file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,! ,rural ,manuals ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,manual ,,( ,,am]ican ,,grape-,,gr[+ ,! ,rural ,manuals ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,manual ,,( ,,g>d5+--,bailey ,,manual ,,( ,,f>m ,,animals--,h>p] ,,f>m ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,rule-,,book--,bailey ,,manual ,,( ,,fruit ,,insects--,sl+]l& & ,crosby ,,manual ,,( ,,we$s--,georgia ,,! ,,prun+-,,manual--,bailey ,,manual ,,( ,,fruit ,,diseases--,hesl] & ,:etzel ,,manual ,,( ,,milk ,,products--,/ock+ ,,manual ,,( ,,vegetable-,,g>d5 ,,insects--,crosby & ,leon>d ,,manual ,,( ,,tree ,,diseases--,rank9 ,,manual ,,( ,,home-,,mak+--,van ,r5ssela]1 ,rose1 & ,canon ,,manual ,,( ,,am]ican ,,grape-,,gr[+--,h$rick ,,manual ,,( ,,am]ican ,,grape-,,gr[+ ,,by ,u4 ,p4 ,,h$rick ,,horticulturi/ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,agricultural ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiai ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiai1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,setup & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,june1 #aiai4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,sev5ty-n9e books on grapes enri* ! pomology ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 n c\nt+ num]\s /ate & national publications4 ,pomological writ]s 9 ,am]ica h be5 p>tial to ! grape1 = o!r fruits d n f>e ne>ly s well4 ,tw5ty-two books are devot$ to ! /rawb]ry1 f\rte5 to ! apple1 to ! pea* n9e1 cranb]ry eight1 plum five1 pe> n9e1 qu9ce two1 loganb]ry "o1 :ile ! *]ry1 raspb]ry1 & blackb]ry are n once sep>at$ f o!r fruits 9 special books4 ,?us1 ?\gh a comp>ative newcom] among ! fruits ( ! c\ntry1 ! grape has be5 s+l$ out = a treatise m times ?an all o!r fruits ( temp]ate climates comb9$--sev5ty-n9e books on ! grape1 sev5ty on all o!r fruits4 ,?is /atem5t ( p>tiality does n lead to an apology = a new book on ! grape4 ,!re is urg5t ne$ = a new book4 ,b ?ree ( ! sev5ty-n9e treatises on ?is fruit are contempor>y1 & all b "o1 a h&book on tra9+1 are records f vani%$ m9ds4 ,me?ods *ange s rapidly & v>ieties multiply s fa/1 t to keep pace !re mu/ be new books on fruits e few ye>s4 ,besides1 ! types ( grapes are s div]se1 & diff]5t soils1 climates1 & treatm5ts produce su* widely dissimil> results1 t _m books are requir$ to d ju/ice to ?is fruit--! v9ey>d %\ld be se5 ?r\gh _m eyes4 ,comm]cial grape-gr[+ is n[ a great indu/ry 9 ,am]ica1 & des]ves a treatise or its own4 ,b !re are also _m dem&s = in=mation on grape-gr[+ by ^? :o gr[ fruits = pleasure1 especially by ^? :o are escap+ f cities to suburban homes1 = ! grape is a favorite fruit ( ! amateur4 ,& s1 ?\gh ,pleasure & ,pr(it are a h>d team to drive toge!r1 ?is manual is writt5 = bo? comm]cial & amateur grape-gr[]s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ne$s ( ! amateur are recogniz$ 9 ! *apt] on v>ieties1 :]e _m sorts are describ$ :i* h little or no comm]cial value4 ,no o!r fruit (f]s ! en*antm5t ( novelty to be f\nd 9 ! grape4 ,allur+ flavors1 sizes1 & colors ab\nd1 ( :i* ! amateur wants samples4 ,! comm]cial gr[] :o plants b "o v>iety (t5 f9ds himself dissatisfi$ ) ! humdrum ( ! bus9ess4 ,he %\ld emulate ! amateur & plant m k9ds1 if only = pleasure1 rememb]+ ! adage1 ,no pr(it gr[s :]e is no pleasure ta'en4 ,great] pleasure 9 grape-gr[+1 !n1 is (f]$ z ! ju/ification ( ! long *apt] on v>ieties4 ,at ! risk ( too broad spread+1 ! au?or discusses1 9 a book ma9ly devot$ to native grapes1 ! culture ( ,european grapes 9 ! f> ,we/4 ,! *ief aim is1 ( c\rse1 to set =? in=mation t w be helpful to gr[]s ( ^! grapes 9 ! we/]n /ates1 !re be+ no treatises to :i* we/]n gr[]s c ref]1 o!r ?an bullet9s f /ate & national agricultural in/itutions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r reason = attempt+ to cov] ! :ole field ( grape-gr[+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is c]ta9 t ea/]n grape-gr[]s w sometime gr[ ,european grapes4 ,we/]n v9ey>ds might well be enl>g$ ) plant+s ( native grapes4 ,on ! supposition1 !n1 t ! culture ( bo? ,european & native grapes is to become less & less re/rict$ 9 ,am]ica1 ! au?or has v5tur$ to discuss ! culture ( all grapes = all p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is manual1 ! au?or's ,! ,grapes ( ,new ,york1 a book long out ( pr9t & nev] widely di/ribut$1 has be5 laid "u heavy contribution1 especially 9 ! description ( v>ieties4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,f4 ,z4 ,h>tzell = read+ ! *apt] on ,grape ,pe/s & _! ,control & = furni%+ mo/ ( ! photographs us$ 9 mak+ illu/rations ( insects & fungi2 to ,f4 ,e4 ,gladw9 = simil> help 9 prep>+ ! two *apt]s on prun+ & tra9+ ! grape 9 ea/]n ,am]ica2 to ,fr$]ic ,t4 ,bioletti = p]mission to republi% f a bullet9 writt5 by him f ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,cali=nia almo/ ! :ole *apt] on ,grape ,prun+ on ! ,pacific ,slope2 & to ,o4 ,m4 ,taylor & to ,r4 ,d4 ,an?ony = v mat]ial assi/ance 9 read+ ! manuscript & pro(s4 ,u4 ,p4 ,,h$rick4 ,,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #a1 #aiai4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,! ,,dome/ication ,,( ,,! ,,grape #a ,,ii ,,grape ,,regions ,,& ,,_! ,,det]m9ants #af ,,iii ,,propagation #cf ,,iv ,,/ocks ,,& ,,resi/ant ,,v9es #fa ,v ,,! ,,v9ey>d ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t #gc ,,vi ,,f]tiliz]s ,,= ,,grapes #ig ,,vii ,,prun+ ,,! ,,grape ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica #ajh ,,viii ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,grape ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica #abc ,,ix ,,grape-,,prun+ ,,on ,,! ,,pacific ,,coa/ #aej ,x ,,european ,,grapes ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica #ahd ,,xi ,,grapes ,,"u ,,glass #aib ,,xii ,,grape ,,pe/s ,,& ,,_! ,,control #bjd ,,xiii ,,m>ket+ ,,grapes #bcj ,,xiv ,,grape ,,products #bej ,,xv ,,grape ,,bre$+ #bgc ,,xvi ,,miscellanies #bhd ,,xvii ,,grape ,,botany #cjj ,,xviii ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,grapes #ccj ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,two views ( v9ey>ds 9 ,cali=nia2 a v9ey>d 9 ! or*>d region ( c5tral ,cali=nia1 & a v9ey>d 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia #ad ,,ii4 ,fitt+ ! l& = plant+ #cd ,,iii4 ,cov]-crop2 c[-horn turnips1 & rye #dh ,,iv4 ,a well-till$ v9ey>d ( ,concords #fj ,v4 ,v9if]a grapes gr[n out ( doors 9 ,new ,york2 ,malvasia & ,*asselas ,gold5 #gb ,,vi4 ,black ,hamburg #hb ,,vii4 ,b>ry4 ,delaw>e #if ,,viii4 ,brighton #ajf ,,ix4 ,campbell ,e>ly #aad ,x4 ,cl9ton #abb ,,xi4 ,concord #ach ,,xii4 ,diana #adh ,,xiii4 ,dut*ess #afd ,,xiv4 ,eaton #ahb ,,xv4 ,eclipse #aij ,,xvi4 ,elvira #bjb ,,xvii4 ,empire ,/ate #bah ,,xviii4 ,h]b]t #bbh ,,xix4 ,iona #bdh ,,xx4 ,isabella #bgb ,,xxi4 ,jeff]son #bhb ,,xxii4 ,l9dley4 ,lucile #bih ,,xxiii4 ,lutie4 ,pockl+ton #cbh ,,xxiv4 ,moore ,e>ly #cdj ,,xxv4 ,muscat ,hamburg #cej ,,xxvi4 ,niag>a #cfj ,,xxvii4 ,salem #cgj ,,xxviii4 ,triumph #chj ,,xxix4 ,v]g5nes #cij ,,xxx4 ,w9*ell #djj ,,xxxi4 ,word5 #daf ,,xxxii4 ,wyom+ #dcb ,,figures ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,figure #a4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis v9if]a #c #b4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis ,labrusca #f #c4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis rotundifolia #aj #d4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis /ivalis #ab #e4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis vulp9a #ad #f4 ,plant+ cutt+s #dj #g4 ,a cutt+ beg9n+ gr[? #dj #h4 ,cutt+ (f ! trunk #df #i4 ,cutt+ ! cleft #dg #aj4 ,ins]t+ ! cion #dg #aa4 ,! complet$ graft #dg #ab4 ,b5*-graft$ cutt+s ( grape1 %[+ ! cleft-graft & ! :ip-graft4 7,adapt$ f ,husmann7 #ea #ac4 ,v9e ready = prun+ #aac #ad4 ,a g-devil = collect+ prun+s #aai #ae4 ,a trellis & a common me?od ( brac+ end po/s #abj #af4 ,*autauqua tra9+2 v9e ready to prune #abg #ag4 ,keuka me?od ( tra9+ #acj #ah4 ,s+le-/em f\r-cane ,kniff9 tra9+ #acc #ai4 ,umbrella me?od ( tra9+ #acd #bj4 ,two-trunk ,kniff9 tra9+ #ace #ba4 ,rotundifolia v9es tra9$ by ! ov]head me?od #add #bb4 ,a ,rotundifolia v9e tra9$ by ! #f-;arm r5ewal me?od #ade #bc4 ,=ms ( head prun+ #aed #bd4 ,=ms ( head prun+ #aee #be4 ,head prun+3 fan-%ap$ head2 fruit canes ti$ to horizontal trellis #aef #bf4 ,s+le v]tical cordon ) fruit-spurs #aeg #bg4 ,unilat]al horizontal cordon ) fruit-spurs #aeh #bh4 ,?ree-ye>-old v9e ready = prun+ #afi #bi4 ,v9e ( ,fig4 #bh aft] prun+ = vase-=m$ head #afi #cj4 ,?ree-ye>-old v9es3 ,a1 prun$ = a vase-=m$1 & ,b1 = a fan-%ap$ head #agj #ca4 ,f\r-ye>-old v9e prun$ = vase-=m$ head #aga #cb4 ,f\r-ye>-old v9e prun$ = high vase-=m$ head #agb #cc4 ,fan-%ap$ v9es3 ,a1 be=e prun+2 ,b1 aft] prun+ #agc #cd4 ,v]tical cordon1 "y v9e prun$ #agf #ce4 ,unilat]al horizontal cordon ) half-long prun+ #agg #cf4 ,leaf-galls ( ! phyllox]a #bje #cg4 ,! grape root-worm #bjg #ch4 ,root-worm beetle #bjg #ci4 ,injuries caus$ by beetles ( ! grape root-worm #bjg #dj4 ,eggs ( grape-v9e flea-beetle #bji #da4 ,fir/ f\r /ages ( ! grape leaf-hopp] #bab #db4 ,! fif? & ! mature /ages ( ! grape leaf-hopp] #bab #dc4 ,a bun* ( grapes despoil$ by ! grape-b]ry mo? #bad #dd4 ,"w ( black-rot ( ! grape #bai #de4 ,grapes attack$ by d[ny-mildew #bba #df4 ,pack+ grapes on a pack+-table #bcd #dg4 ,climax baskets 9 two sizes #bcf #dh4 ,william ,rob]t ,pr9ce #bgd #di4 ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s #bge #ej4 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson #bgg #ea4 ,/am9ate & p]fect fl[] clu/]s on "o v9e #bhe #eb4 ,r++ grape-v9es2 %[+ tools = r++ & r+$ v9es #bib #ec4 ,a grape fl[]2 %[+ ! op5+ cap & /am5s #cje #ed4 ,grape fl[]s2 %[+ upright & depress$ /am5s #cjf ,,manual ,,( ,,am]ican ,,grape-,,gr[+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,dome/ication ,,( ,,! ,,grape ,! dome/ication ( an animal or a plant is a mile/one 9 ! advance ( agriculture & s becomes ( int]e/ to e human be+4 ,b1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! mat]ials1 ! ev5ts & ! m5 :o direct ! "w ( dome/ication are ( int]e/ to ^? :o bre$ & c>e = animals & plants2 ! grape-gr[] %\ld f9d mu* pr(it 9 ! /ory ( ! dome/ication ( ! grape4 ,:at 0 ! raw mat]ial ( a fruit kn[n s9ce ! beg9n+ ( agriculture & :]ev] temp]ate fruits are gr[n8 ,h[ has ?is mat]ial be5 fa%ion$ into use8 ,:o 7 ! orig9ative & :o ! directive ag5ts8 ,^! are fundam5tal que/ions 9 ! improvem5t ( ! grape1 answ]s to :i* w also ?r[ mu* light on ! culture ( x4 ,botani/s numb] f =ty to sixty species ( grapes 9 ! _w4 ,^! are widely di/ribut$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 all b a few be+ f\nd 9 temp]ate c\ntries4 ,?us1 m ?an half ( ! nam$ species come f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 :ile ne>ly all ( ! o!rs are f ,*9a & ,japan1 ) b "o species c]ta9ly gr[+ wild 9 s\?we/]n ,asia & bord]+ p>ts ( ,europe4 ,all true grapes h m or less edible fruits1 & ( ! tw5ty or m species gr[n 9 ! ,new ,_w m ?an half h be5 or are be+ dome/icat$4 ,( ! ,old ,_w grapes1 only "o species is cultivat$ = fruit1 b ?is1 ( all grapes1 is ( greate/ economic importance &1 !re=e1 des]ves fir/ consid]ation4 ,,! ,,european ,,grape ,! ,european grape1 ,vitis v9if]a 7,fig4 #a71 is ! grape ( anci5t & mod]n agriculture4 ,x is ! v9e :i* ,noah plant$ aft] ! ,deluge2 ! v9e ( ,israel & ( ! ,promis$ ,l&2 ! v9e ( ! p>ables 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is ! grape & ! v9e ( ! my?s1 fables1 poetry & prose ( all peoples4 ,x is ! grape f :i* ! w9es ( ! _w are made4 ,f x come ! rais9s ( ! _w4 ,x is ! *ief agricultural crop ( s\!rn ,europe & nor!rn ,africa & ( va/ regions 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 hav+ foll[$ civiliz$ man f place to place 9 all temp]ate climates4 ,! ,european grape has s impress$ itself on ! human m9d t :5 "o ?9ks or speaks ( ! grape1 or ( ! v9e1 x is ?is ,old ,_w species1 ! v9e ( antiquity1 t pres5ts itself4 ,! writt5 records ( ! cultivation ( ! ,european grape g back five or six ?\s& ye>s4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,pho5icians1 ,greeks & ,romans grew ! v9e & made w9e f its fruit4 ,grape se$s h be5 f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ,european peoples ( prehi/oric times1 %[+ t primitive m5 enliv5$ _! scanty f>e ) wild grapes4 ,cultivation ( ! grape 9 ! ,old ,_w probably began 9 ! region ab\t ! ,caspian ,sea :]e ! v9e has always run wild4 ,we h pro( ( ! great antiquity ( ! grape 9 ,egypt1 = its se$s are f\nd entomb$ ) ! olde/ mummies4 ,probably ! ,pho5icians1 ! e>lie/ navigators on ! ,m$it]ranean1 c>ri$ ! grape f ,egypt & ,syria to ,greece1 ,rome & o!r c\ntries bord]+ on ?is sea4 ,! dome/ication ( ! grape 0 f> advanc$ 9 ,*ri/'s "t1 = ,pl9y1 writ+ !n1 describes n9ety-"o k9ds ( grapes & fifty k9ds ( w9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis v9if]a4 ,x c nev] be kn[n exactly :5 ! ,european grape came "u cultivation4 ,!re is no ^w z to :at 7 ! me?ods & processes ( dome/ication1 & ^: ! m9ds & h&s t remodel$ ! wild grape ( ,europe into ! grape ( ! v9ey>ds4 ,! ,old ,_w grape 0 dome/icat$ long be=e ! fa9t traditions :i* h be5 transmitt$ to our day c\ld possibly h aris54 ,= k ( h[ wild species ( ?is fruit h be5 & may be br\ght "u cultivation1 we mu/ turn to ,new ,_w records4 ,,am]ican ,,grapes ,few o!r plants 9 ! ,new ,_w gr[ wild "u su* v>i$ conditions & ov] su* ext5d$ areas z ! grape4 ,wild grapes are f\nd 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,new ,brunswick2 on ! %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes2 ev]y:]e 9 ! woodl&s ( ! ,nor? & ,middle ,atlantic /ates2 on ! lime/one soils ( ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee & ! ,virg9ias2 & !y ?rive 9 ! s&y woods1 sea pla9s & reef-keys ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf /ates4 ,:ile n s common we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 yet "s k9d ( wild grape is f\nd f ,nor? ,dakota to ,texas2 grapes gr[ on ! m\nta9s & 9 ! caons ( all ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 /ates2 & sev]al species ?rive on ! ,mexican bord]s & 9 ! f> ,s\?we/4 ,:ile x is possible t all ,am]ican grapes h desc5d$ f an orig9al species1 ! types are n[ z div]se z ! regions !y inhabit4 ,! wild grapes ( ! =e/s h long sl5d] trunks & bran*es1 :]eby _! leaves are bett] expos$ to ! sunlight4 ,two %rubby species d n atta9 a great] height ?an f\r or five feet2 ^! gr[ 9 s&y soils1 or among rocks expos$ to sun & air4 ,ano!r runs on ! gr\nd & be>s foliage almo/ ev]gre54 ,! /em ( "o species atta9s a diamet] ( a foot1 be>+ its foliage 9 a great canopy4 ,f ?is giant =m ! species v>y to sl5d]1 graceful1 climb+ v9es4 ,wild grapes are z v>i$ 9 climatic adaptations z 9 /ructure ( v9e & gr[ luxuriantly 9 e condition ( heat or cold1 wetness or dryness1 capable ( support+ fruit-culture 9 ,am]ica4 ,s _m ( ! k9ds h horticultural possibilities t x seems c]ta9 t "s grape c be dome/icat$ 9 all ( ! agricultural regions ( ! c\ntry1 _! natural pla/icity indicat+1 ev5 if x 7 n kn[n f exp]i5ce1 t all c be dome/icat$4 ,leif ! ,lucky1 ! fir/ ,european to visit ,am]ica1 if ! ,icel&ic records are true1 *ri/5$ ! new l& ,w9el&4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is designation 0 giv5 = ! grapes1 b rec5t inve/igations %[ t ! fruits 7 probably m\nta9 cranb]ries4 ,capta9 ,john ,hawk9s1 :o visit$ ! ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ,florida 9 #aefe1 m5tions wild grapes among ! res\rces ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,amadas & ,b>l[e1 s5t out by ,raleigh 9 #aehd1 describe ! coa/s ( ! ,c>ol9as z1 s full ( grapes t 9 all ! _w l abundance _c be f\nd4 ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 writ+ 9 #afjf1 describes ! grapes ( ,virg9ia & recomm5ds ! culture ( ! v9e z an indu/ry = ! newly f\nd$ colony4 ,few1 inde$1 are ! explor]s ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d :o d n m5tion grapes among ! plants ( ! c\ntry4 ,yet none saw intr9sic value 9 ^! wild v9es4 ,to ! ,europeans1 ! grapes ( ! ,old ,_w alone 7 wor? cultivat+1 & ! v9es gr[+ ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica only sugge/$ t ! grape !y _h kn[n across ! sea might be gr[n 9 ! new home4 ,t ,am]ican viticulture mu/ dep5d on ! native species = its v>ieties began to be recogniz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 sev]al l>ge companies engag$ 9 gr[+ =eign grapes fail$1 & a m]itori\s native grape made its appe>ance4 ,! v9e ( promise 0 a v>iety kn[n z ! ,alex&]4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ev] al]t = ! agricultural welf>e ( ! nation1 writ+ 9 #ahji to ,john ,adlum1 "o ( ! fir/ exp]im5t]s ) an ,am]ican species1 voic$ ! s5tim5t ( grape exp]im5t]s 9 speak+ ( ! ,alex&]3 ,i ?9k x w be well to pu% ! culture ( ?is grape )\t los+ "t & ef=ts 9 ! se>* ( =eign v9es1 :i* x w take c5turies to adapt to our soil & climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis ,labrusca4 ,alex&] is an (f%oot ( ! common fox-grape1 ,vitis ,labrusca 7,fig4 #b71 f\nd 9 ! woods on ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,ma9e to ,georgia & occasionally 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! hi/ory ( ! v>iety dates back to be=e ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 :51 accord+ to ,william ,b>tram1 ! ,quak] botani/1 x 0 f\nd gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia1 by ,john ,alex&]1 g>d5] to ,gov]nor ,p5n ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x came into g5]al cultivation ?r\gh ! deception ( a nurs]yman4 ,pet] ,legaux1 a ,fr5*-,am]ican grape-gr[]1 9 #ahja sold ! ,k5tucky ,v9ey>d ,society fifte5 hundr$ grape cutt+s :i* he said _h be5 tak5 f an ,european grape introduc$ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 !re=e call$ ! ,cape grape4 ,legaux's grape turn$ out to be ! ,alex&]4 ,9 ! new home ! spuri\s ,cape grew wond]fully well & z ! k ( its fruitfulness 9 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio & ,indiana spread1 dem& = x increas$1 & ) rem>kable rapidity1 consid]+ ! "t1 x came into g5]al cultivation 9 ! p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !n settl$4 ,! ,labrusca or fox-grapes4 ,( ! sev]al species ( ,am]ican grapes n[ "u cultivation1 ! ,labrusca1 fir/ repres5t$ by ! ,alex&]1 has furni%$ m cultivat$ v>ieties ?an all ! o!r ,am]ican species toge!r1 no less ?an five hundr$ ( its v>ieties hav+ be5 gr[n 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y x is ! mo/ g5]ally cultivat$ species4 ,x is native to ! p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* agriculture soone/ advanc$ to a /ate :]e fruits 7 desir$4 ,9 ! wild1 ! ,labruscas are ! mo/ attractive1 be+ l>ge/ & h&some/ 9 color2 among all grapes x alone %[s black-1 :ite- & r$-fruit$ =ms on wild v9es4 ,!re is a nor!rn & a s\!rn =m ( ! species1 & its v>ieties are1 !re=e1 widely adapt$ to climates & to soils4 ,! flavor ( ! fruits ( ?is species1 all ?+s consid]$1 is r bett] ?an t ( any o!r ( our wild grapes1 ?\gh ! sk9s 9 mo/ ( its v>ieties h a peculi> aroma1 some:at pron\nc$ 9 ! well-kn[n ,concord1 ,niag>a & ,word51 :i* is disagreeable to ta/es accu/om$ to ! pure flavors ( ! ,european grapes4 ,all ,labruscas submit well to v9ey>d op]ations & are vigor\s1 h>dy & productive1 ?\gh !y are m subject to ! dread$ phyllox]a ?an are mo/ ( ! o!r cultivat$ native species4 ,( ! _m grapes ( ?is type1 at lea/ two des]ve brief hi/orical m5tion4 ,catawba1 probably a pure-br$ ,labrusca1 ! fir/ ,am]ican grape ( comm]cial importance1 is ! mo/ int]e/+ v>iety ( its species4 ,! orig9 ( ! v>iety is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 b all evid5ce po9ts to its hav+ be5 f\nd ab\t ! ye> #ahjj on ! banks ( ! ,catawba ,riv]1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x 0 introduc$ into g5]al cultivation by ,major ,john ,adlum1 soldi] ( ! ,revolution1 judge1 surveyor & au?or ( ! fir/ ,am]ican book on grapes4 ,adlum ma9ta9$ an exp]im5tal v9ey>d 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 :5ce 9 #ahbc he began ! di/ribution ( ! ,catawba4 ,at t "t ! c5t] ( ,am]ican grape culture 0 ab\t ,c9c9nati1 & an e>ly %ipm5t ( ,adlum's ,catawbas w5t to ,ni*olas ,longwor? ( t city & 0 by him di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! grape-gr[+ c5t]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,z "o ( ! fir/ to te/ new v>ieties ( ,am]ican grapes1 to gr[ !m l>gely & to make w9e comm]cially f !m1 ,ni*olas ,longwor? is kn[n z ! fa!r ( ,am]ican grape culture4 ,catawba is /ill "o ( ! f\r lead+ v>ieties 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,! *>act]s :]eby its high place is ma9ta9$ among grapes are3 ,great ela/icity ( con/itution1 by reason ( :i* ! v9e is adapt$ to _m environm5ts2 ri* flavor1 long-keep+ quality1 & h&some appe>ance ( fruit1 qualities :i* make x a v good dess]t grape2 high sug>-cont5t & a ri* flavor ( juice1 s t f its fruit is made a v good w9e & a v good grape-juice2 & vigor1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess ( v9e4 ,! *>act]s ( ,catawba are readily transmissible1 & x has _m pure-br$ or hybrid (fspr+ :i* m or less resemble x4 ,! second comm]cial grape ( importance 9 ,am]ican viticulture is ,concord1 :i* came f ! se$ ( a wild grape plant$ 9 ! fall ( #ahdc by ,ephraim ,w4 ,bull1 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! new v>iety 0 dissem9at$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahed1 & f ! "t ( its introduction ! spread ( its culture 0 ph5om5al4 ,by #ahfj x 0 ! lead+ grape 9 ,am]ica & x s rema9s4 ,concord furni%es1 ) ! v>ieties t h sprung f x1 sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! grapes gr[n 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ! v9e are3 ,adaptability to v>i\s soils1 fruitfulness1 h>d9ess & resi/ance to diseases & insects4 ,! fruits are di/+ui%$ by c]ta9ty ( maturity1 attractive appe>ance1 good b n high flavor1 & by ! fact t !y may be produc$ s *eaply t no o!r grape c compete ) ?is v>iety 9 ! m>kets4 ,concord is1 z ,horace ,greeley well d5om9at$ x 9 aw>d+ ! ,greeley prize = ! be/ ,am]ican grape1 ! grape = ! millions4 ,! hi/ories ( ^! two grapes are typical ( ^? ( five hundr$ or m o!r ,labruscas4 ,out ( a prodigi\s numb] ( native se$l+s1 an occasional "o is f\nd greatly to excel its fell[s & is br\ght "u cultivation4 ,! ,rotundifolia or ,muscad9e grapes4 ,long be=e ! nor!rn ,labruscas _h atta9$ prom95ce 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ! ,nor?1 a grape _h be5 dome/icat$ p>tially 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is ,vitis rotundifolia 7,fig4 #c71 a species :i* runs riot f ! ,potomac to ! ,gulf1 ?riv+ 9 _m div]se soils1 b gr[+ only 9 ! s\!rn climate & pref]r+ ! seacoa/4 ,rotundifolia grapes h be5 cultivat$ some:at = fruit or ornam5t f ! e>lie/ colonial times4 ,x is c]ta9 t w9e 0 made f ?is species by ! ,engli% settl]s at ,jame/[n4 ,v9es ( x are n[ to be f\nd on arbors1 9 g>d5s or half wild on f5ces 9 ne>ly e f>m 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic /ates4 ,t ! ,rotundifolias h n be5 m g5]ally br\ght "u cultivation is due to ! b\ntifulness ( ! wild v9es1 :i* has obviat$ ! necessity ( dome/icat+ !m4 ,! fruit ( its v>ieties1 to a palate unaccu/om$ to !m1 is n v acceptable1 hav+ a musky flavor & odor & a sweet1 juicy pulp1 :i* is lack+ 9 sprightl9ess4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 acquire a ta/e = ^! grapes & f9d !m pleasant eat+4 ,! great defect ( ?is grape is t ! b]ries "p f ! p$icels z !y rip5 & p]fect bun*es _c be secur$4 ,9 fact1 ! crop is (t5 h>ve/$ by %ak+ ! v9es s t ! b]ries drop on %eets b5ea?4 ,despite ^! defects1 a score or m v>ieties ( ?is species are n[ "u g5]al cultivation 9 ! cotton-belt1 & int]e/ 9 _! dome/ication is n[ great] ?an 9 any o!r species1 ) great promise = ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis rotundifolia4 ,! /ivalis or summ]-grapes4 ,! ,s\? has ano!r grape ( rem>kable horticultural possibilities4 ,?is is ,vitis /ivalis 7,fig4 #d71 ! summ]-grape or1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,rotundifolias1 ! bun*-grape ( s\!rn =e/s4 ,!re are n[ a score or m well-kn[n v>ieties ( ?is species1 ! be/ kn[n be+ ,norton1 :i* probably orig9at$ ) ,dr4 ,d4 ,n4 ,norton1 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! b]ries ( ! true /ivalis grapes are too small1 too de/itute ( pulp & too t>t to make good dess]t fruits1 b f !m are made our be/ native r$ w9es4 ,dome/ication ( ?is species has be5 greatly ret>d$ by a peculi>ity ( ! species :i* h9d]s its propagation4 ,grapes are be/ propagat$ f cutt+s1 b ?is species is n easily reproduc$ by ?is means & ! difficulty ( secur+ good "y v9es has be5 a s]i\s h&icap 9 its culture4 ,!re are two subspecies ( ,vitis /ivalis :i* promise mu* = ,am]ican viticulture4 ,vitis /ivalis ,b\rqu9iana1 kn[n only "u cultivation & ( v d\btful botanical /&+1 furni%es ,am]ican viticulture sev]al valuable v>ieties4 ,*ief ( ^! is ! ,delaw>e1 ! introduction ( :i* sixty ye>s ago f ! t[n ( ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 rais$ ! /&>d 9 quality ( ,new ,_w grapes to t ( ,old ,_w4 ,no ,european grape has a ri*] or m delicate flavor1 or a m pleas+ aroma1 ?an ,delaw>e4 ,:ile a nor!rn grape1 x c be gr[n 9 ! ,s\?1 & ?rives "u s _m diff]5t climatic & soil conditions & "u all is s fruitful1 t1 next to ! ,concord1 x is ! mo/ popul> ,am]ican grape = g>d5 & v9ey>d4 ,)\t "q1 h[ev]1 ,delaw>e conta9s a trace ( ,european blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis /ivalis4 ,ano!r (f%oot ( ?is subspecies is ,h]bemont1 :i*1 9 ! ,s\?1 holds ! same rank t ,concord holds 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! v>iety is gr[n only s\? ( ! ,ohio1 & 9 ?is great region x is e/eem$ by all = a dess]t grape & = its light r$ w9e4 ,x is "o ( ! few ,am]ican v>ieties :i* f9ds favor 9 ,france1 be+ cultivat$ 9 s\?we/ ,france z a w9e-grape4 ,its hi/ory goes back to a colony ( ,fr5* ,hugu5ots 9 ,georgia be=e ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,v simil> to ,h]bemont is ,l5oir1 also ) a hi/ory trac+ back to ! ,fr5* 9 ! ,c>ol9as or ,georgia 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! o!r subspecies ( ,vitis /ivalis is ,vitis /ivalis ,l9cecumii1 ! po/-oak grape ( ,texas & ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,rec5tly ?is wild grape has be5 br\ght "u dome/ication1 & f x has be5 br$ a numb] ( mo/ promis+ v>ieties = hot & dry regions4 ,! ,vulp9a or riv]-bank grapes4 ,! ,nor?1 too1 has a w9e-grape f :i* w9es ne>ly equal+ ^? ( ! s\!rn /ivalis are made4 ,?is is ,vitis vulp9a 7,v4 rip>ia71 ! riv]-bank grape1 a %oot ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( any ( ! native species4 ,x gr[s z f> nor? z ,quebec1 s\? to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,fully a c5tury ago1 a w9e-grape ( ?is species 0 cultivat$ "u ! "n ,wor?+ton1 b ! att5tion ( v9ey>di/s 0 n turn$ to ! ,vulp9as until aft] ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ! qualities ( its v9es attract$ ! att5tion ( ,fr5* viticulturi/s4 ,phyllox]a _h be5 introduc$ f ,am]ica into ,france & ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( ,fr5* v9ey>ds4 ,aft] try+ all possible rem$ies = ! sc\rge1 x 0 discov]$ t ! insect c\ld be ov]come by graft+ ,european grapes on ,am]ican v9es resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,a trial ( ! promis+ species ( ,new ,_w grapes %[$ t v9es ( ?is species 7 be/ suit$ = ! recon/ruction ( ,fr5* v9ey>ds1 ! v9es be+ n only resi/ant to ! phyllox]a b also vigor\s & h>dy4 ,at pres5t1 a l>ge proportion ( ! v9es ( ,europe1 ,cali=nia & o!r grape-gr[+ regions are graft$ on ! roots ( ?is or ( o!r ,am]ican species1 & ! viticulture ( ! _w is ?us l>gely dep5d5t on ^! grapes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a %oot ( ,vitis vulp9a4 ,! ,fr5* f\nd t a numb] ( ! ,vulp9a 7,rip>ia7 grapes introduc$ = _! roots 7 valuable z direct produc]s = w9es4 ,! fruits ( ?is species are too small & too s\r = dess]t1 b !y are free f ! disagreeable ta/es & aromas ( "s ( our native grapes &1 !re=e1 make v good w9es4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ! v>ieties ( ?is species is ! ,cl9ton1 :i* is g5]ally ?\ght to h orig9at$ 9 ! y>d ( ,dr4 ,noyes1 ( ,hamilton ,college1 ,cl9ton1 ,new ,york1 ab\t #ahbj4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probably ! ,wor?+ton1 ( :i* ! orig9 is unkn[n1 r5am$4 ,!re are possibly a hundr$ or m grapes n[ "u cultivation :olly or 9 "p f ,vulp9a1 mo/ ( !m hybrids ) ! ,am]ican ,labrusca & ! ,european ,v9if]a1 ) bo? ( :i* x hybridizes freely4 ,dome/icat$ species ( m9or importance4 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs we h se5 t f\r species ( grapes con/itute ! f\ndation ( ,am]ican viticulture4 ,n9e o!r species furni% pure-br$ v>ieties & _m hybrids ) ! f\r *ief species or among !mselves4 ,^! are ,v4 rupe/ris1 ,v4 ,longii1 ,v4 ,*amp9ii1 ,v4 ,munsoniana1 ,v4 cordifolia1 ,v4 c&icans1 ,v4 bicolor1 ,v4 monticola & ,v4 ,b]l&i]i4 ,sev]al ( ^! n9e species are ( value 9 ! v9ey>d or = /ocks ^u :i* to graft o!r grapes4 ,! dome/ication ( all ( ^! is j begun1 & ea* ye> sees !m m & m 9 use 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,two views ( v9ey>ds 9 ,cali=nia4 ,top1 a v9ey>d 9 ! or*>d region ( c5tral ,cali=nia2 bottom1 a v9ey>d 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,grape ,,regions ,,& ,,_! ,,det]m9ants ,happily1 ! grape 9 its great div]sity ( =ms accommodates itself to _m conditions1 s t "s v>iety ( ! sev]al cultivat$ species w produce fruit = home use1 if n z a m>ket commodity1 9 e "p ( ,am]ica adapt$ to g5]al agriculture4 ,b comm]cial grape-gr[+ on ?is cont95t is conf9$ to a few regions1 9 ea* ( :i* x is pr(itable only 9 ideal situations4 ,9 fact1 few o!r agricultural indu/ries are m def9itely det]m9$ by environm5t ?an ! grape-indu/ry4 ,:]e are ! grape regions ( ,am]ica8 ,:at det]m9es ! suitability ( a region = grape-gr[+8 ,answ]s to ^! que/ions furni% clews to ! culture ( ?is fruit & help 9 e/imat+ ! pot5tialities ( a new region or ( a location = grape-gr[+4 ,,! ,,grape ,,regions ,,( ,,am]ica ,!re are f\r *ief grape-gr[+ regions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) possibly twice z _m m subsidi>y ones4 ,^! sev]al regions1 ea* ( :i* has its di/9ct v>ieties & to less ext5t di/9ct species1 & 9 ea* ( :i* grapes are gr[n = some:at widely diff]5t purposes1 give a great v>iety ( indu/rial conditions to ! grape-gr[+ ( ! cont95t4 ,nev]!less1 ! regions h mu* 9 common 9 _! environm5t4 ,x is f _! diff]5ces & simil>ities t mo/ c be le>n$ 9 ! brief discussions ( ! regions t foll[4 ,! ,pacific slope4 ,! ,pacific slope takes prec$5ce among ! grape regions ( ! cont95t1 exce$+ all o!rs comb9$ 9 ! production ( grapes & grape products4 ,cali=nia is ! viticultural c5t] ( ?is great region1 grapes be+ gr[n )9 h] b\nds f ! foot ( ,m\nt ,%a/a on ! nor? to ,mexico on ! s\? & f ! foo?ills ( ! ,si]ras on ! ea/ to ! =e/ t bord]s ! coa/ on ! we/4 ,s outl9$1 ,cali=nia might appe> to be "o va/ v9ey>d1 b x is only 9 favor$ valleys1 pla9s & l[ hills 9 ! t]ritory b\nd$ t ! v9e is suffici5tly well suit$ to be productive4 ,outli]s ( ?is ma9 region ( ! ,pacific slope run nor? into ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho & ev5 into ,briti% ,columbia1 =c$ m & m ea/w>d ! f>!r nor? to escape humidity f ! ocean :i* nor?w>d passes f>!r & f>!r inl&4 ,o!r outli]s ( ! ma9 region are f\nd ea/w>d 9 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico & ev5 ,utah & ,colorado1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p 9 ^! /ates grape-gr[+ is /ill insignificant4 ,plate ,i %[s typical v9ey>ds 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! grapes gr[n on ! ,pacific slope are almo/ exclusively ,v9if]a v>ieties1 ?\gh a few ,am]ican grapes are plant$ 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,?is is n because ,am]ican v>ieties _c be gr[n1 al?\gh !y succe$ r less well "h ?an on ! ea/]n seabo>d1 b because ! ,v9if]as are lik$ bett]1 & climate & soil seem exactly to suit !m4 ,viticulture on ! ,pacific slope is divid$ into ?ree int]dep5d5t indu/ries :i* are almo/ nev] q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r--! w9e indu/ry1 rais9 indu/ry & table-grape indu/ry4 ,ea* ( ^! indu/ries dep5ds on grapes m or less specially adapt$ to ! product1 ! special *>act]i/ics be+ secur$ *iefly ?r\gh some:at di/9ct types ( grapes b dep5d+ p>tly on soil & climatic conditions4 ,! manufacture ( unf]m5t$ grape-juice is n yet a success 9 ?is region = ! reasons t ,v9if]a grapes d n make a good unf]m5t$ juice1 & ,am]ican grapes are n gr[n 9 suffici5t quantities to w>rant ! e/abli%m5t ( grape-juice plants4 ,bioletti gives ! ext5t ( ! grape-gr[+ indu/ry 9 ,cali=nia z foll[s3#a ,! v9ey>ds ( ,cali=nia cov]$ 9 #aiab ab\t #che1jjj acres4 ,( ?is total1 ab\t #ahj1jjj acres 7 produc+ w9e-grapes4 ,r\ghly1 #ej p] c5t ( ! w9e 0 produc$ 9 ! great int]ior valleys1 includ+ mo/ ( ! sweet w9es2 #ce p] c5t 0 produc$ by ! valleys & hillsides ( ! ,coa/ ranges1 includ+ mo/ ( ! dry w9es2 ! rema9+ #ae p] c5t 0 produc$ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & includ$ bo? sweet & dry4 ,! rais9-grape v9ey>ds cov]$ ab\t #acj1jjj acres1 ( :i* ab\t #ij p] c5t 7 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley1 #g p] c5t 9 ! ,sacram5to1 & #c p] c5t 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! %ipp+-grape v9ey>ds are reckon$ at #ge1jjj acres1 di/ribut$ ab\t z foll[s3 #ej p] c5t 9 ! ,sacram5to ,valley1 #dj p] c5t 9 ,san ,joaqu91 #f p] c5t 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & #d p] c5t 9 ! ,coa/ ranges4 ,! ,*autauqua grape-belt4 ,! ,*autauqua grape-belt1 ly+ along ! nor!a/]n %ore ( ,lake ,erie 9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio1 is ! second mo/ important grape region 9 ,am]ica4 ,! belt is a n>r[ /rip ( l[l& av]ag+ ab\t ?ree miles 9 wid?1 ly+ betwe5 ,lake ,erie & a high esc>pm5t :i* b\nds ! belt on ! s\? ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? ( a hundr$ or m miles4 ,"h climate & soil seem to be exceptionally favorable = grape-gr[+4 ,climate is ! *ief det]m9ant ( ! b\nd>ies ( ?is belt1 s9ce !re are sev]al types ( soil ^u :i* grapes d equally well 9 ! region1 & :5 ! climate *anges at ! two extremities ( ! belt :]e ! esc>pm5t becomes l[1 or :5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! lake & ! esc>pm5t is great1 grape-gr[+ ceases to be pr(itable4 ,! gr[]s ( ?is region are organiz$ into sell+ associations s t e/imates ( acreage & yields are obta9able4 ,at pres5t writ+1 #aiah1 !re are 9 ?is belt 9 ,new ,york ab\t #ce1jjj acres ( grapes2 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio1 ab\t #ae1jjj acres1 mu* ! great] "p ( :i* is 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! av]age yield ( grapes to ! acre = ! region is ab\t two tons4 ,! av]age total production = ! pa/ five ye>s has be5 ab\t #ajj1jjj tons1 ( :i* #fe1jjj tons are %ipp$ z table-grapes1 & #ce1jjj tons are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( w9e & grape-juice4 ,among v>ieties1 ,concord reigns supreme 9 ! ,*autauqua belt4 ,! writ]1 9 #aijf1 made a canvass ( ! region1 v9ey>d by v9ey>d1 & f\nd t #ij p] c5t ( ! acreage ( ! belt 0 set to ,concord1 #c p] c5t to ,niag>a1 #b p] c5t to ,word5 & ! rema9+ #e p] c5t to a doz5 or m v>ieties ( :i* ,moore ,e>ly & ,delaw>e l$4 ,! manufacture ( grape-juice on a comm]cial scale began 9 ! ,*autauqua belt & mo/ ( ?is product is /ill produc$ 9 ! region4 ,"h1 only ,concord grapes ( ! be/ quality are us$ = grape-juice4 ,! gr[? ( ?is indu/ry is mo/ significant = ! future ( grape-gr[+ 9 ! region4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago grape-juice 0 a negligible factor 9 ! grape indu/ry ( ?is region2 at pres5t1 ! annual output is 9 ! neighborhood ( #d1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,grape-juice-mak]s n[ det]m9e ! price ( grapes = ! region1 & :ile ! quantity us$ is less ?an t = table-grapes1 ! "t is n di/ant :5 x w be great]4 ,! ,niag>a region4 ,fifty miles due nor? ( ! ,*autauqua belt1 across ! end ( ,lake ,erie & ! n>r[ i/hmus ( ,niag>a1 is a small] belt on ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io s simil> 9 soil1 climate & topography t 9 ^! respects ! two regions might be consid]$ z id5tical4 ,?is is ! ,niag>a region1 ,canada's *ief grape-produc+ area4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,lake ,ont>io2 on ! s\?1 at a di/ance ( "o to ?ree miles by ! high ,niag>a esc>pm5t2 to ! ea/ x crosses ! ,niag>a ,riv] into ,new ,york2 & 9 ! we/ tap]s to a po9t at ,hamilton on ! we/w>d extremity ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,"h1 aga91 is ! influ5ce ( climate di/9ctly manife/$4 ,z ?is belt passes into ,new ,york1 x wid5s & ! influ5ce ( ,lake ,ont>io is less & less felt to ! ea/w>d1 & 9 consequ5ce grape-gr[+ becomes less & less pr(itable4 ,!re 71 accord+ to ! ,ont>io ,bureau ( ,indu/ries1 9 #aiad1 ab\t #aj1hej acres ( grapes 9 ! ,niag>a region 9 ,canada1 & possibly #d1jjj acres m ne> ! ,niag>a ,riv] & along ! %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,niag>a grape orig9at$ on ! ,am]ican side ( ! ,niag>a region & is "h plant$ m ext5sively ?an else:]e4 ,grape-gr[+ 9 ?is region is simil> 9 all respects to t ( ! ,*autauqua belt1 ! same v>ieties & ne>ly id5tical me?ods ( prun+1 cultivation1 spray+ & h>ve/+ be+ employ$4 ,! crop is *iefly us$ z table-grapes b ! grape-juice indu/ry is gr[+4 ,! ,c5tral ,lakes region ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( we/]n ,new ,york are sev]al rem>kable bodies ( wat] kn[n z ! ,c5tral ,lakes4 ,?ree ( ^! are l>ge & deep en\gh to give ideal climatic conditions = grapes1 & ab\t ^! lakes are gr\p$ sev]al important areas ( v9ey>ds1 mak+ ?is ! ?ird mo/ important grape region 9 ,am]ica4 ,! region assumes fur!r importance because mo/ ( ! *ampagne made 9 ,am]ica is produc$ "h1 & x is ! *ief c5t] ( /ill w9es 9 ea/]n ,am]ica z well4 ,x is fur!r di/+ui%$ by its di/9ctive types ( grapes1 ,catawba & ,delaw>e tak+ ! place ( ,concord & ,niag>a1 ! sorts t usually pr$om9ate 9 ea/]n grape regions4 ,! ma9 body ( ?is region lies on ! /eep slopes ( ! high l&s surr\nd+ ,keuka ,lake4 ,on ! %ores ( ?is lake !re are1 approximately1 #ae1jjj acres ( grapes4 ,adjac5t to ?is ma9 body are sev]al small] bodies ab\t ! neighbor+ lakes4 ,?us1 at ! head ( ,can&aigua ,lake & on its %ores are ab\t #bejj acres2 ne> ,s5eca & betwe5 ,s5eca & ,cayuga ,lakes !re are probably #aejj acres m4 ,9 a few specially favor$ places on o!r ( ^! ,c5tral ,lakes1 !re are possibly #ajjj acres1 mak+ all told = ?is region1 ab\t #bj1jjj acres4 ,aga9 x is climate t sets ! seal ( approval on ! region = viticulture4 ,9 addition to ! b5efits ( deep bodies ( wat]1 high & slop+ l&s cause ! fro/s to cease e>ly 9 ! spr+ & hold !m 9 abeyance 9 ! autumn1 giv+ an exceptionally long season4 ,*ampagne-mak+ began "h ab\t #ahfj2 at pres5t !re are a score or m manufactur]s ( *ampagne1 w9e & br&y1 ! output be+ annually ab\t #c1jjj1jjj gallons ( w9e & #b1jjj1jjj bottles ( *ampagne4 ,rec5tly ! manufacture ( grape-juice has begun & ! indu/ry is n[ fl\ri%+4 ,m9or grape regions4 ,viticulture is comm]cially important 9 sev]al o!r regions ?an ^? outl9$4 ,?us1 9 ! valley ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 grapes h be5 gr[n comm]cially = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 ! indu/ry rea*+ its height betwe5 #ahhj & #ahij1 :5 !re 7 #ac1jjj acres "u cultivation4 ,= "s ye>s1 h[ev]1 grape-gr[+ along ! ,hudson has be5 on ! decl9e4 ,ano!r region 9 :i* viticulture rea*es consid]able magnitude is 9 sev]al isl&s 9 ,lake ,erie ne> ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 ! product go+ l>gely = ! manufacture ( w9e4 ,at "o "t grapes 7 gr[n comm]cially on ! banks ( ! ,ohio ,riv] ab\t ,c9c9nati & we/w>d into ,indiana4 ,! indu/ry "h1 h[ev]1 is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,ano!r region 9 :i* grape-gr[+ 0 once ( prime importance b n[ lags has its c5t] at ,h]mann1 ,miss\ri4 ,! newe/ grape-produc+ area wor?y ( note is 9 s\?we/]n ,mi*igan ab\t ! t[ns ( ,lawton & ,paw ,paw4 ,a small b v prosp]\s grape-gr[+ region has its c5t] at ,egg ,h>bor1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,ives is ! ma9/ay among v>ieties 9 ?is region4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates1 ,muscad9e grapes are gr[n 9 a small way 9 e "p ( ! cotton-belt & v>ieties ( o!r native species are to be f\nd 9 home v9ey>ds 9 ! upl& regions1 b n[h]e 9 ! ,s\? c x be said t grape-gr[+ is a comm]cial indu/ry4 ,,! ,,det]m9ants ,,( ,,grape ,,regions ,climate1 soil1 site1 ! surface features ( ! l&1 insects1 fungi & comm]cial geography are ! *ief factors t det]m9e regions = money-mak+ 9 grape-gr[+4 ,?is has be5 made pla9 9 ! =ego+ discussion ( grape regions1 b ! sev]al factors mu/ be tak5 up 9 great] detail4 ,to b\nd ! regions is ( less importance ?an to und]/& :y !y exi/--less ne$ful to rememb]1 m ne$ful to und]/&4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ! read] has no d\bt already conclud$ t successful grape-gr[+ is 9 l>ge/ measure due to k9dl9ess 9 climate4 ,climate ,"u ! assumption1 !n1 t climate1 ( all factors1 is *ief 9 play+ provid5ce to ! grape1 let u exam9e some:at critically ! relations ( climate to grape-gr[+4 ,:5 analyz$1 ! ess5tials ( climate1 z x gov]ns grape-gr[+1 are f\nd to be six3 fir/1 l5g? ( season2 second1 seasonal sum ( heat2 ?ird1 am\nt ( humidity 9 summ] wea!r2 f\r?1 dates ( spr+ & autumn fro/s2 fif?1 w9t] temp]ature2 six?1 air curr5ts4 ,l5g? ( season4 ,to rea* true p]fection1 ea* grape v>iety has a l5g? ( season ( its own4 ,) ea*1 if x is gr[n 9 too l[ a latitude1 ! v9e is un9t]rupt$ 9 gr[?2 its leaves t5d to become ev]gre52 & n infrequ5tly x produces at ! same "t blossoms1 gre5 fruits & ripe fruits4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! extreme to :i* grapes pass 9 ! f> ,s\?4 ,aga91 _m nor!rn v>ieties fail :]e s\!rn grapes succe$ because ! fruits pass too rapidly f maturity to decay4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v (t5 s\!rn grapes are h>dy 9 v9e 9 ! ,nor?1 b ! season is n suffici5tly long = ! fruit to mature & to acquire suffici5t sug> to give !m good keep+ quality1 prop]ly to pass ?r\gh v9\s f]m5tation1 or ev5 to make a good unf]m5t$ grape-juice4 ,9 ! unev5 topography ( ?is cont95t1 x is n possible to /ate ! range 9 latitude 9 :i* grapes c be cultivat$ to advantage1 = latitude is (t5 set aside by altitude4 ,?us1 iso!rmal l9es1 or l9es ( equal temp]ature1 are mu* curv$ 9 ,am]ica & d n at all co9cide ) ! p>allels ( latitude4 ,o!r factors1 ( c\rse1 ?an l5g? ( season ent] into ! rip5+ ( grapes4 ,! daily range 9 temp]ature1 n always dep5d5t on latitude1 affects rip5+4 ,cool nights may (fset w>m days & delay rip5+4 ,c]ta9ly ra9s1 fogs & humid air delay maturity4 ,! bottom heat ( loose1 w>m1 dry gravelly or /ony soils ha/5s maturity4 ,sun%9e secur$ by a sunny aspect or %elt] ha/5s maturity4 ,! seasonal sum ( heat4 ,successful cultivation ( ! grape dep5ds on a suffici5t am\nt ( heat dur+ ! summ] season4 ,! !ory is t buds ( ! grape comm5ce to />t :5 ! mean daily temp]ature rea*es a c]ta9 height1 & t ! sum ( ! mean daily temp]ature mu/ rea* a c]ta9 am\nt be=e grapes rip54 ,manife/ly1 ?is sum mu/ v>y mu* ) diff]5t v>ieties1 l[ = ! e>lie/ sorts1 high = ! late/4 ,!re h be5 _m obs]vations z to ! temp]atures at :i* buds ( ! grape />t gr[?1 s t x is n[ kn[n t ! temp]ature v>ies 9 accordance ) locality & degree ( maturity4 ,r\ghly speak+1 grape buds />t at temp]atures f #ej to #fj ,f4 ,! seasonal sum ( heat = rip5+ is probably #afjj to #bdjj units4 ,a v>iety ought n to be plant$1 !re=e1 9 a region 9 :i* ! av]age seasonal sum ( heat is n suffici5tly high4 ,! seasonal sum ( heat c be det]m9$ = a locality f data publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau2 & by comp>+ ) ! sum ( heat units 9 localities :]e a v>iety is kn[n to ?rive1 ! grape-gr[] c det]m9e :e!r !re is suffici5t heat = any p>ticul> v>iety4 ,! grape seldom suff]s f hot wea!r 9 a grape region4 ,! fruit is sometimes scald$ 9 ! full blaze ( a hot sun1 b ! ample foliage ( ! v9e usually furni%es protection aga9/ a burn+ sun4 ,at matur+ "t1 ! heat ( an uncl\d$ sun1 if ! air circulates freely1 insures a f9ely f9i%$ product4 ,deep plant+ helps to (fset ! h>mful influ5ces ( w>m climates4 ,humidity ( summ] wea!r4 ,! grape is v s5sitive to moi/ure conditions1 & gr[s be/ 9 regions :]e ! summ] ra9fall is comp>atively light4 ,a damp & cl\dy summ] br+s disa/] to ! v9ey>d 9 sev]al ways2 z small gr[? ( v9e1 small set ( fruit1 a crop ( poor quality1 & ! developm5t ( ! sev]al fung\s diseases4 ,al?\gh ! grape /&s dr\ght1 a sup]fluity ( moi/ure 9 ! soil may d little h>m1 z is %[n 9 irrigat$ v9ey>ds1 b a humid air is fatal to success especially if ! air is bo? w>m & wet4 ,moi/ wea!r dur+ ! "t ( maturity is p>ticul>ly disa/r\s to ! grape1 z are frequ5t fogs4 ,cold wet wea!r 9 bloom+ "t is ! grape-gr[]'s v]nal bane1 s9ce x mo/ effectually prev5ts ! sett+ ( fruit4 ,x may be laid d[n z a rule t ! grape lives by sunlight1 w>m? & air--x (t5 ?rives on ! des]t's edge4 ,^! consid]ations make x manife/ t ! mon?ly & seasonal means ( precipitation mu/ be consid]$ 9 select+ a locality to gr[ grapes4 ,spr+ & autumn fro/s4 ,! av]age date at :i* ! la/ kill+ fro/ occurs 9 ! spr+ (t5 det]m9es ! limit 9 latitude at :i* ! grape c be gr[n4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ favor$ grape region ( ! cont95t1 kill+ fro/s occasionally de/roy ! grape crop1 & !re are few seasons 9 :i* fro/ does n take "s toll4 ,?us on ,may #g1 #aiaf1 fro/ all b ru9$ ! crop ( w9e- & table-grapes 9 ! great grape region ( nor!rn ,cali=nia :]e fro/s are seldom expect$ 9 ,may4 ,little or no?+ c be done to protect grapes f fro/4 ,w9dbreaks z (t5 favor ! fro/ z ! v9e1 & smudg+ or heat+ ! v9ey>ds is too exp5sive to be practical4 ,9 gr[+ grapes1 !re=e1 ! commonly recogniz$ precaution ( select+ a site ne> wat]1 on slopes or 9 a w>m !rmal belt mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,! limits ( grape culture are also det]m9$ by e>ly autumn fro/s4 ,! grape /&s two or ?ree degrees ( fro/1 b any?+ l[] usually de/roys ! crop4 ,"h1 aga91 ! only precaution is to take pa9s 9 select+ ! site4 ,! use ( wea!r data & dates ( life ev5ts ( ! grape4 ,^! consid]ations ( l5g? ( season1 humidity & spr+ & fall fro/s make x pla9 t ! grape-gr[] mu/ syn*ronize ^! phases ( climate ) ! life ev5ts ( ! grape4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he mu/ /udy wea!r data 9 relation to ! bloom+ & rip5+ ( grapes4 ,usually1 ! necess>y wea!r data may be secur$ f ! ne>e/ local wea!r bureau1 :ile ! date ( bloom+ & rip5+ may be obta9$ f ! /ate exp]im5t /ations 9 ! /ates :]e ! grape is an important crop4 ,w9t] temp]ature4 ,v>ieties ( native grapes are seldom injur$ 9 ,am]ica by w9t]-kill+1 s9ce !y are usually plant$ 9 climates 9 :i* wild grapes )/& w9t] conditions4 ,native v>ieties foll[ ! rule t plant & climate are truly cong5ial 9 regions 9 :i* ! plant ?rives )\t ! aid ( man4 ,a few v>ieties ( native grapes f>e badly 9 ! w9t]'s cold ( nor!rn grape regions1 & ! t5d] ,v9if]a v9e is at ! m]cy ( ! w9t] :]ev] ! m]cury goes bel[ z]o4 ,9 cold climates1 !re=e1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 select+ h>dy v>ieties & 9 foll[+ c>eful cultural me?ods ) ! t5d] sorts4 ,if o!r climatic conditions are favorable1 h[ev]1 w9t]-kill+ is n an unsurm\ntable difficulty1 s9ce ! grape is easily protect$ f cold1 s easily t ! t5d] ,v9if]as may be gr[n 9 ! cold ,nor? ) w9t] protection4 ,air curr5ts4 ,curr5ts ( air are ( b local importance 9 gr[+ tree-fruits1 b are ( g5]al & vital importance 9 gr[+ ! grape4 ,! direction1 =ce & frequ5cy ( prevail+ w9ds are (t5 controll+ factors 9 ! suppression ( fung\s diseases ( ! grape1 & ! pres5ce ( fungi (t5 means success or failure 9 regions 9 :i* ! grape is plant$4 ,w9ds are b5eficial1 too1 :5 !y br+ w>m air or dry air1 & :5 !y keep fro/y air 9 motion4 ,! air mu/ move 9 all grape regions1 :e!r f caon1 m\nta91 lake or sea4 ,sunlight1 w>m?1 & air 9 motion are life to ! grape4 ,sometimes w9ds may be detrim5tal2 z :5 too cold1 too blu/]+1 or :5 !y br+ hail1 ! latt] be+ ab\t ! mo/ disa/r\s ( all natural calamities4 ,w9dbreaks are ( small value & are (t5 worse ?an useless4 ,hav+ plant$ 8 v9ey>d1 ! grape-gr[] mu/ take ! w9ds z !y bl[4 ,soils = grapes ,a prime requisite = a v9ey>d be+ e>? 9 :i* v9es w gr[1 successful grape-gr[+ is em95tly dep5d5t on ! selection ( soil4 ,_m mi/akes are made 9 ! great grape regions 9 plant+ on unsuitable soils1 ! plant] go+ on ! assumption t any soil 9 a grape region %\ld be good en\gh = ! grape4 ,b ! cru/ ( ! e>? 9 grape regions is n all grape soil4 ,9 ,new ,york1 = example1 mu* ( ! l& 9 ! ?ree grape regions is bett] fitt$ = produc+ crops = ! mason or road-m5d] ?an = ! grape-gr[]4 ,o!r soils 9 ^! regions are fit = v9ey>ds only :5 til$1 & til+ does n make all wet l& fit = till+4 ,heavy1 clammy clays1 light s&s1 soils p>*$ ) ?ir/1 ?9 or hungry soils--on all ( ^! ! gr[] may plant b w seldom h>ve/4 ,! ideal soil4 ,grapes may be well gr[n 9 a wide range ( soils if ! l& is well dra9$1 op5 to air & if x holds heat4 ,b )\t ^! ess5tials1 :atev] ! soil1 all subsequ5t treatm5t fails to produce a good v9ey>d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! grape gr[s be/ 9 a light1 free-work+1 gravelly loam1 b !re are _m good v9ey>ds 9 gravelly or /ony clays1 gravel or /one to furni% dra9age1 let 9 ! air & to hold heat4 ,contr>y to g5]al belief1 ! grape seldom ?rives 9 v s&y soils unless !re is a fair admixture ( clay1 consid]able decompos+ vegetable matt] & a clay subsoil4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n come too close to ! surface4 ,"s ( ! be/ v9ey>d l&s 9 ! c\ntry are v /ony1 ! /ones h9d]+ only 9 mak+ ! l& difficult to till4 ,ne>ly all grapes require a friable soil1 compactness be+ a s]i\s defect4 ,virgil1 writ+ 9 ,*ri/'s "t1 gave good advice z to soil = ! v9e3 ,a free loose e>? is :at ! v9es dem&1 ,:]e w9d & fro/ h help'd ! lab'r]'s h&1 ,& /urdy peasants deep h /irr'd ! l&4 ,cold1 *urli%1 /icky or clammy clays are nev] to ! lik+ ( ! grape4 ,great f]tility is n necess>y 9 grape l&s4 ,inde$1 ! grape is conspicu\s among cultivat$ plants = ability to n\ri% itself :]e ! food supply is scant4 ,soils naturally too ri* produce an ov]gr[? ( v9e1 ! season's wood does n mature1 ! crop does n set1 & ! grapes lack sug>1 size1 color & flavor4 ,good physical condition & w>m? 9 a well-wat]$1 well-air$ soil enable ! grape to se>* f> & wide = its food4 ,dra9age4 ,no cultivat$ grape endures a wet soil2 all dem& dra9age4 ,a few sorts may ?rive = a "t 9 moi/1 heavy l&1 b m (t5 !y d n live ?\gh !y may l+]4 ,! wat]-table %\ld be at lea/ two feet f ! surface4 ,if by *ance ?is comes naturally1 s mu* ! bett]1 b o!rwise ! l& mu/ be tile-dra9$4 ,slop+ l& is by no means always well dra9$1 _m hillsides hav+ a subsoil s imp]vi\s or s ret5tive ( moi/ure t "u-dra9age is a necessity4 ,! texture ( ! l& is usually improv$ s greatly by good dra9age t ! gr[] has little ne$ to rely on ! clem5cy ( ! season 9 c>ry+ on v9ey>d cultivation 9 well-dra9$ l&4 ,soil adaptations4 ,9 ! ref9em5t ( viticulture1 grape-gr[]s f9d t p>ticul> v>ieties gr[ be/ 9 a p>ticul> soil1 ! likes & dislikes be+ det]m9$ only by trial1 = ! peculi>ities :i* adapt a soil to a v>iety are n analyzable4 ,"s v>ieties1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,concord be+ a good example1 gr[ fruitfully 9 a great v>iety ( soils4 ,ea* ( ! sev]al species ) _! v>ieties has q di/9ct adaptations to soils4 ,?is is tak5 advantage ( 9 plant+ v>ieties on uncong5ial soils aft] !y h be5 graft$ on a v9e :i* f9ds itself at home 9 ! p>ticul> soil4 ,mu* has be5 accompli%$ 9 gr[+ v>ieties on uncong5ial soils by consort+ !m ) o!r /ocks1 an op]ation :i* has br\ght =? volumes ( discussion z to ! adaptabilities ( cions to /ocks & /ocks to soils1 subjects to receive att5tion on a lat] page4 ,insects & fungi ,! pr(itable grape regions ( ! c\ntry h all be5 e/abli%$ 9 regions comp>atively free f grape insects & fungi4 ,if pe/s came lat] 9 consid]able numb]s1 ! indu/ry1 9 ! old days1 p]i%$4 ,"h & !re 9 ! agricultural regions ( ! c\ntry may be f\nd a sorry company ( halt & maim$ v9es1 remnants ( once fl\ri%+ v9ey>ds1 br\ght to _! mis]able condition by "s sc\rge ( insects or fungi4 ,! adv5t ( spray+ & ( bett] k ( ! habits ( ! pe/s has greatly less5$ ! importance ( p>asites z a factor 9 det]m9+ ! value ( a region = grape-gr[+2 b ev5 9 ! light ( ! new k1 x is n wise to g aga9/ ,nature 9 regions :]e pe/s are /rongly intr5*$4 ,comm]cial factors ,! dom9ant factors t lead to ! plant+ ( l>ge areas to any "o fruit are (t5 economic ones2 z transportation1 m>kets1 labor1 facilities = mak+ by-products1 & opportunity to jo9 9 buy+ & sell+ organizations4 ,all ( ^! factors play an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! b\nds ( grape regions1 b a less] "p ?an 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( l>ge areas ( o!r fruits1 = ! reason t ! grape is s l>gely gr[n = rais9s1 w9e1 *ampagne & grape-juice1 products cond5s$ 9 =m1 made ) little labor1 easily transport$1 :i* keep long & f9d ready m>ket at any "t4 ,aga91 :]e natural conditions are favorable = grape-gr[+1 ! crop comes almo/ z a gift f ,nature2 :]eas1 if ! gr[] mu/ brea/ ! bl[s ( unfavorable natural circum/ances1 no matt] h[ favorable ! economic factors may be1 ! v9ey>d is seldom pr(itable4 ,natural factors1 !re=e1 outweigh economic ones 9 grape-gr[+1 b ! latt] mu/ be consid]$ 9 seek+ a site = a v9ey>d1 a task discuss$ "u sev]al heads to foll[4 ,accessibility to m>kets4 ,m>kets ought to be accessible 9 comm]cial grape-gr[+4 ,a location 9 :i* !re is a good local m>ket1 & at ! same "t ample facilities = %ipp+ to di/ant m>kets1 is desirable4 ,if !re are also opportunities to dispose ( any surplus to mak]s ( rais9s1 w9e or grape-juice1 ! gr[] has well-nigh atta9$ ! ideal4 ,fur!r to be desir$ are good roads1 %ort hauls1 quick transportation1 reasonable freight rates1 refrig]ator s]vice & cop]ative ag5cies4 ,! m ( ^! advantages a gr[] has at 8 disposal1 ! less likely he is to fail 9 comm]cial competition4 ,g5]al v]sus local m>kets4 ,! gr[] mu/ be rem9d$ r ?an in=m$ t he mu/ decide 9 locat+ 8 v9ey>d :e!r he w gr[ = di/ant m>kets1 = manufactur+ into grape products1 or = local m>kets4 ,det]m9ation to gr[ grapes once made1 subsequ5t proc$ure at e /ep dep5ds on ! disposition to be made ( ! product4 ,summ>iz$1 ! diff]5ces 9 gr[+ grapes = ! two m>kets are3 ,= ! g5]al m>ket3 ! acreage %\ld be l>ge2 ! m>ket may be di/ant2 ! v>ieties few2 ! co/ ( production l[2 sales l>ge & prices l[2 ! deal+s are ) middlem52 & ext5sive culture is practic$4 ,= ! local m>ket3 ! acreage may be small2 ! m>ket mu/ be ne> & prices mu/ be high2 ! sales are direct to ! consum]2 !re mu/ be succession 9 rip5+2 & int5sive culture is practic$4 ,= ! g5]al m>ket1 ! v9ey>d is ! unit2 = ! local m>ket1 ! v>iety %\ld be ! unit4 ,9 ?is discussion1 h[ev]1 l>ge acreage & ext5sive culture set aga9/ small acreage & int5sive culture may mislead4 ,?is is a case 9 :i* a l>ge endeavor may be a small endeavor1 & a small endeavor a l>ge "o2 or1 9 :i* x may be well to take ! advice ( ,virgil1 :o advis$ ,roman v9ey>di/s1 ,praise great e/ates2 f>m a small "o4 ,! grape-gr[+ ( ! times t5ds m & m to gr[+ = g5]al m>kets4 ,! gr[] plants to skim a comp>atively small return f a l>ge area4 ,?is division ( grape-gr[+ is n[ well develop$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,int5sive grape-gr[+ = local m>kets is n well develop$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m opportunities 9 ,am]ica = easy triumphs 9 fruit-gr[+ 9 ! plant+ ( v9ey>ds = local m>kets4 ,no o!r fruit responds to f9e art 9 culture s well z ! grape4 ,giv5 *oicely good v>ieties & a f9ely f9i%$ product1 & ! gr[] may h almo/ :at he desires = ! produce ( 8 skill4 ,) ! grape1 too1 palm ( m]it goes ) skill 9 culture2 among all :o gr[ plants1 only ! flori/ c rival ! viticulturi/ 9 guid+ ! developm5t ( a plant to a special end4 ,9 cultivat+1 f]tiliz+1 tra9+1 graft+1 prun+1 spray+1 9 e cultural op]ation1 ! grape-gr[] has opportunities to sell 8 skill n giv5 9 s high degree to ! gr[] ( o!r fruits4 ,labor4 ,a great advantage 9 ! congregation ( v9ey>di/s 9 grape regions is f\nd :5 labor mu/ be obta9$4 ,skill$ labor is requir$ to cultivate ! v9e1 & su* labor c be freely secur$ only 9 c5t]s ( viticulture4 ,grape-gr[+ is a speciali/s' bus9ess1 & x takes m ?an a day or a season to make a v9e-dress] out ( a f>m]1 g>d5] or an or*>di/4 ,exp]t labor is mo/ easily obta9$ & is ( be/ quality :]e grapes ab\nd4 ,common labor mu/ be some:at abundant1 also1 9 good v9ey>d locations1 = su* ru% tasks z ty+ & pick+4 ,9 ^! two op]ations1 wom51 *ildr5 or o!r unskill$ labor may be employ$ to advantage4 ,! grape h>ve/ mu/ (t5 be hurri$1 & to keep x 9 full sw+ a ne>-by city f :i* to draw pick]s is a great asset4 ,v9ey>d sites4 ,)9 a grape region1 ! site is important 9 det]m9+ :]e to plant4 ,! site is ! local position ( ! v9ey>d4 ,sites _c be /&>diz$1 & !re=e no two are alike4 ,! c>d9al natural factors to be secur$ 9 a site are w>m?1 sun1 air & fre$om f fro/4 ,^! factors h be5 discuss$ 9 a g5]al way "u ! climate ( grape regions1 b "o ne$s to p>ticul>ize a little m closely to asc]ta9 h[ !y affect individual v9ey>ds4 ,w>m?1 sun1 air & fro/lessness are be/ secur$ by proximity to wat]1 high l& & prop] exposure4 ,proximity to wat]4 ,! favorable influ5ces ( wat] are well illu/rat$ 9 ! grape regions ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio & ,canada4 ,all ( ! grape di/ricts 9 ^! regions are b\nd$ on "o or m sides by wat]4 ,! equaliz+ effects ( l>ge bodies ( wat] on temp]ature1 w>m] w9t] & cool] summ]1 are s well kn[n z sc>cely to ne$ comm5t4 ,h>dly less important ?an ! effects ( wat] on temp]ature are ! (f-%ore breezes ( night & ! 9-%ore breezes ( day :i* bl[ on l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,^! keep ! air ( ! v9ey>d 9 con/ant motion & s prev5t fro/s 9 spr+ & autumn1 & also dry foliage & fruit s t spores ( fungi h difficulty 9 f9d+ foo?old4 ,b if wat] br+s fogs1 dews & humidity1 z does ! ,pacific1 grapes mu/ be plant$ inl&2 o!rwise leaf1 bloom & fruit are born 9 ! blight ( fungi4 ,! b5ign influ5ces ( wat] are felt 9 ! ea/]n grape regions at di/ances ( "o to f\r miles1 seldom f>!r4 ,^! n>r[ belts ab\t ! ea/]n wat]s are b\nd$ on ! l&w>d side by high bluffs ov] :i* _m %[]s fail to pass & :i* protect ! belts bel[ f heavy dews4 ,:]e ! backgr\nd ( bluffs 9 ^! regions s9ks to level l&1 v9ey>ds cease4 ,v9ey>ds are usually "s di/ance above ! wat]1 ! range 9 altitude runn+ f fifty to five hundr$ feet4 ,:]e ! altitude is mu* high]1 immunity to fro/s & w9t] freez+ ceases1 = ! reason t ! atmosph]e is r>] & dri] s t heat radiates rapidly f ! l&4 ,z ! height increases1 also1 ! revels ( ! w9d play havoc ) ! v9es4 ,yet1 "o is (t5 surpris$ to f9d good v9ey>ds at ! level ( ! lakes or1 on ! o!r h&1 cr[n+ high hills4 ,altitude 9 grape-gr[+ mu/1 !re=e1 be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,we "k v little ( ! =mation ( ! !rmal belts on high l& s favorable to ! grape4 ,! lay ( ! l&4 ,we associate ! grape ) rugg$ l&2 z ! v9es on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 ! roll+ l&s ( ,burgundy1 ! slopes ( ,vesuvius & ,olympus1 ! high hills ( ,madeira1 ! cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s ( ,t5]iffe1 m\nta9 slopes 9 ,cali=nia & ! esc>pm5ts ( grape regions 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,^! examples prove h[ well adapt$ roll+ l&s1 incl9$ pla9s & ev5 /eep & rocky hillsides are to ! culture ( ! v9e4 ,virgil long ago wrote1 ,bac*us is p>tial to broad1 sunny hills4 ,yet roll+ l&s are n ess5tial to ! culture ( ! grape1 = 9 ,europe & ,am]ica v good grapes are gr[n on un%elt]$ pla9s1 provid$ ! l& has an elevation on "o or m b\nd>ies above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,if ! conditions ( soil & climate :i* ! grape requires c be f\nd on level l& or mod]ate slopes1 su* situations are mu* bett] ?an /eep declivities1 s9ce on ^! ! co/ ( all v9ey>d op]ations is great] & heavy ra9s erode ! soil4 ,! soil on hills1 too1 is (t5 scant & nigg>dly4 ,level l&1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be %ut 9 on all sides by high] l& z untimely fro/ w (t5 lay wa/e v9es 9 su* a situation4 ,exposures4 ,! exposure1 or ! slope ( ! l& t[>d a po9t ( ! compass1 is important 9 *oos+ a site = ! v9ey>d1 al?\gh ! value ( p>ticul> exposures is (t5 exagg]at$4 ,let x be rememb]$ t good grapes may be gr[n 9 v9ey>ds expos$ to any po9t ( ! compass1 b t slight advantages may sometimes come1 dep5d+ on ! p>ticul> environm5t ( ! plantation1 & !n solve ! problem accord+ to conditions4 ,! foll[+ are !ories z to exposure3 ,a s\!rn exposure is w>m] & h5ce e>li] ?an a nor!rn1 & is1 !re=e1 ! be/ slope = e>ly grapes z well z = v late ones liable to be caught by fro/4 ,nor?w>d & we/w>d slopes ret>d ! leaf+ & bloom+ p]iod1 ?us (t5 enabl+ ! grape to escape untimely spr+ fro/s2 ?\gh to plant on su* slopes may be robb+ ,pet] to pay ,paul1 z :at is ga9$ 9 ret>dation 9 spr+ may be lo/ 9 ! fall ) ! result t ! v9es may be caught by fro/ & may fail to rip5 _! crop4 ,fro/ damage is usually greate/ on a bold ea/]n slope1 & v9es suff] mo/ 9 w9t] freezes on ?is exposure1 s9ce ! direct rays ( ! ris+ sun /rike ! froz5 plants s t !y are m injur$ ?an o!rwise by rapid ?aw+4 ,9 locations ne> bodies ( wat]1 ! be/ slope is t[>d ! wat]1 reg>dless ( direction4 ,! exposure may sometimes be select$ to advantage ) ref]5ce to ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,fitt+ ! l& = plant+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,propagation ,! grape comm5ds itself to comm]cial & amateur gr[]s alike by its ease ( propagation4 ,! v9es ( all species may be propagat$ f se$1 & all b "o ( ! sev]al cultivat$ species may be gr[n readily f cutt+s or lay]s4 ,all yield to graft+ ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,se$s are plant$ only to produce new v>ieties4 ,at "o "t /ocks 7 gr[n f se$1 b ?is practice has fall5 into disrepute because ( ! great v>iations 9 ! se$l+s4 ,v>ieties on _! own roots & /ocks are = mo/ "p propagat$ f cutt+s4 ,9 ! production ( /ocks1 ! viticulturi/ sets ! or*>di/ a good example1 = !re c be no "q t all tree-fruits suff] f be+ gr[n on se$l+ /ocks4 ,! grape is a vigor\s1 self-ass]tive plant & once x is />t$1 :e!r f se$s1 cutt+s or lay]s1 seldom fails to gr[4 ,,se$l+s ,gr[+ se$l+ grapes is ! simple/ ( op]ations4 ,! se$s are tak5 f ! grapes at h>ve/ "t1 aft] :i* !y mu/ pass ?r\gh a re/+ p]iod ( a few mon?s4 ,at once or 9 a mon? or two1 ! se$s %\ld be /ratifi$ 9 moi/ s& & /or$ 9 a cold place until spr+1 :5 !y may be s[n 9 flats or 9 ! op5 gr\nd2 or se$ may be s[n 9 a well-prep>$ piece ( g>d5 l& 9 ! autumn4 ,:5 plant$ 9 ! op51 autumn or spr+1 ! se$s are put 9 at ! dep? ( an in*1 an in* or two ap>t & 9 r[s conv5i5t = cultivation4 ,subsequ5t c>e consi/s ( cultivation if ! se$ are s[n 9 g>d5 r[s1 & 9 prick+ out :5 true leaves appe> if plant$ 9 flats4 ,9 gr\nd t cru/s1 an exp$i5t is to mix grape se$ ) apple se$2 ! apple se$l+s1 be+ m vigor\s1 break ! cru/ & act z nurse plants to ! m t5d] grapes4 ,sometimes x is helpful to ! "y plants to mul* ! gr\nd lightly ) lawn clipp+s or moss4 ,grape se$l+s gr[ rapidly1 (t5 mak+ f two to ?ree feet ( wood 9 a season4 ,! "y plants are ?9n$ or set to /& f\r or five in*es ap>t 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ season1 all plants are cut back sev]ely & almo/ entirely cov]$ ) e>? by pl[+ up to ! r[ on bo? sides4 ,?is e>?1 ( c\rse1 is level$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,if ! seasons are propiti\s & all goes well1 ! se$l+s are ready = ! v9ey>d at ! end ( ! second season1 b if = any reason !y h f>$ badly dur+ _! fir/ two ye>s1 x is mu* bett] to give !m a ?ird season 9 ! nurs]y4 ,se$l+ v9es are seldom z vigor\s z ^? f cutt+s1 & unusual c>e mu/ be tak5 9 sett+ 9 ! v9ey>d1 ?\gh ! op]ation is ess5tially ! same z t to be describ$ = v9es f cutt+s4 ,! ?ird season ! v9es are kept to a s+le %oot & are p9*$ back :5 ! canes rea* a l5g? ( five or six feet4 ,9 ! autumn1 !y are prun$ back to two or ?ree feet4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! f\r? season1 ! trellis is put up & a few fruits may be all[$ to rip54 ,! v9es ( promise may n[ be select$4 ,! plants1 h[ev]1 mu/ fruit twice or (t5] be=e x c be told :e!r hopes are consummat$ or mu/ be def]r$4 ,gr[+ se$l+s = new v>ieties is a game full ( *ances 9 :i*1 :ile !re may be little imm$iate or individual ga91 !re is mu* pleasure4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! grape indu/ry ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 ) its #cjj1jjj acres & #aejj v>ieties1 betok5s ! good t has come f gr[+ se$l+ grapes4 ,,dormant ,,cutt+s ,v9es = v9ey>ds1 ) ! exception ( v>ieties ( ,rotundifolia1 are propagat$ f cutt+s ( h>d wood tak5 f ! season's canes :5 ! v9es are prun$4 ,! inactive buds 9 ^! cutt+s may be br\ght into active gr[?1 & roots induc$ to gr[ f ! cut surfaces by v>i\s means4 ,by ?is miracle ( ,nature1 an inf9ite numb] ( plants1 9 an endless procession1 may be propagat$ f ! product ( a s+le se$1 ea* plant complete 9 its h]$ity & diff]+ f its fell[s only 9 accordance ) environm5t4 ,"t to make cutt+s4 ,a good cutt+ %\ld h a protective callus ov] ! cut & ?is requires "t1 s t ! soon] cutt+s are made aft] ! wood becomes ?or\ghly dormant ! bett]4 ,besides1 ! cutt+ %\ld use its /or$ food mat]ial = ! =mation ( adv5titi\s roots r ?an h x pass into buds1 z x quickly does late 9 ! dormant season :5 buds are ab\t to op54 ,if cutt+s mu/ be made late 9 ! season1 transplant+ mu/ be delay$ z long z possible1 & ! cutt+s be set 9 a nor!rly aspect to prev5t ! premature developm5t ( ! buds4 ,h[ev]1 ! grape responds surpris+ly well to ! call ( ,nature 9 =m+ roots1 & great importance ne$ n be atta*$ to ! "t at :i* ! cutt+s are made4 ,select+ cutt+ wood4 ,cutt+s are made f "o-ye>-old wood2 t is1 canes produc$ dur+ ! summ] are tak5 = cutt+s 9 ! fall4 ,immature canes & ^? ) s(t1 spongy wood ought n to be us$4 ,/rong vigor\s canes %\ld be giv5 pref]5ce ov] weak gr[?1 b mo/ nurs]ym5 ma9ta9 t v l>ge canes d n make z good cutt+s z d ^? ( m$ium size1 ! objection to l>ge size be+ t ! cutt+s d n root z well4 ,%ort-jo9t$ wood is bett] ?an long-jo9t$4 ,cutt+s f v9es weak5$ by insects & fungi are liable to be weak1 s(t1 immature & poorly /or$ ) food4 ,! wood %\ld be smoo? & /raight4 ,mak+ ! cutt+4 ,grape cutt+s v>y 9 l5g? f f\r in*es to two feet1 ! l5g? dep5d+ on ! climate & ! soil ( ! nurs]y & ! species & v>iety4 ,! hott] & dri] ! climate & ! light] ! soil1 ! long] ! cutt+ ne$s to be4 ,six to n9e in*es1 h[ev]1 is ! usual l5g? 9 ! climate ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 :ile on ! ,pacific slope ! l5g? v>ies f eight to fifte5 in*es4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 all cutt+s %\ld be approximately ( ! same l5g?1 to insure :i* "s k9d ( simple gauge is ne$$4 ,v>i\s gauges are us$1 z m>ks cut 9 ! work+ table1 a /ick ( ! requir$ l5g?1 or a cutt+-box4 ,9 mak+ ! cutt+s1 a slant+ cut is made close bel[ ! l[e/ bud1 :ile ab\t an in* ( wood is left above ! upp] bud4 ,:5 possible1 a heel ( old wood is left at ! l[] end2 or1 /ill bett]1 a :orl ( buds1 z roots usually />t f ea* bud4 ,! f9i%$ cutt+s are ti$ 9 bundles1 all butts "o way1 & are !n ready to be heel$-94 ,?is is done by bury+ 9 tr5*es1 butts up1 & cov]+ ) a few in*es ( soil4 ,x is important to inv]t ! cutt+s 9 tr5*+1 s9ce o!rwise ! tops (t5 />t to gr[ be=e ! butts are prop]ly call\s$1 & x is v ess5tial t ! tops rema9 dormant until roots appe> to support ! new gr[?4 ,plant+ ! cutt+s4 ,cutt+s are plant$ 9 ! nurs]y 9 r[s wide en\gh ap>t = cultivation & two or ?ree in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,tr5*es are made ) a pl[2 p]p5dicul> if ! cutt+s are %ort]1 & a little slant+ if long] ?an six in*es4 ,! cutt+s are set at a dep? :i* p]mits ! upp] buds to project above ! gr\nd1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,:5 ! cutt+s 9 a r[ are plac$1 two in*es ( soil are put 9 & press$ firmly ab\t ! base ( ! cutt+s4 ,!n ! tr5* is ev5ly fill$ ) e>? & ! cultivator foll[s4 ,do+ duty by ! "y plants consi/s 9 cultivat+ (t5 dur+ ! summ] to keep ! soil moi/ & mell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,plant+ cutt+s4 ,! cutt+s are plant$ z soon z ! gr\nd is w>m & dry en\gh to "w4 ,to delay plant+ too long invites injury f dr\ght1 :i* almo/ annually p>*es ! l& 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,irrigation gives m leeway to plant+ "t 9 ! ,we/4 ,:5 w>m sunny wea!r1 accompani$ by an occasional %[]1 pr$om9ates1 ! cutt+s />t gr[? almo/ at once1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 & by fall1 all ?+s be+ propiti\s1 make a gr[? f f\r to six feet4 ,) ! cutt+s ?ree in*es & ! r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 #eh1jhj v9es may be gr[n to ! acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,a cutt+ beg9n+ gr[?4 ,s+le-eye cutt+s4 ,new & r>e v>ieties are propagat$ f s+le-eye cutt+s1 !reby d\bl+ ! numb] ( plants f ! propagat+ wood4 ,?is me?od gives an opportunity1 also1 to />t ! "w ( propagat+ e>ly 9 ! season1 s9ce s+le-eye cutt+s are ne>ly always root$ by artificial heat4 ,b ! greate/ value ( ! me?od is t "s v>ieties :i* _c be propagat$ 9 any o!r way readily gr[ "u artificial heat f s+le-eyes4 ,well-gr[n v9es s propagat$ are z good z ^? gr[n by any o!r me?od1 b ! great disadvantage is t unless mu* c>e & skill are us$1 v9es f ^! cutt+s are poor & q wor?less4 ,x is also a m exp5sive me?od ?an gr[+ f long cutt+s out ( doors4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ s+le-eye cutt+s4 ,! mo/ common =m ( ! cutt+ is ! s+le bud ) an in* ( wood above & bel[1 ! ends be+ cut ) a slant4 ,"s modify ?is =m by cutt+ away ! wood on ! side opposite ! bud1 expos+ ! pi? ! :ole l5g? ( ! cutt+4 ,9 ano!r =m1 a squ>e cut is made directly "u ! bud1 leav+ an in* & a half ( wood above4 ,or ?is la/ =m is modifi$ by mak+ a long slop+ cut f ! bud to ! upp] end1 !reby expos+ ! maximum am\nt ( cambium4 ,advantages are claim$ = ea* =m1 b ^! are mo/ly imag9>y1 & ! cutt+ may be made to suit ! fancy ( ! propagator if a few ess5tials are obs]v$4 ,s+le-eye cutt+s are made 9 ! fall & are /or$ 9 s& until late w9t]1 ab\t ,febru>y 9 ,new ,york4 ,at ?is "t ! cutt+s are plant$ horizontally an in* deep 9 a s& propagat+ b5* 9 a cool gre5h\se4 ,if ! cutt+s are n well call\s$1 !y rema9 "o or two weeks 9 a temp]ature ( #dj to #ej )\t bottom heat1 b well-made cutt+s are call\s$ & ready to /rike root s t brisk bottom heat c be appli$ at once4 ,aft] six weeks or two mon?s1 ! "y plants are ready to pot (f or to transplant 9 a cold-frame or cool gre5h\se4 ,if b a few plants are to be gr[n1 !y may be />t$ 9 two- or ?ree-in* pots1 %ift+ into l>g] pots once or twice z gr[? progresses4 ,9 e>ly summ]1 ! "y plants are set 9 nurs]y r[s out ( doors & by fall ! "y v9es %\ld be /rong & vigor\s4 ,s+le-eyes are also />t$ 9 hot-b$s1 cold-frames & ev5 9 ! op5 air )\t ! aid ( artificial heat4 ,9 hot-b$s & cold-frames1 ! me?od is only a modification ( t describ$ = gre5h\ses4 ,out ( doors ! cutt+s are giv5 ! same conditions "u :i* long cutt+s are root$1 except t ! :ole ( ! %ort cutt+ is buri$ an in* deep 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,,h]bace\s ,,cutt+s ,grapes are easily propagat$ f h]bace\s cutt+s1 al?\gh s9ce ! v9es are weak & ! me?od exp5sive1 !y are seldom us$4 ,gre5 cutt+s are usually tak5 f plants =c$ 9 gre5h\ses1 b may be tak5 9 summ] f v9ey>d v9es4 ,a gre5 cutt+ is usually cut ) two buds ) ! leaf at ! upp] "o left on4 ,! cutt+s are set 9 propagat+ b$s ( s&1 or pots ( s&1 9 close frames "u :i* !re is brisk bottom heat4 ,to prev5t excessive evaporation1 ! frames are kept clos$ & ! atmosph]e w>m & moi/4 ,z gr[? progresses1 or if mildew appe>s1 ! frames are m & m v5tilat$4 ,9 two to f\r weeks1 ! cutt+s %\ld h root$ suffici5tly well to be transplant$ to pots4 ,h]bace\s cutt+s made 9 ! summ] mu/ be kept "u glass until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,,lay]+ ,! grape is readily propagat$ f lay]s ( ei!r gre5 or mature wood1 ! me?od be+ c]ta91 conv5i5t & produc+ extra vigor\s plants4 ,! drawback is t few] plants c be obta9$ by lay]+ ?an f cutt+s ) a giv5 am\nt ( wood4 ,v>ieties ( "s species1 h[ev]1 _c be propagat$ by cutt+s1 & ) ^! lay]+ becomes ( supreme importance to ! propagator4 ,ne>ly all v>ieties ( ,rotundifolia & "s ( /ivalis are be/ gr[n f lay]s4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 all v>ieties ( cultivat$ species may be gr[n by lay]+1 & s9ce ! me?od is simple & c]ta9 & ! v9es vigor\s & easily h&l$1 ?is me?od is comm5d$ to small gr[]s ( grapes4 ,dormant wood lay]+4 ,! "w ( lay]+ mature wood usually beg9s 9 ! spr+1 b ! v9es f :i* ! lay]s are to be tak5 %\ld h receiv$ prelim9>y treatm5t ! prec$+ season4 ,! v9es to be lay]$ are sev]ely cut back a ye> or m be=e ! lay]+ is to be done to induce a vigor\s gr[? ( canes4 ,/rong vigor\s canes are laid 9 a %all[ tr5*1 two to five in*es deep1 9 :i* !y are fa/5$ ) wood or wire pegs or /aples4 ,! tr5* is !n p>tly fill$ ) f9e1 moi/1 mell[ e>? :i* is firmly pack$ ab\t ! cane4 ,roots /rike & %oots spr+ f ea* jo9t4 ,:5 ! "y plants are well above gr\nd1 ! tr5* is completely fill$1 & !n1 or a little lat]1 ! "y plants are /ak$ to keep !m out ( ! way ( ! cultivator4 ,! foll[+ fall ! "y v9es are ready to transplant4 ,! ess5tials ( lay]+ h be5 giv51 b a numb] ( non-ess5tials may be helpful "u "s conditions4 ,?us1 dormant wood may be lay]$ 9 ! fall1 9 :i* case ! cane is usually not*$ or r+$ at ! jo9t to induce ! =mation ( roots4 ,! less ! numb] ( jo9ts cov]$1 ! /rong] ! "y v9es1 s t :ile ! numb] is usually five1 six or m extra vigor\s plants may be obta9$ by cov]+ only "o or two jo9ts4 ,9 propagat+ ,rotundifolia grapes1 x is expect$ t lat]al bran*es w make ! tops ( ! new plants4 ,^!1 at ! "t ( lay]+1 are cut back to eight or t5 in*es1 all on ! same side ( ! v9e1 & are n left clos] toge!r ?an twelve in*es4 ,9 nurs]y practice1 ,rotundifolia v9es are tra9$ along ! gr\nd = lay]+4 ,v9es on arbors1 9 gre5h\ses1 or on sides ( build+s are easily lay]$ 9 boxes or pots ( soil4 ,plants gr[n f lay]s are n z conv5i5tly h&l$ z ^? f cutt+s4 ,gre5 wood lay]+4 ,lay]$ plants f gre5 wood are sometimes gr[n to multiply quickly new or r>e v>ieties4 ,! "w is accompli%$ 9 midsumm] by b5d+ d[n & cov]+ %oots ( ! pres5t season's gr[?4 ,/rong plants are seldom obta9$ f summ]-lay]+ & x is nev] safe to attempt to gr[ m ?an "o or two plants f a %oot4 ,! mo/ =ceful culture possible mu/ be giv5 summ]-lay]$ plants aft] ! sep>ation f ! p>5t v9e4 ,x is v g5]ally agre$ t plants f summ]-lay]s n only d n give good plants1 b t ! p>5t v9e is injur$ 9 tak+ an (fspr+ f x 9 ?is way4 ,lay]+ to fill vacancies 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,!re is sure to be an occasional gap ev5 9 ! be/ v9ey>d4 ,"y plants set 9 vacancies mu/ compete ) neighbor+ full-gr[n v9es1 & (t5 9 a bit ( l& s unfavorable t x may h be5 ! cause ( ! demise ( ! orig9al occupant4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! newcom] /&s a poor *ance = life4 ,a plant introduc$ by lay]+ a /rong cane f a ne>-by v9e has little difficulty 9 e/abli%+ itself on its own roots1 aft] :i* x c be sep>at$ f ! p>5t4 ,su* lay]+ is be/ done by tak+ 9 e>ly spr+ a /rong1 unprun$ cane f an adjo9+ plant 9 ! same r[ & cov]+ an end jo9t six in*es deep 9 ! vacant place1 b leav+ suffici5t wood on ! end ( ! cane to turn up p]p5dicul>ly out ( ! soil4 ,?is free end becomes ! new plant & by ! foll[+ fall or spr+ may be sep>at$ f its p>5t4 ,n infrequ5tly ! "y plant be>s fruit ! second season on its own roots4 ,?is me?od is ( especial value 9 small plantations1 :]eby ! tr\ble ( ord]+ "o or two plants is avoid$ & ! advantage ( e>ly fruit+ is obta9$4 ,,graft+ ,s9ce graft+ grapes is intimately connect$ ) /ocks1 ! gr[+ ( :i* is a mod]n practice1 graft+ is ?\ght ( z a new process 9 gr[+ ?is fruit4 ,q to ! contr>y1 x is an old practice4 ,cato1 ! /urdy old ,roman grape-gr[] :o liv$ ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 speaks ( graft+ grapes1 al?\gh ,!ophra/us1 ! ,greek philosoph]1 wrote a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! v9e _c be graft$ ^u itself4 ,h[ev]1 until x became necess>y to gr[ ,v9if]a grapes on resi/ant /ocks to avoid ! ravages ( phyllox]a1 graft+ ! grape 0 n at all common among v9ey>di/s & is n n[ except :]e v9es susceptible to phyllox]a mu/ be gr[n 9 consort ) roots resi/ant to ?is insect1 or to modify ! vigor ( ! top by a /ock m vigor\s or less vigor\s4 ,= ^! two purposes1 graft+ is n[ 9 "s grape regions "o ( ! mo/ important v9ey>d op]ations4 ,9 graft+ ! grape1 !re is a "t & a way1 n s p>ticul> z _m believe1 b r m p>ticul> ?an 9 graft+ mo/ o!r fruits4 ,if ! ess5tials ( graft+ are kept 9 m9d1 "o has consid]able *oice ( details4 ,graft+ consi/s 9 deta*+ & ins]t+ "o or sev]al buds ( a "m plant on ano!r plant ( ! same or a simil> k9d2 ! bud /ock is ! cion1 ! root$ plant is ! /ock4 ,! ess5tials may be set =? 9 ?ree /atem5ts3 ,fir/1 ! prime ess5tial is t ! cambium lay]s1 ! heal+ tissue ly+ betwe5 ! b>k & wood1 meet 9 ! cion & /ock2 second1 t me?od ( graft+ is be/ 9 :i* ! cut tissues heal mo/ rapidly & mo/ completely2 ?ird1 ! great] ! am\nt ( cambium contact1 z comp>$ ) ! :ole cut surface1 ! m rapidly & completely ! w\nds w heal4 ,out ( a great _m1 ! foll[+ are a few ( ! simple/ me?ods 9 use 9 graft+ ! grape1 any "o ( :i* may be modifi$ m or less z occasion calls4 ,v9ey>d graft+ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,cutt+ (f ! trunk4 ,9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 ! gr[+ v9e is usually graft$4 ,at ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! op]ation is v successfully p]=m$ on old v9es z foll[s3 ,prep>atory to graft+1 ! e>? is remov$ f ar\nd ! /ock to a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,! v9es are !n decapitat$ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd & at "r angles ) ! axis ( ! /ock4 ,if ! gra9 is /raight1 ! cleft c be made by splitt+ ) a *isel1 b m (t5 x w h to be done ) a ?9-blad$ saw ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! /ock = at lea/ two in*es4 ,! cion is cut ) two buds1 ! w$ge be+ />t$ at ! l[] bud4 ,! cleft 9 ! /ock is !n op5$1 & ! cion ins]t$ s t ! cambium ( /ock & cion are 9 intimate contact4 ,if ! /ock is l>ge1 two cions are us$4 ,! sev]al op]ations 9 graft+ are %[n 9 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 #aj & #aa4 ,graft+ wax is unnecess>y1 9 fact is (t5 worse ?an useless1 & if ! /ock is l>ge ! graft is n ev5 ti$4 ,raffia is us$ to tie ! graft 9 "y v9es4 ,x suffices to m\nd ! graft to ! top ( ! cion ) e>?1 = ! purposes ( protection & to keep ! graft moi/4 ,two or ?ree times dur+ ! summ]1 spr\ts com+ f ! /ock or roots f ! cion %\ld be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,cutt+ ! cleft4 ,a me?od us$ ) fair success at ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ) "y v9es is to plant "o-ye>-old /ocks 9 ! nurs]y r[ z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$ 9 ! spr+4 ,j z ! v9es />t 9 gr[?1 ^! are cut (f at ! surface ( ! gr\nd & :ip- or cleft-graft$ ) a two-eye cion4 ,! graft is ti$ ) raffia1 aft] :i* x is all b cov]$ ) a m\nd ( soil4 ,?is is a case 9 :i* ! "w mu/ be done at ! accept$ "t1 z x is fatal to delay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,ins]t+ ! cion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! complet$ graft4 ,r4 ,d4 ,an?ony describes ano!r me?od z foll[s3#b ,a me?od :i* a ,p5nsylvania gr[] ( ,v9if]as has f\nd v satisfactory is to root ! ,v9if]a cutt+s1 & gr[ !m "o ye> on _! own roots2 !n ! v9e :i* is to be us$ z a /ock is plant$ 9 ! v9ey>d & ! root$ cutt+ plant$ beside x s t ! %oots f ! two may be br\ght 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ,june :5 ! plants are 9 full gr[?1 two vigor\s %oots 7"o f ea* v9e7 are br\ght toge!r & a cut two or ?ree in*es long made 9 ea* p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! cane remov+ f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! ?ickness ( ! %oot4 ,^! flat surfaces expos$ by ! cuts are !n br\ght into contact ) ! cambium tissues t\*+ & are ti$ 9 place4 ,! tops are *eck$ some:at by break+ (f "s ( ! gr[?4 ,! foll[+ spr+ ! ,v9if]a roots are cut (f bel[ ! graft & ! top ( ! /ock above ! graft is remov$4 ,9 ! subsequ5t c>e ( ^! "y v9es1 ! gr[] mu/ take "t by ! =elock & tie ! grafts to suitable /akes2 o!rwise !y are liable to be brok5 (f at ! union by w9d or c>eless workm54 ,graft$ v9ey>ds mu/ h extra good c>e 9 all cultural op]ations1 & ev5 ) ! be/ ( c>e f #e to #ej p] c5t ( ! grafts w fail or gr[ s poorly z to make regraft+ necess>y1 ?is be+ ! mo/ unfavorable circum/ance ( field graft+4 ,regraft+ is done "o jo9t l[] ?an ! fir/ op]ation to avoid dead wood2 ?is br+s ! union bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! v9ey>di/ mu/ expect _m cion roots to try 8 pati5ce4 ,v9ey>d graft+ on ! ,pacific slope4 ,v9ey>d graft+1 accord+ to ,bioletti1#c 0 =m]ly ! commone/ me?od ( />t+ resi/ant v9ey>ds 9 ,cali=nia4 ,aft] /at+ t x is be/ :5ev] possible to plant good cutt+s r ?an roots1 & t ! graft+ %\ld usually be done ! ye> aft] plant+1 ,bioletti gives ! foll[+ directions = graft+3#d ,:]ev] possible ! v9es %\ld be graft$ at or above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to g bel[ ! surface to f9d a smoo?1 suitable "p ( ! /ock :]e graft+ is possible4 ,! k9d ( graft to use w dep5d on ! size ( ! /ock4 ,= /ocks up to #b_/c in* 9 diamet] ! me?ods ( tongue & wire graft+ already describ$ are ! be/4 ,= l>g] v9es up to #c_/d in* a modification ( ! ord9>y tongue graft is ! be/4 ,if ! tongue graft 7 made 9 ! usual way ) /ocks ( ?is size1 x w\ld be necess>y to use excessively l>ge scions1 :i* is undesirable1 or to h ! b>ks unite only on "o side4 ,by cutt+ ! bevel ( ! /ock only "p way ?r\gh ! v9es1 x is possible to make a small] scion unite on bo? sides4 ,= /ill l>g] v9es1 ^? ov] #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 ! be/ graft is ! ord9>y cleft4 ,no wax or clay %\ld be us$ on ! graft4 ,any?+ :i* completely excludes ! air prev5ts ! knitt+ ( ! tissues4 ,a little clay1 clo?1 or a leaf may be plac$ ov] ! split 9 ! /ock :5 ! cleft graft is us$1 simply to keep out ! soil4 ,o!rwise !re is no?+ m suitable or m favorable to ! =mation ( a good union t c be put ar\nd ! graft ?an loose1 moi/ soil4 ,if ! soil is clayey1 /iff or lumpy1 x is necess>y to surr\nd ! union ) loose soil or s& br\ght f outside ! v9ey>d4 ,x w usually be necess>y to tie ! grafts4 ,a well-made cleft graft (t5 holds ! scion ) suffici5t =ce to prev5t its displacem5t & no ty+ is necess>y4 ,:]ev] !re is any dang] ( ! graft mov+1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be ti$4 ,!re is no?+ bett] = ?is purpose ?an ord9>y raffia4 ,! raffia %\ld n be blue/on$1 z x w la/ long en\gh )\t & w be sure to rot 9 a few weeks1 & ! tr\ble ( cutt+ x w be avoid$4 ,cotton /r+ or any?+ :i* w keep ! graft 9 place = a few weeks may also be us$4 ,z soon z ! graft is made & ti$1 a /ake %\ld be driv5 & ! union cov]$ ) a little e>?4 ,! hill+ up ( ! graft may be left = a few h\rs1 except 9 v hot1 dry wea!r4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole graft %\ld be cov]$ ) a broad hill ( loose soil #b in*es above ! top ( ! scion4 ,field graft+ %\ld n be comm5c$ z a rule1 except 9 ! hotte/ & drie/ localities1 be=e ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,be=e t !re is too mu* dang] t heavy ra9s may keep ! soil soak$ = sev]al weeks--a condition v unfavorable to ! =mation ( good unions4 ,9 any case ! graft+ %\ld n be done :ile ! soil is wet4 ,graft+ may cont9ue z long z ! cutt+s c be kept dormant4 ,x is difficult to graft successfully1 h[ev]1 :5 ! b>k ( ! /ock becomes loose1 z x does soon aft] ! middle ( ,april 9 mo/ localities4 ,z 9 ! ,ea/1 x is necess>y 9 ,cali=nia to remove suck]s f ! roots & roots f ! cions once or twice dur+ ! summ]4 ,suck]s %\ld n be all[$ to ov]%ade ! graft1 ?\gh x is be/ n to remove !m until dang] ( di/urb+ ! graft is pa/4 ,! grafts %\ld be /ak$ & ! v9es look$ aft] z recomm5d$ = ea/]n conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,cov]-crops4 ,top1 c[-horn turnips2 bottom1 rye4 ,b5* graft+4 ,! resi/ant v9ey>ds ( ,france & ,cali=nia are n[ />t$ almo/ entirely ) b5*-graft$ v9es4 ,x has be5 le>n$ 9 ^! regions t a graft$ v9e1 to be a p]man5t success1 mu/ h ! consort+ p>ts p]fectly unit$1 & t ! soon] ! graft+ is done 9 ! life ( /ock & cion ! bett] ! union4 ,cions ( ! v>iety want$ are1 !re=e1 graft$ on resi/ant roots or resi/ant cutt+s 9 ! work%op & !n plant$ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,b5* graft+ has ! advantage ov] field graft+ 9 "t ga9$ & 9 secur+ a full] /& ( v9es4 ,b5* graft+ really beg9s ) ! selection ( cutt+s1 s9ce success l>gely dep5ds on good cutt+s ( bo? /ock & cion4 ,cutt+s are tak5 f /rong heal?y v9es & are ( m$ium size1 ) %ort to m$ium jo9ts4 ,! be/ size is "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 t ( /ock & cion be+ ! same s9ce ! two mu/ mat* exactly4 ,! cutt+-wood may be tak5 f ! "m v9es at any "t dur+ ! dormant season up to two weeks be=e buds swell 9 ! spr+1 & ! cutt+s c !n be made z conv5i5ce dictates1 ?\gh mean:ile ! wood mu/ be kept cool & moi/1 :i* is be/ done by cov]+ !m ) moi/ b n wet soil or s& 9 a cell> or cool %$4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ! graft+ is done 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 ?\gh x may be begun e>li] & cont9u$ a mon? lat]4 ,prep>ation ( cutt+s4 ,! /ocks are cut into l5g?s ( ab\t t5 in*es1 a gauge be+ us$ to secure uni=m l5g?4 ,! cut at ! bottom is made ?r\gh a bud 9 su* a way z to leave ! diaphragm4 ,! top cut is made z ne> t5 in*es f ! bottom z possible1 leav+ ab\t "o & "o-half in*es above ! top bud = conv5i5ce 9 graft+4 ,! /ock is !n disbudd$1 tak+ bo? visible & adv5titi\s buds1 ! latt] indicat$ by woody enl>gem5ts1 to keep d[n ! numb] ( suck]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,b5*-graft$ cutt+s ( grape1 %[+ bo? ! cleft-graft & ! :ip-graft4 ,! cion %\ld be made ) b "o bud1 !reby ga9+ ! advantage ( hav+ e cion ! same l5g? s t all unions are at ! same di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! cion is made ) ab\t two & "o-half in*es ( int]node bel[ ! bud & "o-half in* above1 a %>p knife be+ ! be/ tool = mak+ ! cuts4 ,/ock & cion cutt+s are n[ grad$ to exactly ! same diamet]s1 ?is be+ necess>y to secure p]fection 9 ! unions4 ,?ree me?ods ( unit+ /ock & cion are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x suffices to grade by ! eye into ?ree lots--l>ge1 small & m$ium--b "s nurs]ym5 pref] to secure ev5 great] accuracy by ! use ( any "o ( sev]al me*anical gauges4 ,! me?ods ( unit+ /ock & cion may be describ$ be/ by quot+ ,bioletti1 f :om mo/ ( ! details already giv5 h be5 summ>iz$3#e ,tongue graft+4 ,:5 ! /ocks & scions are prep>$ & grad$ ! graft] takes a box ( /ocks & a box ( ! correspond+ size ( scions & unites !m4 ,ea* is cut at ! same angle 9 su* a way t :5 plac$ toge!r ! cut surface ( "o exactly fits & cov]s ! :ole ( ! cut surface ( ! o!r4 ,! l5g? ( cut surface %\ld be f ?ree to f\r times ! diamet] ( ! cutt+1 ! %ort] cut = ! l>g] sizes & ! long] = ! ?9n]4 ,?is w correspond to an angle ( f #ad4e to #ai4e degrees4 ,! cut %\ld be made ) a slid+ movem5t ( ! knife4 ,?is w make ! cut m easily & m smoo?ly4 ,! cut %\ld be made ) a s+le quick motion ( ! knife4 ,if ! fir/ cut is n satisfactory1 a completely new "o %\ld be made4 ,!re %\ld be no p>+ ( ! cut1 z ?is w make an irregul> or wavy surface & prev5t ! cutt+s com+ toge!r closely 9 all p>ts4 ,! tongues are made ) a sl[1 slid+ motion ( ! knife4 ,!y are comm5c$ slightly above "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! %>p end ( ! bevel & cut d[n until ! tongue is j a trifle m ?an "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! cut surface4 ,! tongue %\ld be cut1 n split4 ,! knife %\ld n foll[ ! gra9 ( ! wood1 b %\ld be slant$ 9 su* a way t ! tongue w be ab\t "o-half z ?ick z x w\ld be if made by splitt+4 ,be=e )draw+ ! knife x is b5t ov] 9 ord] to op5 out ! tongue4 ,?is v mu* facilitates ! plac+ toge!r ( /ock & scion4 ,! /ock & scion are n[ plac$ toge!r &1 if ev]y?+ has be5 done prop]ly1 !re w be no cut surface visible & ! extremity ( nei!r /ock nor scion w project ov] ! cut surface ( ! o!r4 ,x is mu* bett] t ! po9ts %\ld n q rea* ! bottom ( ! cut surface ?an t !y %\ld ov]lap1 z ! union w be m complete & ! scions w be less liable to ?r[ out roots4 ,if ! po9ts d ov]lap1 ! ov]lapp+ portion %\ld be cut (f1 z 9 ! ,*amp9 grafts4 ,a skillful graft]1 by foll[+ ! above-describ$ me?od1 w make grafts mo/ ( :i* w hold toge!r v firmly4 ,_m ( !m w\ld be displac$1 h[ev]1 9 subsequ5t op]ations1 s t x is necess>y to tie !m4 ,?is is done ) raffia or wax$ /r+4 ,! only object ( ! ty+ is to keep ! /ock & scion toge!r until !y unite by ! gr[? ( _! own tissues1 s t ! less mat]ial us$ ! bett]1 provid$ ?is object is atta9$4 ,= ! =mation ( heal+ tissue air is necess>y1 s t clay1 wax1 t9foil or any?+ t w\ld exclude ! air %\ld n be us$4 ,! ty+ mat]ial is pass$ twice ar\nd ! po9t ( ! scion to hold x d[n firmly1 & !n ) "o or two wide spirals x is c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ! /ock1 :i* is fa/5$ firmly ) two m turns & ! end ( ! /r+ pass$ "u ! la/ turn4 ,! less /r+ is us$ ! m easily x is remov$ lat] 9 ! nurs]y4 ,untreat$ raffia %\ld be us$ = late grafts :i* are to be plant$ directly out 9 ! nurs]y1 b if ! grafts are to be plac$ fir/ 9 a callus+ b$ x is be/ to blue/one ! raffia 9 ord] to prev5t rott+ be=e ! grafts are plant$4 ,?is is done by /eep+ ! bundles ( raffia 9 a ?ree p] c5t solution ( blue/one = a few h\rs & !n hang+ !m up to dry4 ,be=e us+1 ! raffia %\ld be wa%$ quickly 9 a /ream ( wat] 9 ord] to remove ! blue/one :i* has cry/alliz$ on ! outside & :i* might corrode ! graft4 ,"s graft]s pref] wax$ /r+ = graft+4 ,! /r+ %\ld be /rong en\gh to hold ! graft1 b ?9 en\gh to be brok5 by h&4 ,no4 #ah knitt+ cotton is a good size4 ,x is wax$ by soak+ ! balls 9 melt$ graft+ wax = sev]al h\rs4 ,! /r+ w absorb ! wax1 & may !n be plac$ on "o side until ne$$4 ,a good wax = ?is purpose is made by melt+ toge!r "o "p ( tall[1 two p>ts ( beeswax1 & ?ree p>ts ( ros94 ,wire graft+4 ,! m]its claim$ = ?is me?od are t x is m rapid1 requires less skill1 & does away ) ! tr\blesome ty+ & /ill m tr\blesome removal ( ! ty+ mat]ial4 ,practic$ graft]s c obta9 z l>ge a p]c5tage ( ,no4 #a unions by ?is me?od z by any o!r1 & unpractic$ graft]s c d almo/ z well z practic$4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! me?od is t ! scions h less t5d5cy to make roots ?an ) ! tongue graft4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( ! use ( a %ort piece ( galvaniz$ iron wire ins]t$ 9 ! pi? ( /ock & scion = ! purpose ( hold+ !m toge!r1 ?us replac+ bo? tongues & raffia4 ,x has be5 object$ t ! iron w\ld h a delet]i\s effect on ! tissues ( ! graft1 corrod+ !m1 or caus+ !m to decay4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 no reason to expect any su* result1 & v9es graft$ 9 ?is way h be5 be>+ = ye>s )\t %[+ any su* effect4 ,! prep>ation & grad+ ( /ocks & scions are exactly ! same = ?is me?od z = ! tongue graft4 ,/ock & scion are cut at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,a piece ( galvaniz$ iron wire two in*es long is !n pu%$ "o in* into ! firme/ pi?4 ,?is w usually be ! pi? ( ! /ock1 b x w dep5d on ! v>ieties be+ graft$4 ,! scion is !n pu%$ on to ! wire & press$ d[n until x is 9 contact ) ! /ock4 ,if ! cutt+s h l>ge pi? x is bett] to use two pieces ( wire1 "o plac$ 9 ! /ock fir/ & ! o!r 9 ! scion4 ,! l5g? ( wire to use w v>y ) ! size & firmness ( ! cutt+s1 b #b in*es w usually be f\nd mo/ satisfactory4 ,wire ( ,no4 #ag gauge is ! mo/ useful size4 ,mak+ bundles4 ,if ! grafts are to be plant$ out directly 9 ! nurs]y1 !y may be simply laid 9 boxes or trays1 cov]$ ) damp sacks1 & c>ri$ out to be plant$ z soon z made4 ,x is usually bett]1 h[ev]1 to place !m = sev]al weeks 9 a callus+ b$ be=e plant+4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y = conv5i5ce ( h&l+ to tie !m up into bundles4 ,no m ?an tw5ty grafts %\ld be plac$ 9 a bundle1 & t5 is bett]4 ,if ! bundles are too l>ge !re is dang] ( ! grafts 9 ! middle becom+ moldy or dry4 ,a /& is v conv5i5t4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( bo>d #ab in*es1 on "o end ( :i* is nail$ a cleat #f in*es by #d in*es & "u ! o!r end a support ( ! same size4 ,two #d-;in* wire nails are driv5 ?r\gh ! bo>d f bel[1 #d in*es ap>t & #e in*es f ! cleat4 ,two o!r #d-;in* nails are driv5 simil>ly at #a-a_/b in*es f ! o!r end4 ,! grafts are laid on ?is /& ) ! scions re/+ aga9/ ! cleat1 & are !n ti$ ) ! two pieces ( blue/on$ raffia t h previ\sly be5 plac$ above ea* pair ( nails4 ,?is arrangem5t insures all ! scions1 & !re=e ! unions1 be+ at ! same level1 & puts bo? ties bel[ ! union :]e !y w n /ra9 ! graft4 ,! ty+ is m exp$iti\s & less liable to di/urb ! unions ?an if ! bundles are made )\t a guide4 ,a skillful graft] w make ab\t "o hundr$ tongue grafts on cutt+s p] h\r1 or f sixty-five to sev5ty-five p] h\r if he does ! ty+ z well4 ,wire grafts c be made at ! rate ( two hundr$ & fifty or m p] h\r1 & by prop] division ( labor :]e sev]al graft]s are employ$ ?is numb] c be easily exce$$4 ,^! e/imates d n include ! prep>ation & grad+ ( ! cutt+s4 ,graft+ root$ cutt+s4 ,! cion may be graft$ on a /ock root$ 9 ! nurs]y ! previ\s season1 mu* ! same me?ods be+ us$ z ) cutt+s4 ,?is me?od is employ$ to utilize cutt+s too small to graft1 ! add$ sizes atta9$ 9 ! nurs]y mak+ !m l>ge en\gh1 & 9 graft+ on /ocks :i* root ) difficulty1 ?us sav+ ! mak+ ( grafts :i* nev] gr[4 ,! /ocks1 9 ?is me?od1 are cut s t ! cions may be ins]t$ z ! orig9al cutt+ & n z ! new gr[?4 ,! roots1 = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 are cut back to an in* or !reab\ts 9 l5g?4 ,! callus+ b$4 ,if b5* grafts are plant$ at once 9 ! nurs]y1 mo/ ( !m fail4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 /ratifi$ 9 a callus+ b$ :]e moi/ure & temp]ature c be controll$4 ,bioletti describes a callus+ b$ & its use z foll[s3#f ,?is callus+ b$ is usually a pile ( clean s& plac$ on ! s\? side ( a wall or build+ & surr\nd$ by a bo>d p>tition :]e !re is no possibility ( its becom+ too wet by ! fl[ ( wat] f a high] level or f an ov]hang+ ro(4 ,x %\ld be protect$1 if necess>y1 by a surr\nd+ dit*4 ,x %\ld be furni%$ ) a removable cov] ( canvas or bo>ds to protect x f ra9 & to enable ! temp]ature to be controll$ by ! admission or exclusion ( ! sun's rays4 ,a wat]-pro( wagon-cov]1 black on "o side & :ite on ! o!r1 is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,! bottom ( ! callus+ b$ is fir/ cov]$ ) #b or #c in*es ( s&4 ,! bundles ( grafts are !n plac$ 9 a r[ along "o end ( ! b$1 & s& well fill$ 9 ar\nd !m4 ,! bundles %\ld be plac$ 9 a slightly incl9$ position ) ! scions upp]mo/1 & ! s& %\ld be dry en\gh s t x sifts 9 betwe5 ! grafts 9 ! bundle4 ,! bundles ( grafts are !n cov]$ up completely ) s&1 leav+ x at lea/ #b in*es deep above ! top ( ! scion4 ,ano!r r[ is !n plac$ 9 ! same mann] until ! b$ is full4 ,f9ally a lay] ( #b or #c in*es ( moss or /raw is plac$ ov] all4 ,9 ! callus+ b$ we %\ld endeavor to ha/5 & p]fect ! union ( /ock & scion z mu* z possible :ile delay+ ! />t+ ( ! buds & ! emission ( ! roots4 ,! latt] processes require m moi/ure ?an ! =mation ( heal+ tissue1 !re=e ! s& %\ld be kept comp>atively dry4 ,betwe5 #e & #aj p] c5t ( wat] 9 ! s& is suffici5t4 ,! pur] ! s& ! less wat] is necess>y4 ,!re %\ld be a little m moi/ure pres5t ?an 9 ! s& us$ = keep+ ! cutt+s ov] w9t]4 ,too mu* moi/ure w /imulate ! emission ( roots & />t+ ( buds )\t aid+ ! callus =mation4 ,all ! vital processes progress m rapidly :5 ! cutt+s are kept w>m4 ,to delay !m1 !re=e1 we keep ! s& cool1 & to ha/5 !m we make x w>m4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! season & up to ! middle ( ,m>* we keep ! s& cool4 ,?is is done by keep+ ! b$ cov]$ dur+ ! day :5 ! sun is %9+1 & uncov]+ occasionally at night :5 !re is no fe> ( ra94 ,if ! black-&-:ite wagon-cov] is us$1 ! :ite side %\ld be plac$ outw>d to reflect ! heat4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be kept ab\t #fj ,f4 or l[]4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,m>* ! temp]ature ( ! b$ %\ld be rais$4 ,?is is done by remov+ ! cov] dur+ w>m days & c>efully cov]+ at night4 ,if necess>y ! lay] ( moss or /raw %\ld be remov$ on sunny days & !n replac$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! s& at ! level ( ! unions %\ld be ab\t #ge ,f4 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,if ! temp]ature rises high] ?an ?is1 !re w be a m abundant production ( callus1 b x w be s(t1 easily injur$1 & liable to decay4 ,at ! end ( f\r weeks aft] w>m+ ! b$1 ! union %\ld be well cem5t$4 ,! callus %\ld n only h =m$ copi\sly ar\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! w\nd1 b x %\ld h acquir$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( t\ghness due to ! =mation ( fibr\s tissue4 ,x %\ld require a pull ( sev]al p\nds to break ! callus & sep>ate /ock & scion4 ,:5 ! callus has acquir$ ?is quality ! grafts are 9 condition to be plant$ 9 ! nurs]y1 & may be h&l$ )\t dang]4 ,if tak5 f ! b$ :ile ! callus is /ill s(t1 _m unions w be injur$ & ! grafts w fail1 or unite only on "o side4 ,if left z long z ?is 9 ! callus+ b$ mo/ ( ! scion buds w h />t$ & =m$ :ite %oots4 ,^! %oots1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be m ?an #a_/b to #a in* long4 ,if !y are long] ! b$ has be5 kept too wet or too w>m4 ,roots w also h />t$ f ! /ock1 b ^! also %\ld n be ov] #a_/b in* long4 ,! grafts %\ld be h&l$ z c>efully z is practicable1 b !re is no objection to break+ (f any scion %oots or /ock roots :i* h gr[n too long4 ,x is almo/ impossible to save !m1 & new ones w />t aft] ! grafts are plant$1 & make a p]fectly satisfactory gr[?4 ,c>e 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! grafts are plant$ 9 ! nurs]y1 & are giv5 mu* ! same c>e recomm5d$ = cutt+s4 ,!y may be set 9 tr5*es made ) pl[ or spade2 or !y may be plant$ 9 v %all[ tr5*es ) a dibble4 ,aft] plant+1 ! grafts are cov]$ ) an in* or two ( soil1 ?us =m+ a wide ridge 9 ! nurs]y r[ ) ! union ( ! grafts at ! orig9al level ( ! soil4 ,cultivation %\ld beg9 at once & be frequ5t en\gh to prev5t ! =mation ( a cru/1 9 ord] t ! "y %oots may n h difficulty 9 =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! soil4 ,roots />t on ! cions soon] ?an on ! /ock1 ! soil be+ w>m] at ! surface1 & help su/a9 ! cions until ! /ocks are well root$1 at :i* "t all roots />t$ on ! cion are remov$1 & at ! same "t ! ty+ mat]ial is cut if x has n rott$4 ,suck]s are remov$ z soon z !y %[ above gr\nd4 ,! grafts are dug z soon z ! leaves fall & ! "y v9es become dormant1 aft] :i* !y are sort$ 9 ?ree lots1 accord+ to size ( top & root1 & heel$-9 9 a cool moi/ place until !y are to be plant$4 ,nurs]y v]sus home-gr[n v9es4 ,! v]dict ( all v9ey>di/s is t x is bett] to buy nurs]y-gr[n v9es ?an to attempt to gr[ !m4 ,! high quality ( ! v9es :i* c be pur*as$ & ! reasonable pur*ase price make x h>dly wor? :ile to try home-gr[n v9es1 especially s9ce consid]able inve/m5t1 exp]i5ce & skill are requir$ to gr[ good v9es4 ,,p$igre$ ,,grape ,,v9es ,_m viticulturi/s1 9 common ) or*>di/s1 believe t _! plants %\ld be propagat$ only f p>5ts :i* h good *>act]s1 t is1 are vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive1 & be> fruit ( l>ge size1 p]fect =m1 good color & good quality4 ,!y believe1 9 %ort1 t v>ieties c be improv$ by bud selection4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b little 9 ei!r !ory or fact to sub/antiate ! belief ( ^? :o say t v>ieties once e/abli%$ c be improv$2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t !y deg5]ate4 ,pres5t k & exp]i5ce indicate t h]$ity is all b complete 9 v>ieties propagat$ f p>ts ( plants4 ,! multitude ( grapes 9 any v>iety1 all f "o se$1 are morphologically "o individual4 ,a few k9ds ( grapes g back to ,*ri/'s "t1 & ^! seem to agree almo/ p]fectly ) ! descriptions ( !m made by ,roman writ]s #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! diff]5ces betwe5 v9es ( a v>iety 9 e v9ey>d 9 ! l& be expla9$8 ,ample explanation is f\nd 9 nurture to acc\nt = ! v>iation 9 v9es )\t involv+ a *ange 9 ,nature4 ,soil1 sunlight1 moi/ure1 insects1 disease1 plant-food1 & ! /ock 9 ! case ( graft$ v9es1 give e v9e a di/9ct environm5t & h5ce a di/9ct individuality ( its own4 ,peculi>ities 9 a v9e appe> & disappe> ) ! individual4 ,a v>iety c be *ang$ tempor>ily by its environm5t1 b remove ! incid5tal =ces & x snaps back into its same old self4 ,h]$ity is n q complete 9 ! grape1 h[ev]2 =1 n[ & !n1 sports or mutations appe> :i* are p]man5t &1 if suffici5tly diff]5t1 become a /ra9 ( ! p>5t v>iety or possibly a new v>iety4 ,!re are sev]al su* sports ( ! ,concord "u cultivation4 ,! grape-gr[] c tell ^! sports f ! modifications br\ght ab\t by environm5t only by propagation4 ,if a v>iation is transmitt$ un*ang$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations ( ! grape1 z occasionally happ5s1 x may be look$ on z a new =m4 ,p$igre$ v9es1 !n1 %\ld be subject to a te/ ( sev]al g5]ations 9 an exp]im5tal v9ey>d be=e ! grape-gr[] pays ! price dem&$ = ! suppos$ improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,a well-till$ v9ey>d ( ,concords4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,/ocks ,,& ,,resi/ant ,,v9es ,phyllox]a1 a t9y root-l\se1 made its appe>ance 9 ,france 9 #ahfa & began multiply+ ) a fury unp>allel$ 9 ! insect _w4 ,by #ahgd1 ! pe/ _h become s widespread 9 ,europe t x ?reat5$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! great v9ey>d indu/ry ( t cont95t4 ,all attempts to br+ ! pe/ "u control fail$1 al?\gh ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t (f]$ a rew>d ( #cjj1jjj francs = a satisfactory rem$y4 ,num]\s me?ods ( treat+ ! soil to *eck ! ravages ( ! insect 7 tri$1 also1 b none 0 efficaci\s4 ,f9ally1 x dawn$ on ,european v9ey>di/s t phyllox]a is n a sc\rge 9 ,am]ica1 its habitat1 & t ,european v9ey>ds might be sav$ by graft+ ,v9if]a v9es on ! roots ( immune ,am]ican grapes4 ,at once ! recon/ruction ( v9ey>ds 9 ,europe 0 begun by graft+ ! grapes on phyllox]a-resi/ant roots4 ,mean:ile1 con/]nation spread to ,cali=nia :5 x 0 discov]$ t phyllox]a 0 runn+ riot 9 "s ( ! v9ey>ds ( ! ,pacific slope2 h[ev]1 ) ! k d]iv$ f viticulturi/s 9 ,europe1 !y too began recon/ruct+ v9ey>ds on immune roots1 )\t ! same success z ! ,europeans1 x is true1 b ) su* measure ( success t x soon became ! approv$ me?od ( gr[+ grapes 9 ?is great region4 ,?r\gh ! use ( resi/ant /ocks1 phyllox]a is n[ defi$ 9 ,v9if]a regions4 ,millions ( ,am]ican /ocks are annually /ruck at home1 9 ,europe & :]ev] ,v9if]a grapes are gr[n1 to be top-work$ ) v>ieties susceptible to phyllox]a4 ,seldom has ma/]y ov] a pe/ be5 s complete2 b1 to triumph ov] ! t9y insect1 ! indu/ry has _h to be revolutioniz$4 ,resi/ant /ocks1 9 _! turn1 br\ght innum]able new problems1 _m ( :i* are /ill unsolv$4 ,inve/igations & exp]i5ces 9 rehabilitat+ v9ey>ds h be5 c>ri$ on = =ty ye>s1 ! results set =? 9 books & bullet9s & yet !re are _m problems to be solv$4 ,! grape-gr[] 9 regions infe/$ ) phyllox]a is always "u ! necessity ( tak+ advantage ( ! late/ demon/ration ( practices 9 ! use ( resi/ant /ocks4 ,^! practices are be/ /udi$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( /ate exp]im5t /ations & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & 9 ! v9ey>ds ( lead+ grape-gr[]s1 s9ce ev5 ^? mo/ ne$+ elucidation c be b briefly discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! wild v9es ( a species are always se$l+s & are h5ce exce$+ly v>iable4 ,! fir/ v9ey>ds ( resi/ant /ocks 7 v9es graft$ on /ocks ( wild v9es1 & ! results 7 v unsatisfactory2 =1 naturally1 !re 0 div]g5ce 9 _m *>act]s & especially 9 ! vigor ( ! v9es4 ,also1 !re 0 difficulty 9 graft+1 s9ce "s wild v9es are /\t & o!rs sl5d]2 "s be> grafts well1 :ile o!rs d n4 ,x soon became app>5t t to succe$1 v>ieties mu/ be select$ f ! diff]5t species = v9ey>d "w4 ,! great task ( ! exp]im5t] & grape-gr[]1 !re=e1 has be5 to select v>ieties ( ! sev]al species suffici5tly resi/ant1 vigor\s & o!rwise possess$ ( *>act]s fitt+ !m to become good /ocks4 ,out ( va/ numb]s te/$1 a few are n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z be/ = ! sev]al gr\ps ( ,v9if]a grapes & ! sev]al di/9ct regions 9 :i* ^! grapes are gr[n4 ,resi/ant species & v>ieties4 ,! recon/ruction ( phyllox]a-ridd5 v9ey>ds by ! use ( resi/ant /ocks is possible only because "s species & v>ieties are1 z has be5 said1 m resi/ant to ! root-l\se ?an o!rs4 ,all degrees ( resi/ance exi/1 z w\ld be suspect$1 f immunity to great susceptibility4 ,x is obvi\s t ! f\ndation ( ! art ( gr[+ resi/ant v9ey>ds is exact k ( ! immunities & susceptibilities ( ! _m v>ieties & species ( grapes4 ,f ! fir/ use ( resi/ant v9es1 exp]im5t]s ev]y:]e h set !mselves at "w to det]m9e n only :at ! mo/ resi/ant v9es are1 b :at ! causes & conditions ( immunity4 ,9 spite ( a weal? ( empirical discov]ies z to :at grapes c be/ resi/ ! root-l\se1 causes & mo/ ( ! conditions ( immunity are /ill little und]/ood4 ,def9ite1 useful k1 s f>1 goes little fur!r ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( li/s ( species & v>ieties1 ! latt] subject to *ange1 t are mo/ useful 9 sett+ resi/ant v9ey>ds4 ,phyllox]a does little damage to species ( ,vitis native to ! same g5]al region 9 :i* ! pe/ has its habitat1 b nev]!less !re are "s diff]5ces 9 resi/ance 9 ,am]ican grapes4 ,munson1 "o ( ! be/ ,am]ican au?orities on ! resi/ance ( species to phyllox]a1 says3#g ,rotundifolia is entirely immune1 !n ,rupe/ris1 ,vulp9a1 ,c9]ea1 ,b]l&i]i1 ,*amp9i1 ,c&icans1 ,doaniana1 /ivalis & ,l9cecumii are s high 9 resi/ance z to be practically un9jur$1 ?\gh !y may be attack$1 :ile ,labrusca is l[ 9 resi/ance & is mu* weak5$ 9 clay soils1 if infe/$1 & ,v9if]a is entirely non-resi/ant4 ,"s ( ^! species are h>d to propagate & difficult to suit 9 soil & climate s t b two ( !m are mu* us$ = resi/ant /ocks4 ,! two mo/ us$ are ,rupe/ris & ,vulp9a 7,rip>ia71 ( bo? ( :i* !re are v>ieties :i* give satisfaction4 ,bioletti1 a lead+ au?ority on resi/ant /ocks 9 ,cali=nia1 says3#h ,v>ieties ( resi/ant /ocks :i* w 9 all probability be us$ 9 ,cali=nia are ,rupe/ris ,/4 ,george 7du ,lot71 ,rip>ia ,rupe/ris #ccjf1 ,rip>ia ,rupe/ris #ccji1 ,rip>ia ,solonis #afaf1 ,m\rvdre ,rupe/ris #abjb1 ,aramon ,rupe/ris #b1 ,rip>ia gloire1 & ,rip>ia gr&e glabre4 ,^! are all v>ieties :i* h giv5 excell5t v>ieties = ye>s 9 ,europe1 & h all be5 te/$ successfully 9 ,cali=nia4 ,among !m are v>ieties suitable = ne>ly all ! v9ey>d soils ( ,cali=nia1 ) p]haps ! exception ( "s ( ! heavi] clays4 ,! only "o ( ^! v>ieties :i* has be5 plant$ ext5sively 9 ,cali=nia is ! ,rupe/ris ,/4 ,george4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x w fail to give satisfaction 9 _m soils1 & ?\gh we may n f9d some?+ bett] = all our soils x is probable t we w repeat ! exp]i5ce ( ,s\!rn ,france & f9d t 9 mo/ soils !re is "s o!r v>iety t gives bett] results4 ,)\t attempt+ to describe ^! v>ieties1 b to give "s idea ( _! m]its & defects & ( ! soils mo/ suit$ to ea*1 ! foll[+ indications are giv51 bas$ pr9cipally on ! op9ions ( ,l4 ,ravaz & ,prosp] ,g]vais1 & on a /ill limit$ exp]i5ce 9 ,cali=nia3 ,! ,rupe/ris ,/4 ,george is rem>kably vigor\s & gr[s v l>ge1 support+ ! graft well ev5 )\t /akes4 ,x roots easily & makes excell5t unions ) mo/ v9if]a v>ieties4 ,x is well suit$ to deep soils :]e its roots c p5etrate4 ,its defects are t x is v subject to root-rot1 especially 9 moi/ soils2 x suck]s badly & x suff]s f dr\ght 9 %all[ soils4 ,its great vigor produces c\lure ) "s v>ieties & (t5 necessitates long prun+4 ,9 moi/ or wet soils #afaf or #ccjf _h giv5 bett] results 9 ,france & gives indications ( do+ equally well "h4 ,9 dri] soils #ccji w probably be f\nd pref]able4 ,aramon ,rupe/ris ,no4 #b is suit$ to ! same soils z ,rupe/ris ,/4 ,george1 & does p>ticul>ly well 9 extremely gravelly soils4 ,x has "s ( ! defects ( ! ,/4 ,george & is moreov] m difficult to graft1 & its only advantage 9 ,cali=nia is t x is r less susceptible to root-rot4 ,!re are no bett] resi/ant /ocks ?an ,rip>ia gloire & ,rip>ia gr&e glabre1 :]ev] !y are put 9 soils t suit !m4 ,!y d well1 h[ev]1 only 9 deep1 ri*1 alluvial soils :i* are nei!r too wet nor too dry4 ,_! grafts are ! mo/ productive ( all1 & rip5 _! grapes f "o to two weeks e>li] ?an ! grafts on ,/4 ,george4 ,_! pr9cipal defect is t !y are v p>ticul> z to ! soil1 & !y nev] gr[ q z l>ge z ! cion4 ,! gloire is ! mo/ vigor\s1 & ! diff]5ce ( diamet] is less ) ?is v>iety ?an ) any o!r ,rip>ia4 ,! ,m\rvdre ,rupe/ris #abjb is extremely vigor\s1 roots & grafts easily1 & is well adapt$ to ri*1 s&y & moi/ soils4 ,9 dri] & poor] soils its resi/ance is p]haps n suffici5t4 ,! mo/ promis+ v>ieties = g5]al use at pres5t seem to be ! two hybrids ( ,rip>ia & ,rupe/ris1 #ccjf & #ccji4 ,!y h great resi/ance to ! phyllox]a1 root & graft almo/ z easily z ,/4 ,george1 & are q suffici5tly vigor\s to support any v>iety ( v9if]a4 ,! =m] is m suit$ to ! moi/] soils & :]ev] !re is dang] ( root-rot1 & ! latt] to ! dri] soils4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are suit$ to a l>g] v>iety ( soils & condition ?an p]haps any o!r v>ieties4 ,rip>ia gloire %\ld be plant$ only on ri*1 deep alluvial soil conta9+ an abundance ( plant food & humus1 :at w\ld be call$ good g>d5 l&1 su* z riv] bank soil n liable to ov]fl[4 ,9 mo/ o!r soils ,rip>ia ,rupe/ris #ccjf is to be recomm5d$1 except ^? t are r dry1 :]e #ccji is to be pref]r$1 or ^? :i* are v wet1 :]e ,solonis ,rip>ia #afaf is sur] to give good results4 ,! value ( a species or v>iety = a resi/ant /ock may be judg$ some:at by ! visible effect ( ! phyllox]a on ! roots ( ! v9es4 ,on susceptible species1 ! punctures ( ! insects rapidly produce swell+s :i* v>y 9 size & numb] 9 accordance ) resi/ance ( ! species4 ,te*nically1 ! fir/ swell+ on ! "y t5d] rootlets ( ! v9e is call$ a nodosity4 ,! pres5ce ( a few nodosities on ! root sy/em does n indicate t a v9e is n a valuable resi/ant /ock4 ,:5 ! nodosity beg9s to decay & becomes ( a canc]\s nature1 x is call$ a tub]osity4 ,^! tub]osities decay m or less rapidly & deeply1 & :5 !y rot deeply cause enfeeblem5t or dea? to ! v9e4 ,?us1 on ,v9if]a v>ieties ! tub]osities are sev]al times l>g] & decay sets 9 mu* m quickly ?an on ,am]ican species :i* %[ ^! tub]osities4 ,rat+s z to resi/ance ( species are usually made f ! size & numb] ( ! tub]osities1 ?\gh :5 ^! are f\nd produc+ a scab-l w\nd :i* scales (f1 !re may be high resi/+ p[]4 ,9 ord] to convey ) "s degree ( def9it5ess ! p[] ( resi/ance to phyllox]a1 an arbitr>y scale has be5 agre$ on by viticulturi/s4 ,9 ?is scale1 maximum resi/ance is indicat$ by #bj & m9imum by #j4 ,?us1 ! resi/+ p[] ( a good ,vulp9a is put z #ai4e & t ( a poor ,v9if]a v>iety z #j4 ,,adaptations ,,( ,,resi/ant ,,/ocks ,,to ,,soils ,,& ,,climates ,resi/ance1 ( c\rse1 c\nts = naught 9 a /ock :i* comes f a species unsuit$ to ! soil & climate or o!r circum/ances ( ! locality 9 :i* ! v9ey>d is to be plant$4 ,! sev]al species us$ = /ocks diff] widely 9 ! requirem5ts affect+ gr[? s t ! gr[] mu/ make c]ta9 t ! resi/ant /ock he selects w f9d cong5ial surr\nd+s4 ,/ocks 9 cong5ial circum/ances are frequ5tly m resi/ant ?an o!rs inh]5tly m resi/ant1 b :i* are n o!rwise adapt$ to ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! v9ey>d4 ,species ( grapes v>y greatly 9 _! root sy/ems1 "s hav+ ?ick1 o!rs sl5d] roots2 ! roots ( "s are s(t1 ( o!rs h>d2 "s h roots go+ d[n deeply1 o!rs are almo/ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,manife/ly ^! v>i\s root-=ms are b adaptations to loose & heavy1 dry & moi/1 deep & %all[ soils1 or to "s circum/ance ( climate4 ,a v9e bruis$ by adv]sity is 9 no condition to )/& phyllox]a4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! adaptability ( a v>iety to a soil or climate may be *ang$ by ! /ock1 ! adaptations ( /ocks to soils & climates mu/ h att5tion4 ,aff9ity ( /ock & cion4 ,diff]5t v>ieties ( grapes d n behave alike on ! same /ocks1 & diff]5t /ocks may affect v>ieties diff]5tly4 ,ev5 :5 ! k9%ip is close1 "s grapes resi/ all ! appliances ( art to make a successful union2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 q di/9ct species (t5 seem =eorda9$ to be jo9$4 ,= example1 ,rotundifolia1 :i* has ! highe/ resi/ance to phyllox]a ( any species1 is useless z a /ock because x is impossible to graft any o!r grape on x1 :ile ,vulp9a & ,rupe/ris unite readily ) v>ieties ( ,v9if]a1 ! slight decrease 9 ! vigor ( ! graft$ v9es s]v+ (t5times to increase fruitfulness4 ,some?+ m is necess>y1 !n1 ?an botanical k9%ip4 ,j :at is necess>y1 no "o kn[s1 beyond3 t !re mu/ be con=mity 9 habit betwe5 /ock & cion2 t ! two mu/ />t 9 gr[? at approximately ! same "t2 & t ! tissues mu/ be suffici5tly alike t !re be prop] contact 9 ! union4 ,yet ^! facts d n suffici5tly expla9 all ( ! aff9ities & antipa?ies :i* species & v>ieties ( grapes %[ to ea* o!r4 ,un=tunately1 ! grape-gr[] has _h b little to guide him 9 select+ /ocks & has _h to le>n by mak+ repeat$ trials4 ,,prop] ,,plant+ ,,( ,,graft$ ,,v9es ,europeans & ,cali=nians long ago le>n$ t failures ) graft$ v9es (t5 came f sett+ ! v9es too deep 9 ! soil1 ! result be+ t ! cions /ruck root & became indep5d5t1 :]eupon ! /ock dies or becomes s moribund t ! b5eficial effects are lo/4 ,!re are grape-gr[]s :o argue t x is b5eficial to ! v9e to h roots f bo? /ock & cion1 b exp]i5ce & exp]im5ts v g5]ally tea* ! contr>y1 x be+ f\nd t 9 mo/ grafts ! cion roots gr[ m vigor\sly ?an /ock roots & ev5tually />ve out ! latt]4 ,! disa/r\s effects ( cion-root+ are (t5 to be f\nd1 also1 :5 graft+ has be5 done on old v9es 9 ! v9ey>d2 &1 aga91 :5 ! graft is too close to ! root sy/em4 ,ano!r cause ( failure is t diff]5t /ocks require t ! v9ey>d soil be treat$ diff]5tly1 especially at plant+ "t4 ,vulp9a /ocks require t ! soil be mu* m deeply pl[$ ?an = ,v9if]as on _! own roots1 s9ce ,vulp9as are deep-root$ & are exact+ 9 ! dep? ( root-run requir$4 ,^? :o h _h mo/ exp]i5ce ) resi/ant /ocks ma9ta9 t all ,am]ican grapes require r deep] pl[+ ?an ,european grapes on _! own roots4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,/ocks ,,on ,,! ,,cion ,up to ! pres5t1 ! gr[+ ( graft$ grapes has be5 c>ri$ on ) little ?\ght ( ! mutual influ5ce ( /ock & cion2 grapes h be5 graft$ only to secure v9es resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,yet !re c be no d\bt t /ock & cion react on "o ano!r1 & t any v>iety ( grapes is influ5c$ = bett] or worse 9 *>act]s ( v9e & fruit by ! /ock ^u :i* x is graft$4 ,a plant is a delicate me*anism1 easily ?r[n out ( ge>1 & all plants1 ! grape n ! lea/1 are m or less *ang$ 9 ! adju/m5ts ( /ock & cion4 ,"o c\ld fill a l>ge volume on ! suppos$ reciprocal influ5ce ( /ock & cion 9 fruits4 ,space suffices1 "h1 h[ev]1 to m5tion only ^? prov$ & ^? hav+ to d ) ! influ5ce ( ! /ock on ! cion :5 ! grape is graft$4 ,influ5ce ( /ocks on ,european grapes summ>iz$4 ,common exp]i5ce 9 ,europe & ,cali=nia indicates t v>ieties ( ,v9if]a grapes graft$ on resi/ant /ocks :i* are p]fectly adapt$ to soil & climate produce n only l>g] crops b sweet] or s\r] grapes2 t ! crop rip5s e>li] or lat]2 t ! v9e is (t5 m vigor\s2 & t !re are "s m9or diff]5ces dep5d+ on ! /ock us$4 ,w9e-mak]s ass]t t ! "* ( _! product may be affect$ = bett] or worse by ! /ock4 ,(t5 v9es are s improv$ by graft+ t ! extra exp5se ( ! op]ation & ( ! /ock is paid =2 al?\gh1 to be sure1 ab\t z (t5 ! effects are delet]i\s4 ,! successes & failures ( v9ey>ds on resi/ant /ocks make pla9 t ! v9e-gr[] mu/ /udy ! _m problems :i* /ocks pres5t & ex]cise utmo/ intellig5ce 9 ! selection ( ! prop] /ock4 ,influ5ce ( /ocks on ,am]ican grapes4 ,no d\bt ,am]ican species ( grapes may be z pr(\ndly modifi$ by /ocks z ! ,european species1 b !re is b little evid5ce on ?is phase ( grape-gr[+ to be drawn f ! exp]i5ce ( v9ey>di/s4 ,"o r conclusive exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 %[s t ,am]ican grapes may be improv$ by gr[+ !m on /ocks :i* give !m bett] adaptations to _! environm5t4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ 9 ! ,*autauqua grape-belt 9 we/]n ,new ,york by ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! te/ 0 c>ri$ on = elev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t _m int]e/+ possibilities 9 graft+ grapes 9 ?is region came to light4 ,x 0 prov$ t ! /ock mat]ially affects ! vigor & productiv5ess ( ! v9e & ! quality ( ! grapes4 ,! foll[+ brief acc\nt is tak5 f ,bullet9 ,no4 #cee ( ! ,new ,york ,/ation3 ,9 ?is exp]im5t a numb] ( v>ieties 7 graft$ on ,/4 ,george1 ,rip>ia ,gloire & ,clev5] /ocks1 & a f\r? gr\p on _! own roots4 ,! v>ieties graft$ 73 ,agawam1 ,b>ry1 ,brighton1 ,brilliant1 ,campbell ,e>ly1 ,catawba1 ,concord1 ,delaw>e1 ,g(f1 ,h]b]t1 ,iona1 ,jeff]son1 ,l9dley1 ,mills1 ,niag>a1 ,regal1 ,v]g5nes1 ,w9*ell & ,word54 ,! plant+ plan & all ( ! v9ey>d op]ations 7 ^? common 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds4 ,ye>ly acc\nts ( ! v9ey>d %[ t ! v9es pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes4 ,! exp]im5t 0 />t$ 9 #aijb :5 ,/4 ,george & ,rip>ia ,gloire /ocks f ,cali=nia 7 set & graft$ 9 ! field4 ,_m ( ^! di$ ! fir/ ye>4 ,! w9t] ( #aijc-jd 0 unusually sev]e1 & _m m v9es 7 ei!r kill$ or s sev]ely injur$ t !y di$ dur+ ! next two ye>s4 ,! v9es on ,/4 ,george1 a v deep-root+ grape1 )/ood ! cold be/4 ,fidia1 ! grape root-worm1 0 f\nd 9 ! v9ey>ds e>ly 9 ! life ( ! v9es & did mu* damage 9 "s ye>s4 ,9 ! ye>s ( #aijg & #aiji ! crops 7 ru9$ by hail4 ,b despite ^! s]i\s setbacks x 0 evid5t ?r\gh\t ! exp]im5t t ! graft$ grapes made bett] v9es & 7 m productive ?an ^? on _! own roots4 ,z an example ( ! diff]5ces 9 yield1 a summ>y ( ! data = #aiaa may be giv54 ,9 ?is ye>1 an av]age ( all ! v>ieties on own roots yield$ at ! rate ( #d4ci tons to ! acre2 on ,/4 ,george1 #e4cf tons2 on ,gloire1 #e4cb tons2 on ,clev5]1 #e4fb tons4 ,! crops on ! graft$ v9es 7 increas$ ?r\gh ! sett+ ( m bun*es & ! developm5t ( l>g] bun*es & b]ries4 ,! grapes on ! v9es graft$ on ,gloire & ,clev5] rip5$ a few days e>li] ?an ^? on _! own roots1 :ile ) ,/4 ,george a few v>ieties 7 ret>d$ 9 rip5+4 ,*ang+ ! "t ( maturity may be v important 9 grape regions :]e !re is dang] ( e>ly fro/ to late-rip5+ sorts1 & :]e x is (t5 desirable to ret>d ! h>ve/ "t ( e>ly grapes4 ,9 ! behavior ( ! v9es1 ! results correspond closely ) ^? giv5 = yields4 ,9 ! gr[? rat+s ( v>ieties on diff]5t /ocks1 ! v>ieties on _! own roots 7 rat$ 9 vigor at #dj2 on ,/4 ,george1 at #fc4b2 on ,gloire1 at #fe4b2 on ,clev5]1 at #fg4i4 ,!re is no way ( decid+ h[ mu* ! ?rift ( ! v9es dep5ds on adaptability to soil1 & h[ mu* on o!r factors4 ,s9ce all ( ! v>ieties 7 m productive & vigor\s on graft$ v9es ?an on _! own roots x may be said t a high degree ( cong5iality exi/s betwe5 ! /ocks & v>ieties "u te/4 ,! exp]im5t sugge/s t x w\ld be pr(itable to gr[ fancy grapes ( ,am]ican species on graft$ v9es1 & t x is well )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t ma9-crop grapes c be graft$ pr(itably4 ,9 ! g5]al tun+-up ( agriculture n[ 9 progress1 x may be expect$ t soon ,am]ican z well z ,european v>ieties ( grapes w be gr[n "u "s conditions & = "s purposes on roots o!r ?an _! own4 ,,direct ,,produc]s ,attempts innum]able h be5 & are /ill be+ made to secure1 by hybridiz+ ,v4 v9if]a & ,am]ican species ( grapes1 v>ieties t w resi/ phyllox]a1 ! mildew & black-rot4 ,! grapes ( ?is cont95t are relatively immune to all ( ^! tr\bles1 & if hybrids c\ld be obta9$ to produce directly1 )\t graft+1 grapes ) ! good qualities ( ! ,v9if]as--9 %ort1 ,european grapes on ,am]ican v9es--! cultivat$ grape flora ( ! :ole _w might be *ang$4 ,s f>1 a direct produc] t is :olly satisfactory 9 ei!r ,europe or ,cali=nia has n be5 f\nd = ! w9e or rais9 indu/ries1 al?\gh a numb] ( v>ieties are rat$ z v good table grapes1 & a few are us$ 9 w9e-mak+4 ,! be/ ( ! direct produc]s are ,l5oir1 ,taylor1 ,noah1 ,norton's ,virg9ia1 ,autu*on1 ,o!llo1 ,catawba1 & ,delaw>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,v9if]a grapes gr[n out ( doors 9 ,new ,york4 ,top1 ,malvasia2 bottom1 ,*asselas ,gold54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,v9ey>d ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t ,a v9ey>d is m artificial ?an o!r plantations ( fruits1 s9ce ! v9e requires great] discipl9e "u cultivation ?an tree or bu%4 ,yet great] art is requir$ only :5 ! attempt is made to gr[ ! grape to p]fection1 = ! v9e be>s fruit if left to indulge 9 riot\s gr[? :]esoev] x c /rike root4 ,v9ey>d managem5t1 !re=e1 may repres5t ! consummate art ( ?ree ?\s& or m ye>s ( cultural subs]vi5cy2 or x may be s primeval 9 simplicity z to approa* neglect4 ,! grape is s wond]fully responsive to good c>e1 h[ev]1 t no true lov] ( fruit w pr(ane x ) neglect1 b w seek1 r1 to give x a favorable situation1 its *oice ( soils & su* g5]\s c>e z w insure /rong1 vigor\s1 productive v9ey>ds ( *oicely good fruit4 ,grape-gr[+ is a speciali/s' bus9ess1 = ! culture ( ! grape is unlike t ( any o!r fruit4 ,! ess5tials ( v9ey>d managem5t1 h[ev]1 are easily le>n$4 ,inde$1 c>e ( ! v9e comes almo/ in/9ctively2 = ! grape has be5 cultivat$ s9ce prehi/oric times & ! races ( ! _w are s famili> ) x ?r\gh sacr$ lit]atures1 my?s1 fables1 /ories & poetry1 t its c>e is prompt$ by natural impulse4 ,! grape has foll[$ civiliz$ man s closely f place to place ?r\gh ! temp]ate climates ( ! _w1 t rules & me?ods ( culture h be5 develop$ = almo/ e condition "u :i* x w gr[1 s t e grape-gr[] may pr(it by ! successes & failures ( ! g5]ations t prec$$ him4 ,grape-gr[+ is n1 h[ev]1 an art :olly gov]n$ by rules ( ! pa/ to be c>ri$ on by common labor]s :o use h&s only1 b is "o 9 :i* its foll[]s may make use ( sci5ce & may put ?\ght1 skill & ta/e into _! "w4 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,! ,,v9ey>d ,v9ey>ds are laid out = ! mo/ "p aft] accept$ patt]ns = ea* ( ! great grape regions ( ,am]ica4 ,! v9es are always plant$ 9 rectangles1 usually at a less di/ance ap>t 9 ! r[s ?an ! r[s are f ea* o!r1 b sometimes 9 squ>es4 ,pride 9 appe>ance & conv5i5ce 9 v9ey>d op]ations make p]fect alignm5t imp]ative4 ,_m v>ieties ( grapes1 especially ( ,am]ican species1 are p>tially self-/]ile1 s t "s v>ieties mu/ h o!rs int]plant$ ) !m = cross-poll9ation4 ,?is is usually done by sett+ alt]nate r[s ( ! v>iety to be poll9at$ & ! cross-poll9ator4 ,all self-f]tile v>ieties are set 9 solid blocks because ( conv5i5ce 9 h>ve/+4 ,direction ( r[s4 ,"s grape-gr[]s atta* consid]able importance to ! direction 9 :i* r[s run1 hold+ ei!r t ! full blaze ( ! sun at mid-day is desirable = v9e1 soil & fruit1 or t x is detrim5tal4 ,^? :o desire to provide fulle/ exposure to ! sun plant r[s ea/ & we/ :5 ! di/ance betwe5 v9es is less ?an ! di/ance betwe5 r[s2 nor? & s\? :5 v9es are f>!r ap>t 9 ! r[ ?an ! r[s are f ea* o!r4 ,:5 %ade seems m desirable1 ^! directions are rev]s$4 ,mo/ (t51 h[ev]1 ! r[s are laid out 9 accordance ) ! %ape ( ! v9ey>d2 or1 if ! l& is hilly1 ! r[s foll[ ! cont\r ( ! declivities to prev5t soil erosion by heavy ra9s4 ,alleys4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 v9ey>d op]ations1 especially spray+ & h>ve/+1 !re %\ld always be alleys ?r\gh a v9ey>d4 ,on hilly l&s1 ! alleys are locat$ to secure ease 9 haul+2 on level l&s !y are usually arrang$ to cut ! v9ey>ds into blocks twice z long z wide4 ,an alley is usually made by leav+ out a r[ ( v9es4 ,_m v9ey>ds are laid out ) r[s f> en\gh ap>t s t alleys are n ne$$4 ,di/ances betwe5 r[s & plants4 ,!re are great v>iations 9 ! di/ances betwe5 r[s & plants 9 diff]5t regions1 & di/ances v>y some:at 9 any "o region4 ,di/ances are influ5c$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,ri* soils & l>ge vigor\s v>ieties require great] di/ances ?an poor soils & less vigor\s v>ieties2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to cr[d a v>iety 9 ! v9ey>d s t by r$uc+ its vigor fruitfulness may be promot$4 ,usually ! w>m] ! climate1 or ! exposure1 ! great] %\ld be ! di/ance betwe5 v9es4 ,v (t5 ! topography ( ! l& dictates plant+ di/ances4 ,b :ile tak+ 9 acc\nt ! prec$+ consid]ations1 :i* rightly sugge/ ! di/ances betwe5 plants 9 ! r[1 conv5i5ce 9 v9ey>d op]ations is ! factor t mo/ (t5 fixes ! di/ance betwe5 r[s4 ,! r[s mu/ be f> en\gh ap>t 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds to p]mit ! use ( two horses 9 pl[+1 spray+ & h>ve/+4 ,plant$ 9 squ>es1 ! di/ance v>ies f sev5 feet 9 g>d5 culture to n9e feet 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds = ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! r[s are eight or n9e feet ap>t1 ) ! v9es six1 sev5 or eight & 9 ! ,s\? t5 or twelve feet ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,plant+ di/ances are less1 z a rule1 on ! ,pacific slope ?an 9 ea/]n regions2 t is1 ! di/ances betwe5 ! r[s are ! same1 to p]mit "w ) teams1 b ! di/ance betwe5 plants 9 ! r[s is less1 sometimes be+ no great] ?an ?ree & a half or f\r feet4 ,! rank-gr[+ ,rotundifolias ( ! s\!rn /ates ne$ mu* room1 n9e by sixte5 feet be+ none too mu*4 ,sun%9e mu/ gov]n ! di/ance ap>t some:at4 ,grapes pick$ 9 ! plea*$ alleys ( closely set v9ey>ds ( ! ,nor? & ,ea/ are few1 small & poor2 f>!r s\?1 %ade f ! v9es may be a requisite = a good crop4 ,! numb] ( v9es to ! acre mu/ be det]m9$ be=e gr[+ or buy+ plants4 ,?is is done by multiply+ ! di/ance 9 feet betwe5 ! r[s by ! di/ance ! plants are ap>t 9 ! r[1 & divid+ #dc1efj1 ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 an acre1 by ! product4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,plant+ ,x is impossible to put too mu* emphasis on ! necessity ( ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! l& be=e plant+ ! grape4 ,extra exp5diture to secure good til? is amply repaid by increas$ gr[? 9 ! grape1 & all subsequ5t c>e may fail to />t ! v9es 9 vigor\s gr[? if ! l& is n 9 good til? prep>atory to plant+4 ,! v9ey>d is to /& a g5]ation or m1 & its soil is virtually immortal1 two facts to sugge/ p]fect prep>ation4 ,! l& %\ld be ?or\ghly well pl[$1 h>r[$1 mix$ & smoo!d4 ,! bett] ?is "w is done1 ! great] ! pot5tialities ( ! v9ey>d4 ,"h1 inde$1 is a "t to be m9dful ( ! adage :i* comes f ,cato1 a /urdy old ,roman grape-gr[] ( #bjjj ye>s ago3 ,! face ( ! ma/] is good = ! l&4 ,prep>ation is a s]ies ( op]ations 9 :i* x is wise to take advantage ( "t & beg9 a ye> be=e ! v9es are to be set4 ,! l& mu/ be put 9 tra9+ to fit x = ! long s]vice x is to r5d]4 ,! two great ess5tials ( prep>ation are provision = dra9age & ?or\gh cultivation4 ,bo?1 to be p]=m$ z ! well-be+ ( ! grape require1 take "t1 & a ye> is none too %ort a p]iod 9 :i* to d ! "w4 ,moreov]1 newly dra9$ & deeply pl[$ l& requires "t = fro/1 air1 sun%9e & ra9 to sweet5 & enliv5 ! soil aft] ! mixture by ^! op]ations ( live topsoil ) in]t subsoil4 ,dra9age4 ,! ideal soil1 z we are (t5 told1 resembles a sponge1 & is capable ( reta9+ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( plant-food dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & at ! same "t is p]meable = air4 ,?is ideal1 sponge-l condition is p>ticul>ly desirable = ! grape1 especially native species1 because ! v9es ( all are exce$+ly deep-root$4 ,moreov]1 grapes ?rive be/ 9 a w>m soil4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! roots may make good use ( nutriti\s solutions1 if n too dilut$1 9 an undra9$ soil1 !y suffocate & d n receive suffici5t bottom heat4 ,x mu/ be made emphatic t ! grape w n ?rive 9 wat]-logg$ l&4 ,unless ! l& is naturally well dra9$1 "u-dra9age mu/ be provid$ z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! prep>ation ( l& = ! v9ey>d4 ,tile-dra9+ is usually be/ done by ^? :o make l&-dra9+ _! bus9ess1 b in=mation z to e requirem5t ( l& & detail ( "w may be secur$ f _m texts1 s t grape-gr[]s may p]=m ! "w = !mselves4 ,9 conclud+ ! topic1 ! read] mu/ be rem9d$ t high & hill l&s are n necess>ily well dra9$1 & l[ l&s are n necess>ily wet ev5 if ! surface is level4 ,(t5 hilltops & hillsides ne$ artificial dra9+2 mu* less (t5 valley l&s & level l&s may n ne$ x4 ,to assume1 too1 t gravelly & %aley soils are always well dra9$ (t5 leads directly contr>y to ! tru?4 ,s&y & gravelly soils ne$ dra9age ne>ly z (t5 z loamy & clayey ones4 ,foll[+ til+1 if ! l& has _h to be "u-dra9$1 ! v9ey>d %\ld be grad$ to fill depressions & to make ! surface uni=m4 ,usually ?is c be done ) cutaway1 too? or "s o!r h>r[1 b sometimes ! grad] or road-scrap] mu/ be put 9 use4 ,fitt+ ! l&4 ,prep>atory cultivation %\ld beg9 ! spr+ prec$+ plant+ by deep pl[+4 ,if ! l& has be5 us$ long = g5]al f>m+ s t a h>d pl[-sole has be5 =m$ by ye>s ( %all[ pl[+1 a subsoil-pl[ %\ld foll[ 9 ! furr[ ( ! surface pl[1 al?\gh x is seldom advisable to g deeply into ! true h>dpan4 ,fitt+ ! l& mu/ n /op "h b %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh ! summ] ) h>r[ & cultivator to pulv]ize ! soil almo/ to its ultimate p>ticles4 ,su* cultivation c be suffici5tly ?or\gh1 & be made at ! same "t pr(itable1 by gr[+ "s ho$ crop :i* requires int5sive culture4 ,if ! soil lacks humus1 a cov]-crop ( clov] or o!r legume might well be s[n 9 e>ly summ] to be pl[$ "u 9 late fall4 ,or1 if /able manure is available1 ?is g5]ally %\ld be appli$ ! fall be=e plant+4 ,/able manure appli$ at ?is "t to a soil incl9$ to be nigg>dly puts an atmosph]e 9 ! =?com+ v9ey>d :olly d5i$ ! gr[] :o mu/ rely on comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,! l& %\ld be pl[$ aga91 deeply & z e>ly 9 ! fall z possible1 h>r[$ ?or\ghly1 or possibly cross-pl[$ & !n h>r[$4 ,! l& mu/ g into ! w9t] ready = e>ly spr+ plant+ & ! fall "w mu/ be done promptly & ) a /urdy team & %>p1 bright tools4 ,! gr[] mu/ keep 9 m9d t no opportunity w (f] dur+ ! life ( ! v9ey>d to ev5 up = slackness 9 ! />t & t a v9ey>d ( d+y1 unhappy v9es may be ! result ( neglect at ?is critical "t4 ,good til? %\ld proce$ until ! e>? is fairly animat$ ) gr[? :5 ! v9es are plant$4 ,plate ,,ii %[s a piece ( l& well fitt$ = plant+4 ,m>k+ = plant+4 ,giv5 level l&1 a well-made m>k]1 a g5tle team & a c>eful driv] ) a surveyor's eye1 & a v9ey>d may be m>k$ = plant+ ) a sl$-m>k]1 a modifi$ corn-m>k] or ev5 a pl[4 ,"s su* m>k] me?od is commone/ 9 use 9 lay+ out v9ey>d r[s1 b x is pat5t to ! eye ( e pass]-by 9 grape regions t ! commone/ me?od is n ! be/ to secure p]fect alignm5t ( r[ & v9e4 ,! comb9ation nam$ = good "w ) any ( ! m>k] me?ods is f\nd too seldom4 ,if ! m>k] me?od is us$1 x is put 9 practice z foll[s3 ,! r[s be+ m>k$ at ! di/ance decid$ on1 a deep furr[ is pl[$ along ! r[ by go+ bo? ways ) ! pl[2 ?is done1 small /akes are set 9 ! furr[ at ! prop] di/ances = ! v9es1 tak+ c>e to l9e !m bo? ways4 ,plant+ holes are ?us dug 9 ! furr[ ) ! /akes z a c5t]4 ,m>k+ by means ( a measur+ wire or *a9 is ! be/ me?od ( locat+ v9es accurately 9 a v9ey>d4 ,! measur+ wire v>ies accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! us] f two to ?ree hundr$ feet or may be ev5 long]4 ,! be/ wires are made ( anneal$ /eel wire ab\t an eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,at ea* end ( ! wire is a /rong iron r+ to be slipp$ ov] /akes4 ,! wire is m>k$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? by pat*es ( sold] at ! di/ances desir$ betwe5 r[s ( v9es2 to make ^! places m easily se51 pieces ( r$ clo? are fa/5$ to !m4 ,sometimes ?is measur+ wire is made ( sev]al /r&s ( small wire1 giv+ m flexibility & mak+ m>k+ easi]1 s9ce by sep>at+ ! /r&s at ! desir$ po9ts1 pieces ( clo? may be ti$ to m>k di/ances4 ,9 us+ ! wire1 ! side ( ! v9ey>d :i* is to s]ve z ! base ( ! squ>e is select$ & ! wire is /ret*$1 leav+ at lea/ "o rod f road or f5ce = a headl&4 ,) ! wire ?us /ret*$1 a /ake is plac$ at ea* ( ! di/ance tags to repres5t ! fir/ r[ ( v9es4 ,beg9n+ at ! />t+ po9t1 sixty feet are measur$ (f 9 ! base l9e & a tempor>y /ake is set2 eighty feet at a "r angle ) ! fir/ l9e are !n measur$ (f at ! corn] /ake1 judg+ ! angle ) ! eye2 !n run diagonally f ! eighty-foot /ake to ! sixty-foot /ake4 ,if ! di/ance betwe5 ! two /akes is "o hundr$ feet1 ! corn] is a "r angle4 ,) ! base l9es ?us />t$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o c measure (f ) ! measur+ wire z l>ge an area z he desires by tak+ c>e to h ! l9e ea* "t drawn p>allel ) ! la/1 & ! /akes accurately plac$ at ! m>k+ po9ts on ! wire4 ,/ill ano!r me?od :i* may be put to good use 9 lay+ out a v9ey>d1 especially if ! v9ey>d is small1 is to comb9e measure & sight4 ,! di/ances ab\t ! v9ey>d are measur$ & /akes set to m>k ! ends ( ! r[s ar\nd ! area4 ,good /akes c be made f la?s po9t$ at "o end & :itewa%$ at ! o!r4 ,a l9e ( /akes is !n set across ! field ea* way ?r\gh ! c5t]1 9 places1 ( c\rse1 :i* ! two c5tral r[s ( v9es w fill4 ,:5 ^! are 9 place1 if ! area is n too l>ge or too hilly1 all measurem5ts c be disp5s$ ) & ! v9es c be set by sight+4 ,a man at ! end ( ! r[ has ?ree la?s to sight by 9 ea* r[ & a second man %\ld drive /akes z direct$ by ! sight]4 ,accurate "w c be done by ?is me?od1 b x requires "t1 a good eye & mu* pati5ce 9 ! man :o is sight+4 ,,select+ ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,v9es ,"y grape v9es covet life1 = !y are usually vigor\s & n easily injur$4 ,h5ce1 ! plants may be br\ght f a di/ance )\t fe> ( loss4 ,! local nurs]yman is1 h[ev]1 a good advis] z to v>ieties if he is hone/ & intellig5t1 &1 o!r ?+s equal1 he %\ld be patroniz$4 ,b if ! gr[]'s ne$s _c be met at home1 he %\ld n hesitate to seek a nurs]yman at a di/ance4 ,?is is m necess>y ) ! grape ?an o!r fruits because "y grapes are well & *eaply gr[n 9 c]ta9 localities only4 ,) ! grape1 z ) all fruit plants1 x is mu* bett] to buy f ! gr[] ?an f tree p$dl]s4 ,select+ v9es4 ,unless ! buy] kn[s :at he wants1 select+ v9es is gambl+ pure & simple4 ,=tunately1 !re are sev]al m>ks ( good v9es v helpful to ^? :o "k !m4 ,"o %\ld fir/ make sure t ! roots & tops are alive to ! remote/ p>ts4 ,! v9es %\ld h a good clean1 heal?y look ) trunk diamet] l>ge en\gh to indicate vigor\s gr[?1 & an ample spread ( roots4 ,l>ge size is n z desirable z firm1 well-matur$ wood & an abundance ( roots4 ,v9es ) int]nodes ( m$ium l5g? = ! v>iety are bett] ?an ^? ) great l5g? or v %ort int]nodes4 ,su* precautions z are possible %\ld be tak5 to insure v>ieties true to "n1 al?\gh "h ! reputation ( ! nurs]yman mu/ be dep5d$ on except = ! few v>ieties :i* may be kn[n at sight 9 ! nurs]y4 ,fir/-grade "o-ye>-old v9es are usually bett] ?an two-ye>-olds4 ,/unt$ v9es are n wor? plant+ & two-ye>-old v9es are (t5 /unt$ "o-ye>-olds4 ,a few weak-gr[+ v>ieties ga9 9 vigor if all[$ to rema9 9 ! nurs]y two ye>s--?ree ye>s1 nev]4 ,h&l+ & prep>+ ! v9es4 ,! bett] v9es are pack$1 transport$ & c>$ = 9 ! field1 ! quick] w ! roots take hold & ! v9es make ! vigor\s />t on :i* s mu* dep5ds4 ,! nurs]yman %\ld be reque/$ n to prune mu* be=e pack+ & to pack ! v9es well = %ipp+4 ,! v9es %\ld be heel$-9 z soon z !y rea* _! de/9ation4 ,if ! v9es are dry on arrival1 !y %\ld be dr5*$ well be=e heel+-94 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! v9es are %rivel$ & %runk5 f excessive dry+1 9 :i* case ! plants (t5 may be br\ght back to plumpness by bury+ !m root & bran* 9 damp e>?1 to rema9 a week or possibly two4 ,to heel-91 a tr5* %\ld be d\ble furr[$ 9 light1 moi/ soil1 ! v9es spread out 9 ! tr5* two or ?ree deep1 & !n e>? %ovel$ ov] ! roots & half ! tops1 sift+ x 9 ! roots1 aft] :i* ! soil is firm$4 ,! v9es may ?us be kept 9 good condition = sev]al weeks if ne$ arises4 ,! v9es are prep>$ = plant+ by cutt+ away all dead or injur$ roots & %ort5+-9 ! heal?y roots4 ,grape roots c be cut sev]ely if heal?y /ubs rema91 ! removal ( small roots & fib]s do+ no h>m1 s9ce fib]s are ( value only z indicat+ t ! v9e is /rong & vigor\s4 ,fre% fib]s come quickly f /\t1 heal?y roots4 ,mo/ ( ! fib]s ( a transplant$ v9e die1 & lay+ !m out 9 ! hole to pres]ve !m1 z is s (t5 recomm5d$1 is b a useless burial rite4 ,on good heal?y v9es1 ! /ubs ( ! roots1 :5 cut back1 w be f\r to eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! root sy/em hav+ be5 consid]ably prun$1 ! reciprocity betwe5 roots & tops mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt & ! top prun$ accord+ly4 ,to r$uce ! "w ( ! leaves to h>monize ) ! activities ( ! roots1 ! top %\ld be prun$ to a s+le cane & two1 nev] m ?an ?ree1 buds4 ,! v9e is n[ ready = plant+ &1 ! soil be+ 9 read9ess1 plant+ %\ld proce$ apace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,black ,hamburg 7#a_/b74 ,,plant+ ,! dang]s & difficulties ( plant+ h>dwood$ plants are greatly exagg]at$4 ,! tyro1 9 p>ticul>1 is impress$ ) 8 responsibilities at ?is "t1 & (t5 s5ds a hurry-up call to exp]im5t /ation or nurs]yman to s5d him a man to plant4 ,if ! l& is prop]ly prep>$ & ! plants 9 good condition1 ! op]ation ( plant+ is easily1 quickly & safely accompli%$4 ,!re is no ne$1 9 plant+ ! v9e1 ( su* putt]+ ov]niceties z lay+ out ! roots to pres]ve ! fib]s1 wat]+ ea* v9e z x is set1 ins]t+ ! v9e 9 a g+]ly fa%ion to make sure t x /&s 9 its new abode z x /ood 9 ! old1 or puddl+ ! roots 9 pail or tub ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! slap-da% me?od ( a ,/r+fell[ :o cuts (f all small roots & uses a cr[b> 9 place ( a spade is n do+ duty by ! plant1 & bury+ ! roots deep 9 ! e>? or cov]+ !m close to ! surface is c\rt+ failure4 ,digg+ ! holes4 ,?is is a simple task 9 l& 9 good til?4 ,! holes ne$ only be l>ge & deep en\gh to hold ! roots )\t undue cramp+4 ,h]e9 is aga9 manife/$ ! wisdom ( ?or\ghly prep>+ ! l&2 =1 9 well-prep>$ l&1 ! hole is really z l>ge z ! v9ey>d4 ,ev5 9 ! condition ( poor til?1 deep holes are (t5 a m5ace to ! life ( ! plant1 especially if dra9age is n provid$1 = ! deep hole becomes a tub into :i* wat] p\rs & /&s to soak ! roots ( dy+ v9es4 ,an extra spurt 9 digg+ holes _c take ! place ( p]fect fitt+ ( ! l&4 ,!re is no?+ to comm5d ! practice ( digg+ holes 9 a leisure "t t all may be ready :5 ! "t to plant arrives4 ,! v9es w /rike root be/ 9 ! fre%ly turn$1 moi/ soil ( newly dug e>?1 :i* c be firmly set ab\t ! roots :5 ! v9e is plant$4 ,nei!r is "t sav$ 9 digg+ be=eh&1 = ! sun-bak$ & ra9-wa%$ sides ( holes long dug w\ld surely h to be p>$ afre%4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q wor? :ile to ?r[ ! surface soil to "o side & t l[] to ! o!r1 t a spadeful ( moi/1 virile1 surface soil may be put next to ! roots4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 "s soils 9 :i* ! holes might be bla/$ out ) dynamite1 z1 = in/ance1 9 a %all[ soil ) ! h>dpan ne> ! surface & good subsoil b5ea?4 ,x is v que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r ^! defective soils %\ld be us$ = comm]cial plant+s z long z !re /ill rema9 unplant$ _m acres 9 all grape regions ( good deep l& = ! grape4 ,to su* z are attract$ by dynamite f>m+1 m9ute descriptions ( me?ods ( use ( dynamite & ev5 demon/rations may be secur$ f manufactur]s ( ! explosive4 ,"t to plant4 ,! be/ "t to plant ! v9e 9 cold climates is e>ly spr+1 :5 sun & %[]s ar\se ! _s ( gr[? 9 plants1 & nutritive solutions proce$ quickly & un]r+ly to _! preappo9t$ places4 ,at ?is "t1 ! mu* mutilat$ v9e c und]take be/ ! d\ble task ( mak+ fre% roots & op5+ ! dormant leaves4 ,fall plant+ puts =w>d ! "w1 ?us dim9i%+ ! ru% ( e>ly spr+ :5 v9ey>d op]ations cr[d1 &1 no d\bt1 :5 all is favorable1 enables ! v9es to />t a little m quickly4 ,h[ev]1 !re are frequ5tly s]i\s losses f plant+ 9 ! fall4 ,9 cold w9t]s ! grip ( fro/ is suffici5t to wr5* ! "y v9e f its place & sometimes all b heaves x out ( ! soil4 ,!re is1 also1 great liability ( w9t]-kill+ 9 v9es transplant$ 9 ! autumn1 n because ( great] t5d]ness ( ! plant1 b because ( great] porosity ( ! loos5$ soil :i* enables ! cold to /rike to a great] dep?4 ,^! two objections to fall plant+ c be ov]come l>gely by m\nd+ up ! e>? s z practically to cov] ! v9es1 level+ ! m\nd 9 e>ly spr+2 b ?is extra "w m ?an (fsets ! labor sav+ 9 fall plant+4 ,9 climates 9 :i* ! soil does n freeze 9 ! w9t]1 ! v9es may be set 9 ! autumn if all is favorable4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 conditions are n favorable to fall plant+ 9 w>m climates1 s9ce autumn ra9s frequ5tly soak ! soil s t x _c be plac$ prop]ly ab\t ! roots2 &1 moreov]1 9 a cold1 wat]-logg$ soil ! inactive roots beg9 to decay2 or ! soil may be too dry = fall plant+4 ,"u su* conditions1 x is (t5 bett] to delay plant+ 9 w>m climates until spr+ :5 bett] soil conditions c be secur$4 ,fall or spr+1 ! soil %\ld be reasonably dry1 w>m & mell[ :5 ! "w is done4 ,! be/ "t to plant mu/ necess>ily v>y f ye> to ye>1 & ! v9ey>di/ mu/ decide exactly :5 to und]take plant+ 9 accordance ) ! conditions ( soil & wea!r1 m9dful t ! ,psalmi/'s injunction t !re is a "t to plant1 & a "t to pluck up t :i* is plant$ is subject to sev]al conditions requir+ judgm5t4 ,! grape puts out its leaves late 9 ! spr+1 mak+ ! temptation great to delay plant+2 late-set plants1 h[ev]1 ne$ special c>e le/ !y suff] f ! summ] dr\ghts :i* annually p>* ! l&s ( ?is cont95t4 ,! op]ation ( plant+4 ,all be+ 9 read9ess1 plant+ proce$s rapidly4 ,a gang ( f\r m5 "w to advantage4 ,two dig holes1 a ?ird holds ! v9es & tramps ! e>? z ! rema9+ man %ovels 9 e>?4 ,except 9 l>ge v9ey>ds1 f\r m5 are seldom available1 & gangs ( two or ?ree mu/ divide ! "w among its memb]s z be/ suits conditions4 ,a tree-sett+ bo>d is n ne$$ 9 plant+ grapes1 al?\gh "s gr[]s use x4 ,! man :o holds ! v9es 9 ! hole & tramps z ! %ovel] fills1 mu/ align ! plant aft] ! /ake is remov$ & see t x /&s p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! hole4 ,! /ake1 a la?1 is set 9 its old place 9 ! hole to s]ve z a support = ! gr[+ v9e & to m>k x s t ! cultivator does n pull up ! "y plant4 ,! soil mu/ be set firm ab\t ! roots ( ! plant1 b zeal 9 tramp+ %\ld dim9i% z ! hole is fill$1 leav+ ! topsoil untramp$1 smoo?1 loose & pulv]iz$1 a du/ mul*--! be/ ( all mul*es--to prev5t evaporation4 ,! dep? to :i* v9es %\ld be set is a matt] ( controv]sy4 ,?is %\ld be gov]n$ by ! soil m ?an by any o!r factor1 al?\gh "s v>ieties ne$ a deep] root-run ?an o!rs4 ,! rule to plant to ! dep? ! v9e /ood 9 ! nurs]y r[ is safe "u mo/ conditions1 al?\gh 9 light1 hungry or ?ir/y soils ! roots %\ld g deep]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 heavy soils1 n s deep4 ,deep plant+ is a m common mi/ake ?an %all[ plant+1 = roots "u mo/ conditions /& exposure bett] ?an int]nm5t1 go+ d[n be+ m natural ?an com+ up = a root seek+ a place to its lik+4 ,wat]+ at plant+ is necess>y only :5 ! l& is p>*$ ) dr\ght or 9 regions 9 :i* irrigation is practic$4 ,:5 necess>y1 wat] %\ld be us$ lib]ally1 at lea/ a gallon or two to a v9e4 ,aft] ! e>? has be5 firm$ ab\t ! roots & ! hole is ne>ly fill$1 ! wat] %\ld be p\r$ 9 & ! hole fill$ )\t m firm+4 ,"u dry wea!r conditions1 "s pref] to puddle ! roots2 t is1 to dip !m 9 ?9 mud & plant ) ! mud adh]+4 ,9 mak+ ! puddle1 loose loam & n /icky clay is us$1 z clay may bake s h>d z to injure ! roots4 ,) puddl+1 z ) wat]+1 ! surface soil %\ld be left loose & s(t )\t traces ( ! puddl+ bel[4 ,manure or f]tiliz] ab\t ! roots or ev5 9 ! hole are n necess>y or ev5 desirable4 ,if ! soil is to be enri*$ at all at plant+ "t1 ! f]tiliz] %\ld be spread on ! surface to be cultivat$ 9 or to h its food elem5ts leak d[n z ra9s fall4 ,9 l& 9 :i* ! provid5tial design = grapes is pla9ly manife/$1 ! v9e at no "t responds he>tily to f]tiliz]s1 ! good ( /able manure probably com+ = ! mo/ "p f its effects on ! texture & wat]-hold+ capacity ( ! soil4 ,! newly set plant is n 9 ne$ ( outside n\ri%m5t2 to put rank manure or /rong comm]cial f]tiliz]s ab\t ! roots ( a "y newly set v9e is plant infanticide4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,"y ,,v9es ,virgil calls ! p]iod 9 ! life ( ! v9e betwe5 ! sett+ & ! fir/ v9tage1 ! t5d] nonage1 & tells u t at ?is "t ! v9es ne$ c>eful re>+2 s !y d1 n[ z !n1 ,am]ican grapes z well z ! grapes ( anci5t ,rome4 ,=tunately1 any dep>ture f normal well-be+ is easily told 9 ! grape1 = ! color ( ! leaf is z accurate an index to ! heal? & vigor ( ! v9e z ! color ( ! tongue or ! beat ( ! pulse 9 man4 ,a *ange ( color f ! luxuriant gre5 ( ?rifty grape foliage1 especially ! yell[ hue indicat+ t ! leaf-gre5 is n function+ prop]ly1 sugge/s t ! v9es are sick or ne$ nurs+ 9 "s detail ( c>e4 ,:5 all goes well1 h[ev]1 ! amaz+ en]gy ( ,nature is n[h]e bett] se5 among plants ?an 9 ! gr[? ( ! grape1 s t mu* ( ! c>e is 9 ! use ( ! knife2 9 fact1 z we %all see1 ! grape almo/ lives by ! knife ! fir/ two ye>s out4 ,! fir/ ye>4 ,! v9es hav+ be5 prun$ & /ak$ at plant+1 ^! op]ations ne$ no att5tion 9 ! fir/ summ]4 ,_m v>ieties s5d up sev]al %oots z gr[? />ts1 &1 except 9 ! case ( graft$ plants & 9 ! ev5t ( ! suck]s com+ f ! /ock1 ^! %\ld be left to fe$ ! v9e & help to e/abli% a good root sy/em4 ,v9es mak+ a /rong gr[? %\ld be ti$ to ! /ake1 at lea/ ! /ronge/ %oot1 to keep ! w9d f :ipp+ x ab\t & to keep ! plants out ( ! way ( ! cultivator4 ,! only knack 9 ty+ is to keep ! v9e on ! w9dw>d side ( ! /ake1 ?us sav+ ! break+ ( ty+ mat]ial4 ,! fir/ ye>'s prun+1 ?\gh sev]e1 is easily done4 ,all b ! /ronge/ cane are cut out & ?is is prun$ back to two buds1 ne>ly to ! gr\nd1 s t ! v9es are mu* z :5 set 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,?is prun+1 & t ( ! next two ye>s1 has z ! object ! e/abli%m5t ( a good root sy/em & ! production ( a /urdy trunk at ! height at :i* ! v9e is to be head$4 ,x is important t ! cane f :i* ! trunk is to come be heal?y & ! wood well rip5$4 ,prun+ may be done at any "t aft] ! leaves fall1 ?\gh mo/ gr[]s give pref]5ce to late w9t]4 ,9 cold climates x is a good practice to pl[ up to ! "y v9es = w9t] protection1 9 :i* case ! prun+ %\ld be done be=e pl[+4 ,e detail ( v9ey>d managem5t %\ld be p]=m$ ) c>e & at ! accept$ "t 9 ?is critical fir/ ye>4 ,cultivation mu/ be int5sive1 insects & fungi mu/ be w>d$ (f1 me*anical injuries avoid$1 v9es t h refus$ to gr[ mu/ be m>k$ = disc>d1 & ! v9ey>d be put d[n to a cov]-crop 9 e>ly ,augu/ if x 0 n e>li] plant$ to "s ho$ cat*-crop4 ,! second ye>4 ,"w beg9s 9 ! spr+ ( ! second ye> ) ! sett+ ( trellis po/s on :i* "o wire is put up4 ,! v9e is n yet ready to tra9 b ! sl5d] la? ( ! fir/ season is n suffici5t support1 & ! "o wire on ! future trellis saves ! exp5se ( /ak+4 ,ty+ requires "s c>e & is usually done ) /r+ or ba/4 ,z ! summ] proce$s1 suck]s f ! roots are remov$ & "s gr[]s ?9 ! %oots on ! "y v9e2 "s ?9k x necess>y also to top ! gr[? if x becomes too luxuriant & s keep ! cane )9 b\nds4 ,suck]s mu/ be cut or brok5 (f at ! po9ts :]e !y orig9ate1 o!rwise sev]al new ones may />t f ! base ( ! old4 ,if ! v9es are topp$1 x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t summ] prun+ is weak5+1 & ! tips ( %oots %\ld1 !re=e1 be tak5 :5 small1 ! object be+ to direct ! gr[? into ^? p>ts ( ! v9e :i* are to become p]man5t4 ,prun+1 ! second w9t] ! v9e is out1 dep5ds on ! vigor ( ! plant4 ,if a /rong1 heal?y1 well-matur$ cane ov]-tops ! l[] wire ( ! trellis1 x %\ld be cut back s t ! cane may be ti$ to ! wire2 o!rwise ! v9e %\ld aga9 be cut almo/ to ! gr\nd1 leav+ b ?ree or f\r buds4 ,if ! cane be left1 9 addition to /urd9ess & maturity1 x %\ld be /raight1 = x is to become ! trunk ( ! mature v9e4 ,! tra9+ ( ! "y v9e is n[ at an end1 = ! next season ! v9e mu/ be />t$ t[>d its p]man5t =m1 in/ructions = :i* are giv5 9 ! *apt] on prun+4 ,! summ] c>e ( ! v9ey>d does n diff] mat]ially 9 ! second ye> f t ( ! fir/4 ,int5sive cultivation cont9ues1 ! v9es are treat$ = pe/s & ! annual cov]-crop foll[s cultivation4 ,_m v>ieties1 if vigor\s1 w set "s fruit 9 ?is second summ]1 b ! crop %\ld n be all[$ to mature1 ! soon] remov$ ! bett]1 z fruit+ at ?is /age ( gr[? s]i\sly weak5s ! "y v9es4 ,,cat*-,,crops ,,& ,,cov]-,,crops ,a cat*-crop is "o gr[n betwe5 ! r[s ( ano!r crop = pr(it f ! produce4 ,a cov]-crop is a tempor>y crop gr[n1 z ! t]m 0 fir/ us$1 to protect ! soil1 b ! ^w is n[ us$ to include gre5-manur+ crops z well4 ,cat*-crops seldom h a place 9 mo/ v9ey>ds1 b cov]-crops are (t5 gr[n4 ,cat*-crops4 ,cat*-crops are n1 z a rule1 pr(itable 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds2 !y may br+ tempor>y pr(it b 9 ! long run !y are usually detrim5tal to ! v9es4 ,x may pay & ! grape may n be injur$ 9 "s localities1 if su* truck crops z potatoes1 beans1 tomatoes & cabbage are gr[n betwe5 ! r[s or ev5 9 ! r[s = ! fir/ ye> & possibly ! second4 ,l&1 to d duty by ! two crops1 h[ev]1 mu/ be excell5t & ! c>e ( bo? crops mu/ be ( ! be/4 ,gr[+ gooseb]ries1 currants1 any ( ! brambles1 or ev5 /rawb]ries1 is a poor proc$ure unless ! v9ey>d is small1 ! l& v valuable or o!r conditions prevail :i* make int5sive culture possible or necess>y4 ,! objections to cat*-crops 9 ! v9ey>d are two3 !y rob ! v9es ( food & moi/ure & endang] !m to injury f tools 9 c>+ = ! cat*-crop4 ,sometimes ! grape itself is plant$ z a cat*-crop 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,t is1 twice ! numb] ( v9es requir$ 9 a r[ = ! p]man5t v9ey>d are set ) ! expectation ( cutt+ out alt]nate v9es :5 two or ?ree crops h be5 h>ve/$ & ! v9es beg9 to cr[d4 ,?is practice is pref]able to int]-plant+ ) bu%-fruits1 yet !re is n mu* to comm5d x if ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h tri$ x is tak5 z a guide4 ,too (t5 ! fill] v9es are left a ye> too long ) ! result t ! p]man5t v9es are *eck$ 9 gr[? = sev]al ye>s foll[+4 ,! pr(its f ! fill]s are nev] l>ge1 sc>cely pay = ! extra "w1 & if ! p]man5t v9es are /unt$1 ! fill] mu/ be put d[n z a liability r ?an z an asset4 ,cov]-crops4 ,9 an exp]im5t be+ conduct$ by ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 grapes d n give a v appreciable response to cov]-crops 9 yield ( fruit or gr[? ( v9e4#i ,!re seem to be no o!r exp]im5ts to confirm ! results at ! ,new ,york ,/ation1 & grape-gr[]s n[h]e h us$ cov]-crops v g5]ally = ! bett]m5t ( _! v9ey>ds4 ,!re is d\bt1 !re=e1 z to :e!r grapes w respond pr(itably to ! annual use ( cov]-crops 9 yield ( fruit1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is ! ultimate te/ ( ! value ( cov]-crops1 b a te/ h>d to apply unless ! exp]im5t runs a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,leav+ out ! d\btful value ( cov]-crops 9 increas+ ! supply ( plant-food & !reby produc+ an increase 9 yield1 !re are at lea/ ?ree ways 9 :i* cov]-crops are valuable 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,?us1 x is pat5t to all :o h tri$ cov]-crops 9 ! v9ey>d t ! l& is 9 mu* bett] til? & m easily work$ :5 "s gre5 crop is turn$ "u 9 fall or spr+2 x is n unreasonable to assume1 ?\gh x is impossible to secure reliable exp]im5tal data to confirm ! belief1 t cov]-crops protect ! roots ( grapes f w9t]-kill+2 c]ta9ly x may be expect$ t a cov]-crop s[$ 9 midsumm] w cause grapes to mature _! wood e>li] & m ?or\ghly s t ! v9es g into ! w9t] 9 bett] condition4 ,! only objection to be rais$ aga9/ cov]-crops 9 ! v9ey>d is t pick]s1 mo/ly wom51 object to ! cov]-crop :5 wet ) ra9 or dew & usually *oose to pick 9 v9ey>ds hav+ no su* crop4 ,?is seem+ly insignificant factor (t5 gives ! grape-gr[] :o s[s cov]-crops mu* tr\ble 9 h>ve/ "t4 ,sev]al cov]-crops may be plant$ 9 v9ey>ds z clov]1 vet*1 oats1 b>ley1 c[-horn turnip1 rape1 rye & buck:eat4 ,comb9ations ( ^! usually make ! se$ too co/ly or ! tr\ble ( s[+ too great4 ,yet "s comb9ations ( a legum9\s & non-legum9\s crop w\ld seem to make ! be/ gre5 crop = ! grape4 ,?us1 a bu%el ( oats or b>ley plus t5 p\nds ( clov] or tw5ty p\nds ( w9t] vet*1 a comb9ation (t5 us$ 9 or*>ds1 %\ld prove satisfactory 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,or1 d\bl+ ! am\nt ( se$ = ea*1 ^! crops c\ld be alt]nat$1 ) a *ange 9 ! rotation e f\r or six ye>s1 ) c[-horn turnip or rape4 ,turnip & rape require at lea/ ?ree p\nds ( se$ to ! acre4 ,! cov]-crop is s[n 9 midsumm]1 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/ 9 nor!rn latitudes1 & %\ld be pl[$ "u 9 ! fall or e>ly spr+4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! gre5 crop be p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! v9ey>d late 9 ! spr+ to rob ! v9es ( food & moi/ure4 ,! wea!r map mu/ be wat*$ at s[+ "t to make sure ( a moi/ se$-b$4 ,plate ,,iii illu/rates two v9ey>ds ) well-gr[n cov]-crops4 ,,tillage ,grape-gr[]s are n 9 ! fog t befuddles gr[]s ( tree-fruits 9 reg>d to tillage4 ,he is a slov51 inde$1 :o p]mits 8 v9es to /& a season 9 unbrok5 gr\nd1 & !re are no gr[]s :o recomm5d sod or any ( ! modifi$ sod-mul*es = ! grape4 ,tillage is difficult 9 hilly regions & ! op]ation is (t5 neglect$ 9 hillside v9ey>ds1 z 9 ! ,c5tral ,lakes region ( ,new ,york1 b ev5 "h "s sort ( tillage is univ]sal4 ,! skip ( a s+le season 9 till+ /unts ! v9es1 & two or ?ree skips 9 successive seasons ru9 a v9ey>d4 ,no "o compla9s t grapes suff] f ov]-till+ z "o frequ5tly he>s ( tree-fruits4 ,!re is no tonic = ! grape t comp>es ) cultivation :5 ! leaves lack color & hang limp & ! v9e has an indef9able air ( depression2 & !re is no?+ bett] ?an cultivation to r\se lat5t vigor 9 a scor*+ summ]1 or :5 dr\ght lays heavy on ! l&4 ,tillage tools4 ,! tools to be us$ 9 till+ grapes v>y ) ! topography ( ! v9ey>d1 ! k9d ( soil & ! pref]5ces ( ! v9ey>di/4 ,! be/ tool is ! "o ) :i* ! gr\nd c be well fitt$ at lea/ exp5se4 ,good "w 9 ! v9ey>d requires at lea/ two pl[s1 a s+le-horse & a two-horse pl[4 ,! latt]1 except on v hilly l&1 %\ld be a gang-pl[4 ,= comm]cial v9ey>ds ( any consid]able size1 sev]al cultivators are necess>y = diff]5t seasons & conditions ( ! soil4 ,?us1 e v9ey>d %\ld h a spr+-too? & a disc h>r[1 "o ( ! sev]al types ( we$]s1 a "o-horse & a sulky cultivator4 ,if we$s ab\nd1 x is necess>y to h "s cutt+ tool1 or an atta*m5t to "o ( ! cultivators1 to slide ov] ! gr\nd & cut (f l>ge we$s4 ,ano!r indisp5sable tool 9 a l>ge v9ey>d is a "o-horse grape-hoe1 to supplem5t ! "w ( :i* !re mu/ be heavy h&-hoes4 ,v (t5 ! surface soil mu/ be pulv]iz$1 & a clod-cru%]1 roll] or a float becomes a necessity4 ,a full complem5t ( bright1 %>p tools at ! comm& ( ! grape-gr[] goes f> t[>d success 9 8 bus9ess4 ,tillage me?ods4 ,!re are sev]al reliable guides indicat+ :5 ! v9ey>d ne$s to be till$4 ,! v9ey>di/ :o is b a casual obs]v] ( ! relation ( v9ey>d op]ations to ! life ev5ts & ! welf>e ( 8 v9es w take ! crop ( we$s z 8 guide4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to keep d[n ! we$s1 b ! man :o waits until we$s =ce him to till w make a poor %[+ 9 8 v9ey>d4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! soil is a bett] guide4 ,! *ief function ( tillage is to save moi/ure by *eck+ evaporation & to put ! soil 9 su* condition t its wat]-hold+ capacity is increas$4 ,! physical condition ( ! l& is ano!r guide4 ,till+ :5 ! soil ne$s pulv]iz+ furni%es a great] fe$+ surface = ! roots4 ,tillage beg9s ) pl[+ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,:e!r provid$ ) a cov]-crop to be turn$ "u or h>d & b>e1 ! l& mu/ be brok5 ea* spr+ ) ! pl[4 ,pl[+ is be/ done by runn+ a s+le furr[ ) a "o-horse pl[ up to or away f ! v9es z occasion calls & !n foll[+ ) a two-horse or a gang-pl[4 ,"s gr[]s use a disc h>r[ in/ead ( ! pl[ to break ! l& 9 ! spr+1 b ?is is a d\btful proc$ure 9 mo/ v9ey>ds & is impossible :5 a heavy gre5-crop cov]s ! l&4 ,tillage ) h>r[1 cultivator1 we$] or roll] !n proce$s at su* int]vals z conditions dem&1 seldom less ?an once a =tnight1 until "t to s[ ! cov]-crop 9 midsumm]4 ,ab\t ! "t grapes blossom1 ! grape-hoe %\ld be us$ to level d[n ! furr[ turn$ up to ! v9es 9 ! spr+ pl[+4 ,tillage %\ld always foll[ a heavy ra9 to prev5t ! =mation ( a soil cru/1 ?is be+ a "t :5 he :o tills quickly tills twice4 ,! numb] ( times a v9ey>d %\ld be till$ dep5ds on ! soil & ! season4 ,t5 times ov] ) ! cultivator 9 "o v9ey>d or season may n be z effective z five times 9 ano!r v9ey>d or ano!r season4 ,9 "s regions1 z 9 ,new ,york1 ! gr[] is s (t5 at ! m]cy ( wet wea!r 9 e>ly spr+ t ! pl[+ is be/ done 9 ! fall1 & spr+ op]ations mu/ !n op5 ) h>r[+ ) "s tool t w break ! l& ?or\ghly4 ,! dep? to till is gov]n$ by ! nature ( ! soil & ! season4 ,heavy soils ne$ deep till+2 light soils1 %all[ till+2 9 wet wea!r1 till deeply2 9 dry wea!r1 lightly4 ,grape roots are well d[n 9 ! soil & !re is little dang] ( injur+ !m 9 deep tillage4 ,! dep? ( pl[+ & cultivat+ %\ld be v>i$ some:at f season to season to avoid ! =mation ( a pl[-sole4 ,9 "s regions pl[+ & cultivat+ may be made a means ( combat+ insects & fungi1 & ?is regulates ! dep? ( tillage4 ,?us1 9 ! ,*autauqua grape-belt ( we/]n ,new ,york1 ! pupa ( ! root-worm1 a sc\rge ( ! grape 9 ?is region1 is ?r[n out & de/roy$ by ! grape-hoe j z x is ab\t ready to em]ge z an adult to lay its eggs on ! v9es4 ,9 all regions1 leaves & mummi$ grapes be>+ c\ntless myriads ( spores ( ! mildews1 black-rot & o!r fungi are int]n$ by ! pl[ & _c scatt] disease4 ,! "t 9 ! season to /op tillage dep5ds on ! locality1 ! season & ! v>iety4 ,x is a good rule to cease cultivation a few weeks be=e ! grapes atta9 full size & beg9 to color1 = by ?is "t !y w h weight$ d[n ! v9es s t fruit & foliage w be 9 ! way ( ! cultivator4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 cultivation ceases 9 ! ord9>y season ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 e>li] ! f>!r s\?4 ,rank-gr[+ sorts1 z ,concord or ,cl9ton1 d n ne$ to be cultivat$ z late z ^? ( small] gr[? & scanti] foliage1 z ,delaw>e or ,diamond4 ,! cov]-crop se$ is cov]$ ! la/ "t ov] ) ! cultivator4 ,plate ,,iv %[s a well-till$ v9ey>d ( ,concords4 ,,irrigation ,! grape1 z a rule1 )/&s dr\ght v well1 sev]al species gr[+ wild on ! des]t's edge4 ,ev5 9 ! semi-arid regions ( ! f> ,we/1 :]e o!r fruits mu/ always be irrigat$1 ! grape (t5 gr[s well )\t artificial wat]+4 ,irrigation is practic$ 9 v9ey>ds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only on ! ,pacific slope & "h ! practice is n z g5]al z ) o!r fruit crops4 ,:e!r ! grape %all be gr[n "u irrigation or n is a local & (t5 an individual "q answ]$ ) reg>d to sev]al conditions2 z ! local ra9fall1 ! dep? & "* ( ! soil1 ! co/ ( wat] & ease ( irrigation4 ,^! conditions are all correlat$ & make ab\t ! mo/ complex & difficult problem ! gr[]s ( grapes 9 semi-arid regions h to solve4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z ! grape-gr[] c gr[ fairly vigor\s v9es & h>ve/ a fairly b\ntiful crop by natural ra9fall1 he %\ld n irrigate2 =1 ev5 ?\gh ! crop (fsets ! co/1 !re are sev]al objections to gr[+ grapes "u irrigation4 ,! v9es are subject to m diseases & physiological tr\bles2 ! fruit is said to lack aroma & flavor2 grapes gr[n on irrigat$ l& d n /& %ipm5t well1 ! unduly inflat$ grapes (t5 bur/+2 w9e-mak]s d n l irrigat$ grapes z well z ^? f non-irrigat$ l&s2 & wat]y grapes f irrigat$ l&s make inf]ior rais9s4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 ) a %[ ( reason1 t grapes suff] 9 irrigat$ v9ey>ds 9 ! ways set =? only :5 ! v9es are ov]-or improp]ly irrigat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,b>ry 7#b_/e74 ,delaw>e 7#b_/e74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f]tiliz]s ,,= ,,grapes ,z reg>ds f]tiliz]s1 ! grape-gr[] has mu* to le>n & 9 le>n+ he mu/ approa* ! problem ) humility ( m9d4 ,= 9 8 exp]im5t+1 :i* is ! be/ way to le>n1 he w no soon] arrive at :at seems to be a c]ta9 conclusion1 ?an ano!r season's results or ! yields 9 an adjo9+ v9ey>d w upset ! f9d+s ( pa/ seasons & ^? obta9$ 9 o!r places4 ,un=tunately1 !re is little real k to be obta9$ on ! subject1 = grape-gr[]s h n yet brok5 away f "t-worn dictums 9 reg>d to f]tiliz]s & /ill foll[ recomm5dations drawn f "w ) truck & field crops4 ,?is is excus$ by ! fact t !re h be5 almo/ no compreh5sive exp]im5ts 9 ! c\ntry ) f]tiliz]s = grapes4 ,no fallacies die h>d] ?an ! pron\ncem5ts ( *emi/s a g5]ation ago t f]tiliz+ consi/s 9 putt+ 9 ! soil approximately t :i* ! plants take out2 & t ! *emical composition ( ! crop af=ds ! necess>y guide to f]tiliz+4 ,^! two !ories are ! basis ( ne>ly e recomm5dation t c be f\nd = ! use ( f]tiliz]s 9 gr[+ crops4 ,! facts appli$ to ! grape1 h[ev]1 are t ! av]age tillable soil conta9s a hundr$ or a ?\s& times m ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( plants ?an ! grape c possibly take f ! soil2 & _m exp]im5ts 9 supply+ food to plants %[ t ! *emical composition ( ! plant is n a safe guide to _! f]tiliz] requirem5ts4 ,lat] tea*+s 9 reg>d to ! use ( f]tiliz]s are3 ,t ! quantity ( m9]al food 9 a soil may be ( f> less importance ?an ! quantity ( wat]1 & t ! cultivator %\ld make c]ta9 t !re is suffici5t moi/ure 9 8 l& s t ! m9]al salts may be readily dissolv$ & s become available z plant-food2 t f> too mu* importance has be5 atta*$ to putt+ *emicals 9 ! soil & too little to ! physical condition ( ! soil1 :]eby ! "w ( bact]ia & ! solv5t action ( organic acids may make available plant-food t )\t ^! ag5cies is unavailable4 ,^! brief & simple /atem5ts introduce to grape-gr[]s "s ( ! problems ) :i* !y mu/ deal 9 f]tiliz+ grapes1 & %[ :at a complex problem ( *emi/ry1 physics & biology f]tiliz+ ! soil is2 h[ difficult exp]im5tal "w 9 ?is field is2 & h[ cauti\s work]s mu/ be 9 int]pret+ results ( ei!r exp]im5t or exp]i5ce4 ,an acc\nt ( an exp]im5t 9 f]tiliz+ a v9ey>d may make ev5 m pla9 ! difficulties 9 c>ry+ on exp]im5ts 9 f]tiliz+ fruits & ! caution t mu/ be obs]v$ 9 draw+ conclusions4 ,,an ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,f]tiliz+ ,,grapes ,! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation is exp]im5t+ ) f]tiliz]s = grapes at ,fr$onia1 ,*autauqua ,c\nty1 ! *ief grape region 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,! exp]im5t %\ld be ( int]e/ to e grape-gr[] f sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,x n only %[s t !re are _m & difficult problems 9 f]tiliz+ grapes1 b also ! results ( ! use ( manure1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s & cov]-crops 9 a p>ticul> v9ey>d2 x sugge/s ! f]tiliz]s to be us$ & ! me?ods ( use2 & x furni%es a plan = an exp]im5t by grape-gr[]s :o want to try su* an exp]im5t & draw _! own conclusions4 ,an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t & ! results = ! fir/ five ye>s foll[s3#aj ,te/s at ,fr$onia4 ,9 ! v9ey>d at ,fr$onia elev5 plats 7 laid out 9 a section ( ! v9ey>d :]e inequalities ( soil & o!r conditions 7 slight or 7 neutraliz$4 ,ea* plat includ$ ?ree r[s 7ab\t "o-six? ( an acre7 & 0 sep>at$ f ! adjo9+ plats by a 'buff]' r[ n "u te/4 ,"o plat 9 ! c5t] ( ! section s]v$ z a *eck1 & five diff]5t f]tiliz] comb9ations 7 us$ on duplicate plats at ei!r side ( ! *eck4 ,plats #a & #g receiv$ lime & a complete f]tiliz] ) quick-act+ & sl[-act+ nitrog52 ,plats #b & #h receiv$ ! complete f]tiliz] b no lime2 on ,plats #c & #i pota% 0 omitt$ f ! complete f]tiliz] comb9ation2 ,plats #d & #aj receiv$ no phosphorus2 ,plats #e & #aa1 no nitrog52 & ,plat #f 0 ! *eck4 ,! mat]ials 7 appli$ at su* rates t !y provid$ = ! fir/ ye> #gb p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre1 #be p\nds ( phosphorus & #ei p\nds ( potassium2 & = ea* ( ! la/ f\r ye>s two-?irds z mu* nitrog5 & phosphorus & eight-n9?s z mu* potassium4 ,! lime 0 appli$ ! fir/ & f\r? ye>s 9 quantity to make a ton to ! acre annually4 ,cov]-crops 7 s[n on all plats alike & 7 pl[$ "u 9 late ,april or e>ly ,may ( ea* ye>4 ,^! diff]$ 9 successive ye>s1 b includ$ no legumes4 ,! crops us$ 7 rye1 :eat1 b>ley & c[-horn turnips sep>ately & ! la/ two 9 comb9ation4 ,! cultivation diff]$ only 9 ?or\ghness f t g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,belt1 ! aim be+ to ma9ta9 a good du/ mul* dur+ ! :ole gr[+ season4 ,prun+ by ! ,*autauqua ,sy/em 0 done ?r\gh\t by "o man1 :o prun$ solely accord+ to ! vigor ( ! individual v9es & left f\r1 two or ?ree1 or no fruit+ canes z appe>$ be/4 ,! v9ey>d 0 ?or\ghly spray$1 all plats alike4 ,l[ w9t] temp]atures1 affect+ immature wood & buds caus$ by unfavorable wea!r ( ! previ\s season1 r$uc$ yields mat]ially dur+ two ( ! five ye>s1 & practically neutraliz$ any anticipat$ b5efit f f]tiliz]s4 ,foll[+ ! fir/ ( ^! l[-crop ye>s1 came a season1 #aiaa1 9 :i* favorable conditions1 act+ ^u v9es left undim9i%$ 9 vigor by ! light crop ( ! previ\s ye> result$ 9 heavy & q uni=m yields on all ! plats4 ,! yields = ! five ye>s are %[n 9 ,table ,i2 & a summ>y %[+ ! av]age ga9s f ea* treatm5t is giv5 9 ,table ,,ii1 ) ! av]age f9ancial balance aft] d$uct+ ! co/ ( f]tiliz] application f ! increas$ returns f ! plats receiv+ !m4 ,,table ,i4--,,yield ,,( ,,grapes 7,,tons ,,p] ,,acre7 ,,9 ,,f]tiliz] ,,exp]im5ts ,plat4 #e-ye> ,no4 #aiji #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac avg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,tons,tons,tons,tons,tons,tons #a ,complete f]tiliz]2 lime #d4dh #b4aj #e4cg #c4df #b4ad #c4ea #b ,complete f]tiliz] #d4gf #b4ba #e4ga #d4cj #b4hc #c4if #c ,nitrog5 & phosphorus #e4ag #b4ad #e4fa #d4jj #b4be #c4hc #d ,nitrog5 & pota% #d4be #b4ee #e4fd #d4aj #b4he #c4hg #e ,phosphorus & pota% #c4da #b4jj #e4dd #d4ce #a4gh #c4ci #f ,*eck #c4ch #b4aj #e4cb #c4fj #a4bd #c4ab #g ,complete f]tiliz]2 lime #d4fi #b4ch #e4fb #d4hj #c4jd #d4aj #h ,complete f]tiliz] #d4ff #b4jg #e4ga #d4ih #b4gb #d4jb #i ,nitrog5 & phosphorus #d4ii #b4jd #e4ce #d4hi #b4fa #c4ig #aj ,nitrog5 & pota% #d4gi #b4bf #e4ia #d4hi #c4jg #d4ah #aa ,phosphorus & pota% #d4ii #a4hg #e4jc #d4ba #a4ig #c4fa ,,table ,,ii4--,,av]age ,,increase ,,9 ,,grape ,,yields ,,& ,,av]age ,,f9ancial ,,ga9 ,,f ,,f]tiliz] ,,applications ,n nitrog51 ,p phosphorus1 ,k potassium1 ,ca lime4 ,ga9s 9 tons p] acre4 ,n1 ,p1 ,n1 ,p1 ,n1 ,p4 ,n1 ,k4 ,p1 ,k4 ,k1 ,ca4 ,k4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,fir/ plat ( pair #c4ea #c4if #c4hc #c4hg #c4ci ,second plat ( pair #d4aj #d4jb #c4ig #d4ah #c4fa ---------------------------------------- ----- ,av]age #c4hj #c4ig #c4ij #d4jb #c4ej ,*eck plat #c4ab #c4ab #c4ab #c4ab #c4ab ---------------------------------------- ----- ,av]age ga9 4#fh 4#he 4#gh 4#ij 4#ch ,av]age f9ancial ga9 #e4hb #ac4hd #ad4je #ah4ed #f4ii ,f ?is la/ table ! b5efit f nitrog5 appe>s q evid5t s9ce e comb9ation 9 :i* x appe>s gives a sub/antial ga9 ov] ! "o f :i* x is abs5t4 ,phosphorus & potassium )\t ! nitrog51 lead to only a slight increase ov] ! *eck2 & lime appe>s to be ( no b5efit4 ,f9ancially1 ! complete f]tiliz] & lime comb9ation1 ! nitrog5 & phosphorus comb9ation & ! phosphorus & potassium comb9ation fail$ to pay _! co/ 9 five ( ! t5 comp>isons2 ! complete f]tiliz] 0 us$ at a loss f\r times out ( t52 & ! nitrog5 & potassium comb9ation ?ree times out ( t54 ,lime _h no appreciable effect on ei!r v9es or fruit4 ,no effect ( ! f]tiliz]s on ! fruit itself1 aside f yield1 0 %[n = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s2 b 9 #aiab1 & ev5 m m>k$ly 9 #aiac1 ! fruit f ! plats on :i* nitrog5 _h be5 us$ 0 sup]ior 9 compactness ( clu/]1 size ( clu/] & size ( b]ry4 ,9 #aiab also1 :5 e>ly rip5+ 0 a decid$ advantage1 ! fruit on ! nitrog5 plats matur$ e>li] ?an t on ! *eck plats4 ,9 #aiac ! favorable rip5+ season & ! small] crop t5d$ to equalize ! "t ( rip5+ on all plats4 ,! grapes on ! phosphorus-potassium plats 7 bett] 9 quality ?an ^? 9 ! *eck plats b n z good z ^? on ! plats :]e nitrog5 0 us$4 ,o!r indexes also %[ pla9ly ! b5efit f nitrog5 9 ?is v9ey>d2 = size & weight ( leaf1 weight ( wood produc$ & numb] ( fruit+ canes left on ! v9es 7 all great] :]e f]tiliz]s1 & p>ticul>ly nitrog51 _h be5 us$4 ,! ?ree-ye> av]ages 7#aiaa-aiac7 ( ! measurem5ts = ^! *>act]i/ics are %[n 9 ,table ,,iii3 ,,table ,,iii4--,,comp>ative ,,production ,,( ,,leaves1 ,,wood ,,& ,,fruit+ ,,canes ,,on ,,grape ,,v9es ,,diff]5tly ,,f]tiliz$ 7,av]ages = ?ree ye>s47 ,,f]tiliz] ,,application ,,leaf ,,wood ,,fruit+ ,,weight#aa ,,prun$#ab ,,canes ,,left#ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,grams4 ,lbs4 ,complete f]tiliz]2 lime #a1jcc #a1bie #b1dfh ,complete f]tiliz] #a1jaj #a1cfg #b1fji ,nitrog5 & phosphorus #a1jdg #a1bgb #b1ehe ,nitrog5 & potassium #a1jfi #a1dja #b1fdf ,phosphorus & potassium #ifd #a1jhf #b1cbf ,*eck #icj #iae #b1aaj ,cop]ative exp]im5ts4 ,9 ord] to secure in=mation z to ! behavior ( f]tiliz]s on ! diff]5t soils ( ! ,grape ,belt1 cop]ative te/s 7 c>ri$ on 9 six v9ey>ds own$1 respectively1 by ,s4 ,s4 ,gr&91 ,we/field2 ,hon4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hamilton1 ,/ate ,l9e2 ,james ,lee1 ,brocton2 ,h4 ,s4 ,m9]1 ,dunkirk2 ,miss ,frances ,j5n+s1 ,silv] ,creek2 & ,j4 ,t4 ,b>nes1 ,prospect ,/ation4 ,! soil 9 ^! v9ey>ds includ$ gravelly loam1 %ale loam & clay loam1 all 9 ! ,dunkirk s]ies1 & ! exp]im5ts cov]$ f two to two & a half acres 9 ?ree cases & ab\t five acres 9 ea* ( ! o!r v9ey>ds4 ,! "w cont9u$ f\r ye>s 9 all b "o ( ! exp]im5ts1 :i* x 0 necess>y to end aft] ! second ye>4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! te/s 0 mu* l t at ,fr$onia 9 mo/ ( ! v9ey>ds1 ) ! additions ( plats = /able manure & = legum9\s & non-legum9\s cov] crops ) & )\t lime4 ,f two to six *eck plats 7 left = comp>ison 9 ea* v9ey>d4 ,z already /at$ ! results 7 (t5 inconsi/5t 9 duplicate plats 9 ! same v9ey>d1 & if "o te/ appe>$ to po9t def9itely 9 a c]ta9 direction1 ! indication w\ld be negativ$ by results 9 o!r v9ey>ds4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! yield ( fruit 0 ! only index to ! effect ( treatm5ts z x 0 n possible to weigh leaves or prun$ wood1 or to c\nt ! canes left4 ,nitrog5 & potassium 9 comb9ation1 :i* gave ! l>ge/ ga9s & greate/ pr(it 9 ! ,/ation v9ey>d at ,fr$onia1 %[$ a #ac p] ct4 increase 9 yield on "o plat 9 ! ,j5n+s v9ey>d & a #i p] ct4 decrease on ! o!r2 9 ! ,m9] v9ey>d ?is comb9ation app>5tly result$ 9 a #be p] ct4 increase2 9 ! ,lee v9ey>d 9 a #b-a_/b p] ct4 loss2 9 ! ,hamilton v9ey>d a #ag p] ct4 ga92 & 9 ! ,gr&9 v9ey>d nei!r ga9 nor loss4 ,9 only two ( ! five v9ey>ds 9 :i* ?is comb9ation 0 te/$ 0 ! ga9 great en\gh to pay ! co/ ( ! f]tiliz] appli$4 ,simil> discrepancies1 or abs5ce ( pr(itable ga91 m>k ! use ( ! o!r f]tiliz] comb9ations4 ,ev5 /able manure1 ! /&by ( ! f>m] & fruit-gr[]1 :5 appli$ at ! rate ( five tons p] acre ea* spr+1 & pl[$ 91 did n1 on ! av]age1 pay = itself4 ,inde$1 !re 7 few in/ances among ! #fj comp>isons possible1 9 :i* m ?an a v mod]ate pr(it c\ld be cr$it$ to manure4 ,! av]age increase 9 yield foll[+ ! application ( manure alone 0 less ?an a qu>t] ( a ton ( grapes to ! acre2 :ile ! use ( lime ) ! manure increas$ ! ga9 to "o-?ird ( a ton p] acre4 ,! ton ( lime to ! acre annually w\ld n be paid = by ! ga9 ( #age p\nds ( grapes4 ,cov]-crops 7 us$ 9 five ( ! six cop]ative exp]im5ts & prov$ ev5 less adapt$ to increas+ crop yields ?an did ! manure4 ,!re 0 no appreciable ga91 on ! av]age1 f ! use ( mammo? clov]2 inde$1 a slight loss mu/ be record$ = ! clov] except ^u ! plats :i* 7 also lim$1 & ev5 ) ! lime ! av]age yields on *eck plats & mammo? clov] plats diff]$ by only "o "o-hundr$? ( a ton4 ,:eat or b>ley ) c[-horn turnips made a slightly bett] %[+1 z ! plats on :i* ^! crops 7 turn$ "u1 )\t lime1 av]ag$ ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( a ton to ! acre bett] ?an ! *ecks4 ,) ^! non-legumes1 lime 0 app>5tly a detrim5t1 z ! plants ) ! lime yield$ a t5? ( a ton less1 on ! av]age1 ?an ^? )\t x4 ,practical lessons f ! ,fr$onia exp]im5t4 ,f ?is exp]im5t x becomes cle> t ! use ( f]tiliz]s 9 a v9ey>d is a local problem4 ,g5]al advice is ( little value4 ,x is evid5t also t ! f]tilization ( v9ey>ds is s involv$ ) o!r factors t only c>efully plann$ & long cont9u$ "w w give reliable in=mation z to ! ne$s ( v9es4 ,inde$1 field exp]im5ts ev5 9 c>efully select$ v9ey>ds1 z ! cop]ative exp]im5ts %[1 may be s contradictory & mislead+ z to be worse ?an useless1 if d$uctions are made f ! results ( a few seasons4 ,! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 has br\ght =? in=mation ab\t f]tiliz+ v9ey>ds t ought to be mo/ helpful to grape-gr[]s4 ,?us1 ! results sugge/3 ,only v9ey>ds 9 good condition respond to f]tiliz]s4 ,x is usually wa/e to make applications ( f]tiliz]s 9 poorly dra9$ v9ey>ds1 9 su* z suff] f w9t] cold or spr+ fro/s1 :]e insect pe/s are epidemic & uncontroll$ or :]e good c>e is lack+4 ,! exp]im5ts furni% sev]al examples ( in]tness1 ineffectiv5ess or failure to produce pr(it :5 ! f]tiliz]s 7 appli$ "u any ( ! conditions nam$4 ,!y emphasize ! importance ( pay+ att5tion to all ( ! factors on :i* plant gr[? is dep5d5t4 ,moi/ure1 soil temp]ature1 aration1 ! texture ( ! soil1 fre$om f pe/s1 cold & fro/s1 z well z ! supply ( food may limit ! yield ( grapes4 ,a v9ey>d soil may h a "o-sid$ we>4 ,x is c]ta9 9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts & /rongly indicat$ 9 o!rs t ! soil is hav+ a "o-sid$ we>--t only "o or a v few ( ! elem5ts ( f]tility are lack+4 ,! elem5t mo/ frequ5tly lack+ is nitrog54 ,exception w probably be f\nd 9 v light s&s or gravels :i* are (t5 defici5t 9 pota% & ! phosphates2 or on soils s %all[ or ( su* me*anical texture t ! root range ( ! v9e is limit$2 or 9 soils s wet or s dry z to limit ! root range or prev5t biological activities4 ,^! exceptions mean1 z a rule1 t ! soils possess+ ! unfavorable qualities are unfitt$ = grape-gr[+4 ,! grape-gr[] %\ld try to discov] :i* ( ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts 8 soil lacks & n wa/e by us+ elem5ts n ne$$4 ,grape soils are (t5 unev54 ,! m>k$ unev5ness ( ! soil 9 ! sev5 v9ey>ds 9 :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on1 z indicat$ by ! crops & ! effects ( ! f]tiliz]s1 furni%es food = ?\ght to grape-gr[]s4 ,maximum pr(its _c be approa*$ 9 v9ey>ds 9 :i* ! soil is z unev5 z 9 ^!1 :i* 7 9 e case select$ because !re 0 an appe>ance ( uni=mity4 ,a problem be=e grape-gr[]s is to make uni=m all conditions 9 _! v9ey>ds1 & ! v9es mu/ be kept free f pe/s if f]tiliz]s are to be pr(itably us$4 ,h[ a grape-gr[] may "k :5 8 v9es ne$ f]tiliz]s4 ,a grape-gr[] may assume t 8 v9es d n ne$ f]tiliz]s if !y are vigor\s & mak+ a fair annual gr[?4 ,:5 ! v9ey>d is f\nd to be fail+ 9 vigor1 ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is to make sure t ! dra9age is good2 ! second /ep1 to control insect & fung\s pe/s2 ! ?ird1 to give tillage & good c>e2 & ! f\r? /ep is to apply f]tiliz]s if !y be f\nd necess>y4 ,few v9ey>ds w be f\nd to require a complete f]tiliz]4 ,:at ! special requirem5ts ( a v9ey>d are c be asc]ta9$ only by exp]im5t & are probably n asc]ta9able by analyses ( ! soil4 ,?is exp]im5t furni%es sugge/ions z to h[ ! grape-gr[] may te/ ! value ( f]tiliz]s 9 8 own v9ey>d4 ,apply+ f]tiliz]s4 ,:5 x is c]ta9 t v9es ne$ f]tilization1 & :at is want$ is kn[n1 ! f]tiliz]s %\ld be put on 9 ! spr+ & be work$ 9 by ! spr+ cultivation4 ,/able manure %\ld be pl[$ "u4 ,grape roots =age ?r\gh\t ! :ole top lay] ( soil s t ! l& %\ld be cov]$ ) ! f]tiliz]1 :e!r *emical or b>ny>d manure4 ,applications ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s are g5]ally spread broadca/1 ?\gh x is bett] to drill !m 9 if ! foliage is out on ! v9es & ?us avoid possible injury to t5d] foliage4 ,comm]cial f]tiliz]s %\ld be mix$ ?or\ghly & 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate4 ,9 lea*y soils1 nitrate ( soda ought n to be appli$ too e>ly 9 ! season1 z x w quickly wa% d[n out ( rea* ( ! grape roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,brighton 7#b_/c74 ,ov]-ri* soils4 ,"s soils are too ri* = ! grape4 ,on ^! ! gr[? is ov]-luxuriant1 ! wood does n mature 9 ! autumn1 fruit-buds d n =m & ! fruit is poor 9 quality4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties c /& a ri*] soil ?an o!rs4 ,ov]-ri*ness is a tr\ble t may cure itself z ! v9es come 9 full be>+ & make great] dem&s on ! soil = food4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 on a soil t is suspect$ ( be+ too ri* or s prov$ by ! behavior ( ! v9es1 to provide an extra wire on ! trellis1 to prune little & ?us take c>e ( ! rampant gr[?4 ,"s soils1 h[ev]1 & ?is is (t5 ! case1 are s ri* t ! grape _c be made to ?rive 9 !m2 ! v9es wa/e _! sub/ance 9 riot\s liv+1 produc+ luxuriant foliage & lu/y wood b little or no fruit4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,prun+ ,,! ,,grape ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica ,! inexp]i5c$ look on prun+ z a difficult op]ation 9 grape-gr[+4 ,b once a few fundam5tals are grasp$1 grape-prun+ is n difficult4 ,!re is mu* less p]plexity 9 prun+ ! grape ?an 9 prun+ tree-fruits4 ,prun+ foll[s accept$ patt]ns 9 e grape region1 & :5 ! patt]n is le>n$ ! difficulties are easily ov]come4 ,! inexp]i5c$ are confus$ by ! array ( pr9ciples1 types1 me?ods1 sy/ems & ! _m te*nical t]ms t ent] into discussions ( grape-prun+4 ,"s ( ! te*nicalities come f ,european practices1 & o!rs orig9at$ 9 ! infancy ( grape-gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry :5 !re 0 great div]sity 9 prun+4 ,dive/$ ( mu* t is b j>gon1 an inexp]i5c$ man c easily le>n 9 a few lessons1 f ^w ( m\? or pr9t$ page1 h[ to prune grapes4 ,! simplicity ( prun+ has l$ to slight+ ! "w 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds1 by too (t5 tru/+ x to unskill$ h&s4 ,!n1 too1 9 ?is age ( p[]-propell$ tools1 pride 9 h& labor has be5 left beh9d1 & few grape-gr[]s n[ take "t & tr\ble to become exp]t 9 prun+4 ,simple z ! "w may seem to ^? long accu/om$ to x1 he :o wants to put into 8 prun+ pa9/ak+ intellig5ce & to ta/e ! joy ( a task well done f9ds 9 ?is v9ey>d op]ation an ample field = pleasure & = ! developm5t ( great] pr(its4 ,! price to be paid by ^? :o w\ld ?us attempt p]fection 9 prun+ ! v9e is =w>d vision1 ! me*anic's eye1 ! g>d5]'s t\*1 pati5ce1 & pride 9 h&icraft4 ,simple z prun+ is1 ! prun] soon le>ns t x is an art 9 :i* p]fection is bett] kn[n 9 m9d ?an foll[$ 9 de$4 ,! !ory is easy b !re are "s /umbl+ blocks to make its consummation difficult4 ,x is an art 9 :i* rules d n suffice1 = no two v9ey>ds c be prun$ alike 9 am\nt or me?od1 & e grape-gr[] f9ds 8 v9ey>d a prop] field = ! gratification ( 8 ta/e 9 prun+4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 enlight5$ !ory & s\nd practice are 9 p]fect accord 9 grape-prun+1 s t specific advice is well f\nd$ on gov]n+ pr9ciples4 ,"o _c1 ( c\rse1 le>n to prune unless he und]/&s ! habit ( ! grape-v9e & is famili> ) ! t]ms appli$ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! v9e4 ,z a prelim9>y to ?is *apt]1 !re=e1 k ( ,*apt] ,,xvii1 9 :i* ! /ructure ( ! grape-v9e is discuss$1 is necess>y4 ,! next /ep is to di/+ui% betwe5 prun+ & tra9+4 ,,prun+ ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,di/+ui%$ ,! grape is prun$ to increase 9 v>i\s ways ! economic value ( ! plant by increas+ ! quantity & value ( ! crop4 ,?is is prun+ prop]4 ,or grapes are prun$ to make well-proportion$ plants ) ! p>ts s dispos$ t ! v9es are to ! highe/ degree manageable 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,?is is tra9+4 ,to repeat1 ! grape-plant is prun$ to regulate ! crop2 x is tra9$ to regulate ! v9e4 ,grape-gr[]s usually speak ( bo? op]ations z prun+1 b x is bett] to keep 9 m9d ! two conceptions4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 prun+ & tra9+ mu/ be made m app>5t by sett+ =? 9 great] detail ! results atta9$ by ! two op]ations4 ,results atta9$ 9 prun+ to regulate ! crop4 ,prop] prun+ ( v9es 9 _! fir/ ye> 9 ! v9ey>d1 :i*1 z we h se51 consi/s ( cutt+ ! "y plants back sev]ely1 br+s ! v9es 9 productive be>+ a ye> or two ye>s e>li] ?an !y w\ld h borne _h ! prun+ be5 neglect$4 ,?is e>ly prun+1 s9ce x is done ) an eye to ! vigor ( ea* v9e1 insures great] uni=mity 9 ! gr[? & productiv5ess ( ! v9ey>d4 ,uni=mity ?us br\ght ab\t is important n only = ! "t be+1 b = ! future developm5t ( ! v9es1 s9ce weak v9es1 if unprun$1 are /unt$ & may require ye>s to ov]take m vigor\s v9es 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,! quality ( ! crop may be regulat$ by prun+4 ,:5 v9es be> too heavily1 ! grapes are small1 & w9e-mak]s h f\nd t !y seldom develop sug> & flavor z d grapes on v9es n ov]-be>+4 ,grapes on v9es too heavily lad5 seldom rip5 or color well4 ,n only are ! grapes on poorly prun$ & unprun$ v9es poor 9 quality b ! grapes on su* v9es are usually n well di/ribut$ & !re=e rip5 & color unev5ly4 ,! results j m5tion$ foll[ because ! bun*es 9 a poorly di/ribut$ crop receive v>y+ am\nts ( light & heat dep5d+ on ! di/ance f ! gr\nd1 ! di/ance f ! trunk & on ! am\nt ( %ade4 ,prun+ may be us$ to regulate ! quantity ( grapes borne 9 a v9ey>d & s be made some:at helpful 9 prev5t+ alt]nate be>+4 ,abnormally l>ge crops are usually foll[$ by p>tial crop failure & bi5nial be>+ sometimes sets 91 b ! l>ge crop may be r$uc$ by prun+ & ! evil consequ5ces :olly or p>tly avoid$4 ,x foll[s t prun+ mu/ dep5d mu* on ! vigor ( ! v9e2 = a weak v9e may be s prun$ z to cause x to ov]be>2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a vigor\s v9e prun$ 9 ! same way might n be> at all4 ,results atta9$ 9 prun+ to regulate ! v9e4 ,x is necess>y to regulate ! %ape ( ! v9e by tra9+ s t till+1 spray+1 prun+ & h>ve/+ c be easily p]=m$ & ! crop be kept (f ! gr\nd4 ,! co/ ( production is always less 9 a well-prun$ v9ey>d because all v9ey>d op]ations are m easily c>ri$ out4 ,! life ( a v9ey>d is l5g!n$ :5 ! v9es are well tra9$1 because :5 ! p>ts ( a v9e are prop]ly dispos$ on trellis or /ake ! plants are less (t5 injur$ 9 v9ey>d op]ations4 ,moreov]1 n infrequ5tly v9es die f ov]-production & consequ5t break+ ( canes or trunks :i* might h be5 prev5t$ by prun+ to %ape ! v9e4 ,suck]s & wat]-spr\ts are less common on well-tra9$ v9es4 ,x is necess>y1 too1 by tra9+ to keep ! bun*es away f trunk1 canes & o!r bun*es & s prev5t injury to ! grapes4 ,la/ly1 fa%ion1 ta/e or a m or less abnormal use ( ! grapes1 may prescribe ! =m 9 :i* a v9e is tra9$4 ,fa%ion & ta/e run f v simple or natural /yles to exce$+ly complex1 =mal ones1 dep5d+1 (t51 on ! v>iety1 ! environm5t or o!r condition1 b j z (t5 on ! :im ( ! grape-gr[]4 ,! grape is a favorite ornam5tal = f5ces1 arbors & to cov] build+s2 = all ( ^! purposes ! v9es mu/ be tra9$ z occasion calls4 ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,prun+ ,leav+ ! %ap+ ( ! plant out ( consid]ation & hav+ 9 m9d prun+ prop]1 all ef=ts 9 prun+ are direct$ t[>d two objects3 7#a7 ,! production ( leafy %oots to increase ! vigor ( ! plant4 7#b7 ,! promotion ( ! =mation ( fruit-buds4 ,! fir/1 9 common p>lance1 is prun+ = wood2 ! second1 prun+ = fruit4 ,prun+ = wood4 ,"s grapes1 9 common ) v>ieties ( all fruits1 produce excessive crops ( fruit s t ! plants exhau/ !mselves1 to _! p]man5t injury & to ! detrim5t ( ! crop4 ,some?+ mu/ be done to re/ore & increase vegetative vigor4 ,! mo/ natural proc$ure is to less5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among ! p>ts ( ! plant4 ,! ri*] & ! m abundant ! supply ( ! food solution1 ! great] ! vegetative activity1 ! l>g] ! leaves & ! l>g] & /\t] ! int]nodes4 ,obvi\sly1 ! supply ( food solution = ea* bud may be increas$ by decreas+ ! numb] ( buds4 ,! weak] ! plants1 !re=e1 ! m ! v9e %\ld be cut4 ,! sev]e prun+ 9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! v9e's exi/5ce is an example ( prun+ = wood4 ,! v9e is prun$ = wood 9 ! re/+ p]iod betwe5 ! fall ( leaf & ! swell+ ( buds ! foll[+ spr+4 ,prun+ = fruit4 ,gr[]s ( all fruits soon le>n t excessive vegetative vigor is n usually accompani$ by fruitfulness4 ,too great vigor is indicat$ by long1 leafy1 unbran*+ %oots4 ,"s fruit-gr[]s g s f> z to say t fruitfulness is inv]sely proportionate to vegetative vigor4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( dim9i%+ ! vigor ( ! v9e2 z1 )hold+ wat] & f]tiliz]s1 /opp+ tillage1 ! me?od ( tra9+ & by prun+4 ,prun+ is us$ to decrease ! vigor ( ! v9e1 9 !ory at lea/1 = ! practice is n always s successful1 by prun+ ! roots or by summ]-prun+ ! %oots4 ,root-prun+ ! grape at int]vals ( sev]al ye>s is a regul> practice ) "s v>ieties 9 w>m c\ntries1 ,europe m especially1 b is seldom or nev] practic$ 9 ,am]ica except :5 plant+ & :5 roots arise f ! cion above ! union ( /ock & cion4 ,summ]-prun+ to induce fruitfulness consi/s 9 remov+ new %oots ) newly develop$ leaves4 ,^! "y %oots h be5 develop$ f res]ve mat]ial /or$ up ! prec$+ season1 & until !y are s f> develop$ t !y c p]=m ! functions ( leaves !y are to be c\nt$ z p>asites4 ,:51 !re=e1 ^! %oots are prun$ or p9*$ away1 ! plant is robb$ ( ! mat]ial us$ by ! lu/y %oot :i* up to ?is "t has giv5 no?+ 9 return4 ,! vigor ( ! plant is ?us *eck$ & fruitfulness increas$4 ,summ]-prun+ may become h>mful if delay$ too long4 ,! "t to prune is pa/ ) ! grape :5 ! leaves h pass$ f ! light gre5 color ( new gr[? to ! d>k gre5 ( mature leaves4 ,fruit-be>+ may be augm5t$ by b5d+1 twi/+ or r++ ! canes1 s9ce all ( ^! op]ations dim9i% vegetative vigor4 ,r++ is ! only "o ( ^! me?ods 9 g5]al use1 & ?is only = "s special v>iety or special purpose1 & usually ) ! result t ! vigor ( ! v9e is dim9i%$ too mu* = ! good ( ! plant4 ,r++ is discuss$ m fully 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! mann] ( fruit-be>+ 9 ! grape4 ,be=e attempt+ to prune1 ! prun] mu/ und]/& precisely h[ ! grape be>s its crop4 ,! fruit is borne ne> ! base ( ! %oots ( ! curr5t season1 & ! %oots are borne on ! wood ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[? com+ f a dormant bud4 ,"h is manife/$ "o ( ,nature's en]gy-sav+ devices1 %oot1 leaves1 fl[]s & fruit spr+ 9 a %ort season f a s+le bud4 ,9 ! light ( ?is fact1 prun+ %\ld be look$ on z a simple problem to be solv$ ma!matically & n z a puzzle to be untangl$1 z s _m reg>d x4 ,= an example1 a problem 9 prun+ is "h /at$ & solv$4 ,a ?rifty grape-v9e %\ld yield1 let u say1 fifte5 p\nds ( grapes1 a fair av]age = ! ma9/ay v>ieties4 ,ea* bun* w weigh f a qu>t] to a half p\nd4 ,to produce fifte5 p\nds on a v9e1 !re=e1 w require f ?irty to sixty bun*es4 ,z ea* %oot w be> two or ?ree bun*es1 f fifte5 to ?irty buds mu/ be left on ! canes ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,^! buds are select$ 9 prun+ on "o or m canes di/ribut$ on "o or two ma9 /ems 9 su* mann] z ! prun] may *oose1 b usually 9 accordance ) "o or ano!r ( sev]al well-develop$ me?ods ( tra9+4 ,prun+1 !n1 consi/s 9 calculat+ ! numb] ( bun*es & buds necess>y & remov+ ! rema9d]4 ,9 ess5ce prun+ is ?9n+4 ,horizontal v]sus p]p5dicul> canes4 ,an old dictum ( viticulture is t ! ne>] ! gr[+ p>ts ( ! v9e approa* ! p]p5dicul>1 ! m vigor\s ! p>ts4 ,! t]m9al buds1 z e grape-gr[] kn[s1 gr[ v rapidly & probably absorb1 unless *eck$1 m ?an _! %>e ( ! en]gy ( ! v9e4 ,?is t5d5cy c be *eck$ some:at by remov+ ! t]m9al buds1 :i* also helps to keep ! plants )9 manageable limits1 b is bett] controll$ by tra9+ ! canes to horizontal positions4 ,grape canes are ti$ horizontally to wires to make ! v9es m manageable & to r$uce _! vigor & s induce fruitfulness2 !y are tra9$ v]tically to increase ! vigor ( ! v9e4 ,w9t]-prun+4 ,w9t]-prun+ ( ! v9ey>d may be done at any "t f ! dropp+ ( ! leaves 9 ! autumn to ! swell+ ( ! buds 9 ! spr+4 ,! sap beg9s to circulate actively 9 ! grape e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ev5 to ! extremities ( ! v9e1 & mo/ grape-gr[]s believe ?is sap to be a vital /ream & t1 if ! v9e is prun$ dur+ its fl[1 ! plant w ble$ to dea?4 ,! v9e1 h[ev]1 is at ?is season ( s dropsical a con/itution t ! loss ( sap is bett] d5om9at$ weep+ ?an ble$+4 ,x is d\btful :e!r s]i\s injury results f prun+ aft] ! sap beg9s to fl[1 b x is a safe practice to prune e>li] & ! "w is c]ta9ly pleasant]4 ,! v9e %\ld n be prun$ :5 ! wood is froz51 s9ce at ?is "t ! canes are brittle & easily brok5 9 h&l+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well to delay prun+ 9 nor!rn climates until aft] a heavy freeze 9 ! autumn1 to w9t]kill & )] immature wood s t x c be remov$ 9 prun+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,campbell ,e>ly 7#b_/c74 ,summ]-prun+4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( summ]-prun+1 ! removal ( sup]flu\s %oots1 head+-9 canes to keep ! v9es 9 manageable limits & ! prun+ to induce fruitfulness discuss$ on a =ego+ page1 :i* ne$ n h fur!r consid]ation4 ,x is v ess5tial t ! gr[] keep ^! ?ree purposes 9 m9d1 especially z !re is mu* dispute z to ! necessity ( two ( ^! op]ations4 ,all agree t ! v9e usually be>s sup]flu\s %oots t %\ld be remov$4 ,^! are su* z spr+ f small1 weak buds or f buds on ! arms & trunk ( ! v9e4 ,^! %oots are useless1 devitalize ! v9e1 & h9d] v9ey>d op]ations4 ,a good practice is to rub (f ! buds f :i* ^! %oots gr[ z !y are detect$1 b 9 mo/ v9ey>ds ! v9es mu/ be gone ov] f "t to "t z ! %oots appe>4 ,/ill ano!r k9d ( sup]flu\s %oots1 :i* ought to be remov$ z !y appe>1 are ^? :i* gr[ f ! base ( ! season's %oots1 ! s-call$ second>y or axill>y %oots4 ,^! are usually brok5 out at ! "t ! %oots f weak buds are remov$4 ,:ile !re is d\bt z to ! value ( head+-back ! v9e 9 ! summ] = ! sole purpose ( induc+ fruitfulness1 !re c be no d\bt t x is desirable = ! purpose ( keep+ "s v>ieties )9 b\nds4 ,head+-back is n n[ ! major op]ation x once 01 ! ne$ ( sev]e cutt+ be+ obviat$ by putt+ ! v9es f>!r ap>t1 by tra9+ high on ?ree or ev5 f\r wires & by adopt+ "o ( ! droop+ sy/ems ( tra9+4 ,! objections to head+-back 9 ! summ] are t x (t5 unduly weak5s ! v9es1 t x may induce a gr[? ( lat]als :i* ?ick5 ! v9es too mu*1 & t x delays ! matur+ ( ! wood4 ,^! bad effects1 h[ev]1 c be ov]come by prun+ lightly & do+ ! "w s late 9 ! season t lat]al gr[?s w n />t4 ,mo/ v9ey>di/s :o keep _! plantations up f9d x necess>y to head back m or less1 dep5d+ on ! season & ! v>iety4 ,! "w is usually done :5 ! ov]-luxuriant %oots beg9 to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! %oots are !n topp$ (f ) a sickle1 corn-cutt] or simil> tool4 ,,r5ew+ ,,fruit+ ,,wood ,!re are two ways ( r5ew+ ! fruit+ wood on a grape-v9e1 by canes & f spurs4 ,! mann] ( r5ew+ ref]s to prun+ & n to tra9+1 = ei!r c be us$ 9 any me?od ( tra9+4 ,cane r5ewals4 ,r5ewal by canes is made ea* ye> by tak+ "o or m canes1 cut to ! desir$ numb] ( buds1 to supply be>+ %oots4 ,by ?is me?od ! mo/ ( ! be>+ wood is remov$ ea* ye>1 new canes tak+ ! place ( ! old4 ,^! r5ewal canes may be tak5 ei!r f ! head ( ! v9e or f ! gr\nd1 ?\gh ! latt] is little us$ except :]e v9es mu/ be laid d[n = w9t] protection4 ,canes may be r5ew$ indef9itely1 if c>e is ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! /ubs %ort1 )\t enl>g+ ! head f :i* ! canes are tak5 out ( proportion to ! size ( ! trunk4 ,r5ew+ by canes is a m common me?od ?an r5ewal by spurs1 z w be f\nd 9 ! discussion ( me?ods ( tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,v9e ready = prun+2 i1 ! /em2 g1 arms2 d1 canes2 s1 %oots2 b1 spurs4 ,! fa9t l9es ne> ! bases ( ! canes indicate ! po9ts :]e !y %\ld be prun$ (f 9 ! w9t]1 leav+ spurs = ! production ( %oots ! foll[+ season4 ,spur r5ewal4 ,9 r5ew+ by spurs1 a p]man5t arm is e/abli%$ to "r & left on ! canes4 ,%oots on ?is arm are n p]mitt$ to rema9 z canes b are cut back to spurs 9 ! dormant prun+4 ,two buds are left at ?is prun+1 bo? ( :i* w produce be>+ %oots2 ! l[] "o1 h[ev]1 is n suff]$ to d s b is kept to furni% ! spur = ! next season4 ,! %oot f ! upp] bud is cut away entirely4 ,:5 ?is process is c>ri$ on f ye> to ye>1 ! spurs become long] & long] until !y become unwieldy4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 happy *ance p]mits ! selection ( a %oot on ! old wood = a new spur4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 a new arm mu/ be laid d[n & ! spurr+ goes on z be=e4 ,! objections to r5ew+ by spurs are3 x is (t5 difficult to replace spurs ) new wood1 & ! be>+ portion ( ! v9e gets f>!r & f>!r f ! trunk4 ,= ^! reasons1 spur-r5ew+ is g5]ally 9 disfavor ) comm]cial grape-gr[]s1 ?\gh x is /ill us$ 9 "o or two prom95t me?ods ( tra9+1 z w be discov]$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,figure #ac %[s a v9e ready = prun+4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,prun+ ,! prun] may take 8 *oice betwe5 sev]al /yles ( h& prun+-%e>s ) :i* to d 8 "w4 ,! knife is seldom us$ except 9 summ]-prun+1 & "h1 m (t51 ! %oots are brok5 out or p9*$ out4 ,9 w9t]-prun+1 ! cane is cut an in* or !reab\t beyond ! la/ bud x is desir$ to leave2 o!rwise ! bud may die f ! dry+ out ( ! cane4 ,! canes are usually all[$ to rema9 ti$ to ! wires until ! prun+ is done1 ?\gh gr[]s :o use ! ,kniff9 me?od ( tra9+ may cut !m loose be=e !y prune4 ,two m5 work+ toge!r d ! "w ( prun+ be/4 ,! m skill$ ( ! two sev]s ! wood f ! be>+ v9e1 leav+ j ! numb] ( buds desir$ = ! next season's crop4 ,! less skill$ man cuts t5drils & sev]s ! cut canes f ea* o!r s t ! prun+s may be mov$ f ! v9ey>d )\t tr\ble by ! /ripp]4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! tasks ( prun+ is /ripp+ ! bru% & gett+ x out ( ! v9ey>d4 ,! prun+s cl+ to ! trellis ) consid]able t5acity & mu/ be pull$ loose ) a peculi> j]k1 le>n$ by practice1 & plac$ on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! r[s4 ,/ripp+ is done1 usually by *eap labor1 at any "t aft] ! prun+ until spr+1 b mu/ n be delay$ until gr[? />ts or ! "y buds may suff] z ! cut wood is torn f ! trellis4 ,! bru% is haul$ to ! end ( ! r[ by h& or by horse-p[] appli$ to any "o ( a doz5 devices us$ 9 ! sev]al grape regions4 ,"o ( ! be/ is ! device 9 common use 9 ! ,*autauqua v9ey>ds ( we/]n ,new ,york4 ,a pole1 twelve feet long1 f\r in*es 9 diamet] at ! butt & two at ! top1 is bor$ ) an in* hole f\r feet f ! butt4 ,a horse is hit*$ to ?is pole by a rope drawn ?r\gh ! hole1 & ! pole1 butt to ! gr\nd1 is !n pull$ betwe5 r[s1 ! small end be+ held 9 ! "r h&4 ,! pole1 :5 skillfully us$1 collects ! bru%1 :i* is dump$ at ! end ( ! r[ by lett+ ! small end fly ov] t[>ds ! horse4 ,! g-devil1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 is ano!r common device = collect+ prun+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,a g-devil = collect+ prun+s4 ,,! ,,trellis ,! trellis is a consid]able item 9 ! grape-gr[]'s budget1 s9ce x mu/ be r5ew$ e fifte5 ye>s or !reab\ts4 ,wires are /rung 9 ! ,nor? at ! end ( ! second season aft] plant+1 b 9 ! ,s\? ! gr[? is (t5 s great t ! wires mu/ be put up at ! end ( ! fir/ season4 ,trellises are ( ! same g5]al /yle = comm]cial v9ey>ds2 namely1 two or ?ree wires tautly /ret*$ on firmly set po/s4 ,occasionally slat trellises are put up 9 g>d5s b ^! are n to be recomm5d$ = any b ornam5tal purposes4 ,po/s4 ,/rong1 durable po/s ( *e/nut1 locu/1 c$>1 oak or ren=c$ cem5t are plac$ at su* di/ance ap>t t two or ?ree v9es c be set betwe5 ea* two po/s4 ,! di/ance ap>t dep5ds on ! di/ance betwe5 v9es1 al?\gh ! t5d5cy n[ is to h ?ree v9es betwe5 two po/s4 ,! po/s are f six to eight feet 9 l5g?1 ! heavie/ be+ us$ z end po/s4 ,9 h>d /ony soils x may be necess>y to set ! end po/s ) a spade1 b usually %>p5$ po/s c be driv5 into holes made ) a cr[b>4 ,9 driv+1 ! op]ator /&s on a wagon haul$ by a horse & uses a t5- or twelve-p\nd maul4 ,! po/s are driv5 to a dep? ( eighte5 or tw5ty-f\r in*es = ! end po/s4 ,h[ev] set1 ! po/s mu/ /& firm to hold ! load ( v9es & fruit4 ,! end po/s mu/ be brac$4 ,z good a brace z any is made f a f\r-by-f\r timb]1 not*$ to fit ! po/ halfway up f ! gr\nd1 & ext5d+ obliquely to ! gr\nd1 :]e x is held by a f\r-by-f\r /ake4 ,a two-wire trellis & a common me?od ( brac+ end po/s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! po/s on hillsides mu/ lean slightly up-hill1 o!rwise !y w almo/ c]ta9ly soon] or lat] tilt d[n ! slope4 ,! po/s are usually p]mitt$ to /& a little high] at fir/ ?an necess>y s t !y may be driv5 d[n %\ld occasion call2 driv+ is usually done 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,a trellis & a common me?od ( brac+ end po/s4 ,wire = ! trellis4 ,f\r sizes ( wire are 9 common use = v9ey>d trellises2 nos4 #i1 #aj1 #aa & #ab4 ,numb] #i1 ! heavie/1 is (t5 us$ = ! top wire ) light] wires l[]4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! l5g? ( wire 9 a ton3 ,no4 #i1 #cd1dhc ft4 ,no4 #aj1 #da1djh ft4 ,no4 #aa1 #eb1ceb ft4 ,no4 #ab1 #fh1dic ft4 ,f ^! figures ! numb] ( p\nds requir$ to ! acre is easily calculat$4 ,common anneal$ wire makes a durable trellis1 b _m gr[]s pref] ! m durable galvaniz$ wire1 ! co/ ( :i* is slightly great]4 ,! wires are fa/5$ to ! end po/s by w9d+ once ar\nd ! po/1 & !n ea* wire is firmly loop$ ab\t itself2 !y are secur$ to ! int]v5+ po/s by ord9>y f5ce /aples s driv5 t ! wire _c pull ?r\gh ( its own weight b ) space en\gh to p]mit tight5+ f season to season4 ,! size & l5g? ( ! /aples dep5d on :e!r ! po/s are h>d or s(t wood4 ,! longe/ & l>ge/ /aples are us$ ) s(t woods1 z c$> or *e/nut4 ,an acre requires f n9e to twelve p\nds ( /aples4 ,! wires %\ld be plac$ on ! w9dw>d sides ( po/s & on ! up-hill side 9 hillside v9ey>ds4 ,! di/ance betwe5 wires dep5ds on ! me?od ( prun+4 ,! wires mu/ be /ret*$ taut on ! po/s1 = :i* purpose any "o ( a half-doz5 good wire /ret*]s may be pur*as$ at h>dw>e /ores4 ,"s gr[]s loos5 ! wires aft] h>ve/ to all[ = ! contraction 9 cold wea!r & o!rs use "s "o ( sev]al devices to relieve ! /ra94 ,mo/ gr[]s1 h[ev]1 f9d x necess>y to g ov] ! v9ey>d ea* spr+ to drive d[n loos5$ po/s & /ret* sagg+ wires1 & s take no precautions to release wires 9 ! fall4 ,all agree t ! wires mu/ be kept tight dur+ ! gr[+ season to protect buds1 foliage & fruit f be+ injur$ f :ipp+4 ,ty+4 ,! canes are ti$ to ! trellis 9 e>ly spr+1 & "u mo/ sy/ems ( prun+ ! gr[+ %oots are ti$ 9 ! summ]4 ,?is "w is done by *eap m51 wom51 boys & girls4 ,a great v>iety ( mat]ial is us$ to make ! tie1 z raffia1 wooltw9e1 will[1 inn] b>k ( ! l9d5 or basswood1 gre5 rye /raw1 corn husks1 c>pet-rags & wire4 ,! same mat]ials are n usually employ$ = bo? canes & %oots1 s9ce ! canes are ti$ firmly to hold !m /eady & ! "w is done e>ly be=e !re is dang] ( break+ swell+ buds1 :ile ! summ] %oots are ti$ to hold = a %ort] "t & m loosely to p]mit gr[? 9 diamet]4 ,ty+ usually foll[s accept$ patt]ns 9 "o region b v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t regions4 ,!re is a knack to be le>n$ 9 ! use ( ea* "o ( ! mat]ials nam$1 b ) none is x difficult1 & an +5i\s p]son c easily contrive a tie ( 8 own to suit fancy or conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,cl9ton 7#b_/c74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,grapes ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica ,! grape-gr[] takes great lib]ties ) ,nature 9 tra9+ 8 plants4 ,no o!r fruit is s completely trans=m$ by ! gr[]'s art f its natural habit ( gr[?4 ,happily1 ! grape endures cutt+ well1 & ! prun] may re/ assur$ t he may "w 8 w 9 prun+ 8 v9es1 foll[+ to 8 he>t's desire a favorite me?od ) little fe> ( s]i\sly injur+ 8 v9es4 ,because ( its accommodation to ! desires ( man 9 ! disposition ( ! v9e1 !re are _m me?ods ( tra9+ ! grape2 !re be+ 9 ! comm]cial v9ey>ds ( ea/]n ,am]ica a doz5 or m4 ,h[ev]1 ! diff]5ces & simil>ities are s m>k$ t ! sev]al me?ods fall into a simple classification :i* makes conspicu\s _! *ief features4 ,?us1 all ( ! me?ods fall "u two *ief heads3 7#a7 ,! disposition ( %oots2 7#b7 ! disposition ( canes4 ,! disposition ( %oots4 ,be>+ %oots are dispos$ ( 9 ?ree ways 9 tra9+ grapes2 %oots upright1 %oots droop+1 & %oots horizontal4 ,! t]ms expla9 !mselves1 b ! ?ree me?ods ne$ amplification s9ce _! adoption is n optional ) gr[]s b dep5ds on sev]al circum/ances4 ,%oots are tra9$ upright 9 sev]al me?ods 9 :i* two or m arms or canes are laid to "r & left1 sometimes horizontally1 sometimes obliquely along or across horizontal wires4 ,z ! %oots gr[ upw>d1 !y are ti$ to wires above4 ,! upright me?ods are suppos$ to di/ribute ! be>+ wood m ev5ly on ! v9es & to insure great] uni=mity 9 ! fruit4 ,9 ! upright me?ods1 also1 ! canes & arms are left ne>] ! gr\nd1 :i* is ?\ght to be an advantage 9 small1 weak or sl[-gr[+ v>ieties4 ,delaw>e1 ,catawba1 ,iona & ,diana are examples ( v>ieties ?\ght to gr[ be/ :5 tra9$ to "o ( ! upright me?ods4 ,9 ! sev]al me?ods 9 :i* ! %oots droop1 h[ev] ! canes may be dispos$1 ! %oots are n ti$ b are all[$ to droop at w4 ,^! me?ods are comp>atively new b are be+ rapidly adopt$ because ( sev]al m>k$ advantages4 ,usually "o less wire c be us$ 9 a droop+ me?od ?an 9 an upright "o2 s9ce ! %oots are n ti$1 mu* labor is sav$ 9 summ] ty+2 ! gr\nd c be till$ ) less dang] to ! v9es2 & !re is less sun-scald+ ( ! fruit1 s9ce ! p5dant foliage protects ! clu/]s4 ,grape-gr[]s g5]ally agree t /rong-gr[+ v>ieties l ,concord1 ,niag>a1 ,brighton1 ,diamond & mo/ ( ! hybrids betwe5 ,european grapes & native species gr[ be/ :5 ! %oots droop4 ,%oots are tra9$ horizontally 9 b "o recogniz$ me?od1 ! ,hudson ,horizontal1 to be describ$ 9 detail lat]4 ,s9ce ?is me?od is all b obsolete1 !re is /ill less reason = discuss+ x "h1 ! expressive "n suffic+ = pres5t purposes4 ,disposition ( canes4 ,!re are _m recogniz$ me?ods ( dispos+ ( ! canes 9 tra9+ ! grape4 ,! *ief ( ^! are discuss$ 9 ! pages t foll[1 _! names be+ set d[n = ! pres5t 9 ! classification t foll[s4 ,,classification ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,grape ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica ,i4 ,%oots upright3 #a4 ,*autauqua ,arm4 #b4 ,keuka ,high ,r5ewal4 #c4 ,fan4 ,,ii4 ,%oots droop+3 #a4 ,s+le-/em1 ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 #b4 ,two-/em1 ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 #c4 ,umbrella ,kniff94 #d4 ,y-/em ,kniff94 #e4 ,munson4 ,,iii4 ,%oots horizontal3 #a4 ,hudson ,horizontal4 ,i4 ,%oots upright ,sy/ematic tra9+ ( ! grape 9 ,am]ica began t[>d ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ) a me?od 9 :i* ! %oots 7 tra9$ upright f two p]man5t horizontal arms4 ,^! arms are laid to "r & left on a l[ wire & be> m or less p]man5t spurs1 f ea* ( :i* two %oots are produc$ ea* season to be> ! crop4 ,! numb] ( spurs left on ea* arm dep5ds on ! vigor ( ! v9e & ! space betwe5 v9es4 ,z ! %oots gr[ upw>d1 !y are ti$ to upp] wires1 !re be+ ?ree wires on ! trellis = ?is me?od4 ,?is me?od is n[ kn[n z ! ,horizontal ,arm ,spur4 ,x has a s]i\s fault 9 its tr\blesome spurs & has almo/ entirely giv5 way to a modification call$ ! ,*autauqua ,arm me?od1 mu* us$ 9 ! great ,*autauqua grape-belt4 ,z "o ( ! *ief me?ods ( tra9+ ! grape 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 ?is mu/ be describ$ 9 detail4 ,! ,*autauqua ,arm me?od4 ,! trellis = ?is me?od has two wires1 al?\gh occasionally ?ree are us$4 ,! l[] wire is eighte5 or tw5ty in*es above ! gr\nd & ! second ?irty-f\r in*es above ! l[]4 ,if ?ree are us$1 ! wires are tw5ty in*es ap>t4 ,f4 ,e4 ,gladw91 9 *>ge ( ! v9ey>d laboratory ( ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,fr$onia1 9 ! he>t ( ! ,*autauqua belt1 describes ?is me?od ( tra9+ z foll[s3 ,! v9es are cut back to two buds at ea* prun+ ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,if ! v9es are vigor\s two canes are ti$ up at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye>2 if scant1 b "o is left & ?is1 if ! gr[? is extremely unfavorable1 is cut back to two buds4 ,! canes are c>ri$ up obliquely to ! upp] wire :5 ! gr[? p]mits & are !re firmly ti$ ei!r ) tw9e or f9e wire1 ! latt] be+ m commonly us$4 ,! canes are also loosely ti$ to ! l[] wire4 ,! prun+ = ! f\r? ye> consi/s 9 cutt+ away all b two or ?ree canes & a numb] ( spurs f ! arms =m$ by ty+ up ! two canes ! previ\s ye>4 ,! v9e n[ consi/s ( two arms1 aris+ f ne> ! gr\nd1 ) two or ?ree canes ( ! previ\s ye>1 & sev]al two-bud spurs at int]vals along ! arms4 ,z f> z possible su* canes z h aris5 b a %ort di/ance above ! l[] wire are select$4 ,all ! old wood project+ beyond ! la/ cane reta9$ on ea* ( ! arms is cut away4 ,! arms ( ! ?ird ye> are b5t d[n f _! oblique position & are ti$ firmly to ! l[] wire1 to ! "r & left ( ! c5t] ( ! v9e4 ,^! are n[ p]man5t arms4 ,! v9e at ?is "t consi/s ( two arms1 aris+ f ne> ! gr\nd1 ti$ to ! l[] wire to ! "r & left ( ! c5t]1 & on ^! are two or ?ree canes1 prun$ long en\gh to rea* to ! middle wire at lea/1 & if possible to ! upp]4 ,!y are ti$ s t !y /& 9 a v]tical or oblique position4 ,along ! arms at int]vals ( a few in*es are spurs1 consi/+ ( two buds4 ,if ! v9ey>di/ ma9ta9s ! arms p]man5tly1 ^! spurs furni% ! fruit+ wood = ! succe$+ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,*autauqua tra9+2 v9e ready to prune4 ,at ! prun+ = ! fif? ye> "o ( ! arms is cut away entirely1 close to ! po9t ( its orig94 ,! rema9+ arm1 rea*+ f ! gr\nd to a po9t a few in*es bel[ ! level ( ! l[] wire1 n[ becomes ! p]man5t /em4 ,! v9ey>di/ mu/ n[ provide = ! arm cut away4 ,?is is done by ! selection ( a cane1 aris+ f ! rema9+ arm at a po9t bel[ ! l[] wire1 ei!r directly1 or f a spur left = ! purpose4 ,?is is prun$ to rea* ! top wire & is ti$ obliquely to x4 ,?is cane at ! next prun+ is ti$ d[n to ! l[] wire & becomes ! second arm4 ,!n ! same selection ( canes & spurs is made f x z 0 made at ! previ\s prun+1 & ! canes are ti$ up z be=e4 ,h[ev]1 if ! gr[] desires to reta9 bo? arms ( ! prec$+ ye> = a few ye>s1 canes t h gr[n f ! spurs may be ti$ up & provision made = ! foll[+ ye> ?r\gh fur!r spurr+4 ,if b a s+le arm is reta9$1 x is prun$ 9 ! same way4 ,spurs may be obta9$ f canes t h aris5 f dormant buds on ! arm1 or by spurr+ 9 ! basal canes ( ! fruit+ wood ( ! ye> previ\s4 ,a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods ( r5ewal w 9 ! long run "w out ! bett]1 z ! repeat$ spurr+ 9 ( ! basal canes w result 9 greatly l5g!n$ spurs t w require frequ5t cutt+ out4 ,:ile ! canes t arise directly f dormant buds on wood two ye>s & ov] are n necess>ily ! be/ fruit+ ones1 !y c1 h[ev]1 be utiliz$ = r5ewal purposes4 ,! ideal v9e prun$ to ?is sy/em n[ consi/s ( a /em rea*+ f sixte5 or eighte5 in*es above ! gr\nd level or a few in*es bel[ ! level ( ! l[] wire4 ,su* a v9e is %[n 9 ,figure #af4 ,f ! head two arms arise1 "o ext5d+ to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left & ti$ along ! l[] wire1 ea* arm n ext5d+ = m ?an two feet & a half to ei!r side ( ! head4 ,f ! arms two canes on ea* are ti$ v]tically or obliquely to ! top wire4 ,9 addition !re are left two or ?ree spurs1 gr[+ f ! upp] side ( ea* arm1 locat$ at well-spac$ int]vals />t+ close to ! head2 ^! may be us$ = ! r5ewal ( ! arms4 ,! %oots are n ti$4 ,"o ( ! *ief faults ( ! ,*autauqua ,arm me?od is ! t5d5cy ( ! be/ matur$1 & mo/ desirable canes to develop at or ne> ! upp] wire1 :ile ^? l[] d[n are (t5 too %ort1 or s poorly matur$ z to be unfitt$ = fruit+ purposes4 ,:5 ! wood1 be>+ ! well-develop$ upp] canes1 is br\ght d[n = arms1 a consid]able int]val ( ! arm f ! head to ! po9t :]e ! canes arise is )\t fruit+ wood4 ,"u su* conditions ! gr[? w be aga9 ?r[n to ! extremities4 ,if spurr+ on ! arms has be5 practic$1 ?is undesirable condition is elim9at$4 ,) ei!r type ( r5ewal1 spurr+ %\ld be practic$4 ,! fruit f v9es tra9$ by ?is me?od rea*es its highe/ developm5t at or ne> ! level ( ! upp] wire1 t on ! l[] %oots is1 z a rule1 q inf]ior4 ,?is comes f ! fact t ! sap fl[ is m vigor\s at ^! upp] po9ts1 result+ 9 m & heal?i] leaves1 :i*1 9 turn1 influ5ce ! fruit = ! bett]4 ,keuka ,high ,r5ewal4 ,sev]al me?ods ( tra9+ pass "u ! g5]al t]m ,high ,r5ewal1 ! significance ( :i* becomes app>5t 9 ! discussion ( ! ,keuka ,high ,r5ewal me?od :i* is probably n[ ! mo/ common ( ! sev]al types4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! me?ods ! trellis is put up ) ?ree wires1 b occasionally only two wires are us$ & /ill less (t5 f\r4 ,! l[e/ wire on ! ?ree-wire trellis is eighte5 or tw5ty in*es f ! gr\nd ) tw5ty-in* int]vals betwe5 wires4 ,gladw91 :o has direct *>ge ( v9ey>d exp]im5tal "w ab\t ,keuka ,lake = ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 describes curr5t practices 9 prun+ accord+ to ?is me?od z foll[s3 ,at ea* prun+ = ! fir/ two ye>s ! v9es are cut back to two buds4 ,h[ev]1 ) /rong-gr[+ v>ieties l ,concord1 ,niag>a & ,isabella1 & "u good soil conditions1 ! /em may be =m$ ! second ye>4 ,) mod]ate-gr[+ v>ieties & "u av]age conditions1 ! =mation ( ! /em is left until ! ?ird ye>4 ,! /raighte/ & be/-matur$ cane is left = ! purpose4 ,?is is c>ri$ to ! l[] wire & !re firmly ti$ ) will[4 ,z soon z ! %oots h made suffici5t gr[? !y are loosely ti$ to ! wires t !y may be kept away f ! tillage tools4 ,! f\r? ye> ! head ( ! v9e is =m$4 ,?is %\ld /& a few in*es bel[ ! l[] wire4 ,two canes gr[+ f ! /em ne> ?is position are select$1 "o be+ ti$ to ! "r & ! o!r to ! left along ! l[] wire4 ,9 ! ,keuka ,lake ,di/rict1 ! canes are ti$ ) will[s4 ,9 addition1 at lea/ two spurs ( two buds ea* are reta9$ ne> ! head4 ,) ,concord1 ! canes may c>ry ab\t t5 buds ea*1 b ) ,catawba1 z gr[n on ! hillsides ( ! ,c5tral ,lakes ,region ( ,new ,york1 ! canes %\ld n c>ry above six buds ea*4 ,z ! %oots develop f ! horizontal canes1 !y are ti$ ) rye /raw to ! middle & upp] wires4 ,?is summ] ty+ is almo/ cont9u\s aft] ! %oots are long en\gh to rea* ! middle wire4 ,! foll[+ ye> all ! wood is cut away except two or ?ree canes t h develop$ f ! basal buds ( ! canes put up ! previ\s ye>1 or t h gr[n f ! spurs4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a ?ird cane be+ reta9$1 x is ti$ along ! middle wire4 ,spurs are aga9 ma9ta9$ close to ! head = r5ewal purposes4 ,! o!r two canes are ti$ along ! l[] wire z be=e4 ,if ! same spurs are us$ = a few ye>s !y become s long t ! canes aris+ f !m rea* above ! wire & _c be well manag$ 9 ! 'will[+4' ,x is desirable to provide new spurs annually1 select+ ^? canes = ! purpose t arise f ! head ( ! v9e or ne> x4 ,x is possible by c>eful prun+ to s cut away ! old wood t practically all t rema9s aft] ea* prun+ is ! /em4 ,?us ! v9e is r5ew$ almo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! /em approa*es ! end ( its usefulness1 a %oot is all[$ to gr[ f ! gr\nd1 & ! old "o is cut away4 ,figure #ag %[s a v9e prun$ by ! ,keuka me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,keuka me?od ( tra9+4 ,?is me?od ( tra9+ is especially well adapt$ to sl[ gr[+ v>ieties1 or ^? situat$ on poor soils1 :]e b little wood gr[? is made4 ,x is ideally adapt$ = ! gr[+ ( ,catawba on ! hillsides ( ,keuka ,lake4 ,x is well adapt$ to late-matur+ v>ieties plant$ out ( _! zone4 ,concord1 gr[+ "u av]age conditions1 is too vigor\s to be tra9$ by ?is me?od4 ,x makes a trem5d\s gr[? ( wood out ( all proportion to ! quantity ( fruit1 :i* is incl9$ to be v inf]ior4 ,! *ief objection to ?is me?od is ! am\nt ( summ] ty+ involv$ :i* comes at a "t :5 att5tion to tillage %\ld be giv54 ,x might prove pr(itable 9 ! gr[+ ( dess]t v>ieties t h be5 disc>d$ because ( lack ( vigor4 ,on ?9 hillside soils1 ,catawba requires tra9+ modell$ aft] ?is me?od b on ! heavi] upl& ones1 ) %ort] prun+1 x c be gr[n on ! ,*autauqua ,arm plan4 ,delaw>e1 ,iona1 ,dut*ess1 ,campbell1 ,eumelan1 ,jessica1 ,v]g5nes & ,regal are1 z a rule1 gr[n to bett] advantage :5 tra9$ by ! ,high ,r5ewal me?od4 ,fan-tra9+4 ,! only o!r me?od n[ 9 use 9 :i* ! %oots may be tra9$ upright is t 9 :i* ! canes are dispos$ ( 9 fan-%ape4 ,?is me?od 0 mu* us$ a g5]ation ago b is rapidly becom+ obsolete4 ,9 fan-tra9+ ! r5ewals are made ye>ly f spurs ne> ! gr\nd1 & ! fruit+ canes are c>ri$ up obliquely & s =m a fan4 ,! great advantage 9 fan-tra9+ is t a trunk is almo/ disp5s$ )1 :i* greatly facilitates lay+ d[n ! v9e 9 w9t] :]e w9t]-protection is ne$$4 ,!re are sev]al objections to ?is me?od 9 comm]cial plantations4 ,! *ief "o is t ! spurs become long1 crook$ & almo/ unmanageable s t r5ewals f ! root mu/ be made frequ5tly4 ,ano!r is t ! fruit is borne close to ! gr\nd & becomes soil$ ) mud 9 da%+ ra9s4 ,! v9es1 also1 are inconv5i5t 9 %ape = ty+4 ,!re are two or ?ree modifications ( fan-tra9+ :i* may be describ$ z mongrel me?ods betwe5 ?is & ! ,high ,r5ewal & ,horizontal ,arm me?ods1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n[ 9 g5]al favor4 ,,ii4 ,%oots droop+ ,q by accid5t1 ,william ,kniff91 a /one mason liv+ at ,cl9tondale1 ,new ,york1 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] grape region1 discov]$ t grapes ( l>ge size & h&some appe>ance c\ld be gr[n on v9es 9 :i* ! canes 7 tra9$ horizontally ) ! %oots droop+4 ,he put 8 discov]y 9 practice & f x h come ! sev]al me?ods ( tra9+ grapes :i* be> 8 "n4 ,kniff9's discov]y 0 made ab\t #ahej & ! m]its ( 8 me?ods spread s rapidly ov] ea/]n ,am]ica t by ! end ( ! c5tury ! v>i\s ,kniff9 me?ods 7 m g5]ally us$ ?an any o!rs4 ,grape-gr[]s n[ agree t /rong-gr[+ v9es l ,concord1 ,niag>a & ,cl9ton are be/ tra9$ to "o or ano!r ( ! ,kniff9 me?ods4 ,!re are sev]al modifications ( ,kniff9's me?od1 ?ree ( :i* are n[ 9 common use1 ! mo/ popul> be+ ! ,s+le-/em1 ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 ,! trellis = ! ?ree me?ods c>ries two wires1 ! l[] plac$ at ! height ( ?ree to ?ree & a half feet & ! upp] f two to two & a half feet above x4 ,to p]mit ?is height ( wires1 ! po/s mu/ be f eight to eight & a half feet 9 l5g?1 & mu/ be firmly set ) ! end po/s well brac$4 ,s+le-/em1 ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 ,z practic$ at ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! v9es are tra9$ z foll[s3 ,"o trunk is c>ri$ to ! top wire ! ?ird ye> aft] plant+1 or if ! gr[? is n long en\gh at ?is "t1 x is c>ri$ to ! l[] wire & !re ti$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! foll[+ ye> a cane is ext5d$ to ! top wire4 ,?is trunk is p]man5t4 ,if ! /em rea*es ! upp] wire ! ?ird ye>1 gr[]s break out _m ( ! develop+ %oots & all[ only ! /ronge/ to gr[1 *oos+ ^? t arise close to ! wires4 ,! /em %\ld be ti$ tightly to ! top wire & some:at loosely to ! l[]4 ,if girdl+ results at ! top1 x is n objectionable z ! head ( ! v9e %\ld be bel[ r ?an above ! wire4 ,:5 ! %oots are suffici5tly h>d5$1 ^? gr[+ close to ! wires %\ld be loosely ti$ to prev5t injury dur+ cultivation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? ye>1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ! v9e %\ld consi/ ( a /em ext5d+ f ! gr\nd to a po9t bel[ ! top wire4 ,f ?is1 all b two canes & two spurs ( two buds ea* h be5 cut away bel[ ea* wire level4 ,z gr[? is mo/ vigor\s at ! top ( ! /em1 f\r to six m buds are left on ! upp] ?an on ! l[] canes4 ,a v9e ( :i* ! /em rea*es ! upp] wire ! ?ird ye> %\ld support ! next season canes1 aggregat+ tw5ty-two buds ) eight additional buds on ! spurs4 ,if ! gr[? is weak1 only half ?is numb] %\ld be left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,s+le-/em1 ,f\r-cane ,kniff9 tra9+4 ,! ty+ at ?is "t consi/s ( fa/5+ ! /em loosely1 ) ord9>y grape tw9e1 to ! l[] wire1 & ) ! same mat]ial ! canes are ti$ along ! two wires to "r & left ( ! /em4 ,! canes %\ld be ti$ tightly t[>d ! trunk s t !y _c slip out ( ! tw9e4 ,ord9>ily ty+ at ?is "t is suffici5t = ! ye>1 b if conditions = gr[? are unfavorable1 ! tw9e may rot be=e ! t5drils take hold ( ! wires1 & a p>tial second ty+ may be necess>y4 ,aft] ! f\r? season1 ! prun] has great] *oice ( fruit+-wood = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x may be *os5 f ! basal canes ( ! prec$+ ye>'s wood or ! canes t develop f ! spurs may be us$4 ,! *oice %\ld dep5d on ! accessibility & maturity ( ! wood4 ,at ea* prun+1 ! possibilities = obta9+ fruit+ wood = ! foll[+ ye> mu/ receive consid]ation4 ,x is possible to use ! same spurs = two or ?ree ye>s1 b aft] ?is !y %\ld be cut away & new ones reta9$4 ,aft] ! fir/ spurr+1 spurs %\ld be select$ f wood old] ?an two ye>s4 ,! %oots f su* wood be> b little fruit & h5ce make good fruit+ canes = ! next ye>4 ,umbrella ,kniff94 ,s9ce mo/ ( ! fruit on v9es tra9$ by ! ,f\r-cane ,kniff9 me?od is borne on ! two upp] canes1 "s gr[]s 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] ,valley disp5se ) ! l[] canes & cut ! upp] ones long en\gh to be> ! crop4 ,9 ?is me?od ! trunk is br\ght to ! top wire & ! head =m$ z 9 ! ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 ,:5 ! v9es are prun$ at ! close ( ! ?ird ye>1 two long canes are left at ! head ( ! v9e ) two r5ewal spurs4 ,^! long canes are droop$ ov] ! upp] wire obliquely d[n to ! l[] wire to :i* !y are ti$ j above ! la/ bud1 =m+ an umbrella-%ap$ top z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! r5ewals are made z 9 ! ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 ,?is me?od r$uces ! am\nt ( leaf surface to ! m9imum1 s t c>e mu/ be tak5 to insure heal?y leaf gr[?4 ,! am\nt ( fruit+-wood put up is also r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 s t ! yield is l[ unless good cultivation is provid$1 9 :i* case1 ) "s v>ieties & on "s soils1 ! yield is up to ! av]age & ! crop is fir/-class z reg>ds size ( bun* & b]ry1 compactness ( bun* & maturity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,umbrella me?od ( tra9+4 ,! ,two-trunk ,kniff94 ,! ,two-trunk ,kniff91 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj1 is ano!r modification ) ! aim ( secur+ great] fruitfulness4 ,?is me?od also provides an equal numb] ( buds on bo? wires4 ,two trunks are br\ght f ! root1 "o to ! upp]1 ! o!r to ! l[] wire4 ,! fruit+ canes are tak5 (f & are dispos$ ( z 9 ! ,f\r-cane ,kniff94 ,! trunks are usually ti$ toge!r to hold !m 9 place4 ,?is me?od is 9 re/rict$ use 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] ,valley :]e x is kn[n "u ! "n giv5 "h & z ,d\ble ,kniff9 & ,improv$ ,kniff94 ,9 exp]im5ts 9 tra9+ grapes at ,fr$onia1 ,new ,york1 "u ! direction ( ! ,new ,york ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ?is me?od proves to be "o ( ! poore/ 9 gr[+ ,concords4 ,! grapes fall %ort 9 size ( bun* & b]ry & d n mature z well z "u ! o!r droop+ me?ods ( tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,two-trunk ,kniff9 tra9+4 ,! ,y-trunk ,kniff94 ,/ill ano!r modification ( ! ,kniff9 me?od is "o 9 :i* a crot* or ,y is made 9 ! trunk midway betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! l[] wire4 ,! !ory on :i* ?is me?od is f\nd$ is t sap = ! l[] canes is bett] suppli$ ?an 9 a /raight or cont9u\s trunk & t ! l[] canes ?us become z productive z ^? on ! upp] wire4 ,! !ory is probably wrong b is accept$ by _m not)/&+4 ,! me?ods ( prun+1 r5ew+ fruit+-wood & ty+ are ! same z 9 ! ,s+le-/em ,kniff91 except1 ( c\rse1 t ea* /em supports two canes & two spurs4 ,?is me?od 0 9 some:at common use "s ye>s ago 9 p>ts ( we/]n ,new ,york b is n[ disappe>+4 ,! ,munson me?od4 ,an +5i\s modification ( ! ,kniff9 pr9ciple 0 devis$ by ,elb]t ,wakeman1 ,oy/] ,bay1 ,long ,isl&1 & aft]w>ds improv$ & br\ght into prom95ce by ! late ,t4 ,v4 ,munson ( ,d5ison1 ,texas2 x is n[ mu* us$ 9 s\!rn v9ey>ds4 ,! me?od is describ$ z foll[s by ,munson3#ad ,! po/s %\ld be ( "s durable /rong wood1 su* z ,bois d',arc 7,osage71 ,c$>1 he>twood ( ,catalpa1 ,black ,locu/ or ,:ite ,oak4 ,! end po/s ( e r[ %\ld be l>ge & /rong & be set ?ree & "o-half or f\r feet 9 ! gr\nd & well tamp$4 ,! int]m$iate po/s1 :i* may be mu* light] ?an ! end po/s1 %\ld be six & "o-half or sev5 feet long & set two to two & "o-half feet 9 ! gr\nd1 ) tw5ty-f\r feet spaces betwe5 po/s1 :i* w take ?ree v9es1 eight feet ap>t1 or two v9es twelve feet ap>t4 ,aft] ! po/s are set1 a ?ree-eigh?s-in* hole %\ld be bor$ ?r\gh ea* po/1 f\r feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! r[ runs1 leav+ six in*es or m ( po/ above ! hole4 ,^! holes are = ! admittance ( ! middle1 l[] wire ( ! trellis4 ,= ea* end po/ prep>e = cross-arm1 a piece ( two by f\r h>d p9e or oak1 two feet long1 & at "o in* f ei!r end1 & "o in* f ! upp] side1 bore a ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* bit-hole1 or saw into upp] side half an in*1 :i* w take less "t & d z well1 to pass ! lat]al wires ?r\gh1 & 9 ! middle ( ! l[] side1 saw a not* "o-half in* deep4 ,= ea* int]m$iate po/1 prep>e a bo>d ( simil> wood1 two feet long1 "o in* ?ick by f\r broad1 & likewise bore or not*4 ,?r\gh ! holes 9 ! po/s run a ,no4 #aa galvaniz$ wire1 fa/5 at "o end1 tight5 at ! o!r end by a wire /ret*] & fa/54 ,?is w be ! middle & l[] wire ( ! trellis1 & all t w be ne$$ ! fir/ ye>1 :5 ! "y v9es are tra9$ up a /r+1 ti$ f ! v9e 7:5 set7 to ! wire1 & along x4 ,! arms1 & ! two lat]al wires :i* !y be>1 ne$ n be put on ! trellis until aft] ! v9es are prun$ & ti$ ! next w9t]4 ,to put on ! cross-arms1 use no bolts or nails1 only ,no4 #aa galvaniz$ wire4 ,ea* end cross-arm is plac$ inside ! po/1 & aga9/ x on top ( ! wire1 already ?r\gh ! po/s1 not*-side d[nw>d1 /raddl+ ! wire1 to keep x f slid+4 ,!n take a piece ( same size wire1 ab\t sev5 feet long1 pass "o end ?r\gh ! bit-hole or saw-not*1 9 "o end ( arm & fa/5 x by loop+ & twi/+ ab\t six in*es ( ! end back ^u itself1 !n :ile "o p]son holds ! cross-arm 9 place1 ! op]ator c>ries ! wire d[n ar\nd ! po/ once ne> ! gr\nd1 /aples x on ea* side & br+s ! o!r end up to ! opposite end ( arm1 puts x ?r\gh ! bit-hole1 or saw-not*1 draws x tightly1 keep+ ! arm level1 & fa/5s ! end ( ! wire z 0 done ! o!r4 ,wire nipp]s & pli]s w be ne$$ = ?is "w4 ,!n take ano!r piece ( wire ab\t two feet long1 & put x twice ar\nd ! cross-arm & ! po/ :]e !y come toge!r1 above ! middle wire1 & firmly tie !m toge!r1 cross+ ! wire z x goes ar\nd4 ,?is w hold ! arm 9 place & n weak5 or split ! arm z d nails & bolts1 & w be long]-la/+1 quick] & *eap]1 & m ela/ic1 s t :5 /ruck by ! hames or coll> 9 cultivation1 x gives a little1 receiv+ no damage4 ,likewise place ! cross-arms on ! int]m$iate po/s1 leav+ ! ends ( ! wire project+ ab\t six in*es aft] fa/5+1 = a purpose soon to be m5tion$4 ,!n draw ! two lat]al wires ?r\gh ! bit-holes 9 ! ends ( ! arms1 or drop into ! saw-not*es1 if su* are made1 ?r\gh\t ! r[1 tight5 ) ! wire /ret*] & fa/54 ,!n return along ea* lat]al wire1 wrapp+ ends ( wire at ! ends ( ! arms v closely & tightly ar\nd ! ?r\gh-go+ lat]al wires1 z telegraph & telephone wires are wrapp$ 9 splic+4 ,?is is quickly done ) ! prop] pli]s1 & prev5ts ! arms f slipp+ out ( prop] position4 ,n[ ! trellis is complete1 & w ne$ little or no repairs1 & looks v neat1 especially if pa9t$4 ,prun+ & tra9+ on ! ,munson trellis is v simple & easy ) a little in/ruction = a few m9utes ) a v9e or two prun$ = example4 ,! v9e ! fir/ season is all[$ to gr[ up on to ! middle wire by a /r+ ar\nd :i* x is coil$ by h&1 by go+ ov] ! v9ey>d once or twice until ! select$ %oot ( ea* v9e is ^u ! wire1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to ramble at fre$om ov] ! wires4 ,by gett+ on to ! trellis ! fir/ ye>1 "o /rong %oot1 & all[+ no o!r to gr[1 a p>tial crop c be _h ! second ye>1 )\t damage1 on all b weak gr[]s1 l ,delaw>e1 t %\ld n be all[$ to be> until ! ?ird ye>4 ,at ! fir/ regul> prun+ 7all prun+s %\ld be done 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 aft] leaf fall1 & nev] s late z to cause ! v9es to ble$71 ! v9e %\ld be cut back to two or ?ree buds t h rea*$ ! middle wire1 if weak gr[]s1 if /rong1 ) heavy gr[?1 six or eight buds ea*1 to two arms1 "o go+ ea* way along ! l[] wire f :]e ! asc5d+ v9e fir/ t\*es ! wire4 ,aft] ! v9es are ?us prun$1 ! out] end ( ea* arm is firmly ti$ to ! l[] wire1 along :i* x is g5tly coil$4 ,^! two ties hold ! v9e firmly 9 place4 ,! buds on ! arms pu% & asc5d1 pass+ ov] ! lat]al wires1 cl++ !reto ) _! t5drils1 & hang ov] l a beautiful gre5 drap]y %ad+ ! fruit & body ( ! v9e accord+ to its natural habit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,concord 7#b_/c74 ,on ! canopy trellis1 all ! summ] prun+ requir$ is1 to g ?r\gh ! v9ey>d at or a few days be=e bloom+ "t1 & ) a light %>p but*] knife1 clip (f ! tips ( all advanc$ %oots to be left = be>+1 leav+ two or ?ree leaves beyond ! out] fl[] clu/]4 ,f ! %oots ne> ! crot*1 select$ = be>+ arms ! next ye>1 pick ! fl[] clu/]s1 & /rip (f or rub (f all %oots & buds t />t on trunk ( v9e bel[ crot*4 ,?is latt] is v important1 z su* %oots1 if left1 eat up ! n\ri%m5t ( ! l& ) no return b add$ "w at prun+ "t4 ,x w be f\nd t ! %oots at ! ends ( ! arms usually />t fir/ & /ronge/1 & if n clipp$ back1 w n all[ ! buds back t[>d ! crot* to />t well1 b if clipp$1 all o!r desirable buds !n pu%4 ,9 ab\t six to t5 days aft] ! fir/ clipp+1 a second "o is usually necess>y1 especially if ! wea!r is moi/ & w>m1 & ! l& ri*4 ,! fir/ clipp$ %oots1 z well z ^? n clipp$ ! fir/ "t1 w ne$ clipp+ back ?is "t1 ! end buds on ! fir/ clipp$ hav+ pu%$ vigor\sly4 ,at a second ye>'s prun+ & o!rs foll[+1 ! old arms ) all ! be>+ %oots on !m are cut (f d[n to ! new arms & ! new arms cut back to l5g?s !y c fill ) fruit & well mature4 ,9 ?is1 critical judgm5t & k ( capabilities ( diff]5t v>ieties are m requir$ 9 ! prun] ?an 9 any o!r ( ! tra9+ "w4 ,"s v>ieties1 su* z ! ,delaw>e1 _c c>ry m ?an ?ree to f\r arms1 two feet long1 :ile ,h]bemont c m easily c>ry f\r arms ea* eight feet long1 h5ce su* z ,delaw>e %\ld be plant$ eight feet or less ap>t1 :ile ,h]bemont & mo/ ( ! ,po/-,oak grape hybrids1 %\ld be twelve to sixte5 feet ap>t4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* v>iety %\ld be set t di/ance ap>t t x w fill ! trellis ) fruit f end to end1 & mature x well1 s z to bett] economize space4 ,by ! ?ird ye>1 ! v9e %\ld come to full be>+1 & be prun$ ) f\r be>+ arms1 two to g ea* way along ! l[] wire ( trellis1 g5tly coil+ ar\nd ! wire1 "o arm 9 "o direction1 ! o!r 9 opposite direction1 & %\ld be 9 ab\t equal l5g?s1 s t "o firm tie ) jute y>n1 ne> ! ends1 w be all ! ty+ ! v9es w ne$--t is1 two ties to ea* v9e--! lea/ requir$ by any trellis sy/em1 & ! prun+ is also simple/ & ! results e way ! be/4 ,"s ( ! advantages ( ?is trellis are its *eapness1 its simplicity1 br++ ! "w up brea/-high s t prun+1 ty+1 h>ve/+1 spray+1 c be done 9 an erect position1 sav+ back /ra92 p]fect di/ribution ( light1 heat & air to foliage & fruit2 %ield+ f sunscald & birds2 giv+ free v5tilation & easy passage ( w9d ?r\gh ! v9ey>d )\t bl[+ d[n ! trellis or t5d] %oots f ! v9es1 & all[+ ready passage f r[ to r[1 )\t go+ ar\nd1 ?us gett+ l>g] & bett] crops at less exp5se & increas+ l5g? ( life ( v9ey>d & ! pleasure ( tak+ c>e ( x4 ,?is me?od does n seem to be adapt$ to ! ne$s ( grapes 9 nor!rn v9ey>ds1 & 9 ! ,s\? su* weak-gr[+ sorts z ,delaw>e d n ?rive :5 s tra9$4 ,sev]al modifi$ ,munson me?ods are 9 use 9 ! s\!rn /ates1 b ^? mo/ commonly employ$ d n dep>t greatly f ! me?od "h describ$4 ,,iii4 ,%oots horizontal ,hudson horizontal4 ,!re is n[ 9 use b "o me?od ( tra9+ %oots horizontally4 ,9 ?is me?od ! trellis is made by sett+ po/s eight or t5 feet ap>t & connect+ !m by two slats1 "o at ! top ( ! po/s1 ! o!r ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,/r&s ( wire are /ret*$ p]p5dicul>ly betwe5 ! slats at t5- or twelve-in* int]vals4 ,"o cane is tra9$ f a trunk f "o to two feet high on ! trellis2 x rises p]p5dicul>ly f ! gr\nd & is ti$ to ! top slat4 ,! %oots pu% out "r & left & are ti$ horizontally to ea* wire z !y rea* x4 ,! cane is usually all[$ to be> ab\t six %oots on ea* side4 ,! grapes set at ! base ( ! %oots s t ! bun*es hang "o ov] ! o!r1 mak+ a pretty sight4 ,?is me?od is too exp5sive = a comm]cial v9ey>d b is (t5 us$ 9 g>d5s & = ornam5tal plant+s4 ,only weak-gr[+ sorts1 z ,delaw>e1 ,iona or ,diana are adapt$ = ?is me?od4 ,delaw>e does rem>kably well "u horizontal tra9+4 ,! use ( slats & wires 9 horizontal tra9+ are (t5 rev]s$4 ,! alt]native f ! me?od j describ$ is to set po/s sixte5 or eighte5 feet ap>t ^u :i* are /rung two wires z = ! ord9>y trellis4 ,p]p5dicul> slats are !n fa/5$ to ^! wires to :i* ! %oots are ti$4 ,two slats1 fifte5 in*es ap>t1 are provid$ on ea* side ( a fruit+ cane1 :i*1 ) ! slat = ! support ( ! cane1 give five to a v9e4 ,or ! v9e may be support$ by a /ake driv5 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 bo? ( ^! me?ods1 a %oot mu/ be tak5 out f ! head ( ! v9e ea* season = ! next season's fruit+-wood4 ,?is %oot is ti$ to ! c5tral wire or slat & is n[ all[$ to fruit4 ,?us ! v9e />ts ea* spr+ ) a s+le cane4 ,grapes are gr[n "u ^! horizontal me?ods *iefly1 if n only1 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] ,valley & ev5 "h !y are go+ out ( use4 ,,tra9+ ,,on ,,arbors1 ,,p]golas ,,& ,,z ,,ornam5tals ,! grape is mu* us$ to cov] arbors1 p]golas1 lattices & to scre5 ! sides ( build+s1 few climb+ plants be+ m ornam5tal4 ,leaf1 fruit & v9e h be5 favorite subjects = reproduction by ornam5tali/s ( all ages4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 x is seldom se5 9 cultivat$ l&scapes except to secure %ade & seclusion4 ,gr[n = /hetic purposes1 ! grape is seldom fruitful1 = ! v9es c r>ely be cultivat$ or depriv$ ( _! luxuriant gr[? z 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,nev]!less1 grapes gr[n z ornam5tals c be tra9$ s z to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( ornam5tal & fruit-be>+ plant4 ,gr[n on ! sides ( a build+1 ! grape (t5 c be made to be> l>ge crops ( *oicely f9e fruit4 ,! anci5ts _h le>n$ ?is1 = ! ,psalmi/ says3 ,?y wife %all be l ! fruitful v9e by ! sides ( ?9e h\se4 ,9 all ornam5tal plant+s on arbors or p]golas1 if fruit is to be consid]$1 ! p]man5t trunk is c>ri$ to ! top ( ! /ructure4 ,along ?is trunk1 at int]vals ( eighte5 in*es1 spurs are left f :i* to r5ew ! wood f ye> to ye>4 ,! v9es %\ld /& six or eight feet ap>t1 dep5d+ on ! v>iety1 & "o cane is left1 ?ree or f\r feet long1 on ea* spur :5 ! prun+ is done4 ,%oots spr++ f ^! cov] int]m$iate spaces soon aft] gr[? beg9s4 ,provision1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be made = a new cane ea* season1 & ?is is done by sav+ a %oot spr++ f spur or trunk at prun+ "t4 ,! same me?od ( tra9+1 ) modifications to suit ! case1 may be employ$ on sides ( build+s1 walls1 f5ces & lattices4 ,if ! object to be cov]$ is l[1 h[ev]1 & especially if fruit z well z a cov]+ is want$1 p]haps a bett] plan is annually to r5ew f a l[ trunk or ev5 back to ! root4 ,9 ?is l[ r5ewal1 a new cane1 or two or ?ree if desir$1 %\ld be br\ght out ea* season1 ?us secur+ great] vigor = ! v9e1 b greatly delay+1 especially 9 ! case ( high walls1 ! production ( a scre5 ( foliage4 ,,prun+ ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,muscad9e ,,grapes ,! ,muscad9e grapes ( ! ,s\? are s di/9ct 9 *>act]s ( gr[? & fruit-be>+ t _! requirem5ts z to prun+ & tra9+ are q diff]5t f ! me?ods s f> giv54 ,until rec5t ye>s :5 ^! grapes h become ( comm]cial importance1 x 0 ?\ght by s\!rn v9ey>di/s t ! ,muscad9es ne$$ little or no prun+ & "s held t prun+ injur$ ! v9es4 ,n[ x is f\nd t ,muscad9es respond q z readily z o!r types ( grapes to prun+ & tra9+4 ,husmann & ,de>+#ae give foll[+ directions = prun+ ,muscad9es3 ,two sy/ems ( tra9+ are employ$ ) ,muscad9e grapes3 7#a7 ,! horizontal or ov]head sy/em1 by :i* ! gr[? is spread z an ov]head canopy ab\t #g feet above ! gr\nd & support$ by po/s2 & 7#b7 ! upright or v]tical sy/em1 9 :i* ! gr[? is spread ov] a trellis4 ,9 ! ov]head sy/em a s+le trunk is caus$ to gr[ erect f ! gr\nd alongside a p]man5t po/4 ,:5 ! v9e has rea*$ ! top ( ! po/ x is p9*$ 9 or cut back1 s z to make x ?r[ out %oots to gr[ & spread out f ! head ( ! v9e z ! spokes ( a :eel radiate f ! hub4 7,! ov]head tra9+ ( ,muscad9es is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba2 upright tra9+1 9 ,fig4 #bb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,rotundifolia v9es tra9$ by ! ov]head me?od4 ,9 ! upright sy/ems ! fruit+ arms are ei!r radiat$ f a l[ v9e head1 l ! ribs ( a fan1 or !y are tak5 (f z horizontal arms f a c5tral v]tical trunk4 ,:]e ! v9ey>d is n giv5 close p]sonal att5tion & prun+ & o!r v9ey>d practices are neglect$ ! be/ results w be obta9$ ) ! ov]head trellis4 ,moreov]1 su* a trellis p]mits cross-pl[+ & cultivation & is bett] adapt$ = graz+ hogs1 %eep1 or cattle on cov] crops gr[n 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c>eful v9ey>di/ c expect ! be/ & e>lie/ results f v9es on ! upright or v]tical supports4 ,! upright trellis facilitates prun+1 h>ve/+1 spray+1 & int]cropp+ ?r\gh\t ! life ( ! v9ey>d2 x is also easi] to repair & c be erect$ f #aj to #bj an acre *eap] ?an ! ov]head trellis4 ,! use ( bo? ! upright sy/em & ! ov]head trellis has nett$ ! gr[]s pr(itable returns4 ,ea* has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,! prospective gr[]1 kn[+ 8 own conditions1 mu/ det]m9e :i* tra9+ sy/em is be/ suit$ to 8 conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,rotundifolia v9e tra9$ by ! #f-;arm r5ewal me?od4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> aft] plant+1 a /rong /ake rea*+ #d feet above ! gr\nd at ea* v9e is suffici5t support4 ,a trellis %\ld be erect$ ! second season1 ?\gh ! upp] wires ( an upright trellis & ! second>y wires ( an ov]head trellis may be add$ lat]1 z ! v9es ne$ !m4 ,9 erect+ an upright trellis ! po/s %\ld be set midway betwe5 ! v9es1 ! di/ances ap>t v>y+ ) ! di/ances betwe5 ! plants4 ,! end po/s ( ! r[s %\ld be firmly brac$4 ,?ree wires are g5]ally us$1 plac$ #bd1 #db1 & f #ef to #fj in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,9 erect+ an ov]head trellis1 ! usual me?od is to place a sub/antial1 durable po/ rea*+ #g feet above ! gr\nd at ea* ( ! p]man5t v9es4 ,r[s ( extra heavy1 well-brac$ po/s1 runn+ p>allel ) & also at ! ends ( ! r[s ( v9es1 are set at ! b\nd>ies ( ! v9ey>d4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t ways ( arrang+ ! wires4 ,usually ,no4 #aj galvaniz$ wires are securely fa/5$ to ! tops ( ! b\nd>y po/s on ! f\r sides ( a v9ey>d & !n are run along & securely fa/5$ on ! tops ( ! inside po/ d[n ea* r[ 9 bo? directions z gov]nor wires4 ,z ne$$1 ,no4 #ad wires #b feet ap>t are run p>allel ) ! gov]nor wires until 9 ?is mann] ! entire area has be5 cov]$4 ,a *eap] b less durable ov]head trellis is made by runn+ ,no4 #i gov]nor wires 9 only "o direction & ! second>y wires only at "r angles to ! gov]nor wires1 ! second>y wires be+ fa/5$ to ! gov]nor wires :]ev] !y cross4 ,"s gr[]s con/ruct arbors entirely ( wood1 us+ slats or poles in/ead ( wires4 ,! prun+ ( ,muscad9e grapes dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s is ma9ly = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! p]man5t p>ts & adju/+ ! o!r p>ts ( ! v9e to ! desir$ tra9+ sy/em = future usefulness4 ,aft] t ! prun+ is prim>ily a matt] ( r5ew+ ! be>+ surface & keep+ ! v9es heal?y1 vigor\s1 & productive4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season ! trunk ( ! v9e %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,f ?is ! ma9 fruit+ bran*es are />t$ ! second season4 ,^!1 "u favorable circum/ances1 w be> a small crop ( fruit ! ?ird season4 ,aft] t ! purpose ( prun+ %\ld be to r5ew gr[?1 to increase or decrease ! be>+ surface1 & to ma9ta9 ! %ape ( ! v9e4 ,sev]e prun+ usually removes mo/ ( ! fruit-be>+ wood & ?r[s ! v9e into vigor\s wood gr[?4 ,no prun+1 on ! o!r h&1 causes a gr[? :i* is too mu* di/ribut$1 weak1 & incapable ( be>+ good crops4 ,!re=e1 ! grape gr[] %\ld /udy ! v9es suffici5tly to enable him to judge ea* ye> ! prop] sev]ity ( prun+ = ! be/ results4 ,?is w dep5d on ! v>iety1 ! age ( ! v9es1 ! f]tility ( ! soil1 etc4 ,muscad9e grapes be> _! fruit 9 small clu/]s4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to ma9ta9 a l>ge fruit+ surface 9 ord] to secure a prop] tonnage ( fruit4 ,?is is accompli%$ by develop+ a s]ies ( fruit+ arms1 spurr+ along ^!1 & l5g!n+ !m z ! v9es become /rong]4 ,su* fruit+ arms c be ma9ta9$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 b aft] a "t x is desirable to r5ew !m4 ,?is is done by cutt+ out ! arm & />t+ a new "o f a cane t has be5 previ\sly gr[n = su* purposes4 ,x is pref]able to r5ew sy/ematically only "o or1 at mo/1 two arms on a v9e ea* ye>4 ,?is gradual r5ewal does n di/urb ! vigor ( ! v9e1 b keeps x productive1 heal?y1 & /rong4 ,! prun+ c be quickly & easily done if sy/ematically practic$ f ! "t ! v9es are />t$4 ,,rejuv5at+ ,,old ,,v9es ,:5 prun+ & tra9+ are neglect$1 a v9ey>d soon becomes a sorry company ( halt & maim$ v9es4 ,^! neglect$ v9es c r>ely be re%ap$ & re/or$ to _! pri/9e vigor4 ,if ! old v9es seem capable ( ?r[+ out a /rong new gr[?1 x is almo/ always bett] to gr[ a new top by tak+ out canes f ! roots & s rejuv5ate4 ,! en]gy & activity ( ,nature are seldom se5 to bett] advantage ?an 9 ^! new tops1 if ! old tops are cut back sev]ely & ! v9ey>d giv5 good c>e4 ,! new canes gr[ ) ! gu/o ( ! biblical bay tree1 mak+ x difficult (t5times to keep !m )9 b\nds4 ,usually ?is new top c be treat$ ess5tially z if x 7 a new v9e4 ,n infrequ5tly ! cane w make suffici5t gr[? & mature well en\gh s t x may be left z a p]man5t trunk at ! end ( ! fir/ season4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wood is %ort1 weak & s(t1 x %\ld be cut back 9 ! autumn to two or ?ree buds f "o ( :i* a p]man5t trunk c be tra9$ ! next season f :i* a good top c be =m$ 9 ano!r season4 ,! old top is disc>d$ z soon z ! new trunk is ti$ to ! trellis4 ,old v9ey>ds are (t5 rejuv5at$ 9 ?is way to advantage & return pr(its to _! own]s = ye>s2 b if ! soil is poor & ! v9es weak1 attempts to r5ew ! tops seldom pay4 ,occasionally rejuv5at+ old v9es by prun+ is wor? :ile4 ,:5 su* an attempt is made1 x is be/ to cut back sev]ely at ! w9t]-prun+1 leav+ two1 ?ree or f\r canes1 dep5d+ on ! me?od ( tra9+1 ( six1 eight or t5 buds4 ,! am\nt ( wood left mu/ dep5d on ! vigor ( ! plant & ! v>iety4 ,! success ( su* rejuv5ation dep5ds mu* on select+ suitable places on ! old v9e f :i* to r5ew ! be>+ wood4 ,x requires good judgm5t1 consid]able skill & mu* exp]i5ce to rejuv5ate successfully an old v9ey>d by remodel+ ! exi/+ top1 & if ! v9es are f> gone ) neglect x is seldom wor? :ile4 ,sometimes old v9es or ev5 a :ole v9ey>d c be rejuv5at$ mo/ easily by graft+4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 ! v9es are n ( ! k9d want$1 & :5 ! v9ey>d conta9s an occasional /ray v9e f ! v>iety to :i* x is plant$4 ,directions = graft+ are giv5 on pages #de to #ej4 ,! graft$ v9e is readily br\ght into %ape1 "u any ( ! sev]al me?ods ( tra9+1 by treat+ x z a "y v9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,diana 7#c_/e74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,grape-,,prun+ ,,on ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,! me?ods ( prun+ & tra9+ native grapes1 discuss$ 9 ! la/ two *apt]s1 d n apply to ! ,v9if]a grapes gr[n 9 ! favor$ valleys ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & on ! ,pacific slope4 ,z we h already se51 ! ,v9if]a or ,old ,_w grape diff]s m>k$ly 9 habits ( gr[? f ! ,am]ican species s t x w\ld n be expect$ t prun+ :i* applies to ! "o w\ld apply to ! o!r types4 ,! fundam5tals1 to be sure1 are mu* ! same & ! diff]5t species ( grapes are ab\t equally subs]vi5t to ! %e>s ( ! prun]1 b :ile prun+ to regulate fruit-be>+ f9ds _m simil>ities 9 ,old & ,new ,_w grapes1 ! tra9+ ( ! v9es is radically diff]5t4 ,european practices 9 prun+ & tra9+ ,v9if]a grapes are s _m & s div]se t ! fir/ gr[]s ( ?is fruit 9 ,am]ica 7 at a loss to "k h[ to prune _! v9es4 ,b1 out ( a half c5tury ( exp]i5ce1 ,am]ican gr[]s ( ,old ,_w grapes h adapt$ f ,european practices & h devis$ to meet new conditions1 me?ods :i* s]ve v well 9 ! new home = ?is old grape4 ,s9ce ! culture ( ! ,old ,_w grape is c5t]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 almo/ conf9$ to t /ate1 ,cali=nia practice may be tak5 z a patt]n 9 prun+ & tra9+ ! v9es ( ?is species4 ,,v9e ,,prun+ ,,9 ,,cali=nia#af ,! sy/ems ( prun+ 9 use 9 ,cali=nia may be divid$ into two classes accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! arms on ! trunk ( ! v9e4 ,9 ! commone/ sy/ems1 !re is a def9ite head to ! trunk1 f :i* all ! arms arise symmetrically at ne>ly ! same level4 ,! v9es ( ^! sy/ems may be call$ head$ v9es4 ,9 ! o!r sy/ems1 ! trunk is elongat$ f\r to eight feet & ! arms are di/ribut$ regul>ly along ! :ole or ! great] portion ( its l5g?4 ,! v9es ( ^! sy/ems1 ow+ to ! rope-l =m ( ! trunks1 are call$ cordons4 ,! head$ v9es are divid$ accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! v]tical trunk into high1 #b-c feet1 m$ium1 #a-a-a_/b feet1 & l[1 #j-f in*es4 ,! cordons may be v]tical or horizontal1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! trunk1 :i* is f f\r to eight feet long4 ,! horizontal cordons may be s+le 7unilat]al7 or compos$ ( two bran*es ext5d+ 9 opposite directions 7bilat]al74 ,d\ble & ev5 multiple v]tical cordons occur1 b !y are v inadvisable & h no advantages4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! arms ( a head$ v9e may be symmetrical 9 all directions at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees4 ,su* a v9e is said to be vase-=m$1 ?\gh ! holl[ c5t] :i* ?is t]m implies is n ess5tial4 ,?is is ! =m us$ 9 ! great majority ( our v9ey>ds :e!r ( w9e1 rais91 or %ipp+ grapes4 ,x is suitable = ! squ>e sy/em ( plant+ & cross cultivation4 ,:]e v9es are plant$ 9 ! av5ue sy/em1 p>ticul>ly :5 trellis$ & :]e cross cultivation is impossible1 ! arms are giv5 a fan-%ap$ arrangem5t 9 a v]tical plane4 ,?is arrangem5t is consid]$ to be ess5tial = ! economical & easy work+ ( trellis$ v9es4 ,on ! v]tical or upright cordon1 ! arms are arrang$ at z regul> int]vals z possible on all sides ( ! trunk f ! top to )9 twelve or fifte5 in*es ( ! bottom4 ,on ! horizontal cordon ! arms are arrang$ simil>ly1 b z ne>ly z possible on ! upp] side ( ! trunk only4 ,ea* ( ^! sy/ems may aga9 be divid$ into two subsy/ems1 accord+ to ! managem5t ( ! annual gr[? or canes4 ,9 "o1 spurs ( "o1 two1 or ?ree eyes are left = fruit production4 ,?is sy/em is call$ %ort or spur prun+4 ,9 ! o!r1 long canes are left = fruit production4 ,?is is call$ long or cane prun+4 ,9 r>e cases an int]m$iate =m is adopt$ 9 :i* long spurs or %ort canes ( five or six eyes are left4 ,9 cane prun+1 ea* fruit cane is accompani$ by "o or two %ort r5ewal spurs4 ,^! mu/ also accompany half-long prun+4 ,sy/ems ( prun+1 :5 only long canes are left )\t r5ewal-spurs1 are n 9 use 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 all sy/ems1 replac+-spurs are left :]ev] & :5ev] ne$$4 ,o!r modifications are introduc$ by ! mann] ( disposal ( ! fruit canes4 ,^! may be ti$ up v]tically to a /ake driv5 at ! foot ( ea* v9e or b[$ 9 a circle & ti$ to ?is same /ake1 or !y may be ti$ lat]ally to wires /ret*+ along ! r[s 9 a horizontal1 asc5d+ or desc5d+ direction4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems diff] !re=e 93 7#a7 ! %ape1 l5g?1 & direction ( ! trunk2 7#b7 ! arrangem5t ( ! arms2 7#c7 ! use ( fruit spurs or fruit canes ) r5ewal spurs2 7#d7 ! disposal ( ! fruit canes4 ,! pr9cipal possibilities ( ! prun+ are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,a4 ,,head ,,prun+3 ,,vase-,,=m 7a7 ,fruit spurs or #a4 ,high trunk3 7b7 ,half-long canes & r5ewal spurs or #b4 ,m$ium trunk3 ) 7c7 ,fruit canes & r5ewal #c4 ,l[ trunk3 spurs2 canes v]tical or b[$4 ,b4 ,,head ,,prun+3 ,,fan-,,%ap$2 ,,trellis$ #a4 ,high trunk3 ,fruit canes & r5ewal spurs2 canes desc5d+4 #b4 ,m$ium trunk3 ,fruit canes & r5ewal spurs2 canes horizontal or asc5d+4 ,c4 ,,cordon ,,prun+ #a4 ,v]tical3 ,spur2 half-long2 cane4 #b4 ,horizontal-unilat]al3 ,spur2 half-long2 cane4 #c4 ,horizontal-bilat]al3 ,spur2 half-long2 cane4 ,all possible comb9ations indicat$ by ?is table repres5t #bd v>iations4 ,"s ( ^! comb9ations1 h[ev]1 are n us$ & "s are r>e4 ,! mo/ common are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf & #bg4 ,figure #bc ,b repres5ts a head$1 vase-=m$ v9e1 ) a m$ium trunk & %ort fruit spurs4 ,?is is ! mo/ common sy/em us$ 9 all p>ts ( ,cali=nia & is suit$ = all small gr[+ v9es :i* be> on ! l[] buds1 = mo/ w9e grapes & = ,muscats4 ,! unit ( prun+ 9 ?is case is a fruit spur ( #a1 #b1 or #c int]nodes1 accord+ to ! vigor ( ! v>iety & ( ! individual cane4 ,figure #bc ,a diff]s f #bc ,b only 9 ! high] trunk & long] arms4 ,x is commonly us$ = ,tokay & o!r l>ge gr[+ v>ieties1 especially :5 gr[+ 9 ri* soil & :5 plant$ f> ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,=ms ( head prun+3 ,a1 spur prun+ ) high trunk2 ,b1 spur prun+ ) m$ium trunk2 ,c1 half-long ) m$ium trunk4 ,figure #bc ,c has ! same =m ( body z ,a & ,b1 except t ! arms are some:at less num]\s4 ,! unit ( prun+ is a %ort fruit cane ( f\r to five int]nodes1 accompani$ by a r5ewal spur ( "o int]node4 ,x is suit$ = vigor\s table grapes1 :i* d n be> well on %ort spurs4 ,x is us$ especially = ! ,corni*on & ,malaga 9 ri* soil4 ,?is is a difficult sy/em to keep 9 good %ape ow+ to ! t5d5cy = all ! vigor to g to ! gr[? on ! ends ( ! fruit canes4 ,x is difficult to obta9 vigor\s canes on ! r5ewal spurs4 ,occasional %ort prun+ is usually necess>y to keep ! v9es 9 prop] %ape4 ,figure #bd ,a is simil> to #bc ,c 9 =m1 b ! numb] ( arms is /ill fur!r r$uc$ to #b1 #c1 or at mo/ #d4 ,! unit ( prun+ is a fruit cane ( #b-a_/b to #c-a_/b feet ) its r5ewal spur4 ,ow+ to ! l5g? ( ! fruit canes !y require support & are ti$ to a high /ake4 ,?is me?od is us$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( v9ey>ds ) ,sultan9a1 ,sultana & c]ta9 w9e grapes1 especially ,semillon & ,cab]net4 ,x is n to be recomm5d$ 9 any case1 z x has sev]al v s]i\s defects4 ,! difficulty ( obta9+ new wood f ! r5ewal spurs is ev5 great] ?an 9 ! sy/em %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc ,c4 ,! l5g? & v]tical position ( ! fruit canes cause ! ma9 gr[? & vigor ( ! v9e to be exp5d$ on ! highe/ %oots4 ,! r5ewal spurs are ?us s %ad$ t1 ev5 ?\gh _! buds />t1 ! %oots make b a weak gr[?4 ,! result is t at ! foll[+ prun+ all ! good new wood is at ! top ( ! fruit canes ( ! previ\s ye>1 :]e x _c be utiliz$4 ,! prun] has to *oose !n betwe5 rev]t+ to spur prun+ & gett+ no crop or us+ ! weak gr[? f ! r5ewal spurs = fruit canes1 9 :i* case he may get blossoms b little or no fruit ( any value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,=ms ( head prun+3 ,a1 v]tical fruit canes & r5ewal spurs2 ,b1 b[$ fruit canes & r5ewal spurs4 ,o!r defects ( ?is me?od are t ! fruit+ %oots are excessively vigor\s & !re=e (t5 t5d to drop _! blossoms )\t sett+ & ! fruit :5 produc$ is mass$ toge!r s t x rip5s unev5ly & is difficult to ga!r4 ,x also requires a tall & exp5sive /ake4 ,figure #bd ,b repres5ts an improvem5t on ! la/ sy/em4 ,x diff]s only 9 ! me?od ( treat+ ! fruit canes4 ,^! are b5t ov] 9 ! =m ( a circle & ti$ by _! middle "p to a /ake :i* may be small] & l[] ?an t ne$$ = ! v]tical canes4 ,?is b[+ ( ! canes has sev]al useful effects4 ,! *ange ( direction mod]ates ! t5d5cy ( ! vigor ( ! v9e to exp5d itself only on ! t]m9al %oots4 ,m %oots !re=e are =m$ on ! fruit canes & z _! vigor is some:at decreas$ !y t5d to be m fruitful4 ,! slight me*anical injury caus$ by ! b5d+ op]ates 9 ! same direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,head prun+3 fan-%ap$ head2 fruit canes ti$ to horizontal trellis4 ,! excess ( vigor ?us be+ div]t$ f ! fruit canes causes ! r5ewal spurs to =m vigor\s %oots1 :i* soon gr[ above ! fruit %oots & obta9 ! light & air !y ne$ = _! prop] developm5t4 ,?is me?od is us$ successfully = c]ta9 w9e grapes su* z ,riesl+1 ,cab]net1 & ,semillon4 ,x is unsuit$ to l>ge vigor\s v>ieties or = v9es on ri* soil plant$ wide ap>t4 ,9 ^! cases two fruit canes are usually insuffici5t &1 if m are us$1 ! grapes & leaves are s mass$ toge!r t !y are subject to mildew & d n rip5 ev5ly or well4 ,! b[+ & ty+ ( ! canes requires consid]able skill & c>e on ! "p ( ! workm54 ,! body1 arms1 & annual prun+ ( ! sy/em %[n 9 ,fig4 #be are simil> to ^? ( ,fig4 #bd1 ) ! exception t ! arms are giv5 a fan-%ap$ arrangem5t 9 "o plane4 ,x diff]s 9 ! disposal ( ! fruit canes1 :i* are support$ by a trellis /ret*+ along ! r[ f v9e to v9e4 ,?is me?od is l>gely us$ = ! ,sultan9a 7,?ompson's ,se$less71 & is ! be/ sy/em = vigor\s v9es :i* require long prun+1 :]ev] x is possible to disp5se ) cross cultivation4 ,x is also suitable = any long-prun$ v>ieties :5 gr[+ 9 v f]tile soil4 ,figure #bf is a photograph ( a f\r-ye>-old ,emp]or v9e1 illu/rat+ ! v]tical cordon sy/em4 ,x consi/s ( an upright trunk #d-a_/b feet high ) %ort arms & fruit spurs scatt]$ ev5ly & symmetrically f ! top to )9 fifte5 in*es ( ! bottom4 ,?is sy/em is us$ 9 _m ,emp]or v9ey>ds 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,s+le v]tical cordon ) fruit spurs4 ,its advantages are t x all[s ! l>ge developm5t ( ! v9e & ! l>ge numb] ( spurs :i* ! vigor ( ! ,emp]or dem&s1 )\t1 on ! "o h&1 cr[d+ ! fruit by ! proximity ( ! spurs or1 on ! o!r h&1 spread+ ! v9e s mu* t cultivation is int]f]$ )4 ,x also p]mits cross cultivation4 ,"o ( its defects is t ! fruit is subject$ to v>i\s degrees ( temp]ature & %ad+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! v9e & ! rip5+ & color+ are (t5 unev54 ,a m vital defect is t x _c be ma9ta9$ p]man5tly4 ,! arms & spurs at ! top ( ! trunk t5d to absorb ! en]gies ( ! v9e & ! l[] arms & spurs become weak] ea* ye> until f9ally no gr[? at all is obta9$ bel[4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s1 mo/ ( ! v9es !re=e lose _! "* ( cordons & become simply head$-v9es ) abnormally long trunks4 ,! cordon c be re/abli%$ 9 ?is case by all[+ a vigor\s suck] to develop "o ye> f :i* to =m a new trunk ! next4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! old trunk is remov$ entirely4 ,an objection to ?is me?od is t x makes v l>ge w\nds 9 ! mo/ vital "p ( ! v9e--! base ( ! trunk4 ,figure #bg is a photograph ( a f\r-ye>-old ,colomb> v9e1 illu/rat+ ! unilat]al1 horizontal cordon sy/em4 ,x consi/s ( a trunk ab\t sev5 feet long1 support$ horizontally by a wire two feet f ! gr\nd4 ,arms & spurs are arrang$ along ! :ole horizontal "p ( ! trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,unilat]al horizontal cordon ) fruit spurs4 ,?is sy/em accompli%es ! same objects z ! v]tical cordon4 ,x all[s a l>ge developm5t ( ! v9e & num]\s fruit spurs )\t cr[d+4 ,x is sup]ior to ! v]tical cordon 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fruit1 :i* is all expos$ to approximately ! same conditions ow+ to ! uni=m di/ance f ! gr\nd ( ! fruit spurs4 ,all p>ts ( ! trunk produc+ an annual gr[? ( wood & fruit are equally expos$ to light & ! t5d5cy ( ! gr[? to occur pr9cipally at ! "p ( ! trunk f>!/ remov$ f ! root is c\nt]act$ by ! horizontal position4 ,!re is n ! same difficulty !re=e 9 ma9ta9+ ?is =m ( v9e p]man5tly t !re is ) ! v]tical cordon4 ,?is sy/em %\ld n be us$ = small weak v9es1 :e!r ! weakness is a *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety or due to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,x is suit$ only to v vigor\s v>ieties su* z ,emp]or1 ,alm]ia1 & ! ,p]sian grapes :5 gr[+ f> ap>t 9 ri*1 moi/ soil4 ,p]iods ( developm5t4 ,! fir/ ye> 9 ! life ( a v9e is devot$ to develop+ a vigor\s root sy/em2 ! next two or ?ree ye>s to build+ up a %apely trunk & head1 & a l p]iod to =m+ ! full complem5t ( arms4 ,at ! end ( f five to n9e ye>s ! framework ( ! v9e is complete & %\ld und]go no p>ticul> *ange ( %ape except a gradual ?ick5+ ( trunk & arms4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 sev]al p]iods 9 ! life ( ! v9e ) v>y+ objects1 & ! me?ods ( prun+ mu/ v>y accord+ly4 ,^! p]iods d n correspond exactly to p]iods ( "t1 s x may be mislead+ to speak ( prun+ a two-ye>-old or a ?ree-ye>-old v9e4 ,"o v9e "u c]ta9 conditions w rea* ! same /age ( developm5t 9 two ye>s t ano!r w rea* only 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s "u o!r conditions4 ,! range ( "t ( ^! p]iods is ab\t z foll[s3 ,fir/ p]iod--,=mation ( a /rong root sy/em #a to #b ye>s ,second p]iod--,=mation ( /em or trunk #a ye> ,?ird p]iod--,=mation ( head #b to #c ye>s ,f\r? p]iod--,complete developm5t ( ! arms #b to #c ye>s ,total "t ( =mation ( framework #f to #i ye>s ,"u exceptionally favorable conditions ! fir/ & second p]iods may be includ$ 9 ! fir/ ye> & a completely =m$ v9e may be obta9$ 9 five ye>s4 ,be=e plant+4 ,= plant+1 cutt+s1 "o-ye>-old root$ v9es1 or b5* grafts are us$4 ,9 all cases1 !y ne$ "s att5tion f ! prun]4 ,! usual way to prune a good root$ v9e ( av]age size hav+ a s+le cane at ! top & sev]al good roots at ! bottom is to %ort5 ! cane to "o or two buds & ! roots to two or f\r in*es1 accord+ to _! size4 ,%ort5+ ! cane makes ! v9e less liable to dry out be=e root+ & =ces ! gr[? f ! l[] buds :i* produce m vigor\s %oots4 ,! roots are %ort5$ s t !re w be no dang] ( ! ends be+ turn$ upw>ds :5 plant$4 ,if !y are to be plant$ 9 a l>ge hole1 !y may be left z long z five or six in*es2 if to be plant$ ) a cr[b> or dibble1 !y mu/ be cut back to half an in*4 ,if ! root$ v9e has sev]al canes1 all b "o %\ld be remov$ entirely1 & ?is "o %ort5$ to "o or two eyes4 ,! "o left %\ld be t :i* is /ronge/1 has ! be/ buds1 & is ! be/ plac$4 ,:]e a horizontal cane is left1 x %\ld be cut back to ! base bud4 ,o!rwise ! ma9 gr[? may occur at a high] bud & ! v9e w h a crook :i* w result 9 a badly =m$ trunk4 ,if canes are gr[+ f diff]5t jo9ts1 x is usually be/ to leave ! l[] cane if !y are equally vigor\s4 ,?is br+s ! buds f :i* gr[? w come ne>] to ! roots1 & leaves less ( ! orig9al cutt+1 :i* are advantages4 ,! upp] jo9t betwe5 ! canes is1 moreov]1 (t5 m or less decay$ or imp]fect4 ,fir/ gr[+ season4 ,! treatm5t dur+ ! fir/ spr+ & summ] w dep5d on :at gr[? ! v9es are expect$ to make & on :e!r ! v9es are /ak$ ! fir/ ye>4 ,) cutt+s & ) bo? root$ v9es & grafts :]e ! gr[? w be mod]ate1 /ak+ ! fir/ ye> is unnecess>y1 ?\gh x has "s slight advantages4 ,9 ^! cases1 no prun+ ( any k9d is necess>y until ! w9t] foll[+ ! plant+1 except 9 ! case ( b5* grafts4 ,! prun+ 9 ! la/ case is conf9$ to ! removal ( ! suck]s f ! /ock & roots f ! cion4 ,if ! /ocks h be5 well disbudd$ by ! nurs]yman1 few suck]s w develop4 ,9 moi/ soil1 ! cion roots may develop vigor\sly & mu/ be remov$ be=e !y gr[ too l>ge1 or !y may prev5t ! prop] developm5t ( ! resi/ant roots4 ,! removal ( roots %\ld usually be done "s "t 9 ,july4 ,= ?is purpose ! hill ( soil is scrap$ away f ! union & aft] ! cion roots & suck]s are remov$ x is replac$4 ,9 ?is second hill+ up1 ! union %\ld be j b>ely cov]$ s t ! soil r\nd ! union w be dry & unfavorable to a second gr[? ( roots4 ,lat] 9 ! season1 ab\t ,septemb]1 ! soil %\ld be remov$ entirely f ar\nd ! union & any new roots t may h =m$ remov$4 ,! union is !n left expos$ to h>d5 & mature1 s t x w pass ! w9t] )\t injury4 ,fir/ w9t] prun+4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ gr[+ season1 an av]age good v9e w h produc$ f ?ree to five canes1 ! longe/ ( :i* w be f two to ?ree feet long4 ,soon aft] ! leaves h fall5 9 ,decemb] or e>ly 9 ,janu>y ! v9es %\ld be prun$4 ,! me?od is precisely simil> to t us$ = root$ v9es be=e plant+ except t ! ma9 roots are n t\*$4 ,all ! canes are remov$ entirely except "o4 ,?is "o %\ld be well matur$1 at lea/ at ! base1 & %\ld h well-=m$ eyes4 ,x is %ort5$ to two eyes4 ,x is well also to cut (f all %all[ roots )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! surface4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ! case ( graft$ v9es if any h escap$ ! summ] root-cutt+4 ,"s ( ! v9es may h made an exceptionally l>ge gr[?4 ,su* v9es may sometimes possess a cane l>ge en\gh f :i* to />t ! trunk 9 ! way describ$ lat] = ! second w9t] prun+4 ,/ak+4 ,if ! v9es h n be5 /ak$ be=e1 ! /akes %\ld be driv5 soon aft] prun+ & be=e ! />t+ ( ! buds4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! alignm5t ( ! v9ey>d1 ! /akes %\ld be driv5 on ! same side ( e v9e at a uni=m di/ance4 ,! be/ di/ance is ab\t two in*es4 ,if driv5 clos] !y may injure l>ge roots or ev5 ! ma9 und]gr\nd /em if ! v9es h n be5 c>efully plant$ v]tically or slant+ t[>ds ! side on :i* ! /ake is to be plac$4 ,! side on :i* ! /ake %\ld be plac$ dep5ds on ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,?is side is ! leew>d4 ,t is1 ! /ake %\ld be s plac$ t ! w9d w press ! v9e t[>ds ! /ake in/ead ( away f x4 ,?is w mu* facilitate ! "w ( keep+ ! v9e upright & atta*$ to ! /ake4 ,if ! v9e is on ! o!r side ! pressure ( ! w9d w /ret* ! /r+ tight & ! sway+ ( ! v9e w gradually we> ! /r+ until x breaks1 necessitat+ rety+4 ,by c>efully obs]v+ ?is rule1 v few v9es w require rety+ ev5 if weak mat]ial l b9d+ tw9e is us$4 ,second summ] prun+4 ,be=e ! />t+ ( ! buds1 9 ! spr+ foll[+ ! plant+1 mo/ ( ! v9es appe> ab\t ! same z :5 !y 7 plant$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v notable diff]5ce1 9 t !y h well-develop$ root sy/ems 9 ! soil :]e !y 7 =m$4 ,! result is t !y make a mu* m prompt & e>ly />t & w produce a mu* l>g] gr[? ?an !y did ! fir/ season4 ,= ?is reason !y require v c>eful att5tion f ! prun] dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ( ! second season4 ,v9es neglect$ at ?is "t1 9 ?is respect1 may make z l>ge a gr[?1 b a l>ge "p ( x w be wa/$1 ! v9es w be mis=m$ & x w require f "o to two ye>s long] to develop a suitable framework & to br+ !m into be>+1 ev5 ?\gh !y are prop]ly h&l$ dur+ subsequ5t ye>s4 ,! m vigor\s ! v9es1 ! m necess>y x is to h&le !m prop]ly dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! ma9 object dur+ ?is second gr[+ season is to develop a s+le1 /rong1 vigor\s & well-rip5$ cane f :i* to =m ! p]man5t trunk ( ! v9e4 ,?is is done by conc5trat+ all ! en]gies ( ! v9e into ! gr[? ( a s+le %oot4 ,z soon z ! buds />t1 or :5 ! mo/ precoci\s has develop$ a %oot ( a few in*es 9 l5g?1 ! v9es %\ld be disbudd$4 ,?is consi/s 9 rubb+ (f ) ! h& all buds & %oots except ! two l>ge/ & be/ plac$4 ,! l[e/1 upright %oots are usually ! be/4 ,leave only ^? :i* w make a /raight v9e4 ,x is bett] to leave less develop$ buds ?an a %oot :i*1 :5 x gr[s1 w make an awkw>d crook ) ! und]gr\nd /em4 ,aft] ?is disbudd+1 ! two %oots left w gr[ rapidly1 z !y receive all ! en]gies ( ! root sy/em4 ,:5 ! longe/ h gr[n f t5 to fifte5 in*es1 !y %\ld be ti$ to ! /ake4 ,unless ?is is done1 !y are liable to be brok5 (f by any heavy w9d1 ow+ to _! s(t1 succul5t texture4 ,only ! be/ plac$ & mo/ vigor\s ( ! two %oots %\ld be ti$ up4 ,if ?is %oot is gr[+ upright & ne> ! /ake1 ?is c be done )\t any dang] ( injur+ x4 ,9 ?is case ! second %oot %\ld be remov$4 ,if ! %oot has to be b5t ov] 9 ty+ x to ! /ake x may be injur$4 ,9 su* a case ! second %oot %\ld be all[$ to gr[ until x is kn[n :e!r ! fir/ has be5 injur$4 ,9 case ( injury ! second %oot c be ti$ up ! next "t ! v9es are visit$ & ! injur$ %oot remov$4 ,at ! ty+ up ( ! res]v$ %oots1 all new %oots :i* h develop$ s9ce ! fir/ disbudd+ %\ld be remov$4 ,! %oots %\ld be ti$ up loosely1 z !y are s(t & easily injur$1 & !y %\ld be br\ght ar\nd c>efully to ! w9dw>d side ( ! /ake4 ,! %oots w require ty+ once m :5 !y h gr[n ano!r foot or eighte5 in*es4 ,!re w !n be two ties1 "o at two or ?ree in*es f ! top ( ! /ake & ! o!r at ab\t ! middle4 ,if ! v9es h a tall /ake & are to be head$ v high1 ano!r ty+ high] up may be ne$$ lat]4 ,) v9es mak+ only a mod]ate gr[?1 no o!r prun+ w be ne$$ until ! w9t]4 ,exceptionally vigor\s v9es1 h[ev]1 may make a cane eight1 t5 or m feet long4 ,su* a cane is heavy & is v likely to break ! ropes by :i* x is atta*$ to ! /ake4 ,9 ?is case x may break (f at ! bottom1 or at lea/ w =m an awkw>d crook ne> ! gr\nd :5 x matures4 ,9 ei!r case x is difficult to =m a good trunk ! foll[+ ye>4 ,ev5 :5 ! ties d n break1 ! cane w n be well suit$ = ! comm5cem5t ( a trunk1 z ! jo9ts w be s long t x w be impossible to leave en\gh well-plac$ buds at ! w9t] prun+4 ,bo? ^! difficulties are avoid$ by timely topp+4 ,:5 su* vigor\sly gr[+ canes h gr[n twelve or eighte5 in*es above ! top ( ! /ake !y are cut back ab\t level ) ! /ake4 ,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly done ) a long-blad$ knife or piece ( split bamboo4 ,aft] topp+1 ! cane ceases to gr[ 9 l5g? & lat]als />t at mo/ ( ! jo9ts4 ,x is less expos$ to ! action ( ! w9d1 & ! lat]als supply ! buds ne$$ = =m+ ! v9e at ! w9t] prun+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,dut*ess 7#b_/c74 ,! result ( ! second season's gr[?1 !n1 has be5 to produce a s+le vigor\s cane ) or )\t lat]als4 ,?is is ! cane :i* is to develop into ! f9al & p]man5t trunk ( ! v9e4 ,x mu/ n only be l>ge & vigor\s1 b mu/ be prop]ly matur$4 ,if ! v9e is all[$ to gr[ too late 9 ! season1 an e>ly fro/ may de/roy ! unmatur$ cane1 & mu* ( ! results ( ! ye>'s gr[? w be wa/$4 ,su* a fro/ may inde$ kill ! entire v9e4 ,graft$ v9es are p>ticul>ly liable to injury f ?is cause1 z if !y are kill$ d[n to ! union !y are completely ru9$4 ,ungraft$ v9es :5 kill$ to ! gr\nd may be r5ew$ f a suck] next ye>4 ,?is suck]1 h[ev]1 is likely to gr[ ) su* vigor t x is ev5 m liable to injury f an autumn fro/ ?an ! orig9al %oot4 ,?is late gr[? is mu* m likely to occur ) "y v9es ?an ) old4 ,! old v9es /op gr[+ e>li] because _! en]gies are direct$ into ! crop1 & z !y produce a l>g] am\nt ( foliage !y draw m ^u ! moi/ure ( ! soil1 :i* !re=e dries out e>li]4 ,late gr[? ( ! "y v9es mu/ be prev5t$ & ! wood matur$ be=e fro/ if possible4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means :i* promote ! dry+ ( ! soil 9 autumn4 ,late irrigations %\ld be avoid$4 ,cultivation %\ld usually /op by midsumm]4 ,9 v moi/1 ri* soils1 x is (t5 an advantage to gr[ corn1 sunfl[]s or simil> crops betwe5 ! r[s ( v9es to take (f ! surplus moi/ure4 ,9 "s cases x is good practice to let ! summ] we$s gr[ = ! same purpose4 ,second w9t] prun+4 ,) v9es :i* h be5 treat$ z describ$ & to :i* no accid5t has happ5$1 ! second w9t] prun+ is v simple4 ,x consi/s simply 9 cutt+ back ! s+le cane :i* has be5 all[$ to gr[ to ! height at :i* x is desir$ to head ! v9e4 ,! v9e s prun$ consi/s ( a s+le cane :i* ) ! old] wood at ! base rea*es ne>ly to ! top ( ! /ake1 or fifte5 in*es4 ,?is if prop]ly treat$ w develop into a v9e ) a trunk ( ab\t twelve in*es1 ?\gh ?is l5g? c be modifi$ slightly1 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,?is cane consi/s ( ab\t sev5 or eight jo9ts or int]nodes1 ) an equal numb] ( well-=m$ eyes & an indef9ite numb] ( dormant buds1 pr9cipally ne> ! base ( ! cane or junction ( ! "o- & two-ye>-old wood4 ,only ! buds on ! upp] half ( ?is cane w be all[$ to gr[4 ,^! buds--ab\t f\r--%\ld give six to eight bun*es ( grapes & f\r1 six1 or eight %oots f :i* to =m ! spurs at ! foll[+ w9t] prun+4 ,) a v9e :i* has be5 cut back to =m a high head1 ! cane is ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es long & c be us$ to =m a trunk eighte5 in*es high1 ?\gh ?is height c be modifi$ z 9 ! la/ case4 ,z ) ! %ort] cane1 only ! buds on ! upp] half w be all[$ to produce %oots4 ,^!--ab\t six--%\ld give t5 to twelve bun*es & ! %oots necess>y = ! =mation ( spurs4 ,9 all cases a full int]node has be5 left above ! top bud4 ,?is is done by cutt+ ?r\gh ! fir/ bud above ! highe/ :i* x is desir$ to h gr[4 ,?is cut is made 9 su* a way z to de/roy ! bud b to leave ! diaphragm intact & "p ( ! swell+ ( ! node4 ,?is upp] int]node is left p>tly to protect ! upp] bud1 b pr9cipally to facilitate ty+4 ,by mak+ a half-hit* ar\nd ?is int]node1 ! v9e is held v firmly4 ,if ! swell+ at ! node ( ! de/roy$ bud is n left1 _m v9es w be pull$ out ( ! hit* :5 !y become heavy ) leaves & supple ) ! fl[ ( sap 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ty+ ! v9es1 no turns or hit*es mu/ be made ar\nd any "p except ?is upp] int]node4 ,a hit* bel[ ! top bud w result 9 a crook-neck$ v9e1 z ! top w b5d ov] 9 ! summ] "u ! weight ( ! foliage4 ,a hit* l[] d[n is ev5 m h>mful1 z x w girdle & /rangle ! v9e4 ,a second tie ab\t half way f ! upp] to ! gr\nd is always necess>y to /raight5 ! cane4 ,ev5 if ! cane is /raight :5 prun$1 a second tie is ne$$ to keep x f curv+ "u ! pressure ( leaves & w9d 9 ! spr+4 ,= high-head$ v9es ?ree ties are usually necess>y4 ,= ! top tie1 wire is p>ticul>ly suitable4 ,x holds bett] ?an tw9e & does n we>4 ,ev5 ?\gh x is n remov$1 x does no h>m1 z ! "p ar\nd :i* x is w\nd does n gr[4 ,! l[] ties %\ld be ( s(t] mat]ial1 z wire has a t5d5cy to cut into ! wood4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ s t ! cane is able to exp& z x gr[s4 ,) ?9 & especially ) r\nd /akes ?is means t ! tie mu/ be loose4 ,) l>ge1 squ>e /akes !re is usually suffici5t room = expansion1 ev5 :5 ! tw9e is ti$ tight4 ,?ird summ] prun+4 ,dur+ ! ?ird season1 av]age well-gr[n v9es w produce _! fir/ consid]able crop & develop ! canes f :i* w be =m$ ! fir/ arms4 ,su* a v9e1 soon aft] ! />t+ ( ! buds 9 spr+1 w h "o vigor\s %oot ab\t ?ree in*es long gr[n f ! old wood & five fruit buds />t$ above on ! cane4 ,all ! buds & %oots bel[ ! middle ( ! cane %\ld be remov$4 ,?is w leave ! f\r or five fruit buds & w give ! v9e ! opportunity to produce eight or t5 bun*es ( grapes4 ,^! buds w produce also at lea/ f\r or five %oots4 ,if ! v9e is v vigor\s & ! season favorable1 !y may produce eight1 t5 or m4 ,:5 ! five %oots gr[1 ! height ( ! head w be det]m9$ at ! next w9t] prun+ by :i* ( ! correspond+ canes are left z spurs4 ,if ! highe/ two canes are cut back to spurs & all o!rs remov$1 ! v9e w be head$ z high z possible1 z ^! two spurs =m ! two fir/ arms :i* det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! trunk4 ,if ! l[e/ two canes are *os5 & all ( ! v9e above !m remov$1 ! trunk w be made z l[ z possible4 ,int]m$iate heights c be obta9$ by us+ "s o!r two adjac5t canes & remov+ ! re/4 ,x is (t5 advisable to leave "s extra spurs l[] ?an x is desir$ to head ! v9e & to remove ^! l[] spurs ! foll[+ w9t] aft] !y h borne a crop4 ,= example1 ! ?ree or f\r upp] canes might be left1 if ! v9e is vigor\s en\gh1 & ! l[e/ "o or two ( ^! remov$ at ! next prun+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n (t5 necess>y ) prop]ly h&l$ v9es & is objectionable because x makes l>ge w\nds 9 ! trunk4 ,?ird w9t] prun+4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird season's gr[? ! v9e %\ld h a /raight1 well-develop$ trunk ) a numb] ( vigor\s canes ne> ! top f :i* to =m ! arms4 ,figure #bh repres5ts a well-gr[n v9e at ?is p]iod4 ,no %oots h be5 all[$ to gr[ on ! l[] "p ( ! trunk & ! five buds all[$ to gr[ above h produc$ n9e vigor\s canes4 ,! prun] %\ld leave en\gh spurs to supply all ! fruit buds t ! v9e c utilize4 ,! numb]1 size & ?ickness ( ! canes %[ t ! v9e is v vigor\s & c support a l>ge crop4 ,x w dep5d some:at on ! v>iety h[ _m buds %\ld be left4 ,= a v>iety ^: bun*es av]age "o p\nd1 & :i* produces two bun*es to ! %oot1 twelve fruit buds %\ld give ab\t tw5ty-f\r p\nds1 or ab\t sev5 tons p] acre1 if ! v9es are plant$ #ab by #f feet1 z ^! 74 ,! numb] ( spurs w dep5d on _! l5g?4 ,six spurs ( two buds ea* w give ! requir$ numb]1 b z "s ( ^! canes are exceptionally vigor\s !y %\ld be left a little long]1 9 :i* case a small] numb] ( spurs w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,?ree-ye>-old v9e ready = prun+4 ,:5 ! numb] & l5g? ( ! spurs are decid$ on1 ! canes %\ld be *os5 :i* w leave ^! spurs 9 ! mo/ suitable position = =m+ arms4 ,?is position w dep5d on :e!r we want a vase-=m or fan-%ap$ v9e4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 we *oose ^? :i* w di/ribute ! spurs mo/ ev5ly & symmetrically on all sides1 avoid+ any :i* cross or po9t d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! second case1 we *oose only ^? canes :i* run 9 ! direction ( ! trellis1 avoid+ canes :i* /ick out betwe5 ! r[s4 ,d[nw>d po9t+ canes may be us$ 9 ?is case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,v9e ( ,fig4 #bh aft] prun+ = vase-=m$ head4 ,figure #bi %[s ! v9e aft] prun+ = a vase-=m$ head4 ,! prun] has us$ two ( ! /ronge/ canes to =m two ?ree-bud spurs & ?ree ( m$ium vigor to =m ?ree two-bud spurs4 ,! head is ( good %ape1 ?\gh "s ( ! spurs are a little too l[4 ,"o1 two1 or ?ree ( ^! c be remov$ at ! foll[+ w9t] prun+1 & ! p]man5t arms & head ( ! v9e =m$ f canes :i* develop on ! two highe/ spurs4 ,if ! v9e 7 too high1 ! head c\ld be develop$ ! next ye> f ! ?ree l[e/ spurs & ! upp] "p remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,?ree-ye>-old v9es3 ,a1 prun$ = a vase-=m$1 & ,b1 = a fan-%ap$ head4 ,figure #cj %[s v9es ( ! same age ( practically p]fect %ape4 ,less spurs h be5 left because ! v9es 7 less vigor\s4 ,x is easi] to prop]ly %ape v9es :i* make only a mod]ate gr[? dur+ ! fir/ ?ree seasons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v vigor\s v9es c f9ally be br\ght into practically p]fect %ape & ! some:at l>g] & m num]\s w\nds necess>y are m easily heal$ by a vigor\s v9e4 ,prun+ aft] ! ?ird w9t]4 ,= ! prun] :o und]/&s ! prun+ ( "y v9es & has br\ght !m to approximately ! =m repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bi & #cj1 ! subsequ5t w9t] prun+ is v simple4 ,x involves1 h[ev]1 "o new idea--! di/9ction betwe5 fruit & /]ile wood4 ,up to ! ?ird w9t] prun+1 ?is di/9ction is n necess>y2 fir/1 because practically all ! wood is fruit wood1 & second1 because ! necessity ( =m+ ! v9e controls ! *oice ( wood4 ,f ?is "t on1 h[ev]1 ?is di/9ction mu/ be c>efully made4 ,at ea* w9t] prun+ a numb] ( spurs ( fruit wood mu/ be left to produce ! crop to be expect$ f ! size & vigor ( ! v9e4 ,besides ^! fruit spurs1 x may be necess>y to leave spurs ( /]ile wood to p]mit ( increas+ ! numb] ( fruit spurs ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is w be made cle> by comp>+ ,figs4 #cj ,a & #ca4 ,figure #cj ,a %[s a v9e at ! ?ird w9t] prun+ ) two fruit spurs ( two buds ea* & "o fruit spur ( "o bud--five fruit buds 9 all4 ,if ^! five fruit buds all produce vigor\s %oots dur+ ! foll[+ summ]1 !y w supply five canes ( fruit wood :i* c be us$ to =m five fruit spurs at ! foll[+ w9t] prun+1 :i* w be ab\t ! normal increase necess>y4 ,"s ( ^! fruit buds1 h[ev]1 may produce weak %oots or %oots s badly plac$ t !y w\ld spoil ! %ape ( ! head if us$ = spurs4 ,o!r %oots1 h[ev]1 w be produc$ f base1 second>y & adv5titi\s buds :i*1 :ile less fruitful1 c be us$ to =m spurs = ! />t+ ( new arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,f\r-ye>-old v9e prun$ = vase-=m$ head4 ,figure #ca %[s a v9e aft] ! f\r? w9t] prun+ :i* _h develop$ f a v9e simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj ,a4 ,f ! ?ree fruit spurs left ! previ\s ye> f\r canes h be5 *os5 = ! fruit spurs ( ?is ye>4 ,! old spur on ! left has furni%$ two new spurs & ! two old spurs at ! "r ea* "o new spur4 ,! prun]1 judg+ t ! v9e is suffici5tly vigor\s to /& m wood1 has =m$ two spurs f wat] spr\ts :i*1 :ile n likely to produce mu* fruit ! fir/ season1 w supply fruit wood = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! result is a v well-%ap$ v9e ) six almo/ p]fectly balanc$ spurs4 ,^! spurs w develop into p]man5t arms1 "s ( !m furni%+ f9ally two or ?ree4 ,figure #cb %[s a high-head$ v9e ( ! same age4 ,x has five spurs1 ( :i* f\r are fruit spurs & "o a spur ( /]ile wood left to %ape ! v9e4 ,! two m or less horizontal spurs on ! "r w be> fruit ! foll[+ autumn & w be remov$ entirely at ! foll[+ w9t] prun+1 z !y are badly plac$4 ,! arms ( ! v9e w !n be develop$ f ! ?ree upright spurs1 :i* are excell5tly plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,f\r-ye>-old v9e prun$ = high vase-=m$ head4 ,ea* ye> !reaft] ! same process mu/ be foll[$4 ,fir/1 en\gh fruit spurs1 z well plac$ z possible1 mu/ be left to produce ! crop4 ,second1 on mo/ v9es supplem5t>y spurs ( /]ile wood mu/ be left to supply m arms :]e !y are ne$$1 & f9ally1 :5 ! full complem5t ( arms has develop$1 to supply new arms to replace ^? :i* h become too long or are o!rwise defective4 ,fan-%ap$ v9es4 ,) head$ v9es1 ! treatm5t up to ! ?ird w9t] is ! same except = ! v>iations 9 ! height ( ! head4 ,at ! ?ird w9t] prun+1 h[ev]1 ! =mation ( ! head comm5ces1 & ! prun] det]m9es :e!r x %all be vase-=m$ or fan-%ap$4 ,! production ( a vase-=m$ head has already be5 describ$4 ,at ! ?ird w9t] prun+1 ! v9e %\ld be prun$ to two spurs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj ,b4 ,m vigor\s v9es %\ld n be giv5 m spurs1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi & #cj ,a1 b ! spurs %\ld be made long]1 ) f\r1 five1 or ev5 six eyes 9 "s cases4 ,?is is 9 ord] to obta9 "s fruit1 :i* might n be obta9$ f long prun+ v>ieties by leav+ _m spurs4 ,) extremely vigor\s v9es "o fruit cane may be left at ?is prun+4 ,! wires ( ! trellis %\ld be put up ?is ye>1 if ?is has n already be5 done4 ,fig4 #cc ,a & #cc ,b illu/rates ! second /ep 9 ! production ( a fan-%ap$ head4 ,?is =m ( head is us$ only = trellis$ v9es & long-prun$ v>ieties4 ,! =mation ( ! head & ! managem5t ( ! fruit canes are !re=e conv5i5tly discuss$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,a1 be=e prun+2 ,b1 aft] prun+4 ,by comp>+ ! prun$ v9e1 ,fig4 #cc ,b1 ) ! unprun$1 ,fig4 #cc ,a1 ! me?od ( prun+ w be made cle>4 ,! unprun$ v9e %[s two arms1 ! spurs ( ! previ\s ye>1 f "o ( :i* h gr[n ?ree vigor\s canes & f ! o!r two some:at less vigor\s4 ,! prun$ v9e %[s a complete unit1 t is1 a fruit cane ) its accompany+ r5ewal spur on ! vigor\s side & a spur = ! production ( fruit wood = ! foll[+ ye> on ! o!r side4 ,if ! v9e _h be5 m vigor\s two complete units w\ld h be5 left & "o or two extra spurs4 ,z ! =m ( ! v9e is det]m9$ by ! r5ewal spurs1 special att5tion %\ld be paid to _! position4 ,9 ?is case1 ! middle cane on "o arm & ! l[] cane on ! o!r h be5 us$ = r5ewal spurs4 ,?is br+s !m bo? to ! same height above ! gr\nd & det]m9es ! place ( ! p]man5t arms4 ,! next ye> ea* ( ^! spurs w furni% a fruit cane & "o or two r5ewal spurs4 ,! arms w ?us 9 two or ?ree ye>s be increas$ to f\r1 or1 ) v l>ge v9es1 to six4 ,^! spurs %\ld be *os5 z ne>ly z possible 9 ! plane ( ! trellis1 t is1 !y %\ld n project out sideways4 ,figure #be %[s v9es ( ?is k9d ( full size & 9 full be>+4 ,! fruit canes also %\ld be z ne>ly z possible 9 ! direction ( ! trellis1 ?\gh ?is is n s important1 z !y c be b5t ov] to ! wire :5 ti$ up1 & 9 any case !y are remov$ ! next ye>4 ,d\ble-head$ v9es4 ,"s gr[]s attempt to arrange ! arms ( _! v9es 9 two /ages1 "o above ! o!r1 =m+ d\ble-head$ or two-cr[n$ v9es4 ,! me?od is appli$ to bo? vase-=m$ & trellis$ v9es4 ,x is op5 to ! same criticisms z ! v]tical cordon1 ! *ief ( :i* is t x _c be ma9ta9$ p]man5tly4 ,! l[] head or r+ ( arms f9ally becomes weak & fails to produce wood4 ,x is easi] to ma9ta9 9 trellis$ v9ey>ds & has "s advantages1 ! *ief ( :i* is t x makes x easi] to keep ! v9e 9 ! s+le plane & to prev5t arms gett+ into ! int]-r[s4 ,! d\ble trunk is n necess>y & is1 9 fact1 a disadvantage1 z "o trunk has a t5d5cy to gr[ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,v]tical & b[$ canes4 ,figure #bd ,a %[s a long-prun$ v9e 9 :i* ! fruit canes h be5 ti$ v]tically to a tall /ake4 ,?is is a me?od us$ commonly 9 _m v9ey>ds4 ,! unit ( prun+ is ! same z 9 ! me?od j describ$1 consi/+ ( a fruit cane & a r5ewal spur4 ,! framework ( ! v9e consi/s ( a trunk ( m$ium height1 ) a vase-=m$ head consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r arms4 ,! defects ( ?is sy/em h be5 po9t$ out on page #aee4 ,x is us$ ) fair success ) se$less ,sultanas & ) "s w9e grapes su* z ,colomb>1 ,semillon1 ,cab]net1 & ,riesl+1 9 ! h&s ( skillful prun]s4 ,! results ) ,sultan9a are v unsatisfactory4 ,by ?is me?od1 on mo/ ( ! v9es1 ! fruit canes />t f high up ne> ! middle ( ! /ake1 & are !re=e too %ort = ! be/ results4 ,! canes :i* />t f l[ d[n are 9 mo/ cases suck]s1 & !re=e ( little value = fruit be>+4 ,figure #bd ,b %[s a v9e ) b[$ canes4 ,! me?od ( prun+ is exactly ! same z 9 ! me?od j describ$4 ,! b[+ ( ! canes1 h[ev]1 ov]comes "s ( ! defects ( t me?od4 ,x is us$ regul>ly 9 _m w9e grape v9ey>ds ( ! cool] regions4 ,x is unsuit$ = v vigor\s v9es 9 ri* soil4 ,v]tical cordons4 ,9 head prun+1 ! treatm5t ( "y v9es up to ! second or ?ird w9t] prun+ is id5tical = all sy/ems4 ,9 cordon prun+ ! treatm5t = ! fir/ & second is also ! same4 ,t is1 ! v9e is cut back to two buds ne> ! level ( ! gr\nd until a cane suffici5tly long to s]ve = ! =mation ( ! trunk is obta9$4 ,9 ! v]tical cordon ! trunk is ?ree to f\r feet long in/ead ( "o to two1 z 9 head prun+4 ,?is makes x necess>y to h a long] & m vigor\s cane to />t )4 ,x may require a ye> long] to obta9 ?is4 ,t is to say1 at ! end ( ! second season's gr[? _m v9es w n h a s+le cane suffici5tly develop$ to give ! necess>y ?ree & "o-half feet ( well-rip5$ wood & prop]ly develop$ buds4 ,at ! second w9t] prun+1 !re=e1 x w (t5 be necess>y to cut ! v9e back to two buds1 z at ! fir/ w9t] prun+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,v]tical cordon1 "y v9e prun$4 ,f9ally1 a cane ( ! requir$ l5g? w be obta9$4 ,! v9e is !n =m$ z already describ$ = ! second w9t] prun+ ( head$ v9es1 except t ! cane is left long]4 ,:5 su* a v9e is prun$1 spurs are left at int]vals along ! trunk1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,ea* ( ^! spurs is a fruit spur & is also ! comm5cem5t ( an arm4 ,! future treatm5t ( ^! arms is ! same z t ( ! arms 9 head prun+4 ,horizontal cordons4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s1 v9es :i* are to be giv5 ! =m ( horizontal cordons are treat$ exactly z = v]tical cordons1 t is1 !y are prun$ back to two buds ea* w9t] & ! gr[? =c$ by disbudd+ into a s+le cane dur+ ! summ]4 ,z soon z a well-rip5$ cane ( ! requir$ l5g? is obta9$1 x is ti$ to a wire /ret*$ horizontally along ! r[ at f fifte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,= ?is sy/em ( prun+1 ! r[s %\ld be twelve to f\rte5 feet ap>t & ! v9es six1 sev51 or eight feet ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,z ! cordon or trunk ( ea* v9e %\ld rea* ! next v9e1 x w h to be six to eight feet long4 ,! be/ %ape is obta9$ :5 ! trunk is all =m$ "o ye> f a s+le cane4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 sometimes to take two ye>s = ! =mation ( ! trunk4 ,9 any case1 ! cane fir/ ti$ d[n %\ld rea* at lea/ half way to ! next v9e4 ,! foll[+ ye> a new cane f ! end ( ?is %\ld be us$ to complete ! full l5g? ( ! trunk4 ,9 atta*+ ! cane to ! wire1 x mu/ be b5t ov] 9 a g5tle curve & c>e tak5 n to break or injure x4 ,! prop] =m ( ! b5d is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bg & #ce4 ,%>p b5ds %\ld be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,unilat]al horizontal cordon ) half-long prun+4 ,! cane %\ld be plac$ on top ( ! wire1 b %\ld n be twi/$ ar\nd x4 ,! end %\ld be ti$ firmly & ! re/ ( ! cane support$ by /r+s ti$ loosely 9 ord] to avoid girdl+ :5 ! cane gr[s4 ,9 ! foll[+ spr+1 mo/ ( ! buds on a good cane w />t4 ,if ! cane is %ort jo9t$1 "s ( ! %oots %\ld be remov$ & only ^? %oots all[$ to develop :i* are conv5i5tly situat$ = p]man5t arms4 ,if ! v9es are to be %ort prun$1 ! arms %\ld be develop$ e eight to twelve in*es f a few in*es beyond ! b5d to ! extreme end4 ,= long prun+1 ! arms %\ld be f>!r ap>t1 twelve to tw5ty in*es4 ,%oots />t+ f ! top ( ! cane & gr[+ v]tically upw>ds are to be pref]r$4 ,z ! %oots develop1 ! /ronge/ %\ld be p9*$ repeat$ly1 if necess>y4 ,?is w t5d to =ce ! gr[? ( ! weak] %oots & to equalize ! vigor ( all4 ,at ! end ( ! season1 !re %\ld be f five to t5 canes gr[+ on ea* cordon ( full l5g?4 ,^! canes are !n prun$ back to two or ?ree buds1 or a little long] = long-prun$ v>ieties4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ spr+ & summ]1 ! v9es %\ld be c>efully suck]$ & unnecess>y wat] spr\ts remov$4 ,any %oots com+ f ! l[] side ( ! cordon %\ld be remov$ e>ly to /r5g!n ! gr[? 9 ! %oots on ! upp] side4 ,su* v9es are apt to become dry or decay$ on ! upp] side4 ,at ! end ( ?is ye>1 :i* %\ld be ! f\r? or fif? f plant+ at ! late/1 ! cordon w be fully =m$ & ! f9al /yle ( prun+ c be appli$4 ,a %ort-prun$ cordon v9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! arms & spurs are a little too num]\s & too close toge!r4 ,if ?is v9e requir$ ! numb] ( buds %[n x w\ld h be5 bett] to h left ! fruit spurs long] & to h left few] & %ort] wood spurs4 ,! upp] v9e ( ,fig4 #ce %[s a cordon prun$ half long4 ,?is is an excell5t sy/em = ,malaga1 ,emp]or1 & ,corni*on :5 gr[+ 9 v f]tile soil4 ,x gives ! half-long fruit canes1 :i* ^! v>ieties ne$ to produce good crops4 ,! fruit canes may be atta*$ to a wire twelve or fifte5 in*es above ! cordon or b5t d[n & ti$ to ! cordon itself1 z 9 ! l[] v9e ( ! figure4 ,! fir/ me?od is ! m conv5i5t1 b ! second is necess>y :]e !re is difficulty 9 obta9+ satisfactory gr[? f ! r5ewal spurs4 ,:5 ! fruit canes are ti$ d[n1 z indicat$ 9 ! l[] v9e1 r5ewal spurs may n be ne$$1 z vigor\s %oots w usually be obta9$ f ! l[] buds ( ! fruit canes4 ,*oice ( a sy/em4 ,9 *oos+ a sy/em1 we mu/ consid] c>efully ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p>ticul> v>iety we are gr[+4 ,a v>iety :i* be>s only on ! upp] buds mu/ be prun$ long1 t is1 mu/ be giv5 fruit canes4 ,x %\ld be not$ t _m v>ieties1 su* z ,petite ,sirah1 :i* w be> ) %ort prun+ :5 graft$ on resi/ant roots require fruit canes :5 gr[+ on _! own roots4 ,9 g5]al1 graft$ v9es require %ort] prun+ ?an ungraft$4 ,if prun$ ! same1 ! graft$ v9es may ov]be> & quickly exhau/ !mselves4 ,?is seems to be ! pr9cipal reason = ! frequ5t failure ( ,muscat v9es graft$ on resi/ant /ock4 ,! cultural conditions also affect ! v9e 9 ?is respect4 ,v9es made vigor\s by ri* soil1 abundant moi/ure1 & ?or\gh cultivation require long] prun+ ?an weak] v9es ( ! same v>iety4 ,! normal size ( ! bun* is also ( importance4 ,?is size w v>y f "o-qu>t] ( a p\nd to #b or #c p\nds4 ,x is difficult to obta9 a full crop f a v>iety ^: bun*es are v small )\t ! use ( fruit canes4 ,spurs w n furni% en\gh fruit buds )\t cr[d+ !m inconv5i5tly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s %ipp+ grapes may be> l>g] crops :5 prun$ long1 b ! bun*es & b]ries may be too small = ! be/ quality4 ,! possibilities ( developm5t v>y mu* ) diff]5t v>ieties4 ,a ,mission or ,flame ,tokay may be made to cov] a qu>t] ( an acre & develop a trunk f\r or five feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,a ,z9f&el v9e "u ! same conditions w\ld n rea* a t5? ( ?is size 9 ! same "t4 ,v9es 9 a ri* valley soil w gr[ mu* l>g] ?an on a poor hillside4 ,! size & %ape ( ! trunk mu/ be modifi$ accord+ly & adapt$ to ! available room or numb] ( v9es to ! acre4 ,! %ape ( ! v9e mu/ be su* z to protect x z mu* z possible f v>i\s unfavorable conditions4 ,a v>iety susceptible to odium1 l ! ,c>ignane1 mu/ be prun$ s t ! fruit & foliage are n unduly mass$ toge!r4 ,free exposure to light & air are a great protection 9 ?is respect4 ,! same is true = v>ieties l ! ,muscat1 :i* h a t5d5cy to c\lure if ! blossoms are too moi/ or %ad$4 ,9 fro/y locations1 a high trunk w be a protection1 z ! air is always cold] close to ! gr\nd4 ,! qualities requir$ 9 ! crop also influ5ce our *oice ( a prun+ sy/em4 ,) w9e grapes1 ev51 p]fect rip5+ & full flavor are desirable4 ,^! are obta9$ be/ by hav+ ! grapes at a uni=m height f ! gr\nd & z ne> to x z possible4 ,! same qualities are desirable 9 rais9 grapes1 ) ! addition ( l>ge size ( ! b]ries4 ,) %ipp+ grapes1 ! size & p]fection ( ! b]ries & bun*es are ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,! v9e1 !re=e1 %\ld be s =m$ t ea* bun* hangs cle>1 free f injuri\s contact ) canes or soil & equally expos$ to light & air4 ,! maximum returns 9 crop dep5d on ! e>ly be>+ ( "y v9es1 ! regul>ity ( be>+ ( mature v9es & ! longevity ( ! v9ey>d4 ,^! are insur$ by c>eful att5tion to all ! details ( prun+1 b are possible only :5 ! v9es are giv5 a suitable =m4 ,! runn+ exp5ses ( a v9ey>d dep5d 9 a great measure on ! /yle ( prun+ adopt$4 ,v9es ( suitable =m are cultivat$1 prun$ & ! crop ga!r$ easily & *eaply4 ,?is dep5ds also bo? on ! =m ( v9e adopt$ & on c>e 9 details4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to /ate = any p>ticul> v>iety or any p>ticul> location ! be/ /yle ( prun+ to be adopt$4 ,all t c be done is to give ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! v>iety & to indicate h[ ^! may be modifi$ by graft+1 soil or climatic or o!r conditions4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety 9 mak+ a *oice ( a prun+ sy/em is :e!r x normally or usually requires %ort1 half-long1 or long prun+4 ,) ?is idea1 ! pr9cipal grapes gr[n 9 ,cali=nia1 toge!r ) all ^? gr[n at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation on :i* data exi/1 h be5 divid$ into five gr\ps 9 ! foll[+ li/3 #a4 ,v>ieties :i* require long prun+ "u all conditions4--,clairette blan*e1 ,cor9? :ite & black1 ,se$less ,sultana1 ,sultan9a :ite 7,?ompson's ,se$less7 & rose4 #b4 ,v>ieties :i* usually require long prun+4--,ba/>do1 ,boal de ,madeira1 ,*>donay1 ,*au* gris & noir1 ,colomb>1 ,crabbe's ,black ,burgundy1 ,durif1 ,gamais1 ,kle9b]g]1 ,lugli5ga1 ,m>sanne1 ,m>zem9o1 ,m]lot1 ,meuni]1 ,muscadelle de ,bordelais1 ,nebbiolo1 ,pagadebito1 ,pev]ella1 ,p9ots1 ,riesl+s1 ,rob9 noir1 ,rulnd]1 ,sauvignon blanc1 ,semillon1 ,s]9e1 ,petite ,sirah1 ,slancam5ca1 ,/e9s*ill]1 ,t9ta ,cao1 ,t9ta ,madeira1 ,tr\sseau1 ,v]delho1 ,petit ,v]dot1 ,wl*]isl+4 #c4 ,v>ieties :i* usually require %ort prun+4--,aleatico1 ,aligot1 ,aspiran1 ,bakator1 ,b\s*ets1 ,blaue ,elbe1 ,beba1 ,bon>da1 ,b>b>ossa1 ,cat>attu1 ,*>bono1 ,*asselas1 ,freisa1 ,frontignan1 ,furm9t1 ,gr& noir1 ,grosseblaue1 ,gre5 ,hung>ian1 ,malmsey1 ,mantuo1 ,monica1 ,mission1 ,moscatello f9o1 ,m\risco branco1 ,m\risco preto1 ,negro am>o1 ,palom9o1 ,p$ro ,zumbon1 ,p]runo1 ,pizzutello di ,roma1 ,black ,pr9ce1 ,we/'s ,:ite ,prolific1 ,quagliano1 ,rodites1 ,rozaki1 ,t9ta ,am>ella1 ,v]naccia bianca1 ,v]naccia ,s>da4 #d4 ,v>ieties :i* require %ort prun+ "u all conditions4--,aramon1 ,burg]1 ,*>donay1 ,*au* gris & noir1 ,colomb>1 ,crabbe's ,black ,burgundy1 ,durif1 ,black ,morocco1 ,m\ra/el1 ,muscat ( ,alex&]1 ,napoleon1 ,picp\le blanc & noir1 ,flame ,tokay1 ,ugni blanc1 ,v]dal1 ,z9f&el4 #e4 ,v>ieties ( table grapes :i* usually require half-long or cordon prun+4--,alm]ia 7,ohanez71 ,bell9o1 ,b]me/ia bianca & violacea1 ,cipro n]o1 ,datti] de ,beirut1 ,corni*on1 ,emp]or1 ,black ,f]r>a1 ,malaga1 ,olivette de ,cad5et1 ,pis-de-,*evre blanc1 ,s*iradz\li1 ,zabalkanski4 ,^! li/s mu/ n be tak5 z indicat+ absolutely = all cases h[ ^! v>ieties are to be prun$4 ,!y simply indicate _! natural t5d5cies4 ,c]ta9 me?ods & conditions t5d to make v9es m fruitful4 ,:]e ^! occur1 %ort] prun+ ?an is indicat$ may be advisable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!r me?ods & conditions t5d to make ! v9es vigor\s at ! exp5se ( fruitfulness4 ,:]e ^! occur1 long] prun+ may be advisable4 ,! m usual factors :i* t5d t[>ds fruitfulness are3 ,graft+ on resi/ant v9es1 especially on c]ta9 v>ieties su* z ^? ( ,rip>ia & ,b]l&i]i2 ,old age ( ! v9es2 ,me*anical or o!r injuries to any "p ( ! v9e2 ,l>ge developm5t ( ! trunk1 z 9 ! cordon sy/ems4 ,! m usual factors :i* t5d t[>ds vigor at ! exp5se ( fruitfulness are3 ,ri* soil1 especially l>ge am\nts ( humus & nitrog52 ,y\? ( ! v9es2 ,excessive irrigation or ra9fall 7)9 limits74 ,9 decid+ :at sy/em ( prun+ to adopt1 all ^! factors1 toge!r ) ! nature ( ! v9e & ! uses to :i* ! fruit is to be put1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,x is be/ :5 ! v9ey>d is />t$ to err on ! side ( %ort prun+4 ,:ile ?is may dim9i% slightly ! fir/ "o or two crops1 ! v9es w ga9 9 vigor & ! loss w be made up 9 subsequ5t crops4 ,if ! /yle ( prun+ adopt$ results 9 excessive vigor ( ! v9es1 x %\ld be gradually *ang$ 9 ! direction ( long] prun+ ) ! object ( utiliz+ ?is vigor 9 ! production ( crop4 ,?is *ange %\ld be gradual1 or ! risk is run ( injur+ ! vitality ( ! v9es by "o or two excessively heavy crops4 ,f9ally1 ea* ye> ! condition ( ! individual v9e %\ld det]m9e ! k9d ( prun+ to be adopt$4 ,if ! v9e appe>s weak1 f :atev] cause1 x %\ld be prun$ %ort] or giv5 less spurs or fruit canes ?an ! ye> be=e4 ,on ! contr>y1 if x appe>s unnecess>ily vigor\s1 m or long] spurs or fruit canes %\ld be left4 ,e v9e %\ld be judg$ by itself4 ,x is n possible to give m ?an g5]al directions = ! prun+ ( ! :ole v9ey>d4 ,x _c be well prun$ unless ! m5 :o d ! actual prun+ are capable ( us+ suffici5t judgm5t to prop]ly modify _! me?ods = ea* individual v9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,eaton 7#d_/e74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,european ,,grapes ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,am]ica ,z we h se51 !re 7 _m ef=ts to gr[ ,european grapes 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies 9 ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! v>i\s attempts1 "s involv+ individuals1 o!rs corporations & 9 e>ly days ev5 colonies1 =m ab\t ! mo/ in/ructive & dramatic episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican agriculture4 ,all endeavors1 x w be rememb]$1 7 failures1 s dismally & pa!tically complete t we are wont to ?9k ( ! two hundr$ ye>s f ! fir/ settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica to ! introduction ( ! ,isabella1 a native grape1 z "t wa/$ 9 futile culture ( a =eign fruit4 ,! e>ly ef=ts 7 f> f wa/$1 h[ev]1 = out ( ! tribulations ( two c5turies ( grape-gr[+ came ! dome/ication ( our native grapes1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( agriculture4 ,! adv5t ( ,isabella & ,catawba :olly turn$ ! ?\ghts ( v9ey>di/s f ,old ,_w to ,new ,_w grapes4 ,s completely1 inde$1 7 viticulturi/s won by ! ?\s& & m native grapes1 t = ! c5tury :i* foll[$ no "o has plant$ ,old ,_w grapes ea/ ( ! ,rockies1 :ile v9ey>ds ( native species may be f\nd ,nor? & ,s\? f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,mean:ile1 mu* new k has come to agriculture1 old fallacies h receiv$ _m h>d knocks & *a9s ( tradition 9 :i* ! culture ( plants 0 b\nd1 h be5 brok54 ,9 no field ( agriculture h work]s receiv$ great] aid f sci5ce ?an 9 viticulture4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( ! diseases ( ! v9e4 ,! reports ( ! old exp]im5t]s 7 mu* ! same1 a sickness takes hold ( ! v9es & !y die4 ,:at ! sickness 0 & :e!r !re 7 prev5tatives or rem$ies1 no "o knew a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b 9 ! la/ half c5tury we h le>n$ mu* ab\t ! ills ( grapes & n[ "k prev5tatives or rem$ies = mo/ ( !m4 ,we "k also t ! e>ly v9e-gr[]s fail$1 9 "p at lea/1 because !y foll[$ empirical ,european practices4 ,is x n possible t ) ! new k we c n[ gr[ ,european grapes 9 ea/]n ,am]ica8 ,! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation has put ?is "q to te/1 ) results indicat+ t ,european grapes may n[ be gr[n successfully 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( ! "w ) ?is fruit at ! ,new ,york ,/ation4 ,,european ,,grapes ,,at ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation#ag ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiaa1 ! ,/ation obta9$ cutt+s ( #aja v>ieties ( ,european grapes f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,! cutt+s obta9$ 7 graft$ on ! roots ( a het]og5e\s collection ( se$l+s1 five ye>s set1 repres5t+ a half doz5 species ( ,vitis4 ,^! /ocks _h little to recomm5d !m except t all 7 vigor\s1 well e/abli%$ & all 7 m immune to phyllox]a ?an ! ,old ,_w v>ieties4 ,f f\r to six grafts ( ea* ( ! hundr$ v>ieties 7 made & a /& ( #chj v9es result$1 ! p]c5tage ( loss be+ exce$+ly small4 ,! success 9 graft+ 0 probably due to ! me?od us$1 ! value ( :i* _h be5 prov$ 9 previ\s "w on ! ,/ation gr\nds4 ,! me?od ( graft+ & details ( c>e foll[3 ,details ( c>e4 ,9 graft+1 ! e>? 0 remov$ f ! plants to a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,! v9es 7 saw$ squ>ely (f bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! /ock 0 !n split = a cleft graft4 ,two cions1 made z describ$ on page #df1 7 ins]t$ 9 ea* cleft & ti$ 9 place ) wax$ /r+4 ,wax 0 n us$ z x does n /ick 9 graft+ grapes1 because ( ! ble$+ ( ! /ock4 ,aft] sett+ ! cion1 ! e>? 0 replac$ & en\gh m ( x us$ to cov] /ock & cion to prev5t evaporation4 ,?is me?od ( graft+ is available to ^? :o h old v9ey>ds4 ,x is s simple t ! v]ie/ tyro c ?us graft grapes4 ,7 "y plants or cutt+s us$ z /ocks1 "s me?od ( b5* graft+ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be resort$ to4 ,! cultivation & spray+ 7 precisely t giv5 native grapes4 ,!re has be5 no coddl+ ( v9es4 ,! fung\s diseases :i* help$ to de/roy ! v9ey>ds & vex$ ! s\ls ( ! old exp]im5t]s 7 kept 9 *eck by two spray+s ) bordeaux mixture2 ! fir/ application 0 made j aft] ! fruit set1 ! second :5 ! grapes 7 two-?irds gr[n4 ,"s ye>s a ?ird spray+ ) a tobacco concoction 0 us$ to keep ?rips 9 *eck4 ,phyllox]a 0 pres5t 9 ! v9ey>d b none ( ! v>ieties seem$ to suff] f ?is pe/4 ,! /ocks us$ 7 n ^? be/ suit$ ei!r to ! v9es graft$ on !m or to resi/ phyllox]a4 ,unque/ionably "s ( ! /&>d sorts us$ 9 ,france & ,cali=nia f ,vitis rupe/ris or ,vitis vulp9a1 or hybrids ( ^! species1 w\ld give bett] results4 ,f !oretical consid]ation1 x w\ld seem t ! ,vitis vulp9a /ocks %\ld be be/ suit$ to ! ne$s ( ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,x 0 ?\ght by ! old exp]im5t]s t ,european grapes fail$ 9 ,new ,york because ( unfavorable climatic conditions4 ,x 0 said t ! w9t]s 7 too cold & ! summ]s too hot & dry = ?is grape4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ! ,/ation v9ey>d ( ,v9if]as has be5 9 exi/5ce1 !re h be5 /resses ( all k9ds ( wea!r to :i* ! v>iable climate ( ,new ,york is subject4 ,two w9t]s h be5 exce$+ly cold1 kill+ pea* & pe> trees2 "o summ] gave ! hotte/ wea!r & hotte/ day 9 tw5ty-five ye>s2 ! v9es h )/ood two sev]e summ] dr\ghts & ?ree cold1 wet summ]s4 ,^! te/ seasons h prov$ t ,european grapes w /& ! climate ( ,new ,york z well z ! native v>ieties except 9 ! matt] ( cold2 !y mu/ h w9t] protection4 ,to gr[]s ( ,am]ican grapes1 ! extra "w ( w9t] protection seems to be an insup]able ob/acle4 ,! exp]i5ce ( sev]al seasons 9 ,new ,york %[s t w9t] protection is a *eap & simple matt]4 ,two me?ods h be5 us$2 v9es h be5 cov]$ ) e>? & o!rs h be5 wrapp$ ) /raw4 ,! e>? cov]+ is *eap] & m effici5t4 ,! v9es are prun$ & plac$ full l5g? on ! gr\nd & cov]$ ) a few in*es ( e>?4 ,! co/ ( w9t] protection w run f two to ?ree c5ts a v9e4 ,s9ce ,european v9es are mu* m productive ?an ^? ( ,am]ican grapes1 ! add$ co/ ( w9t] protection is m ?an (fset by ! great] yield ( grapes4 ,trellis+1 also1 is simpl] & less exp5sive = ! ,european grapes1 help+ fur!r to (fset ! co/ ( w9t] protection4 ,prun+4 ,x is app>5t at once t ,european grapes mu/ h special treatm5t 9 prun+ if !y are to be laid on ! gr\nd annually4 ,sev]al modifications ( ,european & ,cali=nia practices c be employ$ 9 ! ,ea/ to br+ ! plants 9 condition = w9t] lay+-d[n4 ,all me?ods ( prun+ mu/ h ?is 9 common2 new wood mu/ be br\ght up f ! base ( ! plant e ye> to p]mit b5d+ ! plant4 ,?is c be done by leav+ a replac+ spur at ! base ( ! trunk4 ,if two-eye cions are us$ :5 ! plants are graft$ & bo? buds gr[1 ! %oot f ! upp] c be us$ to =m ! ma9 trunk1 :ile t f ! l[] bud w supply ! replac+ spur4 ,ea* ye> all b "o ( ! canes com+ f ?is spur are remov$ & ! rema9+ "o is cut back to "o or two buds until ! ma9 trunk beg9s to be too /iff to b5d d[n readily1 !n "o cane f ! spur is left = a new trunk & ano!r is prun$ = a new r5ewal spur4 ,! ma9 trunk is c>ri$ up only to ! l[] wire ( ! trellis4 ,at ! w9t] prun+1 two "o-ye> canes are select$ to be ti$ along ?is wire1 "o on ea* side1 & ! two r5ewal spurs *os5 = ty+ up & new r5ewal spurs left4 ,= ! be/ production1 diff]5t v>ieties require diff]5t l5g?s ( fruit canes1 b ! "w at ,g5eva has n progress$ f> en\gh s t recomm5dations c be made = p>ticul> v>ieties4 ,x has be5 f\nd be/1 h[ev]1 to prune weak v9es heavily & vigor\s ones lightly4 ,"u normal conditions1 f f\r to eight buds are left on ea* cane1 dep5d+ on ! vigor ( ! v9e4 ,) "s ( ! old] se$l+s us$ = /ocks 9 #aiaa :i* 7 s l>ge t two cions 7 us$1 & 9 _m ( ^? :]e ! roots seem$ to h suffici5t vigor to support ! l>g] top1 two trunks 7 =m$1 "o f ea* graft4 ,by spread+ ^! into a ,v & mak+ ! inn] arms %ort]1 v satisfactory results 7 secur$4 ,! type ( gr[? 9 ,v9if]a is diff]5t f t ( native grapes4 ,! "y %oots :i* spr+ f ! "o-ye> canes1 in/ead ( trail+ to ! gr\nd or runn+ out along ! trellis wires1 gr[ erect4 ,advantage mu/ be tak5 ( ?is 9 ! prun+ sy/em adopt$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! canes & ! r5ewal spurs z describ$ above are ti$ along ! l[] wire2 !n ! "y %oots :i* come f ^! gr[ upw>d to ! second wire4 ,:5 ! %oots are f\r to six in*es above ?is wire1 !y are p9*$ (f j above ! wire & any :i* h n already fa/5$ !mselves are ti$ to prev5t ! w9d break+ !m (f4 ,at ! same "t1 if any ( ! axial buds on ! %oots h begun to =m second>y %oots1 !y are rubb$ (f1 beg9n+ ) ! node next above ! upp] clu/] & go+ d[n to ! old cane4 ,?is gives ! clu/] m room & bett] light4 ,soon aft] ! fir/ head+-back1 ! upp] buds ( ! "y %oot />t lat]al gr[?4 ,! second>y bran*es usually gr[ upright & :5 !y are sev]al in*es high !y are topp$ ) a sickle4 ,?is head+-back results 9 /ocki] & m mature canes = ! foll[+ ye>1 & if prop]ly done adds to ! fruitfulness ( ! v9e & ! fruit matures bett]4 ,g5]al consid]ations4 ,! gr[] ( ,european grapes graft$ on ,am]ican v9es may be prep>$ to be surpris$ at ! gr[? ! v9es make4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ season1 ! grafts atta9 ! magnitude ( full-siz$ v9es2 ! second season !y beg9 to fruit m or less abundantly1 & ! ?ird ye> !y produce approximately ! same numb] ( bun*es z a ,concord or ,niag>a v9e2 &1 z ! bun*es ( mo/ v>ieties are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,am]ican grapes1 ! yield1 !re=e1 is great]4 ,! ,european v>ieties1 also1 may be set m closely ?an ! ,am]ican sorts1 s9ce !y are seldom su* rampant gr[]s4 ,x is too e>ly to reason f ?is %ort exp]im5t t we are to gr[ v>ieties ( ,european grapes commonly 9 ! ,ea/1 b ! behavior ( ! v9es "u discussion seems to indicate t we may d s4 ,at ! ,new ,york ,/ation1 ! ,european v>ieties are z vigor\s & ?rifty z ,am]ican v9es & q z easily manag$4 ,:y may we n gr[ ^! grapes if we protect !m f phyllox]a1 fungi & cold8 ,9 ,europe1 !re are v>ieties ( grapes = ne>ly e soil & condition 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ea/]n ,europe & we/]n ,asia1 ! v9es mu/ be protect$ j z !y mu/ be protect$ "h4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t f ! _m sorts select$ to meet ! v>i\s conditions ( ,europe1 we %all be able to f9d k9ds to meet ! div]se soils & climates ( ?is cont95t4 ,& "h we h "o ( ! *ief reasons = wi%+ to gr[ ^! grapes t ,am]ican grape-gr[+ may n be s localiz$ z at pres5t4 ,probably we %all f9d t ,european grapes c be gr[n "u a great] div]sity ( conditions ?an native v>ieties4 ,! culture ( ,european grapes 9 ! ,ea/ gives ?is region ess5tially a new fruit4 ,if any consid]able degree ( success att5ds _! culture1 w9e-mak+ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica w be revolutioniz$1 = ! ,european grapes are f> sup]ior to ! native sorts = ?is purpose4 ,v>ieties ( ^! grapes h a high] sug>- & solid-cont5t ?an d ^? ( ! ,am]ican species & = ?is reason1 z a rule1 keep long]4 ,we may ?us expect t ?r\gh ^! grapes ! season = ?is fruit w be ext5d$4 ,! ,european v>ieties are bett] flavor$1 possess+ a m delicate & a ri*] v9\s flavor1 a m agreeable aroma1 & are lack+ 9 ! acidity & ! obnoxi\s foxy ta/e ( _m ,am]ican grapes4 ,_m consum]s ( fruit w l !m bett] & ! dem& = grapes ?us w be increas$4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,european grape 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ea/]n ,am]ica ought to greatly increase ! production ( hybrids betwe5 ?is species & ! ,am]ican species ( grapes4 ,z we h se51 !re are _m su* hybrids1 b curi\sly en\gh sc>cely m ?an a half doz5 v>ieties ( ,european grapes h be5 us$ 9 cross+4 ,mo/ ( ^! h be5 gre5h\se grapes & n ^? t c\ld be expect$ to give be/ results = v9ey>d culture4 ,z we come to "k ! v>ieties be/ adapt$ to ,am]ican conditions1 we ought to be able to select ,european p>5ts to bett] advantage ?an we h done 9 ! pa/ & by us+ !m produce bett] hybrid sorts4 ,v>ieties4 ,f ! eighty-five v>ieties ( ,european grapes n[ fruit+ on ! gr\nds ( ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! foll[+ are nam$ z wor? try+ 9 ! ,ea/ = table grapes3 ,actoni1 ,bakator1 ,*asselas ,gold51 ,*asselas ,rose1 ,feh] ,szagos1 ,gray ,p9ot1 ,lignan ,blanc1 ,malvasia1 ,muscat ,hamburg1 ,palom9o & ,rosaki4 ,^! & o!r ,european grapes are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii2 ,*asselas ,gold5 & ,malvasia are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4--,eclipse 7#b_/c74 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,grapes ,,"u ,,glass ,grape-gr[+ "u glass is on ! decl9e 9 ,am]ica4 ,=ty or fifty ye>s ago ! indu/ry 0 a consid]able "o1 grapes be+ r commonly gr[n ne> all l>ge cities = ! m>ket1 & ne>ly e l>ge e/ate possess+ a range ( glass _h a grap]y4 ,b grapes are bett] & m *eaply gr[n 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica1 & ! adv5t ( quick transportation p]mits ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,belgian grape-gr[]s to s5d _! w>es to ,am]ican m>kets m *eaply ?an !y c be gr[n at home4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! _w w> has /opp$ ! importation ( luxuries f ,europe1 & ,am]ican g>d5]s ought to f9d ! culture ( grapes "u glass pr(itable2 !y may expect also to be able to hold ! m>kets = _m ye>s to come because ( ! de/ruction ( ,belgian h\ses & ! %ortage ( labor 9 ,europe result+ f ! w>4 ,amateur g>d5]s ought nev] to let ! culture ( grapes "u glass wane1 s9ce ! hot-h\se grape is ! consummation ( ! g>d5]'s skill4 ,c]ta9ly ! =c+ ( no o!r fruit yields su* g5]\s rew>ds4 ,grapes gr[n "u glass are h&som] 9 appe>ance & bett] 9 quality ?an ^? gr[n out-(-doors4 ,! clu/]s (t5 atta9 enorm\s size1 a weight ( tw5ty to ?irty p\nds be+ n uncommon4 ,! impression prevails t to gr[ grapes "u glass1 "o mu/ h exp5sive h\ses2 ?is is n necess>y1 & hot-h\se grapes is a misnom]1 ! fruit really be+ gr[n 9 cold or relatively cool h\ses :i* ne$ n be exp5sive4 ,grapes are gr[n "u glass ) great] ease & c]ta9ty ?an is imag9$ by ^? :o =m ! op9ion f buy+ ! fruit at high prices 9 delicatess5 /ores4 ,a grap]y ne$ n be an exp5sive luxury1 & ! culture ( grapes "u glass c be recomm5d$ to p]sons ( mod]ate means :o are look+ = a horticultural hobby4 ,,! ,,grap]y ,almo/ any ( ! v>i\s modifications ( gre5h\ses c be adapt$ to gr[+ grapes4 ,firms con/ruct+ gre5h\ses usually h _h exp]i5ce 9 build+ grap]ies1 &1 z a rule1 x w pay to h ^! pr(essional build]s put up ! h\se4 ,if ! actual "w is n done by a build]1 x is possible to pur*ase plans & e/imates1 f :i*1 if suffici5tly detail$1 local build]s c "w4 ,on small places !re is no d\bt t ! lean-to h\ses are mo/ suitable1 be+ inexp5sive & furni%+ protection f prevail+ w9ds4 ,^! lean-tos %\ld face ! s\? & may be built aga9/ ! /able1 g>age or o!r build+2 or bett]1 a brick or /one wall to ! nor? may be erect$4 ,x is possible to build a small grap]y z a lean-to out ( hot-h\se sa%4 ,9 comm]cial e/abli%m5ts & = l>ge e/ates1 :]e ! grap]y mu/ be m or less ornam5tal1 a span-ro( h\se is r bett] adapt$ to ! grap]y ?an a lean-to1 especially if ! h\se is n to be us$ = ! production ( grapes e>ly 9 ! season4 ,on acc\nt ( ! exposure ( ! span-ro( h\se on all sides1 h[ev]1 r m skill mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 gr[+ grapes 9 !m ?an 9 ! bett] protect$ lean-to grap]y4 ,:atev] ! h\se1 x mu/ be s con/ruct$ z to furni% an abundance ( light1 a requisite 9 :i* mu* is ga9$ by hav+ l>ge-size glasses = ! glaz+4 ,! glass mu/ be ( ! be/ quality1 o!rwise ! foliage & fruit may be bli/]$ by ! sun's rays be+ focus$ ?r\gh defective spots4 ,light1 heat1 moi/ure & good v5tilation are all requir$ 9 ! grap]y4 ,brick or /one are pref]able to woodwork1 z heat & moi/ure 9 ! grap]y are quickly de/ructive to wood f\ndations4 ,if wood is us$1 only ! mo/ durable k9ds %\ld ent] into ! con/ruction ( ! h\se4 ,! "u /ructure ( masonry or ( wood %\ld be l[1 n high] ?an #ah in*es or #b feet be=e ! sup]/ructure ( glass beg9s4 ,! grap]y mu/ be well v5tilat$4 ,!re mu/ be l>ge v5tilators at ! peak ( ! h\se & small ones j above ! f\ndation walls or 9 ! f\ndation walls !mselves4 ,! v5tilation %\ld be su* t ! h\se c be kept free f draughts or sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 z ! grape "u glass is a s5sitive plant1 & subject to mildew4 ,pl5ty ( air1 !re=e1 is an absolute necessity to ! grapes1 especially dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 ,! l[] v5tilators 9 grap]ies are seldom mu* us$ until ! grapes beg9 to color1 at :i* "t ! new gr[?1 foliage & fruit are h>d5$1 b f ?is "t on upp] & l[] v5tilators mu/ be s manipulat$ t ! h\ses are always g5]\sly air$4 ,grapes c be =c$ 9 cold h\ses )\t ! aid ( artificial heat & =m]ly ^! cold grap]ies 7 v popul>2 b 9 ! mod]n h\ses = gr[+ ?is fruit1 artificial heat is n[ consid]$ a necessity1 ev5 ?\gh ! heat+ app>atus may seldom be 9 use4 ,= a f9ely f9i%$ product1 a little heat to w>m ! room & dry ! atmosph]e may be absolutely necess>y at a critical "t1 ?is (t5 sav+ a h\se ( grapes4 ,( heat+ app>atus1 little ne$ be said4 ,/&>d boil]s = heat+ gre5h\ses ) ei!r /eam or hot wat] are n[ to be pur*as$ ( _m designs = almo/ e /yle & condition ( h\se4 ,s9ce ! grap]y seldom requires high heat1 hot wat] is r to be pref]r$ to /eam1 al?\gh !re is no objection to /eam1 especially if ! grap]y is a "p ( a l>ge range ( glass4 ,! bord]4 ,! bord] 9 :i* ! v9es are to be plant$ is ! mo/ important "p ( ! grap]y4 ,all subsequ5t ef=ts fail if ! bord] lacks 9 two imp]atives1 good dra9age & a soil t is ri* b n too ri*4 ,! grap]y mu/ be built on well-dra9$ l& or elevat$ above ! gr\nd to p]mit ! con/ruction ( a prop]ly dra9$ bord]4 ,bord]1 9 ! s5se ( its be+ a /rip or a n>r[ b$ j inside ! h\se1 is n[ a misnom]1 ?\gh ! "n und\bt$ly comes f ! fact t n>r[ b$s inside ! h\se 7 at "o "t us$ 9 :i* to plant v9es4 ,! bord] 9 a mod]n grap]y n[ occupies all ( ! gr\nd surface inside ! h\se & may ext5d sev]al feet outside ! h\se4 ,mu* skill is requir$ 9 build+ ! bord]4 ,a good =mula is3 ,six p>ts loamy turf f an old pa/ure2 "o "p ( well-rott$ c[ manure2 "o "p ( old pla/] & "o "p ( gr\nd bone4 ,^! +r$i5ts are compo/$ & if ! "w is well done w meet v well ! soil & food requirem5ts ( ! grape4 ,?is =mula c be v>i$ accord+ to soil conditions & some:at 9 accordance ) ! v>iety plant$4 ,unless natural dra9age is well-nigh p]fect1 ! bord] mu/ be "u-dra9$ ) tile & 9 any case a lay] ( old brick or /one is ne$ful to make c]ta9 t ! dra9age is p]fect4 ,at lea/ two feet1 bett] ?ree feet1 ( ! bord] compo/ %\ld be plac$ above ! dra9age mat]ial4 ,9 a bord] made z describ$1 ! grape f9ds ample root-run1 b n too mu*1 z 9 a surpris+ly %ort "t roots are f\nd ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ?is ext5sive bord]4 ,! c>e ( ! bord] is a matt] ( consid]able mom5t & v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ^? 9 *>ge4 ,! usual proc$ure is to spade ! outside bord]1 if ! bord] ext5ds outside1 be=e w9t]1 aft] :i* x is cov]$ ) a coat+ ( well-rott$ manure1 )\t any p>ticul> attempt hav+ be5 made to keep out ! fro/1 z a c]ta9 am\nt ( freez+ outside ( ! h\se is held to be b5eficial4 ,! inside bord] mu/ be spad$ j be=e ! v9es are />t$ 9 ! spr+1 hav+ be5 cov]$ previ\sly ) well-rott$ manure4 ,! "t at :i* ! v9es are to be />t$ 9 gr[? is det]m9$ by :e!r an e>ly or a late crop ( grapes is want$4 ,= an e>ly crop1 ! v9es mu/ be />t$ e>ly 9 ,febru>y2 = a late crop1 a mon? or ev5 two mon?s lat] suffices4 ,s />t$1 ! fir/ crop ( grapes comes on 9 ,june or ,july1 ! lat] ones foll[+ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,x is relat$ t ,napoleon ,i1 to secure saltpetre = mak+ gunp[d]1 compo/$ fil?1 dead animals1 ur9e & (fal ) alt]nate lay]s ( turf & lime mort>1 & ass]t$ t a nitre-b$ is ! v patt]n ( a v9e-bord] & t :5 ! mat]ials h be5 turn$ ov] & ov] aga9 = a ye> or two !y are 9 exactly ! prop] /ate to yield ei!r gunp[d] or grapes4 ,napoleon's nit]-b$ is n n[ consid]$ a good model = a grape-bord]1 z ! fruit produc$ 9 s ri* a soil1 ?\gh abundant1 is co>se & poorly flavor$1 & ! v9es complete _! own de/ruction by ov]-be>+4 ,g>d5]s hold t a grape-bord] may be too ri* 9 plant-food1 especially too ri* 9 nitrog54 ,,v>ieties ,out ( ! #bjjj or m ,v9if]a grapes1 probably n m ?an a score are gr[n "u glass1 & ( ^! b a half doz5 are commonly gr[n4 ,black v>ieties h ! pref]5ce = indoors1 especially if gr[n = ! m>ket1 :]e !y br+ ! highe/ prices4 ,!y are also z a rule m easily h&l$ indoors ?an ! :ite sorts4 ,h[ev]1 z we %all see1 "o or two :ite k9ds are indisp5sable 9 a h\se ( any consid]able size4 ,( black grapes1 ,black ,hamburg c>ries ! palm ( m]it because x is mo/ easily gr[n1 be/ /&s neglect1 is a heavy produc]1 sets its fruit well1 ! grapes mature e>ly2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 x meets ! requirem5ts ( ! unskill$ g>d5] bett] ?an any o!r grape4 ,! clu/]s are n z l>ge & ! flavor n z good z t ( "s o!r sorts4 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria is ! be/ ( ! :ite v>ieties4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a h>d grape to h&le s9ce x requires a high temp]ature to br+ x to p]fection1 is a little %y 9 sett+ fruit & ! grapes are n v c]ta9 9 com+ to maturity2 x also requires a long season4 ,a good quality is t x may be kept long aft] cutt+1 mu* long] ?an ,black ,hamburg4 ,= an e>li] :ite grape1 ,buckl& ,sweetwat] has mu* to recomm5d x2 x rip5s f two to ?ree weeks e>li] ?an ,muscat ( ,alex&ria & is mu* m easily gr[n4 ,x is good 9 quality b n ( high quality4 ,buckl& ,sweetwat] may be well gr[n 9 ! h\se ) ,black ,hamburg1 :]eas x is almo/ impossible to gr[ ,muscat ( ,alex&ria 9 ! same h\se ) ,black ,hamburg4 ,muscat ,hamburg is a cross betwe5 ,black ,hamburg & ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 & is an int]m$iate 9 mo/ fruit *>act]s betwe5 ^! two /&>d sorts4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 v g5]ally gr[n1 al?\gh x well des]ves to be because ( its l>ge1 beautiful1 tap]+ clu/]s ( black grapes ( f9e/ quality4 ,grizzly ,frontignan adds novelty to luxury 9 ! li/ ( indoor grapes4 ,! fruits are mottl$ p9k 9 color1 deep5+ sometimes to a d>k %ade ( p9k1 & are borne 9 long1 sl5d] clu/]s4 ,! grapes rip5 e>ly & are unsurpass$ 9 quality b are1 all 9 all1 r difficult to gr[4 ,b>b>ossa & ,gros ,colman are ! two be/ late black grapes1 especially = ^? :o are ambiti\s to gr[ clu/]s ( l>ge size ) l>ge b]ries4 ,bo? are v good 9 quality4 ,nei!r ( ! two is p>ticul>ly easy to gr[1 s9ce !y require a long "t to rip52 b1 to (fset ?is1 bo? keep long] ?an any o!r sorts aft] rip5+4 ,because ( ! l>ge size ( ! b]ries1 ?9n+ mu/ beg9 e>ly & mu/ be r m sev]e ?an ) o!r grapes4 ,?is v>iety is n[ l>gely gr[n 9 ,engl& = exportation to ?is c\ntry 9 e>ly spr+4 ,:ite ,nice & ,syrian are two :ite sorts :i* atta9 l>ge/ size 9 clu/]s1 specim5s weigh+ ?irty p\nds be+ n infrequ5t1 b are co>se & poor 9 quality & are1 !re=e1 h>dly wor? gr[+4 ,alicante is a black sort (t5 gr[n = ! sake ( v>iety1 s9ce x dep>ts f ! ,v9if]a type r m>k$ly 9 flavor4 ,! grapes h v ?ick sk9s & may be kept long] ?an ^? ( any o!r v>iety4 ,lady ,d[ns is ano!r late-keep+ black grape ( highe/ quality1 b difficult to gr[4 ,! bun*es & b]ries are small 9 comp>ison ) o!r /&>d sorts1 *>act]s t d n comm5d ! v>iety to mo/ g>d5]s4 ,p]haps a doz5 m sorts might be nam$ wor?y ( trial 9 ,am]ican grap]ies1 b ! li/ giv5 cov]s ! ne$s ( comm]cial e/abli%m5ts & w meet ! wants ( mo/ amateur gr[]s4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,tra9+ ,two-ye>-old v9es are mo/ commonly plant$4 ,! v9es are set inside ! h\se at lea/ a foot f ! walls & f\r feet ap>t4 ,! grap]y mu/ be built on pi]s ) spaces ( at lea/ two feet betwe51 & ! v9es are plac$ opposite ^! op5+s 9 ! f\ndation4 ,:5 plant$1 ! v9es are cut back to two or ?ree buds1 & :5 ^! />t ! /ronge/ are select$ = tra9+1 ! o!rs be+ rubb$ (f4 ,! grap]y mu/ be /rung ) wires runn+ l5g?wise ( ! h\se at ab\t fifte5 in*es f ! glass4 ,gre5h\se supply m]*ants furni% at a l[ price ca/ iron brackets to be fa/5$ to ! raft]s to hold ^! wires4 ,z ! gr[+ v9es rea* "o wire aft] ano!r1 !y are ti$ ) raffia to hold !m 9 place4 ,usually1 "y v9es w rea* ! peak ( ! h\se by midsumm]1 & z soon z ?is goal is atta9$ mu/ be p9*$ s t ! cane may ?ick5 up & /ore food 9 ! lat]al buds = ! com+ season4 ,:5 ! wood is well matur$1 ! v9e is cut back to half or "o-?ird its l5g?1 dep5d+ on ! v>iety1 laid on ! gr\nd & cov]$ = ! w9t]4 ,an item ( no small importance 9 w9t] c>e is to keep out mice1 ?is pe/ be+ inord9ately fond ( grape buds1 & once ! buds are de/roy$ ! v9es are ru9$ = ! com+ season4 ,! second ye>'s "w is l>gely a repetition ( t ( ! fir/4 ,! v9es are p]mitt$ to rea* ! peak ( ! h\se & are aga9 /opp$ by p9*+4 ,a consid]able numb] ( lat]als spr+ up on ea* side ( ! ma9 v9e1 & ^! mu/ be ?9n$ z !y develop to /& at ! di/ance ap>t ( ! wires to :i* !y are fa/5$4 ,?is is pre-suppos+ t ! g>d5] has *os5 ! spur me?od ( prun+1 ! me?od g5]ally us$ 9 ,am]ica & ! "o1 all ?+s consid]$1 :i* gives be/ results4 ,! selection ( ! lat]als ! second ye>1 !re=e1 is a matt] ( mu* importance s9ce spurs are to be develop$ f !m4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ^! spurs regul>ly di/ribut$ ov] ! l5g? ( ! v9e4 ,?is second ye>1 grapes mu/ n be p]mitt$ to develop on ! t]m9al %oots1 b a few clu/]s may be tak5 f ! lat]als 9 :i* case ! lat]als are p9*$ two buds beyond ! clu/]1 ! p9*+ cont9u+ ?r\gh\t ! season if ! lat]als p]si/ 9 break+1 z !y w d 9 mo/ cases4 ,at ! end ( ! season1 ! t]m9al is %ort5$ at lea/ "o-half1 & ! lat]als are p9*$ back to a bud z close z possible to ! ma9 /em4 ,! v9es are !n put d[n = ! w9t] z at ! close ( ! fir/ season4 ,! "w ( ! ?ird season is a repetition ( t ( ! second1 ) ! exception t ! v9e is p]mitt$ to fruit ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 al?\gh n m ?an "o p\nd ( fruit to a foot ( ma9 v9e is p]mitt$4 ,! plants are n[ e/abli%$ & ! only prun+ 9 ?is & succe$+ ye>s is to cut ! lat]als at ! close ( ea* season close to ! ma9 /em1 leav+ /rong heal?y buds ( :i* at lea/ "o1 usually m1 w be f\nd close to ! /em4 ,if m ?an "o bud />ts1 only ! /ronge/ is *os51 al?\gh (t5 an extra "o is ne$$ to fill a vacancy on ! opposite side4 ,aft] ! ?ird or f\r? season1 dep5d+ some:at on ! v>iety1 two p\nds ( fruit or m to ! foot ( ! ma9 /em c be p]mitt$4 ,! novice1 h[ev]1 is likely to p]mit 8 v9es to ov]be> ) ! result t ! crop is ca/1 or ! b]ries rattle1 or ! fruit turns s\r be=e rip5+4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! f9i% ( ! season1 9 ?is me?od ( prun+1 mu* p9*+ ( lat]als is requir$4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule c be laid d[n = ?is p9*+1 b1 r\ghly speak+1 all new gr[? beyond ! second jo9t f ! clu/] %\ld be p9*$ out z fa/ z x %[s4 ,) mo/ v>ieties1 ?is means t ! lat]al is kept ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! ma9 /em4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 well-develop$ spurs =m at ! base ( ! orig9al lat]als1 & f ^! spurs ! new wood comes ye> aft] ye>4 ,an alt]native me?od ( prun+ is to p]mit ! new canes to gr[ up f a bud ne> ! gr\nd ea* season4 ,:5 ! v9e is well e/abli%$1 ?is new cane is fruit$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 ! lat]als be+ p9*$ z describ$ "u ! spur me?od4 ,?is me?od ( prun+ is kn[n z ! long cane me?od4 ,g>d5]s hold t !y c gr[ bett] fruit ) ?is ?an ) ! spur me?od1 b ! difficulties are great] & ! crop is n z l>ge4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,v9es ,) ! cultivation ( all v>ieties indoors1 m clu/]s set ?an ! v9es c c>ry4 ,?is means t a "p ( ! clu/]s mu/ be remov$1 an op]ation t dep5ds on ! v>iety & "o t requires exp]i5ce & judgm5t on ! "p ( ! g>d5]4 ,r\ghly speak+1 half ! clu/]s are tak51 leav+ ! o!r half z ev5ly di/ribut$ on ea* side ( ! v9e z possible4 ,! "t to take ^! clu/]s is also a delicate matt]1 s9ce "s sorts are %y 9 sett+ & ! clu/]s mu/ n be tak5 until ! b]ries are =m$ & x c be se5 h[ l>ge ! crop w be4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ?is ?9n+ ( clu/]s may be begun z soon z ! =m ( ! clu/] c be se54 ,x is v necess>y also1 especially ) all sorts be>+ l>ge b]ries1 t grapes be ?9n$ 9 ! clu/]4 ,! "t to ?9 ! clu/] v>ies ) ! v>iety4 ,sorts :i* set fruit freely c be ?9n$ soon] ?an ^? :i* are %y 9 sett+4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ?9n+ mu/ n be done too soon z x _c be told until ! b]ries are ( fair size :i* h set se$ & :i* h n2 h[ev]1 if ?9n+ is neglect$ too long1 ! b]ries become ov]-cr[d$ & ! task becomes difficult4 ,! ?9n+ is p]=m$ ) sl5d] scissors1 & ! bun*es mu/ n be t\*$ ) ! h&1 z t\*+ impairs ! bloom & disfigures ! fruit4 ,! clu/]s are turn$ & /eadi$ by a small piece ( p5cil-%ap$ wood4 ,?9n+ is practic$ n only to p]mit ! b]ries to atta9 _! full size b also to p]mit ! bun*es to atta9 z great size z possible4 ,if too sev]ely ?9n$1 ! clu/]s flatt5 out aft] maturity4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 too _m b]ries are tak5 f ! c5t] ( ! bun*4 ,a l>ge clu/] ( grapes is made up ( sev]al small clu/]s1 mak+ x necess>y to tie up ! upp] clu/]s or %\ld]s ( ! bun* to p]mit ! b]ries to swell )\t be+ ?9n$ too sev]ely4 ,grapes int5d$ = long keep+ require m ?9n+ ?an ^? to be us$ at once aft] pick+1 s9ce1 9 keep+1 ! b]ries mold or damp-(f 9 ! c5t] ( ! bun* if x is too compact4 ,! v9es 9 ! grap]y mu/ be wat]$ ) consid]able c>e4 ,! am\nt ( wat] to be us$ dep5ds on ! composition ( ! bord]s & ! season ( gr[?4 ,if ! bord] is loose & well-dra9$1 ! supply ( wat] mu/ be l>ge2 if close & ret5tive1 b a small am\nt ( moi/ure is requir$4 ,wat]+ mu/ n be done dur+ ! p]iod ( blossom+1 s9ce dry air is necess>y = prop] poll9ation4 ,:5 ! grapes beg9 to %[ color1 ! v9es are heavily wat]$1 aft] :i* little if any wat] is appli$4 ,"s g>d5]s mul* ! v9es ) hay to reta9 ! moi/ure 9 ! h\se & keep ! atmosph]e dry4 ,v5tilat+ ! grap]y is ano!r important detail ( ! season's "w4 ,prop] v5tilation is difficult to secure 9 ! e>ly spr+ mon?s :5 ! dryness ( ! sun on ! "o h&1 & cold air on ! o!r1 make x difficult to avoid draughts & regulate ! temp]ature4 ,ano!r tr\blesome "t is :5 ! grapes beg9 to color1 z x is !n necess>y = ! grap]y to h air at night2 b :5 too mu* air ent]s1 !re is dang] f mildew4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! season1 all p>ts ( ! plant become h>d] 9 texture & ! grap]y may !n be m g5]\sly air$4 ,aft] ! fruit is cut1 ! h\ses are v5tilat$ 9 full s t ! wood may rip5 prop]ly4 ,,pe/s ,sev]al pe/s vex ! g>d5] 9 gr[+ grapes indoors4 ,( ^!1 mealy-bug1 r$-spid]1 ?rips & mildew are mo/ tr\blesome4 ,9 a well-conduct$ grap]y1 !re is nev] an int]mission 9 ! w>f>e aga9/ ^! pe/s4 ,mealy-bug is usually a sign ( slo? on ! "p ( ! g>d5]4 ,9 a grap]y devot$ exclusively to grape-gr[+1 x %\ld nev] be se51 b1 s9ce g>d5]s mu/ (t5 gr[ o!r plants 9 ! grap]y1 mealy-bug soon] or lat] appe>s & is (t5 h>d to dislodge4 ,x is be/ repell$ by remov+ ! loose b>k on ! trunks :i* h>bor ! pe/ & !n wa%+ ) k]os5e emulsion4 ,:5 ?is becomes necess>y1 n only ! v9es b ! raft]s & all p>ts ( ! h\se %\ld be spray$ ) ! emulsion4 ,r$-spid] is ano!r pe/ usually f\nd 9 ! grap]y1 b x ?rives only 9 a dry atmosph]e & is easily gott5 rid ( by syr++4 ,z soon z r$-spid] appe>s 9 a h\se its appe>ance is usually kn[n by ! r$di% t+e on ! foliage2 syr++ %\ld be kept up until ! pe/ is dispos$ (1 keep+ ! h\se damp 9 all except dull wea!r4 ,syr++ is done only :5 pl5ty ( air c be giv5 & :5 x c be foll[$ by sunlight s t ! wat] rema9s on ! v9es z %ort a "t z possible4 ,?rips1 ano!r small insect1 is sometimes tr\blesome b n (t5 & is n[ easily controll$ by applications ( nicot9e4 ,mu* c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! application ( nicot9e late 9 ! season1 o!rwise ! fruit w be injur$4 ,! only fung\s disease ( ! grape tr\blesome 9 ! gre5h\se is mildew4 ,mildew is usually br\ght on by a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature or by draughts 9 ! grap]y4 ,g>d5]s are ( ! op9ion t ea/ w9ds1 9 p>ticul>1 give unfavorable conditions = mildew & pref] to op5 ! v5tilators to ! we/4 ,if tak5 9 "t1 mildew is easily kept 9 *eck by prev5t+ ! conditions :i* favor x1 & by du/+ ! v9es 9 dry sun%9e ) sulfur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,elvira 7#b_/c74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,grape ,,pe/s ,,& ,,_! ,,control ,9 common ) o!r cultivat$ fruits1 grapes are at ! m]cy ( num]\s insect & fung\s pe/s unless man int]v5es ) rem$ial or prev5tive treatm5t4 ,happily = viticulture1 k ( ! pe/s ( ! v9e has made su* advancem5t 9 rec5t ye>s t practically all are n[ controll$ by rem$ial or prev5tive measures4 ,possibly no field ( agriculture has _h great] ne$1 or receiv$ great] aid f sci5ce 9 ! /udy & control ( insects & diseases ?an grape-gr[+4 ,a sep>ate treatise w\ld be requir$ to treat ! pa?ological tr\bles ( ! grape fully2 only su* details ( ! life hi/ories ( ! sev]al pe/s to be discuss$ z are ess5tial to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! control ( ! p>asites c be giv5 "h4 ,,insect ,,pe/s ,insects tr\bl+ ! grapes are num]\s1 at lea/ #bjj hav+ be5 describ$ 9 ,am]ica1 mo/ ( :i* h _! habitat on ! wild prototypes ( ! cultivat$ v9es ( ?is cont95t4 ,= ?is reason1 ) a few exceptions1 ! insect pe/s ( ! grape 9 ,am]ica are widely di/ribut$1 abundant1 &1 !re=e1 (t5 v de/ructive to v9ey>ds unless vigor\sly combat$4 ,! _m pe/if]\s species v>y greatly 9 importance1 dep5d+ on locality1 wea!r & ! v>iety4 ,phyllox]a1 h[ev]1 ! c\ntry ov]1 is mo/ common & des]ves fir/ att5tion4 ,phyllox]a4 ,?is m9ute suck+ insect 7,phyllox]a va/atrix71 injures ! grape by fe$+ on its roots4 ,decay usually foll[s its "w on ! roots & is (t5 m injuri\s ?an ! h>m done directly by ! p>asite4 ,?is decay is always mu* m s]i\s on ,european v9es ?an on ^? ( our native species4 ,! phyllox]a is a native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f :5ce x 0 introduc$ into ,france & f ,france into ,cali=nia1 :]e x causes mu* great] damage ?an else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:]ev] ! pe/ is f\nd1 x is m injuri\s 9 heavy ?an 9 s&y soils4 ,9 fact1 9 v s&y soils ! v9es are (t5 suffici5tly resi/ant to be practically immune4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,leaf-galls ( ! phyllox]a4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! phyllox]a is v complex :]e ! diff]5t =ms ( ! insect appe> & ne$ n be ent]$ into 9 detail "h4 ,ea/ ( ! ,rockies1 ! mo/ evid5t indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! pe/ is great numb]s ( leaf-galls on ! "u side ( ! leaves ( ! grape z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,^! galls1 h[ev]1 are seldom to be se5 9 ,cali=nia & are n pres5t on ,concords & "s o!r v>ieties 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! w9t] egg may be tak5 z ! beg9n+ ( ! life cycle ( ! phyllox]a4 ,f a s+le w9t] egg a colony may arise1 ! fir/ insect aft] hat*+ mak+ its way to ! leaves :]e x becomes a gall-mak] & gives rise to a new g5]ation ( egg-lay+ root-fe$]s4 ,on v>ieties & 9 regions :]e ! gall =m is n f\nd1 ! insect probably goes directly f ! w9t] egg to ! roots4 ,once ! pe/ is e/abli%$ on ! roots1 g5]ation foll[s g5]ation ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ p]iod ( ! v9es1 z _m z sev5 or eight occurr+ 9 "o season4 ,f midsumm] until ! close ( ! gr[+ season1 "s ( ! eggs deposit$ by ! root-fe$]s develop into nymphs :i* acquire w+s & em]ge f ! soil to =m new colonies f eggs deposit$ on ! "u side ( ! leaf4 ,an individual insect deposits f ?ree to six eggs ( two sizes1 f ! l>g] ( :i* come ! females & ^!1 aft] f]tilization1 move to ! r\gh b>k ( ! v9e & deposit ! w9t] egg = ! r5ewal ( ! cycle4 ,sev]al me?ods ( control h be5 employ$ 9 ,europe & ,cali=nia1 z treatm5t by c>bon bisulfide inject$ 9 ! soil2 flood+ 9 v9ey>ds t c be irrigat$2 conf9+ ! v9es to s&y soils2 &1 mo/ important1 plant+ v9es graft$ on resi/ant /ocks1 !re be+ great v>iation 9 immunity ( species ( ,am]ican grapes to phyllox]a4 ,! subject ( /ocks resi/ant to ?is pe/ has be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv & ne$ n be tak5 up aga94 ,ea/ ( ! ,rockies1 treatm5t is n necess>y ) ,am]ican grapes4 ,! grape root-worm4 ,! grape root-worm is ! mo/ h>mful ( ! insect pe/s ( grapes 9 ! grape-belt along ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie 9 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,york4 ,?is root-worm 7,fig4 #cg7 is ! l>va ( a grayi%-br[n beetle 7,fidia viticida71 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! worms fe$ at fir/ on ! rootlets & lat] on ! b>k ( ! l>g] roots ( ! v9es s t ! injur$ plants %[ roots devoid ( rootlets & b>k *annel$ by ! pe/4 ,s pla9 is ! "w ( ! root-worm t ! gr[] nev] ne$ be at a loss z to ! cause ( v9es injur$ by ?is pe/4 ,! worms fe$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! gr[+ season1 rea*+ full gr[? at ?is "t4 ,! next ,june !y trans=m into pup & 9 late ,june or e>ly ,july em]ge z adult beetles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,! grape root-worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,root-worm beetle4 ,! pres5ce ( ! adult beetles is m easily detect$ on ! foliage ?an is t ( ! l>v on ! roots1 = ! fe$+ beetles rav5\sly dev\r ! upp] sides ( ! leaves1 leav+ *a9-l m>k+s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 _! de/ructiv5ess decreas+ some:at aft] a few days f _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,a =tnight aft] ! beetles beg9 _! attack on ! foliage ! female beg9s lay+ h] eggs1 to ! numb] ( #bjj1 plac+ !m "u ! r\gh b>k ( trunk & cane4 ,^! hat* 9 late ,july or ,augu/ & ! "y grubs at once seek ! roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,injuries caus$ by beetles ( ! grape root-worm4 ,two me?ods ( control h be5 devis$3 de/ruction ( ! beetles be=e !y lay _! eggs2 & de/ruction ( ! pup :ile 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! beetles are pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 _m ( !m may be de/roy$ by spray+ ) a mixture ( *eap molasses & ars5ate ( lead1 us+ molasses at ! rate ( two gallons to a hundr$ gallons ( wat] & ! ars5ate ( lead at ! rate ( six p\nds4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by a second spray+ a week lat]1 us+ bordeaux mixture 7#d-d-ej7 & ?ree p\nds ( ars5ate ( lead4 ,?is second spray s]ves to repel migrat+ beetles f ! v9es4 ,! molasses spray is ineffective unless sev]al days ( fair wea!r foll[ ! spray+1 z ra9 wa%es ! mat]ial f ! foliage4 ,bordeaux mixture is n easily affect$ by ra94 ,9 mod]ately infe/$ v9ey>ds1 bordeaux mixture & ars5ate are us$ in/ead ( molasses & ars5ate ( lead1 foll[$ 9 ab\t t5 days ) a second application ( ! same mat]ial4 ,an effective me?od ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( beetles is ! de/ruction ( ! pup4 ,?is is be/ done by leav+ a l[ ridge ( e>? "u ! v9es at ! la/ seasonal cultivation to rema9 until mo/ ( ! l>v h pupat$1 & !n be level$ ) a horse-hoe & lat] ) a h>r[4 ,! horse-hoe & h>r[ cru% _m ( ! pup & break ! cells ( o!rs to ! great de/ruction ( ! pe/4 ,?is latt] me?od ( control is n adequate 9 itself & 9 bad infe/ations bo? %\ld be us$4 ,:5 ! infe/ation is only mod]ate1 ?is latt] me?od is n advis$1 ow+ to ! lat5ess ( ! "t ( horse-hoe+4 ,x is good horticultural practice to horse-hoe ! latt] "p ( ,may or e>ly ,june4 ,to wait = ! pupal /age ( ! root-worm delays ! "w until num]\s small roots />t :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by ! horse-hoe4 ,spray+ w control a mod]ate infe/ation4 ,! grape-v9e flea-beetle4 ,9 ! w>m days ( ,may & ,june :5 ! buds ( grapes are swell+1 a %9+ /eel-blue beetle may (t5 be f\nd 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ea/]n ,am]ica fe$+ on ! t5d] buds ( ! grape4 ,f its color ! insect is (t5 call$ ! /eely-beetle1 & f its activity & habit ( jump+ x is kn[n z ! flea-beetle 7,haltica *alybea74 ,! v9e is seldom s]i\sly injur$ by ?is pe/ b _m buds are de/roy$1 caus+ ! loss ( ! fruit t %\ld h develop$ f ! buds4 ,x is true t new buds (t5 develop aft] ! injury1 b ^!1 z a rule1 produce only foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,eggs ( grape-v9e flea-beetle4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! flea-beetle is su* t ! pe/ is n h>d to control1 ! *ief /eps 9 its developm5t be+ z foll[s3 ,! beetles deposit small orange-color$ eggs1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dj1 ab\t ! buds & 9 crevices ( ! b>k ( ! canes 9 ,may or ,june4 ,mo/ ( ^! eggs are hat*$ by ! middle ( ,june4 ,! l>v fe$ ^u ! foliage until ab\t ,july fir/ & !n crawl to ! gr\nd 9 :i* !y =m cells & pupate4 ,! latt] "p ( ,july ! adults em]ge & seek wild v9es ^u :i* !y fe$1 ent]+ hib]nation r e>ly 9 ! fall4 ,! beetles hib]nate "u leaves1 9 rubbi% & 9 ! %elt] ( ! b>k ( trees & v9es1 b em]ge 9 ! w>m days ! foll[+ spr+ to seek v9ey>ds4 ,two me?ods ( control h be5 develop$ to keep ?is pe/ "u4 ,! v9es %\ld be spray$ ) ?ree p\nds ( ars5ate ( lead 9 fifty gallons ( wat] :5 ! l>v are fe$+ on ! foliage2 or ! beetles :5 fe$+ may be knock$ into a pan conta9+ a %all[ lay] ( k]os5e4 ,! =m] is ! *eap] & m effective me?od provid$ ! grape-gr[] has ! =esight to discov] ! l>v1 s9ce ! l>v ( ?is summ] produce ! beetles t w de/roy ! buds next spr+4 ,:5 ! adults migrate f wild v9es1 or ! l>v 7 n de/roy$ 9 ! v9ey>d1 collect+ ! adults is ! only practical me?od4 ,! de/ruction ( wild v9es ne> a v9ey>d helps to give immunity f ?is pe/4 ,! rose-*af]4 ,! rose-*af] 7,macrodactylus subsp9osus71 a long-legg$ beetle ( a yell[i%-br[n color1 ab\t a ?ird ( an in* 9 l5g?1 (t5 appe>s 9 v9ey>ds 9 va/ sw>ms t[>d ! middle ( ,june 9 nor!rn /ates & ab\t two weeks e>li] 9 s\!rn /ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,(t5 !y ov]run g>d5s1 or*>ds1 v9ey>ds & nurs]ies1 & usually1 aft] hav+ done a va/ am\nt ( damage 9 ! mon? ( _! deva/at+ pres5ce1 ! beetles disappe> z sudd5ly z !y came4 ,v9ey>ds on or ne> s&y soils are mo/ (t5 infe/$1 ! l>v ( ! beetle seem+ to live 9 consid]able numb]s only 9 ^! light soils4 ,! *ief damage to ! grape is done to ! blossom2 9 fact ! insects1 aft] fe$+ on ! blossoms dur+ ! blossom+ p]iod1 usually migrate to blossoms ( any "o ( sev]al %rubs4 ,! l>v fe$ on ! roots ( grasses1 hav+ p>ticul> lik+ = ! roots ( foxtail1 timo?y & blue-grass4 ,"s k ( ! life hi/ory ( ^! beetles is ess5tial to effective control4 ,! beetles em]ge z adults 9 ,june & aft] fe$+ a %ort "t beg9 to mate1 al?\gh egg-lay+ does n take place until ! insects h be5 out = a =tnight or m4 ,! females burr[ into ! soil & deposit _! eggs1 seldom m ?an tw5ty-five 9 numb]1 :i* beg9 to hat* 9 ab\t t5 days4 ,! "y l>v fe$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! summ] on roots ( grasses4 ,!y are seldom f\nd deep] ?an six in*es :ile fe$+1 b z cold wea!r approa*es !y burr[ deep] to avoid sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! foll[+ spr+ !y aga9 come ne> ! surface to fe$4 ,! grubs =m cells f :i* ! pup em]ge1 z we h se51 ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 tim+ _! appe>ance v closely to ! blossom+ ( ,concord grapes4 ,! me?ods ( control are ?ree1 namely3 de/ruction ( ! l>v2 cultivation to kill ! pup2 & spray+ to kill ! beetles4 ,s9ce ! l>v fe$ on ! roots ( grasses 9 s&y soils1 x is easy to locate ! fe$+ gr\nd ( ! pe/ & plant x to cultivat$ crops :i* de/roy ! grasses & !re=e ! l>v4 ,! second me?od ( de/ruction is simil>1 consi/+ ( cultivation to kill ! pup4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ?or\gh cultivation dur+ ! pupat+ /age to break ! cells & cru% ! pup1 ?us prev5t+ ! em]g5ce ( ! beetles4 ,! ?ird me?od1 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ effective & consi/s ( spray+ ! v9ey>d ) a sweet5$ ars5ical spray4 ,! spray+ %\ld be done z soon z ! beetles appe>1 us+ ars5ate ( lead six p\nds1 molasses "o gallon & wat] "o hundr$ gallons4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to make a second application a week lat]4 ,if ra9 occurs )9 ?irty-six h\rs aft] spray+1 ! application %\ld be repeat$ z soon z ! wea!r cle>s4 ,! grape leaf-hopp]4 ,f ,canada to ! ,gulf & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 :]ev] ! grape is gr[n1 ! small leaf-hopp] 7,typhlocyba comes7 infe/s ! grape 9 great] or less numb]s1 fe$+ on ! l[] surface ( ! leaf4 ,grape-gr[]s commonly call ^! insects ?rips1 a "n1 h[ev]1 :i* really belongs to a v diff]5t class ( insects4 ,! injury done by ?is pe/ v>ies greatly ) ! season & ! locality1 9 "s regions x be+ comp>atively h>mless & 9 o!rs exce$+ly de/ructive 9 seasons :5 x occurs 9 abundance4 ,!re is great v>iation also 9 individual v9ey>ds1 ^? ne> favorable hib]nat+ places & e>ly spr+ food plants (t5 be+ injur$ s]i\sly season aft] season 9 succession4 ,^! leaf-hopp]s obta9 _! food by pi]c+ ! epid]mis on ! "u side ( ! leaf surface & suck+ ! sap1 & add fur!r injury by ins]t+ _! eggs und]nea? ! sk9 ( ! leaf4 ,! punctures greatly decrease ! />*-produc+ area ( ! leaf ) ! result t ! vigor ( ! plant is l[]$1 & ! quality ( ! fruit decreas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,fir/ f\r /ages ( ! grape leaf-hopp]4 7,enl>g$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,! fif? & ! mature /ages ( ! grape leaf-hopp]4 7,enl>g$47 ,! life hi/ory ( ! leaf-hopp] is v well kn[n4 ,! eggs are deposit$ 9 ,june or e>ly ,july1 & hat* f ,june #ae to ,july #aj 9 ,new ,york1 ! season be+ e>li] or lat] z "o goes s\? or nor?4 ,! "y leaf-hopp]s are w+less1 ! nymph /age1 b rea* ! adult /age 9 late ,july & ,augu/1 at :i* "t _m ( !m mate1 & eggs are laid f :i* a second brood may develop1 al?\gh usually only "o full brood is produc$ 9 a season 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,figures #da & #db %[ ! sev]al life /ages ( ! leaf-hopp]4 ,insects :i* become adults 9 ! latt] "p ( ,july fe$ on ! foliage until autumn & !n seek w9t] qu>t]s1 pass+ ! w9t] 9 ! adult /age "u fall5 leaves1 9 dead grass or o!r simil> protection4 ,! hib]nat+ place mu/ be dry & = ?is reason s&y knolls are mo/ favor$ by ! insects4 ,! adults em]ge 9 ! w>m days ( spr+ & !n seek food fir/ on ! /rawb]ry1 !n migrate to r$ & black raspb]ries or blackb]ries1 if raspb]ries are n pres5t4 ,!y rema9 ^u ^! ho/s until ! grape leaves exp& & !n migrate to ^! to fe$1 lay _! eggs & die4 ,?ree me?ods ( control are 9 use to prev5t ! ravages ( ! leaf-hopp]3 avoid+ ! plant+ ( raspb]ries ne> grapes2 spray+ ) contact insecticides2 & ! de/ruction ( hib]nat+ places4 ,s9ce ! leaf-hopp]s fe$ especially on ! raspb]ry be=e ! leaves ( ! grape h exp&$ 9 ! spr+1 avoid+ plant+ ^! two plants ne> ea* o!r is a v effective me?od ( control4 ,! contact spray mu/ t\* ! body ( ! insect & mu/1 !re=e1 be appli$ be=e ! nymphs develop w+s4 ,! be/ spray is a half p9t ( ,black ,leaf #dj to a hundr$ gallons ( wat] or bordeaux mixture4 ,x is appli$ to ! "u side ( ! foliage by a trail+ hose or by an automatic grape leaf-hopp] spray devis$ by ,f4 ,z4 ,h>tzell & describ$ 9 bullet9 #cdd ( ! ,new ,york ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! de/ruction ( hib]nat+ places is almo/ z effective a me?od ( control z spray+4 ,all we$s & /rong-/alk$ grasses :i* die 9 ! fall & all rubbi% 9 ! v9ey>d %\ld be de/roy$4 ,x is q wor? :ile1 also1 to burn leaves & rubbi% 9 f5ce r[s & wa/e places ne> infe/$ v9ey>ds 9 ! autumn or e>ly w9t]4 ,cov]-crops :i* rema9 gre5 dur+ ! w9t] d n h>bor ! leaf-hopp]s4 ,! grape-b]ry mo?4 ,?is pe/ is widely di/ribut$1 attack+ ! grape :]ev] gr[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! insect fe$s on all v>ieties b is especially de/ructive to grapes ) t5d] sk9s & su* z gr[ 9 compact bun*es4 ,its "w is detect$ usually 9 compact grape clu/]s :]e a numb] ( b]ries are injur$ by a worm4 ,! worm is a d>k-color$ cat]pill>1 ! l>va ( ! grape-b]ry mo? 7,poly*rosis viteana47 ,!re are two broods ( ?is cat]pill>1 ! fir/ ( :i* fe$s on ! /ems & ext]nal portions ( ! "y b]ries1 :ile ! second attacks ! b]ries4 ,! loss to ! fruit-gr[] is ( two k9ds1 ! loss ( ! fruit & ! m>r+ ( clu/]s :i* entails ! co/ ( pick+ out wor?less b]ries4 ,figure #dc %[s ! "w ( ! grape-b]ry mo?4 ,! damage is usually greate/ ne> woodl&s s9ce ! trees cause m sn[ to lodge 9 ! adjo9+ v9ey>ds1 ?is protection p]mitt+ a great] p]c5tage ( pup to survive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,a bun* ( grapes despoil$ by ! grape-b]ry mo?4 ,! mo? passes ! w9t] 9 ! pupal /ate on leaves und]nea? ! v9e1 em]g+ ab\t ! "t grapes are blossom+4 ,! sexes !n mate & ! eggs are laid on ! /ems1 blossom clu/]s & newly set fruit4 ,aft] rea*+ full gr[?1 ! cat]pill>s cut out a portion ( ! leaf f :i* !y make a pupal case by means ( silk5 ?reads1 & "h pupate = ! second brood :i* em]ges 9 late ,july & ,augu/4 ,eggs are laid at once & f ^! come ! cat]pill>s :i* live entirely 9 ! b]ry4 ,! l>v leave ! b]ries ab\t ! "t ! fruit is ripe1 =m cocoons on ! leaves & hib]nate4 ,! mo?s are small1 br[n 9 color1 mottl$ ) gray & s mu* ! color ( ! grape cane t !y c h>dly be detect$ :5 re/+ on ! wood4 ,! grape-b]ry mo? is difficult to control b mu* c be done to curtail its ravages4 ,spray+ aft] ! fruit sets is ! mo/ effective prev5tive4 ,bordeaux mixture %\ld be us$ 7#d-d-ej7 to :i* has be5 add$ "o & "o-half p\nds ( res9-fi%-oil soap & ?ree p\nds ars5ate ( lead4 ,a second application ( ! same spray is advisable 9 e>ly ,augu/4 ,9 a small v9ey>d or ) a slight infe/ation1 x (t5 pays to pick & de/roy ! b]ries infe/$ by ! spr+ brood4 ,pl[+ infe/$ v9ey>ds 9 late fall or e>ly spr+ to bury all leaves prev5ts ! em]g5ce ( _m ( ! mo?s4 ,to be effective1 ?is practice mu/ cov] ! leaves deeply directly "u ! v9es & ?is e>? mu/ rema9 until aft] ! "t = ! adults to em]ge4 ,pl[+ "u leaves is n z effective on s&y z on heavy soils1 s9ce s&y soils d n become suffici5tly compact to prev5t ! escape ( mo?s4 ,insect pe/s ( m9or importance4 ,( ! #bjj species ( insects t fe$ m or less on ! grape1 entomologi/s m5tion sev]al o!rs ?an ^? describ$ t 9 occasional ye>s or localities become abundant & cause s]i\s injury4 ,?us1 !re are sev]al species ( cut-worms :i* sometimes fe$ on ! exp&+ buds ( ! "y leaves ( grapes4 ,! damage ( ^! cut-worms to ! grape is great] 9 ,cali=nia ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b nev]!less !y occasionally fe$ on ! v9es 9 ea/]n regions to ! detrim5t ( ! crop4 ,! mo/ satisfactory control measure = cut-worms is ! application ( poison$ bait plac$ on ! gr\nd at ! base ( ! v9es4 ,9 ,cali=nia !re is a grape root-worm 7,adoxus obscurus7 q di/9ct f ! grape root-worm ( ea/]n ,am]ica :i* injures bo? ! roots & ! p>ts ( ! v9e above gr\nd4 ,z 9 ! ea/]n species1 ! be/ evid5ce ( infe/ation ( ?is pe/ is ! n>r[ *a9-l /rips eat5 out ( ! leaves1 ?\gh ! insect also g\ges out "p ( ! petioles1 p$icels1 b]ries & %oots & works "u gr\nd1 eat+ ! rootlets & b>k ( ! l>g] roots4 ,infe/$ v9es %[ a /unt$ condition1 ! canes fail to atta9 a normal gr[? & (t5 ! v9es are kill$ outright4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ea/]n species1 ?is root-worm is ! l>va ( a beetle1 ! life hi/ory ( ! insect n be+ greatly diff]5t f t ( ! ea/]n beetle4 ,two me?ods ( control are fairly effective3 ! adult beetles may be j>r$ f ! v9e & captur$ on a scre5 :5 ! infe/ation is re/rict$ to small areas2 or ! beetles may be poison$ ) ! ars5ical spray recomm5d$ = ! ea/]n species4 ,bo? j>r+ & spray+ (t5 h to be repeat$ z new infe/ations appe>4 ,! grape leaf-fold] 7,desmia fun]alis7 is ano!r insect pe/ ( v9ey>ds 9 ,cali=nia1 & occasionally 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* works1 h[ev]1 only 9 re/rict$ localities & 9 occasional ye>s4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! insects are detect$ 9 a v9ey>d by ! *>act]i/ic roll+ ( ! leaves 9 :i* a tube r less ?an ! diamet] ( a lead p5cil is =m$ = ! home ( ! l>v4 ,! l>v fe$ on ! free edge ( ! leaf 9 ! int]ior ( ! roll & are ?us protect$ by ! out] lay]s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! cat]pill> m]ely folds ! edges ( ! leaves toge!r4 ,?is leaf-fold] hib]nates z a *rysalis1 com+ =? 9 e>ly spr+ to lay eggs on ! v9e %ortly aft] ! foliage has appe>$4 ,!re are two broods 9 ,cali=nia & ! nor!rn /ates & ?ree broods 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! leaf-fold] is easily dispos$ ( by spray+ ) an ars5ical spray j aft] ! eggs hat* & be=e ! l>va is protect$ by its roll ( leaves4 ,/ill ano!r pe/ f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & especially de/ructive 9 ,cali=nia is ! hawk-mo? 7,pholus a*emon71 ! l>v ( :i* occasionally d s]i\s damage to small areas ( v9es4 ,^! l>v are v simil> to ! l>ge worms1 famili> to all1 :i* attack ! tomato & tobacco4 ,! insect hib]nates 9 ! pupal /ate 9 ! gr\nd :]e x may be di/+ui%$ z a l>ge cyl9drical object ( d>k br[n color4 ,! mo?s em]ge ab\t ! middle ( ,may & deposit _! eggs on ! leaves ( ! grape1 ^u :i* ! l>v :5 hat*$ imm$iately beg9 to fe$4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ^! hawk-mo?s1 all ( :i* h ess5tially ! same life hi/ory4 ,x is n a difficult pe/ to control s9ce ! l>v are easily kill$ ) ars5ical sprays2 or if !re are b occasional specim5s !y may be pick$ by h&4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ! hawk-mo? :i* attack ! grape b ?is is ! common "o4 ,9 ea/]n grape-gr[+ regions1 !re are two o!r de/ructive grape insects widely di/ribut$1 b ea* notewor?y z pe/s only 9 ! ,appala*ian region ( ,we/ ,virg9ia & neighbor+ /ates4 ,"o is ! grape-curculio 7,craponius 9qualis71 n ess5tially diff]5t f ! famili> curculio ( ! plum & *]ry4 ,?is sn\t-beetle fe$s freely on ! upp] surface ( ! leaves & ! b>k ( fruit /ems1 & ! female 9 lay+ eggs dev\rs ! tissues ( ! grapes 9 excavat+ h] egg *amb]4 ,! grape-curculio is effectively de/roy$ by spray+ ) an ars5ical spray 9 ! spr+ z ! beetles appe> on ! v9es & be=e egg-lay+ beg9s4 ,ano!r insect pe/ ( ?is region is ! grape-v9e root-bor] 7,memy?rus poli/i=mis7 closely alli$ to ! pea*-bor]1 kn[n by all fruit-gr[]s & ! squa%-v9e bor] kn[n to ! gr[]s ( vegetables4 ,?is bor] is ! l>va ( a mo? & is a :iti% grub ) a br[n head :i*1 :5 fully gr[n1 is ab\t "o & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! body is sl5d]1 di/9ctly segm5t$ & has a sp>se cov]+ ( %ort1 /iff hairs4 ,^! l>v burr[ into ! grape-root1 at fir/ conf9+ !mselves to ! s(t] portions ( ! b>k1 (t5 encircl+ ! root sev]al times1 b lat] bore ) ! gra9 ( ! wood & by ! end ( ! season s de/roy ! roots z to leave only ! ?9 membrane ( ! out] b>k intact4 ,?is pe/ is difficult to deal )4 ,! bor]s _c be remov$ by worm+ z 9 ! pea*1 & nei!r c ! roots be protect$ by sprays or wa%es4 ,no "o v>iety ( ! grape seems m immune ?an ano!r4 ,?or\gh cultivation 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july to de/roy ! insects :ile 9 _! cocoons at ! surface ( ! gr\nd seems to be ! only me?od ( /opp+ _! ravages1 & ?is is n always effective4 ,,fung\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,grape ,! grape is ravag$ by f\r or five fung\s diseases 9 ,am]ica1 unless ! utmo/ vigilance is ex]cis$ to keep ! p>asites 9 *eck4 ,happily = comm]cial viticulture1 !re are regions1 z we h se5 9 ! description ( grape regions 9 ,*apt] ,i1 s =tunate 9 _! fre$om f fung\s diseases t !re is little unc]ta9ty 9 grape-gr[+ & b small exp5se 9 controll+ diseases4 ,also mod]n sci5ce has discov]$ ! life hi/ory ( all ! important diseases & devis$ fairly effective means ( combat+ !m4 ,all ( ! fung\s p>asites ( ! grape 9 ,am]ica are indig5\s1 hav+ long subsi/$ on wild v9es4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 all widely di/ribut$1 & z cultivation has pres5t$ to !m great numb]s ( grape plants 9 cont9u\s areas1 ! diseases h increas$ rapidly 9 int5sity1 at times h swept l wildfire ?r\gh grape regions deva/at+ & utt]ly ru9+ great areas ( v9es4 ,means1 h[ev]1 are n[ at h& 9 rem$ial & prev5tive treatm5t1 :i*1 :ile because ( co/ may n p]mit ! grapes to be gr[n pr(itably 9 all p>ts ( ,am]ica1 d p]mit _! culture = home use 9 practically all agricultural di/ricts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4--,empire ,/ate 7#b_/c74 ,black-rot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,"w ( black-rot ( ! grape4 ,?is is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ & ! mo/ de/ructive fung\s disease ( ! grape 9 ! region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,=tunately1 x is unkn[n on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! disease is caus$ by a p>asitic fungus 7,guign>dia ,bidwellii7 :i* ga9s entrance to ! grape plant by means ( m9ute spores di/ribut$ *iefly by w9d & ra94 ,black-rot passes ! w9t] 9 mummi$ grapes1 on dead t5drils or on small1 dead areas on ! canes4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! fungus spreads f ^! spots to ! leaves & =ms br[n leaf spots ab\t a f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or oblong1 black spots on ! %oots1 leaves1 petioles & t5drils4 ,lat] ! disease spreads to ! fruits1 n usually attract+ att5tion until ! b]ries are at lea/ half gr[n4 ,soon aft] ! ravages ( ! fungus become app>5t on ! b]ries1 ! fruits turn black1 %rivel & become cov]$ ) m9ute black pu/ules :i* conta9 ! summ]-spores4 ,figure #dd %[s ! "w ( black-rot4 ,9 ! w9t] & spr+1 ano!r =m call$ ! w9t]- or re/+-spore is produc$ ^u ^! old1 %rivel$1 mummi$ b]ries1 & ^! c>ry ! disease ov] f "o season to ano!r4 ,s9ce ! disease is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 mummi$ fruits & diseas$ wood1 ! desirability ( de/roy+ ^! mummi$ grapes & ! leaves & prun+s ( infect$ v9es z soon z possible is app>5t4 ,?is treatm5t1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t1 & ! disease c be effectually controll$ only by ?or\gh spray+ ) bordeaux mixture 7#d-d-ej74 ,! fir/ application %\ld be made j be=e ! grape blossoms2 ! second1 %ortly aft] blossom+4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ial appli$ matt]s less ?an ev5ness 9 di/ribution & f95ess ( ! spray z appli$4 ,9 ra9y seasons1 p]haps a ?ird or a f\r? application %\ld be made 9 regions :]e ! disease is s]i\s2 ! ?ird is made :5 ! b]ries are ! size ( a pea2 ! f\r?1 z ! b]ries become l>ge en\gh to t\* ea* o!r4 ,d[ny-mildew4 ,d[ny-mildew 7,plasmop>a viticola7 rivals black-rot = fir/ place among fung\s diseases ( ! grape4 ,x is f\nd 9 all grape regions ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s b does mo/ h>m 9 nor!rn localities4 ,l black-rot1 d[ny-mildew attacks all ! t5d] gr[+ p>ts ( ! v9e1 b is *iefly f\nd on ! foliage & is usually less de/ructive ?an black-rot4 ,z fir/ se5 on ! foliage1 ! "w ( ! fungus appe>s z gre5i%-yell[1 irregul> spots ^u ! upp] surface :i* lat] become r$di%-br[n4 ,at ! same "t on ! "u surface ( ! leaf1 a ?91 :ite d[ny gr[? puts =?4 ,! spores ( ! fungus are produc$ on ?is d[ny gr[?1 & "u favorable conditions are di/ribut$ by w9d & wat] to all t5d] p>ts ( ! v9e1 :]e !y g]m9ate & beg9 _! "w ( de/ruction4 ,! fruit is attack$ :5 p>tly gr[n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 becom+ cov]$ ) ! gray d[n ( ! fungus1 ! gray-rot ( ! grape-gr[]4 ,if ! b]ries escape ! disease until half gr[n1 ! fungus causes a br[ni%-purple spot t soon cov]s ! :ole grape1 giv+ ! disease at ?is /age ! "n ( br[n-rot4 ,besides ! summ]-spores1 ano!r =m ( reproductive bodies is produc$ 9 ! w9t] to c>ry ! fungus ?r\gh ! re/+ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,grapes attack$ by d[ny-mildew4 ,d[ny-mildew1 l black-rot1 spreads mo/ rapidly & does mo/ injury 9 hot1 wet wea!r4 ,z ) practically all diseases ( ! grape1 mu* c be accompli%$ 9 ! way ( control ( ! disease by de/roy+ infe/$ leaves1 %oots & b]ries :i* conta9 ! w9t] spores1 b ^! sanit>y measures are n suffici5tly effective & v9ey>ds mu/ be spray$ z recomm5d$ = black-rot1 except t ! fir/ application %\ld be made be=e ! blossom-buds appe>4 ,p[d]y-mildew4 ,less tr\blesome ?an d[ny-mildew 9 ! ,ea/1 p[d]y-mildew 7,unc9ula necator71 unless *eck$1 is capable ( de/roy+ ! entire crop ( ,european grapes on ! ,pacific slope4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x sometimes causes great loss on ! sev]al v>ieties kn[n z ,rog]s hybrids &1 curi\sly en\gh1 is (t5 a r s]i\s disease ( ! ,concord4 ,! disease is caus$ by a sup]ficial fungus :i* passes ! w9t] on fall5 leaves & also on ! canes4 ,! spores beg9 to g]m9ate a few weeks aft] ! grape blossoms1 b ! disease is n (t5 f\nd until ! grapes are ne>ly half gr[n4 ,! f9e :ite filam5ts ( ! fungus1 :i* con/itute ! vegetative portion ( ! p>asite1 !n attack ! leaves1 %oots & fruit1 s5d+ up %ort irregul> bran*es on :i* great numb]s ( spores are borne4 ,^! give ! upp] surface ( ! leaf a gray1 p[d]y appe>ance1 h5ce ! "n4 ,ev5tually ! diseas$ leaves become light br[n & if ! disease is sev]e1 soon fall4 ,infect$ b]ries take on a gray1 scurfy appe>ance1 speckl$ ) br[n1 are *eck$ 9 gr[? & (t5 bur/ on "o side1 expos+ ! se$s4 ,! b]ries1 h[ev]1 d n become s(t & %runk5 z :5 attack$ by ! d[ny-mildew4 ,! disease passes ! w9t] 9 re/+-spores produc$ late 9 ! gr[+ season4 ,p[d]y-mildew diff]s f o!r fung\s diseases ( ! grape 9 be+ m preval5t 9 hot1 dry seasons ?an 9 cold1 wet ones4 ,9 ea/]n ,am]ica p[d]y-mildew is controll$ by ! treatm5t recomm5d$ = black-rot4 ,:5 black-rot is n preval5t1 two sprays ) bordeaux mixture are recomm5d$2 ! fir/ 9 e>ly ,july & ! second ab\t two weeks lat]4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/1 h[ev]1 p[d]y-mildew or odium z x is (t5 call$ !re1 ! "n com+ f ,europe1 is m *eaply & m successfully combat$ by du/+ ) fl[]s ( sulfur4 ,du/+ is (t5 done by h& or ) p]=at$ cans b ?is is wa/eful & unc]ta91 & any "o ( sev]al sulfur-spray]s may be us$ :i* does ! "w bett]4 ,an?racnose4 ,ano!r widespread disease is an?racnose 7,sphaceloma ampel9um71 call$ birds-eye-rot because ( ! peculi> spots produc$ on ! affect$ fruits1 :i* attacks leaves1 %oots & fruits ( ! v9e4 ,x fir/ appe>s on ! leaves 9 small1 irregul>1 d>k br[n sunk5 spots ) a d>k m>g94 ,lat] x appe>s on ! fruits1 hav+ mu* ! same appe>ance ?\gh ! spots are usually l>g] & m sunk51 ! disease be+ mo/ *>act]i/ic on ! fruit1 h[ev]4 ,frequ5tly two or m spots unite & s cov] ! great] "p ( ! b]ry4 ,! fruits become h>d1 m or less wr9kl$1 & ! diseas$ area (t5 ruptures1 expos+ ! se$1 mu* z ) p[d]y-mildew4 ,! spores ( ! fungus are produc$ 9 great numb]s on diseas$ areas dur+ ! gr[+ season & are borne on ?read-l filam5ts :i* live ?r\gh\t ! w9t] 9 ! tissues ( ! v9e & are ready = new gr[? 9 ! spr+4 ,w9t]-spores h n yet be5 discov]$4 ,an?racnose is widely di/ribut$ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica b seldom causes great or g5]al loss1 mo/ ( ! comm]cial grapes be+ relatively immune to ! disease4 ,a few sorts r commonly gr[n 9 home v9ey>ds1 z ,diamond1 ,brighton & ,agawam1 suff] mo/ f an?racnose4 ,spray+ ) bordeaux mixture1 z recomm5d$ = black-rot1 is usually suffici5t to keep ! disease 9 *eck4 ,dead-arm disease4 ,a tr\blesome disease ( rec5t appe>ance is n[ do+ consid]able damage 9 ! ,*autauqua grape-belt along ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie1 be+ mo/ common on ! ,concord4 ,f ! fact t x is usually f\nd on "o arm ( ! v9e x is call$ dead-arm disease 7,cryptosporella viticola47 ,! disease is caus$ by a fungus :i* passes ! w9t] 9 small1 black fruit+ bodies 9 ! dead p>ts ( ! v9e4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+ ! fungus spreads by means ( spores to ! "y %oots & lat] 9 ! season attacks mature b]ries1 produc+ small1 black1 oblong spots ( black-rot4 ,soon] or lat]1 if ! diseas$ %oot is n cut (f1 ! fungus spreads to ! arms or trunk ( ! v9e1 produc+ a sl[1 dry rot :i* ev5tually kills ! affect$ "p4 ,=tunately1 ! pres5ce ( ! disease is quickly detect$ by small yell[i% leaves1 mu* crimp$ ab\t ! m>g94 ,! fungus is easily controll$ by m>k+ ! diseas$ arms :5 ! fir/ symptoms appe> & cutt+ ^! (f at prun+ "t4 ,if ! v9e is mu* mutilat$ by su* prun+1 usually suck]s c be br\ght up f b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd to r5ew ! v9e4 ,! applications ( bordeaux mixture recomm5d$ = black-rot are valuable 9 prev5t+ ! dead-arm disease4 ,! disease is l>gely prev5t$ by r5ew+ ! old wood ( ! v9e z soon z ! trunk beg9s to %[ a gn>l$ appe>ance4 ,%ell+4 ,9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! ,*autauqua grape-belt1 grape-gr[]s n infrequ5tly lose a l>ge "p ( ! crop by ! premature fall+ ( ! grapes f ! /ems4 ,! tr\ble is an anci5t "o & is designat$ z %ell+ or rattl+4 ,?is premature dropp+ usually beg9s at ! end ( a clu/]1 & clu/]s f>!/ f ! trunk are e>lie/ affect$4 ,:5 v9ey>ds suff] badly f ?is %ell+1 ! v9es (t5 take on a sickly appe>ance1 ! foliage fall+ (f 9 color & ! out] m>g9s ( ! leaves dry+ up m or less4 ,! fall5 fruit has an insipid ta/e & is1 ( c\rse1 wor?less ev5 if x c\ld be h>ve/$4 ,! cause ( ! tr\ble is n kn[n4 ,grapes may rattle on high l& or l[ l&1 on poor soil or ri* soil1 on heavy or light soil4 ,a v9ey>d may be affect$ "o ye> & n ! next4 ,grape-gr[]s usually attribute ! tr\ble to faulty nutrition1 b applications ( f]tiliz]s h n prov$ a prev5tive4 ,old & well-e/abli%$ v9ey>ds seem fre] f ! tr\ble ?an new & poorly e/abli%$ plant+s4 ,! mo/ reasonable !ory z to ! cause ( %ell+ is t x comes f faulty nutrition ( ! v9e1 b ! conditions s affect+ ! nutrition are n yet satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,diseases ( m9or importance4 ,ripe-rot or bitt]-rot 7,glom]ella rufomaculans7 is a disease due to ! same fungus caus+ ! bitt]-rot ( ! apple4 ,z ! "n indicates1 ! disease usually appe>s on ! fruit at rip5+ "t & "u favorable conditions cont9ues aft] ! grapes are pick$4 ,x may also attack ! leaves & /ems4 ,! fir/ indication ( ! fungus is ! appe>ance ( r$di%-br[n spots :i* spread & ev5tually cov] ! :ole fruit4 ,! b]ries d n %rivel1 b ! rott$ surface becomes dott$ ) pu/ules 9 :i* ! spores are borne4 ,x is h>d to tell h[ mu* damage ?is disease does1 b x is n usually great & ! late applications ( bordeaux mixture = black-rot or p[d]y-mildew are v effective 9 controll+ x4 ,cr[n-gall1 n[ kn[n to be a bact]ial disease :i* causes knots or galls on ! roots ( v>i\s wild & cultivat$ plants1 sometimes attacks grape roots or ev5 ! v9es above gr\nd4 ,occasionally1 ! disease is r s]i\s1 b x is n (t5 to be reckon$ ) 9 ! v9ey>d regions ( ,am]ica4 ,fungicides are useless 9 combat+ ! disease & all t c be done is to ex]cise great c>e 9 plant+ infect$ /ock4 ,x is d\btful :e!r cr[n-gall ev] s]i\sly injures v9es 9 nor!rn regions1 al?\gh x may occasionally d s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ,cali=nia !re is a some:at my/]i\s disease kn[n z ,anaheim disease1 because ( its hav+ fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ! vic9ity ( ,anaheim4 ,z ne> z c be le>n$1 ! disease fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahhd & !n spread rapidly f =ty to fifty miles f ! po9t :]e x began its ravages1 caus+ direct & indirect loss ( _m millions ( doll>s1 & lead+ to ! ab&onm5t ( grape-gr[+ 9 "s p>ts ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,=tunately1 9 rec5t ye>s ! ,anaheim disease is less aggressive b /ill does m or less damage4 ,! nature & ! treatm5t ( ?is disease are n z yet fully det]m9$1 al?\gh sev]al exp]im5t]s are /udy+ ! tr\ble4 ,cali=nians ^: v9ey>ds suff] f ?is disease %\ld apply to ! exp]im5t /ation at ,b]keley = ! late/ in=mation 9 reg>d to x4 ,c\lure is ano!r tr\ble ( ! v9e 9 ,cali=nia ( :i* little is yet kn[n1 ei!r z to cause or treatm5t4 ,! t]m signifies ! failure ( ! fruit to set or to rema9 on ! clu/]s4 ,! tr\ble occurs 9 v>y+ degrees f ! loss ( a few b]ries to ! complete %ell+ ( ! fruit f ! /em4 ,x is worse 9 "s localities ?an o!rs & 9 "s v>ieties ?an o!rs4 ,v>i\s causes h be5 assign$ to ! disease1 *ief ( :i*1 & mo/ probable1 are unfavorable climatic conditions4 ,,control ,,( ,,insects ,,& ,,diseases ,f ! numb] ( insects & diseases f\nd on ! grape1 x w\ld seem t1 lit]ally1 pe/il5ce walke? 9 d>kness & de/ruction wa/e? at noonday 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ! c\ntry4 ,b n _m ( ! ills t grape-fle% is heir to are ev] f\nd 9 "o region1 & ! v9ey>d is seldom attack$ by _m diseases or insects 9 a s+le season4 ,!re 0 a "t1 z we h said be=e1 :5 grape-gr[]s 7 s beset by pe/s :i* !y c\ld n control1 t viticulture 0 "o ( ! mo/ unc]ta9 fields 9 agriculture4 ,b "o brilliant discov]y aft] ano!r has br\ght ! pe/s ( ! grape "u ! h& ( man until n[ !re are b few t ne$ cause mu* exp5se 9 treatm5t or worry z to ! outcome4 ,plants _c be attack$ by diseases unless infection is p]mitt$4 ,x foll[s t by prop] sanitation mo/ ( ! insect pe/s ( ! v9e c be kept out ( ! v9ey>d4 ,v9ey>d sanitation4 ,by *ang+ or modify+ environm5t1 immunity c be secur$ f _m ( ! pe/s ( ! grape & damage may be r$uc$ ) mo/ if n all4 ,cultivation1 z has be5 not$ "u sev]al insect pe/s & "o or two ( ! diseases ( ! grape1 is an effective me?od ( elim9at+ grape pe/s4 ,9 ! case ( insects1 x de/roys ! insects !mselves & ! hib]nat+ places z well4 ,! v9ey>d %\ld nev] be kept 9 sod1 b always "u ?or\gh & frequ5t cultivation4 ,v9ey>d sanitation is greatly improv$1 also1 if cov]-crops :i* rema9 gre5 dur+ ! w9t] are plant$ aft] ! la/ cultivation4 ,cultivation %\ld usually be prec$$ by deep pl[+ 9 ! fall or spr+ to turn "u fall5 leaves & we$s or grass 9 :i* hib]nat+ insects may pass ! w9t]4 ,! surr\nd+s ( ! v9ey>d %\ld be look$ aft]4 ,f5ce-r[s & wa/e l&s :i* _c be cultivat$ may (t5 be burn$ ov] to de/roy ! hib]nat+ places ( grape insects4 ,z a rule1 x is unwise to plant ! bramble b]ries or ev5 /rawb]ries 9 v9ey>ds1 or adjo9+ v9ey>ds1 s9ce ^! plants af=d hib]nat+ places & food plants = "s ( ! grape insects1 especially ! de/ructive leaf-hopp]4 ,la/ly1 precaution %\ld be tak5 by de/roy+ all wild grape-v9es ne> v9ey>ds1 z ^! frequ5tly h>bor insects & diseases1 ! flea-beetle f9d+ ! wild grape-v9e almo/ a necessity to its exi/5ce4 ,spray+4 ,def9ite rules _c be laid d[n = spray+ v9ey>ds ! c\ntry ov]4 ,! lit]ature on ?is subject is pl5tiful 9 any /ate 9 :i* grapes are l>gely gr[n1 )9 ! rea* ( ! grape-gr[]1 & is n difficult to und]/& once x is 9 h&4 ,e grape-gr[] %\ld secure & /udy ! publications ( ! /ate exp]im5t /ations hav+ to d ) ! control ( insects & diseases4 ,! numb] ( applications & ! sprays to be us$ v>y greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,on ! ,pacific slope ! only application ye>ly requir$ 9 mo/ v9ey>d regions is du/+ ) fl[]s ( sulfur = p[d]y-mildew4 ,sev]al o!r pe/s may1 h[ev]1 f ye> to ye>1 or 9 "o locality or ano!r1 require special treatm5t4 ,9 ! grape regions ( ,new ,york1 _m grape-gr[]s d n spray at all1 b ^! are usually slov5s or procra/9ators ^: pr(its are small & unc]ta94 ,9 ! grape regions ( ! nor!a/]n /ates1 ord]ly v9ey>di/s spray at lea/ once ) bordeaux mixture 7#d-d-ej7 9 :i* is put ?ree p\nds ( ars5ate ( lead1 no matt] h[ few insects & fungi are pres5t4 ,?is treatm5t is giv5 soon aft] ! blossoms fall4 ,9 m s\!rn regions x may be necess>y to make a simil> treatm5t soon aft] ! fir/ leaves appe>1 aga9 aft] ! blossoms fall & e two weeks !reaft] until ! grapes beg9 to turn 9 color1 mak+ z _m z f\r1 five or ev5 six applications 9 all4 ,to ^! regul> applications ( bordeaux mixture & ars5ate ( lead1 contact insecticides1 z "s ( ! nicot9e prep>ations1 may h to be add$2 or1 = special purposes z specifi$ 9 discuss+ ! sev]al pe/s1 *eap molasses is add$4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! grape c be gr[n ) comm]cial success :]e insects & fungi prevail & are s pe/if]\s z to require annually m ?an two or ?ree applications ( spray+ mixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4--,h]b]t 7#b_/c74 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,m>ket+ ,,! ,,crops ,,& ,,v9ey>d ,,returns ,viticulture1 z all divisions ( agriculture1 is made up ( two q di/9ct phases ( activity3 gr[+ ! crop & m>ket+ ! crop4 ,! subjects to be treat$ 9 ?is & ! next *apt] belong r m to m>ket+ ?an to cultural activities4 ,treat$ 9 detail1 ^! op]ations con/itute matt] suffici5t = a sep>ate treatise1 & only an outl9e ( pres5t practices is 9 place 9 a text su* z ?is devot$ to ! culture ( ! fruit4 ,! sev]al op]ations to be discuss$ are pick+1 pack+1 /or+1 %ipp+ & m>ket+4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,& ,,nor? ,z ! consummation ( ! c>e ( ! v9e1 ! 9-ga!r+ ( ! crop is celebrat$ 9 all ,european c\ntries ) rejoic+s 9 song1 dance & mir?4 ,9 ,am]ica ! v9tage is less ( an ev5t ?an 9 ,europe1 b x is m picturesque & div]t+ ?an ! h>ve/ ( mo/ o!r crops4 ,x is "w 9 :i* y\? & old age1 z well z ^? 9 ! prime ( life 9 bo? sexes1 c take "p & is reput$ z a mo/ heal?ful occupation4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! grape h>ve/ 9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,europe1 has some:at ! air ( a holiday1 s t work]s are usually readily f\nd = ! sev]al op]ations ( h>ve/+4 ,labor]s come z grapes beg9 to rip5 f ne>-by cities & t[ns & neighbor+ c\ntry-sides 9 su* numb]s t ! c>e ( ! crop is spe$ily accompli%$4 ,pick]s4 ,z a rule1 pick]s are hir$ by ! piece r ?an by ! day1 exp]i5ce hav+ demon/rat$ t s paid !y d m & bett] "w4 ,!re is usually mu* div]sity 9 race1 age & condition ( life ( pick]s s t h>moni\s & effici5t "w is sc>cely possible )\t a compet5t =eman 9 *>ge :o mu/ (t5 be assi/$ by a sub-=eman4 ,effici5t sup]vision d\bles ! pick+ capacity ( a gang ( work]s1 &1 moreov]1 is necess>y to see t ! fruit is pick$ & pack$ ) prop] c>e4 ,9 hir+ pick]s1 x is usually /ipulat$ t a "p ( ! pay is to be res]v$ until ! close ( ! season2 o!rwise ^? dispos$ to h a holiday leave :5 ! wea!r becomes unpleasant or seek gre5] pa/ures :5 ! grapes become sc>ce4 ,"t to pick4 ,unlike "s fruits1 grapes mu/ n be pick$ until !y are fully ripe1 z unripe grapes d n mature aft] pick+4 ,grapes n matur$ lack ! necess>y p]c5tage ( sug> & solids to keep well & h n develop$ _! full flavor4 ,_m gr[]s make ! mi/ake ( s5d+ grapes to ! m>ket be=e fully ripe1 a mi/ake easily made ) "s v>ieties because !y acquire full color be=e full maturity4 ,color1 !re=e1 is n a good guide z to ! "t to pick4 ,9 ! nor!rn & ea/]n /ates1 late v>ieties ( grapes may be all[$ to hang on ! v9es = "s little "t aft] maturity1 ! late autumn suns giv+ !m a high] degree ( sweetness & p]fection4 ,"s gr[]s run ! risks ( light fro/s to fur!r maturity & to secure ! add$ advantage ( ! removal ( _m leaves f ! v9es4 ,rip5ess is indicat$ by a comb9ation ( signs difficult to describe b easily le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,^! signs are3 fir/1 a *>act]i/ic color2 second1 full developm5t ( flavor & aroma2 ?ird1 a s(t] texture ( ! pulp & a slight ?ick5+ ( ! juice s t x is m or less /icky2 f\r?1 ! ends ( ! /ems turn f gre5 to br[n2 fif?1 ! b]ries pull m readily f _! /ems2 six?1 ! se$s are free or m ne>ly free f ! pulp & usually turn f gre5 to br[n4 ,pick+ appliances4 ,b few appliances are ne$$ 9 pick+ grapes4 ,%e>s are a necessity4 ,^! are ( special make & c be b\ght f deal]s 9 horticultural supplies1 co/+ f #ge c5ts to #a4 ,"s gr[]s1 aft] pick+1 pack ! fruit 9 ! field 9 ! receptacles 9 :i* x is to g to m>ket4 ,! great] numb]1 h[ev]1 pick 9 trays :i* are tak5 to ! pack+-h\se & all[$ to /& until ! fruit is wilt$ be=e pack+ = %ipm5t4 ,trays may be ( sev]al sizes & %apes1 b are usually %all[ flats hold+ f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five p\nds4 ,! pick$ fruit is tak5 f ! v9ey>d to ! pack+-%$ 9 a wagon ) flexible spr+s to prev5t j>r+ & jolt+4 ,l>ge gr[]s usually h specially built "o-horse plat=m wagons1 ! front :eels ( :i* pass "u ! plat=m4 ,pick+ acc\nts4 ,x is no small matt] to keep a pick+ acc\nt ) pick]s4 ,bus9ess-l gr[]s use "o ( sev]al k9ds ( tickets or tags 9 keep+ acc\nts4 ,probably ! mo/ common me?od is to give a ticket to ! pick] :5 ! receptacle ( grapes is deliv]$1 ! gr[] ei!r keep+ half ( ! orig9al or a duplicate ( x4 ,objections to ticket sy/ems are t ! pick]s (t5 lose ! tickets1 are irregul> 9 return+ !m1 or ex*ange !m ) o!r pick]s4 ,to obviate ! disadvantages ( tickets1 "s gr[]s use tags :i* be> ! pick]'s "n & are atta*$ to 8 p]son4 ,^! tags h m>g9al numb]s or divisions :i* are cancel$ by a pun* z pick]s deliv] ! grapes4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is to keep book acc\nts ) ea* pick] 9 :i* case paym5t is made by ! p\nd1 ea* receptacle be+ put on ! scales z br\ght 9 f ! field1 cr$it be+ giv5 = ! numb] ( p\nds4 ,x is ! duty ( ^? 9 *>ge to see t ea* pick] f9i%es ! r[ or ! "p ( ! r[ to :i* he is assign$1 & t he does n w&] ov] ! v9ey>d 9 se>* ( ! be/ pick+4 ,pack+-h\ses & _! appliances4 ,! comm]cial grape-gr[] mu/ h a h\se = pack+ & /or+4 ,h\ses diff] 9 design & fitt+ = almo/ e v9ey>d4 ,sometimes ! h\se is a comb9ation "o = pack+ & /or+4 ,(t5 ! pack+-h\se is a halfway place betwe5 ! v9ey>d & ! %ipp+ /ation1 9 :i* case x is an op5 %$ or a lightly con/ruct$ build+4 ,9 ^! field pack+-h\ses !re are usually no provisions = /or+4 ,! bett] types ( comb9$ h\ses are provid$ ) a cell> = ! /orage ( grapes1 ! fir/ floor is us$ = pack+1 & ! attic provides a place = ! /orage ( baskets & crates4 ,9 all su* h\ses provision mu/ be made = ?or\gh v5tilation1 especially = ! /orage cell> if ! grapes are to be kept = any l5g? ( "t4 ,prop]ly v5tilat$1 ! temp]ature ( ! grape cell> c be kept z l[ z #ej ,f4 dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! cell> floor 9 ^! h\ses is usually ( dirt bett] to regulate ! moi/ure-cont5t ( ! room4 ,(t5 ! fir/ floor is divid$ into two rooms1 "o to be us$ = pack+ & ! o!r z a %ipp+ room4 ,a good comb9ation pack+-&-/orage-h\se ( ?is type c be built = #ajjj to #bjjj4 ,n[ t cold /orage facilities c be secur$ 9 mo/ grape-gr[+ regions1 & ! rates ( /orage are becom+ m reasonable1 !re is less ne$ ( /orage-h\ses4 ,pack+-h\ses are s simple 9 con/ruction & may be s diff]5t 9 design t x is nei!r possible nor necess>y to describe !m 9 detail4 ,a build+ t protects ! work]s f ! elem5ts & af=ds conv5i5ces 9 pack+ s]ves ! purpose4 ,su* a pack+-h\se1 :i* is (t5 locat$ 9 ! v9ey>d1 %\ld be well light$1 %\ld be connect$ ) ! /orage-room = baskets & %\ld h advantages = deliv]+ ! packages f ! /orage-room to ! pack+-room & f ! pack+-room to ! %ipp+-room4 ,its size w dep5d on ! quantities ( grapes to be pack$4 ,! h\se mu/ be built s t x c be kept clean & sweet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,pack+ grapes on a pack+-table4 ,e pack+-h\se1 :atev] ! design1 mu/ be furni%$ ) tables = hold+ ! trays :ile ! fruit is be+ pack$4 ,usually ^! tables are s made t ! pick+ trays are set be=e ! pack]s on an incl9$ table4 ,! pack] transf]s ! grapes f ! trays into ! baskets 9 :i* ! fruit is to be sold4 ,! trays ( grapes z !y come f ! field are set be=e ! work]1 :o !n packs ! fruit into ! basket f ! left4 ,z ! baskets are fill$1 !y are plac$ on a flat l$ge or %elf 9 front ( ! pack] & are !n tak5 (f by an att5dant4 ,empty baskets are usually held 9 /ore on a high] %elf conv5i5t to ! pack] & f "t to "t are repl5i%$ by ! att5dant4 ,figure #df %[s a pack+-table ( ! k9d j describ$4 ,sometimes ! pack+-table is circul> & revolves1 ! pack]s sitt+ ab\t ! table4 ,! baskets are held on ! lap & ! pack] takes ! grapes (f ! table :i* is turn$ z fre% fruit is br\ght 94 ,?is circul> table is n 9 g5]al use2 its only advantage is t x p]mits ! pack] to select f a l>g] quantity ( fruit4 ,grad+ grapes4 ,grapes are m easily grad$ ?an mo/ o!r fruits2 = usually !re are b two grades1 fir/s & culls4 ,x is difficult to specify exactly :at fir/s are1 s9ce a numb] ( factors mu/ be consid]$ :i* br+ 9 play ! judgm5t ( ! grad]4 ,at lea/1 fir/s mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 ,! bun*es mu/ be approximately uni=m 9 size2 !re mu/ be few or no b]ries miss+ f ! /ems2 ! grapes mu/ be fully ripe1 ( a uni=m degree ( rip5ess & uni=mly color$2 & ! fruit mu/ be free f insect & fung\s injuries4 ,x is easi] to give specifications = culls1 s9ce all grapes n fir/s are culls4 ,9 l>ge v9ey>ds1 only good fruit or ! be/ fruit is wor? grad+4 ,x is m advisable to sell poor fruit by ! ton ) little or no grad+4 ,x foll[s1 also1 t ! high] ! price1 ! m special ! m>ket1 & ! m c>efully ! crop is pick$1 ! m pr(itable x is to grade4 ,! "w ( grad+ is done 9 ! pack+-%$ :5 ! fruit is transf]r$ f ! trays into ! sell+ receptacles4 ,a pair ( sl5d] scissors made = ! purpose1 to be pur*as$ f deal]s 9 horticultural supplies1 is us$ to trim out diseas$ & cru%$ b]ries4 ,! fruit mu/ be p]mitt$ to wilt = a few h\rs1 a half day or ov]night1 be=e x c be grad$ to advantage4 ,9 ?is "w ( grad+1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! fruit clean & fre%1 to sort out brok5 bun*es & to pres]ve ! bloom4 ,! less h&l+1 ! m f9ely f9i%$ is ! product4 ,grape packages 9 ea/]n grape regions4 ,packages = grapes are less v>i$ ?an ^? = any o!r fruit1 sell+ receptacles 9 ! /ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s be+ mu* ! same = all regions4 ,dess]t grapes are univ]sally pack$ 9 gift packages--t is1 packages :i* are giv5 away :5 ! fruit is sold--& ?is insures a clean da9ty package4 ,x seems imp]ative t a uni=m /yle ( package %\ld be us$ ! c\ntry ov] = ! g5]al m>ket1 b up until ?is "t1 al?\gh !re h be5 bo? national & /ate laws pass$1 uni=mity has n be5 secur$4 ,a national law is ne$$ e/abli%+ /&>d comm]cial packages s t ! gr[] may safely %ip f "o /ate to ano!r )\t be+ a law-break]4 ,su* a package %\ld be bas$ on cubic-measure & n on weight z is (t5 advocat$2 = grapes _c be %ipp$ )\t "s loss f sampl+ 9 transit2 & !re are also losses 9 weight by evaporation s t ! gr[]1 al?\gh try+ to comply ) ! law1 may become te*nically a law-break] if ! /&>d is bas$ on weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,climax baskets 9 two sizes4 ,! mo/ popul> package = ! grape 9 ea/]n grape regions is ! ,climax basket made 9 v>i\s /yles & sizes4 ,^! are *eap1 easily pack$ & h&l$1 ne/ well 9 %ipm5t & are durable4 ,?ree sizes are commone/ 9 use1 ! five-p\nd1 ! t5-p\nd & ! tw5ty-p\nd basket4 ,! five-p\nd basket usually holds only a little ov] f\r p\nds2 ! t5-p\nd ab\t eight p\nds2 & ! tw5ty-p\nd r less ?an tw5ty p\nds4 ,two sizes ( ,climax baskets are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,x is commonly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! packages are %ort 9 weight1 & z grapes are retail$ by ! basket & n by ! p\nd1 %ort weight does n really deceive4 ,^! baskets are made ( ?9 wood v5e] ) a light wood b9d+ at ! top & bottom4 ,! cov] is ( wood & is usually fa/5$ on ) /aples4 ,! h&le is ei!r ( wood or ( wire4 ,:5 well made1 ! baskets are firm & symmetrical1 )\t spl9t]s & are clean & :ite4 ,packages c>ri$ ov] f ye> to ye> become d+y 9 color1 b ! wood may be :it5$ by fumigat+ 9 ! /orage-room ) sulfur4 ,! baskets also become yell[ & discolor$ if left 9 ! sun & mu/1 !re=e1 be /or$ 9 clean1 d>k1 dry rooms4 ,:5 grapes are sold by weight to manufactur]s ( w9e or grape-juice1 !y are usually deliv]$ 9 ! pick+ trays :i*1 if ! m>ket is ne> at h&1 are always return$4 ,if !y are to be %ipp$ f>1 !y g to m>ket 9 tw5ty-p\nd baskets or bu%el baskets1 al?\gh ! latt] are n reg>d$ ) favor by consum]s4 ,pack+4 ,grapes pack$ indoors1 z has be5 said1 are all[$ to /& f a few to tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] be+ pick$ to p]mit !m to wilt4 ,:5 ?us wilt$ !y are mu* m easily pack$ & d n %r9k 9 transportation1 s t ! basket usually rea*es ! m>ket well fill$ ) fruit4 ,ea* bun* ( grapes is plac$ sep>ately 9 ! basket aft] all unm>ketable b]ries h be5 remov$4 ,! bun*es are arrang$ 9 conc5tric ti]s1 ! top lay] be+ plac$ ) special c>e4 ,:5 ! basket is fill$1 ! grapes rise a little above ! level ( ! basket1 c>e be+ tak5 n to h ! fruit project too mu* s t ! grapes w be cru%$ :5 putt+ on ! cov]4 ,9 all ?is "w1 ! b]ries are h&l$ z little z possible1 s z n to de/roy ! bloom4 ,c>e is tak51 also1 t ! fruit is free f spray+ mat]ial & is o!rwise clean & fre%4 ,mu* less pa9s ne$ be tak5 :5 ! grapes are pack$ 9 trays to be sold by weight1 b ev5 9 ?is !re mu/ be me?od 9 fill+ ! trays1 o!rwise !re w be _m op5 spaces & corn]s betwe5 bun*es4 ,practically all comm]cial grape-gr[]s n[ use labels on _! packages4 ,^! n only add to ! attractiv5ess ( ! packages1 b are a gu>antee ( ! cont5ts1 bo? z to "n ( ! v>iety & ! quality ( ! fruit4 ,^! labels are1 also1 a sign by :i* a gr[]'s fruit may be di/+ui%$ & are1 !re=e1 a valuable adv]tis+ m$ium4 ,"s gr[]s h regi/]$ _! labels 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice 9 ord] to prev5t o!rs f us+ !m4 ,obvi\sly1 x is n desirable or wor? :ile to label a poor grade ( grapes4 ,/or+ grapes4 ,! comm]cial grape-gr[] n[ /ores 8 grapes 9 cold /orage w>eh\ses if he keeps !m any l5g? ( "t aft] h>ve/+4 ,!re is no "q b t keep+ a "p ( ! crop 9 artificially cool$ h\ses is a great b5efit to ! grape-gr[]1 s9ce x prolongs ! season = sell+ by "s ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,=m]ly1 native grapes c\ld be secur$ 9 g5]al m>kets only until ,?anksgiv+ "t or !reab\ts1 b n[ ,am]ican grapes are v g5]ally (f]$ = sale 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 :ile ! ,european grapes f ,cali=nia are 9 ! m>ket ne>ly ! ye> ar\nd4 ,! grape-gr[] ne$ make little or no prep>ation ( 8 product 9 putt+ x 9 cold /orage except to make sure t ! product is fir/ class 9 e respect4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( money & ef=t to attempt to /ore any b clean1 s\nd1 well-matur$1 well-pack$ grapes4 ,! grape-gr[]1 h[ev]1 seldom ne$ conc]n himself ) /or+1 s9ce ! crop is usually /or$ by ! buy]s4 ,few small gr[]s seem to h le>n$ ! art ( keep+ grapes 9 common /orage1 ,!re are b few difficulties 9 keep+ ,european grapes = sev]al mon?s aft] pick+ if !y are /or$ "u favorable conditions4 ,n all1 b sev]al ( ! native grapes may also be kept practically ?r\gh\t ! w9t] if prop] precautions are tak54 ,among ^! v>ieties ,catawba is ! /&>d w9t] sort1 b ,diana1 ,iona1 ,isabella1 ,rog]s' hybrids & ,v]g5nes1 all r commonly gr[n1 may be kept by ! small gr[]4 ,to insure keep+1 ^! native grapes mu/ be h&l$ mo/ c>efully4 ,! fruit is pick$ a few days be=e x is dead ripe & ! bun*es plac$ 9 trays hold+ =ty or fifty p\nds4 ,x is important t ! temp]ature be r$uc$ gradually s t !re are no sudd5 *anges4 ,if ! nights are cool1 a valuable aid is to leave ! grapes out-(-doors 9 crates ! night aft] !y are pick$1 plac+ !m 9 a cool build+ or dry cell> e>ly ! next morn+4 ,! cell> or /ore-room %\ld be well v5tilat$ & %\ld be su* t ! temp]ature is n v>iable1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! air 9 e "p ( ! /orage room is *ang$4 ,draughts1 h[ev]1 %\ld be avoid$ or /ems & b]ries w %rivel4 ,if a temp]ature f #dj to #ej c be ma9ta9$1 ! v>ieties nam$ may be kept until ,m>* or ,april4 ,an exp5sive /ore-room is n necess>y & ice to cool ! room is n only unnecess>y b undesirable4 ,if ! /orage-room is too dry1 ! grapes wilt & lose flavor2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! atmosph]e is too damp1 ! grapes mold4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 to /rike a m$ium betwe5 an atmosph]e too dry & "o too wet4 ,x is possible t a light fumigation ) sulfur or =maldehyde might help to keep d[n molds 9 ^! common /orage grape-rooms1 b z to ! value ( fumigation !re seems to be no exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,grapes gr[n on clay l&s are said to be firm] & to keep bett] ?an ^? gr[n on gravel or light] soils4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 an association 9 ,ohio kn[n z ,! ,clay-,gr[]s ,association :i* h&l$ only grapes gr[n on clay l&s4 ,! memb]s ( ?is association believ$ t _! grapes 7 mu* m desirable = /orage ?an grapes f regions :]e ! soil 0 light]4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,h&l+ ,,muscad9e ,,grapes ,! ,muscad9e grapes ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf /ates are unique 9 v9e & fruit1 are us$ = diff]5t purposes & g to diff]5t m>kets f ! grapes ( ! ,nor?1 s t !y may be consid]$ almo/ a di/9ct fruit4 ,n only are cultural requirem5ts peculi> to ?is fruit1 z we h se51 b ! me?ods ( h>ve/+ & m>ket+ are q di/9ct4 ,^! are well set =? by ,husmann & ,de>+#ah z foll[s3 ,rotundifolia v9es h be5 almo/ entirely gr[n on ov]head arbors 9 ! pa/1 ! fruit be+ made into w9e1 & "u su* conditions ! g5]al practice ( j>r+ ! grapes f ! v9es is p]haps ! mo/ practical me?od ( h>ve/+4 ,if ! v9es are tra9$ to upright trellises or if ! fruit is int5d$ = %ipp+ or table use ! grapes %\ld be pick$ by h& 9 ord] to be s\nd & clean4 ,on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( leaves1 twigs1 etc41 mix$ ) ! grapes j>r$ f ! v9es1 w9e & grape-juice manufactur]s w pay #e to #ae c5ts a bu%el m = h&-pick$ grapes4 ,! gr[]s :o make a practice ( h& pick+ claim t ! "w c be done at practically no great] exp5se ?an is necess>y to %ake (f & clean a crop1 & ! increas$ price obta9$ = ! fruit w m ?an pay ! diff]5ce4 ,a description ( ! h>ve/+ ( ! ,rotundifolia grapes by ! j>r+ me?od w be int]e/+ to ^? n famili> ) x4 ,poles are atta*$ to %eets ( canvas measur+ #f by #ab feet & hav+ lea!r h&les4 ,a man is plac$ at ea* end ( ! %eets & f\r m5 ) two %eets "w toge!r4 ,! wide sides ( ! two %eets are br\ght close toge!r "u ea* v9e1 ) ! trunk ( ! v9e 9 ! middle4 ,! v9es are !n j>r$1 ! b]ries fall+ into ! %eets4 ,^? n caught by ! %eets or t h fall5 to ! gr\nd by ! %ak+ ( ! trellis :5 ! fruit ( ! adjo9+ v9es 0 h>ve/$1 etc41 & :i* are usually ( ! be/ quality1 are pick$ by h&4 ,! writ]s are in=m$ t x co/s approximately #ae c5ts a bu%el to h>ve/ ! fruit on ! gr\nd & #ab c5ts to h>ve/ t :i* falls on ! %eets4 ,! fruit is put 9 boxes or b>rels1 & if ! quantity is n l>ge ! leaves1 /icks1 etc41 :i* become mix$ ) ! fruit are remov$ by h&4 ,if !re is a consid]able quantity ( fruit "s me*anical means1 su* z ord9>y gra9 fan mills1 are us$ to clean x4 ,aft] clean+1 ! fruit is haul$ or %ipp$ to ! w9]y4 ,9 w9]ies ) mod]n equipm5t !re are bl[]s :i* ?or\ghly clean ! fruit4 ,^! are locat$ ne> ! end ( ! elevators t c>ry ! fruit to ! cru%]4 ,a common & v objectionable practice foll[$ 9 h>ve/+ ,rotundifolia grapes1 especially by ! j>r+ me?od1 is t ( ga!r+ ! fruit all at once1 :]eas !re %\ld be at lea/ ?ree p]iods ( h>ve/+4 ,:5 h>ve/$ at "o "t ! be/ quality ( fruit rip5s1 falls to ! gr\nd1 & is lo/ be=e ! h>ve/ is comm5c$ & ! la/ "p ( ! crop is ?ra%$ f ! v9es 9 a half-ripe condition along ) ! ripe fruit4 ,9 ?is mann] n only is ! fir/ & be/ fruit entirely lo/1 b ! h>ve/$ fruit is inf]ior 9 quality1 :i* necess>ily results 9 a poor product f ! entire yield4 ,returns f ,muscad9e grapes4 ,great v>iations occur 9 ! yields f ,rotundifolia v9es4 ,at times !re are record-break+ yields &1 aga91 small yields are report$1 ! small yields result+ f black-rot1 c\lure1 wet wea!r1 self-/]ility1 lack ( cultivation1 f]tilization1 lack ( prun+1 age ( v9es1 & v>i\s o!r causes4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ,rotundifolia v9es are said to be among ! safe/ & mo/ prolific ( fruit-be>+ plants4 ,:ile 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ ,rotundifolia v9ey>ds !re has be5 only a p>tial crop dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 ow+ to v>i\s causes1 ano!r gr[] reports a yield ( #agg bu%els ( grapes f #d-ye>-old ,james v9es1 9 addition to a bale ( cotton to ! acre4 ,a ,florida gr[] e/imat$ 8 crop ( :ite ,rotundifolia & ,?omas grapes = ! season ( #aiaa at #bhj bu%els to ! acre4 ,an av]age yield ( #bg bu%els an acre f #d-ye>-old v9es1 #ajj bu%els f #e-ye>-old v9es1 & #aej bu%els to ! acre :5 ! v9es are 9 full be>+ %\ld be obta9$4 ,! prices paid = ,rotundifolia grapes dep5d on ! season1 ! quality ( fruit1 & ! m>ket4 ,9 ye>s :5 ! crop is %ort bett] prices are usually paid ?an :5 !re is a heavy crop4 ,aside f ! grapes sold & %ipp$ to w9]ies1 grapes z a rule sell = m 9 ! cities & l>g] t[ns ?an 9 small] places1 ! local dem& be+ some:at 9 proportion to ! population4 ,9 su* localities fruit ( good quality w br+ a mu* bett] price ?an inf]ior fruit4 ,h&-pick$ fruit 9 half-bu%el pea* baskets or 9 b]ry boxes usually br+s f #a to #b p] bu%el4 ,grapes h>ve/$ by j>r+ are usually s5t to ! w9]ies & br+ an av]age ( #ge c5ts p] bu%el ( #fj p\nds4 ,! highe/ price paid = ?is quality ( fruit 0 rea*$ 9 #aiaj1 :5 #b4be p] bu%el 7f4o4b4 %ipp+ po9t7 0 paid = :ite ,rotundifolia4 ,9 _m localities c]ta9 gr[]s h built up q a reputation = !mselves 9 *oice1 h&-pick$ fruit1 :i* !y %ip to special cu/om]s 9 di/ant m>kets4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,james v>iety is usually gr[n because ! b]ries adh]e well & are ( good size & flavor4 ,sev]al gr[]s %ip z f> nor? z ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 gett+ f #b4jj to #b4ej gross p] bu%el crate4 ,9 %ipp+1 ?ree /yles ( c>ri]s are us$--! #bd-;box /rawb]ry crate1 ! #f-;basket pea* crate1 & ! #h-p\nd basket4 ,m att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ?is phase ( ! indu/ry4 ,! v>ieties be/ suit$ = %ipp+ are ! ,james1 ,memory1 ,fl[]s1 & ,mi%4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiaj %ipm5ts ( ! ,james1 ,?omas1 & ,ed5 v>ieties 7 s5t f ! ,rotundifolia exp]im5t v9ey>d at ,will>d1 ,n4 ,c41 to ,wa%+ton ,d4 ,c41 "p ( ! consignm5t be+ 9 /rawb]ry boxes & ! rema9d] 9 bu%el baskets4 ,no important diff]5ce c\ld be not$ 9 ! two lots on _! arrival 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,james v>iety arriv$ 9 p]fect condition 9 bo? packages2 ( ! ,ed5 #cj p] c5t & ( ! ,?omas #ce p] c5t _h %ell$4 ,m ext5sive exp]im5ts along ?is l9e are contemplat$4 ,,h&l+ ,,! ,,grape ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,grapes are gr[n 9 ,cali=nia = ?ree purposes1 w9e1 rais9s & ! table4 ,! h&l+ ( ! crop = rais9s & w9e is be/ tak5 up 9 a discussion ( ^! products 9 ! *apt] on by-products ( ! grape1 leav+ only table grapes to be discuss$ at ?is place4 ,! table-grape indu/ry ( ! ,pacific slope is dep5d5t on ! wide di/ribution ( ! product 9 ea/]n m>kets = a pr(itable sale ( ! crop1 s9ce production is s great t b a small "p ( ! crop is consum$ 9 ! m>kets ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,! gr[]s 9 ?is region1 !re=e1 h special problems1 *ief ( :i* are ^? ( successful %ipm5t ov] long di/ances4 ,cali=nia annually %ips 9 ! neighborhood ( #aj1jjj c>loads ( table grapes1 all ( :i* mu/ be h&l$ )9 a p]iod ( ab\t two mon?s4 ,z competition increases1 x becomes m & m necess>y to ext5d ! area ov] :i* ! fruit is to be sold2 to l5g!n ! m>ket+ season ?r\gh cold /orage2 & = bo? ( ^! purposes to devise new or to improve pres5t me?ods ( h&l+ ! fruit4 ,! two requisites = ! successful %ipm5t ( ?is great bulk ( grapes are3 ,! fruit mu/ rea* ! m>kets 9 s\nd condition2 & x mu/ h suffici5t m>ket-hold+ quality to rema9 s\nd = a consid]able l5g? ( "t aft] x arrives 9 ! m>kets4 ,exp]i5ce has ?or\ghly demon/rat$ to grape-gr[]s 9 ,cali=nia t decay 9 grapes is l>gely dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( injuries to ! grape b]ries1 to ! p$icels or to ! /ems ( ! bun*es4 ,me?ods ( h&l+ grapes1 !re=e1 & ! type ( package us$1 mu/ be su* t ! product is injur$ z little z possible4 ,c>eful h&l+4 ,9 ! %ipm5t ( ,european grapes f ,cali=nia1 x has be5 f\nd t x pays to g to mu* extra tr\ble 9 h&l+ ! crop4 ,! bun*es are pick$ ) c>e to avoid bruis+ or cru%+ b]ries1 & z f> z possible !y are lift$ only by ! ma9 /ems4 ,!y are !n laid ) c>e 9 ! pick+ trays :i* are fill$ only "o lay] deep4 ,9 mov+ ! trays to ! pack+-h\se1 !y are h&l$ c>efully1 ! trays be+ mov$ only on wagons ) spr+s4 ,9 sort+1 special c>e is tak5 to remove all injur$ & uns\nd b]ries & n to injure o!rs 9 ! bun*1 "h aga9 h&l+ ! clu/]s by ! /ems4 ,9 pack+1 ! bun*es are plac$ firmly 9 ! baskets ) c>e n to cru% or bruise ! /ems or to injure ! p$icels ( ! b]ries4 ,a slight injury ( ei!r b]ry or p$icel p]mits ! spores ( ! fungus caus+ decay to ga9 entrance into ! fruit4 ,%ipp+ packages4 ,! mo/ common package = table-grapes 9 ,cali=nia is a squ>e basket hold+ ab\t five p\nds4 ,^! baskets are plac$ = %ipm5t 9 f\rs 9 crates4 ,! bun*es ( "s v>ieties may be too l>ge = ^! small baskets1 & ^! extra l>ge-clu/]$ grapes are pack$ 9 oblong baskets hold+ 9 ! neighborhood ( eight p\nds1 two baskets fill+ a crate4 ,no good fill] seems yet to h be5 devis$ = pack+ grapes 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! cork du/ 9 :i* grapes f ! ,m$it]ranean are receiv$ is n available & a good sub/itute has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,sawdu/ is sometimes us$ b has n prov$ satisfactory 9 hold+ ! decay & ! fruit absorbs disagreeable flavors f ! wood4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 grapes f ,cali=nia are s5t to ea/]n m>kets pack$ 9 dry r$wood sawdu/ & ^! seem to come ?r\gh 9 good condition & n to h absorb$ a disagreeable flavor4 ,reports seem to indicate t ?is specially select$ r$wood sawdu/ is prov+ mu* bett] ?an ! ord9>y sawdu/ exp]im5t$ ) "s ye>s ago4 ,%ipp+4 ,consid]able "w has be5 done by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture to det]m9e h[ table-grapes c\ld be/ be %ipp$ f ! f> ,we/ & rea* ! ea/]n m>kets 9 good condition4 ,! crop is1 ( c\rse1 %ipp$ 9 refrig]ator c>s & mu* dep5ds on ! cool+ ( ^! c>s & especially on ! temp]ature at :i* ! grapes are kept :ile 9 transit4 ,to c>ry well ov] ! #cjjj miles ( m\nta9 & des]t1 heat & cold1 ! be/ type ( refrig]ator c> mu/ be us$4 ,x does n appe> t ! pre-cool+ s advantage\s to citr\s & o!r tree-fruits is wor? ! tr\ble & exp5se ) table-grapes1 z x does n seem to prev5t decay4 ,cool+ _c be sub/itut$ = c>eful h&l+1 :i* seems z yet ! mo/ necess>y precaution to be tak5 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! grapes = ea/]n %ipm5t4 ,,m>ket+ ,table-grapes f bo? ea/]n & we/]n grape regions are n[ almo/ entirely %ipp$ 9 c>load lots4 ,s9ce few grape-gr[]s are prep>$ to load a c> quickly ) grapes1 "s k9d ( cop]ation is requir$1 or ! crop mu/ be h&l$ by l>ge buy]s4 ,cop]ative me?ods are becom+ m & m popul>1 al?\gh a l>ge "p ( ! grape crop1 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 is n[ h&l$ by buy]s4 ,!re are sev]al important advantages 9 sell+ ?r\gh a cop]ative organization4 ,?us1 9 sell+ cop]atively1 ! grapes are grad$ & pack$ 9 accordance ) "o /&>d2 m favorable transportation rates c be secur$ by a cop]ative association2 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ! output c be di/ribut$ to ! grape m>kets ( ! c\ntry )\t ! disa/r\s competition t att5ds individual m>ket+4 ,9 "s ( ^! organizations1 also1 supplies ne$$ by ! grape-gr[] 9 produc+ a crop are pur*as$ m economically ?an by individuals2 9 p>ticul>1 grape packages c be pur*as$ bett] by an organization ?an by an individual4 ,z ! grape indu/ry & competition gr[ 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! c\ntry1 ! necessity ( =m+ m>ket+ organizations becomes great]4 ,su* organizations mu/ be f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples :i* _m exp]im5ts h %[n be/ gov]n fruit-m>ket+ associations4 ,x is n possible to discuss ^! pr9ciples at l5g?1 b ! foll[+ fundam5tals w suffice3 ,an ideal cop]ative association is "o 9 :i* !re are no pr(its nor divid5ds4 ,e memb] ( ! :ole organiz$ association is a produc]4 ,all ( ! product gr[n by a memb] is sold ?r\gh ! association4 ,! association is democratic1 all memb]s hav+ an equal voice 9 its managem5t & all %>+ alike 9 its successes & failures4 ,:5 pr(its arise ( necessity1 !y are di/ribut$ to ! memb]s ( ! association 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( bus9ess ea* has done4 ,! "w ( ! organization is conduct$ at z ne> co/ z possible & pr(its are decl>$ only aft] exp5ses1 depreciation1 int]e/ on capital = future op]ations are d$uct$4 ,?us x is se5 t ! plan ( ! organization is to give ea* memb] z ne>ly z possible ! exact price 8 fruit has br\ght 9 ! m>kets4 ,,v9ey>d ,,returns ,grape-gr[+ z a bus9ess is a comp>atively new indu/ry 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is true t ! fir/ attempts at gr[+ ?is fruit 7 made to f\nd an indu/ry1 b ^! 7 complete & dismal failures1 & ! />t 9 gr[+ grapes 9 ,am]ica ev5tually came z a pleas+ hobby4 ,9 evolv+ f a hobby into v9ey>d culture on a l>ge scale1 ! bus9ess side ( ! indu/ry long lagg$4 ,at pres5t1 ) increas+ competition1 manifold unc]ta9ties 9 v9ey>d conditions1 & mu* unbus9esslike adm9i/ration1 int]e/ 9 cultural op]ations1 ) :i* pione]s 9 ! indu/ry 7 *iefly conc]n$1 is eclips$ by ! conception t grape-gr[+ is a highly develop$ comm]cial ent]prise requir+ = success c>eful bus9ess managem5t4 ,un=tunately !re is n[h]e a sub/antial body ( figures f :i* gr[]s c obta9 a fair conception ( :at ! outgo & income ( av]age v9ey>ds 9 grape regions are4 ,! value ( su* data to inve/ors or to ^? mak+ an ef=t to keep track ( ! f9ances ( _! bus9ess is obvi\s1 & an attempt is made "h to put ! read] 9 possession ( figures t ought to be helpful4 ,! data giv51 al?\gh scant & fragm5t>y1 %[ fairly accurately ! co/ ( produc+ grapes1 sell+ prices & pr(its 9 ! culture ( ?is fruit 9 "o ( ! great grape regions4 ,! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation is c>ry+ on exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! outgo & income f v9ey>ds 9 ! ,*autauqua grape-belt4 ,! "w is n yet f9i%$1 nor c\ld ! f9d+s be publi%$ 9 detail be=e be+ s5t out by ! ,/ation1 b ,f4 ,e4 ,gladw91 9 *>ge ( ! "w1 has cons5t$ to set d[n summ>ies ( co/s & returns tak5 f v9ey>ds at ,fr$onia1 :i* w s]ve z a guide to plant]s ( grapes 9 ?is region at lea/3 ,fir/ ,ye> ,int]e/ on value ( l& #bjj p] acre #ab4jj ,prep>ation ( l& #h4jj ,co/ ( v9es p] acre #ab4jj ,plant+ #d4jj ,cultivat+ #f4jj ------ ,total exp5diture = fir/ ye> #db4jj ,second ,ye> ,int]e/ on value ( v9ey>d #bbe p] acre #ac4ej ,cultivat+1 h& hoe+1 etc4 #i4be ,prun+ #a4jj ------ ,total exp5diture = second ye> #bc4ge ,?ird ,ye> ,int]e/ on value ( v9ey>d #bej p] acre #ae4jj ,prun+ #b4ej ,po/s 7co/ (7 4#aj #bdj #bd4jj ,sett+ & driv+ #f4ej ,wire & wir+1 /aples1 etc4 #aa4fe ,ty+ & tw9e #a4de ,cultivat+1 pl[+1 h>r[+ #i4be ,spray+ #d4jj ,no4 baskets sold 4#af p] basket #ejj #hj4jj ,co/ ( baskets #bj p] ?\s& #aj4jj ,pick+ 4#ja p] basket #e4jj ,pack+ 4#ja p] basket #e4jj ,haul+ 4#jjc #a4ej ------ ,outgo = ?ird ye> #ie4he ------ ,income #hj4jj ,f\r? ,ye> ,int]e/ on value ( v9ey>d #cjj p] acre #ah4jj ,prun+ #b4ej ,ty+ #b4ij ,spray+ & mat]ials #d4jj ,cultivat+1 pl[+1 h>r[+1 h&-hoe+ & pl[+ back "o furr[ #i4be ,trellis upkeep1 driv+ po/s1 tight5+ wires1 etc4 #b4ej ,pull+ & pol+ out bru% #a4fi ,no4 baskets sold 4#af p] basket #ajjj #afj4jj ,co/ ( baskets #bj p] ?\s& #bj4jj ,pick+ 4#ja p] basket #aj4jj ,pack+ 4#ja p] basket #aj4jj ,haul+ 4#jjc #c4jj ------ ,outgo = f\r? ye> #hc4hd ------- ,income #afj4jj ,outgo = f\r ye>s #bde4dd ,income = f\r ye>s #bdj4jj ,e/imates = ,succe$+ ,ye>s ,gross income #abe-bjj ,outgo #ge- #he ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4--,iona 7#c_/e74 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,grape ,,products ,ov]-production1 ) ! att5dant losses caus$ by glutt$ m>kets1 is a factor :i*1 l fro/s & freezes1 is ev] 9 ! m9d ( ! grape-gr[]4 ,no season passes b t "s ( ! grape regions ( ! c\ntry suff] f ov]-production4 ,n uncommonly ! grape indu/ry 9 a region is bett] (f 9 a season :5 ! crop is small & prices high1 ?an :5 ! crop is l>ge & prices l[4 ,9 e "p ( ! c\ntry :]e grapes are gr[n1 ov]-production has be5 a great det]r5t to viticulture2 ?is1 9 spite ( ! fact t grape-gr[]s h avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity to manufacture products f ?is fruit4 ,?us1 w9e & rais9s are made f ! grape 9 ,cali=nia1 & a l>ge "p ( ! h>ve/ 9 ! ,ea/ goes into w9e1 *ampagne & grape-juice4 ,b ! gr[? ( prohibition n[ ?reat5s ! w9e & *ampagne indu/ries ( ! c\ntry1 9 fact may be said to h driv5 !m to ! wall1 mak+ ! ne$ ( new outlets 9 manufactur$ products a great] necessity4 ,"u ^! conditions1 grape-gr[]s mu/ seek 9 e way to enl>ge ! sale ( ! crop to manufactur]s ) ! hope t ?us1 toge!r ) m p]fect di/ribution ( 8 commodities1 ! inroads made by prohibition on ! indu/ry may be (fset & ! ov]-production ( table-grapes be bett] prev5t$4 ,) ?is brief emphasis on ! importance ( manufactur$ products ( ! grape1 we approa* ! discussion ( ! sev]al possible outlets to ov]-production 9 ?is fruit4 ,,w9e ,! manufacture & use ( w9e 9 ,am]ica1 z has be5 intimat$1 is likely to cease ?r\gh prohibition4 ,!re=e1 :atev] may be said ( ?is product ( ! grape is ( less & less int]e/ to grape-gr[]s4 ,h[ev]1 a few ye>s ( grace probably rema9 = ! mak+ ( w9es 9 ,am]ica1 & s9ce w9e-mak+ yet (f]s ! greate/ outlet = ! grape crop1 next to table-grapes1 w9e mu/ be consid]$ z a factor 9 ! grape indu/ry4 ,s9ce ! dem& & price = grapes dep5d v l>gely on ! k9d ( w9e to be made1 x is necess>y to *>act]ize ! w9es made 9 ,am]ica4 ,w9e1 x %\ld be said1 is ! product ( alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! grape4 ,alcoholic f]m5tations made f o!r fruits are n1 /rictly speak+1 w9es4 ,natural w9es are divid$ into ?ree broad gr\ps2 dry1 sweet & sp>kl+ w9es4 ,dry w9es are ^? 9 :i* sug> has be5 elim9at$ by f]m5tation2 sweet w9es ^? 9 :i* suffici5t sug> rema9s to give a sweet ta/e2 & sp>kl+ w9es are ^? :i* conta9 suffici5t c>bonic acid gas to give a pressure ( sev]al atmosph]es 9 ! bottle4 ,! c>bonic acid gas is produc$ 9 sp>kl+ w9es by f]m5tation 9 ! bottle ( a dry w9e4 ,! color 9 ^! ?ree classes ( w9e may be r$ or :ite1 dep5d+ on :e!r or n ! color is extract$ f ! sk9s 9 ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,to make r$ w9e1 ( c\rse1 ! grapes to be f]m5t$ mu/ h r$ color+ matt] 9 sk9 or juice or bo?4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( w9e includes a v l>ge numb] ( k9ds di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! region1 ! locality or ! "n ( ! v9ey>d 9 :i* a w9e is made4 ,w9es are /ill fur!r di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! ye> ( ! v9tage4 ,w9e-mak+4 ,!re are f\r di/9ct /ages 9 ! mak+ ( w9e aft] ! grapes are gr[n4 ,! fir/ is ! h>ve/+ ( ! grapes :5 !y h rea*$ ! prop] /age ( maturity1 :i* is kn[n z w9e-mak+ rip5ess4 ,?is /age ( rip5ess is det]m9$ by means ( a mu/-scale or sac*>omet]4 ,! w9e-mak] squeezes ! juice f a numb] ( bun*es ( grapes into a receptacle into :i* he drops ! mu/-scale1 :]eupon ! sug>-cont5t ( ! juice is indicat$ on ! scale1 det]m9+ :e!r ! prop] /age ( rip5ess has be5 rea*$4 ,suitable v>ieties ( grapes hav+ be5 gr[n1 x is necess>y t !y be p]mitt$ to hang on ! v9e until ! prop] degree ( rip5ess is develop$1 aft] :i* !y are deliv]$ at ! w9]y z free z possible f injury or decay4 ,! second /age is ! prep>ation ( ! grapes = f]m5tation4 ,! grapes are weigh$ on arriv+ at ! w9]y & are !n convey$ ei!r by h& or m (t5 by a me*anical conveyor to ! hopp] or cru%]4 ,! anci5t me?od ( cru%+1 :i* /ill prevails 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 0 to tramp ! grapes ) b>e feet or wood5 %oes4 ,tramp+ has be5 sup]s$$ by me*anical cru%]s :i* break ! sk9 b d n cru% ! se$s4 ,! be/ me*anical cru%]s consi/ ( two-groov$ revolv+ cyl9d]s4 ,z ! grapes pass ?r\gh ! cru%]1 !y fall into ! /emm]1 a ma*9e :i* te>s (f ! /ems1 dis*>g+ !m at "o end1 :ile ! se$s1 sk9s1 pulp & juice pass ?r\gh ! bottom to ! presses usually on ! floor bel[4 ,!re are sev]al types ( w9e-presses1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are modifications ( screw1 hydraulic or knuckle-jo9t p[]4 ,9 l>ge w9]ies1 ! hydraulic press has almo/ driv5 out ! o!r two =ms ( p[] & :5 great quantities ( grapes mu/ be h&l$ a numb] ( hydraulic presses are usually 9 op]ation4 ,! grape pomace is built up into a *eese by ! use ( clo?s & racks v>i\sly arrang$4 ,! *eese is !n put "u heavy pressure f :i* ! juice or mu/ is quickly extract$4 ,! ?ird /age is f]m5tation4 ,! mu/ is c>ri$ f ! press into op5 tanks or vats :i* hold f #ejj to #ejjj gallons or ev5 m4 ,! yea/ cells :i* cause f]m5tation may be introduc$ naturally on ! sk9s ( ! grapes2 or 9 _m mod]n w9]ies ! mu/ is /]iliz$ to rid x ( undesirable micro-organisms & a />t] ( w9e-yea/ is add$ to />t ! f]m5tation4 ,yea/ organisms attack ! sug> & mu/1 break+ x up into alcohol & c>bonic acid gas1 ! latt] pass+ (f z x is =m$4 ,:5 active f]m5tation ceases1 ! new w9e is drawn f ! pomace & is put into clos$ casks or tanks :]e x und]goes a second>y f]m5tation1 mu* s$im5t settl+ at ! bottom ( ! cask4 ,to rid ! new w9e ( ?is s$im5t1 x mu/ be drawn (f into clean casks1 an op]ation call$ rack+4 ,! fir/ rack+ usually takes place )9 a mon? or six weeks4 ,a second rack+ is necess>y at ! end ( ! w9t] & a ?ird is desirable 9 ! summ] or fall4 ,! f\r? /age is ! ag+ ( ! w9e4 ,be=e ag+ beg9s1 h[ev]1 ! w9e usually mu/ be r5d]$ p]fectly cle> & bright by f9+4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 f9+ are is+lass1 :ite ( egg or gelat9e4 ,^!1 introduc$ into ! w9e1 cause undissolv$ matt]s to precipitate4 ,! w9e is n[ ready = bottl+ or consumption4 ,mo/ w9es acquire a m desirable flavor ?r\gh ag+1 a sl[ oxidation 9 ! bottles4 ,*ampagne4 ,:5 *ampagne w9es h gone ?r\gh _! fir/ f]m5tation1 !y are rack$ (f into casks to age until _! quality c be asc]ta9$1 aft] :i* a bl5d ( sev]al diff]5t w9es is made4 ,?is bl5d is call$ ! cuve4 ,! cuve is bottl$ & a second f]m5tation />ts4 ,! bottles are n[ put 9 cool cell>s1 cord$ 9 horizontal lay]s ) ?9 /rips ( wood betwe5 ea* lay] ( bottles4 ,! *ampagne 9 ?is /age is said to be 9 tirage4 ,! c>bonic acid gas g5]at$ at ?is second f]m5tation is conf9$ 9 ! bottles & absorb$ by ! w9e4 ,:5 ! bottle is uncork$1 ! gas1 seek+ to escape1 produces ! sp>kl+ effect desirable 9 sp>kl+ w9es4 ,aft] ! w9e has be5 9 tirage = "o or two ye>s1 ! bottles are plac$ 9 ,a-%ap$ racks1 ! neck ( ! bottle po9t+ d[nw>d s t ! s$im5t =m$ dur+ f]m5tation drops to ! cork4 ,to fur!r ! settl+ ( ! s$im5t1 workm5 turn or %ake ea* bottle daily = a p]iod ( "o to ?ree mon?s4 ,! bottles are !n tak5 to ! f9i%+ room1 cork d[n & ! w9e is disgorg$4 ,disgorg+ is accompli%$ by freez+ a small quantity ( w9e 9 ! neck ( ! bottle conta9+ ! s$im5t1 aft] :i* ! cork is remov$ & ) x ! froz5 s$im5t4 ,! bottle is refill$1 recork$1 wir$1 capp$1 & ! *ampagne is ready = %ipm5t4 ,! v9tage4 ,! w9e-mak+ season ! _w ov] is kn[n z ! v9tage4 ,! "t at :i* ! v9tage beg9s dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! region1 ! v>iety ( grapes1 ! gr[+ season & ! location ( ! v9ey>d4 ,its duration1 also1 dep5ds on ^! same factors4 ,! season is usually l5g!n$ by ! fact t w9e-mak]s require = _! purposes a numb] ( v>ieties ( grapes :i* rip5 at diff]5t times4 ,be=e or dur+ ! v9tage1 repres5tatives ( w9e cell>s usually make contracts = ! numb] ( tons ( grapes requir$ at a c]ta9 price a ton4 ,! notion prevails t grapes = w9e & grape-juice ne$ n be fir/-class4 ,?is is f> f ! tru?4 ,to make good w9e ! grapes mu/ be c>efully h>ve/$1 transport$ ) z little injury z possible & mu/ be protect$ f dirt1 mold & f]m5tation be=e rea*+ ! w9]y4 ,european v9tag]s ma9ta9 t grapes pick$ at sunrise produce ! lighte/ & mo/ limp$ w9es & yield m juice4 ,!y say1 also1 t ! grapes %\ld n be ga!r$ 9 ! heat ( ! day because f]m5tation sets 9 at once4 ,^! niceties are n obs]v$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,prices paid = w9e grapes4 ,supply & dem& regulate ! price paid = w9e grapes4 ,!re is always dem& = good w9e grapes1 al?\gh a poor product (t5 goes begg+ = m>ket4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! highe/ prices are paid = ! grapes us$ 9 mak+ *ampagne4 ,! *ampagne region ( ! ,ea/ is conf9$ to a few localities along ,lake ,erie & to we/]n ,new ,york ab\t ,keuka ,lake1 :]e ! indu/ry is mo/ l>gely develop$4 ,! v>ieties us$ 9 *ampagne-mak+ 9 ! ,ea/ are ,delaw>e1 ,catawba1 ,elvira1 ,dut*ess1 ,iona1 ,diamond & a few o!r sorts4 ,prices diff] ) ! _m conditions affect+ ! grape & *ampagne indu/ries1 p]haps ! av]age price = ,catawba1 ! grape *iefly us$ 9 mak+ *ampagne 9 ?is region1 be+ f #dj to #ej a ton4 ,*oic] grapes1 z ,delaw>e1 ,iona & ,dut*ess1 (t5 sell f #ge to #ajj a ton4 ,concords are sometimes utiliz$ 9 mak+ dry w9es 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 #cj or #dj a ton be+ ! av]age price4 ,ives & ,norton are mu* us$ = r$ w9es & sell = top prices4 ,w9e-mak]s 9 ! ,ea/ are at a disadvantage 9 produc+ w9es o!r ?an *ampagne1 s9ce ! price paid on ! ,pacific slope = w9e grapes is mu* l[]2 ,grapes = sweet w9e 9 ,cali=nia (t5 sell z l[ z #f or #g a ton1 ! av]age price be+ #aj or #ab4 ,grapes = dry w9es1 su* z ,z9f&el & ,burg]1 br+ on ! ,pacific coa/ f #aj to #ab a ton4 ,*oice v>ieties ( grapes 9 ?is region1 su* z ,cab]net1 ,sauvignon1 ,petite ,sirah & ,riesl+1 br+ f #bb to #bd4 ,! ea/]n w9e-mak]s1 h[ev]1 h ! advantage ( be+ close to ! l>ge/ & be/ m>kets 9 ! c\ntry4 ,w9es made 9 ! ,ea/ are v diff]5t f ^? made 9 ,cali=nia & supply a diff]5t m>ket4 ,a few ye>s ago mo/ ( ! ,muscad9e grapes gr[n 9 ! ,s\? 7 us$ = w9e-mak+4 ,f ^! grapes w9e has be5 made s9ce colonial times1 & = a c5tury !re h be5 "s l>ge v9ey>ds ( ,muscad9e grapes 9 ! ,s\? f :i* w9e 0 made 9 a comm]cial way4 ,s9ce ,muscad9e grapes d n sell well 9 ! m>kets 9 competition ) ! grapes ( ! ,nor? or ! ,pacific slope1 ! ,muscad9e grape indu/ry has be5 dep5d5t on ! w9e indu/ry ( ! section 9 :i* ! fruit is produc$4 ,! gr[? ( prohibition 9 ! ,s\?1 h[ev]1 has driv5 ! w9e indu/ry to ! ,nor? & ,we/ & !re is n[ little w9e manufactur$ f ,muscad9e grapes 9 ! ,s\?1 al?\gh "s grapes are %ipp$ ,nor? = w9e-mak+4 ,! w9e made f ^! grapes is v di/9ct 9 flavor & on t acc\nt a special trade has be5 develop$ = x4 ,x is possible t ?is special trade w keep up ! dem& = ,muscad9e w9e s t "s "p ( ! crop may be %ipp$ to w9e-mak+ /ates to supply ?is dem&4 ,,grape-,,juice ,:5 prop]ly made1 grape-juice is ! undilut$1 unsweet5$1 unf]m5t$ juice ( ! grape & conta9s no pres]vatives1 f]m5tation be+ prev5t$ by /]ilization ) heat4 ,! product is z anci5t z w9e1 &1 !re=e1 z ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 = all w9e-mak+ peoples h us$ new w9e or grape-juice z a bev]age4 ,= c5turies physicians 9 w9e-mak+ c\ntries h prescrib$ grape-juice z x comes f ! w9e-press = c]ta9 maladies1 ! treatm5t con/itut+ an ess5tial "p ( ! grape-cures ( ,european c\ntries4 ,! process ( mak+ an unf]m5t$ grape-juice t w keep f season to season z an article ( comm]ce is1 h[ev]1 a mod]n inv5tion1 & is ! outcome ( ! discov]ies ( ! la/ half c5tury reg>d+ ! control ( ! ag5ts ( f]m5tation4 ,! manufacture ( comm]cial grape-juice 9 ,am]ica1 to :i* c\ntry ! indu/ry is conf9$1 began z a home practice foll[+ ! fundam5tal processes ( cann+ fruit4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 sev]al inv5tive m9ds discov]$ me?ods ( mak+ a comm]cial product & began develop+ m>kets = _! w>es4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury f\nd ! new indu/ry 9 full sw+1 s9ce :i* "t its gr[? has be5 truly m>vel\s4 ,9 #aijj ! am\nt ( grape-juice made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 s small z to be negligible 9 ! c5sus report ( t ye>4 ,by #aiaj1 ! annual output _h rea*$ = ! :ole c\ntry ov] #a1ejj1jjj gallons & at pres5t writ+1 #aiah1 x is well above #c1ejj1jjj gallons p] annum4 ,! manufacture ( grape-juice is no long] a home indu/ry b a great comm]cial ent]prise4 ,x is an indu/ry closely associat$ ) grape-gr[+1 h[ev]1 & z su* ne$s fur!r consid]ation "h4 ,grape-juice regions4 ,! manufacture ( grape-juice is c5t]$ 9 ! ,*autauqua grape-belt 9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio4 ,s f>1 ! dem& seems to be almo/ :olly = juices made f native grapes1 ! juice ( ,european grapes gr[n on ! ,pacific slope be+ s sweet z to be insipid4 ,possibly #hj p] c5t ( ! grape-juice n[ manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica comes f a s+le v>iety1 ! ,concord4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 b t soon] or lat] grape-juices ( di/9ct qualities w be made f _m v>ieties ( grapes1 ?us giv+ wid] sale & great] v>iation = ! product4 ,a v good sp>kl+ grape-juice is n[ on ! m>ket & its reception seems to promise a great increase 9 ! production ( an article t closely simulates *ampagne 9 color & sp>kl+ vivacity1 b n1 ( c\rse1 9 ta/e1 s9ce x conta9s no alcohol4 ,! grape-juice indu/ry has be5 />t$ & is 9 a fl\ri%+ condition 9 sev]al o!r grape regions ?an ! ,*autauqua belt :i* is n[ its c5t]4 ,!re are factories at ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 us+ grapes gr[n 9 ! ,kelly ,isl& di/rict2 9 s\?we/]n ,mi*igan !re are sev]al factories2 & ! indu/ry /ill survives at ,v9el&1 ,new ,j]sey1 :i* probably %\ld be call$ ! orig9al home ( ! manufacture ( grape-juice4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 "s grape-juice is made f ,muscad9e grapes1 b ?is product seems n z yet to h be5 well receiv$ 9 ! m>kets4 ,comm]cial me?ods ( mak+ grape-juice4 ,!re is at pres5t a great div]sity ( me?ods & ( app>atus employ$ 9 ! grape-juice manufactur+ plants ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,s9ce ! indu/ry is 9 its infancy1 & ! attempt has be5 made to hold "s ( ! me?ods z trade secrets1 ! div]sity ( me?ods & appliances is n to be wond]$ at4 ,no d\bt !re w be great] uni=mity ( me?od & ma*9]y &1 !re=e1 great] effici5cy1 z ! indu/ry develops4 ,husmann#ai gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( grape-juice 9 ! ea/]n /ates & 9 ,cali=nia3 ,s\nd1 ripe1 b n ov]-ripe1 grapes are us$4 ,^! are fir/ cru%$ or1 9 case ! /ems are to be remov$1 are run ?r\gh a comb9$ /emm] & cru%]4 ,if ! ma*9]y is /ation$ high en\gh1 ! cru%$ fruit c be run ?r\gh *utes directly into ! presses or kettles2 o!rwise1 x mu/ be pump$ into !m by means ( a pomace or mu/ pump or c>ri$ 9 pomace c>ts or tubs4 ,if a :ite or light color$ juice is desir$1 ! cru%$ grapes are fir/ press$1 ! juice :i* comes f ! press be+ heat$ to ab\t #afe ,f41 skimm$1 run ?r\gh a pa/euriz] at a temp]ature ( betwe5 #age & #bjj ,f4 into well-/]iliz$ conta9]s1 & !n plac$ 9 /orage4 ,if a color$ juice is desir$1 ! cru%$ grapes are heat$ imm$iately1 usually 9 alum9um kettles hav+ d\ble bottoms1 :i* prev5t ! /eam f com+ 9 contact ) ! cont5ts4 ,^! kettles usually conta9 revolv+ cyl9d]s1 ! arms ( :i* keep ! cru%$ grapes ?or\ghly /irr$ :ile !y are be+ heat$ to ab\t #adj ,f4 ,! simultane\s heat+ & /irr+ help to extract ! color+ matt] f ! sk9s1 te> ! cells ( ! b]ries1 increase ! quantity ( juice obta9$ p] ton ( fruit1 & give to ! mu/ _m +r$i5ts ( r$ w9e1 ) ! sub/itution ( grape sug> = alcohol ( ! w9e4 ,! alum9um kettles are fill$ & empti$ 9 rotation1 !reby mak+ cont9u\s manipulation possible4 ,! presses %\ld be situat$ bel[ ! kettles1 s t ! hot juice c be dra9$ directly into !m4 ,! express$ juice is !n reheat$ to ab\t #afe ,f41 skimm$1 & run ?r\gh ! pa/euriz] 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! :ite juice is h&l$4 ,! juice passes f ! pa/euriz] :ile /ill hot 7ab\t #afj ,f47 into ! conta9]1 :i* %\ld be seal$ imm$iately4 ,! l[] ! temp]ature 7above ! freez+ po9t7 at :i* ^! conta9]s are !n /or$1 ! less is ! dang] ( f]m5tation & ! m rapidly ! juice w cle> & deposit its s$im5t4 ,! ord9>y receptacles 9 :i* ! juice is /or$ are #e-;gallon demijohns1 #bj-;gallon c>boys1 or clean1 new b>rels or pun*eons1 well wa%$ & dra9$4 ,all conta9]s %\ld be ?or\ghly /]iliz$ be=e !y are fill$1 & ! cov]s1 corks1 bungs1 clo?s1 etc41 us$ 9 seal+ !m %\ld be scrupul\sly clean & c>efully /]iliz$4 ,if b>rels or pun*eons are us$ z conta9]s1 !y are plac$ on skids & firmly w$g$ to prev5t movem5t4 ,z ! juice cools1 air lad5 ) f]m5tation g]ms is apt to be drawn into ! b>rels by ! decrease 9 ! volume ( ! liquid4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is1 tight air-filt]+ plugs ( /]iliz$ cotton are sometimes us$ in/ead ( ! ord9>y bungs ( solid wood4 ,! type ( pa/euriz] diff]s 9 almo/ e e/abli%m5t4 ,z ! indu/ry is ( comp>atively rec5t developm5t comm]cially1 !re are few models on ! m>ket & ea* manufactur] has con/ruct$ ! model be/ suit$ to 8 p>ticul> ideas or requirem5ts4 ,!re are two g5]al types1 h[ev]1 7#a7 op51 d\ble-bottom$ kettles 9 :i* ! juice is heat$ to ! requir$ temp]ature & !n drawn (f1 & 7#b7 cont9u\s pa/euriz]s 9 :i* ! juice is heat$ to ! requir$ temp]ature z x passes ?r\gh ! wat] ba?4 ,! presses also %[ great v>iation 9 diff]5t e/abli%m5ts1 ei!r hydraulic1 screw or lev] p[] be+ us$1 & !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! types ( pomace conta9]s4 ,sometimes ! cru%$ grapes are heap$ on burlap clo?s ! sides ( :i* are fold$ 91 & ^! burlaps are plac$ "o on top ( ! o!r 9 ! press2 sometimes press baskets take ! place ( ^! burlaps4 ,! manufactur]s 9 ,cali=nia & ^? 9 ! grape-gr[+ regions ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s seem to h adopt$ entirely diff]5t me?ods ( h&l+ ! juice aft] x is fir/ pa/euriz$ & /or$4 ,mo/ ( ! ea/]n juices are r$ & are obta9$ f ! ,labrusca v>ieties1 g5]ally ! ,concord4 ,:5 ! juice comes f ! presses1 "s manufactur]s /ra9 x to remove ! co>se p>ticles & !n p\r x directly into well-/]iliz$ bottles2 o!rs siphon x (f ! s$im5t 9 ! conta9]s 9 :i* x is /or$ aft] ! fir/ pa/eurization & p\r x into pa/euriz$ bottles4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! bottles are securely cork$ & !n repa/euriz$4 ,! ,cali=nia juices1 h[ev]1 bo? r$ & :ite1 are made exclusively f ,v9if]a v>ieties4 ,!y are all[$ to settle 9 ! orig9al conta9]s & are siphon$ out ( ^! & c>efully filt]$ to make !m cle> & bright4 ,! cle>+ ( ! juice is sometimes facilitat$ by f9+ or add+ a small quantity ( a sub/ance :i* coagulates & :5 settl+ c>ries d[n ) x ! solid matt]s caus+ cl\d9ess 9 ! liquid4 ,su* f9+s may be appli$ at ! "t ( ! fir/ pa/eurization or j be=e ! f9al filtration & bottl+4 ,9 ! latt] case ! juice is drawn (f ! settl+s 9 conta9]s1 ! f9+s are add$1 & ! juice aga9 pa/euriz$ into o!r receptacles4 ,:5 x cle>s1 x is ei!r bottl$ directly or fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a filt]1 drawn into c>efully /]iliz$ bottles1 securely cork$1 & !n repa/euriz$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! f9al /]ilization is n at a high] temp]ature ?an ! previ\s "o2 o!rwise1 solid matt] may be precipitat$ & ! mu/ cl\d$ aga94 ,a simple & effici5t =m ( /]iliz] consi/s ( a wood5 tr\gh provid$ ) a wood5 grat+ :i* is rais$ #b in*es f ! bottom & on :i* re/ ! fill$ bottles 9 wire baskets4 ,! tr\gh conta9s en\gh wat] to subm]ge ! bottles & is kept at a temp]ature ( #ahe ,f4 by means ( a /eam coil b5ea? ! grat+4 ,x requires ab\t #ae m9utes = ! mu/ at ! bottom ( ! bottles to rea* t temp]ature2 = packages ( o!r sizes x is necess>y to make a te/ ) a !rmomet] 9 ord] to det]m9e h[ long x takes = ! entire cont5ts to rea* #ahe4 ,to prev5t ! corks f be+ expell$ dur+ /]ilization1 !y are ei!r ti$ d[n ) a /rong tw9e or ) "s contrivance su* z ! cork hold]4 ,9 ord] t mold g]ms may n ent] ! mu/ ?r\gh ! corks1 especially if a poor quality ( cork is us$1 ! necks ( ! cork$ bottles are dipp$ 9 heat$ p>aff9 be=e putt+ on ! caps1 or ! corks are seal$ d[n ) seal+ wax4 ,x is also well to keep ! bottles on _! rid] to prev5t ! corks dry+ out4 ,home me?ods ( mak+ grape-juice4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 mak+ grape-juice 9 ! home are ! same z ^? us$ 9 cann+4 ,! grapes may be cru%$ by h& or 9 mills simil> or id5tical ) ! small cid]-mills own$ by _m f>m]s4 ,9 mak+ a light-color$ juice1 ! cru%$ grapes are put 9 a clo? sack & hung up to dra91 or ! fill$ sack may be twi/$ by two p]sons until ! great] "p ( ! juice is express$4 ,! juice is !n /]iliz$ 9 a d\ble-boil] by heat+ x at a temp]ature ( #ahj to #bjj ,f41 c>e be+ tak5 t ! !rmomet] nev] goes above #bjj4 ,! /]iliz$ juice is n[ p\r$ into a glass or enamel$ vessel to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* x is dra9$ f ! s$im5t & /ra9$ ?r\gh sev]al ?icknesses ( clean flannel4 ,! juice is n[ put 9 clean bottles prep>atory to a second /]ilization1 c>e be+ tak5 t at lea/ an in* ( space is left at ! top = ! liquid to exp& :5 heat$4 ,! second /]ilization may be conduct$ 9 a wa%-boil] or simil> receptacle4 ,! fill$ bottles mu/ n re/ on ! bottom ( ! boil] b %\ld be sep>at$ f x ) a ?9 bo>d4 ,! boil] is fill$ ) wat] up to )9 an in* ( ! tops ( ! bottles & heat$ until ! wat] beg9s to boil4 ,! bottles %\ld !n be tak5 out & cork$ imm$iately1 us+ only new corks4 ,aft] cork+1 ! bottles are fur!r seal$ by dipp+ ! corks 9 melt$ p>aff94 ,a *eap cork+ ma*9e is a great conv5i5ce 9 ?is "w1 & 9 any case ! corks %\ld be soak$ = at lea/ a half h\r 9 w>m b n boil+ wat]4 ,! process v>ies some:at 9 ! mak+ ( r$ grape-juice4 ,! cru%$ grapes are heat$ to a temp]ature ( #bjj ,f41 & are !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a drip bag )\t pressure1 aft] :i* ! liquid is set away 9 glass or enamel vessels to settle = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,except = ?is diff]5ce 9 ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! juice1 ! me?ods are ! same 9 mak+ ! r$ or ! light-color$ product4 ,= prop] keep+ x is n necess>y to let ! juice settle aft] x is /ra9$1 b a cle>] & bright] product is obta9$ if ! juice is p]mitt$ to settle4 ,9 ei!r case ! grape-juice %\ld keep indef9itely if ! "w has be5 well done4 ,z soon z bottles are op5$1 f]m5tation beg9s ) ! =mation ( alcohol4 ,,rais9s ,! grape is be/ cons]v$ z a rais94 ,cann+ is seldom practic$ ) ?is fruit4 ,a rais9 is a dri$ grape4 ,tree-fruits are evaporat$ z by-products1 b ! rais9 is a prim>y product4 ,?is is a diff]5ce wor? not+2 = ) tree-fruits ! cream ( ! crop goes to ! fre% fruit m>ket1 :ile ) ! grape ! entire crop ( rais9 v>ieties may g into ! cur$ product4 ,! rais9 indu/ry is dep5d5t on a sunny & ra9less climate & h5ce 9 ,am]ica is conf9$ to ! grape regions ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 ?is /ate1 rais9-mak+ is a ri* res\rce ( ! grape-gr[]1 ! annual output n[ av]ag+ well above #bjj1jjj p\nds1 gr[n on #abj1jjj acres ( l&1 & hav+ a m>ket value ( #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,fresno ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 produces ne>ly #fj p] c5t ( ! output ( ! /ate & ! city ( ,fresno is ! c5t] ( ! indu/ry4 ,! rais9 indu/ry does n /& alone 9 ,cali=nia1 z "s rais9 grapes1 notably ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 are good dess]t sorts & are also mu* us$ = w9e & br&y4 ,only ! fir/ crop ( ! v>iety nam$ is us$ = rais9s1 :ile practically all ( ! second crop ea* season is made into w9e & br&y4 ,rais9s prop] are mo/ly made f ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 al?\gh o!r l>ge1 :ite1 sweet grapes are sometimes us$4 ,sultana rais9s1 naturally se$less1 are made f ,sultan9a & ! ,sultana4 ,! dri$ currants ( comm]ce are made f grapes1 & ( ^! ,cali=nia produces small quantities f ,:ite ,cor9?4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( rais9-mak+ is giv5 by ,husmann3#bj ,9 ! rais9 di/ricts grapes are ripe by ! middle ( ,augu/1 ! season (t5 la/+ into ,novemb]4 ,! av]age "t necess>y = dry+ & cur+ a tray ( rais9s is ab\t ?ree weeks1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r1 ! e>lie/ pick$ grapes dry+ 9 t5 days & ! lat] ones (t5 tak+ f\r weeks or m4 ,! me?od ( dry+ is v simple4 ,! bun*es are cut f ! v9es & plac$ 9 %all[ trays #b feet wide1 #c feet long1 & #a in* high on :i* ! grapes are all[$ to sun-dry1 be+ turn$ f "t to "t by simply plac+ an empty tray upside d[n on ! full "o & !n turn+ bo? ov] & tak+ (f ! top tray4 ,aft] ! rais9s are dri$ !y are /or$ away until !y are pack$ & prep>$ = %ipm5t4 ,"s ( ! l>g] gr[]s1 9 ord] n to run s mu* risk 9 dry+ on acc\nt ( ra91 & also to enable !m to h&le ! crop fa/ en\gh1 h cur+ h\ses1 :]e ! cur+ is f9i%$ aft] hav+ be5 p>tially done outside4 ,dipp+ & scald+ rais9s4 ,! op]ation ( dipp+ & scald+ is design$ to accompli% sev]al purposes1 namely1 to cleanse ! fruit1 to ha/5 its dry+1 & to give ! dri$ fruit a light] color4 ,9 dipp+ & dry+1 ! fruit1 imm$iately aft] be+ cut f ! v9es1 is ei!r dipp$ 9 cle> wat] to fir/ r9se x ( p>ticles ( du/ & o!r =eign matt]1 or x is tak5 direct to ! scald] & imm]s$ 9 a boil+ alkal9e mixture call$ 'legia' 7lye7 until ! grapes %[ an almo/ imp]ceptible crack+ ( ! sk91 ! op]ation consum+ p]haps f "o-f\r? to "o-half ( a m9ute4 ,?is dipp+ calls = skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 ! duration ( ! em]sion dep5d+ on ! /r5g? & temp]ature ( ! mixture & ! condition ( ! fruit4 ,desiccation foll[s ! scald+ process1 :i* is accompli%$ on trays 9 ! sun1 ! same z undipp$ rais9s cur$ entirely by sol> heat4 ,on acc\nt ( ! scald !y cure rapidly1 & ! fruit is also (t5 ( light] color :5 cur$4 ,! foll[+ =mula has be5 us$ = ,sultana & ,sultan9a grapes at ,fresno3 ,fifte5 p\nds ( ',gre5bank's #ih-p] c5t lye' are boil$ 9 #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,?is mixture is = grapes conta9+ #be p] c5t ( sug>4 ,%\ld _! sug> cont5t be less1 en\gh lye is add$ to remove ! bloom & op5 ! pores ( ! sk9 ( ! grapes4 ,aft] dipp+1 ! grapes are spread on trays & sulphur$ = #a to #a-a_/b h\rs4 ,obs]vation w %[ :e!r x may be necess>y to v>y ?is =mula a trifle to suit conditions ( rip5ess & influ5ce ( temp]ature4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = dipp+ is asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 & diff]s ) ! /r5g? ( ! lye1 ! heat ( ! solution1 & ! ?ickness ( ! sk9s ( ! grapes4 ,pack+ rais9s4 ,! rais9s z receiv$ at ! pack+ h\se are weigh$ & ! loose rais9s & ^? t are to be %ipp$ z dri$ grapes are imm$iately run ?r\gh a /emm] & grad] :i* /ems1 cleans1 & assorts ! rais9s into ?ree or f\r diff]5t grades1 aft] :i* !y are pack$ & %ipp$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 "s also be+ export$4 ,^? produc+ clu/] or lay] rais9s 7if !y h n already be5 equaliz$7 are fir/ /or$ 9 ! equaliz+ rooms4 ,9 ^! rooms ! sweat boxes1 fill$ ) lay]s ( new rais9s1 are /ack$ & left usually f #aj to #cj days1 or long en\gh = ! ov]dri$ b]ries to absorb moi/ure f ! "u-dri$ ones4 ,?is sweat+ also prop]ly s(t5s & t\gh5s ! /ems1 :i* prev5ts _! break+ & enables !m to hold ! b]ries bett]4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! climate is s dry1 no fir/ class pack c\ld be made )\t ?us fir/ equaliz+ ! rais9s4 ,aft] hav+ be5 equaliz$ ! rais9s are tak5 out1 assort$ into ! diff]5t grades1 & plac$ 9 trays hold+ #e p\nds ea*4 ,! trays ( ! same grades are !n press$ & /ack$ away 9 piles ready = pack+4 ,press+ ! rais9s s t !y look well & s none are bur/ op5 is "w requir+ exp]i5ce & good judgm5t4 ,x takes f\r press$ trays to fill a #bj-p\nd box4 ,! loose rais9s t h dropp$ f ! clu/] ?r\gh h&l+ be=e !y 7 equaliz$ are also grad$1 ! l>ge/1 ( c\rse1 mak+ ! *oice/ pack4 ,classes ( rais9s4 ,previ\s to ! consolidat$ organization ( ! pack]s ! ?ree be/ grades ( rais9s on ! /ems 7 kn[n z ',imp]ial1' ',dehesia1' & ',fancy ,clu/]s1' respectively4 ,! ,cali=nia ,rais9 ,gr[]s ,association e/abli%$ classification & grades simil> to ^? ( ! ,spani% rais9 pack]s1 on :i* ! ,fr5* trade names are also bas$4 ,! orig9al ,spani%1 z well z ,engli% t]ms ) :i* !y correspond1 & ! diff]5t grades 9 desc5d+ ord] ( quality are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,spani% ,,t]ms,,fr5* ,,t]ms ,,engli% ,,t]ms ,,cali=nia ,,t]ms ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,imp]ial ,imp]iaux ,extra,extra ,imp]ial ,clu/],six-,cr[n ,clu/] ,imp]ial ,bajo,imp]iaux ,imp]ial ,clu/] ,five-,cr[n ,clu/] ,royan ,bajo ,royaux ,royal ,clu/] ,f\r-,cr[n ,clu/] ,cu>ta 7#d;a7 ,sur*oix ,extra ,*oice/ ,?ree-,cr[n ,clu/] ,qu9ta 7#e;a7 ,*oix ,extra ,*oice ,clu/] ,two-,cr[n ,clu/] ,! grad+ is optical1 z a result ( exp]i5ce1 !re be+ no l9e> or cubic measurem5t /&>d4 ,?us1 a nice clu/] ) all b]ries ( l>ge size1 w\ld be a ',six-,cr[n ,clu/]1' su* be+ ! v f9e/ rais9s on ! /em4 ',five-,cr[n ,clu/]s' 7 =m]ly ! ',dehesia' clu/]1 & ',f\r-,cr[n ,clu/]s' 7 =m]ly ',fancy ,clu/]s4' ,grades less ?an ',f\r-,cr[n' on ! /ems 7! ',?ree-,cr[n' & ',two-,cr[n'7 are kn[n z ',lay]s1' or ',london ,lay]s4' ,^! are plac$ 9 boxes conta9+ #bj p\nds net2 9 half boxes ( #aj p\nds2 & qu>t] boxes ( #e p\nds2 & 9 fancy boxes conta9+ #b-a_/b p\nds4 ,loose rais9s1 or rais9s (f ! /em1 are grad$ into ,two-,cr[n1 ,?ree-,cr[n1 & ,f\r-,cr[n rais9s by be+ run ?r\gh scre5s ! me%es ( :i* are ?irte5 ?irty-seconds1 sev5te5 ?irty-seconds1 & tw5ty-two ?irty-seconds ( an in* 9 size1 respectively4 ,! ,sultan9a 7errone\sly call$ ,?ompson ,se$less71 & ! ,sultana are pack$ 9 #ab-ounce c>tons1 #de to ! case4 ,se$$ rais9s4 ,! inv5tion ( a rais9-se$+ ma*9e by ,george ,e4 ,pettit 9 ! e>ly sev5ties1 & its use1 has _h a wond]ful effect on ! indu/ry4 ,se$$ rais9s 7 fir/ put on ! m>ket by ! late ,col4 ,william ,=sy!1 ( ,fresno1 ,cal41 :o at fir/ f\nd x v difficult to dispose ( #bj tons4 ,! output 9 ! la/ #ae ye>s has increas$ f #gjj tons to #ej1jjj tons p] annum1 & _! popul>ity is con/antly increas+4 ,9 #aijj ab\t #ad1jjj tons 7 plac$ on ! m>ket1 9 #aije ab\t #ba1jjj tons1 9 #aiaj ab\t #ca1jjj tons1 & 9 #aiac ab\t #di1jjj tons4 ,! se$+ ma*9es 9 pres5t use c turn out #cjj tons p] day4 ,se$$ rais9s are n[ ! mo/ important bran* ( ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,a brief outl9e ( h[ se$$ rais9s are prep>$ w prove int]e/+4 ,! rais9s are fir/ expos$ to a dry temp]ature ( #adj ,f4 = ?ree to five h\rs1 aft] :i* !y are put ?r\gh a *ill+ process s t ! p$icels c be easily remov$1 & are !n ?or\ghly cleans$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh clean+ ma*9es4 ,!y are !n tak5 by automatic c>ri]s to ano!r room1 spread out on trays1 & expos$ to a moi/ temp]ature ( #acj ,f4 to br+ !m back to _! normal condition4 ,! rais9s pass to ! se$+ ma*9e1 :]e !y are c>ri$ betwe5 rubb]-fac$ roll]s & ! impal+ device ( ! se$+ ma*9e :i* cat*es ! se$s & removes !m f ! fruits z !y are flatt5$ betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! roll]s4 ,! impal$ se$s are remov$ f ! roll] by a :isk+ device 9 su* a way z to be caught 9 a sep>ate receptacle4 ,! se$$ rais9s pass ?r\gh *utes to ! pack+ tables on ! floor bel[4 ,! se$$ or loose rais9s are pack$ 9 #ej-p\nd boxes2 9 #a-p\nd c>tons1 #cf to ! case2 9 #ab-ounce c>tons1 #de to ! case2 & "s 9 bulk 9 #be-p\nd boxes4 ,in=mation has rec5tly be5 s5t out to ! effect t ! ,cali=nia ,associat$ ,rais9 ,co4 is arrang+ to d away ) ! grades 9 se$$ rais9s1 s !re w only be "o grade4 ,?is contemplates us+ all ( ! ,?ree-,cr[n1 ! smalle/ ( ! ,f\r-,cr[n1 & ! be/ ( ! ,two-,cr[n 9 "o bl5d$ grade4 ,f ! se$s1 =m]ly us$ z a fuel1 a numb] ( by-products are n[ made4 ,! se$s & p$icels remov$ f ! rais9s 9 se$+ v>y f #aj to #ab p] c5t ( ! orig9al weight ( ! rais9s accord+ to _! conditions & quality4 ,! grad+1 se$+1 fac+1 & pack+ h become sep>ate bran*es ( ! indu/ry1 & ! "w is ne>ly all done by especially tra9$ wom51 :o h become exp]ts at x4 ,! e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* ?is "w is done furni% employm5t = ov] #ejjj p]sons4 ,! aggregate pay roll ea* mon? dur+ ! season is betwe5 #bjj1jjj & #cej1jjj4 ,,grape-,,v9eg> ,a v good v9eg> c be made f grapes1 al?\gh z yet ?is outlet = ov]-production is n l>gely utiliz$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,grapes :i* are unsuitable = rais9s1 dess]t1 w9e-mak+ or grape-juice c be us$ = v9eg>-mak+4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 grape-v9eg> _c compete 9 *eapness ) v9eg> made f num]\s o!r products & mu/1 !re=e1 always sell at a high price4 ,inde$1 x is d\btful :e!r a high-grade grape-v9eg> c be manufactur$ at a less price ?an good w9e4 ,! production ( grape-v9eg> requires z mu* c>e1 b possibly n z mu* exp]t k1 z ! mak+ ( w9e4 ,unlike ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! v9eg> c be produc$ on a small scale = dome/ic purposes by any "o possess+ a k ( w9e-mak+ or v9eg>-mak+4 ,grape-v9eg> may be manufactur$ f ei!r :ite or r$ grapes1 al?\gh t f :ite grapes is g5]ally pref]r$4 ,x may be made ei!r directly f grapes or f w9e1 ! acetify+ process be+ ! same = bo?4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two di/9ct /ages 9 ! manufacture ( ?is product4 ,fir/1 !re mu/ be alcoholic f]m5tation by :i* ! sug> 9 ! grape is *ang$ into alcohol ) ! escape ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,second1 acetic f]m5tation mu/ foll[ ! alcoholic f]m5tation by :i* ! alcohol is *ang$ into acetic acid4 ,,by-,,products ,,( ,,grape ,,indu/ries ,!re are sev]al valuable by-products 9 ! w9e-mak+ & grape-juice indu/ries1 & ev5 rais9-mak+ yields a by-product 9 ! se$s tak5 f ! rais9s4 ,! utilization ( ^! wa/es has be5 r5d]$ pr(itable 9 ,europe1 & !re is no reason :y by-products %\ld n yield consid]able pr(it 9 ,am]ica1 z a few already d4 ,good au?orities /ate t if all ! wa/es ( ! grape crop c\ld be utiliz$ ! value ( ! crop w\ld be increas$ ov] #aj p] c5t4 ,pomace4 ,! pomace or m>c1 ! residue left aft] grape press+1 is ! mo/ valuable ( ! by-products ( ! w9e & grape-juice manufactur]s4 ,if ! pomace is p]mitt$ to f]m5t1 & aft]w>ds is di/ill$1 a product call$ pomace-br&y is made4 ,unscrupul\s w9e-mak]s (t5 add wat] & sug> to pomace1 aft] :i* x is ref]m5t$ & ! result+ product is sold z w9e4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! ^w w9e z appli$ to ?is product is a misnom]1 ! total am\nt ( su* w9e made & consum$ 9 ,am]ica is l>ge4 ,piquette is ano!r product 9 :i* ! pomace is put into f]m5t+ vats1 spr9kl$ ) wat] & ! liquid aft] a "t is drawn (f1 c>ry+ ) x ! w9e conta9$ 9 ! pomace4 ,?is liquid is re-us$ 9 o!r pomace1 until x is high en\gh 9 alcoholic /r5g?1 :5 x is di/ill$ into piquette or wa%4 ,9 ,europe1 ! pomace f /emm$ grapes is said to make a %eep & cattle food ( m or less value :5 salt$ slightly & /or$ 9 silos4 ,! pomace is also (t5times us$ z a manure1 = :i* x has consid]able to recomm5d x1 be+ ri* 9 pota% & nitrog54 ,acetic acid is made f pomace by dry+ x 9 vapor-tight rooms1 dur+ :i* process #ej to #fj p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! pomace becomes vapor1 & ?is1 cond5s$1 yields consid]able quantities ( acetic acid4 ,cream-(-t>t>4 ,! lees ( w9e1 ! s$im5t :i* settles 9 ! casks 9 :i* new w9e or grape-juice is /or$1 =m a grayi% or r$di% cru/ on ! inside ( ! receptacle4 ,?is is ! argol or w9e-/one ( ! w9e-mak]1 & f x is made cream-(-t>t>1 an article consid]ably us$ 9 m$ic9e1 ! arts & = cul9>y purposes4 ,f #bj to #gj p] c5t ( ! lees consi/ ( ei!r cream-(-t>t>1 or ( calcium t>trate1 ! latt] also hav+ comm]cial value4 ,r$ w9es are mu* ri*] 9 argol ?an :ite w9es4 ,a ton ( grapes yields f "o to two p\nds ( argol4 ,?is product becomes a s\rce ( consid]able pr(it 9 l>ge w9]ies & 9 grape-juice manufactur+ plants4 ,se$s4 ,9 ,europe1 ! se$s are sep>at$ f ! pomace & us$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y are also utiliz$ to a small] ext5t 9 ,am]ica1 especially :5 sep>at$ f rais9s4 ,! se$s are us$ z food = horses1 cattle & p\ltry1 = :i* !y are said to h consid]able value4 ,if cru%$ & gr\nd1 ! se$s yield a cle> yell[ oil :i* burns )\t smoke or smell & :i* may also be employ$ z a sub/itute = olive oil4 ,a ton ( grapes yields f =ty to "o hundr$ p\nds ( se$s f :i* may be made f ?ree to sixte5 p\nds ( oil4 ,?is oil is also us$ z a sub/itute = l9se$ oil & 9 soap-mak+4 ,besides oil1 ! se$s yield tann94 ,aft] ! oil & tann9 h be5 tak5 f ! se$s1 !re rema9s a meal :i* may /ill be utiliz$ z a /ock food or z a f]tiliz]4 ,,dome/ic ,,uses ,,= ,,grapes ,at pres5t1 :5 food cons]vation is be+ emphasiz$ ev]y:]e1 m5tion ( ! dome/ic use = grapes is p>ticul>ly appropriate4 ,! c\ntry ov]1 no fruit is m g5]ally gr[n ?an ! grape2 yet grape products are n z common = home use z ^? ( sev]al o!r fruits1 al?\gh _m attractive & appetiz+ pres]ves c be made f grapes )\t ! use ( l>ge quantities ( sug>1 spices or o!r +r$i5ts4 ,few h\sekeep]s realize ! high quality & ! *eapness ( ! products t c be made f ! grape4 ,?us1 grape-juice1 jelly1 jam1 m>malade1 grape-butt]1 catsup1 spic$ grapes1 cann$ grapes1 cons]ves 9 :i* grapes are us$1 pres]ves & m9ce-meat are among ! desirable cul9>y products easily & *eaply prep>$ f home-gr[n grapes or ^? b\ght 9 ! m>ket4 ,only simple dome/ic ut5sils are ne$$ 9 ! prep>ation ( any ( ^! products4 ,grape-sirup is less easily produc$1 yet c be made 9 any home )\t ! addition ( sug>4 ,x is n only a good table sirup1 b is a mo/ useful sug> sub/itute = ! prep>ation ( o!r cul9>y products4 ,! ,muscad9e grapes 9 ! ,s\?1 to be pur*as$ by almo/ e h\sehold] 9 s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 p>ticul>1 are useful = ^! dome/ic products4 ,recipes = all ( ^! products c be f\nd 9 cook books1 & "o or two bullet9s & circul>s f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture give recipes = prep>+ grapes = dome/ic purposes4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #hei entitl$ ,home ,uses = ,muscad9e ,grapes is a p>ticul>ly valuable publication on ?is subject4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t sev]al l>ge manufactur]s ( grape-juice are putt+ on ! m>ket grape jams1 jellies & m>malades4 ,x w\ld seem t ^! delici\s & :olesome products w\ld f9d a ready sale 9 ! m>kets ( ! c\ntry1 & t _! manufacture w\ld prove pr(itable to ! mak] & to ! grape-gr[]4 ,! great] ! use ( grapes = _! products1 ! bett] ! gr[] c brea/ ! bl[s ( unfavorable m>kets & ov]-production4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4--,isabella 7#b_/c74 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,grape-,,bre$+ ,*ance1 pure & simple1 has be5 ! greate/ factor 9 ! production ( v>ieties ( ,am]ican grapes4 ,f ! millions ( wild plants1 an occasional grape ( pre-em95t m]it has caught ! eye ( ! cultivator & has be5 br\ght into ! v9ey>d to be ! prog5itor ( a new v>iety4 ,or 9 ! v9ey>ds1 m (t5 9 ne>-by wa/e l&s1 f ! prodigi\s numb] ( se$l+s t spr+ up1 pure or cross-br$1 a plant ( m]it becomes ! f\ndation ( a new v>iety4 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 ! dome/ication ( ! f\r *ief species ( ,am]ican grapes is t none came "u cultivation until =ms ( !m1 /rik+ 9 value1 _h be5 f\nd4 ,catawba1 repres5t+ ! ,labrusca grapes2 ! ,scupp]nong1 ! ,rotundifolias2 ,norton1 f ,vitis /ivalis2 ,delaw>e & ,h]bemont f ! ,b\rqu9iana grapes2 & ,cl9ton f ,vitis vulp9a1 are1 aft] a c5tury1 sc>cely excell$1 al?\gh 9 ea* species !re are n[ _m new v>ieties4 ,t our be/ grapes h come f *ance is n because ( a lack ( human ef=t to produce sup]ior v>ieties4 ,( all fruits1 ! grape has receiv$ mo/ att5tion 9 ,am]ica f ! g5]ation ( plant-bre$]s j pass+4 ,grape-bre$]s h produc$ #bjjj or m v>ieties1 a m$ley ( ! het]og5e\s *>act]s ( a doz5 species4 ,t s _m ( ?is va/ numb] are wor?less is due m to a lack ( k ( plant-bre$+ ?an to a lack ( ef=t1 = ! ord] & sy/em 9 plant-bre$+ t n[ prevail1 disclos$ by rec5t brilliant discov]ies1 7 unkn[n to grape-bre$]s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,,grape ,,hybrids ,z e>ly z #ahbb1 ,nuttall1 a not$ botani/1 !n at ,h>v>d1 recomm5d$ hybrids betwixt ! ,european v9e & ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* w\ld bett] answ] ! v>iable climates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahcj1 ,william ,rob]t ,pr9ce1 ,fig4 #dh1 f\r? proprietor ( ! !n fam\s ,l9nean ,botanic ,nurs]y at ,flu%+1 ,long ,isl&1 grew #aj1jjj se$l+ grapes f admixture "u e v>iety ( circum/ance4 ,?is 0 probably ! fir/ attempt on a l>ge scale to improve ! native grapes by hybridiz+1 al?\gh little seems to h come ( x4 ,lat]1 a ,dr4 ,valk1 also ( ,flu%+1 grew hybrids f :i* he obta9$ ,ada1 ! fir/ nam$ hybrid1 ! introduction ( :i* />t$ hybridiz]s to "w 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e grapes 7 gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,william ,rob]t ,pr9ce4 ,soon aft] ,valk's hybrid 0 s5t out1 ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s1 ,fig4 #di1 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 began to give viticulturi/s hybrids ( ! ,european ,v9if]a & ! ,am]ican species :i* 7 s promis+ t en?usiasm & speculation 9 grape-gr[+ ran riot4 ,nev] be=e nor s9ce has grape-gr[+ receiv$ ! att5tion 9 ,am]ica z giv5 dur+ ! introduction ( ,rog]s' hybrids4 ,x 0 ! expectation ( all t we 7 to gr[ 9 ,am]ica1 9 ^! hybrids1 grapes b little inf]ior1 if at all1 to ^? ( ,europe4 ,a /atem5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,european & ,am]ican grapes %[s :y ,am]ican viticulturi/s h be5 s eag] to gr[ ei!r pure-br$s f ! =eign grape or hybrids ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s4 ,european grapes h a high] sug>-&-solid cont5t ?an ! ,am]ican species2 !y1 !re=e1 make bett] w9es & keep mu* long] aft] h>ve/+ & c be made into rais9s4 ,also1 !y h a great] v>iety ( flavors1 :i* are m delicate1 yet ri*]1 ) a pleasant] aroma1 seldom s acid1 & are always lack+ ! disagreeable1 rancid odor & ta/e1 ! fox9ess1 ( _m ,am]ican v>ieties4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an unpleasant a/r+5cy 9 "s ( ! =eign grapes1 & _m v>ieties are )\t "* ( flavor4 ,am]ican table-grapes1 on ! o!r h&1 are m refre%+1 ! unf]m5t$ juice makes a pleasant] dr9k1 & lack+ sweetness & ri*ness1 !y d n cloy ! appetite s quickly4 ,! bun*es & b]ries ( ! ,european grapes are l>g]1 m attractive & are borne 9 great] quantities4 ,! pulp1 se$s & sk9s are some:at objectionable 9 all ( ! native species & sc>cely s at all 9 ! ,old ,_w sorts4 ,! b]ries ( ! native grapes %ell f ! /em s quickly t ! bun*es d n %ip well4 ,! v9es ( ! ,old ,_w grapes are m compact 9 habit & require less prun+ & tra9+ ?an d ^? ( ! native grapes2 &1 z a species1 probably ?r\gh long cultivation1 !y are adapt$ to m k9ds ( soil1 to great] diff]5ces 9 environm5t & are m easily propagat$ ?an ! ,am]ican species4 ,because ( ^! po9ts ( sup]iority 9 ! ,old ,_w grape1 s9ce ,valk1 ,all5 & ,rog]s %[$ ! way1 ,am]ican grape-bre$]s h s\ght to unite by hybridization ! good *>act]s ( ! ,old ,_w grape ) ^? ( ! ,am]ican4 ,ne>ly half ( ! #bjjj grapes cultivat$ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica h m or less ,european blood 9 !m4 ,yet1 despite ! ef=ts ( ! bre$]s1 few ( ^! hybrids h comm]cial value4 ,:e!r because !y are naturally bett] fix$1 or long cultivation has m firmly e/abli%$ !m1 ! v9e *>act]s ( ,vitis v9if]a m (t5 appe> 9 v>ieties aris+ z prim>y hybrids betwe5 t & ! native species1 & ! weaknesses ( ! =eign grape1 :i* prev5t _! cultivation 9 ,am]ica1 crop out4 ,hybrids 9 :i* ! v9if]a blood is m att5uat$1 z second>y or t]ti>y crosses1 give bett] results4 ,sev]al second>y hybrids n[ rank among ! be/ ( ! cultivat$ grapes4 ,examples are ,brighton & ,diamond4 ,! fir/ is a cross betwe5 ,diana-,hamburg1 a hybrid ( a ,v9if]a & a ,labrusca1 cross$ 9 its turn ) ,concord1 a ,labrusca2 ! second is a cross betwe5 ,iona1 also a hybrid betwe5 a ,v9if]a & a ,labrusca1 cross$ ) ,concord4 ,bo? 7 gr[n f se$ plant$ by ,jacob ,moore1 ,brighton1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahgj4 ,brighton 0 ! fir/ second>y hybrid to attract ! att5tion ( grape-bre$]s1 & its adv5t m>k$ an important /ep 9 bre$+ grapes4 ,! signal success a*iev$ by hybridiz]s ( ! ,european grape ) native species quickly l$ to simil> amalgamations among ,am]ican species4 ,jacob ,rommel1 ( ,morrison1 ,miss\ri1 beg9n+ "w ab\t #ahfj1 hybridiz$ ,labrusca & ,vulp9a grapes s successfully t a doz5 or m ( 8 v>ieties are /ill cultivat$4 ,all are *>act]iz$ by great vigor & productiv5ess2 &1 al?\gh !y lack ! qualities :i* make good table-grapes1 !y are among ! be/ = w9e-mak+4 ,rommel has _h _m foll[]s 9 hybridiz+ native species1 *ief ( :om 0 ! late ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,fig4 #ej1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 :o lit]ally made e comb9ation ( grapes possible1 grew ?\s&s ( se$l+s & produc$ _m valuable v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson4 ,improvem5t by selection4 ,selection1 cont9u$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 s important 9 ! improvem5t ( field & g>d5 plants1 has play$ b small "p 9 ! dome/ication ( ! grape4 ,! p]iod betwe5 plant+ & fruit+ is s long t progress w\ld be sl[ inde$ 7 ?is me?od reli$ on4 ,moreov]1 selection1 z a me?od 9 bre$+1 is possible only :5 plants are br$ pure1 & x is ! exp]i5ce ( grape-bre$]s t 9 pure bre$+ ?is fruit loses 9 vigor & productiv5ess & t ! v>iations are exce$+ly slight & un/able4 ,_m pure-br$ grapes h be5 rais$ on ! gr\nds ( ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation "u ! eyes ( ! writ]1 ( :i* v few h surpass$ ! p>5t or h %[n promise = ! practice ( selection4 ,new v>ieties f sports4 ,bud-sports or mutations n[ & !n arise 9 grapes4 ,b n m ?an two or ?ree ( ! #bjjj v>ieties n[ "u cultivation are suspect$ ( hav+ aris5 9 ?is way4 ,x is true t mutations seem to occur r (t5 9 grapes1 b !y are easily confus$ ) v>iations due to environm5t & are usually too vague to lay h&s on4 ,until ! causes ( ^! mutations are kn[n & until !y c be produc$ & controll$1 b little c be hop$ = 9 ! amelioration ( grapes ?r\gh mutations4 ,,hybridiz+ ,,! ,,grape ,hybridization has be5 ! *ief means ( improv+ ! grape4 ,at pres5t1 f :at is be+ accompli%$ by _m work]s1 x looks z if x w long cont9ue to be ! be/ means ( improv+ ?is fruit4 ,s9ce ! grape-gr[] mu/ dep5d on new v>ieties = progress1 z old v>ieties _c be *ang$1 x %\ld be ! ambition ( gr[]s to produce v>ieties bett] ?an ^? we n[ h4 ,_m amateur & pr(essional grape-gr[]s 9 ! pa/ h f\nd bre$+ grapes a pleas+ & pr(itable hobby1 s t mu* k has accumulat$ 9 reg>d to manipulat+ ! plants 9 hybridization1 & ! results t foll[ 9 ! (fspr+ ( hybridization4 ,h[ to hybridize4 ,x is assum$ t ! read] is famili> ) ! botany ( fl[]s & ! ess5tial pr9ciples 9 cross+ plants4 ,if he is n1 he mu/ c>efully /udy ! /ructure ( fl[]s1 especially ^? ( ! grape1 s z to be able to di/+ui% ! diff]5t organs & to discov] :5 ! poll5 & /igma are ready = ! "w ( poll9ation4 ,he %\ld1 also1 read any "o ( sev]al curr5t books on plant-bre$+4 ,! fir/ task 9 cross+ grapes is to remove ! an!rs be=e ! fl[] op5s1 a process kn[n z emasculation4 ,?is is necess>y to prev5t self-poll9ation4 ,?is fir/ op]ation hav+ be5 p]=m$1 ! clu/] ( grape-fl[]s mu/ be ti$ securely 9 a bag to protect x f =eign poll5 :i* o!rwise w\ld surely be c>ri$ to ! /igma by insects4 ,z soon z ! /igma is ready to receive ! poll51 ! bag is remov$ & poll5 f ! male p>5t is appli$1 aft] :i* ! bag is aga9 put on ! fl[] to rema9 until ! grapes are well set4 ,by exam9+ ! /igmas 9 ! fl[]s ( uncov]$ grapes1 ! op]ator c tell approximately :e!r ! cov]$ /igma is ready to receive poll54 ,! "t requir$ aft] cov]+ dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! age ( ! bud :5 emasculation takes place4 ,x is1 by ! way1 be/ to delay emasculation until j be=e ! fl[]s op51 b "o mu/ be c]ta9 t ! an!rs h n dis*>g$ _! poll5 be=e ! fl[] has be5 emasculat$4 ,emasculation is a simple op]ation4 ,! ess5tial organs ( ! grape-fl[] are cov]$ by a small cap2 ?is 9 "s grapes mu/ be remov$ be=e ! an!rs c be rea*$4 ,9 _m native grapes1 h[ev]1 ! cap & ! an!rs may be remov$ at "o /roke by ! op]ator4 ,! be/ tool = ?is is a small pair ( =ceps4 ,ea* ( ! blades ( ! =ceps 9 work+ ) native grapes %\ld h a %>p cutt+ surface1 b ) ,v9if]a sorts1 :]e ! cap mu/ be remov$ be=e ! an!rs c be rea*$1 =cep blades ) a flat surface are be/4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 "s dang] :5 ! buds are well develop$ t ! poll5 may be squeez$ out & s rea* ! /igma or adh]e to ! in/rum5t & ?us contam9ate future crosses4 ,! fir/ dang] mu/ be avoid$ c>efully by ! skill ( ! op]ator1 :ile ! second is easily ov]come by /]iliz+ ! =ceps 9 alcohol4 ,an ef=t %\ld be made to f]tilize z _m ( ! fl[]s 9 ! clu/] z possible1 b success is n always c]ta92 :5 !re is d\bt1 ! unc]ta9 fl[] %\ld be remov$ f ! clu/]4 ,! fl[] f :i* ! poll5 is to be tak5 mu/ be protect$ f w9d & insects2 o!rwise poll5 f ano!r fl[] may be left on x4 ,protection %\ld be giv5 by ty+ ! fl[]s 9 a bag :ile /ill 9 bud4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( obta9+ poll5 f ripe an!rs & apply+ x to ! /igma ( ! fl[]s to be cross$4 ,! simple/ is to cru% ! an!rs1 ?us squeez+ out ! poll51 aft] :i*1 ) a bru%1 scalpel or o!r in/rum5t1 x may be plac$ ^u ! /igma4 ,a bru% is v wa/eful ( poll5 & (t5 becomes a s\rce ( contam9ation to future crosses1 s t ! scalpel is ! bett] implem5t ( ! two4 ,:5 poll5 is pl5tiful1 z w usually be ! case :5 a man is work+ ) v9es 9 8 own v9ey>d1 by f> ! be/ me?od is to take ! clu/] f ! male v9e & apply ! poll5 directly to ! /igma ( ! fl[] to be cross$1 !reby mak+ c]ta9 ( fre% poll5 & an abundance ( x4 ,! /igma1 if poll5 suffice1 %\ld be cov]$ ) poll54 ,grape poll5 does n keep well & an ef=t %\ld be made to h x z fre% z possible4 ,! "w ( poll9ation is be/ p]=m$ 9 bright1 sunny wea!r :5 ! poll5 is v dry4 ,z may be se5 f ! =ego+ /atem5ts1 tools & me?ods are ( less importance ?an c>e 9 do+ ! "w4 ,! only tool absolutely necess>y is a pair ( =ceps1 al?\gh a h&-l5s is (t5 helpful4 ,bags = cov]+ ! fl[]s %\ld be j l>ge en\gh & no l>g]4 ,a bag to cov] ! poll5-produc+ fl[] may well be an ord9>y manilla bag suffici5tly l>ge to amply cov] ! fl[]-clu/]4 ,x is helpful1 h[ev]1 to h a light transp>5t oil$ bag ?r\gh :i* "o c see ! condition ( ! an!rs4 ,x is desirable t ! bag = ! female fl[] be p]mitt$ to rema9 until ! fruits rip5 z a protection aga9/ birds & fungi4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be ( l>g] size4 ,:ile ! bags are /ill flat1 a hole is made ne> ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* a /r+ is pass$ :i* c be ti$ :5 ! upp] end ( ! bag is squeez$ ab\t ! clu/]4 ,*oos+ ! p>5ts4 ,v mu* dep5ds on ! imm$iate p>5tage 9 hybridiz+ grapes4 ,"s v>ieties :5 cross$ produce mu* high] av]ages ( wor?y (fspr+ ?an o!rs4 ,!re is s mu* diff]5ce 9 v>ieties 9 ?is respect t to discov] p>5ts s end[$ %\ld be ! fir/ task ( ! grape-bre$]4 ,=tunately1 consid]able "w has be5 done by sev]al exp]im5t /ations 9 bre$+ grapes1 & _! accumulat$ k1 toge!r ) t f su* work]s z ,rog]s1 ,ricketts1 ,campbell & ,munson1 furni%es beg9n]s ) good />t+ po9ts4 ,!re is no way possible ( discov]+ :at ! be/ prog5itors are except by records ( p]=mance4 ,v (t5 v>ieties ( high cultural value are wor?less 9 bre$+ because _! *>act]s seem n to be transmitt$ to _! prog5y &1 to ! contr>y1 a good-=-no?+ v>iety 9 ! v9ey>d is (t5 valuable 9 bre$+4 ,f pres5t k x does n appe> t new *>act]s are introduc$ 9 plants by hybridiz+4 ,a new v>iety orig9at+ f hybridization is b a recomb9ation ( ! *>act]s ( ! p>5ts2 ! comb9ation is new b ! *>act]s are n4 ,?us1 "o p>5t ( a hybridiz$ grape may contribute color1 size1 flavor & practically all ! *>act]s ( ! fruit1 :ile ! o!r p>5t may contribute vigor1 h>d9ess1 resi/ance to disease & ! *>act]s ( ! v9e4 ,or ^! & o!r *>act]s 9 ! make-up ( a new grape may be int]m+l$ 9 any ma!matical way possible4 ,! grape-bre$] mu/ make c]ta9 t "o or ! o!r ( ! p>5ts possesses ! p>ticul> *>act]s he desires 9 8 new grape4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! *>act]s ( ! grape1 9 common ) ^? ( o!r plants1 are inh]it$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 laws discov]$ by ,m5del4 ,! e>ly work]s 9 grape-bre$+ did n "k ( ^! laws & c\ld n take aim 9 ! "w !y 7 do+4 ,consequ5tly1 hybridization 0 a maze 9 :i* ^! bre$]s (t5 lo/ !mselves4 ,m5del's discov]ies1 h[ev]1 assure a regul>ity ( av]ages & give a def9it5ess & con/ancy ( action :i* enable ! grape-bre$] to atta9 ) fair c]ta9ty :at he wants if he keeps pati5tly at 8 task4 ,! grape-bre$] %\ld in=m himself z to :at ,m5del's laws are1 & on ! "w t has be5 done on ! inh]itance ( *>act]s ( ! grape4 ,a te*nical bullet9 publi%$ by ! ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 & ano!r f ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,/ation at ,raleigh give mu* in=mation on ! inh]itance ( *>act]s 9 c]ta9 grapes1 & fur!r in=mation c be secur$ by apply+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton = lit]ature on ! subject4 ,! grape-bre$] c hope to progress only by mak+ _m comb9ations betwe5 diff]5t v>ieties & gr[+ l>ge numb]s ( se$l+s4 ,he %\ld ext5d 8 "w to all v>ieties :i* %[ promise 9 ! bre$+ ( grapes = ! p>ticul> purpose he has 9 m9d4 ,! se$ may be sav$ & plant$ z direct$ 9 ! *apt] on propagation4 ,unless he desires to make sci5tific int]pretations ( 8 results1 weak se$l+s %\ld be disc>d$ ! fir/ ye>1 & a second disc>d may be made be=e ! "y plants g 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,! bre$] w soon discov] t he c tell fairly well f ! "* ( ! se$l+s :e!r !y are ( suffici5t promise to keep4 ,?us1 if ! numb] ( leaves is small or if ! leaves !mselves are small1 ! v9e is ( d\btful value2 if ! int]nodes are exce$+ly long1 ! prospect is poor2 sl5d]ness ( cane1 if acc5tuat$1 does n promise well2 on ! o!r h&1 great /\tness & v %ort int]nodes are n desirable indications4 ,?r\gh ^! & o!r signs1 ! bre$] w come quickly to "k :i* v9es %\ld ev5tually g to ! v9ey>d4 ,,results ,,( ,,grape-,,bre$+ ,!re are n[ #bjjj or m v>ieties ( grapes ( ,am]ican orig91 all produc$ )9 approximately a c5tury4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any o!r cultivat$ plant at any "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has atta9$ su* importance 9 s %ort a "t f ! wild /ate z ,am]ican grapes4 ,x w\ld seem t almo/ e possible comb9ation betwe5 species wor? consid]+ has be5 made4 ,?r\gh hybridization1 species & v>ieties h become s mix$ t ! grape-bre$] _c n[ "w intellig5tly ) ^! gross =ms & mu/ "w ) *>act]s r ?an ) species & v>ieties :i* are b comb9ations ( *>act]s4 ,great progress1 x is true1 has be5 made 9 ! pa/ 9 bre$+ grapes 9 ,am]ica1 b ! "w has be5 :olly empirical & extremely wa/eful4 ,_m v>ieties h be5 call$1 b few h be5 *os54 ,) ! new k ( bre$+ & ) ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ work]s1 progress %\ld be made ) great] c]ta9ty4 ,f :at has be5 done & f "w n[ "u way1 x is n too mu* to say t we %all soon be gr[+ grapes ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica1 & k9ds s div]se t !y w meet n only all purposes to :i* grapes are n[ put1 b also ! dem& = bett] grapes made by m critical consum]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,jeff]son 7#c_/e74 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,miscellanies ,!re yet rema9 sev]al phases ( grape-culture ess5tial to success1 none ( :i* q des]ves a *apt] & none ( :i* prop]ly falls into any ( ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,! subjects are n closely relat$1 are by no means ( equal importance1 yet all are too important to be relegat$ to ! limbo ( an app5dix & are1 !re=e1 ?r[n into a *apt] ( miscellanies4 ,,cross-,,poll9ation ,! bloom+ ( ! v9e _h little significance to ! grape-gr[]1 ! bloom+ p]iod be+ s late t grapes are seldom caught by fro/1 until ! discov]y 0 made t _m v>ieties ( grapes are unable to f]tilize !mselves1 & t failure ( crops ( ^! v>ieties 0 (t5 due to ! self-/]ility ( ! v>iety4 ,until ?is discov]y1 ! unc]ta9ty att5d+ ! sett+ ( ! grape 9 ^! v>ieties 0 "o ( ! disc\ragem5ts ( grape-gr[+4 ,foll[+ inve/igations ( ! self-/]ility ( ! tree-fruits1 an inve/igation ( ! grape %[$ t ! v9es ( ?is fruit are (t5 self-/]ile4 ,?is k has 9 "s degree modifi$ ! plant+ ( all home collections & has m or less affect$ ! plant+s ( comm]cial sorts4 ,v>ieties ( ,am]ican grapes %[ mo/ rem>kable diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( self-f]tility4 ,_m sorts fruit p]fectly )\t cross-poll9ation4 ,o!rs set no fruit :atsoev] if cross-poll9ation is n provid$ =4 ,mo/ v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 gr\ps betwe5 ! two extremes1 nei!r self-f]tile nor self-/]ile4 ,figure #ea %[s /am9ate & p]fect clu/]s on "o v9e4 ,"s v>ieties %[ no v>iation 9 ! degree ( self-/]ility or self-f]tility2 o!rs behave diff]5tly 9 reg>d to ^! *>act]s "u diff]5t environm5t4 ,n[ & !n ! wide/ v>iations are to be f\nd 9 a v>iety 9 respect to self-f]tility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,/am9ate & p]fect clu/]s on "o v9e2 "r1 /am9ate2 left1 p]fect4 ,foll[+ ! lead ( ,bea* at ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 sev]al work]s h made c>eful /udies ( ! self-f]tility ( ! grape1 & n[ ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( native grapes are divid$ into f\r gr\ps 9 accordance ) ! degree ( self-f]tility4 ,class ,i includes self-f]tile v>ieties hav+ p]fect or ne>ly p]fect clu/]s2 ,class ,,ii includes self-f]tile v>ieties hav+ clu/]s loose b m>ketable2 ,class ,,iii includes v>ieties :i* are s imp]fectly self-f]tile t ! clu/]s are g5]ally too loose to be m>ketable2 ,class ,,iv includes self-/]ile v>ieties4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( commonly cultivat$ grapes classifi$ accord+ to ! divisions j giv53 ,,classification ,,( ,,grapes ,,accord+ ,,to ,,self-,,f]tility ,,class ,i4 ,clu/]s p]fect or v>y+ f p]fect to some:at loose4 ,b]ckmans ,b]?a ,cottage ,croton ,delaw>e ,diana ,etta ,janesville ,lady ,wa%+ton ,lutie ,moore ,e>ly ,p\ghkeepsie ,pockl+ton ,pr5tiss ,ro*e/] ,s5asqua ,w9*ell ,,class ,,ii4 ,clu/]s m>ketable2 mod]ately compact or loose4 ,agawam ,brilliant ,br[n ,catawba ,*ampion ,*autauqua ,cl9ton ,col]a9 ,concord ,dut*ess ,e>ly ,victor ,elvira ,empire ,/ate ,f]n ,munson ,h>t=d ,iona ,isabella ,isabella ,se$l+ ,jeff]son ,jessica ,lady ,mills ,miss\ri ,riesl+ ,p]k9s ,rommel ,triumph ,ul/] ,,class ,,iii4 ,clu/]s unm>ketable4 ,brighton ,canada ,dracut ,amb] ,eumelan ,g5eva ,hayes ,l9dley ,noah ,nor!rn ,muscad9e ,v]g5nes ,,class ,,iv4 ,self-/]ile4 ,no fruit develops on cov]$ clu/]s4 ,am]ica ,am9ia ,b>ry ,black ,eagle ,clev5] ,crevel+ ,eldorado ,fai? 787 ,ga]tn] ,gre9 ,gold5 ,h]cules ,jewel ,massasoit ,maxatawney 787 ,m]rimac ,montefiore ,requa ,salem ,wyom+ ,9 ! ma91 ! cause ( inf]tility1 z ) o!r fruits1 is ! impot5cy ( poll5 on ! pi/ils ( ! same v>iety4 ,!re are a few cases 9 :i* poll5 does n seem to be =m$ abundantly1 b ^! are v few4 ,!re are a few cases1 also1 9 :i* ! pi/il does n become receptive until aft] ! poll5 has lo/ its vitality2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are v few4 ,9 a great] numb] ( cases ! poll5 is f\nd defective4 ,h[ev]1 dismiss+ all ( ^! z ! exception1 ! rule is t self-/]ility is due1 z has be5 said1 to ! lack ( aff9ity betwe5 poll5 & pi/ils produc$ on ! v9es ( "s v>ieties4 ,nature is helpful to ! grape-gr[] 9 giv+ a guide to self-f]tility4 ,! l5g? ( /am5s is a fairly safe indication ( self-f]tility4 ,all grapes :i* are self-f]tile be> fl[]s ) long /am5s1 al?\gh ! latt] are n a sure sign ( self-f]tility1 z a few v>ieties ) long /am5s are self-/]ile4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %ort or recurv$ /am5s are always associat$ ) complete or ne>ly complete self-/]ility4 ,! rem$y = self-/]ility is int]-plant+4 ,only ! v>ieties nam$ 9 ,classes ,i & ,,ii 9 ! =ego+ classification %\ld be plant$ alone4 ,! sorts nam$ 9 ,classes ,,iii & ,,iv mu/ be plant$ ne> o!r sorts :i* bloom at ! same "t 9 ord] t _! fl[]s may be cross-poll9at$4 ,x is evid5t t ! grape-gr[] mu/ h "s k ( ! relative "t t grapes bloom1 if he is to plant intellig5tly to secure cross-poll9ation4 ,! foll[+ table1 tak5 f ,bullet9 #djg ( ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 %[s ! bloom+ "t ( grapes at t ,/ation4 ,v>iations due to location & season mu/ be expect$1 b )9 ! b\nds ( ! regions 9 :i* ^! grapes are gr[n v>iations w be slight4 ,:5 ?is table is us$ = o!r regions ?an ,new ,york1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! f>!r s\?1 ! long] ! bloom+ season2 ! f>!r nor?1 ! %ort] ! season4 ,bloom+ dates ( grapes4 ,f ?ree ye>s' records1 ! av]age l5g? ( bloom+ season = grapes 0 tw5ty days1 n9ete5 days 9 #aiab & #aiad & tw5ty-two days 9 #aiac4 ,! fir/ date 9 ! av]age ye> ( #aiab 0 ,june #ad1 :ile = #aiad1 x 0 ,june #g3 ,,table ,,iv4--,,%[+ ,,bloom+ ,,"t ,,( ,,grapes ,,v ,,mid- ,,v ,,e>ly ,,e>ly ,,season ,,late ,,late ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,agawam 99 ,am]ica 99 ,augu/ ,giant 99 ,bac*us 99 ,b>ry 99 ,beacon 99 ,bell 99 ,b]ckmans 99 ,black ,eagle 99 ,brighton 99 ,brilliant 99 ,br[n 99 ,campbell ,e>ly 99 ,canada 99 ,can&aigua 99 ,c>man 99 ,catawba 99 ,*ampion 99 ,*autauqua 99 ,clev5] 99 ,cl9ton 99 ,col]a9 99 ,columbian ,imp]ial 99 ,concord 99 ,cottage 99 ,crevel+ 99 ,croton 99 ,delago 99 ,delaw>e 99 ,diamond 99 ,diana 99 ,d[n+ 99 ,dracut ,amb] 99 ,dut*ess 99 ,e>ly ,victor 99 ,eaton 99 ,eclipse 99 ,eldorado 99 ,elvira 99 ,empire ,/ate 99 ,etta 99 ,eum$el 99 ,eumelan 99 ,fai? 99 ,f]n ,munson 99 ,ga]tn] 99 ,g5eva 99 ,goe! 99 ,gold ,co9 99 ,gre9 ,gold5 99 ,h>t=d 99 ,headlight 99 ,hel5 ,kell] 99 ,h]b]t 99 ,h]cules 99 ,hicks 99 ,hidalgo 99 ,hos=d 99 ,iona 99 ,isabella 99 ,janesville 99 ,jeff]son 99 ,jessica 99 ,jewel 99 ,k5s+ton 99 ,k+ 99 ,lady ,wa%+ton 99 ,l9dley 99 ,lucile 99 ,lutie 99 ,mc,pike 99 ,manito 99 ,m>?a 99 ,massasoit 99 ,maxatawney 99 ,m]rimac 99 ,mills 99 ,miss\ri ,riesl+ 99 ,montefiore 99 ,moore ,e>ly 99 ,moy] 99 ,nect> 99 ,niag>a 99 ,noah 99 ,nor!rn ,muscad9e 99 ,norton 99 ,oporto 99 ,oz>k 99 ,peabody 99 ,p]fection 99 ,p]k9s 99 ,pi]ce 99 ,pockl+ton 99 ,p\ghkeepsie 99 ,pr5tiss 99 ,rebecca 99 ,regal 99 ,requa 99 ,ro*e/] 99 ,rommel 99 ,salem 99 ,secret>y 99 ,s5asqua 99 ,/>k-,/> 99 ,triumph 99 ,ul/] 99 ,v]g5nes 99 ,w9*ell 99 ,word5 99 ,wyom+ 99 ,,r++ ,,grape ,,v9es ,! r++ ( woody plants is a well-kn[n horticultural practice4 ,?ree objects may be atta9$ by r++3 unproductive plants may be br\ght into be>+ by r++2 ! size ( ! fruits may be increas$ & !reby ! plants be made m productive2 & ! maturity ( ! fruit may be ha/5$4 ,9 ,european c\ntries1 r++ has long be5 practic$ ) all tree-fruits & ! grape1 b 9 ,am]ica ! op]ation is recomm5d$ only = ! apple & ! grape & ) nei!r fruit is r++ widely practic$4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ on at ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation by ,paddock1 z report$ 9 ,bullet9 #aea f ?is ,/ation1 %[ t r++ may well be practic$ by grape-gr[]s "u "s conditions4 ,s9ce ,paddock's exp]im5ts1 & possibly to "s ext5t be=e1 ! grape has be5 r+$ to produce exhibition fruits or a fancy product = ! m>ket4 ,r++ consi/s 9 tak+ f ! v9e a lay] ( b>k ar\nd ! v9e ?r\gh ! cortex & ba/ ( ! plant4 ,! wid? ( ! w\nd v>ies f t ( a simple cut made ) a knife to a b& ( b>k an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ dur+ t p]iod ( gr[? 9 :i* ! b>k peels mo/ readily f ! v9e1 ! p]iod ( greate/ cambial activity4 ,! t]m r++ is pref]r$ to girdl+1 a ^w sometimes us$1 s9ce ! latt] prop]ly designates a w\nd :i* ext5ds into & usually kills ! plant4 ,! !ory ( r++ is simple4 ,unassimilat$ sap passes f ! roots ( ! plant to ! leaves ?r\gh ! out] lay] ( ! woody cyl9d]4 ,9 ! leaves ?is raw mat]ial is act$ on by v>i\s ag5ts1 aft] :i* x is di/ribut$ to ! sev]al organs ( ! plant ?r\gh vessels 9 ! inn] b>k4 ,:5 plants are r+$1 ! upw>d fl[ ( sap is cont9u$ z be=e ! op]ation1 b ! newly made food comp\nds _c pass beyond ! injury1 & !re=e ! top ( ! plant is suppli$ ) an extra am\nt ( food at ! exp5se ( ! p>ts bel[ ! r+4 ,! extra food produces ! results not$4 ,x turns out 9 practice t r++ is usually h>mful to ! plant1 z "o might expect f s unnatural an op]ation4 ,injury to ! plant arises f ! fact t p>ts ( ! v9e are />v$ at ! exp5se ( o!r p>ts2 & because1 :5 ! b>k is remov$1 ! out] lay]s ( ! woody cyl9d] dry out v quickly & ?us *eck to "s ext5t ! upw>d fl[ ( sap ?r\gh evaporation f ! expos$ wood4 ,?us1 n infrequ5tly1 ! plant's vitality is s]i\sly dra9$4 ,nev]!less1 v9ey>ds may be f\nd 9 :i* r++ has be5 ext5sively practic$ _m seasons 9 succession & :i* cont9ue to yield pr(itable crops1 ! gr[]s hav+ le>n$ to p]=m ! "w ( r++ s z to injure ! v9es b little4 ,r++ )\t h>m to ! plant dep5ds mu* on ! way 9 :i* ! v9es h be5 prun$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! v9es are prun$ to ! two-arm ,kniff9 me?od1 ! r++ ( b>k %\ld be done f bo? arms j beyond ! fif? bud4 ,?us1 ! t5 buds left on ! v9e produce en\gh leaf surface to supply ! food necess>y to keep ! v9e 9 vigor\s condition4 ,:5 ! f\r-arm ,kniff9 me?od is us$1 ! two top arms only are r+$1 & ev5 s ?ree or f\r buds mu/ be left on ea* = r5ewals4 ,:atev] ! me?od ( tra9+1 x w be se5 f ^! examples t "s unr+$ wood mu/ be left to ! v9e ) :i* to supply leafy %oots to support ! v9e4 ,"s gr[]s r+ _! v9es only e o!r ye>1 ?us giv+ !m an opportunity to recov] f :atev] loss ( vigor !y may h su/a9$ 9 ! season ( r++4 ,sev]al o!r consid]ations are important 9 r++3 ,fir/1 ! v9es mu/ n be p]mitt$ to c>ry too l>ge a crop4 ,aga91 ! am\nt ( fruit on ! r+$ portion ( ! v9e mu/ dep5d on ! am\nt ( leaf surface n only ( ! plant b ( ! r+$ arms1 ea* r+$ arm act+ some:at indep5d5tly s f> z its crop is conc]n$4 ,if too _m clu/]s are left on ! r+$ arms1 x always foll[s t ! fruit is inf]ior & (t5 wor?less4 ,la/ly1 all fruit betwe5 ! r+s & ! trunk mu/ be remov$1 = x does n mature prop]ly & s adds only to ! dra9 on ! plant's vitality4 ,z to ! results1 x is c]ta9 f ! exp]im5ts t h be5 conduct$ & f ! exp]i5ce ( grape-gr[]s1 t ! maturity ( ! fruit is ha/5$1 & b]ries & bun*es are l>g] :5 ! r++ has be5 done intellig5tly4 ,_m gr[]s hold t fruit produc$ on r+$ v9es is nev] q up to ! m>k 9 quality & 9 firmness ( fruit4 ,!re seems to be a diff]5ce 9 op9ion ab\t ?is fall+ (f 9 quality1 h[ev]1 al?\gh unque/ionably1 *oice sorts1 z ,delaw>e1 ,iona & ,dut*ess1 suff] m or less 9 quality4 ,x is commonly agre$1 also1 t v>ieties1 ! fruits ( :i* crack badly1 z ! ,word51 suff] m f crack+ on r+$ ?an on unr+$ v9es4 ,exp]im5t & exp]i5ce prove t ! be/ results ( r++ are obta9$ if ! "w is done :5 ! grapes are ab\t "o-?ird gr[n4 ,( c\rse ! exact "t dep5ds on ! season & on ! v>iety4 ,! op]ation is v>i\sly p]=m$ & is easily done ) a %>p knife1 b :5 l>ge v9ey>ds are to be r+$ ! gr[] ought to provide himself ) "s simple tool4 ,paddock1 9 ! bullet9 previ\sly m5tion$1 pictures two ( ^! tools & ^! are reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,tools us$ 9 r++ grape-v9es are %[n 9 #a & #b2 :ile #c & #d %[ r+$ v9es at ! beg9n+ & ! close ( ! season4 ,9 conclusion x mu/ be said t x is d\btful :e!r ! ga9s atta9$ by r++ (fset ! losses4 ,! practice is *iefly ( value only :5 exhibition clu/]s ( grapes are want$ or :5 x is necess>y to ha/5 ! maturity ( ! crop4 ,always1 h[ev]1 ! "w mu/ be p]=m$ ) intellig5ce & judgm5t or ! losses w (fset ! ga9s4 ,,bagg+ ,,grapes ,9 "s localities bagg+ is consid]$ an ess5tial to pr(itable grape-gr[+4 ,! bags s]ve to protect ! grapes aga9/ birds4 ,9 "s grape regions v9ey>ds suff] m f ! depr$ations ( rob9s & o!r birds ?an f all o!r tr\bles4 ,grapes be>+ small b]ries & hav+ t5d] pulp & ^? :i* %ell mo/ readily f ! /em suff] mo/4 ,( /&>d sorts1 ,delaw>e is probably m entic+ to rob9s ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,!re is only "o way ( prev5t+ damage to grapes f birds & t is by bagg+ ! clu/]s4 ,bagg+ is also an effective means ( protect+ ! grape f sev]al fungi & insects4 ,9 home plantations or small comm]cial v9ey>ds1 bagg+ ! bun*es (t5 elim9ates ! necessity ( spray+ = fungi & = mo/ ( ! insects t tr\ble ! grape4 ,because ( ! w>m? af=d$ by ! bags1 bagg$ grapes rip5 a little e>li] & are ( some:at high] quality ?an ^? n bagg$4 ,grapes bagg$ are protect$ f e>ly fro/1 ?us prolong+ ! season4 ,grapes t h be5 protect$ f ! elem5ts dur+ ! summ] are m attractive ?an ^? expos$ to ! wea!r1 s9ce ! fruits are free f wea!r m>ks & pres5t a fre%1 bright appe>ance1 :i* puts !m 9 a grade above unbagg$ grapes4 ,bagg+ (t5 enables ! gr[] to sell 8 crop z a fancy product4 ,grapes are bagg$ z soon z ! fruits are well set1 ! soon] ! bett] if protection aga9/ fungi is "o ( ! purposes4 ,"u no circum/ances1 h[ev]1 %\ld ! clu/]s be bagg$ :ile 9 blossom4 ,a pat5t bag made = ! purpose may be pur*as$ or1 s]v+ equally well1 ! common "o & "o-half & two-p\nd manila bags us$ by groc]s prove satisfactory4 ,"o ( ! pat5t bags :i* is kn[n z ! ,ideal ,clasp ,bag has a metal clasp atta*$ to ! top = secur+ ! bag 9 place ov] ! clu/]4 ,9 us+ ! groc]'s bag1 be=e x is put 9 place ! corn]s ( bo? ! top & bottom are cut (f by plac+ sev]al bags on a firm level surface & us+ a broad-%ap$ *isel4 ,cutt+ (f ! corn]s ( ! top enables ! op]ator to close ! bag neatly ov] ! clu/]1 :ile cutt+ (f ! corn]s ( ! bottom furni%es a means ( escape = any wat] t gets 9 ! bag4 ,9 putt+ ! bag 9 place1 ! top is p9n$ above ! lat]al f :i* ! bun* hangs1 & mu/ n be fa/5$ ab\t ! small /em ( ! clu/]1 z ! w9d bl[+ ! bag almo/ inv>iably breaks ! clu/] f ! v9e4 ,! l>ge/ p9s to be pur*as$ 9 dry-goods /ores are us$ 9 p9n+ ! bags4 ,! bags rema9 until ! grapes are pick$4 ,wet wea!r does n injure bags & seem+ly !y gr[ /rong] ) exposure to sun & w9d4 ,! co/ ( ! bags & ! "w ( putt+ !m on is no small item4 ,to secure ! be/ results1 ! "w mu/ be done at ! p]iod betwe5 ! dropp+ ( ! blossoms & ! =mation ( ! se$s1 :5 ! grapes are ab\t ! size ( a small pea4 ,?is is a busy "t = ! grape-gr[]1 :i* adds to ! co/4 ,:5 ! "w is conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 ! co/ is ab\t two doll>s a ?\s& bags1 ?is figure cov]+ bo? ! co/ ( bags & labor4 ,wom5 d ! "w m exp$iti\sly ?an m5 & soon become v skillful 9 putt+ on ! bags4 ,despite ! tr\ble & co/ ( bagg+1 gr[]s seek+ to produce a fancy product f9d t ! exp5diture proves pr(itable4 ,,w9t]-,,protection ,,( ,,grapes ,) a little c>e z to w9t]-protection1 grapes may be gr[n pr(itably 9 nor!rn regions :]e1 )\t protection1 ! v9es are kill$ or injur$ by l[ temp]atures4 ,inde$1 x is little %ort ( amaz+ h[ well grapes c be gr[n 9 nor!rn regions :]e nature we>s a mo/ au/]e c\nt5ance 9 w9t]1 if h>dy e>ly sorts are plant$ 9 w>m soils & situations1 & ! v9es are cov]$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,occasionally "o f9ds grapes gr[n pr(itably 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds 9 ! nor!rn /ates 9 regions :]e protection mu/ be giv5 to prev5t w9t]-kill+1 ! extra "w ( giv+ protection be+ m ?an (fset by ! high price receiv$ 9 local m>kets = ! fruit4 ,9 all locations 9 :i* w9t]-protection mu/ be giv51 sev]al o!r precautions are helpful or ev5 necess>y4 ,?us1 cultivation mu/ cease e>ly 9 ! season1 & a cov]-crop be s[n to help h>d5 & mature ! v9es4 ,! grapes1 also1 mu/ n be plant$ 9 soils ri* 9 nitrog51 & nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s mu/ be appli$ ) c>e4 ,! prun+ %\ld be su* z does n induce great gr[?4 ,^! simple precautions to ha/5 maturity (t5 suffice 9 climates :]e ! dang] ( w9t]-kill+ is b slight1 b :]e dang] is imm95t ! v9es mu/ be cov]$ ei!r by wrapp+ or by lay+ d[n4 ,wrapp+ ) /raw may suffice = a few v9es1 b :5 _m v9es are to be protect$1 lay+ !m d[n is *eap] & mu* m effectual4 ,by lay+ d[n is meant t ! v9es mu/ be plac$ on ! gr\nd & !re be protect$ by e>? & sn[ or o!r cov]+4 ,x is obvi\s t to protect ?us1 ! v9es mu/ receive special tra9+2 o!rwise ! trunks may be too /iff = b5d+4 ,"s me?od ( tra9+ mu/ be *os5 9 :i* r5ewals may be made r frequ5tly f ! gr\nd s t if ! trunks become l>ge1 clumsy & unpliable1 a m manageable trunk c be tra9$4 ,if ! provisions = r5ewal are kept 9 m9d1 any "o ( ! sev]al me?ods ( tra9+ grapes expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii on tra9+ may be us$4 ,lay+ d[n mu/ be prec$$ by prun+1 aft] :i* ! arms & trunk are loos5$ f ! wires & b5t to ! gr\nd4 ,b5d+ is facilitat$ by remov+ a spade full ( e>? f ! side ( ! v9e 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! v9e is to be b5t4 ,! trunk is !n laid on ! e>? & suffici5t soil plac$ on x to keep x 9 place on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! dang] ( w9t]-kill+ is great because ( ! t5d]ness ( ! v>iety or ! au/]ity ( ! climate1 x (t5 becomes necess>y to cov] ! :ole plant lightly ) e>?4 ,small gr[]s (t5 make use ( co>se manure1 /raw1 corn-/alks or simil> cov]+1 9 :i* case ! v9es are held on ! gr\nd by f5ce-rails or o!r timb]s2 b protect+ ) mat]ial t mu/ be br\ght into ! v9ey>d is exp5sive & n m satisfactory ?an e>?4 ,! v9es c be put d[n at any "t aft] ! leaves drop & be=e ! e>? beg9s to freeze4 ,x is m important t ! v9es be tak5 up at ! prop] "t 9 ! spr+4 ,if uncov]$ too e>ly & cold wea!r foll[s1 injury may result & m h>m be done ?an if ! v9es _h n be5 cov]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! e>? is p]mitt$ to rema9 too long1 foliage & v9e are t5d] bo? to sun%9e & fro/4 ,a grape-gr[] 9 ,new ,york :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 lay+ d[n v9es 9 a v9ey>d ( "s ?irty or =ty acres says t ! "w may be done at a co/ ( #f an acre at ! av]age wage paid = f>m-labor4 ,x mu/ be expect$ 9 a l>ge plantation1 no matt] h[ well ! "w ( cov]+ is done1 t occasionally a trunk w be brok51 mak+ x necess>y to graft ! v9e if a %oot does n spr+ up f bel[ ! break4 ,,rip5+ ,,dates ,,& ,,l5g? ,,( ,,season ,,= ,,grapes ,e grape-gr[] %\ld "k :5 8 v>ieties may be expect$ to rip5 & ! l5g? ( season t !y w keep4 ,! comm]cial fruit-gr[] by all means %\ld h ?is in=mation4 ,x is n suffici5t t he "k only r\ghly at :at season 8 v>ieties rip52 =1 to take ! turn ( ! m>ket1 he mu/ "k exactly :5 a v>iety w rip5 & h[ long x w keep4 ,he ne$s ?is in=mation1 also1 t he may di/ribute 8 labor bett] ?r\gh\t ! pick+ season4 ,un=tunately1 ! data z to rip5+ "t giv5 by orig9ators & introduc]s ( v>ieties are n always reliable4 ,?is untru/wor?9ess ( data is readily acc\nt$ = 9 sev]al ways3 ,fir/1 gr[]s d n g5]ally agree z to :5 grapes are ripe nor z to h[ long !y are fit to eat4 ,aga91 mu* confusion z to :5 v>ieties rip5 & h[ long !y w keep arises f ! fact t grapes rip5 at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t places1 & x is difficult = ! grape-gr[] 9 ,ma9e to make all[ance 9 season = v>ieties1 ! "t ( rip5+ ( :i* is giv5 = ,m>yl&4 ,!re are also o!r causes ?an ! seasonal diff]5ces 9 grape regions = v>iability 9 rip5+ "t2 ?us1 "s soils are w>m] & quick] ?an o!rs1 & on ^! grapes rip5 e>li]4 ,application ( nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s may delay ! p]iod ( rip5+ some:at4 ,grapes rip5 p]ceptibly e>li] on old plants ?an on "y ones4 ,la/ly1 e v9ey>d 9 a p>ticul> region has its own p>ticul> climate caus$ by ! lay ( l&1 ne>ness to wat]1 air curr5ts & altitude :i* cause small diff]5ces 9 rip5+4 ,! foll[+ table tak5 f ,bullet9 ,no4 #djh ( ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation gives ! rip5+ dates ( grapes at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york4 ,x is necess>y t ! read] "k some?+ ab\t ! conditions affect+ ! rip5+ "t at ,g5eva4 ,! latitude is #db #ej' #df4 ,! altitude is #ebe feet above sea level4 ,! v9ey>d lies a mile we/ ( a relatively l>ge body ( wat]4 ,! soil is a cold heavy clay :i* mu/ delay rip5+ "t some:at4 ,! l& is level4 ,! data are giv5 z an av]age = ?ree seasons1 #aiac-aiae4 ,! figures giv5 = weeks 9 common /orage cov] a v>iable numb] ( ye>s1 b = all v>ieties ?ree or m ye>s4 ,! grapes1 aft] be+ pick$1 7 at once plac$ 9 common /orage 9 a room on ! second floor ( a build+4 ,!re conditions 7 n ideal1 & no d\bt ! season ( /orage w\ld h be5 prolong$ some:at _h ! fruit be5 kept 9 a bett] /orage-room4 ,,table ,v4--,,%[+ ,,! ,,rip5+ ,,"t ,,( ,,grapes ,,weeks ,,9 ,,common ,,v ,,mid- ,,v ,,/orage ,,e>ly ,,e>ly ,,season ,,late ,,late ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,agawam 99 ,am]ica 99 ,b>ry #bh 99 ,beacon #g 99 ,bell #h 99 ,b]ckmans #ba 99 ,black ,eagle #ah 99 ,brighton #bj 99 ,brilliant #aa 99 ,br[n #f 99 ,campbell ,e>ly #ab 99 ,canada #ag 99 ,can&aigua #bj 99 ,c>man #ag 99 ,catawba #ba 99 ,*ampion #f 99 ,*autauqua #aj 99 ,clev5] #ac 99 ,cl9ton #ba 99 ,col]a9 #h 99 ,columbian ,imp]ial #g 99 ,concord #h 99 ,cottage #e 99 ,crevel+ #af 99 ,croton #bc 99 ,delago #be 99 ,delaw>e #ae 99 ,diamond #aj 99 ,diana #ag 99 ,d[n+ 99 ,dracut ,amb] #i 99 ,dut*ess #bc 99 ,e>ly ,ohio 99 ,e>ly ,victor #aa 99 ,eaton #f 99 ,eclipse #g 99 ,eldorado #ag 99 ,elvira #ah 99 ,empire ,/ate #bd 99 ,etta #ae 99 ,eumelan #ag 99 ,fai? #aa 99 ,f]n ,munson #aa 99 ,ga]tn] #ag 99 ,g5eva #bb 99 ,goe! #ah 99 ,gold ,co9 #aj 99 ,gre9 ,gold5 #ab 99 ,h>t=d #h 99 ,headlight #h 99 ,hel5 ,kell] #bf 99 ,h]b]t #bg 99 ,h]cules #ac 99 ,hicks #aj 99 ,hidalgo #ab 99 ,hos=d #f 99 ,iona #ac 99 ,isabella #aa 99 ,janesville #ac 99 ,jeff]son #ah 99 ,jessica #ab 99 ,jewel #ab 99 ,k5s+ton #ai 99 ,k+ 99 ,lady ,wa%+ton #af 99 ,l9dley #bg 99 ,lucile #i 99 ,lutie #d 99 ,mc,pike #g 99 ,manito #g 99 ,m>?a #aj 99 ,massasoit #af 99 ,maxatawney #ab 99 ,m]rimac #ca 99 ,mills #bi 99 ,miss\ri ,riesl+ #f 99 ,montefiore #i 99 ,moore ,e>ly #f 99 ,moy] #i 99 ,nect> #aj 99 ,niag>a #aj 99 ,noah #aj 99 ,nor!rn ,muscad9e #i 99 ,norton #g 99 ,oporto #ab 99 ,oz>k #aa 99 ,peabody 99 ,p]fection #h 99 ,p]k9s 99 ,pi]ce 99 ,pockl+ton 99 ,p\ghkeepsie #ae 99 ,pr5tiss #af 99 ,rebecca #ah 99 ,regal #af 99 ,requa #cj 99 ,ro*e/] #g 99 ,rommel #aj 99 ,salem #bg 99 ,secret>y #be 99 ,s5asqua #ac 99 ,/>k-,/> #aj 99 ,triumph #ae 99 ,ul/] #ba 99 ,v]g5nes #bh 99 ,wild] #aa 99 ,w9*ell #f 99 ,word5 #f 99 ,wyom+ #i 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4--,l9dley 7#a_/b74 ,lucile 7#a_/b74 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,grape ,,botany ,! grape-gr[] mu/ "k ! gross /ructure & ! habits ( gr[? ( ! plants prop]ly to propagate1 transplant1 prune & o!rwise c>e = ! grape4 ,c]ta9ly he mu/ h k ( ! sev]al species f :i* v>ieties come if he is to "k ! k9ds ( grapes1 und]/& _! adaptations to soils & climates1 _! relation to insects & fungi1 & _! value = table1 w9e1 grape-juice & o!r purposes4 ,=tunately1 ! botany ( ! grape is comp>atively simple4 ,! organs ( v9e & fruit are di/9ctive & easily disc]n$ & !re are no ne>ly relat$ plants cultivat$ = fruit ) :i* ! grape c possibly be confus$4 ,botani/s1 x is true1 h dug pitfalls = ^? :o seek exact k z to ! names & *>act]s ( ! _m species1 b1 =tunately1 ea* ( ! cultivat$ species con/itutes a natural gr\p s di/9ct t ! grape-gr[] c h>dly mi/ake "o = ano!r 9 ei!r fruit or v9e4 ,,plant ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,gr[? ,,habits ,,( ,,! ,,grape ,a grape plant is a complex organism ) its _m sep>ate p>ts especially develop$ to d "o or a few k9ds ( "w4 ,! "p ( a plant devot$ to "o or a gr\p ( functions is call$ an organ4 ,! *ief organs ( ! plant are ! root1 /em1 bud1 fl[]1 leaf1 fruit & se$4 ,fl[]s & leaves1 x is true1 develop f buds & ! se$s are p>ts ( ! fruits1 b = descriptive purposes ! v9e may well be divid$ into ! p>ts nam$4 ,^! *ief organs are fur!r divid$ z foll[s3 ,! root4 ,root-cr[n3 ,! region ( ! plant 9 :i* root & /em unite4 ,tap-root3 ,! prolongation ( ! /em plung+ v]tically d[nw>d4 ,rootlets3 ,! ultimate divisions ( ! root2 usually ( "o season's gr[?4 ,root-tips3 ,! extreme ends ( ! rootlets4 ,! roots ( "s species ( ! grape are s(t & succul5t z ^? ( ,v4 v9if]a1 :ile ! same organs 9 o!r species1 z 9 mo/ ,am]ican grapes1 are h>d & fibr\s4 ,!y may also be few or num]\s1 deep or %all[1 spread+ or re/rict$1 fibr\s or non-fibr\s4 ,! /ructure ( ! root ?us becomes important 9 di/+ui%+ species4 ,! /em4 ,/em or trunk3 ,! unbran*$ ma9 axis ( ! plant above gr\nd4 ,bran*es or arms3 ,ma9 divisions ( ! trunk4 ,head3 ,! region f :i* bran*es arise4 ,old wood3 ,p>ts ( ! v9e old] ?an "o ye>4 ,canes3 ,wood ( ! curr5t season4 ,spurs3 ,%ort pieces ( ! bases ( canes2 usually "o or two nodes ) a bud ea*4 ,r5ewal spurs3 ,spurs left to be> canes ! foll[+ ye>4 ,%oots3 ,newly develop$ succul5t /ems ) _! leaves4 ,fruit-%oots3 ,fl[] & fruit-be>+ %oots4 ,wood-%oots3 ,%oots :i* be> leaves only4 ,lat]als3 ,second>y %oots aris+ f ma9 %oots4 ,wat] spr\ts3 ,%oots aris+ f adv5titi\s buds4 ,suck]s3 ,%oots aris+ f bel[ gr\nd4 ,nodes3 ,jo9ts 9 ! /em f :i* leaves are or may be borne4 ,int]nodes3 ,! "p betwe5 two nodes4 ,diaphragm3 ,! woody tissue :i* int]rupts ! pi? at ! node4 ,bloom3 ,! p[d]y coat+ on ! cane4 ,t5dril3 ,! coil$1 ?read-l organ by :i* ! v9e grasps an object & cl+s to x4 ,species ( grapes h v *>act]i/ic v9es4 ,a glance at a v9e enables "o to tell ! ,european grape f any ( ! ,am]ican grapes2 s1 also1 "o is able to di/+ui% mo/ ( ! ,am]ican species by ! aspect ( ! v9e4 ,_m v>ieties ( any species ( grape are readily told by ! size & habits ( ! plant4 ,size ( v9e is r m v>iable ?an o!r gross *>act]s because ( ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 su* z food1 moi/ure1 light1 isolation & pe/s2 yet1 size 9 a plant or ! p>ts ( a plant is a v reliable "* :5 prop] all[ances are made = environm5t4 ,! degree ( h>d9ess is a v important diagno/ic "* 9 det]m9+ bo? species & v>ieties ( grapes & v l>gely indicates _! value = ! v9ey>d4 ,?us1 ! v>ieties ( ! ,european grape are less h>dy ?an ! pea*1 :ile our ,am]ican ,labruscas & ,vulp9as are z h>dy z ! apple4 ,! range ( v>ieties z to h>d9ess falls )9 t ( ! species1 & cultivat$ v>ieties h>di] ?an ! wild grape are n f\nd4 ,grapes are designat$ 9 descriptions ( v>ieties & species z h>dy1 half-h>dy & t5d]4 ,habit ( gr[? v>ies b little ) *ang+ conditions & is ?us an important means ( di/+ui%+ species & v>ieties & n infrequ5tly /amps ! v>iety z fit or unfit = ! v9ey>d4 ,habit ( gr[? gives aspect to ! v9e4 ,?us1 a v9e may be upright1 droop+1 horizontal1 /ocky1 /raggl+1 spread+1 d5se or op54 ,! v9e may gr[ rapidly or sl[ly & may be long-liv$ or %ort-liv$2 ! trunk may be %ort & /ocky or long & sl5d]4 ,^! sev]al *>act]s l>gely det]m9e :e!r a v9e is manageable 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,productiv5ess1 age ( be>+ & regul>ity ( be>+ are di/9ctive *>act]s ) cultivat$ grapes4 ,! c>e giv5 ! v9e influ5ces ^! *>act]s2 yet all are helpful 9 id5tify+ species & v>ieties & all mu/ be consid]$ by ! grape-gr[]4 ,immunity & susceptibility to diseases & insects are mo/ valuable diagno/ic *>act]s ( species & v>ieties ( grapes4 ,?us1 species diff] widely 9 resi/ance to phyllox]a1 ! grape-l\se1 to ! grape leaf-hopp]1 ! flea-beetle1 b]ry-mo?1 root-worm1 p[d]y-mildew1 d[ny-mildew1 an?racnose & o!r insect & fung\s tr\bles ( ?is fruit4 ,! /ructure ( ! b>k is an important di/+ui%+ "* = "s species1 b is ( little importance 9 id5tify+ ! v>iety & has no economic value to ! fruit-gr[]4 ,9 mo/ species ( grapes1 ! b>k has di/9ct l5ticels & on ! old wood sep>ates 9 long ?9 /rips & fib]s2 b 9 two species f s\!a/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! b>k be>s prom95t l5ticels & nev] %r$s4 ,smoo?ness1 color & ?ickness are o!r attributes ( ! b>k to be not$4 ,canes ( diff]5t species v>y greatly 9 total l5g? & 9 l5g? ( int]nodes4 ,!y v>y also 9 size1 9 numb] & 9 color1 :ile ! %ape 9 "s species is q di/9ctive1 be+ 9 "s r\nd1 9 o!rs angul> & 9 /ill o!rs flatt5$4 ,! direction ( gr[? 9 canes1 :e!r s9u\s1 /raight or zigzag1 is an important "*4 ,nodes & int]nodes are indicative *>act]s 9 "s species1 be+ m or less prom95t1 angul> or flatt5$1 :ile ! int]nodes are long or %ort4 ,! diaphragm di/+ui%es sev]al species ( grapes4 ,! cane conta9s a l>ge pi? & ?is 9 mo/ species is int]rupt$ by woody tissue1 =m+ a diaphragm at ! nodes4 ,9 ! ,rotundifolia grapes ! diaphragm is abs5t1 :ile 9 sev]al o!r ,am]ican species x is v ?9 & 9 /ill o!rs q ?ick4 ,! "* ( ! diaphragm is be/ obs]v$ 9 ye>-old canes4 ,9 /udy+ ! diaphragm1 notice %\ld be tak5 also ( ! pi?1 :i* is v v>iable 9 size4 ,"y %oots ( ! grape (f] a ready means ( di/+ui%+ species & v>ieties ?r\gh _! color & ! am\nt & "* ( ! pubesc5ce4 ,%oots may be glabr\s1 pubesc5t or hairy & ev5 sp9y4 ,! t5dril is "o ( ! organs mo/ us$ 9 det]m9+ species & v>ieties ( grapes4 ,9 "s species1 z ,v4 ,labrusca1 !re is a t5dril or an infloresc5ce opposite ne>ly e leaf1 cont9u\s t5drils4 ,all o!r species h two leaves ) a t5dril opposite ea* & a ?ird leaf )\t a t5dril1 int]mitt5t t5drils4 ,to /udy ?is organ x is necess>y to h vigor\s1 heal?y1 typical canes4 ,t5drils may be long or %ort1 /\t or sl5d]2 simple1 bifurcat$ or trifurcat$2 or smoo?1 pubesc5t or w>ty4 ,! numb] ( infloresc5ces borne by species is an important "* 9 "s cases4 ,all species1 except+ ,v4 ,labrusca1 av]age two infloresc5ces to a cane1 b ,v4 ,labrusca may be> f ?ree to six infloresc5ces1 ea* 9 ! place ( a t5dril opposite ! leaf4 ,! bud4 ,bud3 ,an undevelop$ %oot4 ,fruit-bud3 ,a bud 9 :i* a %oot be>+ fl[]s orig9ates4 ,wood-bud3 ,a bud 9 :i* a %oot be>+ only leaves orig9ates4 ,lat5t bud3 ,a bud :i* rema9s dormant = "o or m seasons4 ,adv5titi\s bud3 ,a bud aris+ else:]e ?an ! normal position at a node4 ,eye3 ,a comp\nd bud4 ,ma9 bud3 ,! c5tral bud ( an eye4 ,second>y bud3 ,! lat]al bud ( an eye4 ,buds ( diff]5t species ( grapes v>y greatly 9 "t ( op5+ z !y d some:at 9 v>ieties1 s t ! "t ! buds beg9 to swell is a f9e m>k ( di/9ction4 ,! angle at :i* ! bud /&s out f ! bran* is ( "s value 9 det]m9+ species4 ,diff]5ces 9 color1 size1 %ape1 position & am\nt ( pubesc5ce ( buds mu/ all be not$ 9 describ+ grapes4 ,! scales ( ! buds v>y m or less 9 size & 9 ?ickness4 ,! fl[]4 ,/am9ate3 ,hav+ /am5s & n pi/ils2 a male fl[]4 ,pi/illate3 ,hav+ pi/ils & n /am5s2 a female fl[]4 ,dioeci\s3 ,said :5 ! /am5s are on "o plant & ! pi/ils on ano!r4 ,polygam\s3 ,said :5 fl[]s on a plant are 9 "p p]fect 7hav+ bo? /am5s & pi/ils7 :ile o!rs are /am9ate or pi/illate4 ,h]maphrodite3 ,said ( a fl[] hav+ bo? /am5s & pi/ils4 ,f]tile3 ,said ( a fl[] capable ( be>+ se$ )\t poll5 f ano!r fl[]4 ,/]ile3 ,said ( a fl[] )\t or ) abortive pi/ils4 ,p]fect3 ,said ( a fl[] hav+ bo? /am5s & pi/ils4 ,imp]fect3 ,said ( a fl[] want+ ei!r /am5s or pi/ils4 ,p$uncle3 ,! /alk ( a fl[]-clu/]4 ,p$icel3 ,! /alk ( ea* p>ticul> fl[]4 ,! "t ( bloom is an easy m>k ( di/9ction betwe5 sev]al species ( grapes & helps to di/+ui% v>ieties 9 a species z well4 ,mo/ species ( grapes be> f]tile fl[]s on "o v9e & /]ile fl[]s on ano!r & are1 !re=e1 polygam\s-dioeci\s4 ,/]ile v9es be> male fl[]s ) abortive pi/ils s t1 :ile !y nev] produce fruits !mselves1 !y usually assi/ 9 f]tiliz+ o!rs4 ,f]tile fl[]s are capable ( rip5+ fruits )\t cross-poll9ation4 ,v9es ) female fl[]s only are seldom f\nd4 ,9 mo/ species ( ! grape1 plants ) /]ile fl[]s & ^? ) complete fl[]s are f\nd mix$ 9 ! wild /ate1 b usually only ! f]tile plants h be5 select$ = cultivation4 ,plants rais$ f se$s ( any ( ! species1 h[ev]1 furni% _m /]ile v9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,! grape fl[]4 ,i4 ,op5+ bud %[+ ! way 9 :i* ! cap becomes loos5$ at ! base4 ,,ii4 ,diagrammatic illu/ration ( grape /am5s4 ,! degree ( f]tility ( blossoms is also a f9e m>k ( di/9ction 9 species & v>ieties ( ! grape4 ,f]tile v9es are ( two k9ds 9 mo/ species4 ,! fl[]s on "o k9d are p]fect h]maphrodites1 :ile 9 ! o!r k9d ! /am5s are small] & %ort] ?an ! pi/il & ev5tually b5t d[n & curv$ "u4 ,! two k9ds ( /am5s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ec & #ed4 ,^! may be call$ imp]fect h]maphrodites s9ce !y are seldom z fruitful z ! p]fect h]maphrodites unless f]tiliz$ f ano!r plant4 ,exam9$ ) a microscope1 x is f\nd t self-/]ile plants usually be> abortive poll5 & t ! p]c5tage ( abortive poll5 gra9s v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! upright or depress$ /am5 does n always indicate ! condition ( ! poll51 s9ce !re are _m in/ances 9 :i* upright /am5s be> impot5t poll5 & occasionally ! depress$ /am5s be> p]fect poll54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,grape fl[]s4 ,left1 upright /am5s ( ,delaw>e2 "r1 depress$ /am5s ( ,brighton4 ,! leaf4 ,blade3 ,! exp&$ portion ( ! leaf4 ,lobe3 ,! m or less r\nd$ division ( ! leaf4 ,s9us3 ,! recess or bay betwe5 two lobes4 ,petiole3 ,! leaf-/alk4 ,petiol> s9us3 ,! s9us ab\t ! petiole4 ,basal s9uses3 ,! two s9uses t[>d ! base ( ! blade4 ,lat]al s9uses3 ,! two s9uses t[>d ! apex ( ! blade4 ,! size1 %ape & color ( ! leaves are q di/9ctive ( species & m or less s ( v>ieties1 if all[ances are made = v>iation due to environm5t4 ,! lob+ ( leaves is a v uni=m "* 9 mo/ species1 "s hav+ lobes & o!rs hav+ entire leaves4 ,! upp] surface ( ! leaf 9 "s species is smoo?1 glossy & %9y & 9 o!rs is r\gh & dull4 ,! l[] surface %[s simil> v>iations & has1 besides1 v>y+ am\nts ( pubesc5ce1 d[n & bloom4 ,9 "s species ! d[n resembles cobwebs4 ,! numb]1 size & %ape ( ! lobes are important 9 di/+ui%+ bo? v>ieties & species1 z are also ! petiol>1 basal & lat]al s9uses4 ,z 9 mo/ plants1 ! m>g9s ( ! leaves1 :e!r s]rate1 d5tate or cr5ate1 are (t5 di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,! petiole 9 diff]5t species v>ies f %ort to long & f /\t to sl5d]4 ,la/ly1 ! "t at :i* ! leaves fall is (t5 a good di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,! fruit4 ,p$uncle & p$icel3 ,def9$ z 9 fl[]4 ,bru%3 ,! end ( ! p$icel project+ into ! fruit4 ,base3 ,! po9t ( atta*m5t ( bun* or b]ry4 ,apex3 ,! po9t opposite ! base4 ,bloom3 ,! p[d]y coat+ on ! fruit4 ,pigm5t3 ,! color+ matt] 9 ! sk94 ,quality3 ,! comb9ation ( *>act]s t makes grapes pleasant to ! palate1 sight1 smell & t\*4 ,fox9ess3 ,! rancid ta/e & smell ( "s grapes :i* are simil> to ! effluvium ( a fox4 ,( all organs ! fruit is mo/ responsive to *ang$ conditions & h5ce mo/ v>iable4 ,yet ! fruits furni% mo/ valuable *>act]s = det]m9+ bo? species & v>ieties4 ,size1 %ape1 compactness & ! numb] ( clu/]s on a %oot mu/ be not$4 ,com+ to ! b]ry1 size1 %ape1 color1 bloom1 adh]5ce ( /igma to ! apex & adhesion ( fruit to ! p$icel are all ( value4 ,diff]5ce 9 adh]5ce ( ! sk9 to ! pulp sep>ates ,european f all ,am]ican grapes4 ,! ?ickness1 t\ghness1 flavor & pigm5t ( ! sk9 h m or less value4 ,! color1 firmness1 juic9ess1 aroma & flavor ( ! fle%1 z well z its adh]5ce to se$ & sk91 are valuable m>ks 9 describ+ grapes4 ,all species & v>ieties are well di/+ui%$ by ! "t ( rip5+ & by keep+ quality4 ,! color ( ! juice is a pla9 & c]ta9 divid+ l9e betwe5 "s species & _m v>ieties4 ,! se$4 ,beak3 ,! n>r[ prolong$ base ( ! se$4 ,hilum3 ,! sc> left :]e ! se$ 0 atta*$ to ! se$-/alk4 ,*alaza3 ,! place :]e ! se$-coats & k]nel are connect$4 ,raphe3 ,! l9e or ridge :i* runs f ! hilum to ! *alaza4 ,se$s are acc\nt$ ( mu* value 9 det]m9+ species4 ,! size & weight ( se$ diff] greatly 9 diff]5t species1 z !y d also 9 v>ieties ( any "o species4 ,?us1 ( native grapes1 ,labrusca has ! l>ge/ & heavie/ se$s & ,vulp9a has ! smalle/ se$1 :ile ^? ( /ivalis are ( m$ium size & weight4 ,! %ape & color ( se$ (f] di/+ui%+ m>ks1 :ile ! size1 %ape & position ( ! raphe & *alaza furni% v c]ta9 m>ks ( di/9ction 9 "s species4 ,,! ,,g5us ,,vitis ,! g5us ,vitis belongs to ! v9e family 7,vitace7 9 :i* mo/ botani/s also put ! wood-v9es 7,ampelopsis71 ( :i* ,virg9ia creep] is ! be/-kn[n plant4 ,! g5us ,cissus1 to :i* belong _m s\!rn climb]s1 is comb9$ ) ,vitis by "s botani/s4 ,vitis is sep>at$ f ,ampelopsis & ,cissus by m>k$ diff]5ces 9 sev]al organs1 ( :i*1 horticulturally at lea/1 ^? 9 ! fruit be/ s]ve to di/+ui% ! gr\p4 ,species ( ,vitis1 ) possibly "o or two exceptions1 be> pulpy edible fruits2 species ( ,ampelopsis & ,cissus be> fruits ) pulp s scant t ! b]ries are in$ible4 ,vitis is fur!r di/+ui%$ z foll[s3 ,! plants are climb+ or trail+1 r>ely %rubby1 ) woody /ems & mo/ly ) coil+1 nak$-tipp$ t5drils4 ,! leaves are simple1 palmately lob$1 r\nd-d5tate or he>t-%ap$-d5tate4 ,! /ipules are small1 fall+ e>ly4 ,! fl[]s are polygamo-dioeci\s 7"s plants ) p]fect fl[]s1 o!rs /am9ate ) at mo/ a rudim5t>y ov>y71 five-p>t$4 ,! petals are sep>at$ only at ! base & fall (f )\t exp&+4 ,! disk is hypogyn\s ) five nect>if]\s gl&s :i* are alt]nate ) ! /am5s4 ,! b]ry is globose or ovoid1 few-se$$ & pulpy4 ,! se$s are pyri=m & beak-l at ! base4 ,,species ,,( ,,am]ican ,,grapes ,! numb] ( species ( grapes 9 ! _w dep5ds on ! arbitr>y limits set = a species ( ?is fruit1 & k ( ! g5us is yet too meag] to set ^! limits ) c]ta9ty4 ,inde$1 ! m5 :o h made grape species h seldom be5 able to outl9e ! habitats ( _! gr\ps ) mu* c]ta9ty4 ,9 habitat1 x %\ld be said1 grapes are conf9$ almo/ :olly to temp]ate & subtropical regions4 ,h[ev]1 ! grape-gr[] is n mu* conc]n$ ) species ( grapes o!r ?an ^? t h horticultural value4 ,( ^!1 9 ,am]ica1 !re are n[ t5 m or less cultivat$ ei!r = fruit or = /ocks4 ,! foll[+ descriptions ( ^! t5 species are adapt$ f ! au?or's ,! ,grapes ( ,new ,york1 publi%$ 9 #aijh by ! /ate ( ,new ,york 7,*apt] ,,iv1 pages #ajg-aef74 ,,conspectus ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,species ,,( ,,vitis ,a4 ,sk9 ( mature b]ry sep>at+ freely f ! pulp4 ,b4 ,nodes )\t diaphragms2 t5drils simple4 #a4 ,v4 rotundifolia4 #b4 ,v4 ,munsoniana4 ,,bb4 ,nodes ) diaphragms2 t5drils =k$4 ,c4 ,leaves & %oots glabr\s at maturity & )\t bloom2 t5drils int]mitt5t4 ,d4 ,leaves ?91 light1 bright gre51 g5]ally glabr\s bel[ at maturity except p]haps 9 ! axils ( ! ve9s ) a long or at lea/ a prom95t po9t & usually long & %>p tee? or ! edge ev5-jagg$4 ,e4 ,leaves broad] ?an long2 petiol> s9us usually wide & %all[4 #c4 ,v4 rupe/ris4 ,,ee4 ,leaves ovate 9 outl9e2 petiol> s9us usually m$ium to n>r[4 #d4 ,v4 vulp9a4 ,,dd4 ,leaves ?ick1 dull color$ or grayi%-gre51 (t5 hold+ "s close1 dull pubesc5ce bel[ at maturity1 %oots & leaves ne>ly always m or less pubesc5t :5 "y2 ! tee? mo/ly %ort4 #e4 ,v4 cordifolia4 #f4 ,v4 ,b]l&i]i4 ,,cc4 ,leaves ru/y or :ite tom5tose or glauc\s blue bel[1 ?ick or at lea/ firm4 ,d4 ,leaves floccul5t or cobwebby or glauc\s bel[ :5 fully gr[n4 #g4 ,v4 /ivalis4 #h4 ,v4 bicolor4 ,,dd4 ,leaves d5sely tom5tose or felt-l b5ea? ?r\gh\t ! season2 cov]+ :ite or ru/y :ite4 ,e4 ,t5drils int]mitt5t4 #i4 ,v4 c&icans4 ,,ee4 ,t5drils mo/ly cont9u\s4 #aj4 ,v4 ,labrusca4 ,,aa4 ,sk9 & pulp ( mature b]ry coh]+4 7,old ,_w47 #aa4 ,v4 v9if]a4 #a4 ,vitis rotundifolia1 ,mi*x4 ,muscad9e ,grape4 ,bull ,grape4 ,bullet ,grape4 ,bu%y ,grape4 ,bullace ,grape4 ,scupp]nong4 ,s\!rn ,fox ,grape4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 sometimes1 :5 )\t support1 %rubby & only ?ree or f\r feet high2 :5 gr[+ 9 ! %ade (t5 s5d+ d[n arial roots4 ,wood h>d1 b>k smoo?1 n scal+1 ) prom95t w>ty l5ticels2 %oots %ort-jo9t$1 angl$1 ) f9e scurfy pubesc5ce2 diaphragms abs5t2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 simple4 ,leaves small1 broadly cordate or r\ndi%2 petiol> s9us wide1 %all[2 m>g9 ) obtuse1 wide tee?2 n lob$2 d5se 9 texture1 light gre5 color1 glabr\s above1 sometimes pubesc5t along ve9s bel[4 ,clu/] small 7#f-bd b]ries71 loose2 p$uncle %ort2 p$icels %ort1 ?ick4 ,b]ries l>ge1 globul> or some:at oblate1 black or gre5i%-yell[2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh & ) a musky odor2 pulp t\gh2 rip5+ unev5ly & dropp+ z soon z ripe4 ,se$s flatt5$1 %all[ly & broadly not*$2 beak v %ort2 *alaza n>r[1 slightly depress$ ) radiat+ ridges & furr[s2 raphe a n>r[ groove4 ,leaf+1 fl[]+ & rip5+ fruit v late4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is s\!rn ,delaw>e1 we/ ?r\gh ,t5nessee1 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas 7except ! nor?we/]n portions71 to ,grayson ,c\nty1 ,texas1 z a nor!rn & we/]n b\nd>y1 to ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,gulf on ! ea/ & s\?4 ,x becomes r>e z "o approa*es ! we/]n limit b is common 9 _m sections ( ! great region outl9$ above1 be+ mo/ abundant on s&y1 well-dra9$ bottom l&s & along riv] banks & 9 swampy1 ?ick woodl&s & ?ickets4 ,! climate mo/ suitable = ,rotundifolia is t 9 :i* cotton gr[s1 & x ?rives be/ 9 ! l[] portions ( ! cotton-belt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fruit ( ,rotundifolia is v *>act]i/ic4 ,! sk9 is ?ick1 has a lea!ry appe>ance1 adh]es /rongly to ! und]ly+ fle% & is m>k$ ) l5ticel-l russet dots4 ,! fle% is m or less t\gh b ! t\ghness is n localiz$ ar\nd ! se$ z 9 ! case ( ,labrusca4 ,! fruit & mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( ! species are *>act]iz$ by a /rong1 musky aroma & are lack+ 9 sug> & acid4 ,"s v>ieties yield ov] f\r gallons ( mu/ to ! bu%el4 ,w9e-mak]s are divid$ 9 op9ion z to its value = w9e-mak+1 b at pres5t ! mo/ promis+ outlook = ,rotundifolia v>ieties is z w9e1 grape-juice & cul9>y grapes4 ,rotundifolia does n produce fruit suitable = %ipp+ z dess]t grapes *iefly because ! b]ries rip5 unev5ly & :5 ripe drop f ! clu/]4 ,! common me?od ( ga!r+ ! fruit ( ?is species is to %ake ! v9es at int]vals s t ! ripe b]ries drop on %eets spread bel[ ! v9es4 ,! juice :i* exudes f ! po9t :]e ! /em is brok5 (f causes ! b]ries to become sme>$ & gives !m an unattractive appe>ance4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! t\gh sk91 ! b]ries d n crack z badly z o!r grapes w\ld "u ! same conditions1 b nev]!less !y are n adapt$ to long-di/ance %ipm5ts4 ,"u reasonably favorable conditions1 ! v9es atta9 great age & size & :5 gr[n on arbors1 z !y (t5 are1 & )\t prun+1 !y cov] a l>ge area4 ,rotundifolia is rem>kably resi/ant to ! attacks ( all insects & to fungal diseases4 ,! phyllox]a d n attack its roots & x is consid]$ z resi/ant z any o!r1 if n ! mo/ resi/ant ( all ,am]ican species4 ,! v9es are gr[n f cutt+s only ) difficulty & ?is prev5ts ! use ( ?is species z a resi/ant /ock4 ,h[ev]1 "u favorable circum/ances1 & ) skillful h&l+1 ?is is a successful me?od ( propagation4 ,"u unfavorable circum/ances1 or :5 only a few v9es are desir$1 x is bett] to dep5d on lay]s4 ,z a /ock ^u :i* to graft o!r v9es1 ?is species has n be5 a success4 ,!re is great difficulty 9 cross+ ,rotundifolia ) o!r species1 b sev]al ,rotundifolia hybrids are n[ on record4 #b4 ,vitis ,munsoniana1 ,simpson4 ,florida ,grape4 ,ev]be>+ grape4 ,bird ,grape4 ,mu/ang ,grape ( ,florida4 ,v9e sl5d]1 usually runn+ on ! gr\nd or ov] l[ bu%es4 ,canes angul>2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 simple4 ,leaves small] & ?9n] ?an ,rotundifolia & r m circul> 9 outl9e2 n lob$2 tee? op5 & spread+2 petiol> s9us ,v-%ap$2 bo? surfaces smoo?1 r light gre54 ,clu/] ) m b]ries b ab\t ! same size z 9 ,rotundifolia4 ,b]ry "o-?ird to "o-half ! diamet]1 ) ?9n] & m t5d] sk92 black1 %9+2 pulp less solid1 m acid & )\t musk9ess4 ,se$s ab\t "o-half ! size ( ^? ( ,rotundifolia1 simil> 9 o!r respects4 ,leaf+1 fl[]+ & rip5+ fruit v late4 ,! habitat ( ,v4 ,munsoniana is c5tral & s\!rn ,florida & ! ,florida ,keys4 ,x ext5ds s\? ( ! habitat ( ,rotundifolia & bl5ds into ?is species at _! po9t ( meet+4 ,munsoniana appe>s to be a v>iation ( ,rotundifolia1 fitt$ to subtropical conditions4 ,x is t5d]1 n endur+ a l[] temp]ature ?an z]o4 ,9 ! matt] ( multiplication1 x diff]s f ,v4 rotundifolia 9 t x c be propagat$ readily f cutt+s4 ,l ,rotundifolia x is resi/ant to phyllox]a4 #c4 ,vitis rupe/ris1 ,s*eele4 ,m\nta9 ,grape4 ,rock ,grape4 ,bu% ,grape4 ,s& ,grape4 ,sug> ,grape4 ,bea* ,grape4 ,a small1 mu* bran*$ %rub or1 "u favorable circum/ances1 climb+4 ,diaphragm ?92 t5drils few1 or if pres5t1 weak1 usually decidu\s4 ,leaves small2 "y leaves frequ5tly fold$ on midrib2 broadly cordate or r5i=m1 wid] ?an long1 sc>cely ev] lob$1 smoo?1 glabr\s on bo? surfaces at maturity2 petiol> s9us wide1 %all[2 m>g9 co>sely too!d1 frequ5tly a %>p1 abrupt po9t at t]m9al4 ,clu/] small4 ,b]ries small1 black or purple-black4 ,se$s small1 n not*$2 beak %ort1 blunt2 raphe di/9ct to indi/9ct1 usually %[+ z a n>r[ groove2 *alaza pe>-%ap$1 sometimes di/9ct1 b usually a depression only4 ,leaf+1 blossom+ & rip5+ e>ly4 ,?is species is an inhabitant ( s\?we/]n ,texas1 ext5d+ ea/w>d & nor?w>d into ,new ,mexico1 s\!rn ,miss\ri1 ,indiana & ,t5nessee to s\!rn ,p5nsylvania & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,its favorite places are gravelly banks & b>s ( m\nta9 /reams or ! rocky b$s ( dry wat]c\rses4 ,?is species is r v>iable bo? 9 type & gr[?4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,france at ab\t ! same "t z ,vulp9a1 & ! ,fr5* v9ey>di/s select$ ! mo/ vigor\s & heal?y =ms = graft+ /ock4 ,^! pass "u ! v>i\s names ( ,rupe/ris ,mission1 ,rupe/ris du ,lot1 ,rupe/ris ,ganz91 ,rupe/ris ,m>t91 ,rupe/ris ,/4 ,george & o!rs4 ,9 ,france1 ^! v>ieties h giv5 p>ticul>ly good results on b>e1 rocky soils ) hot1 dry exposures4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,rupe/ris does n fl\ri% 9 dry locations1 & z x suck]s pr(usely & does n take ! graft z readily z ,vulp9a & /ivalis1 x is n l>gely propagat$4 ,! clu/]s ( fruit are small1 ) b]ries ab\t ! size ( a currant & v>y+ f sweet to s\r4 ,! b]ry is *>act]iz$ by mu* pigm5t "u ! sk94 ,! fruit has a sprightly ta/e :olly free f any disagreeable fox9ess4 ,rupe/ris "u cultivation is said to be v resi/ant to rot & mildew ( ! foliage4 ,! v9e is consid]$ h>dy 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,! att5tion ( hybridiz]s 0 attract$ to ?is species ov] ?irty ye>s ago1 & v>i\s hybrids h be5 produc$ ( great promise = grape-bre$+4 ,! root sy/em ( ,rupe/ris is peculi> 9 t ! roots p5etrate at once deeply into ! gr\nd in/ead ( ext5d+ lat]ally z 9 o!r species4 ,l ^? ( ,vulp9a1 ! roots are sl5d]1 h>d & resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,! species is easily propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,! v9es b5*-graft readily b are difficult to h&le 9 field graft+4 #d4 ,vitis vulp9a1 ,l9n4 7,v4 rip>ia1 ,mi*x474 ,w9t] ,grape4 ,riv] ,grape4 ,riv]side ,grape4 ,riv]bank ,grape4 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,grape4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 climb+4 ,%oots cyl9drical or angl$1 usually smoo?1 sl5d]2 diaphragms ?92 t5drils int]mitt5t1 sl5d]1 usually bifid4 ,leaves ) l>ge /ipules2 leaf-blade l>ge1 ?91 entire1 ?ree- or l[] ones (t5 five-lob$2 s9uses %all[1 angul>2 petiol> s9us broad1 usually %all[2 m>g9 ) incis$1 %>ply s]rate tee? ( v>iable size2 light gre51 glabr\s above1 glabr\s b sometimes pubesc5t on ribs & ve9s bel[4 ,clu/] small1 compact1 %\ld]$2 p$uncle %ort4 ,b]ries small1 black ) a heavy blue bloom4 ,se$s two to f\r1 small1 not*$1 %ort1 plump1 ) v %ort beak2 *alaza n>r[ly oval1 depress$1 indi/9ct2 raphe usually a groove1 sometimes di/9ct4 ,v v>iable 9 flavor & "t ( rip5+4 ,vulp9a is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( any ,am]ican species ( grape4 ,x has be5 discov]$ 9 p>ts ( ,canada nor? ( ,quebec & f !nce s\?w>d to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x is f\nd f ! ,atlantic coa/ we/w>d1 mo/ botani/s say1 to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,usually x gr[s on riv] banks1 on isl&s or 9 upl& rav9es4 ,vulp9a has always be5 consid]$ ( great promise 9 ! evolution ( ,am]ican grapes4 ,x c h>dly be said t x has fulfill$ expectations1 !re probably be+ no pure v>iety ( ?is species ( m ?an local importance1 & ! results ( hybridiz+ x ) o!r species h n be5 :olly successful4 ,att5tion 0 e>ly turn$ to ,vulp9a because ( ! qualities pres5t$ by ! v9e r ?an ^? ( ! fruit1 p>ticul>ly its h>d9ess & vigor4 ,h[ev]1 bo? ( ^! qualities are r v>iable1 al?\gh x is only reasonable to suppose t 9 su* a widely di/ribut$ species1 plants f\nd 9 a c]ta9 region w\ld h adapt$ !mselves to ! conditions !re pres5t2 ?us1 x %\ld be expect$ t ! nor!rn plants w\ld be m h>dy ?an ^? f ! ,s\?1 & t ! we/]n prairie =ms w\ld be m capable ( resi/+ dr\? ?an ^? f humid regions4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 impossible to say :at conditions be/ suit ?is species4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ,vulp9a is adapt$ to a great v>iety ( soils & locations2 v9es h )/ood a temp]ature ( #dj to #fj degrees bel[ z]o & !y %[ equal ability 9 )/&+ ! injuri\s effects ( high temp]atures 9 ! summ]4 ,on acc\nt ( its habit ( e>ly bloom+1 ! blossoms sometimes suff] f late fro/s 9 ! spr+4 ,:ile ,vulp9a is n a swamp grape & is n f\nd gr[+ "u swampy conditions1 x is fond ( wat]4 ,9 ! semi-arid regions always1 & 9 humid regions usually1 x is f\nd gr[+ along ! banks ( /reams1 9 rav9es1 on ! isl&s ( riv]s & 9 wet places4 ,x is n ne>ly s capable ( )/&+ dr\? z ,rupe/ris4 ,vulp9a likes a r ri* soil1 b 9 ,france has be5 f\nd to d poorly on lime/one l& & calc>e\s m>ls4 ,! ,fr5* tell u1 h[ev]1 t ?is is a *>act]i/ic ( all our ,am]ican grapes1 & t ,vulp9a is m resi/ant to ! injuri\s effects ( an excess ( lime ?an ei!r ,rupe/ris or /ivalis4 ,! fruit ( ,vulp9a is usually small1 !re be+ occasional v>ieties ( m$ium size or above4 ,! clu/]s are ( m$ium size &1 if judg$ f ! /&po9t ( numb] ( b]ries1 might frequ5tly be call$ l>ge4 ,! flavor is usually %>ply acid b free f fox9ess or any disagreeable wild ta/e4 ,if eat5 9 quantity1 ! acidity is likely to affect ! lips & end ( ! tongue4 ,:5 ! acidity is some:at ameliorat$1 z 9 ! case ( ?or\ghly ripe or ev5 ov]-ripe & %rivel$ fruit1 ! flavor is mu* lik$4 ,! fle% is nei!r pulpy nor solid & dissolves 9 ! m\? & sep>ates readily f ! se$4 ,! mu/ ( ,vulp9a is *>act]iz$ by an av]age am\nt ( sug>1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 ! fruit f diff]5t v9es1 & by an excess ( acid4 ,vulp9a is v resi/ant to phyllox]a1 ! roots are small1 h>d1 num]\s & bran* freely4 ,! roots fe$ close to ! surface & d n seem to be well adapt$ to =c+ _! way ?r\gh heavy clays4 ,vulp9a gr[s readily f cutt+s & makes a good /ock = graft+1 its union ) o!r species be+ usually p]man5t4 ,:5 ,vulp9as 7 fir/ s5t to ,france to be us$ z a /ock 9 recon/itut+ ! ,fr5* v9ey>ds1 x 0 f\nd t _m ( ! v9es secur$ f ! woods 7 too weak 9 gr[? to support ! /rong]-gr[+ ,v9if]as4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,fr5* gr[]s select$ ! m vigor\s =ms ( ! ,vulp9as1 to :i* !y gave v>ietal names1 z ,vulp9a ,gloire1 ,vulp9a ,gr& ,glabre1 ,vulp9a ,s*ribn]1 ,vulp9a ,m>t9 & o!rs4 ,) ^! select$ ,vulp9as1 ! graft does n outgr[ ! /ock4 ,vulp9a is less resi/ant to black-rot ?an /ivalis b some:at m resi/ant ?an ,labrusca4 ,! foliage is r>ely attack$ by mildew4 ,"o ( ! *ief fail+s ( ?is species is ! susceptibility ( ! leaves to ! attack ( ! leaf-hopp]4 ,! ,vulp9as are g5]ally late 9 rip5+2 ! fruit is bett] 9 quality 9 long seasons & %\ld be left on ! v9es z late z possible4 #e4 ,vitis cordifolia1 ,mi*x4 ,w9t] ,grape4 ,fro/ ,grape4 ,fox ,grape4 ,*ick5 ,grape4 ,he>t-leav$ ,vitis4 ,possum ,grape4 ,s\r ,w9t] ,grape4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 climb+4 ,%oots sl5d]2 int]nodes long1 angul>1 usually glabr\s1 sometimes pubesc5t2 diaphragms ?ick2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 usually bifid4 ,leaves ) %ort1 broad /ipules2 leaf-blade m$ium to l>ge1 cordate1 entire or indi/9ctly ?ree-lob$2 petiol> s9us deep1 usually n>r[1 acute2 m>g9 ) co>se angul> tee?2 po9t ( leaf acum9ate2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 glabr\s2 glabr\s or sp>+ly pubesc5t bel[4 ,clu/]s m$ium to l>ge1 loose1 ) long p$uncle4 ,b]ries num]\s & small1 black1 %9+1 little or no bloom4 ,se$s m$ium 9 size1 broad1 beak %ort2 *alaza oval or r\ndi%1 elevat$1 v di/9ct2 raphe a di/9ct1 cord-l ridge4 ,fruit s\r & a/r+5t & frequ5tly consi/+ ( little besides sk9s & se$s4 ,leaf+1 fl[]+ & rip5+ fruit v late4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ,cordifolia & ,vulp9a h be5 badly confus$1 ! limits ( ! habitat ( ?is species are difficult to det]m9e4 ,! be/ au?orities give ! nor!rn limit z ,new ,york or ! ,great ,lakes4 ,! ea/]n limit is ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! s\!rn limit1 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x ext5ds we/w>d1 accord+ to ,engelmann1 to ! we/]n limits ( ! wood$ portion ( ! ,mississippi ,valley 9 ! ,nor?1 &1 accord+ to ,munson1 to ! ,brazos ,riv]1 ,texas1 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is f\nd along creeks & riv] banks sometimes mix$ ) ,vulp9a1 hav+ ab\t ! same soil adaptations z t species4 ,x is a v common species 9 ! middle /ates & frequ5tly gr[s on lime/one soils1 b is n indig5\s to su* soils4 ,cordifolia makes a good /ock = graft+1 be+ vigor\s & =m+ a good union ) mo/ ( our cultivat$ grapes4 ,x is seldom us$ = ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( propagat+ x by means ( cutt+s4 ,= ! same reason v9es ( x are seldom f\nd 9 cultivation4 #f4 ,vitis ,b]l&i]i1 ,plan*4 ,m\nta9-,grape4 ,spani% ,grape4 ,fall ,grape4 ,w9t] ,grape4 ,little ,m\nta9 ,grape4 ,v9e vigor\s1 climb+2 %oots m or less angl$ & pubesc5t2 pubesc5ce rema9+ only 9 pat*es on mature wood2 canes mo/ly ) %ort int]nodes2 diaphragms ?ick2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 /rong1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves ) small /ipules2 leaf-blade l>ge1 broadly cordate1 not*$ or %ortly ?ree-lob$2 petiol> s9us r op51 ,v- or ,u-%ap$1 m>g9 ) broad b r %all[ tee?1 r d>k glossy gre5 above1 grayi% pubesc5ce bel[ :5 "y2 becom+ glabr\s & ev5 glossy except on ribs & ve9s1 :5 mature4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 compact1 comp\nd1 ) long p$uncle4 ,b]ries small1 black1 ) ?9 bloom1 juicy1 r t>t b pleasant ta/+ :5 ?or\ghly ripe4 ,se$s few1 small1 %ort1 plump1 oval or r\ndi%1 ) %ort beak2 *alaza oval or r\ndi%1 di/9ct2 raphe n>r[1 slightly di/9ct to indi/9ct4 ,leaf+1 fl[]+ & rip5+ fruit v late4 ,b]l&i]i is a native ( ! lime/one hills ( s\?we/ ,texas & adjac5t ,mexico4 ,x gr[s 9 ! same region ) ,v4 monticola1 b is less re/rict$ locally1 gr[+ f ! tops ( ! hills d[n & along ! creek bottoms ( ^! regions4 ,its great virtue is t x )/&s a soil l>gely compos$ ( lime1 be+ sup]ior to all o!r ,am]ican species 9 ?is respect4 ,?is & its mod]ate degree ( vigor h recomm5d$ x to ! ,fr5* gr[]s z a /ock = _! calc>e\s soils4 ,! roots are /rong1 ?ick1 & v resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,x is propagat$ by cutt+s ) comp>ative ease1 b its v>ieties are v>iable1 "s n root+ at all easily4 ,:ile ! fruit ( ?is species %[s a l>ge clu/]1 ! b]ries are small & s\r1 & ,b]l&i]i is n reg>d$ z hav+ promise = culture 9 ,am]ica4 #g4 ,vitis /ivalis1 ,mi*x4 ,blue ,grape4 ,bun* ,grape4 ,summ] ,grape4 ,little ,grape4 ,duck-%ot ,grape4 ,swamp ,grape4 ,*ick5 ,grape4 ,pigeon ,grape4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 %oots pubesc5t or smoo? :5 "y2 diaphragms ?ick2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 usually bifid4 ,leaves ) %ort1 broad /ipules2 leaf-blade l>ge1 ?9 :5 "y b becom+ ?ick2 petiol> s9us deep1 usually n>r[1 frequ5tly ov]lapp+2 m>g9 r>ely entire1 usually ?ree- to five-lob$2 tee? d5tate1 %all[1 wide2 upp] surface d>k gre52 l[] surface ) m or less r$di% or ru/y pubesc5ce :i*1 9 mature leaves1 usually %[s 9 pat*es on ! ribs & ve9s2 petioles frequ5tly pubesc5t4 ,clu/]s long1 n mu* bran*$1 ) long p$uncle4 ,b]ries small1 ) mod]ate am\nt ( bloom1 usually a/r+5t4 ,se$s two to ?ree1 ( m$ium size1 plump1 smoo?1 n not*$2 *alaza oval1 di/9ct2 raphe a di/9ct cord-l ridge4 ,leaf+ & rip5+ fruit late to v late4 ,! division ( ! orig9al species has r$uc$ ! habitat mat]ially1 conf9+ x to ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f s\!rn ,new ,york to ,florida & we/w>d to ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 /ivalis gr[s 9 ?ickets & op5+s 9 ! woods & %[s no su* fondness = /reams z ,vulp9a1 or = ?ick timb] z ,labrusca1 b is g5]ally conf9$ to upl&s4 ,"u favorable circum/ances1 ! v9es gr[ to be v l>ge4 /ivalis is prem95tly a w9e grape4 ,! fruit usually has a t>t1 acrid ta/e1 due to ! pres5ce ( a high p]c5tage ( acid1 b !re is also a l>ge am\nt ( sug>1 ! scale %[+ t juice f ?is species has a mu* high] p]c5tage ( sug> ?an ! sweet]-ta/+ ,labruscas4 ,! w9e made f v>ieties ( /ivalis is v ri* 9 color+ matt] & is us$ by "s ,european v9tn]s to mix ) ! mu/ ( ,european sorts 9 ord] to give ! comb9$ product a high] color4 ,! b]ries are de/itute ( pulp1 h a comp>atively ?91 t\gh sk9 & a peculi> spicy flavor4 ,! b]ries hang to ! bun* aft] becom+ ripe mu* bett] ?an d ^? ( ,labrusca4 ,?is species ?rives 9 a light] & %all[] soil ?an ,labrusca & appe>s to endure dr\ght bett]1 al?\gh n equal+ 9 ?is respect ei!r ,vulp9a or ,rupe/ris4 ,! ,fr5* gr[]s report t /ivalis is v liable to *lorosis on soils :i* conta9 mu* lime4 ,! leaves are nev] injur$ by ! sun & !y resi/ ! attacks ( insects1 su* z leaf-hopp]s1 bett] ?an any o!r ,am]ican species "u cultivation4 /ivalis is r>ely injur$ by black-rot or mildew1 accord+ to ,am]ican exp]i5ce1 b ,fr5* gr[]s speak ( its be+ susceptible to bo?4 ,! h>d roots ( /ivalis enable x to resi/ phyllox]a1 & v>ieties ) any great am\nt ( ! blood ( ?is species are seldom s]i\sly injur$ by ?is insect4 ,an objection to /ivalis1 f a horticultural /&po9t1 is t x does n root well f cutt+s4 ,_m au?orities speak ( x z n root+ at all f cutt+s1 b ?is is an ov]-/atem5t ( ! facts1 z _m ( ! wild & cultivat$ v>ieties are occasionally propagat$ 9 ?is mann]1 & "s s\!rn nurs]ies1 locat$ 9 p>ticul>ly favorable situations1 make a practice ( propagat+ x by ?is me?od4 ,v>ieties ( ?is species be> graft+ well1 especially 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,vitis /ivalis ,l9cecumii1 ,munson4 ,po/-oak ,grape4 ,p9e-wood ,grape4 ,turkey ,grape4 ,v9e vigor\s1 sometimes climb+ high ^u trees1 sometimes =m+ a bu%y clump f two to six feet high2 canes cyl9drical1 mu* ru/y wool on %oots2 t5drils int]mitt5t4 ,leaves v l>ge1 almo/ z wide z long2 entire or ?ree-1 five-1 or r>ely sev5-lob$2 lobes frequ5tly divid$2 s9uses1 includ+ petiol> s9us1 deep2 smoo? above1 & ) m or less ru/y pubesc5ce bel[4 7,! nor?-,texas1 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri & nor!rn ,arkansas =m %[s little or no pubesc5ce b has f9e prickly sp9es at base ( %oots & %[s mu* blue bloom on %oots1 canes & ! "u side ( ! leaves47 ,fruit small to l>ge1 usually l>g] ?an typical /ivalis1 usually black1 ) heavy bloom4 ,se$s l>g] ?an /ivalis1 pe>-%ap$2 *alaza r\ndi%4 ,l9cecumii inhabits ! ea/]n half ( ,texas1 we/]n ,l\isiana1 ,oklahoma1 ,arkansas & s\!rn ,miss\ri on high s&y l&1 frequ5tly climb+ po/-oak trees1 h5ce ! "n1 po/-oak grape1 by :i* x is locally kn[n4 ,l9cecumii has attract$ consid]able att5tion ?r\gh ! "w ( ,h4 ,jaeg] & ,t4 ,v4 ,munson 9 dome/icat+ x1 bo? ( :om consid]$ x "o ( ! mo/1 if n ! mo/1 promis+ =m f :i* to secure cultivat$ v>ieties = ! ,s\?we/4 ,! qualities :i* recomm5d x are3 ,fir/1 vigor2 second1 capacity to )/& rot & mildew2 ?ird1 h>d9ess & capacity to endure hot & dry summ]s )\t injury2 f\r?1 ! l>ge clu/] & b]ry :i* 7 f\nd on c]ta9 ( ! wild v9es4 ,! fruit is *>act]i/ic because ( its d5se bloom1 firm1 yet t5d] texture & peculi> flavor4 ,! cultivat$ v>ieties h giv5 satisfaction 9 _m sections ( ! ,c5tral ,we/]n & ,s\!rn /ates4 ,l /ivalis1 x is difficult to propagate f cutt+s4 ,! nor?-,texas glauc\s =m ( ?is v>iety m5tion$ 9 ! te*nical description above is ! ,v4 /ivalis glauca ( ,bailey4 ,?is is ! type ( ,l9cecumii t ,munson has us$ 9 bre$+ "w4 ,vitis /ivalis ,b\rqu9iana1 ,bailey4 ,s\!rn /ivalis4 ,b\rqu9iana diff]s *iefly f ! type 9 hav+ ?9n] leaves2 ! %oots & "u side ( ! leaves are only slightly r$di%-br[n 9 color2 ! pubesc5ce usually disappe>s at maturity2 ! leaves are m deeply lob$ ?an is common 9 /ivalis2 & ! fruit is l>g]1 sweet] & m juicy4 ,b\rqu9iana is kn[n only 9 cultivation4 ,! "n 0 giv5 by ,munson1 :o ranks ! gr\p z a species4 ,he includes !re9 _m s\!rn v>ieties1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3 ,h]bemont1 ,b]tr&1 ,cunn+ham & ,l5oir1 gr\p$ 9 ! ,h]bemont section2 & ,dev]eaux1 ,l\isiana & ,w>r51 9 ! ,dev]eaux section4 ,munson has trac$ ! hi/ory ( ?is int]e/+ gr\p & /ates t x 0 br\ght f s\!rn ,france to ,am]ica ov] "o hundr$ fifty ye>s ago by ! ,b\rqu9 family ( ,savannah1 ,georgia4 ,_m botani/s are ( ! op9ion t ,b\rqu9iana is a hybrid4 ,! hybrid supposition is corroborat$ to a degree by ! *>act]s be+ m or less int]m$iate betwe5 ! suppos$ p>5t species1 & also by ! fact t up to date no wild =m ( ,b\rqu9iana has be5 f\nd4 ,! only nor!rn v>iety ( any importance suppos$ to h ,b\rqu9iana blood is ! ,delaw>e1 & 9 ?is v>iety only a fraction ( ,b\rqu9iana blood is presumably pres5t4 ,b\rqu9iana c be propagat$ f cutt+s m easily ?an ! typical /ivalis b n s readily z ,labrusca1 ,vulp9a or ,v9if]a4 ,_m ( ! v>ieties ( ,b\rqu9iana %[ a m>k$ susceptibility to mildew & black-rot2 9 fact1 ! :ole ,h]bemont gr\p is mu* inf]ior 9 ?is respect to ! ,norton gr\p ( /ivalis4 ,! roots are some:at h>d1 bran* r freely & are q resi/ant to phyllox]a4 #h4 ,vitis bicolor1 ,le ,conte4 ,blue ,grape4 ,nor!rn ,summ] ,grape4 ,nor!rn /ivalis4 ,v9e vigor\s1 climb+2 %oots cyl9drical or angl$1 ) long int]nodes1 g5]ally glabr\s1 usually %[+ mu* blue bloom1 sometimes sp9y at base2 diaphragms ?ick2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 usually bifid4 ,leaves ) %ort1 broad /ipules2 leaf-blade l>ge2 r\ndi%-cordate1 usually ?ree-1 sometimes on old] gr[? %all[ly five-lob$1 r>ely entire2 petiol> s9us v>iable 9 dep?1 usually n>r[2 m>g9 irregul>ly d5tate2 tee? acum9ate2 glabr\s above1 usually glabr\s bel[ & %[+ mu* blue bloom :i* sometimes disappe>s late 9 ! season2 "y leaves sometimes pubesc5t2 petioles v long4 ,clu/] ( m$ium size1 compact1 simple2 p$uncle long4 ,b]ries small1 black ) mu* bloom1 acid b pleasant ta/+ :5 ripe4 ,se$s small1 plump1 broadly oval1 v %ort beak2 *alaza oval1 rais$1 di/9ct2 raphe di/9ct1 %[+ z a cord-l ridge4 ,bicolor is readily di/+ui%$ f /ivalis by ! abs5ce ( ! r$di% pubesc5ce & by bloom+ slightly lat]4 ,! habitat ( ,bicolor is to ! nor? ( t ( /ivalis1 occupy+ ! nor!a/]n1 :]eas /ivalis occupies ! s\!a/]n qu>t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,l /ivalis1 ?is species is n conf9$ to /reams & riv] banks b frequ5tly gr[s on high] l& also4 ,x is f\nd 9 nor? ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 s\?we/]n ,wiscons91 ,indiana1 s\!rn ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 s\?we/]n ,ont>io1 ,new ,j]sey & ,m>yl& & by "s botani/s is report$ z f> s\? z we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a & we/ ,t5nessee4 ,! horticultural *>act]s ( ,bicolor are mu* ! same z ^? ( /ivalis4 ,ab\t ! only po9ts ( diff]5ce are t x is mu* h>di] 7"s ( ! ,wiscons9 v9es /& a temp]ature z l[ z #bj degrees bel[ z]o72 x is said to be slightly less resi/ant to mildew & m resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,l /ivalis1 ,bicolor does n ?rive on limy soils & x is difficult to propagate f cutt+s4 ,! horticultural possibilities ( ,bicolor are probably mu* ! same z ^? ( /ivalis1 al?\gh _m ?9k x to be m promis+ = ! ,nor?4 ,x is z yet cultivat$ b little4 ,its *ief defect = dome/ication is ! small size ( ! fruit4 #i4 ,vitis c&icans1 ,englem4 ,mu/ang ,grape4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 climb+2 %oots & petioles d5sely wooly1 :iti% or ru/y2 diaphragm ?ick2 t5drils int]mitt5t4 ,leaves ) l>ge /ipules2 blade small1 broadly cordate to r5i=m-ovate1 entire or 9 "y %oots & on "y v9es & spr\ts usually deeply ?ree- to five-1 or ev5 sev5-lob$2 tee? %all[1 s9uate2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide1 sometimes lack+2 dull1 slightly rugose above1 d5se :iti% pubesc5ce bel[4 ,clu/]s small4 ,b]ries m$ium to l>ge1 black1 purple1 gre51 or ev5 :iti%1 ?9 blue bloom or bloomless4 ,se$s usually ?ree or f\r1 l>ge1 %ort1 plump1 blunt1 not*$2 *alaza oval1 depress$1 indi/9ct2 raphe a broad groove4 ,! habitat ( ?is grape ext5ds f s\!rn ,oklahoma1 z a nor!rn limit1 s\?we/]ly into ,mexico4 ,! we/]n b\nd>y is ! ,pecos ,riv]4 ,x is f\nd on dry1 alluvial1 s&y or lime/one bottoms or on lime/one bluff l&s & is said to be especially abundant along upl& rav9es4 ,c&icans gr[s well on lime/one l&s1 endur+ z mu* z #fj p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! soil4 ,! species blooms %ortly be=e ,labrusca & a week lat] ?an ,vulp9a4 ,x requires ! long hot summ]s ( its native c\ntry & w /& extreme dr\? b is n h>dy to cold1 #aj or #ae degrees bel[ z]o kill+ ! v9e outright unless protect$2 & a less] degree ( cold injur+ x sev]ely4 ,! b]ries1 :i* are l>ge = wild v9es1 h ?9 sk9s "u :i* !re is a pigm5t :i* gives !m1 :5 fir/ ripe1 a fi]y1 pung5t ta/e b :i* p>tly disappe>s ) maturity4 ,! b]ries are v p]si/5t1 cl++ to ! p$icel long aft] ripe4 ,c&icans is difficult to propagate f cutt+s4 ,its roots resi/ phyllox]a fairly well4 ,x makes a good /ock = ,v9if]a v9es 9 its native c\ntry1 b ow+ to ! difficulty ( propagation is seldom us$ = t purpose4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,texas1 x 0 mu* us$ = ! mak+ ( w9e b z x is defici5t 9 sug>1 & z ! mu/ reta9s ! acrid1 pung5t flavor1 x does n seem to be well adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is n reg>d$ z hav+ great promise = s\!rn horticulture & c]ta9ly has none = ! ,nor?4 #aj4 ,vitis ,labrusca1 ,l9n4 ,fox-,grape4 ,v9e vigor\s1 /ocky1 climb+2 %oots cyl9drical1 d5sely pubesc5t2 diaphragms m$ium to ?ick2 t5drils cont9u\s1 /rong1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves ) long1 cordate /ipules2 leaf-blade l>ge1 ?ick1 broadly cordate or r\nd2 entire or ?ree-lob$1 frequ5tly not*$2 s9uses r\nd$2 petiol> s9us v>iable 9 dep? & wid?1 ,v-%ap$2 m>g9 ) %all[1 acute-po9t$1 scallop$ tee?2 upp] surface rugose1 d>k gre51 on "y leaves pubesc5t1 becom+ glabr\s :5 mature2 l[] surface cov]$ ) d5se pubesc5ce1 m or less :iti% on "y leaves1 becom+ dun-color$ :5 mature4 ,clu/]s m or less comp\nd1 usually %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icels ?ick2 p$uncle %ort4 ,b]ries r\nd2 sk9 ?ick1 cov]$ ) bloom1 ) /rong musky or foxy aroma4 ,se$s two to f\r1 l>ge1 di/9ctly not*$1 beak %ort2 *alaza oval 9 %ape1 indi/9ct1 %[+ z a depression2 raphe1 a groove4 ,labrusca is indig5\s to ! ea/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ ! region betwe5 ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 ! valleys & along ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,_m botani/s say x nev] occurs 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ area x ranges f ,ma9e to ,georgia4 ,x has ! mo/ re/rict$ habitat ( any ,am]ican species ( horticultural importance1 be+ mu* exce$$ 9 ext5t ( t]ritory by ,v4 rotundifolia1 ,v4 /ivalis & ,v4 vulp9a4 ,labrusca has furni%$ m cultivat$ v>ieties1 ei!r pure-bre$s or hybrids1 ?an all o!r ,am]ican species toge!r4 ,! reason = ?is is p>tly1 no d\bt1 t x is native to ! portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates fir/ settl$ & is ! mo/ common grape 9 ! region :]e agriculture fir/ advanc$ to ! condition at :i* fruits 7 desir$4 ,?is does n :olly acc\nt = its prom95ce1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be s\ght else:]e4 ,9 its wild /ate1 ,labrusca is probably ! mo/ attractive to ! eye ( any ( our ,am]ican grapes on acc\nt ( ! size ( its fruit1 & ?is und\bt$ly turn$ ! att5tion ( ^? :o 7 e>ly int]e/$ 9 ! possibilities ( ,am]ican grape-gr[+ to ?is species r ?an to any o!r4 ,! s\!rn ,labrusca is q diff]5t f ! nor!rn =m & dem&s diff]5t conditions = its successful gr[?2 9 ! ,nor?1 at lea/ two types ( ! species may be di/+ui%$4 ,v9es are f\nd 9 ! woods ( ,new ,engl& :i* resemble ,concord v closely 9 bo? v9e & fruit1 except+ t ! grapes are mu* small] 9 size & m se$y4 ,!re is also ! l>ge-fruit$1 foxy ,labrusca1 usually ) r$di% b]ries1 repres5t$ by su* cultivat$ v>ieties z ,nor!rn ,muscad9e1 ,dracut ,amb]1 ,lutie & o!rs4 ,labrusca is peculi> among/ ,am]ican grapes 9 %[+ black-1 :ite- & r$-fruit$ =ms ( wild v9es gr[+ 9 ! woods4 ,because ( ?is v>iability1 x is impossible to give ! exact climatic & soil conditions be/ adapt$ to ! species4 ,x is reasonable to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! ideal conditions = ?is species "u cultivation are n widely diff]5t f ^? prevail+ :]e ! species is indig5\s4 ,9 ! case ( ,labrusca1 ?is means t x is be/ adapt$ to humid climates1 & t ! temp]ature desir$ v>ies accord+ to :e!r ! v>iety comes f ! s\!rn or nor!rn =m ( ! species4 ,! root sy/em ( ,labrusca does n p5etrate ! soil deeply1 b ! v9e is said to succe$ bett] 9 deep & clayey soils ?an /ivalis4 ,x endures an excess ( wat] 9 ! soil1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 requires less wat] = successful gr[+ ?an /ivalis or ,vulp9a4 ,9 spite ( its ability to )/& clayey soils1 x seems to pref] loose1 w>m1 well-dra9$ s&y l&s to all o!rs4 ,! ,fr5* gr[]s report t all v>ieties ( ?is species %[ a m>k$ antipa?y to a lime/one soil1 ! v9es soon becom+ affect$ ) *lorosis :5 plant$ 9 soils ( ?is nature4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is1 x may be said t ,labrusca is n (t5 f\nd wild 9 lime/one soils4 ,! ,labruscas succe$ v well 9 ! ,nor? & fairly well 9 ! ,middle ,we/ z f> s\? z ,arkansas1 :]e !y are rais$ on acc\nt ( _! fruit qualities1 = "h ! v9es are n ne>ly s vigor\s & heal?y z are ^? ( o!r species4 ,9 ,alabama1 !y are report$ to be g5]ally unsatisfactory1 & 9 ,texas ! v9es are %ort-liv$1 unheal?y1 & g5]ally unsatisfactory1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dry regions4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ?is1 z = in/ance1 9 ! ,pi$mont region ( ! ,c>ol9as1 :]e1 ow+ to elevation or o!r causes1 ! climate ( a s\!rn region is semi-nor!rn 9 its "*4 ,! grapes ( ,labrusca are l>ge & usually h&somely color$4 ,! sk9 is ?ick1 cov]+ a lay] ( adh]+ fle%1 :i* gives ! impression ( its be+ ?ick] ?an x actually is2 ! b]ry is v>iable 9 t5d]ness1 sometimes t\gh1 b 9 _m cultivat$ v>ieties is s t5d] t x cracks 9 transportation4 ,! sk9 ( ?is species usually has a peculi> aroma1 g5]ally spok5 ( z foxy1 & a slightly acid1 a/r+5t ta/e4 ,b5ea? ! sk9 !re is a lay] ( juicy pulp1 q sweet & nev] %[+ mu* acidity 9 ripe fruit4 ,! c5t] ( ! b]ry is occupi$ by r d5se pulp1 m or less /r+y1 ) consid]able acid close to ! se$s4 ,_m object to ! foxy aroma ( ?is species1 b1 nev]!less1 ! mo/ popul> ,am]ican v>ieties are m or less foxy4 ,analyses %[ t ! fruit is usually *>act]iz$ by a l[ p]c5tage ( sug> & acid1 ! v sweet-ta/+ fox-grapes n %[+ z high a sug>-cont5t z "s ( ! disagreeably t>t /ivalis & ,vulp9a sorts4 ,?is1 9 addition to ! fox9ess :i* furni%es an excess ( aroma 9 ! w9e1 has prev5t$ ,labrusca v>ieties f becom+ favorites ) ! w9e-mak]s1 b mo/ ( ! grape-juice n[ manufactur$ is made f !m4 ,9 addition to ! *>act]s enum]at$1 x may be said t ,labrusca submits well to v9ey>d culture1 is fairly vigor\s & g5]ally q productive4 ,x gr[s readily f cutt+s & 9 h>d9ess is int]m$iate betwe5 ,vulp9a1 ! h>die/ ( our ,am]ican species1 & /ivalis4 ,! roots are s(t & fle%y 7= an ,am]ican grape7 & 9 "s localities subject to attacks ( phyllox]a4 ,none ( ! v>ieties ( ,labrusca has ev] be5 popul> 9 ,france on ?is acc\nt4 ,9 ! wild v9es1 ! fruit is incl9$ to drop :5 ripe4 ,?is defect is kn[n z %att]+ or %ell+ among grape-gr[]s & is a s]i\s weakness 9 "s v>ieties4 ,labrusca is said to be m s5sitive 9 its wild /ate to mildew & black-rot ?an any o!r ,am]ican species1 b ! evid5ce on ?is po9t does n seem to be :olly conclusive4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,middle ,we/1 ! leaves ( all v>ieties ( ,labrusca sunburn & %rivel 9 ! latt] "p ( ! summ]4 ,! v9es d n endure dr\? z well z /ivalis or ,vulp9a & n ne>ly s well z ,rupe/ris4 #aa4 ,vitis v9if]a1 ,l9n4 ,v9e v>iable 9 vigor1 n s high climb+ z mo/ ,am]ican species2 t5drils int]mitt5t4 ,leaves r\nd-cordate1 ?91 smoo?1 & :5 "y1 %9+1 frequ5tly m or less deeply ?ree-1 five-1 or ev5 sev5-lob$2 usually glabr\s b 9 "s v>ieties ! leaves & "y %oots are hairy & ev5 d[ny :5 "y2 lobes r\nd$ or po9t$2 tee? v>iable2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 usually ov]lapp+4 ,b]ries v v>iable 9 size & color1 usually oval ?\gh globul>4 ,se$s v>iable 9 size & %ape1 usually not*$ at upp] end & *>act]iz$ always by a bottle-neck$1 elongat$ beak2 *alaza broad1 usually r\gh1 di/9ct2 raphe indi/9ct4 ,roots l>ge1 s(t & spongy4 ,! orig9al habitat ( ! species is n positively kn[n4 ,de ,c&olle1 z not$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 consid]$ ! region ab\t ! ,caspian ,sea z ! probable habitat ( ! ,old ,_w grape4 ,!re is b little d\bt t ! orig9al home ( ,v4 v9if]a is "s place 9 we/]n ,asia4 ,nei!r ,am]ican nor ,european writ]s agree z to ! climate desir$ by ,v9if]a1 = ! reason1 probably t all ( ! v>ieties 9 ?is v>iable species d n require ! same climatic conditions4 ,!re are c]ta9 phases ( climate1 h[ev]1 t are well agre$ on3 ! species requires a w>m1 dry climate & is m s5sitive to *ange ( temp]ature ?an ,am]ican species4 ,v>ieties ( ?is species c be gr[n successfully 9 a wide v>iety ( soils1 be+ mu* less p>ticul> z to soils ?an ,am]ican sorts4 ,c]ta9 *>act]s ( ! fruit ( ?is species are n f\nd 9 any ,am]ican =ms3 ,fir/1 ! sk91 :i* is atta*$ v closely to ! fle% & :i* is nev] a/r+5t or acid1 c be eat5 ) ! fruit2 second1 ! fle% is firm1 yet t5d]1 & uni=m ?r\gh\t1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f all ,am]ican grapes :i* h a sweet1 wat]y & t5d] pulp close to ! sk9 ) a t\gh & m or less acid core at ! c5t]2 ?ird1 ! flavor has a peculi>ly sprightly quality kn[n z v9\s2 f\r?1 ! b]ry adh]es firmly to ! p$icel1 ! fruit seldom %att]+ or %ell+ f ! clu/]4 ,9 ! v>i\s hybrids t h be5 made betwe5 ,am]ican & ,v9if]a v>ieties1 x is usually f\nd t ! desirable qualities ( ,v9if]a are inh]it$ 9 ab\t ! same proportion z ! undesirable ones4 ,! fruit is improv$ 9 ! hybrid b ! v9e is weak5$2 quality is usually pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( h>d9ess & disease-resi/+ p[]4 ,v9if]a may be gr[n v readily f cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4--,lutie 7#a_/b74 ,pockl+ton 7#a_/b74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,grapes ,nature has exp5d$ h] b\nties 9 fulle/ measure = ! v9ey>d4 ,m ?an #bjjj v>ieties ( grapes are describ$ 9 ,am]ican viticultural lit]ature1 & twice z _m m f9d m5tion 9 ,european treatises on ! v9e4 ,few o!r fruits (f] ! novelties giv5 ! grape 9 flavors1 aromas1 sizes1 colors & uses4 ,! v9ey>d1 !n1 to fulfill comm]cial pot5tialities1 %\ld supply grapes ?r\gh\t ! :ole season1 & ( ! sev]al colors & flavors & = all uses4 ,a prime requisite = a v9ey>d be+ well-select$ v>ieties1 an assortm5t ( all k9ds & = all places 9 ,am]ica is "h describ$4 ,,actoni 7,v9if]a7 ,actoni is a table-grape ( ! ,malaga type :i* rip5s at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 late 9 ,octob]1 too late = ! av]age season 9 ! ,ea/ b wor? try+ 9 favorable locations4 ,x is gr[n 9 ,cali=nia b is n a favorite sort4 ,! foll[+ brief description is made f fruit gr[n at ,g5eva3 ,clu/]s l>ge1 %\ld]$1 tap]+1 loose2 b]ries m$ium to v l>ge1 long-oval to oval1 cle> gre5 yell[2 fle% crisp1 firm2 flavor sweet2 quality good4 ,,agawam 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,r&all1 ,rog]s ,no4 #ae ,! qualities comm5d+ ,agawam are l>ge size & attractive appe>ance ( bun* & b]ry2 ri*1 sweet aromatic flavor2 vigor ( v9e2 & capacity = self-f]tilization4 ,= a grape hav+ its proportion ( ,european p>5tage1 ! v9e is vigor\s1 h>dy & productive4 ,! *ief defects 9 fruit are a ?ick & r\gh sk91 co>se1 solid texture ( pulp & foxy flavor4 ,! v9e is susceptible to ! mildews & 9 _m localities does n yield well4 ,al?\gh ,agawam rip5s soon aft] ,concord1 x c be kept mu* long] & ev5 improves 9 flavor aft] pick+4 ,! v9es pref] heavy soils1 do+ bett] on clay ?an on s& or gravel4 ,?is is "o ( ! grapes gr[n by ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s1 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts4 ,x 0 introduc$ z ,no4 #ae b 9 #ahfa 0 giv5 ! "n x n[ be>s4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t1 floccul5t2 lobes lack+2 t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 lat]al s9us v %all[2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s on plan ( six1 ne>ly self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps until midw9t]4 ,clu/]s m$ium to l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 tap]+1 loose2 p$icel %ort2 bru% v %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 d>k purpli%-r$ ) ?9 bloom1 v p]si/5t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 t\gh1 /r+y1 solid1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 two to five1 l>ge1 long1 br[n4 ,,alm]ia 7,v9if]a7 ,?is is "o ( ! v>ieties commonly f\nd 9 ea/]n m>kets f ,alm]ia & ,malaga1 ,spa91 al?\gh occasionally x may come f ,cali=nia :]e ! v>iety1 or simil> v>ieties confus$ ) x1 is n[ gr[n4 ,?is sort is rem>kable = its wond]ful keep+ qualities2 x is adapt$ only to hot int]ior regions4 ,! ,alm]ia cultivat$ by ! ,cali=nia ,exp]im5t ,/ation is describ$ z foll[s3 ,v9e vigor\s2 leaves ( m$ium size1 r\nd & slightly or n at all lob$1 q glabr\s on bo? sides1 tee? obtuse & alt]nately l>ge & small2 bun*es l>ge1 loose or compact1 irregul> conical2 b]ries f small to l>ge1 cyl9drical1 flatt5$ on ! ends1 v h>d & ta/eless4 ,,am]ica 7,l9cecumii1 ,rupe/ris7 ,! notable qualities ( ,am]ica are vigor ( gr[? & heal? ( foliage 9 v9e1 & p]si/5ce ( b]ries1 :i* h /rongly color$ r$ juice1 high sug>-cont5t & excell5t flavor4 ,! grapes :olly lack ! foxy ta/e & aroma ( ,labrusca & ! v>iety1 !re=e1 (f]s possibilities = bre$+ sorts lack+ ! foxy flavor ( ,concord & ,niag>a4 ,am]ica has great resi/ance to heat & cold4 ,also1 x is said to be a suitable /ock ^u :i* to graft ,v9if]a v>ieties to resi/ phyllox]a4 ,! vigor ( ! v9e & ! luxuriance ( ! foliage make x an excell5t sort = arbors4 ,am]ica 0 gr[n by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 f se$ ( ,jaeg] ,no4 #dc poll9at$ by a male ,rupe/ris4 ,x 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahib4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 d>k r$di%-br[n ) heavy bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves small1 ?92 upp] surface glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface light gre51 hairy2 lobes lack+ or fa9t1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep & wide2 tee? ( av]age dep? & wid?4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 usually on plan ( six1 op5 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season or lat]1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 irregul>1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 ?ick ) r$ t+e4 ,b]ries small1 v>iable 9 size1 r\nd1 purpli%-black1 glossy ) purpli%-r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% dull :ite ) fa9t r$ t+e1 transluc5t1 t5d]1 melt+1 spicy1 v9\s1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s free1 two to five1 long1 po9t$1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,,am9ia 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,am9ia is "o ( ! be/ e>ly grapes1 its season be+ ) or a little aft] ,moore ,e>ly4 ,! grapes are ( high quality & attractive appe>ance1 b ! bun*es are small1 v>iable 9 size1 n well =m$ & ! b]ries rip5 unev5ly4 ,! v9e is vigor\s b is nei!r z h>dy nor z productive z a comm]cial v>iety %\ld be4 ,9 #ahfg ,isadora ,bu%1 a ,miss\rian1 plant$ v9es ( ,rog]s ,no4 #ci f sev]al diff]5t s\rces4 ,:5 ^! came into be>+1 he di/+ui%$ ?ree v>ieties4 ,bu% select$ ! be/ ( ! ?ree &1 ) ! cons5t ( ,rog]s1 nam$ x ,am9ia4 ,9 spite ( ,bu%'s c>e1 !re are two di/9ct grapes cultivat$ "u ?is "n4 ,v9e vigor\s1 prec>i\sly h>dy1 lack+ 9 productiv5ess4 ,canes r\gh1 long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 trifid or bifid1 p]si/5t4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface light gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree2 t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s op5 9 mid-season1 self-/]ile2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 broad1 irregul>1 conical1 sometimes ) a long %\ld]1 loose2 p$icel long ) few w>ts2 bru% %ort1 ?ick1 br[ni%-r$4 ,b]ries v>iable1 r\nd1 dull black ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t ) purpli%-r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre5i%1 transluc5t1 t5d]1 solid1 co>se1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to six1 v l>ge4 ,,augu/ ,,giant 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,augu/ ,giant is a hybrid betwe5 ,labrusca & ,v9if]a 9 :i* ! fruit *>act]s are ^? ( ! latt] species4 ,9 appe>ance & ta/e ( b]ry1 ! v>iety resembles ,black ,hamburg4 ,! v9e is usually vigor\s &1 consid]+ its p>5tage1 is v h>dy4 ,! foliage is ?ick & luxuriant b subject to mildew4 ,vigor ( v9e1 beauty ( foliage & ! quality ( ! fruit make ! v>iety desirable = ! amateur4 ,x ne$s a long-matur+ season4 ,augu/ ,giant 0 gr[n by ,n4 ,b4 ,:ite1 ,norwood1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahfa1 f se$ ( an e>ly1 l>ge-b]ri$1 r$ ,labrusca poll9at$ by ,black ,hamburg4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 subject to mildew4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre5 or bronz$1 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 frequ5tly clos$ & ov]lapp+2 lat]al s9us %all[ or a not*2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s op5 9 mid-season1 self-/]ile2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s ( av]age size1 %ort1 broad1 irregul>ly tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel long1 ?ick ) l>ge w>ts2 bru% %ort1 ?ick1 gre5 or ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 purpli%-r$ or black1 dull ) ?ick bloom1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 t\gh1 /r+y2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 l>ge1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,bac*us 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,bac*us is an (fspr+ ( ,cl9ton :i* x resembles 9 v9e & leaf *>act]s1 b surpasses 9 quality ( fruit & 9 productiv5ess ( v9e4 ,! special po9ts ( m]it ( ! v>iety are3 resi/ance to cold1 resi/ance to phyllox]a1 fre$om f fungi & insects1 productiv5ess1 ease ( multiplication & capacity to be> grafts4 ,its limitations are3 poor quality = table use1 inability to )/& dry soils or dr\ghts1 & nonadaptability to soils conta9+ mu* lime4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 & 0 fir/ exhibit$ by him 9 #ahgi4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 d>k br[n ) bloom at ! nodes :i* are enl>g$ & flatt5$2 t5drils bifid4 ,leaves small2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface dull gre51 smoo?2 lobes ?ree1 t]m9al "o acum9ate2 petiol> s9us %all[1 n>r[1 sometimes ov]lapp+2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s op5 e>ly1 self-/]ile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well1 hangs long4 ,clu/]s small1 sl5d]1 uni=m1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) a few small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 hang well to p$icels1 firm2 sk9 ?91 adh]5t1 conta9s mu* w9e-color$ pigm5t1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% d>k gre51 transluc5t1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 v9\s1 spicy2 fair quality4 ,se$s cl++1 "o to f\r1 _m abortive1 l>ge1 %ort & wide1 plump1 %>ply po9t$1 br[n4 ,,bakator 7,v9if]a7 ,?is is a ,hung>ian w9e grape b its high quality & e>ly season make x a desirable table-grape 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x seems to be gr[n b little on ! ,pacific slope4 ,! foll[+ description is made f fruit gr[n at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york3 ,v9e m$ium 9 vigor1 productive4 ,"y leaves t+$ r$ at edges1 upp] surface glossy2 mature leaves l>ge1 r\nd1 upp] surface dull1 l[] surface d[ny2 lobes five1 t]m9al lobe acum9ate2 basal s9us deep1 m$ium to n>r[1 clos$ to ov]lapp+2 l[] lat]al s9us deep1 v>iable 9 wid?2 upp] lat]al s9us deep1 usually n>r[s2 m>g9s d5tate1 tee? %all[ to m$ium deep4 ,fl[]s appe> late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit rip5s at ,g5eva ! fir/ or second week 9 ,octob] & keeps well 9 /orage2 clu/]s above m$ium 9 size1 m$ium 9 l5g?1 broad1 frequ5tly d\ble-%\ld]$1 tap]+1 m$ium to loose2 b]ries m$ium to small1 oval1 light r$ becom+ d>k :5 fully ripe1 ) ?ick bloom2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t to ! pulp2 fle% gre5i%1 juicy1 t5d]1 melt+1 v9\s1 sweet2 quality v good4 ,,b>ry 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,b>ry 7,plate ,,vii7 is "o ( ! be/ ,am]ican black grapes1 resembl+ 9 b]ry & 9 flavor & keep+ quality ( fruit its ,european p>5t1 ,black ,hamburg4 ,! appe>ance ( b]ry & bun* is attractive4 ,! v9e is vigor\s1 h>dy & productive b susceptible to mildew4 ,! rip5+ season is j aft] t ( ,concord4 ,= ! table1 = w9t] keep+ & = ! amateur1 ?is v>iety may be highly recomm5d$4 ,b>ry 0 d$icat$ 9 #ahfi1 by ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s1 :o orig9at$ x1 to ,patrick ,b>ry1 di/+ui%$ nurs]yman & pomologi/4 ,! v>iety is gr[n 9 g>d5s ?r\gh\t ! grape regions ( ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive1 susceptible to mildew4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) heavy bloom2 nodes flatt5$2 %oots glabr\s2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree1 t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s op5 9 mid-season1 self-/]ile2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s %ort1 v broad1 tap]+1 (t5 subdivid+ into sev]al p>ts1 compact2 p$icel ) small w>ts4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 d>k purpli%-black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 adh]5t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 t5d]1 /r+y1 v9\s1 pleasant-flavor$2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 l>ge1 deeply not*$1 ) enl>g$ neck1 br[n4 ,,beacon 7,l9cecumii1 ,labrusca7 ,ano!r ( ,t4 ,v4 ,munson's hybrids is ,beacon4 ,x is n well adapt$ to nor!rn regions b does v well 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! v9e is vigor\s & be>s a h&some1 compact mass ( foliage :i* reta9s its color & fre%ness ?r\gh dr\?s & heat4 ,munson grew ,beacon 9 #ahhg f se$ ( ,big ,b]ry 7a v>iety ( ,l9cecumii7 poll9at$ by ,concord1 ! v9e be>+ fir/ 9 #ahhi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 prec>i\sly h>dy1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 sl5d]1 light br[n4 ,leaves heal?y1 ?ick1 d>k gre51 sometimes rugose2 ve9s %[+ indi/9ctly ?r\gh ! slight pubesc5ce ( ! l[] surface4 ,fl[]s op5 9 mid-season1 on plan ( five or six1 self-f]tile4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 usually high-%\ld]$1 compact4 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 r\nd1 purpli%-black1 dull ) heavy bloom1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t ) a l>ge am\nt ( purpli%-r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% t5d]1 aromatic1 spicy1 v9\s1 mildly subacid2 good4 ,se$s free1 l>ge1 broad1 blunt1 not*$4 ,,b]ckmans 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,9 ,b]ckmans we h ! fruit ( ,delaw>e on ! v9e ( ,cl9ton4 ,! b]ry & bun* resemble ,delaw>e 9 %ape2 ! fruit is ( ! same color2 bun* & b]ry are l>g]2 ! grapes keep long]2 ! fle% is firm] b ! quality is n s good1 ! fle% lack+ t5d]ness & ri*ness 9 comp>ison ) ,delaw>e4 ,! v9e ( ,b]ckmans is n only m vigor\s1 b is less subject to mildew ?an t ( ,delaw>e4 ,! v9e *>act]s are n1 h[ev]1 z good z ^? ( ,cl9ton4 ,! v>iety is poorly adapt$ to "s soils1 & on ^! ! grapes d n color well4 ,9 spite ( _m good qualities1 ,b]ckmans is b an amateur's grape4 ,! "n commemorates ! viticultural labors ( ,p4 ,j4 ,b]ckmans1 a contempor>y & fri5d ( ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1 ( ,*e/]1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :o orig9at$ ! v>iety4 ,b]ckmans came f ,delaw>e se$ f]tiliz$ by ,cl9ton1 ! se$ hav+ be5 s[n 9 #ahfh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n2 nodes prom95t1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 %oots glabr\s2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves small1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 glabr\s2 lobes "o to ?ree1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[4 ,fl[]s op5 e>ly1 self-f]tile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit rip5s ) ,delaw>e4 ,clu/]s %\ld]$1 compact1 sl5d]2 p$icel long1 sl5d] ) few w>ts2 bru% %ort1 light gre54 ,b]ries small1 oval1 ,delaw>e-r$1 d>k] :5 well rip5$1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale yell[i%-gre51 transluc5t1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 melt+1 v9\s1 sweet1 sprightly2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 small1 broad1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,black ,,eagle 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! fruit ( ,black ,eagle is ( ! be/1 b ! v9e lacks 9 vigor1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess & is self-/]ile4 ,bun* & b]ry are l>ge & attractive4 ,! season is ab\t ) ,concord4 ,black ,eagle has :olly fail$ z a comm]cial v>iety1 & its sev]al weaknesses prev5t amateurs f gr[+ x widely4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,/eph5 ,w4 ,und]hill1 ,croton-on-,hudson1 ,new ,york1 f se$ ( ,concord poll9at$ by ,black ,pr9ce4 ,x fruit$ fir/ 9 #ahff4 ,v9e vigor\s1 prec>i\sly h>dy1 unproductive4 ,canes r\gh1 ?ick1 r$di%-br[n ) light bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$ int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo? to rugose2 lobes five2 t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep2 lat]al s9us wide1 n>r[+ t[>ds top1 deep4 ,fl[]s op5 9 mid-season1 self-/]ile2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 tap]+1 s+le-or d\ble-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d] ) few w>ts2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 oval1 black1 glossy ) ?ick bloom2 sk9 t5d]1 ?91 adh]5t ) w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 l>ge4 ,,black ,,hamburg 7,v9if]a7 ,black ,hamburg 7,plate ,,vi7 is an old ,european sort1 long ! ma9/ay 9 =c+-h\ses 9 ,belgium1 ,engl& & ,am]ica & n[ popul> out ( doors 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is an excell5t table-grape b1 :ile x keeps well1 its t5d] sk9 does n p]mit its be+ %ipp$ f>1 especially :5 gr[n out ( doors4 ,! v9e is subject to disease4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! fruit is made f grapes gr[n 9 ! gre5h\se3 ,bun*es v l>ge1 (t5 a foot 9 l5g? & weigh+ sev]al p\nds2 v broad at ! %\ld] & gradually tap]+ to a po9t2 compact1 (t5times too compact2 b]ries v l>ge1 r\nd or slightly r\nd-oval2 sk9 r ?ick2 d>k purple becom+ black at full maturity2 fle% firm1 juicy1 sweet & ri*2 quality v good or be/4 ,season e>ly 9 ! =c+-h\se b r late out ( doors4 ,,black ,,malvoise 7,v9if]a7 ,?is v>iety is r widely gr[n 9 ,cali=nia z an e>ly table-grape & might be wor? try+ 9 ea/]n grape regions4 ,:ile ! fruit is n ( ! be/ quality1 x is good4 ,! foll[+ description is compil$3 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y & productive2 wood long-jo9t$1 r sl5d]1 light br[n4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 oval1 ev5ly & deeply five-lob$2 basal s9us op51 ) ne>ly p>allel sides2 upp] surface smoo?1 almo/ glabr\s2 l[] surface slightly tom5tose on ! ve9s & ve9lets4 ,bun*es l>ge1 loose1 bran*+2 b]ries l>ge1 oblong1 r$di% black ) fa9t bloom2 fle% firm1 juicy1 crisp2 flavor lack+ 9 ri*ness & "*2 quality n high4 ,season e>ly1 keep+ & %ipp+ b poorly4 ,,black ,,morocco 7,v9if]a7 ,black ,morocco v g5]ally meets ! approval ( grape-gr[]s on ! ,pacific slope )\t be+ a prime favorite = ei!r home use or comm]ce4 ,! grapes are n high en\gh 9 quality = a home v9ey>d1 &1 :ile !y %ip well1 are h>d to h&le because ( ! l>ge size & rigidity ( ! bun*es4 ,ano!r fault is t ! v9es are subject to root-knot4 ,! *ief asset ( ! v>iety is h&some appe>ance ( fruit4 ,?is v>iety is rem>kable = ! numb] ( second-crop bun*es :i* x produces on ! lat]als4 ,! foll[+ description is compil$3 ,v9e v vigor\s1 productive2 canes spread+1 few4 ,leaves m$ium to small1 v deeply five-lob$2 ! y\ng] leaves truncate at base1 giv+ !m a semi-circul> outl9e1 ) long1 %>p tee? alt]nat+ ) v small ones2 glabr\s1 or ne>ly s1 on bo? sides4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 %ort1 %\ld]$1 compact & rigid2 b]ries v l>ge1 r\nd1 (t5 mis%ap5 f compression2 dull purple1 lack+ color 9 ! c5t] ( ! bun*2 fle% firm1 crisp1 neutral 9 flavor1 lack+ 9 ri*ness2 quality r l[4 ,season late1 keep+ & %ipp+ well4 ,,brighton 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,brighton 7,plate ,,viii7 is "o ( ! few ,labrusca-,v9if]a hybrids :i* h atta9$ prom95ce 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds4 ,x ranks z "o ( ! lead+ amateur grapes 9 ea/]n ,am]ica & is among ! t5 or twelve *ief comm]cial sorts ( ?is region4 ,its good po9ts are3 = ! fruit1 high quality2 = ! v9e1 vigor\s gr[?1 productiv5ess1 adaptability to v>i\s soils & ability to )/& fungi4 ,brighton has two s]i\s defects :i* keep x f tak+ high] rank z a comm]cial v>iety3 x det]iorates 9 quality v quickly aft] maturity1 s t x _c be kept = m ?an a few days at its be/1 h5ce _c well be %ipp$ to di/ant m>kets2 & x is self-/]ile to a m m>k$ degree ?an any o!r commonly-gr[n grape4 ,brighton is a se$l+ ( ,diana ,hamburg poll9at$ by ,concord1 rais$ by ,jacob ,moore1 ,brighton1 ,new ,york4 ,! orig9al v9e fruit$ fir/ 9 #ahgj4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive1 subject to mildew4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 light br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 usually flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us int]m$iate 9 dep? & wid?2 lat]al s9us %all[2 tee? n>r[4 ,fl[]s op5 late1 self-/]ile2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 heavily %\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel ?ick2 bru% pale gre5 ) br[n t+e1 ?ick1 %ort4 ,b]ries irregul>1 l>ge1 oval1 light r$1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transp>5t1 t5d]1 /r+y1 melt+1 aromatic1 v9\s1 sweet2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 broad1 light br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4--,moore ,e>ly 7#c_/e74 ,,brilliant 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,brilliant is a cross betwe5 ,l9dley & ,delaw>e4 ,9 clu/] & size ( b]ry x resembles ,l9dley2 9 color & quality ( fruit x is ab\t ! same z ,delaw>e1 diff]+ *iefly 9 hav+ m a/r+5cy 9 ! sk94 ,its season is ab\t ) ,delaw>e4 ,! grapes d n crack or %ell1 !re=e %ip well1 & h v good keep+ qualities1 especially on ! v9e :]e !y (t5 hang = weeks4 ,! v9e is vigor\s & h>dy4 ,! defects :i* h kept ,brilliant f becom+ "o ( ! /&>d comm]cial sorts are3 m>k$ susceptibility to fungi1 v>iability 9 size ( clu/]1 unev5ness 9 rip5+ & unproductiv5ess4 ,9 favorable situations ?is v>iety pleases ! amateur1 & ! comm]cial gr[] (t5 f9ds x pr(itable4 ,! se$ :i* produc$ ,brilliant 0 plant$ by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 9 #ahhc & ! v>iety 0 introduc$ 9 #ahhg4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 r unproductive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface gray-gre51 d[ny2 obscurely ?ree-lob$ ) t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal & lat]al s9uses obscure & %all[ :5 pres5t2 tee? int]m$iate 9 dep? & wid?4 ,fl[]s op5 late1 self-f]tile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium1 blunt1 cyl9drical1 usually %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick ) a few small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 ?ick1 pale gre5 ) r$di% t+e4 ,b]ries r\nd1 d>k r$1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 /rongly adh]5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 /r+y1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s cl++1 "o to f\r1 l>ge1 broad1 elongat$1 plump1 light br[n4 ,,br[n 7,labrusca7 ,9 spite ( _m encomiums 9 ! pa/ qu>t] c5tury1 ,br[n has n receiv$ favorable recognition f fruit-gr[]s4 ,! quality is n high1 ! b]ries %att] badly1 & ! v9e is lack+ 9 vigor4 ,br[n is a se$l+ ( ,isabella :i* came up 9 a y>d at ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 ab\t #ahhd4 ,v9e h>dy1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n2 t5drils cont9u\s4 ,leaves heal?y1 light gre51 glossy2 ve9s well def9$1 di/9ctly %[+ ?r\gh ! ?ick bronze ( ! l[] surface4 ,fl[]s op5 e>ly1 self-f]tile /am5s upright4 ,fruit l>ge1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small to m$ium1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical or tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$4 ,b]ries int]m$iate 9 size1 oval1 black ) ?ick bloom1 drop soon aft] rip5+2 sk9 adh]5t2 fle% juicy1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$1 a little foxy1 mild next ! sk9 b t>t at c5t]2 good4 ,se$s %ort1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,campbell ,,e>ly 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! m]itori\s qualities ( ,campbell ,e>ly 7,plate ,,ix7 are3 ,! grapes are high 9 quality :5 mature2 free f fox9ess & f acidity ab\t ! se$s2 h small se$s :i* easily "p f ! fle%2 are e>ly1 rip5+ ne>ly a =tnight be=e ,concord2 bun* & b]ry are l>ge & h&some2 & ! v9es are exceptionally h>dy4 ,campbell ,e>ly falls %ort 9 n be+ adapt$ to _m soils2 ! v>iety lacks productiv5ess2 ! grapes atta9 full color be=e !y are ripe & are1 !re=e1 (t5 m>ket$ 9 an unripe condition2 ! bun* is v>iable 9 size2 & ! color ( ! b]ry is n attractive4 ,george ,w4 ,campbell1 ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 grew ?is v>iety f a se$l+ ( ,moore ,e>ly poll9at$ by a ,labrusca-,v9if]a hybrid4 ,x bore fir/ 9 #ahib4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n1 surface r\gh5$ ) small w>ts2 nodes flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 %oots pubesc5t2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 %ort1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface gre51 glossy2 l[] surface bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree1 usually entire1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 basal s9us pubesc5t2 lat]al s9us wide or a not*2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s usually l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) small w>ts2 bru% long1 light w9e color4 ,b]ries usually l>ge1 r\nd1 oval1 d>k purpli%-black1 dull ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 ?91 adh]5t ) d>k r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 co>se1 v9\s1 sweet f sk9 to c5t]2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 light br[n1 (t5 ) yell[ tips4 ,,canada 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,canada is consid]$ ! mo/ desirable hybrid betwe5 ,vulp9a & ,v9if]a4 ,! v>iety %[s ,v9if]a m ?an ,vulp9a p>5tage2 ?us1 9 susceptibility to fungal diseases1 9 %ape1 color & texture ( foliage1 9 ! flavor ( ! fruit & 9 ! se$s1 !re are m>k$ indications ( ,v9if]a2 :ile ! v9e1 especially 9 ! sl5d]ness ( its %oots & 9 ! bun* & b]ry1 %[s ,vulp9a4 ,canada has little value z a dess]t fruit b makes a v good r$ w9e or grape-juice4 ,canada is a se$l+ ( ,cl9ton1 a ,labrusca-,vulp9a hybrid1 f]tiliz$ by ,black ,/4 ,pet]s1 a v>iety ( ,v9if]a4 ,*>les ,arnold1 ,p>is1 ,ont>io1 plant$ ! se$ :i* produc$ ,canada 9 #ahfj4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 a%-gray1 r$di%-br[n at nodes ) heavy bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 %ort1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves ?92 upp] surface light gre51 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 hairy2 t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us v>iable 9 dep? & wid?2 lat]al s9us deep & n>r[2 tee? deep & wide4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s long1 sl5d]1 uni=m1 cyl9drical1 compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 light br[n4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 purpli%-black1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% d>k gre51 v juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 spicy1 pleasant v9\s flavor1 agreeably t>t2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,can&aigua 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,can&aigua is wor? att5tion because ( ! exceptionally good keep+ qualities ( ! grapes4 ,! flavor is v good at pick+ "t b seems1 if any?+1 to improve 9 /orage4 ,! v9e *>act]s are ^? ( ,labrusca-,v9if]a hybrids1 & 9 ^! ! v>iety is ! equal ( ! av]age cultivat$ hybrid ( ^! two species4 ,! *>act]s ( ! fruit1 also1 %[ pla9ly an admixture ( ,v9if]a & ,labrusca s comb9$ z to make ! grapes v simil> to ! be/ ( su* hybrids4 ,can&aigua is a *ance se$l+ f\nd by ,e4 ,l4 ,van ,worm]1 ,can&aigua1 ,new ,york1 gr[+ among wild grapes4 ,x 0 di/ribut$ ab\t #ahig4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 few1 r$di%-br[n1 fa9t bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils semi-cont9u\s1 bifid1 dehisce e>ly4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?92 upp] surface light gre52 l[] surface gray-gre54 ,fl[]s /]ile or sometimes p>tly self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit late mid-season1 keeps unusually well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 usually heavily s+le-%\ld]$1 loose to m$ium4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 black1 cov]$ ) ?ick bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 adh]5t1 ?91 t\gh2 fle% firm1 sweet & ri*2 good1 improves z season advances4 ,se$s long ) enl>g$ neck4 ,,c>man 7,l9cecumii1 ,v9if]a1 ,labrusca7 ,c>man is a grape hav+ ! *>act]s ( ?ree species & h5ce is ( int]e/ to grape improv]s4 ,x has n become popul> ) gr[]s1 *iefly because ! grapes rip5 v late & are n ( high quality4 ,! mo/ valuable "* ( ! v>iety is t ( long keep+1 :e!r hang+ on ! v9e or aft] h>ve/+4 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 rais$ ,c>man f se$ ( a wild po/-oak grape tak5 f ! woods1 poll9at$ ) mix$ poll5 ( ,triumph & ,h]bemont4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 #ahib4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 r productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 old] leaves rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep2 basal s9us abs5t or %all[2 lat]al s9us %all[ :5 pres5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile or ne>ly s1 op5 v late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 sl5d]1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 slightly oblate1 purpli%-black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 free2 fle% yell[i%-gre51 t5d]1 po/-oak flavor1 v9\s1 spicy2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 small1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,catawba 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,arkansas1 ,catawba ,tokay1 ,*]okee1 ,fan*]1 ,kell]'s ,:ite1 ,lebanon1 ,l9coln1 ,mammo? ,catawba1 ,mead's ,se$l+1 ,m]c]on1 ,mi*igan1 ,muncy1 ,omega1 ,rose ( ,t5nessee1 ,s>atoga1 ,s+leton1 ,tekomah1 ,tokay1 ,virg9ia ,amb]4 ,catawba has long be5 ! /&>d r$ grape 9 ! m>kets ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 *iefly because ! fruit keeps well & is ( high quality4 ,! v9e is vigor\s1 h>dy & productive1 b ! foliage & fruit are susceptible to fungi4 ,^! two faults acc\nt = ! decl9e ( ,catawba 9 grape regions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & = its gr[+ unpopul>ity4 ,9 botanical *>act]s & 9 adaptations & susceptibilities1 ! v>iety sugge/s ,v9if]a cross$ ) ,labrusca4 ,! *>act]s ( ,catawba seem readily transmissible to its (fspr+ &1 besides hav+ a numb] ( pure-br$ desc5dants :i* m or less resemble x1 x is a p>5t ( a /ill great] numb] ( cross-bre$s4 ,z ) ,catawba1 mo/ ( its prog5y %[ ,v9if]a *>act]s1 z int]mitt5t t5drils1 ,v9if]a color ( foliage1 a v9\s flavor :olly or ne>ly free f fox9ess1 & ! susceptibilities ( ,labrusca-,v9if]a hybrids to c]ta9 diseases & insects4 ,catawba 0 introduc$ by ,john ,adlum1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ab\t #ahbc4 ,adlum secur$ cutt+s f a ,mrs4 ,s*oll1 ,cl>ksburgh1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahai4 ,its fur!r hi/ory is n kn[n4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes sometimes ?ree1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us (t5 lack+2 lat]al s9us n>r[2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late1 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 s+le-or sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel ) a few inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 oval1 dull purpli%-r$ ) ?ick bloom1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sprightly1 sweet & ri*2 v good4 ,se$s free1 frequ5tly abortive1 two1 broad-neck$1 di/9ctly not*$1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,*ampion 7,labrusca7 ,beaconsfield1 ,e>ly ,*ampion1 ,talman's ,se$l+ ,*ampion is a favorite e>ly grape ) "s gr[]s1 al?\gh ! poor quality ( ! fruit %\ld h driv5 x f cultivation long ago4 ,! *>act]s :i* h kept x 9 ! m>ket are e>l9ess1 good %ipp+ qualities1 attractive appe>ance ( fruit1 & a vigor\s1 productive1 h>dy v9e4 ,! h>d9ess ( ! v9e & ! %ort season ( fruit developm5t make x a good v>iety = nor!rn climates4 ,?is grape is be/ 9 appe>ance ( fruit1 9 quality & 9 ! quantity produc$1 on light s&y soils4 ,! orig9 ( ,*ampion is unkn[n4 ,x 0 fir/ gr[n ab\t #ahgj 9 ,new ,york4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy & productive4 ,canes ( av]age size1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 %oots pubesc5t2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface dull gray1 d[ny2 lobes usually ?ree1 (t5 obscurely five1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 ?ree weeks be=e ,concord1 season %ort4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 blunt1 cyl9drical1 usually n %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort ) inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% :ite t+$ ) bronze4 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 dull black cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 foxy2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 broad1 long1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,*asselas ,,gold5 7,v9if]a7 ,*asselas ,dore1 ,fonta9ebleau1 ,sweetwat] ,sev]al qualities h made ,*asselas ,gold5 a favorite grape :]ev] x c be gr[n4 ,! v>iety is adapt$ to widely diff]+ environm5ts2 ! season ( rip5+ is e>ly2 :ile n *oicely high1 ! quality ( ! grapes is good & !y are beautiful1 cle> gre5 t+$ ) beautiful gold5 bronze :]e expos$ to ! sun4 ,*asselas ,gold5 is a popul> v>iety on ! ,pacific slope & %\ld be "o ( ! fir/ ,v9if]as to be tri$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! foll[+ description 0 made f fruit gr[n at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york3 ,v9e m$ium 9 vigor1 v productive2 buds op5 9 mid-season4 ,"y leaves t+$ ) r$ on bo? upp] & l[] surfaces1 ?9ly pubesc5t to glabr\s2 mature leaves m$ium to above 9 size1 slightly cordate2 upp] surface glabr\s1 l[] surface slightly pubesc5t along ! ve9s2 lobes five 9 numb]1 t]m9al lobe acum9ate2 basal s9us broad & r deep2 l[] lat]al s9us v>iable1 usually broad & sometimes deep2 upp] lat]al s9us broad & frequ5tly deep2 tee? l>ge1 obtuse to r\nd$4 ,fl[]s late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit rip5s e>ly & keeps well 9 /orage2 clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 sometimes ) a s+le %\ld]1 compactness m$ium2 b]ries m$ium to above1 slightly oval1 pale gre5 to cle> yell[1 ) ?9 bloom2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% gre5i%1 transluc5t1 firm1 juicy1 t5d]1 sweet2 good4 ,,*asselas ,,rose 7,v9if]a7 ,*asselas ,rose is v simil> to ,*asselas ,gold51 diff]+ *iefly 9 small] bun* & b]ry & slightly diff]5t flavor :i* is possibly bett]4 ,x is a /&>d sort 9 ,cali=nia & %\ld be plant$ 9 ! ,ea/ :]e ! culture ( ,v9if]as is attempt$4 ,! description is made f fruit gr[n at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york3 ,v9e ( m$ium vigor1 productive4 ,op5+ leaves t+$ ) r$ on bo? surfaces1 mature leaves small1 r\nd2 upp] surface m$ium gre51 some:at dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface glabr\s2 lobes ?ree2 basal s9us m$ium 9 dep? & ( v>iable wid?2 lat]al s9us deep1 n>r[2 tee? %all[1 wide1 d5tate4 ,fl[]s appe> late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit rip5s ! second week 9 ,octob] & is a good keep] ?\gh x loses its flavor 9 /orage2 clu/]s above & bel[ m$ium1 long1 tap]+ to cyl9drical1 compact2 b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\ndi%-oval1 light r$ *ang$ to violet-r$ by ! bloom2 sk9 ?91 a/r+5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 sweet1 mild2 quality good4 ,,*autauqua 7,labrusca7 ,9 appe>ance ( fruit1 ,*autauqua is v simil> to ,concord1 its p>5t1 b ! grapes rip5 a few days e>li] & are ( bett] quality1 al?\gh !y d n diff] 9 ^! respects suffici5tly to make ! v>iety mu* m ?an an easily recogniz$ /ra9 ( ,concord4 ,*autauqua is a volunte] se$l+ ( ,concord1 f\nd ne> ,brocton1 ,new ,york1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,ba%tite ab\t #ahij4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 unproductive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 cyl9drical2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 irregul>ly r\nd1 d>k gre52 upp] surface d>k gre52 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze2 leaf entire or fa9tly ?ree-lob$4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season or e>li]2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly 9 mid-season4 ,clu/]s m$ium to l>ge1 broad1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 compact4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd or slightly oval1 purpli%-black ) abundant bloom1 %att] badly2 sk9 ?91 v a/r+5t2 fle% t\gh1 v9\s1 sweet at sk91 acid at c5t]2 good to v good4 ,se$s few1 free1 broad1 plump4 ,,clev5] 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,?is v>iety has long be5 gr[n 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york1 & 9 bo? /ates is highly e/eem$ z a w9e-grape4 ,! fruit is rem>kable 9 color+ v e>ly & 9 rip5+ late4 ,! v9e is h>dy1 v vigor\s1 succe$s 9 v>i\s soils1 & s9ce x be>s grafts well is an excell5t sort ^u :i* to graft v>ieties n ?riv+ on _! own roots4 ,clev5] is self-/]ile & mu/ be plant$ ) "s o!r v>iety to set fruit well4 ,9 spite ( its good qualities1 ,clev5] is h>dly hold+ its own 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds1 & x is n a desirable fruit = ! amateur :o wants a table-grape4 ,clev5] has be5 rais$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,egg ,h>bor1 ,new ,j]sey1 s9ce ab\t #ahgj1 b its place & "t ( orig9 are unkn[n4 ,v9e a rampant gr[]1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n ) heavy bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves unusually l>ge1 d>k gre5 ) well-def9$ ribs %[+ ?r\gh ! ?9 pubesc5ce ( ! "u surface2 lobes want+ or fa9t2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 v e>ly2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s d n always fill well1 small1 %ort1 sl5d]1 irregul>ly tap]+1 (t5 ) a s+le %\ld]4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd or slightly flatt5$1 black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 ?91 incl9$ to crack1 adh]5t ) mu* purpli%-r$ pigm5t2 fle% r$di%-gre51 juicy1 t5d]1 s(t1 f9e-gra9$1 aromatic1 spicy2 good4 ,se$s free1 not*$1 %>p-po9t$1 d>k br[n4 ,,cl9ton 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,wor?+ton ,cl9ton 7,plate ,x7 came into prom95ce because ( vigor1 h>d9ess1 fruitfulness & immunity to phyllox]a4 ,a s]i\s defect is t ! v9es bloom s e>ly t ! blossoms are (t5 caught by late fro/s 9 nor!rn climates4 ,o!r defects are3 ! fruit is small & s\r1 & ! se$s & sk9s prom95t4 ,! fruit colors e>ly 9 ! season b does n rip5 until late1 a slight t\* ( fro/ improv+ ! flavor4 ,cl9ton be>s grafts well1 mak+ a quick & firm union ) ,labrusca & ,v9if]a1 & ! v9es are easily propagat$ f cutt+s4 ,?is v>iety has be5 us$ widely 9 grape-bre$+1 & its blood c be trac$ 9 _m valuable v>ieties4 ,! (fspr+ ( ,cl9ton are usually v h>dy1 & ?is1 tak5 ) its o!r desirable *>act]s1 makes x an exceptionally good />t+-po9t = bre$+ grapes = nor!rn latitudes4 ,cl9ton is an old sort1 ! ,wor?+ton1 kn[n z e>ly z #ahae1 r5am$2 x began to attract att5tion ab\t #ahdj4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 %oots smoo?2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 sometimes cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves hang until late 9 ! season1 small1 ?92 upp] surface d>k gre51 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 glabr\s2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 urn-%ap$2 basal & lat]al s9uses %all[2 tee? wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season4 ,clu/]s small1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 uni=m1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 v sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% t+$ ) r$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 oval1 purpli%-black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) ?ick bloom1 adh]5t1 firm2 sk9 v ?91 t\gh1 free f pulp ) mu* w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% d>k gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 solid1 spicy1 s\r1 v9\s4 ,se$s adh]5t1 two1 %ort1 blunt1 br[ni%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4--,muscat ,hamburg 7#b_/c74 ,,col]a9 7,labrusca7 ,?is is "o ( ! num]\s :ite se$l+s ( ,concord & "o ( ! few ) suffici5t m]it to be kept 9 cultivation4 ,! v9e has ! *>act]i/ic foliage & habit ( gr[? ( its p>5t1 b ! fruit is e>li] by a week1 is ( mu* high] quality & lacks ! fox9ess ( mo/ ,labruscas4 ,! grapes are sprightly & v9\s1 & nei!r se$s nor sk9 are z objectionable z 9 ! p>5t4 ,! fruit hangs to ! v9e & keeps well1 b ow+ to t5d] pulp does n %ip well4 ,! v>iety is unproductive 9 "s localities4 ,col]a9 is wor?y a place 9 home v9ey>ds4 ,david ,bundy1 ,col]a91 ,ohio1 grew ?is v>iety f se$ ( ,concord plant$ 9 #ahhj4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 unproductive4 ,canes sl5d]1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface bronze1 d[ny2 leaf n lob$1 t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us wide2 basal & lat]al s9us v %all[ :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5+ 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size & l5g?1 sl5d]1 blunt1 tap]+1 irregul>1 /rongly %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% gre54 ,b]ries r\nd1 light gre51 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 unusually ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 unpigm5t$1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 s(t1 v9\s1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 small1 broad1 not*$1 %ort1 plump1 br[n4 ,,columbian ,,imp]ial 7,labrusca1 ,vulp9a7 ,columbian1 ,jumbo ,columbian ,imp]ial is a ,labrusca-,vulp9a hybrid *iefly rem>kable = ! great size ( its r$di%-black b]ries1 al?\gh ! v9e is s exceptionally heal?y & vigor\s z to give x prom95ce = ^! *>act]s z well4 ,! v>iety has rem>kably ?ick lea!ry leaves :i* seem almo/ pro( aga9/ ei!r insects or fungi4 ,! quality ( ! fruit1 h[ev]1 is inf]ior1 & ! small clu/]s v>y 9 numb] ( b]ries & ^! %ell easily4 ,! only value ( ! v>iety is = exhibition purposes & = bre$+ to secure ! desirable *>act]s nam$4 ,! p>5tage ( ,columbian ,imp]ial is unkn[n4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,j4 ,s4 ,mc,kinley1 ,ori5t1 ,ohio1 9 #ahhe4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 unproductive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n1 heavily pubesc5t1 sp9y2 nodes prom95t2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves gre51 v ?ick2 l[] surface pale gre5 %ad+ into bronze on old] leaves ) little pubesc5ce2 lobes ?ree1 indi/9ct2 tee? %>p1 %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 sometimes %\ld]$2 p$uncle sl5d]2 p$icel long2 bru% long1 sl5d]1 gre54 ,b]ries v l>ge1 r\nd1 slightly oval1 dull r$di%-black ) fa9t bloom1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 unpigm5t$2 fle% juicy1 t\gh1 sweet at ! sk9 b acid at c5t]2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 l>ge1 plump1 broad1 blunt4 ,,concord 7,labrusca7 ,concord 7,plate ,,xi7 is ! mo/ widely kn[n ( ! grapes ( ?is cont95t1 & ) its (fspr+1 pure-br$ & cross-br$1 furni%es #ge p] c5t ( ! grapes ( ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,! prem95tly m]itori\s "* ( ,concord is t x adapts itself to v>y+ conditions2 ?us1 ,concord is gr[n ) pr(it 9 e grape-gr[+ /ate 9 ! ,union & to an ext5t n possible ) any o!r v>iety4 ,a second "* :i* comm5ds ,concord is fruitfulness--! v9e be>s l>ge crops ye> 9 & ye> out4 ,add$ to ^! po9ts ( sup]iority1 are3 h>d9ess2 ability to )/& ! ravages ( diseases & insects2 comp>ative e>l9ess2 c]ta9ty ( maturity 9 nor!rn regions2 & fair size & h&some appe>ance ( bun* & b]ry4 ,concord also blossoms late 9 ! spr+ & does n suff] (t5 f spr+ fro/s1 nor is ! fruit (t5 injur$ by late fro/s4 ,! crop hangs well on ! v9e4 ,! v>iety is n1 h[ev]1 )\t faults3 ! quality is n high1 ! grapes lack+ ri*ness1 delicacy ( flavor & aroma1 & hav+ a foxy ta/e disagreeable to _m2 ! se$s & sk9 are objectionable1 ! se$s be+ l>ge & abundant & difficult to sep>ate f ! fle%1 & ! sk9 be+ t\gh & unpleasantly a/r+5t2 ! grapes d n keep nor %ip well & rapidly lose flavor aft] rip5+2 ! sk9 cracks & ! b]ries %ell f ! /ems aft] pick+2 & ! v9e is b slightly resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,:ile ,concord is gr[n 9 ! ,s\?1 x is ess5tially a nor!rn grape1 becom+ susceptible to fungi 9 s\!rn climates & suff]+ f phyllox]a 9 dry1 w>m soils4 ,! botanical *>act]s ( ,concord indicate t x is a pure-br$ ,labrusca4 ,se$s ( a wild grape 7 plant$ 9 ! fall ( #ahdc by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull1 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 plants f :i* fruit$ 9 #ahdi4 ,"o ( ^! se$l+s 0 nam$ ,concord4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 %oots pubesc5t2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid1 sometimes trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface light bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us v>iable2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us obscure & frequ5tly not*$2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps f "o to two mon?s4 ,clu/]s uni=m1 l>ge1 wide1 broadly tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 glossy1 black ) heavy bloom1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t ) a small am\nt ( w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 solid1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 l>ge1 broad1 di/9ctly not*$1 plump1 blunt1 br[ni%4 ,,cottage 7,labrusca7 ,9 v9e & fruit1 ,cottage resembles its p>5t1 ,concord1 hav+1 h[ev]1 rem>kably l>ge1 ?ick1 lea!ry leaves4 ,x is not$ also = its /rong1 bran*+ root sy/em & canes s r\gh z to be almo/ sp9y4 ,! fruit is bett] 9 quality ?an t ( its p>5t1 hav+ less fox9ess & a ri*]1 m delicate flavor4 ,! crop rip5s f "o to two weeks e>li] ?an ,concord4 ,! good qualities ( ! v>iety are (fset by comp>ative unproductiv5ess & unev5ness 9 rip5+4 ,cottage is recomm5d$ z an e>ly grape ( ! ,concord type = ! g>d54 ,?is v>iety 0 gr[n f se$ ( ,concord by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull1 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 #ahfi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 h>dy4 ,canes r\gh1 hairy1 long1 num]\s1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 %oots v pubesc5t2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo? or rugose2 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 pubesc5t2 leaf entire ) t]m9al acute2 petiol> s9us deep & wide2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit does n keep well4 ,clu/]s ( m$ium size1 broad1 cyl9drical1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick ) a few small w>ts2 bru% d>k r$4 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd1 dull black ) heavy bloom1 drop badly f p$icel1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t ) d>k purpli%-r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% juicy1 t\gh1 solid1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 l>ge1 broad1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,crevel+ 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,bloom1 ,bloomburg1 ,catawissa1 ,columbia ,bloom ,crevel+ 0 long a favorite black grape = ! g>d51 :]e1 if plant$ 9 good soil1 x produces f9e clu/]s ( l>ge1 h&some1 v good grapes4 ,"u any b ! be/ ( c>e1 h[ev]1 ! v9e is unproductive & sets loose1 /raggl+ bun*es4 ,! v>iety is m>k$ly self-/]ile4 ,! orig9 ( ,crevel+ is unc]ta94 ,x 0 introduc$ ab\t #aheg by ,f4 ,f4 ,m]c]on1 ,catawissa1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,v9e vigor\s1 n h>dy1 (t5 unproductive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 %oots glabr\s2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree1 or obscurely five1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 clos$1 ov]lapp+2 basal s9us v %all[2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s on plan ( six1 self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s long1 broad1 irregul>ly tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 ! %\ld] (t5 connect$ to ! clu/] by a long /em1 loose2 bru% ?ick1 d>k w9e-color4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 dull black1 cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t ) w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 /r+y1 t5d]1 co>se1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 broad1 not*$1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,croton 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,! fruit ( ,croton is a fea/ bo? to ! eye & to ! palate4 ,un=tunately ! v9e is difficult to gr[1 be+ adapt$ to b few soils & prov+ unfruitful1 weak 9 gr[?1 prec>i\sly t5d] & subject to mildew & rot 9 unfavorable situations4 ,! grapes h a delicate1 sweet ,v9if]a flavor ) melt+ fle% :i* readily sep>ates f ! few se$s4 ,! crop hangs on ! v9es until fro/ & keeps well into ! w9t]4 ,9 spite ( high quality ( fruit1 ,croton has nev] become widely di/ribut$1 :olly fail+ z a comm]cial v>iety4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,s4 ,w4 ,und]hill1 ,croton ,po9t1 ,new ,york1 f a se$ ( ,delaw>e poll9at$ by a ,european grape4 ,fruits 7 fir/ exhibit$ 9 #ahfh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 t5d]1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 %oots glabr\s2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 hang late2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes five1 t]m9al "o blunt2 basal s9us n>r[2 lat]al s9us deep & n>r[2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s uni=m1 v l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 irregul>ly tap]+ ) heavy %\ld]1 v loose2 p$icel long1 ?ick ) inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% gre54 ,b]ries irregul> 9 size1 r\nd-elongat$1 yell[i%-gre5 ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 unpigm5t$2 fle% gre51 transp>5t1 v juicy1 melt+1 v9\s1 pleasant1 agreeably sweet2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 elongat$1 not*$1 %>ply po9t$4 ,,cunn+ham 7,b\rqu9iana7 ,long1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,cunn+ham is cultivat$ v little 9 ,am]ica1 b 9 ,france1 at "o "t1 0 "o ( ! be/-kn[n grapes1 bo? z a direct produc] & z a /ock = ,european v>ieties4 ,x 0 mu* s\ght = by ! ,fr5* z a /ock = l>ge ,v9if]a cions1 ! size ( ! v9e giv+ an opportunity = mak+ a good graft4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ! v>iety orig9at$1 ,cunn+ham is n l>gely gr[n1 z !re are sev]al o!r v>ieties ( its type sup]ior 9 fruit & v9e4 ,! v9e is a caprici\s gr[] & is p>ticul> z to soil & climate4 ,! grapes make a deep yell[ w9e ( a v good quality b h little value z table-grapes4 ,cunn+ham orig9at$ ) ,jacob ,cunn+ham1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ab\t #ahab4 ,v9e vigor\s1 spread+1 productive4 ,canes l>ge1 long ) /iff r$di% hairs at base2 %oots %[+ consid]able bloom2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 usually trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick1 r\nd1 entire or lob$2 smoo? & d>k gre5 above1 yell[i% gre5 bel[1 pubesc5t2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 frequ5tly ov]lapp+4 ,clu/]s ( m$ium size1 long1 sometimes %\ld]$1 v compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d] ) small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 light br[n4 ,b]ries small1 purpli%-black ) ?9 bloom2 sk9 ?91 t\gh ) mu* und]ly+ pigm5t2 fle% t5d]1 juicy1 sprightly2 quality poor or b fair4 ,se$s two to five1 oval4 ,,cyn?iana 7/ivalis1 ,labrusca7 ,arkansas1 ,r$ ,riv] ,!re is controv]sy z to :e!r ?is v>iety diff]s f ,norton4 ,! two rip5 at sep>ate times1 & ! fruits diff] a little s t !y mu/ be consid]$ z di/9ct4 ,cyn?iana is p>ticul> z to soil & location1 pref]r+ s&y loams & does n ?rive on clays or lime/ones4 ,:ile v resi/ant to phyllox]a1 ?is v>iety is n mu* us$ z a resi/ant /ock because x is n easily propagat$4 ,! v9es are resi/ant to mildew1 black-rot1 & an?racnose & are /rong1 vigor\s gr[]s4 ,! cycle ( vegetation = ,cyn?iana is long1 ! buds bur/+ =? e>ly & ! fruit matur+ v late4 ,! v>iety has no value z a table-grape b 9 ! ,s\? is "o ( ! be/ grapes = r$ w9e4 ,no d\bt x w prove "o ( ! be/ s\!rn sorts = grape-juice4 ,cyn?iana 0 receiv$ ab\t #ahej by ,pr9ce1 ( ,flu%+1 ,long ,isl&1 f ,arkansas1 :]e x 0 f\nd gr[+ 9 ! woods4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes m$ium 9 l5g?1 num]\s1 r$di%-br[n ) ?ick bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 %oots glabr\s2 t5drils int]mitt5t or cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick1 firm2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface t+$ ) blue1 fa9tly pubesc5t1 cobwebby2 lobes v>iable 9 numb]1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 clos$1 sometimes ov]lapp+2 basal s9us %all[2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit v late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium to small1 long1 tap]+1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 ) num]\s w>ts2 bru% %ort1 ?ick1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 black1 cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t ) purple pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% d>k gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 firm1 spicy1 t>t2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to six1 small1 %ort1 blunt1 d>k br[n4 ,,delaw>e 7,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana1 ,v9if]a7 ,fr5* ,grape1 ,gray ,delaw>e1 ,ladies' ,*oice1 ,p[ell1 ,ruff ,delaw>e 7,plate ,,vii7 is us$ :]ev] ,am]ican grapes are gr[n z ! /&>d to gauge ! quality ( o!r grapes4 ,add$ to high quality 9 fruit1 ! v>iety )/&s climatic conditions to :i* all b ! mo/ h>dy v>ieties succumb1 is adapt$ to _m soils & conditions1 & be>s "u mo/ situations an abundant crop4 ,^! qualities make x1 next to ,concord1 ! mo/ popul> grape = g>d5 & v9ey>d n[ gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,besides ! qualities nam$1 ! grapes mature suffici5tly e>ly to make ! crop c]ta91 are attractive 9 appe>ance1 keep & %ip well & are m immune ?an o!r comm]cial v>ieties to black-rot4 ,faults ( ! v>iety are3 small v9e1 sl[ gr[?1 susceptibility to mildew1 caprici\sness 9 c]ta9 soils & small b]ries4 ,! fir/ two faults make x necess>y to plant ! v9es m closely ?an ^? ( o!r comm]cial v>ieties4 ,delaw>e succe$s be/ 9 deep1 ri*1 well-dra9$1 w>m soils1 b ev5 on ^! x mu/ h good cultivation1 close prun+ & ! crop mu/ be ?9n$4 ,delaw>e is gr[n ,nor? & ,s\?1 we/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x is n[ prov+ pr(itable 9 _m s\!rn locations z an e>ly grape to %ip to nor!rn m>kets4 ,x is an especially desirable grape to cultivate 9 small g>d5s because ( its delici\s1 h&some fruit1 its compact habit ( gr[? & its ample & lu/r\s gre51 delicately =m$ leaves :i* make x "o ( ! mo/ ornam5tal ( ! grapes4 ,delaw>e c be trac$ to ! g>d5 ( ,paul ,h4 ,provo/1 ,fr5*t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e x 0 gr[+ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & f :5ce x 0 tak5 to ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 9 #ahdi & f !re di/ribut$ to fruit-gr[]s4 ,v9e weak1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 %ort1 bifid4 ,leaves small2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five 9 numb]1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 basal s9us n>r[ & %all[ :5 pres5t2 lat]al s9us deep1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 sl5d]1 blunt1 cyl9drical1 regul>1 %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% light br[n4 ,b]ries uni=m 9 size & %ape1 small1 r\nd1 light r$1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 unpigm5t$1 a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 aromatic1 v9\s1 refre%+1 sweet2 be/ 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 not*$1 %ort1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,diamond 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,few o!r grapes surpass ,diamond 9 quality & beauty ( fruit4 ,:5 to its desirable fruit *>act]s are add$ h>d9ess1 productiv5ess & vigor ( v9e1 ! v>iety is surpass$ by no o!r gre5 grape4 ,diamond is a dilut$ hybrid betwe5 ,labrusca & ,v9if]a & ! t\* ( ! exotic grape is j suffici5t to give ! fruit ! ri*ness 9 flavor ( ! ,old ,_w grape & n ov]come ! refre%+ sprightl9ess ( ! native fox-grapes4 ,! ,v9if]a *>act]s are :olly recessive 9 v9e & foliage1 ! plant resembl+ closely its ,am]ican p>5t1 ,concord4 ,diamond is well e/abli%$ ,nor? & ,s\? & c be gr[n 9 z great a range ( latitude z ,concord4 ,jacob ,moore1 ,brighton1 ,new ,york1 grew ,diamond ab\t #ahgj f ,concord se$ f]tiliz$ by ,iona4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 br[n ) a slight r$ t+e2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface light bronze1 d[ny2 lobes ?ree 9 numb]1 indi/9ct2 petiol> s9us v %all[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium to %ort1 broad1 blunt1 cyl9drical1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick ) a few inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 ovate1 gre5 ) a t+e ( yell[1 glossy1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 melt+1 f9e-gra9$1 aromatic1 sprightly2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad & long1 %>p-po9t$1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,,diana 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,diana 7,plate ,,xii7 is a se$l+ ( ,catawba to :i* its fruit be>s /rong resemblance1 diff]+ *iefly 9 hav+ light] color1 9 be+ less pulpy & m juicy4 ,! flavor resembles t ( ,catawba b has less ( ! wild ta/e4 ,! *ief po9t ( sup]iority ( ,diana ov] ,catawba is 9 e>l9ess1 ! crop rip5+ t5 days soon]1 mak+ possible its culture f> to ! nor?4 ,! defects ( ,diana are3 ! v9e is t5d] 9 cold w9t]s2 ! grapes rip5 unev5ly2 ! b]ries & foliage are susceptible to fungi2 & ! v9e is a %y be>]4 ,diana dem&s poor1 dry1 gravelly soil )\t mu* humus or nitrog54 ,on clays1 loams or ri* soils1 ! v9es make a rank gr[?1 & ! fruits are few1 late & ( poor quality4 ,! v9e ne$s to be long prun$ & to h all surplus bun*es remov$1 leav+ a small crop to mature4 ,diana is a satisfactory grape = ! amateur1 & :]e x does especially well proves pr(itable = ! local m>ket4 ,mrs4 ,diana ,crehore1 ,milton1 ,massa*usetts1 grew ,diana f se$ ( ,catawba1 plant$ ab\t #ahcd4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 (t5 unproductive4 ,canes pubesc5t1 long1 r$di%-br[n1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 wide1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us %all[2 lat]al s9us n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 broad1 tap]+1 occasionally %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel cov]$ ) small w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 pale gre54 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 slightly ovate1 light r$ cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 slightly adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to ?ree1 light br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4--,niag>a 7#b_/c74 ,,d[n+ 7,v9if]a1 /ivalis1 ,labrusca7 ,d[n+ is well wor?y a place 9 ! g>d5 because ( ! high quality1 h&some appe>ance & good keep+ qualities ( ! grapes4 ,add$ to ^! qualities ( ! fruits are fair vigor & heal? ( v9e4 ,:5 gr[n z f> nor? z ,new ,york1 ! v9e %\ld be laid d[n 9 ! w9t] or receive o!r protection4 ,9 mo/ seasons1 unremitt+ w>f>e mu/ be kept up to *eck mildew4 ,9 appe>ance ( bun* & b]ry1 ,d[n+ is di/9ct1 ! clu/]s be+ l>ge & well-=m$ & ! b]ries hav+ ! oval %ape ( a ,malaga4 ,! fle%1 also1 %[s ,vitis v9if]a 9 texture & quality1 :ile nei!r se$s nor sk9s are z objectionable z 9 pure-br$ ,am]ican v>ieties4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 fir/ grew ,d[n+ ab\t #ahfe4 ,v9e t5d] to cold1 unproductive4 ,canes %ort1 few1 sl5d]1 d>k gre5 ) an a%-gray t+e1 surface cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 (t5 r\gh5$ ) a few small w>ts2 nodes mu* enl>g$1 /rongly flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves small1 r\nd1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 rugose2 l[] surface d>k gre51 glabr\s2 lobes "o to five1 t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us %all[ & n>r[ :5 pres5t2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? wide1 deep4 ,fl[]s op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps until spr+4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 sometimes loosely %\ld]$2 p$icel sl5d]1 cov]$ ) num]\s w>ts2 bru% long1 sl5d]1 gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 m>k$ly oval1 d>k purpli%-black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) light bloom1 /rongly p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t2 fle% gre5 ) a yell[ t+e1 transluc5t1 v juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 mild2 v good 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 not*$1 long1 br[n4 ,,dracut ,,amb] 7,labrusca7 ,dracut ,amb] is repres5tative ( ! r$ type ( ,labrusca4 ,! fruit has no p>ticul> m]it1 its ?ick sk91 co>se pulp1 se$s & foxy ta/e all be+ objectionable4 ,h[ev]1 ! v9e is v h>dy1 productive1 & rip5s its fruit e>ly s t ?is v>iety becomes valuable 9 locations :]e a vigor\s1 h>dy1 e>ly grape is want$4 ,asa ,clem5t1 ,dracut1 ,massa*usetts grew ,dracut ,amb] f se$ plant$ ab\t #ahee4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 cobwebby2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9al "o obtuse2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us %all[1 wide2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s on plan ( six1 semi-f]tile1 mid-season4 ,fruit e>ly1 season %ort4 ,clu/]s %ort1 broad1 cyl9drical1 irregul>1 r>ely %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 cov]$ ) w>ts2 bru% long1 light yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries m$ium to l>ge1 oval1 dull pale r$ or d>k amb]1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 s(t2 sk9 v ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 v foxy2 inf]ior 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 two to five1 l>ge1 broad1 light br[n4 ,,dut*ess 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana8 /ivalis87 ,dut*ess 7,plate ,,xiii7 is n gr[n l>gely 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds because ( sev]al faults1 z3 ! v9e is t5d] to cold2 ! b]ries d n rip5 ev5ly2 b]ries & foliage are susceptible to fungi2 & 9 soils to :i* x is n adapt$1 b]ries & bun*es are small4 ,9 spite ( ^! defects1 ,dut*ess %\ld n be disc>d$ by ! grape-lov]1 = !re are few grapes ( high] quality4 ,! grapes are sweet & ri*1 yet d n cloy ! appetite2 al?\gh ( b m$ium size1 !y are attractive1 be+ a beautiful amb] color ) di/9ctive dots2 ! fle% is transluc5t1 sp>kl+1 f9e-gra9$ & t5d]2 ! se$s are small1 few & "p readily f ! pulp2 ! sk9 is ?91 yet t\gh en\gh = good keep+2 & ! bun*es are l>ge & compact :5 well gr[n4 ,! v>iety is self-f]tile &1 !re=e1 desirable :5 only a few v9es are want$4 ,! clu/]s are especially f9e :5 bagg$4 ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1 ,m>lboro1 ,new ,york1 grew ,dut*ess f se$ ( a :ite ,concord se$l+ poll9at$ by mix$ poll5 ( ,delaw>e & ,walt]4 ,! se$ 0 plant$ 9 #ahfh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 an unc]ta9 be>]4 ,canes d>k br[n ) light bloom1 surface r\gh5$2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 %ort1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves irregul> 9 outl9e2 upp] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf entire ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 basal s9us %all[ :5 pres5t2 lat]al s9us m$ium 9 dep? or a m]e not*4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 tap]+ ) a prom95t s+le %\ld]2 p$icel sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% amb]-color$4 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd1 pale yell[-gre5 v]g+ on amb]1 "s %[+ bronze t+e ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 spr9kl$ ) small d>k dots1 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s1 sweet1 ( pleasant flavor2 quality high4 ,se$s free1 "o1 two or occasionally ?ree1 small1 %ort1 %>p-po9t$1 br[n4 ,,e>ly ,,daisy 7,labrusca7 ,! qualities ( ,e>ly ,daisy r5d] ! v>iety m ?an commonplace4 ,its e>l9ess comm5ds x1 ! rip5+ p]iod be+ eight or t5 days e>li] ?an ,*ampion or ,moore ,e>ly1 mak+ x "o ( ! v e>lie/ v>ieties4 ,= a grape matur+ at its season1 x bo? keeps & %ips well4 ,e>ly ,daisy w\ld seem to be z desirable z ,h>t=d or ,*ampion4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,john ,kready1 ,m\nt ,joy1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahgd1 z a se$l+ ( ,h>t=d4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 produces fair crops4 ,canes ( m$ium l5g?1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves small1 light gre52 upp] surface rugose2 l[] surface slightly pubesc5t1 cobwebby2 lobes want+ or fa9tly ?ree2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s ne>ly self-/]ile4 ,fruit e>ly4 ,clu/]s small to m$ium1 (t5 blunt at ends1 cyl9drical1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% r$di%1 sl5d]4 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd1 dull black1 cov]$ ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 t\gh1 purpli%-r$ pigm5t2 fle% t\gh1 solid1 aromatic1 t>t at ! sk91 acid at c5t]2 inf]ior 9 flavor & quality4 ,se$s num]\s1 adh]5t1 ( av]age size1 d>k br[n4 ,,e>ly ,,ohio 7,labrusca7 ,e>ly ,ohio is rem>kable1 *iefly1 9 be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ comm]cial grapes4 ,! fruit resembles t ( ,concord1 ( :i* x is probably a se$l+4 ,not)/&+ _m defects1 ,e>ly ,ohio is gr[n some:at commonly1 al?\gh its culture is on ! wane4 ,! v>iety 0 f\nd 9 #ahhb by ,r4 ,a4 ,hunt1 ,euclid1 ,ohio1 betwe5 r[s ( ,delaw>e & ,concord4 ,v9e weak1 t5d]1 usually unproductive4 ,canes %ort1 sl5d]1 br[n ) a r$ t+e2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 %ort1 bifid4 ,leaves int]m$iate 9 size2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre5 t+$ ) bronze1 pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or "o to ?ree1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 basal s9us usually abs5t2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit v e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 tap]+2 p$icel sl5d] ) a few small w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 t+$ ) r$4 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 r\nd1 purpli%-black1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 aromatic2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 not*$1 br[n ) yell[i%-br[n tips4 ,,e>ly ,,victor 7,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana87 ,e>ly ,victor is highe/ 9 quality ( e>ly black grapes4 ,x is especially pleas+ to ^? :o object to ! fox9ess s m>k$ 9 ,h>t=d & ,*ampion4 ,7 ! season b a few days e>li] & bun* & b]ry a little l>g]1 ,e>ly ,victor w\ld be ! be/ grape to />t ! grape season4 ,! v9es are h>dy1 heal?y1 vigor\s & productive1 ) gr[? & foliage resembl+ ,h>t=d1 :i* is probably "o ( its p>5ts1 ,delaw>e be+ ! o!r4 ,! bun*es are small1 compact1 v>iable 9 %ape & ! b]ries are ab\t ! size & %ape ( ^? ( ,delaw>e4 ,its season is t ( ,moore ,e>ly or a little lat]1 al?\gh1 l _m black grapes1 ! fruit colors be=e x is ripe & is (t5 pick$ too gre54 ,un=tunately ! fruit is susceptible to black-rot & %rivels aft] rip5+4 ,john ,burr1 ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 fir/ grew ,e>ly ,victor ab\t #ahga4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n1 surface pubesc5t2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid1 sometimes trifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 smoo?2 l[] surface :ite1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us int]m$iate 9 dep? & wid?2 basal s9us %all[ & wide :5 pres5t2 lat]al s9us n>r[4 ,fl[]s semi-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit v e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s small1 v>iable 9 %ape1 cyl9drical1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 cov]$ ) num]\s small w>ts2 bru% w9e-color$ or p9ki%-r$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 d>k purpli%-black1 dull ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 conta9s mu* r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre5i%-:ite1 opaque1 f9e-gra9$1 aromatic1 v9\s2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 broad1 not*$1 blunt1 d>k br[n4 ,,eaton 7,labrusca7 ,eaton 7,plate ,,xiv7 is a pure-br$ se$l+ ( ,concord :i* x surpasses 9 appe>ance b does n equal 9 quality ( fruit4 ,! fle% is t\gh & /r+y1 & ?\gh sweet at ! sk91 is acid at ! se$s & has ! same fox9ess t *>act]izes ,concord1 b ) m juice & less ri*ness1 s t x is well describ$ z a dilut$ ,concord4 ,! grape-sk9 is v simil> to t ( ,concord1 & ! fruit packs1 %ips & keeps ab\t ! same1 p]haps n q z well because ( ! great] am\nt ( juice4 ,! season is a few days e>li] ?an ,concord4 ,! v9e is simil> 9 all *>act]s to t ( its p>5t4 ,! grapes rip5 unev5ly1 ! fl[]s are self-/]ile1 & 9 "s locations ! v9e is a %y be>]4 ,! v>iety has n f\nd favor ) ei!r gr[] or consum]4 ,eaton orig9at$ ) ,calv9 ,eaton1 ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ab\t #ahfh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes ?ick1 light br[n ) blue bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 r\nd1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre52 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[1 (t5 not*$2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s semi-/]ile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 blunt1 sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel long1 ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% sl5d]1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 black ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 purpli%-r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 /r+y1 foxy2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 broad1 not*$1 plump1 blunt4 ,,eclipse 7,labrusca7 ,eclipse 7,plate ,,xv7 is a se$l+ ( ,niag>a &1 !re=e1 a desc5dant ( ,concord :i* x resembles1 diff]+ *iefly 9 e>li] fruit :i* is ( bett] quality4 ,un=tunately1 ! bun*es & b]ries are small4 ,! v9es are h>dly surpass$ by ^? ( any o!r v>iety1 be+ h>dy1 heal?y & productive1 qualities t %\ld comm5d x = comm]cial v9ey>ds4 ,! ripe fruit hangs on ! v9es = "s "t )\t det]ioration1 & ! grapes d n crack 9 wet wea!r4 ,! crop rip5s sev]al days e>li] ?an t ( ,concord4 ,eclipse orig9at$ ) ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 f se$ plant$ ab\t #ahij4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes m$ium 9 l5g?1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre52 l[] surface :ite ) a bronze t+e1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or ?ree ) t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us n>r[1 (t5 not*$2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s ( m$ium size1 broad1 tap]+1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick1 cov]$ ) small w>ts2 bru% long1 pale gre54 ,b]ries1 l>ge1 oval1 dull black ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t5d]1 slightly adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 foxy1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 %ort1 broad1 di/9ctly not*$1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,ed5 7,rotundifolia1 ,munsoniana87 ,ed5 is ( value z a g5]al-purpose grape = ! ,s\? & is int]e/+ z "o ( ! few suppos$ hybrids ) ,v4 rotundifolia4 ,x is probably a hybrid betwe5 ! species nam$ & ,v4 ,munsoniana1 ano!r s\!rn wild grape4 ,! v9e is exce$+ly vigor\s & productive & ?rives on clay soils1 :]eas mo/ o!r ,rotundifolias c be gr[n successfully only on s&y l&s4 ,ed5 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago on ! premises ( ,dr4 ,guild1 ne> ,atlanta1 ,georgia4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 productive1 heal?y & be>+ a d5se canopy ( foliage4 ,canes d>k] 9 color ?an mo/ o!r ,rotundifolias4 ,leaves ( m$ium size & ?ickness1 long] ?an wide2 petiol> s9us wide2 m>g9al tee? r\nd$2 leaf-tip blunt4 ,fl[]s p]fect4 ,fruit e>ly1 di/9ct fir/ & second crops1 rip5s uni=mly4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 loose1 be>+ f five to tw5ty-five b]ries :i* adh]e fairly well to ! p$icels4 ,b]ries r\nd1 "o-half in* 9 diamet]1 dull black1 fa9tly speck$2 sk9 ?91 t5d]2 fle% s(t1 juicy1 pale gre51 sprightly2 good 9 quality4 ,,eldorado 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! fruit ( ,eldorado is delicately flavor$1 ) a di/9ct aroma & ta/e & rip5s ab\t ) t ( ,moore ,e>ly--a "t :5 !re are few o!r good :ite grapes4 ,! v9es inh]it mo/ ( ! good qualities ( ,concord1 "o ( its p>5ts1 except+ ability to set l>ge crops4 ,ev5 ) cross-poll9ation1 ,eldorado sometimes fails to be> & is n wor? gr[+ unless plant$ 9 a mix$ v9ey>d4 ,! clu/]s are s (t5 small & /raggl+ "u ! be/ conditions t ! v>iety _c be recomm5d$ highly to ! amateur2 yet its delightful flavor & its e>l9ess comm5d x4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 grew ,eldorado ab\t #ahgj f se$ ( ,concord f]tiliz$ by ,all5's ,hybrid4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 an unc]ta9 be>]4 ,canes long1 few1 ?ick1 flatt5$1 bright r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 r>ely cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge to m$ium1 irregul>ly r\nd1 d>k gre52 upp] surface rugose on old] leaves2 l[] surface t+$ ) br[n1 pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or fa9tly ?ree2 petiol> s9us deep2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s d n always set p]fectly & are v>iable 9 size1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 yell[4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 yell[i%-gre5 *ang+ to gold5 yell[1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom2 fle% t5d]1 foxy1 sweet1 mild1 high flavor$2 good to v good 9 quality4 ,se$s int]m$iate 9 size & l5g?1 blunt1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,,elvira 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,al?\gh x has nev] atta9$ popul>ity 9 ! ,nor?1 ,elvira 7,plate ,,xvi71 aft] its introduction into ,miss\ri ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 rea*$ ! p9nacle ( popul>ity z a w9e-grape 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! qualities :i* comm5d$ x 73 great productiv5ess2 e>l9ess1 rip5+ 9 ! ,nor? ) ,concord2 exce$+ly good heal?1 be+ almo/ free f fungal diseases2 great vigor1 z %[n by a /rong1 /ocky gr[? & ample foliage2 & almo/ p]fect h>d9ess ev5 z f> nor? z ,canada4 ,its good qualities are (fset by two defects3 ?9 sk9 :i* bur/s easily1 ?us :olly deb>r+ x f di/ant m>kets2 & flavor & appe>ance n suffici5tly good to make x a table-grape4 ,elvira orig9at$ ) ,jacob ,rommel1 ,morrison1 ,miss\ri1 f se$ ( ,taylor4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 d>k br[n2 nodes flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 pubesc5t1 hairy2 lobes want+ or "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 (t5 not*$2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s %ort1 cyl9drical1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel smoo?2 bru% %ort1 gre5i%-yell[ ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 gre5 ) yell[ t+e1 dull ) ?9 bloom1 firm2 sk9 v ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 foxy1 sweet2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 m$ium to l>ge1 blunt1 plump1 d>k br[n4 ,,emp]or 7,v9if]a7 ,emp]or is "o ( ! /&>d %ipp+ grapes ( ! ,pacific slope1 be+ "o ( ! ma9/ays ( ! int]ior valleys4 ,on ! coa/ & 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 x is irregul> 9 be>+1 & on ! coa/ ! fruits (t5 fail to rip54 ,x is *iefly gr[n 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley4 ,x c\ld h>dly be expect$ to rip5 ev5 9 ! mo/ favor$ grape regions 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! foll[+ brief description is compil$3 ,v9e /rong1 heal?y & productive4 ,leaves v l>ge1 ) five %all[ lobes2 tee? %ort & obtuse2 light gre5 9 color2 glabr\s above1 wooly b5ea?4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 loose1 sometimes incl9$ to be /raggl+1 long-conical4 ,b]ries l>ge1 dull purple1 oval2 fle% firm & crisp2 sk9 ?ick2 flavor & quality good4 ,rip5s late & keeps & %ips well4 ,,empire ,,/ate 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,empire ,/ate 7,plate ,,xvii7 competes ) ,niag>a & ,diamond = supremacy among gre5 grapes4 ,! v>iety is z vigor\s 9 gr[?1 z free f p>asites1 & on v9es ( ! same age is z productive1 b is less h>dy1 & ! grapes are n z attractive 9 appe>ance z ^? ( ! o!r v>ieties nam$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! clu/]s are small 9 "s localities1 a defect :i* c be ov]come only by sev]e prun+ or by ?9n+4 ,! quality is v good1 approa*+ ! flavor ( ! ,old ,_w grapes1 its slight wild ta/e sugge/+ "o ( ! ,muscats4 ,empire ,/ate rip5s e>ly1 hangs long on ! v9e & keeps well aft] pick+ )\t los+ flavor4 ,?is grape orig9at$ ) ,james ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 be>+ fruit fir/ 9 #ahgi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 some:at t5d]4 ,canes %ort1 few1 sl5d]1 br[ni%2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves small2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo? or some:at rugose2 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five :5 pres5t1 t]m9al "o acum9ate2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us v>iable 9 dep? & wid?2 lat]al s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 enl>g$ at base2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d] ) small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 light gre54 ,b]ries m$ium or small1 r\nd1 pale yell[i%-gre51 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 adh]5t to ! pulp1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% pale yell[i%-gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 agreeably flavor$2 good to v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 small1 broad1 not*$1 %ort1 blunt1 plump1 br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4--,salem 7#b_/c74 ,,etta 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,9 appe>ance1 ta/e & texture ( fruit1 ,etta is v simil> to ,elvira1 ( :i* x is a se$l+4 ,! small1 yell[ clu/]s :i* *>act]ize ,elvira are reproduc$ 9 ,etta1 :i* diff]s *iefly 9 hav+ a %\ld] q z l>ge z ! ma9 bun* itself & 9 hav+ a bett] flavor1 lack+ ! slight fox9ess ( ,elvira4 ,! v9e is v vigor\s1 h>dy1 & is productive to a fault4 ,! fruit rip5s ) t ( ,catawba4 ,! t5d5cy ( ,elvira to crack & ov]be> influ5c$ ! orig9ator ( t v>iety1 ,jacob ,rommel1 ,morrison1 ,miss\ri1 to try = a grape )\t ^! faults1 & ! result 0 ,etta f se$ ( ,elvira4 ,! fruit 0 fir/ exhibit$ 9 #ahgi4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 light to d>k br[n2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 some:at cobwebby4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 broad1 irregul>ly cyl9drical1 usually ) a %ort1 s+le %\ld] b sometimes s heavily %\ld]$ z to =m a d\ble bun*1 v compact4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 pale gre51 dull ) ?9 bloom1 %att]+ :5 ov]-ripe1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d]2 fle% juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 /r+y1 slightly foxy1 mild2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 long1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,eumelan 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a1 /ivalis7 ,wa%+ton ,! good qualities ( ,eumelan are3 v9es above ! av]age 9 vigor1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess2 clu/]s & b]ries well =m$1 ( good size & h&some color2 fle% t5d]1 dissolv+ into w9e-l juice "u slight pressure2 & pure flavor1 ri*1 sweet1 v9\s4 ,! season is e>ly1 yet ! fruit keeps mu* bett] ?an t ( mo/ o!r grapes matur+ ) x & becomes1 !re=e1 a mid-season & late grape4 ,! defects ( ! v>iety are susceptibility to mildew1 self-/]ile fl[]s & difficulty 9 propagation4 ,! latt] "* has greatly h9d]$ its culture1 z ! v9es c be secur$ only at extra exp5se & nurs]ym5 are loa? to gr[ ! v>iety at all4 ,eumelan may be recomm5d$ to amateur gr[]s4 ,x is a *ance se$l+ :i* grew f se$1 ab\t #ahdg1 9 ! y>d ( a ,mr4 ,?orne1 ,fi%kill ,l&+1 ,new ,york4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 cov]$ ) bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 smoo?2 lobes usually ?ree ) t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 v>iable 9 wid?2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps until late w9t]4 ,clu/]s long1 sl5d]1 tap]+1 (t5 ) a long1 loose1 s+le %\ld]2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) a few small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 /ubby1 pale gre54 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd1 black1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t ) w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% d>k gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 /r+y1 spicy & aromatic1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 l>ge1 wide1 blunt1 plump1 br[n4 ,,fai? 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,al?\gh spok5 ( z a desirable grape 9 "s regions1 ,fai? is ( little value 9 mo/ localities4 ,! fruit is unattractive 9 appe>ance1 & ! quality is n high4 ,if ! v>iety has any prem95tly good "*1 x is productiv5ess4 ,! blossoms put =? s e>ly t !y (t5 suff] f spr+ fro/s4 ,fai? is ( ! same bre$+ z ,etta & f ! same orig9ator1 ,jacob ,rommel1 ,morrison1 ,miss\ri1 bo? hav+ come f se$ ( ,elvira4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 cyl9drical2 nodes prom95t2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 d>k gre52 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 ?9ly pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or fa9t2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile to p>tly self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 v>iable 9 l5g?1 usually sl5d]1 (t5 heavily s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 w>ty2 bru% pale gre51 sl5d]4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 dull gre51 frequ5tly ) a yell[ t+e *ang+ to pale amb]1 ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% juicy1 t5d]1 agreeably flavor$2 fair to good 9 quality4 ,se$s num]\s1 broad1 d>k br[n4 ,,feh] ,,szagos 7,v9if]a7 ,?is v>iety succe$s r well at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 be>+ fruits ( excell5t quality4 ,x has two defects1 dull color ( ! b]ries & irregul> bun*es4 ,x is wor? try+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,feh] ,szagos is said to make a v good rais9 9 ,cali=nia & usually appe>s 9 li/s ( table-grapes = t /ate4 ,v9es vigor\s1 some:at unc]ta9 be>]s4 ,op5+ leaves pubesc5t1 r$ along ! edges & a t+e ( r$ on ! upp] surface4 ,fl[]s h upright /am5s4 ,fruit usually rip5s ! fir/ week 9 ,octob] & does n keep well 9 /orage2 clu/]s l>ge to m$ium1 broad1 loose1 frequ5tly irregul> because ( poor sett+ ( fruit2 b]ries l>ge1 oval to elliptical1 r dull gre51 ) ?9 bloom2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 neutral2 fle% gre5i%1 transluc5t1 juicy1 meaty1 t5d]1 sweet2 quality ( ! be/2 se$s free4 ,,f]n ,,munson 7,l9cecumii1 ,v9if]a1 ,labrusca7 ,admirable1 ,f]n1 ,hilg>de1 ,munson's ,no4 #gf ,f]n ,munson is a s\!rn grape n adapt$ to nor!rn regions1 #dj nor? latitude be+ its limit ( adaptation4 ,! fruits %[ "s v good *>act]s1 z attractive appe>ance1 agreeable quality & unobjectionable se$s & sk94 ,! v9es are vigor\s & productive1 b ! foliage is n heal?y al?\gh v abundant4 ,?is v>iety orig9at$ ) ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 f se$ ( ,po/-oak ) mix$ poll54 ,! se$ 0 plant$ 9 #ahhe1 & ! v>iety 0 introduc$ by ! orig9ator 9 #ahic4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) a fa9t r$ t+e2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface rugose & heavily wr9kl$2 l[] surface dull1 pale gre5 ) a bronze t+e1 fa9tly pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 op5 v late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 irregul>ly tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 (t5 ) _m abortive fruits4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 slightly flatt5$1 d>k purpli%-black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 /rongly p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 a/r+5t2 fle% juicy1 t\gh1 firm1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 briskly subacid2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 broad4 ,,flame ,,tokay 7,v9if]a7 ,?is is ! lead+ %ipp+ grape ( ! ,pacific slope :]e x is ev]y:]e gr[n "u ! "n ,tokay1 ) sev]al modify+ t]ms1 z ,flame1 ,flame-color$ & ,flam+4 ,! fruit is n especially high 9 quality nor attractive 9 appe>ance1 b x %ips & keeps well1 qualities mak+ x popul> 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 luxuriant 9 gr[? ( canes1 %oots & leaves2 v productive2 wood d>k br[n1 /raight ) long jo9ts4 ,leaves d>k gre5 ) a br[n t+e2 lightly lob$4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 sometimes weigh+ eight or n9e p\nds1 mod]ately compact2 %\ld]$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oblong1 r$ :5 mature1 cov]$ ) lilac bloom2 fle% firm1 crisp1 sweet2 quality good4 ,season late1 keeps & %ips well4 ,,fl[]s 7,rotundifolia7 ,fl[]s is a late1 d>k-color$ ,rotundifolia v popul> 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! v>iety is not$ = its vigor\s & productive v9es1 its l>ge fruit-clu/]s & grapes t cl+ 9 ! clu/] unusually well = a v>iety ( ?is species4 ,! crop rip5s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,! fruit is valuable only = w9e & grape-juice1 hav+ little to recomm5d x = dess]t purposes4 ,fl[]s 0 f\nd 9 a swamp ne> ,lamb]ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago by ,william ,fl[]s4 ,improv$ ,fl[]s1 probably a se$l+ ( ,fl[]s1 0 f\nd ne> ,:iteville1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ab\t #ahfi4 ,x diff]s f its suppos$ p>5t 9 hav+ a m vigor\s & productive v9e & l>g] clu/]s1 ! b]ries ( :i* cl+ ev5 m t5aci\sly4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 upright1 op51 v productive4 ,canes long1 sl5d]1 num]\s4 ,leaves v>iable b av]age m$ium 9 size1 long] ?an broad1 po9t$1 cordate1 ?ick1 d>k gre51 smoo?1 lea!ry2 m>g9s %>ply s]rate2 fl[]s p]fect4 ,fruit v late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s1 l>ge1 consi/+ ( t5 to tw5ty-five b]ries4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oblong1 purple or purpli%-black1 cl++ well to ! clu/]-/em2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 fa9tly m>k$ ) dots2 pulp :ite1 lack+ 9 juice1 h>d1 sweeti%1 au/]e 9 flavor2 poor = a table-grape b excell5t = grape-juice4 ,,ga]tn] 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca7 ,! b]ries & clu/]s ( ,ga]tn] are l>ge & h&somely color$1 mak+ a v %[y grape4 ,! plant is vigor\s1 productive & z h>dy z any ( ! hybrids betwe5 ,labrusca & ,v9if]a4 ,9 view ( ^! qualities1 ,ga]tn] has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves1 probably because x is m caprici\s z to soils ?an "s o!rs ( its relat$ hybrids4 ,z a m>ket grape1 ! v>iety has ! faults ( rip5+ unev5ly & ( %ipp+ poorly4 ,! fruit keeps well & ?is1 ) ! desirable qualities not$1 makes x an excell5t grape = ! home v9ey>d4 ,ga]tn] is (t5 comp>$ ) ,massasoit1 ! two v>ieties be+ v simil> 9 fruit *>act]s1 b ,ga]tn] is ( di/9ctly bett] quality ?an ,massasoit4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s1 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts4 ,x 0 fir/ m5tion$ ab\t #ahfe4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy except 9 sev]e w9t]s1 productive4 ,canes long1 d>k r$di%-br[n1 surface cov]$ ) ?9 bloom2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size1 r\nd2 upp] surface d>k gre52 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 matures unev5ly1 keeps only fairly well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 %ort1 cyl9drical1 usually ) a s+le %\ld] b sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 loose ) _m abortive fruits4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 light to d>k r$1 glossy1 cov]$ ) bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t5d]2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 /r+y1 agreeably v9\s2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 l>ge1 broad1 di/9ctly not*$1 br[n4 ,,g5eva 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca7 ,g5eva is surpass$ by s _m o!r grapes ( its season 9 quality t x has nev] become popul>1 al?\gh x has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,! v9e is vigor\s & productive1 al?\gh n q h>dy1 & ! b]ries & clu/]s are attractive2 ! fruit is ne>ly transp>5t & !re is s little bloom t ! grapes are a lu/r\s gre5 or iridesc5t 9 sunlight2 ! b]ries cl+ well to ! /em & ! fruit keeps exceptionally well4 ,g5eva orig9at$ ) ,jacob ,moore1 ,brighton1 ,new ,york1 f se$ plant$ 9 #ahgd f a hybrid v9e f]tiliz$ by ,iona4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes cov]$ ) ?9 bloom2 t5drils int]mitt5t or cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface light gre51 dull2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five1 acute2 petiol> s9us1 %all[1 wide2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile or p>tly f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 %ips well & keeps into ! w9t]4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 blunt at ! ends1 usually n %\ld]$1 ) _m abortive fruits2 p$icel long1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% long1 gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 dull gre5 *ang+ to a fa9t yell[ ) ?9 bloom2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 unpigm5t$2 fle% pale gre51 t5d]1 s(t1 v9\s1 sweet at sk9 b t>t at c5t]2 fair to good4 ,se$s ( m$ium size & l5g?4 ,,goe! 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca7 ,( all ,rog]s' hybrids1 ,goe! %[s ,v9if]a *>act]s mo/1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! ,:ite ,malaga ( ,europe1 & n fall+ f> %ort ( ! be/ ,old ,_w grapes 9 quality4 ,b ! v>iety is difficult to gr[1 especially :]e ! seasons are n long en\gh = full maturity4 ,! v9e is vigor\s to a fault2 x is fairly immune to mildew1 rot & o!r diseases2 &1 :]e x succe$s1 ! v9es be> s freely t ?9n+ becomes a necessity4 ,add$ to high quality1 :i* makes x an excell5t table-grape1 ,goe! keeps well4 ,goe! 0 fir/ m5tion$ 9 #aheh "u ! "n ( ,rog]s' ,no4 #a4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy4 ,canes %ort1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves irregul>ly r\nd1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 glossy2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$1 t]m9us broadly acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 (t5 a not*2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s p>tly self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s %ort1 broad1 tap]+1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 usually two bun*es to %oot2 p$icel long1 ?ick ) num]\s conspicu\s w>ts2 bru% long1 sl5d]1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,b]ries v l>ge1 oval1 pale r$ cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 fa9tly a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 t5d] ) ,v9if]a flavor2 v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to ?ree1 l>ge1 long1 not*$1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,gold ,,co9 7/ivalis1 ,labrusca7 ,9 ! ,s\?1 :]e alone x ?rives1 ,gold ,co9 is a h&some m>ket v>iety ( v good quality4 ,! v9es are productive & are unusually free f attacks ( fungal diseases4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 f se$ ( ,cyn?iana or ,norton poll9at$ by ,m>?a & 0 introduc$ by ! orig9ator 9 #ahid4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes sl5d]1 num]\s2 t5drils cont9u\s1 sometimes int]mitt5t1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface light gre51 slightly rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 t+$ ) bronze1 heavily pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late mid-season1 keeps long4 ,clu/]s m$ium to small1 usually s+le-%\ld]$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 yell[i%-gre5 ) a di/9ct trace ( r$di%-amb]1 ) ?9 bloom1 usually p]si/5t2 sk9 cov]$ ) small1 scatt]+ br[n dots1 ?91 t\gh2 fle% fa9tly aromatic1 t>t f sk9 to c5t]2 good4 ,se$s free1 num]\s1 m$ium 9 size4 ,,gre5 ,,e>ly 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,gre5 ,e>ly is a :ite grape com+ 9 season ) ,w9*ell1 :i* surpasses x 9 mo/ *>act]s1 quality 9 p>ticul>4 ,gre5 ,e>ly 0 f\nd 9 #ahhe1 gr[+ by ! side ( a dit* ne> a ,concord v9ey>d1 on l& belong+ to ,o4 ,j4 ,gre51 ,portl&1 ,new ,york4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes v>iable 9 l5g? & ?ickness1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 sometimes int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves v>iable 9 size1 m$ium gre52 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or fa9tly five2 tee? %all[1 n>r[2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 l5g? & bread?1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 v>iable 9 compactness4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 light gre5 t+$ ) yell[1 ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 incl9$ to crack2 fle% t\gh & aromatic1 sweet at sk9 b acid at c5t]2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s m$ium 9 size1 l5g? & bread?1 %>p-po9t$4 ,,gre9 ,,gold5 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,gre9 ,gold5 is v simil> to ,riesl+1 b ! v9e is mu* /rong] 9 gr[?4 ,= a v>iety ( ! ,taylor gr\p1 bo? clu/] & b]ry are l>ge & uni=m1 :i*1 ) ! attractive color ( ! b]ries1 make x a mo/ h&some fruit4 ,! flavor1 h[ev]1 is n at all pleas+1 be+ an unusual comm+l+ ( sweetness & acidity v disagreeable to mo/ palates4 ,! quality ( ! fruit condemns x = table use1 al?\gh x is said to make a v good :ite w9e4 ,ni*olas ,gre91 ,h]mann1 ,miss\ri1 fir/ grew ,gre9 ,gold5 ab\t #ahge4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 lightly pubesc5t2 lobes lack+ or "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 wide1 obscure2 tee? deep4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 irregul>1 (t5 heavily s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel ) a few inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 pale gre54 ,b]ries uni=m 9 size1 l>ge1 r\nd1 gold5 yell[1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 v ?91 t5d]2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 v juicy1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 plump1 light br[n4 ,,gros ,,colman 7,v9if]a7 ,dodrelabi ,gros ,colman has ! reputation ( be+ ! h&some/ black table-grape gr[n4 ,x is "o ( ! favorite hot-h\se grapes 9 ,engl& & ea/]n ,am]ica & is commonly gr[n out ( doors 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! v>iety is rem>kable = hav+ ! l>ge/ b]ries ( any r\nd grape1 borne 9 imm5se bun*es1 & = ! long-keep+ qualities1 al?\gh ! t5d] sk9s sometimes crack4 ,! foll[+ description is compil$3 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y & productive2 wood d>k br[n4 ,leaves v l>ge1 r\nd1 ?ick1 b slightly lob$2 tee? %ort & blunt2 glabr\s above1 wooly bel[4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 %ort1 well fill$ b r loose2 b]ries v l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k blue2 sk9 ?ick b t5d]2 fle% firm1 crisp1 sweet & good2 quality n ( ! highe/4 ,season late & ! fruits keep long4 ,,h>t=d 7,labrusca7 ,! v9e ( ,h>t=d may be well *>act]iz$ by its good qualities1 b ! fruit is be/ describ$ by its faults1 because ( :i* ! v>iety is pass+ out ( cultivation4 ,! plants are vigor\s1 prolific1 heal?y & ! fruit is borne e>ly 9 ! season4 ,! canes are rem>kable = _! /\tness & = ! crooks at ! jo9ts4 ,! bun*es are n unattractive1 b ! quality ( ! fruit is l[1 ! fle% be+ pulpy & ! flavor insipid & foxy4 ,! b]ries %ell badly on ! v9e & :5 pack$ = %ipp+1 s t ! fruit does n %ip1 pack or keep well4 ,! grapes color long be=e ripe1 & ! fl[]s are only p>tly self-f]tile1 s t 9 seasons :5 !re is bad wea!r dur+ bloom+ "t ! clu/]s are loose & /raggl+4 ,! orig9al v9e ( ,h>t=d 0 a *ance se$l+ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,paphro ,/eele1 ,we/ ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,x fruit$ fir/ 9 #ahdi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 v productive4 ,canes long1 d>k br[n1 cov]$ ) pubesc5ce2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 ?9ly pubesc5t2 lobes v>iable2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s p>tly self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 long1 sl5d]1 tap]+1 irregul>1 (t5 ) a long1 l>ge1 s+le %\ld]1 loose2 p$icel %ort ) a few small w>ts2 bru% gre5i%4 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd-oval1 black1 cov]$ ) bloom1 drop badly2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 conta9s mu* purpli%-r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 firm1 /r+y1 foxy2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 d>k br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4--,triumph 7#c_/e74 ,,hayes 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,9 #ahhj1 ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society aw>d$ a c]tificate ( m]it to ,hayes = high quality 9 fruit4 ,?is br\ght x prom95tly be=e grape-gr[]s & = a "t x 0 popul>1 b :5 bett] kn[n sev]al defects became app>5t4 ,! v9e is h>dy & vigor\s1 b ! gr[? is sl[ & ! v>iety is a %y be>]4 ,bo? bun*es & b]ries are small1 & ! crop rip5s at a "t1 a week or t5 days e>li] ?an ,concord1 :5 !re are _m o!r good gre5 grapes4 ,excell5t ?\gh x is 9 quality1 ! v>iety is h>dly wor? a place 9 any v9ey>d4 ,john ,b4 ,moore1 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 is ! orig9ator ( ,hayes4 ,x is a se$l+ ( ,concord out ( ! same lot ( se$l+s z ,moore ,e>ly4 ,x 0 fir/ fruit$ 9 #ahgb4 ,v9e v>iable 9 vigor & productiv5ess1 h>dy & heal?y4 ,canes num]\s1 sl5d]2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves uni=m 9 size2 upp] surface d>k gre52 l[] surface pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree2 tee? %all[1 small4 ,fl[]s almo/ self-/]ile1 op5 m$ium late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size & l5g?1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel long1 sl5d]2 bru% small1 pale gre54 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 gre5i%-yell[1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t5d] ) a few small r$di%-br[n dots2 fle% f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s1 sweet at ! sk91 agreeably t>t at c5t]1 mild2 good4 ,se$s few1 ( av]age size1 %ort1 plump1 br[n4 ,,headlight 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,headlight is m desirable = s\!rn ?an = nor!rn v9ey>ds1 yet x is wor?y ( trial 9 ! ,nor?4 ,its m]itori\s *>act]s are3 productiv5ess1 outyield+ ,delaw>e1 ) :i* x competes2 disease-resi/ant foliage & v9es2 m ?an av]age vigor ( v9e2 high quality ( fruit1 be+ almo/ ! equal ( ,delaw>e 9 flavor & hav+ t5d]1 melt+ pulp :i* readily p>ts f ! se$s2 & e>l9ess1 rip5+ be=e ,delaw>e & hang+ on ! v9es or keep+ aft] be+ pick$ = "s "t )\t det]ioration4 ,! orig9ator ( ,headlight1 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 /ates t ! v>iety came f se$ ( ,moy] f]tiliz$ by ,brilliant4 ,! se$ 0 plant$ 9 #ahie & ! grape 0 introduc$ 9 #aija4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 v productive4 ,canes %ort1 few 9 numb]1 sl5d]1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 %ort1 bifid1 v p]si/5t4 ,leaves small1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree ) t]m9us obtuse2 petiol> s9us int]m$iate 9 dep? & wid?2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 tap]+1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 cov]$ ) a few small w>ts2 bru% yell[i%-br[n4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 d>k r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 v juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sweet2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 small1 light br[n4 ,,h]bemont 7,b\rqu9iana7 ,bottsi1 ,br[n ,fr5*1 ,dunn1 ,h]bemont's ,madeira1 ,hunt1 ,kay's ,se$l+1 ,mc,kee1 ,neal1 ,w>r51 ,w>r5ton ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,h]bemont holds ! same rank z ,concord 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! v9e is fa/idi\s z to soil1 requir+ a well-dra9$ w>m soil1 & "o :i* is abundantly suppli$ ) humus4 ,despite ^! limitations1 ?is v>iety is gr[n 9 an imm5se t]ritory1 ext5d+ f ,virg9ia & ,t5nessee to ! ,gulf & we/w>d ?r\gh ,texas4 ,! v9e is rem>kably vigor\s1 be+ h>dly surpass$ 9 ?is "* by any o!r ( our native grapes4 ,! fruits are attractive because ( ! l>ge bun* & ! glossy black ( ! small b]ries1 & are borne abundantly & ) c]ta9ty 9 suitable localities4 ,! fle% *>act]s ( ! fruit are good = a small grape1 nei!r fle%1 sk9 nor se$s be+ objectionable 9 eat+2 ! pulp is t5d]1 juicy1 ri*1 sweet & highly flavor$4 ,! ample1 lu/r\s gre5 foliage makes ?is v>iety "o ( ! attractive ornam5tal plants ( ! ,s\?4 ,h]bemont is kn[n to h be5 9 cultivation 9 ,georgia be=e ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 :5 x 0 g5]ally call$ ,w>r5 & ,w>r5ton4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 x came to ! h&s ( ,ni*olas ,h]bemont1 ,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ^: "n x ev5tually took4 ,v9e v vigor\s4 ,canes long1 /rong1 bright gre51 ) m or less purple & heavy bloom2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 r\nd1 entire1 or ?ree to sev5-lob$1 ne>ly glabr\s above & bel[2 upp] surface cle> gre52 l[] surface light] gre51 glauc\s4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile4 ,fruit v late4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 tap]+1 prom95tly %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icels %ort ) a few l>ge w>ts2 bru% p9k4 ,b]ries r\nd1 small1 uni=m1 r$di%-black or br[n ) abundant bloom2 sk9 ?91 t\gh2 fle% t5d]1 juicy2 juice colorless or slightly p9k1 sweet1 sprightly4 ,se$s two to f\r1 small1 r$di%-br[n1 glossy4 ,,h]b]t 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,9 all t con/itutes a f9e table-grape1 ,h]b]t 7,plate ,,xviii7 is z ne> p]fection z any ,am]ican v>iety4 ,= a ,v9if]a-,labrusca hybrid1 ! v9e is vigor\s1 h>dy & fruitful1 rank+ 9 ^! respects above _m pure-br$ ,labruscas4 ,:ile ! fruit rip5s ) ,concord1 x keeps mu* lat] & packs & %ips bett]4 ,! v>iety is self-/]ile & mu/ be set ne> o!r v>ieties4 ,h]b]t is des]v+ att5tion f comm]cial gr[]s :o supply a discrim9at+ m>ket1 & its _m good qualities give x high place z a g>d5 grape4 ,! v>iety is "o ( ,rog]s' hybrids1 nam$ ,h]b]t 9 #ahfi4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 r\nd2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre5 ) "s pubesc5ce2 leaf entire1 t]m9us obtuse2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 clos$1 ov]lapp+2 basal & lat]al s9uses lack+2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 broad1 tap]+1 two to ?ree clu/]s p] %oot1 heavily s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel ?ick ) small russet w>ts2 bru% yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 flatt5$1 dull black1 cov]$ ) ?ick bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$2 v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 ?ree to six1 l>ge1 broad1 not*$1 long ) swoll5 neck1 blunt1 br[n ) yell[ tips4 ,,h]cules 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,h]cules is *>act]iz$ by v l>ge b]ries1 fruit h&somely color$ & clu/] l>ge & well-=m$4 ,! flavor1 :ile n ( ! be/1 is good4 ,add$ to ! desirable qualities ( ! fruit1 ! v9es are h>dy1 vigor\s & productive4 ,^! good *>act]s1 h[ev]1 _c make up = ! sev]al defects ( ! v>iety4 ,! grapes drop & crack badly & ! pulp is t\gh & adh]es too firmly to ! se$ = a dess]t grape1 s t ! v>iety is wor?less except = bre$+ purposes4 ,h]cules 0 introduc$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,ens5b]g]1 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill9ois1 ab\t #ahij2 its p>5tage is unkn[n4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 v productive4 ,canes long1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree1 t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us usually abs5t2 lat]al s9us %all[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s v l>ge1 broad1 tap]+1 "o to ?ree clu/]s p] %oot1 compact2 bru% pale gre54 ,b]ries v l>ge1 r\nd1 black1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 firm2 sk9 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 v t\gh1 co>se1 /r+y1 foxy2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 l>ge1 broad1 deeply not*$1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,hicks 7,labrusca7 ,hicks is a rem>kably good grape & 7 x n t ! fruit is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,concord1 rip5+ ) x or a little e>li]1 x w\ld h a place 9 ! viticulture ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce x 0 introduc$ "s ye>s ago & has n f\nd great favor ) gr[]s1 x seems t x _c make headway aga9/ ,concord1 ) :i* x mu/ compete4 ,9 _m localities ! v9es are m prolific ?an ^? ( ,concord & ( /rong] gr[?4 ,hicks 0 introduc$ 9 #ahih by ,h5ry ,wallis1 ,well/on1 ,miss\ri1 :o /ates t x is a *ance se$l+ s5t f ,cali=nia ab\t #ahgj to ,ri*>d ,b]ry1 a nurs]yman ( ,/4 ,l\is ,c\nty1 ,miss\ri4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 v productive4 ,canes m$ium to long1 num]\s1 r$di%-br[n1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy2 l[] surface :ite1 *ang+ to a heavy bronze1 /rongly pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 purpli%-black ) heavy bloom1 %att] :5 ov]-ripe1 firm2 sk9 t5d] ) d>k w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% gre51 juicy1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$1 fa9tly foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,hidalgo 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,! grapes ( ,hidalgo are ri*1 sweet1 delicately flavor$1 & ) color1 size & =m ( b]ry & bun* s well comb9$ z to make ! fruits s+ul>ly h&some4 ,! sk9 is ?9 b firm & ! v>iety keeps & %ips well4 ,! v9es1 h[ev]1 are d\btfully h>dy1 v>iable 9 vigor & n always fruitful4 ,:ile ,hidalgo may n prove ( value = ! comm]cial v9ey>d1 9 favorable situations x may give a supply ( *oice fruit = ! amateur4 ,! p>5tage ( ,hidalgo1 z giv5 by its orig9ator1 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 is ,delaw>e1 ,goe! & ,l9dley4 ,! v>iety 0 introduc$ by ! orig9ator 9 #aijb4 ,v9e v>iable 9 vigor1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess4 ,canes ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils int]mitt5t or cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 irregul>ly r\nd1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 bronz$1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us want+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? v %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 op5 aft] mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 (t5 blunt1 n %\ld]$1 "o to two bun*es p] %oot1 compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d] ) small w>ts2 bru% yell[i%-gre5 ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 gre5i%-yell[1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 melt+1 aromatic1 sweet2 v good to be/4 ,se$s free1 two to f\r1 l>ge1 plump1 light br[n4 ,,highl& 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca7 ,few v>ieties ( black grapes equal ,highl& 9 appe>ance & quality ( fruit4 ,:5 giv5 good c>e "u favorable conditions1 ! bun*es are unusually l>ge & h&some 9 appe>ance1 sometimes atta9+ a weight ( two p\nds1 & be> beautiful blui%-black b]ries ) ! f9e flavor & t5d] texture ( ,jura ,muscat1 "o ( its p>5ts4 ,! fle% is solid1 firm & ! fruit keeps & %ips well4 ,! v9e is vigor\s1 productive to a fault b is d\btfully h>dy4 ,:]e ! climate is temp]ate & ! season long en\gh = ! v9e & fruit ( ,highl& to develop1 ?is is "o ( ! *oice/ grapes = ! amateur4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ab\t ! close ( ! ,civil ,w> ) ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 f se$ ( ,concord f]tiliz$ by ,jura ,muscat4 ,v9e v>iable 9 vigor1 productive1 heal?y4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 d>k br[n ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to five1 t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 v>iable 9 wid?2 basal s9us %all[1 n>r[2 lat]al s9us a not*2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 usually two bun*es p] %oot2 p$icel long1 ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% gre5 ) yell[ t+e4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 purpli%-black1 dull ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 free2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to six1 l>ge1 long1 not*$1 br[n4 ,,hopk9s 7,rotundifolia7 ,hopk9s is nam$ by grape-gr[]s 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic /ates z ! be/ e>ly ,rotundifolia grape4 ,its season 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a beg9s e>ly 9 ,augu/1 ne>ly a mon? be=e any o!r4 ,x is1 also1 "o ( ! be/ 9 quality & = quality & e>l9ess %\ld be 9 e home v9ey>d 9 ! region 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,hopk9s 0 f\nd ne> ,wilm+ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ab\t #ahde1 by ,john ,hopk9s4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 sl5d]1 upright4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 v>iable1 cordate1 long] ?an broad1 ?ick1 lea!ry1 smoo?1 d>k gre52 m>g9s %>ply s]rate4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile4 ,fruit v e>ly4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 conta9+ f f\r to t5 b]ries4 ,b]ries l>ge1 d>k purple or almo/ black1 r\nd-oblong1 %ell+ badly2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 fa9tly m>k$ ) dots2 pulp :ite1 t5d]1 juicy ) a sweet1 pleasant flavor2 "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,rotundifolias 9 quality4 ,,hos=d 7,labrusca7 ,hos=d is an (fspr+ ( ,concord1 diff]+ f ! p>5t *iefly 9 ! great] size ( bun* & b]ry & 9 be+ less fruitful4 ,! v>iety is surpass$ by ,word5 & ,eaton1 ( ! same type1 & is probably n wor? cultivation4 ,x is claim$ by "s t ,hos=d is id5tical ) ,eaton b !re are noticeable diff]5ces 9 bo? v9e & fruit *>act]s4 ,! v9e looks v l t ( ,concord except t ! ind5tations along ! m>g9s ( ! leaves are deep]4 ,hos=d orig9at$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,george ,hos=d1 ,ionia1 ,mi*igan1 ab\t #ahgf1 z a *ance se$l+ gr[+ betwe5 two ,concord v9es4 ,v9es lack+ 9 vigor1 h>dy1 unproductive4 ,canes %ort1 few 9 numb]1 sl5d]2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes v %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface light gre51 rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite to bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes fa9t2 petiol> s9us wide2 tee? small1 %>p4 ,fl[]s %all[1 semi-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 tap]+1 slightly %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort ) small w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 dull black ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s few1 l>ge1 broad1 blunt1 plump1 br[n4 ,,hybrid ,,franc 7,v9if]a1 ,rupe/ris7 ,hybrid ,franc is ! be/-kn[n cross betwe5 ,rupe/ris & ,v9if]a4 ,x is "o ( ! few v>ieties us$ 9 ,europe z a resi/ant /ock n[ recomm5d$ = a direct produc]4 ,! v9es are h>dy1 vigor\s & v productive4 ,! fruit is fit only = w9e or grape-juice1 be+ too acid to eat out ( h&4 ,! color+ matt] 9 ! fruit is v int5se & might be us$ 9 giv+ color to grape products4 ,! v>iety is ( ,fr5* orig94 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 ?ick1 light br[n ) blue bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves small1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface gre51 hairy along ribs & l>ge ve9s2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 lat]al s9us a not*4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 %ort1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d] ) few small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries small1 oblate1 black1 glossy ) ?ick bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d] ) v d>k w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% gre5 ) r$di% t+e1 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 spicy1 t>t2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 small1 %ort1 light br[n4 ,,ideal 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,ideal is a h&some se$l+ ( ,delaw>e1 f :i* x diff]s *iefly 9 be+ l>g] 9 bun* & b]ry1 atta9+ 9 bo? ( ^! *>act]s ne>ly ! size ( ,catawba4 ,9 ,kansas & ,miss\ri1 ?is v>iety is highly recomm5d$1 n only = ! high quality ( ! fruit1 rank+ ) ,delaw>e 9 quality1 b because ( vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive v9es4 ,b f>!r nor? ! v9es are prec>i\sly h>dy & n suffici5tly fruitful1 heal?y nor vigor\s to w>rant high recomm5dation4 ,ideal orig9at$ ) ,john ,burr1 ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 f se$ ( ,delaw>e1 ab\t #ahhe4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 productive2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long4 ,leaves l>ge1 v>iable 9 color2 lobes ?ree to five2 petiol> s9us deep1 wide2 tee? deep1 n>r[2 upp] surface light gre51 dull2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t4 ,fruit e>ly mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 broad1 heavily %\ld]$2 p$icel ?ick2 bru% gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k r$ ) ?9 bloom1 usually p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% gre51 t5d]1 aromatic1 sweet next ! sk91 acid at ! c5t]2 good to v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 l>ge1 plump1 br[n4 ,,iona 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,9 flavor1 ! fruit ( ,iona 7,plate ,,xix7 has a r>e comb9ation ( sweetness & acidity1 pure1 delicate & v9\s4 ,! fle% is transp>5t1 melt+1 t5d]1 juicy & ( uni=m consi/5cy q to ! c5t]4 ,! se$s are few & small & "p readily f ! fle%4 ,! color is a peculi> d>k-r$ w9e ) a t9t ( ame?y/1 v>iable & n always attractive4 ,! bun* is l>ge b loose1 ) b]ries v>y+ 9 size & rip5+ unev5ly4 ,! fruit may be kept until late w9t]4 ,! v9e *>act]s ( ,iona are n z good z ^? ( ! fruit4 ,to d well1 ! v9e mu/ h a soil exactly suit$ to its wants1 seem+ly ?riv+ be/ 9 deep1 dry1 s&y or gravelly clays4 ,iona responds especially well :5 tra9$ aga9/ walls or build+s1 atta9+ "u su* conditions r>e p]fection4 ,! v9es are d\btfully h>dy & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,nor? mu/ h w9t] protection2 !y are n vigor\s & are incl9$ to ov]be>1 to rem$y :i* !y mu/ h close prun+4 ,9 localities 9 :i* mildew & rot ?rive1 ! v>iety is badly attack$ by ^! diseases4 ,iona orig9at$ ) ,c4 ,w4 ,grant1 ,iona ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 f se$ ( ,diana plant$ 9 #ahhe4 ,v9e weak1 d\btfully h>dy1 unproductive4 ,canes %ort1 light br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us ( m$ium dep? & wid?2 basal s9us %all[2 lat]al s9us %all[1 wide2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 sl5d]1 tap]+1 loose2 bru% pale gre54 ,b]ries uni=m1 oval1 r\nd1 dull1 light & d>k r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 melt+1 v9\s2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 small1 broad1 plump1 br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4--,v]g5nes 7#b_/c74 ,,isabella 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,alex&]1 ,black ,cape1 ,*ri/ie's ,improv$ ,isabella1 ,conckl+'s ,wild+1 ,con/antia1 ,dor*e/]1 ,gibb's ,grape1 ,h5sell's ,long ,isl&1 ,payne's ,e>ly1 ,hel5e1 ,woodw>d ,isabella 7,plate ,,xx7 is n[ ( little m ?an hi/orical int]e/1 x hav+ be5 "o ( ! ma9/ays ( ,am]ican viticulture4 ,9 appe>ance1 ! fruit ( ,isabella is fully z attractive z t ( any black grape1 ! clu/]s be+ l>ge & well =m$ & ! b]ries glossy black ) ?ick bloom4 ,! flavor is good1 b ! ?ick sk9 & musk9ess 9 ta/e are objectionable4 ,! grapes keep & %ip well4 ,isabella is surpass$ 9 v9e *>act]s by _m o!r k9ds1 notably ,concord1 :i* has tak5 its place4 ,! lu/r\s gre51 ample foliage :i* rema9s late 9 ! season1 & ! vigor ( ! v9e1 make ?is v>iety an attractive ornam5tal1 well adapt$ = gr[+ on arbors1 por*es & trellises4 ,! orig9 ( ,isabella is n kn[n4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,william ,pr9ce1 ,flu%+1 ,long ,isl&1 ab\t #ahaf f ,mrs4 ,isabella ,gibbs1 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 num]\s ) heavy pubesc5ce1 ?ick1 light br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 smoo?1 glossy2 l[] surface :iti%-gre51 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t ) t]m9al lobe obtuse2 petiol> s9us %all[1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$1 ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually want+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[1 frequ5tly not*$2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 cyl9drical1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% long1 yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries m$ium to l>ge1 oval1 black ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 meaty1 "s fox9ess1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s "o to ?ree1 l>ge1 broad1 di/9ctly not*$1 %ort1 br[n ) yell[ tips4 ,,isabella ,,se$l+ 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,isabella ,se$l+ is an e>ly1 vigor\s1 productive (fspr+ ( ,isabella4 ,9 fruit *>act]s x greatly resembles its p>5t1 b rip5s its crop e>li] & has a m compact bun*4 ,l t ( its p>5t1 ! fruit is ( good quality & keeps rem>kably well4 ,?is se$l+ is n[ gr[n m ?an ,isabella &1 :ile n ( any consid]able comm]cial importance1 is f> m des]v+ att5tion z a m>ket grape ?an "s ( ! poorly flavor$ k9ds m g5]ally gr[n4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties "u ?is "n4 ,two are m5tion$ by ,w>d]2 "o ( ,ohio & "o ( ,new ,york orig94 ,! ,isabella ,se$l+ "h describ$ orig9at$ ) ,g4 ,a4 ,ens5b]g]1 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill9ois1 9 #ahhi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n1 (t5 ) a r$ t+e1 ) ?9 bloom2 nodes prom95t1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t or cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves heal?y1 l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface gre51 dull2 l[] surface pale gre5 or grayi%-gre51 occasionally ) a t+e ( bronze1 pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 loose1 compact4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 (t5 pe>-%ap$1 dull black ) ?ick bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick ) "s r$ pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 t5d]1 co>se1 v9\s2 good4 ,se$s num]\s1 free1 l>ge1 broad1 not*$1 d>k br[n4 ,,israella 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,israella came f ,c4 ,w4 ,grant contemporane\sly ) ,iona & 0 h]ald$ z ! e>lie/ good grape 9 cultivation4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] its introduction1 x 0 widely tri$ b 0 almo/ ev]y:]e disc>d$ because ( ! poor quality & unattractive appe>ance ( ! fruit & lack ( vigor1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess 9 ! v9e4 ,grant grew ,israella f se$ ( ,isabella plant$ 9 #ahhe4 ,v9e lack+ 9 vigor1 unproductive4 ,canes sl5d]1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to five1 fa9t2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 tee? %all[1 %>p2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 ( m$ium l5g? & bread?1 tap]+1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact1 frequ5tly ) _m abortive fruits4 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd-oval1 black or purpli%-black ) ?9 bloom1 incl9$ to drop1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh ) a l>ge am\nt ( purpli%-r$ pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 /r+y1 mild1 sweet f sk9 to c5t]2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 m$ium 9 size1 not*$1 blunt1 light br[n1 (t5 cov]$ ) grayi% w>ts4 ,,ives 7,labrusca1 /ivalis7 ,ives' ,madeira1 ,ives' ,se$l+1 ,kittr$ge ,ives has a high reputation z a grape = mak+ r$ w9e1 be+ surpass$ only by ,norton = ?is purpose4 ,! v9e is h>dy1 heal?y1 vigor\s & fruitful4 ,! fruit is poor 9 quality1 colors long be=e ripe1 has a foxy odor1 & ! fle% is t\gh & pulpy4 ,! bun*es are compact1 ) well-=m$1 jet-black grapes1 :i* make !m attractive4 ,! v9e is easily propagat$ & is adapt$ to any good grape soil1 b is s rampant 9 gr[? t x is difficult to manage4 ,! v>iety is n widely cultivat$4 ,ives 0 gr[n by ,h5ry ,ives f se$ plant$ 9 #ahdj 9 8 g>d5 9 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 r$di%-br[n ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five :5 pres5t ) t]m9al "o acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us %all[2 lat]al s9us n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fruit late mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 tap]+1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 compact1 (t5 ) num]\s abortive b]ries2 p$icel sl5d] ) num]\s small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 sl5d]1 pale ) a r$di%-br[n t+e4 ,b]ries oval1 jet-black ) heavy bloom1 v p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 small1 (t5 abortive1 broad1 %ort1 blunt1 plump1 br[n4 ,,james 7,rotundifolia7 ,james is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,rotundifolia grapes & probably ! be/ g5]al-purpose v>iety ( ?is species4 ,! v9e is not$ = vigor & productiv5ess4 ,x _c be gr[n nor? ( ,m>yl&4 ,x ?rives 9 s&y loam soils ) clay subsoil4 ,! v>iety 0 f\nd by ,b4 ,w4 ,m4 ,james1 ,pitt ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahij & 0 plac$ on ! grape li/ ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society fruit catalog 9 #ahii4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes sl5d]1 num]\s1 long1 slightly trail+4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 ?ick1 smoo?1 lea!ry1 cordate1 z broad z long1 ) a s]rate m>g94 ,fl[]s op5 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit rip5s late1 hangs on ! v9e = ?ree weeks1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 conta9+ f f\r to twelve b]ries1 irregul>1 loose4 ,b]ries l>ge1 ?ree-f\r?s to "o & "o-f\r? in*es 9 diamet]1 r\nd1 blue-black1 m>k$ ) specks2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh4 ,pulp juicy1 sweet2 good 9 quality4 ,,janesville 7,labrusca1 ,vulp9a7 ,end[$ ) a con/itution enabl+ x to )/& cold to :i* mo/ o!r grapes succumb1 ,janesville has made a place = itself 9 f> nor!rn localities4 ,moreov]1 ! grapes rip5 e>ly1 be+ ab\t ! fir/ to color al?\gh !y are n ripe until "s "t aft] color+4 ,! v9e also is heal?y1 vigor\s & productive4 ,! fruit1 h[ev]1 is wor?less :5 bett] sorts c be gr[n4 ,! clu/]s & b]ries are small1 ! grapes are pulpy1 t\gh1 se$y1 h a ?ick sk9 & a disagreeable acid ta/e4 ,janesville 0 gr[n by ,f4 ,w4 ,l\don1 ,janesville1 ,wiscons91 f *ance se$ plant$ 9 #aheh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes sp9y1 num]\s1 d>k br[n2 nodes flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t or cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves small1 ?92 upp] surface glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 lightly pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal & lat]al s9uses lack+2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 v e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 cyl9drical1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 cov]$ ) small1 scatt]+ w>ts2 bru% d>k w9e color4 ,b]ries r\nd1 dull black ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t ) d>k w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale r$di%-gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 co>se1 v9\s1 acid2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to six1 l>ge1 broad1 angul>1 blunt1 d>k br[n4 ,,jeff]son 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,jeff]son 7,plate ,,xxi7 is an (fspr+ ( ,concord cross$ ) ,iona1 & resembles ,concord 9 vigor1 productiv5ess & heal?9ess ( v9e1 & ,iona 9 color & quality ( fruit4 ,! v9e produces its fruit two weeks lat] ?an ,concord & is n z h>dy1 faults t deb> x f tak+ high rank z a comm]cial grape4 ,=tunately ! v9es yield readily to lay+ d[n = w9t] protection s t ev5 9 comm]cial plantations x is n difficult to prev5t w9t] injury4 ,! bun*es ( ,jeff]son are l>ge1 well-=m$1 compact ) b]ries ( uni=m size & color4 ,! fle% is firm yet t5d]1 juicy ) a ri*1 v9\s flavor & a delicate aroma :i* p]si/s ev5 aft] ! b]ries h dri$ into rais9s4 ,! fruit %ips & keeps well1 ! b]ries adh]+ to ! clu/] & ! fruit reta9+ its fre%ness into late w9t]4 ,jeff]son is widely di/ribut$ & is well kn[n by viticulturi/s 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,x is n p>ticul> z to localities1 if ! season be long & ! climate temp]ate1 & ?rives 9 all soils4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york2 x fruit$ fir/ 9 #ahgd4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 d\btfully h>dy1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 num]\s1 light to d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 r\nd2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 %ort1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves heal?y2 upp] surface light gre51 old] leaves rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 /rongly pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually abs5t2 lat]al s9us %all[1 (t5 a m]e not*2 tee? regul>1 %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 cyl9drical1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) a few inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% long1 sl5d]1 pale yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 oval1 light & d>k r$1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 v firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 free1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 co>se-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good to be/4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 %ort1 blunt1 plump1 br[n4 ,,jessica 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,jessica is an e>ly1 h>dy1 gre5 grape4 ,! fruit is sweet1 ri*1 sprightly & almo/ free f fox9ess1 b is unattractive & does n keep well4 ,! clu/]s & b]ries are small1 & ! clu/]s are too loose = a good grape4 ,jessica may be comm5d$ = e>l9ess & h>d9ess & is1 !re=e1 desirable1 if at all1 9 nor!rn regions4 ,william ,h4 ,read1 ,port ,dalh\sie1 ,ont>io1 grew ,jessica f se$ plant$ "s "t betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj4 ,v9e m$ium 9 vigor1 heal?y1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) r$ t+e2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves small2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 (t5 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 v pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit v e>ly4 ,clu/]s small1 sl5d]1 tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 light gre51 (t5 t+$ ) yell[1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 adh]5t1 fa9tly a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 s(t1 sprightly1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 m$ium to broad1 not*$1 br[n4 ,,jewel 7,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana1 ,v9if]a7 ,! notable *>act]s ( ,jewel are e>l9ess & high quality 9 fruit2 al?\gh1 z comp>$ ) ,delaw>e1 its p>5t1 ! v9e is vigor\s1 heal?y & h>dy4 ,9 =m & size ( bun* & b]ry1 ,jewel closely resembles ,delaw>e1 b ! grapes are deep black 9 color4 ,! fle% *>act]s & flavor ( ! fruit are mu* l ^? ( ,delaw>e1 ! pulp be+ t5d] yet firm1 & ! flavor hav+ ! same ri*1 sprightly1 v9\s ta/e f\nd 9 ! p>5t4 ,! se$s are few & small4 ,! sk9 is ?9 b t\gh1 & ! grapes %ip well1 keep long1 d n %ell1 & al?\gh e>ly1 hang until fro/4 ,jewel is a mo/ excell5t grape1 wor?y ! place among black grapes t ,delaw>e has among r$ v>ieties4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is recomm5d$ = e>l9ess & = localities 9 ! ,nor? :]e /&>d v>ieties d n rip54 ,john ,burr1 ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 grew ,jewel f se$ ( ,delaw>e plant$ ab\t #ahgd4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes sl5d]1 light r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves scant1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 wide2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly4 ,clu/]s small1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]2 bru% %ort1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 d>k purpli%-black1 dull ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 sprightly1 v9\s1 sweet2 v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 frequ5tly "o-sid$1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,k5s+ton 7,v9if]a1 ,vulp9a7 ,k5s+ton has sev]al v m]itori\s fruit & v9e *>act]s4 ,! v9e resembles t ( ,cl9ton1 its ,vulp9a p>5t1 9 vigor1 h>d9ess1 gr[? & productiv5ess1 b ! fruit has _m ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,european p>5t1 ,buckl& ,sweetwat]4 ,! grapes are yell[i%-gre51 l>ge1 oval & borne 9 loose clu/]s ( m$ium size4 ,9 quality ! fruit ( ,k5s+ton is n equal to t ( ,buckl& ,sweetwat] b is mu* bett] ?an t ( ,cl9ton4 ,! fle% is t5d] & juicy ) a ri*1 sweet1 v9\s flavor4 ,! h>d9ess ( ! v9e & ! high quality ( ! fruit %\ld make ,k5s+ton a favorite gre5 grape 9 nor!rn g>d5s4 ,?is v>iety 0 gr[n by ,william ,saund]s1 ,london1 ,ont>io4 ,x 0 s5t out "s "t betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 sl5d]1 light br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils p]si/5t1 int]mitt5t or cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves ?92 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t1 hairy2 lobes want+ or "o to ?ree ) t]m9us obtuse2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 basal s9us %all[ :5 pres5t2 lat]al s9us %all[1 usually a not*2 tee? deep & wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly1 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 cyl9drical1 (t5 heavily s+le-%\ld]$1 loose1 frequ5tly ) _m undevelop$ b]ries2 p$icel long & sl5d] ) small1 inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 oval1 yell[i%-gre51 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 fa9tly a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 v9\s1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s free1 two to f\r1 wr9kl$1 l>ge1 long1 broad1 %>p-po9t$1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,,k+ 7,labrusca7 ,k+ is simil> to ,concord1 comp>$ ) :i* ! v9e is m vigor\s & prolific1 "t ( rip5+ & l5g? ( season ! same1 ! clu/]s are "o-f\r? l>g]1 ! grapes are m p]si/5t1 ! pulp is m t5d]1 ! flavor ne>ly ! same b m sprightly1 ! se$s few] 9 numb]1 ! wood h>d] & ( %ort] jo9ts & ! p$icels l>g]4 ,k+ 0 f\nd 9 ! ,concord v9ey>d ( ,w4 ,k4 ,munson1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 9 #ahib4 ,! v9e 0 set = ,concord & is suppos$ to be a bud-sport ( t v>iety4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes l>ge1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 slightly flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves unusually l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface gre51 dull2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite *ang+ to slight bronze1 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t1 t]m9al "o acute2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 irregul>ly tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 black ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 v juicy1 t\gh1 /r+y & ) "s fox9ess2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 few1 l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 lightly not*$ if at all1 blunt1 plump1 light br[n4 ,,lady 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! v9e ( ,lady is mu* l t ( ,concord1 its p>5t1 al?\gh n q s vigor\s nor productive1 b rip5s its fruit fully two weeks e>li]4 ,! fruit is mu* sup]ior to t ( ,concord 9 quality1 be+ ri*]1 sweet] & less foxy4 ,! grapes hang on ! v9es well b det]iorate rapidly aft] pick+4 ,! t]m1 ironclad1 us$ by grape-gr[]s to express h>d9ess & fre$om f disease1 is probably z applicable to ,lady z to any o!r ( ! ,labrusca grapes4 ,! foliage is d5se & ( a deep glossy gre51 nei!r scald+ "u a hot sun nor freez+ until heavy fro/s1 mak+ x an attractive ornam5t 9 ! g>d54 ,lady is des]v$ly popul> z a grape = ! amateur & %\ld be plant$ = ne>-by m>kets4 ,x succe$s :]ev] ,concord is gr[n1 & because ( its e>ly rip5+ is especially adapt$ to nor!rn latitudes :]e ,concord does n always mature4 ,al?\gh ! fruit rip5s e>ly1 ! buds />t late1 (t5 escap+ late spr+ fro/s4 ,:5 ,lady 0 fir/ he>d (1 x 0 9 ! h&s ( a ,mr4 ,imlay1 ,musk+um ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,george ,w4 ,campbell1 ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 introduc$ x 9 #ahgd4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 m$ium 9 productiv5ess1 heal?y4 ,canes %ort1 sl5d]1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to five ) t]m9al "o acum9ate2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 lat]al s9us v>iable 9 dep? & wid?2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% sl5d]1 long1 gre5i%-:ite4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 light gre51 (t5 ) a t+e ( yell[1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 cov]$ ) small1 scatt]+1 d>k dots1 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre5i%-:ite1 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 aromatic2 v good4 ,se$s free1 few1 broad1 light br[n4 ,,lady ,,wa%+ton 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,lady ,wa%+ton is 9 _m respects a mo/ excell5t grape b falls %ort 9 quality & does n excel 9 v9e *>act]s4 ,! grapes make a good appe>ance1 keep & %ip well & are t5d]1 juicy & sweet4 ,! v9es are luxuriant1 h>dy1 = a grape ) ,v9if]a blood1 & heal?y al?\gh slightly susceptible to mildew4 ,z an exhibition grape1 few gre5 v>ieties %[ bett] :5 gr[n ) c>e ?an ,lady ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?we/1 ! v>iety is said to succe$ bett] ?an any o!r ,concord se$l+4 ,lady ,wa%+ton is ano!r ( ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts' f9e se$l+s1 ?is v>iety hav+ come f se$ ( ,concord f]tiliz$ by ,all5's ,hybrid4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 #ahgh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 productive4 ,canes long1 few1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes greatly enl>g$1 v>iable 9 %ape2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 old] leaves /rongly rugose1 glossy2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf entire ) t]m9al acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 frequ5tly clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually want+2 lat]al s9us %all[2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 broad1 irregul>ly cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 frequ5tly d\ble-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel %ort ) num]\s conspicu\s w>ts2 bru% v %ort1 gre5i%4 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 r\nd-oblate1 yell[-amb]1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 transp>5t1 juicy & t5d]1 /r+y1 aromatic1 sweet2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4--,w9*ell 7#b_/c74 ,,l5oir 7,b\rqu9iana7 ,alabama1 ,black ,el ,paso1 ,black ,july1 ,black ,spani%1 ,blue ,fr5*1 ,burgundy1 ,cig> ,box ,grape1 ,dev]eaux1 ,jack1 ,jacques1 ,july ,%]ry1 ,longwor?'s ,ohio1 ,mac,candless1 ,ohio1 ,spr+/e91 ,w>r5 ,l5oir is a t5d] s\!rn grape :i* has be5 us$ l>gely 9 ,france & ,cali=nia z a resi/ant /ock & a direct produc]4 ,! fruit is highly valu$ = its d>k r$ w9e & is v good = table use4 ,! v9e is v resi/ant to phyllox]a & )/&s dr\? well4 ,! orig9 ( ,l5oir is unkn[n4 ,x 0 9 cultivation 9 ! ,s\? z long ago z ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,ni*olas ,h]bemont /ates 9 #ahbi t its "n 0 giv5 f a man nam$ ,l5oir :o cultivat$ x ne> ,/ateburg1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,v9e vigor\s1 ?rifty1 semi-h>dy1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 ) "s bloom at ! nodes2 t5drils int]mitt5t4 ,leaves f two to sev5-lob$1 usually five1 ) *>act]i/ic blui%-gre5 color above & pale gre5 bel[4 ,clu/]s v>iable1 m$ium to v l>ge1 tap]+1 usually %\ld]$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 d>k blui%-purple1 ne>ly black ) lilac bloom2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh2 fle% juicy1 t5d]1 sweet1 v ri* 9 color+ matt]4 ,,lignan ,,blanc 7,v9if]a7 ,:ite ,july1 ,lugli5ga1 ,joann5c ,at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 ,lignan ,blanc rip5s fir/ ( all grapes1 native or ,european4 ,x is n ( highe/ quality b is bett] ?an any o!r e>ly grape & makes a valuable addition to ! home v9ey>d4 ,x is a favorite grape 9 ,europe & is r commonly gr[n 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is v>iety (f]s excell5t mat]ial = hybridization ) native grapes4 ,v9e vigor\s1 m$ium productive2 buds op5 e>ly2 op5+ leaves light gre51 glossy1 t+$ ) r$ along ! edges1 ?9ly pubesc5t4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size1 r\ndi%1 some:at dull gre51 slightly rugose2 l[] surface glabr\s2 blade ?ick2 lobes usually five ?\gh sometimes ?ree2 petiol> s9us m$ium 9 dep?1 wide2 l[] lat]al s9us m$ium 9 dep?1 n>r[2 upp] lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 m>g9 d5tate2 tee? long1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s appe> e>ly = a ,v9if]a2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit rip5s ! fir/ ( ,septemb] & is a good keep]2 clu/]s above m$ium 9 size1 tap]+1 m$ium compact2 b]ries m$ium to l>ge1 oval1 yell[i%-gre51 ) ?9 bloom2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 neutral2 fle% gre5i%-:ite1 firm1 juicy1 meaty1 sweet2 quality good4 ,,l9dley 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,by common cons5t1 ,l9dley 7,plate ,,xxii7 is ! be/ ( ! r$ grapes orig9at$ by ,rog]s 9 8 crosses betwe5 ,labrusca & ,v9if]a4 ,! bun*es are ( only m$ium size & are loose1 b ! b]ries are well-=m$1 ( uni=m size & an attractive d>k r$ color4 ,! fle% is firm1 f9e-gra9$1 juicy1 t5d] ) a peculi>ly ri* aromatic flavor4 ,! sk9 is ?ick & t\gh b is n objectionable 9 fruit fully ripe4 ,! fruit keeps & %ips well1 & ! b]ries nei!r crack nor %att]4 ,! v9e is vigor\s1 h>dy = a ,v9if]a hybrid1 heal?y b1 z ) mo/ ( its k9d1 susceptible to mildew4 ,! *ief defects ( ,l9dley are self-/]ility1 prec>i\sness 9 be>+ & lack ( adaptation to _m soils4 ,l9dley is a g5]al favorite 9 ! g>d54 ,9 #ahfi ,rog]s gave ?is grape its "n 9 honor ( ,john ,l9dley1 ! ,engli% botani/4 ,v9e vigor\s1 usually h>dy1 susceptible to mildew4 ,canes v long1 d>k r$di%-br[n ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 usually flatt5$2 int]nodes long1 ?ick2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 slightly rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 pubesc5t2 obscurely ?ree-lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s long1 broad1 cyl9drical1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 ! %\ld] be+ connect$ to ! bun* by a long /em1 loose2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 d>k-r$ ) fa9t bloom2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 unpigm5t$1 /rongly a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good to be/4 ,se$s adh]5t1 two to five1 not*$1 br[n4 ,,lucile 7,labrusca7 ,9 vigor1 heal?1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess1 ,lucile 7,plate ,,xxii7 is n surpass$ by any native grape4 ,un=tunately1 ! fruit *>act]s are n s desirable4 ,! size1 =m & color ( bun*es & b]ries are good1 mak+ a v attractive fruit1 b ! grapes h an obnoxi\s1 foxy ta/e & odor & are pulpy & se$y4 ,lucile is e>li] ?an ,concord1 ! crop rip5+ ) t ( ,word5 or prec$+ x a few days4 ,= an e>ly v>iety1 ! fruit keeps well & 9 spite ( ?9 sk9 %ips well4 ,! v9e ?rives 9 all grape soils4 ,lucile may be recomm5d$ :]e a h>dy grape is desir$ & = localities 9 :i* ! season is %ort4 ,j4 ,a4 ,putnam1 ,fr$onia1 ,new ,york1 grew ,lucile4 ,! v9e fruit$ fir/ 9 #ahij4 ,x is a se$l+ ( ,wyom+1 :i* x resembles 9 fruit & v9e & surpasses 9 bo?4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 v productive4 ,canes long1 light br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 firm2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us %all[1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually abs5t2 lat]al s9us a not* :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 v compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick ) few1 small1 inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% light br[n4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 /r+y1 foxy2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 small1 broad1 %ort1 blunt1 d>k br[n4 ,,lutie 7,labrusca7 ,lutie 7,plate ,,xxiii7 is *iefly valuable = its v9e *>act]s4 ,! v9es are vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y & fruitful1 al?\gh sc>cely equal+ ,lucile 9 any ( ^! *>act]s4 ,pomologi/s diff] widely z to ! m]its ( ! fruit1 "s claim+ high quality = x & o!rs decl>+ t x is no bett] ?an a wild ,labrusca4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion is due to a peculi>ity ( ! fruit2 if eat5 fre%1 ! quality1 :ile f> f be+ ( ! be/1 is n bad1 b aft] be+ pick$ = sev]al days x develops s mu* fox9ess ( flavor & aroma t x is sc>cely edible4 ,lutie is a se$l+ f\nd by ,l4 ,c4 ,*i%olm1 ,spr+ ,hill1 ,t5nessee4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 #ahhe4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes %ort1 sl5d]1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 %ort1 bifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface d>k gre51 rugose2 l[] surface bronze or :iti%-gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 wide2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[ & n>r[ :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 %ort1 broad1 blunt1 cyl9drical1 usually n %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort ) small1 scatt]+ w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k r$1 dull ) ?9 bloom1 drop badly f p$icel1 firm2 sk9 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 foxy2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 l>ge1 broad1 %ort & blunt1 d>k br[n4 ,,malaga 7,v9if]a7 ,malaga is "o ( ! favorite table-grapes 9 ,cali=nia & also a popul> grape to %ip to ea/]n m>kets4 ,9 "s p>ts ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e ! ,muscats d n ?rive1 x is mu* gr[n1 & 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley x is r l>gely us$ 9 mak+ rais9s4 ,x requires a long season & probably c\ld n be gr[n 9 ea/]n regions except 9 ! mo/ favor$ localities4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 heal?y & productive2 wood r$di%-br[n1 %ort-jo9t$4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 smoo?1 lea!ry2 light glossy gre5 above1 light] bel[2 deeply lob$4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 long1 loose1 %\ld]$1 sometimes scraggly2 /em long & flexible2 b]ries v l>ge1 oval1 yell[i%-gre51 cov]$ ) light bloom2 sk9 ?ick2 fle% firm1 crisp1 sweet & ri*2 quality good4 ,season late1 keeps & %ips well4 ,mc,p,i,k,e 7,labrusca7 ,mc,pike is notewor?y because ( ! l>ge size ( ! b]ries & bun*es4 ,x is v simil> to its p>5t1 ,word51 diff]+ 9 hav+ few] b l>g] b]ries1 grapes n z high 9 flavor & few] & small] se$s4 ,because ( ! ?91 t5d] sk91 ! b]ries crack badly4 ,! grapes %ell m or less1 & ! v9es are less productive ?an ^? ( ,word54 ,! faults nam$ deb> x f becom+ a comm]cial grape & x is n high en\gh 9 quality to make x ( value = ! amateur4 ,?is v>iety orig9at$ ) ,h4 ,g4 ,mc,pike1 ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 f se$ ( ,word5 plant$ 9 #ahij4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 v productive4 ,canes ( m$ium l5g?1 dull r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes v %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 heavily pubesc5t2 leaf entire ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep2 basal & lat]al s9uses lack+4 ,fl[]s ne>ly self-f]tile4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 broad1 irregul>ly tap]+1 usually n %\ld]$2 p$icel long1 ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% long1 sl5d]1 gre5 ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries unusually l>ge1 r\nd1 purpli%-black ) heavy bloom1 firm2 sk9 cracks1 adh]5t to pulp1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 /r+y1 v9\s2 fair to good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 %ort1 broad1 blunt1 plump1 light br[n4 ,,m>ion 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,black ,g]man1 ,m>ion ,port ,m>ion s closely resembles ,cl9ton 9 botanical & horticultural *>act]s z to be cle>ly ( ! same type4 ,! v9e is vigor\s & h>dy1 b h>dly suffici5tly productive1 & is susceptible to mildew & leaf-hopp]s4 ,! fruit is pleasantly sweet & spicy1 al?\gh n high en\gh 9 quality = a table-grape1 b makes a v good d>k r$ w9e4 ,! fruit colors e>ly b rip5s late1 hangs well on ! v9es & improves ) a t\* ( fro/4 ,m>ion 0 br\ght to notice by a ,mr4 ,%eph]d1 ,m>ion1 ,ohio1 ab\t #ahej4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes v long1 d>k r$di%-br[n1 cov]$ ) bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes v long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 sometimes int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves v l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy2 l[] surface pale gre51 smoo?2 leaf entire1 t]m9us acum9ate2 petiol> s9us v deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal & lat]al s9uses usually lack+2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 v e>ly2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 %ort1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) a few inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% v %ort1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 black1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t ) mu* w9e-color$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% d>k gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 sprightly1 spicy1 t>t2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 m$ium 9 size1 broad1 %ort1 v plump1 br[n4 ,,m>?a 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,m>?a 0 at "o "t a popul> gre5 grape1 b ! introduction ( sup]ior v>ieties has r$uc$ its popul>ity until n[ x is b little gr[n4 ,x is a se$l+ ( ,concord & resembles its p>5t1 diff]+ *iefly z foll[s3 fruit gre51 a week e>li]1 bun* & b]ry small]1 flavor f> bett]1 be+ sweet]1 m delicate & less foxy4 ,! v9e ( ,m>?a is a light] %ade ( gre51 is less robu/1 & ! blossoms op5 a few days e>li] ?an ^? ( ,concord4 ,"o ( ! defects ( ,m>?a1 & ! *ief cause ( its go+ out ( favor1 is t x does n keep nor %ip well4 ,! v>iety is /ill be+ plant$ 9 ! ,s\? b is g5]ally ab&on$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,samuel ,mill]1 ,calmdale1 ,p5nsylvania1 grew ,m>?a f se$ ( ,concord2 x 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahfh4 ,v9e h>dy1 productive1 susceptible to attacks ( mildew4 ,canes long1 d>k r$di%-br[n1 surface ) ?9 bloom1 r\gh5$2 nodes enl>g$1 slightly flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 or int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre52 l[] surface light bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or fa9t2 petiol> s9us %all[1 v wide2 tee? irregul>4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly mid-season4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]2 bru% v %ort1 gre54 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 light gre5 ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 v t5d]1 adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$1 slightly foxy2 v good4 ,se$s few 9 numb]1 adh]5t1 broad1 blunt1 d>k br[n4 ,,massasoit 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,massasoit is di/+ui%$ z ! e>lie/ ( ,rog]s' hybrids1 rip5+ ) ,delaw>e4 ,! grapes h ! peculi>ity ( be+ be/ be=e full maturity1 develop+1 aft] rip5+1 a degree ( fox9ess :i* impairs ! quality4 ,9 %ape & size ( b]ry & bun*1 !re is a /rik+ resemblance to ,isabella1 b ! color is t ( ,catawba4 ,! texture ( ! fruit is especially good1 firm b t5d] & juicy1 :ile ! flavor is ri* & sweet4 ,! v9e is vigor\s1 h>dy & productive b subject to mildew & rot4 ,massasoit is wor? a place 9 ! home v9ey>d & z an e>ly grape ( f9e quality = local m>kets4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 v productive1 subject to rot & mildew4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) r$di% t+e2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves v>iable 9 size2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us %all[1 n>r[1 obscure2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 broad1 cyl9drical1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel sl5d] ) a few indi/9ct w>ts2 bru% pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd-oval1 d>k br[ni%-r$1 dull ) ?9 bloom1 v p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 s(t1 /r+y1 foxy2 good to v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 l>ge1 broad1 di/9ctly not*$1 plump1 blunt4 ,,maxatawney 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,:ile at "o "t v popul>1 grape-gr[]s n[ seldom he> ( ,maxatawney4 ,x is a s\!rn grape1 rip5+ its fruit 9 ! ,nor? only occasionally4 ,! v>iety is int]e/+ hi/orically z be+ ! fir/ good gre5 grape & z %[+ unmi/akable ,v9if]a *>act]s1 ano!r example ( ! =tuit\s hybridization :i* gave s _m valuable v>ieties be=e artificial hybridization ( ,v9if]a ) native grapes _h be5 tri$4 ,9 #ahdc1 a man liv+ 9 ,eagleville1 ,p5nsylvania1 receiv$ sev]al bun*es ( grapes f ,maxatawney4 ,! se$s ( ^! grapes 7 plant$ & "o grew1 ! result+ plant be+ ! orig9al v9e ( ,maxatawney4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 v>iable 9 productiv5ess4 ,canes m$ium 9 l5g?1 sl5d]1 r$di%2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 d>k gre51 ?ick2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite ) t+e ( bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small to m$ium1 %ort1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 occasionally ) a small1 s+le %\ld]1 compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d]1 w>ty2 bru% long1 yell[4 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 oval1 pale r$ or dull gre5 ) amb] t+e1 ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 t\gh1 a/r+5t2 fle% t5d]1 foxy2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 few1 l>ge1 v broad1 blunt4 ,,memory 7,rotundifolia7 ,memory is "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,rotundifolia grapes = ! g>d5 & local m>kets1 its fruits be+ especially good = dess]t4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! v>iety has n be5 widely di/ribut$ ev5 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a :]e x orig9at$4 ,! v9e is giv5 cr$it = be+ ! mo/ vigor\s gr[] & ! mo/ productive ( ! grapes ( its species4 ,memory is probably a se$l+ ( ,?omas1 :i* x mu* resembles1 hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a v9ey>d ( ,?omas grapes ne> ,:iteville1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 by ,t4 ,s4 ,memory1 ab\t #ahfh4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive4 ,leaves l>ge1 long] ?an broad1 ?ick1 smoo? ) co>sely s]rate m>g9s4 ,fl[]s p]fect4 ,fruit rip5s 9 ,septemb] 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 clu/]s l>ge1 ) f f\r to twelve b]ries :i* hang unusually well = a v>iety ( ,v4 ,rotundifolia4 ,b]ries v l>ge1 r\nd-oblong1 deep br[ni%-black1 almo/ jet black2 sk9 ?ick2 fle% t5d]1 juicy1 sweet2 good to be/4 ,,m]rimac 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,m]rimac is (t5 accr$it$ z ! be/ black grape among ,rog]s' hybrids1 b an analysis ( ! *>act]s ( ! sev]al black v>ieties gr[n by ,rog]s %[s t x is surpass$ by ,wild]1 ,h]b]t & possibly ,b>ry4 ,! v9e is /rong 9 gr[?1 productive1 h>dy & exempt f fungal diseases2 b ! grapes are n high 9 quality1 & fle%1 sk9 & se$ *>act]s are su* t ! fruit is n z pleasant to eat z ! o!r black v>ieties nam$4 ,m]rimac is wor?y a place 9 collections = ! sake ( v>iety4 ,rog]s gave ?is v>iety ! "n ,m]rimac 9 #ahfi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 usually h>dy1 productive4 ,canes sl5d]1 d>k br[n1 surface r\gh5$2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 %ort1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?92 upp] surface v light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t & cobwebby2 lobes ?ree ) t]m9al "o obtuse2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 broad1 tap]+2 p$icel sl5d]1 cov]$ ) num]\s inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% w9e-color$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 black1 glossy ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 /r+y2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 broad1 long1 ) enl>g$ neck1 br[n4 ,,mills 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! bun*es & b]ries ( ,mills are l>ge & well-=m$2 ! b]ries are firm & solid1 ) ! sk9 adh]5t z 9 ,v9if]as2 ! fle% is juicy & p>ts readily f ! se$s2 ! flavor is ri*1 sweet & v9\s2 & ! grapes are h>dly surpass$ 9 keep+ quality4 ,b :5 ! fruit *>act]s ( ,mills h be5 prais$1 no?+ fur!r c be said 9 its favor4 ,! v9es are nei!r vigor\s1 h>dy nor fruitful & are v subject to mildew2 nei!r wood nor roots rip5 well 9 ! ,nor? 9 av]age seasons2 & ! v>iety is a mo/ difficult "o = nurs]ym5 to gr[4 ,mills is ( d\btful comm]cial value1 b = ! g>d5 x is possible t ! gr[] may be able to graft x to advantage on "s v>iety ) bett] v9e *>act]s4 ,william ,h4 ,mills1 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io1 grew ,mills ab\t #ahgj f se$ ( ,muscat ,hamburg f]tiliz$ by ,crevel+4 ,v9e m$ium 9 vigor1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 light br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 cobwebby2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us int]m$iate 9 dep? & wid?2 basal & lat]al s9uses deep & wide2 tee? deep4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 (t5 d\ble-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d] ) num]\s1 small w>ts2 bru% long1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 jet-black ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 ri*1 t5d]1 sprightly1 v9\s1 sweet2 v good to be/4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 l>ge1 br[n4 ,,mi% 7,rotundifolia7 ,mi% is a favorite ,rotundifolia 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 be+ plant$ ext5sively 9 "s p>ts ( t /ate4 ,its out/&+ *>act]s are vigor & productiv5ess 9 v9e & high quality 9 ! fruit4 ,mi% is nam$ by _m z ! be/ all-r\nd ,rotundifolia1 be+ ( value = dess]t1 w9e & grape-juice4 ,! v>iety 0 f\nd by ,w4 ,m4 ,mi%1 ab\t #ahdf1 ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 productive1 heal?y1 op5 9 gr[?2 canes some:at trail+4 ,leaves l>ge1 r\nd1 ?ick1 smoo?1 lea!ry ) co>sely d5tate m>g94 ,fl[]s p]fect4 ,fruit late1 does n rip5 uni=mly1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s ( m$ium size ) f six to fifte5 b]ries :i* cl+ well to ! p$icel4 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd-oval1 deep r$di%-black ) num]\s conspicu\s dots2 sk9 ?91 crack+ 9 wet wea!r2 fle% t5d]1 juicy1 sweet1 exceptionally well flavor$2 v good to be/4 ,,mission 7,v9if]a7 ,( all grapes1 ,mission has probably play$ ! mo/ important "p 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ,cali=nia4 ,gr[n f ! e>lie/ times at ! old missions1 its s\rce or its "n has nev] be5 det]m9$4 ,its viticultural value = table & w9e-press 0 e>ly appreciat$ by ,cali=nia grape-gr[]s1 & its culture rapidly spread to e c\nty 9 ! /ate adapt$ to grape-gr[+4 ,) v9es vigor\s1 heal?y & productive1 be>+ grapes ( delici\s quality1 ,mission is a ma9/ay on ! ,pacific slope1 surpass$ by few v9ey>d v>ieties = g5]al usefulness4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive2 wood %ort-jo9t$1 grayi%-br[n1 dull1 d>k4 ,leaf m$ium to l>ge1 slightly oblong1 ) l>ge1 deeply-cut comp\nd tee?2 basal s9us widely op5$1 prim>y s9uses n>r[ & %all[2 smoo? on bo? sides ) scatt]$ tom5tum bel[1 bright gre5 above1 light] bel[4 ,bun* divid$ into _m small1 di/9ct lat]al clu/]s1 %\ld]$1 loose1 sometimes v loose2 b]ries ( m$ium size1 purple or almo/ black ) heavy bloom2 sk9 ?92 fle% firm1 crisp1 juicy1 sweet1 ri* & delici\s4 ,se$s r l>ge & prom95t2 season late4 ,,miss\ri ,,riesl+ 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,miss\ri ,riesl+ atta9s p]fection only 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! v9es are h>dy1 vigor\s1 productive & heal?y 9 ! ,nor?1 z a rule1 b ! fruit is lack+ 9 quality4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,miss\ri ,riesl+ is a beautiful fruit :5 well gr[n & has _m good qualities ( fruit & v9e4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,ni*olas ,gre91 ,h]mann1 ,miss\ri1 ab\t #ahgj1 probably f se$ ( ,taylor4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes v long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 ?9ly pubesc5t2 lobes five ) t]m9al "o acum9ate2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 basal s9us %all[1 wide2 lat]al s9us deep1 wide2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 does n keep nor %ip well4 ,clu/]s %ort1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel long ) few small w>ts2 bru% gre54 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 r\nd1 yell[i%-gre5 *ang+ to light r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 spr9kl$ ) small br[n dots1 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 lack+ 9 aroma1 mild2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 surface r\gh1 d>k br[n4 ,,montefiore 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,montefiore is ext5sively gr[n 9 ,miss\ri & ! ,s\?we/ b is almo/ unkn[n 9 ! ,nor? & ,ea/4 ,x is report$ z succe$+ 9 ! ,lake ,di/rict ( ,ohio &1 ) ! exception t x is unc]ta9 9 be>+ & n always productive1 x gr[s well 9 sections ( ,new ,york4 ,:ile x is ess5tially a w9e-grape1 yet x is pleas+ 9 ta/e & texture ( fruit & is f> bett] 9 quality ?an _m ( ! co>s] ,labruscas commonly cultivat$4 ,x keeps & %ips well & pres5ts an attractive appe>ance4 ,jacob ,rommel1 ,morrison1 ,miss\ri1 grew ?is v>iety ab\t #ahge f se$ ( ,taylor f]tiliz$ by ,ives4 ,v9e vigor\s & h>dy4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree :5 pres5t ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us wide2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[ :5 pres5t2 tee? deep4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 ! %\ld] be+ connect$ to ! bun* by a long /em1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% r$4 ,b]ries small1 oval1 (t5 compress$1 black1 glossy ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 melt+1 v9\s1 sweet2 fair to good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 small1 broad1 fa9tly not*$1 %ort1 plump1 br[n4 ,,moore ,,e>ly 7,labrusca7 ,moore ,e>ly 7,plate ,,xxiv7 is ! /&>d grape ( its season4 ,its fruit _c be describ$ bett] ?an z an e>ly ,concord4 ,! v9es are readily di/+ui%able f ^? ( ,concord1 diff]+ *iefly 9 be+ less productive4 ,to gr[ ! v>iety satisfactorily1 ! soil mu/ be ri*1 well-dra9$ & loose1 mu/ be frequ5tly cultivat$1 & ! v9es %\ld be prun$ sev]ely4 ,! bun*es ( ,moore ,e>ly are n z l>ge z ^? ( ,concord & are less compact2 ! b]ries %ell r m easily1 & ! sk9 cracks m readily4 ,! fle% *>act]s & ! flavor are ess5tially ^? ( ,concord1 al?\gh ! quality is n z high z 9 ! old] v>iety4 ,! quality is1 h[ev]1 mu* high] ?an t ( ,*ampion & ,h>t=d1 its *ief competitors1 & v>ieties :i* x %\ld replace4 ,moore ,e>ly is by no means an ideal grape = its season1 b until some?+ bett] is introduc$ x w probably rema9 ! be/ e>ly comm]cial sort4 ,capta9 ,john ,b4 ,moore1 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 orig9at$ ?is v>iety f se$ ( ,concord1 plant$ ab\t #ahfh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 unproductive4 ,canes %ort1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull2 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$1 t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us wide2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us a not* :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 l5g?1 & bread?1 cyl9drical1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 purpli%-black1 firm2 sk9 t5d]1 adh]5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh ) slight fox9ess2 fair to good4 ,se$s "o to f\r1 l>ge1 broad1 plump1 blunt1 br[n ) yell[ t+e at tips4 ,,moscatello 7,v9if]a7 ,moscatello ,n]o4 ,black ,muscat ,beautiful 9 appe>ance & hav+ a delicate ,muscat ta/e & aroma1 ?is v>iety is "o ( ! good table-grapes ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,un=tunately x rip5s s late t x is h>dly wor? try+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! v>iety has ! reputation ( be+ v productive4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 v productive4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 ) deep upp] & %all[ l[] s9uses2 glabr\s above1 slightly d[ny bel[1 v hairy on ! ve9s1 ) long1 %>p tee?4 ,bun* l>ge to v l>ge1 long1 loose1 conico-cyl9drical1 w+$2 b]ries v l>ge1 borne on long sl5d] p$icels1 d>k purple1 almo/ black2 sk9 ?9 b t\gh2 fle% r s(t1 juicy2 flavor sweet1 ri*1 aromatic1 musky2 quality v good4 ,season late1 does n keep well4 ,,moy] 7,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,jordan1 ,moy]'s ,e>ly ,r$ ,moy] is almo/ a c\nt]p>t ( its p>5t1 ,delaw>e4 ,7 x n t ! v>iety is f "o to two weeks e>li] ?an ,delaw>e1 & some:at h>di]1 h5ce bett] adapt$ = cold regions1 x c\ld h no place 9 viticulture4 ,comp>$ ) ,delaw>e1 ! v9e is h>dly z vigor\s & is less productive1 b is fre] f rot & mildew4 ,! bun*es are mu* l ^? ( ,delaw>e b h ! fault ( sett+ fruit imp]fectly ev5 :5 cross-poll9ation is assur$2 ! b]ries are a little l>g]1 ( mu* ! same color & ( l flavor1 ri*1 sweet1 ) pure v9\sness & )\t a trace ( fox9ess4 ,! fruit keeps well1 %ips well & does n crack nor %ell4 ,moy] is well e/abli%$ 9 ,canada1 prov+ p]fectly h>dy :]ev] ,concord is gr[n1 possibly /&+ ev5 m cold4 ,w4 ,h4 ,read1 ,port ,dalh\sie1 ,ont>io1 rais$ ! orig9al v9e ( ,moy]1 ab\t #ahhj1 f se$ ( ,delaw>e f]tiliz$ by ,mill]'s ,burgundy4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 unproductive4 ,canes num]\s1 sl5d]1 dull1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves small2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre5 or ) fa9t blue t+e1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes two to five ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us %all[2 basal s9us %all[ :5 pres5t2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[2 tee? v %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well b loses color if kept too long4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 sl5d]1 tap]+1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$2 p$icel %ort ) small w>ts2 bru% yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries small1 oblate1 d>k r$ ) fa9t bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 free1 a/r+5t2 fle% transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 %ort1 v blunt1 br[n ) yell[ t+e at tips4 ,,muscatel 7,v9if]a7 ,:ite ,frontignan ,?is old & /&>d sort is r commonly gr[n 9 "s ( ! grape regions ( ,cali=nia to foll[ ,*asselas ,gold54 ,x might be tri$ ) "s %[ ( success 9 favor$ grape regions 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9e ( m$ium size1 vigor\s1 heal?y2 canes /rong1 spread+1 r$di%-br[n ) %ort int]nodes4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 ?91 five-lob$2 glabr\s except on ! l[] sides ( ! well-m>k$ ribs :]e a few hairs %[4 ,bun*es long1 cyl9drical1 regul>1 compact2 b]ries r\nd1 gold5-yell[ becom+ amb]2 flavor sweet1 ri*1 aromatic1 peculi>2 quality v good4 ,season late mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4--,word5 7#b_/c74 ,,muscat ,,hamburg 7,v9if]a7 ,muscat ,hamburg 7,plate ,,xxv7 is an old ,european grape well kn[n 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica 9 gre5h\se grap]ies1 s9ce x is "o ( ! be/ = =c+4 ,all :o "k ! beautiful fruits ( ?is v>iety gr[n 9 =c+-h\ses w want to te/ x out ( doors1 :]e at ! ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 !y h done well1 _m clu/]s atta9+ a weight ( a p\nd & a half to two p\nds4 ,! accompany+ plate1 ! fruit mu* less ?an half natural size1 %[s :at a f9e grape ,muscat ,hamburg is4 ,"o is /ruck ) wond]+ admiration at a v9e lad5 ) ^! grapes gr[+ alongside ,concord1 ,niag>a or ,delaw>e4 ,! quality is delectable1 ! qu9tess5ce ( ! flavors & aromas :i* make ! grape a favorite fruit4 ,! grapes keep long & reta9 _! =m1 size1 color & ri*1 delicate flavor almo/ to ! end4 ,?is v>iety is a treasure to ! amateur2 & ! pr(essional :o wants ano!r grape = local m>kets %\ld try graft+ ov] a few v9es ( "s native to ?is sort1 foll[+ ! directions giv5 9 ,*apt] ,x 9 c>+ = ! v9es4 ,v9es vigor\s1 t5d]1 ne$ protection dur+ ! w9t]2 canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d] to m$ium1 light br[n1 d>k] at ! nodes :i* are enl>g$ & flatt5$4 ,leaves m$ium to l>ge1 int]m$iate 9 ?ickness2 upp] surface light gre51 dull2 l[] surface pale gre51 fa9tly pubesc5t1 d5sely hairy4 ,fruit rip5s 9 ,octob]1 %ips & keeps well2 clu/]s v l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 s+le or d\ble-%\ld]$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 firm1 oval1 v d>k purpli%-r$1 cov]$ ) lilac bloom1 v p]si/5t2 sk9 ?ick1 adh]es /rongly to ! pulp2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 meaty1 v juicy1 t5d]1 v9\s1 musky1 sweet1 ri*2 v good to be/2 se$s sep>at+ easily f ! pulp1 l>ge4 ,,muscat ,,( ,,alex&ria ,?is is possibly ! lead+ table- & rais9-grape ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,f ! lit]ature or f a visit to v9ey>ds1 "o _c make out :e!r "o or sev]al v>ieties are gr[n "u ! "n4 ,probably !re are sev]al /ra9s gr[n "u ! di/9ctive "n ,muscat :i* applies to ^! sweet1 light yell[1 musky grapes4 ,?is is "o ( ! /&>d sorts to =ce indoors b requires too long a season = out ( doors 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! foll[+ description is compil$3 ,v9e %ort1 /raggl+1 bu%y1 sometimes =m+ a bu% r ?an a v9e1 v productive2 wood gray ) d>k spots1 %ort-jo9t$4 ,leaf r\nd1 five-lob$2 bright gre5 above1 light] gre5 bel[4 ,bun*es long & loose1 %\ld]$2 b]ry oblong1 light yell[ & transp>5t :5 fully mature1 cov]$ ) :ite bloom2 fle% firm1 crisp2 flavor sweet & v musky2 quality good4 ,season late1 ! lat]als produc+ a second & sometimes ev5 a ?ird crop4 ,,niag>a 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,niag>a 7,plate ,,xxvi7 is ! lead+ ,am]ican gre5 grape1 hold+ ! rank among grapes ( ?is color t ,concord ma9ta9s among black v>ieties4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a less valuable grape ?an ,concord1 & x is d\btful :e!r x %\ld be rank$ mu* high] ?an sev]al o!r gre5 grapes4 ,9 vigor & productiv5ess1 :5 ! two grapes are on equal foot+ z to adaptability1 ,niag>a & ,concord rank ! same4 ,9 h>d9ess ( root & v9e1 ,niag>a falls %ort ( ,concord2 x _c be reli$ on )\t w9t] protection :]e ! !rmomet] falls bel[ z]o4 ,niag>a has mu* ( ! fox9ess ( ! wild ,labrusca1 di/a/eful to _m palates4 ,bo? bun*es & b]ries ( ,niag>a are l>g] ?an ^? ( ,concord & are bett] =m$1 mak+ a h&som] fruit if ! colors are lik$ equally well4 ,! fruit %ells z badly z t ( ,concord & does n keep long]4 ,bo? v9e & fruit ( ,niag>a are m susceptible to fungal diseases ?an ^? ( ,concord1 especially to black-rot1 :i* proves a v]itable sc\rge ) ?is v>iety 9 unfavorable seasons4 ,niag>a 0 produc$ by ,c4 ,l4 ,hoag & ,b4 ,w4 ,cl>k1 ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 f se$ ( ,concord f]tiliz$ by ,cassady plant$ 9 #ahfh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 lack+ 9 h>d9ess1 v productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 r$di%-br[n deep5+ 9 color at ! nodes :i* are enl>g$ & slightly flatt5$2 int]nodes long1 ?ick2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface glossy1 d>k gre51 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us ( m$ium dep? & wid?2 basal s9us %all[1 wide1 (t5 too!d2 lat]al s9us wide1 frequ5tly too!d2 tee? %all[1 v>iable 9 wid?4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 frequ5tly s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel ?ick ) a few1 small1 inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% pale gre51 long4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 pale yell[i%-gre5 ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to six1 deeply not*$1 br[n4 ,,noah 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,noah is little gr[n at pres5t outside ( ,miss\ri1 :]e x is /ill plant$ some:at4 ,noah & ,elvira are (t5 confus$ b !re are v m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,! clu/]s ( ,elvira are small]1 ! b]ries are m foxy 9 ta/e1 & ! sk9s are m t5d] & crack m readily ?an d ^? ( ,noah4 ,! l>ge1 d>k1 glossy gre5 leaves make ! v9es ( ?is v>iety v h&some4 ,z ) ,elvira & o!r v>ieties ( ?is gr\p1 ,noah is ( little value 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,otto ,wass]zieh]1 ,nauvoo1 ,ill9ois1 f se$ ( ,taylor plant$ 9 #ahfi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n1 surface r\gh5$2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 ?9ly pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acum9ate2 petiol> s9us deep1 wide2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us v %all[ :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 op5 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late mid-season1 does n %ip nor keep well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort ) a few small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 br[n4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 light gre5 t+$ ) yell[1 dull ) ?9 bloom1 firm2 sk9 adh]5t to pulp2 fle% yell[i%-gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sprightly2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 d>k br[n4 ,,nor!rn ,,muscad9e 7,labrusca7 ,t ?is v>iety1 toge!r ) ,lucile1 ,lutie & o!r grapes ) ! foxy ta/e /rongly m>k$1 has n become popul>1 9 spite ( good v9e *>act]s1 is evid5ce t ! ,am]ican public d n desire su* grapes4 ,9 appe>ance ( fruit1 ,nor!rn ,muscad9e is mu* l ,lutie1 ! two be+ di/+ui%$ f o!r grapes by an unmi/akable odor4 ,a s]i\s defect ( ! fruit is t ! b]ries %att] badly z soon z !y rea* maturity4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! v9e *>act]s ( ?is v>iety are v good & (f] possibilities = ! grape-bre$]4 ,! v>iety orig9at$ at ,new ,lebanon1 ,new ,york1 & 0 br\ght to notice by ,d4 ,j4 ,hawk9s & ,philemon ,/ew>t ( ! ,society ( ,%ak]s ab\t #aheb4 ,v9e vigor\s1 productive1 heal?y1 h>dy4 ,canes sl5d]1 d>k br[n1 heavily pubesc5t2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid1 dehisce e>ly4 ,leaves l>ge1 r\nd1 ?ick2 upp] surface dull1 rugose2 l[] surface d>k bronze1 heavily pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly mid-season1 does n keep well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 %ort1 occasionally s+le-%\ld]$1 compact4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 d>k amb] ) ?9 bloom1 drop badly f ! p$icel2 sk9 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 s(t1 v foxy1 sweet2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 num]\s1 l>ge1 broad1 fa9tly not*$1 long1 br[n4 ,,norton 7/ivalis1 ,labrusca7 ,norton is "o ( ! lead+ w9e-grapes 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 ! fruit hav+ small value = any o!r purpose ?an w9e or1 possibly1 grape-juice4 ,! v9e is h>dy b requires a long1 w>m season to rea* maturity s t x is seldom gr[n successfully nor? ( ! ,potomac4 ,norton ?rives 9 ri* alluvial clays1 gravels or s&s1 ! only requisite seem+ly be+ a fair am\nt ( f]tility & soil w>m?4 ,! v9es are robu/2 v productive1 especially on f]tile soils2 z free1 or m s1 f fungal diseases z any o!r ( our native grapes2 & are v resi/ant to phyllox]a4 ,! bun*es are ( b m$ium size & ! b]ries are small4 ,! grapes are pleasant eat+ :5 fully ripe1 ri*1 spicy & pure-flavor$ b t>t if n q ripe4 ,! v>iety is difficult to propagate f cutt+s & to transplant1 & ! v9es d n be> grafts well4 ,! orig9 ( ,norton is unc]ta91 b x has be5 "u cultivation s9ce be=e #ahcj1 :5 x 0 fir/ describ$4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 heal?y1 half-h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) abundant bloom2 nodes mu* enl>g$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 occasionally cont9u\s1 long1 bifid1 sometimes trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 irregul>ly r\nd2 upp] surface pale gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us usually abs5t2 lat]al s9us %all[ or a m]e not* :5 pres5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 %ort1 broad1 tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d] ) a few w>ts2 bru% dull1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd-oblate1 black1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 free ) mu* d>k r$ pigm5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 spicy1 t>t4 ,se$s free1 two to six1 small1 br[n4 ,,oporto 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,oporto 0 at "o "t 9 dem& z a w9e grape because its w9e resembl$ 9 color & flavor t f ,oporto4 ,! v>iety is n[ sc>cely kn[n1 be+ inf]ior 9 mo/ ( its horticultural *>act]s to o!rs ( its species1 b might be valuable 9 bre$+ = "s ( its *>act]s4 ,! v9e is v h>dy1 unusually free f fungal diseases1 is v resi/ant to phyllox]a & has be5 us$ 9 ,france z a phyllox]a-resi/ant graft+-/ock4 ,! juice is v ?ick & d>k1 a deep purple1 h5ce suitable = add+ color to w9e or grape-juice4 ,! orig9 ( ,oporto is unkn[n4 ,x 0 br\ght into cultivation ab\t #ahfj by ,e4 ,w4 ,sylve/]1 ,lyons1 ,new ,york4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 v>iable 9 productiv5ess4 ,canes long1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long1 diaphragm ?92 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,/am5s reflex$4 ,fruit mid-season1 %ips & keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 cyl9drical1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$4 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 black1 glossy ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 v ?91 t5d]1 ) mu* d>k w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% :ite1 sometimes ) purple t+e1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 solid1 sweet1 spicy2 fair quality4 ,se$s free1 num]\s1 small1 broad1 fa9tly not*$1 %>ply po9t$1 plump1 d>k br[n4 ,,o!llo 7,v9if]a1 ,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,arnold's ,hybrid1 ,canadian ,hamburg1 ,canadian ,hybrid ,9 ,france1 ,o!llo does rem>kably well z a direct produc] & is us$ also = a resi/ant /ock4 ,:ile mo/ ( its *>act]s are spok5 ( 9 ! sup]lative by ! ,fr5*1 9 ,am]ica ! v>iety is n s highly e/eem$ because ( susceptibility to fungi4 ,moreov]1 ! fruit matures s late t x c\ld nev] become a valuable v>iety = ! ,nor?4 ,x is 9 no s5se a table-grape b makes a well-color$1 pleasant w9e4 ,*>les ,arnold1 ,p>is1 ,ont>io1 grew ,o!llo f se$ ( ,cl9ton f]tiliz$ by ,black ,hamburg & plant$ 9 #ahei4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 sometimes int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves ( av]age size2 upp] surface light gre51 dull & smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 v n>r[1 frequ5tly clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us %all[1 n>r[2 lat]al s9us deep2 tee? deep1 wide2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps fairly well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 frequ5tly ) a loose s+le %\ld]1 compact2 p$icel long1 sl5d] ) num]\s small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 w9e-color$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 black1 glossy ) abundant bloom1 v p]si/5t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t ) r$ pigm5t2 fle% d>k gre51 v juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 sprightly2 l[ 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 neck sometimes swoll51 br[n4 ,,oz>k 7/ivalis1 ,labrusca7 ,oz>k belongs to ! ,s\? & to ,miss\ri 9 p>ticul>4 ,its m]its & dem]its h be5 ?re%$ out by ! ,miss\ri grape-gr[]s ) ! result t its culture is some:at increas+4 ,x is a grape ( l[ quality1 p>tly1 p]haps1 f ov]-be>+1 :i* x habitually does unless ! fruit is ?9n$4 ,! v9e is heal?y & a v /rong gr[]1 b is self-/]ile1 :i* is aga9/ x z a m>ket sort4 ,9 spite ( self-/]ility & l[ quality1 ,oz>k is a promis+ v>iety = ! c\ntry s\? ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,oz>k orig9at$ ) ,j4 ,/ayman1 ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 f se$ ( unkn[n s\rce4 ,! v>iety 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahij4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 ?ick ) ?9 bloom1 surface r\gh5$2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 usually bifid4 ,leaves d5se1 l>ge2 upp] surface light gre52 l[] surface pale gre51 ?9ly pubesc5t1 cobwebby2 lobes ?ree to five2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 s]rations %all[1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile or ne>ly s1 op5 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit late1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 usually ) a long1 loose %\ld]1 v compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% long1 r$4 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 dull black ) abundant bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 t\gh ) mu* w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% t5d]1 mild2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s free1 small4 ,,palom9o 7,v9if]a7 ,gold5 ,*asselas1 ,li/an ,?is v>iety seems to be gr[n 9 ,cali=nia "u ! ?ree names giv5--:ile 9 ,france ,palom9o is describ$ z a blui%-black grape4 ,palom9o seems to be gr[n commonly 9 ,cali=nia z a table-grape & is wor? try+ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,! v>iety receiv$ "u ! "n ,palom9o f ,cali=nia at ! ,new ,york ,exp]im5t ,/ation has ! foll[+ *>act]s1 agree+ closely ) ^? set d[n by ,cali=nian viticulturi/s3 ,fruit rip5s ab\t ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 keep+ qualities good2 clu/]s m$ium to l>ge1 long1 s+le-%\ld]$1 tap]+1 loose2 b]ries m$ium to small1 r\ndi%1 pale gre5i%-yell[1 ?9 bloom2 sk9 & ! adh]+ fle% m$ium t5d] & crisp1 fle% surr\nd+ se$s melt+2 flavor sweet1 v9\s2 quality good4 ,,peabody 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,peabody is z yet a comp>atively unimportant (fspr+ ( ,cl9ton4 ,! grapes are ( excell5t quality4 ,x appe>s to d bett] 9 ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates or 9 ,canada1 ?an f>!r s\?4 ,?is v>iety 0 gr[n by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts ab\t #ahgj4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 light br[n ) a%-gray t+e1 d>k] at nodes1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface d>k gre51 ?92 l[] surface pale gre51 ne>ly glabr\s2 lobes ?ree1 acum9ate2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 s]ration deep1 n>r[4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 usually ) a %\ld] connect$ to ! bun* by a long /em1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 w>ty2 bru% %ort1 gre54 ,b]ries oval1 black1 glossy1 cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh2 fle% v juicy1 t5d]1 v9\s1 spicy1 agreeably sweet at ! sk91 t>t at ! c5t]2 good4 ,se$s free1 broad4 ,,p]fection 7,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana1 ,v9if]a7 ,p]fection is a se$l+ ( ,delaw>e1 :i* x greatly resembles b does n equal 9 fruit2 its fruits be+ h>dly z high 9 quality1 d n keep z well1 %rivel m be=e rip5+1 & %ell m readily4 ,9 its v9e *>act]s1 x is mu* m l a ,labrusca ?an ,delaw>e1 sugge/+ t x is a ,delaw>e cross4 ,9 ! ,s\?we/1 ,p]fection is consid]$ a valuable e>ly r$ grape4 ,j4 ,/ayman1 ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 grew ,p]fection f se$ ( ,delaw>e2 x 0 s5t out = te/+ ab\t #ahij4 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 injur$ 9 sev]e w9t]s1 productive4 ,canes ( m$ium l5g? & numb]1 sl5d]2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves heal?y1 m$ium 9 size2 upp] surface light gre52 l[] surface grayi%-:ite ) a t+e ( bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes want+ or ?ree to five2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 s]ration %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile or ne>ly s1 op5 9 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly4 ,clu/]s usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 yell[4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 r$ b less brilliant ?an ,delaw>e ) fa9t bloom1 incl9$ to drop f p$icel1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 free f a/r+5cy2 fle% m$ium 9 juic9ess & t5d]ness1 v9\s1 mild1 sweet2 good 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 num]\s1 small1 (t5 ) an enl>g$ neck4 ,,p]k9s 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,at "o "t ,p]k9s 0 gr[n l>gely z an e>ly grape b has be5 disc>d$ v g5]ally on acc\nt ( ! poor quality ( ! fruit4 ,! pulp ( ! grape is h>d & ! flavor is t ( ,wyom+ & ,nor!rn ,muscad9e1 grapes *>act]iz$ by disagreeable fox9ess4 ,z ) ne>ly all ,labruscas1 ,p]k9s is a poor keep]4 ,not)/&+ ! faults ( its fruit1 ! v>iety may h value 9 regions :]e grape-gr[+ is prec>i\s2 = 9 fruit+ x is "o ( ! mo/ reliable grapes cultivat$1 ! v9es be+ h>dy1 vigor\s1 productive & free f fungal diseases4 ,p]k9s is an accid5tal se$l+ f\nd ab\t #ahcj 9 ! g>d5 ( ,jacob ,p]k9s1 ,bridgewat]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 d>k br[n1 deep5+ 9 color at ! nodes1 surface heavily pubesc5t2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes long2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size1 ?ick2 upp] surface rugose2 l[] surface heavily pubesc5t2 ve9s di/9ct2 lobes ?ree2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[2 s]ration %all[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 %ips well4 ,clu/]s ( m$ium size & l5g?1 broad1 cyl9drical1 (t5 ) a s+le %\ld]1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick1 w>ty2 bru% long1 yell[4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 pale lilac or light r$ ) ?9 bloom1 incl9$ to drop f ! p$icel1 s(t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 )\t pigm5t2 fle% :ite1 juicy1 /r+y1 f9e-gra9$1 firm1 meaty1 v foxy2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 num]\s1 m$ium 9 size1 not*$4 ,,pockl+ton 7,labrusca7 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ,niag>a1 ,pockl+ton 7,plate ,,xxii7 0 ! lead+ gre5 grape4 ,! v>iety has ! fatal fault1 h[ev]1 ( rip5+ its crop late1 :i* ) "s m9or defects has caus$ x to fall bel[ ,niag>a = nor!rn grape di/ricts4 ,pockl+ton is a se$l+ ( ,concord & resembles its p>5t 9 v9e *>act]s2 ! v9es are fully equal to or surpass ^? ( ,concord 9 h>d9ess1 b are ( sl[] gr[? & n q z heal?y1 vigor\s nor productive4 ,9 quality1 ! grapes are z good if n bett] ?an ^? ( ,concord or ,niag>a1 be+ sweet1 ri* & pleasantly flavor$1 al?\gh z ) ! o!r grapes nam$1 x has too mu* fox9ess = critical consum]s4 ,pockl+ton is n equal to sev]al o!r grapes ( its season 9 quality1 z ,iona1 ,jeff]son1 ,diana1 ,dut*ess & ,catawba1 b x is f> above ! av]age & = ?is reason %\ld be reta9$4 ,john ,pockl+ton1 ,s&y ,hill1 ,new ,york1 grew ,pockl+ton f se$ ( ,concord ab\t #ahgj4 ,v9e m$ium 9 vigor1 h>dy4 ,canes ( m$ium l5g?1 numb] & size1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves v>iable 9 size1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy2 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acum9ate2 petiol> s9us deep1 wide2 tee? n>r[4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 cyl9drical1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick ) a few small w>ts2 bru% %ort1 gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 oblate1 yell[i%-gre5 ) t+e ( amb]1 ) ?9 bloom1 firm2 sk9 ) scatt]+ russet dots1 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 fa9tly a/r+5t2 fle% light gre5 ) yell[ t+e1 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$1 slightly foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to six1 ( m$ium l5g? & bread?4 ,,p\ghkeepsie 7,b\rqu9iana1 ,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,p\ghkeepsie has be5 kn[n long on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 yet x is n[ little gr[n !re & has n be5 dissem9at$ widely else:]e4 ,9 quality ( fruit1 x is equal to ! be/ ,am]ican v>ieties1 b ! v9e *>act]s are all poor & ! v>iety is ?us effectually deb>r$ f common cultivation4 ,bo? v9e & fruit resemble ^? ( ,delaw>e1 b 9 nei!r does x q equal ! latt]4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! v9e is m easily w9t]-kill$ & is less productive ?an t ( ,delaw>e4 ,! grapes rip5 a little e>li] ?an ^? ( ! la/ nam$ sort & ?is1 ) _! beauty & f9e quality1 is suffici5t to recomm5d x = ! g>d5 at lea/4 ,ab\t #ahfe1 ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1 ,m>lboro1 ,new ,york1 grew ,p\ghkeepsie f se$ ( ,iona f]tiliz$ by mix$ poll5 ( ,delaw>e & ,walt]4 ,v9e ( m$ium vigor4 ,canes %ort1 ?ick1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 frequ5tly ?ree 9 l9e1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves small2 upp] surface gre51 glossy1 old] leaves rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s small1 tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 v compact4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 pale r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 )\t pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 v juicy1 t5d]1 melt+1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sweet2 v good to be/4 ,se$s free1 small1 broad1 ) enl>g$ neck1 br[n4 ,,pr5tiss 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,pr5tiss is a gre5 grape ( high quality1 once well kn[n & g5]ally recomm5d$1 b n[ go+ out ( cultivation because ! v9e is t5d] to cold1 lacks 9 vigor1 is unproductive1 unc]ta9 9 be>+ & is subject to rot & mildew4 ,!re are v9ey>ds 9 :i* x does v well & 9 su* x is a rem>kably attractive gre5 grape1 especially 9 =m ( clu/] & 9 color ( b]ry1 9 ^! respects resembl+ ! "o-"t favorite1 ,rebecca1 al?\gh n s high 9 quality z t v>iety4 ,its season is giv5 z bo? be=e & aft] ,concord4 ,pr5tiss always mu/ rema9 a v>iety = ! amateur & = special localities4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,j4 ,w4 ,pr5tiss1 ,pult5ey1 ,new ,york1 ab\t #ahgj f se$ ( ,isabella4 ,v9e weak4 ,canes ?ick1 light to d>k br[n2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid4 ,leaves small1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 rugose 9 ! old] leaves2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit v>iable 9 season1 ab\t ) ,concord1 keeps well4 ,clu/] m$ium 9 size1 tap]+1 sometimes ) a s+le %\ld]1 compact4 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 oval1 light gre5 ) a yell[ t+e1 ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh1 )\t pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 foxy2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 num]\s1 not*$1 %ort1 %>p-po9t$1 d>k br[n4 ,,purple ,,corni*on 7,v9if]a7 ,black ,corni*on ,by virtue ( attractive appe>ance & excell5t %ipp+ qualities ( ! fruit1 ?is v>iety takes high place among ! comm]cial grapes ( ,cali=nia4 ,late rip5+ is ano!r quality mak+ x desirable1 :ile its curi\s1 long1 curv$ b]ries add novelty to its attractions4 ,! fruit does n take high rank 9 quality4 ,! description has be5 compil$4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 heal?y & productive2 wood light br[n /rip$ ) d>k] br[n1 %ort-jo9t$4 ,leaves l>ge1 long] ?an wide1 deeply five-lob$2 d>k gre5 above1 light] & v hairy bel[2 co>sely too!d2 ) %ort1 ?ick petiole4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 loose or sometimes scraggly1 borne on long p$uncles2 b]ries l>ge1 long1 m or less curv$1 d>k purple1 spott$1 ?ick-sk9n$1 borne on long p$icels2 fle% firm1 crisp1 sweet b n ri* 9 flavor2 quality good b n high4 ,season late1 keeps & %ips well4 ,,rebecca 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 grape-gr[+ 0 9 ! h&s ( ! connoisseurs1 ,rebecca 0 "o ( ! /]l+ gre5 v>ieties4 ,x is :olly unsuit$ = comm]cial v9ey>ds & = ye>s has be5 disappe>+ gradually f cultivation4 ,! fruit is exceptionally f9e1 consi/+ ( well-=m$ bun*es & b]ries1 ! latt] h&some yell[i%-:ite & semi-transp>5t4 ,9 quality1 ! grapes are ( ! be/1 ) a ri*1 sweet flavor & pleas+ aroma4 ,b ! v9e *>act]s condemn ,rebecca = any b ! amateur4 ,! v9es lack 9 h>d9ess & vigor1 are susceptible to mildew & o!r fungi & are productive only "u ! be/ conditions4 ,! orig9al v9e 0 an accid5tal se$l+ f\nd 9 ! g>d5 ( ,e4 ,m4 ,peake1 ,hudson1 ,new ,york1 & bore its fir/ fruit 9 #aheb4 ,v9e weak1 sometimes vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 dull br[n1 deep5+ 9 color at ! nodes2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves v>iable 9 size2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late mid-season1 %ips & keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 %ort1 cyl9drical1 r>ely ) a small1 s+le %\ld]1 compact4 ,b]ries ( m$ium size1 oval1 gre5 ) yell[ t+e v]g+ on amb]1 ?9 gray bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 )\t pigm5t2 fle% pale gre51 v juicy1 t5d]1 melt+1 v9\s1 a little foxy1 sweet2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 %ort1 n>r[1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,r$ ,,eagle 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,r$ ,eagle is a pure-br$ se$l+ ( ,black ,eagle :i* x resembles 9 all *>act]s except color ( fruit4 ,v9e & fruit exhibit ! *>act]s f\nd 9 ,rog]s' hybrids4 ,x takes high rank z a grape ( quality & c be recomm5d$ = ! g>d54 ,! v>iety orig9at$ ) ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 & 0 s5t out 9 #ahhh4 ,v9e m$ium 9 vigor & h>d9ess1 productive4 ,canes few1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n ) heavy bloom2 nodes prom95t1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9us obtuse2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 sometimes clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us wide2 lat]al s9us deep1 wide2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 broad1 tap]+1 s+le-%\ld]$1 sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 loose ) _m abortive b]ries2 p$icel v long1 sl5d]2 bru% gre5 ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries v>iable 9 size1 r\nd1 light to v d>k r$ ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 adh]5t ) "s r$ pigm5t2 fle% gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 v t5d]1 melt+1 slightly foxy1 t>t2 v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 l>ge1 long1 blunt1 light br[n4 ,,regal 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,regal is an (fspr+ ( ,l9dley1 :i* x greatly resembles4 ,! fruit is attractive 9 appe>ance & high 9 quality4 ,a seem+ly insignificant fault might make ,regal undesirable 9 a comm]cial v9ey>d2 ! clu/]s are borne s close to ! wood t x is difficult to h>ve/ ! fruit & avoid injury to ! b]ries next to ! wood4 ,! v>iety is wor?y ( ext5sive culture 9 v9ey>ds & g>d5s4 ,regal orig9at$ ) ,w4 ,a4 ,woodw>d1 ,rock=d1 ,ill9ois1 9 #ahgi4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 v productive4 ,canes int]m$iate 9 l5g? & size1 num]\s1 d>k r$di%-br[n4 ,t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface gre51 glossy & rugose2 l[] surface pale gre5 ) a bronze t+e1 /rongly pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s small1 broad1 cyl9drical1 usually ) a %ort s+le %\ld]1 sometimes d\ble-%\ld]$1 v compact4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 purpli%-r$ ) fa9t bloom1 p]si/5t4 ,sk9 ?91 t\gh1 )\t pigm5t4 ,fle% pale gre51 v juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 musky2 good4 ,se$s free1 num]\s1 long1 n>r[1 not*$1 blunt ) a %ort neck1 br[n4 ,,requa 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,?is is "o ( ,rog]s' hybrids :i* equals o!r grapes ( its color & season4 ,! grapes are attractive 9 clu/] & b]ry & are ( v good quality b are subject to rot & rip5 too late = nor!rn regions4 ,! v>iety 0 nam$ ,requa 9 #ahfi1 x hav+ be5 previ\sly kn[n z ,no4 #bh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy except 9 sev]e w9t]s1 m$ium 9 productiv5ess4 ,canes long1 ?ick2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size1 d>k gre51 (t5 ?ick & rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit late1 keeps long4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 cyl9drical1 (t5 ) a long1 s+le %\ld]1 compact4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 d>k1 dull r$ cov]$ ) ?9 bloom1 /rongly adh]5t2 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 adh]5t2 fle% pale gre51 t5d]1 /r+y1 v9\s1 foxy1 sweet2 good to v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 m$ium 9 size & l5g?1 broad1 blunt4 ,,ro*e/] 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! fruit ( ,ro*e/] is a l>ge-clu/]$ r$ grape1 h&some & v good 9 quality4 ,! v9e is a /rong gr[]1 productive & free f diseases4 ,! v>iety is difficult to propagate &1 !re=e1 n 9 favor ) nurs]ym54 ,! grapes are sweet1 ri* & v9\s b %\ld be us$ z soon z ripe1 z !y d n keep well & ! b]ries quickly %att] f ! bun*4 ,z an attractive e>ly r$ grape1 ,ro*e/] is wor? a place 9 ! g>d5 & 9 favor$ locations = a special m>ket4 ,ellwang] & ,b>ry1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahfg grew ,ro*e/] f mix$ se$ ( ,delaw>e1 ,diana1 ,concord & ,rebecca4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive4 ,canes long1 d>k r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface grayi%-gre51 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep2 basal s9us abs5t2 lat]al s9us %all[2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit does n keep well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 broad1 tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) few w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,b]ries m$ium1 oval1 purpli%-r$1 dull ) ?91 lilac bloom1 drop f ! p$icel1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 incl9$ to crack1 free1 )\t pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transp>5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sweet2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to ?ree1 l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 d>k br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4--,wyom+ 7#b_/c74 ,,rommel 7,labrusca1 ,vulp9a1 ,v9if]a7 ,rommel is r>ely cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor?1 because ! v9es lack 9 robu/ness1 h>d9ess & productiv5ess & are susceptible to ! leaf-hopp]2 & ! grapes d n atta9 high quality & crack z !y rip54 ,! bun* & b]ry are attractive 9 =m1 size & color4 ,at its be/1 ,rommel is a good table-grape & makes a f9e :ite w9e4 ,x is wor? gr[+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 orig9at$ ,rommel 9 #ahhe1 f se$ ( ,elvira poll9at$ by ,triumph1 & introduc$ x 9 #ahhi4 ,v9e vigor\s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 ?ick1 r$di%-br[n1 surface r\gh5$2 nodes enl>g$1 (t5 flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 free f pubesc5ce b slightly hairy2 leaf n lob$1 t]m9us acute to acum9ate2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[ :5 pres5t2 tee? deep4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit mid-season1 %ips & keeps well4 ,clu/]s m$ium to %ort1 broad1 cyl9drical1 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\ndi%1 light gre5 ) a yell[ t+e1 glossy1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 cracks badly1 t5d]1 adh]5t1 )\t pigm5t or a/r+5cy2 fle% gre5i%1 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 melt+1 /r+y1 sweet2 fair to good4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 broad1 %>p-po9t$1 plump1 br[n4 ,,rosaki 7,v9if]a7 ,rosaki is a table-& rais9-grape ( s\!a/]n ,europe & ,asia ,m9or4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! ,cali=nia nurs]y companies1 x is gr[n 9 t /ate "u ! "n ,datti] de ,beyr\?1 al?\gh x w\ld seem f ,fr5* descriptions t !re is a sep>ate1 v late v>iety ( ! latt] "n4 ,rosaki is simil> to ,malaga & !re is a possibility t 9 "s ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 x may be gr[n comm]cially z a sub/itute = ! latt]4 ,! v>iety seems to be little gr[n on ! ,pacific slope4 ,v9es vigor\s1 usually v productive4 ,leaves l>ge1 r\ndi%1 rugose1 usually five-lob$2 t]m9al lobe acum9ate2 petiol> s9us mod]ately deep to deep1 m$ium broad2 l[] lat]al s9us %all[1 broad1 occasionally lack+2 upp] lat]al s9us %all[ to m$ium1 broad2 m>g9s broadly & bluntly d5tate4 ,fruit rip5s ! ?ird week 9 ,octob]1 keep+ qualities excell5t2 clu/]s l>ge1 loose1 tap]+1 %\ld]$2 b]ries l>ge to v l>ge1 oval to long-oval1 pale yell[-gre52 fle% transluc5t1 t5d]1 meaty1 v9\s1 sprightly2 quality good to v good4 ,,rose ,,( ,,p]u 7,v9if]a7 ,rose ( ,p]u is a favorite table-grape 9 ,cali=nia1 confus$ ) & possibly ! same z ,black ,pr9ce4 ,its *ief comm5dable *>act]s are h&some appe>ance & high quality ( fruit & v productive v9es4 ,x is n adapt$ = %ipp+ & does n ent] pl5tifully into comm]ce4 ,its season is s late t ! v>iety is h>dly wor? try+ 9 ! ,ea/1 & yet x has matur$ 9 favorable seasons at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york4 ,! foll[+ description is compil$3 ,v9e vigor\s1 heal?y1 productive2 wood %ort-jo9t$1 d>k br[n4 ,leaves ( m$ium size2 deep gre5 above1 light] gre5 & tom5tose bel[4 ,bun*es v l>ge1 %\ld]$1 v loose1 (t5 scraggly2 b]ry l>ge1 r\nd1 black ) firm1 crackl+ fle%2 sk9 r ?9 & t5d]2 flavor sweet & ri*2 quality v good to be/4 ,season late1 keep+ r well b n %ipp+ well4 ,,salem 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,rog]s' ,no4 #bb1 ,rog]s' ,no4 #ec ,salem 7,plate ,,xxvii7 is ! "o ( ,rog]s' hybrids ( :i* ! orig9ator is said to h ?\ght mo/1 & to :i* he gave ! "n ( 8 place ( resid5ce4 ,! two *ief faults1 unproductiv5ess & susceptibility to mildew1 are n f\nd 9 all localities1 & 9 ^! di/ricts1 ne> good m>kets1 ,salem ought to rank high z a comm]cial fruit4 ,! v9e is h>dy1 vigor\s & productive & be>s h&some fruit ( high quality4 ,?is v>iety 0 *ri/5$ ,salem by ,rog]s 9 #ahfg1 two ye>s e>li] ?an 8 o!r hybrids 7 nam$4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 v>iable 9 productiv5ess4 ,canes long1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$2 t5drils cont9u\s or int]mitt5t1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves v>iable 9 size2 upp] surface d>k gre51 dull2 l[] surface pale gre5 ) slight bronze t+e1 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 ov]lapp+2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[1 not*$4 ,fl[]s /]ile1 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 tap]+1 heavily %\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick ) small w>ts1 enl>g$ at po9t ( atta*m5t to b]ry2 bru% %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k r$1 dull1 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 ?ick1 adh]5t1 )\t pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 /r+y1 f9e-gra9$1 v9\s1 sprightly2 good to v good4 ,se$s "o to six1 l>ge1 long & broad1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,scupp]nong 7,rotundifolia7 ,am]ican ,muscad9e1 ,bull1 ,bullace1 ,bullet1 ,fox ,grape1 ,gre5 ,scupp]nong1 ,gre5 ,muscad9e1 ,hickman1 ,muscad9e1 ,roanoke ,scupp]nong is prem95tly ! grape ( ! ,s\?1 ! *ief repres5tative ( ! great species1 ,v4 rotundifolia1 :i* runs riot 9 natural luxuriance f ,delaw>e & ,m>yl& to ! ,gulf & we/w>d f ! ,atlantic to ,arkansas & ,texas4 ,scupp]nong v9es are f\nd on arbors1 9 g>d5s1 or half wild1 on trees & f5ces on ne>ly e f>m 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic /ates4 ,z a rule1 ^! v9es receive little cultivation1 are unprun$ & are giv5 no c>e ( any k9d2 b ev5 "u neglect !y produce l>ge crops4 ,! v9es are almo/ immune to mildew1 rot1 phyllox]a1 or o!r fungal or insect pe/s2 !y give n only an abundance ( fruit b on arbors & trellises are mu* priz$ = _! %ade & beauty4 ,! fruit1 to a palate accu/om$ to o!r grapes1 is n v acceptable1 hav+ a musky flavor & a some:at repugnant odor1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ) famili>ity becomes q agreeable4 ,! pulp is sweet & juicy b is lack+ 9 sprightl9ess4 ,! grapes are n suitable = ! m>ket s9ce ! b]ries drop f ! bun* 9 rip5+ & become m or less sme>$ ) juice s t _! appe>ance is n appetiz+4 ,v9e vigor\s1 n h>dy 9 ! ,nor?1 v productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 a%-gray to grayi%-br[n2 surface smoo?1 ?ickly cov]$ ) small1 light br[n dots2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 simple4 ,leaves small1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 smoo?2 l[] surface v pale gre51 pubesc5t along ! ribs2 ve9s inconspicu\s4 ,fl[]s v late2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit late1 rip5s unev5ly1 b]ries drop z !y mature4 ,clu/]s small1 r\nd1 un%\ld]$1 loose4 ,b]ries few 9 a clu/]1 l>ge1 r\nd1 dull gre51 (t5 ) br[n t+e1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh ) _m small russet dots2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 t5d]1 s(t1 f9e-gra9$1 foxy1 sweet to agreeably t>t2 fair to good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 l>ge1 %ort1 broad1 unnot*$1 blunt1 plump1 surface smoo?1 br[n4 ,,secret>y 7,v9if]a1 ,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,injur$ by mildew & rot :i* attack leaves1 fruit & "y wood1 ! v9es ( ,secret>y are able to produce good grapes only 9 exceptional seasons & 9 favor$ localities4 ,! fruit *>act]s ( ,secret>y1 h[ev]1 give ! grapes exceptionally high quality1 ! b]ries be+ meaty yet juicy1 f9e-gra9$ & t5d]1 ) a sweet1 spicy1 v9\s flavor4 ,! bun*es are l>ge1 well-=m$1 ) m$ium-siz$1 purpli%-black b]ries cov]$ ) ?ick bloom1 mak+ a v h&some clu/]4 ,:ile ! v9e & foliage some:at resemble ^? ( ,cl9ton1 "o ( its p>5ts1 ! v>iety is n ne>ly z h>dy1 vigor\s nor productive4 ,moreov]1 9 any b favor$ localities 9 ! ,nor?1 its maturity is some:at unc]ta94 ,^! defects keep ,secret>y f becom+ ( comm]cial importance & make x ( value only to ! amateur4 ,secret>y is "o ( ! fir/ productions ( ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 ! orig9al v9e com+ f se$ ( ,cl9ton f]tiliz$ by ,muscat ,hamburg1 plant$ 9 #ahfg4 ,v9e vigor\s1 d\btfully h>dy1 v>iable 9 productiv5ess4 ,canes num]\s1 light br[n1 conspicu\sly d>k] at nodes1 surface cov]$ ) ?91 blue bloom2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves small to m$ium1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 glabr\s4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit rip5s aft] ,concord1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 cyl9drical ) a l>ge1 s+le %\ld]1 (t5 loose & ) _m abortive fruits4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 flatt5$ at atta*m5t to p$icel1 d>k purpli%-black1 glossy1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t\gh ) w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s1 sweet2 good4 ,se$s free1 l>ge1 broad1 not*$1 long1 d>k br[n4 ,,s5asqua 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! v9e ( ,s5asqua lacks 9 vigor1 h>d9ess1 productiv5ess & heal?4 ,! grapes are ( good quality1 & :5 well gr[n are up to ! av]age fruits ( ! ,labrusca-,v9if]a hybrids4 ,un=tunately ! b]ries h a t5d5cy to crack :i* is aggravat$ by ! bun*es be+ s compact z to cr[d ! b]ries4 ,s5asqua is "o ( ! late/ grapes to op5 its buds & is1 !re=e1 seldom injur$ by late fro/s4 ,x c be recomm5d$ only = ! g>d5 = ! sake ( v>iety4 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,und]hill ( ,cr[n ,po9t1 ,new ,york1 orig9at$ ,s5asqua f se$ ( ,concord poll9at$ by ,black ,pr9ce4 ,v9e weak & t5d]1 (t5 unproductive4 ,canes %ort1 few1 r$di%-br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 trifid or bifid4 ,leaves light gre51 glossy1 rugose2 l[] surface :iti%-gre51 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 basal & lat]al s9uses %all[ & n>r[ :5 pres5t4 ,fl[]s f]tile1 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit a little lat] ?an ,concord1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 broad1 irregul>ly tap]+1 usually ) a small1 s+le %\ld]1 v compact2 p$icel ?ick1 smoo?1 enl>g$ at po9t ( atta*m5t2 bru% %ort1 r$di%4 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 r$di%-black1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 cracks1 adh]5t1 conta9s "s w9e-color$ pigm5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 meaty1 v9\s1 spicy2 good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 long1 n>r[1 "o-sid$1 light br[n4 ,,sultana 7,v9if]a7 ,?is v>iety 0 =m]ly ! /&>d se$less grape 9 ,cali=nia = home use & rais9s1 b x is n[ out/ripp$ by ,sultan9a4 ,sultana is possibly bett] flavor$ ?an ,sultan9a b ! v9es are h>dly z vigor\s or productive & ! b]ries (t5 h se$s4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9es vigor\s1 upright1 productive4 ,leaves l>ge1 five-lob$1 ) l>ge s9uses1 light 9 color1 co>sely too!d4 ,bun*es l>ge1 long1 cyl9drical1 heavily %\ld]$1 sometimes n well fill$1 (t5 loose & scraggly2 b]ries small1 r\nd1 firm & crisp1 gold5-yell[1 sweet ) consid]able piquancy2 quality good4 ,,sultan9a 7,v9if]a7 ,?ompson's ,se$less ,sultan9a is "o ( ! /&>d se$less grapes ( ! ,pacific slope1 gr[n bo? to eat out ( h& & = rais9s4 ,probably x c be gr[n 9 home plantations 9 favor$ p>ts ( ea/]n ,am]ica :]e ! season is long & w>m4 ,! foll[+ description is compil$ f ,cali=nian viticulturi/s3 ,v9e v vigor\s1 v productive2 trunk l>ge ) v long canes4 ,leaves glabr\s on bo? sides1 d>k yell[-gre5 above1 light bel[2 g5]ally ?ree-lob$1 ) %all[ s9uses2 tee? %ort & obtuse4 ,bun* l>ge1 conico-cyl9drical1 well fill$1 ) h]bace\s p$uncles2 b]ries oval1 beautiful gold5-yell[ color2 sk9 mod]ately ?ick2 fle% ( r neutral flavor2 v good4 ,,taylor 7,vulp9a1 ,labrusca7 ,bullitt ,:ile x is f ! species to :i* ,taylor belongs t we mu/ look = our h>die/ v9es1 nev]!less ?is grape & its (fspr+1 al?\gh n t5d] to cold1 d be/ 9 s\!rn regions1 z !y require a long w>m summ] to mature prop]ly4 ,! quality ( ! fruit ( ,taylor is fair to good1 ! flavor be+ sweet1 pure1 delicate & spicy & ! fle% t5d] & juicy2 b ! bun*es are small & ! fl[]s are inf]tile s t ! b]ries d n set well1 mak+ v imp]fect & unsightly clu/]s4 ,! sk9 is su*1 also1 t x cracks badly1 a defect seem+ly transmitt$ to _m ( ! se$l+s ( ! v>iety4 ,! v9e is /rong1 heal?y1 h>dy b n v productive4 ,! orig9al v9e ( ,taylor 0 a wild se$l+ f\nd 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury on ! ,cumb]l& ,m\nta9s ne> ! ,k5tucky-,t5nessee l9e by a ,mr4 ,cobb4 ,v9e vigor\s to rank1 heal?y1 h>dy1 v>iable 9 productiv5ess4 ,leaves small1 attractive 9 color1 smoo?4 ,fl[]s bloom e>ly2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit rip5s ab\t two weeks be=e ,isabella4 ,clu/]s small to m$ium1 %\ld]$1 loose or mod]ately compact4 ,b]ries small to m$ium1 r\ndi%1 pale gre5i%-:ite1 sometimes t+$ ) amb]2 sk9 v ?92 pulp sweet1 spicy2 fair to good 9 quality4 ,,triumph 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,:5 quality1 color1 %ape & size ( bun* & b]ry are consid]$1 ,triumph 7,plate ,,xxviii7 is "o ( ! f9e/ dess]t grapes ( ,am]ica4 ,at its be/1 x is a magnific5t bun* ( gold5 grapes ( highe/ quality1 e/eem$ ev5 9 s\!rn ,europe :]e x mu/ compete ) ! be/ ( ! ,v9if]as4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 its comm]cial importance is curtail$ by ! fact t ! fruit requires a long season = prop] developm5t4 ,triumph has1 9 g5]al1 ! v9e *>act]s ( ! ,labrusca p>5t1 ,concord1 especially its habit ( gr[?1 vigor1 productiv5ess & foliage *>act]s1 fall+ %ort 9 h>d9ess1 resi/ance to fungal diseases & e>l9ess ( fruit1 ! fruit matur+ ) or a little lat] ?an ,catawba4 ,:ile ! v9e *>act]s ( ,triumph are ^? ( ,labrusca1 !re is sc>cely a sugge/ion ( ! co>s5ess1 or ( ! foxy odor & ta/e ( ,labrusca1 & ! objectionable se$s1 pulp & sk9 ( ! native grape give way to ! f> less objectionable /ructures ( ,v9if]a4 ,! fle% is t5d] & melt+ & ! flavor ri*1 sweet1 v9\s1 pure & delicate4 ,! sk9s ( ! b]ries "u unfavorable conditions crack badly1 ! v>iety1 !re=e1 nei!r %ipp+ nor keep+ well4 ,triumph 0 gr[n soon aft] ! ,civil ,w> by ,george ,w4 ,campbell1 ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 f se$ ( ,concord f]tiliz$ by ,*asselas ,musque4 ,v9e vigor\s4 ,canes long1 d>k br[n ) mu* bloom2 nodes enl>g$2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 long1 trifid1 sometimes bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us obtuse2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us abs5t2 lat]al s9us %all[ & n>r[ :5 pres5t2 tee? deep1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 late2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit v late4 ,clu/]s v l>ge1 long1 broad1 cyl9drical1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d]1 smoo?2 bru% %ort1 yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 oval1 gold5 yell[1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?91 incl9$ to crack1 adh]5t1 )\t pigm5t1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% light gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 small1 br[n4 ,,ul/] 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! v9es ( ,ul/] set too mu* fruit 9 spite ( ef=ts to control ! crop by prun+2 two undesirable results foll[1 ! bun*es are small & ! v9es1 lack+ vigor at be/1 fail to recov] f ! ov]fruitfulness4 ,^! defects keep ! v>iety f becom+ ( importance comm]cially or ev5 a favorite z a g>d5 grape4 ,! quality ( ! fruit is v good1 be+ mu* l t ( ,catawba1 & "u favorable conditions x is an attractive gre5 ) a r$ t+e4 ,! fruit keeps well :5 ! v>iety is gr[n "u conditions suit$ to x4 ,ul/] orig9at$ ) ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1 ,m>lboro1 ,new ,york1 & 0 introduc$ by him ab\t #ahhe4 ,its p>5ts are said to be ,catawba poll9at$ by a wild /ivalis4 ,bo? v9e & fruit %[ traces ( ,labrusca & ,v9if]a1 b ! /ivalis *>act]s1 if pres5t1 are n app>5t4 ,v9e h>dy1 productive1 ov]be>s4 ,canes %ort1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n1 surface r\gh5$ & cov]$ ) fa9t pubesc5ce2 nodes enl>g$ & flatt5$2 int]nodes %ort2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid1 dehisce e>ly4 ,leaves small1 ?ick2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface grayi%-:ite1 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us m$ium to wide2 basal s9us abs5t2 lat]al s9us a not* :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s self-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late mid-season4 ,clu/]s long1 cyl9drical1 (t5 s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d]1 ) num]\s w>ts2 bru% %ort1 yell[i%-gre54 ,b]ries m$ium 9 size1 r\nd1 d>k dull r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 fa9tly aromatic1 slightly foxy2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to six1 m$ium 9 size1 plump1 br[n4 ,,v]dal 7,v9if]a7 ,aspiran ,blanc ,v]dal is "o ( ! /&>d late grapes ( ! ,pacific slope1 rip5+ among ! la/4 ,! grapes are se5 seldom 9 di/ant m>kets & ! quality is n q good en\gh to make x a v great favorite = home plantations4 ,vigor & h>d9ess ( v9es comm5d x z d ! l>ge & h&some fruits1 & ^! qualities1 ) late rip5+1 w probably long keep x on grape li/s 9 ! f> ,we/4 ,! description is compil$4 ,v9es vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y & productive2 canes r sl5d]1 half erect4 ,leaves ( m$ium size1 glabr\s on bo? surfaces1 except bel[ ne> ! axis ( ! ma9 n]ve2 s9uses well m>k$ & g5]ally clos$1 giv+ ! leaf ! appe>ance ( hav+ five holes2 tee? long1 unequal1 acum9ate4 ,bun*es l>ge to v l>ge1 irregul>1 long-conical1 usually compact2 %\ld]s small or lack+2 b]ries l>ge or v l>ge1 yell[i%-gre52 sk9 ?ick b t5d]2 fle% crisp1 firm2 flavor agreeable b n ri*2 quality good4 ,season v late1 keep+ & %ipp+ well4 ,,v]g5nes 7,labrusca7 ,! mo/ valuable attribute ( ,v]g5nes 7,plate ,,xxix7 is c]ta9ty 9 be>+4 ,! v9e seldom fails to be> al?\gh x (t5 ov]be>s1 caus+ v>iability 9 size ( fruits & "t ( rip5+4 ,) a mod]ate crop1 ! grapes rip5 ) ,concord1 b ) a heavy load f "o to two weeks lat]4 ,v]g5nes is some:at unpopul> ) v9ey>di/s because ( ! sprawl+ habit ( ! v9es :i* makes !m untractable = v9ey>d op]ations2 ?is fault is obviat$ by graft+ on o!r v9es4 ,! grapes are attractive1 ! quality is good1 flavor agreeable1 ! fle% t5d]1 & se$s & sk9 are n objectionable4 ,v]g5nes is ! /&>d late-keep+ grape = nor!rn regions1 be+ v common 9 ! m>kets z late z ,janu>y4 ,! orig9al v9e 0 a *ance se$l+ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,william ,e4 ,gre5e1 ,v]g5nes1 ,v]mont1 9 #ahgd4 ,v9e v>iable 9 vigor1 d\btfully h>dy1 productive1 heal?y4 ,canes long1 d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 /rongly flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 long1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?92 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 rugose2 l[] surface pale gre51 v pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us broadly acute2 petiol> s9us wide2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s semi-/]ile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit late1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s ( m$ium size1 broad1 cyl9drical1 sometimes s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel ) num]\s small w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 %ort1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 light & d>k r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t2 sk9 ?ick1 t\gh1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 some:at /r+y1 t5d]1 v9\s2 good to v good4 ,se$s free1 "o to five1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,walt] 7,v9if]a1 ,labrusca1 ,b\rqu9iana7 ,7 x n almo/ impossible to gr[ heal?y v9es ( ,walt]1 ! v>iety w\ld rank high among ,am]ican grapes4 ,b /unt$ by fungi :i* attack leaves1 "y wood & fruit1 x is possible only 9 exceptionally favorable seasons satisfactorily to produce crops ( ?is v>iety4 ,besides susceptibility to diseases1 ! v9es are fa/idi\s to soils1 ev]y:]e v>iable 9 gr[? & are injur$ 9 cold w9t]s4 ,z if to atone = ! faults ( ! v9e1 ! fruit ( ,walt] is almo/ p]fect1 lack+ only 9 size ( bun* & b]ry4 ,! bun* & b]ry resemble ^? ( ,delaw>e1 b ! fruit is n z high 9 quality z t ( its p>5ts4 ,walt] is adapt$ to conditions "u :i* ,delaw>e ?rives4 ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1 ,mod5a1 ,new ,york1 grew ?is v>iety ab\t #ahej f se$ ( ,delaw>e poll9at$ by ,diana4 ,v9e vigor\s4 ,canes m$ium 9 l5g? & size1 d>k r$di%-br[n ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface t+$ ) bronze1 heavily pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us n>r[2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us a not* if pres5t4 ,fl[]s mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s m$ium 9 size1 broad1 cyl9drical1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d]1 ) small1 scatt]+ w>ts2 bru% %ort1 sl5d]1 gre5 ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries small1 ovate1 r$1 glossy ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 v t\gh1 adh]es slightly1 unpigm5t$2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 some:at foxy1 v9\s1 aromatic2 good to v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to f\r1 small1 %>p-po9t$1 light br[n4 ,,wild] 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a7 ,! fruit ( ,wild] is surpass$ 9 quality & appe>ance by o!r ( ,rog]s' hybrids1 b ! v9e is ! mo/ reliable ( any ( ^! hybrid sorts1 be+ vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive1 &1 al?\gh some:at susceptible to mildew1 z heal?y z any4 ,wild] is n z well kn[n 9 ! m>kets z x %\ld be1 & n[ t fungal diseases c be controll$ by spray+ %\ld be m commonly plant$ 9 comm]cial v9ey>ds1 especially = local m>kets4 ,wild] is "o ( ! =ty-five ,labrusca-,v9if]a hybrids rais$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,rog]s1 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 hav+ be5 describ$ fir/ 9 #aheh4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 productive1 susceptible to mildew4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 r$di%-br[n1 d>k] at ! nodes2 int]nodes long2 t5drils int]mitt5t1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves l>ge1 irregul>ly r\nd2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface pale gre51 pubesc5t2 usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us deep1 n>r[1 (t5 clos$ & ov]lapp+2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[1 n>r[1 or a m]e not* :5 pres5t4 ,fl[]s self-/]ile1 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly mid-season1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s v>iable 9 size1 %ort1 broad1 tap]+1 heavily s+le-%\ld]$1 loose2 p$icel long1 ?ick ) num]\s w>ts2 bru% ?ick1 gre5 ) t+e ( r$4 ,b]ries l>ge1 oval1 purpli%-black ) heavy bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 ?ick1 adh]5t to pulp1 ) bright r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]2 good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 long1 light br[n4 ,,w9*ell 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a1 /ivalis7 ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,! v9es ( ,w9*ell 7,plate ,,xxx7 are vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive1 & ! fruit is e>ly1 ( high quality & %ips well--altoge!r a mo/ admirable e>ly grape4 ,!re are "s m9or faults :i* become drawbacks 9 ! culture ( ,w9*ell4 ,! b]ries1 & "u "s conditions ! bun*es1 are small & ! bun* is loose ) a l>ge %\ld]4 ,sometimes ?is loos5ess becomes s pron\nc$ z to give a /raggl+1 poorly-=m$ clu/]2 & ! %\ld]1 :5 z l>ge z ! clu/] itself1 :i* (t5 happ5s1 makes ! clu/] unsightly4 ,! grapes %ell :5 fully ripe1 a s]i\s fault4 ,aga91 :ile ! crop usually rip5s ev5ly1 !re are seasons :5 two pick+s are ne$$ because ( ! unev5ness 9 rip5+4 ,la/ly1 ! sk9 is ?9 & !re is dang] 9 unfavorable seasons ( ! b]ries crack+1 al?\gh ?is is seldom a s]i\s fault4 ,^! defects d n (fset ! sev]al good *>act]s ( ,w9*ell :i* make x ! /&>d e>ly gre5 grape1 des]v+ to rank ) ! be/ e>ly grapes ( any color4 ,! orig9al v9e 0 rais$ by ,james ,milton ,cl\gh1 ,/am=d1 ,v]mont1 ab\t #ahej f se$ ( an unkn[n purple grape4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 v productive4 ,canes long1 num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k br[n ) ?9 bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 sometimes int]mitt5t1 bifid4 ,leaves l>ge2 upp] surface light gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface dull gre51 t+$ ) bronze1 fa9tly pubesc5t2 lobes ?ree to five ) t]m9al lobe acute2 petiol> s9us deep2 basal s9us %all[2 tee? %all[1 wide4 ,fl[]s f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps & %ips well4 ,clu/]s long1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 (t5 ) a long %\ld]1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) few inconspicu\s w>ts2 bru% gre5i%-:ite4 ,b]ries small1 r\nd1 light gre51 p]si/5t1 s(t2 sk9 m>k$ ) small1 r$di%-br[n spots1 ?91 t5d]1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t5d]1 f9e-gra9$1 sweet2 v good to be/4 ,se$s free1 "o to f\r1 small1 plump1 wide & long1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,woodruff 7,labrusca1 ,v9if]a87 ,woodruff is a h&some1 %[y1 brick-r$ grape ) l>ge clu/]s & b]ries1 b its ta/e belies its looks1 = ! fle% is co>se & ! flavor poor4 ,! v>iety w\ld n be wor? att5tion 7 x n = its excell5t v9e *>act]s2 ! v9es are h>dy1 productive & heal?y4 ,! grapes rip5 a little be=e ,concord & come on ! m>ket at a favorable "t1 especially = a r$ grape4 ,woodruff orig9at$ f ,c4 ,h4 ,woodruff1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 z a *ance se$l+ :i* came up 9 #ahgd & fruit$ fir/ 9 #ahgg4 ,v9e v vigor\s1 h>dy4 ,canes d>k br[n2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves r\nd2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 rugose2 l[] surface gre5i%-:ite1 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$ ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us wide2 basal s9us lack+2 lat]al s9us %all[ & n>r[ :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s semi-f]tile1 e>ly2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit rip5+ be=e ,concord4 ,clu/]s broad1 widely tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 ?ick1 smoo?2 bru% long1 pale gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k r$1 dull1 firm2 sk9 ?91 t5d]1 adh]5t1 slightly a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 co>se1 v foxy2 fair 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 broad1 %ort1 plump1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,word5 7,labrusca7 ,( ! _m (fspr+ ( ,concord1 ,word5 7,plate ,,xxxi7 is be/ kn[n & mo/ m]itori\s4 ,! grapes diff] *iefly f ^? ( ,concord 9 hav+ l>g] b]ries & bun*es1 9 hav+ bett] quality & 9 be+ a week to t5 days e>li]4 ,! v9e is equally h>dy1 heal?y1 vigor\s & productive b is m fa/idi\s 9 its adaptations to soil1 al?\gh n[ & !n x does ev5 bett]4 ,! *ief fault ( ! v>iety is t ! fruit cracks badly1 (t5 prev5t+ ! pr(itable m>ket+ ( a crop4 ,besides ?is t5d]ness ( sk91 ! fruit-pulp ( ,word5 is s(t] ?an t ( ,concord1 !re is m juice1 & ! keep+ qualities are n z good1 s t ! grapes h>dly %ip z well z ^? ( ! m commonly gr[n grape4 ,word5 is v popul> 9 nor!rn grape regions bo? = comm]cial plantations & ! g>d54 ,x is a m desirable inhabitant ( ! g>d51 because ( high] quality ( fruit ?an ,concord1 & "u conditions well suit$ to x is bett] z a comm]cial v>iety1 z ! fruit is h&som] z well z ( bett] quality4 ,9 ! m>kets ! fruit ought to sell = a high] price ?an ,concord if desir$ = imm$iate consumption1 & if x c be h>ve/$ promptly1 z x does n hang well on ! v9es4 ,its e>li] season is aga9/ x = a comm]cial v>iety &1 ) ! defects m5tion$1 w prev5t its tak+ ! place ( ,concord to a great degree4 ,word5 0 orig9at$ by ,s*uyl] ,word51 ,m9etto1 ,oswego ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 f se$ ( ,concord plant$ ab\t #ahfc4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes l>ge1 ?ick1 d>k br[n ) r$di% t+e2 nodes enl>g$1 flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 sl5d]1 bifid1 sometimes trifid4 ,"y leaves t+$ on ! "u side & along ! m>g9s ( upp] side ) rose-c>m9e4 ,leaves l>ge1 ?ick2 upp] surface d>k gre51 glossy1 smoo?2 l[] surface light bronze1 pubesc5t2 leaf usually n lob$2 petiol> s9us wide1 (t5 urn-%ap$2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s f]tile1 mid-season2 /am5s upright4 ,fruit e>ly4 ,clu/]s l>ge1 long1 broad1 tap]+1 usually s+le-%\ld]$1 compact2 p$icel sl5d] ) a few small w>ts2 bru% long1 light gre54 ,b]ries l>ge1 r\nd1 d>k purpli%-black1 glossy ) heavy bloom1 firm2 sk9 t5d]1 cracks badly1 adh]es slightly1 conta9s d>k r$ pigm5t1 a/r+5t4 ,fle% gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 f9e-gra9$1 t\gh1 foxy1 sweet1 mild2 good to v good4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to five1 l>ge1 broad1 %ort1 blunt1 br[n4 ,,wyom+ 7,labrusca7 ,hopk9s ,e>ly ,r$1 ,wilm+ton ,r$1 ,wyom+ ,r$ ,su* value z ,wyom+ 7,plate ,,xxxii7 possesses lies 9 ! h>d9ess1 productiv5ess & heal?9ess ( ! v9e4 ,! appe>ance ( ! fruit is v good1 ! bun*es are well =m$ & compos$ ( ri* amb]-color$ b]ries ( m$ium size4 ,! quality1 h[ev]1 is poor1 be+ t ( ! wild ,labrusca 9 fox9ess ( flavor & 9 fle% *>act]s4 ,x is n ne>ly z valuable z "s o!r ( ! r$ ,labruscas hi!rto describ$ & c h>dly be recomm5d$ ei!r = ! g>d5 or ! v9ey>d4 ,wyom+ 0 introduc$ by ,s4 ,j4 ,p>k] ( ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 :o /ates t x came f ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahfa4 ,v9e vigor\s1 h>dy1 heal?y1 productive4 ,canes num]\s1 sl5d]1 d>k r$di%-br[n cov]$ ) blue bloom2 nodes enl>g$1 frequ5tly flatt5$2 t5drils cont9u\s1 %ort1 bifid4 ,leaves ( av]age size & ?ickness2 upp] surface light gre51 dull1 smoo?2 l[] surface dull gre5 ) t+e ( bronze1 pubesc5t2 lobes "o to ?ree ) t]m9us acute2 petiol> s9us %all[1 wide2 basal s9us usually want+2 lat]al s9us %all[ & wide :5 pres5t2 tee? %all[4 ,fl[]s /]ile1 mid-season2 /am5s reflex$4 ,fruit e>ly1 keeps well4 ,clu/]s sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 compact2 p$icel %ort1 sl5d] ) small w>ts2 bru% sl5d]1 pale gre5 ) br[n t+e4 ,b]ries m$ium1 r\nd1 ri* amb] r$ ) ?9 bloom1 p]si/5t1 firm2 sk9 t5d]1 adh]5t1 a/r+5t2 fle% pale gre51 transluc5t1 juicy1 t\gh1 solid1 /rongly foxy1 v9\s2 poor 9 quality4 ,se$s adh]5t1 "o to ?ree1 slightly not*$1 light br[n4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,bioletti1 ,fr$]ic ,t4 ,report ( ,int]national ,congress ( ,viticulture1 #hh4 #aiae4 #b ,an?ony1 ,r4 ,d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,bul4 #fcb3 #hh4 #aiag4 #c ,bioletti1 ,fr$]ic ,t4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,bul4 #ahj3 #ace4 #aijf4 #d ,ibid41 #acf-ach4 #e ,bioletti1 ,fr$]ic ,t4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,bul4 #ahj3 #ajh-aab4 #f ,bioletti1 ,fr$]ic ,t4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,bul4 #ahj3 #aac-aah4 #g ,munson1 ,t4 ,v4 ,f\ndations ( ,am]ican ,grape ,culture1 #bag4 #aiji4 #h ,bioletti1 ,fr$]ic ,t4 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,bul4 #ahj3 #if-ig4 #aijf4 #i ,= an acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t1 see ,bul4 #cha ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,g5eva4 #aj ,quot$ f ,bul4 ,no4 #cha1 ,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 #aa ,ea* weight is ( #cjj gre5 leaves1 #e f ea* ( #fj v9es4 ,! fir/ leaf beyond ! la/ clu/] 0 select$4 #ab ,am\nt to ! acre ( wood prun$ 9 fall4 #ac ,numb] to ! acre4 #ad ,munson1 ,t4 ,v4 ,f\ndations ( ,am]ican ,grape ,culture3 #bbd-bbg4 #aiji4 #ae ,husmann1 ,george ,c41 & ,de>+1 ,*>les4 ,muscad9e ,grapes4 ,bul4 #gji1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr43 #af-ai4 #aiaf4 #af ,! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] is republi%$ by p]mission f ,bul4 #bdf1 ,calif4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,v9e ,prun+ 9 ,cali=nia1 publi%$ 9 #aiaf by ,f4 ,t4 ,bioletti4 ,n all ( ! bullet9 is reproduc$1 b ! p>ts republi%$ are transcrib$ v]batim4 ,all ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] h be5 r$rawn f ,pr(essor ,bioletti's bullet94 #ag ,! foll[+ acc\nt is f\nd$ on "w c>ri$ on by ! au?or at ! ,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 acc\nts ( :i* h be5 giv5 be=e sev]al horticultural societies 9 #aiaf1 #aiag & #aiah4 #ah ,husmann1 ,geo4 ,c41 & ,de>+1 ,*>les4 ,! ,muscad9e ,grapes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bul4 #bgc3 #cc-cf4 #aiac4 #ai ,husmann1 ,george ,c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 ,no4 #fdd4 #bj ,husmann1 ,george ,c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bul4 ,no4 #cdi4 #aiaf4 ,,index 7,names ( species1 & synonyms ( v>ietal names1 are 9 italics47 ,actoni1 #ccj4 ,adaptations ( /ocks1 #ff4 ,adlum1 ,john1 m5tion$1 #eh4 ,admirable1 #cgc4 ,adoxus obscurus1 #baf4 /ivalis grapes1 #aa4 ,aff9ity ( /ock & cion1 #fg4 ,agawam1 #cca4 ,air curr5ts1 #bg4 ,alabama1 #dja4 ,alex&]1 #e1 #f4 ,alex&]1 #cia4 ,alicante1 = =c+1 #aih4 ,alleys1 #ge4 ,alm]ia1 #cca4 ,amadas ,b>l[e1 m5tion$1 #e4 ,am]ica1 #ccb4 ,am]ican ,muscad9e1 #dce4 ,am9ia1 #ccc4 ,anaheim disease1 #bbf4 ,an?ony1 on graft+1 #dg4 ,an?racnose1 control (1 #bbc4 description (1 #bbc4 ,aramon ,rupe/ris1 #b1 #fd4 ,arbors1 tra9+ v9es on1 #adb4 ,arkansas1 #cde1 #ceg4 ,arnold's ,hybrid1 #dbb4 ,aspiran ,blanc1 #ddb4 ,augu/ ,giant1 #ccc4 ,bac*us1 #cbd4 ,bagg+ grapes1 #bic4 co/ (1 #bid4 ,bakator1 #cce4 ,b>b>ossa1 = =c+1 #aig4 ,b>k1 /ructure (1 #cjc4 ,b>ry1 #cce4 ,b>tram1 on ! ,alex&]1 #g4 ,bea* ,grape1 #cac4 ,beacon1 #ccf4 ,beaconsfield1 #cdf4 ,beak def9$1 #cjh4 ,b5* graft+1 #ej4 ess5tials (1 #ej4 op]ation (1 #ea4 prep>+ cutt+s =1 #ea4 ,b]ckmans1 #ccg4 ,b]ry1 *>act]s (1 #cjh4 ,bioletti1 on callus+ b$s1 #ef4 on graft+1 #dh1 #eb4 on prun+ 9 ,cali=nia1 #aea4 on resi/ant /ocks1 #fc4 quot$1 #ah4 ,bird ,grape1 #cab4 ,bitt]-rot1 #bbe4 ,black ,cape1 #cia4 ,black ,corni*on1 #dbi4 ,black ,eagle1 #cch4 ,black ,el ,paso1 #dja4 ,black ,g]man1 #djf4 ,black ,hamburg1 = =c+1 #aig4 ,black ,july1 #dja4 ,black ,malvoise1 #cci4 ,black ,morocco1 #cci4 ,black ,muscat1 #dae4 ,black rot1 control (1 #cbj4 description (1 #cai4 ,black ,spani%1 #dja4 ,bloom def9$1 #cja4 ,bloom+ dates ( grapes1 #bhh4 ,bloom+1 "t (1 #cje4 ,blue ,fr5*1 #dja4 ,blue ,grape1 #cah1 #cbb4 ,bord]s 9 grap]ies1 mak+1 #aie4 c>e (1 #aie4 ,bottsi1 #chb4 ,b[$ canes1 #agd4 ,bran*es def9$1 #cja4 ,brighton1 #cdj4 ,brilliant1 #cda4 ,br[n1 #cdb4 ,br[n ,fr5*1 #chb4 ,bru% def9$1 #cjg4 ,buckl& ,sweetwat]1 = =c+1 #aig4 ,buds1 *>act]s (1 #cjd4 def9$1 #cjd4 ,bull1 #dce4 ,bull1 ,ephraim ,w41 m5tion$1 #i4 ,bull ,grape1 #caj4 ,bullace1 #dce4 ,bullace ,grape1 #caj4 ,bullet1 #dce4 ,bullet ,grape1 #caj4 ,bullitt1 #dci4 ,bun* ,grape1 #cah4 ,burgundy1 #dja4 ,bu% ,grape1 #cab4 ,bu%y ,grape1 #caj4 ,by-products ( ! grape1 #bfi4 ,callus+ b$1 #ef4 ,campbell ,e>ly1 #cdb4 ,canada1 #cdc4 ,canadian ,hamburg1 #dbb4 ,canadian ,hybrid1 #dbb4 ,can&aigua1 #cdd4 ,can&aigua ,lake grape region1 #ba4 ,cane-r5ewal1 #aaf4 ,canes1 *>act]s (1 #cjc4 def9$1 #cja4 disposition (1 9 prun+1 #abd4 ,c>e ( "y v9es1 #hg4 ,c>man1 #cdd4 ,catawba1 #cde4 hi/ory (1 #h4 ,catawba ,tokay1 #cde4 ,cat* crops1 #hi1 #ij4 ,cato1 on graft+1 #de4 quot$1 #gf4 ,cayuga ,lake grape region1 #ba4 ,c5tral ,lake grape region1 #bj4 ,*alaza def9$1 #cjh4 ,*ampagne1 #bec4 ,*ampagne indu/ry1 #ba4 ,*ampion1 #cdf4 ,*asselas ,gold51 #cdg4 ,*asselas ,dore1 #cdg4 ,*asselas ,rose1 #cdh4 ,*autauqua1 #cdh4 ,*autauqua grape-belt1 #ah4 ,*autauqua tra9+1 #abe4 ,*]okee1 #cde4 ,*ick5 ,grape1 #cag1 #cah4 ,cig> ,box ,grape1 #dja4 ,clev5]1 #cdi4 ,climate & grape-gr[+1 #bc4 ,cl9ton1 #ae1 #cej4 ,col]a91 #cea4 ,columbian ,imp]ial1 #cea4 ,columbian ,jumbo1 #cea4 ,comm]cial factors1 #cj4 ,concord1 #ceb4 hi/ory (1 #i4 ,con/antia1 #cia4 ,cop]ative f]tiliz] exp]im5ts1 #ajb4 ,cordon prun+1 #aec4 ,cordons1 horizontal1 #agf4 v]tical1 #age4 ,cottage1 #ced4 ,c\lure1 #bbf4 ,cov]-crops1 #hi1 #ia4 ,craponius 9qualis1 #bag4 ,cream ( t>t>1 #bgj4 ,cross-poll9ation1 #bhd4 ,croton1 #cee4 ,cr[n-gall1 #bbe4 ,cryptosporella viticola1 #bbd4 ,cunn+ham1 #cef4 ,cutt+s1 dormant1 #ch4 h>d-wood1 #ch4 h]bace\s1 #db4 plant+1 #ci4 s+le-eye1 #dj4 "t to make1 #ch4 ,cutt+ wood1 select+1 #ch4 ,cut-worms on grapes1 #cae4 ,cyn?iana1 #ceg4 ,dead-arm disease1 control (1 #cbd4 description (1 #cbd4 ,delaw>e1 #aa1 #ceh4 ,dep? to plant1 #hf4 ,desmia fun]alis1 #baf4 ,det]m9ants ( grape regions1 #bb4 ,dev]eaux1 #dja4 ,diamond1 #cei4 ,diana1 #cfj4 ,diaphragm1 *>act]s (1 #cjc4 def9$1 #cja4 ,digg+ holes1 #hc4 ,direct produc]s1 #ga4 ,direction ( r[s1 #gd4 ,di/ances 9 plant+1 #ge4 ,dodrelabi1 #cgi4 ,dor*e/]1 #cia4 ,d\ble-head$ v9es1 #agd4 ,d\ble ,kniff91 #ace4 ,d[n+1 #cfa4 ,d[ny mildew1 control (1 #bbb4 description (1 #bbj4 ,dracut ,amb]1 #cfb4 ,dra9age = grapes1 #bh1 #gg4 ,duck-%ot ,grape1 #cah4 ,dunn1 #chb4 ,dut*ess1 #cfb4 ,dynamite 9 digg+ holes1 #hd4 ,e>ly ,*ampion1 #cdf4 ,e>ly ,daisy1 #cfc4 ,e>ly ,ohio1 #cfd4 ,e>ly ,victor1 #cfd4 ,eaton1 #cfe4 ,eclipse1 #cff4 ,ed51 #cfg4 ,egg ,h>bor grape region1 #bb4 ,eldorado1 #cfh4 ,elvira1 #cfi4 ,emasculat+ grape-fl[]s1 #bgi4 ,emp]or1 #cfi4 ,empire ,/ate1 #cgj4 ,etta1 #cga4 ,eumelan1 #cga4 ,european grapes1 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 #ahd4 graft+1 #ahf4 v>ieties = ea/]n ,am]ica1 #aia4 ,ev]be>+ ,grape1 #cab4 ,exposures = grapes1 #cd4 ,factors limit+ yield1 #aje4 ,fai?1 #cgb4 ,fall ,grape1 #cah4 ,fan*]1 #cde4 ,fan-tra9+1 #aca4 ,feh] ,szagos1 #cgc4 ,f]n1 #cgc4 ,f]n ,munson1 #cgc4 ,f]tiliz]s1 apply+1 #ajf4 effects on leaves1 #ajb4 effects on v9es1 #ajb4 effects on yield1 #aja1 #ajb4 exp]im5t1 #ih4 necessity (1 #ig4 :5 ne$$1 #ajf4 ,fidia viticida1 #bjf4 ,fitt+ l&1 #gh4 ,flame ,tokay1 #cgd4 ,fle%1 *>act]s (1 #cjh4 ,florida ,grape1 #cab4 ,fl[]s1 #cgc4 ,fl[]1 *>act]s (1 #cje4 ,fonta9ebleau1 #cdg4 ,fox ,grape1 #cag1 #cbd4 ,fox ,grape1 #dce4 ,fox grapes1 cultivation (1 #g4 ,fox9ess def9$1 #cjg4 ,fr5* ,grape1 #ceh4 ,fro/ ,grape1 #cag4 ,fro/s & grape-gr[+1 #be4 ,fruit-be>+1 mann] (1 #aac4 ,fruit1 *>act]s (1 #cjg4 p>ts (1 #cjg4 ,fungi1 det]m9ants ( grape regions1 #bi4 ,fung\s diseases ( ! grape1 #bah4 ,ga]tn]1 #cge4 ,g5eva1 #cgf4 ,gibbs ,grape1 #cia4 ,gladw91 on ,*autauqua tra9+1 #abf4 on ,keuka tra9+1 #abi4 on v9ey>d returns1 #bdh4 ,glom]ella rufomaculans1 #bbe4 ,g-devil1 #aai4 ,goe!1 #cgg4 ,gold ,co91 #cgg4 ,gold5 ,*asselas1 #dbd4 ,grad+ grapes1 #bce4 ,grad+ l&1 #gh4 ,graft+1 #de4 at ,new ,york ,/ation1 #df4 bundl+ grafts aft]1 #ee4 ess5tials (1 #de4 ,european grapes1 #ahf4 root$ cutt+s1 #ef4 ,graft$ v9ey>ds1 c>e (1 #dh4 ,graft+ wax1 #ed4 ,grafts1 c>e (1 9 nurs]y1 #eh4 numb] made p] h\r1 #ef4 ,grape1 botany (1 #cjj4 by-products (1 #bfi4 dome/ication (1 #a4 habitats (1 #d4 habits ( gr[? (1 #cjb4 mutations 9 !1 #fj4 numb] ( species (1 #a4 organs (1 #cjj4 pe/s (1 #bjd4 products1 #bej4 ,grape-b]ry mo?1 control (1 #bae4 life hi/ory (1 #bac4 ,grape-bre$+1 #bgc4 results (1 #bhb4 ,grape-curculio1 #bag4 ,grape hawk-mo?1 #bag4 ,grape-hybrids1 #bgd4 ,grape-juice1 comm]cial mak+1 #beh4 developm5t ( indu/ry1 #beg4 mak+ at home1 #bfb4 regions 9 :i* made1 #beg4 ,grape leaf-fold]1 #baf4 ,grape leaf-hopp]1 control (1 #bac4 life hi/ory (1 #baa4 ,grape regions1 det]m9ants (1 #af4 9 ,cali=nia1 #ah4 ,grape root-worm1 ,cali=nian1 #baf4 ea/]n1 control (1 #bjf4 life hi/ory (1 #bjf4 ,grape se$l+s1 #cg4 ,grap]ies1 #aic4 bord]s 91 #aie4 c>e ( v9es 91 #bja4 con/ruction (1 #aic4 ess5tials (1 #aid4 heat+1 #aid4 v>ieties =1 #aif4 v5tilat+1 #aid1 #bjb4 wat]+1 #bjb4 ,grapes1 ,am]ican1 #d4 classifi$ z to self-f]tility1 #bif4 dome/ic use (1 #bga4 ,european1 #b4 =c+1 #aid4 immunity to disease1 #cjc4 immunity to insects1 #cjc4 propagation (1 #cg4 "u glass1 #aib4 ,grape-v9eg>1 #bfi4 ,grape-v9e root-bor]1 #bag4 ,grape-v9e flea-beetle1 control (1 #bji4 life hi/ory (1 #bjh4 ,greeley1 ,horace1 m5tion$1 #i4 ,gre5 ,e>ly1 #cgh4 ,gre5 ,m\nta91 #dde4 ,gre5 ,scupp]nong1 #dce4 ,gre9 ,gold51 #cgh4 ,grizzly ,frontignan1 = =c+1 #aig4 ,gros ,colman1 #cgi4 = =c+1 #aig4 ,guign>dia ,bidwellii1 #bbj4 ,haltica *alybea1 #bji4 ,h>d9ess ( grapes1 #cjb4 ,h>t=d1 #chj4 ,h>tzell1 m5tion$1 #bac4 ,h>ve/+1 9 ,cali=nia1 #bdc4 9 ! ,ea/1 #bcj4 ,muscad9e grapes1 #bdj4 ,hawk9s1 ,capta9 ,john1 m5tion$1 #e4 ,hayes1 #cha4 ,head+-back canes1 #aaf4 ,headlight1 #bha4 ,he>t-leav$ ,vitis1 #cag4 ,heat+ v9ey>ds1 #be4 ,heel+-9 v9es1 #hb4 ,hel5e1 #cia4 ,h]bace\s cutt+s1 #db4 ,h]bemont1 #ab1 #chb4 ,h]b]t1 #chc4 ,h]cules1 #chd4 ,h]mann grape region1 #bb4 ,hickman1 #dce4 ,hicks1 #bhe4 ,hidalgo1 #che4 ,highl&1 #chf4 ,hilg>de1 #cgc4 ,hilum def9$1 #cjh4 ,hopk9s1 #chg4 ,hopk9s ,e>ly ,r$1 #ddh4 ,horizontal cordons1 #agf4 ,hos=d1 #chh4 ,hudson horizontal tra9+1 #ada4 ,hudson ,riv] grape region1 #ba4 ,humidity 9 grape-gr[+1 #be4 ,hunt1 #chb4 ,husmann1 on mak+ grape-juice1 #beh4 on rais9-mak+1 #bfd4 ,husmann ,de>+1 on h>ve/+ ,muscad9e grapes1 #bdj4 on prun+ ,muscad9e grapes1 #adc4 ,hybrid ,franc1 #chh4 ,hybridiz+ grapes1 #bgh4 ,hybrids1 second>y1 #bgf4 ,ideal1 #chi4 ,improv$ ,kniff91 #ace4 ,infloresc5ces1 numb] (1 9 species1 #cjd4 ,insect pe/s1 #bjd4 ,insects z det]m9ants ( grape regions1 #bi4 ,int]nodes def9$1 #cja4 ,iona1 #cij4 ,irrigation1 #ie4 ,isabella1 #cij4 ,isabella1 #cia4 ,isabella ,se$l+1 #cib4 ,israella1 #cib4 ,ives1 #cic4 ,jack1 #dja4 ,james1 #cid4 ,janesville1 #cid4 ,jaques1 #dja4 ,j>r+ ,muscad9e grapes1 #bda4 ,jeff]son1 #cie4 ,jeff]son1 ,?omas1 on native grapes1 #e4 ,jessica1 #cif4 ,jewel1 #cig4 ,joann5c1 #djb4 ,jordan1 #dae4 ,july ,%]ry1 #dja4 ,kay's ,se$l+1 #chb4 ,kell]'s ,:ite1 #cde4 ,k5s+ton1 #cih4 ,k5tucky ,v9ey>d ,society1 #g4 ,keuka ,lake grape region1 #ba4 ,k+1 #cii4 ,kittr$ge1 #cic4 ,kniff91 ,wm41 m5tion$1 #acb4 ,labels = packages1 #bch4 ,labor1 det]m9ant ( grape regions1 #cb4 ,ladies' ,*oice1 #ceh4 ,lady1 #cii4 ,lady ,d[ns1 = =c+1 #aih4 ,lady ,wa%+ton1 #djj4 ,lake ,erie grape region1 #bb4 ,lat]als def9$1 #cja4 ,lawton grape region1 #bb4 ,lay]+1 #db4 dormant wood1 #dc4 ess5tials (1 #dc4 gre5 wood1 #dd4 to fill vacancies1 #dd4 ,lay+ d[n v9es1 #bie4 ,lay+ out v9ey>ds1 #gd4 ,leaf-m>g9s1 *>act]s (1 #cjg4 ,leaf1 *>act]s (1 #cjg4 p>ts (1 #cjf4 ,lebanon1 #cde4 ,legaux1 ,pet]1 m5tion$1 #g4 ,leif ! ,lucky1 m5tion$1 #e4 ,l5oir1 #ac1 #dja4 ,lignan ,blanc1 #djc4 ,lime1 effects (1 #aja1 #ajd4 ,l9coln1 #cde4 ,l9dley1 #djb4 ,li/an ,blanc1 #djb4 ,little ,grape1 #cah4 ,little ,w9t] ,grape1 #cah4 ,long1 #cef4 ,longwor?1 ,ni*olas1 m5tion$1 #h4 ,lucile1 #djc4 ,lugli5ga1 #djb4 ,lutie1 #djd4 ,macrodactylus subsp9osus1 #baj4 ,malaga1 #dje4 ,mammo? ,catawba1 #dce4 ,m>ion1 #djf4 ,m>ion ,port1 #djf4 ,m>ket+1 #bcj1 #bdf4 cop]ative1 #bdf4 ,m>kets1 accessibility1 #cj4 g5]al v]sus local1 #ca4 ,m>k+ = plant+1 #gi4 ,m>?a1 #djg4 ,massasoit1 #djh4 ,maxatawney1 #dji4 ,mc,kee1 #chb4 ,mc,pike1 #dje4 ,mead's ,se$l+1 #cde4 ,mealy-bug1 #bjb4 ,memory1 #dji4 ,memy?rus poli/i=mis1 #bag4 ,m5del's laws1 #bha4 ,m]c]on1 #cde4 ,m]rimac1 #daj4 ,mi*igan1 #cde4 ,mildew 9 grap]ies1 #bjc4 ,mills1 #daa4 ,mi%1 #daa4 ,mission1 #dab4 ,miss\ri ,riesl+1 #dac4 ,montefiore1 #dac4 ,moore ,e>ly1 #dad4 ,moore1 ,jacob1 m5tion$1 #bgf4 ,moscatello1 #dae4 ,moscatello ,black1 #dae4 ,m\nta9 ,grape1 #cac1 #cah4 ,moy]1 #dae4 ,moy]'s ,e>ly ,r$1 #dae4 ,muncy1 #cde4 ,munson1 m5tion$1 #bgg4 on prun+1 #acf4 on resi/ant species1 #fc4 ,munson me?od ( prun+1 #acf4 ,muscad9e ,grape1 #caj4 ,muscad9e1 #dce4 ,muscad9e grapes = w9e1 #bef4 ,muscatel1 #daf4 ,muscat ,hamburg1 #dag4 = =c+1 #aig4 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 #dah4 ,mu/ang ,grape1 #cbc4 ( ,florida1 #cab4 ,mutations 9 improv+ grapes1 #bgg4 ,napoleon ,i1 m5tion$1 #aif4 ,neal1 #chb4 ,niag>a1 #dah4 ,niag>a grape region1 #bj4 ,nitrog51 b5efits f1 #aja4 ,noah1 #dai4 ,nodes def9$1 #cja4 ,nodosities1 #ff4 ,nor!rn /ivalis1 #cbb4 ,nor!rn ,muscad9e1 #dbj4 ,nor!rn ,summ] ,grape1 #cbb4 ,norton1 #dba4 ,norton1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,n41 m5tion$1 #aa4 ,noyes1 ,dr41 m5tion$1 #ae4 ,numb] ( v9es to ! acre1 #gf4 ,ohio1 #dja4 ,ohio ,riv] grape region1 #bb4 ,oporto1 #dbb4 ,o!llo1 #dbb4 ,oz>k1 #dbc4 ,packages = ,cali=nia1 #bde4 = ea/]n ,am]ica1 #bcf4 = ,muscad9e grapes1 #bdc4 ,pack+ h\ses1 #bcc4 con/ruction (1 #bcd4 co/ (1 #bcc4 ,pack+1 9 ! ,ea/1 #bcg4 ,muscad9e grapes1 #bda4 ,pack+ tables1 #bcd4 ,palom9o1 #dbd4 ,paw ,paw grape region1 #bb4 ,payne's ,e>ly1 #cia4 ,peabody1 #dbd4 ,p$icel def9$1 #cje4 ,p$uncle def9$1 #cje4 ,p]fection1 #dbe4 ,p]golas1 tra9+ v9es on1 #adb4 ,p]k9s1 #dbf4 ,pe/s 9 grap]ies1 #bjb4 ,petiole1 *>act]s (1 #cjg4 ,pholus a*emon1 #bag4 ,phosphorus1 b5efits f1 #aja4 ,phyllox]a1 #ac1 #fa1 #bje4 control (1 #bjf4 ,phyllox]a va/atrix1 #bje4 ,pick]s1 #bca4 ,pick+1 acc\nts =1 #bcb4 appliances1 #bcb4 "t (1 #bca4 ,pigeon ,grape1 #cah4 ,p9e-wood ,grape1 #cbj4 ,piquette1 mak+1 #bgj4 ,plant+1 #hc1 #he4 di/ances1 #ge4 graft$ v9es1 #fh4 9 grap]ies1 #aih4 ,plasmop>a viticola1 #bbj4 ,pl9y1 m5tion$1 #b4 ,pl[+ ! v9ey>d1 #id4 to combat pe/s1 #ie4 ,pockl+ton1 #dbf4 ,poll51 *>act]s (1 #cjf4 ,poll9at+ 9 hybridiz+1 #bhj4 ,poly*rosis viteana1 #bad4 ,pomace z a by-product1 #bgj4 ,possum ,grape1 #cag4 ,po/s1 #aai4 brac+1 #abj4 mat]ial1 #aai4 sett+1 #abj4 ,po/-oak ,grape1 #cbj4 ,po/-oak grapes1 #ac4 ,potassium1 b5efits f1 #aja4 ,p\ghkeepsie1 #dbg4 ,p[d]y mildew1 control (1 #bbc4 description (1 #bbb4 ,p[ell1 #ceh4 ,pre-cool+ grapes1 #bde4 ,pr5tiss1 #dbh4 ,prep>ation = plant+1 #gf1 #hb4 ,prep>+ v9es = plant+1 #hj1 #ha4 ,pr9ce ,edw>d1 #cef4 ,pr9ce1 ,w4 ,r41 m5tion$1 #bgd4 ,pr(its f f]tiliz]s1 #aja4 ,prun+1 be=e plant+1 #afj4 cordon me?od1 #aec4 ,european grapes 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 #ajg4 fan-%ap$1 #aec1 #agb4 fir/ summ]1 #afj4 fir/ w9t]1 #afa4 = fruit1 #aab4 = wood1 #aab4 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 #ajh4 ,muscad9e grapes1 #adc4 on ! ,pacific slope1 #aej4 pr9ciples (1 #aaa4 second summ]1 #afa4 second w9t]1 #afc4 s+le v]tical cordon1 #aeg4 summ]1 #aae4 ?ird summ]1 #afg4 ?ird w9t]1 #afh4 to regulate ! crop1 #aaj4 to regulate ! v9e1 #aaa4 unilat]al horizontal cordon1 #aeh4 vase-=m1 #aec4 w9t]1 #aad4 "w (1 #aah4 ,prun+ & tra9+ di/+ui%$1 #aji4 ,prun+s1 collect+1 #aah4 ,purple ,corni*on1 #dbi4 ,quality def9$1 #cjg4 ,raffia1 9 graft+1 #ed4 ,rais9 indu/ry1 seat (1 #bfc4 ,rais9-mak+1 acc\nt (1 #bfd4 ,rais9 output1 value (1 #bfc4 ,rais9s1 classes (1 #bff4 dipp+ & scald+1 #bfd4 pack+1 #bfe4 se$$1 #bfg4 v>ieties =1 #bfc4 ,r&all1 #cca4 ,raphe def9$1 #cjh4 ,rat+ z to resi/ance to phyllox]a1 #ff4 ,rattl+1 #bbd4 ,rebecca1 #dbi4 ,reciprocal influ5ce ( /ock & cion1 #fh4 ,r$ ,eagle1 #dcj4 ,r$ ,riv]1 #ceg4 ,r$-spid] 9 grap]ies1 #bjb4 ,refrig]ator c>s = grapes1 #bde4 ,regal1 #dca4 ,rejuv5at+ old v9es1 #adg4 ,r5ewal by canes1 #aaf4 by spurs1 #aag4 ,r5ew+ fruit+ wood1 #aaf4 ,requa1 #dca4 ,returns f ,muscad9e grapes1 #bdb4 ,ricketts1 ,j4 ,h41 m5tion$1 #bgd4 ,r++ grape v9es1 #bhi4 op]ation (1 #bij4 results (1 #bia4 !ory (1 #bij4 ,rip>ia ,gloire1 #fd1 #fe4 ,rip>ia gr&e glabre1 #fd1 #fe4 ,rip>ia ,solonis1 #fd4 ,rip5+ dates = grapes1 #bif4 ,ripe-rot1 control (1 #bbe4 description (1 #bbe4 ,riv] ,grape1 #cad4 ,riv]bank ,grape1 #cad4 ,riv]bank grapes1 #ac4 ,riv]side ,grape1 #cad4 ,roanoke1 #dce4 ,rob9s1 depr$ations (1 #bic4 ,ro*e/]1 #dcb4 ,rock ,grape1 #cac4 ,rog]s1 ,e4 ,s41 m5tion$1 #bgd4 ,rommel1 #dcc4 ,rommel1 ,jacob1 m5tion$1 #bgf4 ,root1 its p>ts nam$1 #cja4 ,root-=ms ( grapes1 #fg4 ,rootlets def9$1 #cja4 ,root-tip def9$1 #cja4 ,rosaki1 #dcc4 ,rose *af]1 control (1 #baa4 life hi/ory (1 #baj4 ,rose ( ,p]u1 #dcd4 ,rose ( ,t5nessee1 #cde4 ,rotundifolia grapes1 #i4 ,ruff1 #ceh4 ,rupe/ris ,/4 ,george1 #fd4 ,salem1 #dce4 ,s& ,grape1 #cac4 ,s&usky grape region1 #bb4 ,sanitation 9 ! v9ey>d1 #bbg4 ,s>atoga1 #cde4 ,scupp]nong1 #caj1 #dce4 ,seasonal sum ( heat1 #bd4 ,secret>y1 #dcf4 ,se$l+s1 select+1 #cg4 ,se$s1 z by-products1 #bga4 *>act]s (1 #cjh4 p>ts (1 #cjh4 ,select+ v9es1 #ha4 ,selection 9 improv+ grapes1 #bgg4 ,self-/]ility 9 grapes1 #bhe4 cause (1 #bhf4 rem$y =1 #bhg4 ,s5asqua1 #dcg4 ,s5eca ,lake grape region1 #ba4 ,%ell+1 #dbd4 ,%ipp+ f ,cali=nia1 #bde4 ,%oots1 *>act]s (1 #cjc4 def9$1 #cja4 disposition (1 9 tra9+1 #abc4 droop+1 9 tra9+1 #acb4 horizontal1 9 tra9+1 #ada4 upright1 9 tra9+1 #abe4 ,s+le-eye cutt+s1 #dj4 mak+1 #da4 plant+1 #da4 ,s+le-/em1 ,f\r-cane ,kniff91 #acb4 ,s+leton1 #cde4 ,s+le v]tical cordon1 #aeg4 ,sites = v9ey>ds1 #bf1 #cb4 ,sk91 *>act]s (1 #cjh4 ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,john1 m5tion$1 #e4 ,smudg+ v9ey>ds1 #be4 ,soil adaptations1 #bi4 f]tility1 #bh4 ,soils = grapes1 #bg4 ideal1 #bh4 ov]-ri*1 #ajg4 unev51 #aje4 ,s\r ,w9t] ,grape1 #cag4 ,s\!rn /ivalis1 #cba4 ,s\!rn ,fox ,grape1 #caj4 ,spani% ,grape1 #cah4 ,species1 conspectus (1 #caj4 resi/ant to phyllox]a1 #fb4 ,sphaceloma ampel9um1 #bbc4 ,sports 9 improv+ grapes1 #bgg4 ,spray+ sugge/ions1 #bbh4 ,spr+/e91 #dja4 ,spurs def9$1 #cja4 ,spur-r5ewal1 #aag4 ,/ak+ v9es1 #afb4 ,/am5s1 *>act]s (1 #cjf4 ,/em def9$1 #cja4 its p>ts nam$1 #cja4 ,/ocks1 resi/ant to phyllox]a1 #fa4 = ,am]ican grapes1 #fi4 = ,european grapes1 #fi4 ,/orage-room = grapes1 #bci4 ,/or+ grapes1 #bch4 ,/ripp+1 #aah4 ,suck]s def9$1 #cja4 ,sug> ,grape1 #cac4 ,sultana1 #dch4 ,sultan9a1 #dch4 ,summ] ,grape1 #cah4 ,summ] grapes1 #aa4 ,summ] prun+1 #aae4 ,swamp ,grape1 #cah4 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,grape1 #cad4 ,sweetwat]1 #cdg4 ,syrian1 = =c+1 #aih4 ,talman's ,se$l+1 #cdf4 ,tap-root def9$1 #cja4 ,taylor1 #dci4 ,tekomah1 #cdc4 ,t5drils1 *>act]s (1 #cjd4 def9$1 #cja4 ,!ophra/us1 on graft+1 #de4 ,?9n+ 9 grap]ies1 #bja4 ,?ompson's ,se$less1 #dch4 ,?rips1 #baa4 9 grap]ies1 #bjb4 ,tillage1 #ib4 me?ods1 #ic4 "t to cease1 #ie4 tools =1 #ic4 ,"t to plant1 #hd4 ,tokay1 #cde4 ,tongue graft+1 #eb4 ,tra9+1 ,*autauqua me?od1 #abe4 classification ( me?ods1 #abe4 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 #abc4 fan-me?od1 #aca4 9 grap]ies1 #aih4 ,keuka me?od1 #aci4 ,trellises1 #aai4 ,triumph1 #ddj4 ,tub]osities1 caus$ by phyllox]a1 #ff4 ,turkey ,grape1 #cbj4 ,two-trunk ,kniff91 #ace4 ,ty+1 #abb4 ,typhlocyba comes1 #baa4 ,ul/]1 #dda4 ,umbrella ,kniff91 #acd4 ,unc9ula necator1 #bbb4 ,unilat]al horizontal cordon1 #aeh4 ,valk1 ,dr41 m5tion$1 #bgd4 ,v>ieties ( ,european grapes = ea/]n ,am]ica1 #aia4 ,v>ieties resi/ant to phyllox]a1 #fb4 ,v]dal1 #ddb4 ,v]g5nes1 #ddb4 ,v]tical canes1 #agd4 cordons1 #age4 ,v9eg> f grapes1 #bfi4 ,v9es1 nurs]y v]sus home gr[n1 #ei4 p$igre$1 #ei4 rejuv5at+ old1 #adg4 resi/ant to phyllox]a1 #fa4 "y1 c>e (1 #hg4 ,v9ey>d graft+1 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 #de4 on ,pacific slope1 #dh4 ,v9ey>d1 managem5t1 #gc4 returns 9 ! ,ea/1 #bdg4 sanitation1 #bbg4 sites1 #cb4 ,v9tage1 "t (1 #bed4 ,virgil1 on soils1 #bh4 quot$1 #ca1 #cd1 #cg4 ,virg9ia ,amb]1 #cde4 ,vitis1 g5us def9$1 #cjh4 ,vitis /ivalis1 #aa1 #cah4 ,b\rqu9iana1 #aa1 #cba4 glauca1 #cba4 ,l9cecumii1 #ac1 #cbj4 ,b]l&i]i1 #cah4 bicolor1 #cbb4 c&icans1 #cbc4 cordifolia1 #cag4 ,labrusca1 #g1 #cbd4 ,munsoniana1 #cab4 rip>ia1 #cad4 7,syn4 ( ,v4 vulp9a47 rotundifolia1 #i1 #caj4 rupe/ris1 #cac4 v9if]a1 #b1 #cbh4 vulp9a1 #cad4 ,vulp9a grapes1 #ac4 z direct produc]s1 #ac4 ,wakeman1 ,elb]t1 m5tion$1 #acf4 ,walt]1 #ddc4 ,w>r51 #chb1 #dja4 ,w>r5ton1 #chb4 ,wa%+ton1 #cga4 ,wat]1 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #bc4 ,wat]+1 at plant+1 #hf4 9 grap]ies1 #bjb4 ,wat] spr\ts def9$1 #cja4 ,wea!r data & grape-gr[+1 #bf4 ,:ite ,july1 #djb4 ,:ite ,nice1 = =c+1 #aih4 ,:ite ,frontignan1 #daf4 ,wild]1 #ddd4 ,wilm+ton ,r$1 #ddh4 ,w9*ell1 #dde4 ,w9dbreaks 9 grape-gr[+1 #be1 #bg4 ,w9e1 ag+1 #bec4 cru%+ grapes =1 #beb4 f]m5tation (1 #bec4 f9+1 #bec4 k9ds (1 #bea4 rack+1 #bec4 yea/s =1 #bec4 ,w9e-grapes1 prices paid =1 #bee4 ,w9e-mak+1 #beb4 ,wire = trellises1 #aba4 ,wire graft+1 #ed4 ,w9t] ,grape1 #cad1 #cag1 #cah4 ,w9t]-kill+1 #bf4 precautions aga9/1 #bie4 ,w9t] protection ( grapes1 #ahg1 #bid4 co/ (1 #bif4 ,w9t]-prun+1 #aad4 ,woodruff1 #ddf4 ,woodw>d1 #cia4 ,word51 #ddf4 ,wor?+ton1 #ae1 #cej4 ,wyom+1 #ddh4 ,wyom+ ,r$1 #ddh4 ,yields 9 f]tiliz] exp]im5ts1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,y-trunk ,kniff9 tra9+1 #acf4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( a few ( ! ,macmillan books on k9dr$ subjects4 ,a ,,new ,,rural ,,manual ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,manual ( ,tree ,diseases ,,by ,w4 ,,h[>d ,,rank91 ,a4,b41 ,,ph4,d4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,plant ,pa?ology ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 at ,cornell ,univ]sity ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 #b4ej ,! diseases ( ! m common trees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are treat$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! discussions ( ^! diseases are gr\p$ into *apt]s "u ! common "n ( ! trees affect$1 & ! *apt]s are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,9 a g5]al *apt] are includ$ discussions ( ! diseases common to all k9ds ( trees1 su* z samp+-(f ( se$l+s1 temp]ature injuries to leaves & woody p>ts1 smoke & gas injuries1 wood-rots1 & ! l4 ,! species ( trees affect$1 ! geographic di/ribution1 de/ructiv5ess1 & symptoms ( ! diff]5t diseases are pres5t$ 9 full4 ,! aim ( ! au?ors has be5 to furni% a descriptive guide = ! diagnosis ( tree diseases & ! g5]al me?ods ( _! control4 ,,cont5ts ,se$l+ ,diseases & ,injuries2 ,leaf ,diseases & ,injuries2 ,body & ,bran* ,diseases & ,injuries2 ,root ,diseases & ,injuries2 ,diseases (3 ,ald]2 ,arbor-,vit2 ,a%2 ,bald ,cypress2 ,basswood2 ,bee*2 ,bir*2 ,buckeye2 ,butt]nut2 ,catalpa2 ,c$>2 ,*e/nut2 ,elm2 ,fir2 ,hackb]ry2 ,hemlock2 ,hickory2 ,junip]2 ,l>*2 ,locu/2 ,maple2 ,oak2 ,p9e2 ,popl>2 ,spruce2 ,sycamore2 ,walnut2 ,will[4 ,tree ,surg]y2 ,spray+ & ,du/+ = ,leaf ,diseases4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,a ,,new ,,rural ,,manual ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,manual ( ,vegetable-,g>d5 ,insects ,,by ,,cyrus ,,ri*>d ,,crosby ,,& ,,mortim] ,,dem>e/ ,,leon>d ,( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 at ,cornell ,univ]sity ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 #b4ej ,?is is a practical acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal insects :i* attack truck & vegetable crops1 includ+ cabbages1 caulifl[]s1 cucumb]s & melons1 asp>agus1 potatoes1 tomatoes1 cel]y & p>snips1 lettuce1 peas1 beans1 beets1 sp9a*1 sweet-potatoes1 & sweet corn4 ,! life-hi/ory & habits ( ea* insect are giv51 its injuries describ$ & ! me?ods ( control are discuss$4 ,a *apt] on insecticides gives an acc\nt ( ! m important mat]ials n[ employ$1 ) directions = _! prep>ation & use4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4 ,,ii4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,cabbage & ,relat$ ,crops4 ,,iii4 ,pea & ,bean ,insects4 ,,iv4 ,beet & ,sp9a* ,insects4 ,v4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,cucumb]1 ,squa%1 & ,melon4 ,,vi4 ,potato ,insects4 ,,vii4 ,tomato ,insects4 ,,viii4 ,eggplant ,insects4 ,,ix4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,c>rot1 ,cel]y1 ,p>snip1 etc4 ,x4 ,asp>agus ,insects4 ,,xi4 ,corn ,insects4 ,,xii4 ,sweet ,potato ,insects4 ,,xiii4 ,onion ,insects4 ,,xiv4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,m9or ,vegetable ,crop4 ,,xv4 ,cut-worms & ,army ,worms4 ,,xvi4 ,bli/]-,beetles4 ,,xvii4 ,flea-,beetles4 ,,xviii4 ,unclassifi$ ,pe/s4 ,,xix4 ,insects & ,insecticides4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,a ,,new ,,volume ,,9 ,,! ,,rural ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,pea*-,gr[+ ,,by ,h4 ,p4 ,,g\ld ,pomologi/ 9 *>ge ( ,fruit ,production ,inve/igations ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 #b4jj ,"h is a book :i* cov]s ! g5]al field ( gr[+ pea*es & plac+ !m )9 rea* ( ! consum]4 ,x is practical4 ,x is detail$4 ,x is a h&book = pea*-gr[]s ( ,nor? & ,ea/1 z well z ,s\? & ,we/4 ,pea* lit]ature has be5 notably limit$1 except = exp]im5t /ation bullet9s & reports4 ,?is book ga!rs into "o compact1 fully illu/rat$ volume ! pr9ciples & practice ( successful pea* production4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,hi/orical ,notes4 ,,ii4 ,economic ,/atus & ,ext5t ( ! ,pea* ,indu/ry4 ,,iii4 ,location & ,site ( ! ,or*>d4 ,,iv4 ,propagation ( ,pea* ,trees4 ,v4 ,details ( ,plant+ an ,or*>d4 ,,vi4 ,or*>d ,managem5t4 ,,vii4 ,! ,tillage ( ,pea* ,or*>ds4 ,,viii4 ,int]-plant$ ,crops4 ,,ix4 ,f]tiliz]s = ,pea* ,or*>ds4 ,x4 ,prun+ ,pea* ,trees4 ,,xi4 ,insect & ,disease ,control4 ,,xii4 ,?9n+ ! ,fruit4 ,,xiii4 ,irrigat+ ,pea*es4 ,,xiv4 ,a ,consid]ation ( ,adv]se ,temp]atures4 ,,xv4 ,annual ,co/ ,factors 9 ,gr[+ ,pea*es4 ,,xvi4 ,pea* ,v>ieties1 ,botany & ,classification4 ,,xvii4 ,pick+ & ,pack+ ! ,fruit4 ,,xviii4 ,transportation1 ,/orage1 ,m>ket+4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,! ,/&>d ,cyclop$ia ( ,horticulture ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,) ,,! ,,assi/ance ,,( ,,ov] #ejj ,,collaborators ,new edition1 entirely rewritt5 & enl>g$1 ) _m new features2 ) #bd plates 9 color1 #if full-page half tones1 & ov] #d1jjj text illu/rations4 ,complete 9 six volumes4 ,sold only 9 sets4 ,set clo?1 #cf4jj ,lea!r1 #fj4jj ,! ,/&>d ,cyclop$ia ( ,horticulture1 pron\nc$ by exp]ts to be an absolute necessity = e horticulturi/ & ( trem5d\s value to e type ( g>d5]1 pr(essional & amateur1 is complet$4 ,an indisp5sable "w ( ref]5ce to e "o int]e/$ 9 ! l& & its products1 :e!r comm]cially or pr(essionally1 z a /ud5t or an amateur1 is ! ,bo/on ,transcript's *>act]ization ( x1 :ile ,horticulture adds t x is v live lit]ature = any "o engag$ 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! horticultural field4 ,?is really monum5tal p]=mance w take rank z a /&>d 9 its class4 ,illu/rations & text are admirable4444 ,our own conviction is t :ile ! future may br+ =? amplifi$ editions ( ! "w1 x w probably nev] be sup]s$$4 ,recogniz+ its importance1 ! publi%]s h giv5 x faultless =m4 ,! typography leaves no?+ to be desir$1 ! pap] is calculat$ to /& we> & te>1 & ! "w is at once h&somely & attractively b\nd4--,new ,york ,daily ,tribune4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york