,this e-text includes characters that require ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 file encoding3 vowels with macron or 8long0 mark vowels with breve or 8short0 mark3 very rare ,if any of these characters do not display properly--in particular1 if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage1 make sure your text reader's 8character set0 or 8file encoding0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,you may also need to change the default font4 ,as a last resort1 use the ,latin-#a version of the file instead4 ,as explained in the editor's ,introductory ,note1 readings are given in two forms4 ,for this e-text1 line breaks and numbers were retained in the simplified version for use with the ,notes4 ,in the unchanged version1 each chapter is a single paragraph1 with the page-and-line range given in brackets at the end of each chapter4 ,to reduce visual clutter1 some italic and boldface markup has been simplified or omitted4 ,the ,,gate ,,to ,c,,sar by ,,william ,c4 ,,collar1 ,a4,m4 ,head ,master ,roxbury ,latin ,school ,,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,ginn ,,company1 ,,publishers #ahie ,copyright1 #ahia1 ,by ,william ,c4 ,collar4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,typography by ,j4 ,s4 ,cushing ,co41 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,presswork by ,ginn ,co41 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface4 ,the recent discovery of a work of ,aristotle has interested and delighted the whole learned world2 but one may venture to say that if1 instead1 a book had been found written in the best period of the ,latin language for the amusement or instruction of youth1 by some ,roman ,de ,foe1 or ,goldsmith1 or ,lamb1 or ,burnett1 there would be ten times the reason for rejoicing4 ,unhappily there is no likelihood that we shall ever congratulate ourselves on such a 8find10 for probably no such work ever existed4 ,what a misfortune that it did not occur to ,cicero to divert himself in some leisure hour by writing a story for ,roman youth6 ,millions of boys and girls in these later ages would have had good reason to bless his name4 ,csar could have done it2 but to him1 too1 the gods denied such an inspiration1 and we must suffer for it4 ,seeing that he had composed a treatise on ,latin ,grammar1 one almost wonders that a mind so original and fertile should not have conceived the idea of adapting his ,gallic ,war1 or some part of it1 to the powers and comprehension of youth4 ,what measureless gratitude would he not have won from unborn generations of schoolmasters1 who have now to struggle desperately and often unavailingly to make clear to their pupils the meaning of his intricate periods1 and untwist the strands of his knotty syntax6 ,csar is a difficult author4 ,some parts of his ,gallic ,war are as hard1 or nearly as hard1 as any prose ,latin that has come down to us4 ,yet it has somehow strangely enough become the fashion to read that work first in a ,latin course4 ,my own conviction is that for young learners a year's reading in easier ,latin is not too much before taking up the less difficult books of the ,gallic ,war4 ,even then the transition to ,csar comes with something of a shock2 for the learner is soon and often brought face to face with sentences that seem to him of most bewildering intricacy1 however they may1 as commentators sometimes remark1 beautifully illustrate most important principles of ,latin order and construction4 ,there is a sentence in the second book1 by no means the most difficult one to be found1 that extends through eighteen lines1--that is1 something more than half a page1--containing twenty-one distinct ideas1 and having the verb separated from its subject by ninety-four words4 ,i know no more disheartening task than that of undertaking to carry a class unprepared in age and knowledge of the language through ,csar's ,gallic ,war4 ,yet it is precisely this disheartening task that thousands of teachers are set to do1 or set themselves to do1 every year4 ,the results are often dismal enough4 ,teachers are blamed1 they blame themselves1 they blame their pupils4 ,pupils may sometimes be stupid1 teachers may lack knowledge of the language and the subject1 but the fault may also lie wholly with the author or with the ,latin language itself2 if with the latter1 there is no help4 ,latin1 it must be confessed1 is an exceedingly difficult language to learn4 ,all the more reason then why1 in attacking it1 every unnecessary obstacle should be removed4 ,we should make our approaches with caution and skill2 we should take it1 if possible1 aperto latere4 ,we should not begin with a difficult work2 or if1 in the dearth of ,latin suited to the juvenile mind1 this is deemed unavoidable1 common sense suggests the query1 why not remove provisionally#a from the text those more intricate parts that discourage the learner and bar the way of progress8 ,footnote #a3 ,it is presumed that the learner will subsequently read the complete text4 ,csar knew how to write his own language well2 but he wrote for men1 he wrote with compression and in haste1 and there are passages in his works that are tough reading for a good ,latin scholar4 ,it is the fashion to praise ,csar's lucidity2 but brevity and haste are not conducive to lucidity4 8,ther nys no werkman1 what so ever he be1 ,that may bothe werke wel1 and hastily4 ,this wol be doon at leyser parfitly40 ,for my part ,i confess that ,i sometimes find him obscure4 ,moreover1 when ,i am in doubt as to his meaning and appeal to the commentators1 ,i find that they generally disagree and sometimes quarrel about the sense4 ,therefore to put young learners to reading ,csar as his text stands1 bristling with difficulties1 before they have acquired anything more than a meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some practice in reading easier ,latin1 is to set them at a task harder than that which ,pharaoh set the ,israelites4 ,i am of the opinion that1 even when a fair working vocabulary has been acquired through some previous reading1 there is no book of the ,gallic ,war that does not require a certain degree of simplification to bring it to the level of the powers of young boys and girls4 ,it is this conviction born of long observation of the vexation of spirit1 discouragement1 and waste of time by pupils in wrestling with difficulties that inevitably floor them1 that has prompted me to put my hand to this work1 which1 slight as it may seem1 has cost me the leisure of many months4 ,but ,i shall feel repaid tenfold1 if1 through this little book1 boys and girls are enabled to read ,csar with less waste of time1 more easily1 with fresher interest1 and added sense of power2 if1 in other words1 it proves in reality what it is in name1 a ,gate to ,csar4 ,a few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on which ,i have simplified ,csar's text1 the amount of excision1 and the degree of change4 ,it would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the text by the mere process of omission1 never deviating from the ipsissima verba of the author by so much as the change of a mode or tense4 ,one could do this and still string together the disjecta membra of the text into something like a connected narrative4 ,but that would be to preserve the integrity of the words at the expense of everything else1--inner relation1 structure1 style1 spirit4 ,or the simplification might be effected by a virtual rewriting of the text1 by amplification rather than suppression1 coupled with changes in the collocation of words1 where the arrangement seemed to obscure the meaning and perplex the learner4 ,my purpose and plan differed essentially from both these methods4 ,my aim has been1 first1 to keep the narrative intact2 second1 to retain as much of the text as was consistent with the effort to disburden it of its greater difficulties2 third1 to make the fewest practicable changes in what was retained1 save the modification of some verb forms1 and the occasional rendering of indirect into direct discourse2 fourth1 very rarely to change the position of a word2 finally1 never to insert a word1 except now and then to supply a form plainly understood1 or to introduce some connective1 like et1 tum1 itaque1 autem1 ergo1 postremo4 ,as to the amount of excision1 ,i find that ,i have omitted almost exactly one-fifth of ,csar's text4 ,if the beginner in ,csar reads the simplified text and concurrently turns the ,exercises into ,latin1 laying firm hold of the grammatical principles selected for illustration1 ,i believe he will find the remaining difficulties of the original text not beyond his scope4 ,i should even hope that he would then read with something of the joy of conscious power4 ,if the reading of the texts and the writing of the ,exercises should require more time than is usually spent on the second book of ,csar1 which1 however1 ,i doubt1 ,i believe subsequent progress would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to amount to a net gain and saving of time4 ,it has seemed best to mark long vowels1 except the vowels of final syllables and of monosyllables1 the rules for which can be readily learned4 ,i have1 however1 marked a few monosyllables1 as a constant reminder to teachers who find their old pronunciation clinging to certain words4 ,we used to say hs1 sc1 nn1 qun1 hc4 ,these words1 therefore1 ,i have marked4 ,on the other hand1 one is in no danger of saying d1 h1 s1 pr1 for old habit would not mislead4 ,i take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to ,mr4 ,alfred ,g4 ,rolfe for several useful criticisms1 and to ,miss ,caroline ,ober ,stone for valuable corrections and for carefully reading the proof-sheets as far as the vocabularies4 ,to ,mr4 ,clarence ,w4 ,gleason ,i am specially indebted4 ,but for his timely and generous aid in preparing both vocabularies1 the publication of this book must have been very considerably delayed4 ,,william ,c4 ,,collar4 ,,seaconnet1 ,july #be1 #ahia4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,introductory ,note x ,simplified ,text #a-bb ,complete ,text #bc-da ,notes on ,both ,texts #dc-ga ,exercises on ,simplified ,text #gc-hh ,vocabulary #hi-abc ,etymological ,vocabulary #abe-ada ,,note ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,book4 ,the ,simplified ,text and the ,exercises based upon it are of the first importance4 ,the viva voce translation of the ,exercises1 followed by the writing of them1 will illustrate and help to implant in the memory the most important principles of syntax met with in the text4 ,let the teacher insist upon thorough work here1 and he may safely omit other syntactical instruction4 ,but little power of reading ,latin can be gained without making the acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object4 ,the ,latin synonyms and the ,etymological ,vocabulary may be made useful agents to that end4 ,if the words added to each chapter are read aloud1 reviewed1 and compared where backward references are made1 the learner will acquire a useful stock of synonyms easily1 naturally1 and with small expenditure of time4 ,it is often easier to retain in mind a number of words1 grouped according to some principle of similarity or contrast1 than a single word with nothing to hook it to the memory4 ,for this reason it is recommended that the ,etymological ,vocabulary be often pressed into the service4 ,suppose1 for example1 the word conspectus occurs in the lesson4 ,if the teacher will turn to page #ach and have the ten words read out under the root ,,spec1 he will multiply several times the chances that this particular word will be remembered on its next occurrence4 ,he will have done much more4 ,he will have increased the chances that nine other words will be lodged in the memory2 and to each one a fresh interest will be added by its being seen in relation1 not as an isolated1 and therefore barren1 fact4 ,the first vocabulary may be used for comparing in the text the different meanings and uses of the same word4 ,it is through such comparisons that one gets at the heart and spirit of the language1 while cultivating at the same time a mental habit of great value4 ,having read the ,simplified ,text1 the learner should be well equipped for wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text1 for he is already familiar with the thought and the language4 ,comparison of the two texts by the teacher1 so far as time permits1 may now be made to illustrate important principles1 as of indirect discourse1 which are here and there discussed in the notes4 ,c,,sar',s ,,gallic ,,war ,,book ,,ii4 ,b4,c4 #eg2 ,a4,u4,c4 #fig4 ,,the ,,belgian ,,league ,,defeated4 ,,simplified ,,text4 ,the ,belg form a league against the ,romans4 #a4 ,cum esset ,caesar in citerire ,gallia1 crbri ad eum rmres adferbantur4 ,litteris item ,labini certior fbat omnes ,belgas contra populum ,rmnum conirre obsidsque inter se dare4 ,conirandi hae erant causae3 prmum verbantur ne ad se exercitus noster addcertur2 #e deinde ab nnnllis ,gallis sollicitbantur4 ,hi ,germnos ditius in ,gallia versri nluerant et populi ,rmni exercitum hiemre atque inveterscere in ,gallia moleste ferbant4 ,nnnlli mbilitte et levitte animi novis imperiis studbant4 ,ab nnnllis etiam sollicitbantur1 #aj quod in ,gallia a potentiribus atque iis qui ad condcendos homines faculttes habbant1 vulgo rgna occupbantur2 qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro cnsequi poterant4 crber1 frequens4 vereor1 timeo4 deinde1 tum4 versor3 maneo1 sum4 moleste1 graviter4 studeo1 cupio4 ,csar levies two legions and marches against them4 #b4 ,hs nntiis littersque commtus est ,caesar4 ,duas legines in citerire ,gallia novas cnscrpsit4 ,in interirem ,galliam qui hs legines ddceret ,q4 ,pedium lgtum msit4 ,ipse1 cum prmum pbuli cpia esse inciperet1 ad exercitum vnit4 ,senones fnitimi ,belgis #e erant4 ,ea quae apud ,belgas geruntur cgnscunt ,caesaremque de hs rbus certirem faciunt4 ,hi cnstanter omnes nntivrunt manus cgi1 exercitum in num locum condci4 ,tum vro nn dubitvit ,caesar qun ad eos proficscertur4 ,itaque castra movet dibusque circiter #aj qundecim ad fnes ,belgrum pervenit4 nntius1 rmor4 fnitimus3 vcnus1 propnquus4 gero3 ago1 facio4 cgo1 conligo4 condco1 conligo4 pervenio1 accdo4 ,the ,remi at once show the white feather4 #c4 ,eo de imprvso celeriterque vnit ,caesar4 ,rmi ad eum lgtos ,iccium et ,andocumborium msrunt1 qui dxrunt se omnia in fidem atque in potesttem populi ,rmni permittere4 8,rmi neque cum ,belgis reliquis cnsnsrunt neque contra populum ,rmnum conirvrunt4 #e ,parti sunt obsides dare et ,caesaris imperta facere et eum oppidis recipere et frmento ctersque rbus iuvre4 ,reliqui omnes ,belgae in armis sunt4 ,germni1 qui cis ,rhnum incolunt1 sse cum hs coninxrunt4 ,tantus est erum omnium furor ut ne ,suessines quidem #aj dterrre possint ,rmi4 ,suessines frtres ,rmrum cnsanguineque sunt edemque ire et sdem lgibus tuntur4 num imperium numque magistrtum cum iis habent40 de imprvso3 subito1 repente4 permitto1 ddo4 cnsentio3 coniro1 me coniungo4 dterreo1 dissudeo4 ,csar learns the number of the enemy's forces4 #d4 ,cum ab hs quaereret quae cvittes quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello possent1 sc reperibat3 plrque ,belgae sunt orti ab ,germnis ,rhnumque antquitus trducti ibi cnsdrunt1 ,gallsque qui ea loca incolbant expulrunt4 ,sli furunt qui ,teutonos ,cimbrsque #e intra fnes suos ingredi prohiburunt4 ,qua ex re fbat ut mgnam sibi auctrittem mgnsque spritus in re mlitri smerent4 ,de numero erum omnia se habre explrta ,rmi dcbant4 ,quantam quisque multitdinem in commni ,belgrum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus #aj esset cgnverant4 ,plrimum inter eos ,bellovaci et virtte et auctritte et hominum numero valbant4 ,hi poterant cnficere armta mlia centum2 polliciti sunt ex eo numero lcta sexginta ttusque belli imperium sibi postulbant4 ,suessines ,rmrum erant fnitimi2 #ae ltissimos fercissimsque agros possidbant4 ,apud eos fuit rx nostra etiam memoria ,divitiacus1 ttus ,galliae potentissimus1 qui cum mgnae partis hrum reginum tum etiam ,britanniae imperium obtinuit4 ,nunc erat rx ,galba2 ad hunc propter istitiam prdentiamque suam #bj belli summa dlta est4 quaero1 interrogo4 reperio1 cgnsco4 orior1 nscor4 cnsdo1 me colloco4 spritus3 adrogantia1 animi4 explro1 cgnsco4 valeo1 possum4 cnficio1 comparo4 ferax1 fertilis4 summa3 cra1 imperium4 ,he takes hostages from the ,remi and crosses the ,axona4 #e4 ,caesar omnem sentum ad se convenre prncipumque lberos obsides ad se addci issit4 ,quae omnia ab hs dligenter ad diem facta sunt4 ,ipse ,divitiacum ,aeduum mgno opere cohorttus est4 ,rei pblicae interest manus hostium distinri1 ne cum tanta multitdine no tempore #e cnflgendum sit4 ,id fieri potest1 si suas cpias ,aedui in fnes ,bellovacrum intrdxerint et erum agros populri coeperint4 ,hs mandtis eum ab se dmittit4 ,postea ,caesar omnes ,belgrum cpias in num locum coctas ad se venre vdit neque iam longe abesse4 ,hc ab iis #aj qus mserat explrtribus et ab ,rmis cgnvit4 ,tum flmen ,axonam exercitum trdcere mtrvit atque ibi castra posuit4 ,quae res latus num castrrum rpis flminis mnibat et post eum quae essent tta ab hostibus reddbat4 ,commetus etiam ab ,rmis reliqusque cvittibus #ae sine perculo portri poterant4 ,in eo flmine pns erat4 ,ibi praesidium pnit et in altera parte flminis ,q4 ,titurium ,sabnum lgtum cum sex cohortibus relquit2 castra in altitdinem pedum ,,xii vllo fossque duodvginti pedum mnre iubet4 #bj iubeo1 impero4 mgno opere1 vehementer4 interest1 pertinet4 distineo1 dvido4 cnflgo3 pgno1 dmico4 populor1 vsto4 cgo1 condco1 #b4 cgnsco1 reperio1 #d4 mtro1 propero4 commetus1 cibus4 ,how the ,belg lay siege to a town4 #f4 ,ab hs castris oppidum ,rmrum nmine ,bibrax aberat mlia passuum octo4 ,id ex itinere mgno impetu ,belgae oppgnre coeprunt4 ,aegre eo die sustenttum est4 ,gallrum eadem atque ,belgrum oppgntio est haec4 ,circumiecta multitdine hominum ttis moenibus #e undique in mrum lapides iaciunt4 ,ubi mrus dfnsribus ndtus est1 testdine facta portas succdunt mrumque subruunt4 ,quod tum facile fbat4 ,nam cum tanta multitdo lapides c tla cnicerent1 in mro cnsistendi potestas erat nlli4 ,postrmo fnem oppgnandi nox #aj fcit4 ,tum ,iccius ,rmus1 qui oppido praefuerat1 nntium ad ,caesarem mittit3 nisi subsidium sibi submitttur1 sse ditius sustinre nn posse4 ttus1 omnis4 undique1 ex omni parte4 ubi1 cum4 ndo1 prvo4 succdo3 accdo1 subeo4 subruo1 suffodio4 cnsisto1 sto4 praesum1 praefectus sum4 subsidium1 auxilium4 sustineo1 sustento4 ,they abandon the siege and turn against ,csar4 #g4 ,eo de media nocte ,caesar ,numidas et ,crtas sagittrios et funditres ,baleres subsidio oppidnis mittit2 qurum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi discessit4 ,itaque paulisper apud oppidum morti agrsque ,rmrum dpopulti ad castra ,caesaris omnibus cpiis contendrunt #e et ab mlibus passuum minus dubus castra posurunt2 quae castra1 ut fmo atque gnibus sgnificbtur1 amplius mlibus passuum octo in ltitdinem patbant4 subsidium1 auxilium1 #f4 potior1 occupo4 discdo1 abeo4 paulisper1 nn diu4 moror1 cunctor4 dpopulor1 vsto4 contendo1 mtro1 #e4 pateo1 pertineo4 ,csar awaits the attack of the enemy4 #h4 ,caesar prmo propter multitdinem hostium et propter eximiam opninem virttis proelio supersedre statuit2 cotdie tamen quid hostis virtte posset et quid nostri audrent perclitbtur4 ,locus erat pro castris ad aciem nstruendam ntra opportnus atque idneus4 ,is #e autem collis1 ubi castra posita erant1 paululum ex plnitie ditus tantum adversus in ltitdinem patbat quantum loci acies nstrcta occupre poterat4 ,atque ex utrque parte lateris diectus habbat1 et in frntem lniter fastgtus paultim ad plnitiem redbat4 ,ab utrque latere #aj ius collis trnsversam fossam obdxit circiter passuum quadringentrum et ad extrmas fossas castella cnstituit ibique tormenta conlocvit1 ne hostes ab lateribus pgnantes suos circumvenre possent4 ,hc facto dubus leginibus qus proxime cnscrpserat in castris relctis1 #ae reliquas sex legines pro castris in acie cnstituit4 ,hostes item suas cpias ex castris ductas nstrxerant4 eximius3 excellens1 gregius4 opnio1 fma4 supersedeo1 abstineo4 perclitor3 tento1 experior4 idneus3 aptus1 commodus4 diectus1 dclvitas4 fastgtus1 adclvis4 conloco1 pno4 ,finally the enemy make a dash to cross the ,axona4 #i4 ,palus erat nn mgna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum4 ,hanc si nostri trnsrent hostes exspectbant4 ,interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendbtur4 ,ubi neutri trnseundae ius paldis initium faciunt1 secundire equitum proelio nostris ,caesar suos #e in castra redxit4 ,hostes prtinus ex eo loco ad flmen ,axonam contendrunt1 quod esse post nostra castra dmnstrtum est4 ,partem surum cpirum trdcere cnti sunt1 ut castellum cui praeerat ,q4 ,titurius lgtus expgnrent pontemque interscinderent2 si minus potuissent1 #aj ut agros ,rmrum populrentur commetque nostros prohibrent4 initium1 prncipium4 secundus1 prsperus4 prtinus3 statim1 extemplo1 repente1 subito4 contendo1 mtro1 #g4 praesum1 praefectus sum1 #f4 interscindo1 abrumpo4 commetus1 cibus1 #e4 ,a battle follows1 the ,belg are defeated and disperse4 #aj4 ,caesar omnem equittum et levis armtrae ,numidas1 funditres sagittrisque pontem trdcit atque ad eos contendit4 criter in eo loco pgntum est4 ,hostes impedtos nostri in flmine adgressi mgnum erum numerum occdrunt4 ,prmos qui trnsierant equittu #e circumventos interfcrunt4 ,hostes1 ubi de expgnando oppido spem se fefellisse intellxrunt neque nostros in locum inquirem prgredi vdrunt atque ipsos res frmentria dficere coepit1 concilium convocvrunt4 ,cnstiturunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti4 #aj ,cnstiturunt etiam ut qurum in fnes prmum ,rmni exercitum intrdxissent ad eos dfendendos undique convenrent4 ,quod eo cnsilio fcrunt1 ut potius in suis quam in alinis fnibus dcertrent4 ,ad eam sententiam haec ratio eos ddxit1 quod ,divitiacum atque ,aeduos #ae fnibus ,bellovacrum adpropnqure cgnverant4 ,hs persudri ut ditius morrentur nn poterat4 armtra1 arma4 criter1 vehementer4 adgredior1 adorior4 occdo1 concdo4 prgredior3 prcdo1 prdeo4 cnstituo1 statuo4 revertor1 redeo4 dcerto3 pgno1 dmico4 sententia1 cnsilium4 moror1 cunctor1 #g4 ,they are pursued with awful slaughter4 #aa4 ,ea re cnstitta1 secunda vigilia mgno cum strepitu c tumultu castris gressi1 nllo certo rdine neque imperio1 fcrunt ut cnsimilis fugae profectio vidrtur4 ,hc re statim ,caesar per specultres cgnita nsidias veritus exercitum equittumque castris continuit4 ,prma #e lce omnem equittum qui novissimum gmen morrtur praemsit4 ,t4 ,labinum lgtum cum leginibus tribus subsequi issit4 ,hi novissimos adorti et multa mlia passuum prsecti mgnam multitdinem erum fugientium concdrunt4 ,ii ad quos ventum erat cnsistbant #aj fortiterque impetum nostrrum sustinbant2 sed prires1 quod abesse a perculo vidbantur1 exaudto clmre perturbtis rdinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium pnbant4 ,ita sine llo perculo mgnam erum multitdinem nostri interfcrunt sub occsumque slis dstitrunt sque #ae in castra1 ut erat impertum1 recprunt4 cnstituo1 statuo1 #aj4 strepitus3 clmor1 fremitus4 cnsimilis1 persimilis4 vereor1 timeo1 #a4 moror1 cunctor1 #g4 subsequor3 prsequor1 nsequor4 adorior1 adgredior1 #aj4 concdo1 occdo1 #aj4 cnsisto1 sto1 #f4 sustineo1 sustento1 #f4 ,a forced march and attack on ,noviodunum4 ,the town surrenders4 #ab4 ,postrdie ius dii ,caesar in fnes ,suessinum exercitum dxit et mgno itinere cnfecto ad oppidum ,noviodnum contendit4 ,id ex itinere oppgnre cntus1 quod vacuum ab dfnsribus esse audibat1 expgnre nn potuit4 ,interim omnis ex fuga ,suessinum multitdo #e in oppidum proxima nocte convnit4 ,celeriter vneis ad oppidum ctis1 aggere iacto turribusque cnstittis1 mgnitdine operum et celeritte ,rmnrum permti sunt ,suessines4 ,itaque lgtos ad ,caesarem de dditine mittunt et petentibus ,rmis ut cnservrentur impetrant4 #aj petrant4 cnficio1 perficio4 contendo1 propero4 vacuus3 carens1 ndus4 interim1 interea4 ago3 pello1 dco1 traho4 permoveo1 commoveo4 dditio1 trditio4 impetro1 cnsequor4 ,the ,bellovaci also submit at ,csar's approach4 #ac4 ,caesar obsidibus acceptis armsque omnibus ex oppido trditis in dditinem ,suessines accpit exercitumque in ,bellovacos dxit4 ,qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum ,bratuspantium contulissent1 atque ab eo oppido ,caesar cum exercitu circiter mlia passuum qunque #e abesset1 omnes mires ntu ex oppido gressi manus ad ,caesarem tendere et vce sgnificre coeprunt sse in ius fidem c potesttem venre4 ,item1 cum ad oppidum accessisset1 pueri muliersque ex mro passis manibus suo mre pcem ab ,rmnis petirunt4 #aj trdo3 do1 ddo4 me cnfero3 me recipio1 eo4 gredior1 exeo4 coepi1 incpi4 pueri1 lberi4 pando1 tendo4 ms1 cnsutdo4 peto1 ro4 ,divitiacus pleads earnestly for the ,bellovaci4 #ad4 ,pro hs ,divitiacus facit verba3 8,bellovaci omni tempore in fide atque amcitia cvittis ,aeduae furunt3 impulsi a suis prncipibus1 qui dcbant ,aeduos omnes indgnittes contumlisque perferre1 ab ,aeduis dfcrunt et populo ,rmno bellum intulrunt4 ,ii qui ius #e cnsili prncipes furunt in ,britanniam profgrunt4 ,petunt nn slum ,bellovaci sed etiam pro hs ,aedui ut tua clmentia c mnsutdine in eos tris4 ,quod si fceris1 ,aedurum auctrittem apud omnes ,belgas amplificbis1 qurum auxiliis atque opibus1 si qua bella #aj incidunt1 sustentre cnsurunt40 impello3 incito1 indco4 contumlia1 iniria4 dficio3 dsero4 mnsutdo1 lnitas4 auctritas1 grtia4 amplifico1 augeo4 sustento1 sustineo1 #f4 cnsusco1 soleo4 ,the temperance1 courage1 and patriotism of the ,nervii4 #ae4 ,caesar honris ,divitiaci atque ,aedurum causa sse eos in fidem receptrum et cnservtrum dxit2 quod erat cvitas mgna inter ,belgas auctritte1 sexcentos obsides poposcit4 ,hs trditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conltis1 ab eo loco in fnes ,ambinrum pervnit4 #e ,erum fnes ,nervii attingbant2 qurum de ntra mribusque ,caesar cum quaereret1 sc reperibat3 ,nllus aditus erat ad eos merctribus2 nihil patibantur vni reliqurumque rrum nferri1 quod iis rbus relanguscere animos et remitti virttem exstimbant3 #aj erant homines feri mgnaeque virttis2 increpitbant atque incsbant reliquos ,belgas1 qui se populo ,rmno ddidissent4 auctritas1 grtia1 #ad4 posco1 impero4 cnfero1 cgo1 #b4 attingo1 contingo4 aditus1 accessus4 patior1 sino4 relangusco1 effminor4 remitto1 minuo4 incso1 accso4 ddo1 permitto4 ,encamped on the ,sabis the ,nervii await the coming of ,csar4 #af4 ,cum per erum fnes trduum iter fcisset1 invenibat ex captvis ,sabim flmen ab castris suis nn amplius mlia passuum x abesse4 ,trns id flmen omnes ,nervii cnsderant adventumque ibi ,rmnrum exspectbant4 ,exspectbantur etiam ab hs ,adutucrum cpiae #e atque erant in itinere4 ,mulieres quque per aettem ad pgnam intiles vidrentur in eum locum conicerant1 quo propter paldes exercitui aditus nn esset4 cnsdo1 me colloco1 #d4 cnicio1 dpno4 aditus1 #ae4 ,they plan to attack ,csar's advance guard4 #ag4 ,hs rbus cgnitis explrtres centurinsque praemittit qui locum idneum castris dligant4 ,cum ex dditciis ,belgis reliqusque ,gallis complres ,caesarem secti na iter facerent1 qudam ex hs nocte ad ,nervios pervnrunt4 ,hs dmnstrrunt inter singulas legines #e impedmentrum mgnum numerum intercdere1 neque esse quicquam negti1 cum prma legio in castra vnisset1 hanc sub sarcinis adorri2 qua pulsa futrum ut reliquae legines contra cnsistere nn audrent4 ,nervii autem antquitus1 quo facilius fnitimrum equittum impedrent1 #aj teneris arboribus incsis atque nflexis1 crbrsque in ltitdinem rmis ntis1 et rubis sentibusque interiectis1 effcerant ut nstar mri hae saepes mnmenta praebrent1 quo nn modo nn intrri sed ne perspici quidem posset4 ,hs rbus cum iter gminis nostri impedrtur1 #ae nn omittendum sibi cnsilium ,nervii exstimvrunt4 idneus3 aptus1 commodus1 #h4 dligo1 ligo4 intercdo1 intervenio4 sarcinae3 impedmenta1 onera4 adorior1 adgredior1 #aa4 cnsisto1 sto1 #f4 incdo1 accdo4 nstar3 frma1 similitdo4 omitto1 neglego4 exstimo1 puto4 ,the ,roman camping-ground and the position of the enemy4 #ah4 ,loci ntra erat haec1 quem locum nostri castris dlgerant4 ,collis ab summo acquliter dclvis ad flmen ,sabim1 quod supra nminvimus1 vergbat4 ,ab eo flmine pari adclvitte collis nscbtur1 ab superire parte silvestris ut nn facile intrrsus perspici posset4 ,intra #e eas silvas hostes in occulto sse continbant2 in aperto loco secundum flmen paucae statines equitum vidbantur4 ,flminis erat altitdo pedum circiter trium4 summum1 culmen4 dclvis1 prclvis4 vergo1 pertineo4 nscor1 orior1 #d4 intrrsus1 intra4 in occulto1 abditus4 statio1 custdia4 circiter1 ad4 ,the plan of attack is skilfully carried out by the ,nervii4 #ai4 ,caesar equittu praemsso subsequbtur omnibus cpiis4 ,sed quod ad hostes adpropnqubat1 cnsutdine sua sex legines expedtas dcbat2 post eas ttus exercitus impedmenta conlocrat2 inde duae legines1 quae proxime cnscrptae erant1 ttum gmen claudbant #e praesidique impedmentis erant4 ,equites nostri1 cum funditribus sagittrisque flmen trnsgressi1 cum hostium equittu proelium commsrunt4 ,illi se identidem in silvas ad suos recipibant c rrsus ex silva in nostros impetum facibant4 ,interim legines sex1 quae #aj prmae vnerant1 opere dmnso castra mnre coeprunt4 ,ubi prma impedmenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latbant vsa sunt1 subito omnibus cpiis prvolvrunt impetumque in nostros equites fcrunt4 ,hs facile pulsis c prturbtis1 incrdibili celeritte ad #ae flmen dcucurrrunt1 ut paene no tempore ad silvas et in flmine et iam in manibus nostris hostes vidrentur4 ,edem autem celeritte adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupti erant contendrunt4 subsequor1 prsequor1 #aa4 conloco1 pno1 #h4 trnsgredior1 trnseo4 identidem1 iterum atque iterum4 rrsus1 iterum4 interim1 interea1 #ab4 dmtior1 mtior4 lateo1 me clo4 prvolo1 prruo4 prturbo1 fugo4 paene1 fere4 contendo1 propero1 #g4 ,but the soldiers and lieutenants know what to do4 #bj4 ,caesari omnia no tempore erant agenda3 vxillum prpnendum1 sgnum tuba dandum1 ab opere revocandi mlites1 acies nstruenda1 mlites cohortandi1 sgnum dandum4 ,qurum rrum mgnam partem temporis brevitas et successus hostium impedibat4 ,sed erat subsidio #e scientia atque sus mlitum1 quod superiribus proeliis exercitti1 nn minus commode ipsi sibi praescrbere quam ab aliis docri poterant4 ,praeterea ab opere singulsque leginibus singulos lgtos ,caesar discdere vetuerat4 ,hi propter propnquittem et celerittem #aj hostium nihil iam ,caesaris imperium exspectbant1 sed per se quae vidbantur administrbant4 prpno1 ostendo4 successus1 accessus1 #ae4 subsidium1 auxilium1 #f4 sus1 experientia4 exercittus1 pertus4 commode3 apte1 bene4 praescrbo1 praecipio4 veto1 prohibeo4 propnquitas1 vcnitas4 administro3 prvideo1 ago4 ,fighting begins before the soldiers can arm themselves4 #ba4 ,caesar necessriis rbus impertis ad cohortandos mlites dcucurrit et ad leginem decimam dvnit4 ,mlites nn longire rtine cohorttus quam uti suae prstinae virttis memoriam retinrent neu perturbrentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinrent1 #e quod nn longe hostes aberant1 proeli committendi sgnum dedit4 ,atque in alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectus pgnantibus occurrit4 ,temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam partus ad dmicandum animus1 ut nn modo ad nsgnia adcommodanda1 sed #aj etiam ad galeas induendas sctsque tegimenta dtrdenda tempus dfuerit4 ,quam in partem quisque ab opere csu dvnit quaeque prma sgna cnspxit1 ad haec cnstitit1 ne in quaerendis suis pgnandi tempus dmitteret4 dvenio1 pervenio4 prstinus3 vetus1 antquus4 perturbo1 commoveo1 #ab4 sustineo1 sustento1 #f4 occurro1 incdo4 exiguitas1 brevitas4 adcommodo1 apto4 induo1 indco4 dtrdo1 dtraho4 csu1 frte4 cnspicio1 cnspicor4 dmitto1 mitto4 ,all is confusion in the battle2 the commander can do little4 #bb4 nstrcto exercitu magis ut loci ntra diectusque collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei mlitris ratio atque rdo postulbat1 fbat ut aliae legines alia in parte hostibus resisterent2 saepibus autem dnsissimis1 ut ante dmnstrvimus1 interiectis prspectus impedibtur1 #e ut neque certa subsidia conlocri1 neque ab no omnia imperia administrri possent4 ,itaque in tanta rrum inquitte1 frtnae quoque ventus varii sequbantur4 diectus1 dclvitas1 #h4 ratio1 scientia4 intericio1 interpno4 administro1 ago1 #bj4 inquitas1 varietas4 ventus1 csus4 ,the battle seems to be going against ,csar4 #bc4 ,leginis nnae et decimae mlites1 ut in sinistra parte acie cnstiterant1 ,atrebates cursu c lassitdine exanimtos vulneribusque cnfectos celeriter ex loco superire in flmen compulrunt4 ,tum eos trnsre cnantes nsecti1 gladiis mgnam partem erum #e interfcrunt4 ,ipsi trnsre flmen nn dubitvrunt et in locum inquum prgressi1 hostes redintegrto proelio in fugam cnicrunt4 ,item alia in parte dversae duae legines1 ndecima et octva1 ex loco superire in ipsis flminis rpis proelibantur4 ,at ttis fere a frnte et #aj ab sinistra parte ndtis castris1 omnes ,nervii cnfertissimo gmine1 duce ,bodugnto1 qui summam imperi tenbat1 ad eum locum contendrunt2 qurum pars aperto latere legines circumvenre1 pars summum castrrum locum petere coepit4 #ae lassitdo1 dfatgtio4 cnfectus1 dfessus4 compello1 ago4 redintegro1 renovo4 cnfertus1 dnsus4 summa1 cra1 #d4 contendo1 propero1 #ab4 peto1 accurro4 ,it is beginning to look very dark for the ,romans4 #bd4 ,edem tempore equites nostri levisque armtrae pedites1 qui cum iis na fuerant1 cum se in castra reciperent1 hostibus occurrbant c rrsus aliam in partem fugam petbant2 et clnes1 praedandi causa gressi1 cum respxissent et hostes in nostris castris versri #e vdissent1 praecipites fugae sse mandbant4 ,simul erum qui cum impedmentis venibant clmor fremitusque oribtur1 alique aliam in partem perterriti ferbantur4 ,quibus omnibus rbus permti sunt equites ,trveri1 qui auxili causa ab cvitte ad ,caesarem mssi #aj vnerant4 ,ergo cum multitdine hostium castra complri1 legines premi et paene circumventas tenri1 clnes1 equites1 funditres in omnes partes fugere vdissent1 dsprtis nostris rbus1 domum contendrunt atque ,rmnos pulsos supertsque cvitti renntivrunt4 #ae armtra1 arma1 #aj4 me recipio1 me cnfero1 #ac4 occurro1 incdo1 #ba4 gredior1 exeo1 #ac4 versor1 sum occuptus1 #a4 mando1 commendo4 fremitus1 strepitus1 #aa4 orior1 nscor1 #d4 premo1 urgeo4 paene1 fere1 #ai4 pello3 fugo1 prturbo1 #ai4 supero1 vinco4 ,will ,csar's coolness and courage save his army8 #be4 ,caesar ab decimae leginis cohorttine ad dextrum cornu profectus suos urgri et duodecimae leginis cnfertos mlites sibi ipsos ad pgnam esse impedmento vdit4 ,quartae cohortis omnes centurines occsi sunt et1 sgnifero interfecto1 sgnum est mssum4 ,reliqurum #e cohortium omnes fere centurines aut vulnerti aut occsi sunt1 in hs prmiplus ,p4 ,sextius ,baculus1 fortissimus vir1 multis gravibusque vulneribus cnfectus ut iam se sustinre nn posset4 ,hs rbus reliquos esse tardires vdit ,caesar et nnnullos dserto proelio excdere c tla #aj vtre2 hostes autem neque a fronte ex nferire loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utrque latere nstare1 et rem esse in angusto1 neque llum esse subsidium quod submitti posset4 ,tum vro scto ni mliti dtracto1 quod ipse eo sine scto vnerat1 in prmam aciem prcessit1 #ae centurinibusque nmintim appelltis1 reliquos cohorttus mlites sgna nferre et manipulos laxre issit1 quo facilius gladiis ti possent4 ,cius adventu spe inlta mlitibus c redintegrto animo paulum hostium impetus tardtus est4 #bj urgeo1 premo1 #bd4 cnfertus1 dnsus1 #bc4 sgnifer1 aquilifer4 mitto1 dmitto1 #ba4 fere1 paene1 #ai4 cnfectus1 dfessus1 #bc4 excdo1 exeo4 subeo1 succdo4 intermitto3 dsino1 dsisto4 nsto3 urgeo1 premo1 #bd4 dtraho1 rapio4 laxo1 aperio4 nfero 7#b73 do1 adfero4 redintegro1 renovo1 #bc4 ,a shifting scene4 ,pull ,romans1 pull ,nervii6 #bf4 ,caesar cum septimam leginem1 quae ixta cnstiterat1 item urgri ab hoste vdisset1 tribnos mlitum monuit ut paultim sse legines coniungerent4 ,quo facto1 cum alius alii subsidium ferret1 audcius resistere c fortius pgnre coeprunt4 ,interim mlites leginum #e durum1 quae in novissimo gmine praesidio impedmentis fuerant1 proelio nntito cursu incitto in summo colle ab hostibus cnspicibantur2 et ,t4 ,labinus castris hostium pottus decimam leginem subsidio nostris msit4 ,qui cum quo in loco res esset1 quantque in perculo castra #aj et legines et impertor versrtur1 cgnvissent1 nihil ad celerittem sibi reliqui fcrunt4 ixta1 prope4 cnsisto1 #f4 urgeo1 #be4 paultim1 gradtim4 interim1 interea1 #ab4 cnspicio1 video4 potior1 occupo1 #g4 versor1 sum1 #a4 cgnsco1 reperio1 #d4 ,in the fierce wrestle the brave ,nervii go under4 #bg4 ,hrum adventu tanta rrum commttio est facta ut nostri1 etiam qui vulneribus cnfecti prcubuissent1 proelium redintegrrent2 equites vro1 ut turpitdinem fugae virtte dlrent1 omnibus in locis pgnae se leginriis mlitibus praeferrent4 ,at hostes etiam in extrma #e spe saltis mximam virttem praestitrunt2 nam cum prmi erum cecidissent1 proximi iacentibus comitibus nsistbant atque ex erum corporibus pgnbant2 hs diectis et coacervtis cadveribus1 cteri ut ex tumulo tla in nostros cnicibant et pla intercepta remittbant3 #aj ut idicri dbret nn nququam tantae virttis homines ausos esse trnsre ltissimum flmen1 ascendere altissimas rpas1 subre inquissimum locum2 quae facilia ex difficillimis animi mgnitdo redgerat4 prcumbo1 prcido4 turpitdo3 gnminia1 nfmia4 dleo1 exstinguo4 extrmus1 ultimus4 praesto3 praebeo1 ostento4 iaceo1 prcumbo4 coacervo3 congero1 cgo4 cadver1 corpus4 nququam1 frstra4 redigo1 facio4 ,why slay the poor remnant8 ,let them live4 #bh4 ,hc proelio facto et prope ad internecinem gente c nmine ,nervirum redcto1 mires ntu1 qus na cum pueris mulieribusque in paldes cniectos dxermus1 cnsnsu omnium qui supererant lgtos ad ,caesarem msrunt sque ei ddidrunt4 ,postea in commemoranda #e cvittis calamitte1 ex sexcentis ad tres sentres1 ex hominum mlibus ,,lx vix ad qungentos qui arma ferre possent1 sse redctos esse dxrunt4 ,qus ,caesar ut in miseros c supplices sus misericordia vidrtur1 #aj dligentissime cnservvit susque fnibus atque oppidis ti issit et fnitimis impervit ut ab iniria et maleficio se susque prohibrent4 prope1 paene1 #ai4 internecio1 interitus4 redigo1 redco4 puer1 lberi1 #ac4 cnicio1 dpno1 #af4 ddo1 permitto1 #ae4 commemoro1 nrro4 fnitimus1 vcnus1 #b4 ,the ,aduatuci prepare to make a desperate resistance4 #bi4 ,adutuci1 qui cum omnibus cpiis auxilio ,nerviis venibant1 hc pgna nntita ex itinere domum revertrunt2 cnctis oppidis castellsque dsertis sua omnia in num oppidum gregie ntra mntum contulrunt4 ,quod ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rpes #e dspectsque habbat1 sed na ex parte lniter adclvis aditus relinqubtur2 quem locum duplici altissimo mro mnierant2 tum mgni ponderis saxa et praeactas trabes in mro conlocbant4 ,ipsi erant ex ,cimbris ,teutonsque prgnti1 qui1 cum iter in prvinciam nostram atque #aj taliam facerent1 custdiam ex suis c praesidium sex mlia hominum relqurunt4 ,hi post erum obitum multos annos a fnitimis exagitti1 cnsnsu erum omnium hunc sibi domicilio locum dlgrunt4 revertor1 redeo1 #aj4 cnctus1 omnis4 gregie3 optime1 eximie1 #h4 dspectus1 prspectus4 lniter1 paultim4 aditus1 accessus1 #ae4 conloco1 pno1 #h4 prgntus1 ortus1 #d4 obitus1 interitus1 #bh4 dligo1 ligo1 #ag4 ,from their walls they taunt the ,romans4 #cj4 c prmo adventu exercitus nostri crbras ex oppido excursines facibant parvulsque proeliis cum nostris contendbant2 postea vllo pedum ,,xii in circuitu ,,xv mlium crbrsque castellis circummnti oppido sse continbant4 ,ubi vneis ctis aggere exstrcto turrim #e procul cnstitui vdrunt1 prmum inrdre ex mro atque increpitre vcibus coeprunt1 quod tanta mchintio ab tanto spatio nstruertur3 quibusnam manibus aut quibus vribus praesertim homines tantulae statrae turrim tanti oneris in mro sse conlocre cnfderent8 #aj adventus1 accessus1 #ae4 crber1 frequens1 #a4 excursio1 ruptio4 cnstituo1 pno4 inrdeo1 drdeo4 increpito1 maledco4 tantulus1 parvulus4 onus1 pondus4 ,but soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender4 #ca4 ,ubi vro turrim movri et adpropnqure moenibus vdrunt1 nova atque insitta specie commti lgtos ad ,caesarem de pce msrunt1 qui ad hunc modum locti sunt3 ,adutuci nn exstimant ,rmnos sine ope dvna bellum gerere1 qui tantae altitdinis mchintines tanta #e celeritte prmovre possint2 itaque se suaque omnia erum potestti permittunt4 num petunt3 si frte ,caesar pro sua clmentia c mnsutdine statuerit ,adutucos esse cnservandos1 ne eos armis dspoliet4 ,omnes fere fnitimi sunt inimci c erum virtti invident1 #aj a quibus se dfendere trditis armis nn poterunt4 ,sibi praestet1 si in eum csum ddcantur1 quamvis frtnam a populo ,rmno pati1 quam ab inimcis per crucitum interfici4 novus1 mrus4 insittus3 nsolitus1 novus4 species1 facies4 modus1 ratio4 ops1 auxilium4 permitto1 ddo1 #ae4 peto1 ro1 #ac4 mnsutdo1 lnitas1 #ad4 statuo1 cnstituo1 #aj4 fere1 paene1 #be4 csus1 ftum1 #bb4 ddco1 redigo1 #bh4 ,they must disarm1 but are promised protection4 #cb4 ,ad haec ,caesar respondit3 8,magis cnsutdine mea quam merito vestro cvittem cnservbo1 si prius quam mrum aries attigerit1 vos ddideritis3 sed dditinis nlla est condicio nisi armis trditis4 ,id quod in ,nerviis fci faciam fnitimsque imperbo ne quam iniriam #e dditciis populi ,rmni nferant40 ,re nntita ad suos1 quae imperrentur facere dxrunt4 ,armrum tanta multitdo de mro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta est1 ut prope summam mri aggerisque altitdinem acervi erum adaequrent1 et tamen circiter pars #aj tertia1 ut postea perspectum est1 clta atque in oppido retenta est4 ,deinde portis patefactis eo die pce sunt si oppidni4 prius quam1 ante quam4 dditio1 trditio1 #ab4 fnitimus1 vcnus1 #b4 nfero3 fero1 facio4 prope1 paene1 #bh4 circiter1 ad1 #ai4 perspicio1 intellego4 patefacio1 aperio4 ,a brave dash for freedom1 but a terrible fate4 #cc4 ,sub vesperum ,caesar portas claudi mlitsque ex oppido exre issit4 ,oppidni cnsilio ante inito1 ut intellctum est1 quod dditine facta nostros praesidia dductros aut dnique indligentius servtros crdiderant1 tertia vigilia1 qua minime arduus ad nostras mntines #e ascnsus vidbtur1 omnibus cpiis repentno ex oppido ruptinem fcrunt4 ,celeriter1 ut ante ,caesar imperrat1 gnibus sgnifictine facta ex proximis castellis eo concursum est4 ,ibi pgntum est criter ab hostibus in extrma spe saltis inquo loco contra eos #aj qui ex vllo turribusque tla iacerent1 cum in na virtte omnis spes saltis cnsisteret4 ,occsis ad hominum mlibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt4 ,postrdie ius dii refrctis portis1 cum iam dfenderet nmo1 atque intrmssis mlitibus nostris sectinem ius oppidi #ae niversam ,caesar vendidit4 ,ab iis qui merant capitum numerus ad eum reltus est mlium qunquginta trium4 intellego1 perspicio1 #cb4 dnique1 saltem4 indligenter1 neglegenter4 arduus1 difficilis4 repentnus1 subitus4 ruptio1 excursio1 #cj4 sgnifictio1 sgnum4 inquus1 incommodus4 niversus1 ttus4 refero1 renntio4 ,all the maritime nations submit to the ,romans4 #cd4 ,edem tempore a ,p4 ,crasso1 quem cum legine na mserat ad ,venetos1 ,unellos1 ,osismos1 ,curiosolitas1 ,esuvios1 ,aulercos1 ,rdones1 quae sunt maritimae cvittes ceanumque attingunt1 certior factus est omnes eas cvittes in dicinem potesttemque populi ,rmni esse #e redctas4 attingo1 tango4 dicio1 imperium4 redigo1 pco4 ,gaul lies crushed and bleeding4 ,rome rejoices and thanks the gods4 #ce4 ,hs rbus gestis omni ,gallia pcta1 tanta hius belli ad barbaros opnio perlta est uti ab iis ntinibus quae trns ,rhnum incolerent mitterentur lgti ad ,caesarem1 qui se obsides datras1 imperta factras pollicrentur4 ,qus lgtines ,caesar1 quod in taliam ,illyricumque #e properbat1 inita proxima aestte ad se reverti issit4 ,ipse in ,carntes1 ,andes ,turonsque1 quae cvittes propnquae hs locis erant ubi bellum gesserat1 leginibus in hberncula dductis1 in taliam profectus est4 ,ob esque res ex litteris ,caesaris dies qundecim #aj supplictio dcrta est1 quod ante id tempus accidit nlli4 pco1 redigo1 #cd4 opnio1 fma1 #h4 propero1 mtro1 #e4 ineo1 incipio4 propnquus3 vcnus1 fnitimus1 #b4 accido1 contingo4 ,c4 ,,iuli ,,caesaris ,,de ,,bello ,,gallico ,,liber ,,secundus4 ,b4,c4 #eg2 ,a4,u4,c4 #fig4 ,,the ,,belgian ,,league ,,defeated4 #a4 ,cum esset ,caesar in citeriore ,gallia in hibernis1 ita uti supra demonstravimus1 crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur1 litterisque item ,labieni certior fiebat omnes ,belgas1 quam tertiam esse ,galliae partem dixeramus1 contra populum ,romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare4 ,coniurandi has esse causas3 primum quod vererentur ne omni pacata ,gallia ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur2 deinde quod ab nonnullis ,gallis sollicitarentur1--partim qui1 ut ,germanos diutius in ,gallia versari noluerant1 ita populi ,romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in ,gallia moleste ferebant2 partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis imperiis studebant2 ab nonnullis etiam1 quod in ,gallia a potentioribus atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant1 vulgo regna occupabantur1 qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant4 p4 #bc l4 #a-af #b4 ,his nuntiis litterisque commotus ,caesar duas legiones in citeriore ,gallia novas conscripsit1 et inita aestate in interiorem ,galliam qui deduceret ,q4 ,pedium legatum misit4 ,ipse1 cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet1 ad exercitum venit4 ,dat negotium ,senonibus reliquisque ,gallis1 qui finitimi ,belgis erant1 uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant4 ,hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi1 exercitum in unum locum conduci4 ,tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur4 ,re frumentaria comparata castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines ,belgarum pervenit4 p4 #bc l4 #ag-bj1 p4 #bd l4 #a-h #c4 ,eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione venisset1 ,remi1 qui proximi ,galliae ex ,belgis sunt1 ad eum legatos ,iccium et ,andocumborium primos civitatis miserunt qui dicerent3 #8,se suaque omnia in fidem atque in potestatem populi ,romani permittere1 neque se cum ,belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra populum ,romanum coniurasse1 paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare2 reliquos omnes ,belgas in armis esse1 ,germanosque qui cis ,rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse1 tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne ,suessiones quidem1 fratres consanguineosque suos1 qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur1 unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant1 deterrere potuerint quin cum his consentirent4' p4 #bd l4 #i-bc #d4 ,cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello possent1 sic reperiebat3 plerosque ,belgas esse ortos ab ,germanis ,rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse ,gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse1 solosque esse qui patrum nostrorum memoria1 omni ,gallia vexata1 ,teutonos ,cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint2 qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent4 ,de numero eorum omni se habere explorata ,remi dicebant1 proptera quod propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque coniuncti1 quantam quisque multitudinem in communi ,belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit cognoverint4 ,plurimuni inter eos ,bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere3 hos posse conficere armata milia centum1 pollicitos ex eo numero electa sexaginta1 totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare4 ,suessiones suos esse finitimos3 latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere4 ,apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria ,divitiacum1 totius ,galliae potentissimum1 qui cum magnae partis harum regionum tum etiam ,britanniae imperium obtinuerit3 nunc esse regem ,galbam2 ad hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam omnium voluntate deferri3 oppida habere numero ,,xii1 polliceri milia armata quinquaginta2 totidem ,nervios1 qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur1 longissimeque absint2 quindecim milia ,atrebates1 ,ambianos decem milia1 ,moriuos ,,xxv milia1 ,menapios ,,vii milia2 ,caletos ,x milia2 ,velocasses et ,veromanduos totidem2 ,aduatucos decem et novem milia2 ,condrusos1 ,eburones1 ,caeroesos1 ,paemanos1 qui uno nomine ,germani appellantur1 arbitrari ad ,,xl milia4 p4 #bd l4 #bd-cb1 p4 #be l4 #a-bc #e4 ,caesar ,remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci iussit4 ,quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt4 ,ipse ,divitiacum ,aeduum magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae communisque salutis intersit man us hostium distineri1 ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit4 ,id fieri posse1 si suas copias ,aedui in fines ,bellovacorum introduxeriut et eorum agros populari coeperint4 ,his mandatis eum ab se dimittit4 ,postquam omnes ,belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab ,remis cognovit1 flumen ,axonam1 quod est in extremis ,remorum finibus1 exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit4 ,quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat1 et commeatus ab ,remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset efficiebat4 ,in eo flumine pons erat4 ,ibi praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis ,q4 ,titurium ,sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit4 ,castra in altitudinem pedum ,,xii vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire iubet4 p4 #be l4 #bd-cb1 p4 #bf l4 #a-ad #f4 ,ab his castris oppidum ,remorum nomine ,bibrax aberat milia passuum octo4 ,id ex itinere magno impetu ,belgae oppugnare coeperunt4 ,aegre eo die sustentatum est4 ,gallorum eadem atque ,belgarum oppugnatio est haec4 ,ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci coepti sunt1 murusque defensoribus nudatus est1 testudine facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt4 ,quod tum facile fiebat4 ,nam cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent1 in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli4 ,cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset1 ,iccius ,remus1 summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos1 qui tum oppido praefuerat1 unus ex iis qui legati de pace ad ,caesarem venerant1 nuntium ad eum mittit3 nisi subsidium sibi submittatur1 sese diutius sustinere non posse4 p4 #bf l4 #ae-bi #g4 ,eo de media nocte ,caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab ,iccio venerant1 ,numidas et ,cretas sagittarios et funditores ,baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit2 quorum adventu et ,remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit1 et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit4 ,itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque ,remorum depopulati1 omnibus vicis aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis1 ad castra ,caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt2 quae castra1 ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur1 amplius milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant4 p4 #bf l4 #cj-cb1 p4 #bg l4 #a-i #h4 ,caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit2 cotidie tamen equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent periclitabatur4 ,ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit1 loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo--quod is collis1 ubi castra posita erant1 paululum ex planitie editus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat1 atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in frontem leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat--ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit1 ne1 cum aciem instruxisset1 hostes1 quod tantum multitudine poterant1 ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent4 ,hoc facto duabus legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis1 ut1 si quo opus esset1 subsidio duci possent1 reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit4 ,hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant4 p4 #bg l4 #aj-cj #i4 ,palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum4 ,hanc si nostri transirent hostes exspectabant2 nostri autem1 si ab illis initium transeundi fieret1 ut impeditos adgrederentur1 parati in armis erant4 ,interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur4 ,ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt1 secundiore equitum proelio nostris ,caesar suos in castra reduxit4 ,hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen ,axonam contenderunt1 quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est4 ,ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio1 ut1 si possent1 castellum cui praeerat ,q4 ,titurius legatus expugnarent pontemque interscinderent2 si minus potuissent1 agros ,remorum popularentur1 qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant1 commeatuque nostros prohiberent4 p4 #bg l4 #ca-cb1 p4 #bh l4 #a-ac #aj4 ,caesar certior factus ab ,titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae ,numidas1 funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit4 ,acriter in eo loco pugnatum est4 ,hostes impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt3 per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt2 primos qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt4 ,hostes1 ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi causa viderunt1 atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit1 concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti1 et1 quorum in fines primum ,romani exercitum introduxissent1 ad eos defendendos undique convenirent1 ut potius in suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur4 ,ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit1 quod ,divitiacum atque ,aeduos finibus ,bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant4 ,his persuaderi ut diutis morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent non poterat4 p4 #bh l4 #ad-cb1 p4 #bi l4 #a-b #aa4 ,ea re constituta1 secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi1 nullo certo ordine neque imperio1 cum sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret1 fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur4 ,hac re statim ,caesar per speculatores cognita insidias veritus1 quod qua de causa discederent nondum perspexerat1 exercitum equitatumque castris continuit4 ,prima luce confirmata re ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum qui novissimum agmen moraretur praemisit4 ,his ,q4 ,pedium et ,l4 ,aurunculeium ,cottam legatos praefecit2 ,t4 ,labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit4 ,hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt1 cum ab extremo agmine ad quos ventum erat consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent2 priores1 quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continerentur1 exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent4 ,ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium1 sub occasumque solis destiterunt1 seque in castra1 ut erat imperatum1 receperunt4 p4 #bi l4 #c-be #ab4 ,postridie eius diei ,caesar1 priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent1 in fines ,suessionum1 qui proximi ,remis erant1 exercitum duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum ,noviodunum contendit4 ,id ex itinere oppugnare conatus1 quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat1 propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentibus expugnare non potuit4 ,castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit4 ,interim omnis ex fuga ,suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima nocte convenit4 ,celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis1 aggere iacto turribusque constitutis1 magnitudine operum1 quae neque viderant ante ,galli neque audierant1 et celeritate ,romanorum permoti1 legatos ad ,caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus ,remis ut conservarentur impetrant4 p4 #bi l4 #bf-cb1 p4 #cj l4 #a-h #ac4 ,caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius ,galbae regis duobus filiis1 armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis1 in deditionem ,suessiones accepit exercitumque in ,bellovacos ducit4 ,qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum ,bratuspantium contulissent1 atque ab eo oppido ,caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset1 omnes maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad ,caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum ,romanum armis contendere4 ,item1 cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi poneret1 pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab ,romanis petierunt4 p4 #cj l4 #i-bj #ad4 ,pro his ,divitiacus--nam post discessum ,belgarum dimissis ,aeduorum copiis ad eum reverterat--facit verba3 ,bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis ,aeduae fuisse3 impulsos a suis principibus1 qui dicerent ,aeduos ab ,caesare in servitutem redactos omnes indignitates contumeliasque perferre1 et ab ,aeduis defecisse et populo ,romano bellum intulisse4 ,qui eius consili principes fuissent1 quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent1 in ,britanniam profugisse4 ,petere non solum ,bellovacos sed etiam pro his ,aeduos ut sua clementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur4 ,quod si fecerit1 ,aeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes ,belgas amplificaturum1 quorum auxiliis atque opibus1 si qua bella inciderint1 sustentare consuerint4 p4 #cj l4 #ba-cb1 p4 #ca l4 #a-b #ae4 ,caesar honoris ,divitiaci atque ,aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit2 quod erat civitas magna inter ,belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat1 sexcentos obsides poposcit4 ,his traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis1 ab eo loco in fines ,ambianorum pervenit1 qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt4 ,eorum fines ,nervii attingebant2 quorum de natura moribusque ,caesar cum quaereret1 sic reperiebat3 ,nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus2 nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri1 quod iis rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent3 esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis2 increpitare atque incusare reliquos ,belgas qui se populo ,romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent2 confirmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos4 p4 #ca l4 #c-ah #af4 ,cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset1 inveniebat ex captivis ,sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius milia passuum ,x abesse3 trans id flumen omnes ,nervios consedisse adventumque ibi ,romanorum exspectare una cum ,atrebatis et ,veromanduis finitimis suis1 nam his utrisque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur2 exspectari etiam ab his ,aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere2 mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse1 quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset4 p4 #ca l4 #ai-bh #ag4 ,his rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum idoneum castris deligant4 ,cum ex dediticiis ,belgis reliquisque ,gallis complures ,caesarem secuti una iter facerent1 quidam ex his1 ut postea ex captivis cognitum est1 eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri exercitus perspecta1 nocte ad ,nervios pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum intercedere1 neque esse quicquam negoti1 cum prima legio in castra venisset1 reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent1 hanc sub sarcinis adoriri2 qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent4 ,adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant1 quod ,nervii antiquitus1 cum equitatu nihil possent 7neque enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student1 sed quicquid possunt1 pedestribus valent copiis7 quo facilius finitimorum equitatum1 si praedandi causa ad eos venissent1 impedirent1 teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis1 crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis1 et rubis sentibusque interiectis1 effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent1 quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset4 ,his rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur1 non omittendum sibi consilium ,nervii existimaverunt4 p4 #ca l4 #bi-cb1 p4 #cb l4 #a-bj #ah4 ,loci natura erat haec1 quem locum nostri castris delegerant4 ,collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen ,sabim1 quod supra nominavimus1 vergebat4 ,ab eo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius1 passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus1 ab superiore parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici posset4 ,intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant2 in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur4 ,fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium4 p4 #cb l4 #ba-cj #ai4 ,caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis2 sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac ,belgae ad ,nervios detulerant4 ,nam quod ad hostes adpropinquabat1 consuetudine sua ,caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat2 post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat2 inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant4 ,equites nostri1 cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi1 cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt4 ,cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent1 neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent1 interim legiones sex1 quae primae venerant1 opere dimenso castra munire coeperunt4 ,ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt1 quod tempus inter eos committendi proeli convenerat1 ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant1 subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt4 ,his facile pulsis ac proturbatis1 incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt1 ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur4 ,eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt4 p4 #cb l4 #ca-cb1 p4 #cc l4 #a-bc #bj4 ,caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda3 vexillum proponendum1 quod erat insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret1 signum tuba dandum1 ab opere revocandi milites1 qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi1 acies instruenda1 milites cohortandi1 signum dandum4 ,quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et successus hostium impediebat4 ,his difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio--scientia atque usus militum1 quod superioribus proeliis exercitati1 quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant2 et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos ,caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat4 ,hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam ,caesaris imperium exspectabant1 sed per se quae videbantur administrabant4 p4 #cc l4 #bd-cb1 p4 #cd l4 #a-f #ba4 ,caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites quam in partem fors obtulit decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit4 ,milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent1 quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici posset1 proeli committendi signum dedit4 ,atque in alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit4 ,temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus1 ut non modo ad insignia adcommodanda1 sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrudenda tempus defuerit4 ,quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit1 ad haec constitit1 ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret4 p4 #cd l4 #g-bb #bb4 ,instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectusque collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat1 cum diversis legionibus aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent1 saepibusque densissimis1 ut ante demonstravimus1 interiectis prospectus impediretur1 neque certa subsidia conlocari1 neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri1 neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant4 ,itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate1 fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur4 p4 #cd l4 #bc-ca #bc4 ,legionis nonae et decimae milites1 ut in sinistra parte acie constiterant1 pilis emissis1 cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos vulneribusque confectos ,atrebates--nam his ea pars obvenerat--celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt4 ,ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt1 et in locum iniquum progressi1 rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt4 ,item alia in parte diversae duae legiones1 undecima et octava1 profligatis ,veromanduis1 quibuscum erant congressi1 ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur4 ,at totis fere a fronte et ab sinistra parte nudatis castris1 cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima constitisset1 omnes ,nervii confertissimo agmine duce ,boduognato qui summam imperi tenebat1 ad eum locum contenderunt2 quorum pars aperto latere legiones circumvenire1 pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit4 p4 #ce l4 #a-ah #bd4 ,eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites1 qui cum iis una fuerant1 quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram1 cum se in castra reciperent1 adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant2 et calones1 qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant1 praedandi causa egressi1 cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent1 praecipites fugae sese mandabant4 ,simul eorum qui cum impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur1 aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur4 ,quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites ,treveri1 quorum inter ,gallos virtutis opinio est singularis1 qui auxili causa ab civitate ad ,caesarem missi venerant1 cum multitudine hostium castra compleri1 legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri1 calones1 equites1 funditores1 ,numidas1 diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent1 desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt2 ,romanos pulsos superatosque1 castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt4 p4 #ce l4 #ai-cb1 p4 #cf l4 #a-f #be4 ,caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus1 ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit--quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto1 signo amisso1 reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis1 in his primipilo ,p4 ,sextio ,baculo1 fortissimo viro1 multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto ut iam se sustinere non posset1 reliquos esse tardiores1 et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare1 hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare1 et rem esse in angusto vidit1 neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset--scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto1 quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat1 in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit1 quo facilius gladiis uti possent4 ,cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo1 cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet1 paulum hostium impetus tardatus est4 p4 #cf l4 #g-bh #bf4 ,caesar cum septimam legionem1 quae iuxta constiterat1 item urgeri ab hoste vidisset1 tribunes militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent4 ,quo facto1 cum alius alii subsidium ferret1 neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur1 audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt4 ,interim milites legionum duarum1 quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant1 proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur2 et ,t4 ,labienus castris hostium potitus et ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit4 ,qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga1 quo in loco res esset1 quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur1 cognovissent1 nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt4 p4 #cf l4 #bi-cb1 p4 #cg l4 #a-ab #bg4 ,horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri1 etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent1 scutis innixi proelium redintegrarent2 tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes armatis occurrerent2 equites vero1 ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent1 omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent4 ,at hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut1 cum primi eorum cecidissent1 proximi iacentibus insisterent atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent2 his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus1 qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila intercepta remitterent3 ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines indicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen1 ascendere altissimas ripas1 subire iniquissimum locum2 quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat4 p4 #cg l4 #ac-bh #bh4 ,hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine ,nerviorum redacto maiores natu1 quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus1 hac pugna nuntiata1 cum victoribus nihil impeditum1 victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur1 omnium qui supererant consensu legatos ad ,caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt2 et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores1 ex hominum milibus ,,lx vix ad quingentos qui arma ferre possent sese redactos esse dixerunt4 ,quos ,caesar1 ut in miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur1 diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit1 et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent4 p4 #cg l4 #bi-cb1 p4 #ch l4 #a-i #bi4 ,aduatuci1 de quibus supra scripsimus1 cum omnibus copiis auxilio ,nerviis venirent1 hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt2 cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt4 ,quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rapes despectusque haberet1 una ex parte leniter adclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur2 quem locum duplici altissimo muro munierant1 tum magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant4 ,ipsi erant ex ,cimbris ,teutonisque prognati1 qui1 cum iter in provinciam nostram atque ,italiam facerent1 iis impedimentis1 quae secum agere ac portare non poterant1 citra flumen ,rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una reliquerunt4 ,hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati1 cum alias bellum inferrent1 alias inlatum defenderent1 consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt4 p4 #ch l4 #aj-bg #cj4 ,ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant2 postea vallo pedum ,,xii in circuitu ,,xv milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese continebant4 ,ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim procul constitui viderunt1 primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus1 quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur3 quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae--nam plerumque hominibus ,gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est--tanti oneris turrim in muro sese conlocare confiderent8 p4 #ch l4 #bh-cb1 p4 #ci l4 #a-g #ca4 ,ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt1 nova atque inusitata specie commoti legates ad ,caesarem de pace miserunt1 qui ad hunc modum locuti3 #8,non existimare ,romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere1 qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent2 se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere' dixerunt4 #8,unum petere ac deprecari3 si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine1 quam ipsi ab aliis audirent1 statuisset ,aduatucos esse conservandos1 ne se armis despoliaret4 ,sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti invidere2 a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent4 ,sibi praestare1 si in eum casum deducerentur1 quamvis fortunam a populo ,romano pati1 quam ab his per cruciatum interfici1 inter quos dominari consuessent4' p4 #ci l4 #h-bb #cb4 ,ad haec ,caesar respondit3 #8,se magis consuetudine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum1 si prius quam murum aries attigisset se dedidissent2 sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis4 ,se id quod in ,nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum1 ne quam dediticiis populi ,romani iniuriam inferrent4' ,re nuntiata ad suos1 quae imperarentur facere dixerunt4 ,armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent1 et tamen circiter parte tertia1 ut postea perspectum est1 celata atque in oppido retenta1 portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi4 p4 #ci l4 #bc-cb1 p4 #dj l4 #a-c #cc4 ,sub vesperum ,caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire iussit1 ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acciperent4 ,illi ante inito1 ut intellectum est1 consilio1 quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crediderant--partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis1 partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis1 quae subito1 ut temporis exiguitas postulabat1 pellibus induxerant--tertia vigilia1 qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur1 omnibus copiis repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt4 ,celeriter1 ut ante ,caesar imperarat1 ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo concursum est1 pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit1 cum in una virtute omnis spes salutis consisteret4 ,occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt4 ,postridie eius diei refractis portis1 cum iam defenderet nemo1 atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem eius oppidi universam ,caesar vendidit4 ,ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium4 p4 #dj l4 #d-be #cd4 ,eodem tempore a ,p4 ,crasso1 quem cum legione una miserat ad ,venetos1 ,unellos1 ,osismos1 ,curiosolitas1 ,esuvios1 ,aulercos1 ,redones1 quae sunt maritimae civitates ,oceanumque attingunt1 certior factus est omnes eas civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi ,romani esse redactas4 p4 #dj l4 #bf-ca #ce4 ,his rebus gestis omni ,gallia pacata1 tanta huius belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus1 quae trans ,rhenum incolerent mitterentur legati ad ,caesarem1 qui se obsides daturas1 imperata facturas pollicerentur4 ,quas legationes ,caesar1 quod in ,italiam ,illyricumque properabat1 inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit4 ,ipse in ,carnutes1 ,andes ,turonesque1 quae civitates propinquae his locis erant ubi bellum gesserat1 legionibus in hibernacula deductis1 in ,italiam profectus est4 ,ob easque res ex litteris ,caesaris dies quindecim supplicatio decreta est1 quod ante id tempus accidit nulli4 p4 #da l4 #a-aa ,,notes4 ,,introductory ,,note4--,to translate ,latin into ,english is to express the meaning of the ,latin in ,english words and in ,english idiom4 ,but the meaning must be discovered before it can be expressed4 ,discovering the sense is1 therefore1 a process preparatory to translation1 but yet measurably distinct from it4 ,for discovering the meaning1 the golden rule is1 ,take words and clauses in the order in which they stand4 ,if the first chapter of this book were rendered into ,english words exactly in the ,latin order1 the thought would be readily apprehended by any one quite unacquainted with ,latin4 ,such a word for word rendering1 mental or oral1 is for the beginner a necessary preliminary to translation1 but1 ,i repeat1 must not be confounded with translation4 ,for that1 the golden rule is1 ,express the thought in pure ,english1 without admixture of ,latin idiom4 ,notes under the heading ,,chap4 refer to the simplified text2 those that follow1 under the heading ,,page1 supplement the former and refer to the unchanged text4 ,the grammatical references are to the ,latin ,grammars of ,allen ,greenough and ,harkness4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in the printed text1 the word 8line0 recurs at the beginning of each page4 ,for this e-text1 it is repeated at the beginning of each chapter instead4 ,page references are included for completeness4 ,,chap4 #a1 line #b4 certior fbat3 he was made more certain he was informed4 fbat3 the passive of facio4 ,review the forms4 #adb2 ,h4 #bid4 #d4 ,conirandi3 pronounce the i of the second syllable like y4 #e4 verbantur3 the subject is ,belgae1 understood2 supply the same subject for sollicitbantur4 ad se3 refers to the subject of verbantur4 #f4 ,germnos3 subject-accusative of versri2 that the ,germans should remain4 #h4 exercitum3 subject-accusative of hiemre and inveterscere4 inveterscere3 get a foothold2 but what is its primary meaning from its derivation8 #aj4 imperiis3 #bbg e1 #c2 ,h4 #che4 #aa4 iis3 supply mentally ab before it4 #ac4 qui3 and these1 referring to potentires1 etc4 eam rem3 read again the preceding sentence1 and you will see to what eam rem refers4 imperio nostro3 under our 7i4e4 ,roman7 rule4 ,the ablative implies condition1 and the meaning is1 if we should get the sovereignty4 #bee1 d1 #d2 ,h4 #dca1 #b1 7#c74 ,,page #bc1 #a4 ita uti3 as4 #c4 ,labini3 ,csar's lieutenant was now in the country of the ,sequani4 ,see a map of ,gallia4 #d4 quam3 whose country4 ,we might expect quos referring to ,belgas1 but the relative is made to agree with the predicate noun partem4 #f4 has esse causas3 depending on rmres adferbantur1 like ,belgas 444 conirre and obsides 444 dare4 #bgb2 ,h4 #g4 omni 444 ,gallia3 all except their country4 pcta3 the ,romans1 with cruel humor1 called a country 8pacified0 when they had enslaved it4 #h4 partim qui3 some of whom4 #i4 ut 444 ita3 as 444 so4 #aa4 partim qui3 others of whom4 #ab4 ab nnnllis etiam3 these1 then1 are the third class by whom it is said1 ,belgae sollicitbantur3 first1 the conservative and patriotic2 second1 the restless and dissatisfied2 third1 the selfish and ambitious4 ,,chap4 #b1 line #b4 interirem ,galliam3 the interior of ,gaul2 that is1 ,gaul beyond the ,alps4 ,refer constantly to a map4 #c4 qui 444 ddceret3 qui refers to ,q4 ,pedium1 and the clause qui 444 ddceret denotes purpose1 to lead4 #d4 ,ipse3 supply ,caesar4 #f4 ,ea eas res1 as shown by rbus following4 #h4 manus cgi3 that parties of men were gathering4 ,the construction is the same as ,belgas 444 conirre1 in chap4 #a4 #i4 condci3 was mustering2 a very different meaning in chap4 #a4 qun 444 proficscertur3 to march4 ,what literally8 ,,page #bc1 #ah4 inita aestte3 when summer had begun at the beginning of summer2 marks the time of ddceret1 not of msit4 ,,page #bd1 #a4 ,dat negtium3 he charges4 ,what literally8 #b4 uti 7same as ut7 444 cgnscant3 to find out2 the clause depends on dat negtium4 #c4 se3 refers to ,caesar4 certirem faciant3 compare the passive form in chap4 #a4 #e4 dubitandum3 in full the sentence would be1 ,caesar dubitandum esse sibi nn exstimvit2 and the word for word rendering1 ,csar did not think an-obligation-of-hesitating to be to himself4 ,translate1 he ought to hesitate4 ,,chap4 #c1 line #a4 ,eo3 that is1 ad fnes ,belgrum4 ,see the end of chap4 #b4 #c4 se 444 permittere3 here se is the subject-accusative of permittere4 in fidem3 to the protection4 #f4 ,caesaris imperta facere3 to do what ,csar required4 ,literally what8 #g4 oppidis recipere3 in meaning in oppida recipere4 cteris3 not other1 but all other4 ,their submission is abject4 #i4 sse3 not different from se4 #aj4 ,suessines3 the object of dterrre4 #ab4 ire3 constitution4 sdem3 oftener written isdem1 #aja1 c4 ,,page #bd1 #i4 omni opnine3 than any one could expect4 #bdg1 b2 ,h4 #dag4 #aj4 ex ,belgis ,belgrum1 or inter ,belgas4 #ab4 qui dcerent3 compare qui ddceret1 p4 #bc1 l4 #ai1 and note on simplified text4 se3 the object 7with sua omnia their all7 of permittere4 ,another se must be mentally supplied as the subject of permittere4 #ah4 incolant3 why not incolunt1 for it must be translated as if it were incolunt8 ,because the clause qui 444 incolant depends on the clause ,germnos 444 coninxisse4 ,it is therefore a dependent clause of indirect discourse1 and as such must have the subjunctive4 ,thoroughly master this1 the most important principle of ,latin syntax4 ,mark how the descriptive clause1 qui 444 incolant1 is framed into the main clause4 line #ai4 furrem3 the politic or cowardly ,remi considered the love of liberty and independence of their brother ,belg blind passion4 #bj4 qui 444 tantur3 though they 444 enjoyed4 qui1 then1 must sometimes be rendered though he1 though they1 etc41 but only when the subjunctive follows4 #ba4 tantur3 supply immediately following atque4 #bb4 ipsis3 refers to ,rmi4 #bc4 qun 444 cnsentrent3 from 444 uniting4 ,compare qun 444 proficscertur1 p4 #bd1 l4 #f1 and note on simplified text4 ,,chap4 #d1 line #a4 quantae3 refers to extent of country and population4 in armis essent3 connect with quae cvittes3 what states were in arms1 and how powerful they were4 #b4 quid in bello possent3 a literal translation1 what they could 7do7 in war1 does not convey the meaning4 ,render1 what force they could bring into the field4 #d4 ibi3 cis ,rhnum4 #f4 ex re3 equivalent to ex causa4 #g4 fbat3 it was coming about4 ,the ,remi said1 in direct discourse1 fit2 and below1 smant4 spritus3 means in the singular air1 and is here used just as we use 8airs10 in the phrase 8to put on airs40 #h4 omnia 444 explrta3 full information4 #i4 ,quantam quisque3 notice the order4 ,quisque likes to stand after quantus1 quotus1 se1 and suus2 here it means each nation4 #aa4 ,plrimum 444 valbant3 about equivalent to plrimum poterant1 had the most power4 #ah4 cum 444 tum3 not only 444 but also4 #ai4 ,britanniae3 8the first mention of ,britain by a ,roman author40 ,,page #bd1 #bg4 propter fertilittem3 to be connected with cnsdisse4 #bh4 incolerent3 why not incolbant8 ,see note on p4 #bd1 l4 #ah1 qui 444 incolant4 #bi4 memoria3 within the memory2 but two lines below1 because of the memory4 ,,page #be1 #aj4 nostra etiam memoria3 compare patrum nostrrum memoria1 p4 #bd1 l4 #bi4 #ac4 obtinuerit3 held1 not obtained1 which is usually expressed by adsectus est1 cnsectus est1 or adeptus est4 #ae4 omnium voluntte3 with the assent of all4 #bc4 arbitrri3 that is1 ,rmos arbitrri4 ,,chap4 #e1 line #b4 obsides3 as hostages1 in apposition with lberos4 ,what would have been the fate of these1 if the chieftains had broken their pledges8 #d4 ,ri pblicae interest3 it concerns the 7,roman7 republic4 ,the real subject of interest1 represented in ,english by it1 is manus hostium distinri4 manus3 the subject-accusative of distinri1 to be kept from uniting4 #f4 ne 444 cnflgendum sit3 that it may not be necessary to fight4 #g4 intrdxerint3 the ,roman way of speaking is3 this can be done1 if that shall be done1 or shall have been done2 hence the future perfect4 ,but mark that such a future or future perfect is often best rendered by a present4 #i4 coctas 444 venre3 having been assembled 444 to be coming had assembled 444 and were coming4 #aj4 vdit intellxit4 neque iam et iam nn4 iis3 take with explrtribus4 #ac4 quae res3 that is1 his crossing the river and fixing his camp there4 #ad4 post eum quae essent ea quae post eum essent1 his rear4 ,what should you expect in place of eum8 tta3 goes with the whole expression1 post eum quae essent4 #af4 portri3 to be brought down the river to him4 #ai4 in altitdinem3 to the height4 #bj4 duodvginti pedum3 that is1 in ltitdinem1 in width4 ,,page #be1 #bd4 lberliterque rtine prsectus3 lberliter means in a generous or kindly manner2 rtine indicates in what sense prsectus is to be taken1 accompanying with words2 finally1 prsequor has its common meaning of accompany1 but with the meaning unusually applied3 ,csar had encouraged the ,remi1 and he accompanies the encouragement with kind words4 ,translate1 ,csar encouraging the ,remi and adding kind words4 #bi4 commnis saltis3 by the common interests ,csar means those of the dui and the ,romans4 #cj4 cnflgendum sit3 compare dubitandum 7esse7 p4 #bd1 l4 #e1 and read the note4 ,here1 as there1 sibi1 referring to ,csar and the dui1 must be mentally supplied1 showing for whom the duty or necessity of action 7hesitating1 fighting7 exists4 #ca4 ,id fieri posse3 depends upon docet4 ,to what does id refer8 ,,page #bf1 #a4 ,postquam 444 vdit 444 cgnvit1 444 mtrvit3 when he saw 444 and found out1 7then7 444 he hastened4 #c4 neque 444 cgnvit3 and from those scouts1 etc41 found out that they 7the ,belg7 were now not far distant4 #h4 et connects reddbat and efficibat1 which have the same subject1 quae res4 ,the order makes this sentence difficult4 ,csar might have written3 et efficibat ut commetus ab ,rmis reliqusque cvittibus sine perculo ad eum portri posset4 ,the order is so perplexed and perplexing because ,csar wrote in haste1 and because he began with the word which was uppermost in his mind1 commetus4 ,,chap4 #f1 line #b4 ex itinere3 immediately after their march4 #c4 sustenttum est3 the ,remi held out4 ,what literally8 #d4 ,gallrum 444 oppgntio3 the mode of attacking towns common to the ,gauls and ,belg4 #e4 ttis moenibus3 dative1 though by some thought to be an ablative1 all around the walls4 #bbh2 ,h4 #chf1 #b4 #g4 testdine facta3 forming a testudo4 ,what the soldiers did was to lap their shields over their heads4 #h4 cum3 since4 ,what mode follows cum in this sense8 #aa4 nntium 444 mittit3 one of the expressions that are followed by the accusative and infinitive2 here1 sse 444 posse4 ,compare in chapter #a1 certior fbat1 followed by ,belgas 444 conirre2 in chap4 #d1 reperibat1 followed by ,belgas ortos esse1 in complete text4 ,iccius ,rmus3 ,iccius1 a ,remian4 #ac4 sse3 subject-accusative of posse4 ,,page #bf1 #ai4 moenibus 444 mrum 444 mrus 444 mrum3 ,csar's haste in writing is often manifest4 #bj4 coepti sunt3 it may seem strange that the passive should be used instead of the active1 coeprunt2 but see #adc1 a2 ,h4 #big1 #a4 #bb4 ,quod3 how is a relative after a period often best rendered8 ,for an example1 see note on qui1 chap4 #a1 l4 #ac1 simplified text4 #bd4 nlli3 mark the emphasis from the position4 ,many similar cases occur1 notwithstanding ,a4 ,g41 p4 #chi1 ,rem4 oppgnandi oppgntinis4 #be4 summa nbilitte et grtia3 a descriptive ablative2 a man of the highest rank and popularity4 #bf4 praefuerat3 render as if an imperfect4 ,the meaning is1 he had been placed in command and was then in command4 ex iis3 the same as erum4 #bg4 lgti3 as envoy4 ,compare the use of obsides as an appositive1 p4 #be1 l4 #bf4 #bh4 submitttur3 can you make out the force of the sub8 ,,chap4 #g1 line #b4 subsidio oppidnis3 to aid the people in the town4 ,but what literally8 ,for the construction1 see #bcc1 a2 ,h4 #cij4 #c4 qurum adventu3 in consequence of their coming4 #e4 contendrunt3 the subject is hostes1 suggested by hostbus in the preceding sentence4 #f4 ab3 distant1 off1 away2 so used chiefly with numerals4 ab mlibus passuum minus dubus3 a word for word rendering would be1 distant thousands of paces less than two2 that is1 less than two miles distant4 ,,page #bf1 #c4 neque 444 cgnvit3 and learned from those scouts whom he had sent and from the ,remi that they were now not far distant4 #cj4 sdem ducibus3 the same persons as guides4 ,compare qui lgti1 p4 #bf1 l4 #bg1 and note on simplified text4 ,,page #bg1 #c4 apud oppidum3 ad is more usual4 #d4 agros 444 dpopulti--vcis aedificisque 444 incnsis3 literally1 having laid waste the fields--the villages and buildings having been burned4 ,mark how the construction changes for want of a deponent verb in place of incendo4 #i4 in ltitdinem3 compare in altitdinem1 p4 #bf1 l4 #ac4 ,,chap4 #h1 line #b4 eximiam 444 virttis3 their eminent reputation for valor4 #c4 quid virtte posset3 what their real eminence in valor was4 ,compare quid in bello possent1 chap4 #d1 l4 #b4 #g4 tantum 444 patbat quantum loci3 render as if loci depended on tantum instead of quantum1 extended over as much space as4 adversus3 facing the enemy2 adversus an adjective1 agreeing with collis4 in ltitdinem3 laterally4 ,compare chap4 #g1 l4 #h4 #h4 ex utrque parte lateris ex utrque latere3 on1 not from1 both sides2 so ab1 below1 l4 #aj4 #aj4 ad plnitiem redbat3 gradually resumed 7impf47 a level4 ,csar describes a hill over against the enemy1 having steep sides1 and a front only broad enough for his army when arranged for battle4 ,in front the hill rose with a gentle ascent1 and at the top blended with the plain4 ,it is possible that lniter fastgtus means1 as the dictionaries define this passage and as many editors say1 gently sloping down2 in which case1 ad plnitiem redbat would mean sank down gradually to the level at its base4 ,this attributes an improbable meaning to fastgtus4 #ab4 extrmas fossas3 at the ends of the trenches2 compare in chap4 #b1 l4 #b1 interirem ,galliam1 the interior of ,gaul4 castella3 there were1 then1 four4 #ag4 ductas nstrxerant3 to make good ,english1 render as if ductas were a verb followed by et2 so1 very often1 when a perfect participle and verb are closely connected4 ,,page #bg1 #aj4 et 444 et3 we do not say both 444 and so frequently as we find et 444 et in ,latin2 accordingly it will generally be found better to omit in translation the first et1 and render the second and also4 #aa4 proelio 444 proeliis3 a decisive battle 444 skirmishes4 #ad4 loco3 ablative absolute1 as there was a place4 #ba4 obdxit3 ,csar elsewhere commonly uses perdco of running a wall or trench4 ,why obdco here8 ,because the fossae were dug against the enemy1 or to cover his position4 #bd4 cum 444 nstrxisset3 ,csar's thought was1 according to ,latin idiom1 when ,i shall have drawn up1 nstrxero2 but such a future perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in narration1 after a past tense in the principal clause4 #bd4 quod 444 poterant3 because they were so strong in numbers4 ,find two other similar uses of possum4 #bg4 si quo opus esset3 if there should be need of them anywhere2 not1 if there should be need of any thing4 #bh4 subsidio3 in meaning and construction like subsidio1 p4 #bf1 l4 #cb4 ,,chap4 #i1 line #b4 si 444 trnsrent3 to see if our men would cross this 7hanc74 #c4 contendbtur3 there was fighting4 ,compare chap4 #f1 l4 #c1 sustenttum est4 #d4 neutri3 neither of the two armies4 #e4 secundire 444 nostris3 as the cavalry skirmish proved rather favorable to our men4 #i4 castellum3 read over again the last half of chap4 #e4 ,csar makes no mention there of a castellum4 #aj4 potuissent3 the thought was1 according to the ,latin idiom1 8if we shall not have been able0 7potuerimus72 but such a future perfect of direct speech becomes a pluperfect subjunctive in narration after a past tense4 ,,page #bh1 #a4 nostri autem1 etc43 a difficult sentence2 but treat it as directed in the ,introductory ,note1 p4 #dc1 only observing that si has its usual meaning of if1 and impedtos1 when they should get stuck fast1 agrees with hostes understood4 #b4 ut 444 adgrederentur3 expresses the purpose of parti in armis erant4 #i4 eo cnsilio3 with this design2 explained by ut castellum 444 expgnrent4 possent3 they said to themselves1 if we shall be able1 poterimus2 but if we shall not have succeeded1 si minus potuerimus2 hence potuissent1 when related4 ,see note on nstrxisset1 p4 #bg1 l4 #bd4 #ab4 nbis sui3 compare subsidio oppidnis1 p4 #bf1 l4 #cb4 ,,chap4 #aj1 line #c4 pgntum est3 contains its own subject1 there was fierce fighting4 ,see contendbtur1 chap4 #i1 l4 #c1 and note4 #d4 impedtos3 while they were struggling4 #f4 circumventos interfcrunt3 they surrounded and killed4 ,read again the note on ductas nstrxerant1 chap4 #h1 l4 #ag4 #g4 spem3 subject-accusative of fefellisse2 but translate1 that they were disappointed in the hope4 neque3 take the negative part with prgredi4 #h4 ipsos3 that is1 se ipsos1 namely1 hostes4 #aj4 quemque3 subject-accusative of reverti4 ,see also note on chap4 #d1 l4 #i4 #aa4 qurum 444 ad eos3 you will very often find the relative clause preceding the antecedent4 ,in almost all such cases the ,english way of speaking requires us to render the antecedent clause first4 #ac4 ,quod3 this1 referring to the last two sentences4 eo cnsilio3 with this design1 explained by the following clause4 #af4 ,hs persudri3 depends on nn poterat4 ,why did not ,csar write1 ,hi persudri 444 nn poterant1 since he means1 these could not be persuaded8 #bcj2 ,h4 #cja1 #a4 ,,page #bh1 #ai4 reliquos 444 cnantes3 the rest 444 while they were trying4 #ba4 ,hostes3 subject of cnstiturunt1 l4 #be1 while a pronoun referring to hostes may be mentally supplied as subject of intellxrunt and vdrunt4 ,this sentence illustrates an important principle of ,latin order1 attention to which will be of great aid in translation4 ,when the verb of the principal clause and that of the dependent clause have the same subject1 it is commonly expressed in the principal1 and left out in the dependent1 clause4 ,in ,english we do the opposite4 ,we often begin with the dependent clause2 the ,latin frames it into the principal clause4 #ba4 ubi3 repeat mentally with vdrunt and coepit4 #bh4 ad eos dfendendos3 illustrates a very common way of expressing a purpose4 ,,chap4 #aa1 line #a4 ea re3 that is1 to disperse to their homes2 chap4 #aj1 l4 #aj4 #b4 gressi3 the subject is ,belgae1 understood4 #c4 cnsimilis3 altogether like4 ,what is the force of con8 #d4 ,caesar3 as the subject of veritus and continuit1 ,caesar seems strangely placed in the grip of the ablative absolute2 but the position shows by whom the knowledge was got4 ,caesar getting wind of this movement immediately through his spies4 #e4 veritus3 try always to render a participle so as to show its logical relation to the main verb1 whether of time1 cause1 contrast1 or what not2 here1 because he feared4 castris3 substantially equivalent to in castris4 #f4 qui 444 morrtur3 compare qui ddceret1 chap4 #b1 l4 #c1 and note4 #aj4 ventum erat3 they had come4 ,compare sustenttum est1 chap4 #f1 l4 #c2 contendbtur1 chap4 #i1 l4 #c4 #aa4 prires3 those in advance4 #ae4 sub3 towards4 ,the idea of place being transferred to that of time4 ,,page #bi1 #e4 quisque3 see p4 #be1 l4 #c1 and note on simplified text4 prmum itineris locum3 the first place on the road4 #h4 qua 444 discderent3 following quod 444 perspxerat4 #af4 cum 444 cnsisterent3 since the enemy1 at the very extremity of the rear1 kept making a stand4 #ah4 prires3 et understood2 while those in advance4 quod3 carry on also into the next clause2 and because they were not held together 7continrentur74 #ba4 sine llo perculo3 two ways of expressing 8without any0 in this chapter2 for above we have nllo certo rdine1 without any definite order4 #bc4 quantum 444 spatium3 how great a space of time 7dii7 there was2 that is 7they killed as great a number7 as the length of the time allowed4 #bd4 sque in castra 444 recprunt3 and they and their pitiless commander probably slept well that night4 ,,chap4 #ab1 line #c4 ex itinere3 see chap4 #f1 l4 #b1 and note4 oppgnre3 means here carry by assault4 #e4 omnis 444 multitdo3 notice that an adjective and a noun are often separated by words depending on the noun4 ,here ex fuga from the position is almost equivalent to fugientium4 #f4 vneis3 wooden frames with sloping roof and covered with hides1 to protect a number of besiegers4 #g4 ctis3 from ago1 brought up2 the vneae were often moved on wheels4 aggere iacto3 when earth had been thrown up for a mound4 ,this was done so that wooden towers could be brought up near the walls4 #aj4 ut cnservrentur3 mark how often a dependent clause precedes the one on which it depends4 ,attention to this will often help in unravelling a long sentence4 ,now see qui 444 ddceret1 chap4 #b1 l4 #c2 quid 444 posset et 444 audrent1 chap4 #h1 ll4 #c1 #d2 qui 444 morrtur1 chap4 #aa1 l4 #f4 ,,page #bi1 #cb4 paucis dfendentibus3 though the defenders were few4 ,,page #cj1 #a4 ,castris mntis3 after making a fortified camp4 ,the first and most important thing1 after selecting the site of a camp1 was to intrench it4 ,that may be all that is meant in this instance4 vneas agere3 depends on coepit4 quaeque 444 comparre3 and to get ready whatever4 #b4 sui3 compare subsidio1 p4 #bf1 l4 #cb4 #e4 quae3 the like of which4 ,,chap4 #ac1 line #a4 obsidibus acceptis3 after receiving hostages4 armis 444 trditis3 it was ,csar's practice to disarm his conquered enemies4 #c4 ,qui cum3 the relative is in the right place in ,latin1 but we cannot translate in this order4 ,the natural place for both words is at the beginning of a clause2 but when they come together1 the relative takes precedence4 #e4 circiter 444 qunque3 only about five miles4 #f4 abesset3 governed by cum4 mires ntu3 elders2 senires would not do4 #g4 sse 444 venre3 they surrendered to him unconditionally4 #i4 pueri3 children1 as homines often means men and women4 ,,page #cj1 #i4 atque3 and besides1 or and in particular4 #ag4 neque 444 contendere3 and that they were not in arms4 #bj4 passis manibus3 pitiful6 ,,chap4 #ad1 line #a4 facit verba3 intercedes4 #b4 in fide 444 furunt3 have been faithful and friendly4 #d4 perferre3 were enduring4 ,for the tense1 see #ccf1 ,a4 #e4 ius cnsili prncipes3 the prime movers in this plan3 prncipes auctres1 authors4 #f4 in ,britanniam profgrunt3 as lately ,boulanger and others have done4 #h4 clmentia3 said of one who has power to exercise the opposite1 sevritas1 crdlitas4 mnsutdine3 said of one who is humane and gentle1 opposed to feritas4 #i4 fceris 444 amplificbis3 we say1 #8if you do this1 you will add to'2 in ,latin1 #8if you shall have done this1 you will add to4' #aj4 qua3 #aje1 d42 ,h4 #aij1 #a4 si qua bella1 etc43 by whose aid and resources they 7the dui7 are accustomed to bear the burden of whatever wars befall them4 ,,page #cj1 #bf4 perferre 444 dfcisse3 were enduring 444 had revolted4 #bh4 quod intellegerent3 seeing4 #ca4 sua3 emphatic2 his own1 that is1 his well-known4 #cb4 quod si fcerit3 if he should do this2 the subjunctive of the future perfect1 for which there is no separate form2 hence the form of the perfect subjunctive is borrowed4 ,if the tense is named by its form1 it will be called perfect subjunctive2 if by its meaning1 future perfect subjunctive4 ,,page #ca1 #a4 amplifictrum 7esse73 the subject must be inferred from the subject of fcerit4 ,,chap4 #ae1 line #a4 honris 444 causa3 out of regard to ,divitiacus4 #c4 mgna 444 auctritte3 one of great influence2 a predicate ablative of description2 such an ablative must always have a modifier1 as here1 mgna4 ,the genitive may be used in the same way1 as below1 mgnae virttis4 ,on the order1 see note1 chap4 #ab1 l4 #e4 #f4 qurum1 etc43 translate closely in the order of the ,latin2 about their character and customs1 ,csar1 on inquiry2 so1 generally1 do your best to keep close to the ,latin order4 ,read again the ,introductory ,note1 p4 #dc4 #ab4 qui 444 ddissent3 for having surrendered2 what would be the meaning of qui 444 ddiderant8 ,,page #ca1 #f4 hominum 444 praestbat3 was the most populous2 what is it literally8 #ab4 pati3 that they permitted4 ,supply eos1 referring to ,nervii1 as the subject of pati1 esse1 increpitre1 and cnfirmre4 #ac4 quod 444 exstimrent3 observe in the simplified text quod 444 exstimbant2 why the difference8 #af4 qui 444 ddissent 444 pricissent3 for having surrendered and renounced2 literally1 since they had surrendered4 #ag4 sse3 subject-accusative of mssros4 ,,chap4 #af1 line #a4 trduum3 for three days1 accusative of duration4 #b4 ,sabim3 now called the ,sambre4 #f4 quque3 equivalent to et eos qui1 and all such as4 per aettem3 by reason of their age2 that is1 whether too old or too young4 #g4 in eum locum 444 quo3 into a place to which4 ,the idea of the ,latin fully expressed would be1 into a place of such a character 7eum7 that to it 7quo7 there would be no access for an army4 #cai1 #b and note2 ,h4 #ejj1 ,i4 ,compare qui 444 vidrentur1 immediately preceding4 #h4 exercitui3 for an army1 not necessarily1 for ,csar's army4 ,,page #ca1 #ai4 ,cum 444 fcisset3 a temporal cum clause is not always best rendered by when1 etc43 after marching for three days4 #bd4 hs 444 persuserant3 observe on p4 #bi1 l4 #a1 an example of the impersonal construction of persudeo in the passive3 hs persudri 444 nn poterat1 it was not possible for these to be persuaded4 #bg4 cnicisse3 the verb implies hurried action1 and so differs from dpno1 which ,csar uses in ,book ,,iv41 #ai1 of putting women and children in a place of safety4 ,,chap4 #ag1 line #b4 qui 444 dligant3 compare qui ddceret1 chap4 #b1 l4 #c1 and note2 qui 444 morrtur1 chap4 #aa1 l4 #f4 ,cum3 since4 ,see note on chap4 #f1 l4 #h4 #e4 dmnstrrunt3 shortened from dmnstrvrunt1 #abh1 a1 #a2 ,h4 #bce4 inter singulas3 between each two2 the same mistake1 8between each10 is common in ,english4 #f4 neque 444 negti3 and it was a matter of no difficulty at all4 #g4 cum 444 vnisset3 when the first legion should reach the camping ground4 ,in the direct form1 vnerit1 shall have reached2 then regularly such a future perfect is changed to the pluperfect subjunctive in indirect discourse after a past tense4 ,see note on chap #i1 l4 #aj4 #h4 sarcinis3 8,besides his arms1 the ,roman soldier carried stakes 7vlli71 used for the palisades of the camp1 food and utensils1 a saw1 a spade1 a chain for his prisoners1 and other things4 ,he was loaded like a mule40 --,,long4 qua pulsa3 if this legion were beaten4 futrum 7esse73 depends on dmnstrrunt2 the result would be4 #i4 ,nervii autem3 now the ,nervii4 ,nervii is the subject of effcerant4 ,this long sentence is not so difficult as it at first seems4 ,follow closely the ,latin order to discover the sense1 render quo in order that1 effcerant had caused1 and nstar like4 #aa4 teneris 444 ntis3 by lopping the trees when young1 and intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral direction2 ntis from nscor4 #ab4 interiectis3 it does not appear possible to take this word in the sense given to it in the dictionaries1 thrown or stuffed in4 ,so ,moberly translates1 8by throwing in brambles and thorns for the present occasion40 ,but is it to be supposed that this was done everywhere8 ,if not1 how would the ,nervii know where to do it8 ,moreover1 what they had done was done antquitus1 from of old4 ,translate1 therefore1 by planting among them4 #ad4 quo nn modo nn 444 sed ne 444 quidem3 this formula1 or 7without second nn7 nn modo 444 sed ne 444 quidem1 is usually awkwardly rendered1 not only not1 but not even4 ,instead1 translate as if the first member were complete in itself 7suppressing modo71 followed by nay1 nor even1 thus3 which it was not possible to pass through1 nay1 nor even see through4 #ae4 ,hs rbus3 by these obstacles4 #af4 nn 444 cnsilium3 they ought not to disregard the advice4 ,,page #cb1 #d4 impedmentrum3 here1 baggage animals2 impedmentis1 below1 baggage4 #i4 ,adiuvbat3 the subject is the long sentence following1 ,nervii 444 effcerant4 ,translate1 this circumstance favored the advice of those who reported the intelligence1 that 7quod74 #aj4 nihil 444 possent3 compare quid in bello possent1 p4 #bd1 l4 #be2 quid virtte posset1 p4 #bg1 l4 #ab4 #aa4 neque enim3 and in fact 444 not4 ,observe that enim here does not mean for4 #ab4 pedestribus valent cpiis3 compare virtte 444 valre1 p4 #be1 l4 #e4 ,the ablative is ablative of means4 #ac4 ad eos3 that is1 the ,nervii4 ,,chap4 #ah1 line #a4 quem locum3 ,i mean the place which4 #c4 ,ab eo flmine3 that is1 on the other side4 #d4 pari adclvitte collis3 a hill of similar upward slope2 a descriptive ablative4 ab superire parte3 in the upper part4 ,ab not seldom means on1 in1 at1 by1 because the idea of removal 7from7 implies previous contact or nearness1 and the latent idea is sometimes the most important4 #e4 ut3 may be considered as referring to an ita suppressed with silvestris2 so thickly wooded that4 nn 444 posset3 one could not easily see within4 ,impersonal expressions1 like perspici potest1 are common in ,latin4 ,mark the mode of translation4 #g4 secundum3 along1 properly following1 from sequor4 ,,page #cb1 #bd4 adversus huic et contrrius3 corresponding to this and right opposite4 #be4 passus 444 apertus3 clear of woods for about two hundred paces up from its base4 nfimus3 ab nferire parte4 ,,chap4 #ai1 line #a4 omnibus cpiis3 ,csar often uses cum omnibus cpiis4 #b4 cnsutdine3 according to custom2 just as frequently ex cnsutdine4 #d4 conlocrat3 for conlocverat4 ,see dmnstrrunt1 chap4 #ag1 l4 #e1 and note4 #f4 praesidique impedmentis3 compare subsidio oppidnis1 chap4 #g1 l4 #b1 and note4 #aa4 opere dmnso3 after laying out the work2 the expression refers to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching1 making a rampart1 etc4 castra mnre3 to make a camp4 #ag4 in manibus nostris3 close upon us4 #ah4 ad3 towards2 repeat it mentally before eos4 adverso colle3 straight up the hill2 literally1 with the hill before them2 so perhaps strictly neither an ablative absolute nor an ablative of the 8way by which40 ,,page #cb1 #cb4 ratio rdque gminis3 the plan and the order of marching4 aliter 444 c3 otherwise than1 different from what2 this strange idiom looks like an abridged1 colloquial expression2 probably it was1 fully expressed1 aliter c aliter1 one way and another way4 ,the order of march was one way and the ,belg had reported it another way4 ,so ,i have heard a child say1 8,this is different and that is different10 meaning 8this is different from that40 ,,page #cc1 #h4 cum3 while2 to be repeated mentally with facerent4 #aj4 neque 444 cdentes nsequi audrent3 and while our men were hesitating to pursue them when they retreated4 quem ad fnem3 translate as if it were ad fnem ad quem1 to the line to which the level1 clear ground extended4 #ae4 ut 444 cnfirmverant3 as they had arranged their order of battle and ranks within the woods1 and as they had encouraged each other to do4 ,,chap4 #bj1 line #b4 sgnum tuba dandum 7erat73 in order to call the men to take their places in the ranks4 ,some might not see the flag4 #c4 sgnum dandum3 this time the signal is for the charge1 or perhaps to get ready for a charge4 #e4 subsidio3 dative of end or service1 but render as if a nominative1 which might have been used1 a help4 #g4 commode3 modifies praescrbere4 ipsi sibi praescrbere 444 poterant3 they could direct themselves without any orders 7ipsi74 #aa4 nihil3 not 444 at all2 stronger than nn4 #ab4 per se3 on their own responsibility4 quae vidbantur3 whatever seemed best4 ,,page #cc1 #bg4 qui3 does not refer to mlites1 but to ii understood4 aggeris petendi causa3 for the purpose of seeking materials for a rampart4 ,mark the position of causa1 always following the genitive depending on it4 #cj4 hs difficulttibus3 in this strait2 but the words are in the dative with subsidio4 ,find two other instances of this construction of two datives4 #cb4 quid fieri oportret3 the object of praescrbere4 ,,chap4 #ba1 line #a4 necessriis rbus impertis3 when you meet with res1 ask yourself exactly what it means1 and then find a proper rendering4 ,translate1 after giving the necessary orders4 #d4 prstinae3 this word is often used of what was formerly and still continues4 neu 444 animo3 and not lose presence of mind4 #f4 quod 444 aberant3 gives the reason of the following1 not the preceding1 clause4 #h4 pgnantibus occurrit3 he finds them fighting4 #h4 ,temporis3 mark how the important word comes first4 ,take this sentence in thought almost without change in the order of the words1 then translate4 tanta 444 exiguitas3 so great was the littleness such was the shortness4 ,translate1 so short was the time4 #aj4 nsgnia3 8the crests1 feathers red and black1 and other decorations which the soldiers had4444 ,on the march the helmet was not carried on the head4 ,the shields had leather coverings when they were not in use40 --,,long4 #ab4 ,quam 444 dvnit3 to whatever part of the army each one happened to come4 ab opere3 that is1 making the camp2 see chap4 #ai1 l4 #aa4 #ac4 quaeque 444 cnspxit3 and whatever standards he caught sight of first4 ,,page #cd1 #ac4 quo 444 posset3 whither a javelin could be hurled a javelin throw4 #ai4 ,quam 444 in partem3 compare the second line of the chapter4 quisque seems oddly placed1 but it is crowded out of the first place1 where it would like to stand1 by quam4 ,,chap4 #bb1 line #b4 rei mlitris 444 rdo3 military science and arrangement4 #c4 fibat3 the result was4 aliae 444 parte3 in this idiom the second part only of the thought is expressed4 #8,other legions were fighting in another part' implies #8some were fighting in one part of the field4' ,so claudus altero pede1 lame in the other foot1 implies one foot sound4 #e4 interiectis3 to be taken with saepibus4 #f4 ut3 so that4 conlocri3 depends on possent4 #g4 in3 of reason1 because of or owing to4 #h4 inquitte3 usually translated unfavorable condition1 or by some similar phrase1 and such is the common meaning of inquitas2 but the context shows that the meaning here is closer to the original sense1 that of unevenness2 hence we may translate1 owing to such inequality in the condition of things4 ,,page #cd1 #be4 cum3 since1 governs impedrtur as well as resisterent4 dversis leginibus3 dversus means turned different ways1 not with united line2 hence here1 disjoined4 ,translate1 since1 owing to the legions being separated4 #bh4 neque certa subsidia3 here begins the statement of the result2 certa subsidia3 subject of poterant4 neque quid1 etc43 nor was it possible to foresee what was needed everywhere4 ,after prvidri supply mentally poterat1 of which the whole preceding clause is the grammatical subject4 ,,chap4 #bc1 line #a4 ut3 since4 ,would the mode of cnstiterant have been the same1 if cum had been used in place of ut8 #b4 acie3 an old form of the genitive for acii4 ,atrebates3 object of compulrunt4 #f4 ,ipsi3 refers to the subject of interfcrunt2 that is1 leginis nnae et decimae mlites4 #h4 dversae aliae2 what should it mean from its derivation8 #aj4 a frnte3 along the front4 ,see chap4 #ah1 l4 #d1 and note4 #aa4 ab sinistra parte3 on the left4 ,compare frnte1 preceding line1 and ab superire parte1 chap4 #ah1 l4 #d1 and note4 ndtis castris3 as the camp was left unguarded4 #ac4 aperto latere3 on their 7the legions'7 exposed flank4 #ad4 summum 444 locum3 the summit occupied by the camp2 castrrum is a possessive genitive4 ,,page #ce1 #c4 exanimtos 444 cnfectos3 breathless and exhausted by wounds4 hs3 the ninth and tenth legions4 #d4 ea pars3 that is1 ea pars hostium4 #e4 cnantes3 accusative1 agreeing with ,atrebates understood1 or a pronoun referring to ,atrebates4 #h4 resistentes hostes3 object of cnicrunt4 #af4 summam imperi3 chief command4 ,,chap4 #bd1 line #b4 cum 444 reciperent3 as they were returning4 #e4 cum respxissent3 on looking back4 ,a cum clause is not always best translated by a full clause4 #f4 praecipites 444 mandbant3 ran away as fast as they could4 ,what literally8 #g4 erum3 depends on clmor fremitusque4 #h4 ferbantur3 began to rush4 ,observe the imperfects followed by perfects4 ,the imperfect paints1 the perfect describes4 #aj4 auxili causa3 for the purpose of rendering aid as auxiliaries4 #aa4 cum3 since4 ,see note1 chap4 #f1 l4 #h4 complri3 this and the following infinitives depend on vdissent4 #ac4 vdissent3 the subject is equites ,trveri4 #ad4 rbus3 fortunes4 ,how might a clause be substituted here in ,latin for the ablative absolute8 #ae4 pulsos supertsque3 supply esse4 ,,page #ce1 #ba4 pulsos3 supply esse4 #bb4 adversis hostibus occurrbant3 came straight against the enemy4 ,what literally8 #bc4 clnes 444 c summo iugo3 the porta decumna was the rear gate of the camp1 opposite the porta praetria4 ,it appears from this passage that the place for the clnes was at the back of the camp1 and that in this instance the camp was partly on sloping ground4 #cj4 virttis opnio3 reputation for valor4 ,,page #cf1 #b4 dversos dissiptsque3 running in different directions and scattered4 #e4 hostes3 subject-accusative of pottos 7esse74 ,,chap4 #be1 line #b4 suos urgri3 that his men were hard pressed2 the infinitive depends on vdit4 #c4 cnfertos mlites3 that the soldiers by being crowded together4 sibi 444 impedmento3 hindered one another4 #h4 ut 444 posset3 so that he could no longer stand4 #i4 ,hs rbus3 for these reasons4 tardires3 were losing heart4 #ab4 subeuntes intermittere3 cease mounting the hill4 #ab4 ab utrque latere3 on both flanks4 ,compare ab superire parte1 chap4 #ah1 l4 #d4 #ac4 rem 444 angusto3 that the situation was critical4 ,what literally8 #ad4 ni3 a peculiar use of nus1 quite equivalent to a2 not to be imitated in writing ,latin4 #ag4 sgna 444 issit3 he ordered them to advance and at the same time to open out their ranks4 ,,page #cf1 #g4 ,caesar3 subject of prcessit1 fifteen lines below4 ,this first sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very formidable2 but if it is taken in accordance with the ,introductory ,note1 p4 #dc1 the meaning will be evident4 ,to translate the sentence is more difficult4 ,in translating1 repeat 8and saw0 before the words quartae cohortis1 and render the ablative absolutes by clauses1 thus3 and saw that all the captains of the fourth cohort were killed4 ,then1 reliquos esse tardires1 that the rest 7in consequence7 were losing heart4 #h4 sgnsque 444 conltis3 and since the standards were brought together4 ,try constantly to make out the relation in thought expressed by participles2 that is1 whether the idea is that of time1 when1 while1 etc42 of cause1 as1 since2 of concession1 though1 notwithstanding2 or of condition1 accompanying circumstances1 etc41 to be variously rendered4 #af4 ab novissimis3 in the rear4 ,so below1 l4 #ba4 ,compare ab sinistra parte1 p4 #ce1 l4 #ac4 ,in both places in this chapter it would be easy to make the mistake of taking ab in the sense of ex1 as a substitute for the partitive genitive4 #bg4 operam nvre cuperet3 8wished to do his best40 ,what literally8 ,,chap4 #bf1 line #c4 ut 444 coniungerent3 for the legions gradually to draw together4 #g4 proelio nntito3 on the report of the battle4 cursu incitto3 quickening their speed4 ,the participle following is causal2 they began to run because of the report of the battle4 #aj4 qui3 refers to decimam leginem4 ,what is the grammatical irregularity1 and how is it to be accounted for8 cum3 to be taken with cgnvissent4 quo in loco res esset3 what the situation was4 ,what literally8 ,account for the subjunctive4 #ab4 nihil 444 fcrunt3 left nothing undone in the way of speed4 ,what literally8 reliqui3 neuter of reliquus4 ,a partitive genitive depending on nihil4 ,find a similar construction in chap4 #ae4 ,,page #cf1 #ca4 conversa sgna3 the object of nferrent1 but most conveniently rendered as cordinate with it1 to face about and charge4 ,it is thought that by this movement the twelfth and the seventh legions formed a circle or a square4 ,,page #cg1 #a4 neque timrent3 repeat cum mentally from the preceding clause2 and since they 7no longer7 feared4 versi3 literally1 being turned away2 translate1 from their rear being unguarded4 ,,chap4 #bg1 line #b4 vulneribus cnfecti3 badly wounded4 ,what literally8 prcubuissent3 from prcumbo4 #c4 vro3 emphasizes equites1 but is better left untranslated2 say1 while the cavalry4 #d4 se 444 praeferrent3 thrust themselves before2 a result clause1 dependent on tanta 444 est facta4 #e4 in extrma spe saltis3 8when all hope of saving themselves was at an end40 ,here a literal translation would be meaningless or misleading4 #g4 proximi 444 nsistbant3 those nearest would stand upon their prostrate companions4 #h4 hs deictis3 when these 7in turn7 were thrown down4 #aj4 intercepta remittbant3 would catch and hurl back4 ,see ductas nstrxerant1 chap4 #h1 l4 #ag1 and note4 #aa4 ut1 etc43 so that one ought to judge that it was not without cause that men of such valor4 ,on idicre dbret1 compare perspici posset1 chap4 #ah1 l4 #e1 and note4 #ac4 quae 444 difficillimis3 things which1 most difficult in themselves4 facilia3 a predicate adjective with redgerat4 ,,page #cg1 #ae4 innxi3 from inntor1 agrees with nostri4 perterritos3 supply esse2 the subject-accusative is hostes4 #af4 inermes3 agrees with clnes1 even though unarmed4 #bc4 qui superessent3 the survivors4 ,supply ii as antecedent of qui4 ut3 as4 ,so used p4 #cd1 l4 #bc4 #bd4 cnicerent3 dependent on tantam virtutem 444 ut2 7so that7 those who survived 7qui superessent7 kept hurling4 ,,chap4 #bh1 line #a4 prope3 modifies ad1 not redcto4 #b4 redcto3 see the last word of the preceding chapter4 mires ntu3 see chap4 #ac1 l4 #f1 and note4 #c4 pueris3 see chap4 #ac1 l4 #i1 and note4 #d4 cnsnsu 444 supererant3 with the consent of all the survivors4 #g4 vix ad3 to barely2 for ad vix1 as some say4 #h4 in3 towards2 erga might have been used4 #i4 vidrtur3 not that he might seem1 but that he might be seen4 #aa4 se 444 prohibrent3 refrain and keep their dependents from2 prohibre is appropriate to suos1 but hardly to se4 ,,page #cg1 #ca4 aesturia3 8the country lying to the north 7the modern ,zealand7 is low and marshy1 cut up with tidewater inlets and bays40 --,,allen ,,greenough4 #cb4 cum vctribus1 etc43 since they thought there was no obstacle for the victors1 no safety for the vanquished4 ,,page #ch1 #d4 mlibus ,,lx43 they had promised fifty thousand2 see chap4 #d4 ,it was natural that they should exaggerate their losses4 ,,chap4 #bi1 line #a4 auxilio ,nerviis3 compare subsidio oppidnis1 chap4 #g1 l4 #b1 and note4 ,find other examples of this construction4 #d4 num oppidum3 supposed to be at the junction of the ,sambre and ,meuse4 #e4 ex omnibus in circuitu partibus3 simply1 all round4 #i4 conlocbant3 there is a reading1 conlocrant4 ,if that is the true reading1 tum in the preceding line would mean besides4 ,,page #ch1 #aj4 cum3 while4 ,four lines below cum means though4 #af4 aditus 444 pedum3 an approach of two hundred feet in breadth1 not more2 pedum depends on aditus4 #ba4 iis impedmentis3 take with dpositis1 two lines below4 #bb4 agere c portre3 drive or carry4 #bd4 na3 with it2 that is1 the plunder4 #be4 cum alias1 etc43 since they carried on now aggressive now defensive war4 ,what literally8 ,,chap4 #cj1 line #a4 prmo adventu cum prmum advnisset1 as soon as our army had got there4 #c4 pedum ,,xii43 that is1 in altitdinem1 which is expressed1 chap4 #e1 l4 #ai4 #d4 oppido3 might have been in oppido4 ,cf4 castris1 chap4 #aa1 l4 #e4 #e4 vneis ctis3 ctis from ago2 see chap4 #ab1 l4 #f1 and note4 aggere exstrcto3 an embankment of timber1 stones1 and earth was begun at a distance from the walls of a town1 wide enough to roll one or more towers upon1 and was carried forward by soldiers working under the shelter of the vneae up to the defensive works4 #f4 cnstitui3 being raised4 #g4 ab tanto spatio3 so far away4 ,compare ab mlibus1 chap4 #g1 l4 #f1 and note4 #h4 quibusnam manibus3 with what hands1 pray2 nam added for emphasis1 to point their sarcasm4 #aj4 conlocre3 strangely used for conloctros 7esse74 ,the ,aduatuci may have thought that the ,romans intended to hoist the tower upon their wall1 or they may have been joking4 ,which is more likely8 ,,page #ci1 #e4 hominibus 444 contemptui3 another pair of datives4 ,find other examples4 ,the ,italians of the present time do not strike one as conspicuously shorter than the ,germans4 mgnitdine3 being contrasted with brevitas1 is used in the sense of altitdine4 ,,chap4 #ca1 line #a4 movri3 moving4 ,this word here has suggested a change of conlocre1 in the last line of the preceding chapter1 to mtros1 a very plausible conjecture1 but it spoils the joke of the ,aduatuci4 #e4 qui3 since they4 ,compare qui 444 ddidissent1 chap4 #ae1 l4 #ab1 and note4 #h4 pro sua clmentia3 according to his well-known clemency4 ,see chap4 #ad1 l4 #h1 and note4 ,what did they think of his clemency when he sold #ec1jjj of them into slavery8 #aa4 trditis armis si arma trdidissent1 if they should surrender their arms4 #ac4 per crucitum interfici3 to be tortured to death4 ,what literally8 ,,page #ci1 #af4 statuisset3 not had decided1 but should decide4 ,no mistake is oftener made by beginners than in the rendering of a pluperfect subjunctive of indirect discourse representing a future perfect of direct discourse4 ,such a subjunctive is to be rendered by the auxiliary should1 not had4 ,to tell whether a pluperfect subjunctive represents a future perfect1 think what form a speaker's words would take1 remembering that the ,romans commonly used the future or future perfect of things really future1 while we very often use the present4 ,,chap4 #cb1 line #a4 cnsutdine3 ablative of cause4 #c4 aries3 8a long1 strong beam of wood1 furnished with an iron head in the form of a ram's head4 ,it was suspended from a framework by a strong chain or ropes1 and worked by men1 who drove it against the wall40 --,,long4 #d4 in ,nerviis3 in the case of the ,nervii2 a common meaning of in with names of persons4 #e4 ne quam 444 nferant3 not to do any harm to those who had surrendered to the ,roman people4 #g4 facere3 one would expect the future with subject-accusative1 se factros 7esse74 ,compare conlocre1 for conloctros esse1 chap4 #cj1 l4 #aj4 #i4 prope 444 adaequrent3 came up almost to the very top2 summam with altitdinem4 ,what literally8 #ab4 pce sunt si conquivrunt1 kept quiet4 ,,chap4 #cc1 line #c4 nostros3 our commanders1 subject-accusative of dductros and servtros 7esse74 praesidia3 men stationed in the castella2 see below4 #d4 dductros 444 servtros3 observe how frequently esse is omitted with the future participle4 dnique3 at any rate4 ,what is its usual meaning8 #e4 tertia vigilia3 the ,romans divided the night into four equal divisions1 watches1 of about three hours each4 #i4 eo concursum est3 the soldiers hurried thither4 ,what literally8 ,find similar constructions in chaps4 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 #aj4 in extrma spe saltis3 compare chap4 #bg1 l4 #e1 and note4 ,the context shows1 however1 that the meaning is not quite the same here4 ,translate1 as their last chance of saving themselves4 #ad4 nmo3 observe the emphasis from its position4 ,compare in ,english1 8,silver and gold have ,i none40 nmo and nllus are often so placed4 ,cf4 nlli1 chap4 #f1 l4 #aj4 #af4 ab iis qui merant ab emptribus3 by the purchasers1 who were the merctres1 traders who followed the army as hungry sharks follow a ship4 capitum3 we say 8souls40 ,it depends on qunquginta trium4 #ag4 qunquginta trium3 #ec1jjj captives1 probably chained in gangs and sent to be sold in the ,province and in ,italy2 a source of great gain to the general4 ,,page #dj1 #d4 mlites 444 mlitibus3 another evidence of haste4 ,see p4 #bf1 l4 #ai1 and note4 #e4 ne quam 444 iniriam3 see p4 #ci1 l4 #bh1 and note4 #i4 iis3 with armis4 ,observe the order of the words4 #aj4 vminibus intextis3 repeat mentally ex before these words4 ,some supply factis4 #af4 pgntumque1 etc43 translate as if hostibus and viris were subjects4 #ag4 ut 444 dbuit3 as brave men ought to fight4 ,what literally8 #ah4 iacerent3 the subjunctive shows that the remark is a general one4 ,the indicative would have a limiting force4 ,the difference can hardly be brought out in translation4 ,in the former case we may render1 against men who could throw2 in the latter1 against those who were throwing4 #bj4 ad circiter4 ,,chap4 #cd1 line #b4 mserat3 had sent1 that is1 before the defeat of the ,aduatuci4 #e4 dicinem3 under the sway2 in some texts1 in dditinem4 ,if that reading is correct1 the meaning would be1 were brought to surrender4 ,,chap4 #ce1 line #a4 pcta3 see p4 #bc1 l4 #g1 and note4 #d4 qui 444 pollicrentur3 compare p4 #bc1 l4 #ai1 qui 444 ddceret2 p4 #bi1 l4 #ab1 qui 444 morrtur2 p4 #ca1 l4 #cj1 qui 444 dligant4 #f4 inita proxima aestte3 see p4 #bc1 l4 #ah1 and note4 #aj4 ex litteris3 in consequence of the letters4 #aa4 supplictio3 a public1 religious festival of thanksgiving1 decreed by the senate4 8,the fifteen days' rejoicing marks the constant fear of the ,gauls which had haunted the ,romans ever since the #8dies ,alliensis4' ,kraner remarks that the longest #8supplicatio' till this had been one of twelve days1 for ,pompeius' success against ,mithridates40 --,,moberly4 nlli3 see p4 #dj1 l4 #bb2 also p4 #bf1 l4 #bd1 and note4 ,,exercises ,,on ,,simplified ,,text4 ,the references are to the ,grammars of ,allen and ,greenough1 and ,harkness4 ,the learner is expected1 before writing the ,exercises1 to review the ,latin text1 and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the grammatical principles selected4 ,,chapter ,i4 #a4 ,indirect ,discourse3 #ccf1 #a and #b2 ,h4 #ebc and ,i4 #b4 ,cum ,temporal with ,subjunctive3 #cbe2 ,h4 #eba1 ,,ii4 and #b4 #c4 ,subjunctive after ,verbs of ,fearing3 #cca1 f42 ,h4 #dih1 ,,iii4 #a4 ,csar was in hither ,gaul4 #b4 ,reports were brought into hither ,gaul4 #c4 ,while ,labienus was in ,gaul1 the ,belg made a league4#a #d4 ,a report is brought that#b the ,belg are conspiring4 #e4 ,they are afraid that our army is coming#c against them4 #f4 ,they are vexed#d that our army remains in ,gaul4 #g4 ,csar feared that the ,belg were conspiring4 #h4 ,letters kept coming1#e while they were conspiring4 ,,notes4-- #a4 made a league3 one word in ,latin4 #b4 ,be careful about the that clause in this and the following sentence4 ,recall the text to memory and mentally apply the rules4 #c4 is coming3 use venio4 #d4 are vexed3 in ,latin one of the expressions1 like rmres adferbantur1 requiring the accusative and infinitive4 #e4 kept coming3 one word in ,latin4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 #a4 ,relative ,clauses of ,purpose3 #cag1 #b and ,n42 ,h4 #dig1 ,i4 #b4 ,accus4 and ,infin4 of ,indirect ,discourse3 #ccf1 #a and #b2 ,h4 #ebc and ,i4 #a4 ,in hither ,gaul there#a were two legions4 #b4 ,two new legions ,csar levies4 #c4 ,the two new legions are sent into the interior of ,gaul4 #d4 ,csar sends his lieutenant to lead#b them4#c #e4 ,pedius was sent to lead the new legions4 #f4 ,the ,senones report that the ,belgians are gathering4#d #g4 ,the ,senones informed ,csar about the ,belgians4 ,,notes4-- #a4 there3 omit4 #b4 to lead2 do not express a purpose in ,latin by the infinitive4 #c4 them3 eas4 #d4 are gathering3 a passive form in ,latin1 because the sense is1 are being collected together4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 #a4 ,ablative of ,means3 #bdh1 #h1 c2 ,h4 #dbj4 #b4 ,ablative with potior1 tor1 etc43 #bdi2 ,h4 #dba1 ,i4 #c4 ,accus4 and ,infin4 of ,indirect ,discourse3 #ccf1 #b2 ,h4 #ebc1 ,i4 #a4 ,csar came unexpectedly to the borders of the ,remi4 #b4 ,the ,remi said they had not combined#a against the ,roman people4 #c4 ,they said they were ready to give hostages4 #d4 ,all the rest of the ,belg#b had joined#c with the ,germans4 #e4 ,they aided ,csar with corn and other#d things4 #f4 ,the ,remi and their#e kinsmen enjoy the same laws4 ,,notes4-- #a4 they had not combined3 themselves not to have combined4 #b4 of the ,belg3 not the genitive4 #c4 had joined3 in ,latin1 had joined themselves1 if you use coniungo4 #d4 aliis4 #e4 their3 omit4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 #a4 ,indirect ,questions3 #ccd2 ,h4 #ebi1 #a4 #b4 ,substantive ,clauses of ,result3 #ccb2 ,h4 #eja4 #a4 ,whence#a did very many of the ,belg#b spring8 #b4 ,csar asked whence very many of the ,belg sprung4 #c4 ,what states are in arms8 #d4 ,csar asked what states were in arms4 #e4 ,while ,divitiacus was king1 he was most powerful4 #f4 ,from ,galba's foresight and justice it results that he is a powerful king4 #g4 ,from the valor of the ,bellovaci it came about that they demanded the management#c of the war4 ,,notes4-- #a4 ,whence3 unde4 #b4 of the ,belg3 not the genitive4 #c4 management3 summa4 ,,chapter ,v4 #a4 ,interest with ,gen4 of ,person3 #bbb2 ,h4 #djf1 ,,iii4 #b4 ,infin4 with ,subject-,accus4 as ,subject3 #bgj2 ,h4 #ech4 #c4 ,infin4 with ,subject-,accus4 as ,object3 #bgb and ,rem42 ,h4 #ecd4 #a4 ,the children of the leading men are brought to ,csar as hostages4 #b4 ,he orders all the children to be brought to him4#a #c4 ,it concerns ,csar for#b the senate to come to him4 #d4 ,it concerns ,divitiacus to send the forces of the dui4 #e4 ,csar sees that#c the forces of the ,belg are hastening4 #f4 ,he learns that the ,axona is not far away4 #g4 ,this river he crossed#d and protected his camp by means of its banks4 ,,notes4-- #a4 him3 in ,latin1 himself4 #b4 for3 not to be expressed in ,latin4 #c4 that3 be careful about that-clauses4 #d4 he crossed3 use trnseo4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 #a4 ,ablative of ,separation3 #bdc2 ,h4 #dac4 #b4 ,cum ,causal with ,subjunctive3 #cbf2 ,h4 #eag4 #c4 ,ablative ,absolute3 #bee and ,note on p4 #bfb2 ,h4 #dca4 #a4 ,the enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to#a the wall4 #b4 ,the enemy having hurled stones#b made a testudo4 #c4 ,since there were so many1#c they undermined the wall4 #d4 ,they easily cleared the walls of soldiers4 #e4 ,the ,belg having cleared the wall made an attack4#d #f4 ,having made an attack#e they threw missiles against the wall4 #g4 ,since the missiles were many1 no one was able to stand on the wall4 ,,notes4-- #a4 advanced close to3 one word in ,latin4 #b4 having hurled stones3 say1 stones having been hurled4 ,why8 #c4 so many3 tot4 #d4 attack3 use impetus4 #e4 having made an attack3 not impetum facti4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 #a4 ,ablative of ,cause3 #bde2 ,h4 #daf4 #b4 ,perfect ,participles of ,deponents3 #ace1 b42 ,h4 #bca1 #b4 #a4 ,at midnight archers and slingers were sent by ,csar to the town4 #b4 ,on account of the assistance of the archers and slingers1 the people in the town#a had good hopes4 #c4 ,the enemy had no hope of taking#b the town1 because of the coming of ,csar's soldiers4 #d4 ,csar1 delaying#c a little while1 sent aid to ,iccius4 #e4 ,the enemy1 after laying waste the fields1 hastened against ,csar's camp4 ,,notes4-- #a4 people in the town3 one word in ,latin4 #b4 of taking3 expgnandi4 #c4 delaying3 not present participle4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 #a4 ,indirect ,questions3 #ccd2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,i4 #b4 ,partitive ,genitive3 #baf2 ,h4 #cif1 ,,iv4 #a4 ,what can the enemy do by their valor8 #b4 ,csar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable of4#a #c4 ,how much do our men dare8 #d4 ,csar makes trial of the daring#b of his men4 #e4 ,how much space can ,csar's army occupy8 #f4 ,csar explains#c over how much space the hill extended in front4 ,,notes4-- #a4 is capable of3 can4 #b4 the daring of1 etc43 recast the sentence mentally before translating1 thus3 ,csar makes trial what his men dare4 #c4 explains3 docet4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 #a4 ,clauses of ,purpose3 #cag and #a2 ,h4 #dig1 ,,ii4 #b4 ,the ,gerundive3 #aac1 d1 #b and #bif2 ,h4 #edd1 ,i4 #a4 ,he begins to#a cross the river4 #b4 ,they began to lead their forces across4 #c4 ,they lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt4 #d4 ,csar has shown that the river was behind him4#b #e4 ,they will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the ,remi4 ,,notes4-- #a4 ,he begins to3 makes a beginning of4 #b4 him3 should it be eum or se8 ,,chapter ,x4 #a4 ,passive of ,intransitive ,verbs3 #bcj2 ,h4 #cja1 #a4 #b4 ,accusative of ,limit3 #beh1 b and ,n4 #a2 ,h4 #chj1 ,,ii4 #b4 #c4 ,substantive ,clauses of ,purpose3 #cca and ,n4 #a2 ,h4 #dih4 #a4 ,those of the ,belg who were not killed returned home4 #b4 ,they resolve to fight in their own territories4 #c4 ,they decide that it is best#a to lead over their army4 #d4 ,divitiacus cannot be persuaded#b to advance to an unfavorable place4 #e4 ,the dui were persuaded to return to their homes4 #f4 ,the enemy advancing into the river were surrounded4 ,,notes4-- #a4 that it is best3 it to be best4 #b4 recast the clause1 before trying to turn it into ,latin4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 #a4 ,ablative of ,time3 #bef2 ,h4 #dbi4 #b4 ,perfect ,participles3 #bij1 d4 #a and #b2 ,h4 #eej1 ,n4 #d4 #a4 ,on the departure of the enemy ,csar sent ahead all his cavalry4 #b4 ,at sunset the three legions returned#a into camp4 #c4 ,in the second watch they attacked the enemy's rear4 #d4 ,the ,belg1 fearing#b an attack1 set out at daybreak4 #e4 ,the spies1 having seen#c the fugitives1 bring back word4#d #f4 ,csar1 after keeping his soldiers in camp1 ordered ,labienus to set out4 ,,notes4-- #a4 returned3 two words in ,latin4 #b4 fearing3 the participle veritus does not usually denote time prior to that of the main verb in the sentence1 like most perfect participles1 but the same time4 #c4 having seen3 do not say vsi4 #d4 bring back word3 use renntio4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 #a4 ,ablative of ,cause1 #bde2 ,h4 #dac4 #b4 ,ablative ,absolute3 #bee and ,note on p4 #bfb2 ,h4 #dca4 #a4 ,csar could not take the town on account of the great number#a of the ,suessiones4 #b4 ,owing to#b the works of the ,romans1 their 8vine0 and towers1 the ,suessiones send envoys4#c #c4 ,the next day ,csar made a forced march and#d tried to take the town4 #d4 ,the townsmen1#e making a surrender1 got their request4#f #e4 ,because of their surrender they got their request4 #f4 ,the surrender made1 they were spared4 ,,notes4-- #a4 great number3 one word in ,latin4 #b4 ,owing to3 like 8on account of10 not separately expressed in ,latin4 #c4 envoys3 use lgtus4 #d4 made a forced march and3 a different turn in ,latin4 #e4 townsmen3 use oppidnus4 #f4 got their request3 one word4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 #a4 ,cum ,temporal with ,subjunctive3 #cbe2 ,h4 #eba1 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 ,constructions with peto3 #bci1 c4 ,n4 #a2 ,h4 #cgd1 #b1 ,n4 #d4 #a4 ,when the arms had been given up1#a the elders came forth4 #b4 ,all the elders came out of ,bratuspantium and begged ,csar for peace4#b #c4 ,csar1 when he had received their submission1 asked the men for their#c arms4 #d4 ,according to their#d custom they stretched out their hands and asked the ,romans for peace4 ,,notes4-- #a4 ,render this clause in two ways3 first by two words1 then by a full clause4 ,so each of the three following sentences contains a clause to be rendered in two ways4 #b4 ,csar for peace3 quite otherwise in ,latin4 #c4 their3 omit4 #d4 their3 is this to be expressed by erum8 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 #a4 ,ablative of ,means3 #bdh1 #h1 c2 ,h4 #dbj4 #b4 ,ablative with tor1 etc43 #bdi2 ,h4 #dba1 ,i4 #a4 ,divitiacus intercedes for the conquered ,belg4 #b4 ,divitiacus begs that ,csar will show#a clemency4 #c4 ,csar will exercise kindness toward the ,belg4 #d4 ,by the help of the ,belg the dui sustain wars4 #e4 ,divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to#b ,britain4 #f4 ,if you show#c clemency1 you will increase our influence4 #g4 ,whatever#d war befalls1 by means of their#e resources we shall be able to hold out4 ,,notes4-- #a4 will show3 not the future in ,latin4 #b4 to3 not ad4 #c4 show3 not well rendered by present indicative4 #d4 whatever3 if any4 #e4 their3 erum4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 #a4 ,partitive ,genitive3 #baf2 ,h4 #cif1 ,,iv4 #b4 ,ablative of ,quality3 #bea2 ,h4 #dai1 ,,ii4 #c4 ,causal ,relative ,sentences3 #cbj1 e2 ,h4 #eag4 #a4 ,the territories of the ,nervii border on the ,ambiani4 #b4 ,the ,nervii blame the ,ambiani for having surrendered4#a #c4 ,the ,nervii have#b great influence among the ,belg4 #d4 ,they use no wine1 because it weakens#c character4 #e4 ,those men think minds lose energy through wine4 ,,notes4-- #a4 for having surrendered3 turn by a relative clause4 #b4 have3 say are 7men7 of4 #c4 because it weakens3 a relative clause with subjunctive1 to indicate their view1 as distinguished from a statement of fact4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 #a4 ,comparative amplius1 etc43 #bdg1 c42 ,h4 #dag1 ,n4 #b4 #b4 ,accusative of ,time and ,space3 #bef and #beg2 ,h4 #cgi4 #a4 ,the ,nervii were distant a three days' march4 #b4 ,csar finds out that they are ten miles distant4 #c4 ,he learns from prisoners what the ,nervii are doing4#a #d4 ,they have taken a position more than five miles from the ,sambre4 #e4 ,he learns from prisoners that he#b is waited for by the ,nervii4 ,,notes4-- #a4 are doing3 be careful about the mode4 #b4 that he3 himself4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 #a4 ,use of quisquam3 #bjb1 c42 ,h4 #deg4 #b4 ,relative ,clauses of ,purpose3 #cag2 ,h4 #dig1 ,i4 #c4 ,substitutes for ,partitive ,gen43 #baf1 c42 ,h4 #cig1 ,n4 #c4 #a4 ,certain of the ,belg went by night to the camp of the ,nervii4 #b4 ,csar says that certain men went#a to the ,nervii4 #c4 ,many of the prisoners found out about the legions4 #d4 ,they were sent to their friends to report#b the matter4 #e4 ,to lop trees is a matter#c of no difficulty at all4 #f4 ,men were sent ahead to select#d a suitable place4 ,,notes4-- #a4 went3 to have gone4 #b4 to report3 not the infinitive4 #c4 matter1 etc43 recast1 before trying to turn into ,latin4 #d4 to select3 try two ways4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 #a4 ,descriptive ,ablative3 #bea2 ,h4 #dai1 ,,ii4 #b4 ,clauses of ,result3 #cai2 ,h4 #ejj1 ,i4 and ,,ii4 #a4 ,along the river ,sambre were trees#a of great height4#b #b4 ,among these trees the ,nervii keep themselves hidden4 #c4 ,so#c close together#d were these trees that the ,romans could not see through4 #d4 ,the river is of such depth that men can cross4 #e4 ,on the open ground are pickets of great courage4 ,,notes4-- #a4 trees3 arbor1 fem4 #b4 height3 the same word that means depth4 #c4 ,so3 ita4 #d4 close together3 crber4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 #a4 ,dative of ,service3 #bcc a2 ,h4 #cij4 #b4 ,imperfect of ,repeated ,action3 #bgg2 ,h4 #dfi1 ,,ii4 #c4 ,ablative of ,manner3 #bdh and ,rem42 ,h4 #dai1 ,,iii4 #a4 ,the cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks4 #b4 ,they would attack our horsemen with great courage4 #c4 ,these horsemen had been sent ahead by ,csar as a protection to the camp4 #d4 ,again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods1 where they had hidden4 #e4 ,the slingers and archers helped#a the horsemen4 #f4 ,with great speed they would run as far as#b the woods4 #g4 ,with wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the ,nervii4 ,,notes4-- #a4 helped3 two words in ,latin4 #b4 as far as3 ad1 or usque ad4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 #a4 ,the ,gerundive3 #aac1 d42 ,h4 #bcd4 #b4 ,dative of ,apparent ,agent3 #bcb2 ,h4 #chh4 #c4 ,ablative of ,agent with or ab3 #bdf2 ,h4 #dae1 ,i4 #a4 ,the soldiers are directed#a by ,csar4 #b4 ,the soldiers must be directed by ,csar4 #c4 ,the flag was displayed by the soldiers4 #d4 ,the flag had to be displayed by the soldiers4 #e4 ,experience is often helpful#b to soldiers4 #f4 ,the work is hindered by#c the near approach#d of the enemy4 ,,notes4-- #a4 are directed3 use doceo4 #b4 helpful3 turn by a noun4 #c4 by the near approach3 why not or ab8 #d4 near approach3 one word4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 #a4 ,ablative of ,gerundive with ,prepositions3 #cja2 ,h4 #edd1 #b4 #b4 ,gerundive ,construction instead of ,gerund3 #bif2 ,h4 #edd1 #a4 #c4 ,purpose expressed by ,gerundive3 #cah and b2 ,h4 #edd1 #b1 ,n4 #b4 #a4 ,in looking for his shield a soldier lost time4 #b4 ,time is wanting for putting on a helmet4 #c4 ,seeing#a the standards1 each one went forward4 #d4 ,a line was drawn up#b to resist#c the enemy's charge4 #e4 ,csar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of strengthening#d their courage4 ,,notes4-- #a4 seeing3 not the gerundive4 #b4 ,a line was drawn up3 see chap4 xx4 #c4 resist3 sustineo4 #d4 strengthening3 use cnfrmo4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,clauses of ,result with ut 7ut nn73 #cai2 ,h4 #ejj1 ,,ii4 #a4 ,so dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view4 #b4 ,the result was that no legion could execute orders4 #c4 ,one legion opposes the foe in one part1 another in another4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,place to which3 #beh2 ,h4 #chj1 ,i4 #b4 ,place from which3 #beh2 ,h4 #dab1 ,i4 #c4 ,place in which3 #beh1 #d1 and #bfj1 b42 ,h4 #dbe1 #a4 #a4 ,the ,roman soldiers drive the enemy1 exhausted by wounds1 into an unfavorable place4 #b4 ,they followed them up from the left part of the line4 #c4 ,as they attempted#a to cross the river1 a great part of them were put to the sword4 #d4 ,in another part many of the ,belgians were killed4 #e4 ,on the front the ,belg pushed for the camp4 #f4 ,but at last they were put to flight4 ,,note4-- #a4 attempted3 recast the sentence and express as they attempted by a participle referring to a great part4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,position of causa with genitive3 #bde1 c4 #b4 ,temporal ,clauses with cum3 #cbe2 ,h4 #eba1 ,,ii4 #b4 #a4 ,the ,romans see that the horsemen are scared4 #b4 ,horsemen were coming to ,csar to render aid4 #c4 ,when the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of plundering1 they saw that our men were fleeing4 #d4 ,seeing the slingers flee1#a they fled themselves4#b ,,notes4-- #a4 flee1 to flee4 #b4 themselves3 use ipse4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 #a4 ,ablative ,absolute3 #bee and a42 ,h4 #dca1 #d4 #b4 ,perfect ,participles of ,deponents3 #bij1 d42 ,h4 #aie1 #b4 #c4 ,substitutes for ,perf4 ,act4 ,partc43 #bij1 d4 #b2 ,h4 #eej1 ,n4 #d4 #a4 ,csar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard pushed4 #b4 ,csar1 seeing#a the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard pushed1 went to the right wing4 #c4 ,as#b all the standard-bearers were wounded1 the standards were lost4 #d4 ,then ,csar snatched a shield from a soldier4 #e4 ,the soldiers renewed their courage and delayed#c the enemy's attack4 ,,notes4-- #a4 seeing3 not well rendered videns2 try casting into a clause--first with ubi1 then with cum4 #b4 ,as 444 wounded3 use a participial construction4 #c4 renewed and delayed3 it is better not to turn into ,latin by cordinate verbs4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 #a4 ,partitive ,genitive3 #baf2 ,h4 #cig4 #b4 ,indirect ,questions3 #ccd2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,i4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,dative of ,service and of ,object3 #bcc and a42 ,h4 #cij4 #a4 ,one was sent for assistance to another4#a #b4 ,the soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage4#b #c4 ,he saw in how great peril the camp was4 #d4 ,they will leave nothing undone#c in point of courage4 #e4 ,he will report to me in what state the army is4 #f4 ,he saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely4 ,,notes4-- #a4 another3 bring the two forms of alius together4 #b4 guarded the baggage3 make a different turn4 #c4 leave nothing undone3 a strange ,latin idiom4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 #a4 ,temporal ,clauses with cum3 #cbe2 ,h4 #eba1 #b4 #b4 ,clauses of ,result with ut 7ut nn73 #cai2 ,h4 #ejj1 ,,ii4 #c4 ,clauses of ,purpose with ut 7ne1 ut ne73 #cag2 ,h4 #dig1 ,,ii4 #a4 ,so great is the courage of the ,nervii that they fight from the heaps of corpses4 #b4 ,ascending#a very high banks1 they displayed the greatest courage4 #c4 ,they dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight4 #d4 ,the cavalry1 to wipe out#b their disgrace1 advance even into a disadvantageous position4 #e4 ,the greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy4 ,,notes4-- #a4 ascending3 turn by a clause with cum4 #b4 ,to wipe out3 not the infinitive4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 #a4 ,ablative of ,separation3 #bdc2 ,h4 #dac4 #b4 ,substitutes for ,partitive ,genitive3 #baf1 c2 ,h4 #cig1 ,n4 #c4 #c4 ,substantive ,clauses of ,purpose with ut 7ne73 #cca2 ,h4 #dih4 #a4 ,of five hundred senators1 three were left4 #b4 ,out of forty 7quadrginta7 thousand men1 four hundred were able to bear arms4 #c4 ,csar will keep their#a neighbors from doing#b harm4 #d4 ,the name and nation of the ,nervii are reduced#c almost to destruction4 #e4 ,he orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the ,nervii4#d ,,notes4-- #a4 their3 not suus4 #b4 doing3 omit4 #c4 reduced3 participle used as an adjective in the neuter plural4 #d4 ,nervii3 genitive4 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 #a4 ,limit of ,motion3 #beh and b2 ,h4 #chj and #b4 #b4 ,accusative of ,duration of ,time3 #bef2 ,h4 #cgi4 #c4 ,locative ,ablative with ,preps43 #bfj1 b2 ,h4 #dbe1 ,i4 #a4 ,they carry all their property into one town4 #b4 ,during two days they hold out very bravely4 #c4 ,for many years they were harassed by the ,gauls4 #d4 ,on two sides they have high rocks2 on another1 a wall4 #e4 ,leaving six thousand men this side#a the ,rhine1 they return#b home4 ,,notes4-- #a4 this side3 cis4 #b4 return3 commonly revertor in the present1 reverti in the perfect4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 #a4 ,ablative of ,time when3 #bef2 ,h4 #dbi4 #b4 ,imperfect of ,repeated ,action3 #bgg2 ,h4 #dfi1 ,,ii4 #c4 ,perfect of ,completed ,action3 #bgi2 ,h4 #dga1 ,i4 and #f4 #a4 ,on the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy from the town4 #b4 ,during the first days they taunted us from the walls4 #c4 ,at a distance the soldiers made an 8agger0 and a tower4 #d4 ,then the ,aduatuci began to jeer4#a #e4 ,can#b men of such little stature place a tower on our wall8 ,,notes4-- #a4 jeer3 two words in ,latin4 #b4 begin with num4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 #a4 ,causal ,relative ,clauses3 #cbj1 e2 ,h4 #eag4 #b4 ,dative with certain ,intrans4 ,verbs3 #bbg2 ,h4 #che4 #c4 ,future ,conditions less vivid3 #cjg1 b2 ,h4 #eji1 ,n4 #a4 #a4 ,they surrender to ,csar1 since he is so powerful4#a #b4 ,the envoys say the enemy are jealous of their#b valor4 #c4 ,it is better to endure death than slavery4 #d4 ,if ,csar should rob the ,aduatuci of their arms1#c they would be killed4 #e4 ,their enemies would kill them1 if they should surrender their arms4 #f4 ,it is better to persuade them to give up their arms4 ,,notes4-- #a4 is so powerful3 can so much 7tantum74 #b4 their3 express by the proper form of suus4 #c4 of their arms3 not the genitive4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 #a4 ,ablative of ,cause3 #bde2 ,h4 #daf4 #b4 ,clauses of ,result with ut 7ut nn73 #cai2 ,h4 #ejj1 ,,ii4 #c4 ,substantive ,clauses of ,purpose with ut 7n73 #cca2 ,h4 #dih4 #a4 ,they order the people to deliver up their arms4 #b4 ,through ,csar's orders1 no wrong will be inflicted4 #c4 ,csar spared1 according to his custom1 those who had surrendered4#a #d4 ,csar orders the neighbors of the ,nervii not to harm them4#b #e4 ,there is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part is concealed4 ,,notes4-- #a4 those who had surrendered3 one word in ,latin4 #b4 them3 dative4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 #a4 ,causal ,clauses with cum3 #cbf2 ,h4 #eag4 #b4 ,ablative ,absolute3 #bee and a2 ,h4 #dca1 #d4 #c4 ,pass4 of ,intrans4 ,verbs used impersonally3 #bcj2 ,h4 #dfe1 #a4 #a4 #a,the ,aduatuci fought very spiritedly4 #b4 #a,thither hasten all the forces of the town4 #c4 ,after the shutting#b of the gates1 the townsmen formed a plan4 #d4 ,since they had been driven back1 they no longer#c defended themselves4 #e4 ,now#d that the town was occupied1 the booty was sold4 ,,notes4-- #a4 ,use the passive construction4 #b4 ,after the shutting3 turn in two ways4 #c4 no longer3 nn iam4 #d4 ,now that the town was occupied3 turn in two ways4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4 #a4 ,ablative of ,agent with 7ab73 #bdf2 ,h4 #dae1 ,i4 #b4 ,accus4 and ,infin4 of ,indirect ,discourse3 #ccj1 #b2 ,h4 #ebc1 ,i4 #a4 ,all the maritime states were subdued by ,csar4 #b4 ,csar says that the maritime states have been reduced4 #c4 ,at this time ,p4 ,crassus had been sent with one legion4 #d4 ,crassus informs ,csar that one legion has been sent to the ,veneti4 #e4 ,the ,veneti1 to whom one legion had been sent1 border on the ocean4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv4 #a4 ,relative ,clauses of ,purpose3 #cag1 #b2 ,h4 #dig1 ,i4 #b4 ,verbs of ,promising1 ,hoping1 etc43 #chj1 f42 #ece1 ,,ii4 #c4 ,dative with ,certain ,adjectives3 #bcd1 a2 ,h4 #cia1 ,i4 #a4 ,the embassies promised to return#a the next summer4 #b4 ,near the ,rhine were many nations of barbarians4 #c4 ,these barbarians promised to do ,csar's bidding4 #d4 ,the barbarians send men to give#b hostages4 #e4 ,so great was the joy#c that a thanksgiving was decreed4 ,,notes4-- #a4 to return3 in the ,latin idiom1 themselves to be going to return4 #b4 to give3 put in two ways4 #c4 joy3 gaudium4 ,,vocabulary4 ,if the learner1 as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning of a word1 will glance over the group of words given in the ,etymological ,vocabulary under the same root1 he will find his knowledge of the relations and meaning of words1 and consequently his power to read ,latin1 rapidly increase4 or ,ab 7abs71 prep4 w4 abl4 ,,apa-1 from1 away from1 #f1 #ac1 #ah1 #bd1 #be2 at the hands of1 #ca1 #cc2 away1 at a distance of1 #a1 #cj2 in1 on1 at1 #bc1 #be2 by1 #a1 #e1 #i1 etc4 ,abd1 #c1 -did1 -ditum #b ,,da-1 put away2 hide1 #ai4 ,absum1 -esse1 fu ,,es-1 be away from1 #aa2 be distant1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ac1 #aj1 #ag1 #ba2 with or ab and abl4 c1 see ,atque4 ,accd 7adc-71 #c1 -cess1 -cessum ,,cad-1 go towards1 approach1 #ac1 w4 ad and acc42 arise1 increase in1 #g1 with dat4 ,accid 7adc-71 #c1 -cid1 -- ,,cad-1 fall to or towards2 befall1 happen1 #ce2 w4 dat4 ,cf4 incid1 veni4 ,accipi 7adc-71 #c1 -cp1 -ceptum ,,cap-1 take to one's self2 accept1 #ae2 receive1 #ac2 suffer1 #cc4 ,acervus1 -1 ,m4 #a ,,ac-1 thing brought to a point2 pile1 heap1 #cb4 ,acis1 - 7-e1 #bc71 ,f4 #a ,,ac-1 edge2 line of battle1 army1 #h1 #i1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #be4 criter1 adv4 #a ,,ac-1 sharply2 fiercely1 desperately1 #aj1 #cc4 ,ad1 prep4 w4 acc41 to1 towards1 #h1 #ac1 #bh1 etc42 up to1 #ag2 near1 #d1 #ai1 #ba1 #cc2 for1 #a1 #d1 #h1 #ba1 etc42 after1 according to1 #ca4 ,adaequ1 #a ,,ic-1 ,,aic-1 make equal to1 equal1 #cb4 ,adclvis 7acc-71 -e1 adj4 ,,cl-1 sloping upward1 #bi4 ,cf4 dclvis4 ,adclvits 7acc-71 -tis1 ,f4 ,,cl-1 upward slope1 rise1 #ah4 ,cf4 dclvits1 diectus4 ,adcommod 7acconm-71 #a #b ,,ma-1 ,,mad-1 fit or adapt to2 put on1 #ba4 ,cf4 indu4 ,addc1 #c1 -dx1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead or bring to1 #e2 lead up1 #a2 w4 ad and acc4 ,ade1 -re1 -i1 -itum #a ,i-1 go to2 reach1 get at1 #g4 ,adfer 7aff-71 -ferre1 attul1 alltum #a ,,fer-1 bring or carry to1 #a4 ,adfnits 7aff-71 -tis1 ,f4 #b ,,fid-1 relationship by marriage1 #d4 ,cf4 propnquits4 ,adgredior 7agg-71 #c1 -gressus ,,grad-1 go to1 approach2 attack1 #i1 #aj4 ,cf4 adorior4 ,adici1 #c1 -ic1 -iectum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 throw to or against2 hurl1 cast1 #ba4 ,aditus1 -s1 ,m4 #a ,i-1 ,,ai-1 going to1 approach1 #af1 #bi2 access1 admittance1 #ae4 ,adiuv1 #a1 -iv1 -itum ,,div-1 ,,di-1 ,,diav-1 help1 aid1 #ag4 ,administr1 #a #b ,,man-1 ,,mi-1 put the hand to2 attend to1 #bj1 #bb4 ,adorior1 #d1 -ortus ,,ol-1 ,,or-1 rise up against2 attack1 #aa1 #ag4 ,cf4 adgredior4 ,adpropnqu 7app-71 #a ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 come near to1 approach1 #aj1 #ca1 w4 dat42 #ai1 w4 ad and acc4 ,cf4 sube1 succd4 ,adutuc1 -rum1 ,m41 tribe1 originally ,german1 in ,belgian ,gaul1 on left bank of the ,maas1 #d1 #af1 #bi1 #ca4 ,adventus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 coming to or drawing near2 approach1 arrival1 #g1 #af1 #be1 #bg1 #cj4 ,cf4 successus1 aditus4 ,adversus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of advert7 ,,vert-1 turned to or towards2 opposite1 in the face1 #h1 #ah1 #bd2 advers colle1 up hill1 #ai2 w4 dat4 ,aedificium1 -1 ,n4 ,,aid-2 ,,fac-1 building1 #g4 ,aedu1 -rum1 ,m41 powerful ,celtic people between upper courses of ,loire and ,seine1 #e1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae4 ,aeduus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,aeduan1 #e1 #ad4 ,aegr1 adv41 with regret or displeasure2 barely1 with difficulty1 #f4 ,aequliter1 adv4 ,,ic-1 ,,aic-1 evenly1 #ah4 ,aests1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,aid-1 burning season2 summer1 #b1 #ce4 ,aesturium1 -1 ,n4 ,,aid-1 pertaining to rolling2 inlet1 sea-marsh1 #bh4 ,aets1 -tis1 ,f4 #a ,i-1 ,,ai-1 age1 old age1 #af4 ,ager1 -gr1 ,m4 ,,ag-1 cultivated land2 land1 field1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #i4 ,agger1 -eris1 ,m4 ,,ger-1 that which is brought to a place1 i4e4 materials for a mound1 #bj2 mound1 rampart1 #ab1 #cj1 #cb4 gmen1 -inis1 ,n4 ,,ag-1 that which is set in motion2 marching column1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai1 #bc1 #bf4 ,ag1 #c1 g1 ctum ,,ag-1 put in motion2 bring up1 #ab1 #cj2 take along1 #bi2 carry on1 do1 #bj4 ,alis1 adv4 7acc4 pl4 ,f4 of alius7 #b ,,al- 7,,ali-71 at another time2 alis 444 alis1 at one time 444 at another1 #bi4 ,alinus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,,al-1 7,,ali-71 belonging to another1 another's1 #aj4 ,aliter1 adv4 #b ,,al-1 otherwise1 in another manner1 #ai4 ,alius1 -a1 -ud1 adj41 gen4 alus #b ,,al- 7,,ali-71 other1 another1 different1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #ca4 ,alter1 -era1 -erum1 adj41 gen4 -ius #b ,,al-1 other 7of two71 #e1 #ba2 alter 444 alter1 the one 444 the other4 ,altitd1 -inis1 ,f4 #a ,,al-1 elevation1 height1 #e1 #ab1 #ah1 #ca1 #cb4 ,altus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #a ,,al-1 become great by nourishment2 lofty1 high1 #bg1 #bi4 ,ambin1 -rum1 ,m41 ,belgian tribe near modern ,amiens1 #d1 #ae4 ,amcitia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,am-1 friendship1 #ad4 mitt1 #c1 -ms1 -mssum ,,mit-1 let go from one's self2 lose1 #be4 ,amplific1 #a ,,ple-1 ,,plo-2 ,,fac-1 make larger1 increase1 #ad4 ,amplius1 adv4 7,n4 compar4 of amplus7 ambi-2 ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 more1 #g1 #af1 #bi4 ,andocumborius1 -1 ,m41 man of high rank among the ,remi1 #c4 ,ands1 -ium1 ,m41 tribe of ,gaul north of the ,loire1 modern ,anjou1 #ce4 ,angustus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 contracted2 narrow1 difficult2 in angust1 in a critical state1 #be4 ,animus1 -1 ,m4 ,,an-1 soul2 mind1 feelings1 #ba2 spirit1 courage1 #ae1 #ba1 #be1 #bg2 character1 #a4 ,annus1 -1 ,m41 that which goes round2 year1 #bi4 ,ante1 ,,ant-1 before2 as adv41 ante1 before1 formerly1 #ab1 #bb1 #cc2 as prep4 w4 acc41 before 7of time71 #ce2 7of place71 #cb4 ,antquitus1 adv4 ,,ant-1 from ancient times2 in olden times1 #d2 from of old1 #ag4 ,apertus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of aperi7 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 without covering2 open1 unobstructed1 #ah1 #ai2 uncovered1 exposed1 #bc4 ,appell 7adp-71 #a ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 bring one's self to a person2 accost1 address1 #be2 call1 #d4 ,apud1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,apa-1 near1 among1 #b1 #d1 #g1 #ad4 ,arbitror1 #a ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 be a hearer or spectator1 think1 suppose1 believe1 #d1 #bh2 w4 acc4 and inf4 ,arbor1 -oris1 ,f4 #a ,,al-1 ,,ar-1 tree1 #ag4 ,arcess1 #c1 -v1 -tum ,,cad-1 cause to come to2 summon1 send for1 #bj4 ,arduus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #a ,,al-1 ,,ar-1 strengthened to ,,ardh-1 steep1 #cc4 ,aris1 -etis1 ,m41 battering-ram1 #cb4 ,arma1 -rum1 ,n4 ,,ar-1 things adapted2 arms1 weapons1 #c1 #d1 #i1 #ac1 etc4 ,armtra1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,ar-1 arming2 equipment1 #aj1 #bd4 ,arm1 #a ,,ar-1 furnish with arms2 arm1 equip1 #d1 #bg4 ,ascend 7adsc-71 #c1 -d1 -scnsum ,,scand-1 mount up1 climb1 #bg4 ,ascnsus 7adsc-71 -s1 ,m4 ,,scand-1 ascending2 ascent1 way up1 #cc4 ,at1 conj41 but1 on the other hand1 #bc1 #bg4 ,atque 7before vowels and consonants71 c 7before consonants only71 and also1 and especially1 and1 #c1 #e1 #f1 etc42 as1 #f2 than1 #ai4 ,cf4 et and -que4 ,atrebats1 -um1 ,m41 ,belgian people in the region of modern ,arras1 #d1 #af1 #bc4 ,atting 7adt-71 #c1 -tig1 -tctum1 ,,tag-1 touch against2 approach1 reach1 #cb2 border upon1 #ae1 #cd4 ,auctrits1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,avg-1 power1 standing1 influence1 #d1 #ad1 #ae4 ,audcter1 adv4 #a ,,av-1 boldly1 #aj1 #bf4 ,aude1 #b1 ausus #a ,,av-1 venture1 dare1 #h1 #ag1 #ai1 #bg2 w4 complementary infin4 ,audi1 #d #b ,,av-1 listen to2 hear1 hear about1 #ab1 #ca1 w4 acc42 #ab1 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,aulerc1 -rum1 ,m41 tribe in ,bretagne and ,normandy1 #cd4 ,aurunculius1 -1 ,m41 ,l4 ,a4 ,cotta1 lieutenant of ,csar1 #aa4 ,aut1 conj4 #b ,,ta-1 or 7excluding the other71 #cj1 #cc2 aut 444 aut1 either 444 or1 #be4 ,autem1 postpositive conj4 #b ,,ta-1 but1 on the other hand1 #i2 moreover1 #ai4 ,auxilium1 -1 ,n4 ,,avg-1 aid1 support1 assistance1 #aj1 #bd1 #bi2 pl4 auxiliary forces1 #ad4 ,cf4 subsidium4 vert1 #c1 -t1 -sum ,,vert-1 turn away from4 ,avers1 see note1 #bf4 ,axona1 -ae1 ,f41 river in country of the ,belg1 #e1 #i4 ,b4 ,baculus1 -1 ,m41 ,p4 ,sextius ,b41 centurion1 #be4 ,baleris1 -e1 adj41 ,balearic1 of the ,balearic ,islands1 #g4 ,barbarus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 foreign1 non-,roman1 #ce4 ,belgae1 -rum1 ,m41 collective name of tribes living in the country bounded by the ,seine1 ,marne1 ,moselle1 ,rhine1 and the ocean1 #a1 #b1 #c1 following4 ,bellovac1 -rum1 ,m41 strongest tribe of the ,belg1 north of the ,seine and on right bank of the ,oise and ,somme1 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad4 ,bellum1 -1 ,n4 ,,dva-1 ,,dvi-1 contest between two2 war1 #d1 #i1 #ad1 #af1 #bi1 #ca1 #ce4 ,bibrax1 -ctis1 ,f4 7,n4871 town of the ,remi1 #f4 ,bodugntus1 -1 ,m41 leader of the ,nervii1 #bc4 ,bratuspantium1 -1 ,n41 chief town of the ,bellovaci1 #ac4 ,brevits1 -tis1 ,f41 shortness1 brevity1 #bj1 #cj4 ,cf4 exiguits4 ,britannia1 -ae1 ,f41 ,britain1 #d1 #ad4 ,c4 ,cadver1 -eris1 ,n4 ,,cad-1 that which falls down dead2 dead body1 #bg4 ,cad1 #c1 cecid1 csum ,,cad-1 fall1 #bg4 ,caeroes1 -rum1 ,m41 ,german tribe in ,belgian ,gaul1 #d4 ,caesar1 -aris1 ,m41 ,gaius ,julius ,csar1 conqueror of ,gaul and author of the ,commentaries1 #a1 #b1 #e1 etc4 ,calamits1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,scal-1 injury1 disaster1 #ad1 #bh4 ,calet1 -rum 7-s1 -um71 ,m41 tribe in ,normandy1 on the ,seine1 #d4 ,cl1 -nis1 ,m41 groom1 soldier's servant1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg4 ,captvus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,cap-1 taken prisoner2 captive1 #af1 #ag4 ,caput1 -itis1 ,n4 ,,cap-1 head2 individual1 person1 #cc4 ,carnts1 -um1 ,m41 important ,gallic tribe between the ,loire and ,seine rivers1 #ce4 ,castellum1 -1 ,n4 dim4 ,,scad-1 ,,cad-1 redoubt1 stronghold1 #h1 #i1 #bi1 #cj1 #cc4 ,castra1 -rum1 ,n4 ,,scad-1 ,,cad-1 camp1 #b1 #e1 #f1 etc4 ,csus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,cad-1 falling2 happening2 chance1 #ba2 misfortune1 #ca4 ,causa1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,cav-1 cause1 reason1 #a1 #g1 #aj1 #aa2 caus1 used like prep4 post-positive1 for the sake of1 for the purpose of1 #aj1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd4 ,cd1 #c1 cess1 cessum ,,cad-1 go2 fall back2 give way1 retreat1 #ai4 ,celerits1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,cel-1 swiftness1 quickness1 #ab1 #ai1 #bj1 #bf1 #ca4 ,celeriter1 adv4 ,,cel-1 swiftly1 quickly1 promptly1 #c1 #ab1 #bc1 #cc4 ,cl1 #a #b ,,cal-1 ,,scal-1 hide1 conceal1 #cb1 #cc4 ,centum1 num4 adj4 indeclin4 ,,cen-1 hundred1 #d4 ,centuri1 -nis1 ,m4 ,,cen-1 commander of a century1 centurion1 captain1 #ag1 #be4 ,certus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,,cer-1 ,,cre-1 determined2 definite1 #aa2 certain1 regular1 #bb2 certirem facere1 inform1 #a1 #b1 #aj1 #cd2 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,cter1 -rum1 pl4 adj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 the others1 rest1 #c4 ,cf4 reliqu4 ,cmbr1 -rum1 ,m41 ,german tribe which invaded ,gaul and the ,province in the second century1 #d1 #bi4 ,circiter1 adv4 ,,cvr-1 ,,cir-2 #a ,i-1 going in a circle2 about1 not far from1 #b1 #h1 #ac1 #ah1 #cb4 ,circuitus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,cvr-1 ,,cir-2 #a ,i-1 going in a circle2 circumference1 #bi1 #cj4 ,circum-1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,cvr-1 ,,cir-1 around1 about2 here only in composition4 ,circumici1 #c1 -ic1 -iectum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 throw around2 place around1 #f4 ,circummni1 #d1 #b ,,mv-1 wall up around2 blockade1 #cj4 ,circumveni1 #d1 -vn1 -ventum ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 come around2 surround1 outflank1 #h1 #aj1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf4 ,cis1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 on this side1 this side of1 #c4 ,citerior1 -us1 -ris1 adj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 more on this side2 hither1 nearer1 #a1 #b4 ,citr1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 on this side1 this side of1 #bi4 ,cf4 cis4 ,cvits1 -tis1 ,f41 citizenship2 community1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc4 ,clmor1 -ris1 ,m4 #a ,,cal-1 loud call2 shouting1 #aa1 #bd4 ,claud1 #c1 -s1 -sum1 shut1 close1 #cc2 close1 bring up1 #ai4 ,clmentia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,cl-2 #a ,,man-1 ,,men-1 indulgent disposition2 gentleness1 mildness1 #ad1 #ca4 ,coacerv1 #a #a ,,ac-1 heap up1 #bg4 ,coep1 -isse1 -ptus 7defective verb1 with tenses from present stem lacking7 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 have begun1 began1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ai1 #bc1 #bj4 ,cgnsc1 #c1 -gnv1 -gnitum ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 understand thoroughly2 perceive1 learn1 ascertain1 #b1 #e1 #aa1 #ag1 w4 acc4 and inf42 #d1 #bf1 w4 indir4 question2 plperf4 knew1 #aj4 ,cg1 #c1 -g1 -ctum ,,ag-1 drive together1 compel2 gather1 rally1 #b1 #e4 ,cf4 condc4 ,cohors1 -hortis1 ,f41 multitude enclosed2 cohort1 #e1 #be4 ,cohortti1 -nis1 ,f41 cheering on1 urging1 encouraging1 appeal to1 #be4 ,cohortor1 #a1 cheer on1 urge1 call upon1 #e1 #bj1 #ba1 #be1 w4 acc42 #ba foll4 by clause w4 ut4 ,collis1 -is1 ,m41 hill1 #h1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb4 ,commetus 7conm-71 -s1 ,m41 going to and fro2 train of supplies1 provisions1 #e1 #i4 ,coms1 -itis1 ,m41 comrade4 ,commemor 7conm-71 #a #a ,,smar-1 ,,mar-1 keep in mind2 mention1 relate1 #bh4 ,committ 7conm-71 #c1 -ms1 mssum ,,mit-1 cause to go together2 join1 #ai1 #ba4 ,commod 7conm-71 adv4 #b ,,ma-1 ,,mad-1 duly1 aptly2 easily1 advantageously1 #bj4 ,commove 7conm-71 #b1 -mv1 -mtum #a ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 move violently2 startle1 alarm1 make anxious1 #b1 #ca4 ,commnis 7conm-71 -e1 adj4 #b ,,mv-1 serving together2 common1 general1 #d1 #e4 ,commtti 7conm-71 -nis1 ,f4 #a ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 change1 #bg4 ,compar 7conp-71 #a #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 bring or put together2 get ready1 provide1 procure1 #b1 #ab4 ,compell 7conp-71 #c1 -pul1 -pulsum ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 drive together1 gather2 drive in a body1 rout1 #bc4 ,comple 7conp-71 #b1 -v1 -tum ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 fill completely2 fill1 #bd4 ,complrs 7conp-71 -a 7-ia71 gen4 -ium1 adj4 ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 ,,plv-1 several together1 a large number1 #ag4 ,con-1 for scom- cum ,,sec-1 with1 together2 in composition1 denoting completeness or union2 sometimes intensive4 ,concd1 #c1 -cd1 -csum #b ,,sac-1 ,,sec-1 ,,sc,d-1 cut up entirely2 cut to pieces1 destroy1 #aa4 ,concilium1 -1 ,n4 #a ,,cal-1 that which is called together2 meeting1 assembly1 #d1 #aj4 ,concurr1 #c1 -curr or -cucurr1 -cursum ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 run together2 hurry1 rally1 gather1 #bj1 #cc4 ,condici1 -nis1 ,f41 ,d,c-1 ,,dic-1 talking together2 agreement1 stipulation1 terms1 #ae1 #cb4 ,condrs1 -rum1 ,m41 ,belgic tribe on the ,meuse1 #d4 ,condc1 #c1 -dx1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead together2 collect1 muster1 #b2 hire1 #a4 ,cnfer1 -ferre1 -tul1 -ltum #a ,,fer-1 bring or bear together2 gather1 collect1 #ae1 #be1 #bi2 with reflex4 pronoun1 betake one's self1 go1 #ac4 ,cnfertus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of cnferci71 pressed together2 compact1 in close array1 #bc2 crowded together1 #be4 ,cnfici1 #c1 -fc1 -fectum ,,fac-1 make completely2 perform1 accomplish1 #ab2 raise1 put in the field1 #d2 exhaust1 wear out1 #bc1 #be1 #bg4 ,cnfd1 #c1 -fsus sum #a ,,fid-1 ,f,d- trust entirely2 believe1 trust firmly1 #cj1 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,cnfrm1 #a #b ,,fer-1 make firm2 give assurance1 pledge one's self1 #ae1 w4 acc4 and infin42 encourage1 reassure1 #ai2 confirm1 #aa4 ,cnflg1 #c1 -x1 -ctum ,,flag-1 ,,flig-1 strike or dash together2 contend1 fight1 #e2 w4 cum and abl4 ,congredior1 #c1 -gressus ,,grad-1 step together2 meet1 have an engagement with1 fight1 #bc4 ,cf4 cnflg1 pgn4 ,cnici1 #c1 -ic1 -iectum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 throw together2 hurl1 #f1 #bg2 drive1 rout1 #bc2 place hastily1 #af1 #bh4 ,cf4 compell4 ,coniung1 #c1 -inx1 -inctum ,,iv-1 ,,ivg-1 draw together1 join1 #c1 #d1 #bf4 ,conir1 #a ,,iv-1 ,,ivg-1 swear together2 make a sworn agreement1 conspire1 #a1 #c4 ,conloc 7coll-71 #a1 place1 station1 set1 #h1 #ai1 #bb1 #bi1 #cj4 ,cnor1 #a1 undertake1 attempt1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #bc4 ,cnsanguineus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 possessing the same blood2 kindred1 #c4 ,cnscrb1 #c1 -psi1 -ptum ,,scarp-1 write together 7in a list72 enroll1 enlist1 #b1 #h1 #ai4 ,cnsnsus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,sent-1 agreement1 harmony1 concerted action1 #bh1 #bi4 ,cnsenti1 #d1 -sns1 -snsum ,,sent-1 feel with1 #c2 join hands 7with71 make common cause with1 #c2 w4 cum and abl4 ,cn-sequor1 #c1 -sectus ,,sec-1 follow thoroughly2 attain1 obtain1 #a4 ,cnserv1 #a ,,sal-1 ,,ser-1 keep thoroughly2 preserve1 save1 spare1 #ab1 #ae1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb4 ,cnsd1 #c1 -sd1 -sessum ,,sed-1 ,,sid-1 sit down together2 settle1 take position1 #d1 #af4 ,cnsilium1 -1 ,n41 consultation2 design1 plan of action1 #i1 #ad1 #cc2 advice1 suggestion1 #ag4 ,cnsimilis1 -e1 adj41 #b ,,sa-1 ,,sim-1 altogether like1 quite similar1 #aa2 w4 dat4 ,cnsist1 #c1 -stit1 -- ,,sta-1 make stand2 take position1 stand1 #f1 #bc1 #bf2 make a stand1 rally1 #aa1 #ag1 #ba2 depend upon1 be based on1 #cc4 ,cnspectus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,spec-1 view1 sight1 #be4 ,cnspici1 #c1 -spx1 -spectum ,,spec-1 look at with attention2 behold1 catch sight of1 see1 #ba1 #bf1 w4 acc42 #bd1 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,cnspicor1 #a ,,spec-1 get a sight of1 espy1 observe1 #bf1 #bg4 ,cf4 cnspici4 ,cnstanter1 adv4 ,,sta-1 standing firm2 uniformly1 #b4 ,cnstitu1 #c1 -u1 -tum ,,sta-1 place together2 determine1 appoint1 fix1 #aa2 set up1 place1 #ab1 #cj2 station1 #h1 #ai2 decide1 #aj1 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,cf4 statu4 ,cnsusc1 #c1 -suv1 -sutum ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 accustom2 become accustomed2 pf4 be accustomed 7 solre71 #ad1 #ca4 ,cnsutd1 -inis1 ,f4 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 custom1 habit1 #ag1 #ai1 #cb4 ,cf4 ms4 ,contemptus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,tem-1 scorn1 contempt1 #cj4 ,contend1 #c1 -d1 -ntum #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 strain with all one's might2 march1 push on1 hasten1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd2 struggle1 contend1 #i1 #ac1 #cj4 ,contine1 #b1 -u1 -tentum #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 hold or keep together2 restrain1 hold back1 #aa2 keep1 #aa1 #ah1 #cj4 ,contr1 adv4 ,,sec-1 against1 on the other hand1 #ag2 as prep41 w4 acc41 #a1 #c1 #ac1 #cc4 ,contrrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,sec-1 situated over against1 opposite1 #ah2 w4 dat4 ,contumlia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,tem-1 great swelling2 disgrace1 insult1 #ad4 ,convni1 #d1 -vn1 -ventum ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 come together1 meet1 #e1 #aj1 #ab2 impersonal1 be agreed upon1 #ai4 ,convert1 #c1 -t1 -sum ,,vert-1 wholly turn2 turn around1 turn1 direct1 #bf4 ,convoc1 #a ,,voc-1 call together1 summon1 #aj4 ,cpia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 ability2 ample supply1 supply1 #b2 pl41 resources1 supplies1 #aj2 forces1 troops1 #e1 #g1 #h1 etc4 ,corn1 -s1 ,n4 ,,car-1 horn2 wing of an army1 #bc1 #be4 ,corpus1 -oris1 ,n4 #a ,,cer-1 ,,cre-1 what is made2 body1 #cj2 corpse1 #aj1 #bg4 ,cortex1 -icis1 ,m4 and ,f4 ,,car-1 part that splits off2 bark1 #cc4 ,cotdi1 adv4 ,,ca-2 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 on every day2 daily1 regularly1 #h4 ,cotta1 -ae1 ,m41 ,l4 ,arunculeius1 one of ,csar's lieutenants1 #aa4 ,crassus1 -1 ,m41 ,p4 ,licinius1 one of ,csar's lieutenants1 #cd4 ,crber1 -bra1 -brum1 adj4 #a ,,cer-1 ,,cre-1 made to increase2 thick1 numerous1 frequent1 #a1 #ag1 #cj4 ,crd1 #c1 -did1 -ditum ,,crat-2 #b ,,da-1 put trust in2 believe1 #cc1 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,cf4 cnfd4 ,crs1 -tis1 ,m41 ,cretan1 #g4 ,crucitus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,cvr-1 ,,cir-1 torture1 #ca4 ,cum1 prep4 w4 abl4 ,,sec-1 with1 in company with1 together with1 #c1 #aj1 #ac1 etc42 at same time with1 #e1 #g1 #af2 with1 provided with1 #aa1 #cc4 ,cum1 conj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 temporal1 when1 #a1 #d1 #f1 #h1 following2 cum prmum1 as soon as1 #b2 causal1 as1 since1 #aa1 #ag1 #bb1 etc42 concessive1 although1 while1 #bi2 cum 444 tum1 both 444 and1 #d4 ,cnctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,iv-1 ,,ivg-1 all together2 all1 entire1 #bi4 ,cupi1 #c1 -v1 -tum1 desire eagerly1 be eager1 #be4 ,curiosolits1 -um1 ,m4 7acc4 -s1 s71 people of ,armoric ,gaul1 #cd4 ,cursus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 running1 speed1 #bc1 #bf4 ,custdia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,scv-1 ,,cv-1 guard-keeping2 guard1 protection1 #bi4 ,d4 ,d1 prep4 w4 abl41 from2 down from1 #cb2 of time1 in1 about1 #g2 for1 on account of1 #g2 for1 about1 concerning1 #b1 #d1 #f1 etc4 ,dbe for dehibe1 #b1 -u1 -itum ,,hab-1 have from2 impersonal1 owe1 ought1 #bg1 #cc4 ,decem1 num4 adj4 indecl4 ,,dec-1 ten1 #d4 ,dcern1 #c1 -crv1 -crtum #b ,,cer-1 ,,cre-1 decide2 decide upon1 decree1 #ce4 ,dcert1 #a #b ,,cer-1 fight a decisive battle1 #aj4 ,cf4 conflg1 congredior1 dmic1 pgn4 ,decimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,dec-1 tenth1 #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #bf4 ,dclvis1 -e1 adj4 ,,cl-1 inclining down-hill1 sloping1 #ah4 ,decumnus 7deci-71 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,dec-1 of the tenth cohort1 in the phrase1 decumna porta1 rear gate1 #bd1 main entrance to a ,roman camp4 ,dcurr1 #c1 -cucurr or -curr1 -cursum ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 run down1 #ai1 #ba4 ,dditcius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #a ,,da-1 one who has surrendered2 as noun1 ,m41 prisoner of war1 #ag2 subjects1 #cb4 ,dditi1 -nis1 ,f4 #a ,,da-1 giving one's self up2 surrender1 #ab1 #ac1 #cb1 #cc4 ,dd1 #c1 -did1 -ditum #a ,,da-1 give up or away2 surrender1 #ae1 #bh1 #cb4 ,ddc1 #c1 -x1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead away1 bring off1 #b1 #cc1 #ce2 bring 7to71 #aj1 #ca4 ,cf4 redig4 ,dfend1 #c1 -d1 -fnsum ,,fen-1 ,,fend-1 thrust away2 repel1 #bi2 defend1 #aj1 #ab1 #ca1 #cc4 ,dfnsi1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,fen-1 ,,fend-1 protection1 defence1 #g4 ,dfnsor1 -ris1 ,m4 ,,fen-1 ,,fend-1 defender1 #f1 #ab4 ,dfer1 -ferre1 -tul1 -ltum #a ,,fer-1 bear or bring away2 bear1 report1 #ag1 #ai2 bestow1 #d2 w4 ad and acc4 ,dfici1 #c1 -fc1 -fectum ,,fac-1 make from2 give out1 fail1 #aj2 revolt 7from71 forsake1 desert1 #ad2 w4 ab and abl4 ,dici1 #c1 -ic1 -iectum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 hurl down2 drive away1 dislodge1 #bg4 ,diectus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 slope1 declivity1 #h1 #bb4 ,cf4 dclvis1 adclvis4 ,deinde1 adv4 #b ,i-1 from here2 thereupon1 then1 in the next place1 #a4 ,dle1 #b1 -v1 -tum ,,li-1 wipe out1 destroy1 #bg4 ,dlig1 #c1 -lg1 -lctum #a ,,leg-1 ,,lig-1 choose out2 choose1 select1 #ag1 #ah1 #bi4 ,cf4 lg4 ,dmnstr1 #a #a ,,man-1 ,,men-1 point out1 explain1 mention1 #a1 #i1 #bb2 w4 acc4 and infin41 #ag4 ,dnique1 adv41 and thereupon1 finally2 at any rate1 at least1 #cc4 ,dnsus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 thick1 dense1 close1 #bb4 ,dpn1 #c1 -posu1 -positum #a ,,sa-1 ,,si-1 put aside or down2 lay aside1 place in safety1 #bi4 ,dpopulor1 #a ,,scal-1 ,,spol-1 lay waste1 ravage1 #g4 ,dprecor1 #a ,,prec-1 avert by praying2 petition against1 pray to be spared1 #ca4 ,dser1 #c1 -u1 -tum #a ,,ser-1 ,,svar-1 undo1 sever connection with2 abandon1 desert1 #be1 #bi4 ,dsist1 #c1 -stit1 -- ,,sta-1 remove from2 cease1 stop1 #aa4 ,dspectus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,spec-1 looking down upon2 opportunity for distant views1 prospect1 #bi4 ,dspr1 #a ,,spa-1 ,,pa-1 give up hope2 despair of1 #bd4 ,dspoli1 #a ,,scal-1 ,,spol-1 rob1 deprive1 #ca2 w4 acc4 and abl4 ,dsum1 -esse1 -fu ,,es-1 be away2 be lacking1 fail1 #ba4 ,cf4 dfici4 ,dterre1 #b1 -u1 -itum ,,ter-1 ,,ters-1 frighten from2 prevent1 deter1 #c4 ,dtrah1 #c1 -x1 -ctum1 drag from2 take from1 remove1 #be4 ,dtrd1 #c1 -s1 -sum1 thrust away2 remove1 #ba4 ,cf4 dtrah4 ,dveni1 #d1 -vn1 -ventum ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 come down into2 come to1 reach1 #ba2 w4 prep4 and acc4 ,cf4 adpropnqu4 ,dexter1 -tra1 -trum1 adj1 right1 on the right hand1 #bc1 #be4 7,dici71 -nis1 ,f41 no nom4 ,,dic-1 ,d,c-1 sway1 control1 #cd4 ,dc1 #c1 -x1 -ctum ,d,c-1 ,,dic-1 point out by speaking2 say1 state1 mention1 #a1 #c1 #d1 etc42 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,dis1 -1 ,m4 and ,f4 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 day1 #b1 #e1 #f1 etc4 ,difficilis 7disf-71 -e1 adj4 ,,fac-1 not to be done2 difficult1 hard1 #bg4 ,difficults 7disf-71 -tis1 ,f4 ,,fac-1 difficulty1 strait1 trouble1 #bj4 ,dligenter1 adv4 #a ,,leg-1 ,,lig-1 attentively1 scrupulously1 with painstaking1 #e1 #bh4 ,dmtior1 #d1 -mnsus #a ,,ma-1 ,,man-1 measure off2 stake off1 lay out1 survey1 #ai4 ,dmic1 #a1 move rapidly back and forth2 fight1 contend1 #ba4 ,cf4 cnflig1 congredior1 contend4 ,dmitt1 #c1 -ms1 mssum ,,mit-1 send out in different directions1 despatch1 #e1 #ad1 #ba4 ,dripi1 #c1 -u1 -reptum ,,rap-1 ,,rvp-1 tear in pieces2 sack1 plunder1 #ag4 ,discd1 #c1 -cess1 -cessum ,,cad-1 go apart2 go away1 depart1 #g1 #aa1 #bj4 ,discessus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,cad-1 departure1 withdrawal1 #ad4 ,dissip1 #a1 scatter1 break up1 #bd4 ,distine1 #b1 -u1 -tentum #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 keep apart2 prevent union of1 separate1 #e4 ,di1 adv4 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 by day2 for a long time1 long2 compar4 ditius1 #a1 #f1 #aj4 ,dversus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of dvert7 ,,vert-1 turned away from2 facing in different directions1 #bb2 different1 #bc2 separated1 #bd4 ,dvnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 of the gods1 divine1 #ca4 ,divitiacus1 -1 ,m41 leader of the dui1 brother of ,dumnorix1 #e1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae2 chieftain of the ,suessiones1 #d4 ,d1 dare1 ded1 datum #a ,,da-1 give1 #b1 #c1 #bj1 #ba1 #ce2 inter s1 exchange1 #a4 ,doce1 #b1 -u1 -ctum ,,dic-1 ,,dac- 7,,doc-71 show1 teach1 explain1 #e1 #bj4 ,domesticus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,dom-1 of home1 native1 own1 #aj4 ,domicilium1 -1 ,n4 ,,dom-2 #b ,,cal-1 ,,scal-1 dwelling-place1 #bi4 ,dominor1 #a1 lord it1 be master1 #ca4 ,domus1 -s1 ,f4 ,,dom-1 home1 #aj1 #aa1 #bd1 #bi4 ,dubit1 #a ,,dva-2 ,,ba-1 go to and fro2 doubt1 hesitate1 #b1 #bc4 ,ducent1 -ae1 -a1 num4 adj4 ,,dva-1 ,,dvi-2 ,,cen-1 two hundred1 #ah1 #bi4 ,dc1 #c1 -x1 ductum ,,dvc-1 lead1 conduct1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #ai4 ,dum for dium1 adv4 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 while4 ,duo1 -ae1 -o1 num4 adj4 ,,dva-1 ,,dvi-1 two1 #b1 #g1 #h1 #i1 etc4 ,duodecimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,dva-1 ,,dvi-2 ,,dec-1 twelfth1 #bc1 #be4 ,duodvgint1 num4 adj4 indecl4 ,,dva-1 ,,dvi-1 eighteen1 #e4 ,duplex1 -icis1 adj4 ,,dva-2 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 twofold1 double1 #bi4 ,dux1 -cis1 ,m4 ,,dvc-1 leader1 #bc2 guide1 #g4 ,e4 or ,ex1 prep4 w4 abl41 from1 out of1 #c1 #f1 #ac1 etc42 after1 #f2 on1 #h2 in consequence of1 #ce4 ,eburns1 -um1 ,m41 ,belgian people near the ,rhine1 #d4 ditus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of d7 #a ,,da-1 set forth2 elevated1 rising1 #h4 dc1 #c1 -x1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead out1 lead forth1 #h4 ,effici 7ecf-71 #c1 -fc1 -fectum ,,fac-1 work out2 bring about1 effect1 #e1 #ag2 w4 ut and subj4 gredior1 #c1 -gressus ,,grad-1 go out2 sally forth1 #bd2 depart from1 go forth1 #aa1 #ac4 gregi1 adv41 out of the flock2 remarkably1 excellently1 #bi4 lig1 #c1 -lg1 -lctum #a ,,leg-1 ,,lig-1 choose out2 pick from1 choose1 #d4 ,cf4 dligo4 mitt1 #c1 -ms1 -mssum ,,mit-1 send out2 hurl1 let fly1 #bc4 ,em1 #c1 m1 mptum ,,em-1 take in exchange2 buy1 #cc4 nscor1 #c1 -ntus ,,gen-1 ,,gn-1 ,,gna-1 grow out1 spring up2 sprout forth1 #ag4 ,enim1 co-ord4 conj41 post-positive1 for1 in fact1 #ag4 ,cf4 nam4 ,e1 adv4 7old dat4 or abl4 ,n4 of is7 #b ,i-1 there1 thither1 #c1 #e1 #be1 #cc4 ,equs1 -itis1 ,m41 #b ,,ac-1 horseman1 cavalry-man1 knight1 #i1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg4 ,equester1 -tris1 -tre1 adj4 #b ,,ac-1 of horsemen1 cavalry1 #h1 #i4 ,equittus1 -s1 ,m4 #b ,,ac-1 riding2 cavalry1 #aj1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai4 ,erg1 because of2 therefore4 rupti1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,rap-1 ,,rvp-1 bursting forth2 sally1 #cc4 ,esuvi1 -rum1 ,m41 people in ,normandy1 #cd4 ,et1 co-ord4 conj4 and1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc42 et 444 et1 both 444 and1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc4 ,etiam1 adv4 and conj4 and now2 also1 #a1 #d1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ba2 even1 still1 #d1 #be1 #bg4 ventus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 coming forth2 outcome1 issue1 result1 #bb4 ,ex1 see 4 ,exagit1 #a ,,ag-1 disturb1 harass1 #bi4 ,exanim1 #a ,,an-1 deprive of life2 make breathless1 #bc4 ,exaudi1 #d #b ,,av-1 hear distinctly2 hear from a distance1 #aa4 ,excd1 #c1 -cess1 -cessum ,,cad-1 go out2 withdraw1 go away1 #be4 ,excursi1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 running forth2 sally1 #cj4 ,cf4 rupti4 ,exe1 -re1 -i1 -itum #a ,i-1 go out2 withdraw1 #cc4 ,cf4 excd4 ,exercit1 #a ,,arc- 7drive out of the enclosure71 keep busy2 train1 drill1 #bj4 ,exercitus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,arc-1 trained body of men2 army1 #a1 #b1 #e1 etc4 ,exiguits1 -tis1 ,f41 scantiness1 shortness1 #ba1 #cc4 ,eximius1 -a1 -um ,,em-1 taken out from2 eminent1 excellent1 high1 #h4 ,existm1 #a1 judge1 value2 judge1 think1 believe1 #b1 #ae1 #ag1 #ca2 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,expedtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of expedi7 ,,ped-1 unencumbered1 in light marching order1 #ai4 ,expell1 #c1 -pul1 -pulsum ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 drive out1 banish1 #d4 ,experior1 #d1 -pertus #a ,,par-1 ,,per-1 try 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#h4 ,cf4 adclvis1 dclvis4 ,ferx1 -cis1 adj4 #a ,,fer-1 apt to bear2 fertile1 #d4 ,fer1 adv4 #b ,,fer-1 ,,fre-1 nearly1 almost1 #bc1 #be1 #ca4 ,fer1 ferre1 tul1 ltum #a ,,fer-1 bear1 bring1 carry1 #aj1 #bf1 #bh2 bear1 endure1 #a1 w4 acc4 and infin42 rush 7in pass471 #bd4 ,fertilits1 -tis1 ,f4 #a ,,fer-1 fruitfulness1 fertility1 #d4 ,ferus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 wild1 fierce1 ferocious1 #d1 #ae4 ,fids1 fid 7rare71 ,f4 #a ,,fid-1 trust1 confidence2 protection1 #c1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,flius1 -1 ,m41 son1 #ac4 ,fnis1 -is1 ,m4 #b ,,fid-1 dividing thing2 end1 limit1 #f1 #ai2 pl4 land1 territory1 #b1 #d1 #e1 etc4 ,fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,,fid-1 bordering upon2 neighboring1 #b2 pl4 neighbors1 #d1 #af1 #ag1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca4 ,f1 fer1 factus1 be made1 become1 see faci4 ,flmen1 -inis1 ,n41 that which flows2 river1 #e1 #i1 #aj1 etc4 ,frs1 frte1 nom4 and abl4 only1 ,f4 #a ,,fer-1 that which brings2 chance1 #ba4 ,frte1 adv41 abl4 of frs1 by chance2 perhaps1 #ca4 ,fortis1 -e1 adj4 #b ,,fer-1 courageous1 brave1 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#ag1 #bd1 #cj4 ,gns1 gentis1 ,f41 what is begotten2 race1 tribe1 #bh4 ,germn1 -rum1 ,m41 ,germans1 #a1 #c1 #d4 ,ger1 #c1 gess1 gestum ,,ger-1 bear2 carry on1 go on with1 #i1 #ca1 #ce2 pass41 be carried on1 take place1 #b1 #bf2 rs gestae1 operations1 campaigns1 #ce4 ,gladius1 -1 ,m4 ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 sword1 #bc1 #be4 ,grtia1 -ae1 ,f41 favor1 popularity1 influence1 #f4 ,gravis1 -e1 adj41 heavy2 severe1 serious1 #be4 ,h4 ,habe1 #b ,,hab-1 grasp2 have1 possess1 #a1 #c1 #d1 #h1 #bi2 with reflex pronoun1 be1 #ai4 ,hberncula1 -rum1 ,n4 ,h,m-1 winter quarters1 #ce4 ,hbernus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,h,m-1 belonging to winter2 hberna 7castra71 winter quarters1 #a4 ,hc1 haec1 hc1 demonstr4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 this1 this of mine1 #a1 #b1 #d1 etc42 he1 she1 it1 #c1 #d1 #i1 etc4 ,hiem1 #a ,h,m-1 pass the winter1 #a4 ,hom1 -inis1 ,m4 ,,ham-1 man1 person1 #a1 #d1 #f1 #ae1 #bg1 etc4 ,hons 7honor71 -ris1 ,m41 honor1 distinction1 #ae4 ,hostis1 -is1 ,m41 one who hurts2 enemy1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 etc4 ,i4 ,iace1 #b1 -ui1 -- ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 be thrown2 lie1 #bg4 ,iaci1 #c1 ic1 iactum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 hurl1 throw1 #f1 #cb1 #cc2 throw up1 construct1 #ab4 ,iam1 adv41 at this or that time2 now1 #ai2 neque iam1 and no longer1 #e1 #bj1 #be1 #cc4 ,ib1 adv4 #b ,i-1 in that place1 there1 #d1 #e1 #h1 etc4 ,iccius1 -1 ,m41 ,belgian of high rank1 #c1 #f1 #g4 dem1 eadem1 idem1 determ4 pron4 #b ,i-2 #c ,,da-1 the very2 same1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #af1 etc4 ,identidem1 adv4 #b ,i-1 very same2 again and again1 #ai4 ,idneus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,i-1 fit2 suitable1 #h1 #ag4 gnis1 -is1 ,m4 ,,ag-1 fire2 camp-fire1 #g2 signal-fire1 beacon1 #cc4 ,ille1 -a1 -ud1 gen4 illus1 demonstr4 pron4 ,,ana-1 that2 that one1 the former1 #i1 #cc2 latter1 #ai4 ,illyricum1 -1 ,n41 coastland on eastern side of upper ,adriatic1 #ce4 ,impedmentum 7inp-71 -1 ,n4 ,,ped-1 thing entangling2 hindrance1 #be2 pl41 baggage1 #ag1 #bd1 #bi2 baggage-train1 pack-animals1 #ag1 #ai1 #bd1 #bf4 ,cf4 sarcina4 ,impedi 7inp-71 #d ,,ped-1 get the feet in1 entangle2 hinder1 embarrass1 make difficult1 #i1 #aj1 #ag1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bh4 ,impell 7inp-71 #c1 -pul1 -pulsum ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 ,,pvl-1 drive on2 incite1 influence1 #ad4 ,impertor 7inp-71 -ris1 ,m4 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 commander 7in chief71 #be1 #bf4 ,impertum1 -1 ,n41 command1 #c1 #ce4 ,imperium 7inp-71 -1 ,n4 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 command1 order1 #a1 #bj1 #bb2 chief command1 authority1 #d1 #bc2 power1 control1 #a1 #c1 #aa4 ,imper 7inp-71 #a #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 put a command upon2 impose upon1 command1 #c1 #ba1 #bh1 #cb1 #ce2 direct1 dictate1 #aa1 #cc2 w4 dat4 and subjunctive w4 ut4 ,impetr 7inp-71 #a ,,pot-1 accomplish2 obtain1 succeed in obtaining a request1 #ab2 w4 ut and subjunctive4 ,impetus 7inp-71 -s1 ,m4 ,,pet-1 onset1 attack1 charge1 #aa1 #ai1 #ba1 #bd1 #be2 fury1 violence1 #f4 ,imprvsus 7inp-71 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,vid-1 not foreseen2 d imprvs1 unexpectedly1 without notice1 #c4 ,in1 prep4 w4 acc4 and abl4 ,,ana-1 into1 to1 #b1 #c1 #e2 in1 #e1 #h1 #bi1 etc42 in1 within1 on1 #a1 #b1 #h1 etc42 upon1 over1 #e1 #bi1 #cj2 among1 #be2 in the case of1 #cb4 ,incend1 #c1 -d1 -cnsum1 put fire in2 set on fire1 #g4 ,incd1 #c1 -cd1 -- ,,cad-1 fall into2 happen1 occur1 #ad4 ,cf4 accd1 veni4 ,incd1 #c1 -cd1 -csum #b ,,sac-1 ,,sec-1 ,,sc,d-1 ,c,d-1 cut into1 notch1 #ag4 ,incipi1 #c1 -cp1 -ceptum ,,cap-1 take in hand2 begin1 #b2 w4 compl4 infin4 ,incit1 #a ,,ci-1 set in rapid motion2 urge on1 hurry1 hasten1 #bf4 ,cf4 impell4 ,incol1 #c1 -u1 -- inhabit1 live in1 #d2 live1 dwell1 #c1 #ce4 ,incrdibilis1 -e1 adj4 ,,crat-2 #b ,,da-1 not to be believed2 marvellous1 incredible1 #ai4 ,increpit1 #a1 --1 --1 make noise against2 upbraid1 taunt1 abuse1 #ae1 #cj4 ,incs1 #a ,,cav-1 make charges against1 accuse1 rebuke1 #ae4 ,inde1 adv4 #b ,i-1 from that2 then1 next1 #ai4 ,indgnits1 -tis1 ,f41 unworthiness2 outrage1 insult1 #ad4 ,indligenter1 adv4 #a ,,leg-1 ,,lig-1 carelessly1 listlessly1 #cc4 ,indc1 #c1 -x1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead into2 draw on1 cover1 #cc4 ,indu1 #c1 -u1 -tum1 put into2 put on1 #ba4 ,ine1 -re1 -v 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#cc4 ,inntor1 #c1 -nxus1 lean upon1 prop one's self on1 #bg4 ,inrde 7irr-71 #b1 -rs1 -rsum1 laugh in ridicule2 laugh at1 mock1 #cj4 nsequor1 #c1 -sectus ,,sec-1 follow close upon2 follow up1 pursue1 #ai1 #bc4 nsidiae1 -rum1 ,f4 ,,sed-1 ,,sid-1 taking a position at2 stratagem1 trap1 snare1 #aa4 nsgne1 -is1 ,n4 #c ,,sac-1 distinctive mark2 sign1 signal1 #bj2 ornament1 crest1 #ba4 nsist1 #c1 -stit1 -- ,,sta-1 set one's self on2 take a stand on1 #bg2 w4 dat4 nstar1 indecl41 ,n41 image2 used as pred4 adj41 like1 in form of1 #ag2 w4 gen4 nst1 #a1 -stit1 -statrus ,,sta-1 stand upon2 press forward1 #be4 nstru1 #c1 -strx1 -strctum ,,strv-1 build into2 arrange1 draw up1 #h1 #bj1 #bb2 build1 erect1 #cj4 ,intelleg 7interl-71 #c1 -lx1 -lctum #a ,,leg-1 choose between2 understand1 be aware1 know1 find out1 #h1 #aj1 #cc2 w4 acc4 and infin42 #ad1 w4 indir4 quest4 ,inter1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,ana-1 in the midst2 between1 #i1 #ag2 among1 #a1 #d1 #f1 #ae1 #ai1 #bd1 #ca4 ,intercd1 #c1 -cess1 -cessum ,,cad-1 go 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belonging to a legion2 legionary1 #bg4 ,lniter1 adv4 #a ,i-1 gently1 moderately1 #h1 #bi4 ,levis1 -e1 adj4 #b ,,leg-1 lightly moving2 light1 #aj1 #bd4 ,levits1 -tis1 ,f4 #b ,,leg-1 lightness2 inconstancy1 fickleness1 #a4 ,lx1 lgis1 ,f4 #c ,,leg-1 thing read2 written law1 law1 #c4 ,cf4 is4 ,lberliter1 adv4 ,,lib-2 #a ,i-1 generously1 graciously1 #e4 ,lber1 -errum1 ,m4 ,,lib-1 those who do as they desire1 free persons2 children 7of free parents71 #e4 ,littera1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,li-1 written character2 pl41 letter1 letters2 despatch1 despatches1 #a1 #b1 #ce4 ,locus1 -1 ,m41 that placed or situated2 place1 point1 position1 situation1 #b1 #d1 #e1 etc42 state1 condition1 #bf2 pl41 loca1 -rum1 ,n41 region1 section1 tract1 #d1 #ai4 ,long1 adv4 #b ,,leg-1 in length2 far1 at a distance1 #d1 #e1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,longus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,,leg-1 long1 lengthy1 #ba4 ,loquor1 #c1 loctus1 speak1 talk1 #ca4 ,lx1 lcis1 ,f41 that which shines2 light1 dawn1 daylight1 #aa4 ,m4 ,mchinti1 -nis1 ,f41 contrivance1 engine1 machine1 #cj1 #ca4 ,magis1 adv4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag-1 in a higher degree2 more1 #bb1 #cb4 ,magistrtus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag-1 magistracy1 ruler1 #c4 ,mgnitd1 -inis1 ,f4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag-1 greatness1 size1 height1 #ab1 #bg1 #cj4 ,mgnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag-1 increased2 great1 #d1 #e1 #f1 etc4 ,mior1 -ius1 adj41 compar4 of above1 greater2 mior nt1 elder1 #ac1 #bh4 ,maleficium1 -1 ,n4 ,,mal-2 ,,fac-1 evil-doing2 outrage1 hostile act1 #bh4 ,cf4 iniria1 indgnits4 ,mand1 #a #a ,,ma-1 ,,man-2 #b ,,da-1 put into one's hands2 give in charge1 enjoin1 order1 #e2 entrust1 consign1 #bd2 w4 acc4 and dat4 ,manipulus1 -1 ,m4 #a ,,ma-1 ,,man-2 ,,ple-1 ,,plv-1 thing filling the hand2 7subdivision of a cohort71 company1 maniple1 #be4 ,mnsutd1 -inis1 ,f4 #a ,,ma-1 ,,man-2 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 tameness2 gentleness1 kindness1 #ad1 #ca4 ,cf4 clmentia4 ,manus1 -s1 ,f4 #a ,,ma-1 ,,man-1 measuring thing2 hand1 #ac1 #ai1 #cj2 band1 force1 #b1 #e4 ,maritimus 7-umus71 -a1 -um1 adj41 of the sea2 on the coast1 maritime1 #cd4 ,mtr1 #a1 make ripe2 hasten1 make haste1 #e4 ,cf4 contend4 ,mxim1 adv41 superl4 of magis1 q4v42 most1 very1 #d4 ,medius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 in the middle2 middle of1 #g4 ,memoria1 -ae1 ,f4 #a ,,smar-1 ,,mar-1 faculty of remembering2 recollection1 memory1 #d1 #ba4 ,menapi1 -rum1 ,m41 ,gallic tribe between the ,meuse and ,scheld1 #d4 ,merctor1 -ris1 ,m4 #b ,,smar-1 ,,mer-1 trader1 #ae4 ,meritum1 -1 ,n4 #b ,,smar-1 ,,mer-1 thing deserved2 deserts1 merit1 #cb4 ,mles1 -itis1 ,m4 ,m,l-1 one of the thousand2 soldier1 #aa1 #bj1 #ba1 etc4 ,mlitris1 -e1 adj4 ,m,l-1 of soldiers2 pertaining to war1 military1 #d1 #bb4 ,mlle1 pl4 mlia or mllia1 num4 adj4 ,m,l-1 large number associated2 thousand1 #d1 #f1 #g1 etc4 ,minim1 adv41 superl4 of minus1 least1 #cc4 ,minor1 -us1 adj4 #b ,,man-1 ,,mi-1 smaller2 minus1 ,n41 as adv41 less1 #a1 #g1 #bj2 not 7 nn71 #i4 ,miser1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 ,,mis-1 wretched1 miserable1 #bh4 ,misericordia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,mis-1 heart-pity2 pity1 compassion1 #bh4 ,mitt1 #c1 ms1 mssum ,,mit-1 let go2 send1 despatch1 #b1 #c1 #e1 etc4 ,mbilits1 -tis1 ,f4 #a ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 ability to be moved1 agility2 fickleness1 inconstancy1 #a4 ,opp4 to stabilits4 ,cf4 levits4 ,modo1 adv4 #b ,,ma-1 ,,mad-1 in a measure2 only1 merely1 #ag1 #ba4 ,modus1 -1 ,m4 #b ,,ma-1 ,,mad-1 measuring thing2 manner1 fashion1 #ca4 ,moenia1 -ium1 ,n4 #b ,,mv-1 things that ward off2 walls1 city walls1 #f1 #ca4 ,molest1 adv4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag-1 in a troublesome manner2 molest ferre1 be annoyed or vexed1 #a2 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,mone1 #b #a ,,man-1 ,,men-1 cause to think2 direct1 #bf2 w4 acc41 foll4 by clause w4 ut4 ,mora1 -ae1 ,f4 #a ,,smar-1 ,,mar-1 stopping1 delay1 #ae4 ,morin1 -rum1 ,m41 tribe of ,belg on ,channel1 near ,calais1 #d4 ,moror1 #a #a ,,smar-1 ,,mar-1 linger1 tarry1 delay1 #g1 #aj1 #aa4 ,ms1 mris1 ,m4 #a ,,ma-1 ,,man-1 will2 custom1 manner1 #ac1 #ae4 ,cf4 cnsutd4 ,move1 #b1 mv1 mtum #a ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 set in motion2 move1 #b1 #ca4 ,mulier1 -eris1 ,f4 ,,mal-1 woman1 female1 #ac1 #af1 #bh4 ,multitd1 -inis1 ,f41 large number1 body1 #d1 #e1 #f1 etc42 quantity1 number1 #aj1 #cb4 ,multus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 much1 pl4 many1 #aa1 #be1 #bi4 ,mnmentum1 -1 ,n4 #b ,,mv-1 means of defence2 fortification1 defence1 #ag4 ,mni1 #d #b ,,mv-1 wall2 fortify1 erect defences about1 protect1 make1 7castra71 #e1 #ab1 #ai1 #bj1 #bi4 ,mnti1 -nis1 ,f4 #b ,,mv-1 fortifying2 fortification1 works1 #cc4 ,mrus1 -1 ,m4 #b ,,mv-1 encircling thing2 wall1 city wall1 #f1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb4 ,cf4 moenia4 ,n4 ,nam1 co-ord4 conj4 ,,gna-1 for1 #f1 #ad1 #af1 #ai1 #bc1 #cj2 as enclitic1 quisnam1 really1 pray1 #cj4 ,cf4 the postpositive enim4 ,nscor1 #c1 ntus ,,gen-1 ,,gna-1 be born2 begin1 arise1 #ah4 ,nti1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,gen-1 ,,gna-1 birth2 race1 people1 #ce4 ,cf4 populus1 gns4 ,ntra1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,gen-1 ,,gna-1 birth2 nature1 character1 #h1 #ae1 #ah1 #bb1 #bi4 7,ntus1 -s71 only abl4 sing41 ,m4 ,,gen-1 ,,gna-1 birth1 #ac1 #bh4 ,nv1 #a ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 perform with knowledge and zeal2 do one's best1 exert one's self1 #be4 ,n1 adv4 and conj4 ,,na-1 no2 adv41 not1 #c1 #ag2 conj41 that not1 lest 7after expressions involving fear71 #a1 #e1 #h1 etc4 ,necessrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,,nec-1 unavoidable2 pressing1 urgent1 #ba4 ,necessits1 -tis1 ,f4 #b ,,nec-1 unavoidableness2 necessity1 compulsion1 #aa2 urgency1 #bb4 ,negtium1 -1 ,n41 #a ,,av-1 not leisure2 business1 task1 #b2 trouble1 difficulty1 #ag4 ,nm1 --1 dat4 nmin1 abl4 wanting1 ,m4 and ,f4 ,,ham-1 no man2 nobody1 no one1 #cc4 ,neque or nec1 adv4 ,,na-2 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 and not1 and so not1 #c1 #e1 #aj1 etc42 neque 444 neque1 neither 444 nor1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #be4 ,nququam1 adv4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 not in any way2 to no purpose1 in vain1 #bg4 ,nervi1 -rum1 ,m41 most warlike tribe of the ,belg1 #d1 #ae1 #af1 etc4 ,neuter1 -tra1 -trum1 gen4 -trus1 adj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 neither 7of two71 #i4 ,nve or neu1 conj4 ,,na-1 and not2 and that not1 #ba4 ,nihil1 indecl41 ,n4 ,,na-1 nothing1 #ae1 #bf1 #bh2 as adv41 not at all1 #ag1 #bj4 ,nisi1 conj4 ,,na-2 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 if not1 unless1 except1 #f1 #bj1 #cb4 ,nbilits1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 being known2 high birth1 #f4 ,noct1 adv4 #a ,,nec-1 ,,noc-1 by night1 #cc4 ,nl1 nlle1 nlu1 --1 ,,vol-1 not wish2 be unwilling1 #a4 ,nmen1 -inis1 ,n4 ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 means of knowing2 name1 #d1 #f1 #bh4 ,nmintim1 adv4 ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 by name1 expressly1 #be4 ,nmin1 #a ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 name1 mention1 #ah4 ,nn1 adv4 ,,na-2 #b ,i-1 not one2 not1 #b1 #f1 #h1 etc4 ,nndum1 adv4 ,,na-2 ,,div-1 not yet1 #aa4 ,nnnllus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,i-1 not none2 some1 #a1 #be4 ,nns1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ninth1 #bc4 ,ns1 nostrum1 pl4 of ego1 pron4 ,,nv-1 we1 #i4 ,noster1 -stra1 -strum1 poss4 pron4 ,,nv-1 our1 ours1 #a1 #d1 #h1 etc4 ,novem1 num4 adj41 indecl41 nine1 #d4 ,noviodnum1 -1 ,n41 chief town of ,suessiones1 #ab4 ,novus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,nv-1 new1 fresh1 #a1 #b2 strange1 novel1 #ca2 superl41 last1 in the rear1 #aa1 #be1 #bf4 ,nox1 -ctis1 ,f4 #a ,,nec-1 ,,noc-1 night1 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #ag4 ,nd1 #a1 make bare2 bare1 strip1 #f2 leave unguarded1 #bc4 ,nllus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,i-1 not any2 none1 no1 #aa1 #ae1 #cb2 as dat4 of nm1 no one1 #f1 #ce4 ,numerus1 -1 ,m41 distributed thing2 number1 amount1 numbers1 #d1 #aj1 #ag1 #cc4 ,numida1 -ae1 ,m41 ,numidian1 #g1 #aj1 #bd4 ,nunc1 adv4 ,,nv-2 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 now1 at the present time1 #d4 ,nnti1 #a ,,nv-1 announce1 report1 #b1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb4 ,nntius1 -1 ,m4 ,,nv-1 person or thing newly come2 messenger1 #a2 message1 news1 #b1 #f2 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,o4 ,ob1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,apa-1 towards2 on account of1 #ce4 ,obdc1 #c1 -x1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead towards2 extend1 construct1 #h4 ,obitus 7-s71 ,m4 #a ,i-1 going to2 destruction1 #bi4 ,cf4 interneci4 ,obss1 -idis1 ,m4 and ,f4 ,,sed-1 one staying in a place2 hostage1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #ac1 #ae1 #ce4 ,obtine1 #b1 -u1 -tentum #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 lay hold of2 have possession of1 hold1 #d4 ,obveni1 #d1 -vn1 -ventum ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 come in the way of2 come against1 meet1 #bc2 w4 dat4 ,occsus 7obc-71 -s1 ,m4 ,,cad-1 going down2 setting1 #aa4 ,occd 7obc-71 #c1 -cd1 -csum #b ,,sac-1 ,,sc,d-1 ,c,d-1 strike against2 kill1 slay1 #aj1 #be1 #cc4 ,occultus 7obc-71 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of occul7 #b ,,cal-1 covered over2 hidden1 secret1 #ah4 ,occup 7obc-71 #a ,,cap-1 take hold of2 cover1 occupy1 #h2 take possession of1 hold1 #a2 pass41 be engaged1 occupy one's self1 #ai4 ,occurr 7obc-71 #c1 -curr1 -cursum ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 run towards2 fall in with1 meet2 come against1 #ba1 #bd1 #bg4 ,cf4 obveni4 ceanus1 -1 ,m41 ocean1 ,atlantic1 #cd4 ,octvus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 eighth1 #bc4 ,oct1 num4 adj41 indecl41 eight1 #f1 #g4 ,offer 7obf-71 -ferre1 obtul1 obltum #a ,,fer-1 bring towards2 offer1 bear1 carry1 #ba4 ,omitt1 #c1 -ms1 -mssum ,,mit-1 let go2 neglect1 leave untried1 #ag4 ,omnis1 -e1 adj4 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 every1 all1 entire1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,onus1 -eris1 ,n4 ,,an-1 burden2 bulk1 weight1 #cj4 ,opera1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 working2 work1 service1 #be4 ,opni1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 thinking2 impression1 idea1 expectation1 #h1 #ce2 reputation1 #h1 #bd4 ,oportet1 #b1 -uit1 --1 impers4 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 is necessary2 must1 ought1 #bj2 w4 pass4 infin4 or acc4 and infin4 ,oppidnus 7obp-71 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,ped-1 of a town2 as noun1 ,m41 townsman1 inhabitant of a town 7other than ,rome71 #g1 #cc4 ,oppidum 7obp-71 -1 ,n4 ,,ped-1 on the ground2 town1 #c1 #d1 #f1 etc4 ,cf4 urbs2 vcus4 ,opportnus 7obp-71 -a1 -um1 adj4 #a ,,par-1 ,,per-1 of what is opposite the harbor2 suitable1 convenient1 #h4 ,cf idneus4 ,oppgnti 7obp-71 -nis1 ,f4 ,,pac-1 ,,pvg-1 act of assaulting2 mode of attack1 assault1 #f4 ,oppgn1 #a ,,pac-1 ,,pvg-1 fight against2 attack1 storm1 #f2 carry by assault1 #ab4 7,ops71 opis1 ,f4 7no nom4 or dat4 sing47 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 obtaining thing2 help1 aid1 #ca2 pl41 resources1 #ad4 ,optimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 used as superl4 of bonus ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 best1 #aj4 ,opus1 -eris1 ,n4 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 obtaining thing2 work1 siege-work1 #ab1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba2 quant opere1 how greatly1 mgn opere1 very much1 #e4 ,opus1 indecl4 ,n4 7really same word as above7 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 w4 est1 is necessary1 is needed1 #h1 #bb4 rti1 -nis1 ,f41 speaking2 address1 speech1 words1 #e1 #ba4 rd1 -inis1 ,m4 ,,ol-1 ,,or-1 weaving2 succession1 order1 #aa1 #ai1 #bb2 rank1 line1 #aa1 #ai4 ,orior1 #d1 ortus ,,ol-1 ,,or-1 bestir one's self2 arise1 be raised1 #bd2 be descended from1 #d4 ,osism1 -rum1 ,m41 people of ,gaul 7in ,brittany71 #cd4 ,p4 ,p41 abbrev4 of ,publius1 #be1 #cd4 ,pbulum1 -1 ,n4 ,,pa-1 thing affecting feeding2 fodder1 forage1 #b4 ,pc1 #a ,,pac-1 bring to peace2 subdue1 #a1 #ce4 ,paeman1 -rum1 ,m41 ,german tribe of the ,belg1 #d4 ,paene1 adv41 nearly1 almost1 #aj1 #bd4 ,pals1 -dis1 ,f41 thing having wet clay2 marsh1 swamp1 morass1 #i1 #aj1 #bh4 ,pand1 #c1 -d1 passum #b ,,pat-1 ,,pad-1 cause to go2 spread out1 extend1 #ac4 ,pr1 paris1 adj4 #a ,,par-1 ,,per-1 equal1 #ah4 ,partus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of par7 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 brought2 made ready1 ready1 prepared1 #c1 #i1 #ba2 w4 infin4 or expression of purpose4 ,pars1 partis1 ,f4 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 that cut2 part1 portion1 #a1 #d1 #i1 etc42 quarter1 direction1 #ba1 #bd1 #bi2 point1 side1 #e1 #h1 #bb4 ,partim1 adv4 7acc4 of ,pars7 #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 by a dividing2 partly1 #a1 #cc4 ,parvulus1 -a1 -um1 dim4 adj4 ,,pav-1 very small2 slight1 unimportant1 #cj4 ,passus1 -s1 ,m4 #a ,,pat-1 going2 double pace1 step1 pace1 #h1 #ah2 mlia passuum1 mile 7 #ejjj feet71 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #af4 ,patefaci1 #c1 -fc1 -factum #b ,,pat-2 ,,fac-1 make open2 open1 throw open1 #cb4 ,pate1 #b1 -u1 -- #b ,,pat-1 stand open2 be open1 spread out1 extend1 #g1 #h4 ,pater1 -tris1 ,m4 ,,pa-1 accomplisher of protecting or nourishing2 father1 #d4 ,patior1 #c1 passus1 suffer1 endure1 #ca2 suffer1 allow1 #ae4 ,patrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,pa-1 of a father2 of one's ancestors1 ancestral1 #ae4 ,paucus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,pav-1 made to cease2 pl4 only1 few1 #ah2 as substantive1 a few1 small number1 #ab4 ,paultim1 adv4 ,,pav-1 by little and little2 gradually1 gently1 #h1 #bf4 ,paulisper1 adv4 ,,pav-2 #a ,,par-1 for a short time1 #g4 ,paul1 adv4 7abl4 ,n4 of paulus7 ,,pav-1 by a little2 a little1 #bj4 ,paululum1 dim4 adv4 ,,pav-1 very little2 very slightly1 #h4 ,paulum1 adv4 7acc4 ,n4 of paulus7 ,,pav-1 a little1 #be4 ,px1 pcis1 ,f4 ,,pac-1 binding thing2 peace1 #f1 #ac1 #ae1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb4 ,peds1 -itis1 ,m4 ,,ped-1 one that goes on foot2 foot-soldier1 #bd4 ,pedester1 -tris1 -tre1 adj4 ,,ped-1 of infantry1 infantry1 #ag4 ,pedius1 -1 ,m41 ,quintus ,pedius1 ,csar's nephew1 and lieutenant under him1 #b1 #aa4 ,pellis1 -is1 ,f4 ,,ple-1 hide1 skin1 #cc4 ,pell1 #c1 pepul1 pulsum ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 cause to move2 drive1 dislodge1 #bd2 rout1 defeat1 #ag1 #ai1 #bd4 ,per1 prep4 w4 acc4 #a ,,par-1 ,,per-1 through2 by1 by means of1 #aa1 #bj1 #ca2 on account of1 #af2 through1 by way of1 #af2 over1 #aj4 ,perfer1 -ferre1 -tul1 -ltum #a ,,fer-1 carry through2 bear1 endure1 #ad2 bear1 spread among1 #ce4 ,perclitor1 #a #a ,,par-1 ,,per-1 test2 prove1 make trial1 #h4 ,perculum1 -1 ,n4 #a ,,par-1 ,,per-1 means of trying1 trial2 danger1 peril1 #e1 #aa1 #bf4 ,permitt1 #c1 -ms1 -mssum ,,mit-1 let through2 yield1 give up1 #c1 #ca2 w4 acc4 and dat4 ,permove1 #b1 -mv1 -mtum #a ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 stir up thoroughly2 disturb1 alarm1 #ab1 #bd4 ,perspici1 #c1 -spx1 -spectum ,,spec-1 see through1 #ag1 #ah2 perceive clearly1 find out1 ascertain1 #aa1 #ag1 #cb4 ,persude1 #b1 -s1 -sum1 thoroughly advise2 prevail upon1 persuade1 #aj1 #af2 w4 dat4 and subjunctive w4 ut4 ,perterre1 #b ,,ter-1 thoroughly frighten2 demoralize1 render panic-stricken1 #bd1 #bg4 ,cf4 perturb4 ,pertine1 #b1 -u1 -- #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 thoroughly hold2 extend to1 #ai4 ,perturb1 #a ,,tvr-1 throw into utter confusion2 disconcert1 alarm1 #aa1 #ba4 ,cf4 permove4 ,perveni1 #d1 -vn1 -ventum ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 come quite to2 reach1 arrive at1 #b1 #aa1 #ae1 #ag4 ,ps1 pedis1 ,m4 ,,ped-1 going thing2 foot1 #e1 #ah1 #bi1 #cj4 ,pet1 #c1 -v and -i1 -tum ,,pet-1 fall upon2 seek1 #bj1 #bd2 aim at1 make for1 #aa1 #bc2 seek1 make request1 ask1 #ab1 #ad1 w4 ut and subjunct42 ask1 beg1 #ac1 #ca1 w4 acc4 ,plum1 -1 ,n4 ,,pis-1 crushing thing2 heavy javelin1 #bc1 #bg4 ,plnitis 7-71 ,f4 ,,plat-1 flatness2 level stretch of country1 plain1 #h4 ,plrumque1 adv4 7acc4 ,n4 of plrusque71 for the most part1 generally1 #cj4 ,plrusque1 -raque1 -rumque1 adj4 ,,ple-2 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 larger part of2 most of1 #d4 ,plrimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7used as superl4 of multus7 ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 ,,plv-1 most2 acc4 ,n4 as adv41 most1 #d4 ,polliceor1 #b ,,lic-1 ,,liqv-1 offer very much2 offer1 promise1 #d1 #ce4 ,pondus1 -eris1 ,n41 weighing thing2 weight1 bulk1 #bi4 ,cf4 onus4 ,pn for portsin1 #c1 posu1 positum #a ,,sa-1 ,,si-1 let down2 place1 establish1 pitch1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #ac2 place1 base on1 #aa4 ,pns1 pontis1 ,m4 #a ,,pat-1 means of going2 bridge1 #e1 #i1 #aj4 ,populor1 #a ,,scal-1 ,,spol-1 pour out people2 lay waste1 ravage1 raid1 #e1 #i4 ,cf4 dpopulor1 vst4 ,populus1 -1 ,m4 ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 the many2 people1 nation1 #a1 #c1 #ac1 etc4 ,cf4 gns4 ,porrctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of porrig7 ,,reg-1 ,,rig-1 stretched out1 stretched forward1 #ai4 ,porta1 -ae1 ,f4 #a ,,par-1 ,,por-1 thing passed through2 gate1 #f1 #bd1 #cb1 #cc4 ,port1 #a #a ,,par-1 ,,por-1 bear along1 carry1 convey1 #e1 #bi4 ,posc1 #c1 poposc1 -- ,,prec- ask for urgently2 demand1 request1 #ae4 ,cf4 pet4 ,posside1 #b1 -sd1 -sessum ,,sed-1 have and hold1 possess1 #d4 ,possum1 posse1 potu ,,pot-1 be able1 can1 #a1 #c1 #d1 etc42 amount to1 be influential or powerful1 #d1 #h4 ,post1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,pos-1 behind2 after1 #ad1 #bi2 behind1 #e1 #i1 #ai4 ,poste1 adv4 ,,pos-2 #b ,i-1 after this2 afterwards1 #ag1 #cj1 #cb4 ,postquam1 conj4 ,,pos-2 ,,ca-1 after that2 after1 as soon as1 when1 #e4 ,postrm1 at last1 finally4 ,postrdi1 adv4 7contr4 from poster di7 ,,pos-2 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 on the day after1 #ab1 #cc2 w4 gen4 ,postul1 #a ,,prec-1 ask1 demand1 require1 #d1 #bb1 #cc4 ,cf4 posc4 ,potns1 -entis1 adj4 ,,pot-1 able1 mighty1 powerful1 #a1 #d4 ,potests1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,pot-1 ability2 power1 control1 #c1 #ca1 #cd2 power1 ability1 #f4 ,potior1 #d ,,pot-1 become master of2 get control of1 gain1 #g1 #bd1 #bf2 w4 abl4 ,potius1 adv4 7compar47 ,,pot-1 rather1 preferably1 #aj2 foll4 by quam4 ,prae1 prep4 w4 abl4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 ,,prae-1 before2 in comparison with1 #cj4 ,praeactus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #a ,,ac-1 sharpened in front2 pointed1 sharpened at the point1 #bi4 ,praebe for praehibe1 #b ,,hab-1 hold forth2 furnish1 afford1 #ag4 ,praeceps1 -ipitis1 adj4 ,,cap-1 head foremost2 headlong1 in haste1 #bd4 ,praedor for praehedor1 #a1 make booty2 plunder1 raid1 #ag1 #bd4 ,praefer1 -ferre1 -tl1 -ltum #a ,,fer-1 bear before2 place before1 thrust forward1 outdo1 #bg2 w4 acc4 and dat4 ,praefici1 #c1 -fc1 -fectum ,,fac-1 place over2 put at the head of1 place in command of1 #aa2 w4 acc4 and dat4 ,praemitt1 #c1 -msi1 -mssum ,,mit-1 send before2 send in advance1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai4 ,praescrb1 #c1 -ps1 -ptum ,,scarp-1 ,,scalp-1 write before2 dictate1 prescribe1 direct1 #bj2 w4 dat4 and indir4 question4 ,praesertim1 adv4 #a ,,ser-1 ,,svar-1 by an arranging before2 especially1 particularly1 #cj4 ,praesidium1 -1 ,n4 ,,sed-1 sitting before2 guard1 defence1 support1 #e1 #ai1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc2 protection1 safety1 #aa4 ,praest1 #a1 -stit1 -- ,,sta-1 stand before2 excel1 #ae2 put forth1 exhibit1 #bg2 be preferable1 be better 7impers471 #ca4 ,praesum1 -esse1 -fu ,,es-1 be before2 be in charge of1 command1 #f1 #i2 w4 dat4 ,praetere1 in addition4 ,prem1 #c1 press1 pressum1 press2 push closely1 press hard1 #bd4 ,prmiplus1 -1 ,m4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-2 ,,pis-1 first centurion of the triarii1 #be4 ,prm1 adv4 ,,pro-1 at first1 #h4 ,prmum1 adv4 7acc4 ,n4 of prmus7 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 first thing2 first1 in the first place1 #a1 #aj1 #cj2 cum prmum1 as soon as1 #b4 ,prmus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 first1 foremost1 #aj1 #aa1 #ag1 etc42 as noun1 ,m41 chief1 leading man1 #c1 #ac4 ,prnceps1 -ipis1 adj4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-2 ,,cap-1 taking first place2 as noun1 leader1 chief1 #e1 #ad4 ,cf4 prmus4 ,prior1 -ius1 gen4 -ris1 adj4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 former2 those preceding1 men in front1 #aa4 ,opp4 novissim4 ,prstinus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-2 #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten- former2 former1 old time1 #ba4 ,prius1 adv4 7acc4 ,n4 of prior7 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 earlier1 sooner1 #cb2 foll4 by quam4 ,priusquam1 adv41 conj4 7 prius quam7 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-2 ,,ca-1 sooner than1 before1 #ab2 w4 subj4 ,cf4 prius quam1 #cb4 ,pr1 prep4 w4 abl4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 before2 in front of1 before1 #h2 in behalf of1 #ad2 in proportion to1 to the best of one's ability1 #be2 in accordance with1 agreeably to1 #ca4 ,prcd1 #c1 -cess1 -cessum ,,cad-1 go forward2 advance1 proceed1 #bj1 #be4 ,procul1 adv4 ,,cel-1 driven forward2 at a distance1 afar off1 #cj4 ,prcumb1 #c1 -cubu1 -cubitum1 bend forwards2 fall forward1 sink to the ground1 #bg4 ,proelior1 #a1 fight1 contend1 #bc4 ,cf4 dmic1 congredior4 ,proelium1 -1 ,n41 fighting1 fight1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bg2 skirmish1 engagement1 battle1 #h1 #i1 #bj1 #ba1 #bh1 #cj4 ,profecti1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,fac-1 going away2 setting out1 departure1 #aa4 ,proficscor1 #c1 -fectus ,,fac-1 begin to go forward2 set out1 go1 march1 #b1 #ba1 #be1 #ce4 ,prflg1 #a ,,flag-1 ,,flig-1 strike to the ground2 rout1 defeat1 #bc4 ,cf4 pell1 cnici4 ,profugi1 #c1 -fg1 -- #b ,,fvg-1 flee before2 flee for refuge1 escape1 #ad4 ,prgntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,gen-1 ,,gn-1 ,,gna-1 born1 descended1 sprung from1 #bi4 ,prgredior1 #c1 -gressus ,,grad-1 go forward2 advance1 proceed1 #aj1 #bc4 ,cf4 prcd4 ,prohibe1 #b ,,hab-1 hold before2 hinder1 prevent1 #d1 w4 acc4 and infin42 keep from1 cut off1 #i1 #bh1 w4 acc4 and abl4 ,prici1 #c1 -ic1 -iectum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 cast forward2 give up1 abandon1 renounce1 #ae4 ,prmove1 #b1 -mv1 -mtum #a ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 move forward1 advance1 #ca4 ,prope1 adv4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 near2 nearly1 almost1 #bh1 #cb4 ,proper1 #a #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 hasten1 make haste1 #aa1 #ce4 ,propnquits1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 nearness1 proximity1 #bj2 family connection1 kinship1 #d4 ,cf4 adfnits4 ,propnquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 being near2 near1 close1 adjacent1 #ce1 w4 dat4 ,prpn1 #c1 -posu1 -positum #a ,,sa-1 ,,si-1 place before2 put forth1 expose to view1 display1 #bj4 ,propter1 prep4 w4 acc4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 near2 on account of1 #d1 #h1 #ab1 #af1 #bj4 ,proptere1 adv4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 on account of that2 foll4 by quod1 for the reason 7that71 because1 #d2 foll4 by indic4 ,prpgn1 #a ,,pac-1 ,,pag-1 ,,pvg-1 fight before2 fight in defence1 make defensive sallies1 #g4 ,prsequor1 #c1 -sectus ,,sec-1 follow onward2 pursue1 follow after1 #aa2 follow1 address1 #e4 ,prspectus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,spec-1 forward look2 out-look1 distant view1 prospect1 #bb4 ,prtinus1 adv4 #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 before one's self2 at once1 immediately1 #i4 ,prturb1 #a ,,tvr-1 drive forward2 drive off1 frighten away1 #ai4 ,cf4 pell4 ,prvide1 #b1 -vd1 -vsum ,,vid-1 see before2 look out1 see1 attend to1 #bb4 ,prvincia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,vic-1 territory acquired by conquest2 province1 #bi4 ,prvol1 #a1 -v1 --1 fly forth2 hasten forth1 hurry forward1 #ai4 ,proxim1 adv41 superl4 of prope ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 nearest2 most recently1 last1 #h1 #ai4 ,proximus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7superl4 of propior1 no pos47 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 nearest1 closest1 #c1 #ab1 #cc2 next1 following1 #bg1 7of time7 #ab1 #ce4 ,prdentia 7for prvidentia71 -ae1 ,f4 ,,vid-1 seeing before2 foresight1 wisdom1 prudence1 #d4 ,pblicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 belonging to the people2 w4 rs1 republic1 state1 government1 #e4 ,puer1 -er1 ,m41 one begotten2 boy1 child1 #ac1 #bh4 ,pgna1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,pac-1 ,,pag-1 ,,pvg-1 thrusting thing2 fight1 battle1 #af1 #be1 #bh1 #bi4 ,cf4 proelium4 ,pgn1 #a ,,pac-1 ,,pag-1 ,,pvg-1 fight1 contend1 #h1 #aj1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg1 #cc4 ,cf4 congredior1 contend1 dmic1 proelior4 ,q4 ,q41 abbrev4 for ,quntus1 #b1 #e1 #i1 #aa4 ,qu1 adv4 7abl4 ,f4 of qu7 ,,ca-1 on which side2 at what point1 where1 #cc4 ,quadringent1 -ae1 -a1 num4 adj4 ,,cen-1 four hundred1 #h4 ,quaer1 #c1 -sv1 -stum1 seek2 ask1 enquire1 make enquiry1 #d1 #ae2 look for1 seek1 try to find1 #ba4 ,cf4 pet4 ,quam1 adv4 7acc4 of qu7 ,,ca-1 in what manner2 than1 #aj1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #ca1 #cb4 ,cf4 c 7#ai74 ,quamvs1 adv4 ,,ca-2 ,,vol-1 as you will2 as much as you like1 any-so-ever1 any1 #ca4 ,quantus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,ca-1 how great1 how many1 #d1 #e1 #ad1 #bf1 in indir4 quest42 as great as1 as much as1 #h1 #aa4 ,cf4 tantus4 ,quartus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 fourth1 #be4 ,quattuor1 num4 adj41 indecl41 four1 #cc4 ,que1 enclitic conj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 and1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,joins kindred expressions2 sometimes couples a sentence to a preceding one4 ,cf4 et1 atque4 ,qu1 quae1 quod1 rel4 and adj4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 who1 which1 what1 that1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,qudam1 quaedam1 quoddam1 indef4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-2 #c ,,da-1 certain one1 some one1 #ag4 ,quidem1 adv4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-2 #c ,,da-1 certainly2 n 444 quidem1 enclosing emphatic word or expression1 not even1 #c1 #ag4 ,qun1 conj4 w4 subj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-2 ,,na-1 by which not2 but that1 that1 from1 #b1 #c4 ,qunam 7quis-71 quae-1 quod-1 interrog4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 for who8 who1 which1 what1 pray8 what in the world8 #cj4 ,qundecim1 num4 adj41 indecl4 ,,dec-1 fifteen1 #b1 #d1 #cj1 #ce4 ,qungent1 -ae1 -a1 num4 adj4 ,,cen-1 five hundred1 #bh4 ,qunqugint1 num4 adj41 indecl41 fifty1 #d1 #cc4 ,qunque1 num4 adj41 indecl41 five4 ,quis1 quae1 quid8 interrog4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 who8 which8 what8 #d1 #h1 #aa1 etc4 ,indef4 after s and n1 any one1 any1 #h1 #ad1 #cb1 #cc4 ,quisquam1 --1 quicquam 7quidq-71 indef4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 any1 any at all1 #ag2 in negative clauses4 ,quisque1 quae-1 quid- 7quod-71 indef4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 each1 each one1 every1 #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ba1 #bb1 #be4 ,quisquis1 --1 quicquid 7quidq-7 or quodquod1 indef4 rel4 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 whatever1 whatsoever1 everything which1 #ag4 ,qu1 rel4 adv4 7dat4 and abl4 of qu7 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 in what place2 7dat4 use7 where1 whither1 #af #ag1 #ba2 conj4 7rel4 adv471 ut e1 by which1 so that1 that1 #be4 ,quod1 conj4 7acc4 ,n4 of qui7 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 that2 in that1 because1 #a1 #d1 #aj1 etc42 the fact that1 #ag4 ,quoque1 adv4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 also1 too1 as well1 #aj1 #bb2 placed after word to be emphasized4 ,r4 ,rmus1 -1 ,m41 growing thing2 branch1 #ag4 ,rati1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,ra-1 reckoning2 consideration1 #aj2 plan1 method1 system1 #ai1 #bb4 ,re-1 ,red-1 back1 away1 in comp4 only4 ,recipi1 #c1 -cp1 -ceptum ,,cap-1 take back2 admit1 receive1 #c1 #ae2 with reflex4 pron41 recover1 #ab2 betake one's self1 retreat1 go1 #aa1 #ai1 #bd4 ,cf4 s cnferre4 ,redd1 #c1 -did1 -ditum #a ,,da-1 give back2 render1 #e4 ,rede1 -re1 -i1 -itum #a ,i-1 go back2 recede1 decline1 slope away1 #h4 ,redig1 #c1 -g1 -ctum ,,ag-1 drive back2 bring down1 reduce1 #ad1 #bh1 #cd2 render1 #bg4 ,cf4 redd4 ,redintegr1 #a ,,tag-1 make whole again2 renew1 restore1 #bc1 #be1 #bg4 ,rdons1 -um1 ,m41 tribe of ,brittany1 #cd4 ,redc1 #c1 -x1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead back1 #i4 ,refer1 -ferre1 rettul1 -ltum #a ,,fer-1 bear back2 report1 announce1 #cc4 ,cf4 adfer1 rennti4 ,refring1 #c1 -frg1 -frctum1 break back2 break open1 tear open1 #cc4 ,regi1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,reg-1 directing1 direction2 region1 district1 locality1 country1 #d4 ,rgnum1 -1 ,n4 ,,reg-1 that which rules2 power1 control1 #a4 ,rici1 #c1 -ic1 -iectum ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 hurl back2 throw back1 drive back1 #cc4 ,relangusc1 #c1 -gu1 -- ,,lag-1 lose energy1 be weakened1 #ae4 ,relinqu1 #c1 -lqu1 -lctum ,,lic-1 ,,liqv- leave behind1 leave1 #e1 #h1 #bi4 ,reliquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,lic-1 ,,liqv-1 remaining2 other1 rest of1 #b1 #c1 #e1 etc42 as noun1 ,m41 the rest1 the others1 #aj1 #be4 ,rm1 -rum1 ,m41 people of ,belgium on the ,axona1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc4 ,remitt1 #c1 -ms1 -mssum ,,mit-1 send back2 hurl back1 return1 #bg2 relax1 weaken1 #ae4 ,rmus1 -1 ,m41 a ,remian1 #f4 ,rennti1 #a ,,nv-1 bring back word2 announce1 report1 #bd2 w4 dat4 and acc4 and infin4 ,cf4 adfer1 refer4 ,repell1 #c1 reppul1 -pulsum ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 ,,pvl-1 drive back1 repulse1 #aj4 ,cf4 rici4 ,repentn1 adv4 7abl4 of repentnus71 suddenly1 #cc4 ,reperi1 #d1 repper1 -pertum #b ,,par-1 ,,por-1 produce again2 find1 find out1 ascertain1 #i2 w4 acc4 and infin41 #d1 #ae4 ,rs1 re1 ,f4 ,,ra-1 thing spoken of2 thing1 circumstance1 matter1 affair1 business1 fact1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc42 rs frmentria1 grain-supply1 provisions1 #b2 rs pblica1 state1 republic1 #e4 ,resist1 #c1 -stit1 -- ,,sta-1 stand back2 hold one's ground1 maintain one's position1 resist1 #bb1 #bc1 #bf4 ,respici1 #c1 -spx1 -spectum ,,spec-1 look back1 look behind one1 #bd4 ,responde1 #b1 -nd1 -spnsum1 promise in return2 reply1 answer1 #cb4 ,retine1 #b1 -u1 -tentum #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 keep back2 keep up1 maintain1 #ba2 keep back1 reserve1 #cb1 #cc4 ,revertor1 #c1 -versus 7active in perfect1 pluperfect1 and future perfect3 reverti1 reverteram1 revertero7 ,,vert-1 turn back2 return1 go back1 #aj1 #ad1 #bi1 #ce4 ,revoc1 #a 7,,voc-1 ,,vag-71 call back1 summon1 #bj4 ,rx1 rgis1 ,m4 ,,reg-1 ruler2 king1 chieftain1 #d1 #ac4 ,rhnus1 -1 ,m41 the ,rhine1 #c1 #d1 #bi1 #ce4 ,rpa1 -ae1 ,f41 bank1 river-bank1 #e1 #bc1 #bg4 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,roman1 #a1 #c1 etc42 as noun1 ,m41 ,roman1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 etc4 ,rubus1 -1 ,m41 red-colored thing2 bramble1 #ag4 ,rmor1 -ris1 ,m41 sounding2 report1 rumor1 #a4 ,rps1 -is1 ,f4 ,,rap-1 ,,rvp-1 broken thing2 cliff1 steep rock1 #bi4 ,rrsus1 adv4 ,,vert-1 turned back2 again1 back again1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd4 ,s4 ,sabnus1 -1 ,m41 ,q4 ,titurius ,sabinus1 lieutenant of ,csar1 #e4 ,sabis1 -is1 ,m41 river ,sambre in country of ,nervii1 #af1 #ah4 ,saeps1 -is1 ,f4 #a ,,sac-1 ,,sag-1 hedge1 #ag1 #bb4 ,sagittrius1 -1 ,m4 #a ,,sac-1 ,,sag-1 of an arrow2 archer1 bowman1 #g1 #aj1 #ai4 ,sals1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,sal-1 ,,ser-1 being well2 preservation1 salvation1 safety1 #bg1 #cc2 well-being1 welfare1 #e4 ,sarcinae1 -rum1 ,f41 bundle2 luggage1 personal baggage1 #ag4 ,saxum1 -1 ,n4 #b ,,sac-1 ,,sec-1 fragment of rock2 rock1 stone1 #bi4 ,scientia1 -ae1 ,f4 #b ,,sac-1 ,,sec-1 ,,sci-1 knowing2 knowledge1 #bj4 ,scrb1 #c1 -ps1 -ptum ,,scarp-1 ,,scalp-1 scratch2 write1 give an account1 #bi4 ,sctum1 -1 ,n4 ,,scv-1 ,,cv-1 covering thing2 shield1 #ba1 #be1 #bg1 #cc4 ,secti1 -nis1 ,f4 #b ,,sac-1 ,,sec-1 cutting2 lot of booty1 booty1 #cc4 ,secundum1 prep4 w4 acc4 7acc4 ,n4 of secundus7 ,,sec-1 following2 in the direction of1 along1 #ah4 ,secundus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,sec-1 following2 second1 #aa2 successful1 favorable1 #i4 ,sed1 co-ord4 conj41 adversative ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 apart from2 but1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #cb4 ,sentor1 -ris1 ,m4 ,,sen-1 old man2 elder1 senator1 #bh4 ,sentus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,sen-1 office of an old man2 council1 senate1 #e4 ,senons1 -um1 ,m41 tribe on upper ,seine1 #b4 ,sententia1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,sent-1 thinking2 opinion1 view1 #aj4 ,sents1 -ium1 ,m41 thorns1 briars1 brambles1 #ag4 ,septimus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 seventh1 #bc1 #bf4 ,sequor1 #c1 sectus ,,sec-1 follow2 go along1 accompany1 #ag2 follow1 result1 #bb4 ,servits1 -tis1 ,f4 #a ,,ser-1 ,,svar-1 slavery1 servitude1 subjection1 #ad4 ,serv1 #a ,,sal-1 ,,ser-1 save2 keep1 maintain1 #cc4 ,sex1 num4 adj41 indecl41 six1 #e1 #h1 #ai1 #bi4 ,sexgint1 num4 adj41 indecl41 sixty1 #d4 ,sexcent1 -ae1 -a1 num4 adj4 ,,cen-1 six hundred1 #ae1 #bh4 ,s1 conj4 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 if1 in case1 #e1 #h1 #i1 etc42 to see if1 whether1 #i1 w4 indir4 question4 ,sc1 adv4 #c ,,sa-2 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 in this manner2 so1 in such a manner1 #cb2 in following manner1 as follows1 #d1 #ae4 ,sgnifer1 -er1 ,m4 #c ,,sac-2 #a ,,fer-1 standard-bearer1 ensign1 #be4 ,sgnificti1 -nis1 ,f4 #c ,,sac-2 ,,fac-1 pointing out2 announcement1 signal1 #cc4 ,sgnific1 #a #c ,,sac-2 ,,fac-1 show by signs2 indicate1 show1 #g2 announce1 make known1 #ac2 w4 acc4 and infin4 ,sgnum1 -1 ,n4 #c ,,sac-1 mark2 signal1 sign1 #bj1 #ba2 military standard1 ensign1 #ba1 #be1 #bf2 -- convertere1 face about1 wheel1 #bf2 -- nferre1 advance to attack1 charge1 #be2 ad -- cnsistere1 rally round the standards1 #ba4 ,silva1 -ae1 ,f4 #b ,,ser-1 ,,sval-1 wood1 forest1 #ah1 #ai4 ,silvestris1 -e1 adj4 #b ,,ser-1 ,,sval-1 of a wood2 wooded1 #ah4 ,simul1 adv4 #b ,,sa-1 ,,sim-1 together2 at the same time1 #bd4 ,sine1 prep4 w4 abl4 ,,sovo-1 without1 #e1 #aa1 #ae1 #be1 #ca4 ,singulris1 -e1 adj4 #b ,,sa-1 ,,sem-1 ,,sim-1 one by one2 remarkable1 extraordinary1 #bd4 ,cf4 eximius4 ,singul1 -ae1 -a1 distrib4 num4 adj4 #b ,,sa-1 ,,sem-1 ,,sim-1 one to each2 one at a time1 separate1 single1 #ag1 #bj4 ,sinister1 -tra1 -trum1 adj4 left1 on the left1 #bc4 ,sl1 -is1 ,m4 #b ,,ser-1 ,,sval-1 sun1 #aa4 ,sollicit1 #a ,,sal-2 ,,ci-1 move violently2 stir up1 instigate1 incite1 #a4 ,slum1 adv4 7acc4 ,n4 of slus7 ,,sal-1 ,,ser-1 alone1 only1 #ad4 ,slus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,sal-1 ,,ser-1 alone1 only1 sole1 #d4 ,spatium1 -1 ,n41 ,,spa-1 ,,pa-1 race-course2 space1 distance1 #ag1 #cj2 extent1 time1 #aa4 ,specis1 -i1 ,f4 ,,spec-1 seeing2 sight1 form1 appearance1 #ca4 ,specultor1 -ris1 ,m4 ,,spec-1 searcher2 scout1 spy1 #aa4 ,cf4 explrtor4 ,sps1 -e1 ,f4 ,,spa1 ,,pa-1 hope1 expectation1 #g1 #be1 #bg1 #cc4 ,spritus1 -s1 ,m41 breathing2 feeling1 pride1 haughtiness1 #d4 ,statim1 adv4 ,,sta-1 in standing2 at once1 immediately1 #aa4 ,cf4 prtinus4 ,stati1 -nis1 ,f4 ,,sta-1 standing2 guard1 out-post1 picket1 #ah4 ,statu1 #c1 -u1 -tum ,,sta-1 make stand2 fix1 determine1 decide1 #h1 #ca4 ,statra1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,sta-1 standing upright2 stature1 size1 #cj4 ,strepitus1 -s1 ,m41 clashing1 clatter1 noise1 din1 #aa4 ,cf4 clmor1 fremitus4 ,stude1 #b1 -u1 -- ,,spa-1 ,,pa-1 be eager2 strive after1 be bent upon1 desire1 #a2 devote one's self to1 pay attention to1 #ag2 w4 dat4 ,studium1 -1 ,n4 ,,spa-1 ,,pa-1 zeal1 eagerness1 enthusiasm1 #g4 ,sub1 prep4 w4 abl4 and acc41 under1 beneath1 #ag2 near to1 toward1 #aa1 #cc4 ,sube1 -re1 -i1 -itum #a ,i-1 go under2 go near1 approach closely1 come up1 #be1 #bg4 ,cf4 adpropnqu1 succd4 ,subit1 adv4 7abl4 of subitus7 #a ,i-1 by coming on stealthily2 suddenly1 unexpectedly1 #ai2 hastily1 offhand1 #cc4 ,cf4 repentn4 ,submitt 7summ-71 #c1 -ms1 -mssum ,,mit-1 send below2 send to aid1 despatch1 send1 #f1 #be2 w4 dat4 ,subru 7surr-71 #c1 -ru1 -rutum1 tear down below2 undermine1 dig under1 #f4 ,subsequor1 #c1 -sectus ,,sec-1 follow closely1 pursue1 #aa1 #ai4 ,subsidium1 -1 ,n4 ,,sed-1 sitting behind2 reserve forces1 reserves1 #bb1 #be2 aid1 assistance1 help1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #bj1 #bf4 ,cf4 auxilium4 ,succd 7subc-71 #c1 -cess1 -cessum ,,cad-1 go below2 draw near1 approach closely1 #f4 ,cf4 sube1 adpropnqu4 ,successus 7subc-71 -s1 ,m4 ,,cad-1 going below2 advance1 close approach1 #bj4 ,suessins1 -um1 ,m41 ,german tribe north of the ,marne1 #c1 #d1 #ab1 #ac4 ,su1 sibi1 s 7ss71 reflex4 pron4 referring to subject or speaker1 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 self2 of himself1 of themselves1 etc41 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,sum1 esse1 fu ,,es-1 be2 exist1 be1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,summa1 -ae1 ,f4 7f4 of summus1 sc4 rs71 highest 7thing72 chief control1 general management1 #d1 #bc4 ,summus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7superl4 of superus71 highest1 greatest1 topmost1 #f1 #bc1 #bd1 #cb2 highest part1 summit1 top1 #ah1 #bf4 ,sm1 #c1 -mps1 -mptum ,,em-1 take1 claim1 assume1 #d4 ,superior1 -ius1 gen4 -ris1 adj4 compar4 of superus1 higher1 upper1 #ah1 #bc1 #bf2 preceding1 former1 past1 #bj4 ,cf4 altior2 prstinus4 ,super1 #a1 go over2 defeat1 vanquish1 #bd4 ,cf4 vinc4 ,supersede1 #b1 -sd1 -sessum ,,sed-1 sit over2 refrain from1 omit1 postpone1 #h2 w4 abl4 ,supersum1 -esse1 -fu ,,es-1 be above2 remain1 survive1 #bg1 #bh4 ,supplex 7subpl-71 -icis1 adj4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 folding the knees beneath2 suppliant1 beseeching1 #bh4 ,supplicti 7subpl-71 -nis1 ,f4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 kneeling down2 thanksgiving1 #ce4 ,supr1 adv41 on upper side2 above1 before1 #a1 #ah1 #bi4 ,sustent1 #a #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 keep holding up2 hold out1 maintain one's self1 #f1 #ad4 ,sustine1 #b1 -u1 -tentum #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 hold up under2 withstand1 sustain1 #aa1 #ba2 with reflex4 pron41 hold out1 #f2 keep upright1 stand up1 #be4 ,suus1 -a1 -um1 poss4 adj4 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 of himself1 his own1 their own1 etc41 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc42 as noun1 ,m41 their 7his7 countrymen1 friends1 #f1 #h1 #i1 etc42 ,n41 property1 possessions1 #c1 #ac1 #bi4 ,t4 ,t41 praenomen ,titus1 ,t4 ,labienus1 #aa1 #bf4 ,tam1 adv4 #b ,,ta-1 so far2 so1 to such a degree1 #ba4 ,tamen1 adv4 #b ,,ta-1 in so far2 still1 however2 nevertheless #h1 #cb4 ,tantulus1 -a1 -um1 dim4 adj4 #b ,,ta-1 so small2 so trifling1 #cj4 ,cf4 parvulus4 ,tantus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,,ta-1 of such size2 so great1 so much1 #c1 #e1 #f1 etc4 ,tard1 #a1 make slow1 retard1 check1 #be4 ,tardus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 slow 7weary1 exhausted71 #be4 ,tegimenta 7tegu-71 -rum1 ,n41 means of covering2 covering1 cover1 #ba4 ,tlum1 -1 ,n4 ,,tec-1 missile1 weapon1 javelin1 #f1 #aj1 #ba1 #be1 #bg1 #cc4 ,tempus1 -oris1 ,n4 #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 time 7in general71 #e1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #cc1 #cd2 moment1 #ai2 time1 period1 day1 #ag1 #ce2 emergency1 crisis1 #bb4 ,tend1 #c1 tetend1 tentum 7tnsum7 #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 stretch2 stretch out1 extend1 #ac4 ,cf4 pand4 ,tene1 #b1 -u1 -- #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 hold1 have1 #bc2 hold1 surround1 #bd4 ,tener1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 #a ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 tender1 young1 #ag4 ,terror1 -ris1 ,m4 ,,ter-1 ,,ters-1 frightening2 great fear1 fright1 panic1 #ab4 ,tertius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 third1 #a1 #cb1 #cc4 ,testd1 -inis1 ,f41 having a shell2 tortoise1 bulwark of shields1 #f4 ,teuton1 -rum 7-s1 -um71 ,m41 ,german tribe1 #d1 #bi4 ,time1 #b1 -u1 --1 fear1 be afraid1 entertain fears1 #bf1 w4 n followed by subjunctive4 ,titurius1 -1 ,m41 ,q4 ,titurius ,sabinus1 lieutenant of ,csar's1 #e1 #i1 #aj4 ,titus1 -1 ,m41 praenomen of ,labienus1 ,csar's lieutenant1 #aa1 #bf4 ,tormentum1 -1 ,n4 ,,tarc- 7,,tarp-71 ,,trep-1 thing twisted2 machine of war1 engine for hurling1 #h4 ,totidem1 adj41 indecl4 #b ,,ta-2 #c ,,da1 just as many1 same number of1 #d4 ,ttus1 -a1 -um1 gen4 totus1 adj4 ,,tv-1 ,,to-1 increased2 whole1 entire1 #d1 #f1 #ai1 #bc4 ,trabs1 trabis1 ,f4 ,,tarc- 7,,tarp-71 ,,trep-1 beam1 timber1 #bi4 ,trd1 #c1 -did1 -ditum #a ,,da-1 give over2 hand over1 give up1 surrender1 #ac1 #ae1 #ca1 #cb4 ,trdc1 #c1 -x1 -ductum ,,dvc-1 lead over2 lead across1 bring over1 #d1 #e1 #i1 #aj4 ,trns1 prep4 w4 acc41 across1 over1 beyond1 #af1 #ce4 ,trnse1 -re1 -i1 -itum #a ,i-1 go over2 go across1 cross1 #i1 #aj1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg4 ,trnsgredior1 #c1 -gressus ,,grad-1 go over2 go across1 cross1 #ai4 ,cf4 trnse4 ,trnsversus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,,vert-1 turned across2 crosswise1 at right angles1 oblique1 #h4 ,trs1 tria1 gen4 -ium1 num4 adj41 three1 #aa1 #ah1 #bh1 #cc4 ,trver1 -rum1 ,m41 ,celtic tribe on the ,moselle1 #bd4 ,tribnus1 -1 ,m41 tribune1 #bf4 ,trduum1 -1 ,n4 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 ,,diav-1 three days' time1 #af4 ,tuba1 -ae1 ,f41 trumpet1 #bj4 ,tum1 adv4 #b ,,ta-1 then1 at that time1 #b1 #f2 then1 in addition1 further1 #bg1 #bi2 cum 444 tum1 both 444 and1 #d4 ,tumultus1 -s1 ,m4 ,,tv-1 ,,tvm-1 swelling2 confusion1 uproar1 noise1 #aa4 ,cf4 strepitus4 ,tumulus1 -1 ,m4 ,,tv-1 ,,tvm- swelling up2 mound1 hillock1 hill1 #bg4 ,turons1 -um 7-1 -rum71 ,m41 tribe of ,gaul on ,loire1 #ce4 ,turpitd1 -inis1 ,f4 ,,tarc- 7,,tarp-71 ,,trep-1 ugliness2 disgrace1 dishonor1 #bg4 ,turris1 -is1 ,f4 ,,tvr-1 tower1 #ab1 #cj1 #cc4 ,ttus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7,p4 of tueor71 well guarded2 safe1 secure1 #e1 #bh4 ,u4 ,ubi1 rel4 adv4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 in which place2 where1 #h1 #ce2 when1 as soon as1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ai1 #be1 #cj1 #ca4 llus1 -a1 -um1 gen4 llus1 dim4 adj4 #b ,i-1 any one 7at all71 any1 #aa1 #ae1 #be2 w4 negative expression4 n1 adv4 7abl4 ,f4 of nus7 #b ,i-1 in one and the same place2 at the same time1 together1 #af1 #ag1 #bd1 #bh1 #bi2 foll4 by cum and abl4 ndecimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,i-2 ,,dec-1 eleventh1 #bc4 ,undique1 adv4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 whencesoever2 from every quarter1 from all sides1 #f1 #aj4 ,unel1 -rum1 ,m41 tribe in ,normandy1 #cd4 niversus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 #b ,i-2 ,,vert-1 turned into one2 whole1 all1 in a mass1 #cc4 ,unus1 -a1 -um1 gen4 -us1 num4 adj4 #b ,i-1 one1 #b1 #e1 #f1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd2 one1 one and the same1 #c1 #e1 #ai1 #bj2 common1 one alone1 #d1 #bb2 alone1 only1 #cc2 a1 #be4 ,urge1 #b1 urs1 -- ,,verg-1 ,,vrg-1 press1 press hard1 #be1 #bf4 sus1 -s1 ,m4 #a ,,av-1 using2 practice1 experience1 #bj2 use1 advantage1 #i1 #ab4 ,ut or ,ut1 conj4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 in what manner2 as1 #a1 #g1 #aa1 etc41 w4 indic42 in order that1 that1 to1 #b1 #h1 #i1 etc42 that1 so that1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc4 ,uterque1 -traque1 -trumque1 gen4 utrusque1 pron4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 both one and the other2 each of two1 both1 #h1 #af1 #be4 tor1 #c1 sus #a ,,av-1 use1 make use of1 employ1 have1 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #be1 #bh2 use1 practise1 #ad1 #bh2 enjoy1 maintain1 #cb2 w4 abl4 ,v4 ,vacuus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 empty1 clear1 free1 unoccupied2 w4 ab and abl41 #ab4 ,vadum1 -1 ,n4 ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 place through which one can go2 ford1 crossing1 #i4 ,vale1 #b1 -u1 -itrus1 be strong1 have influence1 #d1 #ag4 ,vllum1 -1 ,n4 #a ,,vel-1 ,,val-1 earthen wall2 earth-works1 rampart1 #e1 #cj1 #cc4 ,varius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 spotted2 changing1 different1 #bb4 ,vst1 #a1 make empty2 lay waste1 ravage4 ,cf4 populor1 dpopulor4 ,velocasss1 -um1 ,m41 one of the minor ,belgian tribes1 #d4 ,vnd1 #c1 -did 7-ditum7 #a ,,da-1 place for sale2 sell1 #cc4 ,venell1 see ,unell4 ,venet1 -rum1 ,m41 tribe of ,bretagne1 #cd4 ,veni1 #d1 vn1 ventum ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 come1 approach1 #b1 #c1 #e1 etc4 ,verbum1 -1 ,n4 ,,ver-1 that spoken2 word1 discourse1 intercession1 #ad4 ,vereor1 #b #a ,,vel-1 ,,ver-1 feel awe2 fear1 be afraid1 #aa4 ,verg1 #c1 --1 -- ,,verg-1 bend1 incline1 #ah4 ,vr1 adv4 7abl4 ,n4 of vrus7 ,,ver-1 in truth1 in fact1 but1 however1 #b1 #bg1 #ca4 ,veromandu1 -rum1 ,m41 ,gallic tribe in modern ,picardy1 #d1 #af1 #bc4 ,vers1 #a ,,vert-1 keep turning2 pass41 be engaged in1 be occupied about1 #bd2 dwell1 remain1 be1 #a4 ,vesper1 -er or -eris1 ,m41 evening1 nightfall1 #cc4 ,vester1 -tra1 -trum1 your1 yours4 ,vet1 #a1 -u1 -itum ,,vet-1 leave in old state2 advise against1 forbid1 #bj4 ,vxillum1 -1 ,n4 ,,vag-1 ,,veh-1 military ensign1 banner1 flag1 #bj4 ,vx1 #a ,,vag-1 ,,veh-1 keep carrying2 harass1 overrun1 #d4 ,vctor1 -ris1 ,m4 ,,vic-1 conqueror1 victor1 #bh2 in appos4 conquering1 victorious1 #bd4 ,vcus1 -1 ,m41 row of houses2 village1 hamlet1 #g4 ,vide1 #b1 vd1 vsum ,,vid-1 see1 perceive1 #ab1 #ai2 see1 know1 #e1 #aj1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cj1 #ca1 w4 acc4 and infin42 pass41 seem1 appear1 #aa1 #af1 #ah1 #bh1 #cc2 seem good1 seem best1 #bj4 ,vigilia1 -ae1 ,f41 being awake2 watch1 night-watch1 #aa1 #cc4 ,vmen1 -inis1 ,n4 ,,vi-1 ,,vic-1 means of binding2 willow1 withe1 wicker-work1 #cc4 ,vinc1 #c1 vc1 vctum ,,vic-1 conquer1 defeat1 #bh4 ,cf4 super4 ,vnea1 -ae1 ,f4 ,,vi-1 ,,vic-1 shelter for vines2 covered shed1 movable shelter1 #ab1 #cj4 ,vnum1 -1 ,n4 ,,vi-1 ,,vic-1 wine1 #ae4 ,vir1 vir1 ,m41 male1 man1 #be1 #cc4 ,virts1 -tis1 ,f41 manhood2 bravery1 valor1 #d1 #h1 #ae1 #ba1 #bd1 #bg1 #ca1 #cc4 ,vs1 vim1 v1 ,f41 strength1 power1 #cj4 ,vt1 #a1 shun1 try to escape1 avoid1 #be4 ,vix1 adv4 ,,vic-1 with effort2 barely1 scarcely1 hardly1 #bh4 ,volunts1 -tis1 ,f4 ,,vol-1 will1 wish1 desire1 #d4 ,vx1 vcis1 ,f4 ,,voc1 that which calls out2 voice1 utterance1 #ac1 #cj4 ,vulg 7volg71 adv4 7abl4 of vulgus7 ,,verg-1 ,,valg-1 among the people2 generally1 commonly1 #a4 ,vulner1 #a #b ,,vel-1 ,,vol-1 wound1 injure1 #be4 ,vulnus1 -eris1 ,n4 #b ,,vel-1 ,,vol-1 wound1 hurt1 #bc1 #be1 #bg4 ,,etymological ,,vocabulary4 ,the relation in meaning of some words in certain groups to the root is sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute certainty4 ,sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this vocabulary of an interlinking word1 because it does not occur in the text4 ,let us take an example close at hand1 the root ,,aid- and the noun aesturium4 ,the notion 8inlet0 seems very remote from the notion 8burn40 ,but aesturium is formed from aestus 7for aedtus71 the first meaning of which is the raging of fire1 waves or billows of heat4 ,as we might expect1 a secondary meaning is1 the raging of water1 waves1 billows1 in the proper sense4 ,from the force of the suffix -rium1 aesturium should mean a sea-marsh1 or a tract overflowed at high tide2 and from this the notion 8inlet10 the place through which the tide rushes1 comes naturally enough4 ,the following roots1 with their meanings1 have been mostly taken from the excellent ,elementary ,latin ,dictionary of ,dr4 ,charlton ,t4 ,lewis4 #a4 ,,ac-1 sharp1 pierce4 ,acis1 edge1 line of battle4 ,praeactus1 sharpened at the point4 criter1 sharply4 ,acervus1 heap4 ,coacerv1 heap up4 #b4 ,,ac-1 swift4 ,equs1 horseman4 ,equester1 of horsemen4 ,equittus1 cavalry4 ,,ag-1 drive4 ,ag1 drive1 lead4 ,cg for conag1 drive together1 compel4 ,redig1 drive back1 reduce4 ,ager1 land4 gmen1 marching column4 gnis1 fire4 ,exagit1 harass4 ,,aid-1 burn4 ,aedificium from aeds1 hearth1 building4 ,aests for aidts1 summer4 ,aesturium for aidt-1 inlet4 #a4 ,,al-1 ,,ar-1 feed1 grow1 raise4 ,altus1 high4 ,altitd1 height4 ,arduus1 steep4 ,arbor1 tree4 #b4 ,,al- 7,,ali-71 other1 strange4 ,alius1 other4 ,alis1 at some other time4 ,alinus1 another's4 ,aliter1 other-wise4 ,alter1 the other 7of two74 ,,am-1 love4 ,amcus1 friend4 ,amcitia1 friendship4 ,inimcus1 unfriendly1 hostile4 ,,an-1 breathe4 ,animus1 spirit4 ,exanim1 make breathless4 ,onus 7as the cause of panting71 weight4 ,,ana-1 pronominal stem1 third person4 ,in1 in1 into4 ,inter1 between4 ,intere1 meanwhile4 ,interim1 meanwhile4 ,interior compar4 of obs4 interus1 inner4 ,intr1 within4 ,intr1 enter4 8,ille old form ollus1 from onolus1 that one4 ,,ant-1 before1 against4 ,ante1 before1 formerly4 ,antquitus1 of old4 ,,ap-1 ,,op-1 lay hold of work1 help4 7,ops71 aid4 ,opus1 work4 ,opera1 exertion1 service4 ,cpia for comopia1 supply4 ,coep for comapi1 begin4 ,optimus1 best4 ,omnis for apnis1 all4 ,opni1 impression4 ,,apa-1 away1 from4 ,ab1 from1 by4 ,apud1 among4 ,ob1 against4 ,,ar-1 fit4 ,arm1 arm4 ,arma1 arms4 ,armtra1 equipment4 ,inermis1 unarmed4 ,,arc-1 shut in1 keep off4 ,exercitus1 army4 ,exercittus1 trained4 #a4 ,,av-1 mark1 desire1 delight4 ,aude1 dare4 ,audcter1 boldly4 tor for avtor1 use4 sus1 use1 experience4 ,insittus1 unusual4 ,intilis1 useless4 ,negtium for necavtium1 business4 #b4 ,,av-1 mark1 notice4 ,audi1 hear4 ,exaudi1 overhear4 ,,avg-1 grow4 ,auctrits1 power4 ,auxilium1 aid4 ,,ba-1 ,,va-1 ,,ven-1 go4 ,arbitror for adbatror1 believe4 ,dubit1 doubt1 hesitate4 ,vadum1 ford4 ,veni1 come4 ,adventus1 arrival4 ,circumveni1 outflank4 ,conveni1 meet4 ,dveni1 come to4 ventus1 outcome4 ,inveni1 find4 ,obveni1 fall in with4 ,perveni1 arrive at4 ,,ca-1 ,,ci-1 pronominal stem1 who4 ,qu1 who4 ,qudam1 a certain one4 ,quidem1 certainly4 ,qun for qun1 but that4 ,qu1 where4 ,qu1 whither4 ,quod1 because4 ,quis1 who8 ,qunam1 who1 pray8 ,quisquam1 any4 ,nququam1 in vain4 ,quisquis1 whoever4 ,quisque1 each one4 ,quoque1 also4 ,cum 7quom71 when4 ,quam1 than4 ,quamvs1 how-so-ever4 ,postquam1 after4 ,priusquam1 sooner than4 ,quantus1 how great4 ,que1 and4 ,itaque1 and so4 ,neque1 and not4 ,ubi for qubi1 where4 ,undique for cundeque1 from all sides4 ,cter1 the others4 ,cis1 this side of4 ,citerior1 hither4 ,citr1 this side of4 ,ut or ,ut for cut or quot1 as1 in order that4 ,uterque for quoterque1 each4 ,neuter1 neither4 ,cotdi1 daily4 ,hc for hce1 this4 ,nunc for numce1 now4 ,sc for sce1 so4 ,,cad-1 fall4 ,cad1 fall4 ,accid 7adc-71 befall4 ,incid1 happen4 ,cadver1 dead body4 ,csus1 happening4 ,occsus 7obc-71 setting4 ,cd1 give way4 ,accd 7adc-71 approach4 ,discd1 depart4 ,discessus1 departure4 ,excd1 withdraw from4 ,intercd1 intervene4 ,prcd1 advance4 ,succd 7subc-71 approach4 ,successus 7subc-71 close approach4 ,arcess for adcds1 summon4 #a4 ,,cal-1 ,,car-1 call4 ,concilium1 meeting4 ,clmor1 shouting4 #b4 ,,cal-1 ,,scal-1 cover1 hide4 ,occultus 7obc-71 hidden4 ,galea1 helmet4 ,domicilium1 dwelling-place4 ,cl1 hide4 ,,cap-1 take1 hold4 ,accipi 7adc-71 receive4 ,incipi1 begin4 ,intercipi1 intercept4 ,recipi1 receive4 ,captvus1 captive4 ,occup 7obc-71 take into possession4 ,caput1 head4 ,praeceps1 headlong4 ,prnceps1 leader4 ,,car-1 ,,scar-1 hard1 scrape4 ,cortex1 bark4 ,corn1 horn1 wing4 ,,cav-1 watch4 ,causa1 cause4 ,incs1 accuse4 ,,cel-1 ,,cer-1 strike1 drive4 ,gladius for cladius1 sword4 ,celerits1 swiftness4 ,celeriter1 swiftly4 ,procul1 at a distance4 ,cursus1 running4 ,concurr1 run together4 ,dcurr1 run down4 ,occurr 7obc-71 meet4 ,excursi1 sally4 ,,cen-1 hundred4 ,centum1 hundred4 ,centuri1 centurion4 ,ducent1 two hundred4 ,quadringent1 four hundred4 ,qungent1 five hundred4 ,sexcent1 six hundred4 #a4 ,,cer-1 ,,cre-1 make4 ,crber1 numerous4 ,corpus1 body4 #b4 ,,cer-1 ,,cre-1 part4 ,dcern1 decide upon4 ,dcert1 fight decisively4 ,certus1 sure4 ,,ci-1 rouse4 ,incit1 urge on4 ,sollicit 7sli-71 stir up4 ,,cl-1 lean4 ,clmentia1 mildness4 ,adclvis 7acc-71 sloping upward4 ,adclvits 7acc-71 upward slope4 ,dclvis1 sloping downward4 ,,crat-1 faith4 ,crdo1 for cratd1 believe4 ,incrdibilis for incratdibilis1 incredible4 ,,cvr-1 ,,cir-1 curve4 ,circum1 around4 ,circiter1 about4 ,circuitus1 circumference4 ,crucitus1 torture4 #a4 ,,da-1 give4 ,d1 give4 ,dd1 give up4 ,dditcius1 one who has surrendered4 ,dditi1 surrender4 ditus ,p4 of d1 rising4 ,redd1 give back4 ,trd for trnsd1 give over4 ,vnd for vnumd1 sell4 #b4 ,,da-1 put4 ,abd1 hide4 ,crd1 believe4 ,incrdibilis1 incredible4 ,mand1 commission4 #c4 ,,da-1 pronominal stem1 third person4 dem1 the same4 ,qudam1 a certain one4 ,quidem1 indeed4 ,totidem1 just as many4 ,,dec-1 ten4 ,decem1 ten4 ,decimus1 tenth4 ,decumnus 7deci-71 of the tenth 7cohort71 in the phrase1 porta decumna1 the main entrance to a ,roman camp4 ndecimus1 eleventh4 ,duodecimus1 twelfth4 ,qundecim1 fifteen4 ,d,c-1 ,,dic- 7,,dac-71 show1 point4 ,dc1 say4 ,doce1 teach4 ,idic1 judge4 7,dici71 control4 ,condici1 condition4 ,,div-1 ,,di-1 ,,diav-1 shine4 ,dvnus1 divine4 ,dis1 day4 ,cotdi1 daily4 ,postrdi for poster di71 next day4 ,trduum1 three days' time4 ,dum for dium1 while4 ,nndum1 not yet4 ,di1 for a long time4 ,iuv1 for diuv1 aid4 ,adiuv1 aid4 ,,dom-1 build4 ,domus1 home4 ,domicilium1 dwelling-place4 ,domesticus1 of home4 ,,dva-1 ,,dvi-1 apart1 two4 ,duo1 two4 ,duodecimus1 twelfth4 ,duodvgint1 eighteen4 ,dubit1 doubt1 hesitate4 ,ducent1 two hundred4 ,duplex1 two-fold4 ,bellum for duellum1 war4 ,,dvc-1 lead4 ,dux1 leader4 ,dc1 lead4 ,addc1 bring to4 ,condc1 gather4 ,ddc1 lead off4 dc1 lead out4 ,indc1 cover4 ,intrdc1 lead in4 ,obdc1 extend4 ,redc1 lead back4 ,trdc for trnsdc1 lead across4 ,,em-1 take4 ,em1 buy4 ,eximius1 excellent4 ,sm for subim1 take4 ,,es-1 be1 live4 ,sum for esum1 be4 ,absum1 be away4 ,dsum1 be lacking4 ,intersum1 be between4 ,praesum1 command4 ,supersum1 survive4 ,,fac-1 put1 make4 ,faci1 do4 ,f1 passive of faci1 become4 ,cnfici1 accomplish1 wear out4 ,dfici1 fail4 ,effici1 bring about4 ,interfici1 kill4 ,patefaci1 throw open4 ,praefici1 place in command4 ,proficscor1 put one's self forward1 set out4 ,profecti1 setting out4 ,facilis1 easy4 ,facile1 easily4 ,aedificium1 building4 ,amplific1 enlarge4 ,difficilis 7disf-71 difficult4 ,difficults 7disf-71 difficulty4 ,facults1 opportunity4 ,maleficium1 outrage4 ,sgnific1 announce4 ,sgnificti1 signal4 ,,fen-1 ,,fend-1 strike4 ,dfend1 ward off1 defend4 ,dfnsi1 defence4 ,dfnsor1 defender4 #a4 ,,fer-1 bear4 ,fer1 bear4 ,adfer 7aff-71 bring to4 ,cnfer1 bring together4 ,dfer1 carry4 nfer1 bring upon4 ,offer 7obf-71 carry4 ,perfer1 endure4 ,praefer1 place before1 out-do4 ,refer1 bring back4 ,fertilits1 fertility4 ,ferx1 fertile4 ,frs1 chance4 ,frtna1 fortune4 ,sgnifer1 standard-bearer4 #b4 ,,fer-1 ,,fre-1 hold1 fix4 ,fer1 almost4 ,cnfrm1 give assurance1 reassure4 ,fortis for forctis1 brave4 ,fortiter1 bravely4 #a4 ,,fid-1 ,f,d-1 bind1 trust4 ,fids1 faith4 ,cnfd1 trust4 #b4 ,,fid-1 split4 ,fnis for fidnis1 limit4 ,fnitimus1 neighboring4 ,adfnits1 connection by marriage4 ,,flag-1 ,,flig-1 strike4 ,cnflg1 contend with4 ,prflg1 defeat4 #a4 ,,fvg-1 ,,frvg-1 use1 enjoy4 ,frmentum for frgimentum1 grain4 ,frmentrius1 of grain4 #b4 ,,fvg-1 bend1 flee4 ,fuga1 flight4 ,fugi1 flee4 ,profugi1 flee4 ,,fvr-1 ,,ferv-1 rage1 swell4 ,furor1 frenzy4 8,frns1 front4 ,,gen-1 ,,gn-1 ,,gna-1 beget4 ,nscor 7gn-71 arise4 nscor1 grow out4 ,ntus1 birth4 ,nti1 nation4 ,ntra1 nature4 ,prgntus1 sprung from4 ,,ger-1 carry4 ,ger1 carry on4 ,agger 7adg-71 mound4 ,,gna-1 ,,gno-1 know4 ,nam1 for4 ,nv for gnv1 perform with knowledge and zeal4 ,cgnsc1 learn4 ,nbilits1 high birth4 ,nmen1 name4 ,nmintim1 by name4 ,nmin1 mention4 ,,grad-1 walk4 ,adgredior 7agg-71 attack4 ,congredior1 meet4 gredior1 go from4 ,ingredior1 enter4 ,prgredior1 advance4 ,trnsgredior1 cross4 ,,hab-1 have4 ,habe1 have4 ,dbe for dehibe1 owe to4 ,praebe for praehibe1 furnish4 ,prohibe1 restrain4 ,,ham-1 man4 ,hom1 man4 ,nm for nehom1 nobody4 ,h,m-1 cold4 ,hiem1 pass the winter4 ,hbernus for hiemernus1 of winter4 ,hberncula1 winter quarters4 #a4 ,i-1 ,,ai-1 go4 ,ade1 approach4 ,aditus1 approach4 ,circuitus for circumitus1 circumference4 ,exe1 go forth1 set out4 ,ine1 enter upon4 ,initium1 beginning4 ,obitus1 destruction4 ,rede1 return4 ,sube1 approach closely4 ,subit1 suddenly4 ,trnse1 cross4 ,iter1 route4 ,aets for aevits1 age4 ,from iter is the adv41 ending -iter or -ter1 as in aequliter for aequaleiter1 aliter1 audcter1 celeriter1 circiter1 diligent7t7er1 fortiter1 lniter1 indiligent7t7er4 #b4 ,i-1 ,,ai-1 pronominal stem1 third person1 demonstrative4 ,is1 this one4 ,e1 there4 ,intere1 meanwhile4 ,interim1 meanwhile4 ,poste1 afterwards4 ,proptere1 for the reason 7that74 dem1 the same4 ,identidem for idemetidem1 again and again4 ,ipse1 self4 ,ib1 there4 ,inde1 thence4 ,deinde1 thereupon4 ,ita1 thus4 ,itaque1 therefore4 ,item1 likewise4 8,idneus1 suitable4 nus for oenus1 one4 n1 together4 niversus1 all4 ndecimus1 eleventh4 llus for nulus1 any4 ,nllus for nenulus1 none4 ,nnnllus1 some4 ,nn neoenum 7num71 not4 ,nndum1 not yet4 ,,ia-1 ,,iac-1 go1 send4 ,iaci1 throw4 ,adici1 hurl4 ,circumici1 place around4 ,cnici1 hurl4 ,dici1 throw down from4 ,diectus1 slope4 ,interici1 place between4 ,prici1 hurl4 ,reici1 hurl back4 ,iace1 lie4 ,,ic-1 ,,aic-1 like4 ,aequliter1 evenly4 ,adaequ1 equal4 ,inquus1 unfavorable4 ,inquits1 inequality4 ,,iv-1 ,,ivg-1 bind1 yoke4 ,iugum1 ridge4 ,coniung1 join together4 ,cnctus for cninctus1 all4 ,is1 right4 ,istitia1 justice4 ,conir1 conspire4 ,iniria1 wrong4 ,idic1 judge4 ,iube1 order4 ,ixt for igist1 close by4 ,,lag-1 loose4 ,relangusc1 lose energy4 ,lassitd1 exhaustion4 ,lax1 widen4 #a4 ,,leg-1 ,,lig-1 gather4 ,dlig1 choose4 ,dligenter for disligentter1 scrupulously4 ,indligenter1 carelessly4 lig1 choose4 ,intelleg1 understand4 ,legi1 legion4 ,leginrius1 of a legion4 #b4 ,,leg-1 run1 spring4 ,levis for legvis1 light4 ,levits1 lightness4 ,longus1 long4 ,long1 far4 #c4 ,,leg-1 lie1 be fixed4 ,lx1 law4 ,lgtus1 envoy4 ,lgti1 embassy4 ,,li-1 pour1 smear4 ,littera1 written character4 ,dle1 destroy4 ,,lib-1 desire4 ,lber1 children 7the free74 ,lberliter1 generously4 ,,lic-1 ,,liqv-1 let1 leave4 ,polliceor for prliceor1 promise4 ,relinqu1 leave behind4 ,reliquus1 remaining4 #a4 ,,ma-1 ,,man-1 measure4 ,manus1 hand4 ,mand for manusd1 commission4 ,manipulus1 handful1 maniple4 ,mnsutd1 gentleness4 ,dmtior1 measure out4 ,ms1 custom4 #b4 ,,ma-1 ,,mad-1 measure1 moderate4 ,modus1 manner4 ,modo1 only4 ,commod 7conm-71 easily4 ,adcommod 7acconm-71 fit4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag-1 big4 ,magis for magius1 more4 ,mxim1 most4 ,mgnus1 great4 ,mgnitd1 greatness4 ,mior for magior1 greater4 ,magistrtus1 office4 ,molest1 in a troublesome manner4 ,,mal-1 crush1 grind4 ,maleficium1 outrage4 ,mulier1 woman4 #a4 ,,man-1 ,,men-1 man1 mind1 stay4 ,mone1 advise4 ,dmnstr1 point out4 ,clmentia1 kindness4 #b4 ,,man-1 ,,mi-1 small1 less4 ,minor1 smaller4 ,minus1 less4 ,minim1 least4 ,administr1 execute4 ,m,l-1 associate4 ,mlle1 thousand4 ,mles1 soldier4 ,mlitris1 of war4 ,,mis-1 wretched4 ,miser1 wretched4 ,misericordia1 pity4 ,,mit-1 send1 throw4 ,mitt1 send4 mitt1 lose4 ,committ 7conm-71 join together4 ,dmitt1 despatch4 mitt1 let fly4 ,intermitt1 halt4 ,intrmitt1 send in4 ,omitt for obmitt1 neglect4 ,permitt1 grant4 ,praemitt1 send in advance4 ,remitt1 send back4 ,submitt1 send as aid4 #a4 ,,mv-1 ,,mov-1 move4 ,move1 move4 ,commove1 startle4 ,permove1 rouse4 ,prmove1 move forward4 ,mbilits1 nimbleness4 ,commtti1 change4 #b4 ,,mv-1 shut1 fasten4 ,commnis 7conm-71 common4 ,moenia1 walls4 ,mni1 fortify4 ,circummni1 blockade4 ,mnmentum1 fortification4 ,mnti1 fortification4 ,mrus old moerus1 wall4 ,,na-1 no4 ,n1 that not1 lest4 ,neque1 and not4 ,nve or ,neu1 and that not4 ,nihil1 nothing4 ,nisi for nsi1 if not4 ,nn for neoenum 7num71 not4 ,nndum1 not yet4 ,qun for qun1 but that4 #a4 ,,nec-1 ,,noc-1 kill1 hurt4 ,interneci1 annihilation4 ,nox1 night4 ,noct1 by night4 #b4 ,,nec-1 bind4 ,necessits1 necessity4 ,necessrius1 necessary4 ,,nv-1 now 7pronominal stem74 ,noster1 our4 ,nunc for numce1 now4 ,novus1 new1 fresh4 ,nntius for noventius1 from obs4 nove1 from novus1 messenger4 ,nnti1 report4 ,rennti1 report4 ,,ol-1 ,,or-1 grow1 rise4 ,orior1 arise4 ,adorior1 assault4 rd1 order4 ,,pa-1 feed4 ,pater1 father4 ,patrius1 ancestral4 ,pbulum1 fodder4 ,,pac-1 ,,pag-1 ,,pvg-1 fix1 peg4 ,px1 peace4 ,pc1 subdue4 ,pgn1 fight4 ,expgn1 storm4 ,oppgn 7obp-71 assault4 ,oppgnti 7obp-71 assault4 ,prpgn1 defend4 ,,pal-1 ,,pel-1 ,,pvl-1 drive1 scatter4 ,pell1 drive4 ,adpell 7app-71 accost4 ,compell 7conp-71 drive together4 ,expell1 drive out4 ,impell 7inp-71 incite4 ,repell1 drive back4 #a4 ,,par-1 ,,por-1 ,,per-1 through1 far1 reach1 try4 ,pr1 equal4 ,per1 through4 ,experior1 test4 ,perclitor1 test4 ,perculum1 danger4 ,porta1 gate4 ,port1 bear4 ,opportnus 7obp-71 suitable4 ,paulisper1 for a short time4 #b4 ,,par-1 ,,por-1 part1 breed4 ,partus1 ready4 ,compar 7conp-71 get ready4 ,proper1 hasten4 ,impertor 7inp-71 commander4 ,imper 7inp-71 command4 ,imperium 7inp-71 command4 ,apertus for abpartus1 open4 ,reperi1 find4 ,pars1 portion4 ,partim1 partly4 ,oportet for obportet1 is necessary4 ,,parc-1 ,,plec-1 bind1 weave1 fold4 ,duplex1 two-fold4 ,supplex 7subp-71 suppliant4 ,supplicti 7subp-71 thanksgiving4 ,prope1 near with metathesis of r and change of c to p4 ,cf4 roots ,,sac and ,,scal4 ,proximus superl4 of propior1 nearest4 ,proxim1 last4 ,propnquus1 near4 ,propnquits1 proximity4 ,adpropnqu 7app-71 approach4 ,propter1 near1 on account of4 ,proptere1 for the reason 7that74 #a4 ,,pat-1 go4 ,passus1 step4 ,pns1 bridge4 #b4 ,,pat-1 ,,pad-1 spread1 open4 ,pate1 extend4 ,patefaci1 open4 ,pand1 extend4 ,,pav-1 little4 ,paucus1 few4 ,parvulus1 slight4 ,paulum1 a little4 ,paul1 a little4 ,paululum1 very slightly4 ,paultim1 gradually4 ,paulisper1 for a short time4 ,,ped-1 tread4 ,ps1 foot4 ,peds1 foot-soldier4 ,pedester1 of infantry4 ,expedtus1 unencumbered4 ,impedi 7inp-71 hinder4 ,impedmenta 7inp-71 baggage4 ,oppidum for ob-pedum1 town4 ,oppidnus 7obp-71 townsman4 ,,pet-1 fly4 ,pet1 seek4 ,impetus 7inp-71 charge4 ,,pis-1 crush4 ,plum for pislum1 spear4 ,prmiplus1 first centurion of the triarii4 ,,plat-1 spread1 flat4 ,latus for platus1 side4 ,plnitis for platnitis1 plain4 ,,ple-1 ,,plo-1 ,,plv-1 fill4 ,comple 7conp-71 fill4 ,plrusque1 the most of4 ,pls1 more4 ,plrimum1 most4 ,complrs 7conp-71 many4 ,manipulus1 maniple4 ,amplius1 more4 ,amplific1 enlarge4 8,pellis1 skin4 ,populus1 people4 ,pblicus for populicus1 belonging to the state4 ,,plv-1 ,,plov-1 wash1 flow4 ,explr for explover1 reconnoitre4 ,explrtor1 scout4 ,,pos-1 behind4 ,post1 after4 ,poste1 afterwards4 ,postquam1 after4 ,postrdi for poster di1 next day4 ,,pot-1 master4 ,potius1 rather4 ,possum for potis sum1 be able1 can4 ,potns1 able4 ,potests1 power4 ,potior1 gain4 ,impetr 7inp-71 obtain4 ,,prec-1 pray4 ,dprecor1 petition against4 ,posc for porcsc1 demand4 ,postul1 demand4 ,,pro-1 ,,pri-1 ,,prae-1 before4 ,pr1 before4 ,prior1 preceding4 ,priusquam1 sooner than4 ,prstinus for priustinus1 former4 ,prmus1 first4 ,prmum1 in the first place4 ,prm1 in the first place4 ,prnceps for prmiceps1 leader4 ,prmiplus1 first centurion of the triarii4 ,prae1 before4 ,,ra-1 join1 count4 ,rati1 reason4 ,rs1 thing4 ,,rap-1 ,,rvp-1 snatch1 break4 ,dripi for disripi1 sack4 rupti1 sally4 ,rps1 cliff4 ,,reg-1 ,,rig-1 stretch1 guide4 ,porrig for prreg1 stretch out4 ,regi1 direction4 ,rx1 ruler4 ,rgnum1 control4 #a4 ,,sa-1 ,,si-1 sow1 strow1 sift4 ,pn for port7pr7 sin1 place4 ,dpn1 put off4 ,prpn1 display4 #b4 ,,sa-1 ,,sim-1 together1 like4 ,singul1 one at a time4 ,singulris1 extraordinary4 ,simul1 at the same time4 ,cnsimilis1 altogether like4 #c4 ,,sa-1 pronominal stem4 ,sc for sce1 so4 ,ipse1 self4 #a4 ,,sac-1 ,,sag-1 fasten4 ,sagittrius1 archer4 ,saeps with p for c1 hedge4 #b4 ,,sac-1 ,,sec-1 ,,sc,d-1 ,c,d-1 split4 ,saxum1 rock4 ,secti1 booty4 ,scientia1 knowledge4 ,interscind1 cut off4 ,concd1 cut to pieces4 ,incd1 cut into4 ,occd1 kill4 #c4 ,,sac-1 show4 ,sgnum1 signal4 ,sgnifer1 standard-bearer4 ,sgnific1 announce4 ,sgnificti1 signal4 nsgne1 sign4 ,,sal-1 ,,ser-1 save4 ,sals1 safety4 ,slus1 alone4 ,slum1 only4 ,sollicit 7sli71 stir up4 ,serv1 keep4 ,cnserv1 preserve4 ,,scad-1 ,,cad-1 cover4 ,castra1 camp4 ,castellum1 redoubt4 ,,scal-1 ,,scar- 7with p for c1 ,,spol-71 scrape4 ,calamits1 for scalamits1 disaster4 ,dspoli1 deprive4 8,populor1 ,dpopulor1 ravage4 ,,scand-1 climb4 ,ascend 7adsc-71 mount4 ,ascnsus 7adsc-71 ascent4 ,,scarp-1 ,,scalp-1 cut1 scratch4 ,scrb1 write4 ,cnscrb1 enroll4 ,praescrb1 dictate4 ,,scv-1 ,,cv-1 cover1 hide4 ,sctum1 shield4 ,custdia1 guard4 ,,sec-1 follow4 ,sequor1 follow4 ,cnsequor1 attain4 nsequor1 follow up4 ,prsequor1 pursue4 ,subsequor1 follow closely4 ,secundus1 favorable4 ,secundum1 according to4 ,con- for scom-1 with4 ,cum1 with4 ,cpia for comopia1 supply4 ,contr1 against4 ,contrrius1 opposite4 ,,sed-1 ,,sid-1 sit4 ,posside for prsideo1 own4 nsidiae1 stratagem4 ,obss1 hostage4 ,praesidium1 garrison4 ,subsidium1 assistance4 ,supersede1 omit4 ,cnsd1 settle4 ,,sen-1 old4 ,sentor1 elder1 senator4 ,sentus1 senate4 ,,sent-1 feel4 ,sententia1 opinion4 ,cnsenti1 agree4 ,cnsnsus1 agreement4 #a4 ,,ser-1 ,,svar-1 string1 bind4 ,dser1 abandon4 ,praesertim1 especially4 ,servits1 slavery4 #b4 ,,ser-1 ,,sval-1 bright4 ,sl1 sun4 ,silva1 forest4 ,silvestris1 wooded4 #a4 ,,smar-1 ,,mar-1 think4 ,mora1 delay4 ,moror1 delay4 ,memoria1 remembrance4 ,commemor 7conm-71 mention4 #b4 ,,smar-1 ,,mer-1 ascribe4 ,meritum1 merit4 ,merctor1 trader4 ,,sovo-1 ,,svo-1 own4 ,su1 of himself1 etc4 ,suus1 his1 etc4 ,cnsusc1 be accustomed4 ,cnsutd1 custom4 ,mnsutd1 gentleness4 ,sed1 but4 8,s1 if4 8,sine1 without4 8,nisi1 if not4 ,,spa-1 ,,pa-1 draw1 stretch4 ,spatium1 space4 ,sps1 hope4 ,dspr1 give up hope4 8,stude1 strive after4 8,studium1 eagerness4 ,,spec-1 see1 spy4 ,cnspici1 espy4 ,perspici1 ascertain4 ,respici1 look back4 ,exspect1 await4 ,cnspicor1 espy4 ,specis1 form4 ,specultor1 spy4 ,cnspectus1 sight4 ,dspectus1 view downward4 ,prspectus1 view forward4 ,,sta-1 stand1 set4 ,cnstanter1 uniformly4 nst1 press forward4 ,praest1 excel1 show4 ,cnsist1 take position4 ,dsist1 stop4 nsist1 take a stand4 ,resist1 resist4 ,statu1 determine4 ,cnstitu1 determine4 ,statim1 at once4 ,stati1 picket4 ,statra1 stature4 ,,ster-1 ,,stra-1 ,,stla-1 strow1 spread4 ,ltus old1 stltus1 broad4 ,ltitd1 width4 ,,strv-1 spread1 heap4 ,exstru1 erect4 nstru1 arrange4 #a4 ,,ta-1 ,,ten-1 stretch4 ,prstinus for priustinus1 former4 ,prtinus1 at once4 ,tener1 tender4 ,tene1 hold4 ,contine1 restrain1 keep4 ,distine1 separate4 ,obtine1 hold4 ,pertine1 extend to4 ,retine1 detain4 ,sustine for substine1 sustain4 ,sustent for substent1 hold out4 ,tend1 stretch4 ,contend1 hasten4 8,tempus1 time4 #b4 ,,ta-1 pronominal stem1 third person1 demonstrative4 ,tam1 so4 ,tantus1 so great4 ,tantulus1 so trifling4 ,tamen1 still4 ,totidem1 just as many4 ,tum1 then4 ,also the final element in autem1 aut1 ita1 itaque1 ut4 ,,tag-1 touch1 seize4 ,atting 7adt-71 touch4 ,redintegr1 renew4 ,,tarc- 7,,tarp-71 ,,trep-1 turn1 twist4 ,tormentum1 engine for hurling4 ,turpitd1 disgrace4 ,trabs1 beam4 ,,tec-1 ,,tax-1 weave1 arrange4 ,intex1 weave in4 ,tlum 7for teclum71 spear4 ,,tem-1 ,,tan-1 cut4 ,contemptus1 contempt4 ,contumlia1 insult4 ,,ter-1 ,,trem-1 ,,ters-1 shake1 scare4 ,dterre1 prevent4 ,perterre1 thoroughly frighten4 ,terror1 fright4 ,,tv-1 ,,tvm-1 ,,tav-1 ,,to-1 swell4 ,tumulus1 mound4 ,tumultus1 uproar4 ,ttus1 whole4 ,,tvr-1 harry1 crowd4 ,perturb1 throw into confusion4 ,prturb1 drive off1 8,turris1 tower4 ,,vag-1 ,,veh-1 move1 carry4 ,vxillum1 flag4 ,vx1 harass4 #a4 ,,vel-1 ,,val-1 ,,ver-1 cover1 guard4 ,vllum1 rampart4 ,intervllum1 distance4 ,vereor1 fear4 #b4 ,,vel-1 ,,vol-1 tear1 pluck4 ,vulnus1 wound4 ,vulner1 wound4 ,,ver-1 say4 ,verbum1 word4 ,vr1 in truth4 ,,verg-1 ,,vrg-1 ,,valg-1 slope1 press4 ,verg1 incline4 ,urge1 press4 ,vulg 7volg71 generally4 ,,vert-1 turn4 vert1 turn away4 ,convert1 turn around4 ,revert1 return4 ,revertor1 return4 ,vers1 turn about1 pass4 dwell4 ,adversus1 opposite4 ,dversus1 turned away4 ,intrrsus for intrversus1 within4 ,rrsus for revorsus1 again4 ,trnsversus1 at right-angles4 niversus1 all4 ,,vet-1 ,,vit-1 year1 old4 ,invetersc1 grow old in4 ,vet1 forbid4 ,,vi-1 ,,vic-1 twine4 ,vnea1 covered shed4 ,vnum1 wine4 ,vmen1 willow1 withe4 ,,vic-1 conquer4 ,vinc1 conquer4 ,vctor1 victorious4 ,prvincia1 province4 ,vix1 barely4 ,,vid-1 see4 ,vide1 see4 ,invide1 envy4 ,prvide1 procure4 ,prdentia for prvidentia1 wisdom4 ,imprvs 7inp-71 unexpectedly4 ,,vir-1 man4 ,vir1 man4 ,virts1 valor4 ,,voc-1 ,,vag-1 call4 ,convoc1 call together4 ,revoc1 call back4 ,vx1 voice4 ,,vol-1 will1 wish4 ,volunts1 wish4 ,nl for nvl1 be unwilling4 ,quamvs1 howsoever4 ,at1 but4 ,atque1 and4 c1 ,et1 and4 ,etiam1 even4 ,ad1 to4 ,apud1 among4 ,ex1 1 from1 out of4 ,extrmus1 furthest4 ,locus for stlocus1 place4 ,conloc 7coll-71 place4 ,multus1 much4 ,multitd1 large number4 ,proelium1 battle4 ,proelior1 fight4 ,superior1 higher4 ,summus for supimus1 highest ,supr1 above4 ,super1 overcome4 ,tardus1 slow4 ,tard1 retard4 ,trs1 three4 ,trduum1 three days' time4 ,tribnus1 military tribune4 ,tertius1 third4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata 7noted by transcriber7 ,missing or incorrect punctuation in the vocabulary lists was silently corrected when it did not affect meaning4 ,other errors are listed below4 ,,william ,c4 ,,collar1 ,a4,m4 4 after ,c invisible ,chap4 #be3 et manipulos laxre issit1 issit4 ,notes3 ,chap4 #f1 ,page #bf3 #bd4 444 notwithstanding ,a4 ,g41 p4 #chi1 ,rem4 ,a4 4 ,g4 ,chap4 #h1 ,line #g3 444 ,compare chap4 #g1 l4 #h4 chap #g ,chap4 #bf1 ,page #cf3 #af4 444 ,compare ab sinistra parte1 p4 #ce1 l4 #ac text has 8p4 #bc01 using chapter number in place of page number ,chap4 #cc1 ,page #dj3 #e4 ne quam 444 iniriam3 see p4 #ci1 l4 #bh1 and note note is to simplified text1 ,chap4 #cc1 l4 #e ,vocabulary3 ,condici1 -nis1 ,f41 ,d,c-1 ,,dic- hyphen after ,,dic missing ,molest1 adv4 ,,mac-1 ,,mag- #a ,,mac- ,proxim 4441 nearest2 most recently most1 recently ,trnsgredior1 #c 444 go over go1 over ,etymology3 ,,ped-1 tread 444 ,expedtus1 unencumbered unemcumbered4