,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #c ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,*eap ,,/eel ,philip ,w4 ,bi%op ,,/eel ,,be=e ,,! #ahej's #bi ,,bessem] ,,& ,,8 ,,competitors #cj ,,rob]t ,,mu%et #cc ,,ebbw ,,vale ,,& ,,! ,,bessem] ,,process #ce ,,mu%et ,,& ,,bessem] #cg ,,william ,,kelly',s ,,air-,,boil+ ,,process #db ,,conclusions #df ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,*eap ,,/eel ,by ,philip ,w4 ,bi%op ,o!r inv5tors claim$ a "p 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,bessem] process ( mak+ /eel4 ,"h1 ! contempor>y discussion 9 ! te*nical press is re-exam9$ to ?r[ light on ! relations ( ^! v>i\s claimants to ! iron & /eel indu/ry ( _! "t1 z hav+ a possible connection ) ! antagonism %[n by ! ironma/]s t[>d ,bessem]'s ideas4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,philip ,w4 ,bi%op is curator ( arts & manufactures1 ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,! developm5t ( ! _w's productive res\rces dur+ ! #ai? c5tury1 accel]at$ 9 g5]al by major innovations 9 ! field ( p[]1 transportation1 & textiles1 0 ret>d$ by ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 bottl5ecks4 ,"o ( ^! affect$ ! fl[ ( suitable & economical raw mat]ials to ! ma*9e tool & transportation indu/ries3 9 spite ( a rapid gr[? ( iron production1 ! me?ods ( mak+ /eel rema9$ z !y 7 9 ! previ\s c5tury2 & outputs rema9$ negligible4 ,9 ! decade #ahee-ahfe1 ?is situation 0 completely *ang$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,europe g5]ally2 & :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates em]g$ f ! ,civil ,w>1 t c\ntry f\nd itself 9 a position to take advantage ( ! ,european innovations & to />t a p]iod ( gr[? :i*1 9 ! next #ej ye>s1 0 to e/abli% h] z ! _w's l>ge/ produc] ( /eel4 ,?is /udy reviews ! controv]sy z to ! orig9 ( ! process :i*1 = m ?an #ce ye>s#a provid$ ! great] "p ( ! /eel production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x conc]ns f\r m5 = :om priority ( inv5tion 9 "o or m aspects ( ! process has be5 claim$4 #a ,f #ahgj ?r\gh #aijg1 ,bessem] production acc\nt$ = n less ?an #ej p]c5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates /eel production4 ,f #ahhj ?r\gh #ahie1 #hj p]c5t ( all /eel came f ?is s\rce3 ,hi/orical ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aghi-aide 7,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 #aidi71 ,tables ,j4 #afe-agj at p4 #ahg4 ,! process consi/s 9 =c+ ?r\gh molt5 ca/ iron1 held 9 a vessel call$ a conv]t]1 a /ream ( cold air "u pressure4 ,! comb9ation ( ! oxyg5 9 ! air ) ! silicon & c>bon 9 ! metal raises ! temp]ature ( ! latt] 9 a spectacul> way & aft] bl[+ = a c]ta9 p]iod1 elim9ates ! c>bon f ! metal4 ,s9ce /eel ( v>i\s qualities dem&s ! inclusion ( f #j4ae to #a4gj p]c5t ( c>bon1 ! bl[ has to be t]m9at$ be=e ! elim9ation ( ! :ole c>bon cont5t2 or if ! c>bon cont5t has be5 elim9at$ ! appropriate p]c5tage ( c>bon has to be put back4 ,?is latt] op]ation is c>ri$ out by add+ a precise quantity ( manganif]\s pig-iron 7spiegeleis57 or f]romanganese1 ! manganese s]v+ to remove ! oxyg51 :i* has comb9$ ) ! iron dur+ ! bl[4 ,! controv]sy :i* surr\nd$ its developm5t conc]n$ two aspects ( ! process3 ,! use ( ! cold air bla/ to raise ! temp]ature ( ! molt5 metal1 & ! application ( manganese to ov]come ! problem ( control ( ! c>bon & oxyg5 cont5t4 ,bessem]1 :o began 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! mak+ ( iron & /eel 9 #ahed1 secur$ 8 fir/ pat5t 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ,janu>y #ahee1 & 0 p]suad$ to pres5t in=mation ab\t 8 discov]y to a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce held at ,*elt5ham1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 9 ,augu/ #ahef4 ,8 title ,! ,manufacture ( ,iron )\t ,fuel 0 giv5 wide publicity 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,among ^? :o wrote to ! pap]s to conte/ ,bessem]'s !ories 7 sev]al claimants to priority ( inv5tion4 ,two m5 claim$ t !y _h anticipat$ ,bessem] 9 ! inv5tion ( a me?od ( treat+ molt5 metal ) air-bla/s = ! purpose ( purify+ or dec>boniz+ iron4 ,bo? 7 ,am]icans4 ,joseph ,gilb]t ,m>ti51 ( ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 :o at ! "t ( ,bessem]'s address 0 work+ at ! plant ( ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works1 9 ,s\? ,wales1 secur$ a provisional pat5t a few days be=e ,bessem] obta9$ "o ( 8 s]ies ( pat5ts = mak+ ca/ /eel1 a circum/ance :i* provid$ ammunition = ^? :o wi%$ to dispute ,bessem]'s some:at spectacul> claims4 ,william ,kelly1 an ironma/] ( ,eddyville1 ,k5tucky1 br\ght into action by an ,am]ican report ( ,bessem]'s ,briti% ,association pap]1 oppos$ ! grant+ ( a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t to ,bessem] & sub/antiat$1 to ! satisfaction ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 8 claim to priority 9 ! air boil+ process4 ,a ?ird man1 ?is "o a ,scot resid5t 9 ,engl&1 int]v5$ to claim t he _h devis$ ! means :]eby ,m>ti5's & ,bessem]'s ideas c\ld be made practical4 ,he 0 ,rob]t ,mu%et ( ,cole=d1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 a metallurgi/ & self-appo9t$ sage ( ! ,briti% iron & /eel indu/ry :o also 0 associat$ ) ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works z a consultant4 ,he1 l 8 ,am]ican contempor>ies1 has become e/abli%$ 9 ! public m9d z "o ^u :om ,h5ry ,bessem] 0 dep5d5t = ! orig9 & success ( 8 process4 ,s9ce ,bessem] 0 ! only "o ( ! gr\p to make money f ! expansion ( ! /eel indu/ry consequ5t ^u ! introduction ( ! new te*nique1 ! suspicion has rema9$ t he exploit$ ! inv5tions ( ! o!rs1 if inde$ he did n /eal !m4 ,9 ?is /udy1 bas$ l>gely ^u ! contempor>y discussion 9 ! te*nical press1 ! relation ( ! f\r m5 to ea* o!r is re-exam9$ & an attempt is made to place ! controv]sy ( #ahee-ahfe 9 focus4 ,! necessity = a reappraisal arises f ! fact t today's ref]5ces to ! orig9 ( ,bessem] /eel#b (t5 conta9 *ronological & o!r inaccuracies aris+ 9 _m cases f a dep5d5ce on second>y & sometimes unreliable s\rces4 ,z a result1 ,kelly's contribution has1 p]haps1 be5 ov]emphasiz$1 ) ! effect ( d]ogat+ f ! "w ( ano!r ,am]ican1 ,alex&] ,lyman ,holley1 :o m ?an any man is entitl$ to cr$it = e/abli%+ ,bessem] /eel 9 ,am]ica4#c #b ,see especially mat]ial di/ribut$ by ! ,am]ican ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute 9 connection ) its celebration ( ! c5t5nial ( ,/eel3 ,/eel c5t5nial 7#aieg71 press in=mation1 prep>$ by ,hill & ,kn[lton1 ,inc41 & releas$ by ! ,in/itute z ( ,may #a1 #aieg4 #c ,holley's "w is outside ! scope ( ?is pap]4 ,belat$ly1 8 biography is n[ be+ writt54 ,x c h>dly fail to sub/antiate ! cont5tion t dur+ 8 %ort life 7#ahcb-ahhb7 ,holley1 :o negotiat$ ! pur*ase ( ! ,am]ican rights to ,bessem]'s process1 also adapt$ 8 me?ods to ! ,am]ican sc5e & laid a sub/antial "p ( ! f\ndation = ! mod]n ,am]ican /eel indu/ry4 ,/eel ,be=e ! #ahej's ,9 spite ( a rapid increase 9 ! use ( ma*9es & ! ov]:elm+ dem& = iron products = ! exp&+ railroads1 ! use ( /eel _h exp&$ little prior to #ahee4 ,! me?ods ( production 7 /ill l>gely ^? ( a c5tury e>li]4 ,sl[ prep>ation ( ! /eel by cem5tation or 9 crucibles meant a disproportionate consumption ( fuel & a result+ high co/4 ,production 9 small quantities prev5t$ ! adoption ( /eel 9 uses :i* requir$ l>ge initial masses ( metal4 ,/eel 01 9 fact1 a luxury product4 ,! "w ( ,raumur &1 especially1 ( ,huntsman1 ^: developm5t ( ca/ /eel aft] #agdj secur$ an int]national reputation = ,%effield1 _h e/abli%$ ! cem5tation & crucible processes z ! prim>y s\rce ( ca/ /eel1 = ne>ly #ajj ye>s4 ,josiah ,m>%all ,hea?'s pat5ts ( #ahci1 7 ! fir/ developm5ts 9 ! direction ( *eap] /eel1 8 process lead+ to a r$uction ( f #cj to #dj p]c5t 9 ! price ( good /eel 9 ! ,%effield m>ket4#d ,hea?'s secret 0 ! addition to ! *>ge ( f #a to #c p]c5t ( c>buret ( manganese#e z a deoxidiz]4 ,hea?'s failure to ^w 8 pat5t s z to cov] also 8 me?od ( produc+ c>buret ( manganese l$ to ! effective breakd[n ( t pat5t & to ! g5]al adoption ( 8 process )\t paym5t ( lic5se or royalty4 ,9 spite ( ?is r$uction 9 ! co/ ( its production1 /eel rema9$1 until aft] ! midpo9t ( ! c5tury1 an insignificant item 9 ! output ( ! iron & /eel indu/ry1 be+ us$ pr9cipally 9 ! manufacture ( cutl]y & edge tools4 #d ,&rew ,ure1 ,diction>y ( arts1 manufactures & m9es1 ,new ,york1 #ahef1 p4 #gce4 #e ,see abridgem5t ( ,briti% pat5t #hjba ( #ahci quot$ by ,james ,s4 ,jeans1 ,/eel1 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #bh ff4 ,x is n cle> t ,hea? 0 aw>e ( ! precise *emical effect ( ! use ( manganese 9 ?is way4 ,! /imulus t[>ds new me?ods ( mak+ /eel &1 inde$1 ( mak+ new /eels came curi\sly en\gh f outside ! e/abli%$ indu/ry1 f a man :o 0 n an ironma/]--,h5ry ,bessem]4 ,! way 9 :i* ,bessem] *all5g$ ! trade 0 itself unusual4 ,!re are few cases 9 :i* a /rang] to an indu/ry has tak5 ! risk ( giv+ a description ( a new process 9 a public =um l a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,he *all5g$ ! trade1 n only to attack 8 !ories b to produce evid5ce f _! own plants t !y c\ld provide an alt]native means ( satisfy+ an em]g5t dem&4 ,:e!r or n ,bessem] is entitl$ to claim priority ( inv5tion1 "o c b agree ) ! ironma/] :o said3#f ,mr4 ,bessem] has rais$ su* a _s ( enquiry ?r\gh\t 444 ! l& z mu/ lead to an improv$ sy/em ( manufacture4 #f ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #dfe4 ,bessem] & 8 ,competitors ,h5ry ,bessem] 7#ahac-ahih71 an ,engli%man ( ,fr5* extraction1 0 ! son ( a me*anical eng9e] ) a special int]e/ 9 metallurgy4 ,8 environm5t & 8 unusual ability to syn!size 8 obs]vation & exp]i5ce enabl$ ,bessem] to beg9 a c>e] ( inv5tion by regi/]+ 8 fir/ pat5t at ! age ( #be4 ,8 active exp]im5t+ cont9u$ until 8 dea?1 al?\gh ! public record ( 8 results end$ ) a pat5t issu$ on ! day be=e 8 sev5tie? bir?day4 ,a total ( #aag ,briti% pat5ts#g be> 8 "n1 n all ( !m1 by any means1 successful 9 ! s5se ( produc+ a sub/antial income4 ,curi\sly1 ,bessem]'s f9ancial /ability 0 assur$ by ! success ( an inv5tion he did n pat5t4 ,?is 0 a process ( mak+ bronze p[d] & gold pa9t1 until ! #ahcj's a secret held 9 ,g]many4 ,bessem]'s sub/itute = an exp5sive import$ product1 9 ! !n /ate ( ! pat5t laws1 w\ld h fail$ to give him an adequate rew>d if he _h be5 unable to keep 8 process secret4 ,to assure ?is rew>d1 he _h to design1 assemble1 & organize a plant capable ( op]ation ) a m9imum ( hir$ labor & ) close security control4 ,! fact t he kept ! me?od secret = #dj ye>s1 sugge/s t 8 ma*9]y#h 7,bessem] describes x z virtually automatic 9 op]ation7 repres5t$ an appreciation ( coord9at$ design greatly 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,8 exp]i5ce mu/ h directly contribut$ to 8 conception ( 8 /eel process n z a metallurgical trick b z an indu/rial process2 = :5 ! "t came1 ,bessem] pat5t$ 8 discov]y z a process r ?an z a =mula4 #g ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 ,f4,r4,s41 an autobiography1 ,london1 #aije1 p4 #ccb4 #h ,ibid41 p4 #ei ff4 ,9 ! light ( subsequ5t developm5ts1 x is necess>y to consid] ,bessem]'s attitude t[>d ! pat5t privilege4 ,he describes 8 secret gold pa9t z an example ( :at ! public has _h to pay = n be+ able to give 444 security to ! inv5tor 9 a situation :]e ! production ( ! mat]ial c\ld n be id5tifi$ z hav+ be5 made by any p>ticul> =m ( me*anism4#i ,! inability to obta9 a pat5t ov] ! me?od ( production meant t ! disclosure ( 8 =mula1 necess>y = pat5t specification1 w\ld op5ly invite competitors1 includ+ ! ,g]mans1 to evolve _! own te*niques4 ,bessem] concludes3#aj ,_h ! inv5tion be5 pat5t$1 x w\ld h become public prop]ty 9 f\rte5 ye>s f ! date ( ! pat5t1 aft] :i* p]iod ! public w\ld h be5 able to buy bronze p[d] at its pres5t i4e41 ca4 #ahij m>ket price1 viz4 f two %ill+s & ?ree p5ce to two %ill+s & n9e p5ce p] p\nd4 ,b ?is important secret 0 kept = ab\t ?irty-five ye>s & ! public _h to pay excessively high prices = tw5ty-"o ye>s long] ?an !y w\ld h done _h ! inv5tion become public prop]ty 9 f\rte5 ye>s1 z x w\ld h be5 if pat5t$4 ,ev5 ?is does n repres5t all ! disadvantages result+ f secret manufacture4 ,:ile e detail ( production 0 a pr(\nd secret1 !re 7 no improvem5ts made by ! outside public 9 any "o ( ! ma*9es employ$ dur+ ! :ole ?irty-five ye>s2 :]eas dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s1 if ! inv5tion _h be5 pat5t$1 !re w\ld1 9 all probability h be5 _m improv$ ma*9es inv5t$ & _m novel features appli$ to totally diff]5t manufactures4 #i ,ibid41 p4 #hb4 #aj ,ibid41 p4 #hc4 ,:ile ^! words1 to "s ext5t1 7 ! rationalizations ( an old man1 ,bessem]'s c>e] %[$ t 8 philosophy _h a practical f\ndation2 &1 if ?is 0 inde$ 8 belief1 ! episode expla9s 9 l>ge measure ,bessem]'s lat] insi/5ce on ! legal niceties ( ! pat5t proc$ure4 ,! effect ( ?is w be se54 ,bessem]'s int]v5tion 9 ! field ( iron & /eel 0 prec$$ by a p]iod ( exp]im5ts 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,"h ,bessem] claims to h made glass = ! fir/ "t 9 ! op5 he>? ( a rev]b]atory furnace4#aa ,8 "w 9 glass manufacture at lea/ gave him consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! problems ( fusion "u high temp]atures & provid$ "s support = 8 lat] claim t 9 apply+ ! rev]b]atory furnace to ! manufacture ( malleable iron z describ$ 9 8 fir/ pat5t ( ,janu>y #ahee1 he _h 9 "s mann] anticipat$ ! "w ( ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s & ,emil ,m>t94#ab #aa ,ibid41 p4 #ajh ff4 #ab ,ibid41 p4 #ada4 ,bessem]'s ass]tion t he _h approa*$ )9 measurable di/ance ( anticipat+ ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 process1 made 9 a pap] pres5t$ at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s 7,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #ahig1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #dei71 evok$ /rong criticism ( ,bessem]'s lack ( g5]osity 7ibid41 p4 #dhb74 ,"o comm5tator1 fri5dly to ,bessem]1 put x t ,bessem]'s relation to ! op5-he>? process 0 v mu* l ,kelly's to ! ,bessem] process4444 ,al?\gh he 0 measurably ne> to ! op5-he>? process1 he did n foll[ x up & make x a comm]cial success4444 7ibid41 p4 #dia74 ,! g5]al int]e/ 9 problems ( ordnance & armor1 /imulat$ by ! ,crimean ,w> 7#ahed-ahef71 0 %>$ by ,bessem]1 ^: +5uity soon produc$ a design = a projectile :i* c\ld provide its own rotation :5 fir$ f a smoo?-bore gun4#ac ,bessem]'s failure to int]e/ ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice 9 ! idea l$ him to submit 8 design to ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,trials made ) ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,emp]or %[$ ! inadequacy ( ! ca/-iron guns ( ! p]iod to deal ) ! heavi] %ot2 & ,bessem] 0 pres5t$ ) a new problem :i*1 ) ! op5 m9d :i* d]iv$ f a limit$ k ( ! metallurgy ( w>1 he attack$ ) impetuosity4 ,)9 ?ree weeks ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,france1 he _h appli$ = a pat5t = ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,iron & ,/eel4#ad ,?is cov]$ ! fusion ( /eel ) pig or ca/ iron &1 ?\gh ?is mu/ be reg>d$ z only ! fir/ practical /ep t[>d ! ,bessem] process1#ae x 0 8 exp]im5ts ) ! furnace :i* provid$ ,bessem] ) ! idea = 8 lat] developm5ts4 #ac ,briti% pat5t #bdhi1 ,novemb] #bd1 #ahed4 #ad ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #acg ,he receiv$ ,briti% pat5t #ff1 dat$ ,janu>y #aj1 #ahee4 #ae ,see ,james ,w4 ,dr$ge1 ,h5ry ,bessem] #ahac-ahih1 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #ahih1 vol4 #ai1 p4 #iaa4 ,^! 7 describ$ 9 8 pat5t dat$ ,octob] #ag1 #ahee 7,briti% pat5t #bcba74 ,?is pat5t is significant to ! pres5t /udy because 8 application = an ,am]ican pat5t1 bas$ on simil> specifications1 l$ to ! int]f]5ce ( ,william ,kelly & to ! subsequ5t d5ial ( ! ,am]ican pat5t4#af ,9 ,briti% pat5t #bcba ,bessem] propos$ to conv]t 8 /eel 9 crucibles1 arrang$ 9 a suitable furnace & ea* hav+ a v]tical tuyre1 ?r\gh :i* air "u pressure 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! molt5 metal4 ,z ,dr$ge#ag po9ts out1 ,bessem]'s association ( ! air bla/ ) ! increase 9 ! temp]ature ( ! metal %[$ 8 appreciation ( ! end 9 view1 & ! g5]al way ( atta9+ x1 ?\gh 8 me*anical details 7 /ill crude & imp]fect4 #af ,see ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,decision ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 dat$ ,april #ac1 #aheg1 9 ,kelly vs4 ,bessem] ,int]f]5ce4 ,?is is fur!r discuss$ bel[ 7p4 #db74 #ag ,dr$ge1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ae71 p4 #iab4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,,bessem]',s ,,design ,,= ,a ,,conv]t]1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,9 ,u4,s4 ,,pat5t #afjhb4 ,?is pat5t1 dat$ ,novemb] #aa1 #ahef1 corresponds ) ,briti% pat5t #cef1 dat$ ,febru>y #ab1 #ahef4 ,! m famili> design ( conv]t] appe>$ fir/ 9 ,briti% pat5t #egh1 ,m>* #a1 #ahfj4 ,! contra/ ) ,kelly's s*ematic draw+ 9 ,fig4 #b 7p4 #db7 is noticeable4 ,exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ & sev]al m ,briti% pat5ts 7 appli$ = be=e ,bessem] made 8 appe>ance be=e ! ,briti% ,association on ,augu/ #ac1 #ahef4ah ,bessem] describ$ 8 fir/ conv]t] & its op]ation 9 "s detail4 ,al?\gh he 0 soon to realize t he too readily all[$ myself to br+ my inv5tions "u public notice1#ai ,bessem] _h n[ ?r[n out a *all5ge :i* ev5tually _h to be tak5 up1 reg>dless ( ! /r5g? ( ! ve/$ int]e/s involv$4 ,! provocation came f 8 claims t ! product ( ! fir/ /age ( ! conv]sion 0 ! equival5t ( *>coal iron1 ! processes foll[+ ! smelt+ be+ conduct$ )\t contact )1 or ! use (1 any m9]al fuel2 & t fur!r bl[+ c\ld be us$ to produce any quality ( metal1 t is1 a /eel ) any desir$ p]c5tage ( c>bon4 ,yet1 ! pr9cipal irritant to ! complac5cy ( ! ironma/] mu/ h be5 ,bessem]'s attack on an indu/ry :i* _h gone on increas+ ! size ( its smelt+ furnaces1 ?us improv+ ! uni=mity ( its pig-iron1 )\t modify+ ! puddl+ process1 :i* at be/ c\ld h&le no m ?an #djj to #ejj p\nds ( iron at a "t1 divid$ into ! homeopa?ic doses ( #gj or #hj p\nds capable ( be+ h&l$ by human labor4#bj ,bessem]'s claim to d #hjj p\nds ( metal 9 #cj m9utes aga9/ ! puddl+ furnace's output ( #ejj p\nds 9 two h\rs 0 calculat$ to ar\se ! opposition ( ^? :o fe>$ ! loss ( capital inve/$ 9 puddl+ furnaces & ( ^? :o suspect$ t _! jobs might be 9 jeop>dy4 ,! ensu+ criticism ( ,bessem] has to be int]pret$1 !re=e1 ) ?is 9 m9d2 n by any means 0 x entirely bas$ on objective consid]ation ( ! me?od or ! product4#ba #ah ,bessem]'s pap] 0 report$ 9 ,! ,times1 ,london1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahef4 ,by ! "t ! ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,association 7 prep>$ = publication1 ! controv]sy ar\s$ by ,bessem]'s claim to manufacture malleable iron & /eel )\t fuel _h brok5 out & x 0 decid$ n to report ! pap]4 ,dr$ge 7op4 cit41 footnote #ae1 p4 #iae7 describes ?is decision z sagaci\s4 #ai ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #afd4 #bj ,! ,times1 ,london1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahef4 #ba ,david ,mu%et recogniz$ t ,bessem]'s great feature 0 ?is ef=t to raise ! aft] processes 444 to a level comm5surate ) ! prec$+ case 7,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 p4 #eii74 ,)9 a mon? ( 8 address1 ,bessem] _h sold lic5ses to sev]al ironma/]s 7outside ,%effield7 & s provid$ himself ) capital ) :i* to cont9ue 8 developm5t "w2 b he refus$ to sell 8 pat5ts outright to ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works & by ?is action1 z w be se51 he creat$ an enemy = himself4 ,! ?ree ye>s betwe5 #ahef & #ahei1 :5 ,bessem] op5$ 8 own /eel works 9 ,%effield1 7 occupi$ 9 trac+ ! causes ( 8 initial difficulties4 ,!re 0 cont9u$ controv]sy 9 ! te*nical press4 ,bessem] 7unless he us$ a nom-de-plume7 took no "p 9 x & rema9$ sil5t until he made ano!r public appe>ance be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 ,london 7,may #ahei74 ,by ?is "t ,bessem]'s process 0 accept$ z a practical "o1 & ! claims ( ,rob]t ,mu%et to %>e 9 8 a*ievem5t 0 becom+ clamor\s4 ,rob]t ,mu%et ,rob]t 7,=e/]7 ,mu%et 7#ahaa-ahia71 born 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ( a ,scots fa!r 7,david1 #aggb-ahdg7 himself a not$ contributor to ! metallurgy ( iron & /eel1 is1 l ! ,am]ican ,william ,kelly1 consid]$ by _m to h be5 a victim ( ,bessem]'s a/ut5ess--or villa9y4 ,because ( ,rob]t ,mu%et's pref]5ce = ! quiet ( ,cole=d1 _m important facts ab\t 8 c>e] are lack+2 b ev5 if 8 physical life 0 t ( a recluse1 8 frequ5t & v]bose contributions to ! correspond5ce columns ( ! te*nical press made him well-kn[n to ! iron trade4 ,x is f ^! lett]s t he mu/ be judg$4 ,9 view ( 8 prop5sity to int]v5e pontifically 9 e discussion conc]n+ ! manufacture ( iron & /eel1 x is some:at surpris+ t he refra9$ f comm5t on ,bessem]'s ,briti% ,association address ( ,augu/ #ahef = m ?an f\rte5 mon?s4 ,! debate 0 op5$ ov] ! signature ( 8 bro!r ,david :o %>$ ! family facility ) ! p54#bb ,recogniz+ ,bessem]'s inv5tion z a congru\s app5dage to ! n[ highly develop$ p[]s ( ! bla/ furnace :i* he describes z too conv5i5t1 too p[]ful & too capable ( fur!r developm5t to be sup]s$$ by any retrograde process1 ,david ,mu%et greet$ ,bessem]'s discov]y z "o ( ! greate/ op]ations ev] devis$ 9 metallurgy4#bc ,a mon? lat]1 h[ev]1 ,david ,mu%et _h s modifi$ 8 op9ion ( ,bessem] z to come to ! conclusion t ! latt] mu/ inde$ be class$ ) ! mo/ un=tunate inv5tors4 ,he gave z 8 reason = ?is turnab\t 8 discov]y t ,joseph ,m>ti5 _h demon/rat$ 8 process ( purify+ metal successfully & _h inde$ be5 grant$ a provisional pat5t a mon? be=e ,bessem]4 ,! %>p practice ( ,m>ti5's pat5t lawy]1 ,mu%et claim$1 _h depriv$ him ( an opportunity ( prov+ priority ( inv5tion aga9/ ,bessem]4 ,mu%et 0 conv9c$ t ,m>ti5's 0 ! fir/ 9 ! field4#bd #bb ,see ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 pp4 #hci & #hee4 ,david ,mu%et )drew f ! discussion aft] #aheh & 8 relapse into obscurity is only brok5 by an appeal = funds = ! family ( ,h5ry ,cort4 ,a biograph] ( ! ,mu%ets is ( ! op9ion t ,rob]t ,mu%et wrote ^! lett]s & obta9$ ,david's signature to !m 7,fr$ ,m4 ,osborn1 ,! /ory ( ! ,mu%ets1 ,london1 #aieb1 p4 #dd1 footnote74 ,! simil>ity 9 ! /yle ( ! two bro!rs is extraord9>y en\gh to support ?is idea4 ,if ?is is s1 ,rob]t ,mu%et :o disagre$ ) himself z ,sid]os 0 also 9 controv]sy ) himself writ+ z ,david4 #bc ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #efg4 #bd ,ibid41 pp4 #fca & #fdg4 ,! case ( ,m>ti5 w be discuss$ bel[ 7p4 #cf74 ,david ,mu%et _h ov]look$ ,bessem]'s pat5t ( ,janu>y #aj1 #ahee4 ,rob]t ,mu%et's campaign on behalf ( 8 own claims to h made ! ,bessem] process effective 0 introduc$ 9 ,octob] #aheg1 two ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,bessem]'s exp]im5t & aft] "o ye> ( sil5ce on ,bessem]'s "p4 ,writ+ z ,sid]os#be he gave cr$it to ,m>ti5 = ! great discov]y t pig-iron c1 :il/ 9 ! fluid /ate1 be purifi$ 444 by =c+ curr5ts ( air "u x 4441 ?\gh ,m>ti5 _h fail$ to obs]ve ! use ( temp]ature by ! deflation ( ! iron itself2 & = discov]+ t-- :5 ! c>bon has be5 all1 or ne>ly all1 dissipat$1 ! temp]ature increases to an almo/ inconceivable ext5t1 s t ! mass1 :5 conta9+ only z mu* c>bon z is requisite to con/itute ) x ca/ /eel 444 /ill reta9s a p]fect degree ( fluidity4 #be ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #gbc4 ,rob]t ,mu%et 0 a con/ant correspond5t ( ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal f #ahdh4 ,! adoption ( a pseudonym1 peculi> app>5tly to #aheg-aheh 7see ,diction>y ( national biography1 vol4 #ci1 p4 #dbi71 enabl$ him to c>ry on two debates at a "t & also to s+ 8 own praises4 ,?is1 says ,sid]os1 0 no new obs]vation2 x _h be5 be=e ! metallurgical _w1 bo? practical & sci5tific1 = c5turies1 b ,bessem] 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ?is g5]ation ( heat c\ld be atta9$ by bl[+ cold air ?r\gh ! melt$ iron4 ,mu%et goes on to %[1 h[ev]1 t ! /eel ?us produc$ by ,bessem] 0 n comm]cially valuable because ! sulphur & phosphor\s rema9$1 & ! disp]sion ( oxide ( iron ?r\gh ! mass import$ to x ! invet]ate hot-%ort quality :i* no subsequ5t op]ation c\ld expel4 ,sid]os concludes t ,bessem]'s discov]y 0 at lea/ = a "t n[ %elv$ & arre/$ 9 its progress2 & x _h be5 left to an individual ( ! "n ( ,mu%et to %[ t if fluid metallic manganese 7 comb9$ ) ! fluid ,bessem] iron1 ! portion ( manganese ?us alloy$ w\ld unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide & pass (f z slag1 remov+ ! hot-%ort quality ( ! iron4 ,rob]t ,mu%et _h demon/rat$ 8 product to ,sid]os & _h pat5t$ 8 discov]y1 ?\gh n "o pr9t1 lit]>y or sci5tific1 _h condesc5d$ to notice x4 ,sid]os view$ ,mu%et's discov]y z a sp>k among/ dry faggots t w "o day light up a blaze :i* w a/oni% ! _w :5 ! un=tunate inv5tor c no long] reap ! fruits ( 8 life-long toil & unfl9*+ p]sev]ance4 ,9 an ensu+ lett] he#bf summ$ up ! situation z he saw x3 ,no?+ t ,mr4 ,mu%et c h]eaft] inv5t c entitle him to ! m]it ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s great discov]y 444 & 444 no?+ t ,mr4 ,bessem] may h]eaft] pat5t c deprive ,mr4 ,rob]t ,mu%et ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to remove ! ob/acles to ! success ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s process4 #bf ,ibid41 p4 #hbc4 ,mu%et's di/9ction betwe5 an inv5tor & a pat5tee is indicative ( ! disda9 ( a son ( ,david ,mu%et = an amateur 7see also p4 #hhf74 ,bessem] /ill did n int]v5e 9 ! newspap] discussion2 nor _h he _h any s]i\s support]s1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly /age4#bg #bg ,"o ,william ,gre5 _h comm5t$ ext5sively on ,david ,mu%et's e>ly praise ( ! ,bessem] process & on 8 sudd5 rev]sal 9 favor ( ,m>ti5 soon aft] ,bessem]'s ,briti% ,association address 7,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahef1 vol4 #fe1 p4 #cgc ff474 ,gre5 wrote f ,cal$onian ,road1 & ! proximity to ,baxt] ,h\se1 ,bessem]'s ,london headqu>t]s1 sugge/s ! possibility t ,gre5 0 writ+ = ,bessem]4 ,publication 9 ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( a li/ ( ,mu%et's pat5ts1#bh evid5tly 9 response to ,sid]os' compla9t1 n[ pres5t$ ,bessem] ) notice ( ,rob]t ,mu%et's activity1 ev5 if he _h n already obs]v$ 8 claims z !y 7 pres5t$ to ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,mu%et1 said ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal-- appe>s to int5d to c>ry on 8 rese>*es f ! po9t :]e ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,m>ti5 left (f & is proce$+ on ! ,bessem] plan ( pat5t+ ea* idea z x occurs to 8 imag9ative bra94 ,he proposes to make bo? iron & /eel b does n appe> to h q decid$ z to ! c\rse ( action 444 to accompli% 8 object1 & !re=e claims v>i\s processes1 "s ( :i* are nev] likely to realize ! inv5tor's expectations1 al?\gh decid$ly novel1 :il/ o!rs are b slight modification ( inv5tions :i* h already be5 tri$ & fail$4 #bh ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #gfd4 ,! contempor>y attitude is reflect$ 9 ano!r comm5t by ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal3#bi ,al?\gh ! application ( *emical k to ! manufacture ( malleable iron _c fail to produce b5eficial results1 ! quality ( ! metal dep5ds m ^u ! me*anical ?an ! *emical processes4444 ,)\t wi%+ 9 any way to disc\rage ! iron *emi/s1 we h no hesitation 9 giv+ ?is z our op9ion :i* we %all ma9ta9 until ! contr>y be actually prov$4 ,) reg>d to /eel1 !re may be a l>ge field = *emical rese>* 444 h[ev]1 we believe t unless ! iron be ( a nature adapt$ = ! manufacture ( /eel by ord9>y processes1 ! purely *emical inv5tions w only give a metal ( a v uni=m quality4 #bi ,ibid41 p4 #gfd4 ,ano!r correspond5t1 ,william ,gre51 0 ( ! op9ion t ,mu%et's new comp\nds & alloys1 promis$ well z an auxili>y to ! ,bessem] process b t ! evil :i* x 0 int5d$ to remove 0 m vision>y ?an real4 ,bessem]'s *ief difficulty 0 ! phosphorus1 n ! oxide ( iron z ,mr4 ,mu%et assumes4 ,?is1 ,bessem] no d\bt w\ld deal ) 9 due c\rse1 b mean:ile he did well to conc5trate 8 en]gies ^u ! /eel op]ations1 aft] :i* he w\ld h "t to tackle ! difficulties :i* h s f> ret>d$ ! iron op]ations4#cj #cj ,ibid41 p4 #gia4 ,mu%et#ca claims to h tak5 out 8 pat5t ( ,septemb] #bb1 #ahef1 cov]+ ! fam\s triple comp\nd1 aft] he-- _h fully asc]ta9$1 ^u ! ord9>y scale ( manufacture t air-purifi$ ca/-iron1 :5 treat$ z set =? 9 my specifications1 w\ld af=d t\gh malleable iron 444 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! remelt+ ( ! coke pig-iron1 9 contact ) coke fuel1 h>d5$ ! iron too mu*1 & x became evid5t t an air-furnace 0 m prop] = my purpose 444 ! difficulties arose1 n f any defect 9 my process1 b 7 ow+ to ! small quantity ( ! metal op]at$ ^u & ! imp]fect arrangem5t ( ! purify+ vessel1 :i* ought to be s con/itut$ t x may be turn$ ^u an axis1 ! bla/ tak5 (f1 ! alloy add$ & ! /eel p\r$ out ?r\gh a sp\t 444 ,su* a purify+ vessel ,mr4 ,bessem] has del9eat$ 9 "o ( 8 pat5ts4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #ggj 7italics suppli$74 ,mu%et also claim$ to h design$ 8 own purify+ & mix+ furnace1 ( #bj-ton capacity1 :i* he _h submitt$ to ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works _m mon?s ago1 )\t comm5t f !m4 ,!re is an intrigu+ ref]5ce to ! pa9ful subject ( two pat5ts n proce$$ )1 & n discuss$ 9 ! av>ici\s hope t ! p>ties connect$ ) ! pat5ts w make me honorable am5ds 444 ^! pat5ts 7 suppress$ )\t my k or cons5t4 ,le/ 8 qualifications %\ld be que/ion$1 ,mu%et concludes3 ,i d n pr(ess to be an iron *emi/1 b ,i h und\bt$ly made m exp]im5ts ^u ! subject ( iron & /eel ?an any man n[ liv+ & ,i am !reby enabl$ to say t all ,i "k is b little 9 comp>ison ) :at has yet to be discov]$4 ,s began ,mu%et's claim to h solv$ ,bessem]'s problem1 a claim :i* 0 to fill ! correspond5ce columns ( ! eng9e]+ j\rnals = ! next t5 ye>s4 ,int]pretation ( ?is correspond5ce is made difficult by our ignorance ( ! facts conc]n+ ! control ( ,mu%et's pat5ts4 ,^! h to be piec$ toge!r f 8 scatt]$ ref]5ces to ! subject4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 conduct$1 at lea/ ne>ly up to ! close ( ! ye> #ahef1 ) ! coop]ation ( ,?omas ,br[n ( ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works4#cb ,! price ( ?is assi/ance 0 app>5tly half int]e/ 9 ,mu%et's pat5ts1 ?\gh = reasons :i* ,mu%et does n expla9 ! de$ prep>$ to effect ! transf] 0 nev] execut$4#cc ,mu%et cont9u$1 h[ev]1 to reg>d ! pat5ts z :olly my own1 ?\gh at ! same "t1 ,i am b\nd 9 honor to take no unfair advantage ( ! non-execution ( t de$4 ,a possible explanation ( ?is situation may be f\nd 9 ,ebbw ,vale's activities 9 connection ) ,m>ti5 & ,bessem]1 z well z ) an ,au/rian inv5tor1 ,u*atius4 #cb ,ibid41 p4 #ggj4 #cc ,ibid41 p4 #hbc4 ,ebbw ,vale & ! ,bessem] ,process ,aft] 8 ,briti% ,association address 9 ,augu/ #ahef1 ,bessem] _h receiv$ applications f sev]al ironma/]s = lic5ses1 :i* 7 issu$ 9 return = a d[n paym5t & a nom9al royalty ( #be p5ce p] ton4 ,among ^? :o />t$ negotiations 0 ,mr4 ,?omas ,br[n ( ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,s\? ,wales plants4 ,he propos$1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( a lic5se1 an outright pur*ase ( ,bessem]'s pat5ts = #ej1jjj4 ,bessem] refus$ to sell1 & accord+ to 8#cd acc\nt-- int5se disappo9tm5t & ang] q got ! bett] ( ,br[n & = ! mom5t he c\ld n realize ! fact ( my refusal4444 ,he !n left me v abruptly1 say+ 9 an irritat$ tone 444 ,i'll make y see ! matt] diff]5tly yet & slamm$ ! door aft] him4 #cd ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #afi4 ,david ,mu%et's advocacy ( ,m>ti5's claim to priority ov] ,bessem] has already be5 notic$ 7p4 #cc74 ,f him we le>n#ce t ,m>ti5's exp]im5ts lead+ to 8 pat5t ( ,septemb] #ae1 #ahee1 _h be5 c>ri$ out at ! ,ebbw ,vale ,works 9 ,s\? ,wales1 :]e he engag$ 9 p]fect+ ! ,r5ton process4#cf ,m>ti5's own process consi/$ 9 pass+ air ?r\gh metal z x 0 run 9 a tr\gh f ! furnace & be=e x pass$ into ! puddl+ furnace4 #ce ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #fca4 #cf ,james ,r5ton's process 7,u4,s4 pat5t #hfac1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahea7 _h be5 develop$ at ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 #ahed4 ,x 0 a modification ( ! puddl+ furnace1 9 :i* ! ore & c>bon 7 heat$ 9 tubs1 utiliz+ ! wa/e heat ( ! rev]b]atory furnace 7see ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 vol4 #fb1 p4 #bdf1 #ahee74 ,r5ton di$ at ,new>k 9 ,septemb] #ahef 7,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahef1 vol4 #fe1 p4 #dbb74 ,x is kn[n t ,m>ti5's pat5t 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works by ,m>* #aheg4cg ,?is fact mu/ be add$ to our k t ,mu%et's pat5t ( ,septemb] #bb1 #ahef 0 drawn up ) a specific ref]5ce to ! application ( 8 triple comp\nd to iron 444 purifi$ by ! action ( air1 9 ! mann] inv5t$ by ,joseph ,gilb]t ,m>ti51#ch & t ?is & 8 o!r manganese pat5ts 7 "u ! effective control ( ,ebbw ,vale4 ,x seems a reasonable d$uction f ^! circum/ances t ,br[n's (f] to buy out ,bessem] & 8 subsequ5t ?reat 7 ! consequ5ces ( a det]m9ation by ,ebbw ,vale to attack ,bessem] by means ( pat5t infr+em5t suits4 #cg ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #aic4 #ch ,briti% pat5t #bbai1 ,septemb] #bb1 #ahef4 ,"s aspects ( ! ,ebbw ,vale situation are n yet expla9$4 ,m>ti5 came to ,s\? ,wales f ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e he _h be5 manag] ( ,r5ton's ,pat5t ,semi-,bitum9\s ,coal ,furnace1 own$ by ,james ,quimby1 & :]e he _h some?+ to d ) ! in/allation ( ,r5ton's fir/ furnace 9 #ahed4 ,! fir/ furnace 0 unsuccessful4#ci ,m>ti5 next appe>s 9 ,brita91 at ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works4 ,no in=mation is available z to :e!r ,m>ti5's own furnace 0 actually in/all$ at ,ebbw ,vale1 al?\gh z not$ above1 ,david ,mu%et claims to h be5 invit$ to see x !re4 #ci ,joseph ,p4 ,lesley1 ,! iron manufactur]'s guide1 ,new ,york1 #ahei1 p4 #cd4 ,m>ti5's "n is spell$ ,m>te54 ,a description ( ! furnace is giv5 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,febru>y #aa1 #ahed1 7vol4 #i1 p4 #afi74 ,9 ! pat5t int]f]5ce proce$+s ref]r$ to bel[1 x 0 /at$ t ! furnace 0 9 successful op]ation 9 #ahed4 ,m>ti5 secur$ an ,am]ican pat5t = 8 process 9 #aheg & to file 8 application appe>s to h gone to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e he rema9$ at lea/ until ,octob] #aheh4dj ,he seems to h tak5 ! opportunity to apply = ano!r pat5t = a furnace simil> to t ( ,james ,r5ton4 ,?is l$ to int]f]5ces proce$+s 9 :i* ,m>ti5 %[$ t he _h work$ on ?is furnace at ,bridg5d1 ,glamorgan%ire 7"o ( ! ,ebbw ,vale plants71 improv+ ,r5ton's design by increas+ ! numb] ( deoxydiz+ tubes4 ,?is v>iation 9 ,r5ton's design 0 held n pat5table1 & 9 any case ,r5ton's firm 0 able to %[ t !y _h successfully in/all$ ! furnace at ,new>k 9 #aheb-ahec1 :ile ,m>ti5 c\ld n satisfy ! ,commission] t 8 in/allation _h be5 made be=e ,septemb] #ahed4 ,priority 0 !re=e aw>d$ to ,quimby1 ,br[n1 ,r5ton1 & ,creswell4#da #dj ,u4,s4 pat5t #affij1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aheg4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal 7#aheh1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #gac7 /ates t ,m>ti5 _h n return$ to ,engl& by ,octob] #aheh4 #da ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,decision ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 dat$ ,may #bf1 #ahei 9 ! matt] ( int]f]5ce betwe5 ! application ( ,james ,m4 ,quimby & o!rs 444 & ( ,joseph ,m>ti54 ,s9ce ,r5ton _h n pat5t$ 8 furnace 9 ,great ,brita91 ,m>ti5's use ( 8 e>li] k ( ,r5ton's "w & ( 8 exp]i5ce at ,bridg5d 9 an attempt to upset ,r5ton's priority is a curi\s & at pres5t unexpla9able episode4 ,p]haps ! e>ly records ( ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works1 if !y exi/1 w %[ :e!r ?is episode 0 9 "s way l9k$ to ! firm's optimi/ic comb9ation ( ! ,briti% pat5ts ( ,m>ti5 & ,mu%et4 ,t ,ebbw ,vale ex]t$ e ef=t to f9d an alt]native to ,bessem]'s process is sugge/$1 also1 by _! pur*ase 9 #ahef ( ! ,briti% rights to ! ,u*atius process1 inv5t$ by an ,au/rian ,army (fic]4 ,! provisional pat5t specifications1 dat$ ,octob] #a1 #ahee1 %[$ t ,u*atius propos$ to make ca/ /eel directly f pig-iron by melt+ granulat$ pig-iron 9 a crucible ) pulv]iz$ sp>ry iron 7sid]ite7 & f9e clay or ) gray oxide ( manganese1 :i* w\ld det]m9e ! am\nt ( c>bon comb9+ ) ! iron4 ,?is process1 :i* 0 to prove comm]cially successful 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,sw$5 b 0 n us$ 9 ,am]ica1#db appe>$ to ,ebbw ,vale to be some?+ f :i*1 we c h /eel produc$ at ! price propos$ by ,mr4 ,bessem]1 not)/&+ ! failure ( 8 process to fulfil ! promise4#dc #db ,j4 ,s4 ,jeans1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #ajh4 ,! process is n m5tion$ by ,james ,m4 ,swank1 ,hi/ory ( ! manufacture ( iron 9 all ages1 ,philadelphia1 ,am]ican ,iron & ,/eel ,association1 #ahib4 #dc ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #gjg4 ,s f> z is kn[n only "o direct attempt 0 made1 presumably in/igat$ by ,ebbw ,vale1 to en=ce _! pat5ts aga9/ ,bessem]1 :o records#dd a visit by ,mu%et's ag5t "s two or ?ree mon?s be=e a r5ewal fee on ,mu%et's basic manganese pat5ts became payable 9 #ahei4 ,bessem] entirely repudiat$ ,mu%et's pat5ts & (f]$ to p]=m 8 op]ations 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mu%et's lawy]s & witnesses at ! ,%effield ,works s t a prosecution = infr+em5t w\ld be a v simple matt]4 ,t1 he says1 0 ! la/ he>d f ! ag5t or f ,mu%et on ! subject4#de ,! r5ewal fee 0 n paid & ! pat5ts 7 !re=e ab&on$ by ,ebbw ,vale & _! associates1 a fact :i* did n come to ,mu%et's k until #ahfa1 :5 he himself decl>$ t ! pat5t 0 nev] 9 my h&s at all s t ,i c\ld n en=ce x4#df #dd ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #bij4 #de ,! ,am]ican ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute's ,/eel c5t5nial 7#aieg7 press in=mation 7see footnote #b71 includes a pamphlet1 ,kelly light$ ! fireworks 444 by ,vaughn ,%elton 7,new ,york1 #aief71 :i* ass]ts 7p4 #ab7 t ,bessem] paid ! r5ewal fee & became ! own] ( ,mu%et's vital pat5t4 #df ,rob]t ,mu%et1 ,! ,bessem]-,mu%et process1 ,*elt5ham1 #ahhc1 p4 #bd2 ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfa1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #agg & #ahi4 ,fur!r support = ! !sis t ,ebbw ,vale's policy 0 9 "p dictat$ by a desire to make ,bessem] see ! matt] diff]5tly is to be f\nd 9 ! climatic episode4 ,"w on ,m>ti5's pat5ts _h n be5 ab&on$ & 9 #ahfa c]ta9 pat5ts 7 tak5 out by ,george ,p>ry1 ,ebbw ,vale's furnace manag]4 ,^!1 repres5t$ z improvem5ts ( ,m>ti5's designs1 7 reg>d$ by ,bessem] z cle> infr+em5ts ( 8 own pat5ts4#dg ,:5 x came to ,bessem]'s k t ,ebbw ,vale 0 propos+ to g to ! public = additional capital ) :i* to f9ance1 9 "p1 a l>ge scale work+ ( ,p>ry's process1 he ?reat5$ ! f9ancial promot] ) injunctions & succe$$ 9 op5+ negotiations = a settlem5t4 ,all ! pat5ts :i* _h be5 = ye>s susp5d$ ov] ,bessem] 7 turn$ ov] to him = #cj1jjj4 ,ebbw ,vale1 !reupon1 issu$ _! prospectus#dh ) ! significant /atem5t t ! directors h agre$ = a lic5se = ! manufacture ( /eel by ! ,bessem] process :i*1 f ! peculi> res\rces !y possess1 !y w be enabl$ to produce 9 v l>ge quantities4444 ,s ,bessem] became ! own] ( ! ,m>ti5 & ,p>ry pat5ts4 ,mu%et's basic pat5ts no long] exi/$4 #dg ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfb1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #c4 ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #bif4 #dh ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahfd1 vol4 #cd1 p4 #dgh4 ,mu%et & ,bessem] ,t ,mu%et 0 us$ by ,ebbw ,vale aga9/ ,bessem] is1 p]haps1 only an assumption2 b t he 0 badly treat$ by ,ebbw ,vale is subject to no d\bt4 ,mu%et's bus9ess capacity 0 small b x is difficult to believe t he c\ld h be5 s fooli% z to assign an int]e/ 9 8 pat5ts to ,ebbw ,vale )\t 9 "s way insur+ 8 "r ( consultation ab\t _! disposition4 ,he claims t ev5 9 ! draft+ ( 8 specifications he 0 oblig$ to foll[ die dem&s ( ,ebbw ,vale1 :i* firm1 believ+1 on ! advice ( ,mr4 ,h9dm>%1 ! mo/ em95t pat5t c\nsel ( ! day1#di t ,m>ti5's pat5t outrank$ ,bessem]'s1 insi/$ t ,mu%et l9k 8 process to ,m>ti5's4 ,?is1 z late z #ahfa1 ,mu%et believ$ to be 9 effective op]ation4#ej ,8 lat] repudiation ( ! process z an absurd & impracticable pat5t process possess+ nei!r value nor utility#ea may m truly repres5t 8 op9ion1 especially z1 :5 he wrote 8 #ahfa comm5t1 he /ill did n "k ( ! disappe>ance ( 8 pat5ts4 #di ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfa1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #ahi4 #ej ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #ea ,mu%et1 op4 cit4 7footnote #df71 p4 #i4 ,mu%et's boa/#eb t he _h nev] be5 into an ironworks o!r ?an 8 own 9 ,cole=d is a clue to ! int]pretation ( 8 behavior 9 g5]al & also ( 8 frequ5t presumptu\s claims4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! developm5t ( ! ,u*atius process 0 publiciz$1 he gave 8 op9ion#ec t ! process 0 a useless "o & _h be5 pat5t$ be=e ,u*atius und]/ood its nature2 yet lat]#ed he c\ld claim t ! process 0 9 fact1 my own inv5tion & ,i _h made & sold ! /eel ?us produc$ = "s ye>s previ\sly to ! date ( ,capta9 ,u*atius' pat5t4 ,moreov]1 he claims to h in/ruct$ ,u*atius' ag5ts 9 its op]ation6 ,he may1 at ?is lat] date1 h recall$ 8 *all5ge 7! fir/ ( _m su*7 9 :i* he (f]$ ,u*atius' ag5t 9 ,engl& to pay a monet>y p5alty if he c\ld n %[ a sup]ior me?od ( produc+ s\nd s]viceable ca/ /eel f ,briti% coke pig-iron1 on ! /omic plan & )\t any mixture ( clay1 oxide ( manganese or any ( ^! pot de/roy+ +r$i5ts4#ee #eb ,ibid41 p4 #be4 #ec ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #gee4 #ed ,mu%et1 op4 cit4 7footnote #df71 p4 #bh4 ,! ,u*atius process became ! ,y-*eat-u process to ,mu%et 7,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheh1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #cd74 #ee ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #gee 7italics suppli$74 ,x 0 ,david ,mu%et 7or ,rob]t1 us+ 8 bro!r's "n7#ef :o accus$ ,bessem]1 or r 8 pat5t ag5t1 ,c>pmael1 ( %>p practice 9 connection ) ,m>ti5's specification1 an allegation lat] support$ by ,m>ti5's fir/ pat5t ag5t1 ,av]y4#eg ,! /ory 0 t = ! draft+ ( 8 f9al specification1 ,m>ti51 presumably ) ! advice ( ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works1 consult$ ! same ,c>pmael1 z ! lead+ man 9 ! field4 ,! latt] advis$ t ! provisional specification re/rict$ ,m>ti5 to ! application ( 8 me?od to iron fl[+ 9 a *annel or gutt] f ! bla/ furnace1 & s prev5t$ him f apply+ 8 a]ation pr9ciple 9 any k9d ( receptacle4 ,9 effect1 ,c>pmael 0 act+ unpr(essionally by giv+ ,bessem] ! prior claim to ! use ( a receptacle4 ,accord+ to ,mu%et1 ,m>ti5 _h 9 fact actually & publicly prov$ 8 process 9 a receptacle & n 9 a gutt]1 s t 8 claim to priority c\ld be ma9ta9$ on ! basis ( ! provisional specification4 #ef ,see footnote #bb4 #eg ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #ehc1 #fca4 ,?is1 l o!r ,mu%et allegations1 0 ignor$ by ,bessem]1 & probably ) good reason4 ,at any rate1 ,m>ti5's ,am]ican pat5t is 9 t]ms simil> to ^? ( ! ,briti% specification2 he or 8 advis]s seem to h atta*$ no significance to ! di/9ction betwe5 a gutt] & a receptacle4 ,mu%et's claim to h af=d$ ,bessem] ! means ( mak+ 8 own process useful is /ill subject to debate4 ,un=tunately1 docum5tation ( ! case is almo/ :olly "o sid$1 s9ce 8 bigge/ publiciz] 0 ,mu%et himself4 ,an occasional editorial 9 ! te*nical press & a few replies to ,mu%et's lucubrations are all ! mat]ial :i* exi/s1 ap>t f ,bessem]'s own /ory4 ,mu%et & at lea/ five o!r m5 pat5t$ ! use ( manganese 9 /eel mak+ 9 #ahef2 8 own provisional specification 0 fil$ )9 a mon? ( ! publication ( ,bessem]'s ,briti% ,association address 9 ,augu/ #ahef4 ,s x is /range t ,rob]t ,mu%et did n until m ?an a ye> lat] jo9 9 ! controv]sy :i* foll[$ t address4#eh ,9 "o ( 8 e>ly lett]s he claims to h made ( 8 /eel a bridge rail ( #gej p\nds weight2 al?\gh 8 bro!r insi/s t he saw ! same rail 9 ! ,ebbw ,vale (fices 9 ,london 9 ! spr+ ( #aheg1 :5 x 0 pres5t$ z a specim5 ( ,u*atius /eel6#ei ,rob]t ,mu%et's indignant adv]tisem5t ( ,janu>y #e1 #aheh1fj reit]at+ 8 p>5tage ( ?is sample1 also claim$ a d\ble-head$ /eel rail made by me "u ano!r ( my pat5t processes1 & s5t to ,d]by to be laid d[n !re to be subject$ to int5se v]tricul> triturations4 ,mu%et's description ( ! prep>ation ( ?is +ot#fa %[s t x 0 d]iv$ f ,bessem] scrap made by ,ebbw ,vale 9 ! fir/ unsuccessful attempts ( t firm to simulate ! ,bessem] process4 ,?is scrap ,mu%et _h remelt$ 9 pots ) spiegel 9 ! proportions ( #dd p\nds ( scrap to #c ( melt$ spiegel4 ,x 0 8 claim t ! rail 0 roll$ direct f ! +ot1 some?+ ,bessem] himself c\ld n d at t "t4 #eh ,octob] #ag1 #aheg1 writ+ z ,sid]os 7,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #gbc74 #ei ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #hga1 & #aheh1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #ab4 #fj ,ibid4 7#aheh71 p4 #cd4 #fa ,mu%et1 op4 cit4 7footnote #df71 p4 #ab4 ,! phrase quot$ is typical ( ,mu%et's /yle4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies ( claims by ,mu%et z to 8 ess5tial contributions to ,bessem]'s inv5tion4 ,! sil5ce ( ! latt] dur+ ?is p]iod is impressive1 = accord+ to ,bessem]'s own acc\nt#fb 8 ,briti% ,association address 0 premature1 & al?\gh ! sale ( lic5ses actually provid$ him ) work+ funds1 ! impati5ce ( ^? exp]im5t+ ) ! process & ! flood ( compet+ inv5tions all emb>rass$ him at ! mo/ critical /age ( ?is developm5t ( ! process3 ,x 01 h[ev]1 no use = me to argue ! matt] 9 ! press4 ,all t ,i c\ld say w\ld be m]e talk & ,i felt t action 0 necess>y1 & n words4#fc #fb ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 pp4 #afa ff4 & #bef ff4 #fc ,ibid41 p4 #aga4 ,action took ! =m ( cont9u$ exp]im5ts &1 by ! end ( #aheg1 a decision to build 8 own plant at ,%effield4#fd ,an important collat]al developm5t result$ f ! visit to ,london 9 ,may #aheg ( ,g4 ,f4 ,goransson ( ,gefle1 ,sw$54 ,us+ ,bessem] equipm5t1 ,goransson began trials ( ! process 9 ,novemb] #aheg & by ,octob] #aheh 0 able to report3 ,our firm has n[ entirely giv5 up ! manufacture ( b> iron1 & our bla/ furnaces & tilt mills are n[ :olly employ$ 9 mak+ /eel by ! ,bessem] process1 :i* may1 !re=e1 be n[ consid]$ an accompli%$ comm]cial fact4#fe #fd ,?is ent]prise1 />t$ 9 conjunction ) ,gall[ay's ( ,man*e/]1 "o ( ! firms lic5s$ by ,bessem] to make 8 equipm5t1 0 "u way by ,april #aheh 7see ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheh1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #bei74 #fe ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aheh1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #fif4 ,mu%et comm5t$ 7p4 #gac7 t he _h done ! same ?+ eighte5 mon?s ago4 ,goransson 0 lat] to claim consid]able improvem5ts on ! me?od ( introduc+ ! bla/1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! fir/ effective demon/ration ( ! ,bessem] me?od#ff--?is at a "t :5 ,bessem] 0 /ill remelt+ ! product ( 8 conv]t] 9 crucibles1 aft] granulat+ ! /eel 9 wat]4 ,if ,mu%et is to be believ$1 ?is success ( ,goransson's 0 :olly due to 8 ore be+ totally free f phosphor\s & sulphur4#fg ,h[ev]1 ,bessem]'s own progress 0 sub/antial1 = 8 ,%effield works 7 report$ z be+ 9 active op]ation 9 ,april #ahei1 & a price = 8 eng9e]s' tool & sp9dle /eel 0 includ$ 9 ! ,m9+ ,j\rnal ,m9+ ,m>ket weekly quotations = ! fir/ "t#fh on ,june #d1 #ahei4 #ff ,swank1 op4 cit4 7footnote #db71 p4 #dje4 #fg ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahei1 vol4 #g1 p4 #cej4 #fh ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahei1 vol4 #bi1 pp4 #cif & #dja4 ,! price quotation 0 cont9u$ until ,april #ahfe4 ,9 ,may #ahei ,bessem] gave a pap]1 8 fir/ public pron\ncem5t s9ce ,augu/ #ahef1 be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4#fi ,! e>ly process1 he admitt$1 _h l$ to failure because ! process _h n r$uc$ ! quantity ( sulphur & phosphor\s1 b 8 acc\nt is vague z to ! mann] 9 :i* he dealt ) ?is problem3 ,/eam & pure hydrog5 gas 7 tri$1 ) m or less success 9 ! removal ( sulphur1 & v>i\s flues1 compos$ *iefly ( silicates ( ! oxide ( iron & manganese 7 br\ght 9 contact ) ! fluid metal1 dur+ ! process & ! quantity ( phosphor\s 0 !reby r$uc$4 #fi ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahei1 vol4 #g1 p4 #dcg4 ,b ! cle> implication is t ! comm]cial op]ation at ,%effield 0 bas$ on ! use ( ! be/ ,sw$i% pig iron & ! hematite pig f ,work+ton4 ,! use ( manganese z /&>d practice at ?is "t is n ref]r$ to1#gj b ! rot>y conv]t] & ! use ( gani/] l9+s are m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t4 #gj ,jeans1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #cdi ref]s to ! hematite ores ( ,lanca%ire & ,cumb]l& z ! ores hi!rto almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ! ,bessem] process4 ,a def9itive acc\nt ( ! ,sw$i% developm5t ( ! ,bessem] process1 lead+ to a well-docum5t$ claim t ! fir/ practical realization ( ! process 0 a*iev$ 9 ,sw$5 9 ,july #aheh1 0 rec5tly publi%$ 7,p] ,c>lb]g1 ,e>ly ,production ( ,bessem] ,/eel at ,edsk51 ,j\rnal ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 ,great ,brita91 ,july #aieh1 vol4 #ahi1 p4 #bja74 ,mu%et _h1 ) "s intuition1 f\nd opportunity to reass]t 8 contributions to ,bessem] a few days be=e ?is address1 describ+ 8 process z p]haps lack+ ! extraord9>y m]it ( ,mr4 ,bessem]1 be+ m]ely a vigor\s (f%oot proce$+ f t great discov]y2 b1 comb9$ ) ,mr4 ,bessem]'s process1 x places )9 ! rea* ( e iron manufactur] to produce ca/ /eel at ! same co/ = :i* he c n[ make 8 be/ iron4#ga #ga ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahei1 vol4 #g1 p4 #cad4 ,bessem]'s int5tion to pres5t 8 pap] _h be5 ann\nc$ 9 ,april4 ,"o ( ,mu%et's replies to ! pap] itself took ! =m ( ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 provisional pat5t = ! use ( 8 triple comp\nd :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,! ,m9+ ,j\rnal appe>$ to be b a v slight modification ( sev]al ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s inv5tions4 ,ano!r half doz5 pat5ts appe>$ )9 two mon?s1 s t x is app>5t t ,mr4 ,mu%et's failure to make ! public appreciate 8 !ories has n injur$ 8 inv5tive faculties4#gb ,^! pat5ts include1 besides v>iations on 8 triple comp\nd !me1 8 important pat5t on ! use ( tung/5 = cutt+ tools1 lat] to be kn[n z ,mu%et /eel4#gc #gb ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahei1 vol4 #bi1 p4 #eci & #fdj4 ,ano!r ,mu%et pat5t is describ$ z s mu* l ,u*atius' process t x w\ld seem to be almo/ unpat5table4 #gc ,see ,jeans1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #ecb4 ,mu%et's =mal pron\ncem5t on ,bessem]'s pap]1 dat$ ,june #bh1 #ahei1 is p]haps 8 mo/ intelligible communication on ! subject4 ,he alone f ! fir/ consi/5tly advocat$ ! m]its & po9t$ out ! defects ( ! ,bessem] process1 & )9 a few days ( ! ,briti% ,association address he _h %[n ,ebbw ,vale :]e ! defect w\ld be f\nd & :at w\ld rem$y x4 ,x 0 n1 9 fact1 ! pres5ce ( "o-t5? ( a p]c5t ( sulphur or phosphor\s :i* affect$ ! result if ! ,bessem] process 7 comb9$ ) 8 process by add+ a triple comp\nd ( iron1 c>bon1 & manganese to ! pig4 ,!re nev] 0 a b> ( fir/-rate ca/ /eel made by ! ,bessem] process alone2 7& t includ$ ,goransson's product7 & !re nev] c be1 b a *eap k9d ( /eel applicable to sev]al purposes may be ?us produc$4 ,aft] emphasiz+ ! uniqu5ess ( 8 attempt to make ,bessem]'s process successful1 he ass]ts3#gd ,9 %ort1 ,i m]ely avail$ myself ( a great metallurgical fact1 :i* has be5 = ye>s be=e ! eyes ( ! metallurgical _w1 namely t ! pres5ce ( metallic manganese 9 iron & /eel conf]r$ ^u bo? an am\nt ( t\ghness ei!r :5 cold or :5 heat$1 :i* ! pres5ce at ! same "t ( a notable am\nt ( sulphur & phosphor\s c\ld n ov]come4 #gd ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahei1 vol4 #h1 p4 #ac 7italics suppli$74 ,x is not$ t ,mu%et's ,am]ican pat5t 7#agchi1 ( ,may #bf1 #aheg7 pref]s ! use ( iron z free z possible f ,sulphur & ,phosphor\s4 ,! succe$+ ye>s 7 enliv5$1 "o by "o1 by "s controv]sy 9 :i* ,mu%et invok$ ! %ad[ ( 8 late fa!r z support = "s pron\ncem5t1 or edict1 z "s said1 on ! subject ( mak+ iron & /eel4 ,9 #ahfj1 on ! "q ( suitable metal = artill]y1 lat] to be ! subject ( high controv]sy among ! lead+ exp]ts ( ! day1 ,mu%et f\nd a ready solution 9 8 own gun metal4 ,?is he _h develop$ fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,x 0 ( a t5sile /r5g? bett] ev5 ?an t ( ,krupp ( ,ess5 :o 0 !n specializ+ 9 ! mak+ ( l>ge blocks ( ca/ /eel = heavy =g+s1 & p>ticul>ly = guns4 ,inde$1 he 0 able publicly to *all5ge ,krupp to produce a ca/ gun metal or ca/ /eel to /& te/ aga9/ 84#ge ,a ye> lat] 8 attack on ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* metallurgi/ ,fremy1 :om he describes z an ass = 8 int]e/ 9 ! s-call$ cyanog5 process ( /eel mak+1 did little to enhance 8 reputation1 :atev] ! sci5tific ju/ification = 8 attack4 ,8 attitude t[>d ! use ( ,new ,zeal& 7,t>anaki7 metallif]\s s&1 :i* he _h previ\sly favor$ & !n condemn$ 9 su* a way z to injure a project he c no long] control1#gf 0 ano!r example ( a public behavior evid5tly res5t$4 #ge ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfj1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #cff1 #daf1 & passim4 #gf ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfa1 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #ahi1 #bjb1 #bij1 #cjd4 ,by mid-#ahfa1 on ! o!r h&1 ,bessem] 0 beg9n+ to meet ) increas+ respect f ! trade4 ,! ,society ( ,eng9e]s receiv$ a dispassionate acc\nt ( ! a*ievem5t at ! ,%effield ,works f ,e4 ,riley1 ^: firm 7,d[lais7 0 among ! e>li] & disappo9t$ lic5sees ( ! process4#gg ,9 ,augu/ #ahfa1 five ye>s aft] ! ill-fat$ address be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 meet+ 9 ,%effield1 ! c5t] ( ! ,briti% /eel trade1 he>d pap]s f ,bessem] & f ,john ,br[n1 a fam\s ironma/]4 ,! latt] describ$ ! mak+ ( ,bessem] rails1 ! product :i* above all 0 to absorb ! ,bessem] plants 9 ,am]ica aft] #ahfe4 ,aft] ! meet+1 ! eng9e]s visit$ ,bessem]'s works2 & lat] x 0 report$1#gh at ,messrs4 ,john ,br[n & ,company's works1 ! ,bessem] process 0 repeat$ on a /ill l>g] scale & a heavy armor plate roll$ 9 ! pres5ce ( "s #bej visitors4444 #gg ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfa1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #aj4 #gh ,ibid41 p4 #fc4 ,^! proce$+s invit$ ,rob]t ,mu%et's int]v5tion4 ,/ill "u ! impression t 8 pat5t 0 /ill alive &1 ) ,m>ti5's1 9 ! able h&s ( ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,company1 he condemn$ ,bessem] = 8 lack ( grace to d him ju/ice1 & took ! occasion to indict ! pat5t sy/em :i* d5i$ him & ,m>ti5 ! fruits ( _! labors4#gi #gi ,ibid41 pp4 #gh & #agg4 ,! ,eng9e] f\nd ,mu%et's position unt5able on ! v gr\nds he 0 plead+--t pat5ts %\ld n be issu$ to diff]5t m5 at diff]5t times = ! same ?+2 & %[$ t ,bessem] 9 8 pat5ts ( ,janu>y #d1 #ahef1 & lat]1 _h cle>ly anticipat$ ,mu%et4 ,9 a subsequ5t article1 ,! ,eng9e] dispos$ ( ,m>ti5's & ,mu%et's claims ) a c]ta9 f9ality4 ,! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works _h sp5t #g1jjj try+ to c>ry out ! ,m>ti5 process & x 0 unlikely t !y w\ld h all[$ ,bessem] to infr+e ^u t pat5t if !y _h any gr\nds = a case4 ,bessem] 0 n imitat+ ,mu%et4 ,! latt]'s triple comp\nd requir$ manganese pig-iron 7) a cont5t ( #b to #e p]c5t ( manganese7 at #ac p] ton :ile ,bessem] us$ an oxide ( manganese 7at a #ej p]c5t conc5tration73 at #g p] ton4 ,! alloy ( manganese & o!r mat]ials n[ us$ 9 ! atmosph]ic process conta9s #ej p]c5t ( manganese a proportion :i* c\ld nev] be obta9$ f ! bla/ furnace1 ow+ to ! highly oxidisable nature ( t metal4 ,& x is absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to apply any useful alloy ( iron1 c>bon & manganese1 9 ! manufacture ( malleable iron & v s(t /eel t ! manganese %\ld be l>gely 9 excess ( ! c>bon pres5t4#hj #hj ,ibid41 p4 #bjh4 ,!re is an intrigu+ ref]5ce 9 ?is editorial to an int]f]5ce on behalf ( ,m>ti5 aga9/ a ,bessem] application = a ,u4,s4 pat5t4 ,no dates are giv5 & ! case has n be5 locat$ 9 ! record ( ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,commission]'s decision4 ,suffici5t answ] to ,mu%et 0 at any rate available 9 ! fact t _m hundr$s ( tons ( excell5t ,bessem] metal made )\t any mixture ( manganese or spiegeleis5 9 any =m 7 9 successful use4 ,&1 moreov]1 spiegeleis5 0 n a discov]y ( ,rob]t ,mu%et or an exclusive product ( ,g]many s9ce x _h be5 made = tw5ty ye>s at lea/ f ,t[ ,law 7,durham7 ores4 ,if ,bessem] _h refus$ ,mu%et a lic5se 7& ?is 0 an admitt$ fact71 ,bessem]'s refusal mu/ h be5 made 9 self-def5se3 ,mr4 ,mu%et hav+ set up a numb] ( claims = improvem5ts ^u :i* claims1 we h a "r to suppose1 he 0 prep>+ to take toll f ,mr4 ,bessem]1 b :i* claims1 ! latt] g5tleman discov]$1 9 "t1 7 wor?less & accord+ly decl9$ any negotiations ) ! individual mak+ !m4#ha #ha ,ibid41 p4 #bed4 ,mu%et's claims 7 by ?is "t r>ely support$ 9 ! p]iodicals4 ,"o int]e/+ article 9 8 favor came 9 #ahfd f a s\rce ( special int]e/ to ! ,am]ican situation4 ,mu%et's ,am]ican pat5t#hb _h be5 b\ght by an ,am]ican gr\p int]e/$ 9 ! ,kelly process at ab\t ?is "t1#hc & ,bessem]'s ,am]ican rights _h also be5 sold to an ,am]ican gr\p t includ$ ,alex&] ,lyman ,holley1#hd :o _h long be5 associat$ ) ,z]ah ,colburn1 ano!r ,am]ican eng9e]4 ,colburn1 :o subsequ5tly 7#ahff7 e/abli%$ ! ,london p]iodical ,eng9e]+ & is reg>d$ z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( eng9e]+ j\rnalism1 0 f #ahfb onw>d a frequ5t contributor to o!r trade pap]s 9 ,london4 ,colburn's article ( #ahfdhe seems to h be5 ( "s importance to ,mu%et1 :o1 9 ! prospectus ( ! ,titanic ,/eel & ,iron ,company1 ,ltd41 issu$ soon aft]1 braz5ly ass]t$#hf t1 by ! process ( ,mr4 ,mu%et especially :5 9 comb9ation ) ! ,bessem] process1 /eel z good z ,sw$i% /eel w\ld be produc$ at #f p] ton4 ,mu%et may h int5d$ to invite a pat5t action1 b evid5tly ,bessem] c\ld n[ m ?an ev] af=d to ignore ! sage ( ,cole=d4 #hb ,u4,s4 pat5t #agchi1 dat$ ,may #bf1 #aheg4 ,! pat5t 0 n r5ew$ :5 application 0 made 9 #ahgj1 on ! gr\nds t ! orig9al pat5t _h be5 made co-t]m9al ) ! ,briti% pat5t4 ,! latt] _h be5 ab&on$ by ,mu%et's own fault s t no "r exi/$ to an ,am]ican r5ewal 7,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,decision ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 dat$ ,septemb] #ai1 #ahgj74 #hc ,see bel[1 p4 #de4 ,! exact date ( ! pur*ase ( ,mu%et's pat5t is n kn[n4 #hd ,eng9e]+1 #ahhb1 vol4 #cc1 p4 #aad4 ,! deal 0 complet$ 9 #ahfc4 #he ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfd1 vol4 #ah1 pp4 #dje1 #djf4 #hf ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahfd1 vol4 #cd1 pp4 #gg & #id 7italics suppli$74 ,x has n yet be5 possible to asc]ta9 if ?is company 0 successful4 ,mu%et writes f ?is "t on f ,*elt5ham1 :]e ! company _h its (fices4 ,rese>* cont9ues 9 ?is int]e/+ aspect ( 8 c>e]4 ,! ye> #ahfe saw ,mu%et less provocative & m appeal+2 z = in/ance3 ,x 0 no fault ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s t my pat5t 0 lo/1 b he ought to ackn[l$ge 8 obligations to me 9 a manly1 /raight=w>d mann] & ?is w\ld /amp him z a great man z well z a great inv5tor4#hg #hg ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 #ahfe1 vol4 #ce1 p4 #hf4 ,b ,bessem] evid5tly rema9$ conv9c$ ( ! security ( 8 own pat5t position4 ,9 an address be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham 9 ,septemb] #ahfe he made 8 fir/ public reply to ,mu%et4#hh ,9 8 long s]ies ( pat5ts ,mu%et _h attempt$ to secure-- almo/ e conceivable mode ( introduc+ manganese into ! metal4444 ,manganese & its comp\nds 7 s claim$ "u all imag9able conditions t if ?is s]ies ( pat5ts c\ld h be5 su/a9$ 9 law1 x w\ld h be5 utt]ly impossible = me to h employ$ manganese ) /eel made by 8 process1 al?\gh x 0 consid]$ by ! trade to be impossible to make /eel f coke-made iron )\t x4 #hh ,! ,eng9e]1 #ahfe1 vol4 #bj1 p4 #agd4 ,! failure ( ^? :o controll$ ,mu%et's bat* ( pat5ts to r5ew !m at ! end ( ?ree ye>s1 ,bessem] ascrib$ to ! l[ public e/imation to :i* ,mu%et's process _h sunk 9 #ahei1 & he _h !re=e1 us$ )\t scruple any ( ^! num]\s pat5ts = manganese )\t feel+ an ov]:elm+ s5se ( obligation to ! pat5tee4 ,he 0 n[ us+ f]romanganese made 9 ,glasg[4 ,ano!r alloy1 consi/+ ( #fj to #hj p]c5t ( metallic manganese 0 also available to him f ,g]many4 ,?is r5ew$ publicity br\ght =? no imm$iate reply f ,mu%et1 b a ye> lat] he 0 invit$ to read a pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 ,a report on ! meet+ /at$ t 9 8 pap] he repeat$ 8 (t-told /ory1 & t he /ill ?\ght t ! accid5t 7( ! non-paym5t ( ! pat5t /amp duties7 ought n to deb> him f receiv+ ! rew>d to :i* he 0 ju/ly entitl$4 ,bessem]1 :o 0 pres5t1 reit]at$ 8 con/ant will+ness to submit ! matt] to ! c\rts ( law1 b po9t$ out t ,mu%et _h n accept$ ! *all5ge4#hi #hi ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahff1 vol4 #af1 p4 #adg4 ,?ree mon?s lat]1 9 ,decemb] #ahff1 ,mu%et's daught] call$ on ,bessem] & ask$ 8 help to prev5t ! loss ( _! home3 ,!y tell me y use my fa!r's inv5tions & are indebt$ to him = y\r success4 ,bessem] repli$ *>act]i/ically3 ,i use :at y\r fa!r has no "r to claim2 & if he _h ! legal position y seem to suppose1 he c\ld /op my bus9ess by an injunction tomorr[ & get _m ?\s&s ( p\nds comp5sation = my infr+em5t ( 8 rights4 ,! only result :i* foll[$ f y\r fa!r tak+ out 8 pat5ts 0 t !y po9t$ out to me "s rights :i* ,i already possess$1 b ( :i* ,i 0 n avail+ myself4 ,?us he did me "s s]vice & ev5 = ?is un9t5tional s]vice1 ,i _c live 9 a /ate ( indebt$ness4444 ,) t he gave ,miss ,mu%et money to cov] a debt = :i* di/ra9t 0 ?reat5$4#ij ,soon aft] ?is action1 ,bessem] made ,mu%et a small all[ance ( #cjj a ye>4 ,bessem]'s reasons = mak+ ?is paym5t1 he describes z foll[s3 ,!re 0 a /rong desire on my "p to make him 7,mu%et7 my debtor r ?an ! rev]se1 & ! paym5t _h o!r advantages3 ! press at t "t 0 viol5tly attack+ my pat5t & !re 0 ! *ance t if any ( my lic5sees 7 ?us induc$ to resi/ my claims1 all ! re/ might foll[ ! example4#ia #ij ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #bid4 #ia ,ibid4 ,mu%et's ,titanic ,/eel & ,iron ,company 0 liquidat$ 9 #ahga & its pr9cipal asset1 ,r4 ,mu%et's special /eel1 t is1 8 tung/5 alloy tool metal1 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,%effield firm ( ,samuel ,osborn & ,company4 ,! royalties f ?is1 ) ,bessem]'s p5sion seem to h left ,mu%et 9 a reasonably com=table condition until 8 dea? 9 #ahia2ib b ev5 ! aw>d ( ! ,bessem] m$al by ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute 9 #ahgf fail$ to remove ! conviction t he _h be5 badly treat$4 ,"o w\ld l to "k m ab\t ! politics :i* prec$$ ! aw>d ( ! trade's highe/ honor4 ,bessem] at any rate 0 p]suad$ to approve ( ! pres5tation & att5d$ ! meet+4 ,mu%et himself did n accept ! invitation1 z ,i may probably n be !n alive4#ic ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itute emphasiz$ ! pres5t good relations betwe5 ,mu%et & ,bessem] & ! latt] record$ t ! hat*et _h long s9ce be5 buri$4 ,yet ,mu%et cont9u$ to brood ov] ! inju/ice done to him & ev5tually record$ 8 /ory ( ! rise & progress ( ! ,bessem]-,mu%et process 9 a pamphlet#id writt5 app>5tly )\t ref]5ce to 8 e>li] /atem5ts & s committ+ himself to _m inconsi/5cies4 #ib ,see ,fr$ ,m4 ,osborn1 ,! /ory ( ! ,mu%ets1 ,london1 #aheb4 #ic ,j\rnal ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 #ahgf1 p4 #c4 #id ,rob]t ,mu%et1 ,! ,bessem]-,mu%et process1 ,*elt5ham1 #ahhc4 ,william ,kelly's ,air-boil+ ,process ,an acc\nt ( ,bessem]'s address to ! ,briti% ,association 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican on ,septemb] #ac1 #ahef4ie ,on ,septemb] #af1 #ahef1 ,m>ti5 fil$ application = a ,u4,s4 pat5t on 8 furnace & ,mu%et = "o on ! application ( 8 triple comp\nd to ca/ iron purifi$ or dec>boniz$ by ! action ( air bl[n or =c$ into 444 its p>ticles :ile x is 9 a molt5 444 /ate4#if ,mu%et1 by ?is "t1 _h app>5tly decid$ to g5]alize ! application ( 8 comp\nd in/ead ( cit+ its use 9 conjunction ) ,m>ti5's process1 or1 z he put x1 he _h be5 oblig$ to d = 8 ,engli% specification by ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works4 #ie ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #ahef1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #f4 #if ,u4,s4 pat5t #agchi1 dat$ ,may #bf1 #aheg4 ,m>ti5's ,u4,s4 pat5t 0 grant$ z #affij1 dat$ ,febru>y #bd1 #aheg4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,,only ,,kn[n ,,design ,,= ,,kelly',s ,,air-,,boil+ ,,furnace1 ,,f ,u4,s4 ,,pat5t #agfbh4 ,a is ! flue to c>ry (f ! c>bonic gas =m$ 9 dec>boniz+ ! iron1 ,b is ! port ?r\gh :i* ! *>ge ( fluid iron is receiv$1 ,c & ,c' are ! tuyres1 & ,d is ! tap hole = lett+ out ! ref9$ metal4 ,! discussion 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 :i* 0 mo/ly conc]n$ ) ,m>ti5's claim to priority1 soon evok$ a lett] f ,william ,kelly4 ,writ+ "u date ( ,septemb] #cj1 #ahef1 f ! ,suwanee ,iron ,works1 ,eddyville1 ,k5tucky1 he claim$ to h />t$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ,novemb] #ahea :i* _h be5 witness$ by hundr$s ( p]sons & discuss$ among/ ! ironma/]s1 etc41 ( ?is section1 all ( :om are p]fectly famili> ) ! :ole pr9ciple 444 z discov]$ by me ne>ly five ye>s ago4 ,a numb] ( ,engli% puddl]s _h visit$ him to see 8 new process4 ,sev]al ( !m h s9ce return$ to ,engl& & may h spok5 ( my inv5tion !re4 ,kelly expect$ %ortly to h ! inv5tion p]fect$ & br+ x be=e ! public4#ig #ig ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #ahef1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #dc1 ,kelly's sugge/ion ( piracy ( 8 ideas 0 lat] enl>g$ ^u by 8 biograph] ,john ,newton ,b\*]1 ,william ,kelly3 ,a true hi/ory ( ! s-call$ ,bessem] process1 ,gre5sburg1 ,p5nsylvania1 #aibd4 ,bessem]'s application = an ,am]ican pat5t 0 grant$ dur+ ! week end+ ,novemb] #ah1 #ahef1 & ,kelly began 8 int]f]5ce proce$+s sometime be=e ,janu>y #aheg4ih #ih ,ibid41 p4 #hb4 ,kelly's notice ( 8 int5tion to take te/imony 0 address$ to ,bessem] on ,janu>y #ab1 #aheg4 ,see pap]s on ,int]f]5ce1 ,william ,kelly vs4 ,h5ry ,bessem] ,decision ,april #ac1 #aheg4 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice ,records4 ,quotations bel[ are f ?is file1 :i* is n[ p]man5tly pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,kelly's witnesses 7 almo/ :olly f ! ranks ( employees or =m] employees4 ,! only exception 0 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,*ampion1 a physician ( ,eddyville4 ,dr4 ,*ampion describes a meet+ 9 ! fall ( #ahea ) two or ?ree practical ,ironma/]s & o!rs at :i* ,kelly describ$ 8 process & invit$ all pres5t to see x 9 op]ation4 ,he /at$3 ,! company pres5t all diff]$ 9 op9ion f ,mr4 ,kelly & appeal$ to me z a *emi/ 9 confirmation ( _! d\bts4 ,i at once decid$ t ,mr4 ,kelly 0 correct 9 8 ,!ory & !n w5t on to expla9 ! receiv$ op9ion ( *emi/s a c5tury ago on ?is subject1 & ! pres5t receiv$ op9ion :i* 0 9 direct confirmation ( ! novel !ory ( ,mr4 ,kelly4 ,i also m5tion$ ! analogy ( said ,kelly's process 9 dec>bonis+ iron to ! process ( dec>bonis+ blood 9 ! human lungs4 ,! ,doctor does n say1 specifically1 if he or any ( ! company w5t to see ! process 9 op]ation4 ,kelly obta9$ affidavits f ano!r sev5te5 witnesses4 ,t5 ( ^! record$ _! recollections ( exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 #ahdg4 ,five describ$ ! #ahea "w4 ,two knew ( or _h se5 bo?4 ,"o ( ! la/ gr\p 0 ,john ,b4 ,evans :o became =ge manag] ( ,kelly's ,union ,=ge1 a few miles f ,suwanee4 ,?is evid5ce is ( int]e/ s9ce a man 9 8 position %\ld h be5 9 a position to tell some?+ ab\t ! results ( ,kelly's op]ations 9 t]ms ( usable metal4 ,un=tunately1 he limits himself to a comm5t on ! metal :i* _h *ill$ ar\nd a tuyre :i* _h be5 s5t back to ! ,=ge 7x 0 p>tly malleable & p>tly ref9$ pig-iron7 & to an acc\nt ( a conv]sation ) o!rs :o _h work$ "s ( ,kelly's good wr\ght iron made by ! new process4 ,only "o ( ! witnesses 7,william ,sod57 makes a ref]5ce to ! ph5om5on :i* is an accompanim5t ( ! bl[+ ( a conv]t]3 ! prolong$ & viol5t emission ( sp>ks & flames :i* />tl$ ,bessem] 9 8 fir/ use ( ! process#ii & :i* /ill provides an excit+1 if n awe-inspir+1 int]lude 9 a visit to a /eel mill4 ,sod5 ref]s1 )\t mu* excitem5t1 to a boil+ commotion1 b ! results ( ,kelly's air-boil+ 71 evid5tly1 n su* z to impress ! re/ ( ^? :o claim$ to h se5 8 furnace 9 op]ation4 ,only five ( ! total ( eighte5 ( ! witnesses say t !y witness$ ! op]ations4 ,sod51 incid5tally1 knew ( sev5 diff]5t air-boil+ furnaces1 "s ) f\r & "s ) eight tuyres1 b he also neglect$ to report on ! use ( ! metal4 #ii ,bessem]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #add4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,kelly satisfi$ ! ,act+ ,commission] t he _h made ?is inv5tion & %[$ x by draw+s & exp]im5t z e>ly z #ahdg1 & he 0 aw>d$ priority by ! ,act+ ,commission]'s decision ( ,april #ac1 #aheg1 & ,u4,s4 ,pat5t #agfbh 0 grant$ him z ( ,june #bc1 #aheg4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican sympa?iz$ ) ,bessem]'s realization t 8 ,am]ican pat5t 0 ( no m value to him ?an s mu* wa/e pap] b took ! opportunity ( *a/is+ ,kelly = 8 neglig5ce 9 n secur+ a pat5t at a mu* e>li] date & compla9$ ( a pat5t sy/em :i* did n require an inv5tor to make kn[n 8 discov]y promptly4 ,! j\rnal advocat$ a c]ta9 fix$ "t aft] :i* su* an inv5tor %\ld n be all[$ to subv]t a pat5t grant$ to ano!r :o has tak5 prop] measures to put ! public 9 possession ( ! inv5tion4#ajj #ajj ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #aheg1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #cda4 ,little au!ntic is kn[n ab\t ,kelly's activities foll[+ ! grant ( 8 pat5t4 ,8 biograph]#aja does n docum5t 8 /atem5ts1 _m ( :i* appe> to be bas$ on ! recollections ( memb]s ( ,kelly's family1 & x is difficult to reconcile "s ( !m ) :at few facts are available4 ,kelly's own acc\nt ( 8 inv5tion1#ajb itself undat$1 ass]ts t he c\ld ref9e fifte5 hundr$weight ( metal 9 f five to t5 m9utes1 8 furnace supply+ a *eap me?od ( mak+ run-out metal s t aft] try+ x a few days we entirely disp5s$ ) ! old & tr\blesome run-out fires4#ajc ,?is /atem5t sugge/s t ,kelly's me?od 0 int5d$ to d j ?is2 & x is n )\t int]e/ to note t sev]al ( 8 witnesses 9 ! ,int]f]5ce proce$+s1 ref] to br++ ! metal to nature1 a t]m (t5 us$ 9 connection ) ! f9]y furnace4 ,if ?is is s1 8 assumption t he _h anticipat$ ,bessem] 0 bas$ on a misappreh5sion ( :at ! latt] 0 int5d+ to d1 t is1 to make /eel4 #aja ,b\*]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ig74 #ajb ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 ,report on ! manufactur]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! t5? c5sus 7,june #a1 #ahhj7 4441 ,manufacture ( iron & /eel1 report prep>$ by ,james ,m4 ,swank1 special ag5t1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhc1 p4 #abd4 ,mr4 ,swank 0 secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,iron & ,/eel ,association4 ,?is mat]ial 0 includ$ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! manufacture ( iron 9 all ages1 ,philadelphia1 #ahib1 p4 #cig4 #ajc ,ibid41 p4 #abe4 ,! run-out fire 7or f9]y fire7 0 a *>coal fire into :i* pig-iron1 hav+ be5 melt$ & p>tially ref9$ 9 "o fire1 0 run & fur!r ref9$ to conv]t x to wr\ght iron by ! ,lanca%ire he>? process1 accord+ to ,a4 ,k4 ,osborn1 ,an encyclopa$ia ( ! iron & /eel indu/ry1 ,new ,york1 #aief4 ,?is /atem5t leaves ! read] "u ! impression t ! process 0 9 successful use4 ,x is to be contra/$ ) ! /atem5t quot$ above 7page #dc71 dat$ ,septemb] #ahef1 :5 ! process _h1 cle>ly1 n be5 p]fect$4 ,9 ?is connection1 x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! report on ! ,suwanee ,iron ,works1 includ$ 9 ,! iron manufactur]'s guide1#ajd x is /at$ t ,x is at ?is furnace t ,mr4 ,kelly's process = ref9+ iron 9 ! he>? has be5 mo/ fully exp]im5t$ ^u4 #ajd ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ci71 p4 #abi4 ,! preface is dat$ ,april #f1 #ahei4 ,! data 0 l>gely collect$ by ,joseph ,lesley ( ,philadelphia1 bro!r ( ! au?or1 dur+ a t\r ( sev]al mon?s4 ,s9ce ,suwanee production is giv5 = #dd weeks only ( #aheg 7i4e41 ?r\gh ,novemb] #d or #e1 #aheg7 x is conclud$ t ,lesley's visit 0 9 ! la/ few weeks ( #aheg4 ,a major f9ancial crisis affect$ ,unit$ ,/ates bus9ess 9 ! fall ( #aheg4 ,x began 9 ! fir/ week ( ,octob] & by ,octob] #ca ! ,economi/ 7,london7 report$ t ! banks ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h almo/ univ]sally susp5d$ specie paym5t4#aje ,kelly 0 involv$ 9 ?is crisis & 8 plant 0 clos$ d[n4 ,accord+ to ,swank1#ajf "s exp]im5ts 7 made to adapt ,kelly's process to ne$ ( roll+ mills at ! ,cambria ,iron ,works 9 #aheg & #aheh1 ,kelly himself be+ at ,john/[n1 at lea/ 9 ,june #aheh4 ,t ! exp]im5ts 7 n p>ticul>ly successful is sugge/$ by ! lack ( any ,am]ican contributions to ! correspond5ce 9 ! ,engli% te*nical j\rnals4 ,kelly 0 n m5tion$ z hav+ done m ?an int]f]e ) ,bessem]'s fir/ pat5t application4 ,! success ( ! latt] 9 obta9+ pat5ts#ajg 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,novemb] #ahef1 cov]+ ! conv]sion ( molt5 crude iron 444 into /eel or malleable iron1 )\t ! use ( fuel 444 also escap$ ! att5tion ( bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s4 #aje ,economi/ 7,london71 #aheg1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #aabi1 #abji4 #ajf ,swank1 op4 cit4 7footnote #db71 p4 #abe4 ,john ,fritz1 9 8 ,autobiography 7,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #afb71 ref]s to exp]im5ts dur+ 8 "t at ,john/[n1 i4e41 betwe5 ,june #ahed & ,july #ahfj4 ,! iron manufactur]'s guide 7see footnote #ajd7 also ref]s to ,kelly's process z hav+ j be5 tri$ ) great success at ,cambria4 #ajg ,u4,s4 pat5ts #afjhb1 dat$ ,novemb] #aa1 #ahef1 & #afjhc1 dat$ ,novemb] #ah1 #ahef4 ,bessem]'s unsuccessful application correspond$ ) 8 ,briti% pat5t #bcba1 ( #ahee 7see footnote #ih74 ,x 0 n until #ahfa t ! "q arose z to :at happ5$ to ,kelly's process4 ,! occasion 0 ! publication ( an acc\nt ( ,bessem]'s pap] at ! ,%effield meet+ ( ! 7,briti%7 ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s on ,augu/ #a1 #ahfa4 ,accept+ ! evid5ce ( ! complete indu/rial success ( ,bessem]'s process1 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican#ajh ask$3 ,w\ld n "s ( our ent]pris+ manufactur]s make a good op]ation by gett+ hold ( ! ,kelly pat5t & />t+ ! manufacture ( /eel 9 ?is c\ntry8 #ajh ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #ahfa1 new s]41 vol4 #e1 pp4 #adh-aec4 ,!re 0 no response to ?is rhetorical "q1 b a fur!r inquiry z to :e!r ! ,kelly pat5t c\ld be b\ght#aji elicit$ a response f ,kelly4 ,writ+ f ,hammondsville1 ,ohio1 ,kelly#aaj said1 9 "p3 ,i w\ld say t ! ,new ,engl& /ates & ,new ,york w\ld be sold at a fair rate4444 ,i remov$ f ,k5tucky ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 & n[ reside at ,new ,salisbury ab\t ?ree miles f ,hammondsville & sixty miles f ,pittsburg4 ,accept my ?anks = y\r k9d ef=ts 9 endeavor+ to draw ! att5tion ( ! community to ! advantages ( my process4 #aji ,ibid41 p4 #caj4 #aaj ,ibid41 p4 #cdc4 ,?is lett] sugge/s t ! ,kelly process _h be5 dormant s9ce #aheh4 ,:e!r or n z a result ( ! publication ( ?is lett]1 int]e/ 0 resum$ 9 ,kelly's exp]im5ts4 ,capta9 ,eb] ,brock ,w>d ( ,detroit & ,z4 ,s4 ,durfee ( ,new ,b$=d1 ,massa*usetts1 obta9$ control ( ,kelly's pat5t4 ,durfee himself w5t to ,engl& 9 ! fall ( #ahfa 9 an attempt to secure a lic5se f ,bessem]4 ,he return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! e>ly fall ( #ahfb1 assum+ t he 0 ! only citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o _h ev5 se5 ! ,bessem] app>atus4#aaa #aaa ,8 claim is some:at d\btful4 ,alex&] ,lyman ,holley1 :o 0 lat] to be responsible = ! design ( mo/ ( ! fir/ ,bessem] plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 9 ,engl& 9 #ahei1 #ahfj1 & #ahfb4 ,9 view ( 8 int]e/ 9 ordnance & armor1 x is unlikely t ,bessem] c\ld h escap$ 8 al]t obs]vation4 ,8 fir/ visit specifically 9 connection ) ! ,bessem] process appe>s to h be5 9 #ahfc1 b he is said to h begun to int]e/ f9anci]s & ironma/]s 9 ! ,bessem] process aft] 8 visit 9 #ahfb 7,eng9e]+1 #ahhb1 vol4 #cc1 p4 #aae74 ,9 ,june1 #ahfb1 ,w4 ,f4 ,durfee1 a c\s9 ( ,z4 ,s4 ,durfee1 0 ask$ by ,w>d to report on ,kelly's process4 ,! report#aab 0 unfavorable4 ,! description ( ! app>atus us$ by ,mr4 ,kelly at 8 ab&on$ works 9 ,k5tucky satisfi$ me t x 0 n suit$ = an exp]im5t on s l>ge a scale z 0 contemplat$ at ,wy&otte ,detroit4 ,s9ce x 0 confid5tly expect$ t ,z4 ,s4 ,durfee w\ld be successful 9 8 ef=ts to pur*ase ,bessem]'s pat5ts1 x 0 ?\ght only to be anticipat+ ! acquisition ( prop]ty rights 444 to use su* ( 8 inv5tions z be/ suit$ ! purpose 9 view4 #aab ,w4 ,f4 ,durfee3 ,an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5tal /eel works at ,wy&otte1 ,mi*igan1 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #ahhd1 vol4 #f1 p4 #dj ff4 ,?us ! fir/ ,bessem] plant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates came into be+ )\t b5efit ( a lic5se & support$ only by a pat5t n suit$ = a l>ge exp]im5t4 ,kelly seems to h _h no "p 9 ^! developm5ts4 ,!y took "s "t to come to =mation4 ,al?\gh ! conv]t] 0 ready by ,septemb] #ahfb1 ! bl[+ eng9e 0 n complet$ until ! spr+ ( #ahfd & ! fir/ bl[ successfully made 9 #ahfd4 ,x may be no m ?an a co9cid5ce t ! />t ( production seems to h be5 impossible be=e ! arrival 9 ?is c\ntry ( a "y man1 ,l4 ,m4 ,h>t1 :o _h be5 tra9$ 9 ,bessem] op]ations at ! plant ( ! ,jackson ,bro!rs at ,/4 ,seur9 7ne> ,bordeaux7 ,france4 ,! ,jacksons _h become ,bessem]'s p>tn]s 9 respect ( ! ,fr5* rights2 & ! recruitm5t ( ,h>t sugge/s ! possibility t x 0 f ?is ,fr5* s\rce t ,z4 ,s4 ,durfee obta9$ 8 initial te*nical data on ! op]ation ( ! ,bessem] process4#aac #aac ,rese>* 9 ! ,fr5* s\rces cont9ues4 ,! arrival ( ,l4 ,m4 ,h>t at ,bo/on is record$ z ( ,april #a1 #ahfd1 8 %ip be+ ! ,,ss ,africa out ( ,liv]pool1 ,engl& 7,ar*ives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c>d index ( pass5g] arrivals #ahdi-ahia li/ ,no4 #ci74 ,dur+ ! organization ( ! plant at ,wy&otte1 ,kelly 0 call$ back to ,cambria1 probably by ,daniel ,j4 ,morrell1 :o1 lat]1 became a p>tn] ) ,w>d & ,z4 ,s4 ,durfee 9 ! =mation ( ! ,kelly ,pneumatic ,process ,company4#aad ,we le>n f ,john ,e4 ,fry1#aae ! iron m\ld] :o 0 assign$ to help ,kelly1 t-- 9 #ahfb ,mr4 ,kelly return$ to ,john/[n = a crucial1 & z x turn$ out1 a f9al s]ies ( exp]im5ts by him ) a rotative ,bessem] conv]t] made abroad & import$ = 8 purpose4 ,?is conv]t] embodi$ 9 its mat]ials & con/ruction sev]al ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s pat5t$ factors1 ( :i*1 up to ! close ( ,mr4 ,kelly's exp]im5ts above not$1 he seem$ to h no k or conception4 ,& x 0 z late z on ! occasion ( 8 return 9 #ahfb1 to op]ate ! exp]im5tal ,bessem] conv]t]1 t he fir/ recogniz$1 by its adoption1 ! necessity = or ! importance ( any aft] treatm5t (1 or additions requir$ by ! bl[n metal to conv]t x into /eel4 #aad ,swank1 op4 cit4 7footnote #db71 p4 #dji4 #aae ,john/[n ,daily ,democrat1 s\v5ir edition1 autumn #ahid 7italics suppli$74 ,mr4 ,fry 0 at ! ,cambria ,iron ,works f #aheh until aft] #ahhb4 ,fry lat] ass]t$#aaf t ,kelly's exp]im5ts 9 #ahfb 7 simply attempts to copy ,bessem]'s me?ods4 7,! possibility is "u inve/igation t ! s-call$ pione] conv]t] n[ on loan to ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum f ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,company1 is ! conv]t] ref]r$ to by ,fry47 #aaf ,eng9e]+1 #ahif1 vol4 #fa1 p4 #fae4 ,william ,kelly1 9 effect1 disappe>$ f ! record until #ahga :5 he appli$ = an ext5sion ( 8 pat5t ( ,june #bc1 #aheg4 ,! application 0 oppos$ 7by :om1 ! record does n /ate7 on ! gr\nds t ! inv5tion 0 n novel :5 x 0 orig9ally issu$1 & t x w\ld be aga9/ ! public int]e/ to ext5d its t]m4 ,! ,commission] rul$ t1#aag on ! fir/ "q1 x 0 settl$ practice ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice n to reconsid] =m] decisions on que/ions ( fact2 ! novelty ( ,kelly's inv5tion _h be5 re-exam9$ :5 ! pat5t 0 reissu$ 9 ,novemb] #aheg4 ,te/imony %[$ t ! pat5t 0 v valuable2 & t ,kelly _h be5 untir+ 9 8 ef=ts to introduce x into use b ! opposition ( iron manufactur]s & ! am\nt ( capital requir$ prev5t$ him f receiv+ any?+ f 8 pat5t until )9 v few ye>s pa/4 ,kelly's exp5ditures 7 %[n to h am\nt$ to #aa1ejj1 :]eas he _h receiv$ only #b1djj4 ,s9ce no evid5ce 0 fil$ 9 support ( ! public int]e/ aspect ( ! case1 ! ,commission] f\nd no sub/antial reason = d5y+ ! ext5sion2 inde$ v few pat5tees are able to pres5t s /rong gr\nds = ext5sion z ! applicant 9 ! case4 #aag ,see ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,decision ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 dat$ ,june #ae1 #ahga4 ,9 a simil> application 9 ! previ\s ye>1 ,bessem] _h fail$ to w9 an ext5sion ( 8 ,u4,s4 pat5t #afjhb1 ( ,novemb] #aa1 #ahef1 = ! sole reason t 8 ,briti% pat5t ) :i* x _h be5 made co-t]m9al _h duly expir$ at ! end ( its f\rte5 ye>s ( life1 & x w\ld h be5 inequitable to give ,bessem] protection 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :ile ,briti% iron-ma/]s 7 n "u simil> re/ra9t4 ,b if x _h n be5 = ?is consid]ation1 ,bessem] w\ld be ju/ly entitl$ to :at he asks on ?is occasion4 ,! ,commission]#aah obs]v$3 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,bessem] 0 fir/ to discov] ! pr9ciple ^u :i* 8 process 0 f\nd$4 ,b we owe its r$uction to practice to 8 untir+ indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 8 sup]ior skill & sci5ce & 8 great outlay4 #aah ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,decision ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts dat$ ,febru>y #ab1 #ahgj4 ,conclusions ,m>ti5 0 probably nev] a s]i\s cont5d] = ! honor ( discov]+ ! atmosph]ic process ( mak+ /eel4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! record1 x is n an unreasonable assumption t 8 pat5t 0 nev] s]i\sly exploit$ & t ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works hop$ to use x1 9 conjunction ) ! ,mu%et pat5ts1 to upset ,bessem]'s pat5ts4 ,! position ( ,mu%et is n s cle>1 & x is hop$ t fur!r rese>* c ev5tually ?r[ a cle>] light on 8 relation%ip ) ! ,ebbw ,vale ,iron ,works4 ,x may well be t ! op9ion ( metallurgi/s 9 lat] ye>s#aai is s\nd1 & t bo? ,mu%et & ,bessem] _h successfully work$ at ! same problem4 ,! /udy ( ,mu%et's lett]s to ! te*nical press & ( ! attitude ( ! editors ( ^? pap]s to ,mu%et sugge/s ! possibility t he1 too1 0 us$ by ,ebbw ,vale = ! purposes ( _! attacks on ,bessem]4 ,mu%et admits t he 0 n a free ag5t 9 respect ( ^! pat5ts1 & ! failure ( ,ebbw ,vale to ensure _! full life "u ,engli% pat5t law indicates cle>ly en\gh t by #ahei ! firm _h realiz$ t _! position 0 n /rong en\gh to w>rant a legal suit = infr+em5t aga9/ ,bessem]4 ,_! pur*ase ( ! ,u*atius process & _! f9al attempt to develop ,m>ti5's ideas ?r\gh ! ,p>ry pat5ts1 :i* expos$ !m to a v real risk ( a suit by ,bessem]1 are also indications ( ! politics 9 ! case4 ,mu%et seems to h be5 a will+ en\gh victim ( ,ebbw ,vale's s*em+4 ,8 lett]s %[ an almo/ presumptu\s assumption ( ! mantle ( 8 fa!r2 :ile 8 sometimes absurd claims to priority ( inv5tion 7& demon/ration7 ( practically e new idea 9 ! manufactur+ ( iron & /eel progressively r$uc$ ! respect = 8 "n4 ,bessem] claims an impressive array ( prec$5ts = ! use ( manganese 9 /eel mak+ &1 giv5 8 attitude to pat5ts & 8 reliance on pr(essional advice 9 ?is respect1 he %\ld p]haps1 be giv5 ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,a dispassionate judgm5t w\ld be t ,bessem] ow$ m to ! developm5t "w ( 8 ,sw$i% lic5sees ?an to ,mu%et4 #aai ,william ,t4 ,jeans1 ,! creators ( ! age ( /eel1 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,kelly's "r to be adjudg$ ! jo9t inv5tor ( :at is n[ (t5 call$ ! ,kelly-,bessem] process is que/ionable4#abj ,admitt$ly1 he exp]im5t$ 9 ! treatm5t ( molt5 metal ) air bla/s1 b x is by no means cle>1 on ! evid5ce1 t he got beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,x is c]ta9 t he nev] _h ! objective ( mak+ /eel1 :i* 0 ,bessem]'s prim>y aim4 ,nor is !re evid5ce t 8 process 0 tak5 beyond ! exp]im5tal /age by ! ,cambria ,works4 ,! rejection ( 8 app>atus by ,w4 ,f4 ,durfee mu/ h be5 bas$1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ^u ! ,john/[n trials4 ,!re are /rong gr\nds !n1 = agree+ ) "o hi/orian#aba :o concludes3 ,! fact t ,kelly 0 an ,am]ican is evid5tly ! pr9cipal reason :y c]ta9 popul> writ]s h made mu* ( an inv5tion t1 _h n ,bessem] develop$ 8 process1 w\ld nev] h attract$ notice4 ,kelly's pat5t prov$ v useful to indu/rial int]e/s 9 ?is c\ntry z a b>ga9+ weapon 9 negotiations ) ! ,bessem] gr\p = ! ex*ange ( pat5t rights4 #abj ,bessem] dealt ) ,kelly's claim to priority 9 a lett] to ,eng9e]+1 #ahif1 vol4 #fa1 p4 #cfg4 #aba ,l\is ,c4 ,hunt]1 ,! heavy indu/ries s9ce #ahfj1 9 ,h4 ,f4 ,williamson 7editor71 ,! gr[? ( ! ,am]ican economy1 ,new ,york1 #aidd1 p4 #dfi4 ,kelly's sugge/ion#abb t "s ,briti% puddl]s may h communicat$ 8 secret to ,bessem] c1 probably1 nev] be v]ifi$4 ,all t c be said is t ,bessem] 0 n an ironman2 8 contacts ) ! iron trade 71 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 nonexi/5t until he himself invad$ ,%effield4 ,s x is unlikely t su* a secret w\ld h be5 tak5 to him1 ev5 if he 7 a well-kn[n inv5tor4 #abb ,lat] develop$ into a dramatic /ory by ,b\*]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ig74