,,! ,,curse ,,( ,,education ,publi%]'s ,ann\ncem5t ,a ,,notable ,,book ,,drift+ ,cr[n #hvo41 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,?ird ,,edition ',an able & sugge/ive book4'--,! ,spectator4 ',x is a sane1 heal?y indication ( ! weak spots 9 ! c\ntry's arm\r1 & a practical attempt to indicate rem$ies4'--,! ,sunday ,special4 ',! au?or's contempt = ! "t-s]v+ politician1 :o 9 ?is c\ntry has1 un=tunately1 come to c\nt = s mu* 9 all gov]nm5ts--,tory or ,lib]al--w be %>$ by ! ?9k+ portion ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym54'--,! ,f9ancial ,news4 ',by su* sugge/ions ! au?or ( ,drift+ does good s]vice to ! c\ntry4'--,! ,outlook4 ,,london3 ,,grant ,,ri*>ds #i1 ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,! ,curse ( ,education ,,by ,,h>old ,e4 ,,gor/ ,london ,grant ,ri*>ds #aija ,,prefatory ,,note ,9 call+ ?is little book ',! ,curse ( ,education1' ,i tru/ t ,i %all n be misund]/ood to disp>age culture4 ,! t]m 'education' is us$1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 to express ! conv5tional mode ( tea*+ & br++ up *ildr51 & ( educat+ y\? 9 ?is & o!r civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,x is ) education sy/ems1 ) ! univ]sal me?od ( cramm+ ! m9d ) facts1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! manufacture ( uni=mity & m$iocrity by subject+ e individual to a common process1 reg>dless ( 8 natural b5t1 t ,i h *iefly to f9d fault4 ,at a mom5t :5 ! c\ntry is agitat$ ) que/ions ( educational re=m1 ,i ?\ght x might be useful to draw att5tion to :at ,i believe to be a fact1 namely1 t ! f\ndations ( all exi/+ education sy/ems are absolutely false 9 pr9ciple2 & t tea*+ itself1 z oppos$ to natural developm5t & self-culture1 is ! greate/ ob/acle to human progress t social evolution has ev] _h to enc\nt]4 ,,h>old ,e4 ,,gor/4 ,,london1 ,april1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,fl\ri%+ ,,m$iocrity #a ,,ii4 ,,squ>e ,,pegs ,,9 ,,r\nd ,,holes #h ,,iii4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,g5ius #ah ,,iv4 ,,human ,,factories #bf ,v4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,mis]y ,,( ,,! ,,greate/ ,,numb] #ce ,,vi4 ,,! ,,output ,,( ,,prigs #dd ,,vii4 ,,boy ,,deg5]ation #ec ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,( ,,! ,,educat$ #fb ,,ix4 ,,woman',s ,,empire ,,ov] ,,man #fh ,x4 ,,y\? ,,& ,,crime #gg ,,xi4 ,,m5tal ,,breakd[n #hf ,,xii4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,hi/ory #ib ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,apo!osis ,,( ,,cram #aji ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,great ,,fallacy #aah ,,xv4 ,,real ,,education #abf ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,op5 ,,door ,,to ,,intellig5ce #ace ,,! ,,curse ,,( ,,education ,,*apt] ,i ,,fl\ri%+ ,,m$iocrity ,humanity is rapidly becom+ less ! outcome ( a natural process ( developm5t1 & m & m ! product ( an organiz$ educational plan4 ,! av]age educat$ man possesses no real individuality4 ,he is simply a manufactur$ article be>+ ! /amp ( ! mak]4 ,ye> by ye> ?is fact is becom+ m emphasiz$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ c5tury almo/ e civiliz$ c\ntry appli$ itself fev]i%ly to ! inv5tion ( a national plan ( education1 ) ! result t ! majority ( mank9d are compell$ to swall[ a uni=m prescription ( k made up = !m by ! ,/ate4 ,n[ !re is a great outcry t ,engl& is be+ left beh9d 9 ?is educational race4 ,o!r nations h got m exact sy/ems4 ,:]e ! ,briti% *ild is only /uff$ ) six p\nds ( facts1 ! ,g]man & ,fr5* s*ools contrive to cram sev5 p\nds into _! pupils4 ,consequ5tly1 ,g]many & ,france are gett+ ahead ( u1 & unless we wi% to be beat5 9 ! int]national race1 x is ass]t$ t we mu/ br+ our own educational sy/em up to ! ,cont95tal /&>d4 ,be=e go+ m deeply into ?is vital "q1 x is j z well to consid] :at ^! education sy/ems h really done = mank9d4 ,!re is a prov]b1 z excell5t z x is anci5t1 :i* says t ! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+4 ,no d\bt le>n$ !oretical treatises ^u ! scope & aim ( educational me?ods are capital ?+s 9 _! way1 b !y tell u no?+ ( ! effects ( ?is sy/ematic tea*+ & cramm+ ^u ! _w at l>ge4 ,if we wi% to asc]ta9 !m1 we mu/ turn to life itself1 & judge by results4 ,to beg9 )1 ! de>? ( great m5 is s rem>kable t x sc>cely ne$s comm5t4 ,p are con/antly express+ ! fe> t ! age ( intellectual giants has pass$ away altoge!r4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly obvi\s 9 political life4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,glad/one & ,disraeli1 ,p>liam5t>y debate has sunk to ! mo/ hopeless level ( m$iocrity4 ,! traditions ( m5 su* z ,pitt1 ,fox1 ,palm]/on1 ,peel1 & o!rs1 s\nd at ! pres5t day almo/ l anci5t my?ology4 ,yet ! suppos$ b5efits ( education are n only n[ free to all1 b h be5 compulsorily conf]r$ ^u mo/ nations4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ,prussian p$agogues h nev] succe$$ 9 produc+ ano!r ,bism>ck2 & ,france has gr\nd away at h] educational mill = g5]ations ) ! result t ! supply ( ,napoleons has di/9ctly dim9i%$4 ,look at ! me?ods by :i* our public s]vice is recruit$4 ,:o are ! m5 to :om ! adm9i/ration ( all important dep>tm5ts ( ,gov]nm5t is entru/$1 & h[ are !y select$8 ,!y are simply individuals :o h succe$$ 9 obta9+ mo/ m>ks 9 public competitive exam9ations--t is to say1 m5 ^: bra9s h be5 m effectually /uff$ ) facts & me*anical k ?an 7 ! bra9s ( _! unsuccessful competitors4 ,!re is no "q1 :5 a c&idate pres5ts himself = a po/ 9 ! ,diplomatic ,s]vice or 9 "o ( ! ,gov]nm5t (fices1 :e!r he possesses tact1 or adm9i/rative ability1 or k ( ! _w4 ,all t is dem&$ ( him is t 8 m9d %\ld be cramm$ ) s _m p\nds avoirdupois ( ,lat91 ,greek1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 geography1 etc41 acquir$ 9 su* a way t he w =get1 )9 a c\ple ( ye>s1 e fact t has be5 pe/l$ into him4 ,= e vacancy 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! ,adm9i/ration !re are doz5s1 or ev5 scores1 ( applicants2 & ! c&idate select$ = ! po/ is ! "o ^: m9d has be5 mo/ successfully subject$ to ?is process ( ov]-cramm+1 & consequ5tly mo/ effectually ru9$ = all ! practical purposes ( life4 ,n[1 to :atev] cause x may be ascrib$1 !re c be no d\bt t ! g5]al level ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! public s]vice is "o ( m$iocrity4 ,we are n surr\nd$1 fai?ful & devot$ z our public s]vants are univ]sally admitt$ to be1 by adm9i/rative g5iuses4 ,facts po9t altoge!r ! o!r way4 ,great national cata/rophes1 l ! blund]s & miscalculations t h *>act]iz$ ! conduct ( ! w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 h always result$ 9 mak+ ! mo/ uncom=table revelations conc]n+ ! ineffici5cy ( m ?an "o important dep>tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,w> ,(fice has long s9ce become a public sc&al1 & if ! tru? 7 kn[n ab\t ! inn] dome/icity ( m ?an "o great ,adm9i/rative (fice1 ! susceptibilities ( ! nation w\ld be /ill fur!r %ock$ & outrag$4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]--or x may be un=tunately--,gov]nm5t l95 is usually wa%$ at home2 & x is only 9 times ( great em]g5cy t ! tru? leaks out1 to ! g5]al con/]nation4 ,:5 ?is does happ5 !re is a great outcry ab\t ! ineffici5cy ( ?is or t bran* ( ! public s]vice4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 9 p[] wait to see if ! agitation dies a natural dea?2 & if x is successfully kept up1 a sort ( pret5ce at re=m takes place4 ,!re is a re-%uffle4 ,fre% names are giv5 to old abuses2 incompet5t (ficials ex*ange po/s2 & a new build+ is erect$ at ! public exp5se4 ,!n all goes on z h]et(ore4 ,nobody seems to ?9k ( mak+ an inquiry into ! con/itution ( ! public s]vice itself4 ,b until ?is is done no real re=m ( any p]man5t value c possibly be effect$4 ,x is n ! nom5clature ( appo9tm5ts1 ! subdivision ( dep>tm5tal "w1 & su* matt]s ( detail1 t /& 9 ne$ ( ! re=m]4 ,! titles & duties ( ! sev]al (ficials are ( second>y importance4 ,x is n 9 !m t ! evils ( bad adm9i/ration are to be locat$4 ,! fault lies ) ! (ficials !mselves1 :o are ! victims ( ! /upid sy/em :i* has plac$ !m 9 ! position !y occupy4 ,! education !y h receiv$ has1 9 ! fir/ case1 unfitt$ !m = ! p]=mance ( any b me*anical & r\t9e "w2 & ! /ra9 ( a competitive exam9ation1 involv+ ! mo/ un9tellectual & bra9-p>alyz+ process ( cram1 has probably de/roy$ ! faculty ( initiative1 :i* %\ld be1 b is n1 a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! adm9i/rative (ficial4 ,h]e9 lies ! secret ( all opposition to progress4 ,x is ! p]man5t (ficial :o ne$s re=m+4 ,he is ! embodim5t ( r\t9e & cons]vatism1 because he is ! embodim5t ( m$iocrity4 ,progress means ideas1 & m$iocrity does n deal 9 !m4 ,x has be5 furni%$1 in/ead1 by a sy/ematic c\rse ( in/ruction1 ) a suffici5t equipm5t ( ! ideas ( o!r p to la/ its lifetime4 ,:il/ we fill our public s]vice ) specially prep>$ m$iocrity1 ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts w rema9 reaction>y4 ,& z long z education is synonym\s ) cramm+ on an organiz$ plan1 x w cont9ue to produce m$iocrity4 ,! army af=ds at ! pres5t mom5t an admirable object-lesson 9 ?is connection4 ,! results ( cramm+ "y m5 z a prep>ation = a pr(ession :i* dem&s1 m ?an any o!r1 individual initiative & indep5d5ce1 h become pa9fully app>5t ^u ! field ( battle4 ,"o ( our =emo/ g5]als has come home f ! campaign decl>+ ! necessity ( bo? (fic]s & m5 be+ tra9$ to ?9k & act = !mselves4 ,t is "o1 p]haps ! *ief1 ( ! great lessons :i* ?is w> has taught u4 ,b "h1 aga91 no useful re=m c be a*iev$ by alt]ations 9 ! drill-book1 ?r\gh lectures by exp]i5c$ g5]als1 or by ! issue ( army ord]s4 ,x is our entire sy/em ( education :i* is aga9 at fault4 ,boys are /uff$ ) facts be=e !y g to ,s&hur/1 & :5 !y get !re !y are cramm$ 9 special subjects4 ,! :ole object ( ! process is to enable c&idates to pass exam9ations1 & n to produce good (fic]s4 ,! effect "h is ! same z else:]e4 ,a quantity ( useless & "s useful k is drill$ into ! pupil 9 su* a mann] t ! m9d reta9s no?+ t has be5 put into x4 ,&1 to make matt]s worse1 all ?is is done at ! exp5se ( ret>d+ ! prop] developm5t ( faculties :i* w\ld be ( incalculable value to ! soldi]4 ,mo/ ( ! blund]s ( ! w> are1 9 fact1 attributable to want ( common s5se1 & common s5se consi/s 9 ! capacity ( an individual to ?9k = himself & to ex]cise 8 judgm5t4 ,educational me?ods :i*1 9 ! majority ( cases1 appe> to de/roy ?is faculty altoge!r are cle>ly p]nici\s4 ,common s5se is ! mo/ valuable gift ) :i* man c be end[$4 ,x is ! v ess5ce ( g5ius1 = x consi/s 9 ! application ( intellig5ce to e detail1 & ! highe/ ord] ( intellect c accompli% no m ?an t4 ,yet x is ! r>e/ ( all attributes1 = ! v reason t x is delib]ately de/roy$ by conv5tional me?ods ( br++ up *ildr5 & in/ruct+ y\?4 ,!re=e1 be=e we c hope to obta9 a supply ( self-reliant (fic]s & m51 we mu/ see "s radical *ange 9 ! v pr9ciples ^u :i* mod]n me?ods ( education are f\nd$4 ,:]ev] we g we f9d ?is curse ( m$iocrity4 ,9 ! pr(essions1 at ! ,b>1 9 ! pulpit1 among/ physicians1 x is app>5t ev]y:]e4 ,!re are clev] m51 ( c\rse2 b ! v fact t _! names spr+ at once prom95tly to m9d is 9 itself a pro( t ability is exceptional4 ,"s p1 ( c\rse1 accept+ ! _w z !y f9d x1 may ?9k x v unreasonable to expect able m5 to be pl5tiful 9 all walks ( life4 ,t is1 to my m9d1 ! *ief pa?os ( ! situation4 ,x has come to be accept$ t ! _w mu/ be fill$ ) a great majority ( v commonplace p1 ev5 among/ ! educat$ classes4 ,no d\bt x is fill$ at ! pres5t mom5t ) a v va/ prepond]ance ( conv5tional m9ds manufactur$ to meet ! suppos$ requirem5ts ( our complicat$ civilization4 ,b ,i d5y t ?is ne$ be ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are surr\nd$ on all sides by ability1 by great possibilities ( individual developm5t1 ev5 by g5ius4 ,& our education sy/ems are busily engag$ 9 ! "w ( de/roy+ ?is preci\s mat]ial1 sub/itut+ facts = ideas1 =c+ ! m9d away f its natural b5t1 & manufactur+ a ma*9e in/ead ( a man4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,squ>e ,,pegs ,,9 ,,r\nd ,,holes ,p]haps ! wor/ evil f :i* ! _w suff]s 9 an educational s5se is ! misplac$ individual4 ,no?+ is m tragic1 & yet no?+ is m common1 ?an to see m5 occupy+ positions = :i* !y are unfitt$ by nature & !re=e by incl9ation2 :il/ x is obvi\s t1 _h ! circum/ances ( _! e>ly tra9+ be5 diff]5t1 !y might h foll[$ ) success & pleasure a natural b5t ( m9d t5d+ 9 a :olly opposite direction4 ,?is misc>riage ( vocation is "o ( ! greate/ causes ( individual mis]y 9 ?is _w t exi/s2 b its p]nici\s effects g f> beyond m]e p]sonal unhapp9ess3 !y ex]cise ! mo/ baneful influ5ce ^u society at l>ge1 ^u ! progress ( nations1 & ^u ! developm5t ( ! human race4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ! division ( lab\r :i* is mo/ emphasiz$ by political economi/s is t x (f]s a fair field = p]sonal adaptation4 ,p select ! p>ticul> employm5t = :i* !y are mo/ fitt$1 & 9 ?is way ev]ybody 9 ! community is engag$ 9 do+ ! be/ & mo/ useful "w ( :i* he is capable4 ,x is a f9e !ory4 ,p]haps 9 old5 times1 be=e ! introduction ( education sy/ems1 x may h work$ well 9 reg>d to mo/ trades & indu/ries4 ,a man _h !n at lea/ "s opportunity ( develop+ a natural b5t4 ,he 0 n tak5 by ! ,/ate almo/ f infancy1 cramm$ ) useless k1 & totally unfitt$ = any employm5t )9 8 rea*4 ,! object 0 n to educate him above 8 /ation & !n make a cl]k ( him1 or drive him into ! l[] bran*es ( ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,a bright y\? 0 appr5tic$ by 8 fa!r to "s trade = :i* he may h %[n "s pr$isposition4 ,( c\rse1 mi/akes 7 (t5 made ?r\gh ! /upidity ( p>5ts or f "s o!r cause4 ,!re are _m su* examples to be met ) 9 ! biographies ( m5 :o atta9$ em95ce 9 :olly diff]5t call+s f ^? into :i* !y 7 =c$ 9 _! y\?4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o discov]$ ,uranus1 & :o fir/ conceiv$ ! g5]ally-accept$ !ory z to ! cause ( sun-spots1 0 br\ght up by 8 fa!r to be a musician4 ,9 spite ( 8 pr$ilection = a/ronomy1 he cont9u$ to e>n 8 bread by play+ ! oboe1 until he 0 promot$ f be+ a p]=m] 9 ! ,pump ,room at ,ba? to ! position ( ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,f>aday 0 appr5tic$ by 8 fa!r to a bookb9d]1 & he rema9$ 9 ?is di/a/eful employm5t until he 0 tw5ty-two4 ,x 0 q by accid5t t somebody m intellig5t ?an ,mi*ael ,f>aday's pa/ors & ma/]s discov]$ t ! y\? _h a great natural love ( /udy+ sci5ce1 & s5t him to he> a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,?is l$ happily to ! "y bookb9d] mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! lectur]1 & ev5tually obta9+ a position z assi/ant 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,l9nu1 ! great naturali/1 _h a v n>r[ escape f miss+ 8 prop] vocation4 ,he 0 s5t to a gramm>-s*ool1 b exhibit$ no ta/e = books2 !re=e 8 fa!r decid$ to appr5tice him to a %oemak]4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 a discrim9at+ physician _h obs]v$ ! boy's love ( natural hi/ory1 & took him into 8 own h\se to tea* him botany & physiology4 ,in/ances ( ! k9d might be multipli$4 ,milton himself began life z a s*oolma/]1 & ! fa!r ( ,turn]1 "o ( ! greate/ l&scape pa9t]s :o ev] liv$1 did 8 be/ to turn 8 brilliant son into a b>b]4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is obvi\s en\gh )\t ! ne$ ( fur!r illu/ration4 ,a few examples h be5 adduc$ ( great g5iuses :o h contriv$1 by ! accid5t ( circum/ances or ?r\gh %e] =ce ( "*1 to escape f an environm5t :i* 0 =c$ ^u !m aga9/ _! natural incl9ation4 ,b x is n ev]ybody :o is gift$ ) su* comm&+ tal5t & s mu* ob/9acy & p]sev]ance z to be able to ov]come ! artificial ob/acles plac$ 9 ! way ( 8 individual t5d5cies2 & n[ we h1 :at happily did n exi/ 9 ! day ( ,h]s*el1 ,f>aday1 ,turn]1 ,l9nu & o!rs--a compulsory education sy/em to /rangle orig9ality & natural developm5t at ! e>lie/ possible /age4 ,mo/ p w\ld probably f9d x f> easi] to quote in/ances (fh& ( fri5ds :o _h miss$ _! prop] vocation 9 life ?an ( ^? :o 7 plac$ exactly 9 ! position be/ suit$ to _! ta/e & capacity4 ,! failures 9 life are s obvi\sly 9 excess ( ^? :o may be said to h succe$$ t specific illu/rations ( ! fact are h>dly necess>y4 ,"o has only to ex]t ord9>y p[]s ( obs]vation to p]ceive t ! _w is n at all well ord]$ 9 ?is respect4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! public s]vice & ! pr(essions are almo/ entirely fill$ ) :at mu/ be call$ m$iocrity2 & "o ( ! mo/ pot5t causes ( ?is unhappy /ate ( affairs is ! exquisite infallibility ) :i* a bl9d sy/em is con/antly =c+ squ>e pegs into r\nd holes4 ,e pr(ession & call+ teems ) examples4 ,!re are m51 int5d$ by nature to be arti/s & musicians1 lead+ a wret*$ & unnatural exi/5ce 9 _m a m]*ant's (fice because _! be/ faculties 7 undevelop$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool+4 ,ma!maticians1 philosoph]s1 ev5 poets1 are ti$ to trade or to "s equally unsuitable occupation4 ,scores ( s-call$ lit]>y m5 ought to be calculat+ p]c5tages or sell+ dry goods2 & no d\bt !re are %op-assi/ants & /ock-jobb]s :o might1 if l$ into ! pa? ( culture1 h become cr$itable au?ors & j\rnali/s4 ,?is is nei!r joke nor satire4 ,x is sob] e>ne/1 z _m obs]vant read]s w readily te/ify4 ,! loss is n only to ! individual1 x is to society at l>ge1 & to ! :ole _w4 ,no "o w d5y ! fact2 b to h[ _m w x occur t su* anomalies _c be ! outcome ( natural developm5t & progress1 b t !y mu/ be directly or indirectly attributable to "s artificial cause8 ,x is ! great difficulty aga9/ :i* all human advancem5t has to cont5d1 t p c r>ely be br\ght to "q pr9ciples :i* h become a "p & p>cel ( _! ev]yday exi/5ce4 ,!re are pl5ty ( individuals :o are ready to t9k] ) exi/+ in/itutions1 & :o errone\sly dignify t process by ! "n ( re=m4 ,b no?+ is m despair+ ?an ! ef=t to conv9ce conv5tionally br\ght up p t "s *]i%$ conv5tion1 ) :i* ! _w has put up = an indef9ite p]iod1 is f\nd$ ^u fallacy1 & ought to be ca/ out root & bran*4 ,ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e f> great] ef=ts are made to enc\rage individuality 9 ! s*ools & colleges ?an is ! case ) ! c\ntries ( ! ,old ,_w1 p are n mu* bett] di/ribut$ among/ ! v>i\s pr(essions & occupations ?an !y are "h4 ,i h made inquiries among/ ,am]icans ( wide exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & h le>nt t no?+ is m common 9 ! ,/ates ?an to f9d individuals br\ght up to ex]cise functions = :i* !y are :olly unfitt$ by natural capacity & incl9ation4 ,an in/ance 0 giv5 me1 by an ,am]ican fri5d1 ( a boy :o sp5t all 8 leisure 9 con/ruct+ clev] little me*anical contrivances1 9 runn+ m9iature locomotives1 & 9 sett+ up electric appliances ( "o k9d & ano!r4 ,"o day ! y\?'s fa!r came to him & said3 ',i don't "k :at to make ( ,b----4 ,c\ld y f9d him a place 9 a :olesale m]*ant's (fice8' ,:5 x 0 po9t$ out to ! p>5t t 8 son %[$ unmi/akable me*anical g5ius1 he ob/9ately insi/$ on gett+ ! boy a situation = :i* he 0 q unsuit$1 & :i* 0 highly di/a/eful to him4 ,i quote ?is in/ance to %[ t ! p>5t is (t5 z bad an educator z ! s*ool itself4 ,9 ?is case ! s*ool w\ld h tak5 z little notice ( ! boy's natural b5t z 8 fa!r4 ,x w\ld1 9 all probability1 nev] h discov]$ x at all4 ,b x has become s mu* an accept$ axiom t *ildr5 are to be manufactur$ into any?+ t happ5s to suit ! ta/e or conv5i5ce ( _! gu>dians1 t x probably nev] occurr$ to ! p>5t 9 "q t he 0 committ+ a cruel & fooli% act 9 =c+ 8 son out ( ! pa? into :i* ! boy's natural in/9ct 0 guid+ him4 ,! y\? :o might h pursu$ a happy & prosp]\s c>e] z a me*anical eng9e] is n[ a disappo9t$ man1 /ruggl+ on1 ) little hope ( success1 9 an occupation :i* does n int]e/ him1 & = :i* he does n possess ! slighte/ adaptability4 ,e nation is equally at fault 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ,g]many1 = in/ance1 ! *ild is q z mu* a pawn at ! disposal ( its p>5t & ! s*ool sy/em z x is else:]e4 ,i sp5t a numb] ( ye>s 9 ! c\ntry1 & enjoy$ an intimate acqua9tance ) _m ,g]man families4 ,no?+ has left ^u my m9d a deep] impression ?an ! trag$y ,i witness$ ( a boy be+ gradually & sy/ematically wean$ f ! pursuit to :i* he 0 passionately devot$1 & =c$ into a c>e] utt]ly unsympa!tic & di/a/eful to 8 peculi> temp]am5t4 ,! boy 0 simply1 f head to foot1 a musician4 ,he sp5t e mom5t he c\ld /eal f 8 s*ool /udies 9 play+ ?r\gh ! difficult scores ( ,wagn]'s music dramas4 ,8 ta/e1 8 musical memory1 ! enorm\s natural ability :i* enabl$ him to surm\nt all te*nical difficulties ) ease1 7 app>5t to ev]ybody :o knew him4 ,yet 8 p>5ts det]m9$ f ! fir/ t he %\ld /udy law1 & ent] ! legal pr(ession4 ,i h nev] se5 any?+ m pa9ful ?an ! delib]ate disc\ragem5t1 dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 ( ! boy's natural b5t1 & ! application ( absolute compulsion to =ce him1 aga9/ e natural in/9ct1 to prep>e himself = a pr(ession repugnant to 8 incl9ations1 & = :i* he 0 n 9 ! smalle/ degree adapt$4 ,out ( ?is promis+ musical mat]ial ! ,/adt ,gymnasium manufactur$ ! usual piece ( intellectual m$iocrity4 ,he 0 /uff$ ) ! regulation measure ( facts1 scrap$ ?r\gh ! cu/om>y exam9ation1 & 0 despat*$1 mu* aga9/ 8 w1 to ! univ]sities ( ,j5a & ,zri*4 ,:5 ,i la/ saw him he 0 a plodd+ lawy] ( ! conv5tional type1 do+ 8 duties 9 a li/less mann]1 ) v indiff]5t success1 & q brok5 d[n 9 _s4 ,! ,gymnasium1 ! univ]sity1 & ! p>5tal ob/9acy _h done _! "w v effectually4 ,!y _h succe$$ 9 r$uc+ him to ! level ( a ma*9e1 & 9 all probability ,g]many lo/ an excell5t musician :o might h giv5 pleasure to ?\s&s ( o!rs1 besides enjoy+ an hon\rable c>e] ( useful & cong5ial "w4 ,we h se5 t betwe5 ! /upidity ( ! p>5t & ! inflexibility ( ! s*ool sy/em *ildr5 h little *ance ( develop+ _! natural prop5sities4 ,! results surr\nd u ev]y:]e1 & !re is no gett+ away f !m4 ,all t ! s*ool pr(esses to d is to /uff ! pupil ) a c]ta9 quantity ( facts accord+ to a fix$ curriculum4 ,x does n pret5d to ex]cise any o!r function4 ,!re is no ef=t to diff]5tiate betwe5 individuals1 or to discov] ! natural b5t ( ea* p>ticul> *ild4 ,in/ruction consi/s 9 cramm+ & prescrib+ by a m or less p]nici\s me?od--accord+ to ! lights ( ! p>ticul> s*ool au?orities 9 "s cases1 & 9 o!rs accord+ to a h>d & fa/ code en=c$ by ! ,/ate--a c]ta9 quantity ( facts into all pupils )\t di/9ction4 ,p>5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9k !y h fulfill$ _! duty simply by s5d+ _! *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,! only ?+ consid]$ necess>y to equip a *ild = ! battle ( life is to get him an education1 & nobody bo!rs 8 head ab\t ! pr9ciples or ! effects ( ! process4 ,! p>5t leaves ev]y?+ to ! s*ool1 reg>dless ( ! fact t s*ools d n pret5d to conc]n !mselves ab\t ! natural t5d5cies ( _! pupils4 ,he is satisfi$ if 8 son is receiv+ ! same education z 8 neighb\r's1 & is q cont5t$ to leave ! "q ( 8 future c>e] to be an aft]-consid]ation4 ,! result ^u ! _w 9 g5]al ( ?is d\ble neglect on ! "p ( p>5ts & s*ool sy/ems is disa/r\s 9 ! extreme4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x makes ! life ( ! misplac$ individual a burd5 to himself & to ^? by :om he is surr\nd$4 ,natural t5d5cies _c be :olly suppress$1 ev5 by education sy/ems2 & ! victim's exi/5ce is n r5d]$ m be>able by ! reflection t1 b = circum/ances :i* he is r>ely able to analyze1 he might h succe$$ 9 "s o!r & m agreeable occupation _h he only receiv$ ! necess>y enc\ragem5t 9 8 y\?4 ,secondly1 !re is ! fact t ! progress ( civilization is enorm\sly ret>d$ by its be+ r>ely 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ fit4 ,! mo/ fit are n1 & _c be1 produc$ "u prevail+ conditions4 ,! :ole ma*9]y ( education is direct$ t[>ds ! production ( a dead level ( m$iocrity4 ,9 _m cases--su* z1 = example1 9 ,prussia--?is is done by design1 & n by accid5t4 ,in/ruction is imp>t$ 9 su* a mann] t no reg>d is paid to individual prop5sities4 ,all are subject$1 m or less1 to ! same process4 ,!y are fitt$ = no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & no tr\ble is tak5 to asc]ta9 ! direction 9 :i* an individual m9d %\ld be develop$4 ,! consequ5ce is t1 f "o end ( ! civiliz$ _w to ! o!r1 res\nds ! cry1 ',:at %all we d ) our boys8' ,&1 la/ly1 x sc>cely requires po9t+ out t ! enorm\s sums ( money sp5t by ,gov]nm5ts1 by municipalities1 & by private p]sons ^u education1 9 ord] to produce ?is lam5table /ate ( affairs1 is s mu* wa/e & extravagance4 ,n only does x br+ 9 no practical return1 b x works out 9 a precisely opposite direction4 ,s*ools & colleges t only s]ve to produce anomal\s & unnatural social conditions1 t /ifle g5ius & tal5t1 & t cause widespread mis]y among ! unsuitably educat$1 mu/ be reckon$ z a national loss4 ,p deplore ! heavy sums sp5t on armam5ts & on ! ma9t5ance ( enorm\s fleets & armies2 b x may be d\bt$ if ?is exp5diture is z co/ly 9 ! end z t :i* goes to support a sy/ematic manufacture ( ! unfit1 & to assi/ 9 ! di/ribution ( individuals to /ations 9 ! social s*eme = :i* !y are :olly unsuit$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,g5ius ,mo/ p lab\r "u ! delusion t g5ius only makes its appe>ance twice or ?rice dur+ a g5]ation4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! fact t a ,napoleon1 a ,%akespe>e1 or a ,bee?ov51 is only born once 9 a c5tury2 & colossal intellects su* z ^! are rightly reg>d$ z unnatural ph5om5a4 ,b g5ius ( a less high ord] is f> m common ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,p are simply bl9d to x4 ,al?\gh x surr\nds !m on all sides1 !y fail to recognise x4 ,& ne>ly ev]ybody is busily engag$ 9 help+ to de/roy x1 ) a p]v]sity t is z unconsci\s z x is crim9al4 ,^? :o h _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ! m5tal developm5t ( an intellig5t *ild t has n be5 subject$ to ! ord9>y processes ( tea*+1 mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! orig9ality ( its m9d4 ,if *ildr5 are left to !mselves1 !y w bre$ ideas at an a/oni%+ rate4 ,give an imag9ative *ild ( five or six "s simple object1 su* z a button or a piece ( tape1 & x w weave r\nd x a web ( romance t w\ld put _m a poet or au?or to %ame4 ,naturally br\ght up *ildr5 w *att] fasc9at+ nons5se to ! v motes t float 9 a sunbeam2 !y w sp9 an ,odyssey out ( ! mo/ trivial incid5t t has *anc$ to impress !m4 ,e commonplace object w be inve/$ by !m ) my/]i\s & fanta/ic attributes4 ,:5 left to obs]ve facts = !mselves1 !y w develop p[]s ( reason+ & logic :i* no am\nt ( cramm+ & can+ w\ld ev] succe$ 9 driv+ into !m4 ,!re are probably few p>5ts :o h n be5 />tl$1 at "s p]iod or ano!r1 by he>+ f ! lips ( a *ild an orig9al reflection t exhibit$ an unexpect$ degree ( m5tal developm5t4 ,did x ev] occur to !m t "s intellectual process mu/ h be5 go+ on 9 ! *ild's m9d to produce su* p[]s ( obs]vation or ?\ght8 ,!re is a fallaci\s notion1 f\nd$ ^u pure want ( obs]vation1 t human be+s are unable to =m ideas or to ?9k = !mselves until !y h be5 put ?r\gh an elaborate c\rse ( m5tal gymna/ics4 ,a great deal ( ! process misnam$ education is direct$ t[>ds ?is end1 ) ! result t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! bra9 is simply p>alyz$ & r5d]$ incapable ( p]=m+ its prop] functions4 ,! fact is1 t p1 :e!r "y or old1 _c be =c$ to ?9k4 ,x is a habit t mu/ come ( its own accord1 & t c only be /imulat$ by ! mo/ delicately-appli$ influ5ces4 ,obs]vant & reflective p>5ts1 :o h n *os5 to leave ! entire developm5t & upbr++ ( _! *ildr5 9 ! h&s ( nurses1 w h notic$ t !re is a natural t5d5cy on ! "p ( a *ild1 if n int]f]$ )1 to ?9k & to exp& its faculty ( imag9ation4 ,?is t5d5cy is n %>$ to an equal ext5t by all *ildr52 !re are1 ( c\rse1 dissimil>ities caus$ by v>y+ degrees ( intellig5ce4 ,b x is !re1 9 h[ev] rudim5t>y & undevelop$ a /age2 & ! m backw>d x appe>s to be1 ! m c>e %\ld be tak5 n to de/roy x or to *eck its natural gr[?4 ,n[1 ! :ole ma*9]y ( education is br\ght to be>1 f ! mom5t ! *ild is ( an age to receive any in/ruction1 to /rangle ! developm5t ( ! ?9k+ & imag9ative faculties4 ,t process w be describ$ pres5tly4 ,:at ,i wi% to po9t out fir/ is t1 long be=e ! s*ool or ! gov]ness comm5ces ?is op]ation1 ! p>5ts ( ! *ild1 or ^? to :om !y h delegat$ ! duty ( tak+ *>ge ( x dur+ ! t5d]e/ & mo/ mom5t\s ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 are g5]ally engag$ 9 do+ ev]y?+ !y c to br+ ab\t ! same p]nici\s result4 ,( c\rse ! evil is committ$ 9 %e] ignorance4 ,b x has be5 br$ = s _m g5]ations t individual judgm5t & common s5se mu/ e day be becom+ m r>e4 ,!re=e ! evil spreads1 & p blame ! introduction ( railways & o!r me*anical improvem5ts = ! dim9i%+ supply ( arti/ic & creative g5ius1 :il/ !y are 9 reality !mselves busily employ$ 9 /ifl+ its developm5t4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ?is unhappy result is br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! inv>iable cu/om ( giv+ "y *ildr5 toys :i*1 f> f /imulat+ ! imag9ation1 only s]ve to impress ^u _! m9ds ! commonplace facts ( ev]yday life4 ,x is really1 only 9 a diff]5t =m1 a "p ( ! process by :i*1 lat] on1 ! education sy/em drives out ideas & crams 9 facts4 ,to take a concrete in/ance1 a doll is ! play?+ usually giv5 to little girls4 ,at fir/ sight no?+ c appe> m *>m+ or in/ructive ?an ! gift to a little girl1 :o w "o day be a wife & a "m1 ( ! m9iature repres5tation ( a baby4 ,!re w be a ba? provid$1 9 :i* %e may le>n to wa% x4 ,ev]y?+ w be complete--soap1 sponge1 lo(ah1 puff-box1 & p[d]4 ,! pres5t w be accompani$ by a layette1 s t ! *ild may le>n to dress h] infant & to *ange its clo!s4 ,hair-bru%es w tea* h] to keep ! doll's hair neat2 & probably a doz5 o!r toilet requisites1 ( :i* ! mascul9e m9d has no notion or is expect$ to affect ignorance1 w be f\nd ready at h& to inculcate ! lesson ( nurs]y r\t9e4 ,9 ?is +5i\s way ! mat]iali/ic side ( life is delib]ately =c$ ^u ! att5tion ( ! *ild4 ,ev]y?+ is provid5tly suppli$ t w\ld be calculat$ to occupy h] att5tion ) commonplace facts in/ead ( ) fancies4 ,! *ild is n enc\rag$ to make a liv+ creature ( ?is inanimate dummy1 to tell x /ories1 or to ex]cise h] imag9ation 9 "s o!r way4 ,%e is provid$ ) a r\nd ( prosaic & extremely mat]ial duties1 & h] m9d is c>efully kept )9 ^! b\nds by details ( soap & fe$+-bottles1 :i* d n (f] scope = any flight ( imag9ation4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] to place a bundle ( rags 9 ! arms ( a little girl1 & to tell h] to imag9e x to be a baby4 ,%e w\ld1 if left to h]self1 ) no o!r res\rce ?an h] own inv5tion1 soon le>n to ex]cise h] dormant p[]s ( imag9ation & orig9ality4 ,) ! same lack ( =e?\ght boys are surr\nd$ f e>lie/ infancy ) objects design$ to keep _! m9ds )9 ! n>r[ limits ( fact4 ,_! play?+s are %ips1 fire-eng9es1 m9iature railways1 wat]-pumps1 & su*-l4 ,! imag9ation is all[$ z little play z possible4 ,int]e/ is c>efully conc5trat$ ^u ! me*anical details ( sp>s1 sails1 rigg+1 wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 :eels1 rods1 cranks1 lev]s1 & ! ?\s&-&-"o items :i* g to make up a me*anical contrivance4 ,great c>e is tak5 9 con/ruct+ toy models to reproduce at lea/ ! *ief po9ts ( ! orig9al1 9 ord] to give !m a supposititi\s educational value4 ,! p>5ts !n fondly imag9e t1 9 /ock+ ! nurs]y ) ^! abom9ations1 !y are l>gely assi/+ 9 ! developm5t ( ! boy's m9d4 ,to p :o d n und]/& *ildr5 x is difficult to convey any adequate idea ( ! fatal result produc$ ^u ! dawn+ intellect by ?is introduction ( mat]ialism into ! nurs]y4 ,! imag9ative w at once say t ! cont5tion is too f> fet*$4 ,c]ta9ly ! p]nici\s effects ( su* toys z h be5 describ$ are n easily disc]nible2 !re9 lies ! insidi\sness ( ?is ret>d+ process4 ,b to ^? :o h wat*$1 z ,i h done1 ! natural developm5t ( an intellig5t *ild's p[]s ( reflection & imag9ation--un*eck$ by dolls or toy locomotives--!re w be nei!r absurdity nor exagg]ation 9 :at ,i h writt54 ,toys 9 !mselves are h>mless & unobjectionable ?+s1 ?\gh e obs]vant p]son :o has _h mu* to d ) "y *ildr5 w readily conc$e h[ sup]flu\s !y are z a means ( amusem5t4 ,! av]age *ild w treasure up a button or a %ell long aft] x has de/roy$1 or maybe =gott5 ! exi/5ce (1 ! mo/ elaborate & exp5sive toy4 ,t is a commonplace ( ! nurs]y4 ,b x does n seem to convey ei!r mean+ or moral to ! majority ( p>5ts4 ,! second way 9 :i* ! ?9k+ & imag9ative faculties are imp$$ 9 _! developm5t is by ! disc\ragem5t (1 or by ! injudici\s answ]s giv5 to1 ! que/ions ask$ by *ildr54 ,at a c]ta9 age ! latt] become inquisitive ab\t ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,!y ply _! eld]s ) p]petual que/ion+2 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t _m ( _! int]rogations are highly inconv5i5t & unansw]able4 ,x is v difficult = ! av]age p]son to reply (fh& to elem5t>y que/ions su* z1 ,:y does ! sun %9e8 ,:at makes ! w9d bl[8 ,h[ does a se$ gr[ into a tree8 & s =?4 ,few p h ! pati5ce to answ] ! num]\s inquiries ( an intellig5t *ild2 & soon] ?an expose _! ignorance1 p>5ts w g5]ally qu5* ?is ?ir/ = k at ! outset by a flat prohibition4 ,! selfi% desire = peace prompts !m to refuse ! solicit$ in=mation altoge!r1 or1 worse /ill1 to return answ]s calculat$ to kill imag9ative ideas or to impress ! *ild's m9d ) a b>e & prosaic mat]ialism4 ,!y d n /op to ?9k ( ! imm5se h>m t may be done to ! *ild by ?r[+ cold wat] ^u its fir/ attempts at rese>*4 ,*ildr51 x mu/ be rememb]$1 d n possess ! p]sev]ance & det]m9ation :i* (t5 come to ! rescue ( orig9al g5ius at a lat] p]iod4 ,h[ev] active _! m9ds may be1 !y are also timid1 & %r9k back quickly "u ! influ5ce ( unsympa!tic treatm5t4 ,! fact %\ld be pat5t to ev]ybody t *ildr5 /rive con/antly to use ! bra9s ) :i* ,nature has end[$ !m4 ,be+ naturally imag9ative & orig9al1 ^! faculties only ne$ ord9>y enc\ragem5t to develop & fl\ri%4 ,yet ! entire me?od ( br++ up *ildr51 f ! cradle to ! s*ool b5*1 is direct$ t[>ds /ifl+ all orig9ality & sub/itut+ = x a /ock ( commonplace ideas & conv5tional k4 ,! process is begun at home4 ,x takes its root 9 conv5tionality1 ! curse ( all individuality & progress4 ,p>5ts1 br\ght up to be ! slaves ( cu/om1 c>ry on ! imbecile traditions t h be5 h&$ d[n to !m f =m] g5]ations1 )\t /opp+ to consid] :e!r !y are rational or fooli%4 ,x is good en\gh = ! majority ( p t ! imbecile ?+s !y d 7 done by _! =efa!rs be=e !m2 & no tradition is m rigidly foll[$ ?an t :i* prescribes ! mann] ( br++ up *ildr54 ,x w\ld h be5 ?\ght t ^? :o _h !mselves suff]$ f ! effects ( bad me?ods w\ld be c>eful n to repeat ! mi/akes ) _! own *ildr54 ,b t is ! wor/ aspect ( ! evil4 ,its *ief op]ation consi/s 9 h$g+ r\nd ! intellig5ce ) conv5tionalities to su* an ext5t z to exclude vigor\s & indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,! mo/ intellig5t p (t5 f9d ! utmo/ difficulty 9 attempt+ to %ake (f ! prejudices inculcat$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( life4 ,_m1 be=e accompli%+ ?is end1 h _h to pass ?r\gh a long p]iod ( suff]+ & adv]sity4 ,b ! av]age m9d is g5]ally a hopeless case4 ,!re mu/ be /rong inw>d impulses1 or ! necess>y measure ( initiative & c\rage w n be =?com+4 ,ev]ybody :o *ooses to ?9k = himself kn[s t x is an op]ation :i* does n usually entail pleasant consequ5ces4 ,s mu* = ! "p play$ by ! p>5t4 ,! s*ool sy/em /&s on a diff]5t plane altoge!r1 & mu/ be consid]$ by itself4 ,= p>5ts !re is1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( excuse4 ,= ! s*ool sy/em !re is none4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,human ,,factories ,di/9ction mu/ be made1 ( c\rse1 9 discuss+ ! effects ( tea*+ me?ods ^u *ildr51 betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( s*ools1 & betwe5 public in/ruction & private tuition4 ,x w\ld n be fair to lump !m all toge!r1 = ! evils !y produce are by no means di/ribut$ by !m 9 equal proportion4 ,"o mu/ diff]5tiate4 ,fundam5tally1 all education is proce$+ on a false pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is respect x is necess>y to blame education sy/ems1 in/itutions1 s*ool tea*]s1 tutors1 gov]nesses1 & p>5ts alike2 = all are engag$ 9 keep+ up an educational delusion t is work+ great h>m to ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,b :5 we come to consid] ! am\nt ( evil produc$ by ea* ( ^! factors1 x w be se5 at once t !re is a good deal to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,! private tutor1 "u pres5t me?ods ( tea*+1 is 9 a f> bett] position to enc\rage ! individual developm5t ( a *ild ?an is ! s*oolma/] :o has ! c>e ( a class4 ,*ildr5 c cont5d1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! tutor2 !y c =ce _! own wi%es ^u 8 att5tion %\ld !y possess ! necess>y /r5g? ( "*4 ,b ! /ronge/ mu/ succumb to ! s*ool sy/em4 ,"h !re is no latitude to p>ticul> pupils1 no concession made to idiosyncrasies ( m9d or "*4 ,! sy/em mu/ n be relax$1 & 9 consequ5ce ev]ybody has to be subject$ to precisely ! same c\rse ( /udy4 ,*ildr5 beg9 to receive in/ruction at a v e>ly age4 ,! usual plan is to take a *ild ! mom5t x is able to /r+ en\gh words toge!r to =m ideas1 & to subject x to a me?odical process ( tea*+4 ,! cu/om ( beg9n+ :at is call$ a *ild's education at a t5d] age is v]ifi$ by ! fact t ! ,/ate n[ compels1 or r pret5ds to compel1 p>5ts to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool at ! age ( five1 :il/ l>ge numb]s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are volunt>ily s5t to s*ool at ?ree ye>s ( age1 or ev5 y\ng]4 ,x w be obs]v$1 !re=e1 t ! ,/ate1 z f> z ! masses ( ! p are conc]n$1 takes ! *ild 9 h& at ! mo/ impressionable p]iod ( its exi/5ce4 ,! in/ruction ( infants is n a v difficult task1 if all t is aim$ at is to tea* !m c]ta9 elem5t>y subjects4 ,at five ye>s ( age *ildr5 w g5]ally le>n ) avidity4 ,_! m9ds are j suffici5tly =m$ to be receptive1 & z all k is a blank to !m !y are ready to le>n any?+1 )9 ! limits ( _! compreh5sion1 t ! tea*] may *oose to put be=e !m4 ,?is w\ld place ^u ! latt] a v heavy responsibility if ! matt] 7 left entirely to 8 discretion4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case2 ! c\rse ( in/ruction is fix$ be=eh& by ! s*ool manag]s4 ,x may diff] slightly 9 s*ools ( v>y+ types2 b 9 ! ma9 x is id5tical 9 all ! ess5tials4 ,to :at ext5t ?is v>iation may occur is1 h[ev]1 entirely beside ! po9t4 ,:at %\ld be not$ 9 ?is connection is t ea* s*ool1 & = ! matt] ( t e private tea*]1 has a fix$ plan ( in/ruction :i* is m or less rigidly en=c$4 ,9 ! case ( ! s*ool1 z has already be5 /at$1 no att5tion :atev] is paid to individual requirem5ts4 ,all are subject$ to exactly ! same process1 = bett] or = worse4 ,! *ild1 !re=e1 z soon z x beg9s to att5d s*ool is compell$ to le>n c]ta9 ?+s4 ,! /ock subjects are read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,!y are necess>y accompli%m5ts 9 all /ations ( life1 & education )\t !m w\ld be practically impossible4 ,i d n disp>age !m 9 ! lea/4 ,b !re is a good deal to be said ab\t ! me?od ( tea*+ !m1 & ! grave error ( mak+ !m ! pr9cipal objective ( elem5t>y tea*+4 ,9 ?is connection x is bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive to note a significant alt]ation 9 ! ,day ,s*ool ,code issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,until q rec5tly read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic 7 class$ "u ! ,code z 'obligatory subjects' 9 infant s*ools4 ,article #ae ( ! ,code n[ reads3 ',! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 infant s*ools & classes %\ld1 z a rule1 include--,suitable in/ruction1 writ+1 & numb]s1' etc4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! same passage conta9$ 9 =m] ,codes4 ',! subjects ( in/ruction1' x runs1 '= :i* grants may be made are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,,obligatory ,,subjects--,read+1 writ+1 ari?metic2 h]e9aft] call$ ! elem5t>y subjects1' etc4 ,?is am5dm5t is a recognition ( ! fact t no?+ c be m detrim5tal to education ?an h>d-&-fa/ rules4 ,x is a prote/ aga9/ ! g5]al assumption t ! curricula ( s*ools mu/ be ( a m or less uni=m patt]n1 & puts an end to ! absurdity ( ! c5tral au?ority prescrib+ subjects to be taught 9 all elem5t>y s*ools1 reg>dless ( v>y+ circum/ances or ! possibility ( improv$ me?ods ( tea*+4 ,=m]ly ! p]nici\s cu/om exi/$ ( exam9+ ! pupils1 at ! annual visit ( ! inspector1 9 /]eotyp$ subjects4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 report+ to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 9 #ahfg1 obs]v$3 ',! mode ( tea*+ 9 ! prim>y s*ools has c]ta9ly fall5 (f 9 intellig5ce1 _s1 & inv5tiv5ess dur+ ! f\r or five ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce my la/ report4 ,x c\ld n well be o!rwise4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ev]yone is prone to rely too mu* on me*anical processes1 & too little on intellig5ce1 a *ange 9 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t's regulations1 :i*1 by mak+ two-?irds ( ! ,gov]nm5t grant dep5d ^u a me*anical exam9ation1 inevitably gives a me*anical turn to ! s*ool tea*+1 a me*anical turn to ! inspection1 is1 & mu/ be1 try+ to ! intellectual life ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ! inspection ! me*anical exam9ation ( individual s*ol>s 9 read+ a %ort passage1 writ+ a %ort passage1 & work+ two or ?ree sums1 _c b take ! lion's %>e ( room & importance1 inasmu* z two-?irds ( ! ,gov]nm5t grant dep5d ^u x4444 ,9 ! game ( me*anical contrivances ! tea*]s w 9 ! end beat u2 & z x is n[ f\nd possible1 by +5i\s prep>ation1 to get *ildr5 ?r\gh ! ,revis$ ,code exam9ation 9 read+1 writ+1 & ciph]+ )\t _! really kn[+ h[ to read1 write1 & ciph]1 s x w ) practice no d\bt be f\nd possible to get ! ?ree-f\r?s ( ! "o-fif? ( ! *ildr5 ov] six ?r\gh ! exam9ation 9 gramm>1 geography1 & hi/ory )\t _! really kn[+ any "o ( ^! ?ree matt]s4' ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 c>e] z an inspector ( elem5t>y s*ools ,arnold _h to reit]ate ?is compla9t aga9 & aga94 ,he saw ! inc5tive to cramm+ provid$ by ! mode ( di/ribut+ ! grants1 & he p]ceiv$ ! uselessness ( ! type ( in/ruction eng5d]$ by x4 ,to-day all ?is has be5 *ang$4 ,!re is no su* ?+ n[ z a compulsory annual exam9ation 9 ! ?ree elem5t>y subjects4 ,x has be5 f9ally aboli%$ by ! c5tral au?ority4 ,! duty ( ! inspectors is no long] to exam9e ! *ildr51 b to inve/igate ! me?ods ( tea*+1 ! qualifications ( ! tea*]s1 & s =?4 ,!y are1 x is true1 emp[]$ to exam9e *ildr5 :5 !y ?9k x advisable to d s2 b !y are direct$ to use ?is p[] sp>+ly1 & 9 exceptional cases4 ,! ,dep>tm5t at ,:itehall does n1 un=tunately1 exi/ = ! purpose ( aboli%+ education sy/ems4 ,x has be5 call$ into exi/5ce = ! sole purpose ( di/ribut+ grants ( public money 9 aid ( elem5t>y education & = ! support ( tra9+-colleges = tea*]s4 ,! ex]cise ( ?is function has necessitat$ ! fram+ ( a code ( regulations to be obs]v$ by s*ools wi%+ to qualify !mselves = ! grant4 ,?is code is revis$ ea* ye>1 & has und]gone "s rem>kable *anges ( late4 ,!re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to make x z ela/ic z possible1 ) ! obvi\s aim ( enc\rag+ v>iety 9 ! s*ools & 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+4 ,= an example ( ?is t5d5cy "o ne$ only comp>e ! pres5t conditions atta*+ to ! paym5t ( ! pr9cipal grant to infant s*ools ) ^? t 7 9 =ce a few ye>s ago4 ,! high] grant 0 =m]ly giv5 if ! s*ol>s 7 taught "u a c]tificat$ tea*]1 or "u a tea*] n less ?an eighte5 ye>s ( age1 approv$ by ! inspector1 & 9 a room prop]ly con/ruct$ & furni%$ = ! in/ruction ( infants4 ,!re 0 also a proviso t ! infants %\ld be taught 'suitably to _! age4' ,! new code conta9s ! foll[+ regulation3 ',a pr9cipal grant ( #ags4 or #afs4 is made to infant s*ools & classes4 ,! ,bo>d %all decide :i*1 if ei!r1 ( ^! grants %all be paid aft] consid]+ ! report & recomm5dation ( ! inspector ^u ea* ( ! foll[+ f\r po9ts3 7a7 ,! suitability ( ! in/ruction to ! circum/ances ( ! *ildr5 & ! neighb\rhood2 7b7 ! ?or\ghness & intellig5ce ) :i* ! in/ruction is giv52 7c7 ! suffici5cy & suitability ( ! /aff2 7d7 ! discipl9e & organization4' ,work+ 9 ?is _s1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education is able to mitigate "s ( ! evils ( a ,/ate sy/em4 ,b x _c attack !m at ! roots )\t initiat+ a complete revolution4 ,out & out re=ms ( ?is k9d are only politically practicable :5 !y are dem&$ by ! irresi/ible voice ( a /rong public op9ion4 ,! public are misl$ z to ! true issues by ! intrigues ( political p>ties4 ,! conflict is n>r[$ d[n by p>ty politicians1 :o h p>ticul> int]e/s to s]ve1 to a m]e squabble ab\t s*ool bo>ds1 volunt>y s*ools1 local au?orities1 & religi\s in/ruction4 ,! consequ5ce is t ^! side issues h come to be reg>d$ z ! great education "q ( ! day4 ,x is n easy to /ir up any deep feel+ ab\t ! comp>ative m]its ( ! two classes ( elem5t>y s*ools4 ,mo/ p d n c>e a jot :e!r _! *ildr5 g to "o or ! o!r4 ,x is n ! masses :o agitate ab\t d5om9ational or secul> tea*+1 b ^? limit$ classes :o h "s direct int]e/ 9 matt]s affect+ religion4 ,b :o w\ld n ca/ aside _! le?>gy1 if !y 7 made to und]/& t ! "q to be decid$ is n :e!r ?is or t type ( s*ool %\ld be support$1 b :e!r ! pres5t sy/em ( education %\ld be entirely disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( an altoge!r new plan8 t beh9d all ^! petty controv]sies lie great issues1 affect+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( education1 :i* mu/ be pu%$ to ! front unless ! deg5]ation ( ! race--an inevitable result ( ! pres5t educational me?od--is to be cont9u$ indef9itely8 ,let p consid] = a mom5t :at is effect$ by ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! *ild1 z we h se51 is tak5 by ! ,/ate at an e>ly age & subject$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to a c>eful drill+ 9 ! ?ree elem5t>y subjects4 ,!re is no h>m 9 kn[+ h[ to read & write2 x is a v necess>y accompli%m5t4 ,a little ari?metic is also indisp5sable to ! fulfilm5t ( _m ( ! commone/ duties ( ev]yday life4 ,b1 ap>t f ! iniquity ( cramm+ or =c+ ! bra9 9 a p>ticul> direction1 x mu/ be recollect$ t by impos+ c]ta9 subjects ^u ! undevelop$ m9d ( a *ild1 o!rs are necess>ily exclud$4 ,! process !re=e1 :5 rigidly c>ri$ out1 has v s]i\s & f>-rea*+ effects4 ,x prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! m9d 9 any direction b t :i* is be+ en=c$4 ,! h>m done to ! individual *ild by ?is means is incalculable4 ,on ! v ?re%old ( ! developm5t ( its faculties accord+ to natural in/9cts ?is developm5t is viol5tly arre/$ by an artificial op]ation4 ,nor does ! evil end "h4 ,?is int]f]5ce ) ,nature is c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! :ole s*ool c>e] ( ! *ild1 & ! tradition fl\ri%es 9 a modifi$ =m 9 ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! vital pr9ciple ( mod]n education4 ,^! s*ools 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! p are taught are no?+ m ?an factories = turn+ out a uni=mly-patt]n$ article4 ,!y d n succe$ 9 _! object ( conf]r+ :at is call$ an education ^u _! pupils1 b !y contrive to drive out all orig9al ideas )\t implant+ any useful k 9 _! place4 ,! g5]al result ( ?is :olesale manufacture ( dummies w be dealt ) directly4 ,! int5tion "h is m]ely to po9t out t ! practical work+ ( ! ma*9]y ( ,/ate education is to *eck ! natural developm5t ( ! m9d1 & to unfit ^? :om x has victimiz$1 n only = "o1 b = all occupations t dem& manual dext]ity or practical intellig5ce4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,greate/ ,,mis]y ,,( ,,! ,,greate/ ,,numb] ,x is n[ "t to consid] ! effect ( ?is sy/em ( compulsory education ^u ! masses ( ! p4 ,9 ! fir/ two *apt]s an attempt 0 made to sket* "s ( ! anomalies br\ght ab\t by ! educational me?ods ( our public s*ools & univ]sities1 & by ! p]nici\s sy/em ( public competitive exam9ations4 ,we w n[ turn our att5tion exclusively to ! masses1 & endeav\r to see :at national in/ruction does = !m4 ,! common p lab\r "u ! delusion t *ildr5 :o h pass$ ! /&>ds ( an elem5t>y s*ool are educat$4 ,!y h be5 fitt$1 accord+ to ! popul> belief1 = a sup]ior /ation 9 life4 ,! fir/ ambition ( p>5ts is1 !re=e1 = _! *ild to obta9 a po/ suitable to its suppos$ s*ol>%ip4 ,( c\rse1 ! tru? is1 z we all "k1 t ! product ( ! public elem5t>y s*ool is utt]ly useless1 & g5]ally want+ 9 intellig5ce4 ,b ^! facts are only discov]$ by ! victims !mselves aft] ye>s ( bitt] exp]i5ce4 ,totally unfitt$ = any /ation 9 life1 _m ( !m leave s*ool full ( self-confid5ce 9 ! belief t _! sup]ior education w secure !m a good op5+4 ,despis+ all manual lab\r1 !y seek situations z cl]ks1 %op-assi/ants1 & su*-l4 ,! result is1 ( c\rse1 an ov]-supply ( c&idates = employm5t ( ?is k9d4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! girls h to fall back ^u dome/ic s]vice2 :ile ! boys swell ! ranks ( unskill$ lab\r]s & unemploy$ loaf]s1 or1 worse /ill1 betake !mselves to a life ( di%one/y4 ,n[h]e are ! evil effects ( ?is education sy/em m /rik+ly illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! *ildr5 ( agricultural lab\r]s & small f>m]s are giv5 in/ruction :i* w be ( no e>?ly use to !m 9 ! occupation = :i* !y are naturally fitt$4 ,in/ead ( be+ prep>$ = c\ntry pursuits1 !y are giv5 an inf]ior type ( all-r\nd education :i* is equally useless ev]y:]e4 ,:5 !y leave s*ool !y c read1 write1 add1 subtract1 divide1 & multiply--aft] a fa%ion2 !y c mispron\nce a few ,fr5* words1 )\t be+ able to con/ruct a s+le grammatical s5t5ce or und]/& a syllable t is said to !m2 !y "k en\gh %or?& to write d[n simple words at "o half ! spe$ ( ord9>y h&writ+2 & !y h acquir$ by rote a few dry facts f hi/ory & geography1 all ( :i* w be totally oblit]at$ f _! memories )9 a space ( twelve mon?s4 ,%or?& is n a v promis+ prep>ation = ! pl\gh2 & ,fr5* & ma!matics are equally valueless accompli%m5ts = ! c>t+ ( manure4 ,dairymaids ne$ nei!r hi/ory nor geography2 !y c ev5 d )\t gramm>4 ,consequ5tly ^! unhappy s*ool-*ildr5 h be5 r5d]$ useless = all ! practical purposes ( ! life !y ought to lead4 ,! result is inevitable4 ,!re is a con/ant1 nev]-ceas+ exodus f ! c\ntry into ! t[ns4 ,! rural s*ool victims are incit$ to look = employm5t 9 an altoge!r diff]5t sph]e f t = :i* nature orig9ally int5d$ !m4 ,philosoph]s & politicians crack _! heads ov] ?is my/]i\s problem ( t[n immigration2 b x is really a v simple affair4 ,we are pret5d+ to educate ! rural population by conf]r+ ^u !m ! bless+s ( ,fr5* & %or?&4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( our excell5t =esight 9 spread+ ?is type ( culture ?r\gh\t ! l& is t !re is a sc>cely rem>kable de>? ( rural lab\r4 ,f>m h&s are n q z pl5tiful z !y us$ to be1 & !re is "s difficulty 9 gett+ damsels to *urn butt]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we are driv+ ?is mob ( cultur$ yokels into ! t[ns to cr[d out local lab\r1 to />ve1 & to fill ! gaols & workh\ses4 ,london has at ! pres5t mom5t ma9ly to ?ank ?is process ( 'education' = ! ov]cr[d+ problem :i* is becom+ e day m dang]\s & press+4 ,x is useless to talk ( pull+ d[n slums & build+ up model blocks1 or ( inv5t+ fre% means ( communication to convey artisans to suburban dwell+s1 :il/ ! real cause ( ! evil is left unt\*$4 ,"y m5 & wom5 w cont9ue to p\r 9 f ! c\ntry di/ricts z long z a smatt]+ ( geography & ari?metic flatt]s !m into ! delusion t !y are educat$1 & t k ( ! useless k9d t has be5 drumm$ into !m is ! high-road to =tune4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( little use to urge ov]cr[d+ z a gr\nd = re=m+ educational me?ods4 ,few p are /irr$ by :at to !m is a purely ab/ract "q4 ,!y see no?+ to indicate its exi/5ce1 & !y "k no?+ ( its evils4 ,!y seldom walk d[n ! dre>y av5ues ( bricks & mort> :i* conta9 ! h\ses ( ! work+ classes2 & if !y d1 !y sc>cely realize ! fact t inside ! humble1 d+y little dwell+s :ole families are cr[d$ into s+le rooms1 %>e ea* o!r's b$s1 & are ev5 ?ankful to f9d sleep+ accommodation ^u ! floor4 ,b ev]ybody appreciates & und]/&s ! s]vant "q4 ,t t\*es ! com=t ( ! individual too ne>ly to be ignor$4 ,! rapid ext9ction ( good s]vants1 ! insol5ce & ineffici5cy ( ! av]age dome/ic--^! are facts ( ev]yday life t w come home to ! suff]+ upp] & middle classes4 ,x is n because !y are educat$ t dome/ic s]vants h det]iorat$1 h[ev]1 b on acc\nt ( ! pr(\nd /ate ( ignorance 9 :i* _! elem5t>y s*ool+ has left !m1 lead+ !m to ! misappreh5sion t1 f ! /&po9t ( culture1 !y are z good z anybody & c]ta9ly above _! m5ial position4 ,s]vants h z little ne$ ( ,fr5* v]bs & hi]oglyphics z ! pl\ghboy or ! dairymaid4 ,!re are _m useful ?+s t might be le>nt by a p]son :o wi%$ to be tra9$ = dome/ic s]vice2 b x is r>e en\gh to f9d a cook t1 among/ o!r items ( a lib]al education1 has be5 giv5 cook+ lessons4 ,9 ?is respect education is l food3 :at is "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison4 ,we d n wi% to tea* book-keep+ to a wa%]woman1 or fancy iron+ to a private secret>y4 ,!n1 :y /uff artisans1 dome/ic s]vants1 & f>m lab\r]s ) common d5om9ators & ! rules ( syntax8 ,x may be highly satisfactory to s*ooltea*]s to succe$ 9 mak+ _! class read al\d passages f ,%akespe>e & ,milton )\t dropp+ m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ( ! aspirates1 or mispron\nc+ m ?an half a doz5 multi-syllabic words4 ,b1 un=tunately1 !re is no dem& = p>l\rmaids :o c quote ',hamlet' amid ! int]vals ( wait+ at table1 or = page-boys capable ( sp\t+ ',p>adise ,lo/' = ! intellectual improvem5t ( ! s]vants' hall4 ,p]haps ^! in/ances %[ z well z any?+ ! grotesque absurdity ( collect+ a numb] ( *ildr5 toge!r1 & attempt+ to tea* !m ?+s t !y are n fitt$ to d1 :il/ no ef=t is made to cultivate 9 ea* individual ! faculties t are really capable ( developm5t4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ surpris+ t occupations involv+ manual lab\r are = ! mo/ "p fill$ ) dissatisfi$ & incompet5t grumbl]s1 :o h be5 oblig+ly provid$ by a ,/ate sy/em ( education4 ,b if any fur!r illu/ration be ne$$ ( ! sup]ficiality & h>mfulness ( ! education =c$ ^u ! masses1 we h x gl>+ly en\gh 9 ! *eap lit]ature ( to-day4 ,?is /up5d\s mass ( bo% c\ld n h be5 produc$ unless !re 7 a dem& = x4 ,"s p are nev] tir$ ( abus+ ! millionaires :o h made _! =tunes by provid+ ! illit]ate nons5se t =ms ! intellectual food ( ! va/ majority ( ! public4 ,x is :olly unju/ifiable & illogical to blame !m4 ,!y are n f\nd]s ( new s*ools ( ?\ght 9 ! field ( lit]ature2 !y are m5 ( bus9ess1 & d n pret5d to be any?+ worse4 ,z su*1 x is _! vocation to f9d out :at ! public want1 & to supply x to !m4 ,!y h no int]e/ 9 mak+ ! million take _! lit]ature aft] x has be5 pass$ ?r\gh a m9c]4 ,!y *op up news & ha% gramm> at half price because ! patrons ( *eap pap]s & p]iodicals l _! lit]ature s]v$ up 9 t fa%ion4 ,x is n ! millionaire trad] :o is to blame = ?is /ate ( affairs--he m]ely pr(its by its exi/5ce4 ,! real culprit is ! education sy/em1 :i* is ! univ]sal provid] ( ! peculi> type ( culture t int]e/s itself 9 ! numb] ( beef s&wi*es t w\ld be requir$ to encircle ! e>?1 or ! rate at :i* ! population ( ! _w w\ld h to increase )9 a giv5 "t to enable its inhabitants1 by m\nt+ ^u ea* o!r's heads1 to rea* ! moon4 ,! enorm\s dem& = ?is class ( lit]ature is ! mo/ pregnant evid5ce ( ! mis]able effects ( misappli$ education & defective in/ruction t c\ld well be br\ght =w>d4 ,b x is by no means conf9$ to ! uncultur$ masses :o h be5 driv5 ?r\gh ! /&>ds ( an elem5t>y s*ool4 ,?\s&s :o h be5 put ?r\gh ! paces ( :at is call$ 'high] education' may be se5 9 railway-c>riages1 at heal? resorts1 or 9 ! public libr>ies1 deeply imm]s$ 9 *eap-jack read+-matt] t no self-respect+ p]son ( mod]ate intellig5ce w\ld c>e ev5 to be capable ( specify+4 ,?is pa9ful sight1 :i* _c h escap$ ! notice ( ! lea/ obs]vant1 mu/ surely lead ! reflective man or woman to d\bt ! value ( educational me?ods t h l$ to no bett] result4 ,x is mon/r\s to ?9k ( ye>s sp5t 9 gr9d+ out syntax rules1 ma!matics1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 geography1 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 composition1 & a doz5 o!r bran*es ( k1 9 ord] to develop a ta/e = s5sational rags1 middle-class magaz9es1 & inf]ior fiction4 ,if ! process 7 c\pl$ ) no worse consequ5ces ?an ?is1 nobody ( ! lea/ pret5sion to culture w\ld wi% to see x cont9u$ ano!r day4 ,b we h se5 t ! mis*ief goes f> beyond m]e sup]ficiality & bad ta/e4 ,x c>ries its p]nici\s influ5ce into e social problem by :i* mod]n /atesm5 are p]plex$ & h>ass$4 ,f ! h\s+ "q to ! de>? ( s]vants we feel its baneful effects4 ,& z if x 7 n en\gh to h unfitt$ ! masses ( ! p = ! occupations be/ suit$ to ! great bulk ( !m1 to h in/ill$ into ! m9ds ( work+-m5's *ildr51 by means ( illit]ate ,%akespe>e recitations & burlesque ef=ts to grasp geography1 a contempt = ! skill$ lab\r ( ! artisan--?is education process has br\ght ab\t a g5]al det]ioration 9 ! mann]s ( ! l[] classes t has long be5 a subject ( g5]al compla9t4 ,nobody wi%es to see ! common p 9 a con/ant attitude ( s]vility t[>ds ! classes above !m4 ,to ?9k+ p no?+ is m pa9ful ?an to obs]ve su* signs ( a want ( prop] self-respect & indep5d5ce on ! "p ( freeborn m5 & wom5 ( :atev] /&+ 9 ! social scale4 ,b x is a significant fact t educat+ ! masses1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m seems to be g5]ally employ$1 has _h ! effect ( eradicat+ f !m all respect = education4 ,! educat$ man ( real atta9m5ts is n look$ up to 9 ! smalle/ degree by ! av]age individual ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,x w\ld be useless to quote1 9 support ( a /atem5t made 9 ! pres5ce ( unexceptional memb]s ( ! work+ classes1 ! op9ion ( any recognis$ au?ority4 ,= ! matt] ( t1 !re are _m p]sons ( a high] rank :o are suppos$ to h enjoy$ ! b5efits ( a m lib]al type ( education ?an t af=d$ by ! elem5t>y s*ool1 :o are equally unimpress$ by ! value ( exp]t k4 ,:e!r x is t ,/ate-educat$ y\?s ?9k t _! accompli%m5ts h made !m ! equals ( ev]ybody else1 or :e!r ! inanity ( ! sy/em to :i* !y h be5 subject$ has giv5 !m a contempt = le>n+1 x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e4 ,probably bo? misconceptions are ev5ly di/ribut$ among/ ! victims ( ! process4 ,b ! fact t ?is %\ld be ! case at all speaks eloqu5tly = ! crass ignorance :i* results f ! conf\nd+1 on ! "p ( s-call$ educationi/s1 ( m]e fact-cramm+ & subject-compulsion ) ! prop] developm5t ( ! human faculties4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,output ,,( ,,prigs ,hav+ consid]$ ! evils produc$ by %am education1 su* z is compulsorily giv5 to ! masses ( ! p1 we c proce$ to exam9e into ! av]age results effect$ by m g5u9e & effici5t sy/ems ( cramm+ & in/ruction4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ degree necess>y1 = ?is purpose1 to g into m9ute comp>isons ( ! v>i\s types ( second>y s*ools & colleges t h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! actual me?od ( tea*+ !re is little to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,all h practically a common aim1 namely1 ! prep>ation ( boys & "y m5 = exam9ations4 ,( c\rse1 all boys :o g to s*ool are n de/9$ = pr(essions t necessitate ! pass+ ( an exam9ation1 competitive or o!rwise4 ,b t does n di/urb ! s*ool au?orities a jot1 or involve ! slighte/ relaxation ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,! boys are cramm$ j ! same4 ,:oev] wi%es to pass ?r\gh ! mill mu/ g 9 l a pig at "o end & come out z a sausage at ! o!r4 ,!re is no middle c\rse except ! private tutor2 & he1 ow+ to ! defects ( 8 own e>ly tra9+ & to ! t]rific ,cons]vatism peculi> to 8 pr(ession1 probably kn[s no bett] process ?an ! famili> r\t9e ( cram & idea-suppression4 ,! :ole ( s*ool life is a scramble = m>ks4 ,! s*ool manag]s & ma/]s are int]e/$ 9 gett+ ! boys /uff$ ) facts1 dates1 figures1 & inflections1 because ! pre/ige ( ! s*ool--& consequ5tly its comm]cial success--is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! cr$itable plac+ ( pupils 9 public exam9ations4 ,!re=e ! boys are enc\rag$1 or r compell$1 to occupy !mselves ) :at w be/ conduce to secure ?is object1 reg>dless ( _! own wi%es or obvi\s incl9ations4 ,a boy might ent] a gramm>-s*ool1 or "o ( ! great public s*ools1 teem+ to 8 f+]-tips ) an inborn ?ir/ = sci5tific k2 he might sp5d all 8 sp>e mom5ts mak+ crude exp]im5ts ) an air-pump1 or gaz+ at planets ?r\gh a *eap a/ronomical telescope2 he might fail dismally to grasp ! rudim5ts ( ! ,lat9 gramm>1 & be incapable ( conjugat+ an irregul> v]b2 b 8 nose w\ld be kept d[n to ! gr9d/one ( ! s*ool curriculum all ! same1 & n ! smalle/ att5tion paid to 8 obvi\s b5t ( m9d4 ,he _h be5 plac$ !re1 ! au?orities w\ld say1 to receive a g5]al education1 & a g5]al education he %\ld h4 ,if dur+ ! process all ! sci5tific en?usiasm is gr\nd out ( him1 t is n ! bus9ess ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,! boy1 = ! ord9>y purposes ( in/ruction1 is an empty bottle into :i* a c]ta9 prescription is to be p\r$4 ,! prescription has be5 made up be=eh&1 & _c be alt]$4 ,! s*ool und]takes to adm9i/] a draught1 b x refuses to bo!r ab\t diagnos+ ea* case4 ,!re is only "o me?od ( treatm5t1 & e pati5t :o ent]s ! e/abli%m5t has to be submitt$ to x4 ,!re h be51 ( c\rse1 enlight5$ p$agogues4 ,! names ( ,arnold & ,?r+ w always /& out prom95tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% s*ool life1 & x w be a bad day inde$ = ! y\? 9 our public s*ools :5 _! traditional influ5ce %all h be5 entirely oblit]at$4 ,!y graft$ ^u ! e/abli%$ me?ods ( tea*+ a lib]al & broad-m9d$ ef=t to br+ out :at 0 be/ 9 ea* pupil by o!r influ5ces4 ',x is no wisdom1' ,dr4 ,arnold decl>$1 'to make boys prodigies ( in=mation2 b x is our wisdom & our duty to cultivate _! faculties ea* 9 its season1 fir/ ! memory & imag9ation1 & !n ! judgm5t2 to furni% !m ) ! means1 & to excite ! desire ( improv+ !mselves1 & to wait ) confid5ce ,god's bless+ on ! result4' ,edw>d ,?r+ wrote ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 8 di>y3 ',education is n bookworm "w1 b ! giv+ ! subtle p[] ( obs]vation1 ! faculty ( see+1 ! eye & m9d to cat* hidd5 tru?s & new creative g5ius4 ,if ! curs$ rule-mong]+ & te*nical t]ms c\ld be bani%$ to limbo1 some?+ might be done4 ,?ree p>ts ( tea*+ & le>n+ 9 ,engl& is ! hid+ common s5se & disguis+ ignorance "u phrases4' ,no /rang] anomaly c be conceiv$ ?an t pres5t$ by ! con/ant ef=t ( ^! two em95t headma/]s to undo ! evils ( a univ]sal sy/em ( education4 ,x is n (t5 t p /rive to set _! h\se 9 ord] aft] ?is fa%ion1 & all hon\r is due to !m = ! c\rage\s endeav\r4 ,! mi/ake !y made 0 9 t9k]+ ) a sy/em inh]5tly bad & useless1 in/ead ( tak+ ! bold /ep ( aboli%+ x altoge!r & beg9n+ afre% on new & s\nd pr9ciples4 ,! en]gies ( s*oolma/]s ( ! type ( ,?r+ & ,arnold are1 9 fact1 conc5trat$ ma9ly ^u a con/ant /ruggle to prev5t ! ord9>y process ( s*ool in/ruction f produc+ prigs4 ,/upid boys are g5]ally r5d]$ m /upid by tea*+1 = reasons t w be analyz$ lat] on4 ,b boys ^: bra9s are am5able to academic tra9+ are liable1 unless ! environm5t ( ! s*ool is peculi>ly unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! species1 to become priggi%4 ,x is ! purely academic tra9+ t produces ! prig4 ,football1 cricket1 & o!r a?letic sports are n fav\rable to 8 gr[?2 & he receives equally little enc\ragem5t f 8 companions4 ,! important po9t ab\t him is t he is n a natural product at all1 b ! outcome ( an artificial drill+ ( ! m9d4 ,9 a ^w1 he is ! embodim5t ( ! education sy/em1 uncorrect$ by =tuit\s influ5ces & conditions4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t gracefulness is n acquir$ by means ( /ilt$ lessons 9 deportm5t1 b t x consi/s ( natural muscul> movem5t untrammell$ by self-consci\sness or artifice4 ,! same law ( nature applies to ! work+ ( ! bra94 ,/uff+ a boy's head ) s mu* k is n develop+ 8 m9d1 & ! result mu/ necess>ily be z artificial z ! process4 ,! m9d becomes incapable ( ?9k+ individually & naturally2 x becomes p$antic & circumscrib$1 p[]less to give simple expression to simple ?\ghts2 & ! prig is made4 ,x requires a great deal ( kick+ & hu/l+ on ! "p ( ! victim's s*oolfell[s to arre/ ?is process1 & ! cure is g5]ally only effect$ outw>dly4 ,priggi%ness _c be eradicat$ f ! sy/em 9 a mom5t1 ev5 by ! mo/ h]oic measures4 ,its excision involves a sl[ m5tal process1 ! conv]se ( t :i* s]v$ to call x into exi/5ce4 ,! prig has to dive/ himself ( ! false m5tal outlook impos$ ^u him by 8 education1 & to beg9 all ov] aga94 ,x is a h>d lesson :i* c only be le>nt 9 ! s*ool ( life1 g5]ally aft] humiliat+ exp]i5ce & bitt] suff]+4 ,_m nev] succe$ 9 le>n+ x4 ,!re mu/ be "s mat]ial to "w ^u1 & probably _! individuality1 weak at ! comm5cem5t & !re=e d\bly 9 ne$ ( t5d] treatm5t & fo/]+ c>e1 has be5 hopelessly cru%$ out ( exi/5ce by ! conv5tional tra9+ ( s*ool & univ]sity4 ,"u pres5t conditions prigs c & d gr[ up ev]y:]e4 ,9 "s educational in/itutions--notably 9 great public s*ools l ,eton & ,h>r[--!y are m disc\rag$ ?an 9 o!rs2 b ! cramm+ sy/em has rea*$ su* proportions t all s*ools & colleges are affect$ 9 a great] or less degree4 ,!y infect our public life1 z we h se52 l>gely recruit our public s]vice2 & are 9 evid5ce 9 ! pulpit1 at ! s*oolma/]'s desk1 on public plat=ms1 9 ! lecture-room ( ! univ]sity1 & :]ev] ! s]vices ( educat$ m5 are employ$4 ,! ideals ( m5 l ,arnold & ,?r+ _c be c>ri$ out z long z ! exam9ation sy/em puts a premium ^u cramm+4 ',i call t ! be/ !me1' said ,dr4 ,arnold1 allud+ to orig9al composition1 ':i* %[s t ! boy has read & ?\ght = himself2 t ! next be/1 :i* %[s t he has read sev]al books1 & dige/$ :at he has read2 & t ! wor/1 :i* %[s t he has foll[$ b "o book1 & foll[$ t )\t reflection4' ,!re is no "t n[adays = a boy to read & ?9k = himself4 ,besides ! exam9ations inside 8 own s*ool = :i* he has to be prep>$1 !re are s*ol>%ips1 univ]sity exam9ations1 competitive exam9ations = ! civil s]vice1 & a ho/ ( o!r possibilities ( ! k9d1 all ( :i* necessitate ! acquisition ( an enorm\s numb] ( useless facts 9 e bran* ( le>n+4 ,too mu* att5tion is conc5trat$ on ! admirable physical product ( ! a?letic side ( our public s*ool & univ]sity life4 ,?is advantage ( ! ,engli% sy/em ( education has be5 dwelt ^u to su* an ext5t1 t p are apt to ov]look ! fact t1 side by side ) ^! f9e specim5s ( heal?y & = ! mo/ "p un9tellectual manhood1 we are manufactur+ a purely academic article ( ! lea/ inspir$ & mo/ retrogressive description4 ,if somebody1 wi%+ to make y acqua9t$ ) a fri5d1 says to y3 ',i want y to meet ,s-&-s2 he 0 at ,eton & ,tr9ity ,hall1 & came out t5? 9 ! ma!matical tripos1' y "k exactly ! k9d ( man to :om y are go+ to be introduc$4 ,he w h a v prop] contempt = made-up ties1 & w refuse to fa/5 ! bottom button ( 8 wai/coat4 ,y "k be=eh& ! precise po9t ( view t he w take ^u e conceivable topic1 & ! *annels 9 :i* 8 conv]sation is c]ta9 to fl[4 ,8 entire m5tal horizon w be b\nd$ by academic conv5tionalities 9 su* a ca/-iron fa%ion t x w\ld1 y are well aw>e1 wa/e y\r "t to attempt to ext5d its b\nd>ies by ! fraction ( an in*4 ,if y say any?+ y\rself out ( ! beat5 track1 y "k t y w be look$ d[n ^u z a fool or a faddi/4 ,! ,eton /amp w be ^u 8 dress & mann]s2 ! ,cambridge br& se>$ into e crevice ( 8 m9d4 ,!re w be an individuality ab\t him1 b x w be an individuality %>$ 9 common ) hundr$s ( "y m5 ( ! same educational antec$5ts4 ,t is ! fault ( ! sy/em4 ,x takes away1 or fails to evoke1 ! di/+ui%+ traits ( ea* individual1 & sub/itutes a k9d ( manufactur$ p]sonality accord+ to ! p>ticul> in/itution1 or type ( in/itution1 9 :i* ! educational metamorphosis has tak5 place4 ',a mob ( boys1' said ! man :o rais$ ,upp+ham f complete obscurity to ! front rank ( public s*ools1 '_c be educat$4' ,x is1 nev]!less1 ! process t is go+ on all ov] ! civiliz$ _w4 ,re=m does n lie alone 9 mak+ in/ruction itself m effective4 ,z long z ! pr9ciple is reta9$ ( =c+ c]ta9 facts & c]ta9 subjects into ! m9d ( e boy1 ! c\ntry w cont9ue to bre$ conv5tionality1 to produce a uni=m type ( useless m$iocrity1 & to make prigs4 ,?is is1 un=tunately1 exactly :at ! av]age educationi/ aims at4 ,!re is no disguise ab\t ! belief t conv5tional ideas1 & ! manufacture ( :at is call$ av]age ability1 are ! %eet-an*or ( ! ,/ate4 ,& ?is type ( fossiliz$ ,cons]vatism seems to gr[ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( s*ools & colleges 9 ! c\ntry4 ,l[]-middle-class "y m51 ( no intellectual pr$isposition at all1 are be+ turn$ out on all sides cramm$ ) ! n>r[e/ type ( educational tradition4 ,prigs are produc$ :olesale2 ! wor/ & mo/ odi\s bran* ( ! family be+ ! semi-illit]ate prig--! man :o gets drumm$ out ( dec5t regim5tal messes1 ! man :o wants to g on ! /age & declaim ,%akespe>e ?r\gh 8 nose1 ! man :o vulg>izes ! public s]vice by dropp+ 8 h's 9 ! great ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts1 & o!rs too num]\s to be specifi$4 ,ev]y?+ is vulg> t pret5ds to be :at x is n4 ,priggi%ness is an artificial m5tal condition t is f> m common ?an p g5]ally suspect4 ,we are mo/ ( u prigs1 if we only knew x4 ,! man :o is unable to get rid ( conv5tions & to ?9k = himself is a prig4 ,engl& is peopl$ ) !m4 ,we meet !m at e turn2 we see !m driv+ ! c\ntry to ! dogs by %e] inability to grasp its ne$s2--& we s5d our sons to ! s*ools & univ]sities to be manufactur$ aft] ! same patt]n4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,boy ,,deg5]ation ,if "s boys ?rive1 accord+ to ord9>y s*ool /&>ds1 on ! cramm+ sy/em1 :at becomes ( ^? to ^: nature ! process is entirely antagoni/ic8 ,! "q is be/ answ]$ by a glance at ! s*ools !mselves4 ,take "o ( ! great public s*ools1 & x w be f\nd t mu* ! same conditions are preval5t 9 e class or =m4 ,!re is a small p]c5tage ( boys at ! top ( ea* class :o are consid]$ ! mo/ intellig5t1 & by :om mo/ ( ! que/ions ask$ by ! ma/] are answ]$4 ,! rema9+ majority are divid$ into two sections1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( :at are t]m$ boys ( av]age ability1 :il/ ! o!r conta9s ! lazy elem5t1 ! refractory boys1 & ! dull>ds4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we *iefly discuss$ ^? individuals :o may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! av]age ( ! be/ results a*iev$ by high] s*ools & univ]sities4 ,^! =m1 h[ev]1 only a fraction ( ! s*ol>s :o pass ?r\gh su* in/itutions4 ,x /ill rema9s = u to discov] ! rle :i* is play$ by ! o!r f\r-fif?s 9 s*ool-life4 ,accord+ to s*ola/ic me?ods ( classification1 ! bulk ( ?is residue are boys ( m$ium intellig5ce :o plod on )\t specially di/+ui%+ !mselves1 & contrive1 by d9t ( indu/ry & application1 to blund] ?r\gh ! ord9>y c\rse ( /udy )\t com+ to grief4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conjure up a m melan*oly picture ?an t pres5t$ by ^! plodd]s1 ^: "w is r5d]$ trebly h>d by be+ p]=m$ aga9/ ! gra94 ,!y suff] m "u ! sy/em ?an ! dull1 ! lazy1 & ! fracti\s1 :o escape its wor/ evils1 ei!r because "s active p[] ( resi/ance comes to _! rescue1 or because ! m9d itself is s =m$ z to be incapable ( receiv+ in/ruction imp>t$ on ! cramm+ pr9ciple4 ,b ! av]age m$iocrity among/ s*oolboys are (t5 inf]ior 9 ability bo? to ^? :o rank above & bel[ !m 9 s*ool atta9m5t4 ,!y nei!r pr(it by ! tea*+ process1 nor d !y possess ^? qualities t w\ld enable !m to resi/ its consequ5ces4 ,?us !y fall betwe5 two /ools1 be+ c>ri$ out ( _! natural sph]e1 & at ! same "t fail+ to atta9 su* a measure ( artificial success z w\ld af=d !m comp5sation = ! injury4 ,success 9 life is n an easy ?+ to g5]alize ab\t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important to note z f> z possible ! results br\ght ab\t by s*ool education4 ,! boy :o is tra9$ to pass exam9ations has a respectable *ance ( gett+ into "s bran* ( ! public s]vice2 &1 z we h se51 x is f among/ 8 ranks t ! p]man5t (ficials ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ,gov]nm5t are recruit$4 ,a great numb] ( ^? :o di/+ui% !mselves academically also pass into ! tea*+ pr(ession2 ?\gh a consid]able p]c5tage ( graduates1 = reasons t w be discuss$ 9 due c\rse1 drift into ! ranks ( ! unemploy$4 ,! av]age s*oolboy1 :o does 8 "w me*anically & )\t en?usiasm1 probably furni%es ! greate/ numb] ( examples ( ! misplac$ individual4 ,8 application to 8 /udies is n natural2 x is en=c$ by :at is call$ s*ool discipl9e4 ,t is to say1 ! au?orities devise e conceivable =m ( puni%m5t to make a con/ant gr9d at obligatory subjects less disagreeable ?an ! consequ5ces ( idl5ess4 ,^! are ! simple arts by means ( :i* unwill+ boys are driv51 l cattle1 along ! highway ( :at is t]m$1 by an inaccurate application ( ! ,engli% language1 k4 ,anybody :o has be5 co]c$1 & po5aed1 & flogg$ ?r\gh ! curriculum ( a public s*ool w ackn[l$ge t ! p]=mance is n an exhil>at+ "o = ! victim4 ,x is prepo/]\s to dignify ?is nigg]-driv+ by ! t]m 'education4' ,"o might z well talk ( ! ,*9ese eag]ly embrac+ ,*ri/ianity1 :51 z a matt] ( fact1 ! mission>ies h be5 =c$ ^u !m1 l _! =eign trade1 at ! po9t ( ! bayonet4 ,! wond] is t anybody survives ! process & reta9s 8 sanity4 ,t _m n]v\s temp]am5ts & highly-gift$ m9ds d n survive x is a po9t ( s mu* importance t x w be dealt ) lat] on 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,:at ne$s emphasiz+ "h is t to make boys d c]ta9 ?+s "u compulsion is n develop+ _! faculties1 b is absolutely prev5t+ _! developm5t2 & secondly1 t ?is infam\s b univ]sal proce$+ is responsible = a positive deg5]ation among/ ^? :om x is suppos$ to educate & improve4 ,dr4 ,arnold held t a l[ /&>d ( s*oolboy morality 0 inevitable4 ',) reg>d to re=ms at ,rugby1' he wrote to a fri5d1 'give me cr$it1 ,i mu/ beg ( y1 = a mo/ s9c]e desire to make x a place ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,at ! same "t1 my object w be1 if possible1 to =m ,*ri/ian m51 = ,*ri/ian boys ,i c sc>cely hope to make2 ,i mean t1 f ! natural imp]fect /ate ( boyhood1 !y are n susceptible ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples 9 _! full developm5t ^u _! practice1 & ,i suspect t a l[ /&>d ( morals 9 _m respects mu/ be tol]at$ among/ !m1 z x 0 on a l>g] scale 9 :at ,i consid] ! boyhood ( ! human race4' ,9 a lett] to ano!r fri5d he spoke /ill m /rongly on ! subject4 ',s9ce ,i began ?is lett]1' he wrote1 ',i h _h "s ( ! tr\bles ( s*ool-keep+2 & "o ( ^? specim5s ( ! evil ( boy nature :i* makes me always unwill+ to und]go ! responsibility ( advis+ any man to s5d 8 son to a public s*ool4 ,!re has be5 a sy/em ( p]secution c>ri$ on by ! bad aga9/ ! good1 & !n1 :5 compla9t 0 made to me1 !re came fre% p]secution on t v acc\nt1 & div]s in/ances ( boys jo9+ 9 x out ( pure c[>dice1 bo? physical & moral1 :51 if left to !mselves1 !y w\ld r h %unn$ x4 ,& ! exce$+ly small numb] ( boys :o c be reli$ on = active & /eady good on ^! occasions1 & ! way 9 :i* ! dec5t & respectable ( ord9>y life 7,c>lyle's ,%ams7 are sure on ^! occasions to swim ) ! /ream & take "p ) ! evil1 makes me /rongly feel exemplifi$ :at ! ,scriptures say ab\t ! /rait gate & ! wide "o--a view ( human nature :i*1 :5 look+ on human life 9 its full dress ( dec5cies & civilizations1 we are apt1 ,i imag9e1 to f9d x h>d to realize4 ,b "h1 9 ! nak$ness ( boy nature1 "o is q able to und]/& h[ !re c\ld n be f\nd s _m z ev5 t5 righte\s 9 a :ole city4' ,?is sweep+ /atem5t has be5 quot$ because x comes ) d\ble =ce f an undisput$ au?ority su* z ! late ,dr4 ,arnold4 ,ev]ybody :o has _h exp]i5ce ( s*ool-life kn[s t ! av]age boy sp5ds a great deal ( 8 "t 9 *eat+ ! ma/]s1 ly+ to ! au?orities1 & play+ e sort & k9d ( mis*iev\s or disreputable prank t comes into 8 head4 ,b x is bett] to h ?is fact te/ifi$ to by a man :o has be5 9 a position to obs]ve l>ge numb]s ( boys ov] a v ext5d$ p]iod4 ,! accusation ( exagg]ation or ha/y g5]alization _c !n be well su/a9$4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ,i v5ture to diff] ) ,dr4 ,arnold is 9 ! assumption t ?is l[ /&>d ( morality mu/ be ascrib$ to boy nature alone4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is ! case 9 "p4 ,b !re is a f> m pot5t cause ?an natural in/9ct4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( education :i* n only fails to develop & enc\rage ! boy's individual ta/es or faculties1 b actually =ces ^u him occupations t are1 = ! mo/ "p1 absolutely =eign to 8 nature4 ,?is is ! real key to ! vag>ies ( boyhood1 & )\t su* an explanation "o mu/ hold1 ) ! great headma/] ( ,rugby1 t boy nature is inh]5tly bad4 ,boys1 l o!r rational be+s1 mu/ h _! int]e/s & amusem5ts4 ,if ! legitimate & normal ones are prohibit$1 solace w be s\ght 9 ^? :i* are illegitimate & abnormal4 ,by fail+ to enc\rage ! faculties t nature int5d$ a p>ticul> boy to develop1 a vacuum is creat$4 ,?is vacuum mu/ be fill$ up1 & x is no e>?ly use try+ to fill x up1 aga9/ ! gra91 ) ma!matical problems or ! irregul> inflections ( ,lat9 v]bs4 ,! av]age boy is z little capable ( tak+ an absorb+ int]e/ 9 ^! exhil>at+ features ( ! s*ool curriculum z w\ld be ! av]age ,hott5tot4 ,e heal?y boy /ores up en]gy4 ,x %\ld be ! fir/ object ( ! s*oolma/]--if su* a be+ ought to h any exi/5ce at all--to see t ?is en]gy is n all[$ to wa/e4 ,natural =ces ( ?is k9d d n1 x mu/ be recollect$1 evaporate4 ,!re !y are1 & ! laws ( nature h decre$ t !y %all be con/antly exp5d$ & r5ew$4 ,if ?is or t boy's /ore ( en]gy is n turn$ into "o *annel1 x w exp5d itself ?r\gh ano!r4 ,if ! s*oolma/] 7 to take ! tr\ble to f9d out ! p>ticul> b5t ( a pupil1 & 7 !n to proce$ to fo/] & educate x1 all ! en]gy ( ! boy w\ld be us$ 9 ?is useful & cong5ial "w4 ,b ?is c nev] be ! case until ! pres5t me?ods ( in/ruction h be5 revolutioniz$4 ,! discipl9e ^u :i* s*ools pride !mselves s mu* is an altoge!r false & p]nici\s discipl9e4 ,! only lib]ty :i* is v\*saf$ to s*oolboys is outside ( _! "w4 ,no d\bt x is an excell5t ?+ t boys %\ld be free to *oose ! mann] 9 :i* !y make use ( _! leisure h\rs4 ,!re w\ld be a great upro> among/ p>5ts if _! sons 7 =bidd5 to jo9 9 ! games !y wi%$ to play1 & compell$ to play ^? = :i* !y _h no ta/e4 ,x w\ld be consid]$ mon/r\s to remove a boy :o 0 a capital b[l] f ! cricket-field1 & make him g 9 = fives or racquets2 or1 to use an ,eton illu/ration1 to take a 'wet bob' :o 0 a promis+ o>sman & might r[ 9 ! s*ool eight at ,h5ley1 & turn him into ! play+-fields to become an inf]ior 'dry bob4' ,b ! same argum5ts t apply to physical discipl9e apply also to m5tal discipl9e4 ,9 ! class-room !re is practically no latitude giv5 to ! boy at all4 ,9 _m s*ools1 x is true1 !re is ! *oice ( a classical or a mod]n side2 b ! *oice is ! p>5ts'1 n ! boy's4 ,! latt] is always treat$1 9 ref]5ce to 8 s*ool-"w1 z a ma*9e4 ,!re is simply ! (f] ( a classical /rait-wai/coat or a mod]n /rait-wai/coat2 & ! boy is put into "o or ! o!r accord+ to ! fancy ( a ?ird p]son4 ,/rait-wai/coats h long be5 disc>d$ 9 lunatic asylums4 ,x has be5 discov]$ by m$ical exp]ts t any?+ l co]cion is ! wor/ possible treatm5t = ! bra94 ,:il/ our lunatics1 h[ev]1 are treat$ 9 ?is humane & rational _s1 ! educational exp]t is busily occupi$ 9 de/roy+ ! delicate fabric ( ! s*oolboy bra9 by ! v me?ods t h be5 discont9u$ 9 ! case ( madm54 ,! s*ool curriculum1 or any o!r arbitr>y c\rse ( /udy1 is a m5tal /rait-wai/coat4 ,x has a m immoral & deg5]at+ effect ^u ! m9d because x is appli$ directly4 ,if physical re/ra9t acts p]nici\sly ^u ! reason+ p[]s1 a f> great] degree ( h>m mu/ be caus$ by direct m5tal re/ra9t4 ,yet nobody1 f ,arnold & ,?r+ d[n to ! pr(essional cramm] ( to-day1 seems to h grasp$ ?is simple fact4 ,s*oolma/]s are l mo!rs4 ,!y imag9e t because a boy happ5s to h surviv$ _! sy/em ( tea*+ ! latt] mu/ necess>ily be ! "o p]fect me?od--j z ! fond "m1 ^: infant has be5 enabl$ by means ( a ph5om5al dige/ion to outlive a p>ticul> food1 believes t x is ! only food ^u :i* babies c possibly be br\ght up4 ,:5 we come to survey imp>tially ! effects ( ?is sy/em ( education ^u boys 9 g5]al1 x mu/ surely be br\ght home to u t some?+ is radically wrong some:]e4 ,if a few manage to survive ! treatm5t & rema9 ! t5 righte\s individuals1 :at is to be said ( ! deg5]ation ( ! majority8 ,x is surely absurd1 ) ! anomalies & defects ( ! :ole me?od ( educat+ y\? />+ "o 9 ! face1 to ascribe x to m]e boy nature4 ,! tru? is t 9 boyhood ! natural t5d5cies incl9e to pu% _! way boi/]\sly to ! front4 ,!y are con/antly try+ to f9d an egress4 ,b ! p>5t & ! p$agogue1 9 _! bl9dness1 c only see 9 ?is law ( nature a wick$ & p]v]se prop5sity t mu/ be re/ra9$ at all haz>ds by a spe$y application ( ! educational /rait-wai/coat4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,( ,,! ,,educat$ ,s f> we h *iefly discuss$ ! effect produc$ ^u ! individual by a compulsory c\rse ( /udy4 ,x has be5 se5 t he suff]s 9 a numb] ( ways1 ?r\gh be+ subject$1 f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood1 to a m or less inflexible me?od ( tra9+4 ,all ( ^!1 h[ev]1 h be5 directly attributable to 8 education4 ,we may n[ consid]1 be=e pursu+ ! subject any fur!r1 c]ta9 disabilities t may be trac$ to ! same cause1 b :i* are br\ght ab\t indirectly4 ,x is bad en\gh1 z mo/ ( u w h p]ceiv$1 to compel a boy to le>n c]ta9 ?+s :e!r !y are cong5ial to him or n4 ,b x is prepo/]\s t ! same /ock ( k %\ld be =c$ ^u all alike4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 exactly :at is be+ done 9 e educational e/abli%m5t ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 ) ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces to ! victims ( ! sy/em4 ,let u turn once m to ! map ( life = an illu/ration4 ,! av]age educat$ man beg9s to le>n 8 alphabet at ! age ( f\r or five4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s he receives ! necess>y gr\nd+ to prep>e him = ! l[] =ms ( a public s*ool4 ,at elev51 or !reab\ts1 he comm5ces 8 s*ool c>e]4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is p]iod he is put ?r\gh a c\rse ( /udy id5tical 9 e respect ) t pursu$ by 8 s*oolfell[s4 ,e boy 9 ! s*ool is cramm$ ) ! same facts1 & 9 ! same way4 ,! six?-=m boy is exactly l ! re/ ( 8 class1 exactly l ! six?-=m boy ( t5 ye>s ago1 & probably exactly l ! six?-=m boy ( t5 ye>s h5ce4 ,n only does he possess precisely ! same k z 8 companions1 hold ! same op9ions1 & enjoy ! same m5tal horizon1 b he has acquir$ uni=m ta/es & habits4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s*ool has /amp$ ^u him a common individuality %>$ by all its pupils4 ,aft] he has left s*ool ! same process is c>ri$ on at ! univ]sity4 ,"h he is cramm$ aga9 ) ! same facts1 ! same rules1 & ! same ideas1 borr[$ f ! same p1 t are be+ d9n$ into scores ( o!r "y m5 :o are work+ = _! degree4 ,hav+ gone consci5ti\sly ?r\gh ?is r\t9e1 he takes 8 degree ) ! re/4 ,?is aim be+ accompli%$1 8 educational c>e] is ov]4 ,he has graduat$2 t is to say1 he has obta9$ a c]tificate to ! effect t he has acquir$ a c]ta9 regulation /ock ( k4 ,:at happ5s next8 ,! unhappy graduate sudd5ly makes ! discov]y t 8 univ]sity qualification is n ! ready passport to employm5t t he _h fondly imag9$ x to be4 ,unless he has a reasonable *ance ( a curacy & *ooses to ent] ! ,*ur*1 or c scrape toge!r a few pupils to coa*1 or has ! means to g on read+ = ! ,b> or cramm+ = ! public exam9ations1 8 prospects ( imm$iate />vation are excessively fav\rable4 ,x 0 rem>k$ "s ye>s ago by a writ] :o _h sp5t a great deal ( "t 9 inve/igat+ life at common lodg+-h\ses 9 ! poor] di/ricts ( ! ,metropolis1 t a />tl+ numb] ( univ]sity m5 seem$ to drift into !m4 ,yet ^! are ! m5 :o are suppos$ to h qualifi$ !mselves mo/ highly = ! hold+ ( good positions4 ,9 "s way1 !re=e1 x is cle> t ?is academic tra9+ has disadvantages :i* s]ve to h&icap its victims sev]ely 9 practical life4 ,x _c be m]e accid5t t ^? :o1 accord+ to all educational tradition1 are class$ z ! mo/ fit = responsible employm5t necessitat+ good m5tal ability1 actually lab\r "u obvi\s disabilities 9 ?is connection4 ,nobody c urge t !re is n en\gh "w ( a nature dem&+ high atta9m5ts to g r\nd4 ,lit]ature itself (f]s an enorm\s field = ! exhibition ( special tal5t2 & !re are _m o!r walks 9 life :]e m5tal sup]iority is sadly ne$$1 & :i* %\ld !re=e provide ample "w & remun]ation = ^? :o %[ capability & res\rce4 ,b 9 spite ( all ^! op5+s "s ( our s*ol>s are driv5 to eke out a mis]able paup]'s exi/5ce 9 ! common lodg+-h\se1 or ev5 9 extreme cases to solicit p>i% relief4 ,! explanation ( ?is /range anomaly lies simply 9 ! fact t ! educational mill n only manufactures dummies1 b makes !m all exactly alike4 ,9 ! high] types ( s*ools & colleges !re is g5]ally a *oice ( ?ree patt]ns--! classical dummy1 ! mod]n language dummy1 & ! sci5tific dummy4 ,b ea* patt]n is v l ! o!r1 = all ! practical purposes ( ?is life2 t is to say1 !y are all equally useless & equally unfitt$ = ! task ( mov+ =w>d ) ! times4 ,! result ( fitt+ out ev]ybody ) a common /ock ( k is to in/itute a disa/r\s =m ( intellectual competition4 ,?\s&s ( "y m5 are be+ equipp$ annually by our s*ools & univ]sities = ! p]=mance ( precisely ! same functions4 ,intellig5ce br\ght :olesale to ! m>ket 9 ?is /]eotyp$ =m is 9 mu* ! same unhappy condition z unskill$ lab\r4 ,!re is a supply f> 9 excess ( ! dem&1 & consequ5tly employm5t _c be f\nd = all4 ,p]haps ! pr(ession ( lit]ature & j\rnalism af=ds ! apte/ illu/ration ( ! utt] folly & uselessness ( produc+ ^! ma*9e-made s*ol>s1 all fill$ *ock-full ) ! same ideas1 facts1 figures1 & dates4 ,"h1 z 9 reality ev]y:]e else1 !re is ne$ ( orig9ality1 intellectual indep5d5ce1 insight1 judgm5t1 & imag9ation4 ,j\rnalism wants ideas2 facts are amply provid$ by ! news ag5cy & ! report]4 ,! gates ( lit]ature are op5$ wide = /rik+ & vigor\s ?\ght1 tr5*ant criticism1 & imag9ative flights ( fancy4 ,:at has ! av]age academically-tra9$ man to (f]8 ,he has an assortm5t ( second-h& ideas borr[$ f ,plato & ,socrates1 f ,ovid & ,virgil & ,horace2 he c e*o ,voltaire1 ,goe!1 ,kant1 ,%akespe>e1 ,dante2 he c di% up ,ari/otle1 ,py?agoras1 ,bacon1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,lavoisi]1 ,davy1 ,f>aday & ,d>w94 ,he c borr[ illu/rations f classical my?ology2 he kn[s ! ,dyna/ies ( anci5t ,egypt2 & he is able to furni%1 )\t ref]5ce to hi/ory1 ! exact date ^u :i* ,k+ ,john sign$ ,magna ,*>ta1 & ! precise numb] ( battles f\ght 9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,su* are ! lit]>y accompli%m5ts ( numb]less univ]sity graduates1 & x is small wond] t !y (t5 lead to ! workh\se4 ,! dem& = ! dress$-up ideas ( ! poets1 philosoph]s1 & sci5ti/s ( a =m] g5]ation is n great4 ,^? :o l _! lit]ature at second h& pref] snippets f ! ,newgate ,cal5d> to ! wise saws ( ,bacon2 & !y w\ld r h _! blood /irr$ by quotations f ',! ,*>ge ( ! ,light ,brigade1' or ',pay1 pay1 pay1' ?an read a p>aphrase ( ! comb9$ wisdom ( all ! philosoph]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! same argum5t holds good 9 relation to o!r pr(essions & occupations4 ,! univ]sity graduate has no practical accompli%m5ts4 ,he may be an ornam5tal1 b he is c]ta9ly n ipso facto a useful1 memb] ( society4 ,! only ?+ = :i* he is pre-em95tly fitt$ is to assi/ o!rs1 by means ( ext5sion lectures & cramm+1 to be 8 companions 9 mis=tune4 ,b ?is c h>dly be designat$ a b5eficial sph]e ( activity1 & he is h&icapp$ 9 all he und]takes by ! fact t ?\s&s ( o!rs possess ! same educational equipm5t z himself4 ,:y %\ld e educat$ man be l ! o!r8 ,!re is absolutely no reason = x4 ,! simil>ity is purely artificial4 ,nature nev] int5d$ all m5 to be ca/ 9 ! same m\ld1 & x is only ! p]v]sity ( man himself t has br\ght ! human race d[n to su* a level4 ,! /upidity ( giv+ e s*ol> ! same m5tal outfit is s self-evid5t z sc>cely to ne$ fur!r comm5t4 ,ev5 foll[+ ! mod]n plan ( /uff+ m9ds in/ead ( develop+ !m1 "o w\ld h ?\ght t common s5se w\ld dictate ! necessity ( manufactur+ z mu* v>iety z possible4 ,! :ole tr5d ( evolution is to diff]5tiate2 & if natural laws 7 n completely disreg>d$ by education sy/ems1 ! absurdity ( fill+ ! _w ) two or ?ree human species in/ead ( a hundr$ ?\s& w\ld nev] h be5 p]petrat$4 ,z long z ?is arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) ,nature is cont9u$1 educat$ m5 w n cease to be a drug 9 ! m>ket4 ,its imm$iate effect is n to end[ ! individual ) special qualities1 b to h&icap him heavily = ! real bus9ess ( life4 ,competition among/ ! 'well-educat$' is n ! result ( ov]-population or ( a too lib]al supply ( compet5t m54 ,x is caus$ by uni=mity ( atta9m5t2 & until ?is is g5]ally realiz$1 "o ( ! mo/ press+ social problems _c hope to f9d a solution4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,woman',s ,,empire ,,ov] ,,man ,m5 h always be5 reluctant to ackn[l$ge ! tru? ab\t woman's real position 9 ! _w4 ,!y keep up a beautiful k9d ( mascul9e my? ab\t ! ma/]y ( ! /]n] sex & _! m5tal sup]iority1 & !y talk ( woman 9 a patroniz+ way z man's helpmate4 ,!re is no d\bt--x is a physiological fact--t man possesses m bra9-p[] or capacity ?an woman4 ,b woman has1 on ! o!r h&1 an enorm\s advantage 9 ! use to :i* %e has put h] m5tal ma*9]y f "t immemorial4 ,! tru? is t wom5 ?9k out ?+s = !mselves a great deal m ?an does ! av]age man4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y conc5trate _! att5tion = ! mo/ "p on :at are call$ ! m9or int]e/s ( life1 :il/ m5 are occupi$ ) bigg] & m important ?+s1 x has come to be accept$ t ! m9d ( woman is inf]ior to ! m9d ( man4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is true4 ,pot5tially1 woman's m9d has n ! capacity ( man's4 ,"o has only to look = female ,%akespe>es1 ,newtons1 ,bism>cks1 ,raphaels1 & ,bee?ov5s1 to v]ify ! fact beyond dispute4 ,b we are deal+ "h ) exi/+ circum/ances1 n ) pot5tialities4 ,!re=e ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 z a g5]al rule1 wom5 use :at bra9 p[] !y h to mu* bett] advantage ?an m52 :i* am\nts to a confession t woman1 ap>t f intellectual specialization1 is1 on ! av]age1 man's m5tal sup]ior4 ,?is is a sweep+ /atem5t to make1 b x is made only 9 ! int]e/s ( tru?1 & x admits ( a great deal ( plausible explanation4 ,man's m5tal tra9+1 z has be5 fully po9t$ out1 consi/s almo/ entirely 9 p\r+ facts into a vacuum creat$ by ! c>eful elim9ation ( orig9al ?\ght4 ,until rec5tly1 wom5 h n be5 subject$ to ?is agreeable process4 ,= a v long "t !y 7 n educat$ at all1 & :5 gov]nesses fir/ came into fa%ion 9 bett] class families1 ! idea 0 r to end[ girls ) a few graceful accompli%m5ts ?an to cram !m ) dates & o!r k9ds ( me*anical k4 ,?is tradition is /ill kept up to a c]ta9 degree 9 ! high] social circles2 b !re h also sprung up a l>ge numb] ( girls' colleges1 9 :i* all ! bad po9ts ( mascul9e education are c>efully copi$4 ,^! colleges are frequ5t$ by girls ( ! upp] & middle classes1 *iefly ! latt]1 & no d\bt !y are gradually work+ a revolution 9 fem99e "*4 ,b h]$ity--especially :5 x is1 )9 a g5]ation or s1 ! h]$ity ( long ages--is a v pot5t factor 9 ! =mation ( bo? m9d & body1 & (f]s a /eady resi/ance to innovation4 ,! full effects1 !re=e1 ( ?is educational revolution 9 respect to womank9d are n yet app>5t4 ,! net result ( ?is is t ! majority ( wom5 are /ill addict$ to ?\ght4 ,facts h n yet entirely tak5 ! place ( ideas 9 _! m9ds1 except 9 extreme cases :i* may be call$ exceptional1 al?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t !y are becom+ e day less r>e4 ,!y ?9k1 no d\bt1 = ! mo/ "p ab\t ! commonplace incid5ts ( _! daily life1 & possibly !y are giv5 too mu* to morbid introspection4 ,b any?+ t s]ves to make a human be+ ex]cise ! function = :i* 8 bra9 0 orig9ally int5d$ %\ld be reg>d$ ) ?ankfulness4 ,x is a ?\s& times bett] = ! developm5t ( ! m9d to speculate ab\t ! motives ( acqua9tances1 or to philosophize on ! %ortcom+s ( ! maid-(-all-"w1 ?an to babble (f ! dates ( ! ,sov]eigns f ,william ! ,conqu]or1 or to con/rue ,horace's ,odes )\t tak+ 9 a syllable ( _! s5se4 ,wom5 h ?us =m$ a habit ( reflection ab\t trifles1 :i* ! m gift$ among/ !m ext5d to weighti] topics4 ,& x is 9 ?is way t !y are able to ga9 an asc5dancy ov] man t is ! m pot5t because x is unobtrusive4 ,! av]age woman sees ?+s ! subtleties ( :i* escape man altoge!r1 & %e p]ceives !m because h] m9d has be5 tra9$1 by natural developm5t1 to obs]vation4 ,! av]age man1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! mo/ unobs]vant creature "u ! sun4 ,he r>ely und]/&s ev5 :at is go+ on "u 8 nose4 ,x is all v well to say t 8 sup]ior m9d is wrapt up 9 p]c5tages1 or absorb$ 9 gr& s*emes = ! reg5]ation ( mank9d4 ,! pla9 tru? is t he does n possess ! faculty ( apply+ 8 intellig5ce to ev]y?+ )9 8 range ( obs]vation4 ,evolution int5d$ him to possess x2 b education sy/ems1 :i* h>b\r v little respect = ! laws ( ,nature1 h f\nd ready means to curb ! prop5sity or to de/roy x altoge!r4 ,x is small matt] = surprise1 !re=e1 t woman %\ld h succe$$ 9 subject+ man to an empire z autocratic z x is1 to all outw>d appe>ances1 unsuspect$4 ,"s p ma9ta9 t ?is empire is ga9$ solely by physical attraction2 b ?is cont5tion is disprov$ easily en\gh4 ,all wom5 d n possess ! *>m ( beauty2 yet !re is sc>cely a woman ( any nationality1 or belong+ to any /ation 9 life1 :o does n ex]cise a m or less p[]ful influ5ce ov] h] m5k9d4 ,husb&s are guid$ by _! wives1 ev5 9 matt]s ( bus9ess or affect+ public int]e/s1 f> m ?an !y are g5]ally ready to ackn[l$ge4 ,/ay+ at a seaside hotel "s "t ago1 ,i made ! acqua9tance ( a h>d-head$ ,lanca%ire m]*ant :o _h amass$ a com=table indep5d5ce4 ,9 an outbur/ ( confid5ce he told me "o day t he _h nev] tak5 a s+le important /ep 9 ! conduct ( 8 bus9ess )\t consult+ 8 wife1 & he also ackn[l$g$ t he _h nev] _h to regret ask+ h] advice4 ,! moral ( ?is /ory is ! m significant :5 x is recollect$ t 9 su* a case ! wife has n _h ! same opportunities z h] husb& ( =m+ a correct judgm5t4 ,! latt] has ! bus9ess details at 8 f+]-ends2 he is acqua9t$ ) ! p]son or p]sons ) :om ! deal+s are tak+ place2 & he has 8 exp]i5ce to fall back ^u4 ,b someh[ or o!r ! wife seems to grasp all ! po9ts1 & to see m cle>ly into ! motives ( ! p]son conc]n$4 ',:y1' %e w exclaim to h] husb&1 'c't y see t ,s-&-s is try+ to bamboozle y8' ,&1 ! scales fall+ f ! delud$ husb&'s eyes1 he sudd5ly makes ! discov]y t 8 wife ?9ks :]e 8 own p[]s ( reflection are cont5t$ to rema9 dormant4 ,! fact is1 t ! habit ( ?9k+ _c be acquir$ ?r\gh ex]cise 9 m5tal gymna/ics4 ,philosoph]s1 ma!maticians1 & m5 ( sci5ce are notori\sly up 9 ! cl\ds1 & incapable (t5 to a rem>kable degree ( manag+ ! affairs ( ev]yday life ) common s5se4 ,yet ^! are ! individuals :o h be5 subject$ to ! highe/ =m ( :at is call$ m5tal tra9+4 ,if fact-cramm+ & m5tal gymna/ics are ! be/ develop]s ( ! human m9d1 ^! m5 ought to be p]fect models ( intellig5ce4 ,b w any c&id-m9d$ p]son call x ! highe/ =m ( intellectual developm5t to h a cle> conception ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 or to manufacture metaphysical conundrums1 :il/ rema9+ utt]ly incapable ( apply+ common s5se to human affairs t dem& at lea/ an equal am\nt ( att5tion8 ,x is cle> t ?is type ( m5tal tra9+ does n tea* p to ?9k at all1 b has ! contr>y effect ( re/rict+ ! intellig5ce to an altitude v f> beyond ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( our social exi/5ce4 ,man may h a v broad horizon2 b ! broad] x becomes1 ! fur!r he seems to be transport$ f ! capacity to ex]cise ! normal functions ( ! bra94 ,to designate ?is ! prop] developm5t ( ! m9d w\ld be manife/ly absurd2 yet _m p seem cont5t$ to reg>d x z su*1 & accept ! anomaly )\t giv+ its obvi\s contradictor9ess a second ?\ght4 ,( c\rse x is n argu$ t woman's m5tal tra9+ is1 or has be51 all t c be desir$4 ,x is1 9 h] case1 m ! neglect to apply sev]e educational me?ods1 ?an any?+ else1 t has p]mitt$ ! negative developm5t ( h] ?9k+ faculties2 & ?is t5ds to demon/rate all ! m conclusively t ! real use ( ! bra9 is practically de/roy$ by conv5tional modes ( in/ruction4 ,wom51 left to _! own devices = c\ntless g5]ations1 h acquir$ a faculty t all ! education sy/ems 9 ! _w h fail$ to p\nd into ! m9d ( man4 ,x is _! sup]iority 9 ?is respect t has giv5 !m f>-rea*+ empire ov] ! opposite sex4 ,t ?is %\ld be g5]ally appreciat$ is ( ! utmo/ importance1 because ! mod]n metamorphosis ( woman1 if rightly und]/ood1 is ! be/ conceivable object-lesson 9 ! evils br\ght ab\t by ! educational me?ods ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is n t ! academically-tra9$ woman ?reat5s to pu% man out ( 8 place 9 ! _w1 b t %e is h]self 9 dang] ( los+ ! v weapon t has giv5 h] s l>ge a %>e ( p[] & influ5ce4 ,a great deal ( nons5se has be5 talk$ & writt5 ab\t ! spectacl$ ,girton girl compet+ ) m5 9 k1 at ! exp5se ( =feit+ _! admiration & !reby los+ h] vantage-gr\nd4 ,spectacles d n ent] into ! matt] at all4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 physical attraction has no?+1 or v little1 to d ) fem99e wire-pull+4 ,wom5 d]ive _! real p[]s f a gift ( tra9$ obs]vation1 & f ! subtlety conf]r$ ^u !m by ! capacity to apply _! intellig5ce to ! num]\s small matt]s :i* g to make up ! sum ( human life4 ,_! m9ds w no long] develop ^! p[]s :5 !y are sy/ematically subject$ to a process ( education :i* has inv>iably fail$ to evoke !m 9 ! opposite sex4 ,& ) ! loss ( !m1 woman is b\nd also to lose ! empire :i* %e has hi!rto ex]cis$ ov] mascul9e nature4 ,f ?is po9t ( view alone1 ! education ( wom5 on ! mod]n sy/em is mu* to be deplor$4 ,!re is no d\bt t wom5 9 g5]al h always ex]cis$ _! pr$om9ant influ5ce = ! good ( mank9d4 ,/rik+ exceptions might easily be adduc$ f hi/ory2 b1 on ! :ole1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t woman has seldom abus$ h] p[]4 ,!re=e1 any?+ t is calculat$ to und]m9e or de/roy ?is fav\rable influ5ce on human affairs _c be reg>d$ z o!rwise ?an p]nici\s4 ,! m ! idea spreads t girls mu/ be giv5 ! same educational equipm5t z boys1 ! m rapid w be ! deg5]ation ( woman4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact 9 ! m$ical pr(ession t weakly boys are (t5 unable to )/& ! /ra9 ( s*ool cramm+2 !re=e girls1 ) _! m delicate organization1 w suff] proportionately 9 a great] degree4 ,physical tra9+1 ( c\rse1 obviates a great deal ( ?is evil4 ,b ! same ?+ is b\nd to happ5 9 ! case ( girls z has already be5 exp]i5c$ :]e boys are conc]n$2 t is to say1 ! mo/ promis+ intellects w be sacrific$1 p>tly ?r\gh ! ambition ( ! s*ool au?orities1 ^: pr9cipal anxiety is to see _! pupils di/+ui% !mselves 9 exam9ations1 & p>tly ow+ to ! fact t exceptional ability s (t5 implies a n]v\s temp]am5t & delicate physique4 ,wom51 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 by no means use _! faculties ( ?9k+ & obs]vation to ! be/ advantage4 ,! conclusions at :i* !y arrive are (t5 f> too def9ite1 & h be5 =m$ 9 too great ha/e4 ,s rapid is ?is op]ation ( ?\ght t x (t5 becomes a m]e intuition4 ,yet ! rem>kable accuracy ( a woman's intuitions is evid5ce t !re und]lies !m "s intellectual process re/+ on a m solid basis ?an conjecture or guesswork4 ,x is ! crude & untutor$ /age ( developm5t ( ! ?9k+ faculty 9 woman t causes x to "w intuitively1 in/ead ( by ! sl[] & s\nd] processes ( logic4 ,to neglect a faculty is by no means synonym\s ) develop+ x4 ,h5ce woman's p[]s ( ?\ght & obs]vation are embryonic r ?an matur$4 ,! "w !y p]=m is n a ti! ( :at w\ld be accompli%$ by !m "u ! auspices ( judici\s enc\ragem5t & skill$ tra9+4 ,! faculty has nei!r be5 de/roy$ by ov]-cramm+ nor fo/]$ by enlight5$ treatm5t4 ,x has simply be5 all[$ to lie m or less dormant1 accord+ to ! natural environm5t ( ! individual4 ,if man1 ) 8 sup]ior bra9 capacity1 7 enc\rag$ to cultivate ! habits ( obs]vation at pres5t re/rict$ to woman1 & to apply 8 intellig5ce to ev]y?+1 in/ead ( to a few select$ objects1 ! ratio ( ! _w's progress w\ld be enorm\sly increas$4 ,:o fir/ />t$ ! notion t man is be+ manufactur$ into a sup]ior article1 & t woman _c d bett] ?an submit h]self ) all ha/e to ! same process1 ,i d n "k4 ,at any rate1 x is a disa/r\s doctr9e1 & ! soon] ! fallacy ( x is p]ceiv$ ! m *ance !re w be ( sav+ future g5]ations ( wom5 f ! blund] t is h&icapp+ ! mascul9e sex at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,x w\ld be a gr& ?+ if educationi/s c\ld be p]suad$ to op5 _! eyes to ! fact t wom51 hav+ be5 provid5tially sav$ f s*ool in/ruction = pa/ g5]ations1 h be5 enabl$ to pres]ve m5tal faculties t no am\nt ( cramm+ & corporal puni%m5t has ev] succe$$ 9 awak5+ 9 man4 ,!y w\ld !n cease f _! ignorant attempt to deprive woman ( h] intellectual gift1 & possibly ev5 d some?+ t[>ds secur+ man a little m5tal room = ! in/allation ( 8 own ?9k+ faculty4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,y\? ,,& ,,crime ,we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( an aspect ( ! educational problem t involves que/ions ( great difficulty & importance4 ,! discussion has hi!rto be5 limit$ to ! less] evils attributable to ! =c+ ^u ! masses ( ! p a useless & unsuitable k9d ( education4 ,b !re are f> grav] possibilities ?an ! m]e unfitt+ ( l>ge numb]s ( individuals = ! occupations _! natural prop5sities int5d$ !m to pursue4 ,p are1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 driv5 by ! /upidity ( ! tea*+ sy/em into all k9ds ( uncong5ial employm5t4 ,! suff]+ & wa/e caus$ by ?is con/ant production ( ! unfit are incalculable4 ,x is sc>cely to be wond]$ at t "s p]sons h =m$ ! +5i\s !ory t ?is _w is hell itself1 & t we are n[ actually und]go+ our puni%m5t 9 purgatory4 ,c]ta9ly !re is "s gr\nd = ! supposition 9 ! fact t ! lives ( s _m ( u seem to h be5 ord]$ 9 direct opposition to our individual ta/es & wi%es4 ,?is is bad en\gh4 ,! "q we h to face n[ is :e!r we h n to ?ank education sy/ems = some?+ a great deal worse4 ,m]e unhapp9ess is n necess>ily s\l-de/roy+4 ,b !re is only too good reason to suppose t ! evil effects ( ! mock education provid$ by ! ,/ate d n /op at mak+ its victims unhappy1 b ev5 g s f> z to plunge a c]ta9 proportion ( !m into actual crime4 ,at ! outset x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! allegation is v difficult to prove4 ,no satisfactory evid5ce on ! po9t is d]ivable f publi%$ /ati/ics4 ,x is q possible to det]m9e by means ( ! latt] h[ _m "y p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( twelve & tw5ty-"o h be5 convict$ ( indictable (f5ces dur+ ! ye>4 ,b ev]ybody :o is acqua9t$ ) crim9ology1 or :o is conv]sant ) ! compilation ( /ati/ical in=mation1 mu/ be well aw>e ( ! futility ( dep5d+ ^u ! app>5tly cle> te/imony ( (ficial figures4 ,x w\ld be extremely useful to f9d out :e!r juv5ile (f5d]s h increas$ or decreas$ s9ce ! in/itution ( compulsory education4 ,/ati/ics relat+ to ?is subject are procurable1 b x is impossible to place any reliance ^u !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no?+ to %[ ! cause ( any su* increase or decrease 9 ! (f5ces committ$ by "y p]sons4 ,x may be due to a v>iety ( circum/ances1 none ( :i* c be accurately det]m9$4 ,= in/ance1 x is a well-kn[n fact t y\?ful (f5d]s h ( late ye>s be5 treat$ by magi/rates ) ev]-increas+ l5i5cy4 ,consequ5tly1 few] convictions take place n[1 9 reg>d to ?is class ( (f5ce1 ?an 0 ! case "s ye>s ago4 ,! numb] ( ! convictions is1 !re=e1 no guide at all z to ! increas+ or dim9i%+ proportion ( y\?ful crim9als4 ,!n !re is ! increas$ vigilance ( ! police1 :i* leads to ! m frequ5t detection ( crime2 :il/1 z a set-(f aga9/ ?is1 !re is ! fact t education tea*es ! crim9al1 by assi/+ him to ! read+ ( police-c\rt reports & s5sational /oryettes1 to be m w>y4 ,besides ^!1 !re is ! important consid]ation t by f> ! l>g] numb] ( "y p]sons guilty ( (f5ces ( v>i\s k9ds are n prosecut$ at all4 ,?is is due to two causes3 fir/ly1 to ! fact t 9 ! majority ( cases !y are n f\nd out2 & secondly1 t _m p are reluctant to br+ y\?ful (f5d]s )9 ! me%es ( ! crim9al law1 z a conviction1 :e!r or n x be foll[$ by puni%m5t1 g5]ally spells ru9 to ! p]son :o has be5 f\nd guilty4 ,!re may be1 & !re probably are1 _m o!r & ev5 m sub/antial reasons = discr$it+ /ati/ics t are commonplaces to exp]ts 9 crime4 ,b ^? t h be5 cit$1 & :i* are at once sugge/$ by common s5se1 fully suffice to %[ ! impossibility ( arriv+ at satisfactory conclusions on ! basis ( /ati/ical tables publi%$ by ! au?orities4 ,! ,blue-book conta9+ ! late/ judicial returns attempts to deal ) ?is "q ( ! increase or decrease ( juv5ile crime2 figures be+ only available1 h[ev]1 f ! ye> #ahic4 ',to answ] ?is "q1' x is /at$1 'x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! proportion :i* y\?ful (f5d]s be> to ! total numb] ( convict$ p]sons4 ,?is is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 :]e x w be se5 t ! proportion ( (f5d]s "u ! age ( tw5ty-"o rema9s almo/ con/ant3 ',,proportion ,,( ,,y\?ful ,,(f5d]s ,,convict$ ,,( ,,indictable ,,(f5ces ,,to ,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,convict$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,age4 #ahic4 #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 #ahig4 #ahih4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p] c5t4,p] c5t4,p] c5t4,p] c5t4,p] c5t4,p] c5t4 ,"u #ab #d4f #d4i #d4f #e4f #e4f #e4f #ab & "u #af #ae4j #ae4b #ac4d #ad4e #ad4j #ad4e #af & "u #ba #ba4b #bb4j #ba4h #ai4g #ai4e #bj4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total "u #ba #dj4h #db4a #ci4h #ci4h #ci4a #dj4c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ',! g5]al result is t ! numb] ( y\?ful (f5d]s has dim9i%$ ) ! g5]al dim9ution ( crime1 b t !y /ill be> almo/ ! same ratio z be=e to ! total ( crim9als4' ,all ?is is1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 absolutely mislead+4 ,! numb] ( p]sons convict$ has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! increase or decrease ( crime2 & ! proportion ( y\?ful (f5d]s to ! total numb] ( p]sons convict$ is only calculat$1 9 view ( ! great am\nt ( clem5cy %[n to "y p bo? by magi/rates & by ! public1 to give "o a :olly false impression z to ! preval5ce ( juv5ile crime4 ,x w\ld be easy to take ! crim9al /ati/ics ( =eign c\ntries1 & to prove f !m t ! education ( ! masses !re has br\ght ab\t an ov]:elm+ increase 9 ! proportion ( crimes & (f5ces committ$ by "y p]sons "u ! age ( tw5ty-"o4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,holl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates juv5ile crime has1 accord+ to /ati/ical in=mation1 l>gely increas$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,b1 )\t mak+ an exhau/ive inquiry into ! alt]ations t may h tak5 place 9 ! law1 ! relative activity ( ! police1 & a doz5 o!r cont+5cies1 x w\ld n be hone/ to attempt to draw def9ite conclusions f ^! figures4 ,"o has1 aft] all1 9 ^! matt]s to fall back ^u logic & common s5se4 ,!re is ! solid fact t y\?ful crim9als ab\nd 9 spite ( education sy/ems1 & al?\gh !re is a consid]able leakage 9 respect to s*ool-att5dance1 x does n foll[ t juv5ile (f5d]s are drawn f ?is truant class to a disproportionate ext5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 on ! contr>y1 t a great am\nt ( non-att5dance at s*ool is due to ! employm5t ( *ildr5--especially 9 rural di/ricts1 :]e ! memb]s ( ,s*ool ,bo>ds are (t5 ! v p :o extract mo/ pr(it f *ild lab\r4 ,a prison *apla9 ( great exp]i5ce1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,horsley1 wrote1 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ',prisons & ,prison]s'3 ',:ile covet\sness is a factor ( crime1 ! tools education places 9 ! h&s make crimes ( gre$ m possible1 & possible at an e>li] age ?an 9 pa/ g5]ations4 ,?is week ,i got ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,waifs & ,/rays ,society to take "u its c>e a *ild ( t51 :o _h writt51 fill$ up1 & ca%$1 a po/al ord] t x might buy m lollipops4 ,increas$ k1 especially :5 n adequately accompani$ by moral & religi\s education1 w create new ta/es1 desires1 & ambitions1 t make = evil z well z = good4 ,let in/ruction ab\nd1 let education 9 its fulle/ s5se m ab\nd1 b let u be aw>e ( ! increas$ p[] = evil z well z = good t !y produce1 & at any rate let u n imag9e t education & crime _c co-exi/4 ,crime is v>i$1 n aboli%$1 n ev5 mo/ effectually decreas$1 by ! %>p5+ ( wits4' ,speak+ ( intemp]ance 9 relation to crime1 he /ates t3 ',bra9-work]s provide ! mo/ hopeless cases ( dipsomania4 ,increas$ bra9-p[]--m bra9-"w2 m bra9-exhau/ion--m n]v\s desire = a /imulant1 m rapid succumb+ to ! alcoholic habit--^! are ! /ages t c be not$ ev]y:]e among ^? :o h _h m s*ool+ ?an _! fa!rs4 ,au/ralia consumes m alcohol p] head ?an any nation4 ,9 ,au/ralia prim>y education is m univ]sal ?an 9 ,engl&1 & yet !re crim9als h increas$ out ( all proportion to ! population4 ,( mu* crime1 ( _m =ms ( crime1 x is irrefragably true t crime is cond5s$ alcohol1 & x is c]ta9ly n true t ! absolutely or comp>atively illit]ate alone comprise ^? :o swell ^! categories4' ,i h tak5 pa9s to asc]ta9 ! op9ions ( sev]al ( ! *apla9s atta*$ to ! great convict prisons1 & !y are practically unanim\s 9 condemn+ ! pres5t sy/em ( education4 ',x is liable1' writes "o ( ^! exp]i5c$ cl]gym51 'to fo/] conceit1 discont5t1 a dis9cl9ation to submit to discipl9e & au?ority1 & a dang]\s phase ( ambition1 :i* are fruitful s\rces ( t k9d ( crime :i* is 9 ^! days mo/ preval5t4444 ,?is sup]ficial education causes1 ,i ?9k1 self-deceit z well z self-conceit1 & makes "y p imag9e t because1 9 addition to :at !y h le>nt1 !y c pres5t a good outw>d appe>ance1 !y are qualifi$ to fill any k9d ( appo9tm5t ) success4 ',i ?9k1 also1' he goes on to say1 't x leads !m 9 _! desire to rise 9 ! social scale to attempt by di%one/ means to live at a high] rate ?an is ju/ifiable1 to gamble & speculate1 9 ord] to keep up a false position4 ,i h come across ^? :o h fall5 :]e ?is has confess$ly be5 ! case1 & :o h lam5t$ t su* wrong ideas _h be5 put into _! heads4 ,"y p n[ look ^u _m hon\rable & useful employm5ts z b5ea? !m1 & !re is a g5]al ru% = ^? :i* seem to (f] a bett] social position4' ,! conv5tional belief 9 ! efficacy ( cramm+ boys ) moral platitudes & all k9ds ( commonplace facts & !oretical k is s +ra9$ t !re is a natural reluctance to ascribe any evil effects to ! process ( education4 ,i am cont5t$1 h[ev]1 to let ! facts speak = !mselves4 ,x _c well be disput$ t unsuitable education1 or %am education1 or :atev] "o may l to call x1 is ! direct cause ( widespread dissatisfaction among/ ! v classes f :i* ! majority ( crim9als are recruit$4 ,:il/ va/ numb]s ( p are con/antly be+ unfitt$ = ! commone/ occupations ( life1 !re mu/ result an ov]cr[d+ ( ! call+s :i* are consid]$ suitable to ! dignity ( ^? :o h eat5 ! unripe fruit ( ! elem5t>y tree ( k4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! unsuitably educat$ h mu* great] inc5tive to wrong-do+ ?an ! m]ely illit]ate1 & x is also a corroborative fact t by f> ! great] proportion ( crim9als h be5 taught at lea/ to read & write4 ,giv5 two boys1 "o ( :om _h acquir$ a smatt]+ ( facts at s*ool & _h le>nt ! ,cate*ism v p]fectly by rote1 :il/ ! o!r _h m]ely be5 enc\rag$ to apply a little common s5se to manual lab\r1 :o w\ld h any hesitation 9 po9t+ out ! =m] z ! m likely to fall into evil ways8 ,!re9 lies ! supreme fooli%ness ( mod]n me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,all ! moral aphorisms 9 ! _w w n help a boy to be hone/ if he is at ! same "t unfitt$ = 8 /ation 9 life4 ,p d n ne$ moral in/ruction2 !y acquire all _! morality 9 ! s*ool ( life4 ,x is impossible to tea* boys & girls !oretically to be virtu\s4 ,all t c be done is to turn !m into fir/-class hypocrites1 ready to quote texts & to subscribe to ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles1 :il/ !y are busy break+ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts e day ( ! week4 ,a surpris+ am\nt ( virtue w\ld come into ! _w ( its own accord if a little m pa9s 7 tak5 to pres]ve = ea* individual ! environm5t to :i* he is adapt$ by nature4 ,?is life has become su* a mock]y t p talk ( heav5 z a /ate 9 :i* e p]son w be free to d ! ?+s he likes be/--z if t blissful condition 7 utt]ly unatta9able "h4 ,:il/ su* anomalies exi/ z ^? :i* curse ! exi/5ce ( ! majority ^u ?is e>?1 crim9als w cont9ue to be produc$4 ,& if we conc$e t ^! anomalies are directly or indirectly br\ght ab\t by false & irrational me?ods ( educat+ ! y\? ( ! c\ntry1 we mu/ also all[ t education helps to manufacture crim9als & to enc\rage crime4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,m5tal ,,breakd[n ,x 0 frankly /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t !re is no concrete evid5ce ( a reliable nature z to ! immoral effects ( our education sy/em4 ,! inquir] has to dep5d r ^u ! logic ( philosophical speculation ?an ^u ! te/imony ( our available /ati/ics1 common s5se be+ g5]ally a f> m tru?ful witness ?an figures t c be manipulat$ to mean almo/ any?+4 ,b :5 we come to inquire into ! physical evils t are produc$ by cramm+ & injudici\sly-appli$ in/ruction1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! evid5ce z to _! exi/5ce re/s ^u a mu* m solid f\ndation4 ,clev] bra9 speciali/s1 :o h made a lifelong /udy ( m5tal diseases & ! causes ( m5tal breakd[n1 are 9 a position to /ate v def9itely1 f actual exp]i5ce1 :e!r or n ! cramm+ sy/em ( mod]n education is productive ( physical ill on a l>ge scale4 ,we all ( u "k1 probably1 ( "s isolat$ in/ances "h & !re :]e ! sev]e /ra9 ( cramm+ = a competitive exam9ation has result$ 9 loss ( heal? & physical breakd[n4 ,"s are ev5 aw>e ( cases 9 :i* ! unhappy victim ( ov]work has lo/ 8 reason altoge!r1 & has be5 compell$ to be plac$ "u re/ra9t4 ,b x is only ! physician :o has made a special /udy ( m5tal diseases t is 9 a position to =m wide & accurate g5]alizations on ! subject4 ,9 approa*+ ?is "q1 !re=e1 ,i h realiz$ ! importance ( obta9+ ! op9ions ( exp]ts :o are alone qualifi$ to express a well-balanc$ judgm5t ^u a matt] dem&+ k & opportunities ( obs]vation ( a v special nature4 ,accord+ly1 ,i h consult$ "s ( ! greate/ bra9 speciali/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! brief rem>ks t ,i am enabl$ to make on ! subject ( educational cramm+ & m5tal breakd[n are *iefly bas$ ^u ! valuable h9ts = :i* ,i am indebt$ to !m4 ,to take ! case ( heal?y *ildr5 fir/1 x is satisfactory to le>n ^u high au?ority t !y d n suff] mu* physical h>m f ! effects ( ov]work4 ,:at happ5s 9 _! case is t ! vigor\s & heal?y bra9 (f]s a s\nd resi/ance to ! /uff+ process1 & spe$ily =gets :at has be5 =c$ into x4 ,f an educational po9t ( view ?is is1 ( c\rse1 v disa/r\s2 b z f> z heal? consid]ations are conc]n$ x af=ds a c]ta9 am\nt ( consolation4 ,?is is to say1 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t mod]n me?ods ( education are only salut>y z long z !y fail altoge!r to affect ! intellig5ce4 ,! mom5t !y prove !mselves to be efficaci\s !y become an imm$iate s\rce ( dang]4 ,x foll[s f ?is fact t /upid *ildr5 are z well protect$ aga9/ ! evil effects ( ! education sy/em z ! heal?y *ildr54 ,9 fact1 to a l>ge ext5t ! /upid *ildr5 are ! heal?y ones by reason ( _! /upidity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a great mi/ake to suppose t a /upid *ild necess>ily implies "o t is 9 any s5se defici5t m5tally4 ,! dull s*oolboy (t5 proves 9 aft] life to be ! brilliant man4 ,all t 8 dulness ne$ be tak5 to signify is t 8 m9d is n receptive to ! subjects :i* are be+ =c$ ^u x4 ,l9nu 0 v /upid at ,lat9 until an enlight5$ physician1 :o 0 aw>e ( 8 passion = botanical /udy1 sugge/$ 8 read+ ,pl9ius2 & al?\gh he may n h imbib$ v accurate in=mation ab\t natural hi/ory f t philosoph]1 he succe$$ 9 mak+ imm$iate progress 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,!re %\ld be1 "u a rational sy/em ( education1 no su* ?+ z a /upid *ild4 ,:at is1 aft] all1 /upidity or dulness 9 a s*oolboy8 ,x simply means t ! boy's faculties are undevelop$1 & t no am\nt ( fact-cramm+ has succe$$ 9 develop+ !m4 ,! :ole mis*ief lies1 ( c\rse1 9 ! fact t ! s*ool is n try+ to develop ! boy's own faculties at all1 b m]ely to =ce him to adapt himself to its own curriculum & conv5tionality4 ,! dang] to ! bra9 ( ! heal?y or /upid *ild is n ov]-developm5t b "u-developm5t4 ,x is n !y :o suff] 9 ! wor/ s5se f ! evil effects ( ov]-education1 b ! gift$ *ildr51 z !y are call$1 or ^? ^: quick1 n]v\s intellects are mo/ susceptible to ! process ( receiv+ any k9d ( in/ruction4 ,x is ! n]v\s boy or girl :o g5]ally makes ! mo/ promis+ pupil4 ,a natural incl9ation to /udy leads *ildr5 ( ?is type to pref] ! s*oolroom to ! playgr\nd4 ,! boy :o works h>d to get to ! top ( 8 class1 or to pass an exam9ation1 or to obta9 a s*ol>%ip1 is ! "o lea/ giv5 to games1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! weake/ physically4 ,^! are ! v *ildr5 :om ! tea*] is mo/ tempt$ to enc\rage to d m "w ?an is good = !m4 ,! process ( _! m5tal developm5t is s rapid t x ne$s no /imulation f outside4 ,b t is n1 un=tunately1 ! conc]n ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,! anxiety to produce s*ol>s :o w di/+ui% !mselves 9 public exam9ations1 & !reby adv]tise ! s*ool1 inv>iably leads ! s*oolma/] to cram & /uff ! bra9s ( ! brighte/ & mo/ =w>d boys4 ,!re is special dang] 9 ov]-work+ boys or girls ( ?is type1 because ! bra9 is n /rong en\gh to )/& ! pressure4 ,! result is nev] good1 & 9 extreme cases x is z bad z x c\ld possibly be4 ,x foll[s1 9 fact1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! f9e/ & mo/ s5sitive intellects are ! fir/ to succumb to ! p]nici\s effects ( ov]-cramm+ ! bra94 ,!re is a /ra9 t c only be endur$ by second-rate m9ds1 & x is n1 !re=e1 ! intellectually fitte/ :o are enc\rag$ to survive "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,:at has be5 /at$ above ref]s r to ! high] class ( s*ools & colleges1 :i* prep>e boys = exam9ations & academic di/9ctions ( v>i\s k9ds1 ?an to ! elem5t>y s*ools to :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are comm&e]$4 ,9 ! latt] e/abli%m5ts a special b>b>ity takes place :i* has be5 s widely discuss$ 9 ,p>liam5t & 9 ! newspap]s t ,i w d no m "h ?an allude to x 9 pass+4 ,i ref] to ! =c+ ( in/ruction ^u "u-f$ s*ool-*ildr54 ,ap>t f ! gross inhumanity ( ! proce$+1 !re is ! indisputable fact t ! compulsory tea*+ ( *ildr5 ^: bodies h n be5 prop]ly n\ri%$ t5ds to weak5 ! intellect4 ,if ^! *ildr5 7 subject$ to a process ( cramm+ su* z is usual 9 ! high] s*ools1 _! m9ds w\ld und\bt$ly break d[n altoge!r4 ,z x is1 ! comp>atively mild me?od ( ! elem5t>y s*ool does n effect any?+ worse 9 su* cases ?an ! prev5tion ( ! developm5t ( ! m9d1 :i* is "o degree bett] ?an complete breakd[n or insanity4 ',! ,s*ool ,bo>d sy/em ( cramm+ ) smatt]+s1' wrote "o ( ! greate/ m5tal speciali/s 9 ! _w 9 reply to my inquiries1 'in/ead ( tea*+ _! victims to ?9k--ev5 if only by tea*+ "o subject well--is p]haps responsible = "s positive m5tal breakd[n2 b probably ! ma9 h>m ( x is t x /ifles & /rangles prop] m5tal developm5t4' ',undevelop$ m5tality1' he says 9 conclusion1 'is p]haps ! pr9cipal fault ( our educational sy/em 7s-call$74' ,ano!r di/+ui%$ physician writes to me f a lunatic asylum3 ',we h _h a few cases :o h brok5 d[n1 ! results ( work+ = s*ol>%ips2 also we h _h "o or two cases ( ladies :o h brok5 d[n work+ = high] exam9ations4 ,dr4 ---- & myself bo? feel c]ta9 t !re is a good deal to be said aga9/ ! increas$ pressure put ^u "y adolesc5ts at s*ools4 ,f my own exp]i5ce ,i "k t boys :o 7 consid]$ especially clev]1 & 7 high up 9 =ms 9 ! public s*ool ,i 0 at1 h mo/ ( !m n[ dropp$ back1 & are v m$iocre4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m :o matur$ sl[ly h cont9u$ to advance4 ,?is is only an obs]vation1 & has _m exceptions2 b x is an obs]vation t1 z "t passes1 is m fully confirm$4' ,x is n necess>y to add any?+ to ^! valuable expressions ( op9ion1 proce$+ f em95t m5 ( wide exp]i5ce1 :o are f> m capable judges ?an ! layman :o has no sci5tific k & a necess>ily limit$ range ( obs]vation4 ,facts speak v eloqu5tly = !mselves4 ,if bra9 speciali/s are cont9ually com+ across cases ( m5tal breakd[n result+ f cramm+ or ov]-education1 x is q cle> t a sy/em :i* is productive ( su* evils mu/ be altoge!r defective 9 pr9ciple & want+ 9 common s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,hi/ory ,aft] an exhau/ive inquiry into ! multif>i\s evils :i* mu/ be laid at ! door ( education1 x is refre%+ to turn to hi/ory = illu/ri\s examples ( m5 :o n only did n owe _! greatness to academic tra9+1 b :o actually ow$ x to :at w\ld n[adays be designat$ a neglect$ education4 ,! *ronicles ( ! pa/ teem ) in/ances ( y\?s :o h develop$ into brilliant m51 9 spite ( ! fact t !y _h ei!r _h no s*ool+ at all1 or _h be5 consid]$ ! dunces ( _! class4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be f> m difficult to supply illu/rations ( great m5 :o h succe$$ on acc\nt ( _! academic di/9ction1 ?an to give examples ( ^? :o fail$ to di/+ui% !mselves at s*ool1 b :o nev]!less became fam\s aft]w>ds z m5 ( unusual tal5t4 ,:5 ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 at ! age ( fifte51 left ! milit>y college ( ,bri5ne1 :]e he _h be5 a pupil = five ye>s & a half1 ! inspector ( milit>y s*ools gave him ! foll[+ c]tificate3 ',m4 de ,buonap>te 7,napoleon71 born ,augu/ #ae1 #agfi2 height #d feet #aj in*es #aj l9es2 is 9 ! f\r? class2 has a good con/itution1 excell5t heal?1 "* ob$i5t1 upright1 grateful1 conduct v regul>2 has always be5 di/+ui%$ by 8 application to ma!matics4 ,he kn[s hi/ory & geography v passably4 ,he is n well up 9 ornam5tal /udies or 9 ,lat91 9 :i* he is only 9 ! f\r? class4 ,he w be an excell5t sailor4 ,he des]ves to be pass$ on to ! milit>y s*ool ( ,p>is4' ,?is 0 an optimi/ic description ( ! y\?ful ,napoleon's accompli%m5ts1 = he 01 z a matt] ( fact1 s backw>d 9 ,lat9 t 8 removal to ,p>is 0 oppos$ by ! sub-pr9cipal ( ! college4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( 8 s*oolfell[ & biograph]1 ,m4 de ,b\rri5ne1 he exhibit$ backw>dness 9 e bran* ( education except ma!matics1 = :i* he %[$ a di/9ct natural b5t4 ,! only pr(essor at ,bri5ne :o took any notice ( ,napoleon 0 ! ma!matical ma/]4 ,! o!rs ?\ght him /upid because he _h no ta/e = ! /udy ( languages1 lit]ature1 & ! v>i\s subjects t =m$ ! curriculum ( ! e/abli%m5t2 & z !re seem$ no *ance ( 8 becom+ a s*ol>1 !y took no int]e/ 9 him4 ',8 sup]ior intellig5ce 01 h[ev]1 suffici5tly p]ceptible1' writes ,m4 de ,b\rri5ne1 'ev5 ?r\gh ! res]ve "u :i* x 0 veil$4 ,if ! monks to :om ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t 0 confid$ _h und]/ood ! organization ( 8 m9d1 if !y _h engag$ m able ma!matical pr(essors1 or if we _h _h any incitem5t to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 natural philosophy1 a/ronomy1 etc41 ,i am conv9c$ t ,bonap>te w\ld h pursu$ ^! sci5ces ) all ! g5ius & _s ( inve/igation :i* he display$ 9 a c>e] m brilliant1 x is true1 b less useful to mank9d4 ,un=tunately1 ! monks did n p]ceive ?is1 & 7 too poor to pay = good ma/]s4444 ,! (t5-repeat$ ass]tion ( ,bonap>te hav+ receiv$ a c>eful education at ,bri5ne is !re=e untrue4' ,napoleon's milit>y b5t %[$ itself :il/ he 0 at ! ,college ( ,bri5ne4 ,heavy sn[ fell dur+ "o w9t]1 & prev5t$ him f tak+ ! solit>y walks t 7 8 *ief recreation4 ,he !re=e fell back ^u ! exp$i5t ( gett+ 8 s*ool companions to dig tr5*es & build sn[ =tifications4 ',?is be+ done1' he said1 'we may divide ourselves into sections1 =m a siege1 & ,i w und]take to direct ! attacks4' ,9 ?is way he organiz$ a %am w> t 0 c>ri$ on ) great success = a =tnight4 ,?is brief sket* ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te's s*ooldays has be5 giv5 9 ord] to %[ t ! developm5t ( 8 g5ius ow$ no?+ to academic tra9+4 ,)\t be+ actually a dunce1 he 0 backw>d 9 all ! subjects except ! "o 9 :i* he took a vivid int]e/2 &1 d\btless1 _h he c>$ z little = ma!matics z = ,lat91 he w\ld h left ,bri5ne ) a reputation = pr(\nd /upidity4 ,! s*ool c>e] ( 8 great oppon5t1 ,well+ton1 0 ev5 less di/+ui%$4 ,tradition has h&$ d[n to po/]ity no fur!r details reg>d+ 8 ,eton days beyond ! record ( a fight ) ,sydney ,smi?'s eld] bro!r ',bobus4' ,allud+ to him z a dull boy1 ,mr4 ,smiles /ates1 9 a footnote1 9 8 book on ',self-,help'3 ',a writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7,july1 #ahei7 obs]ves t ! ,duke's tal5ts seem nev] to h develop$ !mselves until "s active & practical field = _! display 0 plac$ imm$iately be=e him4 ,he 0 long describ$ by 8 ,sp>tan "m1 :o ?\ght him a dunce1 z only 'food = p[d]4' ,he ga9$ no sort ( di/9ction1 ei!r at ,eton or at ! ,fr5* ,milit>y ,college ( ,angi]s4 ,x is n improbable t a competitive exam9ation1 at ?is day1 might h exclud$ him f ! army4' ,"l ,clive 0 a p]fectly hopeless y\? f ! s*oolma/]'s po9t ( view4 ,he loa!d "w1 & 0 always up to "s prank or o!r4 ,9 ! va9 hope ( induc+ him to le>n some?+1 he 0 s5t to f\r s*ools 9 succession2 b1 ) a s+le exception1 e ma/] "u :om he 0 plac$ decl>$ him to be an incorrigible idl]4 ,! exception 0 ,dr4 ,eaton ( ,lo/ock1 :o pr$ict$ a great c>e] = ,clive1 provid$ an opportunity 7 af=d$ him = ! ex]cise ( 8 tal5ts4 ,at ,m>ket ,drayton he amus$ himself by organiz+ a b& ( idle scamps1 :o w5t ab\t ?reat5+ to sma% ! w9d[s ( tradespeople unless !y paid a f9e ( apples or p5ce2 & on "o occasion he al>m$ ! inhabitants ( ! t[n by climb+ a *ur* /eeple & seat+ himself ^u a /one sp\t ne> ! top4 ,a man ( ! same /amp :o receiv$ ! scantie/ education 0 ,george ,wa%+ton4 ,he is describ$ z hav+ be5 giv5 a common-s*ool education1 ) a little ma!matical tra9+1 b no in/ruction :atev] 9 anci5t or mod]n languages4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ano!r adv5tur\s _s1 ow$ v little to 8 s*ool+4 ',he soon ev9c$ a /rong passion = geographical k1' writes ,wa%+ton ,irv+ 9 8 int]e/+ ,life ( ! explor]1 '& an irresi/ible incl9ation = ! sea4444 ,8 fa!r1 see+ ! b5t ( 8 m9d1 endeav\r$ to give him an education suitable = m>itime life4 ,he s5t him1 !re=e1 to ! univ]sity ( ,pavia1 :]e he 0 in/ruct$ 9 geometry1 geography1 a/ronomy & navigation4444 ,he rema9$ b a %ort "t at ,pavia1 b>ely suffici5t to give him ! rudim5ts ( ! necess>y sci5ces2 ! ?or\gh acqua9tance ) !m :i* he display$ 9 aft]-life mu/ h be5 ! result ( dilig5t self-s*ool+1 & ( casual h\rs ( /udy amid/ ! c>es & vicissitudes ( a rugg$ & w&]+ life4' ,no bett] in/ance ( ! advantage ( natural developm5t & self-culture c\ld be af=d$ ?an by ! c>e] ( ,dr4 ,liv+/one4 ,work+ 9 a cotton factory z a boy ( t51 he /udi$ sci5tific works & books ( travel1 besides ! classics1 n only at night1 b dur+ ! h\rs ( lab\r4 ',look+ back n[ at t life ( toil1' he wrote aft]w>ds1 ',i _c b feel ?ankful t x =m$ su* a mat]ial "p ( my e>ly education2 &1 7 x possible1 ,i %\ld l to beg9 life ov] aga9 9 ! same l[ly /yle1 & to pass ?r\gh ! same h>dy tra9+4' ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke1 ! celebrat$ div9e1 s*ol>1 & philan?ropi/1 0 a regul> dunce 9 8 e>ly y\?4 ,x 0 only ) difficulty1 & an undue proportion ( :ack+1 t ! elem5ts ( ! alphabet 7 driv5 into 8 head by an impati5t tea*]--a mode ( in/ruction t probably caus$ him to rem>k1 9 aft] life1 t '_m *ildr51 n naturally dull1 h become s "u ! influ5ce ( ! s*oolma/]4' ,x is relat$ ( ,dr4 ,cl>ke t :5 he rea*$ ! middle ( ',z 9 prs5ti1' 9 ,lilly's ,lat9 ,gramm>1 he came to a dead /op & c\ld get no fur!r4 ,8 fell[-pupils1 h[ev]1 je]$ him to su* an ext5t t he det]m9$ to g on & conqu] ! difficulty4 ,& ?is resolution seems to h help$ him consid]ably1 z1 in/ead ( ! gramm> be+ =c$ into him1 he began to /udy & ?9k = himself4 ,nev]!less1 he always f\nd great difficulty 9 le>n+ any?+ at s*ool1 b 0 passionately devot$ to read+ imag9ative books & /ories ( adv5ture1 su* z ',jack ! ,giant-kill]1' ',arabian ,nights1' ',! ,pilgrim's ,progress1' ',sir ,francis ,drake1' & a ho/ ( simil> works4 ,to ^!1 9 fact1 & n to 8 pa9fully acquir$ s*ool education1 he 0 wont to attribute ! =mation ( 8 lit]>y ta/e4 ,disraeli's education 0 by no means ?or\gh4 ,!re is no record ( 8 hav+ di/+ui%$ himself academically 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,x is relat$ ( him1 on ! contr>y1 t he 0 su* a duff] at classics z to be incapable ( grasp+ ! rule t 'ut' %\ld be foll[$ by ! subjunctive mood4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,disraeli's s*ooldays1 giv5 by "o ( 8 s*ool-fell[s1 is quot$ by ,sir ,william ,fras]3 ',i _c say t ,b5jam9 ,disraeli at ?is p]iod ( 8 life exhibit$ any unusual zeal = classical /udies2 & ,i d\bt :e!r 8 atta9m5ts 9 ?is direction1 :5 he left ! s*ool = ,mr4 ,cogan's at ,wal?am/[1 rea*$ high] ?an ! usual gr9d 9 ,livy & ,cs>4 ,b ,i well rememb] t he 0 ! compil] & editor ( a s*ool newspap]1 :i* made its appe>ance on ,saturdays1 :5 ! g+]bread-sell] 0 also to be se51 & t ! "r ( p]usal 0 e/imat$ at ! co/ ( a %eet ( g+]bread1 ! money value ( :i* 0 9 ^? days ! ?ird ( a p5ny4' ,turn+ to lit]>y m51 we f9d an impos+ array ( dunces4 ,i h n _h "t to exam9e into ! s*ool exp]i5ces ( m ?an a limit$ numb] ( great names4 ,if ! read] is anxi\s to pursue ! inve/igation fur!r1 he w d\btless f9d t !re is sc>cely a fam\s man ( lett]s :o made 8 m>k at s*ool or univ]sity4 ,! fir/ p]son to tea* ,oliv] ,goldsmi? 8 lett]s 0 a woman1 :o aft]w>ds became village s*oolmi/ress1 nam$ ,elizabe? ,delap4 ,%e did n =m a v flatt]+ op9ion ( h] "y pupil4 ',nev] 0 s dull a boy1' %e 0 wont to decl>e2 'he seem$ imp5etrably /upid4' ,f ?is k9d b undiscrim9at+ tea*] ,oliv] gravitat$ to ! village s*ool1 :]e he le>nt no?+4 ,!nce he 0 s5t to ,elph92 & ( ?is p]iod ( 8 s*ool life ,dr4 ,/rean says3 ',he 0 consid]$ by 8 contempor>ies & s*ool-fell[s1 ) :om ,i h (t5 conv]s$ on ! subject1 z a /upid heavy blockhead1 little bett] ?an a fool1 :om e "o made fun (4' ,goldsmi? has himself1 9 8 ',inquiry into ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,polite ,le>n+1' record$ "s v /rik+ impressions z to ! value ( academic success4 ',a lad ^: passions are n /rong en\gh 9 y\?1' he writes1 'to mislead him f t pa? ( sci5ce :i* 8 tutors1 & n 8 incl9ation1 h *alk$ out1 by f\r or five ye>s' p]sev]ance1 probably obta9s e advantage & hon\r 8 college c be/[4 ,i =get :e!r ! simile has be5 us$ be=e1 b ,i w\ld comp>e ! man ^: y\? has be5 ?us pass$ 9 ! tranquillity ( dispassionate prud5ce to liquors t nev] f]m5t1 & consequ5tly cont9ue always muddy4 ,passions may raise a commotion 9 ! y\?ful brea/1 b !y di/urb only to ref9e x4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 mean tal5ts are (t5 rew>d$ 9 colleges ) an easy subsi/5ce4' ,ano!r 'imp5etrable dunce1' accord+ to ! op9ion ( 8 tutor1 an em95t ,dubl9 s*ol>1 0 ,ri*>d ,%]idan4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds s5t to ,h>r[1 :]e he e>n$ = himself a great reputation = idl5ess4 ,dr4 ,p>r1 "o ( ! "u-ma/]s1 wrote to ,%]idan's biograph] ! foll[+ expression ( op9ion3 ',!re 0 little 9 8 boyhood wor? communication4 ,he 0 inf]ior to _m ( 8 s*oolfell[s 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( a s*ool1 & ,i d n rememb] any "o in/ance 9 :i* he di/+ui%$ himself by ,lat9 or ,engli% composition1 9 prose or v]se4444 ,he 0 at ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! fif? =m1 b he nev] rea*$ ! six?1 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 he _h no opportunity ( att5d+ ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ hon\rable ( s*ool bus9ess1 :5 ! ,greek plays 7 taught--& x 0 ! cu/om at ,h>r[ to tea* ^! at lea/ e ye>4 ,he w5t ?r\gh 8 lessons 9 ,horace & ,virgil & ,hom] well en\gh = a "t4 ,b1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! upp] ma/]1 ,dr4 ,sumn]1 x once fell 9 my way to in/ruct ! two upp] =ms1 & ^u call+ up ,dick ,%]idan1 ,i f\nd him n only slov5ly 9 con/ru+1 b unusually defective 9 8 ,greek gramm>4444 ,i ought to h told y t ,ri*>d1 :5 a boy1 0 a great read] ( ,engli% poetry2 b 8 ex]cises af=d$ no pro( ( 8 pr(ici5cy4' ,! latt] /atem5t speaks volumes = a me?od ( tea*+ :i* fail$ to evoke1 ev5 9 su* a ma/] ( ,engli% lit]ature z ,%]idan ev5tually prov$ himself to be1 a prop] developm5t ( 8 greate/ tal5t4 ,no d\bt ! ex]cises 9 :i* s little pr(ici5cy 0 %[n 7 compulsorily execut$ aga9/ ! gra91 be+ ( su* a p$antic "* t no sane s*oolboy c\ld possibly be f\nd to ev9ce ! smalle/ int]e/ 9 !m4 ,dean ,swift & ,sir ,walt] ,scott 7 bo? dull boys4 ,! =m] says ( himself t he 0 '/opp$ ( 8 degree = dulness & insuffici5cy4' ,scott1 9 8 autobiographical sket*1 does n make himself out to h be5 ! dunce t he really 0 suppos$ to be at s*ool4 ,if n bright at 8 lessons1 h[ev]1 he 0 c]ta9ly clev] 9 o!r ways & capable ( ?9k+ = himself4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is is conta9$ 9 ! /ory t ?\gh ,scott1 z a boy1 us$ inv>iably to g to sleep 9 *ur* 9 ! c\rse ( ! s]mon1 yet1 :5 que/ion$ ab\t ! latt] aft]w>ds1 he 0 g5]ally able to sket* out mo/ ( ! po9ts dwelt ^u by ! prea*]--! explanation be+1 ( c\rse1 t1 giv5 ! text1 he 0 able to foll[ ! probable tra9 ( ?\ght inspir$ by its word+4 ,summ+ up ,scott's atta9m5ts1 a biograph] gives expression to ! op9ion t he 0 'self-educat$ 9 e bran* ( k he ev] turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! works ( 8 g5ius4' ,nei!r ,burns nor ,c>lyle 0 a s*ol>4 ,! =m] receiv$ a gr\nd+ 9 gramm>1 read+1 & writ+4 ,he acquir$ a little ,fr5*1 b le>nt no ,lat9 at all4 ,:atev] he knew he ow$ to ! fact t he ex]cis$ 8 own ta/e = k by *oos+ 8 own books & dev\r+ only :at appeal$ to 8 m9d4 ,c>lyle1 l _m ano!r fam\s man ( lett]s1 _h little ,lat9 & less ,greek4 ',9 ! classical field1' he wrote1 ',i am truly z no?+4' ,= ma!matics he %[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( incl9ation1 b ev5 9 t field did n succe$ 9 c>ry+ (f any prizes4 ,8 own op9ion ( a conv5tional education is v t]sely r5d]$ by 8 exclamation3 ',academia6 ,high ,s*ool in/ructors ( y\?6 ,oh1 ye unspeakable6' ,! poet ,wordswor? 0 educat$ at ! gramm> s*ool at ,hawk%ead4 ,he always decl>$ t ! great m]it ( ! s*ool 0 ! lib]ty all[$ to ! s*ol>s4 ,no attempt 0 made to cram or to produce model pupils4 ,)9 limits !y appe>1 9 fact1 to h be5 all[$ to read precisely :at !y pleas$4 ,9 ?is way ,wordswor? receiv$ 9 e s5se ( ! t]m a lib]al education2 & :5 he w5t to ,cambridge1 'he enjoy$ ev5 m ?or\ghly ?an at ,hawk%ead :atev] advantages might be d]iv$ f ! neglect ( 8 tea*]s4' ,! poet _h a great contempt = academical tra9+1 & refus$ to g ?r\gh ! usual ,cambridge c\rse4 ,he f9ally graduat$ z ,b4,a4 )\t hon\rs1 aft]w>ds record+ 8 indiff]5ce to academic di/9ction 9 ! well-kn[n l9es3 ,( ,college lab\rs1 ( ! ,lectur]'s room1 ,all /udd$ r\nd1 z ?ick z *airs c\ld /&1 ,) loyal /ud5ts fai?ful to _! books1 ,half-&-half idl]s1 h>dy recusants1 ,& hone/ dunces--( important days1 ,exam9ations1 :5 ! man 0 weigh$ ,z 9 a balance6 ,( excessive hopes1 ,trembl+s )al & comm5dable fe>s1 ,small jeal\sies1 & triumphs good or bad-- ,let o!rs t "k m speak z !y "k4 ,su* glory 0 b little s\ght by me1 ,& little won4 ,m =cibly express$ 0 ,r\sseau's d]ision ( ord9>y educational me?ods4 ,writ+ 9 8 ',confessions' ab\t ! s*ool days ( 8 c\s9 & himself1 he says3 ',we 7 s5t toge!r to ,bossey1 to bo>d ) ! ,prote/ant m9i/] ,lamb]ci]1 9 ord] to le>n1 toge!r ) ,lat91 all ! sorry tra% :i* is includ$ "u ! "n ( education4444 ,m4 ,lamb]ci] 0 a v intellig5t p]son :o1 )\t neglect+ our education1 nev] impos$ excessive tasks ^u u4 ,! fact t1 9 spite ( my dislike to re/ra9t1 ,i h nev] recall$ my h\rs ( /udy ) any feel+ ( disgu/1 & also t1 ev5 if ,i did n le>n mu* f him1 ,i le>nt )\t difficulty :at ,i did le>n1 & nev] =got x1 is suffici5t pro( t 8 sy/em ( in/ruction 0 a good "o4' ,z f> z ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is conc]n$1 !re is a long array ( self-cultur$ m5 to :om mo/ ( ! discov]ies t h be5 made are due4 ,9 no o!r occupation is ! faculty ( ?9k+ orig9ally & indep5d5tly m ess5tial ?an 9 ! pursuit ( sci5tific k1 & x is significant t among/ fam\s sci5ti/s m in/ances are to be f\nd ( m5 :o owe no?+ to s*ool in/ruction or academic tra9+ ?an 9 almo/ any o!r walk ( life4 ,9 ?is connection m5tion has already be5 made ( ! fam\s botani/ ,l9nu4 ,! :ole ( 8 s*ool life 0 "o unremitt+ prote/ aga9/ ! usual educational me?ods ( endeav\r+ to =ce ! m9d away f its natural b5t4 ,l9nu dete/$ metaphysics1 ,lat91 ,greek1 & e subject except physics & ma!matics1 9 :i* he usually out/ripp$ 8 fell[-pupils4 ,b 8 nose 0 kept to ! gr9d/one until ! au?orities in=m$ 8 fa!r t he 0 n fit = a le>n$ education1 & recomm5d$ 8 be+ giv5 "s manual employm5t4 ,?us 7 twelve preci\s ye>s ( ! life ( "o ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 ( sci5ce1 save = :at he accompli%$ out ( s*ool h\rs1 wa/$ to no purpose4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t he spoke ( "o ( 8 ma/]s z 'a passionate & morose man1 bett] calculat$ = ext+ui%+ a y\?'s tal5ts ?an = improv+ !m4' ,"o ( ! greate/ anatomi/s t ev] liv$1 ,john ,hunt]1 :o numb]$ ,dr4 ,j5n] among/ 8 pupils1 0 sc>cely educat$ at all = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,mr4 ,smiles /ates t 'x 0 ) difficulty t he acquir$ ! arts ( read+ & writ+4' ,orig9ally a c>p5t]1 he became assi/ant to 8 bro!r1 :o 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,london z a surgeon4 ,he acquir$ all 8 k ( anatomy 9 ! dissect+-room1 & ow$ ev]y?+ he _h le>nt to 8 own h>d "w & habit ( ?9k+ ?+s out = himself4 ',! brilliant ,sir ,humphry ,davy1' says ,mr4 ,smiles1 '0 no clev]] ?an o!r boys4 ,8 tea*]1 ,dr4 ,c>dew1 once said ( him1 ,:ile he 0 ) me ,i c\ld n disc]n ! faculties by :i* he 0 s mu* di/+ui%$4 ,inde$1 ,davy himself 9 aft] life consid]$ x =tunate t he _h be5 left to enjoy s mu* idl5ess at s*ool4' ,newton 0 always at ! bottom ( 8 class1 until he sudd5ly took x into 8 head to give a boy1 :om he _h already ?ra%$ 9 ano!r s5se1 an intellectual beat+4 ',x is v probable1' writes ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 8 biography1 't ,newton's idl5ess arose f ! occupation ( 8 m9d ) subjects 9 :i* he felt a deep] int]e/4' ,nobody c\ld h p5n$ a m incisive indictm5t aga9/ ! imbecility ( an education sy/em t =ces all boys1 irrespective ( _! wi%es or tal5ts1 into a fix$ groove4 ,x 0 ,newton :o1 9 answ] to an inquiry z to h[ ! pr9ciple ( gravity 0 discov]$1 repli$3 ',by always ?9k+ ( x4' ,:5 ,watt1 z a boy1 0 engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! cond5sation ( /eam1 8 aunt1 :o 0 sitt+ ) him at ! tea-table1 exclaim$3 ',james1 ,i nev] saw su* an idle boy6 ,take a book or employ y\rself usefully4 ,= ! la/ half h\r y h n spok5 a ^w1 b tak5 (f ! lid ( t kettle & put x on aga91 hold+ n[ a cup & n[ a silv] spoon ov] ! /eam1 wat*+ h[ x rises f ! sp\t1 & c\nt+ ! drops ( wat]4' ,9 ?is sympa!tic way *ildr5 are usually enc\rag$ to ?9k by _! eld]s4 ,watt's faculties 7 develop$ entirely at home4 ,he 0 s5t to a public elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,scotl&2 b1 =tunately = sci5ce1 he 0 s delicate t he 0 ne>ly always abs5t ?r\gh indisposition4 ,a visitor1 :o f\nd ! boy draw+ l9es & circles on ! he>? ) a piece ( col\r$ *alk1 once remon/rat$ ) ,mr4 ,james ,watt1 s5ior1 = all[+ 8 son to wa/e 8 "t at home4 ,watt _h ! good =tune1 h[ev]1 to possess an intellig5t fa!r1 :o enc\rag$ ! boy z f> z x lay 9 8 p[]4 ,left to 8 own devices1 ,watt n only contriv$ to make himself ! =emo/ eng9e] ( 8 "t1 b he also develop$ 8 tal5ts 9 _m o!r directions4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott says ( him t '8 tal5ts & fancy ov]fl[$ on e subject4' ,& ,m4 ,arago1 ! ,fr5* sci5ti/1 9 8 memoir ( ,watt1 expresses ! view t ! latt]1 9 spite ( 8 excell5t memory1 'might1 nev]!less1 n h peculi>ly di/+ui%$ himself among ! y\?ful prodigies ( ord9>y s*ools4 ,he c\ld nev] h le>n$ 8 lessons l a p>rot1 = he exp]i5c$ a necessity ( c>efully elaborat+ ! intellectual elem5ts pres5t$ to 8 att5tion1 & ,nature _h peculi>ly end[$ him ) ! faculty ( m$itation4' ,?is is only a r\ndab\t way ( say+ t ! conv5tional process ( cramm+ w\ld h de/roy$ ! f9e intellectual faculties possess$ by ,watt4 ,b if 9 8 case1 :y n 9 t ( ano!r8 ,t is ! /range ?+ ab\t ! light %$ ^u educational problems by cases l t ( ,watt1 ,newton1 & o!r m5 ( comm&+ g5ius4 ,p only p]ceive 9 x a half-tru?4 ,!y ?9k t x is only 9 ^! exceptional in/ances t ! m9d is incapable ( be+ develop$ by ord9>y r\gh-&-ready me?ods4 ,^u :at gr\nds is su* an absurd d$uction f\nd$8 ,x is true t individuals diff] widely z to ! capabilities ( _! m5tal ma*9]y2 b x does n foll[ t ! intellectual fibre ( "o p]son is m delicate ?an t ( ano!r4 ,! diff]5ce is n m5tal1 b physical4 ,x is because a boy is heal?y1 & n because 8 intellectual fibre is co>se1 t he is bett] able to )/& ! /ra9 ( an educational tra9+ ?an a weak] & m n]v\s boy4 ,until ! discov]y is made t all m9ds are s5sitive1 :5 !y h be5 actually rea*$1 p w g on ignorantly de/roy+ ! f9] faculties "u ! impression t g5ius or tal5t is a v r>e ?+1 & c always %ift = itself4 ,yet1 z ,i h attempt$ to %[1 ! evid5ce ( hi/ory po9ts conclusively to ! fact t ! contr>y is ! case4 ,is x really suppos$ t ! great names t h be5 h&$ d[n to po/]ity repres5t all ! g5ius to :i* ! _w has giv5 bir?8 ,! idea is prepo/]\s4 ,= e man ( g5ius or tal5t :o has be5 p]mitt$ to survive1 education sy/ems h kill$ a hundr$4 ,if x _h n be5 = ,dr4 ,ro?mann1 !re w\ld probably h be5 no ,l9nu to revolutionize ! sy/em ( botanical classification4 ,_h tyrannical p>5ts & s*oolma/]s compell$ ,watt & ,newton to give up me*anics & sci5tific /udy = a ?or\gh cramm+ 9 ,lat9 gramm> & ,greek roots1 we might to-day be )\t a /eam-eng9e or a !ory ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,ev5 ! g5ius ( ,napoleon & ,well+ton might easily h be5 cru%$ "u ! auspices ( a mod]n competitive exam9ation4 ,w\ld /upid ,oliv] ,goldsmi? h writt5 8 immortal ',vic> ( ,wakefield' & ',%e ,/oops to ,conqu]1' or w\ld idle ,%]idan h p5n$ ! exquisite com$ies t h n to ?is day be5 approa*$ by any subsequ5t writ]1 if _! idl5ess & /upidity _h be5 submitt$ to ! te/ ( an en=c$ academic tra9+ = classical or ma!matical hon\rs8 ,surely ! evid5ce ( hi/ory po9ts to only "o conclusion--namely1 t all ! g5ius 9 ! _w _c survive ! hopeless imbecility ( educational me?ods1 except by successfully dodg+ !m ?r\gh /upidity & idl5ess1 :il/ ! faculties develop !mselves at /ol5 int]vals4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,apo!osis ,,( ,,cram ,we h rea*$ a po9t at :i* x is advisable to take a broad survey ( ! direction 9 :i* education sy/ems are hurry+ ! _w4 ,h ^! educational me?ods a def9ite objective1 or is _! sole purpose ! production ( s*ol>s manufactur$ en bloc8 ,^! are important que/ions t ne$ c>eful answ]+4 ,^u ! face ( x1 !re is no d\bt t 9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/1 educational e/abli%m5ts h1 up to ! pres5t1 aim$ only at turn+ out s*ol>s ( c]ta9 intellectual types4 ,! result ( ?is process has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ pages to be suffici5tly disa/r\s 9 its effects ^u its victims4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 few social evils :i* _c be trac$1 directly or indirectly1 to its ag5cy4 ,b z yet !re has be5 no dom9ant motive-p[]1 work+ invisibly t[>ds a def9ite end1 beh9d ! educational ma*9]y ( ! c\ntry4 ,a g5]al feel+ has be5 fom5t$ ( late1 h[ev]1 t all education1 f ! l[e/ /ep to ! highe/1 ought to be co-ord9at$ & organiz$ into a s+le piece ( ,/ate-direct$ ma*9]y4 ,! dang] ( ?is c only be appreciat$ by an exam9ation ( ! effects already produc$ by su* a sy/em 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,g]many (f]s 9 ?is connection ! be/ possible example4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 educational matt]s has !re be5 br\ght to p]fection4 ,absolute control is ex]cis$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ev]y?+ app]ta9+ to ! in/ruction ( y\? all ov] ,g]many4 ,! ,emp]or has become s autocratic 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is control 9 ! k+dom ( ,prussia1 t he talks op5ly ab\t manufactur+ ?is or t k9d ( educational article exactly 9 ! mann] 9 :i* a manufactur] w\ld discuss putt+ "s commodity ^u ! m>ket4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ attempt on ! "p ( ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t to disguise ! political uses to :i* _! supreme au?ority 9 educational matt]s is put4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! ,emp]or ,william ,,ii41 on succe$+ to ! ?rone1 0 to issue ! mo/ pla9-spok5 in/ructions to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,prussia 9 ref]5ce to ,/ate int]f]5ce ) ! s*ools = political purposes4 ',= a long "t1' x 0 decl>$ 9 ! royal decree1,a ',i h be5 occupi$ ) ! ?\ght h[ to make ! s*ool useful = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! spread ( sociali/ic & communi/ic ideas4444 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n times d[n to ! pres5t day mu/ be introduc$ m ?an hi!rto into ! curriculum1 & ! pupils mu/ be %[n t ! executive p[] ( ! ,/ate alone c protect = ea* individual 8 family1 8 fre$om1 & 8 rights4' ,a ,= in=mation on ?is & _m o!r po9ts connect$ ) ! subject ( education 9 ,prussia1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,e4 ,sadl]'s special report to ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ',problems 9 ,prussian ,second>y ,education = ,boys4' ,lat] on foll[s ! recomm5dation t1 'by /rik+ ref]5ces to actual facts1 x %\ld be made cle> ev5 to "y p t a well-ord]$ con/itution "u secure mon>*ical rule is ! indisp5sable condition = ! protection & welf>e ( ea* individual1 bo? z a citiz5 & z a work]2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9es ( social democracy are1 9 po9t ( fact1 infeasible2 & t1 if !y 7 put into practice1 ! lib]ty ( ea* individual w\ld be subject$ to intol]able re/ra9t1 ev5 )9 ! v circle ( ! home4 ,! ideas ( ! ,sociali/s are suffici5tly def9$ ?r\gh _! own writ+s = x to be possible to depict !m 9 a way :i* w %ock ! feel+s & ! practical good-s5se ev5 ( ! "y4' ,! dang] ( ?is direct ,/ate control is obvi\s4 ,x r5d]s all lib]ty ( ?\ght absolutely impossible4 ,politics1 religion1 social views--all are sy/ematically work$ into ! curriculum = ! object ( /ifl+ indep5d5t ideas1 criticisms1 & :atev] else may be ( value to ! int]e/s ( ! community at l>ge1 al?\gh possibly highly inconv5i5t to ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,to cram ! y\? ( ! nation aft] ?is fa%ion ) all ! facts & fancies t may happ5 to suit ! weaknesses ( ! national con/itution1 is exactly ! way 9 :i* to br+ ab\t ! decay ( bo? ,gov]nm5t & c\ntry4 ,m]ely f a political /&po9t1 !re=e1 no?+ c\ld be m disa/r\s to ! ,/ate ?an to make use ( its p[] ( educational control 9 ord] to /ifle opposition & indep5d5t criticism4 ,x is equally cle> t1 :]ev] ! ,gov]nm5t possesses ?is p[]1 x w use x z f> z is practicable = ! purpose ( self-pres]vation4 ,almo/ = a c5tury ! ,prussian au?orities h be5 gett+ ! control ( _! national s*ools m & m into _! own h&s4 ,!y h n[ succe$$ 9 br++ ! application ( ! !ory ( ,/ate int]f]5ce to ! high-wat] m>k ( practicability4 ,f ! rudim5ts ( ! alphabet to ! hi/ory ( economics1 ev]y?+ 9 ! ,prussian curriculum may be suspect$ ( s]v+ "s political purpose4 ,! s*oolboy is reg>d$ by ! au?orities z a m]e pawn1 to be mov$ on ! national bo>d 9 /rict accordance ) ! political necessities ( ! h\r4 ,= "s ye>s pa/1 ! att5tion ( ,prussia & ( ! :ole ,g]man ,empire has be5 conc5trat$ ^u ! comm]cial rivalry ( ! diff]5t nations ( ! _w4 ,! *ief1 if n ! sole1 educational aim has be5 to produce a p]c5tage-calculat+ ma*9e on a :olesale plan1 equipp$ ) c]ta9 devices = ! successful c>ry+ on ( trade4 ,! ,g]man au?orities became impregnat$ ) ! belief t comm]cial supremacy c\ld be/ be atta9$ by organiz+ ! :ole nation into a uni=m body ( work]s tra9$ to co-op]ation4 ,ev]y?+ ( late ye>s has be5 subord9at$ to ?is design4 ,! comm]cial success ( ! s*eme has be5 notori\s4 ,g]man manufactur]s h be5 ga9+ gr\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! consul> reports at ! ,=eign ,(fice are fill$ ) pessimi/ic w>n+s ab\t ! decl9e ( ,briti% trade at v>i\s po9ts :]e x 0 once supreme1 & ) significant /ati/ics t %[ ! rapid advance ( ,g]man comm]cial ent]prise4 ,b x does n foll[1 because ,g]many seems to h %ot ahead ( u by leaps & b\nds ( late ye>s1 t %e has adopt$ s\nd means to accompli% ?is end4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! exp$i5ts by :i* ?is comm]cial supremacy has be5 atta9$ are an exagg]ation ( ! wor/ evils ( education sy/ems1 !n ,g]many has />t$ ^u a d[nw>d pa? :i* mu/ ev5tually lead h] to ! br9k ( ru94 ,& ?is is precisely ! case4 ,cramm+ has be5 br\ght ?r\gh\t ,g]many to ! level ( a f9e art4 ,x is done1 ,i mu/ confess--= ,i 0 myself subject$ to ! process = "s ye>s--m completely & effectively ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t is to say1 ! pupil is n cramm$ 9 su* an idiotic fa%ion t he =gets all t has be5 /uff$ into him imm$iately he has left s*ool4 ,! drill+1 h[ev] wrong x may be 9 pr9ciple1 is ?or\gh en\gh1 9 all consci5ce4 ,x may be1 z x is else:]e1 ! pe/le & mort> sy/em4 ,b at lea/ ! pe/le is appli$ consi/5tly1 & ea* +r$i5t is p]fectly mix$ be=e ! next compon5t is introduc$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! object ( education be to produce an article ( a c]ta9 type or consi/5cy1 !n ! ,prussian s*ool /&s f> 9 advance ( our own cramm+ in/itutions4 ,x may well be tak5 9 t case z a model = u to copy4 ,p %\ld1 h[ev]1 ask !mselves ^! que/ions3 ,is x int]national comm]cial rivalry t produces ! necessity ( a ,/ate sy/em ( education to equip ! nation = ! /ruggle8 ,or is x ! ,/ate sy/em ( education1 ) its organiz$ attempt to manufacture a race ( trad]s1 :i* has artificially creat$ ! /ate ( comm]cial w>f>e into :i* we are rapidly drift+8 ,! answ] seems to me to be pla9 en\gh4 ,! individuality ( individuals is rapidly disappe>+ ?r\gh\t t "p ( ! _w :i* has *os5 to subject itself to uni=m education sy/ems4 ,"o ,engli%man is mu* l ano!r1 9 ! same way t ,russians1 or ,g]mans1 or ,fr5*m5 resemble ea* o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! only individuality :i* education is leav+ u is t ( nationality2 & ! reason ( ?is is because ! mann]s1 ! cu/oms1 & ! s*ool sy/ems ( v>i\s c\ntries /ill diff] to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! individual compet+ aga9/ ! individual1 we are rapidly approa*+ ! po9t :]e ! :ole /r5g? & res\rces ( ea* nation w be employ$ to co-op]ate aga9/ ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,& ?is is no m]e natural outcome ( evolution4 ,g]many1 ) h] extraord9>y cut5ess & =esight1 inv5t$ ! game = h] own b5efit a g5]ation or two ago4 ,%e has sp5t ! be/ "p ( half a c5tury equipp+ h]self1 h& ov] fi/1 = ?is k9d ( comm]cial conte/4 ,b :at is %e sacrific+ 9 ord] to obta9 ?is triumph ( ! trad]8 ,!re _c be a "q t %e is delib]ately & sy/ematically ?r[+ away ! mo/ preci\s ( all human possessions--! "* ( ! individual4 ,at ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce on ,second>y ,education1 held 9 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,vir*[ obs]v$3 ',i regret t ,i _c be> my te/imony to our hav+ made progress 9 =m+ ! "* ( pupils 9 our s*ools4 ,:5 ,i look back ov] ! =ty ye>s dur+ :i* ,i h be5 ,pr(essor & ,exam9]--a p]iod dur+ :i* ,i h be5 br\ght 9 contact n only ) physicians & sci5tific inve/igators1 b also ) _m o!r types ( m5--,i _c say t ,i h ! impression t we h made mat]ial advances 9 tra9+ up m5 ) /r5g? ( "*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i fe> t we are on a d[nw>d pa?4 ,! numb] ( *>act]s becomes small]4 ,& ?is is connect$ ) ! %r9kage 9 private & individual "w done dur+ a lad's s*ool life4 ,= x is only by means ( indep5d5t "w t ! pupil le>ns to hold 8 own aga9/ ext]nal difficulties1 & to f9d 9 8 own /r5g?1 9 8 own nature1 9 8 own be+1 ! means ( resi/+ su* difficulties & ( prevail+ ov] !m4' ,! inevitable result ( ?is sacrifice ( individuality mu/ be ! intellectual decay ( ! nation1 or at lea/ its deg5]ation into a /ate ( hopeless m$iocrity4 ,unless1 !re=e1 ,g]many c p]suade o!r c\ntries to adopt simil> tactics1 & to meet h] on ! plane :]e %e has already obta9$ ! />t ( a g5]ation1 %e mu/ come hopelessly to grief 9 ! future4 ,un=tunately1 !re seems e indication t ! /atesm5 :o lead rival nations are only too ready to foll[ ,g]many's bl9d lead4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is only ! bless$ ignorance ( ! p :i* is hold+ back ^? :o are anxi\s to commit ! folly t has put p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce into ,g]man pockets1 at ! co/ ( tak+ orig9ality & "* out ( ,g]man heads4 ,?is educational suicide1 x mu/ also be rememb]$1 c only be committ$ )\t s]i\s social di/urbance 9 a despotically-gov]n$ c\ntry l ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,9 ,engl&1 ) our sy/em ( p>ty gov]nm5t1 a complete measure ( ,/ate control 9 educational matt]s w\ld create a political p&emonium t w\ld be little %ort ( appall+4 ,! p>ty /ruggles ( ! future w\ld1 if ?is ,prussian sy/em 7 transplant$ "h1 c5tre r\nd educational control4 ,! s*ools w\ld no long] be reg>d$ z e/abli%m5ts = ! in/ruction ( y\?2 !y w\ld be look$ ^u simply z ! nurs]y ( ! future vot]4 ,a ,cons]vative ,gov]nm5t w\ld cram ev]y?+ into ! curriculum calculat$ to /ifle inconv5i5tly progressive ideas1 :il/ a ,radical ,gov]nm5t w\ld try to bani% f ! s*ools all e/abli%$ beliefs & conv5tions4 ,betwe5 ^! oppos+ /ools ! manufactur$ s*ol> w\ld fall lam5tably to ! gr\nd4 ,he w\ld be nei!r fi%1 fle%1 nor f[l4 ,!re w\ld be a p]petual *opp+ & *ang+ 9 ! me?ods ( 8 education1 f :i* he w\ld n ev5 d]ive ! b5efit1 s gratefully ackn[l$g$ by ,wordswor?1 ( be+ neglect$ by 8 tea*]s4 ,to talk ( beat+ ,g]many at h] own game is1 !re=e1 ! height ( absurdity4 ,no?+ c\ld result f su* an endeav\r b ru9 to ! c\ntry4 ,"u our p>ty sy/em x is obvi\s t x c\ld n be done ) ! remote/ *ance ( success4 ,& ev5 if x 7 possible to obta9 /eady uni=m ,/ate int]f]5ce1 work+ always t[>ds a specific end1 ,g]man me?ods w\ld only be adopt$ at ! exp5se ( increas+ ! pressure ( cramm+ en bloc1 & !reby multiply+ ! evils :i* h be5 b fa9tly depict$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,great ,,fallacy ,t ! _w is badly ord]$ = humanity is a self-evid5t tru? ( :i* ! obs]vant sc>cely ne$ rem9d+4 ,x is equally obvi\s1 f ! exquisite ord] & symmetry ( animal & vegetable life1 t ,provid5ce is n to blame = ! colossal mess into :i* civilization has manag$ to lead ! majority ( mank9d4 ,man is himself responsible = ! pres5t /ate ( human affairs2 & al?\gh great ?+s h be5 und5iably accompli%$ dur+ ! progress ( ! nations1 ! magnific5t a*ievem5ts ( exceptional individuals pale beside ! /up5d\s blund]+ ( ! _m4 ,x mu/ surely be cle> to ev]ybody t !re has be5 "s evil influ5ce at "w to arre/ ! fair promise & developm5t ( ! human race4 ,! spl5did m>* ( intellectual progress f ! d>k ages to ! brilliant dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) its glitt]+ array ( ma/] m9ds & its titanic roll ( g5ius1 has be5 sudd5ly br\ght to a dead halt4 ,"h & !re1 dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation1 great figures h /ruggl$ up on to ! _w's /age & grappl$ ) ! ebb-tide4 ,b ! maje/ic /ream ( m$iocrity has swept away _! dykes1 & oblit]at$ _! l&m>ks ) its increas+ volume4 ,! rem>kable fact c h>dly h escap$ att5tion t ! m humanity attempts to equip itself = ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life1 by =c+ itself into an educational /rait-wai/coat1 ! m rapid becomes ! disappe>ance ( "* & g5ius1 & ev5 ( ord9>y tal5t4 ,ev]ybody is gett+ gr\nd d[n to a level4 ,x is sc>cely possible to po9t to a s+le civiliz$ man & say3 ',!re is somebody 9 :om e faculty has be5 develop$ & natural tal5t p]fect$ to its utmo/ capability4' ,! mo/ t c be said ( ! individual is3 ',!re goes a ,cambridge man or a gramm>-s*ool man1 & :5 y h knock$ all ! nons5se out ( him y'll f9d he's n a bad fell[ at bottom4' ,we are n :at we h made ourselves1 b :at we h *os5 to all[ o!rs to make u4 ,:atev] may once h be5 ! nurs]y ( ! human race1 x is n[ to a great ext5t ! s*ool4 ,"s "p--x g5]ally is ! be/ "p--( education takes place outside ! class-room2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! atmosph]e ( home is g5]ally impregnat$ ) ! conv5tional traditions ( ! s*ool & ( ! univ]sity4 ,! evil influ5ce t is s obvi\sly und]m9+ social & national life mu/1 !re=e1 fir/ be s\ght 9 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* education sy/ems h be5 f\nd$4 ,no?+ is m a/oni%+ ?an to reflect ^u ! un9tellig5t gr\nds on :i* p base _! adh]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( mod]n education4 ,!y are unable1 9 ! fir/ place1 to get ov] ! fact t _! =efa!rs 7 br\ght up 9 ! same fa%ion be=e !m4 ,x is a %e] impossibility = mo/ p to "q any?+ t has be5 go+ on = any l5g? ( "t un*eck$4 ,! undisput$ possession ( a cu/om = s _m ye>s conv]ts x into ! legal prop]ty ( ! nation1 :5ce x d]ives a sacr$ "*1 & nobody dreams ( m$dl+ ) x4 ,any abuses x may br+ 9 its tra9 are !n conv5i5tly ascrib$ to ! p]v]sity ( ,provid5ce4 ,! *]i%$ conv5tion is nev] que/ion$4 ,t is ! rem>kable ?+ ab\t x4 ,p c be br\ght to und]/&1 by means ( a fl\ri% ( dazzl+ prospectuses & newspap] adv]tisem5ts1 t a bicycle is an improvem5t on a bone-%ak]1 or t pneumatic tyres are m com=table on r\gh roads ?an iron-rimm$ :eels4 ,b t appe>s to be ! set limit ( _! compreh5sion4 ,!y are capable ( be+ made to grasp1 aft] ne>ly exhau/+ ! res\rces ( a weal?y syndicate1 some?+ t obvi\sly affects _! mat]ial com=t4 ,b progress 9 ideas1 or any?+ 9 ! %ape ( moral revolution1 has to und]go a ?\s&-fold m tortu\s process be=e x c be made to filt] ?r\gh a conv5tion4 ,! academic product is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 a bundle ( conv5tions4 ,if ! article has be5 prop]ly manufactur$1 & be>s ! hall-m>k ( ! mak] & ! /amp ( ! c\ntry ( its orig91 !re is no?+ else !re = ! tru? to filt] into4 ,x simply drops ?r\gh & vap\rizes )\t di/urb+ any?+4 ,conv5tionality is !re=e an insup]able ob/acle1 z f> z ! majority ( m9ds are conc]n$1 to ! discov]y t ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( education are absolutely false4 ,^! pr9ciples w nev] be que/ion$4 ,x is good en\gh = ! av]age man t 8 fell[-creatures h be5 cont5t$ ) !m s9ce "t immemorial1 & t !y are dilig5tly practis$ 9 ! s*ools & colleges ^: names h be5 h\sehold words = g5]ations pa/4 ,next to ?is antiquat$ cons]vatism ( ! lea/ intellig5t & mo/ dispirit+ type1 comes ! false %ame t ! majority ( p exhibit :5 caught display+ ignorance ( any ( ! facts :i* cramm+ sy/ems h pron\nc$ to be indisp5sable to a g5]al education4 ,probably m real culture is nipp$ 9 ! bud by ! ridicul\s assumption t ev]ybody mu/ be a walk+ encyclopdia1 ?an by all ! ,phili/9e conv5tions & /upidities put toge!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a rec5t conv]sation ) an exceptionally brilliant woman ( my acqua9tance1 x transpir$ t %e believ$ ,w9*e/] & ,cambridge to be 9 ! same c\nty4 ,?is lack ( geographical k did n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h impair$ h] intellectual faculties4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o c accurately locate any t[n 9 ,engl&1 & yet are va/ly inf]ior 9 m5tal capacity to ! lady :o ?\ght t ,cambridge 0 9 ,hamp%ire4 ,:y %\ld an individual "k m ?an x is useful & conv5i5t = him to "k8 ,= ! /ud5t ( =eign politics x is ess5tial to be aw>e ( ! geographical diff]5ce betwe5 ,tokio & ,pek+2 b ( :at e>?ly use w\ld ?is k be to a man :o devot$ ! :ole ( 8 life to inquir+ into ! dome/ic r\t9e ( ! ext9ct dodo1 or to ! improvem5t ( agriculture by ! application ( sci5tific manures8 ,life is %ort1 & x is only possible )9 ! limits ( ! brief span allott$ to u ^u e>? to acquire a c]ta9 numb] ( facts4 ,x is mon/r\sly absurd to sacrifice our be/ ye>s 9 /uff+ s _m facts into ! bra91 9 ord] to avoid be+ laugh$ at by a few ?9-m9d$ p$ants z an ignoramus4 ,"s consolation1 at lea/1 might surely be d]iv$ f ! reflection t _m ( ! greate/ g5iuses :om ! _w has produc$ 7 pr(\ndly ignorant z to n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! ?+s :i* are consid]$ to be indisp5sable k at ! pres5t day4 ,nobody c hope to read all ! books t are popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 dige/$ by ! well-educat$ man4 ,x w\ld be impossible to get ?r\gh a ti! ( !m4 ,yet h[ _m p !re are :o w soon] tell a delib]ate lie1 ?an ackn[l$ge hav+ omitt$ to read "s classic t happ5s to be m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation6 ,& ?is is simply due to ! infatuat$ belief t culture consi/s 9 /uff+ "o's self ) ! ideas ( o!r p4 ,a man ^: bra9 0 teem+ ) 8 own ?\ghts & creations1 b :o _h neglect$ to /ock x ) ! hundr$ ?\s& conv5tional facts cull$ f ! hundr$ be/ books select$ = him by o!r p1 w\ld be look$ ^u z an un$ucat$ boor by cultur$ p$ants ( ! conv5tional type4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ?is false %ame1 inspir$ by an un:olesome t]ror ( public ridicule1 plays a v important "p 9 ty+ p to ! apron-/r+s ( education1 & w>p+ _! judgm5t4 ,b !re is also a ?ird factor :i* mu/ be tak5 s]i\sly into acc\nt4 ,?is is ! widespread cr$ul\sness n only z to ! efficacy1 b z to ! indisp5sability1 ( ! ord9>y me?ods ( in/ruction z m5tal tra9+4 ,p h actually come to believe t no "o c ?9k )\t be+ taught to d s by means ( all k9ds ( ma!matical & classical gymna/ics4 ,:5ce comes ?is mon/r\s notion ,i d n pret5d to be capable ( expla9+--,i m]ely note its univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,probably no doctr9e is m deeply +ra9$ 9 ! m9d ( ! av]age p]son4 ,!re does n seem to be any logic or s5se 9 x2 b somebody ) a huge s5se ( hum\r mu/ h once />t$ ! craze--mu* 9 ! way t a practical jok] w />e int5tly at no?+ 9 a ,london /reet until he has collect$ a l>ge & inquisitive cr[d1 & w !n /eal quietly away1 leav+ ev]ybody look+ vacu\sly at ! same spot4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( education !re is no great] absurdity ?an ! notion t a boy c be taught to ?9k by tra9+ 8 m9d backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! conjugation ( irregul> v]bs & ! vag>ies ( ,lat9 or ,greek inflections4 ,ex]cises ( ?is +5i\sly ridicul\s k9d only s]ve to empty ! bra9 ( ideas1 & to make room = ! reception ( facts cramm$ 9 on ! :olesale sy/em4 ,x is an accept$ fact1 h[ev]1 t ! bra91 9 ord] to pursue its normal functions1 mu/ fir/ be subject$ to a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 ab/ract subjects z f> remov$ z possible f all human int]e/2 t common s5se1 9 o!r words1 is a product ( ,greek roots & algebraical =mul--n ( ! natural application ( ! ?9k+ faculties to ! ord9>y circum/ances ( ev]yday life4 ,! hopeless imbecility ( ?is t5et ( fai? is only equall$ by ! dep? to :i* x has tak5 root 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,! wond]ful ?+ is t ! total failure ( ! plan has n long ago conv9c$ ev]ybody ( its uselessness4 ,b t is at once ! mis*ief & ! *>m ( ! conv5tion3 no am\nt ( practical demon/ration w prejudice anybody aga9/ x4 ,9 ?is way ! great fallacy ( education has be5 all[$ to gr[ up & to spread its false & obnoxi\s pr9ciples l a network ov] ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,) all ! baneful effects produc$ by ^! fallaci\s dogmas />+ !m 9 ! face1 p d n seem to h be5 capable ( tumbl+ to ! fact t ! orig9 ( ! social evils :i* surr\nd !m lies 9 ! v calf ( gold t !y & _! =efa!rs h set up & wor%ipp$4 ,ev5 ! re=m]s ( education appe> to h deceiv$ !mselves4 ,_m ( !m--,arnold & ,?r+ conspicu\s among/ _! numb]--h tri$ to aboli% ?is abuse or to rem$y t defect2 b n "o has gone to ! root ( ! evil1 & has boldly /at$ t ! :ole sy/em ( education is bas$ ^u totally errone\s pr9ciples--design$1 n to enc\rage progress & g5]ate ideas1 b to /ifle developm5t1 & to place an insurm\ntable ob/acle 9 ! pa? ( ! evolution ( humanity4 ,! _w has acquiesc$ 9 ! deceit1 & s ! great fallacy has gr[n up un*eck$1 &1 l a roll+ /one1 ga!r$ moss f g5]ation to g5]ation1 until its hide\s proportions seem to h embrac$ ! univ]se1 & to h %ut out e p>ticle ( light f ! vision ( unhappy1 conv5tion-haunt$ mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,real ,,education ,!re is no su* ?+ 9 exi/5ce z a sy/em ( g5u9e education4 ,a l>ge numb] ( in/itutions exi/1 z we h se51 = ! purpose ( manufactur+ & cramm+1 aft] an approv$ plan1 ! y\? ( ! upp] & middle classes1 & !re is a well-organiz$ sy/em ( %am education spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry "u ! title ( 'public elem5t>y s*ools4' ,t is ! sum ( mod]n educational ef=t4 ,! ^w 'education1' :5 us$ 9 ! s5se t is commonly appli$ to x1 c\ld n be satisfactorily & adequately def9$ 9 less ?an a po/ octavo pamphlet4 ,x signifies an enorm\s numb] ( ?+s1 f pot-hooks to trigonometry4 ,x means hi/ory1 geography1 physics1 *emi/ry1 natural hi/ory1 m9]alogy1 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,fr5*1 ari?metic1 algebra1 ,euclid1 & goodness kn[s h[ _m m ?+s1 jamm$ 9 at s mu* a p\nd4 ,x means tak+ a *ild1 %ak+ ev]y?+ out ( its head1 & !n /uff+ e nook & corn] ) facts x w nev] be able to rememb]1 & ) dates = :i* x _c h any use4 ,x means risk+ ! m5tal %ipwreck ( ! clev] *ild1 & mak+ ! /upid m d5se4 ,& x means popp+ ! individual into a m\ld1 & di%+ him up z a dummy4 ,:at x does n mean1 is develop+ ! faculties ( ea* individual4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 :at education is & :at x %\ld be4 ,if e s*ool & college ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 7 clos$ to-morr[1 x w\ld probably effect "s negative good )9 an appreciable measure ( "t1 & x w\ld c]ta9ly aboli% mu* positive h>m t is be+ unceas+ly produc$ by ! pres5t me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,if no ef=t be made to develop ! faculties ( ea* individual1 !n x is bett] to leave !m alone to develop on _! own acc\nt4 ,b no?+ c be m p]nici\s ?an to take ! y\? ( ! nation :olesale1 & to de/roy mo/ ( ! good t is lat5t 9 !m1 9 ord] to manufacture !m into some?+ :i* ,nature nev] int5d$ !m to be4 ,?is is n education1 b fabrication4 ,x is de/ruction1 n developm5t4 ,real education w\ld consi/ 9 assi/+ e individual to develop ! faculties ) :i* ,nature _h end[$ him1 & to tra9 to _! highe/ capacity any special tal5ts t might reveal !mselves dur+ ! process4 ,above all ?+s1 real education w\ld enc\rage ! utilization ( ! bra9 = purposes ( ?\ght & reflection1 in/ead ( try+ to make x a w>eh\se = /or+ van-loads ( useless k4 ,x is absurd to assume t ?is simple educational aim is beyond ! rea* ( humanity4 ,t its introduction into ! practical affairs ( life w\ld cause a /up5d\s revolution _c be d5i$4 ,b x does n foll[1 on t acc\nt1 t x %\ld be conv5i5tly consign$1 l _m ano!r press+ re=m1 to ! pigeon-hole ( ! impossible4 ,! ma9 ?+ t is requir$ to c>ry out ! true pr9ciple ( education is m individual common s5se & less ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,! mis*iev\s enactm5t t *ildr5 %\ld comm5ce any process ( in/ruction at ! t5d] age ( five %\ld be at once /ruck (f ! /atute-book4 ,no d\bt some?+ w\ld h to be done to remove "y *ildr5 ( ! poore/ class1 9 l>ge t[ns at lea/1 f ! influ5ce ( sordid homes = a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! day4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld be subject$ to ! r\t9e ( an elem5t>y s*ool & cramm$ ) sup]ficial & unsuitable k4 ,*ildr5 want room to ?9k2 _! m9ds h to gr[ up z well z _! bodies4 ,m5tal n\ri%m5t is q z necess>y z physical n\ri%m5t2 b x is nons5sical to apply !m bo? 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,! m9d has to be f$ 9 a totally diff]5t mann] to ! body4 ,! =m] is a delicate op]ation1 t requires f> m c>e & common s5se ?an is necess>y = ! boil+ ( milk or ! prep>ation ( an infant food4 ,! *ild's m9d is n a blank1 ^u :i* any?+ may be writt5 at w2 x is scor$ invisibly ) h]$ity & individual t5d5cies4 ,! function ( ! p>5t is to see t no?+ is done to de/roy ?is delicate fabric1 & to wat* c>efully = revelations ( natural b5t & "*1 9 ord] to enc\rage & develop !m4 ,any?+ 9 ! %ape ( actual tea*+ or in/ruction ought to be rigor\sly avoid$4 ,facts %\ld be reg>d$ z poisons1 to be us$ sp>+ly & ) discrim9ation4 ,e "t t a fact is imp>t$ an idea is driv5 out4 ,t %\ld be c>efully borne 9 m9d4 ,! op]ation ( ! simple/ fact ^u ! intellig5ce is highly complex4 ,x is n only a ?+ to impr9t ^u ! memory1 b x is also a means ( div]t+ ?\ght into ! *annels ( ! commonplace4 ,e fact closes up an av5ue ( ! imag9ation4 ,to take an illu/ration1 let u suppose someone to imp>t to a little *ild ! in=mation t x is a physiological impossibility = angels to h w+s z well z arms4 ,?is prosaic piece ( intellig5ce w\ld1 9 "o mom5t1 annihilate mo/ ( ! romance ( *ildhood4 ,x w\ld be a bl[ f :i* ! imag9ation might nev] recov]4 ,! *ild w\ld1 by a rapid process ( ?\ght1 lose all fai? 9 fairyl&1 & 9 ! ?\s& & "o fancies ( ! y\?ful bra9 t are ! ma9spr+ ( ! developm5t ( ! imag9ation4 ,:y is x t n9ety-n9e p]sons out ( a hundr$ lose ?is faculty 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( _! *ildhood8 ,x is simply because _! br++-up has consi/$ 9 a p]si/5t inoculation ) ! mat]ial facts ( life1 & a correspond+ly p]si/5t elim9ation ( all imag9ative ideas4 ',don't let ! *ildr5 believe su* rubbi%6' is a con/ant ejaculation ( ! me*anical-m9d$ p]son :o does n p]mit himself to suff] any illusions1 & :o has long s9ce 'done ) romance & all t k9d ( twaddle4' ,at any co/ ! imag9ation ( ! *ild %\ld be enc\rag$ & develop$4 ,x is ! ri*e/ ve9 9 ! :ole m5tal ma*9]y ( man1 ! faculty )9 :i* g5ius mo/ frequ5tly lurks1 & :]e x c be mo/ easily & p]man5tly de/roy$4 ,gr[n-up p %\ld rememb] t an indiscreet answ] to a *ildi% "q1 or a snub adm9i/]$ to an inquir+ m9d1 is (t5 suffici5t to *eck ?\ght4 ,x %\ld be ma9ly ! c>e ( ! p>5t to enc\rage ! imag9ation 9 "y *ildr51 recollect+ t up to a c]ta9 age its developm5t dep5ds ^u all ! absurdities & fanta/ic notions ( *ildhood :i* ! av]age adult is s fond ( repress+4 ,by ! ex]cise ( prud5ce & "s %[ ( sympa?y1 x w\ld !n be possible to br+ a *ild up to ! age ( sev5 or eight )\t damag+ its m9d or de/roy+ its faculties4 ,f t po9t onw>ds ! *ild's education ought to dep5d ^u ! individual himself4 ,!re %\ld be no su* ?+ z in/ruction1 9 ! s5se :i* implies ! cramm+ ( ! bra9 ) in=mation1 or su* m5tal gymna/ics z conjugat+ irregul> v]bs & hunt+ = ! lea/ common multiple4 ,! position ( tea*] & pupil w\ld h to be practically rev]s$4 ,! pupil w\ld lead1 & ! tea*] foll[4 ,9 fact1 ! latt] %\ld become an advis] r ?an in/ructor1 ! *ild select+ ^? /udies1 or ^? arts or crafts1 :i* are to be made ! pr9cipal objective ( its education1 :il/ to ! m5tor w\ld fall ! rle ( enc\rag+ & assi/+ ! c\rse ( /udy or practice at a morally safe di/ance4 ,boys & girls w\ld !n n le>n1 b inve/igate4 ,! process ( le>n+ %\ld be got rid ( altoge!r1 be+ a clumsy1 droni% way ( acquir+ k1 & "o t t5ds to keep ! bra9 9 a p]petual /ate ( dep5d5ce4 ,ignorance1 "o ought to rememb]1 is a valuable inc5tive to inve/igation4 ,"y p %\ld be left z mu* z possible to f9d ?+s out = !mselves4 ,education %\ld resemble a p]son grop+ =w>d 9 ! d>k2 & only s mu* light ought to be let 9 ^u ! process z seems desirable 9 ea* individual case4 ,9 t way1 at lea/1 ! pupil w\ld le>n to ?9k = himself2 & ev5 if little m 7 accompli%$ ?an ?is1 x w\ld be ( t5 ?\s& times great] value to ! individual1 & to ! community at l>ge1 ?an ! acquisition ( a l>ge /ock ( facts at ! price ( los+ all p[] ( reflection & initiative4 ,let me give an illu/ration ( :at ,i w call ! oppos+ me?ods ( education4 ,we w suppose1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! only available book = ! in/ruction ( a class ( boys 0 t excell5t b ab/ruse "w kn[n z ',brad%aw's ,railway ,guide4' ,! mod]n s*oolma/] w\ld draw up an exhau/ive & complicat$ s*eme4 ,s mu* "t w\ld be devot$ to p>s+ e s5t5ce ?r\gh ! book4 ,! figures w\ld be add$ up1 & subtract$1 & divid$4 ,he w\ld concoct neat little ma!matical problems3 ,if ! #aa4dj express f ,padd+ton travell$ to ,sw9don at fifty miles an h\r & broke d[n half-way1 at :at o'clock w\ld ! #ab4ae p>liam5t>y tra9 ov]take x8 & s =?4 ,b--mo/ valuable ex]cise ( all--long tables ( tra9s w\ld be le>nt (f by he>t1 ) ! names ( /opp+ places & ! prices ( ! fir/-class tickets4 ,a g5u9e educationi/ w\ld set to "w 9 a mu* simpl] fa%ion4 ,he w\ld tell ! boys to look out a good tra9 f ,birm+ham to ,newca/le4 ,ea* boy w\ld be free to tackle ! problem 9 8 own fa%ion1 & ! task--if successfully accompli%$--w\ld d mu* t[>ds develop+ ! ?9k+ faculties4 ,9 any sy/em ( real education x w\ld be impossible = ! s*oolma/] to dictate ! subjects to :i* ! pupil %\ld give 8 att5tion1 & x w\ld be equally impossible = ! p>5t to say ',i int5d my son to ent] su*-&-su* a pr(ession4' ,nobody c settle be=eh& :at tal5ts ! *ild is to develop4 ,t is a private matt] 9 :i* no ?ird p]son has any "r to int]f]e betwe5 ! *ild itself & ,nature4 ,mod]n education consi/s entirely ( int]f]5ce4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! int]f]5ce ( ! p>5t1 :o insi/s ^u an arti/ic boy becom+ a bank]1 puts an incipi5t tradesman into ! army1 or tries to make a s*ol> out ( a me*anic4 ,!n !re comes ! int]f]5ce ( ! s*oolma/]1 :o has 8 fav\rite recipe ( ,lat9 v]ses1 quadratic equations1 & :at n1 to /uff into e head he c get hold ( = a few t]ms4 ,la/ly appe>s ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* decl>es t nobody %all ent] ! army1 or navy1 or civil s]vice1 )\t devot+ 8 be/ ye>s to be+ cramm$ 9 su* a sc&al\s fa%ion1 t x is a toss-up :e!r he breaks d[n altoge!r "u ! ordeal1 or simply =gets1 a few mon?s aft] ! consummation ( ! process1 all t has be5 pit*=k$ into 8 bra94 ,:5 a baby is br\ght into ! _w ! p>5ts sp5d ! fir/ ye> ( its life 9 wond]+ & speculat+ ab\t its future4 ,w x be a great au?or1 or a ,bi%op1 or a ,"l ,*ancellor8 ,if its m\? twit*es :5 anyone slams a door1 or x gurgles happily :5 a note is /ruck on ! piano1 !y decl>e x has g5ius = music2 & if x amuses itself lat] on by crude ef=ts to draw di/ort$ figures ) di/ort$ faces & di/ort$ arms & legs1 !y jump to ! conclusion t !y h produc$ an infant ,correggio4 ,:y does all ?is anxiety ab\t ! *ild's individuality disappe> ! mom5t its intellig5ce beg9s to dawn8 ,"o mu/ suppose1 at any rate1 t x does1 because ! p>5t imm$iately sets ab\t gett+ all ! orig9ality knock$ out ( 8 (fspr+1 & does n grudge ! paym5t ( heavy fees to secure ?is object4 ,! dreams ab\t ! ,"l ,*ancellor%ip1 or ! gold m$al at ! musical academy1 vani% z if by magic4 ,!re is no m talk ab\t bi%oprics or arti/ic fame4 ,! p>5ts settle d[n to ! conv5tional task ( hav+ ! *ild fitt$ = some?+ x has no desire to be2 & ! notion t ! p>ticul> faculties !y obs]v$--or ?\ght !y obs]v$--dur+ its e>ly infancy %\ld or c\ld be develop$ nev] appe>s to ent] _! heads = a mom5t4 ,"s *ildr5 develop lat] ?an o!rs2 b ) prop] c>e & enc\ragem5t x w\ld be possible n to lead1 b to foll[1 ea* *ild to its own b5t4 ,! *ild mu/ %[ ! way--t is ! ess5ce ( real education1 & x involves a complete upheaval ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* sy/ems ( in/ruction are at pres5t f\nd$4 ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* p are n[ able to obta9 a g5u9e education1 & x goes by ! "n--appli$ ) m or less contempt--( self-culture4 ,! process consi/s simply 9 ! individual *oos+ 8 own subjects & /udy+ !m z be/ he c4 ,no d\bt ! me?od c\ld be imm5sely ext5d$ & improv$1 = ! self-cultur$ man has no m5tor to guide him :5 he is 9 p]plexity1 & w\ld pr(it by exp]i5c$ advice4 ,b ev5 7 ?is n ! case1 x w\ld be f> bett] to aboli% s*ools & univ]sities & to let ev]ybody %ift = himself1 ?an to insi/ ^u subject+ ! y\? ( ! nation to a sy/em t +5i\sly manufactures failures = e walk 9 life1 & accompli%es practically no?+ else4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,op5 ,,door ,,to ,,intellig5ce ,x has be5 ! *ief aim 9 ^! pages1 n to elaborate a s*eme ( education on new pr9ciples1 b to po9t out ! utt] folly ( p]si/+ ) a sy/em t has work$ a va/ am\nt ( evil1 & _c be prov$ to h a*iev$ any real good4 ,our great m5 h n be5 ! product ( a s*ool curriculum1 or ( an academic tra9+4 ,9 no s+le in/ance1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 has nobility ( "*1 or ! possession ( g5ius1 or s\ndness ( judgm5t1 or ev5 beauty ( diction 9 lit]ature1 be5 attributable to ! gr9d 9 grammatical rules1 ! fact-cramm+1 & ! m5tal gymna/ics :i* g to make up :at is call$ 'a lib]al education4' ,9 sci5ce1 :]e ! highe/ intellectual qualities are br\ght into play1 mo/ ( ! great discov]]s h ow$ _! entire sci5tific k to self-taught me?ods ( inve/igation4 ,& x is ! same ?+ 9 e field ( rese>* :]e ! ?9k+ faculties mu/ rea* ! supreme limit ( developm5t--namely1 t no?+ is traceable to academic le>n+1 & t ev]y?+ is ow+ to ! m5tal initiative :i* is produc$ solely by self-inculcat$ habits ( reflection4 ,to give education sy/ems ! cr$it1 or ev5 a %>e 9 ! cr$it1 ( all ! spl5did a*ievem5ts 9 politics1 sci5ce1 art1 & lit]ature is %e] intellectual laz9ess4 ,x is ! curse ( ! age t few p w tr\ble to "q ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 & t nobody--except ^? :o make ! manufacture ( op9ions _! pr(ession--c be f\nd to express an indep5d5t op9ion on any subject "u ! sun4 ,t is "o reason :y newspap]s exi/ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,! lead+ article is prim>ily ! inv5tion ( ! /upid1 conv5tional1 well-educat$ man ^: pr(\nd k ( dates & irregul> v]bs has1 un=tunately1 _h ! effect ( prev5t+ him f =m+ 8 own judgm5t on public affairs4 ,! ,press1 :i* mu/ h be5 orig9ally e/abli%$1 l ! fam\s ,pek+ ,gazette1 = ! dissem9ation ( news1 has long ago discov]$ t p pref] to obta9 _! op9ions ready-made4 ,! wise argum5t we he> be+ urg$ 9 a railway-c>riage or at a d9n]-table is m]ely an intellectual rea*-me-d[n pur*as$ at a book-/all = ! mode/ price ( "o p5ny4 ,if !re 7 only "o newspap]1 & consequ5tly only "o lead+ article on a p>ticul> topic1 political discussion w\ld die a natural dea?4 ,! political op9ion to :i* ! maje/ic ald]man or ! classically-tra9$ savant gives su* pr(\nd utt]ance is ! op9ion1 n ( himself1 b ( "s poor devil :o kn[s no?+ ( ! bless+s ( a univ]sity education1 b :o writes 9 a g>ret1 or 9 a d+y (fice (f ,fleet ,/reet1 to e>n 8 bread & *eese4 ,its value or political insight ne$ n be disp>ag$ on t acc\nt4 ,i w\ld tru/ x a ?\s& times r ?an ,i w\ld tru/ ! op9ion--if su* a ?+ %\ld h any exi/5ce--( ! av]age educat$ man ^: bra9s h be5 jellifi$ at s*ool or college4 ,! po9t is n ! value ( ! humble scribe's op9ion1 h[ev]1 b ! fact t a man1 ( :at w\ld be call$ inf]ior educational atta9m5ts1 has to be engag$ to d m5tal "w t _c be p]=m$ by ! bra9s ( p :o h enjoy$ all ! advantages t a fir/-rate education is suppos$ to conf]4 ,! vote ( ! work+-man is sc>cely m un9tellig5tly appli$ at election times ?an ! vote ( ! educat$ man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =m] may be said to ?9k indep5d5tly1 or at lea/ to use an indep5d5t in/9ct1 :il/ ! latt] is cont5t$ to believe 9 ! iniquity ( "o p>ty or ! virtue ( ano!r1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! man 9 ! g>ret4 ,! work+ man wants be]1 & he kn[s x4 ,! ,*9a "q1 ! w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ! h\s+ ( ! work+ classes1 ! great education controv]sy--ev]y?+ is be] to him4 ,x is ! ,gov]nm5t :o *eap5 be]1 or :o regulate ! p]c5tage ( ars5ic to be us$ 9 brew+1 t comm& 8 support--n ,m9i/]s :o promise to ma9ta9 ,briti% supremacy 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 or :o put =w>d an attractive programme ( dome/ic legislation4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ?is :olesale production ( dummy memb]s ( society is t ! /r+s ( gov]nm5t are really pull$ by ! intellig5t few4 ,:atev] ! ext]nal con/itution ( ,great ,brita9 may be1 ! real p[] does n lie ) ,p>liam5t or ) ! ,executive1 b is inv>iably wield$ by "o or m m5 ( comm&+ ability4 ,nom9ally1 ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( ! social ari/ocracy1 t is to say1 ( a few pe] families & _! innum]able relations4 ,:i*ev] ( ! two great p>ties 9 ! ,/ate may happ5 to be 9 p[]1 ! ,gov]nm5t is inv>iably exploit$ by memb]s ( ! pe] class1 :o practically divide ! spoils ( (fice among/ !mselves & _! imm$iate ent\rage4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! ,engli% nobility manage to usurp all ! (fices ( ,/ate1 & to secure all ! plums = !mselves1 x is n !y :o really gov]n ! c\ntry4 ,no d\bt ! l&$ ari/ocracy are politically ! mo/ fit to gov]n4 ,!y h no comm]cial or indu/rial int]e/s t may br+ corrupt & undesirable influ5ces into public life4 ,b !y are unfitt$ = ! position !y ought to occupy by a sy/em ( education t manufactures m$iocrity1 & /ifles ! v qualities ( imag9ativ5ess & initiative :i* are indisp5sable to s\nd /atesman%ip4 ,:at is ! inevitable result8 ,! self-made man1 ) all 8 spl5did intellectual faculties develop$1 ) 8 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t1 & 8 acquir$ habit ( ?9k+ = himself in/ead ( lean+ on prec$5t & borr[$ wisdom1 rides ! dummy ,gov]nm5t class ) :ip & spur4 ,he lays on ! la% "h & digs 9 ! r[els !re1 goad+ on 8 /e$ 9 any direction t *ances to suit 8 purpose4 ,he naturally places p]sonal ambition 9 front ( national exp$i5cy1 because 8 political c>e] is necess>ily a con/ant fight aga9/ odds4 ,ei!r he mu/ rise sup]ior to ! pe] comb9ation1 z ,disraeli succe$$ 9 do+ aft] a /ruggle unp>allel$ 9 ! annals ( political hi/ory1 or he w be cru%$ by x4 ,b ! necessities ( 8 position r5d] ! self-made man a p>ticul>ly undesirable elem5t 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 successful upw>d /ruggle he has1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 entangl$ himself 9 comm]cial or indu/rial int]e/s f :i* x is difficult or impossible = him to dissociate himself4 ,by ?is means1 & ?r\gh ! necess>ily adv5tur\s "* ( 8 political c>e]1 he c sc>cely avoid becom+1 h[ev] undes]v$ ! imputation may be1 an object ( suspicion4 ,& :5 once di/ru/ ( ?is k9d has be5 all[$ to p]meate ?r\gh our public life1 ! deg5]ation ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t mu/ foll[4 ,disraeli sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 political life 9 manoeuvr+ = ! premi]%ip4 ,:5 8 object _h be5 successfully atta9$1 all 8 great qualities 7 turn$ to ! advantage ( ! ,/ate4 ,b up to t po9t he 0 compell$1 9 ord] to survive 9 8 colossal /ruggle aga9/ ! ari/ocratic elem5t 9 politics1 to play = 8 own h&4 ,t mu/ always be ! case ) ! self-made man4 ,8 fir/ objective mu/ be 8 own self-pres]vation1 & if he wi%es to ga9 p[] he is b\nd to exploit ! political situation1 reg>dless ( ! be/ int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 because e man's h& is aga9/ him until ! summit ( 8 ambition has be5 rea*$4 ,s*ools & colleges 9 :i* ! m9d is cramm$ in/ead ( be+ develop$ _c produce /atesm54 ,!y c manufacture 9 unlimit$ quantities ! type ( well-int5tion$1 hon\rable m$iocrity ) :i* our public s]vice is /ock$4 ,b z long z ?is process is cont9u$1 ! real p[] 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! ,empire w rema9 virtually 9 ! h&s ( a few able individuals ( ! wrong calibre4 ,!re w be a dummy ,prime ,m9i/]1 & a dummy ,cab9et2 b ! wires w be work$ by ! self-made man :o mu/ place himself fir/ & 8 c\ntry second1 ) consequ5ces usually disa/r\s to ! national welf>e4 ,!re is no int5d$ disp>agem5t ( ! self-made man4 ,he is1 & always has be51 ! be/ intellectual product ( ! age4 ,! greate/ /atesm51 philosoph]s1 sci5ti/s1 writ]s1 & o!r m5 ( g5ius h be5 self-made or self-cultur$4 ,b x does n foll[ because great /atesm5 h be5 self-made m51 t x is = ! good ( ! c\ntry t its rul]s %\ld be drawn f t class4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! self-made man usually creates f> m mis*ief 9 ! c\rse ( 8 upw>d political /ruggle1 ?an is comp5sat$ = aft]w>ds :5 he has secur$ 8 position & c turn 8 tal5ts to ! acc\nt ( 8 c\ntry1 in/ead ( = ! purpose ( secur+ 8 own p]sonal advancem5t4 ,!re is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 a national em]g5cy = :i* we h to prep>e4 ,our ext5d$ ,imp]ial obligations1 & ! %>p comm]cial competition :i* has caus$ "s ( ! great ,p[]s to sacrifice individuality :olesale 9 ord] to mobilize an army ( trad]s1 make x imp]ative t measures %\ld be tak5 to pres]ve ! ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,! ?+ to avoid at ?is mom5t is imitation ( tactics t w s5d e nation adopt+ !m backw>d 9 evolution4 ,to secure a tempor>y comm]cial triumph at ! enorm\s sacrifice ( ! natural developm5t ( ! individual1 w\ld be a fatal & %ort-sight$ policy t c\ld only end 9 national ru94 ,we h n yet rea*$ ! wor/ dep?s ( ! education fallacy1 b we are complac5tly drift+ 9 t direction4 ,/ate int]f]5ce 9 educational matt]s may be an excell5t ?+ :5 ! :ole en]gies ( ! c5tral au?orities happ5 to be ex]t$ 9 mitigation ( ! evils ( ! national sy/em4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t political p>ties & ! heads ( dep>tm5ts are con/antly *ang+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! re=m] ( to-day may to-morr[ be sup]s$$ by a retrogressive-m9d$ m$iocrity2 & !re w\ld be no gu>antee t ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! "o w\ld n be annihilat$ aft]w>ds by ! p]nici\s int]m$dl+ ( ! o!r4 ,in/ead ( ca/+ ab\t = means ( secur+ a ,/ate monopoly ( ! ru9\s type ( education suppli$ by our s*ools & colleges1 x w\ld be m conducive to ! salvation ( ! c\ntry if ! :ole en]gies ( ! nation 7 direct$ t[>ds revolutioniz+ ! sy/em ( in/ruction itself4 ,if s*oolma/]s c accompli% no?+ bett] ?an ! manufacture ( set types ( humanity1 ! progress ( mank9d w\ld be promot$ m rapidly )\t _! assi/ance4 ,:at is1 aft] all1 ! ma9 object ( education8 ,x is to assi/ ev]ybody to develop 8 faculties & tal5ts1 s t he may be fitt$ = ! position 9 life :i* ,nature int5d$ him to occupy4 ,nobody c ass]t = an in/ant t ! conv5tional me?ods ( in/ruct+ y\? ei!r a*ieve1 or ev5 appe> to aim at a*iev+1 ?is end4 ,! s*ool does n pret5d to discov] or to enc\rage individual tal5ts4 ,x (f]s to p\nd s mu* ,lat9 gramm>1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 geography1 etc41 into ea* pupil1 & to turn him out at ! end ( ! process ) exactly ! same m5tal equipm5t z t acquir$ by ! re/ ( 8 s*ool-fell[s4 ,! pr9cipal aim ( ?is book has be5 to draw att5tion to ! incongruities & evils br\ght ab\t by ?is %am & wor?less sy/em ( education4 ,t ! _w conta9s _m illu/ri\s examples ( culture & g5ius is no pro( t ! slighte/ b5efit has be5 d]iv$ by anybody f p>s+ ,ovid or cramm+ facts & dates4 ',! be/ "p ( e man's education1' said ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 'is t :i* he gives to himself'2 & x might be add$1 ) lit]al tru?1 t x is ! only "p :i* is ( ! slighte/ s]vice 9 develop+ ! m9d ) :i* he has be5 naturally end[$4 ,all t ,i h presum$ to advocate is t ! door %\ld be left op5 to intellig5ce4 ,! education sy/ems ( ! pres5t day are p>ticul>ly felicit\s 9 keep+ x firmly clos$4 ,x is only by dodg+ ! s*oolma/] & ! coa* t y\?ful tal5t /&s a *ance ( be+ br\ght to maturity4 ,! greate/ a*ievem5ts are n ! "w ( s5ior wrangl]s & ,balliol s*ol>s3 !y h be5 accompli%$ by class-room dunces1 l ,clive & ,well+ton2 by s*ool idl]s1 su* z ,napoleon1 ,disraeli1 ,swift1 & ,newton2 or by self-taught m5 l ,/eph5son1 ,john ,hunt]1 ,liv+/one1 & ,h]s*el4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! in/itution ( a rational me?od ( develop+ ! m9d ( ! individual w\ld sweep away all ^! anomalies4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( m5 9 responsible positions :o w\ld will+ly ex*ange _! entire /ock ( classical or ma!matical k = a modicum ( common s5se & judgm5t4 ,if ev]ybody 7 enc\rag$ to ?9k = himself1 ! ,empire w\ld h no lack ( good s]vants to c>ry on ! traditions ( ! pa/2 & ! dummy unit ( adm9i/ration w\ld give place to a self-reliant man1 capable ( mov+ ) ! times1 & ( s]v+ ! public int]e/ accord+ to its wants1 in/ead ( cl++ m]ely to r\t9e & prec$5t4 ,ne>ly all ! mis]y suff]$ by humanity has be5 produc$ by artificial means4 ,provid5ce did n int5d ?is _w to be a place ( purgatory = ! majority ( mank9d4 ,we are :at we h made ourselves1 & n :at evolution int5d$ u to be4 ,x is 9 our p[] to mitigate mu* ( ! evil we h ignorantly manufactur$ = our own discomfiture1 if we only attack x at ! roots4 ,& ! greate/ curse humanity has laid ^u itself is t arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) ! natural developm5t ( ! m9d :i* is misnam$ 'education4' ,,! ,,end ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d