file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity47 ,,! ,,negro ,,f>m] ,by ,,c>l ,,kelsey ,a ,,!sis ,,submitt$ ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,,9 ,,p>tial ,,fulfillm5t ,,( ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,ph4 ,d4 ,pr9t$ & on sale by ,,j5n+s ,,pye ,,*icago #aijc ,,price ,,fifty ,,c5ts ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,introduction #e ,,ii4 ,geographic ,location #i ,,iii4 ,economic ,h]itage #bb ,,iv4 ,pres5t ,situation #bi ,virg9ia #cb ,sea ,coa/ #ch ,c5tral ,di/rict #dc ,alluvial ,region #eb ,v4 ,social ,environm5t #fa ,,vi4 ,! ,outlook #fg ,,vii4 ,agricultural ,tra9+ #ga ,population ,maps #hj ,,old-,,"t ,,negroes4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s !re h be5 _m que/ions ( g5]al int]e/ be=e ! ,am]ican p4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if !re is ano!r problem1 :i* is z w>mly debat$ to-day z ev] & ^: solution is yet s unc]ta91 z t ( ! ,negro4 ,9 ! second decade ( ! sev5te5? c5tury prote/s 7 be+ fil$ aga9/ black slav]y1 b ! sy/em 0 cont9u$ = ne>ly #bej ye>s4 ,! discussion grew m & m bitt]1 & to p>ticipation 9 x ignorance1 !n z n[1 0 no b>4 ,! ,nor? _h less & less direct contact ) ! ,negro4 ,! religi\s ho/ility to human bondage 0 /r5g!n$ by ! /eadily increas+ diff]5ce 9 economic developm5t :i* result$ 9 ! creation ( sectional prejudices & jeal\sies4 ,! ,nor? held ! negro to be greatly wrong$1 & acc\nts ( 8 pitiable condition & ( ! _m individual cases ( ill treatm5t fann$ ! flames ( wra?4 ,! reports ( travel]s1 h[ev]1 _h little influ5ce comp>$ ) ! religi\s s5tim5ts :i* felt outrag$ by ! exi/5ce ( bond s]vitude 9 ! l&4 ,?r\gh all ! ye>s !re 0 little attempt to sci5tifically /udy ! "* ( ! problem or ! nature ( ! subject4 ,a mi/ak5 economic s5tim5t 9 ! ,s\? & a /rong moral s5tim5t at ! ,nor? r5d]$ su* /udies unnecess>y1 if n impossible4 ,! ,s\?1 p]ceiv+ ! b5efits ( slav]y1 0 bl9d to its fundam5tal weaknesses1 & ! ,nor?1 unacqua9t$ ) ,negro "*1 held to ! natural equality ( all m54 ,?us slav]y itself became a b>ri] to ! gett+ ( an adequate k ( ! ne$s ( ! slave4 ,! feel+ grew t if ! %ackles ( slav]y 7 brok51 ! ,negro w\ld at once be z o!r m54 ,! economic diff]5ces f9ally l$ to ! w>4 ,x is n to be =gott5 t slav]y itself 0 n ! cause ( ! w>1 nor 0 !re any ?\ght on ! "p ( ! ,union lead]s to make ! blacks citiz5s4 ,t ?is 0 done lat] 0 a gl[+ tribute to _! ignorance ( ! real dem&s ( ! situation4 ,! ,republican p>ty ( to-day %[s no indication ( repeat+ ?is mi/ake 9 ! newly acquir$ isl&s4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood z oppos+ suffrage ( ! blacks1 b any ?\ghtful obs]v] mu/ agree t z a race !y 7 n prep>$ = popul> gov]nm5t at ! "t ( _! lib]ation4 ,! folly ( ! measures adopt$ none c fail to see :o w read ! hi/ory ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a or ,mississippi dur+ :at is call$ ,recon/ruction4 ,imm$iately aft] ! w>1 new s\rces ( in=mation reg>d+ ! ,negro 7 af=d$ ! ,nor?4 ,! lead]s ( ! c>pet-bag regime1 play+ political games1 circulat$ gl[+ reports ( ! progress ( ! ex-slaves4 ,a second class ( p]sons1 ! tea*]s1 w5t ,s\?1 & back came rose-color$ acc\nts4 ,x might seem t ! tea*] c\ld be/ judge ( ! capacity ( a p4 ,! tr\ble is t 9 ! s*ools !y saw ! be/ specim5s ( ! race1 at ! impressionable p]iod ( _! lives1 & "u abnormal conditions4 ,!re is 9 ! s*ool an atmosph]e ab\t ! *ild :i* /imulates 8 desire to advance1 b a relapse (t5 comes :5 ord9>y home conditions are r5ew$4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n t ! *ildr5 ( all primitive races are v quick & apt up to a c]ta9 p]iod 9 _! lives1 excell+ (t5 *ildr5 ( civiliz$ peoples1 b t ?is disappe>s :5 maturity is rea*$4 ,h5ce1 ! av]age tea*]1 n com+ 9 close contact ) ! mass ( ! p "u normal surr\nd+s1 gives1 al?\gh s9c]ely1 a v mislead+ picture ( actual conditions4 ,a ?ird class ( in=mants 7 ! t\ri/s1 & _! ability to get at ! he>t ( ! situation is obvi\s4 ,!re rema9 to be m5tion$ ! ,negro tea*]s & s*ool entrepr5eurs4 ,naturally ^! h pres5t$ su* facts z !y ?\ght w\ld s]ve to op5 ! purses ( _! he>]s4 ,"s h be5 hone/1 _m m un9t5tionally di%one/1 & o!rs delib]ately deceitful4 ,! relative size ( ^! classes x is unnecess>y to attempt to asc]ta94 ,!y h talk$ & sung _! way into ! he>ts ( ! he>]s z does ! pitiful begg> on ! /reet4 ,! donor sees t evid5tly some?+ is ne$$1 & gives ) little1 if any1 c>eful inve/igation z to ! real ne$s ( ! case4 ,! result ( x all has be5 t ! te/imony ( ^? :o knew f> m ?an 0 possible = any outsid]1 ! s\!rn :ites1 has gone unhe$$1 n to say t x has be5 spurn$ z ho/ile & valueless4 ,! blame1 ( c\rse1 is n always on "o side1 & z w be %[n lat]1 !re are _m s\!rn :ites :o h z little to d ) ! ,negro1 & consequ5tly "k z little ab\t him1 z ! av]age ,new ,york]4 ,?is situation has be5 mo/ un=tunate = all conc]n$4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! "q ( ! progress ( ! ,negro has f> m direct mean+ = ! s\!rn]1 & t he is f> m deeply int]e/$ 9 x ?an is 8 nor!rn bro!r1 ! popul> impression to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,x is unnecess>y to seek explanations1 b x is a pleasure to recognize t !re are _m indications t a bett] day is com+1 & indications n[ po9t to a he>ty co-op]ation 9 educational ef=ts4 ,!re are _m reasons = ! *ange1 & p]haps ! greate/ ( ^! is summ$ up 9 ,indu/rial ,tra9+4 ,! ,nor? is sl[ly le>n+ t ! ,negro is n a d>k-sk9n$ ,yankee1 & t ?\s&s ( g5]ations 9 ,africa h produc$ a be+ v diff]5t f him ^: ance/ors liv$ an equal "t 9 ,europe4 ,9 a ^w1 we n[ see t slav]y does n acc\nt = all ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! blacks & :ites1 & t _! orig9s lie f>!r back4 ,our acqua9tance ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,negro is meag]4 ,we d n ev5 "k h[ _m ( ! num]\s ,african tribes are repres5t$ 9 our mid/4 ,a good deal ( ,semitic blood _h already be5 infus$ into ! m nor!rn tribes4 ,:at influ5ce did ?is h & h[ _m desc5dants ( ^! tribes are !re 9 ,am]ica8 ,tribal di/9ctions h be5 hopelessly lo/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! bl5d+ has gone on s cont9u\sly t p]haps !re w\ld be little practical b5efit if ! /ocks c\ld be det]m9$ to-day4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s comm5t>y on ! turn discussions ( ! "q h tak51 t n until #aijb did any "o f9d x advisable to publi% a compreh5sive /udy ( ! ,african environm5t & to trace its influ5ce on subsequ5t developm5t4 ,yet ?is is "o ( ! fundam5tal prelim9>ies to any real k ( ! subject4 ,9 close connection ) ! prec$+ is ! "q ( ! mulatto4 ,besides ! bl5d+ ( ,african /ocks !re has be5 a good deal ( int]mixture ( :ite blood4 ,we d n ev5 "k h[ _m full blood$ ,africans !re are 9 ,am]ica1 nor does ! la/ c5sus seek to asc]ta94 ,mulattoes h almo/ entirely be5 ! (fspr+ ( :ite fa!rs & black mo!rs1 & probably mo/ ( ! fa!rs h be5 boys & "y m54 ,)\t attempt+ a discussion ( ?is subject1 ^: results e?nologi/s _c yet tell1 x is c]ta9 t a half bre$ is n a full blood1 a mulatto is n a ,negro1 9 spite ( ! social classification to ! contr>y4 ,! g5]al belief is t ! mulatto is sup]ior1 ei!r = good or bad1 to ! pure ,negro4 ,! visitor to ! ,s\? _c fail to be /ruck ) ! fact t ) r>e exceptions ! color$ m5 9 places ( responsibility1 9 education or 9 bus9ess1 are evid5tly n pure negroes4 ,ev5 9 slav]y times1 ! mulattoes 7 pref]r$ = c]ta9 positions1 su* z ov]se]s1 ! blacks z field h&s4 ,att5tion is call$ to ?is m]ely to %[ our ignorance ( an important po9t4 ,"s may claim t x is a matt] ( no consequ5ce4 ,?is ,i _c admit4 ,to me x seems ( "s significance to "k :e!r mulattoes 7& o!r crosses7 =m m ?an _! relative p]c5tage ( ! graduates ( ! high] s*ools2 :e!r !y are succe$+ 9 bus9ess bett] ?an ! blacks2 :e!r t[n life is prov+ p>ticul>ly attractive to !m2 :e!r !y h great] or less moral & physical /am9a1 ?an ! blacks4 ,! lack ( def9ite k %\ld at lea/ /op ! preval5t practice ( tak+ ! progress ( a b& ( mulattoes & attempt+ to e/imate t ( ! ,negroes !reby4 ,x may be t "s day ! mulatto w entirely supplant ! black1 b !re is no imm$iate probability ( ?is4 ,until we "k ! facts1 our prophecies are b wild guesses4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t a cross+ ( :ite & black may %[ itself 9 ! yell[ negro or ! *ang$ head & features1 ei!r1 or bo?1 z ! case may be4 ,a d>k sk9 is1 !re=e1 no sure indication ( purity & blood4#a ,x is (t5 tak5 = grant$ t ! ,negro has practically equal opportunities 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 & t a fairly uni=m rate ( progress may be expect$4 ,?is assumption re/s on an ignorance ( ! geographical location ( ! mass ( blacks4 ,x w be %[n t !y are liv+ 9 sev]al di/9ct agricultural zones 9 :i* success mu/ be s\ght accord+ to local possibilities4 ,developm5t always dep5ds ^u ! environm5t1 & we %\ld expect1 !re=e1 unequal progress = ! ,negroes4 ,ev5 ! highe/ fruits ( civilization fail if ! bases ( life are sudd5ly *ang$4 ,! ,congregational ,*ur* has n fl\ri%$ among ! ,negroes z h "s o!r d5om9ations1 9 spite ( its great activity 9 educational "w4 ,! ,am]ican mode ( gov]nm5t is be+ greatly modifi$ to make x fit conditions 9 ,porto ,rico4 ,! manufactur]s ( ,p5nsylvania & ! f>m]s ( ,i[a d n agree z to ! articles on :i* duties %\ld be levi$1 & x is a "q if ! two h ! same int]pretation ( ! pr9ciple ( protection4 ,diff]5t environm5ts produce diff]5t types4 ,s x w be 9 ! case ( ! ,negro4 ,if we are to und]/& ! conditions on :i* 8 progress dep5ds1 we mu/ pay "s att5tion to economic geography4 ,t ?is w result 9 a recognition ( ! ne$ = %ap+ plans & me?ods accord+ to local ne$s is obvi\s4 ,! pres5t !sis does n pret5d to be a complet$ /udy1 mu* less an attempt to solve ! ,negro problem4 ,x is writt5 9 ! hope ( call+ att5tion to "s ( ! results ( ?is geographic location z illu/rat$ 9 ! situation ( ! ,negro f>m] 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\?4 ,! attempt is made to describe ! situation ( ! av]age man4 ,x is fully recogniz$ t !re are numb]s ( exceptions among ! ,negroes z well z among ! :ite s*ool tea*]s1 ref]r$ to above4 ,t !re is mu* 9 ! pres5t situation1 bo? ( enc\ragem5t & disc\ragem5t1 is pat5t4 ,un=tunately1 mo/ ( u %ut our eyes to "o or ! o!r set ( facts & are wildly optimi/ic or pessimi/ic1 accord+ly4 ,t !re may be no misund]/&+ ( my position1 let me say t ,i agree ) ! late ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,curry 9 /at+ t3 ,i h v little respect = ! intellig5ce or ! patriotism ( ! man :o d\bts ! capacity ( ! negro = improvem5t or usefulness4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,geographic ,,location4 ,! great ,appala*ian sy/em1 runn+ p>allel to ! ,atlantic coa/1 & end+ 9 nor!rn ,alabama1 =ms ! geological axis ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,bord]+ ! m\nta9s prop] is a broad belt ( hills kn[n z ! ,pi$mont or ,metamorphic region1 m>k$ by granite & o!r cry/all9e rocks1 & hav+ an elevation decreas+ f #a1jjj to #ejj feet4 ,! soil v>ies accord+ to ! und]ly+ rocks1 b is ?9 & wa%es badly1 if c>elessly till$4 ,! oaks1 hickories & o!r h>dwoods1 =m ! =e/s4 ,9 ,virg9ia ?is section meets ! l[] & flatt] c\ntry kn[n z ,tide-,wat] ,virg9ia4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is /ate we come to ! ,p9e ,hills1 :i* foll[ ! ,pi$mont & /ret*1 int]rupt$ only by ! alluvial l&s ( ! ,mississippi1 to c5tral ,texas4 ,! ,p9e ,hills seldom t\* ! ,pi$mont directly1 b are sep>at$ by a n>r[ belt ( ,s& ,hills1 :i* run f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,alabama1 !n sw+ nor?w>d ar\nd ! coal measures & spread out 9 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky4 ,?is region1 9 g5]al ( poor soils1 m>ks ! falls ( ! riv]s & ! head ( navigation4 ,h[ important ?is is may easily be se5 by notic+ ! location ( ! cities 9 ,georgia1 = in/ance1 & rememb]+ t ! c\ntry 0 settl$ be=e ! day ( railroads4 ,9 ,alabama ! ,black ,prairie is int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,p9e ,hills & ! ,s& ,hills1 & ?is prairie sw+s nor?w>d into ,mississippi4 ,! ,p9e ,hills give way to ! m level ,p9e ,flats1 :i* slope ) a gradi5t ( a few feet a mile to ! ocean or ! gulf1 :i* usually has a n>r[ alluvial bord]4 ,go+ we/ f ,alabama we cross ! oak & hickory l&s ( ,c5tral ,mississippi1 :i* are sep>at$ f ! alluvial di/rict by ! cane hills & yell[ loam table l&s4 ,beyond ! bottom l&s ( ! ,mississippi 7& ,r$ riv]7 we come to ! oak l&s ( ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas & ,texas :i* /ret* to ! black prairies ( ,texas1 :i*1 bord]+ ! r$ l&s ( ,arkansas1 run s\?we/ f9ally1 m]g+ 9 ! coa/ prairies ne> ,au/94 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,arkansas we come to ! foo?ills ( ! ,oz>ks4 ,^! diff]5t regions are %[n by ! dott$ l9es on ! population maps4 ,! soils ( ^! v>i\s regions hav+ nev] be5 subject$ to a glacial epo*1 are v div]se1 & x w\ld be a ?ankless task to attempt any detail$ classification on ! basis ( f]tility4 ,! soils ( ! ,atlantic side be+ l>gely f ! cry/all9e rocks & conta9+ !re=e mu* silica1 are reput$ less f]tile ?an ! gulf soils4 ,! alluvial l&s ( ! ,mississippi & o!r riv]s are beyond "q ! ri*e/ ( all4 ,%al] says3 ,! delta di/ricts ( ! ,mississippi & its tribut>ies & simil> alluvial l&s :i* occupy broad fields ne> ! l[] portion ( o!r /reams fl[+ into ! gulf h prov$ ! mo/ endur+ly f]tile areas ( ! c\ntry4 ,next to ^! probably /& ! black prairies4 ,9 all /ates !re is m or less alluvial l& along ! /reams1 & ?is soil is always ! be/4 ,x is ! fir/ l& br\ght into cultivation :5 ! c\ntry is settl$1 & rema9s mo/ con/antly 9 use4 ,ea* di/rict has its own advantages & its own difficulties4 ,9 ! metamorphic regions1 ! tr\ble comes 9 ! attempt to keep ! soil on ! hills1 :ile 9 ! flat l&s ! problem is to get prop] dra9age4 ,9 ! pres5t situation ( ! ,negro f>m] ! adaptability ( ! soil to cotton is ! *ief consid]ation4 ,! fir/ slaves 7 l&$ at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia1 9 #afai4 ,! importation 0 cont9u$ 9 spite ( _m prote/s1 & ! practice soon came into favor4 ,almo/ )\t int]ruption1 9 spite ( v>i\s prohibitions1 ! slave traffic la/$ "r up to ! v outbreak ( ! w>1 mo/ ( ! lat] c>goes be+ l&$ along ! gulf coa/4 ,slav]y prov$ pr(itable at ! ,s\?2 n s at ! ,nor?1 :]e x 0 soon ab&on$4 ,x 0 by no means1 h[ev]1 equally pr(itable 9 all p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 & z "t w5t on ?is fact became m noticeable4 ,?us at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ,k5tucky & ,virg9ia 7 l>gely employ$ 9 sell+ slaves to ! l>ge plantations fur!r s\?4 ,few new slaves _h be5 import$ into ,virg9ia 9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,! c5t] ( slav]y ?us mov$ s\?we/ because ( *ang+ economic conditions1 n because ( any inh]5t opposition to ! sy/em4 ,?is gradual we$+ out ( ! slaves 9 ,virg9ia may v possibly acc\nt = ! g5]al e/eem 9 :i* ,virg9ia negroes h be5 held4 ,to indicate ! "* ( ^? sold ,s\?1 ,bracket#b gives a quotation f a ,baltimore pap] ( #ahea :i* adv]tis$ "s good ,negroes to be ex*ang$ = s]vants suitable = ! ,s\? ) bad *>act]s4 ,to trace ! developm5t ( ! slave-hold+ di/ricts is n g]ma9 to ! pres5t /udy1 int]e/+ z x is 9 itself4 ,x may be wor? :ile to trace ! progress 9 "o /ate4 ,9 ,georgia1 9 #ahjj1 ! blacks outnumb]$ ! :ites 9 ! seacoa/ c\nties1 except+ ,camd51 & 7 also 9 ! majority 9 ,ri*mond4 ,9 #ahcj !y also outnumb]$ ! :ites along ! ,savannah riv] & 7 rea*+ we/w>d z f> z ,jones c\nty4 ,9 #ahej1 besides ! coa/ & ! riv]1 !y 7 9 a majority 9 a n>r[ belt cross+ ! /ate f ,l9coln to ,h>ris c\nties4 ,by #ahfj !y _h swung s\?w>d 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate & 7 9 possession ( mo/ ( ! c\nties s\? ( ,tr\p1 :ile ! map ( #aijj %[s t !y h add$ to ?is t]ritory4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate !y h nev] be5 greatly 9 evid5ce4 ,! influ5ce ( ! riv]s is aga9 evid5t :5 we notice t !y mov$ up to ! head ( navigation1 !n swung we/w>d4 ,z slav]y develop$1 x 0 accompani$ by a great ext5sion ( cotton gr[+1 or1 p]haps1 x 7 tru] to say t ! gradual rise ( cotton plant+ made possible ! increas$ use ( slaves4 ,! c5t] ( ! cotton indu/ry _h rea*$ ! middle ( ,alabama by #ahej1 0 ne> ,jackson1 ,mississippi1 9 #ahfj1 & has s9ce mov$ sl[ly we/w>d4 ,! mo/ prosp]\s di/rict ( ! ,s\? 9 #ahfj 0 probably ! alluvial l&s ( ! ,mississippi4 ,?is gives u ! key to ! we/w>d tr5d ( slav]y4 ,let x be rememb]$1 too1 t ! sy/em ( slav]y dem&s an abundance ( new l&s to take ! place ( ^? worn out by ! %ort-sight$ cultivation adopt$4 ,?us 9 ! ,s\? little att5tion 0 paid to rotation ( crops or to f]tiliz]s4 ,z long z ! new l& 0 abundant1 x 0 n consid]$1 & probably 0 n pr(itable to keep up ! old4 ,! result 0 t ! wild & reckless sy/em ( ext5sive cultivation practic$ prior to ! w> _h impov]i%$ ! l& ( e cotton-produc+ /ate ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,z cotton became less & less pr(itable 9 ! ea/ ! op5+ up ( ! new] & ri*] l&s 9 ! we/ put ! ea/]n plant] 9 a m & m prec>i\s situation4 ,_h cotton fall5 to any?+ l its pres5t price 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! w>1 8 lot w\ld h be5 f> worse4 ,ano!r influ5ce %\ld be not$4 ,slav]y t5d$ to drive out ( a community ^? :o oppos$ ! sy/em1 & also ! poor :ites1 non-slave hold]s4 ,! plant]s s\ght to buy out or expel ?is latt] class1 because ( ! temptation !y 7 "u to incite ! slaves to /eal corn & cotton & sell x to !m at a l[ price4 ,!re 0 also tr\ble 9 _m o!r ways4 ,!re 0 ?us a t5d5cy to sep>ate ! mass ( ! blacks f ! majority ( ! :ites4 ,t ?is segregation actually arose a map ( ! proportionate populations = ,alabama 9 #ahfj %[s4 ,x may be claim$ t !re 7 o!r reasons = ?is sep>ation1 su* z climatic conditions1 etc4 ,?is may be p>tially true1 b x evid5tly _c be ! pr9cipal reason1 = we f9d ! :ites 9 ! majority 9 _m ( ! l[e/ & !oretically mo/ unheal?ful regions1 z 9 ! p9e flats4 ,?is is ! situation to-day also4 ,! influ5ce ( ! riv]s 9 det]m9+ ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry has be5 m5tion$4 ,n[h]e 0 ?is m ! case ?an 9 ! alluvial l&s ( ! ,mississippi1 ! s-call$ ,delta4 ,?is c\ntry 0 l[ & flat1 subject to ov]fl[s ( ! riv]4 ,! e>ly settlem5ts 7 directly on ! banks ( ! navigable /reams1 because ?is only 0 accessible1 & because ! l& imm$iately bord]+ ! /reams is high] ?an ! back l&4 ,levees 7 at once />t$ to control ! riv]s1 b n until ! railroads p5etrat$ ! c\ntry 9 #ahhd 0 !re any developm5t ( ! back l&4 ,ev5 to-day mo/ ( ?is is /ill wild4 ,! w> br\ght num]\s *anges1 b x is only 9 place "h to consid] ^? affect+ ! location ( ! p4 ,! mobility ( labor is "o ( ! great *anges4 ,in/ead ( a fix$ labor =ce we n[ h to deal ) a body relatively free to g & come4 ,! imm$iate result is t a /ream ( emigration sets 9 f ! bord] /ates to ! cities ( ! ,nor?1 :]e !re 0 great opportunity = s]vants & all sorts ( casual labor4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( negroes 9 v>i\s nor!rn cities 9 #ahfj & also 9 #aijj3 #ahfj4 #aijj4 ,wa%+ton #aj1ihc #hf1gjb ,baltimore #bg1hih #gi1beh ,philadelphia #bb1ahe #fb1fac ,new ,york #af1ghe #fj1fff ,/4 ,l\is #c1big #ce1eaf ,*icago #iee #cj1aej ,co9cid5t ) ! movem5t to ! m di/ant t[ns came a developm5t ( s\!rn cities4 ,city life has be5 v attractive to ,negroes "h also1 z ! foll[+ table indicates3 #ahfj4 #aijj4 ,new ,orleans #bd1jgd #gg1gad ,atlanta #a1ici #ce1gbg ,ri*mond #ad1bge #cb1bcj ,*>le/on #ag1adf #ca1ebb ,savannah #h1dag #bh1jij ,montgom]y #d1ejb #ag1bbi ,birm+ham 444 #af1ege ,o!r cities %[ ! same ga9s4 ,z a rule1 ! negro has be5 ! common labor] 9 ! cities & 9 ! trades does n seem to hold ! same relative position he _h 9 #ahfj4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 q a developm5t ( small tradesm5 among !m4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two tables %[s t ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore h m ,negroes ?an ,new ,orleans2 t ,/4 ,l\is has m ?an ,atlanta & ,ri*mond1 :ile ,new ,york & ,philadelphia conta9 d\ble ! numb] ( ,savannah & ,*>le/on4 ,?is emigration to ! ,nor? has _h great effect ^u _m di/ricts ( ! ,s\?4 ,x seems also to be c]ta9 t ! ,negroes h n ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 ! nor!rn cities1 & t ! population has be5 kept up by con/ant immigration4 ,:at ?is has meant we may see :5 we f9d t 9 #ahfj ! ,negroes 7 9 ! majority 9 five c\nties 9 ,m>yl&1 9 two 9 #aijj2 9 #dc 9 ,virg9ia 9 #ahfj1 9 #ce 9 #aijj2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #ai 9 #ahfj1 9 #ae 9 #aijj4 ,! map on page #ac %[s ! movem5t ( ! ,negro population 9 ,virg9ia betwe5 #ahij & #aijj4 ,! %ad$ c\nties1 #fj 9 numb]1 h lo/ 9 actual population 7,negro74 ,! total actual decrease 9 ^! c\nties 0 ov] #bg1jjj4 ,ev5 9 ! t[ns !re has be5 a loss1 = 9 #ahij ! twelve t[ns ( ov] #b1ejj population conta9$ #cb1fib ,negroes4 ,9 #aijj only #bi1ege4 ,! only section 9 :i* !re has be5 a heavy increase is ! seacoa/ f ,norfolk & ,newport ,news to ! nor? & includ+ ,ri*mond4 ,a city l ,roanoke also makes its pres5ce felt4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,negroes 9 ,virg9ia numb] ov] #fjj1jjj1 & t ! total increase 9 ! decade 0 only #be1jjj1 a heavy emigration becomes cle>4 ,,virg9ia1 #ahij-aijj4 ,,movem5t ,,( ,,negro ,,population4 ,%ad$ ,c\nties %[ decrease4 ,:ite ,c\nties indicate increase4 ,figures %[ ext5t ( *ange4 ,z a common labor] also ! negro has borne 8 "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! economical res\rces ( ! ,s\?4 ,he has built ! railroads & levees2 has hewn lumb] 9 ! =e/s2 has dug phosphate rock on ! coa/ & coal 9 ! int]ior4 ,:]ev] !re has be5 a developm5t ( labor indu/ry call+ = unskill$ labor he has f\nd a place4 ,all ^! h comb9$ to turn him f ! f>m1 8 orig9al ,am]ican home4 ,! *ang+ agricultural conditions :i* h _h a simil> influ5ce w be discuss$ lat]4 ,hav+ ?us briefly review$ ! influ5ces :i* h _h "p 9 det]m9+ 8 g5]al habitat we are ready to exam9e m closely 8 pres5t location4 ,! maps ( ! ,negro population w %[ ?is = ! diff]5t /ates4 ,a ^w reg>d+ ^! maps4 ,!y are drawn on ! same scale1 & ! %ad+ repres5ts ! same ?+s = ! diff]5t /ates4 ,! d5sity map %\ld always be comp>$ ) ! proportionate map to get a correct view ( ! actual situation4 ,if ?is is n done1 confus$ ideas w result4 ,on ! d5sity maps if a c\nty has a mu* heavi] %ad+ ?an surr\nd+ ones1 a city is probably ! explanation4 ,! rev]se may be true on ! proportionate maps :]e ! light] %ad+ may indicate ! pres5ce ( numb]s ( :ites 9 "s city1 z 9 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 or ,*>le/on ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,beg9n+ ) ,virg9ia1 we f9d almo/ no ,negroes 9 ! we/]n m\nta9 di/ricts1 b _! numb]s increase z we approa* ! coa/ & _! c5t] is 9 ! s\!a/4 ,! heavy di/rict 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a adjo9s t 9 ,virg9ia1 dim9i%+ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,ent]+ ,s\? ,c>ol9a we discov] a mu* heavi] population1 bo? actually & relatively4 ,geographical f\ndations un=tunately 7= our purpose7 d n foll[ c\nty l9es4 ,x is v likely1 h[ev]1 t c\ld we get at ! actual location ( ! p1 we %\ld f9d t !y _h _! influ5ce4 ,evid5tly ! ,s& ',hills h "s significance1 = ! d5sity map %[s a light] negro population4 ,s does ! ,p9e ,flats di/rict1 al?\gh 9 ?is /ate ! ,negroes are 9 ! majority 9 ! region1 hav+ be5 long settl$ 9 ! race di/ricts4 ,9 no o!r /ate d ! blacks outnumb] ! :ites 9 ! ,p9e ,flats4 ,9 ,georgia ! nor!rn "p is 9 possession ( ! :ites1 z are ! ,p9e ,flats4 ,! ,negroes hold ! c5t] & ! coa/4 ,9 ,florida ! ,negroes are 9 ! ,p9e ,hills4 ,9 ,alabama !y c5t] 9 ! ,p9e ,hills & ,black ,prairie4 ,9 ,mississippi1 ,arkansas & ,l\isiana !y are 9 ! alluvial regions1 & 9 ,texas !y f9d _! heavie/ seat ne> ,h\/on4 ,outside ( ! city c\nties we d n f9d a population ( ov] #cj negroes to ! squ>e mile until ,s\? ,c>ol9a is rea*$1 & ! heavie/ settlem5t is 9 ! black prairie ( ,alabama & ! alluvial region ( ,mississippi1 & "p ( ,l\isiana4 ,9 ,t5nessee !y are f\nd along ! riv] & 9 ! r$ l&s ( ! c5t]1 :ile 9 ,k5tucky !y are *iefly locat$ 9 ! ,lime/one di/rict4 ,summ>iz+ _! location1 we may say t !y />t 9 ! ea/-c5tral portion ( ,virg9ia & foll[ ! l9e ( ! ,p9e ,hills to ,alabama1 only slightly encroa*+ ^u ! ,metamorphic di/rict1 & except 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 on ! p9e flats4 ,!y occupy ! black prairie ( ,alabama & ,mississippi1 & ! l&s ( ! riv] /ates ) a small] population 9 ! ,oak ,hills ( ,texas1 ! r$ l&s ( ,t5nessee & "s ( ! lime/one di/rict ( ,k5tucky4 ,x is wor? :ile to exam9e "o /ate m 9 detail & ,alabama has be5 select$ z be+ typical4 ,! ,negro proportion 9 ! /ate 9 #ahfj 0 #de4d p] c5t1 & 9 #aijj 0 #de4b p] c5t4 ,an exam9ation ( a proportionate map = #ahfj w\ld %[ t ! slave own]s f\nd two p>ts ( ! /ate favorable to !m4 ,! fir/ is along ! ,t5nessee riv] 9 ! ,nor?1 & ! second1 ! black prairie ( ! c5t]4 ,( ^! ! latt] 0 by f> ! seat ( ! heavi] population4 ,x has already be5 sugge/$ t ?is 0 probably ! be/ l& 9 ! slave /ates1 save ! alluvial bottoms4 ,bo? di/ricts 7 accessible by wat]4 ,! ,tombigbee & ,alabama riv]s rea*$ all p>ts ( ! prairie1 ! ,t5nessee =m+ ! natural outlet ( ! ,nor?4 ,by ref]r+ n[ to ! map ( #aijj1 x is evid5t t "s *anges h tak5 place4 ,! prairie c\ntry1 ! ,black ,belt1 is /ill 9 ! possession ( ! ,negroes1 & _! p]c5tage is l>g]1 hav+ increas$ f #ga to #hj4 ,! population p] squ>e mile is also heavi]4 ,dallas1 ,sumt] & ,l[ndes c\nties _h a ,negro population ( #bc4f p] squ>e mile 9 #ahfj1 & #ci4b 9 #aijj4 ,9 ! nor!rn di/rict an opposite condition exi/s4 ,9 #ahfj ! region embrac+ ! c\nties ( ,laud]dale1 ,lime/one1 ,frankl91 ,colb]t1 ,lawr5ce & ,morgan _h a color$ population =m+ #dd4e p] c5t ( ! total4 ,9 #aijj ! ,negroes 7 b #cc p] c5t ( ! total4 ,! di/rict conta9s "s #d1fji squ>e miles1 & _h 9 #ahfj a ,negro population ( #aa to ! squ>e mile2 9 #aijj1 #ac4e4 ,( ?is increase ( #b4e p] mile1 ab\t "o-half is f\nd to be 9 ! f\r t[ns ( ! di/rict ^: population is ov] #b1ejj ea*4 ,! small] villages w\ld probably acc\nt = mo/ ( ! balance1 s x seems safe to say t ! f>m+ population has sc>cely increas$ 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,meantime ! :ites 9 ! di/rict h increas$ f #ab p] squ>e mile to #be4d4 ,! c5sus %[s t betwe5 #ahij & #aijj six c\nties ( ,nor? ,alabama lo/ 9 ! actual ,negro population1 & two o!rs 7 /ation>y1 :ile 9 ! black belt ! :ites decreas$ 9 f\r c\nties & 7 /ation>y 9 two4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,negroes h ga9$ 9 ,jeff]son 7,birm+ham7 & ,talladega c\nties4 ,! opportunities = unskill$ labor acc\nt l>gely = ?is1 & ,talladega is also a good cotton c\nty4 ,9 ,w9/on & ,cullman c\nties !re are practically no ,negroes1 ! c5sus %[+ b #bh 9 ! two4 ,9 #ahfj !y =m$ #c p] c5t ( ! total 9 ,w9/on & #f p]c5t 9 ,bl\nt1 :i* at t "t includ$ ,cullman4 ,! explanation ( _! disappe>ance is f\nd 9 ! fact t s9ce ! w> ^! c\nties h be5 settl$ by ,g]mans f ab\t ,c9c9nati1 & ! ,negroes h f\nd x conv5i5t to move4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! poor l& ( ! ,s& ,hills sep>ates ! :ite f>m]s f ! color$4 ,f #ahij to #aijj ! ,negroes lo/ relatively 9 ! ,metamorphic & ,s& ,hills1 7 ab\t /ation>y 9 ! ,prairie1 f :i* !y h ov]fl[$ & ga9$ 9 ! ,oak ,hills1 & m heavily 9 ! ,p9e ,hills4 ,?is /atem5t is bas$ on an exam9ation ( five or six c\nties1 ly+ almo/ :olly )9 ea* ( ! di/ricts1 & :i*1 s f> z kn[n1 7 n affect$ by ! developm5t ( any special indu/ry4 ,! p]iod is too %ort to d m ?an indicate t ! sep>ation ( ! two races seems to be /ill go+ on4 ,a simil> sep>ation exi/s 9 ,mississippi1 :]e ! ,negroes hold ! ,black ,prairie & ! ,delta1 ! :ites ! hill c\ntry ( ! c5t]4 ,x is evid5t t !re is a segregation ( ! :ites & blacks1 & t !re are =ces :i* t5d to p]petuate & increase ?is4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :]eas 9 slav]y ! cab9s 7 gr\p$ 9 ! qu>t]s1 9 close proximity to ! big h\se ( ! ma/]1 !y are n[ scatt]$ ab\t ! plantation s t ev5 "h !re is less contact4 ,9 ! cities ?is sep>ation is evid5t ! blacks occupy def9ite di/ricts1 :ile ! social sep>ation is complete4 ,x seems t 9 all matt]s outside ( bus9ess relations ! :ites h less & less to d ) ! blacks4 ,if ?is division is to cont9ue1 we may well ask :at is its significance = ! future4 ,?is geographical segregation evid5tly _h causes :i* 7 l>gely economic4 ,probably ! mo/ pot5t factor to-day 9 p]petuat+ x is social1 i4 e41 race antagonism4 ,! :ites d n l to settle 9 a region :]e !y are to compete ) ! ,negro on ! f>ms z ord9>y field h&s4 ,moreov]1 ! ,negroes reta9 _! old-"t scorn ( su* :ites & despise !m4 ,! result is friction4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,/one cites a case 9 po9t4 ,he is speak+ ( a ,negro s]v+ a s5t5ce = attempt$ rape3 ,i 0 anxi\s to "k h[1 if at all1 he acc\nt$ = 8 crime1 b he 0 reluctant to discuss x4 ,f9ally he said to me3 ',y don't und]/&--?+s ov] "h are s diff]5t4 ,i hir$ to an old man ov] !re by ! ye>4 ,he _h only ab\t =ty acres ( l&1 & he & 8 old folks did all _! own "w--cook+1 wa%+ & ev]y?+4 ,i 0 ! only outside h& he _h4 ,8 daught] work$ "r alongside ( me 9 ! field e day = ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,f9ally1 "o day1 :5 no "o else 0 r\nd1 hell got into me1 & ,i tri$ to rape h]4 ,b y folks ov] !re c't und]/&--?+s are s diff]5t4 ,ov] "h a nigg] is a nigg]1 & a :ite man is a :ite man1 & x's ! same ) ! wom54' 444 ,h] only crime 0 a pov]ty :i* compell$ h] to d "w :i*1 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,negro1 0 res]v$ z ! natural portion ( 8 own race1 & ! do+ ( :i* de/roy$ ! relation :i* o!rwise con/itut$ a b>ri] to 8 brutality4#c ,mr4 ,/one has t\*$ ^u "o ( ! mo/ delicate que/ions 9 ! relation%ip ( ! races4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to discuss x "h1 b att5tion mu/ be call$ to ! fact t !re is ! lea/ ( su* tr\ble 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! ,negro =ms ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( ! population4 ,i w\ld n be s fooli% z to say t assaults ^u :ite wom5 may n take place any:]e1 b z a matt] ( fact !y seem to occur *iefly 9 ^? regions :]e :ite & black meet z competitors = ord9>y labor4 ,beau=t ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 has a black population =m+ ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! total1 yet ,i 0 told la/ summ] t b "o case ( rape _h be5 kn[n 9 ! c\nty1 & t took place on ! back edge ( ! c\nty :]e !re are fewe/ ,negroes1 & 0 committ$ by a non-resid5t black ^u a non-resid5t :ite4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 ?is c\nty1 :i* includes _m isl&s1 almo/ :olly inhabit$ by blacks1 ! :ite wom5 h no fe> ( su* assaults4 ,?is is also ! case 9 ! ,mississippi ,delta4 ,mr4 ,/one says3 ,yet "h we he> no?+ ab\t an ignorant mass ( ,negroes dragg+ ! :ite man d[n2 we he> ( no black incubus2 we h few midnight assass9ations & few] lyn*+s4 ,! violation by a ,negro ( ! p]son ( a :ite woman is ) u an unkn[n crime2 n[h]e is ! l9e m>k+ ! social sep>ation ( ! races m rigidly drawn1 n[h]e are ! relations betwe5 ! races m k9dly4 ,) u race riots are unkn[n1 & we h b "o ,negro problem--?\gh t con/antly confronts u--h[ to secure m ,negroes4 ,evid5tly :5 we he> reports ( /ates ( siege & rumors ( race w>1 we are n to und]/& t ?is is ! normal1 typical condition ( ! entire ,s\?4 ,if ?is is ! real situation1 x seems cle> t ! geographical segregation plays no mean "p 9 det]m9+ ! relation ( ! two races4 ,x is safe to say t !re is a diff]5t feel+ betwe5 ! races 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! :ite is kn[n only z ! lead] & ^? 9 :i* he comes into competition ) ! black4 ,:at is ! significance ( ?is = ! future8 ,! same condition exi/s 9 ! cities1 & ( ?is ,pr(essor ,dubois has tak5 note3 ,savannah is an old city :]e ! class ( ma/]s among ! :ites & ( tra9$ & confid5tial slaves among ! ,negroes =m$ an exceptionally l>ge "p ( ! population4 ,! result has be5 unusual good feel+ betwe5 ! races1 & ! entrance ( ,negroes into all walks ( indu/rial life1 ) little or no opposition4 ,atlanta1 on ! o!r h&1 is q opposite 9 "*4 ,"h ! poor :ites f ,nor? ,georgia :o nei!r own$ slaves nor _h any acqua9tance ) ,negro "*1 h come into contact & sev]e competition ) ! blacks4 ,! result has be5 int5se race feel+4#d ,9 "o ( ! l>ge t[ns ( ! ,delta la/ summ]1 a prosp]\s ,negro m]*ant said to me1 9 discuss+ ! comp>ative opportunities ( diff]5t sections3 ,i w\ld n be all[$ to h a /ore on ! ma9 /reet 9 su* a good location 9 _m places4 ,yet1 8 /ore is patroniz$ by :ites2 & ?is w\ld be true 9 _m t[ns 9 ! black belt4 ,o!r evid5ces ( ! diff]5ce 9 feel+ t[>ds ! ,negroes is af=d$ by ! epi!ts ( hill-billies & r$-necks appli$ to ! :ites ( ! hill c\ntry by ! l[l& plant]s1 & ! retaliatory complim5ts yell[-bellies & nigg]-lov]s4 ,does ?is geographical segregation help to expla9 ! /rik+ly div]se reports com+ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\? reg>d+ ! ,negro8 ,:y does ,dr4 ,paul ,b>r+]1 ( ,virg9ia1 f9d t race antagonism is rapidly gr[+1 :ile ,mr4 ,/one ( ,mississippi1 says t _! problem is to get m ,negroes8 ,! influ5ce t ?is segregation has ^u s*ool facilities = bo? races %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two races 9 ! s*ools is to be view$ z ! settl$ policy ( ! ,s\?4 ,"h1 !n1 is a f>m+ community 9 :i* !re are only a few ,negroes4 ,:at sort ( a sep>ate s*ool w be ma9ta9$ = _! *ildr58 ,probably !y are unable to support a good s*ool1 ev5 %\ld !y s desire4 ,! opportunities ( _! *ildr5 mu/ necess>ily be limit$4 ,w !y make great] progress ?an *ildr5 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! blacks are 9 l>ge numb]s & comm& good s*ools8 ,if ! situation be rev]s$ & !re are a few :ites 9 a black community1 ! :ites w be able to comm& excell5t private s*ools = _! *ildr51 if necess>y4 ,at pres5t among ! males ov] #ba1 ! greate/ illit]acy is f\nd 9 ! black c\nties4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! pres5ce ( ! old] g5]ation1 :i* _h little *ance 9 ! s*ools1 & by ! fact t p]haps ^? mov+ away h be5 ! m progressive4 ,x is a matt] ( regret t ! c5sus does n p]mit u to asc]ta9 ! illit]acy among ! *ildr5 f #aj to #ba ye>s ( age1 to see if any diff]5ce 0 manife/4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ?is segregation1 c\pl$ ) race antagonism1 is b\nd to affect ! educational opportunities = ! blacks4 ,a problem :i* becomes m s]i\s z ! /ates wak5 to ! ne$s ( ! case & attempt to educate _! *ildr54 ,yet aga91 ?is fact ( habitat %\ld lead u to be v *>y ( mak+ local facts ext5d ov] ! entire ,s\? & ( mak+ d$uctions = ! entire c\ntry bas$ on obs]vations 9 a few places4 ,neglect ( ?is precaution (t5 leads to v errone\s & mislead+ conceptions ( actual conditions4 ,= in/ance1 on page #dai1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,c5sus ( #aijj1 9 discuss+ ! fact t ,negro receives ne>ly z mu* p] acre = 8 cotton z does ! :ite1 x is /at$3 ,consid]+ ! fact t he em]g$ f slav]y only "o-?ird ( a c5tury ago1 & consid]+ also 8 comp>ative lack ( means = procur+ ! be/ l& or = gett+ ! be/ results f :at he has1 ?is ne> approa* to ! /&>d atta9$ by ! :ite man's exp]i5ce = m ?an a c5tury d5otes rem>kable progress4 ,?is may or may n be true1 b ! reason & pro( are op5 to "q4 ,x assumes t ! l& cultivat$ by ! ,negroes is ( ! same quality z t f>m$ by ! :ites4 ,?is c]ta9ly is n true ( ,arkansas1 ( :i* x is /at$ t ,arkansas %[s a great] production p] acre by color$ f>m]s = all ?ree t5ures4 ,! ?ree t5ures are own]s1 ca%-t5ants1 %>e-t5ants4 ,mississippi agrees ) ,arkansas 9 %[+ high] production = bo? classes ( t5ants4 ,are we to inf] t ! ,negroes 9 ,arkansas & ,mississippi are bett] f>m]s ?an ! :ites1 & t1 !re=e1 _! progress has inf9itely surpass$ 88 ,by no means4 ,! explanation is t 9 ! two /ates m5tion$ ! ,negroes cultivate ! ri* bottom l& :ile ! :ite f>m]s are f\nd 9 ! hills4 ,! alluvial l& easily raises twice ! cotton1 & t ( a bett] quality1 comm&+ ab\t a c5t a p\nd m 9 ! m>ket4 ,!re may possibly be simil> conditions 9 o!r /ates2 c]ta9ly 9 ,alabama ! black prairie till$ by ! ,negroes is e/eem$ bett] ?an ! o!r l&4 ,s9ce ?is 0 fir/ writt5 ,i h *anc$ ^u ! report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,alabama = #ahha & #ahhb1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,smi? sums up ?is same problem z foll[s3 7#a7 ,t :]e ! blacks are 9 excess ( ! :ites1 !re are ! orig9ally mo/ f]tile l&s ( ! /ate4 ,! natural advantages ( ! soils are1 h[ev]1 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! bad sy/em prevail+ 9 su* sections1 viz42 l>ge f>ms r5t$ out 9 pat*es to labor]s :o are too poor & too mu* 9 debt to m]*ants to h any int]e/ 9 keep+ up ! f]tility ( ! soil1 or r ! ability to keep x up1 ) ! natural consequ5ce ( its rapid exhau/ion1 & a product p] acre on ^!1 ! be/ l&s ( ! /ate1 l[] ?an t :i* is realiz$ f ! v poore/4 7#b7 ,:]e ! two races are 9 ne>ly equal proportions1 or :]e ! :ites are 9 only a slight excess ov] ! blacks1 z is ! case 9 all sections :]e ! soils are ( av]age f]tility1 !re is f\nd ! sy/em ( small f>ms1 work$ g5]ally by ! own]s1 a consequ5tly bett] cultivation1 a m g5]al use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 a correspond+ly high product p] acre & a p>tial ma9t5ance ( ! f]tility ( ! soils4 7#c7 ,:]e ! :ites are greatly 9 excess ( ! blacks 7?ree to "o & above7 ! soils are almo/ c]ta9 to be f> bel[ ! av]age 9 f]tility1 & ! product p] acre is l[ f ?is cause1 not)/&+ ! r$eem+ influ5ces ( a comp>atively rational sy/em ( cultivation4 7#d7 ,! exceptions to ^! g5]al rules are ne>ly always due to local causes :i* are n f> to seek & :i* af=d g5]ally a satisfactory explanation ( ! discrepancies4 ,if we are to base our reason+ on ! table cit$ we might argue t l& own]%ip is a bad ?+ = ,negroes1 = t5ants ( bo? classes among !m produc$ m ?an did ! own]s4 ,! :ite ca% t5ants also produc$ m ?an :ite own]s4 ,9 expla9+ ?is x is said3 ,! fact t ca% t5ants pay a fix$ money r5tal p] acre causes !m to r5t only su* area z !y c cultivate ?or\ghly1 :ile _m own]s :o are unable to r5t _! excess acreage to t5ants attempt to cultivate x !mselves1 ?us decreas+ ! effici5cy ( cultivation = ! entire f>m4 ,?is may be true ( ! :ites1 b x is a lame explanation = ! blacks4 ,negro f>m]s :o own m l& ?an !y c cultivate appe> to be bett] kn[n at ,wa%+ton ?an !y are locally4 ,! tr\ble ) ! entire argum5t is t x assumes t ! ,negro is an indep5d5t cultivator ( cotton4 ,?is is n q ! case4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! ,s\? ! ,negro1 t5ant or own]1 usually receives advances f :ite factors1 & ^! sp5d a good "p ( _! "t rid+ ab\t to see t ! l& is cultivat$ 9 ord] to insure repaym5t ( _! loans4 ,if _! advice & sugge/ions are n foll[$1 or if ! crop is n cultivat$1 ! supplies are %ut (f4 ,on _m plantations ev5 ! portion ( ! l& to be put 9 cotton is /ipulat$4 ,! great bulk ( ! cotton crop is ?us rais$ "u ! imm$iate ov]sight ( ! :ite man4 ,!re is little call = any great skill on ! "p ( ! labor]4 ,no wond] ! crop ( ! ,negro approximates t ( ! :ite man4 ,x is to be fur!r rememb]$ t cotton rais+ has be5 ! *ief occupation ( ! ,negro 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,c5sus gives ano!r illu/ration ( ! unhappy effects ( attempt+ to cov] v div]se conditions 9 "o /atem5t 9 ! map ,vol4 ,,vi1 plate #c4 ,f ?is "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ! av]age f>m "u "o managem5t 9 ! alluvial l&s ( ,mississippi & ,l\isiana 0 small4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y are among ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! map gives a v mislead+ conception & x results :olly f attempt+ to comb9e div]g5t conditions4 ,! quotation f ,mr4 ,smi? t\*$ ^u ano!r result ( ?is segregation4 ,:]e ! :ites are ! f>m]s ! f>ms are small] & bett] c>$ =1 m f]tiliz]s are us$1 & bett] results are obta9$4 ,! big plantation sy/em has caus$ ! det]ioration ( naturally f]tile soils4 ,( c\rse1 !re mu/ come a day ( reckon+ :]ev] c>eless husb&ry prevails4 ,city conditions are m or less uni=m 9 all sections4 ,! geographical location ( ! f>m]1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( consid]able importance n only z det]m9+ 9 l>ge measure ! crop he mu/ raise1 b z limit+ ! advance he may be able to make "u giv5 conditions4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t #he p] c5t ( ! m5 7,negroes7 & #dd p] c5t ( ! wom5 9 productive pursuits are f>m]s4 ,_! g5]al location has be5 %[n4 ,= conv5i5ce we may divide ! t]ritory into five di/ricts3 7#a7 ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky1 above ! limit ( pr(itable cotton culture4 7#b7 ,! ,atlantic ,sea ,coa/4 7#c7 ,! ,c5tral belt runn+ f ,virg9ia to ,c5tral ,mississippi4 ,?is includes sev]al diff]5t soils1 b g5]al conditions are fairly uni=m4 7#d7 ,! ,alluvial ,l&s1 :i* may be subdivid$ into ! cotton & cane di/ricts4 7#e7 ,texas4 ,^! diff]5t di/ricts w be treat$ sep>ately1 except ,texas1 :i* is n includ$4 ,9 summ+ up ?is *apt] x may be said t ! location ( ! mass ( ! ,negro f>m]s has be5 indicat$1 & also ! fact t !re is a sep>ation betwe5 ! :ites & ! blacks :i* promises to h important be>+ on future progress1 :ile ! v>i\s agricultural di/ricts (f] opportunities by no means uni=m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,economic ,,h]itage4 ,,9 ,,pl[+ ,,"t4 ,previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ! ,european1 ,we/ ,c5tral ,africa = untold hundr$s ( ye>s _h be5 almo/ completely sep>at$ f ! outside _w4 ,! climate is hot1 humid1 en]vat+4 ,! ,negro tribes liv+ 9 ! great =e/s f\nd little ne$ = ex]tion to obta9 ! necessities ( savage life4 ,! woods ab\nd$ 9 game1 ! riv]s 9 fi%4 ,by cutt+ d[n a few trees & loos5+ ! gr\nd ) %>p5$ /icks ! planta9s1 a species ( co>se banana1 c\ld be made to yield _m hundr$ fold4 ,! great] "p ( ! little agricultural "w done fell on ! wom51 = x 0 consid]$ degrad+ by ! m54 ,h&icrafts 7 almo/ unkn[n among _m tribes & :]e !y exi/$ 7 ( ! simple/4 ,clo?+ 0 ( little s]vice4 ,food prep>ations 7 naturally crude4 ,sanit>y re/rictions1 seem+ly s necess>y 9 hot climates1 7 unhe>d (4 ,! dead 7 (t5 buri$ 9 ! floors ( ! huts4 ,miss ,k+sley says3 ,all travel]s 9 ,we/ ,africa f9d x necess>y v soon to accu/om !mselves to mo/ noisome odors ( _m k9ds & to all sorts ( revolt+ uncleanl9ess4 ,morality1 z we use ! t]m1 did n exi/4 ,*a/ity 0 e/eem$ 9 ! wom5 only z a m>ketable commodity4 ,m>riage 0 easily consummat$ & ) ev5 great] ease dissolv$4 ,slav]y1 int]-tribal1 0 widespread1 & ! ravages ( ! slave hunt] 7 kn[n long be=e ! arrival ( ! :ites4 ,religion 0 a mass ( grosse/ sup]/itions1 ) belief 9 ! magical p[] ( wit*es & sorc]]s :o _h p[] ( life & dea? ov] _! fell[s4 ,might 0 "r & ! *iefs en=c$ ob$i5ce4 ,x is n necess>y to g m into detail4 ,9 ! words ( a rec5t writ]3 ,x is cle> t any civilization :i* is bas$ on ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & n on ! en]gy ( man1 conta9s )9 itself ! se$ ( its own de/ruction4 ,:]e food is easily obta9$1 :]e !re is little ne$ = clo?+ or h\ses1 :]e1 9 brief1 unaid$ nature furni%es all man's necessities1 ^? elem5ts :i* produce /r5g? ( "* & vigor ( m9d are want+1 & man becomes ! slave ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,he acquires no en]gy ( disposition1 he yields himself to sup]/ition & fatalism2 ! v conditions ( life :i* produc$ 8 civilization set ! limit ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is evid5t f ! =ego+ t !re _h be5 almo/ no?+ 9 ! conditions ( ,africa to fur!r habits ( ?rift & indu/ry4 ,! w>m climate made great provision = ! future unnecess>y1 n to say impossible1 :ile social conditions did n favor accumulation ( prop]ty4 ,x is necess>y to emphasize ^! ,african conditions1 = !y h an important influ5ce on future developm5t4 ,"u ^! conditions ,negro "* 0 =m$1 & t "* 0 n l t ( ! long-head$ blonds ( ! ,nor?4 ,! transf] to ,am]ica m>k$ a %>p break ) ! pa/4 ,"o ne$s b to /op to enum]ate ! *anges to realize h[ great ?is break 04 ,a simple dialect is ex*ang$ = a complex language4 ,a religion ^: basic pr9ciple is love gradually supplants ! fe>s & sup]/itions ( hea!nhood4 ,! black passes f an en]vat+1 humid climate to "o 9 :i* activity is pleasurable4 ,f ! isolation & self-satisfaction ( savag]y he em]ges into close contact ) "o ( ! mo/ ambiti\s & progressive ( peoples4 ,life at once becomes f> m secure & wrongs are rev5g$ by ! self-int]e/ ( ! :ites z well z by ! feeble means ( self-def5se 9 possession ( ! blacks4 ,t !re 7 cruelties & mi/reatm5t "u slav]y goes )\t say+1 b ! woes & suff]+s "u x 7 z no?+ comp>$ to ^? ( ! life 9 ! ,african =e/s4 ,?is fact is sometimes ov]look$4 ,) great] security ( life came an emphasis1 f )\t1 to be sure1 on bett] m>ital relations4 ,9 ?is respect slav]y left mu* to be desir$1 b conditions on ! :ole 7 probably 9 advance ( ^? 9 ,africa4 ,m>riage began to be some?+ m ?an a pur*ase4 ,sanitation1 n ! ^w1 b ! und]ly+ idea1 0 taught by precept & example4 ,!re came also a dim notion ( a new sph]e = wom54 ,fa9t p]ceptions (ttimes1 b ideas nev] dream$ ( 9 ,africa4 ,i w\ld n def5d slav]y1 b 9 ?is c\ntry its evil results are ! inh]itance ( ! :ites1 n ( ! blacks1 & ! burd5 today ( ,am]ican slav]y is ^u :ite %\ld]s4 ,_m ( ! *anges h be5 m5tion$1 b ! greate/ is res]v$ = ! la/4 ,?is is embrac$ 9 "o ^w--,,"w4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! ,negro 0 made to "w1 n casual "w1 b /eady1 con/ant labor4 ,f ! ,negro's /&po9t ?is is ! r$eem+ feature ( 8 slav]y z p]haps x 0 = ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt ( old4 ,book] ,wa%+ton has writt53#e ,am]ican slav]y 0 a great curse to bo? races1 & ,i w\ld be ! la/ to apologize = x1 b1 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 ,i believe t slav]y laid ! f\ndation = ! solution ( ! problem t is n[ be=e u 9 ! ,s\?4 ,dur+ slav]y ! ,negro 0 taught e trade1 e indu/ry1 t con/itutes ! f\ndation = mak+ a liv+4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,frissell has borne ! same te/imony3 ,! s\!rn plantation 0 really a great trade s*ool :]e ?\s&s receiv$ in/ruction 9 me*anic arts1 9 agriculture1 9 cook+1 sew+ & o!r dome/ic occupations4 ,al?\gh x may be said t all ?is in/ruction 0 giv5 f selfi% motives1 yet ! fact rema9s t ! slaves on _m plantations _h good indu/rial tra9+1 & all honor is due to ! consci5ti\s m5 & /ill m to ! noble wom5 ( ! ,s\? :o 9 slav]y times help$ to prep>e ! way = ! bett] days t 7 to come4 ,"w is ! ess5tial condition ( human progress4 ,contra/ ! tra9+ ( ! ,negro "u en=c$ slav]y ) t ( ! ,indian1 al?\gh x %\ld n be ?\ght t ! *>act]s 7 ! same1 = ! life 9 ,am]ica _h made ! ,indian "o :o w\ld n submit to ! yoke1 & all attempts to enslave him came to naught4 ,dr4 ,frissell out ( a long exp]i5ce says3 ,:5 ! *ildr5 ( ^! two races are plac$ side by side1 z !y are 9 ! s*ool rooms & work%ops & on ! f>ms at ,hampton1 x is n difficult to p]ceive t ! tra9+ :i* ! blacks _h "u slav]y 0 f> m valuable z a prep>ation = civiliz$ life ?an ! fre$om f tra9+ & s]vice enjoy$ by ! ,indian on ! ,we/]n res]vations4 ,= :ile slav]y taught ! color$ man to "w1 ! res]vation paup]iz$ ! ,indian ) free rations2 :ile slav]y br\ght ! black into ! close/ relations ) ! :ite race & its ways ( life1 ! res]vation %ut ! ,indian away f 8 :ite bro!rs & gave him little k ( _! civilization1 language or religion4 ,! coddl$ ,indian1 ) all ! vices ( ! :ite man op5 to him1 has made little1 if any1 progress1 :ile ! ,negro1 made to "w1 has held 8 own 9 l>ge measure at lea/4 ,"u slav]y ?ree g5]al fields ( s]vice 7 op5 to ! blacks4 ,! fir/ compris$ ! dome/ic & body s]vants1 ) ! seam/resses1 etc41 ^: labors 7 9 ! h\se or 9 close p]sonal contact ) ma/]s & mi/resses4 ,?is class 0 made up ( ! brighte/ & quicke/1 mulattoes be+ pref]r$ because ( _! great] aptitude4 ,^! s]vants _h almo/ z mu* to d ) ! :ites z did ! o!r blacks & absorb$ no small am\nt ( le>n+4 ,yet ! results 7 n always satisfactory4 ,a s\!rn lady aft] visit+ = a "t 9 ,new ,york said on leav+3#f ,i _c tell y h[ mu*1 aft] be+ 9 y\r h\se s long1 ,i dread to g home1 & h to take c>e ( our s]vants aga94 ,we h a mu* small] family ( :ites ?an y1 b we h twelve s]vants1 & y\r two accompli% a great deal m & d _! "w a great deal bett] ?an our twelve4 ,y ?9k y\r girls are v /upid & t !y give mu* tr\ble1 b x is z no?+4 ,!re is h>dly "o ( our s]vants t c be tru/$ to d ! simple/ "w )\t be+ /ood ov]4 ,if ,i ord] a room to be clean$1 or a fire to be made 9 a di/ant *amb]1 ,i c nev] be sure ,i am obey$ unless ,i g !re & see = myself4444 ,& :5 ,i reprim& !m !y only say t !y don't mean to d any?+ wrong1 or !y won't d x aga91 all ! "t laugh+ z ?\gh x 7 a joke4 ,!y don't m9d x at all4 ,!y are j z playful & c>eless z any wilful *ild2 & !y nev] w d any "w if y don't compel !m4 ,! second class compris$ ! me*anics1 c>p5t]s1 blacksmi?s1 masons & ! l4 ,^! 7 also a pick$ lot4 ,!y 7 well tra9$ (ttimes & _h a practical monopoly ( _! trades 9 _m localities4 ,9 te*nical k !y naturally soon out/ripp$ _! ma/]s & became consci\s ( _! sup]iority1 z ! foll[+ in/ance relat$ by ,presid5t ,g4 ,t4 ,w9/on %[s3 ,i rememb] "o day my fa!r1 :o 0 a lawy]1 (f]$ "s sugge/ions to "o ( 8 slaves1 a fairly good c>p5t]1 :o 0 build+ u a b>n4 ,! old ,negro he>d him ) ill-conceal$ disgu/1 & repli$3 ',look "h1 ma/]1 y'se a fir/-rate lawy]1 no d\bt1 b y don't "k no?9' 'tall 'b\t c>p5t]+4 ,y bett] g back to y\r law books4' ,! tra9+ receiv$ by ^! artisans /ood !m 9 good /ead aft] ! w>1 :51 left to !mselves1 !y 7 able to hold _! gr\nd by virtue ( _! ability to "w alone4 ,! ?ird class 0 made up ( all t 7 left1 & _! "w 0 9 ! fields4 ,! dulle/1 z well z ^? n ne$$ else:]e1 7 includ$4 ,"s few became ov]se]s1 b ! majority work$ on ! f>ms4 ,z a rule little "w 0 requir$ ( *ildr5 "u #ab1 & :5 !y began _! tasks 7 ab\t ( ! adult's4 ,!nce !y pass$ to half1 ?ree-qu>t] & full h&s4 ,olm/$ said3#g ,until ! ,negro is big en\gh = 8 labor to be pla9ly pr(itable to 8 ma/] he has no tra9+ to application or me?od1 b only to idl5ess & c>elessness4 ,be=e *ildr5 arrive at a work+ age !y h>dly come "u ! notice ( _! own]4444 ,! only :ipp+ ( slaves ,i h se5 9 ,virg9ia has be5 ( ^! wild1 lazy *ildr51 z !y are be+ broke 9 to "w4 ,!y _c be dep5d$ ^u a m9ute out ( sight4 ,y w see h[ difficult x w\ld be if x 7 attempt$ to eradicate ! indol5t1 c>eless1 incogitant habits s =m$ 9 y\?4 ,b x is n sy/ematically attempt$1 & ! influ5ces t cont9ue to act ^u a slave 9 ! same direction1 cultivat+ e quality at v>iance ) indu/ry1 precision1 =e?\ght & provid5ce1 are innum]able4 ,9 _m places ! field h&s 7 giv5 set tasks to d ea* day1 & !y 7 !n all[$ to take _! own "t & /op :5 ! task 0 complet$4 ,9 ,georgia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! foll[+ is cit$ by ,olm/$ z tasks = a day3#g ,9 mak+ dra9s 9 light clean mead[ l& ea* man or woman ( ! full h&s is requir$ to dig "o ?\s& cubic feet2 9 swamp l& t is be+ prep>$ = rice culture1 :]e !re are n _m /umps1 ! task = a dit*] is five hundr$ feet2 :ile 9 a v /rong cypress swamp1 only two hundr$ feet is requir$2 9 hoe+ rice1 a c]ta9 numb] ( r[s equal to "o-half or two-?irds ( an acre1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! l&2 9 s[+ rice 7/rew+ 9 drills71 two acres2 9 reap+ rice 7if x /&s well71 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an acre1 or1 sometimes a gang w be requir$ to reap1 tie 9 %eaves1 & c>ry to ! /ack y>d ! produce ( a c]ta9 area commonly equal to "o-f\r? ! numb] ( acres t !re are h&s work+ toge!r2 hoe+ cotton1 corn or potatoes1 "o-half to "o acre2 ?re%+1 five to six hundr$ %eaves4 ,9 pl[+ rice l& 7light1 clean1 mell[ soil71 ) a yoke ( ox51 "o acre a day1 includ+ ! gr\nd lo/ 9 & ne> ! dra9s1 ! ox5 be+ *ang$ at noon4 ,a coop] also1 = in/ance1 is requir$ to make b>rels at ! rate ( eighte5 a week2 draw+ /aves1 #ejj a day2 hoop-poles1 #abj2 squ>+ timb]1 #ajj feet2 lay+ worm f5ce1 #ej panels p] day2 po/ & rail f5ce1 po/s set two & a half to ?ree feet deep1 n9e feet ap>t1 n9e or t5 panels p] h&4 ,9 gett+ fuel f ! woods 7p9e to be cut & split71 "o cord is ! task = a day4 ,9 'maul+ rails1' ! taskman select+ ! trees 7p9e7 t he judges w split easie/1 #ajj a day1 ends n %>p5$4 ,9 allott+ ! tasks ! driv]s are expect$ to put ! weak] h&s :]e1 if !re is any *oice 9 ! appe>ance ( ! gr\nd1 z :]e c]ta9 r[s 9 hoe+ corn w\ld be less we$y ?an o!rs1 !y w be favor$4 ,^! tasks w\ld c]ta9ly n be consid]$ excessively h>d by a nor!rn labor]1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! m indu/ri\s & active h&s f9i% !m (t5 by two o'clock4 ,i saw "o or two leav+ ! field soon aft] "o o'clock1 sev]al ab\t two1 & betwe5 ?ree & f\r ,i met a doz5 wom5 & sev]al m5 com+ to _! cab9s1 hav+ f9i%$ _! day's "w4444 ,if1 aft] a h>d day's labor he 7! driv]7 sees t ! gang has be5 ov]task$1 ow+ to a miscalculation ( ! difficulty ( ! "w1 he may excuse ! completion ( ! tasks1 b he is n all[$ to ext5d !m4 ,9 o!r places ! "w 0 n laid out 9 tasks1 b x is safe to say t1 judg+ f all reports & all probabilities1 ! am\nt ( "w done did n equal t ( ! free labor ( ! ,nor?1 !n or n[4 ,if x _h ! comm]cial supremacy ( ! ,s\? w\ld h be5 long] ma9ta9$4 ,"s ?+s reg>d+ ! agricultural "w at once become prom95t4 ,all "w 0 done "u ! imm$iate eye ( ! task ma/]4 ,?us !re 0 little occasion = ! developm5t ( any s5se ( individual responsibility = ! "w4 ,z a rule ! me?ods adopt$ 7 crude4 ,little ma*9]y 0 us$1 & t ( ! simple/4 ,hoes1 heavy & clumsy1 7 ! common tools4 ,)9 a ye> ,i h se5 grass be+ m[$ ) hoes prep>atory to putt+ ! gr\nd 9 cultivation4 ,ev5 today ! ,negro has to be tra9$ to use ! light1 %>p hoe ( ! ,nor?4 ,corn1 cotton &1 9 a few di/ricts1 rice or tobacco 7 ! /aple crops1 al?\gh ea* plantation rais$ its own fruit & vegetables1 & ab\t ! cab9s 9 ! qu>t]s 7 little plots = g>d5s4 ,! l& 0 cultivat$ = a "t1 !n ab&on$ = new1 :ile 9 mo/ places little att5tion 0 paid to rotation ( crops or to f]tiliz]s4 ,! result 0 t l>ge sections ( ! ,s\? _h be5 s]i\sly injur$ be=e ! w>4 ,z "s "o has said3 ,! de/ruction ( ! soils by ! me?ods ( cultivation prior to ! w> 0 worse ?an ! ravages ( ! w>4 ,! po/ bellum f>m] receiv$ z an inh]itance l>ge areas ( worn\t & g5]ally unproductive soils4 ,yet all ?+s 7 ! ma/]'s4 ,a failure ( ! crop meant little hung] to ! black4 ,refusal to "w c\ld b br+ bodily puni%m5t1 = ! ma/] 0 seldom ( ! k9d :o w\ld take life--a live ,negro 0 wor? a good deal m ?an a dead "o4 ,clo?+ & %elt] 7 provid$1 & c>e 9 sickness4 ,! ma/] mu/ always furni% tools1 l& & se$1 & see to x t ! gr\nd 0 cultivat$4 ,!re 0 ?us little necessity = ! ,negro to c>e = ! morr[1 & 8 ,african tra9+ _h n taught him to borr[ tr\ble4 ,?us nei!r ,africa nor ,am]ica _h tra9$ ! ,negro to indep5d5t1 cont9u\s labor ap>t f ! eye ( ! ov]se]4 ,! requirem5ts z to skill 7 l[4 ,! av]age man le>n$ little ( ! my/]ies ( fruit gr[+1 truck f>m+ & all ! economies :i* make div]sifi$ agriculture pr(itable4 ,fre$om came1 a second %>p break ) ! pa/4 ,!re is n[ no "o :o is responsible = food & clo?+4 ,= a "t all is 9 confusion4 ,! w> _h wip$ out ! capital ( ! c\ntry4 ,! :ites 7 l& poor1 ! ,negroes l&less4 ,x s happ5$ t at ?is "t ! price ( cotton 0 high4 ,! ,negro knew m ab\t cotton ?an any o!r crop4 ,raise cotton became ! ord] ( ! day4 ,! money l5d]s w\ld l5d money on cotton1 ev5 9 advance1 = x _h a c]ta9 & sure ready sale4 ,?us develop$ ! crop-li5 sy/em :i* 9 ess5ce consi/s 9 tak+ a mortgage on crops yet to be rais$4 ,! sy/em exi/$ among ! :ite plant]s = _m ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( food & clo?+ 0 advanc$ to ! ,negro family until ! crop c\ld be h>ve/$1 :5 ! money value ( ! goods receiv$ 0 return$ ) int]e/4 ,p]haps no?+ :i* conc]ns ! ,negro has be5 ! subject ( m ho/ile criticism ?an ?is crop-li5 sy/em4 ,t x is easily abus$ :5 ! man on "o side is a %rewd & cunn+ %>p/] & ! borr[] an illit]ate & tru/+ ,negro is beyond d\bt4 ,t 9 ?\s&s ( cases advantage has be5 tak5 ( ?is fact to wre/ f ! ,negro at ! end ( ! ye> all t he _h is n to be que/ion$4 ,c]ta9ly a sy/em :i* makes x possible is op5 to criticism4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ! sy/em grew out ( ! ne$s ( ! "t & s]v$ a useful purpose :5 hone/ly adm9i/]$1 ev5 z x does today4 ,no money c\ld be gott5 ) l& z security1 & ev5 today ! l& own] (t5 sees 8 m]*ant ) f> less capital get money f ! bank :i* has refus$ 8 security4 ,! sy/em has enabl$ a poor man )\t tools & "w animals )\t food to get a />t & be provid$ ) a modicum ( necessities until ! crops 7 h>ve/$4 ,?\s&s h become m or less indep5d5t :o />t$ 9 ?is way4 ,! evil influ5ces ( ! sy/em1 = none w\ld consid] x ideal1 h probably be5 t x has made unnecess>y any sav+ on ! "p ( ! ,negro1 :o feels sure t he c receive 8 advances & :o c>es little = ! fact t "s day he mu/ pay a big int]e/ on :at he receives4 ,secondly1 ?is sy/em has h9d]$ ! developm5t ( div]sifi$ f>m+1 :i* today is "o ( ! greate/ ne$s ( ! ,s\?4 ,! advances h be5 condition$ ^u ! plant+ & cultivat+ a giv5 am\nt ( cotton4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s no o!r /aple has s fall5 9 price1 & ! result has be5 h>d on ! f>m]s4 ,all else has fad$ into insignificance be=e ! necessity ( rais+ cotton4 ,! result on ! f]tility ( ! soil is also evid5t4 ,luckily cotton makes light dem&s on ! l&1 b ! ?9 soil ( _m di/ricts has be5 unable to /& ev5 ! light dem&s4 ,guano came j 9 "t & ! lat] comm]cial f]tiliz]s h po/pon$ ! evil day4 ,! developm5t ( ! cotton mills has also s]v$ to give a local m>ket1 :i* has /imulat$ ! production ( cotton4 ,x seems r evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! increas+ developm5t ( we/]n l&s w put a heavi] burd5 ^u ! ,atlantic slope4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w n affect ! culture ( sea-isl& cotton1 :i* is gr[n 9 only a limit$ area4 ,to meet ?is h&icap a m div]sifi$ agriculture mu/ gradually supplant 9 "s way ! pres5t ov]-att5tion to cotton4 ,9 e>ly days ,virg9ia rais$ mu* cotton1 n[ x /&s t[>ds ! bottom ( ! cotton /ates4 ,p]haps x is safe to say t ,virg9ia l& has be5 z mu* injur$ by ! m exhau/ive crop1 tobacco1 z ! o!r /ates by cotton4 ,l>ge areas h be5 all[$ to g back to ! woods & local conditions h greatly *ang$4 ,h[ ?is div]sification is to be br\ght ab\t = ! ,negro is "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions4 ,rec5t ye>s h witness$ an enorm\s developm5t ( truck f>m+1 b 9 ?is ! ,negro has borne little "p4 ,?is int5sive f>m+ requires a k ( soil & ( plant life1 c\pl$ ) mu* ability 9 m>ket+ w>es1 :i* ! av]age ,negro does n possess4 ,nor has he tak5 any great "p 9 ! fruit indu/ry1 :i* is /eadily gr[+4 ,! "q to :i* all ?is leads may be /at$ z foll[s4 ,to :at ext5t is ! ,negro tak+ advantage ( ! opportunities he n[ has on ! f>m8 ,:at is 8 pres5t situation8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,situation4 ,! s\!rn /ates are n d5sely populat$4 ,alabama has an av]age ( #ce p] squ>e mile2 ,georgia1 #cg2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #dd4 ,^! may be comp>$ ) ,i[a1 #dj2 ,indiana1 #gj1 tak+ two ( ! typical nor!rn f>m+ /ates1 :ile ,connecticut has #ahg4 ,9 ! prairie section ( ,alabama ! ,negro population ranges f #cj to #ej p] squ>e mile1 & ?is is ab\t ! d5se/ outside ( ! city c\nties4 ,!re is ?us an abundance ( l&4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is n ! lea/ difficulty = ! ,negro f>m] to get pl5ty ( l&1 & he has b to %[ himself a good t5ant to h ! :ites (f]+ him inducem5ts4 ,a ,,cab9 ,,int]ior4 ,negroes on ! f>ms may be divid$ into f\r classes3 ,own]s1 ca% t5ants1 %>e t5ants1 labor]s4 ,%>e t5ants diff] f ! same class 9 ! ,nor? 9 t "w animals & tools are usually provid$ by ! l&lord4 ,among ! labor]s mu/ also be includ$ ! families liv+ on ! rice & cane plantations1 :o "w = ca% wages b receive h\ses & su* p]quisites z d o!r t5ants & ^: p]man5ce is m assur$ ?an an ord9>y day h&4 ,!y are paid 9 ca%1 usually ?r\gh a plantation /ore1 t debts = provisions1 etc41 may be d$uct$4 ,bo? own]s & t5ants f9d x g5]ally necess>y to arrange = advances ( food & clo?+ until h>ve/4 ,! advances beg9 9 ! e>ly ,spr+ & cont9ue until ,augu/ or sometimes until ! cotton is pick$4 ,9 ! regions ea/ ( ! alluvial l&s advances usually /op by ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 & 9 ! int]im until ! cotton is sold odd jobs or "s extra labor1 pick+ blackb]ries & ! l1 mu/ furni% ! support = ! family4 ,! l&lord may d ! advanc+ or "s m]*ant4 ,money is seldom furni%$ directly1 al?\gh 9 rec5t ye>s banks are beg9n+ to loan on crop-li5s4 ,! food suppli$ is (t5 bas$ on ! numb] ( work+ h&s1 irrespective ( ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ! family4 ,?is is occasionally a h>d%ip4 ,! cu/om>y ration is a peck ( corn meal & ?ree p\nds ( pork p] week4 ,usually a crop-li5 toge!r ) a bill ( sale ( any p]sonal prop]ty is giv5 z security1 b 9 "s /ates l&lords h a fir/ li5 ^u all crops = r5t & advances4 ,9 all di/ricts ! t5ant is all[$ to cut wood = 8 fire1 & frequ5tly has free pa/ure = 8 /ock4 ,!re is mu* compla9t t :5 !re are f5ces ab\t ! h\se !y are sometimes burn$1 be+ m accessible ?an ! timb]1 :i* may be at a di/ance & :i* has to be cut4 ,! l&lords & ! advanc]s h f\nd x necess>y to sp5d a l>ge "p ( _! "t p]sonally1 or ?r\gh ag5ts call$ rid]s1 go+ ab\t ! plantations to see t ! crops are cultivat$4 ,! ,negro kn[s h[ to raise cotton1 b he may =get to pl[1 *op1 or "s o!r su* trifle1 unless rem9d$ ( ! necessity4 ,?us a consid]able "p ( ! excessive int]e/ *>g$ ! ,negro %\ld really be *>g$ z wages ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,if ! in/ructions ( ! rid]s are n foll[$1 rations are cut (f1 & ?us ! recalcitrant br\ght to t]ms4 ,= a long "t rations h be5 dealt out on ,saturday4 ,s ,saturday has come to be consid]$ a holiday1 or half-holiday at lea/4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! roads are cov]$ ) blacks on foot1 horse back1 mule back & 9 v>i\s vehicles1 on _! way to ! /ore or village1 !re to sp5d ! day loaf+ ab\t 9 fri5dly discussion ) neighbors4 ,! condition ( ! crops has little prev5tive influ5ce1 & ! h&icap to successful husb&ry =m$ by ! habit is easily p]ceiv$4 ,_m ef=ts are be+ made to break up ! cu/om1 b x is up-hill "w4 ,ano!r habit ( ! ,negro :i* militates aga9/ 8 progress is 8 pr[l+ ab\t 9 all sorts ( revels by night1 !reby unfitt+ himself = labor ! next day4 ,?is trait also %[s =? ! g5]al ?\ghtlessness ( ! ,negro4 ,8 mule works by day1 b is expect$ to c>ry 8 own] any numb] ( miles at night4 ,sunday is seldom a day ( re/ = ! "w animals4 ,x is a curi\s fact t :]ev] ! ,negroes are mo/ num]\s !re mules usually outnumb] horses4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t mules endure ! heat bett] ?an horses4 ,?is is que/ionable4 ,! mule1 h[ev]1 w d a c]ta9 am\nt & !n quit1 all inducem5ts to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,! horse w g till he drops2 moreov]1 w n /& ! abuse :i* ! mule endures4 ,! ,negro does n be> a good reputation = c>e ( 8 animals4 ,he neglects to fe$ & provide = !m4 ,_! looks ju/ify ! criticism4 ,! mule1 valuable z he is = _m purposes1 is necess>ily m exp5sive 9 ! long run ?an a self-p]petuat+ animal4 ,9 all p>ts x is ! cu/om = ! ,negroes to save a little g>d5 pat* ab\t ! h\se1 :i*1 if prop]ly t5d$1 w\ld supply ! family ) vegetables ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,?is is seldom ! case4 ,a rec5t ,tuskegee catalog comm5t+ on ?is says3 ,if !y h any g>d5 at all1 x is apt to be *ok$ ) we$s & o!r noxi\s gr[?s4 ,) e advantage ( soil & climate1 & ) a /eady m>ket if !y live ne> any city or l>ge t[n1 few ( ! color$ f>m]s get any b5efit f ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable ( all indu/ries4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y c>e little = vegetables & seldom "k h[ to prep>e !m = ! table4 ,! g>d5 is regul>ly />t$ 9 ! ,spr+1 b seldom am\nts to mu*4 ,i h ridd5 = a day ) b a glimpse ( a c\ple ( attempts4 ,z a result !re w be a few coll>ds1 turnips1 g\rds1 sweet potatoes & beans1 b ! mass ( ! p buy ! little !y ne$ f ! /ores4 ,a deal] 9 a little c\ntry /ore told me la/ summ] t he w\ld make ab\t #ge an acre on ?ree acres ( wat]melons1 al?\gh almo/ e pur*as] c\ld raise !m if he w\ld4 ,9 _m regions wild fruits are abundant1 & blackb]ries dur+ ! season are q a /aple1 b !y are seldom cann$4 ,"s cattle are kept1 b little butt] is made1 & milk is seldom on ! bill ( f>e1 ! /ock be+ sold :5 fat 7874 ,_m families keep *ick5s1 usually ( ! v>iety kn[n z dunghill f[ls1 :i* =age = !mselves4 ,b ! m>ket suppli$ ) *ick5s by ! small f>m]s1 z x might easily be4 ,:5ev] opportunity (f]s1 hunt+ & fi%+ become m ?an div]sions1 & ! fondness = coon & 'possum is prov]bial4 ,9 a /udy ( diet>ies ( ,negroes made "u ,tuskegee ,in/itute & report$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ch1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5tal ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 x is /at$3 ,comp>+ ^! negro diet>ies ) o!r diet>ies & diet>y /&>ds1 x w be se5 t-- 7#a7 ,! quantities ( prote9 are small4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! food ( ^! negroes furni%$ "o-?ird to ?ree-f\r?s z mu* prote9 z are call$ = 9 ! curr5t physiological /&>ds & z are actually f\nd 9 ! diet>ies ( well f$ :ites 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & well f$ p 9 ,europe4 ,!y 71 inde$1 no l>g] ?an h be5 f\nd 9 ! diet>ies ( ! v poor factory op]atives & labor]s 9 ,g]many & ! labor]s & begg>s 9 ,italy4 7#b7 ,9 fuel value ! ,negro diet>ies comp>e q favorably ) ^? ( well-to-d p ( ! labor+ classes 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is indicates ! ignorance ( ! ,negro reg>d+ ! food he ne$s1 s t 9 a region ( pl5ty he is und]f$ z reg>ds ! muscle & bone =m+ elem5ts & ov]f$ s f> z fuel value is conc]n$4 ,"o _c help ask+ :at effect a normal diet w\ld h ^u ! sexual passions4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t 9 ! s*ools ma9ta9$ by ! :ites !re is relatively little tr\ble on ?is acc\nt4 ,possibly ! *ang$ life & food are 9 no small measure responsible = ! diff]5ce4 ,"u div]sifi$ f>m+ !re w\ld be /eady employm5t mo/ ( ! ye>1 ) a correspond+ increase ( production4 ,z x is !re are two busy seasons4 ,9 ! ,spr+1 plant+ & cultivat+ cotton1 say f ,m>* to ,july1 & 9 ! ,fall1 cotton pick+1 ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,! balance ( ! "t ! av]age f>m] does little "w4 ,! pres5t sy/em entails a great loss ( "t4 ,! abs5ce ( good pa/ures & ( mead[s is noticeable4 ,?is is also too true ( :ite f>m]s4 ,yet ! grasses gr[ luxuriantly & no?+ b cu/om or some?+ else acc\nts = _! abs5ce2 ! some?+ else is cotton4 ,! adaptability ( cotton to ! ,negro is almo/ provid5tial4 ,x has a long tap root & is able to /& neglect & yet produce a reasonable crop4 ,! gra9s1 corn & cane1 ) _! surface roots1 w n ?rive "u c>eless h&l+4 ,! av]age f>m] kn[s1 or at lea/ utilizes few ( ! little economies :i* make agriculture s pr(itable else:]e4 ,! ,negro is ?us "u a heavy h&icap & does n get ! mo/ t he might f pres5t opportunities4 ,i am fully consci\s t !re are _m f>m]s :o take advantage ( ^! ?+s & are correspond+ly successful1 b !y are n ! av]age man ( :om ,i am speak+4 ,) ?is g5]al /atem5t ,i pass to a consid]ation ( ! situation 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts be=e m5tion$4 ,,tide ,,wat] ,,virg9ia4 ,! ,virg9ia sea %ore consi/s ( a numb] ( p59sulas sep>at$ by n>r[ riv]s 7salt wat]74 ,! c\ntry along ! %ore & ! riv]s is flat1 ) l[ hills 9 ! int]ior4 ,nor? ( ,old ,po9t ,com=t ! di/rict is sc>cely t\*$ by railroads & is accessible only by /eam]s4 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty1 ly+ betwe5 ,york ,riv] & ,mob ,jack ,bay1 is an int]e/+ region4 ,! hilly soil ( ! c5tral "p sells at f #e to #aj p] acre1 :ile ! flat coa/ l&1 :i* is ri*] al?\gh h>d] to dra91 is wor? f #be to #ej4 ,! imm$iate wat] front has ris5 9 price 9 rec5t ye>s & br+s fancy prices = resid5ce purposes4 ,curi\sly en\gh "s ( ! be/ l& ( ! c\nty is t b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! riv]s--! oy/] b$s4 ,l& = ?is use may be wor? f no?+ to _m hundr$s ( doll>s an acre1 accord+ to its nature4 ,! c\nty conta9s #bej squ>e miles1 #f1bbd :ites & #f1fjh blacks1 ! latt] =m+ #ea p] c5t ( ! population4 ,?is sea coa/ region (f]s peculi> facilities = ga9+ an easy livelihood4 ,!re are few negro families ( :i* "s memb] does n sp5d "p ( ! ye> fi%+ or oy/]+4 ,!re has be5 a great developm5t ( ! oy/] indu/ry4 ,! season la/s f ,septemb] #a to ,may #a1 & good workm5 n infrequ5tly make #b a day or m :5 !y c "w on ! public b$s4 ,?is la/ clause is significant4 ,x is /at$ t ! m5 expect to "w mo/ ( ,septemb]1 ,octob] & ,novemb]2 "o-half ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y2 "o-?ird ( ,febru>y2 any "t 9 ,m>* is cle> ga9 & all ( ,april4 ,accord+ to a c>eful /udy#h ( ! oy/] indu/ry x 0 f\nd t ! oy/]m51 i4 e41 ^? :o dig ! oy/]s f ! rocks1 make ab\t #h a mon?1 :ile families occupi$ 9 %uck+ oy/]s e>n up to #djj a ye>1 ?ree-f\r?s ( !m ga9+ less ?an #bej4 ,! public b$s yield less ?an =m]ly & ! bus9ess is gradually go+ into ! h&s ( firms ma9ta9+ _! own b$s1 ) a correspond+ r$uction 9 possible e>n+s = ! oy/]m54 ,! effect ( ?is indu/ry is tw(old2 a consid]able sum ( money is br\ght into ! c\nty & mu* ( ?is has be5 inve/$ 9 homes & small f>ms4 ,?is is ! bright side2 b !re is a d>k side4 ,! boys are drawn out ( ! s*ools by ! age ( #ab to "w at %uck+ oy/]s1 & dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ne> ! riv]s ! boys w att5d only on /ormy days4 ,! m5 are also tak5 away f ! f>ms too e>ly 9 ! fall to ga!r crops1 & return too late 9 ! spr+ to get ! be/ results f ! f>m "w4 ,! irregul> "* ( ! employm5t reacts on ! m5 & !y t5d to drift to ! cities dur+ ! summ]1 al?\gh _m f9d employm5t 9 b]ry pick+ ab\t ,norfolk4 ,ano!r result has be5 to make f>m labor v sc>ce4 ,?is naturally causes "s compla9t4 ,i d n say t ! bad results outweigh ! good1 b believe !y mu/ be consid]$4 ,! population is scatt]$ ov] ! c\nty1 !re be+ no t[ns ( any size1 & is d5s] along ! riv]s ?an inl&4 ,! relations betwe5 ! two races are mo/ fri5dly1 al?\gh less satisfactory betwe5 ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,! ,negroes make no compla9ts ( ill treatm5t4 ,9 ! la/ t5 ye>s !re h be5 only f\r ,negroes s5t5c$ to ! /ate prison1 :ile 9 ! twelve mon?s prior to ,may #a1 #aijc1 ,i 0 told t !re 0 b "o trial = misdemeanor4 ,x may be t ! abs5ce ( _m ( ! "y m5 = sev]al mon?s a ye> acc\nts 9 "p = ! small am\nt ( crime4 ,! jail /&s empty mo/ ( ! "t4 ,! *ief (f5ses are aga9/ ! fi% & oy/] laws ( ! /ate4 ,:ites & blacks bo? claim t illegitimate *ildr5 are mu* r>] ?an =m]ly4 ,i 0 told ( a case 9 :i* a "y :ite man 0 f9$ = attempt+ to s$uce a color$ girl4 ,! races h kept 9 t\*4 ,:ite m9i/]s /ill prea* 9 negro *ur*es1 address ,sunday-s*ools1 etc4 ,9 all save a few ( ! poor] di/ricts ! old "o-room$ cab9 has giv5 place to a com=table h\se ( sev]al rooms4 ,! h\ses are (t5 :ite-wa%$1 al?\gh _! completion may take a good _m ye>s4 ,/oves h supplant$ fireplaces4 ,! f5ces ab\t ! y>ds are (t5 neat & 9 good repair4 ,s f> z h\s+ conditions are conc]n$1 ,i h se5 no rural di/rict ( ! ,s\? to comp>e ) ?is4 ,! old cab9 is decid$ly out ( fa%ion4 ,turn+ to ! f>m prop]1 !re are o!r evid5ces ( *ange4 ,!re are no wom5 work+ 9 ! fields1 _! "t be+ sp5t ab\t ! h\se & ! g>d54 ,! sy/em ( crop li5s is unkn[n4 ,ea* f>m] raises 8 own supplies1 smokes 8 own meat or buys at ! /ore = ca% or on cr$it4 ,:eat & corn are gr\nd 9 local mills4 ,! heavy int]e/ *>ges ( o!r di/ricts are ?us avoid$4 ,x is /at$ t a great numb] ( ! ,negroes are buy+ little places1 & ?is be>s out ! c5sus figures1 :i* %[ t ( ! ,negro f>m]s #ij4i p] c5t 9 ?is c\nty are own]s or manag]s2 ! av]age = ! negroes z a :ole is #bg4a p] c5t4 ,al?\gh s _m e>n money 9 ! oy/] bus9ess1 !re are o!rs :o h gott5 ahead by /ick+ to ! f>m4 ,t---- n[ owns "p ( ! place on :i* he 0 a slave1 & 8 slave-"t cab9 is n[ us$ z a %$4 ,he began buy+ l& 9 #ahgc1 pay+ f #aj to #aa4ej p] acre1 & by h>d "w & economy n[ owns sixty acres :i* are wor? mu* m ?an _! fir/ co/4 ,) ! help ( 8 boys1 :om he has manag$ to keep at home1 he d]ives a com=table income f 8 l&4 ,8 daught]1 n[ 8 h\sekeep]1 tea*es s*ool ne> by dur+ ! w9t]4 ,:at he has done o!rs c d1 he says4 ,y---- is ano!r :o has succe$$4 ,8 fir/ paym5ts 7 made f ! sale ( wood cut 9 cle>+ ! l&4 ,9 #aijc 8 acres 7 plant$ z foll[s3 ,or*>d #b acres4 ,woodl& #h acres4 ,pa/ure #aj acres4 ,corn #h acres4 ,rye #c_/d acres4 ,potato pat* ,g>d5 & y>d4 ,8 *ildr5 are be+ tra9$ at ,hampton1 & he laugh+ly says t "o boy is already tell+ him h[ to get m produce f 8 l&4 ,b---- is an oy/]man dur+ ! w9t]4 ,he has pur*as$ a small place ( f\r acres1 = :i* he paid #ah p] acre4 ,?is gr\nd he cultivates & has a few apple1 plum & pea* trees 9 8 y>d4 ,8 case is typical4 ,wages 9 ! c\nty are n high4 ,h\se s]vants get f #c to #h p] mon?4 ,day labor]s are paid f #ej to #ge c5ts a day4 ,f>m h&s get ab\t #aj a mon? & two meals daily 7breakfa/ & d9n]74 ,i h already m5tion$ t f>m labor]s 7 gett+ few]1 & ^? left are naturally ! less reliable4 ,_m :ite f>m]s are hav+ consid]able difficulty 9 c>ry+ on _! places4 ,! result is t _m are only p>tially cultivat+ ! f>ms1 & _m ( ! y\ng] m5 are ab&on+ agriculture4 ,:at ! f9al result w be is h>d to tell4 ,9 summ>iz+ x may be said t agriculture is be+ some:at neglect$ & t ! opportunity to e>n money 9 ! oy/] indu/ry acts z a con/ant det]r5t to agricultural progress1 if x is n directly injuri\s4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 !re is room = improvem5t 9 me?ods ( till+ ! soil & 9 rotation ( crops1 use ( animal manures1 etc4 ,! g5]al social & moral improvem5t has be5 not$4 ,x is a pleasure to f9d t "o ( ! /ronge/ factors 9 ?is improvem5t is due to ! pres5ce 9 ! c\nty ( a numb] ( graduates ( ,hampton :o1 9 _! homes1 _! s*ools & daily life1 h /ood = bett] ?+s4 ,,c5tral ,,virg9ia4 ,! difficulty ( mak+ g5]al /atem5ts true 9 all di/ricts has else:]e be5 m5tion$4 ,! read] w n be surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d _m ?+s said 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ pages inapplicable to conditions 9 ! tobacco di/ricts4 ,! little t[n ( ,f>mville1 ,va41 is ! m>ket = "s #ab1jjj1jjj p\nds ( tobacco ye>ly4 ,! c\nty ,pr9ce ,edw>d conta9$ 9 #ahij #i1ibd ,negroes & 9 #aijj b #i1gfi1 a decrease ( #aee4 ,! c\nty does n give "o ! impression ( agricultural prosp]ity4 ,! surface is v roll+1 ! soil s&y & ?9 9 _m places4 ,along ! bottoms !re is good l&1 ( less value ?an =m]ly because ( fre%ets4 ,practically all ( ! l& has be5 "u cultivation at "s "t1 & 9 heavily wood$ fields ! corn r[s may (t5 be trac$4 ,on e side are worn-out fields on :i* sassafras soon gets a hold1 foll[$ by p9e & o!r trees4 ,labor conditions h be5 gr[+ worse1 accord+ to common report4 ,x is h>d] to get f>m h&s ?an =m]ly1 & ?is difficulty is mo/ felt by ^? :o exact ! mo/4 ,! day labor] gets f #dj to #ej c5ts & 8 meals1 :ile = special "w1 su* z cutt+ :eat1 ! wage may rise to #a4ej4 ,wom5 no long] "w 9 ! fields1 & ab\t ! h\se get #ce c5ts p] day4 ,=m]ly wom5 work$ 9 ! fields1 & wages = bo? sexes 7 l[]4 ,h&s by ! mon? get #g to #h & bo>d4 ,9 ?is c\nty are _m small :ite f>m]s :o "w 9 ! fields ) ! m51 & ! :ite h\sewife n infrequ5tly cooks ! food = ! ,negroes--q a contra/ to typical s\!rn practice4 ,! movem5t f ! f>m is n an unmix$ evil 9 t x is compell+ ! introduction ( improv$ ma*9]y1 su* z m[+ ma*9es1 b9d]s4 ,on _m a f>m only scy!s & cradles are kn[n4 ,ano!r elem5t 9 ! problem is ! fact t _m negroes h be5 gett+ little places ( _! own & !re=e d less "w = o!rs4 ,!re are _m :ites :o ?9k ?is developm5t a /ep =w>d & believe t ! l& own]s are bett] citiz5s4 ,!re are o!rs :o claim t ! net result is a loss1 9 t !y are satisfi$ m]ely to eke out "s sort ( an exi/5ce & are n spurr$ on to increas$ production4 ,x is q commonly report$ t !re 7 "s organizations among ! ,negroes ^: memb]s agre$ n to "w = ! :ites1 b ,i _c v\* = _! exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh agriculture "h is mu* m div]sifi$ ?an 9 ! cotton belt1 ! ,negro f9ds x necess>y to get advances4 ,^! are usually suppli$ by commission m]*ants1 :o furni% ! f]tiliz]s & necess>y food1 tak+ crop li5s z security4 ,advances beg9 9 ! spr+ & la/ until ! foll[+ ,decemb]1 :5 ! tobacco is m>ket$4 ,! int]e/ *>g$ is #f p] c5t1 b ! goods sold on ?is plan are mu* enhanc$ 9 price2 int]e/ is usually *>g$ = a ye>1 & ! m]*ant receives a commission ( #b-a_/b p] c5t = sell+ ! tobacco1 s ! bus9ess appe>s fairly pr(itable4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! av]age value ( an acre ( tobacco1 z x v>ies s mu* 9 quality z well z quantity4 ,x is probably safe to say t ! ,negroes d n av]age ov] #bj p] acre1 rang+ f #ae to #be1 & h p]haps ?ree or f\r acres 9 tobacco4 ,x is g5]ally expect$ t ! tobacco w ab\t pay = ! advances4 ,?is w\ld indicate1 & ! commission m5 confirm x1 t ! av]age advance is betwe5 #ej & #ge p] ye>4 ,! rations giv5 out are no long] m]ely pork & meal1 ) :i* x is /at$ t ! ,negroes are n n[ cont5t1 b include a m v>i$ diet4 ,! cu/om>y r5t is "o-f\r? ( all t is produc$1 ! l&lord pay+ "o-f\r? ( ! f]tiliz] 7univ]sally call$ guano 9 ?is di/rict74 ,tobacco makes heavy dem&s on ! soil & at lea/ #djj p\nds1 a value ( ab\t #d4ej p] acre1 %\ld be us$4 ,:5 ! l&lord furni%es ! horse or mule he pays also "o-half ( ! f]tiliz] & gets "o-half ( ! produce4 ,! r5t on tobacco l& is ?us l>ge1 b ! av]age ca% r5tal is betwe5 #b & #c4 ,! /&>d rotation ( crops is tobacco1 :eat1 clov]1 tobacco4 ,! clov] is n infrequ5tly skipp$1 ! field ly+ fall[ or uncultivat$ until exhau/$4 ,! av]age f>m] ?us has ab\t z _m acres 9 :eat z 9 tobacco & raises p]haps twelve bu%els ( :eat p] acre4 ,"s corn is also rais$1 & ,i h se5 fields s exhau/$ t ! /alk at ! gr\nd 0 sc>cely l>g] ?an my middle f+]4 ,! corn crop may possibly av]age #aj to #ae bu%els p] acre1 or1 9 ,virg9ia t]m9ology1 #b to #c b>rels4 ,! av]age f>m] "u pres5t conditions j ab\t meets 8 advances ) ! tobacco rais$4 ,he has ab\t en\gh :eat to supply him ) fl\r2 p]haps en\gh corn & hay = 8 ox or horse2 possibly en\gh meat = ! family4 ,! individual family may fall %ort on any ( ^!4 ,! hay crop is unsatisfactory1 l>gely ?r\gh neglect4 ,9 ,may1 #aijc1 on a ,saturday1 ,i saw wagon aft] wagon leav+ ,f>mville c>ry+ bales ( we/]n hay4 ,?is is sc>cely an indication ( ?rift4 ,! impression "o gets f travel+ ab\t is t ! ext5sive cultivation ( tobacco1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is ! ca% crop & p]haps also ! mo/ pr(itable1 is really a drawback 9 t o!r possibilities are obscur$4 ,x may be t ! l9e ( progress w n be to ab&on tobacco1 b to introduce m int5sive cultivation1 = ! av]age man1 :ite or black1 does n get a prop] return f an acre4 ,to-day !re is always a likelihood t m tobacco w be plant$ ?an c be prop]ly cultivat$1 = x is a plant :i* dem&s con/ant & c>eful att5tion until x is m>ket$4 ,b---- has a big family ( *ildr5 & lives 9 a l>ge cab91 "o room ) a l(t4 ,he owns a pair ( ox5 & manages to raise en\gh to fe$ !m4 ,he also raises ab\t en\gh meat = 8 family4 ,dur+ ! season ( #aijb he rais$ #age wor? ( tobacco2 corn valu$ at #cg4ej & #af bu%els ( :eat1 a total ( ab\t #bba4 ,d$uct+ "o-f\r? = r5t & e/imat+ 8 exp5ses = f]tiliz] at #be1 he _h ab\t #adj out ( :i* to pay all o!r exp5ses4 ,b---- is consid]$ a v good man1 :o t5ds c>efully & fai?fully to 8 "w4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t 8 m>g9 is small4 ,! f>m] has opportunities to supplem5t 8 e>n+s4 ,cordwood f9ds ready sale 9 ! t[ns at #b p] cord1 & ,i h se5 _m loads ( n ov] "o-f\r? ( a cord haul$ to m>ket by a small /e]4 ,butt]1 eggs & *ick5s yield "s returns & ! c\ntry produces blackb]ries 9 pr(usion4 ,!re are "s ,negroes :o are mak+ a com=table liv+ on ! f>ms & ^: h\ses & y>ds are well kept4 ,z has be5 said1 ?is is n ! g5]al impression made by ! di/rict4 ,consid]able sums ( money are s5t 9 by *ildr5 work+ 9 ! nor!rn cities4 ,?is is (fset1 h[ev]1 by ^? :o come back 9 ! w9t] to live (f _! p>5ts1 hav+ squ&]$ all _! own e>n+s else:]e4 ,! situation 9 a ^w is3 ,a g5]ation or m ( reliance on "o crop1 neglect ( o!r crops & ( /ock1 result+ 9 det]iorat$ l&4 ,! labor =ce attract$ to ! t[ns & ! ,nor? by high] wages4 ,natural result3 ,decad5ce ( agricultural conditions1 af=d+ at ! same "t a *ance = _m ,negroes to become l& own]s4 ,:5 ! process w /op or ! way out ,i "k n4 ,p]haps ! ,g]man immigrants :o are beg9n+ to buy up "s ( ! f>ms may lead ! way to a bett] husb&ry4 ,= an int]e/+ acc\nt ( conditions 9 ! t[n ( ,f>mville see ,! ,negroes ( ,f>mville1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,du,bois1 ,bullet9 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 ,janu>y1 #ahih4 ,,! ,,sea ,,coa/4 ,a ,,sea-,,isl& ,,cab94 ,! l[-ly+ coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 ) its fr+e ( isl&s1 has long be5 ! seat ( a heavy ,negro population4 ,( ! c\nties p]haps none is m int]e/+ ?an ,beau=t1 ! s\!rnmo/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ea/]n half ( ! c\nty is cut up by _m salt riv]s into num]\s isl&s4 ,broad ,riv] sep>ates ^! f ! ma9l&4 ,! ,plant ,sy/em has a l9e on ! we/]n edge ( ! c\nty1 :ile ! ,georgia ,railroad runs ea/ to ,port ,royal4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus1 ! c\nty conta9s #idc squ>e miles ( l& & a population ( #cb1acg blacks & #c1cdi :ites1 ! ,negroes ?us =m+ #ij p] c5t ( ! total4 ,!re are #cg p]sons to ! squ>e mile4 ,) ! exception ( ,beau=t & ,port ,royal1 ! :ites are f\nd on ! we/]n side ( ! c\nty4 ,! isl&s are almo/ solid black4 ,j aft] ! w> _m ( ! plantations 7 sold = taxes & fell into ! h&s ( ! ,negroes1 ! funds realiz$ be+ set ap>t = ! education ( ! blacks1 ! int]e/ n[ am\nt+ to "s #b1jjj a ye>4 ,9 ! sev5ties !re 0 a great developm5t ( ! phosphate indu/ry1 :i* at its height employ$ hundr$s ( ,negroes1 tak5 f ! f>ms4 ,enorm\s f]tiliz] plants 7 erect$4 ,mo/ ( ?is is n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/ & ! dr$ges lie rott+ at ! :>ves4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion t ! influ5ce ( ?is indu/ry 0 n entirely b5eficial1 al?\gh x set mu* money 9 circulation4 ,x drew ! m5 f ! f>ms1 & n[ !y t5d to drift to ! cities r ?an return4 ,a livelihood is easily ga9$4 ,! creeks ab\nd ) fi%1 crabs & oy/]s4 ,!re is pl5ty ( "w on ! f>ms = ^? :o pref] m /eady labor4 ,l& valu$ at ab\t #aj p] acre may be r5t$ = #a4 ,m ?an t5 acres to ! t5ant is n usual1 & ,i 0 told t x is v common = a family to r5t all ! l& x wants = #aj p] ye>1 ! presumption be+ t n ov] t5 acres w\ld be utiliz$4 ,! /aple crop = ! small f>m] is ! sea isl& cotton4 ,"u ! pres5t culture l& devot$ to ?is lies fall[ e o!r ye>4 ,! isl&s are l[ & flat1 subject to sev]e /orms1 t ( #ahic hav+ de/roy$ _m lives & mu* prop]ty4 ,! c\nty 0 orig9ally heavily wood$ & !re is /ill an abundance = local purposes1 ?\gh ! supply is l[ 9 places4 ,on ! isl&s ! blacks h be5 almo/ alone = a g5]ation & by _m x is claim$ t !re has be5 a decid$ retrogression4 ,by common cons5t ,/4 ,hel5a ,isl&1 :i* lies ne> ,beau=t1 is consid]$ ! mo/ prosp]\s ( ! ,negro di/ricts4 ,on ?is isl& are ov] #h1jjj blacks & "s #bjj :ites4 ,! cab9s usually h two rooms1 _m hav+ be5 p>tition$ to make ! second4 ,!y are ( r\gh lumb]1 sometimes :itewa%$1 b seldom pa9t$4 ,!re are few f5ces & "s damage is done by /ock4 ,outbuild+s are few2 privies are almo/ unkn[n--ev5 at ! s*ools !re are no closets ( any k9d4 ,! wells are %all[1 six feet or s 9 dep? ) a few driv5 to #ab or #ag feet4 ,a few h pumps1 ! re/ are op54 ,at pres5t !re is no disp5s>y on ! isl& b !re are a numb] ( bl9d tig]s4 ,! ne>e/ physician is at ,beau=t & ! co/ ( a s+le visit is f five to t5 doll>s4 ,! di/ance f ! doctors is said n to be an unmix$ evil z x saves mu* fooli% exp5diture ( money 9 fanci$ ills4 ,9 slav]y times !re 7 #fa plantations on ! isl& & _! names1 z ,fripps ,corn]1 ,oaks1 /ill survive to designate localities4 ,!re 0 9 old5 times little contact ) ! :ites z ,negro driv]s 7 common4 ,ea* plantation /ill has its pray] h\se at :i* religi\s s]vices are held4 ,meet+s occur on diff]5t nights on ! v>i\s plantations to enable ! p to get all ! religion !y ne$4 ,^! meet+s are (t5 :at are kn[n z %\ts1 :5 ) mu* %\t+ & wild rhy?mic danc+ ! p>ticipants keep on till exhau/$4 ,! sugge/ion ( ,africa is n vague4 ,! ,virg9ia ,negro views ^! ga!r+s ) z mu* a/oni%m5t z does any :ite4 ,_m ( ! blacks speak a /range dialect h>d to und]/&4 ,%um1 = in/ance1 be+ ! equival5t = see !m4 ,! l& is s&y & %\ld h skillful h&l+ to get ! be/ results4 ,yet ! f>m+ is v unsci5tific4 ,! fir/ pl[+ is %all[ & subsequ5t cultivation is done almo/ entirely ) hoes4 ,:5 a ,hampton graduate began "s new me?ods la/ ye> ! p came = miles to see 8 big pl[4 ,x is said t !re 0 m pl[+ ?an usual z a result4 ,! daily life ( ! f>m] is ab\t z foll[s3 ,ris+ betwe5 f\r & five he goes directly to ! field1 eat+ no?+ until eight or n9e1 :5 he has "s grits1 a sort ( f9e hom9y cook$ l oat meal4 ,_m eat no?+ until !y leave ! field at elev5 = d9n]1 :i* also consi/s ( grits ) "s crabs 9 summ] & fi% 9 w9t]4 ,"s h only ^! two meals a day4 ,corn bread & molasses are almo/ unkn[n & :5 !y h molasses x is eat5 ) a spoon4 ,knives & =ks are seldom us$4 ,"o girl ( eighte5 did n "k h[ to h&le a knife4 ,!re are numb]s ( c[s on ! isl&1 b milk is seldom s]v$1 ! cattle be+ sold = beef4 ,! draft animals are usually small ox5 or ponies1 call$ salt m>% tackies1 z !y are left to pick _! liv+ f ! m>%es4 ,"s *ick5s & turkeys are rais$1 b no great dep5d5ce is plac$ on !m4 ,!re are no geese & few ducks4 ,little comm]cial f]tiliz] is us$1 ! m>% grass1 :i* gr[s 9 great abundance1 be+ an excell5t sub/itute ( :i* ! m progressive take advantage4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w illu/rate ! situation ( ?ree typical families1 an unusual1 a good1 & an av]age f>m]4 ,! figures are = #aijb3 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,numb] 9 family #h #ac #d ,numb] rooms #f #e #b ,numb] outbuild+s #e #c #j ,numb] horses #d #a #j ,numb] c[s #i #e #a ,numb] hogs #aj #c #j ,numb] o!r animals #a dog #b goats #a dog #a dog ,numb] f[ls #ij #cj #aj ,acres ( l& own$ #ee #ba #j ,acres ( l& r5t$ #j #j #aj-e_/h ,acres 9 cotton #aj #c4e #e ,acres 9 corn #h #e #e ,acres 9 sweet potatoes #c #c4e #c_/h ,acres 9 :ite potatoes #a_/d #j #j ,acres 9 peas 7c[7 #e4e #a4e #a_/d ,acres 9 rice #a4e #j #j ,g>d5 ,v small ,poor ,none ,! rice is gr[n )\t flood+ & kn[n z ,provid5ce ,rice4 ,) ! great ease ( gett+ a livelihood ! advances necess>ily are small4 ,f ,janu>y #a1 #aijb1 to ,july #ae 7:i* is ne> ! close ( ! advanc+ season7 sev]al av]age families _h gott5 advances av]ag+ #ae4jj4 ,! firm :i* does mo/ ( ! advanc+ on ! isl& writes3 ,we h "s t get m4 ,a few get #ej4jj or ab\t t am\nt1 b we make x a po9t n to let ! color$ p or our cu/om]s get too mu* 9 debt4 ,we h to det]m9e ab\t :at !y ne$ & we h always giv5 !m :at 0 necess>y to help !m make a crop accord+ to _! conditions & circum/ances z !y pres5t !mselves to u4 ,! firm reports t !y collect ea* ye> ab\t #ij p] c5t ( _! out/&+ acc\nts4 ,bel[ are giv5 ! cu/om>y =ms ( ! ,bill ( ,sale & ! ,crop ,li5 giv5 to secure advances3 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a1 ,,c\nty ,,( ,,beau=t4 ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t 444444444444 ( ! said ,c\nty1 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 444444444444 doll>s1 to be advanc$ 9 m]*&ise by 4444444444441 ( ,beau=t ,c\nty & ,/ate1 h b>ga9$ & sold unto ! said 444444444444 ! foll[+ p]sonal prop]ty1 4444444444441 n[ 9 my possession1 & :i* ,i promise to deliv] on dem& ( ! said 444444444444 7,sign$7 444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,on ! 4444 day ( #ai441 ,i promise to pay to ! ord] ( 444444444444 444444444441 at ,beau=t1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 444444444444 doll>s = money & supplies to be advanc$ & furni%$ me by ! said 4444444444441 m]*ants1 ,beau=t1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = use 9 ! cultivation ( crops on ! plantation or f>m cultivat$ by me 9 ,beau=t ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 kn[n z ! 444444444444 plantation1 & conta9+ ab\t 444444444444 acres1 dur+ ! ye> #aij444 ,& 9 consid]ation ( ! said advance made me ,i h]eby give1 make & grant to ! said 444444444444 a li5 to ! ext5t ( said advance on all ! crops :i* may be gr[n on ! said plantation or f>m dur+ ! ye> #aij441 :]ev] said crops or p>ts ( !m are f\nd4 ,?is li5 h]eby giv5 is execut$ & to be en=c$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,i1 ! said 4444444444441 9 consid]ation ( ! =ego+1 d h]eby agree to advance to ! said 44444444444 44444 doll>s1 z above /at$4 ,witness ! h&s & seals ( bo? p>ties4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 4444444444441 ,l4 ,s4 444444444444 4444444444441 ,l4 ,s4 ,?is is !n record$ 9 ! ,c\nty ,c\rt z is an ord9>y mortgage4 ,on ?is isl& consid]able money has be5 sav$ & is n[ deposit$ ) a firm ( m]*ants 9 :om ! p h confid5ce4 ,9 ,july1 #aijb1 !re 7 ab\t #ajj individual depositors hav+ "s #d1jjj to _! cr$it4 ,! money c be )drawn at any "t1 all debts to ! firm be+ fir/ settl$4 ,int]e/ at five p] c5t4 is all[$4 ,"s ( ?is money comes f p5sions4 ,!re are r\nd ab\t ,beau=t a consid]able numb] ( ,u4 ,s4 p5sion]s1 z ! city 0 headqu>t]s = ,union soldi]s = a long "t4 ,! effect ( ! p5sions is claim$ bo? by :ites & blacks to be bad4 ,a great deal ( ! cr$it = ! good conditions1 relatively speak+1 :i* prevail on ,/4 ,hel5a is giv5 to ! ,p5n ,s*ool :i* = ye>s has come into close t\* ) ! lives ( ! p4 ,! ,negroes h also be5 9 t\* ) a good class ( :ites1 :o h enc\rag$ all ef=ts at improvem5t4 ,:]ev] ! cr$it lies1 ! visitor is /ruck by ! diff]5ce betwe5 conditions "h & on "s o!r isl&s1 = in/ance1 ,lady's ,isl&1 :i* lies betwe5 ,/4 ,hel5a & ,beau=t4 ,ev5 "h x is claim$ t ! old] g5]ation is m indu/ri\s4 ,9 ! truck+ indu/ry1 :i* is v pr(itable along ! coa/1 ! ,negroes h only be5 engag$ z ord9>y labor]s4 ,on ! ma9 l&1 :]ev] fre% wat] c be obta9$1 is ! seat ( a consid]able rice indu/ry4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! cutt+ ( ! =e/s 9 ! hills1 ! plant]s are tr\bl$ by fre%ets 9 ! spr+ & dr\ghts 9 ! summ]4 ,! "w is done by ,negroes "u direction ( :ite =em54 ,! m5 "w h>d] on contract jobs1 b "w by ! day is bett] done4 ,wom5 are 9 bett] repute z labor]s ?an ! m5 & x is /at$ t m wom5 support _! husb&s ?an =m]ly 0 ! case4 ,wages range f 4#ce to 4#ej p] day1 v>y+ some:at accord+ to ! "w done4 ,!y are paid 9 ca% & ! plant]s h giv5 up ! plantation /ore 9 _m cases4 ,all "w mu/ be con/antly sup]vis$ & x is said to be h>d] & h>d] to get "w done4 ,a plant] f\nd x almo/ impossible 9 ! w9t] ( #aija to get fifty cords ( wood cut1 ! "w be+ consid]$ too heavy4 ,:5 ,i left ! tra9 at ,beau=t & f\nd twelve hacks wait+ = ab\t ?ree pass5g]s x 0 evid5t :]e "s ( ! labor =ce _h gone4 ,9 ?is c\nty !re is a great developm5t ( burial & sick b5efit societies4 ,! ,morn+ ,/>1 ,/> ( ,hope1 ,/> ( ,be?lehem are typical names4 ,! dues are f five to t5 c5ts a week4 ,_m ( ! societies h good siz$ halls1 rival+ (ttimes ! *ur*es1 on ! v>i\s isl&s1 :i* are us$ = lodge & social purposes4 ,beau=t & ! o!r t[ns (f] ! c\ntry p an opportunity to dispose ( fi% & any g>d5 produce !y may raise1 :ile x is n uncommon to see a little ox dragg+ a two-:eel$ c>t & p]haps a qu>t] ( a cord ( wood to be hawk$ ab\t t[n4 ,dur+ "p ( ! summ] a good _m ga!r a species ( plant :i* is us$ 9 adult]at+ cig>ettes & cig>s4 ,?is little acc\nt indicates t1 s f> z ! f>m]s are conc]n$1 !re are few evid5ces ( any decid$ progress save 9 ! di/rict :i* has be5 "u ! influ5ce ( "o s*ool4 ,! ease ( gett+ a livelihood acts z a det]r5t to ambition4 ,yet ! old families say t !y h ! be/ nigg]s ( ! ,s\? & c]ta9 x is t race tr\bles are unkn[n4 ,,c5tral ,,di/rict4 ,,! ,,old ,,cab94 ,9 ! c5tral di/rict life is a little m /r5u\s ?an on ! sea coa/4 ,! cab9s are ab\t ! same4 ,! av]age t5ant has a "o mule f>m1 "s ?irty or ?irty-five acres4 ,occasionally ! t5ant has m l&1 b only ab\t ?is am\nt is cultivat$ & no r5t is paid = ! balance4 ,! area ( ! l& is usually e/imat$ & only r>ely is x survey$4 ,?is l& ranges 9 value f #e4jj to #ae4jj p] acre on ! av]age4 ,! cu/om>y r5tal = a "o mule f>m is ab\t two bales ( cotton1 ^: value 9 rec5t ye>s w\ld be 9 ! neighborhood ( #ge4jj1 ?us mak+ ! r5tal ab\t #c4jj p] acre4 ,on ?is f>m f f\r to six bales ( cotton are rais$4 ,! soil has be5 injur$ by improp] tillage & requires an exp5diture ( #a4ge to #b4jj p] acre = f]tiliz]s if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,z yet ! ,negroes d n fully appreciate ?is4 ,! f>m] secures advances bas$ on #a peck ( meal & #c p\nds ( side meat1 fat salt pork1 p] week = ea* work+ h&4 ,ab\t six doll>s a mon? is ! limit = advances & z ^! are cont9u$ = only sev5 mon?s or s ! av]age advance receiv$ is probably n f> f #ej4jj p] ye>4 ,an advance ( #aj4jj p] mon? is all[$ = a two horse f>m4 ,! advanc] obligates himself to furni% only necessities & any incid5tals mu/ be suppli$ f sale ( p\ltry1 b]ries & ! l4 ,clo?+ may (t5 be reckon$ z an incid5tal4 ,! luxuries are b\ght ) ca% or on ! in/allm5t plan & are seldom indicat$ by ! books ( ! m]*ant4 ,! co/ ( ! av]age weekly advances = a family 9 #aijb 03 #aj p\nds meat 7salt port sides7 #ac-a_/b;c #a4ce #a bu%el corn meal 4#ij #a plug tobacco 7reckon$ a necessity7 4#aj ------ #b4ce ,,! ,,new ,,h\se4 ,conditions ?r\gh\t ?is di/rict are believ$ to be fairly uni=m1 b ! foll[+ in=mation 0 ga!r$ 9 ,l[ndes ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 s has close/ connection ) ! prairie region ( t /ate3 ,l[ndes ,c\nty lies j s\?we/ ( ,montgom]y & !re are #dg p]sons to ! squ>e mile4 ,! ,negroes =m #hf p] c5t4 ( ! population4 ,ea/ & ,we/ ?r\gh\t ! c\nty runs ! ,*5n5ugga ,ridge1 a n>r[ belt ( hills :i* sep>ate ! prairie f ! p9e hills to ! ,s\?4 ,! ridge is q brok5 & 9 places c n be till$ pr(itably4 ,! c\nty is ( av]age f]tility1 h[ev]4 ,!re are n an unusual numb] ( "o-room cab9s4 ,out ( #gd families1 compris+ #daf p1 ! av]age 0 #g to ! room1 ! greate/ numb] liv+ 9 "o room 0 #aa4 ,! families 7 h\s$ z foll[s3 ,no4 ,no4 ,l>ge/ ,no4 ,av]age ,no4 ,families4 ,rooms4 ,p]sons4 ,p]sons4 #ag #a #aa #f #ca #b #ab 7#c fam47 #f #af #c #i #e #g #d #ad #f #c #e #i #e ,! cab9s are built ( bo? bo>ds & logs z indicat$ by cuts on pages #dc & #dd :ile ! int]ior economy is well %[n by ! photograph on page #bi4 ,field "w is f sun to sun ) two h\rs or s re/ at noon4 ,! man usually eats breakfa/ 9 ! field1 ! wife /ay+ beh9d to prep>e x4 ,x consi/s ( pork & corn bread4 ,! family come f ! field ab\t noon & h d9n] consi/+ ( pork & corn bread1 ) coll>ds1 turnip gre5s1 roa/+ e>s1 etc4 ,at sund[n "w /ops & supp] is eat51 ! m5u be+ z at breakfa/4 ,! pork eat5 by ! ,negroes1 x may be said1 is almo/ solid fat1 two or ?ree in*es ?ick1 lean meat n be+ lik$4 ,! h\sewife has few di%es1 ! food be+ cook$ 9 pots or 9 small ov5s set among ! a%es4 ,/oves are a r>ity4 ,lamps are occasionally us$1 b if ! *imney be brok5 x is r>ely replac$1 ! rema9d] be+ q good en\gh = ord9>y purposes4 ,! cab9s seldom h glass w9d[s1 b in/ead wood5 %utt]s1 :i* sw+ outw>d on h+es4 ,^! are %ut at night & ev5 dur+ ! hotte/ summ] wea!r !re is practically no v5tilation4 ,h[ x is endur$ ,i "k n1 b ! cu/om prevails ev5 9 ,porto ,rico ,i am told4 ,9 w9t] ! cab9s are cold4 ,to meet ?is ! ?rifty h\sewife makes b$ quilts & z _m z #be or #cj ( ^! are n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 a small cab94 ,! floors are r\gh & n always ( mat*$ lumb]1 :ile ! cab9s are poorly built4 ,! usual means ( heat+1 & cook+1 is ! big fireplace4 ,sometimes ! *imney is built ( /icks daub$ ov] ) mud1 ! top ( ! *imney (t5 fail+ to rea* ! ridge ( ! ro(4 ,fires sometimes result4 ,tables & *airs are r\gh & rude4 ,%eets are few1 ! mattresses are ( cotton1 corn %ucks or p9e /raw1 & ! pill[s ( home gr[n fea!rs4 ,! foll[+ reg>d+ ! cook+ ( ! ,alabama ,negro is tak5 f a lett] publi%$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ch1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,(fice ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ations3 ,! daily f>e is prep>$ 9 v simple ways4 ,corn meal is mix$ ) wat] & bak$ on ! flat surface ( a hoe or griddle4 ,! salt pork is slic$ ?9 & fri$ until v br[n & mu* ( ! grease tri$ out4 ,molasses f cane or sorghum is add$ to ! fat1 mak+ :at is kn[n z 'sap1' :i* is eat5 ) ! corn bread4 ,hot wat] sweet5$ ) molasses is us$ z a bev]age4 ,?is is ! hill ( f>e ( mo/ ( ! cab9s on ! plantations ( ! 'black belt' ?ree times a day dur+ ! ye>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v>i$ at times2 ?us coll>ds & turnips are boil$ ) ! bacon1 ! latt] be+ us$ ) ! vegetables to supply fat 'to make x ri*4' ,! corn meal bread is sometimes made into s-call$ 'crackl9 bread1' & is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a piece ( fat bacon is fri$ until x is brittle2 x is !n cru%$ & mix$ ) corn meal1 wat]1 soda & salt1 & bak$ 9 an ov5 ov] ! fireplace4444 ,"o *>act]i/ic ( ! cook+ is t all meats are fri$ or o!rwise cook$ until !y are crisp4 ,obs]vation among ^! p reveals ! fact t v _m ( !m suff] f indige/ion 9 "s =m4 ,z else:]e ! advances are suppli$ by ! plant] or "s m]*ant4 ,! legal rate ( int]e/ is #h p] c5t1 b no ,negro ev] borr[s money at ?is rate4 ,t5 p] c5t4 p] ye> is consid]$ *eap1 :ile on %ort t]ms ! rate is (t5 #aj p] c5t4 p] week4 ,! av]age t5ant pays f #ab4e p] c5t4 to #ae p] c5t4 = 8 advances1 :i* are sold at an av]age ( #be p] c5t4 high] ?an ca% prices on ! av]age4 ,to avoid any possible tr\ble x is q cu/om>y to reckon ! int]e/ & !n figure ?is into ! face ( ! note s t none c tell ei!r ! pr9cipal or ! rate4 ,bel[ is an actual copy ( su* a note1 ! names be+ *ang$3 #bb4jj4 ,calh\n1 ,alabama1 ,june #b1 #aijj4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,octob]1 #aijj1 ,i promise to pay to ! ord] ( ,a4 ,b4 ,see ,tw5ty ,two ,doll>s at 444444444444 ,value receiv$4 ,& s f> z ?is debt is conc]n$1 & z "p ( ! consid]ation !re(1 ,i d h]eby waive all "r :i* ,i or ei!r ( u h "u ! ,con/itution & ,laws ( ?is or any o!r ,/ate to claim or hold any p]sonal prop]ty exempt to me f levy & sale "u execution4 ,& %\ld x become necess>y to employ an attorney 9 ! collection ( ?is debt ,i promise to pay all reasonable attorney's fees *>g$ !re=4 ,,atte/3 ,c4 ,w4 ,,james4 8 ,a4 ,t4 ,,jones4 ,,john ,x4 ,,smi?4 m>k4 ,! possibility ( extortion :i* ?is me?od makes possible is evid5t4 ,x is wor? :ile also to reproduce a copy1 actual ) ! exception ( ! names1 ( "o ( ! blanket mortgages (t5 giv54 ,! italics are m9e4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,alabama1 ,,l[ndes ,,c\nty4 ,on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,octob] next ,i promise to pay ,jones & ,co41 or ord]1 ! sum ( #gg4jj at _! (fice 9 ,=t ,deposit1 ,alabama4 ,& ,i h]eby waive all "r ( exemption secur$ to me "u & by ! ,laws & ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,alabama z to ! collection ( ?is debt4 ,& ,i agree to pay all ! co/s ( mak+1 record+1 probat+ or ackn[l$g+ ?is in/rum5t1 toge!r ) a reasonable attorney's fee1 & all o!r exp5ses incid5t to ! collection ( ?is debt1 :e!r by suit or o!rwise4 ,& to secure ! paym5t ( ! above note1 z well z all o!r indebt$ness ,i may n[ owe ! said ,jones & ,co41 & all future advances ,i may pur*ase f ! said ,jones & ,co4 dur+ ! ye> #aijj1 :e!r due & payable dur+ ! ye> #aijj or n1 & = ! fur!r consid]ation ( "o ,doll> to me 9 h& paid by ,jones & ,co41 ! receipt :]e( ,i d h]eby ackn[l$ge1 ,i d h]eby grant1 b>ga91 sell & convey unto said ,jones & ,co4 ! entire crops ( corn1 cotton1 cotton se$1 fodd]1 potatoes1 sug> cane & its products & all o!r crops ( e k9d & description :i* may be made & gr[n dur+ ! ye> #aijj on l&s own$1 leas$1 r5t$ or f>m$ on %>es = or by ! und]sign$ 9 ,l[ndes ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 or else:]e4 ,also any crops to or 9 :i* ! und]sign$ has or may h any int]e/1 "r1 claim or title 9 ,l[ndes ,c\nty or else:]e dur+ & = ea* succe$+ ye> until ! indebt$ness secur$ by ?is in/rum5t is fully paid4 ,also all ! corn1 cotton1 cotton se$1 fodd]1 peas1 & all o!r f>m produce n[ 9 ! possession ( ! und]sign$4 ,also all ! live /ock1 vehicles & f>m+ implem5ts n[ own$ by or furni%$ to ! und]sign$ by ,jones & ,co4 dur+ ! ye> #aijj4 ,also "o r$ horse ,lee1 "o r$ neck c[ ,prie/1 & h] calf1 "o r$ bull ye>l+4 ,said prop]ty is situat$ 9 ,l[ndes ,c\nty1 ,alabama4 ,if1 aft] maturity1 any "p ( ! unpaid indebt$ness rema9s unpaid1 ,jones & ,co41 or _! ag5ts or assigns1 are au?oriz$ & emp[]$ to seize & sell all or any ( ! above describ$ prop]ty1 at private sale or public auction1 z !y may elect1 = ca%4 ,if at public auction1 be=e _! /ore door or else:]e1 9 ,=t ,deposit1 ,alabama1 aft] po/+ = five days writt5 notice ( said sale on po/ (fice door 9 said t[n1 & to apply ! proce$s ( said sale to ! paym5t1 fir/ ( all co/s & exp5ses provid$ = 9 ! above note & exp5se ( seiz+ & sell+ said prop]ty2 second1 to paym5t 9 full ( debt or debts secur$ by said mortgage1 & ! surplus1 if any1 pay to ! und]sign$4 ,& ! said mortgagee or assigns is h]eby au?oriz$ to pur*ase at 8 own sale "u ?is mortgage4 ,i agree t no memb] ( my family1 nor anyone liv+ ) me1 nor any p]son "u my control1 %all h an extra pat* on ! above describ$ l&s1 unless cov]$ by ?is mortgage2 & ,i also agree t ?is mortgage %all cov] all su* pat*es4 ,x is fur!r agre$ & und]/ood t any securities held by ,jones & ,co4 z own] or assignee on any ( ! above describ$ prop]ty execut$ by me prior to execut+ ?is mortgage %all be reta9$ by !m1 & %all rema9 9 full =ce & effect until ! above note & future advances are paid 9 full1 & %all be additional security = ?is debt4 ,!re is no li5 or encumbrance ^u any prop]ty convey$ by ?is in/rum5t except t held by ,jones & ,co4 & ! above specifi$ r5ts4 ,if1 be=e ! dem&s h]eby secur$ are payable1 any ( ! prop]ty convey$ h]e9 %all be 9 dang] ( 7or f7 wa/e1 de/ruction or removal1 said dem&s %all be !n payable & all ! t]ms1 rights & p[]s ( ?is in/rum5t op]ative & en=ceable1 z if & "u a pa/ due mortgage4 ,witness my h& & seal ?is #aj? day ( ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,,atte/3 ,b4 ,c4 ,,cook4 ,,sam ,,small4 ,l4 ,s4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,b5nett4 ,x may be grant$ t exp]i5ce has %[n all ?is v]biage to be necess>y4 ,9 ! h&s ( an hone/ l&lord x is z mean+less z t 9 ! ord9>y contract we sign 9 r5t+ a h\se4 ,9 ! h&s ( a di%one/ l&lord or m]*ant x practically enables him to make a s]f ( ! ,negro4 ,! mortgage is suppos$ to be fil$ at once1 b x is sometimes held to see if !re is any o!r security :i* might be includ$4 ,! rascally cr$itor wat*es ! crop & if ! ,negro may h a surplus he easily tempts him to buy m1 or m simply /ill1 he *>ges to 8 acc\nt imag9>y pur*ases1 s t at ! end ( ! ye> ! ,negro is /ill 9 debt4 ,! ,negro has no r$ress4 ,he c n prove t he has n pur*as$ ! goods & 8 ^w w n /& aga9/ ! m]*ant's4 ,practically he is ti$ d[n to ! l&1 = no "o else w advance him "u ^! conditions4 ,sometimes he escapes by gett+ ano!r m]*ant to settle 8 acc\nt & by becom+ ! t5ant ( ! new man4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t l& is abundant & good labor r>e1 ! temptation to hold a man on ! l& by fair means or f\l is app>5t4 ,moreov]1 ! m]*ant by speci\s reason+ (t5 ju/ifies 8 own conduct4 ,he says t ! ,negro w sp5d 8 money at ! fir/ opportunity & t he might j z well h x z "s o!r m]*ant4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood z say+ t ?is action is any?+ b ! great exception b !re are di%one/ m5 ev]y:]e :o are ready to take advantage ( _! weak] fell[s & ! ,negro suff]s z a result1 j z ! ignorant =eign] does 9 ! cities ( ! ,nor?4 ,! int]e/ may also be reckon$ into ! face ( ! mortgage4 ,9 any case x beg9s ! day ! pap] is sign$1 al?\gh ! money or its equival5t is only receiv$ at int]vals & a full ye>'s int]e/ is paid1 (t5 on ! face ( ! mortgage1 ev5 if only two-?irds ( x has actually be5 advanc$ to ! ,negro1 no matt] :5 ! acc\nt is settl$4 ,! helplessness ( ! ,negro :o f9ds himself 9 ! h&s ( a %>p] is obvi\s :5 t %>p] has practical control ( ! situation4 ,9 _m & curi\s ways ! l&lord seeks to hold 8 t5ants4 ,he is expect$ to /& by !m 9 "t ( tr\ble1 to protect !m aga9/ ! aggressions ( o!r blacks & ( :ites z well4 ,?is pat]nalism is (t5 c>ri$ to surpris+ l5g?s4 ,! size ( a man's family is kn[n & ! rid]s see to x t he keeps all ! work+ h&s 9 ! field4 ,if ! rid]s h any tr\ble ) a ,negro !y are apt to take x out 9 physical puni%m5t1 to we> him out1 z ! phrase goes4 ,?us res5tm5t is seldom h>bor$ aga9/ a ,negro & !re are _m :o claim t ?is physical discipl9e is f> bett] ?an any prison regime 9 its effects ^u ! ,negro4 ,9 spite ( all t is done x is claim$ t ! ,negroes are gett+ less reliable & t ! *ief dep5d5ce is n[ 9 ! old] m51 ! wom5 & ! *ildr54 ,"o rem>k1 made by a plant]'s wife1 :i* impress$ me z hav+ a good deal ( significance1 01 ! ,negroes d n s+ z mu* n[ z =m]ly4 ,to get at any?+ l an accurate /atem5t ( ! income & exp5ses ( a ,negro family is a difficult matt]4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?ree families w give a fair idea ( _! budget = "p ( ! ye> at lea/4 ,family ,no4 #a consi/s ( five adults 7ov] #ad7 & "o *ild4 ,!y live 9 a two-room$ cab9 & own "o mule1 two horses two c[s4 ,_! acc\nt ) ! l&lord = ! ye>s #aijj & #aija 03 #aijj4 ,to balance #ahii #cb4fj ,ca% 7#be4jj7 = mule #cf4jj ,clo?+ #ai4fh ,fe$ #ae4bj ,provisions #bc4jj ,tools #b4jc ,int]e/ & ,record+ ,fee #af4hg ------- #ade4ch #aija4 ,to balance #aijj #ae4ba ,ca% #bf4eg ,clo?+ #i4ee ,fe$ & se$ #dd4ai ,provisions #bf4bi ,tools 4#ee ,int]e/ & ,record+ ,fee #af4cd ------- #ach4gj ,_! cr$it = #aija 0 #ajcib1 ?us leav+ a deficit = ! beg9n+ ( ! next ye>4 ,z ! advances /op 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 & ! balance ( ! pur*ases are = ca% & may be at o!r /ores1 !re is no way ( gett+ at !m4 ,9 #aijj ! family paid #bja t[>d ! #he acres !y are pur*as+1 "p ( ?is sum probably com+ f ! crop ( #ahii1 & 9 #aija !y made a fur!r paym5t ( #cd4 ,?is family is do+ mu* bett] ?an ! av]age4 ,x may be int]e/+ to see a copy ( 8 acc\nt = ! ye> #aija tak5 f ! l$g] ( ! plant]4 ,jan4 #a4 ,balance #aijj #ae4ba ,jan4 #ab4 #aj bu4 corn1 #e4jj2 fodd]1 #a4bj2 ca%1 #h4jj #ad4bj ,jan4 #ai4 ,ca% = tax1 #a4dc2 record+ fee1 #a4jj2 ca%1 #ac4be #ae4fh ,feb4 #b4 ,pl[%oes1 #a4dj2 g5ts' hose1 #aj;c2 #bj yds4 *eck1 #a4jj2 #b /raw hats1 #a4bj #c4gj ,feb4 #b4 #bc4e bu4 corn1 #ad4id2 ca%1 #gi;c2 %oes1 #a4ej2 pl[ l9es1 #bj;c #ag4dc ,m>4 #ae4 #ae yds4 drill+1 #a4bj2 #ae yds4 *eck1 #ge;c2 #d4e lbs4 bacon1 #dh;c #b4dc ,apr4 #f4 #aj bu4 corn1 #g4jj2 #e bu4 cotton se$1 #a4ge2 #d4e lbs4 bacon1 #ec;c #i4bh ,apr4 #ab4 ,bu4 meal1 #fe;c2 spool cotton1 #e;c2 tobacco1 #aj;c2 #g lbs4 bacon1 #ha;c2 #e bu4 corn4 #c4ej #e4aa ,may #a4 ,ca%1 #a4jj2 #cj lbs4 bacon1 #c4de2 "w %oes1 #a4aj2 g5ts' %oes1 #a4be2 half bu4 meal1 #ce;c #g4ae ,may #a4 #cj lbs4 bacon1 #c4de2 7#be7 #cj lbs4 bacon1 #c4cj2 sack meal1 #a4ce #h4aj ,june #h4 #b-c bu4 oats1 #ce;c2 #a-c bu4 corn1 #be;c2 bu4 meal1 #gj;c2 sack fe$1 #b4ej #c4hj ,june #ad4 ,sack meal1 #a4ce2 #ab lbs4 bacon1 #a4cb2 ca%1 #a4jj2 7#bb7 #ab lbs4 bacon1 #a4ch #e4je ,june #bb4 ,sack meal1 #a4ce2 sack fe$1 #b4ej2 pl[ sweep1 #ce;c #d4bj ,july #a4 #f lbs4 bacon1 #fi;c2 7#e7 sack fe$1 #b4fj2 half bu4 meal1 #ce;c2 7#i7 bu4 meal1 #ge;c2 #aj lbs4 bacon1 #a4ae #e4ed ,july #ah4 #h lbs4 bacon1 #ib;c2 7#ai7 sack fe$1 #b4fj2 7#be7 bu4 meal1 #ij;c #d4db ,aug4 #f4 ,half bu4 meal1 #ej;c2 #d lbs4 bacon1 #df;c2 ca%1 #ce;c #a4ca ,aug4 #f4 ,int]e/ #ae4cd ,oct4 #f4 ,ca%1 #ge;c 4#ge ------- #ach4gj ,! second family consi/s ( ?ree adults & ?ree *ildr54 ,!y h ?ree "o-room$ cab9s1 own "o mule & two c[s1 & are leas+ fifty acres ( l&1 ! ef=t to buy x hav+ prov5 too mu*4 ,_! acc\nt = #aijj & #aija 0 z foll[s3 #aijj4 ,balance ,jan4 #a 4#ej ,ca% #i4jj ,clo?+ #i4gi ,fe$ #aa4ej ,provisions #ac4dh ,tobacco 4#hj ,tools1 etc4 4#dj ,int]e/ & record+ fee #e4gg ------ #eb4bd #aija4 ,balance ,jan4 #a #d4ae ,ca% #b4hb ,clo?+ #g4ee ,fe$ #ba4bb ,provisions #ag4fi ,tobacco 4#ee ,tools1 etc4 4#gj ,int]e/ & fee #g4ij ------ #fb4dh ,! debit = #aijj 0 all paid by ,novemb] fir/ & by ,novemb] fir/1 #aija1 #eh4dj ( ! *>ge = t ye> _h be5 paid4 ,9 #aijj ! man paid #id4fa t[>ds 8 l& b has s9ce be5 leas+4 ,! ?ird family consi/s ( two adults & ?ree *ildr54 ,!y live 9 a bo>d cab9 ( two rooms1 h "o mule1 "o c[ & "o horse4 ,!y are pur*as+ #ej acres ( l&4 ,_! acc\nts = #aijj & #aija /& betwe5 ! two already giv54 #aijj4 ,balance #ahii #ag4bd ,ca% #bc4bj ,clo?+ #d4gc ,provisions #ai4hj ,tools #d4dj ,int]e/ & fee #h4jd ------ #gg4da #aija4 ,balance #aijj #ac4ic ,ca% #ba4bh ,clo?+ #f4cj ,fe$ #bf4ej ,provisions #ba4cf ,tools #c4ej ,int]e/ & fee #ab4dj ------- #aji4bh ,by ,novemb] #cj1 #aija1 !y _h paid #gi4ac ( _! acc\nt4 ,9 #aijj !y paid #ahj t[>ds _! l& & #bi4fj 9 #aija4 ,all ( ^! families are a little above ! av]age4 ,! income is supplem5t$ by ! sale ( *ick5s1 eggs & occasionally butt]4 ,9 h>d ye>s :5 ! crops are poor ! m5 & old] boys seek s]vice 9 ! m9es ( ,nor? ,alabama or on ! railroads dur+ ! summ] be=e cotton pick+ beg9s1 & aga9 dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! outfit ( ! av]age f>m] is v inexp5sive & is some:at z foll[s3 ,h>ness1 #a4ej2 pony pl[1 #c4jj2 extra po9t1 #be;c #d4ge ,sweep/ock 7a71 #ge;c2 #c sweeps1 #ij;c2 scoot] 7b71 #aj;c #a4ge #b hoes1 #hj;c2 blacksmi? 7ye>ly av]age71 #ej;c #a4cj ----- ,total #g4hj 7a7 ,a sweep is a =m ( cultivator us$ 9 clean+ grass & we$s f ! r[s ( cotton4 7b7 ,a scoot] or bull-tongue is a /rip ( iron us$ 9 op5+ ! furr[ = ! cotton se$4 ,a c[ co/s #be1 pigs #b to #b4ej1 wagon 7seldom own$7 #de4 ,a mule n[ co/s f #ajj to #aej1 b may be r5t$ by ! ye> = #bj or #be4 ,own]s claim !re is no pr(it 9 lett+ !m at ?is price & ! ,negroes ass]t t if "o dies ! own] (t5 claims t x _h be5 sold & proce$s to collect ! value !re(4 ,f ei!r po9t ( view ! plan seems to meet ) b little favor4 ,! foll[+ table w give "s idea ( ! condition & p]sonal prop]ty ( a numb] ( families 9 ,l[ndes ,c\nty3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,family #a #d #a #b #j #b #j #ij #j #j #b #j #b #b #b #a #a #j #a #j #b #j #j #b #j #a #c #c #c #c #j #c #a #a #j #j #b #j #a #d #b #c #j #a #b #j #a #a #j #a #j #a #e #d #b #a #a #b #j #j #b #j #a #b #a #f #e #a #a #j #b #j #a #b #j #b #j #j #g #c #j #a #a #c #j #a #j #j #b #j #a #h #c #a #a #a #b #j #a #j #j #j #j #a #i #d #j #j #c #e #j #j #a #a #j #j #a #aj #e #d #a #a #c #j #a #j #j #b #j #a ---------------------------------------- --------------- #aj #ce #af #aa #h #be #a #h #f #a #ad #b #aj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,key to columns3 ,a ,adults ,b ,*ildr5 "u #ad ,c ,log ,cab9s ,d ,b'd ,cab9s ,e ,no4 ,rooms ,f ,sew+ ,ma*9es ,g ,mules ,h ,horses ,i ,ox5 ,j ,c[s ,k ,pigs ,l ,dogs ,x w be se5 t ! numb] ( ox5 is small4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if "s ( ! hogs escap$ obs]vation4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is di/rict w\ld n be complete )\t ref]5ce to ! h]b doctors :o d a ?riv+ bus9ess1 *>g+ f tw5ty-five c5ts p] visit up4 ,!y make all sorts ( noxi\s comp\nds :i* are retail$ z good = v>i\s ailm5ts4 ,! m$ic9es are p]haps no m h>mful ?an ! pat5t comp\nds ( o!r places4 ,!re are also wit* doctors1 ( :om ! ,negroes /& 9 great awe & _m a poor suff]] has di$ because x 0 believ$ t he or %e 0 bewit*$ by "s evil p]son1 h5ce physicians c\ld h no p[]4 ,! budgets giv5 indicate1 & ?is is my own belief1 t ! f>m]s 9 ?is di/rict are j ab\t hold+ _! own4 ,!y are n tra9$ to take advantage ( _! environm5t to ! full s !y d n prosp] z !y might1 :ile occasional design+ p]sons take great advantage ( !m1 !reby r5d]+ !m disc\rag$4 ,! introduction ( a m div]sifi$ f>m+1 ! great] utilization ( local res\rces 9 fruits & vegetables1 !reby giv+ v>iety 9 ! diet1 ! developm5t ( pa/ures & /ock rais+ w\ld enable !m to break away f ! mortgage sy/em1 :i* ret>ds !m 9 _m ways4 ,?is view t ! f>m]s "h are ab\t able to make a liv+ is support$ by ! inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,du ,bois4#aj ,he gives ! foll[+ report ( #bga families 9 ,georgia3 ,ye>1 #ahih4 ,price ( cotton l[4 ,bankrupt & sold out #c #ajj or ov] 9 debt #fa #be to #ajj 9 debt #ed #a to #be 9 debt #dg ,cle>$ no?+ #ec ,cle>$ #a to #be #bg ,cle>$ #be to #ajj #ba ,cle>$ #ajj & ov] #e ---- #bga ,reg>d+ ! g5]al situation he says3 ,a good season ) good prices regul>ly s5t a numb] out ( debt & made !m peasant proprietors2 a bad season1 ei!r 9 wea!r or prices1 /ill means ! ru9 ( a ?\s& black homes4 ,"u exi/+ conditions ! outlook does n seem to me especially hopeful4 ,,alluvial ,,di/rict4 ,a ,,d\ble ,,cab9 ,,9 ,,! ,,delta4 ,! ,mississippi riv]1 deflect$ we/w>d by ! hills ( ,t5nessee1 at ,memphis sweeps 9 a long arc to ! hills at ,nat*ez4 ,! oval betwe5 ! riv] & ! hills to ! ,ea/ is kn[n z ! ,delta4 ,! l& is v flat1 be+ high] on ! bord] ( ! riv] s t :5 ! riv] ov]fl[s ! entire bottom l& is flood$4 ,! wat]s are n re/ra9$ by a good sy/em ( levees & ! dang] ( floods is r$uc$4 ,!re are simil> areas 9 ,arkansas & ,l\isiana & along ! l[] c\rses ( ! ,r$ & o!r riv]s1 b :at is said "h w h special ref]5ce to ,mississippi conditions4 ,! l& is extremely f]tile1 probably !re is none bett] 9 ! _w1 & is cov]$ ) a d5se gr[? ( f9e woods1 oak1 a%1 gum & cypress4 ,! e>ly settlem5ts1 z already /at$1 7 along ! navigable /reams1 b ! great developm5t ( railroads is op5+ up ! entire di/rict4 ,! c\ntry may /ill be call$ new & ?\s&s ( acres may be pur*as$ at a co/ ( less ?an #aj p] acre1 wild l&1 ( c\rse4 ,cultivat$ l& br+s f #be up4 ,consid]+ its possibilities ! region is n yet d5sely populat$1 b a l9e ( immigration is sett+ 9 & ! indications are t ! ,delta w soon be ! seat ( ! heavie/ ,negro population 9 ! c\ntry4 ,already x rivals ! black prairie ( ,alabama4 ,!re h be5 _m influ5ces to ret>d immigration1 ! fe> ( fev]s1 mal>ia & typhoid1 commonly associat$ ) l[ c\ntries1 & ! dread ( ov]fl[s4 ,because ( ! lack ( ! labor =ce to develop ! c\ntry plant]s h be5 l$ to (f] high] wages1 bett] h\ses1 etc4 ,!re is ab\t ! f>m+ di/rict an air ( prosp]ity :i* is n noticeable to ! ,ea/4 ,! c\ntry is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to cotton1 ! yield is heavi]1 ab\t a bale to ! acre if well cultivat$1 ?\gh ! av]age is a little less1 ! /aple is long]1 & ! price is ab\t a c5t a p\nd high]1 ?an 9 ! hills4 ,f]tiliz]s are seldom us$ & are n c>ri$ 9 ! /ores4 ,"s ( ! l&s :i* h be5 longe/ 9 use h be5 h>m$ by improp] tillage1 b ! injury may easily be repair$ by intellig5t managem5t4 ,9 ! ,delta ! av]age size ( ! plantations is l>ge1 b ! am\nt ( l& "u ! c>e ( ! t5ant is small] ?an 9 o!r sections4 ,ab\t #bj acres is probably ! av]age to "o "w animal4 ,! soil is heavi]1 requir+ long] & m con/ant cultivation4 ,= ?is l& a r5tal ( f #f to #h p] acre is paid1 :ile plantations w r5t = a t]m ( ye>s at an acre4 ,a good deal ( new l& is br\ght 9 cultivation by (f]+ x r5t free to a ,negro = ?ree ye>s1 ! t5ant agree+ to cle> (f ! timb] & br+ ! soil "u cultivation4 ,on "s plantations no int]e/ is *>g$ on goods advanc$ by ! ,negro usually pays #be p] c5t4 = all money he borr[s4 ,! :ite plant] has to pay at lea/ #h p] c5t & agree to sell 8 cotton ?r\gh ! factor ( :om ! money is obta9$ & pay him a commission ( #b4e p] c5t4 = h&l+ ! cotton4 ,! plantation acc\nts ( ?ree families foll[ = ! ye> #aija4 ,!y live 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 9 :i* ! ,negroes =m #hi p] c5t4 ( ! total population4 ,! fir/ family consi/s ( ?ree adults & "o *ild "u #ad4 ,!y own two mules1 two c[s1 t5 pigs & "s *ick5s4 ,!y also h a wagon & ! necess>y f>m implem5ts4 ,_! exp5ses 7 enl>g$1 z 7 ^? ( ! o!r families1 by an epidemic ( smallpox4 ,debit4 ,cr$it4 ,doctor #ci4ej ,cotton #hbf4hj ,blacksmi? #a4he ,cotton se$ #adg4jj ,implem5ts #ae4je ------- ,clo!s #ajb4ee #igc4hj ,provisions #db4aj #hef4ie ,r5t #age4jg ------- ,extra labor #ec4ej ,balance #aaf4he ,se$ #ca4cj ,g9n+ ,cotton #fa4cj ,ca% drawn #ccd4gc ------- #hef4ie ,_! acc\nt at ! close ( ! ye> %[$ ?us a balance ( #aaf4he4 ,! family rais$ #b bales ( cotton & _h besides #ahj bu%els ( corn f six acres4 ,! second family came to ! plantation 9 #aijj ) no?+1 n ev5 ) dec5t clo?+4 ,n[ !y h two mules1 keep "s pigs1 own a wagon & f>m+ tools4 ,!re are five adults 9 ! family & two *ildr54 ,!y live 9 a ?ree-room$ cab9 & till #cj acres ( l&1 f\r acres be+ wood l& tak5 = cle>+1 = :i* !re is no r5t4 ,debit4 ,cr$it4 ,doctor #ce4ce ,cotton #a1jia4bh ,fe$ #e4jj ,cotton se$ #aif4jj ,mule 7balance7 #gg4jj --------- ,rations & clo!s #bhd4aj #a1bhg4bh ,r5t #age4ej #a1jce4hb ,extra labor #fg4fj --------- ,g9n+ #aja4be ,balance #bea4df ,ca% drawn #bij4jb --------- #a1jce4hb ,! ?ird family is ( diff]5t type4 ,!y are always beh9d1 al?\gh ! wife is a good work] & ! man is will+ & seems to try4 ,!y are consid]$ "o ( ! poore/ families on ! plantation4 ,!re are two adults & "o *ild4 ,!y own f>m+ implem5ts1 "o mule & "s pigs4 ,!y h a two-room$ cab9 & f>m #ah acres = :i* !y pay a crop r5t ( #a1hjj p\nds ( cotton4 ,debit4 ,cr$it4 ,doctor #bd4de ,cotton #dih4eg ,mule #cc4jj ,cotton se$ #ia4jj ,clo?+ #ec4dj ------- ,rations #fj4jj #ehi4eg ,fe$ #aa4be #egf4ee ,r5t #acj4ej ------- ,extra labor #agi4de ,balance #ac4jb ,se$ #aa4ij ,g9n+ #dc4ej ,ca% d[n #ec4ej ------- #egf4ee ,an exam9ation ( ! acc\nts reveals t !re is a *>ge = extra labor1 :i* = ! ?ird family 0 v heavy4 ,?is results f ! fact t ! av]age family c\ld1 b does n pick all ! cotton x makes1 s :5 x is se5 t en\gh is on h& to pay all ! bills & leave a balance x is v c>eless ab\t ! rema9d]4 ,plant]s h great difficulty 9 gett+ all ! cotton pick$ & a consid]able portion is (t5 lo/4 ,extra labor mu/ be import$4 ,?is is h>d to get & =ms1 :5 obta9$1 a s]i\s burd5 on ! income ( ! t5ant4 ,on ! plantation f ^: books ! above records 7 tak5 ! sy/em ( bookkeep+ is m ?an usually c>eful & ! g9 acc\nt ?us =ms a sep>ate item s t al?\gh all plant]s *>ge = ! g9n+ ! *>ge does n always appe> on ! books4 ,^! ?ree families are believ$ to be av]age & indicate :at x is possible = ! typical family to d "u ord9>y conditions4 ,x is b fair to /ate t ! own]s ( ?is plantation make _m ef=ts to get _! t5ants to improve _! condition & w n long keep ^? ^: acc\nts d n %[ a cr$it balance at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,a copy ( ! lease 9 use w be ( int]e/ & its /ipulations =m q a contra/ to ! "o quot$ f ,alabama4 ,! ca% & %>e leases are id5tical save = necess>y *anges 9 =m4 ,! names are fictiti\s4 ,?is ,contract1 made ?is date & t]m9at+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aijb1 betwe5 ,smi? & ,br[n1 & ,john ,doe1 h]e9aft] call$ t5ant1 ,witnesses3 ,t ,smi? & ,br[n h ?is day r5t$ & set ap>t to ,john ,doe = ! ye> #aijb c]ta9 tw5ty acres ( l& on ,james ,plantation1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 at a r5tal price p] acre ( sev5 doll>s & fifty c5ts4 ,smi? & ,br[n h]eby agree to furni%1 ) said l&1 a com=table h\se & good pump1 & to grant to ! said t5ant ! free use ( su* wood z may be necess>y = 8 dome/ic purposes & to advance su* supplies1 9 su* quantity & mann] z may be mutually agre$ ^u z be+ necess>y to ma9ta9 him 9 ! cultivation ( said l&2 x be+ n[ mutually und]/ood t by ! t]m supplies is meant meat1 meal1 molasses1 tobacco1 snuff1 m$ic9e & m$ical att5tion1 good work+ %oes & clo!s1 f>m+ implem5ts & corn4 ,x is also h]eby mutually agre$ & und]/ood t any?+ o!r ?an ! articles h]e9 enum]at$ is to be advanc$ to ! said t5ant only z ! condition ( 8 crops & acc\nt & ! mann] ( 8 "w %all1 9 ! judgm5t ( ,smi? & ,br[n1 be deem$ to entitle him4 ,!y also agree to keep said h\se & pump 9 good repair & to keep said l& well dit*$ & dra9$4 ,be+ desir\s ( hav+ said t5ant raise suffici5t corn to supply 8 ne$s dur+ ! ensu+ ye>1 9 consid]ation ( 8 plant+ su* l& 9 corn z !y may designate1 !y h]eby agree to pur*ase f said t5ant all corn ov] & above su* z may be necess>y = 8 ne$s1 & to pay !re= ! m>ket price2 & to pur*ase all corn rais$ by him 9 ! ev5t be wi%es to remove f ,james plantation at ! t]m9ation ( ?is contract4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! above und]tak+ on ,smi? & ,br[n's "p1 ! said t5ant h]eby agrees to sell to !m all surplus corn rais$ by him & 9 ! ev5t ( 8 leav+ ,james' plantation at ! t]m9ation ( ?is contract to sell to !m all corn he may h on h&3 9 ea* case at ! m>ket price4 ,! said ,smi? & ,br[n h]eby res]ve to !mselves all li5s = r5t & supplies on all cotton1 cotton se$1 corn & o!r agricultural products1 gr[n ^u said l& dur+ ! ye> #aijb1 grant$ "u ,sections #bdie & #bdif ( ! ,code ( #ahib4 ,!y h]eby agree to h&le & sell = ! said t5ant all cotton & o!r crops rais$ by him = sale1 to ! be/ ( _! ability1 & to acc\nt to him = ! proce$s ( ! same :5 sold4 ,!y also res]ve to !mselves ! "r to at all times ex]cise su* sup]vision z !y may deem necess>y ov] ! plant+ & cultivat+ ( all crops to be rais$ by him dur+ ! ye> #aijb4 ,! said ,john ,doe h]eby r5ts f ,smi? & ,br[n ! above m5tion$ l& = ! ye> #aijb & promises to pay !re= sev5 doll>s & a half p] acre on or be=e ,novemb] ! fir/1 #aijb1 & h]eby agrees to all ! t]ms & /ipulations h]e9 m5tion$4 ,he fur!rmore repres5ts to ,smi? & ,br[n t he has suffici5t =ce to prop]ly plant & cultivate same1 & agrees t if at any "t 9 _! judgm5t 8 crops may be 9 ne$ ( cultivation1 !y may h ! necess>y "w done & *>ge same to 8 acc\nt4 ,he fur!rmore agrees to at all times prop]ly control 8 family & h&s1 bo? z to "w & conduct1 & obligates himself to prev5t any "o ( !m f caus+ any tr\ble :atsoev]1 ei!r to 8 neighbors or to ,smi? & ,br[n4 ,he also agrees to plant & cultivate all l& allott$ to him1 includ+ ! edges ( ! roads1 turn r[s1 & dit* banks1 & to keep ! latt] at all times clean & to plant no g>d5 or truck pat*es 9 8 field4 ,he also agrees to ga!r & deliv] all agricultural products :i* he may raise = sale to said ,smi? & ,br[n1 z !y may designate to be h&l$ & sold by !m1 = 8 acc\nt4 ,he also agrees n to ab&on1 neglect1 turn back or leave 8 crops or any "p ( !m1 nor to all[ 8 family or h&s to d s1 until entirely ga!r$ & deliv]$4 ,9 ord] t ,smi? & ,br[n may be advis$ ( ! numb] ( t5ants :i* !y may h to secure = ! ensu+ ye>1 9 ample "t to enable !m to provide = ! same1 ! said t5ant h]eby agrees to notify !m positively by ,decemb] #aj1 #aijb1 :e!r or n he desires to rema9 on ,james' ,plantation = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,%\ld he n desire to rema91 !n he agrees to deliv] to ,smi? & ,br[n possession ( ! h\se n[ allott$ to him by ,janu>y #a/1 #aijc4 ,9 ord] t said t5ant may h ample "t 9 :i* to provide = himself a place = ! ensu+ ye>1 ,smi? & ,br[n h]eby agree to notify him by ,decemb] #aj1 #aijb1 %\ld !y n want him z a t5ant dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,witness our signatures1 ?is ! #ae? day ( ,decemb]1 #aija4 ,,smi? ,,& ,,br[n4 ,,john ,,doe4 ,witness3 ,j4 ,w4 ,,james4 ,! own]s h be5 unable to c>ry out _! ef=ts 9 full1 b ! result has be5 v cr$itable4 ,! lease is mu* pref]able to ! "o giv5 on page #df4 ,if1 z ,i believe1 ! families above report$ are av]age & are liv+ "u ord9>y conditions1 x seems evid5t t a consid]able surplus results f _! labors ea* ye>4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld add t ! money 7 be+ ei!r wisely sp5t or sav$ & inve/$4 ,?is does n seem to be ! case & x is g5]ally /at$ t ! am\nt ( money wa/$ 9 ! fall ( ! ye> by ! blacks ( ! ,delta is enorm\s4 ,9 ! cab9s ! great catalogs ( ! mail ord] h\ses ( ,montgom]y ,w>d ,co41 & ,se>s1 ,roebuck ,co41 ( ,*icago are (t5 f\nd1 & ! express ag5ts say t l>ge %ipm5ts ( goods are made to ! ,negroes4 ,pat5t m$ic9es =m no inconsid]able proportion ( ^! pur*ases1 :ile ,/utson hats1 z ! ,negro says1 are requir$ by ! "y bloods4 ,! g5]al improvid5ce ( ! p is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /ory relat$ by a fri5d ( ! writ]4 ,at ! close ( "o season an old ,negro woman came to 8 wife = advice z to ! use to be made ( h] sav+s1 "s #abe4 ,%e 0 advis$ to buy "s h\sehold necessities & to put ! rema9d] 9 a bank1 above all %e 0 caution$ to bew>e ( any :o s\ght to get h] to squ&] ! money4 ,! woman left b 9 ab\t two weeks' "t return$ to borr[ "s money4 ,x develop$ t z %e w5t d[n ! /reet a ,jewess invit$ h] to come 9 & h a cup ( c(fee4 ,! invitation 0 accept$ & dur+ ! conv]sation %e 0 advis$ to sp5d ! money4 ,?is %e did1 & :5 ! transactions 7 ov] ! woman _h "o b>rel ( fl\r1 "o hundr$ p\nds ( meat1 t5 doll>s or s wor? ( *eap jewelry1 "s c&y & o!r incid5tals & no money4 ,fooli% exp5ditures alone1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! plant]s1 prev5t ! ,negroes f own+ ! entire l& 9 a g5]ation4 ,i w\ld n give ! impression t !re are no ,negro l& own]s 9 ?is region4 ,?\s&s ( acres h be5 pur*as$ & are held by !m1 b we are speak+ ( av]age families4 ,"s curi\s cu/oms prevail4 ,! plant]s g5]ally pay ! ,negroes 9 ca% = _! cotton se$ & ?is money ! blacks consid] z some?+ peculi>ly !irs1 n to be us$ = any debts !y may h4 ,al?\gh ! prices = goods advanc$ are high] ?an ca% prices1 ! ,negroes w (t51 :5 spr+ comes1 insi/ t !y be advanc$1 s h ! goods *>g$ ev5 at ! high] prices1 ev5 ?\gh !y h ! ca% on h&4 ,?is great ov]-appreciation ( pres5t goods is a drawback to _! progress4 ,9 ?is di/rict ,i f\nd little dissatisfaction among ! ,negro f>m]s4 ,!y felt t _! opportunities 7 good4 ,^? :o come f ! hills c sc>ce believe _! eyes at ! crops produc$ & con/antly ask :5 ! cotton plants are go+ to turn yell[ & droop4 ,t !re is little migration back to ! hills is good evid5ce ( ! relative /&+ ( ! two di/ricts 9 _! eyes4 ,wages = day labor range f #fj to #ge c5ts1 b ! extra labor import$ = cotton pick+ makes ov] d\ble ?is4 ,,! ,,sug> ,,region4 ,s\? ( ,baton ,r\ge1 ,l\isiana1 ! alluvial di/rict is l>gely giv5 ov] to ! gr[+ ( sug> cane ) occasional fields ( rice4 ,! di/rict "u cultivation /ret*es back f ! riv] a c\ple ( miles or s to ! edge ( ! woods beyond :i* at pres5t !re is no tillable gr\nd1 ?\gh dra9age w gradually pu% back ! l9e ( ! =e/4 ,^! sug> l&s are valu$ highly1 #ajj or s an acre1 & ! capital inve/$ 9 ! great sug> h\ses is enorm\s4 ,probably n[h]e 9 agricultural pursuits is !re a m ?or\gh sy/em ( bookkeep+ ?an on ^! plantations4 ,?is l& is cultivat$ by hir$ h&s1 :o "w imm$iately "u ! eye ( ov]se]s4 ,n[h]e is ! l& let out 9 small lots to t5ants4 ,conditions are radically diff]5t f ^? prevail+ 9 ! cotton regions4 ,! "w season1 x is claim$1 beg9s on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y & ends on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 & e day betwe5 :5 ! wea!r p]mits "w 9 ! fields !re is "w to be done4 ,,cab9s ,,on ,,sug> ,,plantation4 ,^! plantations pres5t an attractive appe>ance4 ,! cab9s are n scatt]$ z 9 ! cotton c\ntry1 b are usually rang$ on ei!r side ( a broad /reet1 ) r[s ( trees 9 front4 ,! cab9s are (t5 = two families & ea* has a plot ( gr\nd = a g>d54 ,! plant]s say ! ,negroes w n live 9 ! h\ses unless ! g>d5 plots are provid$1 ev5 if !y make no use ( !m4 ,to ea* family is allott$ a h\se s long z !y are employ$ on ! place4 ,wood is free & teams are provid$ = haul+ x f ! =e/4 ,free pa/ure = /ock is (t5 provid$4 ,f ! fact t ! m5 w\ld seldom "w m ?an five & a half days a week arose ! cu/om ( pay+ (f e elev5 days4 ,ea* workman has a "t book & z soon z he has complet$ 8 elev5 days 8 pay is due4 ,?is avoids a g5]al pay day & ! demoralization t w\ld likely foll[4 ,"w is cr$it$ by qu>t]s ( a day3 ,sunrise to breakfa/1 breakfa/ to d9n]1 d9n] to ab\t #c3jj p4 m41 #c3jj p4 m4 to sunset4 ,wages v>y accord+ to ! season1 be+ mu* l>g] dur+ autumn :5 ! cane is be+ gr\nd4 ,= field "w m5 get #gj c5ts p] day1 wom5 #ee to #fj c5ts4 ,dur+ ! gr9d+ season ! m5 e>n f #a to #a4be1 ! wom5 ab\t #he c5ts1 *ildr5 f #be c5ts up4 ,wages are usually paid ?r\gh a /ore :i* may or may n be "u ! direct own]%ip ( ! plantation4 ,all acc\nts aga9/ ! /ore are d$uct$1 b ! balance mu/ be paid 9 ca% if x is s desir$4 ,nom9ally ! m5 are free to trade :]e !y w1 b x is easy to see t pressure might be br\ght to be> to make x advantage\s to trade at ! local /ore4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aija two families 7 able to e>n ! foll[+ am\nts4 ,! fir/ family consi/s ( ?ree adults & two *ildr51 b ! wife did n "w 9 ! field4 #aj4ej #g4jj #ac4hj #ab4fj #aj4he #ab4fj #aa4ee #aj4he #f4fe #ac4hj #ab4ie #ae4dj #ad4ej #aa4bj #b4fb #a4be #b4be #d4ce ---------------------------------------- -- #bc4ig #ad4ij #bg4fj #be4ee #bf4be #bi4ce #bg4aj #aa4ee #h4dj #i4hj #bj4fj #be4ge #bh4ge ,man #aa4bj #g4ce #i4hj #g4ie #af4jj #aj4ae ,son #d4ce #c4je #a4bj #f4dj #ah4ae #ae4ge ,boy #a4he #aj4ab #f4ge ,boy ---------------------------------------- ---- #bg4aj #ah4hj #bj4hj #cf4hj #gj4jb #fa4dj--chb4ed ,dur+ ! gr9d+ season ! m5's wages 7 increas$ to #a a day & ! boys' to #dj c5ts & ! fa!r _h *ances to make extra "t z nightwat*man1 etc4 ,?is family own a horse & buggy1 keep p\ltry & h a fair g>d54 ,!y are r ?rifty & h money /[$ away some:]e4 ,! second family consi/s ( ! p>5ts & eight *ildr54 ,_! income is fair1 b !y are always h>d up4 ,!y sp5d _! money extravagantly4 ,! man is head team/] on ! plantation & makes #hj c5ts p] day1 :i* is increas$ to #a4cj dur+ ! gr9d+ season4 ,! wife 9 ?is family also did no "w save 9 ! fall4 #af4jj #ad4dj #ag4fj #ae4dj #ah4dj #af4hj #ag4hj #g4hg #f4he #aj4aj #i4be #i4fe #aj4aj #aa4jj #ab4fj #h4ge #ab4fj #ac4cj #ae4ee #ad4ej #aa4ij #b4ij #a4ej #d4ej #a4be #a4hj 4#fe ---------------------------------------- -- #dj4fb #cc4cj #de4de #cg4ie #dc4fj #da4dj #dj4gj #ag4hj #ah4jj #af4fj #bc4cj #dd4ie #dc4je ,man #aa4jj #aj4be #d4jj #f4jj #ai4cj #ah4jj ,boy #aa4ij #ab4dj #aa4gj #ai4be #be4ge #bc4jj ,son #f4ge #ag4be #ad4ge ,girl #a4fj ,boy #b4aj #h4jj #e4be ,boy #c4jj #ae4ae #ac4ej ,woman ---------------------------------------- ------ #dj4gj #dj4fe #cb4cj #fj4dj #acj4cj #aai4ae--ffe4hb ,^! families are typical s f> z kn[n4 ,9 comp>+ _! incomes ) ^? 9 o!r di/ricts x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y h no r5t to pay & _! only necess>y exp5ses are = food & clo!s & incid5tals4 ,c]ta9ly bo? ( ! families %\ld h money to _! cr$it at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! total wages dep5ds n only on ! will+ness to "w1 b also on wea!r conditions4 ,"o gets ! impression t 9 "s places conditions are pretty bad & ev5 by "s :ite resid5ts ( ! /ate x is claim$ t a /ate ( s]vitude almo/ prevails on _m plantations4 ,9 any case ! ,negroes d n seem satisfi$4 ,! labor is r heavy4 ,= ?is or o!r reasons !re has be5 q an exodus to ! cotton c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s1 :i* has caus$ ! cane plant]s mu* tr\ble & !y w make _m concessions to keep _! t5ants4 ,to meet ?is emigration = "s "t ef=ts h be5 made to import ,italian labor b ! results h n be5 :olly satisfactory4 ,! ,italians are m reliable & ?is is a great argum5t 9 _! favor1 b ) ?is exception !y are n consid]$ mu* bett] work]s ?an ! blacks4 ,! /orekeep]s mu* pref] ! ,negroes1 :o sp5d _! money m freely4 ,! plant]s claim t ! labor is unreliable & say !y nev] "k on ,saturday h[ _m work]s !y w h on ,monday4 ,!y also say x is h>d to get extra labor done4 ,9 #aijj on "o plantation ! wom5 7 (f]$ t5 c5ts a day extra = "s hoe+1 b only f\r held out4 ,high] wages 7 (f]$ if "s cane 7 cut by ! ton in/ead ( by ! day1 b aft] a week ! h&s ask$ to return to ! gang at ! l[] wage4 ,9 ! rice fields along ! riv] ab\t ! same wages prevail z = ! field h&s 9 ! cane plantations4 ,! rice crop1 h[ev]1 is b a six mon?s crop1 s o!r employm5t mu/ be f\nd = "p ( ! ye> if no?+ b rice is rais$4 ,x is usual 9 ?is region to raise rice z a side crop4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,social ,,environm5t4 ,,c\ntry ,,*ur* ,,& ,,s*ool4 ,hi!rto we h _h to d *iefly ) ! economic situation ( ! ,negro f>m]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r set ( =ces :i* may n be ignor$ if we are to und]/& ! situation :i* confronts u4 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 ! social =ces4 ,9 discuss+ ^! x is m ?an ev] ess5tial to rememb] t a diff]5tiation has be5 tak+ place among ! ,negroes & t !re are l>ge numb]s :o are n to be gr\p$ ) ! av]age m5 & wom5 :om we seek to describe4 ,x may ev5 be true t !re are communities :i* h ga9$ a high] level4 ,any /atem5t ( ! social environm5t ( #h1jjj1jjj p mu/ necess>ily be false if appli$ /rictly to ea* individual4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! high] class mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be all[$ to bl9d u to ! condition ( ! re/4 ,! av]age ,negro boy or girl is all[$ to gr[4 ,x is difficult to say mu* m = ! tra9+ receiv$ at home4 ,we mu/ rememb] t !re is an almo/ total abs5ce ( home life z we und]/& x4 ,! family seldom sits d[n toge!r at ! table or d any?+ else 9 common4 ,! dome/ic duties are easily ma/]$ by ! girls & *ores d n weigh heavily on ! boys4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> ! *ildr5 are compell$ to assi/ 9 ! f>m op]ations1 su* z pick+ cotton1 b mo/ ( ! "t !y are c>e free4 ,?us !y run almo/ wild :ile ! p>5ts are at "w 9 ! fields1 & ! /rang] :o sudd5ly approa*es a cab9 & beholds ! y\ng/]s scatt]+ = %elt] w n soon =get ! sight4 ,ob$i5ce1 neatness1 punctuality d n ?rive 9 su* an atmosph]e4 ,! introduction to ! c\ntry s*ool a little lat] does n greatly improve conditions4 ,! tea*]s are (t5 incompet5t & _! election (t5 dep5ds ^u o!r ?+s ?an fitness to tea*2 ^u ?+s1 inde$1 :i* are at times f> f complim5t>y to ! s*ool tru/ees4 ,! s*ool ye> seldom exce$s f\r mon?s & ?is may be divid$ into two t]ms1 two mon?s 9 ! fall & two 9 ! spr+4 ,s*ool op5s at an indef9ite "t 9 ! morn+1 if s*$ul$ = n9e x is j z likely z n t x beg9s at t5 ?irty1 :ile ! clos+ h\r is equally unc]ta94 ,! individual att5tion receiv$ by ! av]age *ild is necess>ily small4 ,! s*ools are poorly equipp$ ) books or maps4 ,! int]ior view giv5 on page #fa is by no means exceptional4 ,x may n be out ( place to m5tion ! fact t recognition ( ^! evils is lead+ 9 _m places 9 ! ,s\? to ! incorporation ( private s*ools1 :i* !n (f] _! facilities to ! public 9 return = p>tial support at ! public exp5se4 ,public moneys are be+ turn$ ov] to ^! s*ools 9 consid]able am\nts4 ,9 "s c\nties ! public does n own a s*ool build+4 ,)\t que/ion+ ! fact t ^! s*ools are an improvem5t ov] exi/+ conditions1 hi/ory w belie itself if ?is subsidiz+ ( private organizations does n "s day prove a great drawback to ! prop] developm5t ( ! public s*ool sy/em1 unless x may be1 t ! c\rts w decl>e ! practice illegal & uncon/itutional4 ,! home & ! s*ool be+ f our po9t ( view unsatisfactory1 ! next social in/itution to :i* we turn is ! *ur*4 ,s9ce ! w> ?is has come to be ! mo/ influ5tial 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,negro & x des]ves m c>eful /udy ?an has yet be5 giv5 to x4 ,only "s ( ! m obvi\s features c "h be consid]$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to impress ! obs]v] is ! fact t "t is aga9 no object to ! ,negro4 ,! s]vice adv]tis$ = elev5 may get fairly "u way by twelve & !re is no pr$ict+ :5 x w /op4 ,! p drift 9 & out1 "o or two at a "t1 ?r\gh\t ! s]vice4 ,families d n ent] nor sit toge!r4 ,outside is always a gr\p talk+ ov] matt]s ( g5]al int]e/4 ,! music1 l9$ out1 consi/s ( ! regulation *ur* hymns1 :i* are usually scree*$ all out ( "t 9 a high key4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ?is music & ! s++ ( ! plantation songs at ,hampton or "s o!r s*ools :i* impresses "o z does little music he he>s else:]e is /rik+4 ,! p h ! idea t plantation songs are out ( place 9 ! *ur*4 ,! collection is tak5 ) a view to lett+ o!rs "k :at ea* "o does4 ,at ! prop] "t a c\ple ( ! m5 take _! places at a table be=e ! pulpit & invite ! p to come =w>d ) _! (f]+s4 ,! p /raggle up ! aisle ) _! gifts1 be+ con/antly urg$ to ha/5 s z n to delay ! s]vice4 ,aft] half an h\r or s ! results obta9$ are rem>kable & ! social emulation r$\nds to ! b5efit ( ! prea*]4 ,x is difficult = ! :ite visitor to get any?+ b h9ts ( ! real possibilities ( ! prea*]1 = he is at once introduc$ to ! audi5ce & induc$ to address !m if x is possible4 ,ev5 :5 ?is is n done !re is usually an air ( re/ra9t :i* is noticeable4 ,only occasionally does ! speak] =get himself & break loose1 z x 74 ,! /udy !n pres5t$ is int]e/+ 9 ! extreme4 ,:ile ! m9i/] %\ts1 ! audi5ce are sway+ backw>d & =w>d 9 sympa!tic rhy?m1 enc\rag+ ! speak] ) cries ( ,am51 ,t's "r1 ,t's ! ,gospel1 ,give x to 'em bud1 ,give 'em a little long sweet5+4 ,!re is no "q t !y are pr(\ndly mov$1 b ! id5tity ( ! _s :i* tr\bles ! wat]s is to me sometimes a "q4 ,! =ms ( ! :ite man's religion h be5 adopt$1 b ! cont5t ( ^! =ms seems /rangely diff]5t4 ,seem+ly ! *ur*1 or r1 religion1 is n closely id5tifi$ ) morality4 ,i am sorry to say t 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ ( bo? races ! av]age c\ntry 7& city7 pa/or does n be> a good reputation1 ! e/imates ( ! immoral runn+ f #ej to #ih p] c5t4 ( ! total numb]4 ,x is f> f me to disc\nt any class ( p1 b if ! situation is any?+ z repres5t$ by ! e/imate1 ! s]i\sness ( x is evid5t4 ,?is idea is support$ by ! fact t indulg5ce 9 immorality is seldom a b> to active *ur* memb]%ip1 & if a memb] be dismiss$ f "o communion !re are o!rs anxi\s to receive him or h]4 ,!re are *ur*es & communities ( :i* ^! /atem5ts are n true4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! *ur*es are secur+ _! *ief support f ! wom54 ,z an organization ! *ur* does n seem to h tak5 any great int]e/ 9 ! matt]s :i* mo/ vitally affect ! life ( ! p1 except to be a social c5t]4 ,if ^! ?+s be consid]$ x is easy to see :y ! be/ in=m$ are seek+ = ! c\ntry di/ricts m5 :o c be lead]s ( ! p dur+ ! week on ! f>ms z well z good speak]s on ,sunday4 ,x is a pleasure to note t "h & !re "s busy pa/or is also sp5d+ a good deal ( 8 "t cultivat+ a g>d51 or runn+ a small f>m1 ) ! di/9ct purpose ( sett+ a good example4 ,! precise way 9 :i* ! *ur* may be l$ to ex]t a wid] & m helpful influ5ce on ! p is a matt] ( great importance1 b x mu/ be solv$ f )94 ,turn+ f religi\s "w we f9d ! *ur* be>+ an important place 9 ! social life & amusem5ts4 ,besides its _m ga!r+s & protract$ meet+s :i* are social functions1 numb]s ( picnics & excursions are giv54 ,^! may be on ! railroads to r di/ant po9ts1 & because ( ! lack ( discrim9ation z to p>ticipants1 _m e>ne/ prote/s h be5 fil$ by ! bett] class ( ,negroes4 ,! amusem5ts ( ! blacks are simple4 ,ne>ly all dr9k1 b drunk5ness is n a great vice4 ,dances are 9 high e/eem1 & are (t5 accompani$ by mu* dr9k+ & n infrequ5tly by cutt+ scrapes1 = ! ,negro's passions lie on ! surface & are easily ar\s$4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! g5]al belief seems to be t ! disp5s>y law has be5 b5eficial4 ,!re is also a univ]sal fondness = tobacco 9 all its =ms4 ,gambl+ prevails :]ev] !re is ready money & n infrequ5tly leads to s]i\s assaults4 ,music has great *>ms :ile a circus ne$s n ! excuse ( *ildr5 to ju/ify x 9 ! ,negro's eyes4 ,"s ( ! holidays are celebrat$1 & :5 on ! coa/ ! blacks dubb$ ! #cj? ( ,may ,desecration ,day1 !re 7 ^? :o ?\ght x well nam$4 ,active sports1 ) ! occasional exception ( a ball game1 are n pref]r$ to ! m quiet pleasure ( sitt+ ab\t 9 ! sun%9e conv]s+ ) fri5ds4 ,am]ica c n %[ a happi]1 m cont5t$ lot ( p ?an ^! same blacks4 ,if we turn our att5tion to o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro we mu/ notice 8 diff]5t moral /&>d4 ,to introduce ! little ,i %all say on ?is po9t let me quote f a well kn[n an?ropologi/4 ,!re is no?+ m difficult = u to realize1 civiliz$ z we are1 ?an ! m5tal /ate ( ! man f> beh9d u 9 cultivation1 z reg>ds :at we call p> excell5ce 'morality4' ,x is n indec5cy2 x is simply an animal abs5ce ( mode/y4 ,acts :i* are und5iably q natural1 s9ce !y are ! expression ( a primordial ne$1 ess5tial to ! duration ( ! species1 b :i* a long ance/ral & individual education has tra9$ u to subject to a rigor\s re/ra9t1 & to ! accompli%m5t ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 we c n help atta*+ a c]ta9 %ame1 d n 9 ! lea/ %ock ! /ill imp]fect consci5ce ( ! primitive man4 ,f some:at ?is /&po9t we mu/ judge ( ! ,negro4 ,two or ?ree illu/rations w suffice4 ,talk+ la/ summ] to a port] 9 a small hotel1 ,i ask$ him if he _h ev] liv$ on a f>m4 ,he repli$ t he _h & t he (t5 ?\ght ( return+4 ,ask+ him :y he did n he said t x w\ld be necess>y = him to get a wife & a lot ( o!r ?+s4 ,i sugge/$ ! possibility ( bo>d+ 9 ano!r family4 ,he %ook 8 head & said3 ,nigg]s is que] folks1 boss4 ',pe>s to me !y don' "k :at !y gw9e d4 ,ef ,i g out & live 9 a man's h\se l z n ,i run away wid dat man's wife4 ,! second illu/ration is tak5 f an unpubli%$ manuscript by ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,tuck] ( ,baton ,r\ge4 ,!re is a negro ( good "* "h 9 ,baton ,r\ge ^: "n is ---- ----4 ,he is a :itewa%] by trade & does ma9ly odd jobs = ! :ite p :o are 8 patrons1 & e>ns a good liv+4 ,he is widely kn[n ?r\gh ! city z a good & reliable man4 ,"s "t ago he _h tr\ble ) 8 wife's prea*]1 :o came to 8 h\se too (t54 ,! tr\ble culm9at$ 9 8 wife leav+ him4 ,soon !reaft] he s5t or w5t into ! c\ntry & br\ght home a negro woman :om he in/all$ 9 8 h\se to cook & o!rwise s]ve him4 ,expla9+ ! circum/ances to ,mr4 ----1 he said3 ,i a'9' got no use = nigga prea*]s4 ,dey is de debbil wid de wimm54 ,i tol' dat ar fellah to keep away fr'm my h\se or ,i'd hunt him wid a %otgun1 an' ,i meant x4 ,b he got h]'n spite a me4 ,%e w5t (f to 'im4 ,n[ ,i's got me a wife f way back 9 de c\ntry1 :o don' "k ! ways ( nigga prea*]s4 ,i k9 keep h]1 ,i reckon1 a :ile1 anyway4 ,i pays h] wages reg'l>1 an' %e does h] duty by me4 ,i tell yeh1 ,mr4 ----1 a hir$ wife's a heap bett]'s a m>ri$ wife any "t1 yeh m>k dat4 ,ef yeh don' l9e er y] c s5' h] (f an' get anudd]1 an' %e's nutt5 to compla9 'b\t a' longs yeh pay h] wages4 ,yes siree1 yeh put dat d[n2 de hir$ wife's nuff sight bett]'n de m>ri$ "o4 ,i don' fus no mo' wid m>ry9' wives1 ,i hires 'em4 ,an ,i s5t ^w to dat prea*] dat if he comes r\n' my h\se n[ ,i lays = 'im %ore wid buck %ot4 ,comm5t+1 ,mr4 ,tuck] says t ! man _h no idea ( moral wrong1 ! real wife has lo/ no ca/e1 ! prea*] /&s j z well ) 8 flock & ! new wife is well receiv$4 ,! ?ird in/ance occurr$ on a plantation4 ,a m>ri$ woman1 n satisfi$ ) ! %oes %e receiv$ f ! /ore1 want$ a pair ( yell[ turn$ %oes4 ,! plant] w\ld n supply !m4 ,! woman 0 angry & f9ally left h] husb&1 w5t to a neighbor+ place & took up ) ano!r man4 ,^! cases suffici5tly illu/rate prevail+ conceptions ( ! sacr$ness ( ! m>riage tie4 ,c]ta9ly ?is involves a !ory ( home life :i* diff]s f ours4 ,_m mat+s are consummat$ )\t any regul> m>riage c]emony & ) little ref]5ce to legal requirem5ts1 & divorces are equally in=mal4 ,moral lapses seldom br+ ! ,negro be=e ! c\rts4 ,all ^! ?+s b indicate ! h&icap :i* has to be ov]come4 ,)9 ! family !re is (t5 great abuse on ! "p ( ! m54 ,! result ( x all is t _m ,negroes d n "k _! own fa!rs & s little are ! ties ( k9%ip' reg>d$ t ne> relatives are (t5 unkn[n1 & if possible less c>$ =4 ,?is may be sub/antiat$ by ! records ( any *>ity society 9 ! ,nor? :i* has s\ght to trace fri5ds ( its ,negro applicants4 ,to attempt a quantitative e/imate ( ! ext5t ( sexual immorality is useless4 ,x is suffici5t to realize t a diff]5t /&>d prevails & "o result today is a frightful preval5ce ( v5]eal diseases to :i* any practis+ physician 9 ! ,s\? c be> witness4 ,i am glad to say !re are sections :i* h ris5 above ^! conditions4 ,! transition f slav]y to fre$om set 9 op]ation ! =ces ( natural selection1 :i* are sure & /eadily work+ among ! p & are we$+ out ^? :o = any reason c n adapt !mselves to ! new environm5t4 ,insanity1 almo/ unkn[n 9 slav]y times1 has appe>$ & has be5 increas+ among ! ,negroes ( ! ,s\? at a rate ( ab\t #ajj p] c5t4 a decade s9ce #ahfj4 ,( c\rse1 ! numb] affect$ is /ill small1 b ! end is p]haps n rea*$4 ,we h witness$ also ! developm5t ( ! paup] & crim9al classes4 ,?is 0 to be expect$4 ,!re is also "s evid5ce ( an increase 9 ! use ( drugs1 coca9e & ! l4 ,! po9t to be not$ is t !re is tak+ place a /eady division ( ! ,negroes into v>i\s social /rata & 9 spite ( race traits x is no long] to be consid]$ z on a level4 ,i h s\ght to repres5t ! situation z x appe>s to me1 nei!r seek+ to ov]emphasize ! virtues or ! vices ( ! race4 ,x is cle> to me t 9 spite ( ! obvi\s progress ! road ahead is long & h>d4 ,:ile ,i d n anticipate any su* accel]ation ( spe$ z w imm$iately br+ ab\t an economic or social mill5ium ,i believe t prop] measures may be f\nd1 inde$1 are already 9 use1 :i* if widely adopt$ w lead to bett] ?+s4 ,h[ _m ( ! race w fall by ! way is1 9 "o s5se1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,9 ! long run1 = ! :ites z well z ! blacks1 !y w survive :o adapt _! social !ories &1 consequ5tly1 _! modes ( life to _! environm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,outlook4 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* militates mo/ aga9/ ! ,negro "h is 8 unreliability4 99 99 99 ,8 m5tal processes are pa/ f9d+ out & he c n be c\nt$ on to d or n to d a giv5 ?+ "u giv5 circum/ances4 ,!re is sc>cely a plant] 9 all ?is t]ritory :o w\ld n make sub/antial concessions = an assur$ t5antry4 ,a ,nor!rn man1 n[ resid5t 9 ! ,s\? & employ+ ,negro labor1 says3 ,i am conv9c$ ( "o ?+ & t is t !re is no dep5d5ce to be plac$ 9 #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ,negro labor]s if left to !mselves & out ( ! ov]se]'s sight4 ,^! quotations f m5 :o are seek+ to promote ! success ( ! ,negroes ) :om !y come 9 contact might be multipli$ indef9itely f e "p ( ! ,s\?4 ,! /atem5ts are sc>ce op5 to discussion1 s well recogniz$ is ! fact4 ,if ,i h rightly appreh5d$ ! nature ( ! tra9+ af=d$ by ,africa & slav]y !re 0 little 9 !m to develop ! habits ( =e?\ght1 ?rift & indu/ry1 ^u :i* ?is reliability mu/ be bas$4 ,i am n argu+ ! "q z to :e!r ?is unreliability m>ks a decad5ce ( ,negro /&>ds or :e!r x is due to ! pres5t high] /&>ds ( ! :ite4 ,= argum5t1 at lea/1 ,i am will+ to admit t 9 quality ( workman%ip1 9 /eadfa/ness & self-control !re has really be5 great progress4 ,my int]e/ is 9 ! pres5t & future r ?an ! pa/4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t1 judg$ by pres5t /&>ds1 ! ,negro is /ill decid$ly lack+4 ,p]sonally ,i am n surpris$ at ?is4 ,i %\ld be a/oni%$ if x 7 o!rwise4 ,! tr\ble is t we at ! ,nor? are unable to disabuse ourselves ( ! idea t ! ,negro is a d>k sk9n$ ,yankee & we ?9k1 !re=e1 t if all is n z x %\ld be t some?+ is wrong1 t somebody or "s social condition is hold+ him back4 ,we accuse slav]y1 attribute x to ! ho/ility ( ! ,s\!rn :ite4 ,some?+ is hold+ him back1 b x is 8 inh]itance ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ,africa1 n slav]y nor ! ,s\!rn :ites4 ,x is my obs]vation t ! :ite ( ! black belt deal ) ! ,negro m pati5tly & endure f> m ( %iftless me?ods ?an ! av]age ,nor!rn] w\ld tol]ate = a day4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,nor!rn :ite wom5 :o g ,s\? fill$ ) ! idea t ! ,negro is abus$ c sc>ce keep a s]vant ! fir/ ye> or s ( _! /ay4 ,( c\rse !re are exceptions1 few 9 numb]1 :o say z did a lumb]man 9 ,alabama la/ summ]3 ,i nev] h any tr\ble ) ! ,negro4 ,h work$ !m = tw5ty ye>s4 ,:y1 ,i hav5't _h to kill "o yet1 ?\gh ,i did %oot "o once1 b ,i us$ f9e %ot & x didn't hurt him mu*4 ,we h attempt$ to h ! ,negro d 9 a few ye>s :at x has tak5 u ?\s&s to accompli%1 & are surpris$ t he has disappo9t$ u4 ,!re is no room = disc\ragem5t4 ,contra/ ! ,negro 9 ,africa & ,am]ica to see :at has be5 done4 ,unless ?is unreliability is ov]come x w =m ev5 a great] h&icap = ! future4 ,s\!rn me?ods ( agriculture h be5 m wa/eful ( small economies ?an h ,nor!rn4 ,t a *ange is imp]ative1 9 _m di/ricts at lea/1 has be5 %[n4 ,is ! ,negro 9 a position to take advantage ( ^! *anges8 ,at pres5t x mu/ be admitt$ t he does n possess ! k to enable him to utilize 8 environm5t & make ! mo/ out ( x4 ,x has be5 %[n t he is be>+ little "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! truck+ indu/ry1 nay m1 t he does n ev5 raise en\gh g>d5 truck = 8 own support4 ,9 a bullet9 ( ! ,f>m]'s ,improvem5t ,society ( ,texas ,i f9d ! foll[+3 ,v _m1 9 ! fir/ place1 d n try to make _! supplies at home4 ,v (t5 mu* is lo/ by bad f5ces4 ,lots ( !m don't "k :]e _! hoes1 pl[s1 s+le-trees1 etc41 are at ?is m9ute4 ,lots ( !m buy butt]1 peas1 beans1 l>d1 meat & hay4 99 99 99 ,well1 really1 to sum up1 if !re's any?+ l sci5tific me?ods among ! va/ majority ( our p ,i don't "k x4 99 99 99 ,i v5ture to say t n "o negro f>m] 9 a hundr$ ev] saw ! back ( "o ( ^! bullet9s 7agricultural71 mu* less ! inside4 ,if "s ( ^! prim>y lessons h n be5 ma/]$ :at *ance is !re t ! ,negro w ov]come1 unaid$1 ! crop li5 sy/em & 8 o!r h&icaps & introduce div]sifi$ agriculture1 /ock rais+1 etc48 ,slav]y taught him some?+ ab\t "w & he is will+ to "w1 & "w h>d1 "u lead]%ip4 ,h]e9 lies ! possibility ( 8 economic salvation4 ,he is n yet ready z a race to /& alone & advance at ! pace dem&$ by ,am]ica ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,he mu/ be taught & ! tea*+ mu/ be by practice z well z by precept4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t1 ?\gh x is equally true f ano!r1 "o ( ! great ne$s ( ! ,s\? is t its :ite f>m]s %\ld pay m att5tion to o!r ?+s ?an cotton4 ,s long z l& is consid]$ too valuable to use = pa/ure1 = hay1 = ! v>i\s crops on :i* /ock live & fatt51 or s long z x is consid]$ pr(itable to sell cotton se$ = #e a ton & ?r[ away f\r or five times ?is am\nt 9 ! food & manure :i* ! same se$ conta9s1 ! ,negro w n see ! advantage ( a diff]5t sy/em4 ,nor does ! sight ( ?\s&s ( tons ( rice /raw dump$ into ! ,mississippi ea* ye>1 j z a g5]ation ago ! oat /raw 9 ,i[a 0 burn$1 lead him to suspect unus$ s\rces ( weal?4 ,! possibilities ( ,s\!rn agriculture are great1 b ! lead mu/ be tak5 by ! :ites4 ,! ,negro has a great advantage ov] ! ,italian or o!r ,european peasant 9 t ! :ite man pref]s him z a help]4 ,he is pati5t1 docile & pr\d ( 8 "w4 ,he is want$ by ! native :ites1 & if ! read] d\bts ?is let him g to any ,s\!rn community & attempt to br+ ab\t any great exodus ( ! ,negroes & he w be surpris$ to f9d h[ soon he is reque/$ to move on4 ,?is int]e/ on ! "p ( ! :ites is a factor :i* mu/ be consid]$4 ,x w\ld be a happy day = ! ,negro if ! :ite woman ( ! ,s\? took h] old p]sonal int]e/ 9 8 welf>e4 ,?is fri5dly s5tim5t w n increase ) "t & ea* succe$+ g5]ation w emphasize1 m & m1 indu/rial effici5cy1 & ! ,negro w n be pref]r$4 ,correspond+ to ?is is ! fact t ! ,negro respects & will+ly foll[s ! :ite man1 m will+ly & m tru/+ly ?an he does ano!r ,negro4 ,he is p]sonally loyal1 z ! c>e receiv$ by ! soldi]s dur+ w> "t illu/rat$4 ,b slav]y is gone & ! feudalism :i* foll[$ x is sl[ly yield+ to comm]cialism1 :i* gives ! palm to ! m effici5t4 ,hi!rto ! ,negro has till$ mu* ( ! be/ l& ( ! ,s\?4 ,meantime ! great prairies h be5 settl$ & ab\t all ! good *eap l& ( ! nor?we/ tak54 ,a tide ( immigration is sett+ 9 t[>ds ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,already ! rice indu/ry ( ,l\isiana has be5 revolutioniz$ by :ite immigrants4 ,:at may ?is mean = ! ,negro if ^! incom+ :ites defy race prejudice & seek ! ri* bottom l&s ( ! ,mississippi or else:]e8 ,w ! ,negro be 9 a position ( indep5d5ce or w he only assi/ ! :ite8 ,w he till 9 ! future ! be/ l&s or w he be =c$ to ! less f]tile8 ,) ! k ( ! pres5t reg>d+ yell[ fev]1 mal>ia & typhoid ! dread ( ! l[l&s is disappe>+4 ,if ! indications po9t1 z _m believe1 t[>ds ! ,s\? z ! seat ( ! next great agricultural developm5t ^! que/ions become ( vital importance to ! ,negro4 ,c he become economically secure be=e he is made to meet a competition :i* he has nev] yet fac$8 ,or does ! w>m] climate give him an advantage1 :i* ! :ites c n ov]come8 ,i mu/ confess t ,i d\bt x4 ,9 ,! ,cotton ,plant 7page #bdb71 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,hammond /ates t 9 #ci c\nties ( ! ,black ,prairie ,region ( ,texas1 9 :i* ! :ites pr$om9ate1 ! av]age value ( ! l& is #ab4ai p] acre1 z aga9/ #f4dj = simil> soil 9 twelve c\nties ( ! ,black ,prairie ( ,alabama1 9 :i* ! ,negroes are 9 ! majority4 ,he says fur!r3 ,! numb] & v>iety ( implem5ts rec5tly introduc$ 9 cotton culture "h1 especially 9 ! prairies ( ,texas1 is v mu* great] ?an else:]e 9 ! cotton belt4 ,?is w\ld indicate t heat alone is no insurm\ntable ob/acle4 ,if ^! ?+s be true1 !n z ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,curry said3 ,x may be assum$ t ! indu/rial problem lies at ! he>t ( ! :ole situation :i* confronts u4 ,into our public & o!r s*ools %\ld be incorporat$ indu/rial tra9+4 ,if to regul>ity1 punctuality1 sil5ce1 ob$i5ce to au?ority1 !re be sy/ematically add$ in/ruction 9 me*anical arts1 ! results w\ld be a/\nd+4 ,! "q ( classical education does n n[ conc]n u4 ,! absolutely ess5tial ?+ is t ! ,negro %all le>n to "w regul>ly & intellig5tly4 ,! lesson begun 9 slav]y mu/ be ma/]$4 ,z ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,murphy puts x3 ,! indu/rial tra9+ suppli$ by t s*ool 7slav]y7 is n[ d5i$ to him4 ,! capacity1 ! equipm5t1 & ! necessity = "w :i* slav]y provid$ are ! direct cause ( ! sup]iority ( ! old "t d>key4 ,is fre$om to h no sub/itute = ! anci5t s*ool8 99 99 99 ,! dem& ( ! situation is n less education1 b m education ( ! "r sort4 ,i w\ld n say t ,i ?\ght all ,negroes %\ld be f>m]s1 b ,i d feel t ! f>m (f]s ! mass ( ! race ! mo/ favorable opportunity = ! developm5t ( solid & endur+ "*4 ,x seems to me t ! foll[+ words f "o ( our broade/ m9d$ m5 apply ) special =ce to ! ,negro3 ,if ,i _h "s magic gift to be/[ x w\ld be to make our c\ntry y\? see "o tru?1 namely1 t sci5ce z appli$ to ! f>m1 ! g>d5 & ! =e/ has z spl5did a dignity z a/ronomy2 t x may "w j z _m m>vels & claim j z high an ord] ( tal5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,agricultural ,,tra9+4 ,!re rema9 to be consid]$ "s ( ! ag5cies at "w to bett] ! lot ( ! f>m]4 ,9 ?is ,i %all n attempt to give a li/ ( in/itutions & outl9e ( c\rses b to indicate v>i\s l9es ( "w :i* seem promis+4 ,9 discuss+ ! tra9+ ( ! ,negro f>m] cr$it mu/ fir/ be giv5 to ! :ite plant]s "u :om he has le>n$ s mu* ( :at he kn[s4 ,"u ! *ang+ conditions ( agriculture ?is tra9+1 or ! tra9+ receiv$ on ! av]age f>m is n suffici5t & mu/ be supplem5t$ by special tra9+ if ! desir$ results are to be obta9$4 ,x probably lay 9 ! situation t ! ,negro %\ld get ! idea t education meant fre$om f labor4 ,x is none ! less un=tunate = him4 ,to c\nt]act ?is idea has be5 a difficult matt] & ! influ5ce ( ! av]age s*ool has n be5 ( any special help4 ,! c\ntry s*ool taught by a tea*]1 usually incompet5t f any /&po9t1 ^: int]e/ has be5 *iefly 9 ! l>g] sal>y made possible by 8 high] education has n be5 an unmix$ bless+4 ,! *ildr5 h le>n$ to read & write & h pres]v$ _! notion t if only !y c\ld get en\gh education !y might be absolv$ f manual labor4 ,ev5 today ,hampton & ,tuskegee & simil> s*ools h to cont5d ) ! opposition ( p>5ts :o ?9k _! *ildr5 %\ld n be compell$ to "w1 = !y are s5t to s*ool to enable !m to avoid labor4 ,q likely x c\ld n be expect$ t ! c\ntry s*ool %\ld hold up a high] ideal1 = "h we h to d ) ! beg9n+s ( a sy/em ( in/ruction :i* _h to make use ( su* mat]ial z x c\ld f9d = tea*]s4 ,! same excuse does n suffice to expla9 ! attitude tak5 by ! bulk ( s*ools ma9ta9$ by ! nor!rn :ites = ! ,negroes4 ,_! inability to compreh5d ! ne$s ( ! case c only be ascrib$ to ! conception ( a ,negro z a :ite man ) a black sk9 & a total failure to recognize ! ess5tial conditions ( race progress4 ,:5 ! ,roman monks p5etrat$ ! ,g]man woods ! *ief b5efits !y c>ri$ 7 n embalm$ 9 ,lat9 gramm>s & ! orations ( ,cic]o1 b 7 embodi$ 9 ! k ( agriculture & ! arts :i*1 adopt$ by ! p1 made possible lat] ! ,g]man civilization4 ,! old rescue mission s\ght to yank ! s9n] out ( ! sl\gh ( despond1 ! social settlem5t seeks to help him :o has fall5 9 ! conte/ ( life or him to :om ! opportunity has n be5 (f]$1 to climb1 recogniz+ t morality & religion att5d1 n rec$e progress4 ,! old *>ity gave alms & ! c\ntry 0 ov]run ) hordes ( begg>s2 ! new seeks to help a man to help himself4 ,a simil> *ange mu/ come 9 ! ef=ts = ! ,negro4 ,x has be5 s\ght to give him ! fruits ( civilization )\t its bases4 ,x w imm$iately be argu$ t ?is is wrong1 t ! *ief educational "w has be5 b prim>y & t little s-call$ high] education has be5 giv54 ,?is is true1 ev5 to ! ext5t t x is possible to f9d a t[n ( #e1jjj inhabitants "o-half ,negroes1 9 :i* ! city provides b "o tea*] = ! black *ildr5 & ! balance are tra9$ 9 a s*ool support$ by ! gifts ( nor!rn p4 ,b1 & ?is is ! important ?+1 ! _s ( ! education has be5 cle> & def9ite & t ! plan has n be5 c>ri$ out has n be5 due to lack ( fai? 9 x4 ,g5]al ,arm/rong1 ?anks to 8 obs]vations 9 ,hawaii1 p]ceiv$ t a diff]5t c\rse 0 necess>y4 ,8 mantle fell on ,h4 ,f4 ,frissell & ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 s ,hampton & ,tuskegee h be5 ! *ief factors 9 produc+ ! *ange :i* has be5 not$ z com+4 ,n[ t indu/rial tra9+ is w9n+ support x is amus+ to note ! anxiety ( o!r s*ools to %[ t !y h always believ$ 9 x4 ,i c b feel t _h ! plans ( ,g5]al ,arm/rong be5 widely adopt$1 _h ! tea*]s be5 tra9$ to take ! p :]e !y 7 & lead !m to gradual improvem5t1 t ! situation today w\ld be radically diff]5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n too late to d ?is yet & ! widespread f\nd+ ( s*ools model$ aft] ,hampton & ,tuskegee indicates a g5]al recognition ( ! ne$s ( ! situation4 ,yet1 ev5 ^! s*ools h n turn$ out z _m f>m]s z is (t5 suppos$4 ,on exam9ation ( ! catalog ( ,tuskegee = #aija ,i f9d only sixte5 graduates :o are f>m+ & ?irte5 ( ^! h o!r occupations 7pr9cipally tea*+74 ,! comb9ation1 ,i ?9k1 desirable r ?an o!rwise4 ,?ree o!rs are introduc+ cotton rais+ 9 ,africa "u ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,f ! indu/rial dep>tm5t n9e h receiv$ c]tificates 9 agriculture & six 9 dairy+1 b _! pres5t occupations are n giv54 ,ask+ a prom95t man at ,tuskegee = ! reason1 he exclaim$1 r disgu/$ly1 t !y dislik$ "w & pref]r$ to tea*4 ,?is m]ely indicates ! h&icap ,tuskegee has to ov]come1 & p]haps ! av]age agricultural college ( ! ,nor? _c %[ a high] p]c5tage ( f>m]s4 ,an (ficial ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture tells me t only #e p] c5t ( ! graduates ( ! agricultural colleges become f>m]s4 ,to %[ h[ mu* agricultural tra9+ is giv5 at ,tuskegee ! foll[+ /atem5t = ! ye> #aijb-c is ( int]e/3 ,no pupil is c\nt$ twice4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty-"o /ud5ts are engag$ 9 ! actual op]ations ( ! f>m1 truck g>d51 or*>d1 etc4 ,sev5ty-n9e are tak+ ! dairy+1 etc41 & #bjg are tak+ agriculture z "p ( _! academic "w4 ,yet1 m ( ! graduates become pr(essional m5 7lawy]s1 prea*]s1 etc47 ?an f>m]s1 ! proportion be+ ab\t ?ree to "o4 ,9 cit+ ,tuskegee ,i am1 ( c\rse1 n =gett+ t o!r s*ools1 su* z ,t\galoo & ,talladega1 h excell5t f>ms & are seek+ 7?\gh _! *ief emphasis is else:]e7 to give agricultural tra9+4 ,rev]t+ to ! diff]5t l9es ( "w :i* seem hopeful1 ! subject may be subdivid$ into sev]al sections4 ,we h fir/ to d ) ! ef=ts to make ! "y *ild appreciate ,nature & become int]e/$ 9 h] processes4 ,p]haps ,hampton has develop$ ?is side mo/ ext5sively1 bo? 9 ! little g>d5 plots cultivat$ by ! *ildr5 & ! nature /udy leaflets prep>$ = use 9 o!r s*ools4 ,p]sonally ,i c b feel t !re is a possibility ( va/ly ext5d+ su* in/ruction by means ( ! c\ntry s*ools4 ,if !y may be consolidat$1 & ?is is be+ done 9 _m sections1 ,i ?9k a way c be f\nd to make ! s*ool h\se ! social c5t] ( ! di/rict 9 su* a way z w greatly help conditions4 ,actual in/ruction 9 practical f>m+1 dairy+1 horticulture1 etc41 is giv5 9 an increas+ numb] ( s*ools1 b ! opportunities are /ill v inadequate to ! ne$s4 ,if x be possible ! way mu/ be f\nd to enable ! ,negro to use m & bett] ma*9]y4 ,! av]age plant] does n c>e to introduce exp5sive ma*9]y le/ x be ru9$ by c>eless & ignorant t5ants4 ,^! indu/rial s*ools c nev] hope to rea* m ?an a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! p4 ,!re mu/ be measures adopt$ to wid5 ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool4 ,tuskegee may be m5tion$ = its attempts to rea* out4 ,= _m ye>s an annual ,f>m]s' ,conf]5ce has be5 held :i* bids fair to become ! ,mecca ( ! ,negro f>m]4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ _c be measur$1 b x is believ$ to be great4 ,"o weak spot 9 _m ( ! s*ools is t !y h little if any direct influ5ce ^u ! life ( ! community 9 :i* !y are situat$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s exceptions4 ,! ,calh\n ,color$ ,s*ool has a f>m]'s association meet+ mon?ly4 ,?is is made up *iefly ( m5 :o are pur*as+ l& ?r\gh a company =m$ by ! s*ool4 ,topics ( local int]e/1 me?ods ( f>m+1 etc41 are ! subjects = discussion4 ,!re is also a "m's meet+ ) subjects ( m dome/ic int]e/1 ) a sav+s dep>tm5t = co-op]ative buy+4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! =mation ( ! "m's meet+ 0 at fir/ oppos$ by ! m5 7& by "s :ites71 z x took ! wom5 out ( ! fields occasionally4 ,n[ x is m favor$4 ,z ,tuskegee & _m o!r places !re are simil> f>m]s' associations1 ( :i* no special m5tion ne$ be made4 ,tuskegee has an outpo/ "s miles f ! s*ool :i* is do+ a g5]al neighborhood "w4 ,! foll[+ pap]s circulat$ by ! s*ool w give a g5]al idea ( _! conceptions ( ! ne$s z well z ( _! ef=ts to influ5ce conditions = ! bett]3 ,,my ,,daily ,,"w4 ,i may take 9 wa%+1 b e day ,i promise myself t ,i w d c]ta9 "w = my family4 ,i w set ! table = e meal4 ,i w wa% ! di%es aft] e meal4 ,monday1 ,i w d my family wa%+4 ,i w put my b$clo!s out to air4 ,i w clean ! safe ) hot wat] & soap4 ,tuesday1 ,i w d my iron+ & family pat*+4 ,w$nesday1 ,i w scrub my kit*5 & clean my y>d ?or\ghly4 ,?ursday1 ,i w clean & air ! meal & pork boxes4 ,i w sc\r my pots & pans ) soap & a%es4 ,friday1 ,i w wa% my di% clo?1 di% t[els & h& t[els4 ,i w sweep & du/ my :ole h\se & clean ev]y?+ ?or\ghly4 ,sunday1 ,i w g to *ur* & ,sunday s*ool4 ,i w take my *ildr5 ) me4 ,i w /ay at home dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day4 ,i w try to read some?+ al\d helpful to all4 ,,que/ions ,,t ,i ,,w ,,pl$ge ,,myself ,,to ,,answ] ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,ye>4 #a4 ,h[ _m bu%els ( potatoes1 corn1 beans1 peas & peanuts h we rais$ ?is ye>8 #b4 ,h[ _m hogs & p\ltry d we keep8 #c4 ,h[ mu* p\ltry h we rais$8 #d4 ,h[ _m bales ( cotton h we rais$8 #e4 ,h[ mu* h we sav$ to buy a home8 #f4 ,h[ mu* h we done t[>ds plant+ fl[]s & mak+ our y>d look pretty8 #g4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( vegetables did we raise 9 our home g>d58 #h4 ,h[ _m times did we /ay away f miscellane\s excursions :5 we wi%$ to g8 ,:at 7 our reasons = /ay+ at home8 #i4 ,h[ h we help$ our boys & girls to /ay out ( bad company8 #aj4 ,:at pap] h we tak51 & :y h we tak5 our *ildr5 to *ur* & _h !m sit ) u8 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,home ,,happy4 ,keep clean1 body & s\l4 ,rememb] t weak m9ds1 diseas$ bodies1 bad acts are (t5 ! result ( bad food4 ,rememb] t y c set a good table by rais+ fruit1 vegetables1 gra9s & y\r meat4 ,rememb] t y int5d to tra9 y\r *ildr5 to /ay at home out ( bad company4 ,rememb] t if y w\ld h _! m9ds & y\rs clean1 y w be oblig$ to help !m le>n some?+ outside ! s*ool room4 ,rememb]1 t y c d ?is 9 no bett] way ?an by tak+ a good pap]--! ,new ,york ,weekly ,witness or ,! ,sabba? ,read+1 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york1 co/ v little4 ,h y\r *ildr5 read to y f ! ,bible & f ! pap]s4 ,,y\r ,,ne$s4 ,y ne$ *airs 9 y\r h\se4 ,get boxes4 ,cov] ) bright calico1 & use !m = seats until y c buy *airs4 ,y ne$ plates1 knives & =ks1 spoons & table clo?s4 ,buy !m ) ! tobacco & snuff money4 ,y ne$ m respect = self4 ,get x by /ay+ away f /reet corn]s1 depots &1 above all1 excursions4 ,y ne$ to /ay away f ^! excursions to keep out ( bad company1 out ( c\rt1 out ( jail1 & out ( ! disgu/ ( e self-respect+ p]son4 ,y ne$ m race pride4 ,cultivate ?is z y w\ld y\r crops4 ,x w mean a /ep =w>d4 ,y ne$ a good home4 ,save all y c4 ,get y\r home1 & t w br+ y ne>] citiz5%ip4 ,y c supply all ^! ne$s4 ,:5 w y beg98 ,e mom5t ( delay is a loss4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,prosp]\s4 #a4 ,keep no m ?an "o dog4 #b4 ,/ay away f c\rt4 #c4 ,buy no snuff1 tobacco & :isky4 #d4 ,raise y\r own pork4 #e4 ,raise y\r vegetables4 #f4 ,put away ?irty c5ts = e doll> y sp5d4 #g4 ,keep a good supply ( p\ltry4 ,set y\r h5s4 ,keep y\r *ick5s until !y w br+ a good price4 #h4 ,g to t[n on ,?ursday in/ead ( ,saturday4 ,buy no m ?an y ne$4 ,/ay 9 t[n no long] ?an necess>y4 #i4 ,/>ve r ?an sell y\r crops be=e y raise !m4 ,let y\r m9d be fix$ on t ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 & /ick to t e day 9 ! ye>4 #aj4 ,buy l& & build y a home4 ,! v>i\s /ates are beg9n+ to e/abli% in/itutions 9 :i* agriculture & indu/rial tra9+ may be giv54 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ t ( ,alabama at ,normal1 & ( ,mississippi at ,we/side4 ,alabama has also e/abli%$ an exp]im5t /ation 9 connection ) ! ,tuskegee ,in/itute4 ,9 ,texas !re is an int]e/+ movem5t among ! ,negro f>m]s kn[n z ! ,f>m]s' ,improvem5t ,society4 ,! objects are3 #a4 ,abolition ( ! cr$it sy/em4 #b4 ,/imulate improvem5ts 9 f>m+4 #c4 ,co-op]ative buy+4 #d4 ,sickness & life insurance4 #e4 ,enc\ragem5t ( pur*ase ( l& & home4 ,! ,association holds a fair ea* ye> :i* is l>gely att5d$4 ,accord+ to ! ,galve/on ,news ( ,octob] #ab1 #aijb1 ! society has ab\t #c1jjj memb]s1 :o own "s #ej1jjj acres ( l&1 m ?an #h1jjj cattle & #g1jjj horses & mules4 ,?is organization1 f\nd$ & ma9ta9$ entirely by ,negroes1 promises mu* 9 _m ways4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aijb1 a fair 0 held 9 connection ) ! s*ool at ,calh\n1 ,ala41 ) #hc exhibitors & #daf entries1 includ+ #dh f ! s*ool & a v cr$itable %[+ ( f>m products & live /ock4 ,besides ^! g5]al l9es :i* seem to be ( promise x is 9 place to m5tion a c\ple ( attempts to get ! ,negroes to pur*ase l&4 ,!re h be5 n a few p]sons :o h sold l& to !m on ! in/allm5t plan ) ! expectation t lat] paym5ts w\ld be =feit$ & ! l& rev]t4 ,!re are "s ent]prises :i* are above suspicion4 ,i am n ref]r+ n[ to private p]sons or railroad companies :o h sold l>ge tracts to ! ,negroes1 b to organizations ^: objects are to aid ! blacks 9 becom+ l&hold]s4 ,! ,l& ,company at ,calh\n4 ,ala41 />t$ 9 #ahif1 buy+ #a1jdj acres ( l&1 :i* 0 accurately survey$ & divid$ into plots ( fifty acres1 s arrang$ t ea* f>m %\ld include diff]5t sorts ( l&4 ,?is 0 sold to ! ,negroes at co/ price1 #h p] acre1 ! pur*as]s to pay #h p] c5t on def]r$ paym5ts4 ,! sums paid by ! pur*as]s ea* ye> h be5 z foll[s3 #ahif-- #gda4jc4 ,f\nd lat] to be borr[$ money 9 ! ma94 #ahig--a1dhe4ae4 ,l>gely borr[$ money4 #ahih-- #cfg4cd4 ,m5 pay+ back borr[$ money4 ,advances l>ge4 #ahii-- #cgd4gg4 #aijj--a1fdi4be4 ,money n borr[$4 ,advances small4 #aija-- #hga4di4 ,bad ye>4 ,poor crops4 ,money n borr[$4 #aijb--b1bhj4db4 ,advances v small4 ,outlook enc\rag+4 ,!re h be5 "s failures on "p ( t5ants1 & x has be5 necess>y to gradually select ! bett] m5 & all[ ! o!rs to drop out4 ,! company has paid all exp5ses & int]e/ on its capital4 ,a second plantation has be5 pur*as$ & is be+ sold4 ,!re is a manag] :o is a tra9$ f>m]1 & by means ( ! f>m]s' association already m5tion$ mu* pressure is br\ght to be> on ! ,negroes to improve _! condition4 ,! results are enc\rag+4 ,9 ,macon ,c\nty ! ,s\!rn ,l& ,company has pur*as$ sev]al ?\s& acres :i* x is sell+ 9 mu* ! same way1 b x is too e>ly to speak ( results4 ,ev5 at ,calh\n b few ( ! m5 h yet gott5 de$s = _! l&4 ,a ^w reg>d+ ! me?ods ( ! ,s\!rn ,l& ,company w be ( int]e/4 ,! l& 0 c>efully survey$ 9 =ty-acre plots4 ,^! are sold at #h p] acre1 ! paym5ts cov]+ a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s4 ,! int]e/ is figur$ 9 advance1 & to ea* plot is *>g$ a ye>ly fee ( #e = managem5t4 ,9 ?is total is also includ$ ! co/ ( h\se & well 7a ?ree-room$ cab9 is furni%$ = ab\t #ajj1 a well = #aj74 ,?is sum is !n divid$ into sev5 equal p>ts s t ! pur*as] kn[s 9 advance j :at he mu/ pay ea* ye>4 ,! object ( ! company is to enc\rage home own]%ip4 ,until ! place is paid = control ( ! plant+1 etc41 rema9s ) ! manag] ( ! company4 ,advances are 9 ca% 7except f]tiliz]s71 z no /ore is conduct$ by ! company & int]e/ is *>g$ at #h p] c5t = ! money advanc$ & = ! "t said money is us$4 ,on ?is place 9 #aijb1 ,h4 ,w41 a man ag$ #fh1 ) wife & ?ree *ildr51 own+ a horse1 a mule & two c[s1 did z foll[s4 ,he & 8 son-9-law are buy+ eighty acres4 ,!y made a good %[+ = ! fir/ ye> "u consid]able difficulties & on l& by no means ri*3 ,debits4 ,cr$its4 ,f]tiliz] #cd4hh ,cotton #cij4cb ,:itewa%+ #c4jj ,lim+ #ai4gf ,lease contract #ahj4jj ,ca% #acj4cf ,int]e/ #c4ab ------- #cga4ab ------- ,balance ,jan4 #a1 #aijc #ai4bj ,?is leads me to m5tion ! "q ( l& own]%ip on ! "p ( ! ,negroes4 ,?is has n be5 m5tion$ hi!rto = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! data = any detail$ k ( ! subject are n to be _h4 ,few /ates make sep>ate record ( l& own$ by ! blacks z di/9ct f g5]al own]%ip4 ,! c5sus has to dep5d ^u ! /atem5ts ( ! m5 !mselves1 & ,i h he>d t5ants solemnly argue t !y own$ ! l&4 ,aga9 a v consid]able proportion ( ! l& own$ is also heavily mortgag$1 & ^! mortgages are n always = improvem5ts4 ,nor is x by any means self evid5t t l& own]%ip necess>ily means a m advanc$ condition ?an :]e l& is r5t$4 ,moreov]1 a consid]able proportion ( ! f>ms own$ are s small t !y d n suffice to support ! own]s4 ,conditions v>y 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,9 ,virg9ia x has be5 possible to buy a few acres at a v l[ price4 ,9 p>ts ( ,alabama1 or :]ev] ! l& has be5 held 9 l>ge e/ates 9 rec5t ye>s1 x has (t5 be5 impossible = ! ,negro to pur*ase l& 9 small lots4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,i believe he>tily 9 l& own]%ip = ! blacks & believe t well conduct$ l& associations w be b5eficial1 ,i _c ?9k t ?is alone w solve ! que/ions confront+ u4 ,retrogression is possible ev5 ) l& own]%ip4 ,o!r ?+s are necess>y4 ,on ! basis ( exi/+ data ! be/ article ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ on ?is subject appe>$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,workman = ,janu>y1 #aijc1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,dick]man1 9 :i* he %[$ t among ! ,negro f>m]s ! own]s & manag]s =m$ #ei4h p] c5t ( ! total 9 ,virg9ia1 #eg4f p] c5t 9 ,m>yl&1 #dh4f p] c5t 9 ,k5tucky1 fall+ z we g ,s\? to #ae4a p] c5t 9 ,alabama1 #af4d p] c5t 9 ,mississippi1 & #af4b p] c5t 9 ,l\isiana1 ris+ to #cj4i p] c5t 9 ,texas4 ,evid5tly ! =ces at "w are v>i\s4 ,)9 a few mon?s1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,horace ,plunkett1 ( ! ,iri% ,agricultural ,organization ,society1 a new "w has be5 tak5 up1 ^: c\rse w be wat*$ ) great int]e/4 ,i quote f a lett] ( ,mr4 ,plunkett to ,dr4 ,wallace ,buttrick1 ( ! ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d3 ,f :at ,i h se5 ( ! negro "*1 my own impression is t ! race has ^? lead]-foll[+ prop5sities :i* *>act]ize ! ,iri% p4 ,x has1 too1 ,i suspect1 9 its m5tal composition ! same ve9 ( idealism :i* my own c\ntrym5 possess1 & :i* makes !m susceptible to organization1 & especially to ^? =ms ( organization :i* require ! display ( ! social qualities to :i* ,i h allud$ & :i* y w h to develop4 ,^! *>act]i/ics :i* express !mselves l>gely1 ! old plantation songs1 9 ! =m ( religions ex]cises1 & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a /aff ( prea*]s out ( all proportion ,i %\ld ?9k1 to ! spiritual requirem5ts1 %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 l5d !mselves to associative action = practical ends if ! organiz+ ma*9]y necess>y to initiate su* action 7 provid$4 ,:at1 !n1 is my practical sugge/ion8 ,x is t y\r bo>d1 if x g5]ally approves ( ! idea1 %\ld take "o1 two1 or1 at ! mo/1 ?ree communities1 su* z t we inquir$ ab\t1 & organize !m on ! ,iri% plan4 ,! f>m]s %\ld at fir/ he advis$ to conf9e _! ef=ts to "s simple object1 su* z ! jo9t pur*ase ( _! imm$iate agricultural requirem5ts4 99 99 99 ,i w\ld at fir/ deal solely ) ! color$ p1 beg9n+ 9 a v small way1 leav+ l>g] developm5ts = ! future to decide4 ,hampton ,in/itute has tak5 up ! sugge/ion & is plann+ to organize a community4 ,ev]y?+ w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! managem5t z well z on ! p4 ,if ! results are z satisfactory z !y h be5 9 ,irel& ! ef=ts w be well exp5d$4 ,) ?is brief & incomplete acc\nt we mu/ take leave ( ! ,negro f>m]4 ,?r\gh\t ! !sis ,i h attempt$ to keep two or ?ree fundam5tal propositions con/antly 9 sight4 ,briefly summ>iz$ ^! are t we h to d ) a race ^: inh]it$ *>act]i/ics are l>gely ( ,african orig92 t ^! h be5 some:at modifi$ "u ,am]ican influ5ces1 b are /ill pot5t2 t ! economic environm5t 9 ,am]ica is n a unit & mu/ f9ally result 9 ! creation ( diff]5t types among ! blacks2 t ! ne$s ( ! diff]5t habitats are v>i\s2 t ! segregation f ! mass ( ! :ites is fraught ) s]i\s consequ5ces2 t measures ( wid] application mu/ be adopt$ if ! ,negro is to be> 8 prop] "p 9 ! progress ( ! c\ntry2 t ow+ to ! great race diff]5ces ! :ites mu/ take an active int]e/ 9 ! blacks2 t 9 spite ( ! _m h&icaps "u :i* ! ,negro /ruggles ! outlook is n hopeless if 8 will+ness to "w c s be direct$ t a surplus w result4 ,to my m9d ! ,negro mu/ "w out 8 salvation1 economic & social4 ,x _c be giv5 )\t de/roy+ ! v ?+ we seek to /r5g!n--"*4 ,?is is ! ju/ification = ! emphasis n[ laid ^u indu/rial tra9+4 ,?is tra9+ & ! result+ "* are ! pre-requisites ( all race progress4 ,indu/rial education is ?us n a fad nor a m]e exp$i5t to satisfy ! selfi% dem&s ( s\!rn :ites4 ,x is ! f\ndation )\t :i* ! sup]/ructure is 9 va94 ,if ,i h fairly /at$ ! difficulties 9 ! way & h %[n ! possibility ( ultimate success1 ,i am cont5t4 ,= ! future ,i am hopeful4 ,,maps ,,%[+ ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,negroes ,,9 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,/ates ,^! maps are p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! *ief geological di/ricts are indicat$4 ,! figures are bas$ ^u ! c5sus ( #aijj4 ,! maps are "h includ$ 9 ! hope t !y may prove ( value to /ud5ts ( ! problems h]e9 discuss$4 ,,virg9ia ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,negroes #ffj1gbb ,total ,:ites #a1aib1hee ,negroes =m #ce4f ( total ,,virg9ia ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #dj1abe ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #af4d ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #bi4g ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,negroes #fbd1dfi ,total ,:ites #a1bfc1fjc ,negroes =m #cc ( total ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #dh1ehj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #ab4h ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #bf ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,total ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,:ites 9 ,/ate #eeg1hjg ,total ,negroes 9 ,/ate #ghb1cba --------- #a1cdj1abh ,negroes =m #eh4d ( total ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #cj1agj ,av]age ,negroes to ,squ>e ,mile #be4a ,av]age ,:ites to ,squ>e ,mile #ag4i ,,georgia ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,total ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,:ites 9 ,/ate #a1aha1bid ,total ,negroes 9 ,/ate #a1jcd1hac --------- #b1baf1ajg ,negroes =m #df4g ( total ,,georgia ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #eh1ihj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,squ>e ,mile #ag4f ,av]age ,:ites p] ,squ>e ,mile #ai4i ,,florida ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,:ites #big1ccc ,total ,negroes #bcj1gcj ------- #ebh1jfc ,negroes =m #dc4g ( total ,,florida ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e miles 9 ,/ate #ed1bdj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #d4b ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #e4d ,,alabama ,total ,:ites 9 ,/ate #a1jja1aeb ,total ,negroes 9 ,/ate #hbg1cjg --------- #a1hbh1dei ,negroes =m #de4b ( total ,,alabama ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #ea1edj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #af ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #ai4d ,,mississippi ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,total ,,population1 #aijj ,negro ,p]c5tage 9 ,/ate #eh4e ,total ,:ites #fda1bjj ,total ,negroes #ijg1fcj --------- #a1edh1hcj ,,mississippi ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,squ>e ,mile #ai4eh ,av]age ,:ites p] ,squ>e ,mile #ac4hb ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #df1cdj ,,t5nessee ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,negroes #dhj1bdc ,total ,:ites #a1edj1ahf ,negroes =m #bc4h ( total ,,t5nessee ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #da1gej ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #aa4b ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #cf4h ,,k5tucky ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,negroes #bhd1gjf ,total ,:ites #a1hfb1cji ,negroes =m #ac4c ( total ,,k5tucky ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #dj1jjj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #g4a ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #df4e ,,arkansas ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,total ,,population1 #aijj ,negro ,p]c5tage 9 ,/ate #bh ,total ,:ites 9 ,/ate #idd1hej ,total ,negroes 9 ,/ate #cff1hef --------- #a1cja1gjf ,,arkansas ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #ec1jde ,av]age ,negroes p] ,sq4 ,mile #f4i ,av]age ,:ites p] ,sq4 ,mile #ag4h ,,l\isiana ,,negro ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,total ,,population1 #aijj ,total ,:ites 9 ,/ate #gbi1fab ,total ,negroes 9 ,/ate #fej1hjd --------- #a1chj1daf ,negroes =m #dg4a ( total ,,l\isiana ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles 9 ,/ate #de1dbj ,av]age ,negroes p] ,mile #ad4c ,av]age ,:ites p] ,mile #af4a ,,ea/]n ,,texas ,:ites 9 ,di/rict #a1gdg1jeb ,negroes 9 ,di/rict #fjh1cja ,negro ,p]c5tage 9 ,/ate #bj4d ,9 ,di/rict ,cov]$ #be ,,ea/]n ,,texas ,,negroes ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile1 #aijj ,squ>e ,miles includ$ #fj1dec ,av]age ,negro 4#aj ,av]age ,:ite #bh4h ,includes all ,c\nties ) "o ,negro p] ,squ>e ,mile ,footnotes3 #a ,see article by ,a4 ,h4 ,/one4 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijc4 #b ,! ,negro 9 ,m>yl&4 #c ,! ,negro 9 ! ,yazoo-,mississippi ,delta4 #d ,bullet91 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 ,no4 #ce4 #e ,! ,future ( ! ,am]ican ,negro4 #f ,olm/$1 ,f4 ,l4--,! ,cotton ,k+dom4 #g ,olm/$1 ,f4 ,t4 ,! ,cotton ,k+dom4 #h ,negroes ( ,litwalton1 ,va4--,bullet9 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 ,no4 #cg4 #i ,r5ts a mule4 #aj ,bullet91 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 ,no4 #ce4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,additional spac+ aft] "s ( ! quotes is int5tional to indicate bo? ! end ( a quotation & ! beg9n+ ( a new p>agraph z pres5t$ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4 ,mispr9ts correct$3 entrep5eurs correct$ to entrepr5eurs 7page #f7 optomi/ic correct$ to optimi/ic 7page #h7 f correct$ to =m 7page #i7 ,atantic correct$ to ,atlantic 7page #i7 /dy correct$ to /udy 7page #aj7 ,tall$ega correct$ to ,talladega 7page #af7 inhabitat$ correct$ to inhabit$ 7page #ag7 sev>al correct$ to sev]al 7page #ca7 c>efuly correct$ to c>efully 7page #cg7 ,tusgekee correct$ to ,tuskegee 7page #gc7 ,tall$ega correct$ to ,talladega 7page #gc7 *>act]ti/ics correct$ to *>act]i/ics 7page #gg7 ,two footnotes are m>k$ #g2 bo? ref] to ! same footnote4 ,! key to ! table on page #ea 0 extract$ f ! column head+s ( ! orig9al table t 7 pr9t$ v]tically4 ,wide tables h be5 split 9 half ) "o column repeat$4