file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity47 ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,8 ,,community ,,by ,,dwight ,,s&]son ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,rural ,,social ,,organization ,,cornell ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,by ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,company ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,9 ! good old days ( e>ly ,new ,engl& ! p act$ 9 communities4 ,! orig9al ,new ,engl& t[ns 7 true communities2 t is1 relatively small local gr\ps ( p1 ea* gr\p hav+ its own in/itutions1 l ! *ur* & ! s*ool1 & l>gely manag+ its own affairs4 ,d[n ?r\gh ! ye>s ! t[n meet+ has p]si/$1 & ev5 to-day ! ,new ,engl& t[n is to a v l>ge degree a small democracy4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 manage all its affairs 9 q ! same fa%ion t x did two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,:5 ! ,we/]n tide ( settlem5t set 91 p frequ5tly w5t ,we/ 9 gr\ps & occasionally :ole communities mov$1 b ! g5]al rule 0 settlem5t by families on family size f>ms4 ,! unit ( our rural civilization1 !re=e1 became ! f>m family4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 neighborhoods1 & mu* neighborhood life4 ,! local s*ools 7 really neighborhood s*ools4 ,*ur*es multipli$ 9 numb] ev5 beyond ! ne$ = !m4 ,:5 f>m]s began to associate !mselves toge!r z 9 ! ,grange1 !y recogniz$ ! ne$ ( a /rong local gr\p l>g] ?an ! neighborhood4 ,a subord9ate ,grange = example is a community organization4 ,exp]i5ce gradually demon/rat$ t if f>m]s wi%$ to cop]ate !y mu/ cop]ate 9 local gr\ps4 ,/rong nation-wide organizations are cle>ly ( great importance1 b !y c h little /r5g? unless !y are made up ( active local bodies4 ,gradually1 ! community idea has spread ov] ! c\ntry1 9 "s cases spr++ up almo/ spontane\sly1 until to-day !re is a v widespread belief among ! f>m]s1 z well z among ! special /ud5ts ( rural affairs1 t ! organization & developm5t ( ! local rural communities is ! ma9 task 9 cons]v+ our ,am]ican agriculture & c\ntry life4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :at is true 9 ,am]ica is prov+ also to be true 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,9 fact1 ! f>m village life 9 ,europe & ev5 9 su* c\ntries z ,*9a is tak+ on new activities1 & x is be+ recogniz$ t ! improvem5t ( ^! small units ( society is "o ( ! great ne$s ( ! age4 ,pr(essor ,s&]son1 9 ?is book1 has attempt$ to indicate j :at ! community movem5t means to ! f>m]s ( ,am]ica4 ,he has br\ght to ?is task r unusual prep>ation4 ,9 turn1 a graduate ( an agricultural college1 a sci5ti/ ( reputation1 ,director ( an agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 ,dean ( a college ( agriculture1 he has _h a wide1 v>i$ & successful exp]i5ce 9 v>i\s /ates4 ,he f9ally arriv$ at ! conviction1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ important field ( "w = him lay 9 deal+ ) ! l>g] phases ( c\ntry life1 & he gave up adm9i/rative "w = fur!r prep>ation 9 ! new field4 ,9 8 position z ,pr(essor ( ,rural ,organization 9 ! ,college ( ,agriculture at ,cornell ,univ]sity1 he has be5 unusually successful1 bo? z inve/igator & z tea*]4 ,he speaks z "o :o kn[s ! f>m]s & n z an outsid]1 & also z a ?or\gh /ud5t4 ,?is book !re=e is s5t out ) a good deal ( confid5ce4 ,x deals ) "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! rural topics t c be discuss$ ^! days4 ,x po9ts out fundam5tal pr9ciples & indicates practical /eps 9 apply+ pr9ciples4 ,,k5yon ,l4 ,,butt]field4 ,,=eword ,9 rec5t ye>s we h he>d a great deal ab\t ! rural community & rural community organization4 ,all sorts ( organizations deal+ ) rural life discuss ^! topics at _! meet+s1 ! agricultural press & ! popul> magaz9es enc\rage community developm5t1 & a numb] ( books h rec5tly appe>$ deal+ ) v>i\s phases ( rural community life4 ,! community idea is fairly well e/abli%$ z an ess5tial ( rural social organization4 ,"o might ga9 ! impression t ! community is a new discov]y or social inv5tion 7 he to read only ! curr5t discussions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a =m ( social organization z old z agriculture itself1 b :i* 0 v l>gely neglect$ 9 ! settlem5t ( ! l>g] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is new emphasis on ! community is1 !re=e1 b ! revival 9 a new =m ( a v anci5t mode ( human association4 ,! community becomes ess5tial because ! conditions ( rural life h *ang$ & rural p are aga9 be+ =c$ to act toge!r 9 locality gr\ps to meet ! ne$s ( _! common life4 ,! au?or has attempt$ to def9e ! rural community & to describe ! new conditions :i* are det]m9+ its /ructure & %ap+ its functions1 9 ! belief t an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! rural community %\ld aid ^? :o are seek+ to secure a bett] social adju/m5t ( ! c\ntryside4 ,x attempts to relate ,! ,f>m] & ,8 ,community4 ,! problems & me?ods ( community organization h be5 discuss$ b incid5tally1 & ! book is n design$ z a h&book = community developm5t4 ,its *ief aim is to e/abli% a po9t ( view ) reg>d to ! rural community z an ess5tial unit = rural social organization ?r\gh a sociological analysis ( ! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t t5d5cies ( ! v>i\s =ms ( associations :i* seem necess>y = a satisfy+ rural society4 ,x is hop$ t su* an analysis pres5t$ 9 an unte*nical mann] may be ( s]vice to rural lead]s :o are work+ = ! developm5t ( c\ntry life by giv+ !m a bett] und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! community & !re=e a firm] fai? 9 its future & great] en?usiasm & loyalty 9 its s]vice4 ,! pres5t volume is a brief summ>y ( a m ext5d$ /udy ( ! rural community1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry b 9 o!r l&s & 9 o!r times1 :i* is n[ 9 prep>ation = publication4 ,,dwight ,,s&]son4 ,,cornell ,,univ]sity4 ,may1 #aibb4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,rural ,,community #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,f>m ,,home ,,& ,,! ,,community #ad ,,iii4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,p ,,& ,,hi/ory #bi ,,iv4 ,,communication ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,community ,,life #cg ,v4 ,,! ,,f>m ,,& ,,! ,,village #df ,,vi4 ,,community ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,f>m ,,bus9ess #eh ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,m>kets ,,affect ,,rural ,,communities #fg ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,co,,p]ation ,,/r5g!ns ,,! ,,community #gg ,,ix4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,education #ia ,x4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,education1 ,,cont9u$2 ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,movem5t #ajg ,,xi4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,religi\s ,,life #aba ,,xii4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,heal? #acg ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,play ,,& ,,recreation #aec ,,xiv4 ,,organizations ,,( ,,! ,,rural ,,community #afi ,,xv4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,dep5d5t #aha ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,community',s ,,gov]nm5t #aif ,,xvii4 ,,community ,,organization #bji ,,xviii4 ,,community ,,plann+ #bbb ,,xix4 ,,community ,,loyalty #bcd ,,app5dix ,a #bdg ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,8 ,,community ,! core ( ! community idea1 !n--z appli$ to rural life--is t we mu/ make ! community1 z a unit1 an entity1 a ?+1 ! po9t ( dep>ture ( all our ?9k+ ab\t ! rural problem1 &1 9 its local application1 ! direct aim ( all organiz$ ef=ts = improvem5t or r$irection4 ,! build+ ( real1 local f>m communities is p]haps ! ma9 task 9 erect+ an adequate rural civilization4 ,"h is ! real goal ( all rural ef=t1 ! inn] k]nel ( a sane c\ntry-life movem5t1 ! mov+ slogan ( ! new campaign = rural progress t mu/ be wag$ by ! pres5t g5]ation4--,k5yon ,l4 ,butt]field1 9 ,! ,f>m] & ! ,new ,day4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,rural ,,community ,no phase ( ! social progress ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury is m significant or promises a m f>-rea*+ influ5ce ?an ! r$iscov]y ( ! community z a fundam5tal social unit1 & ! beg9n+s ( community consci\sness ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i say ! r$iscov]y ( ! community1 = ev] s9ce m5 =sook hunt+ & graz+ z ! *ief means ( subsi/5ce & settl$ d[n to a p]man5t agriculture !y h liv$ 9 communities4 ,9 anci5t & m$ieval ,europe1 9 ,*9a & ,india1 & among primitive agricultural peoples ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! village community is recogniz$ z ! prim>y local unit ( society4 ,9 m$ieval ,france ! rural communaute 0 ! local unit ( gov]nm5t & social adm9i/ration4 ,its p met f "t to "t at ! village *ur* 9 regul> assemblies at :i* !y elect$ _! local (fic]s1 approv$ _! acc\nts1 arrang$ = ! support ( ! *ur*1 ! s*ool1 & local improvem5ts4 ,9 mo/ ( ,france & ?r\gh\t mu* ( ,europe ! f>m homes are /ill clu/]$ 9 villages1 f :i* ! f>m l&s radiate4 ,!re ! village is prim>ily a place ( resid5ce1 & ) ! l&s belong+ to x =ms ! community4 ,new ,engl& 0 settl$ 9 mu* ! same mann]1 be+ divid$ into t[ns :i* /ill =m ! local units ( gov]nm5t1 & :i* = ! mo/ "p are s+le communities1 ?\gh "h & !re m ?an "o c5t] has sprung up )9 a t[n & second>y communities h develop$4 ,! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+ has ev] be5 laud$ z ! bir?place ( repres5tative democratic gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 its orig9al =m x 0 a true community meet+1 deal+ n only ) ! political gov]nm5t1 b consid]+ all religi\s1 educational1 & social matt]s affect+ ! common life ( ! t[n4 ,al?\gh ! ,new ,engl& tradition det]m9$ ! =m ( local gov]nm5t 9 ! areas settl$ by its p 9 ! c5tral & we/]n /ates1 ! t[n%ip 0 b an artificial t[n result+ f me?ods ( ! l& surveys4 ,! home/ead] took up 8 l& ) b little ?\ght ( community relations4 ,he trad$ at ! ne>e/ t[n2 *ur* 0 fir/ held 9 ! s*ool-h\se & lat] *ur*es 7 erect$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry at conv5i5t po9ts2 8 *ildr5 w5t to ! di/rict s*ool2 & 8 social life 0 *iefly 9 ! neighbor+ homes4 ,8 life c5t]$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,z railroads cov]$ ! c\ntry1 villages & t[n sprang up at frequ5t int]vals1 & gradually became ! real c5t]s ( community life1 b usually !re 0 b little realization on ! "p ( ei!r village or f>m p ( _! community int]e/s4 ,! f>m]'s att5tion 0 on ! f>m1 ! t[nsman's *ief int]e/ 0 8 bus9ess1 & n infrequ5tly _! int]e/s 7 9 conflict & !y gave little ?\ght to _! real dep5d5ce on ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! plantation sy/em ( ! l&$ ari/ocracy1 :i* z long z x exi/$ 0 q self-suffici5t1 gave little enc\ragem5t to community developm5t4 ,! c\nty 0 ! mo/ important unit ( local gov]nm5t & ! c>pet-bagg]s' ef=ts at e/abli%+ local t[n%ips 7 repudiat$ ) ! end+ ( _! rgime4 ,only 9 rec5t ye>s h conditions ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?1 l>gely ! result ( increas$ immigration & ! break+ up ( l>ge plantations1 favor$ ! developm5t ( local communities4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,am]ican f>m] has vot$ & tak5 8 %>e 9 local politics & gov]nm5t1 has att5d$ 8 own *ur*1 has trad$ :]e mo/ conv5i5t or advantage\s1 has jo9$ ! ne>e/ grange or lodge1 & ) 8 family has visit$ ne>by fri5ds & relatives & jo9$ ) !m 9 social fe/ivities2 he has loyally support$ ^! v>i\s int]e/s1 b until v rec5tly1 he has _h little conception ( ! int]relations ( ^! in/itutions 9 ! life ( ! community or ( ! possible advantages ( community developm5t z su*4 ,b new wants & new problems h aris5 :i* may only be met by ! unit$ action ( all elem5ts ( bo? village & c\ntryside4 ,! automobile dem&s bett] roads & bo? f>m] & bus9essman are int]e/$ to h !m built s t ! natural community c5t]s may be mo/ easily rea*$4 ,bett] s*ools1 libr>ies1 facilities = recreation & social life1 organization = ! improvem5t ( agriculture & = ! bett] m>ket+ ( f>m products1 are all community problems & =ce att5tion ^u ! community area to be s]v$ by ^! in/itutions4 ,a consolidat$ s*ool or a libr>y _c be ma9ta9$ at e crossroads4 ,only by ! support ( all ! p )9 a reasonable di/ance ( a common c5t] are bett] rural in/itutions possible4 ,! tr5d ( ev5ts 0 ?us br++ ab\t a recognition ( ! place ( ! community 9 ! life ( rural p1 :5 ! ,great ,w> ha/5$ ?is process by _m ye>s4 ,lib]ty ,loan1 ,r$ ,cross1 & o!r w> drives 7 organiz$ by communities :i* vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 rais+ _! quotas4 ,a new s5se ( ! unity ( ! community 0 br\ght ab\t by ! common loyalty to its boys 9 ! nation's s]vice4 ,hav+ creat$ /ate & c\nty c\ncils ( def5se1 national lead]s came to appreciate t ! prim>y unit = effective organization = w> purposes mu/ be ! community1 & ,presid5t ,wilson wrote to ! ,/ate ,c\ncils ( ,def5se urg+ ! organization ( community c\ncils4 ,?\s&s ( ^! _h be5 organiz$ :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 decl>$1 & al?\gh mo/ ( !m 7 n cont9u$1 ! importance ( ! local community 0 giv5 national recognition & att5tion 0 direct$ to ! ne$ ( ! bett] organization ( local =ces = community progress4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! rural community8 ,is x a real entity or is x m]ely an idea or an ideal8 ,:]e is x & h[ c we recognize x8 ,we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,j4 ,galp91 n[ 9 *>ge ( ! ,f>m ,life ,/udies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 = fir/ develop+ a me?od = ! location ( ! rural community4 ,pr(essor ,galp9#a holds t ! trad+ area tribut>y to any village is usually ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ ! community area4 ,he det]m9es ! community area by />t+ f a bus9ess c5t] & m>k+ on a map ^? f>m homes :i* trade mo/ly at t c5t]4 ,by draw+ a l9e connect+ ^? f>m homes f>!/ f ! c5t] on all ! roads radiat+ f x1 ! b\nd>y ( ! trade area is describ$4 ,9 ! same way ! areas tribut>y to ! *ur*1 ! s*ool1 ! bank1 ! milk /ation1 ! grange1 etc41 may be det]m9$ & mapp$4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ^! areas w be f\nd to be by no means co9cid5t1 b x w usually be f\nd t mo/ ( !m c5t] 9 "o village or hamlet1 & t ! trade area is ! mo/ significant 9 det]m9+ ! area tribut>y to ?is c5t]4 ,:5 ! areas s]v$ by ! *ief in/itutions ( adjac5t c5t]s are mapp$1 x is usually f\nd t a composite l9e ( ! diff]5t b\nd>y l9es sep>at+ ^! c5t]s w approximate ! b\nd>ies ( ! communities4 ,a l9e :i* divides adjac5t community areas s t mo/ ( ! families ei!r side ( ?is l9e g mo/ frequ5tly to1 or _! *ief int]e/s are at1 ! c5t] )9 t b\nd>y1 w be ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! adjac5t communities4 ,?us1 f ! /&po9t ( location1 a community is ! local area tribut>y to ! c5t] ( ! common int]e/s ( its p4#b ,z indicat$ above ! bus9ess c5t] may usually be tak5 z ! base po9t or community c5t]1 f :i* to det]m9e ! b\nd>ies ( ! community4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry or 9 hilly or m\nta9\s regions1 ! trade or bus9ess c5t] is n always ! same z ! c5t] ( ! *ief social activities ( ! p1 & may n be ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ ! community c5t]4 ,n infrequ5tly a *ur*1 s*ool & grange hall locat$ close toge!r may =m ! nucleus ( a community :i* does its bus9ess at a railroad /ation village "s di/ance away1 possibly ov] a range ( hills4 ,! *ief trad+ po9ts _c1 !re=e1 be arbitr>ily assum$ z ! base po9ts = det]m9+ community areas1 b ^? po9ts at :i* ! m important ( ! common int]e/s ( ! p f9d expression %\ld be consid]$ z community c5t]s4 ,x is n simply a "q ( :]e ! p g mo/ (t51 b ( :]e _! *ief int]e/s focus4 ,) ?is concept ( a community x is obvi\s t ! c5t] ( a community mu/ be ! base po9t = det]m9+ its area4 ,x w\ld seem t ! community c5t] is ess5tial to ! individuality ( any community3 ,! community c5t] ne$ n necess>ily be at ! geographical c5t] ( ! community2 inde$ 9 _m cases x is at or close to "o ( its b\nd>ies1 ?\gh 9 an op5 level c\ntry x w t5d to approximate ! c5t]4 ,! t]m community c5t] is "h us$ 9 a lit]al s5se ( be+ ! c5t] ( ! activities ( ! community4 ,x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! community-c5t] idea :i* ref]s to a build+1 :e!r x be a community h\se1 s*ool1 *ur*1 or grange hall1 z a community c5t]4 ,su* a build+ 9 :i* ! activities ( ! community are l>gely c5t]$ may be a community c5t] 9 a v real s5se1 b 9 mo/ cases ^! activities w be divid$ betwe5 *ur*1 s*ool1 grange hall1 etc4 ,no "o ( !m c !n be a c5t] = ! :ole community1 b tak5 toge!r !y con/itute ! c5t] 9 :i* ! *ief int]e/s ( ! community focus4 ,e community mu/ necess>ily h a m or less well def9$ community c5t]2 x may or may n h "s "o build+ 9 :i* ! *ief activities ( ! community h _! headqu>t]s4 ,su* build+s1 ( :atev] nature1 may well be call$ community h\ses or social c5t]s4 ,al?\gh att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! area ( ! community1 ! community consi/s n ( l& or h\ses b ( ! p ( ?is area4 ,its b\nd>y m]ely gives a community id5tity1 z does ! roll ( a company or ! *>t] ( a city4 ,! community consi/s ( ! p )9 a local area2 ! l& !y occupy is b ! physical basis ( ! community4 ,! nature ( ! community w dep5d v l>gely ^u :e!r its p live close toge!r or at a di/ance4 ,9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,/ates _m communities are b sp>sely settl$ & may h a radius ( =ty or fifty miles & yet be true communities1 :ile on ! ,atlantic seabo>d a def9ite community ) z _m p may h a radius ( n ov] a mile or two4 ,nor is ! community a m]e aggregation or association ( ! p ( a giv5 area4 ,x is r a corporate /ate ( m9d ( ^? liv+ 9 a local area1 giv+ rise to _! collective behavior4 ,!re _c be a true community unless ! p ?9k & act toge!r4 ,! t]m neighborhood is v frequ5tly us$ z synonym\s ) community1 & %\ld be def9itely di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! t]ms are n[ com+ to be te*nically employ$1 ! neighborhood consi/s ( b a gr\p ( h\ses fairly ne> ea* o!r4 ,frequ5tly a neighborhood grew up ar\nd "s "o c5t]1 z a s*ool1 /ore1 *ur*1 mill1 or blacksmi? %op1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t may h be5 ab&on$1 b ! homes rema9$ clu/]$ toge!r4 ,or ! neighborhood may be m]ely six to a doz5 homes ne> toge!r on ! same road or ne> a corn]4 ,! s*ool di/rict ( ! "o-room c\ntry s*ool is commonly a neighborhood1 b z !re are no o!r int]e/s :i* b9d ! p toge!r x _c be consid]$ a community4 ,likewise p associate 9 *ur*es1 granges1 etc41 b *ur* p>i%es ov]lap1 & ! con/itu5cy ( any "o ( ^! associations is n necess>ily a community4 ,only :5 sev]al ( ! *ief human int]e/s f9d satisfaction 9 ! organizations & in/itutions :i* s]ve a fairly def9ite common local area tribut>y to !m1 d we h a true community4 ,9 _m cases ! neighborhood1 p>ticul>ly ! s*ool di/rict1 =ms a desirable unit = c]ta9 purposes ( social organization1 &1 inde$1 9 _m cases x may be necess>y to develop ! neighborhood z a social unit be=e its p w actively associate !mselves 9 community activities1 b ! neighborhood _c function 9 ! same way z ! l>g] community :i* br+s p toge!r 9 sev]al ( _! *ief int]e/s4 ,! community c support in/itutions impossible 9 ! neighborhood1 su* z a grange1 lodge1 libr>y1 v>i\s /ores1 etc4 ,! community is m or less self-suffic+4 ,a community may include a v>iable numb] ( neighborhoods4 ,! community is ! smalle/ geographical unit ( organiz$ association ( ! *ief human activities4 ,br++ toge!r ^! v>i\s consid]ations conc]n+ ! nature ( ! rural community we may say t a rural community consi/s ( ! p 9 a local area tribut>y to ! c5t] ( _! common int]e/s4 ,obvi\sly ! community ?us def9$ has no?+ to d ) political areas or b\nd>ies1 = v commonly a community may lie 9 two or ?ree t[n%ips or c\nties4 ,t rural areas are actually divid$ into su* communities & t ! community is ! prim>y unit ( _! social organization may be/ be te/$ by tak+ any giv5 c\nty or t[n%ip & attempt+ to map its area into communities on ! basis above describ$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates & ?r\gh\t mu* ( ! ,s\?1 mo/ ( ! t]ritory may be q readily divid$ into communities4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ by ! rural surveys ( ! ,int]*ur* ,_w ,movem5t#c & by ! community maps made by ,c\nty ,f>m ,bureaus4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! ,s\?1 h[ev]1 has no natural community c5t]s & 9 su* sections x w be f\nd v difficult if n impossible to def9e community areas4 ,! /ore may be at ! railroad /ation1 ! *ur* 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 & ! di/rict or consolidat$ s*ool at /ill ano!r po9t4 ,"s p g to "o /ore or *ur* & o!rs to ano!r4 ,"u su* conditions1 no real community exi/s4 ,usually1 any =m ( social organization is m or less difficult "u su* conditions1 = ! p are divid$ into diff]5t gr\ps = diff]5t purposes & !re is no?+ :i* makes unit$ activities possible4 ,x seems probable t only to ! ext5t t c]ta9 c5t]s ( social & economic life come to be recogniz$ by ! p1 & community life is develop$ ar\nd !m1 w ! mo/ effective & satisfy+ social organization be possible4 ,recognition ( ! community z ! prim>y unit = purposes ( rural organization has n[ become q g5]al4 ,sev]al mid-we/]n /ates h pass$ legislation p]mitt+ s*ool di/ricts to comb9e into community di/ricts = ! support ( consolidat$ s*ools or high s*ools1 irrespective ( t[n%ip or c\nty b\nd>ies4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy 9 ! c5tralization ( rural s*ools seems to be 9 ! direction ( locat+ !m at ! natural community c5t]s4 ,rural *ur*es are com+ into a new s5se ( responsibility to ! community & ! community *ur* is increas+ly advocat$4 ,! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross 9 plann+ its peace-"t program is recogniz+ ! importance ( ! rural community z ! local unit = its "w4 ,! ,c\nty ,f>m ,bureaus1 work+ 9 cop]ation ) ! /ate colleges ( agriculture & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 v soon discov]$ ! value ( ! community z ! local unit ( _! organization1 & c>ry on _! "w ?r\gh community committees or community clubs4 ,possibly no o!r "o movem5t has done s mu* to br+ ab\t ! def9ite location ( rural communities & _! appreciation by rural p4 ,a conf]5ce ( national organizations engag$ 9 social "w 9 rural communities held 9 #aiai summ$ up ! exp]i5ce ( a gr\p ( repres5tative rural lead]s 9 ! /atem5t3 ,9 rural organization x is recogniz$ t ! local community con/itutes ! functional unit & ! c\nty or di/rict ! sup]visory unit4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! rural community :i* really c>ries on1 :atev] ! executive organization ( ! c\nty or di/rict may be4 ,! /r5g? ( ! rural community z a social gr\p lies 9 two facts4 ,fir/1 x is n s l>ge b t mo/ ( its p "k ea* o!r4 ,! size ( ! community 9 ?is reg>d does n dep5d s mu* ^u ! actual numb] ( squ>e miles involv$ z ^u ! numb] ( its population4 ,p may all be acqua9t$ 9 a sp>sely settl$ community cov]+ a t5-mile radius1 & !re may be less acqua9tance 9 a small community ) a d5se population4 ,secondly1 ! great majority ( ! p 9 ! av]age rural community are dep5d5t ^u agriculture = _! income1 ei!r directly or once-remov$4 ,^! two facts make possible common int]e/s & a social control ?r\gh public op9ion :i* is n possible 9 l>g] social units su* z ! c\nty or city4 ,sir ,horace ,plunkett appreciates ?is :5 he says3 ,our anci5t ,iri% records %[ little clans ) a common own]%ip ( l& h>dly l>g] ?an a p>i%1 b ) all ! patriotic feel+ ( l>g] nations held ) an int5sity r>e 9 mod]n /ates4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! clans & ( v small nations l ! anci5t ,greek /ates %[s t ! social feel+ assumes its mo/ b9d+ & p[]ful "* :]e ! community is l>ge en\gh to all[ free play to ! v>i\s int]e/s ( human life1 b is n s l>ge t x becomes an ab/raction to ! imag9ation4#d ,?is inh]5t social /r5g? ( ! rural community1 ! fact t ! community is relatively p]man5t1 & ! appreciation t only ?r\gh community ef=t may rural p realize _! natural desire to enjoy "s ( ! advantages ( cities1 =ce ! conviction t ! community mu/ be ! prim>y unit = ! organization ( rural progress4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t we %all discuss ! community aspects ( ! v>i\s human int]e/s ( ! f>m] & ! consequ5t relations ( ,! ,f>m] & ,8 ,community4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,galp91 ,c4 ,j41 ,! ,social ,anatomy ( an ,agricultural ,community4 ,rese>* ,bullet9 #ed1 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,may1 #aiae2 & also 9 8 ,rural ,life1 ,c5tury ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aibj4 #b ,! foll[+ f\r pages are revis$ f ! au?or's bullet91 ,locat+ ! ,rural ,community1 ,cornell ,read+ ,c\rse = ! ,f>m1 ,lesson #aeh4 #c ,see ,reports ( ! ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,dep>tm5t1 ,committee on ,social & ,religi\s ,surveys1 #aaa ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york1 or ,geo4 ,h4 ,doran1 ,new ,york4 #d ,rural ,life ,problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #abi4 ,italics m9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,f>m ,,home ,,& ,,! ,,community ,! ,am]ican f>m] ?9ks fir/ ( 8 own home2 only rec5tly has he comm5c$ to appreciate t 8 & o!r homes =m a community4 ,9 ! age ( homespun ! pione] subdu$ 8 new l&s & built 8 home2 ! f>m & ! home 7 8 & = !m he liv$4 ,he b\ght b little & _h b little to sell4 ,f>ms 7 l>gely self-support+4 ,neighbors help$ ea* o!r 9 num]\s ways & z ! c\ntry became m ?ickly settl$ neighborhood life grew apace4 ,b !re 0 little s5se ( relation to ! l>g] community4 ,roads 7 bad & p 7 too widely scatt]$ to come toge!r except on special occasions4 ,! family 0 ! fundam5tal social unit & social life revolv$ ar\nd ! family1 or 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,b times h *ang$4 ,! f>m is no long] l>gely self-support+4 ,x is n[ b a prim>y unit 9 a _w-wide economic sy/em1 conduct$ ) money z ! basis ( ex*ange & dom9at$ by ! int]e/s ( capital4 ,f>m products are sold = ca% & _! value is det]m9$ by di/ant or _w m>kets ) :i* ! f>m] has no p]sonal contact & ( :i* he (t5 has b little k4 ,mo/ ( ! goods consum$ on ! f>m mu/ be pur*as$4 ,! m>ket+ ( 8 products & ! pur*as+ ( goods h giv5 ! f>m] increas+ contacts ) ! village & t[n c5t]s & a broad] k ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,dur+ ! pa/ c5tury mod]n ideas ( transportation & ! developm5t ( indu/ries due to inv5tions & sci5tific discov]ies h result$ 9 an enorm\s gr[? ( city populations4 ,! social life ( ! cities is increas+ly dom9at$ by ! int]e/s ( ! individual r ?an ^? ( ! family1 until ! break+ d[n ( urban family life has become a _w-wide problem4 ,! family is no long] ! social unit ( ! city z x is 9 ! c\ntry4 ,n[ f>m p are by no means z isolat$ f t[n & city z is (t5 imag9$4 ,_! bro!rs & si/]s1 sons & daught]s h gone to make up ! increas+ urban populations4 ,?r\gh correspond5ce & visit+ back & =?1 ?r\gh frequ5t trips to t[n1 ?r\gh ! daily city newspap]s1 & ?r\gh ! g5]al read+ ( magaz9es1 f>m p are 9 m or less close contact ) ! life & mann]s ( ! cities4 ,inasmu* z slightly ov] half ( our p n[ live 9 t[ns or cities & only "o-?ird live on f>ms1 x is n surpris+ t urban ideals & values & ! urban po9t ( view t5d m & m to dom9ate ^? ( ! c\ntryside4 ,!re has be5 a natural t5d5cy1 !re=e1 = ! association ( c\ntry p to c5t] 9 ! c\ntry t[n & village1 9 ! community c5t]4 ,bett] transportation & ! inability to ma9ta9 satisfactory in/itutions 9 ! op5 c\ntry h made ?is process inevitable & x w d mu* to aboli% ! evils ( rural isolation4 ,! increas+ difficulty ( ma9ta9+ successful *ur*es 9 ! op5 c\ntry & ! gr[? ( ! village *ur*1 ! dissatisfaction ) ! "o-room di/rict s*ool & ! desire = consolidat$ s*ools & community high s*ools1 are evid5ces ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,! small] size ( ! f>m family has made x less self-suffici5t socially ?an =m]ly1 & ! fact t few] ne> relations live ne>by & f>ms *ange h&s m (t5 has result$ 9 few] neighborhood ga!r+s4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family t5d to get toge!r m ) gr\ps ( _! own age & sex com+ f all p>ts ( ! community1 & def9ite ef=t is made = ! organization ( su* gr\ps accord+ to _! v>i\s int]e/s4 ,att5tion is direct$ to ^! t5d5cies because 9 our pres5t emphasis on ! relation ( ! f>m] to 8 community & on community values1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ! family mu/ ev] be recogniz$ z ! prim>y social in/itution ( rural life4 ,inde$1 x may n be too mu* to claim t ! l>ge/ value 9 ! agricultural indu/ry is 9 ! possibility ( ! mo/ satisfactory type ( home life4 ,! millionaire f>m] is s r>e z to be negligible1 & al?\gh f>m]s z a class d\btless h z :olesome & satisfactory a liv+ z !y w\ld 9 o!r pursuits1 yet no "o engages 9 f>m+ z a means ( easily acquir+ l>ge weal?4 ,! highe/ rural values _c be b\ght or sold4 ,! m]e fact t f>m+ is practically ! only rema9+ indu/ry conduct$ on a family basis--:i* seems likely to cont9ue--& t all memb]s ( ! family h m or less ( a %>e 9 ! conduct & success ( ! f>m1 creates a family bond :i* does n ord9>ily exi/ :]e ! bus9ess or employm5t ( ! fa!r & ( o!r memb]s ( ! family is dissociat$ f ! home4 ,al?\gh ! burd5 ( ! f>m bus9ess on ! home is (t5 decri$ & !re is obvi\s ne$ ( light5+ ! "m's "w = ! f>m z mu* z possible1 yet "u ! be/ ( conditions !re is on ! f>m a con/ant & intimate contact betwe5 ! fa!r & "m & *ildr5 :i* is r>ely f\nd "u o!r conditions4 ,primitive woman discov]$ ! art ( agriculture4 ,at fir/1 ! m5 assi/$ ! wom5 9 :at "t !y c\ld sp>e f hunt+2 b z game became sc>ce & ! food supply gr[n f ! soil 0 f\nd to be m c]ta91 agriculture became man's vocation4 ,p]man5t home life comm5c$ ) ! developm5t ( agriculture4 ,z he became a f>m]1 primitive man /ay$ at home ) 8 wife & %>$ ) h] ! nurture ( ! *ildr54 ,be=e !n ! family _h be5 h]s1 n[ x 0 !irs4 ,! m]e fact t ! home & ! bus9ess are bo? on ! f>m1 t fa!r is 9 ! h\se sev]al times a day & t ! :ole family are acqua9t$ ) 8 f>m op]ations1 w always give ! f>m home a sup]ior solid>ity1 s long z ! family lives on ! f>m4 ,?\gh b few f>m homes are ideal & "s ( !m h b little t is attractive1 yet n[h]e are conditions s favorable = ! enjoym5t ( all t is mo/ preci\s 9 family life z 9 ! bett] ,am]ican f>m homes4 ,if ?is be true1 t ! *ief value 9 agriculture is 9 ! possibility ( ! mo/ satisfactory home life1 !n community developm5t %\ld be consid]$ prim>ily f ! /&po9t ( its effect on ! f>m home1 = ! social /r5g? ( ! c\ntry w be m l>gely det]m9$ by its homes ?an by its o!r social in/itutions4 ,we %\ld endeavor1 !re=e1 to build up t type ( community life :i* makes = bett] homes & /rong] families4 ,:ile seek+ to af=d sup]ior advantages to individuals1 all ef=t t[>d community improvem5t %\ld recognize t ! /r5g? ( ! community is 9 its home life4 ,! ne$ ( ?is po9t ( view ) reg>d to rural community organization has be5 v =cibly indicat$ by ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,bo>dman1 "o ( our ke5e/ obs]v]s & int]pret]s ( c\ntry life 9 8 ,community ,lead]%ip4 ,he says3 ,at ! he>t ( ! rural situation is ! rural family4 ,! social problems involv$ 9 home life 9 ! rural village & on ! f>m are ( two k9ds1--developm5tal & protective4 ,! social unit 9 ! city is ! individual4 ,urban conditions h rapidly dis9tegrat$ ! family z a social unit4 ,grave dang]s h result$ f ?is int]f]5ce ) ! unity ( dome/ic life4 ,! rural family is 9 dang] ( meet+ ! same fate4 ,x is n[ ! social unit 9 ! rural social /ructure4 ,e ef=t mu/ be put =? to make ?is situation p]man5t4 ,! major problem is "o ( home cons]vation4 ,protection ( ! rural family aga9/ social exploitation w dem& increas+ att5tion4 ,! developm5t ( social organization along l9es :i* int]f]e ) ! unity & solid>ity ( rural family life mu/ be approa*$ ) extreme caution & tol]at$ only z !y may be absolutely necess>y4 ,s f> z possible social organization mu/ be built ar\nd ! rural family & give x e possible opportunity to act z a family 9 ! s*eme ( organization & activity4 ,! home z a social c5t] mu/ receive increas$ att5tion4 ,!re is great dang]1 9 ! new int]e/ :i* is be+ ar\s$ 9 rural social life1 t ! matt] ( social organization be greatly ov]done4 ,! rural family w be ! "o to suff] fir/ & mo/ sev]ely z a result ( ?is craze = social organization4 ,9 support ( ?is po9t ( view x is int]e/+ to note t ! /ronge/ rural in/itutions1 ! *ur*1 ! grange1 & ! rec5tly organiz$ ,f>m ,bureaus1 are all organizations :i* h an int]e/ = ! :ole family or = mo/ ( its memb]s4 ,) an increas+ s5se ( social ne$s & responsibilities on ! "p ( rural p1 new organizations w be =m$ & v>i\s community activities mu/ be und]tak51 b if c\ntry p w rema9 true to _! traditions &1 ) cle> view ( *ang+ conditions1 w seek to organize _! community life z an association ( f>m & village families1 !y w create ! mo/ satisfy+ & endur+ type ( society4 ,! community build+s n[ becom+ s popul> 9 rural communities are a good example ( a family in/itution organiz$ to furni% bett] recreation & social facilities = ! :ole family4 ,inasmu* z ! home is its prim>y social in/itution1 ! rural community mu/ give its fir/ consid]ation to its relations to ! home & h[ ! home life may be /r5g!n$1 if ! rural family is to )/& ! influ5ce ( ! dis9tegrat+ home life ( ! city4 ,= ! f>m home is 9 a process ( readju/m5t to mod]n conditions & ! recognition ( ideals & objectives ( home-life by ! community w be a p[]ful factor 9 _! ma9t5ance4 ,! "m has ev] occupi$ ! c5tral position 9 ! home4 ,"u mod]n conditions1 z a result ( h] education & broad] k ( life1 ?r\gh h] m frequ5t contacts ) t[n & city & ?r\gh h] wid] read+1 _m a f>m "m is com+ to feel t h] position is an anomal\s "o4 ,9 "s cases %e may be able to solve h] own problems1 b only a g5]al *ange 9 public op9ion conc]n+ _! position w br+ a m acceptable /atus to f>m wom5 z a class4 ,"s ( ! f>m woman's problems arise f ! increas+ division ( labor betwe5 h] husb& & h]self & f ! m>ket+ ( ! f>m products2 ^! are ! problems ( h] economic /atus4 ,! peasant woman ( m$ieval ,europe or ! wife ( ! ,am]ican pione] nev] worri$ t %e did n receive a mon?ly all[ance or a c]ta9 %>e ( ! f>m income4 ,%e work$ ) h] husb& & family 9 rais+ ! f>m products & %e %>$ 9 _! consumption1 = b relatively little 0 sold (f ! place4 ,to-day1 ! wife ( ! f>m own] does little "w on ! f>m2 its products are sold & mu* ( ! food & practically all ( ! clo?+ is pur*as$4 ,%e & h] *ildr5 contribute a consid]able am\nt ( ! labor ( ! f>m ent]prise1 & d all ( ! h\sework2 b ! husb& does ! sell+ & mo/ ( ! buy+1 %e (t5 has b little %>e 9 ! managem5t ( ! family's f9ances1 & r>ely kn[s :at %e may c\nt on = h\sehold exp5ses4 ,%e comes to feel t %e is no long] a real p>tn]1 b a sort ( h\sekeep]1 ?\gh )\t sal>y or assur$ income4 ,9 ov] n9e ?\s& f>m homes /udi$ 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates1#e "o-f\r? ( ! wom5 help$ ) ! live/ock1 & "o-f\r? work$ 9 ! field an equival5t ( #f4g weeks a ye>1 ov] half ( !m c>$ = ! home g>d5s1 & "o-?ird ( !m kept ! f>m acc\nts4 ,ov] a ?ird ( !m help$ to milk1 two-?irds wa%$ ! sep>ators1 & #hh p]c5t wa%$ ! milk pails1 #fj p]c5t made ! butt] & "o-?ird sold ! butt]1 b only #aa p]c5t _h ! sp5d+ ( ! money f its sale4 ,likewise #ha p]c5t c>$ = ! p\ltry1 b only #bb p]c5t _h ! p\ltry money = _! own use & b #af p]c5t _h ! egg money4 ,^! figures d n give u a complete analysis ( ! h\sehold f9ances 9 relation to ! am\nt contribut$ by f>m wom51 b !y are indicative ( ! g5]al situation4 ,x is because ( ^! facts t f>m wom5 feel t a l>g] portion ( ! f>m income %\ld be sp5t 9 giv+ !m bett] h\sehold conv5i5ces1 some:at comm5surate ) ! am\nt t is sp5t = improv$ f>m ma*9]y & b>n conv5i5ces4 ,only "o-?ird ( ^! f>m homes _h runn+ wat]2 & b "o-fif? _h a ba?-tub ) wat] & sew] connections2 #he p]c5t _h outdoor toilets4 ,improvem5t is 9 evid5ce1 h[ev]1 = two-?irds _h wat] 9 ! kit*51 #fj p]c5t _h s9k & dra91 #eg p]c5t _h wa%+ ma*9es1 & #ie p]c5t _h sew+ ma*9es4 ,x is n t %e is m]ely seek+ less "w s t %e may att5d h] club or g to ! movies1 t ! f>m "m desires bett] conv5i5ces & %ort] h\rs--h] av]age work+ day is n[ #aa4c h\rs--b because %e has new ideals ( ! nurture :i* %e wi%es to give h] family & ( :at %e might d = !m _h %e ! "t & physical /r5g?4 ,z a result ( ! cop]ative survey ( #aj1jjj repres5tative f>m homes 9 #bda c\nties 9 ! #cc nor!rn & we/]n /ates made by home demon/ration ag5ts & f>m wom51 ,miss ,w>d#f gives "s int]e/+ side-lights1 :i* are z illum9at+ z ! /ati/ics3 ,wom5 realize t no am\nt ( sci5tific arrangem5t or labor-sav+ appliances w ( !mselves make a home4 ,x is ! woman's p]sonal pres5ce1 influ5ce1 & c>e t make ! home4 ,h\sekeep+ is a bus9ess z practical z f>m+ & ) no romance 9 x2 home mak+ is a sacr$ tru/4 ,a woman wants "t salvag$ f h\sekeep+ to create ! "r home atmosph]e = h] *ildr5 & to s enri* _! home surr\nd+s t !y may ga9 _! ideals ( beauty & _! ta/es = books & music n f ! %op w9d[s1 ! movies1 ! billbo>ds1 or ! jazz b&1 b f ! home environm5t4 ,! f>m woman kn[s t !re is no "o :o c take h] place z tea*] & companion ( h] *ildr5 dur+ _! e>ly impressionable ye>s & %e craves m "t = _! c>e4 ,%e feels ! ne$ ( mak+ ! f>m home an invit+ place = ! "y p ( ! family & _! fri5ds & ( promot+ ! recreational & educational advantages ( ! neighborhood 9 ord] to cope ) ! v>i\s =ms ( city allurem5ts4 ,%e realizes t mod]n conditions call = an ev5 deep] realization & clos] contact betwe5 "m & *ild4 ,! famili> t]m1 ',god c\ld n be ev]y:]e s ,he made mo!rs' has its mod]n sci5tific application1 z no am\nt ( education & c>e giv5 to *ildr5 9 s*ool or else:]e outside ! home c take ! place ( mo!r+ 9 ! home4 ',! home exi/s = ! *ild1 h5ce ! *ild's developm5t %\ld h fir/ consid]ation4' ,f>m wom5 want to broad5 _! outlook & keep ) ! advancem5t ( _! *ildr5 'n by c\rses ( /udy b by br++ progressive ideas1 me?ods1 & facilities into ! e day "w & recreation ( ! home environm5t4' ,true en\gh1 y say1 b ^! are problems ( ! individual home4 ,:at h !y to d ) ! community8 ,j ?is3 ,! /atus ( ! f>m woman is a matt] det]m9$ m by cu/om ?an by individual a*ievem5t4 ,x is difficult = any "o woman1 no matt] h[ able or /rong-m9d$1 to ma9ta9 a /atus mu* 9 advance ( t ( h] neighbors2 b let ! wom5 ( a community get toge!r & discuss _! problems & ideals & ! gr\p _s /r5g!ns ea* ( !m 9 ! pursuit ( ! common ideals4 ,x is su* a desire = mutual support--ev5 ?\gh !y are n consci\s ( x--:i* has drawn f>m wom5 toge!r into clubs & :i* has giv5 su* an impetus to ! ,home ,bureaus1 or wom5's dep>tm5ts ( ! c\nty ,f>m ,bureaus4 ,n only 9 wom5's organizations1 b f9ally 9 community organizations ( m5 & wom51 su* z ! ,grange & ! *ur*1 ! social /&>ds ( ! community receive ! sanction ( public op9ion1 ?an :i* !re is no m p[]ful means ( influ5c+ family usages4 ,! community z su*1 mu/ give recognition to a new & bett] /atus ( its f>m wom54 ,if ! rural home rema9s ! prim>y social in/itution1 x w be due to its intellig5t ef=t at self-def5se1 & n to any inh]5t "r :i* x has to su* a position4 ,orig9ally ! family 0 b a biological gr\p4 ,until mod]n times ! agricultural family 0 *iefly an economic unit4 ,only ) ! isolation ( ! ,am]ican f>m1 did ! individual family assume ! prim>y social position kn[n to our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs4 ,physical isolation & l>ge families made ! f>m home ! only possible social c5t]4 ,isolation is l>gely pass+1 families are small]1 & organizations ( all sorts & comm]cial amusem5ts compete ) ! family4 ,x is ! use ( leisure "t :i* reveals ! true loyalty ( ! family gr\p4 ,if !re be no?+ to attract !m to ! fireside1 !y w inevitably g else:]e :5ev] possible4 ,h5ce1 if x w\ld h its f\ndations /rong1 ! community mu/ enc\rage ! enri*m5t ( home life1 p>ticul>ly1 9 ! h\rs ( leisure :5 life is mo/ real4 ,! family games aft] supp]1 ! gr\p ar\nd ! piano s++ old & mod]n songs1 ! read+ al\d by "o memb] ( ! circle1 ! crack+ ( nuts & ! popp+ ( corn1 ! picnic supp] on ! lawn1 ! t5nis c\rt or croquet gr\nd1 ! home p>ties1 ! gue/s ev]-welcome at meals1 ^! are b items 9 a possible scorec>d ( ! sociability ( ! home4 ,we are giv+ mu* ?\ght to all sorts ( gr\p activities1 b h[ mu* att5tion h we giv5 to sy/ematically enc\rag+ ! social unit :i* has ! l>ge/ possibilities1 ! family8 ,la/ summ] my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,c4 ,l9deman1 ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,college = ,wom51 sp5t sev]al weeks 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) rural ,d5m>k "u peculi>ly favorable conditions4 ,a /atem5t 9 a lett] f him reg>d+ ,dani% home life is apropos 9 ?is connection3 ,i obs]v$ t ! c\ntry p f9d a great deal ( social expression )9 _! own homes4 ,! home life is organiz$ on a mu* high] plane ?an is common 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 addition1 !re is a l>g] cont5t ( cultural & educational mat]ial )9 ! family circle4 ,9 ! same way ! economic position1 heal?1 education1 & all o!r phases ( life ( ! family are ! mo/ pot5t influ5ces bo? 9 ! life ( its memb]s & ( ! community4 ,! "q arises1 !re=e1 :at is ! community do+ to /r5g!n ! home8 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! new discipl9e ( ,home ,economics has vigor\sly attack$ ! problems ( diet1 clo?+1 & h\sehold managem5t1 & has accompli%$ mu*4 ,x is n[ conc]n+ itself ) heal?1 *ild welf>e1 & ev5 ) *ild psy*ology & ! family z an in/itution4 ,yet ! home economics po9t ( view is necess>ily re/rict$ to t ( ! in/itution :i* x s]ves1 i4e41 ! home2 x has ! same limitations1 :5 pursu$ solely f ! home /&po9t1 t f>m managem5t has z an int]pretation ( f>m+ if n relat$ to agricultural & g5]al economics4 ,we ne$ a consid]ation ( ! problems ( ! home f ! /&po9t ( o!r social in/itutions & ) reg>d to its function 9 social organization4 ,we ne$ a cle>] concept ( ! relation ( ! home to ! community & to community associations & activities4 ,! community in/itutions1 ! s*ool1 ! *ur*1 & v>i\s organizations1 h _h too mu* ( a t5d5cy to compete ) ! home r ?an to support & /r5g!n x4 ,?us ! t5d5cy ( ! s*ool has be5 to dem& a l>g] & l>g] portion ( ! *ild's "t & to assume t because c]ta9 phases ( education c be m economically giv5 9 ! s*ool1 t1 !re=e1 x %\ld take ov] z mu* ( ! educational function ( ! home z is possible2 a conclusion :i* is by no means valid4 ,9 ! home project a new educational pr9ciple has be5 discov]$1 :i* has f>-rea*+ significance3 = 9 x ! s*ool & ! home cop]ate1 ! s*ool outl9+1 /&>diz+1 & int]pret+1 :ile ! home furni%es sup]vision1 advice1 & enc\ragem5t4 ,?us1 ! home is /imulat$ to p]=m ^? educational functions 9 :i* x is sup]ior1 ?r\gh a def9ite ef=t ^u ! "p ( ! s*ool to /r5g!n !m4 ,! same pr9ciple is be+ appli$ to education 9 hygi5e4 ,:y %\ld n ! *ur* & ,sunday s*ool adopt simil> me?ods & und]take a def9ite sy/em ( enc\rag+ ! home to give moral & religi\s education 9 an adequate fa%ion1 r ?an attempt to give homeopa?ic doses to *ildr5 en masse8 ,:y %\ld n ! *ur*1 or ! s*ool1 or bo?1 give p>5ts in/ruction & inspiration z to h[ to educate _! *ildr5 9 matt]s ( sex1 ab\t :i* !y are 9 ! be/ position to ga9 _! confid5ce8 ,%\ld n our clubs & social organizations1 = m5 & wom51 boys & girls1 face ! "q1 z to :e!r _! aggregate activities are unduly compet+ ) ! home1 & %\ld !y n give def9ite ?\ght z to h[ !y may assi/ & /r5g!n ! basic in/itution ( our social organization8 ,if ! home is ! ess5tial prim>y social in/itution1 !n its well-be+ %\ld comm& ! consid]ation ( e in/itution ( ! community2 = ! function & objectives ( ! home _c be det]m9$ solely by ei!r its own ideals & purposes1 or by ! values e/abli%$ by ! v>i\s special int]e/ gr\ps4 ,! home & ! community in/itutions are con/antly 9 a process ( adapt+ !mselves to ea* o!r1 & to ! ext5t t ea* recognizes ! function ( ! o!r & is will+ to cop]ate r ?an to compete1 is ! highe/ success ( ea* made possible4 ,?is problem ( ! relation ( ! home to ! community is a relatively new "o1 & is l>gely ! result ( bett] means ( communication :i* h enl>g$ ! horizon ( e f>m home4 ,:5 ! life ( ! *ild 0 almo/ :olly )9 ! home & ! neighborhood1 ! p>5ts gave !mselves little conc]n ab\t ! influ5ce or conditions ( ! l>g] community4 ,b :5 h] *ildr5 g to a consolidat$ s*ool & _! s*ool associates are unkn[n to h]1 :5 !y att5d ! movies 9 ! village1 & :5 !y read ! local weekly or ! city daily newspap] & ! mon?ly magaz9es1 s t !y "k :at is go+ on ?r\gh\t ! _w1 !n1 if %e be wise1 a "m comm5ces to realize t ! community is hav+ a gr[+ influ5ce 9 %ap+ _! "* & t h[ev] ideal ! home may be1 x is b a "p ( _! lives4 ,%e comm5ces to appreciate t %e mu/ h an und]/&+ ( ! life & =ces ( ! community s t %e may use h] influ5ce t[>d mak+ _! social environm5t :at x %\ld be & s t %e may be able to make ! home s attractive t x w hold _! prim>y int]e/ & loyalty4 ,?us community problems ( heal?1 ( education1 ( recreation & social life1 & ( religion become int]-relat$ ) ^? ( ! home4 ,! successful homemak] c no long] conc]n h]self solely ) home-managem5t1 b mu/ assume h] %>e ( responsibility 9 community-managem5t1 or community h\sekeep+4 ,) ! new responsibilities ( suffrage rural wom5 are foll[+ ! example ( _! city si/]s 9 tak+ a l>g] int]e/ 9 civic affairs & social legislation1 & ) a mo/ :olesome influ5ce on community life4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s dang] t :ile ! m5 are engag$ ) _! bus9ess problems1 ^! social problems w be too l>gely left to ! wom52#g = )\t ! sympa!tic und]/&+ & he>ty cop]ation ( _! husb&s1 rural wom5 w f9d t _! new social ideals w mat]ialize b sl[ly4 ,"h aga91 su* family organizations z ! ,grange1 ! ,*ur*1 & ,f>m & ,home ,bureau1 9 :i* community activities engage bo? m5 & wom5 are peculi>ly s]viceable4 ,an int]e/+ example ( h[ ! family may function 9 community life is f\nd 9 a small t[n 9 s\!rn ,mi*igan 7,c5t]ville7 :]e ! p h e/abli%$ a cop]ative motion picture !at]1 to :i* ! families buy season tickets1 & :]e "o may f9d :ole families toge!r enjoy+ ! be/ pictures to ! accompanim5t ( a community or*e/ra4 ,?is is also be+ accompli%$ 9 _m community build+s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! home ne$ n abdicate all ( its old-"t functions z a social c5t]4 ,a few ye>s ago 9 att5d+ a rural community conf]5ce at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ,i 0 int]e/$ to he> a f>m woman1 a graduate ( t univ]sity1 tell h[ %e & h] neighbors _h held amateur dramatic ent]ta9m5ts on _! front v]&as dur+ ! summ]4 ,! "y p took ! p>ts & ! audi5ce sat on ! lawn1 & ?us _m families 7 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! bett] homes :o w\ld n h ?\ght ( visit+ !m4 ,:5 w9t] came on1 ^! ent]ta9m5ts 7 cont9u$ 9 a slightly diff]5t mann]1 s t neighbor+ families 7 br\ght into contact )\t any t5d5cy t[>d undue intimacy betwe5 families :i* w\ld n associate o!rwise4 ,family p>ties = "y & old1 %\ld by no means be ab&on$ 9 favor ( community p>ties1 h[ev] satisfactory & attractive ! latt] may be4 ,! social responsibility ( ! rural home mu/ receive new recognition1 = ! day :5 we c live to ourselves 9 ! enjoym5t ( a select gr\p ( p]sonal fri5ds is rapidly pass+1 if we are to h satisfactory social conditions4 ,x is "o ( ! bad effects ( ! increas+ am\nt ( t5ancy 9 our be/ f>m+ sections1 & ( ! frequ5t *ang+ ( f>m own]%ip1 t ! %ift+ ( resid5ce makes x difficult = ! family to secure a satisfactory social position 9 ! community life4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge/ contribution ( ! home to ! community & ! be/ means ( solv+ ! problem ( its relation to community life1 is 9 ! developm5t ( ! be/ social attitudes among its memb]s t[>d ea* o!r & t[>d ! life ( ! community2 = all s\nd social organization is b an application ( ! relations ( ! family to ! affairs ( l>g] social gr\ps1 & unless attitudes ( mutual aid1 common responsibility1 & volunt>y loyalty1 are ma9ta9$ 9 ! home1 s t its relations =m a norm = all o!r human gr\ps1 rural society w h lo/ ! *ief dynamic ( social progress4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,f ,! ,f>m ,woman's ,problems1 ,flor5ce ,e4 ,w>d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,circul> #adh 7#aibj74 #f ,ibid41 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 #g ,b5jam9 ,kidd claims t ?is sup]ior int]e/ ( wom5 9 race welf>e is due to woman's cultural inh]itance & t f ! v nature ( ! division ( labor betwe5 man & woman1 man is less capable ?an woman ( devot+ himself to human welf>e4 ,b ! fact ( ! age :i* goes deep] ?an any o!r is t ! male m9d ( ! race z ! result ( ! conditions out ( :i* x has come1 is by itself incapable ( r5d]+ ?is s]vice to civilization4 ,x is 9 ! m9d ( woman t ! w9n+ peoples ( ! _w w f9d ! psy*ic c5t] ( ,p[] 9 ! future4--,! ,sci5ce ( ,p[]1 p4 #bda4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,community',s ,,p ,,& ,,hi/ory ,! community is compos$ ( p 9 a c]ta9 area1 b ! community may be dead or x may be alive4 ,! life ( ! community is det]m9$ by ! degree to :i* its p are able to act toge!r = ! be/ promotion ( _! common welf>e4 ,?is ability to act toge!r w obvi\sly dep5d ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! p h common aims & purposes4 ,if ! p ( a community =m di/9ct gr\ps ) div]se ideals & purposes1 x w be mu* m difficult to secure t sympa?y1 tol]ance1 & und]/&+ :i* are necess>y = unit$ action1 ?an if !y are m alike4 ,yet x is j su* div]sity ( int]e/s ( diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! community :i* gives rise to community problems & :i* br+s ab\t an appreciation ( ! ne$ ( develop+ community life4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to h "s appreciation ( h[ ! *>act]i/ics ( its population influ5ce community life4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a community ( p ( diff]5t nationalities or races1 or sometimes ev5 ( p f diff]5t /ates1 f9d x mu* m difficult to secure a common loyalty ?an if !y 7 ( "o /ock4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q true t _m an old community ( a s+le /ock is divid$ by family1 religi\s or political feuds2 yet usually !re is m solid>ity betwe5 p ( common traditions & culture4 ,! l>ge/ problem 9 ! s-call$ ,am]icanization ( =eign]s 9 rural communities is to get ! natives to und]/& & appreciate ! newcom]s & to realize t ! future ( ! community dep5ds ^u mutual respect & good w4 ,_h we a little m ( an hi/orical p]spective1 we w\ld rememb] t all ( our ance/ors 7 =eign]s b a few g5]ations back4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are communities 9 :i* ali5 gr\ps =m "o ( ! *ief ob/acles to a bett] community life4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\?1 ! mo/ fundam5tal problem is t ( a bett] und]/&+ betwe5 ! two races1 & until "s means ( amicable adju/m5t is attempt$1 !re is little prospect = ! developm5t ( community life4 ,9 "s ( our be/ agricultural sections !re h be5 successive waves ( immigration ( diff]5t nationalities4 ,?us 9 ,dane ,c\nty1 ,wiscons91 ( :i* ,madison--! /ate capital--is ! c\nty seat1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kolb#h describes communities 9 :i* ,g]mans1 ,norwegians1 & ,swiss h l>gely supplant$ ! orig9al settl]s f ,new ,engl&4 ,9 an int]e/+ /udy ( ,am]icanization 9 a community 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley ( ,massa*usetts1 ,john ,daniels#i has describ$ h[ ! ,fr5* ,canadians & ,iri% & !n ! ,poles h tak5 up ! l&1 & h[ good feel+ betwe5 !m & ! native ,yankees 0 gradually e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ne>by community 9 s\!rn ,new ,york comes to m9d1 9 :i* !re is a colony ( ,bohemians1 & ano!r ( ,f9ns1 :i* h be5 fairly successful 9 build+ up hill f>ms des]t$ by ! desc5dants ( ! orig9al settl]s1 & yet ! community z a :ole has done little t[>d mak+ ^! p feel t !y are a "p ( its life1 al?\gh _! indu/ry is "o ( its l>ge/ economic assets4 ,am]ica is ! home ( ! free & mo/ ( our p d desire a real democracy1 b we seem to h assum$ t x w develop spontane\sly1 & we h n appreciat$ t good w & common und]/&+ require "s means ( acqua9tance & ex*ange ( ideas1 & t ! int]e/s & desires ( all ! p 9 a community1 "y & old1 mu/ receive recognition4 ,unless we c e/abli% democracy 9 our own local community1 h[ c we expect x 9 ! /ate or nation8 ,a second factor 9 community life is ! age ( its p4 ,h[ (t5 d y f9d a community compos$ *iefly ( eld]ly p :i* is progressive8 ,9 ! m progressive communities are n ! middle-ag$ & "y m>ri$ p 9 control8 ,! y\ng] p desire bett] advantages = !mselves & p>ticul>ly = _! *ildr51 & s !y /& = bett] s*ools1 bett] *ur*es1 & bett] facilities = all phases ( community life4 ,x is l>gely = ?is reason1 x seems to me1 t old] communities seem to h cycles ( relative decl9e & progress1 accord+ to ! proportion ( old] & y\ng] p4 ,x is to be hop$ t 9 future g5]ations ! ability to keep "y may become m common2 inde$1 ?is is "o ( ! *ief objectives ( mod]n education4 ,! d5sity ( population is also a det]m9+ factor ) reg>d to _m phases ( community life1 = x is obvi\sly mu* easi] to c>ry on _m community activities :]e ! p live fairly close toge!r & n v f> f ! community c5t]1 ?an :]e ! c\ntry is b sp>sely settl$4 ,ev5 ) automobiles & telephones1 ! di/ance betwe5 homes w h a l>ge influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( community activities4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult ( our rural problems is h[ to br+ to ! p 9 sp>sely settl$ regions ! advantages :i* !y rightly crave4 ,x w be physically & economically impossible = !m to h z good opportunities z sections :i* are m d5sely settl$1 b ways mu/ be f\nd :]eby a l>g] degree ( equality ( opportunity is available to m ?9ly inhabit$ communities4 ,*anges 9 population imm$iately affect community ne$s4 ,:]e immigration is increas+ rapidly1 in/itutions su* z s*ools1 *ur*es1 & /ores are (t5 inadequate1 & !re is e inc5tive t[>d ! developm5t ( community _s & unit$ ef=t to meet ! common ne$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! old] sections decreas+ populations make x impossible to ma9ta9 z _m in/itutions z =m]ly4 ,_m an ea/]n community has inh]it$ two or ?ree *ur*es1 :i* 7 once well fill$1 b :i* n[ m]ely s]ve to divide ! community z none ( !m are able to op]ate successfully1 ?\gh x is obvi\s t unless ! p are m loyal to _! common ne$s ?an to _! diff]5ces t ! community w be unable to survive4 ,9 relatively new communities1 & (t5 = sev]al g5]ations1 ! influ5ce ( ! orig9al settlem5t ( ! community may h a /rong effect on its life4 ,?us :]e a new section is settl$ by acqua9tances f an old] community1 by relatives1 or ^? ( "o *ur*1 !re is a bond betwe5 !m f ! beg9n+1 b :]e l& is settl$ by home/ead]s f diff]5t sections1 ! process ( e/abli%+ common ideals & purposes is a gradual "o4 ,_m a community 9 ! middle we/ /ill be>s ! /amp ( its orig9al settl]s4 ,ab\t 9 ! c5t] ( ,we/ ,virg9ia is ! little community ( ,fr5* ,creek :i* 0 settl$ by a few ,new ,engl& families a little ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,a rec5t /udy#aj ( ?is community %[s t x has _h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 ! educational life ( ! :ole /ate1 & t its progressive _s is l>gely traceable to an ance/ry ( en]getic p ) high ideals :i* h be5 pass$ on by ea* g5]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 _m cases ?is influ5ce is soon lo/1 due to "s radical *ange 9 local conditions & ! influx ( new elem5ts4 ,its hi/ory plays an exce$+ly l>ge rle 9 advanc+ or ret>d+ community developm5t4 ,hi/ory & tradition are ! memory ( ! community2 !y br+ to m9d its pa/ exp]i5ces4 ,common ance/ors & common p>ticipation 9 important ev5ts 9 ! pa/ give a s5se ( id5tity & height5 community consci\sness4 ,pride 9 ! hi/ory ( ! community is l pride 9 a good family1 & is a /rong factor 9 ma9ta9+ ! /&>ds ( its p4 ,( c\rse ! pa/ may be "o ( :i* no "o is pr\d & :i* !y may pref] to =get1 b ?is is a spur to new endeavor z x is to a family to atta9 a new /atus4 ,community life is likely to be at a l[ ebb :]e !re is b little k (1 or int]e/ 91 ! hi/ory ( its pa/4 ,i 0 rec5tly impress$ ) ?is 9 visit+ a small inl& community1 :i* 0 n )\t _m ev5ts ( int]e/ 9 its e>li] developm5t4 ,i fail$1 h[ev]1 to f9d any connect$ records ( ! community's pa/ or any ( its p :o "k mu* ( its hi/ory4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld le>n !re _h be5 few celebrations or community activities = _m ye>s & !re 0 a g5]al feel+ t ! community _h be5 on ! d[n grade & ne$$ r$irection4 ,x seem$ to me t "o ( ! ?+s :i* might ar\se community loyalty 9 ?is in/ance w\ld be = its p to clean up "s ( ! old neighborhood cemet]ies :]e _m ( ! e>ly pione]s lie buri$1 & :i* are n[ gr[n up & unkept4 ,!n ,i ?9k ( ano!r community :]e e few ye>s on important anniv]s>y ev5ts ! hi/ory ( an organization or ( ! community z a :ole is relat$ & (t5 publi%$ 9 ! local press4 ,its pa/ has no m /rik+ ev5ts ?an t ( ! locality la/ m5tion$1 b ^! p h pride 9 _! community & _! loyalty is r5ew$ on ^! anniv]s>y occasions4 ,miss ,emily ,f4 ,hoag#aa has rec5tly giv5 a good picture ( h[ ! hi/ory ( _! community has be5 made to live 9 ! he>ts ( ! p ( ,belleville1 ,new ,york1 ?r\gh _! loyalty to ! old ,union ,academy1 & %e has giv5 a f9e example ( h[ a community may be br\ght to a realization ( ! contribution :i* x has made to ! life ( ! /ate & nation4 ,only by a k ( ! community's hi/ory c ! nature & orig9 ( ! attitudes ( its p be und]/ood4 ,a g5]ation or two ago1 p]*ance1 !re 0 a qu>rel betwe5 two families :i* 0 c>ri$ into ! s*ool meet+1 & to ?is day two factions h p]si/$4 ,! attitudes ( ! p 9 _m a progressive t[n may be directly trac$ to ! influ5ce ( "s out/&+ lead]s--a tea*]1 m9i/]1 or doctor1 p]haps--long s9ce gone to _! rew>d4 ,a village fire1 ! com+ ( a railroad or its deflection to a ne>by t[n1 a bank failure1 a prohibition crusade1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a libr>y are b a few examples ( ev5ts :i* =m crises 9 ! life ( e community & :i* h a f>-rea*+ & subtle effect 9 m\ld+ its "*4 ,! cultivation ( a k ( its own hi/ory is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! fir/ duties ( a community :i* seeks to und]/& itself s t x may bett] direct its life4 ,e community %\ld ma9ta9 a record ( its hi/ory1 & h "s means ( pres]v+ important hi/orical mat]ial4 ,! ,new ,york legislature has rec5tly pass$ an act au?oriz+ any t[n%ip or village bo>d to appo9t a local hi/orian1 )\t sal>y1 & to furni% safe /orage = hi/orical records4 ,"o ( ! mo/ progressive rural communities 9 ! c\ntry is ! ,quak] settlem5t at ,s&y ,spr+1 ,m>yl&1#ab ^: fir/ hi/orian 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahfc & ^: hi/orian reads ! record ( ! ye> at ea* annual meet+4 ,^! ,annals =m a mo/ intimate acc\nt ( ! community's progress4 ,! cu/om ( "s rural newspap]s ( publi%+ local hi/ory ( ! pa/ ye> on ,new ,ye>'s ,day s]ves mu* ! same purpose4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( enc\rag+ hi/orical appreciation1 & "o :i* is v g5]ally neglect$1 is ! tea*+ ( local hi/ory 9 ! s*ools4 ,educators h le>n$ t x is m p$agogical to comm5ce in/ruction 9 geography ) ! local environm5t ( ! *ild1 :i* x c "k & und]/&1 ?an to beg9--z =m]ly--) ! nebul> hypo!sis2 b !y are only comm5c+ to appreciate t ! same pr9ciple applies to ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,is x n true t mo/ *ildr5 c glibly recite dates & ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( _! own & =eign c\ntries1 ( ^: significance !y h only a vague appreciation1 b :o nev] secure any real hi/orical po9t ( view or an appreciation ( ! importance ( hi/ory because x has n be5 made concrete & intimate1 z mu/ be ! case 9 consid]+ local ev5ts8 ,if national hi/ory is taught to develop patriotism1 :y %\ld n local hi/ory be taught to inspire civic loyalty8 ,su* a /udy ( ! ef=ts & sacrifices ( =m] citiz5s w\ld br+ a new s5se ( obligation to be wor?y ( ! h]itage !y h bequea!d1 & w\ld gradually e/abli% an attitude ( loyalty to ! community :i* w\ld be consid]$ z ess5tial to respectability z devotion to "o's c\ntry4 ,inde$1 h[ c "o be truly loyal to a great c\ntry :i* is mo/ly unkn[n to him if he is n loyal to ! p ) :om he lives day by day 9 8 home community8 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( reviv+ int]e/ 9 ! community's pa/ is ?r\gh ! production ( an hi/orical pageant1 :i* is discuss$ on page #afa2 = z ! p act toge!r ! ev5ts ( ! pa/1 !y ga9 a new realization ( :at !y owe to ! life ( ! community 9 bygone days1 & come to appreciate t m5 come & m5 g b ! community cont9ues & p]petuates _! influ5ce = bett] or = worse4 ,socrates' injunction to "k ?yself is ! epitome ( wisdom = ! community z x is = ! individual4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is process ( self-acqua9tance is to secure an accurate k ( ! k9ds ( p :i* compose ! community1 & h[ its pa/ is influ5c+ its pres5t4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,rural ,prim>y ,gr\ps1 a /udy ( agricultural neighborhoods4 ,rese>* ,bullet9 #ea1 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,madison1 #aiba4 #i ,am]ica via ! ,neighborhood1 p4 #dai1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #aibj4 #aj ,a4 ,j4 ,dadisman1 ,fr5* ,creek z a ,rural ,community1 ,bullet9 #agf1 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,univ]sity1 ,june1 #aiba4 #aa ,! ,national ,influ5ce ( a ,s+le ,f>m ,community1 ,bullet9 #ihd1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,dec41 #aiba4 #ab ,see ,a ,rural ,survey ( ,m>yl&1 ,dept4 ( ,*ur* & ,c\ntry ,life1 ,bo>d ( ,home ,missions ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 #aiab2 repr9t$ 9 "p 9 ,n4 ,l4 ,sims' ,! ,rural ,community1 p4 #bbg1 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]s1 #aibj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,communication ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,community ,,life ,we h se5 t ! real life ( ! community dep5ds on common int]e/s & ! ability ( its p to act toge!r4 ,?is hav+ ?+s 9 common is ! basis ( all community & is a*iev$ only ?r\gh ! ex*ange ( ideas by v>i\s means ( communication4 ,)\t communication !re w\ld be no community & no civilization4 ,x is man's ability to communicate ?r\gh spok5 & writt5 language t has made him human4 ,man is m ?an animal because he c ex*ange ideas ) 8 fell[s1 & c pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,?is p[] ( communication creates a new _w = him 9 :i* he lives on a diff]5t plane f all o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,! v words community & communication1 bo? d]iv$ f communis--common1 indicate _! relation to ea* o!r2 community--! hav+ 9 common1 communication--! mak+ common4#ac ,until mod]n times practically all communication betwe5 ! masses ( ! p 0 by ^w ( m\?4 ,! p ( ! old _w liv$ toge!r 9 villages :i* 7 l>gely self-dep5d5t1 & only ! high] classes 7 educat$ to read & write4 ,!re 0 little opportunity = contact ) ! outside _w1 & ! p felt little ne$ ( bett] means ( communication4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly ass]t$ t isolation has be5 ! *ief rural problem 9 ,am]ica4 ,! reason = ! dissatisfaction ) life on isolat$ f>ms is bett] appreciat$ :5 we rememb] t dur+ all previ\s hi/ory m5 h liv$ toge!r 9 close association & _! :ole mode ( ?\ght1 cu/oms1 attitudes1 & desires h be5 =m$ 9 ! intimate life ( compact gr\ps4 ,x is b natural1 !re=e1 t life on ! isolat$ f>m ) b few contacts ) o!rs ?an imm$iate neighbors %\ld become irksome & t t[n & city h _h a peculi> attraction = f>m p4 ,we _c "h exam9e ! causes & hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( our mod]n means ( communication1 b we mu/ recognize t x is due to !m t rural community life z we are com+ to "k x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is made possible4 ,)\t ^! new] facilities = m frequ5t association & ex*ange ( ideas1 rural life w\ld /ill be conf9$ to ! small local neighborhood4 ,at ! same "t1 ! railroad & trolley h aboli%$ ! isolation ( ! rural community & h made possible ! div]sion ( local int]e/s & loyalties to l>g] c5t]s4 ,?us :ile communication aids ! integration ( ! community x af=ds equal facilities = its disruption4 ,d\btless "s ( ! small] community c5t]s w be unable to compete ) ! attraction ( ne>by l>g] c5t]s1 b !re seems no good reason to believe t bett] communication w injure ! be/ life ( communities :i* are ( suffici5t size to support ! in/itutions :i* w comm& local loyalty4 ,?is dual influ5ce ( means ( communication on ! int]nal & ext]nal relations ( rural communities creates "s ( ! *ief problems ( rural social organization1 = ! increase ( means ( communication 9 ! pa/ two or ?ree g5]ations has be5 m mom5t\s & has _h a m f>-rea*+ effect on human relations ?an 9 all ! previ\s c5turies s9ce ! inv5tion ( writ+4 ,a brief survey ( ! m important ( ^! new ag5cies w indicate h[ !y affect ! relations ( ! f>m] to 8 community & to o!r communities4 ,^! may be consid]$ "u ! two g5]al heads ( means ( transportation1 & means = ! ex*ange ( ideas4 ,z long z transportation 0 by wagon & by boat1 comm]ce 0 sl[ & exp5sive2 ea* community 0 compell$ to be l>gely self-dep5d5t1 & life 0 isolat$ to an ext5t t x is difficult = u to conceive4 ,&]son has well /at$ ! situation :5 he says3 ,m]*&ise & produce t c\ld n /& a freight ( fifte5 doll>s p] ton c\ld n be c>ri$ ov]l& to a consum] "o hundr$ & fifty miles f ! po9t ( production2 z roads 71 a di/ance ( fifty miles f ! m>ket (t5 made indu/rial indep5d5ce exp$i5t4#ad ,x 0 ! /eam railroad :i* made l>g] m>kets available1 made possible ! gr[? ( our l>ge cities & ! op5+ up ( new l&s di/ant f m>kets4 ,! railroad & manufactur+ by p[] ma*9]y put an end to ! age ( homespun1 & made x m pr(itable = ! f>m] to sell 8 products & to pur*ase 8 manufactur$ goods 9 ex*ange4 ,! railroad1 & ! m>kets :i* x made available1 *ang$ ! village c5t] f a place ( local b>t] to a %ipp+ po9t & s t5d$ to c5t] ! economic life ( l>g] areas 9 ! villages ) railroad /ations4 ,bett] local roads 7 necess>y & bus9ess t5d$ to become c5traliz$ 9 ! village4 ,! num]\s wayside tav]ns along ! ma9 highways disappe>$1 z did ! neighborhood mill & blacksmi? %op4 ,! railroad1 m ?an any o!r "o factor1 has det]m9$ ! location ( our rural community c5t]s4 ,! electric railroad made ! village c5t]s m available to f>m p & gave transportation facilities to _m villages )\t railroads1 b x also made x possible = ! p ( small] communities to g to ! l>g] c5t]s = trad+ & o!r advantages4 ,trolleys h made x possible = _m f>m *ildr5 to get to high s*ool :o c\ld n o!rwise h att5d$ & h enabl$ ^? liv+ ne> !m to m easily get back & =? f ! village c5t]s = all phases ( community life4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 !y h probably c>ri$ m traffic betwe5 communities1 & x seems /range t !y h n m g5]ally be5 able to f9d a pr(it 9 haul+ produce f ! f>ms to ! ne>e/ m>kets or %ipp+ /ations4 ,( m importance to community life has be5 ! developm5t ( good roads1 a movem5t :i* did n get "u way until ! pres5t c5tury & :i* 0 *iefly due to ! rural free mail deliv]y & ! automobile4 ,! *ange 9 rural life due to automotive vehicles c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,9 our be/ agricultural /ates practically e f>m] has 8 automobile4 ,he c get to ! community c5t] z quickly z ! bus9ess man or labor] gets to 8 "w 9 ! av]age city1 & c g to ! c\nty seat or neighbor+ city z quickly z "o c drive to ! bus9ess section f ! m di/ant p>ts ( ,new ,york or ,*icago4 ,auto-bus l9es radiate f mo/ ( our small cities1 & auto trucks n only br+ freight f ne>by :olesale c5t]s1 b are rapidly supplant+ horses = haul+ f>m produce to ! %ipp+ /ation or m>ket4 ,z good roads h be5 due *iefly to /ate & c\nty1 & m rec5tly to national aid1 x is b natural t !y %\ld h be5 con/ruct$ :]e ! traffic is heavie/ connect+ ! ma9 c5t]s4 ,:at is n[ mo/ ne$$ to build up ! local communities is a sy/ematic developm5t ( ! pr9cipal local roads radiat+ f ! community c5t]s4 ,good roads & automobiles h made possible a new sort ( a local community1 :i* c\ld nev] h exi/$ )\t !m4 ,consid] ! pres5t possibility ( consolidat$ s*ools ) auto-busses to haul ! *ildr52 ! numb]s ( automobiles :i* come 9 f ! f>ms to e village c5t] :]e !re is a b& conc]t or movie %[2 ! ability to get 9 ! flivv] aft] supp] & ride to a relative's or fri5d's on ! o!r side ( ! t[n & be back = e>ly b$time2 & "o c p]ceive h[ ! p 9 a community area are b\nd toge!r & develop common int]e/s 9 new advantages made possible by _! ability to get toge!r easily & quickly4 ,h[ c\ld ! c\nty agricultural ag5t or ! visit+ nurse cov] a c\nty z effectively z !y n[ d )\t ! automobile8 ,! rural community c n[ enjoy ! s]vices ( exp]t paid executives 9 _m fields ( "w z div]se z a c\nty comm]cial club secret>y1 a ,boy ,sc\t lead]1 a ,sunday s*ool executive1 or c\nty heal? (fic]1 because ! c\nty has become a unit :i* c be cov]$ z easily z a city & is l>ge en\gh to support su* a division ( labor z no "o community c\ld enjoy4 ,we %all h occasion to ref] to _m c\nty organizations & ag5cies :i* n only build up ! c\nty & ! c\nty seat1 b :i* /r5g!n ! life ( e community :i* !y s]ve1 & ^: "w is v l>gely possible because ( good roads & automobiles4 ,:]e bad roads /ill exi/ _m ( ^! s]vices mu/ wait & less community life is possible4 ,nor does ! home lose ) ! community advancem5t due to bett] transportation4 ,surely x is bett] to h ! *ildr5 liv+ at home ?an bo>d+ 9 ! village :ile !y att5d high s*ool2 ! doctor is secur$ m quickly & ! visit+ nurse is available2 & ! family c come & g z a family because less "t is requir$ & !re is no wait+ = ! horses to fe$1 or to get re/$4 ,x is true ( c\rse t ! automobile makes x possible = p to g to ! l>g] t[ns & o!r village c5t]s1 & to visit _! p>ticul> fri5ds & relatives 9 neighbor+ communities1 & ?us seems to furni% means = break+ d[n & /ratify+ community life4 ,^! t5d5cies exi/1 b !y w n s]i\sly injure ! community :i* has any?+ wor? :ile = its p4 ,bett] transportation simply makes possible a m highly organiz$ community life1 & any complex organization is ! m easily d]ang$2 a complex ma*9e or a high-br$ animal is m susceptible to injury ?an a simple tool or scrub4 ,_m m9i/]s h rail$ aga9/ ! automobile1 :ile o!rs h us$ x to fill _! pews4 ,we _c get away f t olde/ ( p>adoxes1 fir/ le>n$ by ,fa!r ,adam1 t e new good has possibilities ( evil4 ,a c]ta9 type ( m9d has always enjoy$ condemn+ e new inv5tion z ( ! ,devil1 & yet ! _w wags on & no "o :o kn[s !m w\ld g back to ! good old days4 ,! automobile has br\ght new ideas bo? to ! community & to ! f>m & home4 ,f>m]s & _! wives are travel+ by auto mu* m ?an !y ev] did by tra91 & x is impossible n to pick up new ideas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective educational devices is ! f>m t\r 9 :i* a gr\p ( ,f>m ,bureau memb]s travel f "o f>m to ano!r /udy+ ! me?ods ( f>m+1 & ! wom5 h adopt$ ! idea = an inspection ( f>m homes4 ,to discuss all ! effects ( automotive vehicles--cycle1 c>1 truck1 bus1 & tractor--on f>m life w\ld fill a book 9 itself3 space =bids except = incid5tal m5tion 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,turn+ to ! me*anisms = ! transmission ( ideas1 we appreciate ! ev5 m wond]ful inv5tions :i* h br\ght ! :ole _w to ! f>m]'s door4 ,a g5]ation ago f>m]s w5t sev]al miles to ! ne>e/ po/(fice = _! mail1 & usually got x b two or ?ree times a week4 ,to-day ov] ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry x is deliv]$ to !m daily1 & !y c %ip small packages by p>cels po/ f _! doors4 ,?is daily deliv]y has greatly wid5$ ! circulation ( ! daily newspap]s & magaz9es ( all sorts1 & has giv5 f>m p a new k & a liveli] int]e/ 9 city & _w-wide affairs4 ,! p>cel po/ has made ! mail-ord] bus9ess1 b x is ev5 m b5eficial to ! local m]*ant :o c fill a telephone ord] & mail x to a cu/om] = less exp5se ?an deliv]y co/s 9 ! city4 ,correspond5ce & adv]tis+ by f>m p h greatly increas$4 ,x is true t ! abolition ( _m rural po/(fices has de/roy$ an old-"t r5dezv\s1 b f>m]s probably g to ! community c5t] m frequ5tly ?an =m]ly4 ,a m un=tunate feature ( ! rural deliv]y s]vice is t x (t5 gives ! f>m] a mail address at a po/(fice ( a community :]e he r>ely goes1 & fails to indicate ! community 9 :i* he is locat$ to "o unacqua9t$ ) ! local geography 7see page #bcb74 ,ev5 m important z an aid to community activities is ! telephone4 ,visit+ is n[ done m ov] ! phone ?an 9 p]son1 b conv]sation c be _h ) any "o 9 ! community at any "t1 & isolation is bani%$4 ,! telephone has br\ght a l>g] protection to ! f>m home 9 call+ ! doctor1 police1 or fire assi/ance4 ,! economic value ( ! phone soon became app>5t = ! di/ribution ( m>ket reports & wea!r =eca/s or = ord]+ goods or repairs f t[n1 & ! m>vel\s wireless telephone w greatly ext5d ^! s]vices4 ,! ,ext5sion ,s]vice ( ! ,kansas ,agricultural ,college is in/all+ a wireless outfit :i* w receive m>ket & wea!r reports & w transmit !m to ! f>m bureau (fices at ! c\nty seats1 :]e !y may be relay$ ?r\gh ! local telephones to e f>m]4 ,?us _w-wide conditions may be fla%$ to ! f>m]'s fireside4 ,)9 ! community ! telephone has made possible a degree ( organization hi!rto impossible4 ,meet+s are call$1 committees are assembl$1 or _! bus9ess is done ov] ! phone1 s t bo? social & economic life are greatly /imulat$4 ,! f>m] is sometimes *id$ = n hav+ organiz$ rural life m effectively4 ,! simple reason is t he has n _h ! me*anisms :]eby he c\ld d s4 ,) only mud roads & horses p c\ld get toge!r b infrequ5tly1 & arrangem5ts _h to be made :5 !y 7 toge!r4 ,city life 0 bett] organiz$ because p c\ld get toge!r m easily4 ,to-day bo? "t & space h be5 s l>gely ov]come t communication 9 ! c\ntry is almo/ z rapid z 9 ! city & m effective organization is possible4 ,bett] transportation1 mail1 & telephone s]vice h made available ag5cies = ! communication ( ideas1 previ\sly accessible only to ! few or patroniz$ s infrequ5tly by ^? fur!r away z to furni% too small a con/itu5cy = _! successful ma9t5ance4 ,! free public libr>y is a p[]ful educational ag5cy1 b _m a community has be5 too small = its support4 ,n[ c\nty libr>y sy/ems are be+ organiz$--?anks to automobiles--:i* give bran* /ations to e community 7see p4 #ajb74 ,lyceum c\rses ( lectures & ent]ta9m5ts1 *autauqua c\rses1 public =ums = ! discussion ( curr5t problems1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! mov+ picture %[s ) _! pictures ( important ev5ts f all p>ts ( ! _w & %[+ life f ,c5tral ,africa to ! ,antipodes1 all ( ^! are ag5cies = br++ new ideas to ! rural community1 & are becom+ increas+ly common z bett] transportation makes x possible = ! p to utilize !m4 ,! fact t ^! ag5cies mu/ be locat$ :]e !y c s]ve ! l>ge/ numb] ( p1 det]m9es _! location at ! community c5t]s & !y are ?us a l>ge factor 9 unify+ ! community4 ,mod]n transportation has aboli%$ ! isolation ( ! f>m & new means ( communication h fre$ ! _s ( ! f>m] & br\ght ! _w to 8 doors4 ,toge!r !y make possible s _m satisfactions h]et(ore only available to ! cities1 z to q revolutionize ! :ole aspect ( rural life4 ,!y give a new position to ! rural community & to ! f>m]'s /atus 9 x4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,community is d]iv$ f ! ,old ,engli% ^w commonty :i* came to mean ! body ( ! common p1 commons4 ,communication is f ! ,lat9 communic>e1 also d]iv$ f communis--common1 & ic 7! =mative ( factitive v]bs7--to make1 or to make common4 #ad ,! ,c\ntry ,t[n1 p4 #bj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,f>m ,,& ,,! ,,village ,we h se5 t an active community mu/ focus its life at "s c5t]1 & t ?is c5t] is usually a village :i* has be5 e/abli%$ prim>ily = bus9ess purposes4 ,! relation ( ! ,am]ican village to ! surr\nd+ f>ms is hi/orically unique & is l>gely due to ! rapidity & ease ) :i* l>ge areas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 settl$ aft] ! adv5t ( railroads4 ,9 ! colonial p]iod & ! e>ly days ( ! ,new ,we/1 e settlem5t 0 s isolat$ t x 0 oblig$ to be l>gely self-suffici5t4 ,transportation 0 sl[ & unc]ta9 & prohibitive = o!r ?an ! necessities :i* c\ld n be locally produc$4 ,"u ^! conditions ! f>m] & village bus9ess man 7 s int]-dep5d5t t !y 7 =c$ to consid] ea* o!r's int]e/s4 ,b :5 settlem5t became saf] & transportation easi] ! home/ead]s took up _! claims )\t relation to village connections2 !y trad$ :]e x 0 mo/ conv5i5t1 & _! social life c5t]$ l>gely 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood & 9 ! di/rict s*ool & c\ntry *ur*4 ,on ! o!r h& ! village 0 settl$ by m5 :o came prim>ily = bus9ess4 ,! _s ( ! age 0 t ( competition & !y came prim>ily = pr(its4 ,_! bus9ess came f ! f>ms1 b !y felt little s5se ( obligation to !m4 ,e village 0 a pot5tial city 9 _! eyes & its gr[? & ! rise ( real e/ate values 0 ( m conc]n to !m ?an ! developm5t ( ! community's basic indu/ry ( agriculture4 ,! village craftsman & bus9ess man gets mo/ ( 8 liv+ f ! f>ms & x %\ld be to 8 int]e/ to give !m ! be/ ( s]vice1 b m & m he has become prim>ily a bus9ess man or craftsman1 com+ to ! village to make money & mov+ on :5 he sees bett] opportunities else:]e4 ,8 bus9ess & craft affiliations l9k him to ! c5t]s ( comm]cial & indu/rial life 9 ! cities1 & he is /rongly incl9$ to take ! city's po9t ( view4 ,p>ticul>ly has ?is be5 ! case ) ! c\ntry bank] :o has s l>gely controll$ ! economic life ( ! village & c\ntryside4 ,too (t5 he has inevitably be5 m l>gely influ5c$ by ! int]e/s ( ea/]n capital & ! mortgage own]s ?an by ! real ne$s ( 8 local con/itu5cy4 ,! result has be5 an increas+ friction betwe5 ! villages & ! f>ms1 & we h come to ?9k ( !m z two sep>ate gr\ps or int]e/s r ?an z ess5tial & int]-dep5d5t p>ts ( a social area--! community4 ,! lit]ature ( c\ntry life & ( rural sociology has v rightly recogniz$ ! exi/+ situation1 b _m writ]s seem to accept ! division betwe5 village & f>m z inevitable1 & ev5 "q :e!r !re c be a rural community ( ! type h]e9 describ$1 r ?an to recognize t ?is is b a necess>y /age 9 ! beg9n+ ( community life1 due to ! mode ( settlem5t & tempor>y conditions4 ,?is friction betwe5 f>m] & villag] has be5 mo/ acute 9 ! ,middle ,we/ & has f\nd its extreme expression 9 ! ,non-p>tisan ,league ,movem5t1 :i* has eng5d]$ a degree ( bitt]ness betwe5 ! two factions :i* _c be p]man5tly ma9ta9$ )\t s]i\s injury to _! common int]e/s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an attempt ( ! f>m]s to secure r$ress ?r\gh political control1 & is b ! political =m ( expression ( a prote/ :i* is be+ m effectively made z an economic movem5t ?r\gh cop]ative buy+ & sell+ ag5cies1 p>ticul>ly /rong 9 ,kansas & ,nebraska1 b rapidly spread+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,"s rural lead]s w\ld h u believe t ! int]e/s ( ! village & ! f>m are fundam5tally antagoni/ic & irreconcilable4 ,!y advocate t ! consolidat$ s*ool or high s*ool be plac$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry :]e x w be uncontam9at$ by ! urban-m9d$ness ( ! village2 t ! grange is ! f>m]s' organization & is suffici5t = him & has no ne$ ( affiliat+ itself ) ! affairs ( ! village2 t ! f>m]s %\ld develop _! own cop]ative /ores & sell+ ag5cies s t !y c be economically indep5d5t ( ! p>asitic trad] ( ! village4 ,su* a nave po9t ( view has a c]ta9 logical simplicity :i* is bas$ on ! presupposition t conflict is inevitable & t ju/ice & equity c be secur$ only ?r\gh dom9ance4 ,! same l9e ( reason+ f9ds no solution ( ! problem ( capital & labor1 or ( ! int]e/s ( produc] z ov] aga9/ consum]1 except 9 /rong organization & et]nal economic conflict4 ,x is app>5t t !re is mu* ju/ification = ?is view & t x seems 9 _m cases to be a necess>y /age 9 ! adju/m5t ( int]e/s1 b t x is ei!r inevitable or a p]man5t necessity is controv]t$ bo? by exp]i5ce & by a m ?or\gh analysis ( ! relation%ips involv$4 ,!re is no ga9say+ ! fact t conflict has be5 "o ( ! *ief ag5cies ( human progress 9 ! pa/2 b nei!r c x be disput$ t cop]ation1 or mutual aid1 has be5 ( equal importance4 ,nei!r attitude c be conceiv$ z prim>y or dom9ant2 !y h int]act$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,fundam5tally1 ! problem ( ! relation%ip ( ^! two phases ( life is mu* ! same z t ( ! nature & function ( good & evil4 ,! "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r1 & bo? are relative t]ms4 ,our pres5t ?\ght on ^! problems has be5 too l>gely dom9at$ by a wrong int]pretation ( ! !ory ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ z ! prim>y =ce 9 human evolution4 ,we h assum$1 & ! ,g]man milit>i/s c>ri$ ! doctr9e to a logical conclusion1 t ?is hypo!sis gave ! sanction ( a biological law to a competitive /ruggle betwe5 m54 ,b su* an inf]5ce 0 explicitly d5i$ by ,*>les ,d>w91#ae & has no biological f\ndation4 ,! /ruggle he describ$ is betwe5 species & n betwe5 memb]s ( ! same species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ?r\gh\t nature t ^? species h be5 mo/ successful :i* h develop$ ! mo/ effective means ( mutual aid4#af ,?us our economic & political ?\ght has be5 dom9at$ = ! pa/ two or ?ree g5]ations ) a bl9d wor%ip ( ! dogma ( unre/ra9$ competition1 :i* has no basis ( pro( ei!r 9 biological or social sci5ce4 ,:5 we exam9e :at has gone on 9 ! old] sections ( our c\ntry & project ! pres5t t5d5cies into ! future1 we get a diff]5t po9t ( view1 & come to see t only by an adju/m5t ( ! relations ( ! village & ! f>m to ea* o!r c ! be/ life ( bo? be secur$4 ,we %all h occasion 9 subsequ5t *apt]s to consid] ! social & political problems involv$1 b let u "h discuss m]ely ! economic relations1 :i* h be5 ! *ief s\rce ( discord4 ,9 ! fir/ place if we exam9e ! situation 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry we f9d a mu* m cordial relation betwe5 village & c\ntry ?an f>!r we/1 & a great] s5se ( belong+ to a community4 ,! reasons = ?is _c be discuss$ 9 detail1 b a l>ge factor is ! increas+ t5d5cy to c5tralize in/itutions2 s*ool1 *ur*1 grange1 lodge1 /ores1 etc42 9 ! village z ! c\ntry becomes old]1 roads are bett]1 & high] /&>ds develop4 ,fur!rmore1 ! relative /atus ( ! f>m] *anges ! situation4 ,9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry mo/ ( ! capital ne$$ to supply cr$it to f>m]s & _! bus9ess organizations comes f )9 ! locality1 :]eas 9 ! new] sections !y are dep5d5t ^u outside capital4 ,9 ! old] sections :]e l& has become m valuable & weal? has accumulat$1 ! f>m] z well z ! villag] is a bank director1 & ! am\nt ( capital :i* ! f>m] has inve/$ 9 8 bus9ess is (t5 mu* great] ?an t ( ! village bus9ess man4 ,:5 ! f>m] comes into t[n 9 8 fir/-class automobile z frequ5tly z he desires1 he has a v diff]5t /atus f =m] days4 ,! bank]-f>m] movem5t1 :i* />t$ z an ef=t ( ! bank] to assi/ ! f>m] 9 bett] me?ods ( production & m>ket+1 has n[ become a f>m]-bank] movem5t 9 :i* ! c\ntry bank] has be5 =c$ to give new ?\ght to ! cr$it facilities ( 8 patrons1 & is already *all5g+ ! ju/ice ( ! c\ntry's cr$it facilities be+ dom9at$ by ! l>ge city banks :i* are *iefly int]e/$ 9 f9anc+ indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,!re is no "q t 9 _m a rural t[n !re are too _m /ores1 z !re are 9 ! cities1 t 9 _m cases _! s]vice is v ineffici5t1 & occasionally _! prices are exorbitant1 b sev]al =ces are already t5d+ to rem$y ^! evils :]e !y occur1 & improvem5t may be ha/5$ by intellig5t & con/ructive discussion4 ,?us exorbitant prices or poor s]vice has made possible ! l>ge sales ( ! mail-ord] h\ses1 b ! total volume ( _! bus9ess 9 mo/ localities is relatively small & _! competition has probably be5 b5eficial to ! wide-awake m]*ant4 ,= fir/-class m]*ants h be5 able to %[ t !y c meet ! mail-ord] prices if ! cu/om] is will+ to pay ca%1 & ! adv]tis+ ( ! mail-ord] h\ses has und\bt$ly increas$ ! wants ( ! av]age f>m h\sehold4 ,9 a rec5t address ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,galp9 has po9t$ out t "o ( ! %ortcom+s ( ! av]age c\ntry m]*ant is t he has n /udi$ ! ne$s ( 8 patrons & br\ght to _! att5tion new inv5tions & ! bett] grades ( goods4 ,he holds t ! high] /&>d ( liv+ ( city p is l>gely due to ! fact t attractive goods & bett] equipm5t are con/antly br\ght to _! att5tion 9 ! %op w9d[s & by salesm54 ,! cop]ative buy+ ( f>m supplies & ma*9]y1 :i* is n[ assum+ su* l>ge proportions1 is due n m]ely to an ef=t to secure l[] prices1 b to secure bett] goods4 ,x is a notori\s fact t = _m ye>s ! f>m] has _h to buy inf]ior f]tiliz]s & fe$s f local deal]s because !y 7 all he c\ld get4 ,bo? mix$ fe$s & f]tiliz]s h be5 sold "u c]ta9 br&s on mu* ! same pr9ciple z pat5t m$ic9es1 until ! f>m] has organiz$ 8 own ag5cies to secure _! manufacture 9 accordance ) ! be/ sci5tific =mulas4 ,?is has be5 prim>ily due to a %ort-sight$ policy on ! "p ( manufactur]s1 b x has done great] injury to ! retail] :o1 9 g5]al1 has made little ef=t to le>n ! real ne$s ( 8 trade & supply x ) ! be/ goods4 ,! same has be5 true ( se$s & agricultural ma*9]y4 ,z a result ( ?is "o ( ! *ief claims ( su* a cop]ative ag5cy z ! ,new ,york ,grange-,league-,f$]ation ,ex*ange is t x is able n only to sell at a l[] price b to furni% ! be/ quality4 ,! wide-awake c\ntry m]*ant has be5 ke5 to appreciate ^! facts & :]ev] he has /udi$ 8 trade & devot$ himself to its int]e/s he has built up a successful bus9ess4 ,! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman has done a real s]vice 9 rec5tly publi%+ a s]ies ( articles by ,a4 ,b4 ,mac,donald :i* h describ$ ! successes ( a few ( ! out/&+ ,big ,c\ntry ,m]*ants4 ,! *a9 /ore has n z yet invad$ ! village1 b x is rapidly ga9+ a foo?old 9 ! small] cities & village m]*ants may z well prep>e = its competition1 = !re seems no good reason :y its great] buy+ p[] & sup]ior organization %\ld n enable x to und]sell ! local m]*ant if ! cu/om] is will+ to pay ca%4 ,z yet all *a9 /ores are on a ca% basis & ?is w\ld seem to prev5t _! ga9+ mu* ( ! bus9ess ( ! f>m] :o has dep5d$ on long "t cr$it4 ,b ! cop]ative /ores1 :i* d bus9ess only = ca%1 h solv$ ! cr$it problem by e/abli%+ cr$it facilities :]eby %ort-"t loans may be made & a cr$it e/abli%$ aga9/ :i* pur*ases are *>g$4 ,!re is no "q t bo? f>m] & m]*ant w\ld be bett] (f if cr$it 7 c>ri$ by a f9ancial in/itution4 ,! f>m] is be+ rapidly educat$ 9 bus9ess practices1 & x w be surpris+ if "s ent]pris+ corporation does n e/abli% a *a9 ( village /ores :i* w d a ca% bus9ess1 b :i* w arrange = sep>ate cr$it on a /rictly bus9ess basis4 ,if "o looks at ! tr5d ( bus9ess 9 ! cities & t[ns dur+ rec5t ye>s1 he _c b come to ! conviction t ei!r c\ntry m]*ants w h to get toge!r s z to pool _! pur*as+ p[] & get ! advantages ( exp]t assi/ance 9 adv]tis+1 acc\nt+1 /ore arrangem5t1 & o!r te*nical s]vices :i* ! *a9 /ore enjoys1 or !y w be =c$ to cont5t !mselves ) ! poor] & less pr(itable class ( trade4 ,i h se5 no /udies ( ! matt]1 b x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ l>ge an am\nt ( f>m] trade is n[ enjoy$ by ! *a9 groc]ies 9 our l>g] t[ns4 ,my own impression is t !y are a mu* m s]i\s competitor ( ! small c\ntry m]*ant ?an is ! mail-ord] h\se4 ,^! are b a few ( ! =ces :i* w br+ bett] s]vice f ! village m]*ant4 ,!re are also ways 9 :i* f>m]s may secure bett] s]vice )\t attempt+ to op]ate a cop]ative /ore ( _! own or des]t+ ! local m]*ants4 ,f>m ,bureau associations h 9 num]\s cases made arrangem5ts ) a local deal] :]eby he w\ld h&le _! se$s1 f]tiliz]s1 or spray+ mat]ials at a specifi$ rate ( pr(it1 ^u condition t !y give him all _! trade 9 ^! articles & place _! ord]s 9 advance4 ,?is pr9ciple ( collective buy+ ?r\gh an e/abli%$ m]*ant at an agre$ rate ( pr(it has mu* to comm5d x1 & is be+ utiliz$ by ! ,grange-,league-,f$]ation ,ex*ange 9 ,new ,york /ate to take c>e ( its local bus9ess z f> z possible4 ,! fact is t ! pr(its ( a /rictly cop]ative /ore1 aft] pay+ ! sal>y ( a compet5t manag] & o!r co/s ( op]ation1 :i* w\ld make a v attractive income = a s+le m]*ant1 d n make a divid5d to ea* ( its _m patrons mu* m ?an a good rate ( int]e/ on ! total co/ ( pur*ases4 ,x may z well be recogniz$ t unless !re be a /rong loyalty to ! cop]ative pr9ciple by a consid]able gr\p ( patrons & unless !re be peculi> ne$ ( a cop]ative /ore t x is n a me*anism :i* w automatically secure mu* l[] prices or sup]ior s]vice1 = ! success ( ! ent]prise dep5ds prim>ily on ! manag] & if he be compet5t1 he mu/ be paid suffici5t to comm& n only 8 s]vices b 8 loyalty & initiative4 ,! cop]ative /ore w f9d x good bus9ess to h a pr(it-%>+ arrangem5t ) its manag] & employees1 if x expects to secure ! same s]vice f !m t may be secur$ f ! bett] m]*ants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if by pool+ _! buy+ p[] a gr\p ( f>m]s c ?r[ _! bus9ess to "o m]*ant 9 consid]ation ( 8 sell+ at a specifi$ pr(it1 ev5 if only = a p>ticul> l9e ( goods1 !y get ! advantage ( _! collective pur*as+ p[] & h none ( ! responsibility = ma9ta9+ ! bus9ess4 ,al?\gh x is my belief t ! cop]ative pr9ciple is ess5tially s\nd & mu/ ultimately dom9ate our bus9ess life1 yet x w ne$ to f9d means ( giv+ l>g] inc5tive to its manag]s if x is to compete ) ! be/ individual bus9ess m54 ,aft] all1 :at is want$ is to get bus9ess on a functional basis1 & if ?is c be accompli%$ by means ( collective buy+ ?r\gh an e/abli%$ bus9ess :i* furni%es its own capital & managem5t1 ! f>m] is ! ga9]4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t bus9ess be put on ! basis ( public s]vice r ?an private pr(it4 ,:5 t pr9ciple is recogniz$ z be+ ! only s\nd basis ( our economic sy/em1 !n ! me?ods ( bus9ess organization w be det]m9$ by :at exp]i5ce %[s to be mo/ advantage\s to ! community1 & x may well be t true cop]ative competition betwe5 individual m]*ants & cop]ative /ores may exi/ side by side ) advantage to all conc]n$4 ,ano!r factor 9 rural community life is ! increase ( indu/rial e/abli%m5ts 9 villages & small t[ns4 ,!re c be no "q t ! c5tralization ( indu/ry 9 our l>ge cities1 :i* has proce$$ s rapidly s9ce ! developm5t ( /eam p[]1 has n[ pass$ its maximum & t !re w be a consid]able dec5tralization ( c]ta9 indu/ries :i* c be op]at$ pr(itably 9 small units4 ,! metropolitan city has pass$ its maximum ( economic effici5cy = _m phases ( manufactur+1 if economic effici5cy is judg$ by its p[] to produce well-be+1 r ?an m]e weal?4 ,we h be5 obsess$ ) ! glam\r ( ! bigness ( ! mod]n city & we are b beg9n+ to s]i\sly "q its real effici5cy4 ,! possibility ( sup]ior liv+ conditions 9 a small t[n are n[ be+ recogniz$ bo? by employ] & labor]1 & bett] transportation & ! developm5t ( electric p[] l9es make possible ! organization ( c]ta9 ( our l>ge indu/ries 9 small units4 ,z ?is process proce$s ! bus9ess ( ! village & small t[n w no long] be *iefly dep5d5t on agriculture & !re w be a fur!r ne$ = accommodation ( ! diff]5t int]e/s ( ! community4 ,"h aga91 "s see only loss to rural life2 b if "o exam9es ! situation m ?or\ghly1 mutual advantages are equally app>5t4 ,if ! f>m]s are organiz$ = cop]ative sell+1 !y w be b5efit$ by ! bett] local m>kets1 :i* are ! backbone ( ! agricultural economy ( s prosp]\s a c\ntry z ,france4 ,c]ta9 local indu/ries1 ^: production is ( a seasonal nature1 might s arrange _! op]ation t "s ( _! labor might be available to "w on ! neighbor+ f>ms dur+ ! ru% season4 ,ev5 m important w\ld be ! increas$ pur*as+ p[] ( ! community1 mak+ possible bett] /ores & bus9ess & pr(essional s]vices ( all sorts1 & ! increase ( weal? :i* w\ld make possible ! support ( bett] s*ools1 *ur*es1 & social advantages ( all sorts4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ! introduction ( indu/ry 9 n a few cases seems to h l[]$ ! /&>ds ( community life1 b ?is is by no means univ]sal or inevitable4 ,"o ( ! un=tunate phases ( ! ef=ts ( small communities to secure indu/rial plants is t !y (t5 secure e/abli%m5ts :i* are n adapt$ to local conditions or ^: f9ancial /atus is insecure1 & ! ent]prise inevitably results 9 failure1 ) disc\ragem5t to all conc]n$4 ,!re is great ne$ = c\nty *amb]s ( comm]ce or comm]cial clubs ) skill$ comm]cial executives z secret>ies :o c give ! same exp]t s]vice to ! bus9ess life ( ! small rural communities t ! cities n[ h4 ,! bus9ess life ( ! community might pr(it z mu* f su* a s]vice z ! f>ms h f ! exp]t assi/ance af=d$ ?r\gh ! ,f>m ,bureaus4#ag ,we h be5 consid]+ ! economic relations ( ! f>m & ! village z affect+ community life1 = !y are at pres5t ! *ief factor 9 creat+ community int]e/1 z well z ! lead+ cause ( gr\p friction4 ,! rural community ( to-day is prim>ily an economic unit1 b 9 ! future x seems probable t bus9ess w occupy a relatively less important place ?an ! social activities ( ! community c5t]4 ,n t !re w necess>ily be less bus9ess1 al?\gh ! wid5+ ( m>kets con/antly t5ds to take bus9ess f ! local c5t]s1 b t bus9ess w be m effici5t & less competitive2 bus9ess w n occupy s l>ge a %>e ( att5tion1 b w take its rightful place z a means to an end1 :ile ! community w take m int]e/ 9 ^? in/itutions :i* actively promote all phases ( its high] life1 ( heal?1 education1 art1 sociability1 & religion4 ,^! social in/itutions w increase 9 relative importance & !y mu/ be locat$ at ! community c5t] if !y are to h a suffici5t con/itu5cy to be effici5t 9 _! "w & comm& ! loyalty ( rural p4 ,inasmu* z bo? f>m] & villag] are necess>y = ! adequate support ( *ur*1 lodge1 s*ool1 & o!r community organizations1 !y _c be expect$ to "w toge!r 9 ^! activities if "o is antagoni/ic to ! o!r1 or if ! "o is help+ to put ! o!r out ( bus9ess4 ,! f>m] has _h _m grievances aga9/ ! t[nsman1 b ! fault has n be5 entirely on "o side1 & only by mutual support & ! recognition ( _! dep5d5t int]e/s c a satisfactory community life be ma9ta9$4 ,! root ( ! :ole tr\ble lies 9 ! imag9>y division ( ! community into t[n & c\ntry4 ,) ! realization t _! common int]e/s are ess5tial & t _! diff]5ces are due to lack ( prop] adju/m5t1 _m ( ^! difficulties w be alleviat$4 ,x is my exp]i5ce t 9 ! mo/ successful communities1 ! f>m]s speak ( our t[n1 !y are pr\d ( our bank1 & our /ores1 s*ool1 & *ur*es are ! be/ 9 ! region4 ,su* loyalty is ! be/ ( evid5ce t ! bus9ess m5 ( ! t[n h devot$ !mselves to supply+ ! f>m]s' ne$s1 & t !re is mutual und]/&+ betwe5 !m4 ,only by a common loyalty to mutual s]vice c ! true community exi/4 ,f>m]s ne$ ! village & x %\ld be to !m our t[n1 ( ^: successes & improvem5ts !y are pr\d4 ,z ! villag]s _c exi/ )\t ! f>m]s !y %\ld be int]e/$ 9 support+ e movem5t = ! f>m]s' weal4 ,z !y h m frequ5t contacts ) o!r c5t]s & ) cities1 !y w be ! fir/ to br+ _m new ideas & sugge/ions to ! community1 b !y mu/ realize t only z all elem5ts ( ! community are agre$ w any new movem5t be p]man5tly successful4 ,!re mu/ be loyalty to f>m lead]s z well z to ^? ( ! village4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ successful rural communities are ^? 9 :i* all are "o big community family ^: in/itutional int]e/s c5t] 9 ! village4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,see ,george ,nasmy?1 ,social ,progress & ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory4 #af ,see ,p4 ,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid4 #ag ,see ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 ,! ,place ( ! ,village 9 ! ,c\ntry-,life ,movem5t1 ,york ,/ate ,rural ,problems1 ,,ii1 #adh4 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiae4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,community ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,f>m ,,bus9ess ,9 ! days ( ! pione] ! f>m bus9ess 0 h>dly affect$ by community conditions4 ,a g5]al /ore :]e necessities c\ld be pur*as$1 a mill :]e gra9 c\ld be gr\nd1 & a blacksmi? %op 7 ab\t ! only necess>y bus9ess ag5cies4 ,! f>m 0 l>gely self-suffici5t & !re 0 b little real community life4 ,nor 0 !re mu* *ange 9 ! next g5]ation or two among ! f>m]s :o built sub/antial homes1 support$ _! neighborhood *ur*es & s*ools1 & ) ! free labor ( a good-siz$ family made a com=table liv+4 ,_! int]e/s 7 *iefly 9 _! families & neighbors1 & que/ions ( local gov]nm5t 7 ab\t ! only community bond4 ,:5 new sections ( ! c\ntry 7 op5$ up by railroads & ) ! gr[? ( cities f>m l&s increas$ rapidly 9 value1 !re 0 an era ( speculative f>m+1 :i* ,dr4 ,w>r5 ,h4 ,wilson has call$ ! era ( ! exploit]4#ah ,a f>m 0 b\ght ) an idea ( its improvem5t & resale at a good pr(it1 & _m f>m]s mov$ f "o section to ano!r 9 se>* ( new l& :i* 0 bo? f]tile & *eap4#ai ,! era ( l& speculation has by no means pass$1 z has be5 le>n$ to _! sorr[ by _m :o b\ght f>ms at inflat$ prices dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 & :5ev] !re is a sudd5 rise 9 l& values1 speculation w d\btless recur4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z *eap l&s become sc>ce1 z ! bett] l&s become m valuable & ! am\nt ( capital requir$ to equip & op]ate a f>m 9 ! bett] agricultural sections increases1 !re w be less t5d5cy to be on ! look\t = a pr(itable sale & ! f>m bus9ess w become m p]man5t because ( ! l>ge ef=t & capital exp5d$ 9 ! ent]prise & ! consequ5t atta*m5t ( ! own]4 ,a man ) a consid]able inve/m5t does n c>e to move frequ5tly4 ,?us high] l& values--inevitable ) an increas+ population--w favor a m p]man5t type ( f>m+1 conduct$ on sci5tific & bus9ess pr9ciples1 ( :at ,dr4 ,wilson calls ! husb&man type4 ,?is type ( f>m] n only desires b requires bett] in/itutions ( all sorts1 :i* c only be ma9ta9$ at a community c5t]4 ,?us p]man5cy ( own]%ip ( f>m op]ators conduces to community developm5t4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! rise ( values ( ! be/ l& seems to enc\rage t5ancy r ?an own]%ip1 = t5ancy is greate/ & increases mo/ on ! be/ f>m l&s4 ,! g5]al economic aspects & ! ultimate solution ( ! t5ancy problem are national r ?an local problems4 ,! effect ( t5ancy z x n[ exi/s1 ) a frequ5t %ift+ f "o community to ano!r1 is1 h[ev]1 a v s]i\s community problem1 = all obs]v]s agree t ! ma9t5ance ( a satisfactory /&>d ( community life is mu* m difficult :]e t5ancy pr$om9ates4 ,"o important economic aspect ( t5ancy is t t5ants1 :o are frequ5tly mov+1 w less readily & effectively affiliate 9 cop]ative ent]prises1 & we %all see t cop]ative organizations h a l>ge influ5ce 9 promot+ ! solid>ity ( ! rural community4 ,?is has be5 well br\ght out by "o ( our be/ /ud5ts ( ! t5ancy problem1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,/ew>t1 :o says3 ,f>m+ effici5cy 9 ! future1 h[ev]1 w probably consi/ to a great] ext5t 9 ! ability to increase net pr(its ?r\gh cop]ative deal+ ) ! m>ket4 ,! effici5cy te/ mu/1 !re=e1 rule m /rongly aga9/ op]ators ( ! t5ures1 ^: *>act]i/ics are oppos$ to successful cop]ative ef=t on _! "p4 ,t t5ants1 he cont9ues1 *ang+ f f>m to f>m at m or less %ort int]vals1 %\ld g5]ally be m active & successful ?an own]s 9 build+ up cop]ative organizations is h>dly 9 ! l9e ( reason4444 ,if 9 ! future1 cop]ation assumes =ms requir+ great] p]man5cy ( memb]%ip 9 ! societies1 great] intimacy ( acqua9tance among ! memb]s1 or great] inve/m5t p] memb]1 ! t5ants w d\btless f9d !mselves h&icapp$ 9 _! relation !reto4#bj ,! effect ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( t5ants is ev5 m s]i\s ^u ! social side ( community life4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ! problem are agre$ t bo? s*ools & *ur*es t5d to be inf]ior 9 t5ant communities4 ,!re is little *ance ( developm5t ( deep fri5d%ips & associations :i* give vitality to *ur* life :]e a l>ge proportion ( ! t5ants are frequ5tly mov+1 nor c !y give z good f9ancial support to ! *ur* z l&[n]s4 ,! frequ5t %ift+ ( ! t5ant population creates a difficult problem = all ! social life ( ! community1 = x is impossible = a community to assimilate a consid]able p]c5tage ( its population e ye> & to develop ^? /rong ties ( loyalty :i* are ess5tial to real community life4 ,?us a reasonable p]man5cy ( resid5ce ( its population is ess5tial to successful community life & ?is is l>gely det]m9$ by ! economic situation ( ! f>m bus9ess4 ,& ! importance ( ! effect ( t5ancy1 or any o!r economic aspect ( agriculture on ! life ( its p mu/ be recogniz$ z a fundam5tal consid]ation 9 det]m9+ rural policies4 ,well be+ on ! l& & n weal? f ! l& is ! f9al goal ( agriculture4 ,community life is also affect$ by ! type ( f>m+ :i* is preval5t among its p4 ,mod]n agriculture is becom+ specializ$1 & ! crops gr[n are det]m9$ bo? by soil & climate & by ! m>kets available4 ,fruit sections are due prim>ily to ! =m]1 :ile ! regions produc+ m>ket milk are det]m9$ *iefly by ! latt] factor4 ,n[ v>i\s types ( f>m+ make di/9ctly diff]5t dem&s ^u ! "t ( ! f>m] & s to a consid]able ext5t !y condition 8 social life4 ,dairy+ is probably ! mo/ conf9+ sort ( f>m+1 & on ! "o-man f>m !re is little opportunity = gett+ away4 ,hav5't miss$ milk+ morn+ or night = six ye>s1 "o dairyman repli$ to me :5 ask$ if he ev] _h a vacation4 ,! fruit gr[]1 on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ! w9t] c take a few weeks to g ,s\? or visit relatives )\t injury to 8 bus9ess4 ,9 ! ,s\? aft] ! crops are laid by 9 midsumm] is ! season = camp-meet+s1 picnics1 & frolick+ 9 g5]al4 ,n only does ! fruit gr[] h m leisure ?an ! dairyman1 b population is d5s] 9 a fruit-gr[+ or truck+ community & h5ce ! communities are small] & m compact4 ,j :at *>act]i/ics ( community life may be attribut$ to ^! diff]5ces 9 vocation x w\ld be difficult to say1 = s f> z ,i am aw>e no exact /udies h comp>$ sev]al communities ( ea* type1 b t !y ex]cise a l>ge influ5ce on community cu/oms & ! social attitudes ( ! p is pat5t to ev5 a casual obs]v] :o passes f a dairy section to a fruit region1 or f ! nor?we/]n gra9 belt to a region ( g5]al f>m+4#ba ,specialization 9 agricultural production also affects community life 9 t its economic int]e/s are unifi$ bo? z reg>ds production & m>ket+ & z ! income ( mo/ ( its p comes f "o or two products1 _! att5tion is focus$ ^u !m & a great] degree ( solid>ity results ?an :]e f>m+ is m div]sifi$ & f>m]s are n s dep5d5t on ! sale ( "o or two crops4 ,specialization is *iefly due to advantages :i* x ensures 9 m>ket+1 z w be indicat$ 9 ! next *apt]1 & x is because !re is less economic pressure to compel g5]al f>m]s to m>ket toge!r & t !y lack ! solid>ity develop$ by specialization1 t cop]ative sell+ associations h n g5]ally succe$$ 9 a g5]al f>m+ region :5 !y h attempt$ to h&le v>i\s f>m products4 ,specialization 9 agriculture enc\rages fur!r division ( labor because !re is a suffici5t volume ( "w to pay = exp]t s]vices4 ,?us dairy communities h develop$ c[-te/ associations1 :i* employ "o man to te/ ! p]c5t ( butt]-fat = ea* c[1 to int]pret _! milk production records1 & sometimes to advise !m ) reg>d to fe$+4 ,9 fruit regions a consid]able bus9ess is done 9 contract spray+4 ,?re%+ crews & ?re%+-r+s h long be5 common4 ,cu/om pl[+ by tractor1 & haul+ ( f>m produce by motor truck are becom+ common4 ,x seems probable t su* division ( labor w increase z mu* z is practicable1 b x f9ds v def9ite limitations 9 ! agricultural indu/ry1 due to ! v %ort season 9 :i* _m op]ations c be p]=m$ & :i* ?us gives %ort employm5t = any ( ! seasonal op]ations4 ,division ( labor also involves increas+ ! manufacture or process+ ( agricultural products :i* is an asset to ! community if p]=m$ locally z f> z possible4 ,butt] is no long] made 9 ! home b at ! cream]y1 & milk is prep>$ = ! city m>ket at ! %ipp+ /ation1 or is sold to a local cond5s>y1 all ( :i* employ m or less skill$ labor4 ,) crops :i* are p]i%able or bulky1 process+ mu/ be p]=m$ locally4 ,?us cann]ies are locat$ :]e ! vegetables or fruits are gr[n4 ,al?\gh ! sell+ ( equipm5t = cop]ative cann+ plants has be5 almo/ z mu* ( a sw9dle z promot+ cop]ative cream]ies1 yet l>ge numb]s ( cop]ative cream]ies exi/ :]e conditions = !m are suitable1 & !re seems no inh]5t reason :y cop]ative cann]ies _c be made successful :5 f>m]s h le>n$ h[ to organize & to employ exp]t help4#bb ,9 8 delightful vision ( ! possibilities ( a new ,irel&1 entitl$ ,! ,national ,be+1 ,george ,william ,russell 7,a4 ,e471 holds out ! hope t ! increase ( su* local cop]ative manufacture ( agricultural products may be ! means ( furni%+ an opportunity = ! rural labor] to bett] 8 /atus4 ,b :at ,i hope = mo/1 he says1 is fir/ t ! natural evolution ( ! rural community1 & ! conc5tration ( individual manufacture1 pur*ase1 & sale into communal ent]prises1 w lead to a v l>ge cop]ative own]%ip ( exp5sive ma*9]y1 :i* w necessitate ! communal employm5t ( labor4 ,if ?is takes place1 z ,i hope x w1 ! rural labor]1 in/ead ( be+ a manual work] us+ primitive implem5ts1 w h ! /atus ( a skill$ me*anic employ$ p]man5tly by a cop]ative community4 ,he %\ld be a memb] ( ! society :i* employs him1 & 9 ! division ( ! pr(its receive 9 proportion to 8 wage1 z ! f>m]s 9 proportion to _! trade4#bc ,to ! ext5t t process+ f>m products is tak5 f ! f>m & p]=m$ at ! community c5t]1 or t !re is a division ( labor1 ! local community is !reby /r5g!n$1 = its life is m highly organiz$2 x is m int]-dep5d5t4 ,an int]e/+ phase ( ! relation ( ! community to ! f>m bus9ess is 9 ! protection ( crops & animals f insect pe/s & diseases4 ,if "o man plants 8 :eat late en\gh to escape ! ,hessian fly 8 crop is b5efit$1 b if all 9 a community d s ! subsequ5t infection is greatly r$uc$ ) consequ5t advantage to all4 ,! *ief ob/acle prev5t+ ! successful combat+ ( ! cotton boll weevil 9 ! ,s\? has be5 ! difficulty ( secur+ unit$ action 9 ! necess>y cultural measures = its control4 ,mo/ /rik+ results h be5 secur$ 9 ! eradication ( ! ,texas ,fev] ,tick f l>ge areas ( ! ,s\?1 al?\gh ?is has be5 c>ri$ on us+ ! c\nty z a unit2 = _m purposes 9 ! ,s\? ! c\nty is practically a community4 ,"s ( ! be/ community "w 9 ?is field has be5 9 ! ,we/ 9 poison+ gr\nd squirrels & o!r injuri\s rod5ts & 9 rabbit drives4 ,al?\gh ! poison+ campaigns are conduct$ ov] :ole c\nties or sev]al c\nties1 !y are organiz$ by communities & _! success is possible only because e "o 9 ! community does 8 "p4 ,:5ev] ! f>m]s ( a community become conv9c$ t !y are unable to fight a pe/ or disease individually1 b c d s if !y act collectively s t a suffici5tly l>ge area is treat$ z to prev5t imm$iate re-infection1 a new community bond has be5 e/abli%$4 ,:e!r ^! activities are c>ri$ on by communities ( ! exact nature previ\sly def9$ 7page #aj7 is immat]ial4 ,! significant fact is t _! p are le>n+ h[ to act toge!r 9 ! common def5se1 = x 0 ! common def5se :i* fir/ compell$ mank9d to live 9 communities1 & x is def5se = "o purpose or ano!r :i* is ev] compell+ ! p ( a locality to act toge!r4 ,f>m managem5t exp]ts po9t out ! practical value to ! f>m] ( community exp]i5ce ) reg>d to me?ods ( f>m practice peculi>ly adapt$ to local climate1 soils1 & m>kets4 ,if "o is go+ into dairy+ he c le>n little f 8 neighbors if he locates 9 a fruit section1 b 9 a dairy section he may con/antly le>n f ! common exp]i5ce4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,w>r5 says3 ,!re is s mu* to le>n ab\t f>m+ 9 any community t "o man _c hope to le>n x alone4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! community is ( ! utmo/ value to e f>m]4 ,diff]5t m5 try out new v>ieties ( crops1 new ma*9es1 diff]5t bre$s ( animals1 diff]5t me?ods ( rais+ crops1 diff]5t me?ods ( build+ con/ruction1 diff]5t ways ( sav+ labor4 ,ea* man gets ! exp]i5ces ( all2 if a man is foll[+ a type ( f>m+ diff]5t f 8 neighbors1 he _c hope to try all ^! ?+s4 ,he is n likely to progress v rapidly4#bd ,^! advantages occur if !re be a true community2 i4e41 if ?r\gh communication "o may le>n ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 b 9 "s cases ! exp]i5ce is ( little value because x is n available4 ,f9ally f>m]s are com+ to f9d x pr(itable to e/abli% ! reputation ( a community = adv]tis+ purposes4 ,s at ! railroad /ation we are fac$ ) ! sign1 ,kalamazoo1 ! home ( cel]y4 ,we "k ( ,kalamazoo1 direct to y /oves1 b we _h =gott5 t x is "o ( ! olde/ & be/ cel]y-gr[+ communities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?us increas$ specialization gives v real adv]tis+ values to a community :i* builds up a reputation = its products4 ,b su* a reputation is simply ! recognition by ! outside _w ( ! "* ( ! community4 ,?us ability to adv]tise itself is a v real index ( its solid>ity1 & ! desire to be able to ga9 advantage f adv]tis+ may become a real motive = activities ( a community1 z x does ) _m an individual4 ,! ability to adv]tise b %[s ! economic value ( ! creation ( a real community4 ,common int]e/s 9 ! f>m bus9ess =m ! prim>y bond = ! e/abli%m5t ( true rural communities1 & ! /ronge/ ( ^! common int]e/s are ^? involv$ 9 ! problems ( m>ket+4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,see ,! ,evolution ( ! ,c\ntry ,community4 #ai ,see ,haml9 ,g>l&1 ,a ,son ( ! ,middle ,bord]4 #bj ,l& ,t5ure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) special ref]5ce to ,ill9ois1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,/udies 9 ! ,social ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #c1 ,sept41 #aiaf1 p4 #abd4 #ba ,see ,john ,m4 ,gillette1 ,con/ructive ,rural ,sociology 7#a/ ,ed471 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #bb ,= an excell5t discussion ( ,process+ ,f>m ,products1 see ,!odore ,mackl91 ,effici5t ,m>ket+ = ,agriculture1 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aiba1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #bc ,! ,national ,be+1 ,"s ,?\ghts on ,iri% ,polity1 p4 #eg1 ,maunsel ,co41 ,dubl9 & ,london1 #aiaf4 #bd ,f>m ,managem5t1 p4 #ih1 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,h[ ,,m>kets ,,affect ,,rural ,,communities ,we h already obs]v$ ! influ5ce ( transportation & ! gr[? ( m>kets 9 revolutioniz+ ! self-suffici5t f>m+ ( ! pione] & ! indu/rial self-dep5d5cy ( ! isolat$ community1 b we mu/ give fur!r consid]ation to ! influ5ce ( m>kets on rural community life1 = ! _w is n[ fac+ problems ( ! readju/m5t ( its :ole economic sy/em :i* necessitate a bett] und]/&+ by ! f>m] ( 8 dep5d5ce on m>kets & by urban populations ( _! dep5d5ce ^u ! raw mat]ials produc$ by ! f>m1 if ! me*anism ( our complex mod]n civilization is to be ma9ta9$4 ,^! relations involve ! l>ge/ que/ions ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( indu/ries & ( national & int]national policy 9 relation !reto1 & we c b call att5tion to "s ( ! m fundam5tal pr9ciples involv$4 ,an und]/&+ ( "s ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( agricultural economy 9 relation to national & int]national economy by ! masses ( our f>m]s1 b p>ticul>ly by _! local lead]s1 is ess5tial to any p]man5t progress n only ( agriculture1 b ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,be=e ! "t ( railroads :5 rural communities 7 isolat$ f ! few cities situat$ on ! seabo>d & along ! l>g] wat]ways1 !re 0 little inc5tive = ! inl& f>m] to raise m ?an he ne$$ = ! use ( 8 own family4 ,z a result !re 0 ineffici5t f>m+ & a l[ /&>d ( liv+4#be ,railroad transportation made x possible = ! f>m] to s5d 8 products to ! exi/+ m>kets & s made x an object = him to produce a surplus1 b1 m important1 x also made possible ! rapid gr[? ( num]\s indu/rial & comm]cial c5t]s & s 0 directly responsible = ! creation ( new & gr[+ m>kets4 ,/eam p[]1 ! use ( coal1 & ! economies ( ! factory sy/em made x possible to manufacture 9 l>ge city factories _m articles previ\sly produc$ 9 ! f>m]'s home or 9 ! village c5t]s4 ,?us a division ( labor 0 effect$ :i* 0 pr(itable to all p>ties2 ! gr[? ( indu/rial populations gave ! f>m] a m>ket = 8 produce1 & 9 turn he 0 able to pur*ase f ! city _m goods previ\sly unkn[n to ! f>m--f]tiliz]s1 agricultural ma*9]y1 factory-made clo?+1 furniture1 & o!r factory products too num]\s to m5tion4 ,fur!rmore1 transportation & reasonably /able gov]nm5t made possible ! gr[? ( int]national comm]ce s t ! m>kets ( _m /aple f>m products became practically _w-wide & a division ( labor arose betwe5 c]ta9 nations4 ,engl& & ,g]many are dep5d5t on o!r c\ntries = a consid]able "p ( _! food supplies & raw mat]ials1 :ile c]ta9 agricultural c\ntries dep5d on !m = manufactur$ goods4 ,! po9t :i* mu/ ev] be borne 9 m9d 9 consid]+ ! relation ( rural & urban communities is _! int]dep5d5ce2 t ! developm5t bo? ( mod]n indu/rial c5t]s & ( mod]n agriculture & ! high] /&>ds ( liv+ on ,am]ican f>ms1 h be5 due to an ex*ange ( commodities & s]vices :i* 0 mutually advantage\s4 ,)\t ! gr[? ( m>kets our f>ms w\ld /ill be self-suffic+1 b !y w\ld lack ! _m com=ts & cultural advantages :i* !y n[ enjoy1 & ?is rise 9 ! f>m]'s /&>d ( liv+ has /imulat$ fur!r gr[? ( indu/ry & s made bett] m>kets4 ,^! consid]ations are p>ticul>ly p]t95t at ! pres5t "t ( agricultural & bus9ess depression4 ,! pres5t position ( ,am]ican agriculture1 & its lack ( buy+ p[] 9 our m>kets1 has be5 l>gely due to ! fact t ,europe has h]et(ore furni%$ an op5 m>ket = our surplus agricultural products4 ,to-day ,europe is unable to pur*ase ?is surplus4 ,! cause seems to be *iefly an economic p>alysis result+ f ! political int]f]5ce by ! t>iff walls ( newly-creat$ /ates ) ! e/abli%$ economic relations ( agricultural areas & manufactur+ c5t]s1 & an unwill+ness ( ! f>m] to d bus9ess ) a curr5cy s debas$ t its value is highly problematical4 ,s we see ! great city ( ,vi5na1#bf once "o ( ! gaye/ & mo/ brilliant capitals ( ,europe1 n[ r$uc$ to de/itution1 & ! cities n only ( ,russia b ( ,g]many be+ =c$ to rev]t to ! anci5t sy/em ( b>t] 9 ord] to secure adequate food4 ,! ultimate dep5d5ce ( all cities ^u ! f>ms & m9es is to-day exemplifi$ 9 ,europe ) su* appall+ trag$y1 t ev5 ! smug isolation ( ! ,am]ican f>m] & ! ,am]ican bus9ess man is brok5 d[n1 n only by human sympa?y b by ! necessity ( a bett] adju/m5t ( _! own economic sy/em to ! _w crisis f :i* !y are unable to escape4 ,?is %ift ( control f ! city to ! c\ntry has be5 p[]fully portray$ by ,norman ,angell3 ,moreov]1 ! problem 7( fe$+ ,great ,brita97 is affect$ by :at is p]haps ! mo/ important economic *ange 9 ! _w s9ce ! indu/rial revolution1 namely ! alt]ation 9 ! ratio ( ! ex*ange value ( manufacture & food--! %ift ov] ( advantage 9 ex*ange f ! side ( ! indu/riali/ & manufactur] to ! side ( ! produc] ( food4#bg ,be=e ! ,w> ! t[ns ( ,europe 7 ! luxuri\s & opul5t c5t]s2 ! rural di/ricts 7 comp>atively poor4 ,to-day x is ! cities ( ! cont95t t are half-/>v$ or fam9e-/rick51 :ile ! f>ms are well-f$ & relatively opul5t4 ,9 ,russia1 ,pol&1 ,hung>y1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria2 ! cities p]i% b ! peasants = ! mo/ "p h a suffici5cy4 ,! cities are f9d+ t ) ! breakd[n ( ! old /ability--( ! transport & cr$it sy/ems p>ticul>ly--!y _c obta9 food f ! f>m]s4 ,?is process :i* we n[ see at "w on ! cont95t is 9 fact ! rev]se ( our hi/orical developm5t4#bh ,b al?\gh ! f>m] may h suffici5t food = ! "t--?\gh 9 ,russia millions are />v+1 due 9 consid]able measure to ! economic & political *aos ( ! nation--yet if ?is rev]se process %\ld g on1 rural civilization w\ld be r$uc$ to t ( =m] g5]ations1 & its advance w\ld be possible only :5 ! indu/ries :i* furni% its mat]ial basis 7 reviv$ & confid5ce 9 ! m$ium ( ex*ange 7 aga9 e/abli%$4 ,! city owes its exi/5ce to ! f>m1 b )\t ! city ! f>m w\ld g back to ! hoe & ! sickle & ! age ( homespun4 ,i am n seek+ to ju/ify ! mod]n city1 = its economic & social weaknesses are ev] increas+ly app>5t1 b x is important t we fully realize ! fact t rural progress has be5 *iefly due to ! goods & s]vices receiv$ 9 ex*ange f urban m>kets4 ,we h already not$ ! t5d5cy t[>d specialization 9 agriculture & its effect on ! rural community1 & t specialization has be5 *iefly due to m>kets4 ,"o ( ! *ief factors 9 enc\rag+ specialization 9 ! gr[? ( c]ta9 products by :ole communities & sections is ! fact t a l>g] volume ( a giv5 product ensures bett] m>ket+ facilities & a bett] price to ! produc] z long z ! supply is n 9 excess ( ! dem&4 ,:]e !re is a consid]able volume ( a c]ta9 product1 buy]s c meet _! dem&s m easily & are attract$ to x1 :]eas a small lot ( h[soev] good a product mu/ seek a buy]4 ,freight rates are r$uc$1 damage 9 transit is r$uc$1 & bett] transportation is secur$ 9 c>load & tra9load ?an 9 small %ipm5ts4 ,! middleman's *>ges are less if he is assur$ a consid]able volume ( bus9ess4 ,?us specialization makes possible a m effective sy/em ( m>ket+ ?an is possible ) indiscrim9ate production4 ,n only mu/ !re be suffici5t volume ( a giv5 product1 b x mu/ be s /&>diz$ ) reg>d to v>ieties1 grade & quantities or packages t ! reputation ( ! goods may be e/abli%$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 ord] to secure uni=mity x has be5 f\nd necess>y to /&>dize v>ieties & to gr[ a few well-kn[n v>ieties ( a giv5 product :i* are be/ adapt$ to local conditions & to ! m>ket1 r ?an a numb] ( v>ieties1 z might be feasible if !y 7 all sold directly on ! local m>ket4 ,uni=mity ( grad+ & pack+ is also ess5tial to e/abli% a reputation on ! m>ket4 ,a conc]n l ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange _c af=d to sp5d half a million doll>s a ye> 9 adv]tis+ unless x kn[s t its product w be z adv]tis$1 = adv]tis+ an unreliable product may secure tempor>y sales1 b w h>dly be a pr(itable inve/m5t1 = ! value ( adv]tis+ an hone/ product is cumulative4 ,to secure necess>y uni=mity ( grad+ & pack+ x has be5 f\nd necess>y ) almo/ all agricultural products to h ! grad+ & pack+ done at a c5tral e/abli%m5t r ?an on ! f>m4 ,= ev5 assum+ ! hone/y & good int5t ( ! f>m]1 ! /&>ds & skill ( diff]5t f>m]s w v>y to su* an ext5t t uni=mity is impossible4 ,uni=mity ( grade & package mu/ be secur$ at "s /age ( ! process ( m>ket+ be=e ! goods are b\ght by ! retail]4 ,until rec5tly mu* ( ?is s]vice has be5 p]=m$ by ! commission m5 at ! c5tral m>kets1 :o h tak5 :at 0 %ipp$ to !m or :at _! ag5ts pur*as$ & grad$ x to meet ! dem&s ( ! trade1 & :o1 ( c\rse1 _h to *>ge = _! s]vices4 ,x has be5 f\nd m pr(itable ) mo/ products to h ! grad+ & pack+ done z ne> to ! f>m z is possible to secure a suffici5t volume ( bus9ess = ! ent]prise4 ,?us we h local pack+ h\ses = fruits1 potatoes1 p\ltry products1 gra9 elevators1 etc41 usually locat$ at ! po9t ( prim>y %ipm5t4 ,^! local plants1 z well z local cream]ies1 cann]ies1 & o!r agricultural factories & /orage plants1 become community in/itutions z !y meet ! ne$s ( ! f>m]s )9 ! areas tribut>y to ! c5t]s :]e !y are locat$4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t _m ( ^! plants are locat$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry or at m]e railroad /ations1 & t _m ( !m draw _! patronage f sev]al communities2 yet m commonly ?an o!rwise !y are locat$ at village c5t]s & s]ve ! areas tribut>y to !m4 ,) ! adv5t ( good roads & motor trucks1 ! areas s]v$ by su* e/abli%m5ts w t5d to become l>g]1 b !re are _m local circum/ances :i* w t5d to limit ! process ( c5tralization4 ,:e!r ^! plants are op]at$ by private individuals1 by /ock companies1 or by cop]ative associations ( ! produc]s1 !y are ess5tial to an effective m>ket+ sy/em & may greatly /r5g!n community life4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be two or ?ree elevators 9 a little village1 ea* op]at$ = pr(it by a private own]1 :]e all ! bus9ess c\ld be m economically h&l$ by "o conc]n & :]e ! competition creates friction & suspicion1 !n l ! rivalry betwe5 an excessive numb] ( *ur*es1 !y t5d to divide ! community4 ,/ud5ts ( m>ket+ problems seem agre$ t bett] m>ket+ sy/ems w b5efit ! f>m] ?r\gh great] effici5cy :i* w r$uce ! co/s ( ! process r ?an ?r\gh great] pr(its f high] prices1 & t 9 _m l9es ! l>ge/ improvem5t is possible 9 ! grad+1 pack+1 & %ipp+ f ! local /ation4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x seems obvi\s t ! solution ( ! m>ket+ problem w increas+ly dep5d ^u community action4 ,bett] transportation & /orage facilities t5d to /abilize prices ov] l>ge areas & to give ! l>g] m>kets increas+ advantage 9 b>ga9+ = ! f>m]'s products4 ,n t !re is any conc]t$ action ^u ! "p ( ! buy]s to take an undue advantage ( ! f>m]1 = !re is usually ke5 competition betwe5 !m1 b inevitably ! c5tralization ( ! buy+ p[] ( ! l>g] m>kets makes x possible = !m to v l>gely det]m9e ! price1 j z ! l>ge employ]s ( labor c to a consid]able ext5t det]m9e ! wages !y w pay if labor is unorganiz$2 = :5ev] !re is a surplus ! individual f>m] mu/ sell1 :ile ! buy] c1 )9 limits1 pur*ase :]e or f :om he *ooses4 ,?us = ! same reason t labor is =c$ to organize trade unions to ma9ta9 its wages & work+ conditions1 f>m]s are =c$ to organize to m>ket _! products toge!r & to b>ga9 collectively = _! price4 ,?is is ! out/&+ agricultural movem5t ( ! pa/ decade & at ! pres5t "t is s successfully *all5g+ ! e/abli%$ sy/em ( m>ket+ z to comm& national att5tion4 ,! success ( su* a movem5t dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! solid>ity & effici5cy ( ! local units1 s t collective b>ga9+ requires ! organization ( ! agricultural community into sell+ associations = its v>i\s products4 ,! :ole process enc\rages ! economic organization ( ! rural community & height5s community consci\sness ?r\gh ! ef=t ( its memb]s to def5d _! common economic int]e/s4 ,! me?od ( collective sell+ may v>y1 b 9 practice ! cop]ative sell+ association has prov5 ! mo/ satisfactory & w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,:5 ! mo/ successful f>m]s on ! be/ l& 9 ,ill9ois lose tw5ty-five c5ts on e bu%el ( corn !y rais$1 z 0 ! case 9 #aiba1 & :5 x is easi] = isolat$ f>m]s 9 ,kansas to burn corn ?an to buy coal at ! prices curr5t1 :ile at ! same "t millions ( innoc5t wom5 & *ildr5 are />v+ 9 ,europe1 x seems evid5t t ! complex sy/em ( m>ket+ ^u :i* mod]n indu/ry & civilization has dep5d$1 is pretty well out ( ge> & t national & int]national que/ions mu/ be wisely solv$ be=e x c aga9 function4 ,yet 9 la/ analysis ! solution ( ! complex problems ( m>ket+ re/s n alone ) int]national treaties1 b ) ! f>m]s' sell+ associations ( ! rural communities4 ,if we are to h a m>ket+ sy/em :i* is truly functional1 :i* is built on ! pr9ciple ( ! greate/ s]vice at ! l[e/ co/1 r ?an on ! pr9ciple n[ implicit 9 bus9ess ( suffici5t s]vice to secure ! maximum ( pr(it :i* ! traffic w be>1 !n x mu/ be a cop]ative sy/em1 ! prim>y unit ( :i* is ! local cop]ative association1 ^: success dep5ds ^u ! loyalty ( its memb]s to ! cop]ative pr9ciple4 ,s cop]ation is a community problem4 ,nor c we expect m>k$ progress 9 o!r phases ( rural life z long z ! economic "q is acute4 ,x is n true t economic prosp]ity 9 agriculture w ( itself ensure ! high] culture ( ! c\ntryside2 b x is true t s long z ! f>m] is compell$ to devote all ( 8 /r5g? & "t to mak+ a compet5ce = 8 family1 t 8 att5tion mu/ necess>ily be fix$ on economic ends & t he w h nei!r ! means nor ! "t = ^? satisfactions ( life :i* are possible to "o ) "s leisure4 ,says ,a4,e43 ,i believe ! fad+ hold ! heav5s h ov] ! _w is due to ! neglect ( ! economic basis ( spiritual life4 ,:at pr(\nd spiritual life c !re be :5 ! social ord] almo/ =ces m5 to battle ) ea* o!r = ! means ( exi/5ce8#bi ,= weal or woe ! mat]ial exi/5ce ( bo? f>m] & t[nman ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w is inextricably int]-dep5d5t4 ,if a bett] economic sy/em is to arise x mu/ come ?r\gh ! g5]al und]/&+ ( ^! relations by ! education ( all p>ties & by a will+ness to f9d satisfaction 9 ! well-be+ ( all r ?an 9 ! l>ge/ individual pr(it4 ,unless ^! attitudes c be e/abli%$ 9 ! local community1 h[ c we expect to secure h>mony ( int]e/s among l>g] gr\ps8 ,loyalty to ! common good mu/ fir/ be develop$ 9 ! local community among neighbors4 ,9 subsequ5t *apt]s we %all h occasion to consid] v>i\s =ces & me?ods = creat+ ?is _s ( community1 & we %all see t :]eas ! high] culture ( rural life awaits a bett] economic sy/em1 ?is _s ( loyalty :i* is ess5tial = cop]ative organizations may be develop$ ?r\gh v>i\s =ms ( community activity4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,see ,p]cy ,wells ,bidwell1 ,rural ,economy 9 ,new ,engl& at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,trans4 ,comm4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci41 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #bec1 #aiaf2 & ,e4 ,g4 ,n\rse1 ,agricultural ,economics1 p4 #fe4 #bf ,see ! acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,g>d9]1 ,man*e/] ,gu>dian1 ,weekly ,edition1 ,feb4 #f1 #aibj1 quot$ by ,norman ,angell 9 ,! ,fruits ( ,victory1 p4 #bg3 ,sudd5ly all ?is elaborate /ructure ( economic life 0 swept away4 ,vi5na1 in/ead ( be+ ! vital c5t] ( fifty millions ( p1 f9ds itself a d]elict city1 ) a prov9ce ( six millions4 ,x is cut (f f its coal supplies1 f its food supplies1 f its factories1 f ev]y?+ t means exi/5ce4 ,x is envelop$ by t>iff walls4 #bg ,! ,fruits ( ,victory1 p4 #ab1 ,new ,york1 #aiba4 #bh ,ibid41 p4 #ad4 #bi 7,george ,william ,russell71 ,! ,national ,be+1 p4 #afg4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h[ ,,co,,p]ation ,,/r5g!ns ,,! ,,community ,! greate/ improvem5ts 9 m>ket+ are be+ effect$ ?r\gh cop]ation4 ,we h indicat$ t will+ness to "w toge!r = ! common good & loyalty to ?is pr9ciple are ess5tial = successful cop]ative ent]prises4 ,z ^! same attitudes are ! basis ( community life1 x seems obvi\s t to ! ext5t t memb]%ip 9 cop]ative associations becomes g5]al ?r\gh\t a community1 ! /rong] w be ! community life4 ,inde$1 ! v etymology ( ! two words1 cop]ate--to "w toge!r1 & community--hav+ 9 common1 indicate t community activities are ess5tially a =m ( cop]ation--( work+ toge!r4 ,inasmu* z cop]ative ent]prises are rapidly increas+ & t !y mu/1 !re=e1 ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce ^u community life1 x is necess>y to ga9 a cle> idea ( j :at is involv$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( cop]ation & to :at types ( organization ! t]m is applicable4 ,9 a g5]al way !re has always be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( cop]ation betwe5 neighbor+ f>m]s 9 ! ex*ange ( "w 9 b>n-rais+s1 ?re%+1 silo-fill+1 slaught]+1 etc4 ,out ( ?is h gr[n su* cop]ative organizations z ?re%+ r+s1 & gr\ps = ! common own]%ip & use ( all sorts ( m exp5sive ma*9]y1 ! cop]ative own]%ip ( sires1 c[-te/ associations1 & _m o!r =ms ( organization = mutual aid 9 f>m op]ations4 ,all ( ^! are cop]ative associations 9 ! common usage ( ! ^w cop]ation1 b 9 rec5t ye>s ! t]m has come to h a m te*nical mean+ to d5ote a =m ( organization 9 contra/ to ! corporation or /ock company1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ preval5t type ( bus9ess organization 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! cop]ative association diff]s f ! corporation or /ock company 9 ?ree ess5tials4 ,fir/1 x is democratic 9 its control2 all true cop]ative organizations employ ! pr9ciple ( "o man1 "o vote1 ! influ5ce ( ea* memb] ( ! association be+ equal z f> z ! legal control ( its adm9i/ration is conc]n$4 ,! individual memb]s & n ! am\nt ( /ock own$ controls ! policy ( ! association4 ,cop]ation is democracy appli$ to bus9ess4 ,second1 ! cop]ative association is organiz$ to secure m effici5t s]vice r ?an to exact pr(its4 ,?is is a po9t ^u :i* !re is mu* misund]/&+ ^u ! "p ( ^? />t+ cop]ative ent]prises & :i* requires fur!r explanation4 ,?ird1 ! e>n+s or sav+s ( ! association 7commonly ?\ght ( z pr(its7 are di/ribut$ among ! memb]s or patrons ( ! association pro rata accord+ to ! volume ( ! bus9ess :i* !y h transact$ ) ! association1 s t al?\gh its control is democratic its b5efits accrue accord+ to ! am\nt ( f9ancial int]e/ involv$4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r pr9ciples ( bus9ess proc$ure :i* h be5 f\nd ess5tial to ! successful op]ation ( diff]5t k9ds ( cop]ative associations1 b ^! ?ree--individual vot+1 s]vice r ?an pr(its1 & pro-rat+ ! e>n+s--are fundam5tal to all truly cop]ative associations1 & x is to ?is comb9ation ( bus9ess me?ods to :i* ! t]m cop]ation has n[ come to be appli$ 9 a te*nical s5se4 ,exclusive ( associations =m$ = cop]ation 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 i4e41 = v>i\s purposes ( f>m op]ation z m5tion$ above1 f>m]s' cop]ative associations may be divid$ into ?ree g5]al gr\ps3 = buy+1 = sell+1 & = f9ance4 ,cop]ative buy+ has be5 mo/ successfully develop$ by indu/rial work]s 9 t[ns & cities & is commonly kn[n z consum]s' cop]ation4 ,/>t+ ) a few pov]ty-/rick5 work]s :o pool$ _! meag] sav+s s t !y c\ld buy at :olesale & %>e 9 ! pr(its ( ! retail]1 ! ,ro*dale sy/em has gr[n until ! :olesale cop]ative societies ( ,engl& & ,scotl& are probably ! l>ge/ g5]al m]*&is+ corporations 9 ! _w1 do+ a bus9ess ( approximately a billion doll>s a ye>4 ,cop]ative buy+ ( f>m supplies1 f]tiliz]s1 ma*9]y1 spray+ mat]ials1 fe$s1 b9d] tw9e1 etc41 is "o ( ! fir/ =ms ( cop]ative ef=t ord9>ily und]tak5 by f>m]s' associations1 & is c>ri$ on by num]\s me?ods4 ,9 mo/ cases ! s]vices r5d]$ 9 ! bus9ess managem5t ( su* buy+ is at fir/ l>gely on a volunt>y basis or is b poorly paid4 ,only 9 a few sections ( ! c\ntry has ! cop]ative buy+ ( agricultural supplies assum$ a p]man5t or /able =m ( organization1 & 9 ^? cases x is v frequ5tly a dep>tm5t ( a cop]ative sell+ association1 su* z a fruit ex*ange4 ,f an educational /&po9t !re is mu* to be said = comm5c+ cop]ation ?r\gh organization = buy+ agricultural supplies1 = ?r\gh x f>m]s are tra9$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( cop]ation ) ! greate/ possibility ( advantage & ! lea/ risk ( loss4 ,!re is little probability ( loss 9 judici\s cop]ative pur*ases ( c>load lots ) ord]s 9 h&1 :ile 9 cop]ative sell+1 unless m>ket+ facilities are s bad z to =ce him to take ! risk1 ! *ance ( loss is a s]i\s consid]ation to ! f>m]4 ,?is po9t has be5 well /at$ by ,edw9 ,a4 ,pratt1 a lead] ( agricultural organization 9 ,engl&1 :o says3 ,inquiry into ! conditions "u :i* organization ( agriculture has be5 successfully c>ri$ out 9 o!r c\ntries %[$ t a beg9n+ _h inv>iably be5 made ) ! simple/ =m ( comb9ation = ! jo9t pur*ase ( agricultural necess>ies4 ,9 ?is way ! advantages ( cop]ation c\ld be br\ght home to cultivators1 :o 7 gradually educat$ 9 ! !ory & practice ( comb9ation )\t hav+ _! suspicions ar\s$ & _! mutual di/ru/ /imulat$ by proposals t !y %\ld at once alt] _! old conditions ( trad+ 9 accordance ) t sy/em ( comb9ation = transport or sale :i* really con/itutes n ! beg9n+ ( agricultural organization1 b "o ( ! mo/ difficult & mo/ complicat$ ( all its _m phases4#cj ,"o ( ! allurem5ts ( cop]ative buy+ has be5 to at once e/abli% a cop]ative /ore = a g5]al m]*&is+ bus9ess4 ,! hi/ory ( su* /ores />t$ by granges 9 ! #gj's & #hj's is in/ructive 9 ?is connection4 ,a few ( !m survive1 b mo/ ( !m 7 failures4 ,only aft] ye>s ( exp]i5ce & education 9 cop]ative pur*as+ & o!r cop]ative ent]prises h ! aims & me?ods ( op]at+ cop]ative /ores be5 suffici5tly appreciat$ by mo/ rural communities to ensure _! successful e/abli%m5t4 ,we h already consid]$ 7page #dh7 "s ( ! consid]ations :i* %\ld gov]n ! attempt to compete ) local m]*ants4 ,g5]ally ! successful op]ation ( a cop]ative /ore is m difficult = an av]age gr\p ( f>m]s to manage ?an ! simpl] =ms ( cop]ative pur*as+1 or cop]ative cr$it or sell+ associations4#ca ,moreov]1 a cop]ative /ore w s]i\sly affect ! solid>ity ( a small community unless a goodly majority1 bo? f f>m & village1 are conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( compet+ ) local retail]s & w give ! /ore _! patronage4 ,except 9 ! buy+ ( agricultural supplies1 :i* may be consid]$ r z ! raw mat]ials & equipm5t ( ! f>m z a manufactur+ bus9ess & :i* are !re=e entitl$ to :olesale prices1 consum]s' cop]ation z usually conduct$ ?r\gh cop]ative /ores is n a di/9ctively agricultural problem1 b is ! same = ! f>m] z = ! villag] or indu/rial work]1 & its desirability & limitations are det]m9$ by simil> consid]ations4 ,) ! *ange to a comm]cial type ( f>m+ & ) ! high] price ( l&1 ! ,am]ican f>m] has _h to make l>g] use ( borr[$ capital & 8 bus9ess has be5 s]i\sly hamp]$ by a lack ( cr$it facilities to meet 8 ne$s4 ,probably 9 no field ( cop]ative ef=t h ! b5efits be5 m app>5t ?an 9 t ( ! rural cr$it banks :i* are f\nd ?r\gh\t ,europe & :i* h ?or\ghly demon/rat$ _! usefulness4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! fact t our be/ f>m l&s are m & m op]at$ by t5ants1 & t ?is is inimical to /rong community life4 ,"o ( ! reasons = ?is t5d5cy has be5 ! inability to secure long-t]m loans on f>m real e/ate by ! man :o has little capital ( 8 own4 ,z l&s rose 9 value ?is became increas+ly difficult4 ,to meet ?is situation a commission repres5tative ( all sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates visit$ v>i\s c\ntries 9 ,europe 9 ! spr+ ( #aiac1 & z a result ( _! report1 9 #aiaf ,congress f9ally enact$ ! ,f$]al ,f>m ,loan ,act e/abli%+ a sy/em ( f>m l& banks4 ,"u ?is sy/em "o-half ( ! value ( a f>m & build+s up to #aj1jjj may be borr[$ & paid (f "u ! amortization plan 9 f five to =ty ye>s at a l[ rate ( int]e/4 ,! details ( ! sy/em d n conc]n our pres5t discussion1 b ! ess5tial feature ( ! sy/em is ! local l& bank ?r\gh :i* ! loans are made & collect$4 ,! local l& bank is /rictly a cop]ative society organiz$ to secure long-t]m cr$it facilities = its memb]s "u ! t]ms ( ! f$]al act ?r\gh ! regional l& banks ( :i* ea* local bank is a memb]4 ,l o!r cop]ative associations1 ! area 9 :i* ! local bank does bus9ess is n necess>ily t ( a community1 x may be a :ole c\nty :]e !re are b few memb]s1 or !re may be m ?an "o bank 9 a s+le community1 b m commonly x is locat$ at a village c5t] & t5ds to become a community in/itution4 ,equally important = f9anc+ ! curr5t exp5ses ( f>m+ op]ations & to make possible ! ord]ly m>ket+ ( crops1 is ! f>m]'s ne$ = %ort-"t cr$it4 ,our bank+ sy/em has be5 develop$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! bus9ess _w1 & ! p]iod = :i* loans c be made is too %ort to meet ! ne$s ( ! f>m]1 :o (t5 requires cr$it = six mon?s to a ye>4 ,9 "s t5 /ates legislation has be5 pass$ au?oriz+ ! =mation ( local cr$it associations1 :i* are really local cop]ative banks1 b ! numb] ( cr$it associations e/abli%$ 9 rural communities has be5 insignificant1 ?irty-?ree out ( a total ( ?irty-six be+ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4#cb ,! trem5d\s losses suff]$ by ,am]ican f>m]s dur+ #aiba & _! inability to secure suffici5t cr$it f _! local banks has %[n ! necessity = bett] %ort-"t cr$it facilities1 & bills are n[ be=e ,congress :i* w enable ! local l& banks to also h&le %ort-"t loans 9 cop]ation ) ! ,f$]al ,res]ve ,banks4 ,if ?is is done1 ! am\nt ( bus9ess done by ^! local banks w be greatly increas$ & ! cop]ative pr9ciple 9 bank+ w be greatly /r5g!n$4 ,cop]ative sell+ associations h _h a rapid gr[? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! pa/ decade4 ,9 #aiai ! f$]al ,bureau ( ,m>kets e/imat$ t agricultural products wor? "o & a half billions out ( a total ( ne>ly n9ete5 billion doll>s sold f f>ms 7 m>ket$ ?r\gh cop]ative associations1 & ! total has greatly increas$ s9ce !n4 ,! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange1 probably ! l>ge/ cop]ative sell+ association1 does a bus9ess ( ov] #ej1jjj1jjj annually & has "o ( ! mo/ effici5t di/ribut+ sy/ems 9 ! c\ntry4 ,at ! pres5t "t "s v ambiti\s programs ( national organizations = cop]ative m>ket+ are be+ />t$1 su* z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gra9 ,gr[]s1 ,inc41 :i* is model$ aft] ! successful ,canadian ,gra9 ,gr[]s1 ,inc4 ,"o ( ! *ief ob/acles to all su* plans ( effectively organiz+ ! m>ket+ ( v>i\s agricultural products is ! fact t a /rong c5tral organization c be develop$ only by ! f$]ation ( local associations ^: memb]s und]/& ! purposes ( ! organization & are loyal to !m4 ,! hi/ory ( all cop]ative movem5ts %[s t ^? :i* h be5 p]man5tly successful h aris5 ?r\gh ! f$]ation ( /rong local associations1 & num]\s failures ( well-int5tion$ ef=ts at l>ge-scale cop]ative m>ket+ h be5 due to ! fact t num]\s local associations _c be organiz$ by ! p>5t association ) any assurance t !y w function effectively4 ,! late ,g4 ,h>old ,p[ell1 = _m ye>s ! successful manag] ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange1 9 8 discussion ( ! fundam5tals ( cop]ation emphasizes t cop]ative associations mu/ be born ( a real ne$3 ,among f>m]s1 :o "u exi/+ conditions are already prosp]\s1 ! ne$ ( bus9ess organization is n usually felt1 ev5 ?\gh ! co/s ( m>ket+ & extravagant pr(its ( ! middlem5 or ! railroads might be greatly r$uc$4 ,!y mu/ feel ! pressure ( ne$ be=e !y c laun* a successful bus9ess association4 ,:5 ! f>m]s buy _! supplies at reasonable prices1 & sell _! products readily at a good pr(it1 !y d n feel ! necessity ( organization4 ,x has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ t !y mu/ feel ! ne$ ( gett+ toge!r to meet a crisis 9 _! affairs1 & ! realization ( ! ne$ mu/ spr+ f )9 & n be =c$ ^u !m f )\t by ! en?usiasm ( "s opportuni/ :o seeks to unite ! f>m]s on ! pr9ciple t organization is a good ?+4444 ,9 %ort1 if an organization is to be successful1 ! inve/m5t ( ! f>m] mu/ be ?reat5$ by exi/+ social & economic conditions be=e he c ov]come 8 individualism suffici5tly & c develop a frat]nal _s /rong en\gh to pull ) 8 neighbors 9 cop]ative team "w4#cc ,! trem5d\s losses suff]$ by ,am]ican agriculture 9 #aiba furni% exactly su* a crisis z ,mr4 ,p[ell sugge/s1 & h giv5 ! /ronge/ impetus to ! cop]ative movem5t4 ,b ev5 :5 ! necessity exi/s & is recogniz$ x takes "t to build up a /rong cop]ative association4 ,! successful op]ation ( a local cop]ative association is a matt] ( sl[ gr[?1 because x requires ! education ( ! memb]%ip 9 ! pr9ciples bo? ( cop]ation & ( m>ket+1 & :at is equally ess5tial1 ! developm5t ( a will+ness to sometimes =ego ! advantage ( l>g] pr(its by individual memb]s 9 ord] to ensure ! p]man5t success ( ! association4 ,! local association has to le>n h[ to conduct its bus9ess j z does ! individual bus9ess man1 & x has to compete ) individuals & firms :o are 9 bus9ess = pr(it & :o h ! advantage ( exp]i5ce 9 ! exi/+ m>ket+ sy/em & ! f9ancial back+ ( its bus9ess connections4 ,9 ! attempt to create local sell+ associations rapidly s z to secure a suffici5t volume ( bus9ess to ensure ! success ( l>ge m>ket+ ent]prises1 !re is always a t5d5cy to enc\rage ! local memb]s to believe t !y w secure a consid]ably l>g] %>e ( ! consum]'s doll>1 & :5 prices are n mat]ially bett] ?an "u ! old sy/em !y readily become dissatisfi$ & )draw4 ,! be/ au?orities & advocates ( cop]ative m>ket+ insi/ t x w be successful only to ! degree t x c become m effici5t ?an ! exi/+ sy/em & s effect sav+s & make legitimate e>n+s1 b t !re is little prospect = l>ge pr(its2 inde$1 t ! legitimate objective ( cop]ation is n pr(its1 b sav+s4 ,pr(essor ,mackl9 summ>izes ! matt] z foll[s3 ,! true cop]ative organization seeks to e/abli% & ma9ta9 a di/ribut+ sy/em to provide adequately & dep5dably at m9imum co/ ! ess5tial m>ket+ s]vices ( :i* ! indu/ry & its individual memb]s h con/ant & vital ne$4 ,its ju/ification lies 9 r5d]+ ^! s]vices at a l[] co/ & 9 br++ to f>m]s a high] proportion ( ! consum]'s doll>4#cd ,) ! factors involv$ 9 successful cop]ative sell+ associations we are n "h conc]n$1 except to insi/ ^u ! po9t t z ! weake/ l9k measures ! /r5g? ( a *a91 s ! /r5g? ( ! local association det]m9es ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! c5tral sell+ association4 ,a jo9t /ock company may af=d m effici5t managem5t ?an a cop]ative association1 & unless ! local memb]%ip is conv9c$ ( ! sup]ior equity & ultimate advantages ( a /rong cop]ative sy/em1 !re is little hope = ! cop]ative to compete ) ! /ock company4 ,cop]ation means work+ toge!r1 & its emphasis is m on duties & obligations ?an on rights & p]sonal advantage4 ,9 cop]ative ent]prises ! individual mu/ be conv9c$ t 8 be/ int]e/ 9 ! long run is b\nd up ) ! be/ int]e/ ( ! :ole memb]%ip1 & unless he is sometimes will+ to =ego imm$iate p]sonal advantage & unless he c le>n h[ to "w ) o!rs1 sometimes )\t comp5sation or ) less ?an he c\ld secure o!rwise1 !re is little *ance = develop+ a /rong organization4 ,= cop]ation is b democracy appli$ to c]ta9 phases ( bus9ess1 &1 l democracy 9 politics or any o!r sph]e ( life1 its highe/ sanction lies 9 belief & satisfaction 9 ! collective well-be+4 ,x seems obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ^? attitudes :i* are ess5tial = cop]ation are ! same :i* enc\rage community life1 & t :]e ! cop]ative _s dom9ates1 community activities w be /r5g!n$4 ,:]eas1 on ! contr>y1 9 ^? localities :]e family1 political1 or p]sonal feuds1 jeal\sies & suspicions are rife1 cop]ative ent]prises w be difficult & ! community w be weak4 ,t cop]ation does develop ^? qualities :i* make = bett] communities is atte/$ by all :o h obs]v$ its effects4 ,z a result ( 8 long exp]i5ce ,sir ,horace ,plunkett says3 ,x is "h1 9 furni%+ opportunity = ! ex]cise ( education secur$ f ! agricultural colleges1 t ! educational value ( cop]ative societies comes 92 !y act z ag5cies ?r\gh :i* sci5tific tea*+ may become actual practice1 n 9 ! unc]ta9 future1 b 9 ! liv+ pres5t4 ,a cop]ative association has a quality :i* %\ld comm5d x to ! social re=m]--! p[] ( evok+ "*2 x br+s to ! front a new type ( local lead]1 n ! be/ talk]1 b ! man ^: k enables him to make "s solid contribution to ! welf>e ( ! community4#ce ,s1 likewise1 a ke5 obs]v] ( ,dani% cop]ation describes its influ5ce 9 creat+ sci5tific & social attitudes3 ,among ! indirect1 b equally tangible results ( cop]ation1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to put ! developm5t ( m9d & "* among ^? by :om x is practis$4 ,! peasant or little f>m]1 :o is a memb] ( "o or m ( ^! societies1 :o helps to build up _! success & enjoy _! b5efits1 acquires a new outlook4 ,! jeal\sies & suspicions :i* are 9 mo/ c\ntries s common among ^? :o live by ! l& fall f him4 ,feel+ t he has a voice 9 great affairs he acquires an add$ value & a heal?y importance 9 8 own eyes4 ,he kn[s also t 9 8 degree & accord+ to 8 output he is on an equal foot+ ) ! l>ge/ produc] & proportionately is do+ z well4 ,!re is no long] any fe> t because he is a little man he w be br[beat5 or =c$ to accept a worse price = :at he has to sell ?an does 8 ri* & p[]ful neighbor4 ,! skill$ m9ds :i* direct 8 bus9ess "w z zeal\sly = him z = t important neighbor4#cf ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ?ree highe/ au?orities on ! cop]ative movem5t 9 ,irel& all lay great /ress on its importance z a means ( community organization & value its social effects z highly z its economic b5efits4 ,?us ,sir ,horace ,plunkett says3 ,gradually ! 7cop]ative7 ,society becomes ! mo/ important in/itution 9 ! di/rict1 ! mo/ important 9 a social z well z an economic s5se4 ,! memb]s feel a pride 9 its mat]ial expansion4 ,!y accumulate l>ge pr(its1 :i* 9 "t become a sort ( communal fund4 ,9 "s cases ?is is us$ = ! erection ( village halls :]e social ent]ta9m5ts1 conc]ts & dances are held1 lectures deliv]$ & libr>ies /or$4 ,f9ally1 ! association assumes ! "* ( a rural commune1 :]e1 in/ead ( ! old basis ( ! commune1 ! jo9t own]%ip ( l&1 a new basis = union is f\nd 9 ! volunt>y communism ( ef=t4#cg ,9 ! same ve9 ,smi?-,gordon & ,/aples 9 _! acc\nt ( ! cop]ative movem5t 9 ,irel&1 see x z ! mo/ important =ce = socialization because x makes ! mo/ imm$iate & practical appeal to m5 ( all p>ties & sects & e/abli%es a bus9ess sy/em :i* develops ! community attitude3 ,! pres5t individuali/ sy/em :i* takes c>e ( ! bus9ess int]e/s ( ! f>m] is a divid+ & dis9tegrat+ =ce4 ,x t5ds to de/roy ! natural associative "* & to set ea* man aga9/ 8 neighbor4444 ,b z a memb] ( a society ) int]e/s 9 common ) o!rs1 ! individual consci\sly & unconsci\sly develops ! social virtues4444 ,! society is 9 m9iature a community1 & ! community is b a "p ( ! l>g] social gr\p4#ch ,george ,william ,russell 7,a4,e471 ! poet-prophet ( ,iri% agriculture1 bases 8 :ole conception ( a desirable polity = ! ,iri% ,/ate ^u cop]ative communities1 & consid]s cop]ative societies z a pr]equisite to rural organization4 ,aft] describ+ ! m>k$ economic & social *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 a typical ,iri% community z ! result ( cop]ation1 he says3 ,i h tri$ to indicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 a rural population & a rural community1 betwe5 a p loosely knit toge!r by ! vague ties ( a common latitude & longitude1 & p :o are closely knit toge!r 9 an association & :o =m a true social organism1 a true rural community1 :]e ! g5]al w c f9d expression & society is malleable to ! g5]al w4 ,i w ass]t t !re nev] c be any progress 9 rural di/ricts or any real prosp]ity )\t su* f>m]s' organizations or guilds4 ,:]ev] rural prosp]ity is report$ 9 any c\ntry inquire into x1 & x w be f\nd t x dep5ds on rural organization4 ,:]ev] !re is rural decay1 if x is inquir$ into1 x w be f\nd t !re 0 a rural population b no rural community1 no organization1 no guild to promote common int]e/s & unite ! c\ntrym5 9 def5ce ( !m4#ci ,! same obs]vations might be made ^u ! effect ( cop]ative ent]prises 9 solidify+ rural communities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x seems d\btful :e!r cop]ative associations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w develop a g5]al social program z !y h done 9 ,irel&1 ,belgium1 & ,russia4 ,on acc\nt ( a diff]5t social inh]itance & acc\nt ( our facility 9 =m+ & belong+ to num]\s organizations1 x seems probable t we w limit our cop]ative societies to /rictly economic functions1 & w use ! increas$ income secur$ ?r\gh !m 9 o!r organizations = social purposes4 ,comm]cial f>m+ is break+ d[n ! old individualism ( ! f>m]1 = ! exig5cies ( ! economic situation are =c+ him to m>ket collectively ?r\gh cop]ative sell+ associations1 & z he le>ns t 8 own be/ int]e/s are b\nd up ) ^? ( ! :ole community1 he becomes increas+ly conc]n$ = ! common welf>e2 he comm5ces to ?9k 9 t]ms ( u & ours1 in/ead ( only me & m9e4 ,! community becomes a reality to him4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,agricultural ,organization1 p4 #ii4 ,london1 ,p4 ,s4 ,k+ ,son1 #aiab4 #ca ,see ,cl>5ce ,poe1 ,h[ ,f>m]s ,cop]ate1 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 p4 #cg4 ,cop]ative buy+ is good2 cop]ative m]*&is+ may or may n be4 ,new ,york1 ,orange ,judd ,co41 #aiae4 #cb ,v4 ,n4 ,valgr5 & ,e4 ,e4 ,engelb]t1 ,! ,cr$it ,association z an ,ag5cy = ,rural ,%ort-"t ,cr$it4 ,dep>tm5t ,circul> #aig1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #aiba4 #cc ,cop]ation 9 ,agriculture1 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aiac4 #cd ,!odore ,mackl91 ,effici5t ,m>ket+ = ,agriculture1 p4 #bfj4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co41 #aiba4 #ce ,! ,c\ntry ,life ,problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #abc4 #cf ,h>vey1 ,d5m>k & ! ,danes1 p4 #adf1 quot$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,h[e1 ,d5m>k a ,cop]ative ,commonweal?1 p4 #fa4 #cg ,ibid41 p4 #abh4 #ch ,rural ,recon/ruction 9 ,irel&2 a ,record ( ,cop]ative ,organizations4 ,new ,hav51 ,yale ,univ4 ,press1 #aiai4 #ci ,! ,national ,be+1 p4 #ci4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,community',s ,,education ,,! ,,s*ool ,at its beg9n+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t gave support to education by ! allotm5t ( public l&s to ! /ates z an end[m5t = public s*ools1 & al?\gh ! f$]al gov]nm5t has done b little s9ce !n = prim>y education1 ! support ( education has become "o ( ! *ief conc]ns ( /ate & local gov]nm5ts4 ,9 colonial times public s*ools 7 l>gely conf9$ to ,new ,engl&4 ,) ! settlem5t ( ! ,middle ,we/ di/rict s*ools 7 e/abli%$ ) ! aid ( ! gov]nm5t l& grants4 ,b 9 ! ,s\? conditions 7 n favorable = public s*ools until long aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 & only 9 ! la/ g5]ation or two has public education become firmly e/abli%$4 ,! di/rict s*ool1 ! fam\s little r$ s*ool-h\se ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 frequ5tly ! neighborhood c5t] & ! s*ool di/rict commonly =m$ a neighborhood area1 p>ticul>ly 9 hilly sections :]e its l9es 7 adju/$ by topography4 ,a rec5t /udy ( neighborhood areas 9 ,otsego ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 %[s t ab\t half ( !m are id5tical ) ! s*ool di/ricts1 *iefly on acc\nt ( topography1 :ile 9 ,dane ,c\nty1 ,wiscons91 m neighborhood areas are det]m9$ prim>ily by ! s*ool di/rict ?an by any "o factor4#dj ,=m]ly ! di/rict s*ool-h\se 0 q frequ5tly us$ = ,sunday s*ool or prea*+ s]vices2 spell+-bees & o!r ent]ta9m5ts 7 held f "t to "t2 & political meet+s & elections 7 commonly held !re4 ,al?\gh ! di/rict s*ool is /ill a neighborhood social c5t] 9 _m sections1 its decad5ce comm5c$ at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! *ange dep5d+ ^u ! g5]al progress or isolation ( ! community1 p>ticul>ly z affect$ by transportation4 ,sev]al factors h comb9$ to make ! di/rict s*ool unsatisfactory to ! rural community ( to-day4 ,9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! population has s decreas$ t 9 _m di/ricts ! ma9t5ance ( a s*ool has become exce$+ly exp5sive1 x is difficult to secure compet5t tea*]s1 & !re are too few pupils to make ! s*ool attractive4 ,! bett] educational advantages ( t[n & city s*ools h caus$ mu* dissatisfaction ^u ! "p ( ! bett] class ( f>m]s :o wi% _! *ildr5 to h ! be/ possible />t 9 life1 & _m ( ^? :o c af=d to d s h mov$ to t[n to educate _! *ildr51 ?us mak+ a bad matt] worse = ! di/rict s*ool4 ,z long z roads 7 poor ! di/rict s*ool 0 ! only "o possible1 b ) bett] roads1 automobiles & trolleys1 ! consolidation ( s*ools has proce$$ rapidly 9 ! pa/ decade1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! prairie /ates4 ,a mod]n s*ool _c be ma9ta9$ at e o!r crossroads4 ,improv$ roads naturally radiate f ! village c5t] & h5ce x is ! logical po9t = a consolidat$ s*ool or high s*ool4 ,!re are localities 9 isolat$ regions :]e x might be desirable to e/abli% consolidat$ s*ools 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 b 9 mo/ cases :]e !re is a natural village c5t]1 ! s*ool %\ld be locat$ !re & ! s*ool laws %\ld make possible ! organization ( ! consolidat$ s*ool di/rict reg>dless ( t[n%ip or c\nty l9es4 ,inde$ legislation has already be5 enact$ to ?is end 9 sev]al /ates & =ms "o ( ! mo/ important movem5ts = /r5g!n+ ! rural community4 ,"h & !re are to be f\nd consolidat$ s*ools :i* h be5 plac$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry at ! c5t] ( a t[n%ip because x 0 ! po9t mo/ easily agre$ ^u by all ! patrons1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! t[n%ip is an adm9i/rative unit ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,9 "s cases some:at successful ef=ts are be+ made to h su* consolidat$ s*ools s]ve z social c5t]s1 b x is believ$ t 9 ! long run community life w fl[ to its natural c5t]s & t ! seem+ success ( su* social c5t]s 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 unless ! neighborhood be an isolat$ "o1 w t5d to weak5 ! communities conc]n$4 ,usually a consolidat$ di/rict ( ?is sort w conta9 p>ts ( two or ?ree community areas & ! location ( ! s*ool at a po9t betwe5 !m weak5s ! support ( ! community c5t]s to t ext5t4 ,"h we enc\nt] "o ( ! _m ways 9 :i* our artificial unit ( rural gov]nm5t--! t[n%ip--int]f]es ) community progress4#da ,=m]ly only ! *ildr5 ( ! upp] classes :o 7 prep>+ = college receiv$ a second>y education1 b dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation !re has be5 a rapid gr[? ( public high s*ools :i* s]ve z ! p's colleges4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 f\nd only 9 ! cities & l>g] t[ns1 b rural communities h dem&$ equal advantages & /ate & national legislation has aid$ !m 9 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,f$]al aid = second>y education 9 vocational subjects1 n[ available ?r\gh ! ,smi?-,hughes ,act ( #aiag1 has enc\rag$ ! e/abli%m5t ( rural high s*ools & has greatly increas$ ! numb] giv+ in/ruction 9 agriculture & home economics4 ,hundr$s ( rural high s*ools are n[ giv+ agricultural c\rses bett] ?an ! agricultural colleges gave tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,rural high s*ools ) full f\r-ye> c\rses h be5 f\nd mo/ly 9 ! l>g] villages & t[ns1 b ! movem5t is n[ well "u way to divide ! p]iod ( second>y education into a junior & s5ior high s*ool 7! s-call$ six-six plan71 & junior high s*ools1 includ+ ! sev5? to n9? grades1 are be+ e/abli%$ 9 _m small] communities by simply add+ a grade to ! consolidat$ s*ools4 ,! educational =ces ( ! c\ntry1 z express$ by /atem5ts ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education & ! ,national ,education ,association1 are n[ committ$ to ! policy ( consolidat$ rural s*ools :]ev] !y are practicable & to ! e/abli%m5t ( a suffici5t numb] ( high s*ools s t e rural *ild may att5d high s*ool & /ill be able to live at home4 ,obvi\sly x is important f ! /&po9t ( community developm5t t ! high s*ools %\ld be plac$ at community c5t]s & t :]e "s ( ! communities are too small to support s5ior high s*ools t !y %\ld be locat$ at a village :i* s]ves z a c5t] ( :at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 we may call ! l>g] community 7see pages #bcb-c74 ,"o ( ! reasons = consolidat$ s*ools is t ! objectives ( rural education are *ang+ & t c\ntry p are dem&+ t _! *ildr5 be educat$ = c\ntry z well z = t[n life4 ,=m]ly ! cont5t & me?od ( rural education 0 an imitation ( t ( ! city & inevitably made indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & pr(essional occupations ! ideal ( ! pupil4 ,! s*ools ( ,new ,engl& h done an imm5se s]vice to ! re/ ( ! c\ntry b !y 7 an important factor 9 depopulat+ _m a ,new ,engl& t[n4 ,! introduction ( nature /udy1 agriculture1 & home economics is becom+ g5]al 9 rural s*ools4 ,educators d n desire to tra9 rural *ildr5 solely = f>m life1 & ?us to segregate a f>m class1 ev5 7 t possible1 b !y are attempt+ to give equal emphasis to ! values ( c\ntry life s t x may prove equally attractive to ! be/ z well z to ! less effici5t rural y\?4 ,fur!rmore ! :ole attitude ( rural z well z urban education is *ang+ f t ( tea*+ individuals s z to equip !m ) intellectual tools = _! p]sonal advancem5t1 to "o ( tra9+ future citiz5s :o w atta9 _! own be/ int]e/s by useful s]vice to ! community4 ,! curriculum & objectives ( ! s*ool are rapidly becom+ socializ$1 & z ?is process goes on ! s*ool w m & m become ! mo/ important s+le in/itution = creat+ community loyalty4 ,! community s*ool1 p>ticul>ly ! high s*ool1 no long] conf9es itself to ! in/ruction ( its regul> pupils2 x is ! educational c5t] & headqu>t]s ( ! community4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ! ,ext5sion ,s]vice ( ! agricultural colleges1 rural high s*ools are hold+ "o-week ext5sion s*ools = f>m m5 & wom51 & "u ! ,smi?-,hughes ,act !y are (f]+ cont9uation %ort c\rses = ! y\ng] f>m]s4 ,! progressive rural high s*ool is tak+ a live int]e/ 9 ! "o-room di/rict s*ools :i* may be too f> f ! c5t] = consolidation1 & is seek+ to int]e/ _! pupils 9 att5d+ high s*ools ?r\gh a?letic meets1 play fe/ivals1 & simil> assemblages ( all ! s*ools ( ! community1 :i* ?us create a natural bond ( int]e/ & common en?usiasm4 ,! pr9cipal ( ! high s*ool at ,ox=d1 ,n4 ,y41 rec5tly organiz$ a public-speak+ conte/ ( repres5tatives ( all ! c\ntry s*ools 9 8 sup]visory di/rict1 9 connection ) ! annual play fe/ival :i* he _h e/abli%$ sev]al ye>s be=e4 ,?is prov$ to be a huge success & gave ! boys & girls f ! di/rict s*ools new confid5ce 9 _! ability ( self-expression4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ne$s :i* f>m]s' organizations are to-day feel+ is _! lack ( lead]s :o c speak = !m effectively at public ga!r+s & be=e legislative he>+s 9 competition ) m5 :o make _! liv+ by talk+4 ,su* conte/s1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! topics discuss$ deal ) affairs ( c\ntry life ) :i* ! *ildr5 are acqua9t$ & 9 :i* !y are vitally int]e/$1 z 0 ! case ) ! "o at ,ox=d & to :i* mu* ( its success 0 attribut$1 are !re=e ( great value & may well be sub/itut$ = ! academic debates s (t5 he>d on subjects q =eign to ! *ild's life & beyond 8 real compreh5sion4 ,9 _m places new s*ool build+s are be+ con/ruct$ ) an auditorium1 :i* may be us$ z a gymnasium1 libr>y room1 d9+ room1 etc41 s t !y may s]ve z social c5t]s = ! community4 ,:]e ! community is n l>ge en\gh to af=d a sep>ate community h\se ?is is frequ5tly ! be/ & mo/ economical means ( meet+ ?is ne$4 ,?is w be discuss$ fur!r 9 consid]+ community build+s4 ,num]\s rural high s*ools are conduct+ lyceum & ent]ta9m5t c\rses1 & "s are op]at+ motion-picture %[s on ,saturday nights4 ,:]e no o!r organization is bett] adapt$ = tak+ ! responsibility ( furni%+ high-class ent]ta9m5t to ! community1 ?is is a useful s]vice4 ,s*ool or*e/ras & b&s1 *oruses1 & dramatic clubs are also valuable additions to ! community life4 ,! successful community s*ool w n c5t] all ( its activities 9 its own build+1 b x w take "s ( its tal5t to ! c\ntry s*ools = local a?letic & play conte/s1 dramatic or musical ent]ta9m5ts1 etc41 & ?us magnify ! importance ( ! local s*ool 9 ! neighborhood1 = only by acquir+ a desire = ^! advantages w ! p 9 ! m isolat$ p>ts ( ! community come to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! activities ( ! :ole community at its village c5t]4 ,x is becom+ m & m app>5t t if ! s*ool is really to function z x %\ld1 t x mu/ h ! active int]e/ & support ( its patrons4 ,x is n en\gh t !y %\ld assemble at ! annual s*ool meet+1 elect s*ool (ficials1 vote taxes = its ma9t5ance1 & !n leave its managem5t to ! s*ool bo>d & tea*]s4 ,x is highly desirable t e enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 t[>d mak+ tea*+ a life pr(ession1 b z tea*+ becomes pr(essionaliz$ x t5ds1 l e o!r call+1 to become m or less ( a bureaucracy4 ,x is ess5tial t educational me?ods %\ld be det]m9$ by & be 9 *>ge ( educators :o are tra9$ = su* s]vice1 b if !y get ! idea1 z sometimes seems un=tunately ! case1 t x is ! bus9ess ( ! p to supply funds = ! support ( ! s*ools & !n to leave _! entire op]ation to ! tea*]s & sup]9t5d5ts1 !y assume an attitude :i* is fatal to ! life ( ! s*ool1 = no educational sy/em1 h[ev] ideal 9 !ory1 c be effective )\t ! sympa!tic und]/&+ & cordial support ( ! majority ( its patrons4 ,x is = ?is reason t l>ge emphasis is be+ plac$ by progressive educators on ! organization ( p>5t-tea*]s associations or s*ool improvem5t leagues = ! discussion ( s*ool problems by p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,9 _m cases ! p>5t-tea*]s association =ms "o ( ! *ief bonds ( ! c\ntry community & ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia has built up a rem>kable sy/em ( community organization ?r\gh its ,cop]ative ,educational ,league ) hundr$s ( local leagues :i* int]e/ !mselves 9 all phases ( community life4 ,! s*ool is also com+ to realize t al?\gh x is ! in/itution specially creat$ = ! sy/ematic education ( ! *ild1 t mu* ( 8 education is receiv$ outside ! s*ool & t c]ta9 phases ( 8 education may be accompli%$ m effectively ?r\gh ! cop]ation ( ! s*ool ) o!r in/itutions & ag5cies4 ,?us in/ead ( seek+ to absorb all ( ! "t ( ! *ild & to give x all k9ds ( tra9+ )9 ! s*ool or z "p ( its curriculum1 ! s*ool is comm5c+ to develop me?ods = /r5g!n+ & cord9at+ ! educational "w ( ! home1 ! *ur*1 & ( v>i\s organizations4 ,! tea*+ ( agriculture has be5 made vital & effective by ! home project 9 :i* ! boy comes to appreciate ! value ( ! pr9ciples /udi$ at s*ool 9 connection ) an agricultural ent]prise 9 rais+ crops or live/ock ( 8 own on ! home f>m4 ,?is t5ds to enli/ ! int]e/ ( ! p>5ts1 :o contribute l>gely to ! educational process4 ,! same pr9ciple is be+ appli$ to a less ext5t 9 "w 9 home economics1 & ! giv+ ( s*ool cr$it = v>i\s k9ds ( home "w has e/abli%$ a community ( int]e/ betwe5 home & s*ool4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( hygi5e1 & p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to sex hygi5e1 ! s*ool f9ds x difficult to e/abli% ^? habits & attitudes :i* are z important z m]e k )\t ! help & cop]ation ( ! home4 ,s1 too1 ! m$ical inspection ( s*ool *ildr51 ) ! "w ( s*ool nurses & cl9ics held at ! s*ool = *ildr5 ( pre-s*ool age1 /imulate ! home to bett] heal?4 ,because ( ! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate 9 ?is c\ntry we h v l>gely neglect$ all ef=t t[>d religi\s education 9 our public s*ools1 & ev5 e?ical tra9+ has be5 m or less ( a second>y objective until v rec5tly4 ,a gr[+ appreciation ( ! inadequacy ( ! ord9>y ,sunday s*ool has l$ to a movem5t = giv+ sy/ematic in/ruction & tra9+ 9 religi\s education "u *ur* auspices at a "t set ap>t by ! s*ool & = :i* s*ool cr$it is giv5 :5 x meets reasonable educational /&>ds4 ,! week-day s*ool ( religion is /ill 9 an exp]im5tal /age4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ longe/ 9 cities1 b is n[ be+ attempt$ 9 rural communities1 & if sect>ian dogmatism & jeal\sies c be subm]g$1 !re seems e reason to hope t ?is may be a mo/ important feature ( our educational sy/em4 ,s1 too1 ! boys' & girls' clubs 9 agriculture & home economics1 ! boy & girl sc\ts1 ! campfires1 ! little mo!rs' leagues1 ! heal? crusades1 ! ,y4,m4,c4,a & ,y4,w4,c4,a41 & o!r organizations = *ildr5 & y\?1 h creat$ new int]e/ 9 c]ta9 aspects ( s*ool "w & are a s\rce ( educational dynamic :i* progressive educators are utiliz+ z valuable allies4 ,?us 9 v _m ways ! s*ool is adapt+ its me?ods to meet its responsibility = develop+ good citiz5s :o are loyal to ! welf>e ( ! community1 & ! s*ool pr9cipal is rightly expect$ to be a lead] 9 community affairs 9 s f> z !y conc]n ! p>ticipation & int]e/s ( ! s*ool4 ,x is a f> cry f ! isolat$ "o-room1 box-type di/rict s*ool1 ) a "y girl ) no pr(essional tra9+ tea*+ a doz5 y\ng/]s ( all ages z be/ %e c ) little or no equipm5t1 to ! mod]n consolidat$ s*ool or rural high s*ool ) all ! intimate connections ) ! life ( ! :ole community above describ$1 b ?is diff]5ce measures "o phase ( ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s t[>d ! integration ( ! rural community & depicts "o ( ! mo/ important =ces involv$ 9 ?is process1 ^: influ5ce is only comm5c+ to be felt4 ,h[ diff]5t w ! life ( rural communities be a g5]ation or two h5ce :5 9 mo/ ( !m practically all ( ! p>5ts & *ildr5 w h _h a high-s*ool education1 ) all ! broad] contacts & outlook on life :i* t involves6 ,we ne$ only to /udy ! influ5ce ( ! ,dani% ,folk ,high ,s*ools#db to visualize ! outcome4 ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y ,! public libr>y has possibilities z an educational in/itution exce$$ only by ^? ( ! s*ool4 ,9 _m cases x is ! intellectual c5t] ( ! community1 :ile 9 o!rs ! c>icature ( ! libr>y ( ,goph] ,prairie 9 ,s9clair ,lewis' ,ma9 ,/reet1 :]e "o ( ! *ief objects 0 to keep ! books f be+ soil$ or worn out1 is n mu* ov]drawn4 ,increas+ly1 h[ev]1 ! libr>ian is /udy+ me?ods ( salesman%ip = increas+ ! local consumption ( ! products ( ! _w's be/ m9ds 9 books & magaz9es1 & is ( ine/imable s]vice to all organizations ^: memb]s h occasion to /udy :at human ?\ght has contribut$ to ! solution ( _! problems4 ,! public libr>y gives ! means ( fur!r education to _m a p]son depriv$ ( academic privileges1 :o may realize ! tru? ( ,c>lyle's say+3 ,! true ,univ]sity ( ^! days is a ,collection ( ,books4 ,9 _m /ates public libr>ies are aid$ by /ate & local appropriations1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,engl& & ! /ates settl$ by ,new ,engl& /ock1 = x is to ,new ,engl&#dc t we are indebt$ = ! public libr>y z well z ! public s*ool4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 economically possible = e small community to support a p]man5t local libr>y1 & _m ( ^? e/abli%$ h a prec>i\s exi/5ce & are ma9ta9$ only ?r\gh ! devotion ( public-spirit$ individuals4 ,to meet ! ne$ ( isolat$ neighborhoods a few c\nty libr>ies1 notably 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 & a few c\nties 9 ,delaw>e & ,m9nesota1 h made use ( book-wagons :i* are accompani$ by a libr>ian :o makes a rural free deliv]y ( books to ea* home & assi/s ! families 9 _! selection4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! *ief value ( ! book-wagon is z a means ( creat+ a desire = books1 & t :5 ?is is creat$ x w be mu* m economical to furni% !m ?r\gh bran* /ations at neighborhood or community c5t]s4 ,sy/ems ( travel+ libr>ies are also support$ by _m /ates & make x possible = ! mo/ isolat$ neighborhoods to secure ! be/ ( books4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! places :i* ne$ !m mo/ d n always "k ( !m nor w !y take ! initiative to secure !m4 ,!y are ( p>ticul> value = secur+ collections ( books on special topics = ! use ( granges1 *ur*es1 & /udy clubs ( all sorts4 ,b z ! dem& = travel+ libr>ies gr[s1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! sy/em f ! /ate libr>y becomes a l>ge und]tak+ & ! ne$ ( bett] local libr>ies is realiz$4 ,a sy/em ( c\nty libr>ies has be5 develop$ 9 ,cali=nia1 has spread to sev]al o!r /ates1 & is n[ be+ advocat$ by ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association & by libr>y lead]s g5]ally4 ,"u ! c\nty sy/em a c5tral libr>y is e/abli%$ at ! c\nty seat1 ) bran*es or loan /ations at ! diff]5t community c5t]s1 & ) travel+ collections = ! m isolat$ neighborhoods4 ,! l>g] c5t]s :i* h local libr>ies cont9ue to ma9ta9 !m & simply s]ve z "p ( ! sy/em4 ,?us ! libr>y res\rces ( ! c\nty are pool$ & ! f>m p are giv5 ! same sort ( s]vice t a city libr>y gives its p ?r\gh its bran*es4 ,! feature ( int]e/ f a community /&po9t is t1 al?\gh ?is is a c\nty sy/em1 x recognizes ! usefulness ( local bran*es & makes possible a libr>y s]vice adapt$ to its ne$s = e small community1 :]eas sep>ate libr>ies h h]et(ore be5 possible only 9 ! l>g] c5t]s4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,weekly ,"o ( ! mo/ important educational ag5cies ( ! rural community is ! (t-d]id$ weekly newspap]4 ,aft] a p]iod ( difficult competition ) city dailies ! surviv+ weeklies are becom+ recogniz$ z community in/itutions4 ,^? :i* are succe$+ are do+ s by becom+ ! voice ( ! community & ! means ( its self-acqua9tance4 ,no ag5cy may be m p[]ful 9 unify+ or disrupt+ ! life ( ! local community4 ,?is new concept ( ! c\ntry weekly has be5 well express$ by ,w4 ,p4 ,kirkwood1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota3 ,community build+ 0 a concept unkn[n to ! editor ( ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,to-day x is an accept$ concept ( dynamic =ce1 full ( significance 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntry t[ns ( ,am]ica4 ,community s]vice1 z su* a concept1 is fa/ f9d+ its way into ! c\ntry press--9 ! ,middle ,we/1 at lea/4 ,z ?is ideal ga9s acceptance1 giv+ def9ite direction to newspap] ef=t = ! upbuild+ ( communities1 ! press ga9s an enl>g$ con/itu5cy ) a tru] conception ( ! p[] & usefulness ( ! newspap]4444 ,community s]vice1 community build+1 !n1 z a ma/] motive1 e/abli%es ! c\ntry weekly newspap] publi%] securely 9 8 position ( lead]%ip4 ,x assures add$ community prosp]ity & ! local developm5t ( ! f9] satisfactions ( life 9 :i* he mu/ %>e1 & no o!r ag5cy c take ?is f him1 nei!r ! city daily1 com+ 9 f a di/ance & conc]n$ ) ! l>g] affairs ( ! l>g] community1 nor ! s*ool1 nor ! *ur*1 nor any o!r4#dd ,9 a bullet9 on ,! ,c\ntry ,weekly 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1#de ,pr(essor ,m4 ,v4 ,atwood1 ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture & = sev]al ye>s a successful publi%]1 discusses ! purposes & future ( ! c\ntry weekly4 ,he holds t ! c\ntry weekly is n1 z (t5 /at$1 & %\ld n be a mold] ( public op9ion1 b %\ld r express & int]pret ! s5tim5t ( its con/itu5cy4 ,! c\ntry newspap]1 he says1 is a s]vice ag5cy2 x is a community in/itution l ! *ur*1 ! s*ool1 ! libr>y1 & ! f>m & home bureau4 ,x helps all ^! in/itutions to d _! "w4444 ,if ! c\ntry newspap] does n d mu* ?\ght-mold+ x does (f] a m$ium = ! dissem9ation ( ?\ght1 = ! propagation ( ideas ( ! p ( ! community4 ,! value ( ! newspap] to ! community becomes especially app>5t :5 "s local project is to be consid]$1 l ! erection ( a s*ool1 ! build+ ( good roads1 or ! in/allation ( a wat] sy/em4 ,= weeks ! pap] w (f] 9 ! =m ( lett]s1 ! views ( diff]5t p ( ! community4 ,! subject is ?or\ghly air$4 ,ev5 if ! editor takes no sides 9 ! matt]1 8 pap] has be5 ( ine/imable s]vice to ! community4 ,inde$1 z we %all see lat]1 su* a free discussion is a mo/ ess5tial /ep 9 all community activities1 & ! s]vice ( ! newspap] is probably great] if x acts z a free & op5 =um = discussion r ?an a p>tisan ( ei!r side4 ,( ! news ( ! future1 ,pr(essor ,atwood says3 ,mo/ ( ^! pap]s w also be pr9t+ mu* m f>m news ?an !y d to-day because z ! publi%]s h survey$ _! fields !y w h f\nd ! prim>y int]e/ ( _! read]s is agricultural4 ,!re w be "s exceptions = "s communities w h ceas$ to be dom9at$ by agriculture because ( ! com+ ( factories4 ,! real c\ntry weeklies w n become agricultural text hooks2 b ! news ( ! f>ms1 ! improvem5ts to f>m build+s1 & ! exp]i5ces ( successful local f>m]s w f9d mu* space 9 _! columns4 ,! community editor ( ! future is n go+ to worry mu* ab\t 'hot' news4 ,he w realize t mo/ ( ! /rik+ facts ( any /ory h already be5 pr9t$ 9 ! neighbor+ city pap]s1 b he w realize also t ! g5u9e community int]e/ 9 ! ev5t has n be5 glimps$ by ! city editor1 :o is out ( t\* ) ! local situation2 ar\nd ^! community aspects ! local editor w weave 8 /ory4 ,possibly ! be/ appreciation ( ! c\ntry weekly is a prose poem writt5 by ,pr(essor ,bri/[ ,adams1 editor ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 & pres5t$ at ! fir/ c\ntry newspap] conf]5ce held at t in/itution dur+ ,f>m]s ,week #aibj1 entitl$ ,i am ! ,c\ntry ,weekly1#df & :i* vividly depicts its s]vice z an ag5cy = develop+ community consci\sness3 ,i am ! ,c\ntry ,weekly4 ,i am ! fri5d ( ! family1 ! br+] ( tid+s f o!r fri5ds2 ,i speak to ! home 9 ! ev5+ light ( summ]s v9e-clad por* or ! gl[ ( w9t]s lamp4 ,i help to make ?is ev5+ h\r2 ,i record ! great & ! small1 ! v>i$ acts ( ! days & weeks t g to make up life4 ,i am = & ( ! home2 ,i foll[ ^? :o leave humble beg9n+s2 :e!r !y g to greatness or to ! gutt]1 ,i take to !m ! ?rill ( old days1 ) :olesome messages4 ,i speak ! language ( ! common man2 my words are fitt$ to 8 und]/&+4 ,my congregation is l>g] ?an t ( any *ur* 9 my t[n2 my read]s are m ?an ^? 9 ! s*ool4 ,"y & old alike f9d 9 me /imulation1 in/ruction1 ent]ta9m5t1 inspiration1 solace1 com=t4 ,i am ! *ronicl] ( bir?1 & love & dea?--! ?ree great facts ( man's exi/5ce4 ,i br+ toge!r buy] & sell]1 to ! b5efit ( bo?2 ,i am "p ( ! m>ket-place ( ! _w4 ,into ! home ,i c>ry ^w ( ! goods :i* fe$ & clo!1 & %elt]1 & :i* m9i/] to com=t1 ease1 heal?1 & happ9ess4 ,i am ! ^w ( ! week1 ! hi/ory ( ! ye>1 ! record ( my community 9 ! ar*ives ( /ate & nation4 ,i am ! expon5t ( ! lives ( my read]s4 ,i am ! ,c\ntry ,weekly4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,out ( #ahe neighborhood areas1 #ci 7 *iefly due to ! s*ool di/rict1 ! next mo/ important influ5ce be+ ! *ur* p>i% :i* det]m9$ ! neighborhood 9 #cc cases4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kolb1 ,rural ,prim>y ,gr\ps4 ,rese>* ,bull4 #ea1 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ( ! ,univ4 ( ,wiscons91 p4 #dh4 #da ,! relation ( ! consolidat$ s*ool to t[n%ip & community l9es is well %[n 9 a /udy ( ! s*ools ( ,r&olph ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 & ,m>%all ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,hayes1 9 8 ,rural ,community ,organization 7,*ap4 ,,vi1 ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,press1 #aiba74 ,9 ,r&olph ,c\nty m ( ! s*ools are locat$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry :ile ! m rec5t consolidations 9 ,m>%all ,c\nty are locat$ mo/ly at ! village c5t]s4 ,dr4 ,hayes recognizes ! diff]5ces b he gives no facts :i* make possible a judgm5t z to ! relative effici5cy ( ! two me?ods f a community /&po9t4 #db ,f4 ,c4 ,h[e1 ,d5m>k a ,cop]ative ,commonweal?4 ,h4 ,w4 ,foght1 ,rural ,d5m>k & its ,s*ools4 #dc ,9 ,pease & ,niles' ',gazate] ( ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl&' 7#ahai7 ! social libr>y is almo/ z regul>ly m5tion$ 9 ! descriptions ( ! v>i\s t[ns z are ! saw-mills1 or ! m9i/]s & doctors4--,bidwell1 ,rural ,economy 9 ,new ,engl&1 p4 #cdg4 #dd ,9 ! ,inl& ,pr9t]1 ,febru>y1 #aibj1 quot$ by ,atwood1 l4 c41 p4 #cje4 #de ,! ,cornell ,read+ ,c\rse = ! ,f>m1 ,lesson #aee1 ,m>*1 #aibj4 ,see also 8 ,! ,c\ntry ,newspap] & ! ,community1 ,*icago1 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co41 #aibb4 #df ,quot$ by ,atwood1 l4 c41 p4 #cad4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,community',s ,,education 7,,cont9u$7 ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,movem5t ,! era ( mod]n agriculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began ) ! passage ( ! ,morrill ,act by ! ,f$]al ,congress 9 #ahfa4 ,?is made a grant ( public l& to ea* /ate to e/abli% a college = in/ruction 9 agriculture & ! me*anic arts1 & x has be5 ! influ5ce ( ! l&-grant colleges1 m ?an any o!r ag5cy1 :i* has be5 responsible = our agricultural advancem5t4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,hat* ,act made an annual f$]al appropriation to ea* ( ^! colleges = ! e/abli%m5t ( an agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 ^: inve/igations1 ) ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 h be5 l>gely responsible = ! sci5tific basis ( mod]n agriculture4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! agricultural colleges realiz$ _! obligation to br+ ! results ( sci5tific inve/igations to ! att5tion ( f>m]s z well z to _! own /ud5ts1 & _! faculties spoke be=e meet+s ( /ate & c\nty agricultural societies1 granges1 & f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,9 #ahge ,mi*igan 0 ! fir/ /ate to make an appropriation to its ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture = conduct+ f>m]s' in/itutes1 & 9 ! next tw5ty-five ye>s mo/ ( ! /ates e/abli%$ sy/ems ( f>m]s' in/itutes ei!r "u _! /ate bo>ds or dep>tm5ts ( agriculture or "u ! agricultural colleges1 ?r\gh :i* it9]ant speak]s address$ "o or m meet+s ( f>m]s 9 ea* c\nty e ye>4 ,^! in/itutes grew 9 popul>ity & l$ to sep>ate meet+s = f>m wom51 & sometimes = *ildr51 & 9 "s cases p]man5t c\nty organizations 7 creat$ = hold+ in/itutes ) local speak]s z well z = manag+ ^? furni%$ by ! /ate4 ,f>m]s' in/itutes h p]=m$ an important s]vice 9 ! education ( ! rural community4 ,n only h !y giv5 in/ruction 9 me?ods ( agriculture & 9 ! problems ( c\ntry life1 b !y h be5 an important means ( br++ rural p toge!r 9 a common cause2 !y are a community activity & /r5g!n ! community bond4 ,9 _m cases 9 isolat$ localities ! annual f>m]s' in/itute has be5 "o ( ! few occasions at :i* ! p ( ! community get toge!r1 & has be5 look$ =w>d to z a social ev5t4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 ?r\gh exp]i5ce ) f>m]s' in/itutes t ! ne$ ( bett] means = br++ in/ruction to rural communities 0 appreciat$ & o!r me?ods 7 develop$4 ,x 0 b a few ye>s aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations "u ! ,hat* ,act ( #ahhh1 t ! colleges comm5c$ to realize t ! results ( _! inve/igations w\ld n be ext5sively utiliz$ by f>m]s unless o!r means 7 employ$ ?an m]e publication ( reports & bullet9s & addresses at f>m]s' in/itutes & agricultural meet+s4 ,^! 7 good1 b !y 7 felt to be inadequate & x 0 evid5t t to secure ! g5]al adoption ( new me?ods "s means ( m sy/ematic in/ruction & ( local demon/rations 7 necess>y4 ,! agricultural colleges came to feel t !y %\ld h def9ite dep>tm5ts ) m5 :o c\ld devote _! "t to giv+ in/ruction to ! p on ! l&4 ,! fir/ appropriation = agricultural ext5sion "w 0 made to ,cornell ,univ]sity by ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 9 #ahid1 b x 0 a decade lat] be=e ! lead+ agricultural colleges _h e/abli%$ dep>tm5ts ( ext5sion "w4 ,9 g5]al ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ext5sion movem5t 0 *iefly conc]n$ ) me?ods ( agricultural production & _h no def9ite program = ! local organization ( its "w4 ,?is f9ally came ab\t ?r\gh ! c\nty ag5t movem5t4 ,! c\nty ag5t movem5t#dg _h its orig9 9 an ef=t to combat ! ravages ( ! ,mexican ,cotton ,boll ,weevil z x swept ?r\gh ,texas & advanc$ ea/w>d f #aijj to #aiaj4 ,x 0 9 #aijc t ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,knapp 0 commission$ by ! ,f$]al ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ,james ,wilson1 to devise me?ods :]eby ! ,texas f>m]s might be %[n h[ !y c\ld gr[ cotton 9 spite ( ! weevil4 ,he soon f\nd t progressive f>m]s :o 7 us+ ! cultural me?ods :i* ! entomologi/s _h f\nd to be successful = rais+ an e>ly crop1 7 able to raise fairly good crops be=e injury became s]i\s4 ,he !re=e employ$ practical f>m]s to g among _! neighbors & get !m to agree to give a fair trial to ! me?ods advocat$ by ! gov]nm5t1 i4e41 to demon/rate _! practicability4 ,^? mak+ ! trials 7 call$ demon/rators & _! neighbors :o came to foll[ _! example 9 te/+ ! new me?ods 7 call$ cop]ators & 7 call$ toge!r at ! demon/rator's f>m to see ! results ( 8 "w & to receive in/ruction f ! demon/ration ag5t :o sup]vis$ ! "w = ! gov]nm5t4 ,z ?is "w 0 9 *>ge ( practical f>m]s m or less kn[n locally1 x appeal$ to ! f>m]s z a common-s5se me?od1 ! results spoke = !mselves1 & ! dem& = ! "w spread rapidly4 ,dr4 ,knapp f\nd t ! c\nty 0 ! be/ unit = ! "w ( ! sup]vis+ demon/ration ag5t1 & he soon came to be kn[n z ! c\nty demon/ration ag5t1 :i* 0 lat] contract$ to c\nty ag5t or c\nty agricultural ag5t4 ,! :ole movem5t came to be call$ ! f>m]s' cop]ative demon/ration "w4 ,?ree new features 9 agricultural in/ruction ( f>m]s 7 involv$ 9 ?is sy/em2 x 0 m or less cop]ative on ! "p ( a local gr\p ( f>m]s2 x us$ ! demon/ration me?od ( tea*+1 i4e41 ! f>m] demon/rat$ to himself by 8 own trial2 & a local c\nty ag5t 0 employ$ = ! sup]vision ( ! "w4 ,x soon became app>5t t m]ely try+ to circumv5t ! depr$ations ( ! boll weevil w\ld n solve ! problem & t in/ead ( rais+ only cotton z a ca% crop ! f>m] mu/ div]sify 8 crops s z to raise m ( ! food/uffs consum$ on ! f>m & to h o!r products = sale4 ,?is involv$ ! application ( ! demon/ration me?od to ! gr[+ ( corn1 legumes1 hogs1 etc41 9 %ort1 x involv$ ! :ole field ( f>m managem5t & agricultural practice4 ,! "w ( ! c\nty agricultural ag5ts 0 lib]ally support$ by local bus9ess m51 comm]cial clubs & railroads1 & ! ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d1 z well z by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,9 #aiji ! ,mississippi legislature pass$ ! fir/ act p]mitt+ c\nties to appropriate funds = ?is "w1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by mo/ ( ! s\!rn /ates )9 a few ye>s4 ,! ,report ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt's ,c\ntry ,life ,commission 9 #aiji call$ att5tion to ! ne$ ( a national sy/em ( agricultural ext5sion "w 9 *>ge ( ! agricultural colleges1 & congressm5 & agricultural lead]s 9 ! ,nor? :o _h obs]v$ ! success ( ! c\nty ag5t movem5t 9 ! ,s\? comm5c$ to feel t c\nty agricultural ag5ts might be equally valuable 9 ! ,nor? z a means ( local agricultural education4 ,z a result1 ! fir/ c\nty agricultural ag5ts 9 ! ,nor? 7 appo9t$ by ! ,(fice ( ,f>m ,managem5t ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #aiaj & #aiaa4 ,9 #aiab1 #aac 7 employ$ 9 cop]ation ) ! /ate agricultural colleges & local c\nty organizations 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/4 ,! success ( ! "w ( ^! ag5ts & ( ! ext5sion "w ( ! agricultural colleges l$ to a g5]al dem& f ! agricultural int]e/s ( ! c\ntry = a f$]al appropriation to ! agricultural colleges = e/abli%+ a sy/em ( ext5sion "w ! *ief feature ( :i* w\ld be ! employm5t ( c\nty agricultural ag5ts :o w\ld sup]vise field demon/rations by ! f>m]s on _! own f>ms4 ,?is result$ 9 ! f$]al ,smi?-,lev] ,act ( #aiad1 :i* made an annual appropriation to ea* l&-grant college to aid 9 diffus+ among ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates useful & practical in=mation on agriculture & home economics & to enc\rage ! application ( ! same 444 ?r\gh field demon/rations1 publications1 & o!rwise1 444 to p]sons n att5d+ or resid5t at said college4 ,?is act is notable 9 t x e/abli%$ ! mo/ compreh5sive national sy/em ( non-resid5t in/ruction 9 agriculture & home economics ( any c\ntry1 & recogniz$ ! necessity ( de-c5traliz+ ?is in/ruction by hav+ x c>ri$ on by ag5ts 9 ! c\nties :o c\ld h imm$iate & cont9u\s contact ) individual f>m]s & gr\ps ( f>m]s4 ,z ! "w ( ! c\nty ag5ts 9 ! ,s\? grew m p]man5t !y f\nd t x 0 m effici5t if !y work$ ) & ?r\gh local gr\ps ( f>m]s1 & community agricultural clubs 7 q widely organiz$1 b no /rong c\nty f$]ation 0 develop$1 except 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :]e ! local clubs =m$ a c\nty organization :i* 0 call$ a ,f>m ,bureau4 ,! t]m ,f>m ,bureau orig9at$ 9 ,broome ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 9 #aiaa1 :5 ! fir/ c\nty ag5t 9 t /ate 0 employ$ by ! ,b+hamton ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ! ,lackawanna ,railroad1 & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,z ! numb] ( c\nty ag5ts rapidly increas$ 9 ! nor!rn /ates x soon became app>5t t if _! "w 0 to be ( ! greate/ s]vice to ! f>m]s = ^: b5efit !y work$1 t x %\ld be support$ & manag$ by ! f>m]s !mselves r ?an by bus9ess int]e/s4 ,! ,f>m ,bureau ,association1 compos$ ( f>m]s ?r\gh\t a c\nty1 soon came to be a pr]equisite to ! plac+ ( an agricultural ag5t 9 a c\nty1 & ) ! passage ( ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act & ( /ate legislation accept+ its provisions & appropriat+ /ate funds cont+5t ^u simil> appropriations by ! c\nties1 ?is became ! usual proc$ure4 ,! c\nty f>m bureau association cop]ates ) ! /ate college ( agriculture & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ! employm5t ( ! c\nty ag5t1 & ! annual memb]%ip fees toge!r ) c\nty appropriations pay ! exp5ses ( ! "w o!r ?an sal>y4 ,! affairs ( ! f>m bureau association are 9 ! h&s ( ! usual (fic]s & executive committee1 :o report to an annual meet+ ( ! memb]%ip4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ! me?od ( organization v>ies 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,9 mo/ ( ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates !re is a local committee 9 ea* community :i* arranges = ! demon/rations & meet+s to be held by ! c\nty ag5t1 & !re is no fur!r organization ( ! local memb]%ip1 b 9 a few /ates def9ite local organizations or community clubs ) (fic]s & regul> meet+s h develop$4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! unit ( local organization & int]e/ 9 ! "w ( ! f>m bureau is usually ! community1 al?\gh its executive adm9i/ration is on a c\nty basis4 ,z ! ext5sion "w came "u ! local control ( ^! organizations ( f>m]s1 ! objectives ( ! "w 7 m l>gely det]m9$ by ! f>m]s' po9t ( view4 ,:]eas ! orig9al purpose _h be5 to ext5d to ! f>m] ! bett] me?ods ( agriculture discov]$ by ! exp]im5t /ations & ! f$]al dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 ! program ( "w came to be l>gely det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> ne$s & problems ( ! local communities 9 a giv5 c\nty4 ,! f>m]s conf]r$ ) ! ag5t--_! ag5t--& po9t$ out _! greate/ difficulties4 ,! program ( "w 0 !n a matt] ( det]m9+ :at demon/rations & in/ruction c\ld be arrang$ to meet ^! problems1 "u ! direction ( ! c\nty ag5t & ) any assi/ance possible f ! /ate agricultural college4 ,) ! rapid gr[? ( ,f>m ,bureaus1--= on ,june #cj1 #aiah1 !re 7 #gia f>m bureaus ) approximately #bij1jjj memb]s1--! movem5t became truly a f>m]s' movem5t r ?an a m]e ext5sion ( ! "w ( ! agricultural colleges1 ?\gh ! close affiliation ) !m con/itut$ its /r5g? & furni%$ its lead]%ip4 ,x s happ5$ t almo/ z soon z ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act became effective ! _w 0 plung$ into w> & m>ket+ problems became m & m important4 ,:]eas 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! c\nty ag5t movem5t int]e/ _h be5 *iefly 9 bett] me?ods ( production1 x n[ rapidly %ift$ to include bett] me?ods ( m>ket+ & ! developm5t ( cop]ative sell+ associations1 ^: organization 0 assi/$ by ! f>m bureaus :]ev] !y 7 ne$$ & practicable4 ,! entry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! ,_w ,w> greatly accel]at$ ! f>m bureau movem5t4 ,food w w9 ! w> 0 ! slogan :i* *all5g$ ,am]ican agriculture4 ,! numb] ( c\nty ag5ts 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/ increas$ f #edb to #a1acc )9 ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiah4 ,x 0 ! c\nty ag5t sy/em :i* =m$ ! me*anism ?r\gh :i* ! f$]al gov]nm5t secur$ ! :ole-s\l$ cop]ation ( ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u peculi>ly try+ conditions4 ,! w9t] ( #aiag-ah 0 sev]e & se$ corn 0 unusually poor4 ,z a result1 ! available supply ( s\nd se$ corn 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah 0 ! l[e/ on record 9 ! face ( ! greate/ ne$ = a bump] crop4 ,_h x n be5 = ! rem>kable organization develop$ ?r\gh ! c\nty ag5ts & ! f>m bureau sy/em ( ! entire c\ntry1 ! corn crop ( ! great ,corn ,belt w\ld h be5 f> bel[ normal4 ,z x 01 ne>ly a normal acreage 0 plant$ & an abundant h>ve/ secur$4 ,! rle :i* ! agriculture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates play$ 9 ! ,_w ,w> has nev] be5 adequately writt5 or appreciat$1 b x 0 full ( z mu* romance & h]oism z 7 ! indu/ries :i* comm&$ ! headl9es ( ! press4 ,dr4 ,brad=d ,knapp1 = _m ye>s 9 *>ge ( ! c\nty ag5t "w 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 its f\nd]1 has call$ att5tion to ! fact t dur+ ! w> ( ! f\r great activities or indu/ries 9 ,am]ica1 agriculture1 manufactur+1 m9+1 & transportation1--"o alone--agriculture1 /ood ! te/1 & t ma9ly because !re 0 already 9 exi/5ce an organization ext5d+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ?r\gh e /ate agricultural college 444 to ! c\nties & ! f>m]s1 by :i* in=mation 0 rapidly dissem9at$ & f>m]s 7 made aw>e ( conditions ( :at mu/ be done to w9 ! w>4 ,x 0 inevitable t su* an organization gr[+ rapidly dur+ a w> %\ld develop an unusual solid>ity1 & ?is 0 b /r5g!n$ by ! difficulties :i* agriculture enc\nt]$ ) ! cessation ( ho/ilities4 ,dur+ ! w> sev]al /ates _h =m$ /ate f$]ations ( ! c\nty f>m bureau associations & 9 ,novemb]1 #aiai1 a conv5tion 0 call$ at ,*icago = ! =mation ( a national organization1 :i* result$ 9 ! =mal organization ( ! ,am]ican ,f>m ,bureau ,f$]ation#dh 9 ,m>*1 #aibj1 ) #bh /ates repres5t$1 & a memb]%ip 9 c\nty f>m bureaus ( #djj1jjj4 ,9 ! next two ye>s ! s\!rn /ates1 :i* previ\sly _h develop$ no /rong c\nty organizations1 rapidly adopt$ ! f>m bureau idea1 & :5 ! ,am]ican ,f>m ,bureau ,f$]ation held its second annual meet+ at ,atlanta1 ,ga41 9 ,novemb]1 #aiba1 x includ$ #ce /ates ) a local memb]%ip ( #ifg1bgi4 ,i h dwelt at l5g? ^u ! gr[? ( ! c\nty ag5t & f>m bureau movem5t1 because !re is probably no "o ag5cy :i* has done m 9 ! la/ decade t[>d ! integration ( rural communities ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates or :i* has _h a l>g] educational influ5ce on all aspects ( c\ntry life4 ,! f>m bureau usually organizes its local "w by communities & 9 l>ge numb]s ( c\nties ! community areas h be5 def9$ = ! fir/ "t by ! c\nty ag5ts4 ,! value ( ?is organization by communities 0 repeat$ly %[n dur+ ! w>4 ,= example1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate x 0 possible = ! c\nty ag5ts to organize meet+s on ! ,agricultural ,mobilization ,day call$ by ! ,gov]nor on ,april #ba1 #aiag1 9 #a1jhi communities1 ) an att5dance ( #he1jge p]sons1 ^u only a weeks notice4 ,9 sev]al ( ! /ates :i* h enc\rag$ community organizations1 a v def9ite ef=t has be5 made to develop an all-r\nd program ( community improvem5t4 ,?us ! ,we/ ,virg9ia ext5sion s]vice has inv5t$ a community score c>d#di ) :i* sev]al communities h scor$ !mselves = ?ree successive ye>s 9 ord] to make an analysis ( _! social situation & to enable !m to outl9e a program ( "w = ! solution ( _! local problems4 ,sev]al ( ! /ates are n[ employ+ speciali/s to assi/ ! f>m bureaus 9 _! problems ( community organization4 ,! c\nty organization ( ext5sion "w has be5 unique 9 its educational me?ods2 me?ods :i* h l>ge significance = all movem5ts = rural progress4 ,fir/1 its educational me?od is t ( ! demon/ration c>ri$ out by f>m p "u ! exp]t direction ( paid c\nty lead]s 9 an ef=t to solve ! imm$iate problems ( ! f>m & ! f>m home4 ,x builds on ! exp]i5ce1 po9t ( view1 & int]e/s ( its pupils1 :o le>n "u ! sup]vision ( a tea*] *os5 by !m1 ?r\gh a process :i* involves _! mak+ real exp]im5ts 9 f9d+ ! be/ solution ( _! problems4 ,no class ( p1 "h or else:]e1 has ev] _h opportunity = ! tra9+ 9 ! sci5tific attitude & po9t ( view :i* ,am]ican f>m]s may n[ receive1 & on acc\nt ( ! nature & organization ( _! "w !y are /eadily & surely1 if n entirely consci\sly1 adopt+ ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is movem5t 9 ! social & political developm5t ( ?is c\ntry _c be =etold1 = ! sci5tific attitude mu/ f9ally be ! basis ( all true democracy4 ,secondly1 ! program ( "w--! subject matt] ( ! educational me?od--is l>gely *os5 by ! p !mselves1 b ) ! help ( exp]ts employ$ by !m to sup]vise its execution4 ,"h we h an in/itution aris+ f ! l&1 :olly democratic 9 _s & polity1 yet recogniz+ ! s]vices ( exp]ts & employ+ !m = its own purposes4 ,9 ! c\nty f>m bureaus1 & ! organizations to :i* !y h giv5 rise1 !re is develop+ a new use ( sci5ce bo? 9 ! educational me?ods & 9 ! employm5t ( sci5tifically tra9$ lead]s1 9 ! s]vice ( & direct$ by a democracy--a democracy no long] prov9cial b ( national scope 9 t !re is real cop]ation betwe5 ! local community1 ! c\nty1 ! /ate1 & ! nation4 ,la/ly1 ! ext5sion movem5t recognizes t only by ! developm5t & tra9+ ( ! l>ge/ am\nt ( en?usia/ic1 volunt>y1 local lead]%ip c its "w h a f\ndation :i* w make x p]man5t4 ,x ?us recognizes an ess5tial factor ( all social organization1 i4e41 ! p[] ( p]sonal lead]%ip 9 %ap+ ! public op9ion ( ! gr\p1 & x consci\sly und]takes ! developm5t ( intellig5t initiative z a means ( social progress4 ,:5 "o has obs]v$ ! feeble beg9n+s ( ?is movem5t only a decade ago1 & has witness$ its gr[? to ! pres5t nation-wide sy/em1 promot+ plans = national organizations = cop]ative m>ket+1 he appreciates ! p[] ( sci5ce1 education1 & organization z new =ces 9 ! life ( ! rural community1 ^: future influ5ce "o w\ld be ra% to prophesy4 ,?is acc\nt w\ld be mislead+ if x fail$ to indicate t ! ext5sion movem5t has giv5 att5tion to ! problems ( ! f>m home1 ( ! "m & ! *ildr51 z well z to ^? ( ! f>m bus9ess4 ,9 #aiaj1 girls' cann+ clubs 7 />t$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & "y wom5 7 employ$ to sup]vise _! "w4 ,v soon ! mo!rs became int]e/$ & be=e long home demon/ration ag5ts 7 appo9t$ to "w ) ! agricultural demon/ration ag5ts4 ,9 #aiaf home demon/ration "w 0 9 progress 9 #dbj c\nties 9 ! ,s\?4 ,a few home demon/ration ag5ts 7 employ$ by f>m bureaus 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates prior to #aiag1 b ! additional funds appropriat$ by ,congress = food cons]vation "w dur+ ! w> caus$ a rapid increase 9 _! numb] & wom5's "w 9 ! ,nor? receiv$ its *ief impetus dur+ ! w>4 ,! ,smi?-,lev] ,act specifi$ t its funds %\ld be us$ = ext5sion "w 9 home economics z well z 9 agriculture1 b x 0 n until ! f>m bureaus comm5c$ to employ home demon/ration ag5ts & to organize ! wom5 = _! support t "w ) ! f>m home became e/abli%$ on a p]man5t basis4 ,9 mo/ ( ! nor!rn /ates ! f>m bureau is n[ organiz$ on :at is call$ ! family plan1 t is1 x includes 9 its program ( "w projects deal+ ) ! f>m = m51 ) ! f>m home = wom51 & ) club "w 9 agriculture & home economics = boys & girls4 ,9 _m ( ! /ates a sep>ate ag5t is employ$ = ea* ( ^! l9es ( "w & ! wom5 are organiz$ 9 a sep>ate dep>tm5t ( ! c\nty f>m bureau & h _! own local f>m wom5's clubs4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate ! wom5's "w has be5 fur!r diff]5tiat$ by organiz+ x z a ,c\nty ,home ,bureau :i* ) ! ,f>m ,bureau =ms ! ,c\nty ,f>m & ,home ,bureau ,association4 ,dur+ ! w> ! home demon/ration ag5ts gave _! att5tion to food cons]vations & clo?+1 b z a p]man5t program has develop$ ! local clubs ( f>m wom5 h %[n a lively int]e/ 9 problems ( heal?1 home managem5t1 c>e ( *ildr51 education1 recreation1 & civics4 ,!y h f\nd t ! problems ( ! home _c be solv$ )\t an ef=t to create bett] community conditions & community h\sekeep+ has attract$ an increas+ int]e/4 ,! pres5t aims ( ! wom5's "w h be5 aptly phras$ 9 ! ,home ,bureau ,cre$ writt5 by ,dr4 ,ruby ,gre5 ,smi?1 associate /ate lead] ( home demon/ration ag5ts 9 ,new ,york3 ,! ,home ,bureau ,cre$ ,to ma9ta9 ! highe/ ideals ( home life2 to c\nt *ildr5 ! mo/ important ( crops2 to s "m !m t _! bodies may be s\nd1 _! m9ds cle>1 _! spirits happy1 & _! *>act]s g5]\s3 ,to place s]vice above com=t2 to let loyalty to high purposes sil5ce discordant note2 to let neighborl9ess supplant hatr$s2 to be disc\rag$ nev]3 ,to lose self 9 g5]\s en?usiasms2 to ext5d to ! less =tunate a help+ h&2 to believe "o's community may become ! be/ ( communities2 & to cop]ate ) o!rs = ! common ends ( a m abundant home & community life3 ,?is is ! (f] ( ! ,home ,bureau to ! homemak] ( to-day4 ,nor %\ld we fail to recognize ! "p :i* ! boys' & girls' club "w has _h 9 ! ext5sion movem5t4 ,space w n p]mit any adequate acc\nt ( its orig9 & gr[?1 or ( its me?ods & influ5ce4 ,no movem5t has done m to r$irect & give dynamic to ! rural s*ool ?an has ! club "w2 nor has any movem5t done m to tra9 lead]%ip among ! com+ g5]ation on ! f>ms4 ,comm5c+ ) corn clubs = ! boys1 cann+ clubs 7 soon organiz$ = ! girls1 & lat] pig clubs1 potato clubs1 calf clubs1 sew+ clubs1 cook+ clubs1 & clubs are n[ organiz$ ) v>i\s projects cov]+ almo/ all phases ( agriculture & home economics4 ,^! clubs may be call$ ! ,junior ,f>m ,bureau1 = 9 !m f>m *ildr5 are receiv+ a tra9+ :i* w mean mu* = ! future organization ( c\ntry life4 ,! public confid5ce 9 ! "w is %[n by ! fact t 9 #aibj1 #ejj banks 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates loan$ ne>ly #ijj1jjj to club boys & girls = f9anc+ _! projects4#ej ,z a result ( ! s*ool exhibits ( ! products ( ! club "w1 _m a community fair has be5 />t$1 & z a result ( club picnics & play days community picnics or fe/ivals h become an annual ev5t 9 _m places & h br\ght bett] feel+ & increas$ pride & loyalty to ! community4 ,9 #aiai1 #dfd1igi boys & girls 7 enroll$ 9 club "w4 ,?us ! ext5sion movem5t />t$ by ! agricultural colleges & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has become a national movem5t ( rural p1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ^: /r5g? is l>gely due to ! fact t x has be5 ! means ( organiz+ ! local communities & ( br++ !m toge!r 9 c\nty organizations1 :i* ) ! aid ( /ate & national funds & sup]vision1 employ tra9$ executives to /imulate & sup]vise ! "w ( ! local gr\ps4 ,x is a unique ag5cy = ! education & organization ( rural life :i* is giv+ ! ,am]ican f>m] a new position 9 ! life ( ! nation4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,?is movem5t c only be sket*$ 9 b>e/ outl9e4 ,x is fully & au?oritatively discuss$ 9 ano!r volume ( ?is s]ies by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,c4 ,burritt1 entitl$ ,! ,c\nty ,ag5t & ! ,f>m ,bureau4 ,see also ,o4 ,b4 ,m>t91 ,! ,demon/ration ,"w4 ,bo/on1 ,! ,/rat=d ,co4 #dh ,= a full discussion ( ?is movem5t1 its objectives & accompli%m5ts1 see ,o4 ,m4 ,kile1 ,! ,f>m ,bureau ,movem5t1 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aiba4 #di ,nat4 ,t4 ,frame1 ,lift+ ! ,c\ntry ,community4 ,circul> #bee1 ,ext5sion ,division1 ,w4 ,va4 ,univ]sity1 #aiba4 #ej ,see ,/atus & ,results ( ,boys' & ,girls' ,club ,"w1 ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates1 #aibj4 ,george ,e4 ,f>ell4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,dep>tm5t ,circul> #aib4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,community',s ,,religi\s ,,life ,f ! e>lie/ times & among all peoples ! common religi\s life has =m$ "o ( ! /ronge/ bonds ( ! rural community4 ,sev]al ( ! orig9al ?irte5 colonies :i* =m$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 settl$ by ^? seek+ fre$om to wor%ip z !y *ose1 & z _! desc5dants migrat$ we/w>d _m ( ! new settlem5ts 7 l>gely compos$ ( ! memb]%ip ( "s "o *ur* or ^? ( a simil> fai?4 ,dr4 ,w>r5 ,h4 ,wilson has call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! ,mormons1 ! ,p5nsylvania ,g]mans1 & ! ,scot* ,presbyt]ians are ! mo/ successful f>m]s & rema9 on ! l& because !y h giv5 a religi\s sanction to c\ntry life & h made ! *ur* ! c5t] ( ! life ( ! community1 z x 0 9 ! m$ieval village community ( ,europe4 ,:atev] attitude "o may take t[>d _! religi\s beliefs1 all imp>tial obs]v]s are agre$ t ! ,mormons h e/abli%$ ! /ronge/ agricultural communities & t !y h discov]$ & appli$ to a high degree "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( social organization4 ,conc]n+ !m ,dr4 ,wilson says3 ,^! exceptional f>m]s are organiz$ 9 ! int]e/ ( agriculture4 ,! ,mormons repres5t ?is organization 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,p]haps no o!r s l>ge or s p[]ful a body ( unit$ f>m]s is f\nd 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,!y h approa*$ ! economic que/ions ( f>m+ ) det]m9ation to till ! soil4 ,!y di/ru/ city life & condemn x4 ,!y tea* _! *ildr5 & !y discipl9e !mselves to love ! c\ntry1 to appreciate its advantages & to recognize t _! own welf>e is b\nd up 9 _! success z f>m]s1 & 9 ! cont9uance ( _! f>m+ communities4 ,?is agricultural organization c5t]s 9 _! c\ntry *ur*es4 ,!y h turn$ ! =ce ( religion into a community mak+ p[]1 & f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ ( _! *ur* (fic]s ! ,mormon p are devot$ to agriculture z a mode ( liv+4#ea ,b al?\gh l>ge numb]s ( communities ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 settl$ by p ( "o religi\s fai?1 & ?us _h ! /ronge/ bond ( community1 yet l>ge areas 7 settl$ by scatt]$ home/ead]s belong+ to diff]5t sects1 & z "t w5t on1 newcom]s came into ! old] communities & e/abli%$ *ur*es ( v>i\s d5om9ations1 s t ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! c\ntry ! *ur*es h come to h m ( a divisive ?an a unify+ influ5ce on community life4 ,9 our discussion ( ! religi\s life ( ! rural community we %all conf9e our att5tion to ! prote/ant *ur*es1 because mo/ ( our rural p are prote/ants4 ,x is true t 9 "s sections1 su* z ,l\isiana & s\!rn ,m>yl&1 & 9 _m sections rec5tly settl$ by ,europeans1 ! p are mo/ly ,roman ,ca?olics2 b 9 g5]al ! ca?olic *ur* is /ronge/ 9 ! cities & t[ns & does n h /rong rural p>i%es ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,me?odi/1 ,episcopal & ,bapti/ d5om9ations h by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( *ur*es & memb]%ip1 & _! traditions & me?ods h l>gely %ap$ ! religi\s life ( our rural communities4 ,dur+ ! c5tury 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ ( ! ,alleghanies has be5 settl$ conditions h *ang$ ) su* rapidity t ! religi\s life is /ill l>gely dom9at$ by its developm5t dur+ ! days ( e>ly settlem5t & ! pres5t g5]ation is fac$ ) ! problem ( readju/m5t ( its religi\s in/itutions to meet ! pres5t situation4 ,9 ! days ( ! pione] ! circuit rid] made 8 r\nds ov] a l>ge di/rict1 prea*+ at s*ool h\ses & private homes & 9 ! few c\ntry *ur*es at int]vals ( "o to ?ree mon?s4 ,z ! c\ntry became m ?ickly populat$1 c\ntry *ur*es sprang up & sev]al ( !m 7 jo9$ toge!r 9 ! employm5t ( a resid5t pa/or ) prea*+ at ! l>g] *ur*es e week & at ! outly+ /ations once 9 two or ?ree weeks4 ,doctr9al beliefs 7 /rong & !ological diff]5ces 7 frequ5tly bitt]4 ,! prea*+ 0 practically ! only s]vice ( ! *ur*1 except = an annual protract$ meet+ or revival4 ,! ma9 emphasis 0 ^u ! p]sonal salvation ( ! s9n]4 ,sunday s*ools _h n become a recogniz$ feature ( ! *ur* & b little ?\ght 0 giv5 to religi\s education & tra9+ by ! *ur*4 ,! m9i/] *ri/5$ ! babies1 m>ri$ ! "y p & buri$ ! dead1 b o!rwise1 ) num]\s prea*+ s]vices1 he 0 unable to d mu* pa/oral "w4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! rural *ur*es 7 locat$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry & l ! di/rict s*ool 7 l>gely neighborhood *ur*es1 = bad roads & horse-drawn vehicles made x difficult = p to g ov] two or ?ree miles4 ,9 _m cases sev]al *ur*es 7 e/abli%$ 9 a s+le village or 9 ne>by neighborhoods by diff]5t d5om9ations & 7 l>gely support$ by home-mission>y aid contribut$ by ! old] *ur*es 9 ! ,ea/ & ! weal?i] city p>i%es4 ,prior to ! ,civil ,w> :5 mo/ ( our population 0 engag$ 9 f>m+ & be=e ! exodus ( ! la/ half c5tury to ! t[ns & cities1 mo/ ( ! rural *ur*es 7 fairly well att5d$1 b ) ! rec5t decl9e 9 rural population1 _m ( !m1 & p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 h fac$ ! same situation z ! di/rict s*ool 9 t !re are n[ too few p to make possible ! economic support ( a pa/or & *ur* build+4 ,fur!rmore1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! /&>ds ( rural p h *ang$ z reg>ds ! *ur* 9 ! same way t !y h conc]n+ ! s*ool4 ,:5 all ( ! p h _h a common s*ool education1 _m ( !m h _h high s*ool tra9+1 a few h be5 to college1 & _m ( !m n[ & !n visit ! l>g] *ur*es ( t[ns & cities1 !y are no long] satisfi$ ) ! occasional prea*+ ( an un$ucat$ man1 h[ev] religi\s & e>ne/ he may be4 ,! ,sunday s*ool has become an e/abli%$ "p ( ! "w ( ! *ur* & z p h appreciat$ ! value ( education 9 secul> affairs1 !y h come to place m hope 9 ! religi\s tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 ?an 9 m]ely sav+ !m by sudd5 conv]sion4 ,! *ur* is becom+ m & m an in/itution = ! tra9+ & expression ( religi\s life r ?an only a place = prea*+4 ,moreov]1 ! *ur* n[ has to meet ! competition ( o!r in/itutions & int]e/s :i* did n exi/ 9 ! e>li] days4 ,! grange1 ! lodge1 organizations ( all sorts1 mov+ pictures1 a?letics & automobiles1 furni% means ( association & comm& ! int]e/ & support ( ! p1 :]e =m]ly !re 0 only ! *ur* = ! righte\s & ! tav]n or ! saloon = ! convivial4 ,all ( ^! & o!r factors h conspir$ to weak5 ! relative influ5ce ( ! *ur* 9 our rural communities & ! situation has become s s]i\s 9 _m sections t x has *all5g$ ! att5tion ( d5om9ational lead]s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s !re h be5 a s]ies ( c>eful /udies ( ! condition ( ! rural *ur*es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! /udies h giv5 indisputable evid5ce ( ! conditions responsible = ! decl9e ( ! rural *ur* & ( ! measures :i* mu/ be tak5 if ! religi\s life ( ! rural community is to be adequately fo/]$2 & !y h cle>ly %[n t ! problems ( ! rural *ur* mu/ be solv$ f ! /&po9t ( meet+ ! religi\s ne$s ( ! rural community r ?an t ( ! int]e/s ( ! individual *ur*4 ,9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 &--alas--f> too frequ5tly 9 ! new] sections1 ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to ! religi\s life ( ! community is an unnecess>y numb] ( *ur*es1 :i* divide its limit$ res\rces bo? ( funds & lead]%ip4 ,ov]*ur*+ is m l>gely responsible = ! decad5ce ( ! rural *ur* ?an any "o factor4 ,small congregations are unable to support a full "t pa/or1 & :]e sev]al ( !m are compet+ 9 a small community1 x is depriv$ ( ! s]vices ( a resid5t m9i/]4 ,prea*+ once 9 two weeks & practically no pa/oral visitation are n conducive to ! life ( a *ur*4 ,! small *ur* ma9ta9s its ,sunday s*ool ) difficulty = !re are too few ( any "o age = a satisfactory division ( classes4 ,equally s]i\s is ! fact t ! able/ m5 w n ent] ! m9i/ry to devote !mselves to :at !y reg>d z an unnecess>y & un*ri/ian competition4 ,tompk9s ,c\nty1 :]e ,i live1 is a fair av]age ( rural ,new ,york4 ,a rec5t survey %[s t b eight ( its tw5ty-eight rural communities h full "t resid5t pa/ors1 ?\gh !re are m9i/]s resid+ 9 tw5ty-five p>i%es :o also s]ve o!r p>i%es ne>by4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\nty !re 0 "o *ur* = e #ccb p1 b ! av]age village *ur* _h b #ib active memb]s1 & ! av]age c\ntry *ur* _h b #cb4 ,! *ur* memb]%ip has rema9$ practically /ation>y = ?irty ye>s1 :ile ! att5dance has decreas$ f #ba p]c5t ( ! rural population 9 #ahij to #ad p]c5t 9 #aibj4 ,"o community ( #ijj population _h five *ur*es1 no "o ( :i* _h a resid5t pa/or or ov] #de memb]s1 :ile two ( !m _h b #aa memb]s ea* & 7 clos$4 ,six /rictly rural communities 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\nty h #af *ur*es1 ?\gh none ( ^! places c prop]ly support m ?an "o *ur* ) a resid5t pa/or4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy ( ! :ole c\nty1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t if at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! rural *ur*es 7 ab&on$ or comb9$1 ! "w ( ! *ur* w\ld be greatly /r5g!n$4 ,?is c\nty is cit$ because x is fairly typical2 _m worse h be5 report$ 9 o!r surveys4 ,ano!r h&icap ( ! rural *ur* is ! frequ5t %ift ( m9i/]s4 ,9 ,tompk9s ,c\nty only #d ( ! #eg *ur*es h _h ! same pa/or = t5 ye>s1 #ag *ang$ pa/ors ?ree times 9 t5 ye>s & #ag ( ! pa/ors _h be5 9 _! p>i%es "o ye> or less4 ,:5 a m9i/] /ays b a ye> or two1 8 p>i%ion]s t5d to be only acqua9tances & r>ely does he really "k !m4 ,a m9i/] _c become well en\gh acqua9t$ ) a new p>i% to d effective pa/oral "w 9 less ?an a ye>1 & _m m9i/]s :o h seem+ly good programs ( "w fail to realize !m because !y attempt to =ce progress & to secure results m rapidly ?an is possible4 ,"o ( ! *ief duties ( ! rural pa/or is to tra9 lead]%ip4 ,a *ur* is no /rong] ?an its p]man5t resid5t lead]%ip4 ,no matt] h[ brilliant ! "w ( ! m9i/]1 if he has fail$ to develop local lead]%ip1 8 "w is soon dissipat$ :5 he leaves4 ,n[ lead]%ip _c be produc$ 9 a ye> or s & :]e x is mo/ ne$$ x requires sev]al ye>s to discov] & develop x4 ,un=tunately mu* ( ?is frequ5t %ift+ ( rural pa/ors is directly due to ecclesia/ical rule r ?an to ! ne$s ( ! local *ur*es1 ?\gh mu* ( x results f meag] sal>ies & sect>ian rivalries :i* soon disc\rage a man :o sees l>g] opportunities = s]vice else:]e4 ,num]\s /udies ( ! actual condition ( ! rural *ur* 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry all %[ ! futility ( d5om9ational competition 9 ma9ta9+ two or ?ree *ur*es :]e only "o is ne$$ or c be support$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pres5t g5]ation ( "y m>ri$ p :o desire ! be/ religi\s influ5ces = _! *ildr5 are no long] mu* int]e/$ 9 ! !ological or ecclesia/ical diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s d5om9ations1 & !y refuse to support !m or d s "u prote/ & ) an apa?y :i* makes effective *ur* "w impossible4 ,z a result1 !re has be5 a /rong movem5t 9 rec5t ye>s t[>d ! consolidation ( rural *ur*es & = ! e/abli%m5t ( :at are call$ community *ur*es4 ,al?\gh mu* ef=t has be5 giv5 t[>d gett+ d5om9ational bo>ds & lead]s to =m /ate f$]ations = promot+ int]-d5om9ational comity1 & al?\gh notable progress 9 ?is direction has be5 made 9 a few /ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,ma9e & ,v]mont1 yet ! *ief impetus to ! community *ur* movem5t has come f ! p !mselves1 :o h insi/$ ^u a comb9ation ( ! local *ur*es (t5 9 spite ( ecclesia/ical indiff]5ce or opposition4 ,! lack ( coal 9 #aiah induc$ _m *ur*es to hold _! s]vices toge!r & 9 _m cases gave an impetus to ! idea ( _! p]man5t f$]ation4 ,! t]m community *ur* has come to be appli$ to v>i\s =ms ( *ur*es1 b :atev] its =m1 its fundam5tal purpose is ! s]vice ( ! community r ?an ! advancem5t ( a p>ticul> d5om9ation & x admits all ,*ri/ian p to its fell[%ip1 9 contra/ to ! exclusiv5ess ( ! purely d5om9ational *ur* :i* insi/s ^u ! importance ( p>ticul> !ological beliefs or sy/ems ( *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,z ! t]m is n[ us$ a community *ur* may be a *ur* def9itely affiliat$ ) "s d5om9ation1 x may be a f$]at$ *ur*1 or a union *ur*4 ,! union *ur* is unaffiliat$ ) any religi\s d5om9ation4 ,if x be ! only *ur* 9 a community1 x is !n a community *ur*1 b if "o or two o!rs decl9e to unite1 x is a community *ur* only 9 aspiration4 ,x is ?is type ( indep5d5t union *ur*1 to :i* ! t]m community *ur* is mo/ commonly appli$ by ! laity1 & su* community *ur*es h increas$ rapidly 9 ! pa/ five ye>s z a prote/ ( ! p aga9/ d5om9ational competition & ineffici5cy4 ,^! indep5d5t community *ur*es h n[ become s num]\s 9 "o or two /ates t !y are hold+ /ate conv5tions4 ,! "q at once arises :e!r if !y become affiliat$ 9 ev5 ! mo/ nom9al mann] !y w n soon con/itute :at w practically be ano!r d5om9ation & w fail to effect ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ian unity :i* !y desire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 d5om9ational lead]s :o are 9 entire sympa?y ) ! aboli%m5t ( competition & ! e/abli%m5t ( b "o *ur* 9 a rural community :]e only "o is ne$$1 po9t out t ! union *ur* loses ! advantages ( affiliation ) a body ( *ur*es :i* h regional & national bo>ds & ag5cies = giv+ !m assi/ance & support 9 _! "w4 ,! hi/ory n only ( *ur* b ( all sorts ( secul> organizations1 indicates t soon] or lat] local organizations ) common aims & purposes t5d to get toge!r 9 conv5tions & to e/abli% f$]ations ?r\gh :i* !y may unite _! res\rces 9 ma9ta9+ ag5cies to promote ! common cause4 ,mo/ organizations1 :e!r religi\s or secul>1 ne$ ! /imulus ( association ) k9dr$ organizations devot$ to ! same purposes & ! help ( exp]t sup]vision :i* c be secur$ only f /ate or national bodies4 ,! f$]at$ *ur* obviates ?is difficulty to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,ea* ( ! f$]at+ *ur*es ma9ta9s its own corporate id5tity & its affiliation ) its own d5om9ation1 to :i* x s5ds its contributions = b5evol5ces & d5om9ational "w4 ,! f$]at+ *ur*es =m a jo9t organization = ! employm5t ( a m9i/] & use ! same build+1 or use two build+s 9 common--sometimes "o = *ur* & "o = ,sunday s*ool s]vices or social purposes1--& ! *ur* is a community *ur* = all practical purposes4 ,9 ! long run ?is usually results 9 a f$]at$ *ur* f9ally affiliat+ ) ! d5om9ation :i* is pref]r$ by ! l>ge majority ( its memb]%ip & :i* is lea/ objectionable to ! m9ority4 ,d5om9ational lead]s1 on ! o!r h&1 hold t nei!r union or f$]at$ *ur*es w be p]man5tly satisfactory1 b t ! community *ur*1 ?\gh organiz$ on ! f$]at$ pr9ciple1 %\ld be def9itely affiliat$ ) "s "o d5om9ation1 & t a s+le d5om9ational *ur* :i* effectively s]ves ! :ole community may be truly a community *ur*4 ,:atev] ! outcome ( ?is movem5t may be x has =c$ ! recognition ( ! fact t ! religi\s welf>e ( ! rural community %\ld be ! fir/ consid]ation & t d5om9ational relations mu/ be conceiv$ z a means r ?an an end1 z has commonly be5 ! case h]et(ore4 ,:5 c\ntry p h le>n$ ! advantages ( consolidat$ s*ools & ( cop]ation 9 m>ket+1 & h develop$ ! ability to "w toge!r 9 ^! & o!r phases ( community life1 !y are no long] cont5t to wa/e _! en]gies 9 ma9ta9+ feeble *ur*es1 ^: diff]5ces no long] comm& _! loyalties1 & !y v naturally desire to bury _! religi\s diff]5ces & to cop]ate 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a s+le *ur* :i* w give t inspiration & dynamic to all ! life ( ! community :i* c be furni%$ only ?r\gh ! religi\s motive4 ,s 9 religion z 9 o!r phases ( life1 ! community idea is replac+ ! old] individualism4 ,we h already not$ ! *ange ( emphasis 9 ! "w ( ! *ur* f t ( m]ely hold+ a prea*+ s]vice = ! p]sonal salvation ( adults1 to a great] reliance ^u ! p[] ( religi\s education ?r\gh ! ,sunday s*ool & o!r organizations ( "y p4 ,:5 ,sunday s*ools 7 fir/ />t$1 a c5tury or m ago1 !y 7 bitt]ly oppos$ by _m ( ! m cons]vative *ur* p4 ,to-day !y are a recogniz$ "p ( all prote/ant *ur*es1 b oddly en\gh _! advancem5t has be5 due m l>gely to ! "w ( ! laity ?an to t ( ! cl]gy1 al?\gh !re c be no "q t *ur* memb]%ip is mo/ l>gely recruit$ f ! ,sunday s*ools4 ,?us 9 our survey ( ,tompk9s ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 we f\nd t out ( #age p]sons admitt$ to ! rural *ur*es on confession ( fai?1 #fa ( :om 7 adults & #aad *ildr51 #acd 7 previ\s memb]s ( ! ,sunday s*ool4 ,! rural ,sunday s*ool 9 ! small *ur* has ! same difficulty z does ! di/rict s*ool1 9 t x has too few s*ol>s ( approximately ! same age to =m classes ( suffici5t size to comm& _! int]e/ & en?usiasm4 ,likewise x is =c$ to dep5d ^u untra9$ & frequ5tly-*ang+ tea*]s4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 a m>k$ advance 9 ! grad+ & organization ( ,sunday s*ools & ( ! lit]ature = _! /udy1 yet !re is a gr[+ conviction t a p]iod ( tw5ty m9utes a week is inadequate to secure effective religi\s education4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate 9 ?is c\ntry prev5ts ! giv+ ( religi\s in/ruction 9 our public s*ools1 educators h come to recognize its importance 9 ! education ( ! *ild4 ,z a result !re is n[ a def9ite movem5t = ! organization ( week-day s*ools ( religion4 ,:5 ^! s*ools are conduct$ by tra9$ tea*]s & _! "w is ( an educational /&>d satisfactory to ! public s*ools1 ! pupils are giv5 cr$it = _! "w t[>d promotion 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,york has enact$ def9ite legislation p]mitt+ ! s*ools to dismiss ^? pupils ^: p>5ts s desire1 = a def9ite p]iod ea* week :5 !y may att5d :atev] s*ool ( religi\s in/ruction _! p>5ts may designate1 & = :i* ! public s*ools %all give cr$it :5 satisfactory z to educational me?ods4 ,su* week-day s*ools ( religi\s in/ruction h be5 c>ri$ on 9 "s ( our cities = sev]al ye>s1 & at ! pres5t "t are be+ introduc$ into rural communities 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,sometimes ea* *ur* ma9ta9s its own s*ool1 b inasmu* z ?is movem5t is usually promot$ by ! int]-d5om9ational ,sunday s*ool associations ! t5d5cy is to secure ! cop]ation ( all ! prote/ant *ur*es 9 e/abli%+ "o s*ool = ! community4 ,?is movem5t is /ill "y1 b if x makes ! progress :i* n[ seems probable1 x %\ld be a p[]ful ag5cy t[>d ! elim9ation ( weak *ur*es4 ,x makes possible ! organization ( grad$ classes ( suffici5t size s t a real gr\p _s & int]e/ are creat$ & ! in/ruction c be giv5 ) ! same p$agogical effici5cy z 9 ! public s*ools4 ,obvi\sly ! success ( ! movem5t w dep5d ^u ! degree to :i* x c comm& ! support ( ! :ole community & x w ?us t5d to /r5g!n community life4 ,a new attitude t[>d ! social life ( its p is also hav+ a l>ge influ5ce ^u ! program ( _m rural *ur*es4 ,=m]ly religion 0 "o ?+ & sociability 0 ano!r1 & ! *ur* felt no responsibility = ! recreation ( its p4 ,gradually *ur* supp]s & sociables became cu/om>y1 b !y 7 held ei!r to raise money or z a means = attract+ outsid]s into ! fold4 ,9 ! days :5 money 0 sc>ce 9 ! rural community x 0 (t5 difficult to raise ! pa/or's sal>y4 ,mu* ( 8 sal>y 0 paid 9 k9d1 & annual donation p>ties contribut$ a consid]able %>e ( 8 liv+4 ,b z m>kets develop$ & f>m]s came to sell mo/ ( _! products = ca%1 money became m pl5tiful & x became evid5t t no *ur* c be ma9ta9$ ^u a s\nd bus9ess basis :i* does n make up an annual budget & raise x by ! direct contributions ( its p4 ,putt+ ! f9ances ( ! *ur* on a bus9ess basis has remov$ ! ne$ ( *ur* supp]s = rais+ funds1 b _! social value has become s app>5t t !y are n[ held m]ely = ! bett] acqua9tance & enjoym5t ( ! *ur* p4 ,9 s f> z ! social life ( ! *ur* has be5 consci\sly plann$ z a bait = outsid]s to attract !m into ! *ur*1 x has1 9 ! long run usually be5 ineffectual4 ,too (t5 ! motive has be5 s ?9ly veil$ & ! program ( ! social h\r has be5 giv5 su* a religi\s atmosph]e t outsid]s v naturally take a def5sive attitude1 & al?\gh !y may enjoy ! occasion !y are p]fectly aw>e ( its ult]ior objective4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ! *ur* has come to appreciate t play & recreation are a normal & necess>y "p ( ! life ( its p & t x _c aboli% ! saloon & condemn c]ta9 amusem5ts )\t incurr+ a responsibility to provide1 or to see t !re is provid$1 satisfy+ facilities = recreation & sociability4 ,9 %ort1 x is com+ to recognize t a social program %\ld be und]tak5 because x is a wor?y s]vice & a real ne$ ( ! p & n z a m]e means to o!r ends4 ,fur!rmore1 :]e ! *ur* g5]\sly sponsors a social program :i* is enjoy$ by all ! p ( ! community1 )\t ?\ght ( its be+ aim$ at any proselyt+1 _m ( !m come to take an increas$ int]e/ 9 ! /rictly religi\s s]vices & "w ( ! *ur*4 ,s to-day _m a rural *ur* is hold+ community s+s1 its "y p are /ag+ amateur dramatic ent]ta9m5ts1 its boys h a troop ( boy sc\ts & ! girls jo9 ! girl sc\ts or ! camp-fire girls1 baseball & basketball teams are =m$ f ! ,sunday s*ool classes1 ! m5 h a club :i* meets once a mon? = ! discussion ( curr5t topics & a supp]1 ! wom5 come toge!r = sew+ p>ties1 & ! :ole p assemble = supp]s & = ! celebration ( national holidays & fe/ival occasions4 ,9 a small village 9 we/]n ,new ,york ! f\r ,sunday s*ools h rec5tly =m$ an a?letic association :i* has erect$ a "o-/ory gymnasium 9 :i* ! boys c play basketball & all c f9d enjoym5t4 ,"o ( ! h&icaps ( ! av]age c\ntry *ur* is t its build+ is n adapt$ to social purposes1 al?\gh ! new] build+s are be+ con/ruct$ ) bett] facilities4 ,sometimes ?is ne$ is be+ met by erect+ a sep>ate *ur* h\se :i* is us$ = ,sunday s*ool & social purposes4 ,:]e !re is m ?an "o *ur* x is frequ5tly felt t "o build+ may s]ve ! ne$s ( all & s 9 _m communities ! *ur*es h unit$ 9 ! promotion ( community build+s to s]ve z social c5t]s = all ! p4 ,?us 9 its social z well z 9 its educational program ! *ur* f9ds t a satisfactory social life _c be secur$ ?r\gh sect>ian competition1 b t by unit$ ef=t ! *ur*es may meet ! community ne$s4 ,al?\gh 9 ! pa/ ! *ief duty ( ! c\ntry m9i/] 0 to prea* on ,sunday1 yet ^? mo/ belov$ & mo/ successful 9 build+ up /rong *ur*es h won ! he>ts ( _! p m l>gely ?r\gh _! pa/oral "w1 ?r\gh _! p]sonal acqua9tance & influ5ce on ! lives ( families & individuals4 ,al?\gh a broad] educational & social program is ne$$ 9 ! rural *ur*1 !re is an equal opportunity = a l>g] s]vice ?r\gh a new sort ( pa/oral "w by ! m9i/] :o c s]ve ! community z a social work]4 ,!re is an impression t !re is no ne$ = s-call$ social "w1 = ! exp]t assi/ance ( ! poor1 ! neglect$1 ! del9qu5t1 & ! m5tally defective1 9 mo/ rural communities2 t ?is may be necess>y = ! city slums1 b t !re are b few su* p 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,b ! rec5t "w />t$ dur+ ! w> by ! ,home ,s]vice ( ! local *apt]s ( ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross & ! "w ( v>i\s *ild welf>e & heal? organizations h %[n t c\ntry p are n always aw>e ( ! ne$s ( "s ( _! n di/ant neighbors1 & t !re is a deal ( s]vice :i* might be giv5 ! m un=tunate memb]s ( ! av]age rural community :i* !y are n n[ receiv+4 ,! av]age rural community _c support a paid social work] & ne$s b "p ( h] "t1 :ile ! c\nty is usually too l>ge an area = h] to cov]4 ,:y %\ld n ! rural m9i/] be qualifi$ to d mu* ( ! family welf>e "w ( 8 community1 call+ 9 outside exp]t assi/ance :5 ne$$8 ,:at bett] pa/oral "w c\ld he d1 & yet h[ _m rural pa/ors are do+ ?is sort ( "w 9 any intellig5t sort ( fa%ion1 & h[ _m families 9 ne$1 outside ( 8 own memb]%ip1 w\ld turn to ! av]age rural m9i/] = help8 ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,galp9 has well said ( ! rural m9i/] t he is ! recogniz$ community psy*ologi/ & sociologi/4 ,! tr\ble is t al?\gh he is (t5 s recogniz$1 he is usually an amateur r ?an a pr(essional4 ,obvi\sly1 z a doctor ( s\ls1 ! village pa/or %\ld be ! local social work] ( e rural community1 b if he is to s s]ve he mu/ fir/ be tra9$ s t he c br+ to be> a k ( social sci5ce ^u ! problems ( ! families ) :i* he deals4 ,an av]age rural community c h>dly af=d m ?an "o pa/or ) su* qualifications1 & x is evid5t t he w\ld ne$ to give 8 :ole "t to "o p>i%4 ,su* a mod]n repres5tative ( ! old cur ( ! m$ieval p>i% c\ld give real spiritual s]vice to _m a rural family :i* ! av]age rural *ur* nev] rea*es1 & he w\ld be a real fa!r to 8 p4 ,f9ally1 & mo/ important1 we mu/ recognize t no o!r in/itution c take ! place ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* z a s\rce ( ^? ideals ( life :i* give religi\s sanction to loyalty to ! common good--to ! community--r ?an to self or p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! ideals ( its ,f\nd] :o conceiv$ ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( man z ! norm ( human relation%ips1 & :o ?\ght man's relation to man %\ld be ! expression ( 8 loyalty to _! common ,fa!r1 w ev] furni% ! /ronge/ spiritual dynamic = ! be/ community life1 = ! :ole community movem5t is b "o means t[>d ! realization ( ,8 ideal ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,inde$ s ke5 a m9d z ! late ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce has int]pret$ ! _s ( ! e>ly *ur* & ! ultimate aim ( ,*ri/ianity z t ( ! belov$ community4#eb ,?\gh x may require new equipm5t & new me?ods to meet ! *ang$ conditions ( mod]n life1 ! mission ( religion to int]pret ! highe/ values ( life w ev] make x ! motive =ce ( community life1 ! he>t ( ! community4 ,z ,dr4 ,e4 ,de,s4 ,brunn] has well said1 ,! aim ( ! c\ntry *ur* movem5t is n to sub/itute any?+ = ! ,gospel4 ,x is to assi/ 9 express+ ! be/ religion ( ! ages 9 t]ms ( ! be/ _s ( ! age4#ec ,,footnotes3 #ea ,! ,evolution ( ! ,c\ntry ,community1 p4 #fc4 ,bo/on1 ,! ,pilgrim ,press1 #aiab4 #eb ,cf4 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity4 #ec ,! ,c\ntry ,*ur* 9 ! ,new ,_w ,ord]1 p4 #ci4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,community',s ,,heal? ,9 ! e>ly days 9 :i* ! c\ntry 0 b sp>sely settl$1 sickness1 except = epidemics ( su* diseases z smallpox & yell[ fev]1 0 reg>d$ z an individual affair4 ,9 rec5t ye>s bact]iology & m$ical sci5ce h reveal$ ! causes ( _m diseases & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are spread4 ,) a d5s] population & ) m frequ5t contacts z a result ( bett] transportation1 ! possibility ( contagion has v l>gely increas$ & we n[ appreciate t ! heal? ( ! family--ev5 ( ! rural family--_c be ma9ta9$ )\t att5tion to ! heal? ( ! community z a :ole4 ,good heal? has become a responsibility ( ! community4 ,! rapid gr[? ( cities 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has =c$ !m to take measures = ! pres]vation ( heal?1 & public heal? adm9i/ration has become a di/9ct bran* ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,x is ! heal? problems :i* h aris5 9 ! conge/$ sections ( our l>ge cities1 & ^? :i* are due to a s$5t>y life or to unheal?ful conditions ( c]ta9 trades & indu/ries1 :i* h incit$ ! discov]ies ( m$ical sci5ce & :i* h creat$ a new attitude t[>d sanitation & hygi5e among city p4 ,!re has be5 a di/9ct *ange ) reg>d to ! attitude ( society t[>d heal?4 ,a g5]ation or two ago _m p--p>ticul>ly eld]ly females--7 n a%am$ ( enjoy+ poor heal?1 & a delicate physique 0 reg>d$ z r incid5tal to ! m highly cultur$4 ,to-day1 al?\gh we sympa?ize ) ! afflict$1 society places a premium ^u a s\nd physique4 ,! importance ( physical ex]cise1 ( recreation & a?letics = ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( a s\nd body are n[ mu* m fully appreciat$ ?an !y 7 fifty ye>s ago4 ,we are com+ to und]/& t good heal? is l>gely due to habits ( p]sonal hygi5e :i* mu/ be in/ill$ by ! home & ! s*ool1 & t )\t su* habits ! m]e k ( sanitation & hygi5e w n be g5]ally appli$4 ,?is new emphasis ^u physical fitness has naturally receiv$ l>g] att5tion 9 ! cities on acc\nt ( ! m unfavorable conditions ( city life1 :ile ! new k & appreciation ( ! value ( heal? has n be5 s con/antly =c$ ^u ! att5tion ( rural p4 ,gradually we are com+ to appreciate t we h an e?ical responsibility = good heal?1 & x is ev5 receiv+ a religi\s sanction1 = we h come to "k t ! cause ( evil behavior may be due prim>ily to an uns\nd body r ?an to a p]v]t$ s\l4 ,! *ur* has ev] m9i/]$ to ! sick & has support$ hospitals1 b to-day x is comm5c+ to advocate ! prev5tion ( disease ?r\gh sanitation & hygi5e1 & to prea* ! religi\s duty ( fo/]+ heal? & prev5t+ sickness4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal factors 9 ! f>m]'s relative indiff]5ce to heal? measures is ! fact t he has become accu/om$ to ?9k t an outdoor life & isolation f o!r p give him an ability to )/& sickness & he has r glori$ 9 8 ability to ?r[ (f ord9>y ailm5ts & to )/& ! physical h>d%ip :i* 8 "w (t5 dem&s4 ,he c see h[ heal? conditions may ne$ att5tion 9 ! city :]e p are cr[d$ toge!r1 b he is n impress$ t o!r causes make su* diseases z typhoid & mal>ia mu* m preval5t 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 & t bad sanitation on a f>m a mile away may cause sickness 9 8 own family4 ,am]ican f>m]s h be5 educat$ on ! nature & spread ( disease by _! exp]i5ce ) animal diseases1 su* z bov9e tub]culosis1 hog *ol]a1 & ,texas fev]4 ,if !y c be int]e/$ to utilize ?is k 9 ! c>e ( ! heal? ( _! own families1 & if !y w provide heal? facilities = _! own families equal to ^? :i* !y feel necess>y = _! live/ock1 heal? conditions on ! f>m w %[ rapid improvem5t4 ,x is n t ! f>m] is indiff]5t to ! heal? ( 8 family1 b he has be5 =c$ to h 8 h]d te/$ = tub]culosis1 & he faces ! possibility ( heavy losses if he does n h 8 hogs vacc9at$ = *ol]a1 :ile he has n appreciat$ t by prev5tative ag5cies ! bett] heal? ( 8 wife & *ildr5 may be insur$ & ! co/ ( rem$ial treatm5t be greatly less5$4 ,! purely economic aspects ( sickness & disease h be5 a pot5t factor 9 ! heal? movem5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 cities4 ,! va/ sums inve/$ 9 life insurance h l$ progressive insurance companies into ext5sive campaigns = promot+ public heal? s t _! risks may be r$uc$4 ,va/ quantities ( ! be/ heal? lit]ature h be5 di/ribut$ by "s ( ! indu/rial insurance companies & !y h done mu* to demon/rate ! value ( public heal? nurs+ by employ+ nurses :o visit _! policy hold]s4 ,! ext5sion ( ! insurance me?od to heal? insurance1 & ! adoption ( insurance by l>ge corporations = _! employees has fur!r$ ?is g5]al movem5t1 & has reveal$ ! trem5d\s economic losses due to prev5table sickness & disease4 ,! f>m] has fail$ to appreciate ! purely economic h&icap "u :i* he labors z a result ( sickness & ! lack ( adequate m$ical s]vice & effici5t public heal? adm9i/ration su* z cities enjoy1 because ! co/ ( sickness is di/ribut$ & is borne by ea* family & he has no means ( kn[+ ! aggregate co/ = ! :ole community4 ,7 x possible = a rural community to secure & h br\ght to its att5tion ! total economic loss due to sickness 9 a giv5 ye> & ! proportion :i* might be prev5table ) a reasonable exp5diture = bett] heal? facilities1 its p w\ld d\btless become z int]e/$ 9 bett] heal? adm9i/ration z does ! employ] 9 a l>ge city indu/ry1 & ! true economy ( bett] heal? facilities w\ld be app>5t4 ,few concrete /udies ( ! losses occasion$ by sickness 9 rural communities h be5 made1 b "o ( ,dut*ess ,c\nty1#ed ,new ,york1 9 #aiae well illu/rates ! conditions :i* w\ld d\btless be f\nd 9 _m ano!r rural c\nty4 ,?is survey cov]$ five di/ricts ( ! c\nty ) an aggregate population ( ab\t #aa1hjj--mo/ ( :i* 0 rural t]ritory4 #a1fjj cases ( s]i\s illness 7 f\nd to h occurr$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,"s #i1jjj days 7 lo/ by m5 & wom5 ( work+ age 7#ae to #ed ye>s74 ,*ildr5 lo/ #ac1gjj s*ool days4 ,on ! av]age ?is co/ ! community = ea* *ild at lea/ #cc c5ts a day = :i* x receiv$ no return4 ,^! two items safely repres5t a money loss ( #bj1jjj to #be1jjj4 ,z a result ( ! /udy x 0 e/imat$ t ! total money loss occasion$ by sickness 9 a ye> )9 ! :ole c\nty w\ld be at lea/ #dab1jjj4 ,( ! #a1fjj pati5ts ^: c>e has be5 analyz$ 9 ?is report1 #gb p]c5t c\ld h be5 c>$ = adequately 9 _! own homes _h !re be5 available m$ical & nurs+ s]vice4 ,! rema9+ #bh p]c5t 7#ddb pati5ts7 c\ld n h be5 c>$ = adequately 9 _! own homes 444 #bd p]c5t ( ! pati5ts secur$ no m$ical c>e4 ,_m />tl+ in/ances ( unnecess>y & indef5sible suff]+ & mis]y 7 f\nd4444 ,( ! #aac wom5 :o w5t ?r\gh *ildbir? 9 _! homes1 only "o _h ! cont9u\s c>e ( a graduate nurse1 & only #ah _h any s]vice :atev] f graduate visit+ nurses4 #ce p]c5t ( ! *ildr5 born came into ! _w "u unfit conditions & surr\nd+s4 ,l>gely z a result ( ?is /udy1 ,dut*ess ,c\nty n[ has an effici5t c\nty heal? association ?r\gh :i* a numb] ( public heal? nurses are employ$1 :o visit all di/ricts ( ! c\nty4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s h&icaps 9 ma9ta9+ ! heal? ( ! rural community is its frequ5t lack ( m$ical s]vice4 ,! numb] ( doctors practis+ 9 ! op5 c\ntry 0 always inadequate1 b 9 rec5t ye>s x has decreas$ until n[ _m l>ge sections are )\t any resid5t physician4 ,! influ5za epidemic ( #aiah1 foll[+ ! %ortage ( doctors dur+ ! w>1 reveal$ ! plight ( _m a rural community )\t m$ical s]vice4 ,! high] /&>ds n[ requir$ by m$ical colleges & /ate lic5s+ bo>ds has result$ 9 a real %ortage ( physicians & ! "y m5 are n go+ into ! c\ntry to practise4 ,a rec5t /udy made by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? %[$ t 9 #bj rural c\nties #hh p]c5t ( ! physicians _h be5 practis+ ov] #be ye>s & only #c p]c5t less ?an t5 ye>s4 ,?is means t mo/ ( ! rural doctors 9 ^! c\nties h less ?an t5 ye>s m to practise & t !re is no indication t _! places w be fill$ by y\ng] m54 ,9 ,manitoba "o rural municipality has employ$ a physician on full "t1 & a rec5t act ( ! ,new ,york legislature makes x possible = t[ns to employ physicians4 ,x seems probable t c\ntry p w be =c$ to employ physicians on a sal>i$ basis if !y are to secure adequate m$ical s]vice4 ,?is does n necess>ily mean1 h[ev]1 t ! physician w be employ$ by ! local gov]nm5t4 ,indu/rial work]s are n[ employ+ physicians on a sal>y & f>m]s' organizations are employ+ sal>i$ vet]9>ians4 ,:y _c a local heal? association be =m$ to employ a physician1 ^: job x w be to keep its p well8 ,two factors prev5t ! l>g] use ( physicians n[ available4 ,*ief ( ^! is ! co/4 ,f>m]s h&le relatively less actual money ?an t[nsm51 & _! income is less frequ5t s t !y h less on h&1 :ile ! co/ ( m$ical att5dance is necess>ily high] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,fe> ( runn+ up a bill det]s _m a f>m woman f call+ a doctor1 :5 "o call might prev5t _m m lat] on4 ,! f>m home t5ds to employ a physician only = s]i\s sickness1 r ?an z a m$ical advis] :o may =e/all illness4 ,ano!r difficulty is "o ( ! physician's own mak+4 ,! exp]i5ce is f> too common t 9 cases ( imm$iate ne$ :5 ! family doctor _c be locat$1 doctors w refuse to att5d a case on acc\nt ( s-call$ pr(essional c\rtesy4 ,x is "t t public op9ion be ar\s$ s t su* cases be br\ght to ! att5tion ( c\nty m$ical societies ) suffici5t public op9ion to =ce !m to take suitable action4 ,! e?ics ( e pr(ession mu/ be %ap$ to meet ! ne$s ( ^? x s]ves z well z ! pocketbooks ( its memb]s4 ,lack ( m$ical att5dance is mo/ s]i\s = ! f>m "m dur+ conf9em5t1 & ! mortality ( rural mo!rs dur+ *ildbir?1 z %[n by ! inve/igations ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,*ildr5's ,bureau1 is an indictm5t ( our suppos$ civilization4 ,:5 we le>n t 9 a home/ead+ c\nty 9 ,montana !re 7 #ab4g dea?s ( mo!rs p] #a1jjj bir?s1 :i* is twice ! rate = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 :i* is high] ?an t ( fifte5 =eign c\ntries = :i* /ati/ics 7 available 9 #aiae1 we face a condition :i* _c be neglect$4 ,:5 we f9d t 9 ,wiscons9 ?is rate 0 b #f p] #a1jjj1 & t #fh p]c5t 7 att5d$ by physicians1 & 9 ,kansas x 0 b #b4i p] ?\s& & #ie p]c5t _h physicians1 :ile 9 ,montana only #dg p]c5t 7 att5d$1 loss ( life due to isolation & lack ( m$ical c>e is app>5t4 ,9 sp>sely settl$ regions ! solution ( ?is problem seems to dem& ! provision ( local mat]nity hospitals1 = ! difficulty is prim>ily "o ( isolation4 ,s9ce m$ical sci5ce has %[n t sp>kl+ spr+ wat] may c>ry ! deadly typhoid g]m z a result ( di/ant contam9ation1 t wells are frequ5tly contam9at$ by ne>by privies or b>n y>ds1 t mal>ia is c>ri$ by mosquitoes1 & t ! h\se fly may c>ry typhoid fev] & inte/9al diseases ( infants1 we h come to appreciate t isolation & pure c\ntry air d n insure fre$om f infection1 & t sanitation is z important on ! f>m z 9 ! city4 ,inde$ ! transmission ( disease by flies is mu* easi] on ! f>m1 = too (t5 ! manure pile :]e !y multiply is n f> f ! h\se1 :ile 9 _m a city ! small] numb] ( horses & ! clean+ ( manure f ! /reets prev5ts _! increase4 ,! sanitation ( ! f>m home ?us becomes a v l>ge factor 9 ! heal? ( ! rural community4 ,surveys made by heal? (fic]s 9 rec5t ye>s h %[n ! g5]al ne$ ( bett] sanit>y provisions & also ! possibility ( ! direct b5efits secur$ f _! improvem5t4 ,9 ,indiana ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? survey$ n9e typical rural c\nties tak+ only ! homes on f>ms & 9 un9corporat$ villages4 ,! av]age score ( #f1abd rural homes 9 ^! n9e c\nties 0 b #ef4b p]c5t1 ! av]age = individual c\nties v>y+ f #dc to #fa p]c5t4 ,9 #aiad1 #aiae1 & #aiaf1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice made sanit>y surveys ( #ea1edd f>m homes 9 #ae rural c\nties scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b mo/ly 9 ! ,s\?4 ,its report#ee /ates t only #a4bb p]c5t ( ^! f>m homes 7 equipp$ = a really sanit>y disposal ( human excreta1 :ile 9 "o c\nty 9 ,alabama less ?an #bj p]c5t ( ! f>m homes _h toilets ( any k9d4 ,sixty-eight p]c5t ( ! wat] supply us$ = dr9k+ or cul9>y purposes 0 obvi\sly expos$ to dang]\s contam9ation f privy cont5ts2 & only #cb4hh p]c5t ( ! h\ses 7 effectively scre5$ aga9/ flies4 ,a v consid]able improvem5t 9 f>m sanitation has result$ f ! educational campaigns conduct$ dur+ ! pa/ decade1 b effective rural sanitation awaits ! employm5t ( public heal? (ficials :o w conv9ce ! p ( ea* local community ( _! individual responsibility = ! heal? conditions on _! own f>ms & ( _! common liability = ! heal? ( ea* o!r4 ,) ! above conditions 9 m9d1 let u n[ consid] ! ag5cies = heal? cons]vation 9 rural communities4 ,we h already se5 t ! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry doctor is rapidly disappe>+4 ,) bett] transportation n[ available x seems probable t physicians w live 9 ! l>g] village c5t]s1 b ) telephone communication & ! automobile x %\ld be possible to secure z prompt m$ical att5dance4 ,we may z well recognize t _m a rural community is too small a unit to support a resid5t physician & t if satisfactory m$ical treatm5t is to be secur$ we %all h to h bett] hospital & cl9ical facilities s t ! "t ( ! physician c be economiz$ & frequ5t att5tion c be giv54 ,mo/ rural t[n%ips h a local bo>d ( heal? & heal? (fic]1 :o is *>g$ ) report+ bir?s & dea?s & ) ! en=cem5t ( qu>ant9es aga9/ contagi\s diseases1 b x is notori\s t ^! local heal? (ficials are r>ely effici5t or take any lead]%ip 9 ! bett]m5t ( public heal?4 ,ord9>ily ! heal? (fic] receives little if any pay1 & is a resid5t physician :o is n incl9$ to antagonize 8 own cli5ts :5 ! en=cem5t ( heal? regulations w\ld meet _! opposition4 ,/ud5ts ( rural heal? problems are n[ fairly agre$ t ! only means ( secur+ effici5t adm9i/ration ( public heal? regulations 9 rural communities is by ! employm5t ( a full "t c\nty heal? (fic]1 work+ "u a c\nty bo>d ( heal?1 :o w h ! same g5]al duties z ! heal? (fic]s 9 our cities4 ,local heal? (fic]s w\ld be reta9$1 b _! "w w\ld be "u ! sup]vision ( ! c\nty heal? (fic] & w\ld h ! b5efit n only ( 8 support & enc\ragem5t1 b also ( 8 sup]ior te*nical tra9+4 ,if a c\nty sup]9t5d5t is necess>y = our s*ools1 a c\nty heal? (fic] is equally necess>y = ! sup]vision ( public heal?1 & sev]al /ates h enact$ legislation requir+ or p]mitt+ ! employm5t ( c\nty heal? (fic]s4 ,! c\nty is usually ! be/ unit = rural heal? adm9i/ration4#ef ,! c\nty heal? (fic] w\ld h laboratory facilities = ! exam9ation ( dr9k+ wat]1 & samples ( blood1 ur9e1 or sputum = ! detection ( disease1 & w\ld give direction = ! tak+ ( samples :i* might be s5t to ! laboratories ( ! /ate dep>tm5t ( heal? = ! exam9ation ( ^? specim5s = :i* 8 laboratory 0 n equipp$4 ,he w\ld h g5]al sup]vision ( ! m$ical exam9ation ( s*ool *ildr54 ,9 num]\s ways he w\ld promote bett] means = heal? cons]vation1 z c be done by "o :o has _h special tra9+ = su* "w & :o is giv+ 8 :ole "t & ?\ght to its problems4 ,al?\gh ! c\nty heal? (fic] is necess>y = ! adm9i/ration ( ! te*nical aspects ( public heal? adm9i/ration1 ! mo/ important ga9s 9 ! heal? ( ! rural community w come ?r\gh ! p]sonal education ( its p on matt]s ( hygi5e & sanitation4 ,?is is ! field ( public heal? nurses1 & ,i believe t ! records ( _! "w 9 rural communities w %[ t !y h done m = heal? education ?an any o!r "o ag5cy4 ,a decade ago tra9$ visit+ nurses 7 practically unkn[n 9 rural communities4 ,9 #aiad ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross fir/ organiz$ its ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,nurs+ ,s]vice & cop]at$ ) a few rural communities 9 sup]vis+ ! "w ( tra9$ public heal? nurses1 b relatively few places employ$ rural nurses prior to ! w>4 ,! c\nty tub]culosis societies also employ$ visit+ nurses :o work$ ?r\gh\t a :ole c\nty & ^: "w inevitably creat$ a dem& = visit+ nurses = a m g5]al s]vice4 ,! %ortage ( physicians dur+ ! w> & ! influ5za epidemic ( #aiah reveal$ ! ne$ = rural nurses & s9ce ! w> ! local *apt]s ( ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross1 :i* is devot+ mu* ( its att5tion to public heal? "w1 h employ$ hundr$s ( rural public heal? nurses4 ,! success ( s*ool nurses 9 ! cities has l$ to _! employm5t 9 ! small] t[ns1 & n[ c\nty s*ool nurses are be+ employ$ 9 individual c\nties 9 sev]al /ates1 & 9 o!r /ates s*ool nurses are employ$ by t[n%ips or jo9tly by sev]al rural s*ool di/ricts4 ,wiscons9 & ,ohio h rec5tly enact$ laws compell+ e c\nty to employ at lea/ "o public heal? nurse1 & a doz5 or m /ates h pass$ legislation mak+ ! employm5t ( c\nty or local nurses optional4 ,"u :atev] auspices !y are employ$1 rural public heal? nurses h f\nd t _! mo/ effective "w may be done at fir/ 9 connection ) ! s*ools4 ,m$ical exam9ation ( s*ool *ildr5 is n[ requir$ 9 _m /ates1 b unless x is foll[$ up by "s "o :o w see ! p>5ts & enc\rage !m to secure ! necess>y m$ical or d5tal treatm5t1 ! results ( ^! exam9ations are (t5 disappo9t+4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive acc\nt ( ! "w done by a c\nty s*ool nurse dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( h] "w 9 typical ,m9nesota c\nty has be5 giv5 by ,miss ,amalia ,m4 ,b5gtson1 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools ( ,r5ville ,c\nty3 ,r5ville ,c\nty is prosp]\s2 !re are few poor p1 no *ild is und]f$ & no "o wilfully neglect$1 yet our tabulat$ report %[s an appall+ am\nt ( physical defectiv5ess4 ,out ( our s*ool population ( six ?\s& we exam9$ five ?\s& *ildr51 & f\nd f\r ?\s& & n9ety-five defective1 te/ify+ t #ha p]c5t ( ! *ildr5 7 defective4 ,?is seems almo/ unbelievable1 & yet x does n tell ! :ole /ory1 = ,i c\ld take y to s*ool aft] s*ool :]e !re 0 #ajj p]c5t defectiv5ess1 :]e we s5t a notice to e p>5t 9 t s*ool4 ,yet1 z ,i said be=e1 ,r5ville ,c\nty is a prosp]\s c\nty1 & we h e reason to believe t conditions 9 ,r5ville ,c\nty to-day are ! same z 9 o!r c\nties :]e a heal? survey has be5 tak54 ,! p]c5tages ( ! defectiv5ess f\nd 73 tee?1 #ee p]c5t2 nose1 #dj p]c5t2 ?roat1 #ff p]c5t2 eyes1 #bb p]c5t2 e>s1 #ag p]c5t2 malnutrition1 #af p]c5t2 n]v\s disord]1 #af p]c5t2 neck gl&s1 #ad p]c5t2 sk91 #ac p]c5t2 & g5]al appe>ance1 #ab p] c5t4#eg ,9 reply to ! "q1 ,:at ( x8 ,:at good came ( ! heal? survey8 ,miss ,b5gtson says3 ,our records %[ t ab\t "o ?\s& ( ! *ildr5 exam9$ 7 tak5 to see ei!r a doctor or a d5ti/1 or bo?1 ! fir/ ye>4 ,p>5ts :o at fir/ oppos$ ! "w are fully conv9c$ t a c\nty nurse %\ld be a p]man5t work] among u :5 !y see h[ mu* _! *ildr5 h be5 b5efit$ by a little m$ical help4 ,besides exam9+ ! *ildr51 ! nurse has be5 a great factor 9 br++ ab\t a g5]al education = bett] heal?4 ,9 our c\nty to-day y are beh9d ! times if y d n "k :at ad5oids are & ! havoc bad tonsils c br+2 :y eye /ra9 is s preval5t & h[ to prev5t x2 :y tee? %\ld be tak5 c>e (2 :y we %\ld dr9k pl5ty ( wat] & eat ! prop] k9d ( food2 :at k9d ( clo?+ is be/ to we>1 & :y we %\ld n we> too heavy & too mu* clo?+ :ile indoors 7we h induc$ "s little boys to remove "o coat & ?ree sweat]s :ile 9 s*ool72 :y we ne$ to be clean1 etc4 ,ano!r great s]vice ! nurse r5d]$ u 0 to br+ ab\t a v]itable epidemic ( s*ool-h\se improvem5t4 ,%e prov$ t ! physical condition ( ! s*ool-h\se 0 reflect$ 9 ! physical condition ( ! *ildr54 ,= example1 a poorly light$ & badly v5tilat$ s*ool-h\se always h\s$ *ildr5 ) eye /ra9 & n]v\s disord]1 & 9 a s*ool-h\se hav+ ill-fitt+ desks 7 *ildr5 ( poor po/ure4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( t fir/ ye> ! nurse 0 ) u1 we conduct$ s-call$ 'baby cl9ics' 9 ! c\nty1 "o 9 e t[n%ip & "o 9 ea* village4 ,we urg$ ! mo!rs to br+ _! *ildr5 bel[ s*ool age to ! cl9ics1 & mu* ! same k9d ( exam9ation 0 giv5 !m z 0 giv5 ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,we f\nd t #fj p]c5t ( ! *ildr5 ( pre-s*ool age 7 defective4 ,?is is b a sample ( ! "w & exp]i5ce ( hundr$s ( rural nurses & %[s h[ ! nurse is a heal? tea*] 9 ! mo/ effective mann]1 = %e gets into ! homes & gives p]sonal help 9 br++ ab\t bett] heal?4 ,%e uses ! demon/ration me?od 9 heal? "w j z ! home demon/ration ag5t does ) food1 clo?+1 & home managem5t4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 ! nurse is devot$ to h] "w--& mo/ nurses are or !y w\ld n /ick to s h>d a job--%e becomes ende>$ to ! p j z does ! family doctor1 = ! help %e gives 9 cases ( sickness1 accid5t1 & *ildbir?1 :5 %e is ( invaluable s]vice to isolat$ homes :o c secure no o!r help4 ,a slip ( a girl--?\gh a well-tra9$ nurse--:o comm5c$ "w 9 a ne>by community 0 introduc$ to h] new "w ) two conf9em5t cases & an accid5t case ! fir/ day1 = none ( :i* 0 a physician obta9able4 ,! ,r$ ,cross ,nurse 9 my own c\nty has sp5t _m a night 9 a f>m home 9 ord] to get suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) p>5ts to induce !m to all[ h] to h ne$$ treatm5t giv5 to _! *ildr51 & :5 ! p>5ts come to realize ! b5efit :i* _! *ildr5 h receiv$ f op]ations on tonsils or ad5oids1 ! fitt+ ( glasses1 & simil> s]vices1 & appreciate ! h&icap :i* su* defects w\ld h be5 to !m ?r\gh life1 ! nurse has a w>m place 9 _! he>ts & !y eag]ly support h] "w4 ,"o ( ! difficulties ( ! av]age c\ntry doctor is 8 lack ( facilities = ! exp]t diagnosis ( disease & = ! c>e ( pati5ts :o ne$ to be kept "u obs]vation & giv5 sup]vis$ c>e4 ,m$ical sci5ce has become highly specializ$4 ,! human body is s complicat$ & wond]ful a me*anism t we no long] c expect any "o man to be exp]t on all its ailm5ts4 ,if "o desires to secure ! be/ m$ical s]vice1 he goes to a l>ge city hospital or a sanit>ium1 :]e v>i\s speciali/s c be consult$ & :]e laboratory facilities are available = _! aid4 ,9 ! av]age village or c\ntry t[n bo? speciali/s & laboratories are lack+ & ! physician is dep5d5t on 8 own k & res\rces4 ,! well-tra9$ physician :o appreciates 8 own limitations & t he _c give _m ( 8 m difficult cases ! c>e !y ought to h1 s5ds ^? :o c af=d x to ! ne>e/ hospital1 & does ! be/ he c = ! o!rs1 b he is ke5ly aw>e t he _c always give !m ! treatm5t !y %\ld h & he envies 8 city colleague :o c take 8 pati5ts to speciali/s = exam9ation4 ,x is a fe> ( ?is pr(essional isolation :i* causes ! av]age "y doctor to />t 8 practice 9 ! city :]e he has bett] facilities1 & :i* is l>gely responsible = ! small numb] ( "y doctors 9 rural c\nties4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to h a hospital 9 e hamlet1 b x is possible to h a good hospital & laboratories at e c\nty seat or small city c5t]1 s t !re w be at lea/ "o su* m$ical c5t] 9 a c\nty4 ,legislation has n[ be5 enact$ 9 sev]al /ates mak+ x possible = c\nties to support a public hospital j z ! l>g] cities h done = _m ye>s4 ,"h cl9ics may be held f "t to "t1 to :i* em95t speciali/s may be br\ght = ! diagnosis ( diff]5t cases1 to ! advantage ( bo? pati5t & physician4 ,x is q impossible = a busy c\ntry doctor to ma9ta9 a private laboratory & to provide himself ) all ! exp5sive equipm5t = mak+ exam9ation & te/s ( blood1 sputum1 ur9e1 = ,x-ray exam9ations1 etc41 b ! hospital may h all ?is equipm5t at 8 s]vice4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important features ( ! dome/ic program ( ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross is ! promotion ( s-call$ ,heal? ,c5t]s1 a movem5t :i* is also sponsor$ by ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association & o!r national heal? organizations4 ,su* a heal? c5t] may include a hospital ) well equipp$ laboratories & cl9ical facilities1 or x may be no?+ m ?an a room 9 a small village1 equipp$ ) scales = weigh+ *ildr51 ) fir/ aid kits = accid5t cases1 & us$ = occasional cl9ics = ! exam9ation ( babies & *ildr5 ( pre-s*ool age & = classes 9 home nurs+ or fir/ aid2 b e community ( any size %\ld h "s place :i* w be a headqu>t]s = its local heal? ,s]vice1 equipp$ z may be mo/ practicable to meet its ne$s1 accord+ to ! size ( ! community4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! local physicians1 :o w\ld be mo/ help$ by su* improv$ heal? facilities & ^: practice w\ld be b5efit$ by !m1 are (t5 _! *ief oppon5ts4 ,! lead]s 9 ! m$ical _w1 :o are ke5 = all practicable means ( improv+ ! public heal?1 he>tily support ! heal? c5t] movem5t4 ,we are com+ to ! "t :5 ! ma9t5ance ( heal? w be reg>d$ z a public function j z education is n[ provid$ = all ! p & support$ by !m4 ,t c\ntry p are alive to ! ne$ ( bett] heal? facilities is %[n by a resolution ( ! rec5t 7,febru>y1 #aibb7 ,agricultural ,conf]5ce call$ by ,presid5t ,h>d+ at ,wa%+ton4 ,its committee on f>m population report$3 ,! safegu>d+ ( ! heal? ( ! p 9 ! op5 c\ntry is a fir/ consid]ation4 ,any program t looks t[>d ! prop] safegu>d+ ( heal? mu/ include adequate available facilities = ! p 9 ! op5 c\ntry 9 ! way ( hospitals1 cl9ics1 laboratories1 disp5s>ies1 nurses1 physicians1 & heal? (fic]s4 ,?is committee endorses ! gr[+ t5d5cy ?r\gh public ag5cies to ma9ta9 ! heal? ( ! p by means ( ^! facilities & ag5cies4 ,! life ( rural p 9 ,am]ica is no long] ?reat5$ by ! invasion ( human foes1 b x is con/antly ?reat5$ by disease4 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ public conc]n w\ld be = ! ma9t5ance ( ! heal?--! v life--( its p1 b z yet we h giv5 mu* less ?\ght to heal? ?an to education4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? has z its slogan3 ,public heal? is pur*asable4 ,)9 natural limitations any community c det]m9e its own dea? rate4 ,?is is no long] !ory1 b c be demon/rat$ by (ficial mortality /ati/ics4 ,! dea? rate has decl9$ m rapidly 9 cities ?an 9 rural communities because ! cities h giv5 m adequate support to public heal? organization4 ,! rural community has all ! natural advantages 9 its favor & w ev] h ! mo/ heal?ful environm5t1 b x mu/ recognize t if prev5table disease--) all its att5dant evils to ! family & to ! individual--is to be r$uc$1 ?is c be accompli%$ only ?r\gh education & public heal? ag5cies4 ,bett] heal? is a matt] ( ! hygi5e ( ! home & ! individual1 b x has also become a conc]n ( ! common life--a community problem4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,a ,/udy ( ,sickness 9 ,dut*ess ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,/ate ,*>ities ,aid ,association1 ,new ,york ,city4 #ee ,l4 ,l4 ,lumsd51 ,rural ,sanitation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,public ,heal? ,bullet9 ,no4 #id1 ,oct41 #aiah4 #ef ,see ,dr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,rank91 ,report ( ,committee on ,rural ,heal?1 ,proce$+s ,second ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 p4 #ic4 #eg ,an ,adv5ture 9 ,rural ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,proce$+s ,second ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 p4 #dg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,community',s ,,play ,,& ,,recreation ,! p ( mo/ rural communities h an unsatisfi$ desire = m play1 recreation1 & sociable life4 ,opportunities = enjoym5t seem m available 9 ! t[ns & cities & are !re=e a lead+ cause ( ! great exodus4 ,economic prosp]ity & good wages are n alone suffici5t to keep p on f>ms & 9 villages if _! income w n pur*ase ! satisfactions !y desire4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t _m ( ^! advantages ( ! t[n & city c be br\ght to ! rural community1 b only :5 c\ntry p come to appreciate & develop ^? =ms ( play & recreation :i* are possible & adapt$ to _! conditions1 & :5 !y are will+ to af=d ample facilities & opportunity = ! play ( _! *ildr51 w ! lure ( ! city be *eck$4 ,) su* a *ang$ attitude ! rural community ne$ h no fe> ( ! competition ( ! city4 ,x may n be able to h z f9e comm]cial amusem5ts1 b x c h ! be/ sort ( play & recreation at small co/1 = :i* ! cities incur l>ge exp5se4 ,!re is a peculi> ne$ = a bett] und]/&+ ( ! place ( play & recreation 9 ! op5 c\ntry at ! pres5t "t4 ,=m]ly l>ge families gave bett] opportunity = ! *ildr5 ( "o family to play toge!r1 & !re 7 m *ildr5 ( simil> ages at ! di/rict s*ool ( ! neighborhood4 ,to-day ) f>ms f>!r ap>t & few] *ildr51 f>m *ildr5 d n h suffici5t opportunity to play toge!r 9 gr\ps4 ,! bett] opportunity = gr\p play & team games is "o ( ! advantages ( ! consolidat$ s*ool :i* has be5 too little appreciat$4 ,we h se5 t "o ( ! obvi\s necessities = ! economic progress ( agriculture is t its bus9ess be conduct$ on a cop]ative basis4 ,! *ief ob/acle to cop]ation is ! individualism ( ! f>m]4 ,! tra9+ ( boys & girls 9 team games1 9 :i* !y le>n loyalty to ! gr\p & to subord9ate !mselves to ! w9n+ ( ! team1 w d mu* to *ange ?is attitude4 ,boys :o play baseball & basketball toge!r1 :o are associat$ 9 boy sc\ts & agricultural clubs1 w be mu* quick] to cop]ate1 = !y gr[ up ) an attitude ( loyalty to ! team gr\p z well z to _! own family4 ,aga91 ! awkw>dness & self-consci\sness ( ! c\ntry y\? 9 comp>ison ) 8 city c\s9 is due to no inh]5t inf]iority1 = 9 a few ye>s he (t5 out-/rips him1 b x is ! direct result ( 8 lack ( social contacts4 ,p]sonality develops ?r\gh social life1 ?r\gh ! give & take ( "o p]sonality ) ano!r1 ?r\gh imitation1 & ! acquirem5t ( a natural ease ( association ) o!rs4 ,! c\ntry boy & girl :o has _h ! advantage ( association ) l>g] gr\ps 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool or high s*ool t5ds to become q ! social equal ( ! city *ild4 ,h]et(ore _m p1 & p>ticul>ly f>m p1 h reg>d$ play & recreation = adults z m or less frivol\s or unnecess>y1 :ile = *ildr5 play has be5 us$ z an aw>d = good conduct or h>d "w1 b x has by no means be5 deem$ a necess>y phase ( ! *ild's life4 ,if ,johnnie does all 8 *ores or if ,m>y wa%es ! di%es & du/s ! furniture fai?fully1 ! opportunity = play is held up z a rew>d = s]vices r5d]$2 b t "t = play & prop] k9ds ( play are ess5tial = a *ild's education has only rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ by ! /ud5ts ( *ild psy*ology & is n1 z yet1 g5]ally appreciat$ ei!r by p>5ts or tea*]s4 ,x is (t5 said t ?is is ! age ( ! *ild1 9 t our civilization is m l>gely %ap$ by a desire to give our *ildr5 ! be/ possible advantages4 ,we h come to appreciate1 ?anks to ! insight ( su* philosoph]s z ,john ,fiske1#eh t ! advancem5t ( ! human race has be5 v l>gely due to ! prolongation ( ! p]iod ( infancy4 ,ord9>ily we ?9k ( play z an attribute ( *ildhood1 b z an incid5t r ?an z a fundam5tal reason = ! prolongation ( *ildhood4 ,mo/ mod]n /ud5ts ( *ild psy*ology1 h[ev]1 w take ! view ( ,k>l ,gross1#ei an au?ority on ! play ( man & animals1 :o says3 ,*ildr5 d n play because !y are "y2 !y are "y 9 ord] t !y may play4 ,play is a normal process ( ! *ild's gr[? ?r\gh spontane\s activity4 ,joseph ,lee1 ! presid5t ( ! ,playgr\nd & ,recreation ,association ( ,am]ica1 goes s f> z to say3 ,play is ?us ! ess5tial "p ( education4 ,x is nature's prescrib$ c\rse4 ,s*ool is invaluable 9 =m+ ! *ild to meet actual social opportunities & conditions4 ,)\t ! s*ool1 he w n gr[ up to fit our in/itutions4 ,)\t play he w n gr[ up at all4#fj ,i d n mean t a *ild %\ld h no responsibilities1 = t is ! mis=tune ( ! city *ild1 b x is important to recognize ! tru? ( old adage t all "w & no play makes ,jack a dull boy1 :i* mod]n psy*ology has giv5 a sci5tific basis4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ne$s = ! promotion ( play 9 rural communities is to secure a new attitude t[>d x on ! "p ( _m p>5ts4 ,too frequ5tly--& alas1 (t5 f necessity--*ildr5 are compell$ to d too mu* f>m labor4 ,agriculture is /ill a family indu/ry1 & v (t5 on ! poor] f>ms ! old] *ildr5 seem to be consid]$ *iefly z an economic asset4 ,ov]work & little or no "t to satisfy ! innate t5d5cy ( *ildr5 to play1 inevitably produces a dislike ( f>m life & is "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s reasons :y _m ( !m leave ! f>m z soon z possible4 ,_m p>5ts h =gott5 h[ to play & h lo/ ! feel ( x4 ,x is important = !m to play !mselves 9 ord] to appreciate ! ne$s ( _! *ildr51 & to h a real sympa?y ) !m4 ,picnics1 play fe/ivals1 & sociables1 at :i* e "o is compell$ to get into ! game1 are valuable = ?is purpose4 ,_m a man recov]s 8 y\? 9 a picnic baseball game4 ,o!rs h nev] _h mu* play 9 _! own lives & d n appreciate its value = ! be/ developm5t ( _! *ildr54 ,play fe/ivals or demon/rations & local a?letic meets 9 :i* _! *ildr5 p>ticipate may appeal to _! p>5tal pride4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 su* play days are community affairs1 !y give ! sanction ( public op9ion to ! games play$ & to ^? p>ticipat+ 9 !m4 ,! play idea is popul>iz$4 ,play 9 ! ,home4--,al?\gh ! small family does n furni% opportunity = gr\p games1 :i* are necess>y = ! satisfaction bo? ( *ildr5 & adults1 yet ! movem5t = bett] play facilities = ! community %\ld n ov]look ! fact t ! home is ! fundam5tal social in/itution ( rural life & t play & recreation 9 ! home are ess5tial to its success & happ9ess4 ,home games b9d ! family toge!r1 & p>5ts :o play ) _! *ildr5 f9d x mu* easi] to secure & ma9ta9 _! confid5ce4 ,! community may well give att5tion to ! enc\ragem5t ( games & play 9 ! homes z well z 9 ! community ga!r+s4 ,we ne$ a def9ite movem5t on ! "p ( pa/ors1 tea*]s1 & especially by su* organizations z granges & f>m & home bureaus = ! promotion ( play by "y & old 9 ! f>m home4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,automobile4--,"o ( ! values ( ! automobile is t by its use _m a f>m] has be5 giv5 a new realization ( ! value ( recreation4 ,! new desire = recreation ?us creat$ is a great ga9 = f>m life4 ,!re is no reason :y ! f>m] & 8 family %\ld n h z mu* enjoym5t ( life z t[n & city p1 & if !y _c1 !n only ! poor] class ( p w rema9 on ! f>ms4 ,occasionally "o he>s a comm]cial salesman or "s city bus9ess man decry+ ! effect ( automobiles on f>m]s1 claim+ t !y are neglect+ _! "w :ile *as+ ar\nd ! c\ntry hav+ a good "t4 ,d\btless 9 occasional in/ances ?is is z true ( ! f>m] z x is ( ! t[nsman1 b su* f>m]s w soon come to _! s5ses or get (f ! f>m1 & ev5 7 !re a g5]al t5d5cy ( ?is sort 9 "s communities x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! tempor>y excitem5t ( a new exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! break+ d[n ( ! old /olidity :i* dom9at$ _m a f>m] :o _h become s accu/om$ to "w day 9 & day out t he 0 h>dly happy :5 he _h a *ance = recreation1 & ! creation ( a :olesome desire = a l>g] exp]i5ce & m association ) o!rs1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ ga9s 9 c\ntry life & w n only raise ! /&>ds ( liv+1 b w be a pot5t inc5tive = bett] agricultural me?ods4 ,!re c be no progress )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( dissatisfaction4 ,cont5t$ness has its virtues1 b x may deg5]ate into in]tia & ! dea? ( all desire = bett] life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! automobile & trolley h made x possible = f>m p to easily rea* ! t[ns & !re att5d movies & o!r comm]cial amusem5ts & to take "p 9 ! social life ( ! t[n & city4 ,?is may weak5 ! social life ( ! rural community1 & x also t5ds to make rural p imitate ! =ms ( play1 recreation1 & social life ( ! city1 :i* are n necess>ily be/ suit$ to rural life4 ,:5 rural p come to appreciate t ^? =ms ( play & recreation :i* are native or are adapt$ to ! c\ntry h _m advantages ov] ^? ( _! city c\s9s1 & 9 _m ways may h high] values & satisfactions1 !y w give m he$ to develop+ ^? :i* are mo/ suitable = _! enjoym5t4 ,because v>i\s k9ds ( exp5sive play app>atus are desirable = ! small playgr\nd ( ! city1 :i* is cr[d$ ) hundr$s ( *ildr51 is no reason :y simil> app>atus %\ld be ?\ght necess>y = ! s*ool-y>d ( ! rural s*ool4 ,_m ( ! pres5t t5d5cies ( recreation 9 cities are b revivals ( rural cu/oms :i* are receiv+ new recognition because !y appeal to t :i* is innate 9 human nature4 ,:at is community s++ b a v>iation ( ! old-fa%ion$ s++ s*ool8 ,folk-danc+ orig9at$ 9 ! c\ntry z an expression ( ! activities ( e-day life1 & %\ld be enc\rag$ ev]y:]e4 ,dramatics & pageantry are native to ! c\ntryside4 ,! fair & fe/ival are rural in/itutions4 ,comm]cial ,amusem5ts2 ,mov+ ,pictures4--,a c]ta9 =m ( recreation may be secur$ ?r\gh amusem5ts :i* involve m]e passive p>ticipation ^u ! "p ( ! spectators1 z 9 v>i\s ent]ta9m5ts1 dramatics1 etc4 ,z long z ^? giv+ ! ent]ta9m5t are local p1 fri5ds or relatives1 ! audi5ce takes a m or less sympa!tic "p 9 ! p]=mance & is n actuat$ solely by ! desire to pur*ase pleasurable s5sations z is ! case ) comm]cial amusem5ts4 ,i mean by comm]cial amusem5ts ^? :i* are op]at$ solely = pr(it1 ^: advantages ! individual pur*ases = 8 own pleasure r ?an ) any idea ( p>ticipat+ 9 a gr\p activity4 ,comm]cial amusem5ts h _! place & may be ( great b5efit1 b !y are l>gely an individuali/ic =m ( enjoym5t & t5d to make ! spectator increas+ly dep5d5t ^u passive pleasurable s5sations1 & d n h ! social value ( ^? =ms ( play 9 :i* "o actively p>ticipates z a memb] ( a gr\p4 ,al?\gh comm]cial amusem5ts h ^! limitations1 yet !y h v real values :i* might be secur$ = _m rural communities if !y 7 op]at$ on a cop]ative basis by ! p !mselves r ?an m]ely = pr(it by an individual4 ,motion pictures are n[ ! mo/ popul> =m ( comm]cial amusem5t & h unlimit$ possibilities :5 op]at$ = ! good ( ! community r ?an = pr(it alone4 ,x is n[ possible to secure relatively *eap projection outfits & electric plants1 s t _m small communities are n[ op]at+ _! own motion picture %[s4 ,9 _m places ?is is "o ( ! lead+ attractions at ! community build+ & is a s\rce ( rev5ue = its ma9t5ance4 ,9 su* places ! motion picture ent]ta9m5t is becom+ a sort ( family affair1 & :5 x c be s op]at$ z to secure ! att5dance ( ! family z a gr\p ! objectionable features w soon disappe>4 ,inde$1 !re is a well-organiz$ ef=t on ! "p ( c]ta9 motion picture firms to supply films = j ?is type ( ent]ta9m5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! picture %[ may possibly be supplem5t$ ) o!r features :i* w make a m attractive ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t1 especially 9 small places :]e x is practicable to op]ate b "o %[ dur+ an ev5+4 ,dur+ ! w> community s++ 0 tri$ at ! op5+ & betwe5 reels 9 _m movie h\ses ) conspicu\s success1 & %\ld be enc\rag$ :]ev] suitable lead]%ip c be secur$4 ,! spee*es ( ! f\r-m9ute m5 7 also an innovation :i* might well be tri$ fur!r 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,w\ld n a f\r-m9ute spee* on "s curr5t topic by a live speak]1 giv5 9 an uncontrov]sial mann]1 be a welcome feature ( ! movie %[ betwe5 reels1 & an effective means ( educat+ public op9ion8 ,! community or*e/ra or community b& might well receive enc\ragem5t & f9ancial aid by occasional programs at ! community movies4 ,dramatics & ,pageantry4--,9 ! la/ few ye>s amateur dramatics h become increas+ly popul> 9 rural communities4 ,! little c\ntry !at] idea has caught ! att5tion ( rural p1 & seems de/9$ 9 "o =m or ano!r to become a rural in/itution4 ,amateur dramatics are "o ( ! mo/ enjoyable & :olesome =ms ( recreation4 ,! actors n only h a deal ( fun z well z h>d "w1 b real act+ involves putt+ "o's self into ! "p & ga9+ an und]/&+ ( v>i\s types ( p & social situations :i* is a mo/ lib]al education4 ,! audi5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 takes a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! act+ ( its *ildr51 fri5ds1 & relatives1 & x ent]s into ! _s ( ! play mu* m fully ?an :5 see+ pr(essional actors4 ,! amateur dramatic club t5ds to become a community organization 9 :i* ! p h a real pride & = :i* !y develop a loyalty :i* af=ds x a peculi> opportunity & responsibility = portray+ v>i\s problems & phases ( life1 giv+ n only enjoym5t b a f9] & deep] appreciation ( human relation%ips4 ,= special occasions ! hi/orical pageant is n only a mo/ delightful ent]ta9m5t b is "o ( ! be/ means ( ar\s+ community pride & _s4 ,! pageant grips bo? actors & audi5ce ) a common loyalty to _! =efa!rs4 ,su* an hi/orical picture ( ! developm5t ( a community br+s to its p an appreciation ( _! common h]itage & !y come to a new realization ( _! pres5t com=ts & _! responsibility = ! community's future4 ,all sorts & conditions ( p w "w toge!r 9 a pageant & enjoy ! association4 ,any rural community :i* really makes up its m9d to d s c produce an hi/orical pageant ( its own1 :i* w give new mean+ & inspiration to ! common life4#fa ,play 9 ! ,s*ool4--,! s*ool is comm5c+ to realize ! importance ( play z a phase ( education1 b 9 _m cases ! "o-room c\ntry s*ool has too few *ildr5 ( ! same age to make x possible = !m to play toge!r ) mu* satisfaction4 ,s*ool consolidation is ess5tial = bett] play4 ,! gr\nds ( mo/ "o-room s*ools are ill-adapt$ to play & x is n always practicable to h suffici5t l& atta*$ to !m = a suitable playgr\nd4 ,x has be5 assum$ t *ildr5 "k h[ to play1 b su* is by no means always ! case4 ,!y h ! desire to play1 b if !y h n _h opportunity to play ) o!rs1 ! =ms ( _! play may be v limit$4 ,h]e9 is ! opportunity = sup]vision by ! tea*]1 :o may tea* !m new plays & games1 may uphold ! code ( play1 & may see t all h opportunity to p>ticipate4 ,obvi\sly ! tea*]s !mselves ne$ tra9+ = ?is :i* !y h n _h 9 ! pa/4 ,new ,york ,/ate has provid$ t any s*ool di/rict or comb9ation ( sev]al s*ool di/ricts may employ a sup]visor ( physical tra9+1 t[>ds ^: sal>y ! /ate w contribute half up to #fjj p] annum1 :o w assi/ ! tea*]s 9 develop+ physical tra9+ & play 9 _! s*ools4 ,simil> plans are be+ adopt$ 9 o!r /ates4 ,m>yl& has a /ate-wide a?letic league organiz$ by c\nties4 ,! *ildr5 ( ea* s*ool are giv5 physical te/s1 & recognition by buttons & m$als is giv5 = ! atta9m5t ( def9ite /&>ds ( physical developm5t & pr[ess1 graduat$ accord+ to age & sex4 ,a?letic meets are held by ! s*ools ( ea* c\nty1 & ! w9n]s !n compete 9 a /ate-wide meet4#fb ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! s*ools ( a community1 t[n%ip1 or c\nty are n[ hold+ play days or play fe/ivals1 ) :i* is usually a picnic1 at :i* *ildr5 & p>5ts f ! :ole c\ntryside get toge!r = a day ( real recreation1 & :i* h a l>ge influ5ce 9 w9n+ ! support ( _! patrons = ! play activities fo/]$ by ! s*ools4#fc ,boys' & ,girls' ,organizations4--,probably a l>g] impetus to ! be/ types ( play = c\ntry boys & girls has be5 giv5 by su* organizations z ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 ! ,"y ,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 ! ,boy ,sc\ts1 ! ,girl ,sc\ts1 ! ,camp ,fire ,girls1 & ! ,boys' & ,girls' ,clubs fo/]$ by ! ext5sion dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate agricultural colleges & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ?an by any o!r ag5cies4 ,ea* ( ^! organizations has a program ( *ildr5's activities involv+ bo? recreation & education1 z well z a def9ite ef=t = "* build+4 ,!y are invaluable allies ( ! home1 ! s*ool1 & ! *ur*1 = !y are ! boys' & girls' own organizations & meet _! desire = gr\p activities4 ,j :i* "o or h[ _m ( !m are ne$$ 9 any "o community is a local problem1 & x is impracticable to "h attempt any evaluation ( _! p>ticul> advantages4 ,suffice x to say t e rural community :i* c f9d suitable lead]%ip %\ld h su* an organization ( boys or girls1 & w f9d ! assi/ance ( ! /ate & national headqu>t]s ( ^! movem5ts ( ! greate/ help 9 ! developm5t ( a local program ( play & recreation4#fd ,! ,*ur* & ,play4--,we h already not$ 7page #acc7 a *ang+ attitude on ! "p ( ! rural *ur* t[>d play & recreation4#fe ,9 ! pa/ x has too (t5 be5 simply a negative condemnation ( ! s-call$ worldly amusem5ts1 ) no ef=t to und]/& ! normal crav+s ( human nature :i* !y satisfy or to furni% any satisfactory sub/itute = !m4 ,x is true t socials ( ! old] classes 9 ! ,sunday s*ool & ( ! "y p's societies h done mu* = ! sociable life ( ! c\ntry1 b v (t5 !y h fail$ to int]e/ ^? :o w\ld be mo/ b5efit$ by !m4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 *ur* lead]s are actively enc\rag+ rural *ur*es to develop su* programs ( play & recreation z may be necess>y to meet ! ne$s ( _! communities4 ,! ,sunday s*ools are organiz+ baseball teams & baseball leagues1 & are promot+ ?r\gh-!-week activities ( organiz$ classes4 ,a majority ( ! troops ( ,boy ,sc\ts are affiliat$ ) *ur*es1 & sc\t+ is becom+ a recogniz$ means = ! direction ( ! *ur*'s recreational "w = boys4 ,j h[ f> ! rural *ur* %\ld g 9 af=d+ facilities = play & recreation1 is a local problem & x is difficult to g5]alize z to ! duty ( ! *ur* 9 ?is field4 ,if !re is b "o *ur* 9 ! community1 or !re is a community *ur*1 & o!r ag5cies are lack+1 x may be highly desirable = ! *ur* :i* has suitable rooms to equip "o z a play room1 or to e/abli% a play gr\nd = ! *ildr51 or to organize a dramatic club4 ,b :]e !re is m ?an "o *ur* 9 a community1 x is obvi\sly difficult to organize recreational "w on sect>ian l9es4 ,9 "s in/ances ! *ur*es are pool+ _! int]e/s 9 ! support ( a common recreational program4 ,"s ( ^? :o mo/ ke5ly feel ! responsibility = ! lead]%ip ( ! *ur* 9 ?is field1 ev5 g s f> z to claim t on acc\nt ( ! moral values involv$ 9 ! play ( its p1 play & recreation %\ld be *iefly direct$ by & c5t]$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,!re is no "q b t ! *ur* :i* does n give att5tion to ?is aspect ( life & does n h "s recreational & social features among its activities w fail to meet ! ne$s ( its p1 b :e!r ! *ur* c compete ) ! s*ool1 ! community build+1 & indep5d5t social organizations1 or :e!r x %\ld seek to d s1 is h>dly a debatable "q4 ,! play & recreational life ( mo/ rural communities inevitably crosses *ur* l9es1 & x is well = ! community t x does4 ,p may diff] on religion & yet enjoy play+ toge!r4 ,s ! *ur* may lead & promote bett] means = play & recreation1 b :5ev] x attempts dom9ation or control x w prejudice its position & w be unable to accompli% its objective4 ,community ,build+s4--,! l>g] appreciation ( ! importance ( play & recreation 9 rural life has br\ght att5tion to ! lack ( physical equipm5t4 ,e rural community ne$s a playgr\nd l>ge en\gh to include a good baseball diamond & a basketball c\rt1 & a build+ :]e indoor sports1 gymnasium "w & basketball games c be held4 ,on acc\nt ( ! lack ( su* facilities _m cities h b\ght playgr\nds ^u :i* h be5 erect$ special build+s conta9+ gymnasiums1 game & club rooms1 & (t5 a bran* libr>y1 :i* h become kn[n z social c5t]s4 ,! social c5t] idea has spread to ! c\ntry1 = :i* v>i\s =ms ( social c5t]s h be5 advocat$4 ,any build+ :i* is available = su* purposes to ! :ole community--! s*ool1 *ur*1 or grange hall--may become a social c5t] if suitable arrangem5ts are made = its op]ation z su*4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education has urg$ t e s*ool %all be made a social c5t]1 & z f> z ?is is possible1 x is mo/ desirable4 ,:at c be accompli%$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry s*ool is well %[n 9 ! "w ( ,mrs4 ,m>ie ,turn] ,h>vey 9 ! ,port] ,s*ool at ,kirksville1 ,miss\ri4#ff ,b ! di/rict s*ool w1 at be/1 be only ! social c5t] ( a neighborhood1 & 9 _m cases its di/rict is too small = successful play or social life4 ,fur!rmore1 ! av]age "o-room s*ool is ill-adapt$ 9 ar*itecture or equipm5t = social purposes4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool or village high s*ool may well be made a social c5t] z f> z x is possible = x to s function & new s*ools %\ld be1 & are be+1 con/ruct$ ) ?is 9 view4 ,! s*ool build+ & ! s*ool playgr\nd are naturally ! be/ places = c5t]+ ! play activities ( ! *ildr51 especially :]e physical tra9+ or play sup]visors are employ$ by ! s*ools4 ,x is a "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ^? ov] s*ool age w use ! s*ool = social purposes z freely z "s o!r build+1 unless ! g5]al policy & managem5t ( ! use ( ! build+ = community purposes is 9 ! h&s ( a community organization =m$ = t purpose4 ,:]e !re is b "o *ur* 9 a community1 :i* is practically a community *ur*1 ! *ur* build+ or *ur* h\se may be utiliz$ z a social c5t]1 & ! erection ( community build+s by su* *ur*es is n[ be+ advocat$4 ,9 "s cases su* a community build+ atta*$ to a *ur* may be a means ( meet+ ! ne$2 b 9 o!r communities affiliation ) ! *ur* may n be advantage\s4 ,:]e !re is m ?an "o *ur*1 ! *ur*es may jo9 9 ! op]ation ( a community build+1 b 9 t case all ( ! *ur*es mu/ be includ$ or x w n h ! support ( ! :ole community--x w n be a real community build+4 ,_m grange build+s are n[ us$ b once 9 a =tnight or s = grange meet+s1 & rema9 idle ! re/ ( ! "t4 ,may x n be possible to devise "s equitable & satisfactory arrangem5t :]eby !y may be made available = ! con/ant use ( all ! p z community build+s & /ill res]ve !m to ! grange = its use at su* times z x desires8 ,! av]age rural community _c af=d to tie up s mu* capital 9 build+s :i* are s infrequ5tly us$4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! auspices "u :i* a community build+ is to be op]at$ & ! possibility ( secur+ ! unit$ support ( ! :ole community = x are ess5tial if x is to be p]man5tly successful z a community home4 ,because ( ! limitations ( s*ool1 *ur*1 & grange hall1 _m communities are n[ plann+ to erect community build+s#fg 9 :i* all ! leisure-"t activities ( ! :ole community may be c5t]$4 ,! community build+ w usually include an auditorium ) /age = ent]ta9m5ts & dramatics1 :i* is (t5 us$ = a gymnasium or basketball1 a kit*5 & d9+ room1 a game room1 possibly a libr>y room1 & su* o!r features z may be practicable4 ,9 old] communities !re are (t5 m build+s ?an are be+ us$4 ,unus$ *ur*es may well be conv]t$ to community build+s ) relatively small exp5se4 ,! adv5t ( prohibition & good roads has driv5 _m village hotels out ( bus9ess & _! build+s are 9 "s cases suitable = conv]sion into community build+s & may be pur*as$ at mu* bel[ co/4 ,"s sort ( organization mu/ be ! own] ( a community build+ & assure its support1 & x w\ld seem t if ! build+ is to be truly a community affair x %\ld be op]at$ by ! community z su*4 ,9 "s /ates legislation has be5 pass$ p]mitt+ ! t[n%ip1 or any volunt>y tax di/rict1 to erect & op]ate a community build+1 & _m su* build+s are 9 successful op]ation4 ,9 o!r cases1 x w be desirable to =m "s sort ( community organization1 :i* is op5 to all memb]s ( ! community & :i* repres5ts all ( ! organizations & int]e/s :i* may use ! build+1 = its erection & control4 ,?us rural play & recreation :i* =m]ly c5t]$ 9 ! neighborhood1 is n[ be+ organiz$ on a community basis1 & ! increas$ int]e/ 9 adequate facilities = play & recreation is1 9 la/ analysis1 an ef=t ( ! rural community to def5d its integrity aga9/ ! lure ( its p by ! city4 ,j z 9 _! economic life & 9 _! educational sy/em rural p are compell$ to act toge!r z a community if !y are to compete ) ! advanc+ /&>ds ( ! city1 s play & recreation is also becom+ a conc]n ( ! :ole community4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,see 8 ,! ,mean+ ( ,infancy4 #ei ,! ,play ( ,man4 ,translat$ by ,elizabe? ,l4 ,baldw94 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #fj ,play 9 ,education4 #fa ,see ,abigail ,f4 ,halsey1 ,! ,hi/orical ,pageant 9 ! ,rural ,community4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,cornell ,ext5sion ,bullet91 #ed4 ,june1 #aibb4 #fb ,see ,(ficial ,h&book ( ! ,public ,a?letic ,league1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,edit$ by ,william ,burdick1 ,m4,d4 ,spald+ ,a?letic ,libr>y1 ,new ,york1 ,am]ican ,sports ,publi%+ ,co4 #fc ,see ,galp9 & ,weisman1 ,play ,days 9 ,rural ,s*ools1 ,circul> #aah1 ,ext54 ,div4 ( ! ,college ( ,agr41 ,univ4 ( ,wiscons91 ,madison4 #fd ,national headqu>t]s are z foll[s3 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,c\nty ,"w1 #cdg ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york2 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 ,c\ntry ,dept41 #fjj ,lex+ton ,ave41 ,new ,york2 ,boy ,sc\ts ( ,am]ica1 ,fif? ,ave4 ,bldg41 ,new ,york2 ,girl ,sc\ts1 ,inc41 #ahi ,lex+ton ,ave41 ,new ,york2 ,! ,camp ,fire ,girls ( ,am]ica1 #abh ,e4 #bh? ,/41 ,new ,york2 ,boys' & ,girls' ,club ,"w 79 agriculture & home economics71 ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 or ! ext5sion dep>tm5t ( any /ate agricultural college4 #fe ,! be/ discussion ( ?is topic is ,h5ry ,a4 ,atk9son's ,! ,*ur* & ! ,peoples ,play4 ,bo/on1 ,pilgrim ,press1 #aiae4 #ff ,see ,evelyn ,dewey1 ,new ,s*ools = ,old4 ,new ,york4 #fg ,see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s #hbe1 #aagc & #aaib1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,nason1 on ,rural ,community ,build+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,organizations ,,( ,,! ,,rural ,,community ,?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! f>m]'s s5se ( belong+ to a community is r vague4 ,! villag] has a def9ite idea ( ! village because x has a b\nd>y1 he c see x1 & 9 _m cases x is incorporat$2 b 9 mo/ cases1 outside ( ,new ,engl& at lea/1 ! villag] & ! f>m] h n ?\ght ( !mselves z belong+ to ! same community4 ,f>m]s d1 h[ev]1 belong to _m organizations :i* meet 9 ! village & m & m f>m] & villag] m+le 9 ! associations devot$ to v>i\s special int]e/s4 ,! f>m]'s loyalty has1 !re=e1 be5 prim>ily to organizations r ?an to ! community z su*1 b z ^! diff]5t organizations h multipli$ he has become increas+ly aw>e t mo/ ( !m1 ea* 9 its own field1 are devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ! common good4 ,?r\gh ! common int]e/s ( organizations 9 ! life ( all ! p is aris+ a new conception ( ! community4 ,z ,pr(essor ,e4 ,c4 ,l9deman has well po9t$ out1#fh at ! pres5t "t ! community is m an association ( gr\ps ?an ( individuals1 & x is ^! gr\ps & organizations :i* l>gely control community action4 ,if we are to und]/& ! relation ( ! f>m] to 8 community1 we c d s only by kn[+ ! organizations & gr\ps to :i* he belongs1 = x is 9 !m & ?r\gh !m t 8 loyalty to ! community arises4 ,! ,grange4--,by all odds ! /ronge/ local organization ( f>m]s ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates is ! ,grange1 :i* is ! local unit ( ! ,ord] ( ,patrons ( ,husb&ry4 ,= half a c5tury1 f ! "t ( its organization 9 #ahfh until #aibj1 x _h a l>g] influ5ce ^u national legislation ?an any o!r organization ( f>m]s1 & x 0 l>gely ?r\gh its ef=ts t _m ( ! m important acts = ! b5efit ( agriculture 7 pass$ by ,congress4#fi ,! gr[? 9 memb]%ip & numb] ( local granges 9 rec5t ye>s te/ifies t ! grange meets a real ne$ 9 f>m life4 ,its maximum memb]%ip 0 9 #ahge :5 #heh1jej memb]s 7 pay+ dues to ! ,national ,grange4 ,f !n x decl9$ to #ajf1ghb memb]s 9 #ahhi1 b 9 ! next ?irty ye>s x grew to approximately #gjj1jjj memb]s 9 #aiai4 ,/ate ,granges are n[ organiz$ 9 ?irty-?ree /ates & !re are approximately #h1jjj local or subord9ate granges4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s ( its hi/ory !re 7 _m granges 9 ! ,s\?1 b s9ce ! decl9e 9 ! '#hj's !re h be5 practically no granges s\? ( ,virg9ia & ,miss\ri4 ,al?\gh ! ,grange is a secret ord] or frat]nity1 ) a ritual simil> to o!r frat]nal ord]s1 its memb]%ip is op5 to any "o ( good "*1 & ! local granges frequ5tly hold op5 meet+s to :i* all ! p ( ! community are invit$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,grange z a community organization is l>gely due to two factors3 fir/1 its broad program1 & second1 t x is a family organization4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 are admitt$ to memb]%ip & 9 sev]al /ates junior granges = ! old] *ildr5 are num]\s4 ,al?\gh ! grange actively supports /ate & national legislation = ! b5efit ( agriculture1 x is /rictly non-p>tisan 9 politics & is non-sect>ian ) reg>d to religion4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s x und]took to op]ate num]\s cop]ative ent]prises1 includ+ _m cop]ative /ores1 & x 0 ! failure ( _m ( ^! :i* caus$ its sudd5 decl9e ( memb]%ip 9 ! late '#gj's4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 al?\gh x has vigor\sly sponsor$ cop]ation1 x has favor$ indep5d5t cop]ative organizations1 hav+ no organic connection ) ! grange1 ) ! exception ( grange insurance companies ^: advantages are usually limit$ to grange memb]s4 ,possibly ! greate/ s]vice ( ! ,grange is its educational & social "w4 ,! lectur]'s h\r is a feature ( e meet+1 & 9 ?is h\r a program plann$ by ! lectur] is giv5 by memb]s ( ! grange1 or outside speak]s are invit$ to address x on topics ( int]e/4 ,^! programs include bo? discussion ( educational topics hav+ to d ) all phases ( agriculture1 home life1 & civic affairs1 b also music1 recitations & o!r ent]ta9+ features4 ,special social ev5+s & supp]s are held at frequ5t int]vals & ! "y p (t5 enjoy an in=mal dance aft] ! regul> grange meet+4 ,! local grange1 m ?an any o!r organization1 provides a =um = ! discussion ( ! problems ( agriculture & c\ntry life1 & is ?us a p[]ful ag5cy = ! creation ( public op9ion on any matt]s ( community conc]n4 ,! managem5t ( its bus9ess & ! p>ticipation 9 ! lectur]'s programs furni% ! be/ opportunity = ! developm5t ( lead]%ip & = tra9+ 9 public speak+1 s t ! local ,grange has be5 ! means ( discov]+ & tra9+ mu* ( our be/ rural lead]%ip4 ,= _m ye>s ! att5tion ( ! ,grange seem$ to be direct$ *iefly t[>d ! support ( ne$$ national legislation1 b rec5tly grange lead]s h p]ceiv$ t1 l all su* organizations1 its p]man5t /r5g? & influ5ce dep5d m l>gely on ! degree to :i* ! local grange is a vital =ce 9 ! life ( its memb]s & ( its community4 ,9 a rec5t article on ,! ,future ( ! ,grange1 ,s4 ,j4 ,l[ell1 ,ma/] ( ! ,national ,grange1 ably voices ?is po9t ( view3 ,! f>m p ( ,am]ica are bett] in=m$ on all ! great que/ions ( ! day2 are pursu+ bett] agricultural me?ods2 are dem&+ bett] roads1 bett] s*ools1 bett] *ur*es2 are do+ m effective teamwork = =w>d-look+ projects2 & 9 consequ5ce are m valuable m5 & wom5 & citiz5s because ( ! ,grange influ5ce ( ! pa/ & its pres5ce 9 _! life to-day4 ,remove ! ,grange f ,am]ica & !re w\ld be tak5 out ( our progress ( a half c5tury "o ( ! l>ge/ contribut+ factors4 ,x w be sett+ up a decl>ation contr>y to ! belief ( "s t ex]t+ legislative influ5ce1 important z x is1 is n ! mo/ valuable function ( ! ,grange2 t its cop]ative activities1 h[ev] !y may h fl\ri%$1 w n loom l>ge/ 9 ! grange program ( ! future2 t n ev5 its ef=ts = /ate & national re=m w be record$ z its greate/ s]vice to its day & g5]ation4 ,r we mu/ e/imate ! ,grange value ( ! future by its quiet1 /eady1 unfalt]+ ef=ts1 cont9u$ ye> aft] ye>1 9 ?\s&s ( local communities--_m ( !m f> remov$ f ! busy activities ( m5--to br+ ! rural p toge!r1 to tea* !m ! fundam5tals ( cop]ation1 ( effici5cy1 ( teamwork1 ( practical educational progress1 & ( ! value ( a =w>d-look+ rural program1 into ^: accompli%m5ts all ! p ( a locality may consci5ti\sly ent]4444 ,?is view ( ,grange s]vice to rural ,am]ica is app>5t 9 ! ext5t to :i* ! community-bett]m5t program has be5 tak5 up by subord9ate granges 9 ne>ly e /ate4 ,?\gh a secret organization--a frat]nity 9 fact z well z 9 "n--! ,grange is m & m mak+ ( itself an ov]fl[+ in/itution1 seek+ to r5d] actual b5efits to its imm$iate home locality4 ,hundr$s ( live ,granges ?is ye> are c>ry+ out "s =m ( community improvem5t along a great v>iety ( directions4#gj ,he !n goes on to give a brief glimpse ( ! v>iety ( ^! community ent]prises4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! ,/ate ,grange has = sev]al ye>s _h a committee :i* aw>ds annual prizes = ! be/ community improvem5t "w done by ! local granges1 & ?is has /imulat$ a lively int]e/ 9 community activities4 ,al?\gh ! ,grange is prim>ily a f>m]s' organization1 yet :]e ! local grange meets 9 ! village1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! old] /ates1 a consid]able numb] ( ! memb]s are village p1 s t ! ,grange repres5ts ! life ( ! :ole community4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 _m neighborhoods :i* are at "s di/ance f a village c5t]1 ! ,grange hall may be locat$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 its memb]%ip is compos$ :olly ( f>m]s1 & x is solely a class organization4 ,no /udies are available to %[ ! proportion ( ,granges :i* meet 9 villages or 9 ! op5 c\ntry & ! effect :i* ?is has ^u ! relation ( ! ,grange to ! community1 b x may be safely ass]t$ t1 z is ! case ) ! *ur* & ! s*ool1 ! ,grange t5ds to meet 9 village c5t]s z a matt] ( conv5i5ce to ! l>ge/ numb] ( its memb]s1 & t1 z indicat$ by ,mr4 ,l[ell1 x is com+ to recognize its responsibility = ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! community z a :ole4 ,o!r ,f>m]s' ,organizations4--,?r\gh\t ! ,s\? & 9 ,kansas & ,nebraska ! ,f>m]s' ,educational & ,cop]ative ,union is ! lead+ f>m]s' organization1 b x is *iefly devot$ to cop]ative bus9ess ent]prises & does b little = ! education or social life ( its memb]s1 :o are usually all m54 ,! same may be said ( ! ,society ( ,equity1 :i* is /ronge/ 9 ,wiscons91 ,k5tucky1 & ,s\? ,dakota4 ,9 ,mi*igan1 al?\gh ! ,grange is /rong1 ! ,glean]s h a consid]able memb]%ip4 ,9 _m /ates1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! grange is n well e/abli%$1 f>m]s' clubs h be5 organiz$4 ,9 "s cases local conditions make clubs feasible :]e x w\ld be difficult to enli/ a l>ge en\gh "p ( ! community to make a grange equally successful4 ,9 "s cases su* clubs are op5 to f>m]s only2 9 o!rs !y include ! :ole family2 :ile 9 rec5t ye>s _m f>m wom5's clubs h be5 organiz$4 ,:e!r su* clubs %\ld be = ! :ole family1 or = m5 or wom5 only1 is l>gely a local "q dep5d+ ^u ! social usages & homog5eity ( ! population4 ,9 ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota family clubs h be5 mo/ successful4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is w\ld be equally true 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! ,s\? su* local clubs h be5 ! local units ( ! ext5sion "w 9 agriculture & home economics4 ,:]e = any reason x is n possible to include ! :ole community 9 a club1 sev]al clubs may be organiz$1 ea* includ+ a cong5ial memb]%ip1 z is n[ ! case ) wom5's clubs 9 cities1 & ^! may !n be f$]at$ = community purposes4 ,lodges4--,9 mo/ rural villages w be f\nd "o or m lodges ( frat]nal ord]s1 su* z ! ,masons1 ,odd ,fell[s1 ,knights ( ,py?ias1 ,maccabees1 etc41 ) ! correspond+ ord]s ( wom5's auxili>ies4 ,! place & influ5ce ( lodges 9 ! life ( ! rural community h be5 /rangely neglect$ by /ud5ts ( c\ntry life1 & we h no means ( evaluat+ _! place 9 ! rural community4 ,n infrequ5tly ! regul> meet+s & special p>ties & banquets held by ^! ord]s =m a l>ge "p ( ! social life ( ! village4 ,9 o!r cases ! meet+s are b poorly att5d$ & ! lodge is ma9ta9$ *iefly = its insurance b5efits4 ,9 "s ( ! l>g] villages & t[ns ! l>g] & m prosp]\s lodges h game rooms & read+ rooms atta*$ to _! halls1 s t !y s]ve z club rooms = _! memb]%ip4 ,usually ! memb]%ip is m l>gely compos$ ( village p1 b a consid]able numb] ( f>m]s ma9ta9 _! memb]%ip1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n att5d regul>ly1 & 9 exceptional cases ! memb]%ip is l>gely compos$ ( f>m p4 ,x is obvi\s t ! lodge z a secret ord] is devot$ to ! int]e/s ( its own memb]%ip & usually x has no def9ite program ( "w = ! b5efit ( ! :ole community4 ,yet x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! assi/ance r5d]$ by ! lodge to its memb]s 9 sickness & to _! families :5 9 di/ress ( any k9d1 is a consid]able asset to ! welf>e ( ! community & is a p[]ful influ5ce 9 promot+ t _s ( bro!rhood ^u :i* all community life dep5ds4 ,usually ! lodges actively support & p>ticipate 9 any community activities 9 :i* !y may appropriately take "p1 su* z ,memorial ,day or ,f\r? ( ,july celebrations1 community ,*ri/mas trees & o!r fe/ival occasions4 ,! *ur*es1 or at lea/ ! m9i/]s1 sometimes feel t ! social life ( ! lodges absorbs s mu* ( ! "t & int]e/ ( _! memb]s z to prev5t _! activity 9 *ur* "w1 :i* attitude has (t5 obta9$ betwe5 ! *ur* & ,grange1 b x is a "q :e!r ?is is n (t5 due to ! failure ( ! *ur* to provide su* activities z w comm& ! loyalty ( ! p1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 n infrequ5tly ! lead]s 9 lodge "w are also mo/ active 9 ! *ur*es4 ,to ! ext5t t ! lodges seem self-c5t]$ & make no direct contribution to community improvem5t1 ?is is d\btless due to ! lack ( any means :]eby _! support may be enli/$ 9 a program ( community bett]m5t4 ,! place ( ! lodge 9 ! community is mu* l t ( a frat]nity 9 a college or univ]sity2 its prim>y obligation is to its own memb]%ip1 b :5 enli/$ 9 any activity = ! common welf>e x furni%es "o ( ! be/ means = develop+ ! community _s ( its memb]s1 & its p>ticipation is a means ( /r5g!n+ its own organization4 ,! ,village ,b&4--,a good village b& is "o ( ! mo/ effective ag5cies = promot+ community _s & sociability4 ,! village m]*ants h also f\nd t x is an economic asset1 & 9 _m c\ntry t[ns !y contribute lib]ally = its support4 ,a b& conc]t e ,saturday night1 or twice a week1 nev] fails to br+ a cr[d ( p to t[n & x is a common sight to see ! /reets l9$ ) automobiles ( f>m p :o h come 9 to enjoy ! conc]t & incid5tally to d a little %opp+ & *at ) ea* o!r & _! village fri5ds4 ,al?\gh x may be call$ by ! "n ( ! village1 x is usually a community b&1 = f>m boys :o c play an in/rum5t are always welcome & frequ5tly =m a consid]able "p ( ! memb]%ip4 ,! community comes to h a real pride 9 ev5 a mod]ately good b&1 & on holiday celebrations & o!r fe/ival occasions x is an invaluable asset to community _s4 ,a cr[d w always foll[ a b&1 = x ex]cises a sort ( gr\p lead]%ip = :i* !re seems to be no sub/itute4 ,9 "o small t[n 9 c5tral ,new ,york ! high s*ool op]ates a mov+ picture %[ e ,saturday ev5+1 :i* is prec$$ by a b& conc]t & "p ( ! pr(its ( ! %[ goes to ! support ( ! b&4 ,?us ! community f9ances & controls its own ent]ta9m5t4 ,ano!r small village 9 we/]n ,new ,york _h a fairly good b& :i* _h be5 play+ 9 neighbor+ villages z ! only means ( secur+ an income1 & 0 ?us draw+ trade ( f>m]s f its own village to ^? :]e x play$4 ,! fir/ ent]prise ( ! community c\ncil :i* 0 =m$ !re 0 to build a b& /& & to see t ! b& 0 f9anc$ s t x play$ e ,saturday night 9 ! home t[n4 ,9 ano!r case a community c\ncil 0 =m$ = ! prim>y purpose ( br++ ! support ( ! :ole community to a f9e b& :i* _h /ruggl$ along = sev]al ye>s ) little local appreciation4 ,community or*e/ras are ( equal value = indoor ent]ta9m5ts & give opportunity = ! tal5t ( ! "y wom5 z well z ! m54 ,! community *orus or *oral club has (t5 tak5 ! place ( ! old-fa%ion$ s++ s*ool4 ,if a good director c be secur$ he w always discov] m vocal ability ?an has be5 suspect$1 & ! p ( _m a rural community h be5 surpris$ at ! musical works !y h be5 able to produce "u compet5t lead]%ip4 ,! am\nt ( music 9 a community & ! public int]e/ 9 its musical ent]ta9m5ts are among ! mo/ significant indices ( its g5]al culture & progressiv5ess4 ,:]e !re is music !re is life4 ,! ,fire ,company4--,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t & honorable ( ! organizations ( ! village is ! volunte] fire company4 ,! fire company makes an appeal to ! _s ( adv5ture & h]oism common to all r$-blood$ "y m5 & furni%es some?+ ( ,pr(essor ,william ,james' moral equival5t ( w>4 ,its drills1 exhibits & competitions develop ! f9e/ type ( team "w among its memb]s1 :ile its p>ties1 fe/ivals & ent]ta9m5ts = rais+ money are always occasions ( note 9 ! social cal5d> ( ! community4 ,9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! firem5 v frequ5tly h a build+ ) clubrooms on ! second floor1 :i* =m a r5dezv\s = its memb]s4 ,n infrequ5tly _m ( ! ne>by f>m boys belong to ! fire company & pay _! dues = its support s t !y may enjoy its social advantages1 al?\gh !y may r>ely h opportunity to d mu* actual fire-fight+4 ,9 sev]al cases community h\ses h be5 built ) "o corn] ( ! fir/ floor con/ruct$ to h\se ! fire equipm5t4 ,9 "o village ,i f\nd t ! fire company _h tak5 ov] an old hall1 :]e x _h clubrooms & 0 hold+ mov+ picture ent]ta9m5ts e ,saturday ev5+ to f9ance ! build+4 ,! ,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,temp]ance ,union is by all odds ! /ronge/ non-sect>ian organization ( wom5 9 ! rural communities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! pa/ x has be5 *iefly a re=m organization & its p]si/5t agitation 0 a l>ge factor 9 ! enactm5t ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t to ! f$]al con/itution mak+ prohibition national4 ,al?\gh prohibition is1 z yet1 by no means a*iev$1 & !re is /ill ne$ ( uphold+ & enc\rag+ ^? *>g$ ) its en=cem5t1 yet ! prim>y purpose ( ! organization seems to be l>gely realiz$4 ,9 ! pa/ x has be5 *iefly a militant organization1 al?\gh x has tak5 an active int]e/ 9 problems ( *ild welf>e1 education1 recreation1 social hygi5e1 & simil> topics affect+ home life4 ,its public speak+ conte/s1 picnics1 supp]s1 & sociables h done mu* = ! social life ( _m a rural community4 ,if ! fight+ _s ( ! pa/ c be enli/$ 9 a well-r\nd$ program = social welf>e 9 e community :]e !re is a ,union1 ?is organization w cont9ue to be a p[]ful factor 9 unit+ ! wom5 9 _m a rural community4 ,! ,cemet]y ,association4--,f9ally1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,cemet]y ,association z a community organization1 %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! ,fri5d%ip ,village ,m>ri$ ,ladies' ,cemet]y ,improvem5t ,sodality1 :i* ,miss ,gale has made fam\s 9 h] delightful /ories ( village life1#ga well illu/rates ! influ5ces :i* h be5 />t$ by _m a cemet]y association4 ,n infrequ5tly ! "o ?+ :i* ev9ces "s civic pride 9 an o!rwise /agnant community is its well-kept cemet]y4 ,! condition ( ! cemet]y is a good index ( community _s4 ,:5 p neglect ! re/+ place ( _! dead !y are n apt to d mu* = ! liv+4 ,b once ar\se a feel+ ( %ame = su* neglect & ! ef=t to clean up & beautify ! cemet]y has (t5 br\ght all elem5ts ( ! community into a common loyalty z no?+ else c\ld d1 & ! satisfaction f su* an a*ievem5t may suffici5tly /ir community pride z to enc\rage o!r ent]prises4 ,! cemet]y itself has a n inconsid]able influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t ! integration ( ! rural community4 ,9 e>ly days e f>m _h its own bury+ lot4 ,no?+ is m pa!tic ?an ! ab&on$ bury+ lots--(t5 two or ?ree ( !m--on _m a ,new ,engl& f>m4 ,9 _m cases rural neighborhoods h _h a local cemet]y by ! c\ntry *ur* or di/rict s*ool4 ,^!1 too1 are increas+ly neglect$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! village cemet]y is m l>gely us$ m]ely because m assurance is felt 9 its p]man5t ma9t5ance4 ,x ne$s no argum5t f hi/ory or f ! cu/oms ( o!r l&s1 to %[ t ! p :o bury _! dead 9 ! same place are b\nd toge!r by ! mo/ sacr$ ties1 & t ! cemet]y :i* s]ves ! :ole community is "o ( its prim>y bonds4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,! ,community1 p4 #aai4 ,new ,york1 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 #fi ,see ,t4 ,c4 ,atkeson1 ,semi-c5t5nial ,hi/ory ( ! ,grange4 ,new ,york4 ,orange ,judd ,co4 #gj ,9 ,! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 ,oct4 #h1 #aiba1 p4 #ag4 #ga ,zona ,gale1 ,fri5d%ip ,village2 ,fri5d%ip ,village ,love ,/ories2 ,peace 9 ,fri5d%ip ,village4 ,new ,york4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,community',s ,,dep5d5t ,! neighborl9ess & hospitality ( f>m]s is prov]bial 9 e l& & clime4 ,?r\gh\t mu* ( ! old _w :]e f>m]s /ill live 9 village communities ! pov]ty or di/ress ( any family is at once app>5t & ! m =tunate memb]s ( ! village 9 "o way or ano!r give su* assi/ance z is possible4 ,! m primitive ! p ! m b9d+ is ?is obligation = mutual aid1 & "o _c b feel t our s-call$ advanc$ civilization has fail$ to develop z ke5 a s5se ( responsibility = ! un=tunate4 ,9 rural ,am]ica ?is is possibly due to ! fact t our f>ms are scatt]$ & ! condition ( ne$y families may n be notic$4 ,! av]age rural community w usually in=m an inquir] t x has practically no pov]ty & no ne$ ( a social work]4 ,yet inve/igation w almo/ always %[ t tuck$ away 9 "s holl[1 back on "s hill1 or ev5 huddl$ ne> ! outskirts ( ! village are a few un=tunate families1 ( ^: ne$s ! community is unaw>e4 ,^! families1 = "o reason or ano!r are disadvantag$1 !y d n commonly associate ) o!rs1 !y may be =eign]s1 or 9 "s way !y are que] & are m or less avoid$1 or possibly !y are m]ely isolat$ & s are unkn[n4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! social welf>e ( ! community su* families1 or individuals1 h be5 call$ ! unadju/$2 !y d n mix freely & are n up to ! local /&>ds ( life4 ,9 %ort1 su* families or individuals are abnormal1 & are a social liability ( ! community4 ,^! disadvantag$ or unadju/$ p may be r\ghly gr\p$ into f\r classes3 ! dep5d5t1 ! defective1 ! del9qu5t1 & ! neglect$4 ,9 "o s5se !y may all be call$ ! community's dep5d5t1 = !y all require "s sort ( assi/ance f ! community if _! relation%ip to x is to be satisfactorily adju/$4 ,pov]ty4--,9 a n>r[] s5se ! dep5d5t are ! poor2 ^? :o are unable to support !mselves & :o mu/ be aid$ by ! community if !y are to exi/4 ,if ?is condition becomes *ronic !y are paup]s2 b 9 mo/ cases _! dep5d5cy is tempor>y & has be5 due to "s unusual dra9 on ! family's res\rces1 su* z1 sickness1 fire1 crop failure1 or inability to secure employm5t4 ,!re is a v natural av]sion on ! "p ( ! latt] class aga9/ becom+ /igmatiz$ z paup]s & ( hav+ to secure public relief1 ( be+ on ! t[n2 :]eas ! habitual dep5d5ts h frequ5tly lo/ all pride 9 _! social /atus & are q will+ to cont9ue to receive all ! help !y c secure4 ,9 bo? cases1 if assi/ance is to be ( p]man5t value1 ! problem is n only t ( furni%+ imm$iate relief 9 ! =m ( food1 clo?+1 or %elt]1 b ( asc]ta9+ ! causes ( ! dep5d5cy & giv+ su* assi/ance & sympa!tic enc\ragem5t z w enable ! family or individual to aga9 become self-support+ & rega9 a normal /atus 9 ! community4 ,obvi\sly ?is is a delicate task :i* requires ! be/ k ( human nature z well z g5u9e sympa?y :i* w inspire confid5ce & fai?1 & 9 s f> z possible is likely to be m effective if x c be done privately4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge proportion ( ! *ronic dep5d5cy also involves m5tal or physical defectiv5ess or moral del9qu5cy :i* _c be rem$i$ by ! m]e giv+ ( alms4 ,mu* ( ! poor relief giv5 by rural communities is practically wa/$ because ( a failure to asc]ta9 ! real cause ( pov]ty or by lack ( k or means = its treatm5t4 ,defectives4--,9 mo/ cases ! c>e ( defectives _c be und]tak5 by ! rural community itself1 because !y usually require ! c>e ( in/itutions :i* c only be support$ by ! c\nty or /ate4 ,fur!rmore1 a family is usually able to take c>e ( "o ( its memb]s :o is s afflict$ or w assume ! burd5 ( s5d+ him to an in/itution1 s t only 9 ! case ( dep5d5t families does ! responsibility re/ on ! community4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a duty on ! "p ( ! community to see t ! afflict$ are giv5 necess>y c>e1 s t !y may n h to g ?r\gh life s h&icapp$ t !y are unable to be self-support+ & ?us may become :olly dep5d5t4 ,! physically defective are l>gely c>$ = by /ate & c\nty in/itutions4 ,we h le>n$ t ! deaf & bl9d may become l>gely self-support+ if giv5 ! advantages ( a specific type ( education1 = :i* ! /ate ma9ta9s special s*ools4 ,c\nty & /ate hospitals provide = ! c>e ( ^? afflict$ ) tub]culosis & a beg9n+ is be+ made 9 ! provision ( /ate hospitals = crippl$ *ildr5 :]e !y may receive necess>y surgical & or?op$ic treatm5t4 ,likewise ! m helpless m5tal defectives1 ! insane1 ! imbeciles & idiots1 are c>$ = 9 /ate in/itutions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s m5aces to ! social heal? ( ! rural community is f ^? m5tal defectives :o are able to c>e = !mselves b :o are m5tally incapable ( re>+ a normal family & ( con=m+ to ! cu/om>y /&>ds ( morality4 ,^! feeble-m9d$1 are f> too num]\s 9 rural communities & _! prop] c>e & education has be5 neglect$ because !y h be5 commonly reg>d$ z m]ely simple m9d$ or fooli%2 to be piti$1 & ! subject ( _m a je/1 b entirely h>mless4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! feeble-m9d$ are s ne>ly normal t !y are consid]$ m]ely %iftless or /upid4 ,ne>ly e rural community has "o or m families1 & n infrequ5tly a small slum neighborhood1 :o are ne'er-d-wells1 m or less del9qu5t & frequ5tly requir+ aid f ! t[n4 ,?anks to mod]n psy*ology1 we n[ "k t _m ( ^! adults h ! intellig5ce ( only a sev5 or n9e-ye>-old *ild & t !y are incapable ( fur!r m5tal developm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 c>efully conduct$ /udies 9 ! h]$ity ( ^! families %[ t feeble-m9d$ness is cong5ital2 t :]e bo? p>5ts are feeble-m9d$ all ! (fspr+ w be s afflict$2 & t :5 "o ( ! p>5ts is sub-normal t "s ( ! *ildr5 w be feeble-m9d$ & t ^? :o appe> normal may transmit ! defect to _! *ildr54 ,psy*ological te/s h n[ be5 develop$ s t adults ) a m5tality ( n9e or t5 ye>s or less may be def9itely diagnos$ z m5tally defici5t4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t an adult ) fully develop$ sexual desires b ) ! m9d ( a *ild is incapable ( con=m+ 8 or h] behavior to ! /&>ds ( society & w be incapable ( giv+ prop] p>5tal c>e to *ildr54 ,s a consid]able p]c5tage ( our petty crim9als1 vagrants1 pro/itutes1 & dep5d5t are f\nd to be feeble-m9d$4 ,!y are un/able1 sugge/ible1 easily victimiz$4 ,! f>m & ! village h a consid]able am\nt ( r\t9e "w :i* c be done by ^! sub-normal p & !y !re=e h opportunity to ma9ta9 !mselves & to multiply to bett] advantage ?an 9 ! city :]e ! competition ( life is ke5]4 ,al?\gh !y are be/ (f 9 a rural environm5t1 :5 unre/rict$ & unsegregat$ !y are a con/ant m5ace to ! community & (t5 involve x 9 consid]able exp5se4 ,z soon z f>m]s become aw>e ( :at ! feeble-m9d$ are co/+ ! community1 h[ !y endang] its moral & physical heal?1 & t :5 unre/rict$ !y cont9ue to reproduce incapables & ?us p]petuate ! burd51 !y w dem& t "s practicable & reasonable measures be tak5 = _! control4 ,! difficulty is t at pres5t 9 mo/ /ates !re is no me?od :]eby ! feeble-m9d$ c be committ$ to /ate in/itutions or be o!rwise segregat$ unless !y are paup]s or unless !y g volunt>ily1 nor is !re any means ( prev5t+ _! m>riage & reproduction4 ,dairy f>m]s h le>n$ t x pays to we$ out ! bo>d] c[s f _! h]ds & t if !y bre$ f a scrub sire !y w h scrub /ock2 b if ! bo>d] c[ 0 also incl9$ to become vici\s & to corrupt ! habits ( ! re/ ( ! h]d & ! f>m] knew ?is trait to be h]$it>y1 he w\ld inv>iably s5d su* a c[ to ! but*]4 ,i believe t z soon z f>m]s appreciate ! biological significance ( feeble-m9d$ness !y w insi/ ^u reasonable legislation = its control4 ,del9qu5cy4--,! ?ird class ( abnormal citiz5s are ! del9qu5ts1 bo? adult & juv5ile4 ,almo/ e rural community has a c]ta9 numb] ( adults & *ildr5 :o1 al?\gh n def9itely crim9al1 are con/antly committ+ v>i\s misdemeanors1 are vici\s1 or incorrigible1 & !re are occasional rural communities & neighborhoods :i* are z true slums z are f\nd 9 ! cities4#gb ,drunk5ness 0 =m]ly ! greate/ cause ( del9qu5cy1 & ! tav]n & saloon 7 responsible = ! prohibition movem5t ^: /aun*e/ support]s 7 rural p4 ,! bootlegg] & ! illicit /ill cont9ue ! illegal traffic 9 liquor1 b :]e prohibition has be5 9 =ce = "s "t liquor has ceas$ to be an important factor 9 del9qu5cy4 ,we h b few def9ite /udies ( del9qu5cy 9 rural communities ^u :i* to base any g5]alizations4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! is a /udy ( ! juv5ile del9qu5ts 9 #ba av]age rural communities 9 ,new ,york /ate1 made "u ! auspices ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,*ildr5's ,bureau 9 #aiag4gc ,9 ^! #ba communities #ahe del9qu5t *ildr5 7 f\nd1 #da ( :om 7 class$ z incorrigible1 #fh 7 involv$ 9 sex (f5ses1 & #ge _h /ol51 or 7 guilty ( fraud4 ,! numb] ( boys guilty ( incorrigibility & !ft exce$$ t ( ! girls by six to "o1 b among ! old] sex (f5d]s #da 7 girls & b #i 7 boys4 ,?is /udy is ( p>ticul> value 9 %[+ t almo/ e rural community1 h[ev] prosp]\s & progressive x may be1 has its problem ( del9qu5cy1 & 9 its analysis ( ! responsibility ( ! home1 ! s*ool1 & ! *ur*1 = wayw>d *ildr54 ,! ,neglect$4--,! f\r? class :i* require ! c>e ( ! community are ! neglect$4 ,al?\gh ! ag$ occasionally require neighborly assi/ance1 ev5 ?\gh !y h means = _! necessities1 mo/ ( ! neglect$ are infants & *ildr54 ,orphans & f\ndl+s = :om homes mu/ be f\nd1 *ildr5 :o are ov]-work$ or abus$1 or :o are liv+ ) dissolute p>5ts1 all ( ^! mu/ be giv5 prop] gu>dian%ip & a *ance = heal?ful gr[? & education1 or !y are likely to become del9qu5t & ?us become a p]man5t liability to society4 ,x is true t 9 ! c\ntry ! home is at its be/ 7see *apt] ,,ii71 b x is also un=tunately true t "s ( ! mo/ %ameful & almo/ unbelievable cases ( neglect & abuse ( *ildr5 are frequ5tly f\nd 9 out-(-!-way places 9 rural communities4 ,:]e compulsory s*ool att5dance laws are /rictly en=c$ su* cases may come to ! att5tion ( s*ool (ficials1 b 9 _m in/ances no "o seems responsible = discov]+ neglect$ *ildr5 & ensur+ _! prop] c>e4 ,mo/ ( ! cities & l>g] t[ns h ,societies = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ^: ag5ts inve/igate rural cases report$ to !m & br+ !m to ! att5tion ( ! c\rts :5 necess>y1 b !re is a ne$ = "s local ag5cy 9 e rural community :i* w see t neglect is prev5t$ or /opp$4 ,ag5cies = ,rural ,social ,"w4--,:5 we exam9e ! means = deal+ ) ^! misfit memb]s ( ! rural community1 we f9d t 9 mo/ ( our /ates !re are few ag5cies ei!r public or private1 & t z a rule !y are poorly adapt$ to r5d] ! s]vice ne$$4 ,= ! c>e ( ! poor !re is ! t[n%ip or c\nty poor (fic]1 & ! c\nty poor f>m z a la/ resort4 ,b ! poor (fic]1 h[ev] upright & well-int5tion$ he may be1 usually conceives 8 job z "o = dol+ out suffici5t groc]ies1 clo?+1 & fuel to keep a family alive1 & ( keep+ ! co/ to ! taxpay] z l[ z possible4 ,he feels little responsibility = furni%+ suffici5t aid to give ! family a fair *ance to get on its feet or = advis+ !m or br++ su* influ5ces into _! lives z w ensure _! rehabilitation4 ,he is *>g$ ) a mo/ difficult task = :i* he has _h no exp]i5ce or tra9+1 :i* he mu/ h&le ) ! greate/ economy & = :i* he receives little comp5sation ei!r 9 sal>y or public e/eem4 ,v commonly 8 election is due to political /r5g? r ?an special p]sonal fitness4 ,! case ( ! poor is commonly reg>d$ z a necess>y evil to be h&l$ ) z little tr\ble z possible1 r ?an z an opportunity to give su* help to ! un=tunate t fur!r assi/ance may be unnecess>y & t !y may become an asset to ! community4 ,cases ( del9qu5cy involv+ only misdemeanors or m9or (f5ses are tri$ be=e a ju/ice ( ! peace or local magi/rate4 ,usually ^! (ficials are m5 ) no legal tra9+ & ) little und]/&+ ( ! causes ( del9qu5cy or ( h[ del9qu5ts %\ld be treat$ 9 ord] to give !m a fair *ance to become normal citiz5s4 ,! usual attitude is "o ( det]m9+ ! (f5se & met+ out j puni%m5t = x4 ,fur!rmore1 ! local ju/ice frequ5tly avoids h&l+ a case :i* may involve him 9 difficulties ) 8 neighbors1 unless he is =c$ to d s4 ,n infrequ5tly juv5ile (f5d]s are s5t to re=matories :]e !y come into contact ) worse *>act]s & are h>d5$ r ?an re=m$1 :]eas if !y _h be5 plac$ on probation "u prop] sup]vision & "u satisfactory home conditions !y might h liv$ dec5t lives4 ,9 mo/ ( our cities juv5ile cases are n[ h&l$ 9 special juv5ile c\rts1 :i* h %[n ! futility ( ! old me?ods ( legal proc$ure 9 ! treatm5t ( juv5ile (f5d]s4 ,9 ?is c\rt ! judge is assi/$ by probation (fic]s :o are tra9$ z social work]s & :o inve/igate ! home conditions & o!r influ5ces surr\nd+ ! *ild = ! in=mation ( ! judge1 :o !n h&les ! case 9 :atev] mann] seems be/ 9 ord] to get at ! facts & to br+ ! *ild to a real desire to make good4 ,! case is he>d privately1 )\t ! ord9>y rules ( legal proc$ure1 & ! :ole attitude ( ! c\rt is m l t ( a fa!r ?an ( ! ord9>y judge :o inflicts puni%m5t accord+ to ! gravity ( ! (f5se4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t "o p]son h&l+ num]\s cases ( ?is k9d w soon ga9 an exp]i5ce ) !m :i* w enable him to act m intellig5tly & ) great] ju/ice bo? to ! (f5d] & to ! int]e/s ( society ?an c be done by a local (ficial :o may h b "o or two su* cases to h&le dur+ 8 :ole t]m ( (fice4 ,9 sev]al /ates legislation has be5 pass$ creat+ juv5ile c\rts 9 ea* c\nty1 :i* h jurisdiction ov] all juv5ile cases & :i* c deal n only ) ! *ildr5 b also ) _! p>5ts or gu>dians4 ,! g5]al adoption ( su* a sy/em seems to be ! mo/ important /ep 9 ! intellig5t treatm5t ( juv5ile del9qu5ts 9 rural di/ricts4 ,v (t5 ! fir/ wayw>dness ( a *ild is 9 truancy f s*ool1 :i*1 if x _c be h&l$ by ! tea*]1 is turn$ ov] to ! local truant (fic]4 ,9 _m cases ! truant (fic] is appo9t$ because ( 8 availability = su* "w r ?an 8 special compet5cy1 & ! en=cem5t ( ! truancy law is h&l$ 9 a mo/ p]functory mann]1 :]eas an intellig5t inve/igation ( home conditions & an ef=t to ga9 ! cop]ation ( ! p>5ts & ! confid5ce & int]e/ ( ! *ild are ! only means ( secur+ any real re=m4 ,9 sev]al cities truancy is 9 *>ge ( :at are kn[n z visit+ tea*]s1 :o n only look aft] truants b visit ! homes ( ^? *ildr5 :o are n do+ well 9 _! s*ool "w1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r home conditions are responsible & h[ !y may be improv$4 ,usually ! c\ntry s*ool tea*] is m 9 t\* ) ! homes ( h] pupils1 b "s ( ! m progressive rural c\nties are provid+ an assi/ant to ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 :o acts bo? 9 ! capacity ( truant (fic] & visit+ tea*]1 assi/+ ! local tea*] 9 ! m difficult cases :i* require a consid]able am\nt ( "t to develop prop] relations 9 ! home4 ,to be ( mo/ s]vice su* a p]son %\ld n only h exp]i5ce 9 s*ool "w b %\ld h _h ! tra9+ ( a social work]1 s t %e may und]/& ! be/ means ( deal+ ) ! wayw>d *ild & ) unfavorable home conditions4 ,x seems probable t m may be done t[>d ! prev5tion ( del9qu5cy ?r\gh su* social work]s connect$ ) ! s*ool sy/em ?an by any o!r means4 ,9 _m /ates !re seems to be no def9ite sy/em = ! sup]vision ( *ildr5 = :om ! /ate is responsible4 ,!y may be bo>d$ or adopt$ by families or plac$ 9 in/itutions by any "o ( sev]al local (ficials hav+ jurisdiction1 b none ( !m h ! means ( det]m9+ :e!r ! *ildr5 are be+ prop]ly c>$ =1 nor does ! c\nty or /ate provide any ag5cy = ?is purpose4 ,9 sev]al /ates ! regi/ration & sup]vision ( su* w>ds ( ! /ate is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a /ate *ild welf>e bo>d or a /ate dep>tm5t ( *>ities or public welf>e1 b 9 o!r /ates ! sup]vision ( _! welf>e is :olly dep5d5t ^u private philan?ropy4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t :]e a tra9$ social work] is employ$ to look up ! relatives ( su* *ildr5 & to assi/ 9 f9d+ homes = !m & 9 visit+ ! homes & in/itutions to :i* !y are committ$1 a consid]able sav+ 9 ! co/ ( _! ma9t5ance to ! c\nty is frequ5tly effect$4 ,9 ord] t all ( ! c>e ( *ildr5 may be c5traliz$ "u "o c\nty (fice :i* c employ compet5t p]sons = its "w1 sev]al /ates h creat$ c\nty bo>ds ( *ild welf>e :i* are *>g$ ) ! :ole responsibility = ! c>e ( dep5d5t & neglect$ *ildr51 :i* is !n tak5 entirely out ( ! h&s ( local (ficials4 ,9 a few /ates1 c\nty bo>ds ( public welf>e h be5 creat$ :i* h sup]vision n only ( *ildr5 b ( all dep5d5ts1 defectives1 & neglect$1 & 9 "s cases also h *>ge ( ! public heal? adm9i/ration4 ,! c5tralization ( su* au?ority 9 a c\nty bo>d :i* c employ executives :o h _h special tra9+ & exp]i5ce = su* "w is n only good bus9ess1 b x is ! only me?od by :i* ! /ate c satisfactorily fulfil its obligation to ^? :o are dep5d5t ^u x4 ,usually ! rural community has few if any private ag5cies or associations devot$ to ! assi/ance ( its dep5d5t4 ,! *ur*es & ! lodges assi/ "s ( _! own memb]s4 ,"h & !re are isolat$ gr\ps ( ,k+'s ,daught]s or simil> societies :i* devote !mselves to ! c>e ( ! poor & ! sick1 b !y are comp>atively r>e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 (t5 prosecutes rural cases1 b x is usually a t[n or city organization & has practically no rural memb]%ip4 ,ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross has probably done m to introduce ! idea ( social "w into rural communities ?an any "o ag5cy4 ,dur+ ! w> ! local *apt]s ( ! ,r$ ,cross 7 au?oriz$ to give assi/ance to soldi]s' families 9 any way possible4 ,?is involv$ rural z well z t[n families1 & ! ne$ ( organiz$ social "w became app>5t 9 ?\s&s ( rural communities4 ,:5 peace 0 decl>$1 ! local *apt]s 7 au?oriz$ to ext5d ! ,civilian ,relief "w to civilian families 9 t]ritory :]e !re 0 no o!r organization do+ welf>e "w1 :i* meant practically all ( ! rural ,unit$ ,/ates1 provid+ ! "w 0 c>ri$ on by tra9$ work]s on a basis approv$ by ! division headqu>t]s4 ,! family welf>e "w ( ! ,r$ ,cross 0 happily nam$ ,home ,s]vice & has be5 organiz$ 9 _m rural c\nties :]e its value has be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$4 ,! "w is directly 9 *>ge ( a social work] employ$ by ! c\nty *apt] b ! local bran* 9 ea* community is enc\rag$ to =m a ,home ,s]vice ,committee :i* looks aft] ! local "w z f> z x is able1 calls 9 ! c\nty work] :5 ne$$1 & gives h] all ! assi/ance possible4 ,?us ! "w is localiz$ & ea* community has a def9ite gr\p ( work]s :o feel responsible = look+ aft] ^? ne$+ ! community's assi/ance & :o are le>n+ h[ to d ?is 9 an intellig5t mann]4 ,no o!r ag5cy organiz$ on a national basis has attempt$ any sy/ematic organization ( social welf>e "w 9 local rural communities4 ,social ,education ( ,rural ,op9ion4--,! prim>y ne$ = ! c>e ( ! dep5d5t ( ! rural community is = a bett] und]/&+ ( _! ne$s by its m intellig5t & public-spirit$ p4 ,x is a matt] ( social education4 ,social "w s-call$ has _h a rapid developm5t 9 our cities to meet ! situation caus$ by _! sudd5 gr[? ) l>ge numb]s ( =eign]s hav+ diff]5t /&>ds ( liv+ & unable to adju/ !mselves to /range conditions ) conge/$ di/ricts :]e h\s+ & sanitation is poor & ) pov]ty due to unemploym5t1 sickness1 & ) ! _m factors :i* result f ! complexities ( city life4 ,! city slum fir/ *all5g$ ! humanity ( ! bett] p & num]\s philan?ropic organizations grew up 9 an ef=t to give assi/ance to ne$y families & *ildr54 ,= ! mo/ "p ?is "w has be5 f9anc$ by ! weal?y1 has be5 c>ri$ on by social work]s :o h _h special tra9+ = su* s]vice1 & is commonly kn[n z *>ity4 ,:at social "w has be5 done 9 rural communities has be5 introduc$ by city organizations & has usually be5 fo/]$ by organizations ( z few ( ! m progressive p at ! c\nty seats & ! l>g] t[ns or small cities :i* h work$ out into ! rural communities f ^! c5t]s4 ,?\gh ! purposes & "w ( ^! organizations are excell5t1 !y w nev] be able to effectively meet ! ne$s ( rural communities until _! p appreciate ! ne$ = su* "w & actively support x4 ,mu* ( ?is sort ( "w is reg>d$ by rural p z uplift & )\t local int]e/ & support has little p]man5t value4 ,! av]age rural community has little use = *>ity 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if relief is ne$$ )9 its bord]s1 x w provide1 b x fails to appreciate t m ?an relief is ne$$ to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( dep5d5cy1 & t puni%m5t w n correct or prev5t del9qu5cy4 ,! fact is t at pres5t c\ntry p h n se5 ! social situation 9 _! own communities & s are n conc]n$ ) x4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ! op9ion t ! less gov]nm5t ! bett]1 & h n come to realize t an increas+ly complex society--ev5 9 ! rural community--makes x no long] possible = ! f>m family to live to itself1 b t = self-pres]vation x mu/ look to ! social welf>e ( ! :ole community ) :i* its life is b\nd up4 ,! ne$1 !re=e1 is = ! education ( rural p ) reg>d to _! social responsibilities1 :i* mu/ be l>gely accompli%$ ?r\gh exi/+ local rural organizations & local lead]%ip4 ,any sy/em ( rural social "w :i* is to be p]man5tly successful mu/ be "o :i* is e/abli%$ by ! p !mselves f a realization ( _! ne$s1 & progressively develop$ z !y appreciate its wor?4 ,z ,dean ,a4 ,r4 ,mann rec5tly said1 ,9 deal+ ) rural affairs x has long be5 a common mi/ake to und]rate ! validity ( ! f>m]'s own judgm5t z to :at is good = him4 ,sup]impos$ organizations are usually doom$ to failure because !y express ! judgm5ts ( ^? )\t ! community r ?an ^? )9 :om !y are int5d$ to s]ve4 ,ord9>ily ! mo/ s]viceable rural organizations w be built out ( ! mat]ials ( ! community4#gd ,x is = ?is reason t ! advance ( rural social "w w dep5d ^u ar\s+ an active int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! community's disadvantag$ ?r\gh discussion by su* organizations z ! *ur*1 ! grange1 ! f>m & home bureau1 lodges1 wom5's clubs1 in/ruction 9 high s*ools1 etc4 ,! "w ( ! public heal? nurse w reveal _m family problems ) :i* %e is unable to deal & :i* dem& ! help ( "o exp]i5c$ 9 social "w1 & ! nurse w be ( s]vice 9 educat+ ! community to ! ne$ ( su* "w4 ,x seems obvi\s t by itself ! rural community is too small a unit to employ a social work] :o is pr(essionally tra9$ = deal+ ) ! m difficult social mal-adju/m5ts1 & t x mu/ cop]ate ) o!r communities = ! organization ( su* "w on a c\nty basis4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t tra9$ social work]s actually save ! c\nty ! co/ ( _! sal>ies & exp5ses1 )\t consid]+ ! great] effici5cy & p]man5t value ( ! "w done4 ,! social work] has be5 well t]m$ a doctor ( dome/ic difficulties4 ,e c\nty & community ne$s su* a doctor :o is skill$ 9 treat+ social disease1 b "o ( h] *ief functions w be to act z an educational director 9 promot+ ! /udy ( local social conditions by ! exi/+ organizations 9 e community & 9 discov]+ & tra9+ lead]%ip = c>ry+ out a con/ructive program z x is evolv$4 ,9 "s way !re %\ld be a volunte] committee or work] 9 ea* community associat$ ) ! c\nty social work] to advise conc]n+ policies & to c>ry on mu* ( ! local "w "u h] sup]vision & tra9+4 ,= x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! economic res\rces ( rural communities are limit$ & t !y _c af=d sev]al social work]s = diff]5t l9es ( ef=t1 z is common 9 cities4 ,b m important is ! fact t social welf>e dep5ds m l>gely ^u a prop] und]/&+ ( its problems by ! local community & a will+ness to grapple ) !m intellig5tly & sympa!tically1 ?an ^u ! rem$ial treatm5t af=d$ ?r\gh pr(essional work]s1 c\rts1 in/itutions & o!r public ag5cies4 ,social welf>e is l heal?1 = :i* sanitation & hygi5e are m important ?an doctors & m$ic9es4 ,:at is ne$$ 9 ! rural community is a trans=mation ( ! old-"t family hospitality & neighborl9ess into a feel+ ( responsibility = ! un=tunate )9 ! community ) :om !re may n be imm$iate contact1 b :o nev]!less affect ! moral & social life ( all its p4 ,x ne$s ! _s & devotion ( ! ,good ,sam>itan on ! "p ( ! p1 b x also ne$s ! public heal? nurse & ! social work] :o1 l ! inn-keep] ( ! p>able1 c give adequate c>e to ! un=tunate4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,see ,*>les ,e4 ,gibbons1 ,a ,rural ,slum ,community4 ,! ,am]ican ,*ild4 ,febru>y1 #aibb4 pg4 #cdc4 #gc ,juv5ile ,del9qu5cy 9 ,rural ,new ,york4 ,kate ,holladay ,claghorn4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,labor1 ,*ildr5's ,bureau4 ,publication ,no4 #cb4 ,wa%+ton4 #aiah4 #gd ,social ,responsibilities ( ! ,rural ,community1 p4 #abi4 ,cornell ,ext5sion ,bullet9 #ci4 ,rural ,community ,conf]5ce ,cornell ,f>m]s' ,week4 #aiai4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,community',s ,,gov]nm5t ,local self-gov]nm5t is a well-e/abli%$ tradition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b z f> z ! rural community is conc]n$ x is m tradition ?an fact1 = outside ( ,new ,engl& ! rural community has no legal or political /atus4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! t[n%ips 7 orig9ally creat$ z community units1 = !y 7 modell$ aft] ! ,european village community4 ,! meet+ h\se det]m9$ ! site ( ! village :]e ! f>m]s & craftsm5 resid$1 & ! b\nd>ies ( ! t[n%ip 7 co9cid5t ) ! limits ( _! l&s4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n%ip has be5 well describ$ by ,john ,fiske 9 a fam\s *apt] on ?is subject3#ge ,:5 p f ,engl& fir/ came to dwell 9 ! ,wild]ness ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 !y settl$ 9 gr\ps ^u small irregul>-%ap$ pat*es ( l&1 :i* soon came to be kn[n z t[n%ips4 ,!re 7 sev]al reasons :y !y settl$ ?us 9 small gr\ps1 in/ead ( scatt]+ ab\t ov] ! c\ntry & c>v+ out broad e/ates = !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! pr9cipal reason = com+ to ,new ,engl& 0 _! dissatisfaction ) ! way 9 :i* *ur* affairs 7 manag$ 9 ! old c\ntry4 ,!y wi%$ to br+ ab\t a re=m 9 ! *ur*1 9 su* wise t memb]s ( a congregation %\ld h m voice ?an =m]ly 9 ! *ur*-gov]nm5t1 & t ! m9i/] ( ea* congregation %\ld be m indep5d5t ?an =m]ly ( ! bi%op & ( ! civil gov]nm5t4444 ,su* a gr\p ( p1 arriv+ on ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts1 w\ld naturally select "s conv5i5t locality1 :]e !y might build _! h\ses ne> toge!r & all g to ! same *ur*4 ,?is migration1 !re=e1 0 a movem5t1 n ( individuals or ( sep>ate families1 b ( *ur* congregations1 & x cont9u$ to be s z ! settl]s made _! way inl& & we/w>d4444 ,9 ! second place1 ! soil ( ,new ,engl& 0 n favorable to ! cultivation ( great quantities ( /aple articles1 su* z rice or tobacco1 s t !re 0 no?+ to tempt p to und]take ext5sive plantations4 ,mo/ ( ! p liv$ on small f>ms1 ea* family rais+ b little m ?an en\gh food = its own support2 & ! small size ( ! f>ms made x possible to h a good _m 9 a compact neighborhood4 ,x appe>$ also t t[ns c\ld be m easily def5d$ aga9/ ! ,indians ?an scatt]$ plantations2444 ,?us ! e>ly settl]s ( ,new ,engl& came to live 9 t[n%ips4 ,a t[n%ip w\ld consi/ ( ab\t z _m f>ms z c\ld be dispos$ )9 conv5i5t di/ance f ! meet+-h\se1 :]e all ! inhabitants1 "y & old1 ga!r$ e ,sunday1 com+ on horseback or afoot4444 ,ar\nd ! meet+-h\se & common ! dwell+s gradually clu/]$ into a village1 & aft] a :ile ! tav]n1 /ore & t[n-h\se made _! appe>ance4 ,:5 ! ,mormons settl$ ,utah !y e/abli%$ a v simil> =m ( community gov]nm5t c5t]+ ar\nd ! *ur*4 ,else:]e1 ) r>e exceptions1 ?r\gh\t ! ,nor? & ,we/ ! t[n%ip is ! prim>y unit ( local gov]nm5t1 save = s*ool adm9i/ration1 b x is by no means id5tical ) a community4 ,:5 ! l&s we/ ( ! ,alleghanies 7 survey$ = settlem5t !y 7 laid (f 9 blocks six miles squ>e1 :i* 7 kn[n z congressional t[n%ips1 = ,congress gave ea* t[n%ip a squ>e mile ( l& ! proce$s ( :i* %\ld =m a p]man5t s*ool fund4 ,9 discuss+ ! developm5t ( ! t[n%ip 9 ,ill9ois1 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,%aw writes3 ,to give effect to ?is lib]al provision1 ! /ate enact$ a law mak+ ! t[n%ip a body corporate & politic = s*ool purposes & au?oriz+ ! inhabitants to elect s*ool (fic]s & ma9ta9 free s*ools4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a rudim5t ( local gov]nm5t4 ,z ,new ,engl& t[n%ip life grew up ar\nd ! *ur*1 s we/]n localism f9ds its nucleus 9 ! s*ool sy/em4 ,:at m natural ?an t ! c\nty election di/rict %\ld be made to co9cide ) ! s*ool t[n%ip1 ) a s*ool-h\se = ! vot+ place8 or t ju/ices ( ! peace1 con/ables & road sup]visors & ov]se]s ( ! poor1 %\ld h _! jurisdiction det]m9$ by ! same t[n%ip l9es8#gf ,?us 9 _m ( ! ,nor?-c5tral ,/ates ! t[n%ip came to be ! local unit ( gov]nm5t = c]ta9 m9or purposes1 ?\gh 9 o!r /ates x is little m ?an an election di/rict1 & 9 none ( !m is !re pres]v$ ! old t[n meet+ :i* gave ! ,new ,engl& t[n%ip its fundam5tal democracy4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge plantations & ! economic & social conditions prevail+ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?1 x has _h practically no units ( gov]nm5t small] ?an ! c\nty1 o!r ?an incorporat$ villages4 ,until v rec5tly our conception ( society has be5 mo/ly 9 t]ms ( political units1 l>gely on acc\nt ( ! lack ( any local unit :i* _h social significance to rural p4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 /ud5ts ( rural gov]nm5t h become aw>e ( ! artificiality & ! anti-social "* ( ! t[n%ip unit4 ,!re may be two rival villages )9 a t[n%ip1 ea* compet+ = trade & ! support ( its associations1 & /riv+ = ! political dom9ation ( ! t[n%ip1 :ile "s ( ! f>m]s 9 a f> corn] ( ! t[n%ip may trade 9 a village 9 ! next t[n%ip4 ,or a village may be on a t[n%ip l9e1 :i* mu/ be obs]v$ 9 all matt]s ( gov]nm5t al?\gh !re is no real division ( int]e/s betwe5 its p4 ,outside ( ,new ,engl& villages 7 locat$ at po9ts ( geographical advantage1 or along ?r\gh roads or railroads1 prim>ily z bus9ess c5t]s4 ,!re 0 no p>ticul> relation betwe5 ! village & ! f>m+ area surr\nd+ x4 ,b z ! village grew x (t5 desir$ mod]n improvem5ts su* z wat] sy/ems1 pavem5ts1 /reet lights1 etc41 = :i* ! f>m]s 7 unwill+ to be tax$ & :i* 7 ?us prev5t$ z long z ! village 0 controll$ by ! t[n%ip4 ,?is has l$ to mo/ ( ! l>g] villages becom+ incorporat$1 s t !y may adm9i/] _! own local gov]nm5t & tax !mselves = su* improvem5ts z !y desire4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! village f ! t[n%ip has be5 inevitable :]e ! f>m]s take no pride or int]e/ 9 x1 & has (t5 be5 necessitat$ by _! p>simony or cons]vatism4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by an incid5t relat$ by ,pr(essor ,h]b]t ,b4 ,adams3 ,9 my native t[n1 ,amh]/1 ,mass41 ! villag]s /ruggl$ = ye>s 9 t[n-meet+ to secure "s sy/em ( sew]age = '! c5t]1' b ! 'ends ( ! t[n' always vot$ 'no'4 ,on "o occasion1 9 ord] to allay suspicion ( extravagance1 a lead+ villag] mov$ t1 :atev] sy/em ( sew]age be adopt$1 ! surface wat] & ra9fall be all[$ to take _! natural c\rse d[n-hill 9 ! ord9>y gutt]s4 ,! f>m]s sniff$ dang] 9 ?is wily proposition & vot$ an ov]:elm+ ',no4' ,accord+ly by ! local law ( ,amh]/1 wat] _h to run uphill until ! next t[n-meet+6 ,su* is ! p[] ( ,democracy4#gg ,?is sep>ate incorporation ( ! village has be5 a l>ge factor 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 villag]s & f>m]s & prev5t+ _! recognition ( _! community int]e/s4 ,n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t "s ( ! m progressive villages are n incorporat$ & t !y h ! loyalty ( ! f>m]s4 ,num]\s examples ( un9corporat$ villages might be cit$ to %[ t :]e a _s ( pride 9 local village in/itutions has be5 develop$ among ! f>m]s ( ! t]ritory tribut>y to x1 t village improvem5ts n only are n imp$$1 b ! community is mu* /r5g!n$4 ,?is is m likely to be true1 h[ev]1 :]e ! t[n%ip b\nd>y & ! natural community area are practically ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! progress ( a rural community1 i4e41 a village & ! t]ritory tribut>y to x1 (t5 is prev5t$ if x _c comm& a majority ( ! votes 9 a t[n%ip4 ,9 a ne>by village is a t[n hall :i* might be us$ z a community h\se & be a social c5t] = ! :ole community4 ,b ! bord]s ( ! t[n%ip belong to o!r communities & d n come to ! t[n%ip c5t]1 & ^! p on ! edge ( ! t[n%ip v naturally take ! position t if ! village & neighbor+ p wi% to use ! t[n hall1 let !m r5t x ( ! t[n1 b :y %\ld ! :ole t[n%ip be tax$ = advantages :i* only half ( x c enjoy4 ,! same l9e ( argum5t arises ) reg>d to ! location ( s*ools1 roads1 libr>ies1 & ! di/ricts = public heal? nurses4 ,unless ! :ole t[n%ip c be equally well s]v$1 a community :i* =ms b "p ( ! t[n%ip is unable to secure ^! advantages unless x c comm& a majority ( ! votes1 or except z ! village incorporates1 & !n x loses ! support ( ! taxes f ! f>ms ( ! community :i* %>e ! b5efits4 ,z long z f>m life 0 on ! neighborhood basis1 its int]e/s l>gely c5t]+ 9 ! di/rict s*ool & ! c\ntry *ur*1 its roads ma9ta9$ by ! labor ( its citiz5s "u a local road sup]visor1 & trips to ! village 7 made only once or twice a week = mail & supplies1 f>m]s did n feel ! ne$ = a unit ( local gov]nm5t o!r ?an ! t[n%ip4 ,b :5 ! *ur*1 ! grange & ! lodge are 9 ! village1 :5 !y desire consolidat$ s*ools1 libr>ies1 & community h\ses1 :i* are mo/ conv5i5t to all at ! village c5t]1 & :5 !y desire ! improvem5t ( local roads s t !y w be/ connect ) /ate & c\nty roads1 !n ! int]e/s ( ! f>m]s & ! villag]s unite !m 9 ^! common ent]prises1 & ! community comes into conflict ) ! re/ ( ! t[n%ip if ! t[n%ip is compos$ ( m ?an "o community4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t = _m purposes ! community1 or ev5 ! t[n%ip1 is too small a unit to secure ! greate/ effici5cy 9 adm9i/ration ( public ag5cies1 & s !re has be5 a di/9ct t5d5cy t[>d ! c5tralization ( _m functions ( local gov]nm5t 9 c\nty (ficials4 ,?us ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools is assum+ m & m control ov] ! local s*ool sy/em1 ! c\nty sup]vision ( roads is increas+1 & we h %[n 7p4 #ade7 ! desirability ( a c\nty heal? adm9i/ration1 ! ne$ = c\nty juv5ile c\rts 7p4 #ahh71 c\nty bo>ds = ! adm9i/ration ( welf>e "w 7p4 #aia71 & a c\nty libr>y sy/em4 ,! c\nty t5ds to become a rural municipality v simil> 9 function & organization to ! city1 & ! logical outcome seems to be ! employm5t ( a c\nty manag] "u a commission or c\nty c\ncil1 :i* has already become possible 9 ,m>yl& & ,cali=nia4#gh ,t ?is c5tralization makes possible a great] effici5cy 9 adm9i/ration c h>dly be d\bt$1 b t x t5ds to de/roy ! initiative & responsibility ( ! local community is equally app>5t4 ,) an ov]-c5tralization ( adm9i/ration1 :e!r 9 ! c\nty or ! /ate1 ! local community loses ! v ties :i* h b\nd x toge!r4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! desires = effici5cy & = local democracy is "o ( ! unsolv$ problems ( gov]nm5t4 ,exp]i5ce %[s cle>ly t ! local community or t[n%ip is too small a unit to secure effici5t adm9i/ration2 b x is also evid5t t )\t "s degree ( local responsibility & control1 c5traliz$ adm9i/ration t5ds to become bureaucratic & ! p are depriv$ ( t p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t :i* is ess5tial = ! life ( a democracy4 ,?us ! ne$ = ! local self-gov]nm5t ( rural communities has become app>5t to rural lead]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is is becom+ appreciat$ 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e on acc\nt ( social & economic conditions local gov]nm5t has be5 almo/ entirely lack+ 9 ! pa/1 b :]e new conditions give rise to new desires :i* _c be realiz$ except ?r\gh "s means :]eby a locality c be free to "w out its own salvation4 ,?is po9t ( view has be5 vigor\sly express$ by ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,poe1 editor ( ! ,progressive ,f>m] & a recogniz$ lead] ( rural life 9 ! ,s\?3 ,! *ief task ( ! man :o w\ld help develop a ri* & puissant rural civilization "h 9 ! ,s\?--! *ief task p]haps ( ! man :o w\ld make an agricultural ,/ate l ,nor? ,c>ol9a ! great commonweal? x ought to be--is to develop ! rural community4444 ,consid] ! fact t ! c\ntry community is ! only social unit kn[n to our civilization t is )\t def9ite b\nd>ies & )\t ma*9]y = self-expression & developm5t--)\t =m1 & void1 z 0 *aos be=e creation4444 ,b = ! c\ntry community !re is no organic means ( expression :atev]4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 t %ad[y & futile geographical division kn[n z ! ,t[n%ip--b x is laid (f utt]ly )\t reg>d to human consid]ation1 & s]ves no purpose save z a means ( def9+ vot+ b\nd>ies & limit+ ! sph]es ( con/ables & %]iff's deputies--a m]e gho/ly phantom ( a social entity t we ne$ n consid] at all4#gi ,& he !n goes on to %[ ! advantages ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n%ip4 ,community ,s*ool ,di/ricts4--,! mo/ significant beg9n+ t[>d ! creation ( self-gov]nm5t = ! rural community is 9 ! laws :i* h be5 pass$ by sev]al /ates p]mitt+ r$i/rict+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( community high s*ools or consolidat$ s*ools1 irrespective ( t[n%ip or c\nty b\nd>ies & accord+ to ! desire ( ! prospective patrons ( ! s*ools4 ,?us 9 #aiai ,nebraska pass$ a /ate rural s*ool r$i/rict+ law "u :i* e c\nty has a r$i/rict+ committee :i* det]m9es :at seem to be ! natural b\nd>ies ( ! di/rict1 :i* are !n subject to petitions f ! p = _! alt]ation1 & ! :ole plan is !n submitt$ to a vote ( ! c\nty4 ,! law does n explicitly /ate t ! propos$ di/ricts mu/ correspond to a natural community 9 ! social s5se2 x only says t !y mu/ be v mu* l>g] ?an ! old ones1 approximately tw5ty-five squ>e miles4 ,! inevitable result1 h[ev]1 ( op5+ ! "q & ( free+ community *oice f old political b\nd>ies is to settle on new areas approa*+ social units ) self-consci\s community ties4#hj ,kansas & ,ill9ois h some:at simil> legislation & a community unit is propos$ by ! ,committee ( #ba :i* has rec5tly conduct$ a survey ( ! rural s*ool situation 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,community ,h\se ,di/ricts4--,wiscons9 has pass$ an act :]eby ! p ( any local area may vote to erect & ma9ta9 a community h\se & may e/abli% ! b\nd>ies ( ! area 9 :i* ! citiz5s %all h ! "r to tax !mselves = ?is purpose1 & to elect tru/ees ( ! h\se1 9 mu* ! same mann] z community s*ool di/ricts are e/abli%$4 ,x seems probable t :5 a natural social area has ?us be5 det]m9$ x w probably be ! same = bo? s*ool & community h\se1 & t x might be ! be/ unit = ! support ( su* community ag5cies z a public libr>y1 or a public-heal? nurse1 & ?us a real community gov]nm5t might gradually arise & might ultimately displace ! arbitr>y t[n%ip gov]nm5t1 al?\gh ! t[n%ip might be reta9$ = its orig9al purpose ( l& regi/ration4 ,rural ,community ,incorporation4--,! mo/ advanc$ /ep 9 giv+ ! rural community self-gov]nm5t is ,an ,act to ,provide = ! ,incorporation ( ,rural ,communities1 pass$ by ! legislature ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #aiai4ha ,?is act gives au?ority = ! incorporation ( rural communities includ+ def9ite s*ool di/ricts1 :i* may or may n include hamlets or village c5t]s1 b :i* mu/ be at lea/ two miles f any t[n or city ( five ?\s& or m inhabitants4 ,x gives su* incorporat$ rural communities ! g5]al p[]s & privileges ( an incorporat$ village1 except t !y _c lose _! id5tity z a "p ( ! s*ool & road sy/ems ( ! c\nty4 ,taxes may be levi$ = v>i\s public purposes1 b !y mu/ be vot$ at an annual meet+ at :i* a majority ( ! regi/]$ vot]s mu/ be pres5t1 or be submitt$ to an election1 & ! am\nt ( taxes & bonds are limit$4 ,al?\gh ab\t a doz5 communities h incorporat$ "u ?is act1 b few ( !m seem to be actively function+1 due to v>i\s local causes4 ,! act itself1 h[ev]1 is well conceiv$ & is wor?y ( /udy by ^? int]e/$ 9 bett] rural gov]nm5t4 ,ano!r me?od ( accompli%+ ! same end is by a special act ( incorporation = a p>ticul> community1 z 0 pass$ by ! ,legislature ( ,new ,j]sey = ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip 9 #aiai4 ,conc]n+ ! organization ( ?is community1 ,hon4 ,alva ,agee1 ,/ate ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 writes3 ,e vot] )9 its b\nd>ies sign$ a petition to ! legislature = ! creation ( a new t[n%ip embrac+ ! t]ritory belong+ to ! community1 & ?is 0 grant$4 ,! community !n met1 made a decl>ation ( its purposes & adopt$ a con/itution provid+ = control ( all t[n%ip & community affairs4 ,x is a return to direct gov]nm5t by ! p1 & places responsibility ^u e individual4 ,x is ! old ,new ,engl& t[n-meet+ made effective4 ,pati5t /udy ( e detail 0 giv5 by memb]s ( ! community4#hb ,! decl>ation ( purposes & con/itution#hc are s unique t !y %\ld be /udi$ by all int]e/$ 9 community gov]nm5t4 ,a ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,purposes ,we1 ! resid5ts ( ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip1 ,new ,j]sey1 decl>e our purpose to accept all ! duties ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,we are =m+ an association to secure all ! b5efits ( community life1 & affirm ! "r ( our community to ea* "o's be/ ef=t4 ,we support all individual rights j z f> z _! use does n h>m our fell[s4 ,we agree t ! public good is sup]ior to any private ga9 obta9$ at ! exp5se ( community welf>e4 ,we recognize & ackn[l$ge ! graci\s influ5ces ( practical ,*ri/ianity 9 community life4 ,we ask t our homes be gu>d$ by "r social conditions ?r\gh\t our community4 ,we decl>e ! duty ( ! community to provide good s*ools1 means = community recreation1 safe sanit>y conditions1 improv$ highways1 & enc\ragem5t to ?rift & home-own]%ip4 ,we purpose to make ! neatness & attractiv5ess ( our homes & f>ms assets ( di/9ct value to ! t[n%ip4 ,we agree to d our %>e 9 ! creation ( public s5tim5t 9 support ( all measures 9 ! public int]e/4 ,we agree to put aside all p>tisan & sect>ian relations :5 deal+ ) community matt]s4 ,we /ate our conviction t ! be/ rew>ds f ?is organiz$ ef=t lie be=e ea* "o 9 a deep5$ int]e/ 9 o!rs & 9 an increas$ ability to cop]ate ! "o ) ! o!r = ! good ( all4 ,we1 ! citiz5s ( ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip1 incorporat$ by act ( ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 approv$ ,april #a1 #aiai1 & accept$ by u on ,may #f1 #aiai1 subscribe to ?is decl>ation4 ,if su* a ,decl>ation ( ,purposes 7 adopt$ by e rural community1 & 7 taught ! *ildr5 z a civic oa? ( allegiance1 w\ld x n h m imm$iate effect on practical patriotism ?an ev5 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & :at new mean+ w\ld be giv5 to local gov]nm5t8 ,"h is an example ( rural civic _s :i*1 if x c\ld become g5]al ?r\gh\t ! rural communities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld remold ! political & social organization ( ! :ole c\ntry2 = x provides bo? ! me*anism & ! _s :i* are ess5tial = mak+ democracy a reality r ?an an ideal4 ,community ,gov]nm5t & ,democracy4--,! local community is indisp5sable z ! prim>y political unit = ! ma9t5ance ( true democracy1 bo? because x is small en\gh t !re c be p]sonal relations betwe5 its memb]s1 9 :i* a real cons5sus ( op9ion c be =m$1 & also because only 9 x c ! masses ( mank9d h any p]sonal exp]i5ce or p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t4 ,unless ! individual has a social consci\sness ( ! community 9 :i* he lives1 he c h b a feeble & hazy realization ( l>g] social gr\ps4 ,unless ! community ?r\gh its individuals is self-consci\s1 x _c take its rightful place 9 ! l>g] community ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,if democracy does n obta9 9 ! local community1 ! voice ( su* a community 9 ! affairs ( ! c\nty or /ate w be t ( its self-*os5 lead]s4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ any real democracy c be secur$ 9 ,/ate or ,nation :]e x does n obta9 9 _! con/itu5t communities4 ,x is entirely possible to h a gov]nm5t democratic 9 =m & !ory1 b actually a political or economic feudalism1 support$ by local *iefta9s :o repres5t n ! p1 b !mselves or "s bus9ess or o!r special int]e/s4 ,! v life ( true democracy is 9 ! p>ticipation ( individuals 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! local gr\p & 9 ! organization ( ! locality gr\ps1 s t !re may be a fair discussion & expression by ^? :o are b\nd toge!r by common int]e/s ?r\gh "s =m ( self-gov]nm5t = ! rural community4 ,,footnotes3 #ge ,civil ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,bo/on1 #ahij4 #gf ,local ,gov]nm5t 9 ,ill9ois1 p4 #aj4 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ4 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,political ,sci5ce4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c1 #ahhc4 #gg ,editor's note1 p4 #ea4 ,p5n4 ,bor\ghs1 by ,wm4 ,f4 ,holcomb4 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ4 ,/ud4 9 ,hi/ory & ,pol4 ,sc4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #d1 #ahhf4 #gh ,see ,e4 ,h4 ,ryd]1 ,propos$ ,modifications & ,rec5t ,t5d5cies 9 ,rural ,gov]nm5t & ,legislation1 p4 #aab1 ,proc4 #c;d ,natl4 ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce4 #gi ,:y ,n ,local ,self-,gov]nm5t = ,rural ,communities1 pp4 #d-dh4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,ye> ,book1 #aiag-aiah4 ,c\nty ,gov]nm5t & ,c\nty ,affairs 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,record4 ,no4 #aei4 ,oct41 #aiah4 ,*apel ,hill1 ,n4 ,c4 #hj ,h4 ,paul ,d\glas4 ,rec5t ,legislation ,facilitat+ ,rural ,community ,organization1 p4 #abd1 ,proc4 #c;d ,natl4 ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce4 #ha ,public ,laws ( #aiai1 ,repr9t$ z ,app5dix ,a1 p4 #aaf1 ( ,a4 ,w4 ,hayes1 ,rural ,community ,organization4 ,*icago1 #aiba4 #hb ,a ,community ,organization4 ,national ,/ockman & ,f>m]4 ,july #bf1 #aiai4 #hc ,= ! con/itution see ,app5dix ,a1 page #bdg4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,community ,,organization#hd ,f "o /&po9t ! :ole progress ( civilization is b a process ( social organization1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? relation%ips :i* be/ promote ! l>ge/ measure ( human welf>e4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s we h not$ ! v>i\s aspects & problems ( rural life :i* h necessitat$ ! community z a unit = social organization4 ,z a result ( ! gr[+ conviction t ! conditions ( rural life c be made satisfy+ only ?r\gh ! collective ef=ts ( def9ite communities1 !re has aris5 a widespread movem5t = ! bett] organization ( community int]e/s & activities1 :i* has come to be kn[n z community organization4 ,al?\gh ?is movem5t is be+ enc\rag$ by _m ag5cies1 its greate/ significance & importance arises f ! fact t1 = ! mo/ "p1 community organization ( _m div]se types is spr++ up 9 rural communities ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z a means ( meet+ _! local ne$s4 ,?is spontaneity ( ! movem5t is ! be/ evid5ce t *ang+ conditions h br\ght ab\t a real ne$ = "s bett] ma*9]y = community developm5t4 ,9 ord] to und]/& community organization s t we may intellig5tly enc\rage its developm5t1 x w be well to consid] 7#a7 ! und]ly+ causes1 7#b7 ! process ( organization1 & 7#c7 ! =ms ( organization4 #a4 ,causes4--,usually ! imm$iate cause ( attempt+ community organization is ! common desire to meet a ne$ :i* _c well be realiz$ except ?r\gh ! unit$ ef=t ( ! :ole community4 ,improv$ roads are ne$$1 a libr>y or playgr\nd is desir$1 a ,lib]ty ,loan mu/ be rais$1 a ,f\r? ( ,july celebration or a pageant is to be und]tak51 a b& or baseball team ne$s f9ancial support & patronage to prev5t its disb&+1 h>d times or a fire make unusual aid necess>y to c]ta9 families1 an influ5za epidemic compels a unit$ ef=t = ! c>e ( ! sick4 ,9 all su* cases a citiz5s' committee is usually organiz$ :i* repres5ts v>i\s organizations & int]e/s s t ! support ( all ! elem5ts 9 ! community may be enli/$4 ,:5 any common ne$ is ( su* a magnitude or ( su* a nature t x is n )9 ! field ( any "o organization or ag5cy1 !n "s =m ( at lea/ tempor>y community organization is necess>y4 ,:5 "s ( ^! ne$s1 su* z a community h\se or a public heal? nurse1 require p]man5t ma9t5ance1 & ! cop]ation ( v>i\s organizations is ess5tial = ! success ( ! ent]prise1 !n "s p]man5t =m ( community organization becomes desirable4 ,if a community organization is to be p]man5t & is to really function1 !re mu/ be "w = x to d :i* _c or w n be done by exi/+ ag5cies4 ,a second cause = community organization arises f ! increas+ complexity ( human relation%ips1 ev5 9 a rural community4 ,we h obs]v$ t 9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( associations ea* ( :i* is devot$ to "s "o special int]e/4 ,! life ( simpl] or m primitive communities is a unit ) reg>d to all phases ( _! life1 religion1 gov]nm5t1 & social affairs4 ,su* 0 ! t[n%ip ( colonial ,new ,engl& & _m a community 9 ! pione] /age4 ,b 9 mod]n times a multiplicity ( volunt>y associations h sprung up & h spread f "o community to ano!r4 ,9 _m cases ! memb]s ( su* organizations become m loyal to !m ?an to ! community2 organizations become self-c5t]$ & divisive r ?an be+ devot$ to ! community good4 ,religion1 gov]nm5t1 economic life1 & education h become m or less sep>ate sph]es ( life1 ea* hav+ a code ( its own1 :]eas human problems involve all ( ^! aspects ( life & _c be successfully solv$ :ile !re is conflict ( /&>ds betwe5 religion1 bus9ess1 gov]nm5t1 & social life4 ,n infrequ5tly m ?an "o organization und]takes ! same or simil> "w1 or ! dem&s ( "o cla% ) ^? ( ano!r1 & social confusion arises4 ,:5 ?is occurs 9 a l>ge city betwe5 organizations :i* are support$ by ! weal?y or by diff]5t gr\ps1 ea* may g z f> z its res\rces w p]mit2 b 9 ! rural community :]e organizations mu/ be ( ! p & support$ by all ( !m1 su* a situation _c be tol]at$ = bo? funds & lead]%ip are limit$4 ,organizations arise to meet recogniz$ human ne$s1 b no "o organization c meet all ! ne$s ( ! :ole community4 ,nor d all organizations appeal to all p4 ,m5 associate accord+ to _! special individual int]e/s1 "s are m int]e/$ 9 religion & bus9ess1 o!rs 9 social life or a?letics1 or :at n4 ,z ! organizations repres5t+ ^! int]e/s become m & m specializ$1 ea* individual belongs to sev]al organizations1 ^: int]e/s sometimes conflict & memb]s ( a community are array$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?us an individual is sometimes involv$ 9 a divid$ loyalty betwe5 two gr\ps1 & f9ds himself ) a conflict ( purposes :i* less5s t p]sonal unity :i* is ess5tial = "* & p]sonal peace4 ,! "* ( ! individual is develop$ to ! ext5t t he is able to resolve ?is conflict ( 8 int]e/s 9 "o dom9ant purpose4 ,s ! welf>e ( ! community c be secur$ only by a unity ( purpose among its organizations 9 _! loyalty to ! common good4 ,?is t5d5cy to =m associations = special int]e/s is %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram3 ,,= ,a ,,satisfy+ ,,associations ,,& ,,life ,,e ,,man ,^! ne$s ,,organizations ,,repres5t+ ,,ne$s3 are met by ,,special ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,! ,,community1 su* z #a4 ,,economic ,,prosp]ity ,cop]ative ,m>ket+ ,assns4 --,an ,adequate ,income ,cop]ative ,buy+ ,assns4 ,comm]cial ,clubs ,f>m ,loan ,assns4 #b4 ,,heal? ,public heal? nurses --,physical ,fitness ,local heal? (fic] ,local hospitals #c4 ,,education ,s*ools --,! ,ability to ,le>n ,p>5t-,tea*]'s ,assns4 ,f>m & ,home ,bureau ,boys' & ,girls' ,clubs ,public ,libr>y & ,museum ,community ,fairs #d4 ,,sociability ,,& ,,recreation ,lodges --,! ,joy ( ,play+ ,toge!r ,wom5's clubs2 m5's clubs ,sc\ts2 ,camp ,fire ,girls ,a?letic ,clubs & ,assns4 ,mov+ pictures & !atres ,public playgr\nd gymnasium #e4 ,,arti/ic ,,enjoym5t ,village ,improvem5t ,societies --,appreciation ( ,beauty 9 ,community ,*oruses ,nature1 ,music1 ,art & ,lit]ature ,b&s & ,or*e/ras #f4 ,,religi\s ,,life ,*ur*es & *ur* f$]ations --,! ,common ,que/ ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 ,highe/ ,ideals ,"y ,p's ,societies #g4 ,,family ,,welf>e ,r$ ,cross--,home ,s]vice --,love ( ,family ,*ild ,welf>e ,bureaus & ,*ild ,/udy ,clubs #h4 ,a ,,progressive ,,community ,"s =m ( a ,community --,a ,desire = ,opportunity organization1 br++ toge!r = ,all--i4e41 ,democracy all ! above4 ,on ! o!r h& we mu/ recognize man's greg>i\s t5d5cy1 8 desire = ! support ( public op9ion1 8 crav+ ( a feel+ ( toge!rness4 ,! elation :i* comes to a p engag$ 9 w> or 9 meet+ any common disa/] comes *iefly f ! satisfaction !y exp]i5ce 9 be+ unit$ 9 a common cause & enjoy+ ! sanction ( _! fell[s )\t division among !m4 ,! individuali/ic philosophy ( ! m sophi/icat$ may enable !m to f9d satisfaction 9 m or less socially segregat$ gr\ps "u ord9>y conditions1 b :5 !y face calamity1 :5 ! mo/ fundam5tal & deepe/ issues ( life are involv$1 !n !y enjoy association ) ^? :o surr\nd !m--!y become neighbors4 ,?is desire ( m5 to associate 9 gr\ps :i* repres5t _! special int]e/s1 & _! equal desire to be en rapport ) all _! fell[s ) :om _! life is associat$ 9 community life1 is "o ( ! p>adoxes into :i* _m ( our basic human problems resolve1 & furni%es "o ( ! prim>y reasons = "s =m ( community organization :i* w unify ! increas+ complexity ( associations4 ,a ?ird und]ly+ motive = community organization1 :i* is j com+ to receive recognition1 is ! ne$ ( def5d+ ! int]e/s ( ! local community aga9/ ! dom9ation ( national or /ate organizations1 ( ma9ta9+ a necess>y degree ( local autonomy4 ,all organizations :i* become associat$ 9 /ate or national f$]ations inevitably develop a c5tral adm9i/ration :i* t5ds to become m or less ( a hi]>*y or bureaucracy4 ,! national organization seeks to a*ieve its special objects & to emphasize _! supreme importance4 ,x tries to secure effici5cy ( ! local gr\ps ?r\gh /&>dization1 & v naturally enc\rages _! loyalty to ! /ate or national aims & purposes4 ,?is t5d5cy is m or less inevitable & is an inh]5t weakness ( all l>ge organizations :i* d n con/antly place _! emphasis on /r5g!n+ _! local units & enc\rag+ devotion to community s]vice4 ,b 9 _m cases ! l>g] organization has lo/ a true p]spective ( its relation%ip to its local units & ( _! prim>y duty to _! local communities4 ,! mo/ flagrant in/ance ( ?is pr9ciple is 9 ! dom9ation ( local gov]nm5t by national political p>ties1 ^: policies h no?+ :atev] to d ) local adm9i/ration1 b :o ma9ta9 _! ma*9es s t an effici5t organization is available = mobiliz+ ! vote 9 /ate & national elections4 ,! result+ reaction has giv5 rise to citiz5's tickets1 commission gov]nm5t & city manag]s1 & 9 ! m progressive small] communities a gr[+ t5d5cy to vote = ! be/ man irrespective ( p>ty4 ,:]ev] a community votes indep5d5tly ( national p>ty l9es on local affairs1 !re w be f\nd heal?y local gov]nm5t4 ,= ! same g5]al reasons we h obs]v$ ! gr[? ( ! community *ur* movem5t 7p4 #abg7 z a prote/ aga9/ sect>ian rivalries1 ! new emphasis ( ! ma/] ( ! national grange 7p4 #agb7 on ! community responsibilities ( ! grange z m important ?an its legislative activities1 & ! ef=t to prev5t an ov]-c5tralization ( s*ool adm9i/ration ?r\gh ! creation ( community s*ool di/ricts "u local control4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! reaction ( local communities 9 self-def5se aga9/ ! dem&s = support f _m organizations 0 ! rapid spread ( ! ,w> ,*e/ movem5t among our cities dur+ ! w> z a means ( rais+ funds = v>i\s national organizations c>ry+ on w> "w4 ,subsequ5tly ! same idea has giv5 rise to ! organization ( ,community ,*e/s or ,community ,funds = f9anc+ v>i\s community & national welf>e ag5cies1 s z to ensure adequate support = ^? :i* are necess>y1 b to disc\rage a multiplicity ( compet+ organizations1 & to furni% a me*anism :]eby ! community may ex]cise "s def9ite policy ) reg>d to its social "w4 ,su* are "s ( ! fundam5tal causes :i* h giv5 rise to v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 community organization4 ,!y comm5c$ ab\t a decade ago1 b increas$ sl[ly prior to ! w>4 ,! w> br\ght ab\t a new realization ( ! community1 z x 0 necess>y to organize w> activities1 w> drives1 etc41 on a community basis4 ,"u ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,def5se 7 organiz$ ,/ate & ,c\nty ,c\ncils ( ,def5se & f9ally ,presid5t ,wilson issu$ a lett] enc\rag+ ! organization ( local ,community ,c\ncils1#he to br+ toge!r all organizations & int]e/s ( ! community n only = w> purposes b ) a view to _! future usefulness 9 times ( peace4 ,9 ?is lett]1 ,presid5t ,wilson said3 ,y\r ,/ate1 9 ext5d+ ! national def5se organization by ! creation ( community c\ncils1 is 9 my op9ion mak+ an advance ( vital significance4 ,x w1 ,i believe1 result :5 ?or\ghly c>ri$ out 9 weld+ ! ,nation toge!r z no nation ( great size has be5 weld$ be=e4 ,x w build up f ! bottom an und]/&+ & sympa?y & unity ( purpose & ef=t :i* w no d\bt h an imm$iate & decisive effect ^u our great und]tak+4 ,y w f9d x1 ,i ?9k1 n s mu* a new task z a unification ( exi/+ ef=ts1 a fusion ( en]gies n[ too mu* scatt]$ & at times some:at confus$ into "o h>moni\s & effective p[]4 ,x is only by ext5d+ y\r organization to small communities t e citiz5 ( ! ,/ate c be rea*$ & t\*$ ) ! inspiration ( ! common cause4 ,! organization ( community c\ncils 0 actively pu%$ by ! ,national & ,/ate ,c\ncils ( ,def5se1 & ?\s&s ( !m 7 organiz$4 ,?is 0 9 ! summ] ( #aiah1 b ow+ to ! e>ly decl>ation ( ! ,armi/ice !y _h b little opportunity to become ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,z !y _h be5 creat$ prim>ily = w> purposes1 mo/ ( !m ceas$ to function ) ! cessation ( ho/ilities1 b ! idea _h tak5 root & ! exp]i5ce ( common ef=t 9 w> activities _h br\ght ab\t a new s5se ( ! value ( "s sort ( community organization4 #b4 ,! ,process ( ,community ,organization4--,z coroll>ies ( ! motives = community organization :i* we h j discuss$1 !re are c]ta9 fairly obvi\s pr9ciples conc]n+ ! process ( organization :i* des]ve emphasis4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is to det]m9e :e!r !re are unsatisfi$ desires :i* _c be met except by community action & :e!r !y are suffici5tly desir$ to comm& ! unit$ support ( ! community4 ,only z individuals & associations h common desires :i* _c be satisfi$ )\t _! unit$ activity c community organization be effect$4 ,! m]e logical desirability ( cord9ation ( ef=t1 h[ev] rational x may appe>1 is too ab/ract an objective to inspire endur+ devotion4 ,! allay+ ( antagonisms betwe5 special int]e/s makes no appeal to any ( !m until !y are unable to a*ieve _! ends )\t jo9t action4 ,!re=e1 ! prim>y consid]ation 9 community organization is to det]m9e :at is ! mo/ important unmet ne$ ( ! community :i* requires unit$ action = its satisfaction1 & to enli/ all possible elem5ts 9 ! common ent]prise4 ,a community mu/ be ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! ne$ ( "s def9ite =m ( community organization be=e x c succe$4 ,sudd5 en?usiasm due to ! p[] ( a p]suasive speak] or a community meet+ may result 9 ! =mation ( a community organization1 b unless a consid]able proportion ( ! p repres5t+ v>i\s int]e/s are firmly conv9c$ ( ! ne$ & are will+ to pool _! int]e/s 9 community activities1 su* an organization w be l _m a conv]t ( a revival meet+1 x w soon backslide4 ,to secure ! recognition ( ! ne$ = conc]t$ action by all elem5ts ( ! community w usually require "t & education1 & is a process :i* _c be =c$ too rapidly--all education or le>n+ involves "t4 ,ev5 :5 an out/&+ ne$ is app>5t x may n always be possible to ga9 ! support ( a suffici5t portion ( ! community to ju/ify an imm$iate ef=t = its a*ievem5t4 ,x may be necess>y to fir/ ar\se good feel+ & community _s by "s activity :i*1 ?\gh relatively less important1 w comm& m g5]al int]e/ & p>ticipation1 & may pave ! way = o!r ent]prises4 ,! fir/ & ess5tial /ep 9 community organization is to get ! community to act toge!r1 = only ?r\gh collective activity is community _s & loyalty develop$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,old ,home ,weeks1 family reunions1 a?letic or play fe/ivals1 baseball teams1 picnics1 pageants1 dramatics1 community fairs1 community ,*autauquas1 holiday celebrations1 & k9dr$ ev5ts are (t5 ! be/ means = creat+ bett] community _s4#hf ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! objective ( community organization is n an organization1 b ! active cop]ation ( all ! p & organizations ( ! community = ! common welf>e4 ,! ess5tial is common ideals & loyalties2 ! me*anism :]eby ^! may be a*iev$ is incid5tal4 ,until g5u9e local lead]%ip is available1 community organization w be impossible4 ,x is true t (t5 :]e ! ne$ = community activity is suffici5tly great t ! v necessity develops new lead]%ip4 ,h]e9 lies ! value ( beg9n+ ! process ( community organization by "s ent]prise :i* enli/s ! en?usia/ic support ( ! :ole community1 = 9 su* activities new lead]%ip is (t5 develop$4 ,any =m ( community organization :i* is to be p]man5t & effective mu/ repres5t ! actual life ( ! community1 :i* is l>gely dom9at$ by exi/+ organizations4 ,mo/ individuals are loyal to c]ta9 ( ^! organizations & ^! loyalties are ! social realities :i* mu/ be recogniz$ 9 any attempt to unite !m 9 l>g] aims4 ,unless mo/ ( ! lead+ organizations ( a community c be affiliat$ = community progress1 any s-call$ community organization w be b ano!r organization4 ,! ,league ( ,nations h>dly repres5ts ! _w community z long z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many & ,russia are n affiliat$ ) x1 nor w\ld our f$]al gov]nm5t be repres5tative ( our national life if x 7 responsible only to ! direct vote ( ! p & did n give recognition to ! /ates z /ates4 ,x is = ?is reason t community organization w proce$ mo/ effici5tly :]e x is initiat$ by ! jo9t ef=t ( sev]al ( its lead+ associations1 ! *ur*es1 ! grange1 ! f>m & home bureau1 ! ,r$ ,cross1 ! bus9ess m5's association1 etc41 = )\t _! support a divid$ loyalty w p]si/4 ,= ! same reason1 a community organization _c be "u ! auspices ( any "o exi/+ organization z a *amb] ( comm]ce or f>m bureau4 ,bo? ( ^! & o!rs are community organizations1 b !y are = specific purposes4 ,propon5ts ( bo? ( ^! h advocat$ mak+ !m community-wide & all-embrac+ 9 _! functions1 b x ne$s b little reflection to %[ ! impossibility ( su* a plan4 ,to cite b "o objection4 ,! rural *ur* is ! mo/ deeply-root$ & 9 _m ways ! mo/ p[]ful ( rural in/itutions4 ,x c cop]ate ) ^! o!r organizations = community purposes1 b nei!r ( !m c ent] into ! religi\s field4 ,! same is true ( lodges1 s*ools1 heal? organizations1 gov]nm5t1 etc4 ,community organizations1 su* z ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce or ,comm]cial ,club1 ! ,grange & ! ,f>m ,bureau = agriculture & homemak+1 ! ,r$ ,cross = its activities1 ,*ur* ,f$]ations1 & o!rs %\ld all be enc\rag$ :]e ne$$1 b al?\gh ea* ( ^! has c]ta9 community functions1 no "o ( !m c d or c direct ! "w ( ano!r4 ,! community organization mu/ br+ !m toge!r s z to be/ cord9ate _! "w = ! good ( ! community1 n ?r\gh ! p[] ( an organic f$]ation1 b ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( conf]5ce1 good w & devotion to ! common weal4 #c4 ,! ,community ,c\ncil4--,community organizations are1 z yet1 9 an exp]im5tal /age & _! =mal con/itutions or by-laws are ( _m diff]5t types4#hg ,! ,community ,c\ncil1 z sugge/$ by ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,def5se1 has be5 adopt$ 9 _m communities ) v>i\s modifications to meet local conditions4 ,a community c\ncil consi/s ( "o repres5tative f ea* g5]al organization :i* affiliates ) x & ( a v>iable numb] ( memb]s-at-l>ge elect$ by ! annual community meet+4 ,all citiz5s are entitl$ to vote = ! memb]s-at-l>ge4 ,! usual (fic]s may be elect$ by ! community meet+1 or1 pref]ably1 be *os5 by ! c\ncil itself4 ,?us ! c\ncil repres5ts bo? ! exi/+ organizations & ! community z a :ole4 ,! c\ncil does n attempt any control ov] exi/+ organizations1 b m]ely provides a means = _! volunt>y cop]ation & is an ag5cy = promot+ community activities4 ,9 _m cases :]e !re are a l>ge numb] ( organizations1 & x is surpris+ h[ _m are f\nd 9 _m av]age-siz$ rural communities1 ! c\ncil w be too l>ge to be an effective work+ body4 ,fur!rmore1 ! memb]s :o repres5t v>i\s organizations may n always be ! be/ p]sons to c>ry on ! p>ticul> ent]prises :i* ! c\ncil desires to promote4 ,! c\ncil may1 "u su* circum/ances1 devote itself to ! consid]ation ( policies & ent]prises1 & may create committees ( citiz5s :o are be/ qualifi$ & mo/ int]e/$ 9 p>ticul> projects to h *>ge ( _! execution4 ,?us if ! c\ncil decides to get back ( a movem5t = a playgr\nd1 a public heal? nurse1 & a b&1 committees w\ld be appo9t$ to take *>ge ( organiz+ ea* "o ( ^! ent]prises4 ,^! committees %\ld be select$ s z to repres5t ! v>i\s organizations mo/ directly conc]n$ ) or int]e/$ 9 ! p>ticul> project z f> z possible1 b !y %\ld be *os5 prim>ily = _! ability to produce results4 ,committees %\ld be appo9t$ only = ^? projects :i* ! c\ncil decides to und]take1 al?\gh "o or two committees may be appo9t$ m]ely to inve/igate sugge/$ projects & to report _! f9d+s = fur!r consid]ation4 ,:]e ! c\ncil is l>ge1 & x is n practicable to h x meet m ?an once a qu>t]1 x may be well to h its "w c>ri$ on 9 ! int]ims by an executive committee consi/+ ( ! (fic]s & ! *airm5 ( ! committees4 ,!re c be no "o be/ type ( community organization adapt$ to ! widely v>y+ conditions ( all sorts & sizes ( rural communities2 ea* community mu/ h a =m ( organization adapt$ to its ne$s4 ,! important ?+ is n ! creation ( ano!r new organization 9 ! community1 b to af=d ! means = ! bett] team play ( ^? :i* already exi/4 ,! me*anism mu/ !re=e dep5d ^u ! "* & /age ( developm5t ( ! community & w be modifi$ f "t to "t z its exp]i5ce1 or t ( simil> community organizations1 w>rants4 ,f9ally let u rememb] t community organization is n an end 9 itself1 b t x is m]ely a means :]eby conditions 9 ! community may be made su* t e individual 9 x may h ! be/ possible *ance to develop 8 p]sonality & to enjoy ! fell[%ip ( s]vice 9 ! common good4 ,! aim ( all social organization is p]sonality1 b p]sonality is a*iev$ & c f9d its own satisfaction only ?r\gh fell[%ip4 ,! ideal community b furni%es ! social environm5t 9 :i* ! human _s realizes its highe/ values4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,mu* ( ?is *apt] is a revision ( p>ts ( an article by ! au?or entitl$ ,"s ,fundam5tals ( ,rural ,community ,organization4 ,proce$+s ,?ird ,natl4 ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #ff-gg4 #he ,see ,elliott ,dunlap ,smi?1 ,proce$+s fir/ ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #cf-df & ,app5dix ,c4 #hf ,9 ?is connection1 ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,sims 9 8 ,! ,rural ,community 7p4 #fdj4 ,new ,york4 ,scribn]s1 #aibj71 has prop\nd$ a mo/ int]e/+ ,law ( ,rural ,socialization3--,cop]ation 9 rural neighborhoods has its g5esis 9 & developm5t ?r\gh ^? =ms ( association :i*1 beg9n+ on ! basis ( lea/ co/1 gradually rise ?r\gh planes ( increas+ co/ to ! /age ( greate/ co/ 9 ef=t dem&$1 & :i* give at ! same "t ev] increas+ & m endur+ b5efits & satisfactions to ! gr\p4 #hg ,see pp4 #gd-e1 ,"s ,fundam5tals ( ,rural ,community ,organization4 ,proc4 #c;d ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce2 &1 ,e4 ,c4 ,l9deman1 ,! ,community1 ,*ap4 ,x4 ,new ,york1 ,association ,press1 #aiba4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,community ,,plann+ ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! community ) reg>d to h[ its p associate1 ) community psy*ology & behavior4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! community has a physical basis4 ,! build+s :i* h\se ^! associations at ! community c5t]1 ! *ur*1 ! s*ool1 ! grange hall1 ! /ores1 ) ! roads :i* radiate f x & ! f>m/eads :i* !y s]ve1 ^! are ! /ructures :i*1 ) ! natural topography ( /ream & hill1 give mat]ial =m to ! community & condition its life4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 ! developm5t ( rural communities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t1 l ,topsy1 !y h j gr[$4 ,village c5t]s h sprung up "h & !re & gradually ! surr\nd+ c\ntryside becomes associat$ ) !m4 ,z a result little consid]ation has be5 giv5 to plann+ ! community ei!r = effici5cy or attractiv5ess4 ,s9clair ,lewis' description ( ,goph] ,prairie 9 ,ma9 ,/reet may be ov]drawn & unju/ to _m a rural community1 b x describes conditions :i* are s common t x has ar\s$ ! public consci5ce conc]n+ ! lack ( civic _s 9 rural communities4 ,a community is mu* l an individual4 ,! man :o is sl\*y & c>eless ( 8 p]sonal appe>ance is r>ely a /rong "*4 ,! community ^: cemet]y is neglect$1 ^: s*ool gr\nds are a mass ( mud & ! ou?\ses a disgrace1 ^: lawns are unkept1 :]e a%-piles & neglect$ puddles fill ! vacant lots1 ^: roads are tortu\s & unimprov$1 ^: f>m h\ses are unpa9t$ & ^: b>ny>ds are m prom95t ?an ! door-y>ds--su* a community is usually weak4 ,x has little pride 9 itself or desire = improvem5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! man :o is d[n & out1 if we wi% to give him a new />t1 we enc\rage him to take a ba? & a %ave & we !n furni% him clean clo!s1 s t look+ m respectable he may act ! "p4 ,likewise 9 community improvem5t a clean up day is (t5 "o ( ! be/ means ( />t+ a new pride among its p4 ,b improv+ its looks w n rem$y ! m fundam5tal /ructural defects :i* frequ5tly h&icap ! rural community4 ,utility z well z beauty is ess5tial 9 community arrangem5t4 ,if ! community is to escape ugl9ess & inconv5i5ce1 x w soon] or lat] come to ! "t :5 x mu/ def9itely plan ! arrangem5t ( its /reets & roads1 its public build+s & its op5 spaces1 s z to be/ s]ve all p>ts ( ! community4 ,community plann+ is z ess5tial to satisfactory community h\sekeep+ z ! plan ( a h\se is = ! conv5i5ce ( ! home4 ,an ar*itect is ne$$ to plan a home = ! community1 a community /ructure :i* is me*anically s\nd & effici5t & )al bo? beautiful & com=table1 j z mu* z = design+ a h\se4 ,s ! art ( t[n plann+ is ext5d+ f ! cities to ! c\ntry & "s ( our l&scape ar*itects :o love ! c\ntryside & appreciate its life & problems are giv+ _! att5tion to rural community plann+4#hh ,?is is n ! place to ent] into any ext5d$ discussion ( ! art ( community plann+1 b we may well consid] a few pr9ciples :i* are ess5tial = realiz+ ! ideals ( community developm5t4 ,z ! community c5t] is ! nucleus ( ! community life1 let u fir/ consid] ! village plan4 ,"o ent]s ! community at ! railroad /ation or by a ma9 road4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to prev5t ! prop]ty adjo9+ a railroad f be+ ! lea/ attractive1 because x is ! mo/ undesirable = resid5ce purposes2 b x is entirely practicable to h a neat railroad /ation ) well-kept surr\nd+s4 ,"s ( our m progressive railroad companies h p]ceiv$ t x is good bus9ess to make _! /ations & gr\nds attractive & mo/ ( !m w be will+ to meet ! local p halfway 9 an ef=t to improve _! appe>ance4 ,9 f> too _m cases ! gr\nds ( ! railroad /ation & ! adjo9+ prop]ties are ! mo/ neglect$ spot 9 ! village & give an unfavorable impression ( ! community4 ,c]ta9ly we w\ld ?9k a man que] :o plac$ ! back-door ( 8 h\se to ! /reet1 b ! railroad /ation is usually ! back-door ( ! community in/ead ( ! ma9 entrance z x %\ld be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on alight+ at a well-kept /ation1 ) a neat lawn1 good walks & roads1 :i* is n surr\nd$ by ! village rubbi% heaps & dilapidat$ build+s1 ! newcom] feels t "h is a place :i* invites fur!r acqua9tance1 :ile ! native has a s5se ( satisfaction r ?an ( apology4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to ma9 road entrances to ! village4 ,! automobile has greatly increas$ highway travel4 ,:]e a village places a sign at its entrance ,welcome to ,smi?ville1 & at its exit ,come ,aga91 z is n[ frequ5tly done1 x n only makes a favorable impression on ! t\ri/1 b x gives ! community a s5se ( id5tity4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ^! signs are frequ5tly plac$1 at ! t[n%ip l9e r ?an at ! village b\nd>y4 ,9 a few cases villages h erect$ dignifi$ /one pill>s or ar*es at ! entrance po9ts4 ,! build+ ( /ate roads betwe5 village c5t]s has almo/ necessitat$ pav+ or h>d roads 9 ! village1 = p res5t travel+ ov] a good road 9 ! op5 c\ntry & !n pl[+ ?r\gh mud holes 9 a village4 ,n infrequ5tly ! /reets ( ! incorporat$ village are mu* poor] ?an ! /ate roads outside ! village & al?\gh incorporation =m]ly enabl$ ! village to d its own pav+ & make o!r public improvem5ts1 ! un9corporat$ village n[ has ! advantage ( hav+ its ma9 roadways con/ruct$ z a "p ( /ate or c\nty road sy/ems at less exp5se to ! villag]s4 ,9 any ev5t ! pav+ ( ! pr9cipal /reets ( ! village %\ld be consid]$ an obligation ( ! :ole community1 n only ( ! village b ( ! f>m area surr\nd+ x--i4e41 ! t[n%ip1 = on !m ! traffic ( ! :ole community c5t]s & 9 _m cases ! f>m]s ( ! community d m actual haul+ ov] ! village /reets ?an d ! p ( ! village4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 entirely prop]1 :]e /ate laws p]mit1 to assess "p ( ! co/ ( village pavem5ts on ! abutt+ prop]ty1 b x is %ort-sight$ economy = f>m]s to object to %>+ 9 ! co/ ( su* improvem5ts 9 _! community c5t]s4 ,:5 we come to a consid]ation ( ! g5]al plan or lay\t ( ! village1 x is obvi\s t 9 old] communities x is h>dly practicable to make mat]ial *anges4 ,9 ! old ,new ,engl& villages a "p ( ! orig9al t[n common has (t5 be5 pres]v$ z a common or p>k 9 ! c5t] ( ! village ) a broad expanse ( lawn & /ately %ade trees1 :ile new] communities h frequ5tly be5 laid out ar\nd a c5tral op5 squ>e4 ,"h is ! flagpole & ! ,soldi]s' ,monum5t or o!r hi/oric memorials1 & possibly a f\nta9 or wat]+ tr\gh1 & sometimes a b& /&4 ,x is a place :]e op5-air meet+s ( all sorts1 b& conc]ts & community s++1 may be held4 ,x is ! mod]n sub/itute = ! =um ( ! old ,roman t[n4 ,:5 "o comp>es a village :i* is m]ely /rung along a ma9 roadway1 or two crossroads1 ) "o :i* has su* a civic c5t]1 he _c b feel t ! latt] has a physical /ructure :i* gives x an id5tity & a common int]e/ :i* is lack+ 9 ! =m] & :i* mu/ mean mu* 9 ! ma9t5ance ( community pride & :i* mu/ give mu* bett] opportunity = outdoor ga!r+s ( all sorts4 ,9 plann+ a new community su* a public squ>e %\ld be a c5tral feature4 ,ar\nd x may be built ! s*ool1 ! t[n hall or community h\se1 ! *ur*es1 ! libr>y & o!r public build+s4 ,if l>ge en\gh x %\ld include t5nis c\rts & a playgr\nd4 ,:]e ! ma9 /reets are already occupi$ ) bus9ess blocks & resid5ces1 x may be possible to secure a squ>e n f> f ! village c5t] :]e a new s*ool build+ or community h\se may be erect$ & :i* may include a playgr\nd1 b&/&1 & :atev] features are desir$1 ev5 if x is necess>y to place x at ! edge ( ! village4 ,:]ev] possible ! playgr\nd %\ld adjo9 ! s*ool build+ or community h\se1 or bo?4 ,ei!r z a feature ( ! playgr\nd or adjo9+ x1 !re %\ld be a baseball diamond & blea*]s or gr&/&4 ,su* a civic c5t] w be f\nd to be a p[]ful factor 9 ! ma9t5ance ( community pride & loyalty4#hi ,! gr[? ( automobile t\r+ has enc\rag$ ! provision ( camp+ sites = t\ri/s on ! edge ( ! village4 ,:]ev] a suitable grove or o!r natural sett+ c be f\nd ne>by a village x %\ld be res]v$ z a public picnic gr\nd or p>k4 ,a "p ( ?is might also be made available = a t\ri/s' camp1 & (t5 x w be a good location = a ball diamond4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 a /eady gr[? ( int]e/ 9 community fairs & su* a picnic gr\nd or p>k might well be arrang$ ) an op5 space adjo9+ x = fair & fe/ival purposes4 ,^! g5]al features & facilities ( ! village plan are n simply = ! advantage or beautification ( ! village1 b !y b5efit ! life ( ! :ole community & %\ld be consid]$ z features ( ! community's plant4 ,:5 we leave ! village c5t] & survey ! f>m+ area ( ! community1 ! mo/ fundam5tal feature ( its /ructure is ! road plan4 ,9 hilly regions ! location ( roads is necess>ily l>gely det]m9$ by topography1 b ov] mo/ ( ! ,middle ,we/ ! roads 7 laid out on section l9es at ! "t ( ! orig9al surveys & _! location has nev] be5 *ang$4 ,"o :o has gr[n up 9 t section feels a sort ( pride 9 ! /raight roads & looks askance at ! crook$ roads ( ! ,ea/1 b z a matt] ( fact ! latt] are 9 _m cases mu* bett] locat$ z reg>ds _! utility1 = !y 7 laid out to rea* c]ta9 c5t]s by ! mo/ direct r\te4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! location ( ! village c5t]s ( ! ,middle ,we/ 0 l>gely det]m9$ by ! railroad /ations1 & ! roads 7 locat$ )\t reg>d to !m4 ,z a result x is almo/ always necess>y to trav]se two sides ( a squ>e 9 ord] to rea* ! community c5t]4 ,?is means t su* a r\te is =ty p]c5t long] f ! corn]s ( ! community ?an x w\ld be by a /raight l9e4 ,?is 0 bad en\gh ) dirt roads1 & if all ! roads c\ld be h>d-surfac$1 ! automobile w\ld1 ( c\rse1 less5 ! "t requir$ = travel4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 economically impossible to improve all m9or roads & ) ! high co/ ( macadam1 concrete1 brick1 or o!r h>d-surface1 n only = orig9al co/ b = upkeep1 x seems absurd to cont9ue to build ! ma9 roads on rectangul> l9es r ?an by ! %orte/ r\te betwe5 ! mo/-travel$ po9ts4 ,! sav+ 9 co/ ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance w\ld mu* m ?an pay = ! co/ ( all l& :i* x w\ld be necess>y to condemn = _! "r-(-way1 & ! sav+ 9 "t & co/ ( transportation = ! :ole community w\ld am\nt to a l>ge sum e ye>4 ,f> too little att5tion has be5 giv5 by road eng9e]s to community plann+1 & ) ! va/ sums :i* are n[ be+ exp5d$ by ! f$]al1 /ate & c\nty gov]nm5ts on p]man5t roads1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ?is matt] ( road location ) reg>d to directness ( access to ! community c5t]s %\ld receive mu* m c>eful /udy & bett] sup]vision by all ! au?orities conc]n$1 n only ) reg>d to topography1 b ) reg>d to ! social & economic welf>e ( ! areas conc]n$4 ,! new] sections ( ! c\ntry1 & p>ticul>ly we/]n ,canada1 h become aw>e ( ?is lack ( economy 9 road location & are giv+ x consid]ation4 ,9 a report on ,rural ,plann+ & ,developm5t prep>$ = ! ,canadian ,commission on ,cons]vation1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,adams1 ! t[n plann+ advis] ( ! commission1 has outl9$ sev]al plans = ! bett] location ( roads s t !y w radiate f ! community c5t] & has %[n t x is entirely possible to reta9 rectangul> f>m plans ) radial roads4#ij ,he summ>izes 8 discussion ( ?is matt] z foll[s3 ,! ma9 po9ts ( cont5tion 9 ?is *apt] are3--,t ! pres5t sy/em ( survey+ l& = ! purpose ( secur+ accurate b\nd>ies to arbitr>y divisions & sub-divisions ( l&1 :ile satisfactory = t purpose1 is n a me?od ( plann+ l&1 b only a basis on :i* to prep>e plann+ & developm5t s*emes2 t no def9ite or /]eotyp$ sy/em ( plann+ c be satisfactory = g5]al application2 t all plans %\ld h reg>d to ! physical & economic conditions ( ! t]ritory to :i* !y apply & %\ld be made = ! g5]al purpose ( secur+ heal?y conditions1 am5ity1 conv5i5ce & economic use ( ! l&2 & t m complete & adequate surveys & a compreh5sive classification ( l& is ess5tial to secure successful & p]man5t l& settlem5t4 7p4 #ga7 ,ano!r feature ( community plann+ :i* is com+ to receive l>g] att5tion is ! pres]vation ( unusual geological & sc5ic features = ! use ( public4 ,"o ( ! sc5ic attractions mo/ commonly neglect$ is ! l& along wat]ways4 ,sometimes ! l& on "o side ( a /ream is occupi$ by a road1 b 9 _m cases x is private prop]ty4 ,if res]v$ to ! public _m ( ^! wat]c\rses might be mo/ attractive p>kways4 ,9 _m cases ! control ( wat]ways has be5 necessitat$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! purity ( ! wat] supply & ! advantage ( hav+ ! adjo9+ l&--usually m or less wood$--available = picnic p>ties has enc\rag$ ! ext5sion ( public control ( wat]ways4 ,sev]al /ates n[ h legislation p]mitt+ c\nties or t[ns to acquire su* areas = p>k purposes1 & ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io & "s o!r ,canadian prov9ces require t a wid? ( #ff feet be res]v$ ar\nd all lakes & riv]s4 ,9 ord] to utilize ! wa/e l& ( ! wat]%$s & to protect ! %ores ( res]voirs & /reams :i* furni% public wat] supplies1 _m cities h re=e/$ consid]able areas1 :i* w be ma9ta9$ z public =e/s & w be cut z ! timb] becomes m]*antable4 ,?is movem5t has call$ att5tion to ! practicability ( e/abli%+ t[n or community =e/s on *eap l& unsuitable = tillage1 z a s\rce ( income to ! community4 ,communal =e/s h exi/$ 9 ,europe = _m c5turies1 & at ! pres5t "t =m #bb p]c5t ( ! =e/s 9 ,france4 ,a movem5t has n[ comm5c$ = ! plant+ ( t[n =e/s 9 ?is c\ntry1#ia & ! bett] utilization ( ! community's wa/e l& by plant+ x 9 timb] %\ld be consid]$ a feature ( community plann+4 ,! improvem5ts effect$ 9 cities ?r\gh city plann+ commissions1 bo? ) reg>d to /reet location = ! bett] r\t+ ( traffic1 & ! lay+ out ( p>ks & ! location ( public build+s1 h be5 s app>5t1 t ! idea has be5 tak5 up by rural communities & a few /ates h pass$ legislation = ! creation ( special ag5cies = rural community plann+4 ,?us ,massa*usetts has = sev]al ye>s _h a ,t[n ,plann+ ,commission & 9 #aiai ,wiscons9 pass$ an act#ib creat+ a division on rural plann+ ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & creat+ rural plann+ committees 9 ea* c\nty4 ,9 #aibj ?irty-six c\nties _h organiz$ su* committees "u ?is law & _h already accompli%$ mu* "u its au?ority4#ic ,"s ( ! m progressive l& companies :i* are coloniz+ new l&s 9 nor!rn ,wiscons9 are mak+ def9ite community plans to enc\rage settlem5t1#id & 9 ,cali=nia ! ,/ate ,l& ,settlem5t ,bo>d has done mu* to enc\rage bett] rural plann+ by ! demon/rations :i* x has made 9 its f>m colonies at ,durham & ,delhi4#ie ,! ,ext5sion ,s]vices ( sev]al ( ! ,/ate agricultural colleges h exp]ts on l&scape art :o give assi/ance 9 ! improvem5t ( public gr\nds & 9 community plann+4 ,a sy/em ( numb]+ f>ms has rec5tly be5 inv5t$ :i* is bas$ ^u ! relations ( f>ms to _! community c5t]s & :i* !re=e makes necess>y ! def9ite location ( rural community areas & _! b\nd>ies4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,clock ,sy/em rural index & is n[ 9 use 9 f\r c\nties 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,! c\nty map publi%$ 9 ! directory %[s ! diff]5t communities outl9$ by heavily %ad$ l9es & ! f>m numb]s radiate f ! community c5t]s4 ,on ! map ea* community is divid$ z a spid]'s web into a numb] ( small spaces by twelve dott$ l9es t ext5d f ea* village on ! same radii z ! h\r-m>ks on ! dial ( a clock1 & by conc5tric circles :i* are a mile ap>t f ea* community c5t]4 ,ea* set ( l9es & circles ext5ds to ! community b\nd>y1 & ! f>m is giv5 a numb] :i* %[s ! sector 9 :i* x is locat$ ) ref]5ce to ! di/ance f ! community c5t]4 ,9 front ( a f>m w be f\nd a numb]1 usually j bel[ ! mail box1 su* z ,alton #c-b-,k4 ,?is indicates t ! f>m is 9 ! direction ( ! #c o'clock m>k on a clock1 or ea/1 ( ,alton2 ! second t]m1 #b1 %[s t x is betwe5 two & ?ree miles f ,alton & ! lett] ,k enables "o to locate ! individual f>m on ! small area betwe5 ! #c o'clock & #d o'clock radial l9es & ! two & ?ree mile circles4 ,9 ! directory accompany+ ! map ! names ( all h\sehold]s are arrang$ alphabetically & also s]ially by _! numb]s1 s t ! "n ( ! h\sehold] at a c]ta9 numb] ( 8 location on ! map may be readily asc]ta9$4 ,?is sy/em n only makes necess>y a def9ite det]m9ation ( ! c5t] & b\nd>y ( e community1 b ! numb] itself relates ! f>m to its community4 ,?is is a matt] ( consid]able importance1 = s9ce ! aboli%m5t ( _m rural po/(fices ! f>m]'s mail address may be on a rural r\te />t+ f "s railroad /ation or l>g] t[n :i* he visits only occasionally1 & has no ref]5ce to ! community 9 :i* he lives4 ,! sy/em 0 inv5t$ by a ,colorado f>m]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,plato1 :o devis$ x s t x might be possible = buy]s to f9d 8 f>m4 ,z he claims1 su* a numb] puts ! f>m] on ! map & gives 8 home a def9ite location j z does ! /reet numb] ( ! city h\se4#if ,f9ally1 9 any ef=t t[>d community plann+ x mu/ be rememb]$ t mo/ rural communities are1 9 a way1 b p>ts ( :at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 we may t]m l>g] communities4 ,n e small rural community c support a libr>y build+1 a hospital1 a high s*ool1 a mov+ picture !at]1 or a public heal? nurse4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 ^! ag5cies c be ma9ta9$ only at su* c5t]s z c comm& ! support ( sev]al small] communities4 ,obvi\sly !y w t5d to be locat$ at ! l>g] t[ns1 su* z ! c\nty seats4 ,roads %\ld be plann$ ) reg>d to mak+ ^! l>g] c5t]s mo/ readily available to _! tribut>y t]ritory4 ,x w\ld seem to be advantage\s to ! small] communities to def9itely relate !mselves to "o ( ^! l>g] c5t]s 9 ! support ( "s ( ! m co/ly community s]vices :i* !y are unable to ma9ta91 & an und]/&+ %\ld be develop$ betwe5 ! small] & l>g] c5t]s1 :]eby ! latt] w n attempt to displace ! =m]4 ,! l>g] villages & t[ns mu/ recognize t ! small] ne>by communities are an economic & social asset & t ! ma9t5ance ( _! village c5t]s is ess5tial to successful community life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! small] communities %\ld recognize _! own limitations & %\ld utilize ! advantages ( ! l>g] c5t]s )\t jeal\sy ( !m4 ,! c\nty libr>y sy/em & ! c\nty hospital illu/rate ! advantages to be obta9$ ?r\gh ! l>g] community1 b :i* are impossible )\t ! support ( ! vot]s ( ! small] subsidi>y communities4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! community idea1 & z communities become s organiz$ t !y h "s me*anism = self-exam9ation & self-expression1 m /udy w be giv5 to ! physical /ructure ( ! community z ess5tial = economy & utility1 & m pride w be tak5 9 mak+ x beautiful & satisfy+4 ,community plann+ is ess5tial = ! highe/ type ( community developm5t4 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,= a mo/ sugge/ive introduction to ?is :ole field see ,pr(4 ,frank ,a4 ,waughs ,rural ,improvem5t4 ,new ,york1 ,orange ,judd ,co41 #aiad4 #hi ,_m plans = ideal rural community c5t]s h be5 publi%$4 ,among !m see ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,ext5sion ,circul> ,no4 #a1 ,a ,plan = a ,rural ,community ,c5t]2 ,pet] ,a4 ,speek1 ,a ,/ake 9 ! ,l&1 ,plate fac+ page #beb2 plans ( ,durham & ,delhi1 ,cali=nia1 9 reports ( ,calif4 ,l& ,settlem5t ,bo>d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive /udies 9 rural community plann+ is ,t[n ,plann+ = ,small ,communities1 by ,walpole 7,mass47 ,t[n ,plann+ ,committee4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,bird4 #ij ,?omas ,adams1 ,rural ,plann+ & ,developm5t4 ,canada ,commission ( ,cons]vation1 ,ottawa1 #aiag1 pp4 #ec-fd1 ) illu/rations4 #ia ,samuel ,t4 ,dana1 ,=e/ry & ,community ,developm5t4 ,bullet9 #fch1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a4 ,b4 ,recknagel1 ,c\nty1 ,t[n1 & ,village ,=e/s4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,cornell ,read+ ,c\rse = ! ,f>m1 ,lesson #dj1 #aiac4 ,john ,s4 ,ev]itt1 ,work+ ,plan = a ,communal ,=e/ = ! ,t[n ( ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,cornell ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,bullet9 #djd4 #ib ,*apt] #fic1 ,wis4 ,laws ( #aiai1 ,creat+ section #adeh-aa ( ! ,/atutes4 #ic ,see ,! ,survey1 ,dec4 #be1 #aibj1 p4 #dei4 #id ,see ,pet] ,a4 ,speek1 ,a ,/ake 9 ! ,l&1 p4 #ec4 ,new ,york1 ,h>p]s1 #aiba4 #ie ,see ,elwood ,mead1 ,help+ ,m5 ,own ,f>ms4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aiba4 #if ,! clock sy/em is describ$ 9 detail 9 ! writ]'s bullet91 ,locat+ ! ,rural ,community4 ,cornell ,read+ ,c\rse = ! ,f>m1 ,lesson #aeh4 ,in=mation conc]n+ x may be secur$ f ! ,am]ican ,rural ,index ,corporation1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,community ,,loyalty ,j z we "k a man by 8 bodily pres5ce1 s we recognize a community by its location & its physical /ructure4 ,yet ! man is m ?an a body & ! community is m ?an its mat]ial basis2 ! real community consi/s ( ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5 liv+ toge!r 9 a re/rict$ environm5t4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,hi]onym\s has well express$ ! mo/ fundam5tal aspect ( ! community :5 he says t its p are com+ to act toge!r 9 ! *ief conc]ns ( life4#ig ,! life ( ! community consi/s ( ! common activities ( its p4 ,!re c be no community :]e !re is no devotion to a common cause4 ,! cause may be n[ "o ?+1 n[ ano!r1 x may be wor?y or debas+1 b 9 s f> z ! p ( a locality are act+ toge!r 9 ! support ( v>i\s common causes !y are liv+ z a community4 ,j z ! "* ( an individual is det]m9$ by 8 life purposes & ! degree to :i* he con=ms 8 behavior to !m1 s ! highe/ type ( community is t 9 :i* its p are consci\sly loyal to ! common welf>e & are com+ to act toge!r = ! common good4 ,l ! "* ( an individual1 ! community is 9 process ( becom+2 x necess>ily exi/s on an unconsci\s basis1 due to locality & h]$ity1 b ! /r5g? ( ! community is measur$ by ! degree to :i* its memb]s become volunt>ily loyal to common purposes4 ,outside ( e>ly ,new ,engl& ! circum/ances ( settlem5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 n conducive to community developm5t4 ,mo/ ( ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,alleghanies 0 settl$ by individuals :o secur$ _! l& f ! f$]al gov]nm5t & ^: prime allegiance 0 to ! nation4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t 0 ! outgr[? ( a revolution = ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,lib]ty & ,fre$om 7 its wat*words & ! conditions ( life ( ! pione] settl]s & _! rapid spread ov] "o ( ! ri*e/ natural areas 9 ! _w favor$ individual indep5d5ce4 ,x 0 ! natural reaction f ! previ\s dom9ation ( a feudal ari/ocracy4 ,= ov] a c5tury our national philosophy has be5 dom9at$ by a doctr9e ( rights1 & only rec5tly h we come to p]ceive t if democracy is to function 9 a complex mod]n civilization1 !re mu/ be an equal emphasis on duties4 ,?is is ! significance ( ! pres5t int]e/ 9 in/ruction 9 citiz5%ip 9 our s*ools4 ,mo/ ( u h>dly appreciate h[ complete a rev]sal ( ! organization ( rural life 0 involv$ 9 ?is sudd5 dom9ation ( individualism4 ,primitive agriculture 0 made possible by m5 associat+ 9 small village communities = def5se & mutual aid4 ,_! :ole sy/em ( agriculture1 until v mod]n times1 0 controll$ & direct$1 n by ! individual or family1 b by ! community4 ,! typical peasant community ( ,russia or ,india 0 9 _m respects b an enl>g$ family & its economy & social control 7 bas$ ^u ! cu/oms ( ! family4 ,inde$1 hi/orically ! community 0 ! outgr[? ( ! enl>g$ family or clan4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! peasant's fir/ loyalty is to 8 community4 ,! nation or /ate is f> away & beyond 8 k52 8 patriotism is = 8 home village4 ,s ,p>k & ,mill] 9 _! discussion ( immigrants' attitudes say3 ,! peasant did n "k t he 0 a ,pole2 he ev5 d5i$ x4 ,! "l 0 a ,pole2 he 0 a peasant4 ,we h records %[+ t memb]s ( o!r immigrant gr\ps realize fir/ 9 ,am]ica t !y are memb]s ( a nationality3 ,i _h nev] realiz$ ,i 0 an ,albanian until my bro!r came f ,am]ica 9 #aiji4 ,he belong$ to an ,albanian society ov] "h4#ih ,prior to ! la/ c5tury ! :ole social organization ( rural life 9 ! ,old ,_w 0 built up ar\nd ! community4 ,! family1 ! community1 & ! /ate 7 ! prim>y =ms ( human association4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 :5 families disp]s$ ov] ! new t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) no community ties & ) b few contacts ) ! national gov]nm5t1 !re 0 a lack ( t social organization to :i* ! p _h be5 accu/om$ & ?r\gh :i* _! :ole mode ( life1 _! cu/oms & moral code _h be5 built up4 ,^! =ms ( human association1 ! family1 ! community1 ! /ate1 h be5 built up v sl[ly ?r\gh c5turies ( human /rife & suff]+2 !y repres5t ! exp]i5ce ( ! race z to ! be/ means ( adju/+ human relation%ips4 ,break d[n an ess5tial feature ( ! /ructure ( human society1 z 0 done :5 ,am]ican settl]s ab&on$ community life1 & m5 are compell$ to f9d new me?ods ( meet+ _! common ne$s & ( ma9ta9+ /&>ds ( conduct ess5tial = _! common welf>e4 ,_h x n be5 = ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool & ! *ur*1 rural life ov] mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h inevitably deg5]at$1 = :]ev] !re is no =m ( associat$ control !re humanity rev]ts to ! level ( ! brute4 ,human life is :at x is because = c\ntless g5]ations mank9d has be5 le>n+ h[ to adju/ itself ?r\gh association s t l>g] opportunity = ! individual is secur$ ?r\gh a l>g] measure ( well be+ = all4 ,! devotion ( ! ,am]ican settl] to 8 family ev5tually necessitat$ 8 association = advantages :i* c\ld be secur$ only ?r\gh collective action4 ,:5 he _h subdu$ ! l& & e/abli%$ 8 home1 :5 he comm5c$ to raise f>m products = m>ket r ?an prim>ily = support ( ! family1 :5 bett] communication gave m contacts ) ! t[n & city1 ! f>m family develop$ new wants & int]e/s :i* c\ld only be satisfi$ ?r\gh association ) o!rs4 ,we h already indicat$ ! processes :]eby ! economic situation1 religi\s life1 public education1 ! ne$ ( local gov]nm5t1 & ! desire = recreational facilities1 are inevitably draw+ ! p ( ! c\ntryside toge!r at ! natural c5t]s into communities4 ,! locality gr\p is aga9 recogniz$ z ess5tial = ! be/ organization ( rural life4 ,b ! new rural community is a volunt>y gr\p1 x is n det]m9$ by common control ( ! l& or by common subjection to a feudal "l z 0 ! village community ( ! old _w2 its p are free to come & g :]e & :5 !y w4 ,! community c compel only ?r\gh ! p[] ( public op9ion & its success mu/ dep5d ^u ! volunt>y loyalty ( its p4 ,?us ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ! community lies 9 ! loyalty ( its p4 ,no community c p]man5tly succe$ ^: p associate 9 x m]ely = ! advantages :i* !y may ga94 ,!re mu/ be a g5u9e will+ness to give z well z to receive1 a real desire to d "o's %>e = ! common life4 ,human association _c succe$ on a basis ( organiz$ selfi%ness4 ,! joy ( family life arises f ! fact t ea* memb] is devot$ to all & is will+ to sacrifice p]sonal int]e/s = ! family2 )\t su* devotion & sacrifice ! true home is impossible4 ,j because human nature has aris5 ?r\gh long ages ( association1 man f9ds no p]man5t satisfaction 9 pursu+ 8 own selfi% int]e/2 8 greate/ joy is f\nd 9 8 devotion to o!rs4 ,all human association !re=e dep5ds ^u loyalty & ! high] & m complex ! association1 ! m ess5tial is ! loyalty ( its memb]s4 ,z ,miss ,follett has well said1 ,loyalty means ! consci\sness ( on5ess1 ! full realization t we succe$ or fail1 live or die1 are sav$ or damn$1 toge!r4 ,! only unity or community is "o we h made ( ourselves1 by ourselves1 = ourselves4#ii ,"h social sci5ce & religion agree ^u ! ultimate objectives ( life4 ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce has %[n#ajj t ! ideal ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 is b a univ]sal community1 :at he calls ! belov$ community1 :i* is made possible ?r\gh ! loyalty ( all to love & s]vice4 ,!re is a fundam5tally religi\s sanction to community loyalty & only an ess5tially religi\s motive w inspire m5 to sublimate p]sonal int]e/s 9 devotion to ! community4 ,only ?r\gh loyalty to ! highe/ ideals ( community life c ! ,k+dom ( ,god be realiz$ on e>?4 ,no conceivable cataclysm c\ld make its exi/5ce possible )\t ! volunt>y allegiance ( mank9d1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,god is ! k+dom ( love2 x c exi/ only z ! m9ds & he>ts ( m5 are devot$ to x4 ,nor c ! community univ]sal1 ! belov$ community1 be a*iev$ except ea* local community adju/s its own life to ! highe/ social values4 ,! community movem5t is b a means :]eby ! ideals ( democracy & religion may be giv5 concrete expression 9 a def9ite locality4 ,unless ^! ideals c be appli$ to local areas :]e x is possible to a*ieve "s measure ( common life1 ( community1 !re is little probability ( _! realization 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,b ^! high] values ( human life _c be br\ght ab\t by a m]e process ( organization4 ,!y require ! dynamic ( a religi\s conviction 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,! ,gospel & life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? furni% ! ess5tial inspiration = t _s ( loyalty )\t :i* all organization is 9 va94 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,c4 ,l9deman has ably express$ ?is 9 8 discussion ( ! relation ( ! ,community & ,democracy3 ,! mo/ =midable foe ( ,democracy1 h[ev]1 is ! confid5ce :i* p place 9 s*emes & plans & =ms ( organization4 ,:at ! social ma*9]y ( our day ne$s is spiritual =ce to provide motive p[]4 ,! mod]n ,community ,movem5t w fail to give ,democracy its practical expression if x is n motivat$ by a spiritual dynamic4 ,su* a dynamic =ce 0 unloos$ ) ! message & life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,he liv$ 8 life on ! basis ( c]ta9 basic democratic assumptions1 & ,he sci5tifically demon/rat$ ^? assumptions4 ,9 ,8 eyes all individuals 7 ( value2 ?r\gh ! social implications ( ,8 message s9 became democratic & ! burd5 ( all2 9 ,8 aspirations all humank9d 7 includ$4 ,he assum$ t ,love w\ld solve m problems ?an ,hatr$4 ,he ev5 assum$ t to h a human enemy 0 a social anomaly4 ,& ,he believ$ t religion 0 ess5tially a sy/em ( behavior by :i* ! individual ne$ n be swall[$ up 9 ! gr\p1 b by :i* ! individual mu/ f9d ultimate satisfactions 9 spiritualiz+ ! gr\p4#aja ,community loyalty w give rise to a true prov9cialism :i* w d mu* to give small] communities a satisfactory /atus & to make !m m indep5d5t 9 _! /&>ds & purposes4 ,x is common to d]ide prov9cialism1 b :at we deprecate is ! inability ( ! prov9cial to associate ) ! outside _w1 & ! city man may be z prov9cial z ! f>m] f ! back hills4 ,true prov9cialism1 on ! o!r h&1 is ess5tial to ! progress ( civilization4 ,! t5d5cy ( city life is t[>d imitation & r$uc+ life to a dead level4 ,ecc5tricity may be objectionable1 b )\t individuality ( p]sons & communities life w\ld be /upid & monoton\s4 ,!re is probably no great] ne$ = /r5g!n+ rural life ?an a community loyalty :i* w prev5t ! un?9k+ imitation ( urban life & w take ju/ifiable pride 9 local ideals & a*ievem5ts4 ,! ne$ ( a l>g] appreciation ( ! value ( a true prov9cialism has be5 well describ$ by ,pr(essor ,royce 9 8 essay on ,prov9cialism3 ,local _s1 local pride1 prov9cial indep5d5ce1 influ5ce ! individual man precisely because !y appeal to 8 imitative t5d5cies4 ,b !reby !y act s z to r5d] him m or less immune 9 pres5ce ( ! m trivial ( ! influ5ces t1 com+ f )\t 8 community1 w\ld o!rwise be likely to r$uce him to ! dead level ( ! cu/oms ( ! :ole nation4 ,a c\ntry di/rict may seem to a /rang] unduly crude 9 its ways2 b x does n become wis] 9 case1 "u ! influ5ce ( city newspap]s & summ] bo>d]s1 x beg9s to foll[ city fa%ions m]ely = ! sake ( imitat+4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is bett] 9 proportion z x rema9s self-possess$1--pr\d ( its own traditions1 n unwill+ inde$ to le>n1 b also q ready to tea* ! /rang] its own wisdom4 ,& 9 simil> fa%ion prov9cial pride helps ! individual man to keep 8 self-respect ev5 :5 ! va/ =ces t "w t[>d indu/rial consolidation1 & t[>d ! effacem5t ( individual initiative1 are besett+ ! life at e turn4 ,= a man is 9 l>ge measure :at 8 social consci\sness makes him4 ,give him ! local community t he loves & *]i%es1 t he is pr\d to honor & to s]ve1 make 8 ideal ( t community l(ty1--give him fai? 9 ! dignity ( 8 prov9ce1--& y h giv5 him a p[] to c\nt]act ! levell+ t5d5cies ( mod]n civilization4#ajb ,community loyalty is l>gely dep5d5t ^u lead]%ip4 ,!re is a reciprocal relation betwe5 loyalty & lead]%ip2 lead]s inspire loyalty & loyalty incites lead]%ip4 ,?us ! am\nt ( lead]%ip 9 a community & ! will+ness ( its p to assume lead]%ip are good indices ( community loyalty1 & ! will+ness to "w "u lead]s is its crucial te/4 ,! lead] is ess5tial to gr\p activity4 ,)\t a lead] gr\p activity is difficult or impossible4 ,if m5 are to act toge!r effectively "s "o mu/ be spokesman & director4 ,lack ( lead]%ip has ev] be5 "o ( ! *ief h&icaps ( rural life z comp>$ ) t ( ! t[n & city1 & ) ! gr[? ( organization ! ne$ ( rural lead]%ip is increas+ly app>5t4 ,until v rec5tly ! vocation ( agriculture has _h b little call = lead]%ip4 ,successful f>m+ requir$ /rict att5tion to ! "w ( ! f>m & lead]%ip br\ght no pecuni>y advantage to ! f>m] z x did to ! bus9ess or pr(essional man4 ,fur!rmore !re seems to be an innate desire = equality among f>m]s & a dis9cl9ation to recognize "o ( _! numb] z 9 any degree sup]ior1 :i* disc\rages ! developm5t ( lead]%ip among !m4 ,! t[n & city place a premium on lead]%ip & a position ( lead]%ip gives a /atus :i* is covet$2 b = ! f>m] any position ( lead]%ip is a burd5 or a public duty r ?an an opportunity4 ,= ?is reason ! control ( gov]nm5t1 education1 religion1 & all ! l>g] associations ( life has be5 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( urban lead]s4 ,?is has be5 inevitable & ! lack ( repres5tation ( ! f>m]s' int]e/s has be5 incid5tal to ! nature ( 8 vocation4 ,:5ev] ! ne$ ( adju/m5t to new conditions becomes suffici5tly acute z to dem& action = ! pres]vation ( int]e/s ( any gr\p ( m51 ! cause creates lead]%ip2 lead]s ei!r come =w>d or are draft$ & ! successful lead]s survive ?r\gh a process ( natural selection & receive recognition & support4 ,?is is :at is n[ occurr+ 9 ,am]ican agriculture4 ,new conditions h =c$ f>m]s to organize = cop]ative m>ket+ & are necessitat+ ! bett] organization ( ! :ole social life ( rural communities = reasons :i* h be5 previ\sly indicat$4 ,) bett] education & ) m contacts ) city life1 f>m]s h come to appreciate t if !y are to compete ) o!r indu/ries & if ! rural community is to h a satisfactory /&>d ( liv+1 !y mu/ develop _! own lead]%ip & t ^? :o are qualifi$ = lead]%ip _c be expect$ to devote _! "t to ! bus9ess int]e/s ( _! fell[s unless !y are adequately comp5sat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is gradually develop+ a new s5se ( responsibility = assum+ volunt>y lead]%ip 9 community activities1 & a l>g] appreciation ( ! ne$ ( lead]%ip & ! duty ( support+ x4 ,"o ( ! greate/ b5efits ( ! ,ext5sion ,s]vice & ! ,f>m ,bureau ,movem5t is ! def9ite ef=t to develop local lead]%ip & ! l>ge measure 9 :i* ?is has be5 successful4 ,! demon/ration "w & cop]ative organizations produce a new type ( lead]1 = he mu/ be "o :o is successful 9 8 own f>m bus9ess & :o und]/&s ! bett] me?ods ( agricultural production & m>ket+ if he is to be able to int]e/ o!rs 9 !m & to wisely guide ! policies ( 8 gr\p4 ,! successful agricultural lead] mu/ fir/ ( all be a good f>m]1 = ! basic ideal ( 8 gr\p is ! be/ agricultural production4 ,n infrequ5tly an unsuccessful f>m] :o is a good talk] comes into prom95ce because he is will+ to devote m "t to public affairs1 b he r>ely atta9s a position ( real lead]%ip 9 8 own community1 = be+ unable to manage 8 own bus9ess he is unable to wisely direct t ( ! community4 ,unselfi% lead]%ip is ! highe/ =m ( community loyalty & is ess5tial = p]man5t community progress4 ,!re are obvi\s satisfactions 9 lead]%ip1 b ! true lead] mu/ h a cle> vision1 a /rong purpose1 & int5se fai? 9 8 p1 if he is n to become disc\rag$ by ! lack ( loyalty 9 o!rs & _! sl[ response to 8 ideals4 ,= ! true lead] mu/ always be ?9k+ 9 advance ( 8 community4 ,x is 8 function to see :at is ne$$ = ! common good & !n to gradually conv9ce ! gr\p1 & he mu/ be will+ to )/& ! criticism & rebuffs ( ^? :o are z yet unwill+ to sacrifice tempor>y p]sonal advantage = ! common good4 ,! real lead] w n attempt to d ev]y?+ himself b w con/antly seek to discov] lead]%ip 9 o!rs & to inspire !m ) 8 own en?usiasm & fai? 9 _! ability4 ,n infrequ5tly ?is involves ! supreme te/ ( lead]%ip1 = ! lead] mu/ be responsible = ! failure ( 8 help]s1 & al?\gh he may feel t a giv5 und]tak+ w\ld be m c]ta9 ( success 7 he to assume direct responsibility = x or place x 9 ! h&s ( "s "o :o has demon/rat$ 8 ability1 yet because ( 8 belief 9 ! di/ribution ( responsibility z ess5tial = a /rong community & because ( 8 fai? 9 ! individual & 9 ! und]tak+1 he takes ! risk & l5ds 8 influ5ce to ! success ( ! o!r4 ,! discov]y & tra9+ ( lead]%ip is "o ( ! *ief conc]ns ( ! true lead]4 ,witness ! devotion ( ! ,ma/] to ! *os5 ,twelve & 8 will+ness to leave 8 :ole cause 9 _! h&s4 ,! will+ness to assume lead]%ip is ! acid te/ ( community loyalty1 = only ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a maximum ( lead]%ip c ! be/ life ( ! community be a*iev$4 ,e citiz5 has "s ability :i* qualifies him to lead "s gr\p1 h[ev] small x may be1 or h[ev] humble ! cause4 ,inde$ ! highe/ type ( community is "o 9 :i* !re is a consci\s direction ( community purposes ?r\gh a body ( lead]%ip :i* is divid$ among all its memb]s1 s t ea* feels responsible to ! :ole community = ! success ( 8 %>e ( ! common ent]prise & has satisfaction 9 8 contribution to ! common a*ievem5t4 ,9 la/ analysis ! success ( ! community re/s ^u ! loyalty ( its p z measur$ by _! will+ness to assume lead]%ip 9 :atsoev] capacity may be/ s]ve its int]e/s4 ,z ! f>m p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h m contact ) t[ns & cities & z ?r\gh bett] education & means ( communication !y come into a l>g] p>ticipation 9 all ! ranges ( human culture1 !y come to realize t only ?r\gh collective ef=t c !y secure _m ( _! new desires4 ,al?\gh _m associations = special int]e/s attract _! allegiance1 _! atta*m5t to a locality & _! common relation to ! exi/+ c5t] ( social activities1 give rise to a devotion to ! community1 = only ?r\gh ! unit$ ef=t ( all int]e/s c !y realize _! highe/ desires4 ,loyalty to ! family is broad5$ into loyalty to ! community1 :i* f9ds its inc5tive & dynamic 9 devotion to ! family4 ,! family becomes less self-suffici5t1 b ?r\gh its wid] associations 9 ! community1 ! relations ( ! memb]s ( ! family to ea* o!r assume new &--because !y are m l>gely volunt>y--high] values1 & ! family atta9s its highe/ developm5t ?r\gh ! l>g] fulfilm5t ( its memb]s4#ajc ,! f>m] no long] glories 9 8 isolation1 or magnifies ! virtues ( indep5d5ce1 = new conditions require ! cop]ation ( ! :ole community if f>m life is to be made satisfy+4 ,will+ness & ability to "w ) o!rs = ! common good w9 social approval4 ,next to devotion to ! family1 loyalty to ! community is ess5tial = ! realization ( ! be/ possibilities ( rural life4 ,,community ,,s]vice#ajd ,/rong1 t no human s\l may pass ,its w>m1 encircl+ unity1 ,wide1 to enclose all cre$1 all class1 ,?is %all we "n1 ,community2 ,s]vice %all be t all & ea*1 ,ar\s$ to "k ! common good1 ,%all /rive1 & 9 ! /riv+ rea* ,a broad] human bro!rhood4 ,,footnotes3 #ig ,balanc+ ,c\ntry ,life1 p4 #fj4 ,new ,york1 ,association ,press1 #aiag4 #ih ,old ,_w ,traits ,transplant$1 p4 #ade4 ,new ,york1 ,h>p]s1 #aiba4 #ii ,m>y ,p4 ,follett1 ,! ,new ,/ate1 p4 #ei4 #ajj ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity4 #aja ,! ,community1 p4 #gd4 ,new ,york1 ,association ,press1 #aiba4 #ajb ,josiah ,royce1 ,race ,que/ions & ,o!r ,am]ican ,problems1 p4 #fe4 #ajc ,= ?r\gh ! process ( limitation ! family atta9s a complet5ess impossible be=e4 ,its memb]s may n realize )9 x :at is 9 tru? ! life ( ! family1 = x n[ reta9s alone )9 its limits t pr9ciple ( mutual affection ( husb&1 wife1 & *ildr5 :i* alone is its exclusive possession4--,r4 ,m4 ,maciv]1 ,community1 #b ed4 p4 #bdb4 ,london1 ,macmillan ,co41 #aibj4 #ajd ,s>ah ,coll9s ,f]n&is1 ,survey4 ,febru>y #h1 #aiai4 ,,app5dix ,a ,con/itution ( ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip1 ,new ,j]sey4#aje ,,con/itution ,,article #a4--,,"n ,! "n ( ! organization is ! ,community ,association ( ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip4 ,,article #b4--,,object ,! object ( ?is ,association is to c>ry out ! ,decl>ation ( ,purposes z subscrib$ to by ! resid5ts ( ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,,article #c4--,,memb]%ip ,e resid5t ( ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip has ! "r to memb]%ip 9 ?is association & to p>ticipation 9 discussion at its meet+s1 & e citiz5 has a vote4 ,,article #d4--;,,community ,,c\ncil ,a c\ncil ( sev5 memb]s %all be elect$ to c>ry out ! w ( ! community z express$ 9 op5 meet+s & to act = ! community 9 m9or matt]s & all em]g5cies4 ,b all decisions affect+ ! mat]ial welf>e %\ld be made 9 op5 meet+s ( ! community4 ,! c\ncil %all designate "o ( its memb]s z presid5t1 ano!r z secret>y1 & ano!r z treasur]1 & ^! p]sons %all s]ve respectively z community presid5t1 secret>y & treasur]4 ,! memb]s elect$ at ! fir/ community meet+ %all s]ve until _! successors are elect$ at ! fir/ meet+ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 & !reaft] memb]s %all be elect$ = "o ye> & s]ve until _! successors are elect$4 ,,article #e4--,,meet+s ,!re %all be an annual meet+ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 t5 days' notice ( ! date be+ giv5 by ! c\ncil4 ,at ?is meet+ reports %all be made by all t[n%ip (fic]s ( _! respective duties4 ,at ?is annual meet+1 & at all o!r meet+s :5 reque/$1 ! c\ncil %all make report ( its proce$+s4 ,a regul> community meet+ %all be held at a date con=m+ to ! law respect+ ! nom9ation ( c&idates = ,t[n%ip (fices4 ,o!r meet+s %all be held ^u call ( ! c\ncil1 or ^u notice sign$ by t5 citiz5s & po/$ at ! usual place ( meet+ t5 days prior to ! date ( meet+4 ,tw5ty vot+ memb]s %all con/itute a quorum = ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,,article #f4--;,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil ,! c\ncil %all advise ) all t[n%ip (ficials 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,x %all det]m9e & initiate matt]s conc]n+ heal?1 ?rift1 home own]%ip1 community protection1 village improvem5t1 cop]ation ) outside organizations1 & all o!r matt]s ( community int]e/4 ,x %all prep>e & propose t[n%ip & community budgets f "t to "t = consid]ation4 ,x %all sugge/ a ticket = nom9ees = t[n%ip (fices1 po/+ ! same t5 days prior to meet+ ( community :5 nom9ation %all be made4 ,x %all also make provision = po/+ ( nom9ations t may be made by gr\ps ( t5 or m citiz5s4 ,! c\ncil %all fai?fully c>ry out ! w ( ! community z det]m9$ 9 public meet+4 ,,article #g4--;,,def9+ ,,citiz5s ,! ^w citiz5 & citiz5s z us$ 9 ?is con/itution1 %all be int]pret$ z ref]r+ to any p]son & p]sons :o w\ld h ! "r ( suffrage if equal suffrage prevail$4 ,,article #h4--;,,am5dm5ts ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ at any community meet+ by a ?ree-f\r?s vote ( ! memb]s pres5t1 provid$ an exact copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5t has be5 prop]ly po/$ at ! usual place ( meet+ t5 days prior to ! date ( meet+4 ,,footnote3 #aje ,z giv5 by ,alva ,agee 9 ! ,national ,/ockman & ,f>m]1 ,july #bf1 #aiai4 ,,index ,adams1 ,bri/[1 #aje ,adams1 ,h4 ,b41 #aii ,adams1 ,?os41 #bbh ,adv]tis+1 community1 #ff ,age ( community's p1 #ca ,agricultural colleges1 #ajg2 ext5sion1 #ajh ,agriculture1 goal (1 #fa2 9 s*ools1 #ih-ii ,am]ican ,f>m ,bureau ,f$]ation1 #aae ,am]icanization1 #cj ,amusem5ts1 comm]cial1 #aeh ,angell1 ,norman1 #gj ,associations & organizations1 #bab ,a?letic leagues1 #afb ,atkeson1 ,t4 ,c41 #agj ,atk9son1 ,h4 ,a41 #afc ,atwood1 ,m4 ,v41 #ajd ,automobile1 influ5ce (1 #da1 #ej1 #aeg ,b&s1 #agf ,bank]-f>m]1 #ej ,belleville1 ,n4 ,y41 #cd ,belov$ community1 #acf ,b5gtson1 ,amalia ,m41 #adg ,bidwell1 ,p4 ,w41 #fh ,bo>dman1 ,john ,r41 #ag ,boys' & girls' clubs1 #aai1 #afc2 organizations1 #afb ,boy ,sc\ts1 #afc ,brunn]1 ,e4 ,de,s41 #acf ,burritt1 ,m4 ,c41 #aji ,butt]field1 ,k4 ,l41 #b ,bus9ess1 f>m1 community aspects1 #eh-ff ,camp ,fire ,girls1 #afc ,capital1 local1 #ej ,cemet]y association1 #agi ,c5tralization ( buy+ p[]1 #gc ,*amb] ( comm]ce1 c\nty1 #ef ,*ildhood1 play &1 #aee ,*ild plac+1 #aij2 welf>e bo>ds1 #aia ,*ur* & heal?1 #ach2 play1 #afc2 recreation1 #acc2 f$]ation1 #abg2 rural1 #aba-acf2 social program (1 #acb ,cities1 #ed2 heal?1 #acg ,city1 effect (1 on f>m1 #fh-gj2 vs4 c\ntry1 #gj ,claghorn1 ,kate ,holladay1 #ahf ,clock ,sy/em ,rural ,index1 #bca ,communication1 #cg-de ,community activities1 #bag2 association1 ,pla9sboro ,t[n%ip1 ,n4 ,j41 con/itution1 #bdg2 build+s1 #afe-afg2 legislation =1 #bjd2 c5t]1 #g ,community *e/s1 #bae2 *ur*es1 #abg-abi2 c\ncils1 #f1 #bae1 #bbj2 def9$1 #g1 #i1 #aj2 etymology1 #cg1 #gg2 exp]i5ce1 #fe2 =e/s1 #bcj2 incorporation1 #bjd2 mapp+1 #f2 organization1 #hi1 #bji-bba2 ( ext5sion s]vice1 #aaf2 p1 #bi-cc2 plann+1 #bbb-bcc2 pride1 #eg1 #bbc2 s*ool di/ricts1 #bjc2 score c>d1 #aaf2 s]vice1 #bde2 vs4 home1 #bd-be ,competition1 dogma (1 #di ,conflict & progress1 #dh ,collective b>ga9+1 #gd ,cop]ation & community1 #gg-ij2 bus9ess democracy1 #hf2 ,dani%1 #hg2 9 f>m op]ations1 #gg2 /r5g!ns community1 #hg ,cop]ative buy+1 #ea1 #gi-ha2 companies1 ess5tials (1 #gh2 cr$it1 #ha2 educational ,league1 #ih2 manufacture1 #fc2 m>ket+1 #gd2 sell+ associations1 #hc2 /ores1 #ec1 #ed1 #hj ,c\nty ag5t movem5t1 #aji2 bo>ds ( public welf>e1 #aia2 heal? (fic]1 #adf2 libr>y1 #ajb2 manag]1 #bjb ,c\ntry *ur*1 #abc2 life commission1 #aaj2 weekly1 #aje ,dadisman1 ,a4 ,j41 #cc ,dane ,co41 ,wiscons91 #cj ,daniels1 ,john1 #cj ,d>w91 ,*>les1 #di ,dec5tralization ( indu/ry1 #ed ,defectives1 #ahc ,del9qu5cy1 #ahe-ahf ,democracy1 #bjg1 #bci ,demon/ration ag5t1 #aji2 me?od1 #aaj ,d5om9ational rivalry1 #abg ,dep5d5t1 #aha-aie ,dewey1 ,evelyn1 #afe ,disadvantag$1 #aha ,doctors1 c\ntry1 #ada ,d\glas1 ,h4 ,paul1 #bjd ,dramatics1 #bg1 #afj ,dut*ess ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 heal? survey1 #adj ,education1 #ia-aje2 objectives (1 #ie2 religi\s1 #ii ,educational me?ods ( ext5sion "w1 #aaf ,ex*ange ( goods1 #fh ,exploit]1 #eh ,ext5sion movem5t1 #ajg-abj2 s]vice1 ( s*ools1 #ie-if2 "w1 me?ods1 #aaf ,family1 #ae2 life1 #bc ,f>m bureau1 #aab-aae ,f>m]s clubs1 #agd2 cop]ative demon/ration "w1 #aaj2 in/itutes1 #ajg2 organizations1 #agj-agd2 union1 #agd ,f>m+ types1 effect (1 #fa ,f>m loan act1 #hb2 managem5t1 #fe ,f$]at$ *ur*1 #abi ,feeble-m9d$1 #ahd ,fire companies1 #agg ,fiske1 ,john1 #aee1 #aif ,f]n&is1 ,s>ah ,coll9s1 #bde ,follett1 ,m4 ,p41 #bch ,frame1 ,nat ,t41 #aaf ,fr5* ,creek1 ,w4 ,va41 #cb ,gale1 ,zona1 #agi ,galp91 ,c4 ,j41 #f1 #ace ,gibbons1 ,c4 ,e41 #ahf ,gillette1 ,j4 ,m41 #fb ,girl ,sc\ts1 #afc ,gov]nm5t1 rural1 #aif-bjh1 #bad ,grange1 #agj2 build+s1 #aff ,grad+ 9 m>ket+1 #ga-gb ,gross1 ,k>l1 #aee ,halsey1 ,abigail ,f41 #afa ,h>vey1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,t41 #afe ,hat* ,act1 #ajg ,hayes1 ,a4 ,w41 #ic ,heal? c5t]s1 #aea2 community1 #acg-aeb2 economics (1 #aci2 f>m]s attitude on1 #ach2 (ficials1 #ade2 surveys1 #adj1 #adc1 #adg ,hi]onym\s1 ,r4 ,e41 #bcd ,high s*ools1 #id2 ,dani%1 #ajj ,hi/ory1 community1 #cc2 local1 #cd-ce ,hoag1 ,emily ,f41 #cd ,home bureau1 #aah ,home bureau cre$1 #aai2 demon/ration "w1 #aah2 economics1 #bd2 f>m1 #ad-bh2 play 9 !1 #aef2 project1 #be1 #ih-ii ,hospitals1 #adi-aej ,husb&man1 #ei ,indu/ries 9 villages1 #ed ,insects1 a community problem1 #fd ,ju/ice ( peace1 #ahh ,juv5ile c\rts1 #ahh ,kidd1 ,b5j41 #bg ,kile1 ,o4 ,m41 #aae ,k+dom ( ,god1 #ace1 #bch ,kirkwood1 ,w4 ,p41 #ajc ,knapp1 ,s4 ,a41 #aji ,kolb1 ,j4 ,h41 #cj1 #ia ,kropotk91 ,p41 #di ,lead]%ip1 #aag1 #bah1 #bda2 *ur*1 #abf ,lee1 ,joseph1 #aee ,lewis1 ,s9clair1 #aja1 #bbb ,libr>y1 #de2 public1 #ajj ,l9deman1 ,e4 ,c41 #afi1 #bbj1 #bci ,lodges1 #agd ,l[ell1 ,g4 ,j41 #agb ,loyalty1 community1 #bcd-bde ,lumsd51 ,l4 ,l41 #add ,maciv]1 ,r4 ,m41 #bde ,mackl91 ,?41 #fc1 #he ,mann1 ,a4 ,r41 #aid ,m>kets1 effect (1 #fg-gf ,m>t91 ,o4 ,b41 #aji ,mat]nal mortality1 #adb ,mormons1 #aba1 #aig ,morrill ,act1 #ajg ,mov+ pictures1 #de1 #aeh ,nason1 ,w4 ,c41 #afg ,nasmy?1 ,george1 #di ,nationalities1 #bi ,neglect$1 !1 #ahf ,neighborhood areas1 #ia2 def9$1 #i2 social c5t]1 #ib ,newspap]1 c\ntry1 #ajc-ajf ,n\rse1 ,e4 ,g41 #fh ,numb]+ f>ms1 #bca ,nurses1 rural1 #adg-adi ,organization1 rural1 difficulty (1 #dd ,organizations ( rural community1 #afi-ahj ,or*e/ras1 #agg ,ov]*ur*+1 #abe ,pageants1 #cf1 #afa ,p>5t-tea*]s associations1 #ig-ih ,p>ks1 #bcj ,p>k1 ,r4 ,e41 & ,mill]1 #bcf ,patrons ( ,husb&ry1 #agj ,p]sonality & play1 #aed ,physical education1 #afb ,pla9sboro1 ,n4 ,j41 incorporation1 #bje1 #bdg ,play & recreation1 #aec-afh2 fe/ivals1 #aef ,plunkett1 ,sir ,horace1 #ab1 #hg1 #hh ,poe1 ,cl>5ce1 #ha1 #bjb ,poor (fic]1 #ahg ,population1 *anges1 #cb2 d5sity (1 #ca ,po/al s]vice1 #dc ,pov]ty1 #aha1 #ahb ,p[ell1 ,g4 ,h>old1 #hd ,pratt1 ,edw9 ,a41 #hj ,prov9cialism1 value (1 #bdj ,public speak+ conte/1 #if ,public welf>e bo>ds1 #aia ,race problems1 #bi1 #cj ,railroad1 effect (1 #ci2 /ations1 #bbd ,rank91 ,w4 ,s41 #ade ,recreation1 #aec-afh2 *ur* &1 #acc ,r$ ,cross1 #aea2 home s]vice1 #acd1 #aia-aib2 nurse1 #adi ,religi\s life ( ! community1 #aba-acf2 education1 #ii1 #acj ,r5ville ,co41 ,m9n41 heal? survey1 #adg ,roads1 #dj1 #bbe1 #bbg ,ro*dale sy/em1 #gi ,rod5t control by communities1 #fd ,royce1 ,josiah1 #bch1 #bdj ,rural organization1 #hi2 plann+ committees1 #bcj1 #bca ,russell1 ,geo4 ,wm4 7,a4,e471 #fc1 #ge1 #hi ,ryd]1 ,e4 ,h41 #bjb ,s&y ,spr+1 ,md41 #ce ,sanitation1 #adc-add ,s*ool1 #ia-ajj2 consolidation1 #ic-ie2 nurses1 #adg2 play 9 !1 #afa2 social c5t]1 #if1 #afe ,settlem5t ( community1 #ch ,%aw1 ,alb]t1 #aig ,sims1 ,n4 ,l41 #bah ,smi?-,gordon & ,/aples1 #hh ,smi?-,hughes ,act1 #id ,smi?-,lev] ,act1 #aaa ,smi?1 ,ruby ,gre51 #aai ,social c5t]1 #h2 organization1 #bji2 "w1 ag5cies = rural1 #ahg2 ( m9i/]1 #acd ,s\?1 community 9 !1 #d1 #aj ,specialization 9 agriculture1 #fa-fc ,/&>dization 9 m>ket+1 #ga ,/ew>t1 ,c4 ,l41 #fj ,/ores1 c\ntry1 #ej-eb ,sunday s*ool1 #abc-abd1 #acj-aca ,telephone1 #dc ,t5ancy1 #ei ,tompk9s ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 *ur*es1 #abe ,t[n plann+1 #bbc ,t[n%ip1 #aif ,transportation1 effect (1 #ci1 #fg ,union *ur*1 #abh ,values ( rural life1 #af1 #ag1 #fa ,vi5na1 #fi ,village communities1 #c1 #bce ,village & f>m1 #df-eg ,village1 incorporat$1 #aii2 plan1 #bbd2 squ>e1 #bbe ,visit+ tea*]1 #ahi ,waugh1 ,frank ,a41 #bbc ,w>r51 ,g4 ,f41 #fe ,wilson1 ,w>r5 ,h41 #eh1 #aba ,woman1 f>m1 position (1 #ai-bb ,woman's ,*ri/ian ,temp]ance ,union1 #agh ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 #afb ,"y ,woman's ,*ri/ian ,association1 #afb ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,book%elf ,edit$ by ,,k5yon ,l4 ,,butt]field ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,book%elf ,edit$ by ,,dr4 ,,k5yon ,l4 ,,butt]field1 ,presid5t1 ,massa*usetts ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,ea* #a4be1 by mail1 #a4ce4 ,! *ang+ conditions & new problems 9 rural life are kn[n 9 a g5]al way ?r\gh newspap] & magaz9e articles1 b few books h appe>$ :i* %[ :at a =ce ! f>m] is & w cont9ue to be 9 national & int]national life4 ,?is s]ies is to conta9 books by m5 :o "k ! f>m] z well z ! subject2 :ile writt5 prim>ily = rural lead]s & progressive f>m]s !y are int]e/+ also to anyone :o wants to keep up ) contempor>y hi/ory4 ,,! ,,grange ,,ma/] ,,& ,,! ,,grange ,,lectur] ,by ,,j5nie ,,buell ,an acc\nt ( ! orig9 & ideals ( ! ,grange & ( :at ?is organization has done & is do+4 ,x also gives practical sugge/ions = future developm5t4 ,miss ,buell _h be5 active 9 ! "w ( ! ,grange = #cf ye>s4 ,f #ahij to #aijh %e 0 ,/ate ,secret>y ( ! ,grange 9 ,mi*igan1 !n lectur] until #aiae1 :5 %e 0 aga9 elect$ ,/ate ,secret>y4 ,we h nev] read a book on ,! ,grange :i* conta9s m practical in=mation4 ,e memb] %\ld read ?is book1 & we %\ld l to h x read by t[n & city p1 too4--,rural ,new ,york]4 ,,! ,,labor ,,movem5t ,,& ,,! ,,f>m] ,by ,,hayes ,,robb9s ,! labor "q ( factory & t[n cr[ds 9 ^u ! f>m on e side--9 ! price ( almo/ ev]y?+ ! f>m] buys1 9 ! freight he pays1 9 ! high] wages & %ort] h\rs he mu/ bid aga9/ = help4 ,?is book gives u ! labor movem5t z x actually is1 & :at x proposes1 z x affects especially ! f>m]4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ,mr4 ,robb9s has be5 /udy+ indu/rial problems4 ,at "o "t he 0 connect$ ) ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad1 & 9 #aije he und]took organization ( ! ,civic ,f$]ation ( ,new ,engl&1 devot$ to ! bett]m5t ( relations betwe5 employ]s & employees4 ,dur+ ! w> he assi/$ 9 ! organization ( ! ,committee on ,labor ,advisory ,commission to ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se4 ,,! ,,c\nty ,,ag5t ,,& ,,! ,,f>m ,,bureau ,by ,,maurice ,,*ase ,,burritt1 ,vice-,director ,ext5sion ,dep>tm5t1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,despite its prom95ce dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 ! c\nty ag5t f>m bureau movem5t is n fully und]/ood or appreciat$ ei!r by ! g5]al public or by f>m]s !mselves4 ,?is book describes 9 detail ! "w ( ! c\nty ag5t & f>m bureau & gives an hi/orical sket* ( _! developm5t4 ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,8 ,,community ,by ,,dwight ,,s&]son1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,rural ,social ,organization1 ,new ,york ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,! rapid spread ( ! rural community idea1 due 9 "p to ! rec5t "w ( c\nty ag5ts & c\nty f>m bureaus1 calls = a book :i* describes 9 pla9 t]ms j :at ?is idea means & j h[ important x is 9 rural progress4 ,?is book does ^! two ?+s 9 a way t promises to make x an important contribution to ! f>m]s' ?9k+4 ,,! ,,agricultural ,,bloc ,by ,,honorable ,,ar?ur ,,capp] ,an au?oritative review ( ! difficulties & economic *anges t l$ to ! pres5t situation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate & an acc\nt ( ! pres5t program among agricultural lead]s4 ,s5ator ,capp] is ! recogniz$ lead] & prop] spokesman ( ?is movem5t4 ,,9 ,,press ,,c\ntry ,,plann+ ,by ,,frank ,a4 ,,waugh1 ,head ( ! ,division ( ,horticulture & ,pr(essor ( ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college4 ,c\ntry ,plann+ is n a fad involv+ ! exp5diture ( sums ( money = useless frills b is a practical means ( gett+ bett] results ) money t mu/ be exp5d$ 9 su* *anges z disposition ( l&s1 ! location ( roads1 ! furni%+ ( playgr\nds1 =e/s1 & s*ool gr\nds1 etc4 ,h[ ^! *anges may be wisely direct$ is told 9 ?is book4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,our ,,soil ,,weal? ,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,lipman1 ,director ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,! ,,_w',s ,,food ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,cance ,,! ,,f>m ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,canada ,by ,n4 ,p4 ,,lamb]t ---------------------------------------- -------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #h necess>ly *ang$ to necess>ily ,page #dh p>isitic *ang$ to p>asitic ,page #eb ent]prisng *ang$ to ent]pris+ ,page #he consid]bly *ang$ to consid]ably ,page #ahc hispitals *ang$ to hospitals ,page #bad dom9aton *ang$ to dom9ation ,page #bea ,b5g/on *ang$ to ,b5gtson ---------------------------------------- --------