mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,m>ia ,montessori ,,dr4 ,,montessori',s ,,own ,,h&book ,,by ,,m>ia ,,montessori ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,montessori ,,me?od ,,& ,,p$agogical ,,an?ropology ,,) ,,=ty-,,?ree ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,publi%]s ,copyright1 #aiad1 by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,all rights res]v$1 includ+ t ( translation into =eign languages ,,fasc ,may1 #aiad ,,to ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d ,,donna ,,m>ia ,,m>a9i ,,m>*ioness ,,gu]ri]i-,,gonzaga ,,:o ,,devot$ly ,,& ,,) ,,sacrifice ,,has ,,g5]\sly ,,upheld ,,?is ,,"w ,,( ,,education ,,br\ght ,,to ,,bir? ,,9 ,,our ,,belov$ ,,c\ntry ,,b ,,(f]$ ,,to ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,humanity ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,z a result ( ! widespread int]e/ t has be5 tak5 9 my me?od ( *ild education1 c]ta9 books h be5 issu$1 :i* may appe> to ! g5]al read] to be au?oritative expositions ( ! ,montessori sy/em4 ,i wi% to /ate def9itely t ! pres5t "w1 ! ,engli% translation ( :i* has be5 au?oris$ & approv$ by me1 is ! only au!ntic manual ( ! ,montessori me?od1 & t ! only o!r au!ntic or au?oris$ works ( m9e 9 ! ,engli% language are ,! ,montessori ,me?od1 & ,p$agogical ,an?ropology4 ,sign$3 ,m>ia ,montessori ,,preface ,if a preface is a light :i* %\ld s]ve to illum9e ! cont5ts ( a volume1 ,i *oose1 n words1 b human figures to illu/rate ?is little book int5d$ to ent] families :]e *ildr5 are gr[+ up4 ,i !re=e recall "h1 z an eloqu5t symbol1 ,hel5 ,kell] & ,mrs4 ,anne ,sullivan ,macy1 :o are1 by _! example1 bo? tea*]s to myself--&1 be=e ! _w1 liv+ docum5ts ( ! miracle 9 education4 ,9 fact1 ,hel5 ,kell] is a m>vel\s example ( ! ph5om5on common to all human be+s3 ! possibility ( ! lib]ation ( ! imprison$ _s ( man by ! education ( ! s5ses4 ,"h lies ! basis ( ! me?od ( education ( :i* ! book gives a succ9ct idea4 ,if "o only ( ! s5ses suffic$ to make ( ,hel5 ,kell] a woman ( exceptional culture & a writ]1 :o bett] ?an %e proves ! pot5cy ( t me?od ( education :i* builds on ! s5ses8 ,if ,hel5 ,kell] atta9$ ?r\gh exquisite natural gifts to an elevat$ conception ( ! _w1 :o bett] ?an %e proves t 9 ! inmo/ self ( man lies ! _s ready to reveal itself8 ,hel51 clasp to y\r he>t ^! little *ildr51 s9ce !y1 above all o!rs1 w und]/& y4 ,!y are y\r y\ng] bro!rs3 :51 ) b&ag$ eyes & 9 sil5ce1 !y t\* ) _! little h&s1 pr(\nd impressions rise 9 _! consci\sness1 & !y exclaim ) a new =m ( happ9ess3 ,i see ) my h&s4 ,!y alone1 !n1 c fully und]/& ! drama ( ! my/]i\s privilege y\r s\l has kn[n4 ,:51 9 d>kness & 9 sil5ce1 _! _s left free to exp&1 _! intellectual en]gy r$\bl$1 !y become able to read & write )\t hav+ le>nt1 almo/ z x 7 by intuition1 !y1 only !y1 c und]/& 9 "p ! ec/asy :i* ,god grant$ y on ! lum9\s pa? ( le>n+4 ,,m>ia ,,montessori4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,,introductory ,,rem>ks #a ,a ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\se #i ,,! ,,me?od #ag ,didactic ,mat]ial = ! ,education ( ! ,s5ses #ah ,didactic ,mat]ial = ! ,prep>ation ( ,writ+ & ,ari?metic #ai ,,motor ,,education #bj ,,s5sory ,,education #bi ,,language ,,& ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,_w #fi ,,fre$om #gg ,,writ+ #hj ,ex]cises = ! ,managem5t ( ! ,in/rum5t ( ,writ+ #hf ,ex]cises = ! ,writ+ ( ,alphabetical ,signs #ib ,,! ,,read+ ,,( ,,music #ih ,,ari?metic #ajb ,,moral ,,factors #aad ,,illu/rations ,dr4 ,m>ia ,montessori ,frontispiece ,,fig4 ,,fac+ ,,page #a4 ,cupbo>d ) ,app>atus #ab #b4 ,! ,montessori ,pdomet] #ac #c4 ,frames = ,lac+ & ,button+ #bb #d4 ,*ild ,button+ ,on ,frame #bc #e4 ,cyl9d]s ,decreas+ 9 ,diamet] only #cj #f4 ,cyl9d]s ,decreas+ 9 ,diamet] & ,height #cj #g4 ,cyl9d]s ,decreas+ 9 ,height only #cj #h4 ,*ild us+ ,case ( ,cyl9d]s #ca #i4 ,! ,t[] #ca #aj4 ,*ild ,play+ ) ,t[] #ca #aa4 ,! ,broad ,/air #cf #ab4 ,! ,long ,/air #cf #ac4 ,bo>d ) ,r\gh & ,smoo? ,surfaces #cg #ad4 ,bo>d ) ,gumm$ ,/rips ( ,pap] #cg #ae4 ,wood ,tablets ,diff]+ 9 ,weight #dg ,color ,spools #db #af4 ,cab9et ) ,draw]s to hold ,geometrical ,insets #dd #ag4 ,set ( ,six ,circles #dd #ah4 ,set ( ,six ,rectangles #de #ai4 ,set ( ,six ,triangles #de #bj4 ,set ( ,six ,polygons #df #ba4 ,set ( ,six ,irregul> ,figures #df #bb4 ,set ( ,f\r ,blanks & ,two ,irregul> ,figures #dg #bc4 ,frame to hold ,geometrical ,insets #dh #bd4 ,*ild ,t\*+ ! ,insets #di #be4 ,s]ies ( ,c>ds ) ,geometrical ,=ms #ed #bf4 ,s\nd ,boxes #ee #bg4 ,musical ,bells #fj #bh4 ,slop+ ,bo>ds to ,display ,set ( ,metal ,insets #ij #bi4 ,s+le ,s&pap] ,lett] #ij #cj4 ,gr\ps ( ,s&pap] ,lett]s #ia #ca4 ,box ( ,movable ,lett]s #id #cb4 ,! ,musical ,/aff #ih #cc4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ,musical ,read+ #ajj #cd4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ,musical ,read+ #ajj #ce4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ,musical ,read+ #ajj #cf4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ,musical ,read+ #aja #cg4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ,musical ,read+ #aja #ch4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ,musical ,read+ #aja #ci4 ,dumb ,keybo>d #ajb #dj4 ,diagram ,illu/rat+ ,use ( ,num]ical ,rods #ajg #da4 ,c\nt+ ,boxes #aaj #db4 ,ari?metic ,frame #aaj ,,dr4 ,,montessori',s ,,own ,,h&book ,rec5t ye>s h se5 a rem>kable improvem5t 9 ! conditions ( *ild life4 ,9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 b especially 9 ,engl&1 /ati/ics %[ a decrease 9 infant mortality4 ,relat$ to ?is decrease 9 mortality a correspond+ improvem5t is to be se5 9 ! physical developm5t ( *ildr52 !y are physically f9] & m vigor\s4 ,x has be5 ! diffusion1 ! popul>ization ( sci5ce1 :i* has br\ght ab\t su* notable advantages4 ,mo!rs h le>n$ to welcome ! dictates ( mod]n hygi5e & to put !m into practice 9 br++ up _! *ildr54 ,_m new social in/itutions h sprung up & h be5 p]fect$ ) ! object ( assi/+ *ildr5 & protect+ !m dur+ ! p]iod ( physical gr[?4 ,9 ?is way :at is practically a new race is com+ into be+1 a race m highly develop$1 f9] & m robu/2 a race :i* w be capable ( (f]+ resi/ance to insidi\s disease4 ,:at has sci5ce done to effect ?is8 ,sci5ce has sugge/$ = u c]ta9 v simple rules by :i* ! *ild has be5 re/or$ z ne>ly z possible to conditions ( a natural life1 & an ord] & a guid+ law h be5 giv5 to ! functions ( ! body4 ,= example1 x is sci5ce :i* sugge/$ mat]nal fe$+1 ! abolition ( swaddl+ clo!s1 ba?s1 life 9 ! op5 air1 ex]cise1 simple %ort clo?+1 quiet & pl5ty ( sleep4 ,rules 7 also laid d[n = ! measurem5t ( food adapt+ x rationally to ! physiological ne$s ( ! *ild's life4 ,yet ) all ?is1 sci5ce made no contribution t 0 entirely new4 ,mo!rs _h always nurs$ _! *ildr51 *ildr5 _h always be5 clo!d1 !y _h brea!d & eat5 be=e4 ,! po9t is1 t ! same physical acts :i*1 p]=m$ bl9dly & )\t ord]1 l$ to disease & dea?1 :5 ord]$ rationally 7 ! means ( giv+ /r5g? & life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! great progress made may p]haps deceive u into ?9k+ t ev]y?+ possible has be5 done = *ildr54 ,we h only to weigh ! matt] c>efully1 h[ev]1 to reflect3 ,are our *ildr5 only ^? heal?y little bodies :i* to-day are gr[+ & develop+ s vigor\sly "u our eyes8 ,is _! de/9y fulfill$ 9 ! production ( beautiful human bodies8 ,9 t case !re w\ld be little diff]5ce betwe5 _! lot & t ( ! animals :i* we raise t we may h good meat or bea/s ( burd54 ,man's de/9y is evid5tly o!r ?an ?is1 & ! c>e due to ! *ild cov]s a field wid] ?an t :i* is consid]$ by physical hygi5e4 ,! "m :o has giv5 h] *ild 8 ba? & s5t him 9 8 p]ambulator to ! p>k has n fulfill$ ! mission ( ! "m ( humanity4 ,! h5 :i* ga!rs h] *ick5s toge!r1 & ! cat :i* licks h] kitt5s & lavi%es on !m su* t5d] c>e1 diff] 9 no wise f ! human "m 9 ! s]vices !y r5d]4 ,no1 ! human "m if r$uc$ to su* limits devotes h]self 9 va91 feels t a high] aspiration has be5 /ifl$ )9 h]4 ,%e is yet ! "m ( man4 ,*ildr5 mu/ gr[ n only 9 ! body b 9 ! _s1 & ! "m longs to foll[ ! my/]i\s spiritual j\rney ( ! belov$ "o :o to-morr[ w be ! intellig5t1 div9e creation1 man4 ,sci5ce evid5tly has n f9i%$ its progress4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has sc>cely tak5 ! fir/ /ep 9 advance1 = x has hi!rto /opp$ at ! welf>e ( ! body4 ,x mu/ cont9ue1 h[ev]1 to advance2 on ! same positive l9es along :i* x has improv$ ! heal? & sav$ ! physical life ( ! *ildr51 x is b\nd 9 ! future to b5efit & to re5=ce _! inn] life1 :i* is ! real human life4 ,on ! same positive l9es sci5ce w proce$ to direct ! developm5t ( ! intellig5ce1 ( "*1 & ( ^? lat5t creative =ces :i* lie hidd5 9 ! m>vel\s embryo ( man's _s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ! *ild's body mu/ draw n\ri%m5t & oxyg5 f its ext]nal environm5t1 9 ord] to accompli% a great physiological "w1 ! "w ( gr[?1 s also ! _s mu/ take f its environm5t ! n\ri%m5t :i* x ne$s to develop accord+ to its own laws ( gr[?4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! ph5om5a ( developm5t are a great "w 9 !mselves4 ,! consolidation ( ! bones1 ! gr[? ( ! :ole body1 ! completion ( ! m9ute con/ruction ( ! bra91 ! =mation ( ! tee?1 all ^! are v real labors ( ! physiological organism1 z is also ! trans=mation :i* ! organism und]goes dur+ ! p]iod ( pub]ty4 ,^! ex]tions are v diff]5t f ^? put =? by mank9d 9 s-call$ ext]nal "w1 t is to say1 9 social production1 :e!r 9 ! s*ools :]e man is taught1 or 9 ! _w :]e1 by ! activity ( 8 intellig5ce1 he produces weal? & trans=ms 8 environm5t4 ,x is none ! less true1 h[ev]1 t !y are bo? "w4 ,9 fact1 ! organism dur+ ^! p]iods ( greate/ physiological "w is lea/ capable ( p]=m+ ext]nal tasks1 & sometimes ! "w ( gr[? is ( su* ext5t & difficulty t ! individual is ov]burd5$1 z ) an excessive /ra91 & = ?is reason alone becomes exhau/$ or ev5 dies4 ,man w always be able to avoid ext]nal "w by mak+ use ( ! labor ( o!rs1 b !re is no possibility ( %irk+ t inn] "w4 ,toge!r ) bir? & dea? x has be5 impos$ by nature itself1 & ea* man mu/ accompli% x = himself4 ,?is difficult1 inevitable labor1 ?is is ! "w ( ! *ild4 ,:5 we say !n t little *ildr5 %\ld re/1 we are ref]r+ to "o side only ( ! "q ( "w4 ,we mean t !y %\ld re/ f t ext]nal visible "w to :i* ! little *ild ?r\gh 8 weakness & incapacity _c make any contribution useful ei!r to himself or to o!rs4 ,our ass]tion1 !re=e1 is n absolute2 ! *ild 9 reality is n re/+1 he is p]=m+ ! my/]i\s inn] "w ( 8 aut(ormation4 ,he is work+ to make a man1 & to accompli% ?is x is n en\gh t ! *ild's body %\ld gr[ 9 actual size2 ! mo/ intimate functions ( ! motor & n]v\s sy/ems mu/ also be e/abli%$ & ! intellig5ce develop$4 ,! functions to be e/abli%$ by ! *ild fall into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ! motor functions by :i* he is to secure 8 balance & le>n to walk1 & to coord9ate 8 movem5ts2 7#b7 ! s5sory functions ?r\gh :i*1 receiv+ s5sations f 8 environm5t1 he lays ! f\ndations ( 8 intellig5ce by a cont9ual ex]cise ( obs]vation1 comp>ison & judgm5t4 ,9 ?is way he gradually comes to be acqua9t$ ) 8 environm5t & to develop 8 intellig5ce4 ,at ! same "t he is le>n+ a language1 & he is fac$ n only ) ! motor difficulties ( articulation1 s\nds & words1 b also ) ! difficulty ( ga9+ an intellig5t und]/&+ ( names & ( ! syntactical composition ( ! language4 ,if we ?9k ( an emigrant :o goes to a new c\ntry ignorant ( its products1 ignorant ( its natural appe>ance & social ord]1 entirely ignorant ( its language1 we realize t !re is an imm5se "w ( adaptation :i* he mu/ p]=m be=e he c associate himself ) ! active life ( ! unkn[n p4 ,no "o w be able to d = him t "w ( adaptation4 ,he himself mu/ obs]ve1 und]/&1 rememb]1 =m judgm5ts1 & le>n ! new language by labori\s ex]cise & long exp]i5ce4 ,:at is to be said !n ( ! *ild8 ,:at ( ?is emigrant :o comes into a new _w1 :o1 weak z he is & be=e 8 organism is completely develop$1 mu/ 9 a %ort "t adapt himself to a _w s complex8 ,up to ! pres5t day ! little *ild has n receiv$ rational aid 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is labori\s task4 ,z reg>ds ! psy*ical developm5t ( ! *ild we f9d ourselves 9 a p]iod p>allel to t 9 :i* ! physical life 0 left to ! m]cy ( *ance & in/9ct--! p]iod 9 :i* infant mortality 0 a sc\rge4 ,x is by sci5tific & rational means also t we mu/ facilitate t inn] "w ( psy*ical adaptation to be accompli%$ )9 ! *ild1 a "w :i* is by no means ! same ?+ z any ext]nal "w or production :atsoev]4 ,?is is ! aim :i* und]lies my me?od ( infant education1 & x is = ?is reason t c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* x enunciates1 toge!r ) t "p :i* deals ) ! te*nique ( _! practical application1 are n ( a g5]al "*1 b h special ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> case ( ! *ild f ?ree to sev5 ye>s ( age1 i4e41 to ! ne$s ( a =mative p]iod ( life4 ,my me?od is sci5tific1 bo? 9 its sub/ance & 9 its aim4 ,x makes = ! atta9m5t ( a m advanc$ /age ( progress1 9 directions no long] only mat]ial & physiological4 ,x is an endeavor to complete ! c\rse :i* hygi5e has already tak51 b 9 ! treatm5t ( ! physical side alone4 ,if to-day we possess$ /ati/ics respect+ ! n]v\s debility1 defects ( spee*1 errors ( p]ception & ( reason+1 & lack ( "* 9 normal *ildr51 x w\ld p]haps be int]e/+ to comp>e !m ) /ati/ics ( ! same nature1 b compil$ f ! /udy ( *ildr5 :o h _h a numb] ( ye>s ( rational education4 ,9 all probability we %\ld f9d a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 su* /ati/ics & ^? to-day available %[+ ! decrease 9 mortality & ! improvem5t 9 ! physical developm5t ( *ildr54 ,a ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\se ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se is ! environm5t :i* is (f]$ to ! *ild t he may be giv5 ! opportunity ( develop+ 8 activities4 ,?is k9d ( s*ool is n ( a fix$ type1 b may v>y accord+ to ! f9ancial res\rces at disposal & to ! opportunities af=d$ by ! environm5t4 ,x ought to be a real h\se2 t is to say1 a set ( rooms ) a g>d5 ( :i* ! *ildr5 are ! ma/]s4 ,a g>d5 :i* conta9s %elt]s is ideal1 because ! *ildr5 c play or sleep "u !m1 & c also br+ _! tables out to "w or d9e4 ,9 ?is way !y may live almo/ entirely 9 ! op5 air1 & are protect$ at ! same "t f ra9 & sun4 ,! c5tral & pr9cipal room ( ! build+1 (t5 also ! only room at ! disposal ( ! *ildr51 is ! room = intellectual "w4 ,to ?is c5tral room c be add$ o!r small] rooms accord+ to ! means & opportunities ( ! place3 = example1 a ba?room1 a d9+-room1 a little p>lor or common-room1 a room = manual "w1 a gymnasium & re/-room4 ,! special *>act]i/ic ( ! equipm5t ( ^! h\ses is t x is adapt$ = *ildr5 & n adults4 ,!y conta9 n only didactic mat]ial specially fitt$ = ! intellectual developm5t ( ! *ild1 b also a complete equipm5t = ! managem5t ( ! m9iature family4 ,! furniture is light s t ! *ildr5 c move x ab\t1 & x is pa9t$ 9 "s light color s t ! *ildr5 c wa% x ) soap & wat]4 ,!re are l[ tables ( v>i\s sizes & %apes--squ>e1 rectangul> & r\nd1 l>ge & small4 ,! rectangul> %ape is ! mo/ common z two or m *ildr5 c "w at x toge!r4 ,! seats are small wood5 *airs1 b !re are also small wick] arm*airs & s(as4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cupbo>d ,,) ,,app>atus4 ,9 ! work+-room !re are two indisp5sable pieces ( furniture4 ,"o ( ^! is a v long cupbo>d ) l>ge doors4 7,fig4 #a47 ,x is v l[ s t a small *ild c set on ! top ( x small objects su* z mats1 fl[]s1 etc4 ,inside ?is cupbo>d is kept ! didactic mat]ial :i* is ! common prop]ty ( all ! *ildr54 ,! o!r is a *e/ ( draw]s conta9+ two or ?ree columns ( little draw]s1 ea* ( :i* has a bright h&le 7or a h&le ( "s color to contra/ ) ! backgr\nd71 & a small c>d ) a "n ^u x4 ,e *ild has 8 own draw]1 9 :i* to put ?+s belong+ to him4 ,r\nd ! walls ( ! room are fix$ blackbo>ds at a l[ level1 s t ! *ildr5 c write or draw on !m1 & pleas+1 arti/ic pictures1 :i* are *ang$ f "t to "t z circum/ances direct4 ,! pictures repres5t *ildr51 families1 l&scapes1 fl[]s & fruit1 & m (t5 ,biblical & hi/orical incid5ts4 ,ornam5tal plants & fl[]+ plants ought always to be plac$ 9 ! room :]e ! *ildr5 are at "w4 ,ano!r "p ( ! work+-room's equipm5t is se5 9 ! pieces ( c>pet ( v>i\s colors--r$1 blue1 p9k1 gre5 & br[n4 ,! *ildr5 spread ^! rugs ^u ! floor1 sit ^u !m & "w !re ) ! didactic mat]ial4 ,a room ( ?is k9d is l>g] ?an ! cu/om>y class-rooms1 n only because ! little tables & sep>ate *airs take up m space1 b also because a l>ge "p ( ! floor mu/ be free = ! *ildr5 to spread _! rugs & "w ^u !m4 ,9 ! sitt+-room1 or club-room1 a k9d ( p>lor 9 :i* ! *ildr5 amuse !mselves by conv]sation1 games1 or music1 etc41 ! furni%+s %\ld be especially ta/eful4 ,little tables ( diff]5t sizes1 little arm*airs & s(as %\ld be plac$ "h & !re4 ,_m brackets ( all k9ds & sizes1 ^u :i* may be put /atuettes1 arti/ic vases or fram$ photographs1 %\ld adorn ! walls2 &1 above all1 ea* *ild %\ld h a little fl[]-pot1 9 :i* he may s[ ! se$ ( "s indoor plant1 to t5d & cultivate x z x gr[s4 ,on ! tables ( ?is sitt+-room %\ld be plac$ l>ge albums ( color$ pictures1 & also games ( pati5ce1 or v>i\s geometric solids1 ) :i* ! *ildr5 c play at pleasure1 con/ruct+ figures1 etc4 ,a piano1 or1 bett]1 o!r musical in/rum5ts1 possibly h>ps ( small dim5sions1 made especially = *ildr51 completes ! equipm5t4 ,9 ?is club-room ! tea*] may sometimes ent]ta9 ! *ildr5 ) /ories1 :i* w attract a circle ( int]e/$ li/5]s4 ,! furniture ( ! d9+-room consi/s1 9 addition to ! tables1 ( l[ cupbo>ds accessible to all ! *ildr51 :o c !mselves put 9 _! place & take away ! crock]y1 spoons1 knives & =ks1 table-clo? & napk9s4 ,! plates are always ( *9a1 & ! tumbl]s & wat]-bottles ( glass4 ,knives are always includ$ 9 ! table equipm5t4 ,! ,dress+-room4 ,"h ea* *ild has 8 own little cupbo>d or %elf4 ,9 ! middle ( ! room !re are v simple wa%/&s1 consi/+ ( tables1 on ea* ( :i* /& a small bas91 soap & nail-bru%4 ,aga9/ ! wall /& little s9ks ) wat]-taps4 ,"h ! *ildr5 may draw & p\r away _! wat]4 ,!re is no limit to ! equipm5t ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses because ! *ildr5 !mselves d ev]y?+4 ,!y sweep ! rooms1 du/ & wa% ! furniture1 poli% ! brasses1 lay & cle> away ! table1 wa% up1 sweep & roll up ! rugs1 wa% a few little clo!s1 & cook eggs4 ,z reg>ds _! p]sonal toilet1 ! *ildr5 "k h[ to dress & undress !mselves4 ,!y hang _! clo!s on little hooks1 plac$ v l[ s z to be )9 rea* ( a little *ild1 or else !y fold up su* articles ( clo?+1 z _! little s]v+-aprons1 ( :i* !y take great c>e1 & lay !m inside a cupbo>d kept = ! h\sehold l954 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 %ort1 :]e ! manufacture ( toys has be5 br\ght to su* a po9t ( complication & p]fection t *ildr5 h at _! disposal entire dolls' h\ses1 complete w>drobes = ! dress+ & undress+ ( dolls1 kit*5s :]e !y c pret5d to cook1 toy animals z ne>ly lifelike z possible1 ?is me?od seeks to give all ?is to ! *ild 9 reality--mak+ him an actor 9 a liv+ sc5e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4--,,! ,,montessori ,,pa$omet]4 ,my p$omet] =ms "p ( ! equipm5t ( a ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,aft] v>i\s modifications ,i h n[ r$uc$ ?is in/rum5t to a v practical =m4 7,fig4 #b47 ,! purpose ( ! p$omet]1 z its "n %[s1 is to measure ! *ildr54 ,x consi/s ( a wide rectangul> bo>d1 =m+ ! base1 f ! c5t] ( :i* rise two wood5 po/s held toge!r at ! top by a n>r[ flat piece ( metal4 ,to ea* po/ is connect$ a horizontal metal rod--! indicator--:i* runs up & d[n by means ( a cas+1 also ( metal4 ,?is metal cas+ is made 9 "o piece ) ! indicator1 to ! end ( :i* is fix$ an india-rubb] ball4 ,on "o side1 t is to say1 beh9d "o ( ! two tall v]tical wood5 po/s1 !re is a small seat1 also ( wood4 ,! two tall wood5 po/s are graduat$4 ,! po/ to :i* ! seat is fix$ is graduat$ f ! surface ( ! seat to ! top1 :il/ ! o!r is graduat$ f ! wood5 bo>d at ! base to ! top1 i4e4 to a height ( #a4e met]s4 ,on ! side conta9+ ! seat ! height ( ! *ild seat$ is measur$1 on ! o!r side ! *ild's full /ature4 ,! practical value ( ?is in/rum5t lies 9 ! possibility ( measur+ two *ildr5 at ! same "t1 & 9 ! fact t ! *ildr5 !mselves coop]ate 9 tak+ ! measurem5ts4 ,9 fact1 !y le>n to take (f _! %oes & to place !mselves 9 ! correct position on ! p$omet]4 ,!y f9d no difficulty 9 rais+ & l[]+ ! metal indicators1 :i* are held s firmly 9 place by means ( ! metal cas+ t !y _c deviate f _! horizontal position ev5 :5 us$ by inexp]t h&s4 ,moreov] !y run extremely easily1 s t v little /r5g? is requir$ to move !m4 ,! little india-rubb] balls prev5t ! *ildr5 f hurt+ !mselves %\ld !y inadv]t5tly knock _! heads aga9/ ! metal indicator4 ,! *ildr5 are v fond ( ! p$omet]4 ,%all we measure ourselves8 is "o ( ! proposals :i* !y make mo/ will+ly & ) ! greate/ likelihood ( f9d+ _m ( _! companions to jo9 !m4 ,!y also take great c>e ( ! p$omet]1 du/+ x1 & poli%+ its metal p>ts4 ,all ! surfaces ( ! p$omet] are s smoo? & well poli%$ t !y invite ! c>e t is tak5 ( !m1 & by _! appe>ance :5 f9i%$ fully repay ! tr\ble tak54 ,! p$omet] repres5ts ! sci5tific "p ( ! me?od1 because x has ref]5ce to ! an?ropological & psy*ological /udy made ( ! *ildr51 ea* ( :om has 8 own biographical record4 ,?is biographical record foll[s ! hi/ory ( ! *ild's developm5t accord+ to ! obs]vations :i* x is possible to make by ! application ( my me?od4 ,?is subject is dealt ) at l5g? 9 my o!r books4 ,a s]ies ( c9ematograph pictures has be5 tak5 ( ! p$omet] at a mom5t :5 ! *ildr5 are be+ measur$4 ,!y are se5 com+ ( _! own accord1 ev5 ! v smalle/1 to take _! places at ! in/rum5t4 ,,! ,,me?od ,! te*nique ( my me?od z x foll[s ! guidance ( ! natural physiological & psy*ical developm5t ( ! *ild1 may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ,motor education4 ,s5sory education4 ,language4 ,! c>e & managem5t ( ! environm5t itself af=d ! pr9cipal means ( motor education1 :ile s5sory education & ! education ( language are provid$ = by my didactic mat]ial4 ,! didactic mat]ial = ! education ( ! s5ses consi/s (3 7a7 ,?ree sets ( solid insets4 7b7 ,?ree sets ( solids 9 graduat$ sizes1 compris+3 7#a7 ,p9k cubes4 7#b7 ,br[n prisms4 7#c7 ,rods3 7a7 color$ gre52 7b7 color$ alt]nately r$ & blue4 7c7 ,v>i\s geometric solids 7prism1 pyramid1 sph]e1 cyl9d]1 cone1 etc474 7d7 ,rectangul> tablets ) r\gh & smoo? surfaces4 7e7 ,a collection ( v>i\s /uffs4 7f7 ,small wood5 tablets ( diff]5t weights4 7g7 ,two boxes1 ea* conta9+ sixty-f\r color$ tablets4 7h7 ,a *e/ ( draw]s conta9+ plane insets4 7i7 ,?ree s]ies ( c>ds on :i* are pa/$ geometrical =ms 9 pap]4 7k7 ,a collection ( cyl9drical clos$ boxes 7s\nds74 7l7 ,a d\ble s]ies ( musical bells1 wood5 bo>ds on :i* are pa9t$ ! l9es us$ 9 music1 small wood5 discs = ! notes4 ,didactic ,mat]ial = ! ,prep>ation = ,writ+ & ,ari?metic 7m7 ,two slop+ desks & v>i\s iron insets4 7n7 ,c>ds on :i* are pa/$ s&pap] lett]s4 7o7 ,two alphabets ( color$ c>dbo>d & ( diff]5t sizes4 7p7 ,a s]ies ( c>ds on :i* are pa/$ s&pap] figures 7#a1 #b1 #c1 etc474 7q7 ,a s]ies ( l>ge c>ds be>+ ! same figures 9 smoo? pap] = ! enum]ation ( numb]s above t54 7r7 ,two boxes ) small /icks = c\nt+4 7s7 ,! volume ( draw+s belong+ specially to ! me?od1 & color$ p5cils4 7t7 ,! frames = lac+1 button+1 etc41 :i* are us$ = ! education ( ! movem5ts ( ! h&4 ,,motor ,,education ,! education ( ! movem5ts is v complex1 z x mu/ correspond to all ! coord9at$ movem5ts :i* ! *ild has to e/abli% 9 8 physiological organism4 ,! *ild1 if left )\t guidance1 is disord]ly 9 8 movem5ts1 & ^! disord]ly movem5ts are ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! little *ild4 ,9 fact1 he nev] keeps /ill1 & t\*es ev]y?+4 ,?is is :at =ms ! *ild's s-call$ unrul9ess & naught9ess4 ,! adult w\ld deal ) him by *eck+ ^! movem5ts1 ) ! monoton\s & useless repetition keep /ill4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ^! movem5ts ! little "o is seek+ ! v ex]cise :i* w organize & coord9ate ! movem5ts useful to man4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 desi/ f ! useless attempt to r$uce ! *ild to a /ate ( immobility4 ,we %\ld r give ord] to 8 movem5ts1 lead+ !m to ^? actions t[>ds :i* 8 ef=ts are actually t5d+4 ,?is is ! aim ( muscul> education at ?is age4 ,once a direction is giv5 to !m1 ! *ild's movem5ts are made t[>ds a def9ite end1 s t he himself gr[s quiet & cont5t$1 & becomes an active work]1 a be+ calm & full ( joy4 ,?is education ( ! movem5ts is "o ( ! pr9cipal factors 9 produc+ t outw>d appe>ance ( discipl9e to be f\nd 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4 ,i h already spok5 at l5g? on ?is subject 9 my o!r books4 ,muscul> education has ref]5ce to3 ,! prim>y movem5ts ( ev]yday life 7walk+1 ris+1 sitt+1 h&l+ objects74 ,! c>e ( ! p]son4 ,managem5t ( ! h\sehold4 ,g>d5+4 ,manual "w4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,rhy?mic movem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,frames ,,= ,,lac+ ,,& ,,button+4 ,9 ! c>e ( ! p]son ! fir/ /ep is t ( dress+ & undress+4 ,= ?is end !re is 9 my didactic mat]ial a collection ( frames to :i* are atta*$ pieces ( /uff1 lea!r1 etc4 ,^! c be button$1 hook$1 ti$ toge!r--9 fact1 jo9$ 9 all ! diff]5t ways :i* our civilization has inv5t$ = fa/5+ our clo?+1 %oes1 etc4 7,fig4 #c47 ,! tea*]1 sitt+ by ! *ild's side1 p]=ms ! necess>y movem5ts ( ! f+]s v sl[ly & delib]ately1 sep>at+ ! movem5ts !mselves into _! diff]5t p>ts1 & lett+ !m be se5 cle>ly & m9utely4 ,= example1 "o ( ! fir/ actions w be ! adju/m5t ( ! two pieces ( /uff 9 su* a way t ! edges to be fa/5$ toge!r t\* "o ano!r f top to bottom4 ,!n1 if x is a button+-frame1 ! tea*] w %[ ! *ild ! diff]5t /ages ( ! action4 ,%e w take hold ( ! button1 set x opposite ! buttonhole1 make x ent] ! buttonhole completely1 & adju/ x c>efully 9 its place above4 ,9 ! same way1 to tea* a *ild to tie a b[1 %e w sep>ate ! /age 9 :i* he ties ! ribbons toge!r f t 9 :i* he makes ! b[s4 ,9 ! c9ematograph film !re is a picture :i* %[s an entire lesson 9 ! ty+ ( ! b[s ) ! ribbons4 ,^! lessons are n necess>y = all ! *ildr51 z !y le>n f "o ano!r1 & ( _! own accord come ) great pati5ce to analyze ! movem5ts1 p]=m+ !m sep>ately v sl[ly & c>efully4 ,! *ild c sit 9 a com=table position & hold 8 frame on ! table4 7,fig4 #d47 ,z he fa/5s & unfa/5s ! same frame _m times ov] ) great int]e/1 he acquires an unusual deftness ( h&1 & becomes possess$ ) ! desire to fa/5 real clo!s :5ev] he has ! opportunity4 ,we see ! smalle/ *ildr5 want+ to dress !mselves & _! companions4 ,!y g 9 se>* ( amusem5t ( ?is k9d1 & def5d !mselves ) all _! might aga9/ ! adult :o w\ld try to help !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,*ild ,,button+ ,,on ,,frame4 7,,photo ,,tak5 ,,at ,,mr4 ,,hawk]',s ,,s*ool ,,at ,,runton47 ,9 ! same way = ! tea*+ ( ! o!r & l>g] movem5ts1 su* z wa%+1 sett+ ! table1 etc41 ! directress mu/ at ! beg9n+ int]v5e1 tea*+ ! *ild ) few or no words at all1 b ) v precise actions4 ,%e tea*es all ! movem5ts3 h[ to sit1 to rise f "o's seat1 to take up & lay d[n objects1 & to (f] !m gracefully to o!rs4 ,9 ! same way %e tea*es ! *ildr5 to set ! plates "o ^u ! o!r & lay !m on ! table )\t mak+ any noise4 ,! *ildr5 le>n easily & %[ an int]e/ & surpris+ c>e 9 ! p]=mance ( ^! actions4 ,9 classes :]e !re are _m *ildr5 x is necess>y to arrange = ! *ildr5 to take turns 9 ! v>i\s h\sehold duties1 su* z h\sework1 s]v+ at table1 & wa%+ di%es4 ,! *ildr5 readily respect su* a sy/em ( turns4 ,!re is no ne$ to ask !m to d ?is "w1 = !y come spontane\sly--ev5 little ones ( two & a half ye>s old--to (f] to d _! %>e1 & x is frequ5tly mo/ t\*+ to wat* _! ef=ts to imitate1 to rememb]1 &1 f9ally1 to conqu] _! difficulty4 ,pr(essor ,jacoby1 ( ,new ,york1 0 once mu* mov$ z he wat*$ a *ild1 :o 0 little m ?an two ye>s old & n at all intellig5t 9 appe>ance1 /&+ p]plex$1 because he c\ld n rememb] :e!r ! =k %\ld be set at ! "r h& or ! left4 ,he rema9$ a long :ile m$itat+ & evid5tly us+ all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,! o!r *ildr5 old] ?an he wat*$ him ) admiration1 m>vel+1 l ourselves1 at ! life develop+ "u our eyes4 ,! in/ructions ( ! tea*] consi/ !n m]ely 9 a h9t1 a t\*--en\gh to give a />t to ! *ild4 ,! re/ develops ( itself4 ,! *ildr5 le>n f "o ano!r & ?r[ !mselves into ! "w ) en?usiasm & delight4 ,?is atmosph]e ( quiet activity develops a fell[-feel+1 an attitude ( mutual aid1 &1 mo/ wond]ful ( all1 an intellig5t int]e/ on ! "p ( ! old] *ildr5 9 ! progress ( _! little companions4 ,x is en\gh j to set a *ild 9 ^! peaceful surr\nd+s = him to feel p]fectly at home4 ,9 ! c9ematograph pictures ! actual "w 9 a ,*ildr5's ,h\se may be se54 ,! *ildr5 are mov+ ab\t1 ea* "o fulfill+ 8 own task1 :il/ ! tea*] is 9 a corn] wat*+4 ,pictures 7 tak5 also ( ! *ildr5 engag$ 9 ! c>e ( ! h\se1 t is1 9 ! c>e bo? ( _! p]sons & ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,!y c be se5 wa%+ _! faces1 poli%+ _! %oes1 wa%+ ! furniture1 poli%+ ! metal indicators ( ! p$omet]1 bru%+ ! c>pets1 etc4 ,9 ! "w ( lay+ ! table ! *ildr5 are se5 q by !mselves1 divid+ ! "w among !mselves1 c>ry+ ! plates1 spoons1 knives & =ks1 etc41 &1 f9ally1 sitt+ d[n at ! tables :]e ! little waitresses s]ve ! hot s\p4 ,aga91 g>d5+ & manual "w are a great pleasure to our *ildr54 ,g>d5+ is already well kn[n z a feature ( infant education1 & x is recogniz$ by all t plants & animals attract ! *ildr5's c>e & att5tion4 ,! ideal ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses 9 ?is respect is to imitate ! be/ 9 ! pres5t usage ( ^? s*ools :i* owe _! inspiration m or less to ,mrs4 ,latt]4 ,= manual in/ruction we h *os5 clay "w1 consi/+ ( ! con/ruction ( little tiles1 vases & bricks4 ,^! may be made ) ! help ( simple in/rum5ts1 su* z molds4 ,! completion ( ! "w %\ld be ! aim always kept 9 view1 &1 f9ally1 all ! little objects made by ! *ildr5 %\ld be glaz$ & bak$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves le>n to l9e a wall ) %9+ :ite or color$ tiles wr\ght 9 v>i\s designs1 or1 ) ! help ( mort> & a tr[el1 to cov] ! floor ) little bricks4 ,!y also dig out f\ndations & !n use _! bricks to build division walls1 or entire little h\ses = ! *ick5s4 ,among ! gymna/ic ex]cises t :i* mu/ be consid]$ ! mo/ important is t ( ! l9e4 ,a l9e is describ$ 9 *alk or pa9t ^u a l>ge space ( floor4 ,in/ead ( "o l9e1 !re may also be two conc5tric l9es1 elliptical 9 =m4 ,! *ildr5 are taught to walk ^u ^! l9es l tight-rope walk]s1 plac+ _! feet "o 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,to keep _! balance !y make ef=ts exactly simil> to ^? ( real tight-rope walk]s1 except t !y h no dang] ) :i* to reckon1 z ! l9es are only drawn ^u ! floor4 ,! tea*] h]self p]=ms ! ex]cise1 %[+ cle>ly h[ %e sets h] feet1 & ! *ildr5 imitate h] )\t any necessity = h] to speak4 ,at fir/ x is only c]ta9 *ildr5 :o foll[ h]1 & :5 %e has %[n !m h[ to d x1 %e )draws1 leav+ ! ph5om5on to develop ( itself4 ,! *ildr5 = ! mo/ "p cont9ue to walk1 adapt+ _! feet ) great c>e to ! movem5t !y h se51 & mak+ ef=ts to keep _! balance s z n to fall4 ,gradually ! o!r *ildr5 draw ne> & wat* & also make an attempt4 ,v little "t elapses be=e ! :ole ( ! two ellipses or ! "o l9e is cov]$ ) *ildr5 balanc+ !mselves1 & cont9u+ to walk r\nd1 wat*+ _! feet ) an expression ( deep att5tion on _! faces4 ,music may !n be us$4 ,x %\ld be a v simple m>*1 ! rhy?m ( :i* is n obvi\s at fir/1 b :i* accompanies & enliv5s ! spontane\s ef=ts ( ! *ildr54 ,:5 !y h le>n$ 9 ?is way to ma/] _! balance ! *ildr5 h br\ght ! act ( walk+ to a rem>kable /&>d ( p]fection1 & h acquir$1 9 addition to security & composure 9 _! natural gait1 an unusually graceful c>riage ( ! body4 ,! ex]cise on ! l9e c aft]w>ds be made m complicat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! fir/ application is t ( call+ =? rhy?mic ex]cise by ! s\nd ( a m>* ^u ! piano4 ,:5 ! same m>* is repeat$ dur+ sev]al days1 ! *ildr5 end by feel+ ! rhy?m & by foll[+ x ) movem5ts ( _! arms & feet4 ,!y also accompany ! ex]cises on ! l9e ) songs4 ,little by little ! music is und]/ood by ! *ildr54 ,!y f9i%1 z 9 ,miss ,george's s*ool at ,wa%+ton1 by s++ ov] _! daily "w ) ! didactic mat]ial4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 !n1 resembles a hive ( bees humm+ z !y "w4 ,z to ! little gymnasium1 ( :i* ,i speak 9 my book on ! ,me?od1 "o piece ( app>atus is p>ticul>ly practical4 ,?is is ! f5ce1 f :i* ! *ildr5 hang by _! arms1 free+ _! legs f ! heavy weight ( ! body & /r5g!n+ ! arms4 ,?is f5ce has also ! advantage ( be+ useful 9 a g>d5 = ! purpose ( divid+ "o "p f ano!r1 z1 = example1 ! fl[]-b$s f ! g>d5 walks1 & x does n detract 9 any way f ! appe>ance ( ! g>d54 ,,s5sory ,,education ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,cyl9d]s ,,decreas+ ,,9 ,,diamet] ,,only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,cyl9d]s ,,decreas+ ,,9 ,,diamet] ,,& ,,height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,cyl9d]s ,,decreas+ ,,9 ,,height ,,only4 ,my didactic mat]ial (f]s to ! *ild ! means = :at may be call$ s5sory education4 ,9 ! box ( mat]ial ! fir/ ?ree objects :i* are likely to attract ! att5tion ( a little *ild f two & a half to ?ree ye>s old are ?ree solid pieces ( wood1 9 ea* ( :i* is ins]t$ a r[ ( t5 small cyl9d]s1 or sometimes discs1 all furni%$ ) a button = a h&le4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re is a r[ ( cyl9d]s ( ! same height1 b ) a diamet] :i* decreases f ?ick to ?94 7,fig4 #e47 ,9 ! second !re are cyl9d]s :i* decrease 9 all dim5sions1 & s are ei!r l>g] or small]1 b always ( ! same %ape4 7,fig4 #f47 ,la/ly1 9 ! ?ird case1 ! cyl9d]s h ! same diamet] b v>y 9 height1 s t1 z ! size decreases1 ! cyl9d] gradually becomes a little disc 9 =m4 7,fig4 #g47 ,! fir/ cyl9d]s v>y 9 two dim5sions 7! section72 ! second 9 all ?ree dim5sions2 ! ?ird 9 "o dim5sion 7height74 ,! ord] :i* ,i h giv5 ref]s to ! degree ( ease ) :i* ! *ild p]=ms ! ex]cises4 ,! ex]cise consi/s 9 tak+ out ! cyl9d]s1 mix+ !m & putt+ !m back 9 ! "r place4 ,x is p]=m$ by ! *ild z he sits 9 a com=table position at a little table4 ,he ex]cises 8 h&s 9 ! delicate act ( tak+ hold ( ! button ) ! tips ( "o or two f+]s1 & 9 ! little movem5ts ( ! h& & arm z he mixes ! cyl9d]s1 )\t lett+ !m fall & )\t mak+ too mu* noise & puts !m back aga9 ea* 9 its own place4 ,9 ^! ex]cises ! tea*] may1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 int]v5e1 m]ely tak+ out ! cyl9d]s1 mix+ !m c>efully on ! table & !n %[+ ! *ild t he is to put !m back1 b )\t p]=m+ ! action h]self4 ,su* int]v5tion1 h[ev]1 is almo/ always f\nd to be unnecess>y1 = ! *ildr5 see _! companions at "w1 & ?us are enc\rag$ to imitate !m4 ,!y l to d x alone2 9 fact1 sometimes almo/ 9 private = fe> ( inopportune help4 7,fig4 #h47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,*ild ,,us+ ,,case ,,( ,,cyl9d]s4 ,b h[ is ! *ild to f9d ! "r place = ea* ( ! little cyl9d]s :i* lie mix$ ^u ! table8 ,he fir/ makes trials2 x (t5 happ5s t he places a cyl9d] :i* is too l>ge = ! empty hole ov] :i* he puts x4 ,!n1 *ang+ its place1 he tries o!rs until ! cyl9d] goes 94 ,aga91 ! contr>y may happ52 t is to say1 ! cyl9d] may slip too easily into a hole too big = x4 ,9 t case x has tak5 a place :i* does n belong to x at all1 b to a l>g] cyl9d]4 ,9 ?is way "o cyl9d] at ! end w be left out )\t a place1 & x w n be possible to f9d "o t fits4 ,"h ! *ild _c help see+ 8 mi/ake 9 concrete =m4 ,he is p]plex$1 8 little m9d is fac$ ) a problem :i* int]e/s him int5sely4 ,be=e1 all ! cyl9d]s fitt$1 n[ !re is "o t w n fit4 ,! little "o /ops1 fr[n+1 deep 9 ?\ght4 ,he beg9s to feel ! little buttons & f9ds t "s cyl9d]s h too mu* room4 ,he ?9ks t p]haps !y are out ( _! "r place & tries to place !m correctly4 ,he repeats ! process aga9 & aga91 & f9ally he succe$s4 ,!n x is t he breaks into a smile ( triumph4 ,! ex]cise ar\ses ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild2 he wants to repeat x "r f ! beg9n+ &1 hav+ le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 he makes ano!r attempt4 ,little *ildr5 f ?ree to ?ree & a half ye>s old h repeat$ ! ex]cise up to =ty times )\t los+ _! int]e/ 9 x4 ,if ! second set ( cyl9d]s & !n ! ?ird are pres5t$1 ! *ange ( %ape /rikes ! *ild & reawak5s 8 int]e/4 ,! mat]ial :i* ,i h describ$ s]ves to educate ! eye to di/+ui% diff]5ce 9 dim5sion1 = ! *ild ends by be+ able to recognize at a glance ! l>g] or ! small] hole :i* exactly fits ! cyl9d] :i* he holds 9 8 h&4 ,! educative process is bas$ on ?is3 t ! control ( ! error lies 9 ! mat]ial itself1 & ! *ild has concrete evid5ce ( x4 ,! desire ( ! *ild to atta9 an end :i* he kn[s1 leads him to correct himself4 ,x is n a tea*] :o makes him notice 8 mi/ake & %[s him h[ to correct x1 b x is a complex "w ( ! *ild's own intellig5ce :i* leads to su* a result4 ,h5ce at ?is po9t !re beg9s ! process ( auto-education4 ,! aim is n an ext]nal "o1 t is to say1 x is n ! object t ! *ild %\ld le>n h[ to place ! cyl9d]s1 & t he %\ld "k h[ to p]=m an ex]cise4 ,! aim is an inn] "o1 namely1 t ! *ild tra9 himself to obs]ve2 t he be l$ to make comp>isons betwe5 objects1 to =m judgm5ts1 to reason & to decide2 & x is 9 ! indef9ite repetition ( ?is ex]cise ( att5tion & ( intellig5ce t a real developm5t ensues4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,! ,,t[]4 ,! s]ies ( objects to foll[ aft] ! cyl9d]s consi/s ( ?ree sets ( geometrical solid =ms3 7#a7 ,t5 wood5 cubes color$ p9k4 ,! sides ( ! cubes dim9i% f t5 c5timet]s to "o c5timet]4 7,fig4 #i47 ,) ^! cubes ! *ild builds a t[]1 fir/ lay+ on ! gr\nd 7^u a c>pet7 ! l>ge/ cube1 & !n plac+ on ! top ( x all ! o!rs 9 _! ord] ( size to ! v smalle/4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,z soon z he has built ! t[]1 ! *ild1 ) a bl[ ( 8 h&1 knocks x d[n1 s t ! cubes are scatt]$ on ! c>pet1 & !n he builds x up aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,*ild ,,play+ ,,) ,,t[]4 7,,photo ,,tak5 ,,at ,,mr4 ,,hawk]',s ,,s*ool ,,at ,,runton47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,! ,,broad ,,/air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,! ,,long ,,/air4 7#b7 ,t5 wood5 prisms1 color$ br[n4 ,! l5g? ( ! prisms is tw5ty c5timet]s1 & ! squ>e section dim9i%es f t5 c5timet]s a side to ! smalle/1 "o c5timet] a side4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,! *ild scatt]s ! t5 pieces ov] a light-color$ c>pet1 & !n beg9n+ sometimes ) ! ?icke/1 sometimes ) ! ?9ne/1 he places !m 9 _! "r ord] ( gradation ^u a table4 7#c7 ,t5 rods1 color$ gre51 or alt]nately r$ & blue1 all ( :i* h ! same squ>e section ( f\r c5timet]s a side1 b v>y by t5 c5timet]s 9 l5g? f t5 c5timet]s to "o met]4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,! *ild scatt]s ! t5 rods on a l>ge c>pet & mixes !m at r&om1 &1 by comp>+ rod ) rod1 he arranges !m accord+ to _! ord] ( l5g?1 s t !y take ! =m ( a set ( organ pipes4 ,z usual1 ! tea*]1 by do+ ! ex]cises h]self1 fir/ %[s ! *ild h[ ! pieces ( ea* set %\ld be arrang$1 b x w (t5 happ5 t ! *ild le>ns1 n directly f h]1 b by wat*+ 8 companions4 ,%e w1 h[ev]1 always cont9ue to wat* ! *ildr51 nev] los+ sight ( _! ef=ts1 & any correction ( h]s w be direct$ m t[>ds prev5t+ r\gh or disord]ly use ( ! mat]ial ?an t[>ds any error :i* ! *ild may make 9 plac+ ! rods 9 _! ord] ( gradation4 ,! reason is t ! mi/akes :i* ! *ild makes1 by plac+1 = example1 a small cube b5ea? "o t is l>g]1 are caus$ by 8 own lack ( education1 & x is ! repetition ( ! ex]cise :i*1 by ref9+ 8 p[]s ( obs]vation1 w lead him soon] or lat] to correct himself4 ,sometimes x happ5s t a *ild work+ ) ! long rods makes ! mo/ gl>+ mi/akes4 ,z ! aim ( ! ex]cise1 h[ev]1 is n t ! rods be arrang$ 9 ! "r ord] ( gradation1 b t ! *ild %\ld practise by himself1 !re is no ne$ to int]v5e4 ,"o day ! *ild w arrange all ! rods 9 _! "r ord]1 & !n1 full ( joy1 he w call ! tea*] to come & admire !m4 ,! object ( ! ex]cise w ?us be a*iev$4 ,^! ?ree sets1 ! cubes1 ! prisms1 & ! rods1 cause ! *ild to move ab\t & to h&le & c>ry objects :i* are difficult = him to grasp ) 8 little h&4 ,aga91 by _! use1 he repeats ! tra9+ ( ! eye to ! recognition ( diff]5ces ( size betwe5 simil> objects4 ,! ex]cise w\ld seem easi]1 f ! s5sory po9t ( view1 ?an ! o!r ) ! cyl9d]s describ$ above4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is m difficult1 z !re is no control ( ! error 9 ! mat]ial itself4 ,x is ! *ild's eye alone :i* c furni% ! control4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects %\ld /rike ! eye at once2 = t reason l>g] objects are us$1 & ! necess>y visual p[] presupposes a previ\s prep>ation 7provid$ = 9 ! ex]cise ) ! solid insets74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,bo>d ,,) ,,r\gh ,,& ,,smoo? ,,surfaces4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! *ild c be do+ o!r ex]cises4 ,among ! mat]ial is to be f\nd a small rectangul> bo>d1 ! surface ( :i* is divid$ into two p>ts--r\gh & smoo?4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,! *ild kn[s already h[ to wa% 8 h&s ) cold wat] & soap2 he !n dries !m & dips ! tips ( 8 f+]s = a few seconds 9 tepid wat]4 ,graduat$ ex]cises = ! !rmic s5se may also h _! place "h1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 my book on ! ,me?od4 ,aft] ?is1 ! *ild is taught to pass ! s(t cu%ion$ tips ( 8 f+]s z lightly z possible ov] ! two sep>ate surfaces1 t he may appreciate _! diff]5ce4 ,! delicate movem5t backw>ds & =w>ds ( ! susp5d$ h&1 z x is br\ght into light contact ) ! surface1 is an excell5t ex]cise 9 control4 ,! little h&1 :i* has j be5 cleans$ & giv5 its tepid ba?1 ga9s mu* 9 grace & beauty1 & ! :ole ex]cise is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! education ( ! tactile s5se1 :i* holds su* an important place 9 my me?od4 ,:5 initiat+ ! *ild into ! education ( ! s5se ( t\*1 ! tea*] mu/ always take an active "p ! fir/ "t2 n only mu/ %e %[ ! *ild h[ x is done1 h] int]f]5ce is a little m def9ite /ill1 = %e takes hold ( 8 h& & guides x to t\* ! surfaces ) ! f+]-tips 9 ! lighte/ possible way4 ,%e w make no explanations2 h] words w be r to enc\rage ! *ild ) 8 h& to p]ceive ! diff]5t s5sations4 ,:5 he has p]ceiv$ !m1 x is !n t he repeats ! act by himself 9 ! delicate way :i* he has be5 taught4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,bo>d ,,) ,,gumm$ ,,/rips ,,( ,,pap]4 ,aft] ! bo>d ) ! two contra/+ surfaces1 ! *ild is (f]$ ano!r bo>d on :i* are gumm$ /rips ( pap] :i* are r\gh or smoo? 9 diff]5t degrees4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,graduat$ s]ies ( s&pap] c>ds are also giv54 ,! *ild p]fects himself by ex]cises 9 t\*+ ^! surfaces1 n only ref9+ 8 capacity = p]ceiv+ tactile diff]5ces :i* are always gr[+ m simil>1 b also p]fect+ ! movem5t ( :i* he is ev] ga9+ great] ma/]y4 ,foll[+ ^! is a s]ies ( /uffs ( e k9d3 velvets1 sat9s1 silks1 wool5s1 cottons1 co>se & f9e l95s4 ,!re are two simil> pieces ( ea* k9d ( /uff1 & !y are ( bright & vivid colors4 ,! *ild is n[ taught a new movem5t4 ,:]e be=e he _h to t\*1 he mu/ n[ feel ! /uffs1 :i*1 accord+ to ! degree ( f95ess or co>s5ess f co>se cotton to f9e silk1 are felt ) movem5ts correspond+ly decisive or delicate4 ,! *ild ^: h& is already practis$ f9ds ! greate/ pleasure 9 feel+ ! /uffs1 &1 almo/ in/9ctively1 9 ord] to enhance 8 appreciation ( ! tactile s5sation he closes 8 eyes4 ,!n1 to sp>e himself ! ex]tion1 he bl9dfolds himself ) a clean h&k]*ief1 & z he feels ! /uffs1 he arranges ! simil> pieces 9 pairs1 "o ^u ! o!r1 !n1 tak+ (f ! h&k]*ief1 he asc]ta9s = himself :e!r he has made any mi/ake4 ,?is ex]cise 9 t\*+ & feel+ is peculi>ly attractive to ! *ild1 & induces him to seek simil> exp]i5ces 9 8 surr\nd+s4 ,a little "o1 attract$ by ! pretty /uff ( a visitor's dress1 w be se5 to g & wa% 8 h&s1 !n to come & t\* ! /uff ( ! g>m5t aga9 & aga9 ) inf9ite delicacy1 8 face mean:ile express+ 8 pleasure & int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a little lat] we %all see ! *ildr5 int]e/ !mselves 9 a mu* m difficult ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,wood ,,tablets ,,diff]+ ,,9 ,,weight4 ,!re are "s little rectangul> tablets :i* =m "p ( ! mat]ial4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,! tablets1 ?\gh ( id5tical size1 are made ( wood ( v>y+ qualities1 s t !y diff] 9 weight &1 ?r\gh ! prop]ty ( ! wood1 9 color also4 ,! *ild has to take a tablet & re/ x delicately on ! inn] surfaces ( 8 f\r f+]s1 spread+ !m well out4 ,?is w be ano!r opportunity ( tea*+ delicate movem5ts4 ,! h& mu/ move up & d[n z ?\gh to weigh ! object1 b ! movem5t mu/ be z imp]ceptible z possible4 ,^! little movem5ts %\ld dim9i% z ! capacity & att5tion = p]ceiv+ ! weight ( ! object becomes m acute & ! ex]cise w be p]fectly p]=m$ :5 ! *ild comes to p]ceive ! weight almo/ )\t any movem5t ( ! h&s4 ,x is only by ! repetition ( ! attempts t su* a result c be obta9$4 ,once ! *ildr5 are initiat$ into x by ! tea*]1 !y bl9dfold _! eyes & repeat by !mselves ^! ex]cises ( ! b>ic s5se4 ,= example1 !y lay ! heavi] wood5 tablets on ! "r & ! light] on ! left4 ,:5 ! *ild takes (f ! h&k]*ief1 he c see by ! color ( ! pieces ( wood if he has made a mi/ake4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a long "t be=e ?is difficult ex]cise1 & dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! *ild is work+ ) ! ?ree sorts ( geometrical solids & ) ! r\gh & smoo? tablets1 he c be ex]cis+ himself ) a mat]ial :i* is v attractive to him4 ,?is is ! set ( tablets cov]$ ) bright silk ( %ad$ colors4 ,! set consi/s ( two sep>ate boxes ea* conta9+ sixty-f\r colors2 t is1 eight diff]5t t9ts1 ea* ( :i* has eight %ades c>efully grad$4 ,! fir/ ex]cise = ! *ild is t ( pair+ ! colors2 t is1 he selects f a mix$ heap ( colors ! two tablets :i* are alike1 & lays !m out1 "o beside ! o!r4 ,! tea*] naturally does n (f] ! *ild all ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight tablets 9 a heap1 b *ooses only a few ( ! bright] colors1 = example1 r$1 blue & yell[1 & prep>es & mixes up ?ree or f\r pairs4 ,!n1 tak+ "o tablet--p]haps ! r$ "o--%e indicates to ! *ild t he is to *oose its c\nt]p>t f ! heap4 ,?is done1 ! tea*] lays ! pair toge!r on ! table4 ,!n %e takes p]haps ! blue & ! *ild selects ! tablet to =m ano!r pair4 ,! tea*] !n mixes ! tablets aga9 = ! *ild to repeat ! ex]cise by himself1 i4e41 to select ! two r$ tablets1 ! two blue1 ! two yell[1 etc41 & to place ! two memb]s ( ea* pair next to "o ano!r4 ,!n ! c\ples w be increas$ to f\r or five1 & little *ildr5 ( ?ree ye>s old end by pair+ ( _! own accord t5 or a doz5 c\ples ( mix$ tablets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,color ,,spools ,:5 ! *ild has giv5 8 eye suffici5t practise 9 recogniz+ ! id5tity ( ! pairs ( colors1 he is (f]$ ! %ades ( "o color only1 & he ex]cises himself 9 ! p]ception ( ! slighte/ diff]5ces ( %ade 9 e color4 ,take1 = example1 ! blue s]ies4 ,!re are eight tablets 9 graduat$ %ades4 ,! tea*] places !m "o beside ano!r1 beg9n+ ) ! d>ke/1 ) ! sole object ( mak+ ! *ild und]/& :at is to be done4 ,%e !n leaves him alone to ! int]e/+ attempts :i* he spontane\sly makes4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! *ild makes a mi/ake4 ,if he has und]/ood ! idea & makes a mi/ake1 x is a sign t he has n yet rea*$ ! /age ( p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! graduations ( "o color4 ,x is practise :i* p]fects 9 ! *ild t capacity = di/+ui%+ ! f9e diff]5ces1 & s we leave him alone to 8 attempts6 ,!re are two sugge/ions t we c make to help him4 ,! fir/ is t he %\ld always select ! d>ke/ color f ! pile4 ,?is sugge/ion greatly facilitates 8 *oice by giv+ x a con/ant direction4 ,secondly1 we c lead him to obs]ve f "t to "t any two colors t /& next to ea* o!r 9 ord] to comp>e !m directly & ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is way ! *ild does n place a tablet )\t a p>ticul> & c>eful comp>ison ) its neighbor4 ,f9ally1 ! *ild himself w love to mix ! sixty-f\r colors & !n to arrange !m 9 eight r[s ( pretty %ades ( color ) really surpris+ skill4 ,9 ?is ex]cise also ! *ild's h& is educat$ to p]=m f9e & delicate movem5ts & 8 m9d is af=d$ special tra9+ 9 att5tion4 ,he mu/ n take hold ( ! tablets anyh[1 he mu/ avoid t\*+ ! color$ silk1 & mu/ h&le ! tablets in/ead by ! pieces ( wood at ! top & bottom4 ,to arrange ! tablets next to "o ano!r 9 a /raight l9e at exactly ! same level1 s t ! s]ies looks l a beautiful %ad$ ribbon1 is an act :i* dem&s a manual skill only obta9$ aft] consid]able practise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! ex]cises ( ! *romatic s5se lead1 9 ! case ( ! old] *ildr51 to ! developm5t ( ! color memory4 ,a *ild hav+ look$ c>efully at a color1 is !n invit$ to look = its companion 9 a mix$ gr\p ( colors1 )\t1 ( c\rse1 keep+ ! color he has obs]v$ "u 8 eye to guide him4 ,x is1 !re=e1 by 8 memory t he recognizes ! color1 :i* he no long] comp>es ) a reality b ) an image impress$ ^u 8 m9d4 ,! *ildr5 are v fond ( ?is ex]cise 9 color memory2 x makes a lively digression = !m1 z !y run ) ! image ( a color 9 _! m9ds & look = its correspond+ reality 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,x is a real triumph = !m to id5tify ! idea ) ! correspond+ reality & to hold 9 _! h&s ! pro( ( ! m5tal p[] !y h acquir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r int]e/+ piece ( mat]ial is a little cab9et conta9+ six draw]s plac$ "o above ano!r4 ,:5 !y are op5$ !y display six squ>e wood5 frames 9 ea*4 7,fig4 #af47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,cab9et ,,) ,,draw]s ,,to ,,hold ,,geometrical ,,insets4 ,almo/ all ! frames h a l>ge geometrical figure ins]t$ 9 ! c5t]1 ea* color$ blue & provid$ ) a small button = a h&le4 ,ea* draw] is l9$ ) blue pap]1 & :5 ! geometrical figure is remov$1 ! bottom is se5 to reproduce exactly ! same =m4 ,! geometrical figures are arrang$ 9 ! draw]s accord+ to analogy ( =m4 7#a7 ,9 "o draw] !re are six circles decreas+ 9 diamet]4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,set ,,( ,,six ,,circles4 7#b7 ,9 ano!r !re is a squ>e1 toge!r ) five rectangles 9 :i* ! l5g? is always equal to ! side ( ! squ>e :ile ! bread? gradually decreases4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,set ,,( ,,six ,,rectangles4 7#c7 ,ano!r draw] conta9s six triangles1 :i* v>y ei!r accord+ to _! sides or accord+ to _! angles 7! equilat]al1 isosceles1 scal5e1 "r angl$1 obtuse angl$1 & acute angl$74 7,fig4 #ai47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,set ,,( ,,six ,,triangles4 7#d7 ,9 ano!r draw] !re are six regul> polygons conta9+ f five to t5 sides1 i4e41 ! p5tagon1 hexagon1 heptagon1 octagon1 nonagon1 & decagon4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,set ,,( ,,six ,,polygons4 7#e7 ,ano!r draw] conta9s v>i\s figures3 an oval1 an ellipse1 a rhombus1 & a trapezoid4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,set ,,( ,,six ,,irregul> ,,figures4 7#f7 ,f9ally1 !re are f\r pla9 wood5 tablets1 i4e41 )\t any geometrical inset1 :i* %\ld h no button fix$ to !m2 also two o!r irregul> geometrical figures4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,blanks ,,& ,,two ,,irregul> ,,figures4 ,connect$ ) ?is mat]ial !re is a wood5 frame furni%$ ) a k9d ( rack :i* op5s l a lid1 & s]ves1 :5 %ut1 to keep firmly 9 place six ( ! insets :i* may be arrang$ on ! bottom ( ! frame itself1 entirely cov]+ x4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,frame ,,to ,,hold ,,geometrical ,,insets4 ,?is frame is us$ = ! prep>ation ( ! fir/ pres5tation to ! *ild ( ! plane geometrical =ms4 ,! tea*] may select accord+ to h] own judgm5t c]ta9 =ms f among ! :ole s]ies at h] disposal4 ,at fir/ x is advisable to %[ ! *ild only a few figures :i* diff] v widely f "o ano!r 9 =m4 ,! next /ep is to pres5t a l>g] numb] ( figures1 & aft] ?is to pres5t consecutively figures m & m simil> 9 =m4 ,! fir/ figures to be arrang$ 9 ! frame w be1 = example1 ! circle & ! equilat]al triangle1 or ! circle1 ! triangle & ! squ>e4 ,! spaces :i* are left %\ld be cov]$ ) ! tablets ( pla9 wood4 ,gradually ! frame is completely fill$ ) figures2 fir/1 ) v dissimil> figures1 z1 = example1 a squ>e1 a v n>r[ rectangle1 a triangle1 a circle1 an ellipse & a hexagon1 or ) o!r figures 9 comb9ation4 ,aft]w>ds ! tea*]'s object w be to arrange figures simil> to "o ano!r 9 ! frame1 z1 = example1 ! set ( six rectangles1 six triangles1 six circles1 v>y+ 9 size1 etc4 ,?is ex]cise resembles t ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! insets are held by ! buttons & tak5 f _! places4 ,!y are !n mix$ on ! table & ! *ild is invit$ to put !m back 9 _! places4 ,"h also ! control ( ! error is 9 ! mat]ial1 = ! figure _c be ins]t$ p]fectly except :5 x is put 9 its own place4 ,h5ce a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ( attempts :i* end 9 victory4 ,! *ild is l$ to comp>e ! v>i\s =ms2 to realize 9 a concrete way ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m :5 an inset wrongly plac$ w n g into ! ap]ture4 ,9 ?is way he educates 8 eye to ! recognition ( =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,*ild ,,t\*+ ,,! ,,insets4 7,,montessori ,,s*ool1 ,,runton47 ,! new movem5t ( ! h& :i* ! *ild mu/ coord9ate is ( p>ticul> importance4 ,he is taught to t\* ! outl9e ( ! geometrical figures ) ! s(t tips ( ! index & middle f+] ( ! "r h&1 or ( ! left z well1 if "o believes 9 ambidext]ity4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,! *ild is made to t\* ! outl9e1 n only ( ! inset1 b also ( ! correspond+ ap]ture1 &1 only aft] hav+ t\*$ !m1 is he to put back ! inset into its place4 ,! recognition ( ! =m is r5d]$ mu* easi] 9 ?is way4 ,*ildr5 :o evid5tly d n recognize ! id5tities ( =m by ! eye & :o make absurd attempts to place ! mo/ div]se figures "o )9 ! o!r1 d recognize ! =ms aft] hav+ t\*$ _! outl9es1 & arrange !m v quickly 9 _! "r places4 ,! *ild's h& dur+ ?is ex]cise ( t\*+ ! outl9es ( ! geometrical figures has a concrete guide 9 ! object4 ,?is is especially true :5 he t\*es ! frames1 = 8 two f+]s h only to foll[ ! edge ( ! frame1 :i* acts z an ob/acle & is a v cle> guide4 ,! tea*] mu/ always int]v5e at ! />t to tea* accurately ?is movem5t1 :i* w h su* an importance 9 ! future4 ,%e mu/1 !re=e1 %[ ! *ild h[ to t\*1 n only by p]=m+ ! movem5t h]self sl[ly & cle>ly1 b also by guid+ ! *ild's h& itself dur+ 8 fir/ attempts1 s t he is sure to t\* all ! details--angles & sides4 ,:5 8 h& has le>n$ to p]=m ^! movem5ts ) precision & accuracy1 he w be really capable ( foll[+ ! outl9e ( a geometrical figure1 & ?r\gh _m repetitions ( ! ex]cise he w come to coord9ate ! movem5t necess>y = ! exact del9eation ( its =m4 ,?is ex]cise c\ld be call$ an indirect b v real prep>ation = draw+4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! prep>ation ( ! h& to trace an enclos$ =m4 ,! little h& :i* t\*es1 feels1 & kn[s h[ to foll[ a det]m9$ outl9e is prep>+ itself1 )\t kn[+ x1 = writ+4 ,! *ildr5 make a special po9t ( t\*+ ! outl9es ( ! plane insets ) accuracy4 ,!y !mselves h inv5t$ ! ex]cise ( bl9dfold+ _! eyes s z to recognize ! =ms by t\* only1 tak+ out & putt+ back ! insets )\t see+ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,s]ies ,,( ,,c>ds ,,) ,,geometrical ,,=ms4 ,correspond+ to e =m reproduc$ 9 ! plane insets !re are ?ree :ite c>ds squ>e 9 %ape & ( exactly ! same size z ! wood5 frames ( ! insets4 ,^! c>ds are kept 9 ?ree special c>dbo>d boxes1 almo/ cubic 9 =m4 7,fig4 #be47 ,on ! c>ds are repeat$1 9 ?ree s]ies1 ! same geometrical =ms z ^? ( ! plane insets4 ,! same measurem5ts ( ! figures also are exactly reproduc$4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ! =ms are fill$ 91 i4e41 !y are cut out 9 blue pap] & gumm$ on to ! c>d2 9 ! second s]ies !re is only an outl9e ab\t half a c5timet] 9 wid?1 :i* is cut out 9 ! same blue pap] & gumm$ to ! c>d2 9 ! ?ird s]ies1 h[ev]1 ! geometrical figures are in/ead outl9$ only 9 black ink4 ,by ! use ( ?is second piece ( ! mat]ial1 ! ex]cise ( ! eye is gradually br\ght to p]fection 9 ! recognition ( plane =ms4 ,9 fact1 !re is no long] ! concrete control ( error 9 ! mat]ial z !re 0 9 ! wood5 insets1 b ! *ild1 by 8 eye alone1 mu/ judge ( id5tities ( =m :51 in/ead ( fitt+ ! wood5 =ms into _! correspond+ ap]tures1 he simply re/s !m on ! c>dbo>d figure4 ,aga91 ! ref9em5t ( ! eye's p[] ( discrim9ation increases e "t ! *ild passes f "o s]ies ( c>ds to ! next1 & by ! "t t he has rea*$ ! ?ird s]ies1 he c see ! relation betwe5 a wood5 object1 :i* he holds 9 8 h&1 & an outl9e draw+2 t is1 he c connect ! concrete reality ) an ab/raction4 ,! l9e n[ assumes 9 8 eyes a v def9ite mean+2 & he accu/oms himself to recognize1 to int]pret & to judge ( =ms conta9$ by a simple outl9e4 ,! ex]cises are v>i\s2 ! *ildr5 !mselves inv5t !m4 ,"s love to spread out a numb] ( ! figures ( ! geometric insets be=e _! eyes1 & !n1 tak+ a h&ful ( ! c>ds & mix+ !m l play+ c>ds1 deal !m out z quickly z possible1 *oos+ ! figures correspond+ to ! pieces4 ,!n z a te/ ( _! *oice1 !y place ! wood5 pieces ^u ! =ms on ! c>ds4 ,at ?is ex]cise !y (t5 cov] :ole tables1 putt+ ! wood5 figures above1 & b5ea? ea* "o 9 a v]tical l9e1 ! ?ree correspond+ =ms ( ! c>dbo>d s]ies4 ,ano!r game inv5t$ by ! *ildr5 consi/s 9 putt+ out & mix+ all ! c>ds ( ! ?ree s]ies on two or ?ree adjo9+ tables4 ,! *ild !n takes a wood5 geometrical =m & places x1 z quickly z possible1 on ! correspond+ c>ds :i* he has recogniz$ at a glance among all ! re/4 ,f\r or five *ildr5 play ?is game toge!r1 & z soon z "o ( !m has f\nd1 = example1 ! fill$-9 figure correspond+ to ! wood5 piece1 & has plac$ ! piece c>efully & precisely ^u x1 ano!r *ild takes away ! piece 9 ord] to place x on ! same =m 9 outl9e4 ,! game is some:at sugge/ive ( *ess4 ,_m *ildr51 )\t any sugge/ion f any "o1 t\* ) ! f+] ! outl9e ( ! figures 9 ! ?ree s]ies ( c>ds1 do+ x ) s]i\sness ( purpose1 int]e/ & p]sev]ance4 ,we tea* ! *ildr5 to "n all ! =ms ( ! plane insets4 ,at fir/ ,i _h int5d$ to limit my tea*+ to ! mo/ important names1 su* z squ>e1 rectangle1 circle4 ,b ! *ildr5 want$ to "k all ! names1 tak+ pleasure 9 le>n+ ev5 ! mo/ difficult1 su* z trapezium1 & decagon4 ,!y also %[ great pleasure 9 li/5+ to ! exact pronunciation ( new words & 9 _! repetition4 ,e>ly *ildhood is1 9 fact1 ! age 9 :i* language is =m$1 & 9 :i* ! s\nds ( a =eign language c be p]fectly le>n$4 ,:5 ! *ild has _h long practise ) ! plane insets1 he beg9s to make discov]ies 9 8 environm5t1 recogniz+ =ms1 colors1 & qualities already kn[n to him--a result :i*1 9 g5]al1 foll[s aft] all ! s5sory ex]cises4 ,!n x is t a great en?usiasm is ar\s$ 9 him1 & ! _w becomes = him a s\rce ( pleasure4 ,a little boy1 walk+ "o day alone on ! ro( t]race1 repeat$ to himself ) a ?\ghtful expression on 8 face1 ,! sky is blue6 ! sky is blue6 ,once a c>d9al1 an admir] ( ! *ildr5 ( ! s*ool 9 ,via ,gui/i1 wi%$ himself to br+ !m "s biscuits & to enjoy ! sight ( a little gre$9ess among ! *ildr54 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ 8 di/ribution1 in/ead ( see+ ! *ildr5 put ! food ha/ily into _! m\?s1 to 8 great surprise he he>d !m call out1 ,a triangle6 a circle6 a rectangle6 ,9 fact1 ^! biscuits 7 made 9 geometrical %apes4 ,9 "o ( ! p's dwell+s at ,milan1 a "m1 prep>+ ! d9n] 9 ! kit*51 took f a packet a slice ( bread & butt]4 ,h] little f\r-ye>-old boy :o 0 ) h] said1 ,rectangle4 ,! woman go+ on ) h] "w cut (f a l>ge corn] ( ! slice ( bread1 & ! *ild cri$ out1 ,triangle4 ,%e put ?is bit into ! saucepan1 & ! *ild1 look+ at ! piece t 0 left1 call$ out m l\dly ?an be=e1 ,& n[ x is a trapezium4 ,! fa!r1 a work+ man1 :o 0 pres5t1 0 mu* impress$ ) ! incid5t4 ,he w5t /raight to look = ! tea*] & ask$ = an explanation4 ,mu* mov$1 he said1 ,if ,i _h be5 educat$ 9 t way ,i %\ld n be n[ j an ord9>y workman4 ,x 0 he :o lat] on arrang$ = a demon/ration to induce all ! workm5 ( ! dwell+s to take an int]e/ 9 ! s*ool4 ,!y end$ by pres5t+ ! tea*] ) a p>*m5t !y _h pa9t$ !mselves1 & on x1 betwe5 ! pictures ( little *ildr51 !y _h introduc$ e k9d ( geometrical =m4 ,z reg>ds ! t\*+ ( objects = ! realization ( _! =m1 !re is an inf9ite field ( discov]y op5 to ! *ild 9 8 environm5t4 ,*ildr5 h be5 se5 to /& opposite a beautiful pill> or a /atue &1 aft] hav+ admir$ x1 to close _! eyes 9 a /ate ( beatitude & pass _! h&s _m times ov] ! =ms4 ,"o ( our tea*]s met "o day 9 a *ur* two little bro!rs f ! s*ool 9 ,via ,gui/i4 ,!y 7 /&+ look+ at ! small columns support+ ! alt>4 ,little by little ! eld] boy edg$ ne>] ! columns & began to t\* !m1 !n1 z if he desir$ 8 little bro!r to %>e 8 pleasure1 he drew him ne>] &1 tak+ 8 h& v g5tly1 made him pass x r\nd ! smoo? & beautiful %ape ( ! column4 ,b a sacri/an came up at t mom5t & s5t away ^? tiresome *ildr5 :o 7 t\*+ ev]y?+4 ,! great pleasure :i* ! *ildr5 d]ive f ! recognition ( objects by t\*+ _! =m corresponds 9 itself to a s5sory ex]cise4 ,_m psy*ologi/s h spok5 ( ! /]eogno/ic s5se1 t is1 ! capacity ( recogniz+ =ms by ! movem5t ( ! muscles ( ! h& z x foll[s ! outl9es ( solid objects4 ,?is s5se does n consi/ only ( ! s5se ( t\*1 because ! tactile s5sation is only t by :i* we p]ceive ! diff]5ces 9 quality ( surfaces1 r\gh or smoo?4 ,p]ception ( =m comes f ! comb9ation ( two s5sations1 tactile & muscul>1 muscul> s5sations be+ s5sations ( movem5t4 ,:at we call 9 ! bl9d ! tactile s5se is 9 reality m (t5 ! /]eogno/ic s5se4 ,t is1 !y p]ceive by means ( _! h&s ! =m ( bodies4 ,x is ! special muscul> s5sibility ( ! *ild f ?ree to six ye>s ( age :o is =m+ 8 own muscul> activity :i* /imulates him to use ! /]eogno/ic s5se4 ,:5 ! *ild spontane\sly bl9dfolds 8 eyes 9 ord] to recognize v>i\s objects1 su* z ! plane & solid insets1 he is ex]cis+ ?is s5se4 ,!re are _m ex]cises :i* he c d to enable him to recognize ) clos$ eyes objects ( well def9$ %apes1 z1 = example1 ! little bricks & cubes ( ,froebel1 m>bles1 co9s1 beans1 peas1 etc4 ,f a selection ( diff]5t objects mix$ toge!r he c pick out ^? t are alike1 & arrange !m 9 sep>ate heaps4 ,9 ! didactic mat]ial !re are also geometrical solids--pale blue 9 color--a sph]e1 a prism1 a pyramid1 a cone1 a cyl9d]4 ,! mo/ attractive way ( tea*+ a *ild to recognize ^! =ms is = him to t\* !m ) clos$ eyes & guess _! names1 ! latt] le>n$ 9 a way :i* ,i w describe lat]4 ,aft] an ex]cise ( ?is k9d ! *ild :5 8 eyes are op5 obs]ves ! =ms ) a mu* m lively int]e/4 ,ano!r way ( int]e/+ him 9 ! solid geometrical =ms is to make !m move4 ,! sph]e rolls 9 e direction2 ! cyl9d] rolls 9 "o direction only2 ! cone rolls r\nd itself2 ! prism & ! pyramid1 h[ev]1 /& /ill1 b ! prism falls ov] m easily ?an ! pyramid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,s\nd ,,boxes4 ,little m rema9s ( ! didactic mat]ial = ! education ( ! s5ses4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a s]ies ( six c>dbo>d cyl9d]s1 ei!r clos$ entirely or ) wood5 cov]s4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,:5 ^! cases are %ak5 !y produce s\nds v>y+ 9 int5sity f l\d to almo/ imp]ceptible s\nds1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! objects inside ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is a d\ble act ( ^!1 & ! ex]cise consi/s1 fir/1 9 ! recognition ( s\nds ( equal int5sity1 arrang+ ! cyl9d]s 9 pairs4 ,! next ex]cise consi/s 9 ! comp>ison ( "o s\nd ) ano!r2 t is1 ! *ild arranges ! six cyl9d]s 9 a s]ies accord+ to ! l\dness ( s\nd :i* !y produce4 ,! ex]cise is analog\s to t ) ! color spools1 :i* also are pair$ & !n arrang$ 9 gradation4 ,9 ?is case also ! *ild p]=ms ! ex]cise seat$ com=tably at a table4 ,aft] a prelim9>y explanation f ! tea*] he repeats ! ex]cise by himself1 8 eyes be+ bl9dfold$ t he may bett] conc5trate 8 att5tion4 ,we may conclude ) a g5]al rule = ! direction ( ! education ( ! s5ses4 ,! ord] ( proc$ure %\ld be3 7#a7 ,recognition ( id5tities 7! pair+ ( simil> objects & ! ins]tion ( solid =ms into places :i* fit !m74 7#b7 ,recognition ( contra/s 7! pres5tation ( ! extremes ( a s]ies ( objects74 7#c7 ,discrim9ation betwe5 objects v simil> to "o ano!r4 ,to conc5trate ! att5tion ( ! *ild ^u ! s5sory /imulus :i* is act+ ^u him at a p>ticul> mom5t1 x is well1 z f> z possible1 to isolate ! s5se2 = in/ance1 to obta9 sil5ce 9 ! room = all ! ex]cises & to bl9dfold ! eyes = ^? p>ticul> ex]cises :i* d n relate to ! education ( ! s5se ( sight4 ,! c9ematograph pictures give a g5]al idea ( all ! s5se ex]cises :i* ! *ildr5 c d ) ! mat]ial1 & any "o :o has be5 initiat$ into ! !ory on :i* ^! are bas$ w be able gradually to recognize !m z !y are se5 practically c>ri$ out4 ,x is v advisable = ^? :o wi% to guide ! *ildr5 9 ^! s5sory ex]cises to beg9 !mselves by work+ ) ! didactic mat]ial4 ,! exp]i5ce w give !m "s idea ( :at ! *ildr5 mu/ feel1 ( ! difficulties :i* !y mu/ ov]come1 etc41 &1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x w give !m "s conception ( ! int]e/ :i* ^! ex]cises c ar\se 9 !m4 ,:oev] makes su* exp]im5ts himself w be mo/ /ruck by ! fact t1 :5 bl9dfold$1 he f9ds t all ! s5sations ( t\* & he>+ really appe> m acute & m easily recogniz$4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is alone no small int]e/ w be ar\s$ 9 ! exp]im5t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! beg9n+ ( ! education ( ! musical s5se1 we use 9 ,rome a mat]ial :i* does n =m "p ( ! didactic app>atus z x is sold at pres5t4 ,x consi/s ( a d\ble s]ies ( bells =m+ an octave ) tones & semitones4 ,^! metal bells1 :i* /& ^u a wood5 rectangul> base1 are all alike 9 appe>ance1 b1 :5 /ruck ) a little wood5 hamm]1 give out s\nds correspond+ to ! notes doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 lah1 ti1 doh1 doh %>p1 re %>p1 fah %>p1 soh %>p1 lah %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,musical ,scale 7,*romatic7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,musical ,,bells4 ,"o s]ies ( bells is arrang$ 9 *romatic ord] ^u a long bo>d1 ^u :i* are pa9t$ rectangul> spaces :i* are black & :ite & ( ! same size z ! bases :i* support ! bells4 ,z on a pian(orte keybo>d1 ! :ite spaces correspond to ! tones1 & ! black to ! semitones4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,at fir/ ! only bells to be arrang$ ^u ! bo>d are ^? :i* correspond to ! tones2 ^! are set ^u ! :ite spaces 9 ! ord] ( ! musical notes1 doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 lah1 ti1 doh4 ,to p]=m ! fir/ ex]cise ! *ild /rikes ) a small hamm] ! fir/ note ( ! s]ies already arrang$ 7doh74 ,!n among a second s]ies ( correspond+ bells :i*1 arrang$ )\t ! semitones1 are mix$ toge!r ^u ! table1 he tries1 by /rik+ ! bells "o aft] ! o!r1 to f9d ! s\nd :i* is ! same z ! fir/ "o he has /ruck 7doh74 ,:5 he has succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! correspond+ s\nd1 he puts ! bell ?us *os5 opposite ! fir/ "o 7doh7 ^u ! bo>d4 ,!n he /rikes ! second bell1 re1 once or twice2 !n f among ! mix$ gr\p ( bells he makes exp]im5ts until he recognizes re1 :i* he places opposite ! second bell ( ! s]ies already arrang$4 ,he cont9ues 9 ! same way "r to ! end1 look+ = ! id5tity ( ! s\nds & p]=m+ an ex]cise ( pair+ simil> to t already done 9 ! case ( ! s\nd-boxes1 ! colors1 etc4 ,lat]1 he le>ns 9 ord] ! s\nds ( ! musical scale1 /rik+ 9 rapid succession ! bells arrang$ 9 ord]1 & also accompany+ 8 action ) 8 voice--doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 lah1 ti1 doh4 ,:5 he is able to recognize & rememb] ! s]ies ( s\nds1 ! *ild takes ! eight bells &1 aft] mix+ !m up1 he tries by /rik+ !m ) ! hamm]1 to f9d doh1 !n re1 etc4 ,e "t t he takes a new note1 he /rikes f ! beg9n+ all ! bells already recogniz$ & arrang$ 9 ord]--doh1 re1 doh1 re1 mi2 doh1 re1 mi1 fah2 doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 etc4 ,9 ?is way he succe$s 9 arrang+ all ! bells 9 ! ord] ( ! scale1 guid$ only by 8 e>1 & hav+ succe$$1 he /rikes all ! notes "o aft] ! o!r up & d[n ! scale4 ,?is ex]cise fasc9ates *ildr5 f five ye>s old upw>ds4 ,if ! objects :i* h be5 describ$ con/itute ! didactic mat]ial = ! beg9n+s ( a me?odical education ( ! auditory s5se1 ,i h no desire to limit to !m an educational process :i* is s important & already s complex 9 its practise1 :e!r 9 ! long e/abli%$ me?ods ( treatm5t = ! deaf1 or 9 mod]n physiological musical education4 ,9 fact1 ,i also use resonant metal tubes1 small b>s ( wood :i* emit musical notes1 & /r+s 7little h>ps71 ^u :i* ! *ildr5 seek to recognize ! tones !y h already le>n$ ) ! ex]cise ( ! bells4 ,! pian(orte may also be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,9 ?is way ! diff]5ce 9 timbre comes to be p]ceiv$ toge!r ) ! diff]5ces 9 tone4 ,at ! same "t v>i\s ex]cises1 already m5tion$1 su* z ! m>*es play$ on ! piano = rhy?mic ex]cises1 & ! simple songs sung by ! *ildr5 !mselves1 (f] ext5sive means = ! developm5t ( ! musical s5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to quick5 ! *ild's att5tion 9 special relation to s\nds !re is a mo/ important ex]cise :i*1 contr>y to all attempts made up to ?is "t 9 ! practise ( education1 consi/s n 9 produc+ b 9 elim9at+1 z f> z possible1 all s\nds f ! environm5t4 ,my lesson ( sil5ce has be5 v widely appli$1 ev5 9 s*ools :]e ! re/ ( my me?od has n f\nd its way1 = ! sake ( its practical effect ^u ! discipl9e ( ! *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 are taught n to move2 to inhibit all ^? motor impulses :i* may arise f any cause :atsoev]1 & 9 ord] to induce 9 !m real immobility1 x is necess>y to initiate !m 9 ! control ( all _! movem5ts4 ,! tea*]1 !n1 does n limit h]self to say+1 ,sit /ill1 b %e gives !m ! example h]self1 %[+ !m h[ to sit absolutely /ill2 t is1 ) feet /ill1 body /ill1 arms /ill1 head /ill4 ,! respiratory movem5ts %\ld also be p]=m$ 9 su* a way z to produce no s\nd4 ,! *ildr5 mu/ be taught h[ to succe$ 9 ?is ex]cise4 ,! fundam5tal condition is t ( f9d+ a com=table position1 i4e41 a position ( equilibrium4 ,z !y are seat$ = ?is ex]cise1 !y mu/ !re=e make !mselves com=table ei!r 9 _! little *airs or on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 immobility is obta9$1 ! room is half-d>k5$1 or else ! *ildr5 close _! eyes1 or cov] !m ) _! h&s4 ,x is q pla9 to see t ! *ildr5 take a great int]e/ 9 ! ,sil5ce2 !y seem to give !mselves up to a k9d ( spell3 !y might be said to be wrapp$ 9 m$itation4 ,little by little1 z ea* *ild1 wat*+ himself1 becomes m & m /ill1 ! sil5ce deep5s till x becomes absolute & c be felt1 j z ! twilight gradually deep5s :il/ ! sun is sett+4 ,!n x is t slight s\nds1 unnotic$ be=e1 are he>d2 ! tick+ ( ! clock1 ! *irp ( a sp>r[ 9 ! g>d51 ! flight ( a butt]fly4 ,! _w becomes full ( imp]ceptible s\nds :i* invade t deep sil5ce )\t di/urb+ x1 j z ! />s %9e out 9 ! d>k sky )\t bani%+ ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,x is almo/ ! discov]y ( a new _w :]e !re is re/4 ,x is1 z x 71 ! twilight ( ! _w ( l\d noises & ( ! upro> t oppresses ! _s4 ,at su* a "t ! _s is set free & op5s out l ! corolla ( ! convolvulus4 ,& leav+ metaphor = ! reality ( facts1 c we n all recall feel+s t h possess$ u at sunset1 :5 all ! vivid impressions ( ! day1 ! brightness & clamor1 are sil5c$8 ,x is n t we miss ! day1 b t our _s exp&s4 ,x becomes m s5sitive to ! inn] play ( emotions1 /rong & p]si/5t1 or *angeful & s]5e4 ,x 0 t h\r :5 m>9]s feel long+1 ,& he>ts gr[ t5d]4 7,dante1 trans4 ,longfell[47 ,! lesson ( sil5ce ends ) a g5]al call+ ( ! *ildr5's names4 ,! tea*]1 or "o ( ! *ildr51 takes h] place beh9d ! class or 9 an adjo9+ room1 & calls ! motionless *ildr51 "o by "o1 by "n2 ! call is made 9 a :isp]1 t is1 )\t vocal s\nd4 ,?is dem&s a close att5tion on ! "p ( ! *ild1 if he is to he> 8 "n4 ,:5 8 "n is call$ he mu/ rise & f9d 8 way to ! voice :i* call$ him2 8 movem5ts mu/ be light & vigilant1 & s controll$ z to make no noise4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h become acqua9t$ ) sil5ce1 _! he>+ is 9 a mann] ref9$ = ! p]ception ( s\nds4 ,^? s\nds :i* are too l\d become gradually displeas+ to ! e> ( "o :o has kn[n ! pleasure ( sil5ce1 & has discov]$ ! _w ( delicate s\nds4 ,f ?is po9t ! *ildr5 gradually g on to p]fect !mselves2 !y walk lightly1 take c>e n to knock aga9/ ! furniture1 move _! *airs )\t noise1 & place ?+s ^u ! table ) great c>e4 ,! result ( ?is is se5 9 ! grace ( c>riage & ( movem5t1 :i* is especially delightful on acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* x has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,x is n a grace taught ext]nally = ! sake ( beauty or reg>d = ! _w1 b "o :i* is born ( ! pleasure felt by ! _s 9 immobility & sil5ce4 ,! s\l ( ! *ild wi%es to free itself f ! irksom5ess ( s\nds t are too l\d1 f ob/acles to its peace dur+ "w4 ,^! *ildr51 ) ! grace ( pages to a noble "l1 are s]v+ _! spirits4 ,?is ex]cise develops v def9itely ! social _s4 ,no o!r lesson1 no o!r situation1 c\ld d ! same4 ,a pr(\nd sil5ce c be obta9$ ev5 :5 m ?an fifty *ildr5 are cr[d$ toge!r 9 a small space1 provid$ t all ! *ildr5 "k h[ to keep /ill & want to d x2 b "o di/urb] is en\gh to take away ! *>m4 ,"h is demon/ration ( ! coop]ation ( all ! memb]s ( a community to a*ieve a common end4 ,! *ildr5 gradually %[ increas$ p[] ( inhibition2 _m ( !m1 r ?an di/urb ! sil5ce1 refra9 f bru%+ a fly (f ! nose1 or suppress a c\gh or sneeze4 ,! same exhibition ( collective action is se5 9 ! c>e ) :i* ! *ildr5 move to avoid mak+ a noise dur+ _! "w4 ,! lightness ) :i* !y run on tiptoe1 ! grace ) :i* !y %ut a cupbo>d1 or lay an object on ! table1 ^! are qualities t mu/ be acquir$ by all1 if ! environm5t is to become tranquil & free f di/urbance4 ,"o rebel is suffici5t to m> ?is a*ievem5t2 "o noisy *ild1 walk+ on 8 heels or bang+ ! door1 c di/urb ! peaceful atmosph]e ( ! small community4 ,,language ,,& ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,! special importance ( ! s5se ( he>+ comes f ! fact t x is ! s5se organ connect$ ) spee*4 ,!re=e1 to tra9 ! *ild's att5tion to foll[ s\nds & noises :i* are produc$ 9 ! environm5t1 to recognize !m & to discrim9ate betwe5 !m1 is to prep>e 8 att5tion to foll[ m accurately ! s\nds ( articulate language4 ,! tea*] mu/ be c>eful to pron\nce cle>ly & completely ! s\nds ( ! ^w :5 %e speaks to a *ild1 ev5 ?\gh %e may be speak+ 9 a l[ voice1 almo/ z if tell+ him a secret4 ,! *ildr5's songs are also a good means = obta9+ exact pronunciation4 ,! tea*]1 :5 %e tea*es !m1 pron\nces sl[ly1 sep>at+ ! compon5t s\nds ( ! ^w pron\nc$4 ,b a special opportunity = tra9+ 9 cle> & exact spee* occurs :5 ! lessons are giv5 9 ! nom5clature relat+ to ! s5sory ex]cises4 ,9 e ex]cise1 :5 ! *ild has recogniz$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! qualities ( ! objects1 ! tea*] fixes ! idea ( ?is quality ) a ^w4 ,?us1 :5 ! *ild has _m times built & rebuilt ! t[] ( ! p9k cubes1 at an opportune mom5t ! tea*] draws ne> him1 & tak+ ! two extreme cubes1 ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/1 & %[+ !m to him1 says1 ,?is is l>ge2 ,?is is small4 ,! two words only1 l>ge & small1 are pron\nc$ sev]al times 9 succession ) /rong emphasis & ) a v cle> pronunciation1 ,?is is l>ge1 l>ge1 l>ge2 aft] :i* !re is a mom5t's pause4 ,!n ! tea*]1 to see if ! *ild has und]/ood1 v]ifies ) ! foll[+ te/s3 ,give me ! l>ge "o4 ,give me ! small "o4 ,aga91 ,! l>ge "o4 ,n[ ! small "o4 ,give me ! l>ge "o4 ,!n !re is ano!r pause4 ,f9ally1 ! tea*]1 po9t+ to ! objects 9 turn asks1 ,:at is ?is8 ,! *ild1 if he has le>n$1 replies rightly1 ,l>ge1 ,small4 ,! tea*] !n urges ! *ild to repeat ! words always m cle>ly & z accurately z possible4 ,:at is x8 ,l>ge4 ,:at8 ,l>ge4 ,tell me nicely1 :at is x8 ,l>ge4 ,l>ge & small objects are ^? :i* diff] only 9 size & n 9 =m2 t is1 all ?ree dim5sions *ange m or less proportionally4 ,we %\ld say t a h\se is l>ge & a hut is small4 ,:5 two pictures repres5t ! same objects 9 diff]5t dim5sions "o c be said to be an enl>gem5t ( ! o!r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 only ! dim5sions ref]r+ to ! section ( ! object *ange1 :ile ! l5g? rema9s ! same1 ! objects are respectively ?ick & ?94 ,we %\ld say ( two po/s ( equal height1 b diff]5t cross-section1 t "o is ?ick & ! o!r is ?94 ,! tea*]1 !re=e1 gives a lesson on ! br[n prisms simil> to t ) ! cubes 9 ! ?ree p]iods :i* ,i h describ$3 ,p]iod #a4 ,nam+4 ,?is is ?ick4 ,?is is ?94 ,p]iod #b4 ,recognition4 ,give me ! ?ick4 ,give me ! ?94 ,p]iod #c4 ,! ,pronunciation ( ! ,^w4 ,:at is ?is8 ,!re is a way ( help+ ! *ild to recognize diff]5ces 9 dim5sion & to place ! objects 9 correct gradation4 ,aft] ! lesson :i* ,i h describ$1 ! tea*] scatt]s ! br[n prisms1 = in/ance1 on a c>pet1 says to ! *ild1 ,give me ! ?icke/ ( all1 & lays ! object on a table4 ,!n1 aga91 %e invites ! *ild to look = ! ?icke/ piece among ^? scatt]$ on ! floor1 & e "t ! piece *os5 is laid 9 its ord] on ! table next to ! piece previ\sly *os54 ,9 ?is way ! *ild accu/oms himself always to look ei!r = ! ?icke/ or ! ?9ne/ among ! re/1 & s has a guide to help him to lay ! pieces 9 gradation4 ,:5 !re is "o dim5sion only :i* v>ies1 z 9 ! case ( ! rods1 ! objects are said to be long & %ort1 ! v>y+ dim5sion be+ l5g?4 ,:5 ! v>y+ dim5sion is height1 ! objects are said to be tall & %ort2 :5 ! bread? v>ies1 !y are broad & n>r[4 ,( ^! ?ree v>ieties we (f] ! *ild z a fundam5tal lesson only t 9 :i* ! l5g? v>ies1 & we tea* ! diff]5ces by means ( ! usual ?ree p]iods1 & by ask+ him to select f ! pile at "o "t always ! longe/1 at ano!r always ! %orte/4 ,! *ild 9 ?is way acquires great accuracy 9 ! use ( words4 ,"o day ! tea*] _h rul$ ! blackbo>d ) v f9e l9es4 ,a *ild said1 ,:at small l9es6 ,!y are n small1 correct$ ano!r2 !y are ?94 ,:5 ! names to be taught are ^? ( colors or ( =ms1 s t x is n necess>y to emphasize contra/ betwe5 extremes1 ! tea*] c give m ?an two names at ! same "t1 z1 = in/ance1 ,?is is r$4 ,?is is blue4 ,?is is yell[4 ,or1 aga91 ,?is is a squ>e4 ,?is is a triangle4 ,?is is a circle4 ,9 ! case ( a gradation1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] w select 7if %e is tea*+ ! colors7 ! two extremes d>k & light1 !n mak+ *oice always ( ! d>ke/ & ! lighte/4 ,_m ( ! lessons "h describ$ c be se5 9 ! c9ematograph pictures2 lessons on t\*+ ! plane insets & ! surfaces1 9 walk+ on ! l9e1 9 color memory1 9 ! nom5clature relat+ to ! cubes & ! long rods1 9 ! composition ( words1 read+1 writ+1 etc4 ,by means ( ^! lessons ! *ild comes to "k _m words v ?or\ghly--l>ge1 small2 ?ick1 ?92 long1 %ort2 d>k1 light2 r\gh1 smoo?2 heavy1 light2 hot1 cold2 & ! names ( _m colors & geometrical =ms4 ,su* words d n relate to any p>ticul> object1 b to a psy*ic acquisition on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,9 fact1 ! "n is giv5 aft] a long ex]cise1 9 :i* ! *ild1 conc5trat+ 8 att5tion on diff]5t qualities ( objects1 has made comp>isons1 reason$1 & =m$ judgm5ts1 until he has acquir$ a p[] ( discrim9ation :i* he did n possess be=e4 ,9 a ^w1 he has ref9$ 8 s5ses2 8 obs]vation ( ?+s has be5 ?or\gh & fundam5tal2 he has *ang$ himself4 ,he f9ds himself1 !re=e1 fac+ ! _w ) psy*ic qualities ref9$ & quick5$4 ,8 p[]s ( obs]vation & ( recognition h greatly increas$4 ,fur!r1 ! m5tal images :i* he has succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ are n a confus$ m$ley2 !y are all classifi$--=ms are di/9ct f dim5sions1 & dim5sions are class$ accord+ to ! qualities :i* result f ! comb9ations ( v>y+ dim5sions4 ,all ^! are q di/9ct f gradations4 ,colors are divid$ accord+ to t9t & to ri*ness ( tone1 sil5ce is di/9ct f non-sil5ce1 noises f s\nds1 & ev]y?+ has its own exact & appropriate "n4 ,! *ild !n has n only develop$ 9 himself special qualities ( obs]vation & ( judgm5t1 b ! objects :i* he obs]ves may be said to g into _! place1 accord+ to ! ord] e/abli%$ 9 8 m9d1 & !y are plac$ "u _! appropriate "n 9 an exact classification4 ,does n ! /ud5t ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces prep>e himself 9 ! same way to obs]ve ! outside _w8 ,he may f9d himself l ! un$ucat$ man 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ div]se natural objects1 b he diff]s f ! un$ucat$ man 9 t he has special qualities = obs]vation4 ,if he is a work] ) ! microscope1 8 eyes are tra9$ to see 9 ! range ( ! microscope c]ta9 m9ute details :i* ! ord9>y man _c di/+ui%4 ,if he is an a/ronom]1 he w look ?r\gh ! same telescope z ! curi\s visitor or dilettante1 b he w see mu* m cle>ly4 ,! same plants surr\nd ! botani/ & ! ord9>y wayf>]1 b ! botani/ sees 9 e plant ^? qualities :i* are classifi$ 9 8 m9d1 & assigns to ea* plant its own place 9 ! natural ord]s1 giv+ x its exact "n4 ,x is ?is capacity = recogniz+ a plant 9 a complex ord] ( classification :i* di/+ui%es ! botani/ f ! ord9>y g>d5]1 & x is exact & sci5tific language :i* *>act]izes ! tra9$ obs]v]4 ,n[1 ! sci5ti/ :o has develop$ special qualities ( obs]vation & :o possesses an ord] 9 :i* to classify ext]nal objects w be ! man to make sci5tific discov]ies4 ,x w nev] be he :o1 )\t prep>ation & ord]1 w&]s dream+ among plants or b5ea? ! />lit sky4 ,9 fact1 our little ones h ! impression ( cont9ually mak+ discov]ies 9 ! _w ab\t !m2 & 9 ?is !y f9d ! greate/ joy4 ,!y take f ! _w a k :i* is ord]$ & inspires !m ) en?usiasm4 ,into _! m9ds !re ent]s ! ,creation in/ead ( ! ,*aos2 & x seems t _! s\ls f9d !re9 a div9e exultation4 ,,fre$om ,! success ( ^! results is closely connect$ ) ! delicate int]v5tion ( ! "o :o guides ! *ildr5 9 _! developm5t4 ,x is necess>y = ! tea*] to guide ! *ild )\t lett+ him feel h] pres5ce too mu*1 s t %e may be always ready to supply ! desir$ help1 b may nev] be ! ob/acle betwe5 ! *ild & 8 exp]i5ce4 ,a lesson 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w cools ! *ild's en?usiasm = ! k ( ?+s1 j z x w\ld cool ! en?usiasm ( adults4 ,to keep alive t en?usiasm is ! secret ( real guidance1 & x w n prove a difficult task1 provid$ t ! attitude t[>ds ! *ild's acts be t ( respect1 calm & wait+1 & provid$ t he be left free 9 8 movem5ts & 9 8 exp]i5ces4 ,!n we %all notice t ! *ild has a p]sonality :i* he is seek+ to exp&2 he has initiative1 he *ooses 8 own "w1 p]si/s 9 x1 *anges x accord+ to 8 inn] ne$s2 he does n %irk ef=t1 he r goes 9 se>* ( x1 & ) great joy ov]comes ob/acles )9 8 capacity4 ,he is sociable to ! ext5t ( want+ to %>e ) e "o 8 successes1 8 discov]ies1 & 8 little triumphs4 ,!re is !re=e no ne$ ( int]v5tion4 ,wait :ile obs]v+4 ,t is ! motto = ! educator4 ,let u wait1 & be always ready to %>e 9 bo? ! joys & ! difficulties :i* ! *ild exp]i5ces4 ,he himself invites our sympa?y1 & we %\ld respond fully & gladly4 ,let u h endless pati5ce ) 8 sl[ progress1 & %[ en?usiasm & gladness at 8 successes4 ,if we c\ld say3 ,we are respectful & c\rte\s 9 our deal+s ) *ildr51 we treat !m z we %\ld l to be treat$ ourselves1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h ma/]$ a great educational pr9ciple & und\bt$ly be sett+ an example ( good education4 ,:at we all desire = ourselves1 namely1 n to be di/urb$ 9 our "w1 n to f9d h9drances to our ef=ts1 to h good fri5ds ready to help u 9 times ( ne$1 to see !m rejoice ) u1 to be on t]ms ( equality ) !m1 to be able to confide & tru/ 9 !m--?is is :at we ne$ = happy companion%ip4 ,9 ! same way *ildr5 are human be+s to :om respect is due1 sup]ior to u by reason ( _! innoc5ce & ( ! great] possibilities ( _! future4 ,:at we desire !y desire also4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 we d n respect our *ildr54 ,we try to =ce !m to foll[ u )\t reg>d to _! special ne$s4 ,we are ov]be>+ ) !m1 & above all1 rude2 & !n we expect !m to be submissive & well-behav$1 kn[+ all ! "t h[ /rong is _! in/9ct ( imitation & h[ t\*+ _! fai? 9 & admiration ( u4 ,!y w imitate u 9 any case4 ,let u treat !m1 !re=e1 ) all ! k9dness :i* we w\ld wi% to help to develop 9 !m4 ,& by k9dness is n meant c>esses4 ,%\ld we n call anyone :o embrac$ u at ! fir/ "t ( meet+ rude1 vulg> & ill-br$8 ,k9dness consi/s 9 int]pret+ ! wi%es ( o!rs1 9 con=m+ "o's self to !m1 & sacrific+1 if ne$ be1 "o's own desire4 ,?is is ! k9dness :i* we mu/ %[ t[>ds *ildr54 ,to f9d ! int]pretation ( *ildr5's desires we mu/ /udy !m sci5tifically1 = _! desires are (t5 unconsci\s4 ,!y are ! inn] cry ( life1 :i* wi%es to unfold accord+ to my/]i\s laws4 ,we "k v little ( ! way 9 :i* x unfolds4 ,c]ta9ly ! *ild is gr[+ into a man by =ce ( a div9e action simil> to t by :i* f no?+ he became a *ild4 ,our int]v5tion 9 ?is m>vel\s process is indirect2 we are "h to (f] to ?is life1 :i* came into ! _w by itself1 ! means necess>y = its developm5t1 & hav+ done t we mu/ await ?is developm5t ) respect4 ,let u leave ! life free to develop )9 ! limits ( ! good1 & let u obs]ve ?is inn] life develop+4 ,?is is ! :ole ( our mission4 ,p]haps z we wat* we %all be rem9d$ ( ! words ( ,him :o 0 absolutely good1 ,suff] ! little *ildr5 to come unto ,me4 ,t is to say1 ,d n h9d] !m f com+1 s9ce1 if !y are left free & unhamp]$1 !y w come4 ,,writ+ ,! *ild :o has complet$ all ! ex]cises above describ$1 & is ?us prep>$ = an advance t[>ds unexpect$ conque/s1 is ab\t f\r ye>s old4 ,he is n an unkn[n quantity1 z are *ildr5 :o h be5 left to ga9 v>i$ & casual exp]i5ces by !mselves1 & :o !re=e diff] 9 type & intellectual /&>d1 n only accord+ to _! natures1 b especially accord+ to ! *ances & opportunities !y h f\nd = _! spontane\s inn] =mation4 ,education has det]m9$ an environm5t = ! *ildr54 ,individual diff]5ces to be f\nd 9 !m c1 !re=e1 be put d[n almo/ exclusively to ea* "o's individual nature4 ,ow+ to _! environm5t :i* (f]s means adapt$ & measur$ to meet ! ne$s ( _! psy*ical developm5t1 our *ildr5 h acquir$ a fundam5tal type :i* is common to all4 ,!y h coord9at$ _! movem5ts 9 v>i\s k9ds ( manual "w ab\t ! h\se1 & s h acquir$ a *>act]i/ic indep5d5ce ( action1 & initiative 9 ! adaptation ( _! actions to _! environm5t4 ,out ( all ?is em]ges a p]sonality1 = ! *ildr5 h become little m51 :o are self-reliant4 ,! special att5tion necess>y to h&le small fragile objects )\t break+ !m1 & to move heavy articles )\t mak+ a noise1 has end[$ ! movem5ts ( ! :ole body ) a lightness & grace :i* are *>act]i/ic ( our *ildr54 ,x is a deep feel+ ( responsibility :i* has br\ght !m to su* a pit* ( p]fection4 ,= in/ance1 :5 !y c>ry ?ree or f\r tumbl]s at a "t1 or a ture5 ( hot s\p1 !y "k t !y are responsible n only = ! objects1 b also = ! success ( ! meal :i* at t mom5t !y are direct+4 ,9 ! same way ea* *ild feels ! responsibility ( ! sil5ce1 ( ! prev5tion ( h>% s\nds1 & he kn[s h[ to coop]ate = ! g5]al good 9 keep+ ! environm5t1 n only ord]ly1 b quiet & calm4 ,inde$1 our *ildr5 h tak5 ! road :i* leads !m to ma/]y ( !mselves4 ,b _! =mation is due to a deep] psy*ological "w /ill1 aris+ f ! education ( ! s5ses4 ,9 addition to ord]+ _! environm5t & ord]+ !mselves 9 _! outw>d p]sonalities1 !y h also ord]$ ! inn] _w ( _! m9ds4 ,! didactic mat]ial1 9 fact1 does n (f] to ! *ild ! cont5t ( ! m9d1 b ! ord] = t cont5t4 ,x causes him to di/+ui% id5tities f diff]5ces1 extreme diff]5ces f f9e gradations1 & to classify1 "u conceptions ( quality & ( quantity1 ! mo/ v>y+ s5sations app]ta9+ to surfaces1 colors1 dim5sions1 =ms & s\nds4 ,! m9d has =m$ itself by a special ex]cise ( att5tion1 obs]v+1 comp>+1 & classify+4 ,! m5tal attitude acquir$ by su* an ex]cise leads ! *ild to make ord]$ obs]vations 9 8 environm5t1 obs]vations :i* prove z int]e/+ to him z discov]ies1 & s /imulate him to multiply !m indef9itely & to =m 9 8 m9d a ri* cont5t ( cle> ideas4 ,language n[ comes to fix by means ( exact words ! ideas :i* ! m9d has acquir$4 ,^! words are few 9 numb] & h ref]5ce1 n to sep>ate objects1 b r to ! ord] ( ! ideas :i* h be5 =m$ 9 ! m9d4 ,9 ?is way ! *ildr5 are able to f9d !mselves1 alike 9 ! _w ( natural ?+s & 9 ! _w ( objects & ( words :i* surr\nd !m1 = !y h an inn] guide :i* leads !m to become active & intellig5t explor]s in/ead ( w&]+ wayf>]s 9 an unkn[n l&4 ,^! are ! *ildr5 :o1 9 a %ort space ( "t1 sometimes 9 a few days1 le>n to write & to p]=m ! fir/ op]ations ( ari?metic4 ,x is n a fact t *ildr5 9 g5]al c d x1 z _m h believ$4 ,x is n a case ( giv+ my mat]ial = writ+ to unprep>$ *ildr5 & ( await+ ! miracle4 ,! fact is t ! m9ds & h&s ( our *ildr5 are already prep>$ = writ+1 & ideas ( quantity1 ( id5tity1 ( diff]5ces1 & ( gradation1 :i* =m ! bases ( all calculation1 h be5 matur+ = a long "t 9 !m4 ,"o might say t all _! previ\s education is a prep>ation = ! fir/ /ages ( ess5tial culture--writ+1 read+1 & numb]1 & t k comes z an easy1 spontane\s1 & logical consequ5ce ( ! prep>ation--t x is 9 fact its natural conclusion4 ,we h already se5 t ! purpose ( ! ^w is to fix ideas & to facilitate ! elem5t>y compreh5sion ( ?+s4 ,9 ! same way writ+ & ari?metic n[ fix ! complex inn] acquisitions ( ! m9d1 :i* proce$s h5ce=w>d cont9ually to enri* itself by fre% obs]vations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our *ildr5 h long be5 prep>+ ! h& = writ+4 ,?r\gh\t all ! s5sory ex]cises ! h&1 :il/ coop]at+ ) ! m9d 9 its atta9m5ts & 9 its "w ( =mation1 0 prep>+ its own future4 ,:5 ! h& le>n$ to hold itself lightly susp5d$ ov] a horizontal surface 9 ord] to t\* r\gh & smoo?1 :5 x took ! cyl9d]s ( ! solid insets & plac$ !m 9 _! ap]tures1 :5 ) two f+]s x t\*$ ! outl9es ( ! geometrical =ms1 x 0 coord9at+ movem5ts1 & ! *ild is n[ ready--almo/ impati5t to use !m 9 ! fasc9at+ syn!sis ( writ+4 ,! direct prep>ation = writ+ also consi/s 9 ex]cises ( ! movem5ts ( ! h&4 ,!re are two s]ies ( ex]cises1 v diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,i h analyz$ ! movem5ts :i* are connect$ ) writ+1 & ,i prep>e !m sep>ately "o f ! o!r4 ,:5 we write1 we p]=m a movem5t = ! managem5t ( ! in/rum5t ( writ+1 a movem5t :i* g5]ally acquires an individual "*1 s t a p]son's h&writ+ c be recogniz$1 &1 9 c]ta9 m$ical cases1 *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em c be trac$ by ! correspond+ alt]ations 9 ! h&writ+4 ,9 fact1 x is f ! h&writ+ t speciali/s 9 t subject w\ld int]pret ! moral "* ( individuals4 ,writ+ has1 besides ?is1 a g5]al "*1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! =m ( ! alphabetical signs4 ,:5 a man writes he comb9es ^! two p>ts1 b !y actually exi/ z ! compon5t p>ts ( a s+le product & c be prep>$ ap>t4 ,ex]cises = ! ,managem5t ( ! ,in/rum5t ( ,writ+ 7,,! ,,individual ,,"p7 ,9 ! didactic mat]ial !re are two slop+ wood5 bo>ds1 on ea* ( :i* /& five squ>e metal frames1 color$ p9k4 ,9 ea* ( ^! is ins]t$ a blue geometrical figure simil> to ! geometrical insets & provid$ ) a small button = a h&le4 ,) ?is mat]ial we use a box ( t5 color$ p5cils & a little book ( designs :i* ,i h prep>$ aft] five ye>s' exp]i5ce ( obs]v+ ! *ildr54 ,i h *os5 & graduat$ ! designs accord+ to ! use :i* ! *ildr5 made ( !m4 ,! two slop+ bo>ds are set side by side1 & on !m are plac$ t5 complete insets1 t is to say1 ! frames ) ! geometrical figures4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,! *ild is giv5 a %eet ( :ite pap] & ! box ( t5 color$ p5cils4 ,he w !n *oose "o ( ! t5 metal insets1 :i* are arrang$ 9 an attractive l9e at a c]ta9 di/ance f him4 ,! *ild is taught ! foll[+ process3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,slop+ ,,bo>ds ,,to ,,display ,,set ,,( ,,metal ,,insets4 ,he lays ! frame ( ! iron inset on ! %eet ( pap]1 &1 hold+ x d[n firmly ) "o h&1 he foll[s ) a color$ p5cil ! int]ior outl9e :i* describes a geometrical figure4 ,!n he lifts ! squ>e frame1 & f9ds drawn ^u ! pap] an enclos$ geometrical =m1 a triangle1 a circle1 a hexagon1 etc4 ,! *ild has n actually p]=m$ a new ex]cise1 because he _h already p]=m$ all ^! movem5ts :5 he t\*$ ! wood5 plane insets4 ,! only new feature ( ! ex]cise is t he foll[s ! outl9es no long] directly ) 8 f+]1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a p5cil4 ,t is1 he draws1 he leaves a trace ( 8 movem5t4 ,! *ild f9ds ?is ex]cise easy & mo/ int]e/+1 &1 z soon z he has succe$$ 9 mak+ ! fir/ outl9e1 he places above x ! piece ( blue metal correspond+ to x4 ,?is is an ex]cise exactly simil> to t :i* he p]=m$ :5 he plac$ ! wood5 geometrical figures ^u ! c>ds ( ! ?ird s]ies1 :]e ! figures are only conta9$ by a simple l9e4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! action ( plac+ ! =m ^u ! outl9e is p]=m$1 ! *ild takes ano!r color$ p5cil & draws ! outl9e ( ! blue metal figure4 ,:5 he raises x1 if ! draw+ is well done1 he f9ds ^u ! pap] a geometrical figure conta9$ by two outl9es 9 colors1 &1 if ! colors h be5 well *os51 ! result is v attractive1 & ! *ild1 :o has already _h a consid]able education ( ! *romatic s5se is ke5ly int]e/$ 9 x4 ,^! may seem unnecess>y details1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y are all-important4 ,= in/ance1 if1 in/ead ( arrang+ ! t5 metal insets 9 a r[1 ! tea*] di/ributes !m among ! *ildr5 )\t ?us exhibit+ !m1 ! *ild's ex]cises are mu* limit$4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! insets are exhibit$ be=e 8 eyes1 he feels ! desire to draw !m all "o aft] ! o!r1 & ! numb] ( ex]cises is increas$4 ,! two color$ outl9es r\se ! desire ( ! *ild to see ano!r comb9ation ( colors & !n to repeat ! exp]i5ce4 ,! v>iety ( ! objects & ! colors are !re=e an inducem5t to "w & h5ce to f9al success4 ,"h ! actual prep>atory movem5t = writ+ beg9s4 ,:5 ! *ild has drawn ! figure 9 d\ble outl9e1 he takes hold ( a p5cil l a p5 = writ+1 & draws m>ks up & d[n until he has completely fill$ ! figure4 ,9 ?is way a def9ite fill$-9 figure rema9s on ! pap]1 simil> to ! figures on ! c>ds ( ! fir/ s]ies4 ,?is figure c be 9 any ( ! t5 colors4 ,at fir/ ! *ildr5 fill 9 ! figures v clumsily )\t reg>d = ! outl9es1 mak+ v heavy l9es & n keep+ !m p>allel4 ,little by little1 h[ev]1 ! draw+s improve1 9 t !y keep )9 ! outl9es1 & ! l9es increase 9 numb]1 gr[ f9]1 & are p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! *ild has begun ^! ex]cises1 he is seiz$ ) a desire to cont9ue !m1 & he nev] tires ( draw+ ! outl9es ( ! figures & !n fill+ !m 94 ,ea* *ild sudd5ly becomes ! possessor ( a consid]able numb] ( draw+s1 & he treasures !m up 9 8 own little draw]4 ,9 ?is way he organizes ! movem5t ( writ+1 :i* br+s him to ! managem5t ( ! p54 ,?is movem5t 9 ord9>y me?ods is repres5t$ by ! we>isome po?ook connect$ ) ! fir/ labori\s & t$i\s attempts at writ+4 ,! organization ( ?is movem5t1 :i* began f ! guidance ( a piece ( metal1 is z yet r\gh & imp]fect1 & ! *ild n[ passes on to ! fill+ 9 ( ! prep>$ designs 9 ! little album4 ,! leaves are tak5 f ! book "o by "o 9 ! ord] ( progression 9 :i* !y are arrang$1 & ! *ild fills 9 ! prep>$ designs ) color$ p5cils 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,"h ! *oice ( ! colors is ano!r intellig5t occupation :i* enc\rages ! *ild to multiply ! tasks4 ,he *ooses ! colors by himself & ) mu* ta/e4 ,! delicacy ( ! %ades :i* he *ooses & ! h>mony ) :i* he arranges !m 9 ^! designs %[ u t ! common belief1 t *ildr5 love bright & gl>+ colors1 has be5 ! result ( obs]vation ( *ildr5 )\t education1 :o h be5 ab&on$ to ! r\gh & h>% exp]i5ces ( an environm5t unfitt$ = !m4 ,! education ( ! *romatic s5se becomes at ?is po9t ( a *ild's developm5t ! lev] :i* enables him to become possess$ ( a firm1 bold & beautiful h&writ+4 ,! draw+s l5d !mselves to limit+1 9 v _m ways1 ! l5g? ( ! /rokes ) :i* !y are fill$ 94 ,! *ild w h to fill 9 geometrical figures1 bo? l>ge & small1 ( a pavem5t design1 or fl[]s & leaves1 or ! v>i\s details ( an animal or ( a l&scape4 ,9 ?is way ! h& accu/oms itself1 n only to p]=m ! g5]al action1 b also to conf9e ! movem5t )9 all k9ds ( limits4 ,h5ce ! *ild is prep>+ himself to write 9 a h&writ+ ei!r l>ge or small4 ,inde$1 lat] on he w write z well betwe5 ! wide l9es on a blackbo>d z betwe5 ! n>r[1 closely rul$ l9es ( an ex]cise book1 g5]ally us$ by mu* old] *ildr54 ,! numb] ( ex]cises :i* ! *ild p]=ms ) ! draw+s is practically unlimit$4 ,he w (t5 take ano!r color$ p5cil & draw ov] aga9 ! outl9es ( ! figure already fill$ 9 ) color4 ,a help to ! cont9uation ( ! ex]cise is to be f\nd 9 ! fur!r education ( ! *romatic s5se1 :i* ! *ild acquires by pa9t+ ! same designs 9 wat]-colors4 ,lat] he mixes colors = himself until he c imitate ! colors ( nature1 or create ! delicate t9ts :i* 8 own imag9ation desires4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to speak ( all ?is 9 detail )9 ! limits ( ?is small "w4 ,ex]cises = ! ,writ+ ( ,alphabetical ,signs ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,s+le ,,s&pap] ,,lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,gr\ps ,,( ,,s&pap] ,,lett]s4 ,9 ! didactic mat]ial !re are s]ies ( boxes :i* conta9 ! alphabetical signs4 ,at ?is po9t we take ^? c>ds :i* are cov]$ ) v smoo? pap]1 to :i* is gumm$ a lett] ( ! alphabet cut out 9 s&pap]4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,!re are also l>ge c>ds on :i* are gumm$ sev]al lett]s1 gr\p$ toge!r accord+ to analogy ( =m4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,! *ildr5 h to t\* ov] ! alphabetical signs z ?\gh !y 7 writ+4 ,!y t\* !m ) ! tips ( ! index & middle f+]s 9 ! same way z :5 !y t\*$ ! wood5 insets1 & ) ! h& rais$ z :5 !y lightly t\*$ ! r\gh & smoo? surfaces4 ,! tea*] h]self t\*es ! lett]s to %[ ! *ild h[ ! movem5t %\ld be p]=m$1 & ! *ild1 if he has _h mu* practise 9 t\*+ ! wood5 insets1 imitates h] ) ease & pleasure4 ,)\t ! previ\s practise1 h[ev]1 ! *ild's h& does n foll[ ! lett] ) accuracy1 & x is mo/ int]e/+ to make close obs]vations ( ! *ildr5 9 ord] to und]/& ! importance ( a remote motor prep>ation = writ+1 & also to realize ! imm5se /ra9 :i* we impose ^u ! *ildr5 :5 we set !m to write directly )\t a previ\s motor education ( ! h&4 ,! *ild f9ds great pleasure 9 t\*+ ! s&pap] lett]s4 ,x is an ex]cise by :i* he applies to a new atta9m5t ! p[] he has already acquir$ ?r\gh ex]cis+ ! s5se ( t\*4 ,:il/ ! *ild t\*es a lett]1 ! tea*] pron\nces its s\nd1 & %e uses = ! lesson ! usual ?ree p]iods4 ,?us1 = example1 pres5t+ ! two v[els i1 o1 %e w h ! *ild t\* !m sl[ly & accurately1 & repeat _! relative s\nds "o aft] ! o!r z ! *ild t\*es !m1 i1 i1 i6 o1 o1 o6 ,!n %e w say to ! *ild3 ,give me i6 ,give me o6 ,f9ally1 %e w ask ! "q3 ,:at is ?is8 ,to :i* ! *ild replies1 i1 o4 ,%e proce$s 9 ! same way ?r\gh all ! o!r lett]s1 giv+1 9 ! case ( ! consonants1 n ! "n1 b only ! s\nd4 ,! *ild !n t\*es ! lett]s by himself ov] & ov] aga91 ei!r on ! sep>ate c>ds or on ! l>ge c>ds on :i* sev]al lett]s are gumm$1 & 9 ?is way he e/abli%es ! movem5ts necess>y = trac+ ! alphabetical signs4 ,at ! same "t he reta9s ! visual image ( ! lett]4 ,?is process =ms ! fir/ prep>ation1 n only = writ+1 b also = read+1 because x is evid5t t :5 ! *ild t\*es ! lett]s he p]=ms ! movem5t correspond+ to ! writ+ ( !m1 &1 at ! same "t1 :5 he recognizes !m by sight he is read+ ! alphabet4 ,! *ild has ?us prep>$1 9 effect1 all ! necess>y movem5ts = writ+2 !re=e he c write4 ,?is important conque/ is ! result ( a long p]iod ( inn] =mation ( :i* ! *ild is n cle>ly aw>e4 ,b a day w come--v soon--:5 he w write1 & t w be a day ( great surprise = him--! wond]ful h>ve/ ( an unkn[n s[+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,box ,,( ,,movable ,,lett]s4 ,! alphabet ( movable lett]s cut out 9 p9k & blue c>dbo>d1 & kept 9 a special box ) comp>tm5ts1 s]ves = ! composition ( words4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,9 a phonetic language1 l ,italian1 x is en\gh to pron\nce cle>ly ! diff]5t compon5t s\nds ( a ^w 7z1 = example1 m-a-n-o71 s t ! *ild ^: e> is already educat$ may recognize "o by "o ! compon5t s\nds4 ,!n he looks 9 ! movable alphabet = ! signs correspond+ to ea* sep>ate s\nd1 & lays !m "o beside ! o!r1 ?us compos+ ! ^w 7= in/ance1 mano74 ,gradually he w become able to d ! same ?+ ) words ( :i* he ?9ks himself2 he succe$s 9 break+ !m up into _! compon5t s\nds1 & 9 translat+ !m into a r[ ( signs4 ,:5 ! *ild has compos$ ! words 9 ?is way1 he kn[s h[ to read !m4 ,9 ?is me?od1 !re=e1 all ! processes lead+ to writ+ include read+ z well4 ,if ! language is n phonetic1 ! tea*] c compose sep>ate words ) ! movable alphabet1 & !n pron\nce !m1 lett+ ! *ild repeat by himself ! ex]cise ( arrang+ & r]ead+ !m4 ,9 ! mat]ial !re are two movable alphabets4 ,"o ( !m consi/s ( l>g] lett]s1 & is divid$ into two boxes1 ea* ( :i* conta9s ! v[els4 ,?is is us$ = ! fir/ ex]cises1 9 :i* ! *ild ne$s v l>ge objects 9 ord] to recognize ! lett]s4 ,:5 he is acqua9t$ ) "o half ( ! consonants he c beg9 to compose words1 ev5 ?\gh he is deal+ ) "o "p only ( ! alphabet4 ,! o!r movable alphabet has small] lett]s & is conta9$ 9 a s+le box4 ,x is giv5 to *ildr5 :o h made _! fir/ attempts at composition ) words1 & already "k ! complete alphabet4 ,x is aft] ^! ex]cises ) ! movable alphabet t ! *ild is able to write entire words4 ,?is ph5om5on g5]ally occurs unexpect$ly1 & !n a *ild :o has nev] yet trac$ a /roke or a lett] on pap] writes sev]al words 9 succession4 ,f t mom5t he cont9ues to write1 always gradually p]fect+ himself4 ,?is spontane\s writ+ takes on ! *>act]i/ics ( a natural ph5om5on1 & ! *ild :o has begun to write ! fir/ ^w w cont9ue to write 9 ! same way z he spoke aft] pron\nc+ ! fir/ ^w1 & z he walk$ aft] hav+ tak5 ! fir/ /ep4 ,! same c\rse ( inn] =mation ?r\gh :i* ! ph5om5on ( writ+ appe>$ is ! c\rse ( 8 future progress1 ( 8 gr[? to p]fection4 ,! *ild prep>$ 9 ?is way has ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* he w pass z surely z ! gr[? ( ! body & ! developm5t ( ! natural functions h pass$ ?r\gh _! c\rse ( developm5t :5 life has once be5 e/abli%$4 ,= ! int]e/+ & v complex ph5om5a relat+ to ! developm5t ( writ+ & !n ( read+1 see my l>g] works4 ,,! ,,read+ ,,( ,,music ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,! ,,musical ,,/aff4,a ----- ,a ,! s+le /aff is us$ 9 ! ,cons]vatoire ( ,milan & utiliz$ 9 ! ,p]lasca me?od4 ----- ,:5 ! *ild kn[s h[ to read1 he c make a fir/ application ( ?is k to ! read+ ( ! names ( musical notes4 ,9 connection ) ! mat]ial = s5sory education1 consi/+ ( ! s]ies ( bells1 we use a didactic mat]ial1 :i* s]ves z an introduction to musical read+4 ,= ?is purpose we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 a wood5 bo>d1 n v long1 & pa9t$ pale gre54 ,on ?is bo>d ! /aff is cut out 9 black1 & 9 e l9e & space are cut r\nd holes1 inside ea* ( :i* is writt5 ! "n ( ! note 9 its ref]5ce to ! treble clef4 ,!re is also a s]ies ( little :ite discs :i* c be fitt$ into ! holes4 ,on "o side ( ea* disc is writt5 ! "n ( ! note 7doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 lah1 ti1 doh74 ,! *ild1 guid$ by ! "n writt5 on ! discs1 puts !m1 ) ! "n upp]mo/1 9 _! "r places on ! bo>d & !n reads ! names ( ! notes4 ,?is ex]cise he c d by himself1 & he le>ns ! position ( ea* note on ! /aff4 ,ano!r ex]cise :i* ! *ild c d at ! same "t is to place ! disc be>+ ! "n ( ! note on ! rectangul> base ( ! correspond+ bell1 ^: s\nd he has already le>n$ to recognize by e> 9 ! s5sorial ex]cise describ$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,dumb ,,keybo>d4 ,foll[+ ?is ex]cise !re is ano!r /aff made on a bo>d ( gre5 wood1 :i* is long] ?an ! o!r & has nei!r ind5tures nor signs4 ,a consid]able numb] ( discs1 on "o side ( :i* are writt5 ! names ( ! notes1 is at ! disposal ( ! *ild4 ,he takes up a disc at r&om1 reads its "n & places x on ! /aff1 ) ! "n und]nea?1 s t ! :ite face ( ! disc %[s on ! top4 ,by ! repetition ( ?is ex]cise ! *ild is enabl$ to arrange _m discs on ! same l9e or 9 ! same space4 ,:5 he has f9i%$1 he turns !m all ov] s t ! names are outside1 & s f9ds out if he has made mi/akes4 ,aft] le>n+ ! treble clef ! *ild passes on to le>n ! bass ) great ease4 ,to ! /aff describ$ above c be add$ ano!r simil> to x1 arrang$ z is %[n 9 ! figure4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,! *ild beg9n+ ) doh1 lays ! discs on ! bo>d 9 asc5d+ ord] 9 _! "r position until ! octave is rea*$3 doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 lah1 ti1 doh4 ,!n he desc5ds ! scale 9 ! same way1 return+ to doh1 b cont9u+ to place ! discs always to ! "r3 soh1 fah1 mi1 re1 doh4 ,9 ?is way he =ms an angle4 ,at ?is po9t he desc5ds aga9 to ! l[] /aff1 ti1 lah1 soh1 fah1 mi1 re1 doh1 !n he asc5ds aga9 on ! o!r side3 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 lah1 ti1 & by =m+ ) 8 two l9es ( discs ano!r angle 9 ! bass1 he has complet$ a rhombus1 ! rhombus ( ! notes4 ,aft] ! discs h be5 arrang$ 9 ?is way1 ! upp] /aff is sep>at$ f ! l[]4 ,9 ! l[] ! notes are arrang$ accord+ to ! bass clef4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ elem5ts ( musical read+ are pres5t$ to ! *ild1 read+ :i* corresponds to s\nds ) :i* ! *ild's e> is already acqua9t$4 ,= a fir/ practical application ( ?is k we h us$ 9 our s*ools a m9iature pian(orte keybo>d1 :i* reproduces ! ess5tials ( ?is in/rum5t1 al?\gh 9 a simplifi$ =m1 & s t !y are visible4 ,two octaves only are reproduc$1 & ! keys1 :i* are small1 are proportion$ to ! h& ( a little *ild ( f\r or five ye>s1 z ! keys ( ! common piano are proportion$ to ^? ( ! adult4 ,all ! me*anism ( ! key is visible4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,on /rik+ a key "o sees ! hamm] rise1 on :i* is writt5 ! "n ( ! note4 ,! hamm]s are black & :ite1 l ! notes4 ,) ?is in/rum5t x is v easy = ! *ild to practise alone1 f9d+ ! notes on ! keybo>d correspond+ to "s b> ( writt5 music1 & foll[+ ! movem5ts ( ! f+]s made 9 play+ ! piano4 ,! keybo>d 9 itself is mute1 b a s]ies ( resonant tubes1 resembl+ a set ( organ-pipes1 c be appli$ to ! upp] surface1 s t ! hamm]s /rik+ ^! produce musical notes correspond+ to ! keys /ruck4 ,! *ild c !n pursue 8 ex]cises ) ! control ( ! musical s\nds4 ,,didactic ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,musical ,,read+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,on ! wood5 bo>d1 r\nd spaces are cut out correspond+ to ! notes4 ,inside ea* ( ! spaces !re is a figure4 ,on "o side ( ea* ( ! discs is writt5 a numb] & on ! o!r ! "n ( ! note4 ,!y are fitt$ by ! *ild into ! correspond+ places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,! *ild next arrang$ ! discs 9 ! notes cut out on ! /aff1 b !re are no long] numb]s writt5 to help him f9d ! places4 ,in/ead1 he mu/ try to rememb] ! place ( ! note on ! /aff4 ,if he is n sure he consults ! numb]$ bo>d 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,! *ild arrang$ on ! /aff ! semitones 9 ! spaces :i* rema9 :]e ! discs are f> ap>t3 d-re1 re-mi1 fah-soh1 soh-la1 la-ti4 ,! discs = ! semitones h ! %>p on "o side & ! flat on ! o!r1 e4g41 re%>p-miflat are writt5 on ! opposite sides ( ! same disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! *ildr5 take a l>ge numb] ( discs & arrange !m on ! /aff1 leav+ upp]mo/ ! side :i* is blank1 i4e41 ! side on :i* ! "n ( ! note is n writt54 ,!n !y v]ify _! "w by turn+ ! discs ov] & read+ ! "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,! d\ble /aff is =m$ by putt+ ! two /aves toge!r4 ,! *ildr5 arrange ! notes 9 ! =m ( a rhombus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,! two bo>ds are !n sep>at$ & ! notes rema9 arrang$ accord+ to ! treble & bass clefs4 ,! correspond+ key signatures are !n plac$ ^u ! two diff]5t /aves4 ,,ari?metic ,! *ildr5 possess all ! in/9ctive k necess>y z a prep>ation = cle> ideas on num]ation4 ,! idea ( quantity 0 inh]5t 9 all ! mat]ial = ! education ( ! s5ses3 long]1 %ort]1 d>k]1 light]4 ,! conception ( id5tity & ( diff]5ce =m$ "p ( ! actual te*nique ( ! education ( ! s5ses1 :i* began ) ! recognition ( id5tical objects1 & cont9u$ ) ! arrangem5t 9 gradation ( simil> objects4 ,i w make a special illu/ration ( ! fir/ ex]cise ) ! solid insets1 :i* c be done ev5 by a *ild ( two & a half4 ,:5 he makes a mi/ake by putt+ a cyl9d] 9 a hole too l>ge = x1 & s leaves "o cyl9d] )\t a place1 he in/9ctively absorbs ! idea ( ! abs5ce ( "o f a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,! *ild's m9d is n prep>$ = numb] by c]ta9 prelim9>y ideas1 giv5 9 ha/e by ! tea*]1 b has be5 prep>$ = x by a process ( =mation1 by a sl[ build+ up ( itself4 ,to ent] directly ^u ! tea*+ ( ari?metic1 we mu/ turn to ! same didactic mat]ial us$ = ! education ( ! s5ses4 ,let u look at ! ?ree sets ( mat]ial :i* are pres5t$ aft] ! ex]cises ) ! solid insets1 i4e41 ! mat]ial = tea*+ size 7! p9k cubes71 ?ickness 7! br[n prisms71 & l5g? 7! gre5 rods74 ,!re is a def9ite relation betwe5 ! t5 pieces ( ea* s]ies4 ,9 ! mat]ial = l5g? ! %orte/ piece is a unit ( measurem5t = all ! re/2 ! second piece is d\ble ! fir/1 ! ?ird is ?ree times ! fir/1 etc41 &1 :il/ ! scale ( l5g? increases by t5 c5timet]s = ea* piece1 ! o!r dim5sions rema9 con/ant 7i4e41 ! rods all h ! same section74 ,! pieces !n /& 9 ! same relation to "o ano!r z ! natural s]ies ( ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,9 ! second s]ies1 namely1 t :i* %[s ?ickness1 :il/ ! l5g? rema9s con/ant1 ! squ>e section ( ! prisms v>ies4 ,! result is t ! sides ( ! squ>e sections v>y accord+ to ! s]ies ( natural numb]s1 i4e41 9 ! fir/ prism1 ! squ>e ( ! section has sides ( "o c5timet]1 9 ! second ( two c5timet]s1 9 ! ?ird ( ?ree c5timet]s1 etc41 & s on until ! t5?1 9 :i* ! squ>e ( ! section has sides ( t5 c5timet]s4 ,! prisms !re=e are 9 ! same proportion to "o ano!r z ! numb]s ( ! s]ies ( squ>es 7#a1 #d1 #i1 etc471 = x w\ld take f\r prisms ( ! fir/ size to make ! second1 n9e to make ! ?ird1 etc4 ,! pieces :i* make up ! s]ies = tea*+ ?ickness are !re=e 9 ! foll[+ proportion3 #a 3 #d 3 #i 3 #af 3 #be 3 #cf 3 #di 3 #fd 3 #ha 3 #ajj4 ,9 ! case ( ! p9k cubes ! edge increases accord+ to ! num]ical s]ies1 i4e41 ! fir/ cube has an edge ( "o c5timet]1 ! second ( two c5timet]s1 ! ?ird ( ?ree c5timet]s1 & s on1 to ! t5? cube1 :i* has an edge ( t5 c5timet]s4 ,h5ce ! relation 9 volume betwe5 !m is t ( ! cubes ( ! s]ies ( numb]s f "o to t51 i4e41 #a 3 #h3 #bg 3 #fd3 #abe 3 #baf 3 #cdc 3 #eab 3 #gbi 3 #ajjj4 ,9 fact1 to make up ! volume ( ! second p9k cube1 eight ( ! fir/ little cubes w\ld be requir$2 to make up ! volume ( ! ?ird1 tw5ty-sev5 w\ld be requir$1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ----- ----- ,a ---------- ,b ---------- --------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------- #a #a #b #a #b #c #a #b #c #d #a #b #c #d #e #a #b #c #d #e #f #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,fig4 #dj4--;,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,use ,,( ,,num]ical ,,rods4 ,! *ildr5 h an intuitive k ( ?is diff]5ce1 = !y realize t ! ex]cise ) ! p9k cubes is ! easie/ ( all ?ree & t ) ! rods ! mo/ difficult4 ,:5 we beg9 ! direct tea*+ ( numb]1 we *oose ! long rods1 modify+ !m1 h[ev]1 by divid+ !m into t5 spaces1 ea* t5 c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 color$ alt]nately r$ & blue4 ,= example1 ! rod :i* is f\r times z long z ! fir/ is cle>ly se5 to be compos$ ( f\r equal l5g?s1 r$ & blue2 & simil>ly ) all ! re/4 ,:5 ! rods h be5 plac$ 9 ord] ( gradation1 we tea* ! *ild ! numb]s3 "o1 two1 ?ree1 etc41 by t\*+ ! rods 9 succession1 f ! fir/ up to t54 ,!n1 to help him to ga9 a cle> idea ( numb]1 we proce$ to ! recognition ( sep>ate rods by means ( ! cu/om>y lesson 9 ?ree p]iods4 ,we lay ! ?ree fir/ rods 9 front ( ! *ild1 & po9t+ to !m or tak+ !m 9 ! h& 9 turn1 9 ord] to %[ !m to him we say3 ,?is is "o4 ,?is is two4 ,?is is ?ree4 ,we po9t out ) ! f+] ! divisions 9 ea* rod1 c\nt+ !m s z to make sure1 ,"o1 two3 ?is is two4 ,"o1 two1 ?ree3 ?is is ?ree4 ,!n we say to ! *ild3 ,give me two4 ,give me "o4 ,give me ?ree4 ,f9ally1 po9t+ to a rod1 we say1 ,:at is ?is8 ,! *ild answ]s1 ,?ree1 & we c\nt toge!r3 ,"o1 two1 ?ree4 ,9 ! same way we tea* all ! o!r rods 9 _! ord]1 add+ always "o or two m accord+ to ! responsiv5ess ( ! *ild4 ,! importance ( ?is didactic mat]ial is t x gives a cle> idea ( numb]4 ,= :5 a numb] is nam$ x exi/s z an object1 a unity 9 itself4 ,:5 we say t a man possesses a million1 we mean t he has a =tune :i* is wor? s _m units ( measure ( values1 & ^! units all belong to "o p]son4 ,s1 if we add #g to #h 7#g #h71 we add a numb] to a numb]1 & ^! numb]s = a def9ite reason repres5t 9 !mselves gr\ps ( homog5e\s units4 ,aga91 :5 ! *ild %[s u ! #i1 he is h&l+ a rod :i* is inflexible--an object complete 9 itself1 yet compos$ ( n9e equal p>ts :i* c be c\nt$4 ,& :5 he comes to add #h to #b1 he w place next to "o ano!r1 two rods1 two objects1 "o ( :i* has eight equal l5g?s & ! o!r two4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 9 ord9>y s*ools1 to make ! calculation easi]1 !y pres5t ! *ild ) diff]5t objects to c\nt1 su* z beans1 m>bles1 etc41 & :51 to take ! case ,i h quot$ 7#h #b71 he takes a gr\p ( eight m>bles & adds two m m>bles to x1 ! natural impression 9 8 m9d is n t he has add$ #h to #b1 b t he has add$ #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a to #a #a4 ,! result is n s cle>1 & ! *ild is requir$ to make ! ef=t ( hold+ 9 8 m9d ! idea ( a gr\p ( eight objects z "o unit$ :ole1 correspond+ to a s+le numb]1 #h4 ,?is ef=t (t5 puts ! *ild back1 & delays 8 und]/&+ ( numb] by mon?s or ev5 ye>s4 ,! addition & subtraction ( numb]s "u t5 are made v mu* simpl] by ! use ( ! didactic mat]ial = tea*+ l5g?s4 ,let ! *ild be pres5t$ ) ! attractive problem ( arrang+ ! pieces 9 su* a way z to h a set ( rods1 all z long z ! longe/4 ,he fir/ arranges ! rods 9 _! "r ord] 7! long /air72 he !n takes ! la/ rod 7#a7 & lays x next to ! #i4 ,simil>ly1 he takes ! la/ rod b "o 7#b7 & lays x next to ! #h1 & s on up to ! #e4 ,?is v simple game repres5ts ! addition ( numb]s )9 ! t53 #i #a1 #h #b1 #g #c1 #f #d4 ,!n1 :5 he puts ! rods back 9 _! places1 he mu/ fir/ take away ! #d & put x back "u ! #e1 & !n take away 9 _! turn ! #c1 ! #b1 ! #a4 ,by ?is action he has put ! rods back aga9 9 _! "r gradation1 b he has also p]=m$ a s]ies ( ari?metical subtractions1 #aj - #d1 #aj - #c1 #aj - #b1 #aj - #a4 ,! tea*+ ( ! actual figures m>ks an advance f ! rods to ! process ( c\nt+ ) sep>ate units4 ,:5 ! figures are kn[n1 !y w s]ve ! v purpose 9 ! ab/ract :i* ! rods s]ve 9 ! concrete2 t is1 !y w /& = ! unit+ into "o :ole ( a c]ta9 numb] ( sep>ate units4 ,! syn!tic function ( language & ! wide field ( "w :i* x op5s out = ! intellig5ce is demon/rat$1 we might say1 by ! function ( ! figure1 :i* n[ c be sub/itut$ = ! concrete rods4 ,! use ( ! actual rods only w\ld limit ari?metic to ! small op]ations )9 ! t5 or numb]s a little high]1 &1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! m9d1 ^! op]ations w\ld advance v little f>!r ?an ! limits ( ! fir/ simple & elem5t>y education ( ! s5ses4 ,! figure1 :i* is a ^w1 a graphic sign1 w p]mit ( t unlimit$ progress :i* ! ma!matical m9d ( man has be5 able to make 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution4 ,9 ! mat]ial !re is a box conta9+ smoo? c>ds1 on :i* are gumm$ ! figures f "o to n9e1 cut out 9 s&pap]4 ,^! are analog\s to ! c>ds on :i* are gumm$ ! s&pap] lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! me?od ( tea*+ is always ! same4 ,! *ild is made to t\* ! figures 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y are writt51 & to "n !m at ! same "t4 ,9 ?is case he does m ?an :5 he le>n$ ! lett]s2 he is %[n h[ to place ea* figure ^u ! correspond+ rod4 ,:5 all ! figures h be5 le>n$ 9 ?is way1 "o ( ! fir/ ex]cises w be to place ! numb] c>ds ^u ! rods arrang$ 9 gradation4 ,s arrang$1 !y =m a succession ( /eps on :i* x is a pleasure to place ! c>ds1 & ! *ildr5 rema9 = a long "t repeat+ ?is intellig5t game4 ,aft] ?is ex]cise comes :at we may call ! emancipation ( ! *ild4 ,he c>ri$ 8 own figures ) him1 & n[ us+ !m he w "k h[ to gr\p units toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,c\nt+ ,,boxes4 ,= ?is purpose we h 9 ! didactic mat]ial a s]ies ( wood5 pegs1 b 9 addition to ^! we give ! *ildr5 all sorts ( small objects--/icks1 t9y cubes1 c\nt]s1 etc4 ,! ex]cise w consi/ 9 plac+ opposite a figure ! numb] ( objects t x indicates4 ,! *ild = ?is purpose c use ! box :i* is includ$ 9 ! mat]ial4 7,fig4 #da47 ,?is box is divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 above ea* ( :i* is pr9t$ a figure & ! *ild places 9 ! comp>tm5t ! correspond+ numb] ( pegs4 ,ano!r ex]cise is to lay all ! figures on ! table & place bel[ !m ! correspond+ numb] ( cubes1 c\nt]s1 etc4 ,?is is only ! fir/ /ep1 & x w\ld be impossible "h to speak ( ! succe$+ lessons 9 z]o1 9 t5s & 9 o!r ari?metical processes--= ! developm5t ( :i* my l>g] works mu/ be consult$4 ,! didactic mat]ial itself1 h[ev]1 c give "s idea4 ,9 ! box conta9+ ! pegs !re is "o comp>tm5t ov] :i* ! #j is pr9t$4 ,inside ?is comp>tm5t no?+ mu/ be put1 & !n we beg9 ) "o4 ,z]o is no?+1 b x is plac$ next to "o to enable u to c\nt :5 we pass beyond #i--?us1 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,ari?metic ,,frame4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! piece #a1 we 7 to take pieces z long z ! rod #aj1 we c\ld c\nt #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #hj1 #ij4 ,9 ! didactic mat]ial !re are frames conta9+ c>ds on :i* are pr9t$ su* numb]s f #aj to #ij4 ,^! numb]s are fix$ into a frame 9 su* a way t ! figures #a to #i c be slipp$ 9 cov]+ ! z]o4 ,if ! z]o ( #aj is cov]$ by #a ! result is #aa1 if ) #b x becomes #ab1 & s on1 until ! la/ #i4 ,!n we pass to ! tw5ties 7! second t571 & s on1 f t5 to t54 7,fig4 #db47 ,= ! beg9n+ ( ?is ex]cise ) ! c>ds m>k+ ! t5s we c use ! rods4 ,z we beg9 ) ! fir/ t5 7#aj7 9 ! frame1 we take ! rod #aj4 ,we !n place ! small rod #a next to rod #aj1 & at ! same "t slip 9 ! numb] #a1 cov]+ ! z]o ( ! #aj4 ,!n we take rod #a & figure #a away f ! frame1 & put 9 _! place rod #b next to rod #aj1 & figure #b ov] ! z]o 9 ! frame1 & s on1 up to #i4 ,to advance f>!r we %\ld ne$ to use two rods ( #aj to make #bj4 ,! *ildr5 %[ mu* en?usiasm :5 le>n+ ^! ex]cises1 :i* dem& f !m two sets ( activities1 & give !m 9 _! "w cle>ness ( idea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 writ+ & ari?metic we h ga!r$ ! fruits ( a labori\s education :i* consi/$ 9 coord9at+ ! movem5ts & ga9+ a fir/ k ( ! _w4 ,?is culture comes z a natural consequ5ce ( man's fir/ ef=ts to put himself into intellig5t communication ) ! _w4 ,all ^? e>ly acquisitions :i* h br\ght ord] into ! *ild's m9d1 w\ld be wa/$ 7 !y n firmly e/abli%$ by means ( writt5 language & ( figures4 ,?us e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 ^! exp]i5ces op5 up an unlimit$ field = future education4 ,:at we h done1 !re=e1 is to introduce ! *ild to a high] level--! level ( culture--& he w n[ be able to pass on to a s*ool1 b n ! s*ool we "k to-day1 :]e1 irrationally1 we try to give culture to m9ds n yet prep>$ or educat$ to receive x4 ,to pres]ve ! heal? ( _! m9ds1 :i* h be5 ex]cis$ & n fatigu$ by ! ord] ( ! "w1 our *ildr5 mu/ h a new k9d ( s*ool = ! acquisition ( culture4 ,my exp]im5ts 9 ! cont9uation ( ?is me?od = old] *ildr5 are already f> advanc$4 ,,moral ,,factors ,a brief description su* z ?is1 ( ! means :i* are us$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 may p]haps give ! read] ! impression ( a logical & conv9c+ sy/em ( education4 ,b ! importance ( my me?od does n lie 9 ! organization itself1 b 9 ! effects :i* x produces on ! *ild4 ,x is ! *ild :o proves ! value ( ?is me?od by 8 spontane\s manife/ations1 :i* seem to reveal ! laws ( man's inn] developm5t4,b ,psy*ology w p]haps f9d 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses a laboratory :i* w br+ m tru?s to light ?an ?us hi!rto recogniz$2 = ! ess5tial factor 9 psy*ological rese>*1 especially 9 ! field ( psy*og5esis1 ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! m9d1 mu/ be ! e/abli%m5t ( normal conditions = ! free developm5t ( ?\ght4 ----- ,b ,see ! *apt]s on ,discipl9e 9 my l>g] works4 ----- ,z is well kn[n1 we leave ! *ildr5 free 9 _! "w1 & 9 all actions :i* are n ( a di/urb+ k9d4 ,t is1 we elim9ate disord]1 :i* is bad1 b all[ to t :i* is ord]ly & good ! mo/ complete lib]ty ( manife/ation4 ,! results obta9$ are surpris+1 = ! *ildr5 h %[n a love ( "w :i* no "o suspect$ to be 9 !m1 & a calm & an ord]l9ess 9 _! movem5ts :i*1 surpass+ ! limits ( correctness h ent]$ into ^? ( grace4 ,! spontane\s discipl9e1 & ! ob$i5ce :i* is se5 9 ! :ole class1 con/itute ! mo/ /rik+ result ( our me?od4 ,! anci5t philosophical discussion z to :e!r man is born good or evil is (t5 br\ght =w>d 9 connection ) my me?od1 & _m :o h support$ x h done s on ! gr\nd t x provides a demon/ration ( man's natural goodness4 ,v _m o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 h oppos$ x1 consid]+ t to leave *ildr5 free is a dang]\s mi/ake1 s9ce !y h 9 !m innate t5d5cies to evil4 ,i %\ld l to put ! "q ^u a m positive plane4 ,9 ! words good & evil we include ! mo/ v>y+ ideas1 & we confuse !m especially 9 our practical deal+s ) little *ildr54 ,! t5d5cies :i* we /igmatize z evil 9 little *ildr5 ( ?ree to six ye>s ( age are (t5 m]ely ^? :i* cause annoyance to u adults :51 n und]/&+ _! ne$s1 we try to prev5t _! e movem5t1 _! e attempt to ga9 exp]i5ce = !mselves 9 ! _w 7by t\*+ ev]y?+1 etc474 ,! *ild1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ?is natural t5d5cy1 is l$ to coord9ate 8 movem5ts & to collect impressions1 especially s5sations ( t\*1 s t :5 prev5t$ he rebels1 & ?is rebellion =ms almo/ ! :ole ( 8 naught9ess4 ,:at wond] is x t ! evil disappe>s :51 if we give ! "r means = developm5t & leave full lib]ty to use !m1 rebellion has no m reason = exi/5ce8 ,fur!r1 by ! sub/itution ( a s]ies ( outbur/s ( joy = ! old s]ies ( outbur/s ( rage1 ! moral physiognomy ( ! *ild comes to assume a calm & g5tl5ess :i* make him appe> a diff]5t be+4 ,x is we :o provok$ ! *ildr5 to ! viol5t manife/ations ( a real /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to exi/ accord+ to ! ne$s ( _! psy*ic developm5t !y 7 (t5 oblig$ to snat* f u ! ?+s :i* seem$ necess>y to !m = ! purpose4 ,!y _h to move contr>y to our laws1 or sometimes to /ruggle ) o!r *ildr5 to wre/ f !m ! objects ( _! desire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we give *ildr5 ! means ( exi/5ce1 ! /ruggle = x disappe>s1 & a vigor\s expansion ( life takes its place4 ,?is "q involves a hygi5ic pr9ciple connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em dur+ ! difficult p]iod :5 ! bra9 is /ill rapidly gr[+1 & %\ld be ( great int]e/ to speciali/s 9 *ildr5's diseases & n]v\s d]angem5ts4 ,! inn] life ( man & ! beg9n+s ( 8 intellect are controll$ by special laws & vital necessities :i* _c be =gott5 if we are aim+ at heal? = mank9d4 ,= ?is reason1 an educational me?od1 :i* cultivates & protects ! inn] activities ( ! *ild1 is n a "q :i* conc]ns m]ely ! s*ool or ! tea*]s2 x is a univ]sal "q :i* conc]ns ! family1 & is ( vital int]e/ to mo!rs4 ,to g m deeply into a "q is (t5 ! only means ( answ]+ x rightly4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we 7 to see m5 fight+ ov] a piece ( bread1 we might say3 ,h[ bad m5 are6 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ent]$ a well-w>m$ eat+-h\se1 & saw !m quietly f9d+ a place & *oos+ _! meal )\t any envy ( "o ano!r1 we might say3 ,h[ good m5 are6 ,evid5tly1 ! "q ( absolute good & evil1 intuitive ideas ( :i* guide u 9 our sup]ficial judgm5t1 goes beyond su* limitations z ^!4 ,we c1 = in/ance1 provide excell5t eat+-h\ses = an entire p )\t directly affect+ ! "q ( _! morals4 ,"o might say1 inde$1 t to judge by appe>ances1 a well-f$ p are bett]1 quiet]1 & commit less crime ?an a nation t is ill-n\ri%$2 b :oev] draws f t ! conclusion t to make m5 good x is en\gh to fe$ !m1 w be mak+ an obvi\s mi/ake4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t n\ri%m5t w be an ess5tial factor 9 obta9+ goodness1 9 ! s5se t x w elim9ate all ! evil acts1 & ! bitt]ness caus$ by lack ( bread4 ,n[1 9 our case1 we are deal+ ) a f> deep] ne$--! n\ri%m5t ( man's inn] life1 & ( 8 high] functions4 ,! bread t we are deal+ ) is ! bread ( ! _s1 & we are ent]+ into ! difficult subject ( ! satisfaction ( man's psy*ic ne$s4 ,we h already obta9$ a mo/ int]e/+ result1 9 t we h f\nd x possible to pres5t new means ( enabl+ *ildr5 to rea* a high] level ( calm & goodness1 & we h be5 able to e/abli% ^! means by exp]i5ce4 ,! :ole f\ndation ( our results re/s ^u ^! means :i* we h discov]$1 & :i* may be divid$ "u two heads--! organization ( "w1 & lib]ty4 ,x is ! p]fect organization ( "w1 p]mitt+ ! possibility ( self-developm5t & giv+ outlet = ! en]gies1 :i* procures = ea* *ild ! b5eficial & calm+ satisfaction4 ,& x is "u su* conditions ( "w t lib]ty leads to a p]fect+ ( ! activities1 & to ! atta9m5t ( a f9e discipl9e :i* is 9 itself ! result ( t new quality ( calmness t has be5 develop$ 9 ! *ild4 ,fre$om )\t organization ( "w w\ld be useless4 ,! *ild left free )\t means ( "w w\ld g to wa/e1 j z a new-born baby1 if left free )\t n\ri%m5t1 w\ld die ( />vation4 ,! organization ( ! "w1 !re=e1 is ! corn]-/one ( ?is new /ructure ( goodness2 b ev5 t organization w\ld be 9 va9 )\t ! lib]ty to make use ( x1 & )\t fre$om = ! expansion ( all ^? en]gies :i* spr+ f ! satisfaction ( ! *ild's highe/ activities4 ,has n a simil> ph5om5on occurr$ also 9 ! hi/ory ( man8 ,! hi/ory ( civilization is a hi/ory ( successful attempts to organize "w & to obta9 lib]ty4 ,on ! :ole1 man's goodness has also increas$1 z is %[n by 8 progress f b>b>ism to civilization1 & x may be said t crime1 ! v>i\s =ms ( wick$ness1 cruelty & viol5ce h be5 gradually decreas+ dur+ ?is passage ( "t4 ,! crim9ality ( our times1 z a matt] ( fact1 has be5 comp>$ to a =m ( b>b>ism surviv+ 9 ! mid/ ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ?r\gh ! bett] organization ( "w t society w probably atta9 to a fur!r purification1 & 9 ! mean:ile x seems unconsci\sly to be seek+ ! ov]?r[ ( ! la/ b>ri]s betwe5 itself & lib]ty4 ,if ?is is :at we le>n f society1 h[ great %\ld be ! results among little *ildr5 f ?ree to six ye>s ( age if ! organization ( _! "w is complete1 & _! fre$om absolute8 ,x is = ?is reason t to u !y seem s good1 l h]alds ( hope & ( r$emption4 ,if m51 walk+ z yet s pa9fully & imp]fectly along ! road ( "w & ( fre$om1 h become bett]1 :y %\ld we fe> t ! same road w prove disa/r\s to ! *ildr58 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i w\ld n say t ! goodness ( our little ones 9 _! fre$om w solve ! problem ( ! absolute goodness or wick$ness ( man4 ,we c only say t we h made a contribution to ! cause ( goodness by remov+ ob/acles :i* 7 ! cause ( viol5ce & ( rebellion4 ,let u r5d]1 !re=e1 unto ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4 ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ clos] to _! relevant p>agraphs4 ,! page numb]s 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations d n reflect ! new placem5t ( ! illu/rations1 b are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! li/ ( didactic mat]ial = ! education ( ! s5ses on pages #ah-ai is miss+ item 7j7 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,au?or's ar*aic & v>iable spell+ is pres]v$4 ,au?or's punctuation /yle is pres]v$4 ,passages 9 italics indicat$ by und]scores4 ,passages 9 bold indicat$ by equal signs4 ,typographical problems h be5 *ang$ & are li/$ bel[4 ,transcrib]'s ,*anges3 ,page vii3 ,0 'm>vell\s' ,9 fact1 ,hel5 ,kell] is a m>vel\s example ( ! ph5om5on common to all human be+s ,page #df3 ,0 'anvles' :i* v>y ei!r accord+ to _! sides or accord+ to _! angles 7! equilat]al1 isosceles1 scal5e1 "r angl$1 obtuse angl$1 & acute7 ,page #fc3 ,add$ commas recogniz$ & arrang$ 9 ord]--doh1 re1 doh1 re1 mi2 doh1 re1 mi1 fah2 doh1 re1 mi1 fah1 soh1 etc4 ,9 ?is way he succe$s 9 arrang+ all ! ,fig4 #ce caption3 ,0 'si' ! spaces :i* rema9 :]e ! discs are f> ap>t3 d-re1 re-mi1 fah-soh1 soh-la1 la-ti4 ,! discs = ! semitones