,,rural ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,by ,,joseph ,,k5n$y ,,dean ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,nor? ,,dakota ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,c9c9nati ,,*icago ,,rural ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,w4 ,p4 #b4 ,,preface ,?is volume is address$ to ! m5 & wom5 :o h at he>t ! int]e/s ( rural life & ! rural s*ool4 ,i h tri$ to avoid deeply speculative !ories on ! "o h&1 & di/ress+ly practical details on ! o!r2 & h address$ myself *iefly to ! intellig5t individual ev]y:]e--to ! f>m] & 8 wife1 to ! tea*]s ( rural s*ools1 to ! public spirit$ s*ool bo>ds1 individually & collectively1 & to ! lead]s ( rural communities & ( social c5t]s g5]ally4 ,i h tri$ to avoid ! two extremes :i* ,guizot says are always to be %unn$1 viz43 t ( ! vision>y !ori/ & t ( ! lib]t9e practician4 ,! =m] is analog\s to a blank c>tridge1 & ! latt] to ! mire ( a swamp or ! entangl$ und]bru% ( a ?icket4 ,! legs ( "o's !ories 7z ,l9coln said ( ^? ( a man7 %\ld be long en\gh to rea* ! e>?2 & yet !y mu/ be free to move ^u ! solid gr\nd ( fact & exp]i5ce4 ,details mu/ always be left to ! p]son :o is to d ! "w1 :e!r x be t ( ! tea*]1 ( ! f>m]1 or ( ! s*ool (fic]4 ,i am aw>e t !re is a v]itable flood ( books on ?is & k9dr$ topics1 n[ com+ f ! presses ( ! c\ntry4 ,my sole reasons = ! publication ( ! pres5t volume are ! desire to deliv] ! message :i* has come to fruition 9 my m9d1 & ! hope t x may rea* & int]e/ "s :o h n be5 b5efit$ by a bett] & m sy/ematic treatise on ?is subject4 ,by way ( cr$5tial & ju/ification1 ,i w\ld say t ! message ( ! book has 9 l>ge measure gr[n out ( my own life & ?\ght2 = ,i 0 born & br\ght up 9 ! c\ntry1 !re ,i receiv$ my elem5t>y education1 & !re ,i rema9$ till man gr[n4 ,practically e k9d ( "w kn[n on ! f>m 0 famili> to me1 & ,i h also taught & sup]vis$ rural s*ools4 ,^! exp]i5ces are reg>d$ z ( ! highe/ value1 & ,i rev]t 9 memory to !m ) a satisfaction & affection :i* words _c express4 ,if !re %\ld seem to be a note ( despair 9 "s ( ! e>li] *apt]s z to ! desir$ outcome ( ! problems ( rural life & ! rural s*ool1 x is n int5d$ t su* impression %all be complete & f9al4 ,an attempt is made simply to place ! problem & ! facts 9 _! true light be=e ! read]4 ,!re has be5 mu* palav]+ on ?is subject1 z !re has be5 mu* en=c$ scream+ ( ! eagle 9 _m ( our ,f\r? ( ,july orations4 ,i feel t ! fir/ requisite is to conceive ! problems cle>ly & 9 all s]i\sness4 ,if ^! problems are to be solv$1 true conceptions ( values mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 ! social m9d4 ,_m pres5t conceptions1 l ^? ( ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]1 /&>ds = tea*+1 sup]vision1 s*ool equipm5t1 sal>y1 etc41 mu/ fir/ be dis-e/abli%$1 & !n high] & bett] ones sub/itut$4 ,!re w h to be a g5u9e & intellig5t tackl+ ( ! problems1 & n1 z has be5 ! case too (t51 a m]e play+ ) !m4 ,!re w h to be "s real /atesman%ip introduc$ into ! pres5t laissez-faire _s1 attitude1 & me?ods ( ,am]ican rural life & rural education4 ,! nation 9 ?is respect ne$s a trumpet call to action4 ,!re is ne$ ( a *orus1 l\d & long1 & if ! small voice ( ! pres5t discussion %all add only a little--h[ev] little--to ?is volume ( s\nd1 !re w be s mu* ( ga94 ,?is is my aim & my hope4 ,,joseph ,,k5n$y ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,nor? ,,dakota ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rural ,,life #i ,a g5]ation ago2 ,*ores & "w2 ,value ( "w2 ,extremes2 ,ye>ly r\t9e2 ,dislik$ 9 comp>ison2 ,o!r h>d jobs2 ,h>ve/+2 ,?re%+2 ,welcome ev5ts2 ,w9t] "w2 ,:at ! old days lack$2 ,! result2 ,! backw>d rural s*ool2 ,wom5's condition unreliev$2 ,! rural problem mu/ be met2 ,facilities4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,urban ,,tr5d #ai ,cityw>d2 ,attractive =ces2 ,conv5i5ces 9 cities2 ,urbaniz$ lit]ature2 ,city s*ools2 ,city *ur*es2 ,city "w pref]r$2 ,retir$ f>m]s2 ,educational c5t]s2 ,face ! problem2 ,educational value n realiz$2 ,wrong /&>d 9 ! social m9d2 ,rural organization2 ,play+ ) ! problem4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,real ,,& ,,! ,,ideal ,,s*ool #bh ,! build+2 ,no sy/em ( v5tilation2 ,! surr\nd+s2 ,! int]ior2 ,small1 dead s*ool2 ,t picture & ?is2 ,ar*itecture ( build+2 ,get exp]t op9ion2 ,o!r surr\nd+s2 ,numb] ( pupils2 ,x w n tea* alone2 ,! tea*]2 ,a good rural s*ool2 ,! problem4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,"s ,,l9es ,,( ,,progress #ch ,progress2 ,9 reap+ ma*9es2 ,! dropp]2 ,! h& rake2 ,! self rake2 ,! h>ve/]2 ,! wire b9d]2 ,! tw9e b9d]2 ,?re%+ ma*9e2 ,! fir/ ma*9e2 ,improvem5ts2 ,! /eam eng9e2 ,improvem5ts 9 ocean travel2 ,f h&-sp9n+ to factory2 ,! co/2 ,progress 9 high] education2 ,progress 9 normal s*ools2 ,progress 9 agricultural colleges2 ,progress 9 ! high s*ools2 ,h[ is ! rural s*ool8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,backw>d ,,& ,,neglect$ ,,field #di ,rural s*ools ! same ev]y:]e2 ,rural s*ools no bett] ?an =m]ly2 ,"s improvem5ts2 ,/rong p]sonalities 9 ! old] s*ools2 ,m m5 ne$$2 ,l[ /&>d n[2 ,! survival ( ! unfitte/2 ,%ort t]ms2 ,poor sup]vision2 ,no decid$ movem5t2 ,elem5t>y tea*+ n a pr(ession2 ,! problem difficult1 b be=e u2 ,o!r educational int]e/s %\ld help2 ,high] /&>ds necess>y2 ,c\rses = tea*]s2 ,! problem ( comp5sation2 ,consolidation z a factor2 ,bett] sup]vision necess>y2 ,a model rural s*ool2 ,! tea*] %\ld lead2 ,a good bo>d+ place4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,consolidation ,,( ,,rural ,,s*ools #fc ,! process2 ,:5 n necess>y2 ,! di/rict sy/em2 ,! t[n%ip sy/em2 ,consolidation difficult 9 di/rict sy/em2 ,easi] 9 t[n%ip sy/em2 ,consolidation a special problem = ea* di/rict2 ,disagreem5ts on transportation2 ,ea* community mu/ decide = itself2 ,! di/ance to be transport$2 ,responsible driv]2 ,co/ ( consolidation2 ,m life 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool2 ,"s grad+ desirable2 ,bett] tea*]s2 ,bett] build+s & inspection2 ,long] t]ms2 ,regul>ity1 punctuality1 & att5dance2 ,bett] sup]vision2 ,! s*ool z a social c5t]2 ,bett] roads2 ,consolidation com+ ev]y:]e2 ,! m>ri$ tea*] & p]man5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,tea*] #gg ,! greate/ factor2 ,:at education is2 ,:at ! real tea*] is2 ,a hypnoti/2 ,unty+ knots2 ,too mu* k9dness2 ,! button illu/ration2 ,! *>iot race2 ,physically s\nd2 ,"*2 ,well educat$2 ,pr(essional prep>ation2 ,exp]i5ce2 ,*oos+ a tea*]2 ,a scoop2 ,:at makes ! diff]5ce2 ,a "q ( tea*]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,insep>ables #hh ,! mode2 ,! mode 9 labor2 ,! mode 9 educational in/itutions2 ,no pr(ession2 ,weak p]sonalities2 ,l[ /&>d2 ,! norm ( wages too l[2 ,! insep>ables2 ,raise ! /&>d fir/2 ,m m52 ,coop]ation ne$$2 ,! supply2 ,make x fa%ionable2 ,! retirem5t sy/em2 ,city & c\ntry sal>ies--effects2 ,! solution dem&s m2 ,a good s*ool bo>d2 ,bo>d & tea*]2 ,! ideal4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,curriculum #ajj ,imitation2 ,! c\ntry imitates ! city2 ,textbooks2 ,an int]pret+ core2 ,rural tea*]s f ! city2 ,a c\rse = rural tea*]s2 ,all n to rema9 9 ! c\ntry2 ,m]e textbook tea*+2 ,a ri* environm5t2 ,:o w tea* ^! ?+s82 ,! sci5tific _s ne$$2 ,a c\rse ( /udy2 ,r$ tape2 ,l5g? ( t]m2 ,individual "w2 ,wak+ up ! m9d2 ,! ov]fl[ ( in/ruction2 ,affiliation2 ,! lik+ po9t2 ,! tea*]1 ! *ief factor4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,social ,,c5t] #aad ,! tea*]1 ! lead]2 ,"s community activities2 ,! lit]>y society2 ,debates2 ,! s*ool program2 ,spell+ s*ools2 ,lectures2 ,dramatic p]=mances2 ,a musical program2 ,slides & mov+ pictures2 ,sup]vis$ danc+2 ,sports & games2 ,s*ool exhibits2 ,a public =um2 ,c\rtesy & c&or2 ,automobile p>ties2 ,full life or a full purse2 ,organization2 ,! insep>ables4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision #abg ,important2 ,sup]vision /&>dizes2 ,sup]vision c be ov]done2 ,ne$$ 9 rural s*ools2 ,no sup]vision 9 "s /ates2 ,nom9al sup]vision2 ,"s sup]vision2 ,an impossible task2 ,! problem n tackl$2 ,city sup]vision2 ,! purpose ( sup]vision2 ,:at is ne$$2 ,! t]m2 ,assi/ants2 ,! s*ools exam9$2 ,keep d[n r$ tape2 ,help ! social c5t]s2 ,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,lead]%ip ,,& ,,coop]ation #aci ,! real lead]2 ,tea*+ vs4 tell+2 ,enli/+ ! coop]ation ( pupils2 ,plac+ responsibility2 ,h[ p rema9 *ildr52 ,on ! f>m2 ,r5t]s2 ,! own]2 ,! tea*] z a lead]2 ,self-activity & self-gov]nm5t2 ,tak+ laws ^u "o's self2 ,an educational column2 ,all along ! educational l9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,8 ,,home #aeb ,f>m+ 9 ! pa/2 ,old conceit & prejudice2 ,level+ d[n2 ,premises indicative2 ,conv5i5ces by labor-sav+ devices2 ,eggs 9 sev]al baskets2 ,! be/ is ! *eape/2 ,good "w2 ,good se$ & trees2 ,a good c>etak]2 ,family coop]ation2 ,an ideal life4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,rural ,,r5aissance #afj ,d>ke/ be=e ! dawn2 ,! awak5+2 ,! agricultural colleges2 ,conv5tions2 ,o!r awak5+ ag5cies2 ,! f>m] 9 politics2 ,! ,national ,commission2 ,mix$ f>m+2 ,n[ be=e ! c\ntry2 ,educational ext5sion2 ,libr>y ext5sion "w2 ,"s fro?2 ,?\ght & attitude4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,a ,,good ,,place ,,aft] ,,all #afi ,n pessimi/ic2 ,few] h\rs ( labor ?an =m]ly2 ,! m5tal factor gr[+2 ,! bright side ( old-"t c\ntry life2 ,! l>g] environm5t2 ,games2 ,inv5tiv5ess 9 rural life2 ,activity r ?an passivity2 ,*ild labor2 ,! f9e/ life on e>?4 ,,rural ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,*apt] ,i ,,rural ,,life ,x is only )9 ! pa/ decade t rural life & ! rural s*ool h be5 recogniz$ z g5u9e problems = ! consid]ation ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 a presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 act+ ^u 8 own initiative1 appo9t$ a ,rural ,s*ool ,commission to inve/igate c\ntry life & to sugge/ a solution = "s ( its problems4 ,t ,commission itself & its report 7 bo? ! effect & ! cause ( an awak5+ ( ! public m9d ^u ?is mo/ important problem4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s ! cry ,back to ! c\ntry has be5 he>d on e h&1 & means are n[ con/antly be+ propos$ = rev]s+ ! urban tr5d1 or at lea/ = m9imiz+ x4 ,a ,g5]ation ,ago4--,rural life1 z x exi/$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury or m ago1 0 extremely sev]e & inde$ to our m9d q repell5t4 ,9 ^? days--& no d\bt !y are s ev5 yet 9 _m places--! conditions 7 too (t5 =bidd+ & det]r5t4 ,o!rwise h[ c we expla9 ! v g5]al t5d5cy among ! y\ng] p to move f ! c\ntry to ! city8 ,*ores & ,"w4--,! c\ntry y\?1 a m]e boy 9 8 te5s1 01 & /ill is1 compell$ to rise e>ly 9 ! morn+--(t5 at f\r o'clock--& to g ?r\gh ! r\nd ( *ores & ( "w = a long day ( twelve to fifte5 h\rs4 ,fir/1 aft] ris+1 he _h 8 team to c>e =1 ! /ables 7 to be clean$1 c[s to be milk$1 & hogs & calves to be f$4 ,aft] ! *ores 7 done ! boy or ! "y man _h to "w all day at manual labor1 usually close to ! soil2 he 0 all[$ ab\t "o h\r's re/ at d9n] "t2 9 ! ev5+ aft] a day's h>d labor1 he _h to p]=m ! same r\nd ( *ores z 9 ! morn+ s t !re 0 b a %ort "t = play & recreation1 if he _h any surplus en]gy left4 ,he usually retir$ e>ly1 = he 0 fatigu$ & ne$$ sleep & re/ 9 ord] to be refre%$ = ! foll[+ day1 :5 he v likely w\ld be requir$ to repeat ! same dull r\nd4 ,value ( ,"w4--,( c\rse "w is a good ?+4 ,a mod]ate & reasonable am\nt ( labor is usually ! salvation ( any individual4 ,no nation or race has come up f savag]y to civilization )\t ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( labor4 ,x is likewise true t no individual c advance f ! savag]y ( *ildhood to ! civilization ( adult life except ?r\gh "w ( "s k9d4 ,"w 9 a reasonable am\nt is a bless+ & n a curse4 ,x is probably due to ?is fact t s _m m5 9 our hi/ory h become di/+ui%$ 9 pr(essional life1 9 ! =um1 on ! b5*1 & 9 ! national ,congress2 9 *ildhood & y\? !y 7 inur$ to habits ( "w4 ,?is kept !m f temptation1 & end[$ !m ) habits ( indu/ry1 ( conc5tration1 & ( purpose4 ,! old adage t ,satan f9ds "s mis*ief /ill = idle h&s to d1 f\nd little application 9 ! rural life ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,extremes4--,ev5 ) all its unrecogniz$ advantages1 ! fact rema9s t f>m life has be5 q g5]ally un9t]e/+ to ! av]age human be+4 ,!re are individuals :o become s accu/om$ to h>d "w t ! habit really gr[s to be pleasant4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 (t5 happ5s4 ,habit accu/oms ! individual to accommodate himself to exi/+ conditions1 no matt] h[ sev]e !y may be4 ,a v old man :o 0 %ock+ :eat "u ! hot sun ( a h>ve/ day 0 once told t x mu/ be h>d "w = him4 ,he repli$1 ,yes1 b ,i l x :5 ! bundles are my own4 ,s ! few :o are int]e/$ & accu/om$ by habit to ?is k9d ( life may enjoy x1 b to ! great majority ( p ! conditions w\ld be decid$ly unattractive4 ,ye>ly ,r\t9e4--,! ye>ly r\t9e on ! f>m us$ to be ab\t z foll[s3 ,9 e>ly spr+1 be=e se$+ "t _h come1 all ! se$ :eat _h to be put ?r\gh ! fann+ mill4 ,! se$ 0 s[n by h&4 ,a man c>ri$ a heavy load ( gra9 ^u 8 back & walk$ f "o end ( ! field to ! o!r1 s[+ x broadca/ z he w5t4 ,aft] ! :eat _h be5 s[n1 pl[+ = ! corn & potatoes 0 begun & cont9u$4 ,^! 7 all plant$ by h&1 & :5 !y came above gr\nd !y 7 ho$ by h& & cultivat$ repeat$ly by walk+ & hold+ ! pl[4 ,dislik$ 9 ,comp>ison4--,all ( ?is "w implies1 ( c\rse1 t ! p]son do+ x 0 close to ! soil2 9 fact1 he 0 9 ! soil4 ,he wore1 necess>ily1 old clo!s some:at begrim$ by dirt & du/4 ,8 %oes or boots 7 heavy & 8 /ep became habitually long & sl[4 ,manual labor too frequ5tly c>ries ) x a neglect ( cleanl9ess4 ,! labor] on ! f>m necess>ily has ab\t him ! odor ( horses1 ( c[s1 & ( b>ns4 ,su* conditions are n bad1 b !y are nev]!less objectionable1 :5 comp>$ ) ! neatness & cleanl9ess ( ! cl]k 9 ! bank or beh9d ! c\nt]4 ,we d n write ^! words 9 any _s ( disp>agem5t1 b m]ely f ! po9t ( view at :i* _m "y p 9 ! c\ntry view !m4 ,we are try+ to face ! tru? 9 ord] to und]/& ! problem to be solv$4 ,x is ess5tial to look at ! situation squ>ely & to view x /eadily & hone/ly4 ,hid+ our heads 9 ! s& w n cl>ify our vision4 ,o!r ,h>d ,jobs4--,! next /ep 9 ! ye>ly r\nd 0 haymak+4 ,frequ5tly1 ! grass 0 cut ) scy!s4 ,9 any ev5t ! "w ( rak+1 cur+1 & /ack+ ! hay1 or ! haul+ x & pit*+ x into ! b>ns 0 heavy "w4 ,!re 0 no hay=k op]at$ by ma*9]y 9 ^? days4 ,:5 n hay+1 ! y\? 0 usually put to summ]-fall[+ or to break+ new gr\nd1 to f5c+ or splitt+ rails1--all heavy "w4 ,no wond] t he always welcom$ a ra9y day6 ,h>ve/+4--,!n came ! :eat-h>ve/ "t4 ,)9 ! memory ( ! au?or "s ( ! gra9 0 cut ) cradles2 lat]1 simple reap+ ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds 7 us$2 b ) !m w5t ! b9d+1 %ock+1 & /ack+1 all p]=m$ by h& & all ardu\s pieces ( "w4 ,^! op]ations 7 int]sp]s$ ) pl[+ & ?re%+4 ,!n came corn cutt+1 potato digg+1 & corn husk+4 ,?re%+4--,9 ^? days mo/ ( ! "w ar\nd a ?re%+ ma*9e 0 also done by h&4 ,!re 0 no self-fe$+ app>atus & no b&-cutt+ device2 !re 0 no /raw-bl[] & no measur+ & weigh+ atta*m5ts4 ,x usually requir$ ab\t a doz5 h&s to d all ! "w4 ,^! m5 work$ /r5u\sly & usually 9 du/y places4 ,! only r$eem+ feature ( ! bus9ess 0 ! opportunity giv5 = social int]c\rse :i* accompani$ ! "w4 ,m51 be+ social by in/9ct1 always "w m will+ly & m /r5u\sly :5 o!rs are ) !m4 ,welcome ,ev5ts4--,x is q natural1 z we h said1 t "u su* conditions z ^! ! y\? long$ = a ra9y day4 ,a trip to ! city 0 always a delightful break 9 ! monotony ( 8 life1 & a %ort respite f sev]e toil4 ,sunday 0 usually ! only social occasion 9 rural life4 ,x 0 always welcome1 & ! boys1 ev5 ?\gh tir$ physically f "w dur+ ! week1 usually play$ ball1 or w5t swimm+1 or engag$ 9 o!r sports on ,sunday aft]noons4 ,liv+ 9 isolation all ! week & engag$ 9 h>d labor1 !y in/9ctively crav$ companion%ip & society4 ,w9t] ,"w4--,:5 ! fall "w 0 done1 w9t] came ) its own occupations4 ,!re 7 usually ab\t f\r mon?s ( s*ool 9 ! rural di/rict1 b ev5 dur+ ?is season !re 0 mu* manual labor to be done4 ,trees 7 to be cut d[n & wood 0 to be *opp$1 saw$1 & split = ! com+ summ]4 ,l& frequ5tly _h to be cle>$ to make new fields2 ! break+ ( colts & ( /e]s con/itut$ "p ( ! sport z well z ( ! labor ( t season ( ! ye>4 ,:at ! ,old ,days ,lack$4--,!re 0 little or no ma*9]y z a factor 9 ! rural life ( days gone by4 ,9 ^! mod]n times1 ( c\rse1 _m ?+s h made c\ntry life m attractive ?an =m]ly4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago !re 0 no rural deliv]y1 no motor cycle1 no automobile2 ev5 horses & buggies 7 some:at ( a luxury1 = 9 ! remote c\ntry di/ricts ! ox team or ,%anks' m>es =m$ ! usual mode ( travel4 ,! ,result4--,x is little wond] t "u su* circum/ances discont5t arose & t p :o by nature are sociable long$ to g :]e life 01 9 _! op9ion1 m agreeable4 ,ev5 ) all ! lat] conv5i5ces & improvem5ts1 ! tr5d cityw>d /ill cont9ues & may cont9ue indef9itely 9 ! future4 ,! ,am]ican p may z well face ! facts z !y are4 ,x is difficult if n impossible to make ! c\ntry z attractive to "y p z is ! city2 & consequ5tly to rev]se or ev5 /op ! urban tr5d w be mo/ difficult4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! ?+s :i* make rural life pleasant1 l ! automobile1 favor ?is tr5d1 :i* probably w cont9ue until economic pressure puts on ! brakes4 ,ev5 n[1 ) all our improvem5ts1 ! social factors 9 rural life are comp>atively small4 ,"h is "o ( our greate/ problems3 ,h[ to increase ! fullness ( social life 9 rural communities s z to make c\ntry life & liv+ ev]y:]e m attractive4 ,! ,backw>d ,rural ,s*ool4--,al?\gh ! mat]ial conditions & facilities = "w h improv$ by reason ( v>i\s inv5tions 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! rural s*ool ( =m] days 0 frequ5tly z good z1 if n bett] 9 "s respects ?an1 ! s*ool ( to-day4 ,=m]ly !re 7 _m able m5 engag$ 9 tea*+ :o c\ld e>n z mu* 9 ! s*oolroom z !y c\ld e>n else:]e4 ,!re 7 consequ5tly 9 ! rural s*ools _m /rong p]sonalities1 bo? m5 & wom54 ,s9ce t "t new opportunities & call+s h develop$ s rapidly t "s ( ! mo/ capable p h be5 entic$ into o!r & m pr(itable call+s1 & ! s*ools are left 9 a weak5$ condition by reason ( _! abs5ce4 ,wom5's ,condition ,unreliev$4--,) all our improvem5ts & conv5i5ces1 ! "w ( wom5 9 c\ntry communities has be5 reliev$ b little4 ,f>m life has always be5 & /ill is a h>d "o = wom54 ,x has be51 9 _m in/ances1 a v]itable /ate ( slav]y2 = wom5 9 ! c\ntry h always be5 compell$ to d n only _! own prop] "w1 b ! "w ( two or ?ree p]sons4 ,! work+ h\rs = wom5 are ev5 long] ?an ^? = m52 = breakfa/ mu/ be prep>$ = ! workm51 & h\sehold "w mu/ be done aft] ! ev5+ meal is eat54 ,x is little to be wond]$ at t wom5 z a rule wi% to leave ! drudg]y ( rural life4 ,"u ! improv$ conditions ( ! pres5t day1 ) all k9ds ( ma*9]y1 ! "w ( wom5 is light5$ lea/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,!re is an illum9at+ article1 entitl$ ,! ,f>m] & ,8 ,wife1 by ,m>?a ,b5sley ,bru]e 9 ,good ,h\sekeep+ ,magaz9e1 = ,june1 #aiad1 p4 #hbj4 ,! ,rural ,problem ,mu/ ,be ,met4--,i h giv5 a %ort description ( rural life 9 ord] to h a sett+ = ! rural s*ool4 ,! s*ool is1 )\t d\bt1 ! c5t] ( ! rural life problem1 & we are face to face ) x = a solution ( "s k9d4 ,! problems ( bo? h be5 too long neglect$4 ,n[ =c$ ^u our att5tion1 !y %\ld receive ! ?\ghtful consid]ation ( all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( society4 ,!y are difficult ( solution1 probably ! mo/ difficult ( all ^? :i* our g5]ation has to face4 ,!y involve ! r$uction ( ! repell5t =ces 9 rural life & ! increase ( su* =ces & ag5cies z w be attractive1 especially to ! "y4 ,! great problem is1 h[ c ! tr5d cityw>d be *eck$ or rev]s$8 ,:at attractions are possible & feasible 9 ! rural communities8 ,9 ea* !re %\ld be "s recogniz$ c5t] to provide ^! v>i\s attractions4 ,!re %\ld be lectures & debates1 plays ( a s]i\s "*1 musical ent]ta9m5ts1 & social functions2 ev5 ! mov+ picture might be made ( great educational value4 ,!re is no reason :y ! p 9 ! c\ntry are n entitl$ to all ! satisfy+ m5tal food :i* ! p ( ! city enjoy4 ,^! ?+s c be secur$1 too1 if ! p w only awake to a realization ( _! value1 & w %[ _! will+ness to pay = !m4 ,some?+ _c be secur$ = no?+4 ,9 ! la/ resort ! solution ( mo/ problems1 z well z ! accompli%m5t ( mo/ aims1 involves ! exp5diture ( money4 ,:]ev] ! p ( rural communities h come to value ! f9] educational1 cultural1 civiliz+1 & intangible ?+s m ?an !y value money1 ! problem is already be+ solv$4 ,x is c]ta9ly a "q ( values--9 aims & means4 ,facilities4--,_m inv5tions might be utiliz$ on ! f>m to bett] advantage ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,b p live some:at isolat$ lives 9 rural communities & !re is n ! active comp>ison or competition t "o f9ds 9 ! city2 improvem5ts ( all k9ds are !re=e sl[] ( realization4 ,values are n =c$ home by e-day discussion & comp>ison4 ,p cont9ue to d z !y h be5 accu/om$ to d1 & !re are m5 :o own l>ge f>ms & h l>ge bank acc\nts :o cont9ue to live )\t ! mod]n improvem5ts1 & h5ce ) b few com=ts 9 life4 ,a great] int]e/ 9 ! be/ ?+s p]ta9+ to c\ntry life ne$s to be awak5$1 & to ?is end rural communities %\ld be bett] organiz$1 socially1 economically1 & educationally4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,urban ,,tr5d ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we discuss$ ^? =ces at "w 9 rural life :i* t5d to drive p f ! f>m to ! city4 ,x 0 %[n t1 on ! :ole1 up to ! pres5t at lea/1 f>m life has n be5 z pleasant z x %\ld or c\ld be made4 ,"s aspects ( x are uncom=table1 if n pa9ful4 ,h>d manual labor1 long h\rs ( toil1 & p>tial isolation f "o's fell[s usually & g5]ally *>act]ize x4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m :o by nature or habit1 or :o by _! +5uity & ?rift1 h made x s]ve !m1 & :o !re=e h come to love ! life ( ! c\ntry2 b we are speak+ ) ref]5ce to ! av]age m5 & wom5 :o h n ma/]$ ! =ces at h&1 :i* c be turn$ to _! s]vice only by ?\ght & ?rift4 ,cityw>d4--,! tr5d t[>d ! cities is unmi/akable4 ,s al>m+ has x become t x has ar\s$ ! ,am]ican p to a realization t some?+ mu/ be done to rev]se x or at lea/ to m9imize x4 ,at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> only ?ree p] c5t ( ! total population ( our c\ntry liv$ 9 :at c\ld be t]m$ cities4 ,9 #ahaj only ab\t five p] c5t ( ! :ole population 0 urban2 :ile 9 #aiaj =ty-six p] c5t ( our p liv$ 9 cities4 ,?is means t1 relatively1 our =ces produc+ raw mat]ials are n keep+ pace ) ! gr[? & dem&s ( consumption4 ,9 "s ( ! old] ,atlantic /ates1 z "o rides ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 va/ areas ( uncultivat$ l& meet ! view4 ,! p h gone to ! city4 ,l>ge cities absorb small] ones1 & ! small t[ns absorb ! inhabitants ( ! rural di/ricts4 ,e city & t[n is mak+ /r5u\s ef=ts to build itself up1 if ne$ be at ! exp5se ( ! small] t[ns & ! rural communities4 ,to boom its own city is assum$ to be a l>ge & legitimate "p ( ! bus9ess ( e comm]cial club4 ,?is mu/ mean1 ( c\rse1 t small] cities & t[ns & ! rural communities suff] accord+ly 9 bus9ess1 9 population1 & 9 life4 ,attractive ,=ces4--,! attractive =ces ( ! city are q z num]\s & p[]ful z ! repell5t =ces ( ! c\ntry4 ,! city is attractive f _m po9ts ( view4 ,x sets ! pace1 ! /&>d1 ! ideals2 ev5 ! /yles ( clo?+ & dress orig9ate !re4 ,x is :]e all sorts ( p are se5 & met ) 9 l>ge numb]s2 its v>i$ sc5es are always magnetic4 ,bo? old & "y are attract$ by activities ( all k9ds2 ! :ite way 9 e city is a con/ant bid = numb]s4 ,9 ! city !re is always m livel9ess if n m life ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,activity is app>5t ev]y:]e4 ,ev]y?+ seems bett] to ! "y p]son f ! c\ntry2 !re is m to see & m to he>2 ! %[ w9d[s & ! display ( light+ are a con/ant lure2 !re is an endless v>iety ( exp]i5ces4 ,life seems great because x is cosmopolitan & n prov9cial or local4 ,9 any ev5t1 x draws ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,?+s1 !y say1 are do+1 & !y long to be a "p ( x all4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! m9d & he>t are motivat$ 9 ?is way4 ,conv5i5ces 9 ,cities4--,9 ! city !re are m conv5i5ces ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re are sidewalks & pav$ /reets in/ead ( muddy roads2 !re are private telephones1 & ! telegraph is at h& 9 "t ( ne$2 !re are /reet c>s :i* af=d com=table & rapid transportation4 ,!re are libr>ies1 museums1 & art gall]ies2 !re are free lectures & ent]ta9m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds2 & ! *ur*es are l>g] & m attractive ?an ^? 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z 9 ! case ( tea*]s1 ! cities secure _! pick ( prea*]s4 ,doctors are at h& 9 "t ( ne$1 & all ! pr(essions are c5t]$ !re4 ,is x any wond] t p1 :5 !y h an opportunity1 migrate to ! city8 ,!re is a social in/9ct mov+ ! human he>t4 ,all p are greg>i\s4 ,adults z well z *ildr5 l to be :]e o!rs are1 & s :]e "s p congregate o!rs t5d to d likewise4 ,c\ntry life z at pres5t organiz$ does n af=d ! be/ opportunity = ! satisfaction ( ?is social in/9ct4 ,! great v>iety ( social attractions con/itutes ! lure ( ! city--x is ! p[]ful social magnet4 ,urbaniz$ ,lit]ature4--,mo/ books1 magaz9es1 & pap]s are publi%$ 9 cities1 h5ce mo/ ( !m h ! flavor ( city life ab\t !m4 ,!y are made & writt5 by p :o "k ! city1 & ! city do+s are usually ! subject matt] ( ! lit]>y output ( ! day4 ,*ildr5 acquire f ^!1 ev5 9 _! prim>y s*ool days1 a long+ = ! city4 ,! idea ( see+ & possibly ( liv+ 9 ! city becomes set1 & x t5ds soon] or lat] to realize itself 9 act & 9 life4 ,city ,s*ools4--,! city1 z a rule1 ma9ta9s excell5t s*ools2 & ! mo/ mod]n & s]viceable build+s = s*ool purposes are f\nd !re4 ,urban p seem will+ to tax !mselves to a great] ext5t2 & s 9 ! cities w be f\nd comp>atively bett] build+s1 bett] tea*]s1 m & bett] sup]vision1 m fullness ( life 9 ! s*ools4 ,usually 9 ! cities ! lead+ & mo/ ent]pris+ m5 & wom5 are elect$ to ! s*ool bo>d1 & ! p1 z we h said1 acquiesce 9 su* taxation z ! bo>d deems necess>y4 ,cities endeavor to secure ! *oice ( ! output ( normal s*ools1 reg>dless ( ! dem&s ( rural di/ricts4 ,e city has a sup]9t5d5t1 & e build+ a pr9cipal2 :ile1 9 ! c\ntry1 "o c\nty sup]9t5d5t has to sup]vise a hundr$ or m s*ools1 situat$ too1 z !y are1 long di/ances ap>t4 ,city ,*ur*es4--,some?+ simil> may be said ) respect to ! *ur*es4 ,9 e city !re are sev]al1 & p c usually g to ! *ur* ( _! *oice4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! *ur* is decad5t1 & 9 "s places x is becom+ ext9ct4 ,ev5 ! automobile contributes its influ5ce aga9/ ! c\ntry *ur* z a rural in/itution1 & 9 favor ( ! city2 = p :o are suffici5tly well-to-d (t5 l to take an automobile ride to ! city on ,sunday4 ,city ,"w ,pref]r$4--,work+m5 & s]vant girls also pref] ! city4 ,!y dislike ! long irregul> h\rs ( ! c\ntry2 !y pref] to "w :]e ! h\rs are regul>1 :]e !y d n come into su* close t\* ) ! soil1 & :]e !y d n h to battle ) ! elem5ts4 ,9 ! city !y "w "u %elt] & 9 accordance ) def9ite regulations4 ,h5ce x is t ! problem ( secur+ work+m5 & s]vant girls 9 ! c\ntry is e day becom+ m & m p]plex+4 ,retir$ ,f>m]s4--,f>m]s !mselves1 :5 !y h become reasonably well-to-d1 frequ5tly retire to ! city1 ei!r to enjoy life ! re/ ( _! days or to educate _! *ildr54 ,individuals are n to be blam$4 ,! lack ( equival5t attractions & conv5i5ces 9 ! c\ntry is responsible4 ,educational ,c5t]s4--,z yet1 x is seldom t good high s*ools are f\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,to secure a high s*ool education c\ntry p frequ5tly h to avail !mselves ( ! city s*ools4 ,_m colleges & univ]sities are locat$ 9 ! cities &1 consequ5tly1 mu* ( ! educational tr5d is 9 t direction4 ,face ! ,problem4--,! rural problem is a difficult "o & we may z well face ! situation hone/ly & e>ne/ly4 ,!re has be5 too mu* m]e oratory on problems ( rural life4 ,we h (t51 o/ri*-l1 kept our heads "u ! s& & h n se5 or admitt$ ! real conditions1 :i* mu/ be *ang$ if rural life is to become attractive4 ,say :at we w1 p w g :]e _! ne$s are be/ satisfi$ & :]e ! attractions are greate/4 ,p _c be driv5--!y mu/ be attract$ & won4 ,if ,god made ! c\ntry & man made ! t[n1 ,god's p mu/ be neglect+ to give ,god's c\ntry su* a face & su* a mi5 z to be lov$ ne$s only to be se54 ,:]e ! elem5t ( nature is l>ge/ !re %\ld be a m truly & deeply attractive life ?an :]e ! elem5t ( art pr$om9ates1 h[ev] allur+ t may be4 ,h[ c c\ntry life & ! c\ntry itself be made to attract8 ,educational ,value ,n ,realiz$4--,p g5]ally h nev] be5 able to e/imate education fairly4 ,! value ( l&s1 horses1 & money c easily be measur$1 = ^! are tangible ?+s2 b education is v difficult ( appraisal1 = x is intangible4 ,yet x is true t intangible ?+s are frequ5tly ( great] wor? ?an are tangible ?+s4 ,!re are m5 :o pay m to a jockey to tra9 _! horses ?an !y are will+ to pay to a tea*] to tra9 _! *ildr54 ,?is is because ! s]vices ( ! jockey are m easily reckon$4 ,! effects or results ( ! horse tra9+ are measur$ by ! proce$s 9 doll>s & c5ts on ! racetrack1 & s are easily realiz$2 :ile ! gr[? 9 education1 ref9em5t1 & culture on ! "p ( ! *ild is difficult inde$ to measure or e/imate4 ,& yet h[ mu* m valuable x is6 ,! jockey gives ! "o1 ! tea*] ! o!r4 ,wrong ,/&>d 9 ! ,social ,m9d4--,9 "s rural communities ! idea exi/s t a tea*] is wor? ab\t fifty doll>s a mon?--p]haps n s mu*4 ,?is idea has be5 enc\rag$ until x has be5 too g5]ally accept$2 & 9 _m places ! notion prevails t if a tea*] is receiv+ m ?an t am\nt1 %e is be+ ov]paid1 & ! s*ool bo>d is accus$ ( extravagance4 ,! rural s*ool problem w nev] be solv$ until ! /&>d ( comp5sation is readju/$4 ,!re are _m p]sons 9 ! cities1 :o1 = ! p]=mance ( socially unimportant ?+s1 are receiv+ l>g] sal>ies ?an are usually paid to univ]sity pr(essors & college presid5ts4 ,?us1 ! relative values ( s]vices are misjudg$ & ! recomp5se ( labor is n prop]ly grad$ & proportion$4 ,unless !re is1 q g5]ally1 a san] p]spective 9 ! social m9d & until values are ree/imat$1 ! solution ( ! rural s*ool problem & inde$ ( _m problems ( rural life is well-nigh hopeless4 ,be=e a solution is effect$ suffici5t inducem5t mu/ be held out to m /rong p]sons to come into ! rural life & into ! rural s*ools4 ,^! p]sons w\ld & c\ld be lead]s ( /r5g? among ! p4 ,rural ,organization4--,until rec5tly !re has be5 little or no organization ( rural life4 ,communities h be5 *aotic1 socially1 economically1 & educationally4 ,real lead]s h be5 want+--m5 & wom5 ( /rong & w9n+ p]sonality4 ,! rural tea*]1 if he 7 a man ( p[] & initiative1 (t5 prov$ to be a real savior & r$eem] ( social life 9 8 community4 ,b lead]s ( ?is type _c n[ be secur$ )\t a reasonable inc5tive4 ,su* m5 w seldom sacrifice !mselves = ! organization & uplift ( a community except = prop] comp5sation4 ,if tea*]s--or at lea/ ! /rong ones--7 paid two or ?ree times z mu* z !y are to-day1 & if ! /&>ds 7 rais$ accord+ly1 s z to secure really /rong p]sonalities z tea*]s1 c\ntry life might be organiz$ 9 diff]5t directions & made s mu* m attractive ?an at pres5t1 t ! urban tr5d w\ld be arre/$ or greatly m9imiz$4 ,play+ ) ! ,problem4--,! possibilities ( ! organization ( rural life & rural s*ools h n yet be5 realiz$2 z a p we h really play$ ) ?is problem4 ,x has tak5 c>e ( itself2 x has be5 all[$ to drift4 ,rural life at pres5t is a k9d ( easy social adju/m5t on ! basis ( ! m9imum ( exp5se & ( ex]tion t[>d a solution4 ,we h n realiz$ ! value ( g5u9e social1 economic1 & educational organization ) all ! activities 9 ^! l9es :i* ! t]ms imply4 ,we h n grappl$ ) ! problem 9 an e>ne/1 sci5tific way2 we h nev] ?\ght out sy/ematically :at is ne$$1 & !n decid$ to employ ! necess>y means to br+ ab\t ! desir$ end4 ,x may be t ! problem w rema9 unsolv$ = g5]ations to come2 b if c\ntry life & c\ntry s*ools are to be made z attractive & pleasant z city life & city s*ools1 ! p w h to face ! problem )\t fl9*+ & use ! only means :i* w br+ ab\t ! desir$ result4 ,! problem c\ld be easily solv$ if ! p realiz$ ! true value ( rural life & ( good rural s*ools4 ,:]e !re is a w !re is a way2 b :]e !re is no w !re is no possible way4 ,c\ntry life c be made fully z pleasant z city life1 & ! rural s*ools c be made fully z good z ! city s*ools4 ,( c\rse "s ?+s w be lack+ 9 ! c\ntry :i* are f\nd 9 ! city2 b1 conv]sely1 _m ?+s & probably bett] ?+s w be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry ?an c\ld be f\nd 9 ! city4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,real ,,& ,,! ,,ideal ,,s*ool ,?is *apt] w h ref]5ce to ! "o-room rural s*ool z x has exi/$ 9 ! pa/ & z x /ill exi/s 9 _m places2 x w also discuss ! rural s*ool z x ought to be4 ,x is assum$ t1 al?\gh consolidation is spread+ rapidly1 ! "o-room rural s*ool z an in/itution w cont9ue to exi/ = an indef9ite "t4 ,"u favorable conditions x probably %\ld cont9ue to exi/2 =1 z we %all see1 x has _m excell5t features :i* are real advantages4 ,! ,build+4--,! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry s*oolh\se 0 9 _m respects a pitiable object4 ,! little r$ s*oolh\se 9 /ory & song has be5 ! object ( mu* praise4 ,z an ideal creation x may be des]v+ ( admiration1 b ?is _c be ass]t$ ( x z a reality4 ,! common type 0 an ord9>y box-%ap$ build+ )\t ar*itecture1 )\t a plan1 &1 z a rule1 )\t c>e or repair4 ,frequ5tly x /ood = ye>s )\t be+ repa9t$1 & 9 ! mid/ ( *aotic & ill-c>$-= surr\nd+s4 ,! contract = build+ x 0 usually aw>d$ to "s c>p5t] :o 0 also giv5 c>te blan*e to d z he pleas$ 9 reg>d to its con/ruction1 ! only provision be+ t he keep )9 ! am\nt ( money all[$--probably eight hundr$ or a ?\s& doll>s4 ,! usual result 0 ! pla9e/ k9d ( build+1 )\t conv5i5ces ( any k9d4 ,if a blackbo>d 7 provid$ 9 ! specifications 7:i* 7 (t5 oral r ?an writt571 x 0 p]haps plac$ 9 su* a position z to be useless4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my exp]i5ce z c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 ,i once visit$ a rural s*ool 9 :i* ! blackbo>d began at ! height ( a man's head & ext5d$ to ! ceil+1 ! c>p5t] probably ?9k+ t its "o purpose 0 to display p]man5tly ! tea*]'s program4 ,no ,sy/em ( ,v5tilation4--,no sy/em ( v5tilation 0 provid$ 9 =m] days1 & 9 "s s*oolh\ses su* is ! condition to-day4 ,nev]!less1 )9 ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 !re has be5 a gratify+ improvem5t 9 ?is direction4 ,x us$ to be necess>y to secure fre% air1 if at all1 by op5+ w9d[s4 ,9 "s sections1 :]e ! climate is mild1 ?is is ! be/ me?od ( v5tilation2 b c]ta9ly1 9 nor!rn latitudes :]e ! w9t]s are long & cold1 "s sy/em ( =c$ or automatic v5tilation %\ld be provid$4 ,x may n be amiss to ass]t t x w\ld be an excell5t plan to decide fir/ ^u a good sy/em ( v5tilation & !n to build ! s*oolh\se ar\nd x4 ,)\t involv+ great exp5se !re are simple sy/ems ( v5tilation & heat+ comb9$ :i* are v effici5t = su* h\ses4 ,9 =m] times1 & 9 "s places ev5 yet1 ! usual me?od ( heat+ 0 by an unjacket$ /ove :i* made ! pupils :o sat ne>e/ x uncom=tably w>m1 :ile ^? 9 ! f>!r corn]s 7 %iv]+ ) cold4 ,) new sy/ems ( v5tilation !re is an insulat+ jacket :i* equalizes ! temp]ature ( ! room by heat+ ! fre% air & di/ribut+ x ev5ly4 ,x is /range h[ sl[ly p *ange _! habits & ev5 _! op9ions4 ,_m are ignorant ( ! fact t 9 an unv5tilat$ s*oolroom ea* *ild is brea?+ ov] & ov] aga9 an atmosph]e vitiat$ by ! air exhal$ f ! lungs ( e *ild 9 ! room4 ,! fact t tw5ty to =ty pupils are (t5 h\s$ 9 poorly-v5tilat$ s*ools acc\nts = mu* sickness & disease among c\ntry *ildr54 ,:atev] x is t makes air fre%1 & heal?ful1 t factor is n f\nd "u ! conditions describ$4 ,*anges 9 ! temp]ature & movem5t ( ! air are1 no d\bt1 important 9 secur+ a heal?ful physiological reaction1 b air contam9at$ & bef\l$ by bodies & lungs has /upefy+ effects :i* _c be ignor$4 ,frequ5t *ange ( air is ess5tial4 ,! ,surr\nd+s4--,! typical c\ntry s*oolh\se1 z x exi/$ 9 ! pa/1 & z x frequ5tly exi/s to-day1 has n suffici5t l& to =m a good y>d & a playgr\nd appropriate = its ne$s4 ,! f>m] :o sold or donat$ ! small tract ( l& (t5 pl[s almo/ to ! v f\ndation walls4 ,!re are usually no trees ne> by to af=d %elt] or to give ! place a homelike & attractive appe>ance4 ,"s trees may h be5 plant$1 b ow+ to neglect !y h all di$ out1 & no?+ rema9s b a few dead & unsightly trunks4 ,!re is usually no f5ce ar\nd ! s*ool y>d1 & ! outbuild+s are frequ5tly a disgrace1 if n a positive m5ace to ! *ildr5's morals4 ,if a *oice _h to be made x w\ld be bett] to all[ *ildr5 to gr[ up 9 _! native lib]ty & wildness )\t a s*ool education ?an to h !m subject$ to m5tal & moral degradation by ! vici\s sugge/ions receiv$ 9 "s ( ^! places4 ,weak tea*]s h a false mode/y 9 reg>d to su* conditions & s*ool bo>ds are (t5 ?\ghtless or neglig5t4 ,! ,int]ior4--,)9 ! build+ !re is frequ5tly no adequate equipm5t 9 ! way ( app>atus1 supplem5t>y read+1 or ref]5ce books ( any k9d4 ,!re are no decorations on ! walls except su* z are put !re by mis*iev\s *ildr54 ,! :ole situation bo? inside & out br+s ^u "o a feel+ ( desolation4 ,m5 & wom5 :o live 9 reasonably com=table homes ne> by all[ ! s*ool home ( _! preci\s *ildr5 to rema9 = ye>s unattractive & un9spir+ 9 e p>ticul>4 ,aga9 ?is is ! result ( ignorance1 ?\ghtlessness1 or neglig5ce--a neglig5ce t comes al>m+ly close to guilt4 ,small1 ,dead ,s*ool4--,9 _m a lone rural s*oolh\se may be f\nd t5 to tw5ty small *ildr52 & beh9d ! desk a tea*] hold+ only a second or ?ird grade elem5t>y or c\nty c]tificate4 ,! :ole in/itution is r tame & weak1 if n dead2 x is any?+ b /imulat+ 7& if education means any?+ x means /imulation74 ,x is ?is k9d ( situation :i* has l$ 9 rec5t ye>s to a discussion ( ! rural s*ool z "o ( ! problems mo/ urg5tly dem&+ ! att5tion ( society4 ,t ,picture & ,?is4--,let u n[ consid]1 aft] look+ ^u t picture1 :at ! situation ought to be4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re %\ld be a l>ge s*ool gr\nd1 or y>d--n less ?an two acres4 ,! s*oolh\se %\ld be prop]ly locat$ 9 ?is tract4 ,! gr\nd z a :ole %\ld be platt$ by a l&scape ar*itect1 or at lea/ by a p]son ( exp]i5ce & ta/e4 ,trees ( v>i\s k9ds %\ld be plant$ 9 appropriate places1 & gr\ps ( %rubb]y %\ld help to =m an attractive sett+4 ,! s*ool gr\nds %\ld h a s]viceable f5ce & gate & !re %\ld be a playgr\nd & a s*ool g>d54 ,ar*itecture ( ,build+4--,no s*ool build+ %\ld be erect$ t has n fir/ be5 plann$ or pass$ ^u by an ar*itect2 ?is is n[ requir$ by law 9 "s /ates4 ,a build+ ) h&some appe>ance & ) appropriate appo9tm5ts is b a trifle1 if any1 m co/ly ?an "o t has none4 ,art ( all k9ds is a valuable factor 9 ! education ( *ildr5 & ( p g5]ally2 & a build+1 beautiful 9 con/ruction1 is no exception to ! rule4 ,e p]son is educat$ by :at impresses him4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! necessity ( special ar*itecture 9 s*oolh\ses4 ,m5 ( intellig5ce sometimes draw up _! own plans = a build+ & !n1 hav+ become enamor$ ( !m1 proce$ to con/ruct a resid5ce or a s*oolh\se along ^? l9es4 ,if !y _h %[n _! plans to an ar*itect ( exp]i5ce he w\ld probably h po9t$ out num]\s defects :i* w\ld h be5 admitt$ z soon z obs]v$4 ,nei!r ! individual nor ! di/rict s*ool bo>ds c af=d1 9 ju/ice to !mselves & ! community !y repres5t1 to ignore ! wide & v>i$ k ( ! exp]t4 ,get ,exp]t ,op9ion4--,exp]t op9ion %\ld gov]n 9 ! matt] ( heat+ & v5tilat+1 9 ! k9d ( seat+1 9 ! arrangem5t ( blackbo>ds1 9 ! decorations1 & 9 all su* te*nical & pr(essional matt]s4 ,e rural s*ool %\ld h a c>efully select$ libr>y1 suit$ to its ne$s1 includ+ a suffici5t numb] ( ref]5ce books4 ,! pupils %\ld h textbooks )\t delay s t no "t may be wa/$ 9 gett+ />t$ aft] ! op5+ ( s*ool4 ,! walls %\ld be adorn$ ) a few appropriate & beautiful pictures4 ,o!r ,surr\nd+s4--,on ?is s*ool gr\nd !re %\ld be a %op ( "s k9d4 ,! res\rceful tea*] w\ld f9d a hundr$ uses = "s su* c5t] ( "w4 ,! closets %\ld be s plac$ & s devis$ z to be easily sup]vis$4 ,?is w\ld prev5t !m f be+ moral plague spots1 z is too (t5 ! case1 z we h already said4 ,!re %\ld be /ables = %elt]+ horses1 if ! s*ool is1 z x %\ld be1 a social c5t] = ! community4 ,!re %\ld be a flagpole 9 front ( ! s*oolh\se1 f ! top ( :i* ! />s & /ripes %\ld be (t5 unfurl$ to ! breeze4 ,numb] ( ,pupils4--,9 ?is ar*itecturally attractive build+1 amid beautiful surr\nd+s bo? inside & out1 !re %\ld be1 9 ord] to h a good rural s*ool1 n less ?an eighte5 or tw5ty pupils4 ,:]e !re are few] ! s*ool %\ld be consolidat$ ) a neighbor+ s*ool4 ,tw5ty pupils w\ld give an assurance ( educational & social life1 in/ead ( ! dead monotony :i* (t5 prevails 9 ! small] rural s*ool4 ,!re %\ld be1 dur+ ! ye>1 at lea/ eight1 & pref]ably n9e1 mon?s ( s*ool "w4 ,x ,w ,n ,tea* ,alone4--,b ) all ( ^! conditions ! s*ool may /ill be f> f effective4 ,all ! mat]ial equipm5t--! total environm5t ( ! pupils1 bo? inside & outside ! build+--may be excell5t1 & /ill we may fail to f9d !re a good s*ool4 ,g>field said ( 8 old tea*] t ,m>k ,hopk9s on "o end ( a log & a pupil on ! o!r made ! be/ k9d ( college4 ,?is indicates an ess5tial factor o!r ?an ! physical equipm5t4 ,i rememb] be+ once 9 a /ore :5 a man :o _h b\ght a saw a few days previ\sly return$ x 9 a wra?ful mood4 ,he 0 angry ?r\gh & ?r\gh & decl>$ t ! saw 0 utt]ly wor?less4 ,he _h br\ght x back to reclaim 8 money4 ,! m]*ant _h a ri* ve9 ( humor 9 8 nature & he li/5$ smil+ly to ! outbur/ ( angry language4 ,!n he m]ely took ! saw1 op5$ 8 till & h&$ ! man 8 money1 quietly ask+1 ) a tw9kle 9 8 eyes = ^? /&+ ar\nd1 ,w\ldn't x saw alone8 ,n[1 we may h a f9e s*ool gr\nd1 or site1 ) a v>iety ( beautiful trees & clumps ( %rubb]y2 we may h a playgr\nd & a s*ool g>d52 we may h x all spl5didly f5c$2 ! s*oolh\se may h an arti/ic appe>ance & may be kept 9 excell5t repair2 x may be well furni%$ inside ) blackbo>ds1 seats1 libr>y1 ref]5ce books1 good textbooks1 & all else t is ne$$2 x may be beautifully decorat$2 x may h tw5ty or ev5 m pupils1 & yet we may n h a good s*ool4 ,x w n saw alone2 ! "o indisp5sable factor may /ill be lack+4 ,! ,tea*]4--,z is ! tea*]1 s is ! s*ool4 ,m>k ,hopk9s on ! end ( a log made a good college1 comp>$ ) ! situation :]e ! build+ is good & ! tea*] poor4 ,! tea*] is l ! ma9spr+ 9 a wat*4 ,)\t a good tea*] !re c be no good s*ool4 ,live tea*]1 live s*ool2 dead tea*]1 dead s*ool4 ,! tea*] & ! s*ool mu/ be ! c5t] ( life1 ( ?\ght1 & ( conv]sation1 9 a good way1 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! tea*] is ! s\l ( ! s*ool2 ! o!r ?+s con/itute its body4 ,:at %all x pr(it a community to h a great build+ & lack a good tea*]8 ,if we 7 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 a good tea*] & poor mat]ial conditions & environm5t on ! "o h&1 & excell5t mat]ial conditions & environm5t & a poor tea*] on ! o!r1 we %\ld c]ta9ly n hesitate 9 our *oice4 ,a ,good ,rural ,s*ool4--,n[1 if we suppose a really good tea*] "u ! good conditions describ$ above1 we %all h a good rural s*ool4 ,!re is usually bett] individual "w done 9 su* a s*ool ?an is possible 9 a l>ge sy/em ( grad$ s*ools 9 a city4 ,9 su* a s*ool !re is m s+le-m9d$ness on ! "p ( pupils & tea*]4 ,^! pupils br+ to su* a s*ool unspoil$ m9ds1 m9ds n weak5$ by ! attractions & di/ractions1 bo? day & night1 ( city life4 ,9 su* a s*ool ! ess5tials ( a good education are1 z a rule1 m (t5 emphasiz$ ?an 9 ! city4 ,!re is probably a tru] p]spective ( values4 ,?+s ( ! fir/ magnitude are di/+ui%$ f ?+s ( ! second1 fif?1 or t5? magnitude4 ,?is inability to di/+ui% magnitudes is "o ( ! banes ( common s*ool education ev]y:]e--s _m ?+s are apprais$ at ! same value4 ,! ,problem4--,we h tri$ 9 ?is discussion to put be=e ! read] a fairly accurate picture1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! undesirable conditions :i* h too (t5 prevail$1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( a rural s*ool :i* w\ld be an excell5t place 9 :i* to receive "o's elem5t>y education4 ,! read] is ask$ to look "h1 ^u ?is picture1 & on ?is4 ,! transition f ! "o to ! o!r is "o ( ! great problems ( rural life & ( ! rural s*ool4 ,consolidation ( s*ools1 :i* we %all discuss m at l5g? 9 a lat] *apt]1 w help to solve ! problem ( ! rural s*ool1 & we give x our he>ty indorsem5t4 ,x is ! be/ plan we "k ( :]e ! conditions are favorable2 b x is probable t ! "o-room rural s*ool w rema9 ) u = a long "t to come4 ,inde$ !re are "s good reasons :y x %\ld rema94 ,:]e ! good rural s*ool exi/s1 :e!r non-consolidat$ or consolidat$1 x %\ld be ! c5t] & ! s\l ( rural life 9 t community--social1 economical1 & educational4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"s ,,l9es ,,( ,,progress ,progress4--,! p]iod cov]+ ! la/ sixty or sev5ty-five ye>s has se5 great] progress 9 all mat]ial l9es ?an any o!r equal p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,inde$1 x is d\btful if a simil> p]iod ( inv5tion & progress w ev] recur4 ,x has be5 "o ( indu/rial revolution 9 all l9es ( activity4 ,9 ,reap+ ,ma*9es4--,let u = a few mom5ts trace ?is developm5t & progress 9 "s specific fields4 ,)9 ! memory ( _m m5 n[ liv+ ! h& sickle 0 9 common use 9 ! cutt+ ( gra94 ,9 ! fifties & sixties ! cradle 0 ! usual implem5t = h>ve/+ :eat1 oats1 & simil> gra9s4 ,"o man did ! cradl+ & ano!r ! ga!r+ & ! b9d+ into %eaves4 ,!n came rapid developm5t ( ! reap+ ma*9e4 ,! ,dropp]4--,! mo/ important /ep 0 probably ! inv5tion ( ! sickle-b>1 a sl5d] /eel b> hav+ ,v-%ap$ sections atta*$1 to cut ! grass & gra92 ?is 0 pu%$ & pull$ betwe5 :at are call$ gu>ds1 by means ( a rod call$ ! ,pitman rod1 atta*$ to a small revolv+ :eel run by ! ge>+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is 0 a wond]ful inv5tion & its pr9ciple has be5 ext5sively appli$4 ,! fir/ reap+ ma*9e us+ ! sickle & gu>d device 0 kn[n z ! dropp]4 ,a reel1 work$ by ma*9]y1 revolv$ at a %ort di/ance above ! sickle1 beat+ ! :eat backw>d ^u a small plat=m ( slats4 ,?is plat=m c\ld be rais$ & l[]$ by ! foot1 by means ( a treadle4 ,:5 !re 0 suffici5t gra9 on ?is slat-plat=m x 0 l[]$ & ! :eat 0 left ly+ 9 %ort r[s on ! gr\nd1 beh9d ! ma*9e4 ,! bundles _h to be b\nd by h& & remov$ be=e ! ma*9e c\ld make ! next r\nd4 ,?is ma*9e1 ?\gh simple1 0 ! =]unn] ( o!r important inv5tions4 ,! ,h& ,rake4--,! next type ( ma*9e 0 ! "o 9 :i* ! plat=m ( slats 0 replac$ by a /ation>y plat=m hav+ a smoo? bo>d floor4 ,a man sat at ! side ( ! ma*9e1 ne> ! re>1 & rak$ ! bundles (f sidewise ) a h& rake4 ,a boy drove ! team & ! man rak$ (f ! gra9 9 suffici5t quantities to make bundles4 ,^! 7 ?r[n by ! rake a suffici5t di/ance f ! /&+ gra9 to all[ ! ma*9e to proce$ r\nd & r\nd ! field1 ev5 if ^! bundles ( gra91 s rak$ (f1 7 n yet b\nd into %eaves4 ,! ,self ,rake4--,! next advance consi/$ 9 :at is kn[n z ! self rake4 ,?is ma*9e _h a s]ies ( slats or w+s :i* did bo? ! "w ( ! reel 9 ! e>li] ma*9e & also t ( ! man :o rak$ ! :eat (f ! lat] ma*9e4 ,?is sav$ ! labor ( "o man4 ,! ,h>ve/]4--,! next improvem5t 9 ! evolution ( ! reap+ ma*9e--if inde$ an improvem5t x c\ld be call$--0 :at is kn[n z ! h>ve/]4 ,9 ?is !re 0 a canvas elevator ^u :i* ! gra9 0 ?r[n by ! reel1 & :i* br\ght ! gra9 up to ! plat=m on :i* two m5 /ood = ! purpose ( b9d+ x4 ,ea* man took 8 %>e1 b9d+ alt]nate bundles & ?r[+ !m1 :5 b\nd1 d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,su* "w 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! repell5t factors 9 driv+ m5 & boys f ! c\ntry to ! city4 ,! ,wire ,b9d]4--,ano!r /ep 9 advance 0 ! inv5tion ( ! wire b9d]4 ,ev]y?+ 0 n[ done by ma*9]y3 ! cutt+1 ! elevat+1 ! b9d+1 & ev5 ! c>ry+ ( ! %eaves into piles or w9dr[s4 ,!re 0 an atta*m5t ^u ! ma*9e by :i* ! bundles 7 c>ri$ along & deposit$ 9 bun*es to make ! %ock+ easi]4 ,! ,tw9e ,b9d]4--,b ! wire 0 f\nd to be an ob/ruction bo? 9 ?re%+ & 9 ! use ( /raw = fodd]2 &1 z necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion1 ! s-call$ tw9e knott] soon came into exi/5ce & ) x ! full-fl$g$ tw9e b9d] ) all its v>i$ improvem5ts z we h x to-day4 ,?re%+ ,ma*9e4--,! developm5t ( ! p]fect$ ?re%+ ma*9e 0 v simil>4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ! flail 0 an implem5t ( common use ^u ! b>n floor4 ,!n came ! inv5tion call$ ! cyl9d]2 ?is 0 sy/ematically /udd$ ) tee? & ^!1 9 ! rapid revolutions ( ! cyl9d]1 pass$ betwe5 correspond+ tee? sy/ematically set 9 :at is kn[n z concaves4 ,?is too? arrangem5t 9 revolv+ cyl9d] & 9 concave 0 z epo*al 9 ! l9e ( progress 9 ?re%+ ma*9es z ! sickle1 ) its sections pass+ or be+ drawn ?r\gh gu>ds1 0 9 reap+ ma*9es4 ,! ,fir/ ,ma*9e4--,! e>lie/ ( ^! ?re%+ ma*9es conta9+ a cyl9d] 0 run by a treadmill on :i* a horse 0 us$4 ,x 0 lit]ally a "o-horse affair4 ,( c\rse ! fir/ type ( cyl9d] 0 small & simple1 & ! "w z a rule 0 poorly done4 ,! *aff & ! /raw came out toge!r & m5 _h to att5d to ea* by h&4 ,! :eat 0 poorly clean$ & _h to be run ?r\gh a fann+-mill sev]al times4 ,improvem5ts4--,!n came "s improvem5ts & enl>gem5ts 9 ! cyl9d]1 & also ! application ( horse p[] by means ( :at 0 kn[n z tumbl+ rods & a ge>+ atta*$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,all ?is at fir/ 0 on r a small scale1 only two1 ?ree1 or f\r horses be+ us$4 ,b improvem5ts & enl>gem5ts came /ep by /ep1 until ! t5 & twelve horse p[] ma*9e 0 a*iev$1 result+ 9 ! l>ge sep>ator t w\ld ?re% out sev]al hundr$ bu%els ( :eat 9 a day4 ,! sep>ator _h also atta*$ to x :at 0 call$ ! /raw c>ri]1 :i* convey$ bo? ! /raw & ! *aff to q a di/ance f ! ma*9e4 ,b ev5 !n mo/ ( ! "w ar\nd ! ma*9e 0 done by h&4 ,! /raw pile requir$ ! att5tion ( ?ree or f\r m52 or if ! /raw 7 buck$1 z !y said1 x requir$ a man ) a horse or team hit*$ to a long pole4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! /raw 0 spread 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! field & f9ally burn$4 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e4--,!n came ! portable /eam eng9e = ?re%+ purposes4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ?is _h to be drawn f place to place by teams4 ,! p[] 0 appli$ to ! sep>ator by a long belt4 ,foll[+ ?is1 came ! devices = cutt+ ! b&s1 ! self-fe$]1 & f9ally ! /raw bl[]1 z x is call$1 consi/+ ( a long tube ?r\gh :i* ! /raw is bl[n by ! p[]ful sep>ator fann+-mill4 ,?is bl[] c be mov$ 9 diff]5t directions1 & consequ5tly x saves ! labor ( z _m m5 z 7 =m]ly requir$ to h&le ! /raw & *aff4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 also1 ! device = weigh+ & measur+ ! gra9 0 p]fect$4 ,! traction eng9e has n[ replac$ ! "o :i* _h to be drawn by teams1 & ?is n only propels itself b also draws ! sep>ator & o!r loads aft] x f place to place4 ,9 all ?is progress ! ma*9]y has con/antly become m & m p]fect & ! cyl9d] & capacity ( ! ma*9e great] & great]4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 six hundr$ bu%els 9 a day 0 consid]$ a big record 9 ! ?re%+ ( :eat4 ,n[ ! l>ge ma*9es sep>ate1 or ?re% out1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& bu%els 9 "o day4 ,su* has be5 ! developm5t 9 reap+ ma*9es f ! sickle to ! self-b9d]1 & 9 ?re%+ ma*9es f ! flail to ! mod]n m>vel j describ$4 ,improvem5t 9 ,ocean ,travel4--,a simil> /ory may be told 9 reg>d to ocean traffic & ocean travel4 ,our ance/ors came f =eign l&s on sail+ %ips t requir$ f ?ree weeks to sev]al mon?s to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) a ,g]man immigrant :o1 _m ye>s ago1 left a seaport t[n ( ,g]many on ,janu>y #a/ & l&$ at ,ca/le ,g>d5 9 ,new ,york ,city on ! #d? ( ,july4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( travel "u su* circum/ances 0 equal to ! sl[ness ( ! j\rney4 ,9 ^? days leav+ home 9 ! old c\ntry meant nev] aga9 see+ "o's relatives & fri5ds4 ,if su* conditions are comp>$ ) ^? ( to-day we c readily realize ! va/ progress t has be5 made4 ,to-day ! great ocean l9]s cross ! ,atlantic 9 a little m ?an five days4 ,^! magnific5t ocean greyh\nds are fitt$ out ) all mod]n conv5i5ces & improvem5ts1 s t "o is z com=table 9 !m & z safe z he is 9 "o ( ! be/ hotels ( ! l>ge cities4 ,f ,h&-sp9n+ to ,factory4--,weav+ 9 =m] times 0 done entirely by h&4 ,fifty ye>s ago private weav]s 7 f\nd 9 almo/ e community4 ,wool 0 rais$1 c>d$1 spun1 & wov51 & ! g>m5ts 7 all made1 practically1 )9 ! h\sehold4 ,all t is n[ pa/4 ,9 ! great manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts "o man at a lev] does ! "w ( #bej or #ejj p4 ,?is great indu/rial advancem5t has tak5 place )9 ! memory ( p n[ liv+4 ,& simil> progress has be5 made 9 almo/ e o!r l9e ( human endeavor4 ,! ,co/4--,v few p realize :at x has co/ ! human race to pass f "o condition to ! o!r 9 ^! v>i\s l9es4 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( m5 h work$ & di$ 9 ! /ruggle & 9 ! process ( br++ ab\t improvem5ts4 ,e calamity due to inadequate ma*9es or to poor me?ods has _h its influ5ce t[>d caus+ fur!r advancem5ts 9 inv5tions = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,progress 9 ,high] ,education4--,let u n[ turn our att5tion to ! progress t has be5 made 9 ! field ( academic education4 ,x is true t _m ( ! great univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ c5turies ago4 ,^! 7 at fir/ end[$ *ur* in/itutions or !ological sem9>ies2 b ! great /ate univ]sities ( ?is c\ntry are creations ( ! progressive p]iod "u consid]ation4 ,g5]al taxation = high] education is comp>atively a mod]n practice4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan 0 "o ( ! fir/ /ate univ]sities e/abli%$4 ,s9ce !n ne>ly e commonweal?1 :e!r x has come into ! ,union s9ce t "t or :e!r x is "o ( ! old] /ates1 has e/abli%$ a univ]sity4 ,!re has be5 a great developm5t ( high] education by ! /ates4 ,no in/itutions ( ! c\ntry h gr[n m rapidly )9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s ?an ! /ate univ]sities4 ,!y h e/abli%$ dep>tm5ts ( e k9d4 ,besides ! college ( lib]al arts !re are 9 mo/ ( !m colleges or s*ools ( law1 m$ic9e1 eng9e]+ 9 its sev]al l9es1 education1 ph>macy1 d5ti/ry1 comm]ce1 indu/rial arts1 & f9e arts4 ,! /ate univ]sity is abroad 9 ! l&2 x has1 z a rule1 an ext5sion dep>tm5t by :i* x impresses itself ^u ! p ( ! /ate1 outside its walls4 ,! pr9ciple ( high] education by taxation ( all ! p is no long] que/ion$2 x is no long] an exp]im5t4 ,! /ate univ]sity is reli$ ^u to furni% ! c\ntry ) ! lead]s ( ! future--& lead]s w always be 9 dem&1 = !y are always sorely ne$$4 ,progress 9 ,normal ,s*ools4--,:ile ! /ate univ]sities h be5 enjoy+ ?is m>vel\s developm5t1 ne>ly e /ate has be5 e/abli%+ normal s*ools = ! pr(essional prep>ation ( tea*]s4 ,! normal s*ool z an in/itution is also mod]n4 ,z an in/itution e/abli%$ & support$ by /ate taxation x is1 z a rule1 m rec5t ?an ! univ]sities4 ,=ty ye>s ago _m good p reg>d$ ! normal s*ool idea z vision>y & its realization z a d\btful exp]im5t4 ,inde$ 9 "o we/]n /ate1 z late z ! eighties1 its legislature debat$ ! abolition ( its normal s*ools on ! gr\nd t !y 7 n fulfill+ or accompli%+ any useful mission4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 no su* *>ge ( ineffici5cy c be made4 ,! normal s*ools1 l ! univ]sities1 h prov$ _! "r to exi/4 ,!y h be5 weigh$ 9 ! balance & h n be5 f\nd want+4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ t ^? :o w\ld tea* %\ld make "s prep>ation = t high call+2 & s ! normal s*ools 9 e /ate h demon/rat$ _! "r ( domicile 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ t tea*+1 bo? z a sci5ce & z an art1 is highly complicat$1 & t1 if x is to be a pr(ession1 !re mu/ be special prep>ation = x4 ,consequ5tly ! normal s*ools ( ! c\ntry h _h a wond]ful & rapid developm5t f ! exp]im5tal /age to t 9 :i* !y h well-nigh realiz$ _! ideals4 ,s*ool bo>ds ev]y:]e look to ! normal s*ools = _! supply ( elem5t>y tea*]s4 ,progress 9 ,agricultural ,colleges4--,simil> /atem5ts may be made conc]n+ ! agricultural colleges ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y are mod]n creations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ) ! aid ( bo? ! /ate & ! national gov]nm5t !y h come to be va/ in/itutions1 devot+ !mselves to ! tea*+ & ! spread+ ( sci5tific f>m+ among ! p4 ,"h !re is a va/ "w to be done4 ,on acc\nt ( ! tr5d ( population t[>d ! cities1 & on acc\nt ( ! va/ tracts ( c\ntry l& ly+ idle1 sci5tific agriculture %\ld be br\ght 9 to aid 9 production & ?us to keep d[n ! co/ ( liv+4 ,! agricultural colleges ( ! c\ntry h a l>ge "p to play 9 ! solution ( ! problems ( rural life4 ,progress 9 ! ,high ,s*ools4--,a simil> developm5t *>act]izes ! high s*ools ( ! c\ntry4 ,education has ext5d$ d[nw>d f above4 ,univ]sities ev]y:]e h come into exi/5ce be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( second>y s*ools4 ,n only are ! univ]sities1 ! normal s*ools1 & ! agricultural colleges ( rec5t orig91 b ! high s*ools also are mod]n in/itutions1 at lea/ 9 _! pres5t sy/ematiz$ =m4 ,! high s*ools ( ! cities con/itute to-day "o ( ! mo/ effici5t =ms ( s*ool organization4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! bett] high s*ools ( ! cities are v]itable colleges--9 fact _! curricula are z ext5sive z 7 ^? ( ! colleges ( sixty ye>s ago4 ,va/ numb]s att5d !m2 _! faculties are compos$ ( college graduates or bett]2 !y h1 z a rule1 v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 su* z manual tra9+1 dome/ic sci5ce1 agriculture1 comm]cial subjects1 normal c\rses1 etc4 ,9 addition to ! traditional curricula1 ! high s*ools1 l ! univ]sities1 normal s*ools1 & agricultural colleges1 h kept pace1 9 l>ge measure1 ) ! mat]ial progress describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,h[ ,is ! ,rural ,s*ool8--,we h describ$ ! progress t has be5 made 9 v>i\s fields ( ! indu/rial _w & also 9 sev]al k9ds ( educational in/itutions4 ,at ?is po9t ! "q may1 ) propriety1 be ask$ :e!r ! rural s*ools h g5]ally kept pace 9 _! progress ) ! o!r & high] in/itutions :i* we h m5tion$4 ,we believe t !y h n4 ,! rural s*ools h too (t5 be5 ! la/ to attract public int]e/ & to receive ! att5tion :i* _! importance des]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,a neglect$ s*ool 9 unattractive surr\nd+s ,illu/ration3 ,a lonely road to s*ool4 ,no conveyances provid$ ,illu/ration3 ,a bett] type ( build+ ) "s attempt at improvem5ts ,caption = ! above illu/rations3 ,,! ,,"o-,,room ,,s*ool ,,*apt] ,v ,a ,,backw>d ,,& ,,neglect$ ,,field ,rural ,s*ools ! ,same ,ev]y:]e4--,! "o-room c\ntry s*ool ( to-day is mu* ! same ! :ole c\ntry ov]4 ,su* s*ools are no bett] 9 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 or ,m9nesota ?an !y are 9 ! ,dakotas1 ,montana1 or ,idaho4 ,!y are no bett] 9 ,ohio or ,new ,york ?an !y are 9 ,m9nesota or ,wiscons91 & no bett] 9 ! ,new ,engl& /ates ?an 9 ,new ,york & ,ohio4 ,!re is a wond]ful simil>ity 9 ^! s*ools 9 all ! /ates4 ,nev]!less1 x may be ma9ta9$ ) "s plausibility t ! rural s*ools ( ! ,we/ are sup]ior to ^? f>!r ea/4 ,! ,ea/ is cons]vative & sl[ to *ange4 ,! ,we/ has few] traditions to break4 ,_m /rong p]sonalities ( initiative & pu% h come out ( ! ,ea/ & tak5 up _! abode 9 ! ,we/4 ,"y m5 cont9ue to foll[ ,horace ,greeley's advice4 ,sometimes ^! "y m5 file ^u l&s & tea* ! neighbor+ s*ool2 & :ile ?is may n be ! highe/ pr(essional aim & attitude1 x rema9s true nev]!less t su* tea*]s are (t5 e>ne/1 /rong1 & educat$ p]sons4 ,n long ago ,i _h occasion to visit a tea*]'s in/itute 9 a nor?we/]n /ate1 9 :i* !re 7 enroll$ #cej tea*]s4 ,"s ( ^! 7 college graduates & _m ( !m 7 normal s*ool graduates f v>i\s /ates4 ,"o _h only to conduct a r\nd table 9 ord] to exp]i5ce a v spirit$ reaction4 ,colonel ,hom] ,b4 ,sprague1 :o 0 once presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 us$ to say t x always wr5*$ him to kick at no?+4 ,!re w\ld be no dang]1 9 su* a body ( tea*]s z ,i h ref]r$ to1 ( wr5*+ oneself4 ,i h _h occasion _m times e ye> to meet ^! we/]n tea*]s 9 local associations1 9 tea*]s' in/itutes1 & 9 /ate conv5tions2 & f my obs]vations & exp]i5ce ,i c tru?fully /ate t !y are fully z responsive & z progressive z ! tea*]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,rural ,s*ools no ,bett] ?an ,=m]ly4--,not)/&+ all ?is1 x is probably true t ! rural s*ools ( to-day are1 on ! :ole1 b little bett] ?an ^? ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,ab\t t "t ,i s]v$ f\r ye>s z c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 9 a we/]n /ate4 ,z ,i recall ! condition ( ! s*ools ( t day ,i feel sure t !re has be5 b little real progress4 ,inde$1 = reasons :i* w be /at$ lat] on1 x c be safely ass]t$ t 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re has be5 a det]ioration4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago ,i _h ! exp]i5ce ( tea*+ rural s*ools = sev]al t]ms4 ,be+ acqua9t$ ) my c[ork]s1 ,i met !m frequ5tly 9 tea*]s' ga!r+s & 9 conv5tions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,if my memory is to be tru/$ ,i c aga9 affirm t ! tea*]s ( ^? days d n comp>e unfavorably ) ! rural s*ool tea*]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,& if ! tea*] is ! measure ( ! s*ool1 ! same may be said ( ! s*ools4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago ,i 0 att5d+ a rural s*ool myself4 ,i receiv$ all ( my elem5t>y education 9 su* s*ools & ,i am conv9c$ t _m ( my tea*]s 7 /rong] p]sonalities ?an ! tea*]s ( to-day4 ,"s ,improvem5t4--,x is n int5d$ "h to ass]t or to convey ! impression t !re has be5 no progress 9 any direction 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,x is ! p]sonnel ( ! c\ntry s*ool--! /r5g? & p[] ( initiative 9 ! tea*]s ( t day--t is "h ref]r$ to4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 "s progress 9 _m l9es x has n be5 9 ! direction ( /rong] tea*]s4 ,! textbooks 9 use to-day 9 v>i\s bran*es are decid$ly sup]ior to ^? us$ 9 =m] days1 al?\gh "s ( ^! old] books 7 by no means )\t _! po9ts ( /r5g? & excell5ce4 ,inde$1 ,i sometimes ?9k t textbooks are (t5 r5d]$ less effici5t by be+ ref9$ ^u 9 a v>iety ( ways to con=m to ! popul> p$agogical ideas ( ! day4 ,x is no d\bt true also t !re has be51 9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 mu* discussion along ! l9es ( psy*ology & p$agogy & ! me?ods ( tea*+ ! v>i\s bran*es4 ,! pr(essional _s has be5 9 ! air1 & !re has be5 mu* writ+ & mu* talk+ on ! sci5ce & art ( tea*+4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t1 :ile ?is is desirable & 9 fact indisp5sable1 mu* ( x may be little m ?an a m]e :itewa%2 mu* ( x is simply p>rot-l imitation2 mu* ( x is only words1 words1 words4 ,f> be x f me to und]e/imate ! value ( ?is pr(essional & p$agogical phase ( ! tea*]'s equipm5t4 ,nev]!less1 :5 all is said & duly consid]$1 x is p]sonality t is ! greate/ factor 9 ! tea*]4 ,a good1 s\nd k ( ! subjects to be taught comes next2 & la/1 ?\gh probably n lea/1 %\ld come ! pr(essional prep>ation & tra9+4 ,)\t ! fir/ two requisites1 h[ev]1 ?is la/ is wor? little4 ,x is a lam5table fact t1 9 almo/ e section ( our c\ntry1 !re are p]sons engag$ 9 tea*+ rural s*ools1 :o are n only defici5t 9 p]sonal p[] b ^: academic education is n su* z to af=d an adequate f\ndation = pr(essional tra9+4 ,/rong ,p]sonalities 9 ! ,old] ,s*ools4--,z an example ( /rong p]sonalities ,i rememb] "o tea*] :o 9 middle life 0 recogniz$ z a lead] 9 8 community2 ano!r "o1 aft] s]v+ an appr5tice%ip 9 ! c\ntry s*ools1 became a prom95t & successful physician2 a ?ird became a lead+ ar*itect2 a f\r?1 a lawy]2 a fif? w5t we/ & became c\nty judge 9 ! /ate ( 8 adoption2 a six? ent]$ ,we/ ,po9t ,milit>y ,academy & rose rapidly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army4 ,^! in/ances are giv5 to %[ t _m ( ! old-"t c\ntry tea*]s 7 m5 ( =ce & initiative4 ,!y became to _! pupils ideals ( manhood wor?y to be patt]n$ aft]4 ,^! all taught 9 "o neighborhood1 b simil> /rong *>act]s 7 no d\bt engag$ 9 ! s*ools ( surr\nd+ neighborhoods4 ,:at rural s*ool ( to-day 9 any /ate c boa/ ( ! uplift+ pres5ce ( s _m m5 tea*+ 9 "o decade8 ,a4 ,v4 ,/orm1 ( ! ,m9nesota ,agricultural ,college1 says3 ,b we lack "o ?+ n[adays t ^! old s*ools possess$4 ,tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago ! c\ntry s*ools 7 taught = ! mo/ "p by m54 ,su* m5 z ,%aw & ,dolliv]1 & a great _m o!r lead+ m5 ( to-day1 7 at "o "t c\ntry s*ool tea*]s4 ,!y ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ^u ! pupils4 ,!y 7 ! angels :o put ! coals ( fire ^u ! lips ( ! "y m51 giv+ !m ! ambition t made = future greatness4 ,! c\ntry s*ools n[ are n s good z !y 7 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! *ief reason is t _! tea*]s are n s capable4 ,m ,m5 ,ne$$4--,to secure ! be/ results1 !re %\ld be fully z _m m5 z wom5 tea*+ 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago bo? city & c\ntry s*ools 7 taught by m5 alone4 ,n[ ! rural s*ools & mo/ ( ! city s*ools are taught by wom5 alone4 ,!re is probably z mu* reason aga9/ all tea*]s be+ wom5 z !re is aga9/ all tea*]s be+ m54 ,l[ ,/&>d ,n[4--,?irty or =ty ye>s ago ab\t half ( ! tea*]s 7 m5 & half wom51 bo? sexes repres5t+ ! /rong & ! weak4 ,v _m ( ! s*ools ( to-day are "u ! *>ge ( "y girls f eighte5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age :o h _h little m ?an a common elem5t>y education4 ,"s h j f9i%$ ! eigh? grade & h _h a smatt]+ ( p$agogy or :at is sometimes call$ ! !ory & practice ( tea*+4 ,?is !y c\ld h secur$ 9 a six weeks' summ] s*ool1 :ile review+ ! s-call$ common bran*es4 ,^! tea*]s are hold]s m]ely ( a second grade elem5t>y1 or c\nty1 c]tificate1 :i* requires v little education4 ,almo/ any p]son :o has tak5 ! requir$ c\rse 9 read+1 writ+1 spell+1 ari?metic1 gramm>1 geography1 hi/ory1 & hygi5e ( ! elem5t>y s*ool c pass ! usual exam9ation & obta9 a c]tificate to tea*4 ,9 "s /ates ! matt] is made /ill easi] by ! issu+ ( ?ird grade c\nty c]tificates1 & ev51 9 "s cases1 by ! giv+ ( special p]mits4 ,inde$1 ! /&>ds are usually s l[ t ! supply ( tea*]s is f> beyond ! dem&4 ,! ,survival ( ! ,unfitte/4--,su* is ! /&>d :i* prevails ext5sively ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 9 respect to ! qualifications ( rural s*ool tea*]s4 ,z inf]ior goods sometimes drive out ! bett] 9 ! m>kets1 s poor tea*]s hold+ ! l[e/ grade ( c]tificate w sometimes drive out ! bett]1 = !y are ready to tea* = less ?an anybody else4 ,! m5 & wom5 ( /r5g? & initiative are con/antly tempt$ to g out ( ! call+ into o!r l9es ( "w :]e progress is m pron\nc$ & :]e sal>ies or wages are high]2 & s ! doors ( ! tea*]s' call+ sw+ outw>d4 ,! good tea*]s w des]t u1 or refuse to come1 & ! rural s*ools w be left ) :at might be call$ ! survival ( ! unfitte/4 ,%ort ,t]ms4--,add to ! =ego+ consid]ations ! %ort t]ms ( s]vice :i* prevail 9 rural s*ools & we h inde$ a pitiable condition4 ,! av]age ye>ly duration ( su* s*ools 9 mo/ /ates is ab\t sev5 mon?s--sometimes less4 ,?is leaves ab\t five mon?s ( vacation1 or ( "t betwe5 t]ms1 :5 mu* t has be5 le>n$ is =gott54 ,"u su* conditions h[ is x possible to give ! *ildr5 ( ^! communities an education :i* is at all comp>able to t af=d$ by ! city8 ,poor ,sup]vision4--,!n1 aga91 !re is (t5 little sup]vision ( c\ntry s*ools4 ,:5 a c\nty sup]9t5d5t has "u 8 inspection f fifty to two hundr$ s*ools1 x is utt]ly impossible = him to give to ea* ! desir$ numb] ( visits or to sup]vise & sup]9t5d ! "w ( ^? s*ools 9 a mann] t c be call$ adequate 9 any true s5se4 ,sometimes he c visit ea* s*ool only once a ye>1 or twice at mo/1 &1 ev5 !n1 !re may be two diff]5t tea*]s 9 ! same s*ool dur+ ! ye>2 s t he sees ea* ( 8 tea*]s at "w probably only once4 ,:at c a sup]vis+ (fic] d = a s*ool or = a tea*] "u su* circum/ances8 ,practically no?+4 ,! c\nty sup]9t5d5t is usually elect$ to (fice by ! p & frequ5tly on a p>tisan ticket4 ,?is me?od ( *oos+ naturally t5ds to make him give m att5tion to politics ?an he o!rwise w\ld ?9k ( giv+4 ,s ! sup]vision or sup]9t5d5cy ( c\ntry s*ools is too (t5 slight$ or neglect$--& :o is to blame8 ,( c\rse !re are _m exceptional cases1 b ! exceptions only prove ! rule4 ,no ,decid$ ,movem5t4--,! :ole movem5t ( ! rural s*ool1 :e!r x has be5 backw>d or =w>d1 has be5 too frequ5tly )\t def9ite or pron\nc$ direction4 ,x has mov$ along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 sometimes ?is way1 sometimes t1 9 "s places =w>d1 9 o!r places backw>d4 ,"t1 circum/ances1 & *ance det]m9e ! "w4 ,s*ool problems h be5 settl$ by conv5i5ce & circum/ances4 ,! :ole situation has be5 "o ( laissez faire4 ,x is only )9 ! pa/ few ye>s t p h become awak5$ to ! situation4 ,!y are beg9n+ to be impress$ ) ! progress t is be+ made 9 all o!r l9es1 n only outside ( ! s*ools b also 9 ! fields ( high] & second>y education4 ,! rural s*ool int]e/s h at la/ begun to ask1 ,:]e d we come 98 ,elem5t>y ,tea*+ ,n a ,pr(ession4--,!re has be5 z yet no real pr(ession ( tea*+ 9 ! rural or elem5t>y field4 ,9 ab\t "o ?ird ( ! s*ools !re is a new tea*] e ye>2 s t e ?ree ye>s ! tea*+ =ce 9 any giv5 c\nty is practically r5ew$4 ,a pr(ession _c be acquir$ 9 a day1 or ev5 9 twelve mon?s4 ,! "w to be done is reg>d$ z an important public "w1 & ! public is conc]n$ 9 its own protection4 ,h5ce 9 e true pr(ession !re is a some:at l5g?y p]iod ( prep>ation & a /&>d ( acquirem5ts :i* mu/ be atta9$4 ,9 o!r words1 a true pr(ession is a clos$ call+ :i* x is impossible = ev]yone to jo91 & :i* only ^? c ent] :o h pass$ ?r\gh a sev]e prep>ation & h successfully met ! requir$ /&>d4 ,s*ool tea*+ 9 ! c\ntry is too frequ5tly n a pr(ession4 ,x c be ent]$ too easily2 ! requir$ p]iod ( prep>ation is s %ort & ! /&>d is plac$ s l[ t "y & poorly prep>$ p]sons ent] too easily4 ,! ,problem ,difficult1 b ,be=e ,u4--,:at %all be done8 ,! problem is be=e ! ,am]ican p 9 e /ate ( ! ,union4 ,! p !mselves h become ar\s$ to ! situation1 & ?is itself is enc\rag+4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 "s /ates1 b mu* w be left undone = ! att5tion ( com+ g5]ations4 ,! masses ( ! p c be ar\s$ only ) difficulty4 ,! education ( an individual is a sl[ process4 ,! education ( a family1 ( a community1 or ( a /ate is sl[] /ill4 ,! education ( a nation or ( a race is s sl[ t its progress is difficult ( measurem5t4 ,inde$1 ! movem5t ( ! race z a :ole is s imp]ceptible t x leaves room = debate z to :e!r humanity is go+ =w>d or backw>d4 ,o!r ,educational ,int]e/s ,%\ld ,help4--,! high] in/itutions1 includ+ ! /ate univ]sities1 ! agricultural colleges1 ! normal s*ools1 & ! high s*ools1 %\ld all jo9 h&s 9 help+ to rem$y conditions4 ,society has already1 9 l>ge measure1 solv$ ! problems 9 ! high] educational fields2 ^? in/itutions h be5 advanc$ to su* an ext5t t !y h almo/ realiz$ _! ideals4 ,! rural population has help$ !m to atta9 to ^! high /&>ds4 ,z "o good turn des]ves ano!r1 rural communities n[ look to ^! int]e/s = aid 9 ! /ruggle to ov]come ! difficulties :i* confront !m4 ,high] ,/&>ds ,necess>y4--,b be=e ! rural s*ools c ev] hope to make ! desir$ progress1 high] /&>ds mu/ be set by society1 & ! tea*]s 9 ^? s*ools mu/ atta9 to !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a nation1 is f> beh9d =eign c\ntries 9 sett+ su* a /&>d4 ,9 ,d5m>k & else:]e a c\ntry s*ool tea*] mu/ be a normal s*ool graduate4 ,a few national laws 9 ! way ( /&>dization bo? 9 high] & l[] education w\ld produce excell5t results4 ,! old fe> ( encroa*m5t ^u /ate's rights by ! national gov]nm5t has too long prev5t$ national legislation ( a mo/ b5eficial k9d 9 ! educational field4 ,c\rses = ,tea*]s4--,9 e normal s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re %\ld be an elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy ext5d+ at lea/ ?ree ye>s above ! eigh? grade1 & ! completion ( ?is c\rse %\ld be requir$ z a m9imum prep>ation = tea*+ 9 any s*ool 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n ask+ too mu*4 ,pupils :o complete ! eigh? grade at f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s1 & !n g to a normal s*ool1 w\ld complete ?is elem5t>y c\rse at ! age ( sev5te5 or eighte52 & no p]son :o has n rea*$ ?is age %\ld assume ! responsibility = ! c>e & in/ruction ( *ildr5 9 any s*ool4 ,! ,problem ( ,comp5sation4--,7 su* a /&>d adopt$ z a m9imum1 sal>ies w\ld imm$iately rise4 7,we d n (t5 call !m sal>ies b wages1 & probably ) "s discrim9ation47 ,if x is said t tea*]s ( su* qualifications _c be secur$1 ! answ] is t 9 a %ort "t ?+s w\ld s adju/ !mselves t ! dem& w\ld br+ ! supply4 ,sal>ies 9 ! c\ntry mu/ be high] be=e we c hope to secure any consid]able numb] ( tea*]s z well equipp$ & ) z /rong p]sonalities z ^? f\nd 9 ! cities4 ,x may be necess>y = u to pay m ?an is paid 9 ! city2 = if a tea*] has two (f]s at #fe a mon?1 "o f a city & "o f ! c\ntry1 %e w1 )\t d\bt1 accept ! city (f] e "t4 ,true1 %e w h to pay m = room & bo>d 9 ! city2 nev]!less %e w pref] to be :]e !re are ! mo/ opportunities & conv5i5ces1 ) probably a bett] prospect = promotion4 ,& :o c blame h]8 ,x is probable t1 9 _m in/ances1 c\ntry di/ricts w h to pay five or t5 doll>s a mon? m ?an ! city if !y wi% to secure equally /rong tea*]s4 ,a c\ntry di/rict c really af=d to pay m ?an ! city 9 ord] to get a good1 /rong tea*]2 = taxation 9 ! c\ntry is usually light] ?an x is 9 ! city4 ,9 ! city !re is taxation = light+1 = pav+1 = sidewalks1 = police protection1 & = v>i\s o!r conv5i5ces & necessities4 ,! c\ntry is free f mo/ ( su* levies1 & x c\ld1 !re=e1 af=d to pay a little m s*ool tax 9 ord] to secure its %>e ( ! be/ tea*]s4 ,consolidation z a ,factor4--,9 ! solution ( ! s*ool problem consolidation w d mu*4 ,?is is be+ tri$ 9 almo/ e /ate ( ! ,union & is work+ 9 ! direction ( progress ) great satisfaction4 ,we %all treat ( ?is m at l5g? 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,bett] ,sup]vision ,necess>y4--,n only mu/ we h bett] tea*]s 9 ! c\ntry1 b we mu/ h m & bett] sup]vision4 ,!re is no valid reason :y c\ntry sup]9t5d5ts %\ld be elect$ on a political plat=m4 ,x is ! cu/om ev]y:]e to *oose city sup]9t5d5ts f among ! be/ m5 or wom5 any:]e 9 ! field1 inside or outside ( ! /ate4 ,su* %\ld also be ! practice 9 *oos+ c\nty sup]9t5d5ts4 ,!n1 too1 a c\nty %\ld be divid$ into di/ricts & m assi/ance giv5 ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t 9 ! sup]vision ( s*ools4 ,9 o!r words1 sup]vision %\ld be p]si/5t1 consi/5t1 & sy/ematic2 visits %\ld be m frequ5t4 ,9 ! city a sup]9t5d5t or pr9cipal has all 8 s*ools & tea*]s ei!r 9 "o build+ or 9 sev]al build+s at no great di/ance ap>t4 ,9 ! latt] case he c g f "o to ano!r 9 a few m9utes1 /ay+ at ea* z long z he ?9ks necess>y4 ,little "t is lo/ 9 travel4 ,! opposite condition is "o ( ! difficulties ( rural sup]vision1 & x mu/ be ov]come 9 "s satisfactory way4 ,a ,model ,rural ,s*ool4--,x w\ld be a good plan = ! /ate to e/abli% 9 ea* c\nty "o model rural s*ool4 ,su* s*ools might be ma9ta9$ :olly or 9 "p by ! /ate1 & !y w\ld become models = all ! neighbor+ di/ricts4 ,*ildr5 are always imitative1 & p are only *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?4 ,mo/ p le>n to d ?+s bett] by imitation2 & s ^! model /ate s*ools w\ld s]ve z patt]ns to be /udi$ & copi$ by o!rs4 ,! ,tea*] ,%\ld ,lead4--,! s*ool %\ld be ! ma9spr+ ( educational & social life 9 ! community2 h5ce1 only su* tea*]s %\ld be employ$ z are real orig9ators ( activity 9 rural s*ools & 9 rural life4 ,! tea*] %\ld be a live wire & %\ld be do+ ?+s all ! "t4 ,he %\ld be ! lead] ( 8 community & 8 p4 ,a ,good ,bo>d+ ,place4--,a s]i\s difficulty connect$ ) tea*+ 9 ! c\ntry is t ( secur+ a good bo>d+ place & tempor>y home4 ,?is may n be a tr\blesome problem 9 ! old] & well-e/abli%$ communities1 b 9 ! new] /ates & sp>sely settl$ sections ! condition is almo/ =bidd+4 ,half ! enjoym5t ( life consi/s 9 hav+ a com=table home & a good room to oneself4 ,?is is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to d "o's "w well1 especially ! "w ( ! tea*]4 ,"s ( ! exp]i5ces :i* tea*]s h be5 oblig$ to g ?r\gh are almo/ incr$ible4 ,almo/ e tea*] ( a c\ntry s*ool c\ld give vivid & pa!tic illu/rations & examples ( ! discom=ts1 ! annoyances1 & ! trials to :i* a bo>d] 9 a /range family is subject$4 ,! "q ( a bo>d+ place %\ld be 9 ! m9d & plan ( e s*ool bo>d :5 !y employ a tea*] = _! di/rict4 ,x is !y :o %\ld solve ?is problem = ! tea*] by hav+ a good available home provid$ 9 advance4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,consolidation ,,( ,,rural ,,s*ools ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 9 reg>d to :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! consolidation ( s*ools4 ,m5 & wom5 int]e/$ 9 ! cause ( popul> education h come to feel t ! rural s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry are mak+ little or no progress1 & public att5tion has !re=e be5 turn$ to consolidation z "o ( ! possible means ( improvem5t4 ,! ,process4--,z ! "n implies1 ! process is simply ! br++ toge!r & ! fus+ ( two or m s*ools into "o4 ,if two or m communities1 ea* hav+ a small s*ool ( a few *ildr51 conclude t _! s*ools are becom+ ineffective & t x w\ld be advantage\s to unite1 ea* may sell its own s*oolh\se1 & a new "o may be built l>ge en\gh = all & m c5trally locat$ ) reg>d to ! :ole t]ritory4 ,!y ?us consolidate ! s*ools ( ! sev]al di/ricts & e/abli% a s+le l>ge "o4 ,9 _m portions ( ! c\ntry ! rural s*ools h1 f v>i\s causes1 gr[n small] & small]1 until !y h ceas$ to be places ( int]e/1 ( activity1 & ( life4 ,n[1 a s*ool1 if x means any?+1 means a place :]e m9ds are /imulat$ & awak5$ z well z :]e k is communicat$4 ,!re c be b little /imulation 9 a s*ool ( only a few *ildr54 ,! pupils feel x & s does ! tea*]4 ,life1 activity1 m5tal aspiration are always f\nd :]e l>ge numb]s ( p]sons congregate4 ,= ^! reasons ! idea ( consolidat+ ! small s*ools into important c5t]s1 or units1 is =c+ itself ^u ! p ( ! c\ntry4 ,:]e ! s*ools are small & ! roads are good1 ev]y?+ favors ! br++ ( ! *ildr5 to a l>g] & m /imulat+ social & educational c5t]4 ,:5 ,n ,necess>y4--,x might happ51 z x frequ5tly does1 t a s*ool is already suffici5tly l>ge1 active1 & en?usia/ic to make x inadvisable to give up its id5tity & become m]g$ 9 ! l>g] consolidat$ s*ool4 ,if !re are tw5ty or ?irty *ildr5 & an effici5t tea*] we h ! ess5tial factors ( a good s*ool4 ,fur!rmore1 x is r difficult to transport1 = sev]al miles1 a l>g] numb] ?an ?is4 ,! ,di/rict ,sy/em4--,!re are two diff]5t k9ds ( c\ntry s*ool organization4 ,9 "s /ates1 :at is kn[n z ! di/rict sy/em is ! prevail+ "o4 ,?is means t a s*ool di/rict1 m or less irregul> 9 %ape & conta9+ probably six to t5 squ>e miles1 is organiz$ into a corporation = s*ool purposes4 ,! s*oolh\se is situat$ some:]e ne> ! c5t] ( ?is di/rict & is usually a small1 boxlike affair1 (t5 locat$ 9 a desolate place )\t trees or o!r attractive environm5t4 ,?is s*ool may be "u ! adm9i/ration ( a tru/ee or ( a s*ool bo>d hav+ ! managem5t ( ! s*ool 9 e respect4 ,?is bo>d det]m9es ! l5g? ( t]m2 x hires & dismisses tea*]s1 procures supplies & p]=ms all ! functions au?oriz$ by law4 ,x is a case :]e "o s*ool bo>d has ! entire managem5t ( "o small s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,a frame build+ & adequate conveyances ,illu/ration3 ,a sub/antial & well-plann$ build+ ,caption = ! above illu/rations3 ,,two ,,types ,,( ,,consolidat$ ,,s*ools ,! ,t[n%ip ,sy/em4--,! o!r =m ( organization is :at is kn[n z ! t[n%ip sy/em4 ,"h ! sev]al s*ools 9 "o t[n%ip are all "u ! adm9i/ration ( "o s*ool bo>d4 ,!re is n a s*ool bo>d = ea* s*oolh\se1 z 9 ! di/rict sy/em1 b "o s*ool bo>d has *>ge ( all ! s*ools ( ! t[n%ip4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions x has 9 its p[] ! locat+ ( s*oolh\ses )9 ?is g5]al di/rict4 ,! bo>d hires ! tea*]s = all ! s*ools )9 its jurisdiction1 & 9 g5]al manages all ! s*ools 9 ! same mann] z ! bo>d 9 ! di/rict sy/em manages its "o s*ool4 ,consolidation ,difficult 9 ,di/rict ,sy/em4--,! process ( consolidation is always difficult :]e ! di/rict sy/em prevails4 ,bo? cu/om & s5tim5t cause ! p to hesitate or refuse to ab&on _! e/abli%$ =m ( organization4 ,if a community has be5 incorporat$ = any purpose & has done bus9ess = "s ye>s1 x is always difficult to induce ! p to make a *ange4 ,!y feel z if !y 7 abdicat+ gov]nm5t & responsibility4 ,!y hesitate to m]ge !mselves 9 a l>g] organization1 & h5ce !y advance _m objections to ! consolidation ( _! s*ools4 ,all ?is is b natural4 ,! sev]al communities h be5 liv+ ap>t educationally & h be5 9 a measure /rang]s4 ,!y h nev] _h any occasion to meet 9 conf]5ce1 to ex*ange ?\ght1 & to d bus9ess toge!r2 h5ce !y fe> & hesitate to take a leap 9 ! d>k1 z !y conceive x1 & to emb>k ^u a c\rse :i* !y ?9k !y may aft]w>ds regret4 ,consolidation frequ5tly fails because ( false appreh5sions due to a lack ( social organization4 ,easi] 9 ,t[n%ip ,sy/em4--,x is q o!rwise :]e ! t[n%ip sy/em exi/s4 ,"h !re are no sep>ate corporations or organizations controll+ ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,! s*ool bo>d adm9i/]s ! affairs ( all ! s*ools 9 ! t[n%ip4 ,h5ce !re is no s5tim5t 9 reg>d to ! sep>ate & di/9ct individuality ( ea* s*ool & its patronage4 ,!re are no sub-di/ricts or di/9ctly organiz$ communities2 a :ole t[n%ip or two t[n%ips con/itute "o l>ge di/rict & ! s*ools are locat$ at ! mo/ conv5i5t po9ts to s]ve ! *ildr5 ( ! :ole t[n%ip4 ,! p 9 su* di/ricts h be5 accu/om$ to act toge!r educationally z well z politically1 & to ex*ange ?\ght on all su* situations4 ,h5ce consolidation1 or ! union ( ! sev]al s*ools1 is a comp>atively easy matt]4 ,consolidation a ,special ,problem = ,ea* ,di/rict4--,x w1 ( c\rse1 be se5 at once t1 9 a s*ool t[n%ip :]e !re are sev]al small & some:at lifeless s*ools ) only a few *ildr5 9 ea*1 x w\ld be desirable = sev]al reasons to br+ toge!r all ! *ildr5 into "o l>ge & animat$ c5t]4 ,?is process is a specific local problem4 ,:e!r or n su* consolidation is advisable dep5ds ^u _m conditions1 among :i* are1 7#a7 ! size ( ! =m] s*ools1 7#b7 ! unanimity ( s5tim5t 9 ! community1 7#c7 ! location ( roads & ( resid5ces1 7#d7 ! di/ance ! pupils are to be transport$1 & o!r local & special consid]ations4 ,! p ( ea* di/rict %\ld get toge!r & discuss ^! problems f v>i\s po9ts ( view & decide = !mselves :e!r or n !y %all adopt ! plan & also ! ext5t to :i* x %all be c>ri$4 ,mu* w dep5d ^u ! size ( ! s*ools & ev]y?+ ^u ! unanimity ( s5tim5t 9 ! community4 ,if !re is a l>ge m9ority aga9/ consolidation ! wisdom ( =c+ x by a small majority is to be que/ion$4 ,x w\ld be bett] to let ! idea "w a :ile long]4 ,disagreem5ts on ,transportation4--,! problem ( transport+ pupils is always a puzzl+ "o4 ,_m details are involv$ 9 its solution & x is ^u details t communities usually disagree4 ,mo/ ent]prises are wreck$ by disagreem5ts ov] small matt]s4 ,ev5 among fri5ds x is ! small details 9 mann]isms or conduct t become ) "t s irritat+ t fri5d%ip is (t5 /ra9$4 ,details are usually small1 b _! obtrusive1 p]petual pres5ce is likely to di/urb "o's n]ves4 ,?is is true 9 delib]ative bodies ( all k9ds4 ,important measures are (t5 delay$ or kill$ because _! advocates & oppon5ts _c give & take ^u small po9ts4 ,almo/ e great measure pass+ successfully ?r\gh legislative bodies &1 9 fact1 ! settlem5t ( _m social problems embody a compromise on details4 ,_m good p =get t1 :ile !re %\ld be unanimity 9 ess5tials1 !re %\ld be lib]ty 9 non-ess5tials1 & *>ity 9 all ?+s4 ,_m p lack ! p[] ( p]spective 9 ! discussion & solution ( problems2 = !m all facts are ( ! same magnitude4 ,l>ge ?+s :i* !y d n wi% are m9imiz$ & small ?+s are magnifi$4 ,a copp] c5t may be held s ne> ! eye t x w obscure ! sun4 ,probably !re has be5 no difficulty great] 9 ! process ( consolidation ?an ! problems involv$ 9 ! details conc]n+ ! transportation ( pupils4 ,ea* ,community ,mu/ ,decide = ,itself4--,! p>ticul> mode ( transportation mu/ be det]m9$ by ! conditions exi/+ 9 ea* community4 ,9 "s places ! consolidat$ s*ool di/rict provides "o or m busses1 or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 vans2 & ^! g to ! homes ( ! *ildr5 ea* morn+ 9 "t to arrive at ! s*oolh\se be=e n9e o'clock4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is case ! pupils liv+ f>!/ f ! s*ool mu/ rise & be ready e>lie/2 !y are on ! road = ! greate/ l5g? ( "t4 ,b ?is is "o ( ! m9or discom=ts :i* mu/ be borne by ^? families & _! *ildr54 ,all _c live ne> ! s*ool4 ,sometimes a diff]5t plan ( transportation is f\nd to give bett] satisfaction4 ,! p>5ts may pref] to br+ _! own *ildr5 to s*ool or to make def9ite arrangem5ts ) ne>by neighbors :o br+ !irs4 ,!re is no "o way :i* is ! only way1 &1 9 fact1 sev]al me?ods may be us$ 9 ! same di/rict4 ,! ,di/ance to ,be ,transport$4--,if pupils mu/ be transport$ ov] five or six miles1 consolidation becomes a d\btful exp]im5t4 ,( c\rse1 ! vehicles us$ %\ld be com=table & e c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ! *ildr52 b six miles ov] c\ntry roads & 9 all k9ds ( wea!r means1 probably1 an h\r & a qu>t] on ! road bo? morn+ & ev5+4 ,x c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be said 9 reply t six miles 9 a com=table wagon & an h\r & a qu>t] on ! road are n ne>ly s bad z a mile & a qu>t] on foot at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,responsible ,driv]4--,ano!r po9t ^u :i* all p>5ts %\ld insi/ is t ! transportation ( _! *ildr5 %\ld be p]=m$ by reliable & responsible driv]s4 ,?is is important & mo/ necess>y4 ,"u su* conditions !re w\ld be no dang] ( *ildr5 be+ dr5*$ ) ra9 9 summ] & expos$ to cold 9 w9t]1 = ! vehicles w\ld be s con/ruct$ z to (f] protection aga9/ bo?4 ,!re w\ld also be no dang] ( ! l>ge boys bully+ & br[beat+ ! small] *ildr5 on ! way1 z is (t5 done :5 !y walk to s*ool ov] long & lonely roads2 = all w\ld be "u ! c>e ( a tru/wor?y driv] until !y 7 l&$ at ! door ( ! s*oolh\se or ! home4 ,co/ ( ,consolidation4--,! co/ ( consolidation is always an important consid]ation4 ,"u ! di/rict sy/em "o di/rict may be weal?y & ano!r poor1 ! =m] hav+ sc>cely any taxation & ! latt] a high rate ( taxation4 ,x is usual t1 9 su* cases1 ! di/ricts hav+ a small rate ( taxation are unwill+ to consolidate ) o!rs4 ,?is is "o ( ! difficulties4 ,consolidation w br+ ab\t uni=mity ( taxation 9 ! :ole t]ritory affect$4 ,?is is an advantage 9 itself4 ,if ! old s*oolh\ses are 9 good condition !re w be some:at ( a loss 9 sell+ !m & 9 build+ a l>ge new c5tral build+4 ,?is is ano!r situation :i* always complicates ! problem4 ,if ! old build+s are wor?less & if !y mu/ be replac$ 9 any ev5t by new build+s1 !n ! "t is opportune = consid]+ consolidation4 ,ev5 aft] ! reorganization is effect$1 & ! new c5tral build+ locat$1 ! co/ ( education1 all ?+s consid]$1 is n increas$4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t a l>g] am\nt ( money may be ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! consolidat$ s*ool ?an to ma9ta9 all ! v>i\s small s*ools :i* h previ\sly exi/$4 ,b o!r factors mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! total am\nt ( doll>s & c5ts 9 ! "o situation z comp>$ ) ! total am\nt 9 ! o!r does n tell ! :ole /ory4 ,= x has be5 f\nd t1 ev]y:]e 9 ! c\ntry1 !re is a l>g] & bett] att5dance ( pupils 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool1 t m pupils g to s*ool1 t !y att5d m regul>ly1 & t ! s*ool t]ms are long]4 ,!re=e ! prop] te/ ( exp5se is ! co/ ( a day's s*ool+ = ea* pupil1 or ! co/ p] pupil p] day4 ,measur$ by ?is /&>d education 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool is no m exp5sive ?an 9 ! unconsolidat$ s*ools2 inde$ x is usually less exp5sive4 ,x is a good ?+ = society to give a day's education to "o *ild2 !n education pays z x goes1 & ! m days' education x c (f]1 ! bett]4 ,m ,life 9 ! ,consolidat$ ,s*ool4--,no "o c d5y t 9 ?is l>g] s*ool !re c be m life & activity ( all k9ds1 & a mu* f9] s*ool _s ?an 0 possible 9 ! small] s*ools4 ,education means /imulation & :]e a great _m *ildr5 are br\ght toge!r & prop]ly organiz$ & grad$ !re is a m /imulat+ atmosph]e & environm5t4 ,"s ,grad+ ,desirable4--,9 ^! consolidat$ s*ools a reasonable am\nt ( grad+ c be secur$4 ,x may be true t 9 "s ( ! l>ge cities an extreme degree ( grad+ defeats education & ! true aim ( organization1 b c]ta9ly 9 consolidat$ rural s*ools no su* degree ( ref9em5t ne$ be rea*$ or fe>$4 ,grad+ c rema9 "h 9 ! gold5 mean & w be b5eficial to pupils & tea*]s alike4 ,! pupils ?us grad$ w h m "t = recitation & in/ruction1 & tea*]s w h m "t to d effici5t "w4 ,9 ! "o-room rural s*ool "o tea*] usually has eight grades & (t5 m1 & sometimes %e is requir$ to conduct ?irty or =ty diff]5t recitations 9 a day4 ,"u su* conditions ! lack ( "t prev5ts ! atta9m5t ( good results4 ,bett] ,tea*]s4--,x is also true t1 :]e a s*ool is l>g] & atta9s to m ( a sy/em1 bett] tea*]s are s\ght & secur$ by ! au?orities4 ,z we h already said1 ! cities are able to bid high] = ! be/ tra9$ tea*]s1 s ! c\ntry di/ricts suff] 9 ! economic competition4 ,b ! consolidat$ s*ool be+ organiz$1 equipp$1 & grad$1 & repres5t+1 z x does1 a l>ge community or di/rict1 ! t5d5cy w be to secure z good tea*]s z possible4 ,?is is help$ along by ! comp>ison & competition ( tea*]s work+ side by side )9 ! walls ( ! same build+4 ,9 su* s*ools1 too1 !re is usually a pr9cipal1 & he ex]cises ! function ( selection & rejection 9 ! *oice ( tea*]s4 ,all ?is conduces to ! secur+ ( good tea*]s 9 ! consolidat$ c5t]4 ,bett] ,build+s & ,inspection4--,simil> improvem5ts are atta9$ 9 ! build+ z a :ole1 9 ! individual rooms1 & 9 ! int]ior equipm5t4 ,su* build+s are usually plann$ by compet5t ar*itects & are m adequate 9 all _! appo9tm5ts4 ,all ?+s are subject to inspection1 bo? by ! community & ! au?orities4 ,x is natural t su* inspection & criticism w be satisfi$ only ) ! be/2 & s ! surr\nd+s ( pupils become mu* m favorable to _! m5tal1 moral1 & physical well-be+ ?an 0 possible 9 ! isolat$ "o-room s*ool build+4 ,long] ,t]ms4--,! same discussion1 agitation1 inspection1 & sup]vision w inevitably lead to long] t]ms ( s*ool4 ,:]eas ! "o-room s*ools usually av]age six & a half mon?s ( s*ool p] ye>1 ! consolidat$ s*ools av]age ov] eight mon?s4 ,?is is 9 itself a mo/ important ga94 ,regul>ity1 ,punctuality1 & ,att5dance4--,! l>g] _s & life ( ! consolidat$ s*ool induce great] punctuality & regul>ity ( att5dance4 ,:5 pupils are transport$ to s*ool !y are always on "t1 & :5 !y are memb]s ( a class :]e !re is consid]able competition !y att5d s*ool ) great regul>ity4 ,!re are _m gr[n-up pupils 9 ! di/rict :o w\ld n g to ! small s*ools1 b :o w g to a l>g] s*ool :]e !y f9d _! equals2 & s ! s*ool att5dance is greatly increas$4 ,we h1 !n1 ! advantages ( great] punctuality1 great] regul>ity1 & m pupils 9 att5dance4 ,! s*ool _s is abroad 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool di/rict2 p are ?9k+ & talk+ s*ool4 ,x becomes ! cu/om>y & fa%ionable ?+ to s5d *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,bett] ,sup]vision4--,!re is also mu* bett] sup]vision 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool2 =1 9 addition to ! sup]vision giv5 by ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t or 8 assi/ants1 !re is also ! sup]vision ( ! pr9cipal1 or head tea*]4 ,?is is 9 itself no small factor 9 ! mak+ ( a good s*ool4 ,good sup]vision always makes /rongly = effici5cy4 ,! ,s*ool z a ,social ,c5t]4--,o!r effects ?an ^? above m5tion$ w necess>ily foll[4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool c & %\ld become a social c5t]4 ,!re %\ld be an assembly room = lectures1 debates1 lit]>y & musical ent]ta9m5ts1 & meet+s ( all k9ds4 ,! lecture hall %\ld be provid$ ) a /age1 & good mov+-picture exhibitions might be giv5 occasionally4 ,!re1 also1 ! citiz5s may ga!r to he> public que/ions discuss$4 ,x c\ld ?us become a civic & social c5t] z well z an educational c5t]4 ,all problems affect+ ! welf>e ( ! community might be pres5t$ "h2 ! p c\ld assemble to li/5 to ! discussion ( political & o!r social & public que/ions1 :i* are ! subjects ( ?\ght & ( conv]sation 9 ! neighborhood4 ,?is is real social & educational life4 ,bett] ,roads4--,n only does consolidation t5d to all ! above results b x does _m o!r ?+s incid5tally4 ,x leads to ! mak+ ( bett] roads2 = :]e a community has to travel frequ5tly x w provide good roads4 ,?is is "o ( ! cry+ ne$s ( ! day ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,consolidation ,com+ ,ev]y:]e4--,consolidation is n[ "u way 9 almo/ e /ate ( ! ,union & :]ev] tri$ x has almo/ inv>iably succe$$4 ,9 b v few places h rural communities ab&on$ ! educational1 social1 & civic c5t]1 & gone back to _! =m] /ate ( isolation & deadly r\t9e4 ,! ,m>ri$ ,tea*] & ,p]man5ce4--,9 ord] to make ! consolidat$ s*ool a success1 ! policy w h to be adopt$ 9 ,am]ica ( build+1 at or ne> ! s*ool1 a resid5ce = ! tea*]1 & ( select+ z tea*] a m>ri$ man1 :o w make 8 home !re among ! p ^: *ildr5 he is to tea*4 ,su* a tea*] %\ld be a real community lead] 9 e way1 & 8 t5ure ( s]vice %\ld be p]man5t4 ,grave & specific reasons only %\ld effect 8 removal4 ,) s+le m5 & wom5 x is impossible to secure ! p]man5ce ( t5ure t is desirable & necess>y to ! educational & social welf>e ( a s*ool & a community4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ ov] & ov] aga91 & =eign c\ntries are f> ahead ( u 9 ?is respect4 ,su* a real lead] & tea*] w1 x is true1 comm& a high sal>y2 b a good home1 p]man5ce ( position1 a small tract ( l& = g>d5 & field purposes1 & ! com+ policy ev]y:]e ( an insurance & retirem5t fund w\ld (f] great inducem5ts to /rong m5 to take up _! abode & ca/ _! lot 9 su* educational & community c5t]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,tea*] ,! ,greate/ ,factor4--,n[1 al?\gh we may h a beautiful s*ool campus1 an adequate & arti/ic build+1 a libr>y1 laboratories & work%ops ) all necess>y physical or mat]ial appo9tm5ts complete1 we may yet h a poor s*ool2 ^! ?+s1 h[ev] desirable1 w n tea* alone4 ,! tea*] is ! ma9spr+1 ! s\l ( ! s*ool2 ! plant1 z x may be call$1 is only ! body4 ,a great p]son is "o ) a great s\l1 n necess>ily ) a great body4 ,h5ce x is t a great tea*] ) poor build+s & inf]ior equipm5ts is incomp>ably bett] ?an great build+s & equipm5ts )\t a compet5t tea*]4 ,:at ,education ,is4--,education is ess5tially & l>gely ! /imulation & trans=mation ( "o m9d or p]sonality by ano!r4 ,x is ! impression ( "o great m9d or s\l ^u ano!r1 giv+ x a mann] ( _s1 a b5t1 an attitude1 z well z a ?ir/ = k4 ,?is is too (t5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! complexity ( ?+s4 ,_m p are incl9$ to ?9k t educational equipm5t & ma*9]y alone w educate4 ,!re is no?+ fur!r f ! tru?4 ,m>k ,hopk9s w\ld be a great tea*] )\t equipm5t2 build+s1 gr\nds1 app>atus1 & laboratories w n really educate )\t a great p]sonality beh9d ! desk4 ,!re is probably no?+ m inspir+1 m sugge/+1 m /imulat+1 or m trans=m+ ?an intimate contact ) great m9ds4 ,?\ght l wat] seeks its level1 & = *ildr5 to come into liv+ & lov+ communication ) a great tea*] is a real uplift & an education 9 itself4 ,z a saw w n saw )\t "s extrane\s p[] to give x motion1 nei!r w ! gun d execution )\t ! man beh9d x4 ,! locomotive is n great] ?an ! man at ! ?rottle1 & ! %ip )\t ! man at ! helm fl\nd]s aimlessly ^u ! sea4 ,j s1 a great p]sonality mu/ be beh9d ! tea*]'s desk or !re _c be 9 any s5se a real s*ool4 ,:at ! ,real ,tea*] ,is4--,! true tea*] is an inspir]2 t is1 he brea!s into 8 pupils 8 _s1 8 love ( le>n+1 8 me?od ( /udy1 8 ideals4 ,he is a real lead] 9 e way4 ,*ildr5--& we are all *ildr5 to a c]ta9 ext5t--are great imitators1 & s ! pupils t5d to become l ! tea*]4 ,! true tea*] /imulates to activity by example4 ,:]e y f9d su* a tea*]1 ?+s are con/antly do+2 p are ?9k+ & talk+ s*ool all ! "t2 education is 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! real tea*] is1 to use a popul> phrase1 a live wire4 ,some?+ new is und]tak5 e day4 ,he is a man ( initiative & pu%1 & )al he is a man ( s9c]ity & tact4 ,:ile he is retrospective & circumspective he is also prospective--he is a man ( ! f>-look-ahead type4 ,a ,hypnoti/4--,! tea*] is 9 ! true s5se a sugge/] ( good ?+s4 ,he is an educational hypnoti/4 ,! long] ,i cont9ue to tea* ! m am ,i impress$ ) ! fact t sugge/ion is ! great art ( ! tea*]4 ,h5ce ! true tea*] is ! lead] & n ! driv]4 ,unty+ ,knots4--,a man once said t ! be/ lesson he ev] le>n$ 9 s*ool 0 ! lesson ( unty+ knots4 ,he meant1 ( c\rse1 t e problem t 0 ?r[n to ! s*ool by ! tea*] 0 tackl$ 9 ! "r _s by ! pupils4 ,!y inve/igat$ x & analyz$ x2 !y pe]$ into x & ?r\gh x to f9d all ! /r&s ( relation%ip exi/+ 9 x4 ,x w\ld be easi]1 ( c\rse1 = ! tea*] "u ^! circum/ances m]ely to cut ! knot & h x all done )1 b ?is w\ld be poor tea*+4 ,?is w\ld be tell+1 n tea*+4 ,?is w\ld lead to passivity & n to activity on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,& x may be said "h t con/ant & too mu* tell+ is probably ! greate/ & mo/ widespread mi/ake 9 tea*+4 ,tea*]s are con/antly cutt+ ! knots = *ildr5 :o %\ld be left to untie !m = !mselves4 ,to untie a knot is to see ?r\gh & ?r\gh a subject1 to see all ar\nd x1 to see ! v>i\s relations ( its p>ts &1 consequ5tly1 to und]/& x4 ,?is is solv+ a problem2 x is dissolv+ x2 t is1 ! problem becomes a "p ( ! pupil's own m9d1 &1 hav+ made x a "p ( himself1 he und]/&s x & nev] =gets x4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 n be+ able to rememb] & n be+ able to =get4 ,9 ! =m] case ! s-call$ k is n a "p ( oneself2 x is n vital4 ,! roots d n p5etrate b5ea? ! surface ( our m9ds2 !y are1 z x 71 m]ely /uck on2 ! m5tal sap does n circulate4 ,9 ! latt] case ! k is real2 x is alive & gr[+2 !re is a vital connection betwe5 x & ourselves4 ,x w\ld be z difficult to te> x f u z x w\ld to h our he>ts torn out & /ill live4 ,too ,mu* ,k9dness4--,an illu/ration ( ! same po9t appe>s 9 ! foll[+ incid5t4 ,a boy :o own$ a pet squirrel ?\ght x a k9dness to ! squirrel to crack all ! nuts = x4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! squirrel's incisors1 above & bel[1 grew s long t !y ov]lapp$ & ! animal c\ld n eat any?+4 ,too _m tea*]s are s k9d to _! pupils t !y crack all ! educational nuts = !m1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! *ildr5 become passive & die m5tally = want ( activity4 ,! true tea*] w all[ 8 pupils to wre/le ) _! problems )\t int]ruption until !y arrive at a conclusion4 ,if "s pupil goes into ! dit* & fl\nd]s he %\ld usually be all[$ to get out by 8 own ef=ts z be/ he c4 ,"h is ! place :]e ! tea*] %\ld be cruel only to be k9d4 ,! ,button ,illu/ration4--,ano!r illu/ration may help to br+ to u "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! really good tea*]4 ,:5 *ildr51 we h all1 no d\bt1 amus$ ourselves by putt+ a /r+ ?r\gh two holes ( a button &1 aft] twirl+ x ar\nd betwe5 our ?umbs1 draw+ x /eadily 9 measur$ fa%ion s z to make ! button sp9 & hum4 ,if ! /r+ is drawn prop]ly ?is w be successful2 o!rwise x w become a p]fect sn>l4 ,?is common exp]i5ce has (t5 seem$ to me to typify two diff]5t k9ds ( s*ool4 ,9 "o1 :]e !re is a great tea*] draw+ ! s*ool prop]ly1 y w he>1 incid5tally1 ! hum ( indu/ry1 = all are active4 ,a s*ool :i* may be ?us *>act]iz$ is always bett] ?an ! "o *>act]iz$ by sil5ce & inaction4 ,a little noise--9 fact a consid]able noise--is n inconsi/5t ) a good s*ool1 & x frequ5tly happ5s t :at we call ! sil5ce ( dea? is due to fe>1 :i* is always p>alyz+4 ,! ,*>iot ,race4--,/ill ano!r illu/ration may help to make cle> :at is meant by a good s*ool & a good tea*]4 ,lew ,wallace1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! *>iot race1 makes ,b5 ,hur & 8 rival approa* ! goal ) _! horses neck & neck4 ,he says t ,b5 ,hur1 9 gett+ ! be/ out ( 8 /e$s1 s5t 8 w out along ! re9s4 ,a really spirit$ horse responds to ! ?rob ( 8 driv]'s h& ^u ! re94 ,a good driv] gets ! be/ out ( 8 horse2 he & 8 horse are 9 accord & ! horse takes z mu* pride 9 ! p]=mance z ! driv] does4 ,?is is analog\sly true ( a good s*ool4 ,! s*oolroom is n a complete democracy--9 fact1 x is n a democracy at all 9 ! l[] grades2 x is or %\ld be a b5evol5t autocracy4 ,! tea*] )9 ! s*oolroom is ! law-mak+ body1 ! int]pret] ( ! laws1 & ! executor ( ! laws4 ,! good tea*] does all ?is ju/ly & k9dly1 & s elicits ! admiration1 ! respect1 & ! active support ( ! gov]n$4 ,he s5ds 8 w out along ! re9s4 ,"s s*ools--^? ) great tea*]s 9 *>ge--are 9 ?is condition2 !y are com+ 9 "u full spe$ t[>d ! goal1 guid$ by a ma/] ^: w /imulates ! pupils to ! greate/ volunt>y activity4 ,o!r s*ools1 we are sorry to say1 illu/rate ! conditions :]e ! re9s are ov] ! da%bo>d & ! s*ool is runn+ away1 pell-mell6 ,physically ,s\nd4--,:at are "s ( ! *>act]i/ic attributes or traits :i* a ma/]ful & inspir+ tea*] %\ld possess8 ,9 ! fir/ place he %\ld be physically s\nd4 ,x may seem l a lack ( *>ity to say1 & yet x is true1 t any s]i\s physical defect %\ld militate aga9/1 if n b>1 "o f ! s*oolroom4 ,any s]i\s blemi% or noticeable defect becomes to pupils an ev]-pres5t sugge/ive picture1 & to "s ext5t mu/ "w aga9/1 r ?an =1 education4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^? :o are p]sonally attractive & h ! mo/ agreeable mann]s %\ld be *os54 ,s9ce *ildr5 are extremely pla/ic & impressionable1 & s susceptible to ! influ5ce ( ideas & ideals1 beauty & p]fection %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 be ! attributes ( ! p]son :o is to guide & fa%ion !m4 ,"*4--,a tea*] %\ld be morally s\nd2 he %\ld r+ true4 ,"o c give only :at "o has4 ,a li> _c tea* v]acity2 a di%one/ p]son c n tea* hone/y2 ! impure _c tea* purity4 ,"o may deceive = a "t1 b 9 ! long run ! e*o ( :at we are1 & h5ce :at we c give1 w be return$4 ,x is (t5 ?\ght t *ildr5 are bett] judges ( moral defects & ( %ams ?an are gr[n p2 b1 :ile ?is is n true1 x is nev]!less a fact t _m *ildr51 9 a %ort "t1 div9e or s5se ! true moral nature ( ! tea*]4 ,*ildr5 appreciate ju/ice & w endure & ev5 welcome sev]ity if !y "k t ju/ice is c\pl$ ) x4 ,!y are n av]se to be+ gov]n$ ) a firm h&4 ,if pupils are all[$ to d j z !y please !y may g home at ! close ( ! fir/ day1 say+ t !y _h a lovely "t & lik$ _! tea*]1 b 9 a v few days !y w tire ( x & beg9 to compla94 ,well ,educat$4--,we ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 cont5d at any l5g? t a tea*] %\ld be well educat$1 9 ! academic s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 ord] to tea* well1 "o mu/ und]/& 8 subject ?or\ghly4 ,x is q g5]ally held t a tea*] %\ld be at lea/ f\r ye>s 9 advance1 academically1 ( ! pupils :om he is to tea*4 ,:e!r ?is is true or n 9 p>ticul> cases1 ! fact rema9s t ! tea*] %\ld be full ( 8 subject1 %\ld be at home 9 x1 & %\ld be able to illu/rate x 9 its v>i\s phases2 he %\ld be free to /& be=e 8 class )\t textbook 9 h& & to give in/ruction f a full & accurate m9d4 ,!re is probably no?+ t s de/roys ! confid5ce ( pupils z ! lam5table spectacle ( see+ ! tea*] compell$ at e turn to ref] to ! book = v]ification ( ! answ]s giv54 ,x is a sign ( pitiable weakness4 ,if a di/9ction is to be made betwe5 k & wisdom a true tea*] %\ld be possess$ ( ! latt] to a consid]able ext5t4 ,he %\ld also h prud5ce1 or practical wisdom4 ,wisdom & prud5ce imply t f9e p]spective :i* gives a p]son balance & tact 9 all situations4 ,x %\ld be not$ t !re is a policy1 or diplomacy1 9 a good s5se1 :i* does n 9 any way conflict ) pr9ciple2 & ! true tea*] %\ld h ! k1 ! wisdom1 & ! tact to d & to say ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t & to leave unsaid & undone _m1 _m ?+s4 ,pr(essional ,prep>ation4--,9 addition to a ?or\gh k ( subject matt] e tea*] %\ld h _h "s pr(essional prep>ation = 8 "w4 ,tea*+1 l gov]nm5t1 is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ ( arts1 & to engage 9 x )\t any previ\s /udy ( its problems1 its pr9ciples1 & its me?ods seems l foolh>d9ess4 ,!re are scores1 if n hundr$s1 ( topics & problems :i* %\ld be ?\ght out & talk$ ov] be=e ! tea*] engages 9 actual "w 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,:5 ! solutions ( ^! problems h become a "p ( 8 own m9d1 !y w come to 8 rescue z occasion dem&s2 &1 al?\gh mu* mu/ be le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 a s\nd k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( education & tea*+ w always ?r[ mu* light ^u practical proc$ure4 ,x is true t !ory )\t practice is (t5 vision>y1 b x is equally true t practice )\t any previ\s k1 or !ory1 is v (t5 bl9d4 ,exp]i5ce4--,9 addition to ! =ego+ qualifications ! tea*]1 9 ord] to be really ma/]ful1 mu/ h _h "s--inde$ consid]able--actual exp]i5ce4 ,x is ?is t gives confid5ce & firmness to all our proc$ure4 ,! "y lawy] :5 he appe>s at ! b>1 to plead 8 fir/ case1 f9ds 8 knees knock+ toge!r2 b aft] a few mon?s or ye>s ( practice he acquires ease1 confid5ce1 & ma/]y 9 8 "w4 ,! same is true ( ! physician & ! tea*]4 ,"s successful exp]i5ce always c\nts = mu*4 ,s*ool bo>ds1 h[ev]1 (t5 ov]-e/imate m]e exp]i5ce4 ,poor exp]i5ce may be worse ?an none2 & "s good sup]9t5d5ts are will+1 & (t5 pref]1 to select promis+ c&idates )\t exp]i5ce1 & !n tra9 or build !m up into ! k9d ( tea*]s !y wi% !m to become4 ,*oos+ a ,tea*]4--,if ,i 7 a memb] ( a s*ool bo>d 9 a c\ntry di/rict :]e !re is ei!r a good "o-room s*ool or a consolidat$ s*ool1 ,i %\ld g ab\t secur+ a good tea*] some:at z foll[s3 ,i %\ld keep1 s to speak1 my wea!r eye op5 = a tea*] :o _h become kn[n to "s ext5t 9 all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 "o :o _h made a "n & a reputation = himself4 ,i %\ld inquire1 9 reg>d to ?is tea*]1 ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t & ( 8 sup]vis+ (fic]s4 ,i %\ld make ?is my bus9ess2 & !n1 if ,i %\ld become conv9c$ t su* a p]son 0 ! "o ne$$ 9 our s*ool1 & if ,i _h ! au?ority to act1 ,i %\ld employ su* a p]son reg>dless ( wages or sal>y4 ,if aft] a t]m or two ?is tea*] %\ld make a satisfactory record1 ,i w\ld !n promote him1 unsolicit$1 & endeavor to keep him z long z he w\ld /ay4 ,a ,scoop4--,sometimes !re is consid]able rivalry among ! newspap]s ( a city4 ,! editors or local report]s wat* = :at !y call a scoop4 ,?is is a piece ( news t w be v mu* s\ght by ! public & :i* rema9s unkn[n to ! p or1 9 fact1 to ! o!r pap]s until x appe>s 9 ! "o t has discov]$ x4 ,?is is analog\s to :at ,i %\ld try to d 9 secur+ a tea*]3 ,i %\ld try to get a v]itable educational scoop on all ! o!r di/ricts ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! only way to secure su* p]sons is = "s individual or = ! s*ool bo>d to make ?is a specific bus9ess4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ?is might be done by "o ( ! lead+ directors2 9 a consolidat$ s*ool1 by ! pr9cipal or sup]9t5d5t4 ,if x is true t z ! tea*] s is ! s*ool1 x is likewise true t z is ! pr9cipal or sup]9t5d5t s are ! tea*]s4 ,:at ,makes ! ,diff]5ce4--,x w be f\nd t a small diff]5ce 9 sal>y w frequ5tly make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a wor?less & an excell5t tea*]4 ,x is (t5 ! t5 or fifte5 doll>s a mon? additional :i* secures ! prize tea*]2 & s ,i %\ld make ! diff]5ce 9 sal>y a second>y consid]ation2 =1 aft] all1 ! diff]5ce am\nts to v little 9 ! taxation on ! :ole community4 ,a ,"q ( ,tea*]s4--,! "q ( tea*]s is ! real problem 9 education1 f ! prim>y s*ool to ! great univ]sities4 ,x is ! poor tea*+ ( poor tea*]s ev]y:]e t sets at naught ! processes ( education2 & :5 ! ,am]ican p1 & especially ! rural p1 realize t ?is is ! he>t & c5t] ( _! problem1 & :5 !y realize also t ! diff]5ce1 f9ancially1 betwe5 a poor tea*] & a good "o is s small1 !y w rise to ! occasion & proce$ to a correct solution ( _! problem4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,?ree ,,insep>ables ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we discuss$ ! type ( p]son t %\ld be 9 evid5ce ev]y:]e 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,su* a type is absolutely necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( g5u9e success4 ,9 rural s*ools ?is type is by no means too common1 & 9 ! :ole field ( elem5t>y & high] education x is mu* m r>e ?an x %\ld be4 ,because ( ! frequ5t appe>ance ( ! opposite type 9 colleges & 9 o!r s*ools1 ! tea*] & ! pr(essor h be5 (t5 c>icatur$ to _! discr$it4 ,!re is usually "s tru? und]ly+ a c>icature2 a c>toon w\ld lack po9t if x did n possess a sub/ratum ( fact4 ,! ,mode4--,n[1 !re is (t5 9 ! public m9d ?is poor] type ( tea*]2 & :5 an idea or an ideal1 h[ev] l[1 becomes once e/abli%$1 x is *ang$ only ) difficulty4 ,! commonplace individual1 ! m$iocre type ( man or ( woman1 is by _m reg>d$ z a fairly typical repres5tative ( :at ! tea*] usually is2 or1 z ! /ati/ician w\ld express x1 he is ! mode r ?an ! av]age4 ,! mode 9 any class ( objects or ( individuals is ! "o t occurs (t5e/1 ! "o mo/ frequ5tly met )4 ,& s ?is inactive1 nondescript sort ( p]son is (t5 ?\ght ( z ! typical tea*]4 ,he has no v high /&+ ei!r f9ancially or socially1 & s has no great influ5ce on ! individuals ar\nd him or on ! community 9 g5]al4 ,?is conception has become s well e/abli%$ 9 ! public m9d1 & is s frequ5tly met )1 t all tea*]s are reg>d$ z be+ ( ! same type4 ,! bett] tea*]s1 ! /rong p]sonalities1 are br\ght into ?is same class & mu/ suff] ! consequ5ces4 ,! ,mode 9 ,labor4--,?is same process ( classify+ individuals may be se5 9 o!r sph]es also4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry x is ! me?od ( e/imat+ ! wor? ( labor+ m52 all 9 ! same class are consid]$ equal2 all ( a class are r$uc$ to ! same level & paid ! same wages4 ,"o man c d & (t5 does ! "w ( two or ?ree m51 & does x bett]2 yet he mu/ labor = ! same common wage4 ,! ,mode 9 ,educational ,in/itutions4--,! same is to a great ext5t true ( ! popul> e/imate ( educational in/itutions4 ,9 ! public m9d an in/itution is m]ely an in/itution4 ,"o is ?\ght ( z do+ practically ! same "w z ano!r2 s :5 in/itutions come be=e legislatures = f9ancial recognition 9 ! way ( appropriations1 "o in/itution is consid]$ z des]v+ z ano!r4 ,! great public is n ke5 9 its discrim9ations1 :e!r x be a case ( educational in/itutions1 ( labor+ m51 or ( tea*]s4 ,no ,pr(ession4--,! fact is t1 9 ! l[] ranks ( ! tea*]s' call+1 !re is really no pr(ession4 ,! p]sonality ( _m :o engage 9 ! "w is too ord9>y to pr(essionalize any call+4 ,weak ,p]sonalities4--,?is condition ( affairs has gr[n p>tly out ( ! fact t we h n1 9 ! diff]5t /ates & 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge1 a suffici5tly high /&>d4 ,! exam9ations are n suffici5tly ext5sive & int5sive to sep>ate ! %eep f ! goats4 ,! unqualifi$ ?us ru% 9 & drive out ! qualifi$1 = ! effici5t _c compete ) ! ineffici5t4 ,! call+ is 9 no s5se a clos$ pr(ession1 & consequ5tly 9 ! l[] ranks x is sc>cely a pr(ession at all4 ,l[ ,/&>d4--,!re is also e/abli%$ 9 ! public m9d a c]ta9 /&>d1 or te/1 = common s*ool tea*+4 ,?is /&>d has be5 curr5t s long t x has become q /able1 & x seems almo/ impossible to *ange x4 ,z 9 ! case ( "s individuals :5 !y become possess$ ( an idea1 x is almo/ impossible to dispossess ! social m9d ( ?is l[ /&>d4 ,! ,norm ( ,wages ,too ,l[4--,9 reg>d to ! wages ( tea*]s x may be said t !re is fix$ 9 ! social m9d also1 a c]ta9 norm4 ,z 9 ! case ( p]sonality & ( /&>d qualifications1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( wages has long be5 reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! sum :i* a tea*] ought to receive4 ,= rural s*ools ?is is probably ab\t fifty doll>s a mon?2 9 fact1 9 mo/ /ates ! av]age wage paid to rural s*ool tea*]s is bel[ t am\nt4 ,b let u say t fifty doll>s is ! am\nt t has become e/abli%$ 9 ! popul> m9d z a reasonable sal>y4 ,"h1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 x is v difficult to *ange ideas e/abli%$ by long cu/om4 ,= _m ye>s p h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( tea*]s receiv+ c]ta9 sal>ies1 & !y refuse to consid] any high] sums z appropriate4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is an egregi\s blund]4 ,! rural s*ools c nev] be lift$ above _! pres5t plane ( effici5cy until ^! ?ree conceptions1 7#a7 t ( p]sonality1 7#b7 t ( /&>d1 &1 7#c7 t ( wages1 are revis$ 9 ! public m9d4 ,!re w h to be a great revolution 9 ! ?\ght ( ! p 9 reg>d to ^! insep>able ?+s4 ,! ,insep>ables4--,! fact is t1 7#a7 /rong p]sonalities1 7#b7 a high /&>d ( qualifications1 7#c7 & a respectable sal>y g h& 9 h&4 ,!y rise & fall toge!r2 !y are reactive1 "o ^u ! o!r4 ,! /rong p]sonality implies ! ability to meet a high /&>d & dem&s reasonable comp5sation4 ,! same is true ( ! high /&>d--x selects ! /rong p]sonality & ?is 9 turn _c be secur$ except at a good sal>y4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ t if s*ool bo>ds really face ! "q 9 e>ne/1 & are will+ to (f] good sal>ies1 /rong p]sonalities :o are able to meet t high /&>d c always be secur$4 ,pr(essor ,hugo ,mu5/]b]g says3 ,our pres5t civilization %[s t 9 e c\ntry really decisive a*ievem5t is f\nd only 9 ^? fields :i* draw ! /ronge/ m9ds1 & t !y are drawn only :]e ! greate/ premiums are tempt+ !m4#b ,footnote #b3 ,psy*ology & ,social ,sanity1 p4 #hb4 ,raise ! ,/&>d ,fir/4--,! be/ way1 !n1 to attack ! problem is1 fir/1 to raise ! /&>d4 ,?is w elim9ate inf]ior tea*]s & reta9 or attract ^? ( sup]ior qualifications4 ,x is to be regrett$ t we h n1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a m uni=m /&>d = tea*+ 9 ! common s*ools4 ,ea* /ate has its own laws1 its own /&>d4 ,x w\ld n1 we ?9k1 be ask+ too mu* to provide t no p]son %\ld tea* 9 any grade ( s*ool1 rural or elem5t>y1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 unless su* p]son has _h a c\rse = tea*]s equival5t to at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( "w 9 ! high s*ool or normal s*ool1 ) p$agogical prep>ation & tra9+4 ,9 fact1 a national law mak+ su* a uni=m /&>d among ! tea*]s 9 ! common s*ools ( ! c\ntry w\ld be an advantage4 ,b ?is is probably m ?an we c expect 9 ! ne> future4 ,z x is1 !re %\ld be a conf]5ce ( ! educational au?orities 9 ea* /ate to agree ^u a /&>d = tea*+1 ) a view to uni=m /ate legislation4 ,m ,m54--,"o ( ! great ne$s ( ! call+ is m m54 ,!re 0 a "t :5 all tea*]s 7 m52 n[ ne>ly all tea*]s are wom54 ,!re is z mu* reason = "o condition z = ! o!r4 ,)\t go+ into an analysis ( ! situation or ! causes :i* make x desirable t !re %\ld be m m5 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession1 x is1 we ?9k1 g5]ally grant$ t ! conditions w\ld be bett]1 educationally1 socially1 & e o!r way1 if ! numb] ( m5 & wom5 9 ! "w 7 ab\t ev5ly divid$4 ,cooep]ation ,ne$$4--,educational movem5ts & influ5ces h spread d[nw>d & outw>d f above4 ,! great univ]sities ( ! _w 7 e/abli%$ be=e ! second>y & elem5t>y s*ool sy/ems came into exi/5ce4 ,?\ght settles d[n f lead]s :o are 9 high places4 ,we h %[n 9 a =m] *apt] t ! /ate univ]sities1 ! agricultural colleges1 ! normal s*ools1 & ! high s*ools h _h a wond]ful developm5t )9 ! la/ g5]ation1 :ile ! rural s*ool has too (t5 lagg$ p]ceptibly beh9d4 ,! c\ntry di/ricts h help$ to support 9 e way ! developm5t ( ! high] s*ools2 n[ an excell5t opportunity pres5ts itself = all ! high] & second>y educational influ5ces to unite 9 help+ to advance ! int]e/s & increase ! effici5cy ( ! rural s*ools4 ,! ,supply4--,! "q is sometimes ask$ :e!r ! "r k9d ( tea*]s c be secur$1 if high] sal>ies are (f]$4 ,!re c be no d\bt at all on ?is po9t4 ,:]e ! dem& exi/s & :]e !re is suffici5t inducem5t (f]$1 ! supply is always =?com+4 ,m5 are always at h& to engage 9 ! mo/ m5ial & ev5 ! mo/ dang]\s occupations if a suffici5t rew>d1 f9ancial or o!rwise1 is (f]$4 ,= high wages m5 are induc$ to "w 9 factories :]e m]cury mu/ be h&l$ & :]e x is well kn[n t life is %ort5$ _m ye>s z a consequ5ce4 ,m5 are secur$ to "w long h\rs 9 ! pres5ce ( r$-hot bla/ furnaces & 9 ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! holds ( %ips4 ,c x be possible t ) a reasonable sal>y ! /ronge/ k9d ( m5 w\ld n be attract$ to a call+ t has z _m po9ts ( int]e/ & z _m attractions z tea*+8 ,make ,x ,fa%ionable4--,a great deal dep5ds ^u mak+ any "w or any call+ fa%ionable4 ,all t is ne$$ is = ! tide to turn 9 t direction4 ,x is difficult to say h[ mu* sal>y w /op ! outw>d tide & cause x to set 9 ! o!r direction2 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 we %all nev] completely solve ! rural s*ool problem until ! tide turns4 ,! ,retirem5t ,sy/em4--,/rong p]sonalities w1 !n1 help to make tea*+ attractive & fa%ionable1 z well z effectual4 ,!re is a movem5t n[ becom+ q ext5sive :i* w also add to ! attractiv5ess ( ! tea*]'s call+4 ,a sy/em or plan ( insurance & retirem5t is n[ be+ in/all$ 9 _m /ates = ! b5efit ( tea*]s :o become incapacitat$ or :o h taught a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,?is plan gives a feel+ ( cont5tm5t1 & also a feel+ ( security aga9/ ! /ress & ne$s ( old age1 :i* w d mu* to hold /rong p 9 ! pr(ession4 ,! fe> ( be+ left p5niless 9 lat] life & dep5d5t ^u o!rs or ^u ! /ate1 induces1 )\t d\bt1 a great _m p]sons to leave a call+ s poorly paid1 9 ord] t !y may1 9 m g5]\s vocations1 lay some?+ by = a ra9y day4 ,! tru? ( ?is is borne 9 ^u u m /rongly :5 we rememb] t tea*+ is diff]5t f law1 m$ic9e1 or o!r pr(essions4 ,9 ^! vocations a man's s]vice usually becomes m & m 9 dem& z he advances 9 ye>s1 on acc\nt ( ! reputation & exp]i5ce he has ga9$2 :ile 9 tea*+1 :5 a p]son arrives at ! middle l9e ( life or aft]1 s*ool bo>ds beg9 to say & to ?9k1 t he is gett+ too old = ! s*oolroom1 & s !y seek = y\ng] tal5t4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! good & fai?ful public s]vant :o has giv5 ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life to ! education ( ! "y is left /r&$ 9 old age )\t an occupation & )\t money4 ,! insurance & retirem5t fund plan is a movem5t 9 ! "r direction & w d some?+ to help turn ! tide ( /rong p]sonalities t[>d ! tea*]s' call+4 ,city & ,c\ntry ,sal>ies--,effects4--,! av]age sal>y = rural s*ool tea*]s 9 "o /ate ,i f9d to be #de a mon?4 ,9 t same /ate ! av]age sal>y ( tea*]s 9 ! city & t[n s*ools is #ee a mon?4 ,n[1 "u su* conditions1 x is v difficult to secure a good corps ( tea*]s = ! rural s*ools4 ,if ! ratio 7 rev]s$ & ! rural s*ools paid #ee a mon?1 :ile ! cities & t[ns paid only #de1 !re w\ld be m *ance ( ea* secur+ tea*]s ( equal ability4 ,ev5 !n1 tea*]s w\ld pref] to g to ! city at ! l[] sal>y on acc\nt ( ! additional attractions & conv5i5ces & ! additional facilities & opportunities ( e k9d = self-improvem5t4 ,9 ! /ate ref]r$ to1 ! av]age sal>y ( all tea*]s 9 ! common s*ools 0 #ea a mon?4 ,x is utt]ly impossible to realize a pr(ession on su* a f9ancial basis z ?is4 ,=ty-five or fifty doll>s a mon? = rural tea*]s is altoge!r too l[4 ,?is mu/ be rais$ fifty1 if n "o hundr$ p] c5t1 9 ord] t a beg9n+ may be made 9 ! solution ( ! rural s*ool problem4 ,:]e #ej a mon? seems to be ! go+ wage1 if s*ool bo>ds w\ld (f] #ge & !n see to x t ! p]sons :om !y hire are effici5t1 an attempt at ! solution ( ! problem 9 t di/rict or neighborhood w\ld be made4 ,is x possible t any good1 /rong1 educat$1 & cultur$ p]son c be secur$ = less ?an #ge a mon?8 ,if 9 su* a di/rict !re 7 eight mon?s ( s*ool ?is w\ld mean only #h x #be1 or #bjj m ?an _h be5 paid previ\sly4 ,= t5 sections ( l& ?is w\ld mean ab\t #bj a section1 or #e a qu>t] section1 9 addition to :at !y _h be5 pay+ ) unsatisfactory results4 ,?is sum (t5 repres5ts ! diff]5ce betwe5 a poor s*ool & a good s*ool4 ,) a fifty-doll> tea*]1 con/ructive "w 0 likely lack+4 ,!re 0 little activity 9 ! neighborhood2 ! pupils or ! p _h n be5 fully wak$ up4 ,!re _h n be5 en\gh ?9k+ & talk+ ( education & ( s*ools1 en\gh read+1 or talk+ ab\t books1 ab\t education1 ab\t ?+s ( ! high] life4 ,"u ! sev5ty-five-doll> tea*]1 wisely *os51 all ?is is *ang$4 ,! ,solution ,dem&s ,m4--,in/ead ( #ge1 a community %\ld pay to a wide-awake p]son1 :o takes hold ( a situation 9 a neighborhood & keeps ?+s mov+1 at lea/ #ajj a mon?4 ,) n9e mon?s' s*ool ?is w\ld mean #ijj2 & x is /range1 inde$1 if a p]son 9 ! prime ( life :o has sp5t _m ye>s 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 "w1 & :o has initiative & pu%1 is n wor? #ajj a mon? = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,to su* a p]son ! p ( t neighborhood intru/ _! de>e/ & priceless possessions--_! own *ildr54 ,if we rememb] t1 z ! twig is b5t ! tree is incl9$1 !re ne$ be no hesitation ab\t ! value ( effici5t tea*+ dur+ ! pla/ic p]iod ( *ildhood4 ,9 fact1 x may easily be ma9ta9$ t ! sal>y %\ld be ev5 high] ?an ?is4 ,b1 if ?is be s1 h[ f> are we at pres5t f ev5 a beg9n+ ( ! solution ( our rural s*ool problem6 ,a ,good ,s*ool ,bo>d4--,a good s*ool bo>d is "o ^: memb]s are alive to _! duties & wide-awake to ! problems ( education4 ,!y are m5 or wom5 :o h an intellig5t grasp ( ! situation & :o w e>ne/ly attempt to solve ! educational problems ( s*ool & ( life 9 _! community4 ,bo>d & ,tea*]4--,if a poor tea*] & a good s*ool bo>d are br\ght toge!r ! *ances are t !y w soon "p company4 ,a good s*ool bo>d w n reta9 a poor tea*] long] ?an x is compell$ to d s4 ,a poor s*ool bo>d & a good tea*] w also "p company1 = ! good tea*] w n /ay2 he w leave & f9d relief z soon z possible4 ,"u a poor s*ool bo>d & a poor tea*] no?+ w be done2 ! *ildr51 in/ead ( be+ educat$1 w be de-educat$4 ,qu>rels & diss5sions w be creat$ 9 ! neighborhood & a mis]able condition1 educationally & socially1 w prevail4 ,if a good s*ool bo>d & a good tea*] jo9 h&s1 ! problem is solv$1 or at lea/ is 9 a fair way to be+ solv$4 ,?is la/ condition w mean an int]e/$ s*ool1 a unit$ neighborhood1 a live1 wide-awake1 & happy community4 ,! ,ideal4--,x is z impossible to describe a successful solution ( ! problems ( any p>ticul> s*ool z x is to pa9t ! lily1 ! rose1 or ! ra9b[4 ,all are equally indescribable & intangible1 b nev]!less ! m real1 pot5t1 & inspir+ on t acc\nt4 ,su* a situation means ! pres5ce ( a /rong life1 a /rong m9d1 & a /rong h& exemplify+ ideals e day4 ,?is is education1 ?is is gr[?1 ?is is real life4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,imitation4--,!re are two processes by :i* all progress is atta9$1 namely1 imitation & inv5tion4 ,imitation is f\nd ev]y:]e1 9 all sph]es ( ?\ght & ( action4 ,*ildr5 are great imitators1 & adults are only *ildr5 gr[n up4 ,imitation1 ( c\rse1 is a necess>y ?+4 ,)\t x no use c\ld be made ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,:5 x cons]ves & propagates ! good x is to be comm5d$2 b ! wor?less & ! bad are (t5 imitat$ also4 ,z imitation is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 s inv5tion is equally ess5tial 9 blaz+ new pa?s ( ?\ght & ( action4 ,x is probably true t all p]sons are m prone to imitation ?an to inv5tion4 ,! ,c\ntry ,imitates ! ,city4--,! rural s*ools h always imitat$ ! city s*ools1 z rural life attempts to imitate city life4 ,_m ( ! books us$ 9 rural s*ools h be5 writt5 l>gely ) city conditions 9 m9d & by au?ors :o h be5 city br$ or city won4 ,^! books h ab\t !m ! atmosph]e & ! flavor ( ! city4 ,_! selections z a rule conta9 ref]5ces & allusions )\t numb] to city life1 & give a cityw>d b5t2 _! connotation & attitude t5d to direct ! m9d t[>d ! city4 ,z a consequ5ce ev5 s*ool textbooks h be5 pot5t aids 9 ! urban tr5d4 ,textbooks4--,x is n urg$ t ! subject matt] ( textbooks be made altoge!r rural 9 its applications & ref]5ces4 ,! books %\ld n be completely ruraliz$2 nor %\ld !re be two sets ( books1 "o = ! c\ntry & "o = ! city4 ,b !re %\ld be a m ev5 balance betwe5 ! city aspect & ! rural aspect ( textbooks1 :e!r us$ 9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! city4 ,if "s ( ! texts n[ us$ 7 rewritt5 ) ! purpose ( atta9+ t balance1 !y w\ld greatly assi/ ! curriculum 9 bo? c\ntry & city s*ools4 ,!re is no reason :y city *ildr5 %\ld n h _! m9ds t\*$ by ! life1 ! ?\ght1 & ! activities ( ! c\ntry2 & x is grant$ t c\ntry *ildr5 %\ld be made consci\s & cognizant ( ! life1 ! ?\ght1 & ! activities ( ! city4 ,!re is no m reason :y textbooks %\ld c>ry ! urban message1 ?an t !y %\ld be dom9antly ruraliz+4 ,an ,int]pret+ ,core4--,! exp]i5ces ( c\ntry *ildr5 are ( all k9ds2 rural life1 ?\ght1 & aspirations con/itute ! v developm5t ( _! consci\sness & m9ds4 ,9 all _! practical exp]i5ces rural life & ?\ght =m ! an*orage ( _! lat] academic in/ruction4 ,?is e>ly exp]i5ce con/itutes :at ! ,h]b>tians t]m _! app]ception mass2 & *ildr51 z well z gr[n-ups1 c int]pret new matt] only 9 t]ms ( ! old4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! *ild1 :i* con/itute 8 _w ( ?\ght1 ( disc\rse1 & ( action1 are ! only means by :i* he grasps & int]prets new ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 ! texts :i* rural *ildr5 use %\ld make a /rong appeal to _! app]ception mass--to _! old /ock & /ore ( k4 ,x is ! textbooks t br+ to ! old k new m5tal mat]ial :i* ! tea*] & ! textbook toge!r attempt to communicate to ! *ildr54 ,)\t an int]pret+ c5t]--a /ock & /ore ( old k :i* con/itute ! v m5tal life ( ! *ild--x is impossible = him to assimilate ! new4 ,! old exp]i5ces are1 9 fact1 ! m5tal dige/ive app>atus ( ! *ild4 ,)\t ?is c5t]1 or core1 ! new in/ead ( be+ assimilat$ is1 s to speak1 m]ely /uck on4 ,?is is ! case ) mu* ( ! subject matt] 9 city-made texts4 ,x does n gr[1 b soon )]s & falls away4 ,x is1 !n1 ess5tial t ! textbooks us$ 9 rural s*ools %\ld h ! rural b5t & application1 ! rural flavor1 ! rural beck & welcome4 ,rural ,tea*]s f ! ,city4--,a great _m tea*]s ( c\ntry s*ools come f ! city4 ,a numb] ( ^! are "y girls hav+1 )\t blame on _! "p1 ! tone & temp]1 ! attitude1 _s1 & tra9+ :i* ! city gives4 ,_! m9ds h be5 urbaniz$2 all _! ?\ghts are city ?\ghts4 ,! textbooks :i* !y h us$ h be5 city textbooks2 _! tea*]s h = ! mo/ "p be5 ^? 9 or f ! city4 ,x c sc>cely be expect$ t su* tea*]s c d = ! rural di/ricts all t ought to be done4 ,v naturally !y inspire "s ( ! *ildr5 ) ! idea ( ultimately go+ to ! city4 ,?is sugge/ion & ?is inspiration are giv5 unconsci\sly1 b 9 ! ye>s ( *ildhood !y take deep root & soon] or lat] "w !mselves out 9 an additional impetus to ! urban tr5d4 ,a ,c\rse = ,rural ,tea*]s4--,:at is ne$$ is a c\rse ( in/ruction = rural tea*]s1 9 e /ate ( ! ,union4 ,9 "s /ates ! agricultural colleges h inaugurat$ a movem5t to ?is end4 ,9 su* colleges1 agricultural high s*ools1 & in/itutions ( a simil> k9d 9 e /ate1 a ?ree-ye> c\rse = tea*]s above ! eigh? ye>1 specially design$ to prep>e !m = rural s*ool tea*+1 %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,su* a s*ool w\ld furni% ! prop] atmosph]e & ! prop] c\rses ( in/ruction to suffuse ! m9ds ( ^! prospective tea*]s ) appreciation & love ( c\ntry life & rural s*ool "w4 ,all ,n to ,rema9 9 ! ,c\ntry4--,x is n cont5d$ "h t all :o are born & br\ght up 9 ! c\ntry ought to rema9 !re = life4 ,_m writ]s & speak]s prea* ! gospel ( ! c\ntry = c\ntry *ildr51 b ?is _c be s\nd4 ,ea* "o1 z ! ye>s g by1 %\ld f9d himself & 8 own prop] place4 ,!re are _m *ildr5 br\ght up 9 ! c\ntry :o f9d _! place be/ 9 ! he>t ( ! great city2 & !re are _m br\ght up 9 ! cities :o ultimately f9d !mselves & _! place 9 ! c\ntry & 9 its "w4 ,:ile all ?is is true x may /ill be ma9ta9$ t ! prop] m5tal food = c\ntry *ildr5 is ! life & ! activities ( ! c\ntry2 & if ?is life & ^! activities are made pleasant & attractive a l>g] p]c5tage ( c\ntry *ildr5 w rema9 9 ! c\ntry = ! b5efit ( bo? c\ntry & city4 ,m]e ,textbook ,tea*+4--,_m tea*]s 9 ! c\ntry1 z well z 9 ! city1 foll[ lit]ally ! textbooks provid$ = !m4 ,textbooks1 be+ common & g5]al1 mu/ leave ! application ( ! ?\ght l>gely to ! tea*]4 ,to foll[ !m is probably ! easie/ k9d ( tea*+1 = ! m9d !n moves along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,accord+ly ! t5d5cy is m]ely to tea* textbooks1 )\t libr>ies1 laboratories1 & o!r facilities = ! application ( ! ?\ght ( ! text4 ,application & illu/ration are always difficult4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t *ildr5 g ?r\gh _! textbooks "u ! guidance ( _! m or less me*anical tea*]s1 )\t mak+ any application ( _! k4 ,_! le>n+ seems to be /or$ away 9 pigeonholes & nev] us$ aga94 ,t 9 "o pigeonhole does n mix ) t 9 ano!r4 ,_! ?\ghts & _! education 9 diff]5t fields are 9 no s5se unit$4 ,pupils are surpris$ if !y are ask$ or expect$ to use _! k 9 any practical mann]4 ,a man :o _h a tank1 sev5 feet 9 diamet] & eight feet high1 ab\t half full ( gasol9e1 ask$ 8 daught]1 :o 0 complet+ ! eigh? grade1 to figure out = him h[ _m gallons x conta9$4 ,%e _h j be5 ov] weights & measures & d5om9ate numb]s ( all k9ds4 ,aft] mu* figur+ %e return$ ! answ] t !re 7 9 x ab\t sev5 & "o half gallons1 )\t ev] suspect+ ! ridicul\sness ( ! result4 ,a ,ri* ,environm5t4--,! c\ntry is s ri* 9 mat]ial ( all k9ds = sci5tific obs]vation1 t "s education %\ld be giv5 to ! rural *ild 9 ?is field4 ,agriculture & its v>i\s activities surr\nd ! *ild2 nature teems ) life1 bo? animal & vegetable2 ! c\ntry furni%es long /ret*es ( mead[ & woodl& = obs]vation & /udy4 ,yet 9 mo/ places ! *ildr5 are bl9d to ! beauties & wond]s ar\nd !m4 ,nature /udy 9 su* an environm5t %\ld be a fasc9at+ subject1 & agriculture is full ( possibilities = ! application ( ! ?\ght 9 ! textbooks4 ,:o ,w ,tea* ,^! ,?+s8--,b :o w tea* ^! new sci5ces or op5 ! eyes ( ! *ild to ! beauties ar\nd him8 ,n ev]yone c d x4 ,x w require a ma/]4 ,tea*+ at ^! ?+s 9 a dull1 p]functory way w d no good4 ,x w\ld be bett] to leave !m untaught4 ,we h1 ev]y:]e1 too mu* attempt+ to tea* & n en\gh tea*+1 too mu* seem+ & n en\gh be+1 too mu* appe>ance & n en\gh reality4 ,an example w illu/rate ! au?or's mean+4 ,"s ye>s ago an exp]i5c$ in/itute conductor 9 a we/]n /ate f\nd himself ! sole in/ructor :5 ! tea*]s ( ! c\nty conv5$4 ,he s\ght among ! tea*]s = someone :o c\ld & w\ld give him assi/ance4 ,"o man ( middle age1 :o _h taught = _m ye>s1 volunte]$ to take ! subject ( ari?metic & to give f\r lessons ( =ty m9utes ea* 9 x dur+ ! week4 ,?is 0 good news to ! conductor2 he congratulat$ himself on hav+ f\nd "s effici5t help4 ,8 assi/ant1 h[ev]1 aft] talk+ on ari?metic = t5 m9utes ( 8 fir/ p]iod1 rea*$ ! limit ( 8 capacity1 ei!r ( ?\ght or ( expression1 & _h to /op4 ,he c\ld n say ano!r ^w on t subject dur+ ! week6 ,n[ if ?is is true ( an exp]i5c$ middle-ag$ tea*] ( a subject s univ]sally taught z ari?metic1 h[ mu* m true mu/ x be ( an in/ructor 9 a subject l agriculture4 ,x %\ld n be expect$ t a "y girl1 eighte5 or tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :o has probably be5 br\ght up 9 ! city & :o has _h ! subject ( agriculture only "o p]iod a day = a ye>1 c give any adequate in/ruction 9 t bran*4 ,%e w\ld be ! butt = ridicule among ! practical boys & girls 9 ! c\ntry :o w\ld probably "k m ab\t su* ?+s ?an %e4 ,%e w\ld1 !re=e1 lose ! respect & confid5ce ( pupils & p>5ts1 & x w\ld really be bett] = h] & = all conc]n$ n to attempt ! tea*+ ( t subject at all4 ,:at is wor? do+ at all is wor? do+ well4 ,a little in/ruction well giv5 & well appli$ is wor? any am\nt ( /uff poorly done & unappli$4 ,! ,sci5tific ,_s ,ne$$4--,!re is great ne$ ( tea*]s :o are ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! sci5tific _s4 ,9 ! c\ntry especially !re is ne$ ( tea*]s :o w r\se ! boys & girls to ! inve/igation ( problems f ! facts at h& & all ar\nd !m4 ,?is %\ld be done inductively & 9 an inve/igative _s4 ,our :ole sy/em ( education seems some:at vitiat$ by ! d$uctive attitude & me?od ( tea*+--! assum+ ( !ories h&$ d[n by ! pa/1 )\t inve/igation or v]ification4 ,?is is ! k9d ( tea*+ :i* has p>alyz$ ,*9a = untold g5]ations4 ,! easie/ ?+ to d is to accept some?+ :i* somebody else has =mulat$ & !n1 )\t fur!r ado1 to be cont5t ) x4 ,! truly sci5tific m9d1 ! inve/igative m9d1 is "o t />ts ) facts or ph5om5a &1 aft] obs]v+ a suffici5t numb] ( !m1 =mulates a conclusion & te/s x4 ,?is w result 9 real ?9k+--:i* is ! same z ?++4 ,x is putt+ ?+s into causal relation & con/ruct+ f !m1 unity out ( div]sity4 ,to induce ?is habit ( ?\ght1 to inspire ?is _s ( inve/igation & obs]vation 9 *ildr5 is ! ess5ce ( tea*+4 ,to tea* is to cause o!rs to ?9k1 & ! man or woman :o does ?is is a successful tea*]4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,/udy4--,!re %\ld be 9 e rural s*ool a simple & sugge/ive c\rse ( /udy4 ,?is %\ld n be z l>ge z a textbook4 ,! purpose ( x is n to indicate at great l5g? & 9 detail ei!r ! matt] or ! mann] ( tea*+ any specific subject4 ,x %\ld be m]ely an outl9e ( ! metes & b\nds 9 ! processes & ! progress ( pupils ?r\gh ! grades4 ,! c\rse ( /udy %\ld be a means1 n an end2 x %\ld be a s]vant & n a ma/]4 ,x %\ld n entail ^u ! s*ool or ^u ! tea*] a va/ complicat$ ma*9]y or an endless r\t9e ( r$ tape4 ,if x does ?is x defeats its true aim4 ,"h aga9 ! c\ntry s*ools h attempt$ to imitate ! city s*ools4 ,9 all cities grad+ is mu* m sy/ematiz$1 & is pu%$ to a great] ext5t ?an x is or %\ld be 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ow+ to ! necessities ( ! situation & also to ! conv5i5ce ( ! plan 9 ! cities1 ! grades1 ) _! appropriate books1 am\nt ( "w1 & plan ( proc$ure1 are mu* m def9ite ?an is possible or desirable 9 ! c\ntry4 ,to grade ! c\ntry s*ools z def9itely & z sy/ematically z is done 9 ! city w\ld be to d !m an irrep>able injury4 ,! c\ntry w\ld make a great mi/ake to imitate ! city s*ool sy/ems 9 its c\rses ( /udy4 ,r$ ,tape4--,x sometimes happ5s t c\nty & /ate sup]9t5d5ts1 9 p]=m+ ! duties ( _! (fice1 ?9k x necess>y to impose ^u ! c\ntry s*ools a v>iety ( te/s1 exam9ations1 reports1 & :at-n1 :i* accompli% b little & may result 9 positive injury4 ,to pile up complications & intricacies hav+ no practical educational value is utt]ly useless4 ,x indicates ! lack ( a true conception ( ! s*ool situation4 ,su* haphaz>d me?ods w n tea* alone any m ?an a saw w saw alone4 ,beh9d x all mu/ be ! simple1 great tea*]1 & = him all ^! ?+s1 beyond a reasonable ext5t1 are h9drances to progress4 ,l5g? ( ,t]m4--,9 v _m c\ntry di/ricts ! t]ms are frequ5tly only six mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,?is %\ld be ext5d$ to eight at lea/4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 x gives ! rural s*ool a %ort] t]m ?an ! city s*ool1 :i* usually has n9e or t5 mon?s ea* ye>4 ,b x is v probable t ! simplicity ( rural s*ool life & rural s*ool tea*+ w enable pupils to d z mu* 9 eight mon?s z is done 9 ! city 9 n9e4 ,individual ,"w4--,individual "w %\ld be ! rule 9 _m subjects4 ,!re is no ne$1 on acc\nt ( numb]s1 ( a lock-/ep4 ,9 ! cities1 :]e ! tea*] has probably an av]age ( #ce to #dj *ildr51 all ! pupils are held toge!r & 9 l9e4 ,9 su* cases ! great dang] is to ^? above ! av]age4 ,!re is ! dang] ( =m+ :at might be call$ ! sl[ habit4 ,! bright pupils are ret>d$ 9 _! "w1 = !y are capable ( mu* m ?an !y d4 ,9 su* cases ! ret>dation is n on acc\nt ( ! inability ( ! pupil b on acc\nt ( ! sy/em4 ,! bright ones are held back 9 l9e ) ! sl[4 ,?is ne$ n be ! case 9 rural s*ools4 ,"h1 9 e subject :i* l5ds itself to ! plan1 ea* pupil %\ld be all[$ to g z f> & z fa/ z he c1 provid$ t he appreciates ! ?\ght1 solves ! problems1 & und]/&s ! "w z he goes4 ,i once knew a l>ge rural s*ool 9 :i* !re 7 enroll$ ab\t sixty pupils1 tak+ ! subjects ( all ! grades1 f ! fir/ to ! eigh? & ev5 "s high s*ool subjects4 ,9 su* classes z ari?metic ! pupils 71 s to speak1 turn$ loose & all ent]$ ^u a race = ! goal4 ,ea* "o did z mu* z he c\ld1 8 atta9m5ts be+ subject$ to ! te/ ( exam9ation4 ,! plan work$ excell5tly2 no "o 0 ret>d$1 & all 7 int5sely busy4 ,wak+ ,up ! ,m9d4--,! ma9 ?+ 9 any s*ool is n ! am\nt ( k :i* pupils get f textbooks or f ! tea*]1 b ! ext5t to :i* ! m9d appropriates t k & is wak$ up by x4 ,mr4 ,page 9 8 excell5t classic1 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+1 has a *apt] call$ ,wak+ ,up ! ,m9d & "s excell5t illu/rations z to h[ x may be done4 ,! ma9 ?+ is n ! am\nt ( m]e k or in=mation held 9 memory = future deliv]y1 b ! _s & attitude ( x all4 ,! ext5t to :i* *ildr5's m9ds are made awake & s5sitive1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y are inspir$ to pursue ) ze/ & _s any new problem are ! be/ crit]ions ( success 9 tea*+4 ,! _s & me?od ( attack is all-important2 quantity is second>y4 ,if *ildr5 h ea* o!r1 s to speak1 by ! e>s1 ov] "s problem f "o day to ! next1 x indicates t ! s*ool & ! tea*] are awake1 t !y are up & do+1 & t education1 :i* is a process ( leav5+1 is tak+ place4 ,! ,ov]fl[ ( ,in/ruction4--,on acc\nt ( ! individual "w :i* is possible 9 ! c\ntry s*ools1 :at is sometimes call$ ! ov]fl[ ( in/ruction is an important factor 9 ! /imulation & ! education ( all ! *ildr5 9 ! room4 ,9 ! city s*ool1 :]e all are on a dead level1 do+ ! same "w1 !re is n mu* in=mation or inspiration desc5d+ f above1 = !re is no class above4 ,b 9 ! rural s*ool1 *ildr5 he> ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly mu* t is go+ on ar\nd !m4 ,!y he> ! l>g] boys & girls recite & discuss _m int]e/+ ?+s4 ,^! discussions wake up m9ds by s[+ ! se$s :i* aft]w>ds come to fl[] & fruit 9 ^? :o li/5--9 ^? :o1 9 fact1 _c help he>+4 ,i rememb] an incid5t :i* occurr$ dur+ my exp]i5ce z a pupil 9 a c\ntry s*ool4 ,a c]ta9 c\nty sup]9t5d5t1 :o us$ to visit ! s*ool p]iodically1 0 9 ! habit1 on ^! occasions1 ( read+ to ! s*ool = probably half an h\r4 ,j :at he read ,i d n ev5 rememb]1 b ,i recall vividly 8 quiet mann] & attitude1 8 beautiful & simple expression1 & ! :ole tone & temp] ( ! man z he ga!r$ ! ?\ght & express$ x s beautifully & s arti/ically4 ,?is type ( ?+ has great influ5ce4 ,x is (t5 ! intangible ?+ t tells & t is valuable4 ,9 e case1 t :i* is mo/ arti/ically done is probably t :i* leaves its impression4 ,affiliation4--,9 "s /ates1 notably 9 ,m9nesota1 an excell5t plan is 9 vogue by :i* ! s*ools surr\nd+ a t[n or a city are affiliat$ ) ! city s*ools 9 su* a mann] z to receive ! b5efit ( ! in/ruction ( c]ta9 special tea*]s f ! city4 ,^! tea*]s--( manual tra9+1 dome/ic sci5ce1 agriculture1 etc4--are s5t out f ! city to ^! rural s*ools two or ?ree times a week1 & 9 return ! c\ntry *ildr5 beyond a c]ta9 grade are s5t to ! high s*ool 9 ! city4 ,?is is a process ( affiliation :i* is /imulat+ & economical1 & c be enc\rag$ ) good results4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,*ri/mas ga!r+ at ! new s*ool ,illu/ration3 ,a s*ool g>d5 9 ! l>g] c5t] ,! ,lik+ ,po9t4--,9 ! tea*+ ( all subjects ! important ?+ is t ! pupil rea* :at may be t]m$ ! lik+ po9t4 ,until a pupil has rea*$ t po9t 9 any subject ( /udy 8 "w is m]e drudg]y--x is "w :i* is probably dislik$4 ,! great problem = ! tea*] is to br+ ! *ild z soon z possible to ?is lik+ po9t1 & !n to keep him !re4 ,x is probable t e pupil c be br\ght to ! lik+ po9t ( e subject by a good tea*]4 ,:]e !re is difficulty 9 do+ ?is1 some?+ has gone wrong some:]e1 ei!r on ! "p ( ! pupil1 8 =m] tea*]s1 8 p>5ts1 or 8 companions4 ,:5 a pupil has rea*$ ! lik+ po9t x means t he has a ke5 reli%1 an appetite = ! subject1 & 9 ?is condition he w actively pursue x4 ,! ,tea*] ! ,*ief ,factor4--,! =ego+ obs]vations imply aga9 t ! tea*]1 aft] all1 is ! great factor 9 ! success ( ! s*ool4 ,he is ! man beh9d ! gun2 he is ! eng9e] at ! ?rottle2 he is ! ma/] at ! helm2 he is ! guide1 = he has be5 ov] ! road2 he is ! organiz]1 ! c5t] ( ?+s2 he is ! ma9spr+2 he is ! s\l ( ! s*ool1 & is great] ?an books or c\rses ( /udy4 ,he is ! liv+ fire at :i* all ! *ildr5 mu/ light _! tor*es4 ,aga9 we ask1 h[ c ?is k9d ( p]son be f\nd8 ,)\t him true education1 9 its be/ s5se1 _c be secur$2 ) him ! paltry consid]ation ( sal>y %\ld n ent]4 ,)\t su* tea*]s !re c be no solution ( ! rural s*ool problems1 nor1 inde$1 ( ! rural life problems4 ,) him & ^? ( 8 class1 !re is great hope4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,social ,,c5t] ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s we h he>d mu* ( :at is call$ ! social c5t]1 or ! community c5t]1 9 rural di/ricts4 ,?is idea has gr[n ) ! spread ( ! consolidation ( s*ools1 & means1 z ! "n implies1 a unify+1 coo]d9at+1 organiz+ ag5cy ( "s k9d 9 ! mid/ ( ! community1 to br+ ab\t a h>mony & solidity ( all ! int]e/s !re repres5t$4 ,x implies ( c\rse a lead]2 = :at is left to be done by p 9 g5]al is likely to be done poorly4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is idea %\ld be enc\rag$ & promot$4 ,p liv+ 9 ! c\ntry are ( necessity =c$ to a life ( isolation4 ,_! v "w & position necessitate ?is1 & consequ5tly x is all ! m necess>y t !y %\ld frequ5tly come toge!r 9 ord] to "k ea* o!r & to act toge!r = ! b5efit ( all4 ,9 union !re is /r5g?1 b ^! p h always be5 "u a great disadvantage 9 e way1 because !y h n organiz$ = ! purpose ( unit$ & effective coop]ation4 ,! ,tea*]1 ! ,lead]4--,!re is no m appropriate p]son to br+ ab\t ?is organization1 ?is unification1 ?is increas$ solid>ity1 ?an ! public s*ool tea*] ( ! community2 b x w require ! head & ! h& ( a real ma/] to lead a community--to organize x1 to unite x1 & to keep x unit$4 ,x requires a p]son ( r>e /r5g? & tact1 a p]son :o has a cle> head & a l>ge he>t1 & :o is up & do+ all ! "t4 ,a good second to su* a p]son w\ld be ! m9i/] ( ! neighborhood1 provid$ he has bread? ( view & a k9dly & tol]ant _s4 ,mu* ( ! success ( rural life 9 =eign c\ntries1 notably 9 ,d5m>k1 is due to ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! s*oolma/] & ! m9i/] ( ! community *ur*4 ,"s ,community ,activities4--,let u sugge/ briefly "s ( ! activities t are conducive to ! full] life ( su* a social c5t]4 ,x is true t ^! activities are m possible 9 ! consolidat$ di/ricts ?an 9 ! communities :]e consolidation has n be5 effect$2 b _m ( !m c\ld be provid$ ev5 9 ! small s*ools4 ,! ,lit]>y ,society4--,!re %\ld be 9 e s*ool di/rict a lit]>y society ( "s k9d4 ,?is ( c\rse mu/ n be ov]work$1 = o!r k9ds ( activities also %\ld be organiz$ 9 ord] to give ! *ange :i* int]e/ dem&s4 ,9 ?is lit]>y society ! int]e/ & assi/ance ( ! adults ( ! neighborhood & ! di/rict1 :o are will+ & able to coop]ate1 %\ld be enli/$4 ,!re are 9 e community a few m5 & wom5 :o w gladly assi/ 9 a "w ( ?is k9d if _! int]e/ c be prop]ly ar\s$4 ,!re is sc>cely any bett] /imulus to ! g5]al int]e/ ( a neighborhood1 & especially ( ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool1 ?an see+ & he>+ "s ( ! gr[n-up m5 & wom5 :o are _! neighbors p>ticipate 9 su* lit]>y "w4 ,debates4--,an important phase ( ! lit]>y "w ( su* a society %\ld be an occasional debate4 ,?is might be p>ticipat$ 9 sometimes by adults :o are n go+ to s*ool1 & sometimes by ! bigg] & m advanc$ pupils4 ,topics t are timely & ( int]e/ to ! :ole community %\ld be discuss$4 ,!re is probably no bett] way ( tea*+ a tol]ant _s & respect = ! hone/ op9ions ( o!rs ?an ! habit ( give & take 9 debate4 ,9 su* debates judges c\ld sometimes be appo9t$ & at o!r times ! relative m]its ( ! case & ( ! debat]s might well be left to ! p ( ! neighborhood )\t any =mal decision hav+ be5 r5d]$4 ,?is latt] plan is ! "o us$ 9 practical life 9 reg>d to addresses & debates on ! political plat=m4 ,! discussions & diff]5ces ( op9ion foll[+ su* debates con/itute no small "p ( life & ?\ght manife/$ lat] 9 ! community4 ,! ,s*ool ,program4--,a program or exhibition by ! s*ool %\ld be giv5 occasionally4 ,?is w\ld diff] f ! "w ( ! lit]>y society 9 t x w\ld be conf9$ to ! pupils ( ! s*ool4 ,su* a program %\ld be a sample ( :at ! pupils are do+ & c d4 ,x %\ld be a m5tal exhibition ( ! s*ool activities4 ,!re is sc>cely any?+ t attracts ! p & ! p>5ts ( ! neighborhood m ?an ! lit]>y p]=mances ( _! *ildr51 y\ng] & old]4 ,su* p]=mances1 z 9 o!r cases1 may be ov]done2 !y may be put =w>d too frequ5tly2 !y may also be too l5g?y4 ,b ! tea*] ) a true p]spective w see to x t all su* extremes are avoid$1 = he realizes t !re are o!r activities :i* mu/ be develop$ & pres5t$ 9 ord] to secure a *ange ( int]e/4 ,^! s*ool programs occupy ! m9d & ?\ght ( ! community = "s "t4 ,! p]=mance ( ! diff]5t p>ts & ! ef=ts ( ! v>i\s *ildr5--bo? _! successes & _! failures--become ! subjects ( ?\ght & ( talk 9 ! neighborhood4 ,x acts l a k9d ( f]m5t 9 ! social m9d2 x keeps ! s*ool & ! community talk+ & ?9k+ ( s*ool & ( education4 ,spell+ ,s*ools4--,= a *ange1 ev5 an old-fa%ion$ spell+ s*ool is n to be scorn$4 ,ye>s ago ?is 0 q ! cu/om4 ,an entire s*ool w\ld1 on a *all5ge1 g z a sleigh-ride p>ty to ! *all5g+ s*ool4 ,!re ! spell+ conte/ w\ld take place4 ,"o ( ! tea*]s1 ei!r ! ho/ or ! gue/1 w\ld pron\nce ! words1 & ! visit+ s*ool w\ld return1 ei!r victori\s or vanqui%$4 ,a p]=mance ( ?is k9d enli/s ! att5tion & ! int]e/ ( p & s*ools 9 ! necessity ( good spell+2 x af=ds a delightful social recreation1 /irs up ?\ght & wakes up m9d 9 bo? communities1 by an int]e/+ & c\rte\s conte/4 ,su* results are n to be und]valu$4 ,lectures4--,if ! s*ool is a consolidat$ "o1 or ev5 a l>ge di/rict s*ool1 a good lecture c\rse may be giv5 to advantage4 ,"h1 aga91 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! lectures1 ev5 if few1 %all be *oice4 ,no?+ w kill a c\rse ( lectures soon] ?an to h ! p deceiv$ a few times by poor ones4 ,x w\ld be bett] to h ?ree good lectures dur+ ! ye> ?an six t w\ld be disappo9t+4 ,^! lecture c\rses may be secur$ 9 almo/ e /ate ?r\gh ! ,ext5sion ,dep>tm5t ( ! v>i\s /ate in/itutions4 ,rec5tly ! /ates ( ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 & ,nor? ,dakota h ent]$ into an arrangem5t :]eby !y w furni% any rural or urban community ( ^! /ates ) good lectur]s at a v small consid]ation4 ,excell5t lectures c be secur$ 9 ?is way on a great v>iety ( subjects1 includ+ ^? mo/ int]e/+ to rural communities & mo/ helpful 9 all phases ( f>m life4 ,^! might be secur$ 9 ! w9t] season :5 !re is ample "t & leisure = all to att5d4 ,dramatic ,p]=mances4--,9 ! social c5t]s :]e ! conv5i5ces admit1 simple dramatic p]=mances might be work$ up or secur$ f ! outside4 ,x is a fact t life 9 "s c\ntry communities is n suffici5tly *e]$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! imag9ation4 ,! t5d5cy is = f>m]s & f>m]s' families to live a r humdrum exi/5ce involv+ a good deal ( toil4 ,on ! seclud$ f>ms dur+ ! long w9t] mon?s1 !re is n mu* social int]c\rse4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! isolation & solit>9ess 9 sp>sely settl$ di/ricts are causes ( ! high p]c5tage ( insanity 9 rural & fronti] communities4 ,x is good = ! m5tal & physical heal? ( bo? old & "y to be lift$1 once 9 a :ile1 out ( ! _w ( reality into t ( ! imag9ation4 ,all *ildr5 & "y p l to play1 to act1 to make believe4 ,?is is a "p ( _! life1 & x is conducive to _! m5tal & social welf>e to express !mselves 9 simple plays or to see life 9 its v>i\s phases pres5t$ dramatically by o!rs4 ,a ,musical ,program4--,if ! tea*] is a lead] he w ei!r be able1 himself1 to arrange a musical ent]ta9m5t1 or he w secure "s "o :o c & w d s4 ,all1 x is cont5d$1 c le>n to s+ if !y beg9 e>ly en\gh2 & !re is probably no bett] mode ( self-expression & no bett] way ( wak+ up p emotionally & socially ?an to engage !m 9 s++4 ,! importance ( s++1 to secure good & "r emotional attitudes t[>d life & mank9d1 is indicat$ 9 ! say+1 ,let me make ! songs ( a nation & ,i c>e n :o makes h] laws4 ,! importance ( s++ is recogniz$ to a mu* great] ext5t 9 =eign c\ntries1 notably 9 ,g]many1 ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,g]many all s+2 9 ,am]ica1 x is to be regrett$1 b few s+4 ,!re %\ld be a real r5aissance 9 music ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,z an aid 9 ! tea*+ ( music & ( song1 t m>vel\s inv5tion1 ! talk+ ma*9e1 %\ld be made use (4 ,x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ if a phonograph c\ld be put 9 e s*ool4 ,*ildr5 w\ld become acqua9t$ ) ! be/ music2 !y w\ld gr[ to l x1 z ! weeks1 mon?s1 & ye>s roll on4 ,?is ma*9e is a wond]ful help 9 develop+ an appreciation ( good music4 ,slides & ,mov+ ,pictures4--,9 ! consolidat$ s*ools1 :]e !re is a suitable hall1 a mov+-picture ent]ta9m5t ( ! "r k9d is to be comm5d$4 ,! scre5s & ! lant]n enable u1 9 our imag9ations1 to live 9 all c\ntries & climes4 ,! eye is ! royal road to ! m9d1 & mo/ p are eye-m9d$2 & ! mov+ picture is a wond]ful ag5cy to convey to ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! eye1 accurate pictures ( ! _w ar\nd u1 natural & social4 ,! community c5t]--! s*ool c5t]--%\ld avail itself ( all su* inv5tions4 ,sup]vis$ ,danc+4--,ev5 ! sup]vis$ dance1 :]e ! s5tim5t ( ! community w all[1 is n to be condemn$4 ,x is mu* bett] to h "y p att5d dances t are sup]vis$ ?an to att5d public dances t are n sup]vis$2 & "y p1 z a rule1 w att5d "o or ! o!r4 ,! practical "q or condition is "o ( sup]vision or no sup]vision1 = ! dance is "h4 ,! dance prop]ly sup]vis$1 & conduct$ 9 a c\rte\s1 =mal way1 beg9n+ & clos+ at ! "r "t1 c probably be turn$ to good & made an occasion = social & individual culture4 ,! niceties & am5ities ( life c !re be inculcat$4 ,!re is no good reason :y ! dance activities %\ld be turn$ ov] to ! devil4 ,!re 0 a "t & !re 7 places :]e viol9 play+ 0 turn$ ov] to him & bani%$ f ! *ur*es4 ,danc+ is too old1 too g5]al1 too in/9ctive1 & too important1 n to be recogniz$ z a means to social culture4 ,"h aga9 ! sane tea*] c be an effici5t sup]visor4 ,he c take c>e t ! "y p d n become entirely dance-m9d$4 ,sports & ,games4--,! v>i\s sports %\ld n be =gott54 ,skat+1 curl+1 & hockey1 basketball1 & volley ball1 are all f9e w9t] sports2 9 summ]1 teams %\ld be organiz$ 9 baseball1 t5nis1 & all ! prop] a?letic sports & games4 ,play %\ld be sup]vis$ to a c]ta9 ext5t2 ov]-sup]vision w kill x4 ,sometimes plays t are n sup]vis$ at all deg5]ate & become worse ?an none4 ,all ( ^! physical activities & sports %\ld be f\nd & fo/]$ 9 ! rural c5t]4 ,!y are heal?ful1 bo? physically & m5tally1 & %\ld be p>ticipat$ 9 by bo? girls & boys4 ,x is probably true t our s*ools & our education h /ood1 to too great an ext5t1 = m]e intellectual acquisition & tra9+4 ,9 ,sp>ta ( old1 education 0 probably n9e t5?s physical & "o t5? m5tal4 ,9 ^! mod]n days education seems to be ab\t n9ety-n9e p>ts m5tal4 ,a s\nd body is ! f\ndation ( a s\nd m9d1 & "t is n lo/ 9 devot+ mu* att5tion to ! play & games ( *ildr5 & "y p4 ,!re is no dang] 9 ! s*ools ( our day ( go+ to an extreme 9 ! direction ( physical education2 ! dang] is 9 n go+ f> en\gh4 ,i am n sure t x w\ld n be bett] if ! *ildr5 9 e s*ool 7 kept 9 ! op5 air half ! "t le>n+ & p>ticipat+ 9 v>i\s games & sports1 in/ead (1 z n[1 por+ ov] books & memoriz+ a lot ( /uff t w nev] function on l& or sea4 ,s*ool ,exhibits4--,9 ! social c5t]s a s*ool exhibit c\ld be occasionally giv5 ) great pr(it4 ,if dome/ic sci5ce is taught1 an occasion %\ld be made to invite ! p ( ! neighborhood to sample ! products1 = ! te/ ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+4 ,?is w\ld make a delightful social occasion = ! m5 & wom5 ( ! community to meet ea* o!r1 & ! aft]-effects 9 ! way ( favorable comm5t & ?\ght w\ld be good4 ,if manual tra9+ is an activity ( ! s*ool1 z x ought to be1 a good exhibit ( ! product ( ?is dep>tm5t c\ld be giv54 ,if agriculture is taught & !re is a s*ool g>d51 z !re %\ld be1 an exhibit once a ye> w\ld produce mo/ desirable effects 9 ! community along agricultural l9es4 ,a ,public ,=um4--,aside f provisions = s*ool activities 9 ?is social c5t] !re %\ld be a hall :]e public que/ions c be discuss$4 ,all political p>ties %\ld be giv5 equal opportunities to pres5t _! claims be=e ! p ( ! community4 ,?is w\ld t5d t[>d in/ruction1 enlight5m5t1 & tol]ation4 ,! int]e/+ que/ions ( ! day1 9 political & social life1 %\ld be discuss$ by expon5ts *os5 by ! social c5t] committee4 ,9 ,am]ica we h le>n$ ! lesson ( li/5+ quietly to speak]s 9 a public meet+1 :e!r we agree ) !m or n4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 :5 a man rises to exp\nd 8 political !ories1 he is hiss$ d[n or driv5 f ! /age by =ce4 ,?is is n ! ,am]ican way4 ,9 ,am]ica ea* man has 8 h\r1 & all li/5 att5tively & respectfully to him4 ,! next ev5+ 8 oppon5t may h 8 h\r1 8 inn+1 & ! audi5ce is z respectful to him4 ,?is is z x %\ld be2 ?is is ! true _s ( tol]ation :i* %\ld prevail ev]y:]e & :i* c be cultivat$ to great advantage 9 ^! rural1 social c5t]s4 ,x makes1 too1 = ! fullness ( life 9 rural communities4 ,x makes c\ntry life m pleasant & s]ves 9 "s degree to c\nt]act ! /rong b regrettable urban tr5d4 ,c\rtesy & ,c&or4--,!re are two extremes 9 debates & 9 public discussions :i* %\ld be equally avoid$3 ,! fir/ is t brutal frankness :i* =gets to be c\rte\s2 & ! second is t extreme ( hypocritical c\rtesy :i* =gets to be c&id4 ,:at is ne$$ ev]y:]e is ! c&or :i* is also c\rte\s & ! c\rtesy :i* is likewise c&id4 ,9 impulsive y\? & 9 lack ( education & culture1 brutal c&or )\t c\rtesy sometimes manife/s itself2 :ile c\rtesy )\t c&or is too (t5 exhibit$ by %rewd politicians & diplomatic intrigu]s4 ,automobile ,p>ties4--,a delightful & pr(itable occasion c\ld be made by ! m5 ( ! rural community :o are ! own]s ( automobiles1 by tak+ all ! *ildr5 ( ! community & ( ! s*ools1 once 9 a :ile1 = an automobile ride to ne> or di/ant p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,su* an occasion w\ld nev] be =gott5 by !m4 ,x w\ld be enjoyable to ^? :o give z well z to ^? :o receive1 & w\ld h great educational z well z social value4 ,x w\ld b9d toge!r bo? "y & old ( ! community4 ,occasions l ^! w\ld also conduce to ! good-roads movem5t s comm5dable & important ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! automobile & ! consolidation ( rural s*ools1 result+ 9 social c5t]s1 are l>ge factors 9 ! good-roads movem5t4 ,full ,life or a ,full ,purse4--,! community :i* has be5 c5traliz$ socially & educationally may (t5 br+ ^u itself additional exp5se to provide ! necess>y hall1 playgr\nds1 & o!r conv5i5ces requir$ to realize & to make all ( ^! activities mo/ effective4 ,b ?is is a local problem :i* mu/ be tackl$ & solv$ by ea* community = itself4 ,! community :]e ! "r _s prevails w realize t !y mu/ make "s sacrifices4 ,if a ?+ is wor? :ile1 ! prop] means mu/ be provid$4 ,"o _c h ! b5efit )\t pay+ ! co/4 ,x is a "q z to :i* a community w *oose3 a monoton\s1 isolat$ life ) ! accumulation ( "s money1 or an active1 en?usia/ic1 educational1 & social life )\t s _m doll>s4 ,x is really a *oice betwe5 money ) little life on ! "o h&1 & a little less money ) m fullness ( life on ! o!r4 ,life1 aft] all1 is ! only ?+ wor? :ile1 & 9 progressive communities its enri*m5t w be *os5 at any co/4 ,"h aga9 x is ! duty ( ! tea*] to br+ ab\t ! "r _s & attitude & ! "r decision 9 reg>d to all ^! important que/ions4 ,organization4--,a community :i* is socially & educationally organiz$ w ne$ a c5tral po/ (fice & t[n hall1 a community /ore1 a gra9 elevator1 a *ur*1 & possibly o!r community ag5cies4 ,all ( ^! ?+s t5d to solidify & br+ toge!r ! p at a common c5t]4 ,?is sugge/s organization ( "s k9d 9 ! community4 ,! old grange 0 good 9 its ideal2 ! purpose 0 to unite & br+ p toge!r = mutual help4 ,!re %\ld probably be a "y m5's society ( "s k9d1 & an organization ( ! girls & wom5 ( ! community4 ,x is true t ! matt] may be ov]done & we may h su* a ?+ z activity m]ely = ! sake ( activity4 ,x 0 ,c>lyle :o said t "s p are not$ = fussy littl5ess & an inf9ite deal ( no?+4 ,! gold5 mean %\ld apply "h z else:]e4 ,! ,insep>ables4--,to br+ all ( ^! ?+s ab\t requires tal5t & +5uity on ! "p ( ! lead] or lead]s2 & we come aga9 to ! insep>ables m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,x w require a great p]sonality to organize4 ,! ^w great implies a high /&>d2 & /rong p]sonalities1 su* z are capable ( manag+ a social c5t]1 _c possibly be secur$ )\t an adequate inducem5t 9 ! way ( sal>y4 ,prop] comp5sation _c mean sixty1 sev5ty-five1 or "o hundr$ doll>s a mon?4 ,x mu/ mean also p]man5ce ( position4 ,aga9 we come face to face ) ! problem ( ! tea*] 9 our solution ( ! problem ( rural life & ! rural s*ool4 ,9 conclusion x mu/ be said t no?+ is too good = ! c\ntry :i* is n too good = ! city4 ,! rural community mu/ det]m9e to h all ^! good ?+s at any co/1 if x wi%es to "w out its own salvation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision ,important4--,sup]vision is fully z important z tea*+4 ,! sup]visor mu/ be1 to ev5 a high] degree ?an ! tea*]1 a /rong p]sonality1 & ?is too implies a high /&>d & an attractive sal>y4 ,! sup]visor or sup]9t5d5t mu/ be some:at ( an exp]t 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+ all ! common s*ool subjects4 ,n only mu/ he und]/& s*ool discipl9e & organization 9 its details1 b he mu/ possess ! ability to turn 9 & exemplify 8 qualifications at any "t4 ,x w be se5 ev]y:]e t ! sup]visor or sup]9t5d5t is ! exp5sive p]son2 =1 hav+ ! elem5ts ( lead]%ip1 he is 9 dem& 9 educational positions z well z 9 outside call+s4 ,consequ5tly x is only by a good f9ancial inducem5t1 z a rule1 t a compet5t sup]visor c be reta9$ 9 ! pr(ession4 ,sup]vision ,/&>dizes4--,)\t ! sup]9t5d5t or sup]visor1 no common /&>d c be atta9$ or ma9ta9$4 ,x is he :o keeps ! =ce up to ! l9e2 )\t him ea* tea*] is a law unto himself & !re w be z _m /&>ds z !re are tea*]s4 ,human nature is innately slo?ful & neglig5t1 & ne$s ! _s ( sup]vision to keep x ton$ up to ! necess>y pit*4 ,sup]vision ov] a l>ge =ce ( work]s ( any k9d is absolutely necess>y to secure effici5cy1 & to keep s]vice up to a high /&>d4 ,sup]vision ,c ,be ,ov]done4--,! necessity = sup]vision is cle>ly felt 9 ! city sy/ems4 ,!re !y h a g5]al sup]9t5d5t1 pr9cipals ( build+s1 & sup]visors 9 v>i\s special l9es4 ,a sy/em ( s*ools 9 ! city )\t sup]vision w\ld simply g to pieces4 ,x w\ld soon cease to be a sy/em1 & w\ld become *aotic4 ,x may be1 x is true1 t 9 "s cities !re is too mu* sup]vision2 x may become acute & pass ! l9e ( true effici5cy4 ,inde$1 9 "s cities ! r$ tape may become s complicat$ & sy/ematiz$ t x becomes an end1 & s*ools & pupils seem to exi/ = sup]visors & sy/ems in/ead ( vice v]sa4 ,x is probably true t ! con/ant pres5ce ( a sup]visor :o is adv]sely critical may d injury to ! effici5cy ( a good tea*]4 ,no "o c tea* z well "u disapprobation z he c :]e he feels t 8 h&s are free2 & s 9 "s places sup]vision may act z a wet blanket4 ,x may suppress spontaneity1 initiative1 & real life 9 ! s*ool4 ,b ?is is only an abuse ( a good ?+1 & probably does n occur frequ5tly4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! exception w\ld only prove ! rule4 ,sup]vision is z necess>y 9 a sy/em ( s*ools z x is 9 a railroad or 9 l>ge indu/ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,a basket ball team = ! girls ,illu/ration3 ,a brass b& = ! "y m5 ,caption = ! above illu/rations3 ,,activities ,,( ,,! ,,consolidat$ ,,s*ool ,ne$$ 9 ,rural ,s*ools4--,! c\ntry p>takes ( ! same isolation 9 reg>d to its s*ools z x does 9 reg>d to life 9 g5]al4 ,?is isolation is acc5tuat$ :]e !re is little or no sup]vision4 ,)\t x1 ! necess>y /imulus seldom or nev] t\*es ! life ( ! tea*] or ! s*ool4 ,!re is little uplift2 ! s*ool runs along 9 its ord9>y1 humdrum fa%ion1 & nev] measures itself ) o!r s*ools1 & is seldom measur$ by a sup]visor4 ,a poor tea*] may be 9 ! *air "o t]m & a good tea*] ano!r4 ,! t]ms are %ort & ! s]vice some:at disconnect$4 ,! :ole situation gives ! impression to p1 pupils1 & tea*] t education is n ( v great value4 ,no ,sup]vision 9 ,"s ,/ates4--,9 "s /ates !re is b little sup]vision4 ,!re may be1 x is true1 a di/rict bo>d1 b ^! are laym51 mu* bett] acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( f>m+ ?an ) ^? ( tea*+4 ,!y h no /&>ds = judg+ a s*ool & seldom visit "o4 ,! selection kn[n z ! ,dee/rict ,skule illu/rates fairly well ! ability ( ! old-"t s*ool bo>d to pass judgm5t ^u ! pr(essional m]its ( ! tea*]4 ,nom9al ,sup]vision4--,9 o!r /ates !re is a c\nty sup]9t5d5t on "p "t :o has a k9d ( g5]al b att5uat$ sup]vision ov] all ! s*ools ( a c\nty4 ,he is usually engag$ 9 "s o!r l9e ( "w--9 bus9ess1 9 m$ic9e1 9 law1 9 prea*+--& c give only a small portion ( 8 "t to ! "w ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,inde$1 ?is means only an occasional visit to ! s*ool1 probably once e "o or two ye>s1 & su* simple & necess>y reports z are dem&$ by ! /ate sup]9t5d5t or ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,su* sup]vision1 h[ev] hone/ly p]=m$1 accompli%es b little4 ,! sup]9t5d5t may visit ! tea*] to-day1 b :5 he returns a ye> h5ce1 he is likely to f9d ano!r tea*] 9 *>ge4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 :at c he d8 ,he has se5 ! tea*] at "w = half an h\r or an h\r2 he (f]s a sugge/ion1 or makes "s complim5t>y rem>k1 & goes 8 way4 ,no "o realizes bett] ?an he h[ little he has be5 able to accompli%4 ,& yet1 "u exi/+ circum/ances he has done all t c\ld be expect$4 ,"s ,sup]vision4--,!re are1 else:]e1 c\nty sup]9t5d5ts :o devote _! :ole "t to ! "w1 b :o are *os5 = %ort t]ms & 9 a political campaign4 ,v frequ5tly ^! m5 are elect$ = political reasons q z mu* z = educational fitness4 ,if a sup]9t5d5t s elect$ is politically m9d$--& ,i regret to say t sometimes ?is is ! case--he w probably devote mu* "t1 en]gy1 & ?\ght to pav+ ! way = reelection4 ,expect+ to be a c&idate = a second t]m1 he w use 8 be/ ef=ts to impress ! public m9d 9 8 favor4 ,?is sometimes results 9 great] att5tion to ! duties ( 8 (fice & ! consequ5t bett]m5t ( ! s*ools2 b1 too (t51 x works 9 ! opposite direction4 ,be+ elect$ = only two ye>s1 he has n ! "t to c>ry out any educational policy no matt] h[ excell5t 8 plans may be4 ,( c\rse _m p]sons *os5 9 ?is way make excell5t & effici5t (fic]s1 b ! plan is bad4 ,! good sup]9t5d5t frequ5tly loses out soone/4 ,an ,impossible ,task4--,sup]9t5d5ts sometimes h "u _! jurisdiction f "o hundr$ to two hundr$1 or ev5 m1 s*ools sep>at$ by long di/ances4 ,! law usually prescribes t ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t %all visit ea* s*ool at lea/ once a ye>4 ,?is means t practically he w d no m2 inde$ x is (t5 impossible to d m4 ,x means t 8 visits mu/ ( necessity be a m]e p]functory call ( an h\r or two's duration ) no opportunity to see ! same tea*] aga9 at "w to det]m9e :e!r or n %e is mak+ progress1 & :e!r %e is c>ry+ out 8 in/ructions4 ,su* s-call$ sup]vision1 or sup]9t5d5ce1 is n sup]vision at all--h[ c x be8 ,! sup]9t5d5t is only a cl]ical (fic] :o does ! "w requir$ by law1 & makes incid5tally an annual social visit to ! s*ools4 ,! ,problem ,n ,tackl$4--,su* a situation is ano!r evid5ce t ! /ates :i* tol]ate ! =ego+ conditions h n1 9 any real & e>ne/ mann]1 attempt$ to solve ! problem ( rural s*ool sup]vision4 ,!y h m]ely let ?+s drift along z !y w\ld1 n fully realiz+ ! problem or else tru/+ to "t to come to _! aid4 ,micawb]-l1 !y are wait+ = some?+ to turn up4 ,b su* problems w n solve !mselves4 ,city ,sup]vision4--,comp>e ! sup]vision describ$ above ) t :i* is usually f\nd 9 cities4 ,!re we usually f9d a g5]al sup]9t5d5t & assi/ant sup]9t5d5ts2 !re are high s*ool pr9cipals & a pr9cipal at ! head ( e grade build+2 !re is also a sup]visor ( manual tra9+1 ( dome/ic sci5ce1 ( music1 ( draw+1 & possibly ( o!r subjects4 ,:5 we consid]1 too1 t ! tea*]s 9 ! city are all close at h& & t ! sup]visor or sup]9t5d5t may drop into any room at any "t ) sc>cely a m9ute's notice1 we see ! diff]5ce betwe5 city sup]vision & c\ntry sup]vision4 ,add to ?is ! fact t cities attract ! /rong tea*]s--! pr(essionally tra9$ tea*]s1 ! output ( ! pr(essional s*ools--& we c see aga9 h[ effective sup]vision becomes 9 ! city z comp>$ ) t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\ntry we f9d only "o sup]9t5d5t = a c\nty (t5 z l>ge z "s ( ! old] /ates1 & ! possibility ( visit+ ea* s*ool only ab\t once a ye>4 ,"h also are ! tea*]s :o are n pr(essionaliz$1 z a rule1 & :o1 !re=e1 ne$ sup]vision mo/4 ,! ,purpose ( ,sup]vision4--,! ma9 purpose ( sup]vision is to br+ tea*]s up to a requir$ /&>d ( excell5ce 9 _! "w & to keep !m !re4 ,x is always ! easie/ plan to dismiss a tea*] :o is f\nd defici5t1 b ?is is cutt+ ! knot r ?an unty+ x4 ,effici5t & intellig5t sup]vision proce$s along ! l9e ( build+ su* a tea*] up1 ( mak+ h] /rong :]e %e is weak1 ( giv+ h] initiative :]e %e lacks x1 ( inculcat+ good me?ods :]e %e is pursu+ poor ones1 ( induc+ h] to come out ( h] %ell :]e %e is backw>d & diffid5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! great "w ( ! sup]visor is to elicit f tea*]s _! mo/ active & he>ty response 9 all positive directions4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood by tea*]s--& !y %\ld "k t ! sup]9t5d5t or sup]visor indorses ! idea--t x is always bett] to g ahead & blund] ?an to /& /ill = fe> ( blund]+2 & s1 9 ! pres5ce ( a good sup]visor1 ! tea*] is n afraid to let h]self out4 ,9 ! conf]5ce1 lat]1 betwe5 h]self & h] sup]visor1 mi/akes may be po9t$ out2 b1 bett] ?an ?is1 ! be/ traits ( ! tea*] %\ld be br\ght to h] m9d & ! weak ones b lightly ref]r$ to4 ,:at ,is ,ne$$4--,:at is ne$$ 9 ! rural situation is a c\nty sup]9t5d5t *os5 because ( 8 pr(essional fitness by a c\nty bo>d ^: memb]s h be5 elect$ at l>ge4 ,?is bo>d %\ld be elect$ on a nonp>tisan ticket & s f> z possible on a basis ( qualification & ( good judgm5t 9 educational matt]s4 ,x %\ld hold (fice = a p]iod ( ye>s1 "s memb]s retir+ f ! bo>d annually s t !re %all n be1 at any "t1 an entirely new bo>d4 ,?is w\ld insure cont9uity4 ,ano!r plan = a c\nty bo>d w\ld be to h ! presid5ts ( ! di/rict bo>ds act z a c\nty bo>d ( education4 ,su* a bo>d %\ld be au?oriz$--& inde$ ?is tradition %\ld be e/abli%$--to select a c\nty sup]9t5d5t f applicants f outside z well z inside ! c\nty4 ,!y %\ld be emp[]$ to g any:]e 9 ! c\ntry = a sup]9t5d5t ) a reputation 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,?is is ! pres5t plan 9 cities1 & x %\ld be true also 9 ! selection ( a c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,! ,t]m4--,! t]m ( (fice ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t %\ld be at ! discretion ( ! c\nty bo>d4 ,x %\ld be n less ?an ?ree or f\r ye>s--( suffici5t l5g? to enable a man to c>ry out a l9e ( policy 9 educational adm9i/ration4 ,! /atus ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5cy %\ld be simil> to t ( ! city sup]9t5d5cy4 ,assi/ants4--,! c\nty bo>d %\ld be emp[]$ to provide assi/ants = ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,!re %\ld be "o su* assi/ant = ab\t ?irty or ?irty-five s*ools4 ,x is almo/ impossible = a sup]visor to d effici5t & effective "w if he has m ?an ?is numb] ( s*ools1 locat$1 z !y are1 "s di/ance ap>t4 ,provision = su* assi/ants1 :o %\ld1 l ! sup]9t5d5t himself1 be exp]ts1 is bas$ ^u ! assumption t sup]vision is wor? :ile1 & 9 fact necess>y 9 any sy/em if success is to be atta9$4 ,if ! sup]vision ( ?irty-five s*ools is an important piece ( "w x %\ld be well done1 & a p]son well qualifi$ = t "w %\ld be select$4 ,he %\ld be a p]son ( sympa!tic attitude1 ( high qualifications1 & ( exp]i5ce 9 ! field ( elem5t>y education4 ,! assi/ants %\ld be c>efully select$ by ! bo>d on ! recomm5dation ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,poor sup]vision is little bett] ?an none4 ,! ,s*ools ,exam9$4--,! c\nty sup]9t5d5t & 8 assi/ants %\ld give1 p]iodically1 oral & writt5 exam9ations 9 ea* s*ool1 ?us te/+ ! "w ( bo? ! tea*] & ! pupils4 ,^! exam9ations %\ld n con=m 9 any p]functory or r$-tape mann] to a lit]ally con/ru$ c\rse ( /udy4 ,! c\rse ( /udy is a means & n an end1 & %\ld be1 at all po9ts & times1 ela/ic & adaptable4 ,to make pupils fit ! c\rse ( /udy in/ead ( mak+ ! c\rse ( /udy fit ! pupils is ! old me?od ( ! ,procru/ean b$--if ! p]son is n long en\gh = x he is /ret*$2 if too long1 a piece is cut (f4 ,any exam9ation or te/s :i* w\ld wake up m9d & /imulate education 9 ! neighborhood may be resort$ to2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t exam9ations are likewise a means & n an end4 ,"s ye>s ago :5 ,i 0 a c\nty sup]9t5d5t ,i tri$ ! plan ( giv+ su* te/s 9 any subject to classes t _h complet$ a def9ite portion ( t subject & arriv$ at a good /opp+ place4 ,if1 = example1 ! tea*] ann\nc$ t 8 class _h acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( ! multiplication table1 ,i gave a se>*+ te/ ^u t subject & issu$ a simple little c]tificate to ! effect t ! pupil _h complet$ x4 ,^! little c]tificates act$ l /akes put d[n along ! way1 to give inc5tive1 direction1 & def9it5ess to ! educative processes1 & to /imulate a reasonable class _s or individual rivalry4 ,i meet ^! pupils occasionally n[--!y are to-day gr[n m5 & wom5--& !y reta9 9 _! possession ^! little color$ c]tificates :i* !y /ill highly prize4 ,"o portion ( my c\nty 0 populat$ almo/ entirely by ,sc&9avians1 & "h a li/ ( fifty to a hundr$ words 0 select$ :i* ,sc&9avian *ildr5 always f9d x difficult to pron\nce4 ,at ! fir/ trial _m or mo/ ( ! *ildr5 mispron\nc$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( !m4 ,i !n ann\nc$ t1 ! next "t ,i visit$ ! s*ool1 ,i w\ld te/ ! pupils aga9 on ^! words & o!rs l !m1 & issue c]tificates ( correct pronunciation to all :o 7 entitl$ to !m4 ,i f\nd1 on ! next visit1 t ne>ly all ! *ildr5 c\ld secure ^! c]tificates4 ,^! te/s creat$ a great impetus 9 ! direction ( correct pronunciation & language4 ,"s tea*]s1 f mi/ak5 k9dness1 _h be5 accu/om$ to refra9 f correct+ ! *ildr5 on su* words1 b z sup]9t5d5t ,i f\nd t bo? ! p>5ts & ! *ildr5 wi%$ drill 9 pronunciation & 7 gratifi$ at _! success4 ,?is is only a sample4 ,i w\ld advocate ! giv+ ( te/s1 or exam9ations1 on any subject 9 ! s*ool likely to lead to good results & to /imulate ! m9ds ( ! pupils 9 ! "r direction4 ,! c\nty sup]9t5d5t & 8 assi/ants might agree to lay ! acc5t or ! emphasis on diff]5t subjects1 or l9es ( "w1 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,keep ,d[n ,r$ ,tape4--,9 all ! "w ( sup]vision1 ! =mal "p--! acc\nt+ & report+ "p--%\ld be kept simple2 ! t5d5cy 9 adm9i/rative (fices is too (t5 9 ! direction ( complexity & r$ tape4 ,:]ev] !re is =m m]ely = ! sake ( =m1 x is well wor? :ile to s\nd a note ( w>n+ aga9/ x4 ,help ! ,social ,c5t]s4--,! c\nty sup]9t5d5t & 8 assi/ants c be ( ine/imable value 9 all ! "w ( ! social c5t]s4 ,!y %\ld advise ) s*ool bo>ds 9 reg>d to consolidation & o!r problems agitat+ ! community4 ,!y %\ld l5d a help+ h& to programs t are be+ c>ri$ out 9 any "p ( ! c\nty4 ,!y %\ld give lectures !mselves at su* social c5t]s &1 if ask$1 %\ld help ! local communities & local committees 9 e way )9 _! p[]4 ,conclusion4--,! problem1 !n1 ( sup]9t5d5ce is1 we conclude1 "o ( ! l>ge & important problems await+ solution 9 rural life & 9 rural s*ools4 ,x is ! b9d+ =ce t w help to unify all ! educational activities ( ! c\nty4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief /imulat+ & uplift+ influ5ces 9 rural education4 ,z 9 ! case ( mo/ o!r s*ool problems1 ! con/ant surprise is t ! p h n awak5$ soon] to ! realization ( its importance & to an hone/ & e>ne/ attempt at its solution4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,lead]%ip ,,& ,c,o,oe,p,e,r,a,t,i,o,n ,! ,real ,lead]4--,real lead]%ip is a sc>ce & *oice article2 true lead]s are few & f> betwe54 ,! be/ k9d ( lead] is n "o :o attempts to be at ! head ( e movem5t & to d ev]y?+ himself1 b r he :o makes ! greate/ numb] ( p active 9 8 cause4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! m a lead] does himself1 ! less 8 foll[]s are incl9$ to d4 ,! m active he is1 ! m passive !y are likely to become4 ,z tea*+ is caus+ o!rs to "k & react educationally1 s g5u9e lead]%ip is caus+ o!rs to become active 9 ! direction ( ! lead]'s purpose1 or aim4 ,"s :o pose z lead]s seek to be conspicu\s 9 e movem5t1 m]ely to attract att5tion to !mselves4 ,!y bid = direct & imm$iate recognition in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) ! m remote1 indirect1 b tru] & m sub/antial rew>d ( recognition ?r\gh _! foll[]s :o are active 9 _! lead]'s cause4 ,! poor lead] does n ?9k t !re is glory en\gh = all1 & s he monopolizes all he c ( x1 leav+ ! rema9d] to ^? :o probably d ! great] "p ( ! "w & des]ve z mu* cr$it z he4 ,! spectacul> football play] :o ignores ! team & team "w1 9 ord] to attract att5tion by 8 individual plays1 is n ! be/ lead] or ! be/ play]4 ,! real lead] w frequ5tly be cont5t to see ?+s some:at poorly done or n s well done1 9 ord] t 8 foll[]s may pass ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( do+ !m4 ,x is only by hav+ su* exp]i5ces t foll[]s are enabl$1 9 turn1 to become lead]s4 ,tea*+ vs4 ,tell+4--,z has be5 %[n 9 an e>li] *apt]1 ! lack ( lead]%ip is frequ5tly exhibit$ 9 ! classroom :5 ! tea*]1 in/ead ( induc+ self-activity & self-expression on ! "p ( ! pupils1 proce$s to recite ! :ole lesson himself4 ,he asks lead+ que/ions & !n1 at ! slighte/ hesitation on ! "p ( a pupil1 he sugge/s ! answ]2 he asks ano!r lead+ "q f ano!r po9t ( view2 he puts words into ! m\? ( ! pupil :o is try+ 9 a pitiable way to recite2 & ends by cov]+ ! topic all ov] ) words1 words1 words ( 8 own4 ,?is is poor lead]%ip on ! "p ( ! tea*] & gives no opportunity = real coop]ation on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,! tea*] takes all ! glory ( recit+1 & leaves ! pupil )\t an opportunity or ! rew>d ( self-expression4 ,enli/+ ! ,cooep]ation ( ,pupils4--,all *ildr5--& 9 fact all p--if approa*$ or /imulat$ 9 ! prop] way--l to d ?+s1 to p]=m s]vices = o!rs4 ,a pupil always consid]s x a complim5t to be ask$ by 8 tea*] to d some?+ = him1 if ! relations betwe5 ! tea*] & pupil are normal & cordial4 ,?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ! case if any truly educative response is to be elicit$4 ,socrates once said t a p]son _c le>n f "o :om he does n love4 ,! relation betwe5 pupil & tea*] %\ld be "o ( mutual love & respect1 if ! educational process is to obta94 ,if ?is relation does n exi/1 ! fir/ duty ( ! tea*] is to br+ x ab\t4 ,sometimes ?is is difficult4 ,i once he>d a tea*] say t x took him ab\t ?ree weeks to e/abli% ?is relation betwe5 himself & "o ( 8 pupils4 ,he f9ally invit$ ! pupil out hunt+ ) him "o ,saturday1 & aft] t !y 7 ! be/ ( fri5ds4 ,! pupil became "o ( ! lead]s 9 8 s*ool & 8 coop]ation 0 secur$ f t "t =w>d4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! tea*] %[$ m>k$ lead]%ip z well z practical k ( psy*ology & p$agogy4 ,francis ,murphy1 ! great temp]ance orator1 und]/ood bo? lead]%ip & coop]ation1 = he always1 z he said1 made x a po9t to approa* a man f ! s\? side4 ,a pupil1 if approa*$ 9 ! "r way1 w d any?+ 9 8 p[] = 8 tea*]4 ,!re may be times :5 wood or fuel mu/ be provid$1 :5 ! room mu/ be swept & clean$1 :5 little repairs become necess>y1 or an err& mu/ be p]=m$4 ,9 su* situations1 if ! tea*] is a real lead] & if 8 s*ool & he are en rapport1 volunte]s w vie ) ea* o!r = ! privilege ( c>ry+ out ! tea*]'s wi%es4 ,?is w\ld indicate g5u9e lead]%ip & coop]ation4 ,plac+ ,responsibility4--,:e!r 9 s*ool or "s o!r /ation 9 life1 !re is sc>cely any?+ t s awak5s & develops ! be/ t is 9 ei!r man or *ild z ! plac+ ( responsibility4 ,e p]son is educat$ & made great] accord+ to ! measure ( responsibility t is giv5 to him & t he is able to live up to4 ,:ile x is true t too great a measure ( responsibility might be giv51 ?is is no reasonable excuse = )hold+ x altoge!r = fe> ! burd5 w\ld be too great4 ,!re is a wide middle gr\nd betwe5 no responsibility & too mu* ( x1 & x is 9 ?is field t lead]%ip & coop]ation c be display$ to mu* advantage4 ,! great] dang] lies 9 n giv+ suffici5t responsibility to *ildr5 & y\?s4 ,x is well kn[n t1 9 p>ts ( our c\ntry1 :]e m5 :o h be5 prov$ to be1 or are /rongly suspect$ ( be+ crook$1 h be5 plac$ ^u ! b5* to mete out ju/ice1 !y h usually ris5 to ! occasion & to _! bett] ideals1 & h n betray$ ! tru/ repos$ 9 !m1 or ! responsibility plac$ ^u !m4 ,!re is probably no f9] body ( m5 9 ,am]ica ?an our railroad eng9e]s2 & :ile x may be true t !y are pick$ 9 a measure1 x is also true t _! responsible positions & "w br+ out _! be/ manhood4 ,z !y sit or /& at ! ?rottle1 ) h& ^u ! lev] & eyes on ! look\t = dang]1 & z !y feel ! he>t-?robs ( _! eng9e draw+ its preci\s freight ( a ?\s& s\ls ?r\gh ! d>kness & ! /orm1 !y _c help realiz+ t ?is is real life inve/$ ) great responsibilities2 & ) ?is ?\ght ev] be=e !m1 !y become m5 :o c be tru/$ any:]e4 ,!re is little d\bt t ,abraham ,l9coln's mettle 0 temp]$ to ! f9e/ quality 9 ! fires ( ! great /ruggle f #ahfj to #ahfe1 :5 e h\r ( 8 wak+ days 0 fraught ) ! greate/ responsibility4 ,h[ ,p ,rema9 ,*ildr54--,if *ildr5 & "y p are n giv5 responsibilities !y are likely to rema9 *ildr54 ,! old adage1 ,don't s5d a boy to mill1 is ?or\ghly vici\s if appli$ beyond a n>r[ & y\?ful range4 ,9 "s neighborhoods ! fa!rs ev5 :5 ( an advanc$ age reta9 entire control ( ! f>m & ( all activities1 & ! y\ng] g5]ation are call$ ! boys1 &1 :at is worse1 are consid]$ su* till =ty ye>s ( age or old]--9 fact z long z ! fa!rs live & are active4 ,a boy is call$ ,johnnie1 ,jimmie1 or ,tommie1 & is nev] *os5 to d jury duty or to occupy any position connect$ 9 ! local public m9d ) a man's "w4 ,! fa!r 9 su* cases is n a good lead]1 = he has giv5 no responsibility to1 & receives no g5u9e coop]ation f1 8 sons1 :o are really man gr[n1 b :o are reg>d$1 ev5 by !mselves1 f habit & sugge/ion1 z *ildr54 ,if ^! middle-ag$ m5 %\ld move to ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry !y w\ld be compell$ to /& ^u _! own feet1 & w\ld be reg>d$ z m5 among m54 ,!y w\ld be call$ ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 & ,mr4 ,br[n1 in/ead ( dim9utive & pet names2 &1 :at is bett]1 !y w\ld reg>d !mselves z m54 ,?is w\ld be a :olesome & /imulat+ sugge/ion4 ,h5ce ,horace ,greeley's advice to "y m51 to ,g ,we/1 w\ld prove b5eficial 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is illu/rat$ on a l>ge scale by ! ,*9ese life & civilization4 ,f "t immemorial ! ,*9ese h be5 taught to reg>d !mselves z *ildr51 & ! emp]or z ! common fa!r ( all4 ,! head ( ! family is ! head z long z he lives & all 8 desc5dants are m]e sons & daught]s4 ,:5 he dies he is ! object ( wor%ip4 ,?is cu/om has t5d$ to influ5ce 9 a l>ge measure ! ?\ght & life ( ,*9a & to keep ! ,*9ese1 = untold g5]ations1 a *ildlike & respectful p4 ,:atev] may come to pass "u ! new regime1 rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 _! c\ntry1 !y h be51 s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory1 a passive p1 ! majority ( :om h n be5 honor$ ) any great measure ( responsibility4 ,on ! ,f>m4--,su* lessons f hi/ory1 writt5 l>ge1 are z applicable 9 rural life z else:]e4 ,cooep]ation & pr(it-%>+ are probably ! key to ! solution ( ! labor problem4 ,_m indu/rial lead]s 9 v>i\s l9es1 notably ,mr4 ,h5ry ,=d 9 8 automobile factories 9 ,detroit1 h come to ! conclusion t coop]ation1 or "s k9d ( pr(it-%>+ by ! rank & file ( ! work]s1 is ( mutual b5efit to employ] & labor]4 ,! int]e/ ( work]s mu/ be enli/$ = _! own good z well z = ! good ( society at l>ge4 ,x induces ! "r attitude t[>d "w on ! "p ( ! work]1 & ! "r attitude ( employ] & employee t[>d ea* o!r4 ,?is leads to ! solid>ity ( society & ! integrity ( ! social bond4 ,x t5ds to e/abli% h>mony & to br+ cont5tm5t to bo? p>ties4 ,r5t]s4--,! r5t] ( a f>m mu/ h suffici5t int]e/ 9 x & 9 all its activities to improve x 9 e respect1 r ?an to all[ x to det]iorate by gett+ out ( x ev]y?+ possible1 & !n leav+ x1 l a squeez$ orange1 to repeat ! op]ation else:]e4 ,a f>m1 9 ord] to yield its be/ & to increase 9 production & value1 mu/ be manag$ ) c>e1 =esight1 & sci5tific und]/&+4 ,!re mu/ be1 among o!r ?+s1 a c>eful rotation ( crops & ! re>+ ( good bre$s ( animals ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,b ^! ?+s _c be intru/$ to ! m]e r5t] or ! hir$ man :o is no?+ m4 ,^! are n suffici5tly int]e/$4 ,! man :o successfully manages a f>m mu/ be int]e/$ 9 x & 9 its v>i\s phases1 :e!r he be a r5t] or a work]4 ,he mu/ be c>eful1 wat*ful1 indu/ri\s1 intellig5t1 & a lov] ( dome/ic animals2 o!rwise ! f>m w g backw>d & ! /ock w n ?rive & be productive ( pr(its4 ,! man :o drives a f>m to a successful issue mu/ be a lead]1 &1 if he is n ! own]1 he mu/ coop]ate ) ! own] 9 ord] t !re may be int]e/1 :i* is ! great ess5tial4 ,! ,own]4--,if ! f>m is op]at$ by ! own] himself & 8 family1 !re is /ill great] ne$ ( lead]%ip on ! "p ( ! fa!r & ( coop]ation on ! "p ( all4 ,money & pr(its are n ! only motives or ! only results & rew>ds t come to a family 9 rural life4 ,z ! *ildr5 gr[ up to adult life1 bo? boys & girls1 = _! own education & developm5t 9 lead]%ip & 9 coop]ation1 %\ld be giv5 "s %>e 9 ! bus9ess1 "s int]e/ :i* !y c call _! own1 & ^: success & increase w dep5d on _! att5tion1 c>e1 & indu/ry4 ,t fa!r is a wise lead] :o c enli/ ! active coop]ation ( all 8 family = ! good ( ea* & ( all4 ,su* lead]%ip & coop]ation are ! be/ =ms & means ( education1 & lead inevitably to good citiz5%ip4 ,h[ (t5 d we see a grasp+1 *urli% fa!r ^: lead]%ip is ma9ta9$ by fe> & =ce & ^: family fade away1 "o by "o1 z !y come to adolesc5ce4 ,!re is no cem5t+ =ce 9 su* a h\sehold1 & ! c5trifugal =ces :i* take ! place ( true lead]%ip & cordial coop]ation soon d _! "w4 ,! ,tea*] z a ,lead]4--,we h already spok5 ( ! tea*] z ! natural lead] ( ! activities ( a social c5t]1 or ( a community4 ,9 su* situations ! tea*] %\ld be a real lead]1 n "o :o wi%es or attempts to be ! direct & actual lead] 9 e activity1 b "o :o gets ?+s done ?r\gh ! second>y lead]%ip ( a score or m ( m51 boys1 & girls4 ,! lead] 9 a consolidat$ di/rict1 or social c5t]1 :o %\ld attempt to br+ all ! glory ^u himself by imm$iate lead]%ip w\ld be l ! tea*] :o insi/s on do+ all ! recit+ = 8 pupils4 ,t w\ld be a false & %ort-liv$ lead]%ip4 ,h5ce ! tea*] :o is a true lead] w keep himself some:at 9 ! backgr\nd :ile1 at ! same "t1 he is ! hidd5 ma9spr+1 ! p[] beh9d ! ?rone4 ,x is ! highe/ art to conceal art4 ,fit*1 9 8 lectures on tea*+1 says t ! tea*] & ! lead] %\ld keep ! ma*9]y 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! tea*] %\ld />t ?+s go+ by sugge/ion & keep !m go+ by 8 pres5ce1 8 attitude1 & 8 sil5t p>ticipation4 ,too mu* p>ticipation & direction are fatal to ! active coop]ation & second>y lead]%ip ( o!rs4 ,h5ce ! tea*] w br+ ab\t1 9 8 own good "t & way1 ! organization ( a baseball team "u ! direction ( a capta9 *os5 by ! boys4 ,! *oice1 x is true1 may probably be inspir$ by ! tea*]4 ,! same w\ld take place 9 reg>d to e game1 sport1 or activity1 m5tal1 social1 or physical1 9 ! community4 ,! dang] always is t ! initial lead] may become too dom9ant4 ,x is h>d on fle% & blood to resi/ ! temptation to be lioniz$4 ,b x is incomp>ably bett] to h p>tial or almo/ total failures "u self-gov]nm5t ?an to be gov]n$ by a b5evol5t & b5efic5t autocrat4 ,& s x is mu* bett] t boys & girls "w out _! own salvation "u lead]s ( _! own *oice1 ?an to be told to organize1 & to d ?us & s4 ,x requires a r>e p[] ( self-control 9 a real lead] to be compell$ to witness only p>tial success & crude p]=mance "u second>y lead]s grop+ t[>d success1 & /ill be sil5t & pati5t4 ,b ?is is ! true process ( education--self-activity & self-gov]nm5t4 ,self-activity & ,self-gov]nm5t4--,9 ord] to develop initiative1 :i* is ! same ?+1 practically1 z lead]%ip1 opportunity mu/ be giv5 = free self-activity4 ,*ildr5 & adults alike1 if !y are to gr[1 mu/ be induc$ to d4 ,x is always bett] to g ahead & blund] ?an to /& /ill = fe> ( blund]+4 ,_m k9d mo!rs fondly wi%--& frequ5tly attempt to en=ce _! wi%--t *ildr5 %\ld le>n h[ to swim )\t go+ into ! wat]4 ,*ildr5 see ! folly ( ?is &1 9 ord] n to di/urb ! calm & peace ( ! h\sehold1 slip away to a neighbor+ creek or swimm+-hole1 = :i* !y ev] aft] reta9 ! mo/ *]i%$ memories4 ,9 lat] ye>s :5 all dang] is ov] ^! gr[n-up *ildr5 smil+ly & jok+ly reveal ! my/]ies ( ! trick6 ,*ildr5 _c le>n to climb trees )\t climb+ trees1 or to ride calves & colts )\t ! real animals4 ,"s *ances mu/ be tak5 by p>5ts & gu>dians1 & m *ances are usually tak5 by *ildr5 ?an _! gu>dians ev] he> (4 ,accid5ts w happ51 x is true1 b 9 ! wise provision ( ,"m ,nature ! _w moves on ?r\gh ^! p]si/5t & in/9ctive self-activities4 ,self-activity is manife/$ on a l>g] scale 9 society & among nations & peoples4 ,civilization is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh self-activity & coop]ation4 ,x 7 bett] = ! ,filip9os to civilize !mselves z mu* z possible ?an t we impose civilization ^u !m4 ,x is bett] t ,mexico br+ peace into h] own h\sehold1 ?an t we take ! lead]%ip & en=ce ord] among h] p4 ,:5 ! ,iri% capta9 said to 8 soldi]s1 ,if y don't obey will+ly ,i'll make y obey will+ly1 he fus$ into "o ! milit>y & ! truly civic & educational conceptions4 ,an individual or a nation mu/ en]gize f )9 outw>d 9 ord] to truly express itself & ?us develop 9 ! be/ s5se4 ,h5ce 9 any community ! developm5t ( self-expression1 self-activity1 & coop]ation "u true lead]%ip is conducive to ! highe/ type ( individuality & ( citiz5%ip4 ,tak+ ,laws ^u ,"o's ,self4--,x is "u prop] lead]%ip & coop]ation t *ildr5 & "y p are induc$ to take laws ^u !mselves4 ,x is always a joy to a p>5t or a tea*] :5 a pupil expresses himself ) "s emotion to ! effect t su* & su* a de$ is an outrage1 or f9e z ! case may be4 ,x is an indication t he has adopt$ a life pr9ciple :i* he means to live by1 & t x has be5 made 8 own to su* an ext5t t he expresses & commits himself ^u x ) su* feel+4 ,moralization consi/s 9 j ?is process--! tak+ ^u "o's self ( a bundle ( good life pr9ciples4 ,"u ! "r k9d ( lead]%ip & coop]ation ?is moraliz+ process gr[s mo/ satisfactorily4 ,*ildr5 !n take ^u !mselves laws & become self-gov]n+ & law-abid+4 ,an ,educational ,column4--,"o ( ! be/ means ( creat+ an atmosph]e & _s ( education & culture 9 a community is to conduct an educational column 9 ! local newspap]4 ,! tea*] z a real lead] 9 ! community c\ld furni% ! matt] = su* a column once e two weeks or once a mon?1 &1 be=e long1 if he is ! lead] we speak (1 ! p w beg9 to look eag]ly = ?is column2 !y w turn to x fir/ on receiv+ _! pap]4 ,"h items ( int]e/ on almo/ any subject might be discuss$4 ,! column ne$ n be limit$ n>r[ly to te*nically educational topics4 ,! au?or ( su* a column c\ld ?us create & build up 9 a community ! "r k9d ( traditions & a good _s1 tone1 & temp] g5]ally4 ,8 influ5ce w\ld be pot5t outside ! s*oolroom & he w\ld h 9 8 p[] ! %ap+ & ! guid+ ( ! social1 or community m9d4 ,x is wond]ful :at c be done 9 ?is way by a prud5t1 intellig5t1 & int]e/+ writ]4 ,! community soon w wi%1 aft] ! column has be5 read ?r\gh1 t he _h writt5 m4 ,?is w\ld be an enc\rag+ sign4 ,all ,along ! ,educational ,l9e4--,! k9d ( lead]%ip & coop]ation indicat$ 9 ?is *apt] %\ld be exemplifi$ ?r\gh ! entire common-s*ool sy/em4 ,x %\ld obta9 betwe5 ! /ate sup]9t5d5t & ! c\nty sup]9t5d5ts2 betwe5 ! c\nty sup]9t5d5ts & _! deputies1 or assi/ants on ! "o h& & ! pr9cipals ( s*ools on ! o!r2 betwe5 pr9cipals & tea*]s2 & betwe5 tea*]s & pupils4 ,x %\ld exi/ betwe5 all ( ^! (ficials & ! p v>i\sly organiz$ = social & educational bett]m5t4 ,!n !re w\ld be a long pull1 a /rong pull1 & a pull all toge!r = ! solution ( ! problems ( rural life & ! rural s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,8 ,,home ,f>m+ 9 ! ,pa/4--,9 ! pa/1 successful f>m+ 0 easi] ?an x is at pres5t or is de/9$ to be 9 ! future4 ,9 ! prairie regions ( ! great c5tral ,we/1 ! virg9 & f]tile soil1 ! l>ge acreage ( easy cultivation1 & ! good prices made success inevitable4 ,inde$1 ^! conditions 7 ?ru/ ^u ! =tunate f>m]4 ,b ^? days are pass$4 ,increas$ population is r$uc+ ! acreage & cultivation1 :ile x is elim9at+ ! surplus f]tility2 competition & social & economic pressure are r$uc+ ! m>g9 ( pr(its4 ,?rift1 good managem5t1 & bra9s are becom+ increas+ly important factors 9 successful f>m+4 ,old ,conceit & ,prejudice4--,tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 ! agricultural colleges 7 tak+ %ape & attempt+ to impress _! usefulness ^u ! f>m]1 ! latt] 0 incl9$ to assume a d]isive attitude1 & to ref] to _! graduates z silk-/ock+ f>m]s--or1 z "o f>m] put x1 !atrical sort ( fell[s1 mean+ !oretical6 ,9 ! f>m+ ( ! future1 h[ev]1 ! agricultural college & its influ5ce are b\nd to play a l>ge "p4 ,!re is pl5ty ( room on a good f>m ( "o hundr$ & sixty acres = ! be/ ?9k+ & ! mo/ c>eful plann+4 ,=esight & +5uity ( ! r>e/ k9ds are dem&$ !re4 ,we wi% to enum]ate1 & discuss 9 brief1 "s ( ! important po9ts ( vantage to be wat*$ & c>efully gu>d$1 if f>m life1 :i* means rural life1 is to be pleasant & pr(itable4 ,if rural life is to reta9 its attractions & its p1 x mu/ be bo? ( ^!4 ,let u1 9 ?is *apt]1 inve/igate "s ?+s :i*1 al?\gh ap>t f ! s*ool & education 9 any te*nical s5se1 are truly educative1 9 ! be/ s5se4 ,level+ ,d[n4--,"o ?+ t sometimes impresses ! close obs]v] :o is visit+ 9 ! c\ntry & 9 f>m homes is t !re exi/s 9 "s rural localities a k9d ( level+ d[n process4 ,p become accommodat$ to _! r quiet & unexcit+ surr\nd+s4 ,_! h\ses & b>ns1 9 ! way ( repairs & improvem5ts1 are all[$ gradually to succumb to ! too? ( "t & ! beat+ ( ! elem5ts4 ,?is process is s sl[ & insidi\s t ^? :o live 9 ! mid/ ( x sc>cely notice ! decay t is tak+ place4 ,h5ce x cont9ues to gr[ worse until ! f>m premises assume an unattractive & dilapidat$ appe>ance4 ,we$s gr[ up ar\nd ! build+s & along ! roads1 s sl[ly1 t !y rema9 unnotic$ & h5ce uncut--:5 half an h\r's "w w\ld suffice to de/roy !m all1 to ! b5efit ( ! f>m & ! improvem5t ( its appe>ance4 ,9 ! c\ntry x is v easy1 z we h said1 to level d[n4 ,p live 9 comp>ative isolation2 imitation1 comp>ison1 & competition ent] b little into _! ?\ghts & occupations4 ,9 ! city x is o!rwise4 ,p live 9 close proximity to ea* o!r1 & "o ent]pris+ p]son c />t a neighborhood movem5t = ! improvem5t ( lawns & h\ses4 ,!re is m conf]5ce1 m criticism & comp>ison1 m imitation4 ,9 ! city !re is a k9d ( compulsion to level up4 ,:5 "o moves f a l>ge active c5t] to a small] "o1 ! life t5d5cy is to accommodate "o's self to 8 environm5t2 :ile if "o moves f a small1 quiet place to a l>g] & m active c5t]1 ! life t5d5cy is to level up4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 =tunate = u t we are able to accommodate ourselves to our environm5t & to d]ive a gr[+ cont5tm5t f ! process4 ,! prison] may become s cont5t 9 8 cell t he w %$ te>s :5 he is compell$ to leave x = ! out] _w :]e he mu/ readju/ himself4 ,! college man1 ov] :om !re came a feel+ ( desolation on settl+ d[n 9 a small c\ntry village ) "o /ore1 comes ev5tually to f9d cont5tm5t1 sitt+ on ! c\nt] or on a drygoods box1 swapp+ /ories ) o!rs l himself :o h level$ d[n to a v circumscrib$ life & liv+4 ,level+ d[n may be accompli%$ )\t ef=t or ?\ght1 b et]nal vigilance is ! price ( level+ up4 ,premises ,indicative4--,a f>m] is kn[n by ! premises he keeps1 j z a p]son is kn[n by ! company he keeps4 ,if a man is ?rifty x w f9d expression 9 ! ord]l9ess ( 8 place4 ,if he is intellig5t & inv5tive x w %[ 9 ! appo9tm5ts & adaptations ev]y:]e app>5t1 inside & outside ! build+s4 ,if ! man & 8 family h a f9e s5se ( beauty & propriety1 an arti/ic or ae/hetic s5se1 !re w be evid5ces ( cleanl9ess & simple beauty ev]y:]e--9 ! ar*itecture1 9 ! pa9t+1 9 ! pictures1 & ! c>pets1 9 ! k9ds & positions ( ! trees & %rubb]y1 & 9 ! g5]al neatness & cleanl9ess ( ! premises4 ,x is n s necess>y t p possess mu*1 b x is important t !y make mu* ( :at !y d possess4 ,! exquisite t\* on all ?+s is analog\s to ! flavor ( our food--x is z important = appetite & = n\ri%m5t z ! food itself4 ,conv5i5ces by ,labor-sav+ ,devices4--,if !re are +5uity & ! p[] ( ord9>y inv5tion 9 common ?+s1 sy/em & devices = sav+ labor w be evid5t ev]y:]e4 ,! motor w be press$ into s]vice 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!re w be a place = ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ w be 9 its place4 ,head "w & inv5tion1 r ?an m]e imitation1 *>act]ize ! activities ( ! ma/]4 ,eggs 9 ,sev]al ,baskets4--,! day is pa/ :5 success may be atta9$ by rais+ :eat alone4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 9 days gone by1 ! easie/ & *eape/ crop to produce4 ,x 0 also ! crop t br\ght ! l>ge/ returns 9 ! %orte/ "t4 ,:eat rais+ 0 m]ely a summ]'s job1 ) a prospective w9t]'s out+ 9 "s city c5t]4 ,x 0 & is /ill ! lazy f>m]'s trick4 ,x 0 an ef=t simil> to t ( attempt+ ! inv5tion ( a p]petual motion ma*9e2 x 0 an attempt1 if n to get some?+ = no?+1 at lea/ to get some?+ at ! l[e/ co/1 reg>dless ( ! future4 ,b nature _c be *eat$1 & ! mod]n f>m] has le>n$ or is le>n+ rapidly1 t he mu/ rotate & div]sify 8 crops if he w\ld succe$ 9 ! long run4 ,consequ5tly he has begun rotation4 ,he also repl5i%es 8 soil ) nitrog5-produc+ legumes1 along ) corn plant+ & ) summ] fall[+4 ,he engages 9 ! rais+ ( *ick5s1 hogs1 cattle1 & horses4 ,?is div]sification saves him f total loss 9 case ( a bad ye> 9 "o l9e4 ,! f>m] does n c>ry all 8 eggs 9 "o basket4 ,a bad ye> ) "o k9d ( crops may be a good ye> ) "s o!r4 ,div]sification also makes f>m+ an all-ye> occupation1 e "p ( :i* is br++ a good return1 in/ead ( be+ a job ) an income = ! summ] & an outlay = ! w9t]4 ,live /ock1 %eep1 hogs1 & cattle gr[ nights1 ,sundays1 & w9t]s z well z at o!r times1 & s ! pr(its are accumulat+ all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! ,be/ is ! ,*eape/4--,! mod]n f>m] also realizes t x takes no m1 nor inde$ z mu*1 to fe$ & h\se ! be/ k9ds ( animals ?an x does to keep ! scrub v>ieties4 ,9 all ( ?is !re is a l>ge field = /udy & inve/igation4 ,b "o mu/ be int]e/$ 9 8 animals & und]/& !m4 ,!y %\ld "k 8 voice & he %\ld "k _! ne$s & _! habits4 ,z 9 e o!r k9d ( "w !re mu/ be a reasonable int]e/2 o!rwise x _c be an occupation :i* w make life happy & successful4 ,good ,"w4--,! good f>m] has ! feel & ! habit ( good "w4 ,! really successful man 9 any call+ or pr(ession is he :o does 8 "w consci5ti\sly & z well z he c4 ,! slov5 becomes ! bungl]1 & ! bungl] is on ! high road to failure4 ,x is always a pleasant ?+ to see a man d 8 "w well & arti/ically4 ,x is ! habit1 ! policy1 ! attitude ( ?us do+ t tell 9 ! long run4 ,a f>m] may by *ance get a good crop by se$+ on unpl[$ /ubble l&1 b he mu/ feel t he is engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( try+ to *eat himself1 l ! boy play+ solitaire--he does n let 8 "r h& "k :at 8 left h& is do+4 ,! good f>m] is an arti/ 9 8 "w1 :ile ! poor f>m] is a v]itable bungl]--blam+ 8 tools & ,nature h]self = 8 failures4 ,good ,se$ & ,trees4--,! successful f>m] kn[s f /udy & exp]i5ce t only heal?y se$ & heal?y animals w produce good gra9 & /rong animals aft] _! k9d4 ,he does n try tricks on ,nature4 ,he selects ! be/ k9ds ( trees & %rubb]y & :5 ^! are plant$ he takes c>e ( !m4 ,he realizes t :at is wor? s[+ & plant+ is wor? tak+ c>e (4 ,a ,good ,c>etak]4--,! successful & intellig5t f>m] keeps all 8 build+s1 %$s1 & f5ces 9 good repair & well pa9t$4 ,he is n p5ny-wise & p\nd-fooli%4 ,he kn[s ! value ( pa9t f an economic & f9ancial po9t ( view z well z f an arti/ic & ae/hetic "o4 ,kn[+ ^! ?+s1 & f an +ra9$ feel+ & habit1 he sees to x t all 8 ma*9]y & tools are "u good cov]1 & are n expos$ to ! gnaw+ too? ( ! elem5ts4 ,?is habit & attitude ( ! man are typical & make = success z well z = cont5tm5t4 ,z x is n ! sav+ ( a p>ticul> doll> t makes a man ?rifty or weal?y1 b ! habit ( sav+ doll>s2 s x is n ! tak+ c>e ( ?is or t piece ( ma*9]y1 or t p>ticul> build+1 b ! habit ( do+ su* ?+s t leads him to success4 ,family ,cooep]ation4--,su* a man w also enli/ ! int]e/ & ! active coop]ation ( 8 sons & daught]s by giv+ !m prop]ty or int]e/s :i* !y c call _! own2 he w make !m1 9 a measure1 co-p>tn]s ) him on ! f>m4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] way ( develop+ 9 !m _! be/ lat5t tal5ts4 ,x w\ld result 9 mutual pr(it &1 :at is bett]1 9 mutual love & happ9ess4 ,"o ( ! greate/ factors 9 a true education is to be int]e/$1 self-active1 & busy t[>d a def9ite & wor?y end4 ,"u su* circum/ances bo? ! p>5ts & ! *ildr5 might be b5efit$ by tak+ %ort c\rses 9 ! ne>e/ agricultural college2 & a plan ( giv+ ea* 8 turn c\ld be work$ out to ! int]e/ & pr(it ( all ! family4 ,su* a family w\ld become local lead]s 9 v>i\s ent]prises4 ,an ,ideal ,life4--,x w\ld seem t su* an intellig5t & successful f>m] & 8 family c\ld lead an ideal life4 ,e life wor? :ile mu/ h "w1 disappo9tm5ts1 & rev]ses4 ,b "w--reasonable "w--is a bless+ & n a curse4 ,"w is an educator1 a civiliz]1 a sanctifi]4 ,a family l t describ$ might 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s possess mo/ ( ! mod]n conv5i5ces4 ,! telephone1 ! daily mail1 ! automobile1 & o!r inv5tions are at h&1 9 ! c\ntry z well z 9 ! city4 ,! be/ lit]ature ( to-day & ( all "t is available4 ,music & art are easily )9 rea*4 ,) ^! advantages any rural family may h a happy home4 ,?is is m ?an mo/ p 9 ! cities c h4 ,m & m ( our p %\ld turn 9 ! future to ?is quiet b happy & ideal c\ntry life4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,rural ,,r5aissance ,d>ke/ ,be=e ! ,dawn4--,prior to ! pres5t widespread discussion1 :i* x is hop$ w lead to a rural r5aissance1 ! condition & ! prospects ( c\ntry life & ! c\ntry s*ool look$ d>k & disc\rag+4 ,c\ntry life seem$ to be pass+ into ! %ad[ & ! /orm4 ,x seem$ z if ! c\ntry 0 be+ n only des]t$ b =gott54 ,! urban tr5d1 z we h se51 mov$ on apace4 ,f>ms 7 be+ des]t$ or1 if cultivat$ at all1 7 pass+ m & m into ! h&s ( r5t]s4 ,! own]s 7 f>m+ by proxy4 ,?is meant decreas$ production & impov]i%$ soil4 ,x meant "o-crop1 or small-gra9 f>m+2 x meant a class ( r5t]s or t5ants ) only tempor>y homes1 & h5ce ) only a p>tial int]e/4 ,! inevitable result w\ld be an impov]i%$ rural life & poor rural s*ools4 ,)\t a realization ( ! s]i\sness ( ! situation & ! tr5d on ! "p ( ! p at l>ge1 all ^! conditions prevail$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,! p seem$ unaw>e ( ! fact t rural life 0 n keep+ pace ) ! progress ( ! _w ar\nd4 ,9 ,new ,engl& :ole di/ricts 7 practically des]t$1 & h] ab&on$ f>ms told ! tale4 ,9 ,virg9ia & 9 mo/ ( ! old] /ates simil> conditions exi/$4 ,! p migrat$ ei!r to ! cities or to ! new] & *eap] agricultural regions ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,awak5+4--,b ! "t came :5 ! new] l&s 7 n s available & :5 social & economic pressure =c$ ! :ole problem ( rural life ^u ! att5tion ( ! nation4 ,difficulty 9 adju/m5t to surr\nd+s always con/itutes a problem1 & a problem always ar\ses ?\ght4 ,:5 our adju/m5t is easy & successful x is effect$ l>gely ?r\gh habit2 b :5 x is ob/ruct$ or ?w>t$1 ?\ght & reason mu/ come to ! rescue4 ,inve/igation1 comp>ison1 & reflection are !n draft$ = a solution4 ,?is is :at happ5$ a few ye>s ago4 ,! :ole situation1 x is true1 _h be5 9 m9d previ\sly1 b only 9 a half consci\s or subconsci\s way4 ,x 0 be+ felt or s5s$1 m or less cle>ly1 t !re 0 some?+ wrong1 t !re 0 a great unsuppli$ ne$1 9 rural life2 b ! ?\ght _h no def9ite %ape4 ,! re/iv5ess1 ! re/lessness1 0 !re b no di/9ct & articulate voices gave utt]ance to any def9ite policy or det]m9ation4 ,!re 0 no cle>ly =mulat$ cons5sus ( ?\ght z to :at ought to be done4 ,prior to ?is "t ! ?\ght ( ! p _h n be5 focus$ on c\ntry life at all4 ,! att5tion ( ! rural di/ricts 0 n on !mselves2 !y 7 n really self-consci\s ( _! condition or t !re 0 any important problem be=e !m4 ,b n _m ye>s ago1 ow+ to v>i\s movem5ts1 :i* 7 bo? causes & effects1 ! :ole c\ntry began to be ar\s$ to ! importance ( ! subjects :i* ,i h be5 discuss+4 ,! ,committee ( ,twelve on ,rural ,s*ools appo9t$ by ! ,national ,educational ,association _h report$ ! phases ( ! rural life problem 9 #ahig2 b _m decl>ations & reports ( t k9d are necess>y to /ir ! :ole c\ntry4 ,h5ce no decisive movem5t1 ev5 9 rural education1 became noticeable = sev]al ye>s4 ,b ?is report did mu* good2 x n only =mulat$ educational ?\ght & policy 9 reg>d to ! subject b x also awak5$ ?\ght & discussion outside ( ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,! ,agricultural ,colleges4--,! agricultural colleges & exp]im5tal /ations 9 ! sev]al /ates _h also be5 active = "s ye>s & _h =mulat$ a body ( k 9 reg>d to agricultural pr9ciples & me?ods4 ,!y _h di/ribut$ ?is in=mation widely among ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! latt]1 at fir/1 look$ askance at ^! colleges & _! propag&a1 & (t5 refus$ to accept _! sugge/ions & advice on ! gr\nd t x 0 m]e !ory1 & t f>m]s c\ld n be taught practical agriculture by m]e book m5 & !oriz]s4 ,! practical man (t5 despises !ory1 n realiz+ t practice )\t !ory is usually bl9d4 ,b ! gr[+ sci5ce ( agriculture 0 work+ l a leav5 = ! improvem5t ( f>m life 9 all its phases1 & to-day ! agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations are ! well-spr+s ( in=mation = practical f>m]s ev]y:]e4 ,bullet9s ( in=mation are publi%$ & di/ribut$ regul>ly1 & f>m]s are be+ br\ght into clos] & clos] t\* ) ^! in/itutions4 ,conv5tions4--,dur+ ?is awak5+ p]iod1 conv5tions ( v>i\s k9ds are held1 :i* give ! f>m]s an opportunity to he> & to p>ticipate 9 discussions p]ta9+ to ! problems ) :i* !y are wre/l+4 ,!y come toge!r 9 di/rict1 c\nty1 or /ate conv5tions1 & ! result has be5 t a class consci\sness1 an esprit de corps1 is be+ develop$4 ,f>m]s he> & see bigg] & bett] ?+s2 _! _w is enl>g$ & _! m9ds are /imulat$2 !y are induc$ to ?9k 9 l>g] units4 ,?\ght1 l wat]1 seeks its level1 & 9 conv5tions ( ?is k9d ! individual levels up4 ,he goes home inspir$ to d bett] & great] ?+s1 & spreads ! new gospel among 8 neighbors4 ,at ! conv5tions he he>s a v>iety ( topics discuss$1 includ+ good roads1 h\se plans1 sanitation1 s*ools1 & o!rs too num]\s to m5tion4 ,o!r ,awak5+ ,ag5cies4--,! agricultural pap]1 :i* practically e f>m] takes & :i* e f>m] %\ld take1 br+s to ! f>m home ea* week ! mo/ mod]n f9d+s on all phases ( c\ntry life4 ,! rural free deliv]y & ! p>cel po/ br+ ! daily mail to ! f>m]'s door4 ,! rural telephone is becom+ g5]al1 & also ! automobile & o!r rapid & conv5i5t modes ( communication & transportation4 ,all ^! ?+s h help$ to develop a cle>] consci\sness ( c\ntry life1 its problems & its ne$s4 ,! ,f>m] 9 ,politics4--,add to all ! =ego+ consid]ations ! fact t1 9 e /ate legislature & 9 ,congress1 ! numb] ( rural repres5tatives is con/antly increas+1 & we see cle>ly t ! c\ntry di/ricts are awak5+ to a realization n only ( _! ne$s b ( _! rights4 ,all ( ^! conditions h help$ to turn ! eyes ( ! :ole p1 9 /ate & nation1 to long neglect$ problems4 ,! ,national ,commission4--,s ! v>i\s ag5cies & factors enum]at$ above & o!rs besides1 all work+ m or less consci\sly & all conspir+ toge!r1 f9ally result$ 9 ! appo9tm5t ( a ,national ,commission on ,rural ,life1 ! results & f9d+s ( :i* 7 made ! subject ( a special message f ! presid5t to ,congress 9 #aiji4 ,! report ( ! commission 0 issu$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice 9 ,wa%+ton z ,docum5t ,numb] #gje1 & %\ld be read by e f>m] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is commission 0 ! resultant ( _m =ces ex]t$ ar\nd family firesides1 9 ! s*oolroom1 9 ! press1 on ! plat=m1 9 conv5tions1 9 legislatures1 & 9 ! halls ( ,congress4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! conditions & possibilities ( rural life 7 made ! subjects ( inve/igation & report to a national body4 ,?us ! ,commission became !nce=? a pot5t cause ( ! att5tion & impetus s9ce giv5 to ! problems we are discuss+4 ,mix$ ,f>m+4--,9 rec5t ye>s1 too1 :at may be call$ sci5tific f>m+ has become a decid$ movem5t & is n[ v ext5sively practic$4 ,?is includes div]sifi$ f>m+1 rotation ( crops1 /ock rais+1 ! bre$+ ( improv$ /ock1 bett] pl[+1 & a ho/ ( matt]s connect$ ) ! f>m]'s occupation4 ,?us f>m+ is becom+ nei!r a job nor an avocation1 b a g5u9e vocation1 or pr(ession4 ,x requires = its success all ! bra9s1 all ! +5uity1 all ! att5tion & pu% t an intellig5t man c give x2 &1 )al1 x promises all ! v>iety1 ! int]e/1 ! happ9ess1 & ! success t any pr(ession c (f]4 ,n[ ,be=e ! ,c\ntry4--,! movem5t 9 behalf ( a ri*] rural life & ( bett] rural s*ools is n[ be=e ! c\ntry4 ,x is ! subject ( discussion ev]y:]e4 ,x is 9 ! limelight2 ! lit]ature on ! subject is volum9\s2 books )\t numb]1 on all phases ( ! subject1 are com+ f ! press4 ,educational pap]s & magaz9es1 & ev5 ! lay press1 are devot+ un/9t$ space to discussions on c\ntry life & ! rural s*ool4 ,! c\ntry has ! :ole "q on ! run1 ) a fair prospect ( an e>ly capture4 ,on pages #ahb-ahf we give a bibliography ( a small portion ( ! lit]ature on ^! que/ions :i* has come out rec5tly4 ,educational ,ext5sion4--,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! movem5t kn[n z ext5sion "w1 connect$ ) ! educational in/itutions1 has _h a rapid gr[?4 ,! /ate univ]sities1 agricultural colleges1 & normal s*ools 9 almo/ e /ate are do+ _! utmo/ to c>ry in/ruction & education 9 a v>iety ( =ms to communities beyond _! walls4 ,!y are vy+ ) ea* o!r 9 _! ext5sion dep>tm5ts1 9 extra-mural s]vice ( e possible k9d4 ,9 _m places in/itutions are ev5 furni%+ musical p]=mances & o!r =ms ( ent]ta9m5t at co/1 9 competition ) ! private bureaus1 ?us sav+ communities ! pr(its ( ! bureau & ! exp5se ( ! middlem54 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 has be5 9 rec5t ye>s ! lead] 9 ?is ext5sion "w4 ,m9nesota1 & mo/ ( ! c5tral & we/]n /ates are active 9 ! campaign ( c>ry+ education & culture to outly+ communities4 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 & ,nor? ,dakota h rec5tly pool$ _! =ces = "s ex*ange ( s]vice 9 ext5sion "w4 ,libr>y ,ext5sion ,"w4--,9 ,wiscons91 ! /ate libr>y is "u ! direction ( ! univ]sity ext5sion dep>tm5t1 & collections ( books1 :i* may be reta9$ = a def9ite l5g? ( "t1 may be secur$ by any t[n or community 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ?is way a libr>y may d excell5t s]vice4 ,"s ,fro?4--,no d\bt "s fro? w be produc$ by ! /irr+ ( ! wat]s :i* are mov+ 9 "s places ) :irlpool rapidity4 ,!re is consid]able s\nd & fury1 no d\bt1 9 ! discussions & 9 ! ?+s attempt$ 9 ^! uplift+ movem5ts4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( smoke 9 proportion to ! fire b5ea?4 ,b1 ev5 ) ! fro?1 ! noise1 & ! smoke1 !re is "s lat5t p[]1 "s en]gy1 b5ea? & beh9d x all4 ,! ma9 ?+ is t ! p[]1 ! en]gy1 ! ?\ght1 ! en?usiasm ( ! nation h be5 />t$ on ! "r way4 ,we c disc\nt & ov]look ! vag>ies & foibles :i* w und\bt$ly play ar\nd ! outskirts ( ! movem5t4 ,e new movem5t %[s simil> ph5om5a4 ,mu* w be said1 writt51 & done :i* is m]e surface display4 ,b :ile ^! may d little good1 !y w d no h>m & are indicative ( ! inn] & vital det]m9ation ( ! p to confront ! difficulties4 ,?\ght & ,attitude4--,our ?\ght & our attitude make any k9d ( "w or any k9d ( position desirable & wor?y1 or ! rev]se4 ,_m vici\s lead]s poison ! m9ds ( work]s & make !m dissatisfi$ ) _! "w & _! employ]s by sugge/+ a wrong _s & attitude4 ,we d n advocate passive submission to wrongs2 nor on ! o!r h& d we ?9k t ! int]e/s ( ! labor] are to be subs]v$ by infus+ into 8 m9d jeal\sy & envy & discont5t ) 8 lot4 ,a "y man goes ?r\gh ! practice & games ( football1 endur+ ex]tion & pa9 :i* he w\ld n all[ any o!r p]son to =ce ^u him2 at ! same "t1 he has a song 9 8 he>t4 ,on a camp+ trip a p]son w submit to rigors & privations :i* he w\ld ?9k intol]able at home4 ,:atev] is socially fa%ionable is done ) pleasure2 ! m9d is ! great factor4 ,if "o is int]e/$ 9 8 "w1 x is pleasant--inde$ m enjoyable ?an play2 b if !re is no int]e/ x is all drudg]y & pa94 ,! attitude1 ! motive1 ! w make all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! rural r5aissance1 f>m life may become m & m fa%ionable4 ,?is is by no means impossible4 ,c\ntry life has no su* rigors z ! football field or ! out+ 9 ! wilds4 ,:5 z a p we h pass$ f ! s5su\s & erotic wave on ! cre/ ( :i* we seem at pres5t to be c>ri$ along1 we c ) pr(it1 intellectually1 morally1 socially1 & physically1 g =? "u ! op5 sky & li/ to ,nature's tea*+s4 ,ev]y?+ except ! pres5t gl>e ( excitem5t beckons back to ! l&1 back to ! c\ntry4 ,:e!r z a p we %all effectively *eck ! urban tr5d1 w1 9 ! n di/ant future1 te/ ! self-control1 ! =esight1 ! wisdom1 & ! "* ( ! manhood & womanhood ( ?is nation4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,a ,,good ,,place ,,aft] ,,all ,n ,pessimi/ic4--,"s ( ! e>ly *apt]s ( ?is book may h left ! impression t a re/oration1 or rejuv5ation1 ( c\ntry life1 su* z w rev]se ! urban tr5d & make rural life ! m attractive by comp>ison1 is difficult if n impossible4 ,x is difficult we grant2 b we d n wi% to leave ! impression t su* is improbable1 mu* less impossible4 ,we 7 simply fac+ ! tru? on ! d>k1 or negative1 side1 & 7 attempt+ to give reasons = conditions & facts :i* h be5 ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,if !re are two sides to a "q bo? %\ld be pres5t$ z !y really are4 ,x is always z useless & z wrong to m9imize z x is to exagg]ate1 & we 7 simply acc\nt+ = facts4 ,we did n mean t !re is no hope4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 ! solution ( any problem or 9 ! improvem5t ( any condition is to get ! condition cle>ly & accurately 9 m9d--to conceive x exactly z x is4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! city1 ) its mat]ial spl5dor & its social life1 has attractions2 b if we turn to rural life1 we %all f9d1 if we g bel[ ! surface ( human nature1 ! /ronge/ appeals to our deep] & m abid+ int]e/s4 ,! surface ( ?+s & ! pres5t mom5t are ne> to u1 & p[]ful 9 ! way ( motivation4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ! aspects ( human environm5t :i* appeal mo/ /rongly to ! *ild1 to ! savage1 & to ! un$ucat$ p]son4 ,if we are optimi/s1 believ+ t ! race is progress+1 & t our own p & c\ntry are progress+ z rapidly z or m rapidly ?an any o!r1 we mu/ believe t motives :i* appeal to our deep]1 san]1 & m discipl9$ nature w w9 out 9 ! long run4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at "s ( ! appeals to ?is san] /ratum ( human nature1 9 behalf ( rural life1 are4 ,few] ,h\rs ( ,labor ?an ,=m]ly4--,! h\rs ( labor h be5 r$uc$ ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! old5 "t labor 0 done by slaves or s]fs1 & nei!r _! bodies nor _! "t 0 _! own4 ,!y labor$ :51 :]e1 & z long z _! ma/]s dictat$4 ,ev5 a g5]ation ago !re 0 little said1 & !re 0 no uni=mity1 z to h[ long a work+-man %\ld labor4 ,9 busy seasons or on important pieces ( "w1 he labor$ z long z ! light ( day p]mitt$4 ,x 0 f sun to sun1 & (t5 long aft] ! sun _h disappe>$ f ! we/]n horizon4 ,sixte5 h\rs 0 no uncommon day = him4 ,"u su* conditions !re 0 no room = m5tal1 social1 or spiritual advancem5t4 ,lat]1 ! h\rs 7 r$uc$ to a maximum ( f\rte54 ,?is prov$ to be s satisfactory t laws 7 pass$ provid+ = a fur!r decrease 9 h\rs4 ,?is /&>diz+ ( ! day ( labor1 :ile n g5]al 9 ! c\ntry1 _h its effect4 ,! twelve-h\r day1 :ile /ill long1 0 a decid$ bett]m5t ov] ! sixte5-h\r day4 ,!re 0 beg9n+ to be a little possible m>g9 = social1 m5tal1 & recreational activity4 ,b ! twelve-h\r day mu/ inevitably get ! bett] ( ! human sy/em & ( ! _s ( man4 ,x is too long & too /eady a gr9d1 & habit & long h\rs soon tell _! /ory4 ,!y inevitably lead to ! condition ( ! man ) ! hoe4 ,z improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y 7 p]fect$ & inv5tions ( all k9ds multipli$ & spread bo? 9 ! factory & on ! f>m1 ! t5-h\r day 0 u%]$ 94 ,x 0 inevitable 9 ?is age ( inv5tions & improvem5ts4 ,capital _h ^! inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 its possession & a labor+ man c\ld n[ d twice z mu* ) ! same labor z =m]ly4 ,b society z a :ole c\ld n ass5t to ! !ory & ! practice t ! capitali/1 ! own] ( ! ma*9es1 %\ld reap all ! advantages2 & s1 :ile ! h\rs 7 /ill fur!r r$uc$1 ! wages 7 increas$1 ?us m ne>ly equaliz+ ! b5efits accru+ to employ] & employ$4 ,) ! aid ( inv5tions ! work]1 on ! av]age1 c d m 9 ! %ort day ( eight or t5 h\rs ?an he did =m]ly 9 ! sixte5-h\r day4 ,x is n cont5d$1 h[ev]1 t e labor] actually does ?is4 ,?is phase ( ! "q is a l>ge factor 9 ! labor problem4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( ! av]age man & ( society1 labor ) ! aid ( ma*9]y c produce probably twice z mu* z x produc$ =m]ly )\t t aid4 ,?is fact has _h great influ5ce ^u indu/rial life ev]y:]e1 & makes = increas$ opportunities & gr[?4 ,! ,m5tal ,factor ,gr[+4--,! tr5d allud$ to above implies t ! m5tal factor is gr[+ l>g] & l>g] 9 occupations ( all k9ds4 ,success is becom+ m & m dep5d5t on k1 +5uity1 prud5ce1 & =esight4 ,especially is ?is true on ! f>m4 ,!re is sc>cely any call+ t dem&s or c make use ( su* v>i$ tal5ts4 ,all fields ( k may be drawn ^u & utiliz$1 f ! wea!r signals to ! mo/ rec5t f9d+s & conclusions ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,z ! h\rs ( labor bo? 9 ! factory & on ! f>m are %ort5$ /ill m--z is possible--! h\rs ( /udy1 ( play1 & ( social conv]se w be l5g!n$4 ,inde$ ?is is "o ( ! by-problems ( civilization & progress--to see t leisure h\rs are pr(itably sp5t = ! welf>e ( ! individual4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! prospect ( reasonable h\rs & ( social & cultural opportunities 9 rural life is gr[+ f day to day4 ,! intellig5t man ) mod]n ma*9]y & ord9>y capital1 if he has made "s sci5tific /udy ( agriculture1 ne$ h no fe> ( n liv+ a successful & happy life on ! f>m4 ,a k ( 8 call+ 9 all its aspects1 ) ! aid ( mod]n ma*9]y1 & ) sobriety1 ?rift1 & indu/ry1 w br+ a k9d ( life to bo? adults & *ildr5 t ! cr[d$ factory & t5em5ts & ! t9sel %[ ( ! city _c give4 ,b "o mu/ be will+ to =ego ! social & physical display ( ! surface ( ?+s & to *oose ! bett] & m sub/antial "p4 ,if we are a p t c d ?is !re is hope = an e>ly & satisfactory solution ( ! problems ( rural life4 ,! ,bright ,side ( ,old-"t ,c\ntry ,life4--,ev5 9 ! c\ntry life ( tw5ty-five to fifty ye>s ago1 !re 0 a bright & happy side4 ,x 0 n all d>k1 &1 9 its influ5ce = tra9+ ! y\? to a /rong manhood1 we %all probably n look ^u its l aga94 ,if /r5g? & welf>e r ?an pleasure are ! *ief end ( life1 _m ( ! exp]i5ces :i* 7 und\bt$ly h>d%ips 7 bless+s 9 disguise4 ,e boy _h 8 *ores & e girl h] h\sehold duties to p]=m4 ,! c[s _h to be br\ght home 9 ! ev5+ f ! prairie or ! woods2 !y _h to be milk$ & c>$ =2 calves & hogs _h to be f$2 horses _h to be c>$ = bo? ev5+ & morn+2 b>ns1 /ables1 & %$s _h to be look$ aft]4 ,all ! animals ( ! f>m1 includ+ ! dome/ic f[ls1 su* z *ick5s1 ducks1 & turkeys1 became our fri5ds & ea* 0 individually kn[n4 ,?\gh all ! duties ( f>m life _h to be done hone/ly & well1 nev]!less ! f>m]'s boy f\nd "t to g fi%+ & hunt+1 skat+1 coa/+1 & trapp+4 ,he le>n$ ! ways & ! habits ( bea/s1 birds1 & fi%4 ,he obs]v$ ! squirrels g>n]+ _! w9t] supply 9 ! fall4 ,he wat*$ ! %rewd pocket goph] z x came up & deposit$ ! cont5ts ( its *eek pockets ^u ! pile ( fre% dirt beside 8 hole4 ,he le>n$ h[ to trap ! muskrat1 & woe to ! raccoon t 0 discov]$ /eal+ ! corn1 = x 0 track$ & tre$ ev5 at midnight4 ,! boy's eyes occasionally caught sight ( a r$ fox or ( a de]2 & ! call ( ! dove1 ! drum ( ! pheasant1 ! welcome :ip-poor-w & ! to-:it1 to-:it1 to-:o ( ! owl 7 famili> s\nds4 ,he rang$ ! prairie & ! woods2 he climb$ trees = nuts & = di/ant views1 & knew e hill1 valley1 & /ream = miles & miles ar\nd4 ,ev5 8 daily & regul> "w 0 ( a l>ge & v>i$ k9d4 ,x 0 n l ! mak+ ( "o t5? ( a p91 :i* has a /rong t5d5cy to r$uce ! work] to "o t5? ( a man4 ,on ! f>m "o usually beg9s & f9i%es a piece ( "w :e!r x be a hay-rack or a b>n2 he sees x ?r\gh--! :ole ( x receives expression 9 him4 ,x is 8 piece ( "w & x faces him z he has to face x4 ,! t5d5cy is = bo? to be hone/4 ,if !re 7 s mu* brightness & v>iety 9 days gone by1 :5 all "w 0 done by h&1 h[ mu* bett] ! situation c be n[ & 9 ! future1 :5 inv5tions & ma*9es h come to ! rescue ( ! labor]1 & :5 ! h\rs ( toil h be5 s mat]ially %ort5$6 ,! ,l>g] ,environm5t4--,!re is no d\bt t a l>ge & v>i$ environm5t is conducive to ! gr[? ( a /rong & active p]sonality4 ,if "o has to adju/ himself at e turn to some?+ new1 x w lead to self-activity & initiative1 to +5uity & aggressiv5ess4 ,if tadpoles are re>$ 9 j>s ( diff]5t sizes1 ! gr[? & size ( ea* w v>y ) ! size ( ! vessel1 ! smalle/ j> gr[+ ! smalle/ tadpole1 & ! l>ge/ j> ! l>ge/ tadpole4 ,x is fight+ aga9/ ! laws ( fate to attempt to re> /rong p]sonalities 9 a flat or ev5 9 a fifty-foot lot4 ,!y ne$ ! range ( ! prairies1 ! hills1 & ! woods4 ,%akespe>e 0 born & br\ght up 9 "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ /imulat+ environm5ts1 natural & social1 9 ! _w2 & ?is1 no d\bt1 _h mu* to d ) 8 mat*less ability to express himself on all phases ( nature & ( m9d4 ,l>ge & v>i$ influ5ces1 :ile !y d n compel1 at lea/ t5d to produce1 l>ge m9ds2 = !y leave ) u inf9ite impressions & induce correspond+ly v>i$ reactions & exp]i5ces4 ,"u su* conditions a *ild is react+ cont9ually & ?us becom+ active & effici5t4 ,he is *all5g$ at e turn1 & if /umbl+ blocks become /epp+ /ones1 ! process is ! v be/ k9d ( education4 ,games4--,!re are excell5t opportunities 9 ! c\ntry = all k9ds ( games1 = !re ample room & _m inc5tives to activity pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ! city1 *ildr5 are (t5 cont5t ) see+ exp]ts & pr(essionals give p]=mances or /unts1 :ile !y1 !mselves1 rema9 passive4 ,9 ! c\ntry !re are n s _m attractions & di/ractions--s _m dazzl+ & ov]:elm+ly sup]ior ?+s--t *ildr5 may n be easily induc$ to get into ! game !mselves4 ,i fe> t 9 rec5t ye>s ow+ to imitation ( ! city & its life1 play & games 9 ! c\ntry h become some:at obsolete4 ,!re ne$s to be a r5aissance 9 ?is field4 ,we h be5 (f]$ ev]y:]e 9 rec5t ye>s s mu* ( :at might be call$ ! f9i%$ product t ! *ildr5 are cont5t m]ely to sit ar\nd z spectators & wat* o!rs give ! p]=mances4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! rural s*ool ! play in/9cts ( c\ntry *ildr5 mu/ be awak5$ aga9 9 behalf ( rural life 9 g5]al4 ,!re are scores ( games & sports1 f m>bles to football1 :i* %\ld receive att5tion4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! social m9d1 9 all sports1 seems to be direct$ to ! result1 ! w9n+ or los+1 in/ead ( to ! game1 z a game1 & ! fun ( x all4 ,true sportsman%ip %\ld be reviv$ & cultivat$4 ,!re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be f\nd 9 e neighborhood1 & especially at e s*ool c5t]1 all k9ds ( plays & games1 ea* 9 its own "t & place & hav+ its own patronage--m>bles1 tops1 sw+s1 horse%oes1 ,i spy1 anti-ov]1 pull-away1 prison]'s base1 t5nis1 croquet1 volley ball1 basketball1 skat+1 coa/+1 ski+1 baseball1 & football4 ,horizontal b>s1 turn+ pole1 & o!r app>atus %\ld be provid$ 9 e playgr\nd4 ,9 ! social c5t]s1 if ! boys c be organiz$ z ,boy ,sc\ts1 & ! girls z ,camp-,fire ,girls1 good results w ensue4 ,_m m plays & games w sugge/ !mselves1 & ^? = girls %\ld be enc\rag$ z well z ^? = boys4 ,all ! aspects ( rural life c ?us be made mo/ enjoyable4 ,x is (t5 well to introduce & cultivate "o game at a "t1 lett+ x run its c\rse1 some?+ l a fev]1 & !n1 at ! psy*ological mom5t1 introduce & try out ano!r4 ,to introduce too _m at "o "t w\ld n af=d an opportunity = *ildr5 to exp]i5ce ! rise & fall ( a wave ( en?usiasm on any "o1 & ?is is q important4 ,usually "s direction %\ld be giv5 to play1 b ?is direction %\ld n be suppressive1 & %\ld be giv5 by a lead] :o und]/&s & sympa?izes ) *ild nature4 ,inv5tiv5ess 9 ,rural ,life4--,9 ! city1 :]e ev]y?+ is manufactur$ or sold ready-made1 a p]son simply goes to ! /ore & buys :atev] he ne$s4 ,9 ! c\ntry ?is _c be done1 & "o is driv5 by %e] necessity to devise ways & means ( supply+ 8 ne$s1 himself4 ,he simply has to inv5t or devise a rem$y4 ,necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,x is really bett] = boys & girls 9 ! c\ntry if _! p>5ts are compell$ to be frugal & economical4 ,if *ildr5 get any?+ & ev]y?+ !y wi%1 m]ely = ! ask+1 !y are undone2 !y become weak = lack ( self-ex]tion1 self-expression1 & inv5tion2 !y become dissatisfi$ if ev]y?+ is n com+ _! way f o!rs4 ,!y become selfi% & c>eless4 ,hav+ ta/$ ( ! be/1 m]ely = ! ask+1 !y become dissatisfi$ ) ev]y?+ except ! be/4 ,?is is ! dom9ant t5d5cy 9 ! city & :]ev] p>5ts are fooli% en\gh to satisfy ! *ild's e :im4 ,if ! p>5ts c>ry ! *ild 9 ?is mann]1 ! *ild1 9 lat] ye>s1 w h weak legs & ! p>5ts w h weak backs4 ,moreov]1 love & respect move 9 ! direction ( activity1 & if ev]y?+ comes ! *ild's way !re w be little love1 except cupbo>d love1 go+ ! o!r way4 ,x is un=tunate = *ildr5 to exp]i5ce ! be/ too e>ly 9 life2 !re is !n no room = gr[? & developm5t4 ,x 0 ,pr(essor ,james :o said t ! be/ doll he ev] saw 0 a home-made rag doll2 x left suffici5t room = ! play ( ! imag9ation4 ,) ! p]fect1 factory-made doll !re is no?+ m = ! imag9ation to d2 x is complete1 b x is n ! little girl :o has complet$ x4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 m5 & wom51 boys & girls are induc$ to beg9 & complete all k9ds ( ?+s4 ,_m ?+s h to be made outright & mo/ ?+s h to be repair$ on ! f>m4 ,*all5ges ( ?is k9d to inv5tiv5ess & activity are out/&+ all ! "t4 ,sl$s1 bo? l>ge & small1 :eelb>r[s & hay racks1 %$s1 gran>ies1 & b>ns are bo? made & repair$4 ,b 9 all !re is no mad ru%4 ,x is n z x is 9 ! factory or 9 ! sawmill4 ,"o is n r$uc$ to ! in/antane\s reactions ( an automaton2 he has "t to brea! & to ?9k4 ,"o c act l a free man r ?an l a ma*9e4 ,!re is room = ?\ght & = inv5tion4 ,activity ,r ?an ,passivity4--,9 ?is inf9ite v>iety ( /imulation & response1 ! y\? is induc$ to become active r ?an passive4 ,:ile he is n pu%$ unduly1 he is reasonably active dur+ all 8 wak+ h\rs1 & ! habit ( activity1 ( do+1 is +ra9$4 ,?is is closely relat$ to "* & morality1 to ?rift & success4 ,su* a p]son is m likely to be a cr$itor ?an a debtor to society4 ,9 ?is respect ! c\ntry & ! f>m h be5 ! salvation ( _m a y\?4 ,9 ! city _m *ildr5 h no regul> employm5t2 !y h no *ores to d & no regul> occupation4 ,ev5+s & vacations f9d !m on ! /reets4 ,!n ,satan always f9ds mis*ief = idle h&s to d4 ,^! *ildr5 become passive except "u ! impulses ( in/9ct or ( mis*iev\s ideas2 !y h no regul> & sy/ematic "w to d2 ev]y?+ is done = !m4 ,dur+ _! e>ly ye>s habits ( idl5ess1 ( passive receptivity1 ( mis*ief1 & possibly ( crime1 are +ra9$4 ,& ?\gh ?is k9d ( life may be m pleasurable1 9 a l[ s5se1 ?an ! active life ( ! c\ntry1 !re c be no d\bt z to :i* is ! m :olesome & /r5g!n+4 ,*ild ,labor4--,a good *ild-labor law is absolutely ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! *ildr5 = :om x has be5 enact$2 nev]!less1 !re has be5 a great omission 9 n provid+ t idle *ildr5 %all d "s "w4 ,ev5 9 l>ge cities !re are probably m *ildr5 :o d n "w en\gh ?an !re are :o are made to "w too h>d4 ,9 our zeal we sometimes =bid *ildr5 to "w1 :5 "s "w w\ld be ! v be/ ?+ = !m4 ,x is true t on ! f>m z well z 9 ! factory ignorant & m]c5>y p>5ts make doll>s out ( ! sweat ( _! *ildr51 :5 ^! %\ld be go+ to s*ool or engag$ 9 physical & m5tal recreation & developm5t4 ,x is un=tunate t society is n able to see to x1 t1 z 9 ,plato's ,republic1 e *ild & e p]son engage 9 ! "w or /udy = :i* he is be/ fitt$1 & to ! ext5t t is be/ = him4 ,!n ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( *ildr5 :o are idl+ w\ld be engag$ 9 "s k9d ( occupation1 & ^? :o are work+ too h>d w\ld be giv5 light] tasks2 & all w\ld h ! privilege ( an appropriate education4 ,! ,f9e/ ,life on ,e>?4--,9 view ( su* circum/ances & opportunities1 life 9 ! c\ntry %\ld be1 & c\ld be made1 ! be/ & mo/ complete life possible to a human be+4 ,c\ntry life is ! be/ cradle ( ! race4 ,to h a good home & re> a family 9 ! he>t ( a great city is well-nigh impossible = ! av]age labor+ man4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is too fi]ce & ! opportunity1 9 *ildhood & y\?1 = self-expression & initiative is too meag]4 ,! environm5t is too va/1 complex1 & ov]:elm+1 ) no?+ wor? :ile = ! *ild to d4 ,individuals may /&1 b g5]ations w slip on su* an incl9$ plane ( life4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x c be truly said1 we ?9k1 t ,god made ! c\ntry :ile man made ! t[n4 ,! real1 vital possibilities ( c\ntry life are )\t numb]4 ,! surface attractions ( ! city are mo/ allur+4 ,a focus+ ( ! public m9d ^u ! problem1 its pros & cons1 w1 x is to be hop$1 turn ! scales )\t delay 9 favor ( c\ntry life & its sub/antial b5efits4 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ bibliography is submitt$ z af=d+ in=mation & sugge/ive helps to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! problems h]e9 discuss$4 ,al?\gh ! books & ref]5ces h be5 select$ ) c>e1 x is n to be inf]r$ t ! li/ includes any consid]able portion ( ! va/ & /ill increas+ output ( lit]ature 9 ?is field ( inve/igation4 ,b x w prove to be a fairly compreh5sive li/ f :i* ! read] may select su* articles or books z make a favorable appeal to him4 ,! works ref]r$ to are all ( rec5t date1 & express ! curr5t tr5d ( ?\ght ^u ! problems discuss$ 9 ?is little volume4 ,,books ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce4 ,philadelphia1 #aiab4 ,vol4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #abi1 ,c\ntry ,life3 ,butt]field1 ,rural ,sociology z a ,college ,discipl9e2 ,cance1 ,immigrant ,rural ,communities2 ,c>v]1 ,*anges 9 ,c\ntry ,population2 ,c\lt]1 ,agricultural ,labor]s2 ,dav5port1 ,sci5tific ,f>m+2 ,dixon1 ,rural ,home2 ,ey]ly1 ,cooep]ative ,movem5ts among ,f>m]s2 ,foght1 ,! ,c\ntry ,s*ool2 ,gillette1 ,conditions & ,ne$s ( ,c\ntry ,life2 ,gray1 ,s\!rn ,agriculture2 ,h>tman1 ,village ,problems2 ,hamilton1 ,agricultural ,fairs2 ,h5d]son1 ,rural ,police2 ,hibb>d1 ,f>m ,t5d5cy2 ,kates1 ,rural ,conf]5ces2 ,lewis1 ,tramp ,problem2 ,m>quis1 ,! ,press2 ,mum=d1 ,education = ,agriculture2 ,p>k]1 ,good ,roads2 ,pe>son1 ,*autauquas2 ,rob]ts & ,israel1 ,y4,m4,c4,a42 ,scudd]1 ,rural ,recreation2 ,true1 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,van ,norman1 ,conv5i5ces2 ,watr\s1 ,civic ,art2 ,wa%+ton1 ,b4 ,t41 ,! ,rural ,negro ,community2 ,wilson1 ,social ,life2 ,wells1 ,rural ,*ur*4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h43 ,! ,c\ntry ,life ,movem5t 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 7#aiab7 #bbj pp4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,agriculture4 #d vols4 #bj4jj4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,! ,/ate & ! ,f>m]4 7#aiaa7 #agg pp4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ,f>m]s4 7#aiji7 #bfc pp4 ,c5tury ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,betts1 ,george ,h43 ,new ,ideals 9 ,rural ,s*ools4 7#aiac7 #abg pp4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,br[n1 ,h4 ,a43 ,readju/m5t ( a ,rural ,high ,s*ool to ! ,ne$s ( a ,community4 7#aiab7 ,bureau ( ,education1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bj4 ,buell1 ,j5nie3 ,"o ,woman's ,"w = ,f>m ,wom54 #ej;c4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 ,burnham1 ,erne/3 ,two ,types ( ,rural ,s*ools4 7#aiab7 #abi pp4 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia1 ,new ,york4 ,butt]field1 ,k4 ,l43 ,*apt]s 9 ,rural ,progress4 #a4jj4 ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,press4 ,! ,c\ntry ,*ur* & ! ,rural ,problem4 7#aiaa7 #afe pp4 ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,press4 ,c>ney1 ,mabel3 ,c\ntry ,life & ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool4 7#aiab7 #dje pp4 ,r[1 ,pet]son ,co41 ,*icago4 ,conf]5ce on ,rural ,education--,proce$+s4 7#aiac7 #de pp4 ,wright ,pott]1 ,bo/on4 ,c\lt]1 ,john ,lee3 ,cooep]ation ,among ,f>m]s4 7#aiaa7 #ge;c4 ,/urgis ,walton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,cubb]ly1 ,e4 ,p43 ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,rural ,s*ool4 7#aiab7 #ge pp4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,rural ,life & ,education4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,curtis1 ,h5ry ,s43 ,play & ,recreation = ! ,op5 ,c\ntry4 7#aiad7 #bfe pp4 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,dav5port1 ,mrs4 ,e43 ,possibilities ( ! ,c\ntry ,home4 7,bullet947 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana4 ,dodd1 ,hel5 ,c43 ,! ,heal?ful ,f>m ,h\se2 by a ,f>m]'s ,wife4 7#aiaa7 #fi pp4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,new ,york4 ,eggle/on1 ,j4 ,d41 & ,bru]e1 ,r4 ,w43 ,! ,"w ( ! ,rural ,s*ool4 7#aiac7 #bhg pp4 ,h>p]s4 ,fiske1 ,g4 ,w43 ,! ,*all5ge ( ! ,c\ntry4 7#aiab7 #bhc pp4 ,association ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,foght1 ,h4 ,w43 ,! ,am]ican ,rural ,s*ool4 7#aiaj7 #cfa pp4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,f4 ,t43 ,! ,c\ntry ,s*ool ( ,to-morr[4 7#aiac7 #ae pp4 ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d1 ,new ,york4 ,gillette1 ,j4 ,m43 ,con/ructive ,rural ,sociology4 7#aiac7 #cja pp4 ,/urgis ,walton1 ,new ,york4 ,hagg>d1 ,h4 ,r43 ,rural ,d5m>k & its ,lessons4 7#aiaa7 #b4be4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,hut*9son1 ,f4 ,k43 ,our ,c\ntry ,life4 7#aiab7 #caf pp4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co41 ,*icago4 ,k]n1 ,o4 ,j43 ,among ,c\ntry ,s*ools4 7#aijf7 #cff pp4 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,macdonald1 ,n4 ,c43 ,! ,consolidation ( ,rural ,s*ools 9 ,nor? ,dakota4 7#aiac7 #ce pp4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,bism>ck1 ,n4 ,d4 ,mc,keever1 ,wm4 ,a43 ,f>m ,boys & ,girls4 7#aiab7 #cbf pp4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,monahan1 ,a4 ,c43 ,! ,/atus ( ,rural ,education 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,page1 ,l4 ,w43 ,roads1 ,pa?s1 & ,bridges4 7#aiab7 #a4jj4 ,/urgis ,walton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,p5nsylvania ,rural ,progress ,association3 ,proce$+s1 ,rural ,life ,conf]5ce4 7#aiab7 #bbg pp4 ,julius ,smi?1 ,secret>y1 ,p5nsdale1 ,pa4 ,plunkett1 ,sir ,horace ,c43 ,rural ,problem 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 7#aiaj7 #agd pp4 ,report ( ,national ,commission on ,rural ,life4 ,doc4 ,no4 #gje4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,s*midt1 ,c4 ,c43 ,consolidation ( ,s*ools4 ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota4 ,se]ley1 ,h4 ,h43 ,! ,c\ntry ,s*ool4 7#aiac7 #bah pp4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,rural ,s*ool ,education4 7#aiab7 #hd pp4 ,univ]sity ( ,texas4 ,wray1 ,angel9a3 ,jean ,mit*ell's ,s*ool4 #a4jj4 ,public ,s*ool ,pub4 ,co41 ,bloom+ton1 ,ind4 ,,articles ,,9 ,,reports ,,& ,,p]iodicals ,allman1 ,l4 ,j43 ,tea*]s = ,rural ,s*ools4 ,report1 ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #bhj & #ege4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h43 ,:y ,boys ,leave ! ,f>m4 ,c5tury1 #gb3 #daj-af 7,july1 #aijf74 ,b>nes1 ,f4 ,r43 ,pres5t ,defects 9 ! ,rural ,s*ools4 ,report ,n4 ,d4 ,e4 ,a4 7#aiji7 pp4 #bei-bff4 ,bru]e1 ,m>?a ,b5sley3 ,! ,f>m] & ,8 ,wife4 ,good ,h\sekeep+ ,mag41 ,june1 #aiad1 p4 #hbj1 ,new ,york4 ,conf]5ce = ,education 9 ! ,s\?2 ,proce$+s1 #aiji4 ,fo/]1 ,webb1 & ,p>kes1 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,consolidation3 ,drop a po/al c>d to ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,public ,in/ruction = late/ pr9t$ matt]4 ,cotton1 ,f4 ,a43 ,c\ntry ,life & ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool4 ,s*ool & ,home ,education1 #bh3ij-id 7,nov41 #aijh74 ,c\lt]1 ,j4 ,c43 ,cooep]ative ,f>m+4 ,_w's ,"w1 #bc3 #ei-fc 7,nov41 #aiaa74 ,c\nty ,sup]vision4 ,report ,n4,e4,a4 #aijh1 p4 #beb4 ,cubb]ly1 ,e4 ,p43 ,politics & ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool ,problem4 ,educ4 ,review1 #dg3aj-ba 7,jan41 #aiad74 ,gillette1 ,j4 ,m43 ,! ,drift to ! ,city4 ,am4 ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 #af3fde-fg 7,m>41 #aiaa74 ,hibb>d1 ,b4 ,h43 ,t5ancy 9 ! ,nor? 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