib$4 ,& aft] ! wat] w\ld imbibe no m ( ! old air1 x imbib$ new4 ,?is %ews t wat] requires a consid]able "t to saturate itself ) ?is k9d ( air1 & t "p ( x m readily unites ) wat] ?an ! re/4 ,! same is also1 probably1 ! case ) all ! k9ds ( air ) :i* wat] c be impregnat$4 ,mr4 ,cav5di% made ?is obs]vation ) respect to fix$ air1 & ,i repeat$ ! :ole process above-m5tion$ ) acid air1 & _h precisely ! same result4 ,! alkal9e wat] :i* ,i procur$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 01 beyond comp>ison1 /rong] to ! smell1 ?an any _s ( sal ammoniac t ,i _h se54 ,?is exp]im5t l$ me to attempt ! mak+ ( _s ( sal ammoniac 9 a l>g] quantity1 by impregnat+ di/ill$ wat] ) ?is alkal9e air4 ,= ?is purpose ,i fill$ a piece ( a gun-b>rel ) ! mat]ials above-m5tion$1 & lut$ to ! op5 end ( x a small glass tube1 "o end ( :i* 0 b5t1 & put )9 ! m\? ( a glass vessel1 conta9+ a quantity ( di/ill$ wat] ^u quicksilv]1 /&+ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]1 z 9 fig4 #g4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! heat ( ! fire1 appli$ gradually1 expell$ ! alkal9e air1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! tube1 & ! quicksilv]1 came at la/ to ! wat]1 :i*1 9 "t1 became fully saturat$ ) x4 ,by ?is means ,i got a v /rong alkal9e liquor1 f :i* ,i c\ld aga9 expel ! alkal9e air :i* ,i _h put into x1 :5ev] x happ5$ to be m conv5i5t to me to get x 9 t mann]4 ,?is process may easily be p]=m$ 9 a /ill l>g] way2 & by ?is means a liquor ( ! same nature ) ! volatile _s ( sal ammoniac1 might be made mu* /rong]1 & mu* *eap]1 ?an x is n[ made4 ,hav+ satisfi$ myself ) respect to ! relation t alkal9e air be>s to wat]1 ,i 0 impati5t to f9d :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( mix+ ?is new air ) ! o!r k9ds ) :i* ,i 0 acqua9t$ be=e1 & especially ) acid air2 hav+ a notion t ^! two airs1 be+ ( opposite natures1 might compose a neutral air1 & p]haps ! v same ?+ ) common air4 ,b ! mom5t t ^! two k9ds ( air came into contact1 a beautiful :ite cl\d 0 =m$1 & pres5tly fill$ ! :ole vessel 9 :i* !y 7 conta9$4 ,at ! same "t ! quantity ( air began to dim9i%1 &1 at l5g?1 :5 ! cl\d 0 subsid$1 !re appe>$ to be =m$ a solid :ile salt1 :i* 0 f\nd to be ! common sal ammoniac1 or ! m>9e acid unit$ to ! volatile alkali4 ,! fir/ quantity t ,i produc$ imm$iately deliquesc$1 ^u be+ expos$ to ! common air2 b if x 0 expos$ 9 a v dry & w>m place1 x almo/ all evaporat$1 9 a :ite cl\d4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 s9ce1 f ! same mat]ials1 produc$ ! salt above-m5tion$ 9 a /ate n subject to deliquesce or evaporate4 ,?is diff]5ce1 ,i f9d1 is ow+ to ! proportion ( ! two k9ds ( air 9 ! comp\nd4 ,x is only volatile :5 !re is m ?an a due proportion ( ei!r ( ! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,9 ^! cases ! smell ( ! salts is extremely pung5t1 b v diff]5t f "o ano!r2 be+ manife/ly acid1 or alkal9e1 accord+ to ! preval5ce ( ea* ( ^! airs respectively4 ,nitr\s air admitt$ to alkal9e air likewise occasion$ a :iti% cl\d1 & "p ( ! air 0 absorb$2 b x pres5tly grew cle> aga92 leav+ only a little dimness on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 might be a k9d ( salt1 =m$ by ! union ( ! two k9ds ( air4 ,!re 0 no o!r salt =m$ t ,i c\ld p]ceive4 ,wat] be+ admitt$ to ?is mixture ( nitr\s & alkal9e air pres5tly absorb$ ! latt]1 & left ! =m] possess$ ( its peculi> prop]ties4 ,fix$ air admitt$ to alkal9e air =m$ oblong & sl5d] cry/als1 :i* cross$ "o ano!r1 & cov]$ ! sides ( ! vessel 9 ! =m ( net-"w4 ,^! cry/als mu/ be ! same ?+ ) ! volatile alkalis :i* *emi/s get 9 a solid =m1 by ! di/illation ( sal ammoniac ) fix$ alkal9e salts4 ,inflammable air admitt$ to alkal9e air exhibit$ no p>ticul> appe>ance4 ,wat]1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 absorb$ ! alkal9e air1 & left ! inflammable air z x 0 be=e4 ,x 0 rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ! wat] :i* 0 admitt$ to !m became :iti%1 & t ?is :ite cl\d settl$1 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,alkal9e air mix$ ) common air1 & /&+ toge!r sev]al days1 fir/ 9 quicksilv]1 & !n 9 wat] 7:i* absorb$ ! alkal9e air7 x did n appe> t !re 0 any *ange produc$ 9 ! common air3 at lea/ x 0 z mu* dim9i%$ by nitr\s air z be=e4 ,! same 0 ! case ) a mixture ( acid air & common air4 ,hav+ mix$ air t _h be5 dim9i%$ by ! f]m5tation ( a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one ) alkal9e air1 ! wat] absorb$ ! latt]1 b left ! =m]1 ) respect to ! te/ ( nitr\s air 7& !re=e1 z ,i conclude1 ) respect to all its prop]ties7 ! same t x 0 be=e4 ,_s ( w9e imbibes alkal9e air z readily z wat]1 & seems to be z inflammable aft]w>ds z be=e4 ,alkal9e air contracts no union ) olive oil4 ,!y 7 9 contact almo/ two days1 )\t any dim9ution ( ! air4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 & ess5tial oil ( m9t1 absorb$ a v small quantity ( alkal9e air1 b 7 n s5sibly *ang$ by x4 ,e!r1 h[ev]1 imbib$ alkal9e air pretty freely2 b x 0 aft]w>ds z inflammable z be=e1 & ! col\r 0 n *ang$4 ,x also evaporat$ z be=e1 b ,i did n att5d to ?is la/ circum/ance v accurately4 ,sulphur1 nitre1 common salt1 & fl9ts1 7 put to alkal9e air )\t imbib+ any "p ( x2 b *>coal1 spunge1 bits ( l95 clo?1 & o!r sub/ances ( t nature1 seem$ to cond5se ?is air ^u _! surfaces2 = x began to dim9i% imm$iately ^u _! be+ put to x2 & :5 !y 7 tak5 out ! alkal9e smell !y _h contract$ 0 s pung5t z to be almo/ intol]able1 especially t ( ! spunge4 ,p]haps x might be ( use to recov] p]sons f swoon+4 ,a bit ( spunge1 ab\t z big z a hazel nut1 pres5tly imbib$ an ounce measure ( alkal9e air4 ,a piece ( ! inspissat$ juice ( turnsole 0 made v dry & w>m1 & yet x imbib$ a great quantity ( ! air2 by :i* x contract$ a mo/ pung5t smell1 b ! col\r ( x 0 n *ang$4 ,alum und]goes a v rem>kable *ange by ! action ( alkal9e air4 ,! outw>d %ape & size rema9 ! same1 b ! int]nal /ructure is q *ang$1 becom+ opaque1 beautifully :ite1 &1 to appe>ance1 9 all respects1 l alum :i* _h be5 roa/$2 & s z n to be at all affect$ by a degree ( heat t w\ld h r$uc$ x to t /ate by roa/+4 ,?is effect is produc$ sl[ly2 & if a piece ( alum be tak5 out ( alkal9e air be=e ! op]ation is ov]1 ! inside w be transp>5t1 & ! outside1 to an equal ?ickness1 w be a :ite cru/4 ,i imag9e t ! alkal9e vap\r seizes ^u ! wat] t ent]s into ! con/itution ( crude alum1 & :i* w\ld h be5 expell$ by heat4 ,roa/$ alum also imbibes alkal9e air1 &1 l ! raw alum t has be5 expos$ to x1 acquires a ta/e t is peculi>ly disagreeable4 ,phosphorus gave no light 9 alkal9e air1 & made no la/+ *ange 9 its dim5sions4 ,x v>i$1 inde$1 a little1 be+ sometimes increas$ & sometimes dim9i%$1 b aft] a day & a night1 x 0 9 ! same /ate z at ! fir/4 ,wat] absorb$ ?is air j z if no?+ _h be5 put to x4 ,hav+ put "s _s ( salt to alkal9e air1 ! air 0 pres5tly absorb$1 & a little ( ! :ite salt above-m5tion$ 0 =m$4 ,a little rema9$ unabsorb$1 & transp>5t1 b ^u ! admission ( common air to x1 x in/antly became :ite4 ,oil ( vitriol1 also =m$ a :ite salt ) alkal9e air1 & ?is did n rise 9 :ite fumes4 ,acid air1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 my =m] pap]s1 ext+ui%es a c&le4 ,alkal9e air1 on ! contr>y1 ,i 0 surpriz$ to f9d1 is slightly inflammable2 :i*1 h[ev]1 seems to confirm ! op9ion ( *emi/s1 t ! volatile alkali conta9s phlogi/on4 ,i dipp$ a light$ c&le into a tall cyl9drical vessel1 fill$ ) alkal9e air1 :5 x w5t out ?ree or f\r times successively2 b at ea* "t ! flame 0 consid]ably enl>g$1 by ! addition ( ano!r flame1 ( a pale yell[ col\r2 & at ! la/ "t ?is light flame desc5d$ f ! top ( ! vessel to ! bottom4 ,at ano!r "t1 ^u pres5t+ a light$ c&le to ! m\? ( ! same vessel1 fill$ ) ! same k9d ( air1 ! yell[i% flame asc5d$ two in*es high] ?an ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,! electric sp>k tak5 9 alkal9e air is r$1 z x is 9 common inflammable air4 ,?\gh alkal9e air be inflammable1 x appe>$1 by ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 to be heavi] ?an ! common inflammable air1 z well z to contract no union ) x4 ,into a vessel conta9+ a quantity ( inflammable air1 ,i put half z mu* alkal9e air1 & !n ab\t ! same quantity ( acid air4 ,^! imm$iately =m$ a :ite cl\d1 b x did n rise )9 ! space t 0 occupi$ by ! inflammable air2 s t ?is latt] _h kept its place above ! alkal9e air1 & _h n mix$ ) x4 ,t alkal9e air is light] ?an acid air is evid5t f ! appe>ances t att5d ! mixture1 :i* are inde$ v beautiful4 ,:5 acid air is introduc$ into a vessel conta9+ alkal9e air1 ! :ite cl\d :i* !y =m appe>s at ! bottom only1 & asc5ds gradually4 ,b :5 ! alkal9e air is put to ! acid1 ! :ole becomes imm$iately cl\dy1 q to ! top ( ! vessel4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ,i %all obs]ve t alkal9e air1 z well z acid1 dissolves ice z fa/ z a hot fire c d x4 ,?is 0 tri$ :5 bo? ! k9ds ( air1 & e in/rum5t made use ( 9 ! exp]im5t1 _h be5 expos$ to a pretty int5se fro/ sev]al h\rs4 ,9 bo? cases1 also1 ! wat] into :i* ! ice 0 melt$ dissolv$ m ice1 to a consid]able quantity4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,common ,,air dim9i%$ & made noxi\s by v>i\s processes4 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ t1 9 ! fir/ publication ( my pap]s1 ,i conf9$ myself *iefly to ! n>ration ( ! new facts :i* ,i _h discov]$1 b>ely m5tion+ any hypo!ses t occurr$ to me1 & nev] seem+ to lay mu* /ress ^u !m4 ,! reason :y ,i 0 s mu* ^u my gu>d 9 ?is respect 01 left1 9 consequ5ce ( atta*+ myself to any hypo!sis too soon1 ! success ( my future inquiries might be ob/ruct$4 ,b subsequ5t exp]im5ts hav+ ?r[n great light ^u ! prec$+ ones & hav+ confirm$ ! few conjectures ,i !n advanc$1 ,i may n[ v5ture to speak ( my hypo!ses ) a little less diffid5ce4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i %all be ready to rel9qui% any notions ,i may n[ ent]ta91 if new facts %\ld h]eaft] appe> n to fav\r !m4 ,9 a great v>iety ( cases ,i h obs]v$ t !re is a rem>kable dim9ution ( common1 or respirable air1 9 proportion to :i* x is always r5d]$ unfit = respiration1 indispos$ to eff]vesce ) nitr\s air1 & incapable ( f>!r dim9ution f any o!r cause4 ,! circum/ances :i* produce ?is effect ,i _h !n obs]v$ to be ! burn+ ( c&les1 ! respiration ( animals1 ! putrefaction ( vegetables or animal sub/ances1 ! eff]vesc5ce ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 ! calc9ation ( metals1 ! fumes ( *>coal1 ! effluvia ( pa9t made ( :ite-lead & oil1 & a mixture ( nitr\s air4 ,all ^! processes1 ,i obs]v$1 agree 9 ?is "o circum/ance1 & ,i believe 9 no o!r1 t ! pr9ciple :i* ! *emi/s call phlogi/on is set loose2 & !re=e ,i conclud$ t ! dim9ution ( ! air 01 9 "s way or o!r1 ! consequ5ce ( ! air becom+ ov]*>g$ ) phlogi/on1#aa & t wat]1 & gr[+ vegetables1 t5d to re/ore ?is air to a /ate fit = respiration1 by imbib+ ! sup]flu\s phlogi/on4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts :i* ,i h s9ce made t5d to confirm ?is supposition4 ,common air1 ,i f9d1 is dim9i%$1 & r5d]$ noxi\s1 by liv] ( sulphur1 :i* ! *emi/s say exhales phlogi/on1 & no?+ else4 ,! dim9ution 9 ?is case 0 "o fif? ( ! :ole1 & aft]w>ds1 z 9 o!r simil> cases1 x made no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air4 ,i f\nd also1 aft] ,dr4 ,hales1 t air is dim9i%$ by ,homb]g's pyrophorus4 ,! same effect is produc$ by fir+ gunp[d] 9 air4 ,?is ,i tri$ by fir+ ! gunp[d] 9 a receiv] half exhau/$1 by :i* ! air 0 r m injur$ ?an x w\ld h be5 by c&les burn+ 9 x4 ,air is dim9i%$ by a cem5t made ) "o half common co>se turp5t9e & half bees-wax4 ,?is 0 ! result ( a v casual obs]vation4 ,hav+1 9 an air-pump ( ,mr4 ,smeaton's con/ruction1 clos$ t end ( ! syphon-gage1 :i* is expos$ to ! outw>d air1 ) ?is cem5t 7:i* ,i knew w\ld make x p]fectly air-light7 in/ead ( seal+ x h]metically2 ,i obs]v$ t1 9 a c\rse ( "t1 ! quicksilv] 9 t leg kept cont9ually ris+1 s t ! measures ,i m>k$ ^u x 7 ( no use to me2 & :5 ,i op5$ t end ( ! tube1 & clos$ x aga91 ! same consequ5ce always took place4 ,at l5g?1 suspect+ t ?is effect mu/ h aris5 f ! bit ( cem5t dim9i%+ ! air to :i* x 0 expos$1 ,i cov]$ all ! inside ( a glass tube ) x1 & "o end ( x be+ q clos$ ) ! cem5t1 ,i set x p]p5dicul>1 ) its op5 end imm]s$ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]2 & 0 pres5tly satisfi$ t my conjecture 0 well f\nd$3 =1 9 a few days1 ! quicksilv] rose s mu* )9 ! tube1 t ! air 9 ! inside appe>$ to be dim9i%$ ab\t "o six?4 ,to *ange ?is air ,i fill$ ! tube ) quicksilv]1 & p\r+ x out aga91 ,i replac$ ! tube 9 its =m] situation2 :5 ! air 0 dim9i%$ aga91 b n s fa/ z be=e4 ,! same l9+ ( cem5t dim9i%$ ! air a ?ird "t4 ,h[ long x w reta9 ?is p[] ,i _c tell4 ,?is cem5t _h be5 made sev]al mon?s be=e ,i made ?is exp]im5t ) x4 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ano!r quantity ( ?is k9d ( cem5t1 made ) a f9] & m liquid turp5t9e1 _h n ! p[] ( dim9i%+ air1 except 9 a v small proportion4 ,also ! common r$ cem5t has ?is prop]ty 9 ! same small degree4 ,common air1 h[ev]1 :i* _h be5 conf9$ 9 a glass vessel l9$ ) ?is cem5t ab\t a mon?1 0 s f> injur$ t a c&le w\ld n burn 9 x4 ,9 a long] "t x w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 h become ?or\ghly noxi\s4 ,iron t has be5 suff]$ to ru/ 9 nitr\s air dim9i%es common air v fa/1 z ,i %all h occasion to m5tion :5 ,i give a cont9uation ( my exp]im5ts on nitr\s air4 ,la/ly1 ! same effect1 ,i f9d1 is produc$ by ! electric sp>k1 ?\gh ,i _h no expectation ( ?is ev5t :5 ,i made ! exp]im5t4 ,?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 & ^? :i* ,i h made 9 pursuance ( x1 has fully confirm$ ano!r ( my conjectures1 :i* relates to ! mann] 9 :i* air is dim9i%$ by be+ ov]*>g$ ) phlogi/on1 viz4 ! phlogi/on hav+ a ne>] aff9ity ) "s ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! air ?an ! fix$ air :i* ent]s into ! composition ( x1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! fix$ air is precipitat$4 ,?is ,i fir/ imag9$ f p]ceiv+ t lime-wat] became turbid by burn+ c&les ov] x1 p4 #dd4 ,?is 0 also ! case ) lime-wat] conf9$ 9 air 9 :i* an animal sub/ance 0 putrefy+1 or 9 :i* an animal di$1 p4 #gi4 & t 9 :i* *>coal 0 burn$1 p4 #ha4 ,b1 9 all ^! cases1 !re 0 a possibility ( ! fix$ air be+ dis*>g$ f ! c&le1 ! putrefy+ sub/ance1 ! lungs ( ! animal1 or ! *>coal4 ,t !re is a precipitation ( lime :5 nitr\s air is mix$ ) common air1 ,i _h n !n obs]v$1 b ,i h s9ce f\nd x to be ! case4 ,t !re 0 no precipitation ( lime :5 brim/one 0 burn$1 ,i obs]v$1 p4 #de4 might be ow+ to ! fix$ air & ! lime unit+ ) ! vitriolic acid1 & mak+ a salt1 :i* 0 soluble 9 wat]2 :i* salt ,i1 inde$1 discov]$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,i also obs]v$1 p4 #df1 #aje4 t dim9i%$ air be+ r light] ?an common air is a circum/ance 9 fav\r ( ! fix$1 or ! heavi] "p ( ! common air1 hav+ be5 precipitat$4 ,x 0 ^u ?is idea1 toge!r ) o!rs simil> to x1 t ,i took s mu* pa9s to mix fix$ air ) air dim9i%$ by respiration or putrefaction1 9 ord] to make x fit = respiration aga92 & ,i ?\ght t ,i _h1 9 g5]al1 succe$$ to a consid]able degree1 p4 #ii1 c4 ,i w add1 also1 :at ,i did n m5tion be=e1 t ,i once endeav\r$1 b )\t effect1 to pres]ve mice alive 9 ! same un*ang$ air1 by supply+ !m ) fix$ air1 :5 ! air 9 :i* !y 7 conf9$ began to be injur$ by _! respiration4 ,)\t effect1 also1 ,i conf9$ = "s mon?s1 a quantity ( quick lime 9 a giv5 quantity ( common air1 ?9k+ x might extract ! fix$ air f x4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* ,i made ) electricity 7 solely int5d$ to asc]ta9 :at has (t5 be5 attempt$1 b1 z f> z ,i "k1 _h nev] be5 fully accompli%$1 viz4 to *ange ! blue col\r ( liquors1 t+$ ) vegetable juices1 r$4 ,= ?is purpose ,i made use ( a glass tube1 ab\t "o t5? ( an in* diamet] 9 ! inside1 z 9 fig4 #af4 ,9 "o end ( ?is ,i cem5t$ a piece ( wire b1 on :i* ,i put a brass ball4 ,! l[] "p f a 0 fill$ ) wat] t+$ blue1 or r purple1 ) ! juice ( turnsole1 or ar*il4 ,?is is easily done by an air-pump1 ! tube be+ set 9 a vessel ( ! t+$ wat]4 ,?+s be+ ?us prep>$1 ,i p]ceiv$ t1 aft] ,i _h tak5 ! electric sp>k1 betwe5 ! wire b1 & ! liquor at a1 ab\t a m9ute1 ! upp] "p ( x began to look r$1 & 9 ab\t two m9utes x 0 v manife/ly s2 & ! r$ "p1 :i* 0 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 did n readily mix ) ! re/ ( ! liquor4 ,i obs]v$ also1 t if ! tube lay incl9$ :ile ,i took ! sp>ks1 ! r$ness ext5d$ twice z f> on ! l[] side z on ! upp]4 ,! mo/ important1 ?\gh ! lea/ expect$ obs]vation1 h[ev]1 0 t1 9 proportion z ! liquor became r$1 x advanc$ ne>] to ! wire1 s t ! space ( air 9 :i* ! sp>ks 7 tak5 0 dim9i%$2 & at l5g? ,i f\nd t ! dim9ution 0 ab\t "o fif? ( ! :ole space2 aft] :i* m electrify+ produc$ no s5sible effect4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! cause ( ! *ange ( col\r 0 9 ! air1 or 9 ! electric matt]1 ,i exp&$ ! air :i* _h be5 dim9i%$ 9 ! tube by means ( an air-pump1 till x expell$ all ! liquor1 & admitt$ fre% blue liquor into its place2 b aft] t1 electricity produc$ no s5sible effect1 ei!r on ! air1 or on ! liquor2 s t x 0 evid5t t ! electric matt] _h decompos$ ! air1 & _h made x deposite some?+ t 0 ( an acid nature4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! wire _h contribut$ any ?+ to ?is effect1 ,i us$ wires ( diff]5t metals1 iron1 copp]1 brass1 & silv]2 b ! result 0 ! v same ) !m all4 ,x 0 also ! same :51 by means ( a b5t glass tube1 ,i made ! electric sp>k )\t any wire at all1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,ea* leg ( ! tube1 fig4 #ai4 /ood 9 a bason ( quicksilv]2 :i*1 by means ( an air-pump1 0 made to asc5d z high z a1 a1 9 ea* leg1 :ile ! space betwe5 a & b 9 ea* conta9$ ! blue liquor1 & ! space betwe5 b & b conta9$ common air4 ,?+s be+ ?us dispos$1 ,i made ! electric sp>k p]=m ! circuit f "o leg to ! o!r1 pass+ f ! liquor 9 "o leg ( ! tube to ! liquor 9 ! o!r leg1 ?r\gh ! space ( air4 ,! effect 01 t ! liquor1 9 bo? ! legs1 became r$1 & ! space ( air betwe5 !m 0 contract$1 z be=e4 ,air ?us dim9i%$ by electricity makes no eff]vesc5ce )1 & is no f>!r dim9i%$ by a mixture ( nitr\s air2 s t x mu/ h be5 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s1 exactly l air dim9i%$ by any o!r process4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :at ! acid 01 :i* 0 deposit$ by ! air1 & :i* *ang$ ! col\r ( ! blue liquor1 ,i expos$ a small quantity ( ! liquor s *ang$ to ! common air1 & f\nd t x recov]$ its blue col\r1 exactly z wat]1 t+$ ) ! same blue1 & impregnat$ ) fix$ air1 w d4 ,b ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 /ill m decisive to ?is purpose4 ,tak+ ! electric sp>k ^u lime-wat]1 in/ead ( ! blue liquor1 ! lime 0 precipitat$ z ! air dim9i%$4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x pretty cle>ly foll[s1 t ! electric matt] ei!r is1 or conta9s phlogi/on2 s9ce x does ! v same ?+ t phlogi/on does4 ,x is also probable1 f ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! sulphure\s smell1 :i* is occasion$ by electricity1 be+ v diff]5t f t ( fix$ air1 ! phlogi/on 9 ! electric matt] itself may contribute to x4 ,x 0 n[ evid5t t common air dim9i%$ by any "o ( ! processes above-m5tion$ be+ ! same ?+1 z ,i h obs]v$1 ) air dim9i%$ by any o!r ( !m 7s9ce x is n liable to be f>!r dim9i%$ by any o!r7 ! loss :i* x su/a9s1 9 all ! cases1 is1 9 "p1 t ( ! fix$ air :i* ent]$ into its con/itution4 ,! fix$ air ?us precipitat$ f common air by means ( phlogi/on unites ) lime1 if any lime wat] be ready to receive x1 unless !re be "s o!r sub/ance at h&1 ) :i* x has a great] aff9ity1 z ! calces ( metals4 ,if ! :ole ( ! dim9ution ( common air 0 produc$ by ! deposition ( fix$ air1 x w\ld be easy to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( fix$ air t is conta9$ 9 any giv5 quantity ( common air4 ,b x is evid5t t ! :ole ( ! dim9ution ( common air by phlogi/on is n ow+ to ! precipitation ( fix$ air1 because a mixture ( nitr\s air w make a great dim9ution 9 all k9ds ( air t are fit = respiration1 ev5 ?\gh !y nev] 7 common air1 & ?\gh no?+ 0 us$ 9 ! process = g5]at+ !m t c be suppos$ to yield fix$ air4 ,inde$1 x appe>s1 f "s ( ! exp]im5ts1 t ! dim9ution ( "s ( ^! k9ds ( air by nitr\s air is s great1 & approa*es s ne>ly to ! quantity ( ! dim9ution ( common air by ! same process1 z to %ew t1 unless !y be v diff]5tly affect$ by phlogi/on1 v little is to be all[$ to ! loss ( fix$ air 9 ! dim9ution ( common air by nitr\s air4 ,! k9ds ( air on :i* ?is exp]im5t 0 made 7 inflammable air1 nitr\s air dim9i%$ by iron fil+s & brim/one1 & nitr\s air itself2 all ( :i* are produc$ by ! solution ( metals 9 acids2 & also on common air dim9i%$ & made noxi\s1 & !re=e depriv$ ( its fix$ air by phlogi/ic processes2 & !y 7 re/or$ to a great degree ( purity by agitation 9 wat]1 out ( :i* its own air _h be5 c>efully boil$4 ,to five p>ts ( inflammable air1 :i* _h be5 agitat$ 9 wat] till x 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o half 7at :i* "t "p ( x fir$ ) a weak explosion7 ,i put "o "p ( nitr\s air1 :i* dim9i%$ x "o eigh? ( ! :ole4 ,?is 0 done 9 lime-wat]1 )\t any precipitation ( lime4 ,to comp>e ?is ) common air1 ,i mix$ ! same quantity1 viz4 five p>ts ( ?is1 & "o "p ( nitr\s air3 :5 consid]able cru/ ( lime 0 =m$ ^u ! surface ( ! lime wat]1 ?\gh ! dim9ution 0 v little m ?an 9 ! =m] process4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! common air might h tak5 m nitr\s air be=e x 0 fully saturat$1 s z to beg9 to receive an addition to its bulk4 ,i agitat$ 9 wat] a quantity ( nitr\s air phlogi/icat$ ) iron fil+s & brim/one1 & f\nd x to be s f> re/or$1 t ?ree f\r?s ( an ounce measure ( nitr\s air be+ put to two ounce measures ( x1 made no addition to x4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! exp]im5ts is t :i* ,i made ) nitr\s air itself :i* ,i _h no idea ( ! possibility ( r$uc+ to a /ate fit = respiration by any process :atev]1 at ! "t ( my =m] publication on ?is subject4 ,?is air1 h[ev]1 itself1 )\t any previ\s phlogi/ication1 is purifi$ by agitation 9 wat] till x is dim9i%$ by fre% nitr\s air1 & to a v consid]able degree4 ,9 a pretty long "t ,i agitat$ nitr\s air 9 wat]1 supply+ x f "t to "t ) m1 z ! =m] quantity dim9i%$1 till only "o eighte5? ( ! :ole quantity rema9$2 9 :i* /ate x 0 s :olesome1 t a m\se liv$ 9 two ounce measures ( x m ?an t5 m9utes1 )\t %ew+ any sign ( uneas9ess2 s t ,i conclud$ x mu/ h be5 ab\t z good z air 9 :i* c&les _h burn$ out4 ,aft] agitat+ x aga9 9 wat]1 ,i put "o "p ( fre% nitr\s air to five p>ts ( ?is air1 & x 0 dim9i%$ "o n9? "p4 ,i !n agitat$ x a ?ird "t1 & putt+ m nitr\s air to x1 x 0 dim9i%$ aga9 9 ! same proportion1 & s a f\r? "t2 s t1 by cont9ually repeat+ ! process1 x w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 h be5 all absorb$4 ,^! processes 7 made 9 lime-wat]1 )\t =m+ any incru/ation on ! surface ( x4 ,la/ly1 ,i took a quantity ( common air1 :i* _h be5 dim9i%$ & made noxi\s by phlogi/ic processes2 & :5 x _h be5 agitat$ 9 wat]1 ,i f\nd t x 0 dim9i%$ by nitr\s air1 ?\gh n s mu* z x w\ld h be5 at ! fir/4 ,aft] cleans+ x a second "t1 x 0 dim9i%$ aga9 by ! same means2 &1 aft] t1 a ?ird "t2 & ?us !re c be no d\bt b t1 9 "t1 ! :ole quantity w\ld h disappe>$4 ,= ,i h nev] f\nd t agitation 9 wat]1 depriv$ ( its own air1 made any addition to a quantity ( noxi\s air2 ?\gh1 a priori1 x might h be5 imag9$ t1 z a saturation ) phlogi/on dim9i%es air1 ! extraction ( phlogi/on w\ld increase ! bulk ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 agitation 9 wat] always dim9i%$ noxi\s air a little2 inde$1 if wat] be depriv$ ( all its own air1 x is impossible to agitate any k9d ( air 9 x )\t "s loss4 ,also1 :5 noxi\s air has be5 re/or$ by plants1 ,i nev] p]ceiv$ t x ga9$ any addition to its bulk by t means4 ,!re 0 no incru/ation ( ! lime-wat] 9 ! above-m5tion$ exp]im5t4 ,x is n a little rem>kable1 t ^? k9ds ( air :i* nev] _h be5 common air1 z inflammable air1 phlogi/icat$ nitr\s air1 & nitr\s air itself1 :5 r5d]$ :olesome by agitation 9 wat]1 %\ld be m dim9i%$ by fre% nitr\s air1 ?an common air :i* _h be5 made noxi\s1 & re/or$ by ! same process2 & yet1 f ! few trials t ,i h made1 ,i c\ld n help conclud+ t ?is is ! case4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( exp]im5ts ,i 0 v ne> deceiv+ myself1 9 consequ5ce ( transf]r+ ! nitr\s air :i* ,i made use ( 9 a bladd]1 9 ! mann] describ$1 p4 #ae4 fig4 #i4 s z to conclude t !re 0 a precipitation ( lime 9 all ! above-m5tion$ cases1 & t ev5 nitr\s air itself produc$ t effect4 ,b aft] repeat$ trials1 ,i f\nd t !re 0 no precipitation ( lime1 except1 9 ! fir/ dim9ution ( common air1 :5 ! nitr\s air 0 transf]r$ 9 a glass vessel4 ,t ! calces ( metals conta9 air1 ( "s k9d or o!r1 & t ?is air contributes to ! additional weight ( ! calces1 above t ( ! metals f :i* !y are made1 _h be5 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hales2 & ,mr4 ,h>tley _h in=m$ me1 t :5 r$-lead is boil$ 9 l9se$ oil1 !re is a prodigi\s dis*>ge ( air be=e !y incorporate4 ,i _h likewise f\nd1 t no weight is ei!r ga9$ or lo/ by ! calc9ation ( t9 9 a close glass vessel2 b ,i purposely def]r$ mak+ any m exp]im5ts on ! subject1 till we %\ld h "s wea!r 9 :i* ,i c\ld make use ( a l>ge burn+ l5s1 :i* ,i _h provid$ = t & o!r purposes2 b1 9 ! mean "t1 ,i 0 l$ to ! discov]y 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,hav+1 by ! la/-recit$ exp]im5ts1 be5 l$ to consid] ! electric matt] z phlogi/on1 or some?+ conta9+ phlogi/on1 ,i 0 endeav\r+ to revivify ! calx ( lead ) x2 :5 ,i 0 surpriz$ to p]ceive a consid]able g5]ation ( air4 ,x occurr$ to me1 t possibly ?is effect might arise f ! heat communicat$ to ! r$-lead by ! electric sp>ks1 & !re=e ,i imm$iately fill$ a small phial ) ! r$-lead1 & heat+ x ) a c&le1 ,i pres5tly expell$ f x a quantity ( air ab\t f\r or five times ! bulk ( ! lead1 ! air be+ receiv$ 9 a vessel ( quicksilv]4 ,h[ mu* m air x w\ld h yield$1 ,i did n try4 ,along ) ! air1 a small quantity ( wat] 0 likewise ?r[n out2 & x imm$iately occurr$ to me1 t ?is wat] & air toge!r mu/ c]ta9ly be ! cause ( ! addition ( weight 9 ! calx4 ,x /ill rema9$ to exam9e :at k9d ( air ?is 02 b admitt+ wat] to x1 ,i f\nd t x 0 imbib$ by x1 exactly l fix$ air1 :i* ,i !re=e imm$iately conclud$ x mu/ be#ab4 ,aft] ?is1 ,i f\nd t ,mr4 ,lavoisi] _h completely discov]$ ! same ?+1 ?\gh 8 app>atus be+ m complex1 & less accurate ?an m9e1 he conclud$ t m ( ! air dis*>g$ f ! calces ( metals 0 immiscible ) wat] ?an ,i f\nd x to be4 ,x appe>$ to me t ,i _h nev] obta9$ fix$ air m pure4 ,x be+ n[ pretty cle>ly det]m9$1 t common air is made to deposit ! fix$ air :i* ent]$ into ! con/itution ( x1 by means ( phlogi/on1 9 all ! cases ( dim9i%$ air1 x w foll[1 t 9 ! precipitation ( lime1 by brea?+ into lime-wat] ! fix$ air1 :i* incorporates ) lime1 comes n f ! lungs1 b f ! common air1 decompos$ by ! phlogi/on exhal$ f !m1 & dis*>g$1 aft] hav+ be5 tak5 9 ) ! alim5t1 & hav+ p]=m$ its function 9 ! animal sy/em4 ,?us my conjecture is m confirm$1 t ! cause ( ! dea? ( animals 9 conf9$ air is n ow+ to ! want ( any pabulum vit1 :i* ! air _h be5 suppos$ to conta91 b to ! want ( a dis*>ge ( ! phlogi/ic matt]1 ) :i* ! sy/em 0 load$2 ! air1 :5 once saturat$ ) x1 be+ no suffici5t m5/ruum to take x up4 ,! in/antane\s dea? ( animals put into air s vitiat$1 ,i /ill ?9k is ow+ to "s /imulus1 :i*1 by caus+ imm$iate1 univ]sal & viol5t convulsions1 exhau/s ! :ole ( ! vis vit at once2 because1 z ,i h obs]v$1 ! mann] ( _! dea? is ! v same 9 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( noxi\s air4 ,to ?is section on ! subject ( dim9i%$1 & noxi\s air1 or z x might h be5 call$ phlogi/icat$ air1 ,i %all subjo9 a lett] :i* ,i address$ to ,sir ,john ,pr+le1 on ! noxi\s quality ( ! effluvia ( putrid m>%es1 & :i* 0 read at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,decemb] #af1 #aggc4 ,?is lett] :i* is pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,vol4 #gd1 p4 #ij4 is imm$iately foll[$ by ano!r pap]1 to :i* ,i w\ld ref] my read]4 ,x 0 writt5 by ,dr4 ,price1 :o has s greatly di/+ui%$ himself1 & done su* em95t s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 & to mank9d1 by 8 calculations relat+ to ! probabilities ( human life1 & 0 sugge/$ by 8 he>+ ?is lett] read at ! ,royal ,society4 ,x conta9s a confirmation ( my obs]vations on ! noxi\s effects ( /agnant wat]s by d$uctions f ,mr4 ,muret's acc\nt ( ! ,bills ( ,mortality = a p>i% situat$ among m>%es1 9 ! di/rict ( ,vaud1 belong+ to ! ,canton ( ,b]n 9 ,switz]l&4 ,to ,sir ,,john ,,pr+le1 ,b>onet4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,hav+ pursu$ my exp]im5ts on diff]5t k9ds ( air consid]ably f>!r1 9 sev]al respects1 ?an ,i _h done :5 ,i pres5t$ ! la/ acc\nt ( !m to ! ,royal ,society2 & be+ enc\rag$ by ! fav\rable notice :i* ! ,society has be5 pleas$ to take ( !m1 ,i %all cont9ue my communications on ?is subject2 b1 )\t wait+ = ! result ( a v>iety ( processes1 :i* ,i h n[ go+ on1 or ( o!r exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i propose to make1 ,i %all1 f "t to "t1 communicate su* deta*$ articles1 z ,i %all h giv5 ! mo/ att5tion to1 & ) respect to :i*1 ,i %all h be5 ! mo/ successful 9 my inquiries4 ,s9ce ! publication ( my pap]s1 ,i h read two treatises1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,alex&]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & am exce$+ly pleas$ ) ! _s ( philosophical inquiry1 :i* !y discov]4 ,!y appe> to me to conta9 _m new1 curi\s1 & valuable obs]vations2 b "o ( ! conclusions1 :i* he draws f 8 exp]im5ts1 ,i am satisfi$1 f my own obs]vations1 is ill f\nd$1 & f ! nature ( x1 mu/ be dang]\s4 ,i mean 8 ma9ta9+1 t !re is no?+ to be appreh5d$ f ! neighb\rhood ( putrid m>%es4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly surpris$1 to meet ) su* an op9ion z ?is1 9 a book inscrib$ to y\rself1 :o h s cle>ly expla9$ ! great mis*ief ( su* a situation1 9 y\r excell5t treatise on ! diseases ( ! army4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,i h ?\ght x n improp]1 to address to y ! foll[+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i ?9k cle>ly demon/rate ! fallacy ( ,dr4 ,alex&]'s reason+1 indisputably e/abli% y\r doctr9e1 & inde$ ju/ify ! appreh5sions ( all mank9d 9 ?is case4 ,i ?9k x probable en\gh1 t putrid matt]1 z ,dr4 ,alex&] has endeav\r$ to prove1 w pres]ve o!r sub/ances f putrefaction2 because1 be+ already saturat$ ) ! putrid effluvium1 x _c readily take any m2 b ,dr4 ,alex&] 0 n aw>e1 t air ?us load$ ) putrid effluvium is exce$+ly noxi\s :5 tak5 into ! lungs4 ,i h lately1 h[ev]1 _h an opportunity ( fully asc]ta9+ h[ v noxi\s su* air is4 ,happ5+ to use at ,calne1 a mu* l>g] tr\gh ( wat]1 = ! purpose ( my exp]im5ts1 ?an ,i _h done at ,le$s1 & n hav+ fre% wat] s ne> at h& z ,i _h !re1 ,i neglect$ to *ange x1 till x turn$ black1 & became (f5sive1 b by no means to su* a degree1 z to det] me f mak+ use ( x4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! wat]1 ,i obs]v$ bubbles ( air to rise f x1 & especially 9 "o place1 to :i* "s %elves1 t ,i _h 9 x1 direct$ !m2 & hav+ set an inv]t$ glass vessel to cat* !m1 9 a few days ,i collect$1 a consid]able quantity ( ?is air1 :i* issu$ spontane\sly f ! putrid wat]2 & putt+ nitr\s air to x1 ,i f\nd t no *ange ( col\r or dim9ution ensu$1 s t x mu/ h be51 9 ! highe/ degree1 noxi\s4 ,i repeat$ ! same exp]im5t sev]al times aft]w>ds1 & always ) ! same result4 ,aft] ?is1 ,i _h ! curiosity to try h[ :olesome air w\ld be affect$ by ?is wat]2 :51 to my real surprise1 ,i f\nd1 t aft] only "o m9ute's agitation 9 x1 a c&le w\ld n burn 9 x2 &1 aft] ?ree or f\r m9utes1 x 0 9 ! same /ate ) ! air1 :i* _h issu$ spontane\sly f ! same wat]4 ,i also f\nd1 t common air1 conf9$ 9 a glass vessel1 9 contact only ) ?is wat]1 & )\t any agitation1 w\ld n admit a c&le to burn 9 x aft] two days4 ,^! facts c]ta9ly demon/rate1 t air :i* ei!r arises f /agnant & putrid wat]1 or :i* has be5 = "s "t 9 contact ) x1 mu/ be v unfit = respiration2 & yet ,dr4 ,alex&]'s op9ion is r5d]$ s plausible by 8 exp]im5ts1 t x is v possible t _m p]sons may be r5d]$ secure1 & ?\ghtless ( dang]1 9 a situation 9 :i* !y mu/ necess>ily brea! x4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,i h ?\ght x "r to make ?is communication z e>ly z ,i conv5i5tly c\ld2 & z ,dr4 ,alex&] appe>s to be an +5u\s & b5evol5t man1 ,i d\bt n b he w ?ank me = x4 ,t air issu+ f wat]1 or r f ! s(t e>?1 or mud1 at ! bottom ( pits conta9+ wat]1 is n always un:olesome1 ,i h also _h an opportunity ( asc]ta9+4 ,tak+ a walk1 ab\t two ye>s ago1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,wakefield1 9 ,york%ire1 ,i obs]v$ bubbles ( air to arise1 9 rem>kably great pl5ty1 f a small pool ( wat]1 :i*1 ^u inquiry1 ,i 0 in=m$ _h be5 ! place1 :]e "s p]sons _h be5 bor+ ! gr\nd1 9 ord] to f9d coal4 ,^! bubbles ( air hav+ excit$ my curiosity1 ,i pres5tly return$1 ) a bason1 & o!r vessels prop] = my purpose1 & hav+ /irr$ ! mud ) a long /ick1 ,i soon got ab\t a p9t ( ?is air2 &1 exam9+ x1 f\nd x to be good1 common air2 at lea/ a c&le burn$ 9 x v well4 ,i _h n !n discov]$ ! me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! goodness ( common air1 by a mixture ( nitr\s air4 ,previ\s to ! trial1 ,i _h suspect$ t ?is air w\ld h be5 f\nd to be inflammable4 ,i %all conclude ?is lett] ) obs]v+1 t ,i h f\nd a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 diff]5t k9ds ( wat]1 ) respect to _! effect on common air agitat$ 9 !m1 & :i* ,i am n yet able to acc\nt =4 ,if ,i agitate common air 9 ! wat] ( a deep well1 ne> my h\se 9 ,calne1 :i* is h>d1 b cle> & sweet1 a c&le w n burn 9 x aft] ?ree m9utes4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ra9-wat]1 :i* ,i get f ! ro( ( my h\se4 ,b 9 di/ill$ wat]1 or ! wat] ( a spr+-well ne> ! h\se1 ,i mu/ agitate ! air ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 be=e x w be s mu* injur$4 ,x may be wor? :ile1 to make f>!r exp]im5ts ) respect to ?is prop]ty ( wat]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( us+ ! ra9-wat]1 & ! well-wat] above m5tion$1 ,i 0 v ne> conclud+1 contr>y to :at ,i h ass]t$ 9 ?is treatise1 t common air suff]s a decomposition by great r>efaction4 ,= :5 ,i _h collect$ a consid]able quantity ( air1 :i* _h be5 r>efi$ ab\t f\r hundr$ times1 by an excell5t pump made = me by ,mr4 ,smeaton1 ,i always f\nd1 t if ,i fill$ my receiv]s ) ! wat] above m5tion$1 ?\gh ,i did x s gradually z to occasion z little agitation z possible1 a c&le w\ld n burn 9 ! air t rema9$ 9 !m4 ,b :5 ,i us$ di/ill$ wat]1 or fre% spr+-wat]1 ,i undeceiv$ myself4 ,i ?9k myself hon\r$ by ! att5tion1 :i*1 f ! fir/1 y h giv5 to my exp]im5ts1 & am1 ) ! greate/ respect1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ oblig$ ,humble ,s]vant1 ,london1 #g ,dec4 #aggc4 ,j4 ,,prie/ley4 ,,po/script4 ,i _c help express+ my surprize1 t s cle> & intelligible an acc\nt1 ( ,mr4 ,,smeaton',s air-pump1 %\ld h be5 be=e ! public s long1 z ev] s9ce ! publication ( ! =ty-sev5? volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 pr9t$ 9 #ageb1 & yet t none ( our philosophical in/rum5t-mak]s %\ld use ! con/ruction4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is pump1 to any t are made ^u ! common plan1 is1 inde$1 prodigi\s4 ,few ( !m w r>efy m ?an #ajj times1 &1 9 a g5]al way1 n m ?an #fj or #gj times2 :]eas ?is in/rum5t mu/ be 9 a poor /ate inde$1 if x does n r>efy #bjj or #cjj times2 & :5 x is 9 good ord]1 x w g z f> z #ajjj times1 & sometimes ev5 mu* f>!r ?an t2 besides1 ?is in/rum5t is work$ ) mu* m ease1 ?an a common air-pump1 & ei!r exhau/s or cond5ses at pleasure4 ,9 %ort1 to a p]son engag$ 9 philosophical pursuits1 ?is in/rum5t is an invaluable acquisition4 ,i %all h occasion to recite "s exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i c\ld n h made1 & :i*1 inde$1 ,i %\ld h>dly h d>$ to attempt1 if ,i _h n be5 possess$ ( su* an air-pump z ?is4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$1 t "s p]son ( _s 9 ! trade w\ld attempt ! con/ruction ( an in/rum5t1 :i* w\ld d great cr$it to himself1 z well z be ( em95t s]vice to philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,on ?is acc\nt1 if x 0 ?\ght conv5i5t to introduce a new t]m 7or r make a new application ( a t]m already 9 use among *emi/s7 x might n be amiss to call air t has be5 dim9i%$1 & made noxi\s by any ( ! processes above m5tion$1 or o!rs simil> to !m1 by ! common appellation ( phlogi/icat$ air2 &1 if x 0 necess>y1 ! p>ticul> process by :i* x 0 phlogi/icat$ might be add$2 z common air phlogi/icat$ by *>coal1 air phlogi/icat$ by ! calc9ation ( metals1 nitr\s air phlogi/icat$ ) ! liv] ( sulphur1 c4 #ab ,"h x becomes me to ask p>don ( t excell5t philosoph] ,fa!r ,becc>ia ( ,tur91 = conjectur+ t ! phlogi/on1 ) :i* he revivifi$ metals1 did n come f ! electric matt] itself1 b f :at 0 dis*>g$ f o!r pieces ( metal ) :i* he made ! exp]im5t4 ,see ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1 p4 #bgg1 c4 ,?is revivification ( metals by electricity completes ! pro( ( ! electric matt] be+1 or conta9+ phlogi/on4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,nitr\s ,,air4 ,s9ce ! publication ( my =m] pap]s ,i h giv5 m att5tion to ! subject ( nitr\s air ?an to any o!r species ( air2 & hav+ be5 pretty =tunate 9 my inquiries1 ,i %all be able to lay be=e my read] a m satisfactory acc\nt ( ! curi\s ph5om5a occasion$ by x1 & also ( its nature & con/itution1 ?an ,i c\ld d be=e1 ?\gh mu* /ill rema9s to be inve/igat$ conc]n+ x1 & _m new objects ( inquiry are />t$4 ,) a view to discov] :]e ! p[] ( nitr\s air to dim9i% common air lay1 ,i evaporat$ to dryness a quantity ( ! solution ( copp] 9 dilut$ _s ( nitre2 & hav+ procur$ f x a quantity ( a gre5 precipitate1 ,i ?rew ! focus ( a burn+-glass ^u x1 :5 x 0 put into a vessel ( quicksilv]1 /&+ inv]t$ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i procur$ air f x1 :i* appe>$ to be1 9 all respects1 nitr\s air2 s t "p ( ! same pr9ciple :i* _h escap$ dur+ ! solution1 9 ! =m ( air1 _h likewise be5 reta9$ 9 x1 & _h n left x 9 ! evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,) great difficulty ,i also procur$ a small quantity ( ! same k9d ( air f a solution ( iron 9 _s ( nitre1 by ! same process4 ,hav+1 = a diff]5t purpose1 fir$ "s pap]1 :i* _h be5 dipp$ 9 a solution ( copp] 9 dilut$ _s ( nitre1 9 nitr\s air1 ,i f\nd !re 0 a consid]able addition to ! quantity ( x2 ^u :i* ,i fir$ "s ( ! same k9d ( pap] 9 quicksilv] & pres5tly obs]v$ t air 0 produc$ f x 9 great pl5ty4 ,?is air1 at ! fir/1 seem$ to h "s s+ul> prop]ties1 b aft]w>ds ,i f\nd t x 0 no?+ m ?an a mixture ( nitr\s air1 f ! precipitate ( ! solution1 & ( inflammable air1 f ! pap]2 b t ! =m] 0 pr$om9ant4 ,9 ! mixture ( ?is k9d ( air ) common air1 9 a tr\gh ( wat] :i* _h be5 putrid1 b :i* at t "t seem$ to h recov]$ its =m] sweetness 7= x 0 n 9 ! lea/ degree (f5sive to ! smell7 a ph5om5on sometimes occurr$1 :i* = a long "t exce$+ly delight$ & puzzl$ me2 b :i* 0 aft]w>ds ! means ( lett+ me see mu* f>!r into ! con/itution ( nitr\s air ?an ,i _h be5 able to see be=e4 ,:5 ! dim9ution ( ! air 0 ne>ly complet$1 ! vessel 9 :i* ! mixture 0 made began to be fill$ ) ! mo/ beautiful :ite fumes1 exactly resembl+ ! precipitation ( "s :ite sub/ance 9 a transp>5t m5/ruum1 or ! fall+ ( v f9e sn[2 except t x 0 mu* ?ick] bel[ ?an above1 z inde$ is ! case 9 all *emical precipitations4 ,?is appe>ance cont9u$ two or ?ree m9utes4 ,at o!r times ,i w5t ov] ! same process1 z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same mann]1 b )\t gett+ ?is rem>kable appe>ance1 & 0 sev]al times greatly disappo9t$ & *agr9$1 :5 ,i baulk$ ! expectations ( my fri5ds1 to :om ,i _h describ$1 & meant to h %ewn x4 ,?is made me give all ! att5tion ,i possibly c\ld to ?is exp]im5t1 endeav\r+ to recollect e circum/ance1 :i*1 ?\gh unsuspect$ at ! "t1 might h contribut$ to produce ?is new appe>ance2 & ,i took a great deal ( pa9s to procure a quantity ( ?is air f ! pap] above m5tion$ = ! purpose1 :i*1 ) a small burn+ l5s1 & an unc]ta9 sun1 is n a little tr\blesome4 ,b all t ,i obs]v$ = "s "t 01 t ,i /ood ! be/ *ance ( succe$+ :5 ,i w>m$ ! vessel 9 :i* ! mixture 0 made1 & agitat$ ! air dur+ ! eff]vesc5ce4 ,f9d+1 at l5g?1 t1 ) ! same prep>ation & att5tions1 ,i got ! same appe>ance f a mixture ( nitr\s & common air 9 ! same tr\gh ( wat]1 ,i conclud$ t x c\ld n dep5d ^u any ?+ peculi> to ! precipitate ( ! copp] conta9$ 9 ! pap] f :i* ! air 0 procur$1 z ,i _h at fir/ imag9$1 b ^u :at 0 common to x1 & pure nitr\s air4 ,aft]w>ds1 hav+1 7) a view to obs]ve :e!r any cry/als w\ld be =m$ by ! union ( volatile alkali1 & nitr\s air1 simil> to ^? =m$ by x & fix$ air1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,sme? 9 8 ,diss]tation on fix$ ,air7 op5$ ! m\? ( a phial :i* 0 half fill$ ) a volatile alkal9e liquor1 9 a j> ( nitr\s air 79 ! mann] describ$ p4 #aa4 fig4 #d47 ,i _h an appe>ance :i* p]fectly expla9$ ! prec$+4 ,all t "p ( ! phial :i* 0 above ! liquor1 & :i* conta9$ common air1 0 fill$ ) beautiful :ite cl\ds1 z if "s f9e :ite p[d] _h be5 in/antly ?r[n into x1 & "s ( ^! cl\ds rose )9 ! j> ( nitr\s air4 ,?is appe>ance cont9u$ ab\t a m9ute1 & !n intirely disappe>$1 ! air becom+ transp>5t4 ,)draw+ ! phial1 & expos+ x to ! common air1 x !re also became turbid1 & soon aft] ! transp>5cy return$4 ,introduc+ x aga9 into ! nitr\s air1 ! cl\ds appe>$ z be=e4 ,9 ?is mann] ! :ite fumes1 & transp>5cy1 succe$$ ea* o!r alt]nately1 z (t5 z ,i *ose to repeat ! exp]im5t1 & w\ld no d\bt h cont9u$ till ! air 9 ! j> _h be5 ?or\ghly dilut$ ) common air4 ,^! appe>ances 7 ! same ) any sub/ance t conta9$ volatile alkali1 fluid or solid4 ,:51 in/ead ( ! small phial1 ,i us$ a l>ge & tall glass j>1 ?is appe>ance 0 truly f9e & /rik+1 especially :5 ! wat] 9 ! tr\gh 0 v transp>5t4 ,= ,i _h only to put ! smalle/ drop ( a volatile alkal9e liquor1 or ! smalle/ bit ( ! solid salt1 into ! j>1 & ! mom5t t ! m\? ( x 0 op5$ 9 a j> ( nitr\s air1 ! :ite cl\ds above m5tion$ began to be =m$ at ! m\?1 & pres5tly desc5d$ to ! bottom1 s z to fill ! :ole1 7 x ev] s l>ge1 z ) f9e sn[4 ,9 consid]+ ?is exp]im5t1 ,i soon p]ceiv$ t ?is curi\s appe>ance mu/ h be5 occasion$ by ! mixture ( ! nitr\s & common air1 & !re=e t ! :ite cl\ds mu/ be nitr\s ammoniac1 =m$ by ! acid ( ! nitr\s air1 set loose 9 ! decomposition ( x by common air1 :ile ! phlogi/on1 :i* mu/ be ano!r con/itu5t "p ( nitr\s air1 ent]+ ! common air1 is ! cause ( ! dim9ution x suff]s 9 ?is process2 z x is ! cause ( a simil> dim9ution1 9 a v>iety ( o!r processes4 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t x is n peculi> to nitr\s air to be a te/ ( ! fitness ( air = respiration4 ,any o!r process by :i* air is dim9i%$ & made noxi\s answ]s ! same purpose4 ,liv] ( sulphur = in/ance1 ! calc9ation ( metals1 or a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one w d j ! same ?+2 b ! application ( !m is n s easy1 or elegant1 & ! effect is n s soon p]ceiv$4 ,9 fact1 x is phlogi/on t is ! te/4 ,if ! air be s load$ ) ?is pr9ciple t x c take no m1 :i* is se5 by its n be+ dim9i%$ 9 any ( ! processes above m5tion$1 x is noxi\s2 & x is :olesome 9 proportion to ! quantity ( phlogi/on t x is able to take4 ,?is1 ,i h no d\bt1 is ! true !ory ( ! dim9ution ( common air by nitr\s air1 ! r$ness ( ! appe>ance be+ no?+ m ?an ! usual col\r ( ! fumes1 ( _s ( nitre1 :i* is n[ dis5gag$ f ! sup]abundant phlogi/on ) :i* x 0 comb9$ 9 ! nitr\s air1 & ready to =m ano!r union ) any ?+ t is at h&1 & capable ( x4 ,) ! volatile alkali x =ms nitr\s ammoniac1 wat] imbibes x l any o!r acid1 ev5 quicksilv] is corrod$ by x2 b ?is action be+ sl[1 ! r$ness 9 ?is mixture ( nitr\s & common air cont9ues mu* long] :5 ! process is made 9 quicksilv]1 ?an :5 x is made 9 wat]1 & ! dim9ution1 z ,i h also obs]v$2 is by no means s great4 ,i 0 confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion :5 ,i put a bit ( volatile alkal9e salt into ! j> ( quicksilv] 9 :i* ,i made ! mixture ( nitr\s & common air4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 ! vessel be+ previ\sly fill$ ) ! alkal9e fumes1 ! acid imm$iately jo9$ !m1 =m$ ! :ite cl\ds above m5tion$1 & ! dim9ution proce$$ almo/ z f> z :5 ! process 0 made 9 wat]4 ,t x did n proce$ q s f>1 ,i attribute *iefly to ! small quantity ( calx =m$ by ! slight solution ( m]cury ) ! acid fumes n be+ able to absorb all ! fix$ air t is precipitat$ f ! common air by ! phlogi/on4 ,9 "p1 also1 x may be ow+ to ! small quantify ( surface 9 ! quicksilv] 9 ! vessels t ,i made use (2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! acid fumes c\ld act ^u x only 9 a sl[ succession1 s t "p ( !m1 z well z ( ! fix$ air1 _h an opportunity ( =m+ ano!r union ) ! dim9i%$ air4 ,?is1 z ,i h obs]v$ be=e1 0 s mu* ! case :5 ! process 0 made 9 quicksilv]1 )\t any volatile alkali1 t :5 wat] 0 admitt$ to x1 aft] "s "t1 x 0 n capable ( dissolv+ t union1 ?o' x w\ld n h tak5 place if ! process _h be5 9 wat] f ! fir/4 ,9 div]sify+ ?is exp]im5t1 ,i f\nd t x appe>$ to v great advantage :5 ,i susp5d$ a piece ( volatile salt 9 ! common air1 previ\s to ! admission ( nitr\s air to x1 inclos+ x 9 a bit ( gauze1 musl91 or a small net ( wire4 ,=1 pres5tly aft] ! r$ness ( ! mixture beg9s to g (f1 ! :ite cl\d1 l sn[1 beg9s to desc5d f ! salt1 z if a :ite p[d] 0 %ak5 out ( ! bag t conta9s x4 ,?is :ite cl\d pres5tly fills ! :ole vessel1 & ! appe>ance w la/ ab\t five m9utes4 ,if ! salt be n put to ! mixture ( ^! two k9ds ( air till x has p]fectly recov]$ its transp>5cy1 ! eff]vesc5ce be+ completely ov]1 no :ite cl\d w be =m$2 &1 :at is r m rem>kable1 !re is no?+ ( ?is appe>ance :5 ! salt is put into ! nitr\s air itself4 ,! reason ( ?is mu/ be1 t ! acid ( ! nitr\s air has a ne>] aff9ity ) its phlogi/on ?an ) ! volatile alkali2 ?\gh ! phlogi/on hav+ a ne>] aff9ity ) some?+ 9 ! common air1 ! acid be+ !reby set loose1 w unite ) ! alkal9e vap\r1 if x be at h& to unite ) x4 ,!re is also v little1 if any :ite cl\d =m$ ^u hold+ a piece ( ! volatile salt )9 ! m\? ( a phial conta9+ smok+ _s ( nitre4 ,also :5 ,i ?rew ! focus ( a burn+ mirror ^u "s sal ammoniac 9 nitr\s air1 & fill$ ! :ole vessel ) :ite fumes :i* arose f x1 !y 7 soon disp]s$1 & ! air 0 nei!r dim9i%$ nor alt]$4 ,i 0 n[ fully conv9c$1 t ! :ite cl\d :i* ,i casually obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 0 occasion$ by ! volatile alkali emitt$ f ! wat]1 :i* 0 9 a slight degree putrid2 & t ! w>m+1 & agitation ( ! vessels1 _h promot$ ! emission ( ! putrid1 or alkal9e effluvium4 ,i c\ld n p]ceive t ! dim9ution ( common air by ! mixture ( nitr\s air 0 s5sibly increas$ by ! pres5ce ( ! volatile alkali4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t1 by assi/+ ! wat] to take up ! acid1 some?+ less ( x may be incorporat$ ) ! rema9+ dim9i%$ air ?an w\ld o!rwise h be52 b ,i did n give mu* att5tion to ?is circum/ance4 ,:5 ! phial 9 :i* ,i put ! alkal9e salts conta9$ any k9d ( noxi\s air1 ! op5+ ( x 9 nitr\s air 0 n foll[$ by any ?+ ( ! appe>ance above m5tion$4 ,?is 0 ! case ) inflammable air4 ,b :51 aft] agitat+ ! inflammable air 9 wat]1 ,i _h br\ght x to a /ate 9 :i* x 0 dim9i%$ a little by ! mixture ( nitr\s air1 ! cl\dy appe>ance 0 9 ! same proportion2 s t ?is appe>ance seems to be equally a te/ ( ! fitness ( air = respiration1 ) ! r$ness :i* att5ds ! mixture ( x ) nitr\s air only4 ,hav+ g5]ally fa/5$ ! small bag :i* conta9$ ! volatile salt to a piece ( brass wire 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 ,i commonly f\nd ! end ( x corrod$1 & cov]$ ) a blue sub/ance4 ,also ! salt itself1 & sometimes ! bag 0 di$ blue4 ,b f9d+ t ?is 0 n ! case :5 ,i us$ an iron wire 9 ! same circum/ances1 b t x became r$1 ,i 0 satisfi$ t bo? ! metals _h be5 dissolv$ by ! volatile alkali4 ,at fir/ ,i _h a suspicion t ! blue might h come f ! copp]1 out ( :i* ! nitr\s air _h be5 made4 ,b :5 ! nitr\s air 0 made f iron1 ! appe>ances 71 9 all respects1 ! same4 ,i h obs]v$1 9 ! prec$+ section1 t if nitr\s air be mix$ ) common air 9 lime-wat]1 ! surface ( ! wat]1 :]e x is contigu\s to t mixture1 w be cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( lime1 %ew+ t "s fix$ air _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! process4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 z ,i !re also j m5tion$1 t ?is is ! case :5 nitr\s air alone is put to a vessel ( lime-wat]1 aft] x has be5 kept 9 a bladd]1 or only transf]r$ f "o vessel to ano!r by a bladd]1 9 ! mann] describ$1 p4 #ae4 fig4 #i4 ,z ,i _h us$ ! same bladd] = transf]r+ v>i\s k9ds ( air1 & among ! re/ fix$ air1 ,i fir/ imag9$ t ?is effect might h be5 occasion$ by a mixture ( ?is fix$ air ) ! nitr\s air1 & !re=e took a fre% bladd]2 b /ill ! effect 0 ! same4 ,to satisfy myself f>!r1 t ! bladd] _h produc$ ?is effect1 ,i put "o into a j> ( nitr\s air1 & aft] x _h cont9u$ !re a day & a night1 ,i f\nd t ! nitr\s air 9 ?is j>1 ?\gh x 0 transf]r$ 9 a glass vessel1 made lime-wat] turbid4 ,:e!r !re 0 any ?+ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! bladd]s t occasion$ _! produc+ ?is effect1 ,i _c tell4 ,!y 7 su* z ,i procure f ! apo!c>ies4 ,! ?+ seems to des]ve f>!r exam9ation1 z !re seems1 9 ?is case1 to be ! peculi> effect ( fix$ air f o!r causes1 or else a production ( fix$ air f mat]ials t h n be5 suppos$ to yield x1 at lea/ n 9 circum/ances simil> to ^!4 ,z fix$ air unit$ to wat] dissolves iron1 ,i _h ! curiosity to try :e!r fix$ air alone w\ld d x2 & z nitr\s air is ( an acid nature1 z well z fix$ air1 ,i1 at ! same "t1 expos$ a l>ge surface ( iron to bo? ! k9ds2 fir/ fill+ two eight ounce phials ) nails1 & !n ) quicksilv]1 & aft] t displac+ ! quicksilv] 9 "o ( ! phials by fix$ air1 & 9 ! o!r by nitr\s air2 !n inv]t+ !m1 & leav+ !m ) _! m\?s imm]s$ 9 basons ( quicksilv]4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! two phials /ood ab\t two mon?s1 :5 no s5sible *ange at all 0 produc$ 9 ! fix$ air1 or 9 ! iron :i* _h be5 expos$ to x1 b a mo/ rem>kable1 & mo/ unexpect$ *ange 0 made 9 ! nitr\s air2 & 9 pursu+ ! exp]im5t1 x 0 trans=m$ into a species ( air1 ) prop]ties :i*1 at ! "t ( my fir/ publication on ?is subject1 ,i %\ld n h hesitat$ to pron\nce impossible1 viz4 air 9 :i* a c&le burns q naturally & freely1 & :i* is yet 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s to animals1 insomu* t !y die ! mom5t !y are put into x2 :]eas1 9 g5]al1 animals live ) little s5sible inconv5i5ce 9 air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is nitr\s air1 aft] x has be5 long expos$ to a l>ge surface ( iron4 ,x is n less extraord9>y1 t a /ill long] cont9uance ( nitr\s air 9 ^! circum/ances 7b h[ long dep5ds ^u too _m1 & too m9ute circum/ances to be asc]ta9$ ) exactness7 makes x n only to admit a c&le to burn 9 x1 b enables x to burn ) an enl>g$ flame1 by ano!r flame 7ext5d+ e :]e to an equal di/ance f t ( ! c&le1 & (t5 pla9ly di/+ui%able f x7 adh]+ to x4 ,sometimes ,i h p]ceiv$ ! flame ( ! c&le1 9 ^! circum/ances1 to be twice z l>ge z x is naturally1 & sometimes n less ?an five or six times l>g]2 & yet )\t any ?+ l an explosion1 z 9 ! fir+ ( ! weake/ inflammable air4 ,nor is ! f>!r progress 9 ! transmutation ( nitr\s air1 9 ^! circum/ances1 less rem>kable4 ,= :5 x has be5 br\ght to ! /ate la/ m5tion$1 ! agitation ( x 9 fre% wat] almo/ in/antly takes (f t peculi> k9d ( inflammability1 s t x ext+ui%es a c&le1 reta9+ its noxi\s quality4 ,x also reta9s its p[] ( dim9i%+ common air 9 a v great degree4 ,b ?is noxi\s quality1 l ! noxi\s quality ( all o!r k9ds ( air t w be> agitation 9 wat]1 is tak5 out ( x by ?is op]ation1 cont9u$ ab\t five m9utes2 9 :i* process x suff]s a f>!r & v consid]able dim9ution4 ,x is !n itself dim9i%$ by fre% nitr\s air1 & animals live 9 x v well1 ab\t z well z 9 air 9 :i* c&les h burn$ out4 ,la/ly1 ,"o quantity ( nitr\s air1 :i* _h be5 expos$ to iron 9 quicksilv]1 f ,decemb] #ah to ,janu>y #bj1 & :i* happ5$ to /& 9 wat] till ,janu>y #ca 7! iron /ill cont9u+ 9 ! phial7 0 fir$ ) an explosion1 exactly l a weak inflammable air4 ,at ! same "t ano!r quantity ( nitr\s air1 :i* _h likewise be5 expos$ to iron1 /&+ 9 quicksilv]1 till ab\t ! same "t1 & _h !n /ood 9 wat] only1 )\t iron1 only admitt$ a c&le to burn 9 x ) an enl>g$ flame1 z 9 ! cases above m5tion$4 ,b :e!r ! diff]5ce ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! circum/ances ( ^! exp]im5ts contribut$ to ?is diff]5ce 9 ! result1 ,i _c tell4 ,nitr\s air treat$ 9 ! mann] above m5tion$ is dim9i%$ ab\t "o f\r? by /&+ 9 quicksilv]2 & wat] admitt$ to x w absorb ab\t half ! rema9d]2 b if wat] only1 & no quicksilv]1 be us$ f ! beg9n+1 ! nitr\s air w be dim9i%$ mu* fa/] & f>!r2 s t n m ?an "o f\r?1 "o six?1 or "o t5? ( ! orig9al quantity w rema94 ,b ,i d n "k t !re is any diff]5ce 9 ! con/itution ( ! air :i* rema9s 9 ^! two cases4 ,! wat] :i* has imbib$ ?is nitr\s air expos$ to iron is rem>kably gre51 also ! phial conta9+ x becomes deeply1 &1 ,i believe1 indelibly t+$ ) gre52 & if ! wat] be put into ano!r vessel1 x pres5tly deposits a consid]able quantity ( matt]1 :i* :5 dry appe>s to be ! e>? or o*re ( iron2 f :i* x is evid5t1 t ! acid ( ! nitr\s air dissolves ! iron2 :ile ! phlogi/on1 be+ set loose1 dim9i%es nitr\s air1 z 9 ! process ( ! iron fil+s & brim/one4 ,^u ?is h9t1 in/ead ( us+ iron1 ,i introduc$ a pot ( liv] ( sulphur into a j> ( nitr\s air1 & pres5tly f\nd1 t :at ,i _h be=e done by means ( iron 9 six weeks1 or two mon?s1 ,i c\ld d by liv] ( sulphur 79 consequ5ce1 no d\bt1 ( its giv+ its phlogi/on m freely7 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 especially :5 ! process 0 kept w>m4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t if ! process ) liv] ( sulphur be suff]$ to proce$1 ! nitr\s air w be dim9i%$ mu* f>!r4 ,at "o "t n m ?an "o tw5tie? ( ! orig9al quantity rema9$1 & h[ mu* f>!r x "r h be5 dim9i%$1 ,i _c tell4 ,9 ?is great dim9ution1 x does n admit a c&le to burn 9 x at all2 & ,i g5]ally f\nd ?is to be ! case :5ev] ! dim9ution _h proce$$ beyond ?ree f\r?s ( ! orig9al quantity#ac4 ,x is some?+ rem>kable1 t ?\gh ! dim9ution ( nitr\s air by iron fil+s & brim/one v mu* resembles ! dim9ution ( x by iron only1 or by liv] ( sulphur1 yet ! iron fil+s & brim/one nev] br+ x to su* a /ate z t a c&le w burn 9 x2 & also t1 aft] ?is process1 x is nev] capable ( dim9i%+ common air4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ t ^! prop]ties are de/roy$ by agitation 9 wat]1 ?is diff]5ce 9 ! result ( processes1 9 o!r respects simil>1 w appe> less extraord9>y2 & !y agree 9 ?is1 t long agitation 9 wat] makes bo? ^! k9ds ( nitr\s air equally fit = respiration1 be+ equally dim9i%$ by fre% nitr\s air4 ,x is possible t !re w\ld h be5 a m exact agreem5t 9 ! result ( ^! processes1 if !y _h be5 made 9 equal degrees ( heat2 b ! process ) iron 0 made 9 ! usual temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & t ) liv] ( sulphur g5]ally ne> a fire4 ,x may cle>ly1 ,i ?9k1 be inf]r$ f ^! exp]im5ts1 t all ! diff]5ce betwe5 fre% nitr\s air1 t /ate ( x 9 :i* x is p>tially inflammable1 or :olly s1 t 9 :i* x aga9 ext+ui%es c&les1 & t 9 :i* x f9ally becomes fit = respiration1 dep5ds ^u "s diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( ! comb9ation ( its acid ) phlogi/on1 or on ! proportion betwe5 ^! two +r$i5ts 9 its composition2 & x is n improbable b t1 by a little m att5tion to ^! exp]im5ts1 ! :ole my/]y ( ?is proportion & comb9ation may be expla9$4 ,i mu/ n omit to obs]ve t !re 0 some?+ peculi> 9 ! result ( ! fir/ exp]im5t :i* ,i made ) nitr\s air expos$ to iron2 :i* 0 t1 )\t any agitation 9 wat]1 x 0 dim9i%$ by fre% nitr\s air1 & t a c&le burn$ 9 x q naturally4 ,to :at ?is diff]5ce 0 ow+ ,i _c tell4 ,?is air1 inde$1 _h be5 expos$ to ! iron a week or two long] ?an 9 any ( ! o!r cases1 b ,i d n imag9e t ?is circum/ance c\ld h produc$ t diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! process is 9 wat] ) iron1 ! "t 9 :i* ! dim9ution is accompli%$ is exce$+ly v>i\s2 be+ sometimes complet$ 9 a few days1 :]eas at o!r times x has requir$ a week or a =tnight4 ,"s k9ds ( iron also produc$ ?is effect mu* soon] ?an o!rs1 b on :at circum/ances ?is diff]5ce dep5ds ,i d n "k4 ,:at are ! v>ieties 9 ! result ( ?is exp]im5t :5 x is made 9 quicksilv] ,i _c tell1 because1 on acc\nt ( its requir+ m "t1 ,i h n repeat$ x s (t52 b ,i once f\nd t nitr\s air 0 n s5sibly *ang$ by hav+ be5 expos$ to iron 9 quicksilv] n9e days2 :]eas 9 wat] a v consid]able alt]ation 0 always made 9 mu* less ?an half t "t4 ,x may j des]ve to be m5tion$1 t nitr\s air extremely r>ifi$ 9 an air-pump dissolves iron1 & is dim9i%$ by x z mu* z :5 x is 9 its native /ate ( cond5sation4 ,x is some?+ rem>kable1 ?\gh ,i nev] att5d$ to x p>ticul>ly be=e ,i made ^! la/ exp]im5ts1 & x may t5d to ?r[ "s light ^u !m1 t :5 a c&le is ext+ui%$1 z x nev] fails to be1 9 nitr\s air1 ! flame seems to be a little enl>g$ at its edges1 by ano!r blui% flame add$ to x1 j be=e its ext9ction4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve 9 ?is place1 t ! electric sp>k tak5 9 nitr\s air dim9i%es x to "o f\r? ( its orig9al quantity1 :i* is ab\t ! quantity ( its dim9ution by iron fil+s & brim/one1 & also by liv] ( sulphur )\t heat4 ,! air is also br\ght by electricity to ! same /ate z x is by iron fil+s & brim/one1 n dim9i%+ common air4 ,if ! electric sp>k be tak5 9 x :5 x is conf9$ by wat] t+$ ) ar*il1 x is pres5tly *ang$ f blue to r$1 & t to a v great degree4 ,:5 ! iron nails or wires1 :i* ,i h us$ to dim9i% nitr\s air1 _h done _! (fice1 ,i laid !m aside1 n suspect+ t !y c\ld be ( any o!r philosophical use2 b aft] hav+ la9 expos$ to ! op5 air almo/ a =tnight2 hav+1 = "s o!r purpose1 put "s ( !m into a vessel conta9+ common air1 /&+ inv]t$1 & imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ,i 0 surpriz$ to obs]ve t ! air 9 :i* !y 7 conf9$ 0 dim9i%$4 ,! dim9ution proce$$ s fa/1 t ! process 0 complet$ 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 = 9 t "t ! air 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o fif?1 s t x made no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s air1 & 01 !re=e1 no d\bt1 highly noxi\s1 l air dim9i%$ by any o!r process4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i h repeat$ a great numb] ( times1 ) ! same phials1 fill$ ) nails or wires t h be5 suff]$ to ru/ 9 nitr\s air1 b _! p[] ( dim9i%+ common air gr[s less & less cont9ually4 ,h[ long x w be be=e x is q exhau/$ ,i _c tell4 ,?is dim9ution ( air ,i conclude mu/ arise f ! phlogi/on1 ei!r ( ! nitr\s air or ! iron1 be+ "s way entangl$ 9 ! ru/1 9 :i* ! wires 7 encru/$1 & aft]w>ds gett+ loose f x4 ,to ! exp]im5ts ^u iron fil+s & brim/one 9 nitr\s air1 ,i mu/ add1 t :5 a pot full ( ?is mixture _h absorb$ z mu* z x c\ld ( a j> ( nitr\s air 7:i* is ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! :ole7 ,i put fre% nitr\s air to x1 & x cont9u$ to absorb1 till ?ree or f\r j>s full ( x disappe>$2 b ! absorption 0 exce$+ly sl[ at ! la/4 ,also :5 ,i drew ?is pot ?r\gh ! wat]1 & admitt$ fre% nitr\s air to x1 x absorb$ ano!r j> full1 & !n ceas$4 ,b :5 ,i scrap$ (f ! out] surface ( ?is mixture1 :i* _h be5 s long expos$ to ! nitr\s air1 ! rema9d] absorb$ m ( ! air4 ,:5 ,i took ! top ( ! mixture :i* ,i _h scrap$ (f & ?rew ^u x ! focus ( a burn+-glass1 ! air 9 :i* x 0 conf9$ 0 dim9i%$1 & became q noxi\s2 yet :5 ,i endeav\r$ to get air f ?is matt] 9 a j> full ( quicksilv]1 ,i 0 able to procure little or no?+4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t nitr\s air dim9i%$ by iron fil+s & brim/one1 :i* is ab\t "o f\r?1 _c1 by agitation 9 wat]1 be dim9i%$ mu* f>!r2 :]eas pure nitr\s air may1 by ! same process1 be dim9i%$ to "o tw5tie? ( its :ole bulk1 & p]haps mu* m4 ,?is is simil> to ! effect ( ! same mixture1 & ( phlogi/on 9 o!r cases1 on fix$ air2 = x s f> *anges its con/itution1 t x is aft]w>ds incapable ( mix+ ) wat]4 ,x is simil> also to ! effect ( phlogi/on 9 acid air1 :i* ( itself is almo/ in/antly absorb$ by wat]2 b by ?is addition x is fir/ conv]t$ into inflammable air1 :i* does n readily mix ) wat]1 & :i*1 by long agitation 9 wat]1 becomes ( ano!r con/itution1 /ill less miscible ) wat]4 ,i %all close ?is section ) a few o!r obs]vations ( a miscellane\s nature4 ,nitr\s air is z mu* dim9i%$ bo? by iron fil+s1 & also by liv] ( sulphur1 :5 conf9$ 9 quicksilv]1 z :5 x is expos$ to wat]4 ,di/ill$ wat] t+$ blue ) ! juice ( turnsole becomes r$ on be+ impregnat$ ) nitr\s air2 b by be+ expos$ a week or a =tnight to ! common atmosph]e1 9 op5 & %all[ vessels1 x recov]s its blue col\r2 ?\gh1 9 t "t1 ! great] "p ( ! wat] w be evaporat$4 ,?is %ews t 9 "t nitr\s air escapes f ! wat] ) :i* x is comb9$1 j z fix$ air does1 ?\gh by no means s readily#ad4 ,hav+ dissolv$ silv]1 copp]1 & iron 9 equal quantities ( _s ( nitre dilut$ ) wat]1 ! quantities ( nitr\s air produc$ f !m 7 9 ! foll[+ proportion2 f iron #h1 f copp] #f-a_/d1 f silv] #f4 ,9 ab\t ! same proportion also x 0 necess>y to mix wat] ) ! _s ( nitre 9 ea* case1 9 ord] to make x dissolve ^! metals ) equal rapidity1 silv] requir+ ! lea/ wat]1 & iron ! mo/4 ,phosphorus gave no light 9 nitr\s air1 & did n take away f its p[] ( dim9i%+ common air2 only :5 ! r$ness ( ! mixture w5t (f1 ! vessel 9 :i* x 0 made 0 fill$ ) :ite fumes1 z if !re _h be5 "s volatile alkali 9 x4 ,! phosphorus itself 0 un*ang$4 ,!re is some?+ rem>kable 9 ! effect ( nitr\s air on insects t are put into x4 ,i obs]v$ be=e t ?is k9d ( air is z noxi\s z any :atev]1 a m\se dy+ ! mom5t x is put into x2 b frogs & snails 7& !re=e1 probably1 o!r animals ^: respiration is n frequ5t7 w be> be+ expos$ to x a consid]able "t1 ?\gh !y die at l5g?4 ,a frog put into nitr\s air /ruggl$ mu* = two or ?ree m9utes1 & mov$ n[ & !n = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 aft] :i* x 0 tak5 out1 b did n recov]4 ,wasps always di$ ! mom5t !y 7 put into ! nitr\s air4 ,i c\ld nev] obs]ve t !y made ! lea/ motion 9 x1 nor c\ld !y be recov]$ to life aft]w>ds4 ,?is 0 also ! case 9 g5]al ) spid]s1 flies1 & butt]flies4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 spid]s w\ld recov] aft] be+ expos$ ab\t a m9ute to ?is k9d ( air4 ,consid]+ h[ fatal nitr\s air is to insects1 & likewise its great antiseptic p[]1 ,i conceiv$ t consid]able use might be made ( x 9 m$ic9e1 especially 9 ! =m ( cly/]s1 9 :i* fix$ air _h be5 appli$ ) "s success2 & 9 ord] to try :e!r ! b[els ( an animal w\ld be> ! injection ( x1 ,i contriv$1 ) ! help ( ,mr4 ,hey1 to convey a quantity ( x up ! anus ( a dog4 ,b he gave manife/ signs ( uneas9ess1 z long z he reta9$ x1 :i* 0 a consid]able "t1 ?\gh 9 a few h\rs aft]w>ds he 0 z lively z ev]1 & seem$ to h suff]$ no?+ f ! op]ation4 ,p]haps if nitr\s air 0 dilut$ ei!r ) common air1 or fix$ air1 ! b[els might be> x bett]1 & /ill x might be de/ructive to worms ( all k9ds1 & be ( use to *eck or correct putrefaction 9 ! inte/9al canal1 or o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,i repeat x once m t1 be+ no physician1 ,i run no risk by su* proposals z ^!2 & ,i _c help flatt]+ myself t1 9 "t1 v great m$ic9al use w be made ( ! application ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( air to ! animal sy/em4 ,let +5i\s physicians att5d to ?is subject1 & endeav\r to lay hold ( ! new h&le :i* is n[ pres5t$ !m1 be=e x be seiz$ by ra% empiricks2 :o1 by an indiscrim9ate & injudici\s application1 (t5 ru9 ! cr$it ( ?+s & processes :i* might o!rwise make an useful addition to ! mat]ia & ars m$ica4 ,9 ! fir/ publication ( my pap]s1 hav+ exp]i5c$ ! rem>kable antiseptic p[] ( nitr\s air1 ,i propos$ an attempt to pres]ve anatomical prep>ations1 c4 by means ( x2 b ,mr4 ,hey1 :o made ! trial1 f\nd t1 aft] "s mon?s1 v>i\s animal sub/ances 7 %rivel$1 & did n pres]ve _! natural =ms 9 ?is k9d ( air4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,! result ( sev]al ( ^! exp]im5ts ,i _h ! pleasure ( try+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,de ,luc ( ,g5eva1 :5 he 0 ^u a visit to ,"l ,%elburne 9 ,wilt%ire4 #ad ,i h n repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ) t v>iation ( circum/ances :i* an att5tion to ,mr4 ,bewley's obs]vation w sugge/4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ,,m>9e ,,acid ,,air4 ,9 my =m] exp]im5ts on ?is species ( air ,i procur$ x f _s ( salt1 b ,i h s9ce hit ^u a mu* less exp5sive me?od ( gett+ x1 by hav+ rec\rse to ! process by :i* ! _s ( salt is itself orig9ally made4 ,= ?is purpose ,i fill a small phial ) common salt1 p\r ^u x a small quantity ( conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol1 & receive ! fumes emitt$ by x 9 a vessel previ\sly fill$ ) quicksilv]1 & /&+ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]1 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a p]fectly transp>5t air1 be+ precisely ! same ?+ ) t :i* ,i _h be=e expell$ f ! _s ( salt4 ,?is me?od ( procur+ acid air is ! m conv5i5t1 z a phial1 once prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 w suffice1 = common exp]im5ts1 _m weeks2 especially if a little m oil ( vitriol be occasionally put to x4 ,x only requires a little m heat at ! la/ ?an at ! fir/4 ,inde$1 at ! fir/1 ! heat ( a p]son's h& w (t5 be suffici5t to make x ?r[ out ! vap\r4 ,9 w>m wea!r x w ev5 keep smok+ _m days )\t ! application ( any o!r heat4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x %\ld be plac$ :]e !re are no in/rum5ts1 or any ?+ ( metal1 t c be corrod$ by ?is acid vap\r4 ,x is f de>-b\ght exp]i5ce t ,i give ?is advice4 ,x may easily be p]ceiv$ :5 ?is phial is ?r[+ out ?is acid vap\r1 z x always appe>s1 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! =m ( a light cl\d2 ow+1 ,i suppose1 to ! acid attract+ to itself1 & unit+ )1 ! moi/ure t is 9 ! common atmosph]e4 ,by ?is process ,i ev5 made a /rong] _s ( salt ?an c be procur$ 9 any o!r way4 ,= hav+ a little wat] 9 ! vessel :i* conta9s ! quicksilv]1 x imbibes ! acid vap\r1 & at l5g? becomes truly saturat$ ) x4 ,hav+1 9 ?is mann]1 impregnat$ pure wat] ) acid air1 ,i c\ld aft]w>ds expel ! same air f x1 z f common _s ( salt4 ,i obs]v$ be=e t ?is acid vap\r1 or air1 has a /rong aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 s t x decomposes _m sub/ances :i* conta9 x1 & ) !m =ms a p]man5tly inflammable air1 no m liable to be imbib$ by wat] ?an inflammable air procur$ by any o!r process1 be+ 9 fact ! v same ?+2 & t1 9 "s cases1 x ev5 dislodges _s ( nitre & oil ( vitriol1 :i* 9 g5]al appe> to be /rong] acids ?an itself4 ,i h s9ce obs]v$ t1 by giv+ x m "t1 x w extract phlogi/on f sub/ances f :i* ,i at fir/ conclud$ t x 0 n able to d x1 z f dry wood1 cru/s ( bread n burnt1 dry fle%1 & :at is m extraord9>y f fl9ts4 ,z !re 0 some?+ peculi> to itself 9 ! process or result ( ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x may n be improp] to m5tion !m di/9ctly4 ,pieces ( dry cork wood be+ put to ! acid air1 a small quantity rema9$ n imbib$ by wat]1 & 0 inflammable4 ,v dry pieces ( oak1 be+ expos$ to ?is air a day & a night1 aft] imbib+ a consid]able quantity ( x1 produc$ air :i* 0 inflammable inde$1 b 9 ! slighte/ degree imag9able4 ,x seem$ to be v ne>ly 9 ! /ate ( common air4 ,a piece ( ivory imbib$ ! acid vap\r v sl[ly4 ,9 a day & a night1 h[ev]1 ab\t half an ounce measure ( p]man5t air 0 produc$1 & x 0 pretty /rongly inflammable4 ,! ivory 0 n discol\r$1 b 0 r5d]$ sup]ficially s(t1 & clammy1 ta/+ v acid4 ,pieces ( beef1 roa/$1 & made q dry1 b n burnt1 absorb$ ! acid vap\r sl[ly2 & :5 x _h cont9u$ 9 ?is situation all night1 f five ounce measures ( ! air1 half a measure 0 p]man5t1 & pretty /rongly inflammable4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$$ a second "t exactly 9 ! same mann]2 b :5 ,i us$ pieces ( :ite dry *ick5-fle% ?\gh ,i all[$ ! same "t1 & 9 o!r respects ! process seem$ to g on 9 ! same mann]1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive t any "p ( ! rema9+ air 0 inflammable4 ,"s pieces ( a :iti% k9d ( fl9t1 be+ put into a quantity ( acid air1 imbib$ b a v little ( x 9 a day & a night2 b ( #b-a_/b ounce measures ( x1 ab\t half a measure rema9$ unabsorb$ by wat]1 & ?is 0 /rongly inflammable1 tak+ fire j l an equal mixture ( inflammable & common air4 ,at ano!r "t1 h[ev]1 ,i c\ld n procure any inflammable air by ?is means1 b to :at circum/ance ^! diff]5t results 7 ow+ ,i _c tell4 ,t inflammable air is produc$ f *>coal 9 acid air ,i obs]v$ be=e4 ,i h s9ce f\nd t x may likewise be procur$ f pit coal1 )\t be+ *>r$4 ,inflammable air ,i _h also obs]v$ to arise f ! exposure ( _s ( w9e1 & v>i\s oily sub/ances1 to ! vap\r ( _s ( salt4 ,i h s9ce made o!rs ( a simil> nature1 & z peculi> circum/ances att5d$ "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i %all recite !m m at l>ge4 ,ess5tial oil ( m9t absorb$ ?is air pretty fa/1 & pres5tly became ( a deep br[n col\r4 ,:5 x 0 tak5 out ( ?is air x 0 ( ! consi/5ce ( treacle1 & sunk 9 wat]1 smell+ diff]5tly f :at x did be=e2 b /ill ! smell ( ! m9t 0 pr$om9ant4 ,v little or none ( ! air 0 fix$1 s z to become inflammable2 b m "t w\ld probably h produc$ ?is effect4 ,oil ( turp5t9e 0 also mu* ?ick5$1 & became ( a deep br[n col\r1 by be+ saturat$ ) acid air4 ,e!r absorb$ acid air v fa/1 & became fir/ ( a turbid :ite1 & !n ( a yell[ & br[n col\r4 ,9 "o night a consid]able quantity ( p]man5t air 0 produc$1 & x 0 /rongly inflammable4 ,hav+1 at "o "t1 fully saturat$ a quantity ( e!r ) acid air1 ,i admitt$ bubbles ( common air to x1 ?r\gh ! quicksilv]1 by :i* x 0 conf9$1 & obs]v$ t :ite fumes 7 made 9 x1 at ! entrance ( e bubble1 = a consid]able "t4 ,at ano!r "t1 hav+ fully saturat$ a small quantity ( e!r ) acid air1 & hav+ left ! phial 9 :i* x 0 conta9$ ne>ly full ( ! air1 & inv]t$1 x 0 by "s accid5t ov]turn$2 :51 in/antly1 ! :ole room 0 fill$ ) a visible fume1 l a :ite cl\d1 :i* _h v mu* ! smell ( e!r1 b peculi>ly (f5sive4 ,op5+ ! door & w9d[ ( ! room1 ?is light cl\d fill$ a long passage1 & ano!r room4 ,9 ! mean "t ! e!r 0 seem+ly all vani%$1 b "s "t aft] ! surface ( ! quicksilv] 9 :i* ! exp]im5t _h be5 made 0 cov]$ ) a liquor t ta/$ v acid2 aris+1 probably1 f ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e attract$ by ! acid vap\r ) :i* ! e!r _h be5 impregnat$4 ,?is visible cl\d ,i attribute to ! union ( ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e ) ! comp\nd ( ! acid air & e!r4 ,i h s9ce saturat$ o!r quantities ( e!r ) acid air1 & f\nd x to be exce$+ly volatile1 & inflammable4 ,its exhalation 0 also visible1 b n 9 s great a degree z 9 ! case above m5tion$4 ,camphor 0 pres5tly r$uc$ into a fluid /ate by imbib+ acid air1 b !re seem$ to be some?+ ( a :iti% s$im5t 9 x4 ,aft] cont9u+ two days 9 ?is situation ,i admitt$ wat] to x2 imm$iately ^u :i* ! camphor resum$ its =m] solid /ate1 &1 to appe>ance1 0 ! v same sub/ance t x _h be5 be=e2 b ! ta/e ( x 0 acid1 & a v small "p ( ! air 0 p]man5t1 & slightly inflammable4 ,! acid air seem$ to make no impression ^u a piece ( ,d]by%ire sp>1 ( a v d>k col\r1 & :i*1 !re=e1 seem$ to conta9 a good deal ( phlogi/on4 ,z ! acid air has s ne> an aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 ,i expect$ t ! fumes ( liv] ( sulphur1 :i* *emi/s agree to be phlogi/ic1 w\ld h unit$ ) x1 s z to =m inflammable air2 b ,i 0 disappo9t$ 9 t expectation4 ,?is sub/ance imbib$ half ( ! acid air to :i* x 0 introduc$3 "o f\r? ( ! rema9d]1 aft] /&+ "o day 9 quicksilv]1 0 imbib$ by wat]1 & :at 0 left ext+ui%$ a c&le4 ,?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 seems to prove t acid air & phlogi/on may =m a p]man5t k9d ( air t is n inflammable4 ,p]haps x may be air 9 su* a /ate z common air load$ ) phlogi/on1 & f :i* ! fix$ air has be5 precipitat$4 ,or r1 x may be ! same ?+ ) inflammable air1 t has lo/ its inflammability by long /&+ 9 wat]4 ,x well des]ves a f>!r exam9ation4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts are ^? 9 :i* ! /rong] acids 7 made use (1 & !re=e !y may assi/ u f>!r to asc]ta9 _! aff9ities ) c]ta9 sub/ances1 ) respect to ?is m>9e acid 9 ! =m ( air4 ,i put a quantity ( /rong conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol to acid air1 b x 0 n at all affect$ by x 9 a day & a night4 ,9 ord] to try :e!r x w\ld n h m p[] 9 a m cond5s$ /ate1 ,i compress$ x ) an additional atmosph]e2 b ^u tak+ (f ?is pressure1 ! air exp&$ aga91 & appe>$ to be n at all dim9i%$4 ,i also put a quantity ( /rong _s ( nitre to x )\t any s5sible effect4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t ! m>9e acid1 9 ?is =m ( air1 is n able to dislodge ! o!r acids f _! union ) wat]4 ,blue vitriol1 :i* is =m$ by ! union ( ! vitriolic acid ) copp]1 turn$ to a d>k gre5 ! mom5t t x 0 put to ! acid air1 :i* x absorb$1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,two pieces1 z big z small nuts1 absorb$ ?ree ounce measures ( ! air 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,! gre5 col\r 0 v sup]ficial2 = x 0 easily wip$ or wa%$ (f4 ,gre5 copp]as turn$ to a deep] gre5 ^u be+ put into acid air1 :i* x absorb$ sl[ly4 ,:ite copp]as absorb$ ?is air v fa/1 & 0 dissolv$ 9 x4 ,sal ammoniac1 be+ ! union ( _s ( salt ) volatile alkali1 0 no m affect$ ) ! acid air ?an1 z ,i h obs]v$ be=e1 common salt 04 ,i also introduc$ to ! acid air v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 )\t any p>ticul> expectation2 & x may be wor? :ile to give an acc\nt ( ! results1 t ! read] may draw f !m su* conclusions z he %all ?9k reasonable4 ,borax absorb$ acid air ab\t z fa/ z blue vitriol1 b )\t any ?+ else t 0 obs]vable4 ,f9e :ite sug> absorb$ ?is air sl[ly1 0 ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) x1 became ( a deep br[n col\r1 & acquir$ a smell t 0 peculi>ly pung5t4 ,a piece ( quick lime be+ put to ab\t twelve or f\rte5 ounce measures ( acid air1 & cont9u+ 9 t situation ab\t two days1 !re rema9$ "o ounce measure ( air t 0 n absorb$ by wat]1 & x 0 v /rongly inflammable1 z mu* s z a mixture ( half inflammable & half common air4 ,v p>ticul> c>e 0 tak5 t no common air mix$ ) ! acid air 9 ?is process4 ,at ano!r "t1 f ab\t half ! quantity ( acid air above m5tion$1 ) mu* less quick-lime1 & 9 ! space ( "o day1 ,i got half an ounce measure ( air t 0 inflammable 9 a slight degree only4 ,?is exp]im5t proves t "s "p ( ! phlogi/on :i* escapes f ! fuel1 9 contact ) :i* ! lime is burn$1 adh]es to x4 ,b ,i am v f> f ?9k+ t ! cau/icity ( quick-lime is at all ow+ to ?is circum/ance4 ,i h made a few m exp]im5ts on ! mixture ( acid air ) o!r k9ds ( air1 & ?9k t x may be wor? :ile to m5tion !m1 ?\gh no?+ ( consequ5ce1 at lea/ no?+ b negative conclusions1 c be drawn f !m4 ,a quantity ( common air saturat$ ) nitr\s air 0 put to a quantity ( acid air1 & !y cont9u$ toge!r all night1 )\t any s5sible effect4 ,! quantity ( bo? rema9$ ! same1 & wat] be+ admitt$ to !m1 x absorb$ all ! acid air1 & left ! o!r j z be=e4 ,a mixture ( two ?irds ( air dim9i%$ by iron fil+s & brim/one1 & "o ?ird acid air1 7 mix$ toge!r1 & left to /& f\r weeks 9 quicksilv]4 ,b :5 ! mixture 0 exam9$1 wat] pres5tly imbib$ all ! acid air1 & ! dim9i%$ air 0 f\nd to be j ! same t x 0 be=e4 ,i _h imag9$ t ! acid air might h unit$ ) ! phlogi/on ) :i* ! dim9i%$ air 0 ov]*>g$1 s z to r5d] x :olsome2 & ,i _h read an acc\nt ( ! /5* aris+ f putrid bodies be+ correct$ by acid fumes4 ,! rema9+ exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! acid air 0 pr9cipally conc]n$1 are ( a miscellane\s nature4 ,i put a piece ( dry ice to a quantity ( acid air 7z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! section conc]n+ alkal9e air7 tak+ x ) a =ceps1 :i*1 z well z ! air itself1 & ! quicksilv] by :i* x _h be5 conf9$2 _h be5 expos$ to ! op5 air = an h\r1 9 a pretty /rong fro/4 ,! mom5t x t\*$ ! air x 0 dissolv$ z fa/ z x w\ld h be5 by be+ ?r[n into a hot fire1 & ! air 0 pres5tly imbib$4 ,putt+ fre% pieces ( ice to t :i* 0 dissolv$ be=e1 !y 7 also dissolv$ imm$iately1 & ! wat] ?us procur$ did n freeze aga91 ?\gh x 0 expos$ a :ole night1 9 a v int5se fro/4 ,flies & spid]s die 9 acid air1 b n s quickly z 9 nitr\s air4 ,?is surpriz$ me v mu*2 z ,i _h imag9$ t no?+ c\ld be m spe$ily fatal to all animal life ?an ?is pure acid vap\r4 ,z inflammable air1 ,i h obs]v$1 fires at "o explosion 9 ! vap\r ( smok+ _s ( nitre1 j l an equal mixture ( inflammable & common air1 ,i ?\ght x 0 possible t ! fume :i* naturally rises f common _s ( salt might h ! same effect1 b x _h n4 ,= ?is purpose ,i treat$ ! _s ( salt1 z ,i _h be=e done ! smok+ _s ( nitre2 fir/ fill+ a phial ) x1 !n inv]t+ x 9 a vessel conta9+ a quantity ( ! same acid2 & hav+ ?r[n ! inflammable air into x1 & !reby driv5 out all ! acid1 turn+ x ) its m\? upw>ds1 & imm$iately apply+ a c&le to x4 ,acid air n be+ s manageable z mo/ ( ! o!r k9ds ( air1 ,i _h rec\rse to ! foll[+ peculi> me?od1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its specific gravity4 ,hav+ fill$ an eight ounce phial ) ?is air1 & cork$ x up1 ,i weigh$ x v accurately2 & !n1 tak+ out ! cork1 ,i blew v /rongly into x ) a pair ( bell[s1 t ! common air might take place ( ! acid2 & aft] ?is ,i weigh$ x aga91 toge!r ) ! cork1 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 ! weight4 ,i conclude1 h[ev]1 f ?is exp]im5t1 t ! acid air is heavi] ?an ! common air1 because ! m\? ( ! phial & ! inside ( x 7 evid5tly moi/5$ by ! wat] :i* ! acid vap\r _h attract$ f ! air1 :i* moi/ure mu/ h add$ to ! weight ( ! phial4 ,,section ,v4 ,( ,,inflammable ,,air4 ,x w h appe>$ f my =m] exp]im5ts1 t inflammable air consi/s *iefly1 if n :olly1 ( ! union ( an acid vap\r ) phlogi/on2 t z mu* ( ! phlogi/on z contributes to make air inflammable is imbib$ by ! wat] 9 :i* x is agitat$2 t 9 ?is process x soon becomes fit = respiration1 & by ! cont9uance ( x comes at l5g? to ext+ui% flame4 ,^! obs]vations1 & o!rs :i* ,i h made ^u ?is k9d ( air1 h be5 confirm$ by my lat] exp]im5ts1 especially ^? 9 :i* ,i h connect$ electrical exp]im5ts ) ^? on air4 ,! electric sp>k tak5 9 any k9d ( oil produces inflammable air1 z ,i 0 l$ to obs]ve 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,hav+ f\nd1 z w be m5tion$ h]eaft]1 t e!r d\bles ! quantity ( any k9d ( air to :i* x is admitt$2 & be+ at t "t engag$ 9 a c\rse ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! effect ( ! electric matt] on all ! diff]5t k9ds ( air1 ,i _h ! curiosity to try :at x w\ld d ) common air1 ?us increas$ by means ( e!r4 ,! v fir/ sp>k1 ,i obs]v$1 increas$ ! quantity ( ?is air v consid]ably1 s t ,i _h v soon six or eight times z mu* z ,i began )2 & :]eas wat] imbibes all ! e!r t is put to any k9d ( air1 & leaves x )\t any visible *ange1 ) respect to quantity or quality1 ?is air1 on ! contr>y1 0 n imbib$ by wat]4 ,x 0 also v little dim9i%$ by ! mixture ( nitr\s air4 ,f :5ce x 0 evid5t1 t x _h receiv$ an addition ( "s o!r k9d ( air1 ( :i* x n[ pr9cipally consi/$4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ?is effect 0 produc$ by ! wire1 or ! cem5t by :i* ! air 0 conf9$ 7z ,i ?\ght x possible t phlogi/on might be dis*>g$ f !m7 ,i made ! exp]im5t 9 a glass syphon1 fig4 #ai1 & by t means ,i contriv$ to make ! electric sp>k pass f quicksilv] ?r\gh ! air on :i* ,i made ! exp]im5t1 & ! effect 0 ! same z be=e4 ,at "o "t !re happ5$ to be a bubble ( common air1 )\t any e!r1 9 "o "p ( ! syphon1 & ano!r bubble ) e!r 9 ano!r "p ( x2 & x 0 v amus+ to obs]ve h[ ! same electric sp>ks dim9i%$ ! =m] ( ^! bubbles1 & increas$ ! latt]4 ,x be+ evid5t t ! e!r occasion$ ! diff]5ce t 0 obs]vable 9 ^! two cases1 ,i next proce$$ to take ! electric sp>k 9 a quantity ( e!r only1 )\t any air :atev]2 & obs]v$ t e sp>k produc$ a small bubble2 & ?\gh1 :ile ! sp>ks 7 tak5 9 ! e!r itself1 ! g5]ation ( air 0 sl[1 yet :5 s mu* air 0 collect$1 t ! sp>ks 7 oblig$ to pass ?r\gh x1 9 ord]1 to come to ! e!r & ! quicksilv] on :i* x re/$1 ! increase 0 exce$+ly rapid2 s t1 mak+ ! exp]im5t 9 small tubes1 z fig4 #af1 ! quicksilv] soon rec$$ beyond ! /rik+ di/ance4 ,?is air1 by pass+ ?r\gh wat]1 0 dim9i%$ to ab\t "o ?ird1 & 0 inflammable4 ,"o quantity ( air produc$ 9 ?is mann] f e!r ,i suff]$ to /& two days 9 wat]1 & aft] t ,i transf]r$ x sev]al times ?r\gh ! wat]1 f "o vessel to ano!r1 & /ill f\nd t x 0 v /rongly inflammable2 s t ,i h no d\bt ( its be+ g5u9e inflammable air1 l t :i* is produc$ f metals by acids1 or by any o!r *emical process4 ,air produc$ f e!r1 mix$ bo? ) common & nitr\s air1 0 likewise inflammable2 b 9 ! case ( ! nitr\s air1 ! orig9al quantity bore a v small proportion to ! quantity g5]at$4 ,conclud+ t ! inflammable matt] 9 ?is air came f ! e!r1 z be+ ( ! class ( oils1 ,i tri$ o!r k9ds ( oil1 z oil ( olives1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & ess5tial oil ( m9t1 tak+ ! electric sp>k 9 !m1 )\t any air to beg9 )1 & f\nd t inflammable air 0 produc$ 9 ?is mann] f !m all4 ,! g5]ation ( air f oil ( turp5t9e 0 ! quicke/1 & f ! oil ( olives ! sl[e/ 9 ^! ?ree cases4 ,by ! same process ,i got inflammable air f _s ( w9e1 & ab\t z copi\sly z f ! ess5tial oil ( m9t4 ,?is air cont9u$ 9 wat] a :ole night1 & :5 x 0 transf]r$ into ano!r vessel 0 /rongly inflammable4 ,9 all ^! cases ! inflammable matt] might be suppos$ to arise f ! inflammable sub/ances on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,b f9d+ t1 by ! same process ,i c\ld get inflammable air f ! volatile _s ( sal ammoniac1 ,i conclude t ! phlogi/on 0 9 "p suppli$ by ! electric matt] itself4 ,= ?\gh1 z ,i h obs]v$ be=e1 ! alkal9e air :i* is expell$ f ! _s ( sal ammoniac be inflammable1 x is s 9 a v slight degree1 & c only be p]ceiv$ to be s :5 !re is a consid]able quantity ( x4 ,endeav\r+ to procure air f a cau/ic alkal9e liquor1 accurately made = me by ,mr4 ,lane1 & also f _s ( salt1 ,i f\nd t ! electric sp>k c\ld n be made visible 9 ei!r ( !m2 s t !y mu/ be mu* m p]fect conductors ( electricity ?an wat]1 or o!r fluid sub/ances4 ,?is exp]im5t well des]ves to be prosecut$4 ,i obs]v$ be=e t inflammable air1 by /&+ long 9 wat]1 & especially by agitation 9 wat]1 loses its inflammability2 & t 9 ! latt] case1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a /ate 9 :i* x makes "s approa* to common air 7j admitt+ a c&le to burn 9 x7 x comes to ext+ui% a c&le4 ,i h s9ce made ano!r obs]vation ( ?is k9d1 :i* well des]ves to be recit$4 ,x relates to ! inflammable air g5]at$ f oak ! #bg? ( ,july #agga1 ( :i* ,i h made m5tion be=e4 ,?is air ,i h obs]v$ to h be5 b weakly inflammable "s mon?s aft] x 0 g5]at$1 & to h be5 conv]t$ into pretty good or :olesome air by no great degree ( agitation 9 wat]2 b on ! #bg? ( ,m>* #aggc1 ,i f\nd ! rema9d] ( x to be exce$+ly good air4 ,a c&le burn$ 9 x p]fectly well1 & x 0 dim9i%$ by nitr\s air almo/ z mu* z common air4 ,i %all conclude ?is section ) a few miscellane\s obs]vations ( no great importance4 ,inflammable air is n *ang$ by be+ made to pass _m times ?r\gh a r$-hot iron tube4 ,x is also no m dim9i%$ or *ang$ by ! fumes ( liv] ( sulphur1 or by ! electric sp>k1 ?an ,i h be=e obs]v$ x to h be5 by a mixture ( iron fil+s & brim/one4 ,:5 ! electric sp>k 0 tak5 9 x1 x 0 conf9$ by a quantity ( wat] t+$ blue ) ! juice ( ar*il1 b ! col\r rema9$ un*ang$4 ,i put two wasps into inflammable air1 & let !m rema9 !re a consid]able "t1 "o ( !m ne> an h\r4 ,!y pres5tly ceas$ to move1 & seem$ to be q dead = ab\t half an h\r aft] !y 7 tak5 into ! op5 air2 b !n !y came to life aga91 & pres5tly aft] seem$ to be z well z ev] !y _h be54 ,,section ,,vi4 ,( ,,fix$ ,,air4 ,! additions ,i h made to my obs]vations on fix$ air are nei!r num]\s nor consid]able4 ,! mo/ important ( !m is a confirmation ( my conjecture1 t fix$ air is capable ( =m+ an union ) phlogi/on1 & !reby becom+ a k9d ( air t is n miscible ) wat]4 ,i _h produc$ ?is effect be=e by means ( iron fil+s & brim/one1 f]m5t+ 9 ?is k9d ( air2 b ,i h s9ce _h a mu* m decisive & elegant pro( ( x by electricity4 ,= aft] tak+ a small electric explosion1 = ab\t an h\r1 9 ! space ( an in* ( fix$ air1 conf9$ 9 a glass tube "o t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 fig4 #af1 ,i f\nd t :5 wat] 0 admitt$ to x1 only "o f\r? ( ! air 0 imbib$4 ,probably ! :ole ( x w\ld h be5 r5d]$ immiscible 9 wat]1 if ! electrical op]ation _h be5 cont9u$ a suffici5t "t4 ,?is air cont9u$ sev]al days 9 wat]1 & 0 ev5 agitat$ 9 wat] )\t any f>!r dim9ution4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 common air1 = x 0 n dim9i%$ by nitr\s air4 ,by means ( iron fil+s & brim/one ,i h1 s9ce my =m] exp]im5ts1 procur$ a consid]able quantity ( ?is k9d ( air 9 a me?od some?+ diff]5t f t :i* ,i us$ be=e4 ,= hav+ plac$ a pot ( ?is mixture "u a receiv]1 & exhau/$ x ) a pump ( ,mr4 ,smeaton's con/ruction1 ,i fill$ x ) fix$ air1 & !n left x plung$ "u wat]2 s t no common air c\ld h access to x4 ,9 ?is mann]1 & 9 ab\t a week1 !re 01 z ne> z ,i c recollect1 "o six?1 or at lea/ "o eigh? ( ! :ole conv]t$ into a p]man5t air1 n imbib$ by wat]4 ,f ?is exp]im5t ,i expect$ t ! same effect w\ld h be5 produc$ on fix$ air by ! fumes ( liv] ( sulphur2 b ,i 0 disappo9t$ 9 t expectation1 :i* surpris$ me n a little2 ?\gh ?is corresponds 9 "s measure1 to ! effect ( phlogi/on exhal$ f ?is sub/ance on acid air4 ,p]haps m "t may be requisite = ?is purpose1 = ?is process 0 n cont9u$ m ?an a day & a night4 ,iron fil+s & brim/one1 ,i h obs]v$1 f]m5t ) great heat 9 nitr\s air1 & ,i h s9ce obs]v$ t ?is process is att5d$ ) great] heat 9 fix$ air ?an 9 common air4 ,?\gh fix$ air incorporat$ ) wat] dissolves iron1 fix$ air )\t wat] has no su* p[]1 z ,i obs]v$ be=e4 ,i imag9$ t1 if x c\ld h dissolv$ iron1 ! phlogi/on w\ld h unit$ ) ! air1 & h made x immiscible ) wat]1 z 9 ! =m] in/ances2 b aft] be+ conf9$ 9 a phial full ( nails f ! #ae? ( ,decemb] to ! #d? ( ,octob] foll[+1 nei!r ! iron nor ! air appe>$ to h be5 affect$ by _! mutual contact4 ,hav+ expos$ equal quantities ( common & fix$ air1 9 equal & simil> cyl9drical glass vessels1 to equal degrees ( heat1 by plac+ !m be=e a fire1 & frequ5tly *ang+ _! situations1 ,i obs]v$ t !y 7 exp&$ exactly alike1 & :5 remov$ f ! fire !y bo? recov]$ _! =m] dim5sions4 ,hav+ _h "s small suspicion t liv] ( sulphur1 besides emitt+ phlogi/on1 might also yield "s fix$ air 7:i* is kn[n to be conta9$ 9 ! salt ( t>t> f :i* x is made7 ,i mix$ ! two +r$i5ts1 viz4 salt ( t>t> & brim/one1 & putt+ !m into a ?9 phial1 & apply+ ! flame ( a c&le to x1 s z to =m ! liv] ( sulphur1 ,i receiv$ ! air t came f x 9 ?is process 9 a vessel ( quicksilv]4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i procur$ a v consid]able quantity ( fix$ air1 s t ,i judg$ x 0 all dis*>g$ f ! t>t>4 ,b ?\gh x is possible t a small quantity ( x may rema9 9 liv] ( sulphur1 :5 x is made 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 x is n probable t x c be expell$ )\t heat4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,x is some?+ extraord9>y t1 ?\gh e!r1 z ,i f\nd1 _c be made to assume ! =m ( air 7! vap\r aris+ f x by heat1 be+ soon cond5s$ by cold1 ev5 9 quicksilv]7 yet t a v small quantity ( e!r put to any k9d ( air1 except ! acid1 & alkal9e1 :i* x imbibes1 almo/ in/antly d\bles ! app>5t quantity ( x2 b ^u pass+ ?is air ?r\gh wat]1 x is pres5tly r$uc$ to its orig9al quantity aga91 ) little or no *ange ( quality4 ,i put ab\t ! quantity ( half a nut-%ell full ( e!r1 inclos$ 9 a glass tube1 ?r\gh a body ( quicksilv]1 into an ounce measure ( common air1 conf9$ by quicksilv]2 ^u :i* x pres5tly began to exp&1 till x occupi$ ! space ( two ounce measures4 ,x !n gradually contract$ ab\t "o six? ( an ounce measure4 ,putt+ m e!r to x1 x aga9 exp&$ to two ounce measures2 b no m addition ( e!r w\ld make x exp& any f>!r4 ,)draw+ ! quicksilv]1 & admitt+ wat] to ?is air1 )\t any agitation1 x began to be absorb$2 b only ab\t half an ounce measure _h disappe>$ aft] x _h /ood an h\r 9 ! wat]4 ,b by once pass+ x ?r\gh wat] ! air 0 r$uc$ to its orig9al dim5sions4 ,be+ tri$ by a mixture ( nitr\s air1 x appe>$ n to be s good z fre% air1 ?\gh ! injury x _h receiv$ 0 n consid]able4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( dilatation & contraction 7 ne>ly ! same1 :51 in/ead ( common air1 ,i us$ nitr\s air1 fix$ air1 inflammable air1 or any species ( phlogi/icat$ common air4 ,! quantity ( ea* ( ^! k9ds ( air 0 ne>ly d\bl$ :ile !y 7 kept 9 quicksilv]1 b fix$ air 0 n s mu* increas$ z ! re/1 & phlogi/icat$ air less2 b aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 !y appe>$ n to h be5 s5sibly *ang$ by ! process4 #b4 ,_s ( w9e yields no air by means ( heat1 ! vap\rs be+ soon cond5s$ by cold1 l ! vap\r ( wat]2 yet :51 9 endeav\r+ to procure air f x1 ,i made x boil1 & cat*$ ! air :i* _h re/$ on ! surface ( ! _s1 & :i* _h be5 expell$ by ! heat toge!r ) ! vap\r1 9 a vessel ( quicksilv]1 & aft]w>ds admitt$ acid air to x1 ! vessel 0 fill$ ) :ite fumes1 z if !re _h be5 a mixture ( alkal9e air along ) x4 ,to :at ?is appe>ance 0 ow+ ,i _c tell1 & inde$ ,i did n exam9e into x4 #c4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ by ,dr4 ,small & ,mr4 ,bolton ( ,birm+ham1 t pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( copp] 9 _s ( nitre w\ld take fire ) a mod]ate heat 7a fact :i* ,i aft]w>ds f\nd m5tion$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions7 x occurr$ to me t ?is w\ld be v conv5i5t = exp]im5ts relat+ to ignition 9 diff]5t k9ds ( air2 & inde$ ,i f\nd t x 0 easily fir$1 ei!r by a burn+ l5s1 or ! approa* ( r$-hot iron on ! outside ( ! phial 9 :i* x 0 conta9$1 & t any "p ( x be+ once fir$1 ! :ole 0 pres5tly r$uc$ to a%es2 provid$ x 0 previ\sly made ?or\ghly dry1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x is n v easy to d4 ,) ?is prep>ation1 ,i f\nd t ?is pap] burn$ freely 9 all k9ds ( air1 b n 9 vacuo1 :i* is also ! case ) gunp[d]2 &1 z ,i h 9 effect obs]v$ be=e1 all ! k9ds ( air 9 :i* ?is pap] 0 burn$ receiv$ an addition to _! bulk1 :i* consi/$ p>tly ( nitr\s air1 f ! nitr\s precipitate1 & p>tly ( inflammable air1 f ! pap]4 ,z "s ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! ignition ( ?is pap] 9 "s ( ! k9ds ( air 7 a little rem>kable1 ,i %all j recite !m4 ,fir+ ?is pap] 9 inflammable air1 :i* x did )\t any ignition ( ! inflammable air itself1 ! quantity increas$ regul>ly1 till ! phial 9 :i* ! process 0 made 0 ne>ly full2 b !n x began to decrease1 till "o ?ird ( ! :ole quantity disappe>$4 ,a piece ( ?is pap] be+ put to ?ree ounce measures ( acid air1 a great "p ( x pres5tly turn$ yell[1 & ! air 0 r$uc$ to "o ?ird ( ! orig9al quantity1 at ! same "t becom+ r$di%1 exactly l common air 9 a phial conta9+ smok+ _s ( nitre4 ,aft] ?is1 by ! approa* ( hot iron1 ,i set fire to ! pap]2 imm$iately ^u :i* !re 0 a production ( air :i* m ?an fill$ ! phial4 ,?is air appe>$1 ^u exam9ation1 to be v little diff]5t f pure nitr\s air4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ) ! same ev5t4 ,pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( m]cury1 z9c1 or iron1 9 nitr\s acid1 has1 9 a small degree1 ! same prop]ty ) pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( copp] 9 ! same acid4 #d4 ,gunp[d] is also fir$ 9 all k9ds ( air1 &1 9 ! quantity 9 :i* ,i tri$ x1 did n make any s5sible *ange 9 !m1 except t ! common air 9 :i* x 0 fir$ w\ld n aft]w>ds admit a c&le to burn 9 x4 ,9 ord] to try ?is exp]im5t ,i half exhau/$ a receiv]1 & !n ) a burn+-glass fir$ ! gunp[d] :i* _h be5 previ\sly put into x4 ,by ?is means ,i c\ld fire a great] quantity ( gunp[d] 9 a small quantity ( air1 & avoid ! haz>d ( bl[+ up1 & break+ my receiv]4 ,i own t ,i 0 r afraid ( fir+ gunp[d] 9 inflammable air1 b !re 0 no reason = my fe>2 = x explod$ q freely 9 ?is air1 leav+ x1 9 all respects1 j z x 0 be=e4 ,9 ord] to make ?is exp]im5t1 & inde$ almo/ all ! exp]im5ts ( fir+ gunp[d] 9 diff]5t k9ds ( air1 ,i plac$ ! p[d] ^u a conv5i5t /& )9 my receiv]1 & hav+ c>efully exhau/$ x by a pump ( ,mr4 ,smeaton's con/ruction1 ,i fill$ ! receiv] ) any k9d ( air by ! app>atus describ$1 p4 #ai1 fig4 #ad1 tak+ ! greate/ c>e t ! tubes1 c4 :i* convey$ ! air %\ld conta9 little or no common air4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ) inflammable air a consid]able mixture ( common air w\ld h be5 exce$+ly haz>d\s3 =1 by t assi/ance1 ! inflammable air might h explod$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to h be5 dang]\s to ! op]ator4 ,inde$1 ,i believe ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to h made ! exp]im5t at all ) any o!r pump besides ,mr4 ,smeaton's4 ,sometimes1 ,i fill$ a glass vessel ) quicksilv]1 & introduc$ ! air to x1 :5 x 0 inv]t$ 9 a bason ( quicksilv]4 ,by ?is means ,i intirely avoid$ any mixture ( common air2 b !n x 0 n easy to convey ! gunp[d] into x1 9 ! exact quantity t 0 requisite = my purpose4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ! only me?od by :i* ,i c\ld contrive to fire gunp[d] 9 acid or alkal9e air1 9 :i* x explod$ j z x did 9 nitr\s or fix$ air4 ,i burn$ a consid]able quantity ( gunp[d] 9 an exhau/$ receiv] 7= x is well kn[n t x w n explode 9 x7 b ! air ,i got f x 0 v inconsid]able1 & 9 ^! circum/ances 0 necess>ily mix$ ) common air4 ,a c&le w\ld n burn 9 x4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,qu]ies1 ,,speculations1 & ,,h9ts4 ,i beg9 to be appreh5sive le/1 aft] be+ consid]$ z a dry exp]im5t]1 ,i %\ld pass1 ) _m ( my read]s1 into ! opposite "* ( a vision>y !ori/4 ,a good deal ( !ory has be5 int]sp]s$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 b1 n cont5t ) ?is1 ,i am n[ ent]+ ^u a long section1 :i* conta9s no?+ else4 ,! conjectures t ,i h v5tur$ to advance 9 ! body ( ! "w w1 ,i hope1 be f\nd to be pretty well support$ by facts2 b ! pres5t section w1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 conta9 _m r&om ?\ghts4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ?r[n !m toge!r by !mselves1 t read]s ( less imag9ation1 & :o c>e n to advance beyond ! regions ( pla9 fact1 may1 if !y please1 proce$ no f>!r1 t _! delicacy be n (f5d$4 ,9 ext5uation ( my (f5ce1 let x1 h[ev]1 be consid]$1 t !ory & exp]im5t necess>ily g h& 9 h&1 e process be+ int5d$ to asc]ta9 "s p>ticul> hypo!sis1 :i*1 9 fact1 is only a conjecture conc]n+ ! circum/ances or ! cause ( "s natural op]ation2 consequ5tly t ! bolde/ & mo/ orig9al exp]im5t]s are ^?1 :o1 giv+ free scope to _! imag9ations1 admit ! comb9ation ( ! mo/ di/ant ideas2 & t ?\gh _m ( ^! associations ( ideas1 w be wild & *im]ical1 yet t o!rs w h ! *ance ( giv+ rise to ! greate/ & mo/ capital discov]ies2 su* z v cauti\s1 timid1 sob]1 & sl[-?9k+ p w\ld nev] h come at4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton himself1 not)/&+ ! great advantage :i* he d]iv$ f a habit ( pati5t ?9k+1 indulg$ bold & exc5tric ?\ghts1 ( :i* 8 ,qu]ies at ! end ( 8 book ( ,optics are a suffici5t evid5ce4 ,& a quick conception ( di/ant analogies1 :i* is ! great key to unlock ! secret ( nature1 is by no means incompatible ) ! _s ( p]sev]ance1 9 inve/igations calculat$ to asc]ta9 & pursue ^? analogies4 #a4 ,speculations conc]n+ ! ,,con/itu5t ,,pr9ciples ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,,air1 & ! ,,con/itution & ,,orig9 ( ! ,,atmosph]e1 c4 ,all ! k9ds ( air t appe> to me to be ess5tially di/9ct f ea* o!r are fix$ air1 acid & alkal9e2 = ^!1 & ano!r pr9ciple1 call$ phlogi/on1 :i* ,i h n be5 able to exhibit 9 ! =m ( air1 & :i* has nev] yet be5 exhibit$ by itself 9 any =m1 seem to con/itute all ! k9ds ( air t ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,acid air & phlogi/on con/itute an air :i* ei!r ext+ui%es flame1 or is itself inflammable1 accord+1 probably1 to ! quantity ( phlogi/on comb9$ 9 x1 or ! mode ( comb9ation4 ,:5 x ext+ui%es flame1 x is probably s mu* *>g$ ) ! phlogi/ic matt]1 z to take no m f a burn+ c&le1 :i* mu/1 !re=e1 necess>ily g out 9 x4 ,:5 x is inflammable1 x is probably s mu* *>g$ ) phlogi/on1 t ! heat communicat$ by a burn+ c&le makes x imm$iately sep>ate itself f ! o!r pr9ciple ) :i* x 0 unit$1 9 :i* sep>ation heat is produc$1 z 9 o!r cases ( ignition2 ! action & reaction1 :i* necess>ily att5ds ! sep>ation ( ! con/itu5t pr9ciples1 excit+ probably a vibratory motion 9 !m4 ,s9ce inflammable1 air1 by agitation 9 wat]1 fir/ comes to lose its inflammability1 s z to be fit = respiration1 & ev5 to admit a c&le to burn 9 x1 & !n comes to ext+ui% a c&le2 x seems probable t wat] imbibes a great "p ( ?is extraord9>y *>ge ( phlogi/on4 ,& t wat] c be impregnat$ ) phlogi/on1 is evid5t f _m ( my exp]im5ts1 especially ^? 9 :i* metals 7 calc9$ ov] x4 ,wat] hav+ ?is aff9ity ) phlogi/on1 x is probable t x always conta9s a consid]able portion ( x2 :i* phlogi/on hav+ a /rong] aff9ity ) ! acid air1 :i* is p]haps ! basis ( common air1 may by long agitation be communicat$ to x1 s z to leave x ov] saturat$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x w ext+ui% a c&le4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t inflammable air & air :i* ext+ui%es a c&le may diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! mode ( ! comb9ation ( ^! two con/itu5t pr9ciples1 z well z 9 ! proportional quantity ( ea*2 & by agitation 9 wat]1 or long /&+1 t mode ( comb9ation may *ange4 ,?is we "k to be ! case ) o!r sub/ances1 z ) milk1 f :i*1 by /&+ only1 cream is sep>at$2 :i* by agitation becomes butt]4 ,also _m sub/ances1 be+ at re/1 putrefy1 & !reby become q diff]5t f :at !y 7 be=e4 ,if ?is be ! case ) inflammable air1 ! wat] may imbibe ei!r ( ! con/itu5t p>ts1 :5ev] any proportion ( x is spontane\sly sep>at$ f ! re/2 & %\ld ?is ev] be t phlogi/on1 ) :i* air is b slightly ov]*>g$1 z by ! burn+ ( a c&le1 x w be recov]$ to a /ate 9 :i* a c&le may burn 9 x aga94 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 only 9 "o in/ance t ,i f\nd t /rong inflammable air1 9 its transition to a /ate 9 :i* x ext+ui%es a c&le1 w\ld admit a c&le to burn 9 x1 & t 0 v fa9tly2 t !n ! air 0 f> f be+ pure1 z appe>$ by ! te/ ( nitr\s air2 & t x 0 only f a p>ticul> quantity ( inflammable air :i* ,i got f oak1 & :i* _h /ood a long "t 9 wat]1 t ,i ev] got air :i* 0 z pure z common air4 ,inde$1 x is mu* m easy to acc\nt = ! pass+ ( inflammable air into a /ate 9 :i* x ext+ui%es c&les1 )\t any int]m$iate /ate1 9 :i* x w admit a c&le to burn 9 x1 ?an o!rwise4 ,?is subject requires & des]ves f>!r inve/igation4 ,x w also be well wor? :ile to exam9e :at diff]5ce ! agitation ( air 9 natural or artificial sea-wat] w occasion4 ,s9ce acid air & phlogi/on make inflammable air1 & s9ce inflammable air is conv]tible into air fit = respiration1 x seems n to be improbable1 t ^! two +r$i5ts are ! only ess5tial pr9ciples ( common air4 ,= ?is *ange is produc$ by agitation 9 wat] only1 )\t ! addition ( any fix$ air1 ?\gh ?is k9d ( air1 l v>i\s o!r ?+s ( a =eign nature1 may be comb9$ ) x4 ,consid]+ also :at prodigi\s quantities ( inflammable air are produc$ by ! burn+ ( small pieces ( wood or pit-coal1 x may n be improbable b t ! volcanos1 ) :i* !re are evid5t traces ( almo/ ! :ole surface ( ! e>? hav+ be5 ov]spread1 may h be5 ! orig9 ( our atmosph]e1 z well z 7accord+ to ! op9ion ( "s7 ( all ! solid l&4 ,! sup]flu\s phlogi/on ( ! air1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x issues f volcanos1 may h be5 imbib$ by ! wat]s ( ! sea1 :i* x is probable orig9ally cov]$ ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?\gh "p ( x might h unit$ ) ! acid vap\r exhal$ f ! sea1 & by ?is union h made a consid]able & valuable addition to ! common mass ( air2 & ! rema9d] ( ?is ov]-*>ge ( phlogi/on may h be5 imbib$ by plants z soon z ! e>? 0 furni%$ ) !m4 ,t an acid vap\r is really exhal$ f ! sea1 by ! heat ( ! sun1 seems to be evid5t f ! rem>kably diff]5t /ates ( ! atmosph]e1 9 ?is respect1 9 hot & cold climates4 ,9 ,hudson's bay1 & also 9 ,russia1 x is said1 t metals h>dly ev] ru/1 :]eas !y are rem>kably liable to ru/ 9 ,b>badoes1 & o!r isl&s betwe5 ! tropics4 ,see ,ellis's ,voyage1 p4 #bhh4 ,?is is also ! case 9 places ab\nd+ ) salt-spr+s1 z ,nantwi* 9 ,*e%ire4 ,t mild air %\ld consi/ ( p>ts ( s v diff]5t a nature z an acid vap\r & phlogi/on1 "o ( :i* is s exce$+ly corrosive1 w n appe> surpris+ to a *emi/1 :o consid]s ! v /rong aff9ity :i* ^! two pr9ciples are kn[n to h ) ea* o!r1 & ! exce$+ly diff]5t prop]ties :i* sub/ances compos$ by !m possess4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 common sulphur1 :i* is z mild z air1 & may be tak5 into ! /oma* ) ! utmo/ safety1 ?\gh no?+ c be m de/ructive ?an "o ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 sep>ately tak51 viz4 oil ( vitriol4 ,common air1 !re=e1 not)/&+ its mildness1 may be compos$ ( simil> pr9ciples1 & be a real sulphur4 ,t ! fix$ air :i* makes "p ( ! atmosph]e is n pres5tly imbib$ by ! wat]s ( ! sea1 on :i* x re/s1 may be ow+ to ! union :i* ?is k9d ( air also appe>s to be capable ( =m+ ) phlogi/on4 ,= fix$ air is evid5tly ( ! nature ( an acid2 & x appe>s1 9 fact1 to be capable ( be+ comb9$ ) phlogi/on1 & !reby ( con/itut+ a species ( air n liable to be imbib$ by wat]4 ,phlogi/on1 h[ev]1 hav+ a /rong] aff9ity ) acid air1 :i* ,i suppose to be ! basis ( common air1 x is n surpris+ t1 unit+ ) ?is1 9 pref]5ce to ! fix$ air1 ! latt] %\ld be precipitat$1 :5ev] a quantity ( common air is made noxi\s by an ov]-*>ge ( phlogi/on4 ,! fix$ air ) :i* our atmosph]e ab\nds may also be suppli$ by volcanos1 f ! va/ masses ( calc>e\s matt] lodg$ 9 ! e>?1 toge!r ) inflammable air4 ,also a "p ( x may be suppli$ f ! f]m5tation ( vegetables ^u ! surface ( x4 ,at pres5t1 z fa/ z x is precipitat$ & imbib$ by "o process1 x may be set loose by o!rs4 ,:e!r !re be1 ^u1 ! :ole1 an increase or a decrease ( ! g5]al mass ( ! atmosph]e is n easy to conjecture1 b ,i %\ld imag9e t x r increases4 ,x is true t _m processes contribute to a great visible dim9ution ( common air1 & t :5 by o!r processes x is re/or$ to its =m] :olesom5ess1 x is n increas$ 9 its dim5sions2 b volcanos & fires /ill supply va/ quantities ( air1 ?\gh 9 a /ate n yet fit = respiration2 & x w h be5 se5 9 my exp]im5ts1 t vegetable & animal sub/ances1 dissolv$ by putrefaction1 n only emit phlogi/on1 b likewise yield a consid]able quantity ( p]man5t ela/ic air1 ov]load$ inde$ ) phlogi/on1 z might be expect$1 b capable ( be+ purifi$ by ^? processes 9 nature by :i* o!r noxi\s air is purifi$4 ,t p>ticles are cont9ually deta*+ !mselves f ! surfaces ( all solid bodies1 ev5 ! metallic ones1 & t ^! p>ticles con/itute ! mo/ p]man5t "p ( ! atmosph]e1 z ,sir ,isaac ,newton suppos$1 does n appe> to me to be at all probable4 ,my read]s w h obs]v$1 t n only is common air liable to be dim9i%$ by a mixture ( nitr\s air1 b likewise air orig9ally produc$ f inflammable air1 & ev5 f nitr\s air itself1 :i* nev] conta9$ any fix$ air4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$1 t ! :ole ( ! dim9ution ( common air by phlogi/on is n ow+ to ! precipitation ( fix$ air1 b f a real contraction ( its dim5sions1 9 consequ5ce ( its union ) phlogi/on4 ,p]haps an accurate att5tion to ! specific gravity ( air procur$ f ^! diff]5t mat]ials1 & 9 ^! diff]5t /ates1 may det]m9e ?is matt]1 & assi/ u 9 inve/igat+ ! nature ( phlogi/on4 ,9 :at mann] air is dim9i%$ by phlogi/on1 indep5d5t ( ! precipitation ( any ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 is n easy to conceive2 unless air ?us dim9i%$ be heavi] ?an air n dim9i%$1 :i* ,i did n f9d to be ! case4 ,x des]ves1 h[ev]1 to be tri$ ) m att5tion4 ,t phlogi/on %\ld communicate absolute levity to ! bodies ) :i* x is comb9$1 is a supposition t ,i am n will+ to h rec\rse to1 ?\gh x w\ld af=d an easy solution ( ?is difficulty4 ,i h likewise obs]v$1 t a m\se w live almo/ z long 9 inflammable air1 :5 x has be5 agitat$ 9 wat]1 & ev5 be=e x has be5 depriv$ ( all its inflammability1 z 9 common air2 & yet t 9 ?is /ate x is n1 p]haps1 s mu* dim9i%$ by nitr\s air z common air is4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! dim9ution seems to h be5 occasion$ by a contraction ( dim5sions1 & n by a loss ( any con/itu5t "p2 s t ! air is really bett]1 t is1 m fit = respiration1 ?an1 by ! te/ ( nitr\s air1 x w\ld seem to be4 ,if ?is be ! case 7= x is n easy to judge ) accuracy by exp]im5ts ) small animals7 nitr\s air w be an accurate te/ ( ! goodness ( common air only1 t is1 air conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( fix$ air4 ,b ?is is ! mo/ valuable purpose = :i* a te/ ( ! goodness ( air c be want$4 ,x w /ill1 inde$1 s]ve = a measure ( ! goodness ( air t does n conta9 fix$ air2 b1 a small] degree ( dim9ution 9 ?is case1 mu/ be admitt$ to be equival5t to a great] dim9ution 9 ! o!r4 ,z ,i c\ld nev]1 by means ( gr[+ vegetables1 br+ air :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly noxi\s to s pure a /ate z t a c&le w\ld burn 9 x1 x may be suspect$ t some?+ else besides vegetation is necess>y to produce ?is effect4 ,b x %\ld be consid]$1 t no "p ( ! common atmosph]e c ev] be 9 ?is highly noxi\s /ate1 or inde$ 9 a /ate 9 :i* a c&le w n burn 9 x2 b t ev5 air r$uc$ to ?is /ate1 ei!r by c&les actually burn+ out 9 x1 or by brea?+ x1 has nev] fail$ to be p]fectly re/or$ by vegetation1 at lea/ s f> t c&les w\ld burn 9 x aga91 &1 to all appe>ance1 z well1 & z long z ev]2 s t ! gr[+ vegetables1 ) :i* ! surface ( ! e>? is ov]spread1 may1 = any ?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 be a cause ( ! purification ( ! atmosph]e suffici5tly adequate to ! effect4 ,x may likewise be suspect$1 t s9ce agitation 9 wat] injures pure common air1 ! agitation ( ! sea may d m h>m ?an good 9 ?is respect4 ,b x requires a mu* m viol5t & long] cont9u$ agitation ( air 9 wat] ?an is ev] occasion$ by ! waves ( ! sea to d ! lea/ s5sible injury to x4 ,inde$ a light agitation ( air 9 putrid wat] injures x v mat]ially2 b if ! wat] be sweet1 ?is effect is n produc$1 except by a long & t$i\s op]ation1 :]eas x requires b a v %ort "t1 9 comp>ison1 to re/ore a quantity ( any ( ! mo/ noxi\s k9ds ( air to a v great degree ( :olesom5ess by ! same process4 ,dr4 ,hales f\nd t he c\ld brea! ! same air mu* long] :51 9 ! c\rse ( 8 respiration1 x 0 made to pass ?r\gh sev]al folds ( clo? dipp$ 9 v9eg>1 9 a solution ( sea-salt1 or 9 salt ( t>t>1 especially ! la/4 ,/atical ,essays1 vol4 #a4 p4 #bff4 ,! exp]im5t is valuable1 & well des]ves to be repeat$ ) a great] v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,i imag9e t ! effect 0 produc$ by ^? sub/ances1 or by ! wat] :i* !y attract$ f ! air1 imbib+ ! phlogi/ic matt] dis*>g$ f ! lungs4 ,p]haps ! phlogi/on may unite ) ! wat]y "p ( ! atmosph]e1 9 pref]5ce to any o!r "p ( x1 & may by t means be m easily transf]r$ to su* salts z imbibe moi/ure4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton def9es flame to be fumus c&5s1 consid]+ all smoke z be+ ( ! same nature1 & capable ( ignition4 ,b ! smoke ( common fuel consi/s ( two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,t :i* rises fir/ is m]e wat]1 load$ ) "s ( ! gross] p>ts ( ! fuel1 & is h>dly m capable ( becom+ r$ hot ?an wat] itself2 b ! o!r k9d ( smoke1 :i* alone is capable ( ignition1 is prop]ly inflammable air1 :i* is also load$ ) o!r het]og5e\s matt]1 s z to appe> l a v d5se smoke4 ,a light$ c&le soon %ews !m to be ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,= "o ( !m in/antly takes fire1 :]eas ! o!r ext+ui%es a c&le4 ,x is rem>kable t gunp[d] w take fire1 & explode 9 all k9ds ( air1 )\t di/9ction1 & t o!r sub/ances :i* conta9 nitre w burn freely 9 ^? circum/ances4 ,n[ s9ce no?+ c burn1 unless !re be some?+ at h& to receive ! phlogi/on1 :i* is set loose 9 ! act ( ignition1 ,i d n see h[ ?is fact c be acc\nt$ =1 b by suppos+ t ! acid ( nitre1 be+ peculi>ly =m$ to unite ) phlogi/on1 imm$iately receives x4 ,& if ! sulphur1 :i* is !reby =m$1 be in/antly decompos$ aga91 z ! *emi/s 9 g5]al say1 !nce comes ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 requires ! reaction ( "s incumb5t atmosph]e1 & )\t :i* ! mat]ials w only melt1 & be disp]s$ )\t explosion4 ,nitr\s air seems to consi/ ( ! nitr\s acid vap\r unit$ to phlogi/on1 toge!r1 p]haps1 ) "s small portion ( ! metallic calx2 j z inflammable air consi/s ( ! vitriolic or m>9e acid1 & ! same phlogi/ic pr9ciple4 ,x %\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t phlogi/on has a /rong] aff9ity ) ! m>9e acid1 if t be ! basis ( common air2 = nitr\s air be+ admitt$ to common air1 x is imm$iately decompos$2 probably by ! phlogi/on jo9+ ) ! acid pr9ciple ( ! common air1 :ile ! fix$ air :i* x conta9$ is precipitat$1 & ! acid ( ! nitr\s air is absorb$ by ! wat] 9 :i* ! mixture is made1 or unites ) any volatile alkali t happ5s to be at h&4 ,?is1 inde$1 is h>dly agreeable to ! hypo!sis ( mo/ *emi/s1 :o suppose t ! nitr\s acid is /rong] ?an ! m>9e1 s z to be capable ( dislodg+ x f any base ) :i* x may be comb9$2 b x agrees ) my own exp]im5ts on m>9e acid air1 :i* %ew t1 9 _m cases1 ?is weak] acid1 z x is call$1 is capable ( sep>at+ bo? ! vitriolic & ! nitr\s acids f ! phlogi/on ) :i* !y are comb9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! solution ( metals 9 ! diff]5t acids seems to %ew1 t ! nitr\s acid =ms a clos] union ) phlogi/on ?an ! o!r two2 because ! air :i* is =m$ by ! nitr\s acid is n inflammable1 l t :i* is produc$ by ! oil ( vitriol1 or ! _s ( salt4 ,also1 ! same weight ( iron does n yield half ! quantity ( nitr\s air t x does ( inflammable4 ,! great dim9ution ( nitr\s air by phlogi/on is n easily acc\nt$ =1 unless we suppose t its sup]abundant acid1 unit+ m intimately ) ! phlogi/on1 con/itutes a species ( sulphur t is n easily p]ceiv$ or cat*$2 ?\gh1 9 ! process ) iron1 & also 9 t ) liv] ( sulphur1 "p ( ! r$undant phlogi/on =ms su* an union ) ! acid z gives x a k9d ( inflammability4 ,x appe>s to me to be v probable1 t ! _s ( nitre might be exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( air1 if x 7 possible to f9d any fluid by :i* x c\ld be conf9$2 b x unites ) quicksilv] z well z ) wat]1 s t :51 by boil+ ! _s ( nitre1 ! fumes are driv5 ?r\gh ! glass tube1 fig4 #h1 !y in/antly seize ^u ! quicksilv] ?r\gh :i* !y are to be convey$1 & unit+ ) x1 =m a sub/ance t /ops up ! tube3 a circum/ance :i* has m ?an once expos$ me to v disagreeable accid5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! bur/+ ( ! phials4 ,i d n "k any inquiry m promis+ ?an ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( nitre1 ! nitr\s acid1 & nitr\s air4 ,"s ( ! mo/ wond]ful ph5om5a 9 nature are connect$ ) !m1 & ! subject seems to be fully )9 our rea*4 #b4 ,speculations aris+ f ! consid]ation ( ! simil>ity ( ! ,,electric ,,matt] & ,,phlogi/on4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy m /rik+ ?an ! rapid progress ( electricity4 ,no?+ ev] appe>$ m trifl+ ?an ! fir/ effects :i* 7 obs]v$ ( ?is ag5t 9 nature1 z ! attraction & repulsion ( /raws1 & o!r light sub/ances4 ,x excit$ m att5tion by ! fla%es ( light :i* x exhibit$4 ,we 7 m s]i\sly al>m$ at ! electrical %ock1 & ! effects ( ! electrical batt]y2 & we 7 a/oni%$ to ! highe/ degree by ! discov]y ( ! simil>ity ( electricity ) lightn+1 & ! aurora borealis1 ) ! connexion x seems to h ) wat]-sp\ts1 hurricanes1 & e>?quakes1 & also ) ! "p t is probably assign$ to x 9 ! sy/em ( vegetation1 & o!r ! mo/ important processes 9 nature4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all ?is1 we h be51 )9 a few ye>s1 m puzzl$ ?an ev] ) ! electricity ( ! torp$o1 & ( ! anguille temblante ( ,sur9am1 especially s9ce t mo/ curi\s discov]y ( ,mr4 ,wal%'s1 t ! =m] ( ^! wond]ful fi%es has ! p[] ( giv+ a prop] electrical %ock2 ! electrical matt] :i* proce$s f x p]=m+ a real circuit f "o "p ( ! animal to ! o!r2 :ile bo? ! fi% :i* p]=ms ?is exp]im5t & all its app>atus are plung$ 9 wat]1 :i* is kn[n to be a conduct+ sub/ance4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 by consid]+ ?is fact 9 connexion ) a few o!rs1 & especially ) :at ,i h lately obs]v$ conc]n+ ! id5tity ( electricity & phlogi/on1 a little light may be ?r[n ^u ?is subject1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* we may be l$ to consid] electricity 9 a /ill m important light4 ,_m ( my read]s1 ,i am aw>e1 w smile at :at ,i am go+ to advance2 b ! appreh5sion ( ?is %all n int]rupt my speculations1 h[ *im]ical soev] !y may be ?\ght to be4 ,! facts1 ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i w\ld comb9e ) t ( ! electricity ( ! torp$o1 are ! foll[+4 ,fir/1 ,! rem>kable electricity ( ! fea!rs ( a p>oquet1 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,h>tmann1 an acc\nt ( :i* may be se5 9 ,mr4 ,rozi]'s ,j\rnal = ,sept4 #agga4 p4 #fi4 ,?is bird nev] dr9ks1 b (t5 wa%es itself2 b ! p]son :o att5d$ x hav+ neglect$ to supply x ) wat] = ?is purpose1 its fea!rs appe>$ to be endu$ ) a prop] electrical virtue1 repell+ "o ano!r1 & reta9+ _! electricity a long "t aft] !y 7 pluck$ f ! body ( ! bird1 j z !y w\ld h done if !y _h receiv$ electricity f an excit$ glass tube4 ,secondly1 ,! electric matt] direct$ ?r\gh ! body ( any muscle =ces x to contract4 ,?is is kn[n to all p]sons :o att5d to :at is call$ ! electrical %ock2 :i* c]ta9ly occasions a prop] convulsion1 b has be5 m fully illu/rat$ by ,fa!r ,becc>ia4 ,see my ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1 p4 #djb4 ,la/ly1 ,let x be consid]$ t ! prop] n\ri%m5t ( an animal body1 f :i* ! s\rce & mat]ials ( all muscul> motion mu/ be d]iv$1 is probably "s modification ( phlogi/on4 ,no?+ w n\ri% t does n conta9 phlogi/on1 & probably 9 su* a /ate z to be easily sep>at$ f x by ! animal functions4 ,t ! s\rce ( muscul> motion is phlogi/on is /ill m probable1 f ! consid]ation ( ! well kn[n effects ( v9\s & spiritu\s liquors1 :i* consi/ v mu* ( phlogi/on1 & :i* in/antly brace & /r5g!n ! :ole n]v\s & muscul> sy/em2 ! phlogi/on 9 ?is case be+1 p]haps1 m easily extricat$1 & by a less t$i\s animal process1 ?an 9 ! usual me?od ( extract+ x f mild alim5ts4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! milde/ alim5ts d ! same ?+ m sl[ly & p]man5tly1 t spiritu\s liquors d sudd5ly & transi5tly1 x seems probable t _! op]ation is ultimately ! same4 ,?is conjecture is likewise fav\r$ by my obs]vation1 t respiration & putrefaction affect common air 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* all o!r processes dim9i% air & make x noxi\s1 & :i* agree 9 no?+ b ! emission ( phlogi/on4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x %\ld seem t ! phlogi/on :i* we take 9 ) our alim5t1 aft] hav+ dis*>g$ its prop] function 9 ! animal sy/em 7by :i* x probably und]goes "s unkn[n alt]ation7 is dis*>g$ z effete by ! lungs into ! great common m5/ruum1 ! atmosph]e4 ,my conjecture sugge/$ 7:e!r support$ or n7 by ^! facts1 is1 t animals h a p[] ( conv]t+ phlogi/on1 f ! /ate 9 :i* !y receive x 9 _! nutrim5t1 into t /ate 9 :i* x is call$ ! electrical fluid2 t ! bra91 besides its o!r prop] uses1 is ! great laboratory & repository = ?is purpose2 t by means ( ! n]ves ?is great pr9ciple1 ?us exalt$1 is direct$ into ! muscles1 & =ces !m to act1 9 ! same mann] z !y are =c$ into action :5 ! electric fluid is ?r[n into !m ab extra4 ,i f>!r suppose1 t ! g5]ality ( animals h no p[] ( ?r[+ ?is g5]at$ electricity any f>!r ?an ! limits ( _! own sy/em2 b t ! torp$o1 & animals ( a simil> con/ruction1 h likewise ! p[]1 by means ( an additional app>atus1 ( ?r[+ x f>!r1 s z to affect o!r animals1 & o!r sub/ances at a di/ance f !m4 ,9 ?is case1 x %\ld seem t ! electric matt] dis*>g$ f ! animal sy/em 7by :i* x is probably m exhau/$ & fatigu$ ?an by ord9>y muscul> motion7 w\ld nev] return to x1 at lea/ s z to be capable ( be+ made use ( a second "t1 & yet if ! /ructure ( ^! animals be su* z t ! electric matt] %all d>t f "o "p ( !m only1 :ile ano!r "p is left sudd5ly depriv$ ( x1 x may make a circuit1 z 9 ! ,leyd5 phial4 ,z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! electric matt] makes a muscle contract1 ,i d n pret5d to h any conjecture wor? m5tion+4 ,i only imag9e t :atev] c make ! muscul> fibres rec$e f "o ano!r f>!r ?an ! p>ts ( :i* !y consi/1 mu/ h ?is effect4 ,possibly1 ! light :i* is said to proce$ f "s animals1 z f cats & wild bea/s1 :5 !y are 9 pursuit ( _! prey 9 ! night1 may n only arise1 z x has hi!rto be5 suppos$ to d1 f ! friction ( _! hairs or bri/les1 c4 b t viol5t muscul> ex]tion may contribute to x4 ,?is may assi/ !m occasionally to cat* _! prey2 z gl[-worms1 & o!r insects1 are provid$ ) a con/ant light = t purpose1 to ! supply ( :i* light _! nutrim5t may also contribute4 ,i w\ld n ev5 say t ! light :i* is said to h proce$$ f "s human bodies1 ( a p>ticul> temp]am5t1 & especially on "s extraord9>y occasions1 may n h be5 ( ! electrical k9d1 t is1 produc$ indep5d5tly ( friction1 or ) less friction ?an w\ld h produc$ x 9 o!r p]sons2 z 9 ^? cases relat$ by ,b>?ol9 9 8 treatice ,de luce animalium4 ,see p>ticul>ly :at he says conc]n+ ,!odore k+ ( ! ,go?s1 p4 #ed1 conc]n+ ,gonzaga duke ( ,mantua1 p4 #eg1 & ,go?(r$ ,antonius1 p4 #abc3 ,b ,i w\ld n h my read]s suppose t ,i lay mu* /ress ^u /ories no bett] au!nticat$ ?an ^!4 ,! electric matt] 9 pass+ ?r\gh non-conduct+ sub/ances always emits light4 ,?is light ,i h be5 sometimes incl9$ to suspect might h be5 suppli$ f ! sub/ance ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,b ,i f9d t aft] ! electric sp>k has dim9i%$ a quantity ( air z mu* z x possibly c1 s t x has no m visible effect ^u x1 ! electric light 9 t air is n at all less5$4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t electric light comes f ! electric matt] itself2 & ?is be+ a modification ( phlogi/on1 x is probable t all light is a modification ( phlogi/on also4 ,inde$1 s9ce no o!r sub/ances besides su* z conta9 phlogi/on are capable ( ignition1 & consequ5tly ( becom+ lum9\s1 x 0 on ?is acc\nt pretty evid5t1 prior to ^! d$uctions f electrical ph5om5a1 t light & phlogi/on are ! same ?+1 9 diff]5t =ms or /ates4 ,x appe>s to me t heat has no m prop] connexion ) phlogi/on ?an x has ) wat]1 or any o!r con/itu5t "p ( bodies2 b t x is a /ate into :i* ! p>ts ( bodies are ?r[n by _! action & reaction ) respect to "o ano!r2 & probably 7z ! ,engli% philosoph]s 9 g5]al h suppos$7 ! heat$ /ate ( bodies may consi/ ( a subtle vibratory motion ( _! p>ts4 ,s9ce ! p>ticles :i* con/itute light are ?r[n f lum9\s bodies ) su* amaz+ velocity1 x is evid5t t1 :atev] be ! cause ( su* a projection1 ! reaction consequ5t ^u x mu/ be consid]able4 ,?is may be suffici5t n only to keep up1 b also to increase ! vibration ( ! p>ts ( ^? bodies 9 :i* ! phlogi/on is n v firmly comb9$2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sub/ances :i* are call$ inflammable & o!rs :i* also conta9 phlogi/on may be ?is1 t 9 ! =m] ! heat1 or ! vibration occasion$ by ! emission ( _! own phlogi/on1 may be suffici5t to occasion ! emission ( m1 till ! :ole be exhau/$2 t is1 till ! body be r$uc$ to a%es4 ,:]eas 9 bodies :i* are n inflammable1 ! heat occasion$ by ! emission ( _! own phlogi/on may n be suffici5t = ?is purpose1 b an additional heat ab extra may be necess>y4 ,"s philosoph]s dislike ! t]m phlogi/on2 b1 = my "p1 ,i c see no objection to giv+ t1 or any o!r "n1 to a real some?+1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* makes s rem>kable diff]5ce 9 bodies1 z t ( metallic calces & metals1 oil ( vitriol & brim/one1 c4 & :i* may be transf]r$ f "o sub/ance to ano!r1 accord+ to c]ta9 kn[n laws1 t is1 9 c]ta9 def9ite circum/ances4 ,x is c]ta9ly h>d to conceive h[ any ?+ t answ]s ?is description c be only a m]e quality1 or mode ( bodies1 & n sub/ance itself1 ?\gh incapable ( be+ exhibit$ alone4 ,at lea/1 !re c be no h>m 9 giv+ ?is "n to any ?+1 or any circum/ance t is capable ( produc+ ^! effects4 ,if x %\ld h]eaft] appe> n to be a sub/ance1 we may *ange our phraseology1 if we ?9k prop]4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i dislike ! use ( ! t]m fire1 z a con/itu5t pr9ciple ( natural bodies1 because1 9 consequ5ce ( ! use t has g5]ally be5 made ( t t]m1 x includes ano!r ?+ or circum/ance1 viz4 heat1 & !reby becomes ambigu\s1 & is 9 dang] ( mislead+ u4 ,:5 ,i use ! t]m phlogi/on1 z a pr9ciple 9 ! con/itution ( bodies1 ,i _c mislead myself or o!rs1 because ,i use "o & ! same t]m to d5ote only "o & ! same unkn[n cause ( c]ta9 well-kn[n effects4 ,b if ,i say t fire is a pr9ciple 9 ! con/itution ( bodies1 ,i mu/1 at lea/1 emb>rass myself ) ! di/9ction ( fire 9 a /ate ( action1 & fire inactive1 or quiesc5t4 ,besides ,i ?9k ! t]m phlogi/on pref]able to t ( fire1 because x is n 9 common use1 b conf9$ to philosophy2 s t ! use ( x may be m accurately asc]ta9$4 ,besides1 if phlogi/on & ! electric matt] be ! same ?+1 ?\gh x _c be exhibit$ alone1 9 a quiesc5t /ate1 x may be exhibit$ alone "u "o ( its modifications1 :5 x is 9 motion4 ,& if light be also phlogi/on1 or "s modification or subdivision ( phlogi/on1 ! same ?+ is capable ( be+ exhibit$ alone 9 ?is o!r =m also4 ,9 my pap] on ! conduct+ p[] ( *>coal1 7,see ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 #fj4 p4 #bba7 ,i obs]v$ t !re is a rem>kable resemblance betwe5 metals & *>coal2 z 9 bo? ^! sub/ances !re is an intimate union ( phlogi/on ) an e>?y base2 & ,i said t1 _h !re be5 any phlogi/on 9 wat]1 ,i %\ld h conclud$1 t !re _h be5 no conduct+ p[] 9 nature1 b 9 consequ5ce ( an union ( ?is pr9ciple ) "s base2 = :ile metals h phlogi/on !y conduct electricity1 b :5 !y are depriv$ ( x !y conduct no long]4 ,n[ ! aff9ity :i* ,i h obs]v$ betwe5 phlogi/on & wat] leads me to conclude t wat]1 9 its natural /ate1 does conta9 "s portion ( phlogi/on2 & accord+ to ! hypo!sis j n[ m5tion$ !y mu/ be intimately unit$1 because wat] is n inflammable4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t aft] ?is /ate ( hesitation & susp5ce1 ,i may v5ture to lay x d[n z a *>act]i/ic di/9ction betwe5 conduct+ & non-conduct+ sub/ances1 t ! =m] conta9 phlogi/on intimately unit$ ) "s base1 & t ! latt]1 if !y conta9 phlogi/on at all1 reta9 x m loosely4 ,9 :at mann] ?is circum/ance facilitates ! pass+ ( ! electric matt] ?r\gh "o sub/ance1 & ob/ructs its passage ?r\gh ano!r1 ,i d n pret5d to say4 ,b x is no inconsid]able ?+ to h advanc$ b "o /ep ne>] to an explanation ( s v capital a di/9ction ( natural bodies1 z t into conductors & non-conductors ( electricity4 ,i beg leave to m5tion 9 ?is place1 z fav\rable to ?is hypo!sis1 a mo/ curi\s discov]y made v lately by ,mr4 ,wal%1 :o be+ assi/$ by ,mr4 ,de ,luc to make a m p]fect vacuum 9 ! d\ble or ar*$ b>omet]1 by boil+ ! quicksilv] 9 ! tube1 f\nd t ! electric sp>k or %ock w\ld no m pass ?r\gh x1 ?an ?r\gh a /ick ( solid glass4 ,he has also not$ sev]al circum/ances t affect ?is vacuum 9 a v extraord9>y mann]4 ,b suppos+ t vacuum to be p]fect1 ,i d n see h[ we c avoid inf]r+ f ! fact1 t "s sub/ance is necess>y to conduct electricity2 & t x is n capable1 by its own expansive p[]1 ( ext5d+ itself into spaces void ( all matt]1 z has g5]ally be5 suppos$1 on ! idea ( !re be+ no?+ to ob/ruct its passage4 ,inde$ if ?is 0 ! case1 ,i d n see h[ ! electric matt] c\ld be reta9$ )9 ! body ( ! e>?1 or any ( ! planets1 or solid orbs ( any k9d4 ,9 nature we see x make ! mo/ spl5did appe>ance 9 ! upp] & ?9n] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 j z x does 9 a glass tube ne>ly exhau/$2 b if x c\ld exp& itself beyond t degree ( r>ity1 x w\ld necess>ily be diffus$ into ! surr\nd+ vacuum1 & cont9ue & be cond5s$ !re1 at lea/ 9 a great] proportion ?an 9 or ne> any solid body1 z ,newton suppos$ conc]n+ 8 e!r4 ,if t mode ( vibration :i* con/itutes heat be ! means ( conv]t+ phlogi/on f t /ate 9 :i* x makes a "p ( solid bodies1 & em95tly contributes to ! firmness ( _! texture into t /ate 9 :i* x dim9i%es common air2 may n t peculi> k9d ( vibration by :i* ,dr4 ,h>tley supposes ! bra9 to be affect$1 & by :i* he endeav\rs to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( s5sation1 ideas1 & muscul> motion1 be ! means by :i* ! phlogi/on1 :i* is convey$ into ! sy/em by nutrim5t1 is conv]t$ into t =m or modification ( x ( :i* ! electric fluid consi/s4 ,^! two /ates ( phlogi/on may be conceiv$ to resemble1 9 "s measure1 ! two /ates ( fix$ air1 viz4 ela/ic1 or non-ela/ic2 a solid1 or a fluid4 ,,! ,,app5dix4 ,9 ?is ,app5dix ,i %all pres5t ! read] ) ! communications ( sev]al ( my fri5ds on ! subject ( ! prec$+ "w4 ,among !m ,i %\ld ) pleasure h ins]t$ "s curi\s exp]im5ts1 made by ,dr4 ,hulme ( ,halifax1 on ! air extract$ f ,buxton wat]1 & on ! impregnation ( sev]al fluids1 ) diff]5t k9ds ( air2 b t he in=ms me he proposes to make a sep>ate publication on ! subject4 ,,numb] ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,hey to prove t !re is no ,,oil ( ,,vitriol 9 wat] impregnat$ ) ,,fix$ ,,air4 ,x hav+ be5 sugge/$1 t air aris+ f a f]m5t+ mixture ( *alk & oil ( vitriol might c>ry up ) x a small portion ( ! vitriolic acid1 r5d]$ volatile by ! act ( f]m5tation2 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r ! acidul\s ta/e1 :i* wat] impregnat$ ) su* air af=ds1 0 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( any acid1 or only to ! fix$ air x _h absorb$4 ,,exp]im5t ,i4 ,i mix$ a tea-spoonful ( syrup ( violets ) an ounce ( di/ill$ wat]1 saturat$ ) fix$ air procur$ f *alk by means ( ! vitriolic acid2 b nei!r ^u ! fir/ mixture1 nor aft] /&+ #bd h\rs1 0 ! col\r ( ! syrup at all *ang$1 except by its simple dilution4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,a portion ( ! same di/ill$ wat]1 unimpregnat$ ) fix$ air1 0 mix$ ) ! syrup 9 ! same proportion3 n ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 col\r c\ld be p]ceiv$ betwixt ?is & ! above-m5tion$ mixture4 ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4 ,"o drop ( oil ( vitriol be+ mix$ ) a p9t ( ! same di/ill$ wat]1 an ounce ( ?is wat] 0 mix$ ) a tea-spoonful ( ! syrup4 ,?is mixture 0 v di/+ui%able 9 col\r f ! two =m]1 hav+ a purpli% ca/1 :i* ! o!rs want$4 ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4 ,! di/ill$ wat] impregnat$ ) s small a quantity ( vitriolic acid1 hav+ a m agreeable ta/e ?an :5 alone1 & yet manife/+ ! pres5ce ( an acid by means ( ! syrup ( violets2 ,i subject$ x to "s o!r te/s ( acidity4 ,x =m$ curds :5 agitat$ ) soap1 la!r$ ) difficulty1 & v imp]fectly2 b n ! lea/ ebullition c\ld be discov]$ ^u dropp+ 9 _s ( sal ammoniac1 or solution ( salt ( t>t>1 ?\gh ,i _h tak5 c>e to r5d] ! latt] free f cau/icity by impregnat+ x ) fix$ air4 ,,exp]im5t ,v4 ,! di/ill$ wat] saturat$ ) fix$ air nei!r eff]vesc$1 nor %ew$ any cl\ds1 :5 mix$ ) ! fix$ or volatile alkali4 ,,exp]im5t ,,vi4 ,no curd 0 =m$ by p\r+ ?is wat] ^u an equal quantity ( milk1 & boil+ !m toge!r4 ,,exp]im5t ,,vii4 ,:5 agitat$ ) soap1 ?is wat] produc$ curds1 & la!r$ ) "s difficulty2 b n s mu* z ! di/ill$ wat] mix$ ) vitriolic acid 9 ! v small proportion above-m5tion$4 ,! same di/ill$ wat] )\t any impregnation ( fix$ air la!r$ ) soap )\t ! lea/ previ\s curdl+4 ,riv]-wat]1 & a pleasant pump-wat] n rem>kably h>d1 7 comp>$ ) ^!4 ,! =m] produc$ curds be=e x la!r$1 b n q 9 s great a quantity z ! di/ill$ wat] impregnat$ ) fix$ air3 ! latt] caus$ a /rong] curd ?an any ( ! o!rs above-m5tion$4 ,,exp]im5t ,,viii4 ,appreh5d+ t ! fix$ air 9 ! di/ill$ wat] occasion$ ! coagulation1 or sep>ation ( ! oily "p ( ! soap1 only by de/roy+ ! cau/icity ( ! lixivium1 & !reby r5d]+ ! union less p]fect betwixt t & ! tall[1 & n by ! pres5ce ( any acid2 ,i impregnat$ a fre% quantity ( ! same di/ill$ wat] ) fix$ air1 :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh half a y>d ( a wide b>omet]-tube fill$ ) salt ( t>t>2 b ?is wat] caus$ ! same curdl+ ) soap z ! =m] _h done1 & appe>$ 9 e respect to be exactly ! same4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ix4 ,di/ill$ wat] saturat$ ) fix$ air =m$ a :ite cl\d & precipitation1 ^u be+ mix$ ) a solution ( sac*>um saturni4 ,i f\nd likewise1 t fix$ air1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! tube fill$ ) alkal9e salt1 ^u be+ let into a phial conta9+ a solution ( ! metalic salt 9 di/ill$ wat]1 caus$ a p]fect sep>ation ( ! lead1 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]2 = ! wat]1 aft] ?is precipitation1 %ew$ no cl\d9ess ^u a fre% mixture ( ! sub/ances :i* _h be=e r5d]$ x opaque4 ,,numb] ,,ii4 ,a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,,hey to ,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 conc]n+ ! ,effects ( fix$ ,air appli$ by way ( ,cly/]4 ,le$s1 ,feb4 #ae?1 #aggb4 ,rev]5d ,sir1 ,hav+ lately exp]i5c$ ! good effects ( fix$ air 9 a putrid fev]1 appli$ 9 a mann]1 ,i believe n h]et(ore made use (1 ,i ?\ght x prop] to in=m y ( ! agreeable ev5t1 z ! me?od ( apply+ ?is p[]ful corrector ( putrefaction took its rise pr9cipally f y\r obs]vations & exp]im5ts on factiti\s air2 & n[1 at y\r reque/1 ,i s5d ! p>ticul>s ( ! case ,i m5tion$ to y1 z f> z conc]ns ! adm9i/ration ( ?is rem$y4 ,janu>y #h1 #aggb1 ,mr4 ,lightb[ne1 a "y g5tleman :o lives ) me1 0 seiz$ ) a fev]1 :i*1 aft] cont9u+ ab\t t5 days1 began to be att5d$ ) ^? symptoms t indicate a putresc5t /ate ( ! fluids4 #ah?1 ,8 tongue 0 black 9 ! morn+ :5 ,i fir/ visit$ him1 b ! blackness w5t (f 9 ! day-"t ^u dr9k+3 ,he _h begun to doze mu* ! prec$+ day1 & n[ he took little notice ( ^? t 7 ab\t him3 ,8 belly 0 loose1 & _h be5 s = "s days3 8 pulse beat #aaj /rokes 9 a m9ute1 & 0 r l[3 he 0 ord]$ to take tw5ty-five gra9s ( ,p]uvian b>k ) five ( torm5til-root 9 p[d] e f\r h\rs1 & to use r$ w9e & wat] cold z 8 common dr9k4 #ai?1 ,i 0 call$ to visit him e>ly 9 ! morn+1 on acc\nt ( a ble$+ at ! nose :i* _h come on3 he lo/ ab\t eight ounces ( blood1 :i* 0 ( a loose texture3 ! hmorrhage 0 suppress$1 ?\gh n )\t "s difficulty1 by means ( t5ts made ( s(t l9t1 dipp$ 9 cold wat] /rongly impregnat$ ) t9cture ( iron1 :i* 7 introduc$ )9 ! no/rils q ?r\gh to _! po/]ior ap]tures2 a me?od :i* has nev] yet fail$ me 9 l cases4 ,8 tongue 0 n[ cov]$ ) a ?ick black pellicle1 :i* 0 n dim9i%$ by dr9k+3 8 tee? 7 furr$ ) ! same k9d ( sordid matt]1 & ev5 ! ro( ( 8 m\? & sauces 7 n free f x3 8 loos5ess & /upor cont9u$1 & he 0 almo/ incessantly mutt]+ to himself3 he took ?is day a scruple ( ! ,p]uvian b>k ) t5 gra9s ( torm5til e two or ?ree h\rs3 a />* cly/]1 conta9+ a dra*m ( ! comp\nd p[d] ( bole1 )\t opium1 0 giv5 morn+ & ev5+3 a w9d[ 0 set op5 9 8 room1 ?\gh x 0 a sev]e fro/1 & ! floor 0 frequ5tly spr9kl$ ) v9eg>4 #bj?1 ,he cont9u$ ne>ly 9 ! same /ate3 :5 r\s$ f 8 doz+1 he g5]ally gave a s5sible answ] to ! que/ions ask$ him2 b he imm$iately relaps$1 & repeat$ 8 mutt]+4 ,8 sk9 0 dry1 & h>%1 b )\t pete*i4 ,he sometimes void$ 8 ur9e & fces into ! b$1 b g5]ally _h s5se en\gh to ask = ! b$-pan3 z he n[ nauseat$ ! b>k 9 sub/ance1 x 0 ex*ang$ = ,huxham's t9cture1 ( :i* he took a table spoonful e two h\rs 9 a cup full ( cold wat]3 he drank sometimes a little ( ! t9cture ( roses1 b 8 common liquors 7 r$ w9e & wat]1 or rice-wat] & br&y acidulat$ ) elixir ( vitriol3 be=e dr9k+1 he 0 commonly reque/$ to r9se 8 m\? ) wat] to :i* a little honey & v9eg> _h be5 add$4 ,8 loos5ess r increas$1 & ! /ools 7 wat]y1 black1 & foetid3 ,x 0 judg$ necess>y to mod]ate ?is dis*>ge1 :i* seem$ to s9k him1 by mix+ a dra*m ( ! !riaca ,&roma*i ) ea* cly/]4 #ba/4 ,! same putrid symptoms rema9$1 & a subsultus t5d9um came on3 8 /ools 7 m foetid2 & s hot1 t ! nurse assur$ me %e c\ld n apply h] h& to ! b$-pan1 imm$iately aft] !y 7 dis*>g$1 )\t feel+ pa9 on ?is acc\nt3 ,! m$ic9e & cly/]s 7 repeat$4 ,reflect+ ^u ! disagreeable necessity we seem$ to lie "u ( conf9+ ?is putrid matt] 9 ! inte/9es1 le/ ! evacuation %\ld de/roy ! vis vit be=e !re 0 "t to correct its bad quality1 & ov]come its bad effects1 by ! means we 7 us+2 ,i consid]$1 t1 if ?is putrid f]m5t c\ld be m imm$iately correct$1 a /op w\ld probably be put to ! flux1 :i* seem$ to arise f1 or at lea/ to be encreas$ by x2 & ! fomes ( ! disease w\ld likewise be 9 a great measure remov$4 ,i ?\ght no?+ 0 s likely to effect ?is1 z ! introduction ( fix$ air into ! alim5t>y canal1 :i*1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,macbride1 & ^? y h made s9ce 8 publication1 appe>s to be ! mo/ p[]ful corrector ( putrefaction hi!rto kn[n4 ,i recollect$ :at y _h recomm5d$ to me z des]v+ to be tri$ 9 putrid diseases1 ,i mean1 ! injection ( ?is k9d ( air by way ( cly/]1 & judg$ t 9 ! pres5t case su* a me?od 0 cle>ly indicat$4 ,! next morn+ ,i m5tion$ my reflections to ,dr4 ,hird & ,dr4 ,cr[!r1 :o k9dly att5d$ ?is "y g5tleman at my reque/1 & propos$ ! foll[+ me?od ( treatm5t1 :i*1 ) _! approbation1 0 imm$iately ent]$ ^u4 ,we fir/ gave him five gra9s ( ipecacuanha1 to evacuate 9 ! mo/ easy mann] "p ( ! putrid colluvies3 he 0 !n all[$ to dr9k freely ( brisk orange-w9e1 :i* conta9$ a good deal ( fix$ air1 yet _h n lo/ its sweetness4 ,! t9cture ( b>k 0 cont9u$ z be=e2 & ! wat] :i* he drank along ) x1 0 impregnat$ ) fix$ air f ! atmosph]e ( a l>ge vat ( f]m5t+ wort1 9 ! mann] ,i _h le>n$ f y4 ,in/ead ( ! a/r+5t cly/]1 air alone 0 inject$1 collect$ f a f]m5t+ mixture ( *alk & oil ( vitriol3 he drank a bottle ( orange-w9e 9 ! c\rse ( ?is day1 b refus$ any o!r liquor except wat] & 8 m$ic9e3 two bladd]s full ( air 7 ?r[n up 9 ! aft]noon4 #bc;d4 ,8 /ools 7 less frequ5t2 _! heat likewise & peculi> foetor 7 consid]ably dim9i%$2 8 mutt]+ 0 mu* abat$1 & ! subsultus t5d9um _h left him4 ,f9d+ t "p ( ! air 0 reject$ :5 giv5 ) a bladd] 9 ! usual way1 ,i contriv$ a me?od ( inject+ x :i* 0 n s liable to ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,i took ! flexible tube ( t in/rum5t :i* is us$ = ?r[+ up ! fume ( tobacco1 & ti$ a small bladd] to ! end ( x t is connect$ ) ! box made = receiv+ ! tobacco1 :i* ,i _h previ\sly tak5 (f f ! tube3 ,i !n put "s bits ( *alk into a six ounce phial until x 0 half fill$2 ^u ^! ,i p\r$ su* a quantity ( oil ( vitriol z ,i ?\ght capable ( saturat+ ! *alk1 & imm$iately ti$ ! bladd]1 :i* ,i _h fix$ to ! tube1 r\nd ! neck ( ! phial3 ! cly/]-pipe1 :i* 0 fa/5$ to ! o!r end ( ! tube1 0 introduc$ into ! anus be=e ! oil ( vitriol 0 p\r$ ^u ! *alk4 ,by ?is me?od ! air pass$ gradually into ! inte/9es z x 0 g5]at$2 ! rejection ( x 0 9 a great measure prev5t$2 & ! inconv5i5ce ( keep+ ! pati5t uncov]$ dur+ ! op]ation 0 avoid$4 #bd?1 ,he 0 s mu* bett]1 t !re seem$ to be no necessity = repeat+ ! cly/]s3 ! o!r means 7 cont9u$4 ,! w9d[ ( 8 room 0 n[ kept %ut4 #be?1 ,all ! symptoms ( putresc5cy _h left him2 8 tongue & tee? 7 clean2 !re rema9$ no unnatural blackness or foetor 9 8 /ool1 :i* _h n[ rega9$ _! prop] consi/5ce2 8 doz+ & mutt]+ 7 gone (f2 & ! disagreeable od\r ( 8 brea? & p]spiration 0 no long] p]ceiv$4 ,he took n\ri%m5t to-day1 ) pleasure2 &1 9 ! aft]noon1 sat up an h\r 9 8 *air4 ,8 fev]1 h[ev]1 did n imm$iately leave him2 b ?is we attribut$ to 8 hav+ caught cold f be+ incauti\sly uncov]$1 :5 ! w9d[ 0 op51 & ! wea!r extremely sev]e2 = a c\gh1 :i* _h tr\bl$ him 9 "s degree f ! beg9n+1 increas$1 & he became likewise v ho>se = sev]al days1 8 pulse1 at ! same "t1 gr[+ quick]3 b ^! compla9ts also w5t (f1 & he recov]$1 )\t any return ( ! bad symptoms above-m5tion$4 ,i am1 ,rev]5d ,sir1 ,y\r oblig$ humble ,s]vant1 ,,wm4 ,,hey4 ,,po/script ,octob] #bi1 #aggb4 ,fev]s ( ! putrid k9d h be5 s r>e 9 ?is t[n1 & 9 its neighb\rhood1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t ye>1 t ,i h n _h an opportunity ( try+ aga9 ! effects ( fix$ air1 giv5 by way ( cly/]1 9 any case exactly simil> to ,mr4 ,lightb[ne's4 ,i h twice giv5 wat] saturat$ ) fix$ air 9 a fev] ( ! putresc5t k9d1 & x agre$ v well ) ! pati5ts4 ,to "o ( !m ! arial cly/]s 7 adm9i/r$1 on acc\nt ( a loos5ess1 :i* att5d$ ! fev]1 ?\gh ! /ools 7 n black1 nor rem>kably hot or foetid4 ,^! cly/]s did n remove ! loos5ess1 ?\gh !re 0 (t5 a great] int]val ?an usual betwixt ! evacuations1 aft] ! injection ( !m4 ,! pati5t nev] compla9$ ( any uneasy di/5tion ( ! belly f ! air ?r[n up1 :i*1 inde$1 is n to be wond]$ at1 consid]+ h[ readily ?is k9d ( air is absorb$ by aque\s & o!r fluids1 = :i* suffici5t "t 0 giv51 by ! gradual mann] ( inject+ x4 ,bo? ^? pati5ts recov]$ ?\gh ! use ( fix$ air did n produce a crisis be=e ! p]iod at :i* su* fev]s usually t]m9ate4 ,!y _h nei!r ( !m ! opportunity ( dr9k+ su* w9e z ,mr4 ,lightb[ne took1 aft] ! use ( fix$ air 0 ent]$ ^u2 & ?is1 probably1 0 "s disadvantage to !m4 ,i f9d ! me?ods ( procur+ fix$ air1 & impregnat+ wat] ) x1 :i* y h publi%$1 are pref]able to ^? ,i made use ( 9 ,mr4 ,lightb[ne's case4 ,! flexible tube us$ = convey+ ! fume ( tobacco into ! inte/9es1 ,i f9d to be a v conv5i5t in/rum5t 9 ?is case1 by ! me?od be=e-m5tion$ 7only add+ wat] to ! *alk1 be=e ! oil ( vitriol is in/ill$1 z y direct7 ! injection ( air may be cont9u$ at pleasure1 )\t any o!r inconv5i5ce to ! pati5t1 ?an :at may arise f 8 cont9u+ 9 "o position dur+ ! op]ation1 :i* sc>cely des]ves to be m5tion$1 or f ! cont9uance ( ! cly/]-pipe )9 ! anus1 :i* is b trifl+1 if x be n %ak5 mu*1 or pu%$ aga9/ ! rectum4 ,:5 ,i said 9 my lett]1 t fix$ air appe>$ to be ! greate/ corrector ( putrefaction hi!rto kn[n1 y\r philosophical rese>*es _h n !n made y acqua9t$ ) t mo/ rem>kably antiseptic prop]ty ( nitr\s air4 ,s9ce y fav\r$ me ) a view ( "s a/oni%+ pro(s ( ?is1 ,i h conceiv$ hopes1 t ?is k9d ( air may likewise be appli$ m$ic9ally to great advantage4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,numb] ,,iii4 ,obs]vations on ! ,,m$ic9al ,,uses ( ,,fix$ ,,air4 ,by ,,?omas ,,p]cival1 ,m4 ,d4 ,fell[ ( ! ,,royal ,,society1 & ( ! ,,society ( ,,antiqu>ies 9 ,,london4 ,^! ,obs]vations on ! ,,m$ic9al ,,uses ,,( ,,fix$ ,,air h be5 be=e publi%$ 9 ! ,second ,volume ( my ,essays2 b are "h repr9t$ ) consid]able additions4 ,!y =m a "p ( an exp]im5tal inquiry into ?is int]e/+ & curi\s bran* ( ,physics2 9 :i* ! fri5d%ip ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley fir/ engag$ me1 9 conc]t ) himself4 ,man*e/]1 ,m>* #af1 #aggd4 ,9 a c\rse ( ,exp]im5ts1 :i* is yet unf9i%$1 ,i h _h frequ5t opportunities ( obs]v+ t ,,fix$ ,,air may 9 no inconsid]able quantity be brea!d )\t dang] or uneas9ess4 ,& x is a confirmation ( ?is conclusion1 t at ,ba?1 :]e ! wat]s copi\sly exhale ?is m9]al _s1#ae ! ba!rs inspire x ) impunity4 ,at ,buxton also1 :]e ! ,ba? is 9 a close vault1 ! effects ( su* effluvia1 if noxi\s1 mu/ c]ta9ly be p]ceiv$4 ,enc\rag$ by ^! consid]ations1 & /ill m by ! te/imony ( a v judici\s ,physician at ,/af=d1 9 fav\r ( ?is p[]ful antiseptic rem$y1 ,i h adm9i/]$ fix$ air 9 a consid]able numb] ( cases ( ! ,,ph?isis ,,pulmonalis1 by direct+ my pati5ts to inspire ! /eams ( an eff]vesc+ mixture ( *alk & v9eg>2 or :at ,i h lately pref]r$1 ( v9eg> & pota%4 ,! hectic fev] has 9 sev]al in/ances be5 consid]ably abat$1 & ! matt] expectorat$ has become less (f5sive1 & bett] dige/$4 ,i h n yet be5 s =tunate 9 any "o case1 z to effect a cure2 al?\gh ! use ( mephitic air has be5 accompani$ ) prop] int]nal m$ic9es4 ,b ,dr4 ,)]+1 ! g5tleman ref]r$ to above1 in=ms me1 t he has be5 m successful4 ,"o ,ph?isical pati5t "u 8 c>e has by a simil> c\rse intirely recov]$2 ano!r 0 r5d]$ mu* bett]2 & a ?ird1 ^: case 0 truly deplorable1 seem$ to be kept alive by x m ?an two mon?s4 ,x may be prop] to obs]ve t fix$ air c only be employ$ ) any prospect ( success1 9 ! latt] /ages ( ! ph?isis pulmonalis1 :5 a purul5t expectoration takes place4 ,aft] ! rupture & dis*>ge ( a ,,vomica also1 su* a rem$y promises to be a p[]ful palliative4 ,antiseptic fumigations & vap\rs h be5 long employ$1 & mu* extoll$ 9 cases ( ?is k9d4 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 to det]m9e :e!r _! efficacy1 9 any degree1 dep5ds on ! sep>ation ( fix$ air f _! sub/ance4 ,"o end ( a b5t tube 0 fix$ 9 a phial full ( lime-wat]2 ! o!r end 9 a bottle ( ! t9cture ( myrrh4 ,! junctures 7 c>efully lut$1 & ! phial conta9+ ! t9cture ( myrrh 0 plac$ 9 wat]1 heat$ almo/ to ! boil+ po9t1 by ! lamp ( a tea-kettle4 ,a numb] ( air-bubbles 7 sep>at$1 b probably n ( ! mephitic k9d1 = no precipitation ensu$ 9 ! lime wat]4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ! t9ct4 tolutan1 ph4 ed4 & ) sp1 v9os4 camp4 & ! result 0 entirely ! same4 ,! m$ic9al action !re=e ( ! vap\rs rais$ f su* t9ctures1 _c be ascrib$ to ! extrication ( fix$ air2 ( :i* x is probable bodies are depriv$ by *emical solution z well z by mixture4 ,if mephitic air be ?us capable ( correct+ purul5t matt] 9 ! lungs1 we may reasonably inf] x w be equally useful :5 appli$ ext]nally to f\l ,,ulc]s4 ,& exp]i5ce confirms ! conclusion4 ,ev5 ! sanies ( a ,,canc]1 :5 ! c>rot p\ltice fail$1 has be5 sweet5$ by x1 ! pa9 mitigat$1 & a bett] dige/ion produc$4 ,! cases ,i ref] to are n[ 9 ! ,man*e/] infirm>y1 "u ! direction ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,:ite1 ^: skill z a surgeon1 & abilities z a writ] are well kn[n to ! public4 ,two mon?s h elaps$ s9ce ^! obs]vations 7 writt51#af & ! same rem$y1 dur+ t p]iod1 has be5 assidu\sly appli$1 b )\t any fur!r success4 ,! progress ( ! canc]s seems to be *eck$ by ! fix$ air2 b x is to be fe>$ t a cure w n be effect$4 ,a palliative rem$y1 h[ev]1 9 a disease s desp]ate & loa?some1 may be consid]$ z a v valuable acquisition4 ,p]haps ,,nitr\s ,,air might be /ill m efficaci\s4 ,?is species ( factiti\s air is obta9$ f all ! metals except z9c1 by means ( ! nitr\s acid2 & ,dr4 ,prie/ley in=ms me1 t z a sweet5] & antiseptic x f> surpasses fix$ air4 ,he put two mice into a quantity ( x1 "o j kill$1 ! o!r (f5sively putrid4 ,aft] tw5ty-five days !y 7 bo? p]fectly sweet4 ,9 ! ,,ulc]\s ,,sore ,,?roat mu* advantage has be5 exp]i5c$ f ! vap\rs ( eff]vesc+ mixtures drawn into ! fauces#ag4 ,b ?is rem$y %\ld n sup]s$e ! use ( o!r antiseptic applications4#ah ,a physician#ai :o _h a v pa9ful ,,ap?\s ,,ulc] at ! po9t ( 8 tongue1 f\nd great relief1 :5 o!r rem$ies fail$1 f ! application ( fix$ air to ! "p affect$4 ,he held 8 tongue ov] an eff]vesc+ mixture ( pota% & v9eg>2 & z ! pa9 0 always mitigat$1 & g5]ally remov$ by ?is vaporisation1 he repeat$ x1 :5ev] ! angui% aris+ f ! ulc] 0 m ?an usually sev]e4 ,he tri$ a comb9ation ( pota% & oil ( vitriol well dilut$ ) wat]2 b ?is prov$ /imulant & increas$ 8 pa92 probably ow+ to "s p>ticles ( ! acid ?r[n ^u ! tongue1 by ! viol5ce ( ! eff]vesc5ce4 ,= a pap] /a9$ ) ! purple juice ( radi%es1 :5 held at an equal di/ance ov] two vessels1 ! "o conta9+ pota% & v9eg>1 ! o!r ! same alkali & ,spiritus vitrioli t5uis1 0 un*ang$ by ! =m]1 b 0 spott$ ) r$1 9 v>i\s p>ts1 by ! latt]4 ,9 ,,malignant ,,fev]s w9es ab\nd+ ) fix$ air may be adm9i/]$1 to *eck ! septic f]m5t1 & sweet5 ! putrid colluvies 9 ! prim vi4 ,if ! laxative quality ( su* liquors be ?\ght an objection to ! use ( !m1 w9es ( a great] age may be giv51 impregnat$ ) mephitic air1 by a simple b +5i\s contrivance ( my fri5d ,dr4 ,prie/ley4#bj ,! pati5t's common dr9k might also be m$icat$ 9 ! same way4 ,a putrid ,,di>rh,,oe,a frequ5tly occurs 9 ! latt] /age ( su* disord]1 & x is a mo/ al>m+ & dang]\s symptom4 ,if ! dis*>ge be /opp$ by a/r+5ts1 a putrid fomes is reta9$ 9 ! body1 :i* aggravates ! delirium & increases ! fev]4 ,on ! contr>y1 if x be suff]$ to take its c\rse1 ! /r5g? ( ! pati5t mu/ soon be exhau/$1 & dea? unavoidably ensue4 ,! injection ( mephitic air into ! inte/9es1 "u ^! circum/ances1 bids fair to be highly s]viceable4 ,& a case ( ?is deplorable k9d1 has lately be5 communicat$ to me1 9 :i* ! vap\r ( *alk & oil ( vitriol convey$ into ! body by ! ma*9e employ$ = tobacco cly/]s1 quickly re/ra9$ ! di>rhoea1 correct$ ! heat & foetor ( ! /ools1 & 9 two days remov$ e symptom ( dang]#ba4 ,two simil> in/ances ( ! salut>y effects ( mephitic air1 ?us adm9i/]$1 h occurr$ also 9 my own practice1 ! hi/ory ( :i* ,i %all briefly lay be=e ! read]4 ,may we n presume t ! same rem$y w\ld be equally useful 9 ! ,,dys5t]y8 ,! exp]im5t is at lea/ wor?y ( trial4 ,mr4 ,w----1 ag$ =ty-f\r ye>s1 corpul5t1 inactive1 ) a %ort neck1 & addict$ to habits ( intemp]ance1 0 attack$ on ! #g? ( ,july #aggb1 ) symptoms :i* seem$ to ?reat5 an apoplexy4 ,on ! #h?1 a bili\s loos5ess succe$$1 ) a pr(use hoemorrhage f ! nose4 ,on ! #i?1 ,i 0 call$ to 8 assi/ance4 ,8 c\nt5ance 0 bloat$1 8 eyes heavy1 8 sk9 hot1 & 8 pulse h>d1 full1 & oppress$4 ,! di>rhoea cont9u$2 8 /ools 7 bili\s & v (f5sive2 & he compla9$ ( grip+ pa9s 9 8 b[els4 ,he _h lo/1 be=e ,i saw him1 by ! direction ( ,mr4 ,hall1 a surgeon ( em95ce 9 ,man*e/]1 eight ounces ( blood f ! arm1 :i* 0 ( a lax texture2 & he _h tak5 a sal9e mixture e six? h\r4 ,! foll[+ draught 0 prescrib$1 & a dose ( rhub>b direct$ to be adm9i/]$ at night4 ,rx4 ,aq4 ,c9nam4 t54 oz4 j4 ,succ4 ,limon4 rec5t4 oz4 4 ,salis ,nitri gr4 xij4 ,syr4 ,succo ,limon4 dr4 j4 ,m4 f4 ,hau/4 #dtis horis sum5dus4 ,july #aa4 ,! ,di>rhoea 0 m mod]ate2 8 grip+ pa9s 7 abat$2 & he _h less /upor & dejection 9 8 c\nt5ance4 ,pulse #ij1 n s h>d or oppress$4 ,z 8 /ools cont9u$ to be foetid1 ! dose ( rhub>b 0 repeat$2 & in/ead ( simple c9namon-wat]1 8 draughts 7 prep>$ ) an infusion ( columbo root4 #ab4 ,! ,di>rhoea cont9u$2 8 /ools 7 involunt>y2 & he dis*>g$ 9 ?is way a quantity ( black1 grum\s1 & foetid blood4 ,pulse h>d & quick2 sk9 hot2 tongue cov]$ ) a d>k fur2 abdom5 swell$2 great /upor4 ,t5 gra9s ( columbo root1 & fifte5 ( ! ,gummi rubrum a/r+5s 7 add$ to ea* draught4 ,fix$ air1 "u ! =m ( cly/]s1 0 inject$ e second or ?ird h\r2 & directions 7 giv5 to supply ! pati5t pl5tifully ) wat]1 artificially impregnat$ ) mephitic air4 ,a bli/] 0 also laid betwe5 8 %\ld]s4 #ac4 ,! ,di>rhoea cont9u$1 ) frequ5t dis*>ges ( blood2 b ! /ools _h n[ lo/ _! foetor4 ,pulse #abj2 great flatul5ce 9 ! b[els1 & fulness 9 ! belly4 ,! cly/]s ( fix$ air always dim9i%$ ! t5sion ( ! ,abdom51 abat$ flatul5ce1 & made ! pati5t m easy & compos$ = "s "t aft] _! injection4 ,!y 7 direct$ to be cont9u$1 toge!r ) ! m$icat$ wat]4 ,! nitre 0 omitt$1 & a scruple ( ! ,confect4 ,damocratis 0 giv5 e f\r? h\r1 9 an infusion ( columbo root4 #ad4 ,! ,di>rhoea 0 h[ *eck$1 ,8 o!r symptoms cont9u$ z be=e4 ,bli/]s 7 appli$ to ! arms2 & a dra*m & a half ( ! ,t9ctura ,s]p5t>i 0 add$ to ea* draught4 #ae4 ,8 pulse 0 feeble1 quick] & m irregul>4 ,he dos$ mu*2 talk$ incoh]5tly2 & lab\r$ "u a slight degree ( ,dyspna4 ,8 ur9e1 :i* _h hi!rto assum$ no rem>kable appe>ance1 n[ became pale4 ,?\gh he dis*>g$ w9d v freely1 8 belly 0 mu* swell$1 except = a %ort "t aft] ! injection ( ! air-cly/]s4 ,! foll[+ draughts 7 !n prescrib$4 ,rx ,camphor mucilag4 ,g4 ,arab1 solut gr4 viij4 ,infus4 ,rad4 ,columbo oz4 jfs ,t9ct4 ,s]p5t4 dr4 ij ,confect4 ,c>d4 scruple j ,syr4 ,cort4 ,aurant dr4 i m4 f4 ,hau/4 #dtis horis sum5dus4 ,directions 7 giv5 to fom5t 8 feet frequ5tly ) v9eg> & w>m wat]4 #af4 ,he has _h no /ools s9ce ! #ad?4 ,8 ,abdom5 is t5se4 ,no *ange 9 ! o!r symptoms4 ,! ,t9ct4 ,s]p5t4 0 omitt$ 9 8 draughts1 & an equal quantity ( ,t9ct4 ,rhi ,sp4 sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,9 ! ev5+ he _h a motion to /ool1 ( :i* he 0 = ! fir/ "t s s5sible1 z to give notice to 8 att5dants4 ,b ! dis*>ge1 :i* 0 consid]able & slightly (f5sive1 consi/$ almo/ entirely ( blood1 bo? 9 a coagulat$ & 9 a liquid /ate4 ,8 m$ic9es 7 !re=e v>i$ z foll[s3 ,rx4 ,decoct4 ,cort4 ,p]uv4 oz4 iss ,t9ct4 ,cort4 ejusd4 dr4 ij4 ,confect4 ,c>d4 scruple j ,gum4 ,rubr4 ,a/r+4 gr4 xv4 ,pulv4 ,alnm94 gr4 vij4 m4 f4 ,hau/us #dtis horis sum5dus4 ,r$ ,port w9e 0 n[ giv5 m freely 9 8 m$icat$ wat]2 & 8 n\ri%m5t consi/$ ( sago & salep4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ) v little v>iation1 he cont9u$ = sev]al days2 at "o "t o/ive1 & at ano!r dis*>g+ small quantities ( fces1 mix$ ) grum\s blood4 ,! air-cly/]s 7 cont9u$1 & ! a/r+5ts omitt$4 #bj4 ,8 ur9e 0 n[ ( an amb] col\r1 & deposit$ a slight s$im5t4 ,8 pulse 0 m regul>1 & al?\gh /ill v quick1 abat$ 9 numb] t5 /rokes 9 a m9ute4 ,8 head 0 less confus$1 & 8 sleep seem$ to be refre%+4 ,no blood appe>$ 9 8 /ools1 :i* 7 frequ5t1 b small 9 quantity2 & 8 ,abdom5 0 less t5se ?an usual4 ,he 0 extremely deaf2 b gave rational answ]s to ! few que/ions :i* 7 propos$ to him2 & said he felt no pa94 #ba4 ,he pass$ a v re/less night2 8 delirium recurr$2 8 pulse beat #abe /rokes 9 a m9ute2 8 ur9e 0 ( a deep amb] col\r :5 fir/ void$2 b :5 cold assum$ ! appe>ance ( c['s :ey4 ,! ,abdom5 0 n v t5se1 nor _h he any fur!r dis*>ge ( blood4 ,directions 7 giv5 to %ave 8 head1 & to wa% x ) a mixture ( v9eg> & br&y2 ! quantity ( w9e 9 8 dr9k 0 dim9i%$2 & ! frequ5t use ( ! p$iluvium 0 enjo9$4 ,! air-cly/]s 7 discont9u$1 z 8 /ools 7 n (f5sive1 & 8 ,abdom5 less di/5d$4 #bb4 ,8 pulse 0 n[ small1 irregul>1 & beat #acj /rokes 9 a m9ute4 ,! ,dyspnoea 0 greatly increas$2 8 sk9 0 hot1 & b$ew$ ) a clammy moi/ure2 & e symptom seem$ to indicate ! approa* ( dea?4 ,9 ?is /ate he cont9u$ till ev5+1 :5 he recruit$ a little4 ,! next day he _h sev]al slight convulsions4 ,8 ur9e :i* 0 void$ pl5tifully1 /ill put on ! appe>ance ( :ey :5 cold4 ,cordial & antispasmodic draughts1 compos$ ( camphor1 t9cture ( ca/or1 & ,sp4 vol4 aromat4 7 n[ direct$2 & w9e 0 lib]ally adm9i/]$4 #bd4 ,he rose f 8 b$1 & by ! assi/ance ( 8 att5dants walk$ across ! *amb]4 ,soon aft] he 0 seiz$ ) a viol5t convulsion1 9 :i* he expir$4 ,to adduce a case :i* t]m9at$ fatally z a pro( ( ! efficacy ( any m$ic9e1 recomm5d$ to ! att5tion ( ! public1 may p]haps appe> s+ul>2 b _c be deem$ absurd1 :5 t rem$y answ]$ ! purposes = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,= 9 ! in/ance be=e u2 fix$ air 0 employ$1 n ) an expectation t x w\ld cure ! fev]1 b to obviate ! symptoms ( putrefaction1 & to allay ! uneasy irritation 9 ! b[els4 ,! disease 0 too malignant1 ! n]v\s sy/em too viol5tly affect$1 & ! /r5g? ( ! pati5t too mu* exhau/$ by ! dis*>ges ( blood :i* he suff]$1 to af=d hopes ( recov]y f ! use ( ! mo/ p[]ful antiseptics4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ case ! ev5t prov$ m =tunate4 ,elizabe? ,grundy1 ag$ sev5te51 0 attack$ on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #aggb1 ) ! usual symptoms ( a cont9u$ fev]4 ,! common me?od ( cure 0 pursu$2 b ! disease increas$1 & soon assum$ a putrid type4 ,on ! #bc;d ,i f\nd h] 9 a con/ant delirium1 ) a subsultus t5d9um4 ,h] sk9 0 hot & dry1 h] tongue black1 h] ?ir/ immod]ate1 & h] /ools frequ5t1 extremely (f5sive1 & = ! mo/ "p involunt>y4 ,h] pulse beat #acj /rokes 9 a m9ute2 %e dos$ mu*2 & 0 v deaf4 ,i direct$ w9e to be adm9i/]$ freely2 a bli/] to be appli$ to h] back2 ! p$iluvium to be us$ sev]al times 9 ! day2 & mephitic air to be inject$ "u ! =m ( a cly/] e two h\rs4 ,! next day h] /ools 7 less frequ5t1 _h lo/ _! foetor1 & 7 no long] dis*>g$ involunt>ily2 h] pulse 0 r$uc$ to #aaj /rokes 9 ! m9ute2 & h] delirium 0 mu* abat$4 ,directions 7 giv5 to repeat ! cly/]s1 & to supply ! pati5t lib]ally ) w9e4 ,^! means 7 assidu\sly pursu$ sev]al days2 & ! "y woman 0 s recruit$ by ! #bh?1 t ! injections 7 discont9u$4 ,%e 0 n[ q rational1 & n av]se to m$ic9e4 ,a decoction ( ,p]uvian b>k 0 !re=e prescrib$1 by ! use ( :i* %e spe$ily recov]$ h] heal?4 ,i might add a ?ird hi/ory ( a putrid disease1 9 :i* ! mephitic air is n[ "u trial1 & :i* af=ds ! /ronge/ pro( bo? ( ! antiseptic1 & ( ! tonic p[]s ( ?is rem$y2 b z ! issue ( ! case rema9s yet undet]m9$ 7?\gh x is highly probable1 alas6 t x w be fatal7 ,i %all relate only a few p>ticul>s ( x4 ,ma/] ,d4 a boy ( ab\t twelve ye>s ( age1 end[$ ) an uncommon capacity1 & ) ! mo/ amiable dispositions1 has lab\r$ _m mon?s "u a hectic fev]1 ! consequ5ce ( sev]al tum\rs 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 body4 ,two ( ^! tum\rs 7 laid op5 by ,mr4 ,:ite1 & a l>ge quantity ( purul5t matt] 0 dis*>g$ f !m4 ,! w\nds 7 v prop]ly treat$ by ?is skilful surgeon1 & e suitable rem$y1 :i* my be/ judgm5t c\ld sugge/1 0 assidu\sly adm9i/]$4 ,b ! matt] became sani\s1 ( a br[n col\r1 & highly putrid4 ,a ,di>rhoea succe$$2 ! pati5t's /ools 7 intol]ably (f5sive1 & void$ )\t 8 k4 ,a black fur collect$ ab\t 8 tee?2 8 tongue 0 cov]$ ) ,aph?2 & 8 brea? 0 s foetid1 z sc>cely to be endur$4 ,8 /r5g? 0 almo/ exhau/$2 a subsultus t5d9um came on2 & ! f9al p]iod ( 8 suff]+s seem$ to be rapidly approa*+4 ,z a la/1 b almo/ hopeless1 ef=t1 ,i advis$ ! injection ( cly/]s ( mephitic air4 ,^! soon correct$ ! foetor ( ! pati5t's /ools2 re/ra9$ 8 ,di>rhoea2 & seem$ to recruit 8 /r5g? & spirits4 ,)9 ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs 8 w\nds assum$ a m fav\rable appe>ance2 ! matt] dis*>g$ f !m became ( a bett] col\r & consi/5ce2 & 0 no long] s (f5sive to ! smell4 ,! use ( ?is rem$y has be5 cont9u$ sev]al days1 b is n[ laid aside4 ,a l>ge tum\r is sudd5ly =m$ "u ! "r e>2 swall[+ is r5d]$ difficult & pa9ful2 & ! pati5t refuses all food & m$ic9e4 ,n\ri%+ cly/]s are direct$2 b x is to be fe>$ t ^! w r5ew ! loos5ess1 & t ?is amiable y\? w quickly s9k "u 8 disord]#bb4 ,! use ( wort f its sac*>9e quality1 & disposition to f]m5t1 has lately be5 propos$ z a rem$y = ! ,,sea ,,scurvy4 ,wat] or o!r liquors1 already ab\nd+ ) fix$ air 9 a sep>ate /ate1 %\ld seem to be bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose2 z !y w m quickly correct ! putrid disposition ( ! fluids1 & at ! same "t1 by _! g5tle /imulus#bc increase ! p[]s ( dige/ion1 & give new /r5g? to ! :ole sy/em4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 :o sugge/$ bo? ! idea & ! means ( execut+ x1 has "u ! sanction ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 propos$ ! s*eme to ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 :o h ord]$ trial to be made ( x1 on bo>d "s ( 8 ,maje/y's %ips ( w>4 ,might x n h[ev] give additional efficacy to ?is rem$y1 if in/ead ( simple wat]1 ! infusion ( malt 7 to be employ$8 ,i am p]suad$ su* a m$ic9al dr9k might be prescrib$ also ) great advantage 9 ,,scrophul\s ,,compla9ts1 :5 n att5d$ ) a hectic fev]2 & 9 o!r disord]s 9 :i* a g5]al acrimony prevails1 & ! crasis ( ! blood is de/roy$4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ,i h se5 vibices :i* spread ov] ! body1 disappe> 9 a few days f ! use ( wort4 ,a g5tleman :o is subject to a scorbutic eruption 9 8 face1 = :i* he has us$ a v>iety ( rem$ies ) no v b5eficial effect1 has lately appli$ ! fumes ( *alk & oil ( vitriol to ! p>ts affect$4 ,! op]ation occasions great it*+ & prick+ 9 ! sk91 & "s degree ( dr[s9ess1 b evid5tly abates ! s]\s dis*>ge1 & dim9i%es ! eruption4 ,?is pati5t has sev]al symptoms :i* indicate a g5u9e scorbutic ,,dia!sis2 & x is probable t fix$ air1 tak5 int]nally1 w\ld be an useful m$ic9e 9 ?is case4 ,! sal9e draughts ( ,riv]ius are suppos$ to owe _! antiemetic effects to ! air1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! salt ( wormwood dur+ ! act ( eff]vesc5ce4 ,& ! tonic p[]s ( _m m9]al wat]s seem to dep5d on ?is pr9ciple4 ,i 0 lately desir$ to visit a lady :o _h mo/ sev]e convulsive ,,rea*+s4 ,v>i\s rem$ies _h be5 adm9i/]$ )\t effect1 be=e ,i saw h]4 ,%e e>ne/ly desir$ a draught ( malt liquor1 & 0 indulg$ ) half a p9t ( ,burton be] 9 brisk eff]vesc5ce4 ,! vomit+s ceas$ imm$iately1 & return$ no m4 ,f]m5t+ liquors1 x is well kn[n1 ab\nd ) fix$ air4 ,to ?is1 & to ! cordial quality ( ! be]1 ! fav\rable effect :i* x produc$1 may ju/ly be ascrib$4 ,b ,i %all exce$ my design by enl>g+ fur!r on ?is subject4 ,:at has be5 advanc$ x is hop$1 w suffice to excite ! att5tion ( physicians to a rem$y :i* is capable ( be+ appli$ to s _m important m$ic9al purposes4 ,,numb] ,,iv4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,,william ,,falcon]1 ,m4,d4 ( ,,ba?4 ,jan #f1 #aggd1 ,rev]5d ,sir1 ,i once obs]v$ ! same ta/e y m5tion 7,philosophical ,transactions1 p4 #aef4 ( ?is ,volume1 p4 #ce47 viz4 l t> wat]1 9 "s wat] t ,i impregnat$ ) fix$ air ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,i did n !n "k to :at to attribute x1 b y\r exp]im5t seems to cle> x up4 ,i happ5$ to h sp5t all my acid = rais+ eff]vesc5ce1 & to supply its place ,i us$ a bottle ( dulcifi$ _s ( nitre1 :i* ,i knew 0 greatly "u-saturat$ ) _s ( w9e2 f :i*1 z analog\s to y\r obs]vation1 ,i imag9e ! effect proce$$4 ,z#bd to ! coagulation ( ! blood ( animals by fix$ ,air1 ,i fe> x w sc>ce /& ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 z ,i ?is day gave x1 ,i ?9k1 a fair trial1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a "y heal?y man1 at #bj ye>s old1 receiv$ a contusion by a fall1 0 in/antly c>ri$ to a neighb\r+ surgeon1 &1 at my reque/1 bl$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,i ins]t$ a glass funnel into ! neck ( a l>ge cle> phial ab\t oz4 x4 cont5ts1 & bl$ him into x to ab\t oz4 viii4 ,by ^! means ! blood 0 expos$ to ! air z little a "t z possible1 z x fl[$ into ! bottle z x came f ! orifice4 ,z soon z ! quantity propos$ 0 drawn1 ! bottle 0 c>efully cork$1 & br\ght to me4 ,x 0 !n q fluid1 nor 0 !re ! lea/ sep>ation ( its p>ts4 ,on ! surface ( ?is ,i convey$ sev]al /reams ( fix$ air 7hav+ fir/ plac$ ! bottle ) ! blood 9 a b[l ( wat]1 heat$ z ne>ly to ! human heat z possible7 f ! mixture ( ! vitriolic acid & lixiv4 t>t>1 :i* ,i use pref]ably to o!r alkal9es1 z be+ 7z ,dr4 ,cull5 obs]ves7 9 ! milde/ /ate1 & !re=e mo/ likely to g5]ate mo/ air4 ,i %ook ! phial (t51 & ?rew _m /reams ( air on ! blood1 z ,i h (t5 practis$ ) success = impregnat+ wat]2 b c\ld n p]ceive ! smalle/ signs ( coagulation1 al?\gh x /ood 9 an atmosph]e ( fix$ air #bj m9utes or m4 ,i !n uncork$ ! bottles1 & p\r$ (f ab\t oz4 ii to :i* ,i add$ ab\t #f or #g gtts ( _s ( vitriol1 :i* coagulat$ x imm$iately4 ,i set ! rema9d] 9 a cold place & x coagulat$1 z ne> z ,i c\ld judge1 9 ! same "t t blood w\ld h done newly drawn f ! ve94 ,p4 #hb4 ,p]haps ! circumilance ( putrid vegetables yield+ all fix$ & no inflammable air may be ! causes ( _! prov+ s antiseptic1 ev5 :5 putrid1 z appe>s by ,mr4 ,alex&]'s ,exp]im5ts4 ,p4 #hf4 ,p]haps ! putrid air cont9ually exhal$ may be "o cause ( ! luxuriancy ( plants gr[+ on dunghills or 9 v ri* soils4 ,p4 #adf4 ,y\r obs]vation t inflammable air consi/s ( ! union ( "s acid vap\r ) phlogi/on1 puts me 9 m9d ( an old obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,cull51 t ! oil sep>at$ f soap by an acid 0 mu* m inflammable ?an be=e1 resembl+ ess5tial oil1 & soluble 9 ,v4 sp4 ,i h tri$ fix$ air z an antiseptic tak5 9 by respiration1 b ) no great success4 ,9 "o case x seem$ to be ( s]vice1 9 two x seem$ indiff]5t1 & 9 "o 0 injuri\s1 by excit+ a c\gh4 ,,numb] ,v4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,,william ,,bewley1 ( ,,great ,,mass+ham1 ,,norfolk4 ,m>* #bc1 #aggd4 ,de> ,sir1 ,:5 ,i fir/ receiv$ y\r pap]1 ,i happ5$ to h a process go+ on = ! prep>ation ( nitr\s e!r1 )\t di/illation4#be ,i _h h]et(ore always tak5 = grant$ t ! ela/ic fluid g5]at$ 9 t prep>ation 0 fix$ air3 b on exam9ation ,i f\nd ?is comb9ation ( ! nitr\s acid ) inflammable spirits1 produc$ an ela/ic fluid t _h ! same g5]al prop]ties ) ! air t y unwill+ly1 ?\gh v prop]ly1 9 my op9ion1 t]m nitr\s2 z ,i believe x is n to be procur$ )\t employ+ ! nitr\s acid1 ei!r 9 a simple /ate1 or comp\nd$1 z 9 aqua regia4 ,i %all sugge/1 h[ev]1 by & by "s d\bts ) respect to x's title to ! appellation ( air4 ,wat] impregnat$ ) y\r nitr\s air c]ta9ly1 z y suspect$ f x's ta/e1 conta9s ! nitr\s acid4 ,on saturat+ a quantity ( ?is wat] ) a fix$ alcali1 & !n evaporat+1 c4 ,i h procur$ two *ry/als ( nitre4 ,b ! pr9cipal obs]vations t h occurr$ to me on ! subject ( nitr\s air are ! foll[+4 ,my exp]im5ts h be5 few & made by snat*es1 "u e disadvantage z to app>atus1 c4 & ) frequ5t int]ruptions2 & yet ,i ?9k !y are to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,my fir/ rem>k is1 t nitr\s air does n give wat] a s5sibly acid impregnation1 unless x comes into contact1 or is mix$ ) a portion ( common or atmosph]ical air3 & my second1 t nitr\s air pr9cipally consi/s ( ! nitr\s acid itself1 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a p]man5t vap\r n cond5sable by cold1 l o!r vap\rs1 b :i* requires ! pres5ce & admixture ( common air to re/ore x to its primitive /ate ( a liquid4 ,i am behold5 = ?is idea1 y w p]ceive1 to y\r own v curi\s discov]y ( ! true nature ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s m>9e vap\r4 ,:5 ,i fir/ repeat$ y\r exp]im5t ( impregnat+ wat] ) nitr\s air1 ! wat]1 ,i mu/ own ta/$ acid2 z x did 9 "o1 or p]haps two trials aft]w>ds2 b1 to my great a/oni%m5t1 9 all ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 ?\gh "s "p ( ! factiti\s air1 or vap\r1 0 visibly absorb$ by ! wat]1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! latt] to h acquir$ any s5sible acidity4 ,i at l5g? f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ,i c\ld r5d] ?is same wat] v acid1 by means only ( ! nitr\s air already includ$ 9 ! phial ) x4 ,tak+ ! inv]t$ phial out ( ! wat]1 ,i remove my f+] f ! m\? ( x1 to admit a little ( ! common air1 & in/antly replace my f+]4 ,! r$ness1 eff]vesc5ce1 & dim9ution take place4 ,aga9 tak+ (f my f+]1 & in/antly replac+ x1 m common1 air ru%es 91 & ! same ph5om5a recur4 ,! process sometimes requires to be sev5 or eight times repeat$1 be=e ! :ole ( ! nitr\s vap\r 7z ,i %all v5ture to call x7 is cond5s$ into nitr\s acid1 by ! successive entrance ( fre% p>cels ( common air aft] ea* eff]vesc5ce2 & ! wat] becomes evid5tly m & m acid aft] e su* fre% admission ( ! ext]nal air1 :i* at l5g? ceases to ent]1 :5 ! :ole ( ! vap\r has be5 cond5s$4 ,no agitation ( ! wat] is requisite1 except a g5tle motion1 j suffici5t to r9ce ! sides ( ! phial1 9 ord] to wa% (f ! cond5s$ vap\r4 ,! acidity :i* y 7& ,i likewise1 at fir/7 obs]v$ 9 ! wat] agitat$ ) nitr\s air alone1 ,i acc\nt = ?us4 ,on br++ ! phial to ! m\?1 ! common air meet+ ) ! nitr\s vap\r 9 ! neck ( ! phial1 cond5ses x1 & impregnates ! wat] ) ! acid1 9 ! v act ( receiv+ x ^u ! tongue4 ,on /opp+ ! m\? ( ! phial ) my tongue = a %ort "t & aft]w>ds )draw+ x a v little1 to suff] ! common air to ru% pa/ x into ! phial1 ! s5sation ( acidity has be5 sometimes intol]able3 b tak+ a l>ge gulph ( ! wat] at ! same "t1 x has be5 f\nd v slightly acid4--,! foll[+ is "o ( ! me?ods by :i* ,i h giv5 wat] a v /rong acid impregnation1 by means ( a mixture ( nitr\s & common air4 ,into a small phial1 conta9+ only common air1 ,i =ce a quantity ( nitr\s air at r&om1 out ( a bladd]1 & in/antly clap my f+] on ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,i !n imm]se ! neck ( x into wat]1 a small quantity ( :i* ,i suff] to ent]1 :i* squirts into x ) viol5ce2 & imm$iately replac+ my f+]1 remove ! phial4 ,! wat] conta9$ 9 x is already v acid1 & x becomes m & m s 7if a suffici5t quantity ( nitr\s air 0 at fir/ ?r[n 97 on alt]nately /opp+ ! m\? ( ! phial1 & op5+ x1 z (t5 z fre% air w ent]4 ,s9ce ,i wrote ! above1 ,i h frequ5tly conv]t$ a small portion ( wat] 9 an ounce phial into a weak ,aqua =tis1 by repeat$ mixtures ( common & nitr\s air2 ?r[+ 9 alt]nately ! "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! circum/ances2 t is1 z long z !re 0 a sup]abundance ( nitr\s air1 suff]+ ! common air to ent] & cond5se x2 &1 :5 t 0 effect$1 =c+ 9 m nitr\s air f ! bladd]1 to ! common air :i* n[ pr$om9at$ 9 ! phial--& s alt]nately4 ,i h want$ leisure1 & conv5i5ces1 to c>ry on ?is process to its maximum1 or to execute x 9 a diff]5t & bett] mann]2 b f :at ,i h done1 ,i ?9k we may conclude t nitr\s air consi/s pr9cipally ( ! nitr\s acid1 phlogi/icat$1 or o!rwise s modifi$1 by a previ\s comm5/ruation ) metals1 inflammable spirits1 c4 z to be r$uc$ into a durably ela/ic vap\r3 & t1 9 ord] to deprive x ( its ela/icity1 & re/ore x to its =m] /ate1 an addition ( common air is requisite1 &1 z ,i suspect1 ( wat] likewise1 or "s o!r fluid3 z 9 ! c\rse ( my few trials1 ,i h n yet be5 able to cond5se x 9 a p]fectly dry bottle4 ,,numb] ,,vi4 ,a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,,frankl94 ,crav5 ,/reet1 ,april #aj1 #aggd4 ,de> ,sir1 ,9 compliance ) y\r reque/1 ,i h endeav\r$ to recollect ! circum/ances ( ! ,am]ican exp]im5ts ,i =m]ly m5tion$ to y1 ( rais+ a flame on ! surface ( "s wat]s !re4 ,:5 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey 9 #agfd1 ,i he>d x sev]al times m5tion$1 t by apply+ a light$ c&le ne> ! surface ( "s ( _! riv]s1 a sudd5 flame ,w\ld cat* & spread on ! wat]1 cont9u+ to burn = ne> half a m9ute4 ,b ! acc\nts ,i receiv$ 7 s imp]fect t ,i c\ld =m no guess at ! cause ( su* an effect1 & r d\bt$ ! tru? ( x4 ,i _h no opportunity ( see+ ! exp]im5t2 b call+ to see a fri5d :o happ5$ to be j return$ home f mak+ x himself1 ,i le>n$ f him ! mann] ( x2 :i* 0 to *oose a %all[ place1 :]e ! bottom c\ld be rea*$ by a walk+-/ick1 & 0 muddy2 ! mud 0 fir/ to be /irr$ ) ! /ick1 & :5 a numb] ( small bubbles began to arise f x1 ! c&le 0 appli$4 ,! flame 0 s sudd5 & s /rong1 t x cat*$ 8 ruffle & spoil$ x1 z ,i saw4 ,new-,j]sey hav+ _m p9e-trees 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x1 ,i !n imag9$ t some?+ l a volatile oil ( turp5t9e might be mix$ ) ! wat]s f a p9e-swamp1 b ?is supposition did n q satisfy me4 ,i m5tion$ ! fact to "s philosophical fri5ds on my return to ,engl&1 b x 0 n mu* att5d$ to4 ,i suppose ,i 0 ?\ght a little too cr$ul\s4 ,9 #agfe1 ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,*&l] receiv$ a lett] f ,dr4 ,f9ley1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college 9 t prov9ce1 relat+ ! same exp]im5t4 ,x 0 read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #ba1 ( t ye>1 b n pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions2 p]haps because x 0 ?\ght too /range to be true1 & "s ridicule might be appreh5d$ if any memb] %\ld attempt to repeat x 9 ord] to asc]ta9 or refute x4 ,! foll[+ is a copy ( t acc\nt4 ,a wor?y g5tleman1 :o lives at a few miles di/ance1 in=m$ me t 9 a c]ta9 small cove ( a mill-pond1 ne> 8 h\se1 he 0 surpriz$ to see ! surface ( ! wat] blaze l inflam$ spirits4 ,i soon aft] w5t to ! place1 & made ! exp]im5t ) ! same success4 ,! bottom ( ! creek 0 muddy1 & :5 /irr$ up1 s z to cause a consid]able curl on ! surface1 & a light$ c&le held )9 two or ?ree in*es ( x1 ! :ole surface 0 9 a blaze1 z in/antly z ! vap\r ( w>m inflammable spirits1 & cont9u$1 :5 /rongly agitat$1 = ! space ( sev]al seconds4 ,x 0 at fir/ imag9$ to be peculi> to t place2 b ^u trial x 0 soon f\nd1 t su* a bottom 9 o!r places exhibit$ ! same ph5om5on4 ,! discov]y 0 accid5tally made by "o belong+ to ! mill4 ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5t twice "h 9 ,engl&1 b )\t success4 ,! fir/ 0 9 a sl[ runn+ wat] ) a muddy bottom4 ,! second 9 a /agnant wat] at ! bottom ( a deep dit*4 ,be+ "s "t employ$ 9 /irr+ ?is wat]1 ,i ascrib$ an int]mitt+ fev]1 :i* seiz$ me a few days aft]1 to my brea?+ too mu* ( t f\l air :i* ,i /irr$ up f ! bottom1 & :i* ,i c\ld n avoid :ile ,i /oop$ 9 endeav\r+ to k9dle x4--,! discov]ies y h lately made ( ! mann] 9 :i* inflammable air is 9 "s cases produc$1 may ?r[ light on ?is exp]im5t1 & expla9 its succe$+ 9 "s cases1 & n 9 o!rs4 ,) ! highe/ e/eem & respect1 ,i am1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,numb] ,,vii4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,,h5ry ( ,man*e/]4 ,x is ) great pleasure ,i he> ( y\r int5d$ publication on air1 & ,i beg leave to communicate to y an exp]im5t or two :i* ,i lately made4 ,dr4 ,p]cival _h tri$1 )\t effect1 to dissolve lead 9 wat] impregnat$ ) fix$ air4 ,i h[ev] ?\ght x probable1 t ! exp]im5t might succe$ ) nitr\s air4 ,into a quantity ( wat] impregnat$ ) x1 ,i put sev]al pieces ( %eet-lead1 & suff]$ !m1 aft] agitation1 to cont9ue imm]s$ ab\t two h\rs4 ,a few drops ( vol4 t9cture ( sulphur *ang$ ! wat] to a deep orange col\r1 b n s deep z :5 ! same t9cture 0 add$ to a glass ( ! same wat]1 into :i* "o drop ( a solution ( sug> ( lead _h be5 in/ill$4 ,! precipitates ( bo? 9 ! morn+1 7 exactly ( ! same k9d2 & ! wat] 9 :i* ! lead _h be5 infus$ all night1 be+ aga9 tri$ by ! same te/1 gave signs ( a /ill /rong] saturn9e impregnation--,:e!r ! nitr\s air acts z an acid on ! lead1 or 9 ! same mann] t fix$ air dissolves iron1 ,i d n pret5d to det]m9e4 ,syrup ( violets add$ to ! nitr\s wat] became ( a pale r$1 b on /&+ ab\t an h\r1 grew ( a turbid br[n ca/4 ,?\gh ! nitr\s acid is n (t5 f\nd1 except produc$ by art1 yet z !re is a probability t nitre may be =m$ 9 ! e>? 9 l>ge t[ns1 & inde$ fossile nitre has be5 actually f\nd 9 su* situations1 x %\ld be an additional caution aga9/ ! use ( lead5 pumps4 ,i tri$ to dissolve m]cury by ! same means1 b )\t success4 ,i am1 ) ! mo/ s9c]e e/eem1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r oblig$ & ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,?o4 ,,h5ry4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,see ,dr4 ,falcon]'s v useful & +5i\s treatise on ! ,ba? wat]1 #b;d edit4 p4 #cac4 #af ,may1 #aggb4 #ag ,vid4 ,mr4 ,:ite's useful treatise on ! managem5t ( pregnant & ly+-9 wom51 p4 #bgi4 #ah ,see ! au?or's obs]vations on ! efficacy ( ext]nal applications 9 ! ulc]\s sore ?roats1 ,essays m$ical & exp]im5tal1 ,vol4 ,i4 #b;d edit4 p4 #cgg4 #ai ,! au?or ( ^! obs]vations4 #bj ,directions = impregnat+ wat] ) fix$ air1 9 ord] to communicate to x ! peculi> _s & virtues ( ,pyrmont wat]1 & o!r m9]al wat]s ( a simil> nature4 #ba ,ref]r+ to ! case communicat$ by ,mr4 ,hey4 #bb ,he langui%$ ab\t a week1 & !n di$4 #bc ,! vegetables :i* are mo/ efficaci\s 9 ! cure ( ! scurvy1 possess "s degree ( a /imulat+ p[]4 #bd ,?is ref]s1 to an exp]im5t m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ publication ( ^! pap]s 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 b omitt$ 9 ?is volume4 #be ,! fir/ acc\nt ( ?is curi\s process 01 ,i believe1 giv5 9 ! ,mem4 de l',ac4 de ,sc4 de ,p>is = #agdb4 ,?\gh seem+ly less volatile ?an ! vitriolic e!r1 x boils ) a mu* small] degree ( heat4 ,"o day la/ summ]1 x boil$ 9 ! coole/ room ( my h\se2 z x gave me notice by ! explosion att5d+ its driv+ out ! cork4 ,to save ! bottle1 & to prev5t ! total loss ( ! liquor by evaporation1 ,i f\nd myself oblig$ in/antly to c>ry x d[n to my cell>4 ,,errata4 ,p4 #ae4 l4 #ac4 = x to read to x p4 #bd4 l4 #bj4 ---- has ---- _h p4 #fj4 l4 #bb4 ---- inflammable ---- 9 inflammable p4 #hd4 l4 #e4 ---- exp]im5ts ---- exp]im5t p4 #ade4 l4 #af4 ---- ) ---- ( p4 #aec4 l4 #a4 ---- t is ---- ?is air p4 #aii4 l4 #ag4 ---- +5i\s ---- +5u\s p4 #baa4 l4 #bc4 ---- ( ---- 1 if p4 #bdc4 l4 #bg4 ---- dim9i%+ ---- dim9i%$ p4 #bgb4 l4 #ba4 ---- seem ---- seems p4 #cja4 l4 #ca4 ---- ---- ---- "o end p4 #cjc4 l4 #e4 ---- ---- ---- ! nitr\s p4 #cjd4 l4 #ba4 ---- deslrium ---- delirium p4 #cjf4 l4 #b4 ---- recet4 ---- rec5t4 p4 #cjh4 l4 #g4 ---- p] ---- ,p]uv4 p4 #cac4 l4 #bg4 ---- usual ---- useful p4 #cjj4 to #cad4 passim ---- ,di>rha ---- ,di>rhoea p4 #caf4 l4 #aa4 ---- rema9s ---- rema9d] p4 #ebd4 l4 #ae4 ---- x ---- iron4 ,a ,,catalogue ( ,,books writt5 by ,,joseph ,,prie/ley1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s41 ,& pr9t$ = ,j4 ,,johnson1 ,,booksell]1 at ,no4 #gb1 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*-,y>d1 ,london4 #a4 ,! ,,hi/ory & ,,pres5t ,,/ate ( ,,electricity1 ) orig9al ,exp]im5ts1 illu/rat$ ) ,copp] ,plates4 #d? ,edit1 correct$ & enl>g$1 #dto4 #al4 #as4 #b4 ,a ,,famili> ,,introduction to ! ,,/udy ( ,,electricity1 #b;d ,edit4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 #c4 ,! ,,hi/ory & ,,pres5t ,,/ate ( ,,discov]ies relat+ to ,,vision1 ,,light1 & ,,col\rs1 #b vols4 #dto4 illu/rat$ ) a great ,numb] ( ,copp] ,plates1 #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 9 ,bo>ds4 #d4 ,a ,,famili> ,,introduction to ! ,,!ory & ,,practice ( ,,p]spective1 ) ,copp] ,plates1 #es4 9 ,bo>ds4 #e4 ,,directions = impregnat+ ,wat] ) ,,fix$ ,,air1 9 ord] to communicate to x ! peculi> ,_s & ,virtues ( ,,pyrmont ,,wat]1 & o!r ,m9]al ,wat]s ( a simil> ,nature1 #as4 #f4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 ) ,copp] ,plates1 #b;d ,edit4 #es4 9 ,bo>ds4 #g4 ,a ,,new ,,*>t ( ,,hi/ory1 conta9+ a ,view ( ! pr9cipal ,revolutions ( ,empire t h tak5 ,place 9 ! ,_w2 ) a ,book describ+ x1 conta9+ an ,epitome ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 #ajs4 #f;d4 #h4 ,a ,,*>t ( ,,biography1 ) a ,book1 conta9+ an ,explanation ( x1 & a ,catalogue ( all ! ,names ins]t$ 9 x1 #d? ,edit1 v mu* improv$1 #ajs4 #f;d4 #i4 ,an ,essay on a ,c\rse ( lib]al ,education = ,civil & ,active ,life2 ) ,plans ( ,lectures on1 #a4 ,! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory & g5]al ,policy4 #b4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 #c4 ,! ,con/itution & ,laws ( ,engl&4 ,to :i* are add$ ,rem>ks on ,dr4 ,br[ne's propos$ ,code ( ,education4 #aj4 ,! ,,rudim5ts ( ,,engli% ,,gramm>1 adapt$ to ! ,use ( ,s*ools1 #as4 #f;d4 #aa4 ,! above ,,gramm>1 ) ,notes & ,obs]vations1 = ! ,use ( ^? :o h made "s ,pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,language1 #d? ,ed4 #cs4 #ab4 ,an ,,essay on ! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ( ,,gov]nm5t1 & on ! ,nature ( ,,political1 ,,civil1 & ,,religi\s ,,lib]ty1 #b;d ,edit1 mu* enl>g$1 #es4 #ac4 ,,in/itutes ( ,,natural & ,,reveal$ ,,religion1 ,vol4 ,i4 conta9+ ! ,elem5ts ( ,natural ,religion2 to :i* is prefix$1 ,an ,essay on ! be/ ,me?od ( communicat+ religi\s ,k to ! ,memb]s ( ,*ri/ian ,societies1 #bs4 #f;d4 sew$4--,vol4 ,,ii4 conta9+ ! ,evid5ces ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,revelation1 #cs4 sew$4--,vol4 ,,iii4 conta9+ ! ,doctr9es ( ,revelation1 #bs4 #f;d4 sew$4--,prep>+ = ! ,press 7,m>* #agge7 ! f\r? & la/ ,"p ( ?is ,"w1 conta9+ a ,view ( ! ,corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity4 #ad4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,reid's ,enquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se1 ,dr4 ,beattie's ,essay on ! ,nature & ,immutability ( ,tru?1 & ,dr4 ,oswald's ,appeal to ,common ,s5se 9 behalf ( ,religion4 ,to :i* is add$ ! ,correspond5ce ( ,dr4 ,beattie & ,dr4 ,oswald ) ! ,au?or1 #b;d ,edit4 #es4 unb\nd4 #ae4 ,a ,,free ,,address to ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 on ! ,subject ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 ! ?ird ,edition ) ,additions1 #bs4 #af4 ,! ,additions to ! ,above may be _h alone1 #as4 #ag4 ,an ,,address to ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 on ! ,subject ( giv+ ! ,"l's ,supp] to ,*ildr51 #as4 #ah4 ,,consid]ations on ,,diff]5ces ( ,,op9ion among ,*ri/ians2 ) a ,lett] to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,,v5n1 9 ,answ] to 8 ,exam9ation ( ! ,address to ,prote/ant ,diss5t]s1 #as4 #f;d4 #ai4 ,a ,,cate*ism = ,,*ildr5 & ,,"y ,,p]sons1 #b;d ,edit4 #c;d4 #bj4 ,a ,,scripture ,,cate*ism1 consi/+ ( a ,s]ies ( ,que/ions1 ) ,ref]5ces to ! ,scriptures in/ead ( ,answ]s1 #c;d4 #ba4 ,a ,s]i\s ,,address to ,,ma/]s ( ,,families1 ) ,=ms ( ,family ,pray]1 #b;d ,edit4 #f;d4 #bb4 ,a ,view ( ! ,,pr9ciples & ,,conduct ( ! ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 ) respect to ! ,civil & ,ecclesia/ical ,con/itution ( ,engl&1 #b;d ,edit4 #as4 #f;d4 #bc4 ,a ,free ,,address to ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 on ! ,subject ( ,,*ur* ,,discipl9e2 ) a ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ,corruption ( x by false ,notions ( ,religion1 #bs4 #f;d4 #bd4 ,a ,,s]mon prea*$ be=e ! ,congregation ( ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 at ,mill ,hill ,*apel1 9 ,le$s1 ,may #af1 #aggc1 on ,occasion ( 8 resign+ ! ,pa/oral ,(fice among !m1 #as4 #be4 ,a ,,free ,,address to ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 z su*4 ,by a ,diss5t]4 ,a new ,edition1 enl>g$ & correct$1 #as4 #f;d4--,an ,all[ance is made to ^? :o buy ?is ,pamphlet to give away4 #bf4 ,lett]s to ! ,au?or ( ,rem>ks on sev]al late ,publications relative to ! ,diss5t]s1 9 a ,lett] to ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 #as4 #bg4 ,an ,,appeal to ! s]i\s & c&id ,pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity on ! foll[+ ,subjects1 viz4 #a4 ,! ,use ( ,reason 9 ,matt]s ( ,religion4 #b4 ,! ,p[] ( ,man to d ! ,w ( ,god4 #c4 ,orig9al ,s94 #d4 ,election & ,reprobation4 #e4 ,! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,&1 #f4 ,atonem5t = ,s9 by ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/1 #d? ,edit4 #a;d4 #bh4 ,a ,,famili> ,,illu/ration ( c]ta9 ,passages ( ,scripture relat+ to ! same ,subject4 #d;d4 or #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,doz54 #bi4 ,! ,,triumph ( ,,tru?2 be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,trial ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,elwall1 = ,h]esy & ,blasphemy1 at ,/af=d ,assizes1 be=e ,judge ,d5ton1 c4 #b;d ,edit4 #a;d4 #cj4 ,,consid]ations = ! ,,use ( ,,"y ,,m51 & ! ,p>5ts ( ,,"y ,,m51 #b;d4 ,also1 publi%$ "u ! ,direction ( ,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,,! ,,!ological ,,repository4 ,consi/+ ( orig9al ,essays1 ,h9ts1 ,qu]ies1 c4 calculat$ to promote religi\s ,k1 9 #c ,volumes1 #hvo1 ,price #ahs4 9 ,bo>ds4 ,among o!r ,articles1 too _m to be enum]at$ 9 an ,adv]tisem5t1 ^! ?ree ,volumes w be f\nd to conta9 su* orig9al & truly valuable ,obs]vations on ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 ! ,pre-exi/5ce ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 m especially respect+ ! ,h>mony ( ! ,evangeli/s1 & ! ,reason+ ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 z _c fail to recomm5d !m to ^? ,p]sons1 :o wi% to make a truly free ,enquiry into ^! important ,subjects4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,volume1 :i* is n[ repr9t$1 sev]al ,articles are add$1 p>ticul>ly ,,two ,,lett]s f ,dr4 ,,?omas ,,%aw to ,dr4 ,,b5son1 relat+ to ! ,passage ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,to face ! la/ page4