,,trees ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,_! ,,/udy1 ,,description ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,private ,,/ud5ts ,,by ,,au/9 ,c4 ,,apg> ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,botany ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,j]sey ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool ,trees are ,god's ,ar*itecture4--,anonym\s4 ,a ,/ud5t :o has le>n$ to obs]ve & describe s simple a matt] z ! =m ( a leaf has ga9$ a p[] :i* w be ( lifetime value1 :atev] may be 8 sph]e ( pr(essional employm5t4--,wm4 ,nor? ,rice4 ,,new ,,york-3-,,c9c9nati-3-,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,copyright1 #ahib1 by ! ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company4 ,w4 ,p4 #c4 ,,preface4 ,?is book has be5 prep>$ ) ! idea t tea*]s g5]ally w\ld be glad to introduce into _! classes "w deal+ ) ! real objects ( nature1 provid$ ! "w *os5 7 ( a "* t w\ld admit ( its be+ /udi$ at all seasons & 9 all localities1 & t ! subject 7 "o ( g5]al int]e/1 & "o t c\ld be taught successfully by ^? :o h _h no regul> sci5tific in/ruction4 ,! trees ( our =e/s1 lawns1 y>ds1 or*>ds1 /reets1 bord]s1 & p>ks give u j su* a dep>tm5t4 ,?\gh _m consid] a l>ge "p ( ! vegetable k+dom ( little importance1 & unwor?y ( any s]i\s /udy1 !re are few :o d n admire1 & few] /ill :o d n desire to "k1 our trees1 ! mon>*s ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,! difficulty 9 tree /udy by ! aid ( ! usual botanies lies ma9ly 9 ! fact t 9 us+ !m ! fir/ ess5tial p>ts to be exam9$ are ! blossoms & _! organs4 ,^! rema9 on ! trees a v %ort "t1 are (t5 entirely unnotic$ on acc\nt ( _! small size or obscure color1 & are usually inaccessible ev5 if se54 ,9 ?is book ! leaves1 ! wood1 ! b>k1 &1 9 an elem5t>y way1 ! fruit are ! p>ts to :i* ! att5tion is direct$2 ^! all c be f\nd & /udi$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & are j ! p>ts t mu/ be ?or\ghly kn[n by all :o wi% to le>n to recognize trees4 ,?\gh e tea*] is at lib]ty to use ! book z he ?9ks be/1 ! au?or1 :o has be5 a class tea*] = ov] tw5ty ye>s1 is ( ! op9ion t b little ( ,"p ,i4 ne$ be ?or\ghly /udi$ & recit$1 ) ! exception ( ,*apt] ,,iii4 on leaves4 ,! object ( ?is *apt] is n to h ! def9itions recit$ 7! recitation ( def9itions 9 s*ool "w is (t5 useless or worse ?an useless71 b to tea* ! pupil to use ! t]ms prop]ly & to make !m a portion ( 8 vocabul>y4 ,! figures on pages #ch-dc are design$ = class description1 & = ! application ( botanical words4 ,! fir/ "t ! *apt] is /udi$ ! figure illu/rat+ ! t]m %\ld be po9t$ out by ! pupil2 !n1 z a review ( ! :ole *apt]1 ! /ud5t %\ld be requir$ to give a full description ( ea* leaf4 ,aft] ?is "w ) ,*apt] ,,iii41 & ! c>eful read+ ( ! :ole ( ,"p ,i41 ! pupils c beg9 ! description ( trees1 &1 z ! botanical words are ne$$1 se>* c be made = !m "u ! prop] heads or 9 ! ,gloss>y4 ,! ,keys are = ! use ( ^? :o "k no?+ ( sci5tific botany4 ,! advanc$ botani/ may ?9k !m too artificial & easy2 b let him rememb] t ?is "w 0 writt5 = ! av]age tea*] :o has _h no /rictly sci5tific tra9+4 ,we c h>dly expect t ! great majority ( p w ev] become sci5tific 9 any l9e1 b x is possible = ne>ly e "o to become int]e/$ 9 & fully acqua9t$ ) ! trees ( 8 neighborhood4 ,! atta9m5t ( su* botanical k by ! plan giv5 9 ?is volume w n only accompli% ?is useful purpose1 b w d :at is wor? f> m to ! /ud5t1 i4e41 tea* him to employ 8 own s5ses 9 ! inve/igation ( natural objects1 & to use 8 own p[]s ( language 9 _! description4 ,) h>dly an exception1 ! illu/rations 9 ! "w are tak5 f orig9al draw+s f nature by ! au?or4 ,a few ( ! scales ( p9e-cones 7 copi$ f ,london's ,encyclopdia ( ,trees2 "s ( ! ,ret9ospora cones 7 tak5 f ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle2 & ?ree ( ! illu/rations 9 ,"p ,i4 are f ,pr(essor ,gray's works4 ,! size ( ! illu/ration z comp>$ ) ! specim5 ( plant is indicat$ by a fraction ne> x2 indicates t ! draw+ is "o f\r? z long z ! orig9al1 #a_/a t x is natural size1 etc4 ,! not*+ ( ! m>g9 is r$uc$ to ! same ext5t2 s a m>g9 :i* 9 ! engrav+ looks ab\t entire1 might 9 ! leaf be q di/9ctly s]rate4 ,! only cases 9 :i* ! scale is n giv5 are 9 ! cross-sections ( ! leaves among ! figures ( conif]\s plants4 ,^! are uni=mly ?ree times ! natural size1 except ! section ( ,arauc>ia imbricata1 :i* is n increas$ 9 scale4 ,! au?or has drawn f e available s\rce ( in=mation1 & 9 ! description ( _m ( ! species no attempt :atev] has be5 made to *ange ! excell5t word+ ( su* au?ors z ,gray1 ,l\don1 etc4 ,! gr\nd cov]$ by ! book is t ( ! wild & cultivat$ trees f\nd ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & nor? ( ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,virg9ia & ,miss\ri4 ,x conta9s n only ! native species1 b all ^? t are successfully cultivat$ 9 ! :ole region2 ?us includ+ all ! species ( ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 etc41 on ! nor?1 & _m species1 bo? wild & cultivat$1 ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & ! ,pacific coa/4 ,9 fact1 ! "w w be f\nd to conta9 s l>ge a proportion ( ! trees ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates z to make x v useful 9 ! s*ools ( t section4 ,_m %rubby plants are introduc$2 "s because !y occasionally gr[ q tree-l1 o!rs because !y c readily be trimm$ into tree-=ms1 o!rs because !y gr[ v tall1 & /ill o!rs because !y are trees 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,9 nom5clature a cons]vative c\rse has be5 adopt$4 ,! mo/ ext5sively us$ text-book on ! subject ( ,botany1 ,gray's ,manual1 has rec5tly be5 rewritt54 ,t "w includes e species1 native & naturaliz$1 ( ! region cov]$ by ?is book1 & ! names z giv5 9 t edition h be5 us$ 9 all cases4 ,sci5tific names are m>k$ s z to indicate ! pronunciation4 ,! v[el ( ! acc5t$ syllable is m>k$ by ! grave acc5t 77 if long1 & by ! acute 77 if %ort4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book ! au?or has receiv$ mu* valuable aid4 ,8 ?anks are especially due to ! au?orities ( ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 & ( ! ,miss\ri ,botanical ,g>d51 ,/4 ,l\is1 = in=mation 9 reg>d to ! h>d9ess ( species2 to ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,r$field1 ( ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 = books1 specim5s f :i* to make illu/rations1 etc42 & to ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,/okes1 ( ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 = assi/ance 9 _m ways1 b especially = ! accurate mann] 9 :i* he has ink$ ! illu/rations f ! au?or's p5cil-draw+s4 ,! au?or also wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! help receiv$ f _m nurs]ym5 9 ga!r+ specim5s = illu/ration & 9 giv+ in=mation ( great value4 ,among ^!1 special ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,samuel ,c4 ,moon1 ( ,morrisville ,nurs]ies1 :o plac$ 8 l>ge collection ( liv+ specim5s at ! au?or's disposal1 & 9 _m o!r ways gave him mu* intellig5t aid4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,ess5tial ,,organs1 ,,& ,,t]ms ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,_! ,,description #i-dc ,,*apt] ,i4 ,roots #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,/ems & ,bran*es #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,leaves #ag ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,fl[]s & ,fruit #bd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,w9t] ,/udy ( ,trees #bi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,prep>ation ( a ,collection #ce ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,figures to be us$ 9 ,botanical ,description #ch ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,plan ,,& ,,models ,,= ,,tree ,,description #dd-ej ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,key1 ,,classification ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,species #ea-bja 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,botanical ,,t]ms1 ,,& ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,i #bjc-bab ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,iii #bac-bbd ,,trees4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,organs1 ,,& ,,! ,,t]ms ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,_! ,,description4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,roots4 ,?\gh b little /udy ( ! roots ( trees is practicable1 "s k ( _! =ms1 v>ieties1 & p>ts is important4 ,! great (fice ( ! roots ( all plants is ! tak+ 9 ( food f ! soil4 ,?ick or fle%y roots1 su* z ! radi%1 are /ocks ( food prep>$ = ! future gr[? ( ! plant1 or = ! production ( fl[]s & fruit4 ,! ?ick roots ( trees are design$ ma9ly = _! secure fa/5+ 9 ! soil4 ,! real m\?s by :i* ! food is tak5 9 are ! m9ute tips ( ! hair-l roots f\nd ov] ! surface ( ! small] bran*es4 ,z trees especially ne$ a /rong support1 !y all h ei!r a tap-root--"o l>ge root ext5d+ f ! l[] end ( ! trunk deep d[n into ! gr\nd2 or multiple roots--a numb] ( l>ge roots ma9ly ext5d+ outw>d f ! base ( ! trunk4 ,trees ) l>ge tap-roots are v h>d to transplant1 & _c ) safety be transf]r$ aft] !y h atta9$ any real size4 ,! ,hickories & ,oaks belong to ?is class4 ,trees hav+ multiple roots are readily transplant$1 ev5 :5 l>ge4 ,! ,maples & ,elms are ( ?is class4 ,roots t gr[ f ! root-end ( ! embryo ( ! se$ are call$ prim>y roots2 ^? gr[+ f slips or f /ems any:]e are second>y roots4 ,"s trees gr[ luxuriantly ) only second>y roots2 su* trees c readily be rais$ f /ems plac$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! ,will[s & ,popl>s are good examples ( ?is gr\p4 ,o!r trees ne$ all ! /r5g? t prim>y roots c give !m2 ^! h to be rais$ f se$4 ,pea*-trees are specially good examples1 b practically mo/ trees are be/ rais$ f se$4 ,a few trees c be easily rais$ f root-cutt+s or f suck]s :i* gr[ up f roots4 ,! ,ailan?us1 or ,tree ( ,heav51 is be/ rais$ 9 ?is way4 ,( ?is tree !re are ?ree k9ds1 two ( :i* h disagreeable odors :5 9 bloom1 b ! o!r is ne>ly odorless4 ,by us+ ! roots or ! suck]s ( ! ?ird k9d1 only ^? :i* w\ld be pleasant to h 9 a neighborhood w\ld be obta9$4 ,"o ( ! l>ge cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has 9 its /reets ?\s&s ( ! mo/ displeas+ ( ^! v>ieties & b few ( ! "r sort1 all because ! nurs]yman :o orig9ally suppli$ ! city us$ root-cutt+s f ! disagreeable k9d4 ,if su* trees 7 rais$ f ! se$1 only ab\t "o ?ird w\ld be desirable1 & _! "* c\ld be det]m9$ only :5 !y _h rea*$ su* a size z to produce fruit1 :5 x w\ld be too late to transplant !m4 ,fruit-trees1 :5 rais$ f ! se$1 h to be graft$ ) ! desir$ v>iety 9 ord] to secure good fruit :5 !y rea* ! be>+ age4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,/ems & ,bran*es4 ,! /em is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( trees1 sep>at+ !m f all o!r gr\ps ( plants4 ,al?\gh 9 ! region cov]$ by ?is book ! trees include all ! v l>ge plants1 size alone does n make a tree4 ,a plant ) a s+le trunk ( woody /ructure t does n bran* = "s di/ance above ! gr\nd1 is call$ a tree4 ,woody plants t bran* directly above ! soil1 ev5 ?\gh !y gr[ to ! height ( tw5ty feet or m1 are call$ %rubs1 or1 9 popul> language1 bu%es4 ,_m plants :i* h a t5d5cy to gr[ into ! =m ( %rubs may1 by prun+1 be =c$ to gr[ tree-l2 "s t are %rubs 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates are trees fur!r s\?4 ,all ! trees t gr[ wild1 or c be cultivat$ out ( doors1 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates belong to "o class1 ! /ems hav+ a sep>able b>k on ! outside1 a m9ute /em ( pi? 9 ! c5t]1 &1 betwe5 ^!1 wood 9 annual lay]s4 ,su* a /em is call$ exog5\s 7outside-gr[+71 because a new lay] =ms on ! outside ( ! wood ea* ye>4 ,ano!r k9d ( tree-/em is f\nd abundantly 9 ! tropics2 "o1 ! ,palmetto1 gr[s f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,florida4 ,:ile 9 our region !re are no trees ( ?is "*1 !re are plants hav+ ?is k9d ( /em1 ! be/ illu/ration be+ ! corn-/alk4 ,9 ?is case !re is no sep>able b>k1 & ! woody sub/ance is 9 ?reads )9 ! pi?y mat]ial4 ,9 ! corn-/alk ! woody ?reads are n v num]\s1 & ! pi? is v abundant2 9 mo/ ( ! tropical trees belong+ to ?is gr\p ! ?reads ( wood are s num]\s z to make ! mat]ial v durable & fit = furniture4 ,a /em ( ?is k9d is call$ endog5\s 7inside-gr[+74 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a longitud9al & a cross section ( an exog5\s /em1 & ,fig4 #b ( an endog5\s "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,s9ce all ! /ems ) :i* we h to deal are exog5s1 a p>ticul> description ( t class w "h be giv54 ,fig4 #a %[s ! appe>ance ( a section ( an ,a% /em six ye>s old4 ,! c5tral portion1 :i* is ab\t z ?ick z wrapp+-tw9e1 is ! pi?2 f ?is outw>d t[>d ! b>k c be se5 ! six annual lay]s ( ! wood2 & !n comes ! b>k1 consi/+ ( two portions4 ,fir/ !re is an inside lay] ( gre5i% mat]ial1 ! fre%-gr[+ portion1 & la/ly ! out] or dead matt]4 ,?is out] portion mu/ crack op51 peel (f1 or 9 "s way give a *ance = ! con/ant gr[? ( ! trunk4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( trees are readily kn[n by ! appe>ance ( ! b>k ( ! trunk1 due to ! _m v>ieties ( surface caus$ by ! all[ance = gr[?4 ,none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( trees af=d a bett] opportunity = c>eful obs]vation & /udy ?an ! out] b>k4 ,! ,bir*es h b>k t peels (f 9 ?9 horizontal lay]s--! color1 ?9ness1 & t\ghness diff]+ 9 ! diff]5t species2 ! ,a%es h b>k :i* op5s 9 _m irregul>1 nett$ cracks mod]ately ne> ea* o!r2 ! b>k ( ! ,*e/nut op5s 9 l>ge longitud9al cracks q di/ant f "o ano!r4 ,! color ( ! b>k & ! "* ( ! scales are q diff]5t 9 ! ,:ite & ! ,black ,oaks4 ,9 ! woody portion radiat+ l9es may be se52 ^! are ! silv] gra92 !y are call$ by ! botani/ m$ull>y rays4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! wood ( _m l>ge /ems is d>k] 9 color ?an ! re/4 ,?is d>k] portion is dead wood1 & is call$ he>t-wood2 ! out] portion1 call$ sap-wood1 is us$ 9 c>ry+ ! sap dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,! he>t-wood ( ! ,walnut-tree is v d>k br[n2 t ( ! ,*]ry1 light r$2 & t ( ! ,holly1 :ite & ivory-l4 ,! he>t-wood is ! valuable "p = lumb]4 ,if exam9$ "u a magnify+ glass1 ! annual lay]s w be se5 to consi/ ( m9ute tubes or cells4 ,9 mo/ trees ^! tubes are mu* l>g] 9 ! portion t grew e>ly 9 ! season1 :ile ! wood seems almo/ solid ne> ! close ( ! annual lay]2 ?is is especially true 9 ! ,a%es & ! ,*e/nut2 "s trees1 h[ev]1 %[ b little *ange 9 ! size ( ! cells1 ! ,bee* be+ a good example4 ,9 a cross-section1 ! age ( su* trees z ! ,*e/nut c readily be e/imat$1 :ile 9 ! ,bee* x is q difficult to d ?is4 ,boxwood1 *ang+ lea/ 9 ! "* ( its /ructure1 is ! "o always us$ = fir/-grade wood-engrav+s4 ,:5 wood is cut 9 ! direction ( ! silv] gra91 or cut qu>t]+ z x is call$ by ! lumb]m51 ! surface %[s ?is cellul> mat]ial spread out 9 /range blot*es *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( wood4 ,fig4 #af %[s an ,oak :]e ! blot*es ( m$ull>y rays are l>ge4 ,9 ! ,bee* ! blot*es are small]2 9 ! ,elm q small4 ,lumb] cut c>efully 9 ?is way is said to be qu>t]$1 & ) mo/ species its beauty is !reby mu* increas$4 ,any "o :o /udies ! matt] c>efully c become acqua9t$ ) all ! useful & ornam5tal woods us$ 9 a region2 ! diff]5ces 9 ! color ( ! he>t-wood1 ! "* ( ! annual lay]s1 & ! size & ! di/ribution ( ! m$ull>y rays1 af=d en\gh peculi>ities to di/+ui% any "o f all o!rs4 ,,bran*+4--,! regul> place f :i* a bran* gr[s is ! axil ( a leaf1 f :at is call$ an axill>y bud2 b bran*es _c gr[ 9 ! axils ( all leaves4 ,a tree ) opposite leaves occasionally has opposite bran*es2 :ile a tree ) alt]nate leaves has all its bran*es alt]nate4 ,mo/ bran*es cont9ue _! gr[? ye> aft] ye> by ! developm5t ( a bud at ! end1 call$ a t]m9al bud4 ,_m trees =m ?is bud = ! next ye>'s gr[? s e>ly 9 ! ye> t x is seldom or nev] kill$ by ! w9t] wea!r2 su* trees gr[ v regul>ly & are symmetrical 9 =m4 ,mo/ ev]gre5s are good examples4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a good specim54 ,! age ( su* trees1 if n too great1 c be readily asc]ta9$ by ! regul>ity ( ea* ye>'s gr[?4 ,! tree repres5t$ is sixte5 ye>s old4 ,! bran*es t />t$ ! fif? ye>1 ab\t ! age at :i* regul> gr[? beg9s1 are %[n by _! sc>s on ! trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! t]m9al buds ( _m trees are frequ5tly kill$ by ! fro/s ( w9t]2 su* trees cont9ue _! gr[? by ! developm5t ( axill>y buds2 b z gr[? f an axill>y bud in/ead ( a t]m9al "o w make a bran* crook$1 su* trees are irregul> 9 _! bran*+ & outl9e4 ,j :i* axill>y buds are mo/ apt to gr[ dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( tree1 b trees ( ! same v>iety are ne>ly uni=m 9 ?is respect4 ,mo/ trees are !re=e readily recogniz$ by ! =m ( outl9e & ! *>act]i/ic bran*+4 ,a good example ( a tree ( v irregul> gr[? is ! ,catalpa 7,indian ,bean71 %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! t5d5cy to gr[ irregul>ly usually increases ) age4 ,! ,buttonwood1 = example1 gr[s q regul>ly until x rea*es ! age ( ?irty to =ty ye>s2 !n its new bran*es gr[ 9 peculi>ly irregul> ways4 ,! twigs ( a v old & a "y ,apple-tree illu/rate ?is *ange :i* age produces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,!re are great diff]5ces 9 ! color & surface ( ! b>k ( ! twigs ( diff]5t species ( trees2 "s are gre5 7,sassafras71 "s r$ 7,pea*1 on ! sunny side71 "s purple 7,*]ry74 ,"s are smoo? & dotless1 "s m>k$ ) dots 7,bir*71 "s r\gh5$ ) corky ridges 7,sweet ,gum71 etc4 ,! ta/e & odor ( ! b>k are *>act]i/ics wor?y ( notice3 ! /rong1 fragrant odor ( ! ,spice-bu%2 ! fetid odor ( ! ,papaw2 ! aromatic ta/e ( ! ,sweet ,bir*2 ! bitt] ta/e ( ! ,pea*2 ! mucilag9\s ,slipp]y ,elm2 ! /rong-sc5t$1 res9\s1 aromatic ,walnut1 etc4 ,! bran*es ( trees v>y greatly 9 ! ?ickness ( _! tips & 9 _! t5d5cy to gr[ erect1 horizontal1 or droop+4 ,?us ! delicate spray ( ! ,bir*es contra/$ ) ! /\t twigs ( ! ,ailan?us1 or ! droop+ twigs ( ! ,weep+ ,will[ ) ! erect gr[? ( ! ,lomb>dy ,popl>1 give contra/s ( ! /ronge/ "*4 ,9 ! same way1 ! directions ! ma9 bran*es take 9 _! gr[? f ! trunk =m ano!r di/9ctive feature4 ,?us ! upw>d slop+ bran*es ( ! ,elm =m a /rik+ contra/ to ! horizontal or d[nw>d slop+ bran*es ( ! ,s\r ,gum1 or1 bett] /ill1 to c]ta9 v>ieties ( ,oaks4 ,:5 ! ma9 trunk ( a tree ext5ds upw>d ?r\gh ! head to ! tip1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 x is said to be excurr5t4 ,:5 x is soon lo/ 9 ! division1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 x is said to be deliquesc5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,leaves4 ,leaves are ! lungs ( plants4 ,! food tak5 9 by ! roots has to pass ?r\gh ! /em to ! leaves to be act$ ^u by ! air1 be=e x becomes sap & is fit to be us$ = ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,no portion ( a plant is m v>i$ 9 p>ts1 =ms1 surface1 & duration ?an ! leaf4 ,no "o c become famili> ) leaves1 & appreciate _! beauty & v>iety1 :o does n /udy !m ^u ! plants !mselves4 ,?is *apt] !re=e w be devot$ ma9ly to ! words ne$$ = leaf description1 toge!r ) _! application4 ,,! ,,leaf4--,9 ! axil ( ! :ole leaf ! bud =ms = ! gr[? ( a new bran*4 ,s by not+ ! position ( ! buds1 all ! p>ts includ$ 9 a s+le leaf c be det]m9$4 ,z a g5]al ?+ ! leaf has b "o blade1 z 9 ! ,*e/nut1 ,apple1 ,elm1 etc42 yet ! ,horse-*e/nut has #g blades1 ! ,common ,locu/ (t5 has #ba1 & a s+le leaf ( ! ,honey-locu/ occasionally has z _m z #cjj4 ,figs4 #ag-eh 7,*apt] ,,vii47 are all illu/rations ( s+le leaves1 except ,fig4 #dc1 :]e !re are two leaves on a twig4 ,a numb] ( !m %[ ! bud by :i* ! fact is det]m9$ 7,figs4 #be1 #bf1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #dj1 etc472 o!rs %[ bran*es :i* grew f ! axill>y buds1 _m ( !m fruit+ bran*es 7,figs4 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #ej1 & #ed71 "o 7,fig4 #ea7 a ?orny bran*4 ,! cone-be>+ plants 7,figs4 #ei-fg7 h only simple leaves4 ,ea* piece1 no matt] h[ small & scale-l1 may h a bran* gr[+ f its axil1 & s may =m a :ole leaf4 ,a /udy ( ^! figures1 toge!r ) ! obs]vation ( trees1 w soon tea* ! /ud5t :at con/itutes a leaf4 ,,arrangem5t4--,!re are sev]al diff]5t ways 9 :i* leaves are arrang$ on trees2 ! mo/ common plan is ! alt]nate2 ,illu/ration 9 ?is only "o leaf occurs at a jo9t or node on ! /em4 ,! next 9 frequ5cy is ! opposite1 ,illu/ration :]e two leaves opposite ea* o!r are f\nd at ! node4 ,a v r>e arrangem5t among trees1 ?\gh common 9 o!r plants1 is ! :orl$1 ,illu/ration :]e m ?an two leaves1 regul>ly arrang$ ar\nd ! /em1 are f\nd at ! node4 ,:5 a numb] ( leaves are bundl$ toge!r1--a plan n r>e among ev]gre5s1--!y are said to be fasciculat$ or 9 fascicles4 ,illu/ration ,! t]m scatt]$ is us$ :]e alt]nate leaves are cr[d$ on ! /em4 ,?is plan is also common among ev]gre5s4 ,,caution4--,9 "s plants ! leaves on ! side %oots or spurs ( a twig are s close toge!r1 ! int]nodes be+ s %ort1 t at fir/ sight !y seem opposite4 ,9 su* cases1 ! leaf-sc>s ( ! prec$+ ye>s1 or ! arrangem5t ( ! bran*es1 is a bett] te/ ( ! true arrangem5t ( ! leaves4 ,! twig ( ,bir* %[n 9 ,fig4 #e has alt]nate leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,!re is "o v>iety ( alt]nation1 call$ two-rank$1 :i* is q *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 trees2 t is1 ! leaves are s flatt5$ out z to be 9 "o plane on ! opposite sides ( ! twig 7,fig4 #f74 ,! ,elm-trees =m good examples ( two-rank$ alt]nate leaves1 :ile ! ,apple leaves are alt]nate )\t be+ two-rank$4 ,mo/ leaves spread f ! /em1 b "s are appress$1 z 9 ! ,arbor-vit 7,fig4 #g74 ,9 ?is species ! bran*es are two-rank$4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,leaves4--,a complete leaf ,illu/ration consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! blade1 ! ?9 exp&$ portion2 ! petiole1 ! leaf/alk2 & ! /ipules1 a pair ( small blades at ! base ( ! petiole4 ,! petiole is (t5 v %ort & sometimes want+4 ,! /ipules are (t5 abs5t1 &1 ev5 :5 pres5t1 !y frequ5tly fall (f z soon z ! leaves exp&2 sometimes !y are conspicu\s4 ,mo/ ,will[s %[ ! /ipules on ! "y luxuriant gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,ve9+4--,! leaves ( mo/ trees h a di/9ct framework1 ! c5tral l9e ( :i* is call$ a midrib2 sometimes ! leaf has sev]al o!r l9es ab\t z ?ick z ! midrib1 :i* are call$ ribs2 ! l9es next 9 size1 includ+ all t are especially di/9ct1 are call$ ve9s1 ! mo/ m9ute ones be+ call$ ve9lets 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,k9ds4--,leaves are simple :5 !y h b "o blade2 ,illu/ration comp\nd :5 !y h m ?an "o4 ,comp\nd leaves are palmate :5 all ! blades come f "o po9t1 z 9 ! ,horse-*e/nut2 ,illu/ration p9nate :5 !y are arrang$ along ! sides1 z 9 ! ,hickory4 ,p9nate leaves are ( two k9ds3 odd-p9nate1 ,illu/ration :5 !re is an odd leaflet at ! end1 z 9 ! ,a%1 & abruptly p9nate ,illu/ration :5 !re is no end leaflet4 ,_m trees h ! leaves twice p9nate2 !y are ei!r twice odd-p9nate ,illu/ration or twice abruptly p9nate4 ,illu/ration ,! sep>ate blades ( a comp\nd leaf are call$ leaflets4 ,leaves or leaflets are sessile :5 !y h no /ems1 & petiolate :5 !y h /ems4 ,:5 !re are sev]al ribs />t+ toge!r f ! base ( a blade1 x is said to be radiate-ve9$ or palmate-ve9$4,illu/ration ,:5 ! great ve9s all bran* f ! midrib1 ! leaf is fea!r-ve9$ or p9nate-ve9$4 ,illu/ration ,if ^! ve9s are /raight1 di/9ct1 & regul>ly plac$1 ! leaf is said to be /raight-ve9$4 ,! ,*e/nut is ,illu/ration a good example4 ,leaves hav+ ve9lets jo9+ ea* o!r l a net are said to be nett$-ve9$4 ,all ! trees ) broad leaves 9 ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) "o exception1 h nett$-ve9$ foliage4 ,a leaf hav+ its ve9lets p>allel to "o ano!r is said to be p>allel-ve9$ or -n]v$4 ,illu/ration ,! ,g9kgo-tree1 ! ,indian ,corn1 & ! ,calla ,lily h p>allel-ve9$ leaves4 ,! n>r[ leaves ( ! cone-be>+ trees are also p>allel-ve9$4 ,,=ms4--,leaves c readily be divid$ into ! ?ree foll[+ gr\ps ) reg>d to _! g5]al outl9e3 #a4 ,broade/ at ! middle4 ,orbicul>1 ,illu/ration ab\t z broad z long & r\nd$4 ,oval1 ,illu/ration ab\t twice z long z wide1 & regul>ly curv$4 ,elliptical1 ,illu/ration m ?an twice z long z wide1 & ev5ly curv$4 ,oblong1 ,illu/ration two or ?ree times z long z wide1 ) ! sides p>allel4 ,l9e>1 ,illu/ration elongat$ oblong1 m ?an ?ree times z long z wide4 ,ac]ose1 ,illu/ration ne$le-%ap$1 l ! leaf ( ! ,p9e-tree4 #b4 ,broade/ ne> ! base4 ,deltoid1 ,illu/ration broad & triangul>4 ,ovate1 ,illu/ration ev5ly curv$1 ) a broad1 r\nd$ base4 ,he>t-%ap$ or cordate1 ,illu/ration simil> to ovate1 b ) a not* at ! base4 ,lanceolate1 ,illu/ration %ap$ l ! head ( a lance4 ,awl-%ap$1 ,illu/ration %ap$ l ! %oemak]'s curv$ awl4 ,scale-%ap$1 ,illu/ration %ort1 r\nd$1 & appress$ to ! /em4 ,! ,arbor-vit has bo? awl-%ap$ & scale-%ap$ leaves4 #c4 ,broade/ ne> ! apex4 ,obovate1 ,illu/ration same z ovate1 b ) ! /em at ! n>r[ end4 ,obcordate1 ,illu/ration a rev]s$ he>t-%ape4 ,oblanceolate1 ,illu/ration a rev]s$ lanceolate4 ,w$ge-%ap$ or cuneate1 ,illu/ration hav+ a some:at squ>e end & /raight sides l a w$ge4 ,^! words are (t5 unit$ to =m comp\nd ones :5 ! =m ( ! leaf is some:at int]m$iate4 ,! t]m :i* mo/ ne>ly suits ! g5]al =m is plac$ at ! end2 ?us lance-ovate indicates a leaf betwe5 lanceolate & ovate1 b ne>] ovate ?an lanceolate2 :ile ovate-lanceolate indicates "o ne>] lanceolate4 ,,bases4--,(t5times leaves are ( "s g5]al =m1 b h a peculi> base1 "o t w\ld n be expect$ f ! /atem5t ( %ape4 ,an ovate leaf :i* %\ld h a r\nd$ base might h a tap]+ "o2 x w\ld !n be describ$ z ovate ) a tap]+ base4 ,illu/ration ,a lanceolate leaf %\ld naturally h a tap]+ base1 b might h an abrupt "o4 ,illu/ration ,_m leaves1 no matt] :at _! g5]al =m may be1 h m or less not*$ bases2 su* bases are call$ cordate1 ,illu/ration deeply or slightly1 z ! case may be2 & if ! lobes at base are elongat$1 auriculate4 ,illu/ration ,if ! basal lobes project outw>d1 ! t]m halb]d-%ap$ ,illu/ration is us$4 ,any =m ( leaf may h a base m or less oblique4 ,illu/ration ,,po9ts4--,! po9ts z well z ! bases ( leaves are (t5 peculi>1 & ne$ to be describ$ by appropriate t]ms4 ,truncate ,illu/ration indicates an end t is squ>e2 retuse1 ,illu/ration "o ) a slight not*2 em>g9ate1 "o ) a decid$ not*2 obcordate1 ) a /ill deep] not*2 obtuse1 ,illu/ration angul> b abrupt2 acute1 ,illu/ration some:at %>p5$2 acum9ate1 ,illu/ration decid$ly %>p-po9t$2 bri/le-po9t$ & awn$1 ,illu/ration ) a bri/le-l tip2 sp9y-po9t$1 ) ! po9t %>p & /iff 7,holly72 mucronate1 ,illu/ration ) a %ort1 abrupt po9t4 ,,m>g9s4--,entire1 ,illu/ration edge )\t not*es2 rep&1 ,illu/ration slightly wavy2 s9uate1 ,illu/ration decid$ly wavy2 d5tate1 ,illu/ration ) too?-l not*es2 s]rate1 ,illu/ration ) not*es l ^? ( a saw2 cr5ate1 ,illu/ration ) ! tee? r\nd$2 twice s]rate1 ,illu/ration :5 !re are co>se s]rations f9ely s]rat$1 z on mo/ ,bir* leaves2 s]rulate1 ) m9ute s]rations2 cr5ulate1 ) m9ute cr5ations4 ,leaves c be twice cr5ate or s9uate-cr5ate4 ,revolute indicates t ! edges are roll$ ov]4 ,:5 a leaf has a few great tee?1 ! project+ p>ts are call$ lobes1 & ! g5]al =m ( ! leaf is :at x w\ld be ) ! not*es fill$ 94 ,9 ! description ( su* leaves1 c]ta9 t]ms are ne$$ 9 describ+ ! plan ( ! not*es1 & _! dep? & =m4 ,leaves ) palmate ve9+ are palmately lob$ ,illu/ration or not*$2 ^? ) p9nate ve9+ are p9nately lob$ ,illu/ration or not*$4 ,:ile ! t]m lobe is appli$ to all great tee? ( a leaf1 :e!r r\nd$ or po9t$1 long or %ort1 /ill !re are f\r t]ms sometimes us$ hav+ special signification ) ref]5ce to ! dep? ( ! not*es4 ,lob$ indicates t ! not*es ext5d ab\t "o f\r? ! di/ance to ! base or midrib2 cleft1 t !y ext5d "o half ! way2 p>t$1 ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! way2 & divid$1 t ! not*es are ne>ly deep en\gh to make a comp\nd leaf ( sep>ate leaflets4 ,s leaves may be palmately lob$1 cleft1 p>t$ or divid$1 & p9nately lob$1 cleft1 p>t$ or divid$4 ,! t]m p9natifid ,illu/ration is (t5 appli$ to p9nately cleft leaves4 ,! t]ms entire1 s]rate1 cr5ate1 acute-po9t$1 etc41 are appli$ to ! lobes z well z to ! g5]al m>g9s ( leaves4 ,,surface4--,! foll[+ t]ms are ne$$ 9 describ+ ! surface ( leaves & fruit4 ,glabr\s1 smoo?2 glauc\s1 cov]$ ) a :iti% bloom :i* c be rubb$ (f 7,plum72 rug\s1 wr9kl$2 canesc5t1 s cov]$ ) m9ute hairs z to appe> silv]y2 pubesc5t1 cov]$ ) f9e1 s(t1 pla9ly se5 hairs2 tom5tose1 d5sely cov]$ ) matt$ hairs2 hairy1 hav+ long] hairs2 scabr\s1 cov]$ ) /iff1 scrat*+ po9ts2 sp9y1 hav+ /iff1 %>p sp9es2 gl&ul>-hairy1 hav+ ! hairs end+ 9 gl&s 7usually ne$+ a magnify+ glass to be se574 ,,texture4--,succul5t1 fle%y2 sc>i\s1 dry & *affy2 punctate1 hav+ transluc5t gl&s1 s t ! leaf appe>s1 :5 held t[>d ! light1 z ?\gh full ( holes2 membran\s1 ?91 s(t1 & r transluc5t2 ?ick1 ?91 etc4 ,,duration4--,ev]gre51 hang+ on ! tree f ye> to ye>4 ,by notic+ ! color ( ! diff]5t leaves & _! position on ! twigs1 all ev]gre5 foliage c readily be det]m9$ at any "t dur+ ! ye>4 ,decidu\s1 fall+ (f at ! end ( ! season4 ,fugaci\s1 fall+ e>ly1 z ! /ipules ( _m leaves4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,fl[]s & ,fruit4 ,! au?or hopes t ^? :o use ?is "w 9 /udy+ trees w become s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ,botany z to desire m in=mation conc]n+ ! gr[? & reproduction ( plants ?an c "h be giv54 ,9 ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray's num]\s works ! additional in=mation desir$ may be obta9$3 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[ conta9s an outl9e = ! use ( beg9n]s2 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,botany is a m advanc$ "w2 :ile ! ,botanical ,text ,book1 9 sev]al volumes1 w enable ! /ud5t to pursue ! subject z f> z he may wi%4 ,9 ?is small book ! b>e/ outl9e ( ! p>ts ( fl[]s & fruit & ( _! uses c be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,fl[]s4--,p>ts4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,*]ry or ,apple w %[ ! f\r k9ds ( organs t belong to a complete fl[]4 ,fig4 #i repres5ts an ,apple-blossom4 ,! calyx is ! out] r[ ( leaves1 m or less unit$ into "o piece4 ,! corolla is ! r[ ( leaves )9 ! calyx2 x is usually ! brighte/ & mo/ conspicu\s "p ( ! fl[]4 ,! /am5s ,illu/ration are ! next organs2 !y are usually1 z 9 ?is case1 small two-lob$ bodies on sl5d]1 ?read-l /alks4 ,! enl>g$ p>ts conta9 a du/-l mat]ial call$ poll54 ,! la/ ( ! f\r k9ds ( p>ts is f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ! fl[]1 & is call$ ! pi/il4 ,x is ?is "p :i* =ms ! fruit & incloses ! se$4 ,! /am5s & ! pi/il are ! ess5tial organs ( a fl[]1 because !y1 & !y only1 are ne$$ 9 ! =mation ( se$s4 ,! poll5 f ! /am51 act+ on ! pi/il1 causes ! ovules :i* are 9 ! pi/il to gr[ into se$s4 ,! calyx & corolla are call$ envelop+ organs1 s9ce !y surr\nd & protect ! ess5tial p>ts4 ,! pieces ( :i* ! calyx is compos$ are call$ sepals4 ,! ,apple-blossom has five sepals4 ,! pieces t compose ! corolla are call$ petals4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,fl[]s4--,:5 ! petals are entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r1 z 9 ! ,apple-blossom1 ! fl[] is said to be polypetal\s2 :5 !y gr[ toge!r m or less1 z 9 ! ,catalpa 7,fig4 #aj71 monopetal\s2 & :5 ! corolla is want+1 z 9 ! fl[]s ( ! ,oak1 apetal\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,:5 all sides ( a fl[] are alike1 z 9 ! ,apple-blossom1 ! fl[] is regul>2 :5 "o side ( ! corolla diff]s f ! o!r 9 color1 =m1 or size1 z 9 ! ,common ,locu/1 or ,catalpa1 ! fl[] is irregul>4 ,9 trees ! /am5s & pi/ils are (t5 f\nd 9 sep>ate fl[]s2 9 t case ! blossoms conta9+ /am5s are call$ /am9ate1 & ^? conta9+ pi/ils pi/illate2 ^? t conta9 bo? are call$ p]fect4 ,/am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s are usually f\nd on ! same tree1 z 9 ! ,oaks1 ,bir*es1 ,*e/nut1 etc42 9 t case ! plant is said to be monoeci\s1 & all trees ( ?is k9d produce fruit4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! /am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s are on sep>ate trees1 z 9 ! ,will[s1 :i* are dioeci\s2 & !n only a portion ( ! trees--^? ) pi/illate fl[]s--produce fruit4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fl[]s4--,fl[]s1 ei!r solit>y or clu/]$1 gr[ 9 "o ( two ways2 ei!r at ! end ( ! bran*es1 be+ !n call$ t]m9al1 or 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 !n call$ axill>y4 ,! /em ( a solit>y fl[] or ! ma9 /em ( a clu/] is call$ a p$uncle2 ! /ems ( ! sep>ate blossoms ( a clu/] are call$ p$icels4 ,:5 ei!r ! fl[]s or ! clu/]s are )\t /ems1 !y are said to be sessile4 ,clu/]s ) ,p$icellate ,fl[]s4 ,raceme1 ,illu/ration fl[]s on p$icels ( ab\t equal l5g?1 scatt]$ along ! entire /em4 ,locu/-tree4 ,corymb1 ,illu/ration l a raceme except t ! l[] fl[]s h long] /ems1 mak+ ! clu/] some:at flat-topp$2 ! out] fl[]s bloom fir/4 ,haw?orn4 ,cyme1 ,illu/ration 9 appe>ance mu* l a corymb1 b x diff]s 9 ! fact t ! c5tral fl[] blooms fir/4 ,alt]nate-leav$ ,cornel4 ,umbel1 ,illu/ration /ems ( ! sep>ate fl[]s ab\t equal 9 l5g?1 & />t+ f ! same po9t4 ,g>d5-*]ry4 ,panicle1 ,illu/ration a comp\nd raceme4 ,catalpa4 ,?yrsus1 a compact panicle4 ,horse-*e/nut4 ,clu/]s ) ,sessile or ,ne>ly ,sessile ,fl[]s4 ,catk91 ,illu/ration bract$ fl[]s situat$ along a sl5d] & usually droop+ /em4 ,?is v>iety ( clu/] is v common on trees4 ,! ,will[s1 ,bir*es1 ,*e/nuts1 ,oaks1 ,p9es1 & _m o!rs h _! fl[]s 9 catk9s4 ,head1 ,illu/ration ! fl[]s 9 a close1 usually r\nd$ clu/]4 ,fl[]+ ,dogwood4 ,,fruit4--,9 ?is book a s+le fruit w include all ! p>ts t gr[ toge!r & conta9 se$s1 :e!r f a s+le blossom or a clu/]2 !re w be no rigor\s adh]5ce to an exact classification2 no attempt made to di/+ui% betwe5 fruits =m$ f a simple pi/il & ^? f a comp\nd "o2 nor g5]ally betwe5 ^? =m$ f a s+le & ^? =m$ f a clu/] ( fl[]s4 ,! fruit & its g5]al classification1 det]m9$ by ! p>ts easily se51 is all t w be attempt$4 ,z /at$ be=e1 x is hop$ t ?is volume w n end ! /ud5t's "w 9 ! inve/igation ( natural objects1 b t ! am\nt ( in=mation "h giv5 w lead to ! desire = mu* m4 ,b]ry w be ! t]m appli$ to all fle%y fruits ) m ?an "o se$ buri$ 9 ! mass4 ,p]simmon1 ,mulb]ry1 ,holly4 ,! pome or ,apple-pome diff]s f ! b]ry 9 ! fact t ! se$s are situat$ 9 cells =m$ ( h>d5$ mat]ial4 ,apple1 ,m\nta9-a%4 ,! ,plum or ,*]ry drupe includes all fle%y fruits ) a s+le /ony-coat$ "p1 ev5 if x conta9s m ?an "o se$4 ,pea*1 ,viburnum1 ,*9a-tree4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 !re is b "o se$ 9 ! fle% & t n /ony-coat$1 x w be call$ a drupe-l b]ry4 ,! dry drupe is l ! ,*]ry drupe except t ! fle% is mu* h>d]4 ,! fruit ( ! ,walnut1 ,hickory1 & ,sumac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! inn] h>d-coat$ p>ts ( ^! & "s o!rs w be call$ nuts4 ,if ! nut has a p>tial scaly cov]+1 z 9 ! ,oaks1 ! :ole =ms an acorn4 ,illu/ration ,if ! coat+ has sp9y hairs1 z 9 ! ,*e/nut & ,bee*nut1 ! :ole is a bur4 ,! coat+ 9 ^! cases is an involucre4 ,if ! coat+ or any "p ( ! fruit has a regul> place = splitt+ op51 x is dehisc5t 7,*e/nut1 ,hickory-nut72 if n1 indehisc5t 7,black ,walnut74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,dry fruits ) spread+1 w+-l app5dages1 z 9 ! ,a% 7,fig4 #aa71 ,maple 7,fig4 #ab71 ,elm 7,fig4 #ac71 & ,ailan?us1 are call$ sam>as or keys4 ,dry fruits1 usually elongat$1 conta9+ g5]ally sev]al se$s1 are call$ pods4 ,if !re is b "o cell & ! se$s are fa/5$ along "o side1 ,pea-l pods1 or legumes4 ,locu/4 ,! t]m capsule indicates t !re is m ?an "o cell4 ,catalpa1 ,hibiscus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,all ! dry1 scaly fruits1 usually =m$ by ! rip5+ ( "s sort ( catk9 ( fl[]s1 w be includ$ "u ! t]m cone4 ,p9e1 ,ald]1 ,illu/ration ,magnolia4 ,if ! appe>ance ( ! fruit is n mu* diff]5t f t ( ! clu/] ( fl[]s1 z 9 ! ,hornbeams1 ,will[s1 & ,bir*es1 ! t]m catk9 w be reta9$ = ! fruit also4 ,! scales ( a cone may lap ov] ea* o!r2 !y are !n said to be imbricat$ or ov]lapp+1 ,illu/ration 7,p9e72 or !y may m]ely t\* at _! edges1 :5 !y are valvate ,illu/ration 7,cypress74 ,:5 cones or catk9s hang d[nw>d1 !y are p5d5t4 ,if ! scales h project+ po9ts1 ^! po9ts are sp9es if /rong1 & prickles if weak4 ,! p>ts back ( ! scales are bracts2 ^! (t5 project beyond ! scales1 :5 !y are said to be exs]t$4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes ! exs]t$ bracts are b5t backw>d2 !y are !n said to be recurv$ or reflex$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,w9t] ,/udy ( ,trees4 ,_m ( ! peculi>ities ( trees c be /udi$ mu* bett] dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+ ?an at any o!r "t ( ! ye>4 ,! plan ( bran*+1 ! position1 numb]1 size1 =m1 color1 & surface ( buds1 z well z ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves )9 ! bud & ! peculi>ities ( ! scales t cov] !m1 are po9ts = w9t] inve/igation4 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,bran*+4--,!re are two di/9ct & readily recogniz$ sy/ems ( bran*+4 #a4 ,! ma9 /em is excurr5t 7,fig4 #c7 :5 ! trunk ext5ds z an undivid$ /em ?r\gh\t ! tree to ! tip2 ?is causes ! spire-l or conical trees s common among n>r[-leav$ ev]gre5s4 #b4 ,! ma9 /em is deliquesc5t 7,fig4 #d7 :5 ! trunk divides into _m1 m or less equal divisions1 =m+ ! broad-topp$1 spread+ trees4 ,?is plan is ! usual "o among decidu\s trees4 ,a few species1 h[ev]1 su* z ! ,sweet ,gum & ! ,sug>-maple1 %[ ! excurr5t /em :ile "y1 yet ev5 ^! h a deliquesc5t /em lat] 9 life4 ,! ,engli% ,maple & ! ,apple bo? h a deliquesc5t /em v e>ly4 ,all ! n>r[-leav$ ev]gre5s1 & _m ( ! broad-leav$ trees z well1 %[ :at is call$ def9ite annual gr[?s2 t is1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( leaf & /em1 pack$ up 9 ! w9t] bud1 spreads out & h>d5s ) woody tissue e>ly 9 ! ye>1 & !n1 no matt] h[ long ! season rema9s w>m1 no additional leaves or /em w gr[4 ,! buds = ! next ye>'s gr[? !n =m & (t5 become q l>ge be=e autumn4 ,!re are _m examples among ! small] plants1 b r>ely "o among ! trees1 ( indef9ite annual gr[?2 t is1 ! plant puts =? leaves & =ms /ems ?r\gh\t ! :ole gr[+-season4 ,! common ,locu/1 ! ,honey-locu/1 & ! ,sumacs are illu/rations4 ,,buds4--,buds are ei!r undevelop$ bran*es or undevelop$ fl[]s4 ,!y conta9 )9 ! scales1 :i* usually cov] !m1 closely pack$ leaves2 ^! leaves are fold$ & wr9kl$ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways t w be def9$ at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,position ,,& ,,numb]4--,:ile ! axils ( ! leaves & ! ends ( ! /ems are ! ord9>y places = ! buds1 !re are _m peculi>ities 9 reg>d to _! exact position1 numb]1 etc41 t r5d] !m v int]e/+ = w9t] /udy4 ,sometimes !re are sev]al to ! s+le leaf4 ,9 ! ,silv] ,maple !re are buds on ea* side ( ! true axill>y "o2 ^! are fl[]-buds1 & dur+ ! w9t] !y are l>g] ?an ! "o :i* produces ! bran*4 ,! ,butt]nut 7,fig4 #ad7 & ! ,walnut h sev]al above ea* o!r1 ! upp] "o be+ ! l>ge/ & at q a di/ance f ! true axil4 ,9 ^! cases ! upp]mo/ is apt to gr[1 & !n ! bran* is said to be extra-axill>y4 ,9 ! ,sycamore ! bud does n %[ :ile ! leaf rema9s on ! tree1 z x is 9 ! holl[ ( ! leaf/alk4 ,9 ! w9t] ! bud has a r+-l sc> entirely ar\nd x1 in/ead ( ! moon-%ap$ sc> bel[ z 9 mo/ trees4 ,! ,common ,locu/ has sev]al buds "u ! leaf/alk & "o above x 9 ! axil4 ,?is axill>y bud may gr[ dur+ ! "t ! leaf rema9s on ! tree1 & aft]w>d ! gr[? ( ! /ronge/ "o ( ! o!rs may give ! tree two bran*es almo/ toge!r4 ,"s plants =m extra buds especially :5 !y are bruis$ or injur$2 ^? :i* h ! greate/ t5d5cy to d s are ! ,will[s1 ,popl>s1 & ,elms4 ,su* buds & gr[?s are call$ adv5titi\s4 ,by cutt+ (f ! tops or poll>d+ su* trees1 a v great numb] ( adv5titi\s bran*es c be made to gr[4 ,9 ?is way ! ,will[-twigs us$ = baskets are =m$4 ,adv5titi\s buds =m ! clu/]s ( curi\s ?orns on ! ,honey-locu/ & ! tufts ( :ip-l bran*es on ! trunks & l>ge limbs ( ! ,elms4 ,9 trees ! t]m9al bud & c]ta9 axill>y ones1 diff]+ accord+ to ! species or v>iety ( tree1 are1 dur+ ! w9t]1 mu* l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,^! are ! ones :i* naturally =m ! new gr[?1 & ^u _! arrangem5t ! "* ( bran*+ & ?us ! =m ( ! tree dep5d4 ,ea* species has "s peculi>ity 9 ?is reg>d1 & ?us !re are diff]5ces 9 ! bran*+ ( all trees4 ,9 opposite-leav$ plants ! t]m9al bud may be small & weak1 :ile ! two buds at its side may be /rong & apt to gr[4 ,?is causes a =k+ ( ! bran*es ea* ye>4 ,?is plan is n r>e among %rubs1 ! ,lilac be+ a good example4 ,,bud-,,scales4--,! cov]+s ( buds are exce$+ly v>i$1 & are well wor?y ( /udy & inve/igation4 ,! l>ge t]m9al buds ( ! ,horse-*e/nut1 ) _! num]\s scales1 gummy on ! outside to keep out ! dampness1 & hairy )9 to protect !m f sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 repres5t "o extreme ( a long l9e2 :ile ! small1 nak$1 & p>tly buri$ buds ( ! ,honey-locu/ or ! ,sumac repres5t ! o!r end4 ,! scales ( _m buds are m]ely extra p>ts =m$ = _! protection1 & fall imm$iately aft] ! bur/+ ( ! buds2 :ile o!r buds h ! /ipules ( ! leaves z bud-scales2 ^! rema9 on ! twigs = a "t 9 ! ,tulip-tree1 & drop imm$iately 9 ! ,magnolia4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,buds4--,! size ( buds v>ies greatly1 z be=e /at$1 b ?is diff]5ce 9 size is no m m>k$ ?an ! diff]5ce 9 =m4 ,!re is no bett] way to recognize a ,bee* at any "t ( ! ye> ?an by its v long1 sl5d]1 & %>p-po9t$ buds4 ,! obovate & almo/ /alk$ buds ( ! ,ald]s are also v conspicu\s & peculi>4 ,9 ! ,balsam ,popl> ! buds are l>ge1 %>p-po9t$1 & gummy2 9 ! ,ailan?us !y _c be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,all ! ?+s t might be le>n$ f a small w9t] twig _c be %[n 9 an engrav+1 b ! figures "h giv5 illu/rate "s ( ! facts easily det]m9$ f su* specim5s4 ,! fir/ twig 7,a%7 _h opposite leaves & is #c ye>s old 7! end ( ea* ye>'s gr[? is m>k$ by dott$ l9es on all ! figures72 ! ye> be=e la/ x _h #f leaves on ! middle portion2 la/ ye> x _h #h leaves on ! end portion & #ab on ! side %oots ( ! middle portion4 ,! buds ne> ! end ( ! annual gr[? are /ronge/ & are mo/ apt to gr[4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ 0 probably tak5 f ! end ( a bran* ( a r "y & luxuriantly gr[+ tree4 ,?us ! ,a% mu/ h q a regul> gr[? & =m a regul>ly outl9$ tree4 ,! second twig 7,sweet ,gum7 %[s #g ye>s' gr[? & is probably a side %oot f m or less )9 ! tree-top4 ,x is /unt$ 9 its gr[? by ! want ( light & room4 ,! leaves 7 alt]nate4 ,! ?ird twig 7,sycamore7 also _h alt]nate leaves2 ! po9t$ buds mu/ h be5 "u ! leaf/alks1 z ! leaf-sc>s %[ z r+s ar\nd ! buds4 ,! l>g] bran* grew ?ree ye>s ago4 ,f ! specim5 "o judges t ! ,sycamore is q an irregul>ly =m$ tree4 ,! twig _h #aa leaves la/ ye>4 ,! f\r? twig 7,silv] ,maple7 %[s t ! plant _h opposite leaves1 & sup]num]>y buds at ! sides ( ! true axill>y ones2 ! true axill>y buds are small] ?an ^? at ! sides4 ,x w\ld1 9 su* cases1 be reasonable to suppose t ! sup]num]>y buds 7 floral ones1 & t ! plant blooms be=e ! leaves exp&4 ,! annual gr[?s are q ext5d$2 two ye>s & a "p ( ! ?ird make up ! entire twig4 ,if x 0 cut dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahia-ib1 x mu/ h _h leaves on ! l[] "p 9 #ahhi & #ab leaves on ! middle portion 9 #ahij1 z well z probably #d on ! l[] portion on ! side %oots4 ,la/ ye> x _h #ad leaves on ! end portion1 two at lea/ on ea* side %oot bel[1 mak+ #bd 9 all4 ,fold+ ( ,leaves 9 ! ,bud4 ,!re are "s peculi>ities 9 ! arrangem5t ( leaves 9 ! bud :i* c be inve/igat$ only 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,! common plans among trees are--,inflex$3 blade fold$ crosswise1 ?us br++ x ^u ! foot/alk4 ,tulip-tree4 ,conduplicate3 blade fold$ along ! midrib1 br++ ! two halves toge!r4 ,pea*4 ,plicate3 fold$ sev]al times l5g?wise1 l a fan4 ,bir*4 ,convolute3 roll$ edgewise f "o edge to ! o!r4 ,plum4 ,involute3 bo? edges roll$ 9 t[>d ! midrib on ! upp] side4 ,apple4 ,revolute3 bo? edges roll$ backw>d4 ,will[4 ,obvolute3 fold$ toge!r1 b ! opposite leaves half inclos+ ea* o!r4 ,dogwood4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,prep>ation ( a ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,?ree specim5s are ne$$ ( ea* k9d ( tree3 "o1 a bran* %[+ ! fl[]s2 ano!r1 %[+ ! fruit--"o ( ^!1 & 9 _m cases bo?1 w %[ ! leaves4 ,! ?ird specim51 cut f a l>ge limb or trunk1 %[s ! b>k & ! wood4 ,?is %\ld be a specim5 ) a surface s cut z to %[ ! wood 9 ! direction ( ! silv] gra91 radial section2 ) ano!r surface cut 9 ! direction ( ! annual lay]s1 tang5tial section2 & ) a ?ird cut across ! gra91 cross-section4 ,x %\ld be a specim5 old en\gh to %[ ! *ange ( color 9 ! he>t-wood4 ,by tak+ a limb or trunk #h in*es 9 diamet]1 all ^! po9ts c be secur$4 ,a specim5 cut z %[n 9 ! figure w illu/rate all ! desir$ po9ts4 ,side ,e ,f ,g %[s sap-& he>t-wood 9 tang5tial section2 side ,a ,b ,d ,c %[s ! same 9 radial section2 end ,a ,b ,f ,e1 9 cross-section2 & ,b ,f ,g ,d %[s ! b>k4 ,! c5tral pi? is at ,i2 ! he>t-wood ext5ds f ,c to ,j2 ! sap-wood f ,j to ,d4 ,! silv] gra9 is well %[n at ! end1 & ! blot*es =m$ by x on ! radial section4 ,by hav+ ! piece made smoo?1 & ! upp] "p d[n to ! c5t] 7,h7 v>ni%$1 ! appe>ance ( ! wood 9 furniture or inside f9i% w be illu/rat$4 ,! specim5s %\ld be z ne>ly uni=m 9 size z possible4 ,if a limb #h in*es 9 diamet] be tak5 & a l5g? ( #f in*es be cut (f1 ! section ,a ,b ,d ,c %\ld pass ?r\gh ! l9e ( pi?2 ! section ,e ,f ,g %\ld be p>allel ) ?is at a di/ance f x ( two in*es2 & two in*es f ! l9e ( pi?1 ! section ,a ,e ,c %\ld be made4 ,! :ole specim5 w !n be #f in*es wide & long1 & #b in*es ?ick4 ,! twigs conta9+ leaves1 fl[]s & fruit ne$ to be press$ :ile dry+ 9 ord] t !y may be kept 9 good =m & made t\gh en\gh to be reta9$ z specim5s4 ,! plants %\ld be plac$ betwe5 a l>ge supply ( newspap]s1 or1 bett] /ill1 unt>r$ build+-felt1 :ile dry+4 ,a weight ( f #dj to #hj p\nds is ne$$ to produce ! requisite pressure4 ,! weight is plac$ ^u a bo>d cov]+ ! pile ( plants & pap]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! size ( _m leaves & fl[]-clu/]s1 ^! press$ specim5s ( trees %\ld n be %ort] ?an f #ab to #ae in*es1 & ev5 a l5g? ( #ah in*es is an advantage4 ,! pads or newspap]s %\ld be ab\t #ab by #ah in*es4 ,a transf] ( ! plants into dry pads ea* day = a few days w ha/5 ! dry+ & increase ! beauty ( ! specim5s4 ,! specim5s ( twigs c be m\nt$ on c>dbo>d by be+ p>tly pa/$ & p>tly secur$ by n>r[ /rips ( gumm$ clo? plac$ across ! heavi] portions4 ,! c>dbo>d %\ld be uni=m 9 size4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( ,bri/ol-bo>d is #bb by #bh in*es2 ?is w cut into f\r pieces #aa by #ad4 ,specim5s n ov] #ae in*es 9 l5g? c readily be m\nt$ on ^!1 & = mo/ collectors ?is might be a v conv5i5t size4 ,ano!r regul> size is #bb by #cb in*es1 cutt+ well into pieces #aa by #af4 ,specim5s #ae to #ah in*es long c be m\nt$ on ^!4 ,"s k9ds ( ,ev]gre5s1 ! ,spruces especially1 t5d to %$ _! leaves aft] press+4 ,su* k9ds c 9 mo/ cases be made to =m good specim5s )\t press+4 ,fa/5 ! fre% specim5s on pill>s ( pla/] 9 boxes or frames #b to #c in*es deep1 s t !y t\* no?+ b ! column ( pla/]4 ,mix calc9$ pla/] 9 wat] 7z pla/]]s d71 & build up a column high en\gh to support ! bran*4 ,place ! specim5 on ! top ( ! pill> already =m$1 & p\r ov] ! :ole "s q ?9 pla/] till a r\nd$ top is =m$ completely fa/5+ ! specim54 ,if ! leaves are n t\*$ at all1 aft] !y are dry1 !y w hang on = a long "t1 mak+ specim5s t w %[ ! tree *>act]i/ics bett] ?an press$ specim5s possibly c\ld4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,figures to be us$ 9 ,botanical ,description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,plan ,,& ,,models ,,= ,,tree ,,description ,all pupils %\ld be requir$ to write "s =m ( composition on ! trees ( ! region4 ,z f> z possible1 ^! compositions %\ld be ! result ( p]sonal inve/igation4 ,x is n :at a pupil c read & r$escribe 9 m or less 8 own words1 b h[ accurately he c see &1 f ! in=mation convey$ by 8 own s5ses1 describe 9 8 own way ! ?+s he has obs]v$1 t makes ! use ( su* a book z ?is important z an educational aid4 ,"s in=mation 9 reg>d to trees1 9 a f9i%$ description1 mu/ be obta9$ f books1 su* z h>d9ess1 geographical di/ribution1 etc4 ,pupils g5]ally %\ld be requir$ to include only ^? ?+s :i* !y c give f actual obs]vation4 ,!re are f\r di/9ct =ms ( tree descriptions t might be recogniz$ by ! tea*] & occasionally call$ = z "w f ! pupil4 #a/4 ,a b>e skeleton description1 writt5 by aid ( a topical outl9e1 f ! obs]vation ( a s+le tree & its p>ts4 #b;d4 ,a connect$ description1 convey+ z _m facts giv5 9 ! outl9e z c well be br\ght into good ,engli% s5t5ces4 ,?is aga9 is ! description ( a s+le tree4 #c;d4 ,a connect$1 readable description ( a c]ta9 k9d ( tree1 made up f ! obs]vation ( _m trees ( ! same species to be f\nd 9 ! neighborhood4 #d?4 ,! ?ird description includ+ in=mation to be obta9$ f outside s\rces 9 reg>d to ! orig91 geographical di/ribution1 h>d9ess1 "* ( wood1 habits1 durability1 etc4 ,^! f\r plans ( description are m or less successive me?ods to be introduc$ z ! "w ( a class4 ,pupils %\ld be induc$ to c>ry on _! own inve/igations z f> z possible be=e go+ to pr9t$ s\rces = in=mation4 ,a good "p ( class "w %\ld be devot$ to ! fir/ ?ree ( ! me?ods giv51 b ! "w might f9ally include ! f\r? =m ( composition4 ,! fir/ two me?ods %\ld foll[ ea* o!r ) ea* ( ! trees /udi$2 t is1 "o week let a m]e outl9e be writt51 to be foll[$ ! next week ) z cle> & connect$ a description z ! ability ( ! pupil w all[1 & conta9+ z mu* ( ! in=mation giv5 9 ! outl9e z possible4 ,,outl9e ,,= ,,tree ,,description4 ,! tree z a :ole3 size1 g5]al =m1 trunk1 bran*+1 twigs1 "* ( b>k1 color ( b>k on trunk1 bran*es1 & f9e spray4 ,leaves3 p>ts1 arrangem5t1 k9ds1 size1 ?ickness1 =m1 edges1 ve9+1 color1 surface1 duration4 ,buds3 position1 size1 =m1 cov]+1 numb]1 color4 ,sap & juice4 ,fl[]s3 size1 %ape1 color1 p>ts1 odor1 position1 "t ( bloom+1 duration4 ,fruit3 size1 k9d1 =m1 color :5 "y & :5 ripe1 "t ( rip5+1 sub/ance1 se$s1 duration1 usefulness4 ,wood 7(t5 necess>ily omitt$73 h>dness1 weight1 color1 gra91 m>k+s1 durability4 ,rem>ks3 ! peculi>ities n br\ght out by ! above outl9e4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,outl9e4 ,! height ( a tree c be readily det]m9$ by ! foll[+ plan4 ,measure ! height y c easily rea* f ! gr\nd 9 feet & in*es4 ,/ep to ! trunk ( ! tree y wi% to measure &1 rea*+ up to ?is height1 p9 a piece ( :ite pap] on ! tree4 ,/ep back a di/ance equal to ?ree or f\r times ! height ( ! tree2 hold a lead-p5cil upright betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] at arm's-l5g?4 ,fix x s t ! end ( ! p5cil %all be 9 l9e ) ! pap] on ! trunk2 move ! ?umb d[n ! p5cil till x is 9 l9e ) ! gr\nd at ! base ( ! tree2 move ! arm & p5cil upw>d till ! ?umb is 9 l9e ) ! pap]1 & note :]e ! end ( ! p5cil comes on ! tree4 ,aga9 move ! p5cil till ! ?umb is 9 l9e ) ! new position1 & s cont9ue ! process till ! top ( ! tree is rea*$4 ,! numb] ( ! measures multipli$ by ! height y c rea* w give q accurately ! height ( ! tree4 ,! wid? ( ! tree c be det]m9$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! p5cil1 h[ev]1 be+ held horizontally4 ,9 giv+ ! =ms ( trees1 x is well to accompany ! description ) a p5cil$ outl9e4 ,! di/ance f ! gr\nd at :i* ! trunk beg9s to bran* & ! ext5t ( ! bran*+ %\ld be not$4 ,! direction tak5 by ! bran*es1 z well z ! regul>ity & ! irregul>ity ( _! position1 %\ld also be obs]v$ & describ$4 ,al?\gh mo/ twigs are cyl9drical1 /ill !re are en\gh exceptions to make x necess>y to exam9e !m ) ref]5ce to _! =m4 ,"u leaves1 x w be well to make draw+s1 bo? ( ! outl9e & ( ! ve9+4 ,cru%$ leaves w give ! odor1 & ! sap c be/ be notic$ at ! bases ( "y leaves4 ,! diff]5ces 9 sap & juice ne$ ! foll[+ words = _! description3 wat]y1 milky1 mucilag9\s1 aromatic1 spicy1 sweet1 gummy1 res9\s4 ,pupils %\ld n always be expect$ to f9d out mu* ab\t ! fl[]s ( a tree1 z !y are frequ5tly v evanesc5t1 & usually difficult to rea*4 ,! fruit la/s a great] l5g? ( "t &1 usually dropp+ spontane\sly1 gives a mu* bett] *ance = inve/igation4 ,specim5s ( mo/ ( ! common woods may be obta9$ f cab9et-mak]s & c>p5t]s4 ,9 cases :]e ^! specim5s are at h&1 description ( ! wood %\ld be requir$4 ,if ! s*ool has su* specim5s z are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 ,"p ,i41 ! wood 9 all its peculi>ities c be describ$4 ,,examples ,,( ,,tree ,,description4 ,taxodium di/i*um 7,bald ,cypress74 7,att]bury's ,mead[47 ,no4 #a4 ,tree eighty-f\r feet tall1 ?irty feet wide ne> base1 ovate1 conical1 po9t$2 trunk sev5 feet 9 circumf]5ce ne> base & ridg$ l5g?wise1 b only f\r feet at ! height ( six feet f ! gr\nd1 :]e x becomes r\nd or ne>ly s1 !n gradually tap]+ to ! top2 bran*es small1 v num]\s1 beg9n+ six feet f ! gr\nd1 slop+ upw>d f ! trunk at an angle ( ne>ly =ty-five degrees2 twigs v sl5d]1 num]\s1 p5dul\s1 two1 ?ree or ev5 m gr[+ toge!r f sup]num]>y buds ar\nd ! old sc>s2 b>k br[ni%1 q r\gh1 ?ick & s(t on ! trunk1 smoo!r on ! bran*es1 gre5i% on ! "y spray4 ,illu/ration ,leaves ab\t sessile1 )\t /ipules1 alt]nate1 cr[d$1 two-rank$1 ?91 l9e>1 entire1 p>allel-ve9$1 ) midrib1 d>k gre51 smoo?1 decidu\s4 ,buds %[ 9 ! axils ( only a few ( ! leaves1 & are v small2 b !re are sev]al sup]num]>y buds ar\nd _m ( ! clu/]s ( ! %oots ( ! ye>4 ,sap cle> & slightly /icky ) res94 ,illu/ration ,fl[]s look$ =1 b n se52 mu/ h be5 small1 or h bloom$ be=e my exam9ation 9 ! spr+4 ,fruit "o in* 9 diamet]1 cone globul>1 br[n 9 ! autumn2 did n notice x be=e2 fifte5 six-sid$ scales1 two se$s "u ea*1 /ill hang+ on1 ?\gh ! leaves h dropp$2 only to produce se$s1 ,i ?9k4 ,! wood ,i d n "k ab\t4 ,rem>ks4 ,ar\nd ! base1 at "s di/ance f ! trunk1 !re are f\r peculi> knobs1 seem+ly com+ f ! roots1 "o be+ ne>ly a foot high & n9e in*es ?r\gh4 ,no4 #b4 ,! ,bald ,cypress /&+ ne> a small dit* 9 ,att]bury's mead[ is a v beautiful1 tall1 conical tree1 ov] #hj feet high1 ) an excurr5t trunk :i* is v l>ge & ridg$ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,x tap]s rapidly upw>d1 s t ! circumf]5ce is only ab\t half z great at ! height ( #f feet1 :]e ! bran*es beg94 ,! bran*es are v num]\s &1 consid]+ ! size ( ! trunk1 v small2 ! l>ge/ ( !m be+ only ab\t #b in*es ?r\gh4 ,!y all slope upw>d rapidly1 b ! tip & f9e spray %[ a t5d5cy to droop2 ! f9e ?read-l bran*lets1 be>+ ! leaves ( ! ye>1 are almo/ all p5dul\s4 ,! b>k is v r\gh1 ?ick & s(t1 z ,i f\nd 9 p9n+ on ! bit ( pap] to measure ! height ( ! tree1 :5 ,i c\ld easily press ! p9 9 to its head4 ,! leaves are v small & delicate1 & z !y ext5d out 9 two ranks f ! ?read-l twigs1 look mu* l f9e f]ns4 ,! small l9e> leaves & ! spray drop (f toge!r 9 ! autumn1 z ,i c f9d mu* ( la/ ye>'s foliage on ! gr\nd /ill fa/5$ to ! twigs4 ,i c\ld n see any fl[]s1 ?\gh ,i look$ f e>ly 9 ! spr+ till ! middle ( ! summ]2 !n ,i saw a few ( ! globul> gre5 cones1 almo/ an in* 9 diamet]1 %[+ t x _h bloom$4 ,next spr+ ,i %all beg9 to look = ! blossoms be=e ! leaves come out4 ,on ! gr\nd1 ab\t #f feet f ! tree1 !re are f\r v /range knobs :i* ,i did n notice till ,i /umbl$ ov] "o ( !m4 ,!y seem to gr[ f ! roots1 & are q s(t & r$di% 9 color4 ,no4 #c4 ,i h f\nd tw5ty-two ,bald ,cypresses 9 ,tr5ton2 !y are all beautiful conical trees1 & seem to gr[ well 9 almo/ any soil1 z ,i h f\nd "s 9 v wet places & "s 9 dry1 s&y soil4 ,!y look f _! position z ?\gh !y _h be5 plant$ out1 & z ,i h f\nd none 9 ! woods ar\nd ! t[n1 !y are probably n native 9 ?is region4 ,!y are f #ej to ne>ly #ajj feet tall4 ,i f\nd "o #if feet high4 ,!y are all ( a v symmetrical1 conical =m1 & po9t$ at ! top2 9 no case has ! trunk divid$ into bran*es1 & on ! old trees ! trunk enl>ges curi\sly ne> ! gr\nd1 ! l[] portion be+ v r\gh ) ridges4 ,! b>k is v ?ick & r\gh1 & is s s(t t a p9 c readily be pu%$ ?r\gh x to ! wood4 ,! bran*es are v num]\s & small1 & are n regul>ly arrang$ 9 :orls l mo/ ( ! n>r[-leav$ trees4 ,^! bran*es all slope upw>d f ! trunk1 ! ends hav+ a t5d5cy to b5d d[nw>d & make delicate droop+ spray1 ) v small1 l9e>1 entire leaves only in* long4 ,f\r ( ! l>ge/ trees %[ fruit1 & ea* ( ^! has only ab\t a half-doz5 ( ! globul> cones4 ,only a few ( ! trees--^? 9 ! wette/ places--h ! knobs on ! gr\nd ne> ! base4 ,no4 #d4 ,! ,bald ,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um7 is a common tree1 a native ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 gr[+ v abundantly 9 ! wette/ swamps ( t region4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ! tree 9 its wild /ate is said to be c5tral ,delaw>e & s\!rn ,ill9ois1 b x c be successfully cultivat$ 9 ! region ar\nd ,bo/on4 ,!re are sev]al nam$ v>ieties1 "o ) ! leaves b slightly spread+ f ! spray1 & ! :ole ( ! bran*es %[+ a decid$ weep+ t5d5cy1 s t x is call$ ! ,weep+ ,cypress4 ,! knobs f ! roots1 call$ ,cypress-knees1 gr[ v abundantly ar\nd all ! trees 9 ! s\!rn swamps4 ,^! gr[ to ! height ( f #b to #d feet1 & are v ?ick1 sometimes z mu* z #e feet4 ,!y are holl[1 & are occasionally us$ = bee-hives4 ,x is said to be a broad1 flat-topp$ tree1 spread+ its top ov] o!r trees4 ,?is seems v /range1 z none ( ^? 9 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 %[ su* a t5d5cy1 b are q spire-%ap$4 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 /raight-gra9$1 & is said to be excell5t = %+les & = o!r purposes4 ,x g5]ally has a d>k r$di% or br[ni% hue4 ,x is a l>ge tree1 gr[+ to ! height ( #adj feet4 ,! trunk is sometimes #ab feet ?r\gh ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! fl[]s ( ! tree are 9 small catk9s1 bloom+ be=e ! leaves exp& 9 ! e>ly spr+2 9 ,febru>y1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,key1 ,,classification ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,species4 ,me?od ( ,us+ ! ,key4 ,fir/ read all ! /atem5ts foll[+ ! />s 7997 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,key2 decide :i* "o ( ! /atem5ts be/ suits ! specim5 y h4 ,at ! end ( ! *os5 "o !re is a lett] 9 p>5!sis 7 74 ,some:]e bel[1 ?is lett] is us$ two or m times4 ,read c>efully all ! /atem5ts foll[+ ?is lett]2 at ! end ( ! "o :i* mo/ ne>ly /ates ! facts ab\t y\r specim51 y w aga9 be direct$ by a lett] to ano!r "p ( ! ,key4 ,cont9ue ?is process till1 in/ead ( a lett]1 !re is a numb] & "n4 ,! "n is t ( ! g5us1 & =ms ! fir/ "p ( ! sci5tific "n ( ! plant4 ,turn to ! descriptive "p ( ! book1 :]e ?is numb]1 9 regul> ord]1 is f\nd4 ,"h descriptions ( ! species ( ! g5us are giv54 ,if !re are _m species1 ano!r ,key w lead to ! species4 ,:ile ! illu/rations are int5d$ to repres5t *>act]i/ic specim5s1 too mu* dep5d5ce mu/ n be plac$ ^u !m2 ! leaves ev5 ( ! same plant v>y consid]ably1 & ! diff]5t v>ieties1 especially ( a cultivat$ plant1 v>y widely4 ,read ! :ole description be=e decid+4 ,! fractions beside ! figures indicate ! scale ( ! draw+ z comp>$ ) ! natural size ( ! "p3 #a_/a indicates natural size2 #b_/a1 t ! draw+ is twice ! l5g? ( ! object2 1 t ! draw+ is "o f\r? ! l5g? ( ! object1 etc4 ,9 ! description ( leaves ! dim5sions giv5 ref] to ! blade4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,g5]a ,,( ,,trees4 99 ,leaves n>r[ l9e>1 ne$le1 scale or awl %ap$1 usually b n always ev]gre54 7,,gg47 page #fj4 99 ,leaves broad1 flat1 usually decidu\s1 occasionally ev]gre51 r>ely ov] #e times z long z wide4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves alt]nate1#a simple4 7,b47 ,a4 ,leaves alt]nate1 comp\nd4 7m47 page #eg4 ,a4 ,leaves opposite or :orl$ on ! /em4 7u47 page #eh4 ,b4 ,leaves ) a midrib1 nett$-ve9$4 7,c47 ,b4 ,leaves )\t a midrib1 p>allel-ve9$ #aji4 ,salisburia4 ,c4 ,) radiat+ ribs1 & includ+ ^? :i* h ! l[] ribs long] & m bran*+ ?an ^? above !m4 7f47 page #ef4 ,c4 ,) di/9ct & def9ite fea!r-ve9+4 7,d47 ,d4 ,m>g9 entire1 or s ne>ly s z to appe> entire1 sometimes slightly angulat$ b n lob$4 7,v47 ,d4 ,once or twice s]rate or cr5ate or wavy-edg$1 b n lob$4 7,e47 ,d4 ,di/9ctly lob$4 7,s47 7,if ! not*es are ov] #aj on a side1 look "u ,e47 ,e4 ,/raight-ve9$4 7,m47 ,e4 ,n di/9ctly & ev5ly /raight-ve9$4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves ev]gre5 ) ei!r revolute or sp9y-tipp$ m>g9s #ah4 ,ilex4 ,f4 ,leaves ev]gre51 lanceolate-oblong1 m9utely s]rate2 fl[]s :ite1 #d 94 9 diamet] #h4 ,gordonia4 ,f4 ,leaves decidu\s4 7,g47 ,g4 ,fruit ) fle%y & (t5 edible pulp4 7,k47 ,g4 ,fruit a dry & m or less r\nd$ pod4 7,h47 ,g4 ,fruit & fl[]s 9 dry catk9s2 leaves1 9 mo/ species1 #c or m times z long z wide1 f9ely s]rate to entire1 ) free /ipules1 9 _m species rema9+ on ! "y twigs1 9 o!rs %[n by a r\nd$ sc> on ! sides ( ! /em2 wood s(t2 ! ,will[s #ia4 ,salix4 ,g4 ,fruit dry ak5es ) silky pappus1 9 small heads2 :ole plant :it5$ ) scurf2 leaves broad5$ & co>sely not*$ ne> tip2 a broad spread+ bu% #di4 ,bac*>is4 ,h4 ,fl[]s conspicu\s1 #a 94 or m 9 size1 :ite4 7,j47 ,h4 ,fl[]s q small4 7,i47 ,i4 ,fl[]s & fruit 9 l>ge panicles2 leaves elongat$1 pea*-l 9 %ape1 s\r #ej4 ,oxyd5drum4 ,i4 ,fl[]s 9 t]m9al1 erect racemes2 fruit small1 ?ree-cell$ pods2 leaves oval1 #c-g 94 long1 po9t$1 ?91 f9ely s]rate2 plant h>dly a tree #ec4 ,cle?ra4 ,i4 ,fruit r\nd$1 small1 ) calyx adh]+ to ! l[] "p1 "o-se$$1 9 clu/]s ( #c-_m2 leaves #a-c 94 long4 #ef4 ,/yrax4 ,i4 ,fruit hairy1 9 long1 hang+ panicles1 tipp$ ) long1 p]si/5t /yle1 "o-se$$ #eg4 ,pt]o/yrax4 ,j4 ,fl[]s bell-%ap$1 #a 94 long2 leaves wide/ bel[ ! middle2 fruit w+$ pods #eh4 ,halesia4 ,j4 ,fl[]s spread+1 #b 94 broad2 leaves ab\t twice z long z wide1 wide/ ne> ! c5t] #g4 ,/u>tia4 ,j4 ,fl[]s spread+1 #c 94 broad2 leaves ab\t #c times z long z wide1 wide/ ne> tip #h4 ,gordonia4 ,k4 ,fruit a plum-l drupe ) a s+le bony /one2 plant sometimes ?orny #cf4 ,prunus4 ,k4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 end+ 9 a conspicu\s spread+ calyx2 plant g5]ally q ?orny #ch4 ,cratgus4 ,k4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 black :5 ripe1 small1 )\t calyx1 ) usually #c c>tilag9\s coat$ se$s #bj4 ,rhamnus4 ,k4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 r$ :5 ripe1 small1 )\t calyx1 ) usually #d-f h>d-coat$1 groov$ nutlets #ah4 ,ilex4 ,k4 ,fruit a small or l>ge apple-l pome1 ) ! se$s 9 horny cells4 7,l47 ,l4 ,fruit ab\t 94 9 diamet]1 sweet1 9 droop+ racemes #ci4 ,amelan*i]4 ,l4 ,fruit ei!r s\r or mu* l>g]1 & n 9 elongat$ racemes #cg4 ,pyrus4 ,m4 ,leaves h>% to ! t\*2 some:at oblique at base2 q di/9ctly two-rank$2 l>ge trees #gd4 ,ulmus4 ,m4 ,leaves decid$ly oblique at base2 m>g9 wavy2 small tree1 usually a %rub #dj4 ,hamamelis4 ,m4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 end+ 9 a conspicu\s spread+ calyx2 plant g5]ally q ?orny #ch4 ,cratgus4 ,m4 ,leaves n regul>ly oblique at base2 plant n ?orny4 7,n47 ,n4 ,leaves ?9 & light1 n h>% to ! t\*2 spray light2 b>k smoo?1 9 two species some:at r\gh on ! trunk4 7,q47 ,n4 ,leaves ?ick2 edge wavy1 almo/ lob$2 fruit an acorn4 #hh4 ,qu]cus4 ,n4 ,leaves broad = ! l5g?1 g5]ally d\bly s]rate or wavy & s]rate2 %rubs1 r>ely tall en\gh = trees4 7,p47 ,n4 ,n includ$ 9 ! above4 7,o47 ,o4 ,leaves #c or m times z long z wide1 wide/ ne> ! c5t]2 fruit a r\nd1 prickly bur ) #a-c horny-coat$ nuts #hi4 ,ca/anea4 ,o4 ,leaves wide/ ne> ! %>ply s]rate tip1 n>r[ & entire ne> ! base2 fruit small pods 9 t]m9al racemes2 small tree or %rub #ec4 ,cle?ra4 ,o4 ,leaves wide/ ne> ! base1 usually small2 b>k scal+ (f l ! ,buttonwood2 fruit axill>y1 solit>y1 small 7 947 r\ndi%1 dry drupes4 ,a cultivat$ species1 has r l>ge leaves1 wide/ ne> ! c5t] #ge4 ,plan]a4 ,p4 ,fruit an op5 oval woody catk9 or cone1 rema9+ on ! plant ?r\gh ! w9t] #hd4 ,alnus4 ,p4 ,fruit a r\nd$ /ony nut1 9 gre5 leafy edg$ bracts2 %rubs or small trees #he4 ,corylus4 ,q4 ,usually aromatic2 b>k dott$ on ! spray & ) horizontal m>ks on ! trunk1 peel+ (f 9 ?91 (t5 pap]y lay]s #hc4 ,betula4 ,q4 ,b>k n peel+ (f 9 ?9 lay]s4 7,r47 ,r4 ,leaf-buds long & sl5d]2 fruit a small prickly bur ) two triangul>1 horny-coat$ nuts2 l>ge trees #ij4 ,fagus4 ,r4 ,fruit an elongat$ catk9 ) l>ge leaf-l bracts2 b>k close1 gray1 on a groov$ trunk #hg4 ,c>p9us4 ,r4 ,fruit a hop-l catk92 b>k br[ni%1 f9ely furr[$ #hf4 ,o/rya4 ,s4 ,plant m or less ?orny2 %rub or small tree2 fruit r\nd$ b]ries end+ 9 p]si/5t calyx-lobes #ch4 ,cratgus4 ,s4 ,plant n ?orny4 7,t47 ,t4 ,leaf deeply p9natifid1 usually ) ! basal lobes completely sep>at$2 cultivat$ #cg4 ,pyrus4 ,t4 ,end ( leaf z ?\gh cut (f2 sides ) "o l>ge lobe2 m>g9 entire2 l>ge tree #b4 ,liriod5dron4 ,t4 ,l[] leaves ?ree-lob$1 he>t-%ap$ at base1 upp] m]ely ovate1 m>g9 entire2 small tree or %rub #ff4 ,cl]od5dron4 ,t4 ,n z above2 leaves usually _m-lob$4 7,u47 ,u4 ,leaves ?92 b>k ( trunk peel+ (f 9 ?9 horizontal /rips #hc4 ,betula4 ,u4 ,leaves ?92 leaf-buds long1 sl5d]1 %>p-po9t$2 b>k smoo?1 n peel+2 cultivat$ #ij4 ,fagus4 ,u4 ,leaves ?icki%2 b>k r\ghi%2 fruit an oval woody cone1 rema9+ on ?r\gh ! ye> #hd4 ,alnus4 ,u4 ,leaves ?ick2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,qu]cus4 ,v4 ,leaves ev]gre51 small1 #b-c 94 long1 ?ick1 ) revolute m>g9s2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,qu]cus4 ,v4 ,leaves ev]gre51 oval to lance-oval1 usually l>ge2 small trees1 almo/ %rubs4 7d47 page #ef4 ,v4 ,leaves decidu\s 7"s are ev]gre5 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates74 7,w47 ,w4 ,plant m or less sp9y4 7c47 ,w4 ,plant n at all sp9y4 7,x47 ,x4 ,leaf-blade ?91 long1 po9t$1 ) curv$ p>allel ve9s or ribs #de4 ,cornus4 ,x4 ,leaf-blade ?91 circul> or broadly oval 9 outl9e1 ) blunt1 almo/ r\nd$ apex2 ve9s n regul>ly p>allel #bg4 ,rhus4 ,x4 ,leaf q elongat$1 #e or m times z long z wide4 7b47 ,x4 ,leaves ) none ( ! above peculi>ities4 7,y47 ,y4 ,decidu\s bud-scales 7/ipules71 leav+ a sc> or m>k completely ar\nd ! /em at ! base ( ! leaves4 #a4 ,magnolia4 ,y4 ,leaves cov]$ on "o or bo? sides ) silv]y scales #ga4 ,elagnus4 ,y4 ,no su* r+ ar\nd ! /em1 or silv]y scales on ! leaves4 7,z47 ,z4 ,leaves di/9ctly /raight-ve9$1 ?9 #ij4 ,fagus4 ,z4 ,leaves ?ick1 obtuse2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,qu]cus4 ,z4 ,leaves #f 94 or m long2 cru%$ leaves ) a rank1 fetid odor #e4 ,asim9a4 ,z4 ,leaves #c-e 94 long2 twigs & leaves v spicy2 %rub r ?an tree #gj4 ,l9d]a4 ,z4 ,leaves ab\t #b 94 long1 oval1 on twigs :i* h ridges ext5d+ d[n f ! sides ( ! leaf/alk2 small tree1 almo/ a %rub1 ) beautiful fl[]s #dc4 ,lag]/roemia4 ,z4 ,leaves n z above4 7a47 a4 ,fruit a l>ge 7-#a 947 r\nd$ pulpy b]ry ) a heavy calyx at ! base #ee4 ,diospyros4 a4 ,fruit small 7 9471 fle%y1 drupe-l1 ) a /riate /one2 limbs bran*+ horizontally1 (t5 desc5d+ #df4 ,nyssa4 a4 ,fruit a black1 juicy b]ry 7#a_/c- 9471 ) ab\t #c se$s #bj4 ,rhamnus4 a4 ,fruit an ovoid dry drupe 7 9472 leaves sweet-ta/+ #ei4 ,symplocos4 a4 ,fruit an apple-l pome 7,qu9ce7 #cg4 ,pyrus4 b4 ,wood s(t2 bo? k9ds ( fl[]s 9 catk9s 9 spr+2 ) ei!r /ipules or /ipul> se>s #ia4 ,salix4 b4 ,wood h>d2 leaves ?ick2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,qu]cus4 c4 ,fruit a #b-d-se$$ small b]ry2 juice n milky #bj4 ,rhamnus4 c4 ,fruit l>ge1 orange-l 9 size & color :5 ripe2 juice milky #gg4 ,maclura4 c4 ,fruit small1 black :5 ripe1 *]ry-l2 juice milky #ed4 ,bumelia4 d4 ,aromatic2 b]ries d>k blue on r$ /alks #fh4 ,p]sea4 d4 ,n aromatic2 leaves ne>ly #a ft4 long2 fl[]s l>ge & solit>y4 #a4 ,magnolia4 d4 ,n aromatic2 leaves #a-d 94 long2 fl[]s v small2 fruit small d>k-color$ b]ries1 ) #b-d se$s #bj4 ,rhamnus4 d4 ,n aromatic2 fl[]s l>ge1 9 %[y clu/]s4 7e47 e4 ,leaves #e 94 or m long #eb4 ,rhodod5dron4 e4 ,leaves less ?an #d 94 long #ea4 ,kalmia4 f4 ,leaves decid$ly aromatic1 usually some:at irregul>ly lob$1 m>g9 entire1 base tap]+ #fi4 ,sassafras4 f4 ,leaves usually deltoid1 sometimes he>t-%ap$ ) s]rate m>g9 & gummy buds1 r>ely palmately lob$4 ,all h ei!r ! petiole flatt5$ sidewise1 ! leaf-blade d5sely silv]y-:ite b5ea?1 or gummy aromatic buds #ib4 ,populus4 f4 ,leaves broadly he>t-%ap$2 m>g9 entire2 small tree ) abundance ( r$ fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+2 fruit a pea-l pod4 #cb4 ,c]cis4 f4 ,leaves n z above giv54 7g47 g4 ,leaves broadly he>t-%ap$1 ) a s]rate m>g9 & a petiole ab\t z long z ! blade1 sometimes long]2 base ( leaf n oblique #d4 ,idesia4 g4 ,leaves broadly he>t-%ap$1 ^? on ! suck]s mu* lob$2 base n oblique2 m>g9 s]rate2 juice milky2 b>k v t\gh4 7l47 g4 ,leaves broadly he>t-%ap$1 ) an oblique base2 m>g9 regul>ly s]rate2 juice n milky #aa4 ,tilia4 g4 ,leaves slightly if at all he>t-%ap$ at base1 usually some:at oblique1 ) nei!r milky juice nor lobes4 7j47 g4 ,leaves decid$ly & q regul>ly lob$4 7h47 h4 ,leaves ) #c-e l>ge lobes1 ! m>g9 entire or slightly angulat$4 #aj4 ,/]culia4 h4 ,leaves />-%ap$1 ) #e-i po9t$1 s]rate lobes4 7i47 h4 ,leaves l>ge1 irregul>ly m>g9$2 leaf-/em cov]+ ! bud2 l>ge tree #hj4 ,platanus4 h4 ,plant q ?orny2 fruit b]ry-l1 end+ 9 a conspicu\s spread+ calyx2 small trees or %rubs ) apple-l blossoms4 #ch4 ,cratgus4 h4 ,leaves ) a tap]+ base2 small tree1 almo/ a %rub1 ) l>ge ,hollyhock-l fl[]s2 plant n ?orny #i4 ,hibiscus4 i4 ,l>ge tree1 ) fruit #a 94 9 diamet]1 dry1 r\gh1 hang+ on a long /em #da4 ,liquidamb>4 i4 ,small tree ) few bran*es & ! trunk usually q prickly2 fruit b]ry-l 9 l>ge clu/]s #dd4 ,aralia4 j4 ,fruit small b]ries1 ) #c flatt5$ se$s1 9 clu/]s 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 :i* are decid$ly #c-ribb$ f ! base #ba4 ,hov5ia4 j4 ,fruit small drupes1 ) #a se$1 ei!r solit>y or 9 pairs 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 7k47 k4 ,plant )\t prickles2 leaves decid$ly oblique at base #gf4 ,celtis4 k4 ,plant ) prickles2 leaves n>r[1 decid$ly #c-ribb$1 & #b-rank$ on gre5 twigs #bb4 ,zizyphus4 l4 ,fruit n v edible2 leaves r\gh above1 v hairy bel[1 on "s ( ! twigs opposite #gi4 ,br\ssonetia4 l4 ,fruit edible2 leaves n v hairy1 nev] opposite #gh4 ,morus4 m4 ,leaves ( #c entire-edg$ leaflets2 fruit a pea-l pod #bh4 ,laburnum4 m4 ,leaves ( #c q regul>ly s]rate1 transp>5t-dott$ leaflets #ac4 ,ptelea4 m4 ,leaves once or twice p9nate2 ! leaflets entire4 7s47 m4 ,leaves once or twice p9nate2 ! leaflets ) m>g9s m or less s]rate or not*$4 7n47 n4 ,leaves irregul>ly once to twice1 9 "o case ?ree times1 p9nate4 7r47 n4 ,leaves regul>ly once p9nate4 7o47 o4 ,leaves less ?an #a ft4 long1 on a small1 q prickly plant2 fruit v small pods 7 94 long7 #ab4 ,xan?oxylum4 o4 ,leaves less ?an #a ft4 long2 leaflets #c 94 or less long2 fruit bright-color$1 b]ry-l pomes 9 clu/]s1 p]si/5t ?r\gh ! autumn2 plant n ?orny2 bran*es n heavy-tipp$4 #cg4 ,pyrus4 o4 ,leaves usually l>g] on ! small tree or almo/ a %rub2 juice 9 mo/ cases milky2 bran*es heavy-tipp$ #bg4 ,rhus4 o4 ,leaves #a-b ft4 long2 leaflets #c 94 or m long2 fruit a bony nut ) gre5 fle%y coat2 l>ge trees4 7q47 o4 ,leaves v l>ge1 #b ft4 or m long on ! rapid-gr[+ bran*es2 bran*es heavy-tipp$2 odor ( bruis$ leaves q /rong2 leaflets #ae or m 9 numb]2 l>ge trees2 juice n milky4 7p47 p4 ,leaflets ) #a-c gl&ul> not*es at ! base #ag4 ,ailan?us4 p4 ,leaflets entire at base1 b v slightly s]rate ne> ! tip #af4 ,c$rela4 q4 ,coat ( fruit m or less dehisc5t into #d valves2 nut smoo?i%2 leaflets1 except 9 "o species1 n ov] #aa 9 numb]1 usually #e-g #hb4 ,c>ya4 q4 ,coat ( fruit n regul>ly dehisc5t2 nut1 9 ! wild species1 r\gh-coat$2 leaflets1 except 9 a cultivat$ species1 ov] #aa 9 numb] #ha4 ,juglans4 r4 ,leaves q regul>ly twice odd-p9nate2 leaflets ab\t #a 94 long2 juice n milky2 fruit r\nd$ b]ries 9 l>ge clu/]s2 plant n prickly2 bran*lets n heavy-tipp$ #ae4 ,melia4 r4 ,leaves once to twice irregul>ly odd-p9nate2 ! leaflets v irregul>ly & co>sely too!d2 a small1 r\nd-head$ tree ) bladd]y pods #bd4 ,koelreut]ia4 r4 ,leaves irregul>ly ab\t twice odd-p9nate2 ! leaflets lanceolate2 q a l[ plant ) few heavy-tipp$ bran*es2 plant )\t prickles #bg4 ,rhus4 r4 ,leaves #b 7sometimes #c7 times odd-p9nate2 tree-/em ) prickles2 small tree or %rub1 ) few bran*es #dd4 ,aralia4 r4 ,leaves once to twice abruptly p9nate2 l>ge tree ) sl5d]-tipp$ bran*es1 usually v ?orny #cd4 ,gl$its*ia4 s4 ,leaves v l>ge 7#b ft4 or m long71 ab\t twice abruptly p9nate2 leaflets broad & (t5 #b 94 long2 bran*es blunt2 no ?orns #cc4 ,gymnocladus4 s4 ,leaves & leaflets mu* small]1 leaves q irregul>ly once or twice abruptly p9nate2 bran*es sl5d]-tipp$2 l>ge tree1 usually v ?orny #cd4 ,gl$its*ia4 s4 ,leaves twice abruptly p9nate2 leaflets ov] #djj 9 numb]1 ) midrib ne> ! upp] edge #ce4 ,albizzia4 s4 ,leaves regul>ly once p9nate1 n ov] #b ft4 long4 7t47 t4 ,leaves abruptly p9nate1 n ov] #e 94 long2 leaflets #h-ab1 small1 mucronate-po9t$ #bi4 ,c>agana4 t4 ,leaves odd-p9nate2 %rub or small tree1 ) few1 heavy-tipp$ bran*es2 no sp9es or prickles #bg4 ,rhus4 t4 ,leaves odd-p9nate2 leaflets l>ge 7#c-e 94 long71 n usually ov] #aa 9 numb]2 r\nd-topp$ tree #cj4 ,cladra/is4 t4 ,leaves odd-p9nate2 leaflets less ?an #c 94 long1 frequ5tly #aa-ba 9 numb]2 (t5 ) sp9es at ! bases ( ! leaves 9 ! place ( /ipules #ab4 ,xan?oxylum or #ca4 ,rob9ia4 u4 ,leaves palmately comp\nd4 7,,cc47 u4 ,leaves p9nately comp\nd4 7,,bb47 u4 ,leaves simple1 ev]gre51 sessile1 9 :orls ar\nd ! /em1 :i* !y completely cov] 7#ih;a4 ,arauc>ia47 u4 ,leaves simple1 opposite1 ev]gre51 entire1 ov] #b 94 long #fa4 ,osman?us4 u4 ,leaves simple1 opposite1 ev]gre51 entire1 "u #a 94 long #gc4 ,buxus4 u4 ,leaves simple1 decidu\s4 7v47 v4 ,bran*es end+ 9 ?orns2 small trees1 or %rubs4 7,,aa47 v4 ,plants n ?orny4 7w47 w4 ,leaves palmately lob$ 7"o v>iety1 r>ely cultivat$1 lacks lobes1 b is he>t-%ap$ ) a s]rate m>g971 ! lobes ov] #c 9 numb]1 or ) not*es or s]rations2 fruit dry1 w+$ #be4 ,ac]4 w4 ,l[] leaves palmately #c-lob$1 & he>t-%ap$ at base1 upp] ones ovate1 all ) entire m>g92 fruit ) juicy pulp cov]+ ! #d se$s #ff4 ,cl]od5dron4 w4 ,leaves palmately lob$2 fruit small1 "o-se$$1 b]ry-l drupes 9 l>ge clu/]s1 ) flatt5$ /ones1 or l>ge r\nd$ clu/]s ( fl[]s )\t /am5s or pi/ils2 %rubs r ?an trees #dg4 ,viburnum4 w4 ,leaves he>t-%ap$1 entire or slightly angulat$2 n lob$4 7,,dd47 w4 ,leaves irregul>ly s]rate1 some:at /raight-ve9$2 fruit s+le-w+$2 l>ge cultivat$ tree #fj4 ,frax9us4 w4 ,leaves nei!r he>t-%ap$ nor lob$2 small trees1 almo/ %rubs4 7x47 x4 ,leaves entire4 7z47 x4 ,leaves s]rate or d5tate1 ovate or oval4 7y47 y4 ,fruit r\nd$ drupes 9 l>ge clu/]s1 ) s+le flatt5$ /ones #dg4 ,viburnum4 y4 ,fruit lob$ pods1 :i* bur/ op5 9 ! autumn2 bran*lets some:at #d-sid$ #ai4 ,euonymus4 z4 ,leaves small1 lanceolate2 fl[]s & fruit l>ge & beautiful #db4 ,punica4 z4 ,leaves broad1 ?91 ) curv$ p>allel ve9s or ribs4 #de4 ,cornus4 z4 ,leaves l>ge1 broad1 oval1 )\t ei!r curv$ or /raight p>allel ribs #fc4 ,*ionan?us4 ,,aa4 ,leaves entire & cov]$ on bo? sides ) silv]y1 peltate scales #gb4 ,%eph]dia4 ,,aa4 ,leaves ovate1 small1 m9utely s]rate #bj4 ,rhamnus4 ,,bb4 ,leaves l>ge1 #ah 94 or m long2 leaflets #aa or m1 v f9ely s]rat$ #ad4 ,phellod5dron4 ,,bb4 ,leaves small]2 leaflets entire or q ev5ly too!d1 usually ov] #e 9 numb] #fj4 ,frax9us4 ,,bb4 ,leaflets co>sely & q irregul>ly too!d1 #c-e 7r>ely #g7 9 numb] #bf4 ,negundo4 ,,cc4 ,leaflets sl5d]-lanceolate1 almo/ entire2 %rub or small tree1 #e-aj ft4 high #fg4 ,vitex4 ,,cc4 ,leaflets broad] & s]rate2 usually l>ge trees4 #bc4 sculus4 ,,dd4 ,leaves ) radiat+ ribs4 7,,ff47 ,,dd4 ,leaves ) fea!r-ve9+4 7,,ee47 ,,ee4 ,leaves #b-f 94 long2 fl[]s small1 9 l>ge1 d5se1 t]m9al clu/]s #fb4 ,syr+a4 ,,ee4 ,leaves #a-d 94 long2 fl[]s 9 pairs #dh4 ,lonic]a4 ,,ff4 ,leaves l>ge1 #f 94 or m long2 two almo/ hidd5 buds1 "o above ! o!r1 9 ! axils ( ! leaves on ! rapid-gr[+ bran*es2 fl[]s l>ge1 purple1 bloom+ 9 e>ly spr+2 fruit r\nd$ pods #fd4 ,paul[nia4 ,,ff4 ,leaves l>ge1 #f 94 or m long2 fl[]s l>ge1 :ite1 bloom+ 9 ,june2 fruit long pods #fe4 ,catalpa4 ,,ff4 ,leaves #b-d 94 long1 ) r$ /ems #c4 ,c]cidiphyllum4 ,,gg4 ,leaves scatt]$ s+ly ov] ! /em1 n 9 bundles or clu/]s4 7,,jj47 ,,gg4 ,leaves 9 l>ge or small clu/]s4 7,,hh47 ,,hh4 ,clu/]s 9 :orls ( _m leaves ar\nd ! /em l an umbrella #ajj4 ,sciadopitys4 ,,hh4 ,leaves clu/]$ 9 bundles ( #b-f #ic4 ,p9us4 ,,hh4 ,leaves clu/]$ 9 bundles ( ov] #h4 7,,ii47 ,,ii4 ,leaves decidu\s1 s(t #ig4 ,l>ix4 ,,ii4 ,leaves ev]gre51 rigid #ih4 ,c$rus4 ,,jj4 ,leaves h>dly ev]gre52 spray q sl5d]4 7,,zz47 ,,jj4 ,leaves fully ev]gre54 7,,kk47 ,,kk4 ,leaves awl or scale %ap$1 & ma9ly appress$ to ! /em4 7,,ww47 ,,kk4 ,leaves l9e> or ne$le %ap$1 & decid$ly spread+ f ! /em1 ?\gh sometimes ) a decurr5t base4 7,,ll47 ,,ll4 ,leaves n>r[$ to a di/9ct ?\gh %ort /em4 7,,rr47 ,,ll4 ,leaves sessile2 if n>r[$1 n s abruptly z to =m a petiole4 7,,mm47 ,,mm4 ,leaves opposite or :orl$ on ! /em4 7,,pp47 ,,mm4 ,leaves r spirally arrang$ ar\nd ! /em1 n j opposite4 7,,nn47 ,,nn4 ,leaves l9e> to lanceolate1 flatt5$1 spread+ q squ>ely f ! /em4 7,,oo47 ,,nn4 ,leaves n flatt5$ b #d-sid$1 curv$1 gradually enl>g+ f ! tips to ! bases1 :i* are decurr5t1 & on ! "y twigs completely cov] ! /em2 cones r\nd$2 ! scales n lapp+ #aje4 ,cryptom]ia4 ,,oo4 ,leaves ab\t l9e> 9 =m1 ( ne>ly ! same wid? ?r\gh\t1 & usually fa/5$ to ! cyl9drical /em by a di/9ct disk-l base2 cones erect2 scales lapp+4 #if4 ,abies4 ,,oo4 ,leaves ab\t #b 94 long & gradually wid5+ f ! acute tips to ! broad 7#a_/h 947 bases1 :i* are decurr5t on ! /em #ii4 ,cunn+hamia4 ,,oo4 ,leaves -#a 94 long1 %>p-po9t$1 v flat1 two-rank$1 some:at lanceolate 9 =m2 base n>r[$ almo/ to a petiole #ajb4 ,sequoia4 ,,pp4 ,leaves n decurr5t1 usually 9 :orls ( ?ree ar\nd ! /em1 sometimes opposite1 acute-po9t$2 fruit small 7#a_/h 9471 r\nd$1 d>k-color$ b]ries #ajf4 ,junip]us4 ,,pp4 ,leaves decurr5t on ! /em1 less ?an 94 long4 7,,qq47 ,,qq4 ,fruit small1 globul> cones2 ! scales n lapp+ #ajd4 ,*amcyp>is4 ,,qq4 ,fruit small1 elongat$ cones ( few1 lapp+ scales #ajc4 ,?uya4 ,,rr4 ,leaves usually b little flatt5$1 b jo9t$ to a %ort1 br[n petiole :i* is atta*$ to a some:at groov$ twig2 cones p5d5t1 ( lapp+ scales #id4 ,picea4 ,,rr4 ,leaves decid$ly flatt5$1 n jo9t$1 b n>r[$ to a petiole :i* is usually gre5 or gre5i% 9 color4 7,,ss47 ,,ss4 ,leaves r\nd$ or obtuse at ! tip1 di/9ctly two-rank$1 usually less ?an #a 94 long2 cones oval1 #a 94 or less long1 ( lapp+ scales #ie4 ,tsuga4 ,,ss4 ,leaves acute at ! tip2 fruit 7f\nd only on a portion ( ! plants1 z ! fl[]s are dioeci\s7 drupe-l1 ) a s+le nut-l se$4 7,,tt47 ,,tt4 ,leaves n two-rank$1 ov] #b 94 long #ajh4 ,podoc>pus4 ,,tt4 ,leaves q regul>ly two-rank$4 7,,uu47 ,,uu4 ,leaves m>k$ by two longitud9al l9es2 bruis$ or burn$ leaves ) a v disagreeable odor 7#ajg;a4 ,torreya47 ,,uu4 ,leaves ) ! midrib =m+ a di/9ct ridge1 odor n disagreeable4 7,,vv47 ,,vv4 ,leaves usually less ?an an in* long #ajg4 ,taxus4 ,,vv4 ,leaves usually m ?an an in* long 7#ajg;b4 ,cephalotaxus47 ,,ww4 ,spray decid$ly two-rank$1 fan-l4 7,,yy47 ,,ww4 ,spray bran*+ 9 an irregul> way1 n two-rank$4 7,,xx47 ,,xx4 ,fruit a purpli% b]ry2 b>k %r$dy #ajf4 ,junip]us4 ,,xx4 ,fruit a cone ( ?ick1 po9t$1 n lapp+ scales #ajb4 ,sequoia4 ,,yy4 ,cones elongat$1 ( lapp+ scales #ajc4 ,?uya4 ,,yy4 ,cones globul>1 ( peltate1 valvate scales #ajd4 ,*amcyp>is4 ,,zz4 ,leaves v broad at base1 half clasp+ ! /em & rapidly n>r[$ to an acute tip2 h>dly at all spread+ f ! ?read-l twigs2 fl[]s p9ki%1 9 spike-l clu/]s #f4 ,tam>ix4 ,,zz4 ,leaves m elongat$1 q ev5 9 wid?1 n clasp+ ! /em #aja4 ,taxodium4 ,footnote #a3 ,look on ! elongat$ bran*es = ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves2 !y are too closely clu/]$ on ! %ort side %oots4 ,see page #ah4 ,,class ,i4 ,,angiosp,,rm4 ,plants ) a pi/il consi/+ ( a clos$ ov>y1 :i* conta9s ! ovules & =ms ! fruit4 ,,ord] ,i4 ,,magnoliace4 7,,magnolia ,,family47 ,trees or %rubs1 ma9ly ( tropical regions1 includ+1 9 our section1 ! ?ree foll[+ g5]a3 ,,g5us #a4 ,,magn,,lia4 ,trees & tall %rubs ) alt]nate1 ?ick1 smoo?1 entire leaves ) decidu\s /ipules :i* =m ! bud-scales1 & are atta*$ entirely ar\nd ! /em1 leav+ a ridge1 z 9 ,liriod5dron4 ,fl[]s v l>ge 7#c to #aj 94 9 diamet]71 usually :ite1 solit>y4 ,fruit a l>ge cone f :i* ! se$s1 drupe-l1 usually r$1 hang out on long ?reads dur+ ! autumn4 99 ,bloom+ ) or be=e ! op5+ ( ! leaves4 7,a47 ,a4 ,fl[]s entirely :ite #i1 #aj4 ,a4 ,fl[]s d>k purple #aa4 ,a4 ,fl[]s mix$ purple & :ite4 ,a l>ge numb] ( hybrids f ,*9a & ,japan4 99 ,bloom+ aft] ! leaves exp&4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves ev]gre51 m ?an #h 94 long #a4 ,b4 ,leaves ev]gre51 n #f 94 long #b4 ,b4 ,leaves decidu\s4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves decid$ly auriculate or cordate at ! base4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves v l>ge 7#a to #c ft4 long7 #e4 ,d4 ,leaves small] & mu* clu/]$ at ! tips ( ! fl[]+ bran*es #f4 ,c4 ,leaves n conspicu\sly cordate at base4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves clu/]$ at ! tips ( ! fl[]+ bran*es #g4 ,e4 ,leaves scatt]$ along ! bran*es4 7,f47 ,f4 ,base ( leaf abrupt #c1 #d4 ,f4 ,base ( leaf tap]+4 7,g47 ,g4 ,leaves q l>ge1 ab\t #a ft4 long2 a v erect gr[+ tree #h4 ,g4 ,leaves small]1 m$ium ?ick1 glossy above #b4 m$ium ?9 7#e to #aj 94 long7 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 gr&iflra4 #a4 ,magnlia gr&iflra1 ,l4 7,,l>ge-,,fl[]$ ,,magnolia4 ,,s\!rn ,,ev]gre5 ,,magnolia47 ,leaves ev]gre51 ?ick1 oval-oblong2 upp] surface glossy1 "u surface some:at ru/y4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 #f to #aj 94 wide1 :ite1 fragrant4 ,9 spr+4 ,fruit oval1 #c to #d 94 long1 ripe 9 ,octob]4 ,se$s sc>let4 ,spl5did ev]gre5 tree 7#ej to #hj ft47 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 half h>dy1 & r$uc$ to a %rub 7#aj to #bj ft47 :5 cultivat$ 9 ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 glaca4 #b4 ,magnlia glaca1 ,l4 7,,sweet-,,bay4 ,,swamp-,,magnolia47 ,leaves q ?ick1 oblong-oval1 obtuse1 smoo? & glossy above1 :ite or ru/y pubesc5t b5ea?2 ev]gre5 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,leaf-buds silky4 ,fl[]s globul>1 :ite1 & v fragrant4 ,june to ,augu/4 ,fruit ab\t #a 94 long1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,%rub1 #d to #bj ft4 high1 9 ! swamps ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates f ,massa*usetts s\?w>d4 ,sl5d] tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 :5 cultivat$ 9 good damp soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 acum9ta4 #c4 ,magnlia acum9ta1 ,l4 7,,cucumb]-,,tree47 ,leaves ?91 gre5 above1 pal] b5ea?1 oblong1 usually po9t$ at bo? ends1 #e to #aj 94 long4 ,leaf-buds silky4 ,fl[]s pale yell[i%-gre51 #c 94 wide1 late 9 spr+4 ,fruit irregul>-oblong 7#b to #c 94 long71 rose-color$ :5 ripe1 ) a few h>d1 bony1 black se$s1 coat$ ) r$ pulp1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,l>ge 7#ej to #ij ft47 noble =e/ tree1 wild 9 we/]n ,new ,york & s\?w>d4 ,wood r s(t1 yell[i%-:ite1 q durable1 & ext5sively us$ = pump logs4 ,occasionally cultivat$2 f9e = av5ues4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 cordta4 #d4 ,magnlia cordta1 ,mi*x4 7,,yell[ ,,cucumb]-,,tree47 ,leaves broadly ovate or oval1 r>ely cordate at base1 smoo? above1 :ite-d[ny b5ea?1 #d to #f 94 long4 ,fl[]s lemon-yell[ slightly /reak$ ) r$4 ,june4 ,fruit ne>ly #c 94 long1 r$ :5 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a r small1 broad-head$ tree 7#bj to #ej ft471 wild 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b h>dy z f> nor? z ,bo/on2 n (t5 cultivat$4 ,probably an upl& v>iety ( ! prec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 macrophlla4 #e4 ,magnlia macrophlla1 ,mi*x4 7,,great-,,leav$ ,,magnolia47 ,leaves v l>ge1 sometimes #c ft4 long1 cr[d$ at ! summit ( ! bran*es1 obovate-oblong1 cordate at ! n>r[$ base1 glauc\s-:ite b5ea?1 gre5 above2 twigs :iti% pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s v l>ge 7#ab 94 broad71 :ite ) a purple spot ne> ! base2 fragrant4 ,fruit cyl9drical1 #d 94 long1 deep rose-color$ :5 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a m$ium-siz$ 7#cj to #dj ft471 spread+ tree2 wild f ,k5tucky s\?1 h>dy & cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,frs]i4 #f4 ,magnlia ,frs]i1 ,walt4 7,,e>-,,leav$ ,,umbrella-,,tree47 ,leaves cr[d$ at ! ends ( ! fl[]+ bran*es1 obovate or spatulate1 auriculate at base1 smoo? 7#a ft4 long74 ,leaf-buds smoo?4 ,fl[]s 7#f 94 wide7 :ite1 slightly sc5t$4 ,april to ,may4 ,fruit #c to #d 94 long1 rose-color$1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,m$ium-siz$1 r sl5d] tree 7#cj to #ej ft471 ) s(t yell[i%-:ite wood4 ,virg9ia & s\?w>d4 ,h>dy & ext5sively cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 umbrlla4 #g4 ,magnlia umbrlla1 ,lam4 7,,umbrella ,,tree47 ,leaves clu/]$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es1 obovate-lanceolate1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 #a to #b ft4 long2 d[ny b5ea? :5 "y1 b soon becom+ smoo?4 ,fl[]s :ite1 #f to #h 94 broad4 ,may4 ,fruit oblong1 #d to #f 94 long1 r rose-color$ :5 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a small1 r /raggl+ tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high2 common 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & wild z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,/ate2 cultivat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 hypoleca4 #h4 ,magnlia hypoleca1 ,s4 ,z4 7,,japan ,,magnolia47 ,leaves l>ge 7#a ft4 long71 some:at purple-t9t$ above1 :ite & glauc\s b5ea?4 ,midrib & leaf/alk (t5 r$4 ,fl[]s cream-:ite1 fragrant1 appe>+ aft] ! leaves 9 ,june4 ,twigs /\t & poli%$4 ,a m$ium-siz$1 v erectly gr[+ tree2 f ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 conspcua4 #i4 ,magnlia conspcua1 ,salisb4 7,,yulan ,,or ,,*9ese ,,:ite ,,magnolia47 ,leaves decidu\s1 obovate1 abruptly acum9ate1 pubesc5t :5 "y4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7#d 9471 cream-:ite1 v fragrant1 appe>+ v e>ly 7,may71 be=e any ( ! leaves4 ,fruit r>ely =m$1 ) few 7#a to #c1 r>ely m7 se$s to a cone4 ,b>k d>k br[n on ! "y bran*es2 t]m9al w9t] buds ov] 94 long4 ,small tree 7#aj to #cj ft47 ) spread+ habit & /\t bran*es2 v ext5sively cultivat$ = its abundant e>ly bloom2 f ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,kbus4 #aj4 ,magnlia ,kbus4 7,,?urb]',s ,,japan ,,magnolia47 ,leaves simil> to ! prec$+1 b small]4 ,fl[]s also simil>1 b pure :ite4 ,fruit abundantly =m$1 ) sev]al 7#b to #ab7 se$s to ! cone4 ,b>k gre5 on ! "y gr[?2 t]m9al w9t]-buds "u 94 long4 ,small tree 7#ae to #dj ft47 ) erect habit & sl5d] bran*es4 ,a beautiful tree ( rec5t introduction f ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 purprea4 #aa4 ,magnlia purprea1 ,sims4 7,,purple ,,japan ,,magnolia47 ,leaves obovate1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 d>k gre54 ,fl[]s erect1 ( #c sepals & #f obovate1 purple petals2 bloom+ ab\t z ! leaves exp&4 ,a l[ tree1 or usually m]ely a %rub1 f ,japan2 (t5 cultivat$4 ,besides ! ,magnolias "h giv51 !re are q a numb] ( v>ieties & hybrids 9 cultivation1 f ,*9a & ,japan1 mo/ ( !m bloom+ be=e ! leaves exp& 9 spr+4 ,,g5us #b4 ,,liriod,,ndron4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 decidu\s1 smoo?1 /ipulate1 #d-lob$ leaves1 ! /ipules l>ge1 atta*$ entirely ar\nd ! /em1 & leav+ a ridge :5 !y drop (f1 z 9 ! g5us ,magnolia4 ,fl[]s tulip-%ap$1 l>ge 7#c 9471 gre5i%-yell[4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit a po9t$ cone1 #c 94 long1 hang+ on ! tree till autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 tulipf]a4 ,liriodndron tulipf]a1 ,l4 7,,tulip-,,tree47 ,leaves l>ge1 smoo? on bo? sides1 some:at #c-lob$1 ! end "o seem+ly cut (f1 leav+ a %all[ not*2 /ipules light-color$1 l>ge1 oblong1 atta*$ all ar\nd ! /em1 (t5 rema9+ on ?r\gh half ! season4 ,a v l>ge 7#hj to #aej ft4 high71 beautiful1 rapidly gr[+ tree1 ) s(t1 /raight-gra9$1 gre5i% wood1 ( great use = inside "w4 ,s\!rn ,new ,engl& & s\?w>d4 ,especially abundant & l>ge 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,also cultivat$4 ,,g5us #c4 ,,c]cidiph,,llum4 ,%rubs or trees ) opposite1 r>ely subalt]nate1 simple1 decidu\s leaves4 ,fruit %ort-/emm$1 ) div]g5t pods1 #b-d 9 numb]1 splitt+ op5 on ! out] edges2 ea* "o-cell$1 ) "o r[ ( lapp+1 p5dul\s se$s ) membran\s w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,japnicum4 ,c]cidiphllum ,japnicum4 7,,katsura-,,tree47 ,leaves broadly he>t-%ap$1 palmately ve9$ ) #e-g ribs1 & ) an app>5tly entire m>g91 d>k gre5 above1 some:at glauc\s b5ea?4 ,"u a magnify+ glass ! m>g9 w be f\nd to h pellucid cr5ulations4 ,leaf/alk d>k r$ & jo9t$ above ! base1 ! ve9s some:at r$-t9t$4 ,a beautiful1 upright tree ) bir*-l1 dott$1 br[n b>k2 ( rec5t introduction f ,japan1 & probably completely h>dy ?r\gh\t ! region4 ,,ord] ,,ii4 ,,bix,,ne4 ,a r small ord] ( mo/ly tropical trees or %rubs1 ) alt]nate1 simple leaves4 ,,g5us #d4 ,,id,,sia4 ,l>ge trees ) t]m9al & axill>y panicles ( v small fl[]s & b]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 polycrpa4 ,idsia polycrpa1 ,hook4 ,leaves l>ge1 he>t-%ap$1 s]rate1 palmately ve9$ ) #e ribs2 leaf/alk v long1 r$1 ) two gl&s ne> ! base2 twigs also gl&ul>2 b]ries v small 7 in*71 ) _m se$s4 ,a l>ge tree rec5tly introduc$ f ,japan1 :i* may prove h>dy f ,p5nsylvania s\?1 b is kill$ by ! climate ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,ord] ,,iii4 ,,anon,,ce4 7,,cu/>d-,,apple ,,family47 ,an ord] ( tropical trees & %rubs except ! foll[+ g5us3 ,,g5us #e4 ,,z,,m9a4 ,small trees or %rubs ) simple1 decidu\s1 alt]nate1 entire1 p9nately-ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 dull purpli%1 solit>y 9 ! axils ( la/ ye>'s leaves4 ,fruit a l>ge1 oblong1 sev]al-se$$1 pulpy b]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 trloba4 ,zm9a trloba1 ,dunal4 7,,common ,,papaw47 ,leaves l>ge 7#h to #ab 94 long71 oblong-obovate1 acum9ate1 ?91 lapp+ ov] ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] z to give ! plant a peculi> imbricat$ appe>ance4 ,fl[]s #a 94 broad1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves4 ,fruit #c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 yell[i%1 fragrant1 ab\t #h-se$$1 ripe 9 ! autumn4 ,small 7#aj to #bj ft4 high71 beautiful tree ) d>k-br[n twigs4 ,all p>ts h a rank1 fetid smell4 ,wild 9 ,new ,york & s\?w>d along /reams2 cultivat$4 ,,ord] ,,iv4 ,,tam>isc,,ne4 ,a small ord]1 consi/+ mo/ly ( %rubs 7f ! ,old ,_w7 ) m9ute leaves4 ,,g5us #f4 ,t,,m>ix4 ,leaves simple1 v small1 alt]nate1 clasp+2 old ones almo/ transp>5t at ! apex4 ,fl[]s 9 spike-l panicles1 small1 r$1 or p9k1 r>ely :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,gllica4 ,tm>ix ,gllica1 ,l4 7,,fr5* ,,tam>isk47 ,leaves v small1 acute2 spray v sl5d]1 abundant4 ,a sub-ev]gre5 %rub or small tree1 #e to #bj ft4 high2 ) v small p9ki% fl[]s1 9 spike-l clu/]s1 bloom+ f ,may to ,octob]4 ,a v beautiful & /range-look+ plant1 :i*1 r %elt]$ by o!r trees1 c be successfully gr[n ?r\gh\t4 ,,ord] ,v4 ,,t]n/roemi,,ce4 7,,tea ,,or ,,camellia ,,family47 ,an ord] ( %[y-fl[]$ trees & %rubs ( tropical & subtropical regions1 "h repres5t$ by ! foll[+ g5]a3 ,,g5us #g4 ,,/u,,rtia4 ,%rubs or l[ trees ) alt]nate1 simple1 ex/ipulate1 ovate1 s]rulate leaves1 s(t d[ny b5ea?4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7#b 9471 :ite to cream-color1 solit>y & ne>ly sessile 9 ! axils ( ! leaves2 bloom+ 9 e>ly summ]4 ,fruit a #e-;cell$ capsule ) few se$s2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 p5tgyna4 #a4 ,/urtia p5tgyna1 ,l',h]4 7,,/u>tia47 ,leaves ?ick1 ovate1 acum9ate1 acute at base1 obscurely mucronate1 s]rate1 f9ely pubesc5t1 #c to #d 94 long1 "o half z wide4 ,fl[]s :iti% cream-color$1 "o petal mu* ! smalle/2 /am5s ( ! same color4 ,pod #e-;angl$4 ,h&some %rub or small tree 7#aj to #ae ft471 wild s\? 9 ! m\nta9s1 & h>dy & cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city )\t protection4 ,9 ,massa*usetts x ne$s "s %elt]$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,virgnica4 #b4 ,/urtia ,virgnica1 ,cav4 7,,virg9ia ,,/u>tia47 ,leaves elliptic-ovate1 acum9ate at bo? ends1 #b 94 long1 #a 94 wide1 ?91 s]rate1 silky pubesc5t b5ea?4 ,fl[]s :ite ) purple filam5ts & blue an!rs4 ,pod globul> & blunt2 ripe 9 ,octob]4 ,a beautiful %rub r ?an tree 7#h to #ab ft471 wild 9 ,virg9ia & s\?2 h>dy z f> nor? z ,wa%+ton4 ,,g5us #h4 ,,gord,,nia4 ,%rubs or small trees ) alt]nate1 simple1 fea!r-ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7#c to #d 94 wide71 :ite1 %[y1 solit>y 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,bloom+ 9 summ]4 ,fruit a dry1 dehisc5t1 conical-po9t$1 #e-;cell$ capsule ) #aj to #cj se$s1 ripe 9 ! autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,lasin?us4 #a4 ,gordnia ,lasin?us1 ,l4 7,,loblolly ,,bay47 ,leaves ?ick1 ev]gre51 lanceolate-oblong1 m9utely s]rate1 ne>ly sessile1 smoo? & %9+ on bo? sides4 ,! l>ge1 solit>y1 sweet-sc5t$1 axill>y fl[]s on p$uncles half z long z ! leaves4 ,a l>ge tree 7#cj to #gj ft4 high7 9 ! s\? 7wild 9 s\!rn ,virg9ia71 & cultivat$ z f> nor? z c5tral ,p5nsylvania1 )\t protection2 at ,/4 ,l\is & ,bo/on x ne$s protection4 ,wood ( a r$di% color1 light & brittle4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 pubsc5s4 #b4 ,gordnia pubsc5s1 ,l',h]4 ,leaves ?91 decidu\s1 obovate-oblong1 %>ply s]rate1 :ite b5ea?4 ,fl[]s ne>ly sessile4 ,a small tree or %rub ( ! s\? 7#cj ft4 high 9 ,georgia71 h>dy1 & r>ely cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,philadelphia1 or /ill f>!r nor? if slightly %elt]$4 ,,ord] ,,vi4 ,,malv,,ce4 7,,mall[ ,,family47 ,a l>ge family1 ma9ly ( h]bs1 f\nd 9 tropical & temp]ate regions4 ,"o cultivat$ species1 almo/ a tree1 is includ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,,g5us #i4 ,,hib,,scus4 ,h]bs or %rubs2 "o sometimes tree-l1 ) simple1 decidu\s1 alt]nate1 /ipulate1 usually lob$ leaves4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 %[y1 #e-p>t$ 7,hollyhock-%ap$71 9 late summ]4 ,fruit a #e-;cell$1 _m-se$$ pod1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,syracus4 ,hibscus ,syracus1 ,l4 7,,tree ,,hibiscus47 ,! only woody & sometimes tree-l species2 has ovate1 w$ge-%ap$1 #c-lob$1 too!d leaves1 & l>ge 7#c 947 :ite1 purple1 r$1 or v>iegat$ fl[]s4 ,usually a %rub1 #f to #ae ft4 high1 (t5 cultivat$ ?r\gh\t2 introduc$ f ,syria4 ,,ord] ,,vii4 ,,/]culi,,ce4 ,trees or %rubs 7a few are h]bs71 ) alt]nate leaves1 & ! /am5s unit$ into a tube4 ,a l>ge ord] ( tropical plants4 ,,g5us #aj4 ,,/]c,,lia4 ,leaves alt]nate1 simple1 usually lob$1 ov>ies m or less divid$ into #e c>pels1 ea* #b- to _m-lob$2 fruit :5 ripe =m+ a /> ( #e di/9ct pods4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 plataniflia4 ,/]clia plataniflia1 ,l4 7,,*9ese ,,p>asol47 ,leaves l>ge1 decidu\s1 alt]nate1 palmately #c- to #e-lob$1 deeply he>t-%ap$ at base1 ! m>g9 entire1 ! lobes acute2 smoo? or slightly hairy2 leaf/alk ab\t z long z ! blade4 ,fl[]s gre51 9 axill>y panicles2 fruit />-%ap$4 ,a small1 beautiful tree f ,*9a2 probably n h>dy nor? ( ,wa%+ton4 ,,ord] ,,viii4 ,,tili,,ce4 7,,l9d5 ,,family47 ,an ord]1 ma9ly ( trees1 abundant 9 ! tropics2 "h repres5t$ by a s+le g5us3 ,,g5us #aa4 ,t,,lia4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 decidu\s1 obliquely he>t-%ap$1 s]rate leaves1 ab\t z broad z long4 ,leaves two-rank$ on ! /em4 ,fl[]s small1 cream-color$1 fragrant1 9 clu/]s on a peculi>1 oblong1 leaf-l bract4 ,fruit small 7#a_/h 9471 globul>1 woody1 9 clu/]s f ! same bract4 ,wood :ite & s(t2 inn] b>k v fibr\s & t\gh4 99 ,fl[]s ) petal-l scales among ! /am5s2 ,am]ican species4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves v l>ge1 #f to #h 94 #c4 ,a4 ,leaves m$ium1 #d to #f 94 #a4 ,a4 ,leaves small1 #b to #c 94 #b4 99 ,fl[]s ) no petal-l scales among ! /am5s4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,am]icna4 #a4 ,tlia ,am]icna1 ,l4 7,,basswood4 ,,:itewood4 ,,l9d547 ,leaves l>ge1 #d to #f 94 long1 gre5 & smoo?1 or v ne>ly s1 ?icki%4 ,fruit ovoid1 some:at ribb$1 94 broad1 gre5i% :5 ripe 9 ,octob]1 on a bract :i* is usually tap]+ to ! base4 ,tall tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 wild 9 ri* woods & (t5 cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 pubsc5s4 #b4 ,tlia pubsc5s1 ,ait4 7,,small-,,leav$ ,,basswood47 ,leaves small]1 #b to #c 94 long1 ?9n] & r pubesc5t b5ea?4 ,fruit globose1 #a_/e 94 broad1 on a bract usually q r\nd$ at base4 ,?is is usually consid]$ z a v>iety ( ! la/-nam$ species4 ,x is f\nd f ,new ,york s\? & we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 het]ophlla4 #c4 ,tlia het]ophlla1 ,v5t4 7,,:ite ,,basswood47 ,leaves l>ge1 (t5 #h 94 broad1 smoo? & bright gre5 above1 silv]y :ite & d[ny b5ea?1 ) d>k]1 purpli% ve9s4 ,a l>ge tree2 wild 9 ,p5nsylvania1 we/ & s\?1 & (t5 cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,europa4 #d4 ,tlia ,europa1 ,mill4 7,,european ,,l9d547 ,leaves twice z long z ! petioles1 & smoo? except a woolly tuft 9 ! axils ( ! ve9s b5ea?4 ,small & l>ge leav$ v>ieties are 9 cultivation4 ,! fl[]s h no petal-l scales among ! /am5s1 :ile ! ,am]ican species h4 ,an ornam5tal tree ) d5se foliage2 (t5 cultivat$ f ,europe4 ,! twigs are m num]\s & m sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! ,am]ican species4 ,ne>ly a score ( nam$ v>ieties are 9 cultivation4 ,v>4 lac9iata has deeply cut & twi/$ leaves4 ,,ord] ,,ix4 ,,rut,,ce4 7,,rue ,,family47 ,%rubs & trees1 r>ely h]bs1 9 mo/ cases ) transp>5t-dott$1 heavy-sc5t$ foliage4 ,a r l>ge ord] 9 w>m climates4 ,,g5us #ab4 ,,xan?,,xylum4 ,%rubs or trees ) mo/ly odd-p9nate1 alt]nate leaves4 ,! /em & (t5 ! leaflets prickly2 fl[]s small1 gre5i% or :iti%2 fruit dry1 ?ick pods1 ) #a to #b se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,x4 ,am]icnum4 #a4 ,xan?xylum ,am]icnum1 ,mill4 7,,nor!rn ,,prickly-,,a%4 ,,too?a*e-,,tree47 ,leaves & fl[]s 9 sessile1 axill>y1 umbellate clu/]s2 leaflets #e to #i1 ovate-oblong1 d[ny :5 "y4 ,fl[]s appe> be=e ! leaves4 ,%rub1 sc>cely at all tree-l1 ) b>k1 leaves1 & pods v pung5t & aromatic4 ,common nor?1 & sometimes cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,x4 ,clva ,hrcules4 #b4 ,xan?xylum ,clva ,hrcules1 ,l4 7,,s\!rn ,,prickly-,,a%47 ,leaflets #g to #ag1 ovate to ovate-oblong1 oblique at base1 %9+ above4 ,fl[]s appe> aft] ! leaves4 ,a small tree ) v %>p prickles4 ,s&y coa/ ( ,virg9ia & s\?w>d2 occasionally cultivat$ 9 ! nor?4 ,,g5us #ac4 ,,pt,,lea4 ,%rub ) comp\nd leaves ( ?ree leaflets1 gre5i%-:ite fl[]s 9 t]m9al cymes1 & #b-se$$ fruit ) a broad-w+$ m>g91 some:at l ! ,elm1 only l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 trifolita4 ,ptlea trifolita1 ,l4 7,,hop-,,tree4 ,,%rubby ,,trefoil47 ,leaflets ovate1 po9t$1 d[ny :5 "y4 ,fl[]s ) a disagreeable odor2 fruit bitt]1 some:at l hops4 ,a tall %rub1 (t51 :5 cultivat$1 trimm$ into a tree-l =m4 ,wild1 9 rocky places1 9 s\!rn ,new ,york & s\?w>d4 ,,g5us #ad4 ,,phellod,,ndron4 ,leaves opposite1 odd-p9nate4 ,fl[]s dioeci\s2 s only a portion ( ! trees be> ! small1 odorif]\s1 #e-se$$1 drupe-l fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,amurnse4 ,phellodndron ,amurnse4 7,,*9ese ,,cork-,,tree47 ,leaves opposite1 odd-p9nate1 #a to #c ft4 long2 leaflets #i to _m1 lanceolate1 %>ply s]rate1 long-acum9ate4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 dioeci\s1 9 loose-spread+ clu/]s at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,! pi/illate fl[]s =m small1 black1 pea-%ap$ fruit1 9 loose1 grape-l clu/]s1 ?ickly cov]$ ) gl&s conta9+ a bitt]1 aromatic oil1 & rema9+ on ! tree 9 w9t]4 ,m$ium-siz$ tree 7#bj to #dj ft471 ) ,ailan?us-l leaves :i* turn bright r$ 9 autumn1 & rema9 long on ! tree4 ,h>dy z f> nor? z c5tral ,massa*usetts4 ,,ord] ,x4 ,,meli,,ce4 7,,melia ,,family47 ,tropical trees1 includ+ ! ,mahogany2 repres5t$ 9 ! s\? by ! foll[+3 ,,g5us #ae4 ,m,,lia4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 bip9nate leaves4 ,! fl[]s are conspicu\s & beautiful1 9 l>ge panicles1 9 ! spr+4 ,fruit 9 l>ge clu/]s ( b]ry-l drupes1 ) a #e-;cell$ /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,azd>a*4 ,mlia ,azd>a*1 ,l4 7,,*9a-,,tree4 ,,pride ,,( ,,india47 ,leaves v l>ge1 d\bly p9nate1 ) _m obliquely lance-ovate1 acum9ate1 smoo?1 s]rate leaflets4 ,fl[]s small1 lilac-color$1 delici\sly fragrant1 9 l>ge axill>y clu/]s4 ,fruit globul>1 z l>ge z *]ries1 yell[ :5 ripe 9 autumn2 hang+ on ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,a r small 7#bj to #dj ft4 high71 rapidly gr[+1 r\nd-head$1 popul> %ade-tree 9 ! s\?1 & h>dy z f> nor? z ,virg9ia4 ,introduc$ f ,p]sia4 ,,g5us #af4 ,,c$r,,la4 ,leaves l>ge1 alt]nate1 decidu\s1 odd-p9nate4 ,fl[]s ) sep>ate petals1 fragrant1 :ite1 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,fruit #e-;cell$ dehisc5t pods1 ) _m p5dul\s1 w+$ se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,s9nsis4 ,c$rla ,s9nsis4 7,,*9ese ,,c$rela47 ,leaves l>ge1 odd-p9nate1 alt]nate1 appe>+ mu* l ^? ( ! ,ailan?us1 b ) slight s]rations ne> ! tips ( ! leaflets1 & no gl&s ne> ! base4 ,bruis$ leaves ) a /rong odor2 foot/alk & /\t-tipp$ bran*es ) gl&s4 ,l>ge tree1 seem+ly h>dy 9 ,new ,j]sey1 b dies to ! gr\nd 9 w9t] 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,rec5tly introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,,ord] ,,xi4 ,,sim>ub,,ce4 7,,quassia ,,family47 ,ea/]n trees & %rubs1 "h repres5t$ by a s+le tree3 ,,g5us #ag4 ,,ail,,n?us4 ,l>ge trees to %rubs1 ) alt]nate1 odd-p9nate leaves4 ,fl[]s small1 gre5i%1 9 l>ge t]m9al panicles4 ,fruit broadly w+$1 l ! ,a%1 b ) ! se$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 gl&ulsus4 ,ailn?us gl&ulsus1 ,desf4 7,,tree ,,( ,,heav547 ,leaves v l>ge1 #b to #e ft4 long on ! y\ng] gr[?s2 leaflets obliquely lanceolate1 co>sely too!d at ! base1 ) a gl& on ! l[] side at ! po9t ( ea* too?2 po9t ( leaflets entire4 ,"y twigs ?ick1 ru/y br[n2 buds v small 9 ! axils4 ,only "s ( ! trees h fruit1 z "s h only /am9ate fl[]s4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s are v ill-sc5t$4 ,a rapid-gr[+ tree1 ) useful h>d wood2 cultivat$ & naturaliz$2 h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,see page #aj4 ,,ord] ,,xii4 ,,ilic,,ne4 7,,holly ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( trees & %rubs1 includ+ = our purpose only "o g5us3 ,,g5us #ah4 ,,lex4 ,trees or %rubs ) simple1 alt]nate1 ?ick1 mo/ly ev]gre5 leaves4 ,fl[]s r inconspicu\s1 mo/ly 9 clu/]s4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 small 7 to 9471 ) #d to #f nutlets2 hang+ on ! plants late 9 ! autumn or ?r\gh ! w9t]4 99 ,leaves ev]gre54 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves ) sp9y tee? #a4 ,a4 ,no sp9y tee? #b4 99 ,leaves decidu\s #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 opca4 #a4 lex opca1 ,ait4 7,,am]ican ,,holly47 ,leaves ev]gre51 oval1 acute1 ?ick1 smoo?1 ) scatt]$ sp9y tee?4 ,fl[]s :ite2 ,may4 ,! bright-r$ b]ries1 f\nd only on "s ( ! trees1 rema9 on ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! w9t]4 ,small tree1 #ae to #dj ft4 high1 ) v h>d :ite wood2 wild 9 s\!rn ,new ,engl& & s\?w>d4 ,a beautiful broad-leav$1 ev]gre5 tree :i* %\ld be m ext5sively cultivat$4 ,nor? ( latitude #da x ne$s a protect$ situation4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,dahon4 #b4 lex ,dahon1 ,walt4 7,,dahoon ,,holly47 ,leaves #b to #c 94 long1 ev]gre51 oblanceolate or oblong1 entire or %>ply s]rate t[>d ! apex1 ) revolute m>g9s1 n sp9y4 ,"y bran*es & l[] surface ( ! leaves1 especially on ! midrib1 pubesc5t4 ,small tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high2 ,virg9ia & s\?1 ) v h>d1 :ite1 close-gra9$ wood4 ,r>ely cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 montcola4 #c4 lex montcola1 ,gray4 ,leaves decidu\s1 ovate to lance-oblong1 #c to #e 94 long1 tap]-po9t$1 ?91 smoo?1 %>ply s]rate4 ,fruit r$1 on %ort /ems1 ) ! se$s _m-ribb$ on ! back4 ,usually a %rub b sometimes tree-l2 damp woods 9 ! ,catskills & 9 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,,ord] ,,xiii4 ,,cela/r,,ce4 ,%rubs ) simple leaves & small1 regul> fl[]s1 =m+ a fruit ) aril$ se$s4 ,,g5us #ai4 ,,eu,,nymus4 ,%rubs some:at tree-l1 ) #d-sid$ bran*lets1 opposite1 s]rate leaves1 & loose cymes ( angul> fruit :i* bur/s op5 9 ! autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 atropurpreus4 #a4 ,eunymus atropurpreus1 ,jacq4 7,,burn+-,,bu%4 ,,wahoo47 ,leaves petiol$1 oval-oblong1 po9t$2 p>ts ( ! d>k-purple fl[]s commonly 9 f\rs2 pods smoo?1 deeply lob$1 :5 ripe1 c9namon 9 color & v ornam5tal4 ,tall %rub1 #f to #bj ft4 high2 wild 9 ,wiscons9 to ,new ,york1 & s\?w>d2 (t5 cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,europu4 #b4 ,eunymus ,europu1 ,l4 7,,european ,,sp9dle-,,tree ,,or ,,burn+-,,bu%47 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 s]rate1 smoo?2 fl[]s & fruit commonly 9 ?rees on compress$ /ems2 fruit usually #d-lob$1 ! lobes acute2 fl[]s gre5i%-:ite2 ,may2 fruit abundant1 sc>let1 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,g5]ally a %rub1 ?\gh sometimes tall en\gh 7#d to #bj ft47 & trimm$ s z to appe> tree-l2 twigs smoo?1 gre5 or r$di%-gre54 ,ext5sively cultivat$2 f ,europe4 ,,ord] ,,xiv4 ,,rhamn,,ce4 7,,buck?orn ,,family47 ,an ord] ma9ly ( %rubs1 b includ+ 9 ! nor?-ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates two or ?ree small trees4 ,,g5us #bj4 ,,rh,,mnus4 ,%rubs or small trees ) decidu\s 7r>ely ev]gre571 usually alt]nate 7r>ely opposite71 p9nately ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s small1 #d-p>t$1 inconspicu\s1 9 clu/]s 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 ) #b to #d se$-l nuts4 99 ,bran*es t]m9at+ 9 ?orns #a4 99 ,plant )\t ?orns4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves decidu\s #b4 ,a4 ,leaves ev]gre5 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ca?rtica4 #a4 ,rhmnus ca?rtica1 ,l4 7,,common ,,buck?orn47 ,leaves ovate1 m9utely s]rate1 alt]nate or _m ( !m opposite2 bran*lets t]m9at+ 9 ?orns4 ,fl[]s gre5i%4 ,fruit globul>1 #a_/c 94 9 diamet]1 black ) a gre5 juice1 & #c or #d se$s2 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,a %rub or small tree1 #aj to #ae ft4 high1 f ,europe2 cultivat$ = h$ges1 & f\nd wild 9 a few places1 :]e x =ms a small tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,c>ol9ina4 #b4 ,rhmnus ,c>ol9ina1 ,walt4 7,,c>ol9a ,,buck?orn47 ,leaves #c to #e 94 long1 alt]nate1 oblong1 wavy & obscurely s]rulate1 ne>ly smoo?1 on sl5d] pubesc5t petioles4 ,fl[]s gre5i%1 #e-p>t$1 solit>y or 9 umbellate clu/]s 9 ! axils4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 globul>1 ! size ( peas1 #c-se$$1 black :5 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,a ?ornless %rub or small tree1 #e to #bj ft4 high4 ,new ,j]sey1 s\? & we/4 ,usually a %rub except 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,califrnicus4 #c4 ,rhmnus ,califrnicus1 ,es*4 7,,cali=nia ,,buck?orn47 ,leaves ev]gre51 oval-oblong to elliptical1 #a to #d 94 long1 r obtuse1 sometimes acute1 g5]ally r\nd$ at base1 s]rulate or entire4 ,fruit blacki% purple1 ) ?9 pulp1 941 #b- to #c-se$$4 ,a spread+ %rub1 #e to #ah ft4 high1 )\t ?orns2 f ,cali=nia4 ,,g5us #ba4 ,,hov,,nia4 ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1 simple1 oblique at base4 ,fruit an obscurely #c-lob$1 #c-;cell$1 #c-se$$ pod 9 di*otom\s clu/]s1 bo? axill>y & t]m9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 dlcis ,hovnia dlcis1 ,?unb4 ,leaves long-petiol$1 m or less ovate to cordate1 s]rate1 palmately #c-ribb$1 mu* d>k] on ! upp] surface2 bo? sides slightly r\gh5$ ) scatt]$ hairs4 ,fruit sweet1 edible1 9 clu/]s 9 ! axils ( ! leaves2 se$s l5s-%ap$1 ) a ridge on ! inn] side4 ,fl[]s :ite2 9 ,july4 ,a l>ge1 broad-topp$ tree1 introduc$ f ,japan4 ,h>dy at ,wa%+ton1 b dies to ! gr\nd 9 ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,massa*usetts4 ,,g5us #bb4 ,z,,zyphus4 ,leaves simple1 alt]nate1 decidu\s1 #c-ribb$4 ,fl[]s axill>y1 #e-petal$4 ,fruit fle%y1 drupe-l1 conta9+ a #a- to #b-;cell$ nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,z4 vulgris4 ,zzyphus vulgris1 ,lam4 7,,jujube47 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate1 obtuse1 s]rate1 smoo?1 & glossy gre5 on bo? sides1 upp] side q d>k2 slightly hairy b5ea? on ! ve9s2 prickles tw91 "o recurv$1 sometimes none4 ,new gr[? ( ! ye> gre51 & resembl+ a once-p9nate comp\nd leaf & usually dropp+ (f 9 ! autumn l "o4 ,leaves #aj to #bj on a twig1 #b-rank$2 fl[]s & drupes ne>ly sessile 9 ! axils2 fruit small 7 9471 blood-r$ :5 ripe4 ,a small tree 7#aj to #cj ft4 high71 ( rec5t introduction f ,syria2 h>dy at ,philadelphia1 b ne$+ "s protection at ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,massa*usetts4 ,,ord] ,,xv4 ,,sap9d,,ce4 7,,soapb]ry ,,family47 ,a l>ge ord] repres5t$ 9 all c\ntries1 & s v>i$ 9 its *>act]i/ics z to =m sev]al sub-ord]s4 ,,g5us #bc4 ,,sculus4 ,decidu\s trees or sometimes %rubs1 ) opposite1 palmately comp\nd leaves ) s]rat$1 /raight-ve9$ leaflets4 ,fl[]s usually conspicu\s 9 d5se t]m9al panicles4 ,fruit l>ge1 lea!ry-coat$1 (t5 r\gh1 ) "o or few l>ge ,*e/nut-l b bitt] se$s4 ,fruit l>ge 9 midsumm]1 hang+ on ! tree until fro/4 99 ,fruit prickly4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaflets usually #g2 fl[]s widely spread+ #a4 ,a4 ,leaflets #e-g1 r$-spott$ & r\gh2 fl[]s rosy r$ sculus rubicunda 7#a74 ,a4 ,leaflets usually #e2 fl[]s n mu* spread+ #b4 99 ,fruit smoo? or ne>ly s4 7,b47 ,b4 ,fl[]s bright r$ #c4 ,b4 ,fl[]s yell[1 purpli% or p9ki% #d4 ,b4 ,fl[]s :ite1 9 long1 sl5d]1 erect clu/]s #e4 ,illu/ration3 4 ,hippoc/anum4 #a4 sculus ,hippoc/anum4 7,,common ,,horse-,,*e/nut47 ,leaves ( #g obovate1 abruptly po9t$1 s]rat$ leaflets4 ,fl[]s v %[y 9 l>ge clu/]s1 ) #e :ite1 purple & yell[ spott$1 broadly spread+ petals4 ,a v>iety ) d\ble fl[]s is 9 cultivation4 ,may or ,june4 ,fruit l>ge1 cov]$ ) prickles4 ,se$s l>ge1 *e/nut-color$4 ,tree ( l>ge size1 ) br[n twigs2 cultivat$ ev]y:]e2 f ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 4 rubicnda4 sculus rubicunda 7,r$-fl[]+ ,horse-*e/nut7 is frequ5t 9 cultivation2 leaflets #e to #g1 r$-spott$ & r\gh2 fl[]s rosy r$4 ,x is probably a hybrid betwe5 ! common ,horse-*e/nut & "o ( ! ,buckeyes4 ,illu/ration3 glbra4 #b4 sculus glbra1 ,willd4 7,,ohio ,,buckeye47 ,leaves ) #e oval-oblong1 acum9ate1 s]rate1 smoo? leaflets4 ,fl[]s n %[y1 yell[i%-:ite1 ) #d some:at irregul>1 slightly spread+ petals4 ,june4 ,fruit small1 #a 94 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) prickles1 at lea/ :5 "y2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,small to l>ge tree1 wild 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 along riv]-banks4 ,sometimes cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 4 ,pvia4 #c4 sculus ,pvia1 ,l4 7,,r$ ,,buckeye47 ,leaves ( #e to #g oblong-lanceolate1 f9ely s]rate1 g5]ally smoo? leaflets1 ( a %9+ gre5 color1 ) purple ve9s & petioles4 ,fl[]s 7corolla & calyx7 bright r$1 ) includ$ /am5s2 corolla ( #d petals1 n spread+2 calyx tubul>4 ,fruit smoo?1 oblong-obovate1 #a 94 long4 ,small tree or %rub1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 ) purple twigs4 ,virg9ia we/ & s\?1 & occasionally cultivat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 4 flva4 #d4 sculus flva1 ,ait4 7,,sweet ,,buckeye47 ,leaves ) #e to #g s]rulate1 elliptical1 acum9ate leaflets1 usually smoo?1 sometimes m9utely pubesc5t b5ea?2 ! pubesc5t petiole flatti% t[>d ! base4 ,fl[]s yell[1 n spread+4 ,spr+4 ,fruit globose1 unev5 b n prickly1 #b 94 9 diamet]4 ,se$s l>ge 7#a 9471 #a or #b 9 numb]1 mahogany-color$2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,(t5 a l>ge tree1 sometimes only a %rub1 #f to #gj ft4 high1 9 ri* woods2 ,virg9ia to ,indiana1 & s\?w>d4 ,cultivat$ occasionally ?r\gh\t4 ,v>4 purpurasc5s ( ?is species has fle%-color$ or dull-purple fl[]s1 & leaflets q d[ny b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 4 macro/*ya4 #e4 sculus macro/*ya1 ,mx4 7,,long-,,racem$ ,,buckeye47 ,leaflets #e to #g1 ovate1 acum9ate1 s]rate1 velvety ) hairs b5ea?4 ,fl[]s :ite1 9 long1 sl5d]1 erect clu/]s2 ,july2 petals #d1 spread+2 /am5s v long4 ,a beautiful1 widely spread+ %rub4 #e to #ah ft4 high2 f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 (t5 cultivat$4 ,probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,,g5us #bd4 ,,koelreut,,ria4 ,a small tree ) alt]nate1 once to twice irregul>ly p9nate leaves ) _m co>sely too!d leaflets4 ,fl[]s conspicu\s1 yell[1 9 t]m9al panicles4 ,9 summ]4 ,fruit r\nd$1 bladd]y1 #c-;cell$1 few-se$$ pods2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,k4 paniculta4 ,koelreutria paniculta1 ,laxm4 ,leaflets ?9 & v irregul>ly too!d4 ,clu/]s #f to #ab 94 long1 ( _m irregul> fl[]s1 94 wide2 ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,fruit an ovate1 bladd]y capsule1 rip5+ 9 autumn4 ,a f9e1 small1 r\nd-head$ tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high2 f ,*9a4 ,probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,,g5us #be4 ,,c]4 ,trees1 or r>ely %rubs1 ) simple1 opposite1 & almo/ always palmately lob$ leaves1 :i*1 9 our species1 are always decidu\s4 ,fl[]s small & usually dull-color$1 9 clu/]s4 ,fruit d\ble-w+$ & #b-se$$1 9 "s species hang+ on ! tree till ! leaves h fall52 9 o!rs dropp+ (f e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,! species diff] mu* 9 ! spread+ ( ! w+s ( ! fruit4 ,wood light-color$ & m$ium h>d2 b>k r smoo?i%1 b 9 l>ge trees ) longitud9al cracks4 99 ,leaves slightly or n lob$ #ac4 99 ,leaves ab\t #c-lob$ 7r>ely #e-lob$72 %rubs or small trees4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves s]rate #a1 #b4 ,a4 ,leaves some:at s9uate1 n at all s]rate2 juice milky4 #aj4 99 ,leaves #e-1 r>ely #c-lob$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,! lobes acute1 irregul>ly b q fully s]rate2 juice n milky4 7,c47 ,c4 ,! fruit 9 corymbs1 dropp+ e>ly2 ,am]ican species4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaf-not*es some:at r\nd$2 tree l>ge2 limbs droop+ on old trees #c4 ,d4 ,leaf-not*es acute2 tree small #d4 ,c4 ,fruit 9 hang+ racemes1 rema9+ on ! tree till autumn2 leaves ?icki% #e4 ,b4 ,! lobes acute2 sp>+ly or n at all s]rate4 7,e47 ,e4 ,juice n milky #f4 ,e4 ,juice milky at ! bases ( ! leaves #h1 #i4 ,b4 ,! lobes obtuse & s9uate #aj4 99 ,leaves #e- to #g-lob$4 7,f47 ,f4 ,lobes fully s]rate #aa4 ,f4 ,lobes sp>+ly s]rate4 7,g47 ,g4 ,juice milky #h1 #i4 ,g4 ,juice n milky2 leaves #h to #aj 94 broad #g4 ,f4 ,lobes some:at s9uate1 n s]rate2 juice milky #aj4 99 ,leaves ) #g or m lobes #aa1 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 4 spictum4 #a4 c] spictum1 ,lam4 7,,m\nta9 ,,maple47 ,leaves ) #c 7r>ely #e7 co>sely s]rat$1 tap]-po9t$ lobes1 ) slightly cordate base2 d[ny b5ea?4 ,fl[]s gre5i%-yell[1 9 erect1 sl5d] racemes or panicles1 bloom+ 9 ,june4 ,w+s ( ! small fruit at ab\t a "r angle4 ,small tree1 #f to #aj ft4 high1 or usually a %rub1 ) br[n twigs4 ,native2 gr[+ 9 moi/ woods2 r>ely cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 4 ,p5nsylvnicum4 #b4 c] ,p5nsylvnicum1 ,l4 7,,/rip$ ,,maple47 ,leaves l>ge1 ?91 #c-lob$ at ! end1 cordate at base1 f9ely & %>ply d\bly s]rate4 ,fl[]s gre5i%1 9 droop+1 elongat$1 loose racemes appe>+ aft] ! leaves 9 spr+4 ,fruit ) l>ge div]g+ w+s4 ,a small1 sl5d] tree1 ) light gre5 b>k /rip$ ) d>k r$4 ,wild ?r\gh\t & cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 4 dasycrpum4 #c4 c] dasycrpum1 ,ehrh4 7,,silv] ,,or ,,:ite ,,maple47 ,leaves l>ge1 truncat$ at base1 #e-lob$1 ) blunt not*es1 ! lobes irregul>ly s]rat$ & not*$1 silv]y :ite1 &1 :5 "y1 d[ny b5ea?4 ,fl[]s light yell[i%-purple1 prec$+ ! leaves1 9 cr[d$ umbels along ! bran*es4 ,w+s ( fruit l>ge & =m+ ab\t a "r angle2 ripe e>ly 9 ,june4 ,a r l>ge1 rapidly gr[+1 & usually some:at weep+ tree1 ) s(t :ite wood4 ,special cut-leav$ & weep+ v>ieties are sold at ! nurs]ies4 ,wild along riv]-banks1 & ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! /reets ( cities4 ,illu/ration3 4 rbrum4 #d4 c] rbrum1 ,l4 7,,r$ ,,maple47 ,leaves cordate at base & cleft into #c to #e acute-not*$1 irregul>ly too!d lobes1 :iti% b5ea?1 turn+ a bright crimson 9 e>ly autumn4 ,fl[]s usually sc>let1 r>ely yell[i%1 9 close clu/]s along ! bran*es1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves 9 ! spr+4 ,fruit (t5 r$di%1 small1 ) ! w+s at ab\t a "r angle4 ,a r small1 some:at spread+ tree ) r$di% bran*es2 wild 9 wet places & (t5 cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 4 ,pseudopltanus4 #e4 c] ,pseudopltanus1 ,l4 7,,sycamore-,,maple47 ,leaves ?icki%1 cordate1 d[ny b5ea?1 ) #e r cr5ately too!d lobes1 on long1 (t5 r$di% petioles4 ,fl[]s 9 long p5dul\s racemes1 appe>+ aft] ! leaves4 ,fruit hang+ on ! tree till aft] ! leaves fall 9 ! autumn1 ! w+s =m+ ab\t a "r angle4 ,a r l>ge1 spread+ tree1 #cj to #hj ft4 high1 ) r$di%-br[n twigs4 ,cultivat$2 f ,europe4 ,_m v>ieties ( ?is species are sold by ! nurs]ym52 among !m may be m5tion$ ! ,purple-leav$1 ,gold5-leav$1 ,silv]-leav$1 ,tricolor$1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 4 sac*>num4 #f4 c] sac*>num1 ,wang4 7,,sug> ,,or ,,rock ,,maple47 ,leaves deeply #c- to #e-lob$1 ) r\nd$ not*es2 lobes acute1 few-too!d2 base he>t-%ap$1 smoo? above1 glauc\s b5ea?4 ,fl[]s hang+ 9 umbel-l clu/]s at ! "t ! leaves are exp&+ 9 ! spr+4 ,fruit ) w+s n q =m+ a "r angle4 ,a l>ge 7#ej to #ajj ft4 high71 v symmetrical tree1 ovate 9 =m1 ) :iti%-br[n twigs4 ,wild ?r\gh\t1 & ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! /reets ( cities4 ,v>4 nigrum1 ,torr4 & ,gray4 7,black ,sug>-maple47 ,leaves sc>cely pal] b5ea?1 b (t5 m9utely d[ny2 lobes wid]1 (t5 %ort] & entire2 not* at ! base (t5 clos$ 7! "u leaf 9 ! figure74 ,f\nd ) ! o!r ,sug>-maple1 & q v>iable4 ,illu/ration3 4 macrophllum4 #g4 c] macrophllum1 ,ph4 7,,l>ge-,,leav$ ,,or ,,cali=nia ,,maple47 ,leaves v l>ge1 #h to #aj 94 broad2 #e-1 sometimes #g-lob$1 ) deep1 r\nd$ not*es2 lobes !mselves some:at #c-lob$ & rep&-not*$2 pubesc5t b5ea?4 ,fl[]s yell[1 9 erect panicles1 fragrant1 bloom+ aft] ! leaves are exp&$4 ,fruit l>ge1 ) ! se$$ portion hairy2 w+s at ab\t a "r angle4 ,tree v l>ge 7#ajj ft4 high72 wood s(t1 :iti%1 beautifully ve9$4 ,twigs br[n2 buds gre54 ,cultivat$2 f ! ,pacific coa/1 b n h>dy nor? ( #dj ,n4 latitude4 ,illu/ration3 4 platanodes4 #h4 c] platanodes1 ,l4 7,,norway ,,maple47 ,leaves l>ge1 smoo?1 #e-1 r>ely #g-;cleft1 ) cordate base2 lobes acute1 ) few co>se1 %>p tee?1 bright gre5 bo? sides4 ,! leaves resemble ^? ( ! ,sycamore 7,platanus74 ,fl[]s a little lat] ?an ! leaves 9 spr+1 9 /alk$ corymbs1 less droop+ ?an ! ,sug>-maple 7,no4 #f74 ,fruit ) w+s div]g+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,a m$ium-siz$1 broad1 r\nd$ tree ) br[n twigs & milky juice1 be/ se5 at ! bases ( ! "y leaves4 ,cultivat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 4 ,ltum4 #i4 c] ,ltum4 7,,col*icum-,,leav$ ,,maple47 ,leaves #e- to #g-lob$1 sc>cely he>t-%ap$ at base1 smoo? & gre5 on bo? sides2 juice milky2 ! lobes usually )\t any not*es or irregul>ities1 sometimes ) ab\t ?ree w9d+ s9uations4 ,fl[]s 9 erect corymbs4 ,diff]s f ,ac] platanoides 9 hav+ ! lobes ( ! leaves m ne>ly entire1 & ! fruit mu* small] ) w+s n s broadly spread+4 ,illu/ration3 4 camp/re4 #aj4 c] camp/re1 ,l4 7,,engli% ,,or ,,cork-,,b>k ,,maple47 ,leaves cordate1 ) usually #e r\ndi% lobes1 sp>+ly cr5ate or r undulat$2 juice milky4 ,racemes ( fl[]s erect1 appe>+ aft] ! leaves 9 spr+4 ,w+s ( ! fruit broadly spread+2 fruit rip5+ v late4 ,a l[ 7#ae to #cj ft4 high71 r\nd-head$ tree1 ) ! twigs & small] bran*es cov]$ ) corky b>k4 ,occasionally cultivat$2 f ,europe4 ,v>4 v>iegatum has :ite blot*$ leaves4 ,illu/ration3 4 palmtum4 #aa4 c] palmtum1 ,?unb4 7,,palmate-,,leav$ ,,japan ,,maple47 ,leaves small1 smoo?1 palmately p>t$ into #e to #i q regul>ly s]rat$ lobes4 ,fl[]s 9 small umbels4 ,a v l[ tree1 almo/ a %rub2 cultivat$2 f ,japan2 probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are a great numb] ( ,japan ,maples1 _m ( !m probably v>ieties ( ?is species1 o!rs hybrids4 ,! leaves ( "s are s divid$ & dissect$ z to =m m]ely a fr+e or fea!r4 ,9 color !y range f pure gre5 to ! ri*e/ r$s4 ,illu/ration3 4 circ9tum4 #ab4 c] circ9tum1 ,pur%4 7,,r\nd-,,leav$ ,,or ,,v9e ,,maple47 ,leaves orbicul>1 ) #g to #aa s]rat$1 acute lobes1 a he>t-%ap$ base1 r$di%-gre5 color1 & bo? surfaces smoo?4 ,corymbs ( purpli% fl[]s1 small & hang+ on long p$uncles2 appe>+ aft] ! leaves4 ,w+s ( ! fruit div]g+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,a small tree or tall %rub1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 ( spread+ habit1 ) smoo? b>k1 & pale br[n twigs2 cultivat$2 f ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 4 ,t>tricum4 #ac4 c] ,t>tricum1 ,l4 7,,t>t>ian ,,maple47 ,leaves ovate1 slightly cordate1 r>ely lob$1 s]rat$1 light-color$1 exp&+ v e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,panicle ( gre5i%-yell[ fl[]s erect1 bloom+ aft] ! leaves h exp&$4 ,w+s ( ! fruit p>allel or sometimes t\*+4 ,a small tree1 sometimes %rubby 9 gr[?1 ( irregul> =m1 ) br[n twigs2 r>ely cultivat$2 f ,europe4 ,,g5us #bf4 ,,neg,,ndo4 ,leaves p9nate1 ( #c to #e leaflets4 ,fl[]s r inconspicu\s4 ,fruit a two-w+$ key z 9 ,ac]1 9 droop+ racemes4 ,illu/ration3 ,n4 ac]odes4 ,negndo ac]odes1 ,mo5*4 7,,a%-,,leav$ ,,maple4 ,,box-,,eld]47 ,leaves p9nate1 ( #c to #e 7r>ely #g7 co>sely & sp>+ly too!d leaflets4 ,fl[]s /am9ate & pi/illate on sep>ate trees1 9 droop+ clu/]s r e>li] ?an ! leaves4 ,fruit on only a portion ( ! trees2 w+s =m+ less ?an a "r angle4 ,a r small 7#cj to #fj ft4 high71 rapidly gr[+ tree1 ) light pea-gre5 twigs2 wild f ,p5nsylvania & s\?1 & cultivat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,v>4 ,cali=nicum1 ,torr4 & ,gray 7! "u draw+ 9 ! figure71 has leaflets m deeply cut1 ?ick]1 & q hairy2 x is occasionally cultivat$4 ,,ord] ,,xvi4 ,,anac>di,,ce4 7,,ca%ew ,,family47 ,trees & %rubs1 ma9ly ( ! tropical regions1 "h repres5t$ by only "o g5us3 ,,g5us #bg4 ,,rh,s4 ,l[ trees or %rubs ) acrid1 (t5 poison\s1 usually milky juice1 & dotless1 alt]nate1 usually p9nately comp\nd leaves4 ,fl[]s gre5i%-:ite or yell[i%1 9 l>ge t]m9al panicles4 ,fruit small 7#a_/h 9471 indehisc5t1 dry drupes 9 l>ge clu/]s1 g5]ally rema9+ on ?r\gh ! autumn4 99 ,leaves simple1 r\nd$1 entire #f1 #g4 99 ,leaves once-p9nate4 7,a47 ,a4 ,twigs v hairy2 ra*is n w+$2 leaflets #aa to #ca #a4 ,a4 ,twigs d[ny2 ra*is w+-m>g9$2 leaflets entire or ne>ly s #c4 ,a4 ,twigs smoo?4 7,b47 ,b4 ,ra*is ( leaf broadly w+$2 leaflets s]rate #e4 ,b4 ,ra*is n w+$4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaflets #aa to #ca1 s]rate2 fruit hairy #b4 ,c4 ,leaflets #g to #ac1 entire2 fruit smoo?2 poison\s #d4 99 ,leaves twice-p9nate2 v>iety "u #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 tph9a4 #a4 ,rhs tph9a1 ,l4 7,,/ag-,,horn ,,sumac47 ,leaflets #aa to #ca1 oblong-lanceolate1 po9t$1 s]rate 7r>ely lac9iate71 pale b5ea?4 ,bran*es & foot/alks d5sely hairy4 ,fruit globul>1 9 l>ge1 d5se1 erect panicles1 cov]$ ) crimson hairs4 ,%rub or tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high4 ,x is v common along f5ces & on hillsides4 ,! wood is orange-color$ & brittle4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 glbra4 #b4 ,rhs glbra1 ,l4 7,,smoo? ,,sumac47 ,leaflets #aa to #ca1 lanceolate-oblong1 po9t$1 s]rate1 smoo?1 glauc\s :ite b5ea?4 ,bran*es n hairy4 ,fruit globul>1 9 a r op51 spread+ clu/]1 cov]$ d5sely ) crimson hairs4 ,a %rubby plant1 #b to #ab ft4 high1 f\nd q abundantly 9 rocky or b>r5 soil ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 lac9ita4 ,v>4 lac9iata is frequ5tly plant$ = ornam5t4 ,x has v irregul>ly twice-p9nate leaves droop+ gracefully f ! bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 copallna4 #c4 ,rhs copallna1 ,l4 7,,dw>f ,,m\nta9 ,,sumac47 ,bran*es & /alks d[ny2 leaf/alk w+-m>g9$ betwe5 ! #i to #ba oblong-lanceolate1 usually entire leaflets1 :i* are oblique at base & smoo? & %9+ above4 ,wild 9 rocky hills ?r\gh\t2 (t5 cultivat$4 ,nor?1 a beautiful %rub2 s\?1 a tree4 #b to #be ft4 high4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 v55ta4 #d4 ,rhs v55ta1 ,,dc4 7,,poison-,,sumac4 ,,poison-,,dogwood4 ,,poison-,,eld]47 ,leaflets #g to #ac1 obovate-oblong1 entire1 abruptly po9t$1 smoo? or ne>ly s4 ,fruit small1 globul>1 smoo?1 dun-color$1 9 loose axill>y panicles hang+ on late 9 w9t]2 ! /one /riate4 ,?is is a v poison\s species 7to ! t\*71 #f to #ah ft4 high1 gr[+ 9 swamps4 ,r>ely at all tree-l4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,osbckii4 #e4 ,rhs ,osbckii1 ,,dc4 7,,*9ese ,,sumac47 ,leaves v l>ge1 p9nate1 assum+ 9 autumn a ri* r$di%-fawn or orange color2 ! leaf/alk broadly w+$ betwe5 ! leaflets2 leaflets s]rate4 ,a small ornam5tal tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high2 cultivat$2 f ,*9a2 q h>dy 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,ct9us4 #f4 ,rhs ,ct9us1 ,l4 7,,smoke-,,tree4 ,,v5etian ,,sumac47 ,leaves smoo?1 obovate1 entire1 on sl5d] petioles4 ,fl[]s gre5i%1 m9ute1 9 t]m9al or axill>y panicles4 ,fruit seldom f\nd4 ,usually mo/ ( ! fl[]s are abortive1 :ile _! p$icels l5g!n1 bran*1 & =m long fea!r-l hairs1 mak+ l>ge cl\d-l bran*es t look some:at l smoke 7:5ce ! "n74 ,a %rub or small tree1 #f to #aj ft4 high1 (t5 plant$ = ornam5t2 f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 cot9odes4 #g4 ,rhs cot9odes1 ,nutt4 7,,am]ican ,,smoke-,,tree47 ,leaves ?91 oval1 obtuse1 entire1 acute at base1 #c to #f 94 long1 smoo? or ne>ly s4 ,fl[]s & fruit l ^? ( ! cultivat$ species 7,rhus ,cot9us74 ,a tree #bj to #dj ft4 high2 /em sometimes a foot or m 9 diamet] 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 wild 9 ,t5nessee1 we/ & s\?4 ,r>e 9 cultivation4 ,,ord] ,,xvii4 ,,legum9os4 7,,pulse ,,family47 ,a v l>ge ord] ( plants1 ma9ly h]bace\s2 f\nd 9 all climates4 ,a few are %rubby1 & o!rs are f small to l>ge trees4 ,,g5us #bh4 ,,lab,,rnum4 ,l[ trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 palmate leaves ( ?ree leaflets4 ,fl[]s conspicu\s1 pea-blossom-%ap$1 9 long hang+ racemes1 9 late spr+4 ,fruit pea-pod-%ap$1 d>k br[n1 & _m-se$$2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 vulgre4 ,labrnum vulgre4 7,,laburnum4 ,,gold5-,,*a94 ,,bean-,,trefoil ,,tree47 ,leaves petiolate1 ) #c ovate-lanceolate leaflets1 pubesc5t b5ea?4 ,fl[]s bright yell[1 ne>ly #a 94 long1 9 long 7#a ft471 p5dul\s1 simple racemes2 9 late spr+4 ,pods #b 94 long1 l9e>1 _m-se$$1 cov]$ ) closely appress$ pubesc5ce2 "o edge ?ick2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a l[1 v ornam5tal tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 (t5 cultivat$2 f ,switz]l&4 ,v>ieties ) r$di%1 purple1 & :ite fl[]s are also 9 cultivation4 ,v>4 alp9us has smoo? pods4 ,,g5us #bi4 ,,c>ag,,na4 ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1 abruptly once-p9nate2 leaflets mucronate2 /ipules usually sp9esc5t4 ,fl[]s pea-fl[]-%ap$1 mo/ly yell[4 ,trees or %rubs ( ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 arborsc5s4 ,c>agna arborsc5s1 ,l>n4 7,,pea-,,tree47 ,leaves ) #d to #f pairs ( oval-oblong1 mucronate-po9t$1 hairy leaflets2 petioles un>m$2 /ipules sp9esc5t4 ,fl[]s yell[1 bloom+ 9 ,may4 ,pods br[n1 ripe 9 ,augu/4 ,a l[1 /iff1 erect tree1 #aj to #ae ft4 high2 9 poor soil a bu%4 ,f ,sib]ia2 frequ5t 9 cultivation4 ,,g5us #cj4 ,,cladr,,/is4 ,small tree ) alt]nate1 odd-p9nate leaves1 ! base ( ! petiole holl[1 & inclos+ ! leaf-buds ( ! next ye>4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 pea-blossom-l 9 %ape1 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,fruit pea-pod-l 9 %ape & size4 ,wood light yell[1 firm & h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 t9ctria4 ,cladr/is t9ctria1 ,raf4 7,,yell[-,,wood47 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 oval to ovate1 #c to #d 94 long1 beautiful light gre5 9 color4 ,fl[]s #a 94 long1 :ite1 n s fragrant z ! common ,locu/1 9 hang+ panicles #aj to #bj 94 long2 bloom+ 9 ,june4 ,pods #b 94 long1 ripe 9 ,augu/4 ,wild b r>e 9 ,k5tucky & s\?4 ,a beautiful tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high1 ) v smoo? grayi% b>k2 r>ely cultivat$4 ,,g5us #ca4 ,,rob,,nia4 ,trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 odd-p9nate leaves1 hav+ sp9es on ea* side ( ! /alk 9 place ( /ipules4 ,leaf/alk ?ick5$ ne> ! base1 & cov]+ #b to #c buds = ! gr[? ( a bran* = ! next ye>4 ,an axill>y bud also f\nd t may produce a bran* ! same ye> z ! leaf4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 pea-blossom-%ap$1 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,fruit a pea-%ap$ pod4 99 ,bran*lets & leaf/alks n /icky #a4 99 ,bran*lets & leaf/alks /icky #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,pseudaccia4 #a4 ,robnia ,pseudaccia1 ,l4 7,,common ,,locu/47 ,leaflets #i to #ai1 small1 oblong-ovate1 entire1 ?94 ,twigs purpli%-br[n1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 n /icky4 ,fl[]s :ite1 fragrant1 9 hang+ racemes1 #c to #f 94 long4 ,june4 ,pods flat1 smoo?1 purpli%-br[n1 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,an irregul>ly gr[+1 sl5d] tree1 #gj to #hj ft4 high1 ) :ite or gre5i%-yell[1 v durable wood1 & on old trees v r\gh b>k ) long1 deep furr[s4 ,native2 ,p5nsylvania1 we/ & s\?1 & ext5sively plant$ & naturaliz$ ?r\gh\t4 ,a numb] ( v>ieties1 "s ( :i* are ?ornless1 are 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 viscsa4 #b4 ,robnia viscsa1 ,v5t4 7,,clammy ,,locu/47 ,leaflets #aa to #be1 ovate-oblong1 sometimes slightly he>t-%ap$ at base1 tipp$ ) a %ort bri/le4 ,twigs & leaf/alks /icky to ! t\*4 ,fl[]s 9 a %ort1 r compact1 upright raceme1 rose-color$ & inodor\s4 ,a small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high2 native s\?1 & has be5 q ext5sively cultivat$ nor?4 #c4 ,robnia hspida1 ,l4 7,,bri/ly ,,locu/4 ,,rose-,,acacia471 ) bri/ly leaf/alks & bran*lets1 & l>ge rose-color$ fl[]s1 is only a bu%4 ,(t5 cultivat$4 ,wild f ,virg9ia & s\?4 ,,g5us #cb4 ,c,,rcis4 ,small trees or %rubs1 ) alt]nate1 simple1 he>t-%ap$ leaves4 ,fl[]s 9 umbel-l clu/]s along ! bran*es1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves1 & %ap$ l pea-blossoms4 ,fruit pea-l pods1 rema9+ on ! tree ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,wood h>d1 heavy1 & beautifully blot*$ or wav$ ) black1 gre51 & yell[1 on a gray gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,canadnsis4 #a4 ,crcis ,canadnsis1 ,l4 7,,judas-,,tree4 ,,r$bud47 ,leaves acutely po9t$1 smoo?1 d>k gre51 glossy4 ,fl[]s bright r$-purple4 ,pods ne>ly sessile1 #c to #d 94 long1 br[n :5 ripe 9 ,augu/4 ,a small ornam5tal tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 ) smoo? b>k & h>d apple-tree-l wood2 wild f ,c5tral ,new ,york s\?w>d1 & (t5 cultivat$4 #b4 ,crcis siliqu/rum 7,,european ,,judas-,,tree471 f ,europe1 ) obtusely po9t$1 some:at kidney-%ap$ leaves1 & :ite to purple fl[]s1 is sometimes cultivat$4 ,x is n s tall or tree-l z ! ,am]ican species4 ,,g5us #cc4 ,,gymn,,cladus4 ,tall trees ) alt]nate1 v l>ge 7#b to #d ft4 long71 unequally twice-p9nate leaves4 ,fl[]s :ite1 conspicu\s1 9 racemes at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,fruit a l>ge pea-l pod4 ,"s trees are )\t fruit ?r\gh ! abortion ( ! pi/ils4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,canadnsis4 ,gymncladus ,canadnsis1 ,lam4 7,,k5tucky ,,c(fee-,,tree47 ,leaves #b to #c ft4 long1 (t5 ) ! l[] p9n simple & ! upp] p9nate4 ,leaflets ovate1 ( a dull blui%-gre5 color4 ,%oots cane-l1 blunt & /ubby1 q erect4 ,b>k exce$+ly r\gh4 ,pod l>ge1 #f to #aj 94 long1 #b 94 broad1 ) se$s ov] 94 across4 ,a l>ge 7#ej to #hj ft4 high7 tree ) compact1 t\gh1 r$di% wood4 ,wild f we/]n ,new ,york s\?we/w>d1 & occasionally cultivat$ z an ornam5tal tree4 ,,g5us #cd4 ,,gl$,,ts*ia4 ,usually ?orny trees ) alt]nate1 once to twice abruptly p9nate leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 gre5i%1 9 small spikes4 ,summ]4 ,fruit a small or l>ge pea-l pod1 ) "o to _m se$s2 ripe 9 autumn1 b (t5 hang+ on ! trees ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 triacn?os4 #a4 ,gl$ts*ia triacn?os1 ,l4 7,,honey-,,locu/47 ,leaflets lanceolate-oblong1 some:at s]rate4 ,pods l9e>1 #a to #a ft4 long1 (t5 twi/$1 fill$ ) sweet pulp betwe5 ! se$s4 ,a l>ge1 h&some1 clean tree1 ) usually _m /\t1 mu*-bran*$ ?orns1 especially abundant on bruis$ portions ( ! trunk & l>ge bran*es2 ?orns compress$ at base4 ,wild f ,p5nsylvania s\?w>d & we/w>d1 & ext5sively cultivat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,a v>iety )\t ?orns is frequ5tly met ) 7v>4 in]mis71 also "o ) droop+ foliage 7v>4 ,bujotii p5dula74 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 aqutica4 #b4 ,gl$ts*ia aqutica1 ,m>%4 7,,wat]-,,locu/47 ,leaflets ovate or oblong4 ,pods oval1 #a to #d 94 long1 #a- to few-se$$1 )\t pulp4 ,a small tree ) few sl5d]1 usually simple ?orns2 9 swamps 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois & s\?4 ,occasionally plant$ = ornam5t4 ,?is species is q simil> to ! prec$+ "o1 b ! leaves are some:at small]1 ! ?orns1 ?\gh occasionally bran*+1 d n bran* s ext5sively1 & ! pod is v %ort & r\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 s9nsis4 #c4 ,gl$ts*ia s9nsis1 ,lam4 7,,*9ese ,,honey-,,locu/47 ,a tree ) /\t] & m conical ?orns1 broad] & m oval leaflets4 ,a m$ium-siz$ or small tree1 (t5 cultivat$4 ,?is species1 l ! o!rs1 has a ?ornless v>iety4 ,,g5us #ce4 ,,alb,,zzia4 ,trees or %rubs ) abruptly p9nate leaves4 ,fruit a broad-l9e> /raight pod4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 julibrss94 ,albzzia julibrss91 ,boiv94 7,,silk-,,tree47 ,leaves twice abruptly p9nate1 ( _m 7ov] #djj7 leaflets2 leaflets semi-oblong1 curv$1 entire1 acute1 ) ! midrib ne> ! upp] edge4 ,fl[]s 9 globose heads =m+ panicles4 ,fruit pla9 pods on %ort /ems4 ,a v beautiful small tree1 introduc$ f ,japan2 probably n h>dy nor? ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! figure %[s only "o ( ! l[e/ & %orte/ side divisions 7p9n7 ( ! leaf4 ,! p9n increase 9 l5g? & numb] ( leaflets to ! end ( ! leaf4 ,,ord] ,,xviii4 ,,rosace4 7,,rose ,,family47 ,a l>ge & v useful ord] ( trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs ( temp]ate regions4 ,,g5us #cf4 ,,pr,,nus4 ,trees or %rubs ) simple1 alt]nate1 decidu\s1 usually s]rate1 /ipulate leaves1 )\t lobes4 ,! /ems produce gum :5 injur$4 ,foliage & nuts h flavor ( pea*-leaves4 ,fl[]s conspicu\s1 usually :ite1 or light p9k1 (t5 9 clu/]s1 pea*-blossom-%ap$2 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fruit 9 size f pea to pea*1 a r\nd$ drupe ) "o /ony-coat$ se$4 99 ,drupe l>ge1 s(t velvety on ! surface2 /one r\gh 7,pea*1 ,apricot7 #a4 99 ,drupe m$ium1 cov]$ ) a bloom2 /one smoo?1 flatt5$ 7,plums74 7,a47 ,a4 ,usually ?orny2 wild1 r>ely cultivat$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves acum9ate #b1 #c4 ,b4 ,leaves n acum9ate #d1 #e4 ,a4 ,n ?orny2 cultivat$ #f4 99 ,drupe m$ium to small1 smoo?1 )\t bloom 7,*]ries74 7,c47 ,c4 ,drupes clu/]$ 9 umbels1 -#a 94 9 diamet]4 7,d47 ,d4 ,small cultivat$ tree2 drupe globose1 r l>ge1 v s\r #i4 ,d4 ,l>ge cultivat$ tree2 drupe l>ge1 some:at pitt$ at ! /em #h4 ,d4 ,r small1 native tree2 drupe small1 fle% ?9 #g4 ,c4 ,drupes clu/]$ 9 racemes1 #a_/h - #a_/c 94 9 diamet]4 7,e47 ,e4 ,tall %rubs r ?an trees2 racemes %ort #aa4 ,e4 ,trees2 racemes q elongat$4 7,f47 ,f4 ,/one ( fruit some:at r\gh5$ #ab4 ,f4 ,/one smoo? #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,prsica4 #a4 ,prnus ,prsica1 ,l4 7,,common ,,pea*47 ,leaves lanceolate1 s]rate4 ,fl[]s rose-color$1 ne>ly sessile1 v e>ly 9 bloom4 ,fruit clo!d ) velvety d[n1 l>ge2 /one r\gh-wr9kl$4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 cultivat$ 9 numb]less v>ieties = its fruit4 ,v>4 lvis 7,nect>9e7 has smoo?-sk9n$ fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,am]icna4 #b4 ,prnus ,am]icna1 ,m>%4 7,,wild ,,yell[ ,,or ,,r$ ,,plum47 ,leaves ovate or some:at obovate1 conspicu\sly po9t$1 co>sely or d\bly s]rate1 v ve9y1 smoo? :5 mature4 ,fruit ) little or no bloom1 to #a 94 9 diamet]1 yell[1 orange1 or r$2 sk9 t\gh & bitt]4 ,/one ) two %>p edges4 ,a small1 ?orny tree1 #h to #bj ft4 high1 common 9 woodl&s & on riv]-banks4 ,_m improv$ v>ieties1 "s ?ornless1 are 9 cultivation4 ,wood r$di% color4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,alleghaninsis4 #c4 ,prnus ,alleghaninsis1 ,port]4 7,,alleghany ,,plum47 ,leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate1 (t5 long-acum9ate1 f9ely & %>ply s]rate1 s(tly pubesc5t :5 "y1 smoo? :5 old2 fruit globose-ovoid1 "u 941 v d>k purple1 ) a bloom2 /one turgid1 a %all[ groove on "o side & a broad1 flat ridge on ! o!r4 ,a l[1 /raggl+ bu%1 occasionally a tree1 #c to #ae ft4 high4 ,m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,*icsa4 #d4 ,prnus ,*icsa1 ,mi*x4 7,,*icasaw ,,plum47 ,leaves long1 n>r[1 almo/ lanceolate1 acute1 f9ely s]rate1 ?94 ,fl[]s on %ort /alks4 ,fruit globul>1 to #b_/c 94 9 diamet]1 ?9-sk9n$1 )\t bloom1 yell[i%-r$1 pleasant to ta/e4 ,/one globul>1 )\t %>p edges4 ,a ?orny %rub or small tree1 #f to #ae ft4 high2 wild 9 ,new ,j]sey1 we/ & s\?1 & (t5 cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 sp9sa4 #e4 ,prnus sp9sa1 ,l4 7,,sloe4 ,,black?orn4 ,,bullace ,,plum47 ,leaves obovate-oblong to lance-oblong1 %>ply s]rate1 soon smoo?2 leaf/alk smoo?2 fruit small1 globul>1 black1 ) a bloom2 ! /one r\nd$1 acute at "o edge2 fle% gre5i%1 a/r+5t4 ,a l[ tree ) ?orny bran*es2 x is becom+ naturaliz$ along roadsides & wa/e places2 f ,europe4 ,v>4 in/ititia 7,bullace ,plum7 is less ?orny1 & has ! leaf/alk & l[] side ( ! leaves pubesc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 dom/ica4 #f4 ,prnus dom/ica1 ,l4 7,,common ,,g>d5 ,,plum47 ,leaves #a to #c 94 long1 oval or ovate-lanceolate1 acute to obtuse4 ,fl[]s :ite1 ne>ly solit>y4 ,drupe globul>1 obovoid to ovoid1 ( _m colors 7black1 :ite1 etc471 cov]$ ) a ri* glauc\s bloom4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 9 cultivation ev]y:]e = its fruit4 ,ov] a hundr$ v>ieties are nam$ 9 ! catalogues4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,p5nsylvnica4 #g4 ,prnus ,p5nsylvnica1 ,l4 f4 7,,wild ,,r$ ,,*]ry47 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 po9t$1 f9ely & %>ply s]rate1 %9+ gre51 smoo? on bo? sides4 ,fl[]s _m 9 an umbel on long /ems4 ,fruit r\nd1 light r$1 q small1 94 9 diamet]1 s\r4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 9 rocky woods2 common nor? & ext5d+ s\?w>d along ! ,alleghanies to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 vium4 #h4 ,prnus vium1 ,l4 7,,bird-,,*]ry ,,or ,,engli% ,,*]ry47 ,leaves oval-lanceolate1 %>p-po9t$1 co>sely or d\bly s]rate4 ,fl[]s 9 sessile umbels1 op5+ :5 ! leaves appe>4 ,fruit ( v>i\s colors1 some:at he>t-%ap$4 ,?is is ! ,*]ry tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 ( :i* !re are _m nam$ v>ieties usually cultivat$ = ! fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,crasus4 #i4 ,prnus ,crasus1 ,l4 7,,g>d5 ,,r$ ,,*]ry4 ,,morello ,,*]ry47 ,leaves obovate & lance-ovate1 s]rate1 on sl5d] spread+ bran*es4 ,fl[]s r l>ge4 ,fruit globul>1 bright r$ to d>k purple1 v s\r2 9 sessile umbels4 ,a small1 r\nd-head$ tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 (t5 cultivat$4 ,! prec$+ species & ?is "o are ! p>5ts ( mo/ ( ! ,*]ry trees 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 s]t9a4 #aj4 ,prnus s]t9a1 ,ehrh4 7,,wild ,,black ,,*]ry47 ,leaves oblong or lance-oblong1 ?icki%1 smoo?1 usually tap]-po9t$1 s]rate1 ) incurv$1 %ort1 ?ick tee?4 ,fl[]s 9 long racemes4 ,june4 ,fruit z l>ge z peas1 purple-black1 bitt]2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a f9e tree1 #ae to #fj ft4 high1 ) r$di%-br[n bran*es4 ,wood r$di% & valuable = cab9et-"w4 ,common 9 woodl&s & along f5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,virg9ina4 #aa4 ,prnus ,virg9ina1 ,l4 7,,*oke-,,*]ry47 ,leaves ?91 oval-oblong or obovate1 abruptly po9t$1 v %>ply1 (t5 d\bly s]rate1 ) sl5d] tee?4 ,racemes ( fl[]s & fruit %ort & close4 ,fruit d>k crimson1 /one smoo?4 ,fl[]s 9 ,may2 fruit ripe 9 ,augu/2 n edible till fully ripe4 ,a tall %rub1 sometimes a tree1 ) grayi% b>k4 ,riv]-banks1 common especially nor?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,pdus4 #ab4 ,prnus ,pdus1 ,l4 7,,small ,,bird-,,*]ry47 ,l ,prunus ,virg9iana1 except+ t ! racemes are long] & droop+1 & ! /one is r\gh5$4 ,occasionally plant$ = ornam5t4 ,,g5us #cg4 ,,pyrus4 ,trees & %rubs1 ) alt]nate1 /ipulate1 simple1 or p9nately comp\nd leaves4 ,fl[]s conspicu\s1 :ite to p9k1 apple-blossom-%ap$ 7#e petals72 9 spr+4 ,fruit a fle%y pome1 ) ! cells =m$ by pap]y or c>tilag9\s membranes )9 juicy fle%4 99 ,leaves deeply p9natifid or fully p9nate 7,m\nta9 ,a%es7 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaf deeply p9natifid1 sometimes fully divid$ at ! base4 #f4 ,a4 ,leaf once-p9nate ?r\gh\t4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaf-buds po9t$1 smoo? & some:at glut9\s #g4 ,b4 ,leaf-buds m or less hairy #h1 #i4 99 ,leaves simple & n p9natifid4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves entire2 fruit solit>y 7,qu9ces7 #e4 ,c4 ,leaves s]rate2 fruit clu/]$4 7,d47 ,d4 ,fruit l>ge1 sunk5 at bo? ends 7,apples7 #a4 ,d4 ,fruit small 7-#a 9471 s\r1 mu* sunk5 at ! /em end & b little at ! o!r 7,crab-apples74 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves v n>r[2 fruit 94 #b4 ,e4 ,leaves broad2 fruit #a 94 #c4 ,d4 ,fruit usually obovate1 n sunk5 at ! /em end 7,pe>s74 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,mlus4 #a4 ,pyrus ,mlus1 ,l4 7,,common ,,apple-,,tree47 ,leaves simple1 ovate1 ev5ly cr5ate or s]rate1 smoo? on ! upp] surface & woolly on ! l[]4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7#a 9471 :ite1 t+$ ) p9k1 9 small corymbs4 ,may4 ,fruit l>ge1 sunk5 at bo? ends1 especially at base2 ripe f ,augu/ to ,octob]1 accord+ to v>iety4 ,a flat-topp$ tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high1 cultivat$ 9 hundr$s ( nam$ v>ieties2 f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 angu/iflia4 #b4 ,pyrus angu/iflia1 ,ait4 7,,n>r[-,,leav$ ,,crab-,,apple47 ,leaves simple1 lanceolate or oblong1 (t5 acute at base1 mo/ly s]rate1 smoo?4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7#b_/c 9471 rose-color$1 fragrant1 9 small1 simple1 umbel-l clu/]s4 ,fruit v s\r1 small 7 9474 ,twigs lead-color$ & speckl$4 ,a small tree1 #ab to #bj ft4 high4 ,p5nsylvania & s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 coronria4 #c4 ,pyrus coronria1 ,l4 7,,am]ican ,,or ,,g>l& ,,crab-,,apple47 ,leaves simple1 ovate1 (t5 r he>t-%ap$1 cut-s]rate1 (t5 #c-lob$1 soon smoo?4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7 9471 few1 9 a clu/]1 rose-color$1 v fragrant4 ,fruit v s\r & a/r+5t1 flatt5$1 broad1 #a 94 or m 9 diamet]1 yell[i% gre54 ,small tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high2 ,new ,york1 we/ & s\?1 also frequ5tly cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 commnis4 #d4 ,pyrus commnis1 ,l4 7,,common ,,pe>-,,tree47 ,leaves simple1 ovate1 s]rate1 smoo? on bo? sides1 at lea/ :5 mature4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7ov] #a 9471 :ite1 ) purple an!rs4 ,april & ,may4 ,fruit l>ge1 usually obovate & ma9ly sunk5 at ! l>ge end2 ripe ,july to ,octob]1 accord+ to ! v>iety4 ,a pyramidal-%ap$ tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 ) smoo? b>k & (t5 some:at ?orny bran*es4 ,( sev]al hundr$ nam$ v>ieties1 native to ,europe4 ,cultivat$ = its fruit4 ,wood slightly t+$ ) r$2 /rong1 & ( f9e gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 vulgris4 #e4 ,pyrus vulgris4 7,,qu9ce4 ,,common ,,qu9ce-,,tree47 ,leaves ovate1 obtuse at base1 entire1 hairy b5ea?4 ,fl[]s solit>y1 l>ge1 #a 941 :ite or pale rose-color4 ,fruit l>ge1 h>d1 orange-yell[1 ( peculi> s\r flavor2 se$s mucilag9\s2 rip5s 9 ,octob]4 ,a l[ tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 ) a crook$ /em & rambl+ bran*es2 f ,europe4 ,sev]al v>ieties 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 p9natfida4 #f4 ,pyrus p9natfida1 ,ehrh4 7,,oak-,,leav$ ,,m\nta9-,,a%47 ,leaves p9nately cleft & (t5 fully p9nate at base1 hairy b5ea?4 ,pome globose1 941 sc>let1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a cultivat$ tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high2 f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,am]icna4 #g4 ,pyrus ,am]icna1 ,,dc4 7,,am]ican ,,m\nta9-,,a%47 ,leaflets #ac to #ae1 lanceolate1 bright gre51 ne>ly smoo?1 tap]-po9t$1 %>ply s]rate ) po9t$ tee?4 ,leaf-buds po9t$1 glabr\s & some:at glut9\s4 ,fl[]s :ite1 #a_/c 941 9 l>ge1 flat1 comp\nd cymes4 ,9 ,june4 ,fruit b]ry-l pomes1 ! size ( small peas1 bright sc>let :5 ripe 9 ,septemb]1 & hang+ on ! tree till w9t]4 ,a tall %rub or tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 9 swamps & m\nta9 woods2 m abundant nor?w>d4 ,(t5 cultivat$ = ! %[y clu/]s ( b]ries 9 autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 sambuciflia4 #h4 ,pyrus sambuciflia1 ,*am4 ,s*le*t4 7,,eld]-,,leav$ ,,m\nta9-,,a%47 ,leaflets oblong1 oval or lance-ovate1 obtuse 7sometimes abruptly %>p-po9t$71 usually d\bly s]rate ) r spread+ tee?1 g5]ally pale b5ea?4 ,leaf-buds some:at hairy4 ,fl[]s & b]ries l>g]1 b 9 small] clu/]s1 ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! b]ries globose :5 ripe1 #a_/c 94 broad1 bright r$4 ,?is species1 mu* l ,pyrus ,am]icana1 is f\nd wild 9 nor!rn ,new ,engl& & we/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 aucupria4 #i4 ,pyrus aucupria1 ,ga]tn4 7,,european ,,m\nta9-,,a%1 ,,or ,,r[an-,,tree47 ,mu* l ,pyrus ,am]icana1 b ! leaflets are pal] & m obtuse1 ) _! l[] surface d[ny4 ,leaf-buds blunt] & d5sely cov]$ ) hairs4 ,fl[]s l>g]1 94 or m 9 diamet]4 ,fruit also mu* l>g]1 sometimes ne>ly 94 9 diamet]4 ,beautiful tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 (t5 cultivat$4 ,,g5us #ch4 ,,crat,,gus4 ,?orny %rubs or small trees ) simple1 alt]nate1 s]rate1 d\bly s]rate or lob$ leaves4 ,fl[]s *]ry-l blossoms1 usually :ite 9 color & gr[+ 9 corymbs1 g5]ally on ! ends ( side %oots2 9 spr+4 ,fruit a b]ry or drupe ) #a to #e bony /ones1 tipp$ ) ! #e p]si/5t calyx-tee?2 ripe 9 autumn4 99 ,calyx1 /ipules1 bracts1 etc41 (t5 gl&ul>4 7,a47 ,a4 ,fl[]s & fruit (t5 ov] #f 9 a clu/]4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves usually abrupt at base #a4 ,b4 ,leaves usually att5uate at base #b4 ,a4 ,fl[]s & fruit few1 #a to #f 9 a clu/] #aj4 99 ,calyx1 etc41 )\t gl&s 7,no4 #d has gl&ul> tee? to ! calyx72 fl[]s _m 9 a clu/]4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves m or less tap]+ at base4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves g5]ally lob$2 cultivat$1 r>ely escap$ #c4 ,d4 ,leaves r>ely lob$2 native4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves small1 %9+1 cr5ate at ! end #e4 ,e4 ,leaves vill\s or pubesc5t1 at lea/ :5 "y #i4 ,e4 ,leaves smoo? or only d[ny at ! axils1 acutely s]rate4 ,s\? #g4 ,c4 ,leaves usually abrupt at base1 sometimes cordate4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves d[ny :5 "y4 7,g47 ,g4 ,leaves usually lob$ #d4 ,g4 ,leaves r>ely lob$2 ve9s v prom95t #h4 ,f4 ,leaves q smoo? #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 coccnea4 #a4 ,cratgus coccnea1 ,l4 7,,sc>let-,,fruit$ ,,?orn47 ,leaves bright gre51 smoo?1 ?91 r\ndi%-ovate1 %>ply cut-too!d or lob$1 on sl5d] petioles4 ,bran*es r$di%1 vill\s-pubesc5t2 sp9es /\t1 *e/nut-br[n4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 to #b_/c 941 _m 9 a corymb1 on gl&ul> p$uncles4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit sc>let1 r\nd or pe>-%ap$1 942 ripe 9 ,septemb]1 ) f #a to #e cells & se$s4 ,tall %rub or l[ tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 9 h$ges & woods2 common f ,canada to ,florida4 ,v>4 mollis has ! %oots d5sely pubesc5t2 leaves l>ge1 sl5d]-petiol$1 cuneate1 cordate or truncate at base1 usually ) acute n>r[ lobes1 (t5 r\gh above1 & m or less d5sely pubesc5t b5ea?4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 #a 942 fruit light sc>let ) a light bloom1 #a 94 broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,crus-glli4 #b4 ,cratgus ,crus-glli1 ,l4 7,,cockspur ,,?orn47 ,leaves smoo?1 ?ick1 %9+ above1 w$ge-obovate1 f9ely s]rate above ! middle1 ) a %ort petiole4 ,!re are broad & n>r[-leav$ v>ieties4 ,fl[]s l>ge & num]\s1 9 lat]al corymbs4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit globul>1 #a_/c 94 broad1 dull r$2 ripe 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,a small tree ) a flat1 bu%y head1 horizontal bran*es1 & long1 %>p ?orns4 ,wild & common ?r\gh\t1 & (t5 plant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 oxyacn?a4 #c4 ,cratgus oxyacn?a4 7,,engli% ,,haw?orn47 ,leaves obovate1 smoo?1 w$ge-%ap$ at base1 cut-lob$ & too!d above4 ,no gl&s4 ,fl[]s m$ium-siz$1 941 s+le or d\ble1 :ite1 rose1 or p9k-r$1 num]\s 9 corymbs4 ,9 spr+4 ,fruit coral-r$1 #a_/c 942 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a small tree or %rub1 f9e = lawn2 f ,europe2 also escap$ 9 "s places4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 apiiflia4 #d4 ,cratgus apiiflia1 ,mi*x4 7,,p>sley-,,leav$ ,,?orn47 ,leaves small1 ovate1 ) a broad truncate or he>t-%ap$ base1 p9natifid into #e to #g cr[d$1 irregul>ly too!d lobes2 :ite & s(t-d[ny :5 "y1 smoo?i% :5 gr[n2 petioles sl5d]4 ,fl[]s m$ium-siz$1 941 _m 9 a corymb1 :ite4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit small1 #a_/c 941 coral-r$1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a h&some1 l[ 7#aj to #bj ft4 high71 spread+ tree1 ) flexible bran*es & :ite-d[ny twigs4 ,virg9ia & s\?1 9 moi/ woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 spa?ulta4 #e4 ,cratgus spa?ulta1 ,mi*x4 7,,spatulate-,,leav$ ,,?orn47 ,leaves almo/ ev]gre51 ?ick1 %9+1 spatulate1 cr5ate t[>d ! apex & ne>ly sessile1 ^? on ! "y d[ny bran*es some:at cut or lob$4 ,fl[]s small1 941 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,may4 ,fruit small1 941 bright r$2 ripe 9 ,octob]4 ,a small tree1 #ab to #be ft4 high2 ,virg9ia & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 cordta4 #f4 ,cratgus cordta1 ,ait4 7,,wa%+ton ,,?orn47 ,leaves broadly triangul>-ovate1 some:at he>t-%ap$1 ?91 deep %9+ gre51 smoo?1 (t5 #c- to #e-lob$ & s]rate1 on sl5d] petioles4 ,fl[]s small1 #b_/e 941 _m 9 t]m9al corymbs1 :ite4 ,may1 ,june4 ,fruit sc>let1 ab\t ! size ( peas2 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,a compact1 close-head$1 small tree1 #ae to #be ft4 high1 ) _m sl5d] ?orns4 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & s\?w>d4 ,sometimes plant$ 9 ! ,nor? = h$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 vridis4 #g4 ,cratgus vridis1 ,l4 7,,tall ,,haw?orn47 ,leaves ovate to ovate-oblong1 or lanceolate1 or oblong-obovate1 mo/ly acute at bo? ends1 on sl5d] petioles2 acutely s]rate1 (t5 some:at lob$ & (t5 d[ny 9 ! axils4 ,fl[]s num]\s1 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,fruit bright r$1 or orange1 ovoid1 small1 94 broad4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 ) few l>ge ?orns or )\t ?orns4 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri1 along ! ,mississippi & 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 tom5tsa4 #h4 ,cratgus tom5tsa1 ,l4 7,,black ,,or ,,pe> ,,haw?orn47 ,leaves d[ny-pubesc5t on ! l[] side 7at lea/ :5 "y71 ?icki%1 r l>ge1 oval or ovate-oblong1 %>ply too!d & (t5 cut-lob$ bel[1 abruptly n>r[$ into a m>g9$ petiole1 ! upp] surface impress$ along ! ma9 ve9s or ribs4 ,bran*es gray4 ,fl[]s ill-sc5t$1 _m 9 a corymb4 ,fruit 94 long1 obovate to globose1 dull r$4 ,%rub or tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 wild 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 we/ & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 punctta4 #i4 ,cratgus punctta4 7,,dott$-,,fruit$ ,,haw?orn47 ,leaves r small1 mo/ly w$ge-obovate1 att5uate & entire bel[1 unequally too!d above1 r>ely lob$1 vill\s-pubesc5t1 becom+ smoo? b dull1 ! ve9s prom95t b5ea? & impress$ above4 ,fruit globose1 l>ge1 #a 94 broad1 r$ to bright yell[2 p$uncles n gl&ul>4 ,%rub to tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 ) horizontal bran*es2 ,canada to ,georgia4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 flva4 #aj4 ,cratgus flva1 ,ait4 7,,yell[ ,,or ,,summ] ,,haw47 ,leaves small1 w$ge-obovate1 unequally too!d & cut above ! middle2 on %ort petioles2 ! tee?1 /ipules & petioles gl&ul>4 ,fl[]s mo/ly solit>y1 :ite1 l>ge 7 974 ,may4 ,fruit usually pe>-%ap$1 q l>ge 7 94 long71 yell[ or gre5i%-yell[1 sometimes t+$ or spott$ ) r$1 pleasant-flavor$4 ,ripe 9 autumn4 ,a l[ spread+ tree1 #ae to #bj ft4 high4 ,virg9ia1 s\? & we/1 9 s&y soil4 ,v>4 pubesc5s is d[ny-or vill\s-pubesc5t :5 "y1 & has ?ick] leaves & l>g] & r$d] fruit4 ,,g5us #ci4 ,,amel,,n*i]4 ,small trees or %rubs ) simple1 decidu\s1 alt]nate1 %>ply s]rate leaves2 *]ry-blossom-l1 :ite fl[]s1 9 racemes at ! end ( ! bran*es1 be=e ! leaves are fully exp&$4 ,fruit a small apple-l pome2 se$s #aj or less1 9 sep>ate c>tilag9\s-coat$ cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,canadnsis4 ,ameln*i] ,canadnsis1 ,torr4 ,gray4 7,,%ad-,,bu%4 ,,s]vice-,,b]ry47 ,a v v>iable species ) _m nam$ v>ieties4 ,! leaves1 #a to #c 94 long1 v>y f n>r[-oblong to r\ndi% or cordate2 bracts & /ipules silky-ciliate4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 9 droop+ racemes1 9 e>ly spr+1 ) petals f #b to #e times z long z wide4 ,fruit globul>1 94 broad1 purpli%1 sweet1 edible2 ripe 9 ,june4 ,x v>ies f a l[ %rub to a middle-siz$ tree1 #e to #cj ft4 high4 ,,ord] ,,xix4 ,,hamamel,,de4 7,,wit*-,,hazel ,,family47 ,a small family ( trees & %rubs repres5t$ 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,,g5us #dj4 ,,hamam,,lis4 ,tall %rubs1 r>ely tree-l1 ) alt]nate1 /raight-ve9$1 #b-rank$1 oval1 wavy-m>g9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s conspicu\s1 yell[1 #d-p>t$2 bloom+ 9 ! autumn :ile ! leaves are dropp+1 & cont9u+ 9 bloom ?r\gh "p ( ! w9t]4 ,fruit r\nd$ capsules :i* d n rip5 till ! next summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,virg9ina4 ,hamamlis ,virg9ina1 ,l4 7,,wit*-,,hazel47 ,! only species2 #aj to #cj ft4 high2 r>ely gr[s ) a s+le trunk1 b usually =ms a sl5d]1 crook$-bran*$ %rub4 ,fl[]s sessile1 9 small clu/]s ( #c to #d1 9 an involucre 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,,g5us #da4 ,,liquid,,mb>4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 simple1 palmately cleft leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s2 9 spr+4 ,fruit a l>ge 7#a 9471 globul>1 long-/alk$1 dry1 op51 r\gh catk91 hang+ on ! tree ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,/yracflua4 ,liquidmb> ,/yracflua1 ,l4 7,,sweet ,,gum4 ,,bil/$47 ,leaves r\nd$1 deeply #e- to #g-;cleft1 />-%ap$1 d>k gre51 smoo? & %9+1 gl&ul>-s]rate4 ,twigs (t5 cov]$ ) corky ridges4 ,a l>ge1 beautiful tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 ) deeply furr[$ b>k4 ,connecticut1 we/ & s\?2 abundant s\? ( #dj ,n4 ,lat4 ,well wor?y ( m ext5sive cultivation ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,,ord] ,,xx4 ,,ly?r,,ce4 7,,loose/rife ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( %rubs1 h]bs1 or trees2 ma9ly tropical4 ,,g5us #db4 ,p,,nica4 ,leaves simple1 usually opposite1 decidu\s2 fl[]s sc>let1 ) #e petals & num]\s /am5s2 fruit a _m-se$$ b]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 grantum4 ,pnica grantum1 ,l4 7,,pomegranate-,,tree47 ,leaves opposite1 lanceolate1 smoo?1 entire2 fl[]s l>ge1 bo? calyx & corolla sc>let & v ornam5tal2 ! fruit z l>ge z an orange1 f9e-flavor$4 ,a tree-%ap$ plant1 gr[+ to ! height ( #bj ft4 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,if giv5 "s protection1 x c be gr[n z f> nor? z ,wa%+ton4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & is probably a native ( we/]n ,asia4 ,,g5us #dc4 ,,lag]/roemia4 ,fl[]s ) #f long-claw$ petals ins]t$ on ! broadly spread+ calyx2 fruit #c- to #f-;cell$ pods ) _m w+$ se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ndica4 ,lag]/roemia ndica1 ,l4 7,,crape-,,myrtle47 ,leaves r\ndi%-ovate1 ?ick1 smoo?1 %ort-petiolate2 bran*es w+$2 fl[]s 9 t]m9al clu/]s ) l>ge1 delicately crisp$1 long-/emm$ petals ( p9k1 purple1 & o!r colors4 ,a beautiful small tree1 or usually a %rub1 f ,india2 (t5 cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor? 9 cons]vatories2 h>dy z f> nor? z ,wa%+ton4 ,,ord] ,,xxi4 ,,arali,,ce4 7,,g9s5g ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( h]bs1 %rubs1 & trees1 "h repres5t$ by ! foll[+ g5us3 ,,g5us #dd4 ,,ar,,lia4 ,h]bs1 %rubs1 or trees1 ) p9nately or palmately comp\nd leaves2 "h includ+ ,acan?opanax ) palmately cleft leaves4 ,fl[]s :iti% or gre5i%1 9 umbels1 (t5 =m+ l>ge panicles4 ,fruit small1 b]ry-l1 sev]al-cell$1 sev]al-se$$4 99 ,leaves #b to #c times odd-p9nate 7,aralia prop]7 #a1 #b4 99 ,leaves simple1 palmately cleft 7,acan?opanax7 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 sp9sa4 #a4 ,arlia sp9sa1 ,l4 7,,angelica-,,tree4 ,,h]cules'-,,club47 ,leaves l>ge1 cr[d$ at ! summit ( ! /em1 twice or sometimes ?rice odd-p9nate1 usually prickly1 ) sessile1 ovate1 acum9ate1 deeply s]rate leaflets1 glauc\s b5ea?4 ,l>ge panicles ( small :iti% fl[]s 9 umbels1 ) involucres ( few leaves4 ,b]ry small1 941 #e-ribb$1 cr[n$ ) ! rema9s ( ! calyx4 ,a tree-l plant1 #h to #ab ft4 high1 or 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates #cj ft4 high1 ) ! /em cov]$ ) num]\s prickles4 ,usually dies to ! gr\nd aft] fl[]+4 ,wild 9 damp woods1 ,p5nsylvania & s\?1 & cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,*9nsis4 #b4 ,arlia ,*9nsis4 ,leaves m or less fully twice-p9nate2 leaflets ovate-oblong1 oblique at base1 acum9ate1 %>ply s]rate1 hairy4 ,fl[]s & fruit 9 l>ge1 bran*+1 hairy panicles2 ?orns few1 /raight4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #ae ft4 high2 occasionally cultivat$2 f ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,maxim[czii4 #c4 ,arlia 7,acan?panax7 ,maxim[czii4 ,leaves long-petiol$1 simple1 ?ick1 palmately cleft1 ) #g s]rate lobes2 old leaves smoo?1 ! "y ) woolly bases4 ,panicles ( fl[]s & fruit t]m9al2 ! b]ries /riat$4 ,tree-trunk usually q prickly4 ,?is species is said to gr[ #ej ft4 high 9 ,japan4 ,x has be5 rec5tly introduc$1 & proves p]fectly h>dy 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,,ord] ,,xxii4 ,,corn,,ce4 7,,dogwood ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( %rubs & trees 7r>ely h]bs7 ( temp]ate regions4 ,,g5us #de4 ,c,,rnus4 ,small trees or %rubs 7"o species an h]b7 ) simple1 entire1 curv$-ve9$1 & 7except 9 "o species7 opposite leaves4 ,! curv$ p>allel ribs ( ! leaves 9 all ! species are q peculi> & readily recogniz$4 ,fl[]s small1 ( #d petals1 9 "s species r5d]$ v conspicu\s by l>ge bracts4 ,fruit small1 usually bright-color$ drupes 9 clu/]s2 ripe f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,!re are b #c species t gr[ at all tree-l4 99 ,leaves opposite4 7,a47 ,a4 ,fruit 9 close head-l clu/]s1 r$ :5 ripe #a4 ,a4 ,fruit 9 op5 clu/]s4 7,b47 ,b4 ,bran*es bright r$2 fruit :ite #b4 ,b4 ,bran*es br[ni%2 fruit bright r$ #c4 99 ,leaves alt]nate2 fruit blue #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 flrida4 #a4 ,crnus flrida1 ,l4 7,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood47 ,leaves ovate1 po9t$1 acuti% at base4 ,fl[]s 9 a head surr\nd$ by #d :ite bracts1 mak+ ! :ole clu/] look l a s+le l>ge fl[] #c 94 broad4 ,abundant 9 ,may & ,june4 ,fruit a small1 bright r$ drupe ) a s+le #b-se$$ nut4 ,ripe 9 ,augu/4 ,a l>ge %rub or l[ tree #ae to #dj ft4 high1 ) broad1 r\ndi% head4 ,common on high gr\nd ?r\gh\t1 & "o ( ! f9e/ small trees 9 cultivation4 ,a v>iety ) ! bracts q r$ is also cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 lba4 #b4 ,crnus lba1 ,l4 7,,sib]ian ,,r$-,,/emm$ ,,cornel47 ,leaves broadly ovate1 acute1 d5sely pubesc5t b5ea?2 drupes :ite2 bran*es recurv$1 bright r$1 r5d]+ ! plant a conspicu\s object 9 ! w9t]4 ,a %rub r ?an a tree1 cultivat$ f ,sib]ia2 h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 mscula4 #c4 ,crnus mscula1 ,dur4 7,,cornelian ,,*]ry47 ,leaves opposite1 oval-acum9ate1 r pubesc5t on bo? surfaces4 ,fl[]s small1 yell[1 9 umbels f a #d-leav$ involucre1 bloom+ be=e ! leaves are out 9 spr+4 ,fruit oval1 94 long1 cornelian-color$1 ripe 9 autumn1 r sweet1 us$ 9 confection]y4 ,a l>ge %rub or l[ tree1 #h to #ae ft4 high1 ) h>d1 t\gh1 flexible wood1 sometimes cultivat$ = its e>ly fl[]s & late1 beautiful fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 alt]niflia4 #d4 ,crnus alt]niflia1 ,l4 f4 7,,alt]nate-,,leav$ ,,cornel47 ,leaves alt]nate1 clu/]$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es1 ovate or oval-acum9ate1 tap]+ at base1 :iti% ) m9ute pubesc5ce b5ea?4 ,cymes ( fl[]s & fruit broad & op54 ,fruit deep blue on r$di% /alks4 ,%rub1 ?\gh occasionally tree-l1 #h to #be ft4 high2 on hillsides ?r\gh\t2 r>ely cultivat$4 ,,g5us #df4 ,n,,ssa4 ,trees ) decidu\s1 alt]nate1 ex/ipulate1 usually entire leaves1 mo/ly acute at bo? ends4 ,fl[]s some:at dioeci\s1 i4e4 /am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s on sep>ate trees4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s are q conspicu\s because s d5sely clu/]$4 ,april & ,may4 ,fruit on b a portion ( ! trees1 consi/+ ( "o or two small 7 to 9471 drupes 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,/one r\gh5$ ) grooves4 ,ripe 9 autumn4 99 ,fruit usually clu/]$ #a1 #b4 99 ,fruit solit>y #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,n4 sylvtica4 #a4 ,nssa sylvtica1 ,m>%4 7,,pepp]idge4 ,,black ,,or ,,s\r ,,gum47 ,leaves oval to obovate1 po9t$1 entire 7sometimes angulate-too!d beyond ! middle71 r ?ick1 %9+ above :5 old1 #b to #e 94 long4 ,! leaves are cr[d$ ne> ! ends ( ! bran*es & flatt5$ s z to appe> #b-rank$1 l ! ,bee*2 turn+ bright crimson 9 ! autumn4 ,fruit ovoid1 blui%-black1 ab\t 94 long1 s\r4 ,m$ium-siz$ tree ) ma9ly an excurr5t trunk & horizontal bran*es4 ,wood firm1 close-gra9$ & h>d to split4 ,ri* soil1 latitude ( ,albany & s\?w>d4 ,difficult to transplant1 s x is r>ely cultivat$4 #b4 ,nssa biflra1 ,walt4 7,,s\r ,,gum47 ,leaves #a to #c 94 long1 small] ?an 9 ,n4 sylvatica2 f]tile fl[]s & fruit #a to #c1 9 ! axils2 /one decid$ly flatt5$ & m /rongly furr[$4 ,new ,j]sey to ,t5nessee & s\?w>d4 ,too ne>ly l ! la/ to ne$ a draw+4 ,all ! species ( ,nyssa may h ! m>g9 ( ! leaves some:at angulat$1 z %[n 9 ! next4 ,illu/ration3 ,n4 uniflra4 #c4 ,nssa uniflra1 ,wang4 7,,l>ge ,,tupelo47 ,leaves mu* l>g]1 #d to #ab 94 long1 sometimes slightly cordate at base1 entire or angul>ly too!d1 d[ny b5ea?4 ,fruit solit>y1 oblong1 blue1 #a 94 or m 9 l5g?4 ,wood s(t1 t ( ! roots light & spongy & us$ = corks4 ,9 wat] or wet swamps2 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & s\?w>d4 ,,ord] ,,xxiii4 ,,caprifoli,,ce4 7,,honeysuckle ,,family47 ,%rubs 7r>ely h]b or tree-l plants7 ( temp]ate regions4 ,,g5us #dg4 ,,vib,,rnum4 ,%rubs or small trees ) opposite1 simple1 petiol$ leaves4 ,fl[]s light-color$1 small b 9 l>ge1 conspicu\s1 flat-topp$ clu/]s at ! ends ( ! bran*es2 bloom+ 9 e>ly summ]4 ,fruit small1 #a-se$$ drupes ) flatt5$ /ones2 ripe 9 autumn4 99 ,leaves di/9ctly palmately lob$ #a4 99 ,leaves p9nately ve9$ & n lob$4 7,a47 ,a4 ,co>sely d5tat$ #b4 ,a4 ,f9ely s]rat$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves long-acum9at$ #c4 ,b4 ,obtuse or slightly po9t$ #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 pulus4 #a4 ,vibrnum pulus1 ,l4 7,,cranb]ry-,,tree47 ,leaves palmately ve9$ & /rongly #c-lob$1 broadly w$ge-%ap$ or truncate at base1 ! spread+ lobes mo/ly too!d on ! sides & entire 9 ! not*es2 petiole ) #b gl&s at ! apex4 ,fruit 9 p$uncl$ clu/]s1 light r$ & q s\r 7:5ce ! "n ,cranb]ry-tree74 ,a ne>ly smoo?1 small tree or %rub1 #d to #ab ft4 high2 wild along /reams1 & cultivat$ "u ! "n ( ,sn[ball-tree or ,gueld] ,rose4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! fl[]s h all become /]ile & enl>g$4 ,vibrnum ac]iflium 7,,arr[-,,wood7 has also lob$ leaves1 & is mu* m common4 ,?is species nev] =ms a tree1 & has d>k-color$ b]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 d5ttum4 #b4 ,vibrnum d5ttum1 ,l4 7,,arr[-,,wood47 ,leaves1 pale gre51 broadly ovate1 some:at he>t-%ap$ at base1 co>sely & %>ply d5tat$1 /rongly ve9$ & (t5 ) hairy tufts 9 ! axils2 petioles r long & sl5d]4 ,fruit 94 long1 9 p$uncl$ clu/]s1 blue or purple2 a cross-section ( ! /one betwe5 kidney-& horse%oe-%ap$4 ,a %rub or small tree1 #e to #ae ft4 high1 ) a%-color$ b>k2 9 wet places4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,l5tg4 #c4 ,vibrnum ,l5tg1 ,l4 7,,sweet ,,viburnum ,,or ,,%eep-,,b]ry47 ,leaves broad1 ovate1 long-po9t$1 #b to #c 94 long1 closely & %>ply s]rat$2 petioles long & ) n>r[1 curl$ m>g9s2 entire plant smoo?4 ,fruit 9 sessile clu/]s ( #c to #e rays1 oval1 l>ge1 94 long1 blue-black1 edible1 sweet2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high2 f\nd wild ?r\gh\t1 9 woods & along /reams4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 pruniflium4 #d4 ,vibrnum pruniflium1 ,l4 7,,black ,,haw47 ,leaves oval1 obtuse or slightly po9t$1 #a to #b 94 long1 f9ely & %>ply s]rat$4 ,bloom+ e>ly1 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit oval1 l>ge 7 94 long71 9 sessile clu/]s ( #c to #e rays1 black or blue-black1 sweet4 ,a tall %rub or small tree1 #f to #ab ft4 high2 9 dry soil or along /reams2 ,new ,york1 s\? & we/4 ,,g5us #dh4 ,,lon,,c]a4 ,leaves entire1 opposite2 corolla #e-lob$2 b]ry sev]al-se$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,t>trica4 ,lonc]a ,t>trica4 7,,t>t>ian ,,honey-,,suckle47 ,leaves decidu\s1 oval1 he>t-%ap$2 fl[]s 9 pairs1 %[y1 p9k to rose-r$2 9 spr+2 b]ries =m$ ( ! two ov>ies1 bright r$2 ripe 9 summ]4 ,a %rub1 (t5 plant$ & occasionally trimm$ to a tree-l =m1 & gr[+ to ! height ( ne>ly #bj ft4 ,,ord] ,,xxiv4 ,,comp,,sit4 ,?is1 ! l>ge/ ord] ( fl[]+ plants1 is made up almo/ exclusively ( h]bace\s plants1 b conta9s "o %rub or l[ tree :i* is h>dy f ,bo/on s\?w>d ne> ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,,g5us #di4 ,b,,c*>is4 ,leaves simple1 decidu\s2 heads ( fl[]s small1 _m-fl[]$2 receptacle nak$2 pappus ( hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 halimiflia4 ,bc*>is halimiflia1 ,l4 7,,gr\ndsel-,,tree47 ,leaves obovate1 w$ge-%ap$1 cr5ately not*$ at end1 light grayi% 9 color1 ) :iti% p[d]2 bran*es angl$2 fl[]s :ite ) a t9t ( purple1 bloom+ 9 ! autumn4 ,a broad1 loose-head$1 light-color$ bu% r ?an a tree1 #h to #ae ft4 high2 wild on sea-bea*es1 ,massa*usetts & s\?1 & occasionally cultivat$4 ,! plant is dioeci\s2 ! f]tile specim5s are r5d]$ q conspicu\s 9 autumn by _! v long1 :ite pappus4 ,,ord] ,,xxv4 ,,eric,,ce4 7,,hea? ,,family47 ,a l>ge ord]1 ma9ly ( %rubs1 ?\gh a few species are h]bs1 & few] /ill are tall en\gh to be consid]$ trees4 ,,g5us #ej4 ,,oxyd,,ndrum4 ,trees ) decidu\s1 alt]nate1 oblong-lanceolate1 po9t$1 s]rate1 s\r-ta/+ leaves4 ,fl[]s small1 9 l>ge panicles at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,9 summ]4 ,fruit small1 dry capsules1 ) #e cells & _m se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,o4 arbreum4 ,oxydndrum arbreum1 ,,dc4 7,,sorrel-,,tree4 ,,s\rwood47 ,leaves 9 size & %ape mu* l ^? ( ,pea* trees4 ,fl[]s small1 urn-%ap$4 ,small-siz$ tree1 #ae to #ej ft4 high2 wild 9 ri* woods1 ,p5nsylvania & s\?w>d1 ma9ly 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,r>e 9 cultivation1 b v beautiful1 especially 9 autumn1 :5 its leaves are brilliantly color$1 & ! panicles ( fruit /ill rema9 on ! trees4 ,x is p]fectly h>dy bo? at ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,bo/on1 & ! ,miss\ri ,botanical ,g>d51 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,g5us #ea4 ,k,,lmia4 ,ev]gre5 %rubs ) alt]nate1 entire1 ?ick1 smoo? leaves4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 beautiful1 cup-%ap$1 9 %[y clu/]s4 ,fruit a small1 #e-;cell$1 _m-se$$ capsule4 ,illu/ration3 ,k4 latiflia4 ,klmia latiflia1 ,l4 7,,m\nta9-,,laurel4 ,,calico-,,bu%47 ,! only species :i* gr[s at all tree-l has ovate-lanceolate or elliptical1 smoo?1 petiol$ leaves1 tap]+ at bo? ends & gre5 on bo? sides4 ,fl[]s 9 t]m9al corymbs1 clammy-pubesc5t1 :ite to p9k4 ,june4 ,pod depress$1 gl&ul>4 ,%rub or small tree1 #d to #be ft4 high1 ) r$di% twigs2 wild 9 rocky hills & damp soils ?r\gh out2 occasionally plant$4 ,wood v h>d & close-gra9$4 ,,g5us #eb4 ,,rhodod,,ndron4 ,%rubs or l[ trees ) usually alt]nate1 entire leaves & %[y fl[]s 9 umbel-l clu/]s f l>ge1 scaly-bract$1 t]m9al buds4 ,fruit a dry #e-;cell$ pod ) _m se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 mximum4 ,rhododndron mximum1 ,l4 7,,great ,,laurel47 ,leaves ?ick1 #d to #aj 94 long1 elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong1 acute1 n>r[$ t[>d ! base1 v smoo?1 ) some:at revolute m>g9s4 ,fl[]s l>ge 7#a 9471 ) an irregul> bell-%ap$ corolla & /icky /ems1 9 l>ge clu/]s1 :ite or slightly p9ki% ) yell[i% dots4 ,july4 ,ev]gre5 %rub or tree1 #f to #bj ft4 high1 ?r\gh\t ! region1 especially 9 damp swamps 9 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s2 occasionally cultivat$4 ,,g5us #ec4 ,,cl,,?ra4 ,%rubs or trees ) alt]nate1 simple1 decidu\s1 ex/ipulate1 s]rate leaves4 ,fl[]s 7,july & ,augu/7 conspicu\s1 :ite1 9 elongat$ t]m9al racemes :i* are cov]$ ) a :iti% p[d]4 ,fruit #c-;cell$ pods ) _m se$s1 cov]$ by ! calyx4 99 ,leaves ?91 l>ge1 #c to #g 94 long1 pale b5ea? #a4 99 ,leaves ?icki%1 small]1 gre5 bo? sides #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 acum9ta4 #a4 ,cl?ra acum9ta1 ,mi*x4 7,,acum9ate-,,leav$ ,,cle?ra4 ,,sweet ,,pepp]-,,bu%47 ,leaves #c to #g 94 long1 oval to oblong1 po9t$1 ?91 abruptly acute at base1 f9ely s]rate1 on sl5d] petioles1 smoo? above & glauc\s bel[4 ,racemes droop+1 ( sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s1 ) ! bracts long] ?an ! fl[]s4 ,filam5ts & pod hairy4 ,a small tree or %rub1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 9 ! ,alleghanies1 ,virg9ia1 & s\?4 ,n (t5 9 cultivation1 b well wor?y ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 alniflia4 #b4 ,cl?ra alniflia1 ,l4 7,,common ,,sweet ,,pepp]-,,bu%47 ,leaves w$ge-obovate1 %>ply s]rate ne> ! apex1 entire ne> ! base1 /raight-ve9$1 smoo?1 gre5 on bo? sides4 ,racemes erect1 (t5 comp\nd1 ) bracts %ort] ?an ! fl[]s & ) smoo? filam5ts4 ,?is is a %rub r ?an a tree2 abundant 9 wet places ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,occasionally cultivat$ = its sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s4 ,,ord] ,,xxvi4 ,,sapot,,ce4 7,,sapodilla ,,family47 ,a small ord]1 ma9ly ( tropical plants1 "h includ+ "o g5us f\nd only 9 ! s\!rn "p ( our range4 ,,g5us #ed4 ,,bum,,lia4 ,leaves simple1 alt]nate1 entire1 sub-ev]gre51 ex/ipulate2 bran*es (t5 sp9y4 ,fl[]s small1 :iti%1 usually cr[d$ 9 fascicles4 ,fruit a black *]ry-l drupe ) a #b- to #c-;cell$ nut4 ,%rubs & trees ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,two species 7al?\gh h>dly trees7 are f\nd f> en\gh nor? to be includ$ 9 ?is "w4 99 ,leaves ru/y-woolly b5ea? #a4 99 ,leaves smoo? or slightly silky b5ea? #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 lanug9sa4 #a4 ,bumlia lanug9sa1 ,p]s4 7,,woolly-,,leav$ ,,buck?orn47 ,leaves oblong-obovate1 obtuse1 entire1 smoo? above & ru/y-woolly b5ea?1 b n silky2 sp9y1 ) d[ny bran*lets4 ,clu/]s #f- to #ab-;fl[]$1 pubesc5t2 fl[]s gre5i%-yell[4 ,fruit globul> & q l>ge 7 9471 black1 edible4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #dj ft4 high1 ( ! woods ( s\!rn ,ill9ois & s\?w>d4 ,) slight protection x c be cultivat$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 lyciodes4 #b4 ,bumlia lyciodes1 ,p]s4 7,,s\!rn ,,buck?orn47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 oval-lanceolate1 usually blunti% ) a tap]+ base & entire m>g91 decidu\s1 a little silky b5ea? :5 "y4 ,clu/]s d5sely _m-fl[]$ 7#bj to #cj72 fl[]s small 7#a_/f 9471 smoo?1 gre5i%-:ite4 ,may1 ,june4 ,a sp9y %rub or tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 9 moi/ gr\nd1 ,virg9ia1 we/ & s\?4 ,ab\t z h>dy z ! prec$+ species4 ,,ord] ,,xxvii4 ,,eb5,,ce4 7,,ebony ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( mo/ly tropical trees & %rubs4 ,,g5us #ee4 ,,diospyros4 ,trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 entire1 fea!r-ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s small1 inconspicu\s1 mo/ly dioeci\s4 ,fruit a globose b]ry ) ! #e-lob$ ?ick calyx at ! base1 & ) #h to #ab1 occasionally #a to #e1 r l>ge se$s2 ripe aft] fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,virg9ina4 ,diospyros ,virg9ina1 ,l4 7,,common ,,p]simmon47 ,leaves #d to #f 94 long1 ovate-oblong1 acum9ate1 r ?ick1 smoo?1 d>k1 %9+ above1 a little pale b5ea?4 ,b>k d>k-color$ & deeply furr[$ 9 a nett$ mann] ) r small me%es4 ,fl[]s yell[i%1 r small1 some:at dioeci\s2 ! /am9ate ones urn-%ap$ ) m\? ne>ly clos$2 ! pi/illate ones m op54 ,june4 ,fruit l>ge1 #a 942 v a/r+5t :5 "y1 yell[ & pleasant-ta/+ aft] fro/4 ,a h&some1 ornam5tal tree1 #bj to #fj ft4 high1 ) v h>d1 d>k-color$ wood & bright foliage4 ,s\!rn ,new ,engl& to ,ill9ois & s\?2 also cultivat$4 ,diospyros ,ltus 7,,date-,,plum71 ) leaves v d>k gre5 above1 mu* pal] & d[ny b5ea?1 & fruit mu* small] 7#b_/c 9471 & ,diospyros ,kki 7,,japan ,,p]simmon71 ) l>ge1 lea!ry1 %9+ leaves & v l>ge fruit 7#b 9471 are successfully cultivat$ f ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 s\?w>d4 ,! "u leaf repres5ts ,d4 ,lotus1 ! upp] "o a small specim5 ( ,d4 ,kaki4 ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,ltus & ,d4 ,kki4 ,,ord] ,,xxviii4 ,,/yrac,,ce4 7,,/orax ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( %rubs & trees1 mo/ly ( w>m c\ntries4 ,,g5us #ef4 ,,/yrax4 ,%rubs or small trees ) commonly decidu\s leaves1 & axill>y1 or racem$1 :ite1 %[y fl[]s on droop+ /ems4 ,pubesc5ce scurfy or /ellate2 fruit a globul> dry drupe1 its base cov]$ ) ! p]si/5t calyx1 =m+ a #a- to #c-se$$ nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,am]icna4 #a4 ,/yrax ,am]icna1 ,lam4 7,,am]ican ,,/orax47 ,%rub or small tree 7#d to #aj ft471 ) oblong1 alt]nate leaves acute at bo? ends1 #a to #c in*es long1 smoo? or v ne>ly s2 fruit 94 long1 9 racemes ( #c-d4 ,wild along /reams1 ,virg9ia & s\?2 occasionally cultivat$1 & probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,japnica4 #b4 ,/yrax ,japnica1 ,sieb4 7,,japan ,,/orax47 ,leaves alt]nate1 membranace\s1 ovate to ovate-lanceolate1 s]rate or cr5ate1 to #c 94 long1 smoo? or ) %ort /ellate hairs2 fl[]s & fruit 9 long racemes4 ,a beautiful l[ tree1 #f to #ab ft4 high2 f ,japan4 ,h>dy z f> nor? z ,philadelphia1 b ne$+ a little protection 9 ,massa*usetts & ,miss\ri4 ,,g5us #eg4 ,,pt]o/yrax4 ,simil> to ,/yrax1 b ) ! fruit 9 panicles1 #e-w+$1 conical1 & cr[n$ ) ! p]si/5t base ( ! /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 corymbsum4 ,pt]o/yrax corymbsum1 ,sieb4 ,leaves decidu\s1 #b to #e 94 long1 fea!r-ve9$1 petiol$1 ovate1 r>ely cordate at base1 %>ply s]rate1 ) /ellate hairs4 ,%rub or small tree1 #aj to #ab ft4 high1 cultivat$ f ,japan2 ) a%y-gray b>k1 & :ite fl[]s turn+ yell[i% or purpli% ) age2 bloom+ 9 ,may1 fruit ripe 9 ,augu/4 ,n p]fectly h>dy 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,,g5us #eh4 ,,hal,,sia4 ,small trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 decidu\s1 s]rate leaves4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 #a 94 long1 conspicu\s1 :ite1 hang+1 bell-%ap$1 monopetal\s1 #d-lob$2 bloom+ 9 spr+4 ,fruit ) a s+le1 r\gh1 elongat$1 bony nut surr\nd$ by a #b- to #d-w+$ coat2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,wood light-color$1 v h>d & f9e-gra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 dpt]a4 #a4 ,halsia dpt]a1 ,l4 7,,two-,,w+$ ,,silv]bell ,,tree47 ,leaves l>ge 7#d to #e 94 long71 ovate1 acute1 s]rate1 s(tly pubesc5t4 ,fruit ) #b conspicu\s1 broad w+s1 sometimes ) #b int]m$iate n>r[ ridges4 ,a small tree or a l>ge %rub1 wild 9 ! s\?1 & cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 tetrpt]a4 #b4 ,halsia tetrpt]a1 ,l4 7,,f\r-,,w+$ ,,silv]bell ,,tree47 ,leaves small] 7#b to #d 9471 oblong-ovate1 f9ely s]rate4 ,fruit small]1 ) #d ne>ly equal w+s4 ,a small1 beautiful tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 m h>dy ?an ,halesia dipt]a1 & !re=e cultivat$ occasionally ?r\gh\t4 ,wild 9 ,virg9ia & s\?4 ,,g5us #ei4 ,s,,mplocos4 ,%rubs or small trees1 ) leaves furni%+ a yell[ dye4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 t9ctria4 ,smplocos t9ctria1 ,l',h]4 7,,horse-,,sug>4 ,,sweetleaf47 ,leaves simple1 alt]nate1 ?ick1 #c to #e 94 long1 elongate-oblong1 acum9ate1 ne>ly entire1 almo/ p]si/5t1 pale b5ea?1 ) m9ute pubesc5ce1 sweet-ta/+4 ,fl[]s #f to #ad1 9 close-bract$1 axill>y clu/]s1 #e-p>t$1 sweet-sc5t$1 yell[2 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fruit a dry drupe1 ovoid1 94 long4 ,a %rub or small tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high4 ,delaw>e & s\?4 ,,ord] ,,xxix4 ,,ole,,ce4 7,,olive ,,family47 ,an ord] ( trees & %rubs1 ma9ly ( temp]ate regions4 ,,g5us #fj4 ,,fr,,x9us4 ,trees ) petiol$1 opposite1 odd-p9nate leaves 7"o cultivat$ v>iety has simple leaves74 ,fl[]s (t5 inconspicu\s1 9 l>ge panicles be=e ! leaves 9 spr+4 ,fruit s+le-w+$ at "o end 7sam>a or key-fruit71 9 l>ge clu/]s2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,"s trees1 ow+ to ! fl[]s be+ /am9ate1 produce no fruit4 ,wood light-color$1 t\gh1 v di/9ctly m>k$ by ! annual lay]s4 ,! leaves appe> late 9 ! spr+1 & fall e>ly 9 ! autumn4 99 ,fl[]s ) :ite corolla2 a cultivat$ small tree #h4 99 ,fl[]s ) no corolla4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves p9nate2 leaflets petiolate2 calyx small1 p]si/5t on ! fruit4 7,b47 ,b4 ,fruit broad-w+$1 94 wide4 ,s\? #e4 ,b4 ,w+s mu* n>r[]4 7,c4 7 ,c4 ,bran*lets r\nd & pubesc5t #b4 ,c4 ,bran*lets r\nd & smoo?4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaflets ne>ly entire #a4 ,d4 ,leaflets s]rate ne> tip1 entire bel[ #c4 ,c4 ,bran*lets1 on vigor\s gr[?s1 squ>e #d4 ,a4 ,leaves p9nate2 leaflets sessile2 no calyx4 7,e47 ,e4 ,native2 w+ ( fruit r\nd$ at tip #f4 ,e4 ,cultivat$ f ,europe2 w+ not*$ at tip #g4 ,a4 ,leaves simple2 v>iety "u #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 ,am]icna4 #a4 ,frx9us ,am]icna1 ,l4 7,,:ite ,,a%47 ,leaflets #g to #i 7usually #g71 /alk$1 ovate or lance-oblong1 po9t$1 %9+ above1 pale & ei!r smoo? or pubesc5t b5ea?1 some:at too!d or entire4 ,fl[]s almo/ always dioeci\s 7,may71 ?us ! fruit is f\nd on b a portion ( ! trees4 ,! fruit 7,augu/ to ,septemb]7 t]ete & m>g9less bel[1 abruptly dilat$ into ! w+1 :i* is #b to #c times z long z ! t]ete portion2 entire fruit ab\t #a 94 long4 ,a common l>ge =e/-tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 ) gray1 furr[$ b>k1 smoo?1 grayi%-gre5 bran*lets1 & ru/y-color$ buds4 ,ext5sively cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 pubsc5s4 #b4 ,frx9us pubsc5s1 ,lam4 7,,r$ ,,a%47 ,l ! ,:ite ,a%1 b to be di/+ui%$ f x by ! d[n on ! "y1 gre5 or olive-gre5 twigs1 & on ! foot/alks & l[] surface ( ! leaves4 ,fruit acute1 #b-;edg$ at base1 gradually dilat$ into ! w+s z 9 ,frax9us viridis4 ,a small] & m sl5d] tree ?an ! ,:ite ,a%2 gr[+ 9 ab\t ! same localities1 b r>e we/ ( ! ,alleghanies2 he>t-wood d>k]-color$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 vridis4 #c4 ,frx9us vridis1 ,mi*x4 f4 7,,gre5 ,,a%47 ,smoo? ?r\gh\t2 leaflets #e to #i1 bright gre5 on bo? sides1 ovate or oblong-lanceolate1 (t5 w$ge-%ap$ at base & s]rate above4 ,fruit acute & #b-;edg$ or m>g9$ at base & gradually spread+ into an oblanceolate or l9e>-spatulate w+ z 9 ! ,r$ ,a%4 ,small to middle-siz$ trees 7l ! ,r$ ,a%71 f\nd ?r\gh\t1 b common we/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 quadrangulta4 #d4 ,frx9us quadrangulta1 ,mi*x4 7,,blue ,,a%47 ,leaflets #g to #i1 %ort-/alk$1 oblong-ovate or lanceolate1 po9t$1 %>ply s]rate1 gre5 on bo? sides4 ,fruit n>r[ly oblong1 blunt1 ( ! same wid? at bo? ends1 or slightly n>r[$ at ! base4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 ) smoo? squ>e twigs on ! vigor\s gr[?s4 ,wiscons9 to ,ohio & ,k5tucky4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 platycrpa4 #e4 ,frx9us platycrpa1 ,mi*x4 7,,wat]-,,a%47 ,leaflets #e to #g1 #c to #e 94 long1 ovate or oblong1 acute at bo? ends1 %ort-/alk$1 slightly s]rate4 ,bran*lets t]ete1 smoo? to pubesc5t4 ,fruit broadly w+$1 94 wide1 (t5 #c-w+$1 tap]+ to ! base4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree 9 deep riv]-swamps1 ,virg9ia & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 sambuciflia4 #f4 ,frx9us sambuciflia1 ,lam4 7,,black ,,a%47 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 sessile1 oblong-lanceolate1 tap]+ to a po9t1 s]rate1 obtuse or r\nd$ at base1 gre5 & smoo? on bo? sides2 :5 "y1 ) "s ru/y hairs along ! midrib4 ,fruit )\t calyx at base & ) w+ all ar\nd ! se$-be>+ "p1 blunt at bo? ends4 ,a sl5d] tree1 #dj to #gj ft4 high1 ) d>k-blue or black buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 exclsior4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>4 monophlla4 #g4 ,frx9us exclsior1 ,l4 7,,european ,,a%47 ,leaflets #aa to #ac 79 "s cultivat$ v>ieties r$uc$ to #a to #e71 almo/ sessile1 lanceolate-oblong1 acum9ate1 s]rate1 w$ge-%ap$ at base4 ,fl[]s nak$1 some:at dioeci\s1 & s ! fruit does n =m on all ! trees4 ,keys l9e>-oblong1 obtuse1 obliquely not*$ at apex4 ,?is species 9 its v num]\s v>ieties is common 9 cultivation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! ,weep+ ,a% 7v>4 p5dula74 ,! mo/ rem>kable is ! "o ) simple1 f p9natifid to entire leaves 7v>4 monophylla74 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 rnus4 #h4 ,frx9us rnus4 7,,fl[]+ ,,a%47 ,leaflets #g to #i1 lanceolate or elliptical1 att5uat$1 s]rat$1 entire at ! /alk$ bases1 vill\s or d[ny b5ea?4 ,fl[]s fr+e-l1 :ite1 9 l>ge t]m9al droop+ clu/]s1 ( #d or #b petals4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit small1 lance-l9e>1 obtuse1 att5uate at ea* end4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 plant$ 9 p>ks4 ,n h>dy nor? ( ,new ,york ,city )\t "s protection4 ,,g5us #fa4 ,,osm,,n?us4 ,%rub or small tree ) opposite1 ?ick1 ev]gre51 ne>ly entire leaves4 ,fl[]s small1 :ite1 9 panicles or corymbs 9 late spr+4 ,fruit a sph]ical drupe1 94 long1 ) a #b-se$$ /one2 hang+ on dur+ ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,o4 ,am]icna4 ,osmn?us ,am]icna1 ,l4 7,,devil-,,wood47 ,leaves ?ick1 ev]gre51 oblong-lanceolate1 entire1 acute1 n>r[$ to a petiole1 #d to #e 94 long4 ,fl[]s dioeci\s1 v small4 ,may4 ,fruit globul>1 ab\t 94 9 diamet]1 violet-purpli%2 ripe 9 autumn1 & rema9+ on ! tree ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #bj ft4 high1 f s\!rn ,virg9ia s\?w>d1 9 moi/ woods4 ,,g5us #fb4 ,,syr,,nga4 ,leaves simple1 entire1 opposite2 fl[]s ornam5tal1 9 l>ge1 d5se clu/]s4 ,! ,lilacs are all beautiful1 b =m m]e %rubs1 except ! foll[+3 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,japnica4 ,syrnga ,japnica4 7,,japan ,,lilac4 ,,giant ,,tree ,,lilac47 ,leaves decidu\s1 opposite1 oval to cordate1 ?ick1 d>k gre51 glossy2 fl[]s :ite1 #d-p>t$1 odorless1 9 v l>ge1 d5se1 erect1 t]m9al clu/]s1 bloom+ 9 summ]2 fruit dry #b-;cell$ pods ) #b to #d se$s4 ,a magnific5t small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high2 f ,japan2 probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,,g5us #fc4 ,,*ion,,n?us4 ,l[ trees or %rubs ) simple1 decidu\s1 opposite1 entire1 ?ick1 smoo?1 petiol$ leaves4 ,fl[]s #d-p>t$1 ) long1 sl5d]1 delicate :ite lobes1 droop+ 9 clu/]s f ! l[] side ( ! bran*es & =m+ a fr+e2 9 e>ly summ]4 ,fruit a purple drupe4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,virgnica4 ,*ionn?us ,virgnica1 ,l4 7,,fr+e-,,tree74 ,leaves smoo?1 ?icki%1 l>ge 7#c to #f 94 long71 oval or obovate1 entire4 ,! leaves are occasionally some:at alt]nate & ?92 !y resemble ^? ( ! ,magnolia4 ,drupe ovoid1 94 long1 cov]$ ) a bloom4 ,a beautiful small tree or %rub1 #h to #cj ft4 high1 wild along /reams1 s\!rn ,p5nsylvania & s\?w>d1 & g5]ally cultivat$ nor? = its delicate fr+e-l fl[]s4 ,h>dy4 ,a v>iety 7v>4 angu/ifolia7 ) long1 n>r[ leaves is occasionally cultivat$4 ,,ord] ,,xxx4 ,,scrophul>i,,ce4 7,,figwort ,,family47 ,a l>ge ord] ( plants1 almo/ entirely h]bace\s2 f\nd 9 all climates2 x includes "o cultivat$ tree 9 ?is region4 ,,g5us #fd4 ,,paul,,wnia4 ,tree ) opposite 7sometimes 9 :orls ( ?ree71 l>ge1 decidu\s1 palmately ve9$1 he>t-%ap$ leaves4 ,leaf-/em (t5 holl[2 m9ute cup-%ap$ gl&s1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 situat$ on _m portions ( ! leaf1 b q abundant on ! upp] side at ! bran*+ ( ! ve9s4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 9 imm5se panicles2 9 spr+1 be=e ! leaves exp&4 ,fruit a dry1 ovate1 po9t$ capsule1 #a 94 long1 ) innum]able flat-w+$ se$s2 hang+ on ! tree ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 imp]ilis4 ,paulwnia imp]ilis1 7,,imp]ial ,,paul[nia47 ,leaves #g to #ad 94 long1 sometimes some:at lob$1 usually v hairy b5ea?2 #b buds1 almo/ hidd5 "u ! b>k1 above ea* o!r 9 ! axil4 ,fl[]s purple1 ne>ly #b 94 long1 ) a peculi>1 ?ick1 lea!r-l calyx4 ,a broad flat-head$ tree1 ( rapid gr[? :5 "y4 ,cultivat$2 f ,japan2 & h>dy ?r\gh\t1 b ! fl[]-buds are w9t]-kill$ q frequ5tly nor? ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,,ord] ,,xxxi4 ,,bignoni,,ce4 7,,bignonia ,,family47 ,an ord] ( woody plants abundant 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 "h includ+ "o g5us ( trees3 ,,g5us #fe4 ,,cat,,lpa4 ,trees or %rubs ) l>ge1 simple1 opposite 7or :orl$ 9 ?rees71 he>t-%ap$1 po9t$ leaves4 ,fl[]s irregul>1 %[y1 9 l>ge panicles2 bloom+ 9 ,june4 ,fruit long pods ) _m1 w+$ se$s1 hang+ on till spr+4 ,bran*es co>se & /iff4 ,wood light & close-gra9$4 99 ,fl[]s bright-spott$2 w+s ( se$s n>r[$ #a4 99 ,fl[]s ne>ly pure :ite2 w+s ( se$s broad #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 bignoniodes4 #a4 ,catlpa bignoniodes1 ,walt4 7,,indian ,,bean4 ,,s\!rn ,,catalpa47 ,! l>ge he>t-%ap$ leaf has connect$ scaly gl&s 9 ! axils ( ! l>ge ve9s on ! l[] side2 usually entire ?\gh sometimes angulat$1 g5]ally opposite ?\gh sometimes 9 :orls ( ?rees1 v d[ny b5ea? :5 "y1 #f to #ab 94 long4 ,fl[]s mu* spott$ ) yell[ & purple1 & ) ! l[] lobe entire4 ,pod ?91 #aj 94 or m 9 l5g?4 ,a m$ium-siz$1 wide-spread+ tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high1 ( rapid gr[?1 ) s(t1 light wood & ?9 b>k2 wild 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & ext5sively cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,albany4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 specisa4 #b4 ,catlpa specisa1 ,w>d]4 7,,indian ,,bean4 ,,we/]n ,,catalpa47 ,leaves l>ge 7#e to #ab 94 long71 he>t-%ap$1 long-po9t$4 ,fl[]s #b 94 long1 ne>ly :ite1 fa9tly spott$1 ! l[] lobes some:at not*$4 ,pod ?ick4 ,a l>ge1 tall tree1 #dj to #fj ft4 high1 ) ?ick b>k2 wild 9 l[1 ri* woodl&s1 s\!rn ,indiana1 s\? & we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,kmpf]i4 ,catlpa ,kmpf]i & ,catlpa ,bngei are dw>f =ms f ,japan1 ! latt] gr[+ to ! height ( f #d to #h ft41 & ! =m] r>ely rea*+ ! height ( #ah ft4 ,! leaf ( ,c4 ,kmpf]i is figur$4 ,x is m apt to h its m>g9 angulat$1 ?\gh all ! species occasionally h angulat$ leaves4 ,,ord] ,,xxxii4 ,,v]b5ace4 ,h]bs1 %rubs1 r>ely small trees1 ) opposite leaves1 irregul> fl[]s & dry #b- to #d-;cell$ fruits4 ,,g5us #ff4 ,,cl]od,,ndron4 ,%rubby trees or climb+ %rubs ) opposite or :orl$1 usually entire leaves2 fl[]s ) an almo/ regul>1 #e-p>t$ corolla surr\nd$ by a bell-%ap$ calyx2 fruit drupe-l1 ) #d se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 tri*tomum4 ,cl]odndron tri*tomum1 ,?unb4 7,,fate-,,tree47 ,leaves opposite1 long-petiol$1 cordate1 ?91 entire1 gl&ul>-dott$ above1 v ve9y2 l[] leaves l>ge/ & ?ree-lob$1 ! upp] ovate1 long-po9t$1 all #c-ribb$4 ,fl[]s 9 l>ge1 t]m9al clu/]s2 fruit ) juicy pulp cov]+ ! #d se$s4 ,a small tree f ,japan2 h>dy at ,wa%+ton & s\?4 ,! figure repres5ts "o ( ! upp] leaves4 ,,g5us #fg4 ,v,,tex4 ,%rubs or l[ trees ) opposite1 usually palmate leaves1 panicl$ clu/]s ( fl[]s & drupe-l fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,agnus-c/us4 ,vtex ,agnus-c/us1 ,l4 7,,*a/e-,,tree47 ,leaves long-petiol$1 palmate1 ) #e to #g lanceolate1 acute1 ne>ly entire leaflets1 :it5$ b5ea?2 ) an aromatic ?\gh unpleasant odor4 ,bran*es obtusely #d-sid$1 hairy2 fl[]s pale lilac1 9 int]rupt$ panicles1 agreeably sweet-sc5t$ 9 late summ]4 ,%rub or small tree1 #e to #aj ft4 high1 cultivat$ f s\!rn ,europe2 h>dy at ,wa%+ton & s\?4 ,if cultivat$ fur!r nor?1 x ne$s protection1 at lea/ :5 "y4 ,,ord] ,,xxxiii4 ,,laur,,ce4 7,,laurel ,,family47 ,an ord] ( aromatic trees & %rubs1 *iefly tropical4 ,,g5us #fh4 ,p,,rsea4 ,aromatic1 ev]gre5 trees ) alt]nate1 entire1 fea!r-ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s small1 9 small close panicles4 ,fruit small 7 947 #a-se$$ drupes4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,c>ol9nsis4 ,prsea ,c>ol9nsis1 ,nees4 7,,r$ ,,bay47 ,leaves #b to #e 94 long1 oblong1 entire1 cov]$ ) a f9e d[n :5 "y1 soon smoo? above4 ,fl[]s silky1 9 small r\nd$ clu/]s on %ort /ems4 ,may4 ,fruit an ovate1 po9t$1 #a-se$$1 deep-blue drupe1 94 long1 on a r$ /alk2 ripe 9 autumn4 ,usually a small tree1 #ae to #gj ft4 high1 wild 9 swamps1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 & s\?4 ,wood r$di%1 beautiful1 h>d1 /rong1 durable4 ,,g5us #fi4 ,s,,ssafras4 ,aromatic trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 decidu\s1 (t5 lob$ leaves4 ,juice ( b>k & leaves mucilag9\s4 ,fl[]s yell[i%-gre51 9 clu/]s2 bloom+ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fruit a small blui% drupe on a ?ick r$di% /em4 ,ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,twigs gre5i%-yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 (fic9le4 ,sssafras (fic9le1 ,nees4 7,,sassafras47 ,leaves v v>iable 9 =m1 ovate1 entire1 or "s ( !m #b- to #c-lob$1 soon smoo?4 ,fl[]+ z ! leaves are putt+ =?4 ,tree #ae to #ajj ft4 high1 common 9 ri* woods4 ,! aromatic fragrance is /ronge/ 9 ! b>k ( ! roots4 ,wood r$di%1 r h>d & durable4 ,,g5us #gj4 ,l,,nd]a4 ,%rubs ) decidu\s1 alt]nate1 aromatic leaves & small1 yell[ fl[]s 9 close clu/]s along ! bran*es4 ,fruit a drupe on a n-?ick5$ /alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,b5z94 ,lnd]a ,b5z91 ,blume4 7,,spice-,,bu%4 ,,b5jam9-,,bu%47 ,leaves alt]nate1 oblong-ovate1 entire1 pale b5ea?1 v spicy 9 odor & ta/e2 twigs gre52 leaf-buds scaly2 drupes r$1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,fl[]s #d to #e toge!r 9 sessile umbels2 9 e>ly spr+1 be=e ! leaves exp&4 ,common 9 damp woods ?r\gh\t4 ,,ord] ,,xxxiv4 ,,el,,agn,,ce4 7,,olea/] ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( %rubs or small trees1 ) ! leaves cov]$ ) silv]y scurf4 ,,g5us #ga4 ,,el,,gnus4 ,leaves alt]nate1 entire2 fl[]s axill>y1 /emm$2 fruit drupe-l ) an #h-;groov$ /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 lngipes4 ,elgnus lngipes4 7,,silv]-,,leav$ ,,el,,agnus47 ,leaves almo/ ev]gre51 r ?ick1 ovate-oblong1 r blunt1 entire1 smoo? & d>k gre5 above1 b silv]y bel[4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s4 ,fruit ab\t 94 long1 bright r$1 ) silv]y scales1 v abundant & beautiful2 ripe 9 ,july2 juicy & edible1 ) a pung5t flavor4 ,%rub f ,japan2 h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,,g5us #gb4 ,,%eph,,rdia4 ,small trees or %rubs ) opposite1 decidu\s1 entire1 silv]y-scal$ leaves4 ,fl[]s v small1 dioeci\s4 ,fruit small1 b]ry-l1 transluc5t1 #a-se$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 argntea4 ,%ephrdia argntea1 ,nutt4 7,,buffalo-,,b]ry4 ,,rabbit-,,b]ry47 ,leaves opposite1 oblong-ovate1 tap]+ at base1 silv]y on bo? sides1 ) small peltate scales4 ,bran*es (t5 end+ 9 %>p ?orns4 ,fruit1 sc>let b]ries ! size ( currants1 =m+ cont9u\s clu/]s on e bran* & twig1 b f\nd only on ! pi/illate plants4 ,!y are juicy1 some:at s\r1 pleasant-ta/+1 & make excell5t jelly2 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,a small h&some tree1 #e to #bj ft4 high1 wild 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & sometimes cultivat$ ea/4 ,its ?orny-tipp$ bran*es make x a good h$ge-plant4 ,h>dy4 ,,ord] ,,xxxv4 ,,euphorbi,,ce4 7,,spurge ,,family47 ,a l>ge ord] ( ma9ly h]bace\s & %rubby plants ( w>m c\ntries1 ) usually milky juice4 ,,g5us #gc4 ,b,,xus4 ,%rubs or trees ) opposite1 ev]gre51 entire leaves & small fl[]s4 ,! fruit #c-;cell$1 #f-se$$ pods4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 semprvir5s4 ,bxus semprvir5s1 ,l4 7,,boxwood47 ,leaves ovate1 smoo?1 d>k gre52 leaf-/ems hairy at edge4 ,?is plant is a native ( ,europe1 & 9 its tree =m furni%es ! :ite wood us$ = wood-engrav+4 ,v>4 subfruticosa 7dw>f boxwood7 gr[s only a foot or two high1 & is ext5sively us$ = edg+s 9 g>d5s4 ,! tree =m is m r>e 9 cultivation1 & is ( sl[ gr[?1 b =ms a r\nd-topp$ tree4 ,,ord] ,,xxxvi4 ,,urtic,,ce4 7,,nettle ,,family47 ,a l>ge ord] ( h]bs1 %rubs & trees1 ma9ly tropical4 ,,g5us #gd4 ,,lmus4 ,tall umbrella-%ap$ trees ) wat]y juice & alt]nate1 #b-rank$1 simple1 decidu\s1 obliquely ovate to obliquely he>t-%ap$1 /rongly /raight-ve9$1 s]rate leaves1 h>% to ! t\*1 (t5 r\gh4 ,fl[]s insignificant1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves4 ,fruit a flatt5$1 r\nd-w+$ sam>a2 ripe 9 ! spr+ & dropp+ e>ly f ! trees4 ,b>k r\gh ) longitud9al ridges4 99 ,leaves v r\gh on ! upp] side4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves #d to #h 94 long2 buds ru/y-d[ny2 inn] b>k v mucilag9\s #a4 ,a4 ,leaves small]2 buds n d[ny2 cultivat$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,wide-spread+ tree2 twigs droop+2 fruit slightly not*$ #b4 ,b4 ,tree r pyramidal2 twigs n usually droop+2 fruit deeply not*$ #c4 99 ,leaves n v r\gh on ! upp] side4 7,c47 ,c4 ,buds & bran*lets pubesc5t2 twigs (t5 ) corky ridges #d4 ,c4 ,buds & bran*lets free f hairs1 or v ne>ly s4 7,d47 ,d4 ,twigs ) corky w+s #e4 ,d4 ,twigs (t5 ) corky ridges2 cultivat$ #b1 #c4 ,d4 ,bran*lets nev] corky #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 flva4 #a4 lmus flva1 ,mi*x4 7,,slipp]y ,,or ,,r$ ,,elm47 ,leaves l>ge1 #d to #h 941 v r\gh above1 ovate-oblong1 tap]-po9t$1 d\bly s]rate1 s(t-d[ny b5ea?2 bran*lets d[ny2 inn] b>k v mucilag9\s2 leaves sweet-sc5t$ 9 dry+2 buds 9 spr+ s(t & d[ny ) ru/y hairs4 ,fruit ) a %all[ not* 9 ! w+ n ne>ly rea*+ ! r\nd$ nut4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #de to #fj ft4 high1 ) t\gh & v durable r$di% wood2 wild 9 ri* soils ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 montna4 #b4 lmus montna1 ,bauh4 7,,scot* ,,or ,,wit* ,,elm47 ,leaves broad1 obovate1 abruptly po9t$ & d\bly s]rat$4 ,fruit r\nd$1 ) a slightly not*$ w+1 nak$4 ,bran*es droop+ at _! extremity1 _! b>k smoo? & ev54 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #ej to #fj ft4 high1 ) spread+ or (t5 droop+ bran*es2 ext5sively cultivat$ "u a doz5 diff]5t names1 among ! mo/ peculi> be+ ! ,:ite-m>g9$ 7v>4 alba m>g9ata71 ! ,crisp$-leav$ 7v>4 crispa71 & ! ,weep+ 7v>4 p5dula7 ,elms4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 camp/ris4 #c4 lmus camp/ris1 ,l4 7,,engli% ,,or ,,field ,,elm47 ,leaves mu* small] & ( a d>k] color ?an ! ,am]ican ,elm1 obovate-oblong1 abruptly %>p-po9t$1 d\bly s]rat$1 r\gh4 ,fruit smoo?1 ) ! w+ deeply not*$4 ,a tall & beautiful cultivat$ tree1 ) ! bran*es gr[+ out f ! trunk m abruptly ?an ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,elm1 & ?us =m+ a m pyramidal tree4 ,a score ( nam$ v>ieties are 9 cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry1 "s ) v corky b>k1 o!rs ) curl$ leaves1 & /ill o!rs ) weep+ bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 racemsa4 #d4 lmus racemsa1 ,?omas4 7,,cork ,,or ,,rock ,,elm47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 obovate-oblong1 abruptly po9t$1 (t5 d\bly s]rat$1 ) v /raight ve9s2 twigs & bud-scales d[ny-ciliate2 bran*es (t5 ) corky ridges4 ,fruit l>ge 7 94 or m long71 ) a deep not*2 hairy4 ,a l>ge tree ) f9e-gra9$1 heavy & v t\gh wood4 ,s\?we/ ,v]mont1 we/ & s\?1 s\?we/w>d to ,miss\ri1 on riv]-banks4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 alta4 #e4 lmus alta1 ,mi*x4 7,,wahoo ,,or ,,w+$ ,,elm47 ,leaves small1 #a to #b 94 long1 ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 ?icki%1 d[ny b5ea? & ne>ly smoo? above1 %>ply s]rate4 ,bud-scales & bran*lets ne>ly smoo?4 ,not* 9 ! w+ ( ! fruit deep4 ,a small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 ! bran*es hav+ corky w+s4 ,wild1 ,virg9ia1 we/ & s\?2 r>ely cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,am]icna4 #f4 lmus ,am]icna1 ,l4 7,,am]ican ,,or ,,:ite ,,elm47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 obovate-oblong or oval1 abruptly %>p-po9t$1 %>ply & (t5 d\bly s]rat$1 s(t-pubesc5t b5ea? :5 "y1 soon q smoo?2 buds & bran*lets smoo?4 ,fruit 94 long1 its %>p po9ts incurv$ & clos+ ! deep not*2 hairy only on ! edges4 ,a l>ge ornam5tal tree1 usually ) spread+ bran*es & droop+ bran*lets1 =m+ a v wide-spread+ top4 ,wild ?r\gh\t 9 ri*1 moi/ soil2 common 9 cultivation4 ,,g5us #ge4 ,,pl,,n]a4 ,trees or tall %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 po9t$1 #b-rank$1 fea!r-ve9$1 too!d leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 ) ! leaves 9 spr+4 ,fruit a small1 nut-l1 scaly1 globul> drupe1 ripe 9 autumn4 ,b>k scal+ (f l t ( ! ,sycamore4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 aqutica4 #a4 ,pln]a aqutica1 ,gmel4 7,,am]ican ,,plan]-,,tree47 ,leaves ovate-oblong1 small1 #a to #a 94 long1 on %ort /ems1 %>p-po9t$1 s]rate ) equal tee?1 smoo?1 gre5 above & gray bel[1 n oblique at base4 ,fl[]s m9ute1 9 small heads1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves4 ,fruit a scaly1 r\gh5$ nut1 941 rais$ on a /alk 9 ! calyx2 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high2 wet banks1 ,k5tucky & s\?w>d2 h>dy z f> nor? z ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 acum9ta4 #b4 ,pln]a acum9ta4 7,,kiaka ,,elm ,,or ,,japan ,,plan]-,,tree47 ,leaves l>ge1 glossy1 smoo?1 deeply not*$1 on r$ /ems2 "y %oots also r$4 ,?is is a l>g]1 m h>dy1 & f9] tree ?an ! ,am]ican ,plan]-tree1 & %\ld be m ext5sively cultivat$4 ,! ,caucasian ,plan]-tree 7,plan]a p>vifolia71 ) v small leaves1 is also occasionally cultivat$4 ,,g5us #gf4 ,c,,ltis4 ,trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 #b-rank$1 oblique1 s]rate leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 gre5i%1 axill>y4 ,fruit b]ry-l1 sweet1 edible drupes1 ab\t ! size ( a currant1 ) "o se$2 color d>k2 ripe 9 autumn4 99 ,leaves usually %>ply s]rate #a4 99 ,leaves almo/ entire #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 occid5tlis4 #a4 ,cltis occid5tlis1 ,l4 7,,sug>b]ry4 ,,hackb]ry47 ,leaves ovate1 obliquely subcordate to truncate at base1 long-acum9ate1 s]rate 7at lea/ ne> ! apex71 r\gh above & hairy b5ea?4 ,fruit a s+le-se$$1 941 globul> drupe1 solit>y on a p$uncle1 #a 94 long1 9 ! axils ( ! leaves2 purple :5 ripe 9 autumn4 ,%rub 7v>4 pumila7 to l>ge tree1 #f to #ej ft4 high2 ?r\gh\t2 r>e nor?1 abundant s\?4 ,sometimes cultivat$4 ,! bran*es are num]\s1 sl5d]1 horizontal1 giv+ ! tree a wide-spread+1 d5se top4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,mississippinsis4 #b4 ,cltis ,mississippinsis1 ,bosc4 ,leaves almo/ entire1 ) a v long1 tap]+ po9t1 a r\nd$ & mo/ly oblique base1 ?9 & smoo?4 ,fruit small] ?an t ( ! prec$+ species4 ,a small tree ) r\gh1 w>ty b>k4 ,ill9ois & s\?w>d4 ,,g5us #gg4 ,,macl,,ra4 ,trees or %rubs ) milky juice & simple1 alt]nate1 entire1 decidu\s leaves1 g5]ally hav+ a %>p sp9e by ! side ( ! bud 9 ! axils4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s2 9 summ]4 ,fruit l>ge1 globul>1 orange-l 9 appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 aurantaca4 ,maclra aurantaca1 ,nutt4 7,,osage ,,orange4 ,,b[-,,wood47 ,leaves r ?ick1 ovate to ovate-oblong1 almo/ entire1 smoo? & %9+ above1 /rong-ve9$ & pal] b5ea?1 #d 94 long by #b 94 wide2 sp9es simple1 ab\t #a 94 long4 ,fruit z l>ge z an orange1 gold5-yell[ :5 ripe4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high2 native we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,ext5sively cultivat$ = h$ges1 & also = ornam5t1 ?r\gh\t4 ,,g5us #gh4 ,m,,rus4 ,trees ) milky juice & alt]nate1 decidu\s1 ex/ipulate1 broad1 he>t-%ap$1 usually r\gh leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s2 9 spr+4 ,fruit blackb]ry-l 9 %ape & size2 9 summ]4 99 ,leaves r\gh2 fruit d>k-color$ #a4 99 ,leaves smoo? & %9+2 fruit :ite to black #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 rbra4 #a4 ,mrus rbra1 ,l4 7,,r$ ,,mulb]ry47 ,leaves broad1 he>t-%ap$1 #d to #f 94 long1 s]rate1 r\gh above & d[ny b5ea?1 po9t$2 on ! "y %oots irregul>ly lob$4 ,fruit d>k r$1 almo/ purple :5 ripe1 cyl9drical2 n f\nd on all ! trees1 z ! fl[]s are some:at dioeci\s2 ripe 9 ,july4 ,wood yell[1 heavy & durable4 ,usually a small tree1 #ae to #fj ft4 high2 wild ?r\gh\t1 also cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 lba4 #b4 ,mrus lba1 ,l4 7,,:ite ,,mulb]ry47 ,leaves obliquely he>t-ovate1 po9t$1 s]rate1 smoo? & %9+2 lob$ on ! y\ng] gr[?s2 #b to #g 94 long4 ,fruit :iti%1 oval to oblong2 ripe 9 ,july4 ,a small tree f ,*9a1 plant$ = fe$+ silkworms1 b n[ naturaliz$ ?r\gh\t4 ,v>4 multicaulis has l>ge leaves1 & is consid]$ bett] = silkworm food ?an ! usual =m4 ,x is n v h>dy1 z x is frequ5tly w9t]-kill$ 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,v>4 ,d[n+ii 7,d[n+'s ev]be>+ ,mulb]ry7 has l>ge leaves & v l>ge1 d>k r$ or black fruit1 ( excell5t flavor1 :i* does n rip5 all at once z mo/ ,mulb]ries d4 ,,g5us #gi4 ,,br\sson,,tia4 ,trees ) milky juice & alt]nate1 decidu\s1 /ipulate1 broad1 v hairy leaves4 ,fl[]s dioeci\s4 ,fruit 7only on a portion ( ! plants7 simil> to ! common ,mulb]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 papyrf]a4 ,br\ssontia papyrf]a1 ,l4 7,,pap]-,,mulb]ry47 ,leaves ovate to he>t-%ap$1 v>i\sly lob$1 deeply s on ! "y suck]s1 s]rate1 v r\gh above & q s(t-d[ny b5ea?2 leaves on ! old trees almo/ )\t lobes2 b>k t\gh & fibr\s4 ,fl[]s 9 catk9s1 gre5i%2 9 spr+4 ,fruit club-%ap$1 d>k sc>let1 sweet & insipid2 ripe 9 ,augu/4 ,small cultivat$ tree1 #aj to #ce ft4 high1 h>dy nor? to ,new ,york2 rem>kable = ! great v>iety 9 ! =ms ( its leaves on ! "y trees4 ,,ord] ,,xxxvii4 ,,platan,,ce4 7,,plane-,,tree ,,family47 ,a v small ord]1 conta9+ b "o g5us3 ,,g5us #hj4 ,,pl,,tanus4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 simple1 l>ge1 palmately lob$ leaves4 ,! base ( ! petiole is holl[$ to cov] ! bud4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s2 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fruit a l>ge1 dry ball1 hang+ on a long p$uncle1 & rema9+ on ! tree ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,l>ge tree ) :ite b>k sep>at+ into ?91 brittle plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 occid5tlis4 #a4 ,pltanus occid5tlis1 ,l4 7,,am]ican ,,sycamore4 ,,buttonwood47 ,leaves l>ge 7#f to #aj 94 broad71 r\ndi% he>t-%ap$1 angul>ly s9uate-lob$1 ! %ort lobes %>p-po9t$1 scurfy-d[ny till old4 ,fruit globul>1 solit>y1 #a 94 9 diamet]1 hang+ on long1 #d-;94 p$uncles2 rema9+ on ! tree ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,a l>ge1 well-kn[n tree1 #hj to #ajj ft4 high2 f\nd on riv]-banks ?r\gh\t2 also cultivat$4 ,wood br[ni%1 co>se-gra9$2 x _c be split1 & is v difficult to smoo?4 ,! m>k+ ( ! gra9 on ! qu>t]$ lumb] is v beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ori5tlis4 #b4 ,pltanus ori5tlis1 ,l4 7,,ori5tal ,,plane47 ,leaves m deeply cut1 small]1 & soon] smoo? ?an ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,sycamore4 ,fruit frequ5tly clu/]$ on ! p$uncles4 ,?is tree is simil> to ! ,am]ican ,sycamore1 & 9 _m ways bett] = cultivation4 ,,ord] ,,xxxviii4 ,,jugl&,,ce4 7,,walnut ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( useful nut-& timb]-trees4 ,,g5us #ha4 ,j,,glans4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 odd-p9nate leaves1 ( #e to #ag leaflets1 ) #b to #d axill>y buds1 ! upp]mo/ ! l>ge/4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 ! /]ile ones 9 catk9s4 ,may4 ,fruit a l>ge1 bony1 edible nut surr\nd$ by a husk t has no regul> dehisc5ce4 ,! nut1 z 9 ! g5us ,c>ya1 has a bony p>tition betwe5 ! halves ( ! k]nel4 99 ,leaflets #ac to #ag1 /rongly s]rate2 husk ( ! fruit n sep>at+ f ! v r\gh1 bony nut2 native4 7,a47 ,a4 ,upp] axill>y bud cyl9drical1 :iti% ) hairs2 nut elongat$ #a4 ,a4 ,upp] axill>y bud ovate1 po9t$2 nut globul> #b4 99 ,leaflets #e to #i2 husk ( ! fruit sep>at+ :5 dry f ! smoo?i%1 ?9-%ell$ nut2 cultivat$ #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 c9rea4 #a4 ,jglans c9rea1 ,l4 7,,butt]nut4 ,,:ite ,,walnut47 ,leaflets #aa to #ag1 lanceolate1 r\nd$ at base1 s]rate ) %all[ tee?2 d[ny1 especially b5ea?2 leaf/alk /icky or gummy4 ,buds oblong1 :ite-to-m5tose4 ,fruit oblong1 clammy1 po9t$4 ,a ?ick-%ell$ nut1 deeply sculptur$ & r\gh ) ragg$ ridges2 ripe 9 ,septemb]4 ,a widely spread+1 flat-topp$ tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 ) gray b>k & mu* light]-color$ wood ?an t ( ! ,juglans nigra4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ngra4 #b4 ,jglans ngra1 ,l4 7,,black ,,walnut47 ,leaflets #ac to #ba1 lanceolate-ovate1 tap]-po9t$1 some:at he>t-%ap$ & oblique at base1 smoo? above & v slightly d[ny b5ea?4 ,fruit globul>1 r\ghly dott$2 ! ?ick-%ell$ nut v r\gh2 ripe 9 ,octob]4 ,a l>ge h&some tree1 #ej to #abj ft4 high1 ) br[n b>k2 m common we/ ?an ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies2 (t5 plant$4 ,wood d>k purpli%-br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 rgia4 #c4 ,jglans rgia1 ,l4 7,,madeira ,,nut4 ,,engli% ,,walnut47 ,leaflets #e to #i1 oval1 smoo?1 obscurely s]rate4 ,fruit oval1 ) a ?9-%ell$ oval nut n ne>ly s r\gh z t ( ,juglans c9]ea1 or ( ,juglans nigra4 ,:5 ripe ! husk becomes v brittle & breaks op5 to let out ! nut4 ,tree int]m$iate 9 size1 #dj to #fj ft4 high1 h>dy z f> nor? z ,bo/on 9 ! ,ea/1 b ne$s protection at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,x %\ld be m ext5sively cultivat$4 ,introduc$ f ,p]sia4 ,,g5us #hb4 ,c,,rya4 ,h>d-wood$ trees ) alt]nate1 odd-p9nate leaves hav+ /raight-ve9$ leaflets4 ,! leaflets are opposite ea* o!r1 & ! t]m9al pair & end leaflet are usually mu* ! l>ge/4 ,! /]ile fl[]s are 9 hang+ catk9s1 ! f]tile ones m9ute1 =m+ a l>ge1 r\nd$1 gre5-coat$1 dry drupe1 ) a r\gh5$ nut hav+ a bony p>tition4 ,! drupes hang on till fro/1 :5 !y op5 m or less & usually all[ ! nut to drop out4 ,wood h>d & t\gh4 99 ,b>k %aggy & scaly2 k]nel v good4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaflets usually #e 7#e to #g7 #a4 ,a4 ,leaflets #g to #i #b4 99 ,b>k r\gh1 deeply furr[$ b n %aggy2 k]nel edible4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaflets #g to #i1 usually #g #c4 ,b4 ,leaflets #e to #g1 usually #e #d4 99 ,b>k smoo?2 k]nel bitt]4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaflets #e to #g1 usually #g1 smoo? #e4 ,c4 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 s]rate ) deep tee? #f4 99 ,b>k smoo?2 nut ?9-%ell$2 k]nel sweet2 leaflets #ac to #ae #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 lba4 #a4 ,crya lba1 ,nutt4 7,,%ellb>k ,,or ,,%agb>k ,,hickory47 ,leaflets #e1 ! l[] pair mu* small]1 all oblong-lanceolate1 tap]-po9t$1 f9ely s]rate1 d[ny b5ea? :5 "y4 ,fruit globul>1 depress$ at ! top1 splitt+ readily into #d :olly sep>ate valves4 ,nut :ite1 sweet1 compress$1 #d-;angl$4 ,husk q ?9 = ! ,hickories4 ,tree #gj to #ij ft4 high1 ) v %aggy b>k1 ev5 on q small trees4 ,wild ?r\gh\t1 & cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 sulcta4 #b4 ,crya sulcta1 ,nutt4 7,,big ,,%ellb>k4 ,,k+nut47 ,leaflets #g to #i1 obovate-acum9ate1 %>ply s]rate1 ! odd "o att5uate at base & ne>ly sessile2 d[ny b5ea? 7m s ?an ,c>ya alba74 ,fruit l>ge1 oval1 #d-ribb$ above ! middle1 ) #d int]v5+ depressions4 ,husk v ?ick1 entirely sep>at+ into #d valves4 ,nut l>ge1 #a to #b 94 long1 dull-:iti%1 ?ick-%ell$1 usually /rongly po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,k]nel sweet & good4 ,tree #fj to #ij ft4 high1 ) a %aggy b>k ( loose1 n>r[ /rips on l>ge trees4 ,q common we/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 tom5tsa4 #c4 ,crya tom5tsa1 ,nutt4 7,,mock]nut4 ,,:ite-,,he>t ,,hickory47 ,leaflets #g to #i 7mo/ly #g71 lance-obovate1 po9t$1 obscurely s]rate or almo/ entire1 ! l[] surface z well z ! twigs & ! catk9s tom5tose :5 "y4 ,fruit globul> or ovoid1 usually ) a v h>d1 ?ick husk slightly unit$ at base4 ,nut some:at hexagonal1 ) a v ?ick %ell & well-flavor$ k]nel4 ,a tall1 sl5d] tree1 #fj to #ajj ft4 high1 ) a r\gh deeply furr[$1 b n %aggy b>k4 ,common on dry hillsides ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 microcrpa4 #d4 ,crya microcrpa1 ,nutt4 7,,small ,,mock]nut47 ,leaflets ab\t #e 7#e to #g71 oblong-lanceolate1 long-po9t$1 f9ely s]rate1 smoo?1 gl&ul> b5ea?2 buds small1 ovate4 ,fruit small1 subglobose1 ) a ?9 husk2 nut n %>ply angl$1 ) a ?9 %ell2 edible4 ,a l>ge tree1 #gj to #ij ft4 high2 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & we/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 porcna4 #e4 ,crya porcna1 ,nutt4 7,,pignut4 ,,broom-,,hickory47 ,leaflets #e to #g 7usually #g71 oblong-ovate1 acum9ate1 s]rate1 smoo?4 ,fruit pe>-%ap$ to oval1 some:at r\gh1 splitt+ regul>ly only ab\t half-way4 ,nut l>ge 7#a to #b 94 long71 br[ni%1 some:at obcordate1 ) a ?ick1 h>d %ell1 & poor1 bitt] k]nel4 ,tall tree1 #gj to #hj ft4 high1 ) d>k-color$ he>t-wood1 & r smoo? b>k4 ,common on ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 amra4 #f4 ,crya amra1 ,nutt4 7,,bitt]nut4 ,,swamp-,,hickory47 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate1 s]rate ) deep tee?4 ,fruit r\ndi%-ovate1 regul>ly sep>able only half-way1 b friable at maturity4 ,nut small1 :ite1 subglobose1 ) a v ?9 %ell & an extremely bitt] k]nel4 ,l>ge tree ) orange-yell[ w9t] buds1 & firm1 n scaly1 b>k4 ,wild ?r\gh\t1 & sometimes cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 olivfrmis4 #g4 ,crya olivfrmis1 ,nutt4 7,,pecan-,,nut47 ,leaflets #ac to #ae1 ovate-lanceolate1 s]rate2 lat]al ones ne>ly sessile & decid$ly curv$4 ,fruit oblong1 wide/ above ! middle1 ) #d di/9ct valves4 ,nut oblong1 #a 941 ne>] smoo? ?an ! o!r edible ,hickory-nuts1 ! %ell ?91 b r too h>d to be brok5 by ! f+]s4 ,! k]nel is full1 sweet1 & good4 ,a tall tree1 #hj to #ij ft4 high4 ,indiana & s\?2 also cultivat$1 b n v successfully1 z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city4 ,,ord] ,,xxxix4 ,,cupul,,f]4 7,,oak ,,family47 ,?is ord] conta9s m species ( trees & %rubs 9 temp]ate regions ?an any o!r1 except ! ,conif]4 ,! g5us ,qu]cus 7,oak7 alone conta9s ab\t #bj species ( trees 9 ! region cov]$ by ?is "w4 ,,g5us #hc4 ,b,,tula4 ,trees or %rubs ) simple1 alt]nate1 mo/ly /raight-ve9$1 ?91 usually s]rate leaves4 ,fl[]s 9 catk9s1 op5+ 9 e>ly spr+1 9 mo/ cases be=e ! leaves4 ,fruit a leafy-scal$ catk9 or cone1 hang+ on till autumn4 ,twigs usually sl5d]1 ! b>k peel+ (f 9 ?91 t\gh lay]s1 & hav+ peculi> horizontal m>ks4 ,_m species h aromatic leaves & twigs4 99 ,trunks ) *alky :ite b>k4 7,a47 ,a4 ,native4 7,b47 ,b4 ,small tree ) leaf/alks ab\t z long z ! blades #a4 ,b4 ,l>ge tree2 leaf/alks ab\t #a_/c z long z ! blades #b4 ,a4 ,cultivat$2 f ,europe2 _m v>ieties #c4 99 ,b>k n *alky :ite1 usually d>k4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves & b>k v aromatic4 7,d47 ,d4 ,b>k ( trunk yell[i% & splitt+ into filmy lay]s #e4 ,d4 ,b>k n splitt+ into filmy lay]s #d4 ,c4 ,leaves n v aromatic2 b>k br[ni% & loose & %aggy on ! ma9 trunk2 gr[+ 9 or ne> ! wat] #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 populiflia4 #a4 ,btula populiflia1 ,ait4 7,,am]ican ,,:ite ,,or ,,gray ,,bir*47 ,leaves triangul>1 v tap]-po9t$1 & usually truncate or ne>ly s at ! broad base1 irregul>ly twice-s]rate2 bo? sides smoo? & %9+1 :5 "y glut9\s ) res9\s gl&s2 leaf/alks half z long z ! blades & sl5d]1 s z to make ! leaves tremul\s1 l ^? ( ! ,asp54 ,fruit br[n1 cyl9drical1 m or less p5dul\s on sl5d] p$uncles4 ,a small 7#ae to #cj ft4 high71 sl5d] tree ) an asc5d+ r ?an an erect trunk4 ,b>k *alky or grayi% :ite1 ) triangul> dusky spaces bel[ ! bran*es2 rec5t %oots br[n1 closely cov]$ ) r\nd dots4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 papyrf]a4 #b4 ,btula papyrf]a1 ,m>%4 7,,pap] ,,or ,,canoe ,,bir*47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 ovate1 tap]-po9t$1 he>t-%ap$1 abrupt or sometimes w$ge-%ap$ at ! base1 %>ply & d\bly s]rate1 smoo? & gre5 above1 r\ghly reticulat$1 gl&ul>-dott$ & slightly hairy b5ea?2 foot/alk n ov] #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! blade4 ,fruit long-/alk$ & droop+4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #ge ft4 high1 ) :ite b>k splitt+ freely into v ?91 t\gh lay]s4 ,a v>iety1 #e to #aj ft4 high 7v>4 m9or71 occurs only 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s4 ,"y %oots r$di% or purpli% olive-gre5 deep5+ to a d>k copp] bronze4 ,new ,engl& & we/w>d1 also cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 lba4 #c4 ,btula lba1 ,l4 7,,european ,,:ite ,,bir*47 ,leaves ovate1 acute1 some:at deltoid1 unequally s]rate1 (t5 deeply cut1 ne>ly smoo?2 9 v>4 pubesc5s cov]$ ) :ite hairs4 ,fruit br[n1 cyl9dric1 droop+4 ,a tree1 #cj to #fj ft4 high1 ) a *alky-:ite b>k2 f ,europe1 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 "u _m names1 :i* indicate ! "* ( gr[? or foliage2 among !m may be m5tion$ p5dula 7weep+71 lac9iata 7cut-leav$71 fa/igiata 7pyramidal71 atropurpurea 7purple-leav$71 & pubesc5s 7hairy-leav$74 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 lnta4 #d4 ,btula lnta1 ,l4 7,,sweet1 ,,black ,,or ,,*]ry ,,bir*47 ,leaves & b>k v sweet1 aromatic4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-oblong1 ) m or less he>t-%ap$ base1 v acute apex1 & d\bly & f9ely s]rate m>g91 bright %9+ gre5 above1 smoo? b5ea?1 except ! ve9s1 :i* are hairy4 ,fruit #a to #a 94 long1 cyl9dric1 ) spread+ lobes to ! scales4 ,a r l>ge tree1 #ej to #gj ft4 high1 ) b>k ( trunk & twigs 9 appe>ance mu* l t ( ! g>d5 ,*]ry1 & n splitt+ into z ?9 lay]s z mo/ ( ! ,bir*es4 ,wood rose-color$1 f9e-gra9$4 ,moi/ woods1 r common ?r\gh\t2 also cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ltea4 #e4 ,btula ltea1 ,mi*x4 f4 7,,yell[ ,,or ,,gray ,,bir*47 ,a species s l ! prec$+ 7,betula l5ta7 z to be be/ describ$ by /at+ ! diff]5ces4 ,leaves & b>k are mu* less aromatic4 ,leaves #c to #e 94 long1 n s (t5 nor s pla9ly he>t-%ap$ at base1 usually n>r[$2 less bright gre5 above1 & m d[ny b5ea?2 m co>sely s]rate4 ,fruit n s long1 & m ovate1 ) mu* l>g] & ?9n] scales1 ! lobes h>dly spread+4 ,a l>ge tree1 #ej to #ij ft4 high1 ) yell[i% or silv]y-gray b>k peel+ (f into v ?91 filmy lay]s f ! trunk4 ,wood :it]1 & n s useful4 ,ri*1 moi/ woodl&s1 especially nor?w>d2 also cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ngra4 #f4 ,btula ngra1 ,l4 7,,riv] ,,or ,,r$ ,,bir*47 ,leaves #b to #c 94 long1 rhombic-ovate1 acute at bo? ends1 di/9ctly d\bly s]rate1 bright gre5 above2 glauc\s b5ea? :5 "y2 on petioles only #a_/f _! l5g?4 ,twigs br[n to c9namon-color1 & d[ny :5 "y4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 usually gr[+ on ! edges ( /reams1 ! old trunks hav+ a v %aggy1 loose1 torn1 r$di%-br[n b>k4 ,wild 9 ,massa*usetts1 s\? & we/2 (t5 cultivat$4 ,,g5us #hd4 ,,lnus4 ,%rubs or small trees ) decidu\s1 alt]nate1 simple1 /raight-ve9$ leaves ) l>ge /ipules t rema9 mo/ ( ! season4 ,fl[]s 9 catk9s4 ,fruit a small1 scaly1 op51 woody cone1 rema9+ on ! plant ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 99 ,native species2 gr[+ 9 wet places4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves r\nd$ at base2 :it5$ b5ea?2 f\nd nor? ( #da ,n4 ,lat #a4 ,a4 ,leaves acute or tap]+ at base2 s\?w>d4 7,b47 ,b4 ,fl[]+ 9 ! spr+ #b4 ,b4 ,fl[]+ 9 ! autumn #c4 99 ,cultivat$ species2 f ,europe2 w gr[ 9 dry places #d1 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 incna4 #a4 lnus incna1 ,willd4 7,,speckl$ ,,or ,,ho>y ,,ald]47 ,leaves #c to #e 94 long1 broadly oval or ovate1 r\nd$ at base1 %>ply s]rate1 (t5 co>sely too!d1 :it5$ & mo/ly d[ny b5ea?2 /ipules lanceolate & soon fall+4 ,fruit orbicul> or ne>ly s4 ,a %rub or small tree1 #h to #bj ft4 high1 ) ! b>k ( ! trunk a poli%$ r$di% gre52 common along wat]-c\rses nor? ( #da ,n4 ,lat42 sometimes cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 s]rulta4 #b4 lnus s]rulta1 ,willd4 7,,smoo? ,,ald]47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 ?icki%1 obovate1 acute at base1 %>ply & f9ely s]rate1 gre5 bo? sides1 smoo? or (t5 d[ny b5ea?2 /ipules yell[i% gre51 oval1 & fall+ aft] #b or #c leaves h exp&$ above !m4 ,fruit ovate4 ,r a %rub ?an a tree1 #f to #ab ft4 high1 common along /reams s\? ( #da ,n4 ,lat4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates x sometimes =ms a tree #cj ft4 high4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 m>tima4 #c4 lnus m>tima1 ,muhl4 7,,seaside ,,ald]47 ,smoo?2 leaves oblong-ovate to obovate1 ) a tap]+ base1 %>ply s]rulate2 petiole sl5d]2 color bright gre51 some:at ru/y b5ea?4 ,fl[]+ 9 ! autumn4 ,fruit+ catk9 l>ge1 to #a 94 long1 94 ?ick1 usually solit>y1 ovoid to oblong4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #be ft4 high4 ,s\!rn ,delaw>e & ea/]n ,m>yl&1 ne> ! coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 glut9sa4 #d4 lnus glut9sa1 ,l4 7,,european ,,ald]47 ,leaves r\ndi%1 w$ge-%ap$1 wavy-s]rat$1 usually abrupt at tip1 glut9\s2 %>ply & deeply incis$ 9 "s v>ieties4 ,fruit oval1 94 long4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #be to #fj ft4 high1 ( rapid gr[?1 (t5 cultivat$ "u sev]al names2 ! mo/ important be+ v>s4 lac9iata 7cut-leav$71 qu]cifolia 7oak-leav$71 & rubr9]vis 7r$-leav$74 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 cordiflia4 #e4 lnus cordiflia1 ,t54 7,,he>t-,,leav$ ,,ald]47 ,leaves he>t-%ap$1 d>k gre5 & %9+4 ,fl[]s gre5i%-br[n1 bloom+ 9 ,m>* & ,april1 be=e ! leaves exp&4 ,a l>ge & v h&some ,ald]1 #ae to #bj ft4 high1 gr[+ 9 mu* dry] soil ?an ! ,am]ican species4 ,cultivat$ f s\!rn ,europe4 ,h>dy aft] x gets a good />t1 b (t5 w9t]-kill$ :5 "y4 ,,g5us #he4 ,c,,rylus4 ,l[ trees & l>ge %rubs ) simple1 alt]nate1 decidu\s1 d\bly s]rate1 /raight-ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s insignificant1 9 catk9s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fruit an ovoid-oblong bony nut1 inclos$ 9 a ?icki% involucre ( two leaves ) a lac]at$ frill$ bord]2 ripe 9 autumn4 99 ,leafy bracts ( fruit =m+ a bottle-%ap$ involucre #b4 99 ,leafy bracts n bottle-%ap$4 7,a47 ,a4 ,involucre mu* long] ?an ! nut #a4 ,a4 ,involucre b little long] ?an ! nut #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,am]icna4 #a4 ,crylus ,am]icna1 ,walt4 7,,wild ,,hazelnut47 ,leaves r\ndi% he>t-%ap$1 po9t$1 d\bly s]rate2 /ipules broad at base1 acute1 & sometimes cut-too!d2 twigs & %oots (t5 hairy4 ,involucre ( ! fruit op5 to ! globose nut1 ! two leaf-l bracts v mu* cut-too!d at ! m>g9 & ?ick & lea!ry at ! base4 ,m]ely a %rub1 #e to #f ft4 high2 q common ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ro/rta4 #b4 ,crylus ro/rta1 ,ait4 7,,beak$ ,,hazelnut47 ,leaves b little or n at all he>t-%ap$2 /ipules l9e>-lanceolate4 ,! involucre1 ext5d+ beyond ! nut 9 a bract l a bottle1 is cov]$ ) /iff1 %ort hairs4 ,%rub1 #d to #e ft4 high4 ,wild 9 ! same region z ,corylus ,am]icana1 b n s abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,avellna4 #c4 ,crylus ,avellna1 ,l4 7,,european ,,hazel4 ,,filb]t47 ,leaves r\ndi%-cordate1 po9t$1 d\bly s]rate1 ne>ly sessile1 ) ovate-oblong1 obtuse /ipules2 %oots bri/ly4 ,involucre ( ! fruit n mu* l>g] ?an ! l>ge nut 7#a 9471 & deeply cleft4 ,a small tree or %rub1 #f to #ab ft4 high1 f ,europe2 sev]al v>ieties 9 cultivation4 ,,g5us #hf4 ,,/rya4 ,sl5d] trees ) v h>d wood1 br[ni%1 furr[$ b>k1 & decidu\s1 alt]nate1 simple1 ex/ipulate1 /raight-ve9$ leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 9 catk9s4 ,fruit hop-l 9 appe>ance1 at ! ends ( side %oots ( ! season1 hang+ on ?r\gh ! autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,o4 ,virgnica4 #a4 /rya ,virgnica1 ,willd4 7,,iron-,,wood4 ,,am]ican ,,hop-,,hornbeam47 ,leaves oblong-ovate1 tap]-po9t$1 v %>ply d\bly s]rate1 d[ny b5ea?1 ) #aa to #ae /raight ve9s on ea* side ( ! midrib2 buds acute4 ,! hop-l fruit #b to #c times z long z wide2 full gr[n & p5dul\s1 #a to #c 94 long1 9 ,augu/1 :5 x adds greatly to ! beauty ( ! tree4 ,a small1 r sl5d] tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 ) ! b>k on old trees some:at furr[$2 wood :ite & v h>d & heavy2 common 9 ri* woods1 & occasionally cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,o4 vulgris4 #b4 /rya vulgris1 ,willd4 7,,european ,,hop-,,hornbeam47 ,?is species f ,europe is mu* l ! ,am]ican "o1 b has long]1 m sl5d]1 m p5dul\s fruit-clu/]s4 ,occasionally cultivat$4 ,,g5us #hg4 ,,c>p,,nus4 ,trees or tall %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 /raight-ve9$ leaves1 & smoo? & close gray b>k4 ,fl[]s 9 droop+ catk9s1 ! /]ile fl[]s 9 d5se cyl9dric ones1 & ! f]tile fl[]s 9 a loose t]m9al "o =m+ an elongat$1 leafy-bract$ clu/] ) _m1 sev]al-groov$1 small nuts1 hang+ on ! tree till late 9 ! autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,c>ol9ina4 #a4 ,c>pnus ,c>ol9ina1 ,walt4 7,,am]ican ,,hornbeam4 ,,blue ,,or ,,wat] ,,bee*47 ,leaves ovate-oblong1 po9t$1 %>ply d\bly s]rate1 soon ne>ly smoo?4 ,fruit ) ! scales obliquely halb]d-%ap$ & cut-too!d1 94 long1 nuts #a_/h 94 long4 ,a tree or tall %rub1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 ) a peculi>ly ridg$ trunk2 ! close1 smoo? gray b>k & ! leaves are mu* l ^? ( ! ,bee*4 ,! wood is v h>d & :iti%4 ,common along /reams2 sometimes cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,btulus4 #b4 ,c>pnus ,btulus1 ,l4 7,,european ,,hornbeam47 ,?is cultivat$ species is q simil> to ! ,am]ican1 b c be di/+ui%$ by ! scales ( ! fruit1 :i* are :olly halb]d-%ap$1 hav+ ! basal lobes ne>ly equal 9 size1 z %[n 9 ! cut2 :ile ! ,am]ican species has scales only half halb]d-%ap$4 ,,g5us #hh4 ,,qu,,rcus4 ,l>ge trees to %rubs1 ) simple1 alt]nate1 decidu\s or ev]gre51 entire to deeply lob$ leaves4 ,! leaves are r ?ick & woody1 & rema9 on ! tree ei!r all w9t] or at lea/ until ne>ly all o!r decidu\s leaves h fall54 ,fl[]s insignificant2 ! /am9ate ones 9 catk9s2 bloom+ 9 spr+4 ,fruit an acorn1 :i* 9 ! ,:ite1 ,*e/nut1 & ,live ,oaks matures ! same ye> ! blossoms appe>2 :ile 9 ! ,r$1 ,black1 & ,will[ ,oaks ! acorns mature ! second ye>4 ,!y rema9 on ! tree until late 9 autumn4 ,! ,oaks1 because ( _! l>ge tap-roots1 c be transplant$ only :5 small4 ,mo/ ( ! species are 9 cultivation4 ,! species are v closely relat$1 & a numb] ( !m q readily hybridize2 ?is is especially true ( ^? ( a p>ticul> gr\p1 z ! ,:ite ,oaks1 ,black ,oaks1 etc4 ,!re is no attempt 9 ! ,key to *>act]ize ! hybrids1 ( :i* "s are q ext5sively di/ribut$4 ,qu]cus het]ophylla1 ,mi*x4 7,b>tram's ,oak71 suppos$ to be a hybrid betwe5 ,qu]cus ,phellos & ,qu]cus rubra1 is f\nd q frequ5tly f ,/at5 ,isl& s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 99 ,cultivat$ ,oaks f ! ,old ,_w2 b>k r\gh2 leaves m or less s9uat$ or lob$4 7,a47 ,a4 ,acorn cup n bri/ly #bj4 ,a4 ,acorn cup m or less bri/ly #ba4 99 ,wild species1 occasionally cultivat$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves entire or almo/ entire1 or m]ely #c- 7r>ely #e-7 lob$ at ! enl>g$ summit4 7,c47 ,c4 ,ends ab\t equal1 petioles v %ort4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves small 7#b to #d 94 long71 ev]gre51 b>k smoo?1 black 7,live-oaks7 #aj4 ,d4 ,leaves n ev]gre5 9 ! ,nor?1 some:at awn$ :5 "y1 b>k v smoo?1 black & nev] crack$ 7,will[-oaks74 7,e47 ,e4 ,d[n on ! "u side q p]si/5t #ah4 ,e4 ,"u side soon smoo? #ai4 ,c4 ,wid5$ ne> ! tip1 some:at obovate & ! end usually #c-lob$2 b>k q black1 smoo? or furr[$1 b nev] scaly 7,black-oaks74 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves acute at base #af4 ,f4 ,leaves abrupt or cordate at base #ag4 ,b4 ,leaves di/9ctly /raight-ve9$1 s9uate r ?an lob$1 ! tee? g5]ally r\nd$ & nev] awn$2 b>k :ite1 r\gh & scal+ 7,*e/nut-oaks74 7,g47 ,g4 ,lobes r\nd$ #e1 #f1 #g4 ,g4 ,lobes r acute #h1 #i4 ,b4 ,leaves co>sely lob$1 ! lobes usually r\nd$1 nev] awn$2 b>k :ite or :iti%-br[n1 crack+ & scal+ (f 9 ?9 lam9 7,:ite ,oaks74 7,h47 ,h4 ,leaves cr[d$ at ! ends ( ! bran*lets #d4 ,h4 ,leaves n cr[d$ #a1 #b1 #c4 ,b4 ,leaves m or less lob$1 ! lobes & tee? acute & bri/le-po9t$2 petiole sl5d]2 base r abrupt2 b>k d>k-color$1 smoo? or furr[$1 b nev] scaly 7,r$ ,oaks74 7,i47 ,i4 ,leaves smoo? bo? sides1 at lea/ :5 mature #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,i4 ,leaves s(t-d[ny b5ea? #ad1 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 lba4 #a4 ,qurcus lba1 ,l4 7,,am]ican ,,:ite ,,oak47 ,leaves %ort-/emm$1 acute at base1 ) #c to #i oblong1 obtuse1 usually entire1 oblique lobes1 v p]si/5t1 _m rema9+ on ! tree ?r\gh ! w9t]2 pubesc5t :5 "y1 soon smoo?1 bright gre5 above4 ,acorns 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! ye>1 ovoid-oblong1 #a 941 9 a %all[1 r\gh cup1 (t5 sweet & edible4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 ) /em (t5 #f ft4 9 diamet]2 wood light-color$1 h>d1 t\gh & v useful4 ,common ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 /ellta #b4 ,qurcus /ellta1 ,wang4 7,,po/-,,oak4 ,,r\gh ,,or ,,box ,,:ite ,,oak47 ,leaves #d to #f 94 long1 s9uately cut into #e to #g r\ndi%1 div]g5t lobes1 ! upp] ones mu* l>g] & (t5 #a- to #c-not*$1 grayi%-or yell[i%-d[ny b5ea?1 & pale & r\gh above4 ,acorn ovoid1 ab\t 94 long1 "o ?ird to "o half inclos$ 9 a deep1 sauc]-%ap$ cup2 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! ye>4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #dj to #ej ft4 high1 ) v h>d1 durable wood1 resembl+ t ( ! ,:ite ,oak4 ,massa*usetts1 s\? & we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 macrocrpa4 #c4 ,qurcus macrocrpa1 ,mi*x4 7,,bur-,,oak4 ,,mossy-,,cup47 ,leaves obovate or oblong1 lyrately p9natifid or deeply s9uate-lob$ or ne>ly p>t$1 ! lobes sp>+ly & obtusely too!d or entire4 ,acorn broadly ovoid1 #a 94 or m long1 "o half to almo/ entirely inclos$ 9 a ?ick & woody cup ) usually a mossy fr+$ bord] =m$ ( ! upp] awn$ scales2 cup v v>iable 9 size1 to #b 94 across4 ,a h&some1 middle-siz$ tree1 #dj to #fj ft4 high4 ,we/]n ,new ,engl& to ,wiscons91 & s\?we/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 lyrta4 #d4 ,qurcus lyrta1 ,walt4 7,,swamp ,,po/-,,oak47 ,leaves cr[d$ at ! ends ( ! bran*lets1 v v>iable1 obovate-oblong1 m or less deeply #g- to #i-lob$1 :ite-to-m5tose b5ea? :5 "y1 becom+ smoo?i%2 ! lobes triangul> to oblong1 acute or obtuse1 entire or sp>+ly too!d4 ,acorn ab\t 94 long1 ne>ly cov]$ by ! r\nd1 ovate1 ?91 rugg$1 scaly cup4 ,a l>ge tree ) pale flaky b>k4 ,riv]-swamps 9 s\!rn ,indiana to ,wiscons91 & s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 bcolor4 #e4 ,qurcus bcolor1 ,willd4 7,,swamp ,,:ite ,,oak47 ,leaves obovate or oblong-obovate1 w$ge-%ap$ at base1 co>sely s9uate-cr5ate1 & (t5 r p9natifid ?an too!d1 :iti%1 s(t-d[ny b5ea?4 ,ma9 prim>y ve9s #f to #h pairs4 ,acorns1 ne>ly #a 941 oblong-ovoid1 set 9 a %all[ cup (t5 mossy fr+$ at ! m>g91 on a p$uncle ab\t z long z ! acorn1 mu* long] ?an ! petioles ( ! leaves2 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! ye>4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 /em #e to #h ft4 9 diamet]4 ,mo/ common 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates1 9 swamps1 b f\nd 9 moi/ soil 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ,mi*axii4 #f4 ,qurcus ,mi*axii1 ,nutt4 7,,basket-,,oak or ,,c[-,,oak47 ,leaves #e to #f 94 long1 oval to obovate1 acute1 obtuse1 or ev5 cordate at base1 regul>ly b usually n deeply s9uate1 r rigid1 usually v tom5tose b5ea?4 ,acorn l>ge1 #a-a_/c 94 long1 sweet & edible2 cup %all[ & r\gh5$ ) co>se1 acute scales2 no fr+e4 ,a l>ge & valuable ,oak ) gray & flaky b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ,prnus #g4 ,qurcus ,prnus1 ,l4 7,,*e/nut-,,oak47 ,leaves obovate or oblong1 co>sely undulately too!d1 ) #aj to #af pairs ( /raight1 prom95t ribs b5ea?2 surface m9utely d[ny b5ea?1 & smoo? above4 ,acorn ovoid1 #a 94 long1 cov]$ ne>ly half-way ) a ?ick1 mo/ly tub]culat$ cup2 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! ye>2 k]nel sweeti% & edible4 ,a middle-siz$ or small tree1 ) r$di%1 co>se-gra9$ wood4 ,f\nd ?r\gh\t1 b common only s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ,muhl5brgii4 #h4 ,qurcus ,muhl5brgii1 ,engelm4 7,,yell[ ,,*e/nut-,,oak47 ,leaves usually ?91 #e to #g 94 long1 #a to #b 94 broad1 oblong-lanceolate1 r %>ply not*$1 mo/ly obtuse or r\ndi% at base1 sometimes broadly ovate or obovate1 & two ?irds z wide z long4 ,! leaves are usually m l ^? ( ! ,*e/nut ?an any o!r ,oak2 ! prim>y ve9s v /raight1 impress$ above1 prom95t b5ea?4 ,acorn #b_/c to 94 long1 inclos$ 9 a ?91 hemisph]ical cup ) small1 appress$ scales4 ,a middle-siz$ tree ) flaky1 pale1 ?91 a%-color$ b>k1 & t\gh1 v durable1 yell[i% or br[ni% wood4 ,we/]n ,new ,engl&1 we/w>d & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 pr9odes4 #i4 ,qurcus pr9odes1 ,willd4 7,,dw>f ,,*e/nut-,,oak47 ,mu* l ! la/1 b g5]ally gr[s only #b to #d ft4 high 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! leaves are m wavy-too!d1 on %ort] /ems4 ,x seems to be only a v>iety ( ,qu]cus ,muhl5b]gii1 especially 9 ! ,we/1 :]e x gr[s mu* tall] & runs into t species4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 vr5s4 #aj4 ,qurcus vr5s1 ,ait4 7,,live-,,oak47 ,leaves ?ick1 ev]gre51 #b to #d 94 long1 oblong1 obtuse1 & some:at wr9kl$2 smoo? & %9+ above1 hairy b5ea?1 ! m>g9 revolute1 usually q entire1 r>ely sp9y-too!d4 ,acorns p$unculate1 #a to #c 9 a clu/]1 oblong-ovate1 ) top-%ap$ nut4 ,a m]e %rub to a l>ge tree1 ) yell[i% wood ( excell5t gra9 & durability4 ,virg9ia & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 rbra4 #aa4 ,qurcus rbra1 ,l4 7,,r$ ,,oak47 ,leaves r ?91 smoo?1 oblong1 mod]ately p9natifid1 sometimes deeply s1 into #h to #ab entire or %>ply too!d lobes1 turn+ d>k r$ aft] fro/4 ,acorn oblong-ovoid1 #a 94 or less long1 set 9 a %all[ cup ( f9e scales1 ) a n>r[ rais$ bord]1 to #a 94 9 diamet]2 sessile or ne>ly s4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #ij ft4 high1 ) r$di%1 v co>se-gra9$ wood4 ,common ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 coccnea4 #ab4 ,qurcus coccnea1 ,wang4 7,,sc>let ,,oak47 ,leaves1 9 ! ord9>y =m on l>ge trees1 bright gre51 %9+ above1 turn+ r$ 9 autumn1 oval or oblong1 deeply p9natifid1 ! #f to #h lobes div]g5t1 & sp>+ly cut-too!d1 not*es r\nd$4 ,acorn to 94 long1 r\ndi%1 depress$1 "o half or a little m inclos$ 9 a top-%ap$1 co>sely scal$ cup2 9 ! axils ( ! leaf-sc>s ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,a l>ge h&some tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 ) grayi% b>k n deeply furr[$1 int]ior r$di%2 co>se-gra9$ r$di% wood4 ,moi/ or dry soil4 ,common4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>4 t9ctria4 ,v>4 t9ctoria4 7,qu]citron4 ,yell[-b>k$ or ,black ,oak47 ,leaves1 especially on "y trees1 (t5 less deeply p9natifid1 sometimes b>ely s9uate4 ,foliage mu* l t ( ,qu]cus rubra4 ,acorn ne>ly r\nd1 to #b_/c 94 long1 set 9 a r deep1 conspicu\sly scaly cup4 ,b>k ( trunk ?ick]1 r\gh]1 d>k]-color$ & ) ! inn] color orange4 ,ri* & poor soil4 ,abundant ea/1 b r>e we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 pal/ris4 #ac4 ,qurcus pal/ris1 ,du ,roi4 7,,swamp1 ,,spani%1 ,,or ,,p9 ,,oak47 ,leaves oblong1 deeply p9natifid1 ) div]g5t1 %>ply too!d1 bri/le-tipp$ lobes & r\nd$ not*es1 & ) bo? sides bright gre54 ,acorn globul>1 h>dly 94 long1 cup %all[ & sauc]-%ap$1 almo/ sessile1 9 ! axils ( la/ ye>'s leaf-sc>s4 ,a h&some1 m$ium-siz$ tree2 wood r$di%1 co>se-gra9$4 ,9 l[ gr\nd4 ,common ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 falcta4 #ad4 ,qurcus falcta1 ,mi*x4 7,,spani% ,,oak47 ,leaves obtuse or r\ndi% at base1 #c- to #e-lob$ above1 ! lobes prolong$1 mo/ly n>r[1 & ! end ones m or less scy!-%ap$1 bri/le-tipp$1 entire or sp>+ly cut-too!d1 s(t-d[ny b5ea?4 ,foliage v v>iable4 ,acorn #a_/c to 94 long1 globose1 half inclos$ 9 ! hemisph]ical cup2 ne>ly sessile4 ,a tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 l>ge & abundant 9 ! ,s\?2 b>k ?ick & excell5t = tann+2 wood co>se-gra9$1 d>k br[n or r$di%4 ,new ,j]sey1 s\? & we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 iliciflia4 #ae4 ,qurcus iliciflia1 ,wang4 7,,be> ,,or ,,black ,,scrub-,,oak47 ,leaves obovate1 w$ge-%ap$ at base1 angul>ly ab\t #e-lob$ 7#c to #g71 :ite-d[ny b5ea?1 #b to #d 94 long1 ?icki%1 ) %ort1 triangul> bri/le-tipp$ lobes4 ,acorn ovoid1 globul>1 94 long4 ,a dw>f$1 /raggl+ bu%1 #c to #aj ft4 high4 ,s&y b>r5s & rocky hills4 ,new ,engl& to ,ohio1 & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 aqutica4 #af4 ,qurcus aqutica1 ,walt4 7,,wat]-,,oak47 ,leaves ?ick1 sub-ev]gre51 obovate-w$ge-%ap$1 smoo?1 tap]+ at ! base1 sometimes obscurely #c-lob$ at ! tip2 on ! se$l+s & ! "y rapid-gr[+ %oots (t5 incis$ or s9uate-p9natifid1 & !n bri/le-po9t$4 ,acorn small1 globul>-ovoid1 d[ny1 9 a sauc]-%ap$ cup1 v bitt]2 9 ! axils ( leaf-sc>s ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,a v v>iable tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 ) smoo? b>k4 ,wet gr\nd4 ,m>yl&1 we/ & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ngra4 #ag4 ,qurcus ngra1 ,l4 7,,black ,,oak ,,or ,,b>r5 ,,oak47 ,leaves l>ge1 #e to #aj 94 long1 ?ick1 w$ge-%ap$1 broadly dilat$ above1 & truncate or slightly #c-lob$ at ! end1 bri/le-awn$1 smoo? above1 ru/y-d[ny b5ea?4 ,acorn oblong-ovate1 to 94 long1 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! prec$+ ye>1 "o ?ird or "o half inclos$ 9 ! top-%ap$1 co>se-scal$ cup4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 ) r\gh1 v d>k-color$ b>k4 ,new ,york1 s\? & we/1 9 dry1 s&y b>r5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 imbricria4 #ah4 ,qurcus imbricria1 ,mi*x4 7,,laurel-,,or ,,%+le-,,oak47 ,leaves lanceolate-oblong1 entire1 tipp$ ) an abrupt1 %>p po9t1 pale-d[ny b5ea?4 ,acorn globul>1 #e_/h 94 long1 cup ) broad1 :iti%1 close-press$ scales1 cov]+ ab\t "o ?ird ( ! nut4 ,a /\t tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 f\nd 9 b>r5s & op5 woodl&s4 ,wood ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,we/ = %+les4 ,new ,j]sey to ,wiscons91 & s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ,phllos4 #ai4 ,qurcus ,phllos1 ,l4 7,,will[-,,oak47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 ?ick1 l9e>-lanceolate1 n>r[$ at bo? ends1 entire or v ne>ly s1 soon smoo?1 light gre51 bri/le-tipp$1 will[-l1 scurfy :5 "y4 ,acorns ab\t sessile1 globul>1 small 7 9471 9 a %all[ sauc] %ap$ cup2 on ! old wood4 ,tree #cj to #ej ft4 high1 ) smoo?1 ?ick b>k1 & r$di%1 co>se-gra9$ wood1 ( little value4 ,bord]s ( swamps1 ,new ,j]sey1 s\? & we/2 also cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ,rbur4 #bj4 ,qurcus ,rbur1 ,l4 7,,engli% ,,oak47 ,leaves on %ort foot/alks1 oblong1 smoo?1 dilat$ upw>d1 s9uately lob$1 h>dly p9natifid4 ,acorns 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! ye>1 ovate-oblong1 ov] #a 941 ab\t "o ?ird inclos$ 9 ! hemisph]ical cup2 sessile 9 v>4 sessiliflora2 clu/]$ & long-p$uncl$ 9 v>4 p$unculata4 ,trees #ej to #ajj ft4 high1 ext5sively cultivat$2 f ,europe2 ! nurs]y catalogues "n z _m z a score or m v>ieties4 ,"o v>41 fa/igiata 7,pyramidal ,oak71 is a peculi> upright tree l ! ,lomb>dy ,popl>2 v>4 p5dula 7,weep+ ,oak7 has long1 sl5d]1 droop+ bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,q4 ,crris4 #ba4 ,qurcus ,crris1 ,l4 7,,turkey ,,oak47 ,leaves on v %ort /alks1 oblong1 deeply & unequally p9natifid1 hairy b5ea?2 lobes lanceolate1 acute1 some:at angul>4 ,acorns 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! ye>1 ovate1 ) a hemisph]ical1 bri/ly or mossy cup4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ?is species1 f ,europe1 are cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y =m tall1 r\nd-head$1 symmetrical trees4 ,,g5us #hi4 ,,ca/,,nea4 ,trees or %rubs ) alt]nate1 simple1 /raight-ve9$1 elongat$1 po9t$ leaves4 ,/]ile fl[]s 9 long1 droop+1 conspicu\s catk9s1 bloom+ 9 ,june or ,july2 ! f]tile ones r inconspicu\s1 b =m+ prickly-coat$ burs :i* hang on till ! fro/1 :5 !y split op5 & let out ! br[n1 horny-coat$ nuts4 ,wood light1 co>se-gra9$4 99 ,l>ge tree ) burs hav+ #a to #c nuts #a4 99 ,small tree ) burs hav+ #a r\nd$ nut #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 satva4 #a4 ,ca/nea satva1 ,mill4 7,,*e/nut47 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 po9t$1 co>sely s]rate1 ) usually awn$ tee?2 smoo? on bo? sides1 #f to #i 94 long1 #a to #b 94 wide4 ,burs l>ge1 v prickly1 inclos+ #a to #c l>ge1 ovoid1 br[n nuts1 ripe aft] fro/1 :i* op5s ! bur into #d valves4 ,a common l>ge tree1 ) light1 co>se-gra9$ wood1 & b>k hav+ co>se longitud9al ridges on ! old trees4 ,_m v>ieties ( ?is species are 9 cultivation1 v>y+ 9 ! size & sweetness ( ! nuts1 ! size ( ! trees1 & ! size & ! m>g9s ( ! leaves1 "s ( :i* are almo/ entire4 ,! wild species is v>4 ,am]icana4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 pmila4 #b4 ,ca/nea pmila1 ,mill4 7,,*9quap947 ,leaves lance-oblong1 /rongly /raight-ve9$1 co>sely s]rate1 usually ) awn$ tips2 :iti%-d[ny b5ea?1 #c to #e 94 long1 #a to #b 94 wide4 ,bur small1 prickly1 ) a s+le small1 r\nd$1 sweet1 *e/nut-color$ nut4 ,a h&some small tree1 or 9 ! wild /ate usually a %rub1 #f to #dj ft4 high4 ,c5tral ,new ,j]sey1 s\!rn ,ohio & s\?w>d1 & cultivat$ successfully z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city4 ,,g5us #ij4 ,f,,gus4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 /rongly /raight-ve9$1 almo/ entire to deeply p9natifid leaves4 ,fl[]s inconspicu\s1 appe>+ ) ! leaves4 ,fruit a prickly bur1 inclos+ #b triangul>1 %>p-ridg$ nuts1 ! bur hang+ on ! trees dur+ ! great] "p ( ! w9t]4 ,leaf-buds v elongat$1 sl5d]1 %>p-po9t$4 99 ,! /raight ve9s all end+ 9 ! tee?2 native #a4 99 ,m>g9 v>y+ f entire to deeply p9natifid1 ! /raight ve9s occasionally end+ 9 ! not*es #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 f]rugnea4 #a4 ,fgus f]rugnea1 ,ait4 7,,am]ican ,,bee*47 ,leaves ?91 oblong-ovate1 tap]-po9t$1 di/9ctly & (t5 co>sely too!d2 petioles & midrib ciliate ) s(t silky hairs :5 "y1 soon almo/ nak$4 ,! v /raight ve9s run into ! tee?4 ,prickles ( ! fruit mo/ly recurv$ or spread+4 ,l>ge tree1 #fj to #ajj ft4 high1 ) grayi%-:ite1 v smoo? b>k1 & firm1 light-color$1 close-gra9$ wood4 ,wild ?r\gh\t1 & frequ5tly cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 sylvtica4 #b4 ,fgus sylvtica1 ,l4 7,,european ,,bee*47 ,leaves (t5 simil> to ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,bee*1 b usually %ort] & broad]2 ! bord]1 (t5 ne>ly entire1 is wavy 9 "s v>ieties1 & 9 o!rs deeply p9natifid4 ,! b>k 9 mo/ v>ieties is d>k] ?an 9 ! ,am]ican4 ,?is ,bee*1 ) its num]\s v>ieties1 is ! "o usually cultivat$4 ,among ! mo/ useful v>ieties are atropurpurea 7,purple ,bee*71 ) ! d>ke/ foliage ( any decidu\s tree1 & almo/ entire-m>g9$ leaves2 lac9iata 7,cut-leav$ ,bee*71 ) v deeply cut leaves2 & arg5tea v>iegata 7,silv] ,v>iegat$ ,bee*71 hav+ 9 ! spr+ q di/9ctly v>iegat$ leaves4 ,,ord] ,,xl4 ,,salic,,ce4 7,,will[ ,,family47 ,a small ord] ( s(t-wood$ trees & %rubs1 abundantly di/ribut$ 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate & frigid zones4 ,,g5us #ia4 ,s,,lix4 ,s(t-wood$ trees or %rubs gr[+ 9 damp places1 ) alt]nate1 usually q elongat$1 po9t$1 decidu\s leaves1 )\t lobes4 ,/ipules (t5 l>ge1 leaf-l1 & m or less p]si/5t ?r\gh ! summ]2 sometimes scale-l & dropp+ e>ly4 ,! /ipules are always free f ! leaf/alk & atta*$ to ! twig at small spots j bel[ ! leaf/alk4 ,ev5 if ! /ipules h dropp$ (f1 ! small sc>s rema94 ,fl[]s /am9ate & pi/illate on sep>ate trees 7dioeci\s71 9 elongat$ catk9s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fruit consi/s ( catk9s ( small pods ) num]\s se$s hav+ silky d[n at "o end4 ,! se$s usually drop e>ly4 ,among ! ,will[s !re are s _m hybrids & peculi> v>ieties z to r5d] _! /udy difficult1 & _! classification1 9 "s cases1 impossible4 ,! foll[+ ,key w probably enable ! /ud5t to det]m9e mo/ specim5s4 ,no attempt has be5 made to include all ! cultivat$ =ms4 99 ,spray decid$ly weep+ #e4 99 ,spray n decid$ly weep+4 7,a47 ,a4 ,r small ,will[s1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 ) broad leaves1 usually n ov] twice z long z wide2 cultivat$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves glossy d>k gre5 on ! upp] side1 tap]-po9t$ #g4 ,b4 ,leaves ) :ite cottony hairs b5ea? #aj4 ,b4 ,leaves r\gh-ve9y b5ea? #ac4 ,a4 ,r l>ge ,will[s1 #ab to #hj ft4 high1 ) ! b>k ( ! trunk v r\gh2 leaves m elongat$4 7,c47 ,c4 ,petioles ( ! leaves n gl&ul>2 tree #aj to #dj ft4 high4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves gre5 on bo? sides :5 mature #a4 ,d4 ,leaves glauc\s b5ea? #b4 ,c4 ,petioles ( ! leaves usually gl&ul>2 tree #ej to #hj ft4 high4 7,e47 ,e4 ,"y leaves gre5 above & glauc\s b5ea? #c4 ,e4 ,"y leaves a%y gray or silv]y :ite on bo? sides #d4 ,a4 ,small trees or almo/ %rubs1 "u #ah ft4 high2 b>k ( trunk r smoo?4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves ovate r ?an lanceolate1 sometimes truncate or ev5 cordate at base4 7,g47 ,g4 ,leaves q broad1 %9+ on bo? sides4 7,h47 ,h4 ,leaves bright gre52 twigs poli%$ gre5 #f4 ,h4 ,leaves v d>k gre51 /rongly fragrant :5 bruis$ #g4 ,g4 ,leaves pale-d[ny b5ea?1 (t5 cordate at base #h4 ,f4 ,leaves usually wid] ne> ! acute or acum9ate tip1 glauc\s b5ea?4 7,i47 ,i4 ,bran*es v twiggy2 leaves (t5 opposite2 twigs olive-color or r$di% #i4 ,i4 ,bran*es n v twiggy2 leaves all alt]nate #aa1 #ab4 ,f4 ,leaves v long & sl5d]1 almo/ l9e> #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ngra #a4 ,slix ngra1 ,m>%4 7,,black ,,will[47 ,leaves n>r[ly lanceolate1 tap]+ at ! ends1 s]rate1 smoo? except on ! petiole & midrib1 gre5 on bo? sides2 /ipules small 7l>ge 9 v>4 falcata71 d5tate1 dropp+ e>ly4 ,bran*es v brittle at base4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #ce ft4 high1 ) r\gh black b>k4 ,common along /reams1 s\?w>d1 b r>e 9 ! nor!rn range ( ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 amygdalodes4 #b4 ,slix amygdalodes1 ,&]son4 7,,we/]n ,,black ,,will[47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 att5uate-cuspidate1 pale or glauc\s b5ea?1 ) long sl5d] petioles2 /ipules m9ute & soon fall+4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #dj ft4 high1 f c5tral ,new ,york we/w>d4 ,x is ! common ,black ,will[ ( ! /reams ( ,ohio to ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 frgilis4 #c4 ,slix frgilis1 ,l4 7,,brittle ,,will[4 ,,crack-,,will[47 ,leaves lanceolate1 tap]-po9t$1 smoo?1 glauc\s b5ea? 7slightly silky :5 "y71 s]rate ?r\gh\t2 /ipules half he>t-%ap$1 usually l>ge4 ,bran*es smoo? & poli%$1 v brittle at base4 ,a tall 7#ej to #hj ft4 high7 h&some ,will[1 ) a bu%y head & salmon-color$ wood2 cultivat$ f ,europe = basket-"w1 & ext5sively naturaliz$4 ,_m v>ieties1 hybrids betwe5 ?is species & ! next1 are v common4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3 ,v>4 decipi5s1 ) d>k-br[n buds2 v>4 ,russelliana1 ) m sl5d]1 bright]1 & m %>ply s]rate leaves1 ! annual %oots silky-d[ny t[>d autumn2 v>4 viridis1 ) t\gh1 p5dul\s bran*lets1 & firm]1 bright gre5 leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 lba4 #d4 ,slix lba1 ,l4 7,,:ite ,,will[47 ,leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate1 po9t$1 s]rate1 cov]$ m or less ) :ite silky hairs1 especially b5ea?2 v>4 crulea has ne>ly smoo? leaves1 at maturity ( a blui% t9t2 /ipules small & q e>ly decidu\s4 ,catk9s ( fl[]s long & loose1 on a p$uncle2 /am5s usually #b2 /igmas ne>ly sessile1 ?ick1 & recurv$4 ,may1 ,june4 ,a q l>ge tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 ) ?ick1 r\gh b>k1 usually hav+ yell[ twigs 7v>4 vitell9a72 introduc$ f ,europe & n[ q common ?r\gh\t4 ,bran*es v brittle at base4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,babylnica4 #e4 ,slix ,babylnica1 ,t\rn4 7,,weep+ ,,will[47 ,leaves l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 f9ely s]rate1 smoo?1 glauc\s b5ea?2 /ipules small1 r\ndi%1 oblique1 acum9ate2 bran*es p5dul\s4 ,a l>ge1 gracefully droop+ tree1 s ext5sively cultivat$ = ornam5t z to seem native2 f ,europe4 ,v>4 annul>is 7,r+-leav$ ,will[4 ,curl$ ,will[7 has ! leaves coil$ r\nd into r+s & spirals4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 lcida4 #f4 ,slix lcida1 ,mhl4 7,,%9+ ,,or ,,am]ican ,,bay ,,will[47 ,leaves ?icki%1 ovate-lanceolate1 ) a r\nd$ base1 a v long acum9ate po9t1 & a gl&ul> petiole2 :5 mature1 smoo? & %9+ on bo? sides4 ,twigs r /\t1 poli%$1 & d>k gre54 ,b>k ( trunk smoo?4 ,fruit+ catk9s q p]si/5t4 ,a beautiful small tree or %rub1 #f to #ae ft4 high1 ( bu%y =m4 ,new ,j]sey1 nor? & we/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 p5tndra4 #g4 ,slix p5tndra1 ,l4 7,,laurel-,,leav$ ,,or ,,bay ,,will[47 ,leaves ovate1 tap]-po9t$1 cr5ate1 gl&ul>1 smoo?1 glossy1 bright deep gre5 on bo? sides1 /rongly fragrant :5 bruis$4 ,catk9s l>ge1 fragrant1 gold5-yell[1 ) #d to #ab 7commonly #e7 /am5s to ea* fl[]4 ,june1 aft] ! leaves are exp&$4 ,a small h&some tree1 #ae to #bj ft4 high1 f ,europe1 :i* %\ld be m ext5sively cultivat$ 9 damp soils1 z its =m1 fl[]s1 & foliage are all beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 cordta4 ,v>4 rufesc5s4 #h4 ,slix cordta1 ,mhl4 7,,he>t-,,leav$ ,,will[47 ,leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 he>t-%ap$1 truncate or sometimes acute at base1 tap]-po9t$1 %>ply s]rate1 smoo? above1 pale-d[ny b5ea?2 /ipules (t5 l>ge1 kidney-%ap$1 & too!d1 sometimes small & entire4 ,catk9s appe>+ ) or be=e ! leaves along ! sides ( ! /em2 /am5s #b2 scales d>k or black1 hairy1 p]si/5t4 ,%rub or small tree1 #h to #bj ft4 high1 v common 9 l[ & wet places4 ,_m nam$ v>ieties are f\nd4 ,v>4 rigida has l>ge1 ?ick1 co>se-too!d leaves2 v>s4 myricoides & angu/ata h n>r[]1 f9ely s]rate leaves1 almo/ or fully acute at base4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 purprea4 #i4 ,slix purprea1 ,l4 7,,purple ,,will[47 ,leaves lanceolate1 po9t$1 p>tly opposite1 m9utely s]rate1 smoo?4 ,twigs olive-color or r$di%4 ,catk9s cyl9dric1 ) leafy bracts at base1 & app>5tly #a /am5 to ea* fl[] 7! filam5ts are unit$74 ,a %rub or small tree1 #c to #ab ft4 high2 f ,europe4 ,9 l[ gr\nd2 (t5 cultivat$ = ! twigs1 :i* are us$ 9 basket-mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 cprea4 #aj4 ,slix cprea1 ,l4 7,,goat-,,will[47 ,leaves l>ge1 r\ndi%1 ovate1 po9t$1 s]rate1 wavy1 deep gre5 above1 pale & d[ny ) s(t1 :ite-cottony hairs b5ea?2 /ipules some:at cresc5t-%ap$4 ,catk9s l>ge1 oval1 num]\s1 almo/ sessile1 bloom+ mu* be=e ! leaves appe>1 & ( a %[y yell[ color4 ,a mod]ate-siz$ tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 ) spread+1 br[n or purpli% bran*es4 ,frequ5t 9 cultivation2 f ,europe2 gr[+ well 9 dry places4 ,! ,goat-will[ is ! "o g5]ally us$ = ! /ock ( ! artificial umbrella-=m$ ,kilm>nock ,will[4 ,! gr[? ( %oots f ^! /ocks is r5d]+ ! ,goat-will[ q common4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ro/rta4 #aa4 ,slix ro/rta1 ,ri*>ds4 7,,beak$ ,,will[47 ,leaves oblong to obovate-lanceolate1 acute1 usually obscurely too!d1 sometimes cr5ate or s]rate1 d[ny above1 prom95tly ve9$1 s(t-hairy & some:at glauc\s b5ea?4 ,twigs d[ny4 ,catk9s appe>+ ) ! leaves4 ,fruit-capsules tap]+ to a long sl5d] beak1 p$icels long & sl5d]4 ,a small1 tree-%ap$ %rub1 #d to #ae ft4 high1 common 9 bo? moi/ & dry gr\nd4 ,new ,engl&1 we/ & nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 dscolor4 #ab4 ,slix dscolor1 ,mhl4 7,,glauc\s ,,or ,,bog ,,will[47 ,leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 remotely s]rate at ! base1 f9ely s]rate along ! middle1 & almo/ entire ne> ! tip2 smoo? & bright gre5 above1 soon smoo? & some:at glauc\s b5ea?2 /ipules1 on ! vigor\s %oots1 equal+ ! petiole1 m frequ5tly small & inconspicu\s4 ,catk9s sessile1 #a 94 long1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves 9 ! spr+2 scales d>k r$ or br[n1 becom+ black1 cov]$ ) long glossy hairs4 ,fruit 9 catk9s1 #b 94 long1 ! capsules v hairy1 ) %ort b di/9ct /yle4 ,a v v>iable species1 common 9 l[ mead[s & on riv]-banks2 usually a %rub1 b occasionally #ae ft4 high4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 c9rea4 #ac4 ,slix c9rea1 ,l4 7,,gray ,,or ,,a%-,,color$ ,,will[47 ,leaves obovate-lanceolate1 entire to s]rate2 glauc\s-d[ny & reticulat$ ) ve9s b5ea?2 /ipules half he>t-%ap$1 s]rate4 ,fl[]s yell[2 ov>y silky1 on a /alk half z long z ! bracts4 ,a %rub to middle-siz$ tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 ) an erect trunk2 occasionally cultivat$2 f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 longiflia4 #ad4 ,slix longiflia1 ,mhl4 7,,long-,,leav$ ,,will[47 ,leaves l9e>-lanceolate1 v long1 tap]+ at ea* end1 ne>ly sessile1 remotely not*$ ) project+ tee?1 clo!d ) gray hairs :5 "y2 /ipules small1 lanceolate1 too!d4 ,bran*es brittle at base4 ,a %rub or small tree1 #b to #bj ft4 high1 common1 especially we/w>d1 along riv]-banks4 ,,g5us #ib4 ,p,,pulus4 ,trees ) alt]nate1 decidu\s1 broad-bas$ leaves4 ,fl[]s 9 long & droop+ catk9s1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves are exp&$ 9 ! spr+4 ,fruit small1 dry pods 9 catk9s1 hav+ se$s1 coat$ ) cottony d[n1 :i* e>ly 9 ! season escape & float 9 ! w9d4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! trees are call$ ,cottonwoods 9 ! ,we/4 ,trees ) light-color$1 r s(t wood4 99 ,leaves always :ite-hairy und]nea?2 m or less deeply lob$2 buds n gummy #a4 99 ,leaves smoo? b5ea?1 at lea/ :5 old4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaf/alk decid$ly flatt5$ lat]ally4 7,b47 ,b4 ,buds n cov]$ ) /icky gum4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves r\ndi% he>t-%ap$2 b>k on trunk gre5i%-:ite1 #b4 ,c4 ,leaves l>ge1 ovate1 ) l>ge1 irregul>1 s9uate tee?1 #c4 ,b4 ,buds cov]$ ) aromatic1 glut9\s res94 7,d47 ,d4 ,tree tall1 spire-%ap$1 #e4 ,d4 ,n v spire-%ap$2 "y twigs %>ply angl$ or w+$1 leaves #f to #aj 94 long1 broadly deltoid1 s]rate ) incurv$ tee?1 #f4 ,d4 ,n spire-%ap$2 "y twigs n angul>1 #g4 ,a4 ,leaf/alk n decid$ly flatt5$2 leaf-m>g9 cr5ate4 7,e47 ,e4 ,buds n glut9\s2 leaves :ite-woolly b5ea? :5 "y1 #d4 ,e4 ,buds v glut9\s2 leaves l>ge1 %9+ gre5 on bo? sides1 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 lba4 #a4 ,ppulus lba1 ,l4 7,,:ite ,,popl> ,,or ,,abele ,,tree47 ,leaves r\ndi%1 slightly he>t-%ap$1 wavy too!d or lob$1 soon gre5 above1 v :ite-cottony b5ea? ev5 :5 old2 buds )\t ! /icky coat+ common 9 ! g5us4 ,bran*es v :ite ) d[n :5 "y4 ,root creep+ & produc+ num]\s suck]s4 ,a l>ge tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 ( rapid gr[?1 (t5 cultivat$2 f ,europe4 ,leaves & bran*es v v>iable1 =m+ sev]al nam$ v>ieties 9 ! catalogues ( ! nurs]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 tremulodes4 #b4 ,ppulus tremulodes1 ,mi*x4 7,,quak+-,,asp4 ,,am]ican ,,asp547 ,leaves r\ndi% he>t-%ap$1 ) a %ort %>p po9t1 & small1 q regul> tee?2 d[ny :5 "y1 b soon smoo? on bo? sides2 m>g9s d[ny4 ,leaf/alk long1 sl5d]1 compress$1 caus+ ! leaves to tremble cont9ually 9 ! slighte/ breeze4 ,leaf ) #b gl&s at ! base on ! upp] surface2 buds v>ni%$4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #cj to #fj ft4 high2 b>k gre5i%-:ite outside1 yell[ )91 q brittle4 ,common bo? 9 =e/s & 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 gr&id5tta4 #c4 ,ppulus gr&id5tta1 ,mi*x4 7,,l>ge-,,too!d ,,asp547 ,leaves l>ge1 #c to #e 94 long1 r\ndi%-ovate1 ) l>ge1 irregul>1 s9uate tee?2 & :5 "y d5sely cov]$ ) :ite1 silky wool1 b soon becom+ smoo? on bo? sides2 leaf1 :5 "y1 r$di%-yell[2 petiole compress$4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 ) r smoo?i% gray b>k4 ,woods2 common nor?w>d1 r>e s\?w>d1 except 9 ! ,alleghanies4 ,wood s(t & ext5sively us$ = pap]-mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 het]ophlla4 #d4 ,ppulus het]ophlla1 ,l4 7,,d[ny-,,leav$ ,,popl>47 ,leaves he>t-%ap$ or r\ndi%-ovate ) small1 obtuse1 incurv$ tee?2 :ite-woolly :5 "y1 b soon becom+ smoo? on bo? sides except on ! ve9s b5ea?4 ,leaf/alk slightly compress$4 ,%oots r\nd1 tom5tose4 ,buds n glut9\s4 ,a l>ge tree1 #gj to #hj ft4 high1 n v common2 f\nd f we/]n ,new ,engl& to ,ill9ois1 & s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 dilatta4 #e4 ,ppulus dilatta1 ,l4 7,,lomb>dy ,,popl>47 ,leaves deltoid1 wid] ?an long1 cr5ulat$ all r\nd1 bo? sides smoo? f ! fir/2 leaf/alk compress$2 buds glut9\s4 ,a tall tree1 #hj to #abj ft4 high2 spire-l1 ( rapid gr[?1 ) all ! bran*es erect2 ! trunk twi/$ & deeply furr[$4 ,frequ5tly plant$ a c5tury ago1 b n[ q r>e 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ,europe4 ,x is ?\ght to be a v>iety ( ,populus nigra 7,no4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 monilf]a4 #f4 ,ppulus monilf]a1 ,ait4 7,,cottonwood4 ,,c>ol9a ,,popl>4 ,,necklace-,,popl>47 ,leaves l>ge1 broadly he>t-%ap$ or deltoid1 s]rate ) c>tilag9\s1 incurv$1 slightly hairy tee?4 ,! rapid-gr[+ "y twigs v angul> & be>+ v l>ge 7#f to #i 94 long7 leaves4 ,a v l>ge 7#hj to #ajj ft4 high7 tree1 common 9 ! ,mississippi valley1 b f\nd 9 we/]n ,new ,engl& & (t5 plant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ngra4 #g4 ,ppulus ngra1 ,l4 7,,black ,,popl>47 ,leaves r l>ge1 deltoid1 po9t$1 s]rate ) gl&ul> tee?1 smoo? on bo? sides ev5 :5 "y4 ,leaf/alk some:at compress$4 ,buds v /icky4 ,a v v>iable1 l>ge 7#ej to #hj ft4 high71 rapidly gr[+ tree ) spread+ bran*es4 ,occasionally plant$4 ,f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 balsamf]a4 #h4 ,ppulus balsamf]a1 ,l4 7,,balsam-,,popl>4 ,,tacamahac4 ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead47 ,leaves v l>ge1 ovate1 gradually acum9ate1 sometimes he>t-%ap$1 f9ely s]rate1 smoo?1 bright gre5 & %9+ on bo? sides2 leaf/alk ne>ly r\nd2 leaves 9 spr+ ri* yell[4 ,bran*es ridg$ bel[ ! leaves2 buds l>ge & cov]$ ) v fragrant res94 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #dj to #gj ft4 high1 pyramidal 9 =m4 ,wild 9 ! ,nor? & (t5 cultivat$4 ,v>4 c&icans1 or ,balm ( ,gilead1 has l>g] & m or less he>t-%ap$ leaves 7! l>g] figure 9 ! cut74 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,gymnosp,,rm4 ,plants 9 :i* ! pi/il is repres5t$ by an op5 scale in/ead ( a body ) a clos$ ov>y1 z 9 ,class ,i4 ,,ord] ,,xli4 ,,con,,f]4 7,,p9e ,,family47 ,z f> z ! numb] ( species is conc]n$1 ?is is ! l>ge/ ord] ( trees & %rubs ( temp]ate & cold-temp]ate regions4 ,! ord] is ( ! greate/ importance1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! valuable timb] x furni%es & = its res9\s secretions1 turp5t9e & res94 ,,g5us #ic4 ,p,,nus4 7,,! ,,p9es47 ,leaves ne$le-%ap$1 #a to #ae 94 long1 almo/ cyl9dric1 #b1 #c1 or #e toge!r 9 clu/]s1 ) a %ea?1 m or less p]si/5t1 at ! base4 ,fl[]s monoeci\s1 bo? /am9ate & pi/illate 9 catk9s1 usually insignificant & unnoticeable4 ,9 spr+4 ,fruit a cone1 p]si/5t & =m$ ( m or less woody1 ov]lapp+ scales4 99 ,leaves usually #e toge!r 9 bundles4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves #f 94 or m long1 glauc\s gre5 & v p5dul\s #a4 ,a4 ,leaves "u #d 94 long4 7,b47 ,b4 ,cones ov] #aj 94 long1 on /alks #c 94 long1 p5dul\s :5 ripe #b4 ,b4 ,cones #d to #aj 94 long4 7,c47 ,c4 ,scales ( cones ?91 un>m$ #c1 #d4 ,c4 ,scales ( cones ?ick & woody1 obtuse1 #a 94 broad #e4 ,b4 ,cones "u #d 94 long2 scales slightly hook$ b po9tless #f4 99 ,leaves usually 9 ?rees1 r>ely 9 twos2 scales ( cones ) sp9es or prickles4 7,d47 ,d4 ,scales ( cones ) %ort1 rigid1 /raight sp9es2 leaves #f to #aj 94 long #g4 ,d4 ,scales ) %>p1 b5t prickles4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves ov] #e 94 long1 sometimes #ae 94 long #h1 #i4 ,e4 ,leaves #c to #e 94 long1 rigid & flatt5$1 f %ort %ea?s1 #aj4 99 ,leaves usually 9 twos2 cones r>ely ov] #c 94 long4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves ov] #c 94 long4 7,g47 ,g4 ,cone-scales ) dull sp9es #aa4 ,g4 ,) small or m9ute1 p]si/5t prickles #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,g4 ,) no prickles1 or small ones1 e>ly decidu\s #ae1 #af4 ,f4 ,leaves #c 94 or less long4 7,h47 ,h4 ,cone-scales ) /raight or slightly curv$1 rigid sp9es #ag4 ,h4 ,cone-scales ) /\t1 recurv$ sp9es #ah1 #ai4 ,h4 ,cone-scales ) small prickles :i* are e>ly decidu\s #bj4 ,h4 ,cone-scales )\t sp9es or prickles #ba1 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 exclsa4 #a4 ,pnus exclsa1 ,walli*4 7,,bhotan ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 fives1 f %ort1 fugaci\s1 ov]lapp+1 membranace\s %ea?s1 #f to #g 94 long1 v sl5d]1 ( a glauc\s-gre5 color1 & v p5dul\s4 ,cones #f to #i 94 long1 & #b 94 9 diamet]1 droop+ & clu/]$1 ) broad1 ?ick1 w$ge-%ap$ scales4 ,a l>ge beautiful tree f s\!rn ,asia1 mu* subject to blight :5 plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ow+ to its peculi> droop+ bran*es x has be5 call$ ! ,weep+ ,fir4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,lamb]tina4 #b4 ,pnus ,lamb]tina1 ,d\glas4 7,,lamb]t',s or ,,sug> ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 fives1 #c to #d 94 long1 f %ort1 decidu\s %ea?s4 ,cones #ab to #ah 94 long & #c to #d 94 9 diamet]1 gradually tap]+ to a po9t1 on /alks #c 94 long1 br[n & p5dul\s :5 ripe1 )\t res92 se$s l>ge1 oval1 ne>ly #a 94 long1 edible4 ,a v l>ge tree 7#ajj to #cjj ft4 high 9 ,cali=nia & nor?w>d71 & seem+ly h>dy & well wor? cultivation 9 ! ,ea/4 ,wood :ite & s(t l t ( ! ,:ite ,p9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,/rbus4 #c4 ,pnus ,/rbus1 ,l4 7,,:ite ,,p9e4 ,,weym\? ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 fives1 #c to #d 94 long1 f a loose1 decidu\s %ea?2 sl5d]1 s(t1 & :iti% on ! "u side4 ,cones #d to #f 94 long1 cyl9dric1 usually curv$1 ) smoo?1 ?91 un>m$ scales4 ,tall 7#ajj to #aej ft4 high71 v useful tree1 ( :ite1 s(t wood ne>ly free f res9 & m ext5sively us$ = lumb] ?an any o!r ,am]ican tree4 ,has be5 common ?r\gh\t1 b is gett+ sc>ce on acc\nt ( its consumption = lumb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 montcola4 #d4 ,pnus montcola1 ,d\gl4 7,,m\nta9-,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 fives1 #c to #d 94 long1 f %ort1 ov]lapp+1 v decidu\s %ea?s2 smoo?1 glauc\s gre54 ,cones #g 94 long & #a 94 9 diamet]1 cyl9dric1 smoo?1 obtuse1 %ort-p$uncl$1 res9\s1 ) loosely ov]lapp+1 po9tless scales4 ,a l>ge tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 resembl+ ! ,:ite ,p9e1 & (t5 consid]$ a v>iety ( x1 b ! foliage is d5s]2 ,pacific coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 flxilis4 #e4 ,pnus flxilis1 ,james4 7,,we/]n ,,:ite ,,p9e47 ,leaves #b to #c 94 long1 rigid1 entire1 acute1 d5sely cr[d$1 %>p-po9t$1 ( a ri* d>k gre5 color1 #e toge!r 9 lanceolate1 decidu\s %ea?s4 ,cones #d to #f 94 long & half z wide1 subcyl9dric1 tap]+ to ! end1 semip5dul\s1 clu/]$4 ,scales ?ick1 woody1 obtuse1 loose1 #a 94 broad1 yell[i% br[n4 ,se$s r l>ge1 ) rigid m>g9s in/ead ( w+s4 ,a h&some h>dy tree f ! ,pacific ,highl&s1 occasionally cultivat$4 ,x resembles ! ea/]n ,:ite ,p9e1 b is m compact & ( a d>k] color4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,cmbra4 #f4 ,pnus ,cmbra1 ,l4 7,,cembra ,,p9e4 ,,swiss ,,/one-,,p9e47 ,leaves #c to #d 94 long1 f a m$ium-siz$ decidu\s %ea?2 triangul>1 rigid1 sl5d]1 /raight1 cr[d$1 d>k gre5 ) a glauc\s surface2 #e toge!r4 ,cones #b 94 by #b 941 ovate1 erect1 ) obtuse1 slightly hook$1 b po9tless scales4 ,se$s z l>ge z peas & de/itute ( w+s4 ,a sl[-gr[+1 cultivat$ tree1 #dj to #hj ft4 high4 ,=ms a regul> cone2 bran*es to ! gr\nd2 ,europe2 h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,tda4 #g4 ,pnus ,tda1 ,l4 7,,loblolly ,,or ,,old-,,field ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 twos & ?rees1 #f to #aj 94 long1 ) elongat$1 close %ea?s2 sl5d] & ( a light gre5 color4 ,cones 9 pairs or solit>y1 lat]al1 #c to #d 94 long1 oblong1 conical2 ! scales hav+ %ort1 rigid1 /raight sp9es4 ,a l>ge tree1 #ej to #acj ft4 high1 wild f ,delaw>e1 s\? & we/1 9 swamps & old fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 pond]sa4 #h4 ,pnus pond]sa1 ,d\gl4 7,,we/]n ,,yell[ ,,or ,,heavy-,,wood$ ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 ?rees1 #e to #aj 94 long1 f %ort %ea?s2 broad1 co>se1 twi/$1 flexible1 ( a deep gre5 color2 bran*lets ?ick1 r$di% br[n4 ,cones #c to #d 94 long1 ovate1 reflex$1 clu/]$ on %ort /ems4 ,scales long1 flatt5$1 ) small1 %>p1 recurv$ prickles4 ,a l>ge ,pacific coa/ species1 #ajj to #cjj ft4 high1 ) r co>se-gra9$1 h>d & heavy1 :iti% wood1 & ?ick1 deeply furr[$ b>k2 beg9n+ to be cultivat$ ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 palt/ris4 #i4 ,pnus pal/ris1 ,mill4 7,,long-,,leav$ ,,or ,,s\!rn ,,yell[ ,,p9e47 ,leaves #c toge!r 9 bundles1 #aj to #ae 94 long1 f a long1 lac]at$1 light-color$ %ea?1 ( a bright gre5 color1 & cr[d$ 9 d5se clu/]s at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,cones #f to #aj 94 long1 usually cyl9dric1 ( a beautiful br[n color1 ) ?ick scales1 arm$ ) v small1 slightly recurv$ prickles4 ,a r tall p9e1 #ge ft4 high1 wild 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & cultivat$ z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey1 9 %elt]$ situations4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 rgida4 #aj4 ,pnus rgida1 ,mill4 7,,pit*-,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 ?rees1 #c to #e 94 long1 f %ort %ea?s2 rigid & flatt5$4 ,cones ovate1 #a 94 to ne>ly #d 94 long1 sometimes 9 clu/]s2 scales ) a %ort1 recurv$ prickle4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree1 #dj to #gj ft4 high1 ) h>d1 co>se-gra9$1 v res9\s wood2 f\nd ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies ?r\gh\t2 m abundant 9 swamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,au/raca4 #aa4 ,pnus ,au/raca1 ,hss4 7,,au/rian ,,or ,,black ,,p9e47 ,leaves long1 #c to #e 941 rigid1 sl5d]1 incurv$1 %>ply mucronate1 ( a d>k gre5 color2 f %ort %ea?s2 #b toge!r4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 regul>ly conical1 slightly recurv$1 ( a light br[n color2 scales smoo?1 %9+1 ) a dull sp9e 9 ! c5t]4 ,a l>ge cultivat$ tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,l>cio4 #ab4 ,pnus ,l>cio1 ,poir4 7,,corsican ,,p9e47 ,leaves #d to #f 94 long1 sl5d]1 v wavy1 d>k gre52 #b toge!r 9 a %ea?4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 conical1 some:at curv$1 (t5 9 pairs4 ,scales ) v small prickles4 ,se$s r l>ge ) broad w+s4 ,a tall1 op51 pyramidal1 rapid-gr[+ tree1 #fj to #ajj ft4 high1 ) ! bran*es 9 regul> :orls1 spread+ & v res9\s4 ,(t5 cultivat$4 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,massonina4 #ac4 ,pnus ,massonina1 ,sieb4 7,,masson',s ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 twos1 #d to #f 94 long1 r /iff1 concave on "o side & convex on ! o!r1 twi/$ b n curv$2 %>p-po9t$1 ( a fre%1 bright gre5 color4 ,cones #a to #a 94 long1 conical1 incurv$1 solit>y b num]\s1 ) closely ov]lapp+ scales t]m9at+ 9 sl5d] prickles4 ,an upright1 compact tree1 #dj to #ej ft4 high1 f ,japan2 sometimes cultivat$4 ,h>dy at ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 mtis4 #ad4 ,pnus mtis1 ,mi*x4 7,,common ,,yell[ ,,p9e47 ,leaves sometimes 9 ?rees1 usually 9 twos1 f long %ea?s2 sl5d]1 #c to #e 94 long1 d>k gre51 r s(t4 ,cones ovate to oblong-conical1 h>dly #b 94 long2 ! scales ) m9ute weak prickles4 ,a l>ge tree ) an erect trunk1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high4 ,/at5 ,isl&1 s\? & we/4 ,! we/]n =m has m rigid leaves1 & m sp9y cones4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 d5siflra4 #ae4 ,pnus d5siflra1 ,siebold4 7,,japan ,,p9e47 ,leaves ab\t #d 94 long1 f %ort1 fr+$1 scale-l %ea?s2 rigid1 convex above1 concave b5ea? & some:at s]rulate on ! m>g91 v smoo?1 %>p-po9t$ & cr[d$1 %9+ gre5 & some:at glauc\s2 fall+ :5 "o to two ye>s old2 #b 9 a %ea?4 ,cones abundant2 #a 94 long1 %ort-p$uncl$1 conical1 obtuse1 t]m9al1 some:at p5d5t2 scales l9e>-oblong1 woody1 ) a small prickle :i* soon falls (f4 ,a beautiful small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high2 f ,japan2 h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 res9sa4 #af4 ,pnus res9sa1 ,ait4 7,,r$ ,,p9e47 ,leaves #e to #f 94 long1 9 twos1 f long %ea?s2 rigid1 /raight1 d>k gre54 ,cones #b 94 long1 ovate-conical1 smoo?1 _! scales )\t po9ts1 slightly ?ick5$1 usually gr[+ 9 clu/]s4 ,a tall tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 ) r smoo?1 r$di% b>k & h>d light-color$ wood2 bran*lets also hav+ smoo? r$di% b>k4 ,p5nsylvania1 nor? & we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 nops4 #ag4 ,pnus nops1 ,ait4 7,,j]sey ,,or ,,scrub ,,p9e47 ,leaves %ort1 #a to #c 94 long1 rigid2 usually #b1 r>ely #c1 9 a %ort %ea?4 ,cones solit>y1 #b to #c 94 long1 ovate-oblong1 curv$1 on a %ort /alk4 ,scales tipp$ ) a /raight1 rigid sp9e4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 gr[+ wild 9 sections :]e ! soil is poor & s&y2 hav+ /raggl+ flexible bran*es ) r\gh1 d>k b>k2 ,new ,j]sey1 s\? & we/4 ,r>ely cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 png5s4 #ah4 ,p9us png5s1 ,mi*x4 f4 7,,table-,,m\nta9 ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 twos1 sometimes 9 ?rees1 /\t1 %ort1 #a to #b 94 long1 cr[d$1 blui%2 ! %ea? %ort 7v %ort on old foliage74 ,cones #c 94 or m long1 hang+ on = a long "t2 ! scales arm$ ) a /\t1 hook$ sp9e1 94 long4 ,a r small tree1 #bj to #fj ft4 high4 ,new ,j]sey & s\? we/w>d1 along ! m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 sylv/ris4 #ai4 ,pnus sylv/ris1 ,l4 7,,scot* ,,p9e1 wrongly call$ ,,scot* ,,fir47 ,leaves 9 twos1 #a to #b 94 long1 f %ort1 lac]at$ %ea?s1 twi/$1 rigid1 ( a grayi% or a glauc\s-gre5 color4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 ovate-conical1 ( a grayi%-br[n color1 rip5+ ! second ye>1 ! scales hav+ #d-sid$1 recurv$ po9ts4 ,a l>ge & v valuable tree ( c5tral ,europe4 ,_m v>ieties are 9 cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x =ms ! ,r$ & ,yell[ ,deal s ext5sively us$ = lumb] 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 contrta4 #bj4 ,pnus contrta1 ,d\gl4 7,,twi/$-,,bran*$ ,,p9e47 ,leaves #b 94 long1 num]\s1 rigid1 %>ply mucronate1 f a %ort1 d>k1 ov]lapp+ %ea?2 #b to a %ea?4 ,cones f #b to #b 94 long1 ovate1 smoo?1 clu/]$4 ,scales furni%$ ) a po9t :i* is soon %$4 ,a small cultivat$ tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 f ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z x has an irregul> %ape1 & crook$ bran*es1 x is n (t5 plant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,banksina4 #ba4 ,pnus ,banksina1 ,lamb]t4 7,,gray ,,or ,,nor!rn ,,scrub ,,p9e47 ,leaves 9 twos1 %ort1 #a 94 long1 oblique1 div]g5t f a close %ea?4 ,cones lat]al1 conical1 oblong1 usually curv$1 #a to #b 94 long1 ! scales ?ick5$ at ! end & )\t po9ts4 ,a /raggl+ %rub1 sometimes a l[ tree1 f\nd wild 9 ! extreme ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 dulis4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 monophlla4 #bb4 ,pnus dulis1 ,engelm4 7,,pi,,on ,,or ,,nut-,,p9e47 ,leaves mo/ly 9 pairs1 r>ely 9 ?rees1 #a to #a 94 long1 f %ort %ea?s1 light-color$1 rigid1 curv$ or /raighti%1 spread+2 cones sessile1 globose or ne>ly s1 #b 94 long2 tips ( scales ?ick1 conical-truncate1 no awns or prickles2 se$s l>ge1 nut-l1 w+less1 edible4 ,a l[1 r\nd-topp$ tree1 bran*+ f ne> ! base1 #aj to #be ft4 high2 f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,a f9e small p9e2 cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x ne$s "s protection at ,bo/on4 ,! figure %[s ! se$4 ,pnus monophlla1 ,torr4 & ,frem41 f ! m\nta9 regions f>!r we/1 has its leaves 9 ones & twos2 :5 9 ones1 r\nd & v rigid2 :5 9 pairs1 flat on ! inn] side2 leaves on ! "y %oots blui%1 glauc\s gre51 or silv]y4 ,?is is probably only a v>iety ( ,p4 edulis4 ,! se$s ( bo? are s l>ge & nutriti\s t !y are ext5sively us$ = food by ! ,indians4 ,,g5us #id4 ,p,,cea4 7,,! ,,spruces47 ,leaves ev]gre51 scatt]$ 7po9t+ 9 e direction71 ne$le-%ap$1 keel$ above & bel[1 ?us mak+ !m some:at #d-sid$4 ,f]tile catk9s & cones t]m9al2 cones matur+ ! fir/ ye>1 p5dul\s2 scales ?91 )\t prickles1 p]si/5t1 ! cone com+ (f ! tree :ole4 99 ,leaves v %ort1 usually to 94 long1 obtuse #g1 #h4 99 ,leaves usually 94 or m long1 acute4 7,a47 ,a4 ,cones ov] #c 94 long2 cultivat$4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves d>k gre52 l>ge tree1 common #c4 ,b4 ,leaves bright or pale gre5 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,a4 ,cones #b 94 or less long2 l>ge native trees #a1 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ngra4 #a4 ,pcea ngra1 ,l9k4 7,,black ,,or ,,d\ble ,,spruce47 ,leaves ab\t 94 long1 erect1 /iff1 some:at #d-sid$1 v d>k gre5 or :iti%-gray2 bran*lets pubesc5t4 ,cones p]si/5t1 #a to #a 94 long1 ovate or ovate-oblong1 *ang+ f d>k purple to dull r$di%-br[n2 scales v ?91 r\ndi%1 ) too!d or unev5 edges4 ,a conical-%ap$ tree1 #dj to #hj ft4 high2 wild 9 ! ,nor? & along ! ,alleghanies2 (t5 cultivat$4 ,b>k d>k br[n2 bran*es horizontal2 wood light r$di%4 ,v>4 rubra has l>g]1 d>k] leaves1 & l>g]1 bright]-color$ cones4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 lba4 #b4 ,pcea lba1 ,l9k4 7,,:ite ,,or ,,s+le ,,spruce47 ,leaves to 94 long1 r sl5d]1 ne$le-%ap$1 %>p-po9t$1 incurv$1 pale- or glauc\s-gre52 bran*lets smoo?4 ,cones decidu\s1 #b 94 long1 oblong-cyl9drical1 ) entire1 ?9-edg$ scales4 ,tree #be to #ajj ft4 high1 ( beautiful1 compact1 symmetrical gr[? :5 "y1 & su* light-color$ foliage z to make x a f9e species = cultivation4 ,wild 9 ! ,nor?1 & cultivat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are v>ieties ) blui%-gre5 7v>4 crulea7 & ) gold5 7v>4 aurea7 foliage 9 cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 exclsa4 #c4 ,pcea exclsa1 ,l9k4 7,,norway ,,spruce47 ,leaves to #a 94 long1 rigid1 curv$1 d>k gre54 ,cones #e to #g 94 long1 & p5d5t at maturity1 ) ! scales slightly incurv$4 ,a l>ge tree1 #gj to #abj ft4 high1 ( vigor\s gr[?1 ) num]\s1 /\t1 droop+ bran*es2 abundant 9 cultivation4 ,a score ( nam$ v>ieties are sold at ! nurs]ies1 "s q dw>f1 o!rs s v irregul> 9 %ape z to be grotesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 polta4 #d4 ,pcea polta1 ,c>r4 7,,tig]',s-,,tail ,,spruce47 ,leaves to 94 long1 /rong1 rigid1 %>p-po9t$1 some:at curv$1 glabr\s1 bright gre51 on /\t bran*es ) prom95t buds4 ,leaves p]si/5t = #g ye>s2 n #b-rank$4 ,cones #d to #e 94 long1 sp9dle-%ap$ elliptical1 r\nd$ at ! ends4 ,tree ( sl[ gr[?1 ) horizontal1 yell[i%-b>k$ bran*es4 ,z x is a tree ( rec5t introduction 7#ahfe7 f ,japan1 !re are no l>ge specim5s4 ,h>dy at ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 png5s4 #e4 ,pcea png5s1 ,eng4 7,,silv] ,,spruce47 ,leaves to #a 94 long1 broad1 rigid1 /\t1 %>ply acute1 usually curv$1 pale gre5 above1 silv]y-glauc\s b5ea?1 on smoo? & %9+ bran*lets4 ,cones v abundant1 #c to #e 94 long1 cyl9dric1 ) elongat$1 undulat$1 retuse scales4 ,a /rictly conical tree ) spread+ bran*es & ?ick1 smoo?1 gray b>k4 ,sometimes cultivat$2 f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,h>dy4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,mornda4 #f4 ,pcea ,mornda1 ,l9k4 7,,himalayan ,,spruce47 ,leaves #a to #b 94 long1 v %>ply acute1 pale gre5 color1 spread+1 #d-sid$1 /raight1 rigid1 slightly glauc\s b5ea?2 bran*es horizontal2 bran*lets remotely v]ticillate1 num]\s1 droop+1 ) light-color$ b>k4 ,cones #f to #g 94 long1 ovate-oblong2 scales light br[n1 oblong1 entire1 smoo?1 loosely imbricat$4 ,a tall tree1 cultivat$ f ea/]n ,asia & n h>dy nor? ( ,wa%+ton except 9 %elt]$ positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,alcqu9a4 #g4 ,pcea ,alcqu9a1 ,l9dl4 7,,alcock',s ,,spruce47 ,leaves to 94 long1 cr[d$1 some:at #d-sid$1 flatti%1 recurv$1 obtusely r\nd$ at tip1 deep gre5 above1 :iti% or yell[i% bel[4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 #a 94 9 diamet]1 r$di% fawn-color1 ) v p]si/5t scales2 scales w$ge-%ap$ at base1 r\nd$ at tip4 ,a l>ge tree f ,japan2 fully h>dy z f> nor? z ,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ori5tlis4 #h4 ,pcea ori5tlis1 ,l4 7,,ea/]n ,,or ,,ori5tal ,,spruce47 ,leaves v %ort1 94 long1 #d-sid$1 rigid1 /\t1 r obtuse1 d>k %9+ gre51 entirely surr\nd+ ! bran*es4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 cyl9drical1 ) s(t1 ?91 loose1 r\nd$ scales1 unev5 on ! edges4 ,a beautiful1 conical1 sl[-gr[+1 compact tree1 rea*+ ! height ( #ge ft42 (t5 cultivat$2 f ! ,black ,sea4 ,h>dy4 ,,g5us #ie4 ,,ts,,ga4 7,,hemlocks47 ,leaves ev]gre51 scatt]$1 flat1 n>r[$ to a gre5 petiole1 appe>+ #b-rank$ by ! direction !y take1 :it5$ b5ea?4 ,f]tile catk9s & cones on ! end ( la/ ye>'s bran*lets4 ,cones p5dul\s1 matur+ ! fir/ ye>2 scales ?91 p]si/5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,canadnsis4 #a4 ,tsga ,canadnsis1 ,c>r4 7,,common ,,hemlock47 ,leaves %ort-petiol$1 l9e>1 94 long1 obtuse1 d>k gre5 above & :ite b5ea?2 ! "y leaves 9 ! spr+ a v light gre54 ,cones oval1 to 94 long1 p5d5t1 ( few 7#bj to #dj7 scales4 ,a l>ge1 v beautiful tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 abundant 9 rocky woods1 & cultivat$ ?r\gh\t2 spray light & delicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,c>ol9ina4 #b4 ,tsga ,c>ol9ina1 ,engelm4 7,,m\nta9-,,hemlock47 ,?is is simil> to ! la/2 its leaves are l>g]1 glossi]1 m cr[d$2 its cones are l>g]1 & h wid] & m spread+ scales2 ! tree is small]1 r>ely gr[+ #dj ft4 high4 ,wild1 b sc>ce1 9 ! high] ,alleghanies1 s\?2 beg9n+ to be cultivat$ nor?1 & probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,siebldii4 #c4 ,tsga ,siebldii4 7,,japan ,,hemlock47 ,leaves to 94 long1 l9e>1 obtuse to not*$ at ! tip1 smoo?1 ?ick1 d>k gre5 above1 ) two :ite l9es bel[4 ,cones sc>cely #a 94 long1 elliptical1 solit>y1 t]m9al1 obtuse1 q p]si/5t2 scales pale br[n4 ,a beautiful small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 ) an erect trunk1 d>k-br[n b>k1 & num]\s1 pale1 sl5d] bran*lets4 ,introduc$ f ,japan1 & probably h>dy ?r\gh\t4 ,,g5us #if4 ,,bies4 7,,! ,,firs47 ,leaves ev]gre51 flat1 scatt]$1 g5]ally :it5$ b5ea?1 appe>+ some:at #b-rank$ by ! directions !y take4 ,f]tile catk9s & cones erect on ! upp] side ( ! spread+ bran*es4 ,cones rip5+ ! fir/ ye>2 _! scales ?9 & smoo?1 & ! bracts g5]ally exs]t$2 scales & bracts break+ (f at maturity & fall+ away1 leav+ ! axis on ! tree4 ,a great numb] ( species & v>ieties h be5 plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b few if any besides ^? "h giv5 d at all well 9 our dry & hot climate4 99 ,cones #f to #h 94 long2 leaves blunt at tip4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves ov] an in* long #aj1 #aa4 ,a4 ,leaves an in* or less long #ab4 99 ,cones #c to #f 94 long4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves #b 94 or m long1 #b-rank$ #i4 ,b4 ,leaves #a 94 or less long4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves acute at tip #g1 #h4 ,c4 ,leaves blunt or not*$ at tip4 7,d47 ,d4 ,two-rank$ #d4 ,d4 ,n #b-rank$ #c4 99 ,cones #a to #c 94 long4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves an in* or m long #e1 #f4 ,e4 ,leaves less ?an an in* long #a1 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 balsmea4 #a4 bies balsmea1 ,mill4 7,,common ,,balsam-,,fir47 ,leaves n>r[1 l9e>1 to 94 long1 & mu* cr[d$1 silv]y b5ea?2 ^? on ! horizontal bran*es spread+ into #b ranks4 ,b>k yield+ ,canada balsam f bli/]s4 ,cones erect1 on spread+ bran*es1 #b to #d 94 long & #a 94 ?ick1 cyl9dric1 violet-color$1 ) mucronate-po9t$ bracts ext5d+ beyond ! scales & n reflex$4 ,wild 9 cold1 wet gr\nds2 #bj to #de ft4 high1 ) num]\s horizontal bran*es4 ,has be5 cultivat$ q ext5sively1 al?\gh !re are bett] ,firs = ornam5tal purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,frs]i4 #b4 bies ,frs]i1 ,l9dl4 7,,fras]',s ,,or ,,s\!rn ,,balsam-,,fir47 ,leaves to 94 long1 some:at #b-rank$1 l9e>1 flatt5$1 obtuse1 em>g9ate1 :iti% b5ea?1 ! l[] ones curv$ & ! upp] ones erect4 ,cones oblong1 #a to #b 94 long1 ) %>p-po9t$ bracts half exs]t$ & reflex$4 ,a r>e1 small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 gr[+ wild 9 ! m\nta9s1 f ,virg9ia s\?4 ,a h>dy tree & h&some :5 "y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,nordmannina4 #c4 bies ,nordmannina1 ,l9k4 7,,nordmann',s ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves v num]\s1 cr[d$1 broad1 l9e>1 blunt or erose-d5tate at ! ends1 some:at curv$1 ( unequal l5g?1 #a 94 or less long1 deep gre5 above & :it5$ b5ea?4 ,cones l>ge1 #e 94 long1 ovate1 erect1 ) v obtuse scales2 bracts exs]t$ & recurv$4 ,a beautiful l>ge tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 occasionally cultivat$2 ) num]\s horizontal bran*es & smoo? b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 frma4 #d4 bies frma1 ,s4 & ,z4 7,,japan ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves to #a 94 long1 v closely #b-rank$1 slightly twi/$1 l9e>1 some:at not*$ at ! end1 smoo? & d>k above1 some:at silv]y bel[4 ,cones #c to #d 94 long1 #a to #a 94 9 diamet]1 /raight1 cyl9dric1 ) broad1 d[ny1 lea!ry1 cr5ulat$ scales2 bracts exs]t$1 ) acute1 slightly recurv$ po9ts4 ,a beautiful tall tree ) some:at ! habit ( ! common ,silv] ,fir2 rec5tly introduc$ f ,japan1 & h>dy z f> nor? z c5tral ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 grndis4 #e4 bies grndis1 ,l9dl4 7,,great ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves #a to #a 94 long1 mo/ly curv$1 deep gre5 above & silv]y bel[1 n #b-rank$4 ,cones #c 94 long & ab\t #b 94 broad1 obtuse1 solit>y1 *e/nut-br[n 9 color4 ,a v l>ge 7#bjj to #cjj ft4 high71 h&some tree f ! ,pacific coa/4 ,h>dy at ,wa%+ton2 ne$s protection nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,p*ta4 #f4 bies ,p*ta1 ,fis*4 7,,sib]ian ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves #a 94 long1 l9e>1 flat1 obtuse1 incurv$ at ! apex1 mo/ly scatt]$1 v d>k gre5 above1 pal] b5ea?4 ,cones #c 94 long1 ovate1 cyl9dric1 obtuse1 ) r\nd$1 entire scales & hidd5 bracts4 ,a small to m$ium-siz$ cultivat$ tree1 #be to #ej ft4 high1 ) horizontal1 some:at p5dul\s bran*es & d5se compact gr[?4 ,x is peculi> 9 its v d>k foliage2 v h>dy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,cephalnica4 #g4 bies ,cephalnica1 ,l\d4 7,,cephalonian ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves 94 long1 v /iff1 %>p-po9t$1 spread+ broadly f ! bran*es 9 all directions1 d>k gre5 above & :ite b5ea?2 petioles v %ort1 dilat$ l5g?wise at ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! bran*es4 ,cones v erect1 #d to #f 94 long1 #a-a_/c 94 9 diamet]2 project+ scales unequally too!d & reflex$ at ! po9t4 ,a beautiful1 cultivat$ tree1 #cj to #fj ft4 high1 ) bright br[n b>k & res9\s buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,p9spo4 #h4 bies ,p9spo1 ,bois4 7,,p9sapo ,,fir47 ,leaves less ?an #a 94 long 7usually 9471 rigid1 /raight1 scatt]$ regul>ly ar\nd ! bran*es1 & po9t+ 9 all directions2 disk-l bases l>ge2 bran*es 9 :orls1 & bran*lets v num]\s4 ,cones #d to #e 94 long1 oval1 sessile2 scales r\nd$1 broad1 entire2 bracts %ort4 ,a v h&some tree f ,spa91 & report$ h>dy at ! ,arnold ,arboretum4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 cncolor4 #i4 bies cncolor1 ,l9dl4 7,,:ite ,,fir47 ,leaves #b to #c 94 long1 mo/ly obtuse1 b on "y trees (t5 long-po9t$1 #b-rank$1 n cr[d$ on ! /em1 pale gre5 or silv]y4 ,cones oblong-cyl9dric1 #c to #e 94 long1 #a 94 9 diamet]2 scales twice z broad z long2 bracts %ort1 n project+4 ,a l>ge tree1 #ge to #aej ft4 high2 b>k r\gh1 grayi%4 ,native 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 h>dy at ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,massa*usetts1 b ne$s "s protection at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,cilcica4 #aj4 bies ,cilcica1 ,c>r4 7,,cilician ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves flat1 l9e>1 #a to #a 94 long & #a_/ab 94 broad1 some:at #b-rank$ b r irregul>ly scatt]$ ar\nd ! "y %oots2 %9+ d>k gre5 above & :iti% b5ea?4 ,cones #g to #h 94 long1 ne>ly #b 94 9 diamet]1 cyl9dric1 obtuse1 erect1 ) ?9 & entire scales1 & %ort & hidd5 bracts4 ,a v conical tree1 #ej ft4 high1 ) bran*es 9 :orls1 & num]\s1 small1 sl5d] bran*lets4 ,b>k light gray2 rec5tly cultivat$ f ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 nbilis4 #aa4 bies nbilis1 ,l9dl4 7,,noble ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves #a to #b 94 long1 l9e>1 mu* curv$1 ! base ext5d+ a %ort di/ance upw>d along ! bran*1 !n spread+ squ>ely f x1 cr[d$1 compress$1 deep gre5 above1 glauc\s bel[2 base ( ! leaf mu* less disk-l ?an 9 mo/ ( ! ,firs2 bran*es horizontal1 spread+1 num]\s4 ,cones #f to #g 94 long & ne>ly #b 94 9 diamet]1 cyl9dric1 sessile1 ) l>ge1 entire1 incurv$ scales2 bracts l>ge1 exs]t$1 reflex$1 spatulate1 ) t]m9al1 awl-%ap$ po9ts4 ,a v l>ge1 beautiful tree1 f ! ,pacific coa/1 :]e x gr[s #bjj ft4 high4 ,h>dy 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b ne$s "s protection 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 pect9ta4 #ab4 bies pect9ta1 ,,dc4 7,,european ,,or ,,common ,,silv] ,,fir47 ,leaves to #a 94 long1 l9e>1 obtuse1 occasionally ) an incurv$ po9t1 poli%$ gre5 above1 two :ite l9es bel[1 rigid1 /raight2 bran*es horizontal & 9 :orls4 ,cones #f to #h 94 long1 cyl9dric1 br[n :5 ripe2 scales broad1 ?91 r\nd$2 bracts long1 exs]t$1 ) an acute reflex$ tip4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,good specim5s c be f\nd z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts1 ?\gh our climate is n fitt$ to give !m ei!r long life or p]fect =m4 ,,g5us #ig4 ,l,,rix4 7,,! ,,l>*es47 ,leaves decidu\s1 all foliace\s1 ! prim>y ones scatt]$1 b mo/ ( !m 9 bundles ( num]\s leaves f lat]al globul> buds4 ,cones usually small 79 "o cultivat$ species #c 94 long71 ovoid1 erect1 ) smoo? scales4 99 ,cones less ?an #a 94 long1 ( n m ?an #be scales #a4 99 ,cones #a to #b 94 long1 ( f #dj to #fj scales #b1 #c4 99 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 ) ?ick1 woody1 some:at div]g5t decidu\s scales4 7,pseudol>ix7 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,am]icna4 #a4 ,lrix ,am]icna1 ,mi*x4 7,,am]ican ,,l>*4 ,,tam>ack ,,or ,,hackmatack47 ,leaves less ?an #a 94 long1 ?read-l1 l9e>1 sl5d]1 light blui%-gre54 ,cones to 94 long1 ovoid1 ( a r$di% color4 ,a tree ( l>ge size1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high1 gr[+ wild 9 all ! nor!rn portion ( our region1 & frequ5t 9 cultivation1 al?\gh n q s f9e a tree z ,l>ix ,europa4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,europa4 #b4 ,lrix ,europa1 ,,dc4 7,,european ,,l>*47 ,leaves #a 94 long1 l9e>1 obtuse1 flat1 s(t1 num]\s1 & bright gre5 9 color4 ,cones sometimes m ?an #a 94 long1 ) oval1 erect1 v p]si/5t scales4 ,a beautiful tree ) horizontal bran*es & droop+ bran*lets2 abundant 9 cultivation4 ,v>4 p5dula has long1 p5d5t bran*es1 & =ms a v f9e weep+ tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,leptolpsis4 #c4 ,lrix ,leptolpsis1 ,gordon4 7,,japan ,,l>*47 ,leaves #a to #a 94 long1 sl5d]1 pale gre54 ,cones #a-a_/c 94 long1 & half z wide1 ( ab\t #fj scales1 reflex$ at ! m>g91 pale br[n 9 color2 bracts lanceolate1 acute1 entire1 ?91 "o half ! l5g? ( ! scales2 se$s obovate1 compress$1 ) long1 obtuse1 ?9 w+s4 ,a small tree f nor!rn ,japan1 :]e x gr[s #dj ft4 high4 ,x is a h&some1 erect-gr[+ tree1 ) sl5d]1 smoo?1 a%-color$ bran*es1 & r rigid1 spread+ bran*lets4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,kmpf]i #d4 ,lrix ,kmpf]i1 ,lamb4 7,,gold5 ,,l>*47 ,leaves f #a to #b 94 long1 flat1 l9e>1 sword-%ap$1 some:at s(t1 pale pea-gre5 9 ! spr+1 gold5-yell[ 9 ! autumn4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 ) flatti%1 div]g5t scales :i* are v decidu\s4 ,a beautiful l>ge tree1 ov] #ajj ft4 high1 f ,*9a1 :i* proves h>dy z f> nor? z c5tral ,new ,york4 ,x is (t5 plac$ 9 a new g5us 7,pseudol>ix7 because ( ! decidu\s scales to ! cones4 ,,g5us #ih4 ,c,,drus4 7,,! ,,lebanon ,,c$>s47 ,leaves l9e>1 simple1 ev]gre51 9 l>ge1 alt]nate clu/]s4 ,cones l>ge1 erect1 solit>y1 ) closely appress$ scales2 se$s adh]+ to ! base ( _! lac]at$1 membran\s w+s4 ,l>ge1 spread+-bran*$ trees f s\!rn ,asia & nor!rn ,africa4 ,occasionally successfully gr[n f ,new ,york ,city s\?w>d4 99 ,leaves #a 94 or less long #a1 #b4 99 ,leaves ov] #a 94 long1 light glauc\s-gre5 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,libni4 #a4 ,cdrus ,libni1 ,b>r4 7,,c$> ,,( ,,lebanon47 ,leaves to #a 94 long1 acum9ate1 ne$le-=m1 rigid1 few 9 a fascicle1 deep gre5 9 color4 ,cones #c to #e 94 long1 oval1 obtuse1 v p]si/5t1 grayi%-br[n 9 color2 scales ?91 truncate1 slightly d5ticulate2 se$s q l>ge & irregul> 9 =m4 ,a cultivat$ tree ) wide-spread+1 :orl$1 horizontal bran*es cov]$ ) r\gh b>k4 ,some:at t5d] :5 "y 9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 b =m+ a gr& tree 9 prop] positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,atlntica4 #b4 ,cdrus ,atlntica1 ,manetti4 7,,mt4 ,,atlas1 ,,silv]1 ,,or ,,african ,,c$>47 ,leaves to 94 long1 mo/ly cyl9dric1 /raight1 rigid1 mucronate1 cr[d$1 & ( a beautiful glauc\s-gre5 color4 ,cones #b to #c 94 long1 ovate1 glossy4 ,?is beautiful tree has be5 consid]$ a silv]y v>iety ( ,c$rus ,libani4 ,!y are ab\t alike 9 h>d9ess & 9 g5]al =m4 ,c$rus ,atlantica has m sl5d] bran*es1 d5s] & m silv]y foliage4 ,f ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,deodra4 #c4 ,cdrus ,deodra1 ,l9dl4 7,,deod> ,,or ,,indian ,,c$>47 ,leaves #a to #b 94 9 l5g?1 #c- or usually #d-sid$1 rigid1 acute1 v num]\s 7ab\t #bj 9 a fascicle71 bright gre51 cov]$ ) a glauc\s bloom4 ,cones #d to #e 94 long1 ovate1 obtuse1 v res9\s1 ri* purple :5 "y1 & br[n :5 old2 ! scales sep>at+ f ! axis at maturity4 ,se$s w$ge-%ap$1 ) l>ge1 bright br[n w+s4 ,a beautiful pyramidal tree1 ) graceful droop+ bran*es & light silv]y foliage4 ,n h>dy nor? ( ,philadelphia2 f ,india4 ,,g5us #ih;a4 ,,arauc,,ria4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 imbricta4 ,araucria imbricta1 ,pavon4 7,,*ile ,,p9e47 ,leaves #a to #b 94 long1 ovate-lanceolate1 sessile1 rigid1 acute1 v p]si/5t1 closely ov]lapp+1 completely cov]+ ! ?ick /ems1 9 :orls ( #f to #h1 deep glossy gre52 bran*es horizontal1 9 :orls ( #f to #h1 ) asc5d+ tips1 cov]$ ) res9\s1 corky b>k4 ,fl[]s dioeci\s2 cones 7on only a portion ( ! trees7 l>ge1 r\ndi%1 ab\t #g 94 9 diamet]1 erect1 solit>y2 se$s w$ge-%ap$1 #a to #b 94 long4 ,a l>ge1 peculi>1 beautiful1 conical tree1 ) mu* ! appe>ance ( a cactus2 n fitt$ to our climate1 al?\gh a few specim5s may be f\nd gr[+ q well ne> ! coa/ s\? ( ,philadelphia4 ,f ! m\nta9s ( ,*ile4 ,,g5us #ii4 ,,cunn+h,,mia4 ,a g5us ( b "o species4 ,! cone-scales are v small1 b ! bracts are l>ge1 ?ick1 & s]rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,s9nsis4 ,cunn+hmia ,s9nsis1 ,r4 ,br4 7,,cunn+hamia47 ,leaves #a to #b 94 long1 flat1 rigid1 num]\s1 alt]nate1 some:at s]rulate2 ! leaf gradually increases 9 wid? f ! acute tip to ! base1 :i* is decurr5t on ! /em & ab\t #a_/h 94 wide4 ,cones #a to #a 94 long1 ne>ly globul>1 erect1 v p]si/5t1 mo/ly clu/]$1 sessile2 ! scale is a m]e transv]se ridge1 b ! bract is l>ge & prom95t1 l a triangul>-ha/ate1 dilat$ leaf4 ,a v h&some tree1 f ,*9a1 :i* does n succe$ v well 9 ?is region except 9 protect$ situations4 ,,g5us #ajj4 ,,sciad,,pitys4 ,cones elliptical or cyl9drical1 l>ge1 obtuse4 ,leaves ev]gre51 some:at flatt5$1 arrang$ 9 di/ant :orls ar\nd ! /ems1 & spread+ 9 all directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 v]ticillta4 ,sciadpitys v]ticillta1 ,s4 & ,z4 7,,umbrella-,,p9e47 ,leaves #b to #d 94 long1 #a_/f 94 wide1 l9e>1 obtuse1 smoo?1 p]si/5t1 sessile1 entire1 9 :orls ( #cj to #dj at ! nodes & extremity ( ! bran*es4 ,cones #c by #a 94 ,scales w$ge-%ap$1 corrugat$1 ov]lapp+1 coriace\s1 p]si/5t2 bracts adh]5t1 broad1 & smoo?4 ,a beautiful1 tall1 conical1 sl[-gr[+ tree1 ) ! bran*es :orl$4 ,rec5tly introduc$2 h>dy 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 ,,g5us #aja4 ,,tax,,dium4 ,leaves decidu\s1 spread+1 9 #b ranks4 ,fl[]s monoeci\s on ! same bran*1 ! /am9ate ones 9 spikes1 & ! pi/illate ones 9 pairs bel[4 ,cones globul>2 ! scales peltate1 angul>1 ?ick1 firmly clos$ till ripe1 ) #b angul> se$s "u ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 d/i*um4 ,taxdium d/i*um1 ,ri*>d4 7,,s\!rn ,,or ,,bald ,,cypress47 ,leaves decidu\s1 flat1 l9e>1 to 94 long1 9 #b r[s on ! sl5d] bran*lets1 =m+ fea!r-l spray ( a light gre5 color4 ,?is :ole spray usually falls (f 9 ! autumn z ?\gh a s+le leaf4 ,cones r\nd1 clos$1 h>d1 #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,a f9e1 tall 7#ajj to #abe ft4 high71 sl5d]1 spire-%ap$ tree ) a l>ge1 spread+1 rigid trunk1 #f to #i ft4 ?ick1 & peculi> conical excresc5ces 7call$ knees7 gr[+ up f ! roots4 ,wild f ,m>yl& s\?1 & cultivat$ & h>dy 9 ! ,middle & _m ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>4 p5dulum4 ,v>4 p5dulum1 ) horizontal bran*es & droop+ bran*lets1 has ! leaves b slightly spread+ f ! /ems1 especially :5 "y4 ,v beautiful2 h>dy z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts4 ,,g5us #ajb4 ,,sequ,,ia4 ,fl[]s monoeci\s1 t]m9al1 solit>y1 catk9s ne>ly globul>4 ,se$s w+$1 #c to #e "u ea* scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 gigntea4 #a4 ,sequia gigntea1 ,torr4 7,,big ,,or ,,great ,,tree ,,( ,,cali=nia47 ,leaves on ! "y %oots spread+1 ne$le-%ap$1 %>p-po9t$1 scatt]$ spirally ar\nd ! bran*lets2 f9ally scale-%ap$1 ov]lapp+1 mo/ly appress$1 ) g5]ally an acute apex1 light gre5 9 color4 ,cones oval1 #b to #c 94 long1 ( ab\t #be scales4 ,! l>ge/ tree kn[n1 #cjj ft4 high1 ) a trunk ne>ly #cj ft4 ?r\gh1 f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & occasionally plant$ ea/1 ?\gh ) no great success1 z x is almo/ c]ta9 to die aft] a few ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 semprvir5s4 #b4 ,sequia semprvir5s1 ,endl4 7,,r$wood47 ,leaves f to #a 94 long1 l9e>1 smoo?1 #b-rank$1 flat1 acute1 d>k %9+ gre51 glauc\s b5ea?2 bran*es num]\s1 horizontal1 spread+4 ,cones #a 94 long1 r\ndi%1 solit>y1 t]m9al2 scales num]\s1 ?ick1 r\gh1 furni%$ ) an obtuse po9t4 ,a magnific5t tree f ,cali=nia1 :]e x gr[s #bjj to #cjj ft4 high4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x c be kept alive b a few ye>s ev5 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,g5us #ajc4 ,,?,,ya4 7,,arbor-,,vit47 ,small1 ev]gre5 trees ) flat1 #b-rank$1 fan-l spray & closely ov]lapp+1 small1 appress$ leaves ( two %apes on diff]5t bran*lets1 "o awl-%ap$ & acute1 ! o!r scale-l1 usually blunt & close to ! bran*4 ,f]tile catk9s ( few1 ov]lapp+ scales fix$ by ! base2 at maturity1 dry & spread+4 ,!re are scores ( nam$ v>ieties ( ,arbor-vitae sold by ! nurs]ym5 "u #c diff]5t g5]ic names1 ,?uya1 ,biota1 & ,?uyopsis4 ,!re are b slight diff]5ces 9 ^! gr\ps1 & !y w 9 ?is "w be plac$ toge!r "u ,?uya4 ,"s t 9 popul> language might well be call$ ,arbor-vit 7! ,ret9osporas7 w1 because ( ! "* ( ! fruit1 be includ$ 9 ! next g5us4 99 ,scales ( ! cones po9tless1 ?91 /raight4 7,?uya7 #a1 #b4 99 ,scales reflex$ & w$ge-%ap$4 7,?uyopsis7 #c4 99 ,scales ?ick1 ) horn-l tips4 7,biota7 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 occid5tlis4 #a4 ,?ya occid5tlis1 ,l4 7,,am]ican ,,arbor-,,vit4 ,,:ite ,,c$>47 ,leaves 9 #d r[s on ! #b-;edg$ bran*lets1 hav+ a /rong aromatic odor :5 bruis$4 ,cones oblong1 #a_/c 94 long1 ) few 7#f to #aj7 po9tless scales4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high1 or 9 cultivation #a to #ej ft4 high1 ) pale1 %r$dy b>k1 & light1 s(t1 b v durable wood4 ,wild nor?1 & ext5sively cultivat$ ?r\gh\t "u m ?an a score ( nam$ v>ieties4 ,_! names--alba1 aurea1 glauca1 conica1 globosa1 pyramidalis1 p5dula1 etc4--w give "s idea ( ! v>iations 9 color1 =m1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 giganta4 #b4 ,?ya giganta1 ,nutt4 7,,giant ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves scale-%ap$1 some:at #d-sid$1 closely ov]lapp+1 %>p-po9t$1 slightly tub]culate on ! back2 cones m or less clu/]$ & ne>ly 94 long4 ,a v l>ge & graceful tree1 #bjj ft4 high1 ) :ite1 s(t wood2 f ! ,pacific coa/2 introduc$ b n v successfully gr[n 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 dolabrta4 #c4 ,?ya dolabrta1 ,l4 7,,hat*et-,,leav$ ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves l>ge1 sometimes 94 long1 v blunt1 9 #d r[s on ! flatt5$ spray4 ,cones q small1 ovate1 sessile1 ) jagg$ edges2 scales reflex$ & w$ge-=m4 ,a small conical tree ) horizontal bran*es & droop+ bran*lets2 :i*1 because ( its l>ge leaves 7= an ,arbor-vit7 & flexible bran*lets1 is q unique & int]e/+4 ,9 %ad$ & moi/ places x has done q well z f> nor? z ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ori5tlis4 #d4 ,?ya ori5tlis1 ,l4 7,,ea/]n ,,or ,,*9ese ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves small1 9 #d opposite r[s1 appress$1 acute1 on ! num]\s #b-;edg$ bran*lets4 ,cones l>ge1 r\ndi%1 ) ?ick lea!ry scales hav+ recurv+1 horn-l tips4 ,( ?is species !re are z _m v>ieties sold z ( numb] "o1 & ne>ly ! same v>ietal names are us$2 b x is n s good a species = g5]al cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,v>4 flagelli=mis1 ,jacq4 7,weep+ ,arbor-vit71 has v sl5d]1 elongat$1 weep+ bran*es1 curv+ gracefully to ! gr\nd4 ,x is a beautiful v>iety1 (t5 cultivat$ 7a s+le /em is %[n 9 ! figure74 ,,g5us #ajd4 ,,*am,c,,p>is4 7,,! ,,cypresses47 ,/rong-sc5t$1 ev]gre5 trees ) v small1 scale-l or some:at awl-%ap$1 closely appress$ 7except 9 "s cultivat$ v>ieties71 ov]lapp+ leaves & #b-rank$ bran*lets1 almo/ z 9 ,?uya4 ,cones globul>1 ) peltate1 valvate scales1 firmly clos$ till ripe2 ! scales ?ick & po9t$ at ! c5t]4 99 ,native trees2 leaves light glauc\s-gre54 #a4 99 ,cultivat$ trees f ,we/]n ,am]ica2 leaves d>k gre54 7,a47 ,a4 ,no tub]cle on ! backs ( ! leaves4 #b4 ,a4 ,usually a tub]cle on ! back #c4 99 ,cultivat$ small trees & %rubs f ,japan 7call$ ,ret9ospora7 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 sphrodea4 #a4 ,*amcp>is sphrodea1 ,spa*4 7,,:ite ,,c$>47 ,leaves v small1 triangul>1 awl-%ap$1 regul>ly & closely appress$ 9 #d r[s1 ( a light glauc\s-gre5 color1 (t5 ) a small gl& on ! back4 ,cones v small1 #a_/c 94 9 diamet]1 ( ab\t #f scales1 clu/]$4 ,tree #cj to #ij ft4 high1 wild 9 l[ gr\nds ?r\gh\t2 abundant 9 ,middle ,/ates4 ,) r$di%-:ite wood & sl5d]1 spread+ & droop+ sprays2 b>k fibr\s1 %r$dy2 sometimes cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,nutknsis4 #b4 ,*amcp>is ,nutknsis1 ,lamb]t4 7,,nootka ,,s\nd ,,cypress47 ,leaves only #a_/h 94 long1 %>p-po9t$1 & closely appress$1 ( a v d>k1 ri* gre5 color2 v slightly glauc\s1 )\t tub]cles on ! back4 ,cones small1 globul>1 solit>y1 ) a f9e1 :iti% bloom2 scales #d1 r\gh & t]m9at+ 9 a %>p /raight po9t4 ,tree #ajj ft4 high 9 ,alaska1 & w\ld make a f9e cultivat$ tree = ?is region if x c\ld /& our hot1 dry summ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,lawsonina4 #c4 ,*amcp>is ,lawsonina1 ,p>k4 7,,lawson',s ,,cypress47 ,leaves small1 deep gre51 ) a :iti% m>g9 :5 "y1 =m+ ) ! twigs fea!ry-l1 flat spray ( a blui%-gre5 color2 leaves usually ) a gl& on ! back4 ,cones sc>cely 94 9 diamet]1 ( #h to #aj scales4 ,a magnific5t tree 9 ,cali=nia1 & :]e x is h>dy 79 r moi/ soil1 ,new ,york & s\?7 x =ms "o ( our be/ cultivat$ ev]gre5s4 ,! lead+ %oot :5 "y is p5dul\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 obtsa4 #d4 ,*amcp>is 7,ret9spora7 obtsa1 ,endl4 7,,japanese ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves scale-=m$1 obtuse1 closely appress$ & v p]si/5t4 ,cones ( #h or #aj h>d1 light br[n1 w$ge-%ap$ scales4 ,beautiful small trees or g5]ally %rubs 79 ?is c\ntry71 ( a score ( nam$ v>ieties ( _m colors & =ms ( plant & foliage4 ,!re are probably a numb] ( species ( ,japanese & ,*9ese ,*amcyp>is 7,ret9ospora71 b till _! size1 h>d9ess1 & orig9 h be5 m fully det]m9$1 x w\ld be impossible to make an entirely satisfactory li/ = su* a "w z ?is4 ,figures are giv5 ( ! common1 s-call$1 species cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 "u ea* ( ^!1 sev]al v>ieties are sold by ! nurs]ym54 ,! ?ree twigs ( ,ret9ospora squ>rosa 7 all tak5 f a s+le bran*2 ?is %[s h[ impossible x is to det]m9e ! v>ieties or species2 ! twig at ! left repres5ts ! true squ>rosa2 ! o!rs1 ! p>tial return to ! orig9al4 ,mo/ ( ! =ms %[n 9 ! figures h purple1 gold51 silv]y1 & o!r color$ v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,ret9ospora filif]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,ret9ospora pisif]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,ret9ospora squ>rosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,ret9ospora ,lycopoides4 ,illu/ration3 ,ret9ospora plumosa4 ,,g5us #aje4 ,,cryptom,,ria4 ,a g5us ( ev]gre5s conta9+ only ! foll[+ species3 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,japnica4 ,cryptomria ,japnica1 ,don4 7,,japan ,,c$>47 ,leaves ab\t 94 long1 n flatt5$1 b ab\t equally #d-sid$1 curv$ & tap]+ q gradually f ! tip to ! l>ge1 sessile base2 bran*es spread+1 mo/ly horizontal1 ) num]\s bran*lets4 ,cones to 94 9 diamet]1 globul>1 t]m9al1 sessile1 v p]si/5t1 ) num]\s1 loose1 n ov]lapp+ scales4 ,a beautiful tree f ,japan1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high4 ,n v successfully gr[n 9 our climate4 ,nor? ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 x ne$s a %elt]$ position1 & %\ld h a deep1 b n v ri* soil4 ,,g5us #ajf4 ,,jun,,p]us4 ,leaves ev]gre51 awl-%ap$ or scale-l1 rigid1 (t5 ( two %apes on ! same plant4 ,spray n #b-rank$4 ,fl[]s usually dioeci\s4 ,f]tile catk9s r\nd$1 ( #c to #f fle%y1 coalesc5t scales1 =m+ 9 fruit a blui%-black b]ry ) a :iti% bloom1 b f\nd on only a portion ( ! plants4 99 ,leaves r long1 941 9 :orls ( ?rees #a4 99 ,leaves small]2 on ! old bran*es mo/ly opposite #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 commnis4 #a4 ,junp]us commnis1 ,l4 7,,common ,,junip]47 ,leaves r long1 941 l9e>1 awl-%ap$1 9 :orls ( ?rees1 prickly-po9t$1 upp] surface glauc\s-:ite1 "u surface bright gre54 ,fruit globul>1 94 or m 9 diamet]1 d>k purple :5 ripe1 cov]$ ) light-color$ bloom4 ,a %rub or small tree ) spread+ or p5dul\s bran*es2 common 9 dry1 /]ile soils4 ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( ?is species 9 cultivation1 b few ( !m gr[ tall en\gh to be consid]$ trees4 ,v>4 ,hib]nica 7,iri% ,junip]7 gr[s erect l a column4 ,v>4 ,alp9a is a l[ creep+ plant4 ,v>4 hemisph]ica is almo/ l a half-sph]e ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,virg9ina4 #b4 ,junp]us ,virg9ina1 ,l4 7,,r$ ,,c$>47 ,leaves v small & num]\s1 scale-l on ! old] bran*es1 b awl-%ap$ & some:at spread+ on ! "y %oots2 d>k gre54 ,fruit small1 #a_/e 941 abundant on ! pi/illate plants1 d>k purple & cov]$ ) f9e1 glauc\s bloom4 ,trees f #bj to #hj ft4 high 7sometimes only %rubs71 ) mo/ly horizontal bran*es1 ?91 scal+ b>k1 d5se habit ( gr[?1 & d>k foliage4 ,wood light1 f9e-gra9$1 durable2 ! he>t-wood ( a h&some d>k r$ color4 ,wild ?r\gh\t2 sev]al v>ieties are f\nd 9 cultivation4 ,_m o!r species f ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,cali=nia1 etc41 are occasionally cultivat$1 b few are l>ge en\gh to be call$ trees1 & ^? t are l>ge en\gh are n ( suffici5t importance to ne$ specific notice4 ,,g5us #ajg4 ,t,,xus4 ,leaves ev]gre51 flat1 l9e>1 mucronate1 rigid1 scatt]$1 appe>+ m or less #b-rank$4 ,f]tile fl[]s & ! fruit solit>y2 ! fruit1 a nut-l se$ 9 a cup-%ap$1 fle%y portion =m$ f a disk2 r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 baccta4 ,txus baccta1 ,l4 7,,common ,,european ,,yew47 ,leaves ev]gre51 #b-rank$1 cr[d$1 l9e>1 flat1 curv$1 acute4 ,fruit a nut-l se$ )9 a cup #a_/c 94 9 diamet]2 r$ :5 ripe 9 ! autumn4 ,z ?is species is some:at dioeci\s1 a portion ( ! plants w be )\t fruit4 ,a widely spread+ %rub r ?an a tree1 ext5sively cultivat$ "u ne>ly a score ( nam$ v>ieties4 ,we h a closely relat$ wild species1 ,txus ,canadnsis 7,,! ,,gr\nd-,,hemlock71 :i* is m]ely a l[ /raggl+ bu%4 ,,g5us #a,o#g;a4 ,,torr,,ya4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 taxiflia4 ,! ,torreyas are mu* l ! ,yews1 b _! leaves h two longitud9al l9es1 & a rem>kably disagreeable odor :5 burn$ or bruis$4 ,torrya taxiflia1 ,arn41 f ,florida1 & ,torrya ,califrnica1 ,torr41 f ,cali=nia1 h be5 (t5 plant$4 ,!y =m small trees1 b probably _c be gr[n successfully 9 ! region4 ,! figure %[s a twig ( ,t4 taxifolia4 ,,g5us #a,o#g;b4 ,,cephalot,,xus4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,=tnii4 ,cephalotxus ,=tnii1 ,hook41 does n =m a tree 9 ?is section1 b a wide-spread+ bu% gr[+ sometimes to ! height ( #aj ft41 & spread+ ov] a spot #ae ft4 wide4 ,leaves flat1 ) ! midrib =m+ a di/9ct ridge on bo? sides1 l9e>1 sometimes ov] #b 94 long1 glossy gre5 on ! upp] side1 slightly :it5$ b5ea?4 ,fruit v l>ge1 #a 94 or m long1 elliptical1 ) a s+le1 ?9-%ell$ nut-l se$ cov]$ ) purpli%1 pulpy1 ?9 fle%4 ,bran*es spread+1 droop+1 long1 sl5d]2 buds small1 cov]$ ) _m %>p-po9t$1 ov]lapp+ scales2 twigs gre51 some:at groov$4 ,f ,japan2 ab\t h>dy 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,,g5us #ajh4 ,,podoc,,rpus4 ,leaves "o-n]v$1 opposite1 alt]nate1 or scatt]$1 l9e> or oblong4 ,fl[]s axill>y & mo/ly dioeci\s2 fruit drupe-l1 ) a bony-coat$ /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,japnica4 ,podocrpus ,japnica1 ,sieb4 7,,japan ,,podoc>pus47 ,leaves alt]nate1 cr[d$1 flat1 l9e>-lanceolate1 elongat$1 q %>p-po9t$1 n>r[$ to a %ort ?\gh di/9ct petiole1 & cont9u$ d[n ! /em by two ridges2 leaves n #b-rank$1 l>ge1 #d to #h 94 long & 94 wide :5 gr[+ 9 p]fection2 9 specim5s gr[n 9 ?is region1 #b to #e 94 long & 94 wide2 midrib =ms a ridge on bo? sides2 upp] side d>k glossy gre52 l[] side ) two broad :iti% l9es4 ,a beautiful1 erect-gr[+1 small tree2 f ,japan2 ab\t h>dy 9 c5tral ,new ,j]sey2 ne$s "s protection 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,,g5us #aji4 ,,salisb,,ria4 ,leaves broad1 simple1 alt]nate1 /ipulate1 decidu\s1 deeply cut or lob$ at ! apex1 alike on bo? surfaces1 ) long petioles4 ,fl[]s dioeci\s2 /am9ate ones 9 catk9s1 pi/illate ones ei!r solit>y or 9 clu/]s ( a few ea*4 ,fruit a nut ) a drupace\s cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 adiantiflia4 ,salisbria adiantiflia1 ,sm4 7,,g9kgo ,,tree47 ,leaves p>allel-ve9$1 fan-%ap$1 ) irregul> lobes at ! end1 ?ick1 lea!ry1 ) no midrib4 ,fruit globul> or ovate1 #a 94 long1 on long1 sl5d] /ems4 ,a v peculi> & beautiful l>ge tree1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high2 f ,japan4 ,h>dy ?r\gh\t1 & %\ld be m ext5sively cultivat$ ?an x is4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,botanical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,i4 ,! numb]s ref] to ! pages :]e ! illu/rations appe> or :]e full] def9itions ( ! words are giv54 ,abortive4 ,defective or b>r52 n produc+ se$s4 ,abrupt base ( leaf1 #ba4 ,abruptly p9nate4 ,p9nate1 )\t an odd leaflet at ! end2 ev5-p9nate1 #bj4 ,ac]ose4 ,sl5d]2 ne$le-%ap$1 #bj4 ,acorn1 #bg4 ,acum9ate4 ,tap]-po9t$1 #bb4 ,acute4 ,t]m9at+ 9 a well-def9$ angle1 usually less ?an a "r angle1 #bb4 ,adv5titi\s buds1 #ca4 ,alt]nate4 ,n opposite ea* o!r2 z ! leaves ( a /em :5 arrang$ "o aft] ! o!r along ! bran*1 #ah4 ,angulat$4 ,edge ) su* sudd5 b5ds z to =m angles4 ,annual lay] ( wood1 #ac4 ,an!r4 ,! ess5tial "p ( a /am5 ( a fl[]2 ! "p :i* conta9s ! poll51 #bd4 ,apetal\s4 ,said ( a fl[] :i* has no corolla1 #be4 ,apex4 ,! po9t or summit1 z ! po9t ( a leaf4 ,apple-pome4 ,a fruit l ! apple1 ) se$s 9 horny cells1 #bg4 ,appress$4 ,press$ close to ! /em or o!r "p1 #ai4 ,aril$4 ,se$ ) a some:at membran\s app5dage1 sometimes surr\nd+ x1 & atta*$ to "o end4 ,aromatic4 ,) an agreeable odor4 ,arrangem5t ( fl[]s1 #bf2 ( leaves1 #ah4 ,a/r+5t4 ,t :i* contracts or draws toge!r muscul> fib]2 ! opposite ( laxative4 ,auriculate4 ,furni%$ ) e>-%ap$ app5dages1 #ba4 ,awl-%ap$4 ,l a %oemak]'s curv$ awl2 subulate1 #ba4 ,awn$4 ,furni%$ ) a bri/le-%ap$ app5dage1 #bb4 ,axil4 ,! angle betwe5 ! leaf/alk & ! twig1 #ad4 ,axill>y4 ,situat$ 9 ! axil2 z a bud1 bran*1 or fl[]-clu/] :5 9 ! axil ( a leaf1 #ad1 #bf1 #cj4 ,b>k1 #ab4 ,bases ( leaves1 #ba4 ,b]ry4 ,us$ 9 ?is "w to include any s(t1 juicy fruit ) sev]al 7at lea/ m ?an "o71 readily sep>at$ se$s buri$ 9 ! mass1 #bg4 ,bip9nate4 ,twice-p9nate1 #bj4 ,bladd]y4 ,swoll5 out & fill$ ) air4 ,blade4 ,! ?91 spread+ portion1 z ( a leaf1 #ai4 ,bract4 ,a m or less modifi$ leaf belong+ to a fl[] or fruit2 usually a small leaf 9 ! axil ( :i* ! sep>ate fl[] ( a clu/] gr[s1 #bh4 ,bran*4 ,a %oot or /em ( a plant1 #aa4 ,bran*+1 g5]al plan (1 #bi4 ,bran*let4 ,a small bran*4 ,bri/le-po9t$4 ,end+ 9 a /iff1 r\ndi% hair1 #bb4 ,bud4 ,undevelop$ bran* or fl[]1 #cj2 =ms (1 #cb2 bud-scales1 #ca4 ,bur4 ,r\gh-prickly cov]+ ( ! se$s or fruit1 #bg4 ,bu%4 ,a %rub1 #aa4 ,calyx4 ,! out] leafy "p ( a fl[]1 #bd4 ,canesc5t4 ,) a silv]y appe>ance1 #bc4 ,capsule4 ,a dry1 pod-l fruit :i* has ei!r m ?an "o cell1 or1 if ( "o cell1 n su* a pod z t ( ! pea ) ! se$s fa/5$ on "o side on a s+le l9e1 #bh4 ,c>pel4 ,t "p ( a fruit :i* is =m$ ( a simple pi/il1 or "o memb] ( a comp\nd pi/il2 (t5 %[n by a s+le se$-be>+ l9e or "p4 ,a fruit has z _m c>pels z x has se$-be>+ l9es on its out] walls1 or z x _h /igmas :5 x 0 a pi/il1 or z x _h leaves at its orig94 ,catk94 ,a scaly1 usually sl5d] & p5d5t clu/] ( fl[]s1 #bf1 #bh4 ,ciliate4 ,fr+$ ) hairs along its edge4 ,cleft4 ,cut to ab\t ! middle1 #bb4 ,clu/]4 ,any gr\p+ ( fl[]s or fruit on a plant1 s t m ?an "o is f\nd 9 ! axil ( a leaf1 or at ! end ( a /em1 #bf4 ,complete4 ,hav+ all ! p>ts belong+ to an organ2 a complete leaf has blade1 leaf/alk1 & /ipules1 #ai2 a complete fl[] has calyx1 corolla1 /am51 & pi/il1 #bd4 ,comp\nd4 ,compos$ ( m ?an "o simil> "p unit$ into a :ole2 a comp\nd leaf has m ?an "o blade1 #ai4 ,conduplicate4 ,fold$ on itself l5g?wise1 #cc4 ,cone4 ,a h>d1 scaly fruit1 z t ( a p9e-tree1 #bh4 ,conical4 ,) a circul> base & slop+ sides gradually tap]+ to a po9t2 m sl5d] ?an pyramidal4 ,convolute4 ,9 a leaf1 ! complete roll+ f edge to edge1 #cd4 ,cordate4 ,he>t-%ap$1 ! /em & po9t at opposite ends1 #ba4 ,coriace\s4 ,lea!ry 9 texture or sub/ance4 ,corolla4 ,! inn]1 usually ! bright-color$1 r[ ( floral leaves1 (t5 gr[n toge!r1 #bd4 ,corymb4 ,a flat-topp$ or r\nd$ fl[]-clu/]2 9 a /rict use x is appli$ only to su* clu/]s :5 ! c5tral fl[] does n bloom fir/4 ,see cyme1 #bf4 ,cr5ate4 ,edge not*$ ) r\nd$ tee?1 #bb4 ,cr5ulate4 ,f9ely cr5at$1 #bb4 ,crisp$4 ,hav+ an undulat$ or curl$ edge4 ,cross-section ( wood1 #ce4 ,cuneate4 ,w$ge-%ap$1 #ba4 ,cyl9dric4 ,) an elongat$1 r\nd$ body ( uni=m diamet]4 ,cyme4 ,a flat-topp$ fl[]-clu/]1 ! c5tral fl[] bloom+ fir/1 #bf4 ,decidu\s4 ,fall+ (f2 said ( leaves :5 !y fall 9 autumn1 & ( floral leaves :5 !y fall be=e ! fruit =ms1 #bc4 ,decurr5t leaf4 ,a leaf :i* ext5ds d[n ! /em bel[ ! po9t ( fa/5+4 ,def9ite annual gr[?1 #bi4 ,dehisc5ce4 ,! regul> splitt+ op5 ( fruits1 an!rs1 etc4 ,dehisc5t4 ,op5+ 9 a regul> way1 #bg1 #bh4 ,deliquesc5t1 #af1 #bi4 ,deltoid4 ,triangul>1 #ba4 ,d5tate4 ,edge not*$1 ) ! tee? angul> & po9t+ outw>d1 #bb4 ,d5ticulate4 ,m9utely d5tate4 ,di*otom\s4 ,=k+ regul>ly by twos1 z ! bran*es ( ! ,lilac4 ,dilat$4 ,spread+ out2 exp&+ 9 all directions4 ,dioeci\s4 ,) /am5s & pi/ils on diff]5t plants1 #be4 ,di/i*\s4 ,two-rank$2 spread+ on opposite sides 9 "o plane2 z leaves1 #ah2 or bran*es1 #ai4 ,div]g5t4 ,spread+ ap>t4 ,divid$4 ,sep>at$ almo/ to ! base or midrib1 #bc4 ,drupe4 ,a fle%y fruit ) a s+le bony /one4 ,9 ?is book appli$ to all fruits :i*1 usually juicy1 h a s+le se$1 ev5 if n bony1 or a bony /one1 ev5 if ! /one has sev]al se$s1 #bg4 ,dry drupe4 ,us$ :5 ! mat]ial surr\nd+ ! /one is b slightly fle%y1 #bg4 ,duration ( leaves1 #bc4 ,elliptical4 ,hav+ ! =m ( an elongat$ oval1 #bj4 ,em>g9ate4 ,) a not*$ tip1 #bb4 ,endog5\s4 ,inside-gr[+2 gr[+ ?r\gh\t ! sub/ance ( ! /em1 #ab4 ,entire4 ,) an ev5 edge2 n not*$1 #bb4 ,envelop+ organs4 ,9 a fl[]1 ! calyx & corolla :i* cov] ! /am5s & pi/il1 #be4 ,ess5tial organs4 ,9 a fl[]1 ! organs ne$$ to produce se$s2 ! /am5s & pi/il1 #be4 ,ev]gre54 ,reta9+ ! leaves 79 a m or less gre5 condition7 ?r\gh ! w9t] & till new ones appe>1 #bc4 ,excurr5t4 ,) ! trunk cont9u$ to ! top ( ! tree1 #af1 #bi4 ,exog5\s4 ,outside-gr[+2 gr[+ by annual lay]s ne> ! surface1 #aa4 ,exs]t$4 ,project+ beyond an envelope1 z ! /am5s f a corolla1 or ! bracts beyond ! scales ( a cone1 #bh4 ,ex/ipulate4 ,)\t /ipules1 #ai4 ,extra-axill>y buds1 #cj4 ,fasciculat$4 ,9 clu/]s or fascicles1 #ah4 ,fea!r-ve9$4 ,) ! ve9s ( a leaf all spr++ f ! sides ( ! midrib1 #bj4 ,fibr\s4 ,compos$ ( f9e ?reads or fib]s4 ,filam5t4 ,! /alk ( a /am51 #bd2 any ?read-l body4 ,fl[]+4 ,hav+ fl[]s4 ,fl[]s1 #bd2 clu/]s (1 #bf2 k9ds (1 #be4 ,fold+ ( leaves 9 ! bud1 #cc4 ,foliace\s4 ,l a leaf 9 texture or appe>ance4 ,foot/alk4 ,! /em ( a leaf 7petiole71 or ! /em ( a fl[] 7p$uncle74 ,=ms ( leaves1 #bj4 ,fruit1 #bd1 #bf4 ,gamopetal\s4 ,same z monopetal\s1 #be4 ,glabr\s4 ,hav+ a smoo? surface2 free f hairs1 bri/les1 or any pubesc5ce1 #bc4 ,gl&s4 ,small cellul> organs :i* secrete oily1 aromatic1 or o!r products4 ,!y are sometimes sunk 9 ! leaves1 etc41 z on ! ,prickly-a%2 sometimes on ! surface z small projections2 sometimes on ! ends ( hairs4 ,! ^w is also us$ to indicate small swell+s1 :e!r !re is a secretion or n4 ,gl&ul>4 ,hav+ gl&s4 ,gl&ul>-hairy4 ,) gl&ul>-tipp$ hairs1 #bc4 ,glauc\s4 ,cov]$ ) a f9e :ite p[d] t rubs (f1 #bc4 ,globose4 ,sph]ical 9 =m4 ,globul>4 ,ne>ly globose4 ,glut9\s4 ,cov]$ ) a /icky gum4 ,hairy4 ,hav+ r long hairs1 #bc4 ,halb]d-%ap$1 #ba4 ,head4 ,a compact1 r\nd$ clu/] ( fl[]s or fruit1 #bf4 ,he>t-%ap$4 ,ovate1 ) a not*$ base2 cordate1 #ba4 ,he>t-wood1 #ac1 #ce4 ,h]bace\s4 ,)\t woody sub/ance 9 ! /em2 l an h]b2 s(t & leaf-l4 ,hybrid4 ,an int]m$iate =m ( plant betwe5 two ne>ly relat$ species2 =m$ by ! action ( ! poll5 ( "o ^u ! pi/il ( ! o!r4 ,imbricat$4 ,ov]lapp+ "o ano!r l ! %+les on a ro(1 #bh4 ,incis$4 ,irregul>ly & deeply cut1 z ! edge ( a leaf4 ,incurv$4 ,gradually curv+ inw>d4 ,indef9ite annual gr[?1 #cj4 ,indehisc5t4 ,n splitt+ op54 ,inflex$4 ,b5t inw>d1 #cc4 ,involucre4 ,a :orl or set ( bracts ar\nd a fl[]1 a clu/] ( fl[]s1 or fruit1 #bg4 ,involute4 ,roll$ inw>d f ! edges1 #cd4 ,irregul>4 ,said ( a fl[] :i* has its corolla ( diff]5t siz$1 %ap$1 or color$ pieces1 #be4 ,k]nel4 ,! sub/ance conta9$ )9 ! %ell ( a nut or ! /one ( a fruit4 ,key4 ,a fruit furni%$ ) a w+1 or leaf-l expansion1 #bh4 ,kidney-%ap$4 ,broadly he>t-%ap$1 ) ! apex & basal not* some:at r\nd$4 ,lac]at$4 ,) a m>g9 irregul>ly not*$ or app>5tly torn4 ,lac9iate4 ,cut into n>r[ lobes2 sla%$4 ,lance-%ap$4 ,lanceolate4 ,l a lance-head 9 %ape1 #ba4 ,leaf1 #ag2 arrangem5t ( leaves1 #ah2 bases (1 #ba2 =ms (1 #bj2 k9ds (1 #ai2 m>g9s (1 #bb2 p>ts (1 #ai2 po9ts (1 #bb2 ve9+1 #ai4 ,leaflet4 ,a sep>ate blade ( a comp\nd leaf1 #bj4 ,leaf/alk4 ,! /em ( a leaf2 petiole1 #ai4 ,legume4 ,a pea-l pod1 #bh4 ,l5s=m4 ,l5ticul>4 ,?icke/ 9 ! c5t]1 ) ! edges some:at %>p2 l a d\ble-convex l5s4 ,l9e>4 ,long & n>r[1 ) ! edges ab\t p>allel1 #bj4 ,lobe4 ,! sep>ate1 project+ p>ts ( an irregul>ly edg$ leaf if few 9 numb]1 #bb4 ,lob$4 ,hav+ lobes along ! m>g91 #bb4 ,m>g9 ( leaves1 #bb4 ,m$ull>y rays1 #ac4 ,membran\s4 ,?9 & r s(t1 & m or less transluc5t1 #bc4 ,midrib4 ,! c5tral or ma9 rib ( a leaf1 #ai4 ,monoeci\s4 ,) bo? pi/illate & /am9ate fl[]s on ! same plant1 #be4 ,monopetal\s4 ,) ! corolla m or less gr[n toge!r at ! base2 gamopetal\s1 #be4 ,mucronate4 ,tipp$ ) a %ort abrupt po9t1 #bb4 ,multiple roots1 #i4 ,n]v$4 ,p>allel-ve9$1 z ! leaves ( "s trees1 #bj4 ,nett$-ve9$4 ,) bran*+ ve9s1 =m+ a network z 9 ! leaves ( mo/ ( our trees1 #bj4 ,node4 ,! "p ( a /em to :i* a leaf is atta*$1 #ah4 ,nut4 ,a h>d1 unsplitt+1 usually "o-se$$ fruit1 #bg4 ,nutlet4 ,a small nut4 ,obcordate4 ,he>t-%ap$1 ) ! /em at ! po9t$ end1 #ba1 #bb4 ,oblanceolate4 ,lanceolate1 ) ! /em at ! m po9t$ end1 #ba4 ,oblong4 ,two to f\r times z long z wide1 ) ! sides some:at p>allel1 #bj4 ,oblique4 ,appli$ to leaves :5 ! sides are unequal1 #ba4 ,obovate4 ,a rev]s$ ovate1 #ba4 ,obovoid4 ,a rev]s$ ovoid2 an egg =m1 ) /em at ! small] end4 ,obscurely4 ,n di/9ctly2 usually ne$+ a magnify+-glass to det]m9e4 ,obtuse4 ,blunt or r\nd$ at tip1 #bb4 ,obvolute1 #cd4 ,odd-p9nate4 ,p9nate1 ) an end leaflet1 #bj4 ,once-p9nate4 ,a comp\nd leaf1 ) b a s+le s]ies ( leaflets along ! c5tral /em1 #ai4 ,opposite4 ,) two leaves on opposite sides ( a /em at a node1 #ah4 ,orbicul>4 ,circul> 9 outl9e1 #bj4 ,oval4 ,broadly elliptical1 #bj4 ,ov>y4 ,! "p ( ! pi/il ( a fl[] conta9+ ! ovules or future se$s4 ,ovate4 ,%ap$ l a section ( an egg1 ) ! broad] end ne> ! /em1 #ba4 ,ov]lapp+4 ,"o piece spread+ ov] ano!r4 ,ovoid4 ,ovate or oval 9 a solid =m1 l an egg4 ,ovules4 ,! p>ts )9 ! ov>y :i* may =m se$s1 #be4 ,palmate4 ,a comp\nd leaf1 ) ! leaflets all />t+ f ! end ( ! petiole1 #ai4 ,palmately lob$1 #bb4 ,palmately ve9$4 ,) ?ree or m ma9 ribs1 or ve9s ( a leaf1 />t+ f ! base1 #bj4 ,panicle4 ,an op51 mu* bran*$ clu/] ( fl[]s or fruit1 #bf4 ,pappus4 ,! d[n1 hairs1 or tee? on ! end ( ! fruit 9 ,composit1 z ! ?i/le-d[n4 ,p>allel-ve9$4 ,) ! ve9s ( ! leaf p>allel2 n]v$1 #bj4 ,p>t$4 ,edge ( a blade sep>at$ ?ree f\r?s ( ! di/ance to ! base or midrib1 #bc4 ,p$icel4 ,! /em ( ea* fl[] ( a clu/]1 #bf4 ,p$uncle4 ,! /em ( a solit>y fl[]1 or ! ma9 /em ( a clu/]1 #bf4 ,pellucid4 ,almo/ or q transp>5t4 ,peltate4 ,appli$ to a leaf or o!r "p :5 ! /em or /alk is atta*$ )9 ! m>g9 on ! side4 ,p5d5t4 ,hang+ d[nw>d1 #bh4 ,p5dul\s4 ,hang+ or droop+4 ,p]fect4 ,said ( a fl[] ) bo? /am5 & pi/il1 #be4 ,petal4 ,a leaf ( ! corolla ( a fl[]1 #be4 ,petiole4 ,! /alk or /em ( a leaf1 #ai4 ,petiolate4 ,said ( a leaf :i* has a /em1 #bj4 ,p9n4 ,! fir/ divisions ( a bip9nate or trip9nate leaf4 ,p9nate leaf4 ,a comp\nd leaf ) ! leaflets arrang$ along ! sides ( ! /em1 #ai4 ,p9nately lob$1 #bb2 ,p9nate-ve9$1 #bj4 ,p9natifid4 ,a leaf deeply not*$ along ! sides 9 a p9nate mann]1 #bc4 ,pi/il4 ,! c5tral ess5tial organ ( a fl[]1 #be4 ,pi/illate4 ,a fl[] ) pi/il b no /am5s1 #be4 ,pi?1 #ab4 ,plicate4 ,fold$ l a fan1 #cd4 ,pod4 ,a dry dehisc5t fruit l t ( ! pea1 #bh4 ,po9ts ( leaves1 #bb4 ,poll>d+ trees1 #ca4 ,poll54 ,! du/ or f]tiliz+ mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! an!r1 #bd4 ,polypetal\s4 ,hav+ a corolla ( sep>ate petals1 #be4 ,pome4 ,an apple-l fruit ) ! se$s 9 horny cells1 #bg4 ,prep>ation ( a collection1 #ce4 ,press+ plants1 #cf4 ,prickles4 ,%>p1 sp9e-l elevations on ! b>k1 leaf or fruit1 #bh4 ,prim>y root1 #aj4 ,pubesc5t4 ,hairy or d[ny1 especially ) f9e s(t hairs or pubesc5ce1 #bc4 ,pulp4 ,! s(t fle% ( su* fruits z ! apple or *]ry4 ,punctate4 ,) transluc5t gl&s1 #bc4 ,pyramidal4 ,) slop+ sides l a pyramid1 b ) a circul> base2 broad-conical4 ,raceme4 ,a fl[]-clu/] ) "o-fl[]$ /ems arrang$ along ! p$uncle1 #bf4 ,radial section ( wood1 #ce4 ,radiat+ ribs4 ,! ribs ( a leaf :5 sev]al />t toge!r at or ne> ! base4 ,a leaf hav+ su* ribs is said to be radiately or palmately ve9$1 #bj4 ,rapi]-%ap$4 ,n>r[1 po9t$1 & curv$ l a sword4 ,recurv$ or reflex$4 ,b5t backw>d1 #bh4 ,regul>4 ,said ( a fl[] :i* has its envelop+ organs alike on all sides1 #be4 ,rep&4 ,wavy-m>g9$1 #bb4 ,retuse4 ,) a slightly not*$ tip1 #bb4 ,revolute4 ,roll$ backw>d1 z ! edges ( _m leaves1 #bb1 #cd4 ,ribb$4 ,) prom95t ribs1 (t5 some:at p>allel4 ,ribs4 ,! /rong ve9s ( a leaf1 #ai4 ,root1 #i4 ,rug\s4 ,hav+ an irregul>ly ridg$ surface1 #bc4 ,sam>a4 ,a w+$ fruit2 a key fruit1 #bh4 ,sap-wood1 #ac4 ,scabr\s4 ,r\gh or h>% to ! t\*1 #bc4 ,scale-%ap$1 #ba4 ,sc>i\s4 ,?91 dry1 & membran\s1 #bc4 ,scatt]$ leaves1 #ah4 ,second>y roots1 #aj4 ,section ( wood1 #ce4 ,se$l+4 ,a "y plant rais$ f a se$4 ,se$s1 #be4 ,sepal4 ,a division ( a calyx1 #be4 ,s]rate4 ,hav+ a not*$ edge1 ) ! tee? po9t+ =w>d1 #bb4 ,s]ration4 ,a too? ( a s]rat$ edge4 ,s]rulate4 ,f9ely s]rate1 #bb4 ,sessile4 ,)\t /em2 sessile leaf1 #bj2 sessile fl[]1 #bf4 ,%ea?4 ,a tubul> envelope4 ,%oot4 ,a bran*4 ,%rub4 ,a bu%-l plant2 "o bran*+ f ne> ! base1 #aa4 ,silv] gra94 ,m$ull>y rays1 #ac1 #cf4 ,simple leaf4 ,"o ) b a s+le blade1 #ai4 ,s9uate4 ,) a m>g9 /rongly wavy1 #bb4 ,s9uation4 ,"o ( ! waves ( a s9uate edge4 ,spatulate4 ,gradually n>r[$ d[nw>d f a r\nd$ tip4 ,spike4 ,an elongat$ clu/] ( fl[]s ) ! sep>ate blossoms ab\t sessile4 ,sp9e4 ,a %>p1 rigid outgr[? f ! wood ( a /em2 sometimes appli$ to %>p po9ts n s deeply seat$ :i* %\ld be consid]$ z prickles1 #bh4 ,sp9esc5t or sp9y4 ,hav+ sp9es1 #bb1 #bc4 ,spray4 ,a collection ( small %oots or bran*es ( a plant4 ,/am54 ,"o ( ! poll5-be>+ or f]tiliz+ p>ts ( a fl[]1 #bd4 ,/am9ate4 ,said ( fl[]s :i* h /am5s b no pi/il1 #be4 ,/ellate4 ,bran*+1 />-l4 ,/ems & bran*es1 #aa4 ,/ipules4 ,small blades at ! base ( a leaf/alk1 #ai4 ,/raight-ve9$4 ,fea!r-ve9$ ) ! ve9s /raight & p>allel1 #bj4 ,/riate4 ,m>k$ ) f9e longitud9al l9es or ridges4 ,sub4 ,a prefix appli$ to _m botanical t]ms1 & indicat+ ne>ly4 ,subulate4 ,awl-%ap$1 #ba4 ,succul5t4 ,?ick & fle%y1 #bc4 ,suck]s4 ,%oots f a subt]ranean "p ( a plant4 ,surface ( leaves & fruit1 #bc4 ,tang5tial section ( wood1 #ce4 ,tap]+4 ,gradually po9t$2 gradually n>r[$1 #ba4 ,tap-root4 ,a simple root ) a /\t tap]+ body1 #i4 ,t]ete4 ,cyl9dric1 b tap]+ z ! twigs ( a tree4 ,t]m9al4 ,belong+ to ! extremity ( a bran*1 z a t]m9al bud1 #ad2 or t]m9al fl[]-clu/]1 #bf4 ,texture ( leaves1 #bc4 ,?yrsus4 ,a compact1 mu*-bran*$ fl[]- or fruit-clu/]1 #bf4 ,tom5tose4 ,cov]$ ) matt$1 woolly hairs1 #bc4 ,too!d4 ,) tee? or %ort projections4 ,tree4 ,a plant ) a woody trunk :i* does n bran* ne> ! gr\nd1 #aa4 ,truncate4 ,) a squ>e end z ?\gh cut (f1 #bb4 ,twice-p9nate4 ,appli$ to a leaf :i* is twice divid$ 9 a p9nate mann]1 #bj4 ,twice-s]rate1 #bb4 ,twice-cr5ate1 #bb4 ,two-rank$4 ,appli$ to leaves :5 !y are flatt5$ out 9 two ranks on opposite sides ( a /em1 #ah2 also appli$ to spray :5 x bran*es out 9 "o plane1 #ai4 ,umbel4 ,a clu/] ( fl[]s or fruit hav+ /ems ( ab\t equal l5g?1 & />t+ f ! same po9t1 #bf4 ,umbellate4 ,l an umbel4 ,valvate4 ,t\*+ edge to edge1 #bh4 ,ve9+ ( leaves1 #ai4 ,ve9lets4 ,! mo/ m9ute framework ( a leaf1 #ai4 ,ve9s4 ,! small] l9es ( ! framework ( a leaf1 #ai4 ,w$ge-%ap$4 ,%ap$ l a w$ge2 cuneate1 #ba4 ,:orl4 ,9 a circle ar\nd ! /em1 z ! leaves ( a plant1 #ah4 ,w+s4 ,a blade or leaf-l expansion bord]+ a "p1 z a fruit or /em1 #bh4 ,w+$4 ,) w+-l membranes4 ,w9t] /udy ( trees1 #bi4 ,wood1 #ab4 ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,iii4 ,abele-tree1 #afh4 ,abies1 #ahc-ahg4 ,acan?opanax1 #aaj4 ,ac]1 #hd-hh4 ,acum9ate-leav$ ,cle?ra1 #aag4 sculus1 #ha-hc4 ,african ,c$>1 #aij4 ,ailan?us1 #gf4 ,albizzia1 #if4 ,alcock's ,spruce1 #aha4 ,ald]1 #adg1 #adh4 ,alleghany ,plum1 #ih4 ,alnus1 #adg1 #adh4 ,alt]nate-leav$ ,cornel1 #aab4 ,amelan*i]1 #ajg4 ,anac>diace1 #hi4 ,angelica-tree1 #aji4 ,angiosp]m1 #fb4 ,anonace1 #fh4 ,apple1 #aja4 ,aralia1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,araliace1 #aji4 ,arauc>ia1 #aij4 ,arbor-vit1 ,am]ican1 #aid4 ,*9ese1 #aid4 ,ea/]n1 #aid4 ,giant1 #aid4 ,hat*et-leav$1 #aid4 ,japanese1 #aif4 ,weep+1 #aie4 ,arr[-wood1 #aad4 ,a%1 ,black1 #abd4 ,blue1 #abd4 ,european1 #abd4 ,fl[]+1 #abe4 ,gre51 #abc4 ,r$1 #abc4 ,wat]1 #abd4 ,weep+1 #abe4 ,:ite1 #abc4 ,a%-color$ ,will[1 #afg4 ,a%-leav$ ,maple1 #hi4 ,asim9a1 #fh4 ,asp51 #afh4 ,au/rian ,p9e1 #age4 ,bac*>is1 #aae4 ,bald ,cypress1 #aib4 ,balm ( ,gilead1 #agj4 ,balsam-fir1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,balsam-popl>1 #agj4 ,b>r5 ,oak1 #aeh4 ,b>tram's ,oak1 #aeb4 ,basket-oak1 #aed4 ,basswood1 #gb1 #gc4 ,bay1 ,r$1 #acj4 ,bay ,will[1 #afd1 #afe4 ,beak$ ,hazelnut1 #adi4 ,beak$ ,will[1 #aff4 ,bean-trefoil ,tree1 #ib4 ,be> ,scrub ,oak1 #aeg4 ,bee*1 ,am]ican1 #afa4 ,blue1 #aea4 ,cut-leav$1 #afa4 ,european1 #afa4 ,purple1 #afa4 ,silv] ,v>iegat$1 #afa4 ,wat]1 #aea4 ,b5jam9-bu%1 #aca4 ,betula1 #add-adg4 ,bhotan ,p9e1 #agb4 ,bignoniace1 #abg4 ,bignonia ,family1 #abg4 ,big ,%ellb>k1 #adb4 ,big ,tree ( ,cali=nia1 #aib4 ,bil/$1 #ajh4 ,biota1 #aic4 ,bir*1 ,am]ican ,:ite1 #ade4 ,black1 #adf4 ,canoe1 #ade4 ,*]ry1 #adf4 ,cut-leav$1 #adf4 ,european ,:ite1 #adf4 ,gray1 #ade1 #adf4 ,hairy-leav$1 #adf4 ,pap]1 #ade4 ,purple-leav$1 #adf4 ,pyramidal1 #adf4 ,r$1 #adg4 ,riv]1 #adg4 ,sweet1 #adf4 ,weep+1 #adf4 ,yell[1 #adf4 ,bird-*]ry1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,bitt]nut1 #adc4 ,bix9e1 #fg4 ,black ,a%1 #abd4 ,bir*1 #adf4 ,*]ry1 #ii4 ,gum1 #aab4 ,haw1 #aad4 ,haw?orn1 #ajf4 ,oak1 #aef1 #aeh4 ,p9e1 #age4 ,popl>1 #agj4 ,scrub ,oak1 #aeg4 ,spruce1 #agi4 ,sug>-maple1 #hf4 ,walnut1 #ada4 ,will[1 #afc4 ,black?orn1 #ih4 ,blue ,a%1 #abd4 ,bee*1 #aea4 ,bog ,will[1 #aff4 ,b[-wood1 #acg4 ,box ,eld]1 #hi4 ,:ite ,oak1 #aec4 ,boxwood1 #acc4 ,bri/ly ,locu/1 #id4 ,brittle ,will[1 #afc4 ,broom-hickory1 #adc4 ,buckeye1 #hb1 #hc4 ,buck?orn1 ,cali=nia1 #hj4 ,c>ol9a1 #gi4 ,common1 #gi4 ,s\!rn1 #aai4 ,woolly-leav$1 #aah4 ,buck?orn ,family1 #gi4 ,buffalo-b]ry1 #acb4 ,bullace ,plum1 #ih4 ,bumelia1 #aah1 #aai4 ,burn+-bu%1 #gh4 ,bur-,oak1 #aec4 ,butt]nut1 #adj4 ,buttonwood1 #aci4 ,buxus1 #acb1 #acc4 ,calico-bu%1 #aaf4 ,cali=nia ,buck?orn1 #hj4 ,maple1 #hf4 ,camellia ,family1 #fi4 ,canoe ,bir*1 #ade4 ,caprifoliace1 #aac4 ,c>agana1 #ib4 ,c>ol9a ,buck?orn1 #gi4 ,popl>1 #afi4 ,c>p9us1 #aej1 #aea4 ,c>ya1 #ada-add4 ,ca%ew ,family1 #hi4 ,ca/anea1 #aei1 #afj4 ,catalpa1 #abh1 #abi4 ,caucasian ,plan]-tree1 #acf4 ,c$>1 ,african1 #aij4 ,deod>1 #aij4 ,indian1 #aij4 ,japan1 #aih4 ,lebanon1 #ahi4 ,mt4 ,atlas1 #aij4 ,r$1 #aii4 ,silv]1 #aij4 ,:ite1 #aid1 #aie4 ,c$rela1 #gf4 ,c$rus1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,cela/race1 #gh4 ,celtis1 #acf1 #acg4 ,cembra ,p9e1 #agc4 ,cephalonian ,silv] ,fir1 #ahe4 ,cephalotaxus1 #bjj4 ,c]cidiphyllum1 #fg4 ,c]cis1 #id4 ,*a/e-tree1 #acj4 ,*]ry1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,*]ry ,bir*1 #adf4 ,*]ry1 ,cornelian1 #aaa4 ,*e/nut1 #afj4 ,*e/nut-oak1 #aed1 #aee4 ,*ickasaw ,plum1 #ih4 ,*ile ,p9e1 #aij4 ,*9a-tree1 #ge4 ,*9ese ,arbor-vit1 #aid4 ,c$rela1 #gf4 ,cork-tree1 #gd4 ,honey-locu/1 #if4 ,p>asol1 #gb4 ,sumac1 #ia4 ,:ite ,magnolia1 #fe4 ,*9quap91 #afj4 ,*ionan?us1 #abf4 ,*oke-*]ry1 #ajj4 ,cilician ,silv] ,fir1 #ahf4 ,cladra/is1 #ic4 ,clammy ,locu/1 #id4 ,cl]od5dron1 #abi4 ,cle?ra1 #aag1 #aah4 ,club1 ,h]cules'1 #aji4 ,cockspur ,?orn1 #ajd4 ,c(fee-tree1 ,k5tucky1 #ie4 ,col*icum-leav$ ,maple1 #hg4 ,composit1 #aae4 ,conif]1 #agj4 ,cork-b>k ,maple1 #hg4 ,cork ,elm1 #acd4 ,cork-tree1 ,*9ese1 #gd4 ,cornace1 #aaj4 ,cornel1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,cornelian ,*]ry1 #aaa4 ,cornus1 #aaj-aab4 ,corsican ,p9e1 #age4 ,corylus1 #adi4 ,cottonwood1 #afi4 ,c[-oak1 #aed4 ,crab-apple1 #aja4 ,crack-will[1 #afc4 ,cranb]ry-tree1 #aad4 ,crape-myrtle1 #aji4 ,cratgus1 #ajc-ajf4 ,crisp$-leav$ ,elm1 #acd4 ,cryptom]ia1 #aih4 ,cucumb]-tree1 #fc1 #fd4 ,cunn+hamia1 #aia4 ,cupulif]1 #add4 ,cu/>d-apple ,family1 #fh4 ,cut-leav$ ,bir*1 #adf4 ,ald]1 #adh4 ,cypress1 ,bald1 #aib4 ,lawson's1 #aif4 ,nootka ,s\nd1 #aie4 ,s\!rn1 #aib4 ,dahoon ,holly1 #gg4 ,date-plum1 #abj4 ,deod> ,c$>1 #aij4 ,devil-wood1 #abe4 ,diospyros1 #aai1 #abj4 ,dogwood1 ,fl[]+1 #aaa4 ,poison1 #ij4 ,dott$-fruit$ ,haw?orn1 #ajf4 ,d\ble ,spruce1 #agi4 ,d[ny-leav$ ,popl>1 #afi4 ,dw>f ,*e/nut-oak1 #aee4 ,dw>f ,m\nta9 ,sumac1 #ij4 ,e>-leav$ ,umbrella-tree1 #fd4 ,ea/]n ,spruce1 #aha4 ,eb5ace1 #aai4 ,ebony ,family1 #aai4 ,elagnace1 #aca4 ,elagnus1 #aca1 #acb4 ,eld]-leav$ ,m\nta9 ,a%1 #ajb4 ,eld]1 ,poison1 #ij4 ,elm1 ,am]ican1 #ace4 ,cork1 #acd4 ,crisp$-leav$1 #acd4 ,engli%1 #acd4 ,field1 #acd4 ,kiaka1 #acf4 ,r$1 #acd4 ,rock1 #acd4 ,scot*1 #acd4 ,slipp]y1 #acd4 ,wahoo1 #ace4 ,weep+1 #acd4 ,:ite1 #ace4 ,:ite-m>g9$1 #acd4 ,w+$1 #ace4 ,wit*1 #acd4 ,engli% ,elm1 #acd4 ,*]ry1 #ii4 ,haw?orn1 #ajd4 ,maple1 #hg4 ,oak1 #aeh4 ,walnut1 #ada4 ,ericace1 #aaf4 ,euonymus1 #gh4 ,euphorbiace1 #acb4 ,fagus1 #afj1 #afa4 ,fate-tree1 #abi4 ,field ,elm1 #acd4 ,figwort ,family1 #abg4 ,filb]t1 #adi4 ,fir1 ,balsam1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,cephalonian ,silv]1 #ahe4 ,cilician ,silv]1 #ahf4 ,european ,silv]1 #ahg4 ,fras]'s ,balsam1 #ahd4 ,great ,silv]1 #ahe4 ,japan ,silv]1 #ahd4 ,noble ,silv]1 #ahg4 ,nordmann's ,silv]1 #ahd4 ,p9sapo1 #ahf4 ,scot*1 #agg4 ,sib]ian ,silv]1 #ahe4 ,silv]1 #ahd-ahg4 ,s\!rn ,balsam1 #ahd4 ,:ite1 #ahf4 ,fl[]+ ,a%1 #abe4 ,dogwood1 #aaa4 ,f\r-w+$ ,silv]bell ,tree1 #aba4 ,fras]'s ,balsam-fir1 #ahd4 ,frax9us1 #abb-abe4 ,fr5* ,tam>isk1 #fi4 ,fr+e-tree1 #abf4 ,g>d5 ,plum1 #ii4 ,r$ ,*]ry1 #ii4 ,g>l& ,crab-apple1 #aja4 ,giant ,arbor-vit1 #aid4 ,tree ,lilac1 #abf4 ,g9kgo-tree1 #bja4 ,gl$its*ia1 #ie1 #if4 ,goat-will[1 #aff4 ,gold5-*a91 #ib4 ,gold5 ,l>*1 #ahi4 ,gordonia1 #gj4 ,gray ,bir*1 #ade1 #adf4 ,p9e1 #agh4 ,will[1 #afg4 ,great ,laurel1 #aag4 ,great-leav$ ,magnolia1 #fd4 ,great ,silv] ,fir1 #ahe4 ,tree ( ,cali=nia1 #aib4 ,gre5 ,a%1 #abc4 ,gr\ndsel-tree1 #aae4 ,gum1 ,black1 #aab4 ,s\r1 #aab1 #aac4 ,sweet1 #ajh4 ,gymnocladus1 #ie4 ,gymnosp]m1 #agj4 ,hackb]ry1 #acf4 ,hackmatack1 #ahh4 ,halesia1 #aba4 ,hamamelide1 #ajg4 ,hamamelis1 #ajg4 ,hat*et-leav$ ,arbor-vit1 #aid4 ,haw1 ,black1 #aad4 ,summ]1 #ajf4 ,yell[1 #ajf4 ,haw?orn1 ,black1 #ajf4 ,dott$-fruit$1 #ajf4 ,engli%1 #ajd4 ,pe>1 #ajf4 ,tall1 #aje4 ,hazel1 #adi4 ,hazelnut1 #adi4 ,he>t-leav$ ,ald]1 #adh4 ,will[1 #afe4 ,hea? ,family1 #aaf4 ,heavy-wood$ ,p9e1 #agd4 ,hemlock1 ,common1 #ahb4 ,gr\nd1 #aii4 ,japan1 #ahb4 ,m\nta91 #ahb4 ,h]cules'-,club1 #aji4 ,hibiscus1 #ga4 ,hickory1 ,big ,%ellb>k1 #adb4 ,broom1 #adc4 ,%agb>k1 #adb4 ,%ellb>k1 #adb4 ,swamp1 #adc4 ,:ite-he>t1 #adb4 ,himalayan ,spruce1 #aha4 ,ho>y ,ald]1 #adg4 ,holly1 #gg4 ,holly ,family1 #gg4 ,honey-locu/1 #ie1 #if4 ,honeysuckle ,family1 #aac4 ,hop-hornbeam1 #aej4 ,hop-tree1 #gd4 ,hornbeam1 #aea4 ,horse-*e/nut1 #ha1 #hb4 ,horse-sug>1 #abb4 ,hov5ia1 #hj4 ,idesia1 #fg4 ,ilex1 #gg1 #gh4 ,ilic9e1 #gg4 ,imp]ial ,paul[nia1 #abg4 ,indian ,bean1 #abh4 ,c$>1 #aij4 ,iri% ,junip]1 #aii4 ,iron-wood1 #aej4 ,japan ,arbor-vit1 #aif4 ,c$>1 #aih4 ,hemlock1 #ahb4 ,l>*1 #ahh4 ,lilac1 #abf4 ,magnolia1 #fe4 ,maple1 #hh4 ,p]simmon1 #abj4 ,plan]-tree1 #acf4 ,p9e1 #agf4 ,podoc>pus1 #bja4 ,silv] ,fir1 #ahd4 ,/orax1 #abj4 ,j]sey ,p9e1 #agg4 ,judas-tree1 #id4 ,jugl&acc1 #adj4 ,juglans1 #adj1 #ada4 ,jujube1 #hj4 ,junip]1 #aih1 #aii4 ,junip]us1 #aih1 #aii4 ,kalmia1 #aaf4 ,katsura-tree1 #fg4 ,k5tucky ,c(fee-tree1 #ie4 ,kiaka ,elm1 #acf4 ,kilm>nock ,will[1 #aff4 ,k+nut1 #adb4 ,koelreut]ia1 #hc4 ,laburnum1 #ib4 ,lag]/roemia1 #aji4 ,lamb]t's ,p9e1 #agb4 ,l>*1 ,am]ican1 #ahh4 ,european1 #ahh4 ,gold51 #ahi4 ,japan1 #ahh4 ,l>ge-fl[]$ ,magnolia1 #fc4 ,l>ge-leav$ ,maple1 #hf4 ,l>ge-too!d ,asp51 #afh4 ,l>ge ,tupelo1 #aac4 ,l>ix1 #ahg-ahi4 ,laurace1 #acj4 ,laurel1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,laurel ,family1 #acj4 ,laurel-leav$ ,will[1 #afe4 ,laurel-oak1 #aeh4 ,lawson's ,cypress1 #aif4 ,lebanon ,c$>1 #ahi4 ,legum9os1 #ib4 ,lilac1 #abf4 ,l9d51 #gb1 #gc4 ,l9d5 ,family1 #gb4 ,l9d]a1 #aca4 ,liquidamb>1 #ajh4 ,liriod5dron1 #ff4 ,live-oak1 #aee4 ,loblolly ,bay1 #gj4 ,p9e1 #agd4 ,locu/1 ,bri/ly1 #id4 ,clammy1 #id4 ,common1 #ic4 ,honey1 #ie1 #if4 ,lomb>dy ,popl>1 #afi4 ,long-leav$ ,p9e1 #agd4 ,will[1 #afg4 ,long-racem$ ,buckeye1 #hc4 ,lonic]a1 #aae4 ,loose/rife ,family1 #ajh4 ,ly?race1 #ajh4 ,maclura1 #acg4 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