,,! ,,automobile ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,its ,,c>e ,,& ,,repair ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,radio ,,batt]ies1 ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,a practical book = ! repairman4 ,gives 9 nonte*nical language1 ! !ory1 con/ruction1 op]ation1 manufacture1 ma9t5ance1 & repair ( ! lead-acid batt]y us$ on ! automobile4 ,describes at l5g? all subjects :i* help ! repairman build up a successful batt]y repair bus9ess4 ,also conta9s sections on radio & f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,,by ,o4 ,a4 ,,witte ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,eng9e]+1 ,inc4 ,?ird ,edition ,completely ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,f\r? ,impression ,publi%$ #aibb by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,bureau ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 ,,inc4 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,copyright1 #aiah1 #aiai1 #aibj1 & #aibb1 by ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,eng9e]+1 ,inc4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,fir/ ,impression ,april1 #aiah4 ,second ,impression ,decemb]1 #aiai4 ,?ird ,impression ,octob]1 #aibj4 ,f\r? ,impression ,septemb]1 #aibb4 ,preface ,_m books h be5 writt5 on ,/orage ,batt]ies us$ 9 /ation>y "w1 z 9 electric p[] /ations4 ,! /orage batt]y1 z us$ on ! mod]n gasol9e c>1 h[ev]1 is subject$ to s]vice :i* is radically diff]5t f t ( ! batt]y 9 /ation>y "w4 ,x is true t ! *emical actions are ! same 9 all lead-acid /orage batt]ies1 b ! design1 con/ruction1 & op]ation ( ! />t+ & light+ batt]y1 ! radio batt]y1 & ! f>m light+ batt]y are unique1 & require a special description4 ,_m books h be5 writt5 on ,/orage ,batt]ies us$ 9 /ation>y "w1 z 9 electric p[] /ations4 ,! /orage batt]y1 z us$ on ! mod]n gasol9e c>1 h[ev]1 is subject$ to s]vice :i* is radically diff]5t f t ( ! batt]y 9 /ation>y "w4 ,x is true t ! *emical actions are ! same 9 all lead-acid /orage batt]ies1 b ! design1 con/ruction1 & op]ation ( ! />t+ & light+ batt]y1 ! radio batt]y1 & ! f>m light+ batt]y are unique1 & require a special description4 ,?is book !re=e ref]s only to ! lead-acid type ( />t+ & light+ batt]y us$ on ! mod]n gasol9e ,automobile1 ! batt]ies us$ ) ,radio sets1 & ! batt]ies us$ ) ,f>m ,light+ ,plants4 ,x is divid$ into two sections4 ,! fir/ section cov]s ! !ory1 design1 op]at+ conditions1 & c>e ( ! batt]y4 ,! second section w be especially valuable to ! batt]y repairman4 ,all ! in/ructions giv5 h be5 9 actual use = ye>s1 & repres5t ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( ! mo/ up-to-date batt]y repair %ops 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book met ) a mo/ pleas+ reception f bo? repairm5 & batt]y manufactur]s4 ,x 0 writt5 to fill ! ne$ = a complete treatise on ! ,automobile ,/orage ,batt]y = ! use ( batt]y repairm54 ,! rapid sale ( ! book1 & ! lett]s ( appreciation f ^? :o read x1 prov$ t su* a ne$ exi/$4 ,! automobile batt]y bus9ess is a gr[+ "o1 & "o 9 :i* new designs & processes are cont9ually develop$1 & 9 prep>+ ! second & ?ird editions1 ?is has be5 kept 9 m9d4 ,"s ( ! *apt]s h be5 entirely rewritt51 & new *apt]s h be5 add$ to br+ ! text up-to-date4 ,old me?ods h be5 disc>d$1 & new ones describ$4 ,a section on ,f>m light+ ,batt]ies has be5 add$1 z ! automobile batt]y man %\ld famili>ize himself ) su* batt]ies1 & be able to repair !m4 ,a section on ,radio batt]ies has also be5 add$4 ,special ?anks are due ^? :o (f]$ _! coop]ation 9 ! prep>ation & revision ( ! book4 ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,h[>d ( ! ,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,co41 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m]rill ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,light ,heat ,corporation v k9dly gave _m helpful sugge/ions4 ,!y also prep>$ special articles :i* h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! book4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,e4 ,pe]s consult$ ) ! au?or & gave mu* valuable assi/ance4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,pe>son ( ! ,philadelphia ,batt]y ,co41 ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,arm/rong ( ! ,ve/a ,accumulator ,co41 ,messrs4 ,p4 ,l4 ,ritt5h\se1 ,e4 ,c4 ,hicks & ,w4 ,c4 ,brooks ( ! ,pre/-,o-,lite ,co41 ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,simpson ( ! ,g5]al ,lead ,batt]ies ,co41 ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,m[ray & ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,/ory ( ! ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,co41 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,h>vey ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,light & ,heat ,corporation1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,wel% ( ! ,we/+h\se ,union ,batt]y ,co41 ,mr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,baldw9 ( ! ,will>d ,/orage ,batt]y ,co41 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,ket*am ( ! ,unit$ ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,s*ools1 & ,messrs4 ,gutt5b]g] & ,/eg] ( ! ,am]ican ,ev]eady ,works also r5d]$ mu* valuable assi/ance4 ,! ,*apt] on ,bus9ess ,me?ods 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,hafn]4 ,o4 ,a4 ,,witte1 ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,eng9e]+1 ,inc4 ,septemb]1 #aibb ,cont5ts -------- #a4 ,,introductory ,gasol9e & electricity h made possible ! mod]n automobile4 ,/eps 9 developm5t ( electrical sy/em ( automobile4 ,s\rces ( electricity on ! automobile4 #b4 ,,batt]ies ,,9 ,,g5]al ,! ,simple ,batt]y1 or ,voltaic ,cell4 ,*emical ,actions :i* ,cause a ,cell to ,produce ,electricity4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,prim>y & ,second>y1 or ,/orage ,cells4 ,a ,/orage ,batt]y ,does ,n ,/ore ,electricity4 ,p>ts ,requir$ to ,make a ,/orage ,batt]y4 #c4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( a ,/>t+ & ,light+ ,batt]y4 ,types ( ,plates ,us$4 ,mold+ ! ,plate ,grids4 ,trimm+ ! ,grids4 ,mix+ ,pa/es4 ,apply+ ,pa/es to ! ,plate ,grids4 ,h>d5+ ! ,pa/e4 ,=m+ ! ,plates4 ,types ( ,sep>ators4 ,manufacture ( ,sep>ators4 ,manufacture ( ,electrolyte4 ,composition & ,manufacture ( ,j>s4 ,types ( ,cell ,cov]s4 ,s+le & ,d\ble ,cov]s4 ,cov]s ,us+ ,seal+ ,comp\nd ,ar\nd ! ,cell ,po/s4 ,cov]s ,us+ ,lead ,bu%+s ,ar\nd ! ,cell ,po/s4 ,! ,pre/-,o-,lite ,pe5$ ,po/ ,seal4 ,batt]ies ,us+ ,seal+ ,nuts ,ar\nd ,cell ,po/s4 ,con/ruction ( ,v5t ,tubes4 ,exide & ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 ,v5t ,tube ,design4 ,v5t ,plugs1 or ,caps4 ,manufacture ( ! ,batt]y ,case4 ,assembl+ & ,seal+ ! ,batt]y4 ,t]m9al ,connections4 ,prep>+ ! ,complet$ ,batt]y = ,wet ,%ipm5t4 ,prep>+ ! ,complet$ ,batt]y = ,dry ,%ipm5t4 ,home-,made ,batt]ies4 #d4 ,,*emical ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,batt]y ,*emical ,*anges 9 ! ,batt]y4 ,plante's ,"w on ! ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,faure1 or ,pa/$ ,plates4 ,h[ ,batt]y ,produces ,electricity4 ,*emical ,actions ( ,*>ge & ,dis*>ge4 ,relations ,betwe5 ,*emical ,actions & ,electricity4 #e4 ,,:at ,,takes ,,place ,,dur+ ,,dis*>ge ,:at a ,dis*>ge ,consi/s (4 ,voltage ,*anges ,dur+ ,dis*>ge4 ,:y ! ,dis*>ge ,is ,/opp$ ,:5 ! ,cell ,voltage ,has ,dropp$ to #a4g on ,cont9u\s ,dis*>ge4 ,:y a ,batt]y ,may ,safely be ,dis*>g$ to a ,l[] ,voltage ,?an #a4g ,volts p] ,cell at ,high ,rates ( ,dis*>ge4 ,:y ,batt]y ,voltage1 ,measur$ on ,op5 ,circuit is ( ,little ,value4 ,*anges 9 ! ,d5sity ( ! ,electrolyte4 ,:y ,specific ,gravity ,read+s ( ! ,electrolyte ,%[ ! ,/ate ( ,*>ge ( a ,cell4 ,conditions ,:i* ,make ,specific ,gravity ,read+s ,unreliable4 ,:y ! ,specific ,gravity ( ! ,electrolyte ,falls ,dur+ ,dis*>ge4 ,:y ! ,dis*>ge ( a ,batt]y ,is ,/opp$ ,:5 ! ,specific ,gravity ,has ,dropp$ to #a4aej4 ,*emical ,*anges at ! ,negative ,plates ,dur+ ,dis*>ge4 ,*emical ,*anges at ! ,positive ,plates ,dur+ ,dis*>ge4 #f4 ,,:at ,,takes ,,place ,,dur+ ,,*>ge ,voltage ,*anges ,dur+ ,*>ge4 ,voltage ( a ,fully ,*>g$ ,cell4 ,*anges 9 ! ,d5sity ( ! ,electrolyte ,dur+ ,*>ge4 ,*anges at ! ,negative ,plates ,dur+ ,*>ge4 ,*anges at ! ,positive ,plates ,dur+ ,*>ge4 #g4 ,,capacity ,,( ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,def9ition ( ,capacity4 ,factors ,^u ,:i* ! ,capacity ( a ,batt]y ,dep5d4 ,h[ ! ,area ( ! ,plate ,surfaces ,affects ! ,capacity4 ,h[ ! ,quantity1 ,arrangem5t1 & ,porosity ( ! ,active ,mat]ials ,affect ! ,capacity4 ,h[ ! ,quantity & ,/r5g? ( ! ,electrolyte ,affect ! ,capacity4 ,:y ,too ,mu* ,electrolyte ,injures a ,batt]y4 ,:y ! ,proportions ( ,acid & ,wat] 9 ! ,electrolyte ,mu/ ,be ,correct if ,specific ,gravity ,read+s ,are to ,be ,reliable4 #h4 ,,int]nal ,,resi/ance ,effect ( ,int]nal ,resi/ance4 ,resi/ance ( ,grids4 ,resi/ance ( ,electrolyte4 ,resi/ance ( ,active ,mat]ials4 #i4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,batt]y ,,on ,,! ,,c> ,c>e ( ,batt]y ,box4 ,h[ to ,clean ! ,batt]y4 ,h[ to ,prev5t ,corrosion4 ,correct ,batt]y ,cable ,l5g?4 ,inspection ( ,batt]y to ,det]m9e ,level ( ,electrolyte4 ,h[ to ,add ,wat] to ,replace ,evaporation4 ,:5 ,wat] ,%\ld ,be ,add$4 ,h[ ,electrolyte ,is ,lo/4 ,dang] f ,add+ ,acid ,in/ead ( ,wat]4 ,effect ( ,add+ ,too ,mu* ,wat]4 ,:5 ,specific ,gravity ,read+s ,%\ld ,be ,tak54 ,:at ! ,v>i\s ,specific ,gravity ,read+s ,indicate4 ,con/ruction ( a ,syr+e ,hydromet]4 ,h[ to ,take ,specific ,gravity ,read+s4 ,:y ,specific ,gravity ,read+s ,%\ld ,n ,be ,tak5 ,soon ,aft] ,add+ ,wat] to ,replace ,evaporation4 ,tr\bles ,indicat$ by ,specific ,gravity ,read+s4 ,h[ to ,make ,sure ,t ,sections ( a ,multiple-,section ,batt]y ,receive ! ,same ,*>g+ ,curr5t4 ,h[ ,temp]ature ,affects ,specific ,gravity ,read+s4 ,h[ to ,make ,temp]ature ,corrections 9 ,specific ,gravity ,read+s4 ,batt]y ,op]at+ ,temp]atures4 ,effect ( ,l[ & ,high ,temp]atures4 ,tr\bles ,indicat$ by ,high ,temp]atures4 ,damage ,caus$ by ,all[+ ,electrolyte to ,fall ,bel[ ,tops ( ,plates4 ,i-l[ to ,prev5t ,freez+4 ,c>e ( ,batt]y ,:5 ,n 9 ,use4 ,dope or ,pat5t ,electrolyte1 or ,batt]y ,solutions4 #aj4 ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,tr\bles ,normal & ,injuri\s ,sulphation4-- ,h[ ,injuri\s ,sulphate ,=ms4 ,:y ,an ,idle ,batt]y ,becomes ,sulphat$4 ,:y ,sulphat$ ,plates ,mu/ ,be ,*>g$ at a ,l[ ,rate4 ,h[ ,ov] dis*>ge ,causes ,sulphation4 ,h[ ,/>vation ,causes ,sulphation4 ,h[ ,sulphate ,results f ,electrolyte ,be+ ,bel[ ,tops ( ,plates4 ,h[ ,impurities ,cause ,sulphation4 ,h[ ,sulphation ,results f ,add+ ,acid ,in/ead ( ,wat] to ,replace ,evaporation4 ,:y ,add+ ,acid ,causes ,specific ,gravity ,read+s to ,be ,unreliable4 ,h[ ,ov]heat+ ,causes ,sulphation4 ,buckl+4-,h[ ,ov]dis*>ge ,causes ,buckl+4 ,h[ ,cont9u$ ,op]ation ) ,batt]y 9 a ,dis*>g$ ,condition ,causes ,buckl+4 ,i-l[ ,*>g+ at ,high ,rates ,causes ,buckl+1 ,h[ ,non-,uni=m ,di/ribution ( ,curr5t ,ov] ! ,plates ,causes ,buckl+4 ,h[ ,defective ,grid ,alloy ,causes ,buckl+4 ,%$d+1 or ,loss ( ,active ,mat]ial4-- ,normal ,%$d+4 ,h[ ,excessive ,*>g+ ,rate1 or ,ov]*>g+ ,causes ,%$d+4 ,h[ ,*>g+ ,sulphat$ ,plates at ,too ,high a ,rate ,causes ,%$d+4 ,h[ ,*>g+ ,only a ,portion ( ! ,plate ,causes ,%$d+4 ,h[ ,freez+ ,causes ,%$d+4 ,h[ ,ov]dis*>ge ,causes ,loose ,active ,mat]ial4 ,h[ ,buckl+ ,causes ,loose ,active ,mat]ial4 ,impurities4-- ,impurities ,:i* ,cause ,only ,self-,dis*>ge4 ,impurities ,:i* ,attack ! ,plates4 ,h[ to ,remove ,impurities4 ,corrod$ ,grids4-,h[ ,impurities ,cause ,corrod$ ,grids4 ,h[ ,sulphation ,causes ,corrod$ ,grids4 ,h[ ,high ,temp]atures ,cause ,corrod$ ,grids4 ,h[ ,high ,specific ,gravity ,causes ,corrod$ ,grids4 ,h[ ,age ,causes ,corrod$ ,grids4 ,negatives4-- ,h[ ,age & ,heat ,cause ,granulat$ ,negatives4 ,heat+ ( ,*>g$ ,negatives ,:5 ,expos$ to ! ,air4 ,negatives ) ,v ,h>d ,active ,mat]ial4 ,bulg$ ,negatives4 ,negatives ) ,s(t1 ,mu%y1 ,active ,mat]ial4 ,negatives ) ,r\gh ,surfaces4 ,bli/]$ ,negatives4 ,positives4-- ,froz5 ,positives4 ,rott51 ,dis9tegrat$ ,positives4 ,buckl$ ,positives4 ,positives ,:i* ,h ,lo/ ,consid]able ,active ,mat]ial4 ,positives ) ,s(t ,active ,mat]ial4 ,positives ) ,h>d1 ,%9y ,active ,mat]ial4 ,plates ,:i* ,h ,be5 ,*>g$ 9 ! ,wrong ,direction4 ,sep>ator ,tr\bles4-- ,sep>ators ,n ,prop]ly ,exp&$ ,be=e ,in/allation4 ,improp]ly ,treat$ ,sep>ators4 ,rott5 & ,c>boniz$ ,sep>ators4 ,sep>ators ) ,clogg$ ,pores4 ,sep>ators ) ,edges ,*isel$ ,(f4 ,j> ,tr\bles4-- ,j>s ,damag$ by ,r\gh ,h&l+4 ,j>s ,damag$ by ,batt]y ,be+ ,loose4 ,j>s ,damag$ by ,weights ,plac$ on ,top ( ,batt]y4 ,j>s ,damag$ by ,freez+ ( ,electrolyte4 ,j>s ,damag$ by ,improp]ly ,trimm$ ,plate ,gr\ps4 ,improp]ly ,made ,j>s4 ,j>s ,damag$ by ,explosions 9 ,cell4 ,batt]y ,case ,tr\bles4-- ,ends ( ,case ,bulg$ ,out4 ,rott$ ,case4 ,tr\bles ) ,connectors & ,t]m9als4--,corrod$ & ,loose ,connectors & ,t]m9als4 ,electrolyte ,tr\bles4-- ,l[ ,gravity4 ,high ,gravity4 ,l[ ,level4 ,high ,level4 ,specific ,gravity ,does ,n ,rise ,dur+ ,*>ge4 ,milky ,electrolyte4 ,foam+ ( ,electrolyte4 ,g5]al ,batt]y ,tr\bles4-- ,op5 ,circuits4 ,batt]y ,dis*>g$4 ,dead ,cells4 ,batt]y ,w ,n ,*>ge4 ,loss ( ,capacity4 ,loss ( ,*>ge 9 an ,idle ,batt]y4 #aa4 ,,%op ,,equipm5t ,li/ ( ,tools & ,equipm5t ,requir$ by ,repair ,%op4 ,equipm5t ,ne$$ = ,op5+ ,batt]ies4 ,equipm5t = ,lead ,burn+4 ,equipm5t = ,g5]al ,"w on ,cell ,connectors & ,t]m9als4 ,equipm5t = ,"w on ,cases4 ,tools & ,equipm5t = ,g5]al ,"w4 ,/ock4 ,special ,tools4 ,*>g+ ,equipm5t4 ,wir+ ,diagrams = ,*>g+ ,resi/ances & ,*>g+ ,circuits4 ,motor-,g5]ator ,sets4 ,sugge/ions on ,c>e ( ,motor-,g5]ator ,sets4 ,op]at+ ! ,*>g+ ,circuits4 ,con/ant ,curr5t ,*>g+4 ,con/ant ,pot5tial ,*>g+4 ,! ,tung> ,rectifi]4 ,pr9ciple ( ,op]ation ( ,tung> ,rectifi]4 ,! ,two ,amp]e ,tung>4 ,! ,"o ,batt]y ,tung>4 ,! ,two4 ,batt]y ,tung>4 ,! ,f\r ,batt]y ,tung>4 ,! ,t5 ,batt]y ,tang>4 ,! ,tw5ty ,batt]y ,tung>4 ,table ( ,tung> ,rectifi]s4 ,in/allation & ,op]ation ( ,tung> ,rectifi]4 ,! ,m]cury ,are ,rectifi]4 ,me*anical ,rectifi]s4 ,! ,/ahl ,rectifi]4 ,o!r ,*>g+ ,equipm5t4 ,! ,*>g+ ,b5*4 ,illu/rations & ,work+ ,draw+s ( ,*>g+ ,b5*es4 ,illu/rations & ,work+ ,draw+s ( ,"w ,b5*es4 ,illu/rations & ,work+ ,draw+s ( ,s9k & ,wa% ,tanks4 ,lead ,burn+ ,outfits4 ,equipm5t = ,h&l+ ,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,%elv+ & ,racks4 ,work+ ,draw+s ( ,receiv+ ,racks1 ,racks = ,repair$ ,batt]ies1 ,racks = ,new ,batt]ies1 ,racks = ,r5tal ,batt]ies1 ,racks = ,batt]ies 9 ,dry ,/orage1 ,racks = ,batt]ies 9 ,wet ,/orage4 ,work+ ,draw+s ( ,/ock ,b9s4 ,work+ ,draw+s = ,batt]y ,/eam] ,b5*4 ,description ( ,batt]y ,/eam]4 ,plate ,burn+ ,rack4 ,batt]y ,t]m9al ,tongs4 ,lead ,burn+ ,coll>s4 ,po/ ,build]s4 ,m\lds = ,ca/+ ,lead ,p>ts4 ,l9k ,comb9ation ,m\ld4 ,cell ,connector ,m\ld4 ,production ,type ,/rap ,m\ld4 ,screw ,m\ld4 ,batt]y ,turntable4 ,sep>ator ,cutt]4 ,plate ,press4 ,batt]y ,c>ri]4 ,batt]y ,truck4 ,cadmium ,te/ ,set & ,h[ to ,make ! ,te/4 ,p>aff9e ,dip ,pot4 ,wood5 ,boxes = ,batt]y ,p>ts4 ,acid ,c> boys4 ,draw+ ,acid f ,c>boys4 ,%op ,lay\ts4 ,floor ,grat+4 ,sev5 ,ar*itects' ,draw+s ( ,%op ,lay\ts4 ,! ,%op ,floor4 ,%op ,light4 #ab4 ,,g5]al ,,%op ,,in/ructions ,complete in/ructions = giv+ a b5* *>ge4 ,in/ructions = ,burn+ ,cell ,connectors & ,t]m9als4 ,burn+ ,plates to ,/rap & ,po/s4 ,po/ ,build+4 ,ext5d+ ,plate ,lugs4 ,m\ld+ ,lead ,p>ts4 ,h&l+ & ,mix+ ,acid4 ,putt+ ,new ,batt]ies ,into ,s]vice 7,exide1 ,ve/a1 ,philadelphia1 ,will>d1 ,we/+h\se1 ,pre/-,o-,lite74 ,in/all+ ,batt]y on ,c>4 ,wet & ,dry ,/orage ( ,batt]ies4 ,age ,codes 7,exide1 ,philadelphia1 ,pre/-,o-,lite1 ,titan1 ,u4,s4,l41 ,ve/a1 ,we/+h\se1 ,will>d74 ,r5tal ,batt]ies4 ,t]m9als = ,r5tal ,batt]ies4 ,m>k+ ,*apt] ,page ,r5tal ,batt]ies4 ,keep+ a ,record ( ,r5tal ,batt]ies4 ,g5]al ,r5tal ,policy4 ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,pr9ciples ( ,audion ,bulb = ,radio4 ,ve/a ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,we/+h\se ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,will>d ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,univ]sal ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,exide ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,philadelphia ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,u4,s4,l4 ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,pre/-,o-,lite ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,dry ,/orage ,batt]ies4 ,dis*>ge ,te/s4 #ae ,seconds ,high ,rate ,dis*>ge ,te/4 #bj ,m9utes ,/>t+ ,ability ,dis*>ge ,te/4 ,cycl+ ,dis*>ge ,te/s4 ,dis*>ge ,app>atus4 ,pack+ ,batt]ies = ,%ipp+4 ,safety ,precautions = ! ,repairman4 ,te/+ ! ,electrical ,sy/em ( a ,c>4 ,complete ,rules & ,in/ructions = ,quickly ,te/+1 ,/>t+ & ,light+ ,sy/em to ,protect ,batt]y4 ,adju/+ ,g5]ator ,outputs4 ,h[ & ,:5 to ,adju/ ,*>g+ ,rate4 ,re-insulat+ ! ,batt]y4 ,te/+ & ,fill+ ,s]vice4 ,s]vice ,records4 ,illu/rations ( ,repair ,s]vice ,record ,c>d4 ,r5tal ,batt]y ,/ock ,c>d4 #ac4 ,,bus9ess ,,me?ods ,pur*as+ ,me?ods4 ,/ock ,records4 ,! ,use & ,abuse ( ,cr$it4 ,prop] ,bookkeep+ ,records4 ,daily ,exhibit ,record4 ,/ati/ical & ,comp>ative ,record4 #ad4 ,,:at',s ,,wrong ,,) ,,! ,,batt]y8 ,s]vice4 ,call+ & ,deliv]+ ,repair$ ,batt]ies4 ,h[ to ,diagnose ,batt]ies ,t ,come ,94 ,te/s on ,incom+ ,batt]ies4 ,g5]al ,inspection ( ,incom+ ,batt]ies4 ,op]ation ,te/s = ,incom+ ,batt]ies4 ,batt]y ,tr\ble ,*>ts4 ,causes ( ,l[ ,gravity or ,l[ ,voltage4 ,causes ( ,unequal ,gravity ,read+s4 ,causes ( ,high ,gravity4 ,causes ( ,l[ ,electrolyte4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,:5 ,batt]y ,may ,be ,left on ,c>4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,:5 ,batt]y ,mu/ ,be ,remov$ f ,c>4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,:5 ,x ,is ,unnecess>y to ,op5 a ,batt]y4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,:5 ,batt]y ,mu/ ,be ,op5$4 #ae4 ,,rebuild+ ,,! ,,batt]y ,h[ to ,op5 a ,batt]y4-- ,clean+ ,outside ( ,batt]y ,be=e ,op5+4 ,drill+ & ,remov+ ,connectors & ,t]m9als4 ,remov+ ! ,seal+ ,comp\nd by ,/eam1 ,hot ,wat]1 ,hot ,putty ,knife1 ,lead ,burn+ ,flame1 & ,gasol9e ,tor*4 ,lift+ ,plates ,out ( ,j>s4 ,dra9+ ,plates4 ,remov+ ,cov]s4 ,scrap+ ,seal+ ,comp\nd f ! ,cov]s4 ,scrap+ ,seal+ ,comp\nd f ,inside ( ,j>s4 ,:at ,mu/ ,be ,done ) ! ,op5$ ,batt]y8-- ,mak+ a ,prelim9>y ,exam9ation ( ,plates4 ,:5 to ,put 9 ,new ,plates4 ,:5 ,old ,plates ,may ,be ,us$ ,aga94 ,:at to ,d ) ! ,sep>ators4 ,f9d ! ,cause ( ,e ,tr\ble4 ,elim9at+ ,%orts4 ,prelim9>y ,*>ge ,aft] ,elim9at+ ,%orts4 ,wa%+ & ,press+ ,negatives4 ,wa%+ ,positives4 ,burn+ on ,new ,plates4 ,te/+ ,j>s = ,cracks & ,holes4 ,remov+ ,defective ,j>s4 ,repair+ ! ,case4 ,reassembl+ ! ,elem5ts4-- ,putt+ 9 ,n[ ,sep>ators4 ,putt+ ,elem5ts ,into ,j>s4 ,fill+ ,j>s ) ,electrolyte4 ,putt+ ,*apt] ,page on ! ,cov]s4 ,seal+ ! ,cov]s4 ,burn+ on ! ,connectors & ,t]m9als4 ,m>k+ ! ,repair$ ,batt]y4 ,clean+ & ,pa9t+ ! ,case4 ,*>g+ ! ,rebuilt ,batt]y4 ,te/+4 #af4 ,,special ,,in/ructions ,exide ,batt]ies4-- ,types4 ,type ,numb]s4 ,me?ods ( ,hold+ ,j>s 9 ,case4 ,op5+ ,exide ,batt]ies4 ,"w on ,plates1 ,sep>ators1 ,j>s1 & ,case4 ,putt+ ,plates 9 ,j>s4 ,fill+ ,j>s ) ,electrolyte4 ,seal+ ,cov]s4 ,putt+ ,cells 9 ,case4 ,burn+ on ! ,cell ,connectors4 ,*>g+ ,aft] ,repair+4 ,tables ( ,exide ,batt]ies4 ,u4,s4,l4 ,batt]ies4-- ,old & ,new4 ,u4,s4,l4 ,cov]s4 ,special ,repair ,in/ructions4 ,tables ( ,u4,s4,l4 ,batt]ies4 ,pre/-,o-,lite ,batt]ies4-- ,old & ,new ,pre/-,o-,lite ,cov] ,con/ructions4 ,! ,pe5$ ,po/ ,seal4 ,special ,tools = ,"w on ,pre/-,o-,lite ,batt]ies4 ,! ,pe5+ ,press4 ,remov+ ,cov]s4 ,rebuild+ ,po/s4 ,lock+1 or ,pe5+ ! ,po/s4 ,precautions 9 ,po/ ,lock+ ,op]ations4 ,tables ( ,pre/-#j-,lite ,batt]ies4 ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]ies4-- ,old & ,new ,types4 ,! ,philadelphia ,rubb]-,lockt ,cov] ,seal4 ,philadelphia ,rubb] ,case ,batt]ies4 ,! ,philadelphia ,sep>ator4 ,special ,repair ,in/ructions4 ,ev]eady ,batt]ies4-- ,:y ! ,ev]eady ,batt]ies ,are ,call$ ,non-,sulphat+ ,batt]ies4 ,description ( ,p>ts ( ,ev]eady ,batt]y4 ,special ,repair ,in/ructions4 ,ve/a ,batt]ies4-- ,old & ,new ,ve/a ,isolators4 ,! ,ve/a ,type ,d ,batt]y4 ,! ,ve/a ,type ,,dj ,batt]y4 ,ve/a ,sep>ators4 ,! ,ve/a ,po/ ,seal4 ,special ,repair ,in/ructions = ,old & ,new ,isolators & ,po/ ,seal4 ,we/+h\se ,batt]ies4-- ,! ,we/+h\se ,po/ ,seal4 ,we/+h\se ,plates4 ,types ( ,we/+h\se ,batt]ies4 ,type ,a ,batt]ies4 ,type ,b ,batt]ies4 ,type ,c ,batt]ies4 ,type ,e ,batt]ies4 ,type ,h ,batt]ies4 ,type ,j ,batt]ies4 ,type #j ,batt]ies4 ,type ,f ,batt]ies4 ,will>d ,batt]ies4-- ,d\ble & ,s+le ,cov] ,batt]ies4 ,batt]ies ) ,seal+ ,comp\nd ,po/ ,seal4 ,batt]ies ) ,lead ,ins]ts 9 ,cov] ,po/ ,holes4 ,batt]ies ) ,rubb] ,casket ,po/ ,seal4 ,special ,repair ,in/ructions = ,"w on ! ,diff]5t ,types ( ,po/ ,seal ,con/ructions4 ,will>d ,?read$ ,rubb] ,sep>ators4 ,univ]sal ,batt]ies4-- ,types4 ,con/ruction ,features4 ,putt+ ,new ,univ]sal ,batt]ies ,into ,s]vice4 ,titan ,batt]ies4-- ,! ,titan ,grid4 ,! ,titan ,po/ ,seal4 #ag4 ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,comp>ison ( ,op]at+ ,conditions ( ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies ) ,automobile ,batt]ies4 ,j>s = ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,sep>ators4 ,electrolyte4 ,*>g+ ,equipm5t4 ,relation ( ! ,automobile ,batt]y ,man to ! ,f>m ,light+ ,plant4 ,rules ,gov]n+ ! ,selection ( a ,f>m ,light+ ,plant4 ,location & ,wir+ ( ,f>m ,light+ ,plant4 ,in/allation4 ,c>e ( ,plant 9 ,s]vice4 ,c>e ( ,batt]y4 ,*>g+ ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,rules ,gov]n+ ,dis*>g+ ( ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,tr\bles ,f\nd 9 ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,inspection & ,te/s on ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,description ( ,pre/-,o-,lite ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]y4 ,rebuild+ ,pre/-,o-,lite ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,description ( ,exide ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,! ,delco-,light ,batt]y4 ,rebuild+ & ,repair+ ,exide ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,we/+h\se ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,will>d ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies4 ,,def9itions ,cond5s$ ,diction>y ( ,words & ,t]ms ,us$ 9 ,batt]y ,"w4 ,,g5]al ,,index ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,factory ,photographs %[+ factory processes4 ,,buy]s' ,,index4 7,omitt$47 ,= ! ,conv5i5ce ( ,our ,read]s ,we ,h ,prep>$ a ,li/ ( ,companies f ,:om ,batt]y ,%op ,equipm5t ,may ,be ,obta9$4 ,,adv]tisem5ts 7,omitt$4 ,outdat$2 high b&wid?7 ,section ,i --------- ,work+ ,pr9ciples1 ,manufacture1 ,ma9t5ance1 ,diseases1 & ,rem$ies ,! ,automobile ,/orage ,batt]y ,,*apt] #a4 ,,introductory4 ,gasol9e & electricity h made possible ! mod]n automobile4 ,ea* has its "w to d 9 ! op]ation ( ! c>1 & if ei!r fails to p]=m its duties1 ! c> _c move4 ,! action ( ! gasol9e1 & ! me*anisms t control x are comp>atively simple1 & easily und]/ood1 because gasol9e is some?+ def9ite :i* we c see & feel1 & :i* c be weigh$1 or measur$ 9 gallons4 ,electricity1 on ! o!r h&1 is invisible1 _c be p\r$ into cans or tanks1 has no odor1 &1 !re=e1 nobody kn[s j :at x is4 ,we c only /udy ! effects ( electricity1 & ! wires1 coils1 & simil> app>atus 9 :i* x is pres5t4 ,x is = ?is reason t an air ( my/]y surr\nds electrical ?+s1 especially to ! man :o has n made a special /udy ( ! subject4 ,)\t electricity1 !re w\ld be no gasol9e eng9e1 because gasol9e itself _c cause ! eng9e to op]ate4 ,x is only :5 ! electrical sp>k explodes or ignites ! mixture ( gasol9e & air :i* has be5 drawn into ! eng9e cyl9d]s t ! eng9e develops p[]4 ,?us an electrical ignition sy/em has always be5 an ess5tial "p ( e gasol9e automobile4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! use ( electricity on ! automobile1 9 addition to ! ignition sy/em1 consi/$ 9 ! in/allation ( an electric light+ sy/em to replace ! inconv5i5t oil or gas lamps :i* 7 satisfactory z f> z ! light !y gave 0 conc]n$1 b :i* _h ! disadvantage ( requir+ ! driv] to leave 8 seat1 & light ea* lamp sep>ately1 (t5 9 a /rong w9d or ra9 :i* consum$ _m mat*es1 "t1 & frequ5tly spoil$ 8 temp] = ! rema9d] ( ! ev5+4 ,electric lamps h none ( ^! disadvantages4 ,!y c be controll$ f ! driv]'s seat1 c be turn$ on or (f by m]ely turn+ or pu%+ a swit*-button1 are n affect$ by w9d or ra91 d n smoke up ! l5ses1 & d n s5d a /ream ( unpleasant odors back to ! pass5g]s4 ,! app>atus us$ to supply ! electricity = ! lamps consi/$ ( a g5]ator1 or a /orage batt]y1 or bo?4 ,! g5]ator alone _h ! disadvantage t ! lamps c\ld be us$ only :ile ! eng9e 0 runn+4 ,! batt]y1 on ! o!r h&1 furni%$ light at all times1 b _h to be remov$ f ! c> frequ5tly1 & *>g$4 ,) bo? ! g5]ator & batt]y1 ! lights c\ld be turn$ on :e!r ! eng9e 0 runn+ or n1 &1 fur!rmore1 x 0 no long] necess>y to remove ! batt]y to *>ge1 or put new life into x4 ,) a g5]ator & /orage batt]y1 moreov]1 a reliable s\rce ( electricity = ignition 0 provid$1 & s we f9d dry batt]ies & magnetos be+ disc>d$ 9 a great _m automobiles & batt]y ignition sy/ems sub/itut$4 ,! developm5t ( electric light+ sy/ems increas$ ! popul>ity ( ! automobile1 b ! motor c> /ill _h a great drawback-crank+4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> features ( a gasol9e eng9e1 x mu/ fir/ be put 9 motion by "s ext]nal p[] be=e x w beg9 to op]ate "u its own p[]4 ,?is made x necess>y = ! driv] to crank ! eng9e1 or />t x mov+1 by means ( a h&le atta*$ to ! eng9e %aft4 ,crank+ a l>ge eng9e is difficult1 especially if x is cold1 & (t5 results 9 tir$ muscles1 & soil$ clo!s & temp]s4 ,x also made x impossible = ! av]age woman to drive a c> because %e did n h ! /r5g? necess>y to crank an eng9e4 ,! next /ep 9 ! p]fection ( ! automobile 0 naturally ! developm5t ( an automatic device to crank ! eng9e1 & ?us make ! driv+ ( a c> a pleasure r ?an a task4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t 9 #aiab1 self-/>t]s began to be us$4 ,^! 7 n all electrical1 "s us$ tanks ( compress$ air1 o!rs acetyl5e1 & v>i\s me*anical devices1 su* z ! spr+ />t]s4 ,! electrical />t]s1 h[ev]1 prov$ _! sup]iority imm$iately1 & fill$ su* a long felt want t all ! v>i\s makes ( automobiles n[ h electric />t]s4 ,! pres5t day motor c>1 !re=e1 uses gasol9e = ! eng9e only1 b uses electricity = ignition1 />t+1 light+1 = ! horn1 cig> light]s1 h& w>m]s on ! /e]+ :eel1 gasol9e vaporiz]s1 & ev5 = %ift+ spe$ *ang+ ge>s1 & = ! brakes4 ,on any c> t uses an electric light+ & />t+ sy/em1 !re are two s\rces ( electricity1 ! g5]ator & ! batt]y1 ,^! mu/ furni% ! p[] = ! />t+1 or crank+ motor1 ! ignition1 ! lights1 ! horn1 & ! o!r devices4 ,! dem&s made ^u ! g5]ator are comp>atively light & simple1 & no sev]e "w is done by x4 ,! batt]y1 on ! o!r h& is call$ ^u to give a mu* m sev]e s]vice1 t ( furni%+ ! p[] to crank ! eng9e4 ,x mu/ also p]=m all ! duties ( ! g5]ator :5 ! eng9e is n runn+1 s9ce a g5]ator mu/ be 9 motion 9 ord] to produce electricity4 ,a g5]ator is made ( iron1 copp]1 c>bon1 & insulation4 ,^! are all solid sub/ances :i* c easily be built 9 any size or %ape1 & :i* und]go v little *ange z p>ts ( ! g5]ator4 ,! batt]y is made ma9ly ( lead1 lead comp\nds1 wat] & sulphuric acid4 ,"h we h liquids z well z solids1 :i* produce electricity by *anges 9 _! composition1 result+ 9 complicat$ *emical z well z electrical actions4 ,fig4 #a ,! ,batt]y ,! batt]y is1 because ( its con/ruction & p]=mance1 a mu* abus$1 neglect$ piece ( app>atus :i* is b p>tly und]/ood1 ev5 by _m electrical exp]ts1 = to und]/& x ?or\ghly requires a /udy ( *emi/ry z well z ( electricity4 ,k ( ! con/ruction & action ( a /orage batt]y is n en\gh to make anyone an exp]t batt]y man4 ,he mu/ also "k h[ to regulate ! op]at+ conditions s z to obta9 ! be/ s]vice f ! batt]y1 & he mu/ be able to make complete repairs on any batt]y no matt] :at its condition may be4 ,,*apt] #b4 ,,batt]ies ,,9 ,,g5]al ,!re are two ways ( g5]at+ electricity on ! c>3 #a4 ,magnetically1 #b4 ,*emically4 ,! fir/ me?od is t us$ 9 a g5]ator1 9 :i* wires are rotat$ 9 a field 9 :i* magnetic =ces act4 ,! second me?od is t ( ! batt]y1 & ! "o 9 :i* we are n[ int]e/$4 ,if two unlike metals or conduct+ sub/ances are plac$ 9 a liquid :i* causes a great] *emical *ange 9 "o ( ! sub/ances ?an 9 ! o!r1 an electrical pressure1 or electromotive =ce is caus$ to exi/ betwe5 ! two metals or conduct+ sub/ances4 ,! great] ! diff]5ce 9 ! *emical action on ! sub/ances1 ! great] w be ! electrical pressure1 & if ! sub/ances are connect$ toge!r outside ( ! liquid by a wire or o!r conductor ( electricity1 an electric curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! pa? or circuit consi/+ ( ! liquid1 ! two sub/ances :i* are imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & ! ext]nal wire or conductor4 ,z ! curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( ! liquid1 & ! sub/ances imm]s$ 9 x1 :i* is call$ a voltaic cell1 "o or bo? ( ! sub/ances und]go *emical *anges :i* cont9ue until "o ( ! sub/ances is entirely *ang$4 ,^! *emical *anges produce ! electrical pressure :i* causes ! curr5t to fl[1 & ! fl[ w cont9ue until "o or bo? ( ! sub/ances are *ang$ entirely4 ,?is *ange due to ! *emical action may result 9 ! =mation ( gases1 or ( solid comp\nds4 ,if gases are =m$ !y escape & are lo/4 ,if solids are =m$1 no mat]ial is actually lo/4 ,assum+ t "o ( ! conduct+ sub/ances1 or electrodes1 :i* are imm]s$ 9 ! liquid has be5 act$ ^u by ! liquid1 or electrolyte1 until no fur!r *emical action c take place1 our voltaic cell w no long] be capable ( caus+ a fl[ ( electricity4 ,if none ( ! sub/ances result+ f ! orig9al *emical action h be5 lo/ z gases1 x may be possible to rev]se ! entire set ( op]ations :i* h tak5 place4 ,t is1 suppose we n[ s5d a curr5t ?r\gh ! cell f an outside s\rce ( electricity1 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! curr5t produc$ by ! *emical action betwe5 ! electrodes & electrolyte fl[$4 ,if ?is curr5t n[ produces *emical actions betwe5 electrodes & electrolyte :i* are ! rev]se ( ^? :i* occurr$ orig9ally1 s t f9ally we h ! electrodes & electrolyte br\ght back to _! orig9al composition & condition1 we h ! cell j z x 0 be=e we us$ x = ! production ( an electrical pressure4 ,! cell c n[ aga9 be us$ z a s\rce ( electricity z long z ! electrolyte acts ^u ! electrodes1 or until x is dis*>g$ & incapable ( any fur!r production ( electrical pressure4 ,s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh a dis*>g$ cell1 s z to rev]se ! *emical actions :i* br\ght ab\t ! dis*>g$ conditions1 is call$ *>g+ ! cell4 ,fig4 #b ,a complete cell2 ,negative gr\p2 ,positive gr\p ,cells 9 :i* an electrical pressure is produc$ z soon z ! electrodes are imm]s$ 9 ! electrolyte are call$ x prim>y ,cells4 ,9 ^! cells x is (t5 impossible1 & always unsatisfactory to rev]se ! *emical action z expla9$ above4 ,cells ^: *emical actions are rev]sible are call$ /orage or second>y cells4 ,9 ! /orage cells us$ today1 a curr5t mu/ fir/ be s5t ?r\gh ! cell 9 ord] to cause ! *emical *anges :i* result 9 putt+ ! electrodes & electrolyte1 9 su* a condition t !y w be capable ( produc+ an electrical pressure :5 ! *emical *anges caus$ by ! curr5t are complete4 ,! cell n[ possesses all ! *>act]i/ics ( a prim>y cell1 & may be us$ z a s\rce ( electricity until dis*>g$4 ,x may !n be *>g$ aga91 & s on1 ! *emical action 9 "o case caus+ a fl[ ( curr5t1 & a rev]s$ fl[ ( curr5t caus+ rev]s$ *emical actions4 ,we see f ! above t ! /orage batt]y does n /ore electricity at all1 b *anges *emical into electrical en]gy :5 dis*>g+1 & *anges electrical into *emical en]gy :5 *>g+1 ! two actions be+ entirely rev]sible4 ,! idea ( /or+ electricity comes f ! fact t if we s5d a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ! cell = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 we c at a lat] "t draw a curr5t f ! cell = almo/ ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,fig4 #c ,complete ,elem5t ,fig4 #c4 ,a complete elem5t1 consi/+ ( a positive & negative gr\p ( plates & sep>ators ready = plac+ 9 ! h>d rubb] j>s4 ,?ree ?+s are !re=e requir$ 9 a /orage cell1 ! liquid or electrolyte & two unlike sub/ances or electrodes1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( electricity c pass & :i* are act$ ^u by ! electrolyte ) a *emical action t is great] = "o sub/ance ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ! /orage cell us$ on ! automobile today = />t+ & light+1 ! electrodes are lead & p]oxide ( lead1 & ! electrolyte is a mixture ( sulphuric acid & wat]4 ,! p]oxide ( lead electrode is ! "o ^u :i* ! electrolyte has ! great] *emical effect1 & x is call$ ! positive or electrode1 because :5 ! batt]y is s5d+ a4 curr5t ?r\gh an ext]nal circuit1 ! curr5t fl[s f ?is electrode ?r\gh ! ext]nal circuit1 & back to ! lead electrode1 :i* is call$ ! negative1 or electrode4 ,:5 />t+ & light+ sy/ems 7 adopt$ 9 #aiab1 /orage batt]ies _h be5 us$ = _m ye>s 9 electric p[] /ations4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 l>ge & heavy1 & _m difficult problems ( design _h to be solv$ 9 ord] to produce a batt]y capable ( p]=m+ ! "w ( crank+ ! eng9e1 & yet be portable1 light1 & small en\gh to occupy only a v limit$ space on ! automobile4 ,z a result ( ^! conditions gov]n+ ! design1 ! />t+ & light+ batt]y ( today is 9 reality ! giant t lives 9 a box4 ,! ,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,company e/imates t "o ( its types ( batt]ies1 :i* measures only #ab-e_/h in*es long1 #g-c_/h wide1 & #i-a_/h high1 & weighs only #fc-a_/b p\nds1 c deliv] en\gh en]gy to raise itself to a height ( #f miles /raight up 9 ! air4 ,x mu/ be able to d its "w quickly at all times1 & 9 all sorts ( wea!r1 ) temp]atures rang+ f bel[ #j to #ajj ,fahr5heit1 or ev5 high]4 ,! />t+ & light+ batt]y has !re=e be5 design$ to )/& sev]e op]at+ conditions4 ,look+ at su* a batt]y on a c> we see a small wood5 box 9 :i* are plac$ ?ree or m cells1 see ,fig4 #a4 ,ea* cell has a h>d1 black rubb] top ?r\gh :i* two po/s ( lead project4 ,b>s ( lead connect ! po/s ( "o cell to ^? ( ! next4 ,to "o ( ! po/s ( ea* end cell is connect$ a cable :i* leads into ! c>1 & ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t leaves or ent]s ! batt]y4 ,at ! c5t] ( ea* cell is a removable rubb] plug cov]+ an op5+ ?r\gh :i* communication is e/abli%$ ) ! inside ( ! cell = ! purpose ( p\r+ 9 wat]1 remov+ "s ( ! electrolyte to det]m9e ! condition ( ! batt]y1 or to all[ gases =m$ )9 ! cell to escape4 ,look+ d[n ?r\gh ?is op5+ we c see ! ?+s ne$$ to =m a /orage batt]y3 ! electrolyte1 & ! electrodes or plates z !y are call$4 ,if we %\ld remove ! lead b>s connect+ "o cell to ano!r1 & take (f ! black cov]1 we %\ld f9d t ! po/s :i* project out ( ! cells are atta*$ to ! plates :i* are broad & flat1 & sep>at$ by ?9 pieces ( wood or rubb]41 ,if we lift out ! plates we f9d t !y are connect$ alt]nately to ! two lead po/s1 & t ! two outside ones h a gray color4 ,if we pull ! plates out f ea* ,o!r1 we f9d t ! plates next to ! two outside ones1 & all o!r plates connect$ to ! same lead po/ z ^! h a *ocolate-br[n color4 ,if we remove ! j> ( ! cell1 we f9d t x is made ( h>d rubb]4 ,p\r+ out ! electrolyte we f9d sev]al ridges :i* hold ! plates (f ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,! pockets =m$ by ^! ridges may conta9 "s s(t1 muddy sub/ance4 ,?us we h expos$ all ! elem5ts ( a cell1 po/s1 plates1 sep>ators1 & electrolyte4 ,! gray color$ plates are atta*$ to ! negative batt]y po/1 :ile ! *ocolate-br[n color$ ones are connect$ to ! positive batt]y po/4 ,exam9ation w %[ t ea* ( ! plates consi/s ( a skeleton metallic framework :i* is fill$ ) ! br[n or gray sub/ances4 ,?is con/ruction is us$ to decrease ! weight ( ! batt]y4 ,! gray fill] mat]ial is pure lead 9 a condition call$ spongy lead4 ,! *ocolate-br[n fill] sub/ance is p]oxide ( lead4 ,we h f\nd no?+ b two sets ( plates--"o ( pure lead1 ! o!r ( p]oxide ( lead1 & ! electrolyte ( sulphuric acid & wat]4 ,^! produce ! heavy curr5t necess>y to crank ! eng9e4 ,h[ ?is is done1 & :at ! *emical actions )9 ! cell are1 are describ$ 9 ,*apt] #d4 ,,*apt] #c4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,/orage ,,batt]ies4 --------------------------------- ,to supply ! great numb] ( batt]ies ne$$ = gasol9e automobiles1 l>ge companies h be5 =m$4 ,ea* company has its special & secret processes :i* x w n reveal to ! public4 ,only a few companies1 h[ev]1 supply batt]ies 9 any consid]able quantities1 ! great majority ( c>s be+ suppli$ ) batt]ies made by n m ?an five or six manufactur]s4 ,?is greatly r$uces ! numb] ( possible diff]5t designs 9 g5]al use today4 ,! design & dim5sions ( batt]ies v>y consid]ably1 b ! g5]al con/ructions are simil>4 ,! special processes ( ! manufactur]s are ( no special int]e/ to ! repairman1 & only a g5]al description w be giv5 "h4 ,a />t+ & light+ batt]y consi/s ( ! foll[+ pr9cipal p>ts3 #a4 ,plates #b4 ,sep>ators #c4 ,electrolyte #d4 ,j>s #e4 ,cov]s #f4 ,cell ,connectors & ,t]m9als #g4 ,case ,plates ,( ! two g5]al types ( batt]y plates1 ,faure & ,plante1 ! ,faure1 or pa/$ type1 is univ]sally us$ on automobiles4 ,9 ! manufacture ( pa/$ plates !re are sev]al /eps :i* we %all describe 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are c>ri$ out4 ,ca/+ ! ,grid4 ,! grid is ! skeleton ( ! plate4 ,x p]=ms ! d\ble function ( support+ ! me*anically weak active mat]ial & ( conduct+ ! curr5t4 ,x is made ( a lead antimony alloy :i* is melt$ & p\r$ into a m\ld4 ,pure lead is too s(t & too easily attack$ by ! electrolyte1 & antimony is add$ to give /iffness1 & resi/ance to ! action ( ! electrolyte 9 ! cell4 ,! am\nt ( antimony us$ v>ies 9 diff]5t makes b probably av]ages #h to #aj4 ,! ca/+ process requires consid]able skill1 ! prop] composition ( ! metal & ! temp]ature ( bo? metal & m\lds be+ ( great importance 9 secur+ p]fect grids1 :i* are free f bl[holes1 & :i* h a uni=m /ructure & composition4 ,"s manufactur]s ca/ two grids simultane\sly 9 ea* m\ld1 ! two plates be+ jo9$ to ea* o!r along ! bottom edge4 ,trimm+ ! ,grids4 ,:5 ! ca/+s h cool$1 !y are remov$ f ! m\lds & pass$ to a press or trimm+ ma*9e :i* trims (f ! ca/+ gate & ! r\gh edges4 ,! grids are giv5 a rigid inspection1 ^? hav+ %runk5 or miss+ ribs or o!r defects be+ reject$4 ,! grids are n[ ready = pa/+4 ,fig #d4 ,grid1 ,trimm$1 & ,ready = ,pa/+ ,fig4 #d %[s a grid ready = pa/+4 ,! heavy lug at "o upp] corn] is ! conduct+ lug1 = c>ry+ ! curr5t to ! /rap1 ,fig4 #e1 into :i* ! lugs are burn$ :5 ! batt]y is assembl$4 ,! /raps are provid$ ) po/s1 to :i* ! int]cell connectors & t]m9al connectors are atta*$4 ,! v]tical ribs ( ! grids ext5d ?r\gh ! plate1 provid+ me*anical /r5g? & conductivity1 :ile ! small horizontal ribs are at ! surface & 9 /agg]$ relation on opposite faces4 ,bo? ! outside frames & ! v]tical ribs are re9=c$ ne> ! lug1 :]e ! greate/ am\nt ( curr5t mu/ be c>ri$4 ,! rectangul> arrangem5t ( ribs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 is mo/ g5]ally us$1 al?\gh1 !re are o!r arrangem5ts su* z ! ,philadelphia ,diamond grid 9 :i* ! ribs =m acute angles1 giv+ diamond %ap$ op5+s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,pa/es4 ,!re are _m =mulas = ! pa/es1 :i* are lat] conv]t$ into active mat]ial1 & ea* is consid]$ a trade secret by ! manufactur] us+ x4 ,! basis ( all1 h[ev]1 is oxide ( lead1 ei!r ,r$ ,lead 7,pb#cj #d71 ,li?>ge 7,pb,o71 or a mixture ( ! two1 made into a pa/e ) a liquid1 su* z dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! object ( mix+ ! oxides ) ! liquid is to =m a pa/e ( ! prop] consi/5cy = application to ! grids1 & at ! same "t introduce ! prop] am\nt ( b9d+1 or sett+ ag5t :i* w give porosity1 & :i* w b9d toge!r ! active mat]ial1 especially 9 ! positive plate4 ,r$ lead usually pr$om9ates 9 ! positive pa/e1 & li?>ge 9 ! negative1 z ?is comb9ation requires ! lea/ en]gy 9 =m+ ! oxides to active mat]ial4 ,fig4 #e ,plate ,/raps & ,po/s ,! oxides ( lead us$ 9 prep>+ ! pa/es :i* are appli$ to ! grids are p[d]s1 & 9 _! dry condition c\ld n be appli$ to ! grids1 z !y w\ld fall out4 ,mix+ !m ) a liquid to make a pa/e gives !m great] coh]5ce & enables !m to be appli$ to ! grids4 ,sulphuric acid puts ! oxides 9 ! desir$ pa/y condition1 b has ! disadvantage ( caus+ a *emical action to take place :i* *anges a consid]able portion ( ! oxides to lead sulphate1 ! pres5ce ( :i* makes ! pa/e /iff & impossible to apply to ! grids4 ,:5 acid is us$1 x is !re=e necess>y to "w fa/ aft] ! oxides are mix$ ) sulphuric acid to =m ! pa/e4 ,9 addition to ! lead oxides1 ! pa/es may conta9 "s b9d+ mat]ial su* z ammonium or magnesium sulphate1 :i* t5ds to b9d ! p>ticles ( ! active mat]ial toge!r4 ,! pa/e us$ = ! negatives may conta9 lamp black to give porosity4 ,apply+ ! ,pa/e4 ,aft] ! oxides are mix$ to a pa/e !y are appli$ to ! grids4 ,?is is done ei!r by h&1 or by ma*9e ,9 ! h& pa/+ process1 ! pa/es are appli$ f ea* face ( ! grid by means ( a wood5 paddle or tr[el1 & are smoo!d (f flu% ) ! surface ( ! ribs ( ! grid4 ,?is "w is done quickly 9 ord] t ! pa/es may n /iff5 be=e !y are appli$4 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 plates are pa/$ 9 a ma*9e :i* applies ! pa/e to ! grid1 subject+ x at ! same "t to a pressure :i* =ces x ?or\ghly into ! grid1 & packs x 9 a d5se mass4 ,dry+ ! ,pa/e4 ,! fre%ly pa/$ plates are n[ all[$ to dry 9 ! air1 or are dri$ by bl[+ air ov] !m4 ,9 any case1 ! pa/es set to a h>d mass1 9 :i* condition ! pa/es adh]e firmly to ! grids4 ,! plates may !n be h&l$ )\t a loss ( pa/e f ! grids4 ,fig4 #f ,philadelphia diamond grid ,=m+4 ,! next /ep is to *ange ! pa/e ( oxides into ! active mat]ials :i* make a cell op]ative4 ,?is is call$ =m+ & is really no?+ b a prolong$ *>ge1 requir+ sev]al days4 ,9 "s factories ! plates are m\nt$ 9 tanks1 positive & negative plates alt]nat+ z 9 a cell4 ,! positives are all connect$ toge!r 9 "o gr\p & ! negatives 9 ano!r1 & curr5t pass$ ?r\gh j z 9 *>g+ a batt]y4 ,9 o!r factories ! positives & negatives are =m$ 9 sep>ate tanks aga9/ dummy electrodes4 ,! pass+ ( ! curr5t sl[ly *anges ! mixtures ( lead oxide & lead sulphate1 =m+ br[n p]oxide ( lead 7,pb,o#b71 on ! positive plate & gray spongy metallic lead on ! negative4 ,! =mation by ! curr5t ( lead p]oxide & spongy lead on ! positive & negative plates respectively w\ld take place if ! composition ( ! two pa/es 7 id5tical4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ! pa/e = positive & negative plates is = ! purpose ( secur+ ! prop]ties ( porosity & physical condition be/ suit$ to ea*4 ,fig4 #g ,=m$ plate1 ready to be burn$ to plate connect+ /rap ,:5 ! =m+ process is complete1 ! plates are wa%$ & dri$1 & are !n ready = use 9 ! batt]y4 ,if ! grids ( two plates h be5 ca/ toge!r1 z is done by "s manufactur]s1 ^! are n[ cut ap>t1 & ! lugs cut to ! prop] height4 ,! next /ep is to roll1 or press ! negatives aft] !y are remov$ f ! =m+ ba? s z to br+ ! negative pa/e1 :i* has become r\gh5$ by gass+ t occurr$ dur+ ! =m+ process1 flu% ) ! surface ( ! ribs ( ! grid4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( sulphate is left 9 ! plates to b9d toge!r ! active mat]ial4 ,)\t ?is sulphate ! positive pa/e w\ld simply be a p[d] & :5 dry w\ld fall out ( ! grids l dry du/4 ,fig4 #g %[s a =m$ plate ready to be burn$ to ! /rap4 ,sep>ators ,9 batt]ies us$ bo? = />t+ & = light+1 sep>ators made ( specially treat$ wood are l>gely us$4 ,see ,fig4 #h4 ,! ,will>d ,company has adopt$ an insulator made ( a rubb] fabric pi]c$ by ?\s&s ( cotton ?reads1 ea* ?read be+ z long z ! sep>ator is ?ick4 ,! electrolyte is c>ri$ ?r\gh ^! ?reads f "o side ( ! sep>ator to ! o!r by capill>y action1 ! great numb] ( ^! ?reads insur+ ! rapid diffusion ( electrolyte :i* is necess>y 9 batt]ies :i* are subject$ to ! heavy dis*>ge curr5t requir$ 9 />t+4 ,9 batt]ies us$ = light+ or ignition1 %eets ( rubb] 9 :i* num]\s holes h be5 drill$ are also us$1 ^! holes p]mitt+ diffusion to take place rapidly en\gh to p]=m ! requir$ s]vice satisfactorily1 s9ce ! curr5ts involv$ are mu* small] ?an 9 />t+ motor s]vice4 ,fig4 #h ,fig #h4 ,a ,pile ( ,prep>$ ,wood5 ,sep]ators ,ready to be ,put ,betwe5 ! ,positive & ,negative ,plates to ,=m ! ,complete ,elem5t4 ,= ! wood5 sep>ators1 por\s wood1 su* z ,port ,or=d c$>1 basswood1 cypress1 or c$> is us$4 ,o!r woods su* z r$wood & *]ry are also us$4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$ :i* wood makes ! be/ sep>ators8 ,?is is difficult to answ] because ! me?od ( treat+ ! wood is j z important z is ! k9d ( wood4 ,! wood = ! sep>ators is cut into /rips ( ! correct ?ickness4 ,^! /rips are pass$ ?r\gh a groov+ ma*9e :i* cuts ! grooves 9 "o side1 leav+ ! o!r side smoo?4 ,! /rips are next saw$ to ! correct size1 & are !n boil$ 9 a w>m alkal9e solution = ab\t #bd h\rs to neutralize any organic acid1 su* z acetic acid1 :i* ! wood naturally conta9s4 ,su* acids w\ld cause unsatisfactory batt]y action & damage to ! batt]y4 ,! ,ve/a sep>ator1 or impregnat$ mat1 is treat$ 9 a ba? ( ,b>ium salts :i* =m comp\nds ) ! wood & :i* are said to make ! sep>ators /rong & acid-resi/+4 ,fig4 #i ,philco slott$ reta9] ,"s batt]ies use a d\ble sep>ator1 "o ( :i* is ! wood5 sep>ator1 :ile ! o!r consi/s ( a ?9 %eet ( h>d rubb] conta9+ _m f9e p]=ations4 ,?is rubb] %eet is plac$ betwe5 ! positive plate & ! wood5 sep>ator4 ,a rec5t developm5t 9 ! use ( an auxili>y rubb] sep>ator is ! ,philco slott$ reta9] :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! sep>ators & ! positives 9 ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]ies4 ,"s ,exide batt]ies also use slott$ rubb] sep>ators4 ,! ,philco slott$ reta9] consi/s ( a ?9 %eet ( slott$ h>d rubb] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! purpose ( ! reta9] is to hold ! positive active mat]ial 9 place & prev5t ! %$d+ :i* usually occurs4 ,! slots 9 ! reta9] are s num]\s t !y all[ ! free passage ( electrolyte1 b ea* slot is made v n>r[ s z to hold ! active mat]ial 9 ! plates4 ,electrolyte ,little ne$ be said "h ab\t ! electrolyte1 s9ce a full description is giv5 else:]e4 ,see page #bbb4 ,acid is receiv$ by ! batt]y manufactur] 9 conc5trat$ =m4 ,its specific gravity is !n #a4hce4 ,! acid commonly us$ is made by ! contact process1 9 :i* sulphur dioxide is oxidiz$ to sulphur trioxide1 & !n1 ) ! addition ( wat]1 *ang$ to sulphuric acid4 ,! conc5trat$ acid is dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] to ! prop] specific gravity4 ,j>s ,! j>s :i* conta9 ! plates1 sep>ators1 & electrolyte are made ( a t\gh1 h>d rubb] comp\nd4 ,!y are made ei!r by ! m\ld+ process1 or by wrapp+ %eets ( rubb] comp\nd ar\nd metal m&rels4 ,9 ei!r case ! j> is subsequ5tly vulcaniz$ by c>eful heat+ at ! correct temp]ature4 ,! batt]y manufactur]s d n1 z a rule1 make _! own j>s1 b h !m made by ! rubb] companies :o give ! j>s a high voltage te/ to detect any flaws1 holes1 or cracks :i* w\ld subsequ5tly cause a leak4 ,! j>s z receiv$ at ! batt]y mak]'s factory are ready = use4 ,across ! bottom ( ! j> are sev]al /iff ribs :i* ext5d up into ! j> s z to provide a sub/antial support = ! plates1 & at ! same "t =m sev]al pockets bel[ ! plates 9 :i* ! s$im5t result+ f %$d+ ( active mat]ial f ! plates accumulates4 ,cov]s ,no "p ( a batt]y is ( great] importance ?an ! h>d rubb] cell cov]s1 f ! viewpo9t ( ! repairman z well z ! manufactur]4 ,! repairman is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! me?ods ( seal+ ! batt]y1 & no "p ( 8 "w requires great] skill ?an ! "w on ! cov]s4 ,! manufactur]s h develop$ special con/ructions1 _! aims be+ to design ! cov] s z to facilitate ! escape ( gas :i* accumulates 9 ! upp] "p ( a cell dur+ *>ge1 to provide space = expansion ( ! electrolyte z x becomes heat$1 to simplify inspection & fill+ ) pure wat]1 to make leak pro( jo9ts betwe5 ! cov] & ! j> & betwe5 ! cov] & ! lead po/s :i* project ?r\gh x1 & to simplify ! "w ( mak+ repairs4 ,s+le & ,d\ble ,cov]s4 ,mod]n types ( batt]ies h a s+le piece cov]1 ! edges ( :i* are made s z to =m a slot or *annel ) ! inside ( ! j>1 into :i* is p\r$ seal+ comp\nd to =m a leak pro( jo9t4 ,?is con/ruction is illu/rat$4 9 ,exide1 ,fig4 #a4e2 ,ve/a1 ,fig4 #bfd2 ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid1 ,fig4 #bef2 ,u4 ,s4 ,l41 ,figs4 #aa & #bdd2 & ,pre/-#j-,lite1 ,fig4 #bdg1 batt]ies4 ,exide batt]ies are also made ) a d\ble flange cov]1 9 :i* ! top ( ! j> fits betwe5 ! two flanges4 ,9 s+le cov]s1 a comp>atively small am\nt ( seal+ comp\nd is us$1 & repair "w is greatly simplifi$4 ,9 ! ,ev]eady batt]y1 ,fig4 #bfb1 comp\nd is p\r$ ov] ! entire cov] in/ead ( ar\nd ! edges4 ,?is me?od requires a consid]able am\nt ( seal+ comp\nd4 ,! use ( d\ble cov]s is n z common z x 0 "s ye>s ago4 ,?is con/ruction makes use ( two flat pieces ( h>d rubb]4 ,9 su* batt]ies a consid]able am\nt ( seal+ comp\nd is us$4 ,?is comp\nd is p\r$ on top ( ! l[] cov] to seal ! batt]y1 ! top cov] s]v+ to cov] up ! comp\nd & brace ! po/s4 ,fig4 #aj illu/rates ?is con/ruction4 ,fig4 #aj ,cross-section ( ,g\ld d\ble cov] batt]y ,seal+ ,ar\nd ! ,po/s4 ,mu* v>iety is %[n 9 ! me?ods us$ to secure a leak pro( jo9t betwe5 ! po/s & ! cov]4 ,sev]al me?ods are us$4 ,"o ( ^! uses ! seal+ comp\nd to make a tight jo9t4 ,ano!r has lead bu%+s :i* are screw$ up into ! cov] or m\ld$ 9 ! cov]1 ! bu%+s be+ burn$ toge!r ) ! po/ & cell connector4 ,ano!r me?od has a ?read$ po/1 & uses a lead alloy nut ) a rubb] wa%] to make a tight jo9t4 ,/ill ano!r me?od =ces a lead coll> d[n ov] ! po/1 & presses ! cov] d[n on a s(t rubb] gasket4 ,us+ ,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,"s ( ! batt]ies :i* use seal+ comp\nd to make a tight jo9t betwe5 ! cov] & ! po/ h a h>d rubb] bu%+ %runk ov] ! po/4 ,?is con/ruction is us$ 9 ,g\ld batt]ies1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & 9 ! old ,will>d d\ble cov] batt]ies4 ,! rubb] bu%+ is groov$ horizontally to increase ! l5g? ( ! seal+ surface4 ,fig4 #aa ,u4,s4,l4 cov] ,o!r batt]ies t use seal+ comp\nd ar\nd ! po/s h grooves or petticoats cut directly 9 ! po/ & h a well ar\nd ! po/ into :i* ! seal+ comp\nd is p\r$4 ,?is is ! con/ruction us$ 9 ! old ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid batt]y1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bed4 ,us+ ,lead ,bu%+s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies h a flang$ lead bu%+ :i* is m\ld$ directly into ! cov]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 assembl+ ! batt]y1 ! cov] is plac$ ov] ! po/1 & ! cell connector is burn$ to bo? po/ & bu%+4 ,fig4 #ab ,lead bu%+ screw$ into cov] ,9 old] type ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies a bu%+ 0 screw$ up ?r\gh ! cov]1 & !n burn$ to ! po/ & cell connector4 ,an old type ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]y us$ a lead bu%+ :i* screw$ up ?r\gh ! cov] simil>ly to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies4 ,fig4 #ab illu/rates ?is con/ruction4 ,! ,,sjwn & ,,sjrn ,will>d ,batt]ies us$ a lead ins]t4 ,see page #dbd4 ,! mod]n ,ve/a batt]ies use a s(t rubb] gasket "u ! cov]1 & =ce a lead coll> ov] ! po/1 :i* pu%es ! cov] d[n on ! gasket4 ,! lead coll> & po/ freeze toge!r & make an acid pro( jo9t4 ,see page #dac4 ,! ,we/+h\se batt]y uses a ?ree "p seal consi/+ ( a lead wa%] :i* is plac$ ar\nd ! po/1 a ,u %ap$1 s(t gum wa%] :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! po/ & cov]1 & a tap]$ lead sleeve1 :i* presses ! wa%] aga9/ ! po/ & ! cov]4 ,see page #dag4 ,fig4 #ac ,cross section ( old type ,will>d batt]y ,! ,pre/-,o-,lite ,pe5$ ,po/ ,seal4 ,all ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies designat$ z types ,,:n1 ,,rhn1 ,,bhn & ,,jfn1 h a s+le m\ld$ cov] :i* is lock$ directly on to ! po/s4 ,?is is done by =c+ a solid r+ ( lead f a portion ( ! po/ d[n into a *amf] 9 ! top ( ! cov]4 ,?is con/ruction is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,batt]ies ,us+ ,seal+ ,nuts4 ,! ,exide batt]ies h ?read$ po/s4 ,a rubb] gasket is plac$ "u ! cov] on a %\ld] on ! po/4 ,! nut is !n turn$ d[n on ! po/ to =ce ! cov] on ! gasket4 ,?is con/ruction is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,! ,titan batt]y uses a some:at simil> seal1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bic4 ,"s ( ! old] ,will>d batt]ies h a *amf] or groove 9 ! "u1 side ( ! cov]4 ,! po/s h a r+ ( lead 9 ! base :i* fits up into ! groove 9 ! cov] to make a tight jo9t4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! lat] ,will>d con/ructions1 us+ a rubb] gasket seal & a lead cov] ins]t1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #bgh & #bhg4 ,fill+ ,tube or ,v5t ,tube ,con/ruction4 ,q a numb] ( designs h be5 develop$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fill+ or v5t tube4 ,9 d\ble cov]s1 ! tube is sometimes a sep>ate "p :i* is screw$ into ! l[] cov]4 ,9 o!r batt]ies us+ d\ble cov]s1 ! tube is an integral "p ( ! cov]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 all s+le cov]s1 ! tube is m\ld$ integral ) ! cov]4 ,fig4 #ad;a ,v5t hold 9 ,u4,s4,l4 batt]y ,sev]al devices h be5 develop$ to make x impossible to ov]fill batt]ies4 ,?is has be5 done by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 & ,exide companies on old] types ( batt]ies1 _! con/ructions be+ describ$ z foll[s3 ,9 old ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies1 a small auxili>y v5t tube is drill$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 fill+ to replace evaporation1 ?is v5t tube prev5ts ov]fill+4 ,fig4 #ad;b ,fill+ ,u4,s4,l4 batt]y ,a f+] is plac$ ov] ! auxili>y v5t tube %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! wat] is !n p\r$ 9 ?r\gh ! fill+ or v5t tube4 ,:5 ! wat] rea*es ! bottom ( ! tube1 ! air imprison$ 9 ! expansion *amb] c no long] escape4 ,consequ5tly ! wat] c rise no high] 9 ?is *amb]1 b simply fills up ! tube4 ,wat] is add$ till x rea*es ! top ( ! tube4 ,! f+] is !n remov$ f ! v5t tube4 ,?is all[s ! air to escape f ! expansion *amb]4 ,! wat] w !re=e fall 9 ! fill+ or v5t tube1 & rise slightly 9 ! expansion *amb]4 ,! con/ruction makes x impossible to ov]fill ! batt]y1 provid$ t ! f+] is held on ! v5t hole z direct$4 ,fig4 #ad;c ,fill+ ,u4,s4,l4 batt]y 7old types7 ,figure #ae %[s ! ,non-,flood+ ,v5t & ,fill+ ,plug us$ 9 ! old] type ,exide batt]y1 & 9 ! pres5t type ,,lxrv4 ,! new ,exide cov]1 :i* does n use ! non-flood+ feature1 is also %[n4 ,! old con/ruction is describ$ z foll[s3 ,fig4 #ae;a ,sectional view ( cov] 9 old] type ,exide batt]y4 ,top view ( cov] & fill+ plug1 plug remov$ ,fig4 #ae;b ,old & new ,exide cov]s ,f ! illu/rations ( ! v5t & fill+ plug1 x w be se5 t !y provide bo? a v5t$ /opp] 7v5ts ,f1 ,g1 ,h71 & an automatic device = ! prev5t+ ( ov]fill+ & flood+4 ,! am\nt ( wat] t c be put into ! cell is limit$ to ! exact am\nt ne$$ to replace t lo/ by evaporation4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( ! h>d rubb] valve 7,a7 )9 ! cell cov] & ) :i* ! top ( ! v5t plug 7,e7 engages1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,! action ( remov+ ! plug 7,e7 turns ?is valve 7,a71 clos+ ! air passage 7,,bb71 & =m+ an air tight *amb] 7,c7 9 ! top ( ! cell4 ,:5 wat] is p\r$ 91 x _c rise 9 ?is air space 7,c7 s z to completely fill ! cell4 ,z soon z ! prop] level is rea*$1 ! wat] rises 9 ! fill+ tube 7,d7 & gives a positive indication t suffici5t wat] has be5 add$4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! fill+ be cont9u$1 ! excess w be pure wat] only1 n acid4 ,on replac+ ! plug 7,e71 valve 7,a7 is automatically turn$1 op5+ ! air passages 7,,bb71 leav+ ! air *amb] 7,c7 available = ! expansion ( ! solution1 :i* occurs :5 ! batt]y is work+4 ,g5]ally ! fill+ or v5t tube is s made t its l[] end indicates ! correct level ( electrolyte above ! plates1 ,9 add+ wat]1 ! level ( ! electrolyte is br\ght up to ! bottom ( ! fill+ tube4 ,by look+ d[n into ! tube1 x c be se5 :5 ! electrolyte rea*es ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,v5t ,plugs1 or ,caps4 ,v5t plugs1 or caps1 close up ! fill+ or v5t tubes 9 ! cov]s4 ,!y are made ( h>d rubb]1 & ei!r screw into or ov] ! tubes1 or are tight5$ by a full or p>tial turn1 z is done 9 ,exide batt]ies4 ,9 ! caps are small holes :i* are s arrang$ t gases g5]at$ )9 ! batt]y may escape1 b acid spray _c pass ?r\gh ^! holes4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! holes 9 ! v5t caps be kept op5 to all[ ! gases to escape4 ,case ,! wood5 case 9 :i* ! cells are plac$ is usually made ( kiln dri$ :ite oak or h>d maple4 ,! wood is inspect$ c>efully1 & all pieces are reject$ t are wea!r-*eck$1 or conta9 worm-holes or knots4 ,! wood is saw$ into v>i\s ?icknesses1 & !n cut to ! prop] l5g?s & wid?s4 ,! wood is pass$ ?r\gh o!r ma*9es t cut 9 ! dovetails1 put ! tongue on ! bottom = ! jo9ts1 /amp on ! "p numb]1 drill ! holes = ! screws or bolts hold+ ! h&les1 cut ! grooves = ! seal+ comp\nd1 etc4 ,! sev]al pieces are !n assembl$ & glu$ toge!r4 ,! f9i%+ t\*es are !n put on1 ^! consi/+ ( cutt+ ! cases to ! prop] heights1 s&pap]+ ! boxes1 etc4 ,! cases are !n inspect$ & are ready to be pa9t$4 ,a m rec5t developm5t 9 case con/ruction is a "o-piece h>d rubb] case1 9 :i* ! j>s & case are made 9 "o piece1 ! cell comp>tm5ts be+ =m$ by rubb] p>titions :i* =m an integral "p ( ! case4 ,?is con/ruction is us$ 9 sev]al makes ( ,radio ,a batt]ies1 & to "s ext5t 9 />t+ batt]ies4 ,fig4 #af ,exide batt]y case ,asphaltum pa9t is g5]ally us$ = wood5 cases1 ! bottoms & tops be+ giv5 ?ree1 coats1 & ! sides1 two4 ,! numb] ( coats ( pa9t v>ies1 ( c\rse1 9 ! diff]5t factories4 ,! h&les are !n put on by ma*9]y1 & ! case1 ,fig4 #af1 is complete1 & ready = assembl+4 ,assembl+ & ,seal+ ,! fir/ /ep 9 assembl+ a batt]y is to burn ! positive & negative plates to _! respective /raps1 ,fig4 #e1 =m+ ! positive & negative gr\ps1 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is is done by arrang+ a set ( plates & a /rap 9 a suitable rack :i* holds !m securely 9 prop] position1 & !n melt+ toge!r ! top ( ! plate lugs & ! portion ( ! /rap into :i* !y fit ) a hot flame4 ,a positive & a negative gr\p are n[ slipp$ toge!r & ! sep>ators ins]t$4 ,! groov$ side ( ! wood sep>ator is plac$ t[>d ! positive plate & :5 p]=at$ rubb] %eets are us$ ^! g betwe5 ! positive & ! wood sep>ator4 ,! positive & negative gr\ps assembl$ ) ! sep>ators con/itute ! elem5t1 ,fig4 #c4 ,be=e ! elem5ts are plac$ 9 ! j>s !y are c>efully inspect$ to make sure t no sep>ator has be5 left out4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,exide elem5ts are subject$ to an electrical te/ :i* r+s a bell if a sep>ator is miss+1 ?is hav+ be5 f\nd m infallible ?an tru/+ to a man's eyes4 ,9 "s batt]ies1 su* z ! ,exide1 ,ve/a1 & ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies1 ! cov] is plac$ on ! elem5t & made fa/ be=e ! elem5ts are plac$ 9 ! j>s4 ,9 o!r batt]ies1 su* z ! ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 & ,philadelphia batt]ies1 ! cov]s are put on aft] ! elem5ts are plac$ 9 ! j>s4 ,aft] ! elem5t is 9 ! j> & ! cov] 9 position1 seal+ comp\nd is appli$ hot s z to make a leak pro( jo9t betwe5 j> & cov]4 ,fig4 #ag ,int]-cell connector ,! complet$ cells are n[ assembl$ 9 ! case & ! cell connectors1 ,fig4 #ag1 burn$ to ! /rap po/s4 ,aft] fill+ ) electrolyte ! batt]y is ready to receive its initial *>ge1 :i* may require f "o day to a week4 ,a l[ *>g+ rate is us$1 s9ce ! plates are g5]ally 9 a sulphat$ condition :5 assembl$4 ,! specific gravity is br\ght up to ab\t #a4bhj dur+ ?is *>ge4 ,"s mak]s n[ give ! batt]y a %ort high rate dis*>ge te/ 7see page #bff71 to disclose any defects1 & j be=e s5d+ !m out give a f9al *>ge4 ,! batt]ies are (t5 cycl$ aft] be+ assembl$1 ?is consi/+ 9 dis*>g+ & re*>g+ ! batt]ies sev]al times to put ! active mat]ial 9 ! be/ work+ condition4 ,if ! batt]ies are to be %ipp$ wet1 !y are ready = %ipp+ aft] ! f9al *>ge & inspection4 ,batt]ies :i* are %ipp$ dry ne$ to h m "w done ^u !m4 ,prep>+ ,batt]ies = ,dry ,%ipm5t ,!re are ?ree g5]al me?ods ( dry %ipm5t4 ,! fir/ me?od consi/s ( s5d+ cases1 plates1 cov]s1 sep>ators1 etc41 sep>ately1 & assembl+ !m 9 ! s]vice /ations4 ,sometimes ^! p>ts are all plac$ toge!r1 z 9 a f9i%$ batt]y1 b )\t ! sep>ators1 ! cov]s n be+ seal$1 or ! connectors & t]m9als weld$ to ! po/s4 ,?is is a sort ( knock-d[n condition4 ,! plates us$ are fir/ fully *>g$ & dri$4 ,! second me?od consi/s ( assembl+ a batt]y complete ) plates1 sep>ators1 & electrolyte1 *>g+ ! batt]y1 p\r+ out ! electrolyte1 r9s+ ) di/ill$ wat]1 p\r+ out ! wat] & screw+ ! v5t plugs d[n tight4 ,! v5t holes 9 ^! plugs are seal$ to exclude air4 ,! moi/ure left 9 ! batt]y :5 ! r9s+ wat] 0 p\r$ out _c evaporate1 & ! sep>ators are ?us kept 9 a moi/5$ condition4 ,! ?ird me?od is ! ,will>d ,bone ,dry me?od1 & consi/s ( assembl+ ! batt]y complete ) dry ?read$ rubb] sep>ators & dry plates1 b )\t electrolyte4 ,! holes 9 ! v5t plugs are n seal$1 s9ce !re is no moi/ure 9 ! batt]y4 ,batt]ies us+ wood5 sep>ators _c be %ipp$ bone-dry1 s9ce wood5 sep>ators mu/ be kept moi/4 ,t]m9al ,connections ,:5 ! batt]y is on ! c> x is necess>y to h "s =m ( deta*able connection to ! c> circuit & ?is is accompli%$ by means ( t]m9al connectors1 ,fig4 #ah1 ( :i* !re are _m types4 ,fig4 #ah ,batt]y t]m9al ,_m types ( t]m9als are 9 two p>ts1 "o be+ p]man5tly atta*$ to ! c> circuit & ! o!r m\nt$ p]man5tly on ! batt]y by weld+ x to ! t]m9al po/1 ! two p>ts be+ deta*ably jo9$ by means ( a bolt$ connection4 ,9 ano!r type ( t]m9al1 ! cable is sold]$ directly to ! t]m9al :i* is lead burn$ to ! cell po/4 ,9 ?is con/ruction !re is v mu* less *ance ( corrosion tak+ place1 & x is !re=e a good design4 ,,homemade ,,batt]ies ,! wise/ ?+ = ! batt]y %op own] to d is to get a contract z (ficial s]vice /ation = "o ( ! well kn[n makes ( batt]ies4 ,! manufactur]s ( ?is batt]y w /& beh9d ! s]vice /ation1 giv+ x ! b5efits ( its eng9e]+1 production1 & adv]tis+ dep>tm5ts1 & boo/ ! s]vice /ation's bus9ess1 help+ to make x a success4 ,)9 ! pa/ ye> or s1 h[ev]1 "s batt]y repairm5 h conceiv$ ! idea t !y d n ne$ ! back+ ( a well organiz$ factory1 & h decid$ to build up _! own batt]ies4 ,"s ( !m m]ely assemble batt]ies f p>ts b\ght f "o or m manufactur]s4 ,if all ! p>ts are made by ! same company1 !y w fit toge!r1 & may make a s]viceable batt]y4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 p>ts made by sev]al manufactur]s are assembl$ 9 ! same batt]y4 ,"h is :]e tr\ble is apt to develop1 because x is m ?an likely t j>s may n fit well 9 ! case2 plates may n completely fill ! j>s1 all[+ too mu* acid space1 ) ! results t specific gravity read+s w n be reliable1 & ! plates may be ov]work$2 plate po/s may n fit ! cov] holes1 & s on4 ,if su* a fabricat$ batt]y goes dead because ( defective mat]ial1 !re is no factory back ( ! repairman to /& ! loss4 ,if ! repairman wi%es to assemble batt]ies1 he %\ld be v c>eful to buy ! p>ts f a reliable manufactur]1 & he %\ld be especially c>eful 9 buy+ sep>ators1 z improp]ly treat$ sep>ators (t5 develop acetic acid1 :i* dissolves ! lead ( ! plates v quickly & ru9s ! batt]y4 ,batt]ies made 9 ?is way are good = r5tal batt]ies1 or loan]s4 ,^! batt]ies are assembl$ & *>g$ j z are batt]ies :i* h be5 9 dry /orage1 see page #bda4 ,if ! repairman :o fabricates batt]ies takes *ances1 ! man :o attempts to actually make 8 own batt]y plates is c]ta9ly risk+ 8 bus9ess & reputation4 ,!re are sev]al companies :i* sell m\lds = mak+ plate grids4 ,"o ev5 sells cans ( lead oxides to enable ! repairman to make 8 own plate pa/e4 ,ev5 m foolh>dy ?an ! man :o wi%es to m\ld plate grids is ! man :o wi%es to mix ! lead oxides himself4 ,_m lett]s ask+ = pa/e =mulas h be5 receiv$ by ! au?or4 ,su* =mulas c nev] be giv51 = ! au?or does n h !m4 ,pa/e mak+ is a f> m difficult process ?an _m m5 realize4 ,! lead oxides :i* are us$ mu/ be te/$ & analyz$ c>efully 9 a *emical laboratory & ! pa/e =mulas v>i$ accord+ to ! results ( ^! te/s4 ,! oxides mu/ be c>efully weigh$1 c>efully h&l$1 & c>efully analyz$4 ,! batt]y s]vice /ation does n h ! equipm5t necess>y to d ^! ?+s1 & no repairman %\ld ev] attempt to make plate pa/e1 z tr\ble is b\nd to foll[ su* attempts4 ,a c> own] may buy a wor?less batt]y once1 b ! next "t he w g to "s o!r s]vice /ation & buy a good batt]y4 ,no d\bt _m repairm5 are z skillful & compet5t z ! work]s 9 batt]y factories1 b ! equipm5t requir$ to make grids & pa/e is mu* too elaborate & exp5sive = ! s]vice /ation1 & )\t su* equipm5t x is impossible to make a good batt]y4 ,! only batt]y p>ts :i* may safely be made 9 ! s]vice /ation are plate /raps & po/s1 int]cell connectors1 & cell t]m9als4 ,m\lds = mak+ su* p>ts are on ! m>ket1 & x is really wor? :ile to inve/ 9 a set4 ,! po/s made 9 su* m\lds are ( ! pla9 tap]$ type1 & po/s :i* h special seal+ & lock+ devices1 su* z ! ,exide1 ,philadelphia1 & ,titan _c be made 9 !m4 ,,*apt] #d4 ,,*emical ,,*anges4 ----------------- ,be=e expla9+ :at happ5s )9 "o /orage cell1 let u look into ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! /orage batt]y1 & see :at a mode/ beg9n+ ! mod]n heavy duty batt]y _h4 ,betwe5 #ahej & #ahfj a man nam$ ,plante began 8 "w on ! /orage batt]y4 ,8 orig9al cell consi/$ ( two plates ( metallic lead imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! acid =m$ a ?9 lay] ( lead sulphate on ea* plate :i* soon /opp$ fur!r action on ! lead4 ,if a curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! cell1 ! lead sulphate on ! anode or lead plate at :i* ! curr5t ent]$ ! cell 0 *ang$ into p]oxide ( lead1 :ile ! sulphate on ! o!r lead plate or ca?ode 0 *ang$ into pure lead 9 a spongy =m4 ,?is cell 0 all[$ to /& = sev]al days & 0 !n dis*>g$1 lead sulphate be+ aga9 =m$ on ea* plate4 ,ea* "t ?is cell 0 *>g$1 m spongy lead & p]oxide ( lead 7 =m$4 ,^! are call$ ! active mat]ials1 because x is by ! *emical action betwe5 !m & ! sulphuric acid t ! electricity is produc$4 ,evid5tly1 ! m active mat]ials ! plates conta9$1 ! long] ! *emical action betwe5 ! acid & active mat]ials c\ld take place1 & h5ce ! great] ! capacity1 or am\nt ( electricity furni%$ by ! cell4 ,! process ( *>g+ & dis*>g+ ! batt]y s z to increase ! am\nt ( active mat]ial1 is call$ =m+ ! plates4 ,fig4 #ai ,illu/ration ( *emical action 9 a /orage cell dur+ *>ge ,plante's me?od ( =m+ plates 0 v sl[1 t$i\s1 & exp5sive4 ,if ! spongy lead1 & p]oxide ( lead c\ld be made quickly f mat]ials :i* c\ld be spread ov] ! plates1 mu* "t & exp5se c\ld be sav$4 ,x 0 ,faure :o fir/ sugge/$ su* a plan1 & gave u ! pa/$ plate ( today1 :i* consi/s ( a skeleton framework ( lead1 ) ! sponge lead & p]oxide ( lead fill+ ! spaces betwe5 ! ribs ( ! framework4 ,su* plates are kn[n z pa/$ plates1 & are mu* light] & m satisfactory1 = automobile "w ?an ! heavy solid lead plates ( ,plante's4 ,*apt] #c describes m fully ! processes ( manufactur+ & pa/+ ! plates4 ,we "k n[ :at con/itutes a /orage batt]y1 & :at ! p>ts are t g5]ate ! electricity4 ,h[ is ! electricity produc$8 ,!oretically1 if we take a batt]y :i* has be5 entirely dis*>g$1 s t x is no long] able to cause a fl[ ( curr5t1 & exam9e & te/ ! electrolyte & ! mat]ials on ! plates1 we %all f9d t ! electrolyte is pure wat]1 & bo? sets ( plates compos$ ( :ite lead sulphate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we make a simil> te/ & exam9ation ( ! plates & electrolyte ( a batt]y ?r\gh :i* a curr5t has be5 s5t f "s outside s\rce1 su* z a g5]ator1 until ! curr5t c no long] cause *emical reactions betwe5 ! plates & electrolyte1 we w f9d t ! electrolyte is n[ compos$ ( wat] & ,sulphuric acid1 ! acid compris+ ab\t #cj1 & ! wat] #gj ( ! electrolyte4 ,! negative set ( plates w be compos$ ( pure lead 9 a spongy =m1 :ile ! positive w consi/ ( p]oxide ( lead4 ,! =ego+ description gives ! f9al products ( ! *emical *anges t take place 9 ! /orage batt]y4 ,to und]/& ! *anges !mselves requires a m detail$ inve/igation4 ,! sub/ances to be consid]$ 9 ! *emical actions are sulphuric acid1 wat]1 pure lead1 lead sulphate1 & lead p]oxide4 ,) ! exception ( pure lead1 ea* ( ^! sub/ances is a *emical comp\nd1 or compos$ ( sev]al elem5ts4 ,?us sulphuric acid is made up ( two p>ts ( hydrog51 :i* is a gas2 "o "p ( sulphur1 a solid1 & f\r p>ts ( oxyg51 :i* is also a gas2 ^! comb9e to =m ! acid1 :i* is liquid1 & :i* is = conv5i5ce writt5 z ,h#b,,s #d1 ,h#b repres5t+ two p>ts ( hydrog51 ,s "o "p ( sulphur1 & #jd1 f\r p>ts oxyg54 ,simil>ly1 wat] a liquid1 is made up ( two p>ts ( hydrog5 & "o "p ( oxyg51 repres5t$ by ! symbol ,h#b,o4 ,lead is n a comp\nd1 b an elem5t ^: *emical symbol is ,pb1 tak5 f ! ,lat9 "n = lead4 ,lead sulphate is a solid1 & consi/s ( "o "p ( lead1 a solid sub/ance1 "o "p ( sulphur1 ano!r solid sub/ance1 & f\r p>ts ( oxyg51 a gas4 ,x is repres5t$ *emically by ,pb ,,s#d4 ,lead p]oxide is also a solid1 & is made up ( "o "p ( lead1 & two p>ts ( oxyg54 ,9 ! *emical *anges t take place1 ! comp\nds j describ$ are to a c]ta9 ext5t split up into ! sub/ances ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,we ?us h lead 7,pb71 hydrog5 7,h71 oxyg5 7#j71 & sulphur 7,s71 f\r elem5t>y sub/ances1 two ( :i* are solids1 & two gases4 ,! sulphur does n sep>ate itself entirely f ! sub/ances ) :i* x =ms ! comp\nds ,h#b,,s#d & ,pb ,,s#d4 ,^! comp\nds are split into ,h#b & ,,s#d & ,pb & ,,s#d respectively4 ,t is1 ! sulphur always rema9s comb9$ ) f\r p>ts ( oxyg54 ,let u n[ consid] a s+le /orage cell made up ( electrolyte1 "o positive plate1 & "o negative plate4 ,:5 ?is cell is fully *>g$1 or 9 a condition to produce a curr5t ( electricity1 ! positive plate is made up ( p]oxide ( lead 7,pb,o#b71 ! negative plate ( pure lead 7,pb71 & ! electrolyte ( dilute sulphuric acid 7,h #b,,s#d74 ,?is is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! *emical *anges t take place :5 ! cell is dis*>g+ & ! f9al result ( ! *anges are z foll[s3 7a74 ,at ! ,positive ,plate3 ,lead p]oxide & sulphuric acid produce lead sulphate1 wat]1 & oxyg51 or3 ,image ,=mula 7a74 ,pb,o#b ,h#b,,s#d ,pb,s,o#d ,h#bj #j 7b74 ,at ! ,negative ,plate3 ,lead & sulphuric acid produce lead sulphate & ,hydrog51 or3 ,image ,=mula 7b74 ,pb ,h#b,,s#d ,pb,s,o#d ,h#b ,fig4 #bj ,*emical ,reaction 9 a ,/orage ,cell dur+ ,dis*>ge ,! oxyg5 ( equation 7a7 & ! hydrog5 ( equation 7b7 comb9e to =m wat]1 z may be %[n by add+ ^! two equations1 giv+ "o equation = ! entire dis*>ge action3 ,image ,=mula 7c74 ,pb,o#b ,pb #b;,h#b,,s#d #b,pb,s,o#d #b;,h#b,o ,9 ?is equation we />t ) ! active mat]ials & electrolyte 9 _! orig9al condition1 & f9i% ) ! lead sulphate & wat]1 :i* are ! f9al products ( a dis*>ge4 ,exam9+ ?is equation1 we see t ! sulphuric acid ( ! electrolyte is us$ up 9 =m+ lead sulphate on bo? positive & negative plates1 & is !re=e remov$ f ! electrolyte4 ,?is gives u ! easily rememb]$ rule = rememb]+ dis*>ge actions1 :i*1 ?\gh op5 to "q f a /rictly sci5tific viewpo9t1 is nev]!less conv5i5t3 ,dur+ dis*>ge ! acid goes into ! plates4 ,! *emical *anges describ$ 9 7a71 7b71 & 7c7 are n in/antane\s4 ,t is1 ! lead1 lead p]oxide1 & sulphuric acid ( ! fully *>g$ cell are n *ang$ into lead sulphate & wat] z soon z a curr5t beg9s to pass ?r\gh ! cell4 ,?is action is a gradual "o1 small portions ( ^! sub/ances be+ *ang$ at a "t4 ,! great] ! curr5t t fl[s ?r\gh ! cell1 ! fa/] w ! *anges occur4 ,!oretically1 ! *anges w cont9ue to take place z long z any lead1 lead p]oxide1 & sulphuric acid rema94 ,! fa/] ^! are *ang$ into lead sulphate & wat]1 ! %ort] w be ! "t t ! /orage cell c furni% a curr5t1 or ! soon] x w be dis*>g$4 ,tak+ ! cell 9 its dis*>g$ condition1 let u n[ connect ! cell to a g5]ator & s5d curr5t ?r\gh ! cell f ! positive to ! negative plates4 ,?is is call$ *>g+ ! cell4 ,! lead sulphate & wat] w n[ gradually be *ang$ back into lead1 lead p]oxide1 & sulphuric acid4 ,! lead sulphate :i* is on ! negative plate is *ang$ to pure lead2 ! lead sulphate on ! positive plate is *ang$ to lead p]oxide1 & sulphuric acid w be add$ to ! wat]4 ,! *anges at ! positive plate may be repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,lead sulphate & wat] produce sulphuric acid1 hydrog5 & lead p]oxide1 or3 ,image ,=mula 7d74 ,pb,s,o#d #b;,h#b,o ,pb,o#b ,h#b,,s#d ,h#b ,! *anges at ! negative plate may be express$ z foll[s3 ,lead sulphate & wat] produc$ sulphuric acid1 oxyg51 & lead1 or3 ,image ,=mula 7e74 ,pb,s,o#d ,h#bo ,pb ,h#b,,s#d ,o ,! hydrog5 7,h#b7 produc$ at ! positive plate1 & ! oxyg5 7#j7 produc$ at ! negative plate unite to =m wat]1 z may be %[n by ! equation3 ,image ,=mula 7f74 #b,pb,s,o#d #b;,h#b,o ,pb,o#b ,pb #b;,h#b,,s#d ,equation 7f7 />ts ) lead sulphate & wat]1 :i*1 z %[n 9 equation 7c71 are produc$ :5 a batt]y is dis*>g$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t we />t ) lead sulphate & wat]4 ,dis*>g$ plates may !re=e be *>g$ 9 wat]4 ,9 fact1 badly dis*>g$ negatives may be *>g$ bett] 9 wat] ?an 9 electrolyte4 ,! electrolyte is p\r$ out ( ! batt]y & di/ill$ wat] p\r$ 94 ,! acid rema9+ on ! sep>ators & plates is suffici5t to make ! wat] conduct ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,9 equation 7f71 ! sulphate on ! plates comb9es ) wat] to =m sulphuric acid4 ,?is gives u ! rule3 ,dur+ *>ge1 acid is driv5 out ( ! plates4 ,?is rule is a conv5i5t "o1 b1 ( c\rse1 is n a /rictly correct /atem5t4 ,! *anges produc$ by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! cell are also gradual1 & w take place fa/] z ! curr5t is made great]4 ,:5 all ! lead sulphate has be5 us$ up by ! *emical *anges caus$ by ! curr5t1 no fur!r *>g+ c take place4 ,if we cont9ue to s5d a curr5t ?r\gh ! cell aft] x is fully *>g$1 ! wat] w cont9ue to be split up into hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !re is no m lead sulphate left ) :i* ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 c comb9e to =m lead1 lead p]oxide1 & sulphuric acid1 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 rise to ! surface ( ! electrolyte & escape f ! cell4 ,?is is kn[n z gass+1 & is an indication t ! cell is fully *>g$4 ,relations ,betwe5 ,*emical ,actions & ,electricity4 ,we "k n[ t *emical actions 9 ! batt]y produce electricity & t1 on ! o!r h&1 an electric curr5t1 s5t ?r\gh ! batt]y f an outside s\rce1 su* z a g5]ator1 produces *emical *anges 9 ! batt]y4 ,h[ are *emical *anges & electricity relat$8 ,! v>i\s *emical elem5ts :i* we h 9 a batt]y are suppos$ to c>ry small *>ges ( electricity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ord9>ily neutralize "o ano!r4 ,:5 a cell is dis*>g+1 h[ev]1 ! electrolyte1 wat]1 & active mat]ials are sep>at$ into p>ts c>ry+ negative & positive *>ges1 & ^! *>ges cause :at we call an electric curr5t to fl[ 9 ! app>atus atta*$ to ! batt]y4 ,simil>ly1 :5 a batt]y is *>g$1 ! *>g+ curr5t produces electrical *>ges :i* cause ! sub/ances 9 ! batt]y to unite1 due to ! attraction ( position & negative *>ges = "o ano!r4 ,?is is a brief1 r\gh /atem5t ( ! relations betwe5 *emical reactions & electricity 9 a batt]y4 ,a m ?or\gh /udy ( ! subject w\ld be out ( place 9 ?is book4 ,x is suffici5t = ! repairman to rememb] t ! sub/ances 9 a batt]y c>ry *>ges ( electricity :i* become available z an electric curr5t :5 a batt]y dis*>ges1 & t a *>g+ curr5t causes electric *>ges to =m1 !reby *>g+ ! batt]y4 ,,*apt] #e4 ,,:at ,,takes ,,place ,,dur+ ,,dis*>ge4 ---------------------------------- ,consid]$ *emically1 ! dis*>ge ( a /orage batt]y consi/s ( ! *ang+ ( ! spongy lead & lead p]oxide into lead sulphate1 & ! ab/raction ( ! acid f ! electrolyte4 ,consid]$ electrically1 ! *anges are m complex1 & require fur!r inve/igation4 ,! voltage1 int]nal resi/ance1 rate ( dis*>ge1 capacity1 & o!r features mu/ be consid]$1 & ! effects ( *anges 9 "o ^u ! o!rs mu/ be /udi$4 ,?is proce$+ is simplifi$ consid]ably if we consid] ea* po9t sep>ately4 ,! ab/raction ( ! acid f ! electrolyte gives u a me?od ( det]m9+ ! condition ( *>ge or dis*>ge 9 ! batt]y1 & mu/ also be /udi$4 ,fig4 #ba ,graph3 voltage *anges at end & aft] *>ge ,voltage ,*anges ,dur+ ,dis*>ge4 ,at ! end ( a *>ge1 & be=e op5+ ! *>g+ circuit1 ! voltage ( ea* cell is ab\t #b4e to #b4g volts4 ,z soon z ! *>g+ circuit is op5$1 ! cell voltage drops rapidly to ab\t #b4a volts1 )9 ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,?is is due to ! =mation ( a ?9 lay] ( lead sulphate on ! surface ( ! negative plate & betwe5 ! lead p]oxide & ! metal ( ! positive plate4 ,fig4 #ba %[s h[ ! voltage *anges dur+ ! la/ eight m9utes ( *>ge1 & h[ x drops rapidly z soon z ! *>g+ circuit is op5$4 ,! f9al value ( ! voltage aft] ! *>g+ circuit is op5$ is ab\t #b4ae-b4ah volts4 ,?is is m fully expla9$ 9 ,*apt] #f4 ,if a curr5t is drawn f ! batt]y at ! in/ant ! *>ge is /opp$1 ?is drop is m rapid4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! dis*>ge ! voltage has already _h a rapid drop f ! f9al voltage on *>ge1 due to ! =mation ( sulphate z expla9$ above4 ,:5 a curr5t is be+ drawn f ! batt]y1 ! sudd5 drop is due to ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! cell1 ! =mation ( m sulphate1 & ! ab/ract+ ( ! acid f ! electrolyte :i* fills ! pores ( ! plate4 ,! d5sity ( ?is acid is high j be=e ! dis*>ge is begun4 ,x is dilut$ rapidly at fir/1 b a balanc$ condition is rea*$ betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! acid 9 ! plates & 9 ! ma9 body ( ! electrolyte1 ! acid supply 9 ! plates be+ ma9ta9$ at a l[]$ d5sity by fre% acid fl[+ into !m f ! ma9 body ( electrolyte4 ,aft] ! initial drop1 ! voltage decreases m sl[ly1 ! rate ( decrease dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( curr5t drawn f ! batt]y4 ,! entire process is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #bb ,graph3 voltage *anges dur+ dis*>ge ,lead sulphate is be+ =m$ on ! surfaces1 & 9 ! body ( ! plates4 ,?is sulphate has a high] resi/ance ?an ! lead or lead p]oxide1 & ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! cell rises1 & contributes to ! drop 9 voltage4 ,z ?is sulphate =ms 9 ! body ( ! plates1 ! acid is us$ up4 ,at fir/ ?is acid is easily replac$ f ! ma9 body ( ! electrolyte by diffusion4 ,! acid 9 ! ma9 body ( ! electrolyte is at fir/ comp>atively /rong1 or conc5trat$1 caus+ a fre% supply ( acid to fl[ into ! plates z fa/ z x is us$ up 9 ! plates4 ,?is results 9 ! acid 9 ! electrolyte gr[+ weak]1 & ?is1 9 turn1 leads to a con/ant decrease 9 ! rate at :i* ! fre% acid fl[s1 or diffuses into ! plates4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sulphate1 :i* is m bulky ?an ! lead or lead p]oxide fills ! pores 9 ! plate1 mak+ x m & m difficult = acid to rea* ! int]ior ( ! plate4 ,?is increases ! rate at :i* ! voltage drops4 ,! sulphate has ano!r effect4 ,x =ms a cov] ov] ! active mat]ial :i* has n be5 act$ ^u1 & makes x practically useless1 s9ce ! acid is almo/ unable to p5etrate ! coat+ ( sulphate4 ,we ?us h quantities ( active mat]ial :i* are entirely enclos$ 9 sulphate1 !reby cutt+ d[n ! am\nt ( en]gy :i* c be tak5 f ! batt]y4 ,?us ! =mation ( sulphate ?r\gh\t ea* plate & ! ab/raction ( acid f ! electrolyte cause ! voltage to drop at a con/antly increas+ rate4 ,!oretically1 ! dis*>ge may be cont9u$ until ! voltage drops to z]o1 b practically1 ! dis*>ge %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! voltage ( ea* cell has dropp$ to #a4g 7on l[ dis*>ge rates74 ,if ! dis*>ge is c>ri$ on beyond ?is po9t mu* ( ! spongy lead & lead p]oxide h ei!r be5 *ang$ into lead sulphate1 or h be5 cov]$ up by ! sulphate s effectively t !y are almo/ useless4 ,plates 9 ?is condition require a v long *>ge 9 ord] to remove all ! sulphate4 ,! limit+ value ( #a4g volts p] cell applies to a cont9u\s dis*>ge at a mod]ate rate4 ,at a v high curr5t fl[+ = only a v %ort "t1 x is n only safe1 b advisable to all[ a batt]y to dis*>ge to a l[] voltage1 ! increas$ drop be+ due to ! rapid dilution ( ! acid 9 ! plates4 ,! cell voltage w rise some:at e "t ! dis*>ge is /opp$4 ,?is is due to ! diffusion ( ! acid f ! ma9 body ( electrolyte into ! plates1 result+ 9 an increas$ conc5tration 9 ! plates4 ,if ! dis*>ge has be5 cont9u\s1 especially if at a high rate1 ?is rise 9 voltage w br+ ! cell up to its normal voltage v quickly on acc\nt ( ! m rapid diffusion ( acid :i* w !n take place4 ,! voltage does n dep5d ^u ! area ( ! plate surface b ^u ! nature ( ! active mat]ials & ! electrolyte4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! plates ( a cell are gradually be+ cov]$ ) sulphate1 ! voltage1 measur$ :5 no curr5t is fl[+1 w fall sl[ly & n 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( en]gy tak5 out ( ! cell4 ,x is n until ! plates are pretty ?or\ghly cov]$ ) sulphate1 ?us mak+ x difficult = ! acid to rea* ! active mat]ial1 t ! voltage beg9s to drop rapidly4 ,?is is %[n cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #bb1 :i* %[s t ! cell voltage has dropp$ only a v small am\nt :5 ! cell is #ej dis*>g$4 ,) curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! cell1 h[ev]1 ! increas$ int]nal resi/ance causes a m>k$ drop 9 ! voltage4 ,op5 circuit voltage is n useful1 !re=e to det]m9e h[ mu* en]gy has be5 tak5 f ! batt]y4 ,acid ,d5sity4 ,! electrolyte ( a lead /orage batt]y is a mixture ( *emically pure sulphuric acid1 & *emically pure wat]1 ! acid =m+ ab\t #cj p] c5t ( ! volume ( electrolyte :5 ! batt]y is fully *>g$4 ,! pure acid has a specific gravity ( #a4hce1 t is1 x is #a4hce times z heavy z an equal volume ( wat]4 ,! mixture ( acid & wat] has a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4cjj4 ,z ! cell dis*>ges1 acid is ab/ract$ f ! electrolyte1 & ! weight ( ! latt] mu/ !re=e gr[ less1 s9ce !re w be less acid 9 x4 ,! *ange 9 ! weight1 or specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is ! be/ means ( det]m9+ ! /ate ( dis*>ge ( a cell1 provid$ t ! cell has be5 us$ prop]ly4 ,9 ord] t ! value ( ! specific gravity may be us$ z an indication ( ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 a batt]y1 ! hi/ory ( ! batt]y mu/ be kn[n4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t 9 refill+ ! batt]y to replace ! wat] lo/ by ! natural evaporation :i* occurs 9 ! use ( a batt]y1 acid1 or a mixture ( acid & wat] has be5 us$4 ,?is w result 9 ! specific gravity be+ too high1 & ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 ! batt]y w be less ?an t indicat$ by ! specific gravity4 ,aga91 if pure wat] is us$ to replace electrolyte :i* has be5 spill$1 ! specific gravity w be l[] ?an x %\ld be4 ,9 a batt]y :i* has be5 dis*>g$ to su* an ext5t t mu* ( ! active mat]ial has be5 cov]$ by a lay] ( t\gh sulphate1 or if a consid]able am\nt ( sulphate & active mat]ial has be5 loos5$ f ! plates & has dropp$ to ! bottom ( ! cells1 x w be impossible to br+ ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte up to #a4cjj1 ev5 ?\gh a long *>ge is giv54 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be a reasonable degree ( c]ta9ty t a batt]y has be5 prop]ly h&l$ if ! specific gravity read+s are to be tak5 z a true indication ( ! condition ( a batt]y4 ,:]e a batt]y does n give satisfactory s]vice ev5 ?\gh ! specific gravity read+s are satisfactory1 ! latt] are n reliable z indicat+ ! am\nt ( *>ge 9 ! batt]y4 ,z long z a dis*>ge curr5t is fl[+ f ! batt]y1 ! acid )9 ! plates is us$ up & becomes v mu* dilut$4 ,diffusion betwe5 ! surr\nd+ electrolyte & ! acid 9 ! plates keeps up ! supply ne$$ 9 ! plates 9 ord] to1 c>ry on ! *emical *anges4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge is fir/ begun1 ! diffusion ( acid into ! plates takes place rapidly because !re is little sulphate clogg+ ! pores 9 ! active mat]ial1 & because !re is a great] diff]5ce betwe5 ! conc5tration ( acid 9 ! electrolyte & 9 ! plates ?an w exi/ z ! dis*>ge progresses4 ,z ! sulphate beg9s to =m & fill up ! pores ( ! plates1 & z m & m acid is ab/ract$ f ! electrolyte1 diffusion takes place m sl[ly4 ,if a batt]y is all[$ to /& idle = a %ort "t aft] a p>tial dis*>ge1 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte w decrease because "s1 ( ! acid 9 ! electrolyte w gradually fl[ into ! pores ( ! plates to replace ! acid us$ up :ile ! batt]y 0 dis*>g+4 ,!oretically ! dis*>ge c be cont9u$ until all ! acid has be5 us$ up1 & ! electrolyte is compos$ ( pure wat]4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! dis*>ge ( ! batt]y %\ld n be cont9u$ aft] ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte has fall5 to #a4aej4 ,z f> z ! electrolyte is conc]n$1 ! dis*>ge may be c>ri$ f>!r ) safety4 ,! plates det]m9e ! po9t at :i* ! dis*>ge %\ld be /opp$4 ,:5 ! specific gravity has dropp$ f #a4cjj to #a4aej1 s mu* sulphate has be5 =m$ t x fills ! pores 9 ! active mat]ial on ! plates4 ,fig4 #bc %[s ! *ange 9 ! d5sity ( ! acid dur+ dis*>ge4 ,fig4 #bc3 ,v>iation ( ,capacity ) ,specific ,gravity ,*anges at ! ,negative ,plate4 ,*emically1 ! action at ! negative plate consi/s only ( ! =mation ( lead sulphate f ! spongy lead4 ,! lead sulphate is only slightly soluble 9 ! electrolyte & is precipitat$ z soon z x is =m$1 leav+ hydrog5 ions1 :i* !n g to ! lead p]oxide plate to =m wat] ) oxyg5 ions releas$ at ! p]oxide plate4 ,! sulphate =ms m quickly on ! surface ( ! plate ?an 9 ! inn] portions because !re is a con/ant supply ( acid available at ! surface1 :]eas ! =mation ( sulphate 9 ! int]ior ( ! plate requires t acid diffuse into ! pores ( ! active mat]ials to replace t already us$ up 9 ! =mation ( sulphate4 ,9 ! negative plate1 h[ev]1 ! sulphate t5ds to =m m uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! lead1 because ! spongy lead is m por\s ?an ! lead p]oxide1 & because ! acid is n dilut$ by ! =mation ( wat] z 9 ! positive plate4 ,*anges at ! ,positive ,plate4 ,9 a fully *>g$ positive plate we h lead p]oxide z ! active mat]ial4 ,?is is compos$ ( lead & oxyg54 ,f ?is fact x is pla9ly evid5t t dur+ dis*>ge !re is a great] *emical activity at ?is plate ?an at ! negative plate1 s9ce we mu/ f9d some?+ to comb9e ) ! oxyg5 9 ord] t ! lead may =m lead sulphate ) ! acid4 ,9 an ideal cell1 !re=e1 ! mat]ial :i* und]goes ! great] *ange %\ld be m por\s ?an ! mat]ial :i* does n involve z great a *emical reaction4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! p]oxide is n z por\s z ! spongy lead1 & does n hold toge!r z well4 ,! f9al products ( ! dis*>ge ( a positive plate are lead sulphate & wat]4 ,! lead p]oxide mu/ fir/ be r$uc$ to lead1 :i* !n comb9es ) ! sulphate f ! acid to =m lead sulphate1 :ile ! oxyg5 f ! p]oxide comb9es ) ! hydrog5 ( ! acid to =m wat]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a great] activity at ?is plate ?an at ! lead plate1 & ! =mation ( ! wat] dilutes ! acid 9 & ar\nd ! plate s t ! t5d5cy is = ! *emical actions to be ret>d$4 ,! sulphate :i* =ms on dis*>ge causes ! active mat]ial to bulge out because x occupies m space ?an ! p]oxide4 ,?is causes ! lead p]oxide at ! surface to beg9 fall+1 to ! bottom ( ! j> 9 f9e du/-l p>ticles1 s9ce ! p]oxide "h holds toge!r v poorly4 ,,*apt] #f4 ,,:at ,,takes ,,place ,,dur+ ,,*>ge4 ------------------------------- ,voltage4 ,/>t+ ) a batt]y :i* has be5 dis*>g$ until its voltage has decreas$ to #a4g p] cell1 we pass a curr5t ?r\gh x & cause ! voltage to rise /eadily4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! *anges 9 voltage dur+ *>ge4 ,ord9>ily ! voltage beg9s to rise imm$iately & uni=mly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! batt]y has be5 left 9 a dis*>g$ condition = "s "t1 or has be5 ov] dis*>g$1 ! voltage rises v rapidly = a fraction ( ! fir/ m9ute ( *>ge & !n drops rapidly to ! normal value & !reaft] beg9s to rise /eadily to ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,?is rise at ! beg9n+ ( ! *>ge is due to ! fact t ! d5sity ( ! acid 9 ! pores ( ! plates rises rapidly at fir/1 ! acid ?us =m$ be+ prev5t$ f diffus+ into ! surr\nd+ electrolyte by ! coat+ ( sulphate4 ,z soon z ?is sulphate is brok5 ?r\gh1 diffusion takes place & ! voltage drops4 ,fig4 #bd ,graph3 voltage *anges dur+ *>ge ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! voltage rema9s almo/ con/ant betwe5 ! po9ts ,m & ,n4 ,at ,n ! voltage beg9s to rise because ! *>g+ *emical reactions are tak+ place f>!r & f>!r 9 ! inside p>ts ( ! plate1 & ! conc5trat$ acid =m$ by ! *emical actions 9 ! plates is diffus+ into ! ma9 electrolyte4 ,?is increases ! batt]y voltage & requires a high] *>g+ voltage4 ,at ! po9t m>k$ #j1 ! voltage beg9s to rise v rapidly4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! am\nt ( lead sulphate 9 ! plates is decreas+ v rapidly1 all[+ ! batt]y voltage to rise & ?us increas+ ! *>g+ voltage4 ,bubbles ( gas are n[ ris+ ?r\gh ! electrolyte4 ,at ,p1 ! la/ portions ( lead sulphate are remov$1 acid is no long] be+ =m$1 & hydrog5 & oxyg5 gas are =m$ rapidly4 ,! gas =ces ! la/ ( ! conc5trat$ acid out ( ! plates & 9 fact1 equalizes ! acid conc5tration ?r\gh\t ! :ole cell4 ,?us no fur!r *anges c take place1 & ! voltage becomes con/ant at ,r at a voltage ( #b4e to #b4g4 ,d5sity ( ,electrolyte4 ,dis*>ge %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte1 z measur$ ) a hydromet]1 is #a4aej4 ,:5 we pass a *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y1 acid is produc$ by ! *emical actions :i* take place 9 ! plates4 ,?is gradually diffuses ) ! ma9 electrolyte & causes ! hydromet] to %[ a high] d5sity ?an be=e4 ,?is increase 9 d5sity cont9ues /eadily until ! batt]y beg9s to gas freely4 ,! progress ( ! *>ge is g5]ally det]m9$ by ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte4 ,= ?is purpose 9 automobile batt]ies1 a hydromet] is plac$ 9 a glass syr+e hav+ a %ort l5g? ( rubb] tub+ at "o end1 & a l>ge rubb] bulb at ! o!r4 ,! rubb] tube is ins]t$ 9 ! cell & en\gh electrolyte drawn up into ! syr+e to float ! hydromet] s z to be able to obta9 a read+4 ,?is subject w be treat$ m fully 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,*anges at ,negative ,plate4 ,! *>g+ curr5t *anges lead sulphate into spongy lead1 & acid is =m$4 ,! acid is mix$ ) ! dilut$ electrolyte outside ( ! plates4 ,z ! *>g+ proce$s ! active mat]ial %r9ks or contracts1 & ! weight ( ! plate actually decreases on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight & volume ( ! lead sulphate & spongy lead4 ,if ! cell has _h only a normal dis*>ge & ! *>ge is begun soon aft] ! dis*>ge end$1 ! *>ge w proce$ quickly & )\t an excessive rise 9 temp]ature4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cell has be5 dis*>g$ too f>1 or has be5 9 a dis*>g$ condition = "s "t1 ! lead sulphate w n be 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate z x %\ld be1 b w be h>d & t\gh & w h =m$ an insulat+ coat+ ov] ! active mat]ial1 caus+ ! *>g+ voltage to be high1 & ! *>ge w proce$ sl[ly4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! lead sulphate has be5 r$uc$ to spongy lead1 ! *>g+ curr5t w be great] ?an is ne$$ to c>ry on ! *emical actions1 & w simply decompose ! wat] into hydrog5 & oxyg51 & ! cell gasses4 ,spongy lead is r t\gh & coh]5t1 x1 & ! bubbles ( gas :i* =m 9 ! pores ( ! negative plate ne> ! end ( ! *>ge =ce _! way to ! surface )\t dislodg+ any ( ! active mat]ial4 ,*anges at ! ,positive ,plate4 ,:5 a cell has be5 dis*>g$1 a portion ( ! lead p]oxide has be5 *ang$ to lead sulphate1 :i* has lodg$ 9 ! pores ( ! active mat]ial & on its surface4 ,dur+ *>ge1 ! lead comb9es ) oxyg5 f ! wat] to =m lead p]oxide1 & acid is =m$4 ,?is acid diffuses into ! electrolyte z fa/ z ! am\nt ( sulphate w p]mit4 ,if ! dis*>ge has be5 c>ri$ s f> t a consid]able am\nt ( sulphate has =m$ 9 ! pores & on ! surface ( ! plate1 ! action proce$s v sl[ly1 & unless a mod]ate *>g+ curr5t is us$1 gass+ beg9s be=e ! *>ge is complete1 simply because ! sulphate _c absorb ! curr5t4 ,! gas bubbles :i* orig9ate 9 ! int]ior ( ! plate =ce _! way to ! surface1 & 9 s do+ cause num]\s f9e p>ticles ( active mat]ial to break (f & fall to ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,?is happ5s because ! lead p]oxide is a granul>1 non-coh]5t sub/ance1 ) ! p>ticles held toge!r v loosely1 & ! gas breaks (f a consid]able am\nt ( active mat]ial4 ,,*apt] #g4 ,,capacity ,,( ,,/orage ,,batt]ies4 ------------------------------ ,! capacity ( a /orage batt]y is ! product ( ! curr5t drawn f a batt]y1 multipli$ by ! numb] ( h\rs ?is curr5t fl[s4 ,! unit 9 :i* capacity is measur$ is ! amp]e-h\r4 ,!oretically1 a batt]y has a capacity ( #dj amp]e h\rs if x furni%es t5 amp]es = f\r h\rs1 & if x is unable1 at ! end ( t "t1 to furni% any m curr5t4 ,if we drew only five amp]es f ?is batt]y1 x %\ld be able to furni% ?is curr5t = eight h\rs4 ,?us1 !oretically1 ! capacity ( a batt]y %\ld be ! same1 no matt] :at curr5t is tak5 f x4 ,t is1 ! curr5t 9 amp]es1 multipli$ by ! numb] ( h\rs ! batt]y1 furni%$ ?is curr5t %\ld be con/ant4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 we d n dis*>ge a batt]y to a l[] voltage ?an #a4g p] cell1 except :5 ! rate ( dis*>ge is high1 su* z is ! case :5 us+ ! />t+ motor1 on acc\nt ( ! increas+ am\nt ( sulphate & ! difficulty ) :i* ?is is subsequ5tly remov$ & *ang$ into lead & lead p]oxide4 ,! capacity ( a /orage batt]y is !re=e measur$ by ! numb] ( amp]e h\rs x c furni% be=e its voltage drops bel[ #a4g p] cell4 ,?is def9ition assumes t ! dis*>ge is a cont9u\s "o1 t we />t ) a fully *>g$ batt]y & dis*>ge x cont9u\sly until its voltage drops to #a4g p] cell4 ,! factors ^u :i* ! capacity ( /orage batt]ies dep5d may be gr\p$ 9 two ma9 classifications3 #a4 ,design & ,con/ruction ( ,batt]y #b4 ,conditions ( ,op]ation ,design & ,con/ruction4 ,ea* classification may be subdivid$4 ,"u ! ,design & ,con/ruction we h3 7a7 ,area ( plate surface4 7b7 ,quantity1 arrangem5t1 & porosity ( active mat]ials4 7c7 ,quantity & /r5g? ( electrolyte4 7d7 ,circulation ( electrolyte4 ,^! sub-classifications require fur!r explanation4 ,tak+ !m 9 ord]3 7a7 ,area ( ,plate ,surface4 ,x is evid5t t ! *emical & electrical activity ( a batt]y are greate/ at ! surface ( ! plates s9ce ! acid & active mat]ial are 9 intimate contact "h1 & a supply ( fre% acid is m readily available to replace t :i* is deplet$ z ! batt]y is dis*>g$4 ,?is is especially true ) high rates ( dis*>ge1 su* z are caus$ 9 />t+ automobile eng9es4 ,!re=e1 ! capacity ( a batt]y w be great] if ! surface area ( its plates is increas$4 ,) l>ge plate areas a great] am\nt ( acid & active mat]ials is available1 & an increase 9 capacity results4 7b7 ,quantity1 ,arrangem5t1 & ,porosity ( ,active ,mat]ials4 ,s9ce ! lead & lead p]oxide are *ang$ to lead sulphate on dis*>ge1 x is evid5t t ! great] ! am\nt ( ^! mat]ials1 ! long] c ! dis*>ge cont9ue1 & h5ce ! great] ! capacity4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! active mat]ials is also important1 s9ce ! acid & active mat]ials mu/ be 9 contact 9 ord] to produce electricity4 ,consequ5tly ! capacity w be great] 9 a batt]y1 all ( ^: active mat]ials are 9 contact ) ! acid1 ?an 9 "o 9 :i* ! acid rea*es only a portion ( ! active mat]ials4 ,x is also important t all p>ts ( ! plates c>ry ! same am\nt ( curr5t1 9 ord] t ! active mat]ials may be us$ ev5ly4 ,z a result ( ^! consid]ations1 we f9d t ! active mat]ials are support$ on grids ( lead1 t ! plates are made ?91 & t !y h l>ge surface areas4 ,= heavy dis*>ge curr5ts1 su* z />t+ motor curr5ts1 x is ess5tial t !re be l>ge surface areas4 ,?ick plates ) small] surface areas are m suitable = l[ dis*>ge rates4 ,s9ce ! inn] portions ( ! active mat]ials mu/ h a pl5tiful & an easily r5ewable supply ( acid1 ! active mat]ials mu/ be por\s 9 ord] t diffusion may be easy & rapid4 7c7 ,quantity & ,/r5g? ( ,electrolyte4 ,x is important t !re be en\gh electrolyte 9 ord] t ! acid may n become exhau/$ :ile !re is /ill consid]able active mat]ial left4 ,an insuffici5t supply ( electrolyte makes x impossible to obta9 ! full capacity f a batt]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too mu* electrolyte1 due ei!r to fill+ ! batt]y too full1 or to hav+ ! plates 9 a j> t holds too mu* electrolyte1 results 9 an increase 9 capacity up to ! limit ( ! plate capacity4 ,!re is a dang] pres5t1 h[ev]1 because ) an excess ( electrolyte ! plates w be dis*>g$ be=e ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte falls to #a4aej4 ,?is results 9 ov] dis*>ge ( ! batt]y ) its att5dant tr\bles z w be describ$ m fully 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,x is a univ]sal cu/om to consid] a batt]y dis*>g$ :5 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte has dropp$ to #a4aej1 & t x is fully *>g$ :5 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte has ris5 to #a4bhj-a4cjj4 ,?is is true 9 temp]ate climates4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 :i* may = ?is purpose be def9$ z ^? c\ntries 9 :i* ! temp]ature nev] falls bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 ! gravity ( a fully *>g$ cell is #a4bjj to #a4bcj4 ,! condition ( ! plates is1 h[ev]1 ! true indicator ( *>g$ or dis*>g$ condition4 ,) ! correct am\nt ( electrolyte1 its specific gravity is #a4aej :5 ! plates h be5 dis*>g$ z f> z x is consid]$ safe1 & is #a4bhj-a4cjj :5 ! plates are fully *>g$4 ,:5 electrolyte is !re=e p\r$ into a batt]y1 x is ess5tial t x conta9s ! prop] proportion ( acid & wat] 9 ord] t its specific gravity read+s be a true indicator ( ! condition ( ! plates z to *>ge or dis*>ge1 & h5ce %[ accurately h[ mu* en]gy rema9s 9 ! cell at any "t4 ,a "q :i* may be consid]$ at ?is po9t is :y 9 automobile1 "w a specific gravity ( #a4bhj-a4cjj is adopt$ = ! electrolyte ( a fully *>g$ cell4 ,!re are sev]al reasons4 ,! voltage ( a batt]y increases z ! specific gravity goes up4 ,h5ce1 ) a high] d5sity1 a high] voltage c be obta9$4 ,if ! d5sity 7 increas$ beyond ?is po9t1 ! acid w\ld attack ! lead grids & ! sep>ators1 & consid]able corrosion w\ld result4 ,ano!r dang] ( high d5sity is t ( sulphation1 z expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,ano!r factor :i* ent]s is ! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte4 ,x is desirable t ?is be z l[ z possible4 ,if we %\ld make resi/ance measurem5ts on v>i\s mixtures ( acid & wat]1 we %\ld f9d t ) a small p]c5tage ( acid1 ! resi/ance is high4 ,z ! am\nt ( acid is increas$1 ! resi/ance w gr[ less up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 ! resi/ance w increase aga9 z m acid is add$ to ! mixture4 ,! resi/ance is l[e/ :5 ! acid =ms #cj ( ! electrolyte4 ,?us1 if ! electrolyte is made too /rong1 ! plates & also ! sep>ators w be attack$ by ! acid1 & ! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte w also increase4 ,! voltage increases z ! proportion ( acid is increas$1 b ! o!r factors limit ! conc5tration4 ,if ! electrolyte is dilut$1 its resi/ance rises1 & ! am\nt ( acid is insuffici5t to give mu* capacity4 ,! d5sity ( #a4bhj-a4cjj is !re=e a compromise betwe5 ! v>i\s factors m5tion$ above4 7d7 ,circulation ( ,electrolyte4 ,?is ref]s to ! pass+ ( electrolyte f "o plate to ano!r1 & dep5ds ^u ! ease ) :i* ! acid c pass ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sep>ators4 ,a por\s sep>ator all[s m en]gy to be drawn f ! batt]y ?an a nonpor\s "o4 ,op]at+ ,conditions4 ,consid]+ n[ ! op]at+ conditions1 we f9d sev]al items to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! mo/ important are3 7e7 ,rate ( dis*>ge4 7f7 ,temp]ature4 7e7 ,rate ( ,dis*>ge4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ! amp]e h\r rat+ ( a batt]y is bas$ ^u a cont9u\s dis*>ge1 />t+ ) a specific gravity ( #a4bhj-a4cjj1 & f9i%+ ) #a4aej4 ,! end ( ! dis*>ge is also consid]$ to be rea*$ :5 ! voltage p] cell has dropp$ to #a4g4 ,) mod]ate rates ( dis*>ge ! acid is ab/ract$ sl[ly en\gh to p]mit ! acid f outside ! plates to diffuse into ! pores ( ! plates & keep up ! supply ne$$ = ! *emical actions4 ,) increas$ rates ( dis*>ge ! supply ( acid is us$ up s rapidly t ! diffusion is n fa/ en\gh to hold up ! voltage4 ,?is fact is %[n cle>ly by te/s made to det]m9e ! "t requir$ to dis*>ge a #ajj ,amp4 ,hr41 #f volt batt]y to #d4e volts4 ,) a dis*>ge rate ( #be amp]es1 x requir$ #afj m9utes4 ,) a dis*>ge rate ( #ge amp]es1 x requir$ #cd m9utes4 ,f ?is we see t mak+ ! dis*>ge rate ?ree times z great caus$ ! batt]y to be dis*>g$ 9 "o fif? ! "t4 ,^! dis*>ges 7 cont9u\s1 h[ev]1 & if ! batt]y 7 all[$ to re/1 ! voltage w\ld soon rise suffici5tly1 to burn ! lamps = a numb] ( h\rs4 ,! conditions ( op]ation 9 automobile "w are usually consid]$ sev]e4 ,9 />t+ ! eng9e1 a heavy curr5t is drawn f ! batt]y = a few seconds4 ,! g5]ator />ts *>g+ ! batt]y imm$iately aft]w>d1 & ! />t+ en]gy is soon replac$4 ,z long z ! eng9e runs1 !re is no load on ! batt]y1 z ! g5]ator w furni% ! curr5t = ! lamps1 & also s5d a *>ge into ! batt]y4 ,if ! lamps are n us$1 ! entire g5]ator output is utiliz$ to *>ge ! batt]y1 unless "s curr5t is furni%$ to ! ignition sy/em4 ,ov]*>ge is q possible4 ,:5 ! eng9e is n runn+1 ! lamps are ! only load on ! batt]y1 & !re is no *>g+ curr5t4 ,v>i\s driv]s h v>i\s driv+ conditions4 ,"s use _! />t]s frequ5tly1 & make only %ort runs4 ,_! batt]ies run d[n4 ,o!r m5 use ! />t] v seldom1 & take long t\rs4 ,_! batt]ies w be ov]*>g$4 ,! be/ ?+ t c be done is to set ! g5]ator = an output t w keep ! batt]y *>g$ "u av]age conditions4 ,f ! results ( actual te/s1 x may be said t modem lead-acid batt]ies are n injur$ 9 any way by ! high dis*>ge rate us$ :5 a />t+ motor cranks ! eng9e4 ,x is ! rapidity ) :i* fre% acid takes ! place ( t us$ 9 ! pores ( ! active mat]ials t affects ! capacity ( a batt]y at high rates1 & n only limitation 9 ! plates !mselves4 ,l[ rates ( dis*>ge %\ld1 9 fact1 be avoid$ m ?an ! high rates4 ,batt]y capacity is affect$ by dis*>ge rates1 only :5 ! dis*>ge is cont9u\s1 & ! r$uction 9 capacity caus$ by ! high rates ( cont9u\s dis*>ge does n occur if ! dis*>ge is an int]mitt5t "o1 su* z is actually ! case 9 automobile "w4 ,! t5d5cy n[ is to design batt]ies to give _! rat$ capacity 9 v %ort dis*>ge p]iods4 ,if conditions %\ld dem& x1 ^! batt]ies w\ld be sold to give _! rat$ capacity :ile op]at+ int]mitt5tly at a rate :i* w\ld completely dis*>ge !m 9 ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,! only *ange necess>y = su* high rates ( dis*>ge is to provide extra heavy t]m9als to c>ry ! heavy curr5t4 ,! pres5t /&>d me?od ( rat+ />t+ & light+ batt]ies1 z recomm5d$ by ! ,society ( ,automotive ,eng9e]s1 is z foll[s3 ,batt]ies = comb9$ light+ & />t+ s]vice %all h two rat+s4 ,! fir/ %all indicate ! light+ ability1 & %all be ! capacity 9 amp]e h\rs ( ! batt]y :5 dis*>g$ cont9u\sly at ! #e h\r rate to a f9al voltage ( n less ?an #a4g p] cell1 ! temp]ature ( ! batt]y beg9n+ su* dis*>ge be+ #hj;,f4 ,! second rat+ %all indicate ! />t+ ability & %all be ! capacity 9 amp]e-h\rs :5 ! batt]y is dis*>g$ cont9u\sly at ! #bj-m9ute rate to a f9al voltage ( n less ?an #a4e p] cell1 ! temp]ature ( ! batt]y beg9n+ su* dis*>ge be+ #hj;,f4 ,! dis*>ge rate requir$ "u ! av]age />t+ conditions is high] ?an t specifi$ above1 & w\ld cause ! requir$ drop 9 voltage 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 an eng9e is cold & /iff1 ! "w requir$ f ! batt]y is ev5 m sev]e1 ! dis*>ge rate be+ equival5t 9 amp]es to probably f\r or five times ! amp]e-rat+ ( ! batt]y4 ,on acc\nt ( ! rapid recov]y ( a batt]y aft] a dis*>ge at a v high rate1 x seems advisable to all[ a batt]y to dis*>ge to a voltage ( #a4j p] cell :5 crank+ an eng9e :i* is extremely cold & /iff4 7f7 ,temp]ature4 ,*emical reactions take place mu* m readily at high temp]atures ?an at l[4 ,fur!rmore1 ! active mat]ials are m por\s1 ! electrolyte light]1 & ! int]nal resi/ance less at high] temp]atures4 ,oppos$ to ?is is ! fact t at high temp]atures1 ! acid attacks ! grids & active mat]ials1 & lead sulphate is =m$1 ev5 ?\gh no curr5t is tak5 f ! batt]y4 ,o!r injuri\s effects are ! de/ructive actions ( hot acid on ! wood5 sep>ators us$ 9 mo/ />t+ & light+ batt]ies4 ,great] expansion ( active mat]ial w also occur1 & ?is expansion is n1 9 g5]al1 uni=m ov] ! surface ( ! plates4 ,?is results 9 unequal /ra9s & ! plates are b5t out ( %ape1 or buckl$4 ,! expansion ( ! active mat]ial w also cause mu* ( x to fall f ! plates1 & we !n h %$d+4 ,fig4 #be ,graph3 ,!oretical temp]ature *anges dur+ *>ge & dis*>ge ,:5 sulphuric acid is p\r$ into wat]1 a m>k$ temp]ature rise takes place4 ,:5 a batt]y is *>g$1 acid is =m$1 & :5 ?is mixes ) ! dilut$ electrolyte1 a temp]ature rise occurs4 ,9 dis*>g+1 acid is tak5 f ! electrolyte1 & ! temp]ature has a t5d5cy to drop4 ,on *>g+1 !re=e1 !re is dang] ( ov]heat+1 :ile on dis*>ge1 excessive temp]atures are n likely4 ,fig4 #be %[s ! !oretical temp]ature *anges on *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,! decrease 9 temp]ature giv5-9 ! curve is n actually obta9$ 9 practice1 because ! t5d5cy ( ! temp]ature to decrease is balanc$ by ! heat caus$ by ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,age ( ,batt]y4 ,ano!r factor :i* %\ld be consid]$ 9 connection ) capacity is ! age ( ! batt]y4 ,new batt]ies (t5 d n give _! rat$ capacity :5 receiv$ f ! manufactur]4 ,?is is due to ! me?ods ( mak+ ! plates4 ,! pa/e plates1 su* z are us$ 9 automobiles1 are made by apply+ oxides ( lead1 mix$ ) a liquid1 :i* g5]ally is dilute sulphuric acid1 to ! grids4 ,^! oxides mu/ be subject$ to a *>g+ curr5t 9 ord] to produce ! spongy lead & lead p]oxide4 ,aft] ! *>ge1 !y mu/ be dis*>g$1 & !n aga9 *>g$4 ,?is is necess>y because n all ( ! oxides are *ang$ to active mat]ial on "o *>ge1 & repeat$ *>ges & dis*>ges are requir$ to produce ! maximum am\nt ( active mat]ials4 ,"s manufactur]s d n *>ge & dis*>ge a batt]y a suffici5t numb] ( times be=e s5d+ x out1 & aft] a batt]y is put into use1 its capacity w increase = "s "t1 because m active mat]ial is produc$ dur+ ea* *>ge4 ,ano!r factor :i* increases ! capacity ( a batt]y aft] x is put into use is ! t5d5cy ( ! positive active mat]ial to become m por\s aft] ! batt]y is put ?r\gh ! cycles ( *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,?is results 9 an increase 9 capacity = a consid]able "t aft] ! batt]y is put into use4 ,:51 a batt]y has be5 9 use = "s "t1 a consid]able portion ( ! active mat]ial w h fall5 f ! positive plates1 &1 a decrease 9 capacity w result4 ,su* a batt]y w *>ge fa/] ?an a new "o because ! am\nt ( sulphate :i* has =m$ :5 ! batt]y is dis*>g$ is less ?an 9 a new] batt]y4 ,h5ce1 ! "t requir$ to r$uce ?is sulphate w be less1 & ! batt]y w come up fa/] on *>ge1 al?\gh ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte may n rise to #a4bhj4 ,,*apt] #h4 ,,int]nal ,,resi/ance4 -------------------- ,! resi/ance (f]$ by a /orage batt]y to ! fl[ ( a curr5t ?r\gh x results 9 a loss ( voltage1 & 9 heat+4 ,its value %\ld be z l[ z possible1 &1 9 fact1 x is almo/ negligible ev5 ,i 9 small batt]ies1 seldom ris+ above #j4je ohm4 ,on *>ge1 x causes ! *>g+ voltage to be high] & on dis*>ge causes a loss ( voltage4 ,fig4 #bf %[s ! v>iation 9 resi/ance4 ,fig4 #bf ,graph3 ,*anges 9 int]nal resi/ance dur+ *>ge & dis*>ge ,! resi/ance z measur$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ( a cell is made up ( sev]al factors z foll[s3 #a4 ,grids4 ,?is includes ! resi/ance ( ! t]m9als1 connect+ l9ks1 & ! framework ^u :i* ! active mat]ials are pa/$4 ,?is is b a small "p ( ! total resi/ance1 & does n und]go any consid]able *ange dur+ *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,x increases slightly z ! temp]ature ( ! grids rises4 #b4 ,electrolyte4 ,?is ref]s to ! electrolyte betwe5 ! plates1 & v>ies ) ! am\nt ( acid & ) temp]ature4 ,z m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 a mixture ( acid & wat] 9 :i* ! acid composes ?irty p] c5t ( ! electrolyte has ! m9imum resi/ance4 ,dilut+ or increas+ ! conc5tration ( ! electrolyte w bo? cause an increase 9 resi/ance f ! m9imum ,i value4 ,! explanation probably lies 9 ! degree to :i* ! acid is split up into ions ( hydrog5 7,h71 & sulphate 7,,s#d74 ,^! ions c>ry ! curr5t ?r\gh t he electrolyte4 ,/>t+ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid1 let u see h[ ! ionization progresses4 ,) v conc5trat$ acid1 ionization does n take place1 & h5ce1 !re are no ions to c>ry curr5t4 ,z we mix ! acid ) wat]1 ionization occurs4 ,! m wat] us$1 ! m ions1 & h5ce1 ! less ! resi/ance1 because ! numb] ( ions available to c>ry ! curr5t increases4 ,! ionization 9 creases to a c]ta9 maximum degree1 beyond :i* no m ions are =m$4 ,x is probable t an electrolyte conta9+ ?irty p] c5t ( acid is at its maximum degree ( ionization & h5ce its l[e/ resi/ance4 ,if m wat] is n[ add$1 no m ions are =m$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! numb] ( ions p] unit volume ( electrolyte w n[ decrease on acc\nt ( ! increas$ am\nt ( wat]4 ,!re ,w !re=e be few] ions p] unit volume to c>ry ! curr5t1 & ! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte increases4 ,) an electrolyte ( a giv5 conc5tration1 an increase ( temp]ature w cause a decrease 9 resi/ance4 ,a decrease 9 temp]ature w1 ( c\rse1 cause an increase 9 resi/ance4 ,x is true1 9 g5]al1 t ! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte is ab\t half ( ! total resi/ance ( ! cell4 ,! losses due to ?is resi/ance g5]ally =m only "o p] c5t ( ! total losses1 & area practically negligible factor4 #c4 ,active ,mat]ial4 ,?is includes ! resi/ance ( ! active mat]ials & ! electrolyte 9 ! pores ( ! active mat]ials4 ,?is v>ies consid]ably dur+ *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! resi/ance ( ! p]oxide plate *anges mu* m ?an t ( ! lead plate4 ,! *ange 9 resi/ance ( ! positive plate is especially m>k$ ne> ! end ( a dis*>ge4 ,! composition ( ! active mat]ial1 & ! contact betwe5 x & ! grid affect ! resi/ance consid]ably4 ,dur+ *>ge1 ! curr5t is s5t into ! cell f an ext]nal s\rce4 ,! girds !re=e c>ry mo/ ( ! curr5t4 ,! active mat]ial :i* fir/ reacts ) ! acid is t ne> ! surface ( ! plate1 & ! acid =m$ by ! *>g+ curr5t mixes readily ) ! ma9 body ( electrolyte4 ,gradually1 ! *>g+ action takes place 9 ! inn] portions ( ! plate1 & conc5trat$ acid is =m$ 9 ! pores ( ! plate4 ,z ! sulphate is remov$1 h[ev]1 ! acid has little difficulty 9 mix+ ) ! ma9 body ( electrolyte4 ,! *ange 9 resi/ance on ! *>ge is !re=e n consid]able4 ,dur+ dis*>ge1 ! *emical action also beg9s at ! surface ( ! plates & gradually moves inw>d4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 sulphate is =m$ on ! surface fir/1 & x becomes increas+ly difficult = ! fre% acid f ! electrolyte to diffuse into ! plates s z to replace ! acid :i* has be5 greatly dilut$ !re by ! dis*>ge actions4 ,!re is !re=e an increase 9 resi/ance because ( ! dilution ( ! acid at ! po9t ( activity4 ,unless a cell is dis*>g$ too f>1 h[ev]1 ! increase 9 resi/ance is small4 ,if a batt]y is all[$ to /& idle = a long "t x gradually dis*>ges itself1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] #aj4 ,?is is due to ! =mation ( a t\gh coat+ ( cry/alliz$ lead sulphate1 :i* is practically an insulator4 ,^! cry/als gradually cov] & enclose ! active mat]ial4 ,! p]c5tage *ange is n high1 & g5]ally am\nts to a few p] c5t only4 ,! *ief damage caus$ by ! excessive sulphation is !re=e n an increase 9 resi/ance1 b consi/s *iefly ( mak+ a poor contact betwe5 active mat]ial & grid1 & ( remov+ mu* ( ! active mat]ial f action by cov]+ x4 ,,*apt] #i4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,batt]y ,,on ,,! ,,c>4 ------------------------------- ,! manufactur]s ( ,/>t+ & ,light+ ,equipm5t h design$ _! g5]ators1 cut\ts1 & curr5t controll+ devices s z to relieve ! c> own] ( z mu* "w z possible 9 tak+ c>e ( batt]ies4 ,! g5]ators on mo/ c>s are automatically connect$ to ! batt]y at ! prop] "t1 & also disconnect$ f x z ! eng9e sl[s d[n4 ,! am\nt ( curr5t :i* ! g5]ator deliv]s to ! batt]y is automatically prev5t$ f exce$+ a c]ta9 maximum value4 ,"u ! av]age conditions ( driv+1 a batt]y is kept 9 a good condition4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to elim9ate entirely ! ne$ ( att5tion on ! "p ( ! c> own]1 & batt]y repairman4 ,! /orage batt]y requires b little att5tion1 & ?is is ! v reason :y _m batt]ies are neglect$4 ,motori/s (t5 h ! impression t because _! "w 9 c>+ = a batt]y is q simple1 no h>m w result if !y give ! batt]y no att5tion :atev]4 ,if ! batt]y fails to turn ov] ! eng9e :5 ! />t+ swit* is clos$1 !n in/ruction books are /udi$4 ,!reaft] m att5tion is paid to ! batt]y4 ,! rules to be obs]v$ 9 tak+ c>e ( ! batt]y :i* is 9 s]vice on ! c> are n difficult to obs]ve4 ,x is :ile on ! c> t a batt]y is damag$1 & ! damage may be prev5t$ by intellig5t consid]ation ( ! batt]y's h\s+ & liv+ conditions1 j z ^! conditions are made z good z possible = human be+s4 #a4 ,keep ! ,int]ior ( ! ,batt]y ,box ,clean & ,dry4 ,on _m c>s ! batt]y is conta9$ 9 an iron box1 or "u ! seat or floorbo>ds4 ,?is box mu/ be kept dry1 & frequ5t inspection is necess>y to accompli% ?is4 ,moi/ure cond5ses easily 9 a metal box1 & if n remov$ w cause ! box to become ru/y4 ,pieces ( ru/ may fall on top ( ! batt]y & cause corrosion & leakage ( curr5t betwe5 t]m9als4 ,occasionally1 wa% ! inside ( ! box ) a rag dipp$ 9 ammonia1 or a solution ( bak+ soda1 & !n wipe x dry4 ,a good plan is to pa9t ! inside ( ! box ) asphaltum pa9t4 ,?is w prev5t ru/+1 & at ! same "t w prev5t ! iron f be+ attack$ by electrolyte :i* may be spill$1 or may leak f ! batt]y4 ,"s batt]ies are susp5d$ f ! c> frame "u ! floor bo>ds or seat4 ,! iron p>ts ne> su* batt]ies %\ld be kept dry & free f ru/4 ,if ! batt]y has a ro( ( %eet iron plac$ above x1 ?is ro( %\ld also be kept clean1 dry & coat$ ) asphaltum pa9t4 ,fig4 #bg ,d n drop tools on top ( batt]y #b4 ,put ,no?+ ,b ! ,batt]y 9 ! ,batt]y ,box4 ,if ! batt]y is conta9$ 9 an iron box1 d n put rags1 tools1 or any?+ else ( a simil> nature 9 ! batt]y box4 ,d n lay pli]s across ! top ( ! batt]y1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,su* ?+s belong else:]e4 ,! batt]y %\ld h a free air space all ar\nd x1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,objects made ( metal w %ort-circuit ! batt]y & lead to a repair bill4 #c4 ,keep ! batt]y clean & dry4 ,! top ( ! batt]y %\ld be kept free ( dirt1 du/1 & moi/ure4 ,dirt may f9d its way into ! cells & damage ! batt]y4 ,a dirty look+ batt]y is an unsightly object1 & cleanl9ess %\ld be ma9ta9$ = ! sake ( ! appe>ance ( ! batt]y if = no o!r reason4 ,moi/ure on top ( ! batt]y causes a leakage ( curr5t betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! cells & t5ds to dis*>ge ! batt]y4 ,wipe (f all moi/ure & occasionally g ov] ! tops ( ! cell connectors1 & t]m9als ) a rag wet ) ammonia or a solution ( bak+ soda4 ,?is w neutralize any acid :i* may be pres5t 9 ! moi/ure4 ,! t]m9als %\ld be dri$ & cov]$ ) vasel9e4 ,?is protects !m f be+ attack$ by acid :i* may be spill$ on top ( ! batt]y4 ,if a deposit ( a grayi% or gre5i% sub/ance is f\nd on ! batt]y t]m9als1 h&les or cell connectors1 ! excess %\ld be scrap$ (f & ! p>ts %\ld !n be wa%$ ) a hot solution ( bak+ soda 7bic>bonate ( soda7 until all traces ( ! sub/ance h be5 remov$4 ,9 scrap+ (f ! deposit1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to scrape (f any lead f t]m9als or connectors4 ,aft] wa%+ ! p>ts1 dry !m & cov] !m ) vasel9e4 ,! grayi% or gre5i% sub/ance f\nd on ! t]m9als1 connectors1 or h&les is ! result ( corrosion1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! result ( ! action ( ! sulphuric acid 9 ! electrolyte ^u "s metallic sub/ance4 ,fig4 #bh ,batt]y in/all$ ) air space on all sides ,! acid :i* causes ! corrosion may be spill$ on ! batt]y :5 hydromet] read+s are tak54 ,x may also be ! result ( fill+ ! cells too full1 ) subsequ5t expansion & ov]fl[+ z ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte increases dur+ *>ge4 ,loose v5t caps may all[ electrolyte to be ?r[n out ( ! cell by ! motion ( ! c> on ! road4 ,a poorly seal$ batt]y all[s electrolyte to be ?r[n out ?r\gh ! cracks left betwe5 ! seal+ comp\nd & ! j>s or po/s4 ,! leaks may be caus$ by ! batt]y cables n hav+ suffici5t slack1 & pull+ on ! t]m9als4 ,! cap :i* fits ov] ! v5t tube at ! c5t] ( ! top ( ea* cell is pi]c$ by "o or m holes ?r\gh :i* gases =m$ )9 ! cell may escape4 ,^! holes mu/ be kept op52 o!rwise ! pressure ( ! gases may bl[ (f ! top ( ! cell4 ,if ^! holes are f\nd to be clogg$ ) dirt !y %\ld be clean$ out ?or\ghly4 ,! wood5 batt]y case %\ld also be kept clean & dry4 ,if ! batt]y is susp5d$ f ! frame ( ! c>1 dirt & mud f ! road w gradually cov] ! case1 & ?is mud %\ld be scrap$ (f frequ5tly4 ,occasionally wa% ! case ) a rag wet ) ammonia1 or hot bak+ soda solution4 ,keep ! case1 especially along ! top edges1 coat$ ) asphaltum or "s o!r acid pro( pa9t4 ,fig4 #bi ,batt]y held 9 place by hold-d[n bolts #d4 ,! batt]y mu/ be held d[n firmly4 ,if ! batt]y is conta9$ 9 an iron box m\nt$ on ! runn+-bo>d1 or 9 a comp>tm5t 9 ! body ( ! c> hav+ a door at ! side ( ! runn+-bo>d1 x is usually fa/5$ 9 place by long bolts :i* hook on ! h&les or ! batt]y case4 ,^! bolts1 :i* are kn[n z hold-d[ns1 g5]ally pass ?r\gh ! runn+ bo>d or comp>tm5t1 ,fig4 #bi1 & are g5]ally fa/5$ 9 place by nuts4 ,^! nuts %\ld be turn$ up s t ! batt]y is held d[n tight4 ,o!r me?ods are also us$ to hold ! batt]y 9 place1 b :atev] ! me?od1 x is vital to ! batt]y t x be held d[n firmly s t ! jolt+ ( ! c> _c cause x to move4 ,! batt]y has rubb] j>s :i* are brittle1 & :i* are easily brok54 ,ev5 if a batt]y is held d[n firmly1 x is jolt$ ab\t to a consid]able ext5t1 & ) a loosely fa/5$ batt]y1 ! j>s are b\nd to be crack$ & brok54 #e4 ,! cables connect$ to ! batt]y mu/ h suffici5t slack s t !y w n pull on ! batt]y t]m9als1 z ?is w result 9 leaks1 & possibly a brok5 cov]4 ,! t]m9als on a batt]y %\ld be 9 su* a position t ! cables may be connect$ to !m easily1 & )\t b5d+ & twi/+ !m4 ,^! cables are heavy & /iff1 & once !y are b5t or twi/$ !y are put "u a /ra91 & ex]t a great =ce to /raight5 !mselves4 ,?is action causes ! cables to pull on ! t]m9als1 :i* become loos5$1 & cause a leak1 or break ! cov]4 ,fig4 #cj ,measure height ( electrolyte 9 batt]y #f4 ,inspect ! ,batt]y twice e mon? 9 ,w9t]1 & once a week 9 ,summ]1 to make sure t ! ,electrolyte cov]s ! plates4 ,to d ?is1 remove ! v5t caps & look d[n ?r\gh ! v5t tube4 ,if a light is necess>y to det]m9e ! level ( ! electrolyte1 use an electric lamp4 ,nev] br+ an op5 flame1 su* z a mat* or c&le ne> ! v5t tubes ( a batt]y4 ,explosive gases are =m$ :5 a batt]y gasses1 & ! flame may ignite !m1 ) pa9ful injury to ! face & eyes ( ! obs]v] z a result4 ,su* an explosion may also ru9 ! batt]y4 ,dur+ ! normal c\rse ( op]ation ( ! batt]y1 wat] f ! electrolyte w evaporate4 ,! acid nev] evaporates4 ,! surface ( ! electrolyte %\ld be n less ?an "o-half in* above ! tops ( ! plate4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( measur+ ! height ( ! electrolyte is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,ins]t "o end ( a %ort piece ( a glass tube1 hav+ an op5+ n less ?an "o-eigh? in* diamet]1 ?r\gh ! fill+ hole1 & all[ x to re/ on ! upp] edge ( ! plates4 ,!n place y\r f+] ov] ! upp] end1 & )draw ! tube4 ,a column ( liquid w rema9 9 ! l[] end ( ! tube1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! height ( ?is column is ! same z ! height ( ! electrolyte above ! top ( ! plates 9 ! cell4 ,if ?is is less ?an "o-half in*1 add en\gh di/ill$ wat] to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! prop] level4 ,fig4 #ca %[s ! correct height ( electrolyte 9 an ,exide cell4 ,nev] add well wat]1 spr+ wat]1 wat] f a /ream1 or ord9>y faucet wat]4 ,^! conta9 impurities :i* w damage ! batt]y1 if us$4 ,x is ess5tial t di/ill$ wat] be us$ = ?is purpose1 & x mu/ be h&l$ c>efully s z to keep impurities ( any k9d out ( ! wat]4 ,nev] use a metal c = h&l+ wat] or electrolyte = a batt]y1 b always use a glass or porcela9 vessel4 ,! wat] %\ld be /or$ 9 glass bottles1 & p\r$ into a porcela9 or glass pit*] :5 x is to be us$4 ,fig4 #ca ,correct height ( electrolyte 9 ,exide cell ,a conv5i5t me?od ( add+ ! wat] to ! batt]y is to draw "s up 9 a hydromet] syr+e & add ! necess>y am\nt to ! cell by ins]t+ ! rubb] tube :i* is at ! l[] end into ! v5t hole & !n squeez+ ! bulb until ! requir$ am\nt has be5 put into ! cell4 ,9 ! summ] "t x makes no diff]5ce :5 wat] is add$4 ,9 ! w9t] "t1 if ! air temp]ature is bel[ freez+ 7#cb ,f71 />t ! eng9e be=e add+ wat]1 & keep x runn+ = ab\t "o h\r aft] ! batt]y beg9s to gas4 ,a good "t to add ! wat] is j be=e />t+ on a trip1 z ! eng9e w !n usually be run long en\gh to *>ge ! batt]y1 & cause ! wat] to mix ?or\ghly ) ! electrolyte4 ,o!rwise1 ! wat]1 be+ light] ?an ! electrolyte1 w rema9 at ! top & freeze4 ,be sure to wipe (f wat] f ! batt]y top aft] fill+4 ,if batt]y has be5 wet = sometime1 wipe x ) a rag damp5$ ) ammonia or bak+ soda solution to neutralize ! acid4 ,nev] add acid to a batt]y :ile ! batt]y is on ! c>4 ,by acid is meant a mixture ( sulphuric acid & wat]4 ,! conc5trat$ acid1 is ( c\rse1 nev] us$4 ,! level ( ! electrolyte falls because ( ! evaporation ( ! wat] :i* is mix$ ) ! acid 9 ! electrolyte4 ,! acid does n evaporate4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t acid %\ld n be add$ to a cell to replace ! wat] :i* has evaporat$4 ,"s m5 believe t a batt]y may be *>g$ by add+ acid4 ,?is is n true1 h[ev]1 because a batt]y c be *>g$ only by pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y f an outside s\rce4 ,on ! c> ! g5]ator *>ges ! batt]y4 ,x is true t acid is lo/1 b ?is is n due to evaporation1 b to ! loss ( "s ( ! electrolyte f ! cell1 ! lo/ electrolyte1 ( c\rse1 c>ry+ "s acid ) x4 ,electrolyte is lo/ :5 a cell gasses2 electrolyte may be spill$2 a crack$ j> w all[ electrolyte to leak out2 if too mu* wat] is add$1 ! expansion ( ! electrolyte :5 ! batt]y is *>g+ may cause x to run ov] & be lo/1 or ! jolt+ ( ! c> may cause "s ( x to be spill$2 if a batt]y is all[$ to become badly sulphat$1 "s ( ! sulphate is nev] r$uc$1 or drops to ! bottom ( ! cell1 & ! acid lo/ 9 ! =mation ( ! sulphate is n rega9$4 ,if acid or electrolyte is add$ in/ead ( wat]1 :5 no acid is ne$$1 ! electrolyte w become too /rong1 & sulphat$ plates w be ! result4 ,if a batt]y "u av]age driv+ conditions nev] becomes fully *>g$1 x %\ld be remov$ f ! c> & *>g$ f an outside s\rce z expla9$ lat]4 ,if1 aft] ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte /ops ris+1 x is n ( ! correct value1 "s ( ! electrolyte %\ld be drawn (f & /rong] electrolyte add$ 9 its place4 ,?is %\ld be done only 9 ! repair %op or *>g+ /ation4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to add too mu* wat] to a cell1 ,fig4 #cb4 ,?is w subsequ5tly cause ! electrolyte to ov]fl[ & run ov] ! top ( ! batt]y1 due to ! expansion ( ! electrolyte z ! *>g+ curr5t raises its temp]ature4 ,! electrolyte :i* ov]fl[s is1 ( c\rse1 lo/1 tak+ ) x acid :i* w lat] be replac$ by wat] z evaporation takes place4 ,! electrolyte w !n be too weak4 ,! electrolyte :i* ov]fl[s w rot ! wood5 batt]y case1 & also t5d to cause corrosion at ! t]m9als4 ,if x is necess>y to add wat] v frequ5tly1 ! batt]y is op]at+ at too high a temp]ature1 or else !re is a crack$ j>4 ,! high temp]ature may be due to ! batt]y be+ *>g$ at too high a rate1 or to ! batt]y be+ plac$ ne> "s hot "p ( ! eng9e or exhau/ pipe4 ,! c> manufactur] g5]ally is c>eful n to place ! batt]y too ne> any su* hot "p4 ,! *>g+ rate may be measur$ by connect+ an ammet] 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y & increas+ ! eng9e spe$ until ! maximum curr5t is obta9$4 ,= a six volt batt]y ?is %\ld r>ely exce$ #ad amp]es4 ,if ! *>g+1 curr5t does n rea* a maximum value & !n rema9 con/ant1 or decrease1 b cont9ues to rise z ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 is increas$1 ! regulat+ device is out ( ord]4 ,an excessive *>g+ rate w cause cont9u\s gass+ if x is mu* above normal1 & ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte w be above #ajj ,f4 ,9 ?is way an excessive *>g+ curr5t may be detect$4 ,fig4 #cb ,cell ) level ( electrolyte too high ,9 hot c\ntries or /ates1 ! atmosph]e may h su* a high temp]ature t evaporation w be m rapid ?an 9 temp]ate climates1 & ?is may necessitate m frequ5t addition ( wat]4 ,if "o cell requires a m frequ5t addition ( wat] ?an ! o!rs1 x is probable t ! j> ( t cell is crack$4 ,su* a cell w also %[ a l[ specific gravity1 s9ce electrolyte leaks out & is replac$ by wat]4 ,a batt]y :i* has a leaky j> w also h a case :i* is rott$ at ! bottom & sides4 ,a batt]y ) a leaky j> mu/1 ( c\rse1 be remov$ f ! c> = repairs4 ,dope ,electrolytes ,f "t to "t )9 ! pa/ two ye>s1 v>i\s solutions :i* are suppos$ to give a rund[n batt]y a complete *>ge )9 five or t5 m9utes h be5 (f]$ to ! public4 ,! m5 sell+ su* dope sometimes give a demon/ration :i* at fir/ sight seems to prove _! claims4 ,?is demon/ration consi/s ( hold+ ! />t+ swit* d[n 7) ! ignition (f7 until ! batt]y c no long] turn ov] ! eng9e4 ,!y !n p\r ! electrolyte out ( ! batt]y1 fill x ) _! dope1 crank ! eng9e by h&1 run x = five m9utes1 & !n get gravity read+s ( #a4bhj or ov]4 ,! batt]y w also crank ! eng9e4 ,su* a *>ge is m]ely a drug-/ore *>ge1 & ! dope is g5]ally compos$ ma9ly ( high gravity acid1 :i* seem+ly puts life into a batt]y1 b 9 reality causes great damage1 & %ort5s ! life ( a batt]y4 ,! />t+ motor te/ means no?+4 ,! same demon/ration c\ld be giv5 ) any batt]y4 ,! high curr5t drawn by ! motor does n dis*>ge ! batt]y1 b m]ely dilutes ! electrolyte :i* is 9 ! plates to su* an ext5t t ! voltage drops to a po9t at :i* ! batt]y c no long] turn ov] ! />t+ motor4 ,if any batt]y 7 giv5 a five m9utes *>ge aft] su* a te/1 ! dilut$ electrolyte 9 ! plates w\ld be replac$ by fre% acid f ! electrolyte & ! batt]y w\ld !n easily crank ! eng9e aga94 ,! five m9utes ( runn+ ! eng9e does n put mu* *>ge into ! batt]y b gives "t = ! electrolyte to diffuse into ! plates4 ,*emical analysis ( a numb] ( dope electrolytes has %[n t !y consi/ ma9ly ( high gravity acid1 & t ?is acid is n ev5 *emically pure1 b conta9s impurities :i* w\ld ru9 a batt]y ev5 if ! gravity 7 n too high4 ,! results ( "s ( ! analyses are z foll[s3 ,no4 #a4 #a4bfj specific gravity sulphuric acid1 #be p>ts iron1 #ac4e p>ts *lor9e1 #ab4e1 p] c5t sodium sulphate1 #a p] c5t nitric acid4 ,no4 #b4 #a4cce specific gravity sulphuric acid1 l>ge am\nts ( organic matt]1 "p ( :i* consi/$ ( acids :i* attack lead4 ,no4 #c4 #a4cdj specific gravity sulphuric acid1 #ae4e p] c5t sodium sulphate4 ,no4 #d4 #a4bij specific gravity sulphuric acid1 #a4e p] c5t sodium sulphate4 ,no4 #e4 #a4cjj specific gravity sulphuric acid4 ,if su* dope electrolytes are add$ to a dis*>g$ batt]y1 ! subsequ5t *>g+ ( ! batt]y w add m acid to ! electrolyte1 ! specific gravity ( :i* w !n rise mu* high] ?an x %\ld1 & ! plates & sep>ators are soon ru9$4 ,d n put fai? 9 any magic solution :i* is suppos$ to "w wond]s4 ,!re is only "o way to *>ge a batt]y1 & t is to s5d a curr5t ?r\gh x1 & !re is only "o electrolyte to use1 & t is ! /&>d mixture ( di/ill$ wat] & *emically pure sulphuric acid4 #g4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte %\ld be measur$ e two weeks & a p]man5t record ( ! read+s made = future ref]5ce4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is ! ratio ( its weight to ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]4 ,acid is heavi] ?an wat]1 & h5ce ! heavi] ! electrolyte1 ! m acid x1 conta9s1 & ! m ne>ly x is fully *>g$4 ,9 automobile batt]ies1 a specific gravity ( #a4cjj-a4bhj indicates a fully *>g$ batt]y4 ,g5]ally1 a gravity ( #a4bhj is tak5 to indicate a fully1 *>g$ cell1 & 9 ?is book ?is w be done4 ,complete read+s are z foll[s3 #a4cjj-a4bhj--;,fully *>g$4 #a4bhj-a4bjj--,m ?an half *>g$4 #a4bjj-a4aej--,less ?an half *>g$4 #a4aej & less--,completely dis*>g$4 ,fig4 #cc & ,fig4 #cd3 batt]y hydromet]s ,= det]m9+ ! specific gravity1 a hydromet] is us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a small seal$ glass tube ) an air bulb & a quantity ( %ot at "o end1 & a graduat$ scale on ! upp] end4 ,?is scale is m>k$ f #a4ajj to #a4cjj1 ) v>i\s int]m$iate m>k+s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,if ?is hydromet] is plac$ 9 a liquid1 x w s9k to a c]ta9 dep?4 ,9 s do+1 x w displace a c]ta9 volume ( ! electrolyte1 & :5 x comes to re/1 ! volume displac$ w j be equal to ! weight ( ! hydromet]4 ,x w !re=e s9k f>!r 9 a light liquid ?an 9 a heavy "o1 s9ce x w require a great] volume ( ! light liquid to equal ! weight ( ! hydromet]4 ,! top m>k on ! hydromet] scale is !re=e #a4ajj & ! bottom "o #a4cjj4 ,"s hydromet]s are n m>k$ ) figures t indicate ! specific gravity1 b are m>k$ ) ! words ,*>g$1 ,half ,*>g$1 ,dis*>g$1 or ,full1 ,half ,full1 ,empty1 9 place ( ! figures4 ,! tube mu/ be held 9 a v]tical position1 ,fig4 #ce1 & ! /em ( ! hydromet] mu/ be v]tical4 ,! read+ w be ! numb] on ! /em at ! surface ( ! electrolyte 9 ! tube1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?us if ! hydromet] s9ks 9 ! electrolyte until ! electrolyte comes up to ! #a4aej m>k on ! /em1 ! specific gravity is #a4aej4 ,fig4 #ce ,us+ hydromet] = read+ specific gravity ,= conv5i5ce 9 automobile "w1 ! hydromet] is enclos$ 9 a l>ge tube ( glass or o!r transp>5t1 acid pro( mat]ial1 hav+ a %ort l5g? ( rubb] tub+ at its l[] end1 & a l>ge rubb] bulb at ! upp] end4 ,! comb9ation is call$ a hydromet]-syr+e1 or simply hydromet]4 ,see ,figure #cd4 ,9 measur+ ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte1 ! v5t cap is remov$1 ! bulb is squeez$ 7s z to expel ! air f x71 & ! rubb] tub+ ins]t$ 9 ! hole f :i* ! cap 0 remov$4 ,! pressure on ! bulb is n[ releas$1 & electrolyte is drawn up into ! glass tube4 ,! rubb] tub+ on ! hydromet] %\ld n be )drawn f ! cell4 ,:5 a suffici5t am\nt ( electrolyte has ent]$ ! tube1 ! hydromet] w float4 ,9 tak+ a read+1 !re %\ld be no pressure on ! bulb1 & ! hydromet] %\ld be float+ freely & n t\*+ ! walls ( ! tube4 ,! tube mu/ n be s full ( electrolyte t ! upp] end ( ! hydromet] /rikes any "p ( ! bulb4 ,! tube mu/ be held 9 a v]tical position1 ,fig4 #ce1 & ! /em ( ! hydromet] mu/ be v]tical4 ,! read+ w be ! numb] on ! /em at ! surface ( ! electrolyte 9 ! tube1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?us if ! hydromet] s9ks 9 ! electrolyte until ! electrolyte comes up to ! #a4aej m>k on ! /em1 ! specific gravity is #a4aej4 ,if ! batt]y is locat$ 9 su* a position t x is impossible to hold ! hydromet] /raight up1 ! rubb] tube may be ,p9*$ %ut ) ! f+]s1 aft] a suffici5t quantity ( electrolyte has be5 drawn f ! cell & ! hydromet] !n remov$ & held 9 a v]tical position4 ,specific gravity read+s %\ld nev] be tak5 soon aft] di/ill$ wat] has be5 add$ to ! batt]y4 ,! wat] & electrolyte d n mix imm$iately1 & su* read+s w give mislead+ results4 ,! batt]y %\ld be *>g$ sev]al h\rs be=e ! read+s are tak54 ,x is a good plan to take a specific gravity read+ be=e add+ any wat]1 s9ce accurate results c also be obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,fig4 #cf ,hydromet] read+ %[+ cell *>g$1 half-*>g$1 & dis*>g$ ,hav+ tak5 a read+1 ! bulb is squeez$ s z to return ! electrolyte to ! cell4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to spill ! electrolyte f ! hydromet] syr+e :5 te/+ ! gravity4 ,su* moi/ure on top ( ! cells t5ds to cause a %ort circuit betwe5 ! t]m9als & to dis*>ge ! batt]y4 ,9 mak+ te/s ) ! hydromet]1 ! electrolyte %\ld always be return$ to ! same cell f :i* x 0 drawn4 ,failure to d ?is w f9ally result 9 an increas$ proportion ( acid 9 "o cell & a defici5cy ( acid 9 o!rs4 ,! specific gravity ( all cells ( a batt]y %\ld rise & fall toge!r1 z ! cells are usually connect$ 9 s]ies s t ! same curr5t passes ?r\gh ea* cell bo? on *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,if "o cell ( a batt]y %[s a specific gravity :i* is decid$ly l[] ?an t ( ! o!r cells 9 s]ies ) x1 & if ?is diff]5ce gradually increases1 ! cell %[+ ! l[] gravity has int]nal tr\ble4 ,?is probably consi/s ( a %ort circuit1 & ! batt]y %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 ,if ! electrolyte 9 ?is cell falls fa/] ?an t ( ! o!r cells1 a leaky j> is indicat$4 ,! v>i\s cells %\ld h specific gravities )9 fifte5 po9ts ( ea* o!r1 su* z #a4bfj & #a4bge4 ,if ! entire batt]y %[s a specific gravity bel[ #a4bjj1 x is n receiv+ en\gh *>ge to replace ! en]gy us$ 9 />t+ ! eng9e & supply+ curr5t to ! lights1 or else !re is tr\ble 9 ! batt]y4 ,use />t] & lights sp>+ly until ! specific gravity comes up to #a4bhj-a4cjj4 ,if ! specific gravity is less ?an #a4aej remove ! batt]y f ! c> & *>ge x on ! *>g+ b5*1 z expla9$ lat]4 ,! tr\bles :i* cause l[ gravity are giv5 on pages #cba & #cbb4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :at *>g+ curr5t %\ld be deliv]$ by ! g5]ator4 ,"s g5]ators op]ate at a con/ant voltage slightly high] ?an t ( ! fully *>g$ batt]y1 & ! *>g+ curr5t w *ange1 be+ high] = a dis*>g$ batt]y ?an = "o t is almo/ or fully *>g$4 ,o!r g5]ators deliv] a con/ant curr5t :i* is ! same reg>dless ( ! batt]y's condition4 ,9 ! con/ant voltage type ( g5]ator1 ! *>g+ curr5t automatically adju/s itself to ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,9 ! con/ant curr5t type1 ! g5]ator curr5t rema9s con/ant1 & ! voltage *anges some:at to keep ! curr5t con/ant4 ,individual cases (t5 require t ano!r curr5t value be us$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! output ( ! g5]ator mu/ be *ang$4 ,) mo/ g5]ators1 a curr5t regulat+ device is us$ :i* may be adju/$ s z to give a fairly wide range ( curr5t1 ! exact value *os5 be+ ! result ( a /udy ( driv+ conditions & ( sev]al trials4 ,! *>g+ curr5t %\ld nev] be made s high t ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte 9 ! batt]y rema9s above #ij ,f4 ,a special !rmomet] is v useful 9 det]m9+ ! temp]ature4 ,see ,fig4 #cg4 ,! !rmomet] bulb is imm]s$ 9 ! electrolyte above ! plates ?r\gh ! fill] hole 9 ! tops ( ! cells4 ,batt]ies us$ on "s ( ! old] c>s are divid$ into two or m sections :i* are connect$ 9 p>allel :ile ! eng9e is runn+1 & 9 su* cases ! cables lead+ to ! diff]5t sections %\ld all be ( exactly ! same l5g?1 & ! contacts 9 ! swit* :i* connect ^! sections 9 p>allel %\ld all be clean & tight4 ,if cables ( unequal l5g? are us$1 or if "s ( ! swit* contacts are loose & dirty1 ! sections w n receive equal *>g+ curr5ts1 because ! resi/ances ( ! *>g+ circuits w n be equal4 ,! section hav+ ! greate/ resi/ance 9 its circuit w receive ! lea/ am\nt ( *>ge1 & w %[ l[] specific gravity read+s ?an = o!r sections4 ,9 a multiple section batt]y1 !re is !re=e a t5d5cy = ! v>i\s sections to receive unequal *>ges1 & = "o or m sections to run d[n cont9ually4 ,an ammet] %\ld be atta*$ ) ! eng9e runn+ & ! batt]y *>g+1 fir/ to "o section & !n to ea* ( ! o!rs 9 turn4 ,! ammet] %\ld be ins]t$ & remov$ f ! circuit :ile ! eng9e rema9s runn+ & all conditions mu/ be exactly ! same2 o!rwise ! comp>ative results w n give reliable indications4 ,x w\ld be bett] /ill to use two ammet]s at ! same "t1 "o on ea* section ( ! batt]y4 ,9 case ! amp]age ( *>ge %\ld diff] by m ?an #aj betwe5 any two sections1 ! section receiv+ ! l[ *>ge rate %\ld be exam9$ = prop] height ( electrolyte1 = ! condition ( its t]m9als & its connections at ! />t+ swit*1 z describ$4 ,%\ld a section h suff]$ consid]ably f su* lack ( *>ge1 its voltage w probably h be5 l[]$4 ,) all connections made tight & clean & ) ! liquid at ! prop] height 9 ea* cell1 ?is section may automatically receive a high] *>ge until x is br\ght back to normal4 ,?is high *>ge results f ! comp>atively l[ voltage ( ! section affect$4 ,9 case ! c> is equipp$ ) su* a batt]y1 ea* section mu/ c>ry its prop] fraction ( ! load & ) lamps turn$ on or o!r electrical devices 9 op]ation ! fl[ f ! sev]al sections mu/ be ! same = ea* "o4 ,an exam9ation %\ld be made to see t no additional lamps1 su* z tr\ble lamps or body lamps1 h be5 atta*$ on "o side ( ! batt]y1 also t ! horn & o!r accessories are s connect$ t !y draw f all sections at once4 ,"s />t+ sy/ems h 9 ! pa/ n be5 design$ c>efully 9 ?is respect1 "o section ( ! batt]y hav+ long] cables atta*$ to x ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 su* sy/ems x is impossible = ^! sections to receive z mu* *>g+ curr5t z o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh all connections & swit*es are 9 good condition4 ,9 o!r sy/ems1 all ! cells ( ! batt]y are 9 s]ies1 & !re=e mu/ receive ! same *>g+ curr5t1 b h light+ wires atta*$ to x at int]m$iate po9ts1 ?us divid+ ! batt]y into sections = ! light+ circuits4 ,if ! curr5ts tak5 by ^! circuits are n equal1 ! batt]y section supply+ ! heavi] curr5t w run d[n fa/] ?an o!rs4 ,=tunately1 multiple section batt]ies are n be+ us$ to any great ext5t at pres5t1 & tr\bles due to ?is cause are disappe>+4 ,! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte affects ! specific gravity1 s9ce heat causes ! electrolyte to exp&4 ,if we take any batt]y or cell & heat x1 ! electrolyte w exp& & its specific gravity w decrease1 al?\gh ! actual am\nt ( acid is ! same4 ,! *ange 9 specific gravity am\nts to "o po9t1 approximately1 = e ?ree degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! electrolyte has a gravity ( #a4bej at #gj;,f1 & ! temp]ature is rais$ to #gc;,f1 ! specific gravity ( ! batt]y w be #a4bdi4 ,if ! temp]ature is decreas$ to #fg;,f1 ! specific gravity w be #a4bea4 ,s9ce ! *ange ( temp]ature does n *ange ! actual am\nt ( acid 9 ! electrolyte1 ! gravity read+s z obta9$ ) ! hydromet] syr+e %\ld be correct$ "o po9t = e ?ree degrees *ange 9 temp]ature4 ,?us #gj;,f is consid]$ ! normal temp]ature1 & "o po9t is add$ to ! electrolyte read+ = e ?ree degrees above #gj;,f4 ,simil>ly1 "o po9t is subtract$ = e ?ree degrees bel[ #gj;,f4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ! hydromet] us]1 a special !rmomet] has be5 develop$ by batt]y mak]s4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,x has a special scale m\nt$ beside ! regul> scale4 ,?is scale %[s ! corrections :i* mu/ be made :5 ! temp]ature is n #gj;,f4 ,opposite ! #gj po9t on ! !rmomet] is a #j po9t on ! special scale4 ,?is indicates t no correction is to be made4 ,opposite ! #fg po9t on ! regul> scale is a -#a1 indicat+ t #a mu/ be subtract$ f ! hydromet] read+ to f9d :at ! specific gravity w\ld be if ! temp]ature 7 #gj;,f4 ,opposite ! #gc po9t on ! regul> scale is a #a1 indicat+ t #a po9t mu/ be add$ to read+ on ! hydromet]1 9 ord] to r$uce ! read+ ( specific gravity to a temp]ature ( #gj;,f4 ,fig4 #cg ,special !rmomet] #h4 ,/orage batt]ies are /rongly affect$ by *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,bo? extremely high & v l[ temp]atures are to be avoid$4 ,at l[ temp]atures ! electrolyte gr[s d5s]1 ! porosity ( plates & sep>ators decreases1 circulation & diffusion ( electrolyte are made difficult1 *emical actions betwe5 plates & acid take place v sl[ly1 & ! :ole batt]y becomes sluggi%1 & acts z if x 7 numb$ ) cold4 ,! voltage & capacity ( ! batt]y are l[]$4 ,z ! batt]y temp]ature increases1 ! d5sity ( ! electrolyte decreases1 ! plates & sep>ators become m por\s1 ! int]nal resi/ance decreases1 circulation & diffusion ( electrolyte take place mu* m quickly1 ! *emical actions betwe5 plates & electrolyte proce$ m rapidly1 & ! batt]y voltage & capacity increase4 ,a batt]y !re=e works bett] at high temp]atures4 ,excessive temp]atures1 say ov] #aaj ,f1 are1 h[ev]1 m h>mful ?an l[ temp]atures4 ,evaporation ( ! wat] takes place v rapidly1 ! sep>ators are attack$ by ! hot acid & are ru9$1 ! active mat]ials & plates exp& to su* an ext5t t ! active mat]ials break away f ! grids & ! grids w>p & buckle4 ,! active mat]ials !mselves are burn$ & made practically useless4 ,! hot acid also attacks ! grids & ! sponge lead & =ms d5se lay]s ( sulphate4 ,su* temp]atures are !re=e extremely dang]\s4 ,a batt]y t p]si/5tly runs hot1 requir+ frequ5t addition ( wat]1 is ei!r receiv+ too mu* *>g+ curr5t1 or has int]nal tr\ble4 ,! rem$y = excessive *>ge is to decrease ! output ( ! g5]ator1 or to burn ! lamps dur+ ! day "t4 ,motori/s :o make long t\r+ trips 9 :i* consid]able day driv+ is done1 ) little use ( ! />t]1 exp]i5ce ! mo/ tr\ble f high temp]ature4 ,! rem$y is ei!r to decrease ! *>g+ rate or burn ! lamps1 ev5 9 ! day "t4 ,int]nal %ort-circuits cause excessive temp]ature rise1 bo? on *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,su* %ort circuits usually result f buckl$ plates :i* break ?r\gh ! sep>ators1 or f an excessive am\nt ( s$im5t4 ,?is s$im5t consi/s ( active mat]ial or lead sulphate :i* has dropp$ f ! positive plate & fall5 to ! bottom ( ! batt]y j>4 ,all batt]y j>s are provid$ ) ridges :i* keep ! plates rais$ an in* or m f ! bottom ( ! j>1 & :i* =m pockets into :i* ! mat]ials drop4 ,see ,fig4 #aj4 ,if ^! pockets become fill$1 & ! s$im5t rea*es ! bottom ( ! plates1 int]nal %ort circuits result :i* cause ! batt]y to run d[n & cause excessive temp]atures4 ,if ! electrolyte is all[$ to fall bel[ ! tops ( ! plates1 ! p>ts ( ! plates above ! acid become dry1 & :5 ! batt]y is *>g$ gr[ hot4 ,! p>ts /ill cov]$ by ! acid also become hot because all ! *>g+ curr5t is c>ri$ by ^! p>ts1 & ! plate surface is less ?an be=e4 ,! wat] w also become hot & boil away4 ,a batt]y :i* is ?us *>g$ :ile dry det]iorates rapidly1 its life be+ v %ort4 ,if a batt]y is plac$ 9 a hot place on ! c>1 ?is heat 9 addition to t caus$ by *>g+ w s(t5 ! plates & j>s1 & %ort5 _! life consid]ably4 ,9 ! w9t]1 x is especially important n to all[ ! batt]y to become dis*>g$1 z !re is dang] ( ! electrolyte freez+4 ,a fully *>g$ batt]y w n freeze except at an extremely l[ temp]ature4 ,! wat] exp&s z x freezes1 loos5+ ! active mat]ials1 & crack+ ! grids4 ,z soon z a *>g+ curr5t ?aws ! batt]y1 ! active mat]ial is loos5$1 & drops to ! bottom ( ! j>s1 ) ! result t ! :ole batt]y may dis9tegrate4 ,j>s may also be crack$ by ! expansion ( ! wat] :5 a batt]y freezes4 ,to avoid freez+1 a batt]y %\ld !re=e be kept *>g$1 ,! temp]atures at :i* electrolyte ( v>i\s specific gravities freezes are z foll[s3 ,specific ,gravity ,freez+ ,pt4 ,specific ,gravity ,freez+ ,pt4 ---------------- ------------ ---------------- ------------ #a4jjj #cb deg4 ,f #a4bjj -#af deg4 ,f #a4jej #bf deg4 ,f #a4bej -#eh deg4 ,f #a4ajj #ah deg4 ,f #a4bhj -#ib deg4 ,f #a4aej #e deg4 ,f #a4cjj -#if deg4 ,f #i4 ,c>e ( ,/orage ,batt]y ,:5 ,n 9 ,s]vice4 ,a /orage batt]y may be out ( s]vice = a consid]able p]iod at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 = example1 :5 ! automobile is put away dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & dur+ ?is "t x %\ld n be all[$ to /& )\t att5tion4 ,:5 ! batt]y is to be out ( s]vice = only ?ree or f\r weeks1 x %\ld be kept well fill$ ) di/ill$ wat] & giv5 z complete a *>ge z possible ! la/ few days1 ! c> is 9 s]vice by us+ ! lamps & />t+ motor v sp>+ly4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte 9 ea* cell %\ld be te/$1 & x %\ld be some:]e betwe5 #a4bhj & #a4cjj4 ,all connections to ! batt]y %\ld be remov$1 z any slight dis*>ge curr5t w 9 "t completely dis*>ge x1 & ! possibilities ( su* an occurr5ce are to be avoid$4 ,if ! batt]y is to be put out ( s]vice = sev]al mon?s1 x %\ld be giv5 a complete *>ge by op]at+ ! g5]ator on ! c> or by connect+ x to an outside *>g+ circuit4 ,dur+ ! out-(-s]vice p]iod1 wat] %\ld be add$ to ! cells e six or eight weeks & ! batt]y giv5 :at is call$ a fre%5+ *>ge2 t is1 ! eng9e %\ld be run until ! cells h be5 gass+ = p]haps "o h\r1 & ! batt]y may !n be all[$ to /& = ano!r simil> p]iod )\t fur!r att5tion4 ,wat] %\ld be add$ & ! batt]y fully *>g$ be=e x is put back into s]vice4 ,x is desirable to h ! temp]ature ( ! room :]e ! batt]y is /or$ fairly con/ant & z ne> #gj degrees ,fahr5heit z possible4 ,,*apt] #aj4 ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,tr\bles4 ------------------------- ,! ,/orage ,batt]y is a mo/ fai?ful s]vant1 & if giv5 ev5 a fight+ *ance1 w respond in/antly to ! dem&s made ^u x4 ,giv5 reasonable c>e & consid]ation1 x p]=ms its duties fai?fully = _m mon?s4 ,:5 su* c>e is lack+1 h[ev]1 x is soon discov]$ t ! batt]y is subject to a numb] ( diseases1 mo/ ( :i* are prev5table1 & all ( :i*1 if !y d n kill ! batt]y1 at lea/1 greatly impair its effici5cy4 ,9 discuss+ ^! diseases1 we may consid] ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* a batt]y is compos$1 & describe ! tr\bles to :i* !y are subject4 ,e batt]y us$ on an automobile is compos$ (3 #a4 ,plates #b4 ,sep>ators #c4 ,j>s 9 :i* ,plates1 ,sep>ators1 & ,electrolyte are plac$ #d4 ,wood5 case #e4 ,cell ,connectors1 & ,t]m9als #f4 ,electrolyte ,mo/ batt]y diseases are contagi\s1 & if "o "p fails1 "s ( ! o!r p>ts are ,affect$4 ,^! diseases may be/ be consid]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! p>ts are giv5 9 ! =ego+ li/4 ,,plate ,,tr\bles ,plates are ! vitals ( a batt]y1 & _! tr\bles affect ! life ( ! batt]y m s]i\sly ?an ^? ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,x is (t5 difficult to diagnose _! tr\bles1 & ! foll[+ descriptions are giv5 to aid 9 ! diagnosis4 ,sulphation #a4 ,ov] dis*>ge4 ,"s batt]y m5 say t a batt]y is suflphat$ :5ev] any?+ is wrong ) x4 ,sulphation is ! =mation ( lead sulphate on ! plates4 ,z a batt]y ( ! lead acid type dis*>ges1 lead sulphate mu/ =m4 ,!re c be no dis*>ge ( su* a batt]y )\t ! =mation ( lead sulphate1 :i* is ! natural product ( ! *emical reactions by virtue ( :i* curr5t may be drawn f ! batt]y4 ,?is sulphate gradually replaces ! lead p]oxide ( ! positive plate1 & ! spongy lead ( ! negative plate4 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 dis*>g$ until ! voltage p] cell has fall5 to ! voltage limits1 consid]able portions ( ! lead p]oxide & spongy lead rema9 on ! plates4 ,! sulphate :i* is !n pres5t is 9 a f9ely divid$1 por\s condition1 & c readily be *ang$ back to lead p]oxide & spongy lead by *>g+ ! batt]y4 ,if ! dis*>ge is cont9u$ aft] ! voltage has fall5 to ! voltage limits1 an excessive am\nt ( sulphate =ms4 ,x fills up ! pores 9 ! active mat]ials1 & cov]s up mu* ( ! active mat]ial :i* rema9s1 s t x is difficult to *ange ! sulphate back to active mat]ial4 ,moreov]1 ! expansion ( active mat]ial :i* takes place z ! sulphate =ms is !n s great t x causes ! active mat]ial to break (f f ! plate & drop to ! bottom ( ! j>4 #b4 ,all[+ a ,batt]y to ,/& ,idle4 ,:5 lead sulphate is fir/ =m$1 x is 9 a f9ely divid$1 por\s condition1 & ! electrolyte soaks ?r\gh x readily4 ,if a batt]y :i* has be5 dis*>g$ is all[$ to /& idle )\t be+ *>g$1 ! lead sulphate cry/als gr[ by ! comb9ation ( ! cry/als to =m l>g] cry/als4 ,! sulphate1 in/ead ( hav+ a v l>ge surface area1 ^u :i* ! electrolyte may act 9 *ang+ ! sulphate to active mat]ial1 z x does :5 x is fir/ =m$1 n[ pres5ts only a v small surface to ! electrolyte1 & x is !re=e only ) great difficulty t ! l>ge cry/als ( sulphate are *ang$ to active mat]ial4 ,! sulphate is a poor conductor1 & fur!rmore1 x cov]s up mu* ( ! rema9+ active mat]ial s t ! electrolyte _c rea* x4 ,a *>g$ batt]y w also become sulphat$ if all[$ to /& idle1 because x gradually becomes dis*>g$1 ev5 ?\gh no wires ( any k9d are atta*$ to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,h[ ?is takes place is expla9$ lat]4 ,! dis*>ge & =mation ( sulphate cont9ue until ! batt]y is completely dis*>g$4 ,! sulphate !n gradually =ms l>g] cry/als z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 until all ( ! active mat]ial is ei!r *ang$ to sulphate1 or is cov]$ ov] by ! sulphate s t ! electrolyte _c rea* x4 ,! sulphate ?us =ms a high resi/ance coat+ :i* h9d]s ! passage ( *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y & causes heat+ on *>ge4 ,x is = ?is reason t sulphat$ plates %\ld be *>g$ at a l[ rate4 ,! *emical actions :i* are necess>y to *ange ! sulphate to active mat]ial c take place b v sl[ly1 & ?us only a small curr5t c be absorb$4 ,=c+ a l>ge curr5t ?r\gh a sulphat$ batt]y causes heat+ s9ce ! sulphate does n =m uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! plate1 & ! p>ts :i* are ! lea/ sulphat$ w c>ry ! *>g+ curr5t1 caus+ !m to become heat$4 ,! heat+ damages ! plates & sep>ators1 & causes buckl+1 z expla9$ lat]4 ,if batt]ies :i* h be5 dis*>g$ to ! voltage limits are all[$ to /& idle )\t be+ *>g$1 !y w1 ( c\rse1 cont9ue to dis*>ge !mselves j z fully *>g$ batt]ies d :5 all[$ to /& idle4 #c4 ,/>vation4 ,if a batt]y is *>g$ & dis*>g$ int]mitt5tly1 & ! dis*>ge is great] ?an ! *>ge1 ! batt]y w nev] be fully *>g$1 & lead sulphate w always be pres5t4 ,gradually ?is sulphate =ms ! l>ge t\gh cry/als t cov] ! active mat]ial & remove x f action4 ,?is action cont9ues until all p>ts ( ! plate are cov]$ ) ! cry/all9e sulphate & we h ! same condition t results :5 a batt]y is all[$ to /& idle )\t any *>ge4 #d4 ,all[+ ,electrolyte to ,fall ,bel[ ,tops ( ,plates4 ,if ! electrolyte is all[$ to fall bel[ ! tops ( ! plates1 s t ! active mat]ials are expos$ to ! air1 ! p>ts ?us expos$ w gradually become sulphat$4 ,! spongy lead ( ! negative plate1 be+ 9 a v f9ely divid$ /ate1 (f]s a v l>ge surface to ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & is rapidly oxidiz$1 ! *emical action caus+ ! active mat]ial to become hot4 ,! *>g+ curr5t1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! p>ts ( ! plates n cov]$ by ! electrolyte also heats ! active mat]ials4 ,! electrolyte :i* occasionally spla%es ov] ! expos$ p>ts ( ! plates & :i* rises 9 ! pores ( ! sep>ators1 is heat$ also1 & s9ce hot acid attacks ! active mat]ials readily1 sulphation takes place quickly4 ,! p>ts above ! electrolyte1 ( c\rse1 _c be *>g$ & sulphate cont9ues to =m4 ,soon ! :ole expos$ p>ts are sulphat$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bji4 ,z ! level ( ! electrolyte drops1 ! electrolyte becomes /rong]1 because x is only ! wat] :i* evaporates1 ! acid rema9+ & becom+ m & m conc5trat$4 ,! rema9+ electrolyte & ! p>ts ( ! plates cov]$ by x become heat$ by ! curr5t1 because !re is a small] plate area to c>ry ! curr5t1 & because ! resi/ance ( ! electrolyte increases z x gr[s m conc5trat$4 ,s9ce hot acid attacks ! active mat]ials1 sulphation also takes place 9 ! p>ts ( ! plates /ill cov]$ by ! electrolyte4 ,! sep>ators 9 a batt]y hav+ ! electrolyte bel[ ! tops ( ! plates suff] also1 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,see page #cdf4 #e4 ,impurities4 ,^! are expla9$ lat]4 ,see page #gf4 #f4 ,add+ ,acid ,in/ead ( ,wat]4 ,! sulphuric acid 9 ! electrolyte is a heavy1 oily liquid t does n evaporate4 ,x is only ! wat] 9 ! electrolyte :i* evaporates4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! level ( ! electrolyte falls1 only wat] %\ld be add$ to br+ ! electrolyte to ! correct height4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m c> own]s :o /ill believe t a batt]y may be *>g$ by add+ acid :5 ! level ( ! electrolyte falls4 ,batt]ies 9 :i* ?is is done !n conta9 too mu* acid4 ,?is leads to two tr\bles4 ,! fir/ is t ! read+s tak5 ) a hydromet] w !n be mislead+4 ,a specific gravity ( #a4aej is always tak5 to indicate t a batt]y is dis*>g$1 & a specific gravity ( #a4bhj t a batt]y is *>g$4 ,^! two values ( specific gravity indicate a dis*>g$ & *>g$ condition ( ! batt]y ,,only ,,:5 ,,! ,,proportion ,,( ,,acid ,,9 ,,! ,,electrolyte ,,is ,,correct4 ,x is ! condition ( ! plates1 & n ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte :i* det]m9es :5 a batt]y is ei!r *>g$ or dis*>g$4 ,) ! correct proportion ( acid 9 ! electrolyte1 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is #a4aej :5 ! plates are dis*>g$ & #a4bhj :5 ! plates are *>g$1 & t is :y specific gravity read+s are g5]ally us$ z an indication ( ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,if !re is too mu* acid 9 ! electrolyte1 ! plates w be 9 a dis*>g$ condition be=e ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte drops to #a4aej1 & w n be 9 a *>g$ condition until aft] ! specific gravity has ris5 beyond ! usual value4 ,z a result ( ^! facts a batt]y may be ov]-dis*>g$1 & nev] fully *>g$1 ?is result+ 9 ! =mation ( sulphate4 ,! second tr\ble caus$ by add+ acid to ! electrolyte is t ! acid w !n be too conc5trat$ & attacks bo? plates & sep>ators4 ,?is w cause ! plates to become sulphat$1 & ! sep>ators rott$4 #g4 ,ov]heat+4 ,?is 0 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] #i4 ,see page #ff4 ,buckl+ ,buckl+ is ! b5d+ or twi/+ ( plates due to unequal expansion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plate1 ,figs4 #bjg & #bjh4 ,x is natural & unavoidable = plates to exp&4 ,z a batt]y dis*>ges1 lead sulphate =ms4 ,?is sulphate occupies m space ?an ! lead p]oxide & spongy lead1 & ! active mat]ials exp&4 ,heat exp&s bo? active mat]ials & grids4 ,z long z all p>ts ( a plate exp& equally1 no buckl+ w occur4 ,unequal expansion1 h[ev]1 causes buckl+4 #a4 ,ov] dis*>ge4 ,if dis*>ge is c>ri$ too f>1 ! expansion ( ! active mat]ial on acc\nt ( ! =mation ( lead sulphate w b5d ! grids out ( %ape1 & may ev5 break !m4 #b4 ,cont9u$ ,op]ation ) ,batt]y 9 a ,dis*>g$ ,condition4 ,:5 a consid]able am\nt ( lead sulphate has1 =m$1 & curr5t is /ill drawn f ! batt]y1 ^? portions ( ! plate :i* h ! lea/ am\nt ( sulphate w c>ry mo/ ( ! curr5t1 & w !re=e become heat$ & exp&4 ,! p>ts cov]$ ) sulphate w n exp&1 & ! result is t ! p>ts t d exp& w twi/ ! plate out ( %ape4 ,a normal rate ( dis*>ge may be suffici5t to cause buckl+ 9 a sulphat$ plate4 #c4 ,*>g+ at ,high ,rates4 ,if ! *>g+ rate is excessive1 ! temp]ature w rise s high t excessive expansion w take place4 ,?is is usually unequal 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plate1 & buckl+ results4 ,) a batt]y t has be5 ov] dis*>g$1 ! *>g+ curr5t w be c>ri$ by ^? p>ts ( ! plates :i* are ! lea/ sulphat$4 ,^! p>ts w !re=e exp& :ile o!rs w n1 & buckl+ results4 #d4 ,non-,uni=m ,di/ribution ( ,curr5t ,ov] ! ,plates4 ,buckl+ may occur 9 a batt]y :i* has n be5 ov]-dis*>g$1 if ! curr5t c>ri$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! plate is n uni=m on acc\nt ( faulty design1 or c>eless application ( ! pa/e4 ,?is is a fault ( ! manufactur]s1 & n ! op]at+ conditions4 #e4 ,defective ,grid ,alloy4 ,if ! metals ( :i* ! grids are compos$ are n uni=mly mix$ ?r\gh\t ! plate1 areas ( pure lead may be left "h & !re1 ) air holes at v>i\s po9ts4 ,! electrolyte ent]s ! air holes1 attacks ! lead & conv]ts ! grid p>tly into active mat]ial4 ,?is causes expansion & consequ5t di/ortion & buckl+4 ,buckl+ w n necess>ily cause tr\ble1 & batt]ies ) buckl$ plates may op]ate satisfactorily = a long "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! expansion & twi/+ has caus$ mu* ( ! active mat]ial to break away f ! grid1 or has loos5$ ! active mat]ial f ! grids1 mu* ( ! batt]y capacity is lo/4 ,ano!r dang] is t ! l[] edges ( a plate may press aga9/ ! sep>ator ) suffici5t =ce to cut ?r\gh x1 t\* ! next plate1 & cause a %ort-circuit4 ,%$d+1 or ,loss ( ,active ,mat]ial ,! result ( %$d+1 provid$ no o!r tr\bles occur1 is simply to r$uce ! capacity ( ! plates4 ,! positives1 ( c\rse1 suff] m f %$d+ ?an ! negatives d1 %$d+ be+ "o ( ! *ief weaknesses ( ! positives4 ,!re is no rem$y = ?is condition4 ,:5 ! %$d+ has tak5 place to su* an ext5t t ! capacity ( ! batt]y has fall5 v l[1 new plates %\ld be in/all$4 ,aft] a "t1 ! s$im5t space 9 ! bottom ( ! j> becomes fill$ ) s$im5t1 :i* t\*es ! plates4 ,?is %ort-circuits ! cell1 ( c\rse1 & new plates mu/ be in/all$1 & ! j>s wa%$ out ?or\ghly4 #a4 ,normal ,%$d+4 ,x is natural & unavoidable = ! positives to %$4 ,lead ,p]oxide is a p[d]-l sub/ance1 ! p>ticles ( :i* d n hold toge!r4 ,a small am\nt ( sulphate w cem5t ! p>ticles toge!r to a consid]able ext5t4 ,at ! surface ( ! plate1 h[ev]1 ?is sulphate is soon *ang$ to active mat]ial1 & ! p]oxide loses its coh]5ce4 ,p>ticles ( p]oxide drop f ! plates & fall1 into ! space 9 ! bottom ( ! j> provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,bubbles ( gas :i* occur at ! end ( a *>ge bl[ "s ( ! p]oxide p>ticles f ! plate4 ,! electrolyte mov+ ab\t z ! batt]y is jolt$ by ! motion ( ! c> wa%es p>ticles ( p]oxide f ! positive plates4 ,any slight motion betwe5 positive plates & sep>ators rubs "s p]oxide f ! plates4 ,x is !re=e entirely natural = %$d+ to occur1 especially at ! positives4 ,! spongy lead ( ! negatives is mu* m ela/ic ?an ! p]oxide1 & h5ce v little %$d+ occurs at ! negative plates4 ,! %$d+ at ! positives expla9s :y ! groov$ side ( ! sep>ator is always plac$ aga9/ ! positive plate4 ,! grooves1 be+ v]tical1 all[ ! p]oxide to fall to ! bottom ( ! j>1 :]e x accumulates z s$im5t1 or mud4 #b4 ,excessive ,*>g+ ,rate1 or ,ov]*>g+4 ,if a batt]y is *>g$ at too high a rate1 only "p ( ! curr5t is us$ to produce ! *emical actions by :i* ! batt]y is *>g$4 ,! balance ( ! curr5t decomposes ! wat] ( ! electrolyte into hydrog5 & oxyg51 caus+ gass+4 ,z ! bubbles ( gas =ce _! way out ( ! plates1 !y bl[ (f p>ticles ( ! active mat]ial4 ,:5 a batt]y is ov]*>g$1 ! long cont9u$ gass+ has ! same effect z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 #c4 ,*>g+ ,sulphat$ ,plates at too ,high a ,rate4 ,9 sulphat$ plates1 ! *emical actions :i* take place z a batt]y is *>g$ c proce$ b v sl[ly1 because ! sulphate1 besides be+ a poor conductor1 has =m$ l>g] cry/als :i* pres5t only a small surface = ! electrolyte to act ^u1 & has also cov]$ up mu* ( ! rema9+ active mat]ial4 ,s9ce ! *emical actions take place sl[ly1 ! *>g+ curr5t mu/ be kept at a l[ value4 ,if too heavy a *>g+ curr5t is us$1 ! batt]y w be ov]heat$1 & "s ( ! curr5t w simply cause gass+ z expla9$ 9 ,no4 #b above4 ,! gas bubbles w break (f pieces ( ! sulphate1 :i* !n fall to ! bottom ( ! j>s z mud4 #d4 ,*>g+ ,only a ,"p ( ! ,plate4 ,if ! electrolyte falls bel[ ! tops ( ! plates1 & ! usual *>g+ curr5t is s5t into ! batt]y1 ! curr5t w be too great = ! plate area ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & h5ce gass+ & %$d+ w result z already expla9$4 ,! same condition exi/s 9 a batt]y 9 :i* "o or m plates h be5 brok5 f ! /rap1 ei!r because ( me*anical vibration or because ( impurities su* z acetic acid 9 improp]ly treat$ sep>ators4 ,! rema9+ plates are call$ ^u to d m "w1 & c>ry ! entire *>g+ curr5t4 ,gass+ & %$d+ w result4 #e4 ,freez+4 ,if a batt]y is giv5 any c>e :atev]1 !re is little dang] ( freez+4 ,! electrolyte ( a fully *>g$ batt]y ) a specific gravity ( #a4bhj freezes at ab\t #ib bel[ z]o4 ,) a specific gravity ( #a4aej1 ! electrolyte freezes at ab\t #e above z]o4 ,a froz5 batt]y !re=e indicates gross neglect4 ,z ! electrolyte freezes1 ! wat] ( ! electrolyte exp&s4 ,s9ce !re is electrolyte 9 all ! inn] p>ts ( ! plate1 ! expansion z ! wat] 9 ! pa/e freezes =ces ! pa/es out ( ! grids4 ,! expansion also cracks ! rubb] j>s1 & sometimes bulges out ! ends ( ! batt]y case4 ,loose ,active ,mat]ial ,?is ref]s to a condition 9 :i* ! active mat]ials are no long] 9 contact ) ! grid4 ,corrosion1 or sulphation1 ( ! grids !mselves is g5]ally pres5t at ! same "t1 s9ce ! *emical actions are %ift$ f ! active mat]ial to ! grids !mselves4 #a4 ,ov] dis*>ge4 ,z a batt]y dis*>ges1 ! lead sulphate :i* =ms causes an expansion ( ! active mat]ial4 ,if a batt]y is repeat$ly ov]-dis*>g$1 ?is results 9 ! positives %$d+4 ,9 ! negatives1 ! spongy lead is puff$ out1 result+ 9 ! condition kn[n z bulg$ negatives z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig #abb4 #b4 ,buckl+4 ,z a plate grid is b5t out ( %ape1 ! active mat]ial1 especially ! p]oxide1 breaks loose f ! grid1 s9ce ! p]oxide _c b5d z mu* z ! grids4 ,?is occurs 9 ! negatives also1 ?\gh n to su* an ext5t z 9 ! positives4 ,if ! plates are buckl$ to su* an ext5t t ! elem5t w n g back into ! j>1 ! positives %\ld be disc>d$4 ,if ! positives are buckl$1 ! negatives w be also1 b n to ! ext5t t ! positives are4 ,9 ! case ( ! positives1 !re is no rem$y1 & ! plates %\ld be disc>d$4 ,! negatives1 h[ev]1 may be fully *>g$1 & !n /raight5$1 & ! active mat]ial =c$ back flu% ) ! grids by press+s1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] #ae4 ,impurities ,impurities may be divid$ into two g5]al classes4 ,! fir/ class includes ^? :i* d n attack ! sep>ators or grids1 b m]ely cause int]nal self-dis*>ge4 ,! second class includes ^? :i* attack ! grids or sep>ators4 #a4 ,impurities ,:i* ,m]ely ,cause ,self-dis*>ge4 ,?is includes metals o!r ?an lead4 ,if ^! metals are 9 solution 9 ! electrolyte1 !y deposit on ! negative plate1 dur+ *>ge1 9 _! ord9>y metallic /ate1 & =m small cells ) ! spongy lead4 ,^! small cells dis*>ge z soon z ! *>g+ circuit is op5$1 & "s ( ! lead is *ang$ to lead sulphate4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 causes a loss 9 capacity4 ,free hydrog5 is giv5 (f by ?is local dis*>ge1 & s mu* ( x is at times giv5 (f t ! hydrog5 bubbles give ! electrolyte a milky appe>ance4 ,silv]1 gold1 & plat9um are ! mo/ active 9 =m+ small local cells4 ,^! metals =m local cells :i* h comp>atively high voltages1 & :i* take away a consid]able portion ( ! en]gy ( a cell4 ,plat9um is especially active1 & a small am\nt ( plat9um w prev5t a negative plate f tak+ a *>ge4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! spongy lead cov]s up ! =eign metal & prev5ts x f =m+ local cells4 ,iron also =ms local cells :i* rob ! cell ( a consid]able portion ( its capacity4 ,?is may be br\ght into ! cell by impure acid or wat]4 ,iron rema9s 9 solution 9 ! electrolyte1 & is n precipitat$ z metallic iron4 ,! iron 9 solution travels f ! positive to ! negative plate1 & back aga91 caus+ a local dis*>ge at ea* plate4 ,x is1 moreov]1 v difficult to remove ! iron1 except by p\r+ out all ( ! electrolyte4 ,manganese acts ! same z ! iron4 #b4 ,impurities ,:i* ,attack ! ,plates4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is class includes acids o!r ?an sulphuric acid1 comp\nds =m$ f su* acids1 or sub/ances :i* w readily =m acids by *emical action 9 ! cell4 ,nitric acid1 hydro*loric or muriatic acid1 & acetic acid belong 9 ?is class ( impurities4 ,organic matt] 9 a /ate ( decomposition attacks ! lead grids readily4 ,impurities 9 ! second class dissolve ! lead grids1 & ! plate dis9tegrates & falls to pieces1 s9ce its backbone is de/roy$4 ,:5 a batt]y :i* conta9s ^! impurities is op5$1 x w be f\nd t ! plates crumble & fall ap>t at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,see ,fig4 #baj4 ,sep>ators :i* h n be5 treat$ prop]ly introduce acetic acid into a cell4 ,! acetic acid attacks & rots ! lead1 especially ! lugs project+ above ! electrolyte1 & ! plate connect+ /raps4 ,! plates w g5]ally be f\nd brok5 f ! connect+ /rap1 ) ! plate lugs brok5 & crumbl$4 ,z = rem$ies1 !re is n mu* to be done4 ,impurities 9 ! fir/ class m]ely decrease ! capacity ( ! batt]y4 ,if ! batt]y is fully *>g$1 & ! negatives !n wa%$ ?or\ghly1 "s ( ! impurities may be remov$4 ,impurities ( ! second class h g5]ally damag$ ! plates beyond repairs by ! "t _! pres5ce is suspect$4 ,! be/ ?+ to d is to keep impurities out ( ! batt]y4 ,?is means t only di/ill$ wat]1 :i* is kn[n to be absolutely free f impurities %\ld be us$4 ,impurities :i* exi/ 9 ! sep>ators or acid _c be detect$ readily1 b 9 repair+ a batt]y1 sep>ators furni%$ by "o ( ! reliable batt]y mak]s %\ld be us$4 ,pure acid %\ld also be us$4 ,?is means t only *emically pure1 or ,c4 ,p4 acid1 also kn[n z batt]y acid %\ld be us$4 ,9 h&l+ ! acid 9 ! %op1 x %\ld always be kept 9 its glass bottle1 & %\ld be p\r$ only into a glass1 porcela91 e>!nw>e1 lead1 or rubb] vessel4 ,nev] use a vessel made ( any o!r mat]ial4 ,corrod$ ,grids ,:5 ! grids ( a plate are attack$ *emically1 !y become ?9 & weak1 & may be spok5 ( z be+ corrod$4 #a4 ,impurities4 ,^? impurities :i* attack ! lead grids1 su* z acids o!r ?an sulphuric acid1 comp\nds =m$ f ^! acids1 or sub/ances :i* w readily =m acids dissolve "s ( ! lead :i* composes ! grids4 ,! grids gradually become weak5$4 ,! decrease 9 ! am\nt ( metal 9 ! grids increases ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! cell & give a t5d5cy = temp]atures to be high] 9 ! cell4 ,! contact betwe5 grids & active mat]ial is 9 "t made poor4 ,if ! action ( ! impurities cont9ues = any l5g? ( "t1 ! plate becomes v weak1 & breaks at ! slighte/ t\*4 #b4 ,high ,temp]atures4 ,any?+ t raises ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte1 su* z too high a *>g+ rate1 causes ! acid to attack ! grids & =m a lay] ( sulphate on !m4 ,! sulphate is *ang$ to active mat]ial on *>ge1 & ! grids are !reby weak5$4 #c4 ,age4 ,grids gradually become weak & brittle z a batt]y rema9s 9 s]vice4 ,! acid 9 ! electrolyte1 ev5 ?\gh ! electrolyte has ! correct gravity & temp]ature1 has "s effect ^u ! grids1 & 9 "t ?is weak5s !m4 ,dur+ ! life ( a batt]y x is at times subject$ to high temp]atures1 impurities1 sulphation1 etc41 ! comb9$ effects ( :i* result 9 a gradual weak5+ ( ! grids4 ,granulat$ ,negatives #a4 ,age4 ,! spongy lead ( ! negative plate gradually assumes a gra9y or granulat$ appe>ance4 ,! lead !n seems to be made up ( small gra9s1 l gra9s ( s&1 in/ead ( be+ a smoo? pa/e4 ,?is action is a natural "o1 & is due to ! gradual increase 9 ! size ( ! p>ticles ( ! lead4 ,! plate loses its porosity1 ! p>ticles cem5t+ toge!r & clos+ ! pores 9 ! lead4 ,! increase 9 ! size ( ! p>ticles ( ! spongy lead decreases ! am\nt ( surface expos$ to ! action ( ! electrolyte1 & ! plate loses capacity4 ,su* plates %\ld be ?r[n away1 z *>g+ & dis*>g+ w n br+ ! pa/e back to its orig9al /ate4 #b4 ,heat w also cause ! pa/e to become granulat$1 & its surface to become r\gh or ev5 bli/]$4 ,heat+ ( ,negatives ,expos$ to ! ,air ,:5 *>g$ negatives are expos$ to ! air1 !re is a decid$ increase 9 _! temp]ature4 ,spongy lead is 9 an extremely f9ely divid$ /ate1 ! p>ticles ( lead be+ v m9ute1 & =m+ a v por\s mass4 ,:5 ! plate is expos$ to ! air1 rapid oxidation takes place because ! oxyg5 ( ! air has a v l>ge surface to act ^u4 ,! oxidation causes ! lead to become heat$4 ,! heat+1 ( c\rse1 raises ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte1 & ! hot acid attacks bo? grids & lead4 ,fully *>g$ negatives %\ld !re=e be wat*$ c>efully :5 remov$ f a batt]y4 ,:5 !y become heat$ & beg9 to /eam1 !y %\ld be dipp$ 9 wat] until !y h cool$4 ,!y may !n be remov$ f ! wat]1 b %\ld be dipp$ :5ev] !y beg9 to /eam4 ,aft] !y no long] heat1 !y may be left expos$ to ! air4 ,?is me?od ( dipp+ ! negatives to prev5t ov]heat+ has always be5 foll[$4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,company1 :i* makes ! ,exide batt]ies1 does n take any /eps to prev5t ! heat+ ( ! negatives :5 expos$ to ! air1 /at+ t _! plates are n injur$ by ! heat+ :i* takes place4 ,negatives ,) ,v ,h>d ,active ,mat]ial ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic condition ( badly sulphat$ negatives4 ,! active mat]ial may be z h>d z a /one4 ,! be/ me?od ( treat+ su* negatives is to *>ge !m 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,see ,*apt] #ae4 ,bulg$ ,negatives ,?is is a *>act]i/ic ( a repeat$ly ov]-dis*>g$ negative4 ,! lead sulphate :i* =ms z a batt]y dis*>ges is bulki] ?an ! spongy lead1 & ! lead exp&s & bulges out betwe5 ! ribs ( ! grid4 ,negative ,) ,s(t1 ,mu%y ,active ,mat]ial #a4 ,high ,gravity4 ,gravity above #a4cjj causes ! acid to act ^u ! spongy lead & s(t5 x4 #b4 ,heat w s(t5 ! spongy lead also4 ,! s(t5$ spongy lead is loos5$ & falls f ! grids1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #baa4 ,little c be done = su* negatives4 ,negatives ,) ,r\gh5$ ,surface ,?is is caus$ by slight ov]heat+1 & is n a s]i\s condition4 ,froz5 ,positives ,a batt]y :i* is all[$ to /& 9 a cold place :ile completely dis*>g$ w freeze4 ,! wat] 9 ! electrolyte exp&s z x freezes1 crack+ ! rubb] j>s & bulg+ out ! end ( ! wood5 case4 ,z ! electrolyte :i* fills ! pores ( ! positive plates freezes & exp&s1 x breaks ! active mat]ial loose f ! grids4 ,:5 ! batt]y ?aws1 ! active mat]ial does n g back into ! grids4 ,:5 su* a batt]y is op5$1 & ! gr\ps sep>at$1 ! positive active mat]ial /icks to ! sep>ators 9 l>ge pieces1 ,fig4 #aab1 & t rema9+ 9 ! grids falls out v easily4 ,! active mat]ial has a p9ki% color & is badly %runk54 ,rott$1 ,dis9tegrat$ ,positives #a4 ,impurities4 ,?is has already be5 discuss$4 ,see page #gf4 #b4 ,ov]heat+4 ,! hot electrolyte dissolves ! lead ( ! grids & t :i* is dissolv$ is nev] conv]t$ back to lead4 ,cont9u$ ov]heat+ we>s out ! grids1 & ! active mat]ial also1 & ! plate falls to pieces at ! slighte/ pressure4 #c4 ,age4 ,positives gradually dis9tegrate due to ! prolong$ action ( ! electrolyte on ! grids1 an occasional ov]heat+1 occasional use ( impure wat]1 etc4 ,positives :i* are rott$ & dis9tegrat$ are1 ( c\rse1 hopeless1 & mu/ be junk$4 ,buckl$ ,positives ,z previ\sly describ$1 buckl+ is caus$ by unequal expansion4 ,if ! buckl+ is only slight1 ! plates may be us$ z !y are4 ,if ! plates are badly buckl$1 ! active mat]ial w be f\nd to be loose1 & ! plates _c be /raight5$4 ,su* positives %\ld be disc>d$4 ,positives ,t ,h ,lo/ ,consid]able ,active ,mat]ial ,?is is ! result ( cont9u$ %$d+1 ! causes ( :i* h already be5 giv54 ,if ! %$d+ is only slight1 & ! plate is good o!rwise1 x may be us$ aga94 ,if su* active mat]ial has be5 lo/1 ! plates mu/ be disc>d$4 ,positives ,) ,s(t ,active ,mat]ial ,cont9u$ op]ation at high temp]atures1 w s(t5 ! p]oxide1 & make ! plates unfit = fur!r use4 ,old positives are s(t1 clue to ! natural det]ioration ( ! pa/e ) age4 ,positives ,) ,h>d1 ,%9y ,active ,mat]ial ,?is condition is f\nd 9 batt]ies t h be5 *>g$ ) ! acid bel[ ! tops ( ! plates4 ,! "p ( ! plate above ! acid is cont9ually be+ heat$ by ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,x becomes h>d & %9y1 & has cracks runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,! p]oxide becomes orange or brick color$1 & ! grid det]iorates4 ,! "p ( ! plate bel[ ! electrolyte suff]s also1 z expla9$ m fully on page #ga4 ,su* plates %\ld be disc>d$ if any consid]able portion ( ! plates is affect$4 ,plates 9 :i* #a_/b to #a in* ( ! upp] p>ts are affect$ may be us$ aga9 if o!rwise 9 good condition4 ,plates ,:i* ,h ,be5 ,*>g$ 9 ,wrong ,direction ,su* plates h be5 p>tly rev]s$1 s t !re is lead p]oxide & spongy lead on bo? positive & negative plates1 & su* plates are g5]ally wor?less4 ,if ! active mat]ials h n become loos5$ f ! grids1 & ! grids h n be5 dis9tegrat$ & brok51 ! plates may sometimes be rev]s$ by a long *>ge at a l[ rate 9 ! "r direction4 ,if ?is does n re/ore ! plates1 disc>d !m4 ,,sep>ator ,,tr\bles ,sep>ators =m ! weake/ "p ( a batt]y1 b at ! same "t p]=m a v important duty4 ,new sep>ators %\ld !re=e be in/all$ :5ev] a batt]y is op5$ = repairs4 ,repairs %\ld nev] be attempt$ on sep>ators4 #a4 ,n ,prop]ly ,exp&$ ,be=e ,in/allation4 ,sep>ators 9 /ock mu/ be kept moi/4 ,?is n only prev5ts !m f becom+ dry & brittle1 b keeps !m fully exp&$4 ,if sep>ators :i* h be5 kept dry 9 /ock are in/all$ 9 a batt]y1 !y d _! exp&+ inside ! batt]y4 ,?is causes !m to project beyond ! edges ( ! plates4 ,! cr[d+ to :i* !y are subject$ causes !m to crack4 ,crack$ sep>ators p]mit tree+ betwe5 plates1 ) a consequ5t %ort circuit4 #b4 ,n ,prop]ly ,treat$4 ,sep>ators :i* h n be5 giv5 ! prop] *emical treatm5t are likely to develop ,acetic acid aft] !y are 9 ! batt]y4 ,acetic acid dissolves ! lead grids1 ! plate lugs1 & ! plate connect+ /raps rapidly4 ,if ! plate lugs are f\nd brok51 & crumble easily1 acetic acid is v likely pres5t1 especially if an odor l t ( v9eg> is noticeable4 ,improp]ly treat$ sep>ators w cause a batt]y to %[ l[ voltage at high rates ( dis*>ge1 p>ticul>ly 9 cold wea!r1 & w also cause ! negatives to give poor cadmium read+s1 :i* may lead ! repairman to conclude t ! negatives are defective4 ,! sep>ators ( batt]ies :i* h be5 %ipp$ completely assembl$ )\t electrolyte & ) moi/5$ plates & sep>ators w sometimes h ! same effect4 #c4 ,crack$4 ,sep>ators %\ld be c>efully c&l$--plac$ 9 front ( a light & look$ ?r\gh4 ,cracks1 res9\s /reaks1 etc41 mean t ! sep>ator %\ld n be us$1 z x w bre$ tr\ble4 #d4 ,rott$ & ,c>boniz$4 ,?is may be ! result ( old age1 ov]heat+1 or high gravity electrolyte4 #e4 ,pores ,clogg$4 ,impurities1 dirt f impure wat]1 & lead sulphate fill ! pores ( a sep>ator & prev5t ! prop] circulation ( ! electrolyte4 ,! active mat]ial ( froz5 positives also fills up ! pores ( a sep>ator4 #f4 ,edges ,*isel$ ,(f4 ,a buckl+ plate w cut ?r\gh ! l[] edge ( a sep>ator & %ort circuit ! cell4 ,holes w be cut ?r\gh any "p ( a sep>ator by a buckl+ plate1 or a negative ) bulg$ active mat]ial4 ,,j> ,,tr\bles ,batt]y j>s are made ( h>d rubb]1 & are easily brok54 ,!y are n act$ ^u by ! electrolyte1 or any ( ! impurities :i* may be f\nd 9 ! j>4 ,_! tr\bles are all me*anical1 & consi/ ( be+ crack$1 or hav+ small holes ?r\gh ! walls4 ,j>s are s(t5$ by high temp]atures1 b ?is does no p>ticul> h>m unless !y are actually burn$ by an op5 flame or r$ hot metal4 ,! causes ( j> tr\bles are z foll[s3 #a4 ,r\gh ,h&l+4 ,by f> ! mo/ common cause ( j> breakage is r\gh h&l+ by c>eless or inexp]i5c$ p]sons4 ,if "o end ( a batt]y re/s on ! floor1 & ! o!r is all[$ to drop sev]al in*es1 brok5 j>s w probably result f ! sev]e impact ( ! heavy lead plates4 ,/orage batt]ies %\ld be h&l$ z if made ( glass4 ,:5 in/all$ on a c>1 ! spr+s protect ! batt]y f %ock to a consid]able ext5t1 b r\gh roads or exceptionally sev]e jolts may break j>s4 #b4 ,batt]y ,n ,prop]ly ,fa/5$4 ,9 ?is case a batt]y is bump$ ar\nd inside ! batt]y comp>tm5t1 & damage is v likely to result4 #c4 ,any ,weight ,plac$ on ,top ( ! ,batt]y is transmitt$ f ! l9ks to ! plates1 & by !m to ! bottom ( ! j>s4 ,batt]ies %\ld always be /or$ 9 racks1 & n "o on top ( ano!r4 ,! practice ( putt+ any weight :atev] on top ( a batt]y %\ld be promptly disc\rag$4 #d4 ,freez+4 ,?is condition has already be5 expla9$4 ,x causes a great _m brok5 j>s e w9t]4 #e4 ,gr\ps ,n ,prop]ly ,trimm$4 ,! outside negative plates 9 a cell come j inside ! j>1 & ! /rap ends mu/ be c>efully trimm$ (f flu% ) ! plates1 to prev5t !m f break+ ! top ( ! j>s4 ,j>s h slightly r\nd$ corn]s1 & are some:at n>r[] at ! extreme ends ?an ne>] ! c5t]4 ,a gr\p may !re=e g into a j> q readily :5 mov$ t[>d ! o!r end ( ! j> to t into :i* ! po/ /rap mu/ g :5 9 prop] position = ! cov]4 ,:5 ! gr\p is =c$ back into its prop] position ! /rap may break ! j>4 ,x is a good plan n only to trim ! ends ( ! negative /raps p]fectly flu%1 b to r\nd ! /rap corn]s :]e !y g into ! j> corn]s4 #f4 ,defective ,j>s4 7a7 ,a j> n prop]ly vulcaniz$ may come ap>t at ! scam4 7b7 ,a small impurity 9 ! rubb] may dissolve 9 ! acid & leave a m9ute p9hole4 ,all j>s are c>efully te/$ at ! factory & ! likelihood ( tr\ble f defective j>s is extremely small4 #g4 ,explosion 9 ,cell4 7a7 ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases evolv$ dur+ *>g+ make a v explosive mixture4 ,an op5 flame br\ght ne> a batt]y on *>ge or fre%ly *>g$1 w probably produce an explosion result+ 9 brok5 j>s & j> cov]s4 7b7 ,an op5 circuit produc$ inside a cell on *>ge 9 ! mann] describ$ on page #hf "u ! head+ ,op5 ,circuits1 w cause a sp>k at ! in/ant ! circuit is brok51 ) ! same result z br++ a flame ne> ! batt]y4 7c7 ,! small holes 9 ! v5ts mu/ be kept free = ! escape ( ! gases4 ,^! holes are usually seal$ 9 batt]ies %ipp$ ) moi/5$ plates & sep>ators1 to keep air out ( ! cells4 ,! seals mu/ be remov$ :5 ! batt]y is prep>$ = s]vice4 ,if ! v5ts rema9 plugg$1 ! pressure ( ! gases =m$ dur+ *>ge w f9ally bur/ ! cov]s ( j>s4 ,,batt]y ,,case ,,tr\ble #a4 ,ends ,bulg$ ,out4 ,?is may be due to a batt]y hav+ be5 froz5 or to hold-d[ns be+ screw$ d[n too tight1 or "s simil> cause4 ,:e!r ! case c be repair$ dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! bulg+4 ,?is c be/ be det]m9$ by ! repairman4 #b4 ,rott$4 ,if ! case is rott$ ar\nd ! top1 x is evid5ce t3 7a7 ,too mu* wat] 0 add$1 ) subsequ5t ov]fl[+ :5 electrolyte w>m$ up dur+ *>ge4 7b7 ,! tops 7 poorly seal$1 result+ 9 leaks betwe5 ! cov]s & ! j>s4 7c7 ,batt]y has n be5 fa/5$ d[n prop]ly1 & acid has be5 ?r[n out ( ! j>s by ! jolt+ ( ! c> on ! road4 7d7 ,! v5t plugs h n be5 turn$ d[n tightly4 7e7 ,electrolyte has be5 spill$ 9 measur+ specific gravity4 ,if ! case is rott$ ar\nd ! l[] "p x indicates t ! j>s are crack$ or conta9 holes4 ,in/ructions = mak+ repairs on batt]y cases are giv5 on page #cfj4 ,,tr\ble ,,) ,,connectors ,,& ,,t]m9als #a4 ,corrod$4 ,?is is a v common tr\ble1 & "o :i* %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ v c>efully4 ,corrosion is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( a grayi% or gre5i% sub/ance on ! batt]y t]m9als1 especially ! positive4 ,x is due to sev]al causes3 7a7 ,too mu* wat] add$ to cells4 ,! electrolyte exp&s on *>ge & fl[s out on ! top ( ! batt]y4 7b7 ,batt]y n fa/5$ firmly4 ,! jolt+ caus$ by ! motion ( ! c> on ! road w cause electrolyte to be ?r[n out ( ! v5t caps4 7c7 ,batt]y poorly seal$4 ,! electrolyte w be ?r[n out on ! cov] by ! motion ( ! c> ?r\gh ! leaks :i* result f poor seal+4 7d7 ,v5t caps loose4 ,?is also all[s electrolyte to be ?r[n out on ! batt]y top4 7e7 ,electrolyte spill$ on top ( batt]y 9 measur+ specific gravity4 7f7 ,batt]y cables damag$1 or loose4 ,! cables atta*$ to ! batt]y t]m9als are connect$ to lugs :i* are heavily coat$ ) lead4 ,! cables are insulat$ ) rubb]1 ^u :i* sulphuric acid has no effect4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! lead coat+ is n worn (f1 & t ! rubb] insulation is n brok5 or cut s z to all[ electrolyte1 :i* is spill$ on ! batt]y top z expla9$ 9 7a71 7b71 7c71 7d7 & 7e71 to rea* ! b>e copp] conductors ( ! cable4 ,! t]m9al p>ts are always s made t :5 ! connections are kept tight no acid c come into contact ) any?+ b lead & rubb]1 nei!r ( :i* is attack$ by sulphuric acid4 7g7 ,atta*+ wires directly to batt]y t]m9als4 ,!re %\ld be no expos$ metal except lead at ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,no wires ( any o!r metal %\ld be atta*$ to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,su* wires %\ld be connect$ to ! rubb] cov]$ cables :i* are atta*$ to batt]y1 & ! connections %\ld be made f> en\gh away f ! batt]y to prev5t electrolyte f com+ 9 contact ) ! wire4 ,c> manufactur]s g5]ally obs]ve ?is rule1 b ! c> own] may1 ?r\gh ignorance1 atta* copp] wires directly to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,! positive t]m9al is especially subject to corrosion1 & %\ld be wat*$ c>efully4 ,to avoid corrosion x is necess>y simply to keep ! top ( ! batt]y dry1 keep ! t]m9al connections tight1 & coat ! t]m9als ) vasel9e4 ,! rule ab\t connect+ wires directly to ! batt]y t]m9als mu/ ( c\rse be obs]v$ also4 #b4 ,loose4 ,loose t]m9al connections cause a loss ( en]gy due to _! resi/ance1 & all su* connections mu/ be well made4 ,if ! int]-cell connectors are loose1 x is due to a poor job ( lead burn+4 ,?is is also true ( burn$ on t]m9als1 & 9 ei!r case1 ! connections %\ld be drill$ (f1 clean$ & re-burn$4 ,t]m9als sometimes become s badly corrod$ t x is impossible to disconnect ! cables front ! batt]y4 ,/it* t]m9als %\ld be drill$ (f & soak$ 9 boil+ soda wat]4 ,,electrolyte ,,tr\bles 7#a7 ,l[ ,gravity4 ,see page #cba4 7#b7 ,high ,gravity4 ,see page #cbc4 7#c7 ,l[ ,level4 ,see page #cbc4 7#d7 ,high ,level4 ,?is condition is due to ! addition ( too mu* wat]4 ,x leads to corrosion z already expla9$4 ,x also causes a loss ( acid4 ,! ,electrolyte :i* ov]fl[s is lo/1 ?is ( c\rse1 caus+ a loss ( acid4 ,! condition ( ,l[ ,gravity !n arises1 z describ$ on page #cba4 7#e7 ,specific gravity w n rise dur+ *>ge4 ,see page #bjd4 7#f7 ,milky ,electrolyte3 7a7 ,lead ,sulphate 9 ,batt]y ,acid4 ,x sometimes happ5s t sulphuric acid conta9s "s lead sulphate 9 solution4 ,?is sulphate is precipitat$ :5 wat] is add$ to ! acid 9 mix+ electrolyte1 & gives ! electrolyte a milky appe>ance4 ,?is sulphate settles if ! electrolyte is all[$ to /&4 7b7 ,gass+4 ,! mo/ common cause ( ! milky appe>ance1 h[ev]1 is ! pres5ce ( m9ute gas bubbles 9 l>ge quantities4 ,^! may be ! result ( local action caus$ by ! pres5ce ( metallic impurities 9 ! batt]y4 ,! local action w /op :5 ! batt]y is put on *>ge1 b w beg9 z soon z ! batt]y is tak5 (f *>ge4 ,! impurities are gradually cov]$ by lead or lead sulphate1 & ! local action is ?us /opp$4 ,excessive gass+ 9 a cell :i* conta9s no impurities may also cause ! electrolyte to h a milky appe>ance4 ,! gas bubbles are v num]\s & make ! electrolyte look milky :ite4 7c7 ,impurities 9 ! electrolyte w also give x a milky appe>ance4 ,,g5]al ,,tr\bles ,op5 ,circuits #a4 ,poor ,burn+ ( ,connectors to ,po/s4 ,unless a good burn$ connection is made betwe5 ea* connector & po/1 ! jo9t may melt "u high dis*>ge rates1 or x may (f] s mu* resi/ance to ! passage ( curr5t t ! />t+ motor _c op]ate4 ,sometimes ! po/ is n burn$ to ! connector at all1 al?\gh ! latt] is well f9i%$ (f on top4 ,"u su* conditions ! batt]y may op]ate = a "t1 due to frictional contact betwe5 ! po/ & connector1 b ! p>ts may become oxidiz$ or sulphat$1 or vibration may break ! connection1 prev5t+ ! fl[ ( curr5t4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! circuit is n completely op51 & ! poor connection acts simply z a high resi/ance4 ,"u su* a condition ! con/ant curr5t g5]ator automatically increases its voltage1 & =ces *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y1 al?\gh ! latt]1 hav+ only a l[ fix$ voltage1 _c =ce out ! heavy curr5t requir$ = />t+ ! eng9e4 #b4 ,t]m9als ,brok5 ,(f4 ,inexp]i5c$ workm5 frequ5tly p\nd on ! t]m9als to loos5 ! cable lugs1 or pry on !m suffici5tly to break (f ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,if ! t]m9als & lugs are kept prop]ly greas$1 !y w come ap>t easily4 ,a pair ( t]m9al tongs is a v conv5i5t tool4 ,^! ex]t a pressure betwe5 ! t]m9al & ! head ( ! t]m9al screw1 :i* is fir/ unscrew$ a few turns4 #c4 ,acid on ,sold]$ ,jo9ts4 ,amateurs sometimes attempt to make connections by ! use ( a sold]+ iron & sold]4 ,sold] is readily dissolv$ by acid1 n only spoil+ ! jo9t1 b endang]+ ! plates if any gets into ! cells4 ,sold] mu/ nev] be us$ on a batt]y except = sweat+ ! cables into ! cable lugs1 & ! jo9t ev5 "h mu/ be well protect$ by rubb] tape4 #d4 ,defective ,po/s4 ,po/s )drawn f ! po/ m\ld be=e !y are cool en\gh may develop cracks4 ,bubbles sometimes occur 9 ! po/s4 ,ei!r tr\ble may r$uce ! curr5t c>ry+ capacity or me*anical /r5g? ( ! po/ & result 9 a brok5 or burn$-out spot4 #e4 ,plates ,improp]ly ,burn$4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 ?is is n likely to cause imm$iate tr\ble1 b by impos+ extra "w on ! balance ( ! plates1 causes !m to we> out quickly4 ,batt]y ,dis*>g$ #a4 ,due to excessive use ( />t+ motor & lamps4 #b4 ,failure ( g5]ator4 #c4 ,defective swit*es1 :i* by be+ gr\nd$1 or fail+ to op5 all[ batt]y to dis*>ge4 #d4 ,defective cut\t1 all[+ batt]y to dis*>ge into g5]ator4 #e4 ,addition ( accessories1 or use ( too l>ge lamps4 #f4 ,defective wir+1 caus+ gr\nds or %ort-circuits4 #g4 ,insuffici5t *>g+ rate4 #h4 ,batt]y all[$ to rema9 idle4 ,dead ,cells #a4 ,worn out ,sep>ators4 ,! duties ( sep>ators are to prev5t ! plates f t\*+ ea* o!r1 & to prev5t tree+1 or gr[? ( active mat]ial f ! negative to ! positive plates4 ,if !y fail to p]=m ^! duties1 ! batt]y w become %ort-circuit$ int]nally4 ,! sep>ator tr\bles describ$ on page #ha ev5tually lead to %ort-circuit$ cells4 #b4 ,=eign ,mat]ial4 ,if a piece ( lead falls betwe5 plates s z to lat] pun* a hole ?r\gh a sep>ator1 a %ort circuit w result4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 burn+ plates on ! /raps to prev5t lead f runn+ d[n betwe5 plates1 z ?is lead w cause a %ort circuit by pun*+ ?r\gh ! sep>ator4 #c4 ,accumulation ( ,s$im5t4 ,! active mat]ial :i* drops f ! plates accumulates 9 ! mud space 9 ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,if ?is rises until x t\*es ! bottom ( ! plates1 a %ort-circuit results4 ,usually x is advisable to r5ew ! positives 9 a batt]y :i* has become %ort-circuit$ by s$im5t1 s9ce ! s$im5t comes l>gely f ! positives1 & if !y h lo/ en\gh active mat]ial to completely fill ! s$im5t space1 !y are no long] fit = use4 #d4 ,badly sulphat$ plates & sep>ators1 impurities :i* attack ! plates4 ,loss ( ,capacity ,a batt]y loses capacity due to a numb] ( causes4 ,"s ( !m h already be5 consid]$4 #a4 ,impurities 9 ! ,electrolyte4 ,^! h already be5 discuss$4 #b4 ,sulphation4 ,?is also has be5 describ$4 #c4 ,loose ,active ,mat]ial1 z already describ$4 ,! active mat]ials :i* are n 9 contact ) ! grids _c d _! "w4 #d4 ,incorrect ,proportions ( ,acid & ,wat] 9 ! ,electrolyte4 ,9 ord] t all ! active mat]ial 9 ! plates may be utiliz$1 !re mu/ be en\gh acid 9 ! electrolyte1 & also en\gh wat]4 ,if !re is n en\gh acid1 ! batt]y w lack capacity4 ,if !re is too mu* acid1 ! acid :5 ! batt]y is fully *>g$ w be /rong en\gh to attack & s]i\sly damage ! plates & sep>ators4 ,insuffici5t am\nt ( acid may be due to replac+1 ) wat]1 electrolyte :i* has be5 spill$ or :i* has leak$ out4 ,too mu* acid results f an incorrect proportion ( acid & wat] 9 ! electrolyte1 or f add+ acid in/ead ( wat] to br+ ! electrolyte above ! plate tops1 & causes sulphation1 corrod$ plates1 & c>boniz$ sep>ators4 ,! rem$y = incorrect proportions ( acid & wat] 9 ! electrolyte is to give ! batt]y a full *>ge & adju/ ! gravity by draw+ (f "s ( ! electrolyte & replac+ x ) wat]1 or #a4djj specific gravity electrolyte1 z ! case may require4 #e4 ,sep>ators ,clogg$4 ,! pores ( ! sep>ators may become fill$ ) sulphate or impurities1 & ?us prev5t ! prop] circulation ( ! electrolyte4 ,new sep>ators mu/ be put 94 #f4 ,%$d+4 ,! capacity ( a batt]y naturally decreases z ! active mat]ial falls f ! plates1 s9ce ! am\nt ( active mat]ial :i* c take "p 9 ! *emical actions t enable u to draw curr5t f ! batt]y decreases4 #g4 ,l[ ,level ( ,electrolyte4 ,aside f ! loss ( capacity :i* results f ! sulphation caus$ by l[ electrolyte1 !re is a loss ( capacity caus$ by ! decrease 9 ! useful plate area :5 ! electrolyte is bel[ ! tops ( ! plates4 ,only t "p ( ! plate surface :i* is bel[ ! electrolyte does any "w1 & ! area ( ?is "p gradually decreases z ! electrolyte falls4 #h4 ,rev]sal ( ,plates4 ,if "o cell ( a batt]y has an int]nal %ort circuit1 or "s o!r defect :i* causes x to lose its *>ge1 ! cell w be dis*>g$ be=e ! o!rs :i* are 9 s]ies ) x1 & :5 ?is cell is completely dis*>g$1 ! o!r cells w s5d a curr5t ?r\gh x 9 a dis*>ge direction1 & ! negative plates w h a coat+ ( lead p]oxide =m$ on !m1 & w assume ! *>act]i/ics ( positive plates4 ,! positives w be rev]s$ also4 ,?is rev]sal may also be ! result ( *>g+ a batt]y 9 ! wrong direction1 on acc\nt ( rev]s$ *>g+ connections4 ,! rem$y = rev]s$ plates1 provid$ !y h n become dis9tegrat$1 is to give !m a long *>ge 9 ! "r direction at a l[ rate4 #i4 ,effect ( ,age4 ,a batt]y gradually loses capacity due to its age4 ,?is effect is indep5d5t ( ! loss ( capacity due to ! o!r causes4 ,9 ! negatives1 ! size ( ! gra9 increases its size1 giv+ ! plates a granulat$ appe>ance4 ,/it* plates are call$ granulat$ negatives4 ,! spongy lead cem5ts toge!r & loses porosity4 ,loss ( ,*>ge 9 ,an ,idle ,batt]y ,x has be5 f\nd t if a *>g$ batt]y is all[$ to /& idle1 & is n *>g$1 & no curr5t is drawn f x1 ! batt]y w gradually become completely dis*>g$ & mu/ be giv5 an occasional fre%5+ *>ge4 ,n[1 z we h le>n$1 :5 a batt]y dis*>ges lead sulphate =ms on ea* plate1 & acid is tak5 f ! electrolyte z ! sulphate =ms4 ,9 our idle batt]y1 !re=e1 su* actions mu/ be tak+ place4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ?is case is t ! sulphate =ms )\t any curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,at ! lead p]oxide plate we h lead p]oxide pa/e1 lead grid1 & sulphuric acid4 ,^! are all ! elem5t-1 ne$$ to produce a /orage batt]y1 & z ! lead p]oxide & ! lead are t\*+ ea* o!r1 ea* lead p]oxide plate really =ms a %ort circuit$ cell4 ,:y does ?is plate n dis*>ge itself completely8 ,a c]ta94 am\nt ( dis*>ge does take place1 & results 9 a lay] ( lead sulphate =m+ betwe5 ! lead p]oxide & ! grid4 ,! sulphate1 hav+ high resi/ance !n protects ! lead grid & prev5ts any fur!r action4 ,?is dis*>ge action !re=e does n cont9ue1 b causes a loss ( a c]ta9 "p ( ! *>ge4 ,at ! negative plate1 we h pure spongy lead1 & ! grid4 ,?is grid is n compos$ entirely ( lead1 b conta9s a p]c5tage ( antimony1 a metal :i* makes ! grid h>d] & /rong]4 ,!re is b v little diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! spongy lead & ! grid4 ,a small am\nt ( lead sulphate does =m1 h[ev]1 on ! surface ( ! negative plate4 ,?is is due to ! action betwe5 ! spongy lead & ! electrolyte4 ,"s ( ! lead comb9es ) ! acid to =m lead sulphate1 b aft] a small am\nt has be5 =m$ ! action is /opp$ because a balanc$ *emical condition is soon obta9$4 ,?us only a small am\nt ( lead sulphate is =m$ at ea* plate1 & ! cell !reby loses only a small "p ( its *>ge4 ,9 a p]fectly con/ruct$ batt]y ! dis*>ge w\ld !n /op4 ,! only fur!r action :i* w\ld take place w\ld be ! sl[ evaporation ( ! wat] ( ! electrolyte4 ,! loss ( *>ge :i* actually occurs 9 an idle *>g$ batt]y is great] ?an t due to ! =mation ( ! small am\nts ( sulphate on ! plates1 & ! evaporation ( ! wat] f ! electrolyte4 ,does an idle cell dis*>ge itself by decompos+ its electrolyte8 ,we h a diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( ab\t two volts betwe5 ! lead & lead p]oxide plate4 ,:y is ! electrolyte n decompos$ by ?is diff]5ce8 ,at fir/ x might seem t ! wat] & acid %\ld be sep>at$ into its p>ts1 & hydrog5 lib]at$ at ! negative plate4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 v little hydrog5 gas is set free 9 an idle *>g$ cell because to d s w\ld require a voltage ( ab\t #b4e4 ,at two volts1 s little gas is =m$ t ! loss ( *>ge due to x may be neglect$ entirely4 ,! greate/ loss ( *>ge 9 an idle batt]y results f conditions aris+ f ! processes ( manufacture1 int]nal tr\bles1 & leakage betwe5 t]m9als4 ,! grids ( a cell are an alloy ( lead & antimony4 ,^! are mix$ :ile 9 a molt5 condition1 & are !n all[$ to cool4 ,if ! cool+ is n done prop]ly1 or if a poor grade ( antimony is us$1 ! result+ grid is n a uni=m mixture ( antimony & lead4 ,!re w be areas ( pure lead1 ) an air hole "h & !re4 ,! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! grid mat]ial results 9 a local dis*>ge 9 ! grid4 ,?is causes "s loss ( *>ge4 ,if ! active mat]ial completely fills ! spaces betwe5 ! grids1 ! acid =m$ z ! cell is *>g$ may n be able to diffuse into ! ma9 body ( ! electrolyte1 b =ms a small pocket ( acid 9 ! plate4 ,?is acid w cause a dis*>ge betwe5 pa/e & grid & a coat+ ( lead sulphate =ms on ! arid1 result+ 9 a c]ta9 loss ( *>ge4 ,9 g5]al any metallic impurity 9 a cell w cause a loss at ! lead plate4 ,:5 a cell is *>g$1 ! curr5t causes ! metals to deposit on ! lead plate4 ,local cells are =m$ by ! metallic impurity1 ! lead plate1 & ! acid1 & ^! t9y cells w dis*>ge completely1 caus+ a loss ( *>ge4 ,?is has already be5 describ$ on page #gf4 ,ano!r cause ( loss ( *>ge 9 an idle cell is leakage ( curr5t betwe5 ! t]m9als on ! outside ( ! batt]y4 ,dur+ *>ge1 ! bubbles ( gas :i* escape f ! electrolyte c>ry ) !m m9ute quantities ( acid :i* may deposit on ! top ( ! batt]y & gradually =m a ?9 conduct+ lay] ( electrolyte ?r\gh :i* a curr5t w fl[ f ! positive to ! negative t]m9als4 ,?is dang] may be avoid$ by c>efully wip+ any moi/ure f ! batt]y4 ,cond5sation ( moi/ure f ! air1 on ! top or sides & bottom ( a batt]y w cause ! same condition4 ,?is w be especially noticeable if a batt]y is kept 9 a damp place4 ,! t5d5cy = cry/als ( lead to tree ov] f ! negative to ! positive plates is well kn[n4 ,an idle batt]y is "o 9 :i* ?is action t5ds to take place4 ,tree+ w occur ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sep>ators & z !re is no fl[ ( electrolyte 9 or out ( ! plates1 ! lead trees are n di/urb$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,a fre%5+ *>ge causes ?is fl[ to take place1 & break up ! trees :i* w\ld o!rwise gradually %ort circuit ! cells4 ,section ,,ii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,%op ,equipm5t ,%op ,me?ods ,,*apt] #aa4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,batt]y ,,on ,,! ,,c>4 ------------------------------- ,any man :o goes into ! batt]y repair bus9ess w gradually le>n by exp]i5ce :at equipm5t he f9ds necess>y = 8 "w4 ,"s m5 w be able to d good "w ) comp>atively little equipm5t1 :ile o!rs w require a some:at elaborate lay\t4 ,fig #ch4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,typical ,"w ,room ,%[+ ,b5* ,ab\t #cd ,in*es ,high1 ,lead ,burn+ ,outfit1 ,hot ,plates = ,melt+ ,seal+ ,comp\nd & ,h& ,drill-,press = ,drill+ (f ,int]-,cell ,connectors4 ,!re are "s ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* are necess>y1 & ! foll[+ li/s are giv5 to help ! repairman select 8 equipm5t4 ,! man ) limit$ capital w be unable to buy a complete equipm5t at ! />t1 b he %\ld add to 8 equipm5t z fa/ z 8 e>n+s w p]mit4 ,! repairman may be able to get-by ) crude equipm5t :5 8 bus9ess is v small1 b to make 8 bus9ess gr[ he mu/ absolutely h good equipm5t4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! v>i\s articles 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,! fir/ sev5 are absolutely necess>y1 ev5 = ! poore/ beg9n]4 ,! o!rs are also ess5tial1 b may be b\ght z soon1 z ! money beg9s to come 94 ,"s ( ! tools mu/ also be b\ght be=e op5+ doors = bus9ess1 su* z ! putty knife1 screwdriv]s1 pli]s1 & s on4 ,ea* article1 :i* requires explanation1 is describ$ 9 detail1 beg9n+ on page #ajj4 ,equipm5t ,:i* is ,absolutely ,necess>y #a4 ,*>g+ ,outfit1 su* z a motor-g5]ator set1 rectifi]1 or *>g+ resi/ance :]e direct curr5t is available4 #b4 ,*>g+ ,b5* & ,accessories4 ,) ! *>g+ b5* mu/ g ! foll[+3 #a4 ,a syr+e-hydromet] = measur+ specific gravity ( electrolyte1 = draw+ (f electrolyte & = add+ wat] to cells4 #b4 ,a special batt]y !rmomet] = measur+ temp]ature ( electrolyte4 #c4 ,a voltmet] to measure cell1 batt]y1 & cadmium voltages4 #d4 ,an ammet] to measure *>g+ curr5t4 #e4 ,a glass bottle = di/ill$ wat]4 ,also "o = electrolyte4 #f4 ,a numb] ( eighte5 in* l5g?s ( ,no4 #ab flexible wire fitt$ ) lead coat$ te/ clips1 = connect+ batt]ies 9 s]ies :ile on *>ge4 #c4 ,"w b5* ) vise4 #d4 ,s9k or wa% tank & wat] supply4 #e4 ,lead-burn+ outfit4 7,?is %\ld prop]ly be call$ a lead weld+ outfit1 s9ce x is us$ to melt lead p>ts s t !y w be weld$ toge!r47 #f4 ,= h&l+ seal+ comp\nd1 ! foll[+ are necess>y4 #a4 ,/ove4 #b4 ,pot 9 :i* comp\nd is melt$4 #c4 ,an iron ladle = dipp+ up ! melt$ comp\nd4 #d4 ,"o or two old c(fee pots = p\r+ comp\nd4 #g4 ,%elv+ or racks = batt]ies wait+ to be repair$1 batt]ies :i* h be5 repair$1 r5tal batt]ies1 new batt]ies1 batt]y boxes1 batt]y j>s1 batt]y plates1 etc4 #h4 ,b9s = batt]y p>ts1 su* z cov]s1 int]-cell connectors1 plate /raps1 t]m9als1 h&les1 v5t plugs1 hold d[n bolts1 sep>ator hold-d[ns1 & s on4 ,equipm5t ,ne$$ ,9 ,op5+ ,batt]ies #i4 ,a batt]y /eam] = s(t5+ seal+-comp\nd & mak+ cov]s limp1 = s(t5+ comp\nd ar\nd defective j>s :i* are to be remov$1 = s(t5+ j>s :i* are to be set 9 a batt]y box1 & s on4 #aj4 ,putty knife to remove s(t5$ scal+ comp\nd4 #aa4 ,"o rat*et brace ) set ( wood bits or squ>e %ank drills ( ! foll[+ sizes3 #c_/h1 #e_/h1 #c_/d1 #ac_/af1 & #g_/h in*1 = drill+ (f t]m9als & int]-cell connectors4 ,a p[] drill press1 or a portable electric drill w save "t & labor 9 drill+ (f ! t]m9als & connectors4 #ab4 ,c5t] pun* = m>k+ t]m9als & connectors be=e drill+4 #ac4 ,t5 in* screwdriv] = pry+ (f connectors & t]m9als :i* h be5 drill$4 ,! screwdriv] may1 ( c\rse1 be us$ on v>i\s o!r k9ds ( "w also4 #ad4 ,a t5-in* l5g? ( #c_/d in* angle iron to protect upp] edge ( case :5 pry+ (f ! connectors & t]m9als :i* h be5 drill$4 #ae4 ,two pairs ( /&>d comb9ation pli]s = lift+ elem5ts out ( j>s4 ,a pair ( six or eight in* gas pli]s w also d = ?is "w4 #af4 ,ma*9i/ hamm]4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 also us$ = o!r purposes4 #ag4 ,t]m9al tongs = remov+ tap] lugs f t]m9als4 #ah4 ,pair ( long1 fiat nos$ pli]s = pull+ out sep>ators & j>s4 #ai4 ,op5-end wr5* = use 9 remov+ tap] lugs f t]m9als4 ,equipm5t = ,lead ,burn+ 7,weld+7 ,9 addition to ! lead burn+-outfit1 ! foll[+ tools are ne$$3 #bj4 ,a plate burn+ rack = sett+ up plates :i* are to be burn$ to a plate /rap4 #ba4 ,a plumb]'s or t9n]'s triangul> scrap] = clean+ surfaces :i* are to be weld$ toge!r4 ,a pocketknife w d 9 a p9*4 #bb4 ,/eel wire bru% = clean+ surfaces :i* are to be weld$ toge!r4 ,?is may also be us$ = g5]al clean+ ( lead p>ts4 #bc4 ,co>se files1 vix51 r\nd1 & flat1 = fil+ lead p>ts4 #bd4 ,set ( burn+1 coll>s to be us$ 9 burn+ int]-cell connectors to po/s4 #be4 ,m\lds = ca/+ /icks ( burn+ lead4 ,a pot = melt+ lead is ne$$ ) ! m\ld1 & m\ld comp\nd is also ne$$4 #bf4 ,set ( po/ build]s-m\lds us$ = build+ up po/s :i* h be5 drill$ %ort 9 remov+ t]m9als & int]cell connectors4 #bg4 ,pair ( blue or smok$ glasses to be worn :5 us+ lead burn+ outfit4 ,equipm5t = ,g5]al ,"w on ,cell ,connectors & ,t]m9als #bh4 ,set ( m\lds = ca/+ int]-cell connectors1 t]m9als1 t]m9al screws1 tap] lugs1 plate /raps & po/s1 etc4 #bi4 ,set ( ream]s to ream holes 9 t]m9als & connectors4 #cj4 ,set ( holl[ ream]s = r$uc+ po/s4 ,equipm5t = ,"w on ,cases #ca4 ,cans ( asphaltum pa9t = pa9t+ cases4 ,may also be us$ = acid-pro(+ "w b5*es1 floor1 %elves1 *>g+ b5*1 & s on4 #cb4 ,pa9t bru%es1 "o wide & sev]al n>r[4 #cc4 ,batt]y turntable4 #cd4 ,sev]al wood *isels ( diff]5t sizes4 #ce4 ,small wood-plane = smoo?+ up top edges ( case4 #cf4 ,l>ge glaz$ e>!nw>e j>s ( wa%+ or bak+ soda solution = soak+ cases to neutralize acid4 ,tools & ,equipm5t = ,g5]al ,"w #cg4 ,"o pair ( l>ge end cutt+ nipp]s = cutt+ connectors1 po/s1 plate lugs1 & s on4 #ch4 ,"o pair ( #h in* side cutt+ pli]s4 #ci4 ,"o pair ( #h in* diagonal cutt+ pli]s4 #dj4 ,sev]al screwdriv]s4 #da4 ,adju/able hacksaw frame ) set ( co>se blades4 #db4 ,gasol9e tor*4 #db4 ,sold]+ iron1 sold] & flux4 #dd4 ,sep>ator cutt]4 #de4 ,plate press = press+ bulg$1 spongy lead ( negative plates flu% ) surface ( grids4 #df4 ,batt]y c>ri]4 #dg4 ,batt]y truck4 #dh4 ,lead l9$ box = /or+ sep>ators4 ,a l>ge glaz$ e>!nw>e j> may be us$ = ?is purpose1 & is mu* *eap]1 al?\gh x w n hold z _m sep>ators1 on acc\nt ( its r\nd %ape1 z ! lead l9$ box4 #di4 ,sev]al old /ew pans = boil+ acid soak$ t]m9als1 connectors1 cov]s1 etc41 9 a solution ( wa%+ soda4 #ej4 ,set ( metal lett]+ /amps1 = /amp+ ,,pos & ,,neg on batt]y t]m9als1 repairman's initials1 date batt]y 0 repair$1 & nature ( repairs1 on int]-cell connectors4 #ea4 ,cadmium te/ set4 #eb4 ,high rate dis*>ge te/]s4 #ec4 ,pair ( rubb] gloves to protect h&s :5 h&l+ acid4 #ed4 ,rubb] apron to protect clo?+ f acid4 #ee4 ,pair ( rubb] sleeve protectors4 #ef4 ,rubb]s to protect %oes1 or pair ( l[ rubb] boots4 #eg4 ,tags = tagg+ repair & r5tal batt]ies1 batt]ies 9 /orage1 etc4 #eh4 ,pot ( p>aff9e :i* may be heat$1 & pap] tags dipp$ aft] date has be5 writt5 on tag 9 p5cil4 ,a #fj-watt lamp hung 9 ! c may be us$ = heat+ ! comp\nd4 ,9 ?is way ! tag is protect$ f ! action ( acid1 & ! writ+ on ! tag _c be rubb$ (f or made illegible4 #ei4 ,a numb] ( wood5 boxes1 ab\t #ab in*es long1 #h in*es wide1 & #d in*es deep1 9 :i* are plac$ t]m9als1 int]-cell connectors1 cov]s1 v5t plugs1 etc41 ( batt]ies be+ repair$4 #fj4 ,sev]al l>ge glaz$ e>!nw>e j>s are conv5i5t = wa/e acid1 old sep>ators1 & g5]al junk1 :i* w\ld o!rwise litt] up ! %op4 ,/ock #fa4 ,a supply ( sp>e p>ts1 su* z cases1 j>s1 cov]s1 plate /raps1 int]-cell connectors1 plates1 v5t plugs1 etc41 %\ld be kept4 #fb4 ,a supply ( seal+ comp\nd is necess>y4 #fc4 ,a c>boy ( pure acid1 & c>boys ( #a4djj electrolyte ready = use %\ld be on h&4 ,a #af oz4 & a #cb or #fd oz4 graduate are v useful 9 measur+ out acid & wat]4 #fd4 ,a t5 gallon bottle ( di/ill$ wat] is necess>y = use 9 mak+ up electrolyte1 = addition to cell electrolyte to br+ electrolyte up to prop] level1 & s on4 ,if y wi% to di/ill wat] y\rself1 buy a wat] /ill4 #fe4 ,a supply ( pure vasel9e is necess>y = coat+ t]m9als to prev5t corrosion4 ,special ,tools ,ow+ to special con/ructions us$ oil sonic ( ! /&>d makes ( batt]ies1 special tools are requir$1 & su* tools %\ld be obta9$ if "w is done oil ^! batt]ies4 ,"s ( ^! tools are z foll[s3 #ff4 ,special wr5*es = turn+ seal+ nuts on ,exide batt]ies4 #fg4 ,two holl[ ream]s 7po/-free+ tools7 = cutt+ lead seal ar\nd po/s ( ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies4 ,!re are two sizes1 l>ge & small1 see page #chi4 #fh4 ,/yle ,b pe5+ press = seal+ po/s ( ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies to cov]s1 see page #cij4 #fi4 ,pressure tongs = =c+ lead coll> oil po/s ( ,ve/a batt]ies1 see page #dae4 #gj4 ,special wr5* = tight5+ seal+ nut oil ,titan batt]ies4 #ga4 ,special ream] = cutt+ seal+ r+ oil ,univ]sal batt]ies4 ,! li/ ( special tools is n int5d$ to be complete1 & ! repairman w probably f9d o!r special tools necess>y f "t to "t4 ,9 any case1 x is be/ to buy f ! batt]y manufactur] su* special tools z are necess>y = ! batt]ies t come 9 = repairs4 ,x is sometimes possible to get along )\t ! special tools1 b "t & labor w be sav$ by us+ !m4 ,,descriptions ,,( ,,tools ,,& ,,equipm5t ,,nam$ ,,9 ,,=ego+ ,,li/ ,*>g+ ,equipm5t ,a batt]y is *>g$ by s5d+ a direct curr5t ?r\gh x1 ?is *>g+ curr5t ent]+ ! batt]y at1 ! positive t]m9al & pass+ out at ! negative t]m9al4 ,to s5d ?is curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y1 a voltage ( ab\t #g4e volts is appli$ to ea* batt]y4 ,two ?+s are !re=e necess>y 9 *>g+ a batt]y3 #a4 ,we mu/ h a s\rce ( direct curr5t4 #b4 ,! voltage impress$ across ea* batt]y mu/ be1 ab\t #b4e p] cell4 ,! *>g+ voltage across ea* six volt batt]y mu/ !re=e be #g4e1 & = ea* twelve volt batt]y ! *>g+ voltage mu/ be ab\t #ae volts4 ,) ! batt]y on ! c>1 !re are two g5]al me?ods ( *>g+1 i4 e41 con/ant pot5tial 7voltage7 & con/ant curr5t4 ,g5]ators hav+ a con/ant voltage regulator h a con/ant voltage ( ab\t #g4e1 ! *>g+ curr5t dep5d+ ^u ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,a dis*>g$ batt]y ?us receives a high *>g+ curr5t1 ?is curr5t gradually decreas+1 or tap]+ z ! batt]y becomes m fully *>g$4 ,?is sy/em has ! desirable *>act]i/ic t a dis*>g$ batt]y receives a heavy *>g+ curr5t1 & a fully *>g$ batt]y receives a small *>g+ curr5t4 ,! "t ( *>g+ is !reby decreas$4 ,) a con/ant-curr5t *>g+ sy/em1 ! g5]ator curr5t output is ma9ta9$ at a c]ta9 value1 reg>dless ( ! /ate ( *>ge ( ! batt]y4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is sy/em is t a fully *>g$ batt]y is *>g$ at z high a rate & 9 mo/ cases at a high] rate ?an a dis*>g$ batt]y4 ,9 ! %op1 ei!r ! con/ant-pot5tial1 or ! con/ant-curr5t sy/em ( *>g+ may be us$4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 ! con/ant curr5t sy/em has be5 us$ 9 ! majority ( %ops4 ,! equipm5t = con/ant curr5t *>g+ uses a lamp bank or rheo/at to regulate ! *>g+ curr5t :]e direct curr5t is available1 & a rectifi] or motor-g5]ator set :]e only alt]nat+ curr5t is available4 ,rec5tly1 ! ,hob>t ,bro!rs ,company ( ,troy1 ,ohio1 has put on ! m>ket a con/ant pot5tial motor-g5]ator set :i* gives ! same desirable tap]+ *>ge z does ! con/ant voltage g5]ator on ! c>4 ,?is set w be describ$ lat]4 ,:]e a #aaj-volt direct curr5t supply is available1 fifte5 #f-volt batt]ies may be connect$ 9 s]ies across ! l9e )\t ! use ( any rheo/at or lamp bank1 only an ammet] be+ requir$ 9 ! circuit to indicate ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,! *>g+ rate may be v>i$ by cutt+ out "s ( ! batt]ies1 or connect+ m batt]ies 9 ! circuit4 ,?is me?od is feasible only :]e _m batt]ies are *>g$1 s9ce n less ?an fifte5 #f-volt batt]ies may be *>g$ at "o "t4 ,con/ant ,curr5t ,*>g+ ,us+ ,lamp ,banks1 or ,rheo/ats ,figures #ci & #dj %[ ! wir+ = a bank ( tw5ty #ajj-watt lamps = batt]y *>g+ f a #aaj volt l9e4 ,figure #ci %[s ! wir+ to be us$ :5 ! positive side ( ! l9e is gr\nd$1 :ile ,figure #dj %[s ! wir+ to be us$ :5 ! negative side ( ! l9e is gr\nd$4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! live wire connects to ! lamp bank4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to elim9ate ! possibility ( a %ort-circuit if any "p ( ! *>g+ l9e beyond ! lamp bank is accid5tally gr\nd$4 ,fig4 #ci ,lamp bank = *>g+ f a #aaj volts1 ,d4,c4 ,l9e 7positive gr\nd$7 ,fig4 #dj ,lamp bank = *>g+ f a #aaj volts1 ,d4,c4 ,l9e 7negative gr\nd$7 ,fig4 #da ,rheo/at = *>g+ f a #aaj volts1 ,d4,c4 ,l9e 7positive gr\nd$7 ,fig4 #db ,rheo/at = *>g+ f a #aaj volts1 ,d4,c4 ,l9e 7negative gr\nd$7 ,figures #da & #db %[ ! wir+ ( two *>g+ rheo/ats :i* may be us$ in/ead ( ! lamp banks %[n 9 ,figures #ci & #dj4 ,9 ^! two rheo/ats ! live wire is connect$ to ! rheo/at resi/ances 9 ord] to prev5t %ort-circuits by gr\nd+ any "p ( ! circuit beyond ! rheo/ats4 ,^! rheo/ats may be b\ght ready = use1 & %\ld n be homemade4 ,! wir+ z %[n 9 ,figures #da & #db is probably n ! same z w be f\nd on a rheo/at :i* may be b\ght1 b :5 in/all+ a rheo/at1 ! wir+ %\ld be exam9$ to make sure t ! live wire is connect$ to ! rheo/at resi/ance & does n connect directly to ! *>g+ circuit4 ,if necess>y1 *ange ! wir+ to agree ) ,figures #da & #db4 ,figures #dc & #dd %[ ! wir+ ( ! *>g+ circuits4 ,9 ,figure #dc ea* batt]y has a d\ble pole1 d\ble ?r[ knife swit*4 ,?is is probably ! bett] lay\t1 s9ce any batt]y may be connect$ 9 ! circuit by ?r[+ d[n ! knife swit*1 & any batt]y may be cut out by ?r[+ ! swit* up4 ,) ?is wir+ lay\t1 any numb] ( batt]ies f "o to t5 may be cut-9 by means ( ! swit*es4 ,?us1 to *>ge five batt]ies1 swit*es #a to #e are ?r[n d[n1 & swit*es #e to #aj are ?r[n up1 !reby %ort-circuit+ !m4 ,fig4 #dc ,wir+ = a *>g+ circuit1 us+ a ,,dpdt swit* = ea* batt]y2 & ,fig4 #dd ,wir+ = a *>g+ circuit1 us+ jump]s to connect batt]ies 9 s]ies ,figure #dd %[s a t5-batt]y *>g+ circuit on :i* ! batt]ies are connect$ 9 s]ies by means ( jump]s fitt$ ) lead coat$ te/ clips1 z %[n4 ,?is lay\t is n z conv5i5t z t %[n 9 ,figure #dc1 b is less exp5sive4 ,us+ ,motor-,g5]ator ,sets ,fig4 #de ,t5 batt]y motor-g5]ator *>g+ set ,:]e no direct curr5t supply is available1 a motor-g5]ator or a rectifi] mu/ be in/all$4 ,! motor-g5]ator is m exp5sive ?an a rectifi]1 b is pref]r$ by "s s]vice /ations because x is extremely flexible z to voltage & curr5t1 is easily op]at$1 is free f complications1 & has no delicate p>ts to cause tr\ble4 ,motor-,g5]ator sets are made by a numb] ( manufactur]s4 ,accompany+ ^! sets are complete in/ructions = in/allation & op]ation1 & we w n attempt to duplicate su* in/ructions 9 ?is book4 ,rules to assi/ 9 select+ ! equipm5t w1 h[ev]1 be giv54 ,except 9 v l>ge s]vice /ations1 a #dj volt g5]ator is pref]able4 ,x requires approximately #b4e volts p] cell to ov]come ! voltage ( a batt]y 9 ord] to *>ge x1 & h5ce ! #dj volt g5]ator has a voltage suffici5t to *>ge #ae cells 9 s]ies on "o *>g+ l9e4 ,five #f volt batt]ies may !re=e be *>g$ at "o "t on ea* l9e4 ,) a *>g+ rate ( #aj amp]es1 ea* *>g+ l9e w require #aj times #dj1 or #djj watts4 ,! size ( ! g5]ator w dep5d on ! numb] ( *>g+ l9es desir$4 ,) #aj amp]es *>g+ curr5t p] l9e1 ! capacity ( ! g5]ator requir$ w be equal to #djj watts multipli$ by ! numb] ( *>g+ l9es4 ,"o *>g+ l9e w ne$ a #djj watt outfit4 ,= two *>g+ l9es #hjj watts are requir$4 ,ea* *>g+ l9e is g5]ally provid$ ) a sep>ate rheo/at s t its *>g+ rate may be adju/$ to any desir$ value4 ,?is is an important feature1 z x is wrong to *>ge all batt]ies at ! same rate1 & ) sep>ate rheo/ats ! curr5t on ea* l9e may be adju/$ to ! correct value = ! batt]ies connect$ to t l9e4 ,any numb] ( batt]ies up to ! maximum may be *>g$ on ea* l9e4 ,fig4 #df ,?irty-two batt]y motor-g5]ator *>g+ set ,9 *oos+ a *>g+ outfit1 x is important n to get "o :i* is too l>ge1 z ! outfit w op]ate at a loss :5 runn+ "u a m9imum load4 ,x is equally important n to get "o :i* is too small1 z x w n be able to take c>e ( ! batt]ies fa/ en\gh1 & !re w be a wait+ li/ ( batt]ies :i* _c be *>g$ until o!rs are tak5 (f *>ge4 ,?is w prev5t ! giv+ ( good s]vice4 ,buy an outfit t w c>e = y\r ne$s 9 ! future1 & also op]ate economically at ! pres5t "t4 ,mo/ m5 go+ into ! batt]y bus9ess make ! mi/ake ( und]e/imat+ _! ne$s1 & gett+ equipm5t :i* mu/ soon be disc>d$ because ( lack ( capacity4 ,! manufactur]s ea* make a numb] ( sizes1 & ! "o :i* w be/ fill ! requirem5ts %\ld be *os54 ,9 select+ an outfit ! manufactur]'s di/ributor or deal] %\ld be consult$ 9 decid+ :at size outfit to obta94 ,! p>ticul> outfit w dep5d on ! voltage & frequ5cy ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t p[] circuits1 ! maximum *>g+ curr5t desir$ 7#aj amp]es p] l9e is ample71 & ! greate/ numb] ( batt]ies to be *>g$ at "o "t4 ,= ! beg9n]1 a #ejj watt t5 batt]y outfit1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 is suitable4 ,= ! m$ium siz$ g>age t specializes 9 batt]y *>g+1 or = ! small batt]y s]vice /ation1 a "o kil[att outfit is mo/ satisfactory4 ,two *>g+ panels are g5]ally furni%$ ) ?is outfit1 & two *>g+ l9es may ?us be us$4 ,?is is an important feature1 z "o l9e may be us$ 9 />t+ a *>ge at #aj amp]es1 & ! o!r = *>g+ ! batt]ies1 t h begun to gas1 at a r$uc$ rate4 ,fig4 #df %[s a #b ,k4 ,w4 f\r-circuit1 #cb batt]y motor-g5]ator set4 ,ea* circuit is provid$ ) a sep>ate rheo/at & ammet]4 ,! two t]m9als ne> ! top ( ea* rheo/at are connect$ to "o *>g+ circuit4 ,! two t]m9als ne> ! l[] end ( ea* rheo/at are connect$ to ! g5]ator4 ,! #b kil[att set is suitable = a city g>age1 or a batt]y s]vice /ation 9 a m$ium siz$ t[n4 ,a beg9n] %\ld n pur*ase ?is l>ge set1 unless ! set c be op]at$ at at lea/ "o-f\r? capacity cont9u\sly4 ,z a s]vice /ation gr[s1 a #e kil[att set may be ne$$4 ,! #a1 #b & #e kil[att sets %\ld n be us$ on any?+ b city p[] l9es4 ,s+le phase1 or light+ l9es are n satisfactory = h&l+ ^! sets4 ,a few sugge/ions on ,motor-,g5]ator ,sets #a4 ,in/allation4 ,set ! motor-g5]ator on z firm a f\ndation z possible4 ,a good plan is to bolt x to a heavy b5*1 9 :i* position x is easily inspect$ & adju/$1 & is also less likely to be hit by acid spray1 wat]1 etc4 ,set ! motor-g5]ator at "s di/ance f ! batt]ies s t acid spray & fumes w n rea* x4 ,sulphuric acid w attack any metal & if y are n c>eful1 y\r motor-g5]ator may be damag$ s]i\sly4 ,! be/ plan is to h ! motor g5]ator set outside ( ! *>g+ room1 s z to h a wall or p>tition betwe5 ! motor-g5]ator & ! batt]ies4 ,! *>g+ panels may be plac$ z ne> ! batt]ies z necess>y = conv5i5ce1 b %\ld n be m\nt$ above ! batt]ies4 ,figure #dg %[s a conv5i5t lay\t ( motor-g5]ator1 *>g+ panels1 & *>g+ b5*es4 ,note t ! junip]s us$ 9 connect+ ! batt]ies toge!r are run ?r\gh ! upp] holes ( ! wire porcela9 insulat+ cleats1 ! l[] hole ( ea* insulator support+ ! wire f ! *>g+ panel :i* runs to ! end ( ! b5*4 ,fig4 #dg ,fig4 #dg4 ,conv5i5t ,arrangem5t ( ,motor-,g5]ator1 ,*>g+ ,panels1 & ,*>g+ ,b5*es ,in/ructions = ! wir+ connections to ! p[] l9es g5]ally come ) ea* outfit1 & !y %\ld be foll[$ c>efully4 ,fuses 9 bo? ! motor & g5]ator circuits are especially important1 z !y protect ! ma*9es f damage due to ov]loads1 gr\nds1 or %ort-circuits4 ,! g5]ator mu/ be driv5 9 ! prop] direction or ! g5]ator w n build up4 ,! rotation ( a ?ree-phase motor may be rev]s$ by rev]s+1 & ,*>g+ ,b5*es any two ( ! cables4 ,to rev]se a two-phase motor1 rev]se ! cables ( ei!r phase4 ,be=e putt+ a motor-g5]ator set into op]ation1 be sure to *eck all connections to make sure t ev]y?+ *ecks ) ! in/ructions furni%$ by ! manufactur]4 ,op]at+ ! ,*>g+ ,circuits ,a g5]ator op]ates mo/ effici5tly :5 deliv]+ its rat$ output4 ,!re=e1 keep ! g5]ator z fully load$ z possible at all times4 ,:5 y d n h en\gh batt]ies to run ! g5]ator at full load1 run ea* *>g+ circuit at full load1 & use z few circuits z possible4 ,?is w r$uce y\r p[] bill1 s9ce !re is a loss ( p[] 9 ! rheo/at ( ea* *>g+ circuit1 ?is loss be+ ! greate/ :5 only "o batt]y is on ! circuit1 & a m9imum :5 ! circuit is fully load$4 ,) sev]al *>g+ circuits1 x is also possible to put batt]ies :i* are 9 ! same condition on "o circuit & adju/ ! *>g+ rate to ! mo/ suitable value4 ,?us1 badly sulphat$ batt]ies1 :i* mu/ be *>g$ at a l[ rate1 may be put on ! same circuit1 :ile batt]ies :i* h _h only a normal dis*>ge may be put oil ano!r circuit & *>g$ at a high] rate4 ,z ea* batt]y becomes almo/ fully *>g$1 x may be remov$ f ! circuit & put on ano!r circuit & ! *>ge complet$ at ! f9i%+ rate4 ,?is is a good practice1 s9ce "s batt]ies w beg9 to gas soon] ?an o!rs1 & if ! *>g+ rate is n r$uc$1 ! batt]ies :i* h begun to gas w h active mat]ial bl[n out by ! cont9u$ gass+4 ,a c>eful /udy ( su* po9ts w lead to a consid]able sav+ 9 p[] co/s4 ,c>e ( ,motor-,g5]ator ,set ,a4 ,ma*9e w n build up or g5]ate4 ,?is may be due to3 #a4 ,ma*9e rotat+ 9 wrong direction4 #b4 ,bru%es n mak+ good contact4 ,clean commutator ) f9e s&pap]4 #c4 ,wrong connections ( field rheo/at-*eck connections ) diagram4 #d4 ,op5 circuit 9 field rheo/at4 ,see if ma*9e w build up ) field rheo/at cut out4 ,b4 ,excessive heat+ ( ! commutator4 ,?is may be due to3 #a4 ,ov]load--,*eck y\r load & comp>e x ) nameplate read+4 ,add ! total amp]es on all ! panels & see t x does n exce$ ! amp]e read+ on ! nameplate4 #b4 ,wrong sett+ ( ! bru% rock] arm4 ,?is causes sp>k+1 :i* soon w cause excessive heat+4 #c4 ,r\gh commutator4 ,?is w cause ! bru%es to *att]1 be noisy & sp>k4 ,caus$ _m times by all[+ copp] to accumulate on ! bottom ( ! bru%es4 #d4 ,insuffici5t pressure on bru%es1 result+ 9 sp>k+4 ,?is may be due to bru%es we>+ d[n to ! po9t :]e ! bru% lead screw re/s on ! bru% hold]4 #e4 ,dirt & grease accumulat+ betwe5 ! bru% & bru% hold] caus+ bru% to /ick2 bru% mu/ always move freely 9 ! hold]4 #f4 ,bru% hold] may h come loose1 caus+ x to slip back1 reliev+ bru% press-,lire4 #g4 ,bru% spr+ may h become loos5$1 releas+ ! t5sion4 #h4 ,wat* commutator c>efully & keep x 9 ! be/ ( condition4 ,!re w n be excessive heat+ )\t sp>k+4 ,excessive sp>k+ may raise ! temp]ature s high z to cause ?r[+ ( sold]4 ,y c avoid all ?is by tak+ prop] c>e ( ! commutator4 ,c4 ,ammet]s on ,panels ,read ,rev]se3 ,?is is caus$ by improp]ly connect+ up batt]ies1 :i* has rev]s$ ! pol>ity ( ! g5]ator4 ,?is g5]ally does no h>m1 s9ce 9 mo/ cases ! batt]ies w automatically rev]se ! pol>ity ( ! g5]ator4 ,g5]ally ! condition may be rem$i$ by /opp+ ! ma*9e1 rev]s+ ! batt]ies & />t+ ! ma*9e aga94 ,if ?is is unsuccessful raise ! bru%es on ! ma*9e4 ,connect five or six batt]ies 9 s]ies 9 ! correct way to "o panel1 :ile ! ma*9e is n 9 op]ation4 ,turn on ! panel swit*4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is />t$1 x w !n build up 9 ! "r direction4 ,if x does n d s1 repeat ! above1 us+ a l>g] numb] ( batt]ies4 ,d4 ,ma*9e ,refuses to ,/>t4 ,if !re is a humm+ noise :5 y try to />t ! motor1 & ! outfit does n />t1 "o ( ! fuses ne$s replac+4 ,! outfit w hum only on two or ?ree phase curr5t4 ,nev] leave ! p[] turn$ on ) any ( ! fuses out4 ,con/ant-,pot5tial ,*>g+ ,9 ! ,con/ant-,pot5tial sy/em ( batt]y *>g+1 ! *>g+ voltage is adju/$ to ab\t #g4e1 & is held con/ant ?r\gh\t ! *>ge4 ,) ?is sy/em a dis*>g$ batt]y receives a heavy curr5t :5 x is put on *>ge4 ,?is curr5t gradually decreases z ! batt]y *>ges1 due to ! increas+ batt]y voltage1 :i* opposes1 or bucks ! *>g+ voltage1 & r$uces ! voltage :i* is effective 9 s5d+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]ies4 ,su* a *>ge is call$ tap]+ *>ge because ! *>g+ curr5t gradually decreases1 or tap]s (f4 ,! pr9ciple ( a tap]+ *>ge is1 ( c\rse1 t a dis*>g$ batt]y may safely be *>g$ at a high] rate ?an "o :i* is only p>tly dis*>g$1 because !re is m lead sulphate 9 ! dis*>g$ batt]y :i* ! action ( ! curr5t *anges back to active mat]ial4 ,z ! batt]y *>ges1 ! am\nt ( lead sulphate decreases & s9ce !re is less sulphate = ! curr5t to act ^u1 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be r$uc$ gradually4 ,if ?is is n done1 excessive gass+ w occur1 result+ 9 active mat]ial be+ bl[n f ! grids4 ,a batt]y :i* has be5 badly sulphat$1 is ( c\rse1 9 a dis*>g$ condition1 b is n1 ( c\rse1 able to absorb a heavy *>g+ rate1 & 9 h&l+ su* batt]ies on a con/ant pot5tial sy/em1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! *>g+ rate is l[4 ,ano!r precaution to be obs]v$ 9 all con/ant pot5tial *>g+ is to wat* ! temp]ature ( batt]ies :ile !y are draw+ a heavy *>g+ curr5t4 ,a batt]y :i* gasses soon aft] x is put oil *>ge1 & :ile /ill 9 a dis*>g$ condition1 %\ld be tak5 (f ! l9e1 or ! *>g+ l9e voltage r$uc$4 ,) con/ant pot5tial *>g+1 z ) con/ant curr5t *>g+1 ! two ?+s to wat* are temp]ature & gass+4 ,any *>g+ rate :i* does n cause an excessive temp]ature or e>ly gass+ is safe1 & conv]sely any *>g+ rate :i* causes an excessive batt]y temp]ature1 or causes gass+ :ile ! batt]y is /ill less ?an ?ree-f\r?s *>g$1 is too high4 ,fig4 #dh ,fig4 #dh4 ,hob>t ,bros4 ,co4 #c ,k4 ,w4 ,con/ant ,pot5tial ,motor-,g5]ator ,*>g+ ,set ,! ,con/ant-,pot5tial ,*>g+ ,set manufactur$ by ! ,hob>t ,bros4 ,co41 consi/s ( a #c ,k4,w4 g5]ator rat$ at #g4e volts1 & #djj amp]es4 ,?is g5]ator is direct connect$ to a #e ,h4,p4 motor1 bo? ma*9es be+ m\nt$ oil ! same base plate4 ,figure #dh %[s ?is outfit4 ,note t = ! *>g+ l9e !re are ?ree bus-b>s to :i* ! batt]ies are connect$4 ,twelve volt batt]ies are connect$ across ! two outside bus-b>s1 :ile six volt batt]ies are connect$ betwe5 ! c5t] bus-b> & "o ( ! out] ones4 ,! ,tung> ,rectifi] ,fig4 #di ,tung> rectifi] bulb ,all rectifi]s us+ oil are op]at$ on ! pr9ciple t curr5t c pass ?r\gh !m 9 "o direction only1 due to ! great resi/ance (f]$ to ! fl[ ( curr5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y to use m]cury vapor = ! arc4 ,"s rectifi]s op]ate on ano!r pr9ciple4 ,examples ( su* rectifi]s are ! ,tung> made by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 & ! ,reetigon1 made by ! ,we/+h\se ,electric & ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,! ,tung> ,rectifi] is us$ ext5sively & w !re=e be describ$ 9 detail4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a ,tung> ,rectifi] are3 ,a bulb1 trans=m]1 reactance1 & ! enclos+ case & equipm5t4 ,! bulb is ! mo/ important ( ^! p>ts1 s9ce x does ! rectify+4 ,x is a sort ( *eck valve t p]mits curr5t to fl[ ?r\gh ! *>g+ circuit 9 "o direction only4 ,9 appe>ance ! bulb1 see ,figure #di1 resembles some:at an ord9>y inc&esc5t bulb4 ,9 ! bulb is a %ort tung/5 filam5t w\nd 9 ! =m ( a tight spiral1 & support$ betwe5 two lead-9 wires4 ,close to ! filam5t is a graphite disk :i* s]ves z "o ( ! electrodes4 ,figure #ej %[s ! op]at+ pr9ciple ( ! ,tung>4 ,b is ! bulb1 conta9+ ! filam5t ,f & ! graphite electrode ,a4 ,to s]ve z a rectifi] ! bulb filam5t ,f mu/ be heat$1 ?is be+ done by ! trans=m] ,t4 ,! batt]y is connect$ z %[n1 ! positive t]m9al directly to "o side ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t supply1 & ! negative t]m9al to ! graphite electrode ,a4 ,to und]/& ! action :i* takes place1 assume an in/ant :5 l9e wire ,c is positive4 ,! curr5t !n fl[s ?r\gh ! batt]y1 ?r\gh ! rheo/at & to ! graphite electrode4 ,! curr5t !n fl[s ?r\gh ! are to ! filam5t & to ! negative side ( ! l9e1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,dur+ ! next half cycle :5 l9e wire ,d is positive1 & ,c is negative1 curr5t t5ds to fl[ ?r\gh ! bulb f ! filam5t to ! graphite1 b z ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! fl[ ( curr5t 9 ?is direction is v high1 no curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! bulb & consequ5tly none ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,fig4 #ej ,illu/ration ( ,tung> half-wave rectifi] ,fig4 #ea ,illu/ration ( ,tung> full-wave rectifi] ,! rectifi] %[n 9 ,figure #ej is a half-wave rectifi]4 ,t is1 only "o-half ( ea* alt]nat+ curr5t wave passes ?r\gh x to ! batt]y4 ,if two bulbs are us$1 z %[n ill ,figure #ea1 ea* half ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t wave is us$ 9 *>g+ ! batt]y4 ,to trace ! curr5t ?r\gh ?is rectifi] assume an in/ant :5 l9e wire ,c is positive4 ,curr5t w !n fl[ to ! graphite electrode ( tube ,a1 ?r\gh ! second>y w9d+ ( ! trans=m] ,s to ! c5t] tap1 ?r\gh ! rheo/at1 to ! positive batt]y t]m9al1 ?r\gh ! batt]y to ! c5t] ( ! prim>y trans=m] w9d+ ,p1 & ?r\gh "p ( ! prim>y w9d+ to ,d4 ,:5 ,d is positive1 curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh tube ,b f ! graphite electrode to ! filam5t1 to ! c5t] ( trans=m] w9d+ ,s1 ?r\gh ! rheo/at & batt]y to ! c5t] ( trans=m] w9d+ ,p1 & ?r\gh "p ( ?is w9d+ to l9e wire ,c4 ,9 ! actual rectifi]s ! rheo/at %[n 9 ,figures #ej & #ea are n us$1 regulation be+ obta9$ entirely by means ( o!r w9d+s4 ,f ! =ego+ description x w be se5 t if ! alt]nat+ curr5t supply %\ld fail1 ! batt]ies _c dis*>ge into ! l9e1 because 9 ord] to d s1 !y w\ld h to heat up ! filam5t & s5d curr5t ?r\gh ! bulb f ! filam5t to ! graphite electrode4 ,?is ! batt]ies _c d1 because ! connections are su* t ! batt]y _c s5d a curr5t ?r\gh ! complete filam5t circuit & because1 ev5 if ! batt]ies c\ld heat ! filam5t !y c\ld n s5d a curr5t f ! filam5t to ! graphite1 s9ce curr5t _c fl[ 9 ?is direction4 ,z soon z ! alt]nat+ l9e is made alive aga91 ! batt]ies w automatically />t *>g+ aga94 ,= ^! reasons night *>g+ ) ! ,tung> is entirely feasible1 & no att5dant is requir$ to wat* ! batt]ies dur+ ! night4 ,! ,tung> ,rectifi] is made 9 ! foll[+ sizes3 ,a4 ,two ,amp]e ,rectifi] ,catalogue ,no4 #aieebi ,fig4 #eb4 ,! ,two ,amp]e ,tung> ,rectifi] ,fig4 #ec ,int]nal wir+ ( ! two amp]e tung> rectifi] ,?is is ! smalle/ ,tung> made4 ,figure #eb %[s ! complete rectifi]4 ,figure #ec %[s ! int]nal wir+4 ,?is ,tung> w *>ge a #f volt batt]y at two amp]es1 a #ab volt batt]y at "o amp]e & eight cells at #j4ge amp]e4 ,x is suitable = *>g+ a light+ batt]y1 or = a quick *>ge ( a motorcycle or ignition batt]y4 ,x w also give a fairly good *>ge ov] night to a />t+ batt]y4 ,ano!r use = ?is rectifi] is to connect x to a run-d[n />t+ batt]y to prev5t x f freez+ ov] night4 ,( c\rse1 a batt]y %\ld n be all[$ to run d[n dur+ cold wea!r1 b if by *ance a batt]y does run d[n1 ?is ,tung> w prev5t x f freez+ dur+ ! night4 ,! two amp]e ,tung> is1 ( c\rse1 m suitable = ! c> own] ?an = a g>age or s]vice /ation4 ,x is also v suitable = *>g+ "o ,radio ,a batt]y4 ,! two amp]e ,tung> is normally made = op]ation on a sixty cycle circuit1 at #aae volts4 ,x may also be obta9$ = op]ation on #be-cj1 #dj-ej1 & #abe-acc cycles alt]nat+ supply l9e4 ,see table on ,page #acj4 ,b4 ,! ,"o ,batt]y ,rectifi] ,catalogue ,no4 #baihfe ,fig4 #ed4 ,! ,"o ,batt]y ,tung> ,rectifi] ,?is ,tung> w *>ge a #f volt batt]y at five amp]es1 or a #ab volt batt]y at ?ree amp]es4 ,figure #ed %[s ?is ,tung>1 ) "p ( ! cas+ cut away to %[ ! int]nal p>ts4 ,to take c>e ( v>iations 9 ! voltage ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t supply f #ajj to #acj1 a set ( connections is provid$ :i* are numb]$ #aje1 #aae1 & #abe4 ,= mo/ supply voltages1 ! #aae volt tap is us$1 = l[] voltage ! #aje volt tap is us$1 & = high] voltage ! #abe volt tap is us$4 ,?is ,tung> is design$ = #fj cycle circuits1 b on special ord] x may be obta9$ = op]ation on o!r frequ5cies4 ,?is ,tung> is mo/ suitable = a c> own]1 is satisfactory = *>g+ a radio ,a batt]y1 & a six volt />t+ & light+ batt]y at "o "t4 ,c4 ,! ,two ,batt]y ,rectifi] ,catalogue ,no4 #aieecj ,fig4 #ee4 ,! ,two ,batt]y ,tung> ,rectifi] ,?is ,tung> is %[n 9 ,figure #ee1 ) "p ( ! cas+ cut away to %[ ! int]nal p>ts4 ,x 0 =m]ly sold to ! c> own]1 b ! "o batt]y ,tung> is n[ recomm5d$ = ! use ( ! c> own]4 ,! two-batt]y ,tung> is !re=e recomm5d$ = ! v small s]vice /ation1 or = dep>tm5t /ores = tak+ c>e ( "o or two batt]ies4 ,! f\r batt]y ,tung>1 :i* is ! next "o describ$1 is recomm5d$ 9 pref]5ce to ! two-batt]y outfit :]e !re is ! slighte/ possibility ( hav+ m ?an two batt]ies to *>ge at "o "t4 ,! two-batt]y rectifi] w *>ge two #f-volt batt]ies1 or "o #ab-volt batt]y at six amp]es1 or "o #ah-volt batt]y at ?ree amp]es4 ,x has a d\ble-pole fuse block m\nt$ on ! auto trans=m] core1 :i* has "o fuse plug only4 ,figure #ee %[s ! fuse plug 9 ! position = *>g+ a #f-volt batt]y4 ,:5 x is desir$ to *>ge a #ab-volt batt]y or an #ah-volt batt]y1 ! fuse is remov$ f ! fir/ receptacle & is screw$ into ! second receptacle4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! ,f\r ,batt]y ,tung> ,rectifi] ,complete ,! two-batt]y rectifi] is design$ to op]ate on a #aae-volt1 #fj-;cycle l9e1 b oil special ord] may be obta9$ = op]ation on #be-cj1 #dj-ej1 & #abe-acc cycle l9es4 ,d4 ,! ,f\r ,batt]y ,tung> ,catalogue ,no4 #aicaia ,?is ,tung> is %[n complete 9 ,figure #ef4 ,9 ,figure #eg ! top has be5 rais$ to %[ ! int]nal p>ts4 ,figure #eh gives ! int]nal wir+ connections = a f\r batt]y ,tung> design$ = op]ation on a #aae volt l9e4 ,! f\r batt]y ,tung> w *>ge f "o to f\r #f volt batt]ies at #e amp]es or less4 ,x is design$ especially = g>ages hav+ v few batt]ies to *>ge4 ,^! g>ages g5]ally *>ge _! bo>d]s batt]ies r ?an s5d !m to a s]vice /ation1 & seldom h m ?an f\r batt]ies to *>ge at "o "t4 ,! f\r batt]y ,tung> is also suitable = ! use ( c> deal]s :o wi% to keep ! batt]ies on _! c>s 9 good %ape1 & is conv5i5t = prep>+ = s]vice batt]ies z !y come f ! c> manufactur]4 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! ,f\r ,batt]y ,tung> ,rectifi]1 ) ,top ,rais$ to ,%[ ,int]nal ,p>ts4 ,! f\r batt]y ,tung> is design$ = op]ation on a #fj-;cycle l9e at #aae or #bcj volts4 ,on special ord] ?is ,tung> may be obta9$ = op]ation on o!r frequ5cies4 ,e4 ,! ,t5 ,batt]y ,rectifi] ,catalogue ,no4 #agidib ,?is is ! ,tung> :i* is mo/ popul> 9 ! s]vice /ations1 s9ce x meets ! *>g+ requirem5ts ( ! av]age %op bett] ?an ! small] ,tung>s4 ,x w *>ge f "o to t5 #f volt batt]ies1 or ! equival5t at six amp]es or less4 ,:]e m ?an t5 batt]ies are g5]ally to be *>g$ at "o "t1 two or m ( ! t5 batt]y ,tung>s %\ld be us$4 ,l>ge s]vice /ations use z _m z t5 ( ^! ,tung>s4 ,fig4 #eh ,int]nal wir+ ( ! f\r batt]y tung> rectifi] ,! effici5cy ( ! t5 batt]y ,tung> at full load is approximately #ge p] c5t1 :i* comp>es favorably ) t ( a m]cury-are rectifi]1 or motor-g5]ator ( ! same size4 ,?is makes ! t5 batt]y ,tung> a v desirable piece ( app>atus = ! s]vice /ation4 ,fig4 #ei ,complete #aj-;batt]y ,tung> rectifi] ,figure #ei %[s ! complete t5 batt]y ,tung>1 ,figure #fj gives a side view )\t ! door to %[ ! int]nal p>ts4 ,fig4 #fj ,side view1 cross-section ( #aj-;batt]y ,tung> rectifi] ,figure #fa %[s ! int]nal connections = use on a #aae-volt ,a4,c4 l9e & ,figure #fb ! int]nal connections = use on a #bcj-volt l9e4 ,?is ,tung> is made = a #fj-;cycle circuit1 #be-cj1 #dj-ej1 & #abe-acc cycle circuits4 ,fig4 #fa ,int]nal wir+ = ! #aj batt]y ,tung> rectifi] = op]ation on a #aae volts ,a4,c4 l9e ,fig4 #fb ,int]nal wir+ = ! #aj batt]y ,tung> rectifi] = op]ation on a #bcj volts ,a4,c4 l9e ,f4 ,! ,tw5ty ,batt]y ,tung> ,catalogue ,no4 #bbaead ,?is ,tung> w *>ge t5 #f-volt batt]ies at #ab amp]es1 or tw5ty #f-volt batt]ies at six amp]es4 ,figure #fc %[s ! complete rectifi]1 & ,figure #fd %[s ! rectifi] ) ! side door op5 to %[ ! int]nal p>ts4 ,?is rectifi] w d ! "w ( two ( ! t5 batt]y ,tung>s4 ,x is design$ = op]ation on #fj cycles1 #bcj-volts4 ,on special ord] x may be obta9$ = op]ation on #aae volts & also = o!r frequ5cies4 ,! tw5ty batt]y ,tung> uses two bulbs1 ea* ( :i* is ! same z t us$ 9 ! t5 batt]y ,tung>1 & has two *>g+ circuits1 hav+ an ammet] & regulat+ swit* = ea* circuit4 ,"o snap swit* connects bo? circuits to ! supply circuit4 ,! two *>g+ circuits are regulat$ indep5d5tly4 ,= example1 "o circuit may be regulat$ to ?ree amp]es :ile ! o!r circuit is deliv]+ six amp]es4 ,x is also possible1 by a sy/em ( connections to *>ge ! equival5t ( ?ree circuits4 ,= in/ance1 five batt]ies c\ld be *>g$ at six amp]es1 five batt]ies at f\r amp]es1 & five batt]ies at t5 amp]es4 ,o!r correspond+ comb9ations are possible also4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions & ,in=mation on ,tung>s ,life ( ,tung> ,bulbs4 ,! life ( ! ,tung> ,bulb is rat$ at #fjj to #hjj h\rs1 b actually a bulb w give s]vice = #a1bjj to #c1jjj h\rs if ! us] is c>eful n to ov]load ! bulb by op]at+ x at m ?an ! rat$ curr5t4 ,fig4 #fc ,! #bj batt]y ,tung> rectifi] ,fig4 #fd ,int]nal view ( ! #bj batt]y ,tung> rectifi] ,in/ructions4 ,complete in/ructions are furni%$ ) ea* ,tung> outfit1 ! foll[+ be+ ^? = ! t5 batt]y ,tung>4 ,in/allation ,a ,tung> %\ld be in/all$ 9 a clean1 dry place 9 ord] to keep ! app>atus free f dirt & moi/ure4 ,to avoid acid fumes1 d n place ! ,tung> directly ov] ! batt]ies4 ,^! precautions w prev5t corrosion ( ! metal p>ts & liability ( poor contacts4 ,fa/5 ! ,tung> to a wall by f\r screws1 if ! wall is ( wood1 or by f\r expansion bolts if x is made ( brick or concrete4 ,?\gh ! electrical connections ( ! outfit are v simple1 x is advisable 7:5 in/all+ ! app>atus7 to employ an exp]i5c$ wireman famili> ) local requirem5ts reg>d+ wir+4 ,l9e ,connections ,! two wires ext5d+ f ! top ( ! ,tung> %\ld be connect$ to ! alt]nat+ curr5t supply ( ! same voltage & frequ5cy1 z /amp$ on ! "n plate atta*$ to ! front panel4 ,^! connections %\ld be n less ?an ,no4 #ab ,b4 ,s4 gauge wire & %\ld be firmly sold]$ to ! copp] lugs4 ,ext]nal fuses are recomm5d$ = ! alt]nat+-curr5t circuit1 z foll[s3 ,) #aae-volt l9e use #ae-;amp]e capacity fuses4 ,) #bcj-volt l9e use #aj amp]e capacity fuses4 ,"o ( ! bulbs 7,cat4 ,no4 #ahijdi7 %\ld n[ be firmly screw$ into its socket4 ,squeeze ! spr+ clip atta*$ to ! bead$ cable & slip ?is clip ov] ! wire protrud+ f ! top ( ! bulb4 ,d n b5d ! wire4 ,batt]y ,connections ,9 mak+ batt]y connections h ! snap-swit* 9 ! ,(f position4 ,! two wires ext5d+ f ! bottom ( ! ,tung> %\ld be connect$ to ! batt]ies4 ,! wire on ! left1 fac+ ! front panel1 is m>k$ 7positive7 & ! o!r wire - 7negative74 ,! positive wire %\ld be connect$ to ! positive t]m9al ( ! batt]y & ! negative wire to ! negative t]m9al4 ,! two flexible batt]y cables are sometimes connect$ directly to ! two wires project+ f ! bottom ( ! ,tung>4 ,^! cables %\ld be securely cleat$ to ! wall ab\t six in*es bel[ ! outfit4 ,?is arrangem5t w relieve ! /ra9 on ! ,tung> wires :5 cables are *ang$ to diff]5t batt]ies4 ,:5 two or m batt]ies are to be *>g$1 !y %\ld be connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,! positive wire ( ! ,tung> %\ld be connect$ to ! positive t]m9al ( batt]y ,no4 #a1 ! negative t]m9al ( ?is batt]y ( ! positive t]m9al ( batt]y ,no4 #b1 ! negative t]m9al ( batt]y ,no4 #b to ! positive t]m9al ( batt]y ,no4 #c1 & s on1 accord+ to ! numb] ( batt]ies 9 circuit4 ,f9ally ! negative t]m9al ( ! la/ batt]y %\ld be connect$ to ! negative wire f ! ,tung>4 ,rev]se connections on "o batt]y is likely to damage ! plates2 & rev]se connections oil all ! batt]ies w bl[ "o or m fuses4 ,op]ation ,a ,tung> is op]at$ by means ( a snap-swit* 9 ! upp] left-h& corn] & a regulat+ swit* 9 ! c5t]4 ,be=e />t+ ! app>atus1 ! regulat+ swit* %\ld be 9 ! l[ position4 ,! ,tung> is n[ ready to op]ate4 ,turn ! snap-swit* to ! "r to ! ,on position1 & ! bulb w light4 ,!n turn ! regulat+ swit* sl[ly to ! "r1 &1 z soon z ! batt]ies comm5ce to *>ge1 ! ne$le on ! ammet] w indicate ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,?is curr5t may be adju/$ to :atev] value is desir$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,tung>4 ,! normal *>g+ rate is six amp]es1 b a curr5t ( z high z sev5 amp]es may be obta9$ )\t greatly r$uc+ ! life ( ! bulb4 ,high] *>g+ rates r$uce its life to a consid]able ext5t4 ,l[] rates ?an normal 7six amp]es7 w increase ! life ( ! bulb4 ,turn ! snap-swit* to ! ,(f position :5 ! *>g+ ( "o batt]y or ( all ! batt]ies is complet$2 or :5 x is desir$ to add m batt]ies to ! l9e4 ,! ,tung> %\ld be op]at$ only by ! snap-swit* & n by any o!r ext]nal swit* 9 ei!r l9e or batt]y circuits4 ,:5 ! snap-swit* is turn$1 ! batt]ies w be disconnect$ f ! supply l9e1 & !n !y may be h&l$ )\t dang] ( %ock4 ,imm$iately aft] turn+ ! snap-swit*1 move ! regulat+ h&le back to ! ,l[ position4 ,?is prev5ts any damage to ! bulb f ! dial swit* be+ 9 an improp] position = ! numb] ( batt]ies next *>g$4 ,tr\bles ,if on turn+ on ! alt]nat+-curr5t swit* ! bulb does n gl[3 #a4 ,see :e!r ! alt]nat+-curr5t supply is on4 #b4 ,exam9e ! supply l9e fuses4 ,if ^! are bl[n1 or are defective1 replace !m ) #ae amp]e fuses = a #aae-volt l9e or ) #aj-;amp]e fuses = a #bbj-volt l9e4 #c4 ,make sure t ! bulb is screw$ well into ! socket4 #d4 ,exam9e ! contacts inside ! socket4 ,if !y are t>ni%$ or dirty1 clean !m ) s&pap]4 #e4 ,try a new bulb1 ,cat4 ,no4 #ahijdi4 ,! old bulb may be defective4 ,if ! bulb lights b no curr5t %[s on ! ammet]3 #a4 ,exam9e ! connections to ! batt]ies1 & also ! connections betwe5 !m4 ,mo/ tr\bles are caus$ by imp]fect batt]y connections4 #b4 ,exam9e ! fuses inside ! case4 ,if ^! are bl[n or are defective1 replace !m ) #ae amp]e fuses1 ,cat4 ,no4 #fcce4 #c4 ,see t ! clip is on ! wire ( ! bulb4 #d4 ,! bulb may h a sl[ leak & n rectify4 ,try a new bulb1 ,cat4 ,no4 #ahijdi4 #e4 ,h ! swit* arm make good contact on ! regulat+ swit*4 ,if ! curr5t on ! ammet] is high & _c be r$uc$3 #a4 ,! ammet] po9t] may be /ick+2 tap x lightly ) ! h&4 ,! ammet] w n indicate ! curr5t correctly if ! po9t] is n on ! z]o l9e :5 ! ,tung> is n op]at+4 ,! po9t] may be easily reset by turn+ slightly ! screw on ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t4 #b4 ,be sure t ! batt]ies are n connect$ ) rev]s$ pol>ity4 #c4 ,! alt]nat+-curr5t supply may be abnormally high4 ,if only "o ?ree-cell batt]y is be+ *>g$1 & ! alt]nat+-curr5t supply is slightly high1 !n ! curr5t on ! ammet] may be high4 ,! simple/ rem$y is to connect 9 ano!r batt]y or a small am\nt ( resi/ance4 ,a sp>e bulb %\ld always be kept on h& & %\ld be te/$ = at lea/ "o complete *>ge be=e be+ plac$ 9 res]ve4 ,all ,tung> bulbs are made z ne>ly p]fect z possible1 b occasionally "o is damag$ 9 %ipm5t4 ,x may look p]fect & yet n op]ate4 ,= ?is reason all bulbs %\ld be tri$ out on receipt4 ,if any bulb is f\nd defective1 ! tag :i* accompanies x %\ld be fill$ out1 & bulb & tag %\ld be return$ to y\r deal] or to ! ne>e/ (fice ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 transportation prepaid4 ,tung> ,rectifi]s 7,! foll[+ columns omitt$ f ! table bel[3 ,catalog ,numb]s1 ,dim5sions1 ,net ,weight1 & ,%ipp+ ,weight47 ,"n ,no4 #f,v ,bats ,no4 #ab,v ,bats4 ,,dc ,amps ,,dc ,volts ,,ac ,volts ,freq4 ------------- ------------- ------- -------- -------- ----- #b ,amp4 ,tung> #a 7#b amps47 #a 7#a amps47 #a-b #g4e-ae #aae #fj #b ,amp4 ,tung> #a 7#b amps47 #a 7#a amps47 #a-b #g4e-ae #aae #fj #b ,amp4 ,tung> #a 7#b amps47 #a 7#a amps47 #a-b #g4e-ae #aae #dj-ej #b ,amp4 ,tung> #a 7#b amps47 #a 7#a amps47 #a-b #g4e-ae #aae #be-cj #b ,amp4 ,tung> #a 7#b amps47 #a 7#a amps47 #a-b #g4e-ae #aae #abe-acc #a ,batt]y ,tung> #a 7#e amps47 #a 7#c amps47 #a-e #g4e-ae #aae #fj #b ,batt]y ,tung> #b 7#f amps47 #a 7#f amps47 #a-f #g4e-ae #aae #fj #b ,batt]y ,tung> #b 7#f amps47 #a 7#f amps47 #a-f #g4e-ae #aae #dj-ej #b ,batt]y ,tung> #b 7#f amps47 #a 7#f amps47 #a-f #g4e-ae #aae #be-cj #b ,batt]y ,tung> #b 7#f amps47 #a 7#f amps47 #a-f #g4e-ae #aae #abe-acj #d ,batt]y ,tung> #d 7#e amps47 #b 7#e amps47 #a-e #g4e-cj #aae #fj #d ,batt]y ,tung> #d 7#e amps47 #b 7#e amps47 #a-e #g4e-cj #aae #dj-ej #d ,batt]y ,tung> #d 7#e amps47 #b 7#e amps47 #a-e #g4e-cj #aae #be-cj #d ,batt]y ,tung> #d 7#e amps47 #b 7#e amps47 #a-e #g4e-cj #aae #abe-acc #d ,batt]y ,tung> #d 7#e amps47 #b 7#e amps47 #a-e #g4e-cj #bcj #fj #d ,batt]y ,tung> #d 7#e amps47 #b 7#e amps47 #a-e #g4e-cj #bcj #dj-ej #aj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj #e #a-f #g4e-ge #aae #fj #aj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj #e #a-f #g4e-ge #aae #dj-ej #aj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj #e #a-f #g4e-ge #aae #be-cj #aj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj #e #a-f #g4e-ge #aae #abe-acc #aj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj #e #a-f #g4e-ge #bcj #fj #aj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj #e #a-f #g4e-ge #bcj #dj-ej #bj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj 7#ab;,a47_/ #bj 7#f;,a47 #aj 7#f;,a47 #a-ab #g4e-ge #bcj #fj #bj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj 7#ab;,a47_/ #bj 7#f;,a47 #aj 7#f;,a47 #a-ab #g4e-ge #bcj #dj-ej #bj ,batt]y ,tung> #aj 7#ab;,a47_/ #bj 7#f;,a47 #aj 7#f;,a47 #a-ab #g4e-ge #bcj #be-cj ,bulb 7all #d ,amp4 ,tung47 --- --- --- --- --- --- ,bulb 7all #aj & #ab ,amp4 ,tung47 --- --- --- --- --- --- ,bulb 7all #b ,amp4 ,tung47 --- --- --- --- --- --- ,bulb 7all #a-b ,bat4 ,tung47 --- --- --- --- --- --- ,m]cury ,arc ,rectifi] ,! op]ation ( ! m]cury are rectifi] dep5ds ^u ! fact t a tube conta9+ m]cury vapor "u a l[ pressure & provid$ ) two electrodes1 "o ( m]cury & ! o!r ( "s o!r conductor1 (f]s a v high resi/ance to a curr5t t5d+ to pass ?r\gh ! tube f ! m]cury electrode to ! o!r electrode1 b (f]s a v l[ resi/ance to a curr5t t5d+ to pass ?r\gh ! tube 9 ! opposite direction4 ,curr5t passes f ! metallic electrode to ! m]cury electrode ?r\gh an are ( m]cury vapor :i* is e/abli%$ 9 ! tube by tilt+ x s ! m]cury bridges ! gap betwe5 ! m]cury & an auxili>y electrode j = an in/ant4 ,! abs5ce ( mov+ p>ts to got out ( ord] is an advantage possess$ by ?is rectifi] ov] ! motor-g5]ator4 ,! *>g+ curr5t f ! rectifi] _c1 h[ev]1 be r$uc$ to z l[ a value z ) ! motor-g5]ator1 & ?is is a disadvantage4 ,?is rectifi] is !re=e m suitable = l>g] %ops1 especially :]e electric truck & pleasure c>s are *>g$4 ,me*anical ,rectifi]s ,me*anical rectifi]s h a vibrat+ armature :i* op5s & closes ! *>g+ circuit4 ,! circuit is clos$ dur+ "o half ( ea* alt]nat+ curr5t cycle1 & op5 dur+ ! next half cycle4 ,! circuit is ?us clos$ z long z ! alt]nat+ curr5t is fl[+ 9 ! prop] direction to *>ge ! batt]y1 & is op5 z long z ! alt]nat+ curr5t is fl[+ 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,^! rectifi]s !re=e *>ge ! batt]y dur+ half ! "t ! batt]y is on *>ge1 ?is also be+ ! case 9 "s ( ! are rectifi]s4 ,! desir$ action is secur$ by a comb9ation ( a p]man5t magnet & an electromagnet :i* is connect$ to ! alt]nat+ curr5t supply4 ,dur+ half ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t cycle1 ! alt]nat+ curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! w9d+ ( ! electromagnet magnetizes ! electromagnet s t x /r5g!ns ! magnetism ( ! p]man5t magnet1 ?us caus+ ! vibrator arm to be drawn aga9/ ! magnet4 ,! vibrator arm c>ries a contact :i* t\*es a /ation>y contact po9t :5 ! arm is drawn aga9/ ! magnet1 ?us clos+ ! *>g+ circuit4 ,dur+ ! next half ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t cycle1 or wave1 ! curr5t ?r\gh ! electromagnet coil is rev]s$1 & ! magnetism ( ! electromagnet !n weak5s ! magnetism ( ! p]man5t magnet1 & ! vibrator arm is drawn away f ! magnet & ! *>g+ circuit is ?us op5$4 ,dur+ ! next half ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t cycle ! vibrator arm is aga9 drawn aga9/ ! magnet1 & s on1 ! contact po9ts be+ clos$ & op5$ dur+ half ( ea* alt]nat+ curr5t cycle4 ,me*anical rectifi]s are op]at$ f ! second>y w9d+s ( trans=m]s :i* r$uce ! voltage ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t l9e to ! voltage desir$ = *>g+4 ,ea* rectifi] unit may h its own complete trans=m]1 or "o l>ge trans=m] may op]ate a numb] ( rectifi] units by hav+ its second>y1 or l[ t5sion w9d+ divid$ into a numb] ( sections1 ea* ( :i* op]ates "o rectifi]4 ,! advantages ( ! me*anical rectifi] are its simplicity1 *eapness & portability4 ,?is rectifi] also has ! advantage ( op5+ ! *>g+ circuit :5 ! alt]nat+ curr5t supply fails1 & />t+ aga9 automatically :5 ! l9e is made alive aga94 ,any desir$ numb] ( indep5d5t units1 ea* hav+ its own *>g+ l9e1 may be us$4 ,! *>g+ curr5t g5]ally has a maximum value ( #f amp]es4 ,ea* rectifi] unit is g5]ally design$ to *>ge only "o or two six volt batt]ies at "o "t4 ,/ahl ,rectifi] ,?is is a unique rectifi]1 9 :i* ! alt]nat+ curr5t is rectifi$ by be+ s5t ?r\gh a commutator :i* is rotat$ by a small alt]nat+ curr5t motor1 simil> to ! way ! alt]nat+ curr5t g5]at$ 9 ! armature ( a direct curr5t g5]ator is rectifi$ 9 ! commutator ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ,/ahl rectifi] supplies ! alt]nat+ curr5t f a trans=m] in/ead ( g5]at+ x z is done 9 a direct curr5t g5]ator4 ,bru%es :i* be> on ! commutator lead to ! *>g+ circuit4 ,! ,/ahl rectifi] is suitable = ! l>g] s]vice /ations4 ,x gives an int]rupt$ direct curr5t4 ,x is simple 9 con/ruction & op]ation1 & is free ( delicate p>ts4 ,o!r ,*>g+ ,equipm5t ,if !re is no electric light+ 9 ! %op1 x w be necess>y to in/all a g5]ator & a gas1 gasol9e1 or /eam eng9e1 or a wat]:eel to drive x4 ,a #aj batt]y belt driv5 g5]ator may be us$ 9 su* a %op1 & may also1 ( c\rse1 be us$ ) a sep>ate motor4 ,! g5]ator %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a direct curr5t ma*9e4 ,! size ( ! g5]ator w dep5d ^u ! av]age numb] ( batt]ies to be *>g$1 & ! am\nt ( money available4 ,any ( ! l>ge electrical manufactur]s or supply h\ses w give any in=mation necess>y = ! selection ( ! type & size ( ! outfit requir$4 ,if an old automobile eng9e1 & radiator1 gas tank1 etc41 are on h&1 !y c be suitably m\nt$ s z to drive ! g5]ator4 ,,*>g+ ,,b5* ,fig4 #fe4 ,*>g+ ,b5* ) ,d4,p4,d4,t4 ,swit* = ,ea* ,batt]y ,figures #dg & #fe %[ *>g+ b5*es 9 op]ation4 ,note t !y are made ( heavy /ock1 :i* is ( c\rse necess>y on acc\nt ( ! weight ( ! batt]ies4 ,! top ( ! *>g+ b5* %\ld be l[1 to elim9ate z mu* lift+ ( batt]ies z possible4 ,figure #ff is a work+ draw+ ( ! b5* illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #fe4 ,note ! elevat$ %elf ext5d+ d[n ! c5t]4 ,?is is conv5i5t = hold+ wat] bottle1 acid pit*]1 hydromet]4 ,note also ! /rip ,d on ?is %elf1 ) ! voltmet] hung f an iron bracket4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! met] may be mov$ to any batt]y = voltage1 cadmium1 & high rate dis*>ge read+s4 ,x also has ! advantage ( keep+ ! volt met] 9 a conv5i5t & safe place1 :]e x is n liable to h acid spill$ on x1 or to be damag$ by r\gh h&l+4 ,9 build+ ! b5* %[n 9 ,figure #ff1 give ea* "p a coat ( asphaltum pa9t be=e assembl+4 ,aft] assembl+ ! b5* give x two m coats ( asphaltum pa9t4 ,fig4 #ff ,work+ draw+ ( *>g+ b5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe ,figures #fg1 #fh1 #fi & #gj %[ ! work+ plans = o!r *>g+ b5*es or tables4 ,! repairman %\ld *oose ! "o :i* he consid]s mo/ suitable = 8 %op4 ,9 wir+ ^! b5*es1 ! elevat$ %elf %[n 9 ,figure #ff may be add$ & ! d\ble pole1 d\ble ?r[ swit*es us$4 ,in/ead ( ^! swit*es1 ! jump]s %[n on ! b5*es illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #dg may be us$4 ,if ?is is done1 ! elevat$ %elf %\ld also be in/all$1 z x is a great conv5i5ce = ! hydromet]1 voltmet]1 & s on1 z already describ$4 ,z = ! hydromet]1 !rmomet]1 etc41 :i* 7 li/$ on page #if z ess5tial accessories ( a *>g+ b5*1 ! ,exide vehicle type hydromet] is a mo/ excell5t "o = g5]al use4 ,?is hydromet] has a r\nd bulb & a /raight b>rel :i* has projections on ! float to keep ! hydromet] 9 an upright position :5 tak+ gravity read+s4 ,! special !rmomet] is %[n 9 ,figure #cg4 ,a good voltmet] is %[n 9 ,figure #aba4 ,?is voltmet] has a #b4e & a #be volt scale1 :i* makes x conv5i5t = batt]y "w4 ,x also gives read+s ( a 4#b & #b4j to ! left ( ! z]o1 & special scale m>k+s to facilitate ! mak+ ( ,cadmium te/s z describ$ on page #agd4 ,z = ! ammet]1 if a motor-g5]ator set1 ,tung> ,rectifi] or a *>g+-rheo/at is us$1 ! ammet] is always furni%$ ) ! set4 ,if a lamp bank is us$1 a swit*bo>d type met] read+ to ab\t #be amp]es is suitable4 ,) ! con/ant pot5tial sy/em ( *>g+1 ! ammet]s are furni%$ ) ! motor-g5]ator set4 ,!y read up to #cjj amp]es4 ,! bottles = ! di/ill$ wat] & electrolyte are n ( special design & may be obta9$ 9 local /ores1 ,!re are sev]al special wat] bottles sold by jobb]s1 & !y are conv5i5t1 b n necess>y4 ,figure #acc %[s a v h&y arrangem5t = a wat] or acid bottle4 ,fig4 #fg ,work+ draw+ ( eight foot *>g+ b5* ,fig4 #fh ,work+ draw+ ( a t5 foot *>g+ b5* ,fig4 #fi ,work+ draw+ ( a twelve foot *>g+ b5* ,fig4 #gj ,work+ draw+ ( a twelve foot *>g+ b5* 7)\t dra9 rack7 ,fig4 #ga ,work+ draw+ ( a two man "w b5* to be plac$ aga9/ a wall ,fig4 #gb ,work+ draw+ ( a d\ble1 f\r man "w b5*1 ) two tool draw]s = ea* man ,,"w ,,b5* ,a "w b5* is m ( a /&>d article ?an ! *>g+ b5*1 & !re %\ld be no tr\ble 9 build+ "o4 ,figure #ch illu/rates a good b5* 9 actual use4 ,a vise is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y1 & ! b5* %\ld be ( solid con/ruction1 & %\ld be giv5 sev]al coats ( asphaltum pa9t4 ,fig4 #gc ,work+ draw+ ( a two man1 d\ble "w b5* ,figure #ga %[s a s+le "w b5* :i* may be plac$ aga9/ a wall4 ,figures #gb & #gc %[ d\ble "w b5*es4 ,note t ea* b5* has ! elevat$ %elf1 :i* %\ld n1 "u any consid]ation be omitt$1 z x is absolutely necess>y = good "w4 ,! tool draw]s are also v conv5i5t4 ,x is be/ to h a sep>ate te> d[n b5* :]e batt]ies are op5$1 z su* a b5* w be a wet1 sloppy place & w\ld n be suitable = any?+ else4 ,x %\ld be plac$ ne> ! s9k or wa% tank1 z %[n 9 ! %op lay\ts illu/rat$ 9 ,figures #acf to #adb4 ,,s9k ,,or ,,wa% ,,tank ,fig4 #gd ,fig4 #gd4 ,s9k ) ,faucet1 & ,extra ,sw++ ,arm ,pipe = ,wa%+ ,out ,j>s4 ,f\r ,in* ,pa9t ,bru% = ,wa%+ ,batt]y ,cases ,an ord9>y s9k may be us$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #gd4 ,?is figure also %[s a conv5i5t arrangem5t = wa%+ out j>s4 ,?is consi/s ( a ?ree-f\r?s in* pipe hav+ a p]=at$ cap screw$ ov] its upp] end4 ,ne> !-floor is a valve :i* is normally held clos$ by a spr+1 & :i* has atta*$ to x a foot op]at$ lev]4 ,9 wa%+ s$im5t out ( j>s1 ! case is inv]t$ ov] ! pipe1 & ! wat] turn$ on by means ( ! foot lev]4 ,a numb] ( f9e1 %>p jets ( wat] are ?r[n up into ! j>1 !reby wa%+ out ! s$im5t ?or\ghly4 ,if an ord9>y s9k is us$1 a settl+ tank %\ld be plac$ "u x1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ge4 ,o!rwise1 ! dra9 pipe may become /opp$ up ) s$im5t wa%$ out ( ! j>s4 ,pipe ,b is removable1 :i* is conv5i5t 9 clean+ out ! tank4 ,:5 ! tank is to be clean$1 lift pipe ,b up v c>efully & let ! wat] dra9 out sl[ly4 ,!n scoop out ! s$im5t1 r9se ! tank ) wat]1 & replace pipe ,b4 ,9 "s places junk m5 w buy ! s$im5t1 or mud1 z x is call$4 ,fig4 #ge ,settl+ tank to be us$ ) s9k %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd ,figures #gf & #gg give ! work+ draw+s = m elaborate wa% tanks4 ,! wat] supply %[n 9 ,figure #gd may be us$ "h1 & ! dra9 pipe arrangem5t %[n 9 ,figure #ge may be us$ if desir$4 ,fig4 #gf ,work+ draw+ ( a wa% tank ,fig4 #gg ,work+ draw+ ( a wa% tank ,,lead ,,burn+ 7,,weld+7 ,,outfit ,9 jo9+ ! connectors & t]m9als to ! positive & negative po/s1 & 9 jo9+ plate /raps to =m a gr\p1 ! p>ts are jo9$ or weld$ toge!r1 melt+ ! surfaces to be jo9$1 & !n melt+ 9 lead f /icks call$ burn+ lead4 ,! process ( jo9+ ^! p>ts 9 ?is mann] is kn[n z lead burn+4 ,directions = lead burn+ are giv5 on page #baj4 ,!re are v>i\s devices by means ( :i* ! lead is melt$ dur+ ! lead burn+ process4 ,! mo/ satisfactory ( ^! use a hot1 po9t$ flame4 ,:]e su* a flame is n obta9able1 a hot c>bon rod is us$4 ,! me?ods are giv5 9 ! foll[+ li/ 9 ! ord] ( _! effici5cy3 #a4 ,oxyg5 & ,acetyl5e ,"u ,pressure 9 ,sep>ate ,tanks4 ,! gases are s5t ?r\gh a mix+ valve to ! burn+ tip4 ,^! gases give ! hotte/ flame4 #b4 ,oxyg5 & ,hydrog5 ,"u ,pressure 9 ,sep>ate ,tanks1 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! flame is a v hot "o & is v ne>ly z satisfactory z ! oxyg5 & acetyl5e4 ,fig4 #gh ,fig4 #gh4 ,hydrog5-,oxyg5 ,lead ,burn+ ,outfit4 ,a & ,b are ,regulat+ ,valves4 ,c is ! ,safety ,fla% ,back ,tank4 ,d is ! ,mix+ ,valve4 ,e is ! ,burn+ ,tip4 #c4 ,oxyg5 & ,illum9at+ ,gas4 ,?is is a v satisfactory me?od1 & "o t has become v popul>4 ,9 ?is me?od x is absolutely necess>y to h a fla% back tank 7,fig4 #gi7 9 ! gas l9e to prev5t ! oxyg5 f back+ up into ! gas l9e & mak+ a highly explosive mixture :i* w cause a viol5t explosion t may wreck ! entire %op4 ,fig4 #gi ,fla%-back tank = lead burn+ outfit ,to make su* a trap1 any /rong wall$ vessel may be us$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #gi4 ,a six to eight in* l5g? ( f\r in* pipe ) caps screw$ ov] ! ends w make a good trap4 ,"o ( ! caps %\ld h a #a_/b in* hole drill$ & tapp$ ) a pipe ?read at ! c5t]4 ,?is cap %\ld also h two holes drill$ & tapp$ to take a #a_/d in* pipe1 ^! holes be+ ne> ! inn] wall ( ! l>ge pipe1 & diametrically opposite "o ano!r4 ,into "o ( ^! holes screw a %ort l5g? ( #a_/d in* pipe s ,fig4 #gi4 ,fla%-,back ,tank = ,lead ,burn+ ,outfit t x comes flu% ) ! inn] face ( ! cap4 ,?is pipe %\ld lead to ! burn+ outfit4 ,into ! o!r small hole screw a l5g? ( #a_/d in* pipe s t its l[] end comes )9 #a_/b in* ( ! bottom ( ! trap4 ,?is pipe is to be connect$ to ! illum9at+ gas supply4 ,to use ! trap1 fill )9 "o in* ( top ) wat]1 & screw a #a_/b in* plug into ! c5t] hole4 ,all connections %\ld be airtight4 #d4 ,acetyl5e & ,compress$ ,air4 ,! acetyl5e is b\ght 9 tanks1 & ! air compress$ by a pump4 #e4 ,hydrog5 & ,compress$ ,air4 ,?is is ! me?od t 0 v popul> sev]al ye>s ago1 b is n us$ to any ext5t at pres5t because ( ! developm5t ( ! fir/ ?ree me?ods4 ,a special tor* & l[ pressure air supply give a v satisfactory flame4 #f4 ,wood ,alcohol ,tor*4 ,a h& tor* ) a d\ble jet burn] gives a v clean1 nonoxidiz+ flame4 ,! flame is n z %>p z ! oxyg5 flame1 & ! tor* is n easily h&l$ )\t ! use ( burn+ coll>s & m\lds4 ,! tor* has ! advantage ( be+ small1 light & portable4 ,a jo9t may be burn$ )\t remov+ ! batt]y f ! c>4 #g4 ,gasol9e ,tor*4 ,a d\ble jet gasol9e tor* may be us$1 provid$ coll>s or m\lds are us$ to prev5t ! lead f runn+ (f4 ,! tor* gives a broad flame :i* heats ! p>ts v sl[ly1 & ! "w _c be controll$ z easily z 9 ! prec$+ me?ods4 ,fig4 #hj ,c>bon lead burn+ outfit #h4 ,c>bon ,arc4 ,?is is a v simple me?od1 & requires only a sp>e #f volt batt]y1 a #a_/d in* c>bon rod1 c>bon hold]1 cable1 & clamp = atta*+ to batt]y4 ,?is outfit is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,x may be b\ght f ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,eng9e]+1 ,inc41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,?is outfit is int5d$ to be us$ only :5 gas is n available1 & n :]e consid]able burn+ is to be done4 ,9 us+ ?is outfit1 "o t]m9al ( an extra #f volt batt]y is connect$ by a piece ( cable ) ! connectors to be burn$4 ,! contact betwe5 cable & connector %\ld be clean & tight4 ,! cable :i* is atta*$ to ! c>bon rod is !n connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! extra batt]y1 if ! batt]y is n fully *>g$1 or to ! connector on ! next cell if ! batt]y is fully *>g$4 ,! numb] ( cells us$ %\ld be su* t ! c>bon is heat$ to at lea/ a bright *]ry r$ color :5 x is t\*+ ! jo9t :i* is to be burn$ toge!r4 ,%>p5 ! c>bon to a p5cil po9t1 & adju/ its position s t x projects f ! hold] ab\t "o in*4 ,occasionally plunge ! hold] & hot c>bon 9 a pail ( wat] to prev5t c>bon f ov]heat+4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 a scale w =m on ! surface ( ! c>bon1 & ?is %\ld be scrap$ (f ) a knife or file4 ,9 burn+ 9 a connector1 fir/ melt ! lead ( ! po/ & connector be=e add+ ! burn+ lead4 ,keep ! c>bon po9t mov+ ov] all p>ts to be jo9$1 9 ord] to insure a p]fectly weld$ jo9t4 #i4 ,illum9at+ ,gas & ,compress$ ,air4 ,?is is ! sl[e/ me?od ( any4 ,pump equipm5t is requir$1 & ?is me?od %\ld n be us$ unless none ( ! o!r me?ods is available4 ,! selection ( ! burn+ app>atus w dep5d ^u individual conditions z well z prices1 & ! app>atus select$ %\ld be "o z ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! =ego+ li/ z possible4 ,directions = ! manipulation ( ! app>atus are giv5 by ! manufactur]s4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t = ! lead burn+ outfit is to run pipes f "o end ( ! "w b5* to ! o!r1 j bel[ ! c5t] %elf4 ,!n set ! gas tanks at "o end ( ! b5* & connect !m to ! pipes4 ,at conv5i5t int]vals h outlets = atta*+ ! hoses lead+ to ! tor*4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,h&l+ ,,seal+ ,,comp\nd 7a7 ,/ove4 ,:]e city gas is available1 a two or ?ree burn] gas /ove or hot-plate %\ld be us$4 ,:]e !re is no gas supply1 ! mo/ satisfactory is p]haps an oil /ove4 ,x is n[ possible to get an odorless oil /ove :i* gives a hot smokeless flame :i* is v satisfactory4 ,9 ! w9t]1 if a coal /ove is us$ to heat ! %op1 ! /ove may also be us$ = heat+ ! seal+ comp\nd1 b x w be m difficult to keep ! temp]ature l[ en\gh to prev5t burn+ ! comp\nd4 7b7 ,pot or ,kettle4 ,an iron kettle is suitable = use 9 heat+ comp\nd4 ,special kettles1 "s ( :i* are non-metallic1 are on ! m>ket1 & may be obta9$ f ! jobb]s4 7c7 ,an iron ladle %\ld be obta9$ = dipp+ up comp\nd1 & = p\r+ comp\nd :5 seal+ a batt]y4 ,figure #ha %[s a conv5i5t =m ( ladle :i* has a p\r+ hole 9 ! bottom4 ,a tap] p91 :i* is rais$ by ! extra h&le all[s a v f9e /ream ( comp\nd to be p\r$4 ,! exact size ( ! ladle is n important1 b "o :i* is too heavy to be held 9 "o h& %\ld n be us$4 7d7 ,sev]al old c(fee pots are conv5i5t1 & save mu* "t 9 seal+ batt]ies4 ,seal+ comp\nd is a comb9ation ( heavy residues produc$ by ! fractional di/illation ( petroleum4 ,x is n all alike-t accept$ = factory use & di/ribution to ,s]vice ,/ations mu/ usually con=m to rigid specifications laid d[n by ! te/+ laboratories gov]n+ exact degrees ( brittl5ess1 elongation1 /r5g? & melt+ po9t4 ,= ^! qualities x is dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 volatile oils :i* may be driv5 (f f ! comp\nd if ! temp]ature ( ! molt5 mass is rais$ above ! comp>atively l[ po9ts :]e "s ( ^! oils beg9 to volatilize (f z gase\s vapor or smoke4 ,comp\nd f :i* c]ta9 ( ^! valuable con/itu5t oils h be5 driv5 (f or burn$ out ?r\gh ov]heat+ is recogniz$ ?r\gh too great ,,brittl5ess & ,,%r9kage on cool+1 caus+ ,,crack$ ,,comp\nd ) all ( its att5d+ difficulties4 ,fig4 #ha ,p\r+ ladle ,d n put too mu* cold comp\nd 9 ! kettle to beg9 )4 ,x is n advisable to c>ry mu* m molt5 comp\nd 9 ! kettle at any "t ?an c easily be dipp$ out-cold comp\nd may be add$ dur+ ! day z ne$$4 ,:5 !re is consid]able cold comp\nd 9 ! kettle1 & ! heat+ flame is appli$1 ! l[] bottom "p ( ! mass next to ! surface ( ! iron is br\ght to a melt+ po9t fir/-heat mu/ be convey$ f ?is already hot "p ( ! comp\nd upw>d ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass-s t be=e ! top "p ( x is br\ght to a molt5 condition ! l[] inside lay]s are v hot inde$4 ,if !re is too mu* 9 ! kettle ^! l[] lay]s are necess>ily rais$ 9 temp]ature beyond ! po9t :]e !y lose "s ( _! volatile oils-!y are burn$ be=e ! :ole mass ( comp\nd c be br\ght to a molt5 /ate4 ,d n use too l>ge a heat+ flame "u ! kettle = ! same reasons4 ,a flame turn$ on full bla/ w c]ta9ly burn ! bottom lay]s be=e ! succe$+ lay]s above are br\ght to ! fusion po9t4 ,,use ,a ,,sl[ ,,flame & ,,take ,,"t ,,9 ,,melt+ ,,up ,,! ,,comp\nd4 ,x ,,pays 9 ! result+ jobs4 ,! m comp\nd is heat$1 ! ?9n] x becomes--x %\ld nev] be all[$ to become s hot t x fl[s too freely--x %\ld nev] exce$ ! viscosity ( m$ium molasses4 ,x %\ld fl[ freely en\gh to run 9 all n>r[ spaces b ,,n freely en\gh to fl[ ,,?r\gh !m be=e x cools4 ,/ir ! kettle frequ5tly dur+ ! day4 ,x is advisable ab\t once a week to "w z mu* comp\nd out ( ! kettle z possible1 empty t /ill rema9+1 clean ! kettle out1 & />t ) fre% comp\nd4 ,,nev] ,,use ,,old ,,comp\nd ,,ov] ,,aga9--t is1 d n ?r[ comp\nd t has be5 dug out ( us$ batt]ies into ! kettle ) ! new comp\nd4 ,! old comp\nd is no d\bt acid soak$1 & ?is acid w "w ?r\gh ! :ole molt5 mass1 mak+ a satisfactory job a v d\btful matt] inde$4 ,cold wea!r h>d5s seal+ comp\nd1 ( c\rse1 & r5d]s x some:at brittle & liable to crack4 ,?is t5d5cy c\ld be ov]come by us+ a s(t] comp\nd1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 comp\nd s s(t t x w\ld h no t5d5cy to crack 9 cold wea!r w\ld be s s(t 9 w>m wea!r t x w\ld fail to hold ! assembly ) ! necess>y firmness & security4 ,x is f> bett] policy to run ! risk ( develop+ a few cracks 9 ! w9t] ?an a loose assembly 9 summ]4 ,surface cracks develop$ 9 cold wea!r may be easily rem$i$ by /ripp+ (f ! comp\nd ar\nd ! crack ) a heat$ tool1 fla%+ ) ! tor* & quickly re-seal+ accord+ to ! above directions4 ,x is n practical to "w any oil ag5t1 su* z p>aff9 or ca/or oil1 into ! comp\nd 9 an ef=t to s(t5 x = use 9 cold wea!r4 ,,%elv+ ,,& ,,racks ,! ess5tial ?+s ab\t %elv+ 9 a batt]y %op are1 t x mu/ be cov]$ ) acid-pro( pa9t1 & mu/ be made ( heavy lumb] if x is to c>ry complete batt]ies4 ,figure #hb %[s ! heavy %elv+ requir$ 9 a /ock-room1 :ile ,figure #hc %[s ! light] %elv+ :i* may be us$ = p>ts1 su* z j>s1 cases1 extra plates1 & s on4 ,fig4 #hb ,fig4 #hb4 ,typical ,/ockroom1 ,%[+ ,heavy ,%elv+ ,necess>y = ,/or+ ,batt]ies4 ,figures #hd & #he %[ two receiv+ racks = batt]ies :i* come 9 = repairs4 ,9 _m %ops batt]ies are set on ! floor :ile wait+ = repairs4 ,if !re is pl5ty ( floor space1 ?is practice is n objectionable4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 x improves ! looks ( ! %op1 & makes a bett] impression on ! cu/om] to h racks to receive su* batt]ies4 ,note t ! %elves are arrang$ s z to p]mit acid to dra9 (f4 ,batt]ies (t5 come 9 ) wet1 leaky cases1 & ?is %elf con/ruction is suitable = su* batt]ies4 ,! racks %[n 9 ,figures #hf & #hg are = repair$ batt]ies1 new batt]ies1 r5tal batt]ies1 batt]ies 9 dry /orage1 & = any batt]ies :i* d n h wet leaky cases4 ,figures #hh & #hi %[ racks suitable = new batt]ies :i* h be5 %ipp$ fill$ ) electrolyte1 batt]ies 9 wet or live /orage1 r5tal batt]ies1 & s on4 ,note t ^! racks are provid$ ) *>g+ circuits s t ! batt]ies may be giv5 a l[ *>ge )\t remov+ !m f ! racks4 ,note also t ! %elves are spac$ two feet ap>t s z to be able to take hydromet] read+s1 voltage read+s1 add wat]1 & s on1 )\t remov+ ! batt]ies f ! racks4 ,,b9s ,figure #ij gives ! dim5sions = equipm5t b9s suitable = cov]s1 t]m9als1 int]-cell connectors1 j>s1 cases1 & v>i\s o!r p>ts4 ,^! b9s c be made ) any desir$ numb] ( sections1 & additional sections built z !y are ne$$4 ,fig4 #hc ,fig4 #hc4 ,corn] ( ,work%op1 ,%[+ ,lead ,burn+ ,outfit1 ,workb5* & ,vises4 ,fig4 #hd ,work+ draw+ ( a #f-;foot receiv+ rack ,fig4 #he ,work+ draw+ ( a #ab-;foot receiv+ rack ,fig4 #hf ,work+ draw+ ( an #h-;foot rack = repair$ batt]ies1 new batt]ies1 r5tal batt]ies1 batt]ies 9 dry /orage1 etc4 ,fig4 #hg ,work+ draw+ ( a #af-;foot rack = repair$ batt]ies1 new batt]ies1 r5tal batt]ies1 batt]ies 9 dry /orage1 etc4 ,fig4 #hh ,work+ draw+ ( a #af-;foot rack suitable = new batt]ies 7%ipp$ fill$ & fully *>g$71 batt]ies 9 wet /orage1 r5tal batt]ies1 etc4 ,fig4 #hh;b ,end view ( rack 9 ,fig4 #hh ,fig4 #hi ,work+ draw+ ( a #ab-;foot rack suitable = new batt]ies 7%ipp$ fill$ & fully *>g$71 batt]ies 9 wet /orage1 r5tal batt]ies1 etc4 ,fig4 #hi;b ,end view ( rack 9 ,fig4 #hi ,fig4 #ij ,work+ draw+ ( b9s suitable = batt]y p>ts ,,batt]y ,,/eam] ,/eam+ is ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( s(t5+ seal+ comp\nd1 mak+ cov]s & j>s limp & pliable4 ,an op5 flame %\ld nev] be us$ = ?is "w1 z ! temp]ature ( ! flame is too high & !re is dang] ( burn+ j>s & cov]s & mak+ !m wor?less4 ,) /eam1 x is impossible to damage seal+ comp\nd or rubb] p>ts4 ,a s(t flame f a lead burn+ tor* is us$ to dry out ! *annels 9 ! cov]s be=e seal+1 & is run ov] ! comp\nd quickly to make ! comp\nd fl[ ev5ly & unite ) ! j>s & cov]s4 ,b 9 su* "w ! flame is us$ = only a few seconds & is n appli$ long en\gh to d any damage4 ,) a /eam+ outfit1 x is also possible to di/ill wat] = use 9 mix+ electrolyte & replac+ evaporation 9 ! cells4 ,! only additional equipm5t ne$$ is a cond5s] to cond5se ! /eam into wat]4 ,fig4 #ia ,fig4 #ia4 ,batt]y ,/eam]1 ) ,/eam ,hose = ,ea* ,cell ,fig4 #ib ,cond5s] = use ) batt]y /eam] ,figure #ia %[s a /eam+ outfit m\nt$ on a wall1 & %[s ! rubb] tube connections betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts4 ,! boil] is set on ! /ove1 wat] be+ suppli$ f ! wat] supply tank :i* is hung above ! boil] to obta9 gravity fe$4 ,! wat] supply tank is op5 at ! top1 & is fill$ e morn+ ) faucet wat]4 ,?is tank is suitable = any %op1 ev5 ?\gh a city wat] supply is available4 ,a wat] pipe f ! city l9es may be run to a po9t imm$iately above ! tank & a faucet or valve atta*$4 ,:]e !re is no city wat] supply1 ! tank may1 ( c\rse1 be fill$ ) a pail or pit*]4 ,! boil] is equipp$ ) a float op]at$ valve :i* ma9ta9s a "o to "o & "o-half in* dep? ( wat]4 ,z ! wat] boils away1 ! float l[]s slightly & all[s wat] to ent] ! boil]4 ,9 ?is way1 ! wat] is ma9ta9$ at ! prop] level at all times4 ,a manifold is fitt$ to ! boil] & has six op5+s to :i* l5g?s ( rubb] tub+ are atta*$4 ,^! tubes are ins]t$ 9 ! v5t holes ( ! batt]y :i* is to be /eam$4 ,any numb] ( ! /eam outlets may be op5$ by draw+ out ! manifold plung] valve to ! prop] po9t4 ,:5 di/ill+ wat]1 a tube is atta*$ to "o ( ! /eam outlets z %[n1 & connect$ to ! cond5s] z %[n4 ,a bottle is plac$ "u ! di/ill$ wat] outlet to collect ! di/ill$ wat]4 ,cool+ wat] ent]s ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! tub+ %[n atta*$ to ! cond5s] at ! l[] "r-h& edge4 ,! o!r end ( ?is tube is atta*$ to ! wat] faucet1 or o!r cool+ wat] supply4 ,! cool+ wat] outlet is %[n at ! l[] left h& edge ( ! cond5s]4 ,! cool+ wat] inlet & outlet are %[n 9 ,figure #ib4 ,if !re is no city wat] supply1 a t5 or tw5ty gallon tank may be m\nt$ above ! cond5s] & atta*$ by means ( a rubb] tube to ! cool+ wat] inlet %[n at ! l[] "r h& edge ( ! cond5s] 9 ,figure #ib4 ,a simil> tank is plac$ "u ! cool+ wat] outlet4 ,! upp] tank is !n fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] has run out ( ! upp] tank ?r\gh ! cond5s] & into ! l[] tank1 x is p\r$ back into ! upp] tank4 ,9 ?is way a /eady supply ( cool+ wat] is obta9$4 ,fig4 #ic ,/eam+ box 9 :i* entire batt]y is set ,ano!r type ( /eam] uses a /eam+ box1 ,figure #ic4 ,! batt]y is plac$ 9 ! box & /eam is s5t 9 ?r\gh ! cov]4 ,! boil] has only "o /eam outlet1 & ?is is connect$ to ! box by means ( a hose4 ,fig4 #id ,special b5* = batt]y /eam] ,if desir$1 a special b5* may be made = ! /eam+ outfit1 z %[n 9 ,figure #id4 ,! o!r tools ne$$ = op5+ batt]ies1 z giv5 9 ! li/ on page #ig are /&>d articles1 & may be obta9$ at any h>dw>e /ore1 except ! t]m9al tongs1 :i* %\ld be pur*as$ f a batt]y supply h\se4 ,fig4 #ie ,batt]y t]m9al tongs ,figure #ie illu/rates ! use ( t]m9al tongs4 ,batt]y t]m9als usually /ick s tight t !y mu/ be =c$ out ) pli]s or o!r tools4 ,"h is %[n a pair ( tongs t makes easy "w ( ! job4 ,"o end has a =k & ! o!r is %ap$ to come betwe5 ! =k4 ,x is plac$ on ! batt]y t]m9al1 z %[n1 & :5 ! h&les are br\ght toge!r ! t]m9al atta*$ to ! batt]y lead is =c$ out )\t m>r+ any ( ! p>ts4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,lead ,,burn+ 7,,weld+7 ,plate ,burn+ ,rack ,! plates :i* compose a gr\p are jo9$ to ! plate connect+ /rap to :i* ! po/ is atta*$4 ,! plates are burn$ to ! /rap1 & ?is mu/ be done 9 su* a mann] t ! plates are absolutely p>allel1 t ! di/ance betwe5 plates is correct1 & t ! top surface ( ! /rap is at "r angles to ! surface ( ! plates4 ,^! conditions are necess>y 9 ord] t ! positive & negative gr\ps may me% prop]ly1 t ! complete elem5t1 consi/+ ( ! plates & sep>ators may fit 9 ! j> prop]ly1 & t ! cell cov]s may fit ov] ! po/s easily4 ,fig4 #if ,fig4 #if4 ,univ]sal ,plate ,burn+ ,rack4 ,w ,hold ,?ree ,gr\ps ( ,plates at ,"o ,"t4 ,design$ = ,/&>d & ,special ,plates ,9 ord] to secure ^! conditions1 plates t are to be burn$ to ! /rap are set 9 a burn+ rack1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #if & #ig1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( a base ^u :i* ! plate re/1 & a slott$ b> into :i* ! lugs on ! plates fit4 ,! di/ance betwe5 successive slots is equal to ! correct di/ance betwe5 ! plates ( ! gr\p4 ,an improv$ =m ( burn+ rack has a wood5 base :i* has slots along ! side4 ,! plates are set into ^! slots & are ?us held 9 ! correct position at bo? top & bottom4 ,fig4 #ig ,plate burn+ rack = /&>d #a_/h in*1 & ?9 plates ,fig4 #ig %[s a rack = use ) #a_/h in* & #g-fd in* plates4 ,fig4 #if %[s a ,univ]sal rack :i* may be us$ ) bo? ! #a_/h & #g-fd in* plates1 & also _m special plates4 ,! guide-b>1 or comb1 ,e1 has slots along two sides1 ! base hav+ correspond+ slots1 z %[n4 ,to accommodate diff]5t siz$ plates1 ! comb may be rais$ or l[]$1 & ! uprights may be mov$ back & =? 9 two slots1 "o ( :i* is %[n at ,f4 ,9 us+ ?is rack1 ! plates are set 9 position1 ) _! l[] edges 9 ! slots ( ! base1 & _! lugs 9 ! slots 9 ! comb4 ,! plates are 9 ?is way held at opposite corn]s1 & are absolutely /raight & p>allel4 ,special fitt+s are provid$ to simplify ! "w ( burn+4 ,a b>1 ,d1 fits along ! edge ( ! comb1 & holds ! lugs ( ! plates firmly 9 ! slots4 ,?is b> is movable to any "p ( ! comb1 be+ held by two spr+ clips1 ,c4 ,two b>s1 ,a & ,b1 :i* are adju/able1 make a =m ar\nd ! plate lugs :i* w prev5t ! hot lead f runn+ (f :ile burn+ 9 ! plates4 ,in/ructions = burn+ on plates are giv5 on page #bag4 ,! triangul> scrap]1 /eel wire bru%1 co>se files & smok$ or blue glasses are all /&>d articles & may be obta9$ f any supply h\se4 ,! burn+ coll>s are made ( iron1 & are set ov] ! end ( int]-cell connectors :5 burn+ ^! to ! po/s1 see ,figure #ih4 ,exp]i5c$ repairm5 g5]ally d n use !m1 b ^? :o h tr\ble ) ! :ole end ( ! connector melt+ & ! lead runn+ (f %\ld use coll>s to hold 9 ! lead4 ,fig4 #ih ,burn+ coll>s ,! ,burn+ ,lead ,m\ld ,9 e %op !re is an accumulation ( scrap lead f po/ drill+s1 old connect+ /raps1 old plate /raps1 etc4 ,^! %\ld be kept 9 a special box provid$ = t purpose1 & :5 a suffici5t am\nt has accumulat$1 ! lead %\ld be melt$ & run (f into m\lds = mak+ burn+-lead4 ,! ,burn+ ,lead ,m\ld is design$ to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii1 ! m\ld consi/s ( a %eet iron =m :i* has be5 press$ into six tr\ghs or grooves into :i* ! melt$ lead is p\r$4 ,?is %eet iron =m is conv5i5tly m\nt$ on a block ( wood :i* has a h&le at "o end1 mak+ x possible to hold ! m\ld :ile hot )\t dang] ( be+ burn$4 ,a %eet ( asbe/os sep>ates ! iron =m f ! wood1 ?us protect+ ! wood f ! heat ( ! melt$ lead4 ,a hole is drill$ 9 ! end ( ! h&le to p]mit ! m\ld be+ hung on a nail :5 n 9 use4 ,! grooves 9 ! iron =m w produce b>s ( burn+ lead #ae in*es long1 #e-af in* ?ick1 #c_/h in* wide at ! top1 & #a_/d in* wide at ! bottom4 ,fig4 #ii ,fig4 #ii4 ,burn+-,lead ,m\lds1 & ,burn+ ,/icks ,ca/ 9 ,!m ,! advantage ( ?is type ( ,burn+ ,lead ,m\ld ov] a ca/ iron m\ld is obvi\s4 ,! =m1 be+ made ( %eet iron1 heats up v quickly1 & absorbs only a v small am\nt ( heat f ! melt$ lead4 ,! ca/-iron m\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 takes s mu* heat f ! melt$ lead t ! latt] cools v quickly1 & is h>d to h&le4 ,an iron pot t w hold at lea/ t5 p\nds ( molt5 lead %\ld be us$ 9 melt+ up lead scraps = burn+ /icks4 ,:5 ! metal has become s(t en\gh to /ir ) a clean p9e /ick skim (f ! dross4 ,cont9ue heat+ metal until slightly yell[ on top4 ,) a paddle or ladle drop 9 a clean+ comp\nd ( equal p>ts ( p[d]$ ros91 borax & fl[] ( sulphur4 ,use a teaspoonful = a t5-p\nd melt+ & make sure ! comp\nd is p]fectly dry4 ,/ir a little & if metal is at prop] heat !re w be a fl>e1 fla% or a little burn+4 ,a sort ( t9foil popcorn effect w be notic$ float+ on top ( ! metal4 ,/ir until ?is melts d[n4 ,h y\r ladle hot & skim (f s(t p>ticles4 ,du/ ! m\ld ) m\ld comp\nd1 a p[d] :i* makes ! lead fill ! entire grooves1 & n become cool be=e x does4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready1 fill ! ladle & p\r ! lead into "o ( ! grooves4 ,hold ! ladle above "o end ( ! groove :ile p\r+1 & d n move x along ! groove4 ,fill ! o!r grooves 9 a simil> mann]4 ,po/ ,build]s4 ,^! are m\lds :i* are set ov] ! /umps ( po/s :i* h be5 drill$ %ort 9 remov+ ! int]-cell connectors4 ,lead is !n melt$ 9 ) a burn+ flame to build ! po/ up to ! prop] height4 ,figure #ajj %[s a set ( po/-build]s1 & ,figure #aja illu/rates _! use4 ,fig4 #ajj ,set ( po/ build]s ,fig4 #aja ,illu/rat+ use ( po/ build]s ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,g5]al ,,"w ,,on ,,connectors ,,& ,,t]m9als ,m\lds = ,ca/+ ,int]-,cell ,connectors1 ,t]m9als1 ,t]m9al ,screws1 ,tap] ,lugs1 ,plate ,/raps1 ,etc4 ,figure #ajb %[s a plate /rap m\ld ) :i* ?ree /raps & po/s may be ca/ 9 "o m9ute4 ,x has a slid+ movable too? rack = ca/+ an odd or ev5 numb] ( tee? on ! /rap4 ,fig4 #ajb ,plate /rap m\ld ,figure #ajc %[s a ,l9k ,comb9ation ,m\ld :i* ca/s five int]-cell connectors = use on /&>d #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac & #ae plate batt]ies1 f\r end connectors 7two ,dodge tap]s1 & /&>d tap]s1 negative & positive71 "o end connector ) #c_/h in* cable us$ on #ab volt ,maxwell batt]y & on all o!r c>s a wire cable1 & "o small wire to connect ) end po/ on batt]ies requir+ direct connection4 ,x also ca/s two po/ support r+s to fit /&>d size rubb] cov]s & to fit po/s ca/ ) plate /rap m\ld1 & two wa%]s :i* are (t5 ne$$ :5 in/all+ ne$$ :5 in/all+ new or r5tal batt]ies4 ,fig4 #ajc & ,fig4 #ajd3 ,l9k comb9ation m\ld1 & ca/+s made 9 x ,figure #ajd %[s ! p>ts :i* may be made ) ?is m\ld4 ,fig4 #aje ,cell connector m\ld ,fig4 #ajf ,production type /rap m\ld ,figure #aje %[s a cell connector m\ld :i* ca/s practically all ! cell connectors us$ on /&>d #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac & #ae plate batt]ies4 ,?is m\ld is simil> to ! ,l9k ,comb9ation ,m\ld %[n 9 ,figure #ajc4 ,fig4 #ajg ,index+ device = /rap m\ld ,fig4 #ajh ,ca/+s made 9 /rap m\ld ,figure #ajf %[s a production type /rap m\ld :i* is design$ to be us$ by l>ge batt]y %ops4 ,=ty-two /yles ( /raps are1 ca/ by ?is m\ld4 ,?is m\ld has an index+ device z %[n 9 ,figure #ajg1 :i* is adju/$ by means ( a screw = m\ld+ ! /raps = any numb] ( plates f sev5 to n9ete54 ,figure #aji %[s "s ( ! ca/+s :i* are made ) ?is m\ld4 ,fig4 #aji ,t]m9al m\ld & ca/+s made 9 x ,figure #aji %[s a ,t]m9al ,m\ld :i* ca/s five rev]sible end t]m9al connectors1 a cable connector1 su* z is us$ on ! ,maxwell batt]y1 & two wa%]s (t5 ne$$ 9 mak+ a tight connection4 ,fig4 #aaj ,screw m\ld ,figure #aaj %[s a ,screw ,m\ld :i* ca/s /&>d squ>e lead leads on f\r screws 9 "o op]ation1 two #e_/h in* & two #c_/h in*4 ,?is m\ld has a screw adju/m5t 9 ! base :i* makes ea* cavity adaptable to any l5g? screw4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,"w ,,on ,,cases ,! acid pro( asphaltum pa9t1 pa9t bru%es1 wood *isels1 wood plane1 & e>!nw>e j>s are all /&>d articles4 ,fig4 #aaa ,batt]y turntable ,figure #aaa %[s a batt]y turntable :i* is v conv5i5t :5 pa9t+ cases1 lead burn+1 etc4 ,,tools ,,= ,,g5]al ,,"w ,mo/ ( ! articles 9 ?is li/ require no explanation4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are ( special con/ruction4 ,sep>ator ,cutt]4 ,"s batt]y supply h\ses sell special sep>ator cutt]s1 b a l>ge size photograph trimm] is entirely satisfactory4 ,fig4 #aab ,fig4 #aab4 ,plate ,press = ,press+ ,swoll51 ,bulg$ ,negatives 7,aft] ,plates ,h ,be5 ,fully ,*>g$7 ,fig4 #aac ,fig4 #aac4 ,ins]t+ ,plate ,press ,bo>ds ,betwe5 ,negatives ,prep>atory to ,press+ ,plate ,press4 ,figure #aab %[s a special plate press 9 :i* ! plates are press$ betwe5 wood5 jaws4 ,no iron c come into contact ) ! plates4 ,?is is a v important feature1 s9ce iron 9 solution causes a batt]y to lose its *>ge v quickly4 ,?is press is made ( heavy h>dwood timb]s1 & may be set on a b5* or m\nt$ on ! wall4 ,a set ( lead coat$ tr\ghs c>ry away ! acid :i* is squeez$ f ! plates4 ,fig4 #aad ,%[+ h[ negatives %\ld be plac$ 9 ! plate press ,?is press is design$ = press+ negative plates1 ! active mat]ial ( :i* has become bulg$ or swoll54 ,a plate 9 ?is condition has a l[ capacity & _c give good s]vice4 ,swoll5 negatives (t5 make x impossible to replace ! plates 9 a j>4 ,:5 negatives are f\nd to be bulg$ or swoll51 ! batt]y mu/ be fully *>g$1 & ! negatives !n press$4 ,to d ?is1 plate press bo>ds1 :i* are ( acid pro( mat]ial1 & ( ! prop] ?ickness are ins]t$ betwe5 ! negatives1 z %[n 9 ,figure #aac1 & ! plates are !n set 9 ! press is %[n 9 ,figure #aad4 ,fig4 #aae ,negative gr\p be=e & aft] press+ ,figure #aae %[s a gr\p be=e & aft] press+4 ,note t press+ has =c$ ! active mat]ial back into ! grid :]e x mu/ be if ! plates are to give good s]vice4 ,nev] s5d out a batt]y ) swoll5 or bulg$ negatives4 ,slightly buckl$ negatives may also be /raight5$ out 9 ! ,plate ,press4 ,positives d n swell or bulge z !y dis*>ge1 b %$ ! active mat]ial4 ,!y are !re=e n press$ ,positives buckle1 ( c\rse1 b %\ld nev] be press$ to /raight5 !m4 ,! lead p]oxide ( ! positive plates is n ela/ic l ! spongy ! negatives1 & if positives are press$ to /raight5 !m ! pa/e w crack & break f ! grid4 ,slightly buckl$ positives may be us$1 b if !y are s badly buckl$ t x is impossible to reassemble ! elem5t or put ! elem5t back into ! j>s1 !y %\ld be disc>d$4 ,fig4 #aaf ,batt]y c>ri] ,fig4 #aag ,batt]y truck ,batt]y ,c>ri]4 ,figure #aaf %[s a v conv5i5t batt]y c>ri]1 hav+ a wood5 h&le ) two sw++ /eel hooks = atta*+ to ! batt]y to be c>ri$4 ,) ?is type ( c>ri] no /ra9 is put on ! h&le1 z is ! case if a /rap is us$4 ,batt]y ,truck4 ,:5 a batt]y mu/ be mov$ any consid]able di/ance1 a truck1 su* z t %[n 9 ,figure #aag %\ld be us$4 ,?is truck may easily be made 9 ! %op1 or may be made at a reasonable co/ 9 a c>p5t] %op4 ,! roll]s %\ld be f\r in*es or m 9 diamet] & %\ld pref]ably be ( ! ball-be>+ type4 ,rubb] tires on ! roll]s are a great advantage1 s9ce ! rubb] protects ! roll]s f acid & also elim9ates ! v disagreeable noise :i* iron :eels make1 especially 9 go+ ov] a concrete floor or sidewalk4 ,! repairman ne$ n make 8 truck exactly l t %[n 9 ,figure #aag1 :i* is m]ely %[n to give a g5]al idea ( h[ su* a truck %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,! truck %[n 9 ,figure #aag 0 made f a heavy wood5 box4 ,) ?is con/ruction lift+ batt]ies is l>gely elim9at$1 :i* is mo/ desirable1 s9ce a batt]y is n ! lighte/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,! batt]y is c>ri$ 9 a horizontal position & ! truck is small en\gh to be :eel$ betwe5 c>s 9 ! %op4 ,fig4 #aah ,ano!r batt]y truck ,ano!r =m ( batt]y truck is %[n 9 ,figure #aah1 al?\gh ?is1 is n z good z t %[n 9 ,figure #aag4 ,,cadmium ,,te/ ,,set ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,te/ ,z ! cell voltage falls :ile ! batt]y is on dis*>ge1 ! voltage ( ! positive plates1 & also ! voltage ( ! negative plates falls4 ,:5 ! batt]y is *>g$ aga9 ! voltages ( bo? positive & negative plates rise4 ,if a batt]y gives its rat$ amp]e-h\r capacity on dis*>ge1 we d n c>e p>ticul>ly h[ ! voltages ( ! individual positive & negative gr\ps *ange4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! batt]y fails to give its rat$ capacity1 ! fault may be due to defective positives or defective negatives4 ,if ! voltage ( a batt]y fails to come up :5 ! batt]y is put on *>ge1 ! tr\ble may be due to ei!r ! positives or negatives4 ,positives & negatives may n *>ge at ! same rate1 & "o gr\p may become fully *>g$ be=e ! o!r gr\p4 ,?is may be ! case 9 a cell :i* has _h a new positive gr\p put 9 ) ! old negatives4 ,cadmium te/s made :ile ! batt]y is on *>ge w tell h[ fully ! individual gr\ps are *>g$4 ,s9ce ! voltages ( ! positives & negatives bo? fall z a batt]y is dis*>g$1 & rise z ! batt]y is *>g$1 if we measure ! voltages ( ! positives & negatives sep>ately1 we c tell h[ f> ea* gr\p is *>g$ or dis*>g$4 ,if ! voltage ( ea* cell ( a batt]y drops to #a4g be=e ! batt]y has giv5 its rat$ capacity1 we c tell :i* set ( plates has become dis*>g$ by measur+ ! voltages ( positives & negatives sep>ately4 ,if ! voltage ( ! positives %[ t !y are dis*>g$1 !n ! ,positives are n up to capacity4 ,simil>ly1 negatives are n up to capacity if _! voltage indicates t !y are dis*>g$ be=e ! batt]y has giv5 its rat$ capacity4 ,cadmium read+s alone d n give any indication ( ! capacity ( a batt]y1 & ! repairman mu/ be c>eful 9 draw+ conclusions f ,cadmium te/s4 ,9 g5]al x is n always safe to dep5d ^u ,cadmium te/s on a batt]y :i* has n be5 op5$1 unless ! batt]y is almo/ new4 ,plates hav+ v little active mat]ial1 due to %$d+1 or due to ! active mat]ial be+ loos5$ f ! grid1 w (t5 give good ,cadmium read+s1 & yet a batt]y ) su* plates w h v little capacity4 ,su* a condition w\ld be disclos$ by an actual exam9ation ( ! plates1 or by a capacity dis*>ge te/4 ,h[ ,cadmium ,te/s ,are ,made ,to measure ! voltages ( ! positives & negatives sep>ately1 ,cadmium is us$4 ,! ,cadmium is dipp$ 9 ! electrolyte1 & a voltage read+ is tak5 betwe5 ! ,cadmium & ! plates :i* are to be te/$4 ,?us1 if we wi% to te/ ! negatives1 we take a voltage read+ betwe5 ! ,cadmium & ! negatives1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,simil>ly1 if we wi% to te/ ! positives1 we take a voltage read+ betwe5 ! ,cadmium & ! positives1 z %[n 9 ,fig #abj4 ,fig4 #aai ,mak+ cadmium te/ on negative plates ,fig4 #abj ,mak+ cadmium te/ on positive plates ,9 dipp+ ! ,cadmium into ! electrolyte1 we make two cells out ( ! batt]y cell4 ,"o ( ^! consi/s ( ! ,cadmium & ! positives1 :ile ! o!r consi/s ( ! ,cadmium & ! negatives4 ,if ! batt]y is *>g$1 ! ,cadmium =ms ! negative elem5t 9 ! ,cadmium-,positives cell1 & is ! positive elem5t 9 ! ,cadmium-,negatives cell4 ,! voltage ( ! ,cadmium does n *ange1 & v>iations 9 ! voltage read+s obta9$ 9 mak+ ,cadmium te/s are due to *anges 9 ! /ate ( *>ge ( ! negative & positive plates :i* are be+ te/$4 ,:at ,cadmium ,is3 ,cadmium is a metal1 j l iron1 copp]1 or lead4 ,x is "o ( ! *emical elem5ts2 t is1 x is a sep>ate & di/9ct sub/ance4 ,x is n made by mix+ two or m sub/ances1 z = in/ance1 sold] is made by mix+ t9 & lead1 b is obta9$ by sep>at+ ! cadmium f ! comp\nds 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 nature1 j z iron is obta9$ by treatm5t ( iron ore 9 ! /eel mill4 ,:5 ,cadmium ,read+s ,%\ld ,be ,made #a4 ,:5 ! batt]y voltage drops to #a4g p] cell on dis*>ge be=e ! batt]y has deliv]$ its rat$ amp]e-h\r capacity1 at ! #e-;h\r rate :5 a dis*>ge te/ is made4 #b4 ,:5 a batt]y on *>ge w n come up1 t is1 if its voltage w n come up to #b4e-b4g p] cell on *>ge1 & its specific gravity w n come up to #a4bhj-a4cjj4 #c4 ,:5ev] y *>ge a batt]y1 at ! end ( ! *>ge1 :5 ! voltage & specific gravity no long] rise1 make ,cadmium te/s to be sure t bo? positives & negatives are fully *>g$4 #d4 ,:5 y put 9 a new gr\p1 *>ge ! batt]y fully & make ,cadmium te/s to be sure t bo? ! new & old gr\ps are fully *>g$4 #e4 ,:5 a #bj-m9ute high rate dis*>ge te/ is made4 ,see page #bfg4 ,t ,cadmium ,read+s %\ld be tak5 only :ile a batt]y is 9 action2 t is1 :ile x is on dis*>ge1 or :ile x is on *>ge4 ,cadmium ,read+s tak5 on a batt]y :i* is on op5 circuit are n reliable4 ,:5 y are n us+ ! ,cadmium1 x %\ld be put 9 a vessel ( wat] & kept !re4 ,nev] let ! ,cadmium become dry1 z x w !n give unreliable read+s4 ,op5 ,circuit ,voltage ,read+s ,wor?less ,voltage read+s ( a batt]y tak5 :ile ! batt]y is on op5 circuit2 t is1 :5 no curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! batt]y1 are n reliable4 ,! voltage ( a normal1 fully *>g$ cell on op5 circuit is slightly ov] #b volts4 ,if ?is cell is giv5 a full normal dis*>ge1 s t ! specific gravity ( its electrolyte drops to #a4aej1 & is all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs aft] ! end ( ! dis*>ge1 ! op5 circuit voltage w /ill be #b volts4 ,op5 circuit voltage read+s are !re=e ( little or no value1 except :5 a cell is dead1 z a dead cell w give an op5 circuit voltage v mu* less ?an #b1 & x may ev5 give no voltage at all4 ,:at ! ,cadmium ,te/ ,set ,consi/s ( ,! ,cadmium ,te/] consi/s ( a voltmet]1 ,fig4 #aba1 & two po9t$ brass prods :i* are fa/5$ 9 wood5 h&les1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,a l5g? ( flexible wire hav+ a t]m9al at "o end is sold]$ to ea* prod = atta*m5t to ! voltmet]4 ,fa/5$ at "r angles to "o ( ! brass prods is a rod ( pure cadmium4 ,fig4 #aba ,special cadmium te/ voltmet]1 ,fig4 #abb ,cadmium te/ leads ,cadmium te/s may be made ) any accurate voltmet] :i* gives read+s up to #b4e volts 9 divisions ( 4#je volt4 ,! in/ructions giv5 bel[ apply especially to ! special ,,ambu voltmet] b ^! in/ructions may also be us$ 9 mak+ cadmium te/s ) any voltmet] t w give ! correct read+4 ,! ,,ambu ,cadmium ,voltmet] ,fig4 #aba is a view ( ! special ,,ambu ,voltmet]1 :i* is design$ to be us$ specially 9 mak+ ,cadmium te/s4 ,fig4 #abb %[s ! ,cadmium leads4 ,! f\r r$ l9es m>k$ ,neg4 ,*>g$1 ,neg4 ,dis*>g$1 ,pos4 ,*>g$1 & ,pos4 ,dis*>g$1 indicate ! read+s t %\ld be obta9$4 ,?us1 9 te/+ ! positives ( a batt]y on *>ge1 ! po9t] w move to ! l9e :i* is m>k$ ,pos4 ,*>g$1 if ! positive plates are fully *>g$4 ,9 te/+ ! negatives1 ! po9t] w move to ! l9e m>k$ ,neg4 ,*>g$1 :i* is to ! left ( ! #j l9e1 if ! negatives are fully *>g$1 & s on4 ,figs4 #abc1 #abd1 #abe & #abf %[ ! po9t] 9 ! f\r positions on ! scale :i* x takes :5 te/+ fully *>g$ or dis*>g$ plates4 ,9 ea* figure ! po9t] is ov] "o ( ! r$ l9es on ! scale4 ,^! figures also %[ ! read+s1 9 volts1 obta9$ 9 mak+ ! cadmium te/s on fully *>g$ or completely dis*>g$ plates4 ,fig4 #abc ,voltmet] %[+ read+ obta9$ :5 te/+ *>g$ negative2 ,fig4 #abd ,%[+ read+ obta9$ :5 te/+ *>g$ positives ,fig4 #abe ,voltmet] %[+ read+ obta9$ :5 te/+ dis*>g$ negatives2 & ,fig4 #abf ,%[+ read+ obta9$ :5 te/+ dis*>g$ positives ,if ,po9t] ,is ,n ,ov] ! #j ,l9e3 ,x sometimes happ5s1 9 %ipp+ ! in/rum5t1 & also 9 ! use ( x1 t ! po9t] does n /& ov] ! #j l9e1 b is a %ort di/ance away4 ,%\ld y f9d ?is to be ! case1 take a small screwdriv] & turn ! screw :i* projects ?r\gh ! case1 & :i* is m>k$ ,correct ,z]o1 s z to br+ ! po9t] exactly ov] ! #j l9e on ! scale :ile ! met] has no wires connect$ to its b9d+ po/s4 ,connections ( ,cadmium ,leads3 ,9 mak+ ,cadmium ,te/s1 connect ! prod :i* has ! cadmium fa/5$ to x to ! negative voltmet] b9d+ po/4 ,connect ! pla9 brass prod to ! positive voltmet] b9d+ po/4 ,! connections to ! ,,ambu ,cadmium ,voltmet] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,te/+ a ,batt]y on ,dis*>ge ,! batt]y %\ld be dis*>g+ cont9u\sly1 at a con/ant1 fix$ rate1 see page #bfe4 ,fig4 #abg ,,ambu ,cadmium ,voltmet] ,g5]ally1 on a />t+ ability te/ 7see page #bfg71 ! positive ,cadmium read+s w />t at ab\t #b4je volts = a h>d or v new set ( positives1 & at #b4ab volts or ev5 high] = a set ( s(t or some:at develop$ positives1 & w drop dur+ ! te/1 end+ at #a4ie volts or less4 ,! negative ,cadmium read+s w />t at #j4bc volt or high]1 up to #j4cj1 & w rise gradually1 m sudd5ly t[>d ! end if ! plates are old1 end+ any:]e above #j4ce & up to #j4f to #j4g = poor negatives4 ,%ort ,circuit$ ,cells3 ,9 cases ( %ort circuit$ cells1 ! voltage ( ! cell w be almo/ d[n to z]o4 ,! ,cadmium read+s w\ld !re=e be ne>ly z]o also = bo? positives & negatives4 ,su* a batt]y %\ld be op5$ = inspection & repairs4 ,te/+ a ,batt]y on ,*>ge ,! ,batt]y %\ld be *>g+ at ! f9i%+ rate4 7,?is i's usually /amp$ on ! batt]y box47 ,dip ! cadmium 9 ! electrolyte z be=e1 & te/ ! negatives by hold+ ! pla9 prod on ! negative po/ ( ! cell4 ,see ,fig4 #aai4 ,te/ ! positives 9 a simil> mann]4 ,see ,fig4 #abj4 ,! cell voltage %\ld also be measur$4 ,if ! positives are fully *>g$1 ! positive cadmium read+ w be su* t ! po9t] w move to ! r$ l9e m>k$ ,pos4 ,*>g$4 ,see ,fig4 #abe4 ,if y are us+ an ord9>y voltmet]1 ! met] w give a read+ ( f #b4ce to #b4db volts4 ,! negatives are !n te/$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! negative-cadmium read+ on an ord9>y voltmet] w be f 4#age to 4#b to ! left ( ! #j l9e2 t is1 ! read+ is a rev]s$ "o4 ,if y are us+ ! special ,,abm voltmet]1 ! po9t] w move to ! r$ l9e m>k$ ,neg4 ,*>g$4 ,see ,fig4 #abc4 ,! cell voltage %\ld be ! sum ( ! positive-cadmium & ! negative cadmium read+s4 ,if ! voltage ( ea* cell w n come up to #b4e to #b4g volts on *>ge1 or if ! specific gravity w n rise to #a4bhj or ov]1 make ! cadmium te/s to det]m9e :e!r bo? sets ( plates1 or "o ( !m1 give read+s indicat+ t !y are fully *>g$4 ,if ! positives w n give a read+ ( at lea/ #b4ce volts1 or if ! negatives w n give a rev]s$ read+ ( at lea/ #j4a volt1 ^! plates lack capacity4 ,9 case ( a batt]y on *>ge1 if ! negatives d n give a m9us ,cadmium read+1 !y may be lack+ 9 capacity1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a m9us negative ,cadmium read+ does n prove t ! negatives are up to hill capacity4 ,a />t+ ability dis*>ge te/ 7page #bfg7 is ! only means ( tell+ :e!r a batt]y is up to capacity4 ,improp]ly treat$ sep>ators w cause poor negative-,cadmium read+s to be obta9$4 ,! *>g+ rate %\ld be high en\gh to give cell voltages ( #b4e-b4g :5 te/+ negatives4 ,o!rwise x may n be possible to get satisfactory negative-,cadmium read+4 ,sep>ators :i* h be5 all[$ to become p>tly dry at any "t w also make x difficult to obta9 satisfactory negative-,cadmium read+s4 ,,high ,,rate ,,dis*>ge ,,te/]s 7,see page #bfe = directions = mak+ te/s47 ,figure #abh %[s a high rate dis*>ge cell te/]4 ,x consi/s ( a h&le c>ry+ two heavy prongs :i* are bridg$ by a l5g? ( heavy ni*rome wire4 ,:5 ! ends ( ! prongs are press$ d[n on ! t]m9als ( a cell1 a curr5t ( #aej to #bjj amp]es is drawn f ! cell4 ,a voltage read+ ( ! cell1 tak5 :ile ?is dis*>ge curr5t is fl[+ is a means ( det]m9+ ! condition ( ! cell1 s9ce ! heavy dis*>ge curr5t duplicates ! heavy curr5t drawn by ! />t+ motor4 ,ea* prong c>ries a b9d+ po/1 a l[ read+ voltmet] be+ connect$ to ^! po/s :ile ! te/ is made4 ,?is =m ( dis*>ge te/] is riot suitable = mak+ />t+ ability dis*>ge te/s1 :i* are describ$ on page #bfg4 ,o!r =ms ( high rate dis*>ge te/]s are made1 b = ! %op ! type %[n 9 ,figure #abh is mo/ conv5i5t1 s9ce x is light & portable & has no mov+ p>ts1 & because ! te/ is made v quickly )\t mak+ any connections to ! batt]y4 ,fur!rmore1 ea* cell is te/$ sep>ately & ?us six or twelve volt batt]ies may be te/$ )\t mak+ any *ange 9 ! te/]4 ,= mak+ />t+ ability dis*>ge te/s at high rates1 a c>bon plate or simil> rheo/at is mo/ suitable1 & su* rheo/ats are on ! m>ket4 ,fig4 #abh ,high rate dis*>ge te/] ,fig4 #abi ,p>aff9e dip pot ,,p>aff9e ,,dip ,,pot ,pap] tags are n acid pro(1 & if acid is spill$ on tags ti$ to batt]ies :i* are be+ repair$1 ! writ+ on ! tags is (t5 oblit]at$ s t x is practically impossible to id5tify ! batt]ies4 ,an excell5t plan to ov]come ?is tr\ble is to dip ! tags 9 hot p>aff9e aft] !y h be5 prop]ly fill$ out4 ,! writ+ on ! tags c be read easily & s9ce p>aff9e is acid pro(1 any acid :i* may be spill$ on ! p>aff9e coat$ tags w n damage ! tags 9 any way4 ,figure #abi %[s a p>aff9e dip pot4 ,a small e>!nw>e j> is be/ = ?is purpose4 ,melt ! p>aff9e sl[ly on a /ove1 p\r x into ! pot1 & p>tly imm]se a #fj-watt c>bon lamp 9 ! p>aff9e z %[n4 ,! lamp w give en\gh heat to keep ! p>aff9e melt$1 )\t caus+ x to smoke to any ext5t4 ,aft] fill+ out a ,batt]y ,c>d1 dip x into ! ,p>aff9e1 & hold ! c>d above ! pot to let ! excess p>aff9e run (f4 ,let ! p>aff9e dry be=e atta*+ ! tag to ! batt]y1 o!rwise ! p>aff9e may be scrat*$ (f4 ,,wood5 ,,boxes ,,= ,,batt]y ,,p>ts ,fig4 #acj ,fig4 #acj4 ,boxes = ,hold+ ,p>ts ( ,batt]ies ,be+ ,prep>$ ,figure #acj %[s a numb] ( wood5 boxes1 ab\t #ab in*es long1 #h in*es wide1 & #d in*es deep4 ,^! boxes are v useful = hold+ ! t]m9als int]-cell connectors1 cov]s1 plugs1 etc41 ( batt]ies :i* are dismantl$ = repairs4 ,write ! "n ( ! own] ) *alk on ! end ( ! box1 & rub ! "n (f aft] ! batt]y has be5 put toge!r aga94 ,! boxes %[n 9 ,figure #acj _h be5 us$ = plug tobacco1 & s]v$ ! purpose v well4 ,! l>g] box %[n 9 ,figure #acj may be us$ = collect+ old t]m9als1 int]-cell connectors1 lead drill+s1 etc4 ,,e>!nw>e ,,j>s ,! tw5ty gallon size is v conv5i5t = wa/e acid1 old sep>ators1 & any junk p>ts :i* are wet ) acid4 ,! j>s are acid pro( & w help keep ! %op floor dry & any?+ :i* w help 9 ?is is mo/ desirable4 ,,acid ,,c>boys ,acid is %ipp$ 9 l>ge glass bottles ar\nd ea* ( :i* a wood5 box is built to prev5t breakage1 ! comb9ation be+ call$ a c>boy4 ,s9ce ! acid is heavy1 "s means ( draw+ x out ( ! bottle is necess>y4 ,"o me?od is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #aca1 wood5 rock]s be+ screw$ to ! box 9 :i* ! bottle is plac$4 ,fig4 #aca ,a simple me?od ( draw+ acid f a c>boy ,a v good addition to ! rock]s %[n 9 ,figure #aca is ! inn] tube %[n 9 ,figure #acb4 ,9 ?is illu/ration ! rock]s are n %[n1 b %\ld be us$4 ,! comb9ation ( ! rock]s ) ! inn] tube gives a v conv5i5t me?od ( p\r+ acid f a c>boy1 s9ce ! heavy bottle ne$ n be lift$1 & s9ce x helps keep ! floor & ! top ( ! box dry4 ,fig4 #acb ,use ( inn] tube to protect box :5 p\r+ acid ,! rubb] tube %[n 9 ,figure #acb is a piece ( #d in* inn] tube :i* is slit d[n "o side to make x lie flat4 ,ne> "o end is cut a hole l>ge en\gh to fit tightly ov] ! neck ( ! acid bottle4 ,slip ?is rubb] ov] ! neck ( ! bottle & all[ ! long end to hang a few in*es ov] ! side ( ! c>boy bottle or box4 ,?is is = p\r+ acid f a c>boy :5 x is too full to all[ ! cont5ts to be remov$ )\t spill+4 ,?is device w all[ ! cont5ts ( ! c>boy to be p\r$ into a crock or o!r receptacle plac$ on ! floor )\t spill+1 & also prev5ts dirt t may be lay+ on top ( ! c>boy f fall+ into ! crock4 ,fig4 #acc ,siphon = draw+ acid f c>boy ,figure #acc %[s a siphon me?od = draw+ acid f a bottle1 al?\gh ?is me?od is m suitable = di/ill$ wat] ?an = acid4 ,a is ! bottle1 ,b a rubb] /opp]1 ,c & ,d are #c_/h in* glass or h>d rubb] tubes1 ,e is a l5g? ( rubb] tub+ hav+ a p9* clamp at its l[] end4 ,to use ?is device1 ! /opp] & tubes are ins]t$ 9 ! bottle1 & air bl[n or pump$ 9 at ,c1 :ile ! p9* clamp is op51 until acid or wat] beg9s to run out ( ! l[] end ( tub+ ,e4 ,! p9* clamp is !n releas$4 ,:5ev] acid or wat] is to be drawn f ! bottle ! p9* clamp is squeez$ s z to release ! pressure on ! tube4 ,! wat] or acid w fl[ d[n ! tube automatically z long z ! p9* clamp is held op54 ,! clamp may be made ( flat or r\nd spr+ brass or bronze4 ,?is is b5t r\nd at 7a74 ,at 7c7 an op5+ is made1 ?r\gh :i* ! "p 7b7 is b5t4 ,! clamp is op]at$ by press+ at 7d7 & 7e74 ,! rubb] tub+ is pass$ ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 7b7 & 7c74 ,?is me?od is a v good "o = ! small bottle ( di/ill$ wat] plac$ on ! *>g+ b5* to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! prop] height4 ,! l[] end ( tube 7e7 is held ov] ! v5t hole ( ! cell4 ,! p9* clamp is !n squeez$ & wat] w fl[4 ,releas+ ! clamp /ops ! fl[ ( wat] in/antly4 ,if tube 7e7 is made long en\gh1 ! wat] bottle may be set on ! elevat$ %elf ext5d+ d[n ! c5t] ( ! *>g+ b5*4 ,fig4 #acd ,foot pump = draw+ acid f c>boy ,figure #acd %[s ano!r arrangem5t1 us+ a tire pump4 ,d & ,e are #c_/h in* h>d rubb] tubes4 ,d is op5 at bo? ends & has a ,t bran* to :i* ! pump tub+ is atta*$4 ,to op]ate1 a f+] is held ov] ! upp] end ( ,d1 & air is pump$ into ! acid bottle1 =c+ ! acid into ! vessel ,f4 ,to /op ! fl[ ( acid1 ! f+] is remov$ f ,d4 ,?is /ops ! fl[ in/antly4 ,?is me?od is ! mo/ satisfactory "o :5 fairly l>ge quantities ( acid or wat] are to be drawn (f4 ,,%op ,,lay\ts ,! degree ( success :i* ! batt]y repairman atta9s dep5ds to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! work%op 9 :i* ! batt]ies are h&l$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 desirable to be able to build y\r %op1 & ?us be able to h ev]y?+ arrang$ z y wi%4 ,if y mu/ "w 9 a r5t$ %op1 select a place :i* has pl5ty ( light & v5tilation4 ,! v5tilation is especially important on acc\nt ( ! acid fumes f ! batt]ies4 ,a %op :i* receives mo/ ( its light f ! nor? is ! be/1 z ! light is !n m uni=m dur+ ! day1 & ! direct rays ( ! sun are avoid$4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a light1 well v5tilat$ workroom4 ,! floor %\ld be 9 good condition1 s9ce acid rots ! wood & if ! floor is already 9 a poor condition1 ! acid w soon eat ?r\gh x4 ,a tile floor1 z describ$ bel[1 is be/4 ,a wood5 floor %\ld be ?or\ghly scrubb$1 us+ wat] to :i* bak+ soda has be5 add$4 ,!n give ! floor a coat ( asphaltum pa9t1 :i* %\ld be appli$ hot s z to fl[ into all cracks 9 ! wood4 ,:5 ! fir/ coat is dry1 sev]al m coats %\ld be giv54 ,:5ev] y make a solution ( soda = any purpose1 d n ?r[ x away :5 y are ?r\gh ) x4 ,in/ead1 p\r x on ! floor :]e ! acid is mo/ likely to be spill$4 ,?is w neutralize ! acid & prev5t x f rott+ ! wood4 ,if y c af=d to build a %op1 make x ( brick1 ) a floor ( vitrifi$ brick1 or ( tile :i* is n less ?an two in*es ?ick1 & is pref]ably eight in*es squ>e4 ,! seams %\ld n be less ?an "o-eigh? in* wide1 & n wid] ?an "o f\r?4 ,!y %\ld be gr\t$ ) asphaltum1 melt$ z hot & z ?9 z possible 7n less ?an #cej ,f474 ,?is %\ld be p\r$ 9 ! seams4 ,! brick or tile %\ld be heat$ ne> ! seams be=e p\r+ 9 ! asphaltum4 ,:5 all ! seams h be5 fill$1 heat !m aga94 ,aft] ! second heat+1 ! asphaltum may %r9k1 & x may be necess>y to p\r 9 m asphaltum4 ,if possible1 ! floor %\ld slope ev5ly f "o end ( ! room to ! o!r4 ,a lead dra9age tr\gh & pipe at ! l[] end ( ! %op w c>ry (f ! acid & electrolyte4 ,x is a good plan to give all "w b5*es & /orage racks & %elves at lea/ two coat+s ( asphaltum pa9t4 ,?is w prev5t rott+ by ! acid4 ,! floor ( a batt]y repair %op is1 at be/1 a wet1 sloppy affair1 & if a lead dra9age tr\gh is too exp5sive1 !re %\ld be a dra9 9 ! c5t] ( ! floor if ! %op is small1 & sev]al if ! %op is a l>ge "o4 ,! floor %\ld slope t[>d ! dra9s1 & ! dra9-pipes %\ld be made ( glaz$ tile4 ,to keep ! feet z dry z possible1 rubb]s1 or ev5 l[ rubb] boots %\ld be worn4 ,sulphuric acid ru9s lea!r %oes1 al?\gh lea!r %oes c be protect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by dipp+ !m 9 hot p>aff9e4 ,fig4 #ace ,wood5 grat+ on %op floor to give dry walk+ surface = ! repairman ,a good plan is to lay a wood5 grat+ ov] ! floor z %[n 9 ,figure #ace4 ,wat] & acid w run d[n betwe5 ! wood5 /rips1 leav+ ! walk+ surface fairly dry4 ,if su* a grat+ is made1 x %\ld be built 9 sections :i* may be lift$ easily to be wa%$1 & to p]mit wa%+ ! floor4 ,keep bo? ! grat+ & ! floor b5ea? cov]$ ) asphaltum pa9t to prev5t rott+ by acid4 ,once a week1 or (t5]1 if necess>y1 sweep up all loose dirt & !n turn ! hose on ! floor & grat+ to wa% (f z mu* acid z possible4 ,:5 ! wood has dri$1 a good ?+ to d is to p\r on ! floor & grat+ sev]al pails ( wat] 9 :i* wa%+ soda or ammonia has be5 dissolv$4 ,wat* y\r floor4 ,x w pay-9 bett] "w by y\rself & by ! m5 work+ = y4 ,h l>ge e>!nw>e j>s set :]ev] necess>y 9 :i* lead drill+s1 old plates1 old connectors1 old sep>ators1 etc41 may be ?r[n4 ,d n let junk cases1 j>s1 sep>ators1 etc41 accumulate4 ,?r[ !m away imm$iately & keep y\r %op clean4 ,a clean %op pleases ,y\r cu/om]s1 --& satisfi$ cu/om]s mean success4 ,on ! foll[+ pages a numb] ( %op lay\ts are giv5 = bo? l>ge & small %ops4 ,! beg9n]1 ( c\rse1 may n be able to r5t ev5 a small %op1 b he may r5t "p ( an e/abli%$ repair %op1 & lat] r5t an entire %op4 ,a man work+ 9 a corn] ( an e/abli%$ s]vice mu/ arrange 8 equipm5t accord+ to ! space available4 ,lat] on1 :5 he bran*es out = himself1 he %\ld plan 8 %op to got ! be/ work+ arrangem5t4 ,figure #acf %[s a sugge/$ lay\t = a small %op4 ,su* a lay\t may h to be alt]$ because ( ! size & %ape ( ! %op1 & ! location ( ! w9d[s4 ,fig4 #acf ,floorplan3 lay\t = a small %op ,z soon z gr[? ( bus9ess p]mits1 a %op %\ld h a drive-91 s t ! cu/om] may br+ 8 c> (f ! /reet4 ,)\t a drive-9 all te/+ to det]m9e :at "w is necess>y w h to be done at ! curb1 :i* is too public = _m c> own]s4 ,a drive-9 is also conv5i5t if a cu/om] leaves 8 c> :ile 8 batt]y is be+ repair$4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! advantages ( a drive-9 may be secur$ by hav+ a vacant lot next to ! %op1 ) a cov]+ ( c9d]s4 ,z soon z possible1 h[ev]1 a %op :i* is l>ge en\gh to h a drive-9 %\ld be r5t$ or built4 ,figure #acg %[s a #bd x #fj %op ) space = ?ree c>s4 ,! %op equipm5t is expla9$ 9 ! table4 ,figure #ach %[s a #dj x #ge %op ) room = six c>s & a drive-9 & drive-out4 ,?is facilitates ! h&l+ ( ! c>s4 ,figure #aci %[s a #cj x #ajj %op 9 a long & some:at n>r[ build+4 ,x also has a drive-9 & drive-out4 ,ano!r arrangem5t = ! same siz$ %op z %[n 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration is %[n 9 ,figure #adj4 ,"h ! drive-out is at ! side & ?is lay\t is1 !re=e1 suitable = a build+ locat$ on a corn]1 or next to an alley4 ,figure #ada %[s a l>g] %op1 :i* may be us$ aft] ! bus9ess has gr[n consid]ably4 ,figure #adb %[s a lay\t suitable = ! l>ge/ /ation4 ,some:]e betwe5 ,figures #acf & #adb is a lay\t = any s]vice /ation4 ,! ?+ to d is to select ! "o mo/ suitable = ! size ( ! bus9ess1 & to fit local conditions1 ,if a special build+ is put up1 local conditions are n s important4 ,if a %op is r5t$1 x may n be possible to foll[ any ( ! lay\ts %[n 9 ,figs4 #acf to #adb4 ,h[ev]1 ! lay\t :i* is be/ adapt$ = ! actual %op %\ld be select$ z a guide1 & ! equipm5t %[n obta9$4 ,?is %\ld !n be arrang$ z ne>ly l ! patt]n lay\t z ! %op arrangem5t w p]mit4 ,conc]n+ ,light ,light is ess5tial to good "w1 s y mu/ h pl5ty ( good light & at ! "r place4 ,= a light t is ne$$ f "o end ( a b5* to ! o!r1 to look into ea* individual batt]y1 or to take ! read+ ( ea* individual batt]y1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an a #fj ,watt tung/5 lamp "u a good metal %ade1 d>k on outside & :ite on inside4 ,a unique way to hang a light & h x movable f "o end ( ! b5* to ! o!r1 is to /ret* a wire f "o end ( ! b5* to ! o!r4 ,/eel or copp] ab\t #aj or #ab ,b ,s gauge may be us$4 ,/ret* x ab\t f\r or five feet above top ( b5* directly above :]e ! light is mo/ ne$$4 ,if ,y h a d\ble *>g+ b5*1 /ret* ! wire directly above middle ( b5*4 ,be=e fa/5+ wire to support1 slip an old fa%ion$ porcela9 knob 7or an ord9>y ?read spool7 on ! wire4 ,! drop cord is to be ti$ to ?is knob or spool at :atev] height y wi% ! light to hang 7a few in*es l[] ?an y\r head is ! "r height74 ,put ! ceil+ rosette above c5t] ( b5*2 cut y\r drop cord long en\gh s t y c slide ! light f "o end ( b5* to ! o!r aft] be+ atta*$ to rosette4 ,put vasel9e on ! wire s ! fumes ( gas w n corrode x4 ,?is w also make ! spool slide easily4 ,?is gives y a movable1 flexible light1 ) :i* y w rea* any batt]y on b5* = inspection4 ,! "w b5* light c be rigg$ up ! same way & a #ge or #ajj ,watt nitrog5 lamp us$4 ,fig4 #acg ,%op lay\t ,fig4 #ach ,%op lay\t ,fig4 #acg & #ach3 ,a-,receiv+ ,rack4 ,b-,portable ,electric ,drill1 or ,h& ,drill4 ,c-,wa% ,tank1 ,d-,te> ,d[n ,b5*4 ,e-,hot ,wat] ,pan4 ,f-,wait+ ,rack 7#e ,%elves74 ,g-,repair ,b5* 7#f ft4 by #b ft4 #c 9474 ,h-,*>g+ ,table 7#c ,circuits74 ,i-,electrolyte7#aj ,gal4 ,crocks74 ,j-,sep>ator ,rack4 ,k-,g5]ator4 ,l-,swit*bo>d4 ,m-,/ock ,b9s1 ,n-,new ,batt]ies1 ,o-,live /orage4 ,p-,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,r-,ready ,rack 7#e-,%elves74 ,s-,dry ,/orage4 7,s is n 9 ,fig4 #acg47 ,fig4 #aci1 #adj #ada ,v>i\s %op lay\ts ,fig4 #aci1 #adj & #ada3 ,a-,receiv+ ,rack4 ,b-,p[] ,drill4 ,c-,wa% ,tank4 ,d-,te> ,d[n ,b5*4 ,e-,hot ,wat] ,pan4 ,f-,wait+ ,rack 7#f ,%elves74 ,g-,repair ,b5*4 ,h-,*>g+ ,table 7#c ,circuits74 ,i-,electrolyte 7#aj ,gal4 ,crocks74 ,j-,sep>ator ,rack4 ,k-,g5]ator4 ,l-,swit*bo>d4 ,m-,/ock ,b9s4 ,n-,new ,batt]ies4 ,o-,live /orage4 ,p-,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,r-,ready ,rack 7#e-,%elves74 ,s-,dry ,/orage4 ,t-,torn ,d[n ,p>ts4 7,o & ,t 9 #ada1 n 9 #aci & #adj47 ,fig4 #adb ,%op lay\t ,fig4 #adb3 ,a-,receiv+ ,rack4 ,b-,p[] ,drill4 ,c-,wa% ,tank4 ,d-,te> ,d[n ,b5*4 ,e-,hot ,wat] ,pan4 ,f-,wait+ ,rack 7#f ,%elves74 ,g-,repair ,b5*4 ,h-,*>g+ ,table4 ,i-,electrolyte 7#aj ,gal4 ,crocks74 ,j-,sep>ator ,rack4 ,k-,g5]ator4 ,l-,swit*bo>d4 ,m-,/ock ,b9s4 ,n-,new ,batt]ies4 ,o-,live /orage4 ,p-,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,r-,ready ,rack4 ,s-,dry ,/orage4 ,t-,torn ,d[n ,p>ts4 ,,*apt] #ab4 ,,g5]al ,,%op ,,in/ructions4 -------------------------- ,,*>g+ ,,batt]ies4 ,! equipm5t = *>g+ batt]ies1 in/ructions = build+ & wir+ *>g+ b5*es h already be5 giv54 ,:at we %all n[ discuss is ! actual *>g+4 ,! *>ge a batt]y receives on ! *>g+ b5* is call$ a b5* *>ge4 ,batt]y *>g+ 9 ! s]vice /ation may be divid$ into two g5]al classes3 #a4 ,*>g+ batt]ies :i* h run d[n1 b :i* are o!rwise 9 good condition1 & :i* d n require repairs4 #b4 ,*>g+ batt]ies dur+ or aft] ! repair process4 ,! second class ( *>g+ is really a "p ( ! repair process & w-be describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,rebuild+ ! ,batt]y4 ,*>g+ a batt]y always consi/s ( s5d+ a direct curr5t ?r\gh x1 ! curr5t ent]+ ! batt]y at ! positive t]m9al & leav+ x at ! negative t]m9al1 ! *>g+ curr5t1 ( c\rse1 pass+ ?r\gh ! batt]y 9 ! opposite direction to ! curr5t :i* ! batt]y produces :5 dis*>g+4 ,:5 a batt]y dis*>ges *emical *anges take place by means ( :i* electrical en]gy is produc$4 ,:5 a batt]y is on *>ge1 ! *>g+ curr5t causes *emical *anges :i* are ! rev]se ( ^? :i* take place on dis*>ge & :i* put ! active mat]ials & electrolyte 9 su* a condition t ! batt]y s]ves z a s\rce ( electricity :5 replac$ 9 ! c>4 ,batt]ies are *>g$ n only 9 a repair %op b also 9 g>ages :i* bo>d automobiles1 & 9 c> deal]s' %ops4 ,no matt] :]e a batt]y is *>g$1 h[ev]1 ! same /eps mu/ be tak5 & ! same precautions obs]v$4 ,:5 a ,b5* ,*>ge is ,necess>y3 7a7 ,:5 a batt]y runs d[n on acc\nt ( ! g5]ator on ! c> n hav+ a suffici5t output1 or on acc\nt ( consid]able night driv+ be+ done1 or on acc\nt ( frequ5t use ( ! />t+ motor1 or on acc\nt ( neglect on ! "p ( ! c> own]4 7b7 ,batt]ies us$ on c>s or trucks )\t a g5]ator1 or batt]ies us$ = ,radio "w %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be giv5 a b5* *>ge at regul> int]vals4 7c7 ,:5 ! specific gravity read+s ( all cells are bel[ #a4bjj1 & ^! read+s are )9 #ej po9ts ( ea* o!r4 ,%\ld ! gravity read+ ( any cell be #ej po9ts l[] or high] ?an t ( ! o!r cells1 x is be/ to make a #ae-seconds high rate dis*>ge te/ 7see page #bff7 to det]m9e :e!r ! cell is defective or :e!r electrolyte has be5 lo/ due to flood+ caus$ by ov]-fill+ & has be5 replac$ by wat] or high] gravity electrolyte4 ,if any defect %[s up dur+ ! high rate te/1 ! batt]y %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 ,if no defect %[s up1 put ! batt]y on *>ge4 7d7 ,:5 ! lamps burn dimly :ile ! eng9e is runn+4 7e7 ,:5 ! lamps become v dim :5 ! />t+ swit* is clos$4 ,if a batt]y is te/$ by turn+ on ! lights & !n clos+ ! />t+ swit*1 make sure t !re is no %ort-circuit or gr\nd 9 ! />t+ motor circuits4 ,su* tr\ble w cause a v heavy curr5t to be drawn f ! batt]y1 result+ 9 a drop 9 ! voltage ( ! batt]y4 7f7 ,:5 ! voltage ( ! batt]y has fall5 bel[ #a4g volts p] cell1 measur$ :ile all ! lights are turn$ on4 7g7 ,:5 ! own] has neglect$ to add wat] to ! cells regul>ly1 & ! electrolyte has fall5 bel[ ! tops ( ! plates4 7h7 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 dop$ by ! addition ( electrolyte or acid in/ead ( wat]1 or :5 "o ( ! dope electrolytes :i* are adv]tis$ to make old1 worn out batt]ies *>ge up 9 a ridicul\sly %ort "t & %[ z mu* life & p[] z a new batt]y4 ,use no?+ b a mixture ( di/ill$ wat] & sulphuric acid = electrolyte4 ,! dope solutions are n only wor?less1 b !y damage a batt]y consid]ably & %ort5 its life4 ,su* a dop$ batt]y may give high gravity 99read+s & yet ! lamps w become v dim :5 ! />t+ motor cranks ! c>1 ! voltage p] cell w be l[ :5 ! lights are burn+1 or l[ voltage read+s 7#a4ej p] cell7 w be obta9$ if a high rate dis*>ge te/ is made4 ,e batt]y :i* comes 9 = any reason :atsoev]1 or any batt]y :i* is giv5 a b5* *>ge :5ev] necess>y %\ld also be exam9$ = o!r defects1 su* z poorly burn$ on connectors & t]m9als1 rott$ case1 h&les pull$ (f1 seal+ comp\nd crack$1 or a poor seal+ job betwe5 ! cov]s & j>s1 or cov]s & po/s4 ,a slight leakage ( electrolyte ?r\gh cracks or imp]fect jo9ts betwe5 ! cov]s & j>s or cov]s & po/s is v (t5 pres5t )\t caus+ any consid]able tr\ble4 ,if any ( ! o!r tr\bles are f\nd1 h[ev]1 ! batt]y ne$s repair+4 ,arrangem5t ( ,batt]ies on ,*>g+ ,b5*4 ,if a batt]y comes 9 cov]$ ) dirt1 set x on ! wa% rack or 9 ! s9k & clean x ?or\ghly be=e putt+ x on *>ge4 ,9 sett+ ! batt]ies on ! *>g+ b5*1 place all ( !m s t ! positive t]m9al is t[>d ! "r z y face ! b5*4 ,! positive t]m9al may be f\nd to be pa9t$ r$1 or may be /amp$ 1 ,p1 or ,,pos4 ,if ! m>k+s on "o ( ! t]m9als has be5 scrat*$ or worn (f1 exam9e ! o!r t]m9al4 ,! negative t]m9al may be f\nd to be pa9t$ black1 or be /amp$ -1 ,n or ,,neg4 ,if nei!r t]m9al is m>k$1 ! pol>ity may be det]m9$ ) a voltmet]1 or by a cadmium te/4 ,to make ! voltmet] te/1 hold ! met] wires on ! batt]y t]m9als1 or ! t]m9als ( ei!r end cell4 ,:5 ! voltmet] po9t] moves to ! "r ( ! #j l9e on ! scale1 ! wire atta*$ to ! t]m9al ( ! met] is t\*+ ! positive batt]y t]m9al1 & ! wire atta*$ to ! - t]m9al ( ! met] is t\*+ ! negative batt]y t]m9al4 ,if ?is te/ is made ) a met] hav+ ! #j l9e at ! c5t] ( ! scale1 be sure t y "k :e!r ! po9t] %\ld move to ! left or "r ( ! #j l9e :5 ! wire atta*$ to ! met] t]m9al is t\*+ ! positive batt]y t]m9al4 ,ano!r me?od ( det]m9+ :i* is ! positive t]m9al ( ! batt]y is to use ! cadmium te/4 ,:5 a read+ ( ab\t two volts is obta9$1 ! prod held on "o ( ! cell t]m9als is t\*+ ! positive t]m9al4 ,:5 a read+ ( almo/ z]o is obta9$1 t is1 :5 ! ne$le ( ! met] j b>ely moves f ! #j l9e1 or :5 x does n move at all1 ! prod held on "o ( ! cell t]m9als is t\*+ ! negative t]m9al4 ,?is te/1 made :ile ! batt]y is on op5-circuit1 is n a regul> cadmium te/1 b is made m]ely to det]m9e ! pol>ity ( ! batt]y4 ,! pol>ity ( ! *>g+ l9e w always be kn[n if ! b5* is wir$ p]man5tly4 ,! positive *>g+ wire %\ld always be to ! "r4 ,if a sep>ate swit* is us$ = ea* batt]y 7,figures #dc & #fe71 ! wire atta*$ to ! "r side ( ! swit* is positive4 ,if ! batt]ies are connect$ toge!r by means ( jump]s 7,figures #dd & #dg71 ! positive *>g+ wire %\ld be at ! "r h& end ( ! b5* z se5 :5 fac+ ! b5*4 ,if a con/ant-pot5tial *>g+ circuit is us$ z %[n 9 ,figure #dh1 ! positive bus-b> %\ld be at ! top & ! neutral 9 ! c5t]1 & ! negative at ! bottom4 ,if ! pol>ity ( ! *>g+ l9e wires is n kn[n1 x may be det]m9$ by a voltmet]1 9 ! same way z ! batt]-1 pol>ity is det]m9$4 ,if ?is is done1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to use a met] hav+ a range suffici5t to measure ! l9e voltage4 ,if no su* voltmet] is available1 a simple te/ is to fill a tumbl] ) weak electrolyte or salt wat] & ins]t two wires atta*$ to ! l9e4 ,! ends ( ^! wires %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be b>e = an in* or m4 ,hold ^! wires ab\t an in* ap>t1 ) ! l9e alive4 ,num]\s f9e bubbles ( gas w collect ar\nd ! negative wire4 ,) ! pol>ities ( all ! batt]ies kn[n1 arrange !m s t all ! positive t]m9als are at ! "r4 ,!n connect !m to ! individual swit*es 7see ,figure #dc71 or connect !m toge!r ) jump]s 7see ,figure #dd71 be+ sure to connect ! negative ( "o batt]y to ! positive ( ! next4 ,connect ! positive *>g+ l9e wire to ! positive t]m9al ( ! fir/ batt]y1 & ! negative l9e wire to ! negative t]m9al ( ! la/ batt]y4 ,see page #aje4 ,) all connections made1 & be=e />t+ to *>ge1 g ov] all ! batt]ies aga9 v c>efully4 ,y _c be too c>eful 9 *eck+ ! connections1 = if "o or m batt]ies are connect$ rev]s$1 !y w be *>g$ 9 ! wrong direction1 & w mo/ likely be sev]ely damag$4 ,z a f9al *eck on ! connections ( ! batt]ies on ! l9e1 measure ! total voltage ( ^! batt]ies & see if ! read+ is equal to two times ! total numb] ( cells on ! l9e4 ,n[ inspect ! electrolyte 9 ea* cell4 ,if x is l[1 add di/ill$ wat] to br+ ! electrolyte "o-half in* above ! plates4 ,d n wait until a batt]y is *>g$ be=e add+ wat]4 ,d x n[4 ,d n add s mu* wat] t ! electrolyte comes above ! l[] end ( ! v5t tube4 ,?is w cause flood+4 ,*>g+1 ,rate4 ,if y connect batt]ies ( v>i\s sizes toge!r on "o circuit1 *>ge at ! rate :i* is normal = ! smalle/ batt]y4 ,if ! rate us$ is ! normal "o = ! l>g] batt]ies1 ! small] batt]ies w be ov]heat$ & boil$ to dea?1 or !y may gas s viol5tly z to bl[ a consid]able portion ( ! active mat]ial f ! plates4 ,x is q possible to *>ge #f & #ab volt batt]ies 9 s]ies4 ,! important po9t is n to h ! total numb] ( cells too high4 ,= in/ance1 if ! #aj batt]y ,tung> is us$1 t5 #f-volt batt]ies 7#cj cells71 or any comb9ation :i* gives #cj cells or less may be us$4 ,= in/ance1 five #ab-volt batt]ies 7#cj cells71 or six #f-volt batt]ies 7#ah cells7 & two #ab-volt batt]ies 7#ab cells71 or any o!r comb9ation total+ #cj cells may be us$4 ,! same holds true = motor-g5]ators4 ,! *>g+ rate is g5]ally det]m9$ by ! size ( ! *>g+ outfit4 ,! t5 batt]y ,tung> %\ld nev] h its output rais$ above #f amp]es4 ,a *>g+ rate ( #f amp]es is suitable = all b ! v smalle/ batt]ies4 ,9 any case1 :e!r y are c]ta9 j :at *>g+ rate to use1 or n1 !re are two ?+s :i* w guide y1 temp]ature & gass+4 #a4 ,temp]ature4 ,h a batt]y !rmomet] 7,figure #cg7 on h&1 & measure ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte ( ea* cell on ! l9e4 ,if y note t "s p>ticul> cell is runn+ hott] ?an ! o!rs1 keep ! !rmomet] 9 t cell & wat* ! temp]ature4 ,d n let ! temp]ature rise above #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit1 except = a v %ort "t4 ,%\ld ! highe/ ( ! temp]ature ( ! cells rise above #aaj degrees1 r$uce ! *>g+ rate4 #b4 ,gass+4 ,ne> ! end ( a *>ge & :5 ! specific gravity has /opp$ ris+1 or is ris+ v sl[ly1 bubbles ( gas w rise f ! electrolyte1 ?is be+ due to ! *>g+ curr5t decompos+ ! wat] ( ! electrolyte into hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,if ?is gass+ is too viol5t1 a consid]able am\nt ( active mat]ial w be bl[n f ! plates4 ,!re=e1 :5 ?is gass+ beg9s1 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be r$uc$1 unless ! entire *>g+ has be5 done at a l[ rate1 say ab\t five amp]es4 ,if gass+ beg9s 9 any cell soon aft] ! *>ge is />t$1 or be=e ! specific gravity has rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 r$uce ! *>g+ rate to elim9ate ! gass+4 ,if "o batt]y or "o cell %[s a high temp]ature & ! o!rs d n1 or beg9s gass+ long be=e ! o!rs d1 remove t batt]y f ! *>g+ l9e = fur!r inve/igation & replace x ) ano!r s z n to sl[ up ! *>ge ( ! o!r batt]ies :i* are act+ normally4 ,z long z excessive temp]atures & too-e>ly gass+ are avoid$1 practically any *>g+ rate may be us$1 especially at ! />t4 ,) a con/ant pot5tial *>g+ set1 z %[n 9 ,figure #dh1 ! *>ge may />t at z high a rate z #ej amp]es4 ,if ?is sy/em ( *>g+ is us$1 ! temp]ature mu/ be wat*$ v c>efully & gass+ mu/ be look$ =4 ,) ! usual s]ies me?od ( *>g+1 a *>ge may1 9 an em]g5cy1 be />t$ at #bj amp]es or m4 ,z a g5]al rule d n use a high] rate ?an #aj amp]es4 ,a five amp]e rate is ev5 bett]1 b m "t w be requir$ = ! *>ge4 ,"t ,requir$ = a ,*>ge4 ,! "t requir$ is n det]m9$ by ! clock1 b by ! batt]y4 ,cont9ue ! *>ge until ea* cell is gass+ freely 7n viol5tly7 & = five h\rs aft] ! specific gravity has /opp$ ris+4 ,! av]age condition ( batt]ies br\ght 9 = *>ge p]mits !m to be fully *>g$ 9 ab\t #dh h\rs1 ! "t be+ det]m9$ z /at$ above4 ,"s batt]ies may *>ge fully 9 less "t1 & "s may require f f\r days to a week1 dep5d+ entirely ^u ! condition ( ! batt]ies4 ,d n give any promise z to :5 a re*>ge batt]y w be ready4 ,no "o c tell h[ long x w take to *>ge4 ,specific ,gravity at ! ,end ( ! ,*>ge4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte 9 a fully *>g$ cell %\ld be f #a4bhj to #a4cjj4 ,if x v>ies m ?an #aj po9ts above or bel[ ^! values1 adju/ x by draw+ (f "s ( ! electrolyte ) a hydromet] & add+ wat] to l[] ! gravity1 or #a4djj acid to raise ! gravity4 ,aft] adju/+ ! gravity *>ge = "o h\r m4 ,batt]y ,voltage at ,end ( ,*>ge4 ,! voltage ( a fully *>g$ cell is f #b4e to #b4g :5 ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte is #hj degrees ,fahr5heit2 #b4d to #b4f :5 ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte is #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & #b4ce to #b4ee volts :5 ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte is #abj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ?is voltage1 toge!r ) hydromet] read+s ( #a4bhj-a4cjj indicate t ! batt]y is fully *>g$4 ,j be=e putt+ a batt]y :i* has be5 *>g$ into s]vice1 give x a #ae seconds high rate dis*>ge te/1 see page #bff4 ,pa9t+4 ,be=e return+ a batt]y to ! own] wipe x p]fectly clean & dry4 ,!n wipe ! cov]s1 t]m9als1 connectors & h&les ) a rag wet ) ammonia4 ,next give ! case a light coat ( black pa9t :i* may be made by mix+ lamp black & %ellac4 ,?is pa9t dries 9 ab\t five m9utes & gives a good gloss4 ,! cu/om] may n believe t y are return+ ! batt]y :i* he br\ght 9 b he w mo/ c]ta9ly be pleas$ ) y\r s]vice & w feel t if y take su* pa9s ) ! outside ( 8 batt]y y w c]ta9ly treat ! inside ) ! same c>e :5 repairs are necess>y4 ,! light coat ( pa9t co/s v little = "o batt]y1 b may br+ y _m doll>s wor? ( "w4 ,level ( ,electrolyte4 ,dur+ *>ge ! electrolyte w exp&1 & w g5]ally fl[ out on ! cov]s4 ,?is ne$ n be wip$ (f until ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,:5 ! electrolyte has cool$ aft] ! batt]y is tak5 (f *>ge1 x mu/ be ab\t #a_/b in* above ! plates4 ,:ile ! electrolyte is /ill w>m x w /& high] ?an ?is1 b x %\ld n be l[]$ by draw+ (f "s ( x1 z ?is w probably cause x to be bel[ ! tops ( ! plates & sep>ators :5 x cools4 ,,tr\bles ,if all goes well1 ! *>g+ process w take place z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 h[ev]1 t all does n g well1 & tr\bles arise4 ,su* tr\bles g5]ally consi/ ( ! foll[+3 ,specific gravity w n rise to #a4bhj4 ,?is may be due to ! plates n tak+ a full *>ge1 or to wat] hav+ be5 us$ to replace electrolyte :i* has be5 spill$4 ,to det]m9e :i* ( ^! conditions exi/1 make cadmium te/ 7see page #agd7 on ! positives & negatives1 also measure ! voltage ( ea* cell4 ,if ^! te/s indicate t ! plates are fully *>g$ 7cell voltage #b4e to #b4g1 ,positive-,cadmium #b4d volts1 ,negative-,cadmium m9us #j4ae to #j4bj volts71 y w "k t !re is n en\gh acid 9 ! electrolyte4 ,! ?+ to d !n is to dump out ! old electrolyte1 refill ) #a4cjj electrolyte & cont9ue ! *>ge until ! specific gravity becomes con/ant4 ,"s adju/m5t may !n h to be made by draw+ (f "s ( ! electrolyte ) a hydromet] & add+ wat] to l[] ! gravity1 or #a4djj acid to br+ x up4 ,rememb] t specific gravity read+s tell y no?+ ab\t ! plates1 unless x is kn[n t ! electrolyte conta9s ! correct proportions ( wat] & acid4 ,! cadmium te/ is ! te/ :i* tells y directly :e!r or n ! plates are *>g$ & 9 *>g+ a batt]y ! aim is to *>ge ! plates1 & n m]ely to br+ ! specific gravity to #a4bhj4 ,if ! specific gravity w n rise to #a4bhj & cadmium te/s %[ t ! plates w n take a full *>ge1 !n ! batt]y is1 ( c\rse1 defective 9 "s way4 ,if ! batt]y is an old "o1 ! negatives are probably some:at granulat$1 ! positives h probably lo/ mu* ( _! active mat]ial1 result+ 9 a consid]able am\nt ( s$im5t 9 ! j>s1 & ! sep>ators are worn out1 c>boniz$1 or clogg$ ) s$im5t4 ,su* a batt]y %\ld n be expect$ to give z good s]vice z a new "o1 & ! be/ ?+ to d if ! te/s %[ ! batt]y to be m ?an half *>g$1 is to put x back on ! c>1 tak+ c>e to expla9 to ! own] :y 8 batt]y w n come up & tell+ him t he w soon ne$ a new batt]y4 ,rememb] t improp]ly treat$ sep>ators1 or defective sep>ators w cause poor ,negative-,cadmium read+s to be obta9$4 ,if a fairly new batt]y w n take a full *>ge1 z indicat$ by hydromet] read+s & cadmium te/s1 "s tr\ble has develop$ due to neglect1 abuse1 or defect 9 manufacture4 ,if all cells ( a fairly new batt]y fail to take a full *>ge )9 #dh h\rs1 ! batt]y has probably be5 abus$ by fail+ to add wat] regul>ly1 or by all[+ batt]y to rema9 9 an und]*>g$ condition4 ,su* a batt]y %\ld be kept on ! l9e = sev]al days m1 & if x !n /ill w n take a full *>ge ! own] %\ld be told :at ! condition ( ! batt]y is1 & advis$ to h x op5$ = inspection4 ,if "o cell ( a batt]y fails to take a *>ge1 b ! o!r cells *>ge satisfactorily1 & cadmium te/s %[ t ! plates ( ?is cell are n tak+ a *>ge1 ! cell %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 ,if "o cell ( a batt]y *>ges sl[ly1 cut ! o!r cells out ( ! l9e1 & *>ge ! l[ cell 9 s]ies ) ! o!r batt]ies on ! *>g+ l9e4 ,if all cells ( a batt]y1 :e!r new or old1 w n take ev5 half a *>ge1 z indicat$ by hydromet] read+s 7#a4bjj71 ! batt]y %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 ,if ! gravity ( a batt]y on *>ge beg9s to rise long be=e ! voltage rises1 & if ! gravity rises above #a4cjj1 !re is too great a proportion ( acid 9 ! electrolyte4 ,! rem$y is to dump out ! electrolyte1 refill ) pure wat] & cont9ue ! *>ge at a l[] rate ?an be=e1 until ! specific gravity /ops ris+4 ,!n *>ge = t5 h\rs long]1 dump out ! wat] 7:i* has n[ become electrolyte by ! acid =m$ by ! *>g+ curr5t71 refill ) ab\t #a4cej electrolyte & cont9ue ! *>ge1 balanc+ ! gravity if necess>y at ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,if a batt]y becomes v hot :ile on *>ge at a rate :i* is n normally too high = ! batt]y1 x indicates t ! batt]y is badly sulphat$1 or has a p>tial %ort-circuit4 ,gass+ g5]ally goes ) ! high temp]ature4 ,if y c detect a v9eg>-l odor ris+ f ! v5t holes1 y may be absolutely sure t ! sep>ators us$ 9 t batt]y h develop$ acetic acid due to n hav+ receiv$ ! prop] treatm5t necess>y to prep>e !m = use 9 ! batt]y4 ,! electrolyte %\ld be dump$ f su* a batt]y imm$iately & ! batt]y %\ld be fill$ & r9s$ ) wat] sev]al times4 ,!n ! batt]y %\ld be op5$ )\t loss ( "t1 to see :e!r1 by remov+ ! sep>ators & wa%+ ! plates ?or\ghly1 ! plates may be sav$4 ,if ! acetic acid has be5 pres5t = any l5g? ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! plates w h be5 ru9$ beyond repair1 ! lead p>ts be+ dissolv$ by ! acid4 ,if ! electrolyte ( a batt]y on *>ge has a :ite1 milky look1 !re may be impurities :i* cause num]\s m9ute bubbles to =m1 su* bubbles giv+ ! electrolyte its milky appe>ance4 ,! milky appe>ance may be due to ! use ( h>d wat] 9 refill+1 ?is wat] conta9+ lime4 ,! electrolyte z se5 ) ! acid ( an electric lamp or fla%light %\ld be p]fectly cle> & colorless4 ,any scum1 p>ticles ( dirt1 any color :atsoev] %[s t ! electrolyte is impure4 ,?is calls = dump+ out ! electrolyte1 fill+ & r9s+ ) pure wat]1 refill+ ) new electrolyte & putt+ ! batt]y back on ! *>g+ l9e4 ,( c\rse1 ?is may n cause ! batt]y to *>ge satisfactorily1 :i* may be due to ! tr\bles already describ$4 ,%\ld x ev] happ5 t x is impossible to s5d a curr5t ?r\gh a *>g+ circuit g ov] all ! connections to make sure t y h good contact at ea* batt]y t]m9al1 & t !re are no loose int]-cell connectors4 ,if all connections to ! batt]ies are good1 & !re are no loose int]-cell connectors1 cut out "o batt]y at a "t until y />t ! curr5t fl[+1 :5 y cut out "s p>ticul> batt]y4 ,?is batt]y %\ld !n be op5$ )\t fur!r te/s1 z x is )\t a d\bt 9 a bad condition4 ,! conditions :i* may exi/ :5 a batt]y w n *>ge1 z %[n especially by cadmium te/s1 are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! batt]y may h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 a dis*>g$ condition1 or ! own] may h neglect$ to add wat]1 ) ! result t ! electrolyte did n cov] ! plates4 ,9 ei!r case a consid]able am\nt ( cry/alliz$ sulphate w h =m$ 9 ! plates4 ,plates 9 su* a condition w require a *>ge ( ab\t a week at a l[ rate & w !n h to be dis*>g$ & re*>g$ aga94 ,sev]al su* cycles ( *>ge & dis*>ge may be necess>y4 ,x may ev5 be impossible to *>ge su* a batt]y1 no matt] h[ _m cycles ( *>ge & dis*>ge are giv54 ,if ! own] admits t 8 batt]y has be5 neglect$ & all[$ to /& idle = a consid]able "t1 get 8 p]mission to op5 ! batt]y4 7b7 ,! batt]y may h be5 ov]heat$ by an excessive *>g+ rate1 or by putt+ x on a c> 9 a sulphat$ condition4 ,! normal *>g+ rate ( ! g5]ator on ! c> w ov] heat a sulphat$ batt]y4 ,ov]heat$ plates buckle _! l[] edges cut ?r\gh ! sep>ators1 caus+ a %ort-circuit betwe5 plates4 7c7 ,! pockets 9 ! bottoms ( ! j>s may h become fill$ ) s$im5t1 & ! s$im5t may be %ort-circuit+ ! plates4 7d7 ,impurities may h attack$ ! plates & *ang$ ! active mat]ials to o!r sub/ances :i* d n =m a batt]y4 ,su* plates may be s badly damag$ t !y are brittle & crumbl$4 ,acetic acid f improp]ly treat$ sep>ators w dissolve lead v quickly1 & may ev5 cause an op5 circuit 9 ! cell4 7e7 ,! conditions describ$ 9 7a71 7b71 & 7c7 w p]mit a *>g+ curr5t to pass ?r\gh ! batt]y1 b ! plates w n become *>g$4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 b n probable1 t a condition may exi/ 9 :i* all ! plates ( "o or bo? gr\ps ( a cell may be brok5 f ! connect+ /raps1 or int]-cell connectors may be mak+ no contact ) ! po/s4 ,9 su* a case1 x w\ld be impossible to s5d a *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,acetic acid f improp]ly treat$ sep>ators1 & organic matt] introduc$ by ! use ( impure wat] 9 refill+ w attack ! lead ( ! plates1 especially at ! upp] surface ( ! electrolyte1 & may dissolve all ! plate lugs f ! connect+ /raps & cause an op5-circuit4 7f7 ,! sep>ators may be soggy & some:at *>r$ & black5$1 or !y may be clogg$ up ) sulphate1 & ! batt]y may ne$ new sep>ators4 7g7 ,! spongy lead may be bulg$1 or ! positives may be buckl$4 ,! active mat]ial is !n n mak+ good contact ) ! grids1 & ! *>g+ curr5t _c get at all ! sulphate & *ange x to active mat]ial4 ,! rem$y 9 su* a case is to press ! negatives s z to =ce ! active mat]ial back into ! grids1 & to put 9 new positives if !y are consid]ably buckl$4 7h7 ,"o ( ! num]\s dope electrolytes :i* are (f]$ to ! tru/ful c> own] may h be5 put 9 ! batt]y4 ,su* dopes might cause v sev]e damage to ! plates4 ,tell y\r cu/om]s to avoid us+ su* dope4 ,! conditions :i* may exi/ :5 ! plates ( a batt]y take a *>ge1 z indicat$ by cadmium te/s1 b ! gravity w n come up to #a4bhj are z foll[s3 7a7 ,!re may be consid]able s$im5t 9 ! j>s b n en\gh to %ort circuit ! plates4 ,if ! batt]y has at "s "t be5 9 a sulphat$ condition & has be5 *>g$ ,at too high a rate1 ! gass+ t result$ w h caus$ *ips ( ! sulphate to drop to ! bottom ( ! j>s4 ,:5 ?is sulphate 0 =m$1 "s ( ! acid 0 tak5 f ! electrolyte1 & if ! sulphate drops f ! plates1 ?is am\nt ( acid _c be recov]$ no matt] h[ long ! *>ge is cont9u$4 ,if ! own] tells y t 8 batt]y has /ood idle = sev]al mon?s at "s "t1 ?is is a condition :i* may exi/4 ,! rem$y is to wa% & press ! negatives1 wa% ! positives1 put 9 new sep>ators1 p\r out ! old electrolyte & wa% out ! j>s1 fill ) #a4djj acid1 & *>ge ! batt]y4 7b7 ,impurities may h us$ up "s ( ! acid :i* _c be recov]$ by *>g+4 ,if ! plates are n mu* damag$ ! rem$y is ! same z = 7a74 ,damag$ plates may require r5ewal4 7c7 ,electrolyte may h be5 spill$ accid5tally & replac$ by wat]4 7d7 ,too mu* wat] may h be5 add$1 ) ! result t ! expansion ( ! electrolyte due to a rise 9 temp]ature on *>ge caus$ x to ov]fl[4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 result$ 9 a loss ( "s ( ! acid4 ,! causes giv5 9 7c7 & 7d7 may h result$ 9 ! top ( ! batt]y case be+ acid-eat5 or rott$4 ,! rem$y 9 ^! two in/ances is to draw (f "s ( ! electrolyte1 add "s #a4djj acid & cont9ue ! *>ge4 ,if plates & sep>ators look good & !re is b little s$im5t1 ?is is ! ?+ to d4 ,if ,batt]y w n hold a ,*>ge4 ,if a batt]y *>ges prop]ly b loses its *>ge 9 a week or less1 z indicat$ by specific gravity read+s1 ! foll[+ tr\bles may exi/3 7a7 ,impurities 9 ! cells1 due to ! use ( impure wat] 9 ! electrolyte1 or 9 ! sep>ators4 ,"s impurities 7see page #gf7 d n attack ! plates1 b m]ely cause self-dis*>ge4 ,! rem$y is to dump out ! old electrolyte1 r9se ! j>s ) pure wat]1 fill ) new electrolyte ( ! same gravity z ! old & re*>ge4 ,if ?is does n remove impurities1 ! batt]y %\ld be op5$1 ! plates wa%$1 j>s clean$ out1 new sep>ators put 91 & batt]y reassembl$ & *>g$4 7b7 ,!re may be a sl[ %ort-circuit1 due to defective sep>ators or excessive am\nt ( s$im5t4 ,if prelim9>y treatm5t 9 7a7 does n cause batt]y to hold *>ge1 ! op5+ ( batt]y & subsequ5t treatm5t w remove ! cause ( ! sl[ %ort-circuit4 ,sugge/ions #a4 ,make sure e batt]y is prop]ly tagg$ be=e go+ on l9e4 #b4 ,det]m9e z quickly z possible f day to day1 ^? batt]ies t w n *>ge4 ,call own] & get p]mission to op5 up any su* batt]y & d :atev] is necess>y to put x 9 good %ape4 #c4 ,z soon z a batt]y *>ges to #a4bhj-a4cjj1 ! voltage is #b4e-b4g p] cell & ! cadmium read+s are #b4d or m = ! positives & -#j4ae to -#j4bj = ! negatives & ! gravity voltage & cadmium read+s d n *ange = five h\rs1 remove x f ! l9e z f9i%$ & replace x ) ano!r if possible4 ,g ov] y\r l9e at lea/ ?ree times a day & make gravity1 temp]ature1 & cadmium te/s4 #d4 ,make a notation1 ) *alk1 ( ! gravity ( ea* cell ea* morn+4 ,d n tru/ to memory4 #e4 ,remove f ! l9e z soon z possible any batt]y t has a leaky cell & neutralize ) soda ! acid t has leak$ out4 #f4 ,batt]ies t are slopp]s1 ) rott5 cases1 & )\t h&les are sick & ne$ a doctor4 ,g aft] ! own] & get p]mission to repair4 #g4 ,keep ! b5* ord]ly & clean4 #h4 ,rememb] t if y h a l9e only p>tly full & h o!r batt]ies wait+ to be *>g$ y are los+ money by n keep+ a full l9e4 #i4 ,leave ! ,v5t ,plugs 9 ,:5 ,*>g+4 ,! atmosph]e 9 _m s]vice /ations1 :]e ! v5tilation is poor1 is s fill$ ) acid fumes t cu/om]s object to do+ bus9ess !re4 ,! own]s ( ^! places may n notice ^! conditions1 be+ us$ to x1 or r glory 9 be+ able to brea! su* air )\t c\gh+ or *ok+1 b x c]ta9ly does n invite a cu/om] to l+] & sp5d 8 money4 ,! rem$y = su* a condition is to leave ! v5t plugs 9 place on ! batt]ies t are *>g+ s t ! acid spray 9 ! gas f ! batt]y cond5ses out z x /rikes ^! plugs & drips back into ! cells1 :ile ! gas passes out ?r\gh ! small op5+s 9 ! plug4 ,! plugs ne$ only be screw$ into ! op5+s by "o turn1 or only set on top ( ! v5t op5+s to accompli% ! result4 ,?is takes no additional "t & m ?an repays = itself 9 ! sav+ ( ru/$ tools & improv$ conditions 9 ! batt]y room & surr\nd+s4 ,9 *>g+ old ,exide batt]ies1 be sure to replace ! v5t plugs & turn !m to op5 ! air passages :i* p]mit ! escape ( gases :i* =m "u ! cov]s4 ,if y wi% to keep ^! air passages op5 )\t replac+ ! plugs1 :i* may be done = conv5i5ce1 give ! valve 7see page #ba7 a qu>t] turn ) a screwdriv] or "s o!r tool4 #aj4 ,if ! electrolyte f a batt]y rises until x floods ov] ! top ( ! j>1 x %[s t too mu* wat] 0 add$ :5 ! batt]y 0 put on *>ge1 ! wat] ris+ to ! bottom ( ! v5t tube1 !reby prev5t+ gases =m$ 7except ^? directly bel[ ! v5t hole7 f escap+4 ,?is gas collects "u ! cov]s1 & its pressure =ces ! electrolyte up into ! v5t hole & ov] ! top ( ! batt]y4 ,9 *>g+ old ,u4,s4,l4 batt]ies x is especially necess>y to keep ! air v5t 7see page #bj7 op5 to prev5t flood+1 s9ce ! l[] end ( ! v5t tube is normally a little bel[ ! surface ( ! electrolyte4 ,rememb]1 d n h ! electrolyte come up to ! l[] end ( ! v5t tube4 ,,note3 ,to obta9 satisfactory negative cadmium read+s1 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be high en\gh to give a cell voltage ( #b4e-b4g4 ,improp]ly treat$ sep>ators1 or sep>ators :i* h be5 all[$ to become p>tly dry at any "t w make x impossible to obta9 satisfactory negative cadmium read+s4 ,,lead ,,burn+ 7,,weld+7 ,lead _c be burn$ 9 ! s5se t x bur/s into flame z a piece ( pap] does :5 a mat* is appli$ to x4 ,if suffici5t heat is appli$1 ! lead w oxidize & fea!r away into a yell[ look+ du/1 b x does n burn4 ,! exp]i5c$ batt]y man kn[s t by lead burn+ is meant ! heat+ ( lead to its melt+ po9t1 s t two lead surfaces w weld toge!r4 ,?is is a weld+ & n a burn+ process1 & mu* confusion w\ld be avoid$ if ! t]m lead weld+ 7 us$ 9 place ( ! t]m lead burn+4 ,! purpose ( weld+ lead surfaces toge!r is to obta9 a jo9t :i* (f]s v little resi/ance to ! fl[ ( curr5t1 x be+ absolutely necess>y to h z l[ a resi/ance z possible 9 ! />t+ circuit4 ,weld+ also makes jo9ts :i* are /rong me*anically & :i* _c corrode or become loose z bolt$ connections d4 ,"s e>li] types ( />t+ & light+ batt]ies _h int]-cell connectors :i* 7 bolt$ to ! po/s1 b ^! are no long] us$4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( lead-burn+ outfits are li/$ on page #adc ,! oxyg5-acetyl5e & ! oxyg5-hydrog5 flames give extremely high temp]atures & enable y to "w fa/4 ,:]e city gas is available1 ! oxyg5 illum9at+ gas comb9ation w give a v good flame :i* is s(t] ?an ! oxyg5 acetyl5e1 oxyg5-hydrog5 outfits4 ,acetyl5e & compress$ air is ano!r good comb9ation4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( lead-weld+3 7a7 ,weld+ connect+ b>s1 call$ cell connectors1 top connectors1 or simply connectors1 to ! po/s :i* project up ?r\gh ! cell cov]s1 & weld+ t]m9als to ! end po/s ( a batt]y4 7b7 ,weld+ plates to /raps to =m gr\ps4 ,! /raps1 ( c\rse1 h jo9$ to !m ! po/s :i* project ?r\gh ! cell cov]s & by means ( :i* cells are connect$ toge!r1 & connections made to ! electrical sy/em ( ! c>4 ,9 addition to ! above1 !re are o!r processes 9 :i* a burn+ 7weld+7 flame is us$3 7c7 ,po/-build+1 or build+ po/s1 :i* h be5 drill$ or cut %ort1 up to _! orig9al size4 7d7 ,ext5d+ plate lug4 ,if ! lug :i* connects a plate to ! plate /rap is too %ort1 due to be+ brok51 or cut too %ort1 ! lug may be ext5d$ by melt+ lead into a suitable iron =m plac$ ar\nd ! lug4 7e7 ,mak+ tempor>y *>g+ connections betwe5 cells by lightly weld+ lead /rips to ! po/s s z to connect ! cells toge!r4 7f7 ,a lead-burn+ 7weld+7 flame is also us$ to dry out ! *annel 9 cell cov]s be=e p\r+ 9 ! seal+ comp\nd1 9 re-melt+ seal+ comp\nd :i* has already be5 p\r$1 s z to assure a p]fect jo9t betwe5 ! comp\nd cov] & j>1 & to give ! comp\nd a smoo? glossy f9i%4 ,^! processes are n weld+ processes & w n be describ$ "h4 ,g5]al ,lead ,burn+ ,in/ructions ,flame4 ,) all ! lead burn+ outfits1 x is possible to adju/ ! pressures ( ! gases s z to get extremely hot1 m$ium1 & s(t flames4 ,) ! oxyg5-acetyl5e1 or oxyg5-hydrog5 flame1 ea* gas %\ld h a pressure ( ab\t two p\nds4 ,) ! oxyg5-illum9at+ gas flame1 ! oxyg5 %\ld h a pressure ( #h to #aj p\nds4 ,! city gas !n does n ne$ to h its pressure increas$ by means ( a pump1 ! normal pressure 7#f to #h ounces7 be+ satisfactory4 ,v>i\s makes ( lead-burn+ outfits are on ! m>ket1 & ! repairman %\ld *oose ! "o :i* he likes be/2 s9ce !y all give good results4 ,all su* outfits h means ( regulat+ ! pressures ( ! gases us$4 ,) "s ! gases are run close to ! burn+ tip be=e be+ mix$1 & h an adju/+ screw :]e ! gases mix4 ,o!rs h a ,y %ap$ mix+ valve at "s di/ance f ! burn+ tip1 z %[n 9 ,figure #gh4 ,/ill o!rs h sep>ate regulat+ valves = ea* gas l9e4 ,) ^! adju/m5ts = v>y+ ! gas pressure1 extremely hot1 hiss+ flames1 or s(t flames may be obta9$4 ,= ! diff]5t weld+ jobs1 ! foll[+ flames are suitable3 #a4 ,a %>p1 hiss+ flame1 hav+ a v high temp]ature is ! "o mo/ suitable = ! fir/ /age 9 weld+ t]m9als & connectors to ! po/s4 #b4 ,a m$ium flame ) less ( a hiss is suitable = weld+ plates to /rips & l5g!n+ plate lugs4 #c4 ,a s(t flame :i* is j beg9n+ to hiss is be/ = ! f9i%+ ( ! weld betwe5 ! po/s & t]m9als or connectors4 ,?is sort ( a flame is also us$ = f9i%+ a seal+ job1 dry+ out ! cov] *annels be=e seal+1 & s on4 ,9 adju/+ ! burn+ flame1 #d ! oxyg5 is turn$ (f entirely1 a smoky yell[ flame is obta9$4 ,su* a flame gives b little heat4 ,z ! oxyg5 is gradually turn$ on ! flame becomes less smoky & beg9s to assume a blue t+e4 ,x w also be notic$ t a sort ( a gre5i% cone =ms 9 ! c5t] portion ( ! flame1 ) ! base ( ! cone at ! tor* & ! tip po9t$ away f ! tor*4 ,at fir/ ?is inn]-cone is long & ( almo/ ! same color z ! out] portion ( ! flame4 ,z ! oxyg5 pressure is increas$1 ?is c5t] cone becomes %ort] & ( a m vivid color1 & its tip beg9s to :ip ab\t4 ,:5 ! flame is at its highe/ temp]ature x w produce a hiss+ s\nd & ! inn] cone w be %ort & bright4 ,) a s(t] flame1 :i* has a temp]ature suitable = weld+ plates to a /rap1 ! inn] cone w be long] & less vivid1 & ! hiss+ w be greatly dim9i%$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! flame v>ies consid]ably1 ! hotte/ "p be+ j beyond ! end ( ! inn] cone4 ,exp]i5ce ) ! p>ticul> weld+ outfit us$ w soon %[ h[ f> ! tip ( ! tor* %\ld be held f ! lead to be melt$4 ,cleanl9ess4 ,lead surfaces :i* are to be weld$ toge!r mu/ be absolutely free f dirt4 ,lead & dirt w n mix1 & ! dirt w float on top ( ! lead4 ,!re=e1 be=e try+ to d any lead weld+1 clean ! surfaces :i* are to be jo9$4 ,! upp] ends ( plate lugs may be clean$ ) a flat file1 knife41 or wire bru%4 ,! po/s & int]-cell connectors %\ld be clean$ ) a knife1 /eel wire bru%1 or triangul> scrap]4 ,d n clean ! surfaces & !n wait a long "t be=e do+ ! lead burn+4 ,! lead may beg9 to oxidize if ?is is done & make x difficult to d a good job4 ,! surfaces :i* are to be weld$ toge!r %\ld also be dry4 ,if !re is a small hole 9 ! top ( a po/ :i* is to be weld$ to a connector or t]m9al1 & ?is hole conta9s acid1 a %[] ( hot lead may be ?r[n up by ! acid1 ) possible injury to ! op]ator4 ,d n try to save "t by attempt+ to weld dirty or wet lead surfaces1 because "t _c be sav$ by do+ s1 & y run ! risk ( be+ injur$ if hot lead is ?r[n into y\r face4 ,remove absolutely e speck ( dirt--y w soon le>n t x is ! only way to d a good job4 ,safety ,precautions4 ,remove ! v5t plugs & bl[ d[n ?r\gh ! v5t holes to remove any gases :i* may h collect$ above ! surface ( ! electrolyte4 ,an explosion may result if ?is is n done4 ,to protect ! rubb] cov]s1 y may cov] ! :ole top ( ! batt]y except ! "p at :i* ! weld+ is to be done1 ) a l>ge piece ( burlap or a t[el :i* has be5 soak$ 9 wat]4 ,! p>ts cov]$ by ! clo? mu/ be dri$ ?or\ghly if any weld+ on !m4 ,in/ead ( us+ a wet clo?1 a /rip ( asbe/os may be laid ov] ! v5t holes1 or a small squ>e ( asbe/os may be laid ov] ea* v5t hole4 ,burn+ on ! ,cell ,connectors & ,t]m9als ,h ! po/s p]fectly clean & free f acid4 ,clean ! tops1 bottoms & sides ( ! connectors ) a wire bru%1 ,figure #adc4 ,f9i% ! top surfaces ) a co>se file1 ,figure #add4 ,) a pocket knife clean ! inside surfaces ( ! connector holes4 ,place ! connectors & t]m9als 9 _! prop] positions on ! po/s1 & ) a %ort l5g? ( a two by two1 two by "o1 or two by f\r wood p\nd !m snugly 9 position1 ,figure #ade4 ,be sure t ! connectors are p]fectly level & t ! connectors are 9 ! correct position z requir$ on ! c> on :i* ! batt]y is to be us$4 ,! top ( ! po/ %\ld n come flu% ) ! top ( ! connector4 ,note1 f ,figure #adf1 t ! connector has a d\ble tap]1 & t ! l[] tap]$ surface is n weld$ to ! po/4 ,if ! po/ has be5 built up too high x %\ld be cut d[n ) a pair ( end cutt+ nipp]s s t ! entire l5g? ( ! upp] tap] 9 ! connector is 9 pla9 sight :5 ! connector is put 9 position on ! po/4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,figure #adf4 ,) ! connectors 9 place1 & be=e weld+ !m to ! po/s1 measure ! voltage ( ! :ole batt]y to be sure t ! cells are prop]ly connect$1 z %[n by ! voltage read+ be+ equal to two times ! numb] ( cells4 ,if "o cell has be5 rev]s$1 z %[n by a l[] voltage read+ n[ is ! "t to correct ! mi/ake4 ,fig4 #adc ,bru%+ connector be=e burn+ 9 ,fig4 #add ,rasp+ connector be=e burn+ 9 ,! connectors & t]m9als are n[ ready to be weld$ to ! po/s4 ,be=e br++ any flame ne> ! batt]y be sure t y h bl[n out any gas :i* may h collect$ "u ! cov]s4 ,!n cov] ! v5ts ) asbe/os or a wet clo? z already describ$4 ,y w ne$ /rips ( burn+ lead1 su* z ^? made 9 ! burn+ lead m\ld describ$ on page #afd4 ,use a hot1 hiss+ flame = ! fir/ /age4 ,) ! flame prop]ly adju/$1 hold x /raight above ! po/1 & d n run x across ! top ( ! batt]y4 ,n[ br+ ! flame /raight d[n ov] ! c5t] ( ! po/1 hold+ x s t ! end ( ! inn] cone ( ! flame is a %ort di/ance above ! po/4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! po/ beg9s to melt1 move ! flame outw>d ) a circul> motion to gradually melt ! :ole top ( ! po/1 & to melt ! inn] surface ( ! hole 9 ! connector4 ,!n br+ ! l[] end ( y\r burn+ lead /rip close to & ov] ! c5t] ( ! hole1 & melt 9 ! lead1 be+ sure to keep ! top ( ! po/ & ! inn] surface ( ! hole 9 ! connector melt$ s t ! lead y are melt+ 9 w fl[ toge!r & unite4 ,melt 9 lead until x comes up flu% ) ! upp] surface ( ! connector4 ,!n remove ! flame4 ,?is completes ! fir/ /age ( ! weld+ process4 ,n[ repeat ! above op]ation = ea* po/ & t]m9al4 ,fig4 #ade ,level+ top connectors be=e burn+ 9 ,x is ess5tial t ! top ( ! po/ & ! inn] surface ( ! hole 9 ! connector be kept melt$ z long z y are runn+ 9 lead f ! /rip ( burn+ lead4 ,?is is necess>y to h all p>ts fuse toge!r ?or\ghly4 ,if y all[ ! top ( ! po/1 or ! inn] surface ( ! hole 9 ! connector to *ill slightly :ile y are fe$+ 9 ! lead1 ! p>ts w n fuse1 & ! result w be a poor ,jo9t1 :i* w heat up & possibly r$uce ! curr5t obta9$ f ! batt]y :5 ! />t+ swit* is clos$4 ,?is r$uction may prev5t ! />t+ motor f develop+ suffici5t torque to crank ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! jo9t cools1 ! lead w %r9k slightly ov] ! c5t] ( ! po/s4 ,to f9i% ! weld+1 ?is lead is to be built up flu% or slightly high] ?an ! connector4 ,bru% ! tops ( ! po/ & connector ?or\ghly ) a wire bru% to remove any dirt :i* may h be5 float+ 9 ! lead4 7,dirt always floats on top ( ! lead47 ,s(t5 ! burn+ flame s t x is j b>ely beg9n+ to hiss4 ,br+ ! flame d[n ov] ! c5t] ( ! po/4 ,:5 ?is beg9s to melt1 move ! flame outw>d ) a circul> motion until ! :ole top ( po/ & connector beg9s to melt & fuse4 ,if necess>y run 9 "s lead f ! burn+ lead /rip4 ,:5 ! po/ & connector are fus$1 cle> to ! out] edge ( ! connector1 raise ! flame /raight up f ! "w4 ,fig4 #adf ,connector 9 position on po/ = = weld+ to po/4 ,surfaces ,a-,b are n weld$ toge!r ,y w save "t by do+ ! fir/ /age ( ! burn+ on all po/s fir/1 & !n f9i% all ( !m4 ,?is is quick] ?an try+ to complete bo? /ages ( burn+ on ea* po/ be=e go+ to ! next po/4 ,! object 9 ! f9i%+ /age is to melt a ?9 lay] ( ! top ( po/ & connector1 n melt+ deep en\gh to h ! out] edge ( ! connector melt & all[ ! lead to run (f4 ,all ?is mu/ be done c>efully & dext]\sly to d a fir/-class job1 & y mu/ keep ! flame mov+ ar\nd ov] ! top & n hold x 9 any "o place = ally l5g? ( "t1 s z n to melt too deep1 or to melt ! out] edge & all[ ! lead to run (f & spoil ! job4 ,sometimes ! :ole mass becomes too hot & ! top _c be made smoo? ) ! flame4 ,if ?is occurs wait until ! connector cools1 s(t5 ! flame1 & try aga94 ,figure #adg %[s ! weld+ complet$4 ,fig4 #adg ,connectors burn$ to po/s ,burn+ ,plates to ,/rap & ,po/ ,fir/ clean all ! surfaces :i* are to be weld$ toge!r4 ,take y\r "t 9 do+ ?is because y _c weld dirty surfaces toge!r4 ,plates :i* compose a gr\p are weld$ to a /rap to :i* a po/ is atta*$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #e4 ,! /raps %[n 9 ,figure #e are new ones1 z made 9 ! factory4 ,plate lugs are set 9 ! not*es 9 ! /raps & ea* "o burn$ 9 sep>ately4 ,9 us+ old /raps f a defective gr\p1 x is be/ to cut ! /rap close to ! po/1 ?us sep>at+ all ! plates f ! po/ 9 "o op]ation1 z 0 done ) ! po/ %[n 9 ,figure #if4 ,if only "o or two plates are to be burn$ on1 !y are brok5 or cut (f & slots cut 9 ! /rap to receive ! lugs ( ! new plates1 z %[n 9 ,figures #adh & #adi4 ,fig4 #adh ,saw+ slot 9 plate /rap ,set ! plates 9 a plate burn+ rack1 z %[n 9 ,figure #if1 plac+ ! adju/able =m ar\nd ! lugs & /rap z %[n 9 ?is figure4 ,be sure to set ! po/ /raight1 s t ! cov]s w fit4 ,a good ?+ is to try a cov] ov] ! po/ to see t ! po/ is set up prop]ly4 ,! po/ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be p]p5dicul> to ! tops ( ! plates4 ,if ! slott$ plate /rap %[n 9 ,figure #e is us$1 or if "o or two plates h be5 cut (f1 melt ! top ( ! lug ( "o ( ! plates :i* are to be burn$ oil1 & ! surfaces ( ! /rap to :i* ! plate is to be weld$4 ,melt 9 lead f a burn+-lead /rip to br+ ! metal up flu% ) ! surface ( ! /rap4 ,proce$ ) ea* plate :i* is to be burn$ on4 ,if all ! plates h be5 saw$ f ! /rap1 leav+ ! po/ ) a %ort section ( ! /rap atta*$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #if1 melt ! edge ( ! /rap1 & ! top ( "o or two ( ! end plate lugs & run 9 lead f ! burn+ /rip to make a good jo9t4 ,proce$ 9 ?is way until all ! lugs are jo9$ to ! /rap & !n run ! flame ov] ! top ( ! entire /rap to make a smoo? uni=m weld4 ,be sure to h ! l[] edge ( ! /rap fuse ) ! plate lugs & !n run 9 lead to build ! /rap up to ! prop] ?ickness4 ,raise ! flame occasionally to see t all p>ts are fus+ ?or\ghly & to prev5t too rapid heat+4 ,fig4 #adi ,slott+ saw1 a gr\p ) two plates cut (f1 & slots 9 /rap = new plates ,:5 en\gh lead has be5 run 9 to build ! /rap tip to ! correct ?ickness & ! plate lugs are ?or\ghly fus$ ) ! /rap1 raise ! flame /raight up f ! "w4 ,all[ ! lead to set & !n remove ! adju/able =m & lift ! gr\p f ! burn+ rack4 ,turn ! gr\p up-side-d[n & exam9e ! bottom ( ! /rap = lead :i* ran d[n ! lugs dur+ ! weld+ process4 ,cut (f any su* lead ) a saw1 z x may cause a %ort-circuit :5 ! plates are me%$ ) ! o!r gr\p4 ,po/ ,build+ ,9 drill+ d[n ?r\gh ! int]-cell connectors to sep>ate !m f ! po/s 9 op5+ a batt]y1 ! po/s may be drill$ too %ort4 ,9 reassembl+ ! batt]y x is !n necess>y to build ! po/s up to _! orig9al height4 ,?is is done ) ! aid ( po/-build]s1 %[n 9 ,figure #ajj4 ,clean ! /ub ( ! po/ ?or\ghly & also clean ! inside ( ! po/ build]4 ,!n set ! po/ build] c>efully ov] ! /ub po/1 s t ! upp] surface ( ! po/ build] is p>allel to ! upp] surface ( ! plate /rap4 ,! built up po/ w !n be p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! /rap1 :i* is necess>y1 9 ord] to h ! cov]s & connectors fit prop]ly4 ,) ! po/ build] set prop]ly adju/ ! burn+ tor* to get a %>p1 hiss+ flame4 ,br+ ! flame /raight d[n on ! c5t] ( ! po/ /ub4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! po/ /ub beg9s to melt1 move ! flame outw>d ) a circul> motion until ! :ole top ( ! /ub beg9s to melt4 ,!n run 9 lead f a burn+ lead /rip1 ,figure #aja1 at ! same "t keep+ ! flame mov+ ar\nd on ! top ( ! po/ to insure a good weld4 ,9 ?is way build up ! po/ until ! lead comes up to ! top ( ! po/ build]4 ,!n lift ! flame /raight up f ! po/4 ,all[ ! lead to set1 & !n remove ! po/ build]1 grasp+ x ) a pair ( gas or comb9ation pli]s & turn ! po/ build] ar\nd to loos5 x4 ,ext5d+ ,plate ,lugs ,x sometimes happ5s t a good plate is brok5 f a /rap1 ?us %ort5+ ! lug4 ,be=e ! plate may be us$ aga91 ! lug mu/ be ext5d$ to its orig9al l5g?4 ,to d ?is1 clean ! surfaces ( ! lug c>efully1 lay ! plate on a %eet ( asbe/os1 & place an iron =m hav+ a slot ( ! correct wid?1 l5g?1 & ?ickness1 z %[n 9 ,figure #aej4 ,use a m$ium hiss+ flame1 & melt ! upp] edge ( ! lug1 & !n run 9 lead f ! lead burn+ /rip to fill ! slot 9 ! iron =m4 ,! plate may !n be us$ aga94 ,fig4 #aej ,ext5d+ lug on plate ,mak+ ,tempor>y ,*>g+ ,connections ,aft] a batt]y has be5 op5$ x is (t5 desir$ to *>ge a batt]y )\t burn+ on ! int]cell connectors4 ,tempor>y connections may be made betwe5 cells by plac+ a %ort l5g? ( a burn+ lead /rip f po/ to po/ & apply+ a flame = an in/ant to spot-weld ! /rip to ! top ( ! po/4 ,,m\ld+ ,,lead ,,p>ts ,9 us+ special m\lds = ca/+ int]-cell connectors1 plate /raps ) po/s1 t]m9als1 etc41 foll[ ! special in/ructions furni%$ by ! manufactur]s z to ! manipulation ( ! special m\lds made by !m4 ,aside f ! special in/ructions = ! use ( m\lds1 !re are g5]al rules = ! melt+ ( lead & h&l+ x aft] x is melt$1 :i* mu/ be obs]v$ if good ca/+s are to be made4 ,raw ,mat]ials4 ,9 e batt]y repair %op a supply ( old t]m9als1 cell connectors1 po/s1 & /raps1 w gradually accumulate4 ,^! %\ld n be ?r[n away or sold z junk1 b %\ld be kept 9 a box or j> provid$ = t purpose4 ,old plates %\ld n be sav$1 s9ce ! am\nt ( lead 9 ! grid is small & x is (t5 cov]$ ) sulphate4 ,! lugs connect+ ! plates to ! /raps may1 h[ev]1 be us$4 ,be=e us+ ! scrap lead z mu* dirt z possible %\ld be bru%$ (f1 & all moi/ure mu/ be dri$ (f ?or\ghly4 ,scrap lead conta9s "s antimony1 :i* is metal us$ to give /iffness to ! p>ts4 ,us+ miscellane\s scrap sometimes gives ca/+s :i* d n conta9 ! prop] p]c5tage ( antimony4 ,if !re is too mu* antimony pres5t1 crack$ ca/+s w be ! result4 ,to rem$y ?is condition1 b>s ( pure lead %\ld be pur*as$ f "s lead manufactur+ company4 ,add+ pure lead w r$uce ! p]c5tage ( antimony4 ,b>s ( pure antimony %\ld also be kept oil h& 9 case ! ca/+s are too s(t4 ,lead ,melt+ ,pots are /&>d articles :i* may be pur*as$ f jobb]s4 ,a pot hav+ a #be p\nd capacity is suitable = small %ops & = l>g] %ops a #abe-p\nd size is be/4 ,be=e melt+ any lead 9 su* pots1 h !m ?or\ghly free f dirt1 grease1 or moi/ure1 n m]ely 9 ord] to get clean ca/+s1 b also to avoid melt$ lead be+ ?r[n out ( ! pot on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( moi/ure4 ,sev]e burns may be ! result ( c>elessness 9 ?is respect4 ,9 />t+ ) an empty melt+ pot1 turn oil ! heat be=e putt+ 9 any lead1 & let ! pot become ?or\ghly heat$ 9 ord] to drive (f any moi/ure4 ,) ! pot ?or\ghly hot1 drop 9 ! lead1 :i* mu/ also be dry4 ,:5 ! metal has become s(t en\gh to /ir ) a clean p9e /ick1 skim (f ! dirt & dross :i* collects on top & cont9ue heat+ ! lead until x is slightly yell[ oil top4 ,dirt & lead d n mix1 & ! dirt rises to ! top ( ! metal :]e x may readily be skimm$ (f4 ,) a paddle or ladle1 drop 9 a clean+ comp\nd ( equal p>ts ( p[d]$ ros91 borax1 & fl[] ( sulphur4 ,use a teaspoonful ( ?is comp\nd = ea* t5 p\nds ( metal1 & be sure t ! comp\nd is absolutely dry4 ,/ir ! metal a little1 & if x is at ! prop] temp]ature1 !re w be a fl>e1 fla%1 or a little burn+4 ,a sort ( t9foil popcorn effect w be notic$ oil top ( ! lead4 ,/ir until ?is melts d[n4 ,h ! ladle ) :i* y dip up ! melt$ lead q dry4 ,:5 dipp+ up "s ( ! lead1 skim back ! d>k sk9 :i* =ms oil top ( ! lead & dip up ! clean bright lead = p\r+4 ,9 ?r[+ additional lead into a pot :i* is p>tly fill$ ) melt$ lead1 be sure t ! lead :i* is ?r[n 9 ! pot is dry1 or else hot lead may be spatt]$ 9 y\r face4 ,h ! m\lds clean & dry4 ,! p>ts ) :i* ! lead comes into contact %\ld be du/$ ) a m\ld comp\nd :i* fills 9 ! r\gh spots 9 ! metal s t ! fl[ ( lead w n be ob/ruct$1 & ! lead w fill ! m\ld quickly4 ,dip tip en\gh lead to fill ! "p ( ! m\ld y use4 ,:5 y once />t p\r+ d n1 "u any circum/ance1 /op p\r+ until ! lead has completely fill$ ! m\ld4 ,lead cools v quickly aft] x is p\r$ into ! m\ld1 & if y /op p\r+ ev5 = all in/ant1 y w h a wor?less ca/+4 ,9 a %op hav+ an ord9>y room temp]ature1 x is g5]ally unnecess>y to heat ! m\lds be=e mak+ up a numb] ( ca/+s4 ,if x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ ca/+s are defective due to ! cold m\ld *ill+ ! lead1 ! m\ld %\ld be heat$ ) a s(t flame4 ,aft] a few ca/+s h be5 made1 ! m\ld w become hot en\gh s t !re w be no dang] ( ! ca/+s becom+ *ill$4 ,:5 ! ca/+s h cool$ suffici5tly to be remov$1 /rike ! m\ld a few bl[s ) a wood5 mallet or a ra:ide hamm] to loos51 ! ca/+s be=e op5+ ! m\ld4 ,! ca/+s may !n be remov$ ) a screwdriv]4 ,crack$ ca/+s indicate t ! m\ld 0 op5$ be=e ! ca/+s _h cool$ suffici5tly1 or t !re is too mu* antimony 9 ! ca/+s4 ,! rem$y is to let ! ca/+s cool = a long] "t1 or to add pure lead to ! melt+ pot4 ,,h&l+ ,,& ,,mix+ ,,acid ,! electrolyte us$ 9 ! batt]y is made by mix+ *emically pure conc5trat$ ,sulphuric ,acid ) *emically pure wat]4 ,! conc5trat$ acid1 or full /r5g? acid _c be us$1 n only because x w\ld de/roy ! plates1 b also because wat] is ne$$ = ! *emical actions :i* take place z a cell *>ges & dis*>ges4 ,! wat] !re=e s]ves1 n only to dilute ! acid1 b also to make possible ! *emical reactions ( *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,! full /r5g? acid has a specific gravity ( #a4hce1 & is mix$ ) ! wat] to obta9 ! l[] specific gravity :i* is necess>y 9 ! batt]y4 ,! simple/ s*eme is to use only #a4djj specific gravity acid4 ,?is acid is us$ 9 adju/+ ! specific gravity ( a batt]y on *>ge 9 case ! specific gravity fails to rise to a high en\gh value4 ,x is also us$ 9 fill+ batt]ies t h be5 repair$4 ,acid is receiv$ f ! manufactur] 9 t5 gallon glass bottles enclos$ 9 wood5 boxes1 ^! be+ call$ c>boys4 ,di/ill$ wat] comes 9 simil> bottles4 ,:5 di/ill$ 9 ! %op1 ! wat] %\ld be collect$ 9 bottles also1 al?\gh small] ones may be us$4 ,nei!r ! acid nor ! wat] %\ld ev] be plac$ 9 any vessels b ^? made ( lead1 glass1 porcela91 rubb]1 or glaz$ e>!nw>e4 ,lead cups1 tanks1 & funnels may be us$ 9 h&l+ electrolyte1 b ! electrolyte mu/ n be put 9 conta9]s made ( any metal except lead4 ,lead is r exp5sive = mak+ su* conta9]s1 & ! glass bottles1 porcela91 rubb]1 or glaz$ e>!nw>e may be us$4 ,9 mix+ acid ) wat]1 p\r ! wat] 9 ! bottle1 pit*] or j>1 & !n add ! acid to ! wat] v sl[ly4 ,d n p\r ! acid 9 quickly1 z ! mixture w become v hot1 & may ?r[ spray 9 y\r face & eyes & cause sev]e burns4 ,nev] add ! wat] to ! acid1 z ?is might cause an explosion & burn y\r face & eyes s]i\sly4 ,/ir ! mixture ?or\ghly ) a wood5 paddle :ile add+ ! acid4 ,a graduate1 su* z is us$ 9 photography1 is v useful 9 measur+ out ! quantities ( acid & wat]4 ,! graduate may be obta9$ 9 any size up to #fd ounces1 or two qu>ts4 ,9 us+ ! graduate = measur+ bo? acid & wat]1 be sure to use ! foll[+ table giv+ ! p>ts ( wat] by volume4 ,al?\gh ! graduate is m>k$ 9 ounces1 x is = ounces ( wat] only4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! graduate 7 fill$ to ! #h ounce m>k ) acid1 !re w\ld be m ?an eight ounces ( acid 9 ! graduate because ! acid is heavi] ?an ! wat]4 ,b if ! proportions ( acid & wat] are tak5 by volume1 ! graduate may be us$4 ,a conv5i5t me?od 9 mak+ up electrolyte1 is to h a #af ounce graduate = ! acid1 & a #cb or #fd ounce graduate = ! wat]4 ,9 ! l>g] graduate p\r ! wat] up to ! correct m>k4 ,9 ! #af ounce graduate1 p\r #a4djj acid up to ! #aj ounce m>k4 ,!n add ! acid directly to ! wat] 9 ! graduate1 or else p\r ! wat] into a bottle or pit*]1 & add ! acid to t4 ,= in/ance1 if we h a #cb ounce graduate1 & wi% to make up "s #a4bhj acid1 we fill ?is graduate ) wat] up to ! #e-a_/b ounce m>k4 ,we !n fill ! #af ounce graduate ) #a4djj acid up to ! #aj ounce m>k4 ,!n we sl[ly p\r ! #a4djj acid into ! graduate conta9+ ! wat]1 giv+ u #a4bhj acid4 ,9 a simil> mann] o!r specific gravities are obta9$1 us+ ! same am\nt ( #a4djj acid 9 ea* case1 b v>y+ ! am\nt ( wat] accord+ to ! figures giv5 9 ! la/ column ( ! next to ! la/ table4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] to "o "p ( #a4djj specific gravity electrolyte to prep>e electrolyte ( v>i\s specific gravities4 ,! specific gravity ( ! mixture mu/ be tak5 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! mixture is #gj ,f4 ,if its temp]ature v>ies m ?an #e degrees above or bel[ #gj;,f1 make ! corrections describ$ on page #fe to f9d :at ! specific gravity w\ld be if ! temp]ature 7 #gj ,f4 ,,by ,,weight ,= #a4cjj specific gravity use #e ounces ( di/ill$ wat] = ea* p\nd ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,= #a4bhj specific gravity use #f-a_/b ounces ( di/ill$ wat] = ea* p\nd ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,= #a4bge specific gravity use #f-c_/d ounces di/ill$ wat] = ea* p\nd ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,= #a4bfj specific gravity use #g-a_/b ounces di/ill$ wat] = ea* p\nd ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,,by ,,volume ,= #a4cjj specific gravity use #c-a_/b p9ts di/ill$ wat] = ea* gallon ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,= #a4bhj specific gravity use #d-a_/b p9ts di/ill$ wat] = ea* gallon ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,= #a4bge specific gravity use #e p9ts di/ill$ wat] = ea* gallon ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,= #a4bfj specific gravity use #e-a_/d p9ts di/ill$ wat] = ea* gallon ( #a4djj electrolyte4 ,9 case y wi% to use o!r measur+ units ?an ^? giv5 9 ! above table1 ?is table may be writt5 z foll[s1 giv+ ! numb] ( p>ts di/ill$ wat] to #aj p>ts ( #a4djj specific gravity electrolyte3 ,specific ,gravity ,desir$ ,p>ts by ,weight ,p>ts by ,volume ---------------- ----------------------- --------------- #a4cjj #c #d-a_/d #a4bhj #d #e-a_/d #a4bge #d-a_/f #f #a4bfj #d-g_/aj #f-a_/b ,! next table gives ! numb] ( p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] to #aj p>ts ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7:i* has a specific gravity ( #a4hce7 to prep>e electrolyte ( v>i\s specific gravities3 ,specific ,gravity ,desir$ ,p>ts by ,weight ,p>ts by ,volume ------------------------ --------------- --------------- #a4djj #h-a_/b #ae-h_/aj #a4cjj #ac-a_/b #ae-h_/aj #a4cjj #ac-a_/b #be #a4bhj #ae #bg #a4bgj #af #bh #a4bfj #ag #cj ,,putt+ ,,new ,,batt]ies ,,into ,,s]vice ,new batt]ies are receiv$ 7a7 fully *>g$ & ready = s]vice1 7b7 fully assembl$ ) moi/5$ plates & sep>ators1 b )\t electrolyte1 7c7 9 a knockd[n condition1 ) dry plates & )\t sep>ators1 7d7 fully assembl$ ) bone dry plates & rubb] sep>ators1 & )\t electrolyte4 ,^? receiv$ fully *>g$ %\ld be put on a c> z soon z possible4 ,o!rwise !y w gr[ old on ! %elf4 ,e mon? on ! %elf is a mon? less ( life4 ,if ! batt]y _c be sold1 put x into dry-/orage4 ,batt]ies receiv$ 9 condition 7b7 %\ld n be kept 9 /ock = m ?an six mon?s4 ,batt]ies receiv$ ) dry plates & )\t sep>ators or ) rubb] sep>ators may be /or$ indef9itely )\t det]iorat+4 ,batt]ies ,%ipp$ ,fully ,*>g$1 or ,wet4 ,all ,makes4 ,unpack ! batt]y1 keep+ ! pack+ case "r side up to avoid spill+ electrolyte4 ,bru% (f all excelsior & dirt1 & exam9e ! batt]y c>efully to see if x has be5 damag$ dur+ %ipm5t4 ,if any damage has be5 done1 claim %\ld be made aga9/ ! express or railroad company4 #a4 ,remove ! v5t caps f ! cells & det]m9e ! height ( ! electrolyte4 ,x %\ld /& f ?ree-eigh?s to "o-half in* above ! tops ( ! plates4 ,! level may be det]m9$ ) a glass tube1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,if ! electrolyte is bel[ ! tops ( ! plates1 x has ei!r be5 spill$1 or else !re is a leaky j>4 ,if all cells h a l[ level ( electrolyte1 x is probable t ! electrolyte has be5 spill$4 #b4 ,next measure ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte ( ea* cell ) ! hydromet]1 & !n add wat] to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! correct level1 if ?is is necess>y4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature ( ! air be bel[ freez+1 *>ge ! batt]y = an h\r if wat] is add$ no matt] :at ! specific gravity read+s are4 ,?is w cause ! wat] to mix ?or\ghly ) ! electrolyte4 ,if ! batt]y 7 n *>g$ aft] wat] is add$1 ! wat]1 be+ light] ?an ! electrolyte1 w\ld rema9 on top & freeze4 ,= ?is "o h\r *>ge1 use ! />t+ rate1 z /amp$ on ! nameplate4 #c4 ,if ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte reads bel[ #a4bej1 *>ge ! batt]y until ! specific gravity reads betwe5 #a4bhj & #a4cjj4 ,= ?is *>ge use ! normal b5* *>g+ rates4 #d4 ,aft] ?is *>ge place ! batt]y on a clean1 dry spot = tw5ty-f\r h\rs z an extra te/ = a leaky j>4 ,if !re is any dampness "u ! batt]y1 or on ! l[] "p ( ! batt]y case1 a leaky j> is indicat$4 ,an inspection ( ! level ( ! electrolyte1 :i* ev5 ?\gh no dampness %[s1 w %[ ! leaky j>4 #e4 ,j be=e putt+ ! batt]y on ! c>1 make ! high rate dis*>ge te/ on x4 ,see page #bff4 ,,batt]ies ,,%ipp$ ,,dry ,exide ,batt]ies ,/or+4 #a4 ,keep ! batt]y 9 a dry1 clean place1 & keep ! room temp]ature above #cb degrees1 & bel[ #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit4 #b4 ,put ! batt]y into s]vice be=e ! expiration ( ! "t limit giv5 on ! tag atta*$ to ! batt]y4 ,! process ( putt+ ! batt]y into s]vice w require ab\t five days4 #c4 ,if ! batt]y has be5 all[$ to /& beyond ! "t limit1 op5 up "o ( ! cells j be=e beg9n+ ! process necess>y to put ! batt]y into s]vice4 ,if ! sep>ators are f\nd to be crack$1 split1 or w>p$1 ?r[ away all ! sep>ators f all ! cells & put 9 new ones4 ,if ! sep>ators are 9 good condition1 reassemble ! cell & put ! batt]y into s]vice4 ,putt+ ,batt]y into ,s]vice4 #a4 ,fill ! cells ) electrolyte ( ! correct specific gravity4 ,to d ?is1 remove ! v5t plugs & p\r 9 ! electrolyte until x rises to ! bottom ( ! v5t tubes4 ,! correct specific gravities ( ! electrolyte to be us$ are z foll[s3 7a7 ,= ,types ,,dx1 ,,xc1 ,,xe1 ,,xx & ,,xxv1 use #a4cfj electrolyte4 ,9 tropical c\ntries use #a4bfj electrolyte4 7b7 ,= ,types ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxre1 ,,lxrv1 use #a4cdj electrolyte4 ,9 tropical c\ntries use #a4bfj electrolyte4 7c7 ,= ,types ,,mha & ,,phc1 use #a4cbj electrolyte4 ,9 tropical c\ntries use #a4bfj electrolyte4 7d7 ,= ,types ,,kxd & ,,kz1 use #a4cjj electrolyte4 ,9 tropical c\ntries use #a4bdj electrolyte4 #b4 ,aft] fill+ ) ! electrolyte1 all[ ! batt]y to /& t5 to fifte5 h\rs be=e />t+ ! initial *>ge4 ,?is gives ! electrolyte "t to cool4 #c4 ,no soon] ?an t5 to fifte5 h\rs aft] fill+ ! batt]y ) electrolyte1 add wat] to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! bottom ( ! v5t tubes1 if ! level has fall54 ,replace ! v5t caps & turn !m to ! "r4 ,/>t *>g+ at ! rates %[n 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,cont9ue *>g+ at ?is rate = at lea/ #if h\rs 7#d days74 ,table ( ,initial & ,repair ,*>g+ ,rates ,type & ,size ( ,cell ,*>g+ ,rate1 ,amp]es ,m9imum ,amp]e ,h\rs --------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ,,kz-#c #a_/b #ej ,,lx-#e1 ,,lxr-#e1 ,,lxre-#e #a-a_/b #ade ,,kxd-#e #b #aij ,,xc-#i1 ,,xx-#i #b-a_/b #bdj ,,dx-#aa1 ,,kxd-#g1 ,,lxr-#i1 ,,lxre-#i1 ,,xc-#aa1 ,,xe-#aa #c #bij ,,dx-#ac1 ,,kxd-#i1 ,,lxr-#aa1 ,,xc-#ac1 ,,xe-#ac1 ,,xx-#ac #d #che ,,lxr-#ac1 ,,lxre-#ac1 ,,xc-#ae1 ,,xe-#ae1 ,,xx-#ae #d-a_/b #dcj ,,kxd-#aa1 ,,xc-#ag1 ,,xe-#ag #e #dhj ,,lxrv-#ae1 ,,lxr-#ae1 ,,lxre-#ae #e-a_/b #ebe ,,lx-#ag1 ,,lxr-#ag1 ,,lxre-#ag1 ,,xc-#ai1 ,,xe-#ai1 ,,xxv-#ai #f #ege ,,mha-#aa1 ,,phc-#ac #f #ege ,,xc-#ba1 ,,xe-#ba #f-a_/b #fbe ,,xc-#bc #g #fge ,,xc-#be #g-a_/b #gbj #d4 ,occasionally measure ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte4 ,d n all[ ! temp]ature to rise above #aaj ,fahr5heit 7#abj ,fahr5heit 9 tropical c\ntries74 ,%\ld ! temp]ature rea* #aaj1 /op ! *>ge long en\gh to all[ ! temp]ature to drop bel[ #ajj4 #e4 ,at ! end ( ! *>ge1 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte %\ld be betwe5 #a4bhj & #a4cjj 7#a4baj & #a4bcj 9 tropical c\ntries74 ,if x is n betwe5 ^! limits adju/ x by draw+ (f "s ( ! electrolyte ) ! hydromet] & replac+ ) wat] if ! specific gravity is too high1 or ) electrolyte ( ! same specific gravity us$ 9 fill+ ! batt]y1 if ! specific gravity is too l[4 #f4 ,wipe (f ! top & sides ( ! batt]y case ) a rag damp5$ ) ammonia to neutralize any electrolyte :i* may h be5 spill$4 #g4 ,j be=e putt+ ! batt]y into s]vice1 give x a high rate dis*>ge te/4 ,see page #bff4 ,ve/a ,batt]ies #a4 ,remove v5t caps f ea* cell & fill ) electrolyte ( #a4cjj specific gravity4 ,?is electrolyte %\ld n h a temp]ature great] ?an #ge ,fahr5heit :5 add$ to ! cells4 #b4 ,aft] ! addition ( ?is acid1 ! batt]y w beg9 to heat & x %\ld be left /&+ f #ab to #bd h\rs or until x has cool$ (f4 #c4 ,batt]y %\ld !n be put on *>ge at ! f9i% *>g+ rate /amp$ on ! "n plate4 ,cont9ue *>g+ at ?is rate = approximately #dh to #gb h\rs or until ! gravity & voltage read+s ( ea* cell /op ris+4 #d4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! temp]ature ( batt]y does n rise above #aaj ,fahr5heit4 ,if ?is occurs41 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be cut d[n4 #e4 ,! acid 9 ea* cell w und\bt$ly h to be equaliz$4 #f4 ,at ! f9i% ( ?is develop+ *>ge ! gravity %\ld read #a4bhj 9 ea* cell4 ,if bel[ ?is1 equalize by putt+ 9 #a4djj specific gravity acid1 or if ! contr>y is ! case & ! acid is above #a4bhj add suffici5t di/ill$ wat] until ! gravity reads #a4bhj4 #g4 ,aft] ! acid has be5 equaliz$ & x has /opp$ ris+ 9 d5sity ! voltage ( ea* cell :ile /ill on *>ge at ! f9i%+ rate %\ld read at lea/ #b4e volts p] cell or bett]4 #h4 ,! batt]y is !n ready = s]vice4 ,j be=e putt+ batt]y into s]vice1 make a high rate dis*>ge te/ on x4 ,see page #bff4 ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]ies #a4 ,remove ! v5t plugs & imm$iately fill ! cells ,) electrolyte until ! level is ev5 ) ! bottom ( ! v5t tube 9 ! cov]4 ,d n fill ) electrolyte ^: temp]ature is above #ij ,fahr5heit4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte to be us$ 9 />t+ batt]ies v>ies ) ! numb] ( plates 9 ea* cell1 ! correct values be+ z foll[s3 ,*>g+ ,rates ,fill batt]ies li/$ 9 ,table ,no4 #a ) #a4bgj sp4 gr4 acid4 ,,table--,no4 #a ,no4 ( ,,ll-,,llr ,plates ,,lh ,,lm1 ,,lmr ,,lt1 ,,ltr ,,ls1 ,,lsr ,,lg ,,lt ,,lsf ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- --- --- --- #i #b4j #b4e #b4j #b4e #c4j #aa #b4e #c4j #b4e #c4e #d4j #ac #c4j #c4e #c4j #d4j #b4e #ae #c4e #d4j #c4e #d4e #e4e #ag #d4j #e4j #d4j #e4e #f4j #ai #d4e #e4e #d4e #f4j ,special ,batt]y3 #acf ,,usa 444 #f4 #j amps4 ,,table ,,no4#b ,fill batt]ies li/$ 9 ,table ,no4 #b ) #a4bej sp4 gr4 acid4 ,no4 ,,ll-,,llr ,,lm ,,lt ,,ls ,s ( ,plates ,,llh ,,lmr ,,ltr ,,lsr ,,% ,,/ ,,lsf --------- ------ --- --- --- --- --- --- #e #a4j #a4j #b4j #a4e #g #a4e #a4e #a4e #b4j #c4j #b4j #a4e #i #d4j #aa #e4j ,special ,batt]ies3 #ccj ,,aa 4444 #a4j amps4 #ebd ,,/d-,h#b 4444444444444444444 #a4j amps4 #g #f ,,spn 4444444444444444444444 #a4e amps4 ,! numb] ( plates p] cell is2 indicat$ 9 ! fir/ num]al ( ! type "n4 ,= in/ance1 #gab ,,lla-#a is a #g plate ,,ll4 ,= all light+ batt]ies1 types ,s & ,,/4 use #a4baj electrolyte4 #b4 ,all[ ! batt]y to /& = "o or two h\rs4 #c4 ,remove ! seal f ! top ( ! v5t caps1 & op5 by bl[+ ?r\gh ! cap4 #d4 ,ins]t v5t plugs 9 ! v5t tubes4 #e4 ,put ! batt]y on *>ge at ! rate giv5 9 ! table on page #bbh4 ,to det]m9e ! rate to use1 see type "n giv5 on ! batt]y nameplate & f9d correct rate 9 ! table4 ,keep ! batt]y *>g+ at ?is rate ?r\gh\t ! *>ge4 #f4 ,cont9ue ! *>ge until ! batt]y voltage & ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte /op ris+1 z %[n by read+s tak5 e f\r h\rs4 ,f ?ree & "o-half to f\r days ( cont9u\s *>g+ w be requir$ to fully *>ge ! batt]y4 #g4 ,wat* ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte1 & d n all[ x to rise above #aaj ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! temp]ature rises to #aaj ,f41 /op ! *>ge & all[ batt]y to cool4 ,ext5d ! "t ( *>g+ by ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! batt]y to cool4 #h4 ,aft] ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte /ops ris+1 adju/ ! electrolyte to a specific gravity ( #a4bhj at a temp]ature ( #gj ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! temp]ature is n #gj1 make temp]ature corrections z describ$ on page #fe4 #i4 ,! batt]y is n[ ready to be in/all$ on ! c>4 ,j be=e in/all+ ! batt]y1 make a high rate dis*>ge te/ on x4 ,will>d ,bone-,dry ,batt]ies ,a ,will>d ,?read$ ,rubb] insulat$ batt]y is %ipp$ & c>ri$ 9 /ock bone-dry4 ,x is fill$ ) electrolyte & *>g$ = ! fir/ "t :5 be+ made ready = deliv]y4 ,?read$ ,rubb] ,insulat$ ,batt]ies receiv$ bone-dry mu/ be prep>$ = s]vice1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,mix electrolyte to a d5sity ( #a4bge4 #b4 ,remove ! v5t plugs & fill to ! top ( ! v5t hole ) #a4bge electrolyte4 ,be sure t ! electrolyte is ?or\ghly mix$ by /irr+ & t its temp]ature is n above #ij degrees ,fahr5heit4 #c4 ,a portion ( ! solution w be absorb$ by ! plates & insulation because !y h be5 /&+ dry )\t any liquid 9 ! cells4 ,! volume is ?us decreas$1 necessitat+ ! addition ( electrolyte aft] fir/ fill+4 ,wait five m9utes & !n aga9 fill to ! top ( ! v5t hole ) #a4bge electrolyte4 #d4 ,! batt]y mu/ n[ /& at lea/ twelve h\rs & n m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e *>g+4 ,aft] x has be5 fill$ an increase 9 temp]ature ( ! batt]y solution w take place4 ,?is is caus$ by ! action ( ! acid 9 ! solution p5etrat+ ! plates mid react+ ) ! active mat]ial1 b does no injury4 ,s9ce ! acid 9 ! solution jo9s ! active mat]ial 9 ! plates ! d5sity ( ! solution becomes proportionately l[]4 ,?is is to be expect$ & %\ld cause no conc]n4 ,9 ord] t ! entire plate volume ( active mat]ial may be 9 *emical action dur+ *>ge1 ! batt]y %\ld /& be=e be+ plac$ on *>ge--until ! solution has bad "t to p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! plates4 ,?is requires at lea/ twelve h\rs1 b n m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #e4 ,j be=e *>g+ ! batt]y1 aga9 fill ) #a4bge electrolyte to #c_/h in* ov] ! top ( ! sep>ators4 ,aft] ?is1 d n add any?+ b di/ill$ wat] to ! batt]y solution4 #f4 ,! batt]y %\ld !n be put on *>ge at ! f9i% rate until ! gravity /ops ris+4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! specific gravity %\ld be betwe5 #a4bhj & #a4cjj4 ,x may take f #cf to #gb h\rs be=e ?is d5sity is rea*$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to prolong ! *>g+ unduly1 = t may cause active mat]ial to fall out ( ! grids1 ?us injur+ ! plates beyond repair4 #g4 ,because ( ! evaporation ( wat] 9 ! solution dur+ ! *>g+ process1 x is necess>y to add di/ill$ wat] f "t to "t 9 ord] to keep ! solution above ! tops ( ! sep>ators4 ,! temp]ature ( ! batt]y :ile on *>ge %\ld nev] exce$ #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! temp]ature rises above ?is po9t ! *>g+ mu/ be discont9u$ = a "t or ! rate decreas$4 ,if at any "t dur+ ! initial *>g+ ! d5sity rises above #a4cjj "s ( ! solution %\ld imm$iately be drawn (f ) a syr+e & di/ill$ wat] add$4 ,?is mu/ be done z (t5 z is necess>y to keep ! d5sity bel[ #a4cjj4 ,if ! specific gravity does n *ange aft] two successive read+s & does n !n read )9 ! limits ( #a4bhj to #a4cjj x %\ld be adju/$ to read correctly4 ,if ! read+ is less ?an #a4bhj x %\ld be adju/$ by draw+ (f z mu* solution z c be tak5 out ) a syr+e & electrolyte ( #a4djj specific gravity add$4 ,! batt]y mu/ !n be plac$ on *>ge = at lea/ f\r h\rs & ano!r read+ tak54 ,if x is aga9 f\nd to be less ?an #a4bhj ?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ z _m times z necess>y to br+ ! d5sity up to #a4bhj4 #i4 ,! height ( solution :5 tak+ ! batt]y (f *>ge %\ld be #e_/h ( an in* above ! top ( ! sep>ators4 ,aft] ! batt]y has be5 (f *>ge long en\gh to p]mit ! solution to cool to normal temp]ature1 draw (f ! excess to a f9al height ( #c_/h in* above sep>ators4 ,replace ! v5t plugs & batt]y is ready = s]vice4 ,unfill$ ,will>d ,wood ,insulat$ ,batt]ies ,unfill$1 wood-insulat$ batt]ies h n _h an initial *>ge & require a treatm5t simil> to batt]ies ) ?read$ rubb] insulation4 ,:5 %ipm5t is made 9 ?is mann]1 su* batt]ies %\ld be plac$ 9 s]vice be=e ! date indicat$ on ! tag atta*$ to ! batt]y4 ,to prep>e su* a batt]y = s]vice3 #a4 ,remove ! v5t plugs & fill ea* cell ) #a4cce specific gravity electrolyte 7"o "p ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid by volume to two p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] by volume7 to #c_/h in* above ! tops ( ! sep>ators4 #b4 ,wait #e m9utes & !n fill ea* cell aga9 ) #a4cce specific gravity electrolyte to #c_/h in* above ! tops ( ! sep>ators4 #c4 ,! batt]y mu/ !n /& f #aj to #ae h\rs be=e plac+ on *>ge4 #d4 ,aft] /&+ = ?is l5g? ( "t1 fill ea* cell aga91 if necess>y1 ) #a4cce specific gravity electrolyte to br+ ! level ( ! electrolyte #c_/h in* above ! tops ( ! sep>ators be=e *>g+4 #e4 ,place ! batt]y on *>ge at ! f9i% rate m>k$ on ! "n plate until ! gravity & cell voltage /op ris+4 ,?is *>g+ w require at lea/ #dh h\rs4 #f4 ,if1 aft] a *>ge ( #dh h\rs or long] ! specific gravity does n rise = two consecutive h\rs1 ! gravity %\ld be betwe5 #a4bhj & #a4cjj4 ,if x is n betwe5 ^! limits1 ! specific gravity %\ld be adju/$ to ^! values at ! end ( ! *>ge4 #g4 ,if1 dur+ ! *>ge1 ! temp]ature exce$s #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! *>ge rate %\ld be r$uc$ s z to keep ! temp]ature bel[ #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit & ! "t ( *>g+ l5g!n$ proportionately4 ,prep>+ ,we/+h\se ,batt]ies = ,s]vice 7,^! batt]ies are prep>$ = %ipm5t 9 :at is kn[n z export condition47 #a4 ,remove v5t plugs & disc>d s(t rubb] caps4 #b4 ,fill all cells ) #a4cjj specific gravity sulphuric acid until top ( connect+ /raps1 z se5 ?r\gh v5t holes are completely cov]$4 ,temp]ature ( fill+ acid %\ld nev] be above #ij degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,note3 ,! aim is to fill ! cells ) acid ( su* a ,specific gravity t ! electrolyte1 at ! end ( *>ge1 w ne$ v little adju/+ to br+ x to ! prop] specific gravity4 #a4cjj specific gravity acid has be5 f\nd to be approximately correct = ?is purpose4 ,h[ev]1 if aft] sev]al batt]ies h be5 prep>$ = s]vice us+ #a4cjj specific gravity acid1 consid]able adju/+ at ! end ( *>ge is necess>y1 x is p]missible to use a slightly diff]5t specific gravity ( fill+ acid1 b ! use ( acid above #a4cbe specific gravity or bel[ #a1bej specific gravity is n recomm5d$4 #c4 ,all[ batt]ies to /& aft] fill+ = f two to ?ree h\rs be=e putt+ on *>ge4 #d4 ,put on *>ge at f9i% *>ge rate %[n on "n plate ( batt]y4 ,note3 ,if temp]ature ( electrolyte 9 batt]y rea*es #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit 7det]m9$ by ins]t+ special !rmomet] ?r\gh v5t hole 9 cov]71 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be imm$iately r$uc$1 z cont9u$ *>g+ at a temp]ature above #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit is injuri\s to bo? sep>ators & plates4 #e4 ,cont9ue *>g+ until all cells are gass+ freely & individual cell voltage & specific gravity ( electrolyte h %[n no decid$ rise = a p]iod ( five h\rs4 ,note3 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ to completely *>ge a new batt]y dep5ds l>gely ^u ! "t ! batt]y has be5 9 /ock1 v>y+ f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs = a comp>atively fre% batt]y to f\r or five days = a batt]y six mon?s or m old4 #f4 ,keep level ( electrolyte above tops ( sep>ators at all times1 :ile *>g+ by add+ di/ill$ wat] to replace t lo/ by evaporation4 #g4 ,aft] batt]y is completely *>g$ ! specific gravity ( electrolyte 9 all cells %\ld be adju/$ to #a4bhe at #gj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! level ( electrolyte adju/$ s t aft] batt]y is tak5 (f *>ge ! height ( electrolyte /&s #a_/h in* above tops ( connect+ /raps4 ,note3 ,corrections = temp]ature if temp]ature ( electrolyte is above or bel[ #gj degrees ,fahr5heit ! correction is "o po9t ( gravity = ea* ?ree degrees ( temp]ature4 ,see page #fe4 ,if specific gravity ( electrolyte is above #a4bhe1 a portion ( ! electrolyte %\ld be remov$ & replac$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,if ! specific gravity is bel[ #a4bhe1 a portion ( electrolyte %\ld be remov$ & replac$ ) #a4djj specific gravity sulphuric acid4 ,acid ( high] gravity ?an #a4djj %\ld nev] be put 9 batt]ies4 ,batt]ies %\ld always be *>g$ = sev]al h\rs aft] adju/+ gravity to insure prop] mix+ ( ! electrolyte & to see t ! correct specific gravity ( #a4bhe has be5 obta9$4 #h4 ,aft] fir/ sev5 sections h be5 foll[$ exam9e v5t plugs to see t gas passage is ,dot ob/ruct$ & screw back 9 place4 ,batt]y is n[ ready = s]vice4 ,! ,pre/-,o-,lite ,assembl$ ,gre5 ,seal ,batt]y ,?is type ( batt]y is made up ( ! same sort ( plates z ! old p>tly assembl$ gre5 seal batt]y4 ,! elem5ts are1 h[ev]1 completely assembl$ w wood sep>ators & seal$ 9 ! j>s & box 9 ! same mann] z a wet batt]y to be put into imm$iate s]vice2 ! cell connectors are burn$ 9 place4 ,h[ to ,/ore ,x4 ,a room ( ord9>y humidity1 "o 9 :i* ! air is nev] dry] = any reason ?an ! av]age1 %\ld be us$ to /ore ^! batt]ies4 ,!y %\ld be %ield$ f direct sunlight4 ,exam9e ! v5ts-!y %\ld be securely ins]t$ & rema9 s dur+ ! entire /orage p]iod4 ,if ^! precautions are obs]v$1 ?is type batt]y may be /or$ = at lea/ a ye>4 ,to ,prep>e ,batt]y = ,use4 #a4 ,prep>e suffici5t pure electrolyte ( #a4cjj specific gravity4 ,if dur+ ! mix+ consid]able heat is evolv$1 all[ electrolyte to cool d[n to #ij degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,nev] p\r electrolyte1 t is w>m] ?an #ij degrees ,fahr5heit1 into cells4 #b4 ,remove ! v5ts & lay !m aside until ! f9al *>g+ op]ation has be5 complet$4 ,)9 #ae m9utes f ! "t ! v5ts are remov$ fill all cells to ! bottom ( v5t op5+s ) ! electrolyte prep>$1 z /at$ above4 #c4 ,all[ ! electrolyte to rema9 9 ! cells1 n less ?an "o h\r4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 %\ld ! electrolyte level fall bel[ ! tops ( ! sep>ators1 add en\gh electrolyte to br+ level at lea/ "o-half in* above sep>ators4 ,if ! temp]ature 9 ! cells does n rise above #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit1 proce$ imm$iately 7be=e two h\rs h elaps$7 ) ! initial *>g+ op]ation4 ,if ! temp]ature rema9s above #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit1 all[ ! batt]y to /& until ! electrolyte cools d[n to #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,!n proce$ imm$iately ) ! *>ge4 ,x is important t ! acid does n /& 9 ! cells = m ?an two h\rs1 unless x is necess>y to all[ ! acid to cool4 #d4 ,initial ,*>g+ ,op]ation4 ,place ! batt]y on *>ge at ! amp]e rate giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! total initial *>ge mu/ be = fifty-two h\rs1 b at no "t p]mit ! electrolyte temp]ature to rise above #aae degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! temp]ature %\ld rea* #aae degrees ,fahr5heit1 take ! batt]y (f ! l9e & all[ ! electrolyte to cool1 b be sure t ! total ( fifty-two h\rs actual *>g+ at ! amp]e rate specifi$ is complet$4 ,initial ,*>ge---#eb ,h\rs ,plates ,type ( p] ,cell ,plate ,,ahs ,,:n ,,rhn ,,%c ,,bhn ,,jfn ,,gm ,,cln ,,kpn -------- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- #c #a4e #e #b #b #b4e #c #g #c #c #c4e #d #c #e #i #d #d #e #e #g #aa #e #e #f #g #g4e #e #i #ac #f #f #g #h #i #f #aj4e #aj4e #ae #g #g #i #i4e #aj4e #g #ab #ag #aj #ab #i #ai #i #i #aa #ab #i ,! nom9al batt]y voltage & ! numb] ( plates p] cell is indicat$ by ! ,pre/-,o-,lite type designations1 i4 e43 #fac ,,rhn d5otes #f volts1 #ac plates p] cell or #abg ,,%c d5otes #ab volts1 #g plates p] cell4 #e4 ,! electrolyte d5sity at ! end ( fifty-two h\rs *>ge %\ld be ne> #a4bij specific gravity4 ,a v>iation betwe5 #a4bhe & #a4cjj is p]missible4 ,if1 aft] fifty h\rs ( ! initial *>ge1 ! electrolyte d5sity ( any ( ! cells is outside ^! limits1 adju/m5t %\ld be begun :ile /ill *>g+4 ,= ^? cells 9 :i* ! d5sity is high] ?an #a4cjj specific gravity replace "s ( ! electrolyte ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 ^? cells :]e ! d5sity is light] ?an #a4bhe specific gravity replace "s ( ! electrolyte ) previ\sly prep>$ electrolyte ( #a4djj specific gravity4 ,wait until ! cells h *>g$ "o h\r be=e tak+ read+s to det]m9e ! effect ( adju/m5t1 :i*1 if n accompli%$1 %\ld be attempt$ aga9 z be=e4 ,practice ,w enable ! att5dant to e/imate ! am\nt ( electrolyte necess>y to replace 9 ord] to accompli% ! prop] d5sity desir$-at ! end ( initial *>ge4 #f4 ,foll[+ ! completion ( ! fifty-two h\r *>ge1 if !re is "t to d s1 x is good practice to put ! batt]y ?r\gh a developm5t cycle1 i4 e41 to dis*>ge x at ab\t ! f\r-h\r rate & !n put x on ! *>g+ l9e aga9 at ! normal rate until a condition ( full *>ge is aga9 rea*$4 ,! objects ga9$ by ?is dis*>ge are3 7a7 ,fur!r developm5t ( ! plates4 7b7 ,adju/m5t or /abilization ( ! electrolyte4 7c7 ,*eck+ ! assembly by not+ ! failure ( any cell or cells to act uni=mly & satisfactorily dur+ dis*>ge4 ,! f\r-h\r dis*>ge rate is1 ( c\rse1 l ! normal rate ( ,initial ,*>ge1 dep5d5t ^u ! size & numb] ( plates p] cell 9 any p>ticul> batt]y2 ! numb] ( cells det]m9es ! voltage only & has no?+ to d ) ! batt]y's *>ge or dis*>g+ rat+4 ,^! f\r-h\r dis*>ge rates are z foll[s3 ,plates p] ,cell ,type ( ,plate ,,ahs ,,:n ,,rhn ,,%c ,,bhn ,,jfn ,,gm ,,cln ,,kpn -------- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- #c #c #e #e #e #e4e #f4e #g #g4e #g4e #h #aj #g4e #ac4e #i #aj #aj #aa #ac #ah #aa #ab4e #ab4e #ad #af #ai #ab4e #bb4e #ac #ae #ae #af4e #ai4e #bb4e #ae #bg #bg #ae #ag4e #ag4e #ai #bc #bf #ag4e #ca4e #ag #bb #bf #ai #bb4e #bb4e #be #bi #bb4e ,imm$iately at ! end ( ! f\r-h\r dis*>ge1 put ! batt]y on ! l9e & *>ge x at ! normal rate prescrib$ 9 ! ,initial ,*>ge rate table until a /ate ( complete *>ge1 z not$ by cell voltage & gravity is rea*$4 ,?is *>g+ "t %\ld be ab\t sixte5 h\rs4 ,any adju/m5ts ( electrolyte f\nd necess>y at ! end ( ?is *>g+ p]iod 9 ! same mann] prescrib$ 9 p>agraph ,no4 #e1 = su* adju/m5ts made j be=e ! completion ( ! initial fifty-two h\r *>ge4 7,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,no item numb] #g4 9 orig9al publication47 #h4 ,at ! end ( ! fifty-two h\r *>ge1 or1 if ! ,developm5t dis*>ge has be5 giv51 at ! end ( ! ,developm5t ,cycle ,*>ge1 replace ! v5t plugs1 wa% all ext]ior surfaces ) clean wat] & dry quickly4 ,! batt]y is !n ready = s]vice4 ,,in/all+ ,a ,,batt]y ,,on ,a ,,c> ,a batt]y mu/ be in/all$ c>efully on ! c> if x is to h any *ance to give good s]vice4 ,c>eless in/allation ( a batt]y :i* is 9 good work+ ord] w inv>iably lead to tr\ble 9 a v %ort "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a prop]ly in/all$ batt]y is1 n9e times out ( t51 a good work+ & long liv$ batt]y4 ,aft] y h remov$ ! old batt]y1 scrape all ru/ & corrosion f ! inside ( ! batt]y box or comp>tm5t 9 :i* ! batt]y is plac$4 ,?is c be/ be done ) a putty knife & wire bru%4 ,if y f9d t electrolyte has be5 spill$ 9 ! box1 p\r a saturat$ solution ( bak+ soda on ! p>ts affect$ s z to neutralize ! acid4 ,!n wipe ! inside ( ! box dry & pa9t x ) a good acid pro( pa9t4 ,next take out ! hold d[n bolts4 ,clean !m ) a wire bru%1 & oil ! ?reads on ! bolt & 9 ! nut to make !m "w easily4 ,x is v important t ?is oil+ be done1 z ! oil protects ! bolts f corrosion1 & to remove ! nuts f a corrod$ bolt is an extremely difficult & aggravat+ piece ( "w1 (t5 result+ 9 ! bolts be+ brok54 ,%\ld su* bolts become loose :ile ! c> is 9 use1 x is h>d to tight5 !m4 ,wood5 /rips f\nd 9 ! batt]y box %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & scrap$1 & !n pa9t$ ) acid pro( pa9t4 ,:5 y l[] ! batt]y into its box1 l[] x all ! way g5tly4 ,d n l[] x )9 an in* or s ( ! bottom ( ! case & !n drop x4 ,?is w result 9 brok5 j>s & plate lugs4 ,turn ! hold d[ns tight1 b n s tight z to break ! seal+ comp\nd at ! ends ( ! batt]y1 !reby caus+ electrolyte to leak out1 & batt]y to become a slopp]4 ,cables & connectors %\ld be scrap$ bright ) a knife & bru%$ ?or\ghly ) ! wire bru% to remove all corrosion4 ,old tape :i* has become acid soak$ %\ld be remov$ & ! cable or wire und]nea? clean$4 ,be=e apply+ new tape1 take a small r\nd bri/le bru% & pa9t ,vasel9e lib]ally ov] ! expos$ cable imm$iately back ( ! tap] t]m9al4 ,!n cov] ! ,vasel9e ) tape1 :i* ,%\ld be run well back f ! t]m9al4 ,! ,vasel9e prev5ts ! corrosion ( ! cable & ! tape holds ! ,vasel9e 9 place4 ,aft] ! tape has be5 appli$1 pa9t x ) acid pro( pa9t4 ,cov] ! t]m9als ( ! batt]y ) ,vasel9e4 ,cables mu/ h en\gh slack to prev5t /ra9s f be+ put on ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,by foll[+ ^! directions1 y w n only h a prop]ly in/all$ batt]y1 :i* w h a good *ance to give good s]vice1 b w h a neat look+ job :i* is mo/ pleas+ to ! eye ( ! c> own]4 ,remove all dirt f ! batt]y & cable t]m9als & ?or\ghly clean ! surfaces :i* are to connect toge!r1 b d n scrape (f ! lead coat+4 ,apply a heavy coat+ ( pure ,vasel9e to ^! surfaces & tight5 ! connection p]fectly1 squeez+ out ! ,vasel9e4 ,!n give ! :ole connection a heavy coat+ ( ,vasel9e4 ,?is is v important 9 ord] to prev5t connection tr\ble4 ,if batt]y is in/all$ 9 an enclos+ box1 be sure t none ( ! v5tilat+ holes are clogg$4 ,,/or+ ,,batt]ies ,:5 a batt]y is n 9 active use on a c> x %\ld be put into /orage4 ,/orage is necess>y3 #a4 ,:5 a c> is to /& idle = a consid]able p]iod1 su* z is ! case :5 x is held = future deliv]y4 #b4 ,:5 a c> is laid up = ! w9t]4 #c4 ,:5 batt]ies are kept 9 /ock4 ,batt]ies may be /or$ wet1 i4e41 completely assembl$ & fill$ ) electrolyte1 or dry1 i4e41 9 a dry disassembl$ condition1 )\t electrolyte4 ,9 decid+ :e!r a batt]y %\ld be /or$ wet or dry1 two ?+s are to be consid]$1 i4e4 ! l5g? ( "t ! batt]y is to be 9 /orage1 & ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,if a batt]y is to be out ( commission = a ye> or m1 x %\ld be put into dry /orage4 ,if x is to be 9 /orage = less ?an "o ye>1 x may be put into wet /orage if x is 9 a good condition4 ,if ! condition ( ! batt]y is su* t x w ne$ to be dismantl$ soon = repairs1 x %\ld be put into dry /orage1 ev5 ?\gh x is to be out ( s]vice = less ?an "o ye>4 ,batt]ies 9 dry /orage require no att5tion :ile !y are 9 /orage1 b !y mu/ be dismantl$ be=e be+ put into /orage & reassembl$ :5 put back into s]vice4 ,:5 a batt]y is br\ght 9 to be /or$1 note its g5]al condition c>efully4 7a7 ,its ,g5]al ,appe>ance-condition ( case1 h&les1 t]m9als1 seal+ comp\nd1 & s on4 7b7 ,height & specific gravity ( ! electrolyte 9 ea* cell4 7c7 ,age ( ,batt]y4 ,"q own] z to l5g? ( "t he has _h batt]y4 ,read date m>ks on batt]y if !re are any1 or det]m9e age by ! age code4 ,see page #bdc4 ,if a batt]y is less ?an a ye> old1 is 9 good condition1 & is to be /or$ = less ?an "o ye>1 x may be put into wet /orage4 ,if x is m ?an a ye> old1 put x into dry /orage1 unless x is 9 fir/ class %ape & is to be /or$ = only sev]al mon?s4 ,aft] mak+ y\r g5]al obs]vations1 clean ! batt]y1 add di/ill$ wat] to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! prop] level1 put ! batt]y on *>ge & keep x on ! l9e until x is fully *>g$4 ,wat* = any abnormal condition dur+ ! *>ge1 su* z excessive temp]ature rise1 failure ( voltage to come up1 failure ( specific gravity to come up1 & gass+ be=e gravity becomes con/ant4 ,if no abnormal conditions develop dur+ ! *>ge1 put ! batt]y on dis*>ge at a rate :i* w cause ! voltage to drop to #a4g volts p] cell 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,measure ! cell voltages at regul> int]vals dur+ ! dis*>ge te/4 ,if ! voltage ( any cell drops mu* m rapidly ?an t ( ! o!r cells1 t cell is defective 9 "s way1 & %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 ,if ! voltage ( all cells drops to #a4g 9 ?ree h\rs or less1 ! batt]y %\ld be put into dry /orage4 ,aft] complet+ ! dis*>ge te/1 re*>ge x fully1 no matt] :e!r x is to be put into wet or dry /orage4 ,if no tr\ble develop$ dur+ ! *>ge or dis*>ge1 ! batt]y may be put into wet /orage4 ,if tr\ble did develop1 ! batt]y %\ld be put into dry /orage4 ,if dry /orage is f\nd to be necess>y ! own] %\ld be in=m$ t ! condition ( 8 batt]y w\ld cause x to det]iorate 9 wet /orage & necessitate mu* m exp5sive repairs :5 put into use aga9 ?an w be necess>y 9 ! ?or\gh ov]haul+ & rejuv5ation ( dry /orage4 ,he %\ld be advis$ t dry /orage involves dismantl+1 dry+ out elem5ts & reassembl+ ) ! ne$$ repairs & new sep>ators 9 ! ,spr+4 ,be sure t ! cu/om] und]/&s ?is4 ,if x is evid5t t repairs or new p>ts1 involv+ co/s additional to /orage *>ges1 w be necess>y1 tell him s4 ,d n leave room = a compla9t ab\t co/s 9 ! ,spr+4 ,to avoid any misund]/&+1 x is highly advisable to h ! cu/om] put 8 signature on a ,,/orage ,,agreem5t :i* /ates fully ! t]ms "u :i* ! batt]y is accept$ = /orage4 ,! /orage co/ may be figur$ on a mon?ly basis1 or a price = ! entire /orage p]iod may be agre$ ^u4 ,! mon?ly rate %\ld be ! same z ! regul> price = a s+le batt]y re*>ge4 ,if a flat rate is paid = ! entire /orage p]iod1 #b4jj to #c4jj is a fair price4 ,wet ,/orage #a4 ,/ore ! batt]ies on a b5* or %elf 9 a conv5i5t location & l>ge en\gh to all[ a little air space ar\nd ea* batt]y4 #b4 ,place ea* batt]y ^u wood5 /rips 9 ord] to keep ! bottom ( ! batt]y cle> ( ! b5* or %elf4 #c4 ,apply ,vasel9e freely to ! batt]y t]m9als1 & to expos$ copp] wires 9 ! batt]y cables if ! cables are burn$ directly to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,if ! cables are n burn$ on1 remove !m f ! batt]y4 #d4 ,if conv5i5t1 in/all ! necess>y wir+1 swit*es1 etc41 s t batt]ies may be connect$ up & *>g$ :]e !y /&4 ,o!rwise ! batt]ies mu/ be *>g$ occasionally oil ! *>g+ b5*4 ,fig4 #aea ,batt]ies connect$ = trickle *>ge #e4 ,batt]ies 9 wet /orage may be *>g$ by ! ,exide ,trickle *>ge me?od1 or may be giv5 a b5* *>ge at regul> int]vals4 #f4 ,b5* ,*>ge ,me?od4--,once e mon?1 add di/ill$ wat] to replace evaporation4 ,!n give batt]y a b5* *>ge4 ,see page #aih4 ,be=e putt+ batt]y into s]vice repeat ?is process & j be=e putt+ ! batt]y into s]vice1 make ! high rate dis*>ge te/ on x4 ,see page #bff4 #g4 ,trickle ,*>ge ,me?od4--,?is consi/s ( *>g+ ! batt]ies 9 /orage cont9u\sly at a v l[ rate1 :i* is s l[ t no gass+ occurs1 & /ill gives en\gh *>ge to ma9ta9 ! batt]ies 9 good condition4 ,9 _m cases ! ,trickle ,*>ge me?od w be f\nd m conv5i5t ?an ! b5* *>ge me?od1 & x has ! advantage ( keep+ ! batt]ies 9 condition = putt+ into s]vice on %ort notice4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be us$ only :]e direct curr5t light+ circuits are available4 ,9 ! ,trickle me?od1 ! batt]ies are fir/ giv5 a complete b5* *>ge1 & are !n connect$ 9 s]ies across a *>g+ circuit ) "o or sev]al inc&esc5t lamps 9 s]ies ) ! batt]ies to limit ! curr5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #aea1 an example ( connections = a ,trickle *>ge is giv54 ,! *>g+ curr5t = diff]5t siz$ batt]ies v>ies f #j4je to #j4ae amp]e4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! lamps requir$ to give ! desir$ curr5t on #aaj volt circuit4 ,9 ea* case1 ! lamps are connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! batt]ies4 ,! #b-be watt1 7lamps71 9 p>allel li/$ 9 ! table are to be connect$ 9 p>allel ) ea* o!r & !n 9 s]ies ) ! batt]ies4 ,! same is true ( ! #c-be watt 7lamps71 9 s]ies li/$ 9 ! table4 ,s]ies on #aae ,volt ,l9e ,amp4 ,h\rs ,no4 ( ,cells ,no4 #aae ,volt ,capacity ,amp]es 9 ,s]ies ,lamps ,requir$ #e ,amp4 ,rate ,approximate on ,l9e #aae ,volt ----------- ----------- ------------ -------------- #ej or less #j4je #c #e-ae watt1 9 s]ies #ej or less #j4je #cj #b-ae watt1 9 s]ies #ej or less #j4je #de #a-ae watt1 9 s]ies #ej-ajj #j4aj #c #c-be watt1 9 s]ies #ej-ajj #j4aj #c #a-be watt1 9 s]ies #ej-ajj #j4aj #de #b-be watt1 9 p>allel #ajj or ov] #j4ae #c #b-be watt1 9 s]ies #ajj or ov] #j4ae #cj #a-be watt1 9 s]ies #ajj or ov] #j4ae #de #c-be watt1 9 p>allel ,e two mon?s int]rupt ! trickle *>ge long en\gh to add wat] to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! prop] level4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 cont9ue ! trickle *>ge4 ,be=e putt+ ! batt]ies into s]vice1 see t ! electrolyte is up to ! correct level1 & t ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is #a4bhj-a4cjj4 ,if necess>y1 give a %ort *>ge on ! *>g+ b5* to br+ ! specific gravity up to ! correct value4 ,dry ,/orage #a4 ,give ! batt]y a complete *>ge4 ,p\r out ! electrolyte1 & sep>ate ! gr\ps4 ,if ! negatives h bulg$ active mat]ial1 press !m 9 ! plate press4 ,9 batt]ies su* z ! ,pre/-,o,lite 9 :i* x is difficult to remove ! plates f ! cov]1 ! gr\ps ne$ n be sep>at$ unless ! negatives h badly bulg$ active mat]ial4 ,x may n be necess>y to sep>ate ! gr\ps ev5 !n1 provid$ t ! positives are n buckl$ to any noticeable ext5t4 ,if only a v slight am\nt ( buckl+ exi/s1 ! entire elem5t may be press$ by putt+ ?9 bo>ds betwe5 ! plates 9 place ( ! sep>ators4 #b4 ,imm]se ! negatives 9 di/ill$ wat] = t5 to twelve h\rs4 ,if positives & negatives _c be sep>at$1 wa% ea* complete elem5t 9 a g5tle /ream ( wat]4 #c4 ,remove plates f wat] & all[ !m to dra9 ?or\ghly & dry4 ,! negatives w heat up :5 expos$ to ! air1 & :5 !y d s !y %\ld be imm]s$ 9 ! wat] aga9 to cool !m4 ,repeat ?is z long z !y t5d to heat up4 ,!n all[ !m to dry ?or\ghly4 #d4 ,?r[ away ! old sep>ators4 ,rubb] sep>ators may be sav$ if 9 good condition4 ,clean ! cov]s & t]m9als41 wa% out ! j>s1 & turn ! case up side d[n to dra9 out ! wat]4 ,exam9e ! box c>efully4 ,x is advisable to wa% ) a solution ( bak+ soda1 r9s+ ! wat] 9 ord] to neutralize z f> z possible ! action ( acid rema9+ on ! box4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! acid may />t decomposition ( ! box :ile 9 /orage1 9 :i* case ! own] ( ! batt]y may insi/ on its r5ewal be=e acceptance at ! end ( ! /orage p]iod4 #e4 ,:51 ! plates are p]fectly dry1 ne/ ! positives & negatives toge!r1 us+ dry c>dbo>d in/ead ( sep>ators1 & replace !m 9 ! j>s 9 _! prop] positions4 #f4 ,replace ! cov]s & v5t plugs1 b1 ( c\rse1 d n use any seal+ comp\nd on !m4 #g4 ,tie ! t]m9als & top connectors to ! h&le on ! case ) a wire4 #h4 ,tag ! batt]y ) ! own]'s "n & address1 us+ ! tag on :i* y made ! sket* ( ! arrangem5t ( ! t]m9als & top connections4 #i4 ,/ore ! batt]y 9 a dry place1 free f du/1 until call$ =4 #aj4 ,:5 ! batt]y is to be put into s]vice aga91 put 9 new sep>ators1 put ! elem5ts 9 ! j>s1 seal ! cov]s1 & burn on ! top connectors & t]m9als 7if ^! are ( ! burn$-on type74 ,fill ! cells ) electrolyte ( ab\t #a4caj specific gravity & all[ ! batt]y to /& = t5 to twelve h\rs 9 ord] to cool4 ,!n put ! batt]y on *>ge at "o-half ! normal *>g+ rate & *>ge until ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte /ops ris+ & rema9s /ation>y = five h\rs4 ,! total "t requir$ = ?is developm5t *>ge w be ab\t f\r days4 ,wat* ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte c>efully1 & if x %\ld rise to #aaj ,fahr5heit1 /op ! *>ge until x cools4 #aa4 ,! specific gravity w fall dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! *>ge1 due to ! new sep>ators2 at ! end ( ! *>ge1 ! specific gravity %\ld be #a4bhj-a4cjj4 ,if x is n )9 ^! limits1 adju/ x by )draw+ "s electrolyte ) ! hydromet] & add+ wat] if ! gravity is high1 or #a4djj electrolyte if ! gravity is l[4 #ab4 ,clean ! case ?or\ghly & give x a coat ( asphaltum pa9t4 #ac4 ,j be=e putt+ ! batt]y into s]vice1 give x a high rate dis*>ge te/4 ,see page #bff4 ,,det]m9+ ,,age ,,( ,,batt]y ,batt]y manufactur]s use codes to indicate ! age ( _! batt]ies4 ,^! codes consi/ ( lett]s1 figures1 or comb9ations ( lett]s & figures1 :i* are /amp$ on ! int]-cell connectors or on ! nameplate4 ,! codes may also be burn$ on ! case4 ,! codes ( ! lead+ makes ( batt]ies foll[4 ,9 addition to det]m9+ ! age ( a batt]y by means ( ! code1 ! own] %\ld be que/ion$ z to ! "t ! batt]y 0 in/all$ on 8 c>4 ,if ! batt]y is ! orig9al "o :i* came ) ! c>1 ! deal]'s or c> manufactur]'s records w help det]m9e ! batt]y's age4 ,if a new batt]y has be5 in/all$ to replace ! "o t came ) ! c>1 ! batt]y di/ributor's records w help det]m9e ! age ( ! batt]y4 ,famili>ity ) ! diff]5t makes & types ( batt]y w also help 9 det]m9+ a batt]y's age4 ,manufactur]s make improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( _! batt]ies f "t to "t1 & by keep+ up-to-date on batt]y con/ructions1 x is (t5 possible to approximate ! age ( a batt]y by su* *anges4 ,if a batt]y 0 kept dry :ile 9 /ock1 its age %\ld be figur$ f ! "t x 0 prep>$ = s]vice & plac$ on ! c>1 s9ce batt]ies 9 dry /orage d n det]iorate4 ,"s batt]ies are %ipp$ f ! factory wet1 i4e41 fill$ ) electrolyte & fully *>g$ & ! age ( su* batt]ies %\ld be figur$ f ! "t !y 7 %ipp$ f ! factory1 because det]ioration beg9s z soon z a batt]y is fill$ ) electrolyte4 ,:5 batt]ies are dry no *emical action c take place1 & ! batt]y does n det]iorate1 :ile 9 a wet batt]y1 *emical action takes place :i* gradually causes a batt]y to det]iorate4 ,exide ,age ,code4 ,s9ce ,octob]1 #aiag1 ! date ( %ipm5t ( ,exide batt]ies f ! factory1 or f ,exide ,depo/s has be5 /amp$ on ! top ( ! fir/ int]-cell connector f ! negative end ( ! batt] in/ead ( on ! nameplate figures are us$ to indicate ! dates1 z foll[s3 ,image3 ,exide & ,philadelphia batt]y age code *>ts ,all ,philadelphia batt]ies %ipp$ prior to ,april #a1 #aibj & all batt]ies %ipp$ f depot /ock aft] ?is date c>ry d\ble lett] br&+4 ,! fir/ batt]y is ! factory date & ! second lett] 9 ?is code indicates late/ mon? dur+ :i* ! gu>antee may beg94 ,batt]ies sold direct f ,philadelphia to all classes ( cu/om]s aft] ,april #a1 #aibj1 c>ry ! s+le lett] br&+ code1 indicat+ mon? ( manufacture4 ,! lett]s us$ 9 ! d\ble lett] age code are select$ f ! table giv5 above1 & ! second lett] is ! important "o1 s9ce x gives ! late/ date f :i* adju/m5t c be made4 ,if a ,philadelphia batt]y ) a d\ble lett] age code comes 91 !re=e1 ! =ego+ table %\ld be consult$ 9 det]m9+ ! age ( ! batt]y4 ,if a ,philadelphia batt]y ) a s+le lett] age code comes 91 ! foll[+ table %\ld be consult$ 9 det]m9+ ! age ( ! batt]y3 ,image3 ,s+le ,lett] ,philadelphia ,batt]ies ,age ,code ,*>t ,pre/-,o-,lite ,age ,code4 ,all ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies c>ry a date lett] /amp$ on ! cell-connectors4 ,?is lett] indicates ! mon? & ye> 9 :i* ! batt]y 0 manufactur$4 ,! lett] is prece$$ by a numb] :i* repres5ts ! factory at :i* ! batt]y 0 built4 ,pre/-,o-,lite ,factory ,m>ks4 ,indianapolis--#ej ,clevel&--#g ,san ,francisco--#bc ,= example3 #ej-,k indicates t ! batt]y 0 manufactur$ at ,indianopolis 9 ,janu>y1 #aibj4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ea* ,wet ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]y is br&$ 9 ! side ) a date1 z #i-ai1 indicat+ ,octob]1 #aiai4 ,?is date is really sixty days ahead ( ! actual build+ date1 to all[ "t = %ipp+1 etc41 be=e ! gu>5tee />ts4 ,! br&$ #i-ai 0 actually built 9 ,augu/1 #aiai4 ,titan ,age ,code4 ,! age ( ,titan batt]ies is indicat$ by a numb] /amp$ on "o ( ! int]-cell connectors1 ?is numb] indicat+ ! mon? ! batt]y 0 hipp$ f ! factory4 ,image3 ,age code *>ts = ,titan batt]ies ,image3 ,age code *>ts = ,u4,s4,l41 & ,ve/a batt]ies ,image3 ,age code *>ts = ,we/+h\se & ,will>d batt]ies ,,r5tal ,,batt]ies ,r5tal batt]ies are ^? :i* are put on a cu/om]'s c> :ile 8 own is be+ repair$ or re*>g$4 ,!y are usually rebuilt batt]ies turn$ 9 :5 a new batt]y is b\ght4 ,!y may also be made ( ! good p>ts ( batt]ies :i* are junk$4 ,by c>efully sav+ good p>ts1 su* z plates1 j>s1 cov]s1 & cases1 a /ock ( p>ts w gradually be acquir$ f :i* r5tal batt]ies may be made4 ,r5tal batt]ies may also be b\ght f ! batt]y manufactur]s4 ,a supply ( r5tal batt]ies %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be kept ready to g out at any "t4 ,! numb] ( su* batt]ies dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! bus9ess4 #be batt]ies = ea* #ajjj c>s 9 ! t]ritory s]v$ is a good av]age4 ,d n h too _m r5tal batt]ies ( ! same type4 ,_m ( !m w be idle mo/ ( ! "t & ?us w n br+ 9 any money4 ,r5tals %\ld be made to fit ^? makes ( c>s ( :i* !re are ! greate/ numb] 9 ! t]ritory s]v$ by ! repair %op4 ,suffici5t p>ts %\ld be kept on h& to make up o!r r5tals on %ort notice4 ,t]m9als = ,r5tal ,batt]ies ,!re are sev]al comb9ation t]m9als on ! m>ket :i* all[ r5tal batt]ies equipp$ ) !m to be easily connect$ to sev]al ( ! v>i\s types ( cable t]m9als t are 9 use4 ,yet x is a univ]sal exp]i5ce = ! av]age s]vice /ation always to h calls = r5tal batt]ies ) j ! type ( t]m9als :i* are n on h&4 ,:5 ! /ation has _m batt]ies ) ! clamp type /raight po/s ! call always seems to be = ! tap] plug type & vice v]sa4 ,fig4 #aeb ,be/ type ( connection to be us$ :5ev] possible ,mo/ ( u w agree t ! clamp type po/ t]m9al is ! cause ( mu* tr\ble4 ,x is almo/ impossible to prev5t corrosion at ! positive po/ & _m a c> own] has f\nd t ?is has be5 8 tr\ble :5 8 lights burn all "r b ! batt]y seem+ly does n h p[] en\gh to turn ov] ! eng9e & yet e cell te/s #a4bhj4 ,s]vice ,/ation m5 %\ld n scrape & clean up a corrod$ clamp type t]m9al & put x back on aga91 b %\ld cut x (f & put on ei!r a tap] plug or1 pref]ably1 a lead-plat$ copp] t]m9al lug4 ,( c\rse ei!r ( ^! t]m9al connections necessitates *ang+ ! batt]y t]m9als to correspond4 ,= r5tal batt]ies x w be f\nd t %ort cable t]m9als ) lead-plat$ copp] lugs at ! end w enable a batt]y man to connect mo/ any type ( cable t]m9al on any c>4 ,x is true t su* connections mu/ be tap$ up1 b ! prompt s]vice r5d]$ m ?an (fsets a little tape4 ,figures #aeb to #aeh illu/rate h[ ^! connections c be made to ! tap] plug & clamp types :i* are us$ on mo/ c>s4 ,fig4 #aec ,me?od ( connect+ r5tal batt]y ) cable t]m9als to c> ) tap] plug ,fig4 #aed ,ano!r me?od ( connect+ copp] t]m9al lug to clamp t]m9al on c> ,fig4 #aee ,me?od ( connect+ r5tal batt]ies ) cable t]m9als to c>s ) clamp type t]m9als ,fig4 #aee4 ,%[+ me?od ( connect+ r5tal batt]ies ) cable t]m9als1 to c>s ) clamp type t]m9als4 ,9 ,fig4 #aee ! cable insulation is /ripp$ = a space ( an in* & ! /r&s are equally divid$ ) an awl4 ,a bolt is pass$ ?r\gh ! op5+ & a wa%] & nut complete ! connection4 ,fig4 #aef & ,fig4 #aeg ,two me?ods ( connect+ a clamp type t]m9al to tap] plug t]m9als ,two me?ods ( connect+ a clamp type t]m9al to tap] plug t]m9als4 ,9 ,fig4 #aef a tap] plug is ins]t$ & screw$ tight4 ,! project+ "p ( ! plug has be5 turn$ d[n to fit ! clamp type t]m9al :i* is clamp$ to x4 ,9 ,fig4 #aeg a bolt is pass$ ?r\gh & ! clamp type t]m9al tight5$ to ! plug type t]m9al ) a wa%] & nut4 ,fig4 #aeh ,lead plat$ copp] t]m9al lug ,fig4 #aeh %[s a simple means ( putt+ on a lead-plat$ copp] t]m9al lug )\t sold]4 ,^! lugs %\ld be sold]$ on :5ev] possible1 b x is (t5 a difficult job to put "o on 9 ! conf9$ space ( "s batt]y comp>tm5ts4 ,9 su* places1 a quick & la/+ job c be made ) a b& vise & a %ort piece ( r\nd iron4 ,?is latt] is laid across ! lug & ! vise screw$ up1 mak+ a crimp across ! lug :i* firmly grips d[n ^u ! b>$ cable /r&s t h be5 ins]t$ into ! lug4 ,new batt]ies sold to replace o!r batt]ies %\ld be in/all$ ) cable connections1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #aeb4 ,?is me?od ( connect+ a batt]y is sup]ior to any o!r me?od & w nev] cause tr\ble4 ,x w usually be f\nd t ! old tap] plugs or clamp t]m9als t h be5 9 use h />t$ to corrode & t a new batt]y works increas+ly at a disadvantage f ! day x is in/all$ until ! corrosion becomes s great t ! c> _c be />t$ & !n ! cu/om] kicks ab\t 8 new batt]y4 ,! be/ connection possible w pay h&some divid5ds to all conc]n$1 9 ! end4 ,m>k+ ,r5tal ,batt]ies4 ,r5tal batt]ies %\ld be m>k$ 9 a m>9] :i* enables !m to be recogniz$ quickly4 ,pa9t+ ! cases a r$ color is a good way4 ,! s]vice /ation's "n %\ld appe> some:]e on ! batt]y4 ,a good plan is to h a lead tag1 :i* is atta*$ to ! h&le at ! negative end ( ! batt]y1 or is tack$ to ! case4 ,! "n may also be pa9t$ on ! case4 ,ea* batt]y %\ld be giv5 a numb] :i* %\ld pref]ably be pa9t$ 9 l>ge :ite figures on ! end or side ( ea* case4 ,! numb] may also be /amp$ on a lead tag ti$ to ! h&le at ! negative end4 ,a s]vice /ation :i* sells a c]ta9 make ( batt]y %\ld n use cases ( "s o!r make if ! "n ( ! o!r make appe>s on ! case4 ,su* names may give a wrong impression to ! cu/om]1 :i* w n be fair ei!r to ! s]vice /ation or to ! manufactur] ^: "n appe>s on ! case4 ,if ! s]vice /ation sells1 ano!r make ( batt]y1 ! cu/om] may get ! impression t ! s]vice /ation man does n h en\gh confid5ce 9 ! make :i* he sells1 & mu/ use "s o!r make = 8 r5tals4 ,if ! r5tal batt]y does n give good s]vice1 ! cu/om] w get ! impression t ! manufactur] ^: "n appe>s on ! case does n turn out good batt]ies1 :5 z a matt] ( fact1 ! plates1 cov]s1 j>s1 & o!r p>ts us$ 9 ! r5tal batt]y may n h be5 made by ?is manufactur]4 ,"s batt]y m5 w\ld1 p]haps1 consid] ! failure ( a r5tal batt]y z an opportunity to knock ! manufactur] ^: "n appe>s on ! case4 ,su* an action may h ! desir$ effect on a v few cu/om]s1 b ! great majority ( m5 h no use = any "o :o knocks a competitor's products4 ,keep+ a ,record ( ,r5tal ,batt]ies4 ,a c>eful record %\ld be kept ( all r5tal batt]ies4 ,! m c>efully su* a record is kept1 ! less confusion !re w be 9 kn[+ j :]e e r5tal batt]y is4 ,a special rack = r5tal batt]ies1 su* z ^? %[n 9 ,figures #hh & #hi %\ld be provid$1 & all r5tal batt]ies :i* are 9 ! %op %\ld be kept !re1 except :5 !y are on *>ge or are be+ ov]haul$4 ,h !m fully *>g$ & ready to g out imm$iately1 )\t keep+ a cu/om] wait+ ar\nd1 :5 he is 9 a hurry to g some:]e else4 ,g5]al ,r5tal ,policy4 ,no s]vice /ation %\ld make a practice ( in/all+ r5tal batt]ies on any c> unless ! own] leaves 8 own batt]y to be repair$ or re*>g$4 ,! purpose ( hav+ a /ock ( r5tal batt]ies is to enable cu/om]s to h ! use ( _! c>s :ile _! own batt]ies are be+ repair$ by ! batt]y man :o furni%es ! r5tal batt]y & n to furni% batt]ies to c> own]s :o may be tak+ _! batt]ies to "s o!r /ation to be repair$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a good ?+ to be g5]\s & accommodat+1 b e batt]y repairman %\ld ?9k ( 8 own bus9ess fir/1 be=e he helps build up ! bus9ess ( a competitor4 ,! cu/om] mu/ h "s inducem5t to br+ 9 y\r r5tal batt]y & get 8 own4 ,a r5tal *>ge ( #be c5ts-p] day s]ves z a rem9d] to mo/ cu/om]s4 ,h[ev]1 "s cu/om]s are =getful & ! batt]y man mu/ telephone or write to any own] :o fails to call = 8 batt]y4 ,if1 due to failure to keep aft] ! own]1 a r5tal batt]y is out = sev]al weeks1 !re is likely to be an argum5t :5 ! r5tal bill is pres5t$ to ! own]4 ,if ! delay 9 call+ 9 a r5tal batt]y is due to failure to repair ! cu/om]'s batt]y1 ! r5tal *>ge %\ld be r$uc$4 ,a r5tal batt]y %\ld n be put 9 place ( a batt]y :i* is almo/ ready = ! junk pile4 ,! ?+ to d is to sell ! cu/om] a new batt]y4 ,repairs on an almo/ worn out batt]y are exp5sive & ! results may n be satisfactory4 ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,! wide-awake batt]y man w n ov]look ! new & rapidly gr[+ field :i* has be5 op5$ = him by ! in/allation ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( radio-phone receiv+ sets 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! s-call$ radio craze has affect$ e /ate1 & e batt]y repairman c increase 8 income to a consid]able ext5t by sell+1 *>g+1 & repair+ radio /orage batt]ies4 ,! rem>kable gr[? ( ! radio-phone has1 ( c\rse1 be5 due to ! radio broadca/+ /ations :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & f :i* conc]ts1 spee*es1 m>ket reports1 baseball reports1 news reports1 *ildr5's /ories & religi\s s]vices are s5t out4 ,^! broadca/+ /ations h s5d+ ranges z high z #a1jjj miles4 ,! fact t a s]vice /ation is n locat$ ne> a broadca/+ /ation is !re=e no reason :y x %\ld n h its %>e ( ! radio batt]y bus9ess1 because ! broadca/+ /ations are scatt]$ all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & receiv+ sets may be made p[]ful en\gh to pick up ! waves f at lea/ "o ( ! broadca/+ /ations4 ,radio receiv+ sets may be divid$ into two g5]al classes1 ! ,cry/al sets & ! ,bulb sets4 ,cry/al sets use cry/als ( gal5a 7lead sulphide71 silicon 7a cry/all9e =m ( silicon1 "o ( ! *emical elem5ts71 or c>borundum 7c>bide ( silicon7 to detect or1 9 o!r words1 to rectify ! incom+ radio waves s t !y may be translat$ into s\nd by ! telephone receiv]s4 ,receiv+ sets us+ ^! cry/als d n use a batt]y1 b ^! sets are n v s5sitive1 & _c pick up weak waves4 ,?is means t cry/al receiv+ sets mu/ be us$ ne> ! broadca/+ /ations1 be=e ! waves h be5 weak5$ by travel+ any consid]able di/ance4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! radio-li/5]'s fir/ receiv+ set uses a cry/al detector4 ,v (t5 x is difficult to obta9 good results ) su* a set1 & a m elaborate set is obta9$4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if a cry/al set does give good results1 ! own] ( su* a set soon he>s ( fri5ds :o are able to he> conc]ts s5t out f di/ance /ations4 ,?is gives him ! desire to be able to he> su* /ations also & he !n buys a receiv+ set :i* uses ! audion-bulb = detect+1 or rectify+ ! incom+ waves4 ,! audion-bulb resembles an ord9>y inc&esc5t lamp4 ,x conta9s ?ree elem5ts3 #a4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! bulb is a %ort tung/5 filam5t1 ! ends ( :i* are br\ght out to two t]m9als 9 ! base ( ! bulb4 ,?is filam5t mu/ be heat$ to inc&esc5ce1 & a /orage batt]y is requir$ = ?is purpose1 because x is necess>y to h a v /eady curr5t 9 ord] to obta9 cle> s\nds 9 ! receiv]4 ,lately plans h be5 sugge/$ = us+ a direct curr5t light+ l9e1 & ev5 an alt]nat+ curr5t light+ l9e = heat+ ! filam5t1 b at pres5t su* plans h n be5 p]fect$1 & ! batt]y w und\bt$ly cont9ue to be us$ ) ! majority ( sets4 #b4 ,surr\nd+ ! filam5t b n t\*+ x is a helix ( wire1 only "o end ( :i* is br\ght out to a t]m9al 9 ! base ( ! bulb4 ,?is helix is call$ ! grid4 ,9 "s bulbs ! grid is n made 9 ! =m ( a helix1 b is made ( two flat gridlike /ructures1 "o on ea* side ( ! filam5t4 #c4 ,surr\nd+ ! grid is ! plate :i* is sometimes 9 ! %ape ( a holl[ metallic cyl9d]4 ,"s plates are n r\nd1 b may be oval1 or !y may be two flat plates jo9$ toge!r at "s po9t1 & "o plac$ on ei!r side ( ! grid4 ,! plate has "o t]m9al 9 ! base ( ! bulb4 ,fig4 #aei ,illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,audion ,bulb ,! action ( an audion-bulb is q complex1 b a simpl] explanation1 ?\gh "o :i* may n be exactly correct f a purely te*nical po9t ( view1 is z foll[s1 ref]r+ to ,figure #aei3 ,! ,a batt]y heats ! filam5t1 caus+ a /ream ( electrically *>g$ p>ticles to fl[ out f ! filam5t 9 all directions4 ,^! electrons act z a conductor1 & close ! circuit :i* consi/s ( ! plate1 ! ,b batt]y1 & ! telephone receiv]s1 "o end ( ?is circuit be+ connect$ to "o side ( ! filam5t circuit4 ,curr5t !n fl[s f ! positive t]m9al ( ! ,b batt]y to ! plate1 !n to ! filam5t by means ( ! /ream ( electrons emitt$ by ! filam5t1 along "o side ( ! filam5t1 ?r\gh ! wire connect$ to ! positive t]m9al ( ! ,a batt]y to ! telephone receiv]s1 ?r\gh ! receiv]s to ! negative t]m9al ( ! ,b batt]y4 ,z long z ! filam5t rema9s light$ a /eady curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! above circuit4 ,! grid is connect$ to ! a]ial wire to int]cept ! radio waves4 ,^! waves produce v>y+ electrical *>ges on ! grid4 ,s9ce ! /ream ( *>g$ p>ticles emitt$ by ! filam5t mu/ pass ?r\gh ! grid to rea* ! plate1 ! *>ges :i* ! radio waves produce on ! grid /r5g!n or weak5 ! /ream ( electrons emitt$ by ! filam5t1 & ?us v>y ! curr5t fl[+ 9 ! telephone receiv] circuit4 ,! *anges 9 ?is curr5t cause ! receiv] diaphragm to vibrate1 ! vibrations caus+ s\nds to be he>d4 ,s9ce ! v>iation 9 ! telephone receiv] circuit is caus$ by electrical *>ges produc$ by ! radio waves1 & s9ce ! radio waves *ange accord+ to ! s\nds made at ! transmitt+ /ation1 ! v>iations 9 ! telephone receiv] curr5t produces ! same s\nds t are s5t out at ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,9 ?is way conc]ts1 spee*es1 etc41 are reproduc$ 9 ! receiv]s4 ,! mod]n radio receiv+ set includes v>i\s devices1 su* z v>iable cond5s]s1 v>ioc\pl]s1 loose-c\pl]s1 v>iomet]s1 ! purpose ( :i* is to tune or adju/ ! receiv+ set to be capable ( receiv+ ! radio waves4 ,an explanation ( su* devices is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book1 b !re are num]\s reasonably pric$ books & pamphlets on ! m>ket :i* describes 9 a simple mann] all ! compon5t p>ts ( a radio-receiv+ set4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks x is se5 t a six-volt /orage batt]y is requir$ ) ea* receiv+ set :i* uses ! audionbulb type detector4 ,! filam5t curr5t ( an audion-bulb av]ages ab\t "o amp]e4 ,if additional bulbs are us$ to obta9 l\d] s\nds1 ea* su* bulb also draws "o amp]e f ! /orage batt]y4 ,! /&>d audion-bulb receiv+ set does n use m ?an ?ree bulbs1 & h5ce ! maximum curr5t drawn f ! batt]y does n exce$ ?ree amp]es4 ,! automobile batt]y manufactur]s h built special radio batt]ies :i* h ?ick plates & ?ick sep>ators to give long] life4 ,! ?ick plates are mu* /rong] & m durable ?an ! ?9 plates us$ 9 />t+ & light+ "w1 b d n h ! heavy curr5t capacity t ! />t+ & light+ batt]y plates h4 ,a high curr5t capacity is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y = radio "w1 & h5ce ?ick plates are us$4 ,batt]ies us$ = radio "w d n op]ate "u ! sev]e conditions :i* exi/ on automobiles1 & tr\ble is mu* less likely to develop4 ,h[ev]1 ! own] ( ! radio set r>ely has any means ( keep+ 8 batt]y *>g$1 & 8 batt]y gradually dis*>ges & mu/ !n be re*>g$4 ,x is 9 ! sale ( batt]ies = radio "w & 9 ! re*>g+ ( !m t ! batt]y man c ca%-9 on ! radio phone craze4 ,?is bus9ess rightfully belongs to ! automobile batt]y man & he %\ld g aft] x z h>d z he c4 ,a little adv]tis+ by ! s]vice /ation man1 /at+ t he sells radio batt]ies1 & also re*>ges !m %\ld br+ 93 v pr(itable bus9ess4 ,! batt]y man :o calls = & deliv]s ! radio batt]ies :i* ne$ re*>g+ & leaves r5tal batt]ies 9 _! place s t !re is no int]ruption 9 ! reception ( ! ev5+ conc]ts is ! "o :o w get ! bus9ess4 ,z already /at$1 radio /orage batt]ies h ?ick plates & ?ick sep>ators4 ,p]=at$ rubb] %eets are also us$ 9 addition to ! sep>ators4 ,l>ge s$im5t spaces are also g5]ally provid$ to all[ a consid]able am\nt ( s$im5t to accumulate )\t caus+ %ort-circuits4 ,! cases are made ( wood or h>d rubb]4 ,s9ce radio batt]ies are us$ 9 homes & are1 !re=e1 us$ ) h&somely f9i%$ cab9ets conta9+ ! radio app>atus1 ! manufactur]s give ! cases ( "s ( _! radio batt]ies a pleas+ v>ni%$ or mahogany f9i%4 ,be=e return+ radio batt]ies :i* h be5 re*>g$1 ! entire batt]ies %\ld be clean$ & ! cases poli%$4 ,return+ radio batt]ies 9 a dirty condition1 :5 !y 7 receiv$ clean1 & poli%$1 w drive ! radio re*>g+ bus9ess to "s o!r s]vice /ation4 ,,ve/a ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,! ,ve/a ,batt]y ,corporation manufactur]s ?ree special types ( ,a batt]ies = radio "w1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! #f;,,ea batt]y1 made 9 capacities ( #fj1 #hj1 & #ajj amp]e h\rs4 ,fig4 #afj4 #b4 ,! ,v#f;,,ea#g batt]y1 hav+ a capacity ( #hj amp]e h\rs4 ,fig4 #afa4 #c4 ,! ,r#f;,,ea batt]y1 hav+ a capacity ( #ajj amp]e h\rs4 ,fig4 #afb4 ,fig4 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc ,v>i\s ,ve/a ,radio batt]ies ,ve/a ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,fig4 #afj %[s ! #f;,,ea ,s]ies1 ,a ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #afa %[s ! ,v#f;,,ea ,s]ies1 ,a ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #afb %[s ! ,r#f;,,ea 7,rubb] ,case7 ,s]ies1 ,a ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #afc %[s ! ,b ,batt]y4 ,^! batt]ies h #e1 #g1 #i plates p] cell1 respectively4 ,! plates are ea* #e in*es high1 #e #g_/h in*es wide1 & #e_/cb in*es ?ick4 ,! cases = ^! batt]ies are furni%$ 9 ?ree designs--pla9 black boxes 7all sizes71 f9i%$ maple boxes 7#g plate size only71 & h>d rubb] boxes 7#i plate size only74 ,^! ,ve/a batt]ies are ! ,a batt]ies us$ = heat+ ! filam5ts ( ! audion bulbs4 ,! ,ve/a ,radio ,b batt]y1 ,fig4 #afc1 is a #ab cell1 #bd volt batt]y1 ) a #bb & a #bj volt tap4 ,,exide ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #afd ,exide ,radio ,a batt]y ,! ,exide ,radio ,a batt]y1 ,fig4 #afd1 is made 9 f\r sizes1 ! capacities rang+ f #bj to #abj amp]e-h\rs4 ,! design & con/ruction ( ^! batt]ies are simil> to ! ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,! ov]-all height ( ^! batt]ies is approximately #ie_/h in*es1 ! wid? #g-e_/af in*es1 :ile ! l5g? v>ies ) ! numb] ( ! plates4 ,type ,cat4 ,no4 ,l5g? ,weight ,capacity -------- -------- ------ ------ -------- #c-,,lxl-#c #acgce #d-i_/af #ae-a_/b lbs4 #bj amp4 hrs4 #c-,,lxl-#e #acgcf #e-aa_/af #bd-a_/b lbs4 #dj amp4 hrs4 #c-,,lxl-#i #acgcg #i-a_/af #db-a_/b lbs4 #hj amp4 hrs4 #c-,,lxl-#ac #acgej #ab-g_/af #ei-a_/b lbs4 #abj amp4 hrs4 ,,will>d ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,! ,will>d ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 manufactures bo? ,a & ,b /orage batt]ies4 ,! ,will>d ,a batt]y1 ,fig4 #afe1 is an all-rubb] batt]y4 ,! case is a rubb] ,monobloc con/ruction1 t is1 ! entire case is press$ into %ape at "o "t4 ,!re are no sep>ate j>s = ! cells1 !re be+ rubb] p>titions :i* =m integral p>ts ( ! case4 ,! case is1 !re=e1 really a solid1 "o piece1 ?ree comp>tm5t j>4 ,! ribs at ! bottoms ( ! comp>tm5ts are p>ts ( ! "o-piece block1 & are high] ?an ^? f\nd 9 ! usual />t+ & light+ batt]y4 ,emb$d$ 9 ea* side wall ( ! case is a bronze button :i* holds ! h&le 9 place4 ,s(t rubb] gaskets ( pure gum rubb] surr\nd ! po/ to make an acid pro( seal to prev5t electrolyte f seep+ f ! cells4 ,! sep>ators are ! /&>d ,will>d ,?read$ ,rubb] sep>ators4 ,fig4 #afe1 #aff1 & #afg ,v>i\s ,will>d ,radio ,batt]ies ,will>d ,radio ,batt]ies4 ,fig4 #afe %[s ! ,all-,rubb] ,a ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #aff %[s ! complete ,b ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #afg %[s "o cell ( ! ,b ,batt]y4 ,! ,will>d ,a batt]y comes 9 five sizes1 type ,,wrr#ig 7#bj amp]e h\rs capacity71 type ,,wrro 7#ej amp]e h\rs capacity71 type ,,wrr#a 7#hi amp]e h\rs capacity71 type ,,wrr#b 7#ajj amp]e h\rs capacity71 & type ,,wrr#c 7#abe amp]e h\rs capacity74 ,! ,will>d ,b /orage batt]y1 type ,,cbr#abd1 ,figs4 #aff & #afg1 is a twelve cell batt]y1 ea* cell consi/+ ( a r\nd glass conta9] hav+ "o negative & "o positive plate insulat$ f ea* o!r by a small ,?read$ ,rubb] sep>ator4 ,! plates & sep>ators re/ on a h>d rubb] bottom re/ :i* consi/s ( a %ort l5g? ( h>d rubb] tube1 s =m$ z to support ! plates & sep>ators & at ! same "t hold !m toge!r4 ,! cells are assembl$ 9 a case :i* has a sep>ate comp>tm5t = ea* cell4 ,z se5 f ,fig1 #aff1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! cells project above ! top ( ! case1 :i* simplifies inspection4 ,,we/+h\se ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #afh ,we/+h\se ,radio ,a batt]y1 ,type ,,hr ,fig4 #afi ,we/+h\se ,radio ,b batt]y1 ,type ,l1 & ,fig4 #agj ,we/+h\se ,radio ,b batt]y1 ,type ,m ,! ,we/+h\se ,union ,batt]y ,co4 manufactures bo? ,a & ,b /orage batt]ies4 ,_! ,,er type1 ,fig4 #afh1 is ! ,a batt]y1 & _! ,l & ,m types1 ,figs4 #afi & #agj1 are ! ,b batt]ies4 ,! ,,hr batt]y has #c_/af in* ?ick plates1 high re/s to provide ample mud & acid space1 & ?ick sep>ators4 ,rubb] %eets are plac$ on bo? sides ( ! positive plates4 ,rubb] cov]$ cables are m\ld$ into ! t]m9als to m9imize corrosion at ! positive t]m9al4 ,! ,,hr batt]ies are made 9 six & eight volt sizes1 ) #c plates p] cell1 #e plates p] cell1 #i plates p] cell1 & #ac plates p] cell4 ,! ,we/+h\se ,radio ,b batt]ies are made 9 two sizes4 ,type #bb-,m-#b1 ,fig4 #agj1 has a capacity ( #a4b amp]e h\rs at #j4jd amp]e4 ,x is design$ to op]ate a receiv+ set hav+ "o detector & two amplifi] bulbs = ?ree to five weeks betwe5 *>ges4 ,! type #bb-,l-#b batt]y1 ,fig4 #afi1 has a capacity ( #d4e amp]e h\rs at #j4be amp]e4 ,"p ,no4 ,type ,volts ,amp4 ,h\rs at #c ,amps4 ,weight ,int]mitt5t ,rate -------- ---- ----- --------------------- ------ #ajjaaj #f-;,,hr-#e #f #ed ,a4,h4 #cj ,lbs4 #ajjaaa #f-;,,hr-#i #f #ajh ,a4,h4 #df ,lbs4 #ajjaab #f-;,,hr-#ac #f #afb ,a4,h4 #fe ,lbs4 #ajjace #h-;,,hr-#e #h #ed ,a4,h4 #dj ,lbs4 #ajjacf #h-;,,hr-#i #h #ajh ,a4,h4 #fj ,lbs4 #ajjacg #h-;,,hr-#ac #h #afb ,a4,h4 #hg ,lbs4 #ajjade #f-;,,hr-#c #f #bg ,a4,h4 #bj ,lbs4 ,"p ,no4 ,type ,volts ,capacity ,weight ------- ------ ----- -------- ------ #ajjadh #bb-,m-#b #bb #a4b ,a4,h4 at 4#jd ,amps4 #f-a_/d ,lbs4 #ajjadj #b-,l-#b #bb #a4b ,a4,h4 at #be ,amps4 #ai-c_/d ,lbs4 ,,philadelphia ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #aga ,philadelphia ,radio ,a batt]y ,! ,philadelphia ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 makes bo? ,a & ,b ,radio batt]ies4 ,! ,a batt]y1 ,fig4 #aga1 uses ! /&>d diamond-grid plates1 & ! ,philco ,slott$ ,reta9] us$ 9 ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,! cases ( ! ,a batt]ies are made ( h>dwood1 f9i%$ 9 an ebonite black4 ,s(t rubb] insulat+ feet on ! bottom ( ! case prev5t scrat*+ any table or v>ni%$ floor on :i* ! batt]y may be set4 ,! in/ructions = prep>+ ! ,philadelphia ,a batt]y = s]vice are simil> to ^? giv5 = ! />t+ & light+ batt]ies1 giv5 on page #bbh4 ,= ! initial fill+1 #a4bbj electrolyte is us$1 & ! batt]y *>g$ at ! foll[+ rates3 ,initial & ,re*>ge ,*>g+ ,rate ---------------------------------- ,type ,initial ,rate ,re*>ge ,rate ---- ------------ ------------- #ef,,l> #a4j #b #ef,,r> #b4j #c #gf,,r> #c4j #d4e #if,,r> #d4j #f #aaf,,r> #e4f #g4e #acf,,r> #f4j #i ,! f9al gravity ( ! electrolyte %\ld be #a4bej4 ,h[ev]1 if ! own] insi/s on gett+ maximum capacity1 ! batt]y may be fill$ ) #a4bej electrolyte & balanc$ to #a4bij at ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,fig4 #agb ,philadelphia ,radio ,b batt]y ,! ,philadelphia ,radio ,b batt]y1 type #bbd-,,rb1 ,fig4 #agb1 has #ab cells conta9$ 9 a "o-piece rubb] case4 ,x is %ipp$ dry1 & requires no initial *>ge4 ,to prep>e x = s]vice1 ! s(t rubb] v5t caps are remov$ & #be c4 c4 ( #a4bej electrolyte p\r$ into ea* cell4 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,radio ,,batt]y ,fig4 #agc ,u4,s4,l4 ,radio ,a batt]y ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 ,radio ,a batt]y1 ,fig4 #agc1 uses #a_/d in* positives1 ) #c_/af in* int]m$iate & #a_/h in* outside negatives4 ,port ,or=d c$> sep>ators are us$ :i* are f\r times z ?ick z ! usual />t+ batt]y sep>ator4 ,! case is made ( h>dwood1 & is v>ni%$ to mat* cab9et "w4 ,! electrolyte has a specific gravity ( #a4bbj4 ,! heavy plates & sep>ators & ! l[ gravity ( ! electrolyte are design$ to give long life4 ,amp]e ,amp]e ,h\r ,plates ,h\r ,capacity p] ,capacity 7or int]mitt5t ,type ,cell #c ,amp]es use7 ,dim5sions ,weight ---- ---- ----------- ---------------- ---------- ------ ,,dxa-#cjc-,x #c #ab #bj #e-c_/af x #ah #g-a_/d x #i-a_/d ,,dxa-#cje-,x #e #dj #fj #i-a_/h x #g-a_/d #ci x #i-a_/d ,,dxa-#cjg-,x #g #gj #he #aa-c_/d x #g-g_/af #dh x #i-a_/d ,,dxa-#cji-,x #i #ih #aae #ad-c_/h x #g-g_/af #ei x #i-a_/d ,,pre/-,o-,,lite ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,! ,pre/-,o-,lite ,co4 makes two l9es ( ,radio ,a ,batt]ies4 ,fir/1 an inexp5sive batt]y1 ,fig4 #agd1 & a deluxe batt]y1 ,fig4 #age1 :i* has a bett] f9i% & appe>ance4 ,bo? types h a mahogany f9i%$ case ) rubb] feet to prev5t damag+ furniture4 ,a bail h&le simplifies ! c>ry+ ( ! batt]y4 ,capacities range f #dg amp]e-h\rs to #abg amp]e-h\rs at a "o amp]e dis*>ge rate4 ,fig4 #agd #age ,pre/o-,o-,lite ,radio ,a batt]y ,table ( ,pre/-,o-,lite ,radio ,batt]ies ------------------------------------- ,h\rs ,dis*>ge at ,rate (3 ,type #a ,amp4 #b ,amps4 #c ,amps4 #e ,amps4 #aj ,amps4 ------- ------ ------- ------- ------- -------- #fg ,,:nr #dg4e #ba4g #ac4f #g4e #c4j #fi ,,:nr #ff #cj #ah4i #aj4e #d4e #faa ,,:nr #hb4h #ch4e #bd4c #ac4e #f4j #fg ,,kpnr #ie #dd4b #bg4h #ae4j #f4e #fi ,,kpnr #abg #fa4e #ch4e #ba4e #i4e ,,univ]sal ,,radio ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #agf ,univ]sal ,type ,,wr1 ,radio ,a batt]y ,! ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,co4 manufacture ?ree types ( ,radio ,a /orage batt]ies4 ,type ,,wr1 ,fig4 #agf1 has ?ree seal$ h>d rubb] j>s assembl$ 9 a h>dwood case :i* is /a9$ & f9i%$ 9 mahogany4 ,! sep>ators are made ( ,port ,or=d c$> & are #a_/h in* ?ick1 ab\t twice ! ?ickness ( ! sep>ator us$ 9 />t+ & light+ batt]ies4 ,! plates also are mu* ?ick] ?an ! /&>d />t+ & light+ batt]y plate4 ,! type ,,wr batt]y comes 9 ?ree sizes4 ,types ,,wr-#e1 ,,wr-#g1 & ,,wr-#i1 hav+ capacities ( #fj1 #he1 & #aje amp]e h\rs1 respectively1 at a #c amp]e rate4 ,! ,univ]sal type ,,rr radio ,a batt]y1 ,fig4 #agg1 is assembl$ 9 a h>d rubb] comb9ation case1 :i* is a solid piece ( rubb] divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,?is gives a compact1 acid pro( case4 ,?is batt]y also comes 9 ?ree sizes1 types ,,rr-#e1 ,,rr-#g1 & ,,rr-#i1 hav+ capacities ( #fj1 #he & #aje amp]e h\rs1 respectively1 at a ?ree amp]e dis*>ge rate4 ,fig4 #agg ,univ]sal ,type ,,rr1 ,radio ,a batt]y ,fig4 #agh ,univ]sal ,type ,,gr1 ,radio ,a batt]y ,! ,univ]sal type ,,gr radio ,a batt]y1 ,fig4 #agh1 is assembl$ 9 ?ree seal$ glass j>s :i* are plac$ 9 a mahogany f9i%$ wood5 crate4 ,?is con/ruction makes ! cell int]iors visible1 enabl+ ! own] to detect tr\bles & to wat* ! action ( ! cells on *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,! ,,gr batt]y comes 9 two sizes1 ,,gr-#e & ,,gr-,jr41 hav+ respective capacities ( #fj & #af amp]e h\rs at a #c amp]e dis*>ge rate4 ,,dry ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> or two1 s-call$ dry />t+ & light+ /orage batt]ies h appe>$ on ! m>ket4 ,?is class includes batt]ies hav+ dry1 semi-dry1 & jelly electrolytes4 ,! claims made = ^! batt]ies are t !re is no?+ to evaporate & t ! p]iodical addition ( wat] is !re=e unnecess>y1 t spill+ & slopp+ ( electrolyte is impossible1 & t injuri\s sulphation does n take place4 ,! dry /orage batt]y is n a new idea1 = z mu* z ?irty-five ye>s ago1 ! ,o]likon ,company ( ,switz]l& manufactur$ dry electrolyte /orage batt]ies 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,^! batt]ies 7 = a long "t a di/9ct success = "w requir+ only l[ rates ( dis*>ge4 ,= high rates ( dis*>ge ! lack ( diffusion1 due to ! abs5ce ( a liquid electrolyte1 r$uces ! capacity4 ,! lack ( diffusion w cause a rapid drop 9 voltage :5 crank+ ! eng9e6 & a sl[ recov]y aft] ! eng9e beg9s to run "u its own p[]4 ,! manufactur]s ( ! dry /orage batt]ies1 ( c\rse1 claim t _! batt]ies are m effici5t & satisfactory ?an ! /&>d wet batt]y1 b x has be5 impossible to get suffici5t data f ! manufactur]s to g into detail on ! subject4 ,sev]al ( ! l>ge/ ( wet batt]y manufactur]s =m]ly made dry /orage batt]ies = light+ & ignition s]vice1 b :5 />t+ motors came into use1 disc>d$ ! dry batt]ies 9 favor ( ! pres5t wet /orage batt]ies4 ,,dis*>ge ,,te/s ,dis*>ge te/s may be divid$ into f\r g5]al classes3 7a7 ,brief ,high ,rate ,dis*>ge ,te/s to det]m9e condition ( batt]y4 ,^! te/s are made = #ae seconds at a high rate4 7b7 ,light+ ,ability ,dis*>ge ,te/s4 7c7 ,/>t+ ,ability ,dis*>ge ,te/s4 7d7 ,cycl+ ,dis*>ge ,te/s4 ,! #ae ,seconds ,high ,rate ,dis*>ge ,te/ ,! #a4e seconds high rate dis*>ge te/ is a valuable aid 9 det]m9+ ! condition ( a batt]y1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! hydromet] read+s give false indications1 su* z is ! case :5 electrolyte or acid is add$ to a cell in/ead ( wat] to replace evaporation4 ,only two or ?ree p]c5t ( ! batt]y capacity is consum$ by ! te/1 & x is n usually necess>y to re*>ge ! batt]y aft] mak+ ! te/4 ,! te/ mu/ be made 9 conjunction ) hydromet] read+s1 z o!rwise x might give false indications itself4 ,bo? incom+ & outgo+ batt]ies may be te/$1 & ! me?od ( te/+ dep5ds ^u :e!r ! batt]y is com+ 9 = repairs1 or is go+ out aft] hav+ be5 *>g$1 repair$1 or work$ on 9 any way4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! te/ consi/s ( dis*>g+ ! batt]y at a high rate = a %ort "t1 & tak+ voltage read+s & mak+ obs]vations :ile ! batt]y is dis*>g+4 ,fig4 #agi ,mak+ a #bj seconds high rate dis*>ge te/ ,rates ( ,dis*>ge4 ,x is n necess>y to h any def9itely fix$ dis*>ge rate4 ,! rate %\ld m]ely be high en\gh to reveal any improp]ly burn$ jo9ts1 %ort-circuit$ cells1 or cells l[ 9 capacity = any reason4 ,! dis*>ge te/] is suitable = all batt]ies us$ on c>s & trucks4 ,= an ,incom+ ,batt]y4 ,take a hydromet] read+ ( ea* cell4 ,if ! read+s are all bel[ #a4bjj & are )9 #ej po9ts ( ea* o!r1 mo/ likely all ! batt]y ne$s is a b5* *>ge1 ) a possible adju/m5t ( ! gravity ( ! electrolyte at ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,! dis*>ge te/ %\ld 9 ?is case be made aft] ! batt]y has be5 fully *>g$4 ,if ! gravity read+s are all above #a4bjj1 or if ! read+ ( "o cell diff]s f ! o!rs by #ej po9ts or m1 make ! dis*>ge te/1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agi4 ,aft] fifte5 seconds1 read ! voltage ( ea* cell4 ,if ! cells are uni=mly l[ 9 voltage2 t is1 bel[ #a4e volts p] cell1 ! batt]y ne$s re*>g+4 ,if ! voltage read+s ( ! cells diff] by #j4a4j volt or m & ! batt]y is fairly well *>g$1 !re is some?+ wrong 9 ! cell hav+ ! l[ read+1 & ! batt]y %\ld be op5$ & exam9$4 ,) a dis*>g$ batt]y ! diff]5ce 9 cell voltage w be great]1 dep5d+ on ! ext5t ( ! dis*>ge1 & only exp]i5ce c guide 9 draw+ correct conclusions4 ,a %ort-circuit$ cell w give a v l[ voltage read+4 ,rememb] t ! actual voltage read+ is n z important 9 indicat+ a defective cell z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! voltage read+s ( ! cells4 ,a cell :i* gives a voltage :i* is #j4a volt or m less ?an ! o!rs is g5]ally defective4 ,= ,outgo+ ,new1 ,*>g$1 or ,repair$ ,batt]ies4 ,j be=e putt+ ! batt]y into s]vice1 make ! te/ z a *eck on ! int]nal condition ( ! batt]y1 p>ticul>ly if ! batt]y has be5 repair$ or has /ood = sometime s9ce be+ *>g$4 7,x is assum$ t ! batt]y has be5 *>g$ & ! gravity ( ! electrolyte prop]ly adju/$ :5 ! te/ is made47 ,! batt]y %\ld n %[ m ?an #j4aj volt diff]5ce betwe5 any two cells at ! end ( #ae seconds1 & no cell %\ld %[ a voltage less ?an #a4ge volts1 & ! voltage %\ld rema9 fairly con/ant dur+ ! te/4 ,if e cell reads bel[ #a4ge volts1 ! batt]y has n be5 completely *>g$4 ,if "o cell is m ?an #j4aj volt l[] ?an ! o!rs1 or if its voltage falls (f rapidly1 t cell /ill ne$s repairs1 or is insuffici5tly *>g$1 or else ! top connectors are n burn$ on prop]ly4 ,top connectors :i* heat up dur+ ! te/ are n burn$ on prop]ly4 ,light+ ,ability ,dis*>ge ,te/s ,^! are te/s cont9u+ = #e h\rs to a f9al voltage ( #a4g p] cell4 ,^! te/s are n ( z great an int]e/ z ! ,/>t+ ,ability ,te/s1 description ( :i* foll[s3 ,/>t+ ,ability ,dis*>ge ,te/s ,! ,society ( ,automotive ,eng9e]s recomm5ds two rat+s = />t+ & light+ batt]ies3 ,batt]ies = comb9$ light+ & />t+ s]vice %all h two rat+s4 ,! fir/ %all indicate ! light+ ability & be ! capacity 9 amp]e-h\rs ( ! batt]y :5 dis*>g$ cont9u\sly at ! #e h\r rate to a f9al voltage ( n less ?an #a4g p] cell1 ! temp]ature ( ! batt]y beg9n+ su* a dis*>ge be+ #hj deg4 ,fahr4 ,! second rat+ %all indicate ! />t+ ability & %all be ! capacity 9 amp]e-h\rs :5 ! batt]y is dis*>g$ cont9u\sly at ! #bj m9ute rate to a f9al voltage ( n less ?an #a4ej p] cell1 ! temp]ature ( ! batt]y beg9n+ su* dis*>ge be+ #hj deg4 ,fahr4 ,! capacity 9 amp]e-h\rs giv5 by manufactur]s is = a cont9u\s dis*>ge = #e h\rs4 ,9 ! batt]y %op1 h[ev]1 ! />t+-ability dis*>ge te/ is ! te/ :i* %\ld be made1 ?\gh ! conditions ( ! te/ are *ang$ some:at4 ,to make ?is te/1 ! batt]y %\ld be fully *>g$4 ,connect a rheo/at to ! batt]y t]m9als & adju/ ! rheo/at to draw ab\t #ajj amp]es f an #aa plate batt]y1 #abj amp]es f a #ac plate batt]y1 #ace amp]es f a #ae plate batt]y1 #aee amp]es f a #ag plate batt]y1 #agj amp]es f a #ai plate batt]y & s on4 ,cont9ue ! dis*>ge = #bj m9utes1 keep+ ! dis*>ge curr5t con/ant1 & tak+ voltage read+s ( ea* cell at ! />t1 & at ! end ( #e1 #aj1 #ae1 & #bj m9utes4 ,at ! end ( #bj m9utes1 if ! batt]y is 9 good condition1 ! voltage ( ea* cell %\ld n be less ?an #a4e1 & ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte 9 any cell %\ld n exce$ #ie degrees ,fahr5heit1 provid$ t ! temp]ature at ! />t 0 ab\t #hj degrees4 ,! cell voltages %\ld drop sl[ly dur+ ! te/4 ,if ! voltage beg9s to drop rapidly dur+ ! te/1 z %[n by ! curr5t fall+ (f s rapidly t x is difficult to keep x at #ajj amp]es1 measure ! cell voltages quickly to see :i* cells are dropp+ rapidly4 ,an example ( a #ajj amp]e te/ on a good rebuilt cell ) elev5 plates is z foll[s3 ,voltage imm$iately aft] />t ( dis*>ge1 #a4hh4 ,aft] #e m9utes1 #a4hf volts4 ,aft] #aj m9utes1 #a4hj volts4 ,aft] #ae m9utes1 #a4gb volts4 ,aft] #bj m9utes1 #a4e volts4 ,if ! voltage ( a cell beg9s to fall (f rapidly be=e ! tw5ty m9utes are up1 b n be=e #ae m9utes1 ! cell ne$s cycl+ 7*>g+ & dis*>g+7 to br+ x up to capacity4 ,if ! voltage drops rapidly be=e ! end ( #ae m9utes1 ! plates are l[ 9 capacity1 due to age1 or "s defect4 ,x is n safe to expect v good s]vice f a cell :i* w n /& up = #bj m9utes be=e de voltage beg9s to drop rapidly4 ,if ! rapid voltage drop beg9s v mu* be=e #bj m9utes1 x is v d\btful :e!r ! batt]y w give good s]vice4 ,comp>isons ( ! results ( te/s ) ! s]vice :i* ! batt]y gives aft] in/all$ on ! c> w soon enable ! repairman to tell f ! results ( ! te/s j :at to expect f any batt]y4 ,! />t+-ability te/ %\ld be made on all batt]ies :i* h be5 rebuilt :5ev] !re is "t to d s & on all batt]ies ab\t :i* !re is any d\bt z to :at s]vice !y w give4 ,aft] ! te/1 ! batt]ies %\ld be put on ! l9e aga9 & *>g$ be=e s5d+ !m out4 ,! rates ( dis*>ge giv5 "h = ! />t+-ability te/s may be v>i$ if exp]i5ce ) a p>ticul> make ( batt]y %[s "s o!r rate to be bett]4 ,! important ?+ is to use ! same rate ( dis*>ge = ! same make & type ( batt]y at all times4 ,9 ?is way ! repairman w soon be able to di/+ui% betwe5 good & bad batt]ies ( a p>ticul> make & type4 ,cadmium ,te/s may be made dur+ ! ,/>t+ ,ability ,dis*>ge ,te/s4 ,see page #agd4 ,cycl+ ,dis*>ge ,te/s ,new batt]ies1 or rebuilt batt]ies :i* h _h new plates in/all$1 or sulphat$ batt]ies :i* w n come up on *>ge1 %\ld be dis*>g$ :5 !y h come-up1 z f> z !y w g4 ,9 "s cases x is necess>y to *>ge & dis*>ge !m sev]al times be=e !y w be ready = s]vice4 ,?is *>g+ & dis*>g+ is (t5 call$ cycl+ ! batt]y4 ,new batt]ies are g5]ally cycl$ at ! factory be=e s5d+ !m out4 ,! =m+ *>ge g5]ally does n conv]t all ! pa/es into active mat]ial & ! batt]y us+ plates :i* h be5 treat$ 9 ! =m+ room is put ?r\gh sev]al dis*>ges & *>ges aft] ! batt]y is fully assembl$4 ,9 s]vice on a c>1 ! batt]y is be+ cycl$ con/antly & !re is g5]ally an increase 9 capacity aft] a batt]y is put on a c>4 ,positive plates naturally increase 9 capacity1 sometimes up to ! v clay :5 !y fall to pieces1 :ile negatives t5d to lose capacity ) age4 ,batt]ies :i* are assembl$ 9 ! s]vice /ation1 us+ new plates1 g5]ally require sev]al cycles ( *>ge & dis*>ge be=e ! specific gravity w rise to #a4bhj be=e ! positives w give #b4d-b4e volts on a ,cadmium te/1 be=e ! negatives w give a rev]s$ voltage read+ ( #j4age to #j4bj volt on a ,cadmium te/1 & be=e a satisfactory />t+-ability or breakd[n te/ c be made4 ,a batt]y :i* has be5 abus$ by fail+ to add wat] to replace evaporation1 by all[+ to rema9 9 a p>tially or completely dis*>g$ condition = sometime1 or :i* has be5 all[$ to become sulphat$ 9 any o!r way1 w g5]ally require cycl+ be=e x w come-up to a s]viceable condition4 ,! rates = a cycl+ dis*>ge %\ld be su* t ! batt]y w be dis*>g$ dur+ ! daytime1 ! dis*>ge be+ />t$ 9 ! morn+1 & ! batt]y be+ put back oil ! *>g+ l9e 9 ! ev5+ 9 ord] t x may be *>g+ dur+ ! night4 ,! rate ( dis*>ge %\ld be some:at high] ?an ! rate us$ :5 ! plates are =m$4 ,two or ?ree amp]es p] positive plate 9 ea* cell w g5]ally be satisfactory4 ,dis*>ge ,app>atus ,a simple dis*>ge rheo/at is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,! t]m9al on ! end ( ! cable atta*$ to ! "r h& t]m9al ( ! batt]y %[n 9 ! illu/ration is movable1 & x may be clamp$ at any po9t along ! coils ( wire s z to give v>i\s curr5ts4 ,! wire %\ld be greas$ lightly to prev5t ru/+4 ,fig4 #ahj ,simple high rate dis*>ge rheo/at ,ano!r simple app>atus consi/s ( a bo>d on :i* are m\nt$ six d\ble contact automobile lamp sockets :i* are all connect$ 9 p>allel4 ,a pair ( leads hav+ te/ clips atta*$ is br\ght out f ! sockets = fa/5+ to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,lamps ( v>i\s c&lep[] may be turn$ into ! sockets to obta9 diff]5t curr5ts4 ,dis*>ge te/s are helpful 9 ! case ( a batt]y t has lo/ capacity4 ,! batt]y is fir/ fully *>g$1 & is !n dis*>g$ at ! #e h\r rate4 ,:5 ! voltage ( ! batt]y has fall5 to #a4g volts p] cell 7measur$ :ile ! batt]y is dis*>g+7 a ,cadmium te/ is made to det]m9e :e!r ! positives or negatives are caus+ ! lack ( capacity4 ,= fur!r descriptions ( ! ,cadmium ,te/ see ,page #agd4 ,9 reviv+ sulphat$ batt]ies1 x is sometimes necess>y to *>ge & dis*>ge ! batt]y sev]al times to put ! active mat]ial 9 a heal?y condition4 ,dis*>ge te/s at a high rate are v valuable 9 diagnos+ ! condition ( a batt]y4 ,a description ( su* te/s w be f\nd on ,page #bfg4 ,= mak+ ! heavy dis*>ge te/s a rheo/at ( ! c>bon plate type is suitable4 ,) su* a rheo/at curr5ts f #be to m ?an #bjj may be drawn f a six volt batt]y1 & a smoo?1 ev5 v>iation ( a curr5t may be obta9$ f ! m9imum to ! maximum values4 ,su* a rheo/at is on ! m>ket & may be pur*as$ complete ) ammet] & leads = atta*+ to ! batt]y4 ,,pack+ ,,batt]ies ,,= ,,%ipp+ ,batt]ies :i* are %ipp$ )\t electrolyte ne$ m]ely h pl5ty ( excelsior plac$ ar\nd !m 9 a /rong crate = protection f me*anical injury4 ,batt]ies :i* are %ipp$ fill$ ) electrolyte mu/ be protect$ f me*anical injury & mu/ also be pack$ s t x is difficult to turn ! crate upside d[n & ?us all[ ! electrolyte to run out4 ,a v popul> crate has be5 ! s-call$ dog-h\se1 ) a gable ro( su* z is actually us$ on dog-h\ses4 ,! idea ( su* a ro( is t x is impossible to place ! crate ) ! ro( d[n1 s9ce x w tip ov] if ?is is done4 ,h[ev]1 if ^! crates are plac$ side by side1 x is a v simple matt] to put a second r[ ( crates on top ( !m1 turn+ ! second r[ up-side-d[n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha1 & all[+ ! electrolyte to run out4 ,! m5 :o load freight or express-c>s h (t5 %[n great skill & cunn+ 9 pack+ dog-h\se crates 9 o!r ways s z to damage ! batt]ies4 ,_m h atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection 9 break+ ! crates4 ,fig4 #aha ,dog-h\se crates = %ipp+ batt]ies ,"s sort ( a ro( on a batt]y crate is requir$ by law1 ! idea be+ to make x difficult to turn ! crate up-side-d[n4 ,p]haps ! be/ crate w\ld be "o ) a flat top m>k$ ,?is ,side ,up1 b su* a crate w\ld n comply ) ! law4 ,fig4 #ahb ,/eps = con/ruction ( a crate = %ipp+ batt]y ,a bett] =m ( crate ?an ! dog-h\se & "o :i* complies ) ! law1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,! top ( ea* end piece is cut at an angle1 ! peak on "o end be+ plac$ opposite ! l[ po9t ( ! opposite end piece4 ,fig4 #ahb %[s ! /eps 9 ! con/ruction ( ! crate4 #a4 ,! case %\ld be built ( /rong lumb] 7#aa_/b in* pref]ably71 & ( ample size to all[ pack+ ) excelsior top1 bottom1 sides & ends to a ?ickness ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,nail /rongly4 #b4 ,:5 ! case is complete 7except cov]7 place a ?ick1 ev5 lay] ( excelsior 7or pack+ /raw7 9 ! bottom & set 9 99he batt]y "r side up4 ,lay pap] 7pref]ably p>aff9$7 ov] top ( batt]y to keep x clean1 !n pack tightly ) excelsior sides & ends4 #c4 ,n[ lay suffici5t pack+ mat]ial on top ( ! batt]y s t cov] w compress x tightly1 /uff+ x "u cov] bo>ds z !y are put on4 ,! ext5d$ bo>ds at bottom1 & ! gable ro( are provid$ to prev5t ! batt]y f be+ tipp$ ov]2 ext5sions ( sides = c>ry+4 ,box %\ld be pla9ly label$3 ,,h&le ,,) ,,c>e4 ,,damages ,,claim$ ,,if ,,tipp$ ,,on ,,side4 ,9 addition to ! address ( de/9ation1 z giv5 9 %ipp+ in/ructions be sure to m>k ) "n ( %ipp] = id5tification ^u arrival4 ,:5 %ipp+ by freight1 ! prop] freight classification 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ,electric ,/orage ,batt]ies1 ,assembl$4 ,:5 %ipp+ by express 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,acid caution labels mu/ be atta*$ to ea* package4 ,,/or+ ,,sep>ators ,sep>ators :i* h be5 giv5 ! *emical treatm5t necess>y to remove ! sub/ances :i* w\ld cause tr\ble 9 ! batt]y1 & to make ! wood por\s1 mu/ be kept wet & nev] be all[$ to become dry4 ,a lead l9$ box1 or l>ge e>!nw>e j>s may be us$ z conta9]s4 ,put ! sep>ators 9 ! conta9] & !n p\r 9 en\gh v weak electrolyte to cov] ! sep>ators4 ,?is electrolyte may be made ( ,i "p ( #a4bbj electrolyte to #aj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 by volume4 ,be v c>eful to h ! conta9] absolutely clean & to use *emically pure acid & di/ill$ wat] 9 mak+ ! weak electrolyte4 ,rememb] t impurities :i* are pick$ up by ! sep>ators w g into ! batt]y 9 :i* ! sep>ators are plac$4 ,!re=e1 keep ! sep>ator tank 9 a clean place & keep a cov] on x4 ,h y\r h&s clean :5 y take sep>ators out ( ! tank to place 9 a batt]y1 & d n put ! sep>ators on a dirty b5* be=e ins]t+ !m betwe5 plates4 ,! be/ ?+ to d is to hold ! sep>ators 9 "o h& & ins]t !m ) ! o!r1 & n lay !m on any b5* at all4 ,,re9sulation ,sep>ators are ! weake/ "p ( a batt]y & we> out :ile ! o!r p>ts ( a batt]y are /ill 9 good condition4 ,good plates are (t5 ru9$ by weak5$ sep>ators caus+ %ort-circuits4 ,_m batt]ies :i* h to be junk$ aft] be+ 9 s]vice ab\t a ye> w\ld h giv5 consid]able s]vice if !y _h be5 re9sulat$4 ,g5]ally ! sep>ators ( "o cell we> out be=e ^? ( ! o!r cells4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 re9sulate t cell alone4 ,! sep>ators 9 ! o!r cells are z old z ^? :i* h worn out1 & are v ne> ! break+ d[n po9t4 ,if y re9sulate only "o cell1 ! own] w naturally assume t ! o!r cells are 9 good condition4 ,:at happ5s8 ,a mon? or s lat] "o ( ! o!r cells goes dead4 ,?is does n h a v soo?+ effect on ! own]1 :o w beg9 to lose confid5ce 9 y & beg9 to look ar\nd = ano!r s]vice /ation4 ,if y expla9 frankly t x is useless to re9sulate only "o cell ( a batt]y & t ! o!r cells w break d[n 9 a %ort "t1 ! cu/om] w want y to re9sulate all ! cells4 ,a some:at high] bill = re9sulat+ all ! cells at once w be m agreeable ?an hav+ ! cells break d[n "o at a "t )9 a mon? or two4 ,9 ! case ( ! cu/om]s :o come 9 regul>ly = te/+ & fill+ s]vice1 y w be able to tell :5 ! sep>ators are we>+ out4 ,:5 y f9d t a batt]y :i* has be5 9 s]vice ab\t a ye> beg9s to run d[n frequ5tly1 & successive te/s made 9 connection ) te/+ & fill+ s]vice %[ t ! g5]ator is n able to keep ! batt]y *>g$1 advise ! own] to h ! batt]y re9sulat$4 ,d n wait = ! batt]y to h a dead cell4 ,sell ! own] on ! idea t re9sulation w prev5t ! possibility ( 8 batt]y break+ d[n :5 he may be out on a t\r1 & :5 x may be necess>y to h 8 c> t[$ 9 to a s]vice /ation4 ,if y all[ ! batt]y to rema9 on ! c> :5 x beg9s to lose its *>ge1 ! own] w n1 ( c\rse1 suspect t any?+ is wrong1 & if 8 batt]y "o day breaks d[n sudd5ly1 lie w v likely lose confid5ce bo? 9 y & ! batt]y1 s9ce he has be5 br++ 9 8 c> regul>ly 9 ord] to h 8 batt]y kept 9 good %ape4 ,! sudd5 failure ( 8 batt]y w1 !re=e1 make him believe t y d n "k y\r bus9ess1 or t ! batt]y is a poor "o4 ,new sep>ators w give e batt]y :i* is a ye> old a new lease on life4 ,if y expla9 to a cu/om] t he w get a mu* long] p]iod ( s]vice f 8 batt]y if he has x re9sulat$ :5 ! batt]y is a ye> old1 y %\ld h no tr\ble 9 gett+ ! job1 & ! subsequ5t p]=mance ( ! batt]y w %[ t y knew :at y 7 talk+ ab\t4 ,,safety ,,fir/ ,,= ,,! ,,batt]y ,,repairman #a4 ,d n "w on an empty /oma*-y c !n absorb lead easily4 #b4 ,keep y\r f+]s out ( y\r m\? :5 at "w4 #c4 ,keep y\r f+] nails %ort & clean4 #d4 ,d n *ew tobacco :ile at "w4 ,9 h&l+ tobacco1 ! lead oxides are c>ri$ to y\r m\?4 ,*ew+ tobacco does n prev5t y f swall[+ lead4 #e4 ,:5 y leave ! %op at night1 & be=e eat+1 wa% y\r face1 h&s1 & arms ) soap1 & clean y\r nose1 m\?1 & f+] nails4 #f4 ,d n eat 9 ! repair %op4 #g4 ,dr9k pl5ty ( good milk4 ,x prev5ts lead poison+4 #h4 ,use ,epsom ,salts :5 con/ipat$4 ,?is is v important4 #i4 ,ba! frequ5tly to prev5t lead poison+4 #aj4 ,leave y\r work+ clo!s 9 ! %op4 #aa4 ,x is bett] n to we> a be>d or mu/a*e4 ,keep y\r hair cov]$ ) a cap4 #ab4 ,be=e sweep+ ! %op damp5 ! floor to keep d[n ! du/4 #ac4 ,d n dr9k be] or :isky1 or any o!r alcoholic liquors4 ,^! weak5 y\r sy/em & make y m susceptible to lead poison+4 #ad4 ,9 h&l+ lead1 we> gloves z mu* z possible1 & wa% & dry ! gloves e day t y we> !m4 #ae4 ,we> goggles to keep lead & acid out ( y\r eyes4 #af4 ,:5 melt+ lead 9 a hydrog5 flame1 z 9 burn+ on ! top connectors1 ! fumes giv5 (f may be bl[n away by a /ream ( air4 ,! air supply to ! flame may be tapp$ = ?is purpose4 #ag4 ,! symptoms ( lead poison+ are3 gums d>k5 or become blue1 indige/ion1 colic1 con/ipation1 loss ( appetite1 muscul> pa94 ,9 ! lat] /ages !re is muscul> weakness & p>alysis4 ,! h&s become limp & useless4 #ah4 ,we> rubb] %oes or boots4 ,lea!r %oes %\ld be pa9t$ ) a hot mixture ( equal p>ts ( p>aff9e & beeswax4 #ai4 ,we> wool5 clo!s if possible4 ,cotton clo?+ %\ld be dipp$ 9 a /rong solution ( bak+ soda & dri$4 ,we> a flannel apron cov]$ ) sack+4 #bj4 ,keep a bottle ( /rong ammonia h&y4 ,if y %\ld spill acid on y\r clo!s1 apply "s ( ! ammonia imm$iately to neutralize ! acid1 :i* w o!rwise burn a hole 9 y\r clo!s4 #ba4 ,keep a /one1 e>!nw>e1 or porcela9 j> fill$ ) a solution ( wa%+ soda or bak+ soda 7bic>bonate ( soda74 ,r9se y\r h&s 9 ?is solution occasionally to prev5t ! acid f irritat+ !m4 #bb4 ,if y %\ld spla% acid 9 y\r eye1 wa% x out imm$iately ) w>m wat]1 & drop olive oil on ! eye4 ,if y h no olive oil at h&1 d n wait to get "s1 b use any1 lubricat+ oil1 or vasel9e4 ,,te/+ ,,! ,,electrical ,,sy/em ,out ( sight1 out ( m9d1 is a famili> say+4 ,b :5 does x hold true8 ,:at ab\t ! batt]y repairman8 ,are ! batt]ies he repairs out ( sight1 out ( m9d8 ,does 8 responsibility end :5 he has in/all$ a batt]y on a c>8 ,suppose he put a batt]y 9 fir/ class %ape1 in/alls x on a c>1 &1 aft] a week or two ! batt]y comes back1 absolutely dead8 ,is ! batt]y at fault1 or is ! repairman to blame = neglect+ to make sure t ! batt]y w\ld be giv5 a reasonably good *ance to give good s]vice & receive fair treatm5t f ! o!r "p ( ! electrical sy/em8 ,! actual "w on ! batt]y is f9i%$ :5 ! batt]y cables are fa/5$ to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,b real batt]y ,,s]vice does n end !re4 ,! batt]y is ! mo/ important "p ( ! electrical sy/em ( a c>1 b x is only "o "p1 & a good batt]y _c be expect$ to give satisfactory s]vice :5 x is connect$ to ! o!r p>ts ( ! electrical sy/em )\t mak+ sure t ^! p>ts are work+ prop]ly1 any m ?an a man we>+ new1 %oes c /ep into a mud puddle & n h 8 %oes cov]$ ) dirt4 ,! batt]y functions by means ( ! curr5t :i* fl[s ?r\gh x by way ( ! cables :i* are connect$ to its t]m9als4 ,a batt]y is human 9 _m respects4 ,x mu/ h bo? food & ex]cise & !re mu/ be a prop] balance betwe5 ! food & ! ex]cise4 ,too mu* food = ! am\nt ( ex]cise1 or too mu* ex]cise = ! am\nt ( food consum$ w bo? lead to a l[]+ ( effici5cy1 & disease frequ5tly results4 ,a batt]y ex]cises :5 x turns ov] ! />t+ motor1 furni%es en]gy to ! lamps1 or op]ates ! a ignition sy/em4 ,x receives food :5 x is *>g$4 ,prop] att5tion to ! electrical sy/em w result 9 a correct balance betwe5 food & ex]cise1 or 9 o!r words1 *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,! electrical equipm5t ( a c> consi/s ( five pr9cipal p>ts3 #a4 ,! ,batt]y4 #b4 ,! ,ignition ,sy/em4 #c4 ,! ,/>t+ ,motor4 #d4 ,! ,g5]ator4 #e4 ,! ,light+ ,sy/em4 ,! normal c\rse ( op]ation ( ?is sy/em is z foll[s3 ,/>t+4 ,! ignition swit* is clos$1 & connects ! ignition sy/em to ! batt]y4 ,! />t+ swit* is !n clos$1 connect+ ! />t+ motor to ! batt]y4 ,! batt]y s5ds a heavy curr5t ?r\gh ! />t+ motor1 caus+ ! motor to turn ov]1 or crank ! eng9e4 ,! motion ( ! eng9e pi/ons draws a mixture ( air & gasol9e vapor into ! cyl9d]s4 ,at ! prop] in/ant sp>ks are made to jump betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! sp>k plugs1 ignit+ ! air & gasol9e vapor mixture1 =m+ a l>ge am\nt ( gas4 ,?is gas exp&s1 & 9 do+ s puts ! eng9e into motion4 ,! eng9e beg9s to run "u its own p[] & ! />t+ swit* is op5$1 s9ce ! />t+ motor has p]=m$ ! "w requir$ ( x1 & has no?+ fur!r to d z long z ! eng9e runs4 ,! eng9e n[ op]ates ! g5]ator4 ,! g5]ator beg9s to build up a voltage z ! eng9e spe$ increases4 ,:5 ! voltage ( ! g5]ator has ris5 to ab\t #g-g4e1 ! g5]ator is automatically connect$ to ! batt]y by ! cut\t 7also kn[n z rev]se-curr5t relay1 cut-out relay1 or relay74 ,! voltage ( ! g5]ator be+ high] ?an t ( ! batt]y1 ! g5]ator s5ds a curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y1 :i* *>ges ! batt]y4 ,z long ,z ! eng9e cont9ues to run above ! spe$ at :i* ! g5]ator develops a voltage high] ?an t ( ! batt]y1 a *>g+ curr5t w normally fl[ ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,:5 ! ignition swit* is op5$ ! eng9e c no long] develop any p[] & consequ5tly /ops runn+4 ,:5 ! decreas+ eng9e spe$ causes ! g5]ator spe$ to drop to a po9t at :i* ! g5]ator voltage is less ?an t ( batt]y1 ! batt]y s5ds a rev]se1 or dis*>ge curr5t ?r\gh ! cut\t & g5]ator1 !reby caus+ ! cut\t to op5 & disconnect ! g5]ator f ! batt]y4 ,lights4 ,:5 ! eng9e is n runn+1 ! batt]y furni%es curr5t to ! lights4 ,?is is a dis*>ge curr5t4 ,:5 ! eng9e runs at a spe$ :i* is great] ?an t at :i* ! ! cut\t closes1 ! g5]ator furni%es curr5t = ! lights1 & also = ! ignition sy/em1 9 addition to s5d+ a *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,f ! =ego+ description1 we see t ! batt]y is at re/1 is dis*>g+1 or *>g+ "u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,eng9e ,n ,runn+1 ,lamps ,(f1 ,ignition ,(f4 ,"u ^! conditions all swit*es are op51 & h5ce no curr5t %\ld be pass+ ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,if a curr5t is f\nd to be pass+ ?r\gh ! batt]y "u ^! conditions1 x is a dis*>ge curr5t :i* is n do+ any "w & is caus$ by a defective cut\t1 defective swit*es1 or gr\nds & %ort-circuits 9 ! wires1 cables1 or app>atus connect$ to ! batt]y4 ,/>t+ ! ,eng9e4 ,a heavy dis*>ge curr5t is drawn f ! batt]y4 ,?is curr5t %\ld n fl[ m ?an #aj seconds4 ,if ! />t+ motor does n crank ! eng9e or cranks x too sl[ly1 ! motor or ! cables & swit* connect+ ! motor to ! batt]y are defective1 assum+ t ! batt]y is l>ge en\gh & is 9 a good condition4 ,if ! />t+ motor cranks ! eng9e1 b ! eng9e does n beg9 to run "u its own p[] )9 t5 seconds1 ! />t+ sy/em is n at fault1 & ! />t+ swit* %\ld be op5$4 ,eng9e ,n ,runn+1 ,all ,lamps ,on4 ,a dis*>ge curr5t fl[s f ! batt]y :i* is equal to ! sum ( ! curr5ts drawn by lamps :5 connect$ to ! batt]y sep>ately4 ,if ! curr5t is great] ?an ?is sum1 tr\ble is pres5t4 ,eng9e ,runn+1 ,lamps ,(f4 ,! g5]ator s5ds a *>g+ curr5t into ! batt]y & also supplies curr5t to ! ignition sy/em 7except :5 a magneto is us$74 ,if ! g5]ator does n s5d a *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y !re is tr\ble 9 ! g5]ator1 or 9 ! p>ts connect+ ! g5]ator to ! batt]y 7assum+ ! batt]y to be 9 a good condition74 ,if ! g5]ator s5ds a curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y1 x may be ( ! correct value1 x may be insuffici5t1 or x may be excessive4 ,a normal curr5t is "o :i* keeps ! batt]y fully *>g$1 b does n ov]heat x or cause excessive gass+4 ,an insuffici5t curr5t is "o :i* fails to keep ! batt]y *>g$4 ,an excessive *>g+ curr5t is "o :i* keeps ! batt]y *>g$1 b :i* at ! same "t ov]heats ! batt]y & causes excessive gass+4 ,! excessive curr5t may also ov]heat ! g5]ator1 :ile a normal or insuffici5t *>g+ curr5t w n injure ! g5]ator4 ,x is possible1 b n probable1 t ! g5]ator may be s5d+ curr5t ?r\gh ! batt]y 9 ! wrong direction1 s z to dis*>ge x in/ead ( *>g+ x4 ,?is w happ5 if a v badly dis*>g$ batt]y is in/all$ ) ! connections rev]s$4 ,if a fully or ev5 p>tly *>g$ batt]y is in/all$ ) its connections rev]s$1 ! batt]y w g5]ally rev]se ! pol>ity ( ! g5]ator automatically1 & ! batt]y w be *>g$ 9 ! prop] direction1 al?\gh ! curr5t fl[ 9 ! *>g+ circuit is actually rev]s$4 ,eng9e ,runn+1 ,lamps ,on4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! g5]ator %\ld supply ! curr5t = ! lights1 & /ill s5d a *>g+ curr5t ( #c to #e amp]es ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,?is means t ! curr5t drawn f ! batt]y :5 ! eng9e is n runn+ & ! lights are all turn$ on %\ld be at lea/ sev]al amp]es less ?an ! *>g+ curr5t :i* ! g5]ator s5ds into ! batt]y :5 ! eng9e is runn+ & ! lamps are turn$ (f4 ,te/s to ,be ,made by ! ,repairman ,! batt]y repairman c1 & always %\ld1 make a few simple te/s :i* w tell him :e!r ! v>i\s conditions ( op]ation are normal4 ,?is %\ld be done z foll[s3 #a4 ,in/all ! batt]y c>efully 7see page #bcf71 & connect ! negative batt]y cable to ! negative batt]y t]m9al4 ,n[ tap ! positive batt]y cable on ! positive batt]y t]m9al4 ,if a snappy sp>k is obta9$ :5 ?is is done1 "s ( ! swit*es are op5 or are defective1 ! cut\t is /uck 9 ! clos$ position1 or !re are gr\nds or %ort-circuits 9 ! p>ts :i* are p]man5tly connect$ to ! batt]y4 ,ev5 ?\gh no sp>k is obta9$ :5 y tap ! positive batt]y cable on ! positive batt]y t]m9al1 !re may be "s tr\ble :i* draws en\gh curr5t f ! batt]y to cause x to run d[n 9 a %ort "t4 ,to detect su* tr\ble1 connect a voltmet] 7:i* has suffici5t range to indicate ! batt]y voltage7 betwe5 ! positive batt]y cable & ! positive batt]y t]m9al4 7,cable is disconnect$ f ! t]m9al47 ,if ! voltmet] n[ gives a read+ equal to ! voltage ( ! batt]y1 !re is "s condition caus+ a curr5t leakage f ! batt]y1 su* z a cut\t /uck 9 ! clos$ position1 defective swit*es :i* d n break ! circuits :5 9 ! op5 position1 or gr\nds or %ort-circuits 9 ! cables & wires connect$ to ! batt]y4 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] does n move f ! #j l9e on ! scale1 complete ! batt]y connections by fa/5+ ! positive batt]y cable to ! positive batt]y t]m9al1 & make ! te/ describ$ 9 ,section #b4 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] moves f ! #j l9e1 & gives a read+ equal to ! batt]y voltage1 connect ! voltmet] p]man5tly betwe5 ! positive batt]y cable & ! positive batt]y t]m9al & make a g5]al inspection ( ! wir+1 look+ = cut or torn insulation :i* all[s a wire or cable to come 9 contact ) ! frame ( ! c>1 or ) "s o!r wire or cable1 !reby caus+ a gr\nd or %ort-circuit4 ,old1 oil-soak$ insulation on wires & cables w (t5 cause su* tr\ble4 ,if a g5]al inspection does n reveal ! cause ( ! curr5t leakage1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,clos$ ,cut\t1 or ,defective ,cut\t ,w9d+s4 7a7 ,if ! cut\t is m\nt$ outside ! g5]ator1 remove ! cov] f x & see if ! po9ts are /uck toge!r4 ,if !y are1 sep>ate !m & see if ! voltmet] po9t] returns to ! #j l9e4 ,if x does1 y h f\nd ! tr\ble4 ,! po9ts %\ld be made smoo? ) #jj s&pap]4 ,see t ! mov+ arm ( ! cut\t moves freely & t ! spr+ :i* t5ds to hold ! arm 9 ! op5 position is n weak or brok54 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] does n return to ! #j l9e :5 ! cut\t po9ts are sep>at$1 or if ! po9ts 7 n f\nd to be /uck toge!r1 disconnect f ! cut\t ! wire :i* goes to ! ammet] or batt]y4 ,if ?is causes ! voltmet] po9t] to return to ! #j l9e1 ! cut\t is defective & a new "o %\ld be in/all$1 unless ! tr\ble c be f\nd by inspection & repair$4 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] does n return to ! #j l9e :5 ! batt]y or ammet] wire is disconnect$ f ! cut\t1 see p>agraph 7d74 7b7 ,if ! cut\t is m\nt$ inside ! g5]ator1 disconnect f ! g5]ator ! wire :i* goes to ! ammet] or indicator4 ,if ?is causes ! voltmet] po9t] to return to ! #j l9e1 ! cut\t po9ts are /uck toge!r or ! cut\t is defective1 & ! g5]ator %\ld be tak5 ap>t = inspection4 ,if ?is does n cause ! voltmet] po9t] to return to ! #j l9e1 replace ! wire & see p>agraph 7d74 7c7 ,if no cut\t is us$ & connections betwe5 ! g5]ator 7or motor-g5]ator7 & ! batt]y are made by clos+ ! ignition or />t+ swit*1 su* z is ! case on ,delco & ,dyneto motor-g5]ators1 & "s ,delco g5]ators1 disconnect f ! g5]ator or motorg5]ator ! wire t goes to ! ammet] or indicator4 ,if ?is causes ! voltmet] po9t] to return to ! #j l9e1 ! swit* :i* connects ! g5]ator or motor-g5]ator to ! ammet] or indicator is defective4 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] does n return to ! #j l9e1 replace ! wire & consult p>agraph 7d74 7d7 ,defective ,/>t+ ,swit*4 ,disconnect f ! />t+ swit* ! cable t goes to ! batt]y4 ,if "o or m small] wires are connect$ to ! same t]m9al z ! heavy cable1 disconnect !m also & hold _! b>e ends on ! b>e end ( ! heavy cable4 ,if ?is causes ! voltmet] po9t] to return to ! #j l9e1 ! />t+ swit* is defective4 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] does n return to ! #j l9e1 replace ! cable & wires on ! />t+ swit* t]m9al & proce$ z foll[s3 ,defective ,swit*es4 ,see t ! ignition & light+ swit*es are 9 _! ,,(f positions4 ,if !y are n1 op5 !m & see if ! voltmet] po9t] returns to ! #j l9e4 ,if x does1 y h f\nd ! tr\ble4 ,if x does n1 disconnect f ! swit* 7or swit*es1 if !re are sep>ate light+ & ignition swit*es71 ! fe$ wire :i* supplies curr5t to ! swit* f ! batt]y4 ,if ?is causes ! voltmet] po9t] to return to ! #j l9e1 ! swit*es are defective4 ,if ! po9t] does n return to ! #j l9e1 replace ! wires on ! swit* & consult ! next p>agraph4 ,if !re are o!r swit*es :i* control a spot light1 or special circuits1 su* z tonneau lamps1 or accessories1 su* z gasol9e vaporiz]s1 electric prim]s1 etc41 make ! same te/s on ^! swit*es4 ,if no tr\ble has be5 f\nd1 see p>agraph 7e74 7e7 ,gr\nds or ,%ort-,circuits 9 ,wir+4 ,disconnect f ea* t]m9al po9t 9 ! wir+ sy/em ! wires :i* are connect$ toge!r at t po9t4 ,also remove fuses f ! fuse blocks4 ,if ! voltmet] po9t] returns to ! #j l9e :5 a c]ta9 wire or fuse is remov$1 !re is a gr\nd or %ort-circuit 9 ! wire or 9 ! circuit to :i* ! fuse is connect$4 7f7 ,turn on ! ,lights4 ,remove ! voltmet] & complete ! batt]y connection4 ,note h[ mu* curr5t is indicat$ on ! ammet] m\nt$ on ! in/rum5t panel ( ! c> z ! diff]5t lamps are turn$ on4 ,9 ea* case ! ammet] %\ld indicate dis*>ge4 ,%\ld ! ammet] indicate *>ge ! batt]y connections h be5 rev]s$1 or ! ammet] connections are rev]s$4 ,! driv] w tell y :e!r ! ammet] has be5 read+ *>ge or dis*>ge :5 ! lamps 7 turn$ on4 ,?is is a good way to *eck y\r batt]y connections4 ,if ! c> has no ammet]1 or has an indicator :i* is m>k$ ,,on or ,,(f1 or ,*>ge or ,dis*>ge1 an ammet] may be connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y by disconnect+ ! cable f ! positive batt]y t]m9al & connect+ ! ammet] to ! cable & to ! t]m9al1 & ! read+s obta9$ f ?is met]4 ,! amp]es indicat$ on ! ammet] %\ld be ! greate/ :5 ! ma9 headlamps are burn+ bright4 ,by comp>+ ! read+s obta9$ :5 ! diff]5t light+ comb9ations are turn$ on1 x is sometimes possible to detect tr\ble 9 "s ( ! light+ l9es4 #c4 ,/>t ! ,eng9e4 ,be=e y d ?is1 be sure t ! cables are connect$ directly to ! batt]y t]m9als1 & t no ammet] or voltmet] is connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y1 z ! heavy curr5t drawn by ! />t+ motor w\ld ru9 ! in/rum5ts v quickly4 ,an ammet] may be left connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y1 provid+ t a swit* is us$ to %ort-circuit ! met] :ile />t+ ! eng9e4 ,a met] hav+ a #ejj amp]e scale may be left connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y :ile ! eng9e is be+ />t$1 b = ! te/s :i* are to be made a #be amp]e scale %\ld be us$4 ,! eng9e %\ld />t )9 t5 seconds aft] ! />t+ swit* is clos$4 ,if m "t ?an ?is is requir$1 c>buretor adju/m5ts1 position ( ! *oke lev]1 etc41 %\ld be look$ aft]4 ,cont9u$ crank+ ( ! eng9e w run ! batt]y d[n v quickly1 & ! *ances are t ! c> w n be run long en\gh to all[ ! g5]ator to re*>ge ! batt]y4 ,make :atev] adju/m5ts are necess>y to r$uce ! crank+ "t to t5 seconds1 or advise ! own] to h !m made1 w>n+ him t o!rwise y w n be responsible if ! batt]y runs d[n v quickly4 #d4 ,:5 ! eng9e has />t$1 set ! ?rottle lev] s t ! eng9e runs ,z sl[ly z possible4 ,! ammet] 7ei!r t on ! in/rum5t panel1 or a special te/ ammet] connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! batt]y7 w indicate sev]al amp]es dis*>ge1 ?is be+ ! curr5t tak5 by ! ignition sy/em4 ,n[ spe$ up ! eng9e gradually4 ,at an eng9e spe$ correspond+ to a c> spe$ ( #g to #aj miles p] h\r 9 high 7if !re is any difficulty 9 e/imat+ ?is spe$1 drive ! c> ar\nd ! block :ile mak+ ?is & ! foll[+ te/s7 ! ammet] po9t] %\ld move back to1 or slightly pa/1 ! #j l9e1 %[+ t ! cut\t has clos$4 ,if ! ammet] ne$le jumps back & =? & ! cut\t op5s & closes rapidly1 ! pol>ity ( ! batt]y & t ( ! g5]ator are n ! same4 ,?is condition may be rem$i$ by hold+ ! cut\t po9ts clos$ = sev]al seconds1 or by %ort-circuit+ ! ,batt]y t]m9al on ! cut\t ) ! ,g5]ator t]m9al on ! cut\t4 ,aft] a slight movem5t ( ! ammet] po9t] indicates t ! cut\t has clos$1 spe$ up ! eng9e gradually4 ,:5 ! eng9e spe$ corresponds to a c> spe$ ( #ah-be miles p] h\r 9 high1 ! curr5t indicat$ on ! ammet] %\ld rea* its maximum value & ! po9t] %\ld !n /op mov+1 or %\ld beg9 to drop back t[>d ! #j l9e z ! spe$ is increas$4 ,= av]age driv+ conditions1 ! maximum *>g+ curr5t %\ld n exce$ #ab to #ad amp]es = a #f volt1 #aa to #ac plate batt]y1 & #f to #g amp]es = a #ab volt batt]y4 7,^! curr5ts %\ld be obta9$ if con/ant-curr5t g5]ators1 su* z ! ?ird bru%1 rev]s$-s]ies1 or vibrat+ curr5t regulators are us$4 ,! ?ird bru% type ( g5]ator is us$ on m ?an #ii p] c5t ( ! mod]n c>s4 ,"s c>s use a con/ant-voltage regulat$ g5]ator1 su* z ! ,bijur g5]ator1 hav+ a voltage regulator c>ri$ 9 a box m\nt$ on ! g5]ator4 ,on all c>s us+ a con/ant-voltage g5]ator1 ! *>g+ rate :5 ! batt]y is fully *>g$ %\ld n exce$ five amp]es = a six volt g5]ator74 ,if ! g5]ator has a !rmo/at1 su* z is us$ on ! ,remy g5]ators1 ! *>g+ rate w be z high z #bj amp]es until ! g5]ator w>ms up1 & !n ! *>g+ rate w drop to #aj-ab amp]es1 due to ! op5+ ( ! !rmo/at po9ts1 :i* ins]ts a resi/ance coil 9 s]ies ) ! %unt field4 ,if ! *>g+ curr5t rea*es its maximum value at #ah-be miles p] h\r1 & %[s no increase at high] spe$s1 decrease ! eng9e spe$4 ,:5 ! eng9e is runn+ at a spe$ correspond+ to a c> spe$ ( ab\t #g miles p] h\r1 or less1 ! cut\t %\ld op51 indicat$ by ! ammet] indicat+ sev]al amp]es dis*>ge1 9 addition to ! ignition curr5t1 = an in/ant1 & !n dropp+ back to ! am\nt tak5 by ! ignition sy/em4 ,n[ turn on ! headlights 7& :atev] lamps are turn$ on at ! same "t7 & spe$ ! eng9e up aga94 ,! ammet] %\ld indicate "s *>g+ curr5t at eng9e spe$s correspond+ to ! usual spe$ at :i* ! c> is driv54 ,if x does n1 ! *>g+ curr5t %\ld be increas$ or small] lamps mu/ be in/all$4 ,tr\bles ,! op]ation ( ! electrical sy/em :5 ! eng9e is runn+ may n be z describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs4 ,tr\bles may be f\nd z foll[s3 #a4 ,cut\t does n close until eng9e rea*es a spe$ 9 excess ( #aj miles p] h\r4 ,?is tr\ble may be due to ! cut\t or to ! g5]ator4 ,if ! ammet] %[s a *>g+ curr5t ( ?ree amp]es or m z soon z x closes1 ! cut\t is at fault4 ,! ?+ to d 9 su* a case is to adju/ ! cut\t4 ,fir/ see t ! movable armature ( ! cut\t moves freely & does n b9d at ! pivot4 ,if no tr\ble is f\nd "h1 ! ?+ to d is to decrease ! air gap :i* exi/s betwe5 ! /ation>y & movable cut\t po9ts :5 ! cut\t is op541 or to decrease ! t5sion ( ! spr+ :i* t5ds to keep ! po9ts op54 ,on mo/ cut\ts !re is a /op :i* ! cut\t armature /rikes :5 ! cut\t op5s4 ,by b5d+ ?is /op ! air-gap betwe5 ! po9ts may be decreas$4 ,?is is ! adju/m5t :i* %\ld be made to h ! cut\t close e>li]1 r ?an to decrease ! spr+ t5sion4 ,"s cut\ts h a spiral spr+ atta*$ to ! cut\t armature4 ,o!rs h a flat spr+4 ,on /ill o!rs1 ! spr+ =ms ! connection betwe5 ! armature & ! cut\t frame4 ,9 ! fir/ two types1 ! spr+ t5sion may be decreas$1 b :]ev] possible ! air-gap adju/m5t %\ld be made z describ$4 ,if ! cut\t closes late1 & only ab\t an amp]e ( *>g+ curr5t is indicat$ on ! ammet]1 & ! cut\t po9ts are fairly clean & smoo?1 ! tr\ble is g5]ally 9 ! g5]ator4 ,! g5]ator tr\bles :i* are mo/ likely to exi/ are3 a4 ,dirty commutator4 b4 ,dirty bru% contact surface4 c4 ,loose bru%es4 d4 ,bru%es be>+ on wrong po9t ( commutator 7to set bru%es prop]ly1 remove all outside connections f g5]ator1 op5 ! %unt field circuit1 & apply a batt]y across ! ma9 bru%es4 ,%ift ! bru%es until ! armature does n t5d to rotate 9 ei!r direction4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a te/ :i* mu/ be made ) ! g5]ator on ! te/ b5*74 e4 ,loose connections 9 ! %unt field circuit4 ,! =ego+ conditions are ! ones :i* w g5]ally be f\nd4 ,m s]i\s tr\bles w g5]ally prev5t ! g5]ator f build+ up at all4 #b4 ,cut\t does hot op5 :5 eng9e /ops4 ,?is condition is %[n by a dis*>ge curr5t ( ab\t #e amp]es :5 ! eng9e has /opp$4 7,9 ,delco sy/ems :i* h no cut\t1 an ev5 great] dis*>ge w be not$ z long z ! ignition swit* rema9s clos$47 ,?is tr\ble is g5]ally due to cut\t po9ts /uck toge!r1 a brok5 cut\t spr+1 or a b5t or b9d+ cut\t armature4 #c4 ,cut\t does n op5 until ammet] indicates a dis*>ge ( ?ree or m amp]es 79 addition to ! ignition dis*>ge74 ,?is may be rem$i$ by increas+ ! spr+ t5sion ( ! cut\t1 or remov+ any tr\ble :i* causes ! cut\t armature to b9d4 ,on _m cut\ts ! armature does n actually t\* ! core ( ! cut\t w9d+ :5 ! po9ts are clos$1 !re be+ a small piece ( copp] or o!r non-magnetic metal on ! armature :i* t\*es ! end ( ! cut\t & ma9ta9s a small air gap betwe5 ! core & armature1 ev5 :5 ! po9ts are clos$4 ,! op5+ action ( ! cut\t may be *ang$ by fil+ ?is piece ( non-magnetic mat]ial s z to decrease ! air gap1 or p9*+ x ) heavy pli]s s z to make x /& f>!r out f ! cut\t armature & ?us increase ! air gap betwe5 ! armature & core :5 ! po9ts are clos$4 ,decreas+ ?is air gap w cause ! cut\t to op5 late1 & increas+ x w cause ! cut\t to op5 e>ly4 #d4 ,cut\t w n close at any eng9e spe$4 ,if cut\t does n close ! fir/ "t ! eng9e spe$ is increas$1 /op ! eng9e4 ,?is condition may be due to a defective cut\t1 an op5-circuit 9 ! *>g+ l9e1 a gr\nd or %ort-circuit betwe5 ! cut\t & ! g5]ator1 or a defective g5]ator4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! cut\t is defective1 remove ! wires f x & hold toge!r ! ends ( ! wires com+ f ! g5]ator1 & ! "o go+ to ! ammet]4 ,/>t ! eng9e4 ,if no o!r tr\ble exi/s1 ! ammet] w indicate a *>g+ curr5t at spe$s above #h-aj miles p] h\r4 ,if no curr5t is obta9$1 /op ! eng9e4 ,if ! cut\t tr\ble consi/$ ( an op5 circuit 9 "o ( its w9d+s1 or 9 ! po9ts n clos+1 due to dirt or a b9d+ armature1 or if !re is an op5-circuit 9 ! *>g+ l9e1 ! g5]ator w1 ( c\rse1 h be5 runn+ on op5-circuit4 ,?is w cause ! fuse 9 ! %unt field circuit to bl[ if !re is su* a fuse1 & if !re is no su* fuse1 ! %unt field coils may be burn$ op51 or ! insulation on ! field coil wires may h become ov]heat$ to a po9t at :i* x burns & c>bonizes1 & causes a %ort-circuit betwe5 wires4 ,su* tr\bles w1 ( c\rse1 prev5t a g5]ator f build+ up :5 ! cut\t wires are disconnect$ & _! ends held toge!r4 ,if !re is a gr\nd 9 ! cut\t1 or betwe5 ! cut\t & ! g5]ator1 ! g5]ator w v likely be unable to g5]ate 7if a "o-wire sy/em is us$ on ! c>74 ,if !re is "s defect 9 ! g5]ator-su* z dirty commutator1 high mica1 bru%es n t\*+1 commutator dirty1 or loose bru%es1 bru%es too f> f neutral1 gr\nd$ bru%es1 bru%es n well gr\nd 91 wrong type ( bru%es1 gr\nd$ commutator or armature w9d+s1 %ort-circuit$ commutator or armature w9d+s1 op5-circuit$ armature w9d+s1 gr\nd$ field w9d+s1 %ort-circuit$ field w9d+s1 op5-circuit or poor connections 9 field circuit1 "o or m field coil connections rev]s$1 wrong type ( armature or field coils us$ 9 repair+ g5]ator1 g5]ator drive me*anism brok5-!n ! g5]ator w n build up4 ,if no *>g+ curr5t is1 !re=e1 obta9$ :5 ! g5]ator & ammet] wires are disconnect$ f ! cut\t & _! ends held toge!r1 !re may be a gr\nd or %ort-circuit 9 ! cut\t w9d+s or 9 ! circuit betwe5 ! g5]ator & ! cut\t1 or ! g5]ator may be defective1 due to hav+ be5 op]at$ on op5-circuit1 or due to tr\bles z describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph4 ,! pres5ce ( a gr\nd or %ort 9 ! circuit betwe5 ! g5]ator & cut\t or 9 ! cut\t may be det]m9$ by disconnect$ ! wire f ! g5]ator1 disconnect+ ! batt]y 7or ammet]7 wire f ! cut\t1 & runn+ a sep>ate extra wire f ! g5]ator to ! wire remov$ f ! cut\t4 ,!n />t ! eng9e aga94 ,if a *>g+ curr5t is obta9$1 !re is a gr\nd or %ort ei!r 9 ! cut\t or 9 ! circuit betwe5 ! cut\t & ! g5]ator4 7,x is also possible t ! failure ( ! g5]ator to build up 0 due to poor bru% contact 9 ! g5]ator4 ,! use ( ! extra wire connect$ ! g5]ator directly to ! batt]y1 ?us magnetiz+ ! g5]ator fields & caus+ g5]ator to build up4 ,if poor bru% contact prev5t$ ! g5]ator f build+ up1 clos+ ! cut\t by h& w (t5 cause ! g5]ator to />t *>g+4 ,if y c !re=e cause ! g5]ator to build up by hold+ ! cut\t po9ts clos$ by h&1 or by %ort+ across f ! g5]ator t]m9al to ! batt]y t]m9al ( ! cut\t1 x is probable t ! g5]ator bru%es are n mak+ good contact74 ,! cut\t may be te/$ by /opp+ ! eng9e1 replac+ ! batt]y 7or ammet]7 wire on ! cut\t1 & hold+ ! end ( ! extra wire on ! g5]ator t]m9al ( ! cut\t4 ,if a *>g+ curr5t is !n obta9$1 ! cut\t is #j4 ,k4 & ! tr\ble is betwe5 ! cut\t & ! g5]ator4 #e4 ,an excessive curr5t is obta9$4 ,if a ?ird bru% g5]ator is us$1 look = loose or dirty connections 9 ! *>g+ l9e1 dirty cut\t po9ts1 dirty commutator1 dirty bru%es 7especially ! bru%1 or bru%es1 :i* is ,dot connect$ to "o end ( ! field w9d+71 bru%es loose1 bru%es n well gr\nd 91 & any o!r conditions :i* w cause a high resi/ance 9 ! *>g+ l9e4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?ird bru% g5]ators t _! curr5t output increases if !re is an increase 9 resi/ance 9 ! *>g+ circuit4 ,if no tr\bles su* z ^? enum]at$ above are f\nd1 ! ?ird bru% may ne$ adju/+4 ,g5]ators us+ vibrat+ curr5t or voltage regulators w give an excessive output if ! po9ts ne$ adju/+ or if ! regulat+ resi/ance is %ort-circuit$4 ,g5]ators us+ rev]s$ s]ies regulation w give an excessive output if !re is a %ort-circuit 9 ! s]ies field coils4 #f4 ,l[ *>g+ curr5t is obta9$4 ,?is may be due to adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ device1 to high resi/ance 9 ! %unt field circuit 9 case ( a ?ird bru% g5]ator4 ,9 case ( g5]ators us+ o!r k9ds ( regulation1 loose connections1 dirty commutator & bru%es1 etc41 w cause l[ *>g+ curr5t4 #g4 ,g5]ator *>ges up to a c]ta9 spe$ & !n /ops *>g+4 ,! tr\ble is caus$ by "s condition :i* causes ! bru%es to break contact ) ! commutator1 especially 9 ! case ( a ?ird bru%4 ,high mica1 loose bru% spr+1 or a commutator :i* has be5 turn$ d[n (f-c5t] may cause ! tr\ble4 ,?is tr\ble mo/ frequ5tly occurs on c>s us+ ?ird bru% motor-g5]ators hav+ a #c to #a or m spe$ ratio betwe5 !m & ! eng9e4 ,^! motor-g5]ators op]ate at su* high spe$s t high mica & a commutator :i* is ev5 slightly (f c5t] h a mu* great] effect ?an ! same conditions w\ld cause 9 sep>ate g5]ators :i* op]ate at mu* l[] spe$s4 ,! rem$y = ?is tr\ble is to keep ! mica "u-cut1 & to be v c>eful to c5t] ! armature 9 ! la! :5 tak+ a cut f ! armature4 ,9 turn+ d[n ! commutators ( high spe$ motor-g5]ators1 special fitt+s %\ld be made by means ( :i* ! armature may be m\nt$ 9 its own ball-be>+s :ile ! commutator is turn$ d[n4 ,,adju/+ ,,g5]ator ,,outputs ,! repairman %\ld be v sl[ 9 adju/+ g5]ator outputs4 ,mo/ cases ( insuffici5t or excessive *>g+ curr5t are due to ! tr\bles enum]at$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 & n due to incorrect adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ device4 ,be=e *ang+ ! adju/m5t ( any g5]ator1 !re=e1 be sure t ev]y?+ is 9 good condition4 ,! ?ird bru% g5]ator1 = in/ance1 w h an excessive output if ! bru%es are dirty1 loose1 or n well seat$ on ! commutator4 ,! use ( a ?ird bru% :i* is too wide1 = in/ance1 w *ange ! output consid]ably4 ,a high resi/ance ?ird bru% w decrease ! output1 :ile a l[ resi/ance bru% w increase ! output4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an increase 9 ! resi/ance ( ! *>g+ circuit w cause an increase 9 ! output ( a ?ird bru% g5]ator1 :i* is j ! opposite to :at is ord9>ily expect$4 ,su* an increase 9 resi/ance may be due to loose or dirty connections1 dirty cut\t contact po9ts1 corrod$ batt]y t]m9als & s on4 ,rememb] also t ! ?ird bru% g5]ator s5ds a high] curr5t into a fully *>g$ batt]y ?an x s5ds into a dis*>g$ batt]y4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial t a fully *>g$ batt]y be on ! c> :5 ! output ( a ?ird bru% g5]ator is adju/$4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* det]m9e :e!r any *ange %\ld be made 9 ! *>g+ rate on ! c>1 viz3 ,driv+1 ,conditions & ! ,season ( ! ,ye>4 ,driv+ ,conditions4 ,a c> :i* makes %ort runs1 ) num]\s /ops1 requires t ! />t+ motor be us$ frequ5tly4 ,?is t5ds to run ! batt]y d[n v quickly4 ,moreov]1 su* a c> usually does n h its eng9e runn+ long en\gh to give ! g5]ator an opportunity to keep ! batt]y *>g$1 & to accompli% ?is1 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be increas$4 ,a c> :i* is us$ mo/ly at night may ne$ a high] *>g+ rate1 especially if %ort runs are made1 & if ! c> /&s at ! curb ) its lights burn+4 ,long night runs w g5]ally call = only a normal *>g+ rate1 s9ce ! long *>g+ p]iods are (fset by ! cont9u\s use ( ! lamps4 ,a c> us$ on long daylight runs %\ld g5]ally h ! *>g+ rate r$uc$1 because ! batt]y is *>g$ ?r\gh\t su* runs ) no dis*>ge into lamps or />t+ ( motor to (fset ! cont9u$ *>ge4 ,if ! lamps are kept light$ dur+ su* runs1 ! normal *>ge rate w be satisfactory1 because ! lamp curr5t w automatically r$uce ! curr5t s5t into ! batt]y4 ,9 ! w9t] "t1 eng9es mu/ be crank$ = a long] "t be=e !y w />t1 ! batt]y is less effici5t ?an 9 w>m wea!r1 & lights are burn+ = a great] l5g? ( "t ?an 9 summ]4 ,su* conditions require an increase 9 ! *>g+ rate1 especially if ! c> is us$ on %ort runs4 ,oil long runs 9 ! w9t] "t1 ! normal *>g+ rate w g5]ally be satisfactory because ! long *>g+ p]iod w (fset ! long] crank+ p]iod4 ,9 ! summ] "t1 eng9es />t m easily ?an 9 w9t]1 & h5ce require less crank+4 ,! lamps are us$ = only %ort p]iods & ! batt]y is m effici5t ?an 9 w9t]4 ,a l[] *>g+ rate w1 !re=e1 keep ! batt]y *>g$4 ,long t\rs 9 ! summ] "t are especially likely to result 9 ov]*>g$1 ov]heat$ batt]ies1 & a r$uc$ *>g+ rate is call$ =4 ,h[ & ,:5 to ,adju/ ,*>g+ ,rates ,a correct *>g+ rate is "o :i* keeps a batt]y fully *>g$1 b does n ov]*>ge x1 & :i* does n cause ei!r ! g5]ator or ! batt]y to become ov]heat$4 ,! only way to det]m9e :e!r a c]ta9 *>g+ rate is correct on any p>ticul> c> is to make an arrangem5t ) ! c> own] to br+ 9 8 c> e two weeks4 ,on su* occasions hydromet] read+s %\ld be tak5 & wat] add$1 if necess>y1 to br+ ! surface ( ! electrolyte up to ! prop] level4 ,! hydromet] read+s w %[ :e!r ! g5]ator is keep+ ! batt]y *>g$1 & if a *ange 9 ! *>g+ rate is necess>y1 ! necess>y adju/m5ts may be made4 ,if a cu/om] does n br+ 9 8 c> e two weeks1 call him up on ! phone or write to him4 ,! int]e/ :i* y %[ 9 8 batt]y by do+ ?is w g5]ally result 9 ! cu/om] giv+ y all 8 repair bus9ess1 & he w also tell 8 acqua9tances ab\t y\r good s]vice4 ,?is w give y consid]able ^w ( m\? adv]tis+1 :i* is by f> ! be/ =m ( adv]tis+ & :i* _c be b\ght4 ,x mu/ be e>n$ by good batt]y s]vice4 ,adju/+ a ?ird bru% g5]ator4 ,! be/ rule to rememb] = *ang+ ! output ( a ?ird bru% ma*9e is t to increase ! output1 move ! ?ird bru% 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! commutator rotates1 & to decrease ! output1 move ! ?ird bru% 9 ! opposite direction4 ,move ! ?ird bru% only #a_/af in* & !n s&pap] ! bru% seat ) #jj s&pap]4 ,all[ ! g5]ator to run = ab\t tw5ty m9utes to run-9 ! bru%4 ,!n v>y ! spe$ to see :at ! maximum *>g+ rate is4 ,if ! *ange 9 ! *>g+ rate is n suffici5t1 move ! ?ird bru% ano!r #a_/af in* & proce$ z be=e until ! desir$ *>g+ rate is obta9$4 ,adju/+ ,vibrat+ ,regulators4 ,! output ( g5]ators :i* use a vibrat+ regulator is adju/$ by *ang+ ! t5sion ( ! spr+ fa/5$ to ! regulator arm4 ,9 _m cases ?is adju/m5t is made by means ( a screw :i* is turn$ up or d[n to *ange ! spr+ t5sion4 ,9 o!r cases a hook or prong is b5t to *ange ! spr+ t5sion4 ,:]e a coil spr+ is us$1 l5g!n+ ! spr+ w decrease ! t5sion & l[] ! output1 :ile %ort5+ ! spr+ w increase ! t5sion & raise ! output4 ,vibrat+ regulators are ( ! con/ant curr5t or ! con/ant-voltage types4 ,! con/ant curr5t regulator has a w9d+ ( heavy wire :i* c>ries ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,:5 ! *>g+ curr5t rea*es ! value = :i* ! regulator is set1 ! electromagnet =m$ by ! coil & ! core on :i* x is w\nd draws ! regulator armature t[>d x & !reby sep>ates ! regulator po9ts1 :i* are 9 s]ies ) ! %unt field4 ,a resi/ance coil1 :i* is connect$ across ! regulator po9ts & :i* is %ort-circuit$ :5 ! po9ts are clos$1 is put 9 s]ies ) ! %unt field :5 ! po9ts sep>ate4 ,?is r$uces ! %unt field curr5t1 caus+ a decrease 9 g5]ator voltage & h5ce curr5t output4 ,z ! curr5t decreases1 ! pull ( ! electromagnet on ! regulator armature weak5s & ! spr+ ov]comes ! pull ( ! electromagnet & closes ! regulator po9ts4 ,?is %ort-circuits ! resi/ance coil connect$ across ! regulator po9ts & all[s ! %unt field curr5t to increase aga91 !reby increas+ ! g5]ator output4 ,?is cycle is repeat$ at a high rate ( spe$1 caus+ ! regulator po9ts to vibrate rapidly4 ,! action ( a vibrat+ con/ant-voltage regulator is exactly ! same z t ( ! con/ant curr5t regulator1 except t ! coil is connect$ across ! g5]ator bru%es4 ,! action ( ?is coil !re=e dep5ds on ! g5]ator voltage1 ! regulator po9ts vibrat+ :5 ! g5]ator voltage rises to ! value = :i* ! regulator is set4 ,adju/+ ,rev]se-,s]ies ,g5]ators4 ,! regulation ( ! output ( ?is type ( g5]ator is accompli%$ by means ( a field w9d+ :i* is 9 s]ies ) ! armature1 & :i* !re=e c>ries ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,^! s]ies field coils are magnetically oppos$ to ! %unt field coils1 & an increase 9 *>g+ curr5t results 9 a weak5+ ( ! field flux4 ,a balanc$ condition is rea*$ at :i* no increase ( flux takes place z ! g5]ator spe$ increases1 ! t5d5cy ( ! increas$ %unt field curr5t to increase ! total flux be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! weak5+ action ( ! flux produc$ by ! s]ies field curr5t4 ,to increase ! output ( a rev]se s]ies g5]ator1 x is necess>y to weak5 ! oppos+ s]ies field flux4 ,! only way ( do+ ?is is to %ort-circuit ! s]ies field coils1 or connect a resi/ance across !m4 ,to decrease ! output ( a rev]se s]ies g5]ator1 a resi/ance coil may be connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! %unt field w9d+4 ,nei!r ( ^! s*emes is practicable1 & h5ce ! rev]se s]ies g5]ator may be consid]$ z a non-adju/able ma*9e4 ,"u-*>g+ may be prev5t$ by us+ ! />t+ motor & lights z little z possible1 or by giv+ ! batt]y a b5* *>ge occasionally4 ,ov]-*>g+ may be prev5t$ by burn+ ! lights :5ev] ! eng9e is runn+1 or leav+ ! lights turn$ on ov] night4 ,o!r =ms ( regulation h be5 us$ on ! old] c>s1 b ! majority ( ! c>s n[ 9 use use "o ( ! f\r =ms ( regulation describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs4 ,if adju/m5ts ne$ to be made on "s c> hav+ a sy/em (-regulation ) :i* ! batt]y man is n famili>1 ! "w %\ld be done 9 a s]vice /ation do+ g5]ator "w4 ,if g5]ator outputs are *ang$ because ( "s special op]at+ condition1 su* z summ] t\rs1 ! rate %\ld be *ang$ to normal z soon z ! usual driv+ conditions are resum$4 ,,te/+ ,,& ,,fill+ ,,s]vice ,e man expects to be paid = 8 "w1 s9ce 8 purpose 9 work+ is to get money4 ,yet !re are num]\s in/ances 9 e l9e ( "w requir+ "w to be done = :i* no money is receiv$4 ,! t]m ,free ,s]vice is famili> to e repairman1 & x has be5 ! cause ( consid]able discussion & dispute1 s9ce x is (t5 v difficult to "k :]e to draw ! ,t9e betwe5 ,free ,s]vice & ,paid ,s]vice4 ,! t]m ,free ,s]vice might be aboli%$ ) b5efit to all conc]n$4 ,9 ! batt]y bus9ess ,free ,inspection s]vice is a famili> t]m4 ,x is int5d$ to apply to ! regul> addition ( di/ill$ wat] by ! repairman & to te/s made at ! "t ! wat] is add$4 ,s9ce ! t]m ,inspection might be ,mis9t]pret$ & tak5 to apply to ! op5+ ( batt]ies = exam9ation1 ! t]m ,te/+ & ,fill+ ,s]vice %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ,free ,inspection ,s]vice4 ,batt]y mak]s furni% c>ds = di/ribution to c> own]s4 ,^! c>ds entitle ! hold] to br+ 9 8 batt]y e two weeks to h di/ill$ wat] add$ if necess>y1 & to h 8 batt]y te/$ )\t pay+ = x4 ,?is s]vice requires v little "t1 & %\ld be giv5 *e]fully by e s]vice man4 ,te/+ & ,fill+ ,s]vice is an excell5t means ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) c> own]s4 ,be z pleasant & c\rte\s to ! ,te/+ & ,fill+ cu/om] z y are to ! man :o br+s 9 a batt]y t ne$s repairs4 ,= ?is cu/om] w c]ta9ly give y 8 repair bus9ess if y h be5 pleasant 9 giv+ ! ,te/+ & ,fill+ ,s]vice4 ,a ?or\ghly compet5t batt]y man %\ld be put 9 *>ge ( ! ,te/+ & ,fill+ ,s]vice1 s9ce ?is man mu/ meet ! c> own]s1 ^u :om ! s]vice /ation dep5ds = its income4 ,cu/om]s are impress$1 n by an impos+ array ( repair %op equipm5t1 b by ! mann] ( ! m5 :o meet !m4 ,^! m5 w increase ! numb] ( y\r cu/om]s1 or w drive trade to competitors1 dep5d+ on ! impression !y leave 9 ! m9ds ( ! c> own]s4 ,e s]vice /ation own] %\ld p]suade all ! c> own]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! /ation to come 9 regul>ly = ! free te/+ & fill+ s]vice1 & :5 !y d come 9 !y %\ld be giv5 *e]ful1 c\rte\s s]vice4 ,ea* te/+ & fill+ cu/om] is a prospective pay+ cu/om]1 = x is entirely natural t a c> own] w give 8 repair "w to ! batt]y man :o has be5 tak+ c>e ( ! te/+ & fill+ "w ,oil 8 batt]y4 ,:5 a new batt]y is ne$$1 ! te/+ & fill+ cu/om] w c]ta9ly buy x f ! man :o has be5 reliev+ him ( ! "w ( keep+ 8 batt]ies 9 good %ape4 ,c> own]s :o dep5d on y\r competitor = _! te/+ & fill+ s]vice w n come to y :5 _! batt]y ne$s repair+1 or :5 !y ne$ a new batt]y4 ,y may be conv9c$ t y h&le a bett] make ( batt]y ?an y\r competitor does1 b y\r competitor's ^w w c>ry f> m weight ?an y\rs ) ! man :o has be5 com+ to him = te/+ & fill+4 ,good te/+ & fill+ s]vice is1 !re=e1 ! be/ me?od ( adv]tis+ & build+ up y\r bus9ess4 ,! co/ ( ?is s]vice to y is m ?an (fset by ! pay+ bus9ess x c]ta9ly br+s1 & by ! sav+ 9 money sp5t = adv]tis+4 ,rememb] t a boo/ by a satisfi$ cu/om] is ( consid]ably great] value to y\r bus9ess ?an newspap] adv]tis+4 ,a c>eful record %\ld be kept ( e batt]y :i* is br\ght 9 regul>ly = te/+ & fill+ s]vice4 ,if a te/ %[s t "o or m cells are l[ 9 gravity1 say ab\t #a4bbj1 ?is fact %\ld be record$4 ,if ! gravity is /ill l[ :5 ! batt]y comes 9 aga9 = te/1 remove ! batt]y & give x a b5* *>ge4 ,! cu/om] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 pay = ! b5* *>ge & = ! r5tal batt]y :i* is put on ! c> 9 ! meantime4 ,batt]y manufactur]s g5]ally furni% c>ds to be us$ 9 connection ) ! te/+ & fill+ s]vice1 su* c>ds be+ issu$ to ! cu/om]s4 ,a pun* m>k is made e "t ! batt]y is br\ght 91 ,if ! own] neglects to come 91 ?is is indicat$ by ! abs5ce ( a pun* m>k1 & puts ! blame = any tr\ble caus$ by ?is neglect on ! own] if any cell %[s l[ gravity1 a notation ( t fact may be made opposite ! pun* m>k = ! date on :i* ! l[ gravity 0 obs]v$4 ,if ! l[ gravity is aga9 f\nd ! next "t ! batt]y is br\ght 91 ! batt]y %\ld be remov$ & giv5 a b5* *>ge4 ,if ! b5* *>ge puts ! batt]y 9 good %ape1 & ! subsequ5t gravity read+s are high1 no tr\ble is pres5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! l[ gravity read+s beg9 to drop (f aga91 x is probable t new sep>ators are requir$1 especially if ! batt]y is ab\t a ye> old4 ,! logical c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! te/+ & fill+ s]vice is to keep ! batt]y prop]ly fill$ 7at no co/ to ! cu/om]71 give ! batt]y an occasional b5* *>ge 7= :i* ! cu/om] pays71 re9sulate ! batt]y :5 x is ab\t a ye> old 7= :i* ! cu/om] pays71 & sell ! cu/om] a new batt]y :5 ! old "o is worn out4 ,if "s tr\ble develops dur+ ! lifetime ( ! batt]y :i* is n due to lack ( prop] att5tion1 ! cu/om] %\ld pay to h ! repairs made4 ,f ?is ! batt]y man w see h[ ! ,te/+ & ,fill+ ,s]vice pays4 ,! way to get bus9ess is to h p come to y\r %op4 ,become acqua9t$ ) !m1 treat !m "r1 & y ne$ n wond] :]e ! money is to come f4 ,,s]vice ,,records ,9 ord] to run a repair %op 9 an ord]ly1 bus9ess-l mann]1 x is necess>y to h an effici5t sy/em ( ,s]vice ,records4 ,su* a sy/em w protect bo? ! repairman & ! cu/om]1 & simplify ! repairman's bookkeep+4 ,= a small s]vice /ation a v simple sy/em %\ld be adopt$4 ,z ! bus9ess gr[s1 ! s]vice record sy/em mu/ necess>ily become m complicat$1 s9ce ea* batt]y w pass ?r\gh sev]al p]sons' h&s4 ,batt]y manufactur]s g5]ally furni% s]vice record %eets & c>ds to _! s]vice /ations1 & ! repairman :o has a contract ) a manufactur] g5]ally adopts !m4 ,! manufactur]s' s]vice record sy/ems are (t5 some:at complicat$1 & require consid]able bookkeep+4 ,= ! small] s]vice /ation a s+le %eet or c>d is mo/ suitable1 !re be+ only "o = ea* job1 & c>bon %eets & copies be+ unnecess>y4 ,su* a s]vice record has ?ree ess5tial p>ts3 7a7 ,! cu/om]'s claim *eck4 7b7 ,! batt]y tag4 7c7 ,! record c>d4 ,fig4 #ahc %[s a s]vice record c>d :i* is suitable = ! av]age repair %op4 ,"p ,no4 ,i is ! cu/om]'s claim *eck1 ,"p ,no4 #b ! batt]y tag1 & "p ,no4 #c ! record c>d1 & is #e in*es by #h in*es 9 size4 ,! ov]all size ( ! entire c>d is #e in*es by #ab in*es4 ,p>ts ,i & #b are torn (f along ! p]=at$ l9es m>k$ 7,a74 ,:5 a batt]y comes 9 ! ?ree p>ts are giv5 ! same numb] to id5tify !m :5 !y h be5 torn ap>t4 ,! numb] may be writt5 9 ! ,no4 space %[n on ea* "p1 or ! numb]s may be /amp$ on ! c>d4 ,! record %\ld n be made out z soon z a cu/om] comes 91 b aft] ! batt]y has be5 exam9$ & te/$ & ! necess>y "w det]m9$4 ,put ! cu/om]'s "n on p>ts #b & #c4 ,record ! address1 telephone1 etc41 9 ! prop] spaces on "p #c4 ,hav+ det]m9$ by te/ & inspection :at is to be done1 fill out ! ,,workco/s table on "p #c1 putt+ a *eck m>k 9 ! fir/ column to indicate ! "w to be done & ! mat]ial ne$$4 ,figure up ! co/ :ile ! cu/om] waits1 if ?is is possible4 ,expla9 ! co/s to ! cu/om]1 & h him sign ,contract ,no4 #a4 ,if y d ?is !re c nev] be any argum5t ab\t ! bill y h& ! cu/om] lat] ,if ! cu/om] _c wait1 or if he is well kn[n to y & y "k lie w n "q y\r bill1 h him sign ,contract ,no4 #b4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! t]ms pr9t$ on ! back ( ! c>d au?orize ! repairman to make :atev] repairs he f9ds to be necess>y1 & b9d ! cu/om] to pay = !m4 ,f9d out :e!r ! cu/om] w call1 :e!r y are to deliv] ! batt]y1 or :e!r y are to %ip x1 & put a *eck m>k 9 ! prop] space at ! "r ( ! ,,"w-,,co/s table4 ,m>k ! batt]y ) ! *alk ^: color is indicat$1 & y w "k h[ to dispose ( ! batt]y :5 ! repairs are complet$4 ,fill out ! claim *eck & give x to ! cu/om]1 te>+ x (f along ! p]=at$ l9es4 ,fill out ! batt]y tag1 indicat+ aft] ,in/ructions j :at is to be done4 ,fig4 #ahc ,front ,back ( ! ,batt]y ,s]vice ,c>d ,make a sket* ( ! top ( ! batt]y 9 ! space provid$1 dip ! tag 9 ! p>aff9e dip pot 7see page #ahb7 & tack ! c>d on ! batt]y4 ,file "p #c 9 a /&>d #e by #h c>d index file4 ,to ! "r ( ! ,,"w-,,co/s table are spaces = ent]+ ! date on :i* ! "w is complet$1 ! date ! cu/om] is notifi$ & ! date ! batt]y goes out4 ,^! dates are useful 9 keep+ a record ( ! job4 ,:5 ! job is f9i%$ & ! r5tal comes 91 ent] ! co/s 9 ! ,,co/s table1 & note ! date ! bill 0 paid1 9 ! space m>k$ ,,paid4 ,fig4 #ahd ,r5tal batt]y c>d to be ti$ on c> ( cu/om] ,file all ! #e by #h c>ds 7,"p #c7 9 alphabetical ord] 9 a dead ticket file1 9 ei!r alphabetical or num]ical ord]4 ,) ?is file y c build up an excell5t mail+ li/ ( y\r cu/om]s4 ,y c note h[ _m new cu/om]s y are secur+ & h[ _m cu/om]s are n com+ back4 ,! latt] in=mation is v valuable1 z x enables y to f9d out :at cu/om]s h quit1 & y c g aft] !m to get _! repair bus9ess aga94 ,:5 a r5tal is put on a c>d1 ! c>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahd may be ti$ to ! c> :]e x is easily se54 ,?is w s]ve z a rem9d] to ! cu/om] & w help adv]tise y\r %op to ^? :o ride 9 ! c>4 ,ea* r5tal batt]y %\ld h a numb] pa9t$ on x 9 l>ge :ite lett]s1 or %\ld h atta*$ to x at all times a lead tag on :i* is /amp$ a numb] to id5tify ! batt]y4 ,to keep a record ( ! r5tal batt]ies1 a c>d or %eet simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahe may be us$4 ,ea* "t ! r5tal is put on a c>1 a record is made ( ?is fact on ! c>d4 ,ea* r5tal batt]y has its own c>d1 & ref]5ce to ?is c>d w %[ at once :]e ! batt]y is4 ,ea* c>d ?us gives a record ( ! batt]y4 ,! numb] ( ! r5tal is also writt5 on ! ,/ock ,c>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahc1 b ! purpose ( putt+ ! numb] on ^! c>ds is m]ely to make sure t ! batt]y is return$ :5 ! cu/om]'s batt]y is replac$ on ! c> & to be able to figure out ! r5tal co/ quickly & add x to ! "t & mat]ial co/s 9 repair+ ! cu/om]'s batt]y4 ,! ,record ,c>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahc does n help y locate any p>ticul> r5tal batt]y4 ,= in/ance1 suppose t r5tal batt]y ,no4 #hif is out & y wi% to "k :o is us+ x4 ,y may1 ( c\rse1 look ov] ! ,batt]y ,tags :i* are ti$ to ! batt]ies :i* are be+ repair$ 9 ! %op1 or y may exam9e ! file conta9+ ! record c>ds1 b ?is w\ld take too mu* "t4 ,b if y ref] to ! r5tal file y c det]m9e imm$iately :]e r5tal batt]y ,no4 #hif is1 s9ce ! c>ds 9 ?is file %\ld be arrang$ num]ically4 ,! rack on :i* r5tal batt]ies are plac$ %\ld h a tag be>+ ! same numb] z ! r5tal batt]y tack$ to ! %elf bel[ ! place provid$ = ! batt]y4 ,ea* r5tal batt]y %\ld always be plac$ 9 ! same place on ! %elf4 ,y c !n tell at a glance :i* batt]ies are out4 ,a good plan1 & "o :i* w save space1 is to write ! numb] ( ! r5tal batt]y on ! cu/om]'s claim *eck1 & :5 repairs on 8 own batt]y are complet$1 to set 8 batt]y 9 ! place provid$ on ! r5tal rack = ! r5tal :i* he is us+4 ,:5 he comes 9 = 8 batt]y1 y c tell at a glance :e!r 8 batt]y is ready by look+ at ! place :]e ! r5tal he is us+ is normally plac$ on ! r5tal rack4 ,if a batt]y is !re y w "k t x is 8 batt]y1 & t x is ready = him4 ,fig4 #ahe ,r5tal ,batt]y ,/ock ,c>d ,y c\ld1 ( c\rse1 look ?r\gh ! batt]ies on ! ,ready ,rack1 b ?is w\ld take m "t1 s9ce ! numb]s ( ! batt]ies on ?is rack w always be diff]5t1 & y w\ld h to look ?r\gh all ! batt]ies on ! ,ready ,rack be=e y w\ld be able to tell :e!r any p>ticul> batt]y 7 ready4 ,by putt+ a cu/om]'s batt]y 9 place ( ! r5tal he is us+1 y w h only "o place to look at 9 ord] to "k :e!r 8 batt]y is ready4 ,,*apt] #ac4 ,,bus9ess ,,me?ods4 ----------------- ,success 9 ?is day & age _c be atta9$ )\t a well ?\ght-out plan ( action4 ,!re is no bus9ess :i* does n dem& "s sort ( sy/em ( managem5t4 ,! smalle/ bus9ess mu/ h x1 & w g to ru9 )\t x4 ,h5ce e batt]y s]vice /ation proprietor %\ld see to x t 8 affairs are sy/ematiz$ -- arrang$ accord+ to a c>efully /udi$ me?od4 ,mo/ m5 look ^u r$-tape ) contempt & 9 ! s5se ( a m]e monoton\s & mean+less r\t9e1 x m]its all ! contempt p\r$ ^u x4 ,h>d1 fa/ & iron-clad rules1 :i* cease to be a means1 & become an end1 prove a h9drance r ?an a help4 ,b an intellig5t me?od1 :i* adapts itself to ! ne$s ( ! bus9ess1 is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts ( bus9ess4 ,! batt]y man :o despises x w nev] d any?+ well4 ,x does n matt] h[ clev] he is1 h[ good a workman he is1 h[ complete 8 k ( batt]ies1 if he attempts to run 8 bus9ess )\t a plan1 he w ev5tually come to grief4 ,pur*as+ ,me?ods4 ,e batt]y s]vice /ation proprietor is eag] to build up 8 bus9ess1 & improve ! "* ( 8 trade1 because ?is 9 turn means t he w be assur$ ( l>g] sales to a good class ( cu/om]s4 ,& x is at once evid5t t !re are a numb] ( requirem5ts t affect ?is "q ( build+ up a bus9ess1 "o ( ! fir/ 9 importance be+ t ( pur*as+4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s ) :i* ! batt]y man is fac$ is ! "q ( :at1 :]e1 & 9 :at quantities to pur*ase4 ,! philosophy ( correct pur*as+ consi/s 9 gett+ ! "r mat]ials1 9 prop] quantities1 at a l[ price1 & ) z little co/ = ! do+ ( x z possible4 ,! pur*as+ problem %\ld be a mo/ int]e/+ & important subject to ! proprietor ( e s]vice /ation1 because ! policy pursu$ ) reg>d to pur*as+ w n only l>gely gov]n ! economy ( all 8 exp5ditures1 except r5t & payroll1 b x w also control 8 sell+ policies4 ,goods are sold1 & s]vices r5d]$ only because "s "o wants to buy4 ,! cu/om]'s pur*as+ problems gov]n ! proprietor's sell+ problems4 ,to sell prop]ly1 x is necess>y to meet ! requirem5ts ( ^? :o buy4 ,correct pur*as+ is n m]ely a matt] ( buy+4 ,! buy+ itself has b little to d1 aft] all1 ) ! "q ( real economy 9 ?is "p ( ! bus9ess4 ,! proprietor's pur*as+ policy %\ld n cease :5 ! pur*ase ord] is ,fig4 #ahf ,/ock ,record made out1 b %\ld cont9ue aft] ! goods h be5 deliv]$1 receiv$ & inspect$4 ,he %\ld see t !y are prop]ly /or$1 t !y are put to ! use int5d$1 & t !y are us$ effici5tly4 ,?is c be accompli%$ to good advantage by ! use ( ! ,/ock ,record illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,:5 goods are receiv$1 ea* item %\ld be ent]$ on ^! ,/ock ,record c>ds1 keep+ 9 m9d always t ! requirem5ts ( a p]petual or go+ inv5tory ( ?is k9d are t a sep>ate acc\nt be kept ) ea* k9d or class ( /ock1 & n alone ) ea* class1 b ) ea* grade ( ea* class4 ,= example1 if a quantity ( batt]ies 7 receiv$1 x w\ld n suffice to h "o c>d only = ! entire quantity1 unless !y %\ld happ5 to be all ( ! same type & make4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ^! c>ds are a record ( all articles com+ into /ock1 & all articles go+ out ( /ock 9 ! way ( sales or o!rwise1 ) an individual c>d = ea* k9d1 grade1 /yle or size ( /ock c>ri$ on h&4 ,f ! pur*ase invoices cov]+ /ock receiv$1 an entry is made 9 ! column head$ ,receiv$1 to ! prop] acc\nt1 %[+ date1 ord] numb]1 quantity & price4 ,ea* sales tag is us$ to make ! entries 9 ! columns head$ ,disburs$1 9 :i* ! date1 tag numb]1 quantity1 price1 & ! balance quantity on h& are %[n4 ,if ?is is done daily1 = all ! sales tags ( ! p>ticul> day1 & ! c>ds on :i* ! disburs$ entries 7 made are kept sep>ate f ! balance ( ! c>ds1 x is an easy matt] to arrive at ! co/ ( all sales = ea* day1 ,! advantage ( hav+ ?is daily in=mation w be expla9$ & illu/rat$ 9 foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! ,use & ,abuse ( ,cr$it4 ,! "q ( ! prop] use ( cr$it is closely alli$ ) ! pur*as+ ( goods4 ,a great _m bus9ess failures c be trac$ directly to ov]exp&$ cr$it4 ,any batt]y s]vice /ation proprietor :o does n place a volunt>y limit on ! am\nt ( cr$it = :i* he asks is1 to say ! lea/1 runn+ a v great bus9ess risk4 ,! mom5t he exp&s 8 cr$it to ! limit1 he leaves himself ) no m>g9 ( safety1 & a sudd5 *ange 9 bus9ess conditions may place him 9 a s]i\s situation4 ,comm]cial ag5cies usually call ?is condition a lack ( capital4 ,! real cause1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* lack ( capital z x is too mu* bus9ess on cr$it4 ,?is does n mean t cr$it %\ld n be s\ght2 or t all bus9ess %\ld be done on ! capital actually inve/$ 9 ! conc]n4 ,cr$it is necess>y to comm]cial life4 ,v few bus9ess conc]ns are s /rong f9ancially z to be able to d )\t cr$it4 ,cr$it %\ld be s\ght & us$ intellig5tly1 & x is n a h>d matt] = any batt]y s]vice /ation proprietor to keep 8 cr$it good4 ,all t is necess>y is to take a few precautions1 & obs]ve 9 g5]al ! pr9ciples ( good bus9ess4 ,! fir/ requisite1 ( c\rse1 is to accept no m cr$it ?an ! bus9ess w /&4 ,sometimes x is possible to secure en\gh cr$it to ru9 a bus9ess4 ,its pres5t condition & future prospects may appe> s good z to w>rant secur+ all ! cr$it possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,x requires c\rage to limit ! gr[? & ! tempor>y prosp]ity ( a bus9ess by keep+ d[n ! cr$it accept$4 ,x is v h>d to refuse bus9ess4 ,x is difficult n to make ext5sions :5 !re is en\gh bus9ess 9 sight to pay = ! ext5sions4 ,b ! acid te/ ( :e!r or n y %\ld ext5d & borr[ is n ! am\nt ( bus9ess t c be done1 b ! am\nt ( money t c be sp>$4 ,! m]e fact t y h ! money or c get x does n 9 ! lea/ mean t x %\ld be sp5t4 ,& ! reason = ?is is t1 9 ord] to keep y\r cr$it good1 y mu/ meet all obligations promptly4 ,no?+ has a m *ill+ effect on any bus9ess ?an failure to meet all indebt$ness :5 due4 ,z soon z additional "t is reque/$ 9 :i* to meet obligations1 y\r cr$it rat+ beg9s to contract2 & if1 at ! same "t1 y\r cr$it has be5 ov]exp&$ ! bus9ess is plac$ 9 a mo/ difficult position4 ,m ?an "o conc]n has gone to ! wall :5 fac$ ) ?is comb9ation4 ,prop] ,bookkeep+ ,records4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ?is matt] ( ! prop] use ( cr$it w lie 9 poor bookkeep+ records1 mak+ x impossible = ! proprietor to "k v mu* ab\t 8 f9ancial position or op]at+ condition day by day & week by week & mon? by mon?4 ,_m s]vice /ation proprietors figure :at !y owe once a ye> only1 :5 !y inv5tory1 & _m d n keep a p]man5t record ev5 !n2 & usually ^? :o are neglectful 9 ?is reg>d are ! ones :o owe ! mo/1 proportionately1 :o d n take _! disc\nts1 & :o d n progress4 ,! foll[+ table cov]s ! av]age disc\nts all[$ 9 v>i\s l9es4 ,if y /udy x1 & f9d out h[ mu* x co/s y to lose disc\nts1 y w at once realize ! necessity = ! prop] sort ( bookkeep+ records4 #a4 #a ca%1 #cj days net 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ab p] ye> #b4 #b ca%1 #cj days net 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bd p] ye> #c4 #c ca%1 #cj days net 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cf p] ye> #d4 #e ca%1 #cj days net 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fj p] ye> #e4 #h ca%1 #cj days net 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #if p] ye> #f4 #a #aj days1 #cj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ah p] ye> #g4 #b #aj days1 #cj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cf p] ye> #h4 #c #aj days1 #cj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ed p] ye> #i4 #e #aj days1 #cj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ij p] ye> #aj4 #h #aj days1 #cj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #add p] ye> #aa4 #a #aj days1 #fj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ad4d p] ye> #ab4 #b #aj days1 #fj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bh4h p] ye> #ac4 #c #aj days1 #fj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dc4b p] ye> #ad4 #e #aj days1 #fj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb p] ye> #ae4 #h #aj days1 #fj days net4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aae4b p] ye> ,!n !re is ! matt] ( exp5ses2 r5t1 wages1 insurances1 taxes1 depreciation1 freight & express1 & all ! o!r miscellane\s items t g to make up ! total ( y\r co/ ( do+ bus9ess4 ,exp5ses eat up a bus9ess unless controll$4 ,!y ought to be s analyz$ t y are able to place y\r f+] on items :i* appe> too l>ge1 or uncall$ =1 or :i* ne$ explanation4 ,a ,daily ,exhibit ( ,y\r ,bus9ess4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 y ought to keep a record simil> to t %[n by ,fig4 #ahg--;a ,daily ,exhibit ( y\r bus9ess4 ,! advantage ( ?is record is t x w give any batt]y man daily in=mation z to ! foll[+ facts ( 8 bus9ess3 #a4 ,! am\nt ( /ock on h&4 #b4 ,! am\nt ( gross pr(it4 #c4 ,! p]c5tage ( gross pr(it4 ,x w give mon?ly in=mation z to3 #a4 ,! exp5se & p]c5tage ( exp5se4 #b4 ,! actual net pr(it4 #c4 ,! p]c5tage ( net pr(it4 ,su* in=mation w help y to locate exactly :5 & :]e y\r losses come2 dur+ :at mon?s & f :at causes4 ,x w enable y to turn los+ mon?s ?is ye> into pr(itable mon?s next ye>2 to tell :e!r y\r losses 7 due to a too great exp5se acc\nt1 or to too l[ gross pr(its4 ,! p]c5tage columns on ! %eet are ! mo/ important1 because only by p]c5tages c y make prop] comp>isons1 & "k j h[ y\r bus9ess is head$4 ,y _c guess p]c5tages2 y mu/ h a way ( kn[+ cont9ually :at !y are1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 ( gett+ ! "r return on y\r inve/m5t4 ,fig4 #ahg;a ,daily ,exhibit =m ,fig4 #ahg;b ,daily ,exhibit =m1 cont9u$ ,9 analyz+ ?is ,daily ,exhibit1 y w note t x is rul$ = five weeks & two extra days1 9 ord] to provide = any "o & all mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! v>i\s columns are provid$ s t ! entries 9 !m w give a cle>-cut /ory ( ! actual /ate ( y\r affairs1 daily1 weekly1 & mon?ly4 ,ea* column w be consid]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x appe>s on ! =m4 ,fir/ ,column--,m]*&ise on ,h&4 ,9 />t+ ?is record ! fir/ day1 ! figures ent]$ 9 ?is column mu/ be an actual physical inv5tory ( y\r /ock on h&1 pric$ & ext5d$ at co/4 ,d n total ?is column4 ,second ,column--,new ,goods ,add$ to ,/ock4 ,! figures ent]$ 9 ?is column %\ld be ! total value ( all new goods receiv$ f manufactur]s or jobb]s on ! p>ticul> day4 ,if y return any articles to ! sell] imm$iately ^u receipt1 & be=e putt+ !m into y\r /ock1 d$uct su* goods f ! invoices & ent] only ! net am\nt 9 ?is column4 ,?is column %\ld be total$ e week & e mon?4 ,?ird ,column--,goods ,return$ by ,cu/om]s2--,d$uct f ,sales4 ,! total value ( all goods return$ by cu/om]s ext5d$ at ! prices *>g$ cu/om]s %\ld be ent]$ 9 ?is column daily4 ,e week & e mon? ?is column is total$4 ,f\r? ,column--,co/ ( ,goods ,return$2--,d$uct f ,co/ ( ,goods ,sold4 ,! co/ ( all goods return$ by cu/om]s %\ld be ent]$ 9 ?is column4 ,! co/ prices c always be secur$ f ! ,/ock ,record c>ds1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,total ?is column e week & e mon?4 ,fif? ,column--,goods ,return$ to ,manufactur]s4 ,sometimes !re is occasion to return m]*&ise aft] x has be5 put into /ock4 ,9 su* cases1 ! money value ( ! articles s5t back to manufactur]s or jobb]s %\ld be ent]$ 9 ?is column4 ,?is does n mean su* goods z 7 return$ on ! day receiv$1 & 7 d$uct$ f ! sell]'s invoice1 & at no "t h appe>$ 9 ! second column1 ,new ,goods ,add$ to ,/ock1 b only to su* m]*&ise z 0 orig9ally ent]$ 9 ! second column1 & lat] return$ to ! manufactur]4 ,?is column %\ld be total$ e week & e mon?4 ,six? ,column--,goods ,sold1 ,less ,goods ,return$4 ,ent] "h total ( sell+ prices on sales tags = ea* day1 aft] d$uct+ am\nt 9 ! ?ird column4 ,total ?is column e week & e mon?4 ,sev5? ,oolumn--,co/ ( ,goods ,sold1 ,less ,co/ ( ,goods ,return$4 ,! total ( ! sales ext5d$ at co/ prices = ea* day1 m9us ! am\nt %[+ 9 ! f\r? column1 %\ld be ent]$ 9 ?is column4 ,x %\ld be total$ e week & e mon?4 ,eigh? ,column--,gross ,pr(its4 ,to arrive at ! figures to be ent]$ 9 ?is column d$uct ! am\nt 9 ! sev5? column f ! am\nt 9 ! six? column4 ,total ?is column e week & e mon?4 ,n9? ,column--,p] ,c5t to ,sales4 ,?is p]c5tage %\ld be figur$ e day1 & e week & e mon?1 & is arriv$ at by divid+ ! figures 9 ! eigh? column by ! figures 9 ! six? column4 ,x w pay y to wat* ?is column closely4 ,y w be a/oni%$ at ! way x v>ies f day to day1 week to week1 & mon? to mon?4 ,if y wat* x closely en\gh1 y w soon le>n a great deal m ab\t y\r bus9ess ?an y ev] knew be=e4 ,y d n ne$ to total ?is column4 ,t5? ,column--,acc\nts ,receivable4 ,on ! day ! ,daily ,exhibit is fir/ />t$1 ! figures = ?is column mu/ be tak5 f :atev] records y h kept 9 ! pa/4 ,d n total ?is column4 ,elev5? ,column--,collections4 ,e day y collect any money f ^? cu/om]s :o run *>ge acc\nts ) y1 ent] ! am\nt collect$ 9 ?is column4 ,total x e week & e mon?4 ,twelf? ,column--,ca% ,sales4 ,e day ent] ! am\nt ( ca% sales 9 ?is column1 & total x e week & e mon?4 ,?irte5? ,column--,*>ge ,sales4 ,! am\nt ( daily sales made to ^? cu/om]s :o d n pay ca% b run a *>ge acc\nt %\ld be ent]$ 9 ?is column4 ,e week & e mon? ?is column %\ld be total$4 ,g5]al ,calculations4 ,to arrive at ! am\nt ( ,m]*&ise on ,h& aft] ! fir/ day1 :i* is1 z has be5 previ\sly expla9$1 an actual physical inv5tory1 add ! am\nts %[+ 9 ! fir/ & second columns1 & d$uct f ?is total ! sum ( ! fif? & sev5? columns4 ,ent] ?is result 9 ! fir/ column = ! next succe$+ day4 ,cont9ue z above ?r\gh\t ! entire mon?4 ,aft] ! fir/ day ! figures 9 ,acc\nts ,receivable column are obta9$ by add+ toge!r ! am\nts %[+ 9 ! t5? & ?irte5? column & d$uct+ f ?is total ! am\nt 9 ! elev5? column4 ,?is balance w be ent]$ 9 ! t5? column = ! next day1 ! same proc$ure be+ foll[$ = ea* day !reaft]4 ,m]*&ise on ,h& aft] ! close ( bus9ess on ! la/ day ( ! mon? %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! fir/ column on ! l9e m>k$ ,mon? ,total4 ,?is same am\nt w be c>ri$ =w>d to ! fir/ column ( next mon?'s %eet & ent]$ on ! l9e ( ! p>ticul> day ( ! week on :i* ! fir/ ( ! mon? falls4 ,foll[+ ! ,mon? ,total are ! ,ye> to ,date & ,la/ ,ye> to ,date4 ,^! figures are important = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,arrive at total = ,ye> to ,date by add+ ! total = ! pres5t mon? to ! total = ,ye> to ,date f\nd on ! previ\s mon?'s %eet4 ,! figures = ,la/ ,ye> to ,date are tak5 directly f ! %eet kept = ! same mon? la/ ye>4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 evid5t t ?is _c be done until "o ye>'s records h be5 complet$4 ,exp5ses & ,pr(its4 ,"u ! head+ ,summ>y at ! bottom ( ! %eet1 provision has be5 made = f9d+ out h[ mu* net pr(it ,,y h made = ! mon?4 ,on ! l9e m>k$ ,gross ,pr(its ent] ! ,mon? ,total figures 9 ! eigh? column4 ,bel[ ?is ent] all ! v>i\s items ( exp5se z foll[s3 7#a7 ,adv]tis+3 ,by adv]tis+ is meant su* copy1 signs1 etc41 :i* may be prep>$ & us$ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! public in=m$ z to y\r ability to s]ve !m--9 o!r words1 any space :i* is us$ = g5]al publicity purposes1 su* z = in/ance1 y\r c>d 9 ! classifi$ telephone directory1 or blott]s1 fold]s1 dodg]s :i* y may h pr9t$ up & di/ribut$4 ,d n load ?is acc\nt ) *ur* programs1 contributions to ! ball team1 tickets to ! fireman's ball & ! l4 ,^! are donations1 & n adv]tis+4 7#b7 ,electricity3 ,all bills = electrical curr5t w be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt4 7#c7 ,freight3 ,*>ges = all freight & express w be made to ?is acc\nt4 7#d7 ,insurance3 ,! total ye>ly insurance %\ld be div9$ by twelve1 to obta9 ! am\nt to be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt mon?ly4 7#e7 ,proprietor's sal>y3 ,_m batt]y s]vice /ation proprietors d n *>ge _! own liv+ z an exp5se4 ,t's a s]i\s mi/ake1 ( c\rse4 ,if ^? same m5 %\ld hire a manag] to run _! s]vice /ation1 ! manag]'s sal>y w\ld naturally be *>g$ to exp5se4 ,! am\nt ( money )drawn f ! bus9ess by ! proprietor %\ld !re=e be *>g$ to exp5se4 7#f7 ,r5t3 ,! am\nt ( money y pay mon?ly = r5t %\ld be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y own y\r own build+1 *>ge ! bus9ess ) r5t1 ! same z if y 7 pay+ x to someone else4 ,e bus9ess %\ld /& r5t2 besides1 ! build+ itself %\ld %[ itself a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,*>ge y\rself j z mu* z y w\ld anyone else2 don't favor y\r bus9ess by und]*>g+1 nor h&icap x by ov]*>g+4 7#g7 ,supplies3 ,! co/ ( all supplies1 small tools & miscellane\s articles :i* are b\ght = use 9 ! bus9ess & n = sale %\ld be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt4 7#h7 ,taxes3 ,! ye>ly am\nt ( taxes paid %\ld be divid$ by twelve1 9 ord] to arrive at ! mon?ly proportion to be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt4 7#i7 ,wages3 ,! am\nt ( wages paid to employees %\ld be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to det]m9e ! actual am\nt = ! mon?1 if wages are paid on a daily or weekly wage rate4 7#aj7 ,miscellane\s3 ,any exp5ses ( ! bus9ess n li/$ above w be *>g$ to ?is acc\nt4 ,?is may include su* items z donations1 loss on bad acc\nts1 & su* l items ( exp5se4 ,y may itemize ^! into z _m head+s z y desire1 b = ! purposes ( ! ,daily ,exhibit comb9e all ( !m "u ,miscellane\s ,exp5se4 ,all ^! exp5se items are !n add$ toge!r1 & ?is total is ent]$ on ! l9e m>k$ ,total ,exp5ses4 ,d$uct ,total ,exp5ses f ,gross ,pr(it to arrive at ,net ,pr(it4 ,to arrive at ! totals = ,?is ,ye> to ,date1 c>ry ! figures =w>d f ! previ\s mon?'s %eet & add figures = pres5t mon?4 ,! figures = ,la/ ,ye> to ,date w be f\nd on ! %eet = ! correspond+ mon? ( la/ ye>1 & are copi$ 9 ?is column4 ,all p]c5tages %\ld be figur$ on sales4 ,! figures %[n on ea* l9e 9 ! ,am\nt columns "u ! head+s ,?is ,mon?1 ,?is ,ye> to ,date & ,la/ ,ye> to ,date %\ld be divid$ by ! ,mon? ,total ( ! six? column1 %[n above1 i4 e41 ,goods ,sold1 ,less ,goods ,return$4 ,:5 y take inv5tory1 ! am\nt ( /ock %\ld equal ,m]*&ise on ,h&1 z %[n by ! ,daily ,exhibit4 ,b !re w g5]ally be a discrepancy1 v>y+ ) ! size ( y\r /ock1 & t discrepancy w repres5t ! am\nt ( goods gone out ( y\r /ation )\t be+ paid =2 sold = ca% & n acc\nt$ =2 sold on cr$it & n *>g$1 & ! l4 ,x's wor? some?+ to "k exactly :at ?is am\nts to4 ,! place = ?is in=mation is "u ,inv5tory ,v>iations on ! %eet4 ,! space head$ ,acc\nts ,payable is provid$ = record+1 on ! la/ day ( e mon?1 j :at y owe = acc\nts & = notes1 & also ! same in=mation = ! correspond+ date ( la/ ye>4 ,invaluable ,mon?ly ,comp>ative ,in=mation4 ,y see n[ t by ! use ( ! ,daily ,exhibit y h a runn+ hi/ory ( y\r bus9ess by days1 weeks & mon?s4 ,b ?is is h>dly suffici5t = a cle> view ( y\r bus9ess1 s9ce y w want "s record :i* w tell y :at ! ye>'s bus9ess has be51 & h[ x v>i$ f mon? to mon?4 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,/ati/ical & ,comp>ative ,record ,?is is provid$ = 9 ! ,/ati/ical & ,comp>ative ,record1 illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ahh1 on :i* ! am\nt ( sales1 co/ ( sales1 gross pr(it1 exp5ses & net pr(it are ent]$ = ea* mon? ( ! ye>4 ,all ! figures = entry 9 ?is record are tak5 directly f ! ,daily ,exhibit at ! end ( ! mon?1 :i* makes ! "w ( compil+ x a v easy task4 ,! advantages ( a record ( ?is k9d c h>dly be ov]/at$4 ,! figures 9 ! upp] "p ( ?is /atem5t w %[ :i* mon?s h be5 pr(it pay]s & :i* h n1 :ile f ! figures 9 ! l[] "p ( ! report y are able to det]m9e ! p]c5tage any gr\p ( exp5ses be>s to sales1 & are ?us 9 position to subsequ5tly control su* items4 ,d n let ! fe> ( do+ a little bookkeep+ "w prev5t y f keep+ ^! records4 ,!y %\ld g a long way t[>d solv+ ! problems :i* ! av]age proprietor faces today3 #a4 ,sell+ 8 goods & s]vices )\t a pr(it4 #b4 ,failure to %[ suffici5t net pr(it at ! end ( ! ye>4 #c4 ,con/antly increas+ co/ ( do+ bus9ess4 ,y may ?9k at fir/ glance t x w require a great deal ( extra "w to keep ^! records1 b 9 ?is y are mi/ak54 ,!y are v simple & easy to op]ate4 ,! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,eng9e]+1 ,inc41 w advise y :]e to obta9 ^! =ms4 ,,*apt] #ad4 ,,:at',s ,,wrong ,,) ,,! ,,batt]y8 ------------------------------ ,:5 a man does n feel well1 he visits a doctor4 ,:5 he has tr\ble on 8 c>1 he takes ! c> to a s]vice /ation4 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 ^! two cases8 ,none :atev]1 y may say4 ,& yet 9 ea* in/ance ! man is seek+ s]vice4 ,! t]m ,s]vice ,/ation g5]ally sugge/s a place :]e automobile tr\bles are tak5 c>e (4 ,t does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m may n be us$ 9 o!r l9es ( bus9ess4 ,! doctor's (fice is j z mu* a ,s]vice ,/ation z ! automobile repair %op4 ,! "o is a ,heal? ,s]vice ,/ation & ! o!r is an ,automobile ,s]vice ,/ation4 ,! bus9ess ( ea* is to elim9ate tr\ble4 ,! batt]y repairman may ?9k t he _c le>n any?+ f a doctor :i* w be ( any use to 8 batt]y bus9ess1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! batt]y man c le>n mu* t is valuable f ! doctor's me?ods ( h&l+ tr\ble4 ,! doctor greets a pati5t c\rte\sly & always waits = him to tell :at 8 symptoms are4 ,he !n exam9es ! pati5t1 ask+ que/ions bas$ on :at ! pati5t tells him1 to br+ out c]ta9 po9ts :i* w help 9 mak+ an accurate diagnosis4 ,v (t5 su* que/ion+ w enable ! doctor to det]m9e j :at ! nature ( ! illness is4 ,b he does n !n proce$ to write out a prescription )\t mak+ an exam9ation4 ,if he did1 ! :ole case might j z well h be5 h&l$ ov] ! telephone4 ,no compet5t physician w treat pati5ts f a di/ance4 ,nei!r w he write out a prescription )\t mak+ a physical exam9ation ( ! pati5t4 ,! que/ion+ ( ! pati5t & ! physical exam9ation always g toge!r1 "s que/ions be+ ask$ be=e an exam9ation is made to give an approximate idea ( :at is wrong & "s dur+ ! exam9ation to aid ! doctor 9 mak+ an accurate diagnosis4 ,! pati5t expects a doctor to li/5 to 8 description ( ! symptoms & to be guid$ by !m 9 ! subsequ5t exam9ation1 b n to arrive at a conclusion entirely by ! description ( ! symptoms4 ,a pati5t v (t5 mis9t]prets 8 pa9s & a*es1 & tells ! doctor t he has a c]ta9 ailm5t4 ,yet ! doctor makes 8 exam9ation & det]m9es :at ! tr\ble is1 & frequ5tly f9d a condition :i* is entirely diff]5t f :at ! pati5t suspect$4 ,he !n prescribes a treatm5t bas$ on 8 own conclusions & n on :at ! pati5t believes to be wrong4 ,call+ = ,batt]ies4 ,a doctor treats _m pati5ts 9 8 (fice1 b also makes 8 daily calls on o!rs4 ,simil>ly1 ! batt]y repairman %\ld h a s]vice truck = use 9 call+ = cu/om]s' batt]ies1 especially :]e competition is ke54 ,"s c> own]s _c br+ _! c>s to ! repair %op dur+ work+ h\rs1 & yet if !y knew t !y c\ld h _! batt]y call$ = & h a r5tal batt]y in/all$1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly h _! batt]y te/$ & repair$ m frequ5tly4 ,9 "s in/ances a batt]y w be s badly run d[n t ! c> _c be />t$1 & ! c> is all[$ to /& idle because ! own] does n c>e to remove 8 batt]y1 c>ry x to a s]vice /ation & c>ry a r5tal batt]y ) him4 ,batt]ies are heavy & g5]ally dirty & wet ) acid1 & few p wi% to run ! risk ( ru9+ _! clo!s by c>ry+ ! batt]y to a %op4 ,! wise batt]y mail w n ov]look ! bus9ess possibilities (f]$ by ! call = & deliv] s]vice1 especially :5 bus9ess is sl[4 ,a ,=d road/] ) a %ort express body w furni% ?is s]vice1 or any old *assis may be fitt$ up = x at a mod]ate co/4 ,( c\rse1 y mu/ adv]tise ?is s]vice4 ,d n wait = c> own]s to ask :e!r y w call = _! batt]ies4 ,_m ( !m may n ?9k ( telephon+ = su* s]vice1 & ev5 if !y d1 !y might call up "s o!r s]vice /ation4 ,:5 ,batt]ies ,come ,9 ,:at does a man expect :5 he br+s 8 batt]y to ! batt]y s]vice-/ation8 ,obvi\sly lie expects to be greet$ c\rte\sly & to be p]mitt$ to tell ! symptoms ( tr\ble :i* he has obs]v$4 ,he fur!rmore expects ! repairman to exam9e & te/ ! batt]y c>efully be=e decid+ :at repairs are necess>y & n to tell him t he ne$s new positives1 new sep>ators1 or an entirely new batt]y )\t ev5 look+ at ! batt]y4 ,:5 a c> is br\ght to y\r %op1 y are ! doctor4 ,sonic "p ( ! me*anism is 9 tr\ble1 & x is y\r duty to put y\rself 9 *>ge ( ! situation4 ,li/5 to :at ! cu/om] hp to say4 ,he has c]ta9ly notic$ t some?+ is wrong1 or he w\ld n h come to y4 ,ask him :at he has obs]v$4 ,he has be5 driv+ ! c>1 />t+ ! eng9e1 & turn+ on ! lights1 & c]ta9ly has notic$ :e!r ev]y?+ has be5 op]at+ z x %\ld4 ,! ?+s he has notic$ 7 caus$ by ! tr\ble :i* exi/s4 ,he may n "k :at sort ( tr\ble !y indicate1 b y1 z ! batt]y doctor c g5]ally make a fairly accurate e/imate ( :at ! tr\ble is4 ,y %\ld1 ( c\rse1 d m ?an m]ely li/5 to :at ! cu/om] says4 ,y c "q him z to h[ ! c> has be5 us$1 j z ! doctor1 aft] li/5+ to :at a pati5t has to say1 asks que/ions to give him a clue to :at has caus$ su* symptoms4 ,! purpose ( ! prelim9>y que/ion+ & exam9ation is n m]ely to make an accurate diagnosis ( ! tr\bles1 b to e/abli% a feel+ ( confid5ce on ! "p ( ! cu/om]4 ,a man :o owns a c> g5]ally possesses an av]age am\nt ( intellig5ce & likes to h x recogniz$ & respect$4 ,y\r que/ion+ & exam9ation w ei!r %[ ! cu/om] t y "k y\r bus9ess & "k :at %\ld be done1 or x w conv9ce him t y are m]ely putt+ up a bluff to hide y\r ignorance4 ,:at ! cu/om] wants to "k is h[ mu* ! repairs w co/1 & h[ soon lie may h 8 batt]y aga94 ,e/imate c>efully :at ! "w1 w co/1 & tell him4 ,if a consid]able am\nt ( "w is requir$ & y _c e/imate h[ mu* "t & mat]ial w be ne$$1 tell ! cu/om] t y w let him "k ! approximate co/ lat]1 :5 y h gone f> en\gh ) ! "w to be able to make an e/imate4 ,if y f9d t ! batt]y %\ld be tak5 (f1 take x (f )\t any loss ( "t & put on a r5tal batt]y4 ,if !re is some?+ wrong outside ( ! batt]y1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to elim9ate ! tr\ble be=e ! c> leaves ! %op1 o!rwise ! same batt]y tr\ble w occur aga94 ,if !re is no actual tr\ble outside ! batt]y1 & if ! driv+ conditions h be5 su* t ! batt]y is n *>g$ suffici5tly :ile on ! c>1 no actual repairs are necess>y on ! electrical sy/em4 ,! cu/om] %\ld be advis$ to drive 9 ab\t e two weeks to h 8 batt]y te/$1 & occasionally tak5 (f & giv5 a b5* *>ge4 ,x is bett] to d ?is ?an to increase ! *>g+ rate to a value :i* might damage ! g5]ator or batt]y4 ,adopt a /&>d me?od ( proc$ure 9 meet+1 a cu/om] & 9 det]m9+ :at is wrong & :at %\ld be done4 ,if ! cu/om] is "o :o br+s 8 c> 9 regul>ly to h ! batt]y fill$ & te/$1 y w3 be able to detect any tr\ble z soon z x occurs1 & w be able to elim9ate x be=e ! batt]y is s]i\sly damag$4 ,a *ange 9 ! *>g+ rate1 clean+ ( ! g5]ator commutator or cut\t contact po9ts1 if done 9 "t1 w (t5 keep ev]y?+ 9 good %ape4 ,) a new cu/om] :o has _h 8 batt]y = sometime1 y mu/1 h[ev]1 ask que/ions & make te/s to det]m9e :at is wrong4 ,be=e s5d+ ! cu/om] away ) a new1 r5tal1 or repair$ batt]y1 te/ ! electrical sy/em z describ$ on page #bgf4 ,! mo/ important transaction & "o :i* w save y consid]able argum5t & tr\ble is to get ev]y?+ d[n 9 black & :ite4 ,always try to h ! cu/om] wait :ile y te/ ! batt]y4 ,if y f9d x necess>y to op5 ! batt]y d ?is 9 8 pres5ce4 ,:5 he leaves !re %\ld be no "q z to :at he %all h to pay =4 ,if m "t is requir$ to det]m9e ! necess>y "w1 d n actually d ! "w )\t gett+ 9 t\* ) ! own] & mak+ a writt5 agreem5t z to :at is to be done & h[ mu* ! co/ w be4 ,! ,s]vice ,record %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahc may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure is sugge/$ z a /&>d4 ,foll[ x closely if possible1 ?\gh 9 "s cases1 :]e ! nature ( ! tr\ble is pla9ly evid5t1 ?is w n be necess>y any m ?an a doctor :o sees blood /ream+ f a sev]e cut ne$s to "q ! pati5t to f9d out :at is wrong4 ,x may n always be necess>y to ask all ! que/ions :i* foll[1 or to ask !m 9 ! ord] giv51 b !y cov] po9ts :i* ! repairman %\ld "k 9 ord] to "w intellig5tly4 ,"s ( ! in=mation call$ = 9 ! que/ions may (t5 be obta9$ )\t que/ion+ ! cu/om]4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 hesitate to ask any & all que/ions cov]+ po9ts :i* y wi% to "k4 #a4 ,greet ! cu/om] ) a smile4 ,y\r mann] & appe>ance are ( great importance4 ,be polite & pleasant4 ,d n lose y\r temp]1 no matt] h[ mu* cause ! cu/om] gives y to d s4 ,a calm1 c\rte\s mann] w g5]ally cool ! ang] ( an irate cu/om] & make x possible to ga9 8 confid5ce & good w4 ,d n argue ) y\r cu/om]s1 ,y\r bus9ess is to get ! job & d x 9 an agreeable mann]4 ,if y make mi/akes admit x & y\r cu/om] w come aga94 ,keep y\r clo!s neat & clean & h y\r face & h&s clean4 ,rememb] t ! fir/ glimpse ! cu/om] has ( ! man :o approa*es him w influ5ce him to a v consid]able ext5t 9 giv+ y 8 bus9ess or go+ else:]e4 ,d n h a cu/om] wait ar\nd a long "t be=e he receives any att5tion4 ,if he gr[s impati5t because nobody notices him :5 he comes 91 x w be h>d to ga9 8 confid5ce1 no matt] h[ well y may aft]w>ds d ! "w4 #b4 ,:at's ! ,tr\ble8 ,let ! cu/om] tell y 8 /ory4 ,:ile li/5+1 try to get an idea ( :at may be wrong4 ,:5 he has giv5 y all ! in=mation he c1 "q him s t y w be able to get a bett] idea ( :at is wrong4 7a7 ,h[ long h y _h ! batt]y8 ,see page #bdb4 7b7 ,0 x a new batt]y :5 y b\ght x8 7c7 ,h[ (t5 has wat] be5 add$8 7d7 ,has di/ill$ wat] be5 us$ exclusively1 or has faucet1 well1 or riv] wat] ev] be5 us$8 ,impure wat] may introduce sub/ances :i* w damage or ev5 ru9 a batt]y4 7e7 ,has too mu* wat] be5 add$8 ,if ?is is done1 ! electrolyte w flood ! tops ( ! j>s & may rot ! upp] p>ts ( ! wood5 case4 7f7 ,h[ fa/ is c> g5]ally driv58 ,! spe$ %\ld av]age #ae ,m4 ,p4 ,h4 or m to keep batt]y *>g$4 7g7 ,h[ long mu/ eng9e be crank$ be=e x />ts8 ,?is %\ld n require m ?an ab\t #aj seconds4 ,if cu/om] is 9 d\bt1 />t ! eng9e to f9d out4 ,if />t+ motor cranks eng9e at a fair spe$1 eng9e %\ld />t )9 #aj seconds4 ,if />t+ motor cranks eng9e at a l[ spe$1 a long] crank+ "t may be requir$4 ,! l[ crank+ spe$ may be due to a run-d[n or defective batt]y1 to tr\ble 9 ! />t+ motor or />t+ circuit1 or to a /iff eng9e4 ,to det]m9e if batt]y is at fault1 see ,batt]y ,te/s1 bel[4 7h7 ,has ! c> be5 us$ regul>ly1 or has x be5 /&+ idle = any l5g? ( "t8 ,an idle batt]y dis*>ges itself & (t5 becomes damag$4 ,if c> has be5 /&+ idle 9 cold wea!r1 ! batt]y has probably be5 froz54 7i7 ,has x be5 necess>y to remove ! batt]y occasionally = a b5* *>ge8 7j7 ,has batt]y ev] be5 repair$8 ,see page #cbb4 ,batt]y ,te/s #a4 ,remove ! v5t plugs & inspect electrolyte4 ,if ! electrolyte cov]s ! plates & sep>ators to a suffici5t dep?1 measure ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte4 ,if ! electrolyte is bel[ ! tops ( ! plates & sep>ators1 see foll[+ section ,no4 #b4 ,if all cells read #a4aej or less1 remove ! batt]y & give x a b5* *>ge4 ,if ! specific gravity read+s ( all cells are betwe5 #a4aej & #a4bjj1 & if no s]i\s tr\bles h be5 f\nd up to ?is po9t1 advise ! own] to use 8 lights & />t+ motor z little z possible until ! gravity rises to #a4bhj-a4cjj4 ,if ?is is n satisfactory to him1 remove ! batt]y & give x a b5* *>ge4 ,if ! specific gravity read+s are all above #a4bjj1 or if ! gravity read+ ( "o cell is #ej po9ts 7su* z ! diff]5ce betwe5 #a4bjj & #a4bej1 :i* is #ej po9ts7 l[] or high] ?an ! o!rs 7no matt] :at ! actual gravity read+s may be71 make ! #ae seconds high rate dis*>ge te/ on ! batt]y4 ,see page #bff4 ,if ?is te/ indicates t ! int]nal condition ( ! batt]y is bad1 ! batt]y %\ld be remov$ f ! c> & op5$ = inspection4 ,if ! te/ indicates t ! int]nal condition ( ! batt]y is good1 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte ne$s adju/+4 ,! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity read+s 9 ! cells is due to "o ( ! foll[+1 causes3 7a7 ,wat] add$ to ! cell or cells :i* h l[ gravity to replace electrolyte :i* _h be5 spill$ or lo/ 9 "s o!r mann]4 7b7 ,electrolyte add$ to ! cell or cells :i* h high gravity to replace ! wat] :i* naturally evaporates f ! electrolyte4 7c7 ,tr\ble inside ! cell or cells :i* h l[ gravity4 ,! high rate dis*>ge te/ w %[ :e!r !re is any int]nal tr\ble4 ,if any cell %[s a gravity above #a4cjj1 remove ! batt]y1 dump out all ! electrolyte1 fill batt]y ) di/ill$ wat] & put ! batt]y on *>ge4 ,if ! gravity ( "o or m cells is #ej po9ts less ?an ! o!rs1 wat] has be5 us$ to replace electrolyte :i* has be5 spill$ or lo/ 9 "s o!r mann]1 or else "o or m j>s are crack$4 ,a batt]y ) "o or m crack$ j>s usually has ! bottom p>ts ( its wood5 case rott$ by ! electrolyte :i* leaks f ! j>4 ,if y are n c]ta9 :e!r ! batt]y has "o or m crack$ j>s1 see t ! electrolyte cov]s ! plates 9 all ! cells "o-half in* or s1 & !n let ! batt]y /&4 ,if ! electrolyte s9ks bel[ ! tops ( ! plates 9 "o or m cells )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ^? cells h leaky j>s & ! batt]y mu/ be op5$1 & new j>s put 94 ,if ! l[ gravity is n caus$ by leaky j>s1 give ! batt]y a b5* *>ge & adju/ ! level ( ! electrolyte4 #b4 ,if y f\nd electrolyte to be bel[ tops ( plates 9 all ! cells1 ! batt]y has be5 neglect$1 or !re mail be leaky j>s4 ,add di/ill$ wat] until ! electrolyte cov]s ! plates to a dep? ( ab\t "o-half in*4 7a7 ,if x requires only a small am\nt ( wat] to br+ up ! level ( ! electrolyte1 remove ! batt]y & give x a b5* *>ge4 ,see page #aih4 ,only a brief *>ge may be necess>y4 ,ask ! driv] :5 wat] 0 add$ la/4 ,if m ?an #a mon? has pass$ s9ce ! la/ fill+1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! plates may be sulphat$1 & ! batt]y %\ld be *>g$ at a l[ rate4 7b7 ,if x requires a consid]able am\nt ( wat] to br+ up ! level ( ! electrolyte1 & ! bottom ( ! wood5 batt]y case %[s no signs ( be+ rott$1 ! batt]y has be5 neglect$ & has be5 dry = a long "t1 & ! plates are mo/ly likely badly damag$4 ,op5 ! batt]y = inspection4 7c7 ,if only "o cell requires a consid]able am\nt ( wat] to br+ up ! level ( its electrolyte1 & ! bottom ( ! wood5 batt]y ease %[s no sign ( be+ rott$1 t cell is probably dead1 due to 9 int]nal %ort-circuit4 ,to te/ = dead cells1 turn on ! lamps & measure ! voltage ( ea* cell4 ,a dead cell w n give any voltage on te/1 may give a rev]s$ voltage read+1 or at ! mo/ w give a v l[ voltage4 ,a batt]y ) a dead cell %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 7d7 ,if ! bottom "p ( ! wood5 batt]y case is rott$1 & a consid]able am\nt ( wat] _h to be add$ to any or all cells to br+ up ! level ( ! electrolyte1 ! batt]y has leaky j>s & mu/ be op5$ to h ! leaky j>s replac$ by good ones4 ,if !re is any d\bt 9 y\r m9d z to :e!r any or all j>s are leak+1 fill ! cells ) di/ill$ wat] & let ! batt]y /& = twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if at or be=e ! end ( t "t ! electrolyte has1 fall5 bel[ ! tops ( ! plates 9 any or all cells1 ^! cells h leaky ,j>s & ! batt]y mu/ be op5$ & ! leaky j>s replac$ ) good ones4 ,! electrolyte :i* leaks out w wet ! b5* or on :i* ! batt]y is plac$ & ?is is ano!r indication ( a leaky j>4 ,g5]al ,inspection ,9 addition to ! te/s :i* h be5 describ$1 a g5]al inspection z outl9$ bel[ w (t5 be a great help 9 decid+ :at mu/ be done4 #a4 ,is batt]y loose8 ,a batt]y :i* is n held d[n firmly may h brok5 j>s1 crack$ seal+ comp\nd ar\nd po/s or betwe5 po/s & sep>ators1 & active mat]ial %ak5 out ( ! grids4 ,!re may also be corrosion at ! t]m9als4 #b4 ,are cables loose8 ,?is w cause batt]y to be 9 a run d[n condition & cause failure to crank eng9e4 #c4 ,is !re corrosion at ! t]m9als8 ,?is w cause batt]y to be 9 a run-d[n condition & cause failure to />t eng9e4 ,corrosion is caus$ by electrolyte attack+ t]m9als4 ,a coat+ ( vasel9e on ! t]m9als prev5ts corrosion4 #d4 ,is top ( batt]y wet8 ,?is may be due to addition ( too mu* wat]1 ov]heat+ ( batt]y1 cracks ar\nd po/s & betwe5 po/s & cov]1 electrolyte ?r[n out ( v5ts because ( batt]y be+ loose1 or electrolyte or wat] spill$ on batt]y4 ,su* a condition causes batt]y to run d[n4 #e4 ,is top ( case acid soak$8 ,?is is caus$ by leaks ar\nd po/s or betwe5 cov]s & j>s1 flood+ ( electrolyte due to ov]heat+ or due to addition ( too mu* wat]1 or by electrolyte spill$ on cov]s4 #f4 ,is l[] "p ( case acid soak$8 ,?is is caus$ by leaky j>s4 #g4 ,are ends ( case bulg$ out8 ,?is may be due to batt]y hav+ be5 froz54 ,?is g5]al inspection ( ! batt]y c be made 9 a few seconds1 & (t5 %[s :at ! condition ( ! batt]y is4 ,op]ation ,te/s ,two simple te/s may be made :i* w help consid]ably 9 ! diagnosis4 ,turn on ! lights4 ,if !y burn dim1 batt]y is run d[n 7& may be defective7 & batt]y ne$s b5* *>ge or repairs4 ,if !y burn bright batt]y is probably 9 a good condition4 ,) ! lights burn+1 h ! cu/om] or a help] /ep on ! />t+ swit*4 ,if ! lights n[ become v dim1 ! batt]y is run d[n 7& may also be defective71 or else ! />t+ motor is draw+ too mu* curr5t f ! batt]y4 ,tr\ble ,*>ts ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ! repairman1 ! batt]y tr\bles :i* may be f\nd :5 a c> is br\ght 91 are summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,all ,cells ,%[ ,l[ ,gravity or ,l[ ,voltage ,a4 ,look = ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,loose or dirty t]m9als or cell connectors4 ,?is may r$uce *>g+ rate1 or op5 *>g+ circuit entirely4 ,rem$y3 ,tight5 & clean connections4 #b4 ,corrosion on t]m9als or cell connectors caus$ by acid on top ( batt]y due to ov]-fill+1 flood+1 defective seal+1 lead scrap$ f lead-coat$ t]m9als1 & copp] wires atta*$ directly to batt]y4 ,a badly corrod$ batt]y t]m9al may cause ! g5]ator1 ignition coil1 & lamps to burn out because ( ! high resi/ance :i* ! corrod$ t]m9al causes 9 ! *>g+ l9e4 ,x may r$uce *>g+ rate1 or op5 *>g+ circuit entirely4 ,rem$y3 ,remove cause ( corrosion4 ,clean corrod$ p>ts & give coat+ ( vasel9e4 #c4 ,brok5 t]m9als or cell connectors4 ,^! may r$uce *>g+ rate or op5 *>g+ circuit entirely4 ,rem$y3 ,in/all new p>ts4 #d4 ,g5]ator n *>g+4 ,rem$y3 ,f9d & remove cause ( g5]ator n *>g+ 7see page #bhd74 #e4 ,*>g+ rate too l[4 ,rem$y3 ,if due to g5]ator tr\ble1 repair g5]ator4 ,if due to incorrect g5]ator sett+ *ange sett+4 ,if due to driv+ conditions increase *>g+ rate4 #f4 ,acid or moi/ure on top ( batt]y due to defective seal+1 flood+1 spill+ electrolyte 9 tak+ gravity read+s1 loose v5t plugs4 ,?is causes corrosion & curr5t leakage4 ,rem$y3 ,f9d & remove cause4 #g4 ,tools or wires on batt]y caus+ %ort-circuits4 ,rem$y3 ,tell cu/om] to keep su* ?+s (f ! batt]y4 #h4 ,%ort-circuits or gr\nds 9 wir+4 ,rem$y3 ,repair wir+4 #i4 ,cut\t relay clos+ late1 result+ 9 batt]y n be+ *>g$ at ord9>y driv+ spe$s4 ,rem$y3 ,*eck action ( cut\t4 ,see page #bhb4 #aj4 ,excessive light+ curr5t1 due to too _m or too l>ge lamps4 ,rem$y3 ,*eck by turn+ on all lamps :ile eng9e is runn+4 ,ammet] %\ld %[ ?ree to five amp]es *>ge ) lamps burn+4 ,9 w9t] ! *>g+ rate may h to be increas$4 ,b4 ,"q ,driv] z to foll[+ causes ( l[ gravity & l[ voltage3 #a4 ,has wat] be5 add$ regul>ly8 #b4 ,has impure wat]1 su* z faucet1 well1 or riv] wat] ev] be5 add$ to batt]y8 #c4 ,has too mu* wat] be5 add$8 #d4 ,has electrolyte be5 spill$ & replac$ by wat]8 #e4 ,has batt]y be5 idle1 or /or$ )\t regul> *>g+8 #f4 ,is c> us$ m at night ?an 9 daytime8 ,consid]able night driv+ may prev5t batt]y f be+ fully *>g$4 #g4 ,is />t] us$ frequ5tly8 #h4 ,:at is av]age driv+ spe$8 ,%\ld be ov] #ae ,m4 ,p4 #aa4 #i4 ,h[ long is eng9e usually crank$ be=e />t+-8 ,crank+ p]iod %\ld n exce$ #aj seconds4 ,c4 ,if batt]y has be5 repair$4 ,! tr\ble may be due to3 #a4 ,improp]ly treat$ sep>ators us$4 #b4 ,groov$ side ( sep>ators put aga9/ negatives in/ead ( positives4 #c4 ,sep>ator left out4 #d4 ,crack$ sep>ator4 #e4 ,positives us$ :i* %\ld h be5 disc>d$4 #f4 ,bulg$1 swoll5 negatives us$4 #g4 ,poor jo9ts due to improp] lead-burn+4 ,d4 ,batt]y ,tr\bles :i* may exi/3 #a4 ,sulfat$ plates4 #b4 ,buckl$ ,plates4 #c4 ,int]nal ,%ort-circuits4 #d4 ,crack$ ,j>s4 #e4 ,clogg$ ,sep>ators4 ,gravity ,read+s ,unequal #a4 ,acid or moi/ure on top ( batt]y1 due to defective seal+1 flood+1 spill+ electrolyte1 loose v5t plugs4 ,?is causes curr5t leakage4 ,rem$y3 ,f9d & remove cause4 #b4 ,tools or wires on batt]y1 caus+ %ort-circuits4 ,rem$y3 ,tell driv] to keep su* ?+s (f ! batt]y4 #c4 ,electrolyte or acid add$ to cells giv+ ! high gravity read+s4 #d4 ,electrolyte spill$ & replac$ by wat] 9 cells giv+ l[ read+s4 #e4 ,groov$ side ( sep>ators plac$ aga9/ negatives 9 cells giv+ ! l[ read+s4 #f4 ,sep>ator left out1 crack$ sep>ator us$1 hole worn ?r\gh sep>ator by buckl$ plate or swoll5 negatives1 or sep>ators 9 "s cells & new ones 9 o!rs4 #g4 ,old plates us$ 9 "s cells & new ones 9 o!rs4 #h4 ,impurities 9 cells %[+ l[ gravity4 #i4 ,%ort$ cell1 due to plates cutt+ ?r\gh sep>ators4 #aj4 ,crack$ j>4 #aa4 ,oil "s ( ! old] c>s a ?ree wire light+ sy/em 0 us$4 ,if ! lights are arrang$ s t m are connect$ betwe5 "o ( ! outside wires & ! c5t]1 ?an betwe5 ! o!r outside wire & ! c5t]1 ! cells c>ry+ ! heavi] light+ load w %[ l[ gravity4 #ab4 ,on "s ( ! old] c>s1 ! batt]y is made ( two or m sections :i* are connect$ 9 s]ies = />t+ & 9 p>allel = *>g+4 ,oil su* c>s ! cells 9 "o ( ! sections may %[ l[] gravity ?an o!r cells due to long] connect+ cables1 poor connections1 corrod$ t]m9als1 & s on4 ,su* a condition ,,an-ill (t5 be f\nd 9 ! old two section ,maxwell batt]ies us$ previ\s to #aiah4 ,high ,gravity ,?is is a condition 9 :i* ! hydromet] read+s w\ld indicate t a batt]y is almo/ or fully-*>g$1 b ! batt]y may fail to op]ate ! />t+ motor4 ,if ! lights are burn+ :ile ! />t+ swit* is clos$1 !y w become v dim4 ,! gravity read+s may be f\nd to be above #a4cjj4 ,! probable causes ( ?is condition are3 #a4 ,electrolyte or conc5trat$ acid add$ in/ead ( wat]4 #b4 ,"o ( ! num]\s dope solutions :i* h be5 adv]tis$ ext5sively )9 ! pa/ two ye>s4 ,nev] use !m4 ,if cu/om] admits hav+ us$ su* a dope w>n him n to d s aga94 ,l[ ,electrolyte ,probable ,causes3 #a4 ,wat] n add$4 #b4 ,electrolyte replac$ 9 wrong cell aft] tak+ gravity read+s4 #c4 ,crack$ j>s4 #d4 ,batt]y ov]*>g$1 caus+ loss ( wat] by ov]heat+ & excessive gass+4 ,probable ,results3 #a4 ,sulfat$ ,plates4 #b4 ,c>boniz$1 dry1 crack$ sep>ators4 #c4 ,consid]able %$d+4 ,batt]y ,ov]heats ,probable ,causes3 #a4 ,wat] n add$ regul>ly4 #b4 ,impure wat] us$4 #c4 ,impure acid us$4 #d4 ,batt]y on hot place on c>4 #e4 ,alcohol or o!r anti-freeze prep>ation add$4 #f4 ,excessive *>g+ rate4 #g4 ,improp]ly treat$ sep>ators4 #h4 ,batt]y ov]-*>g$ by long daylight runs4 ,probable ,results3 #a4 ,sulfat$ ,plates4 #b4 ,burn$1 ,c>boniz$ ,sep>ators4 #c4 ,buckl$ ,plates4 #d4 ,excessive ,%$d+4 ,electrolyte ,leak+ ,out at ,top ,probable ,causes3 #a4 ,too mu* wat] add$4 #b4 ,batt]y loose 9 box4 #c4 ,cracks 9 seal+ comp\nd due to poor seal+1 or cables pull+ on t]m9als1 or due to poor quality ( seal+ comp\nd1 or good quality comp\nd :i* has be5 burn$4 #d4 ,v5t plugs loose4 ,probable ,results3 #a4 ,upp] portion ( case rott$ by acid4 #b4 ,electrolyte l[4 #c4 ,plates sulphat$4 #d4 ,upp] p>ts ( sep>ators dry4 ,summ>y #a4 ,:5 ,may a ,batt]y ,be ,left on ! ,c>8 7a7 ,:5 y f9d t ! specific gravity ( all cells is m ?an #a4aej1 ! voltage ( ea* cell is at lea/ #b1 ! voltage doe's n drop :5 ! lights are turn$ on1 or ! lights d n become v dim :5 ! eng9e is crank$ ) ! />t+ motor1 !re are no loose t]m9als or connectors1 ! seal+ comp\nd is n brok5 or crack$ s z to cause a slopp]1 ! electrolyte cov]s ! plates1 ! box is n rott$ by acid1 & !re are no brok5 j>s4 ,^! conditions w exi/ only if batt]y has be5 well tak5 c>e (1 & "s tr\ble has sudd5ly & rec5tly aris51 su* z caus$ by a break 9 "o ( ! batt]y cables1 loos5+ ( a cable connection at ! batt]y or 9 ! l9e to ! />t+ motor4 #b4 ,:5 ,%\ld a ,batt]y ,be ,remov$ ,f ,c>8 7a7 ,:5 y f9d brok5 seal+ comp\nd1 caus+ ! batt]y to be a slopp]4 7b7 ,:5 y f9d int]-cell connectors & t]m9als loose1 corrod$1 or poorly burn$ on4 7c7 ,:5 y f9d box badly rott$ by acid1 or o!rwise defective4 7d7 ,:5 y f9d a crack$ j>1 indicat$ by l[] "p ( case be+ acid soak$1 or by l[ electrolyte1 or f9d t electrolyte level falls bel[ ! tops ( ! plates soon aft] add+ wat]4 7e7 ,:5 y f9d a dead cell1 indicat$ by v l[ or no voltage1 ev5 on op5 circuit4 7f7 ,:5 specific gravity ( electrolyte is less ?an #a4aej1 or gravity read+s ( cells v>y consid]ably4 7g7 ,:5 batt]y voltage drops to ab\t #a4g or less p] cell :5 lamps are turn$ on1 or lamps become v dim :5 ! />t+ motor is crank+ ! eng9e1 or ! high rate dis*>ge te/ %[s t !re is tr\ble 9 ! cells4 7h7 ,:5 y f9d t electrolyte is bel[ tops ( plates1 & x requires consid]able wat] to br+ x up to ! correct height4 7i7 ,:5 batt]y ov]heats on *>ge1 or dis*>ge1 al?\gh batt]y is n locat$ 9 hot place1 *>g+ rate is n too high & lamps & accessories load is normal4 7j7 ,:5 batt]y is m ?an a ye> old & action is n satisfactory4 7k7 ,:5 a blacksmi?1 t9smi? or plumb] has tri$ 8 h& at rebuild+ ! batt]y4 ,su* a batt]y is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 7#a7 ,:5 ends ( c>e are bulg$ out4 #c4 ,:5 ,is ,x ,unnecess>y to ,op5 a ,batt]y8 7a7 ,:5 ! only tr\ble is brok5 seal+ comp\nd4 ,! batt]y %\ld be reseal$4 7b7 ,:5 loose1 corrod$1 or poorly burn$ on t]m9als & connectors h m]ely result$ 9 keep+ batt]y only p>tly *>g$ & no int]nal tr\bles exi/4 ,! rem$y is to drill (f ! connectors1 or t]m9als1 & re-burn !m4 7c7 ,:5 ! ext]nal condition ( batt]y is good1 & a b5* *>ge1 see page #aih 7) sev]al *>ge & dis*>ge cycles if necess>y7 puts batt]y 9 a good condition1 z indicat$ by voltage1 cadmium1 & #bj m9ute high rate dis*>ge te/4 #d4 ,:5 ,mu/ a ,batt]y ,be ,op5$8 7a7 ,:5 prolong$ *>g+ 7#gb h\rs or m7 w n cause gravity or voltage to rise4 ,su* tr\ble is due to defective plates & sep>ators4 7b7 ,:5 batt]y case is badly acid soak$4 ,a slightly acid soak$ case ne$ n be disc>d$1 b if ! damage caus$ by ! acid has be5 excessive1 a new case is ne$$4 ,plates may also be damag$4 7c7 ,:5 "o or m j>s are crack$4 ,new j>s are ne$$4 ,! plates may also be damag$4 7d7 ,:5 "o or m cells are dead1 z indicat$ by little or no voltage1 ev5 on op5 circuit4 ,new plates 7positives at lea/7 may be requir$4 7e7 ,:5 batt]y is m ?an a ye> old & action is unsatisfactory4 7,batt]y w n hold its *>ge47 ,batt]y may h to be junk$1 or new sep>ators may be requir$4 ,e batt]y %\ld be re9sulat$ at lea/ once dur+ its lifetime4 7f7 ,:5 a blacksmi?1 t9smi?1 or plumb] h tri$ to repair a case1 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,a ,blacksmi? & ,t9smi? ,tri$ ,_! ,h&s on ,?is ,case1 ,l[] ,"p ,enclos$ 9 ,t91 ,/rap ,iron1 ,cov]$ ) ,friction ,tape1 ,ar\nd ,! ,top 7g7 ,:5 ! ends ( case are bulg$4 ,a new case is ne$$4 ,if ! batt]y has be5 froz5 x %\ld g5]ally be junk$4 ,!re are "s cases on record ( a froz5 batt]y hav+ be5 ?aw$ out & put 9 s]viceable condition by a long *>ge at a l[ rate foll[$ by sev]al cycles ( dis*>ge & re*>ge4 ,g5]ally1 at lea/1 a new case1 j>s1 & positives are requir$4 ,,note3 ,new sep>ators %\ld always be in/all$1 :5ev] a batt]y is op5$ = repairs1 unless ! sep>ators already 9 ! batt]y are new1 & ! tr\ble = :i* ! batt]y 0 op5$ consi/s ( a leaky j>1 a sep>ator left out1 or "s o!r tr\ble :i* does n require pull+ ! plates out ( me%4 ,,*apt] #ae4 ,,rebuild+ ,,! ,,batt]y4 ----------------------- ,h[ to ,op5 a ,batt]y ,fig4 #aij ,batt]y to be op5$ ,a batt]y is op5 :5 its plates h be5 drawn out ( ! h>d rubb] j>s4 ,all p>ts are !n expos$1 & accessible = inspection & repairs4 ,9 an assembl$ batt]y1 ! top ( ea* cell is clos$ by a h>d rubb] cov]4 ,leakpro( jo9ts are made betwe5 ^! cov]s & ! rubb] j>s & ! wood5 case by means ( seal+ comp\nd :i* is p\r$ 9 place :ile 9 a molt5 condition1 & jo9s ! cov]s to ! j>s & :i* h>d5s z x cools4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 ! cov]s & ! po/s :i* project ?r\gh ! cov]s are 9 _m batt]ies made ) seal+ comp\nd4 ,! cells are !n connect$ to ea* o!r by means ( ! cell connectors1 also call$ top-connectors1 or simply connectors4 ,^! connectors are jo9$ to ! lead po/s1 to :i* are connect$ ! plate gr\ps by fus+ ) a flame1 & melt+ 9 additional lead to make a jo9t4 ,9 op5+ a batt]y1 we mu/ fir/ disconnect ! cells f ea* o!r1 & !n op5 ! jo9t made by ! seal+ comp\nd betwe5 ! cov]s & ! j>s & case4 ,! plates may !n be lift$ out ( ! j>s1 & ! batt]y is op54 ,! /eps necess>y to op5 a batt]y foll[1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y mu/ be tak54 #a4 ,clean ! ,batt]y4 ,set ! batt]y on ! te> d[n rack4 ,see t ! v5t plugs are all tight 9 place4 ,!n clean ! outside ( ! batt]y4 ,remove ! great] "p ( ! dirt ) a bru%1 old :isk-broom1 or a putty knife4 ,!n put ! batt]y 9 ! wat]1 us+ a /iff bri/l$ bru% to remove :atev] dirt 0 n remov$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,a f\r-in* pa9t bru% is satisfactory = ?is "w1 & w la/ a ye> or m if tak5 c>e (4 ,if wat] w n remove all ! dirt1 try a rag wet ) gasol9e4 #b4 ,drill+ ,(f ! ,connectors & ,t]m9als4 ,:5 y h clean$ ! outside ( ! batt]y z ?or\ghly z possible1 set ! batt]y on ! floor ne> y\r "w b5*4 ,make a sket* ( ! top ( ! batt]y1 %[+ ! exact arrangem5t ( ! t]m9als & connectors4 ,?is sket* %\ld be made on ! tag :i* is ti$ to ! batt]y4 ,tic ?is tag on ! h&le ne> ! negative t]m9al ( ! batt]y or tack x to ! ease4 ,!n drill d[n ov] ! ,c5t] ( ! po/s4 ,= ?is y w ne$ a l>ge brace ) a heavy *uck1 a drill ! same size z ! po/ 7! "p t goes d[n into ! batt]y71 a l>ge screw driv]1 a c5t] pun*1 & a hamm]4 ,fig4 #aia ,drill+ po/ & cell connector ,) ! c5t] pun*1 m>k ! exact c5t]s ( ! tops ( ! po/s & connectors4 ,!n drill d[n ab\t half way ?r\gh ! connectors & t]m9als until y cut ?r\gh ! "p ( ! connector :i* is weld$ to ! po/4 ,:5 y c see a seam betwe5 ! po/ & connector y h drill$ ?r\gh ! weld$ "p4 ,see ,figs4 #aia & #aib4 ,n[ pry (f ! connectors ) ! screw driv]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aic4 ,lay a flat tool su* z a *isel or file on ! top edge ( ! ease to avoid damag+ ! ease :5 pry+ (f ! connectors4 ,if any connector is /ill tight1 & y _c pry x (f ) a reasonable ef=t1 drill d[n a little deep]1 & x w come (f easily1 provid$ t ! hole :i* y are drill+ is exactly ov] ! c5t] ( ! po/ & z l>ge z ! po/4 ,!re are five ?+s to rememb] 9 drill+ ! connectors & po/s3 ,fig4 #aib ,connector drill$ to correct dep? 7a7 ,be sure t ! hole is exactly ov] ! c5t] ( ! po/4 7b7 ,d n drill too deep4 ,make ea* hole j deep en\gh s t ! connector w come (f easily4 ,fig4 #aib %[s a cross section ( a po/ & connector drill$ to ! prop] dep?4 ,notice t y ne$ n drill d[n ! :ole dep? ( ! connector1 because ! bottom "p is n burn$ to ! po/4 7c7 ,be sure t ! drill makes ! "r siz$ hole to p]mit ! connectors & t]m9als to be remov$ easily :5 drill$ half way ?r\gh4 ,an electric drill w d ! "w mu* fa/] ?an a h& brace4 7d7 ,protect ! edge ( ! batt]y box :5 y pry up ! connectors ) a screw driv]4 7e7 ,remove y\r drill aft] ! hole is well />t$ & see :e!r ! hole is 9 ! c5t] ( ! po/4 ,%\ld y f9d t x is (f c5t]1 tilt ! drill1 & ) ! end ( ! drill po9t+ ! c5t] ( ! po/ z y drill1 gradually /raight5 ! drill4 ,?is w br+ ! hole ov] ! c5t] ( ! po/4 ,hav+ remov$ ! connectors1 sweep all ! lead drill+s front ! top ( ! batt]y into a box kept = lead drill+s only4 ,fig4 #aid4 ,:5 ?is box is full1 melt ! drill+s & p\r (f 9 ! burn+ lead m\ld4 ,fig4 #aic ,pry+ (f cell connector ,po/ ,seal4 ,if ! po/ seal consi/s ( a lead seal+ nut1 ?is may be remov$ n[4 ,) "s types ( batt]ies 7,will>d & ,u4 ,s4 ,l471 drill+ ! connectors also breaks ! po/ seal4 ,) o!r batt]ies1 su* z ! ,ve/a1 ,we/+h\se1 ,pre/-#j-,lite1 ,univ]sal1 x is m difficult to break ! po/ seal4 ,fig4 #aid ,bru%+ lead drill+s into box ,on ^! batt]ies1 !re=e1 d n break ?is seal be=e draw+ out ! plates4 ,y may f9d t x w n be necess>y to sep>ate ! gr\ps1 & ! po/ seal w n h to be brok5 at all1 !reby sav+ y\rself consid]able "t on ! ov]haul+ job4 #c4 ,heat+ ,up ! ,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,hav+ disconnect$ ! cells f ea* o!r by remov+ ! cell connectors1 ! next /ep is to op5 ! jo9t made by ! seal+ comp\nd betwe5 ! cov]s & j>s4 ,fig4 #aie %[s ! batt]y ready = ?is /ep4 ,:5 cold1 ! comp\nd is a t\gh sub/ance t /icks to ! cov] & j>1 & h5ce x mu/ be heat$ until x is s s(t t x is easily remov$4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods by means ( :i* comp\nd may be heat$4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,/eam4 ,?is is ! mo/ popul>1 & und\bt$ly ! be/ means ( heat+ ! comp\nd1 & 9 ! foll[+ in/ructions x w be assum$ t /eam has be5 us$4 ,! batt]y is ei!r plac$ 9 a special box 9 :i* /eam is s5t1 or else /eam is s5t directly into ea* cell ?r\gh ! v5t tube4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od ! comp\nd is heat$ f ! outside1 & 9 ! second x is heat$ f ! inside ( ! cell4 ,fig4 #aie ,batt]y ready = /eam+ ,fig4 #aif ,draw+ up an elem5t ,if ! batt]y is plac$ 9 ! /eam+ box1 ab\t t5 m9utes w be requir$ = ! /eam to heat up ! seal+ comp\nd4 ,= batt]ies :i* use b v little comp\nd1 less "t is requir$4 if /eam is s5t directly into ! cells ?r\gh ! v5t tubes1 five to sev5 m9utes w g5]ally be en\gh4 ,! cov]s mu/ be limp & ! #a comp\nd mu/ be s(t be=e turn+ (f ! /eam4 ,hot ,wat]4 ,! electrolyte is p\r$ out ( ! batt]y1 :i* is !n inv]t$ 9 a vessel ( hot wat]4 ,?is me?od is sl[] ?an ! o!rs1 & is m exp5sive because x requires a l>g] volume ( wat] to be heat$4 ,hot ,putty ,knife & ,screwdriv]4 ,! comp\nd may be dug out ) a hot putty knife4 ,?is is a sl[1 unsatisfactory me?od 9 mo/ in/ances1 especially 9 ^? batt]ies :i* use a consid]able am\nt ( seal+ comp\nd4 ,) "s batt]ies us+ only a small quantity ( comp\nd1 a heat$ putty knife may be run ar\nd ! inside ( ! j> betwe5 ! j> & ! cov]4 ,?is w break ! jo9t betwe5 ! cov] & ! j>1 & all[ ! plates to be lift$ out4 ,! comp\nd is !n scrap$ f cov]s & inside ( j>s1 heat+ ! knife or screwdriv] :5ev] x cools (f4 ,lead ,burn+ ,flame4 ,any s(t lead burn+ flame may be us$4 ,su* a flame may be adju/$ to any desir$ size4 ,:]e /eam is available1 a flame %\ld1 h[ev]1 nev] be us$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! flame is v high1 & ! cov]s1 j>s1 case1 po/s1 & v5t plugs may be burn$ & made wor?less4 ,ev5 = ! exp]t repairman1 a flame is n z satisfactory z /eam4 ,! ,gasol9e ,tor*4 ,?is is ! mo/ unsatisfactory me?od1 & %\ld n be us$ if possible4 ,! tor* gives a hot1 spread+ flame & x is difficult to prev5t ! cov]s1 j>s1 case1 etc41 f be+ burn$4 ,d n use a gasol9e tor* if y c possibly avoid do+ s4 ,alcohol tor*es are op5 to ! same objections1 & are n satisfactory1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( a highly skill$ workman4 ,if a flame is us$ = heat+ ! comp\nd1 be sure to bl[ out ) a h& bell[s or compress$ air any gas t may h ga!r$ above ! plates1 be=e y br+ ! flame ne> ! batt]y4 ,electric ,heat4 ,special electric ov5s = s(t5+ seal+ comp\nd are on ! m>ket4 ,! heat+ elem5t is br\ght close to ! top ( ! batt]y4 ,:]e electric p[] is *eap1 ?is me?od may be us$4 ,o!rwise x is r exp5sive4 ,fig4 #aig ,re/+ elem5t on j> to dra9 ,:5 ! seal+ comp\nd has be5 s(t5$1 place ! batt]y on ! floor betwe5 y\r feet4 ,grasp ! two po/s ( "o cell ) pli]s1 & pull /raight up ) an ev51 /eady pull4 ,if ! batt]y has be5 /eam$ long en\gh1 ! plates w come up easily1 c>ry+ ) !m ! cov] 7or cov]s1 if ! batt] has upp] & l[] cov]s7 to :i* ! comp\nd is /ick+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,d n remove ! plates ( ! o!r cells until lat]4 ,re/ ! plates on ! top ( ! j> j long en\gh to all[ mo/ ( ! acid to dra9 f !m1 ,fig4 #aig4 ,if y h remov$ ! po/ seal1 or if ! seal consi/s ( comp\nd 7old ,philadelphia batt]ies71 pry (f ! cov]s n[ ) a screw driv]4 ,o!rwise1 leave ! cov]s 9 place :ile clean+ (f ! comp\nd4 ,:ile ! plates are re/+ on ! j>s to dra91 scrape ! comp\nd f ! cov]s ) a w>m screw driv] or putty knife1 ,fig4 #aih4 ,"w quickly :ile ! comp\nd is /ill hot & s(t1 & comes (f easily4 ,z ! comp\nd cools x h>d5s & /icks to ! cov]s & is remov$ ) difficulty4 ,if ! batt]y has seal+ comp\nd ar\nd ! po/s1 ?is %\ld also be remov$ ?or\ghly1 bo? f ! cov] & f ! po/4 ,:5 y scrape ! comp\nd f ! cov]s1 d a good job4 ,d n scrape (f mo/ ( x1 & !n leave pieces ( x "h & !re4 ,remove e bit ( comp\nd1 on ! tops1 edges1 sides1 & bottoms ( ! cov]s4 ,if y ne$ diff]5t siz$ putty knives or screw driv]s to d ?is1 use !m4 ,! "t to remove all ! comp\nd is :ile x is /ill hot1 & n aft] x has become h>d & cold4 ,if ! batt]y has s+le cov]s1 ! comp\nd c be remov$ v quickly4 ,if ! batt]y is ( ! old d\ble-cov] type1 ! job w take m "t1 s9ce all ! comp\nd %\ld be scrap$ f bo? top & bottom cov]s1 ,fig4 #aii4 ,fig4 #aih ,remov+ comp\nd f cov] ,z soon z y h remov$ ! comp\nd f ! cov]s ( ! fir/ cell1 s]ape away ! comp\nd :i* may be /ick+ to ! top & inside walls ( ! j>1 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,"h aga9 y mu/ d a good job1 & remove all ( ?is comp\nd4 ,if y d n d x n[1 y w h to d x :5 y try to put ! plates back into ! j> lat] on1 z comp\nd /ick+ to ! inside walls ( ! j> w make x difficult1 & ev5 impossible to l[] ! plates into ! j>4 ,n[ draw up ! plates ( ! next cell4 ,re/ ! plates on ! top ( ! j> j long en\gh to dra91 & !n lift (f ! cov]s1 & remove all ( ! comp\nd1 f cov]1 po/s1 & j>1 j z y did 9 ! fir/ cell4 ,! ?ird cell1 7& ! o!rs1 if !re are m ?an ?ree cells7 are h&l$ j z y did ! fir/ "o4 ,rememb] t y %\ld lose no "t aft] y h /eam$ ! batt]y4 ,hot comp\nd is s(t & does n /ick to ! cov]s1 j>s1 & po/s & may !re=e be remov$ quickly & easily4 ,cold comp\nd is h>d1 & /icks to ! cov]s4 ,draw out ! plates ( only "o cell at a "t1 & clean ! comp\nd f ! cov]1 po/s & j> ( t "o cell be=e y draw out ! plates ( ! o!r cells4 ,9 ?is way1 ! comp\nd on ! cov]s ( ! o!r cells w rema9 hott] ?an if all ! plates ( ! batt]y 7 drawn out ( ! j>s be=e any ( ! comp\nd 0 remov$ f ! cov]s4 ,y %\ld h all ! plates drawn out1 & all ! comp\nd remov$ )9 five m9utes aft] y draw up ! plates4 ,fig4 #aii ,remov+ seal+ comp\nd f d\ble cov] ,?r[ away ! old comp\nd4 ,if is v likely acid-soak$ & n fit = fur!r use4 ,:at ,mu/ ,be ,done ) ! ,batt]y8 ,! batt]y is n[ op51 & 9 a condition to be exam9$ & judgm5t pron\nc$ ^u x4 ,! "q n[ arises1 ,:at mu/ be done ) x6 ,9 decid+ ^u ?is1 be hone/ ) y\r cu/om]1 put y\rself 9 8 place1 & d j :at y w\ld l to h him d if he 7 ! repairman & y ! c> own]4 ,! be/ batt]y m5 occasionally make mi/akes 9 _! diagnosis ( ! batt]y's condition1 & ! repairs necess>y4 ,exp]i5ce is ! be/ tea*] 9 ?is respect1 & y w 9 "t le>n to analyze ! condition ( a batt]y quickly4 ,h&le e cell ( a batt]y t comes 9 = repairs 9 ! same way1 ev5 ?\gh only "o dead cell is f\nd1 & ! o!rs are app>5tly 9 good condition4 ,ea* cell mu/ be ov]haul$1 = all cells are ( ! same age1 & ! active mat]ials are 9 ab\t ! same condition 9 all ! cells1 & "o cell j happ5$ to give out be=e ! o!rs4 ,if y ov]haul only ! dead cell1 ! o!rs cells are q likely to give out soon aft] ! batt]y is put into s]vice aga94 ,fig4 #bjj ,remov+ comp\nd f top ( j> ,x is absolutely necess>y = y to h a /&>d me?od 9 work+ on batt]y plates4 ,y mu/ divide y\r "w into a numb] ( def9ite /eps1 & always p]=m ^! /eps1 & 9 ! same ord] ea* "t4 ,if y h a diff]5t me?od ( proc$ure = e batt]y1 y w nev] be successful4 ,)\t a def9ite1 tangible me?od ( proc$ure = y\r "w y w be work+ 9 ! d>k1 & grop+ ar\nd l a bl9d man1 nev] becom+ a batt]y exp]t1 nev] kn[+ :y y did a c]ta9 ?+1 nev] ga9+ confid5ce 9 y\rself4 ,x is impossible to ov]emphasize ! importance ( hav+ a /&>d me?od ( proc$ure & to /ick to t me?od4 ,c>eless1 slip-%od me?ods w please y\r competitor & give him ! bus9ess :i* belongs to y4 #a4 ,exam9e plates to det]m9e :e!r !y c be us$ aga9 ,rules = det]m9+ :5 to disc>d or use old plates foll[4 #b4 ,if all plates ( bo? positive & negative gr\ps are to be disc>d$1 use new gr\ps4 ,! "q z to :e!r ! old negatives %\ld be us$ ) new positives has caus$ consid]able discussion4 ,if ! negatives are old & granulat$1 !y %\ld ( c\rse be disc>d$4 ,rememb] t ! capacity ( negatives decreases /eadily aft] !y are put into s]vice1 :ile ! capacity ( positives increases4 ,putt+ new positives aga9/ negatives :i* are rapidly los+ capacity is n advisable4 ,h[ev]1 tr\ble (t5 arises 9 a batt]y ^: negatives /ill h consid]able capacity1 & su* negatives may safely be us$ ) new positives4 ,if y feel t a batt]y w n give at lea/ six mon?s m s]vice aft] rebuild+ ) ! old negatives1 put 9 all new plates1 or sell ! own] a new batt]y1 all[+ him "s money on ! old batt]y4 ,b if y really believe t ! negatives /ill h consid]able capacity1 put 9 new positives if requir$4 ,if all new plates are us$1 proce$ z direct$ 9 ?is *apt]1 beg9n+ at page #cdh4 #c4 ,if y f9d t only "s ( ! plates are to be disc>d$1 or if y are n c]ta9 z to ! condition ( ! plates1 elim9ate any %ort circuits :i* may exi/1 & give ! batt]y a prelim9>y *>ge1 z describ$ lat]1 be=e y d any "w on ! plates4 ,plates t are fully *>g$ are 9 ! be/ possible condition = h&l+1 & y %\ld make x an ironclad rule t if "s ( ! plates c be us$ aga9 always to *>ge a batt]y be=e y "w on ! plates1 no matt] :at is to be done to !m4 ,if bo? positives & negatives are to be disc>d$1 ! prelim9>y *>ge %\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be giv51 b if only ! negatives1 or ! negatives & "s or all ( ! positives are to be us$ aga91 give ?is prelim9>y *>ge4 ,v few batt]ies w come to y\r %op 9 a *>g$ condition1 & an exhau/$ batt]y is n 9 a good condition to be work$ on4 ,*>ge ! :ole batt]y ev5 ?\gh only "o cell is 9 a v bad condition4 ,?is is a me?od t has be5 tri$ out ?or\ghly 9 practice1 n 9 "o or two cases1 b 9 ?\s&s4 ,batt]ies 9 all sorts ( conditions h be5 rebuilt by ?is me?od1 & h always giv5 fir/ class s]vice1 a s]vice :i* 0 frequ5tly z good1 if n bett] ?an t giv5 by new batt]ies4 ,exam9+ ! ,plates ,place an elem5t on a block ( wood z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bja4 ,c>efully pry ! plates ap>t s t y c look d[n betwe5 !m & make a fair prelim9>y exam9ation4 ,:5ev] possible1 make y\r exam9ation ( ! plates )\t sep>at+ ! gr\ps or remov+ ! old sep>ators4 ,?is %\ld be done because3 7a7 ,v (t5 ! active mat]ial is bulg$ or swoll51 & if y pull out ! old sep>ators & put 9 new ones be=e *>g+1 ! elem5t spreads out s at ! bottom t x _c be put back into ! j>s )\t fir/ press+ 9 a plate press4 ,press+ a complete elem5t ) ! sep>ators 9 place %\ld nev] be done if x c possibly be avoid$4 ,if x is done ! sep>ators %\ld be ?r[n4 away aft] y h *>g$ ! batt]y1 wa%$ & press$ ! negatives1 & wa%$ ! positive4 ,fig4 #bja ,elem5t on block = exam9ation 7b7 ,if y put 9 new sep>ators be=e giv+ ! batt]y ! prelim9>y *>ge1 ! new sep>ators may pick up any impurities :i* may be on ! plates1 & w probably be crack$ by =c+ !m betwe5 ! bulg$ & sulphat$ plates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! old sep>ators are cov]$ ) sulphate1 x is be/ to ?r[ !m away & put 9 new sep>ators be=e giv+ ! batt]y its prelim9>y *>ge1 because su* sep>ators w greatly h9d] ! fl[ ( ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,9 batt]ies us+ rubb] %eets 9 addition to ! wood5 sep>ators1 remove all ! wood5 sep>ators & leave ! rubb] %eets 9 place betwe5 ! plates4 ,:]e only wood5 sep>ators are us$ 9 a batt]y1 ^! may be ?r[n away & p]=at$ rubb] sep>ators us$ = ! prelim9>y *>ge4 ,rubb] sep>ators may be us$ aga94 ,see 7a7 above ab\t precautions aga9/ press+ a complete elem5t4 ,fig4 #bjb ,sep>at+ ! gr\ps ,if y are n absolutely c]ta9 z to ! condition ( ! plates1 draw out a few sep>ators4 ,if sep>ators /ick to ! plates1 loos5 !m by ins]t+ a putty knife blade betwe5 !m & ! plates4 ,remov+ a few sep>ators w p]mit y to sep>ate ! gr\ps be=e remov+ ! re/ ( ! sep>ators4 ,to sep>ate ! gr\ps1 grasp a po/ 9 ea* h&1 z1 9 ,fig4 #bjb1 & "w !m back & =?1 be+ c>eful n to injure ! po/s1 or break (f any plates4 ,) ! gr\ps sep>at$1 ! rema9+ sep>ators w ei!r fall out or may be easily pu%$ out ) a putty knife4 ,ord9>ily1 ! gr\ps may be sep>at$ 9 ?is way if ! elem5ts h ?irte5 plates or less4 ,! natural ?+ to d at ?is po9t is to decide :at mu/ be done to ! plates1 & we !re=e give a numb] ( rules to help y det]m9e :i* are to be junk$1 & :i* are to be us$ aga94 ,/udy ^! rules c>efully1 & h !m fix$ firmly 9 y\r m9d s t y c tell in/antly :at mu/ be done ) ! plates4 ,fig4 #bjc ,positives f froz5 vehicle cell1 %[+ active mat]ial /ick+ to sep>ator ,:5 to ,put ,9 ,new ,plates #a4 ,if "o or m j>s are crack$ & leak1 & positive plates h be5 ru9$ by freez+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjc1 & if ^u draw+ out ! sep>ators1 & sep>at+ ! positive & negative gr\ps ! active mat]ial drops out ( ! grids1 ! only way to put ! batt]y 9 a good condition is to put 9 new positives1 & new j>s & case if necess>y4 ,make a c>eful e/imate ( #a4 7a7 ,co/ ( new j>s4 #b4 7b7 ,co/ ( new plates4 #c4 7c7 ,co/ ( new case if ne$$4 #d4 7d7 ,co/ ( labor requir$4 ,try to h ! own] pres5t :ile y are op5+ 8 batt]y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he c\ld n wait1 & has left1 call him up & tell him :at ! total co/ w be1 & if he has no objections1 g ahead ) ! job4 ,if he is n entirely satisfi$ ) y\r price1 try to get him to come to y\r %op4 ,%[ him ! batt]y1 expla9 its condition1 tell him j :at mu/ be done ) x1 & expla9 h[ y made y\r e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! :ole job4 ,if y d ?is4 !re w nev] be any misund]/&+ z to co/4 ,tell him ! co/ ( a new batt]y1 & let him decide if lie wants "o4 ,if ! co/ ( repair+ is almo/ z mu* z ! price ( a new batt]y4 advise him to buy a new "o1 b all[ him to make ! decision himself4 ,he w !n h no cause = compla9t4 ,fig4 #bjd & #bje ,%[ ,diseas$ ,negatives4 ,! ,l>ge ,ones ,only ,eight ,mon?s ,old4 ,active ,mat]ial1 ,granulat$ & ,bli/]$ #b4 ,if ! batt]y is m ?an two ye>s old1 & ! active mat]ial on ! negative plates is granulat$ 7gra9y appe>ance71 ,figs4 #bjd & #bje1 & some:at dis9tegrat$2 if ! plates are weak & brittle ar\nd ! edges1 & sev]al grids are crack$1 ,fig4 #bjf1 & ! plates h lo/ a consid]able am\nt ( active mat]ial2 & if ! case has be5 rott$ by ! acid1 ! batt]y %\ld be junk$4 ,fig4 #bjf ,weak & crack$ positives ,call up ! own]1 & tell him he ne$s a new batt]y4 ,if he does n seem pleas$1 ask him to come to y\r %op4 ,!n %[ him 8 batt]y1 & expla9 its condition4 ,if y are c\rte\s & pati5t1 y w sell him a new batt]y4 ,o!rwise he w nev] return4 ,fig4 #bjg ,buckl$ plates1 & ,fig4 #bjh ,an unusually bad case ( buckl+ #c4 ,if ! positive plates are badly di/ort$ f buckl+1 z 9 ,figs4 #bjg & #bjh disc>d !m1 = !y w cut ?r\gh new sep>ators1 if put into commission aga91 ill f two to six mon?s4 #d4 ,a batt]y :i* has has be5 dry & badly sulphat$ at "s pa/ p]iod ( its life w h ! dry portions cov]$ ) a :ite sulphate1 ! acid l9e be+ cle>ly di/+ui%able by ?is :ite color1 z %[n at ,a & ,b 9 ,fig4 #bja4 ,if ! plates are o!rwise 9 good %ape & y wi% to use !m1 give !m ! wat] cure describ$ on page #cdi4 ,fig4 #bji ,corrod$1 bulg$ & sulphat$ negatives4 ,dis9tegrat$1 rott5 positives4 ,fig4 #baj ,dis9tegrat$ positives4 #e4 ,rott5 & dis9tegrat$ positive plates1 ,figs4 #bji & #baj1 mu/ be replac$ ) new plates4 ,! plates h fall5 to pieces or break at ! slighte/ pressure4 ,dis9tegrat$ plates are an indication ( impurities or ov]*>g+1 provid+ ! batt]y is n old en\gh to cause dis9tegration normally1--say ab\t two ye>s4 ,! lead grid is conv]t$ into p]oxide ( lead & becomes s(t4 ,z a result1 !re is no?+ to support ! pa/e1 & x falls out4 ,bett] put 9 new negatives also4 #f4 ,batt]ies ) high gravity or hot electrolyte h burn$ & c>boniz$ sep>ators1 turn+ !m black & rott+ !m1 ! negative pa/e becomes granulat$ & is kept 9 a s(t condition1 & gradually drops f ! grids on acc\nt ( ! jolt+ ( ! c> on ! road4 ,fig4 #baa %[s su* a batt]y4 #g4 ,dry1 h>d1 & :ite1 long dis*>g$1 & badly sulphat$ plates1 ,figs4 #bja & #bji1 are practically ru9$1 ?\gh if ! tr\ble is n ( long /&+1 ! plates may be reviv$ some:at by a long *>ge at a v l[ rate1 us+ di/ill$ wat] 9 place ( ! electrolyte1 & !n dis*>g+ at a curr5t equal to ab\t "o-eight to "o-t5? ( ! amp]e h\r capacity ( ! batt]y at ! dis*>ge bo>d4 ,*>ge & dis*>ge a batt]y a numb] or times1 & y may be able to put a little pep into x4 ,9 *>g+ sulphat$ plates1 use a l[ *>g+ rate1 & d n all[ gass+ be=e ! end ( ! *>ge1 or a temp]ature ( ! electrolyte above #aaj;,f4 ,fig4 #baa ,side & end view ( elem5t f travel+ salesman's batt]y #h4 ,if a batt]y case is n held d[n firmly1 or if ! elem5ts are loose 9 ! j>s1 ! plates w jump ar\nd :5 ! c> is 9 motion4 ,?is w break ! seal+ comp\nd on top ( ! batt]y1 & cause ! batt]y to be a slopp]4 ,! active mat]ials w be %ak5 out ( ! grids1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bab1 & ! plates w we> ?r\gh ! sep>ators4 ,new plates are requir$4 #i4 ,if ,batt]y ,has ,be5 ,rev]s$4 ,(t5 ! plates ( su* a batt]y dis9tegrate & crumble "u ! slighte/ pressure4 ,if ! rev]sal is n too f> advanc$1 ! plates may be re/or$ 7,see page #ha71 b o!rwise !y %\ld be disc>d$4 ,?is condition is recogniz$ by ! orig9al negatives be+ br[n1 & ! orig9al positives gray4 ,f ! =ego+ explanations1 y see t mo/ ( ! tr\ble is ) ! positives3 7a7 ,because ! positive active mat]ial does n /ick toge!r well1 b drops (f1 or %$s easily4 7b7 ,because ! positives w>p or buckle1 ?is caus+ mo/ ( ! batt]y tr\bles4 7c7 ,because ! positive plate is weak] & is ru9$ by freez+4 ,:5 ! ,old ,plates ,may be ,us$ ,aga9 #a4 ,if "o or m plates are brok5 f ! plate connect+ /raps1 or ! jo9t betwe5 any /rap & ! plate is poorly made4 ,if plates are 9 good condition1 reburn ! plate lugs to ! /raps4 ,fig4 #bab ,fig4 #bab4 ,elem5t f a ,slopp]4 ,elem5t 0 ,loose 9 ,j> & ,jolt+ ( ,c> ,caus$ ,pa/e to ,fall ,out4 #b4 ,/raight ,rebuild4 ,if ! g5]al condition ( ! batt]y is good1 i4e41 ! plates /raight or only slightly buckl$1 only a slight am\nt ( %$d+ ( active mat]ial1 no :ite sulphate oil ei!r plate1 ! grids n brittle1 active mat]ial adh]+ to & firmly t\*+ ! grids1 ! positive active mat]ial ( a d>k *ocolate br[n color & fairly h>d 7z det]m9$ by scrat*+ ) blade ( a pocket knife71 ! negative active ,mat]ial d>k gray 9 color & n bli/]$ or granulat$1 & ! plates n too ?91 make a /raight rebuild4 ,to d ?is1 *>ge ! batt]y1 remove any s$im5t f ! bottom ( ! j>1 wa% & press ! negatives1 wa% ! positives1 clean ! p>ts1 ins]t new sep>ators1 & reassemble z direct$ lat]4 ,! only tr\ble may be crack$ seal+ comp\nd1 or a brok5 j>4 ,brok5 j>s %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be replac$4 ,fig4 #bac ,badly bulg$ negatives4 ,su* plates mu/ be press$ #c4 ,badly bulg$ negative plates1 ,fig4 #bac1 cause lack ( capacity because ! active mat]ial is loose1 & does n make good contact ) ! grids4 ,if ! active mat]ial is n badly granulat$ 7hav+ a gra9y appe>ance7 ! plates call be us$ aga94 ,sulphat$ negatives h v h>d active mat]ial1 & w feel z b>d z /one :5 scrat*$ ) a knife4 ,h>d negatives f ,:i* active mat]ial has be5 fall+ ill lumps ,oil acc\nt ( be+ ov]dis*>g$ aft] hav+ be5 9 9 und]*>g$ condition may be nurs$ back to life1 if too mu* ( ! active mat]ial has n be5 lo/4 #d4 ,! =mation ( an excessive am\nt ( sulphate may result 9 crack+ ! grids1 & ! active mat]ials falls out 9 lumps4 ,su* plates may be put 9 a s]viceable condition by a long *>ge & sev]al cycles ( *>ge & dis*>ge if !re is n too mu* crack+ or too mu* loss ( active mat]ial4 #e4 ,positives :i* are only slightly w>p$ or buckl$ may be us$ aga94 #f4 ,:5 ! only tr\ble f\nd is a slight am\nt ( %$d+4 ,positive active mat]ial mu/ be ( a d>k *ocolate br[n color & fairly h>d4 ,negatives mu/ be a d>k gray4 #g4 ,:5 ! plates are 9 a good condition1 b "o or m sep>ators h be5 worn or out ?r\gh1 or a j> is crack$4 ,if ! batt]y is "o :i* w n hold its *>ge1 & plates seem to be 9 a good condition1 ! tr\ble is v likely caus$ by ! sep>ators approa*+ ! break+ d[n po9t1 & ! repair job consi/s ( putt+ 9 new sep>ators or re9sulat+ ! batt]y4 ,:at ,to ,d ,) ! ,sep>ators ,x is ! safe/ plan to put 9 new sep>ators :5ev] a batt]y is op5$1 & ! gr\ps sep>at$4 ,sep>ators are ! weake/ "p ( ! batt]y1 & x is absolutely ess5tial t all _! pores be fully op5$ s z to all[ free pass+ ( electrolyte ?r\gh !m4 ,"s ( ! conditions requir+ new sep>ators are3 #a4 ,:5ev] ! pores are clos$ by any =eign matt] :atsoev]4 ,put 9 new sep>ators :e!r y c figure out ! cause ( ! tr\ble or n4 ,! sep>ator %[n 9 ,fig4 #bja is sulphat$ cle> ?r\gh above ! l9e ,b1 & is wor?less4 ,! sep>ator %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjc %\ld n be us$ aga94 #b4 ,:5 ! sep>ators h be5 cut or *isel$ (f by ! edge ( a buckl$ plate1 ,fig4 #bad4 #c4 ,:5 a buckl+ plate or plate ) bulg$ active mat]ial breaks ?r\gh ! sep>ator1 ,fig4 #bad4 ,fig4 #bad ,fig4 #bad4 ,sep>ators ,worn ,?9 & ,cut ,?r\gh on ,edges by ,buckl$ ,plates4 ,holes ,worn ,?r\gh by ,bulg$ ,active ,mat]ial1 ,c5t] ,"o ,%[s ,cell ,0 ,dry ,two ,?irds ( ! ,way ,d[n4 #d4 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 us$ :ile ! level ( ! ,fig4 #bad4 ,sep>ators ,worn ,?9 & ,cut ,?r\gh on ,edges by ,buckl$ ,plates4 ,holes ,worn ,?r\gh by ,bulg$ ,active ,mat]ial4 ,c5t] ,"o ,%[s ,cell ,0 ,dry ,two ,?irds ( ! ,way ,d[n electrolyte has be5 bel[ ! tops ( ! plates1 or ! batt]y has be5 us$ 9 a dis*>g$ condition1 & lead sulphate has deposit$ on ! sep>ators1 ,fig4 #bja4 ,fig4 #bae ,rott$ sep>ators #e4 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 ov]-heat$ by ov]*>g+ or o!r causes1 & ! hot acid has rott$1 burn$ & c>boniz$ ! sep>ators1 ,fig4 #bae4 #f4 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 damag$ by ! addition ( acid & ! sep>ators h be5 rott$1 ,fig4 #bae4 #g4 ,sep>ators :i* are m ?an a ye> old %\ld be replac$ by new ones1 :e!r plates are defective or n4 ,:5 y h put 9 new sep>ators1 & put ! batt]y on *>ge1 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte may g d[n at fir/1 in/ead ( ris+4 ,?is is because ! sep>ators may absorb "s ( ! acid4 ,if ! batt]y 0 dis*>g$ :5 y put 9 ! new sep>ators1 ! l[]+ ( ! specific gravity might n take place1 b 9 mo/ cases ! specific gravity w g d[n1 or n *ange at all4 ,f9d ! ,cause ( ,e ,tr\ble ,! =ego+ rules mu/ be /udi$ c>efully & be cle>ly tabulat$ 9 y\r m9d to be able to tell :at to put into commission aga9 & :at to disc>d z junk4 ,x w take "t to le>n h[ to discrim9ate1 b keep at x p]si/5tly & p]sev]e1 & z y pass judgm5t on ?is batt]y & t batt]y1 ask y\rself su* que/ions z3 ,:at put ?is batt]y 9 ?is condition8 ,:y are ! negative plates granulat$8 ,:y are ! positive plates buckl$8 ,:at caus$ ! positive plates to dis9tegrate8 ,:y are ! sep>ators black8 ,:y is ! case rott5 :5 less ?an a ye> old8 ,:y did ! seal+ comp\nd crack on top & cause ! electrolyte to slop8 ,:y did "o ( ! t]m9al connectors get loose & make a slopp]8 ,:o is to blame = x1 ! c> manufactur]1 ! manufactur] ( ! batt]y1 or ! own] ( ! c>8 ,:y did ?is batt]y h to be tak5 (f ! c>1 op5$ up & rebuilt at #e mon?s old1 :5 ! batt]y tak5 (f a c> j ! day be=e _h be5 on = #cj mon?s & nev] _h be5 *>g$ (f ! c> b once8 ,!re is a reason2 f9d x4 ,locate ! cause ( ! tr\ble if possible1 remove ! cause2 y\r cu/om] w appreciate x & tell 8 fri5ds ab\t x1 & ?is w mean m bus9ess = y4 ,elim9at+ ,%orts ,if y h decid$ t "s or all ( ! plates may be us$ aga91 ! next ?+ to d is to sep>ate any plates t are t\*+1 & put ! batt]y on *>ge4 ,x may be necess>y to put 9 new sep>ators 9 place ( ! defective ones4 ,exam9e ! sep>ators c>efully4 ,:5ev] y f9d ! pores ( ! sep>ators /opp$ up f any cause :atsoev]1 put 9 new sep>ators be=e *>g+4 #a4 ,sometimes ! negative plates are bulg$ or bli/]$ badly & h worn cle> ?r\gh ! sep>ators1 ,fig4 #bad1 & t\* ! positives4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 to save "t & tr\ble1 sep>ate ! gr\ps1 press ! negatives lightly1 z describ$ lat]1 assemble ! elem5t ) new sep>ators1 & x is ready = *>g+4 #b4 ,!re is ano!r case :]e ! gr\ps mu/ be sep>at$ & new sep>ators ins]t$ be=e !y w take *>ge1 & t is :]e ! batt]y has suff]$ f lack ( wat] & has sulphat$ cle> ?r\gh ! sep>ators1 ,fig4 #bja4 ,! sep>ators w be cov]$ ) :ite sulphate4 ,*emical action is v sluggi% 9 su* cases4 ,if y f9d t ! sep>ator pores are /ill op51 leave ! sep>ators 9 place & proce$ to sep>ate ! plates t are t\*+4 ,h[8 ,t dep5ds on :at insulat+ mat]ial y h available t is ?9 en\gh4 ,if no?+ else is available1 take a piece ( new dry sep>ator ab\t #c_/h in* to #a_/b in* squ>e1 or a piece ( pa/ebo>d ! same size4 ,use a screw driv] or putty knife to sep>ate ! plates f> en\gh to ins]t ! little piece ( insulation z 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,free all ! %orts 9 ?is way1 unless y h "s old rubb] insulators4 ,9 ?is case1 break (f "s n>r[ /rips #c_/d in* wide or less1 put two toge!r & repeat ! op]ation z above1 us+ ! rubb] /rips in/ead ( ! pieces ( sep>ator4 ,ins]t d[n #a_/b in* or s & b5d ov] & break (f4 ,occasionally ! ,lipp] edges ( ! plates are %ort$1 9 :i* case !y mu/ be treat$ ! same way4 ,fig4 #baf ,cle>+ %ort circuits ,fig4 #bag ,clean+ scale f po/s be=e replac+ connectors tempor>ily = *>ge ,*>g+ ,:5 y h 9 ?is way cle>$ all ! %orts 9 ! elem5ts place ! elem5ts back 9 ! j>s 9 ! same position z !y 7 :5 y op5$ ! batt]y1 & add en\gh di/ill$ wat] to ! electrolyte to cov] ! plates to a dep? ( "o-half in*4 ,if ! negatives are badly sulphat$ 7active mat]ial v h>d71 !y w *>ge m quickly if all ! old electrolyte is dump$ out & ! cells fill$ ) di/ill$ wat] be=e putt+ ! batt]y on *>ge4 ,?is wat] cure is ! be/ = sulphat$ negatives & w save _m plates t c\ld o!rwise n be us$ aga94 ,make x a rule to replace ! old electrolyte ) di/ill$ wat] if negatives are sulphat$4 ,fig4 #bah ,fig4 #bah4 ,tapp+ ,connectors 9 ,place4 ,prep>atory to ,*>g+ ,aft] ,batt]y ,has ,be5 ,op5$ & ,%orts ,remov$ ,! next op]ation is to put ! batt]y on *>ge4 ,grasp ea* po/ 9 ! jaws ( a pair ( gas pli]s & "w ! pli]s back & =?1 ,fig4 #bag1 s z to remove ! scale & all[ ! connect+ /raps to make good contact4 ,n[ take a knife & cut (f ! r\gh edges left 9 ! connect+ /raps by ! drill4 ,tap] ! edge1 if necess>y to g on po/4 ,turn ! connectors upside d[n & p\nd g5tly 9 position1 ,fig4 #bah1 to make a good connection4 ,tempor>y *>g+ connections may also be made by burn+ lead /rips on ! po/s4 ,?is be+ prop]ly done1 ! batt]y is ready = *>g+4 ,*eck up ! connections to be sure !y are correct4 ,n[ put ! batt]y on *>ge1 & *>ge at a l[ rate4 ,d n all[ ! temp]ature ( any cell to rise above #aaj;,f4 ,cont9ue ! *>ge until ! electrolyte cle>s up1 & its specific gravity /ops ris+ & ! plates h a normal color ov] _! entire surface4 ,fully *>g$ positive plates h a *ocolate br[n color1 & fully *>g$ negative plates h a d>k gray color4 ,by hold+ an electric light directly ov] a cell1 & look+ d[n1 ! color ( bo? negatives & positives may be det]m9$4 ,d n take ! batt]y (f *>ge until y h obta9$ ^! results1 al?\gh x may be necess>y to cont9ue ! *>ge = two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five days4 ,9 ?is prelim9>y *>ge x is n necess>y to br+ ! gravity up to #a4bhj1 because ! electrolyte is n to be us$ aga91 & ! plates w become *>g$ completely1 reg>dless ( :at ! gravity is4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to *>ge until ! electrolyte becomes p]fectly cle>1 ! gravity /ops ris+1 & ! plates h ! "r color4 ,! ,cadmium te/ may be us$ "h to det]m9e :5 ! plates are *>g$4 ,if ! gravity rises above #a4bhj dur+ ! prelim9>y *>ge1 adju/ x to #a4bhj by draw+ out "s ( ! electrolyte & add+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,! batt]y mu/ /ay on *>ge until y h ! desir$ conditions4 ,if "o cell does n *>ge1--t is1 if its specific gravity does n rise1--y h probably n fre$ all ! %orts1 & mu/ take ! elem5t out ( ! j> aga9 & c>efully inspect x = m %orts4 ,"r "h is :]e "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions may be ask$ ab\t rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,:y mu/ y free ! %orts & put ! batt]y on *>ge8 ,:y n save "t by putt+ 9 all new sep>ators1 seal+ ! batt]y1 burn+ on ! cell connectors1 & !n putt+ x on *>ge8 ,if y h ev] treat$ a batt]y 9 ?is way1 :at results did y get8 ,:y did y h a badly unbalanc$ gravity ( electrolyte8 ,h[ c\ld y "k :at specific gravity electrolyte to put 9 ea* cell8 ,p]haps "o 0 *>g$1 "o only half *>g$1 & ! o!r dead4 ,suppose ! dead cell _h impurities 9 x4 ,h[ c\ld y get rid ( !m8 ,suppose ! batt]y %[$ poor capacity on te/1 :at w\ld y d8 ,wa%+ & ,press+ ! ,negatives ,to cont9ue ! actual "w on ! batt]y4 ,! batt]y be+ fully *>g$1--! electrolyte cle>1 ! plates ( normal color1 ! specific gravity no long] ris+1-- remove x f ! *>g+ b5* & put x on ! "w b5*4 ,draw ea* elem5t & let dra9 z 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,fig4 #bai ,ne/+ plates ,"h aga9 ! label$ boxes describ$ on page #ahc come 9 h&y4 ,sep>ate "o gr\p1 remove ! sep>ators1 & put "o gr\p 9 ea* end ( box to keep clean4 ,sep>ate ano!r gr\p1 ,& ne/ ! plates1 ,fig4 #bai1 ! negative ) ! negative1 & positive ) positive4 ,sep>ate ! ?ird elem5t & put gr\ps 9 ! boxes4 ,p\r ! old electrolyte out ( ! j>s1 & wa% out ! j>s z describ$ on page #cfj4 ,y n[ h ! plates 9 ! be/ possible %ape = h&l+4 ,take ! boxes conta9+ ! plates to ! s9k4 ,h ! plate press & ! plate press bo>ds ready = use4 ,if1 = any reason1 y are call$ away f y\r "w at ?is po9t to be gone = five m9utes1 d n leave ! fully *>g$ negatives expos$ to ! air1 z !y w become v hot4 ,cov] !m ) wat]4 ,a "o-gallon /one or e>!nw>e j> w hold ! negative plates ( a #ajj amp]e h\r batt]y if y ne/ two ( ! gr\ps4 ,y may also put negatives back 9 j>s f :i* !y 7 tak51 & fill ) wat]4 ,n[ hold a negative gr\p "u ! faucet1 & let a /rong /ream ( wat] run d[n ov] ea* plate s z to wa% x ?or\ghly1 & to remove any =eign matt] f ! plate surfaces4 ,all negative gr\ps mu/ be h&l$ 9 exactly ! same way s z to get ! same results 9 ea* case4 ,aft] y h wa%$ ! fir/ gr\p1 place x on edge on a clean bo>d ) ! po/ d[n & po9t+ away f y1 & ! bottom ( ! gr\p t[>d y4 ,n[ ins]t plate press bo>ds :i* are slightly l>g] ?an ! plates1 & ( ! exact ?ickness requir$ to fill ! spaces betwe5 plates1 ,fig4 #aac4 ,= ! /&>d #a_/h in* plates1 a #e-af in* bo>d1 or two #a_/h in* bo>ds %\ld be plac$ betwe5 plates4 ,! #a_/h in* bo>ds are actually m ?an #a_/h in* ?ick1 & w give ! prop] spac+4 ,= ?9 plates1 use #a_/d in* bo>ds4 ,d n pu% ! plate press bo>ds m ?an #a_/h in* above ! tops ( ! plates1 & be sure t ! bo>ds cov] ! entire plates4 ,put a bo>d on ! outside ( ea* end plate ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ?is way ins]t ! plate press bo>ds 9 ea* ( ! ?ree negative gr\ps4 ,!n place ea* negative gr\p on ! l[] jaw ( ! plate press ) ! po/ ( ea* gr\p po9t+ t[>d y4 ,?ree gr\ps may be press$ at "o "t4 ,br+ ! top edges ( ! transite bo>ds flu% ) ! front edge ( ! l[] jaw ( ! press1 s t no pressure w be appli$ to ! plate lugs4 ,see ,fig4 #aad4 ,pressure appli$ to ! plate lugs w break !m (f4 ,n[ screw d[n ! upp] jaw ( ! press z tightly z y c ) ! h&:eel1 s z to put z mu* pressure on ! plates z possible4 ,leave ! plates 9 ! press = ab\t five m9utes4 ,!n remove !m f ! press1 take out ! bo>ds1 & replace ! plates 9 ! batt]y j> f :i* !y 7 remov$1 & cov] ) wat]4 ,!y may also be plac$ 9 a /one or e>!rnw>e j> & cov]$ ) wat]1 especially if !re is any "w to be done on ! j>s or case ( ! batt]y4 ,if ! spongy lead ( ! negatives is firm1 !y may be reassembl$ 9 ! batt]y z soon z !y h be5 press$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! spongy lead is s(t & mu%y1 keep ! negatives cov]$ ) wat] = #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,?is w make !m h>d & firm4 ,!n remove !m f ! wat] & dry !m 9 ! air4 ,9 dry+1 ! plates w become heat$ & w /eam4 ,z soon z y notice any /eam+1 dip ! plates 9 wat] until !y are cool4 ,!n remove !m f ! wat] & cont9ue ! dry+ process4 ,ea* "t ! negatives beg9 to /eam z !y dry 9 ! air1 dip !m 9 ! wat] until !y are cool4 ,:5 ! negatives are dry1 !y are ready to be reassembl$ 9 ! batt]y & prep>$ = s]vice4 ,negatives treat$ 9 ?is way w give good s]vice = a mu* long] "t ?an !y w\ld if n treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! spongy lead has be5 made firm & ela/ic4 ,if y h o!r negatives 9 y\r %op :i* are n 9 use1 treat !m 9 ! same way & put !m away = future use1 to use z r5tal batt]ies4 ,always put !m ?r\gh ! same process3 #a4 ,*>ge !m fully4 #b4 ,press !m 9 ! plate press to =ce ! spongy lead back into ! grids4 #c4 ,soak !m 9 wat]1 if ! spongy lead is s(t & mu%y1 = #ab to #bd h\rs1 or ev5 long] until ! spongy lead is firm4 ,dry !m 9 ! air1 dipp+ !m 9 wat] :5ev] !y beg9 to /eam & become heat$4 ,?is w give y negatives t w give excell5t s]vice & h a long life4 ,_m negatives treat$ 9 ?is way w be good = fifte5 mon?s to two ye>s ( additional s]vice4 ,! r5tal batt]ies %\ld be assembl$ 9 ! same way z ^? y are rebuild+ = ! own]s4 ,! importance ( press+ negatives _c be exagg]at$4 ,always press ! negatives ( ! batt]ies :i* y rebuild4 ,d n d x to half1 or ?ree-f\r?s ( ! negatives1 b to all ( !m4 ,! "w takes b a few m9utes1 & ! "t c\ld n be put to bett] advantage4 ,! spongy lead ( ! negatives swells & bulges out & makes v poor contact ) ! grids z a batt]y becomes dis*>g$4 ,?is results 9 a loss ( capacity1 gradual sulphation ( ! loose active mat]ial1 corrosion ( ! grids1 failure ( ! gravity to rise high en\gh on *>ge1 ov]heat+ ( ! batt]y on *>ge1 gass+ be=e ! sulphate is r$uc$ to active mat]ial ) break+ (f & r\gh5+ ( ! active mat]ial1 & makes ! batt]y lazy & sluggi% 9 action4 ,! spongy lead mu/ make good contact ) ! grids if ! batt]y is to h a long life & give good s]vice4 ,no am\nt ( *>g+ w cure a negative ) bulg$1 swoll5 active mat]ial4 ,once ?is mat]ial becomes bulg$ no?+ b press+ w put x back :]e x belongs1 & until x is press$ back into ! grids ! plates are 9 a poor condition = s]vice4 ,ev5 if ! bulg+ is b v slight1 ! plates mu/ be press$4 ,wa%+ ,positives ,if y int5d to use "s ( ! positives1 !y %\ld n[ be wa%$4 ,if y int5d to use all new positives1 ?r[ away ! old ones1 ( c\rse4 ,! positives %\ld n be held "u ! faucet z ! negatives 71 because ! /ream ( wat] w wa% out mu* ( ! positive active mat]ial4 ,r9se ! positives a numb] ( times 9 a j> ( clean wat] by mov+ !m up & d[n 9 ! wat]4 ,?is w remove impurities f ! surfaces ( ! plates & wa% (f any =eign or loose mat]ials4 ,aft] r9s+ ea* positive gr\p1 replace x 9 ! box4 ,nev] attempt to /raight5 badly buckl$ positives1 z ! b5d+ _c be done successfully1 & ! active mat]ial w n h good contact ) ! grids4 ,positives _c be press$ z negatives c1 because ! positive active mat]ial lacks ! ela/icity & t\ghness ( ! negative spongy lead4 ,slightly buckl$ positives may sometimes be /raight5$ by b5d+ !m lightly all ar\nd ! edges ) a pair ( ?91 wide nos$ pli]s4 ,?is %\ld be done v c>efully1 h[ev]1 & ! /raight5+ done gradually4 ,if ! plates _c be /raight5$ 9 ?is way & ! sep>ators d n lie p]fectly flat aga9/ !m )\t p9*+ at ! corn]s1 ! plates %\ld be disc>d$1 & new ones us$ 9 _! place4 ,?is is all ! "w to be done on ! old plates1 & ^? :i* are to be us$ aga9 are ready to be reassembl$ 9 ! batt]y4 ,! process ( treat+ ! plates %\ld be foll[$ 9 e batt]y t y rebuild1 & ! same /eps %\ld always be tak51 & 9 ! same ord]4 ,) "o ,/&>d me?od ( rebuild+ batt]ies y w d uni=mly good "w & satisfy all y\r cu/om]s4 ,! ess5tial ?+ = ! success ( y\r batt]y bus9ess is to le>n ! ,/&>d me?od & use x4 ,d n ru% a batt]y ?r\gh y\r %op1 & leave out "s ( ! /eps ( ! process1 ev5 ?\gh ! own] may be 9 a hurry4 ,if y h a good /ock ( r5tal batt]ies y c put "o on 8 c> & keep x !re until y h done z good a job ( rebuild+ on 8 batt]y z y possibly c4 ,rememb] t ! ,/&>d me?od :i* has be5 describ$ has n simply be5 figur$ out z be+ a good me?od4 ,?is me?od has be5 work$ out 9 ! actual rebuild+ ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( batt]ies ( all makes & 9 all conditions1 & has produc$ batt]ies full ( life & p[]1 ready to give "o to two ye>s m ( good1 reliable s]vice4 ,burn+ on ,plates ,:5 y put new plates into a batt]y1 or f9d "s ( ! plates brok5 f ! connect+ /rap1 x w be necess>y to burn ! plates to ! /rap4 ,frequ5tly y w f9d plates :i* are o!rwise 9 a good condition brok5 f ! connect+ /raps4 ,?is is mo/ likely to happ5 :5 ! plates h be5 ca/ on to ! connect+ /rap in/ead ( be+ burn$ on4 ,^! plates mu/ be burn$ on4 ,new plates are frequ5tly necess>y4 ,f pages #cci to #cdf y see t new plates are requir$ "u ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ,positives4 ,ru9$ by freez+2 weak & brittle f age1 l>ge "p ( active mat]ial %$2 badly buckl$2 rott5 & dis9tegrat$ by impurities2 rev]s$4 ,positives 9 a reasonably good me*anical condition c be re/or$ to a good electrical condition by *>g+4 7b7 ,negatives4 ,active mat]ial granulat$1 bulg$ & dis9tegrat$2 *>g$ :ile dry2 positives dis9tegrat$ by impurities2 ru9$ by ov]*>g+2 badly sulphat$ because all[$ to /& idle1 or us$ :ile dis*>g$2 mu* active mat]ial lo/1 & t :i* is left s(t & mu%y2 negatives rev]s$ by *>g+ batt]y backw>ds4 ,:5 mak+ plate r5ewals1 nev] in/all plates ( diff]5t design 9 ! same gr\p4 ,always use plates ( ! type int5d$ = ! batt]y4 ,! batt]y %\ld fir/ be fully *>g$1 z already expla9$4 ,if all ! plates 9 a gr\p are to be disc>d$1 clamp ! po/ 9 a vise1 be+ c>eful n to crack ! h>d rubb] %ell if "o is on x1 or to damage ! ?reads on ,po/s su* z ! ,exide or to draw up ! vise s tightly z to cru% ! po/4 ,!n saw (f all ! old plates ) a new co>se too!d hacksaw1 a %>p key hole saw1 or any good saw :i* has a wide set1 close to ! po/4 ,?is sep>ates ! entire gr\p ( plates f ! po/ 9 "o %ort op]ation4 ,?is me?od is mu* bett] ?an ! "o ( saw+ ! plates (f bel[ ! connect+ /rap1 & saw+ or pun*+ ! old plate ends out ( ! /rap4 ,see page #bag = in/ructions = weld+ plates to ! /raps4 ,"w on ! ,j>s ,! "w on ! j>s consi/s ( remov+ any s$im5t :i* may h collect$1 wa%+ out all dirt1 & replac+ leaky j>s4 ,! removal ( s$im5t & wa%+ %\ld be done aft] ! prelim9>y *>ge has be5 giv5 & ! old electrolyte p\r$ out unless ! prelim9>y *>ge 0 giv5 ) di/ill$ wat] 9 ! j>s4 ,! old electrolyte ne$ n be p\r$ d[n ! sew]1 b may be kept 9 /one or e>!nw>e j>s & us$ lat] 9 mak+ electrical te/s to locate leaky j>s4 ,te/+ ,j>s ,remove all seal+ comp\nd f ! j> by means ( a hot putty knife1 f9i%+ by wip+ ) a gasol9e soak$ rag4 ,inspect ea* j> c>efully "u a /rong light = cracks & leaks4 ,if y "k :i* j> is leaky by hav+ fill$ ea* cell ) wat] up to ! correct level1 :5 y made ! fir/ exam9ation ( ! batt]y1 & !n hav+ x all[$ to /& ov] night to see if ! electrolyte 9 any cell has dropp$ bel[ ! tops ( ! plates1 no te/s are necess>y1 b if y are 9 d\bt z to :i* j>1 if any1 is leaky1 y mu/ make te/s to det]m9e :i* j> is leaky4 ,if y "k t !re is no leaky j>1 because ( ! bottom ( ! case n be+ acid eat5 & rott$1 x is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y to te/ ! j>s4 ,"o te/ consi/s 9 fill+ ! j> )9 ab\t an in* ( ! top ) old or weak electrolyte1 p>tly imm]s+ ! j> 9 a tank :i* also conta9s electrolyte1 & apply+ a voltage ( #aaj or #bbj betwe5 ! electrolyte 9 ! j> & ! electrolyte 9 ! tank 9 :i* ! j> is p>tly imm]s$4 ,if curr5t ,v[s1 ?is indicates t ! j> is leaky4 ,fig4 #bbj ,te/+ j> = leaks1 us+ a #ae-watt lamp 9 s]ies ) te/ circuit ,fig4 #bbj %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! te/4 ,a suitable box1--an old batt]y case w d--is l9$ ) %eet lead1 & ! lead l9+ is connect$ to ei!r side ( ! #aaj or #bbj volt l9e4 ,! box is !n p>tly fill$ ) weak electrolyte4 ,! j> to be te/$ is fill$ to )9 ab\t "o in* ( ! top ) weak electrolyte4 ,! j> is imm]s$ to )9 ab\t an in* ( its top 9 ! box4 ,! top "p ( ! j> mu/ be p]fectly dry :5 ! te/ is made1 or else ! curr5t w g ?r\gh any electrolyte :i* may be wett+ ! walls ( ! j>4 ,a lead /rip or rod1 :i* is connect$ to ! o!r side ( ! #aaj or #bbj volt l9e1 ?r\gh a lamp z %[n1 is ins]t$ 9 ! j>4 ,if !re is1 a leak 9 ! j>1 ! lamp w burn1 & ! j> mu/ be disc>d$4 ,if ! lamp does n light1 ! j> does n leak4 ,in/ead ( us+ a lead l9$ box1 a /one or e>!nw>e j> may be us$4 ,a %eet ( lead %\ld be plac$ 9 ?is j>1 be+ b5t into a circul> %ape to fit ! inside ( ! j>1 & connect$ to "o side ( ! l9e4 ,! lead rod or %eet :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! j> may be m\nt$ on a h&le = conv5i5ce 9 mak+ ! te/4 ,! details ( ! te/+ outfit may1 ( c\rse1 be v>i$ accord+ to :at mat]ial is available = use4 ,! lamps %\ld be suitably m\nt$ on ! wall above ! te/]4 ,fig4 #bba ,te/+ j> = leaks1 us+ a voltmet] 9 s]ies ) te/ circuit ,?is te/ may be made by us+ a voltmet] in/ead ( lamps1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bba4 ,if a voltmet] is us$1 be especially c>eful to h ! "p project+ above ! liquid p]fectly dry4 ,a leaky cell w be indicat$ by a read+ on ! met] equal to ! l9e voltage4 ,fig4 #bbb ,te/+ j> = leaks1 us+ second>y ( ,=d ignition coil1 or any o!r vibrator ignition coil ,a ?ird me?od uses a ,=d ignition coil1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,a leak w be indicat$ by a sp>k1 or by ! vibrator mak+ m noise ?an x ord9>ily does4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! ,=d coil1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb1 ! te/ may be made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,fill ! j> to )9 an in* ( ! top ) electrolyte & imm]se "o ( ! high t5sion wires 9 ! electrolyte4 ,atta* ! o!r high t5sion wire to a wire bru%1 comb1 or rod hav+ a wood5 h&le & rub x ov] ! outside ( ! j>4 ,a leak is %[n by a sp>k jump+ to ! j>4 ,fig4 #bbc ,te/+ j> = leaks1 us+ second>y ( ,=d ignition coil1 or any o!r vibrator ignition coil ,! te/ may also be made )\t remov+ ! j>4 ,if ! lead l9$ box be made two feet long1 ! entire batt]y may be set 9 ! box s t ! electrolyte 9 ! box comes )9 an in* ( ! top ( ! batt]y case4 ,fill ea* j> ) weak electrolyte & make ! te/ z be=e4 ,if ?is is done1 h[ev]1 remove ! batt]y imm$iately aft] mak+ ! te/ & wipe ! case dry ) a clo?4 ,to make ! te/ 9 ?is way1 ! case mu/ be consid]ably acid eat5 9 ord] to h a circuit ?r\gh x to ! j>4 ,remov+ ,defective ,j>s ,! me?od ( remov+ ! j>s f ! case dep5ds on ! batt]y4 ,9 "s batt]ies ! j>s are set 9 seal+ comp\nd4 ,to remove a j> f su* a batt]y1 put ! /eam hose f y\r /eam] outfit into ! j>1 cov] up ! top ( ! j> ) rags1 & /eam ! j> = ab\t five m9utes4 ,ano!r way is to fill ! j> ) boil+ hot wat] & let x /& = fully five m9utes4 ,ei!r ( ^! me?ods w s(t5 ! seal+ comp\nd ar\nd ! j> s t ! j> may be pull$ out4 ,to remove ! j>1 grasp two sides ( ! j> ) two pairs ( long1 flat nos$ pli]s & pull /raight up ) an ev51 /eady pull4 ,h ! new j> at h& & pu% x into ! place ( ! old "o z soon z ! latt] is remov$4 ,! new j> %\ld fir/ be /eam$ to s(t5 x some:at4 ,press d[n /eadily on ! new j> until its top is flu% ) ! tops ( ! o!r j>s4 ,"s batt]ies d n use seal+ comp\nd ar\nd ! j>s1 b simply use ?9 wood5 w$ges to hold ! j>s 9 place1 or h bolts runn+ ?r\gh opposite faces ( ! case by means ( :i* ! sides are press$ aga9/ ! j>s to hold !m 9 place4 ,! j>s ( su* batt]ies may be remov$ )\t heat+1 by remov+ ! w$ges or loos5+ ! bolts1 z ! case may be1 & lift+ out ! j>s ) pli]s1 z be=e4 ,new j>s %\ld be /eam$ = sev]al m9utes be=e be+ put 9 ! case4 ,:5 y put j>s into su* batt]ies1 d n apply too mu* pressure to !m1 z !y may be crack$ by ! pressure1 or ! j> may be squeez$ out ( %ape1 & ! assembl+ process made difficult4 ,fig4 #bbd ,wa%+ s$im5t f ,j>s4 ,wat] supply controll$ by foot valve ,repair+ ! ,case ,! case may be repair$ ) all ! j>s 9 place1 or x may be necess>y to remove ! j>s4 ,if ! case is to be junk$ & ! j>s us$ aga91 ! case may simply be brok5 (f1 especially if !re is mu* seal+ comp\nd ar\nd ! j>s4 ,empty ! old acid f ! j>s1 take ! case to ! s9k & wa% out all ! s$im5t1 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,) ! pipe %[n 9 ,fig4 '#ad1 y h bo? h&s free to hold ! case1 z ! wat] is controll$ by' a foot op]at$ spr+ cock4 ,if ! case is rott5 at top1 pat* x ) good wood4 ,if ! top & bottom are s rott5 t consid]able "t w be requir$ to repair x1 advise ! own] to buy a new case4 ,sometimes ! top ( ! case c be greatly improv$ by /raight5+ ! side edges ) a small smoo?+ plane1 & sometimes a #a_/b in* /rip or m fitt$ all along ! edge is necess>y = a good job4 ,h&les t h be5 pull$1 rott$1 or corrod$ (f make disagreeable repair jobs1 b a satisfactory job c be done unless ! end ( ! case has be5 pull$ (f or rott$4 ,sometimes ! h&le w hold 9 place until ! batt]y is worn out by old age if ?ree or f\r extra holes are bor$ & c\nt]sunk 9 ! h&le :]e ! wood is solid1 & common wood screws1 size #ab1 #a_/b or #e_/h in* long us$ to fa/5 ! h&le 9 place4 ,sometimes x w be necess>y to put 9 "o half ( a new end1 ! h&le be+ fa/5$ to ! new piece ) brass bolts & nuts be=e x is put into place4 ,sometimes y c d a good job by us+ a plate ( %eet iron #a-af in* ?ick1 & #d in*es wide1 & z long z ! end ( ! case is wide4 ,rivet ! h&le to ?is plate ) /ovepipe1 or copp] rivets1 & !n fa/5 ! plate to ! case ) ,no4 #ab wood screws1 #a_/b in* long4 ,if ! old case is good en\gh to use aga91 soak x = sev]al h\rs 9 a solution ( bak+ soda 9 wat] to neutralize any acid :i* may h be5 spill$ on x1 or :i* may be spill$ on x lat]4 ,aft] soak+ ! case1 r9se x 9 wat]1 & all[ x to dry ?or\ghly4 ,!n pa9t ! case c>efully ) asphaltum pa9t4 ,,reassembl+ ,,! ,,batt]y ,reassembl+ ! ,elem5ts ,take a negative gr\p & put x on edge on a bo>d1 ) po/ away f y1 & l[] edge t[>d y4 ,me% a positive 9 ! negative gr\p4 ,! gr\ps are n[ ready = ! sep>ators4 ,take six moi/ sep>ators f y\r /ock4 ,slip "o into position f ! bottom 9 ! middle ( ! gr\p1 ) ! groov$ side t[>d ! positive plate1 spread+ ! plates slightly if necess>y4 ,take ano!r sep>ator1 slip x into position on ! opposite side ( ! positive aga9/ :i* y\r fir/ sep>ator 0 plac$4 ,9 ?is way1 put 9 ! six sep>ators1 ) ! groov$ side t[>d ! positives1 work+ outw>d 9 bo? directions f ! c5t]1 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,! grooves mu/1 ( c\rse1 ext5d f ! top to ! bottom ( ! plate4 ,n[ grasp ! elem5t 9 bo? h&s1 & set x "r side up on ! block1 giv+ x a slight j> to br+ ! bottoms ( ! plates & sep>ators on a level4 ,fig4 #bbe ,ins]t+ sep>ators ,n[ grasp ! elem5t 9 bo? h&s1 & set x "r side up on ! block1 giv+ x a slight j> to br+ ! bottoms ( ! plates & sep>ators on a level4 ,next take a cov]1 & try x on ! po/s1 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,pull ! gr\ps ap>t slightly1 if necess>y1 be=e ins]t+ any m sep>ators1 s t ! cov] fits exactly ov] ! po/s1 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,see t ! sep>ators ext5d ! same di/ance beyond ea* side ( ! plates4 ,y may take a /ick1 ab\t #aj in*es long1 #a #a_/b in*es wide1 & #g_/h in* ?ick1 & tap ! sep>ators g5tly to ev5 !m up4 ,a small wood plane may be us$ to ev5 up ! side edges ( wood sep>ators4 ,if y put 9 too _m sep>ators be=e try+ on ! cov]1 ! plates may become s tight t y may n be able to %ift !m to make ! cov] fit ! po/s or y may n be able to %ift ! sep>ators to _! prop] positions4 ,x is !re=e be/ to ,put 9 only en\gh sep>ators to hold ! gr\ps toge!r & s !y c be h&l$ & yet rema9 9 _! prop] position :5 set up on ! block4 ,)\t sep>ators1 ! po/s w n rema9 9 position4 ,fig4 #bbf ,try+ on a cov] ,fig4 #bbg ,%ift+ gr\ps to make cov] fit ,) ! elem5t reassembl$1 & ! rema9+ sep>ators 9 _! prop] positions1 see t all ! plates are level on bottom1 & no =eign matt] /ick+ to !m4 ,place ! elem5t 9 box %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai to keep clean4 ,reassemble ! o!r elem5ts 9 exactly ! same way1 & put !m 9 ! box4 ,! elem5ts are n[ ready to be put 9 ! j>s4 ,putt+ ,elem5ts 9 ,j>s ,/eam ! j>s 9 ! /eam] = ab\t five m9utes to s(t5 !m some:at1 s t !re w be no dang] ( break+ a j> :5 y put 9 ! elem5ts4 ,) ! case ready1 look = ! 1 ,p or ,,pos m>k on x4 7,cases :i* are n m>k$ 9 ?is way at ! factory %\ld be m>k$ by ! repairman be=e ! batt]y is op5$47 ,place ! case s t ?is m>k is t[>d y4 ,grip an elem5t ne> ! bottom 9 ord] to prev5t ! plates f spread+1 & put x 9 ! j> ne>e/ ! m>k1 ) ! positive po/ t[>d y1 next to ! m>k4 ,put an elem5t 9 ! next j> s t ! negative po/ is t[>d y4 ,put an elem5t 9 ! ?ird j> s t ! positive po/ is t[>d y1 & s on4 ,! elem5ts are correctly plac$ :5 ea* connect+ /rap connects a positive to a negative po/4 ,if ! case has no m>k on x1 reassemble exactly accord+ to ! diagram y made on ! tag be=e y op5$ ! batt]y4 ,set ! j>s s t ! po/s are exactly 9 l9e s t ! cell connectors w fit4 ,fig4 #bbh ,tight5+ a loose elem5t by plac+ a sep>ator aga9/ outside negative ,if an elem5t fits loosely 9 ! j>1 x mu/ be tight5$4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is to put "o or m sep>ators on "o or bo? sides ( ! elem5ts be=e putt+ x 9 ! j>1 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,if y leave ! elem5ts loose 9 ! j>s1 ! jolt+ ( ! c> w soon crack ! seal+ comp\nd1 & y w h a slopp] on y\r h&s4 ,if elem5t fits v tight1 be sure t ! corn]s ( ! plate /raps h be5 r\nd$ (f & trimm$ flu% ) outside negatives4 ,be sure also t !re is no comp\nd /ick+ to ! inside ( j>s4 ,take c>e n to break ! j> by =c+ 9 a tight fitt+ elem5t :5 ! j> is cold & /iff4 ,fill+ ,j>s ) ,electrolyte or ,putt+ on ! ,cov]s ,) all ! elem5ts 9 place 9 ! j>s1 "o ( two ?+s may be4 done4 ,fir/1 ! j>s may be fill$ ) electrolyte & ! cov]s !n seal$ on1 or ! cov]s may fir/ be seal$ on & ! j>s !n fill$ ) electrolyte4 ,ea* me?od has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,if ! j>s are fir/ fill$ ) electrolyte1 acid may be spla%$ on ! tipp] p>ts ( ! j>s & seal+ made v difficult4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! electrolyte is fir/ p\r$ 91 ! *>g$ negatives w n become hot1 & seal+ comp\nd :i* runs into ! j> w be *ill$ z soon z x /rikes ! electrolyte & w float on top & d no h>m4 ,if ! cov]s are seal$ be=e any electrolyte is add$1 x w be easi] to d a good seal+ job1 b ! negatives w heat up4 ,fur!rmore1 any seal+ comp\nd :i* runs into ! j> w run d[n betwe5 ! plates & r$uce ! plate area4 ,if c>e is tak5 to ?or\ghly dry ! upp] p>ts ( ! j>s1 add ! electrolyte be=e seal+ on ! cov]s4 ,use #a4djj ,acid ,if y h foll[$ ! directions c>efully1 & h !re=e fre$ all ! %orts1 h ?or\ghly *>g$ ! plates1 h wa%$ & press$ ! negative gr\ps1 h wa%$ ! positives1 h !n add$ any new plates :i* 7 ne$$1 & h put 9 new sep>ators1 use #a4djj specific gravity electrolyte4 ,?is is necess>y because wa%+ ! plates remov$ "s ( ! acid1 & ! new sep>ators w absorb en\gh acid s t ! specific gravity aft] *>g+ w be ab\t #a4bhj4 ,! f9al specific gravity mu/ be betwe5 #a4bhj & #a4cjj4 ,9 measur+ ! specific gravity ! temp]ature mu/ be ab\t #gj;,f41 or else corrections mu/ be made4 ,= e ?ree degrees above #gj1 add "o po9t 74#jja7 to ! read+ y obta9 on ! hydromet]4 ,= e ?ree degrees "u #gj1 subtract "o po9t 74#jja7 f ! read+ y obta9 on ! hydromet]4 ,= in/ance1 if y read a specific gravity ( #a4bge & f9d t ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte is #hb;,f41 add 77#hb-gj7_/c #d7;f\r po9ts 7#a4bge 4#jjd71 :i* gives #a4bgi1 :i* is :at ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte w\ld be if its temp]ature 7 l[]$ to #gj4 ,! reason ?is is done is t :5 ,ave speak ( an electrolyte ( a c]ta9 specific gravity1 say #a4bhj1 we mean t ?is is its specific gravity :5 its temp]ature is #gj;,f4 ,we mu/ !re=e make ! temp]ature correction if ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte is mu* high] or l[] ?an #gj;,f4 ,putt+ on ,! ,cov]s ,?is op]ation is a p>ticul> "o1 & mu/ be done prop]ly1 or y w come to grief4 ,get ! box conta9+ ! cov]s & connectors = ! batt]y y are work+ on2 take ! cov]s1 & clean !m ?or\ghly4 ,!re are sev]al ways to clean !m4 ,if y h gasol9e at h&1 dip a bru% 9 x & scrub (f ! comp\nd4 ,! cov]s may also be clean$ (f ) boil+ wat]1 b ev5 aft] y h us$ ! hot wat]1 x w be necess>y to wipe (f ! cov]s ) gasol9e4 ,ano!r way to s(t5 any comp\nd :i* may be /ick+ to !m1 is to put ! cov]s 9 ! ,batt]y ,/eam] & /eam !m = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,?is w also heat ! cov]s & make !m limp s t !y may be h&l$ )\t break+4 ,if ! cov]s fit snugly all ar\nd ! inside ( ! j>s s t !re is no crack :i* w all[ ! comp\nd to run d[n on ! elem5ts1 all is well & good4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are cracks l>ge en\gh to put a small1 ?9 putty knife 91 y mu/ close !m4 ,if ! cracks are due to ! tops ( ! j>s be+ b5t out ( %ape1 heat ! tops ) a s(t flame until !y are limp1 7be c>eful n to burn !m74 ,n[1 ) %ort1 ?9 w$ges ( wood1 7new dry sep>ators g5]ally answ] ! purpose71 cr[d d[n on ! outside edges ( ! j>1 until y h ! upp] edge ( j>s /raight & ev5 all ar\nd4 ,if ! j>s are set 9 comp\nd1 take a hot screwdriv] & remove ! comp\nd f betwe5 ! j> & case ne> ! top4 ,if ! cracks betwe5 cov] & j> /ill rema91 calk !m ) asbe/os pack+1 t[1 or ord9>y wrapp+ /r+4 ,d n use too mu* pack+2--j en\gh to close ! cracks is suffici5t4 ,:5 ?is is done1 see t ! top ( ! case is p]fectly level1 s t :5 ! comp\nd is p\r$ 91 x w settle level all ar\nd ! upp] edge ( ! case4 ,seal+ ,comp\nds ,!re are _m grades ( comp\nds 7see page #adi71 & ! k9d to use mu/ be det]m9$ by ! type ( batt]y to be seal$4 ,!re is no "q b t a poor grade us$ z c>efully z possible w soon crack & produce a slopp]4 ,a batt]y c>elessly seal$ ) ! be/ comp\nd is no bett]4 ,! ?ree imp]ative conditions = a p]man5t la/+ job are3 #a4 ,use ! be/ quality ( ! prop] k9d ( comp\nd = seal+ ! batt]y on h&4 #b4 ,all surfaces t ! comp\nd comes 9 contact ) mu/ be free f acid & absolutely clean & dry4 #c4 ,! seal+ mu/ be done consci5ti\sly & all details prop]ly att5d$ to /ep by /ep1 & all "w done 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,) respect to seal+1 batt]ies may be divid$ into two g5]al classes4 ,fir/1 ! old type batt]y ) a consid]able am\nt ( seal+ comp\nd4 ,?is type ( batt]y g5]ally has a l[] & an upp] cov]1 ! v5t tube be+ atta*$ or removable1 dep5d+ on ! design4 ,! comp\nd is p\r$ on top ( ! l[] cov] & ar\nd ! v5t tube1 & ! top cov]s are !n put on4 ,mo/ ( ! batt]ies ( ?is type h a ?9 h>d rubb] sleeve %runk on ! po/ :]e ! comp\nd comes 9 contact ) x2 ?is h>d rubb] sleeve usually has sev]al %all[ grooves ar\nd x :i* increase its hold+ p[]4 ,?is is good con/ruction1 provid$ ev]y?+ else is normal & ! "w prop]ly done ) a good /ick-1 comp\nd4 ,!re are a few s+le cov] batt]ies ) connect+ /raps close to top ( cov]s1 & ! comp\nd is p\r$ ov] ! top ( ! /raps4 ,see ,fig4 #bfb4 ,! second g5]al type consi/s ( s+le "o-piece cov] batt]ies t h small *annels or spaces ar\nd ! cov]s next to ! j>s into :i* ! seal+ comp\nd is p\r$4 ,?is type ( batt]y is ! mo/ common type4 ,fig4 #bbi ,p\r+ comp\nd on l[] cov]s ,comp\nd 9 bulk or 9 ?9 iron b>rels c be cut into small pieces ) a hat*et or h& ax4 ,to cut (f a piece 9 hot wea!r1 /rike x a quick h>d bl[ 9 ! same place once or twice1 & a piece w crack (f4 ,directions = prop]ly beat+ seal+ comp\nd w be f\nd on page #aej4 ,seal+ ,d\ble ,cov] ,batt]ies ,! foll[+ in/ructions apply to batt]ies hav+ d\ble cov]s4 ,^! are m difficult to seal ?an ! s+le cov] batt]ies4 ,if y c seal ! d\ble cov] batt]ies well1 ! s+le cov] batt]ies w give y no tr\ble4 ,always />t ! fire "u ! comp\nd be=e y are ready to use x1 & turn ! fire l[] aft] x has melt$1 s z n to h x too hot at ! "t ( p\r+4 ,if y h a special long nos$ p\r+ ladle1 fill x ) comp\nd by dipp+ 9 ! pot1 or by p\r+ comp\nd f a clos$ vessel4 ,if y heat ! comp\nd 9 an iron kettle1 p\r x directly into p\r+ ladle1 us+ j ab\t en\gh = ! fir/ p\r+4 ,! comp\nd %\ld n be too hot1 z a poor seal+ job batt]y w result f its use4 ,see page #aej4 ,be=e seal+1 always wipe ! surfaces to be seal$ ) a rag wet ) ammonia or soda solution1 r9s$ ) wat]1 & wip$ dry ) a rag or wa/e4 ,if y fail to d ?is ! comp\nd w n /ick well1 & a top leak may develop4 ,!n run a s(t lead burn+ flame ov] ! surfaces to be seal$1 9 ord] to h p]fectly dry surfaces4 ,rememb] t seal+ comp\nd w n /ick to a wet surface4 ,fig4 #bcj ,fir/ p\r+ ( seal+ comp\nd ,fig4 #bca ,cool+ comp\nd ) electric fan ,p\r comp\nd on ! l[] cov]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,use en\gh to fill ! case j ov] ! tops ( ! j>s1 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,!n p\r ! re/ ( ! comp\nd back 9 comp\nd vessel or kettle4 ,to complete ! job1 & make z good a job z possible1 take a small hot lead burn+ flame & run x ar\nd ! edges ( case1 tops ( j>s1 & ar\nd ! po/s until ! comp\nd runs & makes a good contact all ar\nd4 ,if y h an electric fan1 let x bl[ on ! comp\nd a few m9utes to cool x1 z 9 ,fig4 #bca4 ,!n ! comp\nd us$ = ! second p\r+ may be hott] & ?9n] ?an ! fir/4 ,fill ! p\r+ ladle ) comp\nd1 :i* is ?9n] ?an t us$ 9 ! fir/ p\r+1 & p\r )9 #a_/af in* ( ! top ( ! case1 be+ c>eful to get 9 j en\gh1 s t-aft] x has cool$1 ! cov]s w press d[n exactly ev5 ) ! top ( ! case1 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,x w require "s exp]i5ce to d ?is1 b y w soon le>n j h[ mu* to use4 ,z soon z y h f9i%$ p\r+1 run ! flame all ar\nd ! edges ( ! case & ar\nd ! po/1 be+ v c>eful n to injure any ( ! v5t tubes4 ,a small1 hot-po9t$ flame %\ld be us$4 ,n[ turn on ! fan aga9 to cool ! comp\nd4 ,fig4 #bcb ,second p\r+ ( seal+ comp\nd ,:ile ! comp\nd is cool+1 get ! cell connectors & t]m9al connectors1 put !m 9 a two-qu>t granite /ew pan1 j b>ely cov] ) wat]1 & spr9kle a tablespoon ( bak+ soda ov] !m4 ,set ! /ew pan ov] ! fire & br+ wat] to boil+ po9t4 ,!n p\r ! wat] on "s spot on a b5* or floor :]e ! acid has be5 spill$4 ,?is helps to neutralize ! acid & keep x f injur+ ! wood or cem5t4 ,r9se (f ! connectors & wipe !m dry ) a clo?1 or heat !m to dry !m4 ,fig4 #bcc ,press+ cov]s d[n to make !m level ) top ( case ,n[ take ! top cov]s1 :i* mu/ be absolutely clean & dry1 & spread a ?9 coat ( vasel9e ov] ! top only1 wip+ (f any vasel9e f ! bevel$ edges4 ,place ^! cov]s "r side up on a clean bo>d & heat p]fectly limp ) a l>ge1 spread+ bl[ tor* flame4 ,nev] apply ?is flame to ! "u side ( ! top cov]s4 ,! purpose is to get ! cov]s on top ( ! batt]y absolutely level1 & exactly ev5 ) ! top ( ! case all ar\nd x1 & to h !m /ick+ firmly to ! comp\nd4 ,!re is n an op]ation 9 repair+ & rebuild+ batt]ies t requires great] c>e ?an ?is "o1 t w %[ z cle>ly j :at k9d ( a workman y are1 or w c\nt z mu* 9 appe>ance = a f9i%$ job4 ,if y are c>eless ) any ( ! detail1 if j "o bump appe>s on top1 if "o top is w>p$1 if "o cov] /icks above top ( case1 try z y may1 y nev] c cov] x up1 & %[ y are a fir/-class workman4 ,see t y h ^! f\r conditions1 & y %\ld n h any difficulty aft] a little exp]i5ce3 ,fig4 #bcd ,press+ cov]s d[n ar\nd po/s to make !m flu% ) top ( case #a4 ,y mu/ h j en\gh comp\nd on top to all[ ! top cov]s to be press$ d[n exactly ev5 ) upp] edge ( case4 #b4 ,! top cov]s mu/ be absolutely clean & h a ?9 coat ( vasel9e ov] _! top1 b none on ! bevel edge4 #c4 ,a good siz$ spread+ flame to heat quickly & ev5ly ! tops to a p]fectly limp condition )\t burn+ or scor*+ !m4 #d4 ,procure a piece ( #g_/h-;in* bo>d #a-a_/b in*es wide & j long en\gh to g betwe5 h&les ( batt]y y are work+ on4 ,spread a ?9 film ( oil or vasel9e all ov] x4 ,hav+ heat$ ! cov]s & also ! top surface ( ! comp\nd until x is /icky s t ! cov]s may be put d[n f> en\gh & adh]e firmly to x1 place ! cov]s 9 position4 ,!n press ! cov]s d[n firmly ) a piece ( oil$ wood1 z 9 ,fig4 #bcc1 apply+ ! wood sidewise & l5g?wise ( case until ! top ( cov] is exactly ev5 ) ! top ( ! case4 ,x may be necess>y to use ! wood on end ar\nd ! v5t tubes & po/s z 9 ,fig4 #bcd1 to get t "p ( ! cov] level4 ,if ! comp\nd comes up betwe5 cov]s & ar\nd ! edges ( ! case1 & int]f]es ) ! use ( ! wood1 clean x out ) a screwdriv]4 ,y c !n f9i% )\t sme>+ any comp\nd on ! cov]s4 ,fig4 #bce ,wip+ bottom ( spoon fill$ ) seal+ comp\nd ,fig4 #bcf ,fill+ cracks ar\nd cov]s ) seal+ comp\nd ,:5 y h remov$ ! excess comp\nd f ! cracks ar\nd ! edges ( ! cov]s ) ! screwdriv]1 take a l>ge iron spoon :i* has ! end b5t into a p\r+ lip1 & dip up f #a_/b to #b_/c ( a spoonful ( melt$ comp\nd 7n too hot74 ,wipe (f ! bottom ( ! spoon1 ,fig4 #bce1 & p\r a small /ream ( comp\nd ev5ly 9 all ! cracks ar\nd ! edges ( ! cov]s until !y are full1 z 9 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,d n hold ! spoon too high1 & d n sme> or drop any comp\nd on top ( batt]y or on ! po/s4 ,no h>m is done if a little runs ov] ! outside ( ! case1 except t x requires a little "t to clean x (f4 ,a small teapot may be us$ in/ead ( ! spoon4 ,if y h ! comp\nd at ! "r temp]ature1 & d n put 9 too mu* at a "t1 y w obta9 good results1 b y %\ld take c>e n to spill ! comp\nd ov] cov]s or case4 ,fig4 #bcg ,f9al op]ation ( clean+ (f excess comp\nd ,aft] ! la/ comp\nd has cool$1--?is requires only a few m9utes1--take a putty knife1 & scrape (f all ! surplus comp\nd1 mak+ x ev5 ) ! top ( ! cov]s & case1 ,fig4 4#bcg4 ,be c>eful n to dig into a s(t place 9 ! comp\nd ) ! putty knife4 ,if y h done y\r "w "r1 & h foll[$ directions explicitly1 y h scrap$ (f ! comp\nd ) "o sweep ( ! putty knife ov] ea* crack1 leav+ ! comp\nd smoo? & level4 ,y w be surpris$ to see h[ f9i%$ ! batt]y looks4 ,"s workm5 p\r hot comp\nd cle> to ! top ( ! case & !n hurry to put on a cold1 dirty top4 ,:at happ5s8 ,! und]side ( ! cov]1 com+ 9 contact ) ! hot comp\nd1 exp&s & l5g!ns out1 curl+ ! top surface beyond r$emption4 ,z y pu% d[n "o corn]1 ano!r goes up1 & x is impossible to make ! cov]s level4 ,seal+ ,s+le ,cov] ,batt]ies ,s+le cov] batt]ies are scal$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! cov]s are put 9 place be=e any comp\nd is p\r$ 94 ,cov]s %\ld fir/ be /eam$ to make !m s(t & pliable4 ,! surfaces :i* come 9 contact ) ! seal+ comp\nd mu/ be p]fectly dry & free f acid4 ,be=e p\r+ 9 any comp\nd1 run a s(t flame ov] ! surfaces :i* are to be seal$1 s z to dry !m & w>m !m4 ,close up all cracks betwe5 ,j>s & cov]s z already direct$4 ,!n p\r ! cov] *annels half full ( seal+ comp\nd1 :i* mu/ n be too ?94 ,n[ run a s(t flame ov] ! comp\nd until x fl[s freely & unites ) ! cov]s & j>s4 ,all[ ! comp\nd to cool4 ,= ! second p\r+1 some:at hott] comp\nd may be us$4 ,fill ! cov] *annels flu% ) ! top ( ! case1 & aga9 run a s(t flame ov] ! comp\nd to make x fl[ freely & unite ) ! cov]s1 & to give x a glossy f9i%4 ,if any comp\nd has run ov] on ! cov]s or case1 remove x ) a hot putty knife4 ,burn+-on ! ,cell ,connectors ,) ! cov]s 9 place1 ! next op]ation is to burn 9 ! cell connectors4 ,directions = do+ ?is are giv5 on page #bac4 ,if y did n fill ! j>s ) electrolyte be=e seal+ ! cov]s1 d s n[4 ,see page #cfd4 ,m>k+ ! ,batt]y ,y %\ld h a set ( /5cil lett]s & m>k e batt]y y rebuild or repair4 ,/amp ,,pos1 ,p1 or on positive t]m9al & ,,neg1 ,n1 or on negative t]m9al4 ,!n /amp y\r initials1 ! date t y f9i%$ rebuild+ ! batt]y1 & ! date t batt]y left ! factory1 on ! top ( ! connectors4 ,record ! factory date1 & type ( batt]y 9 a book1 also y\r date m>k & :at 0 done to ! batt]y4 ,by do+ ?is1 y w always be able to settle disputes t may arise1 z y w "k :5 y repair$ ! batt]y1 & :at 0 done4 ,to g "o /ep f>!r1 keep a record ( condition ( plates1 & numb] ( new plates1 if y h us$ any4 ,grade ! plates 9 ?ree divisions1 good1 m$ium & d\btful4 ,! d\btful division w gr[ small] z y become exp]i5c$ & le>n by _! appe>ance ! ones to be disc>d$ & n us$ 9 a rebuilt batt]y4 ,!re is no "q t ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ man w occasionally make a mi/ake 9 judgm5t1 z !re is no way ( kn[+ :at a batt]y has be5 subject$ to dur+ its life be=e x is br\ght to y4 ,clean+ & ,pa9t+ ! ,case ,! next op]ation is to ?or\ghly clean ! case2 scrape (f all comp\nd t has be5 spill$ on x1 & also any grease or dirt4 ,if any grease is on ! case1 wipe (f ) rag soak$ 9 gasol9e4 ,unless ! case is clean1 ! pa9t w n dry4 ,bru% ! sides & end ) a wire bru%2 also bright5 ! "n plate4 ,!n coat ! case ) good asphaltum pa9t4 ,any good turp5t9e asphaltum is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,if x is too ?ick1 ?9 x ) turp5t9e1 b be sure to mix well be=e us+1 z x does n mix readily4 ,use a r n>r[ bru%1 b ( good quality4 ,pa9t all ar\nd ! upp] edge1 fir/ draw+ ! bru% /raight along ! edges1 j to ! out] edges ( rubb] tops4 ,n[ pa9t ! sides1 ends & h&les1 b be c>eful n to cov] ! nameplate4 ,to f9i%1 put a second1 & ?ick coat all ar\nd top edge to protect edge ( case4 ,pa9t w soak 9 ar\nd ! edge on top ( an old case m easily ?an on ! body ( ! case z x is m por\s4 ,*>g+ ! ,rebuilt ,batt]y ,) ! batt]y completely assembl$1 ! next /ep is to *>ge x at ab\t "o-?ird ( ! />t+ or normal *>ge rate4 ,= batt]ies hav+ a capacity ( #hj amp]e h\rs or m1 use a curr5t ( #e amp]es4 ,d n />t ! *>ge until at lea/ #ab h\rs aft] fill+ ) electrolyte4 ,?is all[s ! electrolyte to cool4 ,!n add wat] to br+ electrolyte up to correct level if necess>y4 ,! specific gravity w probably at fir/ drop to #a4bbj-a4bdj1 & w !n beg9 to rise4 ,cont9ue ! *>ge until ! specific gravity & voltage d n rise dur+ ! la/ #e h\rs ( ! *>ge4 ,! cell voltage at ! end ( ! *>ge %\ld be #b4e to #b4g1 measur$ :ile ! batt]y is /ill on *>ge4 ,make ,cadmium te/s on bo? positive & negatives4 ,! positives %\ld give a ,cadmium read+ ( #b4d or m4 ,! negatives %\ld give a rev]s$ read+ ( #j4age4 ,! te/s %\ld be made ne> ! end ( ! *>ge1 ) ! cell voltages at ab\t #b4g4 ,! ,cadmium read+s w tell ! condition ( ! plates bett] ?an specific gravity read+s4 ,! ,cadmium read+s are especially valuable :5 new plates h be5 in/all$1 to det]m9e :e!r ! new plates are1 fully *>g$4 ,:5 ,cadmium read+s indicate t ! plates are fully *>g$1 & specific gravity read+s h n *ang$ = five h\rs1 ! batt]y is fully *>g$4 ,if y h put 9 new plates1 *>ge = at lea/ #if h\rs4 ,measure ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte occasionally1 & if x %\ld g above #aaj;,f41 ei!r cut d[n ! *>g+ curr5t1 or take ! batt]y (f *>ge long en\gh to all[ ! electrolyte to cool bel[ #ij;,f4 ,adju/+ ! ,electrolyte ,if ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is #a4bhj to #a4cjj at ! end ( ! *>ge1 ! batt]y is ready = te/+4 ,if ! specific gravity is bel[ or above ^! figures1 draw (f z mu* electrolyte z y c ) ! hydromet]4 ,if ! specific gravity is bel[ #a4bhj1 add en\gh #a4djj specific gravity electrolyte ) ! hydromet] to br+ ! level up to ! correct height 7ab\t #a_/b in* above tops ( plates74 ,if ! specific gravity is above #a4cjj1 add a-simil> am\nt ( di/ill$ wat] in/ead ( electrolyte4 ,if ! specific gravity is n m ?an #ae po9ts 74#jae7 too l[ or too high1 adju/ z direct$ above4 ,if ! v>iation is great] ?an ?is1 p\r out all ! electrolyte & add fre% #a4bhj specific gravity electrolyte4 ,aft] adju/+ ! electrolyte1 cont9ue ! *>ge until ! gravity ( all cells is #a4bhj-a4cjj1 & !re is no fur!r *ange 9 gravity = at lea/ two h\rs4 ,!n take ! batt]y (f *>ge & make a f9al measurem5t ( ! specific gravity4 ,measure ! temp]ature at ! same "t1 & if x v>ies m ?an #aj above or bel[ #gj1 correct ! hydromet] read+s by add+ "o po9t 74#jja sp4 gr47 = ea* #c degrees above #gj1 & subtract+ "o po9t 74#jja sp4 gr47 = ea* #c degrees bel[ #gj4 ,be sure to wipe (f any electrolyte :i* y spill$ on ! batt]y 9 adju/+ ! electrolyte or measur+ ! specific gravity4 ,use a rag dipp$ 9 ammonia1 or bak+ soda solution4 ,high ,rate ,dis*>ge ,:5ev] y h "t to d s1 make a #bj-m9ute high rate dis*>ge te/ on ! rebuilt batt]y1 z describ$ on page #bff4 ,?is te/ w %[ up any defect 9 ! batt]y1 su* z a poorly burn$ jo9t1 or a miss+ sep>ator1 & w %[ if batt]y is l[ 9 capacity4 ,if ! te/ gives satisfactory results1 ! batt]y is 9 good condition1 & ready to be put into s]vice1 aft] be+ *>g$ aga9 to replace ! en]gy us$ by ! te/4 ,,*apt] #af4 ,,special ,,in/ructions4 --------------------- ,,exide ,,batt]ies ,exide batt]ies may be classifi$ accord+ to _! cov] con/ructions z foll[s3 #a4 ,batt]ies ) s+le flange cov]s1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae & #bch4 ,?is class includes types ,,dx1 ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxrv1 ,,phc1 ,,xc1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bch ,exide ,batt]y1 p>tly disassembl$ #b4 ,batt]ies ) d\ble flange cov]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,?is class includes types ,,mha1 ,,kz1 ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe4 ,! cov] con/ructions are-describ$ 9 ,*apt] #c4 ,all ,exide batt]ies1 except types ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe1 h burn$-9 lead top connectors4 ,all types h a removable seal+ nut ar\nd ea* po/ to make a tight jo9t betwe5 ! po/ & cell cov]1 z describ$ on page #ai4 ,=m]ly "s ,exide batt]ies _h cell connectors :i* 7 bolt$ to ! cell po/s1 b ?is con/ruction is n[ obsolete4 ,types ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe h cell connectors made ( flexible1 lead coat$ copp] /rips4 ,types ,,dx1 ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxrv1 ,,mha1 ,,phc1 ,,xc1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv h be5 design$ & built to meet ! requirem5ts ( />t+1 light+ & ignition s]vice = pass5g] automobiles & p[] boats4 ,types ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe h be5 especially develop$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! />t+1 light+ & ignition s]vice on motor trucks & tractors4 ,type ,,kz has be5 produc$ p>ticul>ly = motorcycle light+ & ignition s]vice4 ,fig4 #bci ,exide ,batt]y ) ,s+le ,flange ,cov] ,type ,numb]s ,! type ( an ,exide batt]y is /amp$ on ! batt]y "n plate4 ,?us1 on "o ( ! mo/ popul> ,exide batt]ies is m>k$ ,type #c-,,xc-#ac-a4 ,o!r ,exide batt]ies h diff]5t num]als & lett]s 9 _! type numb]s1 b ! num]als41 & lett]s are always arrang$ 9 ! same ord] z giv5 above4 ,! fir/ num]al gives ! numb] ( cells4 ,! lett]s give ! type ( cell4 ,! num]als foll[+ ! lett]s give ! numb] ( plates p] cell4 ,! la/ num]al indicates ! mann] ( arrang+ ! cells 9 ! batt]y case4 ,?us1 9 ! example giv5 above1 #c-,,xc-#ac-a indicates t !re are ?ree cells 9 ! batt]y1 t ! type ( cell is ,,xc1 t ea* cell has #ac plates1 & t ! cells are arrang$ accord+ to me?od ,no4 #a1 ?is be+ a side to side assembly4 ,me?ods ( ,hold+ ,j>s 9 ,case ,two me?ods ( hold+ ,exide j>s 9 ! batt]y case are us$3 #a4 ,types ,,mha1 ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe h ! j>s sep>at$ by horizontal wood5 spac]s1 !re be+ two spac]s betwe5 adjo9+ j>s4 ,runn+ horizontally betwe5 ^! two spac]s are tie bolts :i* pass ?r\gh ! case4 ,^! bolts are tight5$ aft] ! j>s are plac$ 9 ! case1 ?us press+ ! sides ( ! case aga9/ ! j>s & hold+ !m 91 place4 ,types ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe1 9 addition to ! tie bolts1 are secur$ 9 ! case by seal+ comp\nd b5ea? & ar\nd ! j>s4 ,ea* cell is provid$ ) two s(t rubb] buff]s :i* are ,v %ap$1 & are plac$ ov] ! ridges 9 ! bottom ( ! j>s1 !reby m9imiz+ ! effect ( %ocks on ! plates & sep>ators :i* re/ on ! buff]s4 #b4 ,9 types ,,dx1 ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxrv1 ,,phc1 ,,xc1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv1 !re are no spac]s betwe5 adjo9+ j>s1 & ! j>s simply fit tight 9 ! case4 ,%\ld !y n fit tight en\gh to hold !m 9 place securely1 ?9 bo>ds are ins]t$ betwe5 ! j>s & ! case to pack !m 94 ,type ,,kz has ! ?ree sets ( plates 9 "o j>1 hav+ ?ree comp>tm5ts1 ) a ?ree comp>tm5t cov]4 ,op5+ ,exide ,batt]ies #a4 ,drill+ ,(f ! ,top ,connectors4 ,d ?is z describ$ on page #cbi4 ,= type ,,kz batt]ies use a #c_/h in* drill4 ,= all o!r types use a #e_/h in* drill4 #b4 ,remov+ ,plates f ,j>s4 ,foll[ ! g5]al in/ructions on page #ccc4 ,types ,,dx1 ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxrv1 ,,phc1 ,,xc1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv4 ,9 op5+ ^! batt]ies1 all ( :i* h ! s+le flange cov]1 y may remove ea* cell complete f ! case1 & !n draw out ! plates2 or y may draw out ! plates )\t tak+ out ! j>s4 ,to remove ! complete cell1 heat a ?9 blad$ putty knife & "w x d[n all ar\nd ! outside ( ! j>4 ,!n lift out ! complete cell by pull+ /eadily on ! cell po/s ) two pairs ( gas pli]s4 ,! batt]y %\ld be plac$ on ! floor :5 y d ?is1 & y %\ld /& ) "o foot press$ aga9/ ! side ( ! case4 ,if y d n wi% to remove ! complete cells1 or %\ld ! j>s fit too tight 9 ! case1 unseal ! cov]s & remove ! plates accord+ to ! in/ructions giv5 on page #ccc4 ,types ,,kz & ,,mha4 ,^! batt]ies h ! d\ble flang$ cov]4 ,sev]al me?ods may be us$ 9 remov+ ! plates f ! j>s4 ,9 ea* case1 ! top ( ! cell is clean$1 gas bl[n out ( ! v5t holes1 & ! seal+ nuts remov$ be=e op5+ ! cells4 ,fig4 #bdj ,remov+ d\ble flange exide cov] ,fir/1 a flame may be us$ to s(t5 ! seal+ comp\nd :i* is plac$ 9 ! slot =m$ by ! two flanges ( ! cov]4 ,if y wi% to use a flame1 fir/ remove ea* complete cell f ! case1 loos5+ ! tie bolts t pass ?r\gh ! case to release ! j>s4 ,!n hit out ea* complete cell4 ,n[ get two /rong bo>ds :i* are ab\t "o f\r? in* long] ?an ! height ( ! j>4 ,see ,fig4 #bdj4 ,support ! j> on ^! bo>ds by re/+ ! l[] edge ( ! sides ( ! cov] on ! top edge ( ! bo>ds4 ,!n run a mod]ate flame ar\nd ! outside ( ! flange until ! cov] is s(t1 & ! comp\nd melt+4 ,!n press d[n on ! cell po/s ) y\r ?umbs1 & ! j> & plates w drop free ( ! cov]4 ,! plates are !n drawn out & re/$ on ! top ( ! j>s to dra91 z usual4 ,ano!r me?od is to remove ! cells f ! case & put !m 9 ! batt]y /eam] = t5 m9utes z describ$ on page #ccb4 ,in/ead ( fir/ tak+ ! complete cells out ( ! case & !n /eam+ !m sep>ately1 y may /eam ! entire batt]y = ab\t t5 m9utes1 & !n draw out ! plates & cov] ( ea* cell ) gas pli]s )\t remov+ ! j>s4 ,?is me?od mu/ be us$ 9 op5+ types ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe1 :i* h seal+ comp\nd "u ! j>s4 ,"w on ,plates1 ,sep>ators1 ,j>s1 & ,case ,hav+ op5$ ! batt]y1 foll[ ! in/ructions giv5 on pages #cce to #cfa = exam9ation ( plates & sep>ators1 & all "w on plates1 j>s1 sep>ators1 & case4 ,reassembl+ ,plates ,fig4 #bda ,upsett+ ?reads to prev5t nut f turn+ ,fir/ slip ! positive & negative gr\ps toge!r )\t sep>ators4 ,!n wipe ! po/s ) a rag moi/5$ ) ammonia1 r9se !m ) wat]1 & dry ?or\ghly ) a clean rag4 ,next slip ! s(t rubb] wa%]s ov] ! po/s & place ! cov] 9 position4 ,lubricate ! lead seal+ nuts ) graphite t has be5 mix$ to a pa/e ) wat]4 ,d n use grease or vasel9e to lubricate ^! nuts4 ,!n put on ! seal+ nuts & tight5 !m p>tly ) y\r f+]s4 ,y are n[ ready to ins]t ! sep>ators z direct$ on page #cfa4 ,types ,,mha1 ,,phc1 ,,kxd1 ,,kz1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxre1 ,,lxrv1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv h1 9 addition to ! usual wood5 sep>ators1 p]=at$ rubb] %eets1 :i* %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! groov$ side ( ea* wood5 sep>ator be=e ins]t+1 & ins]t ) rubb] %eet aga9/ ! positives4 ,make a c>eful exam9ation to see t y h n left out any sep>ators4 ,:5 ! sep>ators are all 9 place1 ev5 !m up on ea* side4 ,!n tight5 ! seal+ nuts ) ! special ,exide wr5*4 ,:5 y h turn$ ! nuts d[n tight1 lock !m 9 place by driv+ a c5t] pun* on ! ?reads on ! po/ j above ! nut1 ,fig4 #bda4 ,?is w damage ! ?read & prev5t ! nut f turn+ loose4 ,putt+ ,plates ,9 ,j>s ,! next /ep is to l[] ! plates into ! j>s1 z describ$ on page #cfb4 ,9 types ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe be sure to fir/ replace ! two s(t rubb] buff]s 9 ! bottom ( ! j>1 "o ov] ea* ridge4 ,fill+ ,j>s ,) ,electrolyte ,z soon z y h an elem5t 9 place 9 ! j>1 fill ! j> ) electrolyte ( ! prop] /r5g?1 z describ$ on page #cfd1 to prev5t ! sep>ators & plates f dry+4 ,! negatives1 especially1 mu/ be cov]$ ) electrolyte to prev5t !m f heat+ & dry+4 ,seal+ ,exide ,batt]y ,cov]s ,fig4 #bdb ,lay+ worm ( seal+ comp\nd ,image3 ,*>t %[+ capacity ( ,exide batt]ies ,= ,types ,,dx1 ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxrv1 ,,phc1 ,,xc1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv1 :i* h ! s+le flange type ( cov]1 sl[ly heat ! seal+ comp\nd until x runs1 b d n get x s ?9 t x w run d[n into ! cell betwe5 ! cov] & j>4 ,!n p\r x into ! *annel betwe5 cov] & j> walls4 ,all[ x to cool & f9i% x (f flu% ) a hot knife4 ,:5 p\r+1 be sure ! comp\nd is liquid & n lumpy1 z 9 su* a case a poor seal w result4 ,a glossy1 f9i%$ appe>ance may be giv5 to ! comp\nd by pass+ a flame ov] x aft] ! job is f9i%$4 ,= ,types ,,kxd1 ,,kz1 ,,lxre1 ,,mha1 & ,,xe1 :i* h ! d\ble flange type ( cov]1 h ready a /r+ or worm ( seal+ comp\nd ab\t #c-af in* 9 diamet]1 made by roll+ betwe5 bo>ds "s ( ! special comp\nd furni%$ = ! purpose4 ,! cov] may or may n h be5 atta*$ to ! elem5t1 dep5d+ on h[ repairs h be5 made4 ,9 ei!r case ! proc$ure is ! same z f> z seal+ is conc]n$4 ,assum+ ! elem5t is atta*$1 /& x upside d[n1 ) ! cov] re/+ ^u two /rips1 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,lay ! /r+ ( comp\nd all ar\nd ! cov] *annel4 ,n[ turn "r side up & ins]t 9 ! j>1 tak+ c>e t ! j> walls ent] ! cov] *annels at all po9ts4 ,apply heat c>efully to ! edges ( ! cov] & g5tly =ce cov] cl[n4 ,if too mu* comp\nd has be5 us$1 s t x squeezes out ar\nd ! cov]1 scrape (f ! excess ) a hot knife :ile =c+ cov] d[n4 ,putt+ ,cells ,9 ,case ,:5 ! cov]s h all be5 seal$1 put ! cells 9 ! case1 tak+ c>e to put ! negative & positive po/s 9 _! prop] positions1 s t ea* cell connector w connect a positive to a negative po/4 ,9 ,types ,,mha1 ,,kxd1 ,,lxre1 & ,,xe1 :i* h wood5 spac]s betwe5 ! cells1 take c>e t ! spac]s are 9 position & !n1 aft] cells are 9 place1 tight5 ! tie bolts ) a screw driv] to clamp ! j>s4 ,9 ,types ,,dx1 ,,lx1 ,,lxr1 ,,lxrv1 ,,sx1 ,,xc1 ,,xx1 & ,,xxv ! cells %\ld fit tight 9 ! case2 pack !m 9 ) ?9 bo>ds if necess>y4 ,burn+ on ! ,cell ,connectors ,see in/ructions on pages #bac to #baf4 ,*>g+ ,aft] ,repair+ ,see also in/ructions on page #cgc4 ,n soon] ?an t5 to fifte5 h\rs aft] fill+ batt]y ) electrolyte1 add electrolyte to re/ore level if x has fall54 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,batt]ies ,! in/ructions = rebuild+ batt]ies :i* h already be5 giv51 pages #cbh to #cgd1 apply also to all ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies4 ,9 work+ on ! old ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bdc1 draw out ! electrolyte d[n to ! tops ( ! plates s t ! electrolyte is bel[ ! l[] end ( ! v5t tube4 ,!n bl[ out any gas :i* may h collect$ "u ! cov] ) compress$ air or bell[s4 ,nev] fail to d ?is1 z !re is only a small v5t hole 9 ! cov] ?r\gh :i* ! gas c escape1 ! v5t tubes ext5d+ d[n into ! electrolyte :5 ! cells are prop]ly fill$4 ,fig4 #bdc ,cross section ( old type ,,usl batt]y ,fig4 #bdd ,cross section ( new type ,,usl batt]y ,fig4 #bdd %[s ! new ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 cov] con/ruction4 ,note t ! special cell fill+ device is no long] us$4 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies h lead bu%+s m\ld$ into ! cov]4 ,^! bu%+s fit ar\nd ! po/s1 & are burn$ to ! po/s & top connectors1 ,figs4 #bdc & #bdd1 ?us giv+ leak pro( jo9ts betwe5 ! cov] & ! po/s4 ,9 burn+ on ! connectors1 melt bottom edge ( hole fir/1 !n top ( po/ & cov] bu%+1 & melt 9 y\r burn+ lead sl[ly4 ,image3 ,*>t %[+ capacity ( ,,usl batt]ies1 ,page #a ,image3 ,*>t %[+ capacity ( ,,usl batt]ies1 ,page #b ,,pre/-,o-,,lite ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #bde ,old type ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]y ) lead bu%+s t screw up into cov] ,"s ( ! old ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies h a lead bu%+ ar\nd ! po/1 ,fig4 #bde1 simil> to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 batt]ies4 ,?is w make a p]fectly tight seal1 provid$ t y screw ! bu%+ up tight4 ,! new types ( ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies h a ,pe5$ po/ seal1 special in/ructions = :i* foll[4 ,! g5]al in/ructions = rebuild+ batt]ies giv5 on pages #cbh to #cgd apply to ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies 9 e respect4 ,! ,pe5$ po/ seal is1 h[ev]1 a special con/ruction1 & directions = work+ on ?is seal are z foll[s3 ,fig4 #bdf ,pre/-,o-,lite ,elem5t ,lock$ ,all ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies designat$ z ,types ,,:n1 ,,rijn1 ,,bhn1 ,,jfn1 ,,kpn1 & ,,%c1 h a s+le m\ld$ cov] :i* is lock$ directly on to ! po/s ( ! elem5t4 ,?is feature is ! result ( =c+ a solid r+ ( lead f a portion ( ! po/1 project+ above ! cov]1 d[n into a deep *amf] 9 ! top ( ! cov]4 ,figs4 #bdf & #bdg %[ ?is con/ruction4 ,?is con/ruction makes a solid unit ( ! cov] & elem5t1 :i* does away ) ! seal+ comp\nd1 wa%]s1 nuts1 etc41 = mak+ ! acid tight seal ar\nd ! po/s4 ,! lock+ op]ation requires "s special in/ructions & %op equipm5t = assembly & all repairs :i* involve removal f & replacem5t ( ! cov] on ! elem5t4 ,! majority ( batt]y repairs su* z r5ewal ( j>s1 sep>ators1 /raight5+ ( plates1 & removal ( s$im5t1 c be made )\t sep>at+ ! cov] & elem5t4 ,9 su* cases ! connectors are drill$ (f1 comp\nd is s(t5$ & remov$ f ar\nd ! cov]s & ! complete unit is remov$ f ! cell4 ,x may be h&l$ ?r\gh\t ! repair z a unit1 & ! cov] s]ves z a bridge to hold ! plates ( bo? gr\ps 9 l9e j z !y rema9 9 ! j>4 ,fig4 #bdg ,sectional view ( ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]y ) pe5$ po/ seal ,h[ev]1 :]e ! cov] is brok5 or mu/ be replac$ = o!r reasons1 :5 plates h to be r5ew$1 or ! po/s h be5 brok5 (f bel[ ! cov]1 ! elem5t & cov] mu/ be sep>at$4 ,all ! app>atus & special tools :i* are us$ 9 connection ) ! lock+1 z well z ! build+-up1 unlock+ 7free+71 & rebuild+1 ( ! po/s 9 all ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]y types are gr\p$ toge!r & collectively t]m$ ! type ,n ,po/ ,lock+ ,outfit4 ,?is outfit1 complete1 is c>ri$ 9 /ock at all ,pre/-,o-,lite w>eh\ses "u ! "p numb] #bgaaf4 ,ea* ( ! individual p>ts or tools also has a sep>ate "p numb] & may be b\ght sep>ately4 ,pre/-,o-,lite ,type ,n ,po/ ,lock+ ,outfit ,arbor ,press 7complete ) foll[+ #ab p>ts7 #bgaae ,ma9 ,ca/+ #bgaad ,lat* #bgajg ,b$ ,plate #bgaac ,lev] #bgajh ,rack #bgbaa ,wa%] #bgaab ,p9ion ,%aft #bgaaj ,p9ion #bgaji ,lat* ,p9 #bgaaa 99,special ,,cln ,,kpn ,spac] #bgbcc 99,special ,,cln ,,kpn ,lat* #bgbcb 99,special ,,cln ,,kpn ,b$ ,plate #bgbcd ,l>ge ,pe5+ ,tool 7#i-ba ,,rhn1 ,,:n1 ,,bhn1 ,,%c1 ,,kpn1 ,,cln2 #aa-ag ,,jfn7 #bgaja ,small ,pe5+ ,tool 7#g-,,:n1 ,,rhn1 ,,%c2 #i-;,,jfn7 #bgajj ,pe5+ ,tool = small t]m9al po/s 9 :i* are ea/ ?read$ brass ins]ts 7,columbia7 #bgaje ,l>ge ,po/ ,free+ ,tool #bgajc ,small ,po/ ,free+ ,tool #bgajb ,no4 #h ,po/ ,free+ ,tool 7#ac_/af diamet] /raight po/7 #bgabc #a ,l>ge ,po/ ,re-,build] 7#i-ba ,,rhn1 ,,:n1 ,,bhn1 ,,%c1 ,,kpn1 ,,cln2 #aa-ag ,,jfn7 #bgjje #a ,small ,po/ ,re-,build] 7#g-,,:n1 ,,rhn1 ,,%c2 #i-;,,jfn7 #bgjjd #b ,=d ,positive ,po/ ,build] #bgjjf #b ,=d ,negative ,po/ ,build] #bgbbd #b ,no4 #h ,po/ ,build] 7#ac_/af diamet] /raight po/7 #bgbbe ,/yle ,b ,pre/-,o-,lite ,tor*1 ) six feet ( r$ gum tub+ ,a-#caaf ,automatic ,r$uc+ ,valve ,a-#dbg ,,complete ,,type ,n ,,outfit includ+ all p>ts above #bgaaf 99 ,! ,,cln & ,,kpn ,spac] block1 b5t ,lat* & ,b$ ,plate are special p>ts us$ only 9 ! ,arbor ,press :5 x is especially assembl$ to lock ,,cln or ,,kpn po/s4 #a ,! ,re-,build] is us$ to build up po/s be=e attempt+ to lock on ! cov]4 ,! replac+ ( ! metal cut away f ! orig9al diamet] ( ! po/ :5 ! j> cov] 0 remov$ is necess>y to ! correct op]ation ( ! ,pe5+ ,tool4 #b ,! ,build] is us$ to build up po/s1 aft] !y h be5 lock$ & %ap$ by ! ,pe5+ ,tool1 to a size l>ge en\gh to take "s special t]m9al4 ,= example1 ! ,=d ,positive ,po/ ,build] is us$ 9 build+ up po/s1 lock$ by ! ,l>ge ,pe5+ ,tool1 to ! prop] size to take ! ,=d positive t]m9al4 ,! ,automatic ,r$uc+ ,valve deliv]s ! gas f ! ,p-,o-,l tank at a uni=m pressure ( #c p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :e!r ! tank is full1 half empty1 or ne>ly empty1 & reg>dless ( ! volume ( gas us$4 ,! volume or fl[ ( gas is regulat$ by ! key4 ,! /yle ,b tor* mixes ! pure acetyl5e f ! gas tank ) ! prop] am\nt ( air necess>y to an effici5t heat+ flame4 ,! heat+ flame is conduct$ or deliv]$ to ! ,pe5+ ,tool by ! %ort l5g? ( brass tub+ kn[n z ! ,tor*-,hold]1 ov] :i* ! ,b ,tor* is press$ by h& 9 complet+ ! assembly4 ,fig4 #bdh ,special ,pre/-,o-,lite ,pe5+ ,press ,bo? ! ,b ,tor* & ! ,automatic ,r$uc+ ,valve are absolutely ess5tial to ! use ( ! ,pre/-,o-,lite gas tank = heat+ ! ,pe5+ ,tool4 ,pre/-,o-,lite gas tanks1 /yle ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 or ,e1 may be us$ 9 connection ) ! ,automatic ,r$uc+ ,valve1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,to use a weld+ size gas tank x is necess>y to ins]t a ,w to ,a ,adapt] betwe5 ! tank & ,r$uc+ ,valve4 ,?is ,adapt] c be pur*as$ f ! ,pre/-,o-,lite ,co41 ,inc4 ,! ,arbor ,press :5 receiv$ by ! ,s]vice ,/ation is fully assembl$1 ready = m\nt+ & op]ation ) all ,p-,o-,l lock$ po/ types except ,,cln & ,,kpn4 ,m\nt ! ,press 9 a v]tical position 7,fig4 #bdh7 9 a conv5i5t place & at an accessible height on a wall or po/4 ,holes are provid$ 9 ! ,press = m\nt+ by lag screws or bolts4 ,! position ( ! ,pe5+ ,tool %\ld be well bel[ ! level ( ! eyes1 to prev5t s]i\s injury f a possible spatt]+ ( ov]heat$ lead4 ,screw ! prop] size ,pe5+ ,tool into ! bottom ( ! ,press rack1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,! ,tor*-,hold] mu/ be remov$ f ! ,pe5+ ,tool to d ?is2 x %\ld be imm$iately replac$4 ,9 us+ ! ,press to lock ,,cln or ,,kpn po/s x is necess>y to remove ! ,b$ ,plate & ! ,lat*1 & replace ^! p>ts ) ! ,special ,b$ ,plate & ,special ,lat* provid$ = ?is purpose1 us+ ! spac+ block or ,spac] 7also provid$7 betwe5 ! ,special ,b$ ,plate & ! bottom ( ! ,press4 ,fig4 #bdi ,ream+ ,pre/-,o-,lite pe5$ po/ to remove cov] ,connect ! ,b ,tor* to ! ,pe5+ ,tool4 ,! ,tor* is m]ely press$ by ! h& ov] ! ,tor*-,hold]4 ,connect ! ,tor* ) ! ,automatic ,r$uc+ ,valve on ! gas tank by ! rubb] tub+1 & turn on ! gas & light4 ,! flame %\ld be blue & hot4 ,all[ ! ,pe5+ ,tool to become j hot en\gh to melt ! end ( a piece ( #ej-ej sold]4 ,d n all[ x to get any hott] ?an ?is4 ,! tool is !n ready = use4 ,! flame may be left on :ile ! ,tool is 9 use4 ,9 case ! ,tool becomes too hot turn ! flame (f & all[ x to cool to ! prop] temp]ature be=e us+4 ,to ,remove ,cell ,cov]s f ,elem5ts ,drill (f cell connectors & t]m9als z usual4 ,ins]t ! prop] size ,free+ ,tool 7or ream]71 furni%$ ) ! outfit1 9 an ord9>y h&-p[] drill press or bit-&-brace4 ,) ?is ream] remove ! r+ ( metal or flange on ! po/1 !reby releas+ ! cell cov]4 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,! ,free+ ,tool %\ld n be us$ 9 a p[]-driv5 press1 z sl[ spe$ is ess5tial to prev5t break+ cell cov]s4 ,to get ! be/ results1 c5t] ! ,free+ ,tool ov] ! po/1 gradually =c+ x d[n1 at ! same "t keep x turn+ sl[ly until ! r+ ( metal :i* locks ! po/ 9 ! cov] has be5 remov$4 ,a little ma*9e oil %\ld be put on ! metal directly "u ! tool = ?is op]ation4 ,aft] ! metal r+ has be5 remov$1 ! cov] c be easily lift$ (f ! po/s1 ,fig4 #bej4 ,fig4 #bej ,remov+ ,pre/-,o-,lite cov] ,fig4 #bea ,build+ up po/s on ,pre/-,o-,lite elem5t ,! use ( ! ,free+ ,tool 9 remov+ ! cell cov] cuts away a c]ta9 am\nt ( metal f ! diamet] ( ! po/s4 ,be=e ^! po/s c be relock$ by ! ,pe5+ ,tool 9 replac+ ! cell cov] !y mu/ be built up 9 size or diamet] aga9 s t !re w be en\gh lead to insure a tight jo9t4 ,to ,rebuild ,po/s ,?or\ghly clean ! po/4 ,place ! prop] ,po/ ,re-,build] s t x re/s on ! %\ld] ( ! po/1 & run 9 en\gh new lead to fill ! ,re-,build]4 ,fig4 #bea4 ,be sure & br+ ! lead surface ( ! po/ into fusion be=e ! new lead is run 91 to insure a /rong po/4 ,to build a smoo?1 solid po/1 be sure t ! po/ is ?or\ghly clean2 !n use a hot flame4 ,to ,lock or ,pe5 ,po/s 7#a7 ,assemble positive & negative gr\ps )\t sep>ators1 & pa9t ! po/s 7j above ! %\ld]7 ) hot seal+ comp\nd4 7#b7 ,prep>e ! cell cov]s by imm]s+ !m 9 hot wat] until !y are flexible4 7#c7 ,place a w>m$ cov] ov] ! po/s ( ! two assembl$ gr\ps 7! elem5ts74 ,fig4 #beb4 ,fig4 #beb ,replac+ ,pre/-,o-,lite cov] on built-up po/s 7#d7 ,slide ! elem5t ov] ! ,b$ ,plate directly "u ,pe5+ ,tool1 ) ! bottom ( ! plate connectors re/+ on ! ,b$ ,plate4 7,see ,fig4 #bec74 7#e7 ,pull d[n ! ,lat* to hold ! ,b$ ,plate 9 alignm5t4 7#f7 ,c5t] ! po/ ) ,pe5+ ,tool4 ,!n =ce ! ,pe5+ ,tool d[n sl[ly until x has cov]$ ab\t two-?irds ( ! di/ance to ! cov]4 ,pause 9 ?is op]ation to all[ ! metal ( ! po/ to become heat$2 !n =ce tool ! re/ ( ! di/ance4 ,raise ! ,pe5+ ,tool slightly & =ce d[n aga94 7#g7 ,release ! ,lat*1 )draw & rev]se ! elem5t1 & repeat op]ations #d1 #e & #f on ! o!r po/4 7#h7 ,! assembl$ gr\ps are n[ ready to receive sep>ators4 ,fig4 #bec ,pe5+ ,pre/-,o-,lite po/ ) special pe5+ press ,precautions 9 ,po/ ,lock+ ,op]ations #a--;,be sure all cov]s are w>m$ until !y are flexible be=e attempt+ to assemble4 #b--;,be sure t ! ,pe5+ ,tool is n too hot4 ,if x is1 ! po/ w melt away & be ru9$4 ,a v hot tool sometimes causes dang]\s spatt]+ ( hot lead4 #c--;,be sure t ! po/ is c5t]$ ) ! ,pe5+ ,tool be=e =c+ ! ,tool d[n on ! po/4 #d--;,be sure ! cov] has be5 =c$ d[n1 s t x re/s on ! %\ld] ( ! po/1 be=e releas+4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions ,9 break+ 9 a new ,pe5+ ,tool x is advisable to squirt sev]al drops ( ma*9e oil inside ! ,tool1 z well z putt+ "s oil on ! top ( ! po/1 be=e =c+ ! hot ,tool d[n ov] ! po/4 ,?is w prev5t ! ,tool f /ick+ to ! po/4 ,if ! ,pe5+ ,tool %\ld /ick to ! po/1 =ce ! ,tool d[n aga91 be+ c]ta9 t ! cov] is slightly compress$4 ,/ick+ ( ! ,pe5+ ,tool indicates ei!r t ! ,tool has n yet be5 brok5 91 or t !re is n suffici5t compression 9 ! cov] to free ! ,tool on releas+ ! pressure on ! lev] ( ! ,press4 ,to repair ! #ac_/af diamet] /raight t]m9al po/1 ! ,=d positive t]m9al po/1 ! ,=d negative t]m9al po/1 x is good practice to remove ! cov] 9 ! usual mann]1 !n cut ! upp] portion ( ! po/s (f & rebuild !m ) ! l>ge ,po/ ,re-,build]4 ,reassemble ! elem5t & cov] 9 ! recomm5d$ mann] & !n use ! prop] ,po/ ,build] to burn ! po/ to its orig9al size4 ,/&>d ,types ( ,pre/-,o-,lite ,/>t+1 ,light+ & ,ignition ,batt]ies ,image3 ,*>t = ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies1 #f-volt ,image3 ,*>t = ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies1 #ab-volt ,image3 ,*>t = ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies1 #af-ah-bd & #cj-volt ,image3 ,*>t = ,pre/-,o-,lite special heavy duty truck batt]ies = />t+ & light2 ,*>t = #f-volt light+ & ignition types ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,diamond ,,grid ,,batt]y ,old ,type ,fig4 #bed ,cross section ( old type ,philadelphia diamond grid batt]y ,figs4 #bed & #bee %[ ! con/ruction ( ! old type ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid4 ,batt]y4 ,figs4 #bed & #bef %[ ! diamond %ap$ grid f :i* ! batt]y d]ives its "n4 ,x is claim$ t ?is con/ruction gives a v /rong grid1 hold+ ! active mat]ials firmly 9 place1 & giv+ a l>ge am\nt ( contact surface betwe5 ! grid & ! active mat]ial4 ,figs4 #bed & #bee %[ ! old type batt]y1 & give ! details ( ! cov]1 t]m9al po/s1 v5t plug1 & s on4 ,! po/ seal is made tight by p\r+ ! comp\nd into ! cov] well s t x fl[s 9 ar\nd all ( ! petticoats on ! po/4 ,fig4 #bee ,cross section old type ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,?is con/ruction increases ! di/ance t ! acid mu/ travel along ! po/1 9 ord] to cause a leak1 ab\t two & "o-half times ! v]tical di/ance on a smoo? po/4 ,! h>d rubb] wa%] :i* fits ar\nd ! po/ acts z a lock to prev5t ! po/ f turn+4 ,?is applies especially to ! two t]m9al po/s to :i* ! cables are atta*$4 ,! wa%] is int5d$ to prev5t any /ra9 9 ! cable f turn+ ! po/ & break+ ! seal betwe5 ! po/ & ! comp\nd4 ,new ,developm5t 9 ! ,philadelphia ,batt]y ,fig4 #bef ,cross section new type ,philadelphia batt]y ,fig4 #beg ,new type ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]y ,rubb] ,lockt ,seal ,cov]s4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s !re has be5 a m>k$ t5d5cy 9 ! batt]y indu/ry to d away ) ! use ( seal+ comp\nd = mak+ a jo9t betwe5 ! cell cov] & ! t]m9al po/s & to sub/itute a me*anical seal ( "s k9d at ?is jo9t4 ,! ,philadelphia ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 has develop$ ! ,rubb] ,lockt4 cov] seal1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #bef & #beg4 ,on ! cell po/s !re is a4 flange :i* supports ! cov]1 & above ?is !re is a recess$ portion into :i* is slipp$ a s(t rubb] sleeve or bu%+4 ,?is portion ( ! po/ is made ) a ridge ext5d+ ar\nd ! po/ & ) ! rubb] sleeve =m+ a high po9t ov] :i* a correspond+ lock+ edge 9 ! t]m9al hole ( ! cov] is snapp$4 ,?is con/ruction makes a jo9t :i* is flexible & at ! same "t acid tight4 ,vibration t5ds to pu% ! cov] d[n on ! support+ flanges1 z ! po/ diamet] is small] bel[ ! lock+ edge4 ,! design is simple1 bo? f ! assembly & ! repair /&po9t1 z no tools are requir$ = ei!r op]ation4 ,9 ! assembly op]ation ! gr\ps are l9$ up s t ! po/ c5t]s are correct &1 aft] wett+ ! s(t rubb] sleeves1 ! cov] is snapp$ 9 place ) a quick d[nw>d pu%4 ,see ,fig4 #beh4 ,9 remov+ ! cov]s1 cat* "u ea* end ) ! f+]s & pull upw>d1 at ! same "t press+ ) ! ?umbs on ! top ( ! po/s4 ,see ,fig4 #bei4 ,fig4 #beh ,replac+ cov] ( ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]y ,fig4 #bei ,remov+ cov] ( ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]y ,rubb] ,case ,batt]ies4 ,ano!r developm5t ( rec5t ye>s consi/s ( ! replac+ ( ! wood case & rubb] j>s by a "o-piece conta9] ( h>d rubb] ) comp>tm5ts = ! elem5ts ,! ,philadelphia ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 has develop$ ! ,diamond ,rubb] case1 :i* comb9es /r5g? & lightness ) an attractive appe>ance4 ,see ,fig4 #bfj4 ,"o ( ! tr\bles exp]i5c$ ) ! e>li] designs ( ! rubb] case 0 ! bulg+ ( ! end1 due to ! pull ( ! batt]y hold d[n rod on a small h&le atta*$ to ! c5t] ( ! end4 ,9 ! ,philadelphia batt]y ?is has be5 ov]come by ! use ( a wide h&le :i* snaps into op5+s 9 ! end ( ! case 9 su* a way t ! pull on ! h&le is transf]r$ to ! sides4 ,ano!r feature ( ?is type h&le is t x is a sep>ate piece snapp$ into ! case )\t ! use ( any metal ins]t 9 ! rubb] case1 & if ! h&le %\ld break1 x c be replac$ at small exp5se )\t ! use ( any tools4 ,fig4 #bfj ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid ,batt]y ) rubb] case ,! ,philadelphia v5t plug is ( ! bayonet type1 & is tight5$ by a qu>t] turn4 ,! plug simply has a small v5t hole 9 ! top1 & may ei!r be tak5 out or left on :ile batt]y is *>g+4 ,! ,philadelphia ,sep>ator ,! ,philadelphia sep>ator is made ( qu>t] saw$ h>dwood4 ,x has a h>d res9\s wood 9 :i* ! h>d & s(t portions occur 9 regul> alt]nat+ v]tical lay]s4 ,! s(t lay]s are por\s1 & p]mit ! diffusion ( ! acid f plate to plate4 ,! h>d lay]s give ! sep>ator /iffness & long life4 ,! alt]nat+ h>d & s(t lay]s are at "r angles to ! surface ( ! sep>ator1 s t ! electrolyte has a direct pa? betwe5 plates4 ,! me?ods ( repair+ ,philadelphia ,diamond ,grid batt]ies are no diff]5t f ^? already giv51 on pages #cbh to #cgd4 ,:5 ! elem5ts ( ! old type batt]ies h be5 assembl$ & return$ to ! j>s1 put ! cov]s 9 place1 & p\r ! comp\nd ar\nd ! edges ( ! cov]1 & 9 ! po/ wells4 ,! old comp\nd mu/ be remov$ f ! petticoats on ! po/s be=e new comp\nd is p\r$ 94 ,! comp\nd mu/ be w>m & ?9 en\gh to fl[ ar\nd & fill up ! petticoat spaces on ! po/s 9 ord] to get a good seal4 ,:5 ! po/ wells are full ( comp\nd1 & :ile comp\nd is /ill w>m1 put on ! squ>e seal+ wa%]s & press !m d[n s t ! holes 9 ! wa%]s fit closely ar\nd ! octagonal "p ( ! po/s4 ,,! ,,ev]eady ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,x is claim$ by ! manufactur]s t ! sulphate :i* =ms 9 ! ,ev]eady batt]y dur+ dis*>ge always rema9s 9 ! por\s1 conv]tible =m1 & nev] cry/allizes & becomes injuri\s1 ev5 ?\gh ! batt]y is all[$ to /& idle on op5 circuit = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,due to ?is fact1 ! ,ev]eady batt]y is call$ a ,non-,sulphat+ ,batt]y4 ,! manufactur]s /ate t ,ev]eady batt]ies :i* h /ood idle or 9 a dis*>g$ condition = mon?s d n suff] ! damages :i* usually result f su* treatm5t1 namely3 buckl+1 & injuri\s sulphation4 ,! plates d become sulphat$1 b ! sulphate rema9s 9 ! por\s1 non-cry/all9e /ate 9 :i* x =ms4 ,*>g+ su* a batt]y at its normal rate is all t is necess>y to br+ x back to its normal1 heal?y condition4 ,due to ! excessive am\nt ( sulphate :i* =ms :5 ! batt]y /&s idle or dis*>g$ = a long "t1 x is necess>y to give ! batt]y #ej p]c5t ov]*>ge to remove all ! sulphate & br+ ! batt]y back to a heal?y work+ condition4 ,! colors ( ! plates are good guides z to _! condition at ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,! positives %\ld be free f blot*es ( :ite sulphate1 & %\ld h a d>k br[n or *ocolate color4 ,! negatives %\ld h a bright gray or slate color4 ,description ( ,p>ts ,ev]eady plates are ( two g5]al types4 ,plates ( ! ,r type are ea* provid$ ) two feet on l[] ends1 ! positive set & ! negative set re/+ on two sep>ate pairs ( bridges 9 ! j>s1 !reby prev5t+ ! s$im5t :i* accumulates on top ( bridges f %ort circuit+ a cell4 ,plates ( ! ,m type1 in/ead ( hav+ feet1 are cut away :]e !y pass ov] ! bridges ( ! opposite gr\p4 ,see ,fig4 #bfa4 ,?is con/ruction secures a great] capacity = a giv5 space1 & gives ! same protection aga9/ %ort circuit f s$im5t z ! foot con/ruction does1 s9ce ! same am\nt ( s$im5t mu/ accumulate ) ei!r type ( plate to cause a %ort circuit4 ,fig4 #bfa ,type ,m ,ev]eady grid ,! sep>ators us$ 9 ,ev]eady batt]ies are made ( *]ry wood because x is a h>d wood :i* w resi/ we>1 is ( uni=m texture1 ev5 porosity1 & has a long life 9 a giv5 degree & condition ( acid4 ,ev]eady *]ry wood sep>ators g to ! repair man 9 a dry condition1 z !y d n require *emical treatm5t4 ,sep>ators :5 receiv$ %\ld be soak$ 9 #a4bej specific gravity acid = f\r days or long] 9 ord] to exp& !m to prop] size & remove natural impurities f ! wood4 ,aft] be+ fully exp&$ !y %\ld be /or$ moi/ z previ\sly describ$4 ,/ock sep>ators may be kept indef9itely 9 ?is solution & c be us$ z requir$4 ,fig4 #bfb %[s ! top con/ruction 9 ! ,ev]eady batt]y4 ,fig4 #bfb ,ev]eady ,batt]y1 cell connectors cov]$ by comp\nd ,cell connectors are heavily con/ruct$ & are seal$ ov] solidly ) a flexible seal+ comp\nd1 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,two types ( cell connectors are us$-! cresc5t & ! heavy or ?ree way type4 ,repair+ ,ev]eady ,batt]ies ,to prop]ly op5 & re-assemble an ,ev]eady batt]y1 proce$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,take a hot putty knife & cut ! comp\nd f ! top ( ea* ( ! int]-cell connectors until ! entire top ( ! connector is expos$4 #b4 ,c5t] pun* tops ( cell connectors & t]m9al po/s4 #c4 ,drill (f cell connectors4 ,9 drill+ (f cresc5t cell connector use #a_/b in* drill1 & = heavy type connector use #e_/h in* drill4 ,drill deep en\gh1 usually #c_/h to #a_/b in*1 until a seam betwe5 connector & po/ is visible ar\nd l[] edge ( hole4 ,hav+ drill$ holes 9 bo? ends ( connector1 heat connector ) s(t flame until comp\nd adh]+ to x becomes s(t4 ,!n take a #a_/b in* or #e_/h in* r\nd iron or bolt1 dep5d+ on connector to be remov$1 ins]t 9 "o ( ! holes1 & pry connector (f ) a side to side motion1 be+ c>eful n to c>ry ?is motion s f> z to jam connector into top ( j>4 #d4 ,aft] connectors h be5 remov$1 /eam & op5 ! batt]y1 z describ$ on pages #ccb to #cce4 #e4 ,exam9e plates1 & h&le !m z describ$ on pages #cce to #cee4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ,ev]eady plates :i* %[ ! pres5ce ( l>ge am\nts ( sulphate1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( be+ entirely cov]$ ) :ite sulphate1 %\ld n be disc>d$4 ,a batt]y ) su* plates %\ld be *>g$ at ! normal rate1 & giv5 a #ej p]c5t ov]*>ge4 #f4 ,be=e re-assembl+ plate gr\ps prep>atory to assembl+ ! batt]y1 take negative & positive plate gr\ps & build up ! po/s ) ! aid ( a po/ build] to _! orig9al height4 ,assemble gr\ps 9 usual mann]1 tak+ c>e t po/s on /raps are 9 prop] position relative to gr\p 9 adjo9+ cell1 s t cell connectors w span prop]ly4 ,ev]eady batt]ies use a "r & left h& /rap = bo? positive & negatives1 mak+ x necess>y to use only "o l5g? ( cell connector4 #g4 ,aft] ins]t+ assembl$ plate gr\ps into batt]y 9 _! prop] relation z to pol>ity1 heat rubb] cov]s to make !m fairly pliable & fit !m ov] po/s & into top ( j>1 press+ !m d[n until !y re/ firmly on top ( plate /raps4 ,see t cov]s are p]fectly level & t v5t tubes are p]p5dicul> & all at same height above ! plates4 #h4 ,heat comp\nd j hot en\gh s t x w fl[4 ,p\r fir/ lay] ab\t "o qu>t] in* ?ick1 be+ c>eful to cov] entire j> cov]4 ,take a s(t flame & seal comp\nd ar\nd edges ( j> & onto po/s4 #i4 ,n[ proce$ to burn on top connectors4 ,cell connectors ne$ only be clean$ 9 hole left by po/1 & top ( ea* end4 #aj4 ,:ile burn+ 9 cell connectors ! fir/ lay] ( comp\nd w h cool$ suffici5tly to p]mit ! second lay] to be appli$4 ,?is %\ld be done imm$iately aft] burn+ on connectors & :ile !y are /ill hot4 ,also heat ! t]m9al po/s1 z comp\nd w adh]e to hot lead m readily ?an to cold4 ,/>t second lay] ( comp\nd by p\r+ x ov] cell connectors & t]m9al po/s1 fir/ fill+ 9 ) suffici5t comp\nd to br+ level j above ! tops ( j>s4 ,apply flame1 seal+ ar\nd edges ( wood case1 be+ p>ticul>ly c>eful to prop]ly seal t]m9al po/s4 ,let ?is lay] cool ?or\ghly be=e apply+ ?ird lay]4 #aa4 ,! ?ird lay] ( comp\nd %\ld be appli$ 9 ! same way z second lay]1 p\r+ on connectors & t]m9al po/s fir/1 & fill+ 9 to ! level ( top ( wood ease4 ,! spaces betwe5 b>s ( cell connectors w fill & fl[ ov] prop]ly if second lay] has be5 all[$ to cool & if cell connectors h n be5 burn$ up too high4 ,9 seal+ la/ lay] ) flame1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to play flame on comp\nd too long z ?is h>d5s & burns ! comp\nd4 ,burn$ comp\nd has no flexibility & w crack readily 9 s]vice1 ?us caus+ ! batt]y to become a slopp]4 ,9 p\r+ comp\nd be sure to h batt]y sett+ level s t comp\nd w come up ev5 on all edges ( case4 ,d n move batt]y aft] p\r+ la/ lay] until ?or\ghly cool4 ,be=e in/all+ batt]y on c> be sure t no comp\nd1 etc41 has be5 all[$ to get onto tap] ( t]m9al po/1 z ?is w make a poor connection4 ,if ?is has happ5$1 clean ) m$ium grade s&pap]4 ,,ve/a ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #bfc ,ve/a grid ) #c-piece isolator ,ve/a ,isolators4 ,! ,ve/a plate embodies 9 its design devices :i* are int5d$ to hold ! plates /raight & ?us elim9ate ! buckl+ & %ort-circuit+ :i* =m a l>ge p]c5tage ( batt]y tr\ble4 ,fig4 #bfc %[s cle>ly ! con/ruction ( ! old type ( plate4 ,ea* isolator us$ 9 ! old type ( plate consi/s ( two not*$ /rips ( celluloid1 ) a pla9 celluloid /rip betwe5 !m4 ,! not*es are z wide z ! plates are ?ick1 ! tee? betwe5 ! not*es fitt+ into ! spaces betwe5 plates1 ?us hold+ ! plates at ! correct di/ances ap>t4 ,! pla9 celluloid /rip holds ! not*$ /rips 9 place4 ,at ea* corn] ( ! ,ve/a plate is a slot into :i* ! isolator fits1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,s9ce ! tee? on ! two not*$ pieces ( ea* isolator hold ! plates ap>t1 !y _c cut-out or %ort-out by p9*+ ?r\gh ! wood5 sep>ators1 or impregnat$ mats z !y are call$ by ! ,ve/a ,company4 ,! celluloid ( :i* ! isolators are made are n attack$ by ! electrolyte at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,at high] temp]atures1 h[ev]1 ! electrolyte sl[ly dissolves ! isolators4 ,! condition ( ! isolator1 !re=e1 may be us$ to det]m9e :e!r ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte has be5 all[$ to rise above #ajj ,fahr5heit4 ,! ,ve/a ,type ,d ,batt]y ,! appe>ance ( a gr\p ( ! new ,type ,d con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfe1 :]e ,type ,c & ,type ,d gr\ps are illu/rat$ side by side = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,d isolator is ( "o piece only 7%[n sep>ately 9 ,fig4 #bff74 ,! mat]ial is a heavy h>d rubb] /ock :i* w be no m affect$ by acid or by electrical conditions 9 ! cell ?an ! h>d rubb] batt]y j> itself4 ,! ind5tations on ! two edges ( isolator engage 9 hook %ap$ lugs on plate edges 7,fig4 #bfg %[s ^! cle>ly7 & lock ! plates ap>t fully z effici5tly z ! ?ree-piece con/ruction4 ,fig4 #bfd ,cross section1 ,ve/a ,isolator ,batt]y1 type ,c ,!re are a numb] ( important advantages :i* h be5 ga9$ by ! new me?od ( isolation4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bfe7 %[s h[ ! ,d isolator p]mits ! sep>ators to completely cov] & project slightly beyond ! edges ( ! plates1 :]eas 9 ! old con/ruction !re is an edge j above ! isolators :]e ! plates are n cov]$4 ,?is improvem5t means protection aga9/ %orts due to flak+1 always s likely to occur dur+ ! summ] ov]*>g+ season4 ,ov]*>g+ is1 ( c\rse1 a =m ( abuse1 & ,type ,d batt]ies are design$ to meet ?is sort ( s]vice4 ,ano!r great advantage ga9$ is 9 ! arrangem5t ( lugs1 ,x w be not$ t ! positive isolator hooks are 9 alignm5t1 z are ! negative hooks1 b t ^! two r[s1 ( opposite pol>ity1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! full wid? ( ! isolator2 :]eas 9 ! ,type ,c con/ruction ! out] edges ( ! plates1 ( opposite pol>ity1 7 sep>at$ only by ! usual di/ance betwe5 plates4 ,fig4 #bfe ,ve/a elem5ts3 %[+ old #c-piece celluloid isolator & new "o-piece h>d rubb] isolator ,fig4 #bfg ,ve/a plates type ,u & ,,dj ,fig4#bfh ,ins]t+ ,ve/a h>d rubb] isolator ,! new isolator is simple to ins]t & remove4 ,be+ made ( h>d rubb]1 x w s(t5 & become pliable if a suffici5t degree ( heat is appli$4 ,! heat requir$ is approximately #aej to #afj;,f41 a temp]ature f> above t rea*$ by any batt]y cell1 ev5 "u ! mo/ extravagant condition ( abuse1 b readily atta9$ 9 ! %op by means ( a small flame ( any k9d-ev5 a mat* w d 9 an em]g5cy4 ,! flame 7:i* %\ld be ( ! yell[ or lum9\s v>iety1 z ! blue flame t5ds to scor* ! rubb]7 is play$ lightly ov] ! isolator a few seconds4 ,! rubb] becomes s(t & is !n remov$ by ins]t+ "u ! end ( ! isolator any n>r[ tool1 su* z a small screw driv]1 a w$ge po9t1 *isel1 etc41 & pry+ g5tly4 ,9 replac+ isolators1 a small hot plate is conv5i5t b n at all necess>y4 ,! isolators are plac$ on ! hot plate1 or held 9 a lum9\s flame1 until s(t en\gh to b5d4 ,!y are !n b5t into an ar*$ %ape1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfh1 & quickly fitt$ into place "u ! prop] lugs4 ,! regul> isolator spac+ tool is conv5i5t & helpful 9 ma9ta9+ ! plates at uni=m int]vals :ile ?is op]ation is c>ri$ out4 ,! job is complet$ by press+ d[n ! /ill w>m isolator ) any h&y piece ( metal hav+ a flat edge t w fit ! di/ance betwe5 ! lugs 7,fig4 #bfi74 ,! %ank ( a screw driv] does spl5didly = ?is "w4 ,! pressure causes ! isolator to /raight5 out1 & ! ind5tations fit snugly "u ! respective hooks on ! plates4 ,at ! same "t ! contact ) ! cold metal *ills ! rubb] to its normal h>d condition4 ,x is especially to be not$ t ! entire op]ation ( isolator removal & replacem5t c be c>ri$ out ) none b ! commone/ ( %op tools4 ,fig4 #bfi ,press+ d[n ,ve/a h>d rubb] isolator ,fig4 #bgj ,complete ve/a batt]y ,all ( ! ,u size batt]ies h be5 *ang$ to ,type ,d1 s t all ,,cu types are sup]s$$ by correspond+ ,,du's4 ,type ,d w n be us$ on cells ( sizes ,l1 ,h1 or ,a1 all ( :i* rema9 ( ! ,c or ?ree-piece isolator con/ruction4 ,type ,s rema9s old /yle z be=e4 ,type ,,dj ,! ,ve/a ,company has add$ a new plate size1 produc$ 9 ! ,d /yle 7"o-piece7 isolator only1 & kn[n z ,,dj4 ,?is plate is "o-half in* high] ?an ! ,u1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,x has #aj p] c5t m capacity4 ,,dj batt]ies are available 9 all =ms correspond+ ) ,,cu types1 & c be obta9$ by m]ely *ang+ ! type =m "n 9 ord]+1 z = example1 to replace =m #aej1 #f-;,,dj#aa-,y-#aej4 ,! ov]all height ( ! complet$ batt]y is1 ( c\rse1 "o-half in* m1 & ! ,,dj %\ld !re=e be ord]$ only :5 ?is additional height space is available 9 ! batt]y comp>tm5t ( ! c>4 ,ve/a ,sep>ators ,! ,ve/a sep>ators1 or mats1 are treat$ by a special process4 ,! ,ve/a ,company consid]s its mats a v important feature ( ! batt]y4 ,see page #ae4 ,ve/a ,po/ ,seal ,a lead coll> fits ov] ea* po/ to hold ! cov] tight aga9/ ! s(t rubb] gasket und]nea?4 ,?is coll> is n screw$ or burn$ on ! po/1 b is simply press$ d[n ov] ! po/1 dep5d+ = its hold+ p[] ^u ! fact t two lead surfaces rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r t5d to freeze1 & unite s z to become a unit4 ,! connector re/s ^u ! upp] race ( ! coll>1 & also helps to hold x d[n 9 its prop] position4 ,fig4 #bgj %[s ! complete batt]y ) ! lead coll>1 & ! l>ge v5t plug4 ,9 rebuild+ ,ve/a batt]ies hav+ ! lead coll>s1 ! cov] %\ld be left 9 place :5 work+ on ! plates1 if possible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to sep>ate gr\ps1 & ! lead coll>s mu/ be remov$1 ?is is done z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bga4 ,a few bl[s on ! side ( ! coll> ) a light1 two ounce hamm] exp&s ! lead coll> sev]al ?\s&s ( an in* s t ! coll> may be remov$4 ,fig4 #bga ,exp&+ lead coll> ( ,ve/a batt]y ) light hamm] ,fig4 #bgb ,plac+ s(t rubb] gasket ov] po/ ( ,ve/a batt]y ,9 replac+ ! cov]s1 ! lead coll> mu/ be =c$ d[n ov] ! po/1 & special pressure tongs are requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,be=e driv+ on ! old coll>1 ! po/ %\ld be exp&$ slightly by driv+ ! po9t ( a c5t]-pun* into ! %\ld] on ! po/4 ,in/ead ( exp&+ ! %\ld] a new coll> may be us$4 ,fig4 #bgb %[s ! s(t rubb] gasket be+ plac$ ov] ! po/1 & %[s ! con/ruction ( ! cov] ) its recess to fit ! gasket4 ,fig4 #bgc %[s ! lead coll> be+ plac$ ov] ! po/ aft] ! cov] is 9 place4 ,fig4 #bgd %[s ! special long lipp$ tongs requir$ to =ce ! coll> d[n on ! po/ %\ld]4 ,"o lip ( ! tongs has a hole into :i* ! po/ fits4 ,! necess>y driv+ =ce may be obta9$ by apply+ pressure to ! ends ( ! lips ( ! tongs ,) an ord9>y vise4 ,?is =ces ! cov] d[n on ! rubb] gasket to make ! acid-tight seal4 ,fig4 #bgc ,plac+ lead coll> ov] po/ ( ,ve/a batt]y ,fig4 #bgd ,press+ lead coll> ov] po/ ( ,ve/a batt]y ,,we/+h\se ,,batt]ies ,we/+h\se batt]ies h a special seal betwe5 cov]s & po/s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bge4 ,a lead f\ndation wa%] 7,j7 is set ar\nd ! po/4 ,a ,u %ap$ rubb] gasket1 7,k7 is !n =c$ betwe5 ! cov] & po/1 ) ! op5 end up4 ,! lips ( ?is gasket are tap]$1 ) ! n>r[ edge up4 ,a tap]$ lead sleeve 7,l7 is !n =c$ betwe5 ! lips ( gasket 7,k71 !reby press+ ! inn] lip aga9/ ! po/ & ! out] lip aga9/ ! cov]4 ,fig4 #bge ,we/+h\se batt]y1 p>tly dis-assembl$ ,! lead sleeve is held 9 place by broa*+ or ind5t+ ! coll> on tap] lead sleeve into ! po/s4 ,to break ! seal1 a holl[ ream] or fac+ tool1 fitt$ into a drill press or brea/ drill1 is slipp$ ov] ! po/4 ,a few turns w remove t "p ( ! sleeve :i* has be5 =c$ into ! po/4 ,remove seal+ comp\nd ar\nd cov]1 remove gr\p f cell4 ,! cov] c !n be lift$ (f & if any difficulty is exp]i5c$1 x c easily be remov$ by pry+ up cov] ) screwdriv]4 ,aft] remov+ ! cov]1 ! tap]$ lead sleeve & ,u %ap$ gasket c be remov$4 ,if ^! in/ructions are foll[$1 ! ,u %ap$ gasket & tap] lead sleeves c be us$ :5 batt]y is reassembl$4 ,) ! addition ( ! =ego+ in/ructions on ! po/ seal1 ! /&>d directions = rebuild+ batt]ies giv5 on pages #cbh to #cgd apply to ,we/+h\se batt]ies4 ,we/+h\se ,plates ,9 any giv5 size1 ! ,we/+h\se batt]y has two m plates p] cell ?an ! usual #a_/h in* plate batt]y4 ,x has ! same numb] ( plates z ! #c_/cb in* ?9 plate batt]y1 b ! ?ickness ( ! plates is ab\t half-way betwe5 ! #a_/h in* & #c_/cb in* plates4 ,! ,we/+h\se negative grids1 ,fig4 #bgf1 h v few & small b>s1 j en\gh to hold ! active mat]ial4 ,x is slightly ?9n] ?an ! positive b has ! same am\nt ( active mat]ial1 due to ! design ( ! grids4 ,! condition ( ,we/+h\se negatives %\ld n be det]m9$ by cadmium read+s z ^! plates may be fully *>g$ & yet n give rev]s$ cadmium read+s4 ,fig4 #bgf ,we/+h\se positive & negative plates ,aside f ! special in/ructions giv5 = ! ,we/+h\se ,po/ ,seal1 ! ,/&>d ,in/ructions = ,rebuild+ ,batt]ies1 giv5 on pages #cbh to #cgd may be us$ 9 rebuild+ ,we/+h\se batt]ies4 ,,types ,,( ,,we/+h\se ,,batt]ies ,type ,a ,batt]ies ,! type ,a s]ies 0 design$ to fit ! batt]y comp>tm5t 9 c]ta9 r old models ( c>s4 ,ow+ to a lack ( space ?is s]ies is n ( z effici5t design z ! ,c & ,b s]ies4 ,x does h ! ,we/+h\se ,po/ ,seal1 h[ev]4 ,type ,a batt]ies are n recomm5d$ = use :5 ,b or ,c batt]ies c be us$4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,a-#aa #ajjjga #fd #fh #i4a #h #ch #f-;,a-#ac #ajjjgb #gi #hb #aa4j #i-a_/h #db #f-;,a-#ae #ajjjgc #id #if #ab4h #aj-a_/d #df #f-;,a-#ag #ajjjgd #aji #aji #ad4f #aa-i_/af #eb #f-;,a-#ba #ajjjge #aci #acf #ah4b #ad-c_/af #fc #f-;,a-#be #ajjjgf #afi #afd #bb4j #ag #ge #ab-;,a-#g #ajjjgg #cd #da #e4e #aj-g_/af #dh #ab-;,a-#aa #ajjjgh #fd #fh #i4a #ad-ae_/af #gj #ab-;,a-#ag #ajjjgi #aji #aji #ad4f #bb-a_/af #ajb ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #e-e_/h #d-a_/h 4#jih ,type ,b ,batt]ies ,! type ,b s]ies ( batt]ies has be5 design$ = use on a numb] ( c>s n[ 9 s]vice t d n h a suffici5t headroom 9 ! batt]y comp>tm5t = type ,c4 ,type ,b batt]ies c>ry all ( ! features ( ! type ,c4 ,due to ! fact t ! plates ( necessity mu/ be some:at %ort] ?an 9 ! type ,c batt]ies _! effici5cy f ! po9t ( amp]e h\rs p] p\nd ( weight is slightly less ?an ! type ,c s]ies4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,b-#g #ajjjca #da #dd #f4f #e-c_/d #cj #f-;,b-#i #ajjjcb #ei #ff #h4h #f4g_/h #cf #f-;,b-#aa #ajjjcc #gg #hb #aa4j #h #da #f-;,b-#ac #ajjjcd #ie #ii #ac4b #i-a_/b #dg #f-;,b-#ae #ajjjce #aad #aae #ae4d #aj-a_/d #eb #f-;,b-#ag #ajjjcf #acb #aca #ag4f #aa-i_/af #eg #f-;,b-#ai #ajjjcg #aej #adh #ai4h #ab-g_/h #fj #f-;,b-#ba #ajjjch #afh #afd #bb4j #ad-c_/af #fh #f-;,b-#bc #ajjjci #ahf #aha #bd4b #ae-a_/b #ge #f-;,b-#be #ajjjdj #bje #aig #bf4d #ag #hb #ab-;,b-#g #ajjjda #da #di #f4f #aj-g_/af #ed #ab-;,b-#i #ajjjdb #ei #ff #h4h #ab-aa_/af #ff #ab-;,b-#aa #ajjjdc #gg #hb #aa4j #ad-ae_/af #gh #ab-;,b-#ac #ajjjdd #ie #ii #ac4b #ag-c_/af #ia #ab-;,b-#ae #ajjjde #aad #aae #ae4d #ai-g_/af #ajb #ab-;,b-#ag #ajjjdf #acb #aca #ag4f #bb-a_/af #aac ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #e-e_/h #d-c_/d #j4a ,type ,c ,batt]ies ,! type ,c s]ies ( batt]ies is ! ,we/+h\se /&>d4 ,! outside dim5sions & capacity are su* t "s "o ( ?is design may be us$ 9 a majority ( c>s n[ 9 s]vice4 ,! ,we/+h\se design 0 built ar\nd ?is type & x %\ld be us$ = replacem5t or new equipm5t4 ,type ,c batt]ies are provid$ ) ! ,we/+h\se ,po/ ,seal :]ev] possible4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,c-#g #ajjjja #de #ed #g4c #e-g_/h #cd #f-;,c-#i #ajjjjb #fe #gc #i4g #g #ci #f-;,c-#aa #ajjjjc #he #ia #ab4a #h-a_/h #dd #f-;,c-#ac #ajjjjd #aje #aji #ad4f #i-a_/d #ej #f-;,c-#ae #ajjjje #abe #abg #ag4j #aj-c_/h #ef #f-;,c-#ag #ajjjjf #ade #ade #ai4d #aa-aa_/af #fc #f-;,c-#ai #ajjjjg #afe #afc #ba4h #ac #gj #f-;,c-#ba #ajjjjh #ahe #aha #bd4c #ad-e_/af #gg #f-;,c-#bc #ajjjji #bje #aii #bf4g #ae-e_/h #he #f-;,c-#be #ajjjaj #bbe #bah #bi4b #ag-a_/h #ic #ab-;,c-#g #ajjjaa #de #ed #g4c #aj-i_/af #ei #ab-;,c-#ai #ajjjab #fe #gc #i4g #ab-ac_/af #gb #ab-;,c-#aa #ajjjac #he #ia #ab4a #ae-a_/af #hd #ab-;,c-#ac #ajjjad #aje #aji #ad4f #ag-e_/af #if #ab-;,c-#ae #ajjjae #abe #abg #ag4j #ai-h_/af #aaj ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #e-e_/h #d-a_/d #j4a in* ,type ,e ,batt]ies ,! type ,e s]ies 0 design$ = replacem5t "w on a few old model c>s n[ 9 s]vice :]e a n>r[1 high batt]y 0 necess>y4 ,! design is n z effici5t z ! ,b & ,c l9es1 due to a lack ( space & fur!r1 x has be5 necess>y to omit ! ,we/+h\se ,po/ ,seal = ! same reason4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,e-#ac #ajjjeh #gi #hb #aa4j #i-a_/h #dj #f-;,e-#ae #ajjjfb #id #if #ab4h #aj-a_/d #dd #f-;,e-#ag #ajjjfe #aji #aji #ad4f #aa-i_/af #ej #f-;,e-#ba #ajjjfg #aci #acf #ah4b #ad-c_/af #fb #ab-;,e-#aa #ajjjhh #fd #fh #i4a #ad-ae_/af #gj #ab-;,e-#ac #ajjjfj #gi #hb #aa4j #ag-c_/af #gi #ab-;,e-#ae #ajjjfi #id #if #ab4h #ai-g_/af #ij #ah-;,e-#i #ajjjgj #di #ed #g4c #ae-e_/af #ge ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #d-a_/h #e-e_/h 4#jih ,type ,h ,batt]ies ,! type ,h batt]y is built ) heavi] plates ?an ! type ,c & ,b batt]ies = use 9 c>s :]e ! necess>y increas$ space is available & :]e ! weight p] amp]e output is n a consid]ation4 ,"u ! same use ! batt]y w give a great] life ?an ! type ,c or ,b batt]y hav+ ! same positive area4 ,?is batt]y has a great] space betwe5 ! plates ?an ! ,c or ,b batt]y & w !re=e h less int]nal dis*>ge :5 /&+ on op5 circuit1 & is m desirable = miscellane\s use :]e op5 circuit dis*>ge is ( consid]ation4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,h-#ag #ajjjhi #fa #gd #i4i #g-c_/d #ce #f-;,h-#i #ajjjij #hh #hi #ac4b #i-a_/d #dc #f-;,h-#aa #ajjjia #aae #abd #af4e #aa-a_/b #ee #f-;,h-#ac #ajjjib #adc #adi #ai4h #ab-e_/h #cf #f-;,h-#ae #ajjjic #agj #agc #bc4b #ad-e_/af #gj #f-;,h-#ag #ajjjid #aig #aji #bf4e #af #gi ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #e-e_/h #e 4#ai ,type ,j ,batt]ies ,! type ,j batt]y is an extremely heavy con/ruction batt]y ) ?ick plates1 & x 0 design$ prim>ily = use on trucks & o!r vehicles ( ?is type :]e !re is excessive vibration & o!r possibility ( me*anical abuse4 ,?is batt]y w give a great] life ?an ei!r ! ,h1 ,c or ,b batt]y ) ! same plate area4 ,x is provid$ ) wood sep>ators & rubb] %eets4 ,?is batt]y has a great] space betwe5 ! plates ?an ! ,c or ,b batt]y & w !re=e h less int]nal dis*>ge :5 /&+ on op5 circuit1 & is m desirable = miscellane\s use :]e op5 circuit dis*>ge is ( consid]ation4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,j-#e #ajjjie #ch #ee #g4ce #f-g_/af #ch #f-;,j-#g #ajjjif #fh #hb #aa4j #h-a_/h #dj #f-;,j-#i #ajjjig #ih #aaj #ad4g #aj-c_/h #ej #f-;,j-#aa #ajjjih #abh #acg #ah4d #aa-g_/h #fj #f-;,j-#ac #ajjjii #aei #afe #bb4a #ac-c_/d #fi #f-;,j-#ae #ajjajj #ahi #aib #be4g #ae-e_/h #hd #f-;,j-#ag #ajjaja #bbj #bbj #bi4d #ag-a_/b #if ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #e-e_/h #e 4#ai ,type #j ,batt]ies ,! #j type batt]y sacrifices "s capacity 9 obta9+ a rugg$ /r5g?4 ,x is a special batt]y made only ) n9ete5 plates p] cell :]e ! p]c5tage ( sacrific$ capacity is n great z comp>$ ) ! tw5ty-"o plate ,c type4 ,x fills ! same space z does a #f-;,c-#ba4 ,x has great] life & /r5g?4 ,x has less capacity b x is built = conditions requir+ less capacity ?an a tw5ty-"o plate cell4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-,o-#ai #ajjadc #ahe #ahe #bd4e #ac-aa_/af #fh ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #e-e_/h #e-a_/d 4#abc ,type ,f ,batt]ies ,!re is only "o type ,f batt]y4 ,x is ( big heavy con/ruction exactly ! same dim5sions z ! batt]y us$ = a numb] ( ye>s on ! ,cadillac & c]ta9 o!r c>s4 ,?is batt]y is heavi] ?an type ,c ( ! same capacity & x has a great] life4 ,amp]e ,h\rs ,amp]e ,amp]e ,l5g? ,weight at ,usual ,rate = ,rate = 9 ,in*es 9 ,type ,"p ,no4 ,light+ ,rate #bj ,m9utes #e ,h\rs ,l4 ,p\nds ---- -------- ------------- ---------- -------- --------- ------ #f-;,f-#ac #ajjjhf #aej #afj #ba4b #ag-aa_/af #gi ,plates ,wid? ,height ,?ickness ----- ------ --------- #d-c_/d #e-a_/d 4#ag ,,will>d ,,batt]ies ,s9ce #aiab1 :5 ! ,will>d ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 began to manufacture /orage batt]ies = />t+ & light+ "w1 v>i\s types ( ,will>d batt]ies h be5 develop$4 ,! orig9al ,will>d />t+ & light+ batt]ies us$ two-piece1 or d\ble cov]s4 ,^! are %[n 9 ! cuts us$ to illu/rate ! seal+ ( d\ble-cov] cov]s 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & no fur!r description w be giv5 "h4 ,! d\blecov] batt]ies are no long] made1 b ! repairman w probably be call$ ^u to repair "s ( !m4 ,! in/ructions giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ su* repairs4 ,foll[+ ! d\ble cov] batt]ies came ! s+le cov] batt]y1 ( :i* a numb] ( types h be5 made4 ,"o type us$ a rectangul> po/1 & 0 v difficult to repair4 ,=tunately1 ?is type 0 n us$ ext5sively1 & ! batt]y is obsolete4 ,will>d ,batt]ies ,) ,comp\nd ,seal$ ,po/s ,! olde/ type s+le-cov] ,will>d batt]y :i* ! repairman w be call$ ^u to h&le is ! comp\nd seal$ po/ type1 illu/rat$ 9-,fig4 #bgg4 ,?is batt]y includes types ,,sew1 ,,s]1 ,,sjw1 ,,sl1 ,,slr1 ,,sm1 ,,smr1 ,,/r1 ,,sxw1 ,,sxr1 ,,sp1 ,,sk1 ,,sq1 ,,em1 & ,,emr4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgg1 !re is a well ar\nd ea* po/ :i* is fill$ )3 seal+ comp\nd4 ,on ! "u side ( ! cov] is a correspond+ well :i* fits into ! po/ well1 ! seal+ comp\nd s]v+ to make ! seal betwe5 ! cov] & ! po/4 ,fig4 #bgg ,will>d ,batt]y cross section ,aside f ?is po/ seal1 no special in/ructions are requir$ 9 rebuild+ ?is type ( ,will>d batt]y4 ,a #c_/d in* drill is ne$$ = drill+ (f ! connectors4 ,:5 ! plates h be5 lift$ out ( ! j>s1 & are re/+ on ! j> to dra91 & :ile ! comp\nd & cov] are /ill hot1 remove ! cov] by plac+ y\r f+]s "u x & press+ d[n on ! po/s ) y\r ?umbs4 ,) a n>r[ screw driv] or a knife1 clean out all ( ! old comp\nd f ! wells ar\nd ! po/s1 & also remove ! comp\nd f ! "u side ( ! cov] :i* fits into ! po/ wells4 ,9 reassembl+ ! batt]y fir/ try on ! cov]s to see t !y w fit 9 ! po/ wells4 ,!n remove ! cov]s aga9 & heat !m ) a s(t flame4 ,!n heat ! po/ wells p]fectly dry ) a s(t flame4 ,p\r ! po/ wells ne>ly full ( comp\nd1 & quickly press ! cov] into position4 ,will>d ,batt]ies ,) ,lead ,ins]ts ,9 ,cov]s ,! types ,,sjwn & ,,sjrn ,will>d batt]ies h lead ins]ts 9 ! cov] po/ holes1 z %[n 9 ,mg4 #bgh1 ! ins]ts be+ weld$ to ! po/s4 ,= remov+ ! connectors & = sep>at+ ! po/ f ! cov] ins]t1 ! ,will>d ,company furni%es special jigs & =ms4 ,! "w may also be done )\t ^! jigs & =ms1 z w be describ$ lat]4 ,:5 ! special jigs & =ms are us$1 ! "w is done1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,place ,will>d drill jig ,z-#gb 7,fig4 #bgi7 ov] ! connector1 & ) a #ac_/af in* drill1 bore d[n f> en\gh to release ! connector f ! po/ 7,fig4 #bgi74 ,fig4 #bgh lead ins]t us$ on ,will>d ,batt]ies2 ,fig4 #bgi ,will>d ,drill ,jig ,z-#gb2 ,fig4 #bgi ,will>d ,drill ,jig ,z-#gb & h[ x is us$ #b4 ,file (f ! po/ /ub left by drill+4 ,?is w give a flat surface on top ( ! cov] ins]t & w make x easi] to c5t] ! drill = ! next op]ation4 #c4 ,) a #eg_/fd in* drill1 & ,will>d jig ,z-#id 7,fig4 #bhj71 drill d[n to release ! po/ f ! cov] ins]t4 ,fig4 #bhj ,will>d ,jig ,z-#id2 ,fig4 #bha ,will>d ,po/-,build] ,z-#ic #d4 ,9 reassembl+1 build ! po/ up to a height ( #a-e_/af in*es above ! top ( ! plate /rap1 us+ ,will>d po/ build] ,z-#ic 7,fig4 #bha74 #e4 ,aft] remov+ ! po/ build]1 bevel ! top edge ( ! po/ ) a file1 z indicat$ at ,a 7,fig4 #bha74 ,!n replace plates 9 ! j>s4 #f4 ,file (f tops ( cov] ins]ts at ,a 7,fig4 #bhb71 to a height ( #c_/af in* above ! cov]4 ,also remove any r\ghness on surface ,b caus$ by pli]s :5 cov] 0 remov$4 ,fig4 #bhb ,will>d ,batt]y cross section ( cov] ins]t2 ,fig4 #bhc ,will>d burn+ =m ,z-#hg & h[ x is us$ #g4 ,put on ! cov]s s t _! tops w be #a_/cb in* above ! top edge ( ! j>s1 tapp+ !m lightly ) a small hamm]4 #h4 ,place ,will>d burn+ =m ,z-#hg 7,fig4 #bhc7 ov] ! po/ & cov] ins]t & burn ! po/ to ! ins]t4 #i4 ,remove =m ,z-#hg & ?or\ghly bru% (f ! top ( ! po/ /ub4 ,!n build up ! /ub po/1 us+ ,will>d burn+ =m ,z-#hh on ! positive po/s & =m ,z-#hi on ! negative po/s 7,fig4 #bhd74 ,fig4 #bhd ,will>d burn+ =ms ,z-#hh & ,z-#hi #aj4 ,n[ seal ! cov]s ) seal+ comp\nd z usual1 & burn on ! connectors4 #aa4 ,if ! t]m9al po/s are made = clamp t]m9als1 build up ! po/s by us+ ,will>d burn+ =m ,z-#ij1 = ! positive po/s & ,z-#ia = ! negative po/s 7,fig4 #bhe74 ,fig4 #bhe ,will>d burn+ =ms ,z-#ij & ,z-#ia ,to "w on ! po/ seals ( ,will>d types ,,sjwn & ,,sjrn )\t ! special ,will>d jigs & =ms3 #a4 ,remove ! connectors & t]m9als z usual4 #b4 ,saw (f ! po/s close to ! cov]s1 tak+ c>e n to injure ! cov]s2 ,?is w sep>ate ! po/s f ! cov] ins]ts1 & ! cov]s may be remov$4 #c4 ,9 reassembl+1 ,ale (f ! top ( ! cov] ins]t at ,a 7,fig4 #bib74 #d4 ,put cov]s on s t _! tops w be #a_/cb in* above ! top edge ( ! j>s1 tapp+ ! cov]s lightly ) a small hamm]4 #e4 ,bru% ! top ( po/ & cov] ins]t p]fectly clean4 ,n[ make a burn+ =m consi/+ ( a r+ #a-a_/h inside diamet] & #a-e_/h in* outside diamet] & #c_/af to #a_/d in* high4 ,set ?is ov] ! /ub po/ & cov]4 ,) a hot lead burn+ flame melt ! top ( ! po/ & cov] ins]t toge!r4 ,!n melt 9 lead up to ! top ( ! special burn+ =m 7,fig4 #bhf74 ,!n remove ! =m4 ,fig4 #bhf ,cross section ,will>d ,batt]y ,po/s ,types ,,sjwn & ,,sjrn #f4 ,set po/ build]s on ! "p ( ! po/s :i* has be5 built up & build up ! po/s z usual1 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,!n burn on ! connectors & t]m9als4 ,will>d ,gasket ,type ,batt]ies ,fig4 #bhg %[s ?is type ( con/ruction1 us$ on types ,,sjrg & ,,slwg4 ,fig4 #bhh %[s ! seal 9 detail4 ,a s(t rubb] gasket is slipp$ ov] ! po/1 & ! cov] is pu%$ d[n ov] ! gasket4 ,= remov+ ! cov]s1 h a cov] removal frame made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,fa/5 ! frame to a solid wall or b5* s t x w )/& a /rong pull4 ,9 rebuild+ ?is type ( batt]y proce$ z foll[s3 ,fig4 #bhg ,will>d ,gasket ,seal ,batt]y cross section #a4 ,drill (f ! connectors & t]m9als1 leav+ ! po/ /ubs1 z high z possible1 s9ce ! only way ( remov+ ! plates is by grasp+ ! po/ /ubs ) pli]s4 ,fig4 #bhh ,details ( ,will>d ,gasket ,seal #b4 ,/eam ! batt]y to s(t5 ! seal+ comp\nd & lift out ! plates z usual4 #c4 ,to remove cov]s4 ,saw ! po/ /ubs (f flu% ) ! cov]s4 ,place ! elem5t 9 ! cov] removal frame 7,fig4 #bhi7 & pull /eadily on ! elem5t4 ,a little sway+ motion f side to side may help 9 loos5+ ! cov]s4 ,if any ( ! gaskets rema9 on ! po/s :5 ! cov]s are remov$1 replace !m 9 ! cov] & ?or\ghly dry ! inside ) a rag4 ,fig4 #bhi ,cov] removal frame = ,will>d ,gasket ,seal ,batt]y #d4 ,to replace cov]s4 ,) a rag or tissue pap] wipe (f ! po/s & !n dry !m ?or\ghly ) a s(t flame4 ,) a #c_/d in* bri/le bottle bru% apply a ?9 coat+ ( rubb] cem5t to ! inside surfaces ( ! gaskets4 ,d ?is to "o cov] at a "t & apply ! cov] quickly be=e ! cem5t dries4 ,! cem5t acts z a lubricant1 & )\t x1 x w be impossible to replace ! cov]s4 ,will>d ,sep>ators ,fig4 #bij %[s ! ,will>d ,?read$ ,rubb] ,sep>ator :i* is made ( a rubb] %eet pi]c$ by ?\s&s ( ?reads :i* are design$ to make ! sep>ator por\s4 ,?is sep>ator is n injur$ by all[+ x to become dry1 & makes x possible = ! ,will>d ,company to %ip its batt]ies fully assembl$ )\t electrolyte or moi/ure1 ! p>ts be+ bone-dry4 ,fig4 #bij ,will>d ?read$ rubb] sep>ator ,,univ]sal ,,batt]ies ,types4 ,! ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,co4 manufactures batt]ies = 7a7 ,/>t+ & ,light+1 7b7 ,light+1 7c7 ,ignition1 7d7 ,radio1 7e7 ,electric ,c>s & ,trucks1 7f7 ,isolat$1 or ,f>m ,light+ ,plants1 & 7g7 ,g5]al ,/ation>y ,"w4 ,con/ruction ,features4 ,! ,univ]sal ,/>t+ & ,light+ ,batt]ies embody no special or unique con/ructions4 ,! boxes are made ( h>d maple1 lock corn]$ & glu$4 ,! j>s h s+le rubb] cov]s4 ,! sep>ators are made ( ,port ,or=d :ite c$> wood1 ?is wood be+ ! same z t us$ 9 "s ( ! o!r /&>d makes ( batt]ies4 ,! space betwe5 ! cov]s & connectors is suffici5t to p]mit lift+ ! batt]y by grasp+ ! connectors4 ,fig4 #bia ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,cov] cross section ,fig4 #bia %[s ! ,univ]sal ,co4 ,po/ ,seal con/ruction4 ,a s(t rubb] wa%] 7,a7 is fir/ slipp$ ov] ! po/4 ,! cov] 7,b7 is !n put 9 place1 & re/s on ! wa%] 7,a7 z %[n4 ,a second wa%] 7,c7 is !n slipp$ ov] ! po/1 re/+ on ! upp] surface ( ! %\ld] ( ! cov]4 ,! lead sleeve wa%] 7,d7 is !n =c$ d[n ov] ! po/1 press+ wa%] 7,c7 d[n on ! cov]1 & press+ ! cov] d[n on wa%] 7,a74 ,! two rubb] wa%]s s]ve to make a leak pro( jo9t betwe5 po/ & cov]4 ,! lead sleeve-wa%] 7,d7 freezes to ! po/1 & holds cov] & wa%]s 9 position4 ,9 rebuild+ ,univ]sal batt]ies ! cov] ne$ n be remov$ unless x is desir$ to replace plate gr\ps4 ,to remove ! cov]1 aft] ! cell connectors h be5 drill$ (f1 drill d[n ?r\gh ! po/-/ub until ! drill has p5etrat$ to ! %\ld] 7,e74 ,?is releases ! seal & ! cov] may be lift$ (f4 ,to save "t1 ! po/-/ub may be cut (f flu% ) ! top ( ! cov] ) a hack saw aft] ! cell connectors h be5 drill$ (f4 ,! drill is !n us$ z be=e to release ! grip ( ! wa%]4 ,us+ a drill to release ! grip ( ! wa%] makes x necess>y to build up ! po/s :5 ! batt]y is reassembl$4 ,in/ead ( us+ an ord9>y twi/ drill1 a special holl[ drill may be obta9$ f ! ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,co4 ,?is drill cuts away ! lead sleeve gasket )\t injur+ ! po/4 ,if an ord9>y drill is us$1 a #c_/d in* drill is requir$ = ! sev5 plate batt]y & a #ac_/af in* drill = all o!r sizes4 ,,"o-,,piece ,,batt]y ,,conta9]s ,! /&>d practice 9 batt]y assembly has always be5 to place ! plates ( ea* cell 9 a sep>ate1 h>d rubb] j>1 ! j>s be+ set 9 a wood5 box or case4 ,ea* six-volt batt]y ?us has f\r conta9]s4 ,:5 a wood5 case is us$1 j>s made ( rubb]1 or "s o!r nonpor\s1 acid-resi/+ mat]ial are necess>y4 ,fig4 #bib ,"o-piece batt]y conta9] ,wood5 cases h be5 fairly well /&>diz$ z to ! k9ds ( wood us$1 dim5sions1 con/ructional features1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! h&les4 ,! disadvantage ( bo? ! wood5 case & ! iron h&les is t !y are n acid pro(4 ,acid-pro( pa9t protects !m f ! action ( ! acid to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b pa9t is easily scrap$ (f1 expos+ ! wood & iron to ! action ( ! acid4 ,x is practically impossible to prev5t acid f rea*+ ! case & h&les1 & corrod$ h&les & rott$ cases are q common4 ,a rec5t developm5t is a "o-piece conta9] :i* takes ! place ( ! j>s & wood5 case4 ,su* a conta9] is made ( h>d rubb] or a composition ( impregnat$ fibre :i* uses a small am\nt ( rubb] z a b9d]4 ,^! cases are1 ( c\rse1 entirely acid pro(1 & elim9ate ! possibility ( hav+ acid soak$ & acid rott$ cases4 ,pa9t+ ( cases is also elim9at$4 ,! h&les are (t5 integral p>ts ( ! case1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bib1 be+ made ( ! same mat]ial z ! case4 ,! repairman %\ld n ov]look ! possibilities ( ! "o-piece conta9]s4 ,9 mak+ up r5tal batt]ies1 or 9 replac+ old cases1 ! "o-piece conta9]s may be us$ to advantage4 ,^! conta9]s are suitable = ,radio batt]ies1 s9ce !y h a neat] appe>ance ?an ! wood5 cases1 & are n z likely to damage floors or furni%+s because ! acid _c seep ?r\gh !m4 ,,! ,,titan ,,batt]y ,! ,titan ,batt]y is built along /&>d l9es1 z f> z cases1 plates1 sep>ators1 & j>s are conc]n$4 ,! ribs ( ! grids n arrang$ at "r angles b are arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bic4 ,ea* pellet ( active mat]ial is support$ by a diagonal rib on ! opposite face ( ! grid4 ,fig4 #bic;a ,titan ,batt]y grid ,fig4 #bic;b ,titan ,po/ ,seal con/ruction ,! ,titan ,po/ ,seal is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bic4 ,a s(t rubb] gasket 7,g7 is slipp$ ov] ! po/1 & re/s on a %\ld] 7,f7 on ! po/4 ,! cov] has a *annel :i* fits ov] ! gasket & prev5ts ! gasket f be+ squeez$ out ( place :5 ! cov] is =c$ d[n on ! gasket4 ,! po/ has two projections 7,,dd71 z %[n1 ! l[] surface ( ea* ( :i* is incl9$ at an angle to ! horizontal4 ,a lock nut 7,h71 :i* has correspond+ projections 7,,ij7 is slipp$ ov] ! po/ z %[n at 7#j71 & is giv5 a qu>t] turn4 ,! top surfaces ( ! projections on ! lock-nut are incl9$ & z ! locknut is turn$1 ! projections on ! po/ & nut engage1 & ! cov] is =c$ d[n on ! gasket 7,g74 ,to lock ! nut 9 place1 a lock wa%] 7,l7 is !n slipp$ ov] ! po/1 ! projections 7,,mm7 fitt+ into spaces 7,,kk7 betwe5 ! projections on ! po/ & nut1 ?us prev5t+ ! nut f turn+4 ,a special wr5* is furni%$ = turn+ ! lock-nut4 ,! cell connectors re/ on ! tops ( ! lock wa%]s & keep !m 9 place4 ,! ov]haul+ ( ,titan batt]ies %\ld be done z describ$ on pages #cbh to #cgd4 ,,section #c4 ,,*apt] #ag4 ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,,special ,,in/ructions4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,al?\gh ! l>ge ,c5tral ,/ation ,companies are cont9ually ext5d+ _! p[] l9es1 & are enl>g+ ! t]ritory s]v$ by !m1 yet !re are _m places :]e su* s]vice is n available4 ,to meet ! dem& = electrical p[] 9 ^! places1 small b complete g5]at+ plants h be5 produc$ by a numb] ( manufactur]s4 ,^! plants consi/ ( an electrical g5]ator1 an eng9e1 to drive ! g5]ator1 & a /orage batt]y to supply p[] :5 ! g5]ator is n runn+4 ,! complete plants are call$ ,h\se ,light+1 ,f>m ,light+1 or ,isolat$ plants4 ,! batt]ies us$ 9 ^! plants diff] consid]ably f ! />t+ batt]ies us$ on automobiles4 ,! />t+ batt]y is call$ ^u to deliv] v heavy curr5ts = %ort int]vals4 ,on ! c> ! batt]y is always be+ *>g$ :5 ! c> is runn+ at a mod]ate spe$ or ov]4 ,! batt]y mu/ fit 9 ! limit$ space provid$ = x on ! c>1 & mu/ n lose any electrolyte z ! c> jolts along ov] ! road4 ,x is subject$ to bo? high & l[ temp]atures2 & is g5]ally on a c> ^: own] (t5 does n "k t 8 c> has su* a ?+ z a batt]y until 8 />t+ motor "s day fails to turn ov] ! eng9e4 ,all />t+ batt]ies h wood5 cases 7"s n[ use rubb] cases71 h>d rubb] j>s1 & seal$ on cov]s4 ,! case conta9s all ! cells ( ! batt]y4 ,automobile batt]ies h1 !re=e1 become highly /&>diz$1 & to ! un9=m$1 "o make looks j l any o!r4 ,f>m light+ batt]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 are n limit$ z to space !y occupy1 are n subject$ to irregul> *>g+ & dis*>g+1 d n ne$ leak pro( cov]s1 & are n call$ ^u to deliv]y v heavy curr5ts = %ort p]iods4 ,^! facts are tak5 advantage ( by ! manufactur]s1 :o h design$ _! f>m light+ batt]ies to give a mu* long] life ?an is possible 9 ! automobile batt]y4 ,z a result ! f>m light+ batt]y diff]s f ! automobile batt]y 9 a numb] ( respects4 ,j>s4 ,bo? glass & rubb] are us$ = f>m light+ batt]y j>s1 & !y may or may n h seal$-9 cov]s4 ,fig4 #bid %[s a glass j> ( an ,exide batt]y hav+ a h>d rubb] cov]1 & ,fig4 #bie %[s a ,pre/-,o-,lite glass j> cell hav+ a cov] made ( lead & antimony4 ,unseal$ glass j>s1 su* z ! ,exide type %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbd1 g5]ally h a plate ( glass plac$ across ! top to cat* acid spray :5 ! cell is gass+4 ,ea* j> ) its plates & electrolyte =ms a complete & sep>ate unit :i* may easily be disconnect$ f ! o!r cells ( ! batt]y by remov+ ! bolts :i* jo9 !m4 ,9 work+ on a f>m light+ batt]y1 ! repairman1 !re=e1 works ) individual cells in/ead ( ! batt]y z a :ole1 z is done ) automobile batt]ies4 ,fig4 #bid ,exide ,delco ,light f>m+ light+ cell ) h>d rubb] cov] ,batt]ies ) seal$ j>s are g5]ally %ipp$ completely assembl$ & fill$ ) electrolyte1 & ne$ only a fre%5+ *>ge be=e be+ put into s]vice1 j z automobile batt]ies :i* are %ipp$ wet are 9 a fully *>g$ condition :5 !y leave ! factory & ne$ only a *>ge be=e be+ in/all$ on ! c>4 ,fig4 #bie ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ cell ) lead-antimony cov] ,j>s t are n seal$ are set 9 sep>ate glass trays fill$ ) s&1 or sometimes ! entire batt]y is set 9 a %all[ wood5 box or tray fill$ ) s&4 ,?is is necess>y because ! abs5ce ( a seal$ cov] all[s acid spray to run d[n ! outside ( ! j> & ?is acid w\ld1 ( c\rse1 attack ! wood5 %elf & make a dirty1 sloppy batt]y4 ,batt]ies us+ j>s )\t seal$ cov]s _c be %ipp$ assembl$ & *>g$1 & h5ce !y require a consid]able am\nt ( "w & along initial *>ge to put !m 9 a s]viceable condition4 ,fig4 #bif ,exide f>m light+ cell ) seal$ glass j> ,f>m light+ batt]y j>s are less liable to become crack$ ?an ^? ( automobile batt]ies because !y are set 9 "o place & rema9 !re1 & are n jolt$ ab\t z automobile batt]ies are4 ,crack$ j>s 9 f>m light+ batt]ies are m easily detect$ z ! j> w be wet on ! outside & ! acid w wet ! %elf or s& tray on :i* ! j> re/s4 ,batt]ies ) seal$ rubb] j>s are normally assembl$ f\r cells 9 a case or tray1 ) a nameplate on ea* tray :i* gives ! type & size ( cell4 ,! cells are connect$ toge!r ) lead l9ks :i* are bolt$ to ! cell po/s by means ( lead cov]$ bolt connectors4 ,fig4 #big ,comb9ation wood & rubb] sep>ator us$ 9 ,delco-,light & ,exide ,f>m light cell ,plates4 ,s9ce f>m light+ batt]ies are n requir$ to deliv] v heavy curr5ts at any "t1 ! plates are made ?ick] ?an 9 />t+ batt]ies1 ?is giv+ a /rong] plate :i* has a long] life ?an ! />t+ batt]y plate4 ,all makes ( />t+ batt]ies use ! ,faure1 or pa/$ plate4 ,?is type ( plate is also us$ 9 _m f>m light+ batt]ies1 b ! ,plante plate 7see page #bg7 may also be us$4 ,! ,exide ,*loride ,accumulator cell1 ,fig4 #cbc uses a type ( positive plate call$ ! ,man*e/] positive z describ$ on page #dig4 ,sep>ators4 ,groov$ wood5 sep>ators are us$ 9 "s f>m light+ batt]ies1 :ile o!rs use rubb] sep>ators1 or bo? rubb] & wood5 sep>ators4 ,"s use wood5 sep>ators :i* are smoo? on bo? sides1 b h d[els p9n$ to !m4 ,electrolyte4 ,9 a />t+ batt]y ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte ( a fully *>g$ cell is #a4bhj-a4cjj1 no matt] :at ! make ( ! batt]y may be4 ,9 f>m light+ batt]ies1 ! diff]5t types h diff]5t values ( specific gravity :5 fully *>g$4 ,! usual values are z foll[s3 7a7 ,batt]ies ) seal$ glass j>s #a4baj to #a4bej 7b7 ,batt]ies ) op5 glass j>s #a4bjj to #a4bej 7c7 ,batt]ies ) seal$ rubb] j>s #a4bfj to #a4bhj ,a brief discussion ( specific gravity might be helpful at ?is po9t4 ,9 any lead acid batt]y curr5t is produc$ by a *emical action betwe5 ! active mat]ial 9 ! plates & ! wat] & sulphuric acid 9 ! electrolyte4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy :i* c be deliv]$ by ! batt]y dep5ds on ! am\nt ( active mat]ial1 sulphuric acid1 & wat] :i* ent] into ! *emical actions ( ! cell4 ,z ^! *emical actions take place1 sulphuric acid is us$ up1 & h5ce !re mu/ be en\gh acid conta9$ 9 ! electrolyte to ent] into ! *emical actions4 ,! am\nt ( wat] & acid 9 ! electrolyte may be v>i$1 z long z !re is en\gh ( ea* pres5t to comb9e ) ! active mat]ial ( ! plates s z to enable ! cell to deliv] its full capacity4 ,increas+ ! am\nt ( acid w result 9 ! plates & sep>ators be+ attack$ & injur$ by ! acid4 ,increas+ ! am\nt ( wat] dilutes ! acid1 giv+ a l[] gravity1 & prev5t+ ! ,acid f injur+ plates & sep>ators4 ,?is results 9 a long] life = ! batt]y1 & is a desirable condition4 ,9 />t] batt]ies1 !re is n en\gh space 9 ! j>s = ! increas$ am\nt ( wat]4 ,9 f>m light+ batt]ies1 :]e ! space occupi$ by ! batt]y is n s important1 ! j>s are made l>ge en\gh to hold a great] am\nt ( wat]1 ?us giv+ an electrolyte :i* has a l[] specific gravity ?an 9 />t+ batt]ies4 ,take a fully *>g$ cell ( any />t+ batt]y4 ,x conta9s a set ( plates & ! electrolyte :i* is compos$ ( a c]ta9 necess>y am\nt ( acid & a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]4 ,if we put ! plates ( ?is cell 9 a l>g] j>1 add ! same am\nt ( acid z be=e1 b add a great] am\nt ( wat] ?an 0 conta9$ 9 ! small] j>1 we w /ill h a fully *>g$ cell ( ! same capacity z be=e1 b ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte w be l[]4 ,*>g+ ,equipm5t4 ,automobile batt]ies are be+ *>g$ :5ev] ! c> is runn+ at m ?an ab\t #aj miles p] h\r1 reg>dless ( :at _! condition may be4 ,9 f>m light+ outfits1 ! *>g+ is "u ! control ( ! op]ator1 & ! batt]y is *>g$ :5 a *>ge is necess>y4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 v mu* less dang] ( />v+ or ov]*>g+ ! batt]y4 ,! op]ator mu/1 h[ev]1 wat* 8 batt]y c>efully1 & *>ge x z (t5 z may be necess>y1 & n all[ x to g )\t its regul> *>ge4 ,! g5]ator ( a f>m light+ outfit is usually driv5 by an int]nal combu/ion eng9e furni%$ ) ! outfit4 ,! eng9e may be connect$ to ! g5]ator by a belt1 or its %aft may be connect$ directly to ! g5]ator %aft4 ,a swit*bo>d c>ry+ ! necess>y in/rum5ts & swit*es also goes ) ! outfit4 ,! *>g+ ( f>m light+ batt]ies is v mu* l ! *>g+ ( automobile batt]ies on ! *>g+ b5*1 except t ! batt]ies are at all times connect$ to swit*es1 by means ( :i* !y may be put on ! *>g+ l9e4 ,"s plants are s arrang$ t ! batt]y & g5]ator d n provide curr5t = ! lights at ! same "t1 lights be+ out :ile ! batt]y is *>g+4 ,9 o!rs ! g5]ator & batt]y1 9 em]g5cy1 may bo? provide curr5t4 ,9 o!rs ! lights may burn :ile ! batt]y is be+ *>g$2 9 ?is case ! batt]y is sometimes provid$ ) c\nt]-electromotive =ce cells :i* p]mit high en\gh voltage across ! batt]y to *>ge x & yet limit ! voltage across ! lamps to prev5t burn+ !m out or %ort5+ _! life4 ,9 "s cases ! batt]y is divid$ into two sets :i* are *>g$ 9 p>allel & dis*>g$ 9 s]ies4 ,relation ( ! ,automobile ,/orage ,batt]y ,man to ! ,f>m ,light+ ,plant4 ,own]s & prospective own]s ( f>m light+ plants g5]ally "k b little ab\t ! c>e or repair ( electrical app>atus1 especially batt]ies1 :i* are n z easily und]/ood z lamps1 motors or g5]ators4 ,prospective own]s may q likely call ^u ! automobile batt]y repair man = advice z to ! in/allation1 op]ation1 ma9t5ance1 & repair ( 8 batt]y & ! automobile batt]y repairman %\ld h little tr\ble 9 le>n+ h[ to take c>e ( f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,! details 9 :i* ^! batt]ies diff] f />t+ batt]ies %\ld be /udi$ & ma/]$1 & a new s\rce ( bus9ess w be op5$4 ,f>m light+ plants 9 ! vic9ity %\ld be /udi$ & obs]v$ :ile !y are 9 good work+ ord]1 ! details ( con/ruction & op]ation /udi$1 ! lay\t ( ! v>i\s circuits to lamps1 motors1 heat]s1 etc41 exam9$ s z to become famili> ) ! plants4 ,!n ,:5 any?+ goes wrong ) ! batt]y1 or ev5 ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant1 !re w be no difficulty 9 putt+ ?+s back 9 runn+ ord]4 ,selection ( ,plant ,f>m ,light+ ,plant is ! "n appli$ to ! small electric plant to be us$ :]e a c5tral /ation supply is n available4 ,su* a plant1 ( c\rse1 may be us$ = driv+ motors & heat+ devices1 z well z op]at+ electric lights1 & ! plant is really a ,f>m ,light+ & ,p[] ,plant4 ,make4 ,!re are sev]al v good light+ plants on ! m>ket & ! selection ( ! make ( ! plant mu/ be left to ! discretion ( ! own]1 or :omev] ! own] may ask = advice4 ,! selection w dep5d on co/1 :e!r ! plant w fill ! p>ticul> requirem5ts1 :at makes c be obta9$ ne>by1 on ! deliv]y t c be made1 & ! s]vice policy ( ! manufactur]4 ,type4 ,plants are made :i* come complete ) batt]y1 g5]ator1 eng9e1 & swit*bo>d m\nt$ on "o base4 ,all su* a plant requires is a suitable floor space = its in/allation4 ,o!r plants h all p>ts sep>ate1 & require m "w to in/all4 ,) "s plants1 ! g5]ator & eng9e may be m\nt$ z a unit on "o base1 ) batt]y & swit*bo>d sep>ate4 ,! type ( j> us$ 9 ! batt]y may influ5ce ! *oice4 ,j>s are made ( glass or rubb]4 ,! glass j>s h seal$ cov]s1 or h no cov]s4 ,! rubb] j>s g5]ally h a seal$ cov]4 ,! glass j> has ! advantage t ! int]ior may be se5 at all times1 & ! height ( ! electrolyte & s$im5t may be se5 & ! condition ( ! plates1 etc41 det]m9$ by a simple inspection4 ,?is is an important feature & "o t w be appreciat$ by ! "o :o takes c>e ( ! batt]y4 ,j>s ) seal$ cov]s1 or cov]s :i* al?\gh n seal$1 close up ! top ( ! j> completely h ! advantage ( keep+ 9 acid spray1 & keep+ out dirt & impurities4 ,op5 j>s are g5]ally set 9 trays ( s& to cat* electrolyte :i* runs d[n ! outside walls ( ! j>s4 ,! op5 j>s h ! advantage t ! plates are v easily remov$1 b h ! disadvantage t acid spray is n kept 9 effectually1 al?\gh a plate ( glass is g5]ally laid ov] "p ( ! top ( ! j>1 & t dirt & du/ may fall into ! j>4 ,size4 ,! capacity ( /orage batt]y cells is rat$ 9 amp]e h\rs1 :ile p[] consum$ by lights1 motors1 etc41 is measur$ 9 watt h\rs1 or kil[att h\rs4 ,h[ev]1 ! amp]e h\r capacity ( a batt]y c be *ang$ to watt h\rs s9ce watt h\rs is equal to ,watt h\rs amp]e h\rs multipli$ by ! volts ,if we h a #af cell batt]y1 ea* cell ( :i* is an #hj amp]e h\r cell1 ! amp]e h\r capacity ( ! entire batt]y w be #hj1 ! same z t ( "o ( its cells1 s9ce ! cells are all 9 s]ies & ! same curr5t passes ?r\gh all cells4 ,! watt h\r capacity ( ! batt]y w be #cb times #hj1 or #befj4 ,! amp]e h\r capacity is comput$ = ! #h h\r rate1 t is1 ! curr5t is drawn f ! batt]y cont9u\sly = #h h\rs1 & at ! end ( t "t ! batt]y is dis*>g$4 ,if ! curr5t is n drawn f ! batt]y cont9u\sly = #h h\rs1 b is us$ = %ort] int]vals int]mitt5tly1 ! amp]e h\r capacity ( ! batt]y w be some:at great]4 ,x seldom occurs t 9 any in/allation ! batt]y is us$ cont9u\sly = eight h\rs at a rate :i* w dis*>ge x 9 t "t1 & h5ce a great] capacity is obta9$ f ! batt]y4 ,"s manufactur]s d n rate _! batt]ies at ! #h h\r cont9u\s dis*>ge rate b use ! int]mitt5t rate1 ?us rat+ a batt]y #cj to #dj p]c5t high]4 ,rat$ 9 ?is way1 a batt]y ( #af cells rat$ at #hj amp]e h\rs at ! #h h\r rate w\ld be rat$ at #aab amp]e h\rs1 or #cehd watt h\rs4 ,9 det]m9+ ! size ( ! batt]y requir$1 e/imate z ne>ly z possible h[ _m lamps1 motors1 & heat]s1 etc41 w be us$4 ,compute ! watts 7volts ,x amp]es71 requir$ by ea*4 ,e/imate h[ long ea* appliance w be us$ ea* day1 & ?us obta9 ! total watt h\rs us$ p] day4 ,multiply ?is by #g to get ! watt h\rs p] week4 ,! total watt h\rs requir$ 9 "o week %\ld n be equal to m ?an twice ! watt h\r capacity ( ! batt]y 7amp]e h\rs multipli$ by ! total batt]y voltage7 at ! eight h\r rate4 ,?is means t ! batt]y %\ld n require a *>ge (t5] ?an two times a week4 ,! capacity ( a batt]y is (t5 measur$ 9 ! numb] ( lamps x w burn brightly = eight h\rs4 ,! watts consum$ by motors1 heat]s1 etc41 may be express$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( lamps4 ,! foll[+ table w be ( assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! size ( ! batt]y requir$3 ,watts ,equival5t ,numb] ,no4 ,type ( ,appliance ,consum$ ( #bj ,watt ,lamps --- ----------------- -------- ----------------- #a #af c&le p[]1 ,mazda lamp #bj #a #b #ab c&le p[]1 ,mazda lamp #aae #c_/d #c ,electric ,fan1 small size #ge #d #d ,small ,sew+ ma*9e motor #ajj #e #e ,vacuum clean] #afj #h #f ,wa%+ ma*9e #bjj #aj #g ,*urn1 #a_/f h4p4 #bjj #aj #h ,cream ,sep>ator1 #a_/f h4p4 #bjj #aj #i ,wat] pump #a_/f h4p4 #bjj #aj #aj ,electric wat] heat]1 small #cej #ah #aa ,electric toa/] #ebe #bf #ab ,electric /ove1 small #fjj #cj #ac ,electric iron #fjj #cj #ad ,pump1 #a_/b h4p4 #fjj #cj ,f ! =ego+ table we c det]m9e ! curr5t consumption ( ! v>i\s appliances3 ,amps at #cb ,amps at #aaj ,no4 ,watts ,volts ,volts --- ----- ---------- ------------ #a #bj #j4fbe #j4ah #b #ae #j4dg #j4ad #c #ge #b4cd #f4hj #d #ajj #c4abe #j4ij #e #afj #e4jj #a4dd #f #bjj #f4be #a4hj #g #bjj #f4be #a4hj #h #bjj #f4be #a4hj #i #bjj #f4be #a4hj #aj #cej #aa4jj #c4bj #aa #ebe #af4d #d4gg #ab #fjj #ah4ge #e4dj #ac #fjj #ah4ge #e4dj #ad #fjj #ah4ge #e4dj ,! foll[+ tables %[ h[ long ! batt]y w c>ry v>i\s curr5ts cont9u\sly3 ,images3 v>i\s *>ts_/tables ,location ( ,plant ,! v>i\s appliances %\ld be plac$ z ne> to ea* o!r z possible4 ,! lights1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be plac$ s z to illum9ate ! diff]5t rooms1 b>ns1 etc41 b ! p[] devices %\ld be plac$ z close z possible to ea* o!r & to ! plant4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to use z little wire z possible betwe5 ! plant & ! v>i\s appliances s z to prev5t excessive voltage drop 9 ! l9es4 ,wir+ ,! wires lead+ to ! v>i\s appliances %\ld be l>ge en\gh s t n m ?an "o or two volts are lo/ 9 ! wires4 ,to obta9 ! resi/ance ( ! wire lead+ to any appliance1 use ! foll[+ equation3 ,kn[+ ! resi/ance ( ! wire1 & ! total l5g? ( ! two wires lead+ f ! plant to ! appliance1 ! size ( ! wire may be obta9$ f a wir+ table4 ,rubb] insulat$ copp] wire cov]$ ) a d\ble braid %\ld pref]ably be us$1 & ! duplex wire is (t5 m conv5i5t ?an ! s+le wire1 especially 9 runn+ f "o build+ to ano!r4 ,wir+ on ! inside ( build+s %\ld be done neatly1 runn+ ! wires on porcela9 insulators1 & z directly to ! appliance z possible4 ,! /&>d rules = int]ior wir+ z to fuses1 sold]+ jo9ts1 etc41 %\ld be foll[$4 ,in/allation 7,see also special in/ructions = ! diff]5t makes1 beg9n+ page #dfj47 ,! room 9 :i* ! plant is in/all$ %\ld be clean1 dry1 & well v5tilat$4 ,x %\ld be "o :i* is n v cold 9 w9t]1 z a cold batt]y is v sluggi% & seems to lack capacity4 ,if possible1 h ! plant 9 a sep>ate room 9 ord] to keep out dirt & du/4 ,if no sep>ate room is available1 x is a good plan to build a small room 9 a corn] ( a l>ge room4 ,keep ! room clean & free ( miscellane\s tools & rubbi%4 ,if ! entire plant comes complete on "o base1 all t is necess>y is to bolt ! base securely to ! floor1 :i* %\ld be z ne>ly level z possible4 ,if ! batt]y is to be in/all$ sep>ately1 build a rack4 ,give ! rack sev]al coats ( asphaltum pa9t to make x acid pro(4 ,! location ( ! batt]y rack %\ld be su* t ! rack w be3 7a7 ,free f vibration4 7b7 ,at lea/ #c feet f ! exhau/ pipe ( eng9e4 7c7 ,f> en\gh away f ! wall to prev5t dirt or loose mort> f dropp+ on ! cells4 ,figs4 #bih & #bii illu/rate two types ( batt]y racks recomm5d$ = use ) f>m light batt]ies4 ,! /air-/ep rack is mo/ desirable :]e !re is suffici5t room = its in/allation4 ,:]e ! space is insuffici5t to make ?is in/allation1 use ! two-ti] %elf rack4 ,! racks %\ld be made f #a-a_/b or #b in* bo>ds4 ,fig4 #bih ,/air-,/ep rack = f>m light+ batt]y ,! cells may be plac$ on ! batt]y rack ) ei!r ! face or ! edges ( ! plates fac+ out4 ,! latt] me?od requires a %ort] batt]y rack & is v desirable f ! /&po9t ( future inspections4 ,9 v d>k places1 x is m desirable to h ! surface ( ! plates turn$ out to enable ! us] to see :5 ! cells are bubbl+ dur+ ! mon?ly equaliz+ *>ge4 ,ei!r me?od is satisfactory4 ,all metal p>ts su* z pipes1 bolt heads1 etc41 :i* are ne> ! batt]y %\ld be giv5 at lea/ ?ree coats ( asphaltum pa9t4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to h an op5 flame ( any k9d 9 ! batt]y room1 z ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases1 giv5 (f z a batt]y *>ges may explode & cause injury to ! p]son & possible sev]e damage to ! batt]y4 ,:5 mak+ an in/allation1 x is always a good plan to c>ry ! foll[+ mat]ial = tak+ c>e ( spillage & brok5 j>s3 #a4 #a ,!rmomet] #b4 #b ,s]ies ,cells #c4 #f ,batt]y ,bolts & ,nuts #d4 #a ,hydromet] ,syr+e #e4 #b ,gallons di/ill$ wat] #f4 #a ,j> ,vasel9e #g4 #a ,gallon #a4bbj specific gravity electrolyte ,fig4 #bii ,in/allation ( a ,delco-,light plant1 %[+ two-ti] %elf rack = batt]y ,:5 a batt]y arrives at ! %ipp+ de/9ation1 ! p]son lift+ ?is %ipm5t %\ld remove ! slats f ! top ( ea* crate & inspect ea* cell = conceal$ damage1 su* z breakage3 ,%\ld any damage be discov]$1 x is important t a notation cov]+ ?is damage be made & sign$ by ! freight ag5t on ! freight bill4 ,?is w enable ! cu/om] or deal] to make a claim aga9/ ! railroad = ! am\nt ( damage4 ,if a notation ( ?is k9d is n made be=e ! batt]y is lift$1 ! deal] w be =c$ to /& ! exp5se ( repair+ or replac+ ! damag$ cells4 ,:5 remov+ cells f a crate1 avoid lift+ !m by ! t]m9al po/s z mu* z possible4 ,?is causes ! weight ( ! electrolyte & j> to pull on ! seal+ comp\nd betwe5 ! j> & cov]1 & if ! seal+ is n absolutely tight1 ! j> & electrolyte may fall f ! cov]4 ,a cell %\ld nev] be c>ri$ us+ ! t]m9al po/s z h&les4 ,! h& %\ld be put und]nea? ! j>4 ,sometimes a batt]y w arrive ) electrolyte spill$ f "s ( ! cells4 ,if spillage is only ab\t "o-half to "o in* d[n on ! plates ( ?ree or f\r cells1 ?is spillage may be replac$ by draw+ a little electrolyte out ( ea* cell ( ! o!r full cells 9 ! set4 ,(t5times sev]al cells w h electrolyte ext5d+ above ! wat] l9e1 :i* w aid greatly 9 mak+ up any loss 9 o!r cells4 ,aft] all cells h be5 drawn on to fill up ! ones t are spill$1 ! entire set may !n h its electrolyte br\ght up to ! wat] l9e by add+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,v c>efully adju/ spillage ( pilot cells 7,delco71 z x is v important t ! specific gravity ( ! pilot cells be left z ne> #a4bbj z possible4 ,9 case ! spillage is m ?an "o in* bel[ ! top ( plates or glass brok51 remove cell & in/all a new cell 9 its place4 ,! spill$ or brok5 cell mu/ n be us$ until giv5 special treatm5t4 ,connect+ ,cells ,be=e connect+ up ! cells ! t]m9als %\ld be scrap$ clean = ab\t #aa_/b in*es on bo? sides4 ,an old knife or r\gh file is suitable = do+ ?is "w4 ,aft] ! t]m9als are ?or\ghly bright5$1 !y %\ld be cov]$ ) vasel9e4 ,! bolts & nuts us$ 9 mak+ ! connections on ! batt]y %\ld also be coat$ ) vasel9e4 ,! vasel9e prev5ts & ret>ds corrosion1 :i* is h>mful to effici5t op]ation4 ,if a new batt]y is to be in/all$ 9 p>allel ) "o already 9 s]vice1 connections %\ld be made s t ea* s]ies w consi/ ( half new & half old cells4 ,! pilot cells = ! new batt]y %\ld be plac$ 9 "o s]ies & t = ! old batt]y 9 ! o!r1 unless local conditions may make "s o!r arrangem5t desirable4 ,a drop light mu/ always be provid$ to enable ! us] to inspect 8 batt]y1 p>ticul>ly :5 giv+ ! mon?ly equaliz+ *>ge4 ,initial ,*>ge ,:5 a batt]y is connect$ to ! plant1 x %\ld be giv5 a prop] ,,initial ,,*>ge be=e any p[] or lights are us$4 ,batt]ies %ipp$ fill$ ) electrolyte are fully *>g$ be=e leav+ ! factory4 ,z soon z a /orage batt]y cell ( any type or make is tak5 (f *>ge & /&s idle = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 "s ( ! acid 9 ! electrolyte is absorb$ by ! plates1 !reby l[]+ ! gravity & =m+ sulphate on ! plates4 ,?is process is v gradual1 b x is cont9u\s1 & unless ! acid is completely driv5 out ( ! plates by *>g+ be=e ! batt]y is us$1 ! batt]y w n give z good s]vice z ! us] has a "r to expect4 ,due to ! "t requir$ 9 %ipm5t1 ! above action has a *ance to take place1 :i* makes x necess>y to give ! initial *>ge4 ,! initial *>ge consi/s ( *>g+ ! batt]y1 ) ! p[] & light swit* op51 until ea* cell is bubbl+ freely f ! top to bottom on ! surface ( ! outside negative plates & bo? pilot balls are up 7,delco-,light71 & !n ,,cont9u+ ,,! ,,*>ge ,,= ,,five ,,h\rs ,,m4 ,if ! batt]y has no pilot cells1 measure ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte ( ea* cell1 & cont9ue ! *>ge until six consecutive read+s %[ no increase 9 gravity4 ,z an accurate *eck on giv+ ! initial *>ge prop]ly 7,delco-,light71 we /rongly recomm5d t h\rly hydromet] read+s ( bo? pilot cells be tak5 aft] bo? balls are up1 ! *>ge to be cont9u$ until six consecutive h\rly read+s %[ no ,,rise 9 gravity4 ,due to ! fact t x is impossible to hold ea* cell 9 a batt]y to a def9ite maximum gravity :5 fully *>g$1 !re is likely to be a v>iation ( f t5 to fifte5 po9ts 9 ! specific gravity read+s ( ! v>i\s cells4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! maximum gravity is ! gravity :5 ! cells are fully *>g$ & ) ! level ( ! solution at ! wat] l9e4 ,= example1 ) ea* cell 9 a batt]y fully *>g$ & !re=e at maximum gravity & ) ! level at ! prop] height1 "s cells may read #a4bcj1 "o or two #a4bce1 sev]al #a4bae & #a4baj4 ,all ( ^! cells w op]ate effici5tly1 & !re %\ld be no cause = al>m4 ,an exception to ?is is ! pilot cell ( ! ,delco-,light ,batt]y4 ,if ?is *eck on ! initial *>ge is prop]ly made1 x assures ! s]vice man & deal] t ! batt]y is 9 prop] op]at+ condition to be turn$ ov] to ! us]4 ,neglig5ce 9 giv+ ! initial *>ge prop]ly may result 9 tr\ble to bo? us]1 s]vice man & deal]4 ,! initial *>ge may require consid]able runn+ ( ! plant1 dep5d+ ^u ! /ate ( *>ge ( ! cells :5 in/all$4 ,in/ruct+ ,us]s ,dur+ ! "t ! initial *>ge is be+ giv51 ! s]vice man %\ld in/ruct ! us] on ! c>e & op]ation ( ! plant & batt]y4 ,! be/ way to give in/ructions to ! us] is to tack ! in/ruction c>ds on ! wall ne> ! plant 9 a place :]e ! us] c read !m easily4 ,proce$ to read ov] ! plant op]at+ c>d ) ! us]4 ,read ! fir/ item1 g to ! plant1 expla9 ?is feature to ! us] & all[ him to p]=m ! op]ation1 if ! in/ruction calls = actual p]=mance4 ,rememb]1 ! us] is n famili> ) ! plant & batt]y1 & ! actual p]=mance ( ea* op]ation aids him to reta9 ! in/ructions4 ,aft] ! fir/ item has be5 cov]$ ?or\ghly1 proce$ to ! second1 etc4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 ! us] w (t5 int]rupt ) que/ions n deal+ directly ) ! po9t be+ expla9$4 ,! s]vice man %\ld keep ! us]'s att5tion on ! po9ts he is expla9+4 ,:5 ! s]vice man has f9i%$ expla9+ bo? plant & batt]y in/ruction c>ds1 he %\ld answ] any po9ts 9 "q :i* ! us] wants expla9$4 ,:5 ! mon?ly equaliz+ *>ge is expla9$ to ! us]1 ! s]vice man %\ld always take ! us] to ! batt]y & %[ him a cell bubbl+ freely4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] t ! us] may recognize :5 ! cells are bubbl+ freely at ! "t he gives ! mon?ly equaliz+ *>ge4 ,impress ^u ! us] ! importance ( inspect+ ea* cell :5 giv+ ! mon?ly equaliz+ *>ge to see t e cell bubbles freely4 ,if a cell fails to bubble freely at ! end ( ! equaliz+ *>ge1 ! us] %\ld in=m ! s]vice man ( ?is condition imm$iately4 ,caution ! us] aga9/ ! use ( an op5 flame ne> ! plant or batt]y at any "t4 ,! gas :i* accumulates 9 a cell w explode suffici5tly to break ! glass j> if ?is gas is ignit$ by a sp>k or op5 flame4 ,c>e ( ! ,plant 9 ,op]ation 7,see also special in/ructions = ! diff]5t makes1 beg9n+ page #dfj47 ,! batt]y repairman %\ld be able n only to repair ! batt]ies1 b %\ld also be able to keep ! entire plant 9 work+ ord]1 & sugge/ions w be giv5 z to :at mu/ be done1 al?\gh no detail$ in/ructions = "w on ! g5]ator1 eng9e1 & swit*bo>d w be giv5 z ?is is beyond ! scope ( ?is book4 ,batt]y ,room4 ,! ess5tial ?+s ab\t ! batt]y room are t x mu/ be clean1 dry1 & well v5tilat$4 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 t ! batt]y & batt]y rack mu/ also be kept clean & dry4 ,a good "t to clean up is :5 ! batt]y is be+ *>g$4 ,clean out ! room fir/1 sweep+ out dirt & rubbi%1 du/+ ! walls1 & s on4 ,bo? high & l[ temp]atures %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! batt]y room is kept too hot1 ! batt]y w become heat$ & ! hot electrolyte w attack ! plates & sep>ators4 ,l[ temp]atures d no actual h>m to a *>g$ batt]y except to make ! batt]y sluggi%1 & seem to lack capacity4 ,a dis*>g$ batt]y w1 h[ev]1 freeze above #j ,fahr5heit4 ,! batt]y w give ! be/ s]vice if ! batt]y room temp]ature is kept betwe5 #fj & #hj ,fahr5heit4 ,d n br+ any op5 flame su* z a lant]n1 c&le or mat* ne> a batt]y & d n g ne> ! batt]y ) a light$ cig>1 cig>ette or pipe1 especially :ile ! batt]y is *>g+4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases =m a highly explosive mixture4 ,an explosion w n only injure ! batt]y1 b w probably disfigure ! "o c>ry+ ! light1 or ev5 de/roy 8 eyes4 ,x is a good plan to keep ! w9d[s ( ! batt]y room op5 z mu* z possible4 ,eng9e4 ,! eng9e :i* drives ! g5]ator requires att5tion occasionally4 ,wipe (f all dirt1 oil or grease4 ,keep ! eng9e well lubricat$ ) a good oil4 ,if grease cups are us$1 give ^! sev]al turns :5ev] ! eng9e is run to *>ge ! batt]y4 ,use clean fuel1 /ra9+ x1 if necess>y1 ?r\gh a clean clo? or *amois1 if !re is any dirt 9 x4 ,! cool+ wat] %\ld also be clean1 & 9 w9t] a non-freez+ prep>ation %\ld be add$ to x4 ,d n *ange ! c>buretor sett+ :5ev] ! eng9e does n act prop]ly4 ,fir/ look ov] ! ignition sy/em & sp>k plug = tr\ble1 & also make sure t ! c>buretor is receiv+ fuel4 ,if possible1 ov]haul ! eng9e once a ye> to clean out ! c>bon1 tight5 be>+s & fly:eel1 remove leaky gaskets1 & s on4 ,g5]ator4 ,keep ! outside ( ! g5]ator clean by wip+ x occasionally ) an oil$ rag4 ,see t !re is en\gh lubricat+ oil 9 ! be>+s1 b t !re is n too mu* oil1 especially 9 ! be>+ at ! commutator end ( ! g5]ator4 ,keep ! commutator clean4 ,if x is dirty1 wipe x ) a rag moi/5$ slightly ) k]os5e4 ,! bru%es %\ld be lift$ f ! commutator :ile ?is is be+ done4 ,f9i% ) a dry clo?4 ,if ! commutator is r\gh x may be made smoo? ) f9e s&pap] held aga9/ x :ile ! g5]ator is runn+1 & ! bru%es are lift$4 ,! surfaces ( ! bru%es t be> on ! commutator %\ld be inspect$ to see t !y are clean1 & t ! entire surfaces make contact ) ! commutator4 ,! p>ts t are mak+ contact w look smoo? & poli%$1 :ile o!r p>ts w h a dull1 r\gh appe>ance4 ,if ! bru% contact surfaces are dirty or all p>ts d n t\* ! commutator1 draw a piece ( f9e s&pap] back & =? "u ! bru%es1 "o at a "t1 ) ! s&$ side ( ! pap] aga9/ ! bru%4 ,?is w clean ! bru%es & %ape ! contact surfaces to fit ! curve ( ! commutator4 ,bru%es %\ld be disc>d$ :5 !y be come s %ort t !y d n make good contact ) ! commutator4 ,see t ! bru% hold]s & bru% wires are all tight & clean4 ,wat* = loose connections ( wires1 z ^! w cause voltage loss :5 ! g5]ator is *>g+ ! batt]y4 ,wat* = high mica1 :i* means a condition 9 :i* ! insulation betwe5 ! segm5ts projects above ! surface ( ! commutator1 due to ! commutator we>+ d[n fa/] ?an ! insulation4 ,if ?is condition arises1 ! mica %\ld be cut d[n until x is slightly bel[ ! surface ( ! commutator4 ,an old hack saw blade makes a good tool = ?is purpose4 ,a commutator may h grooves cut 9 by ! bru%es4 ,^! grooves d no h>m z long z ! bru%es h become worn to ! exact %ape ( ! grooves4 ,:5 ! bru%es are dress$ ) s&pap]1 h[ev]1 !y w n fit ! grooves1 & ! commutator %\ld be turn$ d[n 9 a la! until ! grooves are remov$4 ,a /eady l[ hum w be he>d :5 ! g5]ator is 9 op]ation4 ,l\d or unusual noises %\ld be inve/igat$1 h[ev]1 z a be>+ may ne$ oil1 ! armature may be rubb+ on ! field pole faces1 & s on4 ,wat* = ov]heat+ ( ! g5]ator4 ,if y c hold y\r h& on ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! g5]ator1 ! temp]ature is safe4 ,if ! temp]ature is s high t p>ts may be b>ely t\*$ ) ! h&1 or if an odor ( burn$ rubb] is noticeable1 ! g5]ator is be+ ov]heat$1 & ! load on ! g5]ator %\ld be r$uc$4 ,swit*bo>d4 ,clean (f dirt & grease occasionally4 ,keep swit* contacts clean & smoo?4 ,if a cut\t is on ! bo>d1 keep its contacts smoo? & clean4 ,if ! knife swit* blades are h>d to move1 look = cutt+ at ! pivots4 ,some?+ may be cutt+ into ! blades4 ,if ?is is f\nd to be ! case1 use a file to remove all r\ghness f ! p>ts ( ! pivot4 ,see t no swit*es are b5t or burn$4 ,keep ! back ( ! bo>d clean & dry z well z ! front4 ,see t all connections are tight4 ,keep all wires1 rheo/ats1 etc41 p]fectly clean4 ,a coat ( %ellac on ! wires1 swit* /uds1 etc41 w be helpful 9 keep+ ^! p>ts clean4 ,c>e ( ,batt]y ,cleanl9ess4 ,keep ! batt]y & batt]y rack clean4 ,aft] a *>ge is complet$1 wipe (f any electrolyte t may be runn+ d[n ! outsides ( ! j>s4 ,wipe all electrolyte & o!r moi/ure f ! batt]y rack4 ,occasionally g ov] ! rack ) a rag wet ) ammonia or wa%+ soda solution4 ,!n f9i% ) a dry clo?4 ,pa9t ! rack ) asphaltum pa9t once a ye>1 or (t5] if ! pa9t is rubb$ or scrat*$4 ,if s& trays are us$1 r5ew ! s& :5ev] x becomes v wet ) electrolyte4 ,keep ! t]m9als & connectors clean4 ,ne> ! end ( a *>ge1 feel ea* jo9t betwe5 cells = a poor connection4 ,wat* also = corrosion on ! connections4 ,corrosion is caus$ by ! electrolyte attack+ any expos$ metals o!r ?an lead1 ne> ! batt]y1 result+ 9 a grayi% deposit on ! connectors or bolts at ! jo9ts4 ,su* jo9ts w become hott] ?an o!r jo9ts1 & may ?us be locat$ by feel+ ! jo9ts aft] ! batt]y has be5 *>g$ = "s "t4 ,corrosion may be remov$ by wa%+ ! "p 9 a solution ( bak+ soda4 ,be v c>eful to keep out ( ! cells any?+ t does n belong !re4 ,impurities injure a cell & may ev5 ru9 x4 ,d n let any?+1 especially metals1 fall into a cell4 ,if ?is is done accid5tally1 p\r out ! electrolyte imm$iately1 put 9 new sep>ators1 wa% ! plates 9 wat]1 fill ) electrolyte hav+ a gravity ab\t #cj po9ts high] ?an t :i* 0 p\r$ out1 & *>ge4 ,! cell may be connect$ 9 its prop] place & ! entire batt]y *>g$4 ,v5t plugs %\ld be kept 9 place at all times1 except :5 wat] is add$ to ! electrolyte4 ,keep ! ,electrolyte ,above ! ,tops ( ! ,plates4 ,if ! batt]y has glass j>s1 ! height ( ! electrolyte c be se5 easily4 ,if ! batt]y has seal$ rubb] j>s1 ! height ( ! electrolyte may be det]m9$ ) a glass tube1 z describ$ on page #ee4 ,9 mo/ batt]ies ! electrolyte %\ld /& f ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to an in* above ! plates4 ,"s j>s h a l9e or m>k %[+ ! prop] height ( ! electrolyte4 ,a good "t to inspect ! height ( ! electrolyte is j be=e putt+ ! batt]y on *>ge4 ,if ! electrolyte is l[1 di/ill$ wat] %\ld be add$ to br+ x up to ! prop] level4 ,wat] %\ld nev] be add$ at any o!r "t1 z ! *>g+ curr5t is requir$ to mix ! wat] ?or\ghly ) ! electrolyte4 ,det]m9+ ! ,condition ( ! ,cells4 ,! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is ! be/ indicator ( ! condition ( ! batt]y z to *>ge1 j z is ! case 9 automobile batt]ies1 & h5ce %\ld be wat*$ closely4 ,x is n conv5i5t or necess>y to take gravity read+s on e cell 9 ! batt]y on e *>ge or dis*>ge4 ,!re=e1 "o cell call$ ! ,pilot cell %\ld be select$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! batt]y & its specific gravity read+s tak5 to indicate ! /ate ( *>ge or dis*>ge ( ! entire batt]y4 ,delco-,light batt]ies ea* h two pilot cells ) special j>s4 ,ea* ( ^! has a pocket 9 "o ( its walls 9 :i* a ball op]ates z a hydromet] or batt]y gauge4 ,"o pilot cell conta9s ! pilot ball = det]m9+ ! end ( ! *>ge1 & o!r pilot cell conta9+ ! ball = det]m9+ ! end ( ! dis*>ge4 ,see ,fig4 #bid4 ,hydromet] read+s %\ld be tak5 frequ5tly1 & a record ( consecutive read+s kept4 ,:5 ! gravity drops to ! l[e/ value all[able 7#a4aej to #a4ahj1 dep5d+ on ! make ( batt]y7 ! batt]y %\ld be *>g$4 ,once e mon? voltage & gravity read+s ( e cell 9 ! batt]y %\ld be tak5 & record$ = future guidance4 ,^! read+s %\ld be tak5 aft] ! mon?ly ov]*>ge or equaliz+ *>ge :i* is expla9$ lat]4 ,if ! mon?ly read+s ( any cell are always l[] ?an t ( o!r cells1 x ne$s att5tion4 ,! l[ read+s may be due to electrolyte hav+ be5 spill$ & replac$ ) wat]1 b 9 a f>m light+ batt]y ?is is n v likely to happ54 ,m probably ! cell has too mu* s$im5t1 or bad sep>ators1 & ne$s clean+4 ,see special in/ructions on ,exide & ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies :i* are giv5 lat]4 ,!re are sev]al precautions t mu/ be obs]v$ 9 tak+ gravity read+s 9 ord] to obta9 dep5dable results4 ,d n take gravity read+s if3 7a7 ,! cell is gass+ viol5tly4 7b7 ,! hydromet] float does n ride freely4 ,if a syr+e hydromet] is us$1 ! float mu/ n be t\*+ ! walls ( ! tube1 & ! tube mu/ n be s full t ! top ( ! float projects into ! rubb] bulb at ! upp] end ( ! tube4 7c7 ,wat] has be5 add$ less ?an f\r h\rs be=e tak+ ! read+s4 ,a good "t to take read+s is j be=e wat] is add$4 ,! hydromet] :i* is us$ %\ld h ! specific gravity read+s m>k$ on x 9 figures1 su* z #a4ahj1 #a4bjj1 #a4bbj & s on4 ,automobile batt]y hydromet]s :i* are m>k$ ,full1 ,empty1 ,*>g$1 ,dis*>g$1 mu/ n be us$1 s9ce ! specific gravities correspond+ to ^! words are n ! same 9 f>m light+ batt]ies z 9 automobile batt]ies & ! read+s w\ld be incorrect & mislead+4 ,if ! manufactur]-( ! batt]y furni%es a special hydromet] :i* is m>k$ ,full1 ,half-,full1 ,empty1 or 9 "s simil> mann]1 ?is hydromet] may1 ( c\rse1 be us$4 ,temp]ature corrections %\ld be made 9 tak+ hydromet] read+s1 z describ$ on page #fe4 ,= ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies1 #hj degrees is ! /&>d temp]ature1 & gravity read+s on ^! batt]ies %\ld be correct$ to #hj degrees z describ$ on page #dfa4 ,gravity read+s %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 dur+ *>ge z well z dur+ dis*>ge4 ,! read+s tak5 dur+ *>ge are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ sections on *>g+4 ,*>g+ 7,see also special in/ructions = ! diff]5t makes1 beg9n+ page #dfj47 ,two k9ds ( *>ges %\ld be giv5 ! batt]y1 ! ,regul> *>ge1 & ! ,ov]*>ge or ,equaliz+ ,*>ge4 ,^! w be spok5 ( z ! ,regul> *>ge & ! ,ov]*>ge4 ,! ,regul> *>ge mu/ be giv5 :5ev] x is necess>y 9 ord] to enable ! batt]y to meet ! light+ or o!r load dem&s made ^u x4 ,! ov]*>ge1 :i* is m]ely a cont9uation ( a regul> *>ge1 %\ld be giv5 once e mon?4 ,! ov]*>ge is giv5 to keep ! batt]y 9 good condition1 & to prev5t ! developm5t ( inequalities 9 condition ( cells4 ,:5 to ,*>ge4 ,exp]i5ce w soon %[ h[ (t5 y mu/ give a regul> *>ge 9 ord] to keep ! lights f becom+ dim4 ,:5 ! voltage read+1 tak5 :ile all ! lamps are on has dropp$ to #a4h volts p] cell a ,regul> *>ge is necess>y4 ,:5 ! specific gravity ( ! pilot cell indicates t ! batt]y is dis*>g$1 a ,regul> *>ge is necess>y4 ,x is bett] to use ! specific gravity read+s z a guide1 z describ$ lat]4 ,a good plan1 & ! be/ "o1 is to give a batt]y a ,regul> *>ge once e week1 :e!r ! batt]y becomes dis*>g$ 9 "o week's "t or n4 ,a regul> *>ge may be requir$ (t5] ?an once a week4 ,e f\r? week give ! ,ov]*>ge in/ead ( ! ,regul> *>ge4 ,if a batt]y is to be out ( s]vice1 arrangem5ts %\ld be made to add ! necess>y wat] & give an ov]*>ge e mon?1 ! ,regul> *>ges n be+ necess>y :5 ! batt]y /&s absolutely idle4 ,ov]*>ge4 ,*>ge ! batt]y z ne> z practicable at ! rate prescrib$ by ! manufactur]4 ,if ! manufactur]'s rate is n kn[n1 !n *>ge at a rate :i* w n all[ ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte to rise above #aaj ,fahr5heit1 & :i* w n cause gass+ :ile ! specific gravity is /ill consid]ably bel[ its maximum value4 ,"o amp]e p] plate 9 ea* cell is a safe value ( curr5t to use4 ,a batt]y hav+ elev5 plates 9 ea* cell %\ld1 = example1 be *>g$ at ab\t #aa to #ab amp]es4 ,wat* ! temp]ature ( ! pilot cell c>efully4 ,?is cell %\ld h an accurate ,fahr5heit !rmomet] susp5d$ above x s t ! bulb is imm]s$ 9 ! electrolyte4 ,if ?is !rmomet] %\ld %[ a temp]ature ( #aaj1 /op ! *>ge imm$iately1 & d n />t x aga9 until ! temp]ature has dropp$ to at lea/ #ij'4 ,feel ! o!r cells ) y\r h& occasionally1 & if any cell is s hot t y _c hold y\r h& on x measure its temp]ature ) ! !rmomet] to see :e!r x is ne> #aaj'4 ,a good plan is to measure ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte 9 e cell dur+ ! *>ge4 ,if any cell %[s a high] temp]ature ?an t ( ! pilot cell1 place ! !rmomet] 9 ! cell giv+ ! high] read+1 & be guid$ by ! temp]ature ( t cell4 ,y w !n "k t ! !rmomet] indicates ! highe/ temp]ature 9 ! entire batt]y1 & t no o!r cell is dang]\sly hot :5 ! !rmomet] does n read #ajj degrees or ov]4 ,ano!r po9t 9 ! selection ( a pilot cell is to det]m9e if any p>ticul> cell %[s a gravity :i* is slightly less ?an t ( ! o!r cells4 ,if any su* cell is f\nd1 use t cell z ! pilot cell 9 tak+ gravity read+s :ile ! batt]y is on dis*>ge & also on *>ge4 ,no cell w !n be dis*>g$ too f>4 ,:5 all cells are gass+ freely1 cont9ue ! *>ge at ! same curr5t until !re is no rise 9 ! specific gravity ( ! pilot cell = "o to two h\rs1 & all cells are gass+ freely ?r\gh\t ! h\r4 ,!n /op ! *>ge4 ,aft] ! ov]*>ge is complet$1 take gravity read+s ( all ! cells4 ,a v>iation ( ab\t eight to t5 po9ts ei!r above or bel[ ! fully *>g$ gravity aft] correction = temp]ature does n mean t a cell requires any att5tion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o cell cont9ually reads m ?an #aj po9ts l[] !n ! o!rs1 ! :ole batt]y may be giv5 an ov]*>ge until ! gravity ( ! l[ cell comes up4 ,if ! cell !n does n %[ any t5d5cy to *>ge up prop]ly1 disconnect x f ! batt]y :ile ! batt]y is dis*>g+ & !n connect x 9 aga9 on ! next *>ge4 ,if ?is fails to br+ ! gravity ( ! cell up to normal1 ! cells %\ld be exam9$ = %ort circuits4 ,%ort circuits may be caus$ by brok5 sep>ators p]mitt+ ! active mat]ial to bridge betwe5 ! plates2 ! s$im5t 9 ! bottoms ( ! j>s may h rea*$ ! plates1 or conduct+ sub/ances may h fall5 9 ! cells4 ,brok5 sep>ators %\ld be replac$ )\t loss ( "t1 & ! cells clean$ if ! s$im5t 9 ! j>s is high4 ,regul> ,*>ge4 ,a ,regul> ,*>ge is made exactly l an ,ov]*>ge1 except t a ,regul> ,*>ge is /opp$ :5 cells are gass+ freely1 :5 ! voltage p] cell is ab\t #b4f1 & :5 ! specific gravity ( ! pilot cell rises to )9 #e po9ts ( :at x 0 on ! previ\s ,ov]*>ge4 ,t is1 if ! gravity read+ on ! ,ov]*>ge rose to #a4baj1 ! ,regul> ,*>ge %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! gravity rea*es #a4bje4 ,p>tial or ,rapid ,*>ge4 ,if !re is n en\gh "t to give ! batt]y a full ,regul> ,*>ge1 d\ble ! normal *>g+ rate & *>ge until all ! cells are gass+1 & !n r$uce to ! normal rate4 ,any curr5t :i* does n cause excessive temp]ature or premature gass+ is p]missible1 z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,if a complete *>ge _c be giv51 *>ge ! batt]y z long z ! available "t all[s1 & complete ! *>ge at ! e>lie/ possible opportunity4 ,dis*>ge ,d n all[ ! batt]y to dis*>ge until ! lights burn dim1 or ! voltage drops bel[ #a4h p] cell4 ,! specific gravity is a bett] guide ?an ! lamps or voltage4 ,! gravity falls z ! batt]y dis*>ges1 & is !re=e a good indicator ( ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,voltage read+s are good guides1 b !y mu/ be tak5 :ile ! batt]y is dis*>g+ at its normal rate4 ,if ! load on ! batt]y is heavy1 ! voltage p] cell might fall bel[ #a4h be=e ! batt]y 0 dis*>g$4 ,lamps w be dim if ! load on ! batt]y is heavy1 especially if !y are locat$ f> away f ! batt]y4 ,! specific gravity read+s are !re=e ! be/ means ( indicat+ :5 a batt]y is dis*>g$4 ,ov]dis*>ge4 ,be v c>eful n to dis*>ge ! batt]y beyond ! safe limits4 ,batt]ies dis*>g+ at l[ rates are liable to be ov]dis*>g$ be=e ! voltage gives any indication ( ! dis*>g$ condition4 ,?is is ano!r reason :y hydromet] read+s %\ld be us$ z a guide4 ,a batt]y mu/ be *>g$ z soon z x becomes dis*>g$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a good plan1 & "o :i* w l5g!n ! life ( ! batt]y1 to *>ge a batt]y :5 x is only ab\t ?ree f\r?s dis*>g$1 z indicat$ by ! hydromet]4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! specific gravity ( ! fully *>g$ batt]y is #a4bej1 & ! specific gravity :5 ! batt]y is dis*>g$ is #a4ahj4 ,?is batt]y has a range ( #a4bej m9us #a4ahj1 or #gj po9ts betwe5 *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,?is batt]y w give a long] life if its dis*>ge is /opp$ & ! batt]y is put on *>ge :5 ! gravity falls to #a4bjj1 a drop ( #ej po9ts in/ead ( ! all[able #gj4 ,all[+ dis*>g$ batt]y to /& )\t *>ge4 ,a batt]y %\ld nev] be all[$ to /& m ?an "o day 9 a dis*>g$ condition4 ,! batt]y w cont9ue to dis*>ge al?\gh no curr5t is drawn f x1 j z an automobile batt]y w4 ,see page #hi4 ,! batt]y plates & sep>ators w gradually become badly sulphat$ & x w be a difficult matt] to *>ge ! batt]y up to full capacity4 ,batt]y ,tr\bles ,f>m light+ batt]ies are subject to ! same g5]al tr\bles t automobile batt]ies are1 al?\gh !y are n z likely to occur because ! op]at+ conditions are n z sev]e z is ! case on ! automobile4 ,be+ 9 pla9 view at all times1 & n be+ *>g$ & dis*>g$ irregul>ly1 ! f>m light+ batt]y is n likely to give z mu* tr\ble z an automobile batt]y4 ,neglect1 su* z failure to keep ! electrolyte up to ! prop] height1 failure to *>ge z soon z ! batt]y becomes dis*>g$1 ov]dis*>g+1 all[+ batt]y to become too hot or too cold1 all[+ impurities to get into ! cells1 w lead to ! same tr\bles t ! same treatm5t w cause 9 an automobile batt]y1 & ! descriptions (1 & in/ructions = tr\bles 9 automobile batt]ies w apply 9 g5]al to f>m light+ batt]ies also4 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 giv+ tr\ble1 & y are call$3 ^u to diagnose & rem$y t tr\ble1 y %\ld3 #a4 ,get all ! details z to ! l5g? ( "t ! batt]y has be5 9 s]vice4 #b4 ,f9d out :at regul> att5tion has be5 paid to its upkeep2 :e!r x has be5 *>g$ regul>ly & giv5 an ov]*>ge once a mon?2 :e!r di/ill$ wat] has be5 us$ 9 replac+ evaporation ( wat] f ! electrolyte2 :e!r impurities su* z small nails1 pieces ( wire1 etc41 h ev] fall5 into any cell2 :e!r batt]y has ev] be5 all[$ to /& 9 a dis*>g$ condition = "o day or m2 :e!r temp]ature has be5 all[$ to rise above #aaj deg4 ,f4 at any "t2 :e!r electrolyte has ev] be5 froz5 due to batt]y /&+ dis*>g$ 9 v cold wea!r4 #c4 ,talk to ! own] long en\gh to judge ) :at intellig5ce he has tak5 c>e ( ! batt]y4 ,do+ ?is may1 save y bo? "t & subsequ5t emb>rassm5t f a wrong diagnosis result+ f incomplete data4 #d4 ,aft] gett+ all ! details t ! own] c supply1 y w probably "k j ab\t :at ! tr\ble is4 ,look ov] ! cells c>efully to det]m9e _! condition4 ,if ! j>s are made ( glass note ! foll[+3 7a7 ,height ( s$im5t 9 ea* j>4 7b7 ,color ( electrolyte4 ,?is %\ld be cle> & colorless4 ,a decid$ color ( any k9d usually means t dirty or impure wat] has be5 add$1 or impurities h fall5 into ! cell4 ,= discussion ( impurities see page #gf4 7c7 ,condition ( plates4 ,! same tr\bles %\ld be look$ = z 9 automobile batt]ies4 ,see pages #cci to #cdf4 ,an exam9ation ( ! outside negatives is usually suffici5t4 ,! condition ( ! positives may also be det]m9$ if a fla% light or o!r /rong light is direct$ on ! edges ( ! plates4 ,look = gr[?s or tree+ betwe5 plates4 7d7 ,condition ( sep>ators4 ,see page #cdf4 ,if cells h seal$ rubb] j>s1 proce$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,measure height ( electrolyte above plates ) glass tube1 z 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,if 9 any cell electrolyte is bel[ tops ( plates t cell is v likely ! defective "o1 & %\ld be fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,if a consid]able am\nt ( wat] is requir$ to fill ! j> x is be/ to op5 ! cell1 z ! plates h probably become damag$4 ,if ! j> is wet or ! rack is acid eat5 "u ! j>1 ! j> is crack$ & mu/ be replac$4 ,if y h n f\nd ! tr\ble1 make ! foll[+ te/s1 no matt] :e!r glass or rubb] j>s are us$3 7a7 ,measure specific gravity ( ea* cell4 ,if any cell is badly dis*>g$ x is probably %ort-circuit$1 or conta9s impurities & _h bett] be op5$ = inspection4 7b7 ,turn on all ! lamps & measure ! voltage ( ea* cell4 ,if any cell %[s a voltage mu* less ?an #a4h x is %ort-circuit$ or conta9s impurities1 & %\ld be op5$ = inspection4 7c7 ,exam9e ! connections betwe5 cells = loos5ess or corrosion2 & exam9e ! connections betwe5 ! batt]y & ! g5]ator1 go+ ov] cables1 swit*es1 rheo/ats1 etc4 ,make sure t y h a complete & clos$ *>g+ circuit betwe5 ! g5]ator & ! batt]y4 7d7 ,if cut\t is us$ on ! swit*bo>d1 see t its contact po9ts are smoo? & clean1 & t !y "w freely4 7e7 ,run ! g5]ator to see if x builds up a voltage :i* is suffici5t to *>ge ! batt]y1 ab\t #db volts = a #af cell batt]y4 ,if ! g5]ator is n work+ prop]ly1 exam9e x accord+ to directions on page #dea4 ,*eck up ! field circuit ( ! g5]ator to be sure t x is clos$4 ,a circuit-te/] made ( a buzz] & sev]al dry cells1 or a l[ voltage lamp & dry cells1 or a h& magneto is conv5i5t = use 9 te/+ circuits4 ,te/ armature w9d+s & field coils = gr\nds4 ,by ! =ego+ me?ods y %\ld be able to det]m9e :at is to be done4 ,! foll[+ rules %\ld also help3 ,clean+ & r5ewal ( electrolyte is necess>y :53 7a7 ,s$im5t has ris5 to )9 "o-half in* ( ! bottom ( ! plates4 7b7 ,mu* =eign mat]ial is float+ 9 ! electrolyte1 or electrolyte is ( a deep br[n color4 ,replacem5t ( p>ts is necess>y :5 7a7 ,sep>ators are crack$ or w>p$4 ,see page #cdf = ,sep>ator tr\bles4 7b7 ,plates are defective4 ,see rules on pages #cci to #cdf4 ,,pre/-,o-,,lite ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #cjj ,elem5t f ,pre/-,o-,light f>m light cell ,! ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]y :i* is design$ = use 9 connection ) f>m light+ plants is kn[n z ! ,,fpl type4 ,cells ( #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac & #ae plates are made1 ! numb] ( plates be+ indicat$ by putt+ ! figure 9 front ( ! type lett]s4 ,a sev5 plate cell is ?us designat$ z a #g ,,fpl cell1 :i* has an #hj amp]e h\r capacity at ! #h h\r cont9u\s dis*>ge rate4 ,! ,,fpl cell1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bie1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjb & #cjc1 has a seal$ glass j> ) a lead antimony cov]4 ,! cov] con/ruction is %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #cja & #cjb4 ,insulation betwe5 ! po/s & cov] is provid$ by a h>d rubb] bu%+1 a h>d rubb] wa%]1 & a s(t rubb] wa%]4 ,! bu%+ is %ap$ l a ,t ) a hole drill$ 9 ! /em4 ,! /em ( ! bu%+ fits d[n into ! po/ hole 9 ! cov]1 ! flange at ! top te/+ on ! rais$ portion ( ! cov] ar\nd ! po/ hole4 ,! po/ has a %\ld] a little less ?an halfway up f its l[] end4 ,^u ?is %\ld] is plac$ ! h>d rubb] wa%]1 & ^u ! h>d rubb] wa%] is plac$ ! s(t rubb] wa%]4 ,?is assembly is fa/5$ to ! cov] by ! pe5+ process us$ 9 ,pre/-,o-,lite automobile batt]ies z describ$ on page #chf4 ,?is =ces ! s(t rubb] wa%] tightly aga9/ ! cov] s z to make a leak pro( jo9t-betwe5 ! bu%+ & cov]4 ,! r+ ( lead =m$ ar\nd ! po/s by ! pe5+ process supports ! po/s1 plates1 & sep>ators1 :i* !re=e are susp5d$ f ! cell cov]4 ,! plate /raps ext5d horizontally across ! tops ( ! plates1 & ?us also act z hold-d[ns = ! sep>ators4 ,! sep>ators are held up by two rectangul> rubb] bridges :i* fit ,mito slott$ ext5sion lugs ca/ into ! l[] corn]s ( ! outside negative plates4 ,an outside negative hav+ ^! ext5sion lugs is %[n 9 ,figure #cjc4 ,fig4 #cja ,cov] ( ,pre/-,o-,light f>m light+ cell ,fig4 #cjb ,p>ts ( ,pre/-,o-,light f>m light+ cell3 nut1 /ud1 t]m9al1 h>d rubb] bu%+ ,fig4 #cjc;a ,p>ts ( ,pre/-,o-,light f>m+ light cell3 glass j>1 rubb] j>1 rubb] cell connector1 glass cell connector ,fig4 #cjc;b ,p>ts ( ,pre/-,o-,light f>m light+ cell3 positive plate & outside negative plate ,fig4 #cjc;c ,p>ts ( ,pre/-,o-,light f>m light+ cell3 long lead jump]1 jump]1 sep>ator1 %ort lead jump] ,specific ,gravity ( ,electrolyte4 ,! values ( ! specific gravity ( ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies are z foll[s3 ,batt]y fully *>g$ reads #a4bej ,batt]y ?ree-f\r?s *>g$ reads #a4bcj ,batt]y "o-half *>g$ reads #a4bae ,batt]y "o-f\r? *>g$ reads #a4bjj ,batt]y dis*>g$ completely reads #a4ahj ,^! read+s are to be tak5 ) ! electrolyte at a temp]ature ( #hj ,fahr5heit4 ,read+s tak5 at o!r temp]atures %\ld be conv]t$ to #hj4 ,to conv]t read+s at a l[] temp]ature to ! values !y w\ld h at #hj1 subtract "o po9t = e two & "o-half degrees temp]ature diff]5ce4 ,= example1 suppose a cell reads #a4bbe gravity at #fj4 ,to f9d :at ! gravity w\ld be if ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte 7 #hj divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 #hj & #fj by #b-a_/b1 or #hj m9us #fj divid$ by #ba_/b equals #h4 ,! gravity at #hj w\ld !re=e be #a4bbe m9us 4#jjh1 or #a4bag1 :i* is ! value ( specific gravity to use4 ,if ! specific gravity is read at a high] temp]ature ?an #hj1 divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 #hj & ! temp]ature at :i* ! gravity read+ 0 tak5 by #ba_/b1 & add ! result to ! actual gravity read+ obta9$4 ,if1 = example1 ! gravity 7 #a4bbe at #ajj1 ! gravity at #hj w\ld be #a4bbe plus 4#jjh1 or #a4bcc4 ,*>g+ ,rates4 ,! normal *>g+ rate to be us$ 9 giv+ ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies a regul> *>ge or ov]*>ge are z foll[s3 ,batt]y ,*>g+ ,rate ------- ------------- #e ,f4,p4,l4 #e4j amps4 #g ,f4,p4,l4 #g4e amps4 #i ,f4,p4,l4 #aj4j amps4 #aa ,f4,p4,l4 #ab4e amps4 #ac ,f4,p4,l4 #ae4j amps4 #ae ,f4,p4,l4 #ag4e amps4 ,rebuild+ ,pre/-,o-,lite ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies ,op5+ ! ,cell4 #a4 ,make sure t ! cell is z fully *>g$ z possible4 ,s9ce x is n v conv5i5t to *>ge a s+le cell1 a good "t to op5 a cell = clean+ & repair+ is imm$iately aft] ! batt]y has be5 giv5 an ov]*>ge4 ,see page #dee4 #b4 ,disconnect ! cell f ! adjo9+ ones4 #c4 ,heat a ?9 blad$ putty knife & ins]t x "u ! edge ( ! lead-antimony cov] to melt ! seal+ comp\nd4 ,run ! knife all r\nd ! cov]1 heat+ x aga9 if x %\ld become too cool to cut ! comp\nd readily4 #d4 ,grasp ! lead po/s above ! cov] & lift up gradually4 ,?is w br+ up ! cov]1 plates1 & sep>ators4 #e4 ,place ! plates on a clean bo>d = exam9ation4 ,use ! in/ructions giv5 on pages #cci to #cdf4 ,d n keep ! plates out ( ! electrolyte long en\gh to let !m dry1 & ! negatives heat up4 ,if y _c exam9e ! plates z soon z y h remov$ !m imm]se !m 9 #a4bej acid conta9$ 9 a lead or non-metallic vessel until y c exam9e !m4 #f4 ,9 r5ew+ ! electrolyte1 p\r 9 z mu* new #a4bej acid z !re 0 old electrolyte 9 ! j>4 7,x is assum$ t ! electrolyte 0 up to ! l[] ridge ( ! glass j> be=e ! cell 0 op5$47 ,! new electrolyte mu/ n h a temp]ature above #ajj degrees :5 x is p\r$ into ! j>4 #g4 ,! sep>ators c be pull$ out easily :5 ! plates are laid on _! sides4 ,all t is necess>y is to remove ! small rubb] bridge at ! bottom corn]s ( ! plates4 ,! sep>ators c !n be pull$ out4 ,if ! old sep>ators are to be us$ aga9 bru% (f any mat]ial t may be adh]+ to !m1 & keep !m wet ) #a4bej acid until !y are replac$ betwe5 ! plates4 ,any sep>ators t %[ cracks or holes1 or t split :ile be+ replac$ betwe5 ! plates %\ld be ?r[n away & new ones us$4 #h4 ,x is n necess>y to remove ! s$im5t f ! bottom ( ! j> unless x is )9 "o half in* ( ! bottom ( ! plates4 ,if ! s$im5t is to be remov$1 c>efully p\r (f ! cle> electrolyte into a lead1 h>d rubb]1 or e>!nw>e j>1 if ! electrolyte is to be us$ aga94 #i4 ,if "o or two ( ! plates 9 ei!r positive or negative gr\ps ne$ to be replac$ x is be/ to burn a new plate to ! /rap )\t remov+ ! pe5$ cov]4 ,?is is done by block+ "u ! r[ ( plate lugs ) metal blocks aft] cutt+ (f old plate & clean+ ! surface ( /rap4 ,ins]t new plate1 ! lug ( :i* has be5 cut ab\t #a_/d in* %ort1 to all[ = new metal4 ,*oos+ small oblong iron blocks ( suitable size1 build a =m ab\t ! plate lug :i* fits same well4 ,n[ ) a tor* & burn+ lead fuse ! new plate onto ! old /rap4 ,:5 cool remove & te/ jo9t by pull+ & slightly twi/+ ! plate at ! same "t4 ,sometimes "o gr\p ( a />t+ & light+ batt]y may be 9 suffici5tly good condition to pay to comb9e x ) a new gr\p1 b ?is condition w v r>ely1 if ev]1 be met 9 f>m light+ cell s]vice4 ,we advise ! replacem5t ( ! complete cell elem5t if ei!r gr\p is worn out1 = ! co/ ( repairs & ( new gr\p w probably n be w>rant$ by ! %ort additional life :i* ! rema9+ old gr\p w give4 #aj4 ,putt+ ,repair$ ,cell ,back into ,s]vice4 ,aft] hav+ f9i%$ all necess>y clean+1 replacem5t1 or repairs1 remove all old seal+ mat]ial1 return ! elem5t ) atta*$ lead cov] to ! cell j>4 ,x is n necess>y to reseal ! cov] to ! j>s ?is seal+ is ess5tial only = insurance aga9/ breakage or leakage 9 %ipm5t4 ,add ?r\gh ! v5t plug op5+ suffici5t cool acid ( #a4bej ,sp4 ,gr4 to ree/abli% ! prop] electrolyte level1 :i* means t ! electrolyte is br\ght up to ! l[] m\ld$ glass ridge ne> ! top ( j>4 ,connect ! cell ) any o!r repair$ cells & *>ge at normal rate already indicat$ "u *>g+ rates until dell voltage reads #b4e or above1 at #hj4 ,! positive to cadmium voltage %\ld be at lea/ #j4aj volts less ?an cell voltage itself4 ,:5 ?is condition is obta9$ cell may be replac$ 9 op]at+ circuit ) o!rs & %\ld give satisfactory s]vice4 ,,exide ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies4 ,exide ,f>m light+ ,batt]ies are made ) seal$ glass j>s1 op5 glass j>s1 & seal$ rubb] j>s1 ea* ( :i* w be describ$4 ,batt]ies ) ,seal$ ,glass ,j>s4 ,two types ) seal$ glass j>s are made1 ^! be+ ! ,delco ,light ,type1 & ! ,exide type4 #a4 ,delco-,light ,type4 ,?is type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bid4 ,! cell %[n is a pilot cell1 !re be+ two ( ^! 9 ea* batt]y z expla9$ bel[4 ,^! cells are made 9 two sizes1 ! ,,kxg-#g1 #g plate1 #hj amp]e h\r cell1 & ! ,,kxg-#ac1 a #ac plate1 #afj amp]e h\r cell4 ,^! cells are assembl$ into a #cb volt1 #af cell batt]y1 or a #aaj volt1 #ef cell batt]y4 ,! plate gr\ps are support$ f ! cov]1 ! weight be+ c>ri$ by ! wood5 cov] supports z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bid4 ,! /rap po/s are ?read$1 & are clamp$ to ! cov] & supports by means ( alloy nuts1 j z is ! case 9 ,exide automobile batt]ies4 ,a h>d rubb] support+ rod or lock p9 ext5d+ across ! bottoms ( ! plates holds ! sep>ators 9 position & prev5ts ! plates f fl>+ out at ! bottom4 ,a s(t rubb] bump] fa/5$ on ea* end ( ! rod acts z a cu%ion to prev5t j> breakage 9 %ipp+4 ,! h>d rubb] cov] ov]laps ! flang$ top ( ! j>1 to :i* x is seal$ ) special comp\nd4 ,batt]y ,gauges & ,in/rum5ts = ,te/+4 ,e set ( ,delco-,light batt]ies has ei!r "o or two cells equipp$ ) a pilot ball4 ,su* a cell is kn[n z a ,,pilot ,,cell4 ,fig4 #bid4 ,pilot ,cells are us$ to indicate to ! ,,us] ! approximate /ate ( *>ge or dis*>ge ( ! batt]y4 ,! pilot ball is a batt]y gauge :i* is ,,up or ,,d[n1 dep5d+ ^u ! /ate ( *>ge ( ! batt]y4 ,v high temp]ature affects ! op]ation ( ! pilot ball4 ,?is acc\nts =-! fact t occasionally a batt]y w be *>g$ & ! pilot ball w be at ! bottom ( ! pocket4 ,a few h\rs lat]1 aft] ! electrolyte has cool$1 ! pilot ball w rise to ! top4 ,we urge t ! us] be made to feel t ! pilot ball is an excell5t gauge & a good signal to wat* 9 connection ) ! c>e & op]ation ( 8 ,delco-,light plant & batt]y4 7,fur!r m5tion w be made ( ! pilot ball 9 connection ) ! subject ( prop] op]ation47 ,x is necess>y t ! maximum specific gravity ( pilot cells be z ne> #a4bbj z possible4 ,any great v>iation high] or l[] w affect ! op]ation ( ! pilot balls4 ,!re=e1 e ef=t %\ld be made to adju/ ! maximum specific gravity ( pilot cells to #a4bbj :5 plac$ 9 s]vice4 ,batt]ies equipp$ ) "o pilot cell conta9 a :ite pilot ball :i* w be up :5 ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte is approximately #a4ahe4 ,?is ball w drop ,,d[n :5 ! specific gravity falls a little bel[ #a4ahe4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pilot ball w float at a specific gravity ( #a3ahe or high]1 & w s9k at a specific gravity l[] ?an #a4ahe4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! pilot ball is ,,up1 ! batt]y is m ?an half *>g$4 ,:5 ! pilot ball is ,,d[n1 ! batt]y is m ?an half dis*>g$4 ,batt]ies equipp$ ) two pilot cells h "o cell :i* conta9s a :ite ball & ! o!r cell a :ite ball ) a blue b&4 ,! pla9 :ite ball w be ,,up :5 ! specific gravity is approximately #a4age4 ,! blue b& ball w be ,,up :5 ! specific gravity is approximately #a4bje4 ,:5 bo? balls are ,,up1 ! batt]y is *>g$4 ,:5 ,,d[n1 ! batt]y is dis*>g$4 ,! blue b& ball w drop soon aft] ! batt]y />ts on dis*>ge1 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! specific gravity falls bel[ #a4bje4 ,! :ite ball w rema9 ,,up until ! specific gravity falls bel[ #a4age4 ,! ,amp]e-,h\r ,met] ,! amp]e-h\r met]1 ,fig4 #cjd1 is an in/rum5t = indicat+ to ! us] ! /ate ( *>ge ( ! batt]y at all times & s]ves to-/op ! plant automatically s equipp$1 :5 ! batt]y is *>g$4 7,fur!r m5tion w be made ( ! amp]e h\r met] on page #dga47 ,9 ord] to *eck ! spe$ ( ! amp]e-h\r met]1 use ! foll[+ rule3 ,on *>ge1 ! armature disc %\ld give #af revolutions 9 #cj seconds1 ) a *>g+ rate ( #ae amp]es2 on dis*>ge1 ! armature disc %\ld give #bj revolutions 9 #cj seconds1 ) a dis*>g+ rate ( #ae amp]es4 ,fig4 #cjd ,delco-,light ,amp]e-,h\r ,met] ,hydromet]s ,! /&>d hydromet] = s]vice m5 is kn[n z ! ,type ,v-#b;,b4 ,a special type hydromet] %[+ ?ree color$ b&s 9 place ( numb]s has be5 design$ = us]s4 ,! b&s are r$1 gre5 & black4 ,:5 ! hydromet] te/ %[s ! bottom ( ! r$ b& 9 ! electrolyte1 ! batt]y1 :e!r 9 glass or rubb] j>1 is dis*>g$4 ,:5 ! top ( ! gre5 b& is out ( ! electrolyte1 ! glass j> batt]y is *>g$4 ,! top ( ! black b& out ( ! electrolyte indicates ! rubb] j> batt]y is *>g$4 ,:5 & ,h[ to ,*>ge ,batt]y ,plants ) ,av]age ,loads ,loads ( legs ?an t5 7#aj7 amp]es c be tak5 directly f ! batt]y1 until3 #a4 ,! l>ge h& on ! amp]e-h\r met] rea*es #ab1 or #b4 ,bo? pilot balls are d[n1 or #c4 ,hydromet] te/ %[s bottom ( r$ b& 9 ! electrolyte4 ,if any or all ( ! ?ree gauges li/$ above %[ ! batt]y dis*>g$1 ! plant %\ld be />t$ & op]at$ cont9u\sly until ! batt]y is *>g$1 z indicat$ by3 #a4 ,amp]e-h\r met] h& at ,,full1 or #b4 ,bo? pilot balls ,,up1 or #c4 ,hydromet] te/ %[s top ( ,,full b& out ( electrolyte4 7,,note3 ,any "o or all ( ! above ?ree items may indicate batt]y *>g$4 ,met] h& at ,,full w\ld necessitate bo? balls ,,up4 ,if bo? balls are n up1 set h& back & *>ge to br+ !m up2 !n set h& at ,,full47 ,%\ld ! us] be op]at+ = two or ?ree h\rs ) a sev5 or eight-amp]e load1 x w\ld be m effici5t to run ! plant to c>ry ?is load4 ,?is only applies = ^? cases :]e ! batt]y is p>tly dis*>g$4 ,c>ry ,heavy ,loads ,great] ,?an #aj ,amp]es4 ,if !re is a con/ant load ( #aj amp]es or m1 ! plant %\ld be />t$ up :5 ! heavy load comes on4 ,:5 ! heavy load is (f1 ! plant may be /opp$1 b x w\ld be entirely satisfactory to all[ ! plant to cont9ue to run until ,*>g$1 z indicat$ by3 #a4 ,amp]e-h\r met] h& rea*es ,,full1 or #b4 ,bo? pilot balls are ,,up1 or #c4 ,hydromet] te/ %[s top ( ,,full b& out ( electrolyte4 ,9 any case1 plant %\ld be run until batt]y is ,*>g$ at lea/ once a week4 ,always ,/>t ,*>g+ ,:5 ,batt]y ,gauges ,indicate ,batt]y ,dis*>g$4 ,on amp]e-h\r met] plants1 :5 ! h& is at ,,full1 ! plant _c be op]at$ on acc\nt ( ! ignition circuit be+ brok54 ,9 su* cases all[ load to be tak5 f ! batt]y until ! h& travels back suffici5tly to all[ ! plant to run4 ,occasionally ! plant & batt]y are us$ to c>ry cont9u\s loads ( f #aj to #ae amp]es ea* night1 ) practically no day load4 ,?is condition necessitates runn+ ! plant to c>ry ! load1 b at ! same "t ! batt]y is cont9ually receiv+ f #aj to #ae amp]es *>ge1 ) ! result t ! batt]y may receive too mu* *>g+4 ,?is w\ld be indicat$ by ! batt]y bubbl+ freely e "t ! plant is op]at$4 ,to prev5t ?is condition1 ! us] %\ld be in/ruct$ to c>ry ! load (f ! batt]y frequ5tly en\gh to prev5t cont9ual bubbl+4 ,:]e ,small ,load ,is ,us$4 ,!re are _m in/allations :]e ! batt]y capacity is suffici5t to la/ sev]al weeks4 ,on in/allations ( ?is k9d x is advisable to *>ge ! batt]y to ,,full at lea/ once a week4 ,! deal] or s]vice man %\ld use 8 own judgm5t on ! prec$+ in/ructions z to :i* is be/ suit$ = ! diff]5t conditions enc\nt]$4 ,regul>ly on ! fir/ ( ea* mon?1 reg>dless ( :e!r or n ! batt]y has be5 us$1 a special *>ge1 call$ ! ,equaliz+ ,*>ge1 %\ld be giv54 ,?is *>ge %\ld be giv5 z foll[s3 ,! batt]y %\ld be *>g$ until ,,ea* cell is bubbl+ freely f top to bottom on surface ( ! outside negative plates & !n ! *>ge %\ld be cont9u$ = ,,two ,,m ,,h\rs4 ,! mon?ly equaliz+ *>ge is a ,,necess>y precaution>y measure to insure t ! us] w br+ ea* cell 9 ! batt]y up to maximum gravity at lea/ once a mon?4 ,x also provides a means on ! amp]e-h\r met] plants to set ! amp]e-h\r met] h& at ,,full :5 ! batt]y is ,,full4 ,! us]s %\ld be caution$ to in=m ! s]vice man or deal] imm$iately if any cell fails to bubble at ! end ( an equaliz+ *>ge1 :5 all o!rs are bubbl+ freely4 ,?is w enable ! s]vice man to inspect su* cells = tr\ble & rem$y same be=e ! tr\ble becomes s]i\s4 7,see fur!r in=mation "u inspection & repairs47 ,,inspection ,,trips ,und]*>g+ or injuri\s sulphation is ! mo/ common tr\ble enc\nt]$4 ,und]*>g+ causes ! plates to bli/] & bulge1 & 9 place ( good gray edges on ! negative plates & good br[n color edges on ! positive plates1 ! edges w %[ a fad$ color1 ) v little br[n color %[+ on ! edges ( ! positive plates4 ,ov]*>g+ is n s evid5t on inspection1 except t 9 su* cases ! active mat]ial f ! positive plates1 :i* is br[n 9 color1 w be ?r[n to ! bottom z s$im5t m rapidly ?an ! s$im5t w\ld accumulate due to normal we>4 ,heavy usage on a batt]y w also cause consid]able s$im5t 9 ! bottom ( ! cells1 s t x is necess>y to inve/igate c>efully :e!r x is ov]*>g+ or ov]work4 ,a few que/ions z to me?od ( op]ation & load requirem5ts w aid 9 decid+ ! cause ( excessive s$im5t4 7,see ,:5 & ,h[ to ,*>ge1 page #dfh47 ,s$im5t ,space ,fill$4 ,:5 ! space bel[ ! plates is fill$ up ) s$im5t & t\*+ ! plates1 ! cell becomes %ort-circuit$ & w det]iorate v rapidly4 ,x w be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! s$im5t is heap$ 9 ! middle ( ! cell4 ,if ! cells are unbolt$ & un%ak51 x w level ! s$im5t & leave a space betwe5 ! s$im5t & plates4 ,x is v important t ! s$im5t be %ak5 d[n be=e ! cell becomes %ort-circuit$4 ,?is w v (t5 prolong ! life ( ! batt]y a numb] ( mon?s4 ,:5 ! s$im5t space is completely fill$1 approximately all ! active mat]ial w be out ( ! positive plates4 ,a ?or\gh /udy %\ld be made z to ! g5]al condition ( ! batt]y & me?od ( op]ation be=e =m+ an op9ion or sugge/+ any *ange 9 me?od ( op]ation4 ,*eck ,amp]e-,h\r ,met]s ,on plants :i* h amp]e-h\r met]s1 ! met] %\ld be *eck$ z to its spe$ on dis*>ge1 & also *eck position ( ! met] h& at ! "t ( inspection1 to see if x *ecks ) ! specific gravity & ! pilot balls4 7,see ,amp]e ,h\r ,met]1 page #dfg47 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t :5 a batt]y is sulphat$1 x is op]at+ 9 v l[ specific gravity1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! *>ges h n be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh to drive all ! acid out ( ! plates4 ,a batt]y t is n receiv+ q en\gh *>ge may n z a :ole become sulphat$1 b sev]al cells might become consid]ably weak] ?an ! o!rs & become sulphat$1 caus+ tr\ble 9 ^! p>ticul> cells4 ,su* cells w n bubble freely1 or possibly n at all1 :5 ! o!r cells are bubbl+ freely4 ,!re=e1 a few que/ions to ! us] w g5]ally help 9 locat+ ! l[ cells4 ,cells t are 9 tr\ble1 or :i* soon w be1 c v easily be pick$ out by mak+ a few te/s on ! batt]y4 ,!re=e1 on all inspections1 reg>dless ( ! age ( a batt]y1 x is sugge/$ t ! foll[+ te/s be made3 ,take a specific gravity read+ ( all cells & note if !re are any cells mu* l[] ?an ! o!rs4 ,amy cells hav+ a specific gravity ( #cj po9ts l[] ?an ! av]age w g5]ally be f\nd to be 9 tr\ble1 unless ^! cells happ5 to be l[ f hav+ _h spillage 9 %ipm5t1 replac$ ) wat]4 7,?is condition1 h[ev]1 %\ld n exi/ 9 future in/allations if ! spillage is prop]ly tak5 c>e (1 z has be5 expla9$ on page #dhb47 ,voltage ,read+s ,aft] tak+ a specific gravity read+1 a voltage read+ ( ea* cell %\ld be tak54 ,voltage read+s tak5 on op5 circuit are ( no value1 s :ile tak+ ^! read+s ! batt]y %\ld be on dis*>ge1 hav+ at lea/ a dis*>ge ( #ae amp]es4 ,a good way to get ?is dis*>ge is to hold ! />t+ swit* 9 & set mix+ valve lev] at lean po9t or wide op54 ,a l[ or defective cell w %[ a voltage read+ 4#aj to 4#bj volts l[] ?an ! o!r cells on dis*>ge1 :ile a rev]s$ cell w %[ a read+ 9 ! rev]s$ direction :5 on dis*>ge1 especially on heavy dis*>ge4 ,! voltage read+s are a sure *eck if tak5 9 connection ) ! specific gravity4 ,:5 y h l[ specific gravity & l[ voltage on ! same cells1 x is a sure indication ( l[ cells4 ,^! cells %\ld be inspect$ = ! probable cause ( _! be+ l[4 ,%ort+ ( ! lugs at bottom ( plates & moss bridg+ across at bottom ( ! elem5ts1 or possibly a split sep>ator1 w g5]ally be ! ma9 tr\ble4 ,:5 any ( ^! conditions exi/1 x is be/ to take ! l[ cells back to y\r %op = repairs4 ,:5 !re is absolutely no indication :y ! cells are l[1 !y c be cut out ( ! batt]y on dis*>ge & put 9 on *>ge1 until !y come up4 ,! foll[+ is a good example ( read+s tak5 on a batt]y ) a #aj-;amp]e dis*>ge & hav+ f\r l[ cells1 #d1 #h1 #aa & #af4 ,! batt]y _h be5 giv+ poor s]vice1 due to insuffici5t *>g+3 ,cell ,no4 ,specific ,gravity ,volts #a #a4bjj #a4ih #b #a4ahj #a4ie #c #a4bje #a4ih #d #a4aej #a4ge #e #a4aij #a4ie #f #a4aie #a4ih #g #a4bjj #a4ih #h #a4acj #a4gj #i #a4bjj #a4ie #aj #a4bje #a4ih #aa #a4ajj #a4dj #ab #a4aij #a4ie #ac #a4ahj #a4ie #ad #a4aie #a4ih #ae #a4aij #a4ie #af #j4jjj z]o or rev]sal ,! ma9 ?+ to consid] 9 *eck+ voltage read+s is ! v>iation f ! av]age4 ,! av]age voltage read+s w v>y1 dep5d+ on ! /ate ( *>ge ( ! batt]y :5 ! read+s are tak54 ,,repairs ,to repair1 ! foll[+ equipm5t is necess>y3 #a4 ,portable lead burn+ outfit4 #b4 ,a suitable bl[ tor*4 #c4 ,/&>d seal+ nut wr5*4 #d4 ,file 7%oemak]'s rasp74 #e4 ,pair ( pli]s4 #f4 ,putty knife4 #g4 ,pair ( t9 snips4 #h4 ,wood5 blocks to support elem5ts :ile be+ work$ ^u4 #i4 ,good supply ( batt]y p>ts consi/+ (3 ,,kxg-#ac ,glass j>s ,,kxg-#ac ,pilot j>s ,,kxg-#ac ,positive gr\ps ,,kxg-#ac ,negative gr\ps ,,kxg-#ac ,r\nd rods ,,kxg-#ac ,v5t plugs ,seal+ nuts ,rubb] gaskets ,wood sep>ators ,,kxg-#ac ,rubb] cov]s ,,kxg-#g ,r\nd rods ,lead p9s ,c>boy electrolyte 7includ+ reta9]74 ,,kxg-#g ,pilot j>s ,,kxg-#g ,glass j>s ,,kxg-#g ,positive gr\ps ,,kxg-#g ,negative gr\ps ,outside negative plates ,,kxg-#g ,rubb] cov]s ,em]g5cy repair /raps ,disassembl+ a ,cell ,! glass j> batt]y cov]s are seal$ to ! j>s by seal+ comp\nd1 :i* may be s(t5$ v easily ) a bl[-tor*4 ,:5 a bl[-tor* or an op5 flame is us$ = s(t5+ ! seal+ comp\nd1 ! v5t plug ,,mu/ be remov$ be=e apply+ a flame4 ,x is also important to bl[ into ! v5t aft] ! plug has be5 remov$ 9 ord] to expel any gas t may h collect$ 9 ! space above ! electrolyte 9 ! cell4 ,if ! gas is held 9 place by leav+ ! v5t plug 91 x is apt to explode :5 an op5 flame or int5se heat is appli$ to ! cov]41 ,remov+ cov]s may be greatly facilitat$ by susp5d+ ! cell by ! t]m9als1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cje4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to make ?is susp5sion s t ! bottom ( ! j> w n be m ?an two in*es above ! table4 ,a pad ( excelsior %\ld be plac$ "u x to avoid break+ ! glass j> :5 x drops4 ,fig4 #cje ,s(t5+ seal+ comp\nd1 ,delco-,light cell ,aft] ! seal+ comp\nd has be5 suffici5tly s(t5$1 ! cov] may be loos5$ by ins]t+ a hot putty knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjf1 ,!re is no dang] ( break+ ! cov] by ?is op]ation if ! cov] has be5 suffici5tly w>m$4 ,aft] ! j> ( electrolyte has dropp$1 ! elem5t %\ld be remov$ f ! j> & c>efully plac$ across ! top ( x1 s t ! solution ^u ! plates w dra9 back into ! j>4 7,see ,fig4 #cjg47 ,fig4 #cjf ,remov+ ,delco-,light cell cov] ,fig4 #cjg ,dra9+ elem5t1 ,delco-,light cell ,fig4 #cjh ,remov+ cov] ( ,delco-,light cell ,fig4 #cji ,remov+ lock p91 ,delco-,light cell ,aft] elem5t has dra9$1 place on wood5 blocks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjh1 & remove cov]4 ,clean ! seal+ comp\nd f ! cov] & j> imm$iately ) a putty knife4 ,turn elem5t upside d[n ) po/s ?r\gh holes 9 b5* & remove lead p9 & rubb] bump] & )draw1 lock p94 7,fig4 #cji47 ,! sep>ators may !n be )drawn f ! gr\p4 7,fig4 #caj47 ,fig4 #caj ,remov+ sep>atots1 ,delco-,light cell ,fig4 #caa ,assembl+ sep>ators1 ,delco-,light cell ,assembl+ ,place ! positive & negative gr\ps upside d[n ) po/s ?r\gh holes 9 b5* & slide 9 sep>ators4 ,! wood & rubb] sep>ators are ins]t$ z foll[s3 ,! rubb] sep>ator is plac$ aga9/ ! groov$ side ( ! wood sep>ator1 & ! two are !n slipp$ betwe5 ! negative & positive plates ) ! rubb] sep>ator next to ! positive plate4 7,see ,fig4 #caa47 ,ins]t+ ,lock+ ,p9 ,a rubb] bump] is p9n$ on "o end ( ! lock p9 by means ( a lead p91 & ! lock p9 is !n slipp$ into place ) ! lock p9 insulat+ wa%] plac$ betwe5 ! outside negative plates & ! wood sep>ators4 7,see ,fig4 #cab47 ,a rubb] bump] is !n slipp$ ov] ! o!r end ( ! lock p9 & secur$ by a lead p94 ,place elem5t on wood5 blocks & fa/5 cov]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cac4 ,fig4 #cac ,fa/5+ cov]1 ,delco-,light cell ,fig4 #cad ,prep>+ cov] = seal+1 ,delco-,light cell ,seal+ ,cov]s ,be sure all old seal+ comp\nd & traces ( electrolyte are remov$ f ! cov]4 ,heat seal+ comp\nd until x c be h&l$ l putty1 roll out into a /rip ab\t #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 place /rip ( comp\nd ar\nd inside edge ( cov] 7,fig4 #cad7 & heat to melt+ po9t ) bl[-tor*4 ,! top ( j> %\ld also be heat$ to insure a tight seal4 ,comp\nd c be melt$ 9 a suitable vessel & a #a_/b in* /rip p\r$ ar\nd cov]4 ,:5 seal+ comp\nd & j> h be5 heat$ suffici5tly1 turn j> upside d[n 7,fig4 #cae7 & c>efully place j> ov] elem5t & press g5tly into comp\nd4 7,d n press h>d47 ,imm$iately place j> & elem5t upright1 & press cov] firmly into place4 7,press h>d47 ,f9ally1 tight5 seal+ nuts4 ,! cell is n[ ready = ! electrolyte4 ,fig4 #cae ,seal+ j> ( ,delco-,light cell ,fill+ ,cell ) ,electrolyte ,repair$ cells %\ld be fill$ ) electrolyte ( #a4bjj specific gravity1 or ) wat]1 z ! case may require4 ,/&>d ,delco-,light electrolyte ( #a4bbj specific gravity may be pur*as$ f ! ,delco ,light di/ributor4 ,! #a4bbj electrolyte %\ld be r$uc$ to #a4bjj by add+ a v small am\nt ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ by p\r+ ! solution f "o batt]y j> into ano!r4 ,! #a4bjj specific gravity electrolyte may !n be add$ to ! newly assembl$ cell until flu% ) ! wat] l9e4 ,*>g+ ,! complet$ ,,kxg-#ac cell %\ld be plac$ on a #ab-;amp]e *>ge & kept on *>ge until maximum gravity has be5 rea*$4 ,a ,,kxg-#g cell %\ld be *>g$ at a #f-;amp]e rate4 ,adju/+ ,gravity ( ,electrolyte ,if ! maximum gravity is above #a4bbj1 draw (f "s ( ! electrolyte & refill to wat] l9e ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! *>ge %\ld !n be cont9u$ = at lea/ "o h\r to ?or\ghly mix ! electrolyte be=e tak+ ano!r hydromet] read+4 ,x may be necess>y to repeat ?is op]ation4 ,if ! maximum gravity is bel[ #a4bbj1 p\r (f ! electrolyte into a glass j> or a suitable receptacle1 & !n refill ! cell ) #a4bbj electrolyte4 ,*>ge = "o h\r to ?or\ghly mix ! solution be=e *eck+ read+s4 ,,note3 ,gravity read+s 9 adju/+ ! electrolyte %\ld always be tak5 9 connection ) !rmomet] read+s1 mak+ necess>y temp]ature corrections4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly important 9 adju/+ electrolyte 9 pilot cells4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,repair ,,delco-,,light ,,cells ,treat+ ,brok5 ,cells ,:5ev] a %ipm5t ( batt]ies is receiv$ 9 :i* any ( ! j>s h be5 brok51 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to c>efully remove ! elem5ts f ! brok5 j>s to prev5t damage to ! plates or sep>ators4 ,^! elem5ts %\ld be plac$ 9 di/ill$ wat] to prev5t fur!r dry+4 ,! plates w n be damag$ 9 any way & c be re/or$ to a heal?y condition by *>g+ 9 #a4bjj specific gravity at a #ab-;amp]e rate = ! #ac-plate cell or1 #f-;amp]e rate = ! #g-plate cell1 until maximum gravity is rea*$4 7,see ,*>g+ & ,adju/m5t ( ,electrolyte1 expla9$ on page #dha47 ,treat+ ,spill$ ,cells ,if ! spillage is m ?an "o in* bel[ ! wat] level1 x %\ld be replac$ by electrolyte ( #a4bjj specific gravity & *>g$ to maximum gravity4 ,treat+ ,badly ,sulphat$ ,cells ,t ,h ,be5 9 ,s]vice ,:5 cells are remov$ f an in/allation to make repairs1 !y are usually badly sulphat$1 :i* means t consid]able acid is 9 ! plates4 ,9 *>g+ su* cells1 use di/ill$ wat] 9 place ( electrolyte1 z ?is w all[ ! acid to come out ( ! plates m readily4 ,! ,,kxg-#ac cells %\ld be *>g$ at ab\t #ab amp]es & ! ,,kxg-#g cells at #f amp]es4 ,cells badly sulphat$ :5 *>g$ at ! l[ rate w require f #ej to #ajj h\rs to rea* maximum gravity4 ,extreme cases w require ev5 long] *>g+4 ,9 case x is impossible to read ! gravity aft] ! cells h be5 on *>ge a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 p\r out ! solution & use #a4bbj specific gravity4 ,! *>ge %\ld !n be cont9u$ fur!r to insure t maximum gravity has be5 rea*$4 ,,caution3 ,%\ld ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte approa* #aaj ,f41 ! *>g+ rate %\ld be r$uc$ or ! *>ge /opp$ until ! cell has cool$4 ,treat+ ,rev]s$ ,cells ,a complete batt]y may be rev]s$ if ! batt]y is completely dis*>g$ & its voltage is n suffici5t to ov]come any residual magnetism ! g5]ator might h4 ,"u su* conditions ! negative plates w beg9 to discolor br[n & ! positive turn gray4 ,su* a case w\ld be extremely r>e4 ,! rem$y is to fir/ completely dis*>ge ! cells to get rid ( ! *>ge 9 ! wrong direction4 ,!n %ort-circuit !m4 7,connect a wire across ! t]m9als47 ,!n *>ge !m 9 ! "r direction at a l[ rate4 7#ab amp]es = a ,,kxg-#ac cell1 or #f amp]es = a ,,kxg-#g cell47 ,*>ge until ! specific gravity rea*es a maximum4 ,if ! batt]y is op]at$ rev]s$ = any l5g? ( "t1 ! negatives w ?r[ (f _! active mat]ial & become useless4 ,a s+le cell may become rev]s$ by gradually slipp+ beh9d ! re/ ( ! cells 9 a set1 due to insuffici5t *>g+1 until x becomes s l[ t x w rev]se on ea* dis*>ge4 ,?is condition _c be correct$ by giv+ ! regul> *>ge1 b x w be necess>y to give an equaliz+ *>ge1 cont9u+ ! *>ge until ! cell is 9 normal condition4 7,be sure to make temp]ature corrections :5 tak+ hydromet] read+s47 ,if ! cell appe>s to require an excessive am\nt ( *>ge to re/ore x to condition1 x %\ld be remov$ & tak5 to ! repair %op = a sep>ate *>ge4 ,if ! cell has be5 all[$ to op]ate 9 a rev]s$ condition to su* an ext5t t ! entire mat]ial ( ! negative plates has turn$ br[n1 bo? positive & negative gr\ps %\ld be disc>d$4 ,remov+ ,impurities ,impurities1 su* z iron1 salt 7*lor9e7 or oil1 may accid5tally get into a cell1 due to c>eless h&l+ ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,iron is dissolv$ by sulphuric acid & ! positive plates become affect$1 *ange color 7dirty yell[7 & we> rapidly4 ,! cell becomes diff]5t f ! re/ 9 gravity1 voltage & bubbl+4 ,! rem$y is to disc>d ! electrolyte z soon z possible1 flu% ! plates & sep>ators 9 sev]al *anges ( wat]1 ?or\ghly wa% ! j>1 use new electrolyte & !n proce$ 9 same mann] z expla9$ = ! treatm5t ( badly sulphat$ cells1 page #dhb4 ,*lor9e has an effect ab\t z describ$ = iron1 & is evid5t by ! odor ( *lor9e gas4 ,! rem$y is ! same z = iron4 ,oil 9 ! electrolyte1 if all[$ to get into ! pores ( ! plates1 w fill !m & l[] ! capacity v mu*4 ,x affects negative plates mu* m ?an positives4 ,probably ! only rem$y 9 ?is case is new plates4 ,impurities ( any nature %\ld be remov$ z quickly z possible4 ,cle>+ ,high ,resi/ance ,%ort ,circuits ,a high resi/ance %ort is caus$ by ! s$im5t fall+ f ! plates & lodg+ betwe5 ! positive & negative lugs4 ,z a rule ?is condition w occur only :5 sev]e sulphation is pres5t 9 ! plates4 ,a cell 9 ?is condition c be repair$ by remov+ ! elem5t & cle>+ ! %ort circuit4 ,! wood sep>ators %\ld !n be )drawn & replac$ by new ones4 ,lock p9 insulat+ wa%]s4 %\ld be in/all$ l& ! elem5t reassembl$ 9 ! j> & *>g$ to maximum gravity4 ,cle>+ ,lug ,%orts ,%ort-circuit$ lugs are caus$ by excessive sulphation4 ,! outside negative bulges & ! bottom lug b5ds ov] & t\*es ! adjac5t positive lug4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by remov+ bo? outside negative plates & burn+ on new plates :i* h already be5 *>g$ & ins]t+ lock p9 insulat+ wa%]s4 ,putt+ ,repair$ ,cells ,back 9 ,s]vice ,:5 plac+ a new or repair$ cell 9 a batt]y :i* is 9 s]vice1 connect 9 ! cell at ! beg9n+ ( a *>ge4 ,?is w insure t ! new or repair$ cell is />t$ (f 9 good condition1 because ?is *>ge is ( ! nature ( an initial *>ge to ^! cells4 ,*>g+ ,outside ,negative ,plates ,individual negative plates are always receiv$ dry1 :i* makes x necess>y to *>ge !m be=e us+4 ,! be/ way to *>ge su* plates is z foll[s3 ,set up #g loose negative plates 9 a ,,kxg-#ac j> toge!r ) a good positive gr\p1 us+ ,,kxg sep>ators to prev5t ! plates t\*+4 ,!n /ret* a piece ( wire sold] across ! lugs at ! top ( ! negative plates & sold] ! wire to ! plates4 ,fig4 #caf4 ,! j> may !n be fill$ ) #abjj specific gravity & ! plates *>g$ at a #ab-;amp]e rate until maximum gravity is obta9$4 ,nev] use negative plates unless !y h be5 treat$ z describ$ above4 ,aft] ! *>ge is complet$1 ! negative plates may be plac$ 9 di/ill$ wat] & kept until ready = use4 ,always be sure to give a *>ge to maximum gravity aft] burn+ on new negative plates to an elem5t4 ,fig4 #caf ,prep>+ outside negatives = *>g+ ,press+ ,negative ,plates ,aft] badly sulphat$ cells are re*>g$1 x is sometimes advisable to remove ! elem5ts &1 press ! negative plates1 z expla9$ on page #cea4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! negative plates f dry+ out :ile mak+ repairs1 9 ord] to avoid ! long *>ge necess>y = dri$ negative plates4 ,! batt]y %\ld be *>g$ to maximum gravity be=e attempt+ to press ! plates4 ,x is n necess>y & w d no good to press ! positive plates4 ,9 "s cases ! active mat]ial may be ne>ly all out ( ! outside negative plates & ! inside negatives may be 9 good condition1 9 :i* case new *>g$ plates %\ld be burn$ on4 7,fig4 #cbb47 ,salvag+ ,replac$ ,cells ,:5 x has be5 necess>y to replace cells :i* h be5 9 s]vice1 ! elem5ts c v (t5 be sav$ & assembl$ aga9 & us$ z replacem5t cells 9 batt]ies :i* are sev]al ye>s old4 ,9 no case %\ld ! cells be us$ z new cells4 ,! positive plates may be all[$ to dry out1 b ! negatives %\ld be kept 9 di/ill$ wat] & n all[$ to dry out 9 ! lea/4 ,!y %\ld n be kept ?is way indef9itely1 b %\ld be assembl$ & *>g$ z soon z possible4 ,d n attempt to repair gr\ps or plates :i* h lo/ z mu* z half ( ! active mat]ial 9 we>1 or :i* h ! active mat]ial dis9tegrat$ & fall+ out4 ,su* plates %\ld n be us$4 ,?is does n apply to small bits ( active mat]ial knock$ out me*anically & am\nt+ to an extremely small p]c5tage ( ! :ole4 ,abnormal color indicates possible impurity1 & su* plates %\ld be wa%$ & us$ ) caution4 ,badly crack$ or brok5 plates %\ld be replac$ ) new plates or plates f o!r gr\ps4 ,be=e new negative plates are us$ !y %\ld be fully *>g$4 7,see ,*>g+ ,negative ,plates1 page #dhd47 ,always use new wood sep>ators :5 assembl+ repair$ cells4 ,:5 cells h be5 op]at$ rev]s$ 9 pol>ity to su* an ext5t t ! active mat]ial ( ! negative plates has turn$ br[n1 bo? positive & negative gr\ps may h to be replac$4 ,repair+ ,lead ,p>ts ,! portable c>bon burn+ outfit us$ = batt]y repairs is op]at$ f ! batt]y itself1 mak+ x possible to make repairs at ! us]'s resid5ce )\t us+ a gas flame4 ,?is outfit c be secur$ f ! ,delco-,light ,company1 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 & consi/s ( a c>bon hold] ) cable1 clamp1 & "o-f\r? in* c>bon rods4 ,six cells are usually requir$ to prop]ly heat ! c>bon4 ,if x is completely dis*>g$ an outside s\rce mu/ be us$4 ,= ?is purpose a six-volt automobile batt]y is suitable1 or a tray ( demon/rat+ batt]ies1 "o t]m9al be+ connect$ to ! connection to be burn$1 ! o!r to ! cable ( ! burn+ tool4 ,a little exp]i5ce w soon demon/rate ! numb] ( cells necess>y to give a satisfactory heat4 ,! cable is connect$ by means ( ! clamp to a cell 9 ! batt]y1 ! requir$ numb] ( cells away f ! jo9t to be burn$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t contact is made by ! clamp1 ! lead be+ scrap$ clean be=e ! connection is made4 ,! c>bon %\ld be %>p5$ to a long po9t l a lead p5cil & %\ld project n m ?an #b in*es f ! hold]4 7,fig4 #cag47 ,fig4 #cag ,repair+ brok5 po/1 ,delco-,light cell ,aft] be+ us$ a %ort "t1 ! c>bon w n heat prop]ly1 due to a film ( scale =m$ on ! surface4 ,?is %\ld be clean$ (f ) a file4 ,9 case ( lead burn+1 additional lead to make a flu% jo9t %\ld n be add$ until ! metal ( ! pieces to be jo9$ has melt$4 ,! c>bon %\ld be mov$ ar\nd to insure a solid jo9t at all po9ts4 ,9 case a po/ is brok5 (f "u ! cov]1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,to make repairs take an old gr\p & cut (f ! po/ ab\t "o-half way d[n4 ,saw (f ! po/ to be repair$ to su* a l5g? t :5 ! new po/ is burn$ on ! l5g? ( ! po/ w be approximately ! same l5g? z ! orig9al po/4 ,repair+ ,brok5 ,po/s4 ,make a half circle m\ld out ( a piece ( t9 or galvaniz$ iron1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cag4 ,burn solid ! side ( ! po/ fac+ up1 file x ar\nd & !n turn ! gr\p ov]1 place ! =m on ! burn$ side & proce$ to complete ! burn+ op]ation4 ,caution3 #a4 ,always use clean lead4 #b4 ,d n clean ! lead & let x /& = any l5g? ( "t be=e />t+ to burn4 ,if x is all[$ to /& x w oxidize & prev5t a good burn+ op]ation4 #c4 ,burn ) an are & n ) a r$ hot c>bon4 ,burn+ on ,/raps ,place ! /rap to be burn$ 9 a vise & split ! end ?r\gh ! c5t] & !n b5d ! two halves ov] to =m a foot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cah4 ,make a m\ld out ( a piece ( t9 or galvaniz$ iron & place ?is m\ld ar\nd ! po/ to :i* ?is /rap is to be burn$4 7,fig4 #cai47 ,!n proce$ to burn ! po/ & /rap toge!r4 ,fig4 #cah ,splitt+ end ( /rap1 ,delco-,light cell ,:5 a union is made betwe5 ! /rap & ! po/ a small am\nt ( new clean lead %\ld be burn$ on ! top ( ! foot to re9=ce ?is po9t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to get ! m\ld too high1 z ?is w cause tr\ble 9 gett+ ! c>bon d[n to ! foot & ! po/4 ,fig4 #cai ,burn+ on negative /rap1 ,delco-,light cell ,fig4 #cbj ,auxili>y /rap1 ,delco-,light cell ,fig4 #cba ,position+ auxili>y /rap1 ,delco-,light cell ,h[ to ,elim9ate ,burn+ on ,/raps by ,use ( an ,auxili>y ,/rap ,a v good way to repair brok5 /raps )\t ! burn+ op]ation is to use ! auxili>y /rap %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,?is /rap is slipp$ ov] ! po/ ( ! t]m9al or /rap :i* is brok5 & ! seal+ nut is !n clamp$ d[n on ! /rap1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cba4 ,^! /raps may be obta9$ f ! ,delco-,light ,di/ributors or f ! ,delco-,light factory at ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,burn+ on ,new ,plates ,fig4 #cbb ,burn+ on outside negative plate1 ,delco-,light cell ,:5 x is necess>y to burn on new plates1 c>efully clean ) a file ! lead on bo? ! plate & ! common /rap to :i* all plates ( ! gr\p are atta*$4 ,block up ! plate ) ?9 bo>ds or wood sep>ators until x is spac$ ! prop] di/ance f ! adjac5t plate4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! side & bottom edge ( ! plate to be burn$ on is 9 l9e ) ! o!r plates ( ! gr\p4 ,proce$ to burn on ! plate by draw+ a small blaze or are & d n attempt to burn ) j a gl[+ c>bon4 7,fig4 #cbb47 ,if only a gl[+ c>bon is us$ ! result w be a sme>y mass & 9 ! majority ( cases w n hold1 due to ! fact t x is n weld$ b simply atta*$ 9 "o or two po9ts4 ,! pr9ciple ( lead burn+ is to weld or burn two p>ts into "o solid mass & n m]ely atta* "o to ! o!r4 ,keep+ ,wood ,sep>ators ,9 ,/ock ,no wood sep>ators %\ld be us$ except ^? furni%$ by ! ,delco-,light ,company4 ,^! %\ld be kept 9 di/ill$ wat]1 to :i* has be5 add$ #a4bbj electrolyte 9 ! proportion ( "o "p to t5 p>ts ( wat]4 ,x is advisable :5ev] possible to use new sep>ators :5 mak+ repairs on a cell4 ,sep>ators :i* h be5 9 s]vice are liable to be damag$ by h&l+4 ,freez+ ,temp]ature ( ,electrolyte ,! freez+ temp]atures ( electrolyte 9 ! ,delco-,light batt]ies dep5ds ^u ! specific gravity ( ! batt]y4 ,! ,delco-,light batt]y fully *>g$1 ) a specific gravity ( #a4bbj1 %\ld n freeze above a temp]ature ( #cj degrees bel[ z]o4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! freez+ po9t rises v rapidly ) a decrease 9 specific gravity1 special c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep batt]ies *>g$ :5 temp]atures bel[ z]o are enc\nt]$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s freez+ temp]atures ( sev]al diff]5t gravities ( electrolyte4 ,specific ,gravity ,freez+ ,po9t ---------------- -------------- #a4ajj #ai ,f4 above z]o4 #a4aej #e ,f4 above z]o4 #a4age #f ,f4 bel[ z]o4 #a4bjj #af ,f4 bel[ z]o4 #a4bbj #ca ,f4 bel[ z]o4 ,at ! temp]ature giv51 ! electrolyte does n freeze solid1 b =ms a slu%y mass ( cry/als1 :i* does n always result 9 j> breakage4 ,c>e ( ,cells 9 ,/ock ,frequ5tly a ,deal] or ,di/ributor w h sev]al sets ( new batt]ies 9 /ock = five or six mon?s4 ,9 ?is case1 ! cells %\ld be giv5 a fre%5+ *>ge be=e putt+ into s]vice4 ,?is *>ge %\ld consi/ ( *>g+ ! cells to maximum gravity4 ,cells receiv$ brok5 9 transit or cells s5t 9 = repairs %\ld be repair$ & *>g$ z soon z possible & put into s]vice imm$iately4 ,?is elim9ates ! possibility ( ! cells /&+ idle ov] a long p]iod 9 :i* !y w\ld ne$ a fre%5+ *>ge be=e !y c\ld be us$4 ,h[ev]1 if su* cells mu/ be kept 9 /ock1 !y c be ma9ta9$ 9 a heal?y condition by keep+ on *>ge at a "o fif? amp]e rate = #ac-plate cells & "o-t5? amp]e rate = #g-plate cells4 ,tak+ ,batt]ies ,out ( ,commission ,if a batt]y is n to be us$ at all = a p]iod n long] ?an ab\t #i mon?s1 x c be left idle if x is fir/ treat$ z foll[s3 ,add suffici5t wat] to br+ ! electrolyte up to ! wat] l9e 9 all cells & !n give an equaliz+ *>ge1 cont9u+ ! *>ge until ! specific gravity ( ea* cell is at a maximum1 five consecutive h\rly read+s %[+ no rise 9 gravity4 ,z soon z ?is *>ge is complet$1 take out ! batt]y fuse & op5 up "o or two ( ! connections betwe5 cells s t no curr5t c be tak5 f ! batt]y4 ,h v5t plugs 9 place to m9imize evaporation4 ,if ! batt]y is to be tak5 out ( commission = a long] "t ?an #i mon?s1 ! batt]y %\ld be fully *>g$ z above & ! electrolyte p\r$ (f into suitable glass or porcela9 receptacles4 ,! plates %\ld imm$iately be cov]$ ) wat] = a few h\rs to prev5t ! negatives heat+1 aft] :i* ! sep>ators %\ld be remov$1 ! wat] p\r$ out ( ! j>s1 & ! positive & negative gr\ps plac$ back 9 ! j> = /orage4 ,exam9e ! sep>ators4 ,if !y are crack$ or split !y %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,if 9 good condition !y %\ld be /or$ = fur!r use 9 a non-metallic receptacle & cov]$ ) wat]1 to :i* has be5 add$ electrolyte ( #a4bbj specific gravity1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p electrolyte to t5 ( wat] by volume4 ,putt+ ,batt]ies ,into ,commission ,aft] ,be+ ,out ( ,s]vice ,:5 putt+ batt]ies into commission aga91 if ! electrolyte has n be5 )drawn1 all t is necess>y is to add wat] to ! cells if ne$$1 replace connections1 & give an equaliz+ *>ge4 ,if ! electrolyte has be5 )drawn & batt]y disassembl$1 x %\ld be reassembl$1 tak+ c>e n to use crack$1 split or dri$-out sep>ators1 & !n ! cells %\ld be fill$ ) ! old electrolyte1 :i* has be5 sav$1 provid$ no impurity has ent]$ ! electrolyte4 ,aft] fill+1 all[ ! batt]y to /& = #ab h\rs & !n *>ge1 us+ #f amp]es = ,,kxg-#g size & #ab amp]es = ! ,,kxg-#ac size4 ,*>ge at ?is rate until all cells />t gass+ freely or temp]ature rises to #aaj ,f4 ,!n r$uce ! *>g+ rate "o-half1 & cont9ue at ?is rate until ! specific gravity is at a maximum1 five consecutive h\rly read+s %[+ no rise 9 gravity4 ,at lea/ #dj h\rs w be requir$ = ?is *>ge4 ,to obta9 ^! l[ rates ) ! ,delco-,light plant1 lights or o!r curr5t-consum+ devices mu/ be turn$ on :ile *>g+4 ,g5]al ,compla9ts f ,us]s & ,h[ to ,h&le ,!m4 #a4 ,pilot balls d n come up4 ,?is condition may be caus$ by 7a7 ,batt]y dis*>g$4 7b7 ,weak electrolyte caus$ by spillage 9 %ipm5t4 7c7 ,defective ball4 ,"q ! us] to det]m9e :e!r ! ball w n come up if ! pilot cell is bubbl+ freely4 ,weak electrolyte or a defective ball w require a s]vice trip to det]m9e ! "o :i* is responsible = ! ball n ris+4 7,see page #dgj47 #b4 ,lights dim-mu/ *>ge daily4 ,?is condition may be caus$ by 7a7 ,dis*>g$ batt]y4 7b7 ,loose dirty connections 9 batt]y or l9e4 7c7 ,l[ cells 9 batt]y4 ,! us] %\ld be que/ion$ to det]m9e :e!r ! batt]y is be+ *>g$ suffici5tly4 ,9 case ! us] is positive ! batt]y is *>g$1 ! next probable tr\ble w\ld be t !re 7 "s loose or dirty connections 9 ei!r plant or batt]y4 ,h ! us] *eck = loose connections4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to make an inspection trip1 in/ruct ! us] to give batt]y an equaliz+ *>ge s ! batt]y w be fully *>g$ :5 ! inspection is made4 ,l[ cells c be *eck$ by ask+ ! us] if all ( ! cells bubble freely :5 equaliz+ *>ge is giv54 ,9 case us] claims sev]al cells fail to bubble1 an inspection trip w\ld be necess>y to det]m9e ! tr\ble4 7,see page #dgj47 #c4 ,cells bubbl+ :5 on dis*>ge4 ,?is compla9t w\ld indicate a rev]s$ cell4 7,see page #dhc47 #d4 ,cells ov]fl[+ on *>ge4 ,?is w\ld mean t ! cells 7 fill$ too high above wat] l9es4 #e4 ,eng9e cranks sl[ly b does n fire4 ,?is w\ld indicate ov]-dis*>g$ batt]y4 ,expla9 to us] h[ to />t plant "u ?is condition4 #f4 ,plant w n crank4 ,?is might be caus$ by 7a7 ,bl[n batt]y fuse4 7b7 ,batt]y ov]-dis*>g$4 7c7 ,loose or brok5 connection on batt]y or swit*bo>d4 ,,o!r ,,exide ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,! ,exide type is %[n 9 ,figure #bif4 ,! plates are held 9 position bo? by ! cov] & by s(t rubb] support pieces 9 ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,! support pieces are provid$ ) holes 9 :i* projections on ! bottom ( ! plates are ins]t$4 ,! cov] is ( heavy m\ld$ glass4 ,! sep>ators are ( groov$ wood 9 comb9ation ) a slott$ rubb] %eet 7,fig4 #big74 ,! /rap po/s are ?read$ & are clamp$ to ! cov] by means ( alloy nuts4 ,! cov] ov]laps ! top ( ! j> to :i* x is seal$ ) seal+ comp\nd4 ,! me?od ( seal+ & unseal+ is practically ! same z 9 ! ,exide ,delco-,light ,type4 ,batt]ies ) ,op5 ,glass ,j>s ,batt]ies ) op5 glass j>s1 9 addition to ! conduct+ lug1 h two hang+ lugs = ea* plate4 ,! plates are hung f ! j> walls by ^! hang+ lugs1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #cbc & #cbd4 ,! plate /raps1 in/ead ( be+ horizontal are v]tical & provid$ ) a tail s t adjac5t cells may be bolt$ toge!r by bolt connectors ?r\gh ! end ( ! tail4 #a4 ,! ,exide ,cell is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,x has a groov$ wood sep>ator betwe5 ea* positive & negative plate4 ,! sep>ators are kept f float+ up by a glass hold-d[n laid across ! top4 ,! sep>ators are provid$ at ! top ) a p9 :i* re/s on ! adjo9+ plates4 ,! p9s toge!r ) ! plate glass hold-d[ns keep ! sep>ators 9 ,position4 ,to remove an elem5t x is simply necess>y to unbolt ! connectors1 remove ! glass cov] & hold-d[n & lift wit ! elem5t4 #b4 ,! ,*loride ,accumulator cell is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,x diff]s f ! ,exide only 9 type ( plates & sep>ators4 ,! positive plates are kn[n z ,man*e/] positives & h ! active mat]ial 9 ! =m ( corrugat$ buttons :i* are held 9 a ?ick grid1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,! buttons are br[n 9 color1 ! same z all positive active mat]ial4 ,! sep>ators1 in/ead ( be+ groov$ wood1 am ea* a %eet ( wood ) six d[els p9n$ to x4 ,! elem5t is remov$ ! same z 9 ! ,exide type4 ,fig4 #cbc ,exide *loride accumulator cell ) op5 glass j>1 & ,fig4 #cbd ,exide cell ) op5 glass j> ,batt]ies ) ,seal$ ,rubb] ,j>s #a4 ,! ,exide cell is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,x is assembl$ simil> to ,exide />t+ & light+ batt]ies1 except t ! plates are consid]ably ?ick]1 wood & rubb] sep>ators are us$1 & ! t]m9al po/s are %ap$ to provide = bolt$ in/ead ( burn$-on connection4 ,! me?od ( seal+ & unseal+ ! cells is ! same z 9 ,exide />t+ & light+ batt]ies4 ,all in/ructions already giv5 = glass = cells apply to rubb] j> cells except = a few diff]5ces 9 assembl+ & disassembl+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! wat] level at lea/ #a_/b in* above plates at all times z ! evaporation is v rapid 9 rubb] j> cells4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be wat*$ on *>g+ to prev5t ov]heat+4 ,nev] all[ temp]ature to g above #aaj ,f4 ,unlike ! glass j> cells ! s$im5t space 9 ! rubb] j> is n suffici5t to take c>e ( all ! active mat]ial 9 ! positive plates4 ,on repairs1 !re=e1 always clean out ! s$im5t & prev5t premature %ort circuits4 ,fig4 #cbe ,man*e/] positive plates1 & ,fig4 #cbf ,exide cell ) seal$ rubb] j> ,,we/+h\se ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,j>s4 ,we/+h\se ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]y j>s are made ( glass1 ) a #e_/af in* wall4 ,! j>s are press$ ) ! support+ ribs = ! elem5ts an integral "p f a mass ( molt5 glass4 ,a heavy flange is press$ ar\nd ! upp] edge to /r5g!n ! j>4 ,top ,con/ruction4 ,a seal$-9 cov] is us$ simil> to t us$ 9 />t+ & light+ batt]ies4 ,! op5+ ar\nd ! po/ hole is seal$ ) comp\nd4 ,plates4 ,pa/$ plates are us$4 ,! positives are #a_/d in* ?ick1 & ! negatives #c_/af in*4 ,po/s are #ac_/af in* 9 diamet]4 ,sep>ators4 ,a comb9ation ( wood & p]=at$ rubb] %eets is us$4 ,op5+ & ,sett+-,up ,we/+h\se ,f>m ,light+ ,batt]ies ,fig4 #cbg ,we/+h\se f>m light+ cell ,x is pref]able t ! temp]ature nev] exce$ #ajj deg4 ,fahr5heit nor fall bel[ #aj deg4 9 ! place :]e ! batt]y is set up4 ,if ! temp]ature is liable to drop bel[ #aj degrees ! batt]y %\ld be kept 9 a fully *>g$ condition4 #a4 ,remove all excelsior & ! o!r pack+ mat]ial f ! top ( ! cells4 ,take cells out c>efully & set on ! floor4 ,d n drop or h&le r\ghly4 ,be sure to remove ! lead top connectors f ea* comp>tm5t4 #b4 ,cells %\ld be plac$ #a_/d in* ap>t4 ,also1 cells %\ld be plac$ alt]nately s t positive po/ ( "o cell is adjac5t to negative po/ ( ! next cell4 ,positive po/ has ,v %ape %\ld] & ! negative po/ has a squ>e %\ld]4 #c4 ,grease all po/s1 /raps & nuts ) vasel9e4 #d4 ,connect positive po/s ( ea* cell to negative po/ ( adjac5t cell1 us+ top connectors furni%$4 ,top connectors are made s z to fit :5 connection is made betwe5 positive po/ ( "o cell & negative po/ ( next cell4 ,use long connector betwe5 end cells ( upp] & l[] %elves4 #e4 ,) all connections betwe5 cells 9 position1 jo9 ! rema9+ positive po/ ) a connection m>k$ ,positive lead+ f ! electric g5]ator4 ,d likewise ) ! rema9+ negative po/4 #f4 ,if liquid level 9 any cell is #a in* or m bel[ ! ,liquid ,l9e on side ( glass j>1 "s liquid has be5 spill$ & mu/ be replac$4 ,?is %\ld be done by an exp]i5c$ p]son4 #g4 ,imm$iately aft] in/allation op]ate electric g5]ator & *>ge batt]y until gas bubbles rise freely ?r\gh ! liquid 9 all cells4 ,a read+ ) ! hydromet] syr+e :i* is furni%$ ) ! batt]y %\ld be tak51 ,:5 ! hydromet] float reads betwe5 #a4bdj & #a4bej1 ! batt]y is fully *>g$4 #h4 ,! "t requir$ to complete ! *>g+ op]ation m5tion$ above may v>y f "o to sev]al h\rs1 dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( "t ! batt]y has be5 9 transit4 ,dur+ ! *>ge ! temp]ature ( ! cells %\ld n be p]mitt$ to rise above #aaj deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,if ?is condition occurs discont9ue ! *>ge or decrease ! *>ge rate until cells h cool$ (f4 #i4 ,:5 *>ge is complete replace v5t plugs4 ,! ,relation ,betwe5 ,v>i\s ,sizes ( ,we/+h\se ,f>m ,light ,batt]ies & ,"w to be ,done ,! size ( ! batt]y furni%$ ) complete f>m light+ units v>y greatly4 ,sometimes ! batt]y size is v>i$ ) ! size ( ! eng9e & g5]ator1 :ile aga9 ! same size ( batt]y may be us$ = sev]al sizes ( eng9es & g5]ators4 ,9 mak+ replacem5ts1 :ile x is always necess>y to reta9 ! same numb] ( cells1 x is n necess>y to reta9 ! same size ( cells4 ,usually increas+ ! cell size increases ! conv5i5ce to ! own] & prolongs ! life ( ! batt]y to an am\nt :i* w>rants ! high] co/4 ,) a l>g] batt]y1 dang] ( injury ?r\gh ov]*>g+ is less5$1 ! load on ! batt]y is m easily c>ri$ & ! eng9e & g5]ator op]ate less frequ5tly4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( v>i\s batt]y capacities1 bel[ is a table %[+ ! numb] ( #cb volt1 #be-watt lamps :i* may be light$ = v>i\s l5g?s ( "t f sixte5 cells4 ,! numb] ( h\rs %[s ! l5g? ( "t t ! lamps w op]ate4 ,table ,a ,type #c ,h\rs #e ,h\rs #h ,h\rs ---- ------- ------- ------- ,g-#g #bb ,lamps #ad ,lamps #aj ,lamps ,g-#i #bh ,lamps #ai ,lamps #ac ,lamps ,g-#aa #cb ,lamps #bd ,lamps #ae ,lamps ,g-#ac #da ,lamps #bi ,lamps #ai ,lamps ,g-#ae #dg ,lamps #cc ,lamps #bb ,lamps ,g-#ag #ed ,lamps #ch ,lamps #be ,lamps ,note3--,bas$ on #cb-,volt #be-,watt ,lamps4 ,= example--,! table %[s opposite ,g-#g t1 ) ! batt]y fully *>g$1 tw5ty-two lamps may be light$ = ?ree h\rs1 f\rte5 lamps = five h\rs & t5 lamps = eight h\rs1 by a sixte5 cell ,g-#g batt]y1 )\t op]at+ ! eng9e & g5]ator4 ,motors = op]at+ v>i\s h\sehold & f>m appliances are usually rat$ ei!r 9 horsep[] or watts4 ,! foll[+ table w give a comp>ison betwe5 horse-p[] & watts z well z ! numb] ( #be-watt lamps to :i* ^! diff]5t sizes ( motors & appliances correspond4 ,table ,b ,h4,p4 ( ,motor ,no4 ( ,watts ,correspond+ ,no4 ( #be-,watt ,lamps ------------- ------------ -------------------- #a_/h #ic #d #a_/d #ahe #g #a_/b #cgc #ae #c_/d #eei #bb #a ,h4,p4 #gdf #cj ,f table ,b x w be se51 = example1 t a "o horsep[] motor draws f ! batt]y #cgc watts or ! same p[] z d fifte5 #be-watt lamps4 ,!n ref]r+ to table ,a1 x w be f\nd t a ,g-#aa batt]y c\ld op]ate #ae lamps or ?is motor alone = #h h\rs4 ,due to ! fact t a motor or electric appliance may become ov]load$ & !re=e actually use _m m watts ?an ! "n plate indicates1 x is n advisable to op]ate any motor ( ov] #a_/d ,h4 ,p4 or ev5 an appliance ( ov] #ahf watts on ! ,g-#ac or small] sizes unless ! eng9e & g5]ator are runn+4 ,x is safe1 h[ev]1 to op]ate motors or o!r appliances up to #cge watts on ! ,g-#ae or ,g-#ag batt]ies )\t op]at+ ! eng9e & g5]ator4 ,,will>d ,,f>m ,,light+ ,,batt]ies ,fig4 #cbh ,will>d ,f>m ,light+ ,cell ,! ,will>d ,/orage ,batt]y ,co4 manufactures f>m light+ batt]ies :i* use seal$ glass j>s1 or seal$ rubb] j>s4 ,^? us+ ! seal$ glass j>s include types ,,ph & ,,pa4 ,! seal$ rubb] j> batt]ies include types ,,em1 ,,eew1 ,,ipr1 ,,smw1 & ,,sew4 ,bo? types ( batt]ies are %ipp$ fully *>g$ & fill$ ) electrolyte1 & also dry1 )\t electrolyte4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions cov] ! in/allation & prep>ation = s]vice ( ^! batt]ies4 ,glass ,j> ,batt]ies4 ,fully ,*>g$ & ,fill$ ,) ,electrolyte ,ea* sixte5 cell set ( batt]ies is pack$ 9 two %ipp+ crates4 ,"o crate1 :i* is /5cil$ ,no4 #a conta9s3 99 #h ,cells4 99 #ah ,bolt ,connectors4 99 #a ,hydromet] ,syr+e4 99 #a ,in/ruction ,book4 ,! o!r crate :i* is /5cil$ ,no4 #b conta9s3 #h ,cells 7,,note3--,if ! batt]ies are re-%ipp$ by ! manufactur] or di/ributor1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to see t !y are s5t out 9 sets47 ,unpack+ ,remove ! bo>ds f ! tops ( ! %ipp+ crates & ! excelsior :i* is above ! cells4 ,to /raight5 ! long top connector1 grasp ! /rap firmly ) ! left h& close to ! pill> po/ & raise ! out] end ( ! /rap until x is 9 an upright position4 ,d n make a %ort b5d ne> ! pill> po/4 ,lift ! cells f ! case by grasp+ ! glass j>s4 ,d n attempt to lift !m by means ( ! top connectors4 ,clean ! outside ( ! cells by wip+ ) a damp clo?4 ,inspection ( ,cells4 ,inspect ea* cell to see if ! level ( ! electrolyte is at ! prop] height4 ,?is is indicat$ on ! j> by a l9e m>k$ ,,liquid ,,l9e4 ,if ! electrolyte is simply a little l[ & !re is no evid5ce ( any hav+ be5 spill$ 7exam9e pack+ mat]ial = discoloration7 add di/ill$ or clean ra9 wat] to br+ ! level to ! prop] height4 ,if ! liquid does n cov] ! plates & ! pack+ mat]ial is discolor$1 x indicates t "s or all ( ! electrolyte has be5 lo/ f ! cell ei!r on acc\nt ( a crack$ j> or ov]turn+ ( ! batt]y4 ,if only a small quantity ( electrolyte is lo/ ?r\gh spill+1 ! cell %\ld be fill$ to ! prop] height ) electrolyte ( ! same specific gravity z 9 ! o!r cells4 ,?is cell %\ld !n be *>g$ until ! gravity has ceas$ ris+4 ,if all ! electrolyte is lo/ write to ! ,will>d ,/orage ,batt]y ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 = in/ructions4 ,connect+ ! ,cells ,ea* cell ( ! type ,,ph batt]y is a complete unit1 seal$ 9 a glass j>4 ,! cells are to be plac$ side by side on ! batt]y rack s t ! positive t]m9al ( "o cell 7long connect+ /rap7 c be connect$ to ! negative t]m9al 7%ort /rap7 ( ! adjac5t cell4 ,jo9 ! positive t]m9al ( "o cell to ! negative t]m9al ( ! adjac5t cell & cont9ue ?is proc$ure until all ! cells are connect$ toge!r4 ,?is w leave "o positive & "o negative t]m9al ( ! batt]y to be connect$ respectively to ! positive & negative wires f ! swit*bo>d4 ,! b5d 9 ! top connector %\ld be made ab\t "o in* above ! pill> po/ to elim9ate ! dang] ( breakage at ! po/4 ,9 tight5+ ! bolts d n use excessive =ce1 z !re is liability ( /ripp+ ! ?reads4 ,give ! batt]y a fre%5+ *>ge be=e x is put 9 s]vice4 ,type ,,ph cells h a gravity ( #a4bej :5 fully *>g$1 & #a4ahe :5 dis*>g$4 ,will>d ,glass ,j> ,batt]ies ,%ipp$ ,knock-,d[n4 ,ea* sixte5 cell set ( ,batt]ies consi/s (3 #af ,glass ,j>s4 #af ,positive ,gr\ps4 #af ,negative ,gr\ps4 #af ,cov]s4 #af ,v5t ,plugs4 #cb ,lead ,coll>s4 #cb ,lead ,keys4 #cb ,s(t ,rubb] ,wa%]s4 #cb ,h>d ,rubb] ,rods4 #fd ,h>d ,rubb] ,nuts4 #ah ,bolt ,connectors4 ,wood ,insulators 7! quantity dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! cells74 ,seal+ ,comp\nd4 ,hydromet]4 ,in/ruction ,books4 ,electrolyte is n suppli$ ) batt]ies %ipp$ 9 a knockd[n condition4 ,exam9e all pack+ mat]ial c>efully & *eck ! p>ts ) ! above li/4 ,clean+ ! ,glass ,j>s ,wa% ! glass j>s & wipe !m dry4 ,prep>+ ! ,cov]s ,wa% ! cov]s & scrub ar\nd ! "u edge to remove all du/4 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly dry place !m upside d[n on a b5*4 ,melt ! seal+ comp\nd & p\r x ar\nd ! out] edge to make a fillet 9 ! groove4 ,assembl+ ! ,elem5t & ,sep>ators ,place ! plates ( a positive gr\p betwe5 ! plates ( a negative gr\p & lay ! elem5t ?us =m$ on its edge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,fig4 #cbi ,ins]t+ ,sep>ators1 ,will>d f>m light+ cell ,fig4 #ccj & ,fig4 #cca ,fa/5+ cov] to po/s1 ,will>d f>m light+ cell ,next ins]t a wood sep>ator betwe5 ea* ( ! positive & negative plates4 ,next ins]t ! h>d rubb] rods ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! lugs ( ! end negative plates1 & screw on ! nuts4 ,d n screw ! nuts s tight z to make ! plates bulge out at ! c5t]4 ,! rod %\ld project ! same am\nt on ea* side ( ! elem5t4 ,place ! elem5t 9 a v]tical position4 ,! cov] c n[ be plac$ ov] ! po/s4 ,slip a rubb] wa%] & a lead coll> ov] ea* po/4 ,! two key holes 9 ! lead coll> are unequal 9 size4 ,! coll> mu/ be plac$ ov] ! po/ s t ! end :i* measures #c_/af in* f ! bottom ( ! holes to ! end ( ! coll> w be next to ! rubb] wa%]4 ,dip ! lead key 9 wat] & !n put x ?r\gh ! holes1 hav+ ! /raight edge ( ! key on ! bottom side4 ,?is op]ation c easily be done by us+ a pair ( tongs 7see ,figs4 #ccj & #cca7 to compress ! wa%]4 ,aft] ! keys are driv5 tight !y c be cut (f ) a pair ( end cutt]s & !n smoo!d ) a file4 ,seal+ ,elem5t ,assembly 9 ,j> ,fig4 #ccb ,seal+ ,elem5t ,assembly1 ,will>d f>m light+ cell ,turn ! elem5t upside d[n & place ov] a block ( wood s t ! weight is support$ by ! cov]4 7,see ,fig4 #ccb47 ,heat ! seal+ comp\nd by means ( a flame 7a bl[ tor* w answ] ! purpose71 & place ! j> ov] ! elem5t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cca4 ,! j> %\ld be firmly press$ d[n into ! comp\nd4 ,) a hot putty knife1 clean (f any comp\nd :i* has ooz$ out ( ! jo9t4 ,! assembl$ cell c n[ be turn$ to an upright position4 ,9 case x is necess>y to remove a cov]1 heat a wide putty knife & run x ar\nd ! edge betwe5 ! cov] & ! glass j>4 ,?is w s(t5 ! comp\nd s t ! cov] c be pri$ (f4 ,if x is necess>y to remove ! cov] f ! po/s1 ! keys mu/ be driv5 out by p\nd+ on ! small end1 z ! keys are tap]$-& ! holes 9 ! lead coll>s are unequal 9 size4 ,fill+ ) ,electrolyte ,fill ! cells ) #a4bfj specific gravity electrolyte at #gj ,f4 to ! ,,liquid ,,l9e m>k$ on ! glass j>s4 7,ab\t ,i in* above ! top edge ( sep>ators47 ,all[ ! cells to /& #ab h\rs1 & if ! level ( ! electrolyte has l[]$1 add suffici5t electrolyte to br+ x to ! prop] height4 ,initial ,*>ge ,connect ! positive t]m9al 7long /rap7 ( "o cell to ! negative t]m9al 7%ort /rap7 ( ! adjac5t cell & cont9ue ?is proc$ure until all ! cells are connect$ toge!r4 ,?is w leave "o positive & "o negative t]m9al to be connect$ respectively to ! positive & negative wires f ! *>g+ s\rce4 ,! b5ds 9 ! top t]m9al connectors %\ld be made ab\t "o in* above ! pill> po/s to elim9ate ! dang] ( breakage at ! po/4 ,9 tight5+ ! bolts1 d n use excessive =ce1 z !re is liability ( /ripp+ ! ?reads4 ,aft] ! cells h /ood = #ab h\rs ) electrolyte 9 ! j>s1 !y %\ld be put on *>ge at ! foll[+ rates3 ,type ,amp]es ---- ------- ,,ph-#g #d ,,ph-#i #e ,,ph-#aa #f-a_/d ,,ph-#ac #g-a_/b ,,ph-#ae #i ,,ph-#ag #aj ,!y %\ld be left on *>ge cont9u\sly until ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte rea*es a maximum & rema9s con/ant = six h\rs4 ,at ?is po9t1 ea* cell %\ld be gass+ freely & ! voltage %\ld read ab\t #b4de volts p] cell1 ) ! above curr5t fl[+4 ,"u normal conditions x w require approximately #hj h\rs to complete ! initial *>ge4 ,! f9al gravity w be approximately #a4bej4 ,if ! gravity is above ?is value1 remove a little electrolyte & add ! same am\nt ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,if ! gravity is too l[1 remove a little ( ! electrolyte & add ! same am\nt ( #a4djj specific gravity acid & leave on *>ge z be=e4 ,aft] ei!r wat] or acid has be5 add$1 *>ge ! cells ?ree h\rs long] 9 ord] to ?or\ghly mix ! solution1 & if at ! end ( t "t ! gravity is betwe5 #a4bde & #a4bee1 ! cells are ready = s]vice4 ,x is v important t ! initial *>ge be cont9u$ until ! specific gravity rea*es a maximum value1 reg>dless ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$4 ,! batt]y mu/ n be dis*>g$ until ! initial *>ge has be5 complet$4 ,if x is impossible to *>ge ! batt]y cont9u\sly1 ! *>ge c be /opp$ ov] night1 b mu/ be resum$ ! next day4 ,x is pref]able to *>ge ! batt]y at ! amp]e rate giv5 above1 b if ?is _c be done1 ! temp]ature mu/ be c>efully wat*$ s t x does n exce$ #aaj ,f4 ,wil>d ,rubb] ,j> ,batt]ies ,%ipp$ ,completely ,*>g$ & ,fill$ ) ,electrolyte ,imm$iately ^u receipt ( batt]y1 remove ! s(t rubb] nipples & unscrew ! v5t plugs4 ,! s(t rubb] nipples are to be disc>d$1 z !y are us$ only = protection dur+ %ipm5t4 ,inspect ea* cell to see :e!r ! electrolyte is at ! prop] height4 ,if ! electrolyte is simply a little l[ & !re is no evid5ce ( any hav+ be5 spill$ 7exam9e pack+ mat]ial = discoloration71 add di/ill$ wat] to br+ ! level to ! prop] height4 ,if electrolyte does n cov] ! plates & ! pack+ mat]ial is discolor$1 x indicates t "s or all ( ! electrolyte has be5 lo/ f ! cell1 ei!r on acc\nt ( crack$ j> or ov]turn+ ( ! batt]y4 ,if only a small quantity ( electrolyte is lo/ ?r\gh spill+1 ! cell %\ld be fill$ to ! prop] height ) electrolyte ( ! same specific gravity z 9 ! o!r cells4 ,?is cell %\ld !n be *>g$ until ! gravity has ceas$ ris+1 ,if all ! electrolyte is lo/1 write to ! ,will>d ,/orage ,batt]y ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 = in/ructions4 ,place batt]ies on rack & connect ! positive t]m9al ( "o crate to ! negative t]m9al ( ! next crate1 us+ ! jump]s furni%$4 ,! ma9 batt]y wires f ! swit* bo>d %\ld be sold]$ to ! pigtail t]m9als1 :i* c !n be bolt$ to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,be sure to h ! positive & negative batt]y t]m9als connect$ respectively to ! positive & negative g5]ator t]m9als ( swit*bo>d4 ,be=e us+ ! batt]y1 x %\ld be giv5 a fre%5+ *>ge at ! rate giv5 on page #eaj4 ,! specific gravity ( ! rubb] j> batt]ies is #a4bhe-a4cjj :5 fully *>g$1 & #a4afj :5 dis*>g$4 ,will>d ,rubb] ,j> ,batt]ies ,%ipp$ ,dry 7,export ,batt]ies7 ,batt]ies :i* h be5 prep>$ = export mu/ be giv5 ! foll[+ treatm5t3 ,^u receipt ( batt]y by cu/om]1 ! special s(t rubb] nipples1 us$ on ! batt]ies = %ipp+ purposes only1 %\ld be remov$ & disc>d$4 ,types ,,smw & ,,sew batt]ies %\ld at once be fill$ to bottom ( v5t hole ) #a4bhe specific gravity electrolyte at #gj ,f4 ,9 mix+ electrolyte1 ! acid %\ld be p\r$ into ! wat] & all[$ to cool bel[ #ij ,f4 be=e be+ put into ! cells4 ,if electrolyte is %ipp$ ) ! batt]y1 x is ( ! prop] gravity to put into ! cells4 ,imm$iately aft] ! batt]ies are fill$ ) electrolyte1 !y mu/ be plac$ on *>ge at "o half ! normal *>g+ rate giv5 on page #eaj1 & %\ld be left on *>ge cont9u\sly until ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte /ops ris+4 ,at ?is po9t1 ea* cell %\ld be gass+ freely & ! voltage %\ld read at lea/ #b4dj volts p] cell ) "o-half ! normal *>g+ curr5t fl[+4 ,if dur+ ! *>ge ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte 9 any "o cell exce$s #aje ,f41 ! curr5t mu/ be r$uc$ until ! temp]ature is bel[ #ij ,f4 ,?is w necessitate a long] "t to complete ! *>ge1 b mu/ be /rictly adh]$ to4 ,"u normal conditions x w require approximately #hj h\rs to complete ! initial *>ge4 ,! f9al gravity ( ! types ,,smw & ,,sew w be approximately #a4bhe4 ,if ! gravity is above ?is value1 remove a little electrolyte & add same am\nt ( di/ill$ wat] :ile ! batt]y is left *>g+ 79 ord] to ?or\ghly mix ! solution71 & aft] ?ree h\rs1 if ! electrolyte is )9 ! limits1 ! cell is ready = s]vice4 ,if ! specific gravity is bel[ ^! values1 remove a little electrolyte & add same am\nt ( #a4djj specific gravity electrolyte4 ,leave on *>ge z be=e4 ,! acid %\ld be p\r$ into ! wat] & all[$ to cool bel[ #ij ,p4 be=e be+ us$4 ,! batt]ies are !n ready = s]vice4 ,in/all+ ,c\nt] ,electromotive ,=ce ,cells ,c\nt] ,,emf cells1 if us$ ) a batt]y1 are in/all$ 9 ! same mann] z regul> cells4 ,!y are connect$ positive to negative1 ! same z regul> cells1 b ! negative t]m9al ( ! ,,cemf gr\p is to be connect$ to ! negative t]m9al ( ! regul> cell gr\p4 ,! positive t]m9al ( ! c\nt] ,,cemf gr\p is !n to be connect$ to ! swit*bo>d4 ,image3 ,table ( *>ge & dis*>ge rates = diff]5t types ( batt]ies1 ,will>d f>m light+ batt]ies ,def9itions & ,descriptions ( ,t]ms & ,p>ts ------------------------------- ,acid4 ,z us$ 9 ?is book ref]s to sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d71 ! active compon5t ( ! electrolyte1 or a mixture ( sulphuric acid & wat]4 ,active ,mat]ial4 ,! active portion ( ! batt]y plates2 p]oxide ( lead on ! positives & spongy metallic lead on ! negatives4 ,alloy4 ,z us$ 9 batt]y practice1 a homog5e\s comb9ation ( lead & antimony4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,electric curr5t :i* does n fl[ 9 "o direction only1 l direct curr5t1 b rapidly rev]ses its direction or alt]nates 9 pol>ity s t x w n *>ge a batt]y4 ,amp]e4 ,! unit ( measure ( ! rate ( fl[ ( electric curr5t4 ,amp]e ,h\r4 ,! product result+ f multiplication ( amp]es fl[+ by "t ( fl[ 9 h\rs1 e4g41 a batt]y supply+ #aj amp]es = #h h\rs gives #hj amp]e h\rs4 ,see note "u ,volt8 = m complete explanation ( curr5t fl[4 ,batt]y4 ,two or m electrical cells1 electrically connect$ s t comb9ation furni%es curr5t z a unit4 ,batt]y ,t]m9als4 ,devices atta*$ to ! positive po/ ( "o end cell & ! negative ( ! o!r1 by means ( :i* ! batt]y is connect$ to ! c> circuit4 ,bridge 7or ,rib74 ,w$ge-%ap$ v]tical projection f bottom ( rubb] j> on :i* plates re/ & by :i* !y are support$4 ,buckl+4 ,w>p+ or b5d+ ( ! batt]y plates4 ,burn+4 ,a t]m us$ to describe ! op]ation ( jo9+ two pieces ( lead by melt+ !m at practically ! same in/ant s !y may run toge!r z "o cont9u\s piece4 ,usually done ) mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 or acetyl5e gases1 hydrog5 & compress$ air1 or oxyg5 & illum9at+ gas4 ,burn+ ,/rip4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( lead1 9 /rips1 = fill+ up ! jo9t 9 mak+ burn$ connections4 ,cadmium4 ,a metal us$ 9 ab\t ! %ape ( a p5cil = obta9+ voltage ( positive or negative plates4 ,x is dipp$ 9 ! electrolyte b n all[$ to come 9 contact ) plates4 ,capacity4 ,! numb] ( amp]e h\rs a batt]y c supply at a giv5 rate ( curr5t fl[ aft] be+ fully *>g$1 e4g41 a batt]y may be capable ( supply+ #aj amp]es ( curr5t = #h h\rs be=e x is exhau/$4 ,its capacity is #hj amp]e h\rs at ! #h h\rs rate ( curr5t fl[4 ,x is necess>y to /ate ! rate ( fl[1 s9ce same batt]y if dis*>g$ at #bj amp]es w\ld n la/ = #d h\rs b = a %ort] p]iod1 say #c h\rs4 ,h5ce1 its capacity at ! #c h\r rate w\ld be #cx#b,o#fj amp]e h\rs4 ,case4 ,! conta9+ box :i* holds ! batt]y cells4 ,cell4 ,! batt]y unit1 consi/+ ( an elem5t complete ) electrolyte1 9 its j> ) cov]4 ,*>ge4 ,pass+ direct curr5t ?r\gh a batt]y 9 ! direction opposite to t ( dis*>ge1 9 ord] to put back ! en]gy us$ on dis*>ge4 ,*>ge ,rate4 ,! prop] rate ( curr5t to use 9 *>g+ a batt]y f an outside s\rce4 ,x is express$ 9 amp]es & v>ies = diff]5t siz$ cells4 ,corrosion4 ,! attack ( metal p>ts by acid f ! electrolyte2 x is ! result ( lack ( cleanl9ess4 ,cov]4 ,! rubb] cov] :i* closes ea* individual cell2 x is flang$ = seal+ comp\nd to insure an effective seal4 ,cycle4 ,"o *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,d5sity4 ,specific gravity4 ,develop+4 ,! fir/ cycle or cycles ( a new or rebuilt batt]y to br+ ab\t prop] electro*emical conditions to give rat$ capacity4 ,diffusion4 ,p]ta9+ to movem5t ( acid )9 ! pores ( plates4 7,see ,equalization47 ,dis*>ge4 ,! fl[ ( curr5t f a batt]y ?r\gh a circuit1 opposite ( *>ge4 ,dry4 ,t]m frequ5tly appli$ to cell conta9+ insuffici5t electrolyte4 ,also appli$ to c]ta9 conditions ( %ipm5t ( batt]ies4 ,electrolyte4 ,! conduct+ fluid ( electro-*emical devices2 = lead-acid /orage batt]ies x consi/s ( ab\t two p>ts ( wat] to "o ( *emically pure sulphuric acid1 by weight4 ,elem5t4 ,positive gr\p1 negative gr\p & sep>ators4 ,equalization4 ,! result ( circulation & diffusion )9 ! cell :i* accompanies *>ge & dis*>ge4 ,diff]5ce 9 capacity at v>i\s rates is caus$ by ! "t requir$ = ?is feature4 ,equaliz+4 ,t]m us$ to describe ! mak+ uni=m ( v>y+ specific gravities 9 diff]5t cells ( ! same batt]y1 by add+ or remov+ wat] or electrolyte4 ,evaporation4 ,loss ( wat] f electrolyte f heat or *>g+4 ,fill+ ,plug4 ,! plug :i* fits 9 & closes ! orifice ( ! fill+ tube 9 ! cell cov]4 ,f9i%+ ,rate4 ,! curr5t 9 amp]es at :i* a batt]y may be *>g$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs or m4 ,also ! *>g+ rate us$ ne> ! end ( a *>ge :5 cells beg9 to gas4 ,flood+4 ,ov]fl[+ ?r\gh ! fill+ tube4 ,=m+4 ,electro-*emical process ( mak+ pa/$ grid or o!r plate1 types into /orage batt]y plates4 7,(t5 confus$ ) ,develop+47 ,=eign ,mat]ial4 ,objectionable sub/ances4 ,fre%5+ ,*>ge4 ,a *>ge giv5 to a batt]y :i* has be5 /&+ idle1 to keep x fully *>g$4 ,gass+4 ,! giv+ (f ( oxyg5 gas at positive plates & hydrog5 at negatives1 :i* beg9s :5 *>ge is some?+ m ?an half complet$-dep5d+ on ! rate4 ,g5]ator ,sy/em4 ,an equipm5t includ+ a g5]ator = automatically re*>g+ ! batt]y1 9 contradi/9ction to a /raight /orage sy/em :]e ! batt]y has to be remov$ to be re*>g$4 ,gravity4 ,a contraction ( ! t]m specific gravity1 :i* means ! d5sity comp>$ to wat] z a /&>d4 ,grid4 ,! metal framework ( a plate1 support+ ! active mat]ial & provid$ ) a lug = conduct+ ! curr5t & = atta*m5t to ! /rap4 ,gr\p4 ,a set ( plates1 ei!r positive or negative1 jo9$ to a /rap4 ,gr\ps d n include sep>ators4 ,hold-,d[n4 ,device = keep+ sep>ators f float+ or work+ up4 ,hold-,d[n ,clips4 ,brackets = ! atta*m5t ( bolts = hold+ ! batt]y securely 9 position on ! c>4 ,hydrog5 ,flame4 ,a v hot & clean flame ( hydrog5 gas & oxyg51 acetyl5e1 or compress$ air us$ = mak+ burn$ connections4 ,hydrog5 ,g5]ator4 ,an app>atus = g5]at+ hydrog5 gas = lead burn+4 ,hydromet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte4 ,hydromet] ,syr+e4 ,a glass b>rel enclos+ a hydromet] & provid$ ) a rubb] bulb = draw+ up electrolyte4 ,j>4 ,! h>d rubb] conta9] hold+ ! elem5t & electrolyte4 ,lead ,burn+4 ,mak+ a jo9t by melt+ toge!r ! metal ( ! p>ts to be jo9$4 ,lug4 ,! ext5sion f ! top frame ( ea* plate1 connect+ ! plate to ! /rap4 ,maximum ,gravity4 ,! highe/ specific gravity :i* ! electrolyte w rea* by cont9u$ *>g+1 indicat+ t no acid rema9s 9 ! plates4 ,mud4 7,see ,s$im5t47 ,negative4 ,! t]m9al ( a s\rce ( electrical en]gy z a cell1 batt]y or g5]ator ?r\gh :i* curr5t returns to complete circuit4 ,g5]ally m>k$ ,neg4 or -4 ,ohm4 ,! unit ( electrical resi/ance4 ,! small] ! wire conductor ! great] is ! resi/ance4 ,six hundr$ & sixty-five feet ( ,no4 #ad wire 7size us$ 9 h\se light+ circuit7 (f]s ,i ohm resi/ance to curr5t fl[4 ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,comm]cial "n = conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7#a4hce specific gravity74 ,?is is nev] us$ 9 a batt]y & w\ld quickly ru9 x4 ,ov]-,dis*>ge4 ,! c>ry+ ( dis*>ge beyond prop] cell voltage2 %ort5s life if c>ri$ f> en\gh & done frequ5tly4 ,pa/e4 ,! mixture ( lead oxide or spongy lead & o!r sub/ances :i* is put into grids4 ,plate4 ,! comb9ation ( grid & pa/e prop]ly =m$4 ,positive are r$di% br[n & negatives slate gray4 ,pol>ity4 ,an electrical condition4 ,! positive t]m9al 7or pole7 ( a cell or batt]y or electrical circuit is said to h positive pol>ity2 ! negative1 negative pol>ity4 ,positive4 ,! t]m9al ( a s\rce ( electrical en]gy z a cell1 batt]y or g5]ator f :i* ! curr5t fl[s4 ,g5]ally m>k$ ,pos4 or 4 ,po/4 ,! portion ( ! /rap ext5d+ ?r\gh ! cell cov]1 by means ( :i* connection is made to ! adjo9+ cell or to ! c> circuit4 ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce4 ,abbreviat$ ,p4 ,d4 ,f\nd on te/ curves4 ,synonym\s ) voltage4 ,rate4 ,numb] ( amp]es = *>ge or dis*>ge4 ,also us$ to express "t = ei!r4 ,rectifi]4 ,app>atus = conv]t+ alt]nat+ curr5t into direct curr5t4 ,resi/ance4 ,mat]ial 7usually lamps or wire7 ( l[ conductivity ins]t$ 9 a circuit to ret>d ! fl[ ( curr5t4 ,by v>y+ ! resi/ance1 ! am\nt ( curr5t c be regulat$4 ,also ! prop]ty ( an electrical circuit :]eby ! fl[ ( curr5t is imp$$4 ,resi/ance is measur$ 9 ohms4 ,analog\s to ! imp$im5t (f]$ by wall ( a pipe to fl[ ( wat] !re94 ,rheo/at4 ,an electrical appliance us$ to raise or l[] ! resi/ance ( a circuit & correspond+ly to decrease or increase ! curr5t fl[+4 ,rib4 7,see ,bridge47 ,ribb$4 7,see ,sep>ator47 ,rev]sal4 ,rev]sal ( pol>ity ( cell or batt]y1 due to excessive dis*>ge1 or *>g+ 9 ! wrong direction4 ,rubb] ,%eets4 ,?91 p]=at$ h>d rubb] %eets us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! wood sep>ators 9 "s types ( batt]ies4 ,!y are plac$ betwe5 ! groov$ side ( ! wood sep>ators & ! positive plate4 ,seal+4 ,mak+ tight jo9ts betwe5 j> & cov]2 usually ) a black1 ?ick1 acid-pro( comp\nd4 ,s$im5t4 ,loos5$ or worn out p>ticles ( active mat]ial fall5 to ! bottom ( cells2 frequ5tly call$ mud4 ,s$im5t ,space4 ,t "p ( j> betwe5 bottom & top ( bridge4 ,sep>ator4 ,an insulator betwe5 plates ( opposite pol>ity2 usually ( wood1 rubb] or comb9ation ( bo?4 ,sep>ators are g5]ally corrugat$ or ribb$ to insure prop] di/ance betwe5 plates & to avoid too great displacem5t ( electrolyte4 ,%ort ,circuit4 ,a metallic connection betwe5 ! positive & negative plates )9 a cell4 ,! plates may be 9 actual contact or mat]ial may lodge & bridge across4 ,if ! sep>ators are 9 good condition1 a %ort circuit is unlikely to occur4 ,spac]s4 ,wood /rips us$ 9 "s types to sep>ate ! cells 9 ! case1 & divid$ to provide a space = ! tie bolts4 ,specific ,gravity4 ,! d5sity ( ! electrolyte comp>$ to wat] z a /&>d4 ,x indicates ! /r5g? & is measur$ by ! hydromet]4 ,spray4 ,f9e p>ticles ( electrolyte c>ri$ up f ! surface by gas bubbles4 7,see ,gass+47 ,/>t+ ,rate4 ,a specifi$ curr5t 9 amp]es at :i* a dis*>g$ batt]y may be *>g$ at ! beg9n+ ( a *>ge4 ,! />t+ rate is r$uc$ to ! f9i%+ rate :5 ! cells beg9 to gas4 ,x is also r$uc$ at any "t dur+ ! *>ge if ! temp]ature ( ! electrolyte rises to or above #aaj deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,/>vation4 ,! result ( giv+ insuffici5t *>ge 9 relation to ! am\nt ( dis*>ge1 result+ 9 poor s]vice & injury to ! batt]y4 ,/rap4 ,! lead5 ca/+ to :i* ! plates ( a gr\p are jo9$4 ,sulphate4 ,common t]m = lead sulphate4 7,pb,s,o#d47 ,sulphat$4 ,t]m us$ to describe cells 9 an "u-*>g$ condition1 f ei!r ov]-dis*>g+ )\t correspond+ long *>ges or f /&+ idle "s "t & be+ self dis*>g$4 ,sulphate ,read+4 ,a peculi>ity ( cell voltage :5 plates are consid]ably sulphat$1 :]e *>g+ voltage %[s abnormally high figures be=e dropp+ gradually to normal *>g+ voltage4 ,t]m9al4 ,"p to :i* outside wires are connect$4 ,v5t1 ,v5t ,plug or ,v5t-,cap4 ,h>d or s(t rubb] "p ins]t$ 9 cov] to reta9 atmosph]ic pressure )9 ! cell1 :ile prev5t+ loss ( electrolyte f spray4 ,x all[s gases =m$ 9 ! cell to escape1 prev5ts electrolyte f spill+1 & keeps dirt out ( ! cell4 ,volt4 ,! comm]cial unit ( pressure 9 an electric circuit4 ,voltage is measur$ by a voltmet]4 ,analog\s to pressure or head ( wat] fl[ ?r\gh pipes4 ,,note4--,j z increase ( pressure causes m volume ( wat] to fl[ ?r\gh a giv5 pipe s increase ( voltage 7by putt+ m cells 9 circuit7 w cause m amp]es ( curr5t to fl[ 9 same circuit4 ,decreas+ size ( pipes is increas+ resi/ance & decreases fl[ ( wat]1 s also introduction ( resi/ance 9 an electrical circuit decreases curr5t fl[ ) a giv5 voltage or pressure4 ,wall4 ,j> sides & ends4 ,wa%+4 ,removal ( s$im5t f cells aft] tak+ out elem5ts2 usually accompani$ by r9s+ ( gr\ps1 replacem5t ( wood sep>ators & r5ewal ( electrolyte4 ,watt4 ,! comm]cial unit ( electrical p[]1 & is ! product ( voltage ( circuit by amp]es fl[+4 ,"o amp]e fl[+ "u pressure ( "o volt repres5ts "o watt ( p[]4 ,watt ,h\r4 ,! unit ( electrical "w4 ,x is ! product ( p[] exp5d$ by "t ( exp5diture1 e4g41 #aj amp]es fl[+ "u #cb volts pressure = #h h\rs gives #befj watt h\rs4 ,index ,a ,acetic acid f improp]ly treat$ sep>ators #gg ,acetyl5e & ,compress$ ,air ,lead-burn+ ,outfit#adg ,acid ,c>boys #ahd ,acid4 ,h&l+ & mix+ #bbb ,acid4 ,h[ lo/ :ile batt]y is on c> #eg ,acid4 ,h[ to draw1 f c>boys #ahd ,acid %\ld nev] be add$ to batt]y on c> #eg ,acid us$ in/ead ( wat] #eg ,active mat]ials4 ,composition ( #ac ,active mat]ials4 ,effect ( quantity1 porosity1 & arrangem5t (1 on capacity #db ,active mat]ials4 ,resi/ance ( #di ,age codes #bdb ,age ( batt]y4 ,det]m9+ #bdb ,age ( batt]y4 ,effect (1 on capacity #dg ,alcohol tor* lead-burn+ outfit #adh ,apply+ pa/es to grids #aa ,arc lead-burn+ outfit #adh ,audion bulb = radio receiv+ sets #bec ,b ,batt]y box %\ld be kept clean & dry #ea ,batt]y c>ri] #agc ,batt]y case 7see ,case74 ,batt]y /eam] #aeh ,batt]y truck #agc ,batt]y turntable #agj ,b5* *>ge #aih to #baj ,b5* *>ge4 ,arrangem5t ( batt]ies = #bjj ,b5* *>ge4 ,*>g+ rates = #bja ,b5* *>ge4 ,conditions prev5t+ batt]ies f *>g+ #bjf ,b5* *>ge4 ,conditions prev5t+ gravity f ris+ #bjg ,b5* *>ge4 ,if batt]y becomes too hot #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,if batt]y w n hold a *>ge #bjh ,b5* *>ge4 ,if batt]y w n take half a *>ge #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,if curr5t _c be pass$ ?r\gh batt]y #bjf ,b5* *>ge4 ,if electrolyte has a milky appe>ance #bjf ,b5* *>ge4 ,if gravity rises above #a4cjj #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,if gravity rises long be=e voltage does #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,if new batt]y w n *>ge #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,if "o cell w n *>ge #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,if v9eg>-l odor is detect$ #bje ,b5* *>ge4 ,leave v5t-plugs 9 :5 *>g+ #bji ,b5* *>ge4 ,level ( electrolyte at end ( #bjc ,b5* *>ge4 ,pa9t+ case aft] #bjc ,b5* *>ge4 ,specific gravity at end ( #bjc ,b5* *>ge4 ,specific gravity w n rise to #a4bhj #bjd ,b5* *>ge4 ,sugge/ions = #bji ,b5* *>ge4 ,temp]atures ( batt]ies dur+ #bjb ,b5* *>ge4 ,"t requir$ = #bjc ,b5* *>ge4 ,tr\bles aris+ dur+ #bjd ,b5* *>ge4 ,voltage at end ( #bjc ,b5* *>ge4 ,:5 necess>y #aih ,b9s = /ock p>ts #aeh ,book-keep+ records #cjb 7,omitt$7 ,bone-dry batt]ies4 ,putt+ into s]vice #bbi ,boxes = batt]y p>ts #ahc ,buckl+ #gb ,buckl+4 ,caus$ by *>g+ at high rates #gc ,buckl+4 ,caus$ by cont9u$ op]ation 9 dis*>g$ condition #gc ,buckl+4 ,caus$ by defective grid alloy #gc ,buckl+4 ,caus$ by non-uni=m curr5t di/ribution #gc ,buckl+4 ,caus$ by ov]dis*>ge #gc ,buckl+ does n necess>ily cause tr\ble #gc ,burn+4 7,see ,lead-,burn+47 ,burn+-lead m\ld #afd ,burn+ rack #afb ,bus9ess me?ods #bii to #cab 7,omitt$7 ,c ,cadmium4 ,:at x is #agf ,cadmium leads4 ,connection (1 to voltmet] #agi ,cadmium read+s affect$ by improp]ly treat$ sep>ators #aha ,cadmium read+s4 ,conditions necess>y to obta9 good negative-cadmium read+s #baj ,cadmium read+s d n indicate capacity ( a cell #age ,cadmium read+s on %ort-circuit$ cells #ahj ,cadmium read+s4 ,tr\bles %[n by1 on *>ge #bjf ,cadmium read+s4 ,:5 !y %\ld be tak5 #agf ,cadmium te/ #agd ,cadmium te/4 ,h[ made #age ,cadmium te/ on *>g+ batt]y #aha ,cadmium te/ on dis*>g+ batt]y #ahj ,cadmium te/ set4 ,:at x consi/s ( #agg ,cadmium te/ voltmet] #agh ,call+ = repair batt]ies #cad ,capacity4 ,effect ( age ( batt]y on #dg & #hi ,capacity4 ,effect ( plate surface area on #db ,capacity4 ,effect ( clogg$ sep>ators on #hh ,capacity4 ,effect ( incorrect proportions ( acid & acid 9 electrolyte on #hh ,capacity4 ,effect ( l[ level ( electrolyte on #hh ,capacity4 ,effect ( op]at+ conditions on #dd ,capacity4 ,effect ( quantity & /r5g? ( electrolyte on #db ,capacity4 ,effect ( quantity1 arrangem5t1 & porosity ( active mat]ials on #db ,capacity4 ,effect ( rate ( dis*>ge on #dd ,capacity4 ,effect ( rev]sal ( plates on #hi ,capacity4 ,effect ( %$d+ on #hh ,capacity4 ,effect ( specific gravity on #dc ,capacity4 ,effect ( temp]ature on #df ,c>bon-arc lead-burn+ outfit #adh ,c>boys #ahd ,c>e ( batt]y on ! c> #ea to #fh ,c>e ( batt]y :5 n 9 s]vice #fg ,c>ri] = batt]ies #agc ,case4 ,clean+ & pa9t+1 aft] repairs #cgb ,case manufacture #bb ,case4 ,pa9t+1 aft] b5* *>ge #bjc ,case4 ,repair+ #cfj ,case4 ,tr\bles indicat$ by rott$ #cai ,case tr\bles #hc ,cases4 ,equipm5t = "w on #ih & #agj ,ca/+ plate grids #i ,cell connector m\ld #afh ,cell connectors4 ,burn+-on #bac ,cell connectors4 ,equipm5t = "w on #ih ,cell connectors4 ,h[ to remove #cbi ,*ang+ pa/es into active mat]ials #ab ,*>ge4 7,see ,b5* ,*>ge47 ,*>ge4 ,*anges at negative plates dur+ #cj & #ci ,*>ge4 ,*anges at positive plates dur+ #cj & #dj ,*>ge4 ,*anges 9 acid d5sity dur+ #ci ,*>ge4 ,*anges 9 voltage dur+ #ch ,*>ge4 ,loss (1 9 an idle batt]y #hi ,*>ge4 ,prelim9>y1 9 rebuild+ batt]ies #cdi ,*>ge4 ,trickle #bci ,*>g+ b5*#acc to #aci ,*>g+ b5*4 ,arrangem5t ( batt]ies on #bjj ,*>g+ b5*4 ,temp]ature ( batt]ies on #bjb ,*>g+ b5*4 ,work+ draw+s ( #acd to #aci ,*>g+ circuits4 ,draw+s ( #aje ,*>g+ connections4 ,mak+ tempor>y #bbj ,*>g+4 ,con/ant pot5tial #aaa ,*>g+ equipm5t = f>m light+ batt]ies #dci ,*>g+ equipm5t = />t+ batt]ies #ajj ,*>g+ f>m light+ batt]ies #dee ,*>g+4 ,lamp-banks = #aja ,*>g+4 ,motor-g5]ators = #ajf ,*>g+ rate4 ,adju/+ #bhg ,*>g+ rate4 ,*eck+ #bhc ,*>g+ rate4 ,gov]n$ by gass+ #aab & #bjb ,*>g+ rate4 ,h[ & :5 to adju/ #bhi ,*>g+ rates = b5* *>ge #aab & #bja ,*>g+ rates = new ,exide batt]ies #bbf ,*>g+ rates = new ,philadelphia batt]ies #bbh ,*>g+ rates = new ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies #bcd ,*>g+ rates on ! c> #bhc ,*>g+ rebuilt batt]ies #cgc ,*>g+4 ,rheo/ats = #aja ,*emical actions & electricity4 ,relations betwe5 #ca ,*emical *anges at ! negatives dur+ *>ge #cj ,*emical *anges at ! positives dur+ *>ge #cj ,*emical *anges at ! negatives dur+ dis*>ge #bi ,*emical *anges at ! positives dur+ dis*>ge #bi ,*emical *anges 9 ! batt]y #bg to #ca ,composition ( j>s #af ,composition ( plate grids #i ,comp\nd4 ,scrap+1 f cov]s & j>s #ccd ,compress$ air & hydrog5 lead-burn+ outfit #adg ,compress$ air & illum9at+ gas lead-burn+ outfit #adi ,cond5s] = mak+ di/ill$ wat] #afj ,connections4 ,mak+ tempor>y1 = *>g+ #bbj ,connectors4 7,see ,cell ,connectors47 ,connector tr\bles #hd ,con/ant-pot5tial *>g+ #aaa ,con/ruction ( plate grids #aj ,conv5i5t me?od ( add+ wat] #ef ,corrod$ grids #gg ,corrod$ grids4 ,caus$ by age #gh ,corrod$ grids4 ,caus$ by high temp]atures #gh ,corrod$ grids4 ,caus$ by impurities #gh ,corrosion #cba ,cov]s4 ,ev]eady #ag ,cov]s4 ,exide #ai & #ba ,cov]s4 ,functions ( #af ,cov]s4 ,g\ld #ag ,cov]s4 ,h[ to remove #cca ,cov]s4 ,philadelphia diamond grid #af ,cov]s4 ,pre/-,o-,lite #ah & #ai ,cov]s4 ,putt+ on ! #cfe ,cov]s4 ,seal+ #cff ,cov]s4 ,s+le & d\ble #af ,cov]s4 ,/eam+ #ccb ,cov]s4 ,u4,s4,l4 #ah & #bj ,cov]s4 ,ve/a #ah ,cov]s4 ,we/+h\se #dag ,cov]s4 ,will>d #ai ,cr$it4 ,use & abuse ( #cja 7,omitt$7 ,cut\t4 ,*eck+ action ( #bhb8 ,cycl+ dis*>ge te/s #bfi ,d ,dead cells4 ,causes ( #hg ,delco-,light batt]ies #dff ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,amp]e-h\r met] = #dfg & #dga ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,burn+-on new plates ( #dib ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,burn+-on new /raps = #dhh ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,c>e ( cells (1 9 /ock #dic ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,*>g+1 aft] reassembl+ #dha ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,*>g+ outside negatives ( #dhd ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,cle>+ high resi/ance %orts 9 #dhd ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,cle>+ lug %orts 9 #dhd ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,dis-assembl+ #dgd ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,gauges & in/rum5ts = te/+ #dff ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,g5]al compla9ts f us]s ( #die ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,hydromet]s = #dfh ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,inspection trips #dgj ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,press+ negatives ( #dhe ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,putt+ repair$ cells into s]vice #dhd ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,re-assembl+ #dgg ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,remov+ impurities f #dhc ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,repair+ brok5 po/s ( #dhg ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,repair+ lead p>ts ( #dhf ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,salvag+ replac$ cells ( #dhf ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,tak+1 out ( commission #did ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,treat+ brok5 cells ( #dhb ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,treat+ spill$ cells ( #dhb ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,treat+ rev]s$ cells ( #dhc ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,use ( auxili>y /raps ) #dib ,delco-,light batt]ies4 ,:5 & h[ to *>ge #dfh ,dis*>ge app>atus #bgj ,dis*>ge4 ,*anges at negative plates dur+ #cg ,dis*>ge4 ,*anges at positive plates dur+ #cg ,dis*>ge4 ,*anges 9 acid d5sity dur+ #ce ,dis*>ge4 ,*emical actions at negative plates dur+ #bi ,dis*>ge4 ,*emical actions at positive plates dur+ #bi ,dis*>ge4 ,effects ( rates (1 on capacity #dd ,dis*>ge4 ,voltage *anges dur+ #cb ,dis*>ge te/s4 ,cycl+ #bfi ,dis*>ge te/s4 ,fifte5 seconds #bff ,dis*>ge te/s4 ,light+ ability #bfg ,dis*>ge te/s4 ,/>t+ ability #bfg ,di/ill$ wat]4 ,cond5s] = mak+ #afj ,dope electrolytes #ei & #aii ,d\ble cov]s4 ,seal+ #cff ,dry %ipm5t ( batt]ies #bd ,dry /orage #bdj ,dry /orage batt]ies #bfe ,e ,e>!nw>e j>s #ahd ,electrical sy/em4 ,normal c\rse ( op]ation ( #bgg ,electrical sy/em4 ,te/+ ! #bgf ,electrical sy/em4 ,te/s on1 to be made by ! repairman #bgi ,electrical sy/em4 ,tr\bles 9 ! #bhd ,electricity & *emical actions4 ,relation betwe5 #ca ,electrolyte4 ,adju/+ ! #cgc ,electrolyte bel[ tops ( plates4 ,causes & results ( #cai & #cbc ,electrolyte4 ,causes ( milky appe>ance ( #bjf ,electrolyte4 ,composition ( #aii & #bbb ,electrolyte4 ,correct height (1 above plates #ee ,electrolyte4 ,effect ( circulation (1 on capacity #dd ,electrolyte4 ,effect ( l[ #fg ,electrolyte4 ,effect ( quantity & /r5g? (1 on capacity #db ,electrolyte4 ,freez+ po9ts ( #fg ,electrolyte4 ,leak+ (1 at top ( cells #cbd ,electrolyte4 ,level (1 at end ( b5* *>ge #bjc ,electrolyte4 ,resi/ance ( #dc & #dh ,electrolyte tr\bles4 ,high gravity #he ,electrolyte tr\bles4 ,high level #he ,electrolyte tr\bles4 ,l[ gravity #he ,electrolyte tr\bles4 ,l[ level #he ,electrolyte tr\bles4 ,milky appe>ance #he ,elem5t4 ,tight5+ loose #cfc ,elem5ts4 ,re-assembl+ #cfa ,equipm5t = dis*>ge te/s #bgj ,equipm5t = g5]al "w #ih ,equipm5t = g5]al "w on connectors & t]m9als #ih ,equipm5t = h&l+ seal+ comp\nd #adi ,equipm5t = lead-burn+ #ig ,equipm5t = "w on cases #ih & #agj ,equipm5t ne$$ 9 op5+ batt]ies #ig ,equipm5t :i* is absolutely necess>y #if ,ev]eady batt]ies4 ,claim$ to be non-sulphat+ #dja ,ev]eady batt]ies4 ,description ( p>ts #djd ,ev]eady batt]ies4 ,rebuild+ #dje ,exam9+ & te/+ incom+ batt]ies #cag ,exide f>m light+ batt]ies #dff to #dih ,exide radio batt]ies #beg ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,age code = #bdc 7,age code *>t omitt$7 ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,burn+-on cell connectors ( #chb ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,capacities ( #cha 7,*>t omitt$7 ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,*>g+1 aft] repair+ #chb ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,me?ods ( hold+ j>s (1 9 case #cgg ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,op5+ ( #cgg ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ cells (1 9 case #chb ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ j>s (1 9 case #chb ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #bbe ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,re-assembl+ plates ( #cgi ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,seal+ s+le cov]s ( #chj ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,type numb]s ( #cgg ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,types ( #cge ,exide />t+ batt]ies4 ,"w on plates1 sep>ators1 j>s1 & cases ( #cgi ,f ,f>m light+ batt]ies #dce to #eaj ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,c>e (1 9 op]ation #dec ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,c>e ( plant (1 9 op]ation #dej ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,*>g+ #dec8 or 7#dee7 ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,*>g+ equipm5t = #dci ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,det]m9+ condition ( cells ( #dec ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,diff]5ce betwe51 & />t+ batt]ies #dce ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,dis*>ge rules = #deg ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,exide #dff ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,initial *>ge ( #ddh ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,in/allation ( plant #dde ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,in/ruct+ us]s ( #ddi ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,j>s us$ 9 #dcf ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,loads c>ri$ by #ddc 7,*>ts omitt$7 ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,location ( plant #ddd ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,ov]*>ge ( #dee ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,p[] consum$ by appliances connect$ to #ddb ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,pre/-,o-,lite #dfj ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,selection ( plant #ddj ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,sep>ators = #dch ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,size ( plant requir$ #ddb ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,specific gravity ( electrolyte ( #dch ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,tr\bles ) #deh ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,:5 to *>ge #dee ,f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,wir+ ( plant = #ddd ,fill+ & te/+ s]vice #bia ,flames = lead-burn+ #baa ,floor4 ,c>e ( #ahh ,floor grat+ = %op #ahh ,floor ( %op #ahf ,=m+ plates #aa ,freez+ po9ts ( electrolyte #fg ,g ,gass+ causes %$d+ #gd ,gass+4 ,*>g+ rate gov]n$ by #aab & #bjb ,gass+4 ,def9ition ( #ca ,gass+4 ,excessive1 causes milky appe>ance ( electrolyte #hf ,gass+ ( sulphat$ plates #dj & #ge ,gass+ on *>ge #cg8 & #bjb ,granulat$ negatives #gh ,granulat$ negatives4 ,caus$ by age #gh ,granulat$ negatives4 ,caus$ by heat #gh ,gravity4 7,see ,specific ,gravity74 ,grids4 ,ca/+ #i ,grids4 ,composition ( #i ,grids4 ,corrod$ #gg ,grids4 ,effect ( age on #gh & #hj & #cdb8 7#cdd7 ,grids4 ,effect ( defective grid alloy on #gc ,grids4 ,effect ( impurities on #gg & #gh & #hj & #cdb ,grids4 ,effect ( ov]heat+ on #gh & #hj & #cdb8 ,grids4 ,resi/ance ( #dh ,grids4 ,trimm+ #aj ,h ,h&l+ & mix+ acid #bbb ,heat+ ( negatives expos$ to ! air #gh ,high rate dis*>ge te/]s #aha ,high rate dis*>ge te/s #bff & #bfg & #cgd ,home-made batt]ies #be ,hydrog5 & compress$ air lead-burn+ outfit #adg ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 lead-burn+ outfit #adf ,hydromet]4 ,:at x consi/s ( #fj ,hydromet] read+s4 ,effect ( temp]ature on #fe ,hydromet] read+s4 ,h[ to take #fa ,i ,idle batt]y4 ,c>e ( #fg ,idle batt]y4 ,h[ x becomes dis*>g$ #hi ,idle batt]y4 ,h[ x sulphates #gj ,illum9at+ gas & compress$ air lead-burn+ outfit #adi ,impurities #gf ,impurities :i* attack ! plates #gg ,impurities :i* cause self-dis*>ge #gf ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,exam9+ & te/+ #cag ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,g5]al inspection ( #cbj ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,op]ation te/s on #cbj ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,:5 x is necess>y to op5 #cbf ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,:5 x is necess>y to remove f c> #cbe ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,:5 x is unnecess>y to op5 #cbe ,incom+ batt]ies4 ,:5 x is unnecess>y to remove f c> #cbd ,in/all+ batt]y on ! c> #bcf ,int]nal resi/ance #dh to #ej ,isolators #djh ,inspection to det]m9e height ( electrolyte #ee ,j ,j>s4 ,con/ruction ( #af ,j>s4 ,fill+ ) electrolyte #cfd ,j>s = f>m light+ batt]ies #dcf ,j>s4 ,manufacture ( #af ,j>s4 ,mat]ials us$ = #af ,j>s4 ,remov+ defective #cei ,j>s4 ,te/+1 = leaks #cef ,j>s4 ,"w on #cef ,j> tr\bles caus$ by explosion 9 cell #hc ,j> tr\bles caus$ by freez+ #hc ,j> tr\bles caus$ by improp]ly trimm$ gr\ps #hc ,j> tr\bles caus$ by loose batt]y #hb ,j> tr\bles caus$ by r\gh h&l+ #hb ,j> tr\bles caus$ by weights plac$ on top ( batt]y #hc ,k 7,no ,entries7 ,l ,lead burn+ cell connectors #bac ,lead burn+4 ,classes ( #baa ,lead burn+4 ,equipm5t = #ig & #adc ,lead burn+4 ,g5]al in/ructions = #baj to #bbj ,lead burn+ plates to /raps #bag ,lead burn+ t]m9als #bac ,lead burn+4 ,safety precautions = #bac ,lead melt+ pots #bbj ,lead m\ld #afd ,lead m\ld+ in/ructions #bbj ,light = %op #ahg & #aij ,loose active mat]ial #ge ,loose active mat]ial caus$ by buckl+ #gf ,loose active mat]ial caus$ by ov]dis*>ge #ge ,loss ( capacity #hh ,loss ( *>ge 9 an idle batt]y #hi ,lugs4 ,ext5d+ plate #bai ,m ,manufacture ( batt]ies #i to #bf ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,assembl+ & seal+ #bc ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,auxili>y rubb] sep>ators #ae ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,cases #bb ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,ca/+ ! grid #i ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,composition ( ! grid #i ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,cov]s #af ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,dry+ ! pa/$ plates #ab ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,=m+ ! plates #ab ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,home-made batt]ies #be ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,j>s #af ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,mat]ials us$ = sep>ators #ad ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,mix+ pa/es #aa ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,pa/e =mulas #aa ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,pa/+ plates #aa ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,philco slott$ reta9] #ae ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,po/ seal #af ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,prep>+ batt]ies = dry %ipm5t #bd ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,sep>ators #ad ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,t]m9al connections #be ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,treat+ sep>ators #ad ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,trimm+ ! grid #aj ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,v5t plugs #bb ,manufacture ( batt]ies4 ,ve/a impregnat$ mats #ae ,me*anical rectifi] #aca ,melt+ pot = lead #bbj ,m]cury-,arc rectifi] #abi ,milky electrolyte #bjf ,motor-g5]ators #ajf to #aab ,motor-g5]ators4 ,c>e ( #aaj ,motor-g5]ators4 ,op]at+ *>g+ circuits ( #aji ,motor-g5]ators4 ,sizes = small & l>ge %ops #ajf ,motor-g5]ators4 ,sugge/ions on #ajh ,m\ld+ in/ructions #bbj ,m\ld+ mat]ials #bbj ,m\lds4 #afd to #agj ,m\lds = build+ up po/s #afe ,m\lds = burn+ lead /icks #afd ,m\lds = cell connectors #afh ,m\lds = plate /raps #afg & #afi ,m\lds = t]m9al screws #afh ,n ,negative plates4 ,*anges at1 dur+ *>ge #ci ,negative plates4 ,*anges at1 dur+ dis*>ge #cg ,negatives4 ,bulg$ #gi ,negatives4 ,granulat$ #gh ,negatives4 ,heat+ (1 :5 expos$ to ! air #gh ,negatives ) r\gh5$ surface #gi ,negatives ) s(t5$ active mat]ial #gi ,negatives ) h>d active mat]ial #gi ,negatives4 ,wa%+ & press+ #cea ,new batt]ies4 ,putt+1 into s]vice #bbd ,non-sulphat+ ,ev]eady batt]ies #djb ,o ,op5-circuits #hf ,op5-circuits4 ,caus$ by acid on sold]$ jo9ts #hf ,op5-circuits4 ,caus$ by brok5 t]m9als #hf ,op5-circuits4 ,caus$ by poor lead burn+ #hf ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,equipm5t ne$$ 9 #ig ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,heat+ seal+ comp\nd #ccb ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,in/ructions = #cbh ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,pull+ elem5ts out ( j>s #ccc ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,remov+ connectors & t]m9als #cbi ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,remov+ po/-seal #cca ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,scrap+ comp\nd f cov]s #ccd ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,:5 necess>y #cbf ,op5+ batt]ies4 ,:5 unnecess>y #cbe ,op]at+ conditions4 ,effect (1 on capacity #dd ,ov]dis*>ge causes sulphation #fi ,oxides us$ = plate pa/es #aa ,oxyg5 & acetyl5e lead burn+ outfit #adc ,oxyg5 & hydrog5 lead burn+ outfit #adf ,oxyg5 & illum9at+ gas lead burn+ outfit #adf ,p ,pack+ batt]ies = %ipp+ #bga ,pa9t+ case aft] b5* *>ge #bjc ,p>aff9e dip pot #ahb ,pa/e =mulas #aa ,pa/es4 ,apply+ to grids #aa ,pat5t electrolytes #ei ,philadelphia radio batt]ies #bfj ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,age codes = #bdc ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,old type po/ seal = #cih ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #bbh ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,rubb] cases = #dja ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,rubb]-,lockt seal #cii ,philadelphia />t+ batt]ies4 ,sep>ators = #djb ,plante plates #bg ,plante's "w on ! /orage batt]y #bg ,plate burn+-rack #afb ,plate lugs4 ,ext5d+ #bai ,plate press #aga ,plate /rap m\ld #afg & #afi ,plate surface area4 ,effect (1 on capacity #db ,plate tr\bles #fi ,plates4 ,burn+1 to /raps #bag & #cee ,plates *>g$ 9 wrong direction #ha & #cdc ,plates4 ,exam9+1 aft] op5+ batt]y #ccg ,plates4 ,sulphat$ #cdb ,plates4 ,:5 old1 may be us$ aga9 #cdd ,plates4 ,:5 to put 9 new #cci ,positives4 ,buckl$ #hj & #cda ,positives4 ,*anges at1 dur+ *>ge #dj ,positives4 ,*anges at1 dur+ dis*>ge #cg ,positives4 ,froz5 #hj & #cci ,positives4 ,rott$1 & dis9tegrat$ #hj & #cda ,positives4 ,wa%+ #ced ,positives :i* h lo/ consid]able active mat]ial #hj ,positives ) h>d active mat]ial #ha ,positives ) s(t active mat]ial4 #hj ,po/ build]s #afe ,po/ build+ in/ructions #bah ,po/ seal #ag ,po/ seal4 ,exide #ai ,po/ seal4 ,philadelphia #cii ,po/ seal4 ,pre/-,o-,lite #chf ,po/ seal4 ,titan #dcd ,po/ seal4 ,univ]sal #dcj ,po/ seal4 ,u4,s4,l4 #ah ,po/ seal4 ,ve/a #dac ,po/ seal4 ,we/+h\se #dag ,po/ seal4 ,will>d #dbd to #dbh ,po/s4 ,burn+1 to plates #bag ,pots = melt+ lead #bbj ,press+ plates #aga ,pie/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies #dfj ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,descriptions #dfj ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,op5+ cells #dfd ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ repair$ cell into s]vice #dfe ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,rebuild+ #dfd ,pre/-,o-,lite f>m light+ batt]ies4 ,specific gravity ( electrolyte #dfa ,pre/-,o-,lite radio batt]ies #bfb ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,age code = #bdd 7,omitt$7 ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,pe5+ in/ructions = #cie ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,old /yle cov]s = #chf ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,pe5$ po/ seal = #chf ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,pe5+ po/s ( #cia & #cid ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,pe5+ press = #cij ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,po/ lock+ outfit = #chh ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new into s]vice #bcc ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,rebuild+ po/s ( #cic ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,remov+ cov]s f #cib ,pre/-,o-,lite />t+ batt]ies4 ,tables ( #cif 7,omitt$7 ,prim>y cell #e ,pur*as+ me?ods #bii 7,omitt$7 ,putt+ new batt]ies into s]vice #bbd ,q 7,no entries7 ,r ,radio audion bulb #bec ,radio batt]ies #beb ,radio batt]ies4 ,exide #beg ,radio batt]ies4 ,g5]al features ( #bee ,radio batt]ies4 ,philadelphia #bfj ,radio batt]ies4 ,pre/-,o-,lite #bfb ,radio batt]ies4 ,univ]sal #bfc ,radio batt]ies4 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 #bfa ,radio batt]ies4 ,ve/a #bef ,radio batt]ies4 ,we/+h\se #bei ,radio batt]ies4 ,will>d #beg ,radio receiv+ sets4 ,types ( #beb ,rebuild+ batt]ies #cbh 7to re/ ( *apt] #ae7 ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,adju/+ electrolyte #cgc ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,burn+-on cell connectors #cga ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,burn+-on plates #cee ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,*>g+ rebuilt batt]ies #cgc ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,clean+ #cbi ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,clean+ & pa9t+ ! case #cgb ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,det]m9+ repairs necess>y #cce ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,elim9at+ %ort-circuits #cdh ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,exam9+ ! plates #ccg ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,fill+ j>s ) electrolyte #cfd ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,heat+ seal+ comp\nd #ccb ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,high rate dis*>ge te/ #cgd ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,m>k+ ! repair$ batt]y #cgb ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,prelim9>y *>ge #cdi ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,press+ negatives #cea ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,pull+ plates out ( j>s #ccc ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ elem5ts 9 j>s #cfb ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ on ! cov]s #cfe ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,reassembl+ ! elem5ts #cfa ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,remov+ connectors & t]m9als #cbi ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,remov+ defective j>s #cei ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,remov+ po/ seal #cca ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,repair+ ! case #cfj ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,scrap+ comp\nd f cov]s & j>s #ccd ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,seal+ d\ble cov]s #cff ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,seal+ s+le cov]s #cga ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,te/+ j>s #cef ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,tight5+ loose elem5ts #cfc ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,us+ #a4djj acid #cfd ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,wa%+ negatives #cea ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,wa%+ positives #ced ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,:5 old plates may be us$ aga9 #cdd ,rebuild+ batt]ies1 ,:5 to put 9 new plates #cci ,rebuild+ batt]ies4 ,"w on j>s #cef ,rectifi]4 ,me*anical #aca ,rectifi]4 ,m]cury are #abi ,rectifi]4 ,/ahl #acb ,rectifi]4 ,tung> #aac ,re9sulation #bgd ,relations betwe5 *emical actions & electricity #ca ,r5tal batt]ies4 ,g5]al policy = #bea ,r5tal batt]ies4 ,m>k+ #bdi & #bif ,r5tal batt]ies4 ,record ( #bea ,r5tal batt]ies4 ,/ock c>d = #big 7,omitt$ v simple *>t7 ,r5tal batt]ies4 ,t]m9als = #bdh ,rev]s$ plates #ha & #hi ,rev]s$-s]ies g5]ator4 ,adju/+ #bij ,s ,s4 ,a4 ,e4 rat+s = batt]ies #de ,safety fir/ rules #bge ,safety precautions dur+ lead-burn+ #bac ,screw m\ld 4444 #afh ,seal+ ar\nd ! po/s #ag ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,composition ( #aej ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,equipm5t = h&l+ #adi ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,heat+ ) electricity #ccc ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,heat+ ) gasol9e tor* #ccc ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,heat+ ) hot wat] #ccb ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,heat+ ) lead burn+ flame #ccc ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,heat+ ) /eam #ccb ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,in/ructions = heat+ prop]ly #aej ,seal+ comp\nd4 ,remov+ ) hot putty knife #ccb ,second>y cell #e ,s$im5t4 ,effect ( excessive #hg ,sep>ator cutt] #aga ,sep>ator tr\bles #ha & #cdf ,sep>ators = f>m light+ batt]ies #dch ,sep>ators4 ,improp]ly treat$1 cause unsatisfactory negative-cadmium read+s #aha ,sep>ators4 ,putt+ 9 new #bgd ,sep>ators4 ,/or+ #bgc ,sep>ators4 ,?read$ rubb] #dcj ,s]vice records #bic ,%$d+ #gd ,%$d+ caus$ by *>g+ only a portion ( ! plate #ge ,%$d+ caus$ by *>g+ sulphat$ plate at too high a rate #gd ,%$d+ caus$ by excessive *>g+ rate #gd ,%$d+ caus$ by freez+ #ge ,%$d+ caus$ by ov]*>g+ #gd ,%$d+4 ,normal #gd ,%$d+4 ,result ( #gd ,%elv+ & racks #aeb ,%ipp+ batt]ies #bga ,%op equipm5t #ie ,%op equipm5t = *>g+ #ajj ,%op equipm5t = g5]al "w #ih ,%op equipm5t = lead-burn+ #ig ,%op equipm5t = op5+ batt]ies #ig ,%op equipm5t = "w on cases #ih ,%op equipm5t = "w on connectors & t]m9als #ih ,%op equipm5t :i* is absolutely necess>y #if ,%op floor #ahf #ahg8 ,%op lay\ts #ahg8 #ahi to #aif ,%op light #aij8 #aia ,%ort-circuits4 ,elim9at+ #cdh ,s+le cov]s4 ,scal+ #cga ,s9k4 ,work+ draw+s ( #add & #ade ,specific gravity at end ( b5* *>ge #bjc ,specific gravity4 ,*anges 91 dur+ *>ge #ci ,specific gravity4 ,*anges 91 dur+ dis*>ge #ce ,specific gravity4 ,def9ition ( #fj ,specific gravity4 ,effect (1 on capacity #dc ,specific gravity 9 f>m light+ cells #dch ,specific gravity4 ,limits (1 dur+ *>ge & dis*>ge #dc ,specific gravity rises above #a4cjj #bje ,specific gravity rises long be=e voltage on *>ge #bje ,specific gravity %\ld be measur$ e two weeks #fj ,specific gravity4 ,:at det]m9es1 ( fully *>g$ cell #dch ,specific gravity4 ,:at diff]5t values (1 indicate #fj ,specific gravity4 ,:y #a4bhj-a4cjj indicates fully *>g$ cell #dc ,specific gravity w n rise to #a4bhj #bjd ,specific gravity read+s4 ,effect ( temp]ature on #fe ,specific gravity read+s4 ,h[ to take #fa ,specific gravity read+s4 ,if above #a4cjj #cah & #cbc ,specific gravity read+s4 ,if all above #a4bjj #cah ,specific gravity read+s4 ,if bel[ #a4aej 9 all cells #cah & #cba8 ,specific gravity read+s4 ,if betwe5 #a4aej & #a4bjj 9 all cells #cah & #cba8 ,specific gravity read+s4 ,if unequal #cah & #cbb ,specific gravity read+s4 ,tr\bles indicat$ by #fc ,/ahl rectifi] #acb ,/>t+ ability dis*>ge te/ #bfg ,/eam] #aeh ,/eps 9 ! use ( electricity on ! automobile #a ,/orage batt]y does n /ore electricity #f ,/orage cell #e ,/or+ batt]ies dry #bdj ,/or+ batt]ies wet #bci ,/rap4 ,burn+ plates to #bag ,/rap m\ld #afg & #afi ,sulphate4 ,effect (1 on voltage dur+ dis*>ge #cb ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by add+ acid #gb ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by batt]y /&+ idle #gj ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by impurities #gb ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by l[ electrolyte #ga ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by ov]dis*>ge #fi ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by ov]heat+ #gb ,sulphation4 ,caus$ by />vation #ga ,t ,temp]ature4 ,cause ( high1 on c> #cbd ,temp]ature corrections 9 specific gravity read+s #fe ,temp]ature4 ,effect (1 on batt]y op]ation #ff ,temp]ature4 ,effect (1 on capacity #df ,temp]ature ( batt]ies on *>g+ b5* #bjb ,t]m9al connections #be ,t]m9als4 ,burn+-on #bac ,t]m9als = r5tal batt]ies #bdh ,te/+ & exam9+ incom+ batt]ies #cag ,te/+ & fill+ s]vice #bia ,te/+ ! electrical sy/em #bgf ,?ird bru% g5]ator4 ,adju/+ #bhi ,?read$ rubb] sep>ators #dcj ,"t requir$ = b5* *>ge #bjc ,titan batt]ies #dcb ,titan batt]ies4 ,age code = #bde 7,omitt$7 ,treat+ sep>ators #ad ,trickle *>ge #bci ,trimm+ plate grids #aj ,tr\ble *>ts #cba ,tr\bles aris+ dur+ b5* *>ge #bjd ,tr\bles4 ,batt]y #fi ,trucks = batt]ies #agc ,tung> rectifi]4 ,batt]y connections ( #abg ,tung> rectifi]4 ,f\r batt]y #aai ,tung> rectifi]4 ,g5]al in/ructions = #abf ,tung> rectifi]4 ,half-wave & full-wave #aad & #aae ,tung> rectifi]4 ,in/allation ( #abf ,tung> rectifi]4 ,l9e connections ( #abg ,tung> rectifi]4 ,"o batt]y #aag ,tung> rectifi]4 ,op]ation ( #abh ,tung> rectifi]4 ,pr9ciple ( #aac ,tung> rectifi]4 ,t5 batt]y #abj ,tung> rectifi]4 ,tr\bles ) #abh ,tung> rectifi]4 ,tw5ty batt]y #abb ,tung> rectifi]4 ,two amp]e #aaf ,tung> rectifi]4 ,two batt]y #aah ,turntable = batt]ies #agj ,u ,univ]sal radio batt]ies #bfc ,univ]sal />t+ batt]ies #dcj ,univ]sal />t+ batt]ies4 ,con/ruction features ( #dcj ,univ]sal />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #dca ,univ]sal />t+ batt]ies4 ,types #dcj ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 radio batt]ies4 #bfa ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 />t+ batt]ies4 ,age code = #bdf ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 />t+ batt]ies4 ,special in/ructions = #chb ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 />t+ batt]ies4 ,tables ( #chd 7,omitt$7 ,u4 ,s4 ,l4 v5t tube con/ruction #bj ,v ,v5t plugs %\ld be left 9 place dur+ *>ge #bji ,v5t tube con/ruction #bj ,ve/a radio batt]ies #bef ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies #djh ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,age code = #bdfbdf ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,isolators = #djh ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,po/ seal #dac ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #bbg ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,sep>ators #dac & #dae ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,d #dji ,ve/a />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,,dj #dab ,vibrat+ regulators4 ,adju/+ #bij ,v9eg>-l odor4 ,cause ( #bje ,voltage4 ,causes ( l[ #cba ,voltage *anges dur+ *>ge #ch ,voltage *anges dur+ dis*>ge #cb ,voltage1 limit+ value (1 on dis*>ge #cd ,voltage ( cell4 ,factors det]m9+ #cd ,voltage ( a fully *>g$ cell #bjc ,voltage read+s at end ( b5* *>ge #bjc ,voltage read+s on op5 circuit wor?less #agg ,voltaic cell #d ,w ,wa% tank4 ,work+ draw+s ( #add ,wat]4 ,cond5s] = di/ill$ #afj ,we/+h\se f>m light+ batt]ies #dih ,we/+h\se radio batt]ies #bei ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies #dag ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,age code = #bdgbdg ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,plates = #dah ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,po/ seal = #dag ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #bca ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,a #dah ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,b #dai ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,c #dbj ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,e #dbj ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,f #dbc ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,h #dba ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type ,j #dbb ,we/+h\se />t+ batt]ies4 ,type #j #dbb ,wet batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #bbe ,wet /orage #bci ,:at's wrong ) ! batt]y #cac to #cbg ,:5 x is unnecess>y to op5 batt]y #cbe ,:5 may batt]y be left on c> #cbd ,:5 mu/ batt]y be op5$ #cbf ,:5 %\ld batt]y be remov$ f c> #cbe ,will>d f>m-light+ batt]ies #ejb ,will>d radio batt]ies #beg ,will>d />t+ batt]ies4 ,age code = #bdg ,will>d />t+ batt]ies4 ,bone-dry #bd ,will>d />t+ batt]ies4 ,putt+ new1 into s]vice #bbi ,will>d />t+ batt]ies ) comp\nd seal$ po/ #dbd ,will>d />t+ batt]ies ) gasket po/ seal #dbh ,will>d />t+ batt]ies ) lead cov]-ins]ts #dbd ,will>d ?read$-rubb] sep>ators #dcj ,work+ draw+s ( b9s = /ock #aeh ,work+ draw+s ( *>g+ b5* #acd to #aci ,work+ draw+s ( fla%-back tank #adg ,work+ draw+s ( %elv+ & racks #aec to #aeg ,work+ draw+s ( %op lay\ts #ahi to #aif ,work+ draw+s ( /eam] b5* #afa ,work+ draw+s ( wa% tank #add & #ade ,work+ draw+s ( "w b5* #adj & #ada ,x ,y ,z 7,no entries "u ,x1 ,y or ,z7 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,,xyz ,index 7,table (7 ,cont5ts ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,factory ---------------------- ,,! foll[+ pages %[ h[ ,batt]ies are made at ! ,factory4 ,! illu/rations w be especially int]e/+ to ,batt]y ,s]vice ,/ation ,own]s :o h conceiv$ ! idea t !y w\ld l to manufacture _! own batt]ies4 ,a complet$ batt]y is a simple look+ piece ( app>atus1 yet ! equipm5t ne$$ to make x is elaborate & exp5sive1 z ! foll[+ illu/rations w %[4 ,quantity production is necess>y 9 ord] to build a good batt]y at a mod]ate co/ to ! c> own]1 & quantity production means a l>ge factory1 elaborate & exp5sive equipm5t1 & a l>ge work+ =ce4 ,fur!rmore1 be=e any batt]ies are put on ! m>ket1 ext5sive rese>* & exp]im5tation is necess>y to develop a batt]y :i* w prove a success 9 ! field4 ,?is 9 itself requires consid]able "t & money4 ,no manufactur] :o has develop$ =mulas & designs at a consid]able exp5se w disclose !m to o!rs :o desire to ent] ! manufactur+ field z competitors1 nor c anyone expect !m to d s4 ,if ! man :o contemplates ent]+ ! batt]y manufactur+ bus9ess c af=d to develop 8 own =mulas & designs1 build a factory1 & organize a work+ =ce1 x is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly4 prop] = him to become a manufactur]2 b unless he c d s1 he %\ld n attempt to make a batt]y4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations1 w ( c\rse1 be ( int]e/ to ! man :o repairs batt]ies4 ,a k ( ! manufactur+ processes w give him a bett] und]/&+ ( ! batt]ies :i* he repairs4 ,! less my/]y !re is ab\t ! batt]y1 ! m effici5tly c ! repairman d 8 "w4 ,photo3 ,ca/+ ,exide ,grids ,photo3 ,pa/+ ,exide ,plates ,photo3 ,ca/+ ,small ,exide ,batt]y ,p>ts ,photo3 ,=m+ ,exide ,positive ,plates ,photo3 ,burn+ ,exide ,plates ,into ,gr\ps ,photo3 ,cutt+ & groov+ ,exide wood sep>ators ,photo3 ,*>g+ ,exide batt]ies ,photo3 ,mix+ pa/e = ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies ,photo3 ,m\ld+ ,pre/-,o-,lite ,grids ,photo3 ,inspect+ ,pre/-,o-,lite grids = defects ,photo3 ,pre/-,o-,lite pa/+ room ,photo3 ,pa/+ ,pre/-,o-,lite plates ,photo3 ,a corn] ( ,pre/-,o-,lite =m+ room ,photo3 ,g5]al view ( ,pre/-,o-,lite assembly room ,photo3 ,p[] op]at$ ,pre/-,o-,lite pe5+ press ,photo3 ,inspect+ ,pre/-,o-,lite sep>ators ,photo3 ,ins]t+ sep>ators 9 ,pre/-,o-,lite plate elem5ts ,photo3 ,f9al inspection ( ,pre/-,o-,lite batt]ies ,photo3 ,pre/-,o-,lite exp]im5tal laboratory ,photo3 ,laboratory te/s ( oxides = ,ve/a batt]ies ,photo3 ,m\ld+ ,ve/a grids ,photo3 ,prep>+ ,ve/a plates = ! =m+ room ,photo3 ,burn+ ,ve/a plates into gr\ps4 ,assembl+ gr\ps ) isolators4 ,photo3 ,ve/a acid mix+ room ,photo3 ,*eck+ & adju/+ cell read+s ( ,ve/a batt]ies on developm5t *>ge ,photo3 ,f9al assembly inspection ( ,ve/a batt]ies ,photo3 ,trimm+ ,we/+h\se grids ,photo3 ,pa/+ ,we/+h\se plates ,photo3 ,burn+ ,we/+h\se plates into gr\ps ,photo3 ,pack+ ,we/+h\se batt]ies = %ipm5t ,illu/ration3 ,,ambu ,(ficial ,s]vice ,/ation