,,trees ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,united ,,states ,,their ,,study1 ,,description ,,and ,,determination ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools ,,and ,,private ,,students ,,by ,,austin ,c4 ,,apgar ,,professor ,,of ,,botany ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,jersey ,,state ,,normal ,,school ,trees are ,god's ,architecture4--,anonymous4 ,a ,student who has learned to observe and describe so simple a matter as the form of a leaf has gained a power which will be of lifetime value1 whatever may be his sphere of professional employment4--,wm4 ,north ,rice4 ,,new ,,york-3-,,cincinnati-3-,,chicago ,,american ,,book ,,company ,copyright1 #ahib1 by the ,,american ,,book ,,company4 ,w4 ,p4 #c4 ,,preface4 ,this book has been prepared with the idea that teachers generally would be glad to introduce into their classes work dealing with the real objects of nature1 provided the work chosen were of a character that would admit of its being studied at all seasons and in all localities1 and that the subject were one of general interest1 and one that could be taught successfully by those who have had no regular scientific instruction4 ,the trees of our forests1 lawns1 yards1 orchards1 streets1 borders1 and parks give us just such a department4 ,though many consider a large part of the vegetable kingdom of little importance1 and unworthy of any serious study1 there are few who do not admire1 and fewer still who do not desire to know1 our trees1 the monarchs of all living things4 ,the difficulty in tree study by the aid of the usual botanies lies mainly in the fact that in using them the first essential parts to be examined are the blossoms and their organs4 ,these remain on the trees a very short time1 are often entirely unnoticed on account of their small size or obscure color1 and are usually inaccessible even if seen4 ,in this book the leaves1 the wood1 the bark1 and1 in an elementary way1 the fruit are the parts to which the attention is directed2 these all can be found and studied throughout the greater part of the year1 and are just the parts that must be thoroughly known by all who wish to learn to recognize trees4 ,though every teacher is at liberty to use the book as he thinks best1 the author1 who has been a class teacher for over twenty years1 is of the opinion that but little of ,part ,i4 need be thoroughly studied and recited1 with the exception of ,chapter ,,iii4 on leaves4 ,the object of this chapter is not to have the definitions recited 7the recitation of definitions in school work is often useless or worse than useless71 but to teach the pupil to use the terms properly and to make them a portion of his vocabulary4 ,the figures on pages #ch-dc are designed for class description1 and for the application of botanical words4 ,the first time the chapter is studied the figure illustrating the term should be pointed out by the pupil2 then1 as a review of the whole chapter1 the student should be required to give a full description of each leaf4 ,after this work with ,chapter ,,iii41 and the careful reading of the whole of ,part ,i41 the pupils can begin the description of trees1 and1 as the botanical words are needed1 search can be made for them under the proper heads or in the ,glossary4 ,the ,keys are for the use of those who know nothing of scientific botany4 ,the advanced botanist may think them too artificial and easy2 but let him remember that this work was written for the average teacher who has had no strictly scientific training4 ,we can hardly expect that the great majority of people will ever become scientific in any line1 but it is possible for nearly every one to become interested in and fully acquainted with the trees of his neighborhood4 ,the attainment of such botanical knowledge by the plan given in this volume will not only accomplish this useful purpose1 but will do what is worth far more to the student1 i4e41 teach him to employ his own senses in the investigation of natural objects1 and to use his own powers of language in their description4 ,with hardly an exception1 the illustrations in the work are taken from original drawings from nature by the author4 ,a few of the scales of pine-cones were copied from ,london's ,encyclopdia of ,trees2 some of the ,retinospora cones were taken from the ,gardener's ,chronicle2 and three of the illustrations in ,part ,i4 are from ,professor ,gray's works4 ,the size of the illustration as compared with the specimen of plant is indicated by a fraction near it2 indicates that the drawing is one fourth as long as the original1 #a_/a that it is natural size1 etc4 ,the notching of the margin is reduced to the same extent2 so a margin which in the engraving looks about entire1 might in the leaf be quite distinctly serrate4 ,the only cases in which the scale is not given are in the cross-sections of the leaves among the figures of coniferous plants4 ,these are uniformly three times the natural size1 except the section of ,araucaria imbricata1 which is not increased in scale4 ,the author has drawn from every available source of information1 and in the description of many of the species no attempt whatever has been made to change the excellent wording of such authors as ,gray1 ,loudon1 etc4 ,the ground covered by the book is that of the wild and cultivated trees found east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 and north of the southern boundary of ,virginia and ,missouri4 ,it contains not only the native species1 but all those that are successfully cultivated in the whole region2 thus including all the species of ,ontario1 ,quebec1 etc41 on the north1 and many species1 both wild and cultivated1 of the ,southern ,states and the ,pacific coast4 ,in fact1 the work will be found to contain so large a proportion of the trees of the ,southern ,states as to make it very useful in the schools of that section4 ,many shrubby plants are introduced2 some because they occasionally grow quite tree-like1 others because they can readily be trimmed into tree-forms1 others because they grow very tall1 and still others because they are trees in the ,southern ,states4 ,in nomenclature a conservative course has been adopted4 ,the most extensively used text-book on the subject of ,botany1 ,gray's ,manual1 has recently been rewritten4 ,that work includes every species1 native and naturalized1 of the region covered by this book1 and the names as given in that edition have been used in all cases4 ,scientific names are marked so as to indicate the pronunciation4 ,the vowel of the accented syllable is marked by the grave accent 77 if long1 and by the acute 77 if short4 ,in the preparation of this book the author has received much valuable aid4 ,his thanks are especially due to the authorities of the ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 and of the ,missouri ,botanical ,garden1 ,st4 ,louis1 for information in regard to the hardiness of species2 to ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,redfield1 of the ,botanical ,department of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 for books1 specimens from which to make illustrations1 etc42 and to ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,stokes1 of ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 for assistance in many ways1 but especially for the accurate manner in which he has inked the illustrations from the author's pencil-drawings4 ,the author also wishes to acknowledge the help received from many nurserymen in gathering specimens for illustration and in giving information of great value4 ,among these1 special thanks are due to ,mr4 ,samuel ,c4 ,moon1 of ,morrisville ,nurseries1 who placed his large collection of living specimens at the author's disposal1 and in many other ways gave him much intelligent aid4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,part ,i4 ,,essential ,,organs1 ,,and ,,terms ,,needed ,,for ,,their ,,description #i-dc ,,chapter ,i4 ,roots #i ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,stems and ,branches #aa ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,leaves #ag ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,flowers and ,fruit #bd ,,chapter ,v4 ,winter ,study of ,trees #bi ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,preparation of a ,collection #ce ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,figures to be used in ,botanical ,description #ch ,,part ,,ii4 ,,plan ,,and ,,models ,,for ,,tree ,,description #dd-ej ,,part ,,iii4 ,,key1 ,,classification ,,and ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,species #ea-bja 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glossary ,,of ,,botanical ,,terms1 ,,and ,,index ,,to ,,part ,i #bjc-bab ,,index ,,to ,,part ,,iii #bac-bbd ,,trees4 ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,essential ,,organs1 ,,and ,,the ,,terms ,,needed ,,for ,,their ,,description4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,roots4 ,though but little study of the roots of trees is practicable1 some knowledge of their forms1 varieties1 and parts is important4 ,the great office of the roots of all plants is the taking in of food from the soil4 ,thick or fleshy roots1 such as the radish1 are stocks of food prepared for the future growth of the plant1 or for the production of flowers and fruit4 ,the thick roots of trees are designed mainly for their secure fastening in the soil4 ,the real mouths by which the food is taken in are the minute tips of the hair-like roots found over the surface of the smaller branches4 ,as trees especially need a strong support1 they all have either a tap-root--one large root extending from the lower end of the trunk deep down into the ground2 or multiple roots--a number of large roots mainly extending outward from the base of the trunk4 ,trees with large tap-roots are very hard to transplant1 and cannot with safety be transferred after they have attained any real size4 ,the ,hickories and ,oaks belong to this class4 ,trees having multiple roots are readily transplanted1 even when large4 ,the ,maples and ,elms are of this class4 ,roots that grow from the root-end of the embryo of the seed are called primary roots2 those growing from slips or from stems anywhere are secondary roots4 ,some trees grow luxuriantly with only secondary roots2 such trees can readily be raised from stems placed in the ground4 ,the ,willows and ,poplars are good examples of this group4 ,other trees need all the strength that primary roots can give them2 these have to be raised from seed4 ,peach-trees are specially good examples1 but practically most trees are best raised from seed4 ,a few trees can be easily raised from root-cuttings or from suckers which grow up from roots4 ,the ,ailanthus1 or ,tree of ,heaven1 is best raised in this way4 ,of this tree there are three kinds1 two of which have disagreeable odors when in bloom1 but the other is nearly odorless4 ,by using the roots or the suckers of the third kind1 only those which would be pleasant to have in a neighborhood would be obtained4 ,one of the large cities of the ,united ,states has in its streets thousands of the most displeasing of these varieties and but few of the right sort1 all because the nurseryman who originally supplied the city used root-cuttings from the disagreeable kind4 ,if such trees were raised from the seed1 only about one third would be desirable1 and their character could be determined only when they had reached such a size as to produce fruit1 when it would be too late to transplant them4 ,fruit-trees1 when raised from the seed1 have to be grafted with the desired variety in order to secure good fruit when they reach the bearing age4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,stems and ,branches4 ,the stem is the distinguishing characteristic of trees1 separating them from all other groups of plants4 ,although in the region covered by this book the trees include all the very large plants1 size alone does not make a tree4 ,a plant with a single trunk of woody structure that does not branch for some distance above the ground1 is called a tree4 ,woody plants that branch directly above the soil1 even though they grow to the height of twenty feet or more1 are called shrubs1 or1 in popular language1 bushes4 ,many plants which have a tendency to grow into the form of shrubs may1 by pruning1 be forced to grow tree-like2 some that are shrubs in the northern ,states are trees further south4 ,all the trees that grow wild1 or can be cultivated out of doors1 in the northern ,states belong to one class1 the stems having a separable bark on the outside1 a minute stem of pith in the center1 and1 between these1 wood in annual layers4 ,such a stem is called exogenous 7outside-growing71 because a new layer forms on the outside of the wood each year4 ,another kind of tree-stem is found abundantly in the tropics2 one1 the ,palmetto1 grows from ,south ,carolina to ,florida4 ,while in our region there are no trees of this character1 there are plants having this kind of stem1 the best illustration being the corn-stalk4 ,in this case there is no separable bark1 and the woody substance is in threads within the pithy material4 ,in the corn-stalk the woody threads are not very numerous1 and the pith is very abundant2 in most of the tropical trees belonging to this group the threads of wood are so numerous as to make the material very durable and fit for furniture4 ,a stem of this kind is called endogenous 7inside-growing74 ,fig4 #a represents a longitudinal and a cross section of an exogenous stem1 and ,fig4 #b of an endogenous one4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,since all the stems with which we have to deal are exogens1 a particular description of that class will here be given4 ,fig4 #a shows the appearance of a section of an ,ash stem six years old4 ,the central portion1 which is about as thick as wrapping-twine1 is the pith2 from this outward toward the bark can be seen the six annual layers of the wood2 and then comes the bark1 consisting of two portions4 ,first there is an inside layer of greenish material1 the fresh-growing portion1 and lastly the outer or dead matter4 ,this outer portion must crack open1 peel off1 or in some way give a chance for the constant growth of the trunk4 ,the different kinds of trees are readily known by the appearance of the bark of the trunk1 due to the many varieties of surface caused by the allowance for growth4 ,none of the characteristics of trees afford a better opportunity for careful observation and study than the outer bark4 ,the ,birches have bark that peels off in thin horizontal layers--the color1 thinness1 and toughness differing in the different species2 the ,ashes have bark which opens in many irregular1 netted cracks moderately near each other2 the bark of the ,chestnut opens in large longitudinal cracks quite distant from one another4 ,the color of the bark and the character of the scales are quite different in the ,white and the ,black ,oaks4 ,in the woody portion radiating lines may be seen2 these are the silver grain2 they are called by the botanist medullary rays4 ,the central portion of the wood of many large stems is darker in color than the rest4 ,this darker portion is dead wood1 and is called heart-wood2 the outer portion1 called sap-wood1 is used in carrying the sap during the growing season4 ,the heart-wood of the ,walnut-tree is very dark brown2 that of the ,cherry1 light red2 and that of the ,holly1 white and ivory-like4 ,the heart-wood is the valuable part for lumber4 ,if examined under a magnifying glass1 the annual layers will be seen to consist of minute tubes or cells4 ,in most trees these tubes are much larger in the portion that grew early in the season1 while the wood seems almost solid near the close of the annual layer2 this is especially true in the ,ashes and the ,chestnut2 some trees1 however1 show but little change in the size of the cells1 the ,beech being a good example4 ,in a cross-section1 the age of such trees as the ,chestnut can readily be estimated1 while in the ,beech it is quite difficult to do this4 ,boxwood1 changing least in the character of its structure1 is the one always used for first-grade wood-engravings4 ,when wood is cut in the direction of the silver grain1 or cut quartering as it is called by the lumbermen1 the surface shows this cellular material spread out in strange blotches characteristic of the different kinds of wood4 ,fig4 #af shows an ,oak where the blotches of medullary rays are large4 ,in the ,beech the blotches are smaller2 in the ,elm quite small4 ,lumber cut carefully in this way is said to be quartered1 and with most species its beauty is thereby much increased4 ,any one who studies the matter carefully can become acquainted with all the useful and ornamental woods used in a region2 the differences in the color of the heart-wood1 the character of the annual layers1 and the size and the distribution of the medullary rays1 afford enough peculiarities to distinguish any one from all others4 ,,branching4--,the regular place from which a branch grows is the axil of a leaf1 from what is called an axillary bud2 but branches cannot grow in the axils of all leaves4 ,a tree with opposite leaves occasionally has opposite branches2 while a tree with alternate leaves has all its branches alternate4 ,most branches continue their growth year after year by the development of a bud at the end1 called a terminal bud4 ,many trees form this bud for the next year's growth so early in the year that it is seldom or never killed by the winter weather2 such trees grow very regularly and are symmetrical in form4 ,most evergreens are good examples4 ,fig4 #c represents a good specimen4 ,the age of such trees1 if not too great1 can be readily ascertained by the regularity of each year's growth4 ,the tree represented is sixteen years old4 ,the branches that started the fifth year1 about the age at which regular growth begins1 are shown by their scars on the trunk4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,the terminal buds of many trees are frequently killed by the frosts of winter2 such trees continue their growth by the development of axillary buds2 but as growth from an axillary bud instead of a terminal one will make a branch crooked1 such trees are irregular in their branching and outline4 ,just which axillary buds are most apt to grow depends upon the kind of tree1 but trees of the same variety are nearly uniform in this respect4 ,most trees are therefore readily recognized by the form of outline and the characteristic branching4 ,a good example of a tree of very irregular growth is the ,catalpa 7,indian ,bean71 shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,the tendency to grow irregularly usually increases with age4 ,the ,buttonwood1 for example1 grows quite regularly until it reaches the age of thirty to forty years2 then its new branches grow in peculiarly irregular ways4 ,the twigs of a very old and a young ,apple-tree illustrate this change which age produces4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,there are great differences in the color and surface of the bark of the twigs of different species of trees2 some are green 7,sassafras71 some red 7,peach1 on the sunny side71 some purple 7,cherry74 ,some are smooth and dotless1 some marked with dots 7,birch71 some roughened with corky ridges 7,sweet ,gum71 etc4 ,the taste and odor of the bark are characteristics worthy of notice3 the strong1 fragrant odor of the ,spice-bush2 the fetid odor of the ,papaw2 the aromatic taste of the ,sweet ,birch2 the bitter taste of the ,peach2 the mucilaginous ,slippery ,elm2 the strong-scented1 resinous1 aromatic ,walnut1 etc4 ,the branches of trees vary greatly in the thickness of their tips and in their tendency to grow erect1 horizontal1 or drooping4 ,thus the delicate spray of the ,birches contrasted with the stout twigs of the ,ailanthus1 or the drooping twigs of the ,weeping ,willow with the erect growth of the ,lombardy ,poplar1 give contrasts of the strongest character4 ,in the same way1 the directions the main branches take in their growth from the trunk form another distinctive feature4 ,thus the upward sloping branches of the ,elm form a striking contrast to the horizontal or downward sloping branches of the ,sour ,gum1 or1 better still1 to certain varieties of ,oaks4 ,when the main trunk of a tree extends upward through the head to the tip1 as in ,fig4 #c1 it is said to be excurrent4 ,when it is soon lost in the division1 as in ,fig4 #d1 it is said to be deliquescent4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,leaves4 ,leaves are the lungs of plants4 ,the food taken in by the roots has to pass through the stem to the leaves to be acted upon by the air1 before it becomes sap and is fit to be used for the growth of the plant4 ,no portion of a plant is more varied in parts1 forms1 surface1 and duration than the leaf4 ,no one can become familiar with leaves1 and appreciate their beauty and variety1 who does not study them upon the plants themselves4 ,this chapter therefore will be devoted mainly to the words needed for leaf description1 together with their application4 ,,the ,,leaf4--,in the axil of the whole leaf the bud forms for the growth of a new branch4 ,so by noting the position of the buds1 all the parts included in a single leaf can be determined4 ,as a general thing the leaf has but one blade1 as in the ,chestnut1 ,apple1 ,elm1 etc42 yet the ,horse-chestnut has #g blades1 the ,common ,locust often has #ba1 and a single leaf of the ,honey-locust occasionally has as many as #cjj4 ,figs4 #ag-eh 7,chapter ,,vii47 are all illustrations of single leaves1 except ,fig4 #dc1 where there are two leaves on a twig4 ,a number of them show the bud by which the fact is determined 7,figs4 #be1 #bf1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #dj1 etc472 others show branches which grew from the axillary buds1 many of them fruiting branches 7,figs4 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #ej1 and #ed71 one 7,fig4 #ea7 a thorny branch4 ,the cone-bearing plants 7,figs4 #ei-fg7 have only simple leaves4 ,each piece1 no matter how small and scale-like1 may have a branch growing from its axil1 and so may form a whole leaf4 ,a study of these figures1 together with the observation of trees1 will soon teach the student what constitutes a leaf4 ,,arrangement4--,there are several different ways in which leaves are arranged on trees2 the most common plan is the alternate2 ,illustration in this only one leaf occurs at a joint or node on the stem4 ,the next in frequency is the opposite1 ,illustration where two leaves opposite each other are found at the node4 ,a very rare arrangement among trees1 though common in other plants1 is the whorled1 ,illustration where more than two leaves1 regularly arranged around the stem1 are found at the node4 ,when a number of leaves are bundled together1--a plan not rare among evergreens1--they are said to be fasciculated or in fascicles4 ,illustration ,the term scattered is used where alternate leaves are crowded on the stem4 ,this plan is also common among evergreens4 ,,caution4--,in some plants the leaves on the side shoots or spurs of a twig are so close together1 the internodes being so short1 that at first sight they seem opposite4 ,in such cases1 the leaf-scars of the preceding years1 or the arrangement of the branches1 is a better test of the true arrangement of the leaves4 ,the twig of ,birch shown in ,fig4 #e has alternate leaves4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,there is one variety of alternation1 called two-ranked1 which is quite characteristic of certain trees2 that is1 the leaves are so flattened out as to be in one plane on the opposite sides of the twig 7,fig4 #f74 ,the ,elm-trees form good examples of two-ranked alternate leaves1 while the ,apple leaves are alternate without being two-ranked4 ,most leaves spread from the stem1 but some are appressed1 as in the ,arbor-vit 7,fig4 #g74 ,in this species the branches are two-ranked4 ,,parts ,,of ,,leaves4--,a complete leaf ,illustration consists of three parts3 the blade1 the thin expanded portion2 the petiole1 the leafstalk2 and the stipules1 a pair of small blades at the base of the petiole4 ,the petiole is often very short and sometimes wanting4 ,the stipules are often absent1 and1 even when present1 they frequently fall off as soon as the leaves expand2 sometimes they are conspicuous4 ,most ,willows show the stipules on the young luxuriant growths4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,veining4--,the leaves of most trees have a distinct framework1 the central line of which is called a midrib2 sometimes the leaf has several other lines about as thick as the midrib1 which are called ribs2 the lines next in size1 including all that are especially distinct1 are called veins1 the most minute ones being called veinlets 7,fig4 #h74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,kinds4--,leaves are simple when they have but one blade2 ,illustration compound when they have more than one4 ,compound leaves are palmate when all the blades come from one point1 as in the ,horse-chestnut2 ,illustration pinnate when they are arranged along the sides1 as in the ,hickory4 ,pinnate leaves are of two kinds3 odd-pinnate1 ,illustration when there is an odd leaflet at the end1 as in the ,ash1 and abruptly pinnate ,illustration when there is no end leaflet4 ,many trees have the leaves twice pinnate2 they are either twice odd-pinnate ,illustration or twice abruptly pinnate4 ,illustration ,the separate blades of a compound leaf are called leaflets4 ,leaves or leaflets are sessile when they have no stems1 and petiolate when they have stems4 ,when there are several ribs starting together from the base of a blade1 it is said to be radiate-veined or palmate-veined4,illustration ,when the great veins all branch from the midrib1 the leaf is feather-veined or pinnate-veined4 ,illustration ,if these veins are straight1 distinct1 and regularly placed1 the leaf is said to be straight-veined4 ,the ,chestnut is ,illustration a good example4 ,leaves having veinlets joining each other like a net are said to be netted-veined4 ,all the trees with broad leaves in the northern ,united ,states1 with one exception1 have netted-veined foliage4 ,a leaf having its veinlets parallel to one another is said to be parallel-veined or -nerved4 ,illustration ,the ,ginkgo-tree1 the ,indian ,corn1 and the ,calla ,lily have parallel-veined leaves4 ,the narrow leaves of the cone-bearing trees are also parallel-veined4 ,,forms4--,leaves can readily be divided into the three following groups with regard to their general outline3 #a4 ,broadest at the middle4 ,orbicular1 ,illustration about as broad as long and rounded4 ,oval1 ,illustration about twice as long as wide1 and regularly curved4 ,elliptical1 ,illustration more than twice as long as wide1 and evenly curved4 ,oblong1 ,illustration two or three times as long as wide1 with the sides parallel4 ,linear1 ,illustration elongated oblong1 more than three times as long as wide4 ,acerose1 ,illustration needle-shaped1 like the leaf of the ,pine-tree4 #b4 ,broadest near the base4 ,deltoid1 ,illustration broad and triangular4 ,ovate1 ,illustration evenly curved1 with a broad1 rounded base4 ,heart-shaped or cordate1 ,illustration similar to ovate1 but with a notch at the base4 ,lanceolate1 ,illustration shaped like the head of a lance4 ,awl-shaped1 ,illustration shaped like the shoemaker's curved awl4 ,scale-shaped1 ,illustration short1 rounded1 and appressed to the stem4 ,the ,arbor-vit has both awl-shaped and scale-shaped leaves4 #c4 ,broadest near the apex4 ,obovate1 ,illustration same as ovate1 but with the stem at the narrow end4 ,obcordate1 ,illustration a reversed heart-shape4 ,oblanceolate1 ,illustration a reversed lanceolate4 ,wedge-shaped or cuneate1 ,illustration having a somewhat square end and straight sides like a wedge4 ,these words are often united to form compound ones when the form of the leaf is somewhat intermediate4 ,the term which most nearly suits the general form is placed at the end2 thus lance-ovate indicates a leaf between lanceolate and ovate1 but nearer ovate than lanceolate2 while ovate-lanceolate indicates one nearer lanceolate4 ,,bases4--,oftentimes leaves are of some general form1 but have a peculiar base1 one that would not be expected from the statement of shape4 ,an ovate leaf which should have a rounded base might have a tapering one2 it would then be described as ovate with a tapering base4 ,illustration ,a lanceolate leaf should naturally have a tapering base1 but might have an abrupt one4 ,illustration ,many leaves1 no matter what their general form may be1 have more or less notched bases2 such bases are called cordate1 ,illustration deeply or slightly1 as the case may be2 and if the lobes at base are elongated1 auriculate4 ,illustration ,if the basal lobes project outward1 the term halberd-shaped ,illustration is used4 ,any form of leaf may have a base more or less oblique4 ,illustration ,,points4--,the points as well as the bases of leaves are often peculiar1 and need to be described by appropriate terms4 ,truncate ,illustration indicates an end that is square2 retuse1 ,illustration one with a slight notch2 emarginate1 one with a decided notch2 obcordate1 with a still deeper notch2 obtuse1 ,illustration angular but abrupt2 acute1 ,illustration somewhat sharpened2 acuminate1 ,illustration decidedly sharp-pointed2 bristle-pointed and awned1 ,illustration with a bristle-like tip2 spiny-pointed1 with the point sharp and stiff 7,holly72 mucronate1 ,illustration with a short1 abrupt point4 ,,margins4--,entire1 ,illustration edge without notches2 repand1 ,illustration slightly wavy2 sinuate1 ,illustration decidedly wavy2 dentate1 ,illustration with tooth-like notches2 serrate1 ,illustration with notches like those of a saw2 crenate1 ,illustration with the teeth rounded2 twice serrate1 ,illustration when there are coarse serrations finely serrated1 as on most ,birch leaves2 serrulate1 with minute serrations2 crenulate1 with minute crenations4 ,leaves can be twice crenate or sinuate-crenate4 ,revolute indicates that the edges are rolled over4 ,when a leaf has a few great teeth1 the projecting parts are called lobes1 and the general form of the leaf is what it would be with the notches filled in4 ,in the description of such leaves1 certain terms are needed in describing the plan of the notches1 and their depth and form4 ,leaves with palmate veining are palmately lobed ,illustration or notched2 those with pinnate veining are pinnately lobed ,illustration or notched4 ,while the term lobe is applied to all great teeth of a leaf1 whether rounded or pointed1 long or short1 still there are four terms sometimes used having special signification with reference to the depth of the notches4 ,lobed indicates that the notches extend about one fourth the distance to the base or midrib2 cleft1 that they extend one half the way2 parted1 about three fourths of the way2 and divided1 that the notches are nearly deep enough to make a compound leaf of separate leaflets4 ,so leaves may be palmately lobed1 cleft1 parted or divided1 and pinnately lobed1 cleft1 parted or divided4 ,the term pinnatifid ,illustration is often applied to pinnately cleft leaves4 ,the terms entire1 serrate1 crenate1 acute-pointed1 etc41 are applied to the lobes as well as to the general margins of leaves4 ,,surface4--,the following terms are needed in describing the surface of leaves and fruit4 ,glabrous1 smooth2 glaucous1 covered with a whitish bloom which can be rubbed off 7,plum72 rugous1 wrinkled2 canescent1 so covered with minute hairs as to appear silvery2 pubescent1 covered with fine1 soft1 plainly seen hairs2 tomentose1 densely covered with matted hairs2 hairy1 having longer hairs2 scabrous1 covered with stiff1 scratching points2 spiny1 having stiff1 sharp spines2 glandular-hairy1 having the hairs ending in glands 7usually needing a magnifying glass to be seen74 ,,texture4--,succulent1 fleshy2 scarious1 dry and chaffy2 punctate1 having translucent glands1 so that the leaf appears1 when held toward the light1 as though full of holes2 membranous1 thin1 soft1 and rather translucent2 thick1 thin1 etc4 ,,duration4--,evergreen1 hanging on the tree from year to year4 ,by noticing the color of the different leaves and their position on the twigs1 all evergreen foliage can readily be determined at any time during the year4 ,deciduous1 falling off at the end of the season4 ,fugacious1 falling early1 as the stipules of many leaves4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,flowers and ,fruit4 ,the author hopes that those who use this work in studying trees will become so much interested in the subject of ,botany as to desire more information concerning the growth and reproduction of plants than can here be given4 ,in ,professor ,asa ,gray's numerous works the additional information desired may be obtained3 ,how ,plants ,grow contains an outline for the use of beginners2 ,the ,elements of ,botany is a more advanced work2 while the ,botanical ,text ,book1 in several volumes1 will enable the student to pursue the subject as far as he may wish4 ,in this small book the barest outline of the parts of flowers and fruit and of their uses can be given4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,flowers4--,parts4 ,the flowers of the ,cherry or ,apple will show the four kinds of organs that belong to a complete flower4 ,fig4 #i represents an ,apple-blossom4 ,the calyx is the outer row of leaves1 more or less united into one piece4 ,the corolla is the row of leaves within the calyx2 it is usually the brightest and most conspicuous part of the flower4 ,the stamens ,illustration are the next organs2 they are usually1 as in this case1 small two-lobed bodies on slender1 thread-like stalks4 ,the enlarged parts contain a dust-like material called pollen4 ,the last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center of the flower1 and is called the pistil4 ,it is this part which forms the fruit and incloses the seed4 ,the stamens and the pistil are the essential organs of a flower1 because they1 and they only1 are needed in the formation of seeds4 ,the pollen from the stamen1 acting on the pistil1 causes the ovules which are in the pistil to grow into seeds4 ,the calyx and corolla are called enveloping organs1 since they surround and protect the essential parts4 ,the pieces of which the calyx is composed are called sepals4 ,the ,apple-blossom has five sepals4 ,the pieces that compose the corolla are called petals4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,flowers4--,when the petals are entirely separate from each other1 as in the ,apple-blossom1 the flower is said to be polypetalous2 when they grow together more or less1 as in the ,catalpa 7,fig4 #aj71 monopetalous2 and when the corolla is wanting1 as in the flowers of the ,oak1 apetalous4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,when all sides of a flower are alike1 as in the ,apple-blossom1 the flower is regular2 when one side of the corolla differs from the other in color1 form1 or size1 as in the ,common ,locust1 or ,catalpa1 the flower is irregular4 ,in trees the stamens and pistils are often found in separate flowers2 in that case the blossoms containing stamens are called staminate1 and those containing pistils pistillate2 those that contain both are called perfect4 ,staminate and pistillate flowers are usually found on the same tree1 as in the ,oaks1 ,birches1 ,chestnut1 etc42 in that case the plant is said to be monoecious1 and all trees of this kind produce fruit4 ,sometimes1 however1 the staminate and pistillate flowers are on separate trees1 as in the ,willows1 which are dioecious2 and then only a portion of the trees--those with pistillate flowers--produce fruit4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,flowers4--,flowers1 either solitary or clustered1 grow in one of two ways2 either at the end of the branches1 being then called terminal1 or in the axils of the leaves1 then called axillary4 ,the stem of a solitary flower or the main stem of a cluster is called a peduncle2 the stems of the separate blossoms of a cluster are called pedicels4 ,when either the flowers or the clusters are without stems1 they are said to be sessile4 ,clusters with ,pedicellate ,flowers4 ,raceme1 ,illustration flowers on pedicels of about equal length1 scattered along the entire stem4 ,locust-tree4 ,corymb1 ,illustration like a raceme except that the lower flowers have longer stems1 making the cluster somewhat flat-topped2 the outer flowers bloom first4 ,hawthorn4 ,cyme1 ,illustration in appearance much like a corymb1 but it differs in the fact that the central flower blooms first4 ,alternate-leaved ,cornel4 ,umbel1 ,illustration stems of the separate flowers about equal in length1 and starting from the same point4 ,garden-cherry4 ,panicle1 ,illustration a compound raceme4 ,catalpa4 ,thyrsus1 a compact panicle4 ,horse-chestnut4 ,clusters with ,sessile or ,nearly ,sessile ,flowers4 ,catkin1 ,illustration bracted flowers situated along a slender and usually drooping stem4 ,this variety of cluster is very common on trees4 ,the ,willows1 ,birches1 ,chestnuts1 ,oaks1 ,pines1 and many others have their flowers in catkins4 ,head1 ,illustration the flowers in a close1 usually rounded cluster4 ,flowering ,dogwood4 ,,fruit4--,in this book a single fruit will include all the parts that grow together and contain seeds1 whether from a single blossom or a cluster2 there will be no rigorous adherence to an exact classification2 no attempt made to distinguish between fruits formed from a simple pistil and those from a compound one2 nor generally between those formed from a single and those formed from a cluster of flowers4 ,the fruit and its general classification1 determined by the parts easily seen1 is all that will be attempted4 ,as stated before1 it is hoped that this volume will not end the student's work in the investigation of natural objects1 but that the amount of information here given will lead to the desire for much more4 ,berry will be the term applied to all fleshy fruits with more than one seed buried in the mass4 ,persimmon1 ,mulberry1 ,holly4 ,the pome or ,apple-pome differs from the berry in the fact that the seeds are situated in cells formed of hardened material4 ,apple1 ,mountain-ash4 ,the ,plum or ,cherry drupe includes all fleshy fruits with a single stony-coated part1 even if it contains more than one seed4 ,peach1 ,viburnum1 ,china-tree4 ,in some cases1 when there is but one seed in the flesh and that not stony-coated1 it will be called a drupe-like berry4 ,the dry drupe is like the ,cherry drupe except that the flesh is much harder4 ,the fruit of the ,walnut1 ,hickory1 and ,sumac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,the inner hard-coated parts of these and some others will be called nuts4 ,if the nut has a partial scaly covering1 as in the ,oaks1 the whole forms an acorn4 ,illustration ,if the coating has spiny hairs1 as in the ,chestnut and ,beechnut1 the whole is a bur4 ,the coating in these cases is an involucre4 ,if the coating or any part of the fruit has a regular place for splitting open1 it is dehiscent 7,chestnut1 ,hickory-nut72 if not1 indehiscent 7,black ,walnut74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,dry fruits with spreading1 wing-like appendages1 as in the ,ash 7,fig4 #aa71 ,maple 7,fig4 #ab71 ,elm 7,fig4 #ac71 and ,ailanthus1 are called samaras or keys4 ,dry fruits1 usually elongated1 containing generally several seeds1 are called pods4 ,if there is but one cell and the seeds are fastened along one side1 ,pea-like pods1 or legumes4 ,locust4 ,the term capsule indicates that there is more than one cell4 ,catalpa1 ,hibiscus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,all the dry1 scaly fruits1 usually formed by the ripening of some sort of catkin of flowers1 will be included under the term cone4 ,pine1 ,alder1 ,illustration ,magnolia4 ,if the appearance of the fruit is not much different from that of the cluster of flowers1 as in the ,hornbeams1 ,willows1 and ,birches1 the term catkin will be retained for the fruit also4 ,the scales of a cone may lap over each other2 they are then said to be imbricated or overlapping1 ,illustration 7,pine72 or they may merely touch at their edges1 when they are valvate ,illustration 7,cypress74 ,when cones or catkins hang downward1 they are pendent4 ,if the scales have projecting points1 these points are spines if strong1 and prickles if weak4 ,the parts back of the scales are bracts2 these often project beyond the scales1 when they are said to be exserted4 ,illustration ,sometimes the exserted bracts are bent backward2 they are then said to be recurved or reflexed4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,winter ,study of ,trees4 ,many of the peculiarities of trees can be studied much better during the winter and early spring than at any other time of the year4 ,the plan of branching1 the position1 number1 size1 form1 color1 and surface of buds1 as well as the arrangement of the leaves within the bud and the peculiarities of the scales that cover them1 are points for winter investigation4 ,,general ,,plan ,,of ,,branching4--,there are two distinct and readily recognized systems of branching4 #a4 ,the main stem is excurrent 7,fig4 #c7 when the trunk extends as an undivided stem throughout the tree to the tip2 this causes the spire-like or conical trees so common among narrow-leaved evergreens4 #b4 ,the main stem is deliquescent 7,fig4 #d7 when the trunk divides into many1 more or less equal divisions1 forming the broad-topped1 spreading trees4 ,this plan is the usual one among deciduous trees4 ,a few species1 however1 such as the ,sweet ,gum and the ,sugar-maple1 show the excurrent stem while young1 yet even these have a deliquescent stem later in life4 ,the ,english ,maple and the ,apple both have a deliquescent stem very early4 ,all the narrow-leaved evergreens1 and many of the broad-leaved trees as well1 show what is called definite annual growths2 that is1 a certain amount of leaf and stem1 packed up in the winter bud1 spreads out and hardens with woody tissue early in the year1 and then1 no matter how long the season remains warm1 no additional leaves or stem will grow4 ,the buds for the next year's growth then form and often become quite large before autumn4 ,there are many examples among the smaller plants1 but rarely one among the trees1 of indefinite annual growth2 that is1 the plant puts forth leaves and forms stems throughout the whole growing-season4 ,the common ,locust1 the ,honey-locust1 and the ,sumacs are illustrations4 ,,buds4--,buds are either undeveloped branches or undeveloped flowers4 ,they contain within the scales1 which usually cover them1 closely packed leaves2 these leaves are folded and wrinkled in a number of different ways that will be defined at the end of this chapter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,position ,,and ,,number4--,while the axils of the leaves and the ends of the stems are the ordinary places for the buds1 there are many peculiarities in regard to their exact position1 number1 etc41 that render them very interesting for winter study4 ,sometimes there are several to the single leaf4 ,in the ,silver ,maple there are buds on each side of the true axillary one2 these are flower-buds1 and during the winter they are larger than the one which produces the branch4 ,the ,butternut 7,fig4 #ad7 and the ,walnut have several above each other1 the upper one being the largest and at quite a distance from the true axil4 ,in these cases the uppermost is apt to grow1 and then the branch is said to be extra-axillary4 ,in the ,sycamore the bud does not show while the leaf remains on the tree1 as it is in the hollow of the leafstalk4 ,in the winter the bud has a ring-like scar entirely around it1 instead of the moon-shaped scar below as in most trees4 ,the ,common ,locust has several buds under the leafstalk and one above it in the axil4 ,this axillary bud may grow during the time the leaf remains on the tree1 and afterward the growth of the strongest one of the others may give the tree two branches almost together4 ,some plants form extra buds especially when they are bruised or injured2 those which have the greatest tendency to do so are the ,willows1 ,poplars1 and ,elms4 ,such buds and growths are called adventitious4 ,by cutting off the tops or pollarding such trees1 a very great number of adventitious branches can be made to grow4 ,in this way the ,willow-twigs used for baskets are formed4 ,adventitious buds form the clusters of curious thorns on the ,honey-locust and the tufts of whip-like branches on the trunks and large limbs of the ,elms4 ,in trees the terminal bud and certain axillary ones1 differing according to the species or variety of tree1 are1 during the winter1 much larger than the rest4 ,these are the ones which naturally form the new growth1 and upon their arrangement the character of branching and thus the form of the tree depend4 ,each species has some peculiarity in this regard1 and thus there are differences in the branching of all trees4 ,in opposite-leaved plants the terminal bud may be small and weak1 while the two buds at its side may be strong and apt to grow4 ,this causes a forking of the branches each year4 ,this plan is not rare among shrubs1 the ,lilac being a good example4 ,,bud-,,scales4--,the coverings of buds are exceedingly varied1 and are well worthy of study and investigation4 ,the large terminal buds of the ,horse-chestnut1 with their numerous scales1 gummy on the outside to keep out the dampness1 and hairy within to protect them from sudden changes of temperature1 represent one extreme of a long line2 while the small1 naked1 and partly buried buds of the ,honey-locust or the ,sumac represent the other end4 ,the scales of many buds are merely extra parts formed for their protection1 and fall immediately after the bursting of the buds2 while other buds have the stipules of the leaves as bud-scales2 these remain on the twigs for a time in the ,tulip-tree1 and drop immediately in the ,magnolia4 ,,forms ,,of ,,buds4--,the size of buds varies greatly1 as before stated1 but this difference in size is no more marked than the difference in form4 ,there is no better way to recognize a ,beech at any time of the year than by its very long1 slender1 and sharp-pointed buds4 ,the obovate and almost stalked buds of the ,alders are also very conspicuous and peculiar4 ,in the ,balsam ,poplar the buds are large1 sharp-pointed1 and gummy2 in the ,ailanthus they cannot be seen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,all the things that might be learned from a small winter twig cannot be shown in an engraving1 but the figures here given illustrate some of the facts easily determined from such specimens4 ,the first twig 7,ash7 had opposite leaves and is #c years old 7the end of each year's growth is marked by dotted lines on all the figures72 the year before last it had #f leaves on the middle portion2 last year it had #h leaves on the end portion and #ab on the side shoots of the middle portion4 ,the buds near the end of the annual growth are strongest and are most apt to grow4 ,the specimen illustrated was probably taken from the end of a branch of a rather young and luxuriantly growing tree4 ,thus the ,ash must have quite a regular growth and form a regularly outlined tree4 ,the second twig 7,sweet ,gum7 shows #g years' growth and is probably a side shoot from more or less within the tree-top4 ,it is stunted in its growth by the want of light and room4 ,the leaves were alternate4 ,the third twig 7,sycamore7 also had alternate leaves2 the pointed buds must have been under the leafstalks1 as the leaf-scars show as rings around the buds4 ,the larger branch grew three years ago4 ,from the specimen one judges that the ,sycamore is quite an irregularly formed tree4 ,the twig had #aa leaves last year4 ,the fourth twig 7,silver ,maple7 shows that the plant had opposite leaves1 and supernumerary buds at the sides of the true axillary ones2 the true axillary buds are smaller than those at the sides4 ,it would1 in such cases1 be reasonable to suppose that the supernumerary buds were floral ones1 and that the plant blooms before the leaves expand4 ,the annual growths are quite extended2 two years and a part of the third make up the entire twig4 ,if it was cut during the winter of #ahia-ib1 it must have had leaves on the lower part in #ahhi and #ab leaves on the middle portion in #ahij1 as well as probably #d on the lower portion on the side shoots4 ,last year it had #ad leaves on the end portion1 two at least on each side shoot below1 making #bd in all4 ,folding of ,leaves in the ,bud4 ,there are some peculiarities in the arrangement of leaves in the bud which can be investigated only in the early spring4 ,the common plans among trees are--,inflexed3 blade folded crosswise1 thus bringing it upon the footstalk4 ,tulip-tree4 ,conduplicate3 blade folded along the midrib1 bringing the two halves together4 ,peach4 ,plicate3 folded several times lengthwise1 like a fan4 ,birch4 ,convolute3 rolled edgewise from one edge to the other4 ,plum4 ,involute3 both edges rolled in toward the midrib on the upper side4 ,apple4 ,revolute3 both edges rolled backward4 ,willow4 ,obvolute3 folded together1 but the opposite leaves half inclosing each other4 ,dogwood4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,preparation of a ,collection4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,three specimens are needed of each kind of tree3 one1 a branch showing the flowers2 another1 showing the fruit--one of these1 and in many cases both1 will show the leaves4 ,the third specimen1 cut from a large limb or trunk1 shows the bark and the wood4 ,this should be a specimen with a surface so cut as to show the wood in the direction of the silver grain1 radial section2 with another surface cut in the direction of the annual layers1 tangential section2 and with a third cut across the grain1 cross-section4 ,it should be a specimen old enough to show the change of color in the heart-wood4 ,by taking a limb or trunk #h inches in diameter1 all these points can be secured4 ,a specimen cut as shown in the figure will illustrate all the desired points4 ,side ,e ,f ,g shows sap-and heart-wood in tangential section2 side ,a ,b ,d ,c shows the same in radial section2 end ,a ,b ,f ,e1 in cross-section2 and ,b ,f ,g ,d shows the bark4 ,the central pith is at ,i2 the heart-wood extends from ,c to ,j2 the sap-wood from ,j to ,d4 ,the silver grain is well shown at the end1 and the blotches formed by it on the radial section4 ,by having the piece made smooth1 and the upper part down to the center 7,h7 varnished1 the appearance of the wood in furniture or inside finish will be illustrated4 ,the specimens should be as nearly uniform in size as possible4 ,if a limb #h inches in diameter be taken and a length of #f inches be cut off1 the section ,a ,b ,d ,c should pass through the line of pith2 the section ,e ,f ,g should be parallel with this at a distance from it of two inches2 and two inches from the line of pith1 the section ,a ,e ,c should be made4 ,the whole specimen will then be #f inches wide and long1 and #b inches thick4 ,the twigs containing leaves1 flowers and fruit need to be pressed while drying in order that they may be kept in good form and made tough enough to be retained as specimens4 ,the plants should be placed between a large supply of newspapers1 or1 better still1 untarred building-felt1 while drying4 ,a weight of from #dj to #hj pounds is needed to produce the requisite pressure4 ,the weight is placed upon a board covering the pile of plants and paper4 ,on account of the size of many leaves and flower-clusters1 these pressed specimens of trees should not be shorter than from #ab to #ae inches1 and even a length of #ah inches is an advantage4 ,the pads or newspapers should be about #ab by #ah inches4 ,a transfer of the plants into dry pads each day for a few days will hasten the drying and increase the beauty of the specimens4 ,the specimens of twigs can be mounted on cardboard by being partly pasted and partly secured by narrow strips of gummed cloth placed across the heavier portions4 ,the cardboard should be uniform in size4 ,one of the regular sizes of ,bristol-board is #bb by #bh inches2 this will cut into four pieces #aa by #ad4 ,specimens not over #ae inches in length can readily be mounted on these1 and for most collectors this might be a very convenient size4 ,another regular size is #bb by #cb inches1 cutting well into pieces #aa by #af4 ,specimens #ae to #ah inches long can be mounted on these4 ,some kinds of ,evergreens1 the ,spruces especially1 tend to shed their leaves after pressing4 ,such kinds can in most cases be made to form good specimens without pressing4 ,fasten the fresh specimens on pillars of plaster in boxes or frames #b to #c inches deep1 so that they touch nothing but the column of plaster4 ,mix calcined plaster in water 7as plasterers do71 and build up a column high enough to support the branch4 ,place the specimen on the top of the pillar already formed1 and pour over the whole some quite thin plaster till a rounded top is formed completely fastening the specimen4 ,if the leaves are not touched at all1 after they are dry1 they will hang on for a long time1 making specimens that will show the tree characteristics better than pressed specimens possibly could4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,figures to be used in ,botanical ,description4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,plan ,,and ,,models ,,for ,,tree ,,description ,all pupils should be required to write some form of composition on the trees of the region4 ,as far as possible1 these compositions should be the result of personal investigation4 ,it is not what a pupil can read and redescribe in more or less his own words1 but how accurately he can see and1 from the information conveyed by his own senses1 describe in his own way the things he has observed1 that makes the use of such a book as this important as an educational aid4 ,some information in regard to trees1 in a finished description1 must be obtained from books1 such as hardiness1 geographical distribution1 etc4 ,pupils generally should be required to include only those things which they can give from actual observation4 ,there are four distinct forms of tree descriptions that might be recognized by the teacher and occasionally called for as work from the pupil4 #ast4 ,a bare skeleton description1 written by aid of a topical outline1 from the observation of a single tree and its parts4 #b;d4 ,a connected description1 conveying as many facts given in the outline as can well be brought into good ,english sentences4 ,this again is the description of a single tree4 #c;d4 ,a connected1 readable description of a certain kind of tree1 made up from the observation of many trees of the same species to be found in the neighborhood4 #dth4 ,the third description including information to be obtained from outside sources in regard to the origin1 geographical distribution1 hardiness1 character of wood1 habits1 durability1 etc4 ,these four plans of description are more or less successive methods to be introduced as the work of a class4 ,pupils should be induced to carry on their own investigations as far as possible before going to printed sources for information4 ,a good part of class work should be devoted to the first three of the methods given1 but the work might finally include the fourth form of composition4 ,the first two methods should follow each other with each of the trees studied2 that is1 one week let a mere outline be written1 to be followed the next week with as clear and connected a description as the ability of the pupil will allow1 and containing as much of the information given in the outline as possible4 ,,outline ,,for ,,tree ,,description4 ,the tree as a whole3 size1 general form1 trunk1 branching1 twigs1 character of bark1 color of bark on trunk1 branches1 and fine spray4 ,leaves3 parts1 arrangement1 kinds1 size1 thickness1 form1 edges1 veining1 color1 surface1 duration4 ,buds3 position1 size1 form1 covering1 number1 color4 ,sap and juice4 ,flowers3 size1 shape1 color1 parts1 odor1 position1 time of blooming1 duration4 ,fruit3 size1 kind1 form1 color when young and when ripe1 time of ripening1 substance1 seeds1 duration1 usefulness4 ,wood 7often necessarily omitted73 hardness1 weight1 color1 grain1 markings1 durability4 ,remarks3 the peculiarities not brought out by the above outline4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,foregoing ,,outline4 ,the height of a tree can be readily determined by the following plan4 ,measure the height you can easily reach from the ground in feet and inches4 ,step to the trunk of the tree you wish to measure and1 reaching up to this height1 pin a piece of white paper on the tree4 ,step back a distance equal to three or four times the height of the tree2 hold a lead-pencil upright between the thumb and forefinger at arm's-length4 ,fix it so that the end of the pencil shall be in line with the paper on the trunk2 move the thumb down the pencil till it is in line with the ground at the base of the tree2 move the arm and pencil upward till the thumb is in line with the paper1 and note where the end of the pencil comes on the tree4 ,again move the pencil till the thumb is in line with the new position1 and so continue the process till the top of the tree is reached4 ,the number of the measures multiplied by the height you can reach will give quite accurately the height of the tree4 ,the width of the tree can be determined in the same manner1 the pencil1 however1 being held horizontally4 ,in giving the forms of trees1 it is well to accompany the description with a penciled outline4 ,the distance from the ground at which the trunk begins to branch and the extent of the branching should be noted4 ,the direction taken by the branches1 as well as the regularity and the irregularity of their position1 should also be observed and described4 ,although most twigs are cylindrical1 still there are enough exceptions to make it necessary to examine them with reference to their form4 ,under leaves1 it will be well to make drawings1 both of the outline and of the veining4 ,crushed leaves will give the odor1 and the sap can best be noticed at the bases of young leaves4 ,the differences in sap and juice need the following words for their description3 watery1 milky1 mucilaginous1 aromatic1 spicy1 sweet1 gummy1 resinous4 ,pupils should not always be expected to find out much about the flowers of a tree1 as they are frequently very evanescent1 and usually difficult to reach4 ,the fruit lasts a greater length of time and1 usually dropping spontaneously1 gives a much better chance for investigation4 ,specimens of most of the common woods may be obtained from cabinet-makers and carpenters4 ,in cases where these specimens are at hand1 description of the wood should be required4 ,if the school has such specimens as are described in ,chapter ,,vi41 ,part ,i41 the wood in all its peculiarities can be described4 ,,examples ,,of ,,tree ,,description4 ,taxodium distichum 7,bald ,cypress74 7,atterbury's ,meadow47 ,no4 #a4 ,tree eighty-four feet tall1 thirty feet wide near base1 ovate1 conical1 pointed2 trunk seven feet in circumference near base and ridged lengthwise1 but only four feet at the height of six feet from the ground1 where it becomes round or nearly so1 then gradually tapering to the top2 branches small1 very numerous1 beginning six feet from the ground1 sloping upward from the trunk at an angle of nearly forty-five degrees2 twigs very slender1 numerous1 pendulous1 two1 three or even more growing together from supernumerary buds around the old scars2 bark brownish1 quite rough1 thick and soft on the trunk1 smoother on the branches1 greenish on the young spray4 ,illustration ,leaves about sessile1 without stipules1 alternate1 crowded1 two-ranked1 thin1 linear1 entire1 parallel-veined1 with midrib1 dark green1 smooth1 deciduous4 ,buds show in the axils of only a few of the leaves1 and are very small2 but there are several supernumerary buds around many of the clusters of the shoots of the year4 ,sap clear and slightly sticky with resin4 ,illustration ,flowers looked for1 but not seen2 must have been small1 or have bloomed before my examination in the spring4 ,fruit one inch in diameter1 cone globular1 brown in the autumn2 did not notice it before2 fifteen six-sided scales1 two seeds under each1 still hanging on1 though the leaves have dropped2 only to produce seeds1 ,i think4 ,the wood ,i do not know about4 ,remarks4 ,around the base1 at some distance from the trunk1 there are four peculiar knobs1 seemingly coming from the roots1 one being nearly a foot high and nine inches through4 ,no4 #b4 ,the ,bald ,cypress standing near a small ditch in ,atterbury's meadow is a very beautiful1 tall1 conical tree1 over #hj feet high1 with an excurrent trunk which is very large and ridged near the ground4 ,it tapers rapidly upward1 so that the circumference is only about half as great at the height of #f feet1 where the branches begin4 ,the branches are very numerous and1 considering the size of the trunk1 very small2 the largest of them being only about #b inches through4 ,they all slope upward rapidly1 but the tip and fine spray show a tendency to droop2 the fine thread-like branchlets1 bearing the leaves of the year1 are almost all pendulous4 ,the bark is very rough1 thick and soft1 as ,i found in pinning on the bit of paper to measure the height of the tree1 when ,i could easily press the pin in to its head4 ,the leaves are very small and delicate1 and as they extend out in two ranks from the thread-like twigs1 look much like fine ferns4 ,the small linear leaves and the spray drop off together in the autumn1 as ,i can find much of last year's foliage on the ground still fastened to the twigs4 ,i could not see any flowers1 though ,i looked from early in the spring till the middle of the summer2 then ,i saw a few of the globular green cones1 almost an inch in diameter1 showing that it had bloomed4 ,next spring ,i shall begin to look for the blossoms before the leaves come out4 ,on the ground1 about #f feet from the tree1 there are four very strange knobs which ,i did not notice till ,i stumbled over one of them4 ,they seem to grow from the roots1 and are quite soft and reddish in color4 ,no4 #c4 ,i have found twenty-two ,bald ,cypresses in ,trenton2 they are all beautiful conical trees1 and seem to grow well in almost any soil1 as ,i have found some in very wet places and some in dry1 sandy soil4 ,they look from their position as though they had been planted out1 and as ,i have found none in the woods around the town1 they are probably not native in this region4 ,they are from #ej to nearly #ajj feet tall4 ,i found one #if feet high4 ,they are all of a very symmetrical1 conical form1 and pointed at the top2 in no case has the trunk divided into branches1 and on the old trees the trunk enlarges curiously near the ground1 the lower portion being very rough with ridges4 ,the bark is very thick and rough1 and is so soft that a pin can readily be pushed through it to the wood4 ,the branches are very numerous and small1 and are not regularly arranged in whorls like most of the narrow-leaved trees4 ,these branches all slope upward from the trunk1 the ends having a tendency to bend downward and make delicate drooping spray1 with very small1 linear1 entire leaves only inch long4 ,four of the largest trees show fruit1 and each of these has only about a half-dozen of the globular cones4 ,only a few of the trees--those in the wettest places--have the knobs on the ground near the base4 ,no4 #d4 ,the ,bald ,cypress 7,taxodium distichum7 is a common tree1 a native of the ,gulf ,states1 growing very abundantly in the wettest swamps of that region4 ,the northern limit of the tree in its wild state is said to be central ,delaware and southern ,illinois1 but it can be successfully cultivated in the region around ,boston4 ,there are several named varieties1 one with the leaves but slightly spreading from the spray1 and the whole of the branches showing a decided weeping tendency1 so that it is called the ,weeping ,cypress4 ,the knobs from the roots1 called ,cypress-knees1 grow very abundantly around all the trees in the southern swamps4 ,these grow to the height of from #b to #d feet1 and are very thick1 sometimes as much as #e feet4 ,they are hollow1 and are occasionally used for bee-hives4 ,it is said to be a broad1 flat-topped tree1 spreading its top over other trees4 ,this seems very strange1 as none of those in ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 show such a tendency1 but are quite spire-shaped4 ,the wood is light1 soft1 straight-grained1 and is said to be excellent for shingles and for other purposes4 ,it generally has a dark reddish or brownish hue4 ,it is a large tree1 growing to the height of #adj feet4 ,the trunk is sometimes #ab feet through near the ground4 ,the flowers of the tree are in small catkins1 blooming before the leaves expand in the early spring2 in ,february1 in ,south ,carolina4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,key1 ,,classification ,,and ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,species4 ,method of ,using the ,key4 ,first read all the statements following the stars 7997 at the beginning of the ,key2 decide which one of the statements best suits the specimen you have4 ,at the end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis 7 74 ,somewhere below1 this letter is used two or more times4 ,read carefully all the statements following this letter2 at the end of the one which most nearly states the facts about your specimen1 you will again be directed by a letter to another part of the ,key4 ,continue this process till1 instead of a letter1 there is a number and name4 ,the name is that of the genus1 and forms the first part of the scientific name of the plant4 ,turn to the descriptive part of the book1 where this number1 in regular order1 is found4 ,here descriptions of the species of the genus are given4 ,if there are many species1 another ,key will lead to the species4 ,while the illustrations are intended to represent characteristic specimens1 too much dependence must not be placed upon them2 the leaves even of the same plant vary considerably1 and the different varieties1 especially of a cultivated plant1 vary widely4 ,read the whole description before deciding4 ,the fractions beside the figures indicate the scale of the drawing as compared with the natural size of the part3 #a_/a indicates natural size2 #b_/a1 that the drawing is twice the length of the object2 1 that the drawing is one fourth the length of the object1 etc4 ,in the description of leaves the dimensions given refer to the blade4 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,genera ,,of ,,trees4 99 ,leaves narrow linear1 needle1 scale or awl shaped1 usually but not always evergreen4 7,,gg47 page #fj4 99 ,leaves broad1 flat1 usually deciduous1 occasionally evergreen1 rarely over #e times as long as wide4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves alternate1#a simple4 7,b47 ,a4 ,leaves alternate1 compound4 7m47 page #eg4 ,a4 ,leaves opposite or whorled on the stem4 7u47 page #eh4 ,b4 ,leaves with a midrib1 netted-veined4 7,c47 ,b4 ,leaves without a midrib1 parallel-veined #aji4 ,salisburia4 ,c4 ,with radiating ribs1 and including those which have the lower ribs longer and more branching than those above them4 7f47 page #ef4 ,c4 ,with distinct and definite feather-veining4 7,d47 ,d4 ,margin entire1 or so nearly so as to appear entire1 sometimes slightly angulated but not lobed4 7,v47 ,d4 ,once or twice serrate or crenate or wavy-edged1 but not lobed4 7,e47 ,d4 ,distinctly lobed4 7,s47 7,if the notches are over #aj on a side1 look under ,e47 ,e4 ,straight-veined4 7,m47 ,e4 ,not distinctly and evenly straight-veined4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves evergreen with either revolute or spiny-tipped margins #ah4 ,ilex4 ,f4 ,leaves evergreen1 lanceolate-oblong1 minutely serrate2 flowers white1 #d in4 in diameter #h4 ,gordonia4 ,f4 ,leaves deciduous4 7,g47 ,g4 ,fruit with fleshy and often edible pulp4 7,k47 ,g4 ,fruit a dry and more or less rounded pod4 7,h47 ,g4 ,fruit and flowers in dry catkins2 leaves1 in most species1 #c or more times as long as wide1 finely serrate to entire1 with free stipules1 in many species remaining on the young twigs1 in others shown by a rounded scar on the sides of the stem2 wood soft2 the ,willows #ia4 ,salix4 ,g4 ,fruit dry akenes with silky pappus1 in small heads2 whole plant whitened with scurf2 leaves broadened and coarsely notched near tip2 a broad spreading bush #di4 ,baccharis4 ,h4 ,flowers conspicuous1 #a in4 or more in size1 white4 7,j47 ,h4 ,flowers quite small4 7,i47 ,i4 ,flowers and fruit in large panicles2 leaves elongated1 peach-like in shape1 sour #ej4 ,oxydendrum4 ,i4 ,flowers in terminal1 erect racemes2 fruit small1 three-celled pods2 leaves oval1 #c-g in4 long1 pointed1 thin1 finely serrate2 plant hardly a tree #ec4 ,clethra4 ,i4 ,fruit rounded1 small1 with calyx adhering to the lower part1 one-seeded1 in clusters of #c-many2 leaves #a-c in4 long4 #ef4 ,styrax4 ,i4 ,fruit hairy1 in long1 hanging panicles1 tipped with long1 persistent style1 one-seeded #eg4 ,pterostyrax4 ,j4 ,flowers bell-shaped1 #a in4 long2 leaves widest below the middle2 fruit winged pods #eh4 ,halesia4 ,j4 ,flowers spreading1 #b in4 broad2 leaves about twice as long as wide1 widest near the center #g4 ,stuartia4 ,j4 ,flowers spreading1 #c in4 broad2 leaves about #c times as long as wide1 widest near tip #h4 ,gordonia4 ,k4 ,fruit a plum-like drupe with a single bony stone2 plant sometimes thorny #cf4 ,prunus4 ,k4 ,fruit berry-like1 ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx2 plant generally quite thorny #ch4 ,cratgus4 ,k4 ,fruit berry-like1 black when ripe1 small1 without calyx1 with usually #c cartilaginous coated seeds #bj4 ,rhamnus4 ,k4 ,fruit berry-like1 red when ripe1 small1 without calyx1 with usually #d-f hard-coated1 grooved nutlets #ah4 ,ilex4 ,k4 ,fruit a small or large apple-like pome1 with the seeds in horny cells4 7,l47 ,l4 ,fruit about in4 in diameter1 sweet1 in drooping racemes #ci4 ,amelanchier4 ,l4 ,fruit either sour or much larger1 and not in elongated racemes #cg4 ,pyrus4 ,m4 ,leaves harsh to the touch2 somewhat oblique at base2 quite distinctly two-ranked2 large trees #gd4 ,ulmus4 ,m4 ,leaves decidedly oblique at base2 margin wavy2 small tree1 usually a shrub #dj4 ,hamamelis4 ,m4 ,fruit berry-like1 ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx2 plant generally quite thorny #ch4 ,cratgus4 ,m4 ,leaves not regularly oblique at base2 plant not thorny4 7,n47 ,n4 ,leaves thin and light1 not harsh to the touch2 spray light2 bark smooth1 in two species somewhat rough on the trunk4 7,q47 ,n4 ,leaves thick2 edge wavy1 almost lobed2 fruit an acorn4 #hh4 ,quercus4 ,n4 ,leaves broad for the length1 generally doubly serrate or wavy and serrate2 shrubs1 rarely tall enough for trees4 7,p47 ,n4 ,not included in the above4 7,o47 ,o4 ,leaves #c or more times as long as wide1 widest near the center2 fruit a round1 prickly bur with #a-c horny-coated nuts #hi4 ,castanea4 ,o4 ,leaves widest near the sharply serrate tip1 narrow and entire near the base2 fruit small pods in terminal racemes2 small tree or shrub #ec4 ,clethra4 ,o4 ,leaves widest near the base1 usually small2 bark scaling off like the ,buttonwood2 fruit axillary1 solitary1 small 7 in47 roundish1 dry drupes4 ,a cultivated species1 has rather large leaves1 widest near the center #ge4 ,planera4 ,p4 ,fruit an open oval woody catkin or cone1 remaining on the plant through the winter #hd4 ,alnus4 ,p4 ,fruit a rounded stony nut1 in green leafy edged bracts2 shrubs or small trees #he4 ,corylus4 ,q4 ,usually aromatic2 bark dotted on the spray and with horizontal marks on the trunk1 peeling off in thin1 often papery layers #hc4 ,betula4 ,q4 ,bark not peeling off in thin layers4 7,r47 ,r4 ,leaf-buds long and slender2 fruit a small prickly bur with two triangular1 horny-coated nuts2 large trees #ij4 ,fagus4 ,r4 ,fruit an elongated catkin with large leaf-like bracts2 bark close1 gray1 on a grooved trunk #hg4 ,carpinus4 ,r4 ,fruit a hop-like catkin2 bark brownish1 finely furrowed #hf4 ,ostrya4 ,s4 ,plant more or less thorny2 shrub or small tree2 fruit rounded berries ending in persistent calyx-lobes #ch4 ,cratgus4 ,s4 ,plant not thorny4 7,t47 ,t4 ,leaf deeply pinnatifid1 usually with the basal lobes completely separated2 cultivated #cg4 ,pyrus4 ,t4 ,end of leaf as though cut off2 sides with one large lobe2 margin entire2 large tree #b4 ,liriodendron4 ,t4 ,lower leaves three-lobed1 heart-shaped at base1 upper merely ovate1 margin entire2 small tree or shrub #ff4 ,clerodendron4 ,t4 ,not as above2 leaves usually many-lobed4 7,u47 ,u4 ,leaves thin2 bark of trunk peeling off in thin horizontal strips #hc4 ,betula4 ,u4 ,leaves thin2 leaf-buds long1 slender1 sharp-pointed2 bark smooth1 not peeling2 cultivated #ij4 ,fagus4 ,u4 ,leaves thickish2 bark roughish2 fruit an oval woody cone1 remaining on through the year #hd4 ,alnus4 ,u4 ,leaves thick2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,quercus4 ,v4 ,leaves evergreen1 small1 #b-c in4 long1 thick1 with revolute margins2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,quercus4 ,v4 ,leaves evergreen1 oval to lance-oval1 usually large2 small trees1 almost shrubs4 7d47 page #ef4 ,v4 ,leaves deciduous 7some are evergreen in the ,southern ,states74 7,w47 ,w4 ,plant more or less spiny4 7c47 ,w4 ,plant not at all spiny4 7,x47 ,x4 ,leaf-blade thin1 long1 pointed1 with curved parallel veins or ribs #de4 ,cornus4 ,x4 ,leaf-blade thin1 circular or broadly oval in outline1 with blunt1 almost rounded apex2 veins not regularly parallel #bg4 ,rhus4 ,x4 ,leaf quite elongated1 #e or more times as long as wide4 7b47 ,x4 ,leaves with none of the above peculiarities4 7,y47 ,y4 ,deciduous bud-scales 7stipules71 leaving a scar or mark completely around the stem at the base of the leaves4 #a4 ,magnolia4 ,y4 ,leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery scales #ga4 ,elagnus4 ,y4 ,no such ring around the stem1 or silvery scales on the leaves4 7,z47 ,z4 ,leaves distinctly straight-veined1 thin #ij4 ,fagus4 ,z4 ,leaves thick1 obtuse2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,quercus4 ,z4 ,leaves #f in4 or more long2 crushed leaves with a rank1 fetid odor #e4 ,asimina4 ,z4 ,leaves #c-e in4 long2 twigs and leaves very spicy2 shrub rather than tree #gj4 ,lindera4 ,z4 ,leaves about #b in4 long1 oval1 on twigs which have ridges extending down from the sides of the leafstalk2 small tree1 almost a shrub1 with beautiful flowers #dc4 ,lagerstroemia4 ,z4 ,leaves not as above4 7a47 a4 ,fruit a large 7-#a in47 rounded pulpy berry with a heavy calyx at the base #ee4 ,diospyros4 a4 ,fruit small 7 in471 fleshy1 drupe-like1 with a striate stone2 limbs branching horizontally1 often descending #df4 ,nyssa4 a4 ,fruit a black1 juicy berry 7#a_/c- in471 with about #c seeds #bj4 ,rhamnus4 a4 ,fruit an ovoid dry drupe 7 in472 leaves sweet-tasting #ei4 ,symplocos4 a4 ,fruit an apple-like pome 7,quince7 #cg4 ,pyrus4 b4 ,wood soft2 both kinds of flowers in catkins in spring2 with either stipules or stipular sears #ia4 ,salix4 b4 ,wood hard2 leaves thick2 fruit an acorn #hh4 ,quercus4 c4 ,fruit a #b-d-seeded small berry2 juice not milky #bj4 ,rhamnus4 c4 ,fruit large1 orange-like in size and color when ripe2 juice milky #gg4 ,maclura4 c4 ,fruit small1 black when ripe1 cherry-like2 juice milky #ed4 ,bumelia4 d4 ,aromatic2 berries dark blue on red stalks #fh4 ,persea4 d4 ,not aromatic2 leaves nearly #a ft4 long2 flowers large and solitary4 #a4 ,magnolia4 d4 ,not aromatic2 leaves #a-d in4 long2 flowers very small2 fruit small dark-colored berries1 with #b-d seeds #bj4 ,rhamnus4 d4 ,not aromatic2 flowers large1 in showy clusters4 7e47 e4 ,leaves #e in4 or more long #eb4 ,rhododendron4 e4 ,leaves less than #d in4 long #ea4 ,kalmia4 f4 ,leaves decidedly aromatic1 usually somewhat irregularly lobed1 margin entire1 base tapering #fi4 ,sassafras4 f4 ,leaves usually deltoid1 sometimes heart-shaped with serrate margin and gummy buds1 rarely palmately lobed4 ,all have either the petiole flattened sidewise1 the leaf-blade densely silvery-white beneath1 or gummy aromatic buds #ib4 ,populus4 f4 ,leaves broadly heart-shaped2 margin entire2 small tree with abundance of red flowers in early spring2 fruit a pea-like pod4 #cb4 ,cercis4 f4 ,leaves not as above given4 7g47 g4 ,leaves broadly heart-shaped1 with a serrate margin and a petiole about as long as the blade1 sometimes longer2 base of leaf not oblique #d4 ,idesia4 g4 ,leaves broadly heart-shaped1 those on the suckers much lobed2 base not oblique2 margin serrate2 juice milky2 bark very tough4 7l47 g4 ,leaves broadly heart-shaped1 with an oblique base2 margin regularly serrate2 juice not milky #aa4 ,tilia4 g4 ,leaves slightly if at all heart-shaped at base1 usually somewhat oblique1 with neither milky juice nor lobes4 7j47 g4 ,leaves decidedly and quite regularly lobed4 7h47 h4 ,leaves with #c-e large lobes1 the margin entire or slightly angulated4 #aj4 ,sterculia4 h4 ,leaves star-shaped1 with #e-i pointed1 serrate lobes4 7i47 h4 ,leaves large1 irregularly margined2 leaf-stem covering the bud2 large tree #hj4 ,platanus4 h4 ,plant quite thorny2 fruit berry-like1 ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx2 small trees or shrubs with apple-like blossoms4 #ch4 ,cratgus4 h4 ,leaves with a tapering base2 small tree1 almost a shrub1 with large ,hollyhock-like flowers2 plant not thorny #i4 ,hibiscus4 i4 ,large tree1 with fruit #a in4 in diameter1 dry1 rough1 hanging on a long stem #da4 ,liquidambar4 i4 ,small tree with few branches and the trunk usually quite prickly2 fruit berry-like in large clusters #dd4 ,aralia4 j4 ,fruit small berries1 with #c flattened seeds1 in clusters in the axils of the leaves1 which are decidedly #c-ribbed from the base #ba4 ,hovenia4 j4 ,fruit small drupes1 with #a seed1 either solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves4 7k47 k4 ,plant without prickles2 leaves decidedly oblique at base #gf4 ,celtis4 k4 ,plant with prickles2 leaves narrow1 decidedly #c-ribbed1 and #b-ranked on green twigs #bb4 ,zizyphus4 l4 ,fruit not very edible2 leaves rough above1 very hairy below1 on some of the twigs opposite #gi4 ,broussonetia4 l4 ,fruit edible2 leaves not very hairy1 never opposite #gh4 ,morus4 m4 ,leaves of #c entire-edged leaflets2 fruit a pea-like pod #bh4 ,laburnum4 m4 ,leaves of #c quite regularly serrate1 transparent-dotted leaflets #ac4 ,ptelea4 m4 ,leaves once or twice pinnate2 the leaflets entire4 7s47 m4 ,leaves once or twice pinnate2 the leaflets with margins more or less serrate or notched4 7n47 n4 ,leaves irregularly once to twice1 in one case three times1 pinnate4 7r47 n4 ,leaves regularly once pinnate4 7o47 o4 ,leaves less than #a ft4 long1 on a small1 quite prickly plant2 fruit very small pods 7 in4 long7 #ab4 ,xanthoxylum4 o4 ,leaves less than #a ft4 long2 leaflets #c in4 or less long2 fruit bright-colored1 berry-like pomes in clusters1 persistent through the autumn2 plant not thorny2 branches not heavy-tipped4 #cg4 ,pyrus4 o4 ,leaves usually larger on the small tree or almost a shrub2 juice in most cases milky2 branches heavy-tipped #bg4 ,rhus4 o4 ,leaves #a-b ft4 long2 leaflets #c in4 or more long2 fruit a bony nut with green fleshy coat2 large trees4 7q47 o4 ,leaves very large1 #b ft4 or more long on the rapid-growing branches2 branches heavy-tipped2 odor of bruised leaves quite strong2 leaflets #ae or more in number2 large trees2 juice not milky4 7p47 p4 ,leaflets with #a-c glandular notches at the base #ag4 ,ailanthus4 p4 ,leaflets entire at base1 but very slightly serrate near the tip #af4 ,cedrela4 q4 ,coat of fruit more or less dehiscent into #d valves2 nut smoothish2 leaflets1 except in one species1 not over #aa in number1 usually #e-g #hb4 ,carya4 q4 ,coat of fruit not regularly dehiscent2 nut1 in the wild species1 rough-coated2 leaflets1 except in a cultivated species1 over #aa in number #ha4 ,juglans4 r4 ,leaves quite regularly twice odd-pinnate2 leaflets about #a in4 long2 juice not milky2 fruit rounded berries in large clusters2 plant not prickly2 branchlets not heavy-tipped #ae4 ,melia4 r4 ,leaves once to twice irregularly odd-pinnate2 the leaflets very irregularly and coarsely toothed2 a small1 round-headed tree with bladdery pods #bd4 ,koelreuteria4 r4 ,leaves irregularly about twice odd-pinnate2 the leaflets lanceolate2 quite a low plant with few heavy-tipped branches2 plant without prickles #bg4 ,rhus4 r4 ,leaves #b 7sometimes #c7 times odd-pinnate2 tree-stem with prickles2 small tree or shrub1 with few branches #dd4 ,aralia4 r4 ,leaves once to twice abruptly pinnate2 large tree with slender-tipped branches1 usually very thorny #cd4 ,gleditschia4 s4 ,leaves very large 7#b ft4 or more long71 about twice abruptly pinnate2 leaflets broad and often #b in4 long2 branches blunt2 no thorns #cc4 ,gymnocladus4 s4 ,leaves and leaflets much smaller1 leaves quite irregularly once or twice abruptly pinnate2 branches slender-tipped2 large tree1 usually very thorny #cd4 ,gleditschia4 s4 ,leaves twice abruptly pinnate2 leaflets over #djj in number1 with midrib near the upper edge #ce4 ,albizzia4 s4 ,leaves regularly once pinnate1 not over #b ft4 long4 7t47 t4 ,leaves abruptly pinnate1 not over #e in4 long2 leaflets #h-ab1 small1 mucronate-pointed #bi4 ,caragana4 t4 ,leaves odd-pinnate2 shrub or small tree1 with few1 heavy-tipped branches2 no spines or prickles #bg4 ,rhus4 t4 ,leaves odd-pinnate2 leaflets large 7#c-e in4 long71 not usually over #aa in number2 round-topped tree #cj4 ,cladrastis4 t4 ,leaves odd-pinnate2 leaflets less than #c in4 long1 frequently #aa-ba in number2 often with spines at the bases of the leaves in the place of stipules #ab4 ,xanthoxylum or #ca4 ,robinia4 u4 ,leaves palmately compound4 7,,cc47 u4 ,leaves pinnately compound4 7,,bb47 u4 ,leaves simple1 evergreen1 sessile1 in whorls around the stem1 which they completely cover 7#ih;a4 ,araucaria47 u4 ,leaves simple1 opposite1 evergreen1 entire1 over #b in4 long #fa4 ,osmanthus4 u4 ,leaves simple1 opposite1 evergreen1 entire1 under #a in4 long #gc4 ,buxus4 u4 ,leaves simple1 deciduous4 7v47 v4 ,branches ending in thorns2 small trees1 or shrubs4 7,,aa47 v4 ,plants not thorny4 7w47 w4 ,leaves palmately lobed 7one variety1 rarely cultivated1 lacks lobes1 but is heart-shaped with a serrate margin71 the lobes over #c in number1 or with notches or serrations2 fruit dry1 winged #be4 ,acer4 w4 ,lower leaves palmately #c-lobed1 and heart-shaped at base1 upper ones ovate1 all with entire margin2 fruit with juicy pulp covering the #d seeds #ff4 ,clerodendron4 w4 ,leaves palmately lobed2 fruit small1 one-seeded1 berry-like drupes in large clusters1 with flattened stones1 or large rounded clusters of flowers without stamens or pistils2 shrubs rather than trees #dg4 ,viburnum4 w4 ,leaves heart-shaped1 entire or slightly angulated2 not lobed4 7,,dd47 w4 ,leaves irregularly serrate1 somewhat straight-veined2 fruit single-winged2 large cultivated tree #fj4 ,fraxinus4 w4 ,leaves neither heart-shaped nor lobed2 small trees1 almost shrubs4 7x47 x4 ,leaves entire4 7z47 x4 ,leaves serrate or dentate1 ovate or oval4 7y47 y4 ,fruit rounded drupes in large clusters1 with single flattened stones #dg4 ,viburnum4 y4 ,fruit lobed pods1 which burst open in the autumn2 branchlets somewhat #d-sided #ai4 ,euonymus4 z4 ,leaves small1 lanceolate2 flowers and fruit large and beautiful #db4 ,punica4 z4 ,leaves broad1 thin1 with curved parallel veins or ribs4 #de4 ,cornus4 z4 ,leaves large1 broad1 oval1 without either curved or straight parallel ribs #fc4 ,chionanthus4 ,,aa4 ,leaves entire and covered on both sides with silvery1 peltate scales #gb4 ,shepherdia4 ,,aa4 ,leaves ovate1 small1 minutely serrate #bj4 ,rhamnus4 ,,bb4 ,leaves large1 #ah in4 or more long2 leaflets #aa or more1 very finely serrated #ad4 ,phellodendron4 ,,bb4 ,leaves smaller2 leaflets entire or quite evenly toothed1 usually over #e in number #fj4 ,fraxinus4 ,,bb4 ,leaflets coarsely and quite irregularly toothed1 #c-e 7rarely #g7 in number #bf4 ,negundo4 ,,cc4 ,leaflets slender-lanceolate1 almost entire2 shrub or small tree1 #e-aj ft4 high #fg4 ,vitex4 ,,cc4 ,leaflets broader and serrate2 usually large trees4 #bc4 sculus4 ,,dd4 ,leaves with radiating ribs4 7,,ff47 ,,dd4 ,leaves with feather-veining4 7,,ee47 ,,ee4 ,leaves #b-f in4 long2 flowers small1 in large1 dense1 terminal clusters #fb4 ,syringa4 ,,ee4 ,leaves #a-d in4 long2 flowers in pairs #dh4 ,lonicera4 ,,ff4 ,leaves large1 #f in4 or more long2 two almost hidden buds1 one above the other1 in the axils of the leaves on the rapid-growing branches2 flowers large1 purple1 blooming in early spring2 fruit rounded pods #fd4 ,paulownia4 ,,ff4 ,leaves large1 #f in4 or more long2 flowers large1 white1 blooming in ,june2 fruit long pods #fe4 ,catalpa4 ,,ff4 ,leaves #b-d in4 long1 with red stems #c4 ,cercidiphyllum4 ,,gg4 ,leaves scattered singly over the stem1 not in bundles or clusters4 7,,jj47 ,,gg4 ,leaves in large or small clusters4 7,,hh47 ,,hh4 ,clusters in whorls of many leaves around the stem like an umbrella #ajj4 ,sciadopitys4 ,,hh4 ,leaves clustered in bundles of #b-f #ic4 ,pinus4 ,,hh4 ,leaves clustered in bundles of over #h4 7,,ii47 ,,ii4 ,leaves deciduous1 soft #ig4 ,larix4 ,,ii4 ,leaves evergreen1 rigid #ih4 ,cedrus4 ,,jj4 ,leaves hardly evergreen2 spray quite slender4 7,,zz47 ,,jj4 ,leaves fully evergreen4 7,,kk47 ,,kk4 ,leaves awl or scale shaped1 and mainly appressed to the stem4 7,,ww47 ,,kk4 ,leaves linear or needle shaped1 and decidedly spreading from the stem1 though sometimes with a decurrent base4 7,,ll47 ,,ll4 ,leaves narrowed to a distinct though short stem4 7,,rr47 ,,ll4 ,leaves sessile2 if narrowed1 not so abruptly as to form a petiole4 7,,mm47 ,,mm4 ,leaves opposite or whorled on the stem4 7,,pp47 ,,mm4 ,leaves rather spirally arranged around the stem1 not just opposite4 7,,nn47 ,,nn4 ,leaves linear to lanceolate1 flattened1 spreading quite squarely from the stem4 7,,oo47 ,,nn4 ,leaves not flattened but #d-sided1 curved1 gradually enlarging from the tips to the bases1 which are decurrent1 and on the young twigs completely cover the stem2 cones rounded2 the scales not lapping #aje4 ,cryptomeria4 ,,oo4 ,leaves about linear in form1 of nearly the same width throughout1 and usually fastened to the cylindrical stem by a distinct disk-like base2 cones erect2 scales lapping4 #if4 ,abies4 ,,oo4 ,leaves about #b in4 long and gradually widening from the acute tips to the broad 7#a_/h in47 bases1 which are decurrent on the stem #ii4 ,cunninghamia4 ,,oo4 ,leaves -#a in4 long1 sharp-pointed1 very flat1 two-ranked1 somewhat lanceolate in form2 base narrowed almost to a petiole #ajb4 ,sequoia4 ,,pp4 ,leaves not decurrent1 usually in whorls of three around the stem1 sometimes opposite1 acute-pointed2 fruit small 7#a_/h in471 rounded1 dark-colored berries #ajf4 ,juniperus4 ,,pp4 ,leaves decurrent on the stem1 less than in4 long4 7,,qq47 ,,qq4 ,fruit small1 globular cones2 the scales not lapping #ajd4 ,chamcyparis4 ,,qq4 ,fruit small1 elongated cones of few1 lapping scales #ajc4 ,thuya4 ,,rr4 ,leaves usually but little flattened1 but jointed to a short1 brown petiole which is attached to a somewhat grooved twig2 cones pendent1 of lapping scales #id4 ,picea4 ,,rr4 ,leaves decidedly flattened1 not jointed1 but narrowed to a petiole which is usually green or greenish in color4 7,,ss47 ,,ss4 ,leaves rounded or obtuse at the tip1 distinctly two-ranked1 usually less than #a in4 long2 cones oval1 #a in4 or less long1 of lapping scales #ie4 ,tsuga4 ,,ss4 ,leaves acute at the tip2 fruit 7found only on a portion of the plants1 as the flowers are dioecious7 drupe-like1 with a single nut-like seed4 7,,tt47 ,,tt4 ,leaves not two-ranked1 over #b in4 long #ajh4 ,podocarpus4 ,,tt4 ,leaves quite regularly two-ranked4 7,,uu47 ,,uu4 ,leaves marked by two longitudinal lines2 bruised or burned leaves with a very disagreeable odor 7#ajg;a4 ,torreya47 ,,uu4 ,leaves with the midrib forming a distinct ridge1 odor not disagreeable4 7,,vv47 ,,vv4 ,leaves usually less than an inch long #ajg4 ,taxus4 ,,vv4 ,leaves usually more than an inch long 7#ajg;b4 ,cephalotaxus47 ,,ww4 ,spray decidedly two-ranked1 fan-like4 7,,yy47 ,,ww4 ,spray branching in an irregular way1 not two-ranked4 7,,xx47 ,,xx4 ,fruit a purplish berry2 bark shreddy #ajf4 ,juniperus4 ,,xx4 ,fruit a cone of thick1 pointed1 not lapping scales #ajb4 ,sequoia4 ,,yy4 ,cones elongated1 of lapping scales #ajc4 ,thuya4 ,,yy4 ,cones globular1 of peltate1 valvate scales #ajd4 ,chamcyparis4 ,,zz4 ,leaves very broad at base1 half clasping the stem and rapidly narrowed to an acute tip2 hardly at all spreading from the thread-like twigs2 flowers pinkish1 in spike-like clusters #f4 ,tamarix4 ,,zz4 ,leaves more elongated1 quite even in width1 not clasping the stem #aja4 ,taxodium4 ,footnote #a3 ,look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the leaves2 they are too closely clustered on the short side shoots4 ,see page #ah4 ,,class ,i4 ,,angiosp,,rm4 ,plants with a pistil consisting of a closed ovary1 which contains the ovules and forms the fruit4 ,,order ,i4 ,,magnoliace4 7,,magnolia ,,family47 ,trees or shrubs1 mainly of tropical regions1 including1 in our section1 the three following genera3 ,,genus #a4 ,,magn,,lia4 ,trees and tall shrubs with alternate1 thick1 smooth1 entire leaves with deciduous stipules which form the bud-scales1 and are attached entirely around the stem1 leaving a ridge1 as in ,liriodendron4 ,flowers very large 7#c to #aj in4 in diameter71 usually white1 solitary4 ,fruit a large cone from which the seeds1 drupe-like1 usually red1 hang out on long threads during the autumn4 99 ,blooming with or before the opening of the leaves4 7,a47 ,a4 ,flowers entirely white #i1 #aj4 ,a4 ,flowers dark purple #aa4 ,a4 ,flowers mixed purple and white4 ,a large number of hybrids from ,china and ,japan4 99 ,blooming after the leaves expand4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves evergreen1 more than #h in4 long #a4 ,b4 ,leaves evergreen1 not #f in4 long #b4 ,b4 ,leaves deciduous4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves decidedly auriculate or cordate at the base4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves very large 7#a to #c ft4 long7 #e4 ,d4 ,leaves smaller and much clustered at the tips of the flowering branches #f4 ,c4 ,leaves not conspicuously cordate at base4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves clustered at the tips of the flowering branches #g4 ,e4 ,leaves scattered along the branches4 7,f47 ,f4 ,base of leaf abrupt #c1 #d4 ,f4 ,base of leaf tapering4 7,g47 ,g4 ,leaves quite large1 about #a ft4 long2 a very erect growing tree #h4 ,g4 ,leaves smaller1 medium thick1 glossy above #b4 medium thin 7#e to #aj in4 long7 #c4 ,illustration3 ,m4 grandiflra4 #a4 ,magnlia grandiflra1 ,l4 7,,large-,,flowered ,,magnolia4 ,,southern ,,evergreen ,,magnolia47 ,leaves evergreen1 thick1 oval-oblong2 upper surface glossy1 under surface somewhat rusty4 ,flowers large1 #f to #aj in4 wide1 white1 fragrant4 ,in spring4 ,fruit oval1 #c to #d in4 long1 ripe in ,october4 ,seeds scarlet4 ,splendid evergreen tree 7#ej to #hj ft47 in the ,southern ,states2 half hardy1 and reduced to a shrub 7#aj to #bj ft47 when cultivated in the ,middle ,states4 ,illustration3 ,m4 glaca4 #b4 ,magnlia glaca1 ,l4 7,,sweet-,,bay4 ,,swamp-,,magnolia47 ,leaves quite thick1 oblong-oval1 obtuse1 smooth and glossy above1 white or rusty pubescent beneath2 evergreen in the ,southern ,states4 ,leaf-buds silky4 ,flowers globular1 white1 and very fragrant4 ,june to ,august4 ,fruit about #a in4 long1 ripe in autumn4 ,shrub1 #d to #bj ft4 high1 in the swamps of the ,atlantic ,states from ,massachusetts southward4 ,slender tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 when cultivated in good damp soil4 ,illustration3 ,m4 acuminta4 #c4 ,magnlia acuminta1 ,l4 7,,cucumber-,,tree47 ,leaves thin1 green above1 paler beneath1 oblong1 usually pointed at both ends1 #e to #aj in4 long4 ,leaf-buds silky4 ,flowers pale yellowish-green1 #c in4 wide1 late in spring4 ,fruit irregular-oblong 7#b to #c in4 long71 rose-colored when ripe1 with a few hard1 bony1 black seeds1 coated with red pulp1 ripe in autumn4 ,large 7#ej to #ij ft47 noble forest tree1 wild in western ,new ,york and southward4 ,wood rather soft1 yellowish-white1 quite durable1 and extensively used for pump logs4 ,occasionally cultivated2 fine for avenues4 ,illustration3 ,m4 cordta4 #d4 ,magnlia cordta1 ,michx4 7,,yellow ,,cucumber-,,tree47 ,leaves broadly ovate or oval1 rarely cordate at base1 smooth above1 white-downy beneath1 #d to #f in4 long4 ,flowers lemon-yellow slightly streaked with red4 ,june4 ,fruit nearly #c in4 long1 red when ripe in autumn4 ,a rather small1 broad-headed tree 7#bj to #ej ft471 wild in the ,southern ,states1 but hardy as far north as ,boston2 not often cultivated4 ,probably an upland variety of the preceding4 ,illustration3 ,m4 macrophlla4 #e4 ,magnlia macrophlla1 ,michx4 7,,great-,,leaved ,,magnolia47 ,leaves very large1 sometimes #c ft4 long1 crowded at the summit of the branches1 obovate-oblong1 cordate at the narrowed base1 glaucous-white beneath1 green above2 twigs whitish pubescent4 ,flowers very large 7#ab in4 broad71 white with a purple spot near the base2 fragrant4 ,fruit cylindrical1 #d in4 long1 deep rose-colored when ripe in autumn4 ,a medium-sized 7#cj to #dj ft471 spreading tree2 wild from ,kentucky south1 hardy and cultivated as far north as ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 ,m4 ,frseri4 #f4 ,magnlia ,frseri1 ,walt4 7,,ear-,,leaved ,,umbrella-,,tree47 ,leaves crowded at the ends of the flowering branches1 obovate or spatulate1 auriculate at base1 smooth 7#a ft4 long74 ,leaf-buds smooth4 ,flowers 7#f in4 wide7 white1 slightly scented4 ,april to ,may4 ,fruit #c to #d in4 long1 rose-colored1 ripe in autumn4 ,medium-sized1 rather slender tree 7#cj to #ej ft471 with soft yellowish-white wood4 ,virginia and southward4 ,hardy and extensively cultivated as far north as ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 ,m4 umbrlla4 #g4 ,magnlia umbrlla1 ,lam4 7,,umbrella ,,tree47 ,leaves clustered at the ends of the branches1 obovate-lanceolate1 pointed at both ends1 #a to #b ft4 long2 downy beneath when young1 but soon becoming smooth4 ,flowers white1 #f to #h in4 broad4 ,may4 ,fruit oblong1 #d to #f in4 long1 rather rose-colored when ripe in autumn4 ,a small1 rather straggling tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high2 common in the ,southern ,states1 and wild as far north as ,new ,york ,state2 cultivated throughout4 ,illustration3 ,m4 hypoleca4 #h4 ,magnlia hypoleca1 ,s4 ,z4 7,,japan ,,magnolia47 ,leaves large 7#a ft4 long71 somewhat purple-tinted above1 white and glaucous beneath4 ,midrib and leafstalk often red4 ,flowers cream-white1 fragrant1 appearing after the leaves in ,june4 ,twigs stout and polished4 ,a medium-sized1 very erectly growing tree2 from ,japan4 ,illustration3 ,m4 conspcua4 #i4 ,magnlia conspcua1 ,salisb4 7,,yulan ,,or ,,chinese ,,white ,,magnolia47 ,leaves deciduous1 obovate1 abruptly acuminate1 pubescent when young4 ,flowers large 7#d in471 cream-white1 very fragrant1 appearing very early 7,may71 before any of the leaves4 ,fruit rarely formed1 with few 7#a to #c1 rarely more7 seeds to a cone4 ,bark dark brown on the young branches2 terminal winter buds over in4 long4 ,small tree 7#aj to #cj ft47 with spreading habit and stout branches2 very extensively cultivated for its abundant early bloom2 from ,china4 ,illustration3 ,m4 ,kbus4 #aj4 ,magnlia ,kbus4 7,,thurber',s ,,japan ,,magnolia47 ,leaves similar to the preceding1 but smaller4 ,flowers also similar1 but pure white4 ,fruit abundantly formed1 with several 7#b to #ab7 seeds to the cone4 ,bark green on the young growth2 terminal winter-buds under in4 long4 ,small tree 7#ae to #dj ft47 with erect habit and slender branches4 ,a beautiful tree of recent introduction from ,japan4 ,illustration3 ,m4 purprea4 #aa4 ,magnlia purprea1 ,sims4 7,,purple ,,japan ,,magnolia47 ,leaves obovate1 pointed at both ends1 dark green4 ,flowers erect1 of #c sepals and #f obovate1 purple petals2 blooming about as the leaves expand4 ,a low tree1 or usually merely a shrub1 from ,japan2 often cultivated4 ,besides the ,magnolias here given1 there are quite a number of varieties and hybrids in cultivation1 from ,china and ,japan1 most of them blooming before the leaves expand in spring4 ,,genus #b4 ,,liriod,,ndron4 ,trees with alternate1 deciduous1 smooth1 stipulate1 #d-lobed leaves1 the stipules large1 attached entirely around the stem1 and leaving a ridge when they drop off1 as in the genus ,magnolia4 ,flowers tulip-shaped1 large 7#c in471 greenish-yellow4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit a pointed cone1 #c in4 long1 hanging on the tree till autumn4 ,illustration3 ,l4 tulipfera4 ,liriodndron tulipfera1 ,l4 7,,tulip-,,tree47 ,leaves large1 smooth on both sides1 somewhat #c-lobed1 the end one seemingly cut off1 leaving a shallow notch2 stipules light-colored1 large1 oblong1 attached all around the stem1 often remaining on through half the season4 ,a very large 7#hj to #aej ft4 high71 beautiful1 rapidly growing tree1 with soft1 straight-grained1 greenish wood1 of great use for inside work4 ,southern ,new ,england and southward4 ,especially abundant and large in the ,western ,states4 ,also cultivated4 ,,genus #c4 ,,cercidiph,,llum4 ,shrubs or trees with opposite1 rarely subalternate1 simple1 deciduous leaves4 ,fruit short-stemmed1 with divergent pods1 #b-d in number1 splitting open on the outer edges2 each one-celled1 with one row of lapping1 pendulous seeds with membranous wings4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,japnicum4 ,cercidiphllum ,japnicum4 7,,katsura-,,tree47 ,leaves broadly heart-shaped1 palmately veined with #e-g ribs1 and with an apparently entire margin1 dark green above1 somewhat glaucous beneath4 ,under a magnifying glass the margin will be found to have pellucid crenulations4 ,leafstalk dark red and jointed above the base1 the veins somewhat red-tinted4 ,a beautiful1 upright tree with birch-like1 dotted1 brown bark2 of recent introduction from ,japan1 and probably completely hardy throughout the region4 ,,order ,,ii4 ,,bix,,ne4 ,a rather small order of mostly tropical trees or shrubs1 with alternate1 simple leaves4 ,,genus #d4 ,,id,,sia4 ,large trees with terminal and axillary panicles of very small flowers and berries4 ,illustration3 ,i4 polycrpa4 ,idsia polycrpa1 ,hook4 ,leaves large1 heart-shaped1 serrate1 palmately veined with #e ribs2 leafstalk very long1 red1 with two glands near the base2 twigs also glandular2 berries very small 7 inch71 with many seeds4 ,a large tree recently introduced from ,japan1 which may prove hardy from ,pennsylvania south1 but is killed by the climate of ,massachusetts4 ,,order ,,iii4 ,,anon,,ce4 7,,custard-,,apple ,,family47 ,an order of tropical trees and shrubs except the following genus3 ,,genus #e4 ,,as,,mina4 ,small trees or shrubs with simple1 deciduous1 alternate1 entire1 pinnately-veined leaves4 ,flowers large1 dull purplish1 solitary in the axils of last year's leaves4 ,fruit a large1 oblong1 several-seeded1 pulpy berry4 ,illustration3 ,a4 trloba4 ,asmina trloba1 ,dunal4 7,,common ,,papaw47 ,leaves large 7#h to #ab in4 long71 oblong-obovate1 acuminate1 thin1 lapping over each other in such a manner as to give the plant a peculiar imbricated appearance4 ,flowers #a in4 broad1 appearing before the leaves4 ,fruit #c in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 yellowish1 fragrant1 about #h-seeded1 ripe in the autumn4 ,small 7#aj to #bj ft4 high71 beautiful tree with dark-brown twigs4 ,all parts have a rank1 fetid smell4 ,wild in ,new ,york and southward along streams2 cultivated4 ,,order ,,iv4 ,,tamarisc,,ne4 ,a small order1 consisting mostly of shrubs 7from the ,old ,world7 with minute leaves4 ,,genus #f4 ,t,,marix4 ,leaves simple1 very small1 alternate1 clasping2 old ones almost transparent at the apex4 ,flowers in spike-like panicles1 small1 red1 or pink1 rarely white4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,gllica4 ,tmarix ,gllica1 ,l4 7,,french ,,tamarisk47 ,leaves very small1 acute2 spray very slender1 abundant4 ,a sub-evergreen shrub or small tree1 #e to #bj ft4 high2 with very small pinkish flowers1 in spike-like clusters1 blooming from ,may to ,october4 ,a very beautiful and strange-looking plant1 which1 rather sheltered by other trees1 can be successfully grown throughout4 ,,order ,v4 ,,ternstroemi,,ce4 7,,tea ,,or ,,camellia ,,family47 ,an order of showy-flowered trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical regions1 here represented by the following genera3 ,,genus #g4 ,,stu,,rtia4 ,shrubs or low trees with alternate1 simple1 exstipulate1 ovate1 serrulate leaves1 soft downy beneath4 ,flowers large 7#b in471 white to cream-color1 solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves2 blooming in early summer4 ,fruit a #e-;celled capsule with few seeds2 ripe in autumn4 ,illustration3 ,s4 pentgyna4 #a4 ,sturtia pentgyna1 ,l',her4 7,,stuartia47 ,leaves thick1 ovate1 acuminate1 acute at base1 obscurely mucronate1 serrate1 finely pubescent1 #c to #d in4 long1 one half as wide4 ,flowers whitish cream-colored1 one petal much the smallest2 stamens of the same color4 ,pod #e-;angled4 ,handsome shrub or small tree 7#aj to #ae ft471 wild south in the mountains1 and hardy and cultivated as far north as ,new ,york ,city without protection4 ,in ,massachusetts it needs some sheltered position4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,virgnica4 #b4 ,sturtia ,virgnica1 ,cav4 7,,virginia ,,stuartia47 ,leaves elliptic-ovate1 acuminate at both ends1 #b in4 long1 #a in4 wide1 thin1 serrate1 silky pubescent beneath4 ,flowers white with purple filaments and blue anthers4 ,pod globular and blunt2 ripe in ,october4 ,a beautiful shrub rather than tree 7#h to #ab ft471 wild in ,virginia and south2 hardy as far north as ,washington4 ,,genus #h4 ,,gord,,nia4 ,shrubs or small trees with alternate1 simple1 feather-veined leaves4 ,flowers large 7#c to #d in4 wide71 white1 showy1 solitary in the axils of the leaves4 ,blooming in summer4 ,fruit a dry1 dehiscent1 conical-pointed1 #e-;celled capsule with #aj to #cj seeds1 ripe in the autumn4 ,illustration3 ,g4 ,lasinthus4 #a4 ,gordnia ,lasinthus1 ,l4 7,,loblolly ,,bay47 ,leaves thick1 evergreen1 lanceolate-oblong1 minutely serrate1 nearly sessile1 smooth and shining on both sides4 ,the large1 solitary1 sweet-scented1 axillary flowers on peduncles half as long as the leaves4 ,a large tree 7#cj to #gj ft4 high7 in the south 7wild in southern ,virginia71 and cultivated as far north as central ,pennsylvania1 without protection2 at ,st4 ,louis and ,boston it needs protection4 ,wood of a reddish color1 light and brittle4 ,illustration3 ,g4 pubscens4 #b4 ,gordnia pubscens1 ,l',her4 ,leaves thin1 deciduous1 obovate-oblong1 sharply serrate1 white beneath4 ,flowers nearly sessile4 ,a small tree or shrub of the south 7#cj ft4 high in ,georgia71 hardy1 and rarely cultivated as far north as ,philadelphia1 or still farther north if slightly sheltered4 ,,order ,,vi4 ,,malv,,ce4 7,,mallow ,,family47 ,a large family1 mainly of herbs1 found in tropical and temperate regions4 ,one cultivated species1 almost a tree1 is included in this work4 ,,genus #i4 ,,hib,,scus4 ,herbs or shrubs2 one sometimes tree-like1 with simple1 deciduous1 alternate1 stipulate1 usually lobed leaves4 ,flowers large1 showy1 #e-parted 7,hollyhock-shaped71 in late summer4 ,fruit a #e-;celled1 many-seeded pod1 ripe in autumn4 ,illustration3 ,h4 ,syracus4 ,hibscus ,syracus1 ,l4 7,,tree ,,hibiscus47 ,the only woody and sometimes tree-like species2 has ovate1 wedge-shaped1 #c-lobed1 toothed leaves1 and large 7#c in47 white1 purple1 red1 or variegated flowers4 ,usually a shrub1 #f to #ae ft4 high1 often cultivated throughout2 introduced from ,syria4 ,,order ,,vii4 ,,sterculi,,ce4 ,trees or shrubs 7a few are herbs71 with alternate leaves1 and the stamens united into a tube4 ,a large order of tropical plants4 ,,genus #aj4 ,,sterc,,lia4 ,leaves alternate1 simple1 usually lobed1 ovaries more or less divided into #e carpels1 each #b- to many-lobed2 fruit when ripe forming a star of #e distinct pods4 ,illustration3 ,s4 plataniflia4 ,sterclia plataniflia1 ,l4 7,,chinese ,,parasol47 ,leaves large1 deciduous1 alternate1 palmately #c- to #e-lobed1 deeply heart-shaped at base1 the margin entire1 the lobes acute2 smooth or slightly hairy2 leafstalk about as long as the blade4 ,flowers green1 in axillary panicles2 fruit star-shaped4 ,a small1 beautiful tree from ,china2 probably not hardy north of ,washington4 ,,order ,,viii4 ,,tili,,ce4 7,,linden ,,family47 ,an order1 mainly of trees1 abundant in the tropics2 here represented by a single genus3 ,,genus #aa4 ,t,,lia4 ,trees with alternate1 deciduous1 obliquely heart-shaped1 serrate leaves1 about as broad as long4 ,leaves two-ranked on the stem4 ,flowers small1 cream-colored1 fragrant1 in clusters on a peculiar1 oblong1 leaf-like bract4 ,fruit small 7#a_/h in471 globular1 woody1 in clusters from the same bract4 ,wood white and soft2 inner bark very fibrous and tough4 99 ,flowers with petal-like scales among the stamens2 ,american species4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves very large1 #f to #h in4 #c4 ,a4 ,leaves medium1 #d to #f in4 #a4 ,a4 ,leaves small1 #b to #c in4 #b4 99 ,flowers with no petal-like scales among the stamens4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,americna4 #a4 ,tlia ,americna1 ,l4 7,,basswood4 ,,whitewood4 ,,linden47 ,leaves large1 #d to #f in4 long1 green and smooth1 or very nearly so1 thickish4 ,fruit ovoid1 somewhat ribbed1 in4 broad1 greenish when ripe in ,october1 on a bract which is usually tapering to the base4 ,tall tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 wild in rich woods and often cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,t4 pubscens4 #b4 ,tlia pubscens1 ,ait4 7,,small-,,leaved ,,basswood47 ,leaves smaller1 #b to #c in4 long1 thinner and rather pubescent beneath4 ,fruit globose1 #a_/e in4 broad1 on a bract usually quite rounded at base4 ,this is usually considered as a variety of the last-named species4 ,it is found from ,new ,york south and west4 ,illustration3 ,t4 heterophlla4 #c4 ,tlia heterophlla1 ,vent4 7,,white ,,basswood47 ,leaves large1 often #h in4 broad1 smooth and bright green above1 silvery white and downy beneath1 with darker1 purplish veins4 ,a large tree2 wild in ,pennsylvania1 west and south1 and often cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,europa4 #d4 ,tlia ,europa1 ,mill4 7,,european ,,linden47 ,leaves twice as long as the petioles1 and smooth except a woolly tuft in the axils of the veins beneath4 ,small and large leaved varieties are in cultivation4 ,the flowers have no petal-like scales among the stamens1 while the ,american species have4 ,an ornamental tree with dense foliage2 often cultivated from ,europe4 ,the twigs are more numerous and more slender than those of the ,american species4 ,nearly a score of named varieties are in cultivation4 ,var4 laciniata has deeply cut and twisted leaves4 ,,order ,,ix4 ,,rut,,ce4 7,,rue ,,family47 ,shrubs and trees1 rarely herbs1 in most cases with transparent-dotted1 heavy-scented foliage4 ,a rather large order in warm climates4 ,,genus #ab4 ,,xanth,,xylum4 ,shrubs or trees with mostly odd-pinnate1 alternate leaves4 ,the stem and often the leaflets prickly2 flowers small1 greenish or whitish2 fruit dry1 thick pods1 with #a to #b seeds4 ,illustration3 ,x4 ,americnum4 #a4 ,xanthxylum ,americnum1 ,mill4 7,,northern ,,prickly-,,ash4 ,,toothache-,,tree47 ,leaves and flowers in sessile1 axillary1 umbellate clusters2 leaflets #e to #i1 ovate-oblong1 downy when young4 ,flowers appear before the leaves4 ,shrub1 scarcely at all tree-like1 with bark1 leaves1 and pods very pungent and aromatic4 ,common north1 and sometimes cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,x4 ,clva ,hrcules4 #b4 ,xanthxylum ,clva ,hrcules1 ,l4 7,,southern ,,prickly-,,ash47 ,leaflets #g to #ag1 ovate to ovate-oblong1 oblique at base1 shining above4 ,flowers appear after the leaves4 ,a small tree with very sharp prickles4 ,sandy coast of ,virginia and southward2 occasionally cultivated in the north4 ,,genus #ac4 ,,pt,,lea4 ,shrub with compound leaves of three leaflets1 greenish-white flowers in terminal cymes1 and #b-seeded fruit with a broad-winged margin1 somewhat like the ,elm1 only larger4 ,illustration3 ,p4 trifolita4 ,ptlea trifolita1 ,l4 7,,hop-,,tree4 ,,shrubby ,,trefoil47 ,leaflets ovate1 pointed1 downy when young4 ,flowers with a disagreeable odor2 fruit bitter1 somewhat like hops4 ,a tall shrub1 often1 when cultivated1 trimmed into a tree-like form4 ,wild1 in rocky places1 in southern ,new ,york and southward4 ,,genus #ad4 ,,phellod,,ndron4 ,leaves opposite1 odd-pinnate4 ,flowers dioecious2 so only a portion of the trees bear the small1 odoriferous1 #e-seeded1 drupe-like fruit4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,amurnse4 ,phellodndron ,amurnse4 7,,chinese ,,cork-,,tree47 ,leaves opposite1 odd-pinnate1 #a to #c ft4 long2 leaflets #i to many1 lanceolate1 sharply serrate1 long-acuminate4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 dioecious1 in loose-spreading clusters at the ends of the branches4 ,the pistillate flowers form small1 black1 pea-shaped fruit1 in loose1 grape-like clusters1 thickly covered with glands containing a bitter1 aromatic oil1 and remaining on the tree in winter4 ,medium-sized tree 7#bj to #dj ft471 with ,ailanthus-like leaves which turn bright red in autumn1 and remain long on the tree4 ,hardy as far north as central ,massachusetts4 ,,order ,x4 ,,meli,,ce4 7,,melia ,,family47 ,tropical trees1 including the ,mahogany2 represented in the south by the following3 ,,genus #ae4 ,m,,lia4 ,trees with alternate1 bipinnate leaves4 ,the flowers are conspicuous and beautiful1 in large panicles1 in the spring4 ,fruit in large clusters of berry-like drupes1 with a #e-;celled stone4 ,illustration3 ,m4 ,azdarach4 ,mlia ,azdarach1 ,l4 7,,china-,,tree4 ,,pride ,,of ,,india47 ,leaves very large1 doubly pinnate1 with many obliquely lance-ovate1 acuminate1 smooth1 serrate leaflets4 ,flowers small1 lilac-colored1 deliciously fragrant1 in large axillary clusters4 ,fruit globular1 as large as cherries1 yellow when ripe in autumn2 hanging on through the winter4 ,a rather small 7#bj to #dj ft4 high71 rapidly growing1 round-headed1 popular shade-tree in the south1 and hardy as far north as ,virginia4 ,introduced from ,persia4 ,,genus #af4 ,,cedr,,la4 ,leaves large1 alternate1 deciduous1 odd-pinnate4 ,flowers with separate petals1 fragrant1 white1 in large clusters4 ,fruit #e-;celled dehiscent pods1 with many pendulous1 winged seeds4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,sinnsis4 ,cedrla ,sinnsis4 7,,chinese ,,cedrela47 ,leaves large1 odd-pinnate1 alternate1 appearing much like those of the ,ailanthus1 but with slight serrations near the tips of the leaflets1 and no glands near the base4 ,bruised leaves with a strong odor2 footstalk and stout-tipped branches with glands4 ,large tree1 seemingly hardy in ,new ,jersey1 but dies to the ground in winter in ,massachusetts4 ,recently introduced from ,china4 ,,order ,,xi4 ,,simarub,,ce4 7,,quassia ,,family47 ,eastern trees and shrubs1 here represented by a single tree3 ,,genus #ag4 ,,ail,,nthus4 ,large trees to shrubs1 with alternate1 odd-pinnate leaves4 ,flowers small1 greenish1 in large terminal panicles4 ,fruit broadly winged1 like the ,ash1 but with the seed in the center4 ,illustration3 ,a4 glandulsus4 ,ailnthus glandulsus1 ,desf4 7,,tree ,,of ,,heaven47 ,leaves very large1 #b to #e ft4 long on the younger growths2 leaflets obliquely lanceolate1 coarsely toothed at the base1 with a gland on the lower side at the point of each tooth2 point of leaflets entire4 ,young twigs thick1 rusty brown2 buds very small in the axils4 ,only some of the trees have fruit1 as some have only staminate flowers4 ,the staminate flowers are very ill-scented4 ,a rapid-growing tree1 with useful hard wood2 cultivated and naturalized2 hardy throughout4 ,see page #aj4 ,,order ,,xii4 ,,ilic,,ne4 7,,holly ,,family47 ,a small order of trees and shrubs1 including for our purpose only one genus3 ,,genus #ah4 ,,lex4 ,trees or shrubs with simple1 alternate1 thick1 mostly evergreen leaves4 ,flowers rather inconspicuous1 mostly in clusters4 ,fruit berry-like1 small 7 to in471 with #d to #f nutlets2 hanging on the plants late in the autumn or through the winter4 99 ,leaves evergreen4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves with spiny teeth #a4 ,a4 ,no spiny teeth #b4 99 ,leaves deciduous #c4 ,illustration3 ,i4 opca4 #a4 lex opca1 ,ait4 7,,american ,,holly47 ,leaves evergreen1 oval1 acute1 thick1 smooth1 with scattered spiny teeth4 ,flowers white2 ,may4 ,the bright-red berries1 found only on some of the trees1 remain on through the greater part of the winter4 ,small tree1 #ae to #dj ft4 high1 with very hard white wood2 wild in southern ,new ,england and southward4 ,a beautiful broad-leaved1 evergreen tree which should be more extensively cultivated4 ,north of latitude #da it needs a protected situation4 ,illustration3 ,i4 ,dahon4 #b4 lex ,dahon1 ,walt4 7,,dahoon ,,holly47 ,leaves #b to #c in4 long1 evergreen1 oblanceolate or oblong1 entire or sharply serrate toward the apex1 with revolute margins1 not spiny4 ,young branches and lower surface of the leaves1 especially on the midrib1 pubescent4 ,small tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high2 ,virginia and south1 with very hard1 white1 close-grained wood4 ,rarely cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,i4 montcola4 #c4 lex montcola1 ,gray4 ,leaves deciduous1 ovate to lance-oblong1 #c to #e in4 long1 taper-pointed1 thin1 smooth1 sharply serrate4 ,fruit red1 on short stems1 with the seeds many-ribbed on the back4 ,usually a shrub but sometimes tree-like2 damp woods in the ,catskills and in the ,alleghany ,mountains4 ,,order ,,xiii4 ,,celastr,,ce4 ,shrubs with simple leaves and small1 regular flowers1 forming a fruit with ariled seeds4 ,,genus #ai4 ,,eu,,nymus4 ,shrubs somewhat tree-like1 with #d-sided branchlets1 opposite1 serrate leaves1 and loose cymes of angular fruit which bursts open in the autumn4 ,illustration3 ,e4 atropurpreus4 #a4 ,eunymus atropurpreus1 ,jacq4 7,,burning-,,bush4 ,,wahoo47 ,leaves petioled1 oval-oblong1 pointed2 parts of the dark-purple flowers commonly in fours2 pods smooth1 deeply lobed1 when ripe1 cinnamon in color and very ornamental4 ,tall shrub1 #f to #bj ft4 high2 wild in ,wisconsin to ,new ,york1 and southward2 often cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,e4 ,europus4 #b4 ,eunymus ,europus1 ,l4 7,,european ,,spindle-,,tree ,,or ,,burning-,,bush47 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 serrate1 smooth2 flowers and fruit commonly in threes on compressed stems2 fruit usually #d-lobed1 the lobes acute2 flowers greenish-white2 ,may2 fruit abundant1 scarlet1 ripe in ,september4 ,generally a shrub1 though sometimes tall enough 7#d to #bj ft47 and trimmed so as to appear tree-like2 twigs smooth1 green or reddish-green4 ,extensively cultivated2 from ,europe4 ,,order ,,xiv4 ,,rhamn,,ce4 7,,buckthorn ,,family47 ,an order mainly of shrubs1 but including in the north-eastern ,united ,states two or three small trees4 ,,genus #bj4 ,,rh,,mnus4 ,shrubs or small trees with deciduous 7rarely evergreen71 usually alternate 7rarely opposite71 pinnately veined leaves4 ,flowers small1 #d-parted1 inconspicuous1 in clusters in the axils of the leaves4 ,fruit berry-like1 with #b to #d seed-like nuts4 99 ,branches terminating in thorns #a4 99 ,plant without thorns4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves deciduous #b4 ,a4 ,leaves evergreen #c4 ,illustration3 ,r4 cathrtica4 #a4 ,rhmnus cathrtica1 ,l4 7,,common ,,buckthorn47 ,leaves ovate1 minutely serrate1 alternate or many of them opposite2 branchlets terminating in thorns4 ,flowers greenish4 ,fruit globular1 #a_/c in4 in diameter1 black with a green juice1 and #c or #d seeds2 ripe in ,september4 ,a shrub or small tree1 #aj to #ae ft4 high1 from ,europe2 cultivated for hedges1 and found wild in a few places1 where it forms a small tree4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,carolinina4 #b4 ,rhmnus ,carolinina1 ,walt4 7,,carolina ,,buckthorn47 ,leaves #c to #e in4 long1 alternate1 oblong1 wavy and obscurely serrulate1 nearly smooth1 on slender pubescent petioles4 ,flowers greenish1 #e-parted1 solitary or in umbellate clusters in the axils4 ,fruit berry-like1 globular1 the size of peas1 #c-seeded1 black when ripe in ,september4 ,a thornless shrub or small tree1 #e to #bj ft4 high4 ,new ,jersey1 south and west4 ,usually a shrub except in the ,southern ,states4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,califrnicus4 #c4 ,rhmnus ,califrnicus1 ,esch4 7,,california ,,buckthorn47 ,leaves evergreen1 oval-oblong to elliptical1 #a to #d in4 long1 rather obtuse1 sometimes acute1 generally rounded at base1 serrulate or entire4 ,fruit blackish purple1 with thin pulp1 in41 #b- to #c-seeded4 ,a spreading shrub1 #e to #ah ft4 high1 without thorns2 from ,california4 ,,genus #ba4 ,,hov,,nia4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple1 oblique at base4 ,fruit an obscurely #c-lobed1 #c-;celled1 #c-seeded pod in dichotomous clusters1 both axillary and terminal4 ,illustration3 ,h4 dlcis ,hovnia dlcis1 ,thunb4 ,leaves long-petioled1 more or less ovate to cordate1 serrate1 palmately #c-ribbed1 much darker on the upper surface2 both sides slightly roughened with scattered hairs4 ,fruit sweet1 edible1 in clusters in the axils of the leaves2 seeds lens-shaped1 with a ridge on the inner side4 ,flowers white2 in ,july4 ,a large1 broad-topped tree1 introduced from ,japan4 ,hardy at ,washington1 but dies to the ground in the ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,massachusetts4 ,,genus #bb4 ,z,,zyphus4 ,leaves simple1 alternate1 deciduous1 #c-ribbed4 ,flowers axillary1 #e-petaled4 ,fruit fleshy1 drupe-like1 containing a #a- to #b-;celled nut4 ,illustration3 ,z4 vulgris4 ,zzyphus vulgris1 ,lam4 7,,jujube47 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate1 obtuse1 serrate1 smooth1 and glossy green on both sides1 upper side quite dark2 slightly hairy beneath on the veins2 prickles twin1 one recurved1 sometimes none4 ,new growth of the year green1 and resembling a once-pinnate compound leaf and usually dropping off in the autumn like one4 ,leaves #aj to #bj on a twig1 #b-ranked2 flowers and drupes nearly sessile in the axils2 fruit small 7 in471 blood-red when ripe4 ,a small tree 7#aj to #cj ft4 high71 of recent introduction from ,syria2 hardy at ,philadelphia1 but needing some protection at the ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,massachusetts4 ,,order ,,xv4 ,,sapind,,ce4 7,,soapberry ,,family47 ,a large order represented in all countries1 and so varied in its characteristics as to form several sub-orders4 ,,genus #bc4 ,,sculus4 ,deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs1 with opposite1 palmately compound leaves with serrated1 straight-veined leaflets4 ,flowers usually conspicuous in dense terminal panicles4 ,fruit large1 leathery-coated1 often rough1 with one or few large ,chestnut-like but bitter seeds4 ,fruit large in midsummer1 hanging on the tree until frost4 99 ,fruit prickly4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaflets usually #g2 flowers widely spreading #a4 ,a4 ,leaflets #e-g1 red-spotted and rough2 flowers rosy red sculus rubicunda 7#a74 ,a4 ,leaflets usually #e2 flowers not much spreading #b4 99 ,fruit smooth or nearly so4 7,b47 ,b4 ,flowers bright red #c4 ,b4 ,flowers yellow1 purplish or pinkish #d4 ,b4 ,flowers white1 in long1 slender1 erect clusters #e4 ,illustration3 4 ,hippocstanum4 #a4 sculus ,hippocstanum4 7,,common ,,horse-,,chestnut47 ,leaves of #g obovate1 abruptly pointed1 serrated leaflets4 ,flowers very showy in large clusters1 with #e white1 purple and yellow spotted1 broadly spreading petals4 ,a variety with double flowers is in cultivation4 ,may or ,june4 ,fruit large1 covered with prickles4 ,seeds large1 chestnut-colored4 ,tree of large size1 with brown twigs2 cultivated everywhere2 from ,asia4 ,illustration3 4 rubicnda4 sculus rubicunda 7,red-flowering ,horse-chestnut7 is frequent in cultivation2 leaflets #e to #g1 red-spotted and rough2 flowers rosy red4 ,it is probably a hybrid between the common ,horse-chestnut and one of the ,buckeyes4 ,illustration3 glbra4 #b4 sculus glbra1 ,willd4 7,,ohio ,,buckeye47 ,leaves with #e oval-oblong1 acuminate1 serrate1 smooth leaflets4 ,flowers not showy1 yellowish-white1 with #d somewhat irregular1 slightly spreading petals4 ,june4 ,fruit small1 #a in4 in diameter1 covered with prickles1 at least when young2 ripe in autumn4 ,small to large tree1 wild in the basin of the ,ohio ,river1 along river-banks4 ,sometimes cultivated4 ,illustration3 4 ,pvia4 #c4 sculus ,pvia1 ,l4 7,,red ,,buckeye47 ,leaves of #e to #g oblong-lanceolate1 finely serrate1 generally smooth leaflets1 of a shining green color1 with purple veins and petioles4 ,flowers 7corolla and calyx7 bright red1 with included stamens2 corolla of #d petals1 not spreading2 calyx tubular4 ,fruit smooth1 oblong-obovate1 #a in4 long4 ,small tree or shrub1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 with purple twigs4 ,virginia west and south1 and occasionally cultivated throughout4 ,illustration3 4 flva4 #d4 sculus flva1 ,ait4 7,,sweet ,,buckeye47 ,leaves with #e to #g serrulate1 elliptical1 acuminate leaflets1 usually smooth1 sometimes minutely pubescent beneath2 the pubescent petiole flattish toward the base4 ,flowers yellow1 not spreading4 ,spring4 ,fruit globose1 uneven but not prickly1 #b in4 in diameter4 ,seeds large 7#a in471 #a or #b in number1 mahogany-colored2 ripe in autumn4 ,often a large tree1 sometimes only a shrub1 #f to #gj ft4 high1 in rich woods2 ,virginia to ,indiana1 and southward4 ,cultivated occasionally throughout4 ,var4 purpurascens of this species has flesh-colored or dull-purple flowers1 and leaflets quite downy beneath4 ,illustration3 4 macrostchya4 #e4 sculus macrostchya1 ,mx4 7,,long-,,racemed ,,buckeye47 ,leaflets #e to #g1 ovate1 acuminate1 serrate1 velvety with hairs beneath4 ,flowers white1 in long1 slender1 erect clusters2 ,july2 petals #d1 spreading2 stamens very long4 ,a beautiful1 widely spreading shrub4 #e to #ah ft4 high2 from the ,southern ,states2 often cultivated4 ,probably hardy throughout4 ,,genus #bd4 ,,koelreut,,ria4 ,a small tree with alternate1 once to twice irregularly pinnate leaves with many coarsely toothed leaflets4 ,flowers conspicuous1 yellow1 in terminal panicles4 ,in summer4 ,fruit rounded1 bladdery1 #c-;celled1 few-seeded pods2 ripe in autumn4 ,illustration3 ,k4 paniculta4 ,koelreutria paniculta1 ,laxm4 ,leaflets thin and very irregularly toothed4 ,clusters #f to #ab in4 long1 of many irregular flowers1 in4 wide2 through the summer4 ,fruit an ovate1 bladdery capsule1 ripening in autumn4 ,a fine1 small1 round-headed tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high2 from ,china4 ,probably hardy throughout4 ,,genus #be4 ,,cer4 ,trees1 or rarely shrubs1 with simple1 opposite1 and almost always palmately lobed leaves1 which1 in our species1 are always deciduous4 ,flowers small and usually dull-colored1 in clusters4 ,fruit double-winged and #b-seeded1 in some species hanging on the tree till the leaves have fallen2 in others dropping off early in the spring4 ,the species differ much in the spreading of the wings of the fruit4 ,wood light-colored and medium hard2 bark rather smoothish1 but in large trees with longitudinal cracks4 99 ,leaves slightly or not lobed #ac4 99 ,leaves about #c-lobed 7rarely #e-lobed72 shrubs or small trees4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves serrate #a1 #b4 ,a4 ,leaves somewhat sinuate1 not at all serrate2 juice milky4 #aj4 99 ,leaves #e-1 rarely #c-lobed4 7,b47 ,b4 ,the lobes acute1 irregularly but quite fully serrate2 juice not milky4 7,c47 ,c4 ,the fruit in corymbs1 dropping early2 ,american species4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaf-notches somewhat rounded2 tree large2 limbs drooping on old trees #c4 ,d4 ,leaf-notches acute2 tree small #d4 ,c4 ,fruit in hanging racemes1 remaining on the tree till autumn2 leaves thickish #e4 ,b4 ,the lobes acute2 sparingly or not at all serrate4 7,e47 ,e4 ,juice not milky #f4 ,e4 ,juice milky at the bases of the leaves #h1 #i4 ,b4 ,the lobes obtuse and sinuate #aj4 99 ,leaves #e- to #g-lobed4 7,f47 ,f4 ,lobes fully serrate #aa4 ,f4 ,lobes sparingly serrate4 7,g47 ,g4 ,juice milky #h1 #i4 ,g4 ,juice not milky2 leaves #h to #aj in4 broad #g4 ,f4 ,lobes somewhat sinuate1 not serrate2 juice milky #aj4 99 ,leaves with #g or more lobes #aa1 #ab4 ,illustration3 4 spictum4 #a4 cer spictum1 ,lam4 7,,mountain ,,maple47 ,leaves with #c 7rarely #e7 coarsely serrated1 taper-pointed lobes1 with slightly cordate base2 downy beneath4 ,flowers greenish-yellow1 in erect1 slender racemes or panicles1 blooming in ,june4 ,wings of the small fruit at about a right angle4 ,small tree1 #f to #aj ft4 high1 or usually a shrub1 with brown twigs4 ,native2 growing in moist woods2 rarely cultivated4 ,illustration3 4 ,pennsylvnicum4 #b4 cer ,pennsylvnicum1 ,l4 7,,striped ,,maple47 ,leaves large1 thin1 #c-lobed at the end1 cordate at base1 finely and sharply doubly serrate4 ,flowers greenish1 in drooping1 elongated1 loose racemes appearing after the leaves in spring4 ,fruit with large diverging wings4 ,a small1 slender tree1 with light green bark striped with dark red4 ,wild throughout and cultivated4 ,illustration3 4 dasycrpum4 #c4 cer dasycrpum1 ,ehrh4 7,,silver ,,or ,,white ,,maple47 ,leaves large1 truncated at base1 #e-lobed1 with blunt notches1 the lobes irregularly serrated and notched1 silvery white1 and1 when young1 downy beneath4 ,flowers light yellowish-purple1 preceding the leaves1 in crowded umbels along the branches4 ,wings of fruit large and forming about a right angle2 ripe early in ,june4 ,a rather large1 rapidly growing1 and usually somewhat weeping tree1 with soft white wood4 ,special cut-leaved and weeping varieties are sold at the nurseries4 ,wild along river-banks1 and extensively cultivated in the streets of cities4 ,illustration3 4 rbrum4 #d4 cer rbrum1 ,l4 7,,red ,,maple47 ,leaves cordate at base and cleft into #c to #e acute-notched1 irregularly toothed lobes1 whitish beneath1 turning a bright crimson in early autumn4 ,flowers usually scarlet1 rarely yellowish1 in close clusters along the branches1 appearing before the leaves in the spring4 ,fruit often reddish1 small1 with the wings at about a right angle4 ,a rather small1 somewhat spreading tree with reddish branches2 wild in wet places and often cultivated4 ,illustration3 4 ,pseudopltanus4 #e4 cer ,pseudopltanus1 ,l4 7,,sycamore-,,maple47 ,leaves thickish1 cordate1 downy beneath1 with #e rather crenately toothed lobes1 on long1 often reddish petioles4 ,flowers in long pendulous racemes1 appearing after the leaves4 ,fruit hanging on the tree till after the leaves fall in the autumn1 the wings forming about a right angle4 ,a rather large1 spreading tree1 #cj to #hj ft4 high1 with reddish-brown twigs4 ,cultivated2 from ,europe4 ,many varieties of this species are sold by the nurserymen2 among them may be mentioned the ,purple-leaved1 ,golden-leaved1 ,silver-leaved1 ,tricolored1 etc4 ,illustration3 4 saccharnum4 #f4 cer saccharnum1 ,wang4 7,,sugar ,,or ,,rock ,,maple47 ,leaves deeply #c- to #e-lobed1 with rounded notches2 lobes acute1 few-toothed2 base heart-shaped1 smooth above1 glaucous beneath4 ,flowers hanging in umbel-like clusters at the time the leaves are expanding in the spring4 ,fruit with wings not quite forming a right angle4 ,a large 7#ej to #ajj ft4 high71 very symmetrical tree1 ovate in form1 with whitish-brown twigs4 ,wild throughout1 and extensively cultivated in the streets of cities4 ,var4 nigrum1 ,torr4 and ,gray4 7,black ,sugar-maple47 ,leaves scarcely paler beneath1 but often minutely downy2 lobes wider1 often shorter and entire2 notch at the base often closed 7the under leaf in the figure74 ,found with the other ,sugar-maple1 and quite variable4 ,illustration3 4 macrophllum4 #g4 cer macrophllum1 ,ph4 7,,large-,,leaved ,,or ,,california ,,maple47 ,leaves very large1 #h to #aj in4 broad2 #e-1 sometimes #g-lobed1 with deep1 rounded notches2 lobes themselves somewhat #c-lobed and repand-notched2 pubescent beneath4 ,flowers yellow1 in erect panicles1 fragrant1 blooming after the leaves are expanded4 ,fruit large1 with the seeded portion hairy2 wings at about a right angle4 ,tree very large 7#ajj ft4 high72 wood soft1 whitish1 beautifully veined4 ,twigs brown2 buds green4 ,cultivated2 from the ,pacific coast1 but not hardy north of #dj ,n4 latitude4 ,illustration3 4 platanodes4 #h4 cer platanodes1 ,l4 7,,norway ,,maple47 ,leaves large1 smooth1 #e-1 rarely #g-;cleft1 with cordate base2 lobes acute1 with few coarse1 sharp teeth1 bright green both sides4 ,the leaves resemble those of the ,sycamore 7,platanus74 ,flowers a little later than the leaves in spring1 in stalked corymbs1 less drooping than the ,sugar-maple 7,no4 #f74 ,fruit with wings diverging in a straight line4 ,a medium-sized1 broad1 rounded tree with brown twigs and milky juice1 best seen at the bases of the young leaves4 ,cultivated throughout4 ,illustration3 4 ,ltum4 #i4 cer ,ltum4 7,,colchicum-,,leaved ,,maple47 ,leaves #e- to #g-lobed1 scarcely heart-shaped at base1 smooth and green on both sides2 juice milky2 the lobes usually without any notches or irregularities1 sometimes with about three winding sinuations4 ,flowers in erect corymbs4 ,differs from ,acer platanoides in having the lobes of the leaves more nearly entire1 and the fruit much smaller with wings not so broadly spreading4 ,illustration3 4 campstre4 #aj4 cer campstre1 ,l4 7,,english ,,or ,,cork-,,bark ,,maple47 ,leaves cordate1 with usually #e roundish lobes1 sparingly crenate or rather undulated2 juice milky4 ,racemes of flowers erect1 appearing after the leaves in spring4 ,wings of the fruit broadly spreading2 fruit ripening very late4 ,a low 7#ae to #cj ft4 high71 round-headed tree1 with the twigs and smaller branches covered with corky bark4 ,occasionally cultivated2 from ,europe4 ,var4 variegatum has white blotched leaves4 ,illustration3 4 palmtum4 #aa4 cer palmtum1 ,thunb4 7,,palmate-,,leaved ,,japan ,,maple47 ,leaves small1 smooth1 palmately parted into #e to #i quite regularly serrated lobes4 ,flowers in small umbels4 ,a very low tree1 almost a shrub2 cultivated2 from ,japan2 probably hardy throughout4 ,there are a great number of ,japan ,maples1 many of them probably varieties of this species1 others hybrids4 ,the leaves of some are so divided and dissected as to form merely a fringe or feather4 ,in color they range from pure green to the richest reds4 ,illustration3 4 circintum4 #ab4 cer circintum1 ,pursh4 7,,round-,,leaved ,,or ,,vine ,,maple47 ,leaves orbicular1 with #g to #aa serrated1 acute lobes1 a heart-shaped base1 reddish-green color1 and both surfaces smooth4 ,corymbs of purplish flowers1 small and hanging on long peduncles2 appearing after the leaves4 ,wings of the fruit diverging in a straight line4 ,a small tree or tall shrub1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 of spreading habit1 with smooth bark1 and pale brown twigs2 cultivated2 from the ,pacific coast of ,north ,america4 ,illustration3 4 ,tartricum4 #ac4 cer ,tartricum1 ,l4 7,,tartarian ,,maple47 ,leaves ovate1 slightly cordate1 rarely lobed1 serrated1 light-colored1 expanding very early in the spring4 ,panicle of greenish-yellow flowers erect1 blooming after the leaves have expanded4 ,wings of the fruit parallel or sometimes touching4 ,a small tree1 sometimes shrubby in growth1 of irregular form1 with brown twigs2 rarely cultivated2 from ,europe4 ,,genus #bf4 ,,neg,,ndo4 ,leaves pinnate1 of #c to #e leaflets4 ,flowers rather inconspicuous4 ,fruit a two-winged key as in ,acer1 in drooping racemes4 ,illustration3 ,n4 acerodes4 ,negndo acerodes1 ,moench4 7,,ash-,,leaved ,,maple4 ,,box-,,elder47 ,leaves pinnate1 of #c to #e 7rarely #g7 coarsely and sparingly toothed leaflets4 ,flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees1 in drooping clusters rather earlier than the leaves4 ,fruit on only a portion of the trees2 wings forming less than a right angle4 ,a rather small 7#cj to #fj ft4 high71 rapidly growing tree1 with light pea-green twigs2 wild from ,pennsylvania and south1 and cultivated throughout4 ,var4 ,californicum1 ,torr4 and ,gray 7the under drawing in the figure71 has leaflets more deeply cut1 thicker1 and quite hairy2 it is occasionally cultivated4 ,,order ,,xvi4 ,,anacardi,,ce4 7,,cashew ,,family47 ,trees and shrubs1 mainly of the tropical regions1 here represented by only one genus3 ,,genus #bg4 ,,rh,s4 ,low trees or shrubs with acrid1 often poisonous1 usually milky juice1 and dotless1 alternate1 usually pinnately compound leaves4 ,flowers greenish-white or yellowish1 in large terminal panicles4 ,fruit small 7#a_/h in471 indehiscent1 dry drupes in large clusters1 generally remaining on through the autumn4 99 ,leaves simple1 rounded1 entire #f1 #g4 99 ,leaves once-pinnate4 7,a47 ,a4 ,twigs very hairy2 rachis not winged2 leaflets #aa to #ca #a4 ,a4 ,twigs downy2 rachis wing-margined2 leaflets entire or nearly so #c4 ,a4 ,twigs smooth4 7,b47 ,b4 ,rachis of leaf broadly winged2 leaflets serrate #e4 ,b4 ,rachis not winged4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaflets #aa to #ca1 serrate2 fruit hairy #b4 ,c4 ,leaflets #g to #ac1 entire2 fruit smooth2 poisonous #d4 99 ,leaves twice-pinnate2 variety under #b4 ,illustration3 ,r4 tphina4 #a4 ,rhs tphina1 ,l4 7,,stag-,,horn ,,sumac47 ,leaflets #aa to #ca1 oblong-lanceolate1 pointed1 serrate 7rarely laciniate71 pale beneath4 ,branches and footstalks densely hairy4 ,fruit globular1 in large1 dense1 erect panicles1 covered with crimson hairs4 ,shrub or tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high4 ,it is very common along fences and on hillsides4 ,the wood is orange-colored and brittle4 ,illustration3 ,r4 glbra4 #b4 ,rhs glbra1 ,l4 7,,smooth ,,sumac47 ,leaflets #aa to #ca1 lanceolate-oblong1 pointed1 serrate1 smooth1 glaucous white beneath4 ,branches not hairy4 ,fruit globular1 in a rather open1 spreading cluster1 covered densely with crimson hairs4 ,a shrubby plant1 #b to #ab ft4 high1 found quite abundantly in rocky or barren soil throughout4 ,illustration3 ,r4 lacinita4 ,var4 laciniata is frequently planted for ornament4 ,it has very irregularly twice-pinnate leaves drooping gracefully from the branches4 ,illustration3 ,r4 copallna4 #c4 ,rhs copallna1 ,l4 7,,dwarf ,,mountain ,,sumac47 ,branches and stalks downy2 leafstalk wing-margined between the #i to #ba oblong-lanceolate1 usually entire leaflets1 which are oblique at base and smooth and shining above4 ,wild in rocky hills throughout2 often cultivated4 ,north1 a beautiful shrub2 south1 a tree4 #b to #be ft4 high4 ,illustration3 ,r4 venenta4 #d4 ,rhs venenta1 ,,dc4 7,,poison-,,sumac4 ,,poison-,,dogwood4 ,,poison-,,elder47 ,leaflets #g to #ac1 obovate-oblong1 entire1 abruptly pointed1 smooth or nearly so4 ,fruit small1 globular1 smooth1 dun-colored1 in loose axillary panicles hanging on late in winter2 the stone striate4 ,this is a very poisonous species 7to the touch71 #f to #ah ft4 high1 growing in swamps4 ,rarely at all tree-like4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,osbckii4 #e4 ,rhs ,osbckii1 ,,dc4 7,,chinese ,,sumac47 ,leaves very large1 pinnate1 assuming in autumn a rich reddish-fawn or orange color2 the leafstalk broadly winged between the leaflets2 leaflets serrate4 ,a small ornamental tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high2 cultivated2 from ,china2 quite hardy in the ,northern ,states4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,ctinus4 #f4 ,rhs ,ctinus1 ,l4 7,,smoke-,,tree4 ,,venetian ,,sumac47 ,leaves smooth1 obovate1 entire1 on slender petioles4 ,flowers greenish1 minute1 in terminal or axillary panicles4 ,fruit seldom found4 ,usually most of the flowers are abortive1 while their pedicels lengthen1 branch1 and form long feather-like hairs1 making large cloud-like branches that look somewhat like smoke 7whence the name74 ,a shrub or small tree1 #f to #aj ft4 high1 often planted for ornament2 from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,r4 cotinodes4 #g4 ,rhs cotinodes1 ,nutt4 7,,american ,,smoke-,,tree47 ,leaves thin1 oval1 obtuse1 entire1 acute at base1 #c to #f in4 long1 smooth or nearly so4 ,flowers and fruit like those of the cultivated species 7,rhus ,cotinus74 ,a tree #bj to #dj ft4 high2 stem sometimes a foot or more in diameter in the ,southern ,states2 wild in ,tennessee1 west and south4 ,rare in cultivation4 ,,order ,,xvii4 ,,leguminos4 7,,pulse ,,family47 ,a very large order of plants1 mainly herbaceous2 found in all climates4 ,a few are shrubby1 and others are from small to large trees4 ,,genus #bh4 ,,lab,,rnum4 ,low trees or shrubs with alternate1 palmate leaves of three leaflets4 ,flowers conspicuous1 pea-blossom-shaped1 in long hanging racemes1 in late spring4 ,fruit pea-pod-shaped1 dark brown1 and many-seeded2 ripe in autumn4 ,illustration3 ,l4 vulgre4 ,labrnum vulgre4 7,,laburnum4 ,,golden-,,chain4 ,,bean-,,trefoil ,,tree47 ,leaves petiolate1 with #c ovate-lanceolate leaflets1 pubescent beneath4 ,flowers bright yellow1 nearly #a in4 long1 in long 7#a ft471 pendulous1 simple racemes2 in late spring4 ,pods #b in4 long1 linear1 many-seeded1 covered with closely appressed pubescence2 one edge thick2 ripe in autumn4 ,a low1 very ornamental tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 often cultivated2 from ,switzerland4 ,varieties with reddish1 purple1 and white flowers are also in cultivation4 ,var4 alpinus has smooth pods4 ,,genus #bi4 ,,carag,,na4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 abruptly once-pinnate2 leaflets mucronate2 stipules usually spinescent4 ,flowers pea-flower-shaped1 mostly yellow4 ,trees or shrubs of ,asia4 ,illustration3 ,c4 arborscens4 ,caragna arborscens1 ,larn4 7,,pea-,,tree47 ,leaves with #d to #f pairs of oval-oblong1 mucronate-pointed1 hairy leaflets2 petioles unarmed2 stipules spinescent4 ,flowers yellow1 blooming in ,may4 ,pods brown1 ripe in ,august4 ,a low1 stiff1 erect tree1 #aj to #ae ft4 high2 in poor soil a bush4 ,from ,siberia2 frequent in cultivation4 ,,genus #cj4 ,,cladr,,stis4 ,small tree with alternate1 odd-pinnate leaves1 the base of the petiole hollow1 and inclosing the leaf-buds of the next year4 ,flowers large1 pea-blossom-like in shape1 in large clusters4 ,fruit pea-pod-like in shape and size4 ,wood light yellow1 firm and hard4 ,illustration3 ,c4 tinctria4 ,cladrstis tinctria1 ,raf4 7,,yellow-,,wood47 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 oval to ovate1 #c to #d in4 long1 beautiful light green in color4 ,flowers #a in4 long1 white1 not so fragrant as the common ,locust1 in hanging panicles #aj to #bj in4 long2 blooming in ,june4 ,pods #b in4 long1 ripe in ,august4 ,wild but rare in ,kentucky and south4 ,a beautiful tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high1 with very smooth grayish bark2 rarely cultivated4 ,,genus #ca4 ,,rob,,nia4 ,trees or shrubs with alternate1 odd-pinnate leaves1 having spines on each side of the stalk in place of stipules4 ,leafstalk thickened near the base1 and covering #b to #c buds for the growth of a branch for the next year4 ,an axillary bud also found that may produce a branch the same year as the leaf4 ,flowers large1 pea-blossom-shaped1 in large clusters4 ,fruit a pea-shaped pod4 99 ,branchlets and leafstalks not sticky #a4 99 ,branchlets and leafstalks sticky #b4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,pseudaccia4 #a4 ,robnia ,pseudaccia1 ,l4 7,,common ,,locust47 ,leaflets #i to #ai1 small1 oblong-ovate1 entire1 thin4 ,twigs purplish-brown1 slender1 smooth1 not sticky4 ,flowers white1 fragrant1 in hanging racemes1 #c to #f in4 long4 ,june4 ,pods flat1 smooth1 purplish-brown1 ripe in ,september4 ,an irregularly growing1 slender tree1 #gj to #hj ft4 high1 with white or greenish-yellow1 very durable wood1 and on old trees very rough bark with long1 deep furrows4 ,native2 ,pennsylvania1 west and south1 and extensively planted and naturalized throughout4 ,a number of varieties1 some of which are thornless1 are in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,r4 viscsa4 #b4 ,robnia viscsa1 ,vent4 7,,clammy ,,locust47 ,leaflets #aa to #be1 ovate-oblong1 sometimes slightly heart-shaped at base1 tipped with a short bristle4 ,twigs and leafstalks sticky to the touch4 ,flowers in a short1 rather compact1 upright raceme1 rose-colored and inodorous4 ,a small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high2 native south1 and has been quite extensively cultivated north4 #c4 ,robnia hspida1 ,l4 7,,bristly ,,locust4 ,,rose-,,acacia471 with bristly leafstalks and branchlets1 and large rose-colored flowers1 is only a bush4 ,often cultivated4 ,wild from ,virginia and south4 ,,genus #cb4 ,c,,rcis4 ,small trees or shrubs1 with alternate1 simple1 heart-shaped leaves4 ,flowers in umbel-like clusters along the branches1 appearing before the leaves1 and shaped like pea-blossoms4 ,fruit pea-like pods1 remaining on the tree throughout the year4 ,wood hard1 heavy1 and beautifully blotched or waved with black1 green1 and yellow1 on a gray ground4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,canadnsis4 #a4 ,crcis ,canadnsis1 ,l4 7,,judas-,,tree4 ,,redbud47 ,leaves acutely pointed1 smooth1 dark green1 glossy4 ,flowers bright red-purple4 ,pods nearly sessile1 #c to #d in4 long1 brown when ripe in ,august4 ,a small ornamental tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 with smooth bark and hard apple-tree-like wood2 wild from ,central ,new ,york southward1 and often cultivated4 #b4 ,crcis siliqustrum 7,,european ,,judas-,,tree471 from ,europe1 with obtusely pointed1 somewhat kidney-shaped leaves1 and white to purple flowers1 is sometimes cultivated4 ,it is not so tall or tree-like as the ,american species4 ,,genus #cc4 ,,gymn,,cladus4 ,tall trees with alternate1 very large 7#b to #d ft4 long71 unequally twice-pinnate leaves4 ,flowers white1 conspicuous1 in racemes at the ends of the branches4 ,fruit a large pea-like pod4 ,some trees are without fruit through the abortion of the pistils4 ,illustration3 ,g4 ,canadnsis4 ,gymncladus ,canadnsis1 ,lam4 7,,kentucky ,,coffee-,,tree47 ,leaves #b to #c ft4 long1 often with the lower pinn simple and the upper pinnate4 ,leaflets ovate1 of a dull bluish-green color4 ,shoots cane-like1 blunt and stubby1 quite erect4 ,bark exceedingly rough4 ,pod large1 #f to #aj in4 long1 #b in4 broad1 with seeds over in4 across4 ,a large 7#ej to #hj ft4 high7 tree with compact1 tough1 reddish wood4 ,wild from western ,new ,york southwestward1 and occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree4 ,,genus #cd4 ,,gled,,tschia4 ,usually thorny trees with alternate1 once to twice abruptly pinnate leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 greenish1 in small spikes4 ,summer4 ,fruit a small or large pea-like pod1 with one to many seeds2 ripe in autumn1 but often hanging on the trees through the winter4 ,illustration3 ,g4 triacnthos4 #a4 ,gledtschia triacnthos1 ,l4 7,,honey-,,locust47 ,leaflets lanceolate-oblong1 somewhat serrate4 ,pods linear1 #a to #a ft4 long1 often twisted1 filled with sweet pulp between the seeds4 ,a large1 handsome1 clean tree1 with usually many stout1 much-branched thorns1 especially abundant on bruised portions of the trunk and large branches2 thorns compressed at base4 ,wild from ,pennsylvania southward and westward1 and extensively cultivated throughout4 ,a variety without thorns is frequently met with 7var4 inermis71 also one with drooping foliage 7var4 ,bujotii pendula74 ,illustration3 ,g4 aqutica4 #b4 ,gledtschia aqutica1 ,marsh4 7,,water-,,locust47 ,leaflets ovate or oblong4 ,pods oval1 #a to #d in4 long1 #a- to few-seeded1 without pulp4 ,a small tree with few slender1 usually simple thorns2 in swamps in southern ,illinois and south4 ,occasionally planted for ornament4 ,this species is quite similar to the preceding one1 but the leaves are somewhat smaller1 the thorns1 though occasionally branching1 do not branch so extensively1 and the pod is very short and rounded4 ,illustration3 ,g4 sinnsis4 #c4 ,gledtschia sinnsis1 ,lam4 7,,chinese ,,honey-,,locust47 ,a tree with stouter and more conical thorns1 broader and more oval leaflets4 ,a medium-sized or small tree1 often cultivated4 ,this species1 like the others1 has a thornless variety4 ,,genus #ce4 ,,alb,,zzia4 ,trees or shrubs with abruptly pinnate leaves4 ,fruit a broad-linear straight pod4 ,illustration3 ,a4 julibrssin4 ,albzzia julibrssin1 ,boivin4 7,,silk-,,tree47 ,leaves twice abruptly pinnate1 of many 7over #djj7 leaflets2 leaflets semi-oblong1 curved1 entire1 acute1 with the midrib near the upper edge4 ,flowers in globose heads forming panicles4 ,fruit plain pods on short stems4 ,a very beautiful small tree1 introduced from ,japan2 probably not hardy north of ,washington4 ,the figure shows only one of the lowest and shortest side divisions 7pinn7 of the leaf4 ,the pinn increase in length and number of leaflets to the end of the leaf4 ,,order ,,xviii4 ,,rosace4 7,,rose ,,family47 ,a large and very useful order of trees1 shrubs1 and herbs of temperate regions4 ,,genus #cf4 ,,pr,,nus4 ,trees or shrubs with simple1 alternate1 deciduous1 usually serrate1 stipulate leaves1 without lobes4 ,the stems produce gum when injured4 ,foliage and nuts have flavor of peach-leaves4 ,flowers conspicuous1 usually white1 or light pink1 often in clusters1 peach-blossom-shaped2 in early spring4 ,fruit in size from pea to peach1 a rounded drupe with one stony-coated seed4 99 ,drupe large1 soft velvety on the surface2 stone rough 7,peach1 ,apricot7 #a4 99 ,drupe medium1 covered with a bloom2 stone smooth1 flattened 7,plums74 7,a47 ,a4 ,usually thorny2 wild1 rarely cultivated4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves acuminate #b1 #c4 ,b4 ,leaves not acuminate #d1 #e4 ,a4 ,not thorny2 cultivated #f4 99 ,drupe medium to small1 smooth1 without bloom 7,cherries74 7,c47 ,c4 ,drupes clustered in umbels1 -#a in4 in diameter4 7,d47 ,d4 ,small cultivated tree2 drupe globose1 rather large1 very sour #i4 ,d4 ,large cultivated tree2 drupe large1 somewhat pitted at the stem #h4 ,d4 ,rather small1 native tree2 drupe small1 flesh thin #g4 ,c4 ,drupes clustered in racemes1 #a_/h - #a_/c in4 in diameter4 7,e47 ,e4 ,tall shrubs rather than trees2 racemes short #aa4 ,e4 ,trees2 racemes quite elongated4 7,f47 ,f4 ,stone of fruit somewhat roughened #ab4 ,f4 ,stone smooth #aj4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,prsica4 #a4 ,prnus ,prsica1 ,l4 7,,common ,,peach47 ,leaves lanceolate1 serrate4 ,flowers rose-colored1 nearly sessile1 very early in bloom4 ,fruit clothed with velvety down1 large2 stone rough-wrinkled4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 cultivated in numberless varieties for its fruit4 ,var4 lvis 7,nectarine7 has smooth-skinned fruit4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,americna4 #b4 ,prnus ,americna1 ,marsh4 7,,wild ,,yellow ,,or ,,red ,,plum47 ,leaves ovate or somewhat obovate1 conspicuously pointed1 coarsely or doubly serrate1 very veiny1 smooth when mature4 ,fruit with little or no bloom1 to #a in4 in diameter1 yellow1 orange1 or red2 skin tough and bitter4 ,stone with two sharp edges4 ,a small1 thorny tree1 #h to #bj ft4 high1 common in woodlands and on river-banks4 ,many improved varieties1 some thornless1 are in cultivation4 ,wood reddish color4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,alleghaninsis4 #c4 ,prnus ,alleghaninsis1 ,porter4 7,,alleghany ,,plum47 ,leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate1 often long-acuminate1 finely and sharply serrate1 softly pubescent when young1 smooth when old2 fruit globose-ovoid1 under in41 very dark purple1 with a bloom2 stone turgid1 a shallow groove on one side and a broad1 flat ridge on the other4 ,a low1 straggling bush1 occasionally a tree1 #c to #ae ft4 high4 ,mountains of ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,chicsa4 #d4 ,prnus ,chicsa1 ,michx4 7,,chicasaw ,,plum47 ,leaves long1 narrow1 almost lanceolate1 acute1 finely serrate1 thin4 ,flowers on short stalks4 ,fruit globular1 to #b_/c in4 in diameter1 thin-skinned1 without bloom1 yellowish-red1 pleasant to taste4 ,stone globular1 without sharp edges4 ,a thorny shrub or small tree1 #f to #ae ft4 high2 wild in ,new ,jersey1 west and south1 and often cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,p4 spinsa4 #e4 ,prnus spinsa1 ,l4 7,,sloe4 ,,blackthorn4 ,,bullace ,,plum47 ,leaves obovate-oblong to lance-oblong1 sharply serrate1 soon smooth2 leafstalk smooth2 fruit small1 globular1 black1 with a bloom2 the stone rounded1 acute at one edge2 flesh greenish1 astringent4 ,a low tree with thorny branches2 it is becoming naturalized along roadsides and waste places2 from ,europe4 ,var4 instititia 7,bullace ,plum7 is less thorny1 and has the leafstalk and lower side of the leaves pubescent4 ,illustration3 ,p4 domstica4 #f4 ,prnus domstica1 ,l4 7,,common ,,garden ,,plum47 ,leaves #a to #c in4 long1 oval or ovate-lanceolate1 acute to obtuse4 ,flowers white1 nearly solitary4 ,drupe globular1 obovoid to ovoid1 of many colors 7black1 white1 etc471 covered with a rich glaucous bloom4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 in cultivation everywhere for its fruit4 ,over a hundred varieties are named in the catalogues4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,pennsylvnica4 #g4 ,prnus ,pennsylvnica1 ,l4 f4 7,,wild ,,red ,,cherry47 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 pointed1 finely and sharply serrate1 shining green1 smooth on both sides4 ,flowers many in an umbel on long stems4 ,fruit round1 light red1 quite small1 in4 in diameter1 sour4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 in rocky woods2 common north and extending southward along the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina4 ,illustration3 ,p4 vium4 #h4 ,prnus vium1 ,l4 7,,bird-,,cherry ,,or ,,english ,,cherry47 ,leaves oval-lanceolate1 sharp-pointed1 coarsely or doubly serrate4 ,flowers in sessile umbels1 opening when the leaves appear4 ,fruit of various colors1 somewhat heart-shaped4 ,this is the ,cherry tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 of which there are many named varieties usually cultivated for the fruit4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,crasus4 #i4 ,prnus ,crasus1 ,l4 7,,garden ,,red ,,cherry4 ,,morello ,,cherry47 ,leaves obovate and lance-ovate1 serrate1 on slender spreading branches4 ,flowers rather large4 ,fruit globular1 bright red to dark purple1 very sour2 in sessile umbels4 ,a small1 round-headed tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 often cultivated4 ,the preceding species and this one are the parents of most of the ,cherry trees in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,p4 sertina4 #aj4 ,prnus sertina1 ,ehrh4 7,,wild ,,black ,,cherry47 ,leaves oblong or lance-oblong1 thickish1 smooth1 usually taper-pointed1 serrate1 with incurved1 short1 thick teeth4 ,flowers in long racemes4 ,june4 ,fruit as large as peas1 purple-black1 bitter2 ripe in autumn4 ,a fine tree1 #ae to #fj ft4 high1 with reddish-brown branches4 ,wood reddish and valuable for cabinet-work4 ,common in woodlands and along fences4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,virginina4 #aa4 ,prnus ,virginina1 ,l4 7,,choke-,,cherry47 ,leaves thin1 oval-oblong or obovate1 abruptly pointed1 very sharply1 often doubly serrate1 with slender teeth4 ,racemes of flowers and fruit short and close4 ,fruit dark crimson1 stone smooth4 ,flowers in ,may2 fruit ripe in ,august2 not edible till fully ripe4 ,a tall shrub1 sometimes a tree1 with grayish bark4 ,river-banks1 common especially northward4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,pdus4 #ab4 ,prnus ,pdus1 ,l4 7,,small ,,bird-,,cherry47 ,like ,prunus ,virginiana1 excepting that the racemes are longer and drooping1 and the stone is roughened4 ,occasionally planted for ornament4 ,,genus #cg4 ,,pyrus4 ,trees and shrubs1 with alternate1 stipulate1 simple1 or pinnately compound leaves4 ,flowers conspicuous1 white to pink1 apple-blossom-shaped 7#e petals72 in spring4 ,fruit a fleshy pome1 with the cells formed by papery or cartilaginous membranes within juicy flesh4 99 ,leaves deeply pinnatifid or fully pinnate 7,mountain ,ashes7 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaf deeply pinnatifid1 sometimes fully divided at the base4 #f4 ,a4 ,leaf once-pinnate throughout4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaf-buds pointed1 smooth and somewhat glutinous #g4 ,b4 ,leaf-buds more or less hairy #h1 #i4 99 ,leaves simple and not pinnatifid4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves entire2 fruit solitary 7,quinces7 #e4 ,c4 ,leaves serrate2 fruit clustered4 7,d47 ,d4 ,fruit large1 sunken at both ends 7,apples7 #a4 ,d4 ,fruit small 7-#a in471 sour1 much sunken at the stem end and but little at the other 7,crab-apples74 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves very narrow2 fruit in4 #b4 ,e4 ,leaves broad2 fruit #a in4 #c4 ,d4 ,fruit usually obovate1 not sunken at the stem end 7,pears74 #d4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,mlus4 #a4 ,pyrus ,mlus1 ,l4 7,,common ,,apple-,,tree47 ,leaves simple1 ovate1 evenly crenate or serrate1 smooth on the upper surface and woolly on the lower4 ,flowers large 7#a in471 white1 tinged with pink1 in small corymbs4 ,may4 ,fruit large1 sunken at both ends1 especially at base2 ripe from ,august to ,october1 according to variety4 ,a flat-topped tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high1 cultivated in hundreds of named varieties2 from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,p4 angustiflia4 #b4 ,pyrus angustiflia1 ,ait4 7,,narrow-,,leaved ,,crab-,,apple47 ,leaves simple1 lanceolate or oblong1 often acute at base1 mostly serrate1 smooth4 ,flowers large 7#b_/c in471 rose-colored1 fragrant1 in small1 simple1 umbel-like clusters4 ,fruit very sour1 small 7 in474 ,twigs lead-colored and speckled4 ,a small tree1 #ab to #bj ft4 high4 ,pennsylvania and southward4 ,illustration3 ,p4 coronria4 #c4 ,pyrus coronria1 ,l4 7,,american ,,or ,,garland ,,crab-,,apple47 ,leaves simple1 ovate1 often rather heart-shaped1 cut-serrate1 often #c-lobed1 soon smooth4 ,flowers large 7 in471 few1 in a cluster1 rose-colored1 very fragrant4 ,fruit very sour and astringent1 flattened1 broad1 #a in4 or more in diameter1 yellowish green4 ,small tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high2 ,new ,york1 west and south1 also frequently cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,p4 commnis4 #d4 ,pyrus commnis1 ,l4 7,,common ,,pear-,,tree47 ,leaves simple1 ovate1 serrate1 smooth on both sides1 at least when mature4 ,flowers large 7over #a in471 white1 with purple anthers4 ,april and ,may4 ,fruit large1 usually obovate and mainly sunken at the large end2 ripe ,july to ,october1 according to the variety4 ,a pyramidal-shaped tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 with smooth bark and often somewhat thorny branches4 ,of several hundred named varieties1 native to ,europe4 ,cultivated for its fruit4 ,wood slightly tinged with red2 strong1 and of fine grain4 ,illustration3 ,p4 vulgris4 #e4 ,pyrus vulgris4 7,,quince4 ,,common ,,quince-,,tree47 ,leaves ovate1 obtuse at base1 entire1 hairy beneath4 ,flowers solitary1 large1 #a in41 white or pale rose-color4 ,fruit large1 hard1 orange-yellow1 of peculiar sour flavor2 seeds mucilaginous2 ripens in ,october4 ,a low tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 with a crooked stem and rambling branches2 from ,europe4 ,several varieties in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,p4 pinnatfida4 #f4 ,pyrus pinnatfida1 ,ehrh4 7,,oak-,,leaved ,,mountain-,,ash47 ,leaves pinnately cleft and often fully pinnate at base1 hairy beneath4 ,pome globose1 in41 scarlet1 ripe in autumn4 ,a cultivated tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high2 from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,americna4 #g4 ,pyrus ,americna1 ,,dc4 7,,american ,,mountain-,,ash47 ,leaflets #ac to #ae1 lanceolate1 bright green1 nearly smooth1 taper-pointed1 sharply serrate with pointed teeth4 ,leaf-buds pointed1 glabrous and somewhat glutinous4 ,flowers white1 #a_/c in41 in large1 flat1 compound cymes4 ,in ,june4 ,fruit berry-like pomes1 the size of small peas1 bright scarlet when ripe in ,september1 and hanging on the tree till winter4 ,a tall shrub or tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 in swamps and mountain woods2 more abundant northward4 ,often cultivated for the showy clusters of berries in autumn4 ,illustration3 ,p4 sambuciflia4 #h4 ,pyrus sambuciflia1 ,cham4 ,schlecht4 7,,elder-,,leaved ,,mountain-,,ash47 ,leaflets oblong1 oval or lance-ovate1 obtuse 7sometimes abruptly sharp-pointed71 usually doubly serrate with rather spreading teeth1 generally pale beneath4 ,leaf-buds somewhat hairy4 ,flowers and berries larger1 but in smaller clusters1 than the preceding species4 ,the berries globose when ripe1 #a_/c in4 broad1 bright red4 ,this species1 much like ,pyrus ,americana1 is found wild in northern ,new ,england and westward4 ,illustration3 ,p4 aucupria4 #i4 ,pyrus aucupria1 ,gaertn4 7,,european ,,mountain-,,ash1 ,,or ,,rowan-,,tree47 ,much like ,pyrus ,americana1 but the leaflets are paler and more obtuse1 with their lower surface downy4 ,leaf-buds blunter and densely covered with hairs4 ,flowers larger1 in4 or more in diameter4 ,fruit also much larger1 sometimes nearly in4 in diameter4 ,beautiful tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 often cultivated4 ,,genus #ch4 ,,crat,,gus4 ,thorny shrubs or small trees with simple1 alternate1 serrate1 doubly serrate or lobed leaves4 ,flowers cherry-like blossoms1 usually white in color and growing in corymbs1 generally on the ends of side shoots2 in spring4 ,fruit a berry or drupe with #a to #e bony stones1 tipped with the #e persistent calyx-teeth2 ripe in autumn4 99 ,calyx1 stipules1 bracts1 etc41 often glandular4 7,a47 ,a4 ,flowers and fruit often over #f in a cluster4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves usually abrupt at base #a4 ,b4 ,leaves usually attenuate at base #b4 ,a4 ,flowers and fruit few1 #a to #f in a cluster #aj4 99 ,calyx1 etc41 without glands 7,no4 #d has glandular teeth to the calyx72 flowers many in a cluster4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves more or less tapering at base4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves generally lobed2 cultivated1 rarely escaped #c4 ,d4 ,leaves rarely lobed2 native4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves small1 shining1 crenate at the end #e4 ,e4 ,leaves villous or pubescent1 at least when young #i4 ,e4 ,leaves smooth or only downy at the axils1 acutely serrate4 ,south #g4 ,c4 ,leaves usually abrupt at base1 sometimes cordate4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves downy when young4 7,g47 ,g4 ,leaves usually lobed #d4 ,g4 ,leaves rarely lobed2 veins very prominent #h4 ,f4 ,leaves quite smooth #f4 ,illustration3 ,c4 coccnea4 #a4 ,cratgus coccnea1 ,l4 7,,scarlet-,,fruited ,,thorn47 ,leaves bright green1 smooth1 thin1 roundish-ovate1 sharply cut-toothed or lobed1 on slender petioles4 ,branches reddish1 villous-pubescent2 spines stout1 chestnut-brown4 ,flowers large1 to #b_/c in41 many in a corymb1 on glandular peduncles4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit scarlet1 round or pear-shaped1 in42 ripe in ,september1 with from #a to #e cells and seeds4 ,tall shrub or low tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 in hedges and woods2 common from ,canada to ,florida4 ,var4 mollis has the shoots densely pubescent2 leaves large1 slender-petioled1 cuneate1 cordate or truncate at base1 usually with acute narrow lobes1 often rough above1 and more or less densely pubescent beneath4 ,flowers large1 #a in42 fruit light scarlet with a light bloom1 #a in4 broad4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,crus-glli4 #b4 ,cratgus ,crus-glli1 ,l4 7,,cockspur ,,thorn47 ,leaves smooth1 thick1 shining above1 wedge-obovate1 finely serrate above the middle1 with a short petiole4 ,there are broad and narrow-leaved varieties4 ,flowers large and numerous1 in lateral corymbs4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit globular1 #a_/c in4 broad1 dull red2 ripe in ,september and ,october4 ,a small tree with a flat1 bushy head1 horizontal branches1 and long1 sharp thorns4 ,wild and common throughout1 and often planted4 ,illustration3 ,c4 oxyacntha4 #c4 ,cratgus oxyacntha4 7,,english ,,hawthorn47 ,leaves obovate1 smooth1 wedge-shaped at base1 cut-lobed and toothed above4 ,no glands4 ,flowers medium-sized1 in41 single or double1 white1 rose1 or pink-red1 numerous in corymbs4 ,in spring4 ,fruit coral-red1 #a_/c in42 ripe in autumn4 ,a small tree or shrub1 fine for lawn2 from ,europe2 also escaped in some places4 ,illustration3 ,c4 apiiflia4 #d4 ,cratgus apiiflia1 ,michx4 7,,parsley-,,leaved ,,thorn47 ,leaves small1 ovate1 with a broad truncate or heart-shaped base1 pinnatifid into #e to #g crowded1 irregularly toothed lobes2 white and soft-downy when young1 smoothish when grown2 petioles slender4 ,flowers medium-sized1 in41 many in a corymb1 white4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit small1 #a_/c in41 coral-red1 ripe in autumn4 ,a handsome1 low 7#aj to #bj ft4 high71 spreading tree1 with flexible branches and white-downy twigs4 ,virginia and south1 in moist woods4 ,illustration3 ,c4 spathulta4 #e4 ,cratgus spathulta1 ,michx4 7,,spatulate-,,leaved ,,thorn47 ,leaves almost evergreen1 thick1 shining1 spatulate1 crenate toward the apex and nearly sessile1 those on the young downy branches somewhat cut or lobed4 ,flowers small1 in41 in large clusters4 ,may4 ,fruit small1 in41 bright red2 ripe in ,october4 ,a small tree1 #ab to #be ft4 high2 ,virginia and south4 ,illustration3 ,c4 cordta4 #f4 ,cratgus cordta1 ,ait4 7,,washington ,,thorn47 ,leaves broadly triangular-ovate1 somewhat heart-shaped1 thin1 deep shining green1 smooth1 often #c- to #e-lobed and serrate1 on slender petioles4 ,flowers small1 #b_/e in41 many in terminal corymbs1 white4 ,may1 ,june4 ,fruit scarlet1 about the size of peas2 ripe in ,september4 ,a compact1 close-headed1 small tree1 #ae to #be ft4 high1 with many slender thorns4 ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and southward4 ,sometimes planted in the ,north for hedges4 ,illustration3 ,c4 vridis4 #g4 ,cratgus vridis1 ,l4 7,,tall ,,hawthorn47 ,leaves ovate to ovate-oblong1 or lanceolate1 or oblong-obovate1 mostly acute at both ends1 on slender petioles2 acutely serrate1 often somewhat lobed and often downy in the axils4 ,flowers numerous1 in large clusters4 ,fruit bright red1 or orange1 ovoid1 small1 in4 broad4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 with few large thorns or without thorns4 ,southern ,illinois and ,missouri1 along the ,mississippi and in the ,southern ,states4 ,illustration3 ,c4 tomentsa4 #h4 ,cratgus tomentsa1 ,l4 7,,black ,,or ,,pear ,,hawthorn47 ,leaves downy-pubescent on the lower side 7at least when young71 thickish1 rather large1 oval or ovate-oblong1 sharply toothed and often cut-lobed below1 abruptly narrowed into a margined petiole1 the upper surface impressed along the main veins or ribs4 ,branches gray4 ,flowers ill-scented1 many in a corymb4 ,fruit in4 long1 obovate to globose1 dull red4 ,shrub or tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 wild in western ,new ,york1 west and south4 ,illustration3 ,c4 punctta4 #i4 ,cratgus punctta4 7,,dotted-,,fruited ,,hawthorn47 ,leaves rather small1 mostly wedge-obovate1 attenuate and entire below1 unequally toothed above1 rarely lobed1 villous-pubescent1 becoming smooth but dull1 the veins prominent beneath and impressed above4 ,fruit globose1 large1 #a in4 broad1 red to bright yellow2 peduncles not glandular4 ,shrub to tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 with horizontal branches2 ,canada to ,georgia4 ,illustration3 ,c4 flva4 #aj4 ,cratgus flva1 ,ait4 7,,yellow ,,or ,,summer ,,haw47 ,leaves small1 wedge-obovate1 unequally toothed and cut above the middle2 on short petioles2 the teeth1 stipules and petioles glandular4 ,flowers mostly solitary1 white1 large 7 in74 ,may4 ,fruit usually pear-shaped1 quite large 7 in4 long71 yellow or greenish-yellow1 sometimes tinged or spotted with red1 pleasant-flavored4 ,ripe in autumn4 ,a low spreading tree1 #ae to #bj ft4 high4 ,virginia1 south and west1 in sandy soil4 ,var4 pubescens is downy-or villous-pubescent when young1 and has thicker leaves and larger and redder fruit4 ,,genus #ci4 ,,amel,,nchier4 ,small trees or shrubs with simple1 deciduous1 alternate1 sharply serrate leaves2 cherry-blossom-like1 white flowers1 in racemes at the end of the branches1 before the leaves are fully expanded4 ,fruit a small apple-like pome2 seeds #aj or less1 in separate cartilaginous-coated cells4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,canadnsis4 ,amelnchier ,canadnsis1 ,torr4 ,gray4 7,,shad-,,bush4 ,,service-,,berry47 ,a very variable species with many named varieties4 ,the leaves1 #a to #c in4 long1 vary from narrow-oblong to roundish or cordate2 bracts and stipules silky-ciliate4 ,flowers large1 in drooping racemes1 in early spring1 with petals from #b to #e times as long as wide4 ,fruit globular1 in4 broad1 purplish1 sweet1 edible2 ripe in ,june4 ,it varies from a low shrub to a middle-sized tree1 #e to #cj ft4 high4 ,,order ,,xix4 ,,hamamel,,de4 7,,witch-,,hazel ,,family47 ,a small family of trees and shrubs represented in most countries4 ,,genus #dj4 ,,hamam,,lis4 ,tall shrubs1 rarely tree-like1 with alternate1 straight-veined1 #b-ranked1 oval1 wavy-margined leaves4 ,flowers conspicuous1 yellow1 #d-parted2 blooming in the autumn while the leaves are dropping1 and continuing in bloom through part of the winter4 ,fruit rounded capsules which do not ripen till the next summer4 ,illustration3 ,h4 ,virginina4 ,hamamlis ,virginina1 ,l4 7,,witch-,,hazel47 ,the only species2 #aj to #cj ft4 high2 rarely grows with a single trunk1 but usually forms a slender1 crooked-branched shrub4 ,flowers sessile1 in small clusters of #c to #d1 in an involucre in the axils of the leaves4 ,,genus #da4 ,,liquid,,mbar4 ,trees with alternate1 simple1 palmately cleft leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous2 in spring4 ,fruit a large 7#a in471 globular1 long-stalked1 dry1 open1 rough catkin1 hanging on the tree through the winter4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,styracflua4 ,liquidmbar ,styracflua1 ,l4 7,,sweet ,,gum4 ,,bilsted47 ,leaves rounded1 deeply #e- to #g-;cleft1 star-shaped1 dark green1 smooth and shining1 glandular-serrate4 ,twigs often covered with corky ridges4 ,a large1 beautiful tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 with deeply furrowed bark4 ,connecticut1 west and south2 abundant south of #dj ,n4 ,lat4 ,well worthy of more extensive cultivation than it has yet received4 ,,order ,,xx4 ,,lythr,,ce4 7,,loosestrife ,,family47 ,a small order of shrubs1 herbs1 or trees2 mainly tropical4 ,,genus #db4 ,p,,nica4 ,leaves simple1 usually opposite1 deciduous2 flowers scarlet1 with #e petals and numerous stamens2 fruit a many-seeded berry4 ,illustration3 ,p4 grantum4 ,pnica grantum1 ,l4 7,,pomegranate-,,tree47 ,leaves opposite1 lanceolate1 smooth1 entire2 flowers large1 both calyx and corolla scarlet and very ornamental2 the fruit as large as an orange1 fine-flavored4 ,a tree-shaped plant1 growing to the height of #bj ft4 in the ,southern ,states4 ,if given some protection1 it can be grown as far north as ,washington4 ,it has been cultivated from the earliest times1 and is probably a native of western ,asia4 ,,genus #dc4 ,,lagerstroemia4 ,flowers with #f long-clawed petals inserted on the broadly spreading calyx2 fruit #c- to #f-;celled pods with many winged seeds4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ndica4 ,lagerstroemia ndica1 ,l4 7,,crape-,,myrtle47 ,leaves roundish-ovate1 thick1 smooth1 short-petiolate2 branches winged2 flowers in terminal clusters with large1 delicately crisped1 long-stemmed petals of pink1 purple1 and other colors4 ,a beautiful small tree1 or usually a shrub1 from ,india2 often cultivated in the ,north in conservatories2 hardy as far north as ,washington4 ,,order ,,xxi4 ,,arali,,ce4 7,,ginseng ,,family47 ,a small order of herbs1 shrubs1 and trees1 here represented by the following genus3 ,,genus #dd4 ,,ar,,lia4 ,herbs1 shrubs1 or trees1 with pinnately or palmately compound leaves2 here including ,acanthopanax with palmately cleft leaves4 ,flowers whitish or greenish1 in umbels1 often forming large panicles4 ,fruit small1 berry-like1 several-celled1 several-seeded4 99 ,leaves #b to #c times odd-pinnate 7,aralia proper7 #a1 #b4 99 ,leaves simple1 palmately cleft 7,acanthopanax7 #c4 ,illustration3 ,a4 spinsa4 #a4 ,arlia spinsa1 ,l4 7,,angelica-,,tree4 ,,hercules'-,,club47 ,leaves large1 crowded at the summit of the stem1 twice or sometimes thrice odd-pinnate1 usually prickly1 with sessile1 ovate1 acuminate1 deeply serrate leaflets1 glaucous beneath4 ,large panicles of small whitish flowers in umbels1 with involucres of few leaves4 ,berry small1 in41 #e-ribbed1 crowned with the remains of the calyx4 ,a tree-like plant1 #h to #ab ft4 high1 or in the ,gulf ,states #cj ft4 high1 with the stem covered with numerous prickles4 ,usually dies to the ground after flowering4 ,wild in damp woods1 ,pennsylvania and south1 and cultivated in the ,north4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,chinnsis4 #b4 ,arlia ,chinnsis4 ,leaves more or less fully twice-pinnate2 leaflets ovate-oblong1 oblique at base1 acuminate1 sharply serrate1 hairy4 ,flowers and fruit in large1 branching1 hairy panicles2 thorns few1 straight4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #ae ft4 high2 occasionally cultivated2 from ,china4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,maximowczii4 #c4 ,arlia 7,acanthpanax7 ,maximowczii4 ,leaves long-petioled1 simple1 thick1 palmately cleft1 with #g serrate lobes2 old leaves smooth1 the young with woolly bases4 ,panicles of flowers and fruit terminal2 the berries striated4 ,tree-trunk usually quite prickly4 ,this species is said to grow #ej ft4 high in ,japan4 ,it has been recently introduced1 and proves perfectly hardy in ,massachusetts4 ,,order ,,xxii4 ,,corn,,ce4 7,,dogwood ,,family47 ,a small order of shrubs and trees 7rarely herbs7 of temperate regions4 ,,genus #de4 ,c,,rnus4 ,small trees or shrubs 7one species an herb7 with simple1 entire1 curved-veined1 and 7except in one species7 opposite leaves4 ,the curved parallel ribs of the leaves in all the species are quite peculiar and readily recognized4 ,flowers small1 of #d petals1 in some species rendered very conspicuous by large bracts4 ,fruit small1 usually bright-colored drupes in clusters2 ripe from ,august to ,october4 ,there are but #c species that grow at all tree-like4 99 ,leaves opposite4 7,a47 ,a4 ,fruit in close head-like clusters1 red when ripe #a4 ,a4 ,fruit in open clusters4 7,b47 ,b4 ,branches bright red2 fruit white #b4 ,b4 ,branches brownish2 fruit bright red #c4 99 ,leaves alternate2 fruit blue #d4 ,illustration3 ,c4 flrida4 #a4 ,crnus flrida1 ,l4 7,,flowering ,,dogwood47 ,leaves ovate1 pointed1 acutish at base4 ,flowers in a head surrounded by #d white bracts1 making the whole cluster look like a single large flower #c in4 broad4 ,abundant in ,may and ,june4 ,fruit a small1 bright red drupe with a single #b-seeded nut4 ,ripe in ,august4 ,a large shrub or low tree #ae to #dj ft4 high1 with broad1 roundish head4 ,common on high ground throughout1 and one of the finest small trees in cultivation4 ,a variety with the bracts quite red is also cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,c4 lba4 #b4 ,crnus lba1 ,l4 7,,siberian ,,red-,,stemmed ,,cornel47 ,leaves broadly ovate1 acute1 densely pubescent beneath2 drupes white2 branches recurved1 bright red1 rendering the plant a conspicuous object in the winter4 ,a shrub rather than a tree1 cultivated from ,siberia2 hardy throughout4 ,illustration3 ,c4 mscula4 #c4 ,crnus mscula1 ,dur4 7,,cornelian ,,cherry47 ,leaves opposite1 oval-acuminate1 rather pubescent on both surfaces4 ,flowers small1 yellow1 in umbels from a #d-leaved involucre1 blooming before the leaves are out in spring4 ,fruit oval1 in4 long1 cornelian-colored1 ripe in autumn1 rather sweet1 used in confectionery4 ,a large shrub or low tree1 #h to #ae ft4 high1 with hard1 tough1 flexible wood1 sometimes cultivated for its early flowers and late1 beautiful fruit4 ,illustration3 ,c4 alterniflia4 #d4 ,crnus alterniflia1 ,l4 f4 7,,alternate-,,leaved ,,cornel47 ,leaves alternate1 clustered at the ends of the branches1 ovate or oval-acuminate1 tapering at base1 whitish with minute pubescence beneath4 ,cymes of flowers and fruit broad and open4 ,fruit deep blue on reddish stalks4 ,shrub1 though occasionally tree-like1 #h to #be ft4 high2 on hillsides throughout2 rarely cultivated4 ,,genus #df4 ,n,,ssa4 ,trees with deciduous1 alternate1 exstipulate1 usually entire leaves1 mostly acute at both ends4 ,flowers somewhat dioecious1 i4e4 staminate and pistillate flowers on separate trees4 ,the staminate flowers are quite conspicuous because so densely clustered4 ,april and ,may4 ,fruit on but a portion of the trees1 consisting of one or two small 7 to in471 drupes in the axils of the leaves4 ,stone roughened with grooves4 ,ripe in autumn4 99 ,fruit usually clustered #a1 #b4 99 ,fruit solitary #c4 ,illustration3 ,n4 sylvtica4 #a4 ,nssa sylvtica1 ,marsh4 7,,pepperidge4 ,,black ,,or ,,sour ,,gum47 ,leaves oval to obovate1 pointed1 entire 7sometimes angulate-toothed beyond the middle71 rather thick1 shining above when old1 #b to #e in4 long4 ,the leaves are crowded near the ends of the branches and flattened so as to appear #b-ranked1 like the ,beech2 turning bright crimson in the autumn4 ,fruit ovoid1 bluish-black1 about in4 long1 sour4 ,medium-sized tree with mainly an excurrent trunk and horizontal branches4 ,wood firm1 close-grained and hard to split4 ,rich soil1 latitude of ,albany and southward4 ,difficult to transplant1 so it is rarely cultivated4 #b4 ,nssa biflra1 ,walt4 7,,sour ,,gum47 ,leaves #a to #c in4 long1 smaller than in ,n4 sylvatica2 fertile flowers and fruit #a to #c1 in the axils2 stone decidedly flattened and more strongly furrowed4 ,new ,jersey to ,tennessee and southward4 ,too nearly like the last to need a drawing4 ,all the species of ,nyssa may have the margin of the leaves somewhat angulated1 as shown in the next4 ,illustration3 ,n4 uniflra4 #c4 ,nssa uniflra1 ,wang4 7,,large ,,tupelo47 ,leaves much larger1 #d to #ab in4 long1 sometimes slightly cordate at base1 entire or angularly toothed1 downy beneath4 ,fruit solitary1 oblong1 blue1 #a in4 or more in length4 ,wood soft1 that of the roots light and spongy and used for corks4 ,in water or wet swamps2 ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and southward4 ,,order ,,xxiii4 ,,caprifoli,,ce4 7,,honeysuckle ,,family47 ,shrubs 7rarely herb or tree-like plants7 of temperate regions4 ,,genus #dg4 ,,vib,,rnum4 ,shrubs or small trees with opposite1 simple1 petioled leaves4 ,flowers light-colored1 small but in large1 conspicuous1 flat-topped clusters at the ends of the branches2 blooming in early summer4 ,fruit small1 #a-seeded drupes with flattened stones2 ripe in autumn4 99 ,leaves distinctly palmately lobed #a4 99 ,leaves pinnately veined and not lobed4 7,a47 ,a4 ,coarsely dentated #b4 ,a4 ,finely serrated4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves long-acuminated #c4 ,b4 ,obtuse or slightly pointed #d4 ,illustration3 ,v4 pulus4 #a4 ,vibrnum pulus1 ,l4 7,,cranberry-,,tree47 ,leaves palmately veined and strongly #c-lobed1 broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base1 the spreading lobes mostly toothed on the sides and entire in the notches2 petiole with #b glands at the apex4 ,fruit in peduncled clusters1 light red and quite sour 7whence the name ,cranberry-tree74 ,a nearly smooth1 small tree or shrub1 #d to #ab ft4 high2 wild along streams1 and cultivated under the name of ,snowball-tree or ,guelder ,rose4 ,in this variety the flowers have all become sterile and enlarged4 ,vibrnum aceriflium 7,,arrow-,,wood7 has also lobed leaves1 and is much more common4 ,this species never forms a tree1 and has dark-colored berries4 ,illustration3 ,v4 denttum4 #b4 ,vibrnum denttum1 ,l4 7,,arrow-,,wood47 ,leaves1 pale green1 broadly ovate1 somewhat heart-shaped at base1 coarsely and sharply dentated1 strongly veined and often with hairy tufts in the axils2 petioles rather long and slender4 ,fruit in4 long1 in peduncled clusters1 blue or purple2 a cross-section of the stone between kidney-and horseshoe-shaped4 ,a shrub or small tree1 #e to #ae ft4 high1 with ash-colored bark2 in wet places4 ,illustration3 ,v4 ,lentgo4 #c4 ,vibrnum ,lentgo1 ,l4 7,,sweet ,,viburnum ,,or ,,sheep-,,berry47 ,leaves broad1 ovate1 long-pointed1 #b to #c in4 long1 closely and sharply serrated2 petioles long and with narrow1 curled margins2 entire plant smooth4 ,fruit in sessile clusters of #c to #e rays1 oval1 large1 in4 long1 blue-black1 edible1 sweet2 ripe in autumn4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high2 found wild throughout1 in woods and along streams4 ,illustration3 ,v4 pruniflium4 #d4 ,vibrnum pruniflium1 ,l4 7,,black ,,haw47 ,leaves oval1 obtuse or slightly pointed1 #a to #b in4 long1 finely and sharply serrated4 ,blooming early1 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit oval1 large 7 in4 long71 in sessile clusters of #c to #e rays1 black or blue-black1 sweet4 ,a tall shrub or small tree1 #f to #ab ft4 high2 in dry soil or along streams2 ,new ,york1 south and west4 ,,genus #dh4 ,,lon,,cera4 ,leaves entire1 opposite2 corolla #e-lobed2 berry several-seeded4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,tartrica4 ,loncera ,tartrica4 7,,tartarian ,,honey-,,suckle47 ,leaves deciduous1 oval1 heart-shaped2 flowers in pairs1 showy1 pink to rose-red2 in spring2 berries formed of the two ovaries1 bright red2 ripe in summer4 ,a shrub1 often planted and occasionally trimmed to a tree-like form1 and growing to the height of nearly #bj ft4 ,,order ,,xxiv4 ,,comp,,sit4 ,this1 the largest order of flowering plants1 is made up almost exclusively of herbaceous plants1 but contains one shrub or low tree which is hardy from ,boston southward near the ,atlantic coast4 ,,genus #di4 ,b,,ccharis4 ,leaves simple1 deciduous2 heads of flowers small1 many-flowered2 receptacle naked2 pappus of hairs4 ,illustration3 ,b4 halimiflia4 ,bccharis halimiflia1 ,l4 7,,groundsel-,,tree47 ,leaves obovate1 wedge-shaped1 crenately notched at end1 light grayish in color1 with whitish powder2 branches angled2 flowers white with a tint of purple1 blooming in the autumn4 ,a broad1 loose-headed1 light-colored bush rather than a tree1 #h to #ae ft4 high2 wild on sea-beaches1 ,massachusetts and south1 and occasionally cultivated4 ,the plant is dioecious2 the fertile specimens are rendered quite conspicuous in autumn by their very long1 white pappus4 ,,order ,,xxv4 ,,eric,,ce4 7,,heath ,,family47 ,a large order1 mainly of shrubs1 though a few species are herbs1 and fewer still are tall enough to be considered trees4 ,,genus #ej4 ,,oxyd,,ndrum4 ,trees with deciduous1 alternate1 oblong-lanceolate1 pointed1 serrate1 sour-tasting leaves4 ,flowers small1 in large panicles at the ends of the branches4 ,in summer4 ,fruit small1 dry capsules1 with #e cells and many seeds4 ,illustration3 ,o4 arbreum4 ,oxydndrum arbreum1 ,,dc4 7,,sorrel-,,tree4 ,,sourwood47 ,leaves in size and shape much like those of ,peach trees4 ,flowers small1 urn-shaped4 ,small-sized tree1 #ae to #ej ft4 high2 wild in rich woods1 ,pennsylvania and southward1 mainly in the mountains4 ,rare in cultivation1 but very beautiful1 especially in autumn1 when its leaves are brilliantly colored1 and the panicles of fruit still remain on the trees4 ,it is perfectly hardy both at the ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,boston1 and the ,missouri ,botanical ,garden1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,,genus #ea4 ,k,,lmia4 ,evergreen shrubs with alternate1 entire1 thick1 smooth leaves4 ,flowers large1 beautiful1 cup-shaped1 in showy clusters4 ,fruit a small1 #e-;celled1 many-seeded capsule4 ,illustration3 ,k4 latiflia4 ,klmia latiflia1 ,l4 7,,mountain-,,laurel4 ,,calico-,,bush47 ,the only species which grows at all tree-like has ovate-lanceolate or elliptical1 smooth1 petioled leaves1 tapering at both ends and green on both sides4 ,flowers in terminal corymbs1 clammy-pubescent1 white to pink4 ,june4 ,pod depressed1 glandular4 ,shrub or small tree1 #d to #be ft4 high1 with reddish twigs2 wild in rocky hills and damp soils through out2 occasionally planted4 ,wood very hard and close-grained4 ,,genus #eb4 ,,rhodod,,ndron4 ,shrubs or low trees with usually alternate1 entire leaves and showy flowers in umbel-like clusters from large1 scaly-bracted1 terminal buds4 ,fruit a dry #e-;celled pod with many seeds4 ,illustration3 ,r4 mximum4 ,rhododndron mximum1 ,l4 7,,great ,,laurel47 ,leaves thick1 #d to #aj in4 long1 elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong1 acute1 narrowed toward the base1 very smooth1 with somewhat revolute margins4 ,flowers large 7#a in471 with an irregular bell-shaped corolla and sticky stems1 in large clusters1 white or slightly pinkish with yellowish dots4 ,july4 ,evergreen shrub or tree1 #f to #bj ft4 high1 throughout the region1 especially in damp swamps in the ,alleghany ,mountains2 occasionally cultivated4 ,,genus #ec4 ,,cl,,thra4 ,shrubs or trees with alternate1 simple1 deciduous1 exstipulate1 serrate leaves4 ,flowers 7,july and ,august7 conspicuous1 white1 in elongated terminal racemes which are covered with a whitish powder4 ,fruit #c-;celled pods with many seeds1 covered by the calyx4 99 ,leaves thin1 large1 #c to #g in4 long1 pale beneath #a4 99 ,leaves thickish1 smaller1 green both sides #b4 ,illustration3 ,c4 acuminta4 #a4 ,clthra acuminta1 ,michx4 7,,acuminate-,,leaved ,,clethra4 ,,sweet ,,pepper-,,bush47 ,leaves #c to #g in4 long1 oval to oblong1 pointed1 thin1 abruptly acute at base1 finely serrate1 on slender petioles1 smooth above and glaucous below4 ,racemes drooping1 of sweet-scented flowers1 with the bracts longer than the flowers4 ,filaments and pod hairy4 ,a small tree or shrub1 #aj to #bj ft4 high1 in the ,alleghanies1 ,virginia1 and south4 ,not often in cultivation1 but well worthy of it4 ,illustration3 ,c4 alniflia4 #b4 ,clthra alniflia1 ,l4 7,,common ,,sweet ,,pepper-,,bush47 ,leaves wedge-obovate1 sharply serrate near the apex1 entire near the base1 straight-veined1 smooth1 green on both sides4 ,racemes erect1 often compound1 with bracts shorter than the flowers and with smooth filaments4 ,this is a shrub rather than a tree2 abundant in wet places east of the ,alleghanies4 ,occasionally cultivated for its sweet-scented flowers4 ,,order ,,xxvi4 ,,sapot,,ce4 7,,sapodilla ,,family47 ,a small order1 mainly of tropical plants1 here including one genus found only in the southern part of our range4 ,,genus #ed4 ,,bum,,lia4 ,leaves simple1 alternate1 entire1 sub-evergreen1 exstipulate2 branches often spiny4 ,flowers small1 whitish1 usually crowded in fascicles4 ,fruit a black cherry-like drupe with a #b- to #c-;celled nut4 ,shrubs and trees of the ,southern ,states4 ,two species 7although hardly trees7 are found far enough north to be included in this work4 99 ,leaves rusty-woolly beneath #a4 99 ,leaves smooth or slightly silky beneath #b4 ,illustration3 ,b4 lanuginsa4 #a4 ,bumlia lanuginsa1 ,pers4 7,,woolly-,,leaved ,,buckthorn47 ,leaves oblong-obovate1 obtuse1 entire1 smooth above and rusty-woolly beneath1 but not silky2 spiny1 with downy branchlets4 ,clusters #f- to #ab-;flowered1 pubescent2 flowers greenish-yellow4 ,fruit globular and quite large 7 in471 black1 edible4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #dj ft4 high1 of the woods of southern ,illinois and southward4 ,with slight protection it can be cultivated in ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,b4 lyciodes4 #b4 ,bumlia lyciodes1 ,pers4 7,,southern ,,buckthorn47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 oval-lanceolate1 usually bluntish with a tapering base and entire margin1 deciduous1 a little silky beneath when young4 ,clusters densely many-flowered 7#bj to #cj72 flowers small 7#a_/f in471 smooth1 greenish-white4 ,may1 ,june4 ,a spiny shrub or tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 in moist ground1 ,virginia1 west and south4 ,about as hardy as the preceding species4 ,,order ,,xxvii4 ,,eben,,ce4 7,,ebony ,,family47 ,a small order of mostly tropical trees and shrubs4 ,,genus #ee4 ,,diospyros4 ,trees or shrubs with alternate1 simple1 entire1 feather-veined leaves4 ,flowers small1 inconspicuous1 mostly dioecious4 ,fruit a globose berry with the #e-lobed thick calyx at the base1 and with #h to #ab1 occasionally #a to #e1 rather large seeds2 ripe after frost4 ,illustration3 ,d4 ,virginina4 ,diospyros ,virginina1 ,l4 7,,common ,,persimmon47 ,leaves #d to #f in4 long1 ovate-oblong1 acuminate1 rather thick1 smooth1 dark1 shining above1 a little pale beneath4 ,bark dark-colored and deeply furrowed in a netted manner with rather small meshes4 ,flowers yellowish1 rather small1 somewhat dioecious2 the staminate ones urn-shaped with mouth nearly closed2 the pistillate ones more open4 ,june4 ,fruit large1 #a in42 very astringent when young1 yellow and pleasant-tasting after frost4 ,a handsome1 ornamental tree1 #bj to #fj ft4 high1 with very hard1 dark-colored wood and bright foliage4 ,southern ,new ,england to ,illinois and south2 also cultivated4 ,diospyros ,ltus 7,,date-,,plum71 with leaves very dark green above1 much paler and downy beneath1 and fruit much smaller 7#b_/c in471 and ,diospyros ,kki 7,,japan ,,persimmon71 with large1 leathery1 shining leaves and very large fruit 7#b in471 are successfully cultivated from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 southward4 ,the under leaf represents ,d4 ,lotus1 the upper one a small specimen of ,d4 ,kaki4 ,illustration3 ,d4 ,ltus and ,d4 ,kki4 ,,order ,,xxviii4 ,,styrac,,ce4 7,,storax ,,family47 ,a small order of shrubs and trees1 mostly of warm countries4 ,,genus #ef4 ,,styrax4 ,shrubs or small trees with commonly deciduous leaves1 and axillary1 or racemed1 white1 showy flowers on drooping stems4 ,pubescence scurfy or stellate2 fruit a globular dry drupe1 its base covered with the persistent calyx1 forming a #a- to #c-seeded nut4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,americna4 #a4 ,styrax ,americna1 ,lam4 7,,american ,,storax47 ,shrub or small tree 7#d to #aj ft471 with oblong1 alternate leaves acute at both ends1 #a to #c inches long1 smooth or very nearly so2 fruit in4 long1 in racemes of #c-d4 ,wild along streams1 ,virginia and south2 occasionally cultivated1 and probably hardy throughout4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,japnica4 #b4 ,styrax ,japnica1 ,sieb4 7,,japan ,,storax47 ,leaves alternate1 membranaceous1 ovate to ovate-lanceolate1 serrate or crenate1 to #c in4 long1 smooth or with short stellate hairs2 flowers and fruit in long racemes4 ,a beautiful low tree1 #f to #ab ft4 high2 from ,japan4 ,hardy as far north as ,philadelphia1 but needing a little protection in ,massachusetts and ,missouri4 ,,genus #eg4 ,,pterostyrax4 ,similar to ,styrax1 but with the fruit in panicles1 #e-winged1 conical1 and crowned with the persistent base of the style4 ,illustration3 ,p4 corymbsum4 ,pterostyrax corymbsum1 ,sieb4 ,leaves deciduous1 #b to #e in4 long1 feather-veined1 petioled1 ovate1 rarely cordate at base1 sharply serrate1 with stellate hairs4 ,shrub or small tree1 #aj to #ab ft4 high1 cultivated from ,japan2 with ashy-gray bark1 and white flowers turning yellowish or purplish with age2 blooming in ,may1 fruit ripe in ,august4 ,not perfectly hardy in ,massachusetts4 ,,genus #eh4 ,,hal,,sia4 ,small trees or shrubs with alternate1 simple1 deciduous1 serrate leaves4 ,flowers large1 #a in4 long1 conspicuous1 white1 hanging1 bell-shaped1 monopetalous1 #d-lobed2 blooming in spring4 ,fruit with a single1 rough1 elongated1 bony nut surrounded by a #b- to #d-winged coat2 ripe in autumn4 ,wood light-colored1 very hard and fine-grained4 ,illustration3 ,h4 dptera4 #a4 ,halsia dptera1 ,l4 7,,two-,,winged ,,silverbell ,,tree47 ,leaves large 7#d to #e in4 long71 ovate1 acute1 serrate1 softly pubescent4 ,fruit with #b conspicuous1 broad wings1 sometimes with #b intermediate narrow ridges4 ,a small tree or a large shrub1 wild in the south1 and cultivated as far north as ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 ,h4 tetrptera4 #b4 ,halsia tetrptera1 ,l4 7,,four-,,winged ,,silverbell ,,tree47 ,leaves smaller 7#b to #d in471 oblong-ovate1 finely serrate4 ,fruit smaller1 with #d nearly equal wings4 ,a small1 beautiful tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 more hardy than ,halesia diptera1 and therefore cultivated occasionally throughout4 ,wild in ,virginia and south4 ,,genus #ei4 ,s,,mplocos4 ,shrubs or small trees1 with leaves furnishing a yellow dye4 ,illustration3 ,s4 tinctria4 ,smplocos tinctria1 ,l',her4 7,,horse-,,sugar4 ,,sweetleaf47 ,leaves simple1 alternate1 thick1 #c to #e in4 long1 elongate-oblong1 acuminate1 nearly entire1 almost persistent1 pale beneath1 with minute pubescence1 sweet-tasting4 ,flowers #f to #ad1 in close-bracted1 axillary clusters1 #e-parted1 sweet-scented1 yellow2 in early spring4 ,fruit a dry drupe1 ovoid1 in4 long4 ,a shrub or small tree1 #aj to #bj ft4 high4 ,delaware and south4 ,,order ,,xxix4 ,,ole,,ce4 7,,olive ,,family47 ,an order of trees and shrubs1 mainly of temperate regions4 ,,genus #fj4 ,,fr,,xinus4 ,trees with petioled1 opposite1 odd-pinnate leaves 7one cultivated variety has simple leaves74 ,flowers often inconspicuous1 in large panicles before the leaves in spring4 ,fruit single-winged at one end 7samara or key-fruit71 in large clusters2 ripe in autumn4 ,some trees1 owing to the flowers being staminate1 produce no fruit4 ,wood light-colored1 tough1 very distinctly marked by the annual layers4 ,the leaves appear late in the spring1 and fall early in the autumn4 99 ,flowers with white corolla2 a cultivated small tree #h4 99 ,flowers with no corolla4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves pinnate2 leaflets petiolate2 calyx small1 persistent on the fruit4 7,b47 ,b4 ,fruit broad-winged1 in4 wide4 ,south #e4 ,b4 ,wings much narrower4 7,c4 7 ,c4 ,branchlets round and pubescent #b4 ,c4 ,branchlets round and smooth4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaflets nearly entire #a4 ,d4 ,leaflets serrate near tip1 entire below #c4 ,c4 ,branchlets1 on vigorous growths1 square #d4 ,a4 ,leaves pinnate2 leaflets sessile2 no calyx4 7,e47 ,e4 ,native2 wing of fruit rounded at tip #f4 ,e4 ,cultivated from ,europe2 wing notched at tip #g4 ,a4 ,leaves simple2 variety under #g4 ,illustration3 ,f4 ,americna4 #a4 ,frxinus ,americna1 ,l4 7,,white ,,ash47 ,leaflets #g to #i 7usually #g71 stalked1 ovate or lance-oblong1 pointed1 shining above1 pale and either smooth or pubescent beneath1 somewhat toothed or entire4 ,flowers almost always dioecious 7,may71 thus the fruit is found on but a portion of the trees4 ,the fruit 7,august to ,september7 terete and marginless below1 abruptly dilated into the wing1 which is #b to #c times as long as the terete portion2 entire fruit about #a in4 long4 ,a common large forest-tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 with gray1 furrowed bark1 smooth1 grayish-green branchlets1 and rusty-colored buds4 ,extensively cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,f4 pubscens4 #b4 ,frxinus pubscens1 ,lam4 7,,red ,,ash47 ,like the ,white ,ash1 but to be distinguished from it by the down on the young1 green or olive-green twigs1 and on the footstalks and lower surface of the leaves4 ,fruit acute1 #b-;edged at base1 gradually dilated into the wings as in ,fraxinus viridis4 ,a smaller and more slender tree than the ,white ,ash2 growing in about the same localities1 but rare west of the ,alleghanies2 heart-wood darker-colored4 ,illustration3 ,f4 vridis4 #c4 ,frxinus vridis1 ,michx4 f4 7,,green ,,ash47 ,smooth throughout2 leaflets #e to #i1 bright green on both sides1 ovate or oblong-lanceolate1 often wedge-shaped at base and serrate above4 ,fruit acute and #b-;edged or margined at base and gradually spreading into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing as in the ,red ,ash4 ,small to middle-sized trees 7like the ,red ,ash71 found throughout1 but common westward4 ,illustration3 ,f4 quadrangulta4 #d4 ,frxinus quadrangulta1 ,michx4 7,,blue ,,ash47 ,leaflets #g to #i1 short-stalked1 oblong-ovate or lanceolate1 pointed1 sharply serrate1 green on both sides4 ,fruit narrowly oblong1 blunt1 of the same width at both ends1 or slightly narrowed at the base4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 with smooth square twigs on the vigorous growths4 ,wisconsin to ,ohio and ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,f4 platycrpa4 #e4 ,frxinus platycrpa1 ,michx4 7,,water-,,ash47 ,leaflets #e to #g1 #c to #e in4 long1 ovate or oblong1 acute at both ends1 short-stalked1 slightly serrate4 ,branchlets terete1 smooth to pubescent4 ,fruit broadly winged1 in4 wide1 often #c-winged1 tapering to the base4 ,a medium-sized tree in deep river-swamps1 ,virginia and south4 ,illustration3 ,f4 sambuciflia4 #f4 ,frxinus sambuciflia1 ,lam4 7,,black ,,ash47 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 sessile1 oblong-lanceolate1 tapering to a point1 serrate1 obtuse or rounded at base1 green and smooth on both sides2 when young1 with some rusty hairs along the midrib4 ,fruit without calyx at base and with wing all around the seed-bearing part1 blunt at both ends4 ,a slender tree1 #dj to #gj ft4 high1 with dark-blue or black buds4 ,illustration3 ,f4 exclsior4 ,illustration3 ,var4 monophlla4 #g4 ,frxinus exclsior1 ,l4 7,,european ,,ash47 ,leaflets #aa to #ac 7in some cultivated varieties reduced to #a to #e71 almost sessile1 lanceolate-oblong1 acuminate1 serrate1 wedge-shaped at base4 ,flowers naked1 somewhat dioecious1 and so the fruit does not form on all the trees4 ,keys linear-oblong1 obtuse1 obliquely notched at apex4 ,this species in its very numerous varieties is common in cultivation4 ,one of the most interesting is the ,weeping ,ash 7var4 pendula74 ,the most remarkable is the one with simple1 from pinnatifid to entire leaves 7var4 monophylla74 ,illustration3 ,f4 rnus4 #h4 ,frxinus rnus4 7,,flowering ,,ash47 ,leaflets #g to #i1 lanceolate or elliptical1 attenuated1 serrated1 entire at the stalked bases1 villous or downy beneath4 ,flowers fringe-like1 white1 in large terminal drooping clusters1 of #d or #b petals4 ,may to ,june4 ,fruit small1 lance-linear1 obtuse1 attenuate at each end4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 planted in parks4 ,not hardy north of ,new ,york ,city without some protection4 ,,genus #fa4 ,,osm,,nthus4 ,shrub or small tree with opposite1 thick1 evergreen1 nearly entire leaves4 ,flowers small1 white1 in panicles or corymbs in late spring4 ,fruit a spherical drupe1 in4 long1 with a #b-seeded stone2 hanging on during the winter4 ,illustration3 ,o4 ,americna4 ,osmnthus ,americna1 ,l4 7,,devil-,,wood47 ,leaves thick1 evergreen1 oblong-lanceolate1 entire1 acute1 narrowed to a petiole1 #d to #e in4 long4 ,flowers dioecious1 very small4 ,may4 ,fruit globular1 about in4 in diameter1 violet-purplish2 ripe in autumn1 and remaining on the tree through the winter4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #bj ft4 high1 from southern ,virginia southward1 in moist woods4 ,,genus #fb4 ,,syr,,nga4 ,leaves simple1 entire1 opposite2 flowers ornamental1 in large1 dense clusters4 ,the ,lilacs are all beautiful1 but form mere shrubs1 except the following3 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,japnica4 ,syrnga ,japnica4 7,,japan ,,lilac4 ,,giant ,,tree ,,lilac47 ,leaves deciduous1 opposite1 oval to cordate1 thick1 dark green1 glossy2 flowers white1 #d-parted1 odorless1 in very large1 dense1 erect1 terminal clusters1 blooming in summer2 fruit dry #b-;celled pods with #b to #d seeds4 ,a magnificent small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high2 from ,japan2 probably hardy throughout4 ,,genus #fc4 ,,chion,,nthus4 ,low trees or shrubs with simple1 deciduous1 opposite1 entire1 thick1 smooth1 petioled leaves4 ,flowers #d-parted1 with long1 slender1 delicate white lobes1 drooping in clusters from the lower side of the branches and forming a fringe2 in early summer4 ,fruit a purple drupe4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,virgnica4 ,chionnthus ,virgnica1 ,l4 7,,fringe-,,tree74 ,leaves smooth1 thickish1 large 7#c to #f in4 long71 oval or obovate1 entire4 ,the leaves are occasionally somewhat alternate and thin2 they resemble those of the ,magnolia4 ,drupe ovoid1 in4 long1 covered with a bloom4 ,a beautiful small tree or shrub1 #h to #cj ft4 high1 wild along streams1 southern ,pennsylvania and southward1 and generally cultivated north for its delicate fringe-like flowers4 ,hardy4 ,a variety 7var4 angustifolia7 with long1 narrow leaves is occasionally cultivated4 ,,order ,,xxx4 ,,scrophulari,,ce4 7,,figwort ,,family47 ,a large order of plants1 almost entirely herbaceous2 found in all climates2 it includes one cultivated tree in this region4 ,,genus #fd4 ,,paul,,wnia4 ,tree with opposite 7sometimes in whorls of three71 large1 deciduous1 palmately veined1 heart-shaped leaves4 ,leaf-stem often hollow2 minute cup-shaped glands1 separated from one another1 situated on many portions of the leaf1 but quite abundant on the upper side at the branching of the veins4 ,flowers large1 in immense panicles2 in spring1 before the leaves expand4 ,fruit a dry1 ovate1 pointed capsule1 #a in4 long1 with innumerable flat-winged seeds2 hanging on the tree throughout the winter4 ,illustration3 ,p4 imperilis4 ,paulwnia imperilis1 7,,imperial ,,paulownia47 ,leaves #g to #ad in4 long1 sometimes somewhat lobed1 usually very hairy beneath2 #b buds1 almost hidden under the bark1 above each other in the axil4 ,flowers purple1 nearly #b in4 long1 with a peculiar1 thick1 leather-like calyx4 ,a broad flat-headed tree1 of rapid growth when young4 ,cultivated2 from ,japan2 and hardy throughout1 but the flower-buds are winter-killed quite frequently north of ,new ,york ,city4 ,,order ,,xxxi4 ,,bignoni,,ce4 7,,bignonia ,,family47 ,an order of woody plants abundant in ,south ,america2 here including one genus of trees3 ,,genus #fe4 ,,cat,,lpa4 ,trees or shrubs with large1 simple1 opposite 7or whorled in threes71 heart-shaped1 pointed leaves4 ,flowers irregular1 showy1 in large panicles2 blooming in ,june4 ,fruit long pods with many1 winged seeds1 hanging on till spring4 ,branches coarse and stiff4 ,wood light and close-grained4 99 ,flowers bright-spotted2 wings of seeds narrowed #a4 99 ,flowers nearly pure white2 wings of seeds broad #b4 ,illustration3 ,c4 bignoniodes4 #a4 ,catlpa bignoniodes1 ,walt4 7,,indian ,,bean4 ,,southern ,,catalpa47 ,the large heart-shaped leaf has connected scaly glands in the axils of the large veins on the lower side2 usually entire though sometimes angulated1 generally opposite though sometimes in whorls of threes1 very downy beneath when young1 #f to #ab in4 long4 ,flowers much spotted with yellow and purple1 and with the lower lobe entire4 ,pod thin1 #aj in4 or more in length4 ,a medium-sized1 wide-spreading tree1 #bj to #dj ft4 high1 of rapid growth1 with soft1 light wood and thin bark2 wild in the ,southern ,states1 and extensively cultivated as far north as ,albany4 ,illustration3 ,c4 specisa4 #b4 ,catlpa specisa1 ,warder4 7,,indian ,,bean4 ,,western ,,catalpa47 ,leaves large 7#e to #ab in4 long71 heart-shaped1 long-pointed4 ,flowers #b in4 long1 nearly white1 faintly spotted1 the lower lobes somewhat notched4 ,pod thick4 ,a large1 tall tree1 #dj to #fj ft4 high1 with thick bark2 wild in low1 rich woodlands1 southern ,indiana1 south and west4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,kmpferi4 ,catlpa ,kmpferi and ,catlpa ,bngei are dwarf forms from ,japan1 the latter growing to the height of from #d to #h ft41 and the former rarely reaching the height of #ah ft4 ,the leaf of ,c4 ,kmpferi is figured4 ,it is more apt to have its margin angulated1 though all the species occasionally have angulated leaves4 ,,order ,,xxxii4 ,,verbenace4 ,herbs1 shrubs1 rarely small trees1 with opposite leaves1 irregular flowers and dry #b- to #d-;celled fruits4 ,,genus #ff4 ,,clerod,,ndron4 ,shrubby trees or climbing shrubs with opposite or whorled1 usually entire leaves2 flowers with an almost regular1 #e-parted corolla surrounded by a bell-shaped calyx2 fruit drupe-like1 with #d seeds4 ,illustration3 ,c4 trichtomum4 ,clerodndron trichtomum1 ,thunb4 7,,fate-,,tree47 ,leaves opposite1 long-petioled1 cordate1 thin1 entire1 glandular-dotted above1 very veiny2 lower leaves largest and three-lobed1 the upper ovate1 long-pointed1 all #c-ribbed4 ,flowers in large1 terminal clusters2 fruit with juicy pulp covering the #d seeds4 ,a small tree from ,japan2 hardy at ,washington and south4 ,the figure represents one of the upper leaves4 ,,genus #fg4 ,v,,tex4 ,shrubs or low trees with opposite1 usually palmate leaves1 panicled clusters of flowers and drupe-like fruit4 ,illustration3 ,v4 ,agnus-cstus4 ,vtex ,agnus-cstus1 ,l4 7,,chaste-,,tree47 ,leaves long-petioled1 palmate1 with #e to #g lanceolate1 acute1 nearly entire leaflets1 whitened beneath2 with an aromatic though unpleasant odor4 ,branches obtusely #d-sided1 hairy2 flowers pale lilac1 in interrupted panicles1 agreeably sweet-scented in late summer4 ,shrub or small tree1 #e to #aj ft4 high1 cultivated from southern ,europe2 hardy at ,washington and south4 ,if cultivated further north1 it needs protection1 at least when young4 ,,order ,,xxxiii4 ,,laur,,ce4 7,,laurel ,,family47 ,an order of aromatic trees and shrubs1 chiefly tropical4 ,,genus #fh4 ,p,,rsea4 ,aromatic1 evergreen trees with alternate1 entire1 feather-veined leaves4 ,flowers small1 in small close panicles4 ,fruit small 7 in47 #a-seeded drupes4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,carolinnsis4 ,prsea ,carolinnsis1 ,nees4 7,,red ,,bay47 ,leaves #b to #e in4 long1 oblong1 entire1 covered with a fine down when young1 soon smooth above4 ,flowers silky1 in small rounded clusters on short stems4 ,may4 ,fruit an ovate1 pointed1 #a-seeded1 deep-blue drupe1 in4 long1 on a red stalk2 ripe in autumn4 ,usually a small tree1 #ae to #gj ft4 high1 wild in swamps1 ,delaware1 ,virginia1 and south4 ,wood reddish1 beautiful1 hard1 strong1 durable4 ,,genus #fi4 ,s,,ssafras4 ,aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate1 simple1 deciduous1 often lobed leaves4 ,juice of bark and leaves mucilaginous4 ,flowers yellowish-green1 in clusters2 blooming in early spring4 ,fruit a small bluish drupe on a thick reddish stem4 ,ripe in ,september4 ,twigs greenish-yellow4 ,illustration3 ,s4 officinle4 ,sssafras officinle1 ,nees4 7,,sassafras47 ,leaves very variable in form1 ovate1 entire1 or some of them #b- to #c-lobed1 soon smooth4 ,flowering as the leaves are putting forth4 ,tree #ae to #ajj ft4 high1 common in rich woods4 ,the aromatic fragrance is strongest in the bark of the roots4 ,wood reddish1 rather hard and durable4 ,,genus #gj4 ,l,,ndera4 ,shrubs with deciduous1 alternate1 aromatic leaves and small1 yellow flowers in close clusters along the branches4 ,fruit a drupe on a not-thickened stalk4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,benzin4 ,lndera ,benzin1 ,blume4 7,,spice-,,bush4 ,,benjamin-,,bush47 ,leaves alternate1 oblong-ovate1 entire1 pale beneath1 very spicy in odor and taste2 twigs green2 leaf-buds scaly2 drupes red1 ripe in autumn4 ,flowers #d to #e together in sessile umbels2 in early spring1 before the leaves expand4 ,common in damp woods throughout4 ,,order ,,xxxiv4 ,,el,,agn,,ce4 7,,oleaster ,,family47 ,a small order of shrubs or small trees1 with the leaves covered with silvery scurf4 ,,genus #ga4 ,,el,,gnus4 ,leaves alternate1 entire2 flowers axillary1 stemmed2 fruit drupe-like with an #h-;grooved stone4 ,illustration3 ,e4 lngipes4 ,elgnus lngipes4 7,,silver-,,leaved ,,el,,agnus47 ,leaves almost evergreen1 rather thick1 ovate-oblong1 rather blunt1 entire1 smooth and dark green above1 but silvery below4 ,flowers inconspicuous4 ,fruit about in4 long1 bright red1 with silvery scales1 very abundant and beautiful2 ripe in ,july2 juicy and edible1 with a pungent flavor4 ,shrub from ,japan2 hardy throughout4 ,,genus #gb4 ,,sheph,,rdia4 ,small trees or shrubs with opposite1 deciduous1 entire1 silvery-scaled leaves4 ,flowers very small1 dioecious4 ,fruit small1 berry-like1 translucent1 #a-seeded4 ,illustration3 ,s4 argntea4 ,shephrdia argntea1 ,nutt4 7,,buffalo-,,berry4 ,,rabbit-,,berry47 ,leaves opposite1 oblong-ovate1 tapering at base1 silvery on both sides1 with small peltate scales4 ,branches often ending in sharp thorns4 ,fruit1 scarlet berries the size of currants1 forming continuous clusters on every branch and twig1 but found only on the pistillate plants4 ,they are juicy1 somewhat sour1 pleasant-tasting1 and make excellent jelly2 ripe in ,september4 ,a small handsome tree1 #e to #bj ft4 high1 wild in the ,rocky ,mountains1 and sometimes cultivated east4 ,its thorny-tipped branches make it a good hedge-plant4 ,hardy4 ,,order ,,xxxv4 ,,euphorbi,,ce4 7,,spurge ,,family47 ,a large order of mainly herbaceous and shrubby plants of warm countries1 with usually milky juice4 ,,genus #gc4 ,b,,xus4 ,shrubs or trees with opposite1 evergreen1 entire leaves and small flowers4 ,the fruit #c-;celled1 #f-seeded pods4 ,illustration3 ,b4 semprvirens4 ,bxus semprvirens1 ,l4 7,,boxwood47 ,leaves ovate1 smooth1 dark green2 leaf-stems hairy at edge4 ,this plant is a native of ,europe1 and in its tree form furnishes the white wood used for wood-engraving4 ,var4 subfruticosa 7dwarf boxwood7 grows only a foot or two high1 and is extensively used for edgings in gardens4 ,the tree form is more rare in cultivation1 and is of slow growth1 but forms a round-topped tree4 ,,order ,,xxxvi4 ,,urtic,,ce4 7,,nettle ,,family47 ,a large order of herbs1 shrubs and trees1 mainly tropical4 ,,genus #gd4 ,,lmus4 ,tall umbrella-shaped trees with watery juice and alternate1 #b-ranked1 simple1 deciduous1 obliquely ovate to obliquely heart-shaped1 strongly straight-veined1 serrate leaves1 harsh to the touch1 often rough4 ,flowers insignificant1 appearing before the leaves4 ,fruit a flattened1 round-winged samara2 ripe in the spring and dropping early from the trees4 ,bark rough with longitudinal ridges4 99 ,leaves very rough on the upper side4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves #d to #h in4 long2 buds rusty-downy2 inner bark very mucilaginous #a4 ,a4 ,leaves smaller2 buds not downy2 cultivated4 7,b47 ,b4 ,wide-spreading tree2 twigs drooping2 fruit slightly notched #b4 ,b4 ,tree rather pyramidal2 twigs not usually drooping2 fruit deeply notched #c4 99 ,leaves not very rough on the upper side4 7,c47 ,c4 ,buds and branchlets pubescent2 twigs often with corky ridges #d4 ,c4 ,buds and branchlets free from hairs1 or very nearly so4 7,d47 ,d4 ,twigs with corky wings #e4 ,d4 ,twigs often with corky ridges2 cultivated #b1 #c4 ,d4 ,branchlets never corky #f4 ,illustration3 ,u4 flva4 #a4 lmus flva1 ,michx4 7,,slippery ,,or ,,red ,,elm47 ,leaves large1 #d to #h in41 very rough above1 ovate-oblong1 taper-pointed1 doubly serrate1 soft-downy beneath2 branchlets downy2 inner bark very mucilaginous2 leaves sweet-scented in drying2 buds in spring soft and downy with rusty hairs4 ,fruit with a shallow notch in the wing not nearly reaching the rounded nut4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #de to #fj ft4 high1 with tough and very durable reddish wood2 wild in rich soils throughout4 ,illustration3 ,u4 montna4 #b4 lmus montna1 ,bauh4 7,,scotch ,,or ,,witch ,,elm47 ,leaves broad1 obovate1 abruptly pointed and doubly serrated4 ,fruit rounded1 with a slightly notched wing1 naked4 ,branches drooping at their extremity1 their bark smooth and even4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #ej to #fj ft4 high1 with spreading or often drooping branches2 extensively cultivated under a dozen different names1 among the most peculiar being the ,white-margined 7var4 alba marginata71 the ,crisped-leaved 7var4 crispa71 and the ,weeping 7var4 pendula7 ,elms4 ,illustration3 ,u4 campstris4 #c4 lmus campstris1 ,l4 7,,english ,,or ,,field ,,elm47 ,leaves much smaller and of a darker color than the ,american ,elm1 obovate-oblong1 abruptly sharp-pointed1 doubly serrated1 rough4 ,fruit smooth1 with the wing deeply notched4 ,a tall and beautiful cultivated tree1 with the branches growing out from the trunk more abruptly than those of the ,american ,elm1 and thus forming a more pyramidal tree4 ,a score of named varieties are in cultivation in this country1 some with very corky bark1 others with curled leaves1 and still others with weeping branches4 ,illustration3 ,u4 racemsa4 #d4 lmus racemsa1 ,thomas4 7,,cork ,,or ,,rock ,,elm47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 obovate-oblong1 abruptly pointed1 often doubly serrated1 with very straight veins2 twigs and bud-scales downy-ciliate2 branches often with corky ridges4 ,fruit large 7 in4 or more long71 with a deep notch2 hairy4 ,a large tree with fine-grained1 heavy and very tough wood4 ,southwest ,vermont1 west and south1 southwestward to ,missouri1 on river-banks4 ,illustration3 ,u4 alta4 #e4 lmus alta1 ,michx4 7,,wahoo ,,or ,,winged ,,elm47 ,leaves small1 #a to #b in4 long1 ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 thickish1 downy beneath and nearly smooth above1 sharply serrate4 ,bud-scales and branchlets nearly smooth4 ,notch in the wing of the fruit deep4 ,a small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 the branches having corky wings4 ,wild1 ,virginia1 west and south2 rarely cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,u4 ,americna4 #f4 lmus ,americna1 ,l4 7,,american ,,or ,,white ,,elm47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 obovate-oblong or oval1 abruptly sharp-pointed1 sharply and often doubly serrated1 soft-pubescent beneath when young1 soon quite smooth2 buds and branchlets smooth4 ,fruit in4 long1 its sharp points incurved and closing the deep notch2 hairy only on the edges4 ,a large ornamental tree1 usually with spreading branches and drooping branchlets1 forming a very wide-spreading top4 ,wild throughout in rich1 moist soil2 common in cultivation4 ,,genus #ge4 ,,pl,,nera4 ,trees or tall shrubs with alternate1 simple1 pointed1 #b-ranked1 feather-veined1 toothed leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 with the leaves in spring4 ,fruit a small1 nut-like1 scaly1 globular drupe1 ripe in autumn4 ,bark scaling off like that of the ,sycamore4 ,illustration3 ,p4 aqutica4 #a4 ,plnera aqutica1 ,gmel4 7,,american ,,planer-,,tree47 ,leaves ovate-oblong1 small1 #a to #a in4 long1 on short stems1 sharp-pointed1 serrate with equal teeth1 smooth1 green above and gray below1 not oblique at base4 ,flowers minute1 in small heads1 appearing before the leaves4 ,fruit a scaly1 roughened nut1 in41 raised on a stalk in the calyx2 ripe in ,september4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high2 wet banks1 ,kentucky and southward2 hardy as far north as ,philadelphia4 ,illustration3 ,p4 acuminta4 #b4 ,plnera acuminta4 7,,kiaka ,,elm ,,or ,,japan ,,planer-,,tree47 ,leaves large1 glossy1 smooth1 deeply notched1 on red stems2 young shoots also red4 ,this is a larger1 more hardy1 and finer tree than the ,american ,planer-tree1 and should be more extensively cultivated4 ,the ,caucasian ,planer-tree 7,planera parvifolia71 with very small leaves1 is also occasionally cultivated4 ,,genus #gf4 ,c,,ltis4 ,trees or shrubs with alternate1 simple1 #b-ranked1 oblique1 serrate leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 greenish1 axillary4 ,fruit berry-like1 sweet1 edible drupes1 about the size of a currant1 with one seed2 color dark2 ripe in autumn4 99 ,leaves usually sharply serrate #a4 99 ,leaves almost entire #b4 ,illustration3 ,c4 occidentlis4 #a4 ,cltis occidentlis1 ,l4 7,,sugarberry4 ,,hackberry47 ,leaves ovate1 obliquely subcordate to truncate at base1 long-acuminate1 serrate 7at least near the apex71 rough above and hairy beneath4 ,fruit a single-seeded1 in41 globular drupe1 solitary on a peduncle1 #a in4 long1 in the axils of the leaves2 purple when ripe in autumn4 ,shrub 7var4 pumila7 to large tree1 #f to #ej ft4 high2 throughout2 rare north1 abundant south4 ,sometimes cultivated4 ,the branches are numerous1 slender1 horizontal1 giving the tree a wide-spreading1 dense top4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,mississippinsis4 #b4 ,cltis ,mississippinsis1 ,bosc4 ,leaves almost entire1 with a very long1 tapering point1 a rounded and mostly oblique base1 thin and smooth4 ,fruit smaller than that of the preceding species4 ,a small tree with rough1 warty bark4 ,illinois and southward4 ,,genus #gg4 ,,macl,,ra4 ,trees or shrubs with milky juice and simple1 alternate1 entire1 deciduous leaves1 generally having a sharp spine by the side of the bud in the axils4 ,flowers inconspicuous2 in summer4 ,fruit large1 globular1 orange-like in appearance4 ,illustration3 ,m4 aurantaca4 ,maclra aurantaca1 ,nutt4 7,,osage ,,orange4 ,,bow-,,wood47 ,leaves rather thick1 ovate to ovate-oblong1 almost entire1 smooth and shining above1 strong-veined and paler beneath1 #d in4 long by #b in4 wide2 spines simple1 about #a in4 long4 ,fruit as large as an orange1 golden-yellow when ripe4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high2 native west of the ,mississippi4 ,extensively cultivated for hedges1 and also for ornament1 throughout4 ,,genus #gh4 ,m,,rus4 ,trees with milky juice and alternate1 deciduous1 exstipulate1 broad1 heart-shaped1 usually rough leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous2 in spring4 ,fruit blackberry-like in shape and size2 in summer4 99 ,leaves rough2 fruit dark-colored #a4 99 ,leaves smooth and shining2 fruit white to black #b4 ,illustration3 ,m4 rbra4 #a4 ,mrus rbra1 ,l4 7,,red ,,mulberry47 ,leaves broad1 heart-shaped1 #d to #f in4 long1 serrate1 rough above and downy beneath1 pointed2 on the young shoots irregularly lobed4 ,fruit dark red1 almost purple when ripe1 cylindrical2 not found on all the trees1 as the flowers are somewhat dioecious2 ripe in ,july4 ,wood yellow1 heavy and durable4 ,usually a small tree1 #ae to #fj ft4 high2 wild throughout1 also cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,m4 lba4 #b4 ,mrus lba1 ,l4 7,,white ,,mulberry47 ,leaves obliquely heart-ovate1 pointed1 serrate1 smooth and shining2 lobed on the younger growths2 #b to #g in4 long4 ,fruit whitish1 oval to oblong2 ripe in ,july4 ,a small tree from ,china1 planted for feeding silkworms1 but now naturalized throughout4 ,var4 multicaulis has large leaves1 and is considered better for silkworm food than the usual form4 ,it is not very hardy1 as it is frequently winter-killed in the latitude of ,new ,york ,city4 ,var4 ,downingii 7,downing's everbearing ,mulberry7 has large leaves and very large1 dark red or black fruit1 of excellent flavor1 which does not ripen all at once as most ,mulberries do4 ,,genus #gi4 ,,brousson,,tia4 ,trees with milky juice and alternate1 deciduous1 stipulate1 broad1 very hairy leaves4 ,flowers dioecious4 ,fruit 7only on a portion of the plants7 similar to the common ,mulberry4 ,illustration3 ,b4 papyrfera4 ,broussontia papyrfera1 ,l4 7,,paper-,,mulberry47 ,leaves ovate to heart-shaped1 variously lobed1 deeply so on the young suckers1 serrate1 very rough above and quite soft-downy beneath2 leaves on the old trees almost without lobes2 bark tough and fibrous4 ,flowers in catkins1 greenish2 in spring4 ,fruit club-shaped1 dark scarlet1 sweet and insipid2 ripe in ,august4 ,small cultivated tree1 #aj to #ce ft4 high1 hardy north to ,new ,york2 remarkable for the great variety in the forms of its leaves on the young trees4 ,,order ,,xxxvii4 ,,platan,,ce4 7,,plane-,,tree ,,family47 ,a very small order1 containing but one genus3 ,,genus #hj4 ,,pl,,tanus4 ,trees with alternate1 simple1 large1 palmately lobed leaves4 ,the base of the petiole is hollowed to cover the bud4 ,flowers inconspicuous2 in early spring4 ,fruit a large1 dry ball1 hanging on a long peduncle1 and remaining on the tree through the winter4 ,large tree with white bark separating into thin1 brittle plates4 ,illustration3 ,p4 occidentlis4 #a4 ,pltanus occidentlis1 ,l4 7,,american ,,sycamore4 ,,buttonwood47 ,leaves large 7#f to #aj in4 broad71 roundish heart-shaped1 angularly sinuate-lobed1 the short lobes sharp-pointed1 scurfy-downy till old4 ,fruit globular1 solitary1 #a in4 in diameter1 hanging on long1 #d-;in4 peduncles2 remaining on the tree through the winter4 ,a large1 well-known tree1 #hj to #ajj ft4 high2 found on river-banks throughout2 also cultivated4 ,wood brownish1 coarse-grained2 it cannot be split1 and is very difficult to smooth4 ,the marking of the grain on the quartered lumber is very beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,p4 orientlis4 #b4 ,pltanus orientlis1 ,l4 7,,oriental ,,plane47 ,leaves more deeply cut1 smaller1 and sooner smooth than those of the ,american ,sycamore4 ,fruit frequently clustered on the peduncles4 ,this tree is similar to the ,american ,sycamore1 and in many ways better for cultivation4 ,,order ,,xxxviii4 ,,jugland,,ce4 7,,walnut ,,family47 ,a small order of useful nut-and timber-trees4 ,,genus #ha4 ,j,,glans4 ,trees with alternate1 odd-pinnate leaves1 of #e to #ag leaflets1 with #b to #d axillary buds1 the uppermost the largest4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 the sterile ones in catkins4 ,may4 ,fruit a large1 bony1 edible nut surrounded by a husk that has no regular dehiscence4 ,the nut1 as in the genus ,carya1 has a bony partition between the halves of the kernel4 99 ,leaflets #ac to #ag1 strongly serrate2 husk of the fruit not separating from the very rough1 bony nut2 native4 7,a47 ,a4 ,upper axillary bud cylindrical1 whitish with hairs2 nut elongated #a4 ,a4 ,upper axillary bud ovate1 pointed2 nut globular #b4 99 ,leaflets #e to #i2 husk of the fruit separating when dry from the smoothish1 thin-shelled nut2 cultivated #c4 ,illustration3 ,j4 cinrea4 #a4 ,jglans cinrea1 ,l4 7,,butternut4 ,,white ,,walnut47 ,leaflets #aa to #ag1 lanceolate1 rounded at base1 serrate with shallow teeth2 downy1 especially beneath2 leafstalk sticky or gummy4 ,buds oblong1 white-to-mentose4 ,fruit oblong1 clammy1 pointed4 ,a thick-shelled nut1 deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges2 ripe in ,september4 ,a widely spreading1 flat-topped tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 with gray bark and much lighter-colored wood than that of the ,juglans nigra4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ngra4 #b4 ,jglans ngra1 ,l4 7,,black ,,walnut47 ,leaflets #ac to #ba1 lanceolate-ovate1 taper-pointed1 somewhat heart-shaped and oblique at base1 smooth above and very slightly downy beneath4 ,fruit globular1 roughly dotted2 the thick-shelled nut very rough2 ripe in ,october4 ,a large handsome tree1 #ej to #abj ft4 high1 with brown bark2 more common west than east of the ,alleghanies2 often planted4 ,wood dark purplish-brown4 ,illustration3 ,j4 rgia4 #c4 ,jglans rgia1 ,l4 7,,madeira ,,nut4 ,,english ,,walnut47 ,leaflets #e to #i1 oval1 smooth1 obscurely serrate4 ,fruit oval1 with a thin-shelled oval nut not nearly so rough as that of ,juglans cinerea1 or of ,juglans nigra4 ,when ripe the husk becomes very brittle and breaks open to let out the nut4 ,tree intermediate in size1 #dj to #fj ft4 high1 hardy as far north as ,boston in the ,east1 but needs protection at ,st4 ,louis4 ,it should be more extensively cultivated4 ,introduced from ,persia4 ,,genus #hb4 ,c,,rya4 ,hard-wooded trees with alternate1 odd-pinnate leaves having straight-veined leaflets4 ,the leaflets are opposite each other1 and the terminal pair and end leaflet are usually much the largest4 ,the sterile flowers are in hanging catkins1 the fertile ones minute1 forming a large1 rounded1 green-coated1 dry drupe1 with a roughened nut having a bony partition4 ,the drupes hang on till frost1 when they open more or less and usually allow the nut to drop out4 ,wood hard and tough4 99 ,bark shaggy and scaly2 kernel very good4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaflets usually #e 7#e to #g7 #a4 ,a4 ,leaflets #g to #i #b4 99 ,bark rough1 deeply furrowed but not shaggy2 kernel edible4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaflets #g to #i1 usually #g #c4 ,b4 ,leaflets #e to #g1 usually #e #d4 99 ,bark smooth2 kernel bitter4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaflets #e to #g1 usually #g1 smooth #e4 ,c4 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 serrate with deep teeth #f4 99 ,bark smooth2 nut thin-shelled2 kernel sweet2 leaflets #ac to #ae #g4 ,illustration3 ,c4 lba4 #a4 ,crya lba1 ,nutt4 7,,shellbark ,,or ,,shagbark ,,hickory47 ,leaflets #e1 the lower pair much smaller1 all oblong-lanceolate1 taper-pointed1 finely serrate1 downy beneath when young4 ,fruit globular1 depressed at the top1 splitting readily into #d wholly separate valves4 ,nut white1 sweet1 compressed1 #d-;angled4 ,husk quite thin for the ,hickories4 ,tree #gj to #ij ft4 high1 with very shaggy bark1 even on quite small trees4 ,wild throughout1 and cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,c4 sulcta4 #b4 ,crya sulcta1 ,nutt4 7,,big ,,shellbark4 ,,kingnut47 ,leaflets #g to #i1 obovate-acuminate1 sharply serrate1 the odd one attenuate at base and nearly sessile2 downy beneath 7more so than ,carya alba74 ,fruit large1 oval1 #d-ribbed above the middle1 with #d intervening depressions4 ,husk very thick1 entirely separating into #d valves4 ,nut large1 #a to #b in4 long1 dull-whitish1 thick-shelled1 usually strongly pointed at both ends4 ,kernel sweet and good4 ,tree #fj to #ij ft4 high1 with a shaggy bark of loose1 narrow strips on large trees4 ,quite common west of the ,alleghanies4 ,illustration3 ,c4 tomentsa4 #c4 ,crya tomentsa1 ,nutt4 7,,mockernut4 ,,white-,,heart ,,hickory47 ,leaflets #g to #i 7mostly #g71 lance-obovate1 pointed1 obscurely serrate or almost entire1 the lower surface as well as the twigs and the catkins tomentose when young4 ,fruit globular or ovoid1 usually with a very hard1 thick husk slightly united at base4 ,nut somewhat hexagonal1 with a very thick shell and well-flavored kernel4 ,a tall1 slender tree1 #fj to #ajj ft4 high1 with a rough deeply furrowed1 but not shaggy bark4 ,common on dry hillsides throughout4 ,illustration3 ,c4 microcrpa4 #d4 ,crya microcrpa1 ,nutt4 7,,small ,,mockernut47 ,leaflets about #e 7#e to #g71 oblong-lanceolate1 long-pointed1 finely serrate1 smooth1 glandular beneath2 buds small1 ovate4 ,fruit small1 subglobose1 with a thin husk2 nut not sharply angled1 with a thin shell2 edible4 ,a large tree1 #gj to #ij ft4 high2 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 and westward4 ,illustration3 ,c4 porcna4 #e4 ,crya porcna1 ,nutt4 7,,pignut4 ,,broom-,,hickory47 ,leaflets #e to #g 7usually #g71 oblong-ovate1 acuminate1 serrate1 smooth4 ,fruit pear-shaped to oval1 somewhat rough1 splitting regularly only about half-way4 ,nut large 7#a to #b in4 long71 brownish1 somewhat obcordate1 with a thick1 hard shell1 and poor1 bitter kernel4 ,tall tree1 #gj to #hj ft4 high1 with dark-colored heart-wood1 and rather smooth bark4 ,common on ridges4 ,illustration3 ,c4 amra4 #f4 ,crya amra1 ,nutt4 7,,bitternut4 ,,swamp-,,hickory47 ,leaflets #g to #aa1 lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate1 serrate with deep teeth4 ,fruit roundish-ovate1 regularly separable only half-way1 but friable at maturity4 ,nut small1 white1 subglobose1 with a very thin shell and an extremely bitter kernel4 ,large tree with orange-yellow winter buds1 and firm1 not scaly1 bark4 ,wild throughout1 and sometimes cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,c4 olivfrmis4 #g4 ,crya olivfrmis1 ,nutt4 7,,pecan-,,nut47 ,leaflets #ac to #ae1 ovate-lanceolate1 serrate2 lateral ones nearly sessile and decidedly curved4 ,fruit oblong1 widest above the middle1 with #d distinct valves4 ,nut oblong1 #a in41 nearer smooth than the other edible ,hickory-nuts1 the shell thin1 but rather too hard to be broken by the fingers4 ,the kernel is full1 sweet1 and good4 ,a tall tree1 #hj to #ij ft4 high4 ,indiana and south2 also cultivated1 but not very successfully1 as far north as ,new ,york ,city4 ,,order ,,xxxix4 ,,cupul,,fer4 7,,oak ,,family47 ,this order contains more species of trees and shrubs in temperate regions than any other1 except the ,conifer4 ,the genus ,quercus 7,oak7 alone contains about #bj species of trees in the region covered by this work4 ,,genus #hc4 ,b,,tula4 ,trees or shrubs with simple1 alternate1 mostly straight-veined1 thin1 usually serrate leaves4 ,flowers in catkins1 opening in early spring1 in most cases before the leaves4 ,fruit a leafy-scaled catkin or cone1 hanging on till autumn4 ,twigs usually slender1 the bark peeling off in thin1 tough layers1 and having peculiar horizontal marks4 ,many species have aromatic leaves and twigs4 99 ,trunks with chalky white bark4 7,a47 ,a4 ,native4 7,b47 ,b4 ,small tree with leafstalks about as long as the blades #a4 ,b4 ,large tree2 leafstalks about #a_/c as long as the blades #b4 ,a4 ,cultivated2 from ,europe2 many varieties #c4 99 ,bark not chalky white1 usually dark4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves and bark very aromatic4 7,d47 ,d4 ,bark of trunk yellowish and splitting into filmy layers #e4 ,d4 ,bark not splitting into filmy layers #d4 ,c4 ,leaves not very aromatic2 bark brownish and loose and shaggy on the main trunk2 growing in or near the water #f4 ,illustration3 ,b4 populiflia4 #a4 ,btula populiflia1 ,ait4 7,,american ,,white ,,or ,,gray ,,birch47 ,leaves triangular1 very taper-pointed1 and usually truncate or nearly so at the broad base1 irregularly twice-serrate2 both sides smooth and shining1 when young glutinous with resinous glands2 leafstalks half as long as the blades and slender1 so as to make the leaves tremulous1 like those of the ,aspen4 ,fruit brown1 cylindrical1 more or less pendulous on slender peduncles4 ,a small 7#ae to #cj ft4 high71 slender tree with an ascending rather than an erect trunk4 ,bark chalky or grayish white1 with triangular dusky spaces below the branches2 recent shoots brown1 closely covered with round dots4 ,illustration3 ,b4 papyrfera4 #b4 ,btula papyrfera1 ,marsh4 7,,paper ,,or ,,canoe ,,birch47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 ovate1 taper-pointed1 heart-shaped1 abrupt or sometimes wedge-shaped at the base1 sharply and doubly serrate1 smooth and green above1 roughly reticulated1 glandular-dotted and slightly hairy beneath2 footstalk not over #a_/c the length of the blade4 ,fruit long-stalked and drooping4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #ge ft4 high1 with white bark splitting freely into very thin1 tough layers4 ,a variety1 #e to #aj ft4 high 7var4 minor71 occurs only in the ,white ,mountains4 ,young shoots reddish or purplish olive-green deepening to a dark copper bronze4 ,new ,england and westward1 also cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,b4 lba4 #c4 ,btula lba1 ,l4 7,,european ,,white ,,birch47 ,leaves ovate1 acute1 somewhat deltoid1 unequally serrate1 often deeply cut1 nearly smooth2 in var4 pubescens covered with white hairs4 ,fruit brown1 cylindric1 drooping4 ,a tree1 #cj to #fj ft4 high1 with a chalky-white bark2 from ,europe1 extensively cultivated in this country1 under many names1 which indicate the character of growth or foliage2 among them may be mentioned pendula 7weeping71 laciniata 7cut-leaved71 fastigiata 7pyramidal71 atropurpurea 7purple-leaved71 and pubescens 7hairy-leaved74 ,illustration3 ,b4 lnta4 #d4 ,btula lnta1 ,l4 7,,sweet1 ,,black ,,or ,,cherry ,,birch47 ,leaves and bark very sweet1 aromatic4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-oblong1 with more or less heart-shaped base1 very acute apex1 and doubly and finely serrate margin1 bright shining green above1 smooth beneath1 except the veins1 which are hairy4 ,fruit #a to #a in4 long1 cylindric1 with spreading lobes to the scales4 ,a rather large tree1 #ej to #gj ft4 high1 with bark of trunk and twigs in appearance much like that of the garden ,cherry1 and not splitting into as thin layers as most of the ,birches4 ,wood rose-colored1 fine-grained4 ,moist woods1 rather common throughout2 also cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ltea4 #e4 ,btula ltea1 ,michx4 f4 7,,yellow ,,or ,,gray ,,birch47 ,a species so like the preceding 7,betula lenta7 as to be best described by stating the differences4 ,leaves and bark are much less aromatic4 ,leaves #c to #e in4 long1 not so often nor so plainly heart-shaped at base1 usually narrowed2 less bright green above1 and more downy beneath2 more coarsely serrate4 ,fruit not so long1 and more ovate1 with much larger and thinner scales1 the lobes hardly spreading4 ,a large tree1 #ej to #ij ft4 high1 with yellowish or silvery-gray bark peeling off into very thin1 filmy layers from the trunk4 ,wood whiter1 and not so useful4 ,rich1 moist woodlands1 especially northward2 also cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ngra4 #f4 ,btula ngra1 ,l4 7,,river ,,or ,,red ,,birch47 ,leaves #b to #c in4 long1 rhombic-ovate1 acute at both ends1 distinctly doubly serrate1 bright green above2 glaucous beneath when young2 on petioles only #a_/f their length4 ,twigs brown to cinnamon-color1 and downy when young4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 usually growing on the edges of streams1 the old trunks having a very shaggy1 loose1 torn1 reddish-brown bark4 ,wild in ,massachusetts1 south and west2 often cultivated4 ,,genus #hd4 ,,lnus4 ,shrubs or small trees with deciduous1 alternate1 simple1 straight-veined leaves with large stipules that remain most of the season4 ,flowers in catkins4 ,fruit a small1 scaly1 open1 woody cone1 remaining on the plant throughout the year4 99 ,native species2 growing in wet places4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves rounded at base2 whitened beneath2 found north of #da ,n4 ,lat #a4 ,a4 ,leaves acute or tapering at base2 southward4 7,b47 ,b4 ,flowering in the spring #b4 ,b4 ,flowering in the autumn #c4 99 ,cultivated species2 from ,europe2 will grow in dry places #d1 #e4 ,illustration3 ,a4 incna4 #a4 lnus incna1 ,willd4 7,,speckled ,,or ,,hoary ,,alder47 ,leaves #c to #e in4 long1 broadly oval or ovate1 rounded at base1 sharply serrate1 often coarsely toothed1 whitened and mostly downy beneath2 stipules lanceolate and soon falling4 ,fruit orbicular or nearly so4 ,a shrub or small tree1 #h to #bj ft4 high1 with the bark of the trunk a polished reddish green2 common along water-courses north of #da ,n4 ,lat42 sometimes cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,a4 serrulta4 #b4 lnus serrulta1 ,willd4 7,,smooth ,,alder47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 thickish1 obovate1 acute at base1 sharply and finely serrate1 green both sides1 smooth or often downy beneath2 stipules yellowish green1 oval1 and falling after #b or #c leaves have expanded above them4 ,fruit ovate4 ,rather a shrub than a tree1 #f to #ab ft4 high1 common along streams south of #da ,n4 ,lat4 ,in the ,southern ,states it sometimes forms a tree #cj ft4 high4 ,illustration3 ,a4 martima4 #c4 lnus martima1 ,muhl4 7,,seaside ,,alder47 ,smooth2 leaves oblong-ovate to obovate1 with a tapering base1 sharply serrulate2 petiole slender2 color bright green1 somewhat rusty beneath4 ,flowering in the autumn4 ,fruiting catkin large1 to #a in4 long1 in4 thick1 usually solitary1 ovoid to oblong4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #be ft4 high4 ,southern ,delaware and eastern ,maryland1 near the coast4 ,illustration3 ,a4 glutinsa4 #d4 lnus glutinsa1 ,l4 7,,european ,,alder47 ,leaves roundish1 wedge-shaped1 wavy-serrated1 usually abrupt at tip1 glutinous2 sharply and deeply incised in some varieties4 ,fruit oval1 in4 long4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #be to #fj ft4 high1 of rapid growth1 often cultivated under several names2 the most important being vars4 laciniata 7cut-leaved71 quercifolia 7oak-leaved71 and rubrinervis 7red-leaved74 ,illustration3 ,a4 cordiflia4 #e4 lnus cordiflia1 ,ten4 7,,heart-,,leaved ,,alder47 ,leaves heart-shaped1 dark green and shining4 ,flowers greenish-brown1 blooming in ,march and ,april1 before the leaves expand4 ,a large and very handsome ,alder1 #ae to #bj ft4 high1 growing in much dryer soil than the ,american species4 ,cultivated from southern ,europe4 ,hardy after it gets a good start1 but often winter-killed when young4 ,,genus #he4 ,c,,rylus4 ,low trees and large shrubs with simple1 alternate1 deciduous1 doubly serrate1 straight-veined leaves4 ,flowers insignificant1 in catkins in early spring4 ,fruit an ovoid-oblong bony nut1 inclosed in a thickish involucre of two leaves with a lacerated frilled border2 ripe in autumn4 99 ,leafy bracts of fruit forming a bottle-shaped involucre #b4 99 ,leafy bracts not bottle-shaped4 7,a47 ,a4 ,involucre much longer than the nut #a4 ,a4 ,involucre but little longer than the nut #c4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,americna4 #a4 ,crylus ,americna1 ,walt4 7,,wild ,,hazelnut47 ,leaves roundish heart-shaped1 pointed1 doubly serrate2 stipules broad at base1 acute1 and sometimes cut-toothed2 twigs and shoots often hairy4 ,involucre of the fruit open to the globose nut1 the two leaf-like bracts very much cut-toothed at the margin and thick and leathery at the base4 ,merely a shrub1 #e to #f ft4 high2 quite common throughout4 ,illustration3 ,c4 rostrta4 #b4 ,crylus rostrta1 ,ait4 7,,beaked ,,hazelnut47 ,leaves but little or not at all heart-shaped2 stipules linear-lanceolate4 ,the involucre1 extending beyond the nut in a bract like a bottle1 is covered with stiff1 short hairs4 ,shrub1 #d to #e ft4 high4 ,wild in the same region as ,corylus ,americana1 but not so abundant4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,avellna4 #c4 ,crylus ,avellna1 ,l4 7,,european ,,hazel4 ,,filbert47 ,leaves roundish-cordate1 pointed1 doubly serrate1 nearly sessile1 with ovate-oblong1 obtuse stipules2 shoots bristly4 ,involucre of the fruit not much larger than the large nut 7#a in471 and deeply cleft4 ,a small tree or shrub1 #f to #ab ft4 high1 from ,europe2 several varieties in cultivation4 ,,genus #hf4 ,,strya4 ,slender trees with very hard wood1 brownish1 furrowed bark1 and deciduous1 alternate1 simple1 exstipulate1 straight-veined leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 in catkins4 ,fruit hop-like in appearance1 at the ends of side shoots of the season1 hanging on through the autumn4 ,illustration3 ,o4 ,virgnica4 #a4 strya ,virgnica1 ,willd4 7,,iron-,,wood4 ,,american ,,hop-,,hornbeam47 ,leaves oblong-ovate1 taper-pointed1 very sharply doubly serrate1 downy beneath1 with #aa to #ae straight veins on each side of the midrib2 buds acute4 ,the hop-like fruit #b to #c times as long as wide2 full grown and pendulous1 #a to #c in4 long1 in ,august1 when it adds greatly to the beauty of the tree4 ,a small1 rather slender tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 with the bark on old trees somewhat furrowed2 wood white and very hard and heavy2 common in rich woods1 and occasionally cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,o4 vulgris4 #b4 strya vulgris1 ,willd4 7,,european ,,hop-,,hornbeam47 ,this species from ,europe is much like the ,american one1 but has longer1 more slender1 more pendulous fruit-clusters4 ,occasionally cultivated4 ,,genus #hg4 ,,carp,,nus4 ,trees or tall shrubs with alternate1 simple1 straight-veined leaves1 and smooth and close gray bark4 ,flowers in drooping catkins1 the sterile flowers in dense cylindric ones1 and the fertile flowers in a loose terminal one forming an elongated1 leafy-bracted cluster with many1 several-grooved1 small nuts1 hanging on the tree till late in the autumn4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,carolinina4 #a4 ,carpnus ,carolinina1 ,walt4 7,,american ,,hornbeam4 ,,blue ,,or ,,water ,,beech47 ,leaves ovate-oblong1 pointed1 sharply doubly serrate1 soon nearly smooth4 ,fruit with the scales obliquely halberd-shaped and cut-toothed1 in4 long1 nuts #a_/h in4 long4 ,a tree or tall shrub1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 with a peculiarly ridged trunk2 the close1 smooth gray bark and the leaves are much like those of the ,beech4 ,the wood is very hard and whitish4 ,common along streams2 sometimes cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,btulus4 #b4 ,carpnus ,btulus1 ,l4 7,,european ,,hornbeam47 ,this cultivated species is quite similar to the ,american1 but can be distinguished by the scales of the fruit1 which are wholly halberd-shaped1 having the basal lobes nearly equal in size1 as shown in the cut2 while the ,american species has scales only half halberd-shaped4 ,,genus #hh4 ,,qu,,rcus4 ,large trees to shrubs1 with simple1 alternate1 deciduous or evergreen1 entire to deeply lobed leaves4 ,the leaves are rather thick and woody1 and remain on the tree either all winter or at least until nearly all other deciduous leaves have fallen4 ,flowers insignificant2 the staminate ones in catkins2 blooming in spring4 ,fruit an acorn1 which in the ,white1 ,chestnut1 and ,live ,oaks matures the same year the blossoms appear2 while in the ,red1 ,black1 and ,willow ,oaks the acorns mature the second year4 ,they remain on the tree until late in autumn4 ,the ,oaks1 because of their large tap-roots1 can be transplanted only when small4 ,most of the species are in cultivation4 ,the species are very closely related1 and a number of them quite readily hybridize2 this is especially true of those of a particular group1 as the ,white ,oaks1 ,black ,oaks1 etc4 ,there is no attempt in the ,key to characterize the hybrids1 of which some are quite extensively distributed4 ,quercus heterophylla1 ,michx4 7,bartram's ,oak71 supposed to be a hybrid between ,quercus ,phellos and ,quercus rubra1 is found quite frequently from ,staten ,island southward to ,north ,carolina4 99 ,cultivated ,oaks from the ,old ,world2 bark rough2 leaves more or less sinuated or lobed4 7,a47 ,a4 ,acorn cup not bristly #bj4 ,a4 ,acorn cup more or less bristly #ba4 99 ,wild species1 occasionally cultivated4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves entire or almost entire1 or merely #c- 7rarely #e-7 lobed at the enlarged summit4 7,c47 ,c4 ,ends about equal1 petioles very short4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves small 7#b to #d in4 long71 evergreen1 bark smooth1 black 7,live-oaks7 #aj4 ,d4 ,leaves not evergreen in the ,north1 somewhat awned when young1 bark very smooth1 black and never cracked 7,willow-oaks74 7,e47 ,e4 ,down on the under side quite persistent #ah4 ,e4 ,under side soon smooth #ai4 ,c4 ,widened near the tip1 somewhat obovate and the end usually #c-lobed2 bark quite black1 smooth or furrowed1 but never scaly 7,black-oaks74 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves acute at base #af4 ,f4 ,leaves abrupt or cordate at base #ag4 ,b4 ,leaves distinctly straight-veined1 sinuate rather than lobed1 the teeth generally rounded and never awned2 bark white1 rough and scaling 7,chestnut-oaks74 7,g47 ,g4 ,lobes rounded #e1 #f1 #g4 ,g4 ,lobes rather acute #h1 #i4 ,b4 ,leaves coarsely lobed1 the lobes usually rounded1 never awned2 bark white or whitish-brown1 cracking and scaling off in thin lamin 7,white ,oaks74 7,h47 ,h4 ,leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets #d4 ,h4 ,leaves not crowded #a1 #b1 #c4 ,b4 ,leaves more or less lobed1 the lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed2 petiole slender2 base rather abrupt2 bark dark-colored1 smooth or furrowed1 but never scaly 7,red ,oaks74 7,i47 ,i4 ,leaves smooth both sides1 at least when mature #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,i4 ,leaves soft-downy beneath #ad1 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,q4 lba4 #a4 ,qurcus lba1 ,l4 7,,american ,,white ,,oak47 ,leaves short-stemmed1 acute at base1 with #c to #i oblong1 obtuse1 usually entire1 oblique lobes1 very persistent1 many remaining on the tree through the winter2 pubescent when young1 soon smooth1 bright green above4 ,acorns in the axils of the leaves of the year1 ovoid-oblong1 #a in41 in a shallow1 rough cup1 often sweet and edible4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 with stem often #f ft4 in diameter2 wood light-colored1 hard1 tough and very useful4 ,common throughout4 ,illustration3 ,q4 stellta #b4 ,qurcus stellta1 ,wang4 7,,post-,,oak4 ,,rough ,,or ,,box ,,white ,,oak47 ,leaves #d to #f in4 long1 sinuately cut into #e to #g roundish1 divergent lobes1 the upper ones much larger and often #a- to #c-notched1 grayish-or yellowish-downy beneath1 and pale and rough above4 ,acorn ovoid1 about in4 long1 one third to one half inclosed in a deep1 saucer-shaped cup2 in the axils of the leaves of the year4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #dj to #ej ft4 high1 with very hard1 durable wood1 resembling that of the ,white ,oak4 ,massachusetts1 south and west4 ,illustration3 ,q4 macrocrpa4 #c4 ,qurcus macrocrpa1 ,michx4 7,,bur-,,oak4 ,,mossy-,,cup47 ,leaves obovate or oblong1 lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed or nearly parted1 the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed or entire4 ,acorn broadly ovoid1 #a in4 or more long1 one half to almost entirely inclosed in a thick and woody cup with usually a mossy fringed border formed of the upper awned scales2 cup very variable in size1 to #b in4 across4 ,a handsome1 middle-sized tree1 #dj to #fj ft4 high4 ,western ,new ,england to ,wisconsin1 and southwestward4 ,illustration3 ,q4 lyrta4 #d4 ,qurcus lyrta1 ,walt4 7,,swamp ,,post-,,oak47 ,leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets1 very variable1 obovate-oblong1 more or less deeply #g- to #i-lobed1 white-to-mentose beneath when young1 becoming smoothish2 the lobes triangular to oblong1 acute or obtuse1 entire or sparingly toothed4 ,acorn about in4 long1 nearly covered by the round1 ovate1 thin1 rugged1 scaly cup4 ,a large tree with pale flaky bark4 ,river-swamps in southern ,indiana to ,wisconsin1 and southward4 ,illustration3 ,q4 bcolor4 #e4 ,qurcus bcolor1 ,willd4 7,,swamp ,,white ,,oak47 ,leaves obovate or oblong-obovate1 wedge-shaped at base1 coarsely sinuate-crenate1 and often rather pinnatifid than toothed1 whitish1 soft-downy beneath4 ,main primary veins #f to #h pairs4 ,acorns1 nearly #a in41 oblong-ovoid1 set in a shallow cup often mossy fringed at the margin1 on a peduncle about as long as the acorn1 much longer than the petioles of the leaves2 in the axils of the leaves of the year4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 stem #e to #h ft4 in diameter4 ,most common in the ,northern and ,western ,states1 in swamps1 but found in moist soil in the mountains of the ,south4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ,michaxii4 #f4 ,qurcus ,michaxii1 ,nutt4 7,,basket-,,oak or ,,cow-,,oak47 ,leaves #e to #f in4 long1 oval to obovate1 acute1 obtuse1 or even cordate at base1 regularly but usually not deeply sinuate1 rather rigid1 usually very tomentose beneath4 ,acorn large1 #a-a_/c in4 long1 sweet and edible2 cup shallow and roughened with coarse1 acute scales2 no fringe4 ,a large and valuable ,oak with gray and flaky bark4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ,prnus #g4 ,qurcus ,prnus1 ,l4 7,,chestnut-,,oak47 ,leaves obovate or oblong1 coarsely undulately toothed1 with #aj to #af pairs of straight1 prominent ribs beneath2 surface minutely downy beneath1 and smooth above4 ,acorn ovoid1 #a in4 long1 covered nearly half-way with a thick1 mostly tuberculated cup2 in the axils of the leaves of the year2 kernel sweetish and edible4 ,a middle-sized or small tree1 with reddish1 coarse-grained wood4 ,found throughout1 but common only southward4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ,muhlenbrgii4 #h4 ,qurcus ,muhlenbrgii1 ,engelm4 7,,yellow ,,chestnut-,,oak47 ,leaves usually thin1 #e to #g in4 long1 #a to #b in4 broad1 oblong-lanceolate1 rather sharply notched1 mostly obtuse or roundish at base1 sometimes broadly ovate or obovate1 and two thirds as wide as long4 ,the leaves are usually more like those of the ,chestnut than any other ,oak2 the primary veins very straight1 impressed above1 prominent beneath4 ,acorn #b_/c to in4 long1 inclosed in a thin1 hemispherical cup with small1 appressed scales4 ,a middle-sized tree with flaky1 pale1 thin1 ash-colored bark1 and tough1 very durable1 yellowish or brownish wood4 ,western ,new ,england1 westward and south4 ,illustration3 ,q4 prinodes4 #i4 ,qurcus prinodes1 ,willd4 7,,dwarf ,,chestnut-,,oak47 ,much like the last1 but generally grows only #b to #d ft4 high in the ,eastern ,states4 ,the leaves are more wavy-toothed1 on shorter stems4 ,it seems to be only a variety of ,quercus ,muhlenbergii1 especially in the ,west1 where it grows much taller and runs into that species4 ,illustration3 ,q4 vrens4 #aj4 ,qurcus vrens1 ,ait4 7,,live-,,oak47 ,leaves thick1 evergreen1 #b to #d in4 long1 oblong1 obtuse1 and somewhat wrinkled2 smooth and shining above1 hairy beneath1 the margin revolute1 usually quite entire1 rarely spiny-toothed4 ,acorns pedunculate1 #a to #c in a cluster1 oblong-ovate1 with top-shaped nut4 ,a mere shrub to a large tree1 with yellowish wood of excellent grain and durability4 ,virginia and south4 ,illustration3 ,q4 rbra4 #aa4 ,qurcus rbra1 ,l4 7,,red ,,oak47 ,leaves rather thin1 smooth1 oblong1 moderately pinnatifid1 sometimes deeply so1 into #h to #ab entire or sharply toothed lobes1 turning dark red after frost4 ,acorn oblong-ovoid1 #a in4 or less long1 set in a shallow cup of fine scales1 with a narrow raised border1 to #a in4 in diameter2 sessile or nearly so4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #ij ft4 high1 with reddish1 very coarse-grained wood4 ,common throughout4 ,illustration3 ,q4 coccnea4 #ab4 ,qurcus coccnea1 ,wang4 7,,scarlet ,,oak47 ,leaves1 in the ordinary form on large trees1 bright green1 shining above1 turning red in autumn1 oval or oblong1 deeply pinnatifid1 the #f to #h lobes divergent1 and sparingly cut-toothed1 notches rounded4 ,acorn to in4 long1 roundish1 depressed1 one half or a little more inclosed in a top-shaped1 coarsely scaled cup2 in the axils of the leaf-scars of the preceding year4 ,a large handsome tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 with grayish bark not deeply furrowed1 interior reddish2 coarse-grained reddish wood4 ,moist or dry soil4 ,common4 ,illustration3 ,var4 tinctria4 ,var4 tinctoria4 7,quercitron4 ,yellow-barked or ,black ,oak47 ,leaves1 especially on young trees1 often less deeply pinnatifid1 sometimes barely sinuate4 ,foliage much like that of ,quercus rubra4 ,acorn nearly round1 to #b_/c in4 long1 set in a rather deep1 conspicuously scaly cup4 ,bark of trunk thicker1 rougher1 darker-colored and with the inner color orange4 ,rich and poor soil4 ,abundant east1 but rare west4 ,illustration3 ,q4 palstris4 #ac4 ,qurcus palstris1 ,du ,roi4 7,,swamp1 ,,spanish1 ,,or ,,pin ,,oak47 ,leaves oblong1 deeply pinnatifid1 with divergent1 sharply toothed1 bristle-tipped lobes and rounded notches1 and with both sides bright green4 ,acorn globular1 hardly in4 long1 cup shallow and saucer-shaped1 almost sessile1 in the axils of last year's leaf-scars4 ,a handsome1 medium-sized tree2 wood reddish1 coarse-grained4 ,in low ground4 ,common throughout4 ,illustration3 ,q4 falcta4 #ad4 ,qurcus falcta1 ,michx4 7,,spanish ,,oak47 ,leaves obtuse or roundish at base1 #c- to #e-lobed above1 the lobes prolonged1 mostly narrow1 and the end ones more or less scythe-shaped1 bristle-tipped1 entire or sparingly cut-toothed1 soft-downy beneath4 ,foliage very variable4 ,acorn #a_/c to in4 long1 globose1 half inclosed in the hemispherical cup2 nearly sessile4 ,a tree1 #cj to #gj ft4 high1 large and abundant in the ,south2 bark thick and excellent for tanning2 wood coarse-grained1 dark brown or reddish4 ,new ,jersey1 south and west4 ,illustration3 ,q4 iliciflia4 #ae4 ,qurcus iliciflia1 ,wang4 7,,bear ,,or ,,black ,,scrub-,,oak47 ,leaves obovate1 wedge-shaped at base1 angularly about #e-lobed 7#c to #g71 white-downy beneath1 #b to #d in4 long1 thickish1 with short1 triangular bristle-tipped lobes4 ,acorn ovoid1 globular1 in4 long4 ,a dwarfed1 straggling bush1 #c to #aj ft4 high4 ,sandy barrens and rocky hills4 ,new ,england to ,ohio1 and south4 ,illustration3 ,q4 aqutica4 #af4 ,qurcus aqutica1 ,walt4 7,,water-,,oak47 ,leaves thick1 sub-evergreen1 obovate-wedge-shaped1 smooth1 tapering at the base1 sometimes obscurely #c-lobed at the tip2 on the seedlings and the young rapid-growing shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid1 and then bristle-pointed4 ,acorn small1 globular-ovoid1 downy1 in a saucer-shaped cup1 very bitter2 in the axils of leaf-scars of the previous year4 ,a very variable tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 with smooth bark4 ,wet ground4 ,maryland1 west and south4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ngra4 #ag4 ,qurcus ngra1 ,l4 7,,black ,,oak ,,or ,,barren ,,oak47 ,leaves large1 #e to #aj in4 long1 thick1 wedge-shaped1 broadly dilated above1 and truncate or slightly #c-lobed at the end1 bristle-awned1 smooth above1 rusty-downy beneath4 ,acorn oblong-ovate1 to in4 long1 in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year1 one third or one half inclosed in the top-shaped1 coarse-scaled cup4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #be ft4 high1 with rough1 very dark-colored bark4 ,new ,york1 south and west1 in dry1 sandy barrens4 ,illustration3 ,q4 imbricria4 #ah4 ,qurcus imbricria1 ,michx4 7,,laurel-,,or ,,shingle-,,oak47 ,leaves lanceolate-oblong1 entire1 tipped with an abrupt1 sharp point1 pale-downy beneath4 ,acorn globular1 #e_/h in4 long1 cup with broad1 whitish1 close-pressed scales1 covering about one third of the nut4 ,a stout tree1 #cj to #ej ft4 high1 found in barrens and open woodlands4 ,wood extensively used in the ,west for shingles4 ,new ,jersey to ,wisconsin1 and southward4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ,phllos4 #ai4 ,qurcus ,phllos1 ,l4 7,,willow-,,oak47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 thick1 linear-lanceolate1 narrowed at both ends1 entire or very nearly so1 soon smooth1 light green1 bristle-tipped1 willow-like1 scurfy when young4 ,acorns about sessile1 globular1 small 7 in471 in a shallow saucer shaped cup2 on the old wood4 ,tree #cj to #ej ft4 high1 with smooth1 thick bark1 and reddish1 coarse-grained wood1 of little value4 ,borders of swamps1 ,new ,jersey1 south and west2 also cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ,rbur4 #bj4 ,qurcus ,rbur1 ,l4 7,,english ,,oak47 ,leaves on short footstalks1 oblong1 smooth1 dilated upward1 sinuately lobed1 hardly pinnatifid4 ,acorns in the axils of the leaves of the year1 ovate-oblong1 over #a in41 about one third inclosed in the hemispherical cup2 sessile in var4 sessiliflora2 clustered and long-peduncled in var4 pedunculata4 ,trees #ej to #ajj ft4 high1 extensively cultivated2 from ,europe2 the nursery catalogues name as many as a score or more varieties4 ,one var41 fastigiata 7,pyramidal ,oak71 is a peculiar upright tree like the ,lombardy ,poplar2 var4 pendula 7,weeping ,oak7 has long1 slender1 drooping branches4 ,illustration3 ,q4 ,crris4 #ba4 ,qurcus ,crris1 ,l4 7,,turkey ,,oak47 ,leaves on very short stalks1 oblong1 deeply and unequally pinnatifid1 hairy beneath2 lobes lanceolate1 acute1 somewhat angular4 ,acorns in the axils of the leaves of the year1 ovate1 with a hemispherical1 bristly or mossy cup4 ,several varieties of this species1 from ,europe1 are cultivated in this country4 ,they form tall1 round-headed1 symmetrical trees4 ,,genus #hi4 ,,cast,,nea4 ,trees or shrubs with alternate1 simple1 straight-veined1 elongated1 pointed leaves4 ,sterile flowers in long1 drooping1 conspicuous catkins1 blooming in ,june or ,july2 the fertile ones rather inconspicuous1 but forming prickly-coated burs which hang on till the frost1 when they split open and let out the brown1 horny-coated nuts4 ,wood light1 coarse-grained4 99 ,large tree with burs having #a to #c nuts #a4 99 ,small tree with burs having #a rounded nut #b4 ,illustration3 ,c4 satva4 #a4 ,castnea satva1 ,mill4 7,,chestnut47 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 pointed1 coarsely serrate1 with usually awned teeth2 smooth on both sides1 #f to #i in4 long1 #a to #b in4 wide4 ,burs large1 very prickly1 inclosing #a to #c large1 ovoid1 brown nuts1 ripe after frost1 which opens the bur into #d valves4 ,a common large tree1 with light1 coarse-grained wood1 and bark having coarse longitudinal ridges on the old trees4 ,many varieties of this species are in cultivation1 varying in the size and sweetness of the nuts1 the size of the trees1 and the size and the margins of the leaves1 some of which are almost entire4 ,the wild species is var4 ,americana4 ,illustration3 ,c4 pmila4 #b4 ,castnea pmila1 ,mill4 7,,chinquapin47 ,leaves lance-oblong1 strongly straight-veined1 coarsely serrate1 usually with awned tips2 whitish-downy beneath1 #c to #e in4 long1 #a to #b in4 wide4 ,bur small1 prickly1 with a single small1 rounded1 sweet1 chestnut-colored nut4 ,a handsome small tree1 or in the wild state usually a shrub1 #f to #dj ft4 high4 ,central ,new ,jersey1 southern ,ohio and southward1 and cultivated successfully as far north as ,new ,york ,city4 ,,genus #ij4 ,f,,gus4 ,trees with alternate1 strongly straight-veined1 almost entire to deeply pinnatifid leaves4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 appearing with the leaves4 ,fruit a prickly bur1 inclosing #b triangular1 sharp-ridged nuts1 the bur hanging on the trees during the greater part of the winter4 ,leaf-buds very elongated1 slender1 sharp-pointed4 99 ,the straight veins all ending in the teeth2 native #a4 99 ,margin varying from entire to deeply pinnatifid1 the straight veins occasionally ending in the notches #b4 ,illustration3 ,f4 ferrugnea4 #a4 ,fgus ferrugnea1 ,ait4 7,,american ,,beech47 ,leaves thin1 oblong-ovate1 taper-pointed1 distinctly and often coarsely toothed2 petioles and midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs when young1 soon almost naked4 ,the very straight veins run into the teeth4 ,prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading4 ,large tree1 #fj to #ajj ft4 high1 with grayish-white1 very smooth bark1 and firm1 light-colored1 close-grained wood4 ,wild throughout1 and frequently cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,f4 sylvtica4 #b4 ,fgus sylvtica1 ,l4 7,,european ,,beech47 ,leaves often similar to those of the ,american ,beech1 but usually shorter and broader2 the border1 often nearly entire1 is wavy in some varieties1 and in others deeply pinnatifid4 ,the bark in most varieties is darker than in the ,american4 ,this ,beech1 with its numerous varieties1 is the one usually cultivated4 ,among the most useful varieties are atropurpurea 7,purple ,beech71 with the darkest foliage of any deciduous tree1 and almost entire-margined leaves2 laciniata 7,cut-leaved ,beech71 with very deeply cut leaves2 and argentea variegata 7,silver ,variegated ,beech71 having in the spring quite distinctly variegated leaves4 ,,order ,,xl4 ,,salic,,ce4 7,,willow ,,family47 ,a small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs1 abundantly distributed in the northern temperate and frigid zones4 ,,genus #ia4 ,s,,lix4 ,soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places1 with alternate1 usually quite elongated1 pointed1 deciduous leaves1 without lobes4 ,stipules often large1 leaf-like1 and more or less persistent through the summer2 sometimes scale-like and dropping early4 ,the stipules are always free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small spots just below the leafstalk4 ,even if the stipules have dropped off1 the small scars remain4 ,flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees 7dioecious71 in elongated catkins in early spring4 ,fruit consists of catkins of small pods with numerous seeds having silky down at one end4 ,the seeds usually drop early4 ,among the ,willows there are so many hybrids and peculiar varieties as to render their study difficult1 and their classification1 in some cases1 impossible4 ,the following ,key will probably enable the student to determine most specimens4 ,no attempt has been made to include all the cultivated forms4 99 ,spray decidedly weeping #e4 99 ,spray not decidedly weeping4 7,a47 ,a4 ,rather small ,willows1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 with broad leaves1 usually not over twice as long as wide2 cultivated4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves glossy dark green on the upper side1 taper-pointed #g4 ,b4 ,leaves with white cottony hairs beneath #aj4 ,b4 ,leaves rough-veiny beneath #ac4 ,a4 ,rather large ,willows1 #ab to #hj ft4 high1 with the bark of the trunk very rough2 leaves more elongated4 7,c47 ,c4 ,petioles of the leaves not glandular2 tree #aj to #dj ft4 high4 7,d47 ,d4 ,leaves green on both sides when mature #a4 ,d4 ,leaves glaucous beneath #b4 ,c4 ,petioles of the leaves usually glandular2 tree #ej to #hj ft4 high4 7,e47 ,e4 ,young leaves green above and glaucous beneath #c4 ,e4 ,young leaves ashy gray or silvery white on both sides #d4 ,a4 ,small trees or almost shrubs1 under #ah ft4 high2 bark of trunk rather smooth4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves ovate rather than lanceolate1 sometimes truncate or even cordate at base4 7,g47 ,g4 ,leaves quite broad1 shining on both sides4 7,h47 ,h4 ,leaves bright green2 twigs polished green #f4 ,h4 ,leaves very dark green1 strongly fragrant when bruised #g4 ,g4 ,leaves pale-downy beneath1 often cordate at base #h4 ,f4 ,leaves usually wider near the acute or acuminate tip1 glaucous beneath4 7,i47 ,i4 ,branches very twiggy2 leaves often opposite2 twigs olive-color or reddish #i4 ,i4 ,branches not very twiggy2 leaves all alternate #aa1 #ab4 ,f4 ,leaves very long and slender1 almost linear #ad4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ngra #a4 ,slix ngra1 ,marsh4 7,,black ,,willow47 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate1 tapering at the ends1 serrate1 smooth except on the petiole and midrib1 green on both sides2 stipules small 7large in var4 falcata71 dentate1 dropping early4 ,branches very brittle at base4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #ce ft4 high1 with rough black bark4 ,common along streams1 southward1 but rare in the northern range of ,states4 ,illustration3 ,s4 amygdalodes4 #b4 ,slix amygdalodes1 ,anderson4 7,,western ,,black ,,willow47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 attenuate-cuspidate1 pale or glaucous beneath1 with long slender petioles2 stipules minute and soon falling4 ,a small tree1 #aj to #dj ft4 high1 from central ,new ,york westward4 ,it is the common ,black ,willow of the streams of ,ohio to ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,s4 frgilis4 #c4 ,slix frgilis1 ,l4 7,,brittle ,,willow4 ,,crack-,,willow47 ,leaves lanceolate1 taper-pointed1 smooth1 glaucous beneath 7slightly silky when young71 serrate throughout2 stipules half heart-shaped1 usually large4 ,branches smooth and polished1 very brittle at base4 ,a tall 7#ej to #hj ft4 high7 handsome ,willow1 with a bushy head and salmon-colored wood2 cultivated from ,europe for basket-work1 and extensively naturalized4 ,many varieties1 hybrids between this species and the next1 are very common4 ,among them may be mentioned the following3 ,var4 decipiens1 with dark-brown buds2 var4 ,russelliana1 with more slender1 brighter1 and more sharply serrate leaves1 the annual shoots silky-downy toward autumn2 var4 viridis1 with tough1 pendulous branchlets1 and firmer1 bright green leaves4 ,illustration3 ,s4 lba4 #d4 ,slix lba1 ,l4 7,,white ,,willow47 ,leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate1 pointed1 serrate1 covered more or less with white silky hairs1 especially beneath2 var4 crulea has nearly smooth leaves1 at maturity of a bluish tint2 stipules small and quite early deciduous4 ,catkins of flowers long and loose1 on a peduncle2 stamens usually #b2 stigmas nearly sessile1 thick1 and recurved4 ,may1 ,june4 ,a quite large tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 with thick1 rough bark1 usually having yellow twigs 7var4 vitellina72 introduced from ,europe and now quite common throughout4 ,branches very brittle at base4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,babylnica4 #e4 ,slix ,babylnica1 ,tourn4 7,,weeping ,,willow47 ,leaves linear-lanceolate1 acuminate1 finely serrate1 smooth1 glaucous beneath2 stipules small1 roundish1 oblique1 acuminate2 branches pendulous4 ,a large1 gracefully drooping tree1 so extensively cultivated for ornament as to seem native2 from ,europe4 ,var4 annularis 7,ring-leaved ,willow4 ,curled ,willow7 has the leaves coiled round into rings and spirals4 ,illustration3 ,s4 lcida4 #f4 ,slix lcida1 ,mhl4 7,,shining ,,or ,,american ,,bay ,,willow47 ,leaves thickish1 ovate-lanceolate1 with a rounded base1 a very long acuminate point1 and a glandular petiole2 when mature1 smooth and shining on both sides4 ,twigs rather stout1 polished1 and dark green4 ,bark of trunk smooth4 ,fruiting catkins quite persistent4 ,a beautiful small tree or shrub1 #f to #ae ft4 high1 of bushy form4 ,new ,jersey1 north and westward4 ,illustration3 ,s4 pentndra4 #g4 ,slix pentndra1 ,l4 7,,laurel-,,leaved ,,or ,,bay ,,willow47 ,leaves ovate1 taper-pointed1 crenate1 glandular1 smooth1 glossy1 bright deep green on both sides1 strongly fragrant when bruised4 ,catkins large1 fragrant1 golden-yellow1 with #d to #ab 7commonly #e7 stamens to each flower4 ,june1 after the leaves are expanded4 ,a small handsome tree1 #ae to #bj ft4 high1 from ,europe1 which should be more extensively cultivated in damp soils1 as its form1 flowers1 and foliage are all beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,s4 cordta4 ,var4 rufescens4 #h4 ,slix cordta1 ,mhl4 7,,heart-,,leaved ,,willow47 ,leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 heart-shaped1 truncate or sometimes acute at base1 taper-pointed1 sharply serrate1 smooth above1 pale-downy beneath2 stipules often large1 kidney-shaped1 and toothed1 sometimes small and entire4 ,catkins appearing with or before the leaves along the sides of the stem2 stamens #b2 scales dark or black1 hairy1 persistent4 ,shrub or small tree1 #h to #bj ft4 high1 very common in low and wet places4 ,many named varieties are found4 ,var4 rigida has large1 thick1 coarse-toothed leaves2 vars4 myricoides and angustata have narrower1 finely serrate leaves1 almost or fully acute at base4 ,illustration3 ,s4 purprea4 #i4 ,slix purprea1 ,l4 7,,purple ,,willow47 ,leaves lanceolate1 pointed1 partly opposite1 minutely serrate1 smooth4 ,twigs olive-color or reddish4 ,catkins cylindric1 with leafy bracts at base1 and apparently #a stamen to each flower 7the filaments are united74 ,a shrub or small tree1 #c to #ab ft4 high2 from ,europe4 ,in low ground2 often cultivated for the twigs1 which are used in basket-making4 ,illustration3 ,s4 cprea4 #aj4 ,slix cprea1 ,l4 7,,goat-,,willow47 ,leaves large1 roundish1 ovate1 pointed1 serrate1 wavy1 deep green above1 pale and downy with soft1 white-cottony hairs beneath2 stipules somewhat crescent-shaped4 ,catkins large1 oval1 numerous1 almost sessile1 blooming much before the leaves appear1 and of a showy yellow color4 ,a moderate-sized tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 with spreading1 brown or purplish branches4 ,frequent in cultivation2 from ,europe2 growing well in dry places4 ,the ,goat-willow is the one generally used for the stock of the artificial umbrella-formed ,kilmarnock ,willow4 ,the growth of shoots from these stocks is rendering the ,goat-willow quite common4 ,illustration3 ,s4 rostrta4 #aa4 ,slix rostrta1 ,richards4 7,,beaked ,,willow47 ,leaves oblong to obovate-lanceolate1 acute1 usually obscurely toothed1 sometimes crenate or serrate1 downy above1 prominently veined1 soft-hairy and somewhat glaucous beneath4 ,twigs downy4 ,catkins appearing with the leaves4 ,fruit-capsules tapering to a long slender beak1 pedicels long and slender4 ,a small1 tree-shaped shrub1 #d to #ae ft4 high1 common in both moist and dry ground4 ,new ,england1 west and north4 ,illustration3 ,s4 dscolor4 #ab4 ,slix dscolor1 ,mhl4 7,,glaucous ,,or ,,bog ,,willow47 ,leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 remotely serrate at the base1 finely serrate along the middle1 and almost entire near the tip2 smooth and bright green above1 soon smooth and somewhat glaucous beneath2 stipules1 on the vigorous shoots1 equaling the petiole1 more frequently small and inconspicuous4 ,catkins sessile1 #a in4 long1 appearing before the leaves in the spring2 scales dark red or brown1 becoming black1 covered with long glossy hairs4 ,fruit in catkins1 #b in4 long1 the capsules very hairy1 with short but distinct style4 ,a very variable species1 common in low meadows and on river-banks2 usually a shrub1 but occasionally #ae ft4 high4 ,illustration3 ,s4 cinrea4 #ac4 ,slix cinrea1 ,l4 7,,gray ,,or ,,ash-,,colored ,,willow47 ,leaves obovate-lanceolate1 entire to serrate2 glaucous-downy and reticulated with veins beneath2 stipules half heart-shaped1 serrate4 ,flowers yellow2 ovary silky1 on a stalk half as long as the bracts4 ,a shrub to middle-sized tree1 #aj to #cj ft4 high1 with an erect trunk2 occasionally cultivated2 from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,s4 longiflia4 #ad4 ,slix longiflia1 ,mhl4 7,,long-,,leaved ,,willow47 ,leaves linear-lanceolate1 very long1 tapering at each end1 nearly sessile1 remotely notched with projecting teeth1 clothed with gray hairs when young2 stipules small1 lanceolate1 toothed4 ,branches brittle at base4 ,a shrub or small tree1 #b to #bj ft4 high1 common1 especially westward1 along river-banks4 ,,genus #ib4 ,p,,pulus4 ,trees with alternate1 deciduous1 broad-based leaves4 ,flowers in long and drooping catkins1 appearing before the leaves are expanded in the spring4 ,fruit small1 dry pods in catkins1 having seeds1 coated with cottony down1 which early in the season escape and float in the wind4 ,on this account the trees are called ,cottonwoods in the ,west4 ,trees with light-colored1 rather soft wood4 99 ,leaves always white-hairy underneath2 more or less deeply lobed2 buds not gummy #a4 99 ,leaves smooth beneath1 at least when old4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leafstalk decidedly flattened laterally4 7,b47 ,b4 ,buds not covered with sticky gum4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves roundish heart-shaped2 bark on trunk greenish-white1 #b4 ,c4 ,leaves large1 ovate1 with large1 irregular1 sinuate teeth1 #c4 ,b4 ,buds covered with aromatic1 glutinous resin4 7,d47 ,d4 ,tree tall1 spire-shaped1 #e4 ,d4 ,not very spire-shaped2 young twigs sharply angled or winged1 leaves #f to #aj in4 long1 broadly deltoid1 serrate with incurved teeth1 #f4 ,d4 ,not spire-shaped2 young twigs not angular1 #g4 ,a4 ,leafstalk not decidedly flattened2 leaf-margin crenate4 7,e47 ,e4 ,buds not glutinous2 leaves white-woolly beneath when young1 #d4 ,e4 ,buds very glutinous2 leaves large1 shining green on both sides1 #h4 ,illustration3 ,p4 lba4 #a4 ,ppulus lba1 ,l4 7,,white ,,poplar ,,or ,,abele ,,tree47 ,leaves roundish1 slightly heart-shaped1 wavy toothed or lobed1 soon green above1 very white-cottony beneath even when old2 buds without the sticky coating common in the genus4 ,branches very white with down when young4 ,root creeping and producing numerous suckers4 ,a large tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 of rapid growth1 often cultivated2 from ,europe4 ,leaves and branches very variable1 forming several named varieties in the catalogues of the nurseries4 ,illustration3 ,p4 tremulodes4 #b4 ,ppulus tremulodes1 ,michx4 7,,quaking-,,asp4 ,,american ,,aspen47 ,leaves roundish heart-shaped1 with a short sharp point1 and small1 quite regular teeth2 downy when young1 but soon smooth on both sides2 margins downy4 ,leafstalk long1 slender1 compressed1 causing the leaves to tremble continually in the slightest breeze4 ,leaf with #b glands at the base on the upper surface2 buds varnished4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #cj to #fj ft4 high2 bark greenish-white outside1 yellow within1 quite brittle4 ,common both in forests and in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,p4 grandidentta4 #c4 ,ppulus grandidentta1 ,michx4 7,,large-,,toothed ,,aspen47 ,leaves large1 #c to #e in4 long1 roundish-ovate1 with large1 irregular1 sinuate teeth2 and when young densely covered with white1 silky wool1 but soon becoming smooth on both sides2 leaf1 when young1 reddish-yellow2 petiole compressed4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 with rather smoothish gray bark4 ,woods2 common northward1 rare southward1 except in the ,alleghanies4 ,wood soft and extensively used for paper-making4 ,illustration3 ,p4 heterophlla4 #d4 ,ppulus heterophlla1 ,l4 7,,downy-,,leaved ,,poplar47 ,leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate with small1 obtuse1 incurved teeth2 white-woolly when young1 but soon becoming smooth on both sides except on the veins beneath4 ,leafstalk slightly compressed4 ,shoots round1 tomentose4 ,buds not glutinous4 ,a large tree1 #gj to #hj ft4 high1 not very common2 found from western ,new ,england to ,illinois1 and southward4 ,illustration3 ,p4 dilatta4 #e4 ,ppulus dilatta1 ,l4 7,,lombardy ,,poplar47 ,leaves deltoid1 wider than long1 crenulated all round1 both sides smooth from the first2 leafstalk compressed2 buds glutinous4 ,a tall tree1 #hj to #abj ft4 high2 spire-like1 of rapid growth1 with all the branches erect2 the trunk twisted and deeply furrowed4 ,frequently planted a century ago1 but now quite rare in the eastern ,united ,states4 ,from ,europe4 ,it is thought to be a variety of ,populus nigra 7,no4 #g74 ,illustration3 ,p4 monilfera4 #f4 ,ppulus monilfera1 ,ait4 7,,cottonwood4 ,,carolina ,,poplar4 ,,necklace-,,poplar47 ,leaves large1 broadly heart-shaped or deltoid1 serrate with cartilaginous1 incurved1 slightly hairy teeth4 ,the rapid-growing young twigs very angular and bearing very large 7#f to #i in4 long7 leaves4 ,a very large 7#hj to #ajj ft4 high7 tree1 common in the ,mississippi valley1 but found in western ,new ,england and often planted4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ngra4 #g4 ,ppulus ngra1 ,l4 7,,black ,,poplar47 ,leaves rather large1 deltoid1 pointed1 serrate with glandular teeth1 smooth on both sides even when young4 ,leafstalk somewhat compressed4 ,buds very sticky4 ,a very variable1 large 7#ej to #hj ft4 high71 rapidly growing tree with spreading branches4 ,occasionally planted4 ,from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,p4 balsamfera4 #h4 ,ppulus balsamfera1 ,l4 7,,balsam-,,poplar4 ,,tacamahac4 ,,balm ,,of ,,gilead47 ,leaves very large1 ovate1 gradually acuminate1 sometimes heart-shaped1 finely serrate1 smooth1 bright green and shining on both sides2 leafstalk nearly round2 leaves in spring rich yellow4 ,branches ridged below the leaves2 buds large and covered with very fragrant resin4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #dj to #gj ft4 high1 pyramidal in form4 ,wild in the ,north and often cultivated4 ,var4 candicans1 or ,balm of ,gilead1 has larger and more or less heart-shaped leaves 7the larger figure in the cut74 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,gymnosp,,rm4 ,plants in which the pistil is represented by an open scale instead of a body with a closed ovary1 as in ,class ,i4 ,,order ,,xli4 ,,con,,fer4 7,,pine ,,family47 ,as far as the number of species is concerned1 this is the largest order of trees and shrubs of temperate and cold-temperate regions4 ,the order is of the greatest importance1 both on account of the valuable timber it furnishes and for its resinous secretions1 turpentine and resin4 ,,genus #ic4 ,p,,nus4 7,,the ,,pines47 ,leaves needle-shaped1 #a to #ae in4 long1 almost cylindric1 #b1 #c1 or #e together in clusters1 with a sheath1 more or less persistent1 at the base4 ,flowers monoecious1 both staminate and pistillate in catkins1 usually insignificant and unnoticeable4 ,in spring4 ,fruit a cone1 persistent and formed of more or less woody1 overlapping scales4 99 ,leaves usually #e together in bundles4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves #f in4 or more long1 glaucous green and very pendulous #a4 ,a4 ,leaves under #d in4 long4 7,b47 ,b4 ,cones over #aj in4 long1 on stalks #c in4 long1 pendulous when ripe #b4 ,b4 ,cones #d to #aj in4 long4 7,c47 ,c4 ,scales of cones thin1 unarmed #c1 #d4 ,c4 ,scales of cones thick and woody1 obtuse1 #a in4 broad #e4 ,b4 ,cones under #d in4 long2 scales slightly hooked but pointless #f4 99 ,leaves usually in threes1 rarely in twos2 scales of cones with spines or prickles4 7,d47 ,d4 ,scales of cones with short1 rigid1 straight spines2 leaves #f to #aj in4 long #g4 ,d4 ,scales with sharp1 bent prickles4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves over #e in4 long1 sometimes #ae in4 long #h1 #i4 ,e4 ,leaves #c to #e in4 long1 rigid and flattened1 from short sheaths1 #aj4 99 ,leaves usually in twos2 cones rarely over #c in4 long4 7,f47 ,f4 ,leaves over #c in4 long4 7,g47 ,g4 ,cone-scales with dull spines #aa4 ,g4 ,with small or minute1 persistent prickles #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,g4 ,with no prickles1 or small ones1 early deciduous #ae1 #af4 ,f4 ,leaves #c in4 or less long4 7,h47 ,h4 ,cone-scales with straight or slightly curved1 rigid spines #ag4 ,h4 ,cone-scales with stout1 recurved spines #ah1 #ai4 ,h4 ,cone-scales with small prickles which are early deciduous #bj4 ,h4 ,cone-scales without spines or prickles #ba1 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,p4 exclsa4 #a4 ,pnus exclsa1 ,wallich4 7,,bhotan ,,pine47 ,leaves in fives1 from short1 fugacious1 overlapping1 membranaceous sheaths1 #f to #g in4 long1 very slender1 of a glaucous-green color1 and very pendulous4 ,cones #f to #i in4 long1 and #b in4 in diameter1 drooping and clustered1 with broad1 thick1 wedge-shaped scales4 ,a large beautiful tree from southern ,asia1 much subject to blight when planted in this country4 ,owing to its peculiar drooping branches it has been called the ,weeping ,fir4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,lambertina4 #b4 ,pnus ,lambertina1 ,douglas4 7,,lambert',s or ,,sugar ,,pine47 ,leaves in fives1 #c to #d in4 long1 from short1 deciduous sheaths4 ,cones #ab to #ah in4 long and #c to #d in4 in diameter1 gradually tapering to a point1 on stalks #c in4 long1 brown and pendulous when ripe1 without resin2 seeds large1 oval1 nearly #a in4 long1 edible4 ,a very large tree 7#ajj to #cjj ft4 high in ,california and northward71 and seemingly hardy and well worth cultivation in the ,east4 ,wood white and soft like that of the ,white ,pine4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,strbus4 #c4 ,pnus ,strbus1 ,l4 7,,white ,,pine4 ,,weymouth ,,pine47 ,leaves in fives1 #c to #d in4 long1 from a loose1 deciduous sheath2 slender1 soft1 and whitish on the under side4 ,cones #d to #f in4 long1 cylindric1 usually curved1 with smooth1 thin1 unarmed scales4 ,tall 7#ajj to #aej ft4 high71 very useful tree1 of white1 soft wood nearly free from resin and more extensively used for lumber than any other ,american tree4 ,has been common throughout1 but is getting scarce on account of its consumption for lumber4 ,illustration3 ,p4 montcola4 #d4 ,pnus montcola1 ,dougl4 7,,mountain-,,pine47 ,leaves in fives1 #c to #d in4 long1 from short1 overlapping1 very deciduous sheaths2 smooth1 glaucous green4 ,cones #g in4 long and #a in4 in diameter1 cylindric1 smooth1 obtuse1 short-peduncled1 resinous1 with loosely overlapping1 pointless scales4 ,a large tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 resembling the ,white ,pine1 and often considered a variety of it1 but the foliage is denser2 ,pacific coast4 ,illustration3 ,p4 flxilis4 #e4 ,pnus flxilis1 ,james4 7,,western ,,white ,,pine47 ,leaves #b to #c in4 long1 rigid1 entire1 acute1 densely crowded1 sharp-pointed1 of a rich dark green color1 #e together in lanceolate1 deciduous sheaths4 ,cones #d to #f in4 long and half as wide1 subcylindric1 tapering to the end1 semipendulous1 clustered4 ,scales thick1 woody1 obtuse1 loose1 #a in4 broad1 yellowish brown4 ,seeds rather large1 with rigid margins instead of wings4 ,a handsome hardy tree from the ,pacific ,highlands1 occasionally cultivated4 ,it resembles the eastern ,white ,pine1 but is more compact and of a darker color4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,cmbra4 #f4 ,pnus ,cmbra1 ,l4 7,,cembra ,,pine4 ,,swiss ,,stone-,,pine47 ,leaves #c to #d in4 long1 from a medium-sized deciduous sheath2 triangular1 rigid1 slender1 straight1 crowded1 dark green with a glaucous surface2 #e together4 ,cones #b in4 by #b in41 ovate1 erect1 with obtuse1 slightly hooked1 but pointless scales4 ,seeds as large as peas and destitute of wings4 ,a slow-growing1 cultivated tree1 #dj to #hj ft4 high4 ,forms a regular cone2 branches to the ground2 ,europe2 hardy throughout4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,tda4 #g4 ,pnus ,tda1 ,l4 7,,loblolly ,,or ,,old-,,field ,,pine47 ,leaves in twos and threes1 #f to #aj in4 long1 with elongated1 close sheaths2 slender and of a light green color4 ,cones in pairs or solitary1 lateral1 #c to #d in4 long1 oblong1 conical2 the scales having short1 rigid1 straight spines4 ,a large tree1 #ej to #acj ft4 high1 wild from ,delaware1 south and west1 in swamps and old fields4 ,illustration3 ,p4 pondersa4 #h4 ,pnus pondersa1 ,dougl4 7,,western ,,yellow ,,or ,,heavy-,,wooded ,,pine47 ,leaves in threes1 #e to #aj in4 long1 from short sheaths2 broad1 coarse1 twisted1 flexible1 of a deep green color2 branchlets thick1 reddish brown4 ,cones #c to #d in4 long1 ovate1 reflexed1 clustered on short stems4 ,scales long1 flattened1 with small1 sharp1 recurved prickles4 ,a large ,pacific coast species1 #ajj to #cjj ft4 high1 with rather coarse-grained1 hard and heavy1 whitish wood1 and thick1 deeply furrowed bark2 beginning to be cultivated east4 ,illustration3 ,p4 paltstris4 #i4 ,pnus palstris1 ,mill4 7,,long-,,leaved ,,or ,,southern ,,yellow ,,pine47 ,leaves #c together in bundles1 #aj to #ae in4 long1 from a long1 lacerated1 light-colored sheath1 of a bright green color1 and crowded in dense clusters at the ends of the branches4 ,cones #f to #aj in4 long1 usually cylindric1 of a beautiful brown color1 with thick scales1 armed with very small1 slightly recurved prickles4 ,a rather tall pine1 #ge ft4 high1 wild in the ,southern ,states1 and cultivated as far north as ,new ,jersey1 in sheltered situations4 ,illustration3 ,p4 rgida4 #aj4 ,pnus rgida1 ,mill4 7,,pitch-,,pine47 ,leaves in threes1 #c to #e in4 long1 from short sheaths2 rigid and flattened4 ,cones ovate1 #a in4 to nearly #d in4 long1 sometimes in clusters2 scales with a short1 recurved prickle4 ,a medium-sized tree1 #dj to #gj ft4 high1 with hard1 coarse-grained1 very resinous wood2 found east of the ,alleghanies throughout2 more abundant in swamps4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,austraca4 #aa4 ,pnus ,austraca1 ,hss4 7,,austrian ,,or ,,black ,,pine47 ,leaves long1 #c to #e in41 rigid1 slender1 incurved1 sharply mucronate1 of a dark green color2 from short sheaths2 #b together4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 regularly conical1 slightly recurved1 of a light brown color2 scales smooth1 shining1 with a dull spine in the center4 ,a large cultivated tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 hardy throughout4 ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,larcio4 #ab4 ,pnus ,larcio1 ,poir4 7,,corsican ,,pine47 ,leaves #d to #f in4 long1 slender1 very wavy1 dark green2 #b together in a sheath4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 conical1 somewhat curved1 often in pairs4 ,scales with very small prickles4 ,seeds rather large with broad wings4 ,a tall1 open1 pyramidal1 rapid-growing tree1 #fj to #ajj ft4 high1 with the branches in regular whorls1 spreading and very resinous4 ,often cultivated4 ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,massonina4 #ac4 ,pnus ,massonina1 ,sieb4 7,,masson',s ,,pine47 ,leaves in twos1 #d to #f in4 long1 rather stiff1 concave on one side and convex on the other1 twisted but not curved2 sharp-pointed1 of a fresh1 bright green color4 ,cones #a to #a in4 long1 conical1 incurved1 solitary but numerous1 with closely overlapping scales terminating in slender prickles4 ,an upright1 compact tree1 #dj to #ej ft4 high1 from ,japan2 sometimes cultivated4 ,hardy at ,boston4 ,illustration3 ,p4 mtis4 #ad4 ,pnus mtis1 ,michx4 7,,common ,,yellow ,,pine47 ,leaves sometimes in threes1 usually in twos1 from long sheaths2 slender1 #c to #e in4 long1 dark green1 rather soft4 ,cones ovate to oblong-conical1 hardly #b in4 long2 the scales with minute weak prickles4 ,a large tree with an erect trunk1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high4 ,staten ,island1 south and west4 ,the western form has more rigid leaves1 and more spiny cones4 ,illustration3 ,p4 densiflra4 #ae4 ,pnus densiflra1 ,siebold4 7,,japan ,,pine47 ,leaves about #d in4 long1 from short1 fringed1 scale-like sheaths2 rigid1 convex above1 concave beneath and somewhat serrulate on the margin1 very smooth1 sharp-pointed and crowded1 shining green and somewhat glaucous2 falling when one to two years old2 #b in a sheath4 ,cones abundant2 #a in4 long1 short-peduncled1 conical1 obtuse1 terminal1 somewhat pendent2 scales linear-oblong1 woody1 with a small prickle which soon falls off4 ,a beautiful small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high2 from ,japan2 hardy throughout4 ,illustration3 ,p4 resinsa4 #af4 ,pnus resinsa1 ,ait4 7,,red ,,pine47 ,leaves #e to #f in4 long1 in twos1 from long sheaths2 rigid1 straight1 dark green4 ,cones #b in4 long1 ovate-conical1 smooth1 their scales without points1 slightly thickened1 usually growing in clusters4 ,a tall tree1 #fj to #hj ft4 high1 with rather smooth1 reddish bark and hard light-colored wood2 branchlets also having smooth reddish bark4 ,pennsylvania1 north and west4 ,illustration3 ,p4 nops4 #ag4 ,pnus nops1 ,ait4 7,,jersey ,,or ,,scrub ,,pine47 ,leaves short1 #a to #c in4 long1 rigid2 usually #b1 rarely #c1 in a short sheath4 ,cones solitary1 #b to #c in4 long1 ovate-oblong1 curved1 on a short stalk4 ,scales tipped with a straight1 rigid spine4 ,a small tree1 #ae to #cj ft4 high1 growing wild in sections where the soil is poor and sandy2 having straggling flexible branches with rough1 dark bark2 ,new ,jersey1 south and west4 ,rarely cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,p4 pngens4 #ah4 ,pinus pngens1 ,michx4 f4 7,,table-,,mountain ,,pine47 ,leaves in twos1 sometimes in threes1 stout1 short1 #a to #b in4 long1 crowded1 bluish2 the sheath short 7very short on old foliage74 ,cones #c in4 or more long1 hanging on for a long time2 the scales armed with a stout1 hooked spine1 in4 long4 ,a rather small tree1 #bj to #fj ft4 high4 ,new ,jersey and south westward1 along the mountains4 ,illustration3 ,p4 sylvstris4 #ai4 ,pnus sylvstris1 ,l4 7,,scotch ,,pine1 wrongly called ,,scotch ,,fir47 ,leaves in twos1 #a to #b in4 long1 from short1 lacerated sheaths1 twisted1 rigid1 of a grayish or a glaucous-green color4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 ovate-conical1 of a grayish-brown color1 ripening the second year1 the scales having #d-sided1 recurved points4 ,a large and very valuable tree of central ,europe4 ,many varieties are in cultivation in this country4 ,it forms the ,red and ,yellow ,deal so extensively used for lumber in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,p4 contrta4 #bj4 ,pnus contrta1 ,dougl4 7,,twisted-,,branched ,,pine47 ,leaves #b in4 long1 numerous1 rigid1 sharply mucronate1 from a short1 dark1 overlapping sheath2 #b to a sheath4 ,cones from #b to #b in4 long1 ovate1 smooth1 clustered4 ,scales furnished with a point which is soon shed4 ,a small cultivated tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 from the ,pacific coast of the ,united ,states4 ,as it has an irregular shape1 and crooked branches1 it is not often planted4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,banksina4 #ba4 ,pnus ,banksina1 ,lambert4 7,,gray ,,or ,,northern ,,scrub ,,pine47 ,leaves in twos1 short1 #a in4 long1 oblique1 divergent from a close sheath4 ,cones lateral1 conical1 oblong1 usually curved1 #a to #b in4 long1 the scales thickened at the end and without points4 ,a straggling shrub1 sometimes a low tree1 found wild in the extreme ,northern ,states4 ,illustration3 ,p4 dulis4 ,illustration3 ,p4 monophlla4 #bb4 ,pnus dulis1 ,engelm4 7,,pi,,on ,,or ,,nut-,,pine47 ,leaves mostly in pairs1 rarely in threes1 #a to #a in4 long1 from short sheaths1 light-colored1 rigid1 curved or straightish1 spreading2 cones sessile1 globose or nearly so1 #b in4 long2 tips of scales thick1 conical-truncate1 no awns or prickles2 seeds large1 nut-like1 wingless1 edible4 ,a low1 round-topped tree1 branching from near the base1 #aj to #be ft4 high2 from the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,a fine small pine2 cultivated in the ,east4 ,it needs some protection at ,boston4 ,the figure shows the seed4 ,pnus monophlla1 ,torr4 and ,frem41 from the mountain regions farther west1 has its leaves in ones and twos2 when in ones1 round and very rigid2 when in pairs1 flat on the inner side2 leaves on the young shoots bluish1 glaucous green1 or silvery4 ,this is probably only a variety of ,p4 edulis4 ,the seeds of both are so large and nutritious that they are extensively used for food by the ,indians4 ,,genus #id4 ,p,,cea4 7,,the ,,spruces47 ,leaves evergreen1 scattered 7pointing in every direction71 needle-shaped1 keeled above and below1 thus making them somewhat #d-sided4 ,fertile catkins and cones terminal2 cones maturing the first year1 pendulous2 scales thin1 without prickles1 persistent1 the cone coming off the tree whole4 99 ,leaves very short1 usually to in4 long1 obtuse #g1 #h4 99 ,leaves usually in4 or more long1 acute4 7,a47 ,a4 ,cones over #c in4 long2 cultivated4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves dark green2 large tree1 common #c4 ,b4 ,leaves bright or pale green #d1 #e1 #f4 ,a4 ,cones #b in4 or less long2 large native trees #a1 #b4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ngra4 #a4 ,pcea ngra1 ,link4 7,,black ,,or ,,double ,,spruce47 ,leaves about in4 long1 erect1 stiff1 somewhat #d-sided1 very dark green or whitish-gray2 branchlets pubescent4 ,cones persistent1 #a to #a in4 long1 ovate or ovate-oblong1 changing from dark purple to dull reddish-brown2 scales very thin1 roundish1 with toothed or uneven edges4 ,a conical-shaped tree1 #dj to #hj ft4 high2 wild in the ,north and along the ,alleghanies2 often cultivated4 ,bark dark brown2 branches horizontal2 wood light reddish4 ,var4 rubra has larger1 darker leaves1 and larger1 brighter-colored cones4 ,illustration3 ,p4 lba4 #b4 ,pcea lba1 ,link4 7,,white ,,or ,,single ,,spruce47 ,leaves to in4 long1 rather slender1 needle-shaped1 sharp-pointed1 incurved1 pale- or glaucous-green2 branchlets smooth4 ,cones deciduous1 #b in4 long1 oblong-cylindrical1 with entire1 thin-edged scales4 ,tree #be to #ajj ft4 high1 of beautiful1 compact1 symmetrical growth when young1 and such light-colored foliage as to make it a fine species for cultivation4 ,wild in the ,north1 and cultivated throughout4 ,there are varieties with bluish-green 7var4 crulea7 and with golden 7var4 aurea7 foliage in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,p4 exclsa4 #c4 ,pcea exclsa1 ,link4 7,,norway ,,spruce47 ,leaves to #a in4 long1 rigid1 curved1 dark green4 ,cones #e to #g in4 long1 and pendent at maturity1 with the scales slightly incurved4 ,a large tree1 #gj to #abj ft4 high1 of vigorous growth1 with numerous1 stout1 drooping branches2 abundant in cultivation4 ,a score of named varieties are sold at the nurseries1 some quite dwarf1 others so very irregular in shape as to be grotesque4 ,illustration3 ,p4 polta4 #d4 ,pcea polta1 ,carr4 7,,tiger',s-,,tail ,,spruce47 ,leaves to in4 long1 strong1 rigid1 sharp-pointed1 somewhat curved1 glabrous1 bright green1 on stout branches with prominent buds4 ,leaves persistent for #g years2 not #b-ranked4 ,cones #d to #e in4 long1 spindle-shaped elliptical1 rounded at the ends4 ,tree of slow growth1 with horizontal1 yellowish-barked branches4 ,as it is a tree of recent introduction 7#ahfe7 from ,japan1 there are no large specimens4 ,hardy at ,boston4 ,illustration3 ,p4 pngens4 #e4 ,pcea pngens1 ,eng4 7,,silver ,,spruce47 ,leaves to #a in4 long1 broad1 rigid1 stout1 sharply acute1 usually curved1 pale green above1 silvery-glaucous beneath1 on smooth and shining branchlets4 ,cones very abundant1 #c to #e in4 long1 cylindric1 with elongated1 undulated1 retuse scales4 ,a strictly conical tree with spreading branches and thick1 smooth1 gray bark4 ,sometimes cultivated2 from the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,hardy4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,mornda4 #f4 ,pcea ,mornda1 ,link4 7,,himalayan ,,spruce47 ,leaves #a to #b in4 long1 very sharply acute1 pale green color1 spreading1 #d-sided1 straight1 rigid1 slightly glaucous beneath2 branches horizontal2 branchlets remotely verticillate1 numerous1 drooping1 with light-colored bark4 ,cones #f to #g in4 long1 ovate-oblong2 scales light brown1 oblong1 entire1 smooth1 loosely imbricated4 ,a tall tree1 cultivated from eastern ,asia and not hardy north of ,washington except in sheltered positions4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,alcquina4 #g4 ,pcea ,alcquina1 ,lindl4 7,,alcock',s ,,spruce47 ,leaves to in4 long1 crowded1 somewhat #d-sided1 flattish1 recurved1 obtusely rounded at tip1 deep green above1 whitish or yellowish below4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 #a in4 in diameter1 reddish fawn-color1 with very persistent scales2 scales wedge-shaped at base1 rounded at tip4 ,a large tree from ,japan2 fully hardy as far north as ,mass4 ,illustration3 ,p4 orientlis4 #h4 ,pcea orientlis1 ,l4 7,,eastern ,,or ,,oriental ,,spruce47 ,leaves very short1 in4 long1 #d-sided1 rigid1 stout1 rather obtuse1 dark shining green1 entirely surrounding the branches4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 cylindrical1 with soft1 thin1 loose1 rounded scales1 uneven on the edges4 ,a beautiful1 conical1 slow-growing1 compact tree1 reaching the height of #ge ft42 often cultivated2 from the ,black ,sea4 ,hardy4 ,,genus #ie4 ,,ts,,ga4 7,,hemlocks47 ,leaves evergreen1 scattered1 flat1 narrowed to a green petiole1 appearing #b-ranked by the direction they take1 whitened beneath4 ,fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets4 ,cones pendulous1 maturing the first year2 scales thin1 persistent4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,canadnsis4 #a4 ,tsga ,canadnsis1 ,carr4 7,,common ,,hemlock47 ,leaves short-petioled1 linear1 in4 long1 obtuse1 dark green above and white beneath2 the young leaves in the spring a very light green4 ,cones oval1 to in4 long1 pendent1 of few 7#bj to #dj7 scales4 ,a large1 very beautiful tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 abundant in rocky woods1 and cultivated throughout2 spray light and delicate4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,carolinina4 #b4 ,tsga ,carolinina1 ,engelm4 7,,mountain-,,hemlock47 ,this is similar to the last2 its leaves are larger1 glossier1 more crowded2 its cones are larger1 and have wider and more spreading scales2 the tree is smaller1 rarely growing #dj ft4 high4 ,wild1 but scarce1 in the higher ,alleghanies1 south2 beginning to be cultivated north1 and probably hardy throughout4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,siebldii4 #c4 ,tsga ,siebldii4 7,,japan ,,hemlock47 ,leaves to in4 long1 linear1 obtuse to notched at the tip1 smooth1 thick1 dark green above1 with two white lines below4 ,cones scarcely #a in4 long1 elliptical1 solitary1 terminal1 obtuse1 quite persistent2 scales pale brown4 ,a beautiful small tree1 #bj to #cj ft4 high1 with an erect trunk1 dark-brown bark1 and numerous1 pale1 slender branchlets4 ,introduced from ,japan1 and probably hardy throughout4 ,,genus #if4 ,,bies4 7,,the ,,firs47 ,leaves evergreen1 flat1 scattered1 generally whitened beneath1 appearing somewhat #b-ranked by the directions they take4 ,fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of the spreading branches4 ,cones ripening the first year2 their scales thin and smooth1 and the bracts generally exserted2 scales and bracts breaking off at maturity and falling away1 leaving the axis on the tree4 ,a great number of species and varieties have been planted in this country1 but few if any besides those here given do at all well in our dry and hot climate4 99 ,cones #f to #h in4 long2 leaves blunt at tip4 7,a47 ,a4 ,leaves over an inch long #aj1 #aa4 ,a4 ,leaves an inch or less long #ab4 99 ,cones #c to #f in4 long4 7,b47 ,b4 ,leaves #b in4 or more long1 #b-ranked #i4 ,b4 ,leaves #a in4 or less long4 7,c47 ,c4 ,leaves acute at tip #g1 #h4 ,c4 ,leaves blunt or notched at tip4 7,d47 ,d4 ,two-ranked #d4 ,d4 ,not #b-ranked #c4 99 ,cones #a to #c in4 long4 7,e47 ,e4 ,leaves an inch or more long #e1 #f4 ,e4 ,leaves less than an inch long #a1 #b4 ,illustration3 ,a4 balsmea4 #a4 bies balsmea1 ,mill4 7,,common ,,balsam-,,fir47 ,leaves narrow1 linear1 to in4 long1 and much crowded1 silvery beneath2 those on the horizontal branches spreading into #b ranks4 ,bark yielding ,canada balsam from blisters4 ,cones erect1 on spreading branches1 #b to #d in4 long and #a in4 thick1 cylindric1 violet-colored1 with mucronate-pointed bracts extending beyond the scales and not reflexed4 ,wild in cold1 wet grounds2 #bj to #de ft4 high1 with numerous horizontal branches4 ,has been cultivated quite extensively1 although there are better ,firs for ornamental purposes4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,frseri4 #b4 bies ,frseri1 ,lindl4 7,,fraser',s ,,or ,,southern ,,balsam-,,fir47 ,leaves to in4 long1 somewhat #b-ranked1 linear1 flattened1 obtuse1 emarginate1 whitish beneath1 the lower ones curved and the upper ones erect4 ,cones oblong1 #a to #b in4 long1 with sharp-pointed bracts half exserted and reflexed4 ,a rare1 small tree1 #cj to #dj ft4 high1 growing wild in the mountains1 from ,virginia south4 ,a hardy tree and handsome when young4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,nordmannina4 #c4 bies ,nordmannina1 ,link4 7,,nordmann',s ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves very numerous1 crowded1 broad1 linear1 blunt or erose-dentate at the ends1 somewhat curved1 of unequal length1 #a in4 or less long1 deep green above and whitened beneath4 ,cones large1 #e in4 long1 ovate1 erect1 with very obtuse scales2 bracts exserted and recurved4 ,a beautiful large tree1 #ej to #hj ft4 high1 occasionally cultivated2 with numerous horizontal branches and smooth bark4 ,illustration3 ,a4 frma4 #d4 bies frma1 ,s4 and ,z4 7,,japan ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves to #a in4 long1 very closely #b-ranked1 slightly twisted1 linear1 somewhat notched at the end1 smooth and dark above1 somewhat silvery below4 ,cones #c to #d in4 long1 #a to #a in4 in diameter1 straight1 cylindric1 with broad1 downy1 leathery1 crenulated scales2 bracts exserted1 with acute1 slightly recurved points4 ,a beautiful tall tree with somewhat the habit of the common ,silver ,fir2 recently introduced from ,japan1 and hardy as far north as central ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,a4 grndis4 #e4 bies grndis1 ,lindl4 7,,great ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves #a to #a in4 long1 mostly curved1 deep green above and silvery below1 not #b-ranked4 ,cones #c in4 long and about #b in4 broad1 obtuse1 solitary1 chestnut-brown in color4 ,a very large 7#bjj to #cjj ft4 high71 handsome tree from the ,pacific coast4 ,hardy at ,washington2 needs protection north4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,pchta4 #f4 bies ,pchta1 ,fisch4 7,,siberian ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves #a in4 long1 linear1 flat1 obtuse1 incurved at the apex1 mostly scattered1 very dark green above1 paler beneath4 ,cones #c in4 long1 ovate1 cylindric1 obtuse1 with rounded1 entire scales and hidden bracts4 ,a small to medium-sized cultivated tree1 #be to #ej ft4 high1 with horizontal1 somewhat pendulous branches and dense compact growth4 ,it is peculiar in its very dark foliage2 very hardy4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,cephalnica4 #g4 bies ,cephalnica1 ,loud4 7,,cephalonian ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves in4 long1 very stiff1 sharp-pointed1 spreading broadly from the branches in all directions1 dark green above and white beneath2 petioles very short1 dilated lengthwise at the point of attachment of the branches4 ,cones very erect1 #d to #f in4 long1 #a-a_/c in4 in diameter2 projecting scales unequally toothed and reflexed at the point4 ,a beautiful1 cultivated tree1 #cj to #fj ft4 high1 with bright brown bark and resinous buds4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,pinspo4 #h4 bies ,pinspo1 ,bois4 7,,pinsapo ,,fir47 ,leaves less than #a in4 long 7usually in471 rigid1 straight1 scattered regularly around the branches1 and pointing in all directions2 disk-like bases large2 branches in whorls1 and branchlets very numerous4 ,cones #d to #e in4 long1 oval1 sessile2 scales rounded1 broad1 entire2 bracts short4 ,a very handsome tree from ,spain1 and reported hardy at the ,arnold ,arboretum4 ,illustration3 ,a4 cncolor4 #i4 bies cncolor1 ,lindl4 7,,white ,,fir47 ,leaves #b to #c in4 long1 mostly obtuse1 but on young trees often long-pointed1 #b-ranked1 not crowded on the stem1 pale green or silvery4 ,cones oblong-cylindric1 #c to #e in4 long1 #a in4 in diameter2 scales twice as broad as long2 bracts short1 not projecting4 ,a large tree1 #ge to #aej ft4 high2 bark rough1 grayish4 ,native in the ,rocky ,mountains2 hardy at the ,arnold ,arboretum1 ,massachusetts1 but needs some protection at ,st4 ,louis4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,cilcica4 #aj4 bies ,cilcica1 ,carr4 7,,cilician ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves flat1 linear1 #a to #a in4 long and #a_/ab in4 broad1 somewhat #b-ranked but rather irregularly scattered around the young shoots2 shining dark green above and whitish beneath4 ,cones #g to #h in4 long1 nearly #b in4 in diameter1 cylindric1 obtuse1 erect1 with thin and entire scales1 and short and hidden bracts4 ,a very conical tree1 #ej ft4 high1 with branches in whorls1 and numerous1 small1 slender branchlets4 ,bark light gray2 recently cultivated from ,asia4 ,illustration3 ,a4 nbilis4 #aa4 bies nbilis1 ,lindl4 7,,noble ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves #a to #b in4 long1 linear1 much curved1 the base extending a short distance upward along the branch1 then spreading squarely from it1 crowded1 compressed1 deep green above1 glaucous below2 base of the leaf much less disk-like than in most of the ,firs2 branches horizontal1 spreading1 numerous4 ,cones #f to #g in4 long and nearly #b in4 in diameter1 cylindric1 sessile1 with large1 entire1 incurved scales2 bracts large1 exserted1 reflexed1 spatulate1 with terminal1 awl-shaped points4 ,a very large1 beautiful tree1 from the ,pacific coast1 where it grows #bjj ft4 high4 ,hardy in ,pennsylvania1 but needs some protection in ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,a4 pectinta4 #ab4 bies pectinta1 ,,dc4 7,,european ,,or ,,common ,,silver ,,fir47 ,leaves to #a in4 long1 linear1 obtuse1 occasionally with an incurved point1 polished green above1 two white lines below1 rigid1 straight2 branches horizontal and in whorls4 ,cones #f to #h in4 long1 cylindric1 brown when ripe2 scales broad1 thin1 rounded2 bracts long1 exserted1 with an acute reflexed tip4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,good specimens can be found as far north as ,massachusetts1 though our climate is not fitted to give them either long life or perfect form4 ,,genus #ig4 ,l,,rix4 7,,the ,,larches47 ,leaves deciduous1 all foliaceous1 the primary ones scattered1 but most of them in bundles of numerous leaves from lateral globular buds4 ,cones usually small 7in one cultivated species #c in4 long71 ovoid1 erect1 with smooth scales4 99 ,cones less than #a in4 long1 of not more than #be scales #a4 99 ,cones #a to #b in4 long1 of from #dj to #fj scales #b1 #c4 99 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 with thick1 woody1 somewhat divergent deciduous scales4 7,pseudolarix7 #d4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,americna4 #a4 ,lrix ,americna1 ,michx4 7,,american ,,larch4 ,,tamarack ,,or ,,hackmatack47 ,leaves less than #a in4 long1 thread-like1 linear1 slender1 light bluish-green4 ,cones to in4 long1 ovoid1 of a reddish color4 ,a tree of large size1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high1 growing wild in all the northern portion of our region1 and frequent in cultivation1 although not quite so fine a tree as ,larix ,europa4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,europa4 #b4 ,lrix ,europa1 ,,dc4 7,,european ,,larch47 ,leaves #a in4 long1 linear1 obtuse1 flat1 soft1 numerous1 and bright green in color4 ,cones sometimes more than #a in4 long1 with oval1 erect1 very persistent scales4 ,a beautiful tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets2 abundant in cultivation4 ,var4 pendula has long1 pendent branches1 and forms a very fine weeping tree4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,leptolpsis4 #c4 ,lrix ,leptolpsis1 ,gordon4 7,,japan ,,larch47 ,leaves #a to #a in4 long1 slender1 pale green4 ,cones #a-a_/c in4 long1 and half as wide1 of about #fj scales1 reflexed at the margin1 pale brown in color2 bracts lanceolate1 acute1 entire1 thin1 one half the length of the scales2 seeds obovate1 compressed1 with long1 obtuse1 thin wings4 ,a small tree from northern ,japan1 where it grows #dj ft4 high4 ,it is a handsome1 erect-growing tree1 with slender1 smooth1 ash-colored branches1 and rather rigid1 spreading branchlets4 ,illustration3 ,l4 ,kmpferi #d4 ,lrix ,kmpferi1 ,lamb4 7,,golden ,,larch47 ,leaves from #a to #b in4 long1 flat1 linear1 sword-shaped1 somewhat soft1 pale pea-green in the spring1 golden-yellow in the autumn4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 with flattish1 divergent scales which are very deciduous4 ,a beautiful large tree1 over #ajj ft4 high1 from ,china1 which proves hardy as far north as central ,new ,york4 ,it is often placed in a new genus 7,pseudolarix7 because of the deciduous scales to the cones4 ,,genus #ih4 ,c,,drus4 7,,the ,,lebanon ,,cedars47 ,leaves linear1 simple1 evergreen1 in large1 alternate clusters4 ,cones large1 erect1 solitary1 with closely appressed scales2 seeds adhering to the base of their lacerated1 membranous wings4 ,large1 spreading-branched trees from southern ,asia and northern ,africa4 ,occasionally successfully grown from ,new ,york ,city southward4 99 ,leaves #a in4 or less long #a1 #b4 99 ,leaves over #a in4 long1 light glaucous-green #c4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,libni4 #a4 ,cdrus ,libni1 ,barr4 7,,cedar ,,of ,,lebanon47 ,leaves to #a in4 long1 acuminate1 needle-form1 rigid1 few in a fascicle1 deep green in color4 ,cones #c to #e in4 long1 oval1 obtuse1 very persistent1 grayish-brown in color2 scales thin1 truncate1 slightly denticulate2 seeds quite large and irregular in form4 ,a cultivated tree with wide-spreading1 whorled1 horizontal branches covered with rough bark4 ,somewhat tender when young in the ,middle ,states1 but forming a grand tree in proper positions4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,atlntica4 #b4 ,cdrus ,atlntica1 ,manetti4 7,,mt4 ,,atlas1 ,,silver1 ,,or ,,african ,,cedar47 ,leaves to in4 long1 mostly cylindric1 straight1 rigid1 mucronate1 crowded1 and of a beautiful glaucous-green color4 ,cones #b to #c in4 long1 ovate1 glossy4 ,this beautiful tree has been considered a silvery variety of ,cedrus ,libani4 ,they are about alike in hardiness and in general form4 ,cedrus ,atlantica has more slender branches1 denser and more silvery foliage4 ,from ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,deodra4 #c4 ,cdrus ,deodra1 ,lindl4 7,,deodar ,,or ,,indian ,,cedar47 ,leaves #a to #b in4 in length1 #c- or usually #d-sided1 rigid1 acute1 very numerous 7about #bj in a fascicle71 bright green1 covered with a glaucous bloom4 ,cones #d to #e in4 long1 ovate1 obtuse1 very resinous1 rich purple when young1 and brown when old2 the scales separating from the axis at maturity4 ,seeds wedge-shaped1 with large1 bright brown wings4 ,a beautiful pyramidal tree1 with graceful drooping branches and light silvery foliage4 ,not hardy north of ,philadelphia2 from ,india4 ,,genus #ih;a4 ,,arauc,,ria4 ,illustration3 ,a4 imbricta4 ,araucria imbricta1 ,pavon4 7,,chile ,,pine47 ,leaves #a to #b in4 long1 ovate-lanceolate1 sessile1 rigid1 acute1 very persistent1 closely overlapping1 completely covering the thick stems1 in whorls of #f to #h1 deep glossy green2 branches horizontal1 in whorls of #f to #h1 with ascending tips1 covered with resinous1 corky bark4 ,flowers dioecious2 cones 7on only a portion of the trees7 large1 roundish1 about #g in4 in diameter1 erect1 solitary2 seeds wedge-shaped1 #a to #b in4 long4 ,a large1 peculiar1 beautiful1 conical tree1 with much the appearance of a cactus2 not fitted to our climate1 although a few specimens may be found growing quite well near the coast south of ,philadelphia4 ,from the mountains of ,chile4 ,,genus #ii4 ,,cunningh,,mia4 ,a genus of but one species4 ,the cone-scales are very small1 but the bracts are large1 thick1 and serrate4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,sinnsis4 ,cunninghmia ,sinnsis1 ,r4 ,br4 7,,cunninghamia47 ,leaves #a to #b in4 long1 flat1 rigid1 numerous1 alternate1 somewhat serrulate2 the leaf gradually increases in width from the acute tip to the base1 which is decurrent on the stem and about #a_/h in4 wide4 ,cones #a to #a in4 long1 nearly globular1 erect1 very persistent1 mostly clustered1 sessile2 the scale is a mere transverse ridge1 but the bract is large and prominent1 like a triangular-hastate1 dilated leaf4 ,a very handsome tree1 from ,china1 which does not succeed very well in this region except in protected situations4 ,,genus #ajj4 ,,sciad,,pitys4 ,cones elliptical or cylindrical1 large1 obtuse4 ,leaves evergreen1 somewhat flattened1 arranged in distant whorls around the stems1 and spreading in all directions4 ,illustration3 ,s4 verticillta4 ,sciadpitys verticillta1 ,s4 and ,z4 7,,umbrella-,,pine47 ,leaves #b to #d in4 long1 #a_/f in4 wide1 linear1 obtuse1 smooth1 persistent1 sessile1 entire1 in whorls of #cj to #dj at the nodes and extremity of the branches4 ,cones #c by #a in4 ,scales wedge-shaped1 corrugated1 overlapping1 coriaceous1 persistent2 bracts adherent1 broad1 and smooth4 ,a beautiful1 tall1 conical1 slow-growing tree1 with the branches whorled4 ,recently introduced2 hardy in the ,new ,england ,states4 ,,genus #aja4 ,,tax,,dium4 ,leaves deciduous1 spreading1 in #b ranks4 ,flowers monoecious on the same branch1 the staminate ones in spikes1 and the pistillate ones in pairs below4 ,cones globular2 the scales peltate1 angular1 thick1 firmly closed till ripe1 with #b angular seeds under each4 ,illustration3 ,t4 dstichum4 ,taxdium dstichum1 ,richard4 7,,southern ,,or ,,bald ,,cypress47 ,leaves deciduous1 flat1 linear1 to in4 long1 in #b rows on the slender branchlets1 forming feather-like spray of a light green color4 ,this whole spray usually falls off in the autumn as though a single leaf4 ,cones round1 closed1 hard1 #a in4 in diameter4 ,a fine1 tall 7#ajj to #abe ft4 high71 slender1 spire-shaped tree with a large1 spreading1 rigid trunk1 #f to #i ft4 thick1 and peculiar conical excrescences 7called knees7 growing up from the roots4 ,wild from ,maryland south1 and cultivated and hardy in the ,middle and many of the ,northern ,states4 ,illustration3 ,var4 pendulum4 ,var4 pendulum1 with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets1 has the leaves but slightly spreading from the stems1 especially when young4 ,very beautiful2 hardy as far north as ,massachusetts4 ,,genus #ajb4 ,,sequ,,ia4 ,flowers monoecious1 terminal1 solitary1 catkins nearly globular4 ,seeds winged1 #c to #e under each scale4 ,illustration3 ,s4 gigntea4 #a4 ,sequia gigntea1 ,torr4 7,,big ,,or ,,great ,,tree ,,of ,,california47 ,leaves on the young shoots spreading1 needle-shaped1 sharp-pointed1 scattered spirally around the branchlets2 finally scale-shaped1 overlapping1 mostly appressed1 with generally an acute apex1 light green in color4 ,cones oval1 #b to #c in4 long1 of about #be scales4 ,the largest tree known1 #cjj ft4 high1 with a trunk nearly #cj ft4 through1 found in ,california and occasionally planted east1 though with no great success1 as it is almost certain to die after a few years4 ,illustration3 ,s4 semprvirens4 #b4 ,sequia semprvirens1 ,endl4 7,,redwood47 ,leaves from to #a in4 long1 linear1 smooth1 #b-ranked1 flat1 acute1 dark shining green1 glaucous beneath2 branches numerous1 horizontal1 spreading4 ,cones #a in4 long1 roundish1 solitary1 terminal2 scales numerous1 thick1 rough1 furnished with an obtuse point4 ,a magnificent tree from ,california1 where it grows #bjj to #cjj ft4 high4 ,in the ,east it can be kept alive but a few years even at ,washington4 ,,genus #ajc4 ,,th,,ya4 7,,arbor-,,vit47 ,small1 evergreen trees with flat1 #b-ranked1 fan-like spray and closely overlapping1 small1 appressed leaves of two shapes on different branchlets1 one awl-shaped and acute1 the other scale-like1 usually blunt and close to the branch4 ,fertile catkins of few1 overlapping scales fixed by the base2 at maturity1 dry and spreading4 ,there are scores of named varieties of ,arbor-vitae sold by the nurserymen under #c different generic names1 ,thuya1 ,biota1 and ,thuyopsis4 ,there are but slight differences in these groups1 and they will in this work be placed together under ,thuya4 ,some that in popular language might well be called ,arbor-vit 7the ,retinosporas7 will1 because of the character of the fruit1 be included in the next genus4 99 ,scales of the cones pointless1 thin1 straight4 7,thuya7 #a1 #b4 99 ,scales reflexed and wedge-shaped4 7,thuyopsis7 #c4 99 ,scales thick1 with horn-like tips4 7,biota7 #d4 ,illustration3 ,t4 occidentlis4 #a4 ,thya occidentlis1 ,l4 7,,american ,,arbor-,,vit4 ,,white ,,cedar47 ,leaves in #d rows on the #b-;edged branchlets1 having a strong aromatic odor when bruised4 ,cones oblong1 #a_/c in4 long1 with few 7#f to #aj7 pointless scales4 ,a small tree1 #bj to #ej ft4 high1 or in cultivation #a to #ej ft4 high1 with pale1 shreddy bark1 and light1 soft1 but very durable wood4 ,wild north1 and extensively cultivated throughout under more than a score of named varieties4 ,their names--alba1 aurea1 glauca1 conica1 globosa1 pyramidalis1 pendula1 etc4--will give some idea of the variations in color1 form1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,t4 giganta4 #b4 ,thya giganta1 ,nutt4 7,,giant ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves scale-shaped1 somewhat #d-sided1 closely overlapping1 sharp-pointed1 slightly tuberculate on the back2 cones more or less clustered and nearly in4 long4 ,a very large and graceful tree1 #bjj ft4 high1 with white1 soft wood2 from the ,pacific coast2 introduced but not very successfully grown in the ,atlantic ,states4 ,illustration3 ,t4 dolabrta4 #c4 ,thya dolabrta1 ,l4 7,,hatchet-,,leaved ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves large1 sometimes in4 long1 very blunt1 in #d rows on the flattened spray4 ,cones quite small1 ovate1 sessile1 with jagged edges2 scales reflexed and wedge-form4 ,a small conical tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets2 which1 because of its large leaves 7for an ,arbor-vit7 and flexible branchlets1 is quite unique and interesting4 ,in shaded and moist places it has done quite well as far north as ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,t4 orientlis4 #d4 ,thya orientlis1 ,l4 7,,eastern ,,or ,,chinese ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves small1 in #d opposite rows1 appressed1 acute1 on the numerous #b-;edged branchlets4 ,cones large1 roundish1 with thick leathery scales having recurving1 horn-like tips4 ,of this species there are as many varieties sold as of number one1 and nearly the same varietal names are used2 but it is not so good a species for general cultivation in this country4 ,var4 flagelliformis1 ,jacq4 7,weeping ,arbor-vit71 has very slender1 elongated1 weeping branches1 curving gracefully to the ground4 ,it is a beautiful variety1 often cultivated 7a single stem is shown in the figure74 ,,genus #ajd4 ,,cham,c,,paris4 7,,the ,,cypresses47 ,strong-scented1 evergreen trees with very small1 scale-like or somewhat awl-shaped1 closely appressed 7except in some cultivated varieties71 overlapping leaves and #b-ranked branchlets1 almost as in ,thuya4 ,cones globular1 with peltate1 valvate scales1 firmly closed till ripe2 the scales thick and pointed at the center4 99 ,native trees2 leaves light glaucous-green4 #a4 99 ,cultivated trees from ,western ,america2 leaves dark green4 7,a47 ,a4 ,no tubercle on the backs of the leaves4 #b4 ,a4 ,usually a tubercle on the back #c4 99 ,cultivated small trees and shrubs from ,japan 7called ,retinospora7 #d4 ,illustration3 ,c4 sphrodea4 #a4 ,chamcparis sphrodea1 ,spach4 7,,white ,,cedar47 ,leaves very small1 triangular1 awl-shaped1 regularly and closely appressed in #d rows1 of a light glaucous-green color1 often with a small gland on the back4 ,cones very small1 #a_/c in4 in diameter1 of about #f scales1 clustered4 ,tree #cj to #ij ft4 high1 wild in low grounds throughout2 abundant in ,middle ,states4 ,with reddish-white wood and slender1 spreading and drooping sprays2 bark fibrous1 shreddy2 sometimes cultivated4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,nutknsis4 #b4 ,chamcparis ,nutknsis1 ,lambert4 7,,nootka ,,sound ,,cypress47 ,leaves only #a_/h in4 long1 sharp-pointed1 and closely appressed1 of a very dark1 rich green color2 very slightly glaucous1 without tubercles on the back4 ,cones small1 globular1 solitary1 with a fine1 whitish bloom2 scales #d1 rough and terminating in a sharp straight point4 ,tree #ajj ft4 high in ,alaska1 and would make a fine cultivated tree for this region if it could stand our hot1 dry summers4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,lawsonina4 #c4 ,chamcparis ,lawsonina1 ,park4 7,,lawson',s ,,cypress47 ,leaves small1 deep green1 with a whitish margin when young1 forming with the twigs feathery-like1 flat spray of a bluish-green color2 leaves usually with a gland on the back4 ,cones scarcely in4 in diameter1 of #h to #aj scales4 ,a magnificent tree in ,california1 and where it is hardy 7in rather moist soil1 ,new ,york and south7 it forms one of our best cultivated evergreens4 ,the leading shoot when young is pendulous4 ,illustration3 ,r4 obtsa4 #d4 ,chamcparis 7,retinspora7 obtsa1 ,endl4 7,,japanese ,,arbor-,,vit47 ,leaves scale-formed1 obtuse1 closely appressed and very persistent4 ,cones of #h or #aj hard1 light brown1 wedge-shaped scales4 ,beautiful small trees or generally shrubs 7in this country71 of a score of named varieties of many colors and forms of plant and foliage4 ,there are probably a number of species of ,japanese and ,chinese ,chamcyparis 7,retinospora71 but till their size1 hardiness1 and origin have been more fully determined1 it would be impossible to make an entirely satisfactory list for such a work as this4 ,figures are given of the common1 so-called1 species cultivated in this country2 under each of these1 several varieties are sold by the nurserymen4 ,the three twigs of ,retinospora squarrosa were all taken from a single branch2 this shows how impossible it is to determine the varieties or species2 the twig at the left represents the true squarrosa2 the others1 the partial return to the original4 ,most of the forms shown in the figures have purple1 golden1 silvery1 and other colored varieties4 ,illustration3 ,retinospora filifera4 ,illustration3 ,retinospora pisifera4 ,illustration3 ,retinospora squarrosa4 ,illustration3 ,retinospora ,lycopoides4 ,illustration3 ,retinospora plumosa4 ,,genus #aje4 ,,cryptom,,ria4 ,a genus of evergreens containing only the following species3 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,japnica4 ,cryptomria ,japnica1 ,don4 7,,japan ,,cedar47 ,leaves about in4 long1 not flattened1 but about equally #d-sided1 curved and tapering quite gradually from the tip to the large1 sessile base2 branches spreading1 mostly horizontal1 with numerous branchlets4 ,cones to in4 in diameter1 globular1 terminal1 sessile1 very persistent1 with numerous1 loose1 not overlapping scales4 ,a beautiful tree from ,japan1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high4 ,not very successfully grown in our climate4 ,north of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 it needs a sheltered position1 and should have a deep1 but not very rich soil4 ,,genus #ajf4 ,,jun,,perus4 ,leaves evergreen1 awl-shaped or scale-like1 rigid1 often of two shapes on the same plant4 ,spray not #b-ranked4 ,flowers usually dioecious4 ,fertile catkins rounded1 of #c to #f fleshy1 coalescent scales1 forming in fruit a bluish-black berry with a whitish bloom1 but found on only a portion of the plants4 99 ,leaves rather long1 in41 in whorls of threes #a4 99 ,leaves smaller2 on the old branches mostly opposite #b4 ,illustration3 ,j4 commnis4 #a4 ,junperus commnis1 ,l4 7,,common ,,juniper47 ,leaves rather long1 in41 linear1 awl-shaped1 in whorls of threes1 prickly-pointed1 upper surface glaucous-white1 under surface bright green4 ,fruit globular1 in4 or more in diameter1 dark purple when ripe1 covered with light-colored bloom4 ,a shrub or small tree with spreading or pendulous branches2 common in dry1 sterile soils4 ,there are a great many varieties of this species in cultivation1 but few of them grow tall enough to be considered trees4 ,var4 ,hibernica 7,irish ,juniper7 grows erect like a column4 ,var4 ,alpina is a low creeping plant4 ,var4 hemispherica is almost like a half-sphere lying on the ground4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,virginina4 #b4 ,junperus ,virginina1 ,l4 7,,red ,,cedar47 ,leaves very small and numerous1 scale-like on the older branches1 but awl-shaped and somewhat spreading on the young shoots2 dark green4 ,fruit small1 #a_/e in41 abundant on the pistillate plants1 dark purple and covered with fine1 glaucous bloom4 ,trees from #bj to #hj ft4 high 7sometimes only shrubs71 with mostly horizontal branches1 thin1 scaling bark1 dense habit of growth1 and dark foliage4 ,wood light1 fine-grained1 durable2 the heart-wood of a handsome dark red color4 ,wild throughout2 several varieties are found in cultivation4 ,many other species from ,china1 ,japan1 ,california1 etc41 are occasionally cultivated1 but few are large enough to be called trees1 and those that are large enough are not of sufficient importance to need specific notice4 ,,genus #ajg4 ,t,,xus4 ,leaves evergreen1 flat1 linear1 mucronate1 rigid1 scattered1 appearing more or less #b-ranked4 ,fertile flowers and the fruit solitary2 the fruit1 a nut-like seed in a cup-shaped1 fleshy portion formed from a disk2 red4 ,illustration3 ,t4 baccta4 ,txus baccta1 ,l4 7,,common ,,european ,,yew47 ,leaves evergreen1 #b-ranked1 crowded1 linear1 flat1 curved1 acute4 ,fruit a nut-like seed within a cup #a_/c in4 in diameter2 red when ripe in the autumn4 ,as this species is somewhat dioecious1 a portion of the plants will be without fruit4 ,a widely spreading shrub rather than a tree1 extensively cultivated under nearly a score of named varieties4 ,we have a closely related wild species1 ,txus ,canadnsis 7,,the ,,ground-,,hemlock71 which is merely a low straggling bush4 ,,genus #a,o#g;a4 ,,torr,,ya4 ,illustration3 ,t4 taxiflia4 ,the ,torreyas are much like the ,yews1 but their leaves have two longitudinal lines1 and a remarkably disagreeable odor when burned or bruised4 ,torrya taxiflia1 ,arn41 from ,florida1 and ,torrya ,califrnica1 ,torr41 from ,california1 have been often planted4 ,they form small trees1 but probably cannot be grown successfully in the region4 ,the figure shows a twig of ,t4 taxifolia4 ,,genus #a,o#g;b4 ,,cephalot,,xus4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,fortnii4 ,cephalotxus ,fortnii1 ,hook41 does not form a tree in this section1 but a wide-spreading bush growing sometimes to the height of #aj ft41 and spreading over a spot #ae ft4 wide4 ,leaves flat1 with the midrib forming a distinct ridge on both sides1 linear1 sometimes over #b in4 long1 glossy green on the upper side1 slightly whitened beneath4 ,fruit very large1 #a in4 or more long1 elliptical1 with a single1 thin-shelled nut-like seed covered with purplish1 pulpy1 thin flesh4 ,branches spreading1 drooping1 long1 slender2 buds small1 covered with many sharp-pointed1 overlapping scales2 twigs green1 somewhat grooved4 ,from ,japan2 about hardy in ,new ,jersey4 ,,genus #ajh4 ,,podoc,,rpus4 ,leaves one-nerved1 opposite1 alternate1 or scattered1 linear or oblong4 ,flowers axillary and mostly dioecious2 fruit drupe-like1 with a bony-coated stone4 ,illustration3 ,p4 ,japnica4 ,podocrpus ,japnica1 ,sieb4 7,,japan ,,podocarpus47 ,leaves alternate1 crowded1 flat1 linear-lanceolate1 elongated1 quite sharp-pointed1 narrowed to a short though distinct petiole1 and continued down the stem by two ridges2 leaves not #b-ranked1 large1 #d to #h in4 long and in4 wide when growing in perfection2 in specimens grown in this region1 #b to #e in4 long and in4 wide2 midrib forms a ridge on both sides2 upper side dark glossy green2 lower side with two broad whitish lines4 ,a beautiful1 erect-growing1 small tree2 from ,japan2 about hardy in central ,new ,jersey2 needs some protection in ,massachusetts4 ,,genus #aji4 ,,salisb,,ria4 ,leaves broad1 simple1 alternate1 stipulate1 deciduous1 deeply cut or lobed at the apex1 alike on both surfaces1 with long petioles4 ,flowers dioecious2 staminate ones in catkins1 pistillate ones either solitary or in clusters of a few each4 ,fruit a nut with a drupaceous covering4 ,illustration3 ,s4 adiantiflia4 ,salisbria adiantiflia1 ,sm4 7,,ginkgo ,,tree47 ,leaves parallel-veined1 fan-shaped1 with irregular lobes at the end1 thick1 leathery1 with no midrib4 ,fruit globular or ovate1 #a in4 long1 on long1 slender stems4 ,a very peculiar and beautiful large tree1 #ej to #ajj ft4 high2 from ,japan4 ,hardy throughout1 and should be more extensively cultivated than it is4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,botanical ,,terms ,,and ,,index ,,to ,,part ,i4 ,the numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where fuller definitions of the words are given4 ,abortive4 ,defective or barren2 not producing seeds4 ,abrupt base of leaf1 #ba4 ,abruptly pinnate4 ,pinnate1 without an odd leaflet at the end2 even-pinnate1 #bj4 ,acerose4 ,slender2 needle-shaped1 #bj4 ,acorn1 #bg4 ,acuminate4 ,taper-pointed1 #bb4 ,acute4 ,terminating in a well-defined angle1 usually less than a right angle1 #bb4 ,adventitious buds1 #ca4 ,alternate4 ,not opposite each other2 as the leaves of a stem when arranged one after the other along the branch1 #ah4 ,angulated4 ,edge with such sudden bends as to form angles4 ,annual layer of wood1 #ac4 ,anther4 ,the essential part of a stamen of a flower2 the part which contains the pollen1 #bd4 ,apetalous4 ,said of a flower which has no corolla1 #be4 ,apex4 ,the point or summit1 as the point of a leaf4 ,apple-pome4 ,a fruit like the apple1 with seeds in horny cells1 #bg4 ,appressed4 ,pressed close to the stem or other part1 #ai4 ,ariled4 ,seed with a somewhat membranous appendage1 sometimes surrounding it1 and attached to one end4 ,aromatic4 ,with an agreeable odor4 ,arrangement of flowers1 #bf2 of leaves1 #ah4 ,astringent4 ,that which contracts or draws together muscular fiber2 the opposite of laxative4 ,auriculate4 ,furnished with ear-shaped appendages1 #ba4 ,awl-shaped4 ,like a shoemaker's curved awl2 subulate1 #ba4 ,awned4 ,furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage1 #bb4 ,axil4 ,the angle between the leafstalk and the twig1 #ad4 ,axillary4 ,situated in the axil2 as a bud1 branch1 or flower-cluster when in the axil of a leaf1 #ad1 #bf1 #cj4 ,bark1 #ab4 ,bases of leaves1 #ba4 ,berry4 ,used in this work to include any soft1 juicy fruit with several 7at least more than one71 readily separated seeds buried in the mass1 #bg4 ,bipinnate4 ,twice-pinnate1 #bj4 ,bladdery4 ,swollen out and filled with air4 ,blade4 ,the thin1 spreading portion1 as of a leaf1 #ai4 ,bract4 ,a more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit2 usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows1 #bh4 ,branch4 ,a shoot or stem of a plant1 #aa4 ,branching1 general plan of1 #bi4 ,branchlet4 ,a small branch4 ,bristle-pointed4 ,ending in a stiff1 roundish hair1 #bb4 ,bud4 ,undeveloped branch or flower1 #cj2 forms of1 #cb2 bud-scales1 #ca4 ,bur4 ,rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit1 #bg4 ,bush4 ,a shrub1 #aa4 ,calyx4 ,the outer leafy part of a flower1 #bd4 ,canescent4 ,with a silvery appearance1 #bc4 ,capsule4 ,a dry1 pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell1 or1 if of one cell1 not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single line1 #bh4 ,carpel4 ,that part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil1 or one member of a compound pistil2 often shown by a single seed-bearing line or part4 ,a fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-bearing lines on its outer walls1 or as it had stigmas when it was a pistil1 or as it had leaves at its origin4 ,catkin4 ,a scaly1 usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers1 #bf1 #bh4 ,ciliate4 ,fringed with hairs along its edge4 ,cleft4 ,cut to about the middle1 #bb4 ,cluster4 ,any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant1 so that more than one is found in the axil of a leaf1 or at the end of a stem1 #bf4 ,complete4 ,having all the parts belonging to an organ2 a complete leaf has blade1 leafstalk1 and stipules1 #ai2 a complete flower has calyx1 corolla1 stamen1 and pistil1 #bd4 ,compound4 ,composed of more than one similar part united into a whole2 a compound leaf has more than one blade1 #ai4 ,conduplicate4 ,folded on itself lengthwise1 #cc4 ,cone4 ,a hard1 scaly fruit1 as that of a pine-tree1 #bh4 ,conical4 ,with a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering to a point2 more slender than pyramidal4 ,convolute4 ,in a leaf1 the complete rolling from edge to edge1 #cd4 ,cordate4 ,heart-shaped1 the stem and point at opposite ends1 #ba4 ,coriaceous4 ,leathery in texture or substance4 ,corolla4 ,the inner1 usually the bright-colored1 row of floral leaves1 often grown together1 #bd4 ,corymb4 ,a flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster2 in a strict use it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first4 ,see cyme1 #bf4 ,crenate4 ,edge notched with rounded teeth1 #bb4 ,crenulate4 ,finely crenated1 #bb4 ,crisped4 ,having an undulated or curled edge4 ,cross-section of wood1 #ce4 ,cuneate4 ,wedge-shaped1 #ba4 ,cylindric4 ,with an elongated1 rounded body of uniform diameter4 ,cyme4 ,a flat-topped flower-cluster1 the central flower blooming first1 #bf4 ,deciduous4 ,falling off2 said of leaves when they fall in autumn1 and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms1 #bc4 ,decurrent leaf4 ,a leaf which extends down the stem below the point of fastening4 ,definite annual growth1 #bi4 ,dehiscence4 ,the regular splitting open of fruits1 anthers1 etc4 ,dehiscent4 ,opening in a regular way1 #bg1 #bh4 ,deliquescent1 #af1 #bi4 ,deltoid4 ,triangular1 #ba4 ,dentate4 ,edge notched1 with the teeth angular and pointing outward1 #bb4 ,denticulate4 ,minutely dentate4 ,dichotomous4 ,forking regularly by twos1 as the branches of the ,lilac4 ,dilated4 ,spreading out2 expanding in all directions4 ,dioecious4 ,with stamens and pistils on different plants1 #be4 ,distichous4 ,two-ranked2 spreading on opposite sides in one plane2 as leaves1 #ah2 or branches1 #ai4 ,divergent4 ,spreading apart4 ,divided4 ,separated almost to the base or midrib1 #bc4 ,drupe4 ,a fleshy fruit with a single bony stone4 ,in this book applied to all fruits which1 usually juicy1 have a single seed1 even if not bony1 or a bony stone1 even if the stone has several seeds1 #bg4 ,dry drupe4 ,used when the material surrounding the stone is but slightly fleshy1 #bg4 ,duration of leaves1 #bc4 ,elliptical4 ,having the form of an elongated oval1 #bj4 ,emarginate4 ,with a notched tip1 #bb4 ,endogenous4 ,inside-growing2 growing throughout the substance of the stem1 #ab4 ,entire4 ,with an even edge2 not notched1 #bb4 ,enveloping organs4 ,in a flower1 the calyx and corolla which cover the stamens and pistil1 #be4 ,essential organs4 ,in a flower1 the organs needed to produce seeds2 the stamens and pistil1 #be4 ,evergreen4 ,retaining the leaves 7in a more or less green condition7 through the winter and till new ones appear1 #bc4 ,excurrent4 ,with the trunk continued to the top of the tree1 #af1 #bi4 ,exogenous4 ,outside-growing2 growing by annual layers near the surface1 #aa4 ,exserted4 ,projecting beyond an envelope1 as the stamens from a corolla1 or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone1 #bh4 ,exstipulate4 ,without stipules1 #ai4 ,extra-axillary buds1 #cj4 ,fasciculated4 ,in clusters or fascicles1 #ah4 ,feather-veined4 ,with the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of the midrib1 #bj4 ,fibrous4 ,composed of fine threads or fibers4 ,filament4 ,the stalk of a stamen1 #bd2 any thread-like body4 ,flowering4 ,having flowers4 ,flowers1 #bd2 clusters of1 #bf2 kinds of1 #be4 ,folding of leaves in the bud1 #cc4 ,foliaceous4 ,like a leaf in texture or appearance4 ,footstalk4 ,the stem of a leaf 7petiole71 or the stem of a flower 7peduncle74 ,forms of leaves1 #bj4 ,fruit1 #bd1 #bf4 ,gamopetalous4 ,same as monopetalous1 #be4 ,glabrous4 ,having a smooth surface2 free from hairs1 bristles1 or any pubescence1 #bc4 ,glands4 ,small cellular organs which secrete oily1 aromatic1 or other products4 ,they are sometimes sunk in the leaves1 etc41 as on the ,prickly-ash2 sometimes on the surface as small projections2 sometimes on the ends of hairs4 ,the word is also used to indicate small swellings1 whether there is a secretion or not4 ,glandular4 ,having glands4 ,glandular-hairy4 ,with glandular-tipped hairs1 #bc4 ,glaucous4 ,covered with a fine white powder that rubs off1 #bc4 ,globose4 ,spherical in form4 ,globular4 ,nearly globose4 ,glutinous4 ,covered with a sticky gum4 ,hairy4 ,having rather long hairs1 #bc4 ,halberd-shaped1 #ba4 ,head4 ,a compact1 rounded cluster of flowers or fruit1 #bf4 ,heart-shaped4 ,ovate1 with a notched base2 cordate1 #ba4 ,heart-wood1 #ac1 #ce4 ,herbaceous4 ,without woody substance in the stem2 like an herb2 soft and leaf-like4 ,hybrid4 ,an intermediate form of plant between two nearly related species2 formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of the other4 ,imbricated4 ,overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof1 #bh4 ,incised4 ,irregularly and deeply cut1 as the edge of a leaf4 ,incurved4 ,gradually curving inward4 ,indefinite annual growth1 #cj4 ,indehiscent4 ,not splitting open4 ,inflexed4 ,bent inward1 #cc4 ,involucre4 ,a whorl or set of bracts around a flower1 a cluster of flowers1 or fruit1 #bg4 ,involute4 ,rolled inward from the edges1 #cd4 ,irregular4 ,said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized1 shaped1 or colored pieces1 #be4 ,kernel4 ,the substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone of a fruit4 ,key4 ,a fruit furnished with a wing1 or leaf-like expansion1 #bh4 ,kidney-shaped4 ,broadly heart-shaped1 with the apex and basal notch somewhat rounded4 ,lacerated4 ,with a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn4 ,laciniate4 ,cut into narrow lobes2 slashed4 ,lance-shaped4 ,lanceolate4 ,like a lance-head in shape1 #ba4 ,leaf1 #ag2 arrangement of leaves1 #ah2 bases of1 #ba2 forms of1 #bj2 kinds of1 #ai2 margins of1 #bb2 parts of1 #ai2 points of1 #bb2 veining1 #ai4 ,leaflet4 ,a separate blade of a compound leaf1 #bj4 ,leafstalk4 ,the stem of a leaf2 petiole1 #ai4 ,legume4 ,a pea-like pod1 #bh4 ,lensform4 ,lenticular4 ,thickest in the center1 with the edges somewhat sharp2 like a double-convex lens4 ,linear4 ,long and narrow1 with the edges about parallel1 #bj4 ,lobe4 ,the separate1 projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if few in number1 #bb4 ,lobed4 ,having lobes along the margin1 #bb4 ,margin of leaves1 #bb4 ,medullary rays1 #ac4 ,membranous4 ,thin and rather soft1 and more or less translucent1 #bc4 ,midrib4 ,the central or main rib of a leaf1 #ai4 ,monoecious4 ,with both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant1 #be4 ,monopetalous4 ,with the corolla more or less grown together at the base2 gamopetalous1 #be4 ,mucronate4 ,tipped with a short abrupt point1 #bb4 ,multiple roots1 #i4 ,nerved4 ,parallel-veined1 as the leaves of some trees1 #bj4 ,netted-veined4 ,with branching veins1 forming a network as in the leaves of most of our trees1 #bj4 ,node4 ,the part of a stem to which a leaf is attached1 #ah4 ,nut4 ,a hard1 unsplitting1 usually one-seeded fruit1 #bg4 ,nutlet4 ,a small nut4 ,obcordate4 ,heart-shaped1 with the stem at the pointed end1 #ba1 #bb4 ,oblanceolate4 ,lanceolate1 with the stem at the more pointed end1 #ba4 ,oblong4 ,two to four times as long as wide1 with the sides somewhat parallel1 #bj4 ,oblique4 ,applied to leaves when the sides are unequal1 #ba4 ,obovate4 ,a reversed ovate1 #ba4 ,obovoid4 ,a reversed ovoid2 an egg form1 with stem at the smaller end4 ,obscurely4 ,not distinctly2 usually needing a magnifying-glass to determine4 ,obtuse4 ,blunt or rounded at tip1 #bb4 ,obvolute1 #cd4 ,odd-pinnate4 ,pinnate1 with an end leaflet1 #bj4 ,once-pinnate4 ,a compound leaf1 with but a single series of leaflets along the central stem1 #ai4 ,opposite4 ,with two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node1 #ah4 ,orbicular4 ,circular in outline1 #bj4 ,oval4 ,broadly elliptical1 #bj4 ,ovary4 ,the part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds4 ,ovate4 ,shaped like a section of an egg1 with the broader end near the stem1 #ba4 ,overlapping4 ,one piece spreading over another4 ,ovoid4 ,ovate or oval in a solid form1 like an egg4 ,ovules4 ,the parts within the ovary which may form seeds1 #be4 ,palmate4 ,a compound leaf1 with the leaflets all starting from the end of the petiole1 #ai4 ,palmately lobed1 #bb4 ,palmately veined4 ,with three or more main ribs1 or veins of a leaf1 starting from the base1 #bj4 ,panicle4 ,an open1 much branched cluster of flowers or fruit1 #bf4 ,pappus4 ,the down1 hairs1 or teeth on the end of the fruit in ,composit1 as the thistle-down4 ,parallel-veined4 ,with the veins of the leaf parallel2 nerved1 #bj4 ,parted4 ,edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the base or midrib1 #bc4 ,pedicel4 ,the stem of each flower of a cluster1 #bf4 ,peduncle4 ,the stem of a solitary flower1 or the main stem of a cluster1 #bf4 ,pellucid4 ,almost or quite transparent4 ,peltate4 ,applied to a leaf or other part when the stem or stalk is attached within the margin on the side4 ,pendent4 ,hanging downward1 #bh4 ,pendulous4 ,hanging or drooping4 ,perfect4 ,said of a flower with both stamen and pistil1 #be4 ,petal4 ,a leaf of the corolla of a flower1 #be4 ,petiole4 ,the stalk or stem of a leaf1 #ai4 ,petiolate4 ,said of a leaf which has a stem1 #bj4 ,pinn4 ,the first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf4 ,pinnate leaf4 ,a compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the sides of the stem1 #ai4 ,pinnately lobed1 #bb2 ,pinnate-veined1 #bj4 ,pinnatifid4 ,a leaf deeply notched along the sides in a pinnate manner1 #bc4 ,pistil4 ,the central essential organ of a flower1 #be4 ,pistillate4 ,a flower with pistil but no stamens1 #be4 ,pith1 #ab4 ,plicate4 ,folded like a fan1 #cd4 ,pod4 ,a dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea1 #bh4 ,points of leaves1 #bb4 ,pollarding trees1 #ca4 ,pollen4 ,the dust or fertilizing material contained in the anther1 #bd4 ,polypetalous4 ,having a corolla of separate petals1 #be4 ,pome4 ,an apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells1 #bg4 ,preparation of a collection1 #ce4 ,pressing plants1 #cf4 ,prickles4 ,sharp1 spine-like elevations on the bark1 leaf or fruit1 #bh4 ,primary root1 #aj4 ,pubescent4 ,hairy or downy1 especially with fine soft hairs or pubescence1 #bc4 ,pulp4 ,the soft flesh of such fruits as the apple or cherry4 ,punctate4 ,with translucent glands1 #bc4 ,pyramidal4 ,with sloping sides like a pyramid1 but with a circular base2 broad-conical4 ,raceme4 ,a flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along the peduncle1 #bf4 ,radial section of wood1 #ce4 ,radiating ribs4 ,the ribs of a leaf when several start together at or near the base4 ,a leaf having such ribs is said to be radiately or palmately veined1 #bj4 ,rapier-shaped4 ,narrow1 pointed1 and curved like a sword4 ,recurved or reflexed4 ,bent backward1 #bh4 ,regular4 ,said of a flower which has its enveloping organs alike on all sides1 #be4 ,repand4 ,wavy-margined1 #bb4 ,retuse4 ,with a slightly notched tip1 #bb4 ,revolute4 ,rolled backward1 as the edges of many leaves1 #bb1 #cd4 ,ribbed4 ,with prominent ribs1 often somewhat parallel4 ,ribs4 ,the strong veins of a leaf1 #ai4 ,root1 #i4 ,rugous4 ,having an irregularly ridged surface1 #bc4 ,samara4 ,a winged fruit2 a key fruit1 #bh4 ,sap-wood1 #ac4 ,scabrous4 ,rough or harsh to the touch1 #bc4 ,scale-shaped1 #ba4 ,scarious4 ,thin1 dry1 and membranous1 #bc4 ,scattered leaves1 #ah4 ,secondary roots1 #aj4 ,section of wood1 #ce4 ,seedling4 ,a young plant raised from a seed4 ,seeds1 #be4 ,sepal4 ,a division of a calyx1 #be4 ,serrate4 ,having a notched edge1 with the teeth pointing forward1 #bb4 ,serration4 ,a tooth of a serrated edge4 ,serrulate4 ,finely serrate1 #bb4 ,sessile4 ,without stem2 sessile leaf1 #bj2 sessile flower1 #bf4 ,sheath4 ,a tubular envelope4 ,shoot4 ,a branch4 ,shrub4 ,a bush-like plant2 one branching from near the base1 #aa4 ,silver grain4 ,medullary rays1 #ac1 #cf4 ,simple leaf4 ,one with but a single blade1 #ai4 ,sinuate4 ,with a margin strongly wavy1 #bb4 ,sinuation4 ,one of the waves of a sinuate edge4 ,spatulate4 ,gradually narrowed downward from a rounded tip4 ,spike4 ,an elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms about sessile4 ,spine4 ,a sharp1 rigid outgrowth from the wood of a stem2 sometimes applied to sharp points not so deeply seated which should be considered as prickles1 #bh4 ,spinescent or spiny4 ,having spines1 #bb1 #bc4 ,spray4 ,a collection of small shoots or branches of a plant4 ,stamen4 ,one of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower1 #bd4 ,staminate4 ,said of flowers which have stamens but no pistil1 #be4 ,stellate4 ,branching1 star-like4 ,stems and branches1 #aa4 ,stipules4 ,small blades at the base of a leafstalk1 #ai4 ,straight-veined4 ,feather-veined with the veins straight and parallel1 #bj4 ,striate4 ,marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges4 ,sub4 ,a prefix applied to many botanical terms1 and indicating nearly4 ,subulate4 ,awl-shaped1 #ba4 ,succulent4 ,thick and fleshy1 #bc4 ,suckers4 ,shoots from a subterranean part of a plant4 ,surface of leaves and fruit1 #bc4 ,tangential section of wood1 #ce4 ,tapering4 ,gradually pointed2 gradually narrowed1 #ba4 ,tap-root4 ,a simple root with a stout tapering body1 #i4 ,terete4 ,cylindric1 but tapering as the twigs of a tree4 ,terminal4 ,belonging to the extremity of a branch1 as a terminal bud1 #ad2 or terminal flower-cluster1 #bf4 ,texture of leaves1 #bc4 ,thyrsus4 ,a compact1 much-branched flower- or fruit-cluster1 #bf4 ,tomentose4 ,covered with matted1 woolly hairs1 #bc4 ,toothed4 ,with teeth or short projections4 ,tree4 ,a plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the ground1 #aa4 ,truncate4 ,with a square end as though cut off1 #bb4 ,twice-pinnate4 ,applied to a leaf which is twice divided in a pinnate manner1 #bj4 ,twice-serrate1 #bb4 ,twice-crenate1 #bb4 ,two-ranked4 ,applied to leaves when they are flattened out in two ranks on opposite sides of a stem1 #ah2 also applied to spray when it branches out in one plane1 #ai4 ,umbel4 ,a cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal length1 and starting from the same point1 #bf4 ,umbellate4 ,like an umbel4 ,valvate4 ,touching edge to edge1 #bh4 ,veining of leaves1 #ai4 ,veinlets4 ,the most minute framework of a leaf1 #ai4 ,veins4 ,the smaller lines of the framework of a leaf1 #ai4 ,wedge-shaped4 ,shaped like a wedge2 cuneate1 #ba4 ,whorl4 ,in a circle around the stem1 as the leaves of a plant1 #ah4 ,wings4 ,a blade or leaf-like expansion bordering a part1 as a fruit or stem1 #bh4 ,winged4 ,with wing-like membranes4 ,winter study of trees1 #bi4 ,wood1 #ab4 ,,index ,,to ,,part ,,iii4 ,abele-tree1 #afh4 ,abies1 #ahc-ahg4 ,acanthopanax1 #aaj4 ,acer1 #hd-hh4 ,acuminate-leaved ,clethra1 #aag4 sculus1 #ha-hc4 ,african ,cedar1 #aij4 ,ailanthus1 #gf4 ,albizzia1 #if4 ,alcock's ,spruce1 #aha4 ,alder1 #adg1 #adh4 ,alleghany ,plum1 #ih4 ,alnus1 #adg1 #adh4 ,alternate-leaved ,cornel1 #aab4 ,amelanchier1 #ajg4 ,anacardiace1 #hi4 ,angelica-tree1 #aji4 ,angiosperm1 #fb4 ,anonace1 #fh4 ,apple1 #aja4 ,aralia1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,araliace1 #aji4 ,araucaria1 #aij4 ,arbor-vit1 ,american1 #aid4 ,chinese1 #aid4 ,eastern1 #aid4 ,giant1 #aid4 ,hatchet-leaved1 #aid4 ,japanese1 #aif4 ,weeping1 #aie4 ,arrow-wood1 #aad4 ,ash1 ,black1 #abd4 ,blue1 #abd4 ,european1 #abd4 ,flowering1 #abe4 ,green1 #abc4 ,red1 #abc4 ,water1 #abd4 ,weeping1 #abe4 ,white1 #abc4 ,ash-colored ,willow1 #afg4 ,ash-leaved ,maple1 #hi4 ,asimina1 #fh4 ,aspen1 #afh4 ,austrian ,pine1 #age4 ,baccharis1 #aae4 ,bald ,cypress1 #aib4 ,balm of ,gilead1 #agj4 ,balsam-fir1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,balsam-poplar1 #agj4 ,barren ,oak1 #aeh4 ,bartram's ,oak1 #aeb4 ,basket-oak1 #aed4 ,basswood1 #gb1 #gc4 ,bay1 ,red1 #acj4 ,bay ,willow1 #afd1 #afe4 ,beaked ,hazelnut1 #adi4 ,beaked ,willow1 #aff4 ,bean-trefoil ,tree1 #ib4 ,bear ,scrub ,oak1 #aeg4 ,beech1 ,american1 #afa4 ,blue1 #aea4 ,cut-leaved1 #afa4 ,european1 #afa4 ,purple1 #afa4 ,silver ,variegated1 #afa4 ,water1 #aea4 ,benjamin-bush1 #aca4 ,betula1 #add-adg4 ,bhotan ,pine1 #agb4 ,bignoniace1 #abg4 ,bignonia ,family1 #abg4 ,big ,shellbark1 #adb4 ,big ,tree of ,california1 #aib4 ,bilsted1 #ajh4 ,biota1 #aic4 ,birch1 ,american ,white1 #ade4 ,black1 #adf4 ,canoe1 #ade4 ,cherry1 #adf4 ,cut-leaved1 #adf4 ,european ,white1 #adf4 ,gray1 #ade1 #adf4 ,hairy-leaved1 #adf4 ,paper1 #ade4 ,purple-leaved1 #adf4 ,pyramidal1 #adf4 ,red1 #adg4 ,river1 #adg4 ,sweet1 #adf4 ,weeping1 #adf4 ,yellow1 #adf4 ,bird-cherry1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,bitternut1 #adc4 ,bixine1 #fg4 ,black ,ash1 #abd4 ,birch1 #adf4 ,cherry1 #ii4 ,gum1 #aab4 ,haw1 #aad4 ,hawthorn1 #ajf4 ,oak1 #aef1 #aeh4 ,pine1 #age4 ,poplar1 #agj4 ,scrub ,oak1 #aeg4 ,spruce1 #agi4 ,sugar-maple1 #hf4 ,walnut1 #ada4 ,willow1 #afc4 ,blackthorn1 #ih4 ,blue ,ash1 #abd4 ,beech1 #aea4 ,bog ,willow1 #aff4 ,bow-wood1 #acg4 ,box ,elder1 #hi4 ,white ,oak1 #aec4 ,boxwood1 #acc4 ,bristly ,locust1 #id4 ,brittle ,willow1 #afc4 ,broom-hickory1 #adc4 ,buckeye1 #hb1 #hc4 ,buckthorn1 ,california1 #hj4 ,carolina1 #gi4 ,common1 #gi4 ,southern1 #aai4 ,woolly-leaved1 #aah4 ,buckthorn ,family1 #gi4 ,buffalo-berry1 #acb4 ,bullace ,plum1 #ih4 ,bumelia1 #aah1 #aai4 ,burning-bush1 #gh4 ,bur-,oak1 #aec4 ,butternut1 #adj4 ,buttonwood1 #aci4 ,buxus1 #acb1 #acc4 ,calico-bush1 #aaf4 ,california ,buckthorn1 #hj4 ,maple1 #hf4 ,camellia ,family1 #fi4 ,canoe ,birch1 #ade4 ,caprifoliace1 #aac4 ,caragana1 #ib4 ,carolina ,buckthorn1 #gi4 ,poplar1 #afi4 ,carpinus1 #aej1 #aea4 ,carya1 #ada-add4 ,cashew ,family1 #hi4 ,castanea1 #aei1 #afj4 ,catalpa1 #abh1 #abi4 ,caucasian ,planer-tree1 #acf4 ,cedar1 ,african1 #aij4 ,deodar1 #aij4 ,indian1 #aij4 ,japan1 #aih4 ,lebanon1 #ahi4 ,mt4 ,atlas1 #aij4 ,red1 #aii4 ,silver1 #aij4 ,white1 #aid1 #aie4 ,cedrela1 #gf4 ,cedrus1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,celastrace1 #gh4 ,celtis1 #acf1 #acg4 ,cembra ,pine1 #agc4 ,cephalonian ,silver ,fir1 #ahe4 ,cephalotaxus1 #bjj4 ,cercidiphyllum1 #fg4 ,cercis1 #id4 ,chaste-tree1 #acj4 ,cherry1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,cherry ,birch1 #adf4 ,cherry1 ,cornelian1 #aaa4 ,chestnut1 #afj4 ,chestnut-oak1 #aed1 #aee4 ,chickasaw ,plum1 #ih4 ,chile ,pine1 #aij4 ,china-tree1 #ge4 ,chinese ,arbor-vit1 #aid4 ,cedrela1 #gf4 ,cork-tree1 #gd4 ,honey-locust1 #if4 ,parasol1 #gb4 ,sumac1 #ia4 ,white ,magnolia1 #fe4 ,chinquapin1 #afj4 ,chionanthus1 #abf4 ,choke-cherry1 #ajj4 ,cilician ,silver ,fir1 #ahf4 ,cladrastis1 #ic4 ,clammy ,locust1 #id4 ,clerodendron1 #abi4 ,clethra1 #aag1 #aah4 ,club1 ,hercules'1 #aji4 ,cockspur ,thorn1 #ajd4 ,coffee-tree1 ,kentucky1 #ie4 ,colchicum-leaved ,maple1 #hg4 ,composit1 #aae4 ,conifer1 #agj4 ,cork-bark ,maple1 #hg4 ,cork ,elm1 #acd4 ,cork-tree1 ,chinese1 #gd4 ,cornace1 #aaj4 ,cornel1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,cornelian ,cherry1 #aaa4 ,cornus1 #aaj-aab4 ,corsican ,pine1 #age4 ,corylus1 #adi4 ,cottonwood1 #afi4 ,cow-oak1 #aed4 ,crab-apple1 #aja4 ,crack-willow1 #afc4 ,cranberry-tree1 #aad4 ,crape-myrtle1 #aji4 ,cratgus1 #ajc-ajf4 ,crisped-leaved ,elm1 #acd4 ,cryptomeria1 #aih4 ,cucumber-tree1 #fc1 #fd4 ,cunninghamia1 #aia4 ,cupulifer1 #add4 ,custard-apple ,family1 #fh4 ,cut-leaved ,birch1 #adf4 ,alder1 #adh4 ,cypress1 ,bald1 #aib4 ,lawson's1 #aif4 ,nootka ,sound1 #aie4 ,southern1 #aib4 ,dahoon ,holly1 #gg4 ,date-plum1 #abj4 ,deodar ,cedar1 #aij4 ,devil-wood1 #abe4 ,diospyros1 #aai1 #abj4 ,dogwood1 ,flowering1 #aaa4 ,poison1 #ij4 ,dotted-fruited ,hawthorn1 #ajf4 ,double ,spruce1 #agi4 ,downy-leaved ,poplar1 #afi4 ,dwarf ,chestnut-oak1 #aee4 ,dwarf ,mountain ,sumac1 #ij4 ,ear-leaved ,umbrella-tree1 #fd4 ,eastern ,spruce1 #aha4 ,ebenace1 #aai4 ,ebony ,family1 #aai4 ,elagnace1 #aca4 ,elagnus1 #aca1 #acb4 ,elder-leaved ,mountain ,ash1 #ajb4 ,elder1 ,poison1 #ij4 ,elm1 ,american1 #ace4 ,cork1 #acd4 ,crisped-leaved1 #acd4 ,english1 #acd4 ,field1 #acd4 ,kiaka1 #acf4 ,red1 #acd4 ,rock1 #acd4 ,scotch1 #acd4 ,slippery1 #acd4 ,wahoo1 #ace4 ,weeping1 #acd4 ,white1 #ace4 ,white-margined1 #acd4 ,winged1 #ace4 ,witch1 #acd4 ,english ,elm1 #acd4 ,cherry1 #ii4 ,hawthorn1 #ajd4 ,maple1 #hg4 ,oak1 #aeh4 ,walnut1 #ada4 ,ericace1 #aaf4 ,euonymus1 #gh4 ,euphorbiace1 #acb4 ,fagus1 #afj1 #afa4 ,fate-tree1 #abi4 ,field ,elm1 #acd4 ,figwort ,family1 #abg4 ,filbert1 #adi4 ,fir1 ,balsam1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,cephalonian ,silver1 #ahe4 ,cilician ,silver1 #ahf4 ,european ,silver1 #ahg4 ,fraser's ,balsam1 #ahd4 ,great ,silver1 #ahe4 ,japan ,silver1 #ahd4 ,noble ,silver1 #ahg4 ,nordmann's ,silver1 #ahd4 ,pinsapo1 #ahf4 ,scotch1 #agg4 ,siberian ,silver1 #ahe4 ,silver1 #ahd-ahg4 ,southern ,balsam1 #ahd4 ,white1 #ahf4 ,flowering ,ash1 #abe4 ,dogwood1 #aaa4 ,four-winged ,silverbell ,tree1 #aba4 ,fraser's ,balsam-fir1 #ahd4 ,fraxinus1 #abb-abe4 ,french ,tamarisk1 #fi4 ,fringe-tree1 #abf4 ,garden ,plum1 #ii4 ,red ,cherry1 #ii4 ,garland ,crab-apple1 #aja4 ,giant ,arbor-vit1 #aid4 ,tree ,lilac1 #abf4 ,ginkgo-tree1 #bja4 ,gleditschia1 #ie1 #if4 ,goat-willow1 #aff4 ,golden-chain1 #ib4 ,golden ,larch1 #ahi4 ,gordonia1 #gj4 ,gray ,birch1 #ade1 #adf4 ,pine1 #agh4 ,willow1 #afg4 ,great ,laurel1 #aag4 ,great-leaved ,magnolia1 #fd4 ,great ,silver ,fir1 #ahe4 ,tree of ,california1 #aib4 ,green ,ash1 #abc4 ,groundsel-tree1 #aae4 ,gum1 ,black1 #aab4 ,sour1 #aab1 #aac4 ,sweet1 #ajh4 ,gymnocladus1 #ie4 ,gymnosperm1 #agj4 ,hackberry1 #acf4 ,hackmatack1 #ahh4 ,halesia1 #aba4 ,hamamelide1 #ajg4 ,hamamelis1 #ajg4 ,hatchet-leaved ,arbor-vit1 #aid4 ,haw1 ,black1 #aad4 ,summer1 #ajf4 ,yellow1 #ajf4 ,hawthorn1 ,black1 #ajf4 ,dotted-fruited1 #ajf4 ,english1 #ajd4 ,pear1 #ajf4 ,tall1 #aje4 ,hazel1 #adi4 ,hazelnut1 #adi4 ,heart-leaved ,alder1 #adh4 ,willow1 #afe4 ,heath ,family1 #aaf4 ,heavy-wooded ,pine1 #agd4 ,hemlock1 ,common1 #ahb4 ,ground1 #aii4 ,japan1 #ahb4 ,mountain1 #ahb4 ,hercules'-,club1 #aji4 ,hibiscus1 #ga4 ,hickory1 ,big ,shellbark1 #adb4 ,broom1 #adc4 ,shagbark1 #adb4 ,shellbark1 #adb4 ,swamp1 #adc4 ,white-heart1 #adb4 ,himalayan ,spruce1 #aha4 ,hoary ,alder1 #adg4 ,holly1 #gg4 ,holly ,family1 #gg4 ,honey-locust1 #ie1 #if4 ,honeysuckle ,family1 #aac4 ,hop-hornbeam1 #aej4 ,hop-tree1 #gd4 ,hornbeam1 #aea4 ,horse-chestnut1 #ha1 #hb4 ,horse-sugar1 #abb4 ,hovenia1 #hj4 ,idesia1 #fg4 ,ilex1 #gg1 #gh4 ,ilicine1 #gg4 ,imperial ,paulownia1 #abg4 ,indian ,bean1 #abh4 ,cedar1 #aij4 ,irish ,juniper1 #aii4 ,iron-wood1 #aej4 ,japan ,arbor-vit1 #aif4 ,cedar1 #aih4 ,hemlock1 #ahb4 ,larch1 #ahh4 ,lilac1 #abf4 ,magnolia1 #fe4 ,maple1 #hh4 ,persimmon1 #abj4 ,planer-tree1 #acf4 ,pine1 #agf4 ,podocarpus1 #bja4 ,silver ,fir1 #ahd4 ,storax1 #abj4 ,jersey ,pine1 #agg4 ,judas-tree1 #id4 ,juglandacc1 #adj4 ,juglans1 #adj1 #ada4 ,jujube1 #hj4 ,juniper1 #aih1 #aii4 ,juniperus1 #aih1 #aii4 ,kalmia1 #aaf4 ,katsura-tree1 #fg4 ,kentucky ,coffee-tree1 #ie4 ,kiaka ,elm1 #acf4 ,kilmarnock ,willow1 #aff4 ,kingnut1 #adb4 ,koelreuteria1 #hc4 ,laburnum1 #ib4 ,lagerstroemia1 #aji4 ,lambert's ,pine1 #agb4 ,larch1 ,american1 #ahh4 ,european1 #ahh4 ,golden1 #ahi4 ,japan1 #ahh4 ,large-flowered ,magnolia1 #fc4 ,large-leaved ,maple1 #hf4 ,large-toothed ,aspen1 #afh4 ,large ,tupelo1 #aac4 ,larix1 #ahg-ahi4 ,laurace1 #acj4 ,laurel1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,laurel ,family1 #acj4 ,laurel-leaved ,willow1 #afe4 ,laurel-oak1 #aeh4 ,lawson's ,cypress1 #aif4 ,lebanon ,cedar1 #ahi4 ,leguminos1 #ib4 ,lilac1 #abf4 ,linden1 #gb1 #gc4 ,linden ,family1 #gb4 ,lindera1 #aca4 ,liquidambar1 #ajh4 ,liriodendron1 #ff4 ,live-oak1 #aee4 ,loblolly ,bay1 #gj4 ,pine1 #agd4 ,locust1 ,bristly1 #id4 ,clammy1 #id4 ,common1 #ic4 ,honey1 #ie1 #if4 ,lombardy ,poplar1 #afi4 ,long-leaved ,pine1 #agd4 ,willow1 #afg4 ,long-racemed ,buckeye1 #hc4 ,lonicera1 #aae4 ,loosestrife ,family1 #ajh4 ,lythrace1 #ajh4 ,maclura1 #acg4 ,madeira ,nut1 #ada4 ,magnolia1 ,chinese ,white1 #fe4 ,great-leaved1 #fd4 ,japan1 #fe4 ,large-flowered1 #fc4 ,purple ,japan1 #ff4 ,southern ,evergreen1 #fc4 ,swamp1 #fc4 ,thurber's ,japan1 #ff4 ,magnoliace1 #fb4 ,magnolia ,family1 #fb4 ,mallow ,family1 #ga4 ,malvace1 #ga4 ,maple1 ,ash-leaved1 #hi4 ,california1 #hf4 ,colchicum-leaved1 #hg4 ,cork-bark1 #hg4 ,english1 #hg4 ,japan1 #hh4 ,large-leaved1 #hf4 ,mountain1 #hd4 ,norway1 #hg4 ,palmate-leaved1 #hh4 ,red1 #he4 ,rock1 #hf4 ,round-leaved1 #hh4 ,silver1 #he4 ,striped1 #he4 ,sugar1 #hf4 ,sycamore1 #hf4 ,tartarian1 #hh4 ,vine1 #hh4 ,white1 #he4 ,masson's ,pine1 #age4 ,melia1 #ge4 ,meliace1 #ge4 ,melia ,family1 #ge4 ,mockernut1 #adb1 #adc4 ,morello ,cherry1 #ii4 ,morus1 #acg1 #ach4 ,mossy-cup ,oak1 #aec4 ,mountain ,ash1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,hemlock1 #ahb4 ,laurel1 #aaf4 ,maple1 #hd4 ,pine1 #agc1 #agg4 ,sumac1 #ij4 ,mount ,atlas ,cedar1 #aij4 ,mulberry1 #ach4 ,paper1 #ach4 ,myrtle1 ,crape1 #aji4 ,narrow-leaved ,crab-apple1 #aja4 ,necklace-poplar1 #afi4 ,negundo1 #hh1 #hi4 ,noble ,silver ,fir1 #ahg4 ,nootka ,sound ,cypress1 #aie4 ,nordmann's ,silver ,fir1 #ahd4 ,northern ,prickly ,ash1 #gc4 ,scrub ,pine1 #agh4 ,norway ,maple1 #hg4 ,spruce1 #ahj4 ,nut1 ,bitter1 #adc4 ,hickory1 #adb1 #adc4 ,king1 #adb4 ,mocker1 #adb1 #adc4 ,pecan1 #add4 ,pig1 #adc4 ,nut-pine1 #agh4 ,nyssa1 #aab1 #aac4 ,oak1 ,american ,white1 #aec4 ,barren1 #aeh4 ,bartram's1 #aeb4 ,basket1 #aed4 ,bear ,scrub1 #aeg4 ,black1 #aef1 #aeh4 ,black ,scrub1 #aeg4 ,box ,white1 #aec4 ,bur1 #aec4 ,chestnut1 #aed1 #aee4 ,cow1 #aed4 ,english1 #aeh4 ,laurel1 #aeh4 ,live1 #aee4 ,mossy-cup1 #aec4 ,pin1 #aef4 ,post1 #aec1 #aed4 ,pyramidal1 #aei4 ,quercitron1 #aef4 ,red1 #aef4 ,rough1 #aec4 ,scarlet1 #aef4 ,scrub1 #aeg4 ,shingle1 #aeh4 ,spanish1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,swamp1 #aed1 #aef4 ,turkey1 #aei4 ,water1 #aeg4 ,weeping1 #aei4 ,white1 #aec1 #aed4 ,willow1 #aeh4 ,yellow1 #aee1 #aef4 ,oak ,family1 #add4 ,oak-leaved ,alder1 #adh4 ,mountain-ash1 #ajb4 ,ohio ,buckeye1 #hb4 ,old-field ,pine1 #agd4 ,oleace1 #abb4 ,oleaster ,family1 #aca4 ,olive ,family1 #abb4 ,orange1 ,osage1 #acg4 ,oriental ,plane1 #aci4 ,spruce1 #aha4 ,osage ,orange1 #acg4 ,osmanthus1 #abe4 ,ostrya1 #aej4 ,oxydendrum1 #aaf4 ,palmate-leaved ,japan ,maple1 #hh4 ,papaw1 #fh4 ,paper ,birch1 #ade4 ,mulberry1 #ach4 ,parsley-leaved ,thorn1 #aje4 ,paulownia1 #abg4 ,peach1 #ig4 ,pear ,hawthorn1 #ajf4 ,pear-tree1 #aja4 ,pea-tree1 #ib4 ,pecan-nut1 #add4 ,pepperbush1 #aag1 #aah4 ,pepperidge1 #aab4 ,persea1 #acj4 ,persimmon1 #aai1 #abj4 ,phellodendron1 #gd4 ,picea1 #agi-aha4 ,pignut1 #adc4 ,pine1 ,austrian1 #age4 ,bhotan1 #agb4 ,black1 #age4 ,cembra1 #agc4 ,chile1 #aij4 ,corsican1 #age4 ,gray1 #agh4 ,heavy-wooded1 #agd4 ,japan1 #agf4 ,jersey1 #agg4 ,lambert's1 #agb4 ,loblolly1 #agd4 ,long-leaved1 #agd4 ,masson's1 #age4 ,mountain1 #agc1 #agg4 ,nut1 #agh4 ,old-field1 #agd4 ,pion1 #agh4 ,pitch1 #agd4 ,red1 #agf4 ,scotch1 #agg4 ,scrub1 #agg1 #agh4 ,stone1 #agc4 ,sugar1 #agb4 ,swiss ,stone1 #agc4 ,table-,mountain1 #agg4 ,twisted-branched1 #agg4 ,umbrella1 #aia4 ,weymouth1 #agb4 ,white1 #agb1 #agc4 ,yellow1 #agd1agf4 ,pine ,family1 #agj4 ,pin-oak1 #aef4 ,pion ,pine1 #agh4 ,pinsapo ,fir1 #ahf4 ,pitch-pine1 #agd4 ,pinus ,austriaca1 #age4 ,banksiana1 #agh4 ,cembra1 #agc4 contorta1 #agg4 densiflora1 #agf4 edulis1 #agh4 excelsa1 #agb4 flexilis1 #agc4 inops1 #agg4 ,lambertiana1 #agb4 ,laricio1 #age4 ,massoniana1 #age4 mitis1 #agf4 monophylla1 #agh4 monticola1 #agc4 palustris1 #agd4 ponderosa1 #agd4 pungens1 #agg4 resinosa1 #agf4 rigida1 #agd4 strobus1 #agb4 sylvestris1 #agg4 ,tda1 #agd4 ,plane1 ,oriental1 #aci4 ,planera1 #ace1 #acf4 ,planer-tree1 #acf4 ,plane-tree ,family1 #aci4 ,platanace1 #aci4 ,platanus1 #aci4 ,plum1 #ih1 #ii4 ,plum1 ,date1 #abj4 ,podocarpus1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,poison ,dogwood1 #ij4 ,elder1 #ij4 ,sumac1 #ij4 ,pomegranate-tree1 #ajh4 ,populus1 #afg-agj4 ,poplar1 ,balsam1 #agj4 ,black1 #agj4 ,carolina1 #afi4 ,downy-leaved1 #afi4 ,lombardy1 #afi4 ,necklace1 #afi4 ,white1 #afh4 ,post-oak1 #aec1 #aed4 ,prickly ,ash1 #gc1 #gd4 ,pride of ,india1 #ge4 ,prunus1 #ig-ajj4 ,ptelea1 #gd4 ,pterostyrax1 #aba4 ,pulse ,family1 #ib4 ,punica1 #ajh4 ,purple ,japan ,magnolia1 #ff4 ,purple-leaved ,birch1 #adf4 ,purple ,willow1 #afe4 ,pyramidal ,birch1 #adf4 ,oak1 #aei4 ,pyrus1 #ajj-ajc4 ,quaking-asp1 #afh4 ,quassia ,family1 #gf4 ,quercitron ,oak1 #aef4 ,quercus alba1 #aec4 aquatica1 #aeg4 bicolor1 #aed4 ,cerris1 #aei4 coccinea1 #aef4 falcata1 #aeg4 fastigiata1 #aei4 heterophylla1 #aeb4 ilicifolia1 #aeg4 imbricaria1 #aeh4 lyrata1 #aed4 macrocarpa1 #aec4 ,michauxii1 #aed4 ,muhlenbergii1 #aee4 nigra1 #aeh4 palustris1 #aef4 pedunculata1 #aei4 pendula1 #aei4 ,phellos1 #aeb1 #aeh4 prinoides1 #aee4 ,prinus1 #aed4 ,robur1 #aeh4 rubra1 #aeb1 #aef4 sessiliflora1 #aei4 stellata1 #aec4 tinctoria1 #aef4 virens1 #aee4 ,quince-tree1 #ajb4 ,rabbit-berry1 #acb4 ,red ,ash1 #abc4 ,bay1 #acj4 ,birch1 #adg4 ,buckeye1 #hb4 ,cedar1 #aii4 ,cherry1 #ii4 ,elm1 #acd4 ,horse-chestnut1 #hb4 ,maple1 #he4 ,mulberry1 #ach4 ,oak1 #aef4 ,pine1 #agf4 ,plum1 #ih4 ,redbud1 #id4 ,red-leaved ,alder1 #adh4 ,redwood1 #aic4 ,retinospora1 #aic1 #aif1 #aig4 ,rhamnace1 #gi4 ,rhamnus1 #gi1 #hj4 ,rhododendron1 #aag4 ,rhus1 #hi-ia4 ,river ,birch1 #adg4 ,robinia1 #ic1 #id4 ,rock ,elm1 #acd4 ,maple1 #hf4 ,rosace1 #ig4 ,rose-acacia1 #id4 ,rose ,family1 #ig4 ,rough ,oak1 #aec4 ,round-leaved ,maple1 #hh4 ,rowan-tree1 #ajc4 ,rue ,family1 #gc4 ,rutace1 #gc4 ,salicace1 #afa4 ,salisburia1 #bja4 ,salix ,alba1 #afd4 amygdaloides1 #afc4 angustata1 #afe4 annularis1 #afd4 ,babylonica1 #afd4 caprea1 #aff4 cinerea1 #afg4 cordata1 #afe4 decipiens1 #afd4 discolor1 #aff4 falcata1 #afc4 fragilis1 #afc4 longifolia1 #afg4 lucida1 #afd4 myricoides1 #afe4 nigra1 #afc4 pentandra1 #afe4 purpurea1 #afe4 rigida1 #afe4 rostrata1 #aff4 rufescens1 #afe4 ,russelliana1 #afd viridis1 #afd4 vitellina1 #afd4 ,sapindace1 #ha4 ,sapodilla ,family1 #aah4 ,sapotace1 #aah4 ,sassafras1 #acj1 #aca4 ,scarlet-fruited ,thorn1 #ajd4 ,scarlet ,oak1 #aef4 ,sciadopitys1 #aia4 ,scotch ,elm1 #acd4 ,fir1 #agg4 ,pine1 #agg4 ,scrophulariace1 #abg4 ,scrub ,oak1 #aeg4 ,pine1 #agg1 #agh4 ,seaside ,alder1 #adh4 ,sequoia1 #aib1 #aic4 ,service-berry1 #ajg4 ,shad-bush1 #ajg4 ,shagbark ,hickory1 #adb4 ,sheep-berry1 #aad4 ,shellbark ,hickory1 #adb4 ,shepherdia1 #acb4 ,shingle ,oak1 #aeh4 ,shining ,willow1 #afd4 ,shrubby ,trefoil1 #gd4 ,siberian ,cornel1 #aaa4 ,silver ,fir1 #ahe4 ,silk-tree1 #if4 ,silverbell-tree1 #aba4 ,silver ,cedar1 #aij4 ,fir1 #ahd-ahg4 ,maple1 #he4 ,spruce1 #aha4 ,silver-leaved ,elagnus1 #acb4 ,simarubace1 #gf4 ,single ,spruce1 #agi4 ,slippery ,elm1 #acd4 ,sloe1 #ih4 ,smoke-tree1 #ia4 ,smooth ,alder1 #adh4 ,sumac1 #ij4 ,soapberry ,family1 #ha4 ,sorrel-tree1 #aaf4 ,sour ,gum1 #aab1 #aac4 ,sourwood1 #aaf4 ,southern ,cypress1 #aib4 ,spanish ,oak1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,speckled ,alder1 #adg4 ,spice-bush1 #aca4 ,spindle-tree1 #gh4 ,spruce1 ,alcock's1 #aha4 ,black1 #agi4 ,double1 #agi4 ,eastern1 #aha4 ,himalayan1 #aha4 ,norway1 #ahj4 ,oriental1 #aha4 ,silver1 #aha4 ,single1 #agi4 ,tiger's-tail1 #ahj4 ,white1 #agi4 ,spurge ,family1 #acb4 ,stag-horn ,sumac1 #ij4 ,sterculia1 #ga4 ,sterculiace1 #ga4 ,stone-pine1 #agc4 ,storax1 #abj4 ,storax ,family1 #abj4 ,striped ,maple1 #he4 ,stuartia1 #fi1 #gj4 ,styracace1 #abj4 ,styrax1 #abj4 ,sugarberry1 #acf4 ,sugar ,maple1 #hf4 ,pine1 #agb4 ,sumac1 #ij1 #ia4 ,summer ,haw1 #ajf4 ,swamp ,hickory1 #adc4 ,magnolia1 #fc4 ,oak1 #aef4 ,post-oak1 #aed4 ,white ,oak1 #aed4 ,sweet ,bay1 #fc4 ,birch1 #adf4 ,buckeye1 #hb4 ,gum1 #ajh4 ,pepper-bush1 #aag1 #aah4 ,viburnum1 #aad4 ,sweetleaf1 #abb4 ,swiss ,stone-pine1 #agc4 ,sycamore1 ,american1 #aci4 ,sycamore-maple1 #hf4 ,symplocos1 #abb4 ,syringa1 #abf4 ,table-,mountain ,pine1 #agg4 ,tacamahac1 #agj4 ,tamarack1 #ahh4 ,tamariscine1 #fh4 ,tamarisk1 #fi4 ,tamarix1 #fi4 ,tartarian ,honeysuckle1 #aae4 ,maple1 #hh4 ,taxodium1 #aib4 ,tea ,family1 #fi4 ,ternstroemiace1 #fi4 ,thorn1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,thurber's ,japan ,magnolia1 #ff4 ,thuya1 #aic1 #aid4 ,thuyopsis1 #aic4 ,tiger's-tail ,spruce1 #ahj4 ,tilia1 #gb1 #gc4 ,tiliace1 #gb4 ,toothache-tree1 #gc4 ,torreya1 #bjj4 ,tree ,hibiscus1 #ga4 ,tree of ,heaven1 #gf4 ,trefoil1 #gd4 ,tsuga1 #ahb4 ,tulip-tree1 #ff4 ,tupelo1 #aac4 ,turkey ,oak1 #aei4 ,ulmus1 #acc-ace4 ,umbrella-pine1 #aia4 ,umbrella-tree1 #fe4 ,urticace1 #acc4 ,venetian ,sumac1 #ia4 ,verbenace1 #abi4 ,viburnum1 #aac1 #aad4 ,vine ,maple1 #hh4 ,vitex1 #abi1 #acj4 ,wahoo1 #gh1 #ace4 ,walnut1 #adj1 #ada4 ,walnut ,family1 #adj4 ,washington ,thorn1 #aje4 ,water ,ash1 #abd4 ,beech1 #aea4 ,locust1 #if4 ,oak1 #aeg4 ,weeping ,ash1 #abe4 ,birch1 #adf4 ,elm1 #acd4 ,oak1 #aei4 ,willow1 #afd4 ,white ,ash1 #abc4 ,basswood1 #gc4 ,birch1 #ade1 #adf4 ,cedar1 #aid1 #aie4 ,elm1 #acd1 #ace4 ,fir1 #ahf4 ,maple1 #he4 ,mulberry1 #ach4 ,oak1 #aec1 #aed4 ,poplar1 #afh4 ,spruce1 #agi4 ,willow1 #afd4 ,white-heart ,hickory1 #adb4 ,whitewood1 #gb4 ,willow1 ,american ,bay1 #afd4 ,ash-colored1 #afg4 ,bay1 #afd1 #afe4 ,beaked1 #aff4 ,black1 #afc4 ,bog1 #aff4 ,brittle1 #afc4 ,crack1 #afc4 ,glaucous1 #aff4 ,goat1 #aff4 ,gray1 #afg4 ,heart-leaved1 #afe4 ,kilmarnock1 #aff4 ,willow1 ,laurel-leaved1 #afe4 ,long-leaved1 #afg4 ,purple1 #afe4 ,shining1 #afd4 ,weeping1 #afd4 ,white1 #afd4 ,willow ,family1 #afa4 ,willow-oak1 #aeh4 ,winged ,elm1 #ace4 ,witch-elm1 #acd4 ,witch-hazel1 #ajg4 ,witch-hazel ,family1 #ajg4 ,xanthoxylum1 #gc4 ,yellow-barked ,oak1 #aef4 ,yellow ,birch1 #adf4 ,cucumber-tree1 #fd4 ,haw1 #ajf4 ,plum1 #ih4 ,yellow-wood1 #ic4 ,yew1 #aii4 ,yulan1 #fe4 ,zizyphus1 #hj4