,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,useful ,,/ories ,image3 ,a ,,cotton ,,field ,,9 ,,texas ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,plant ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,wilk9son1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,textile ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,s*ool1 ,,bolton ,,& ,,co-,,au?or ,,( ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,cotton ,,sp9n+ ,,) ,,?irty-,,eight ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aiab ,,copyright1 #ahih1 #aijb1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,preface4 ,9 collect+ ! facts :i* w be f\nd 9 ?is ,/ory ( ! ,cotton plant1 ! au?or has ( necessity _h to consult _m books4 ,he is especially indebt$ to ,ba9es' ,hi/ory ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture1 ,fr5*'s ,life & ,times ( ,samuel ,crompton1 ,lee's ,vegetable ,lamb ( ,t>t>y1 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t on ,! ,cotton ,plant1 & ,! ,am]ican ,cotton ,company's ,booklet on ! ,cyl9drical ,bale4 ,mr4 ,?ornley1 sp9n+ ma/] at ! ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,bolton1 has f "t to "t (f]$ v important sugge/ions dur+ ! progress ( ?is little "w4 ,! au?or is also deeply indebt$ to ! late ,mr4 ,woods ( ! ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,bolton1 :o 0 good en\gh to photograph mo/ ( ! pictures :i* illu/rate ?is book1 & )\t :i* x w\ld h be5 impossible to make ! /ory cle>4 ,= p]mission to reproduce ,fig4 #c1 ! ?anks ( ! au?or are due to ,messrs4 ,sampson ,l[ & ,co41 = ,fig4 #d1 to ,messrs4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co4 ,= ,figs4 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ac1 & #cf1 to ,messrs4 ,dobson & ,b>l[1 ,ltd41 ,bolton4 ,= ,fig4 #g1 viz41 ! ,longitud9al & ,transv]se ,microphotographs ( ,cotton ,fibre1 ! au?or is mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,*ri/ie ( ,m>k ,lane1 ,london1 :o g5]\sly photograph$ !m especially = ?is "w4 ,= ,fig4 #bc1 ,i am oblig$ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,p]ry1 ,bolton4 ,,fr$ ,,wilk9son4 ,,textile ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,s*ool1 ,,bolton4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,orig91 ,,gr[?1 ,,& ,,*ief ,,cultivat$ ,,species ,,( ,,cotton ,,plant #i ,,ii4 ,,cotton-,,plant ,,diseases ,,& ,,pe/s #cd ,,iii4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,plant ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries #ci ,,iv4 ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,cotton ,,fibre #fd ,v4 ,,plantation ,,life ,,& ,,e>ly ,,clean+ ,,processes #gb ,,vi4 ,,manipulation ,,( ,,cotton ,,9 ,,op5+1 ,,scut*+1 ,,c>d+1 ,,draw+1 ,,& ,,fly-,,frame ,,ma*9es #hb ,,vii4 ,,e>ly ,,attempts ,,at ,,sp9n+1 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,inv5tors #aab ,,viii4 ,,fur!r ,,developm5ts--,,arkwright ,,& ,,crompton #abf ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,sp9n+ ,,mule #adf ,x4 ,,o!r ,,processes ,,9 ,,cotton ,,sp9n+ #afj ,,xi4 ,,de/9ation ,,( ,,! ,,spun ,,y>n #agf ,,index #ahi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,a ,cotton ,field 9 ,texas ,frontispiece #b4 ,bobb9s ( ,cotton ,?read #aj #c4 ,! ,vegetable ,lamb ( ,t>t>y #ac #d4 ,gossypium ,b>bad5se #bd #e4 ,an ,indian ,cotton field #ec #f4 ,microscope 9 position = draw+ objects #fe #g4 ,transv]se & ,longitud9al ,sections ( ,cotton ,fibre #fg #h4 ,indian wom5 ) ,roll] g9 #ge #i4 ,self-act+ ,mac>?y ,cotton g9 #gh #aj4 ,bales f v>i\s ,cotton-gr[+ c\ntries #hj #aa4 ,cyl9drical ,rolls ( ,cotton #ha #ab4 ,bale ,break] or ,pull] #hg #ac4 ,d\ble op5] ) ,hopp] ,fe$ #hi #ad4 ,scut*+ ,ma*9e ) lap at ! back #ib #ae4 ,two views ( ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e #ie #af4 ,lap1 ,web1 & ,sliv] ( ,cotton #ii #ag4 ,draw+ ,frame1 %[+ eight sliv]s ent]+1 & "o leav+ ! ma*9e #ajc #ah4 ,int]m$iate ,frame 7,bobb9 & ,fly ,frame7 #ajh #ai4 ,twi/ put 9 ,cotton by ! h& #aae #bj4 ,j]sey sp9n+ :eel #aag #ba4 ,h>greaves' ,sp9n+ ,j5ny #abd #bb4 ,arkwright's ,ma*9e #acj #bc4 ,! ,hall i? ,wood #acf #bd4 ,crompton's ,sp9n+ ,mule #ada #be4 ,portrait ( ,samuel ,crompton #ade #bf4 ,mule ,head %[+ ,quadrant #adh #bg4 ,mules %[+ ,/ret* ( ,cotton y>n #aej #bh4 ,mule %[+ action ( ,fall] ,wires #aed #bi4 ,mule ,head %[+ ,copp+ ,rail #aei #cj4 ,r+ ,sp9n+ ,frame #afa #ca4 ,comb+ ,ma*9e #agj #cb4 ,sliv] ,lap ,ma*9e #agc #cc4 ,ribbon ,lap ,ma*9e #age #cd4 ,reel+ ,ma*9e #agi #ce4 ,bundl+ ,ma*9e #ahj #cf4 ,quick ,trav]se ,w9d+ ,frame #ahb #cg4 ,r+ ,d\bl+ ,ma*9e #ahd #ch4 ,eng9e ,h\se1 %[+ driv+ to v>i\s /oreys #ahf ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,plant4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,orig91 ,,gr[?1 ,,& ,,*ief ,,cultivat$ ,,species ,,( ,,cotton ,,plant4 ,9 ! frontispiece ( ?is little "w is a picture ( a cotton field %[+ ! plants be>+ mature pods :i* conta9 ripe fibre & se$1 & 9 ,fig4 #b /&s a numb] ( bobb9s or reels ( cotton ?read1 9 :i* !re is "o hav+ no less ?an sev5te5 hundr$ & sixty y>ds ( sew+ cotton1 or "o ,engli% mile ( ?read1 on x4 ,z bo? pictures are comp>$ !re appe>s to be v little 9 common betwe5 !m1 ! :ite fluffy fea!ry masses conta9$ 9 ! pods %[n 9 ! "o picture1 /&+ 9 /range contra/ to ! /rong1 beautifully regul> & ev5 ?reads w\nd on ! bobb9s pictur$ 9 ! o!r4 ,f cotton tree to cotton ?read is und\bt$ly a f> cry1 b x w be se5 fur!r on t ! connection betwe5 ! two is a v real & vital "o4 ,n[ x is ! ma9 purpose ( ?is book to unfold ! wond]ful /ory ( ! plant1 & to fill 9 ! details ( ! gap f tree to ?read1 & to trace ! _m *anges ?r\gh :i* ! beautiful d[ny cotton wool passes be=e x arrives 9 ! prim look+ /ate ( ?read ready alike = ! sew+ ma*9e or ! ne$le ( a seam/ress4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,bobb9s ( cotton ?read4 ,rememb]+ t ! great majority ( ! read]s ( ?is little book mu/ ( necessity be q unaccu/om$ to trade t]ms & te*nical expressions1 ! au?or has endeav\r$ to pres5t to 8 read]s 9 unte*nical language a simple yet tru?ful acc\nt ( ! _m op]ations & conditions ?r\gh :i* cotton is made to pass be=e rea*+ ! f9al /ages4 ,nature provides no loveli] sight ?an ! newly op5$ capsules conta9+ ! pure :ite & creamy floccul5t masses ( ! cotton fibre z !y hang f almo/ e bran* ( ! tree at ! end ( a fav\rable season4 ,& h[ /range is ! /ory ( ?is plant z we look back ?r\gh ! c5turies & li/5 to ! my?s & fables1 almo/ legion1 :i* e>ly hi/orians h h&$ d[n to u or imag9ative travell]s h conceiv$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 e reason to believe t 9 ! f> di/ant ages ( antiquity ?is plant 0 cultivat$1 & yield$ !n1 z x does n[1 a fibre f :i* ! inhabitants ( ^? f>-(f times produc$ mat]ial ) :i* to clo! _! bodies4 ,x w n be consid]$ out ( place if "s ( ! e>ly beliefs :i* obta9$ among ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,europe = _m ye>s are relat$4 ,l _m o!r ?+s ! orig9 ( ! ,cotton plant is %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 & _m writ]s are agre$ t x orig9ally came f ! ,ea/1 b x w be se5 lat] on t equally /rong claims c be pres5t$ f o!r c\ntries 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,_m ( u h be5 amus$ at ! curi\s ideas :i* p1 say ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 _h ( ! ,coral ,polyp4 ,ev5 to-day *ildr5 may be he>d s++ 9 s*ool1 ,f> ad[n ! sil5t ocean ,dwells ! coral insect small6 ,n a few ( ! e>ly naturali/s believ$ t ! ,coral 0 a plant & :ile liv+ 9 ! sea wat] x 0 s(t1 & :5 dead x became h>d6 ,we smile at ?is1 ( c\rse1 b x 0 n until actual inve/igation on ! spot1 z to :at ! ,coral 01 t ! tru? came out4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ to be an animal & n a plant1 & t dur+ life its h>d limy skeleton 0 cov]$ by s(t muscul> tissue1 :i*1 :5 decompos+1 0 readily wa%$ away by ! sea1 leav+ ! h>d int]ior expos$ z coral4 ,:5 ! absurd beliefs are read :i* f\nd cr$5ce among all classes ( ! p dur+ ! middle ages1 & d[n ev5 to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z to :at ! cotton boll or pod 01 ! read] is incl9$ to rub 8 eyes & ?9k surely he mu/ be read+ ,b>on ,mun*aus5 ov] aga91 = a ne>] approa* to ! wond]ful /atem5ts ( t =m]-fabl$ travell] x w\ld be difficult to f9d ?an ! simple crude conceptions :i* prevail$ ( ! gr[?1 habits1 & physical *>act]i/ics ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,! subject ( ! e>ly my?s & fables ( ! plant 9 "q has be5 v fully treat$ by ! late ,mr4 ,h5ry ,lee1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 :o 0 = a "t at ! ,brighton ,aqu>ium4 ,8 book1 ! ,vegetable ,lamb ( ,t>t>y1 %[s indefatigable rese>* = a correct explanation ( ! my?1 & aft] a /rictly imp>tial inquiry he comes to ! conclusion t all ! v>i\s phases :i* ^! fabul\s concoctions assum$1 _h _! beg9n+s 9 no?+ m or less ?an ! simple mature pod ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,x w n be necess>y to consid] "h m ?an "o or two ( ^! v curi\s beliefs ab\t cotton4 ,by "s x 0 suppos$ t 9 a c\ntry :i* w5t by ! "n ,! ,t>t>s ( ! ,ea/1 !re grew a wond]ful tree :i* yield$ buds /ill m wond]ful4 ,^!1 :5 ripe1 7 said to bur/ & expose to view t9y lambs ^: fleeces gave a pure :ite wool :i* ! natives made into diff]5t g>m5ts4 ,by & by1 a delightfully curi\s *ange took place1 & x is f\nd t ! fruit :i* 0 =m]ly said to h ! little lamb )91 0 n[ *ang$ into a live lamb atta*$ to ! top ( ! plant4 ,mr4 ,lee says3 ,! /em or /alk on :i* ! lamb 0 susp5d$ above ! gr\nd1 0 suffici5tly flexible to all[ ! animal to b5d d[nw>d1 & br[se on ! h]bage )9 its rea*4 ,:5 all ! grass )9 ! l5g? ( its te!r _h be5 consum$1 ! /em )]$ & ! plant di$4 ,?is plant lamb 0 report$ to h bones1 blood1 & delicate fle%1 & to be a fav\rite food ( wolves1 ?\gh no o!r c>nivor\s animal w\ld attack x4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! vegetable lamb ( ,t>t>y4 ,9 ,fig4 #c is %[n ,joannes ,zahn's idea ( :at ?is wond]ful ,b>ometz or ,t>t>ian lamb 0 l4 ,n[1 ma9ly ?r\gh an imag9ative ,engli%man nam$ ,sir ,john ,m&eville1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 did ?is latt] =m ( ! /ory f9d its way into ,engl&4 ,?is illu/ri\s travell] left 8 native c\ntry 9 #acbb1 & = ov] ?irty ye>s trav]s$ ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,:5 he came home he comm5c$ to write a hi/ory ( 8 rem>kable travels4 ,9 ^! are f\nd ref]5ces to ! ,cotton plant1 & s curi\s an acc\nt does he give ( x1 t x has be5 consid]$ wor? reproduction 9 8 own words3 ,& !re gr[e! a man] ( ,fruyt1 z ?\gh x w]5 ,g\rdes3 & :an !r be5 rype m5 kutt5 hem ato1 & m5 fynd5 ) inne a lyttle ,be/1 9 ,fles*e1 9 ,bon & ,blode1 z ?\gh x 7 a lytylle ,lomb ) out5 ,wolle4 ,& m5 et5 bo? ! ,frut & ! ,be/2 & t is a great ,m>veylle4 ,( t ,frute ,i h eat52 alle ?\ghe x 7 wondirfulle1 b t ,i kn[e well t ,god is ,m>veyll\s 9 8 ,w]kes4 ,no wond] t _m accept$ 8 acc\nt ( ! ,vegetable ,lamb )\t "q4 ,:5 a nobleman ( ! reputation ( ,sir ,j4 ,m&eville /at$ t he _h actually eat5 ( ! fruit ( ! ,cotton1 0 !re any ne$ = fur!r d\bt8 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t contempor>y ) ,m&eville 0 ano!r travell]1 an ,italian ,fri>1 nam$ ,odoricus1 :o also _h travell$ 9 ,asia & he>d ( ! plant :i* yield$ cotton4 ,he1 too1 fell a prey to ! lamb !ory4 ,_m o!r writ]s & travell]s foll[$1 all m or less believ+ 9 ! plant animal !ory4 ,h[ev]1 9 #afda1 ,kir*] ( ,avignon 9 describ+ cotton decl>$ x to be a plant4 ,& s ! /ory = ye>s pass$ ?r\gh _m *anges4 ,fir/ "o w\ld ass]t :at he consid]$ to be ! "r solution1 & ?is 0 imm$iately *all5g$ by ! next inve/igator1 s t ass]tion & contradiction foll[$ ea* o!r 9 quick succession4 ,9 #agbe1 h[ev]1 a ,g]man doctor nam$ ,breyn communicat$ ) ! ,royal ,society on ! subject ( ! ,vegetable lamb1 emphatically /at+ ! /ory to be no?+ m or less ?an a fable4 ,he v navely rem>k$ t ! "w & productions ( nature %\ld be discov]$1 n inv5t$1 & he ?rew d\bts z to :e!r ^? :o _h writt5 ab\t ! my?ical lamb _h ev] se5 "o4 ,:5 ! writ+s & diss]tations ( ,m&eville1 ,odoricus & o!rs are c>efully consid]$1 ^! conclusions =ce !mselves ^u u3 t direct p]sonal obs]vation mu/ h play$ a v m9or "p 9 ! attempt to get at ! tru? 9 connection ) ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,_! /atem5ts /& 9 v %>p contra/ ) ^? ( writ]s :o liv$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian era comm5c$4 ,( ^!1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ,h]odotus1 surnam$ ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory4 ,?is celebrat$ ,greek hi/orian & philosoph] 0 born1 ,b4,c4 #dhd1 9 ,halic>nassus 9 ,greece4 ,9 8 book ( travels he speaks ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,x appe>s1 ma9ly ow+ to ! tyrannical gov]nm5t ( ,lygdamis1 he left 8 native l& & travell$ 9 _m c\ntries 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,he appe>s to h at lea/ det]m9$1 t he w\ld only write ( ^? ?+s ( :i* he _h intimate k1 & w\ld "u no circum/ances take = grant$ :at he c\ld n by p]sonal obs]vation v]ify = himself4 ,9 speak+ ( ,india & ! ,cotton plant1 he says3 ,! wild trees 9 t c\ntry be> = _! fruit fleeces surpass+ ^? ( %eep 9 beauty & excell5ce1 & ! natives clo! !mselves 9 clo?s made !refrom4 ,9 ano!r place he ref]s to a pres5t :i* 0 s5t by "o ( ! k+s ( ,egypt1 :i* 0 padd$ ) cotton4 ,he also describes a ma*9e = sep>at+ ! se$ f ! fibre or l9t4 ,comp>$ ) our mod]n g9s1 z !y are call$1 ?is ma*9e 0 exce$+ly primitive & simple 9 con/ruction4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! fir/ reliable in=mation ( ! physical *>act]s ( ! fibre & its uses 0 convey$ into ,europe by ! (fic]s ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&]4 ,"o ( 8 greate/ ,admirals1 nam$ ,ne>*us1 obs]v$ ! gr[? ( cotton 9 ,india1 & ! use to :i* x 0 put1 especially ! mak+ ( %eets1 %irts & turbans4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ c>eful obs]v]s t liv$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian era comm5c$1 0 ,!ophra/us1 :o wrote "s /rik+ly correct ?+s ab\t ! ,cotton plant ( ,india ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/6 ,9 describ+ ! tree he said x 0 useful 9 produc+ cotton :i* ! ,indians wove into g>m5ts1 t x 0 n unlike ! dog rose1 & t ! leaves 7 some:at l ! leaves ( ! mulb]ry tree4 ,! cultivation ( ! plant 0 also v correctly not$ z to ! r[s 9 :i* ! cotton se$s 7 plac$1 & z to ! di/ances to :i* ^! r[s 7 set4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,royle1 h[ev]1 ref]5ce is made to cotton 9 ! ,sacr$ ,in/itutes ( ,manu s frequ5tly t ! conclusion is admitt$ t cotton mu/ h be5 9 frequ5t use 9 ,india at t "t1 :i* 0 #hjj ,b4,c4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ,p]sia v e>ly _h cottons & calicoes import$ f ,india4 ,9 ! six? v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,e/h] def9ite ref]5ce is made to ! use to :i* cotton 0 put at ! fea/s :i* ,k+ ,ahasu]us gave ab\t #eai ,b4,c4 ,:ite1 gre51 & blue hang+s are said to h be5 us$ on ?is occasion1 & f au?orities :o h specially inve/igat$ ?is subject1 we are told t ! hang+s m5tion$ 7 simply :ite & blue /rip$ cottons4 ,?is w\ld also confirm ! /atem5t t dye+ is "o ( ! olde/ indu/ries we h4 ,x appe>s t ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 good "t le>n$ to value goods made ( cotton1 & soon foll[$ ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( erect+ awn+s or cov]+s = protection f ! sun's rays4 ,! ,emp]or ,cs> is said to h con/ruct$ a huge scre5 ext5d+ f 8 own resid5ce along ! ,sacr$ ,way to ! top ( ! ,capitol9e ,hill4 ,! :ole ( ! ,roman ,=um 0 also cov]$ 9 by him 9 a simil> way4 ,cov]+s = t5ts1 sail clo? made f cotton1 & fancy cov]lets 7 also 9 use among ! p ( ^! /irr+ times4 ,& n[ comes ! important "q3 ,0 cotton indig5\s to ,india 9 ^! v e>ly times8 & 0 x c>ri$ & aft]w>ds plant$ 9 ,egypt1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica8 ,z an attempt is made to successfully answ] ?is "q1 our m9ds are ?r[n back to ! "t :5 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 a ,g5oese1 hav+ he>d ( ,india1 desir$ to f9d a new way to t c\ntry4 ,comp>atively poor himself1 he 0 unable to equip an exp$ition1 & laid 8 s*eme be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,g5oa4 ,!y decl9$ to h any?+ to d ) x1 & he is f\nd next pres5t+ 8 case to ! ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,"h he alike fail$1 & he ultimately appli$ to ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,spa91 :5 he met ) success4 ,! #crd ( ,augu/1 #adib1 f\nd him fully equipp$ ) two %ips1 & on 8 way we/ to f9d a new way to ,india4 ,he fir/ t\*$ ! ,bahamas ?irty days aft] sett+ sail f ,europe1 & to 8 a/oni%m5t he 0 met by ! natives1 :o came out to meet him 9 canoes1 br++ ) !m cotton y>n & ?read = ! purpose ( b>t]4 ,9 ,cuba he 0 surpris$ to f9d hammocks made f cotton cord 9 v g5]al use4 ,:at ,columbus obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies z to ! gr[? & manufacture ( cotton1 0 f\nd aft]w>ds to be by no means conf9$ to ^! isl&s1 b t 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica ! natives 7 q accu/om$ bo? to ! gr[? & manufacture ( cotton4 ,indisputable evid5ce c be pres5t$ to prove t ! anci5t civilisations ( ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 7 well acqua9t$ ) cotton4 ,:5 ,p]u 0 subjugat$ 9 #aebb by ,piz>ro1 ! manufacture ( cotton 0 9 a fl\ri%+ condition4 ,simil>ly :5 ,mexico fell into ! h&s ( ,cortez 9 #aeai1 he too f\nd t ! use ( cotton 0 v g5]al4 ,s delight$ 0 he at :at he saw ( ! quality & beauty ( _! manufactur$ goods1 t he _h no hesitation 9 dispat*+ to ,europe a pres5t consi/+ ( mantles1 to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,five ye>s aft] ,columbus />t$ on 8 mom5t\s voyage1 ano!r exp$ition "u ,vasco da ,gama set out f ! ,tagus to make ! voyage to ,india by ! way ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,imm$iately ,gama _h safely rea*$ ,india1 !re 7 o!rs :o quickly desir$ to foll[1 & 9 #aeaf ano!r adv5tur\s ,spani>d on 8 way to ,india call$ at ,s4 ,africa1 & f\nd ! natives we>+ g>m5ts made ( cotton4 ,!re is !re=e no reason to "q ! /atem5t :i* has repeat$ly be5 made1 t at lea/ ?ree c5tres are kn[n 9 :i* ! ,cotton plant f v e>ly times has be5 indig5\s1 & t ! peoples ( ^! c\ntries 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ty & uses ( ! cotton wool obta9$ f ! plant4 ,an av]age ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj bales1 ea* weigh+ #ejj lbs41 are export$ f ,egypt e ye>1 & ! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r ! cultivation ( ! plant 9 ,egypt c be said to date f> back4 ,?is is n s4 ,! fibre almo/ exclusively us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians 0 flax1 & ! nature ( ! g>m5ts cov]+ ! mummies ( ! anci5t ,egyptians has be5 satisfactorily decid$ by ! microscope4 ,x is v probable t ! cultivation ( ! plant at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 c>ri$ on purely = ! purpose ( ornam5tal g>d5+1 & ev5 :5 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 fairly well advanc$1 ! ,egyptians /ill import$ cotton4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 has se5 important developm5ts 9 ! cultivation ( cotton 9 ,egypt1 & n[ ! position atta9$ by ?is c\ntry is only outdi/anc$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,india4 ,! ,botany ( ,cotton4--,botani/s tell u t ! vegetable k+dom is prim>ily divid$ into ?ree great classes--viz41 7#a7 ,dicotyl$ons2 7#b7 ,monocotyl$ons2 & 7#c7 ,acotyl$ons4 ,n[ ^! names solely ref] to ! nature & =m ( ! se$s produc$ by ! plants1 & by ! fir/ x is und]/ood t a s+le se$ is divisible into two se$ lobes 9 develop+4 ,9 ! case ( ! second1 ! se$ is =m$ only ( "o lobe1 & 9 ! ?ird ! se$ is want+ z a cotyl$on1 b ! me?od ( propagation is c>ri$ on by :at are call$ spores4 ,we h examples ( ! la/-nam$ class 9 ! f]ns1 lycopods & horsetail plants4 ,! fir/ two ( ! above-nam$ classes h be5 well call$ ,se$ plants4 ,^! are aga9 brok5 up into divisions1 to :i* ! "n ,natural ,ord]s has be5 giv54 ,mo/ ( u "k1 z ! foll[+ are exam9$1 ,anemone1 ,butt]cup1 ,m>% ,m>igold1 ,globe ,fl[]1 & ,l>kspur1 t !y h ! same g5]al /ructural arrangem5t1 b 9 _m p>ticul>s !y diff]4 ,?us ^! natural ord]s are aga9 subdivid$ into g5]a1 & a /ill fur!r subdivision into species is made4 ,! ,cotton plant is put 9 ! g5us ,gossypium1 :i* is "o fall+ into ! natural ord] ,malvac1 & :i* is "o ( a v l>ge numb] =m+ an important division ( ! dicotyl$ons :]e ! /am5s are f\nd to be ins]t$ bel[ ! pi/il1 & :]e ! corolla is compos$ ( free sep>ate petals1 & :]e ! plant has a fl[] be>+ bo? calyx & corolla4 ,s f> z numb]s are conc]n$1 ! ,malvac _c be said to be important1 b few g5]a be+ kn[n to fall into ?is ord]4 ,?ree are famili> at lea/--viz41 ! ,m>% ,mall[1 :i* 0 =m]ly us$ a great deal 9 mak+ o9tm5t2 ! ,musk ,mall[1 & ! ,tree ,mall[4 ,! mo/ important g5us 9 ?is ord] is ! ,gossypium4 ,?is "n 0 giv5 to ! ,cotton plant by ,pl9y1 ?\gh ! reasons = s do+ are n cle>4 ,v _m species are kn[n to exi/ at ! pres5t "t1 & ?is is n to be wond]$ at1 :5 ! area 9 :i* ! plant is cultivat$ is s va/1 & c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! plant is susceptible to ! slighte/ *ange & sports mo/ readily4 ,diff]5ces ( soil1 climate1 position ) reg>d to ! sea bo>d1 & v>iations 9 ! me?od ( cultivation c\ld only be expect$ to result 9 ! species be+ exce$+ly num]\s4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t no two botani/s agree z to ! numb] ( species compris+ ! ,gossypium family4 ,a li/1 h[ev]1 ( ! common] v>ieties f\nd 9 v>i\s cotton-gr[+ areas ( ! globe w be giv51 b be=e do+ s1 x is deem$ advisable to give a g5]al botanical description ( ! plant4 ,! ,gossypium is ei!r h]bace\s1 %rubby1 or treelike1 v>y+ 9 height f ?ree to tw5ty feet4 ,9 "s cases x is p]5nial2 9 mo/1 z 9 ! cultivat$ species1 x is an annual or bi5nial4 ,a few examples are not$ = ! va/ numb] ( hairs f\nd ev]y:]e on ! plant1 & on almo/ e "p ( ! plant also1 !re may be obs]v$ black spots or gl&s4 ,usually ! /em is erect1 & z a rule ! ,cotton plant 9 =m is n unlike ! fir tree1 t is1 its l[] bran*es are wid] ?an ^? above1 & ?is gradual tap]+ ext5ds to ! top ( ! tree4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is x is said to be t]ete4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 ve9$ & petiolat$1 t is1 !y h a leaf /alk connect+ leaf & /em4 ,9 %ape ! leaves are cordate or he>t-%ap$1 z well z sub-cordate1 & ! numb] ( lobes f\nd 9 ! leaf v>ies f ?ree to sev54 ,! /ipules or little app5dages f\nd on ! petioles1 resembl+ small leaves 9 appe>ance & texture1 are g5]ally f\nd 9 pairs4 ,! calyx is cup-%ap$1 & ! petals ( ! fl[] are v conspicu\s1 & v>y 9 col\r accord+ to ! species1 be+ br[ni%-r$1 purple1 rose-col\r$1 & yell[4 ,! petals1 five 9 numb]1 are (t5 jo9$ toge!r at ! base4 ,! ov>y is sessile1 t is1 x directly re/s ^u ! ma9 /em1 & is usually ?ree to five cell$4 ,! pod or capsule1 :i* conta9s ! se$s & cotton fibre1 :5 ripe splits into valves1 :i* v>y 9 numb] f ?ree to five4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! pod is ! %>p top po9t =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! po9t$ valves4 ,! se$s are num]\s & v seldom smoo?1 be+ usually ?ickly cov]$ ) fibr\s matt] kn[n z raw cotton4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! w9d p]=ms a v important function 9 ! disp]sal ( se$s4 ,x is cle> t :5 a se$ is ready to be set free1 & is provid$ by a tuft ( hair1 su* z is se5 on ! cotton se$1 d&elion & will[ h]b1 x becomes a v easy matt] = x to be c>ri$ ev] s f>1 :5 a good breeze is bl[+4 ,mo/ ( u h bl[n1 :5 *ildr51 at ! cr[n ( :ite fea!ry matt] 9 ! d&elion1 & h be5 delight$ to see ! t9y p>a*utes c>ry+ (f its t9y se$ to be aft]w>d deposit$1 & ultimately take root & appe> z a new plant4 ,mu* 9 ! same way1 be=e x 0 cultivat$1 ! ,cotton plant p]petuat$ its own species4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! root ( ! ,cotton plant is tap %ap$1 & p5etrates deeply into ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be well nigh impossible to enum]ate all ! species :i* are n[ kn[n 9 ! ,cotton plant family1 & x is n propos$ "h to describe m ?an ! pr9cipal types ( ! ,gossypium4 ,9 a report prep>$ by ,mr4 ,tracy ( ,mississippi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 no less ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty v>ieties ( ,am]ican cotton are giv54 ,he says3 ,! ^w 'v>iety' ref]s exclusively to ! v>i\s =ms & k9ds :i* are call$ v>ieties by cotton plant]s1 & is n re/rict$ to ! m m>k$ & p]man5t types :i* are recognis$ by botani/s4 ,( botanical v>ieties !re are b few1 :ile ( agricultural v>ieties !re are an almo/ inf9ite numb]1 & ! names "u :i* ! agricultural v>ieties are kn[n are _m times great] ?an ! recognisable =ms4 ,! ,cotton plant mo/ readily responds to any *anges ( climate1 me?ods ( cultivation1 *ange ( soil or ( f]tiliz]s4 ,s t x is easy to und]/& 9 a plant s susceptible & prone to v>y z is ! cotton1 t new species may 9 a few ye>s be br\ght into exi/5ce1 & especially by means ( prop] selection ( ! se$1 & c>eful cultivation4 ,! *ief comm]cial types ( ,gossypium are--#a4 ,b>bad5se2 #b4 ,h]baceum2 #c4 ,hirsutum2 #d4 ,arboreum2 #e4 ,neglectum2 #f4 ,p]uvianum4 ,gossypium ,b>bad5se4--,! f9e long silky fibres ( comm]ce are all d]iv$ f ?is species4 ,x is indig5\s to a gr\p ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s nam$ ! ,less] ,antilles4 ,x gets its "n f ,b>badoes1 "o ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* bord] on ! sea1 9 mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,we/]n ,africa ly+ betwe5 ! tropics1 ,b\rbon1 ,egypt1 ,au/ralia1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! plant comes to its highe/ & mo/ p]fect /ate ( cultivation :5 x is plant$ ne> ! sea4 ,dr4 ,evans says3 ,x may be cultivat$ 9 any region adapt$ to ! olive & ne> ! sea1 ! pr9cipal requisite be+ a hot & humid atmosph]e1 b ! results ( acclimatisation indicate t ! humid atmosph]e is n entirely necess>y if irrigation be employ$1 z ?is species is und\bt$ly gr[n ext5sively 9 ,egypt4 ,! height ( ?is species v>ies f #c to #d feet if cultivat$ z an annual1 & f #f to #h feet if all[$ to gr[ z a p]5nial4 ,:5 9 full leaf & fl[]1 x is a mo/ graceful-look+ plant4 ,y>ns hav+ ! f9e/ c\nts1 z !y are call$1 are all spun f ,sea ,isl&s1 :i* belongs to ?is class4 ,:5 we are told t a s+le p\nd ( ?is cotton is (t5 spun into a ?read ab\t #afj miles long we c see t x mu/ be exce$+ly good & /rong cotton to d ?is4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #d4--,! ,gossypium ,b>bad5se4 ,l9t is ! "n giv5 to ! cotton :i* rema9s :5 sep>at$ f ! se$s4 ,e o!r ,am]ican type ( cotton gives a great] p]c5tage ( l9t ?an ! ,sea ,isl&s cotton1 ?\gh x %\ld be /at$ t ! price p] p\nd is great] ?an any o!r k9d ( cotton gr[n 9 ! ,/ates4 ,!re are f six to n9e se$s 9 ea* capsule & ! prevail+ col\r is black4 ,a cotton gr[n 9 ,egypt & kn[n by ! "n ,gall9i is ( ! ,sea ,isl&s type & has be5 produc$ f se$ ( ! ,g4 ,b>bad5se4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! col\r ( ! fl[] is yell[ & t 9 ,india ?is plant is kn[n by ! "n ( ,b\rbon ,cotton4 ,gossypium ,h]baceum4--,z indicat$ by ! "n1 ?is type is h]bace\s 9 "*1 especially ! cultivat$ type4 ,:5 ,lam>ck classifi$ ?is tree1 he gave x ! "n ,indicum because he consid]$ mo/ ( ! ,indian types & "s ( ! ,*9ese belong$ to ?is p>ticul> species4 ,india1 too1 is consid]$ by ,p>latore to h be5 ! orig9al home ( ! h]bace\s type1 & he specially fixes ! ,corom&el ,coa/ z ! fir/ c5tre f :i* x sprang4 ,!re is mu* conflict ( op9ion 9 localis+ ! primitive habitat ( ?is type1 & x is n[ ?\ght t ! pres5t /ock is probably ! result ( hybridisation ( sev]al species m or less relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,h[ev]1 ! areas 9 :i* ?is class ( cotton gr[s are v num]\s & ext5sive1 = we f9d x gr[+ 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,africa4 ,a v *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is plant is t x quickly decays aft] podd+1 :5 cultivat$ z an annual4 ,! ,v9e ,cotton gr[n 9 ,cuba belongs to ! h]bace\s type & is rem>kable = its l>ge pods1 :i* conta9 an abnormal numb] ( se$s4 ,! s-call$ ,nanke5 cottons are said to be ,col\r v>iations ( ! h]bace\s ,cotton plant4 ,_m v>ieties ( ,egyptian cottons are produc$ f ?is p>ticul> class1 z well z ! ,surat cotton ( ,india4 ,a feature :i* di/+ui%es ?is type is t ! se$s are cov]$ ) two k9ds ( fibre1 a long & %ort1 ! latt] be+ v d5se4 ,! process ( tak+ ! long] fibre f ! se$ mu/ be v c>efully wat*$1 z x becomes a tr\blesome matt] to remove ! %ort] fibre :5 once x has come away f ! se$ ) ! long]4 ,h5ce great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ga!r+ ?is class ( cotton4 ,ano!r po9t :i* %\ld n be lo/ sight ( is1 t ! h]bace\s type ( ,cotton plant readily hybridises ) "s o!r v>ieties & ! result is a /ra9 ( mu* bett] quality4 ,gossypium ,hirsutum4--,?is v>iety is s call$ because ( ! hairy nature ( e "p ( ! plant1 leaves1 /ems1 bran*es1 pods & se$s--all hav+ %ort hairs ^u !m4 ,by ,dr4 ,royle x is consid]$ a sub-v>iety ( ! ,b>bad5se cotton1 & by o!r ,am]ican exp]ts x is giv5 z synonym\s ) ,g4 ,h]baceum4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! plant has c]ta9 well-def9$ *>act]i/ics :i* possibly entitle x to be consid]$ z a di/9ct type4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by a compet5t au?ority t ! orig9al habitat ( ?is p>ticul> cotton 0 ,mexico1 & t f ?is c\ntry cultivators h import$ x ?r\gh\t ! sub-tropical di/ricts ( ! _w4 ,x is also /at$ t long/apl$ ,georgian ,upl&s cotton belongs to ! ,hirsutum v>iety4 ,9 fact mo/ ( ! types cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica fall into ?is class4 ,p>latore also consid]s x to be indig5\s to ,mexico1 & /ates t all gre5 se$$ cotton :i* is s ext5sively cultivat$ has be5 obta9$ f ?is type orig9ally4 ,m4 ,des*amps1 9 describ+ ! ,hirsutum species1 says x is divid$ into two v>ieties1 "o hav+ gre5 se$s1 be+ ( a h>di] type1 & ! o!r hav+ greyi% se$s1 be+ m delicate & gr[+ 9 ! m s\!rn di/ricts ( ! ,/ates4 ,gossypium ,arboreum4--,?is plant atta9s treelike proportions1 h5ce ! "n ,arboreum4 ,9 "s cases x w gr[ z high z tw5ty feet4 ,x is also kn[n by ! "n ,g4 ,religiosum1 because ! cotton spun f ?is plant 0 us$ only = mak+ ?reads :i* 7 wov5 into clo? = mak+ turbans = ! prie/s ( ,india4 ,dr4 ,royle on "o occasion :ile 9 t c\ntry 0 in=m$ by ! head g>d5] ( a ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,sah>unpore t ?is cotton 0 n us$ = mak+ clo? = ! l[] g>m5ts at all1 its use be+ re/rict$ to turbans = _! heads1 z x 0 sacr$ to ! gods4 ,t is :y x also receiv$ ! "n1 ,deo ,cotton4 ,"o or two int]e/+ features ( ?is type may be po9t$ out4 ,! col\r ( ! fl[]s is *>act]i/ic1 be+ br[ni% & purply-r$ & hav+ a d>k spot purple 9 col\r ne> ! base ( ! corolla1 ?is latt] be+ bell-%ap$4 ,l ! h]bace\s type two k9ds ( fibre are f\nd on ! se$ & great c>e is ne$$ 9 ! sep>ation ( !m4 ,also1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! fibres1 9 ?is class are ) difficulty remov$ f ! se$1 cl++ v t5aci\sly to x4 ,! ,arboreum type is indig5\s to ,india & along ! sea bo>d wa%$ by ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! fibre f ?is species is mu* %ort] 9 av]age l5g? ?an any ( ! prec$+ v>ieties4 ,gossypium ,neglectum4--,?is too is an ,indian cotton1 & accord+ to ,royle ! celebrat$ & beautiful ,dacca cotton :i* gives ! fam\s musl9s1 z well z ! long clo? ( ,madras1 are made f cotton obta9$ f ! ,neglectum v>iety4 ,an important feature ( ?is plant is ! small pod :i* be>s ! fibre & ! small numb] ( se$s conta9$ 9 ea* septa ( ! capsule1 be+ only f five to eight 9 numb]4 ,l "s prec$+ =ms1 ! se$s c>ry cotton ( two l5g?s1 ! %ort] ( ! two be+ a%y gre5 9 col\r4 ,! long] fibre is h>% to ! t\* & :ite 9 col\r4 ,9 _m po9ts x is v simil> to ! ,arboreum type & is consid]$ by "s botani/s to be a cross betwe5 ! ,arboreum species & "s o!r4 ,x does n atta9 any great height1 be+ (t5 9 bu% =m "u two feet4 ,! c\ntry ( ,five ,riv]s or ! ,punjaub1 ,nor? ,we/ ,prov9ces & ,b5gal1 are ! di/ricts 9 ,india 9 :i* x is mo/ly cultivat$ z a field crop4 ,x has a high comm]cial value1 =m+ ! ma9 bulk ( ! cotton produc$ 9 ! ,b5gal presid5cy4 ,?is plant is indig5\s to ,india4 ,gossypium ,p]uvianum4--,s call$ because ,p]u 0 consid]$ to be ! habitat ( ?is cotton4 ,by "s au?orities ?is p>ticul> species is = all practical purposes synonym\s ) ! fir/ type describ$--viz41 ,b>bad5se4 ,by o!rs x is said to be closely alli$ to ! ,acum9atum v>iety1 s nam$ because ( ! po9t$ "* ( its capsules & leaves4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ?is plant is ! col\r ( ! se$s1 :i* is black4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t ab\t ! se$s is t !y adh]e closely to ea* o!r1 & =m a cone-l mass4 ,brazil is ! home ( ?is p>ticul> species1 ?\gh x is cultivat$ "h 9 two =ms1 z ,tree ,cotton & z ,h]bace\s ,cotton4 ,! =m] is also kn[n by ! "n ,cri\lo or ,m>anho ,cotton or %ort ,mananams4 ,x appe>s also t ! ,tree ,cotton is "o ( ! v few :i* does n suff] f ! depr$ations ( ! cotton cat]pill>4 ,:at is kn[n z ,kidney ,cotton belongs to ?is species1 :i* is sometimes nam$ ,brazili5se4 ,! "n kidney is giv5 because ( ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* ! se$s are arrang$ 9 ! capsule1 adh]+ toge!r 9 ea* cell 9 ! =m ( a kidney4 ,! mo/ important c\ntries 9 :i* x is gr[n are ,brazil & ,p]u1 ?\gh x is produc$ 9 o!r di/ricts outside ^! c\ntries1 b n to any great ext5t4 ,a v curi\s cotton :i* receives ! "n ( ,r$ ,p]uvian is also produc$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,on acc\nt ( its col\r1 x has only a v limit$ sale4 ,?is is ow+ to ! difficulty !re is 9 bl5d+ or mix+ x ) any o!r cotton ( simil> quality4 ,cottons kn[n g5]ally z ,santos1 ,cra & ,p]nams are n ( ?is species--viz41 ,gossypium ,p]uvianum1 b belong to ! fir/ & second ( ! types already describ$4 ,! ,/r5g? ( ,cotton ,fibres4--,mr4 ,o',neill "s ye>s ago made _m exp]im5ts ) a view to obta9+ ! /r5g?s ( ! diff]5t fibres1 & ! foll[+ table compil$ by him1 w be ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 ,sea ,isl&s #hc4i mean break+ /ra9 9 gra9s4 ,que5sl& #adg4f ,egyptian #abg4b ,m>anham #ajg4a ,b5gueld #ajj4f ,p]nambuco #adj4b ,new ,orleans #adg4g ,upl& #ajd4e ,surat 7,dholl]ah7 #ada4i ,surat 7,comptah7 #afc4g ,f ?is table x is arguable t ! /r5g? ( fibre v>ies accord+ to ! diamet]1 t is to say1 ! fibre ) ! ?icke/ diamet] c>ries ! highe/ /ra94 ,! ord]1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! fibres w\ld fall1 accord+ to /r5g?1 w\ld be1 ,indian1 ,am]ican1 ,au/ralian1 ,brazilian1 ,egyptian1 & ,sea ,isl&s la/4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,cotton ,plant4--,messrs4 ,m',bryde ,beal1 ,*emi/s 9 ! ,exp]im5tal ,/ation 9 ,t5nessee1 say1 ,z a rule our /aple agricultural plants h n receiv$ ! ?or\gh1 sy/ematic *emical inve/igation t _! importance dem&s4 ,x w\ld appe> t until rec5t times ! above /atem5t 0 only too true4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t & o!rs h in/itut$ exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale1 & ev]y?+ is n[ be+ done 9 ! direction ( rese>*1 ) a view to improv+ ! quality ( ?is important plant4 ,a complete ,cotton plant consi/s ( roots1 /ems1 leaves1 bolls1 se$ & l9t4 ,n[ if ^! six p>ts ( ! plant be weigh$1 !y v>y v mu*1 prov+ t "s ( !m are m exhau/ive ?an o!rs1 s f> z ! f]tiliz+ matt]s f\nd 9 ! soil are conc]n$4 ,= example1 if wat] be disc>d$ 9 ! calculation1 ?\gh ?is takes up a fair p]c5tage ( ! total weight1 ab\t #aj1 x is f\nd t ! roots take up by weight ov] #h p] c5t4 ( ! :ole plant1 /ems ov] #bc p] c5t41 leaves ov] #bj1 bolls ov] #ad1 se$s ov] #bc1 & l9t only #aj-a_/b p] c5t4 ,n[ ?is /atem5t is int]e/+ z %[+ "o or two important features4 ,! weight ( ! se$ is se5 to be ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! :ole plant1 :ile ! /ems & leaves toge!r take up ne>ly "o half4 ,a v small proportion by weight ( ! plant is tak5 by ! l9t4 ,a *emical analysis ( ! mature ,cotton plant yield$ ! foll[+ sub/ances3-- ,wat]4 ,pota%4 ,a%4 ,lime4 ,nitrog54 ,magnesia4 ,phosphoric acid4 ,sulphuric acid4 ,insoluble matt]4 ,( t5 analyses made ) ! cotton l9t 7:i* takes up ab\t #aj-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! :ole7 ,m',bryde /ates t ! av]age am\nt ( wat] f\nd 0 #f4gg1 a% #a4h1 nitrog5 4#b1 phosphoric acid 4#je1 pota% 4#he1 lime 4#ae1 & magnesia 4#af4 ,he v p]t95tly rem>ks also t if ! l9t 7 ! only "p ( ! plant remov$ f ! l& on :i* x is gr[n1 cotton w\ld be "o ( ! lea/ exhau/ive ( f>m crops4 ,! only o!r "p :i* ne$ be p]man5tly lo/ to ! soil is ! oil1 :i* also conta9s v small am\nts ( f]tilis+ con/itu5ts4 ,9 connection ) ?is he fur!r says t ev5 :5 ! se$ is tak5 away along ) ! l9t1 cotton /ill removes small] am\nts ( f]tilis+ mat]ials f ! soil ?an ei!r oats or corn4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! soil ^u :i* cotton is cultivat$ lies fall[ = a great] "p ( ! ye>1 & ! fact ( abs5ce ( cultivation1 ) consequ5t non-f]tilis+ & non-enri*+ ( l&1 mu/ t5d 9 ! direction ( soil exhau/ion by ! ,cotton plant4 ,ano!r useful & important fact 9 connection ) ! ,cotton plant is ! m$ic9al use to :i* ! roots are put4 ,accord+ to ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 ! b>k f ! roots ( ! ,cotton plant conta9 an active +r$i5t :i* 9 its effects is v mu* l ergot4 ,*emical inve/igations h conclusively prov$ t ! ripe fibre ( ! ,cotton plant is compos$ ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3-- ,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 ,oxyg51 & !y tell u t :5 cotton is fully ripe x is almo/ pure cellulose4 ,dr4 ,b[man has po9t$ out t ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 cotton fibre v>ies ) diff]5t seasons f #a to #d p] c5t4 9 ! new crop1 & r less z ! season advances4 ,above #b p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 h[ev]1 seems to be an excessive quantity ev5 9 a new crop cotton1 & :5 m ?an ?is is pres5t x is ei!r ! result ( a wet season & ! cotton has be5 pack$ be=e dry+1 or else x has be5 artificially add$4 ,ab\t "o fif? ( ! :ole plant by weight consi/s ( ! se$1 & an analysis ( ?is %[s !m to be compos$ ( wat]1 a%1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 sulphuric acid1 f]ric oxide1 *lor9e1 & insoluble matt]4 ,z a comm]cial product se$s are exce$+ly valuable1 & yield ! foll[+ sub/ances3--oil1 meal1 hulls1 & l9t]s4 ,:5 ! hulls are gr\nd !y receive ! "n ( cotton se$ bran4 ,! inside ( ! se$1 :5 ! hull has be5 remov$1 is (t5 call$ ! k]nel & is sometimes also designat$ peel$ se$1 hull$ se$1 & meats4 ,x is ?is k]nel se$ :i*1 :5 prop]ly treat$1 yields l>ge supplies ( oil & meal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,cotton-,,plant ,,diseases ,,& ,,pe/s4 ,!re are sev]al classes ( ag5ts all ( :i* act injuri\sly m or less on ! ,cotton plant4 #a4 ,climatic *anges1 includ+ hygrometric v>iations ( ! atmosph]e1 & extremes ( heat & cold4 #b4 ,insect pe/s4 #c4 ,physiological diseases ( ! plant4 #d4 ,blights caus$ by fungi4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! e>ly pages ( ?is /ory1 h[ v s5sible to *anges ( heat & cold1 ! ,cotton plant is1 especially 9 ! e>ly gr[+ p]iod4 ,:5 ! plant has j ris5 above ! gr\nd1 & is beg9n+ to spread its roots1 too great an am\nt ( heat w\ld be fatal to its fur!r gr[?4 ,in/ances c\ld be giv5 :]e v s]i\s decreases 9 ! production ( cotton 9 ! ,/ates especially h tak5 place1 due entirely to unusually high temp]atures :i* obta9$ dur+ ! e>ly gr[+ p]iod ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,extremes ( fro/ are likewise fatal to ! gr[? ( ! "y plant4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 fro/s h z a rule disappe>$1 & no fur!r fe> ne$ be felt on t acc\nt1 ?\gh if ! end ( w9t] has be5 abnormally w>m1 & ! "y plants h be5 mak+ leaf too quickly1 x w be readily se5 h[ fatal a %>p fro/ or two mu/ be to ! "y & t5d] plant4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 :5 a fro/ is b5eficial4 ,!n aga91 :ile ra9 is ne$$ 9 fair quantity1 too mu* ( x is foll[$ by rot & myriads ( pe/s4 ,if ! plant] desires any?+ at all :5 8 crop is ripe1 x is f9e wea!r 9 :i* to ga!r 8 h>ve/4 ,frequ5tly l>ge quantities ( cotton are left on ! plantations1 because x is too wet to ga!r x4 ,?is happ5$ a few ye>s ago to an unusual ext5t1 :5 a va/ quantity ( cotton _h to be left ^u ! fields4 ,( all ! injuri\s ag5ts mo/ dread$ 9 ! cotton-gr[+ di/ricts ( ! globe1 none are s widely spread or s disa/r\s z insect pe/s4 ,!y attack diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant dur+ its gr[?1 & :5 ! bolls are =m$ !y commit great havoc among ^! by bor+ ?r\gh & completely ru9+ ! immature fibre4 ,!n aga91 :ile ! plant is "y1 !y may attack ! mo/ t5d] portion ( ! plant1 viz41 ! new & "y leaves f\nd at or ne> ! top4 ,?is !y soon cle> & make _! way z cat]pill>s d[n ! plant1 & !y frequ5tly cle> x z ?\gh ! leaves _h be5 pluck$ (f4 ,s completely d !y d _! "w t x has be5 calculat$ 9 c]ta9 ye>s ! loss on ?is acc\nt alone _c h be5 f> %ort 9 ,am]ica ( #c-a_/b million p\nds 9 "o ye>4 ,( ! *ief =ms ( insect pe/s1 two specially /& out into prom95ce1 bo? ( :i* belong to ! mo? tribe ( insects1 viz41 ,ale?ia argillacea or ,cotton ,cat]pill>1 & ! ,helio?is armig] or ,cotton ,boll-,cat]pill>4 ,! op]ations ( ! =m] are mo/ly conf9$ to deva/at+ ! leaves & buds1 :ile ! latt] conf9es its special att5tion to ! bolls :i*1 7 !y all[$ to rip51 w\ld bur/ ) cotton4 ,! eggs ( ! =m]1 too1 are laid on ! "u side ( ! upp] leaves & va/ numb]s are deposit$4 ,! mo? flies by night1 & ! eggs laid are extremely difficult to discov]--inde$ x takes an exp]t to quickly f9d !m4 ,usually1 ab\t midsumm]1 ! eggs are hat*$ 9 ?ree or f\r days & !n comes ! p]iod = spoliation4 ,all t is t5d] is assimilat$1 usually ! "u side ( ! "y t5d] leaves f\nd at ! top ( ! plant4 ,dur+ ?is /age ( its exi/5ce ! cat]pill> m\lts five times & ! l>va p]iod v>ies some:at accord+ to ! wea!r f "o to ?ree weeks4 ,! *rysalis or pupa /ate cov]s f "o week to f\r1 & at la/ em]ges z a beautiful olive gray mo? ) a purpli% lu/re4 ,9 ab\t f\r days ! female comm5ces to lay eggs v rapidly & w lay sometimes z _m z six hundr$ dur+ its life4 ,no wond]1 !n1 ) sev]al g5]ations dur+ a season & va/ numb]s ( mo?s1 t untold damages c be wr\ght by ^! p>ticul> insects 9 a s+le season4 ,a numb] ( rem$ies has be5 successfully appli$ 9 ! direction ( spray+ v>i\s *emical solutions1 & 9 s[+ plants :i* h _h ! direct effect ( r$uc+ ! spread ( ?is t]rible pe/4 ,its me?od ( work+ c be se5 on ref]r+ to ,fig4 #d4 ,n[ ! ,boll-,cat]pill>1 ?\gh x lives mu* 9 ! same way z ! ,ale?ia1 has a v diff]5t me?od ( proc$ure s f> z its de/ructive habits are conc]n$4 ,& its fields & pa/ures1 too1 are by no means conf9$ to "o cont95t1 or to "o k9d ( plant1 = x attacks bo? ! tomato & corn plants4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,h[>d1 ,x fe$s ^u peas1 beans1 tobacco1 pumpk91 squa%1 okra1 & a numb] ( g>d5 fl[]+ plants1 su* z cultivat$ g]anium1 gladiolus1 mignonette1 z well z a numb] ( wild plants4 ,z ! "n indicates1 ! ,boll-,cat]pill> makes ! boll its happy hunt+-gr\nd4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ! same way by ! p>5t mo? z ! ,cotton ,cat]pill> or ,ale?ia1 & :5 hat*$ ! "y p[]fully jaw$ cat]pill> makes its way to ! newly-=m$ boll1 & apply+ itself vigor\sly1 v soon ga9s an entrance4 ,"h x re/s = a "t1 eat+ away at ! be/ x c f9d4 ,x ultimately em]ges & is trans=m$ into ! pupa1 tak+ up its qu>t]s 9 ! gr\nd1 until ! next *ange takes place1 :5 9 a week or two's "t x appe>s z a mo? mu* ! same 9 size z its c\s9 ! ,ale?ia1 b col\r$ o*re yell[ to dull olive-gre5 & be+ m v>i$ 9 its m>k+s4 ,x w lay dur+ "o season ab\t #ejj eggs4 ,_m rem$ies h be5 appli$ = ! extirpation ( ?is p>ticul> insect1 b ^! only seem to h met ) p>tial success4 ,x w readily be se5 h[ mu* m difficult ?is pe/ is to deal ) ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,liv+ z x does 9 ! boll & 9 ! gr\nd = a great "p ( its exi/5ce1 x w be exce$+ly difficult to get at4 ,9 ,mexico :at is kn[n z ! ,cotton-,boll ,weevil 7,an?onomus grundis7 appe>s to d great mis*ief to ! ,cotton plant4 ,x does mo/ damage dur+ ! l>v /age1 eat+ up ! t5d] portions ( ! boll :ile 9 resid5ce "h4 ,:5 matur$ x is only a little "u half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,_m o!r insects act injuri\sly ^u ! ,cotton plant1 b ! foll[+ may be tak5 z ! *ief3 ,cotton ,cutworm 7,feltia malefida72 ,cotton lice 7,aphis gossypii74 ,among ! lepidopt]a may be m5tion$1 ,coccia rosaceana1 or ,leaf-roll]1 s call$ f its habit ( curi\sly roll+ ! leaves ( ! ,cotton plant & !n fe$+ inside ! roll4 ,!n gras%opp]s & locu/s occasionally d "s damage1 z well z a beetle nam$ ,ataxia crypta1 :i* is not$ = attack+ ! /alks ( ! ,cotton plants1 b x %\ld be po9t$ out ?is beetle does n prey ^u heal?y & vigor\s plants at all4 ,scores ( o!r insects c\ld be m5tion$ z injuri\s1 ?\gh "s ( !m d b v slight damage inde$ to ! ,cotton plant4 ,x does appe>1 h[ev]1 f long ye>s ( exp]im5t & obs]vations1 t little damage ne$s to be fe>$ if ! plants1 :ile gr[+1 & dur+ ! =mation ( ! boll1 c be c>efully wat*$ & gu>d$4 ,! plants :5 matur$ are bett] able to )/& ! onslaughts :i* ^! pr$ace\s insects make ^u !m4 ,!n aga91 !re are l>ge numb]s ( physiological diseases ( ! cotton due to inh]5t weakness ( ! plant or failure ( assimilative processes4 ,& la/ly1 va/ numb]s ( fungi1 too num]\s to m5tion "h1 "w s]i\s injury to leaf1 fl[] & boll 9 c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,plant ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries4 ,f :at has already be5 said1 x w be q cle> t ! ,cotton plant w only successfully ?rive 9 ^? regions on ! e>?'s surface :]e !re are suitable temp]ature & soil1 & a prop] & adequate supply ( moi/ure bo? 9 ! atmosph]e & soil4 ,:5 ! #de? p>allel ( ,nor? ,latitude is rea*$1 ! plant ceases to gr[ except "u glass or 9 exceptionally well fav\r$ & temp]ate di/ricts4 ,bel[ ! ,equator ! s\!rn limit is ! #ce? p>allel4 ,) a model ( ! globe be=e him1 ! read] w see1 if he m>k ! two l9es already nam$1 :at a small belt ! ,cotton-gr[+ zone is1 comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! globe1 & yet 9 #aija x is e/imat$ t no few] ?an #aj1dhf1jjj bales ( #ejj lbs4 net av]age ea* 7 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 #fie1jjj came f ! cotton fields ( ,india1 f ,egypt #a1bbd1jjj1 an increase ( #fjj1jjj bales 9 t5 ye>s4 ,?is va/ quantity does n include :at 0 produc$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 :i* we "k 9 ! aggregate 0 v consid]able4 ,am]ican ,cultivation ( ! ,cotton ,plant4--,p]haps no c\ntry illu/rates ! fact s well z does ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ! v>iations 9 ! quality ( cotton are v l>gely--x may be said almo/ entirely--due to di/ance f sea bo>d1 height above sea level & diff]5ce ( soil4 ,! surface geology ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 is ( a mo/ div]sifi$ "*1 & ! foll[+ ,/ates 9 :i* cotton is produc$1 9 _m cases %[ a simil> v>iation4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,t5nessee4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,alabama4 ,georgia4 ,mississippi4 ,florida4 ,l\isiana4 ,arkansas4 ,texas4 ,p]haps ,texas %[s ! greate/ numb] ( di/9ct soil areas1 viz41 eight4 ,height above ! sea level has also a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! plants cultivat$1 & only ! h>di] & m robu/ types are to be f\nd on ! m elevat$ l&s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,s\? ,c>ol9a produc$ m cotton ?an any o!r ,/ate4 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 ,alabama 0 to ! front4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 ,mississippi l$ ! way1 & 9 #aija ,texas occupi$ ! premi] position ) #c1ebf1fdi bales1 foll[$ 9 ord] by ,georgia & ,mississippi4 ,! foll[+ table f ,bullet9 #ajj ( ! ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 gives ! acreage devot$ to cultivation ( cotton 9 #aijh z foll[s3 ,alabama #c1eia1jjj acres4 ,arkansas #b1bif1jjj ,florida #bfe1jjj ,georgia #d1hdh1jjj ,l\isiana #a1eej1jjj ,mississippi #c1cie1jjj ,miss\ri #hg1jjj ,nor? ,c>ol9a #a1deh1jjj ,oklahoma #b1caa1jjj ,s\? ,c>ol9a #b1ede1jjj ,t5nessee #ged1jjj ,texas #i1caf1jjj ,virg9ia #bh1jjj ---------- #cb1ddd1jjj ,! figure = ,miss\ri includes o!r cotton-produc+ localities n nam$4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! actual cultivation ( cotton1 z c>ri$ on 9 ! ,/ates1 x w be well to briefly "n ! k9d ( soils :i* are met ) 9 ?is cotton area4 ,g5]ally speak+1 soils are divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3-- ,clayey soils4 ,clayey loam soils4 ,loamy soils4 ,s&y loam soils4 ,s&y soils4 ,?is classification is det]m9$ by ! relative p]c5tage ( s& & clay4 ,9 ! ,/ates we h all ^! types1 & 9 "s di/ricts !y lie )9 easy rea* ( ea* o!r4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t suffici5t & uni=m heat & humidity are ess5tial to ! production ( good cotton crops1 & z ! s&y soils are ( an op5 "*1 x is pla9 t moi/ure w readily pass f ^!1 :ile ! heavy clays act j 9 ! opposite direction1 viz41 prev5t ! uni=m evaporation ( ! moi/ure )9 !m2 h5ce1 z a rule1 clayey l&s are moi/ & damp1 & x has be5 f\nd f obs]vation t on l&s ( ?is class1 a good deal ( wood & leaf are produc$1 & b little fruit relatively4 ,a matt] !re=e :i* mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 is t a suitable texture %\ld be f\nd1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( s& & clay 9 ! soils %\ld be 9 ! "r proportion4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev] suitable a soil may be1 if ! climatic conditions are adv]se1 only failure c result4 ,giv5 good l&1 prop]ly dra9$ & a suitable temp]ature1 toge!r ) an uni=m supply ( moi/ure1 heavy crops may be expect$4 ,sudd5 *anges 9 ! temp]ature1 & v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( moi/ure1 c]ta9ly act delet]i\sly ^u ! plant1 especially dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! "y "o is gr[+4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a wet soil & a moi/ "o1 & !re is p]haps no?+ s mu* dread$ by ! plant]s z a sodd5 soil4 ,up to ! end ( ,july ! soil %\ld be cont9u\sly & uni=mly moi/1 & x w\ld appe> t1 provid$ ?is condition is satisfi$1 !re is e likelihood ( a heavy crop result+1 if ! temp]ature has be5 any?+ l suitable4 ,look$ at f e po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! be/ & safe/ soil 9 :i* to gr[ cotton is a deep loam :]e !re is e probability ( ! necess>y conditions be+ fulfill$4 ,z comp>$ ) sixty ye>s ago ! pres5t me?ods ( cultivation %[ v great diff]5ces4 ,mo/ ( u are acqua9t$ ) ! conditions ( lab\r :i* exi/$ at t "t4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,bee*] ,/[e1 9 h] pa!tic & life-l /ory1 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab91 has giv5 u su* a glimpse into slave life t %e has plac$ u all "u la/+ obligations to h]4 ,happily all t has gone & ! slave1 z su*1 is n[ kn[n no m 9 ,am]ica4 ,?ree causes are said to h done m to *ange ! me?ods ( ,am]ican cotton cultivation ?an any?+ else1 viz43-- ,! ,civil ,w>4 ,! abolition ( slav]y4 ,introduction ( artificial f]tilis]s4 ,!re are ^? :o affirm to-day t ! la/-nam$ has be5 ! mo/ pot5t factor ( ! ?ree4 ,9 _m cases1 previ\s to ! w>1 crop aft] crop 0 gr[n ^u ! same l& )\t any ?\ght ( return+ ^? elem5ts1 9 ! =m ( manure1 to ! e>?1 :i* x s mu* requir$4 ,b imm$iately aft] ! conclusion ( ! w>1 ! conditions ( lab\r 7 *ang$ & x became a matt] ( absolute necessity to f9d some?+ :i* w\ld give life to ! l&1 h5ce ! introduction ( f]tilis]s4 ,x is /at$ on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,:ite ( ,georgia1 t x w\ld be difficult to conceive h[ cotton culture c\ld h be5 cont9u$ or su/a9$ b = ! use ( su* manures4 ,9 a "w ( ?is k9d x is impossible to describe 9 detail ! v>i\s me?ods ( cultivation adopt$ 9 ! sev]al cotton ,/ates1 b ! foll[+ w give a fair idea ( :at actually takes place on a l>ge cotton plantation1 assum+ t ! l& is well dra9$4 ,x %\ld be said "h dra9+ has n receiv$ t att5tion :i* x ought to h done1 & _m ( ! failures put d[n to o!r causes are n[ kn[n to h be5 due entirely to bad dra9age4 ,z an alt]native to prop] dra9age1 ! practice ( rais+ ! ,cotton plant b$s & cultivat+ !m to great] dep?1 has be5 foll[$4 ,mo/ ( ! plant]s are too poor to dra9 prop]ly1 & s adopt ! bank+ me?od1 ?\gh 9 ! long run ?is is ! m exp5sive ( ! two4 ,let u assume t ! cotton crop has all be5 ga!r$4 ,we h an imm5se quantity ( old cotton /alks :i* ne$ remov+4 ,?is is usually done be=e ,febru>y4 ,z a rule1 ! litt] is ga!r$ into heaps & burn$4 ,pl\gh+ & h>r[+ next foll[1 & ridges are =m$ :i* 9 ! elevat$ di/ricts are n q s f> ap>t z 9 ! l[-ly+ areas4 ,we c see t 9 ! latt] di/ricts ! plants w be mu* m prolific & gr[ to a bett] /ate ( p]fection1 h5ce m room mu/ be all[$ = !m4 ,^! ridges lie1 9 "s cases1 #c feet ap>t & 9 o!rs #d & #e4 ,especially :5 manures or f]tilis]s h be5 us$1 b$d+ up is g5]ally adopt$4 ,z is to be expect$ 9 a c\ntry l ,am]ica1 ! v be/ & mo/ approv$ me?ods ( cultivation are foll[$1 h5ce ! old sy/em ( s[+ se$ by h& is disc>d$1 & se$-plant+ ma*9es are n[ com+ into g5]al use4 ,! di/ance ap>t :i* ! se$s 7ab\t five or six 9 "o hole7 %\ld be set1 is /ill a moot "q1 b x is g5]ally admitt$ to be unsafe to plant at great] di/ances ?an #ab in*es4 ,:5 s[n1 a light cov]+ is put ov]1 & 9 a few days--ab\t twelve g5]ally--! t9y plants make _! appe>ance4 ,two or ?ree days aft]1 ano!r leaf is se51 & x may be said t ! real & anxi\s "w ( ! cultivator n[ beg9s4 ,9 ! ,c>ol9a di/ricts ?is w happ5 ab\t ! end ( ,april4 ,! plant+ 9 ! m s\!rn ,/ates w take place e>li]4 ,:at has next to be done is v p>ticul> "w1 viz41 cutt+ d[n & ?9n+ ! plants1 :i*1 if all[$ to gr[1 w\ld simply *oke "o ano!r4 ,"h & !re at suitable di/ances1 gr\ps ( plants 9 ! same r[ are select$ z /&s or gr\ps ( plants f :i* w be select$ ! be/ plant1 :i* is all[$ to g =w>d 9 its gr[?2 all ! re/ be+ *opp$ out or we$$ out4 ,bank+ up or b$d+ up is ! next process1 & ?is is done runn+ ! pl\gh 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! ridges or practically ov] ! old cotton b$ ( ! prec$+ season4 ,?is w improve ! v5tilat+ p[] ( ! b$ consid]ably & prev5t some:at ! logg+ ( ! soil1 :i* is extremely undesirable4 ,! pl\gh is imm$iately foll[$ by ! field lab\r]s1 ^: "w is n[ to draw ! loose soil r\nd ! ,cotton plants4 ,?is la/ process ( haul+ completes ! lab\r]s' "w = a "t1 & is done = ! purpose ( keep+ ! plant erect & prev5t+ x f fall+ d[n4 ,?is haul+ process is repeat$ until ,july1 :5 only "o plant is left out ( ! five or six :i* 7 plant$ orig9ally4 ,aft] f\r haul+s1 :i* are complet$ z a rule by ! end ( ,july1 ! productive processes may be said to be complet$4 ,if ! wea!r has be5 fav\rable & ! soil kept fairly moi/1 a good crop may be fully anticipat$4 ,:at ! plant]s l to see dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod is a summ] 9 :i* ! sun %9es e day1 accompani$ by ^? frequ5t & g5tle %[]s :i* clean ! plant & give ! necess>y humidity to ! atmosph]e & soil4 ,two ?+s are dread$ by ! plant]--excessive heats & abnormal %[]s4 ,! bloom appe>s ab\t ! middle ( ,june & a c\ple ( mon?s aft] ?is ! plants are ready = pick+4 ,?is op]ation usually is c>ri$ on f ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] or end ( ,augu/ "r on into ,novemb]1 sometimes ?r\gh ?is mon? into ,decemb]4 ,"h are giv5 a few p>ticul>s :i* h be5 collect$ by ,%epp]son be>+ on ?is p>ticul> subject4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,usual ,usual ,usual date to ,usual date date to ,usual date to date to beg9 to beg9 f9i% beg9 ,pick+4 f9i% ,,/ates ,prep>+ ,plant+4,plant+4 ,pick+4 ! ,l&4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,n4 ,c>ol9a ,feb4 #be ,april #ae ,may #aj ,sep4 #a ,dec4 #aj ,s4 ,c>ol9a ,m>4 #e ,april #ae ,may #g ,aug4 #ae to ,sep4 #a ,dec4 #a ,georgia ,feb4 #a ,april #aj ,may #a ,aug4 #ae to #bj ,dec4 #a ,florida ,jan4 #bj ,april #a ,may #a ,aug4 #aj ,dec4 #a ,alabama ,feb4 #a ,april #e ,may #aj ,aug4 #aj to #bj ,dec4 #ae ,mississippi ,feb4 #a ,april #e ,may #aj ,aug4 #aj to #bj ,dec4 #ae ,l\isiana ,feb4 #a ,april #a ,may #aj ,aug4 #a to #ae ,dec4 #ae ,texas ,jan4 #ae ,m>* #ae ,may #aj ,aug4 #a ,dec4 #bj ,arkansas ,feb4 #ae ,april #ae ,may #ae ,aug4 #ae to #bj ,jan4 #ae ,t5nessee ,m>4 #a ,april #ae ,may #ae ,sep4 #a to #aj ,jan4 #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,o!r ,cotton-produc+ ,c\ntries 9 ,am]ica4--,9 addition to ! ,/ates1 :i* h already be5 nam$1 !re are o!r cotton-produc+ c\ntries 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 among :i* are ! foll[+3-- ,brazil4 ,mexico4 ,we/ ,indies4 ,p]u & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,cultivation ( ,cotton 9 ,brazil4--,f a v remote p]iod1 cotton has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,brazil4 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury hi/orians ref] to ! uses to :i* cotton 0 put at t "t4 ,seguro1 9 8 "w describ+ ! cu/oms ( ! anci5t p :o liv$ 9 ! ,amazon valleys1 says t ! arr[s us$ 9 connection ) _! bl[guns 7 cov]$ ) cotton4 ,x is probable t1 be=e ! dawn ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! cultivation ( cotton 0 practis$ m or less ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,up to ?irty ye>s ago1 x look$ z ?\gh ! cotton-gr[+ indu/ry 9 ,brazil 0 likely to be an increas+ & pr(itable bus9ess4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to _m causes1 ! trade has n gr[n z 0 to h be5 expect$4 ,among ! *ief ( ^! causes are3-- #a4 ,laxity ( me?od 9 cultivat+4 #b4 ,poor means ( transmission4 #c4 ,sev]e competition by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,di/urb$ condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,all ^! h help$ to keep d[n an indu/ry :i* at "o "t bade fair to be a s\rce ( great income to ! c\ntry4 ,tree ,cotton & ,h]bace\s ,cotton are bo? cultivat$ 9 ,brazil4 ,! be/ k9ds ( ,sea ,isl&s h be5 tri$1 b h n succe$$4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! me?ods ( cultivation pursu$ 9 ,brazil are exce$+ly primitive & irregul>4 ,no su* ?+ z pl\gh+ or prep>+ ( ! soil is adopt$4 ,! only prep>ation seems to be to rid ! l& ( cotton /umps1 & ?is is done 9 a some:at c>eless & indiff]5t mann]4 ,x w\ld seem t z little lab\r z possible is exp5d$ ^u ! l& 9 prep>+ x = ! reception ( se$4 ,hilaire's aphorism--,no?+ 9 ?is c\ntry is less exp5sive1 or m productive1 ?an cotton culture--w\ld seem1 :5 ! facts ( ! :ole case are kn[n1 to be p]fectly w>rant$ s f> z ,brazil is conc]n$4 ,c]ta9ly1 f a climatic po9t ( view1 ?is c\ntry is exceptionally well fav\r$1 an equable & suitable temp]ature toge!r ) an adequate supply ( e>? & air1 moi/ure & ri* alluvial soils1 a long dry season = pick+ ext5d+ ov] _m weeks--all po9t to an ideal cotton-gr[+ area4 ,9 fact1 !re is no reason :y a crop ( at lea/ #dj1jjj1jjj bales %\ld n be obta9$ annually 9 ,brazil1 if ne$$4 ,at pres5t1 only ab\t "o ?ree-hundr$? "p ( ?is is gr[n4 ,! cotton-gr[+ c5tres are ,m9as ,g]aes1 ,bahia1 ,f]n&o de ,noronha1 ,rio ,janeiro1 ,sao ,paulo4 ,cotton ,cultivation 9 ,mexico4--,! cultivation ( cotton has = _m c5turies be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,mexico4 ,mu* ! same drawbacks exi/ "h z 9 ,brazil1 viz41 lack ( lab\r1 poor railway sy/em1 high rates = transmission1 & indiff]5t me?ods employ$ 9 cultivat+4 ,mexico enjoys a spl5did geographical position & w\ld prove1 if ! bus9ess-l habits & me?ods obta9$ z 9 case ( ! ,/ates1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s competitors ( its adjac5t ,nor!rn neighb\r4 ,! be/ cotton is produc$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,gu]r]o on ! ,ea/]n side1 ?\gh ! great] "p--ab\t "o half--( ! ,mexican crop is gr[n 9 ,laguna di/rict1 :i* lies 9 ! ,coahuila c\ntry4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct areas ( production 9 ,mexico1 viz41 along ! ,ea/]n coa/1 along ! ,we/]n coa/1 & on ! ,c5tral tablel&4 ,9 ! ,we/]n area irrigation is resort$ to4 ,9 ! ye> #ahih1 #ajj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cotton 7 gr[n1 ?\gh all or ne>ly all ( x 0 us$ at home4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s _m mills h be5 erect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?is w acc\nt = ! l>ge quantity ( cotton consum$ at home4 ,! poore/ ,mexican cotton is produc$ 9 ,*iapas4 ,acapulco1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,gr&e del ,norte ,riv]1 is ! *ief ,mexican cotton port on ! ,ea/]n coa/4 ,cotton-gr[+ 9 ,p]u4--,x w\ld be a difficult matt] to fix a "t :5 cotton 0 fir/ gr[n 9 ,p]u4 ,piz>ro1 :o conqu]$ ?is c\ntry e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 f\nd t ! natives 7 fully engag$ 9 ! gr[+ & sp9n+ ( cotton4 ,dr4 ,dabney1 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 /ates t he has se5 a clo? made ( cotton rec5tly tak5 f "o ( ! ,p]uvian mummies :i* mu/ be _m1 _m c5turies old4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! ,cotton plant is indig5\s to ,p]u4 ,?irty-five ye>s ago ,liv]pool receiv$ no less ?an #cjj1jjj p\nds weight ( cotton f ,p]u1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ov] #d1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury x exce$$ #f1jjj1jjj p\nds to ,engl& alone4 ,two k9ds ( ,p]uvian cotton are gr[n--smoo? & r\gh4 ,?is latt] is a r\gh1 /rong fibre1 & is exceptionally well adapt$ = mix+ ) wool 9 ! manufacture ( hosi]y1 & a great] "p ( ?is cotton com+ 9 ,engl& is us$ 9 ! hosi]y trade4 ,! plant f :i* x is produc$ is a p]5nial1 & = six or sev5 ye>s is said to give two crops a ye>4 ,ow+ to ! peculi>ly fav\rable climate ( ,p]u & ! suitability ( ! soil1 x is exce$+ly improbable t any /rong competitor w come to div]t ! ,p]uvian trade1 s t = "s "t yet we may look to ?is c\ntry supply+ ! hosi]y trade ) r\gh ,p]uvian cotton4 ,! importations ( ,p]uvian cotton into ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahid-ie 7 #bd1jjj bales2 = #ahie-if1 #bd1fjc bales2 = #ahif-ig1 #af1fjd bales4 ,! ,cultivation ( ,cotton 9 ,india4--,!re are o!r ,asiatic cotton fields besides ^? ( ,india1 viz41 ,*9a1 ,corea1 ,japan1 ! ,levant1 & ,russia 9 ,asia4 ,! t]m ,india w be us$ 9 a some:at re/rict$ s5se 9 ?is section1 & w cov] only t huge triangul>-%ap$ p59sula ly+ to ! s\? ( ,?ibet 9 ,asia4 ,x is #ahjj miles 9 wid? & ne>ly #bjjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,! total area1 n includ+ ,assam & ,burmah1 is ab\t #a1cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 ! native /ates alone cov]+ #eie1jjj squ>e miles4 ,out ( ! #bh ( ,nor? ,latitude ?r\gh :i* ,india /ret*es1 no less ?an #ae-a_/b are 9 ! tropics1 ! rema9d] be+ 9 ! ,temp]ate ,zone4 ,! climate1 ow+ to a numb] ( circum/ances1 su* z diff]5t altitudes & unev5 di/ribution ( moi/ure1 is exce$+ly v>i$4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ,april to ,septemb] ! sun1 dur+ ! day or "s "p ( x1 is ov]head4 ,consequ5tly ! heat receiv$ w be great] ?an ov] ! ocean at ! s\?1 tak+ a simil> area4 ,a direct cause ( ?is is ! />t+ ( w9ds :i* receive ! "n ( monsoons4 ,^! bl[ f ! ,s4,w41 & br+ va/ quantities ( moi/ure ) !m4 ,?is moi/ure-lad5 w9d is p>tially robb$ ( its load z x /rikes ! ,we/]n ,ghats & consequ5tly mu* moi/ure is deposit$ "h1 giv+ rise to _m valuable riv]s :i* wat] ! ,deccan or ,c5tral ,tablel& ( ,india4 ,! ,mahanuddy1 ,godav>i1 ,kri/na1 & ,kauv>i are riv]s f$ by ! ,s4,w4 monsoon4 ,!n1 aga91 ! l[-ly+ l&s ne> ! m\? ( ! ,indus1 ! great des]t ( ,rajputana1 ! p59sula ( ,guj]at & ! di/rict ( ,malwa--all all[1 by reason ( _! l[-ly+ nature1 ! ,s4,w4 w9ds to pass ov] !m lad5 z !y are ) va/ quantities ( moi/ure4 ,!y travel on till !y meet ! ,himalayas1 :]e aga9 !y help to swell ! volume ( ! wat]s 9 ! riv]s ,ganges & ,indus4 ,:5 ! ,n4,e4 monsoons bl[ !y d n c>ry any?+ l ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* ! ,s4,w4 monsoons d1 z _! areas ( collection are v mu* m limit$4 ,consequ5tly ?is "p ( ! ye> is usually a dry "o 7viz41 f ,octob] to ,m>*74 ,?us x w be se5 t ! great pla9 ( ,s\!rn ,india is mu* less wat]$ ?an ! m ,nor!rly portions & consequ5tly is mu* less f]tile4 ,?is fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d z ! cotton-gr[+ areas are describ$ & indicat$4 ,india1 :i* gr[s m cotton ?an any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w 7! ,/ates except$71 may be said to possess f\r di/9ct areas = ! production ( comm]cial cotton4 ,!y are-- #a4 ,c5tral ,tablel& or ,deccan4 #b4 ,valley ( ! ,ganges4 #c4 ,we/]n ,india4 #d4 ,s\!rn ,india4 & ! above ord] %[s !m also accord+ to _! comm]cial importance4 ,c5tral ,di/rict4--,?is is a va/ plateau b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ,v9dhya m\nta9s1 on ! ea/ & we/ by ! ,ghats ( ^? names1 & on ! s\? by ! ,riv] ,kri%na4 ,z is to be expect$1 ! collect+ & export+ ( ! cottons gr[n 9 ?is di/rict are done at ,bombay4 ,! f9e/ cottons gr[n 9 ,india are produc$ 9 ?is region4 ,f\r c5tres /& out prom95tly 9 ! production ( cotton1 viz41 ,dh>w>1 ,hyd]abad1 ,nagpore & ,b]>4 ,! soils g5]ally 9 ! ,deccan are v ri* & capable ( reta9+ moi/ure dur+ ! gr[+ t]m ( ! plant's life4 ,:at are kn[n z ! black soils ( ,india are to be f\nd pl5tifully 9 ?is di/rict1 & ^! are exce$+ly ri* 9 m9]al matt]4 ,nagpore %\ld specially be nam$1 z x is 9 ?is prov9ce t ! f9e/ cotton gr[n 9 all ,india is produc$1 viz43-- ,h+unghat ,cotton4 ,oomrawattee ,cotton is ! "n giv5 to a special k9d :i* is produc$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b]>4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,oomras4 ,?is di/rict lies 9 ! ,nizam's ,dom9ions & is wat]$ by sev]al tribut>ies ( ! ,tapti & ,godiv>i4 ,x possesses a soil :i* = ri*ness & f]tility has no equal 9 ,india4 ,) ! exception ( ,b5gal1 ?is di/rict is m pl5tifully suppli$ ) riv]s ?an any o!r "p ( ,india4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,an ,indian cotton field4 ,! ,dh>w> di/rict is not$ = its cottons1 = two or ?ree reasons4 ,x 0 9 ?is region t 9 #ahdb ,new ,orleans cotton 0 plant$ ) a view to its ultimately be+ cultivat$ "h4 ,z ! climate & soil are v simil> to "s ( ! di/ricts 9 ! ,mississippi valley1 x succe$$ beyond anticipation4 ,dh>w> lies ,s4 ,w4 ( ! prov9ce ( ,hyd]abad ne> ! sea1 & almo/ t\*es #ae ,n4 ,latitude4 ,! ,valley ( ! ,ganges ,di/rict _c be said to gr[ v good cotton1 ?\gh x 0 9 ?is region1 at ,dacca1 t 9 =m] days ! cotton :i* 0 aft]w>d made into ! celebrat$ ,dacca musl9 0 gr[n4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! fibre produc$ 9 ?is di/rict comes f two c5tres3 7#a7 ,bundelkh&1 :i* lies #gi ,e4 ,long41 & #be ,n4 ,latitude 7?is is v ne> to ,allahabad71 & 7#b7 ,doab4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 describ+ ! monsoons1 ^! two c5tres suff] by reason ( dr\ghts1 ow+ ma9ly to _! geographical position4 ,!y are subject also to sev]e floods1 :i* are c]ta9ly aga9/ successful cultivation ( cotton4 ,! entire crop ( ! ,nor? ,we/ ,prov9ces may be said to come f ! di/ricts ( ,doab & ,bundelkh&4 ,we/]n ,india ,di/rict4--,! ?ree c5tres = ! production ( cotton 9 ! we/1 may be said to be ,p59sula ( ,guz]at1 ! ,isl& ( ,cut* & ! ,delta di/rict ( ! ,indus nam$ ,s9d4 ,! :ole ( ^! prov9ces lies 9 :at may be call$ a dry area1 miss+1 z 0 %[n1 mu* ( ! ,s4 ,w4 monsoon1 :i* ultimately f9ds its way across c\ntry to ! ,himalayas4 ,consequ5tly !re w be little ra9fall 9 ?is area1 ,s9d & ,cut* n m ?an #aj in*es1 "s p>ts ( ,guz]at hav+ mu* m4 ,?is has a v s]i\s effect ^u ! quality ( ! cotton produc$4 ,! ,surat1 ,broa* & ,s9d ,cottons1 all poor types1 are all gr[n 9 ?is "p ( ,india4 ,s\!rn ,india ,di/rict4--,?is lies 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,resid5cy ( ,madras1 & ea/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,travancore4 ,! ,nilgiris & ,%ev>oy ,hills are f\nd "h1 z are also ! ,cauv]y & ,vaigai ,riv]s4 ,! cotton di/ricts be/ kn[n are ,coimbatore & ,t9nevelley1 bo? ( :i* are admirably situat$ & well wat]$4 ,! ,calicut ( fame :i* gave rise to ! "n ,calico is also 9 ?is di/rict4 ,t9nevelley lies almo/ at ! extreme s\? ( ,india on ! ,gulf ( ,mana> opposite to ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,its cotton is well kn[n1 b is ( a poor type4 ,z f> back z #ahdg1 exp]im5ts c>ri$ out "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,dr4 ,wright prov$ t ?is di/rict 0 v suitable = ! cultivation ( ,am]ican cotton4 ,a fact int]e/+ z well z in/ructive is giv5 by him to ! effect t 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,india ! crops univ]sally fail$ :]e gr[n f ! native se$1 :ile ^? gr[n f ,am]ican se$ realis$ v fair am\nts--bett] ev5 ?an 7 obta9$ :5 good crops 7 got aft] us+ ,indian se$4 ,! me?ods ( prep>+1 plant+1 & cultivat+ ! ,indian ,plants are exce$+ly antiquat$4 ,9 b few di/ricts are any?+ l mod]n me?ods practis$4 ,advantage h[ev] is tak5 ( ! p]iod j prec$+ ! ra9 monsoon & ?is diff]s a little accord+ to ! di/rict4 ,?us 9 ,b5gal1 ,b]>1 & ,broa*1 ,may & ,june are usually tak5 = scantily prep>+ ! l&1 & 9 ,madras & ,dh>w>1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,?is consi/s ( turn+ ov] ! soil & bury+ ! old ,cotton plants ( ! previ\s season :i* h be5 all[$ to rot4 ,z no f]tilis]s are us$1 ^! roots & bran*es at be/ make a v poor sub/itute4 ,pl\gh+1 hoe+ & o!r agricultural op]ations are ( ! rude/ types & ox5 are us$ = almo/ ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( heavy lab\r4 ,f>m implem5ts1 ge>+ c>ts1 etc41 are all ( a /yle & diff] v little f ^? us$ c5turies ago4 ,! se$s are s[n broadca/1 & almo/ ev]y?+ is done by h&4 ,! plantations z a rule are mu* small] ?an ^? 9 ,am]ica1 runn+ f #e to #cj acres4 ,on ! l>g] plantations ! cotton is cultivat$ ma9ly by paid lab\r]s4 ,! foll[+ table1 by ,%epp]son1 %[s ! acreage devot$ to cotton ( ! diff]5t /ates 9 ,india3-- ,bombay & ,s9d #e1jba1jjj acres4 ,punjaub #a1agg1jjj ,n4 ,w4 ,prov9ces #a1dbd1jjj ,b5gal #aec1jjj ,rajputana #edi1jjj ,c5tral ,india #ejc1jjj ,b]> #b1cjg1jjj ,c5tral ,prov9ces #faf1jjj ,hyd]abad 7,nizam's7 #b1cjh1jjj ,madras #a1fee1jjj ,mysore ,assam #bcj1jjj ,burmah 7,l[]7 ,burmah 7,upp]7 ,ajm]e & ,meyw>a #dj1jjj ---------- #ae1ihc1jjj ,bombay1 ,kurra*ee1 ,calcutta1 ,madras1 ,tuticor9 & ,cocanada are ! *ief ,indian cotton ports4 ,cotton-gr[+ 9 ,russia 9 ,asia4--,ly+ imm$iately nor? ( ,p]sia & ,afghani/an & s\? ( ,khirghiz ,/eppes lies an imm5se area mu* ( :i* is n[ be+ cultivat$ & mo/ ( x v fit = ! production ( cotton4 ,! ,sea ( ,ural has runn+ into x two v l>ge riv]s1 ,amu ,d>ia & ! ,syr ,d>ia1 & x is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! two riv]s :]e we f9d by f> ! greate/ weight ( cotton ( ,turke/an produc$4 ,!re are f\r important areas1 viz41 ,syr ,d>ia1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ,ta%k5d2 ,f]gana1 :i* lies betwe5 ,sam>c& & ,bokh>a2 ! di/rict ( ,sam>c& itself2 & ,m]v1 :i* /&s on ! ,ov]l& ,railway4 ,x appe>s t _m attempts 7 made to introduce cottons ( v>i\s types into ?is locality1 b mo/ ( ! delicate species fail$4 ,! ,upl& ( ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 surviv$1 & has cont9u$ to succe$1 ?anks to ! valuable help :i* ! ,gov]nm5t gave 9 ! way ( in/ruction & di/ribution ( free se$4 ,! fir/ ,gov]nm5t cotton plantation 0 comm5c$ at ,ta%k5d1 "o ( ! t]m9i ( ! ,transcaspian ,railway4 ,eight ye>s ago !re 7 upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( a million acres devot$ to cotton cultivation4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican ,w> 7t p]iod :i* quick5$ all ! cotton-gr[+ c5tres ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e7 ! production ( fibre may be said to h comm5c$ 9 e>ne/ 9 ,turke/an1 & s late ago z #ahij no less ?an =ty-five & a half million p\nds ( good fibre 7 gr[n4 ,ta%k5d1 x w\ld appe>1 promises to hold its own1 z x is det]m9$ to practise ! be/ & mo/ sci5tific me?ods 9 ! gr[? ( cotton2 9 fact1 9 v few c5tres outside ?is di/rict1 old & out ( date op]ations are foll[$4 ,ev5 9 ! di/ricts ( ,f]gana & ,sam>c&1 ! old wood5 pl\gh call$ a sokha is /ill 9 use4 ,se$1 z 9 ! case ( ,india1 is mo/ly s[n broadca/1 & v little prep>+ ( ! l& is done4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ^! defici5cies1 good crops are rais$ 9 _m di/ricts1 capital soil & a mo/ equable climate mak+ up = ! %ortcom+s ( ! plant]4 ,! =mation ( ! ,transcaspian ,railway _c b h an important influ5ce ^u ! cotton-gr[+ indu/ry 9 ,turke/an1 runn+ z x does ?r\gh ! v he>t ( ! be/ l& 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,bohk>a annually produces ov] #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cotton ( ! h]bace\s type1 & ,khiva1 ano!r di/rict ly+ /ill fur!r ea/ ( ^? already m5tion$1 ov] #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,ly+ betwe5 ! ,caspian ,sea & ,black ,sea1 lies ano!r di/rict nam$ ,transcaucasia1 :i* yields l>ge supplies ( cotton4 ,x has #ajj1jjj acres devot$ to cotton1 giv+ ov] #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds p] annum4 ,nor? ( ,kokan1 on ! riv] ,syr ,d>ia1 is a ris+ cotton di/rict nam$ ,khoj5d1 :]e annually #c1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cotton ( ! ,am]ican type are rais$4 ,:5 we consid] t ! quantity ( cotton c>ri$ by ! ,transcaspian ,railway s9ce #ahhh has m ?an quadrupl$1 & t 9 t5 ye>s ! quantity %ipp$ has be5 increas$ f qu>t] ( a million p\nds to ov] #gb1jjj1jjj p\nds1 we c q appreciate ! significance ( ! /atem5t t be=e long ,russia w be able to gr[ all h] own cotton = ! m$ium & l[] numb]s ( y>ns4 ,cotton-gr[+ 9 ,*9a1 ,corea & ,japan4--,japan1 ! l& ( ! *rysan!mum1 = _m ye>s n[ has be5 develop+ cotton-gr[+ z well z cotton manufactur+4 ,f evid5ce :i* ! cold type ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade gives1 ,japan bids fair to l>gely increase h] trade ) ,india to ! disadvantage ( ! pres5t suppli]s4 ,cotton-gr[+ has be5 practis$ = "s c5turies 9 ,japan1 b x 0 n until ! sev5te5? c5tury t any?+ l progress c\ld be report$4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t ! gr[? has be5 gradually on ! increase4 ,japan prop] consi/s ( ! ,isl&s ( ,niphon1 ,kiusiu1 ,%ikoku1 ,yesso1 & an imm5se numb] ( small] isl&s4 ,cotton cultivation is c>ri$ on ma9ly on ! fir/ ?ree isl&s nam$1 & 9 ! foll[+ di/ricts3--,san ,indo1 ,wakayama1 ,osaka1 ,kuantoeb5e1 ,hita*i & ,suo4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! cotton gr[n 9 ! be/ areas is good1 ?\gh mu* ( an inf]ior k9d is produc$4 ,! mo/ s\!rly area ( ,wakayama 9 ,niphon yields ! be/ cotton ( ,japan4 ,! l5g? ( ! fibre g5]ally is mu* less ?an ! h]bace\s k9d4 ,ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! entire arable l& is n[ "u cultivation = cotton4 ,z a rule1 me?ods & processes are ( a primitive k9d4 ,cotton-gr[+ 9 ,corea4--,ly+ directly to ! we/ ( ,japan1 ?is va/ p59sula has ( late ye>s be5 develop+ its cotton-gr[+4 ,five c5turies ago cotton 0 import$ f ,*9a1 & "o sees on e h& ! influ5ce ( ! ,cele/ials4 ,! cultivat$ plant is ( ! p]5nial type1 ?\gh x is plant$ annually1 ! old plants be+ dug up & burn$1 ! a% be+ us$ z a f]tilis]4 ,/ati/ics at pres5t are n to be reli$ ^u1 ?\gh x is suppos$ t some?+ l ?ree qu>t]s ( a million acres are n[ "u cultivation1 giv+ on ! av]age ab\t #bej p\nds ( cotton l9t4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,japan v little ( ?is is export$1 all ( x or ne>ly s be+ spun & wov5 at home on ! mo/ primitive ( ma*9es4 ,! *ief di/ricts engag$ 9 gr[+ cotton1 ne>ly all ( :i* lie 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! p59sula1 are ,hwang-,hi1 ,ky5g-,sang1 ,*el-,la1 ,ky5g ,kwi1 & ,*ung ,*eog4 ,cotton-gr[+ 9 ,*9a4--,ow+ to ! great difficulty ( obta9+ any reliable /ati/ical in=mation1 x is impossible to give any?+ approa*+ accuracy z to numb] ( p\nds ( cotton produc$ annually1 or numb] ( acres devot$ to ! cultivation ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is kn[n1 t = _m c5turies cotton cultivat+ has be5 foll[$ & t !re has be5 )9 rec5t ye>s a great increase 9 ! weight ( ! cotton crop z well z 9 ! acreage4 ,! type ( plant mo/ g5]ally cultivat$ is ! h]bace\s1 & ! cotton result+ is only poor 9 quality4 ,little or no prep>ation is made be=e s[+ se$1 :i* is g5]ally done broadca/4 ,z a result !re is mu* ov]cr[d+1 & z is inevitable1 !re is produc$ a /ubby plant ) small bolls & mu* unripe cotton4 ,on ! t]races ( ! hillsides some?+ approa*+ cultivation is pursu$1 ) ! result ( a bett] crop4 ,usually tw5ty weeks int]v5e betwe5 plant+ & pick+1 ?is latt] op]ation be+ mo/ly ! "w ( *ildr5 & wom54 ,! old cotton /alks are aft]w>d collect$ & dri$ = fuel4 ,v few l>ge plantations exi/ 9 ,*9a1 mo/ ( !m be+ only a few acres 9 ext5t4 ,b little ( ! cotton gr[n at home is export$1 mo/ ( x be+ spun & wov5 by wom51 ?\gh "s ( ! fibre is s5t to ,japan4 ,cultivation ( ,cotton 9 ,egypt4--,x is n[ ov] ?irty ye>s s9ce ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 ! great ,african travell]1 wrote ^! words3 ,! ,nile might be s controll$ t ! enorm\s volume ( wat] t n[ ru%es uselessly into ! ,m$it]ranean might be l$ ?r\gh ! des]ts1 to trans=m !m into cotton fields t w\ld r5d] ,engl& indep5d5t ( ,am]ica4 ,! crop = ! season #aijj-ja 0 no less ?an #a1bbd1jjj bales ( #ejj p\nds ea*4 ,t5 ye>s ago only #hfh1jjj acres 7 devot$ to cotton cultivation z aga9/ #a1cej1jjj acres laid d[n to-day4 ,ev]y?+1 !n1 po9ts to ,sir ,samuel ,bak]'s /atem5t becom+ an actual fact mu* soon] ?an ! fam\s travell] himself anticipat$4 ,egypt enjoys _m advantages ov] h] competitors across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 %e c get almo/ twice z mu* cotton f ! acre1 s productive is ! soil4 ,lab\r is *eap]1 & ! plant itself :5 "y is n subject to ! deva/at+ fro/s s (t5 met ) 9 ,am]ica4 ,egypt is divid$ into ?ree great areas3--,l[] ,egypt1 :i* includes ! :ole ( ! ,delta ( ! ,nile2 ,upp] ,egypt2 & ,nubia4 ,x is 9 ! fir/-nam$ di/rict :]e ! :ole ( ,egyptian cotton is produc$4 ,at ! pres5t "t imm5se sums are be+ sp5t on irrigation & dra9age works1 & z ^! are ext5d$ ! areas devot$ to cotton production w greatly increase4 ,at ! pres5t "t five di/9ct v>ieties ( cotton are cultivat$-- ,mitafifi4 ,bamia4 ,abbasi4 ,gall9i4 ,a%m\ni-,ham\li4 ,! latt] v>iety 0 orig9ally kn[n by a diff]5t "n1 ,mako ,jumel4 ,= a long "t ,a%m\ni cotton 0 ! pr9cipal fibre export$1 b ,mitafifi is n[ 9 ! front ( all ! o!r ,egyptian cottons4 ,a notewor?y fact 9 connection ) ,a%m\ni is1 t its cultivation is on ! decl9e4 ,sea ,isl&s ,gall9i--z x 0 sometimes call$--has practically ceas$ to be cultivat$4 ,( ,mitafifi & ,bamia fibres1 ,mr4 ,h&y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 says3 ,! ,mitafifi 0 discov]$ by a ,greek m]*ant 9 ! village ( t "n4 ,! se$ has a blui% tuft at ! extremity1 :i* attract$ ! m]*ant's att5tion1 & on plant+ x he f\nd t x possess$ decid$ advantage ov] ! old ,a%m\ni4 ,x is m h>dy1 & yields a great] proportion ( l9t to ! se$4 ,at fir/ f #cae p\nds ( se$ cotton1 #aab p\nds ( l9t 0 secur$1 & sometimes ev5 m4 ,x is n[ some:at det]iorat$1 & r>ely yields s mu*1 av]ag+ ab\t #ajf p\nds ( l9t to #cae ( se$ cotton4 ,! ,mitafifi is a ri*] & d>k] br[n ?an ! ,a%m\ni4 ,! fibre is long1 v /rong1 & f9e to ! t\*1 & is 9 great dem&4 ,9 fact1 x controls ! m>ket4 ,next to ,mitafifi1 ,bamia is p]haps ! mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ v>iety 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,x 0 discov]$ by a ,copt 9 #ahgc4 ,! plant is ( l>ge size & c\rse gr[?4 ,x is lat] & less h>dy ?an ,mitafifi1 & ! fibre is poor z comp>$ ) t ( ,mitafifi & ,abbasi1 light & br[n 9 col\r1 & n v /rong4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ?is v>iety is inf]ior to ,mitafifi 9 yield1 h>d9ess & l5g? & /r5g? ( fibre4 ,o!r places :]e ,cotton is gr[n4--,9 ,africa1 on ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s1 l>ge quantities ( cotton are produc$4 ,! foll[+ c\ntries are specially suitable to ! gr[? ( cotton3 ,s\dan1 ,s5egambia1 ,congo ,riv]1 ,free ,/ates1 & ,lib]ia4 ,possibly1 :5 ^! di/ricts are m op5$ up to outside trade1 & ,european capital & lab\r are exp5d$1 abundant supplies ( cotton fibre w be giv54 ,cotton is also gr[n 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 at ,java1 ,sumatra1 & ,malay ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies =m]ly1 l>ge supplies 7 yield$1 b ow+ to ! cultivation ( o!r crops t ( cotton has /eadily decl9$4 ,greece & ,turkey bo? yield cotton :i* goes by ! "n ( ,levant ,cotton4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,cotton ,,fibre4 ,?is /ory w\ld be v incomplete if "s ref]5ce 7 n made to ! wond]ful assi/ance :i* has be5 giv5 to ! /udy ( cotton fibre by ! microscope4 ,z se5 by its help1 "s /rik+ peculi>ities at once make !mselves app>5t4 ,x is propos$1 briefly1 9 ?is *apt]1 to d ?ree ?+s3 #a4 ,to describe ! con/ruction ( a suitable in/rum5t suffici5t = a complete exam9ation ( fibres 9 g5]al4 #b4 ,to indicate ! *ief microscopic features ( cotton fibres4 #c4 ,to %[ h[ to exactly measure ! l5g?s & diamet]s ( fibres by means ( micromet]s4 ,fir/1 z to ! in/rum5t3 a good sub/antial /& is desirable1 "o t w n readily vibrate4 ,! microscope %[n 9 ,fig4 #f is a *eap & comm5dable =m1 & good "w c be done by ?is in/rum5t1 :i* is made by ,ross1 ,london4 ,! /& c>ries ! body-tube1 & at ! l[] end is plac$ ! objective1 s call$1 because ! image ( ! object 7:i* re/s ^u ! /age z %[n7 "u exam9ation is fir/ focuss$ by x & convey$ along ! body-tube4 ,! top end ( ! said tube conta9s ! eye-piece1 s nam$ because by its aid ! eye is all[$ to receive ! image duly focuss$ & enl>g$4 ,z a rule1 beg9n]s "w ) "o objective only1 g5]ally a "o in*4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #f4--,microscope 9 position = draw+ objects4 ,a mu* high] p[] ?an ?is is necess>y if ! fibre 9 "q is to be se5 at its be/1 & = ! purpose ( ?is *apt] a qu>t] in* objective w be us$4 ,und]nea? ! /age1 :i* is pi]c$ by a circul> ap]ture1 is a diaphragm4 ,?is regulates ! quantity ( light :i* is to be transmitt$ by means ( ! silv]$ reflector %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,z a rule1 two reflectors are fix$ 9 ! same hold]2 "o a concave mirror1 ! o!r a plane "o4 ,! =m] br+s ! rays ( light to a po9t or focus :ile ! latt] simply passes ! beam ( light along j z x receiv$ x1 viz41 z a p>allel beam ( light4 ,9 exam9+ fibres ! concave mirror w be ( mo/ use4 ,an ord9>y lamp is usually good en\gh = ! light requir$1 ! "o figur$ be+ v suitable & hav+ a tube-l arrangem5t ( wick4 ,beh9d ! body-tube are two =ms ( adju/m5t1 co>se & f9e4 ,! latt] is work$ by means ( ! mill$ screw1 conical 9 %ape1 :i* is f\nd imm$iately beh9d ! co>se adju/m5t4 ,! op]ator is suppos$ to h _h "s slight exp]i5ce 9 ! manipulation ( ! microscope4 ,! slide is n[ plac$ ^u ! /age4 ,f9e ,sea ,isl&s cotton is m\nt$ 9 ,canada ,balsam & protect$ by a small circul> cov] glass4 ,n[ rack d[n ! body-tube by means ( ! co>se adju/m5t until )9 #a_/af ( an in* ( ! cov]-glass ( ! slide4 ,n[ see t ! light f ! lamp is fully on ! cotton /r&s4 ,rack up or d[n1 z ! case may be1 ) ! f9e adju/m5t1 & a wond]ful sight meets ! eye1 = ! cotton view$ ?r\gh ! microscope is altoge!r unlike :at we %\ld expect x to be4 ,runn+ completely across ! field are a numb] ( /r&s1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness1 =m & natural twi/4 ,:at is meant by natural twi/ is v cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,mo/ p h se5 india-rubb] tub+ or pip+ su* z is us$ 9 ! *emical laboratory or t (t5 f\nd atta*$ to fe$+ bottles4 ,take ab\t a foot ( ?is & hold "o end firmly4 ,ab/ract ! air by means ( ! m\?1 & x w be f\nd t imm$iately ! air is tak5 out ! tube collapses4 ,n[ if ! rubb] be v>iable 9 ?ickness1 "h & !re along ^! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance w be f\nd c]ta9 twi/s1 & x is ! same k9d ( twi/s :i* c be s di/9ctly se5 z ! cotton fibre is view$ ?r\gh ! microscope4 ,!y are exce$+ly irregul> 9 numb]1 on equal l5g?s ( ! same s+le fibre4 ,:5 !y run = "s l5g?1 & are fairly regul>1 ! edges appe> l wavy l9es or corrugations4 ,x w n[ be se5 by ! read] :y ^! twi/s are s invaluable 9 sp9n+3 lock+ & int]tw9+ ) ea* o!r1 !y mat]ially assi/ ! sp9n] 9 build+ up a long & cont9u\s ?read4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #g4--,transv]se & longitud9al sections ( cotton fibre4 ,!n1 too1 are to be se5 ly+ close to ! regul>ly twi/$ fibres a numb] ( o!rs :i* are v l ribbons1 ) "h & !re an apology = a twi/1 & fur!r1 a c>eful scrut9y w be rew>d$ by f9d+ 9 :at is reput$ly ! be/ cotton a numb] ( filam5ts :i* d n display any twi/s :atev] & are v mu* l ! r\nd tub+ ref]r$ to a little :ile ago4 ,o!rs aga9 are q flat1 )\t any di/+ui%+ twi/s :atev]4 ,^! are said to be ! half-ripe & unripe fibres1 & give mu* tr\ble lat] on 7if work$ up ) good cotton7 to ! dy] & sp9n]4 ,z ! slide conta9+ ! cotton is mov$ lat]ally1 x w be se5 t ?is twi/+ ( ! fibre is cont9u$ = almo/ ! :ole l5g?1 & z _m z #cjj twi/s h be5 c\nt$ on a s+le filam5t4 ,9 "s1 ! fibre tap]s slightly1 becom+ m & m cyl9drical z ! end mo/ remote f ! se$ is approa*$1 until x is q solid4 ,^! /iff ends soon disappe> aft] ! cotton has be5 treat$ 9 ! e>ly processes ( manufacture4 ,?us !re may be f\nd 9 almo/ e sample ( cotton :at are call$ ripe1 half-ripe & unripe cotton4 ,! la/-nam$ k9d result f-- #a4 ,ga!r+ ! crop be=e ! boll is prop]ly rip5$ & matur$4 #b4 ,bad seasons2 too mu* moi/ure & too little heat4 ,!n aga9 9 ! same boll all fibres d n rip5 toge!r j z all apples on ! same tree d n rip5 toge!r4 ,immature or unripe cotton _c be dy$1 & :5 small :ite specks are se5 9 any dy$ fabric !y are (t5 due to ! fact t unripe cotton has be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! clo?4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,cotton ,fibre4--,?is is n at all a difficult matt]1 & ! ord9>y /ud5t may1 by means ( v simple & inexp5sive app>atus1 obta9 fairly satisfactory results 9 ! measurem5t ( fibres4 ,!re is a *oice ( "o ( ?ree me?ods1 viz43-- #a4 ,by hav+ ! me*anical /age s arrang$ t ! slighte/ displacem5t ei!r to ! left or "r c be measur$1 & hav+ ! eye-piece s m>k$ 7g5]ally a hair /ret*$ across x7 t :5 an object is to be measur$1 "o side ( x is made to co9cide ) ?is c5tral l9e & ! /age rack is work$ left or "r until ! opposite side ( ! object is br\ght co9cid5t ) ! c5tral l9e aga92 ! am\nt ( displacem5t c !n be readily obta9$ on ref]r+ to ! graduat$ /age4 #b4 ,by hav+ a /age micromet] & cam]a lucida4 #c4 ,by hav+ two micromet]s1 a /age micromet] & eye-piece micromet]4 ,?is latt] me?od is c]ta9ly ! lea/ exp5sive1 & = all practical purposes c be safely recomm5d$4 ,a /age micromet] consi/s ( a slip ( glass #c #a on :i* are m>k$ divisions ( an in*1 usually #a_/ajj?s & #a_/ajjj?s4 ,z a rule ^! m>k+s are protect$ by means ( a small cov]-glass4 ,eye-piece micromet]s v>y mu* 9 =m1 size & value1 b ! "o :i* is "h describ$ is ( ! simple/ type4 ,x consi/s ( two circul> pieces ( glass c>efully cem5t$ toge!r4 ,on "o ( ! inn] surfaces are m>k$ usually ! #a_/ajj?s divisions ( an in*4 ,9 "s #a_/bjj?s are m>k$4 ,if ! top l5se ( ! eye-piece be unscrew$1 a diaphragm w be f\nd on :i* ! eye-piece micromet] w easily re/4 ,screw on ! top l5se aga9 &1 g5]ally1 ! eye-piece w be ready = use4 ,if ! micromet] is n prop]ly 9 focus aft] a few trials1 x may easily be made "r4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to measure ! diamet] ( a s+le fibre ( ,sea ,isl&s cotton1 fit 9 ! qu>t] in* objective & place ! /age micromet] 9 position on ! /age4 ,fir/1 focus ! f9e l9es :i* are pla9ly to be se51 & rememb] ! l9es :i* are f>!/ ap>t are #a_/ajj? ( an in*2 ! o!rs #a_/ajjj? ( an in*4 ,z a rule1 ^! l9es run f ,n4 to ,s4 ( ! field2 9 o!r words1 f top to bottom across ! circles ( light4 ,n[ look at ! divisions 9 ! eye-piece micromet]1 :i* are #a_/ajj? ( an in* ap>t4 ,x w be f\nd (t5 t an exact numb] ( ^! divisions fill up "o ( ! #a_/ajj? divisions ( ! /age micromet] m>k+s4 ,if an exact numb] are n f\nd1 ! draw-tube at ! top end ( ! body-tube %\ld be )drawn until an exact numb] is f\nd to lie )9 two l9es ( ! l[] micromet]4 ,suppose tw5ty-two ( ! spaces on ! eye-piece micromet] j cov] "o ( ! divisions 7#a_/ajj? ( an in*7 on ! /age micromet]4 ,!n x is cle> t ea* division ( ! =m] repres5ts #a_/ajj #a_/bb ( an in*1 or #a_/bbjj? ( an in*4 ,= e fre% objective us$1 a fre% e/imation ( eye-piece & /age micromet] ratio is necess>y4 ,hav+ n[ got 9 ! eye-piece micromet] a unit ( measurem5t1 x becomes a comp>atively easy matt] to measure ! fibre4 ,remove ! /age-micromet] & put a slide ( ,sea ,isl&s cotton 9 its place4 ,focus ! fibre & obs]ve ! numb] ( divisions or p>ts ( a division cov]$ by any p>ticul> fibre1 & its measurem5t is at once kn[n4 ,?us if a s+le filam5t cov]s two ( ! divisions !n x is #b_/bbjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or #a_/aajj? ( an in*4 ,exactly ! same me?od is adopt$ if x is desir$ to measure ! diamet]s ( sections ( ! same fibres4 ,! mak+ ( ! draw+ ( a fibre1 ei!r transv]se or horizontal section1 is n at all a difficult matt]4 ,all t is ne$$ is :at is kn[n z a cam]a lucida4 ,?is consi/s ( a brass fix+ = ! eye-piece end ( ! body-tube & a small reflect+ prism4 ,?is prism receives ! image ( ! objective1 & reflects x 9 ?is case at "r angles d[nw>d on to a %eet ( pap]1 :i* is plac$ b5ea? = ! purpose ( trac+ ! said image4 ,focus ! object1 fir/ hav+ ! microscope 9 a horizontal position4 ,?is w n be a difficult matt]4 ,n[ remove ! cap :i* fits on ! eye-piece1 & fix on ! cam]a lucida z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,adju/ ?is until ! image ( ! fibre is se54 ,usually "o or two smoke-col\r$ glasses are fix$ bel[ ! prism1 & ^! are n[ br\ght into position s z to all[ ! image ( ! fibre to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,place a %eet ( draw+ pap] directly "u ! cam]a lucida1 sitt+ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,aft] a few trials x w n be a difficult matt] to foll[ ! outl9e ( ! image by means ( a black lead on ! pap] z is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,9 ?is way _m useful work+ draw+s c be made1 & a little c>eful calculation w give ! amplification ( ! draw+ aft] x is made4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,plantation ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,clean+ ,,processes4 ,aft] _m mon?s ( anxi\s wat*+ & wait+1 t[>ds ! end ( ,july or e>ly 9 ,augu/1 ! plant] may be se5 to be con/antly & wi/fully look+ = ! appe>ance ( ! bur/+ bolls ( cotton4 ,daily 9 ! e>ly morn+s he is to be se5 ca/+ 8 eyes d[n ! pod-lad5 r[s ( cotton plants1 to see if he c c\nt a few ripe op5 bolls z he /&s at ! head ( a r[4 ,if ?is be s1 he kn[s t 8 h>ve/ is close at h&1 & 8 pick]s mu/ be ready at any mom5t to beg9 :at is c]ta9ly ! mo/ t$i\s & difficult "w ( ! plantation1 namely1 pick+ ! raw cotton f ! bur/+ bolls4 ,:ile ! plant] has be5 on ! look\t 9 ! fields1 necess>y & important op]ations h be5 go+ on inside 9 ! f>m outbuild+s4 ,sacks & baskets :i* c mo/ exp$iti\sly aid 9 ! removal ( ! pick$ cotton f ! field to ! g9n+ factory are be+ got ready4 ,to suit ! "y & old1 tall & small1 weak & /rong1 diff]5t siz$ bags & baskets are requir$1 & aft] ! m>k+ & br&+ ( ! same1 !y are ready = be+ put into use4 ,n[ ! pick+ ( cotton is n at all an easy op]ation1 long cont9u\s b5d+1 a hot sun 7= x is a rule sc>cely ev] brok5 t cotton mu/ n be pluck$ unless ! sun is %9+ ^u x71 a con/antly increas+ weight r\nd ! neck or on ! arm1 monoton\s pick+ ( ! cotton f ! bolls )\t br++ away any ( ! husk or leaf--all t5d to make ! "w ( ! pick] v try+ & tiresome4 ,! plantation h&s mu/ be e>ly at "w1 & :ile ! day is v "y !y are to be se5 w5d+ _! way1 ready to beg9 :5 ! sun makes its appe>ance4 ,(t5 ! clo!s ( ! work]s are q wet ) ! e>ly morn+ dews4 ,?is is specially ! case 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,by t5 o'clock a hot blaz+ sun /reams d[n ^u ! pick]s z !y dilig5tly relieve ! heavy-lad5 bu%es ( ! :ite fleecy load ( cotton4 ,z ea* pick] fills 8 or h] bag1 x is quickly empti$ into a l>g] receptacle1 & ultimately c>ri$ away to ! g9 h\se1 :]e x is desirable ! cotton %\ld be h\s$ be=e ! night dews come on & consequ5tly damage mat]ially ! cotton :i* ! pick]s h be5 c>eful to pick :ile ! sun 0 on x4 ,mr4 ,lyman1 9 8 book on ! ,cotton ,culture 9 ! ,/ates1 says3 ,x seems l v easy "w to ga!r a mat]ial :i* %[s itself 9 su* abundance z fairly to :it5 ! field1 b let ! sceptic or ! grumbl] take a bag on 8 %\ld]s & />t 9 betwe5 a c\ple ( r[s4 ,he w f9d ^u tak+ hold ( ! fir/ boll t ! fibres are q firmly atta*$ to ! int]ior l9+ ( ! pod1 & if he makes a quick snat*1 ?9k+ to ga!r ! entire lock1 he w only te> x 9 two1 or leave consid]able adh]+ to ! pod4 ,& yet he may notice t an exp]i5c$ pick] w ga!r ! cotton & lay 8 f+]s into ! middle ( ! op5 pod ) a c]ta9 exp]tness :i* only practice gives1 ! effect ( :i* is to cle> ! :ole pod ) "o movem5t ( ! h&4 ,kn[+ h[ int5sely monoton\s & dre>y ! "w ( cotton pick+ is1 ,mr4 ,lyman advises ! plant]s to all[ a v fair am\nt ( lib]ty s f> z m]rymak+ is conc]n$1 & he says on ?is po9t t ?\gh too mu* talk+ & s++ mu/ int]f]e ) lab\r1 x is e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to e cotton gr[] to take c>e to secure *e]fulness if n hil>ity 9 ! field4 ,rememb] t x is a v sev]e /ra9 ^u ! pati5ce & spirits ( any "o1 to be urg$ to rapid lab\r ( precisely ! same description day by day1 week by week1 mon? by mon?4 ,let !re be refre%m5ts at ! baskets1 a di% ( hot c(fee 9 a cool morn+1 or a pail ( butt]milk 9 a hot aft]noon1 or a tub ( sweet5$ wat]1 or a basket ( apples4 ,z a rule ! cotton ga!r$ on "o f>m1 :i* has1 g5]ally speak+1 _h some?+ l uni=mity 9 me?od ( cultivation1 w produce cotton v>y+ v little 9 quality & weight4 ,h5ce on l>ge f>ms !re w be some?+ l uni=m quality ( cotton produc$4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be cle> to ! g5]al read] t on ! small f>ms ( ,india1 say :]e suffici5t _c be ga!r$ on "o f>m1 or p]haps on a few f>ms1 to make "o bale1 !re w n be t uni=mity :i* is desirable1 h5ce ,indian cotton1 especially ( ! poor] types1 v>ies a great deal m ?an ! ,am]ican v>ieties4 ,:5 ! h&s h ga!r$ suffici5t to fill ! c>ts drawn 9 ,am]ica usually by mules1 & 9 ,india by ox51 ! cotton is tak5 to h\ses 9 :i* ! se$s are sep>at$ f ! fibre4 ,?is process is call$ g9n+4 ,x is a/oni%+ to f9d h[ t5aci\sly ! fibres cl+ to ! se$ :5 an attempt is made to sep>ate !m4 ,at fir/ mu* loss 0 occasion$ because ( ! brutal me?ods employ$1 & n[ ev5 ) v mu* m p]fect ma*9]y a good deal ( ! cotton fibre is injur$ 9 ! g9n+ process4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,indian wom5 ) roll] g94 ,at pres5t1 mo/ ( ! cotton produc$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w is g9n$ by ma*9]y1 ?\gh 9 ,india & ,*9a foot g9s & o!r primitive types are /ill employ$4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t :]e a l>ge production ( cotton is desir$ ! foot g9 or ev5 :at is kn[n z ! ,*urka g9 7:i* consi/s ( a c\ple ( roll]s turn$ by h&7 is nev] employ$4 ,only a few p\nds a day ( cotton c be sep>at$ f ! se$s :5 ?is me?od is adopt$4 ,! foll[+ extract f a lecture by ! late ,sir ,b5jam9 ,dobson w be ( int]e/ "h1 z %[+ :at is done at an ,am]ican g9n]y3 ,! f>m] br+s ! cotton to ! mill 9 a waggon1 ) mules or ox5 atta*$2 ! cotton is weigh$1 & !n ?r[n out ( ! waggon into a hopp] alongside4 ,f ?is hopp] x is tak5 by an elevator1 or lift1 ei!r pneumatic or me*anical1 & rais$ to ! ?ird /ory ( ! g9n+ factory4 ,!re x is deliv]$ into ano!r "p ( ! room until requir$4 ,:5 ! cotton is to be g9n$ x is br\ght by rakes along ! floor to an op5 sort ( hopp] or trunk1 & f "h convey$ to ! g9s bel[ by travell+ lattices4 ,9 ! factory ( :i* ,i am speak+ !re 7 six g9s1 all ( !m saw-g9s4 ,ea* g9 0 provid$ ) a hopp] ( its own1 & ! att5dant1 :5 any hopp] 0 full1 c\ld ei!r div]t ! fe$ to "s o!r g91 z he requir$1 or /op x altoge!r4 ,! g9s produc$ f #cjj p\nds to #cej p\nds p] h\r4 ,! cotton is dropp$ f ! cond5s]1 9 front ( ! g91 ^u ! floor close to ! bal+ press1 into :i* x is rak$ by ! att5dant & bal$ loosely1 b only tempor>ily4 ,! se$ falls into a travell+ lattice1 & is conduct$ to a /raight cyl9drical tube1 9 :i* works a screw4 ,?is takes x "s "o hundr$ y>ds to ! oil mill4 ,!re ! se$ is dropp$ into :at are kn[n z 'l9t+' ma*9es1 & z mu* z possible ( ! l9t or fibre left ^u ! se$ is remov$4 ,^! l9t+ ma*9es--practically ano!r sort ( g9--deliv] ! cotton or wa/e 9 a k9d ( roll1 :i* is /raightway put beh9d a c>d+ eng9e4 ,com+ out ( ! c>d+ eng9e x is made into wadd+ by pa/+ x on c>dbo>d pap]1 = fill+ 9 quilts1 petticoats1 & = o!r purposes4 ,:5 ! se$ has pass$ ! l9t+ ma*9e1 x is tak51 /ill by a lattice1 to a hull+ ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e w take (f ! outside %ell1 :i* is pass$ to "o side1 :ile ! gre5 k]nel ( ! se$ goes d[n a %oot4 ,! se$ fills c]ta9 receptacles plac$ 9 ! oil press1 & is submitt$ to a hydraulic press4 ,! result is a cle> & sweet oil1 :i* ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ is sold 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries "u ! "n ( 'olive oil4' ,! rema9s ( ! gre5 k]nel are !n press$ into :at are t]m$ cattle cakes1 or oil cakes1 = fe$+ cattle4 ,b ! read] is probably ask+1 :at is a g9 l8 ,! illu/ration se5 9 ,fig4 #i is a g9 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! s+le-act+ ,mac>?y g91 s call$ because x has only "o oscillat+ blade = remov+ ! fibre f ! se$4 ,! back ( ! ma*9e is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?is process at ! be/ is a brutal "o1 especially :5 c]ta9 g9s are employ$1 b ! "o figur$ "h is consid]$ to d little damage to ! fibre :5 extract+ ! se$4 ,! g9 %[n 9 ,fig4 #i is ( simple con/ruction1 consi/+ ( a l>ge lea!r roll] ab\t #dj in*es 9 l5g? & #e 9 diamet]4 ,! roll] is built up by means ( solid wa%]s1 or 9 /rips fa/5$ on to wood1 aga9/ :i* is press$ a doctor knife4 ,! cotton is ?r[n into a hopp]1 &1 fall+1 is seiz$ by ! friction ( ! lea!r & drawn betwe5 ! doctor knife & ! lea!r surface4 ,:il/ ?is is tak+ place1 !re is a beat] knife :i* is reciprocat$ at a consid]able spe$ & :i* /rikes ! se$ atta*$ to ! cotton drawn away by ! lea!r roll]4 ,! deta*$ se$ w !n fall ?r\gh a grid provid$ = ! purpose4 ,a s+le-action g9 %\ld produce ab\t #cj p\nds ( clean$ cotton p] h\r4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #i4--,s+le-act+ ,mac>?y g94 ,ano!r g9 :i* does consid]able damage to fibre1 especially if x be ov]-f$1 is /ill 9 use 9 ! ,/ates4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( an ,am]ican nam$ ,eli ,:itney1 & has be5 nam$ a saw-g94 ,if ! read] c imag9e a numb] ( circul> saws 7su* z are to be se5 9 a wood-saw+ mill7 plac$ ne>ly toge!r on a %aft to =m an almo/ cont9u\s roll]1 he w h a good idea ( :at ! *ief "p ( a saw-g9 is l4 ,z ! cotton is f$ to ! ma*9e1 ! saws seize x & /rip ! cotton f ! se$s1 :i* fall ?r\gh grids plac$ bel[ ! saws4 ,! cotton is aft]w>d /ripp$ f ! saws !mselves by means ( a quickly revolv+ bru% :i* turns 9 ! opposite direction to ! saws4 ,?is g9 is be/ suit$ to %ort /apl$ cottons1 especially su* z are gr[n 9 ! ,/ates4 ,= ! long] fibr$ cotton ?is g9 is n well adapt$1 mu* injury result+ to ! cotton treat$ by x4 ,aft] ! cotton is g9n$1 x is ga!r$ into bundles & r\ghly bal$4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity has be5 s treat$1 x is c>ri$ to ! compressors1 :]e ! cotton und]goes great r$uction 9 bulk z a result ( ! enorm\s pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,= ! g5]al read] x w sc>cely be necess>y or wise to describe a cotton press 9 detail4 ,let x suffice to say t by means ( a s]ies ( lev]s--9 ! ,morse ,press sev5 are us$--trem5d\s pressure c be obta9$4 ,?us = e #a p\nd pressure ( /eam g5]at$ !re w be sev5 times t pressure1 if sev5 lev]s are us$4 ,:5 #bjj p\nds pressure ( /eam is up1 !re w be #adjj p\nds pressure p] in* on ! cotton4 ,s great is ! pressure ex]t$ t a bundle ( cotton com+ to ! press f ! g9n]y1 #d feet 9 dep?1 is r$uc$ to #g in*es :5 drawn f ! compressor4 ,:ile 9 ! press iron b&s are put r\nd ! cotton1 & read]s w h frequ5tly se5 cotton on its way to ! mills hav+ ^! iron b&s r\nd x4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( b&s :i* are f\nd on bales com+ to ,engl& f cotton-gr[+ c\ntries3-- ,no4 ( b&s4 ,weight 9 lbs4 ,am]ican bale #f or #g #ejj ,egyptian #aa #gjj ,indian #ac #cij ,turki% #d #bej-cbe ,am]ican ,cyl9drical bale -- #dbj-dcj ,brazilian -- #age-bbj ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s an entirely new indu/ry has be5 />t$ 9 "s ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,up to rec5tly ! bales s5t to ,european c\ntries f ,am]ica 7 all ( ! same type z %[n by ! c5tre bale 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,bales f v>i\s cotton-gr[+ c\ntries4 ,n[ a va/ quantity ( cotton is be+ bal$ 9 ! =m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & :at are kn[n z cyl9drical bales are be+ export$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 ! ,r\nd ,bale ,circul> ( ! ,am]ican ,cotton ,company1 x is /at$ t f ! #ba/ ,novemb]1 #ahif1 to ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahig1 no less ?an #addc r\nd bales 7 turn$ out ( ! factory at ,waco 9 ,texas4 ,! total weight ( ^! bales 0 #fad1hcb p\nds1 giv+ an av]age ( #dbf p\nds p] bale4 ,by means ( a press ! cotton is roll$ into ! =m z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! press makes a bale #d feet long & #b feet 9 diamet] & weighs ov] #ce p\nds p] cubic foot or #ej p] c5t4 d5s] ?an ! bale made "u ! sy/em z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,cyl9drical rolls ( cotton4 ,x is claim$ = ?is new sy/em t ! regul>ity ( ! size ( ! bale1 #d x #b feet1 makes x pack mu* clos] ?an ! irregul> turtle-back$ bales z usually made on ! old sy/em4 ,"u ! new /yle ! cotton is press$ gradually & n all at once4 ,= ?is reason x is claim$ t ! fibre is n injur$ & ! cotton arrives at ! mill ) ! fibre 9 z good condition z :5 x left ! g9s4 ,bagg+ & ties are entirely disp5s$ )1 z ! air is press$ out ( ! cotton & x has no t5d5cy to exp& aga91 & ! cov]+ ne$$ is only suffici5t to keep ! cotton clean4 ,f a numb] ( exp]im5ts x is prov$ t ! r\nd bale is bo? firepro( & wat] pro(4 ,f ! illu/ration ( ! r\nd bale %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 x w be se5 h[ readily ?is new =m ( bale l5ds itself to greatly aid+ ! op]atives 9 ! op5+ processes 9 ! mill4 ,! roll :i* lies on ! floor l a roll ( c>pet c\ld be s fix$ t ! cotton c\ld be f$ to ! op5] by be+ unroll$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,at pres5t ! r\nd bale sy/em is n popul> & x rema9s to be se5 :e!r x w comm5d itself to cotton sp9n]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,manipulation ,,( ,,cotton ,,9 ,,op5+1 ,,scut*+1 ,,c>d+1 ,,draw+1 ,,& ,,fly-,,frame ,,ma*9es4 ,be=e attempt+ to give ! read]s ( ?is /ory an insight into ! v>i\s op]ations ?r\gh :i* cotton is made to pass1 x may be advisable to briefly enum]ate !m fir/4 ,on ! field !re are ! op]ations ( collect+ & g9n+1 t is1 sep>at+ ! raw cotton f ! se$s4 ,to ! /rang] x is v a/oni%+ t z _m z #ff to #ge p\nds ( se$ are got f e #ajj p\nds ( se$ cotton ga!r$4 ,!n 9 or ne> ! cotton field ! process ( bal+ is c>ri$ out4 ,?us !re are collect+1 g9n+ & bal+1 z prelim9>y processes4 ,:5 ! cotton arrives 9 bales at ! mill 7see ,fig4 #aj71 9 :i* x is to be clean$1 op5$ & spun1 x is fir/ weigh$ & a record kept4 ,9 ! mill ! fir/ real op]ation is ! tak+ ( quantities ( cotton f diff]5t bales ( cotton f v>i\s c\ntries1 or diff]5t grades f ! same c\ntry1 & mix+ s z to secure a great] uni=mity 9 ! quality ( ! y>n produc$4 ,9 ?is process x is n[ ! common practice to use a ma*9e t]m$ ! ,bale ,break]1 or ,cotton ,pull]4 ,! second important process c>ri$ out 9 ! mill is op5+4 ,by ?is ! matt$ masses ( cotton fibres are to a great ext5t op5$ out1 & a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! heavy impurities1 su* z s&1 %ell1 & leaf1 fall out by _! own weight4 ,x is n[ also usual at ?is /age to =m ! cotton into a l>ge roll or %eet call$ ! lap4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! op5+ comes scut*+1 :i* is m]ely a cont9uation ( ! "w p]=m$ by ! op5]1 b done 9 su* a way t great] att5tion is be/[$ ^u ! production ( an ev5 %eet or lap ( cotton4 ,! cotton at ?is /age is practically 9 ! same condition z x 0 :5 fir/ ga!r$ f ! tree 9 ! plantation4 ,c>d+ comes next 9 ord]1 & x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & in/ructive op]ations c>ri$ on 9 ! mill4 ,! process ( op5+ out ! cotton is cont9u$ 9 ?is op]ation to su* an ext5t t ! fibres are practically individually sep>at$1 & :ile 9 ?is condition v f9e impurities are remov$1 & _m ( ! %ort & unripe fibres :i* are always m or less pres5t are remov$4 ,be=e leav+ ! ma*9e ! fibres are ga!r$ toge!r aga9 9 a mo/ wond]ful mann] & conv]t$ into a sliv]1 :i* = all ! _w looks l a rope ( cotton1 a little less ?an an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 mo/ mills draw+ succe$s c>d+1 ?is op]ation hav+ = its object 7#a7 ! d\bl+ toge!r ( f\r to eight sliv]s f ! c>d & att5uat+ !m to ! dim5sion ( "o s z to secure great] uni=mity 9 diamet]4 7#b7 ,! r$uction ( ! cross$ & entangl$ fibres f ! c>d into p>allel or side by side ord]4 ,aft] draw+1 ! cotton is br\ght to & s5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( ma*9es t]m$ ,bobb9 & ,fly ,frames4 ,!re are usually ?ree ( ^! ma*9es = ! cotton to pass ?r\gh1 to :i* are giv5 ! names ( ,slubb+1 ,int]m$iate1 & ,rov+ ,frames4 ,_! duties are to c>ry on ! op]ation ( mak+ ! sliv] ( cotton f9] or ?9n] until x is ready = ! f9al process ( sp9n+1 & incid5tally to add to ! uni=mity & cleanl9ess ( ! ?read ( cotton4 ,! f9al process ( sp9n+ is *iefly p]=m$ on "o ( two ma*9es1 ! ,mule & ! ,r+ ,frame1 ei!r ( :i* makes a ?read l>gely us$ )\t fur!r treatm5t 9 a sp9n+ mill4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ?read is fur!r treat$ by su* op]ations z d\bl+1 reel+1 gass+1 etc4 ,x %\ld be add$ t 9 ! production ( ! f9e/ & be/ y>ns an important process is gone ?r\gh1 nam$ comb+4 ,?is may be def9$ z a cont9uation ( ! c>d+ process already nam$ be=e to a mu* m p]fect degree4 ,! *ief object is to extract all fibres bel[ a c]ta9 requir$ l5g?1 & reject !m z wa/e4 ,!re is z mu* ( ?is latt] made at ?is /age ( manufacture z t made by all ! o!r ma*9es put toge!r1 t is1 ab\t #ag p] c5t4 ,( c\rse x w be readily se5 t ?is is a co/ly op]ation & is limit$ entirely to ! production ( ! v be/ & f9e/ y>ns4 ,?is process necessitates ! employm5t ( a ma*9e call$ a ,sliv] ,lap & sometimes a ,ribbon ,lap ,ma*9e 9 ord] to put ! sliv]s f ! c>d+ eng9e into a small lap suitable = ! creel ( ! ,comb+ ,ma*9e4 ,cotton ,mix+ & ! ,bale ,break]4--,z be=e /at$1 ! fir/ op]ation 9 ! mill is ! op5+ out ( bales ( raw mat]ial & mak+ a mix+4 ,( c\rse ! weight ( ! bale is asc]ta9$ be=e x is op5$4 ,all v>ieties ( cotton v>y 9 _! comm]cial prop]ties1 ?is v>iation be+ due to a numb] ( causes4 ,f a comm]cial value po9t ( view1 !re is an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! v be/ & ! v wor/ cottons2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t !y are nev] bl5d$ toge!r4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes !re is a well-grad$ numb] ( v>ieties & classifications ( cotton1 & "s approximate s closely to o!rs 9 quality1 t !y are (t5 bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! mix+4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! same class ( cotton (t5 v>ies 9 sp9n+ qualities f a numb] ( circum/ances t ne$ n "h be nam$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 an additional reason :y cotton f v>i\s bales %\ld be bl5d$ toge!r 9 ord] to secure uni=mity4 ,a cotton mix+ may be describ$ z a k9d ( /ack1 resembl+ some:at ! hay/ack ( ! f>m y>ds4 ,! me?od usually pursu$ 9 mak+ ?is mix+ is some:at z foll[s3--,a portion ( cotton f a c]ta9 bale is tak5 (f & spread ov] a giv5 area ( floor space4 ,!n a simil> portion f ano!r bale is plac$ ov] ! fir/ lay] already ly+ on ! floor4 ,! same op]ation is foll[$ ) a ?ird & f\r? lay] f diff]5t bales1 & s on ) z _m bales z ! managem5t consid] !re are v>iations 9 quality1 ! l>g] ! mix+ ! bett] = secur+ uni=mity ( y>n4 ,:5 x is desir$ to use ! cotton1 x %\ld be pull$ d[n v]tically f ! face ( ! mix+1 s z to secure a fair portion f ea* bale compos+ ! mixture4 ,be=e spread+ ! cotton out x is usually pull$ into pieces ( mod]ate size by ! h&s ( ! op]ative4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s x has become ! v g5]al practice to use a small ma*9e call$ ! ,bale ,break] or ,cotton ,pull]1 & to h also work+ 9 conjunction ) ?is ma*9e long travell+ lattices call$ mix+ lattices4 ,^! p]=m ! op]ation ( pull+ & mix+ ! cotton mu* m quickly & effectively ?an by h& lab\r4 ,! ,cotton ,pull] or ,bale ,break] 7see ,fig4 #ab7 simply consi/s1 9 its mo/ useful =m1 ( f\r pairs ( co>sely flut$ or spik$ roll]s ( ab\t #f in*es diamet] ) a fe$ apron or lattice su* z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,bale break] or pull]4 ,! me?od adopt$ ) ! ,bale ,break] & mix+ lattices 9 use is z foll[s3-- ,! v>i\s bales ( cotton int5d$ = mix+ are plac$ v ne> to ! fe$ apron ( ! ,bale ,break]1 & a lay] f ea* bale 9 succession is plac$ on ! apron4 ,! latt] fe$s ! cotton at a sl[ rate to ! revolv+ roll]s ( ! ma*9e1 & z ea* pair ( top & bottom roll]s t ! cotton meets is revolv+ m rapidly ?an ! prec$+ pair1 ! result is a pull+ asund] ( ! cotton by ! roll]s1 into mu* small] pieces1 q suitable = ! next ma*9e4 ,! ,bale ,break] deliv]s ! cotton ^u long travell+ aprons ( lattice "w1 :i* c>ry ! cotton away & deposit x ^u any desir$ portion ( ! floor to =m ! mix+4 ,op5+4--,! "n ( ! next process1 viz41 op5+1 has be5 giv5 x because its prim>y function is to op5 out ! cotton to su* an ext5t t ! great] bulk ( ! se$1 leaf1 s&1 & du/ is readily extract$4 ,! details ( ?is ma*9e & inde$ practically ( all ma*9es us$ 9 cotton sp9n+1 v>y s mu* ) diff]5t mak]s1 t x w\ld be utt]ly out ( place to deal ) !m "h1 s t x may be said at once1 t all su* po9ts are entirely omitt$ f ?is treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,! ess5tial & pr9cipal portions ( ! ma*9es are practically id5tical = all mak]s1 & x is ) ^! only t x is propos$ to deal1 tak+ 9 all cases ! be/ pres5t-day practice4 ,! op5]1 !n1 is a v p[]ful ma*9e1 be+ 9 fact ! mo/ p[]ful us$ 9 cotton sp9n+1 & ! mo/ important feature ( ! ma*9e is ! employm5t ( a /rong beat]1 to :i* is fitt$ a l>ge numb] ( iron or /eel knives or spikes4 ,^! beat d[n ! cotton & op5 x at a t]rific rate1 ! beat] hav+ a surface spe$ ( p]haps #djjj feet a m9ute4 ,v>i\s fans1 roll]s1 & o!r p>ts are employ$ to fe$ ! cotton to ! beat]1 & to take x away aga9 aft] treatm5t4 ,x w p]haps be/ s]ve ! purpose ( our read]s if ! passage ( ! cotton be describ$ ?r\gh an op5] ( ! mo/ mod]n & approv$ con/ruction1 deal+ ) ! subject 9 non-te*nical t]ms4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 take = example :at is t]m$ ,! ,d\ble ,cotton ,op5] ) ,hopp] ,fe$ ,atta*m5t4 ,?is ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,d\ble op5] ) hopp] fe$4 ,! ,hopp] ,fe$ is ab\t ! mo/ rec5t improvem5t ( any magnitude g5]ally adopt$ 9 cotton sp9n+ mills4 ,x is an atta*m5t to ! initial or fe$ end ( an op5] ) ! object ( fe$+ ! cotton m *eaply & effectively ?an x c be done by h&4 ,x may be said to consi/ ( a l>ge iron fe$ box1 into :i* ! cotton is pass$ 9 consid]able quantities at "o "t4 ,at ! bottom ( ! fe$ box1 or hopp]1 is a travell+ apron :i* c>ries ! cotton =w>d1 s z to be br\ght )9 ! action ( /eel p9s 9 an incl9$ travell+ apron or lattice4 ,?is latt] c>ries ! cotton upw>ds1 & special me*anism is provid$ 9 ! %ape ( :at is t]m$ an ,ev5] roll]1 to prev5t too mu* cotton go+ =w>d at once4 ,! cotton t passes ov] ! top ( ! incl9$ lattice or apron is /ripp$ (f by :at is d5om9at$ ! /ripp+ roll]1 & is !n deposit$ on ! fe$ apron ( ! op5]1 :]e =m]ly x 0 plac$ by h&4 ,x may be said t "o man c fe$ two ma*9es ) ,hopp] ,fe$s z aga9/ "o )\t !m1 & 9 ! be/ makes ! "w is done m effectively4 ,! fe$ lattice ( ! op5] c>ries ! cotton along to ! fe$ roll]s1 :i* project x =w>d into ! pa? ( ! l>ge beat]4 ,x is "h t ! op5+ & clean+ actions are *iefly p]=m$4 ,! /rong knives or spikes ( ! beat] break ! cotton into v small portions inde$1 & da% x aga9/ clean+ b>s or grate b>s specially arrang$ & con/ruct$4 ,?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ^! b>s mu* ( ! n[ loos5$ se$ & dirt pres5t 9 ! cotton passes into a suitable receptacle1 :i* is aft]w>d clean$ out at regul> int]vals4 ,! op5$ & clean$ cotton is tak5 away f ! action ( ! beat] by an air curr5t produc$ by a p[]ful fan4 ,?is latt] creates a p>tial vacuum 9 ! beat] *amb] by bl[+ ! air out ( c]ta9 air exit trunks specially provid$4 ,to supply ?is p>tial vacuum afre%1 air c only be obta9$ f ! beat] *amb]1 & ! air curr5t ?us induc$1 takes ! cotton along ) x1 & deposits x 9 ! =m ( a %eet ^u :at are t]m$ cages or sieve cyl9d]s4 ,^! are holl[ cyl9d]s ( iron or z9c p]=at$ ) a v l>ge numb] ( small holes ?r\gh :i* ! air ru%es1 leav+ ! cotton1 z x 71 pla/]$ on ! out] surfaces ( ! cages4 ,x is usual to h a pair ( ^! cages1 work+ "o ov] ! o!r l ! pair ( roll]s 9 a wr++ ma*9e4 ,! cotton n[ passes betwe5 two pairs ( small guide roll]s1 & is f$ by ! second pair to a second beat]1 b ( v diff]5t con/ruction f ! fir/ "o4 ,?is consi/s ( two or ?ree iron or /eel blades ext5d+ ! full wid? ( ! ma*9e & c>ri$ by specially con/ruct$ arms f a /rong c5tral %aft4 ,! edges ( ^! beat] blades are made some:at %>p1 & !y /rike d[n ! cotton f ! fe$ roll] at ! rate ( #bjjj or m bl[s p] m9ute4 ,?is ( c\rse c>ries ! op5+ "w ( ! cotton ( ! fir/ beat] to a /ill fur!r degree1 & z 9 ?is case ! cotton is also /ruck d[n ^u beat] b>s or clean+ b>s1 a fur!r quantity ( loos5$ impurities passes ?r\gh ! b>s4 ,z be=e1 ano!r p[]ful fan creates an air curr5t by :i* ! cotton is c>ri$ away f ! beat] & plac$ ^u a pair ( ,cages4 ,f ?is po9t ! cotton is conduct$ 9 ! =m ( a %eet betwe5 f\r heavy cal5d] or compression roll]s1 ! roll]s be+ sup]impos$ ov] ea* o!r1 & ! cotton receiv+ ?ree compressions 9 its passage4 ,?is makes a mu* m solid & tractable %eet ( cotton1 & x is n[ simply w\nd ^u an iron roll] 9 ! =m ( a roll ( cotton t]m$ a lap1 be+ n[ ready = ! subsequ5t process1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad74 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,scut*+ ma*9e ) lap at ! back4 ,scut*+4--,?is t]m obvi\sly means beat+1 & ! process itself is simply a repetition ( ! op5+ & clean+ prop]ties ( ! op5]1 ^! objects be+ atta9$ to a great] degree ( p]fection4 ,= ! be/ classes ( cotton x is (t5 deem$ suffici5t to pass x ?r\gh ! op5] alone1 & !n to imm$iately transf] ! lap to ! process ( c>d+4 ,= "s cottons x is ! practice to pass ! cotton ?r\gh two scut*]s 9 addition to ! op5]1 :ile 9 o!r cases x is ! practice to use "o scut*] only 9 addition to ! op5]4 ,9 ! scut*] x is ! mo/ common practice to take f\r laps f ! op5] & to place !m 9 a specially con/ruct$ creel & re/+ on a travell+ lattice or apron4 ,by ?is !y are sl[ly unw\nd & ! f\r %eets are laid "o ^u ano!r & pass$ 9 "o comb9$ %eet1 ?r\gh fe$ roll]s1 to a two or ?ree blad$ beat]1 exactly l ! second "o describ$ :5 treat+ ^u ! d\ble op5]4 ,also1 exactly 9 ! same mann]1 a lap is =m$ ready = ! imm$iately succe$+ process ( c>d+4 ,9 ! scut*] ! d\bl+ ( f\r laps toge!r t5ds to produce a %eet ( cotton m uni=m 9 ?ickness & weight ?an t f ! op5]4 ,?is object ( equality ( lap is also inv>iably aid$ by :at are t]m$ ,automatic ,fe$ ,regulators1 :i* regulate ! weight ( cotton giv5 to ! beat] to some?+ l a cont9u\s uni=mity4 ,! action is cle>ly se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,c>d+4--,by _m p]sons ?is is deem$ to be ! mo/ important op]ation 9 cotton sp9n+4 ,its sev]al duties may be /at$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! removal ( a l>ge proportion ( any impurities1 su* z brok5 leaf1 se$ & %ell1 t may h escap$ ! previ\s processes4 ,x may usually be deem$ to be ! f9al process ( cleans+4 #b4 ,to op5 out & dis5tangle ! clu/]s ( fibres into ev5 great] individualisation ?an exi/$ :5 fir/ pick$1 & to leave !m 9 su* condition t ! subsequ5t op]ations c easily draw !m out1 & r$uce !m to p>allel ord]4 #c4 ,! extraction ( a good proportion ( ! %ort1 brok5 & unripe fibres1 pres5t m or less 9 all cottons gr[n1 & practically wor?less f a manufactur+ po9t ( view4 #d4 ,! r$uction ( ! heavy %eet or lap ( cotton f ! scut*]1 into a comp>atively light & ?9 sliv]4 ,ord9>ily1 "o y>d ( ! lap put up beh9d ! c>d weighs m ?an #ajj times z heavy z ! sliv] deliv]$ at ! front ( ! c>d4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ,c>d+ ,eng9e1 b 9 ea* case ne>ly all ! ess5tial features are practically ! same 9 "o c>d z 9 ano!r4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! type ( ,c>d+ ,eng9e :i* has practically sup]s$$ all o!rs is d5om9at$ ! ,revolv+ ,flat ,c>d4 ,?is ,c>d orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,evan ,leigh1 ( ,man*e/]1 & aft] be+ 9 close competition ) sev]al o!r types has almo/ driv5 !m out ( ! m>ket4 ,( c\rse x has be5 consid]ably improv$ by lat] inv5tors1 & v>i\s ma*9e mak]s h _! own te*nical peculi>ities4 ,9 ! illu/ration se5 9 ,fig4 #ae !re is convey$ an excell5t idea ( ! appe>ance ( ! heavy lap ( cotton z x is plac$ beh9d ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! same cotton appe>s z a sliv] or s(t /r& ( cotton z x issues f ! front ( ! same ma*9e1 & ent]s ! cyl9drical c into :i* x is pass$1 & coil$ into compact lay]s1 suitable = )drawal at ! imm$iately succe$+ process4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,two views ( ! c>d+ eng9e3 upp] view1 cotton ent]+2 l[] view1 cotton leav+4 ,9 ! ma91 ! p>ts :i* op]ate ^u ! cotton fibres 9 _! passage ?r\gh ?is ma*9e consi/ ( a numb] ( cyl9d]s or roll]s ( v>i\s diamet]s1 b practically equal 9 wid?4 ,"s ( ^! roll]s are m]ely to guide & conduct ! cotton =w>d1 b ! m important are lit]ally bri/l+ all ov] ) a va/ numb] ( closely set & f9ely drawn /eel wire tee?1 ^: duty x is to op51 & comb out1 & clean ! fib]s z !y pass along4 ,to beg9 )1 ! lap or roll ( cotton is plac$ beh9d ! ma*9e s z to re/ on a roll] ( #f in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* sl[ly unw9ds ! lap at ! rate ( ab\t #i in*es p] m9ute1 by frictional contact !re)4 ,"h1 x may be said t ! wid? ( ?is & o!r *ief roll]s & cyl9drical p>ts ( ! c>d may be ab\t #ch in*es or #dj in*es wide1 !re be+ a t5d5cy to make pres5t-day ,c>d+ ,eng9es r n>r[] ?an =m]ly1 9 ord] to give great] /r5g? to c]ta9 p>ts4 ,f ! lap roll] ! %eet ( cotton is conduct$ = ab\t #h in*es ov] a smoo? fe$ plate1 & !n x goes und]nea? a flut$ roll] ( #b-a_/d in*es diamet]1 t]m$ ! fe$ roll]1 hav+ practically ! same surface spe$ z ! lap roll]1 or possibly a small fraction m to keep ! cotton lap tight4 ,at ?is /age ! actual "w ( ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e may be said to comm5ce4 ,:ile ! fe$ roll] & ! fe$ plate hold ! end ( ! %eet ( cotton & project x =w>d at ! sl[ rate ( #h or #i in*es p] m9ute1 ?is project+ end ( ! lap becomes subject to ! action ( a p[]ful roll] or beat] t]m$ ! tak]-9 or lick]-94 ,! mo/ rec5t & improv$ con/ruction ( ?is roll] is t]m$ ! ,metallic ,tak]-91 & x is cov]$ all ov] ) /rong /eel tee? %ap$ some?+ l ^? ( a saw4 ,x is ab\t #i in*es 9 diamet]1 & its /rong tee? /rike ! cotton d[n f ! fe$ roll] ) a surface spe$ ( ne>ly #ajjj feet p] m9ute4 ,x is at ?is /age t ! bulk ( ! heavi] impurities /ill f\nd 9 ! cotton are remov$1 z ^! fall ?r\gh c]ta9 grids bel[ ! tak]-9 imm$iately !y are loos5$ f ! reta9+ fibres by ! p[]ful tee? ( ! tak]-94 ,! great bulk ( ! cotton fibres1 h[ev]1 are reta9$ by ! tee? ( ! tak]-9 & c>ri$ r\nd ! "u side to a po9t :]e !y are expos$ to ! action ( ! c5tral & mo/ important "p ( e ,c>d+ ,eng9e1 viz41 ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,! lick]-9 conta9s ab\t tw5ty-eight tee? p] squ>e in*1 b ! cyl9d] is ! fir/ ( ! p>ts t ! cotton arrives at1 previ\sly ref]r$ to z be+ cov]$ ) a va/ numb] ( closely set /eel wire tee?4 ,j to convey an idea ( ?is po9t to ! un9itiat$ read]1 x may be said t x is q common to h on ! cyl9d] z _m z #fjj /eel wire tee? 9 "o squ>e in*4 ,= a cyl9d] #dj in*es wide & #ej in*es diamet]1 ?is works out to ! va/ numb] ( ov] #c1hjj1jjj /eel wire tee? on "o cyl9d]1 ea* too? be+ ab\t #a_/d in* long1 & secur$ 9 a clo? or rubb] f\ndation be=e ! latt] is w\nd r\nd ! cyl9d]4 ,! /eel tee? ( ! cyl9d] /rip ! fibres f ! tak]-9 & c>ry !m 9 an upw>d direction1 ! surface spe$ ( ! cyl9d] be+ ov] #bjjj feet p] m9ute4 ,plac$ ov] ! cyl9d]1 & ext5d+ = ne>ly "o-half ( its circumf]5ce1 are :at are te*nically kn[n z ! flats4 ,^! are n>r[ iron b>s1 ea* ab\t #a-c_/h in*es wide2 ea* be+ cov]$ ) /eel wire tee? 9 ! same mann] z ! cyl9d]2 & ea* ext5d+ "r across ! wid? ( ! cyl9d]1 & re/+ on a suitable be>+ t]m$ ! b5d4 ,!y are =m$ into an endless *a9 conta9+ ab\t #ajh flats1 b only ab\t #dd ( :i* are 9 actual "w at "o "t2 ?is endless *a9 ( flats be+ giv5 a sl[ movem5t ( ab\t #c in*es p] m9ute4 ,"h x may be said t ! v>i\s work+ p>ts are set z close z possible to ea* o!r )\t be+ 9 actual contact1 ! usual di/ance be+ ab\t #a_/adcrd ( an in* det]m9$ by a specially con/ruct$ gauge1 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ workman4 ,! /eel tee? ( ! flats1 be+ set v close to ^? ( ! cyl9d]1 cat* hold ( & reta9 a portion ( ! %ort w>ty fibres & f9e impurities t may be on ! po9ts ( ! cyl9d] tee?1 ! am\nt ( ?is rea*+ ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( ! cotton pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,9 addition to ?is ! tee? ( ! flats "w aga9/ ^? ( ! cyl9d] s z to ex]cise a comb+ action on ! cotton fibres4 ,hav+ pass$ ! flats1 ! cotton is deposit$ by ! cyl9d] on :at is t]m$ ! d(f]4 ,?is is a cyl9drical body1 exactly simil> to ! ma9 cyl9d] except+ t x is only ab\t half ! diamet]1 say #bd in*es4 ,its /eel wire tee? are set 9 ! opposite way to ^? ( ! cyl9d]1 & its surface spe$ is only ab\t #ge feet p] m9ute4 ,^! two circum/ances act+ toge!r enable x to take ! cotton fibres f ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,! op]ations ( c>d+ may n[ be said to be practically p]=m$1 z ! rema9+ op]ations h = _! object ! /ripp+1 collect+1 & guid+ ( ! cotton into a =m suitable = ! next succe$+ processes4 ,! fleece ( cotton is /ripp$ f ! d(f] by ! ,d(f] ,comb1 :i* is a ?9 b> ( /eel1 hav+ a s]rat$ "u edge1 & mak+ ab\t #afjj beats or /rokes p] m9ute4 ,f ?is po9t cotton is collect$ into ! =m ( a loose rope or sliv]1 & pass$ fir/ ?r\gh a trumpet-%ap$ m\?1 & !n ?r\gh a pair ( cal5d] roll]s ab\t six in*es wide & f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #af4--,lap1 web1 & sliv] ( cotton4 ,f9ally1 ! sliv] ( cotton is c>ri$ upw>d1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ae71 & pass$ ?r\gh special app>atus & deposit$ into ! c1 also %[n4 ,?is latt] is ab\t #aj in*es 9 diamet] & #cf in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! :ole arrangem5t = deposit+ ! cotton suitably into ! c is d5om9at$ ! ,coil]4 ,9 ! next illu/ration 7,fig4 #af7 are %[n ?ree =ms 9 :i* ! cotton is f\nd be=e & aft] work+ by ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e4 ,t to ! left is ! lap z x ent]s1 ! middle figure is "p ( ! web z x comes f ! d(f]1 & t to ! "r is "p ( a coil ( cotton f ! c4 ,su* is a brief description ( ! mo/ important ( ! prep>atory processes ( cotton sp9n+4 ,!re are innum]able details involv+ te*nical k :i* fall outside ! prov9ce ( ?is /ory4 ,draw+ ,frames4--,x is a v common ?+ = a new beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( cotton sp9n+ to ask--:at is ! use ( ! draw+ frame8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! unpractis$ eye _c see any diff]5ce betwe5 ! sliv] or s(t rope ( cotton z x rea*es1 ! draw+ frame & z x leaves ! frame4 ,! exp]i5c$ eye ( ! practical man c1 h[ev]1 detect a wond]ful diff]5ce4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! imm$iately prec$+ op]ation ( c>d+--among/ o!r ?+s--r$uces ! heavy lap into a comp>atively ?9 light sliv]2 ?us advanc+ ) "o great /ride a long way t[>d ! production ( ! long f9e ?read ( y>n ready = ! m>ket4 ,no su* diff]5ce c be p]ceiv$ 9 ! sliv] at ! draw+ frame4 ,?is ma*9e is practically devot$ to improv+ ! ?read f9ally made 9 two di/9ct & important ways4 #a4 ,! fibres ( cotton 9 ! sliv]1 z !y leave ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e1 are 9 a v cross$ & entangl$ condition1 n at all suit$ to ! production ( a /rong y>n by ! usual processes ( cotton sp9n+4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! draw+ frame may be said1 !re=e1 to be ! lay+ ( ! fibres 9 p>allel ord] to "o ano!r1 by ! action ( ! draw+ roll]s4 #b4 ,! sliv] ( cotton1 z x leaves ! c>d1 is by no means suffici5tly uni=m 9 weight p] y>d = ! production ( a uni=m & /rong f9i%$ ?read4 ,x w easily be conceiv$ by ! read]s ( ?is /ory ( ! cotton plant t ! /r5g? ( any ?read is only t ( its weake/ portions4 ,take a rope int5d$ to hold a heavy weight susp5d$ at its l[] end1 & assume x to be made ( ! be/ mat]ial & /\te/ sub/ance1 b to conta9 "o v weak place 9 x2 ?is rope w\ld practically be useless1 because ! /r5g? ( ! rope w\ld only be t ( ! weake/ "p4 ,! draw+ ma*9e 9 cotton sp9n+ aims at remov+ ! weak places 9 cotton ?read1 ?us mak+ ! real /r5g? ( ! ?read va/ly great] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,! me?od by :i* ^! important objects are atta9$ may be briefly expla9$ z foll[s3-- ,f f\r to eight1 b mo/ usually six1 cans ( sliv] f ! previ\s ma*9e are plac$ beh9d ! frame1 & ! ends ( ! sliv]s conduct$ ov] special me*anism )9 ! range ( action ( f\r pairs ( draw+ roll]s4 ,?is passage ( ! cotton is %[n v cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! top roll]s are made ( ca/ iron1 cov]$ ) s(t & highly f9i%$ lea!r made f %eepsk9s1 ! object ( ?is be+ to cause ! roll]s to h a firm grip ( ! cotton fibres1 )\t at ! same "t injur+ !m4 ,! bottom roll]s are ( iron or /eel1 made ) longitud9al flutes or grooves1 9 ord] to bite ! cotton fibres firmly on ! lea!rs ( ! top roll]s4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ! roll]s 9 ma9ta9+ a firm grip ( ! fibres ! top roll]s are held d[n by some:at heavy weights4 ,! action ( ! draw+ roll]s w be adequately discuss$ lat] 9 ?is /ory1 :5 deal+ ) ! inv5tions ( ,lewis ,paul & ,sir ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 & ne$ n be enl>g$ ^u at ?is /age4 ,x w be suffici5t1 !re=e1 to say t1 assum+ t six sliv]s are put up toge!r at ! back ( ! frame1 ! draft or am\nt ( draw+-out betwe5 ! fir/ & second pairs ( roll]s ! cotton comes to1 may be ab\t #a4c1 betwe5 ! second & ?ird pairs #a4h1 & betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? pairs #b4f4 ,^! ?ree multipli$ toge!r give a total draft ( slightly ov] #f4 ,9 o!r words1 assum+ t #a in* ( cotton be pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ pair ( roll]s1 ! second pair w imm$iately draw x out into #a4c in*es2 ! ?ird pair w draw out ! same portion ( cotton into #a4c #a4h in*es #b4cd in*es1 & ! f\r? or la/ pair ( roll]s w draw out ! same portion ( cotton into #b4cd #b4f in*es #f4jhd4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,draw+ frame %[+ eight sliv]s ent]+ & "o leav+ ! ma*9e4 ,! six sliv]s put up at ! back are !re=e drawn out or att5uat$ to ! dim5sions ( "o by ! roll]s1 & !n at ! deliv]y side ( ! ma*9e ! six sliv]s are unit$ into "o sliv]1 & arrang$ 9 beautiful ord] inside a c exactly z describ$ = ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e4 ,n[ x is 9 ! d\bl+ toge!r & aga9 draw+-out ( ! sliv]s ( cotton t ! two objects ( mak+ ! fibres p>allel & ! sliv]s uni=m are effect$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 ! un9itiat$ read]s ( ?is /ory may conceive t ! comb9+ ( six sliv]s w naturally cause any extra ?ick or ?9 places 9 any ( ! individual sliv]s to become mu* r$uc$ 9 ext5t by fall+ along ) correct diamet]s ( ! o!r five sliv]s2 & exp]i5ce proves t su* is ! actual fact4 ,9 ?is way ! sliv]s1 or s(t untwi/$ ropes ( cotton1 are made uni=m4 ,x is p]haps n s easy to see h[ x is t draw+ roll]s make ! fibres ( cotton p>allel4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x may be said t z ea* pair ( roll]s projects ! fibres =w>d1 ! next pair ( roll]s takes hold ( ! fibres & draws _! front extremities =w>d m rapidly ?an ! o!r pair w let ! back extremities ( ! same fibres pass =w>d4 ,x is ?is action (t5 repeat$ t draws ! fibres /raight1 or 9 o!r words1 r$uces !m to a condition 9 :i* !y are p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,x is ! usual practice to pass ea* portion ( cotton ?r\gh ?ree sep>ate frames 9 ?is mann]1 9 imm$iate & rapid succession4 ,! sliv]s or ropes ( cotton made at ! front ( ! fir/ draw+ frame1 w\ld be plac$ 9 _! cans beh9d a second draw+ frame & ! exact process j describ$ w\ld be repeat$4 ,! same id5tical process w\ld usually be p]=m$ yet a ?ird "t 9 ord] to secure ! requir$ objects ) :at is consid]$ a suffici5t degree ( p]fection4 ,aft] ?is ! cotton is usually deem$ to be q ready = ! imm$iately succe$+ process ( slubb+4 ,bobb9 & ,fly ,frames4--,! s]ies ( ma*9es n[ to be dealt )1 are di/+ui%$ m = _! complicat$ me*anism 9 putt+ twi/ into ! att5uat$ cotton & 9 w9d+ x ^u bobb9s 9 suitable =m = ! imm$iately succe$+ process1 ?an = ! action ( ! p>ts ^u ! cotton s z to r5d] x bett] fitt$ = ! production ( /rong1 f9e y>n4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! ma*9es p]=m a "p 9 ! actual production ( a ?read or y>n is practically a repetition ( ! "w ( ! draw+ frame1 ) ! great diff]5ce t ! /r& or ?9 rope ( cotton leaves ea* ma*9e ( ! s]ies 9 a ?9n] & long] condition ?an :5 x arriv$4 ,?is att5uation ( ! cotton rov+ is inde$ ! *ief desid]atum t bobb9 & fly frames aim at1 al?\gh !y assi/ 9 mak+ ! /r& ( cotton m uni=m by c>ry+ /ill fur!r to a limit$ ext5t ! d\bl+ pr9ciple s ext5sively utilis$ at ! draw+ frames4 ,! basis ( ! op]ations are aga9 ! draw+ roll]s1 br\ght to su* a /ate ( p]fection by ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 & "h x may be useful to rem9d ! read]s ( ?is /ory h[ sup]ior 9 ?is respect ( g5]al adaption ,arkwright's me?od ( sp9n+ 0 to t ( ,h>greaves'4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! latt] nam$ inv5tor utilis$ a travell+ c>riage1 = draw+ ! cotton f9]1 :ile ! =m] p]=m$ ! same "w by draw+ roll]s4 ,al?\gh ! travell+ c>riage pr9ciple 0 at "o "t some:at l>gely utilis$ 9 prep>+ ! rov+s = ! f9al process ( sp9n+1 x has long s9ce entirely giv5 way be=e ! sup]ior m]its & adaptability ( ! draw+ roll] pr9ciple2 & x is n[ ?is latt] me?od :i* is univ]sally employ$4 ,x usually takes ?ree bobb9 & fly frames to make up :at may be call$ a set1 ea* portion ( ! cotton rov+ pass+ ?r\gh ! ?ree ma*9es 9 succession4 ,= l[ classes ( y>n only two ( ^! ma*9es may be us$1 :ile = ! f9e/ y>ns !re are sometimes f\r us$ to make up ! set4 ,( c\rse1 all ! read]s ( ?is /ory mu/ und]/& t 9 an ord9>y-siz$ cotton sp9n+ mill !re w be _m sets ( ^! ma*9es1 j z !re w be a l>ge numb] ( c>d+ eng9es & draw+ frames1 & mules4 ,bale brak]s1 op5]s & scut*]s are s v productive t only a limit$ numb] is requir$ z comp>$ ) ! o!r ma*9es already nam$4 ,^? ( our read]s :o h /udi$ ! details ( ,arkwright's sp9n+ frame1 describ$ 9 ano!r *apt] 9 ?is book1 & h und]/ood ^? details1 w h a cle> compreh5sion ( ! action ( ! p>ts & lead+ me*anical pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! op]ations ( a mod]n bobb9 & fly frame4 ,c]ta9ly !re are "s ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( cotton sp9n+ involv$ 9 ! me*anism ( ^! ma*9es1 b ^! po9ts are s highly te*nical t x is n int5d$ to introduce !m "h4 ,! set ( ma*9es j nam$ are usually kn[n by ! names ,slubb]1 ,int]m$iate or ,second ,slubb]1 & ,rov+ ,frames4 ,ne>ly all ! op]ations & me*anisms involv$ 9 "o are almo/ id5tical 9 ! o!rs1 s t a description ( "o only 9 ! set is necess>y1 m]ely expla9+ t ! p>ts ( ea* ma*9e ! cotton comes to 9 ! latt] two ( ! set are small] & m f9ely set ?an ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! imm$iately prec$+ ma*9e4 ,tak+ ! ,int]m$iate frame z a basis1 ! op]ation may be describ$ z foll[s3--,! bobb9s =m$ at ! slubb+ frame are put 9 ! creel ( ! ,int]m$iate1 z %[n 9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #ah71 ea* bobb9 re/+ on a wood5 skew] or peg :i* w easily rotate4 ,9 ord] to increase ! uni=mity ( ! rov+ or /r& ( cotton1 ! ends f two ( ! slubb+ rov+s are conduct$ toge!r ?r\gh ! roll]s ( ! ma*9e4 ,!re are ?ree pairs ( ^! roll]s1 act+ on ! cotton 9 e way j z describ$ = ! draw+ frame4 ,al?\gh two rov+s are put toge!r beh9d ! roll]s1 yet ! draft or draw+-out p[] ( ! roll]s is su*1 t ! rov+ t issues f ! front ( ! roll]s is ab\t ?ree times z ?9 z ea* individual rov+ put up beh9d ! roll]s4 ,?is draw+-out action ( ! roll]s ne$ n be fur!r dilat$ ^u at ?is /age4 ,! po9ts :i* dem& "s little att5tion at our h&s1 are ! me?ods & me*anism involv$ 9 twi/+ ! att5uat$ rov+1 & w9d+ x ^u bobb9s or spools 9 suitable =m = ! next process4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,int]m$iate frame 7bobb9 & fly frame74 ,z reg>ds twi/+ ( ! rov+ x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t :5 ! att5uat$ /r& ( cotton issues f ! roll]s ( ! fir/ bobb9 & fly frame1 x has become s ?9 & weak t x c no long] )/& ! requisite h&l+ )\t be+ s]i\sly damag$4 ,h5ce ! introduction ( ,twi/1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ important /r5g?-produc+ factor or pr9ciple ent]+ into ! composition ( cotton rov+ & y>n4 ,)\t twi/ !re w\ld be no cotton factories1 no cotton goods2 none ( ! spl5did & gigantic build+s ( "o description or ano!r :i* are f\nd s pl5tifully int]m+l$ ) ! dwell+s & factories ( l>ge cotton manufactur+ t[ns6 ,9 a s5se x is to ?is all-p[]ful factor ( twi/ t all ^! build+s owe _! exi/5ce1 s9ce x w\ld be practically impossible to make a ?read f cotton fibres )\t ! assi/ance ( twi/ to make ! fibres adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce !re c\ld be none ( t weal? :i* has caus$ ! erection ( ^! build+s4 ,?is is true 9 a d\ble s5se1 s9ce we h bo? ! natural twi/ ( ! cotton fibres & ! artificial twi/ introduc$ at ! latt] processes ( cotton sp9n+1 9 ord] to make individual fibres & aggregations ( fibres adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,:at is t]m$ ! natural twi/ ( ! fibres may av]age 9 good cottons upw>ds ( #ahj twi/s p] in*1 :ile ! twi/s p] in* put into ! f9i%$ ?reads ( y>n f ^? fibres may v>y1 say1 betwe5 #bj & #cj twi/s p] in*4 ,9 all ! fly frames1 !re=e1 ?is artificial twi/ is inv>iably & necess>ily put into ! rov+4 ,z ! cotton leaves ! front or deliv]y roll]s1 ea* /r& desc5ds to a bobb9 ( f #h to #ab in*es long1 ^u :i* x is w\nd by special me*anism4 ,z 9 ,arkwright's frame1 ?is bobb9 is plac$ loosely ^u a v]tical sp9dle1 & ^u ! latt] is fitt$ a fly]1 ^: duty x is to guide ! cotton ^u ! bobb94 ,! prim>y duty ( ! sp9dle is to ins]t ! twi/ :i* has be5 %[n to be s necess>y to give suffici5t /r5g? to ! rov+4 ,let any read] ( ?is /ory hold a piece ( s(t /uff 9 "o h& :ile ) ! o!r h& he rotates or twi/s ! rov+ & he w h an idea ( ! me?od & effect ( twi/+ 7see ,fig4 #ai74 ,)\t go+ into m9ute details we may say t ! practical effect is t1 :ile ! rov+ is held firmly by ! roll]s1 x is twi/$ by means ( its connection at ! o!r end to ! rotat+ bobb91 sp9dle & fly]4 ,! twi/ runs "r f ! sp9dle along ! #f to #ab in*es ( cotton t may ext5d f ! sp9dle top to ! nip ( ! roll]s1 ?us imp>t+ ! requisite /r5g? to ! rov+ z x issues f ! roll]s4 ,! me*anism = revolv+ ! sp9dles is by no means difficult to und]/&1 simply consi/+ ( a numb] ( %afts & :eels revolv$ at a con/ant1 def9ite & regulat$ spe$ p] m9ute4 ,n only is x necess>y to provide special app>atus = twi/+ ! cotton at ! bobb9 & fly frames1 b also v complicat$ & highly +5i\s me*anism = w9d+ ! att5uat$ cotton 9 suitable =m ^u ! bobb9s4 ,inde$ x is ) ?is v me*anism t "s ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( cotton sp9n+ ma*9]y are associat$4 ,al?\gh ! cotton at ?is /age is /r5g!n$ by twi/1 yet x is extremely inadvisable & practically inadmissible to ins]t m ?an f #a to ab\t #d twi/s p] in* at any ( ^! ma*9es1 s t at ! be/ ! rov+s are /ill v weak4 ,if too mu* twi/ 7 ins]t$ at any /age1 ! draw+ roll]s ( ! imm$iately succe$+ ma*9e c\ld n c>ry on ! att5uat+ process satisfactorily4 ,?is w9d+ problem 0 s difficult t x absolutely baffl$ ! +5uity ( ,arkwright & 8 contempor>ies & imm$iate successors1 & x 0 n until ab\t #ahbe t ! difficulties 7 solv$ by ! inv5tion ( ! diff]5tial w9d+ motion by ,mr4 ,holdswor?1 a well-kn[n ,man*e/] sp9n]1 ^: successors are /ill em95t ma/] cotton sp9n]s4 ,?is w9d+ motion is /ill m ext5sively us$ ?an any o!r1 al?\gh x may be said t q rec5tly sev]al new motions h be5 m or less adopt$1 ^: design is to displace ,holdswor?'s motion by p]=m+ ! same "w 9 a r m satisfactory mann]4 ,9 ^! pages no attempt :atev] w be made to give a te*nical explanation ( ! me*anism ( ! w9d+ motion4 ,x may be said t x 0 a special application ( ! ,sun & ,planet motion orig9ally utilis$ by ,watt 9 8 ,/eam ,eng9e1 = obta9+ a rot>y motion ( 8 fly-:eel4 ,suffici5t be x to say t ?is ,diff]5tial ,motion1 act+ 9 conjunction ) :at are t]m$ ,cone drums1 imp>ts a v>y+ motion to ! bobb9s ^u :i* ! cotton is w\nd1 9 su* a mann] t ! rate ( w9d+ is kept practically con/ant ?r\gh\t ! =mation ( ! bobb9s ( rov+1 al?\gh ! diamet]s ( ! latt] are con/antly increas+4 ,! sp9dles & bobb9s always rotate 9 ! same direction1 b :ile ! revolutions p] m9ute ( ! sp9dles are con/ant1 s z to keep ! twi/ uni=m1 ^? ( ! bobb9s are always v>y+1 9 ord] to comp5sate = _! increas+ diamet]s or ?icknesses ( ! bobb9s4 ,! deliv]y ( cotton f ! roll]s is also con/ant & ! me*anism requir$ to op]ate !m is exce$+ly simple4 ,a va/ numb] ( details c\ld easily be add$ respect+ ! op]ations p]=m$ by ! bobb9 & fly frames1 b fur!r treatm5t is deem$ unnecess>y 9 ?is /ory4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,e>ly ,,attempts ,,at ,,sp9n+1 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,inv5tors4 ,!re c be no bett] illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ! old say+1 t ,necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion1 ?an to read ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! cotton manufacture1 & ! difficulties "u :i* ! pione]s ( ,engl&'s greate/ indu/ry lab\r$4 ,! middle ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury act z ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! old & ! new 9 cotton manufacture1 = up to #agfj ! same type ( ma*9]y 0 f\nd 9 ,engl& :i* _h exi/$ 9 ,india = c5turies4 ,b a *ange 0 com+1 & z a great] dem& arose = cotton goods1 x became absolutely necess>y to discov] "s bett] way ( manipulat+ cotton1 9 ord] to get (f a great] production4 ,:5 inv5tors fail 9 _! projects1 no "o pities !m2 :5 !y succe$1 p]secution1 envy1 & jeal\sy are _! rew>d4 ,s says ,ba9es1 & x w\ld appe>1 f ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! cotton indu/ry1 to be only too true4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! e>ly inv5tors ( ! ma*9]y = improv+ cotton sp9n+ did n reap ! advantages :i* _! lab\rs & inv5tions entitl$ !m to4 ,!y pl\gh$ & s[$1 b o!rs reap$4 ,among ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! e>ly inv5tors1 ! foll[+ /& out 9 great prom95ce--,john ,kay1 ,lewis ,paul1 ,john ,wyatt1 ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 ,?omas ,highs1 ,james ,h>greaves1 & ,samuel ,crompton4 ,:5 & h[ sp9n+ orig9at$ no "o c say1 ?\gh x c be trac$ back ?r\gh _m1 _m c5turies4 ,sev]al nations claim to h be5 ! fir/ to discov] ! art1 b :5 ask$ = pro( ! initial /ages are greatly obscur$ by imp5etrable cl\ds ( my/]y4 ,= example1 ! ,egyptians cr$it ! goddess ,isis ) ! discov]y1 ! ,greeks ,m9]va1 ! ,*9ese ! ,emp]or ,yao4 ,x is relat$ ( ,h]cules1 t1 :5 9 love ) ,omphale1 he debas$ himself by tak+ ! sp9dle & sp9n+ a ?read at h] feet4 ,?is =m ( "w 0 consid]$ to belong only to wom51 & by sp9n+ = h] 9 ?is position he 0 ?\ght to h greatly humiliat$ himself4 ,if ,h]cules 7 back aga91 & c\ld /& betwe5 two mod]n mules & see ! m5 & boys engag$ 9 sp9n+ hundr$s ( ?reads at once1 no d\bt he w\ld wond]1 j z we d to-day at 8 fabl$ feats4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e t v e>ly on 9 ! _w's hi/ory ! twi/+ toge!r ( /r&s ( wool & cotton w\ld =ce itself ^u ! att5tion ( ! anci5ts4 ,if ! read] w take a little cotton wool 9 ! left h& & by means ( ! fir/ f+] & ?umb ( ! "r take a few cotton fibres & g5tly twi/ !m toge!r & at ! same "t draw ! ?read =m$ outw>ds1 x w be se5 h[ v easy x is 7f ! nature ( ! cotton7 to =m a cont9u\s ?read4 ,:at w\ld v soon sugge/ itself w\ld be some?+ to :i* ! ?read1 :5 twi/$1 c\ld be fa/5$ &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m>sd5 7:o supposes ! fir/ sp9n] to h be5 a %eph]d boy71 a twig :i* 0 close at h& w\ld be ! v ?+ to :i* he c\ld atta* 8 twi/$ fibres4 ,he also supposes t1 hav+ spun a %ort l5g?1 ! twig by accid5t 0 all[$ to dangle & imm$iately to untwi/ by sp9n+ r\nd 9 ! rev]se way1 & ultimately fall to ! gr\nd4 ,he fur!r adds1 ! boy w\ld argue to himself t if ?is revolv+ twig c\ld take ! twi/ out by a rev]sion ( its movem5ts1 x c\ld be made to put x 94 ,?is w\ld be ! fir/ sp9n+ sp9dle4 ,! explanation is probably n v f> wide ( ! m>k4 ,a weight$ twig or sp9dle w\ld next be us$1 & z ea* l5g? ( spun ?read 0 f9i%$1 x w\ld be w\nd on to ! sp9dle & fa/5$4 ,z x w\ld be extremely awkw>d to "w ! fibre up )\t a prop] supply1 a bundle ( ?is 0 fa/5$ to ! end ( a /ick & c>ri$ mo/ probably "u ! left arm1 leav+ ! "r h& free1 or 9 ! belt1 mu* 9 ! same way z is done 9 "s c\ntry di/ricts 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe to-day4 ,! mod]n "n = ?is /ick is ,di/aff1 a ^w :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,l[ ,g]man--diesse1 ! bun* ( flax on a di/aff1 & /aff4 ,orig9ally x w\ld be ! /aff on :i* ! t[ or flax 0 fa/5$1 & f :i* ! ?read 0 drawn4 ,! mod]n repres5tative ( ! sp9dle ) ! twi/$ ?read w\nd on x is ! cop1 & ! int]mitt5t actions ( fir/ putt+ twi/ 9 ! ?read & !n w9d+ on ! sp9dle1 h _! exact c\nt]p>ts on ! late/ ( ! self-act+ mules ( to-day4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,twi/ put 9 cotton by ! h&4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note t ,/4 ,di/aff's ,day is ,janu>y #g?1 ! day aft] ! ,epiphany1 a *ur* fe/ival celebrat$ 9 commemoration ( ! visit ( ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ to ,be?lehem4 ,z ?is m>ks ! end ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival1 "w ) ! di/aff 0 comm5c$1 h5ce ! "n1 ,/4 ,di/aff's ,day4 ,x is also call$ ,rock ,day1 rock be+ ano!r "n = di/aff4 ,rock+ ,day 9 ,scotl& 0 a fea/+ day :5 fri5ds & neighb\rs met toge!r 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,new ,ye>1 to celebrate ! end ( ! ,*ri/ma/ide fe/ival4 ,! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 is said to h witness$ ! introduction into ,engl& ( ! sp9dle & di/aff4 ,9 process ( "t1 ! susp5d$ sp9dle 0 sup]s$$ by "o :i* 0 driv5 by me*anical means4 ,ov] & ov] aga91 ! sp9dle1 z x lay ^u ! floor1 mu/ h sugge/$ t x c\ld be made to "w 9 t position1 viz41 horizontal4 ,& s comes n[ a contrivance = hold+ ! sp9dle 9 ?is position4 ,mr4 ,ba9es1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! cotton manufacture1 gives a figure ( an old ,h9doo sp9n+ :eel1 & x is extremely likely t ?is v =m ( ma*9e 0 ! =]unn] ( ! type :i* lat] on f\nd its way into ,europe4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury :at 0 kn[n z ! ,j]sey :eel came into common use4 ,?is ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,ly+ to ! left h& ( ! woman 9 ! illu/ration is a h& c>d4 ,?is consi/$ ( squ>e bo>d ) a h&le1 & 0 cov]$ by f9e wire driv5 91 s z to make :at 0 really a wire bru%4 ,by means ( ?is1 ! sp9n] 0 enabl$ to prep>e h] cotton1 & %e did ) x 7?\gh n ne>ly s well7 :at is done by ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e ( to-day1 viz41 fully op5$ out ! fibres ( cotton ready = sp9n+4 ,hav+ tak5 ! cotton f ! h& c>ds1 %e produc$ at fir/ a v ?ick ?read :i* 0 call$ a rov+4 ,?is %e w\nd on a sp9dle1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds treat$ aga9 on ! :eel a second "t1 & drawn out /ill m1 & !n hav+ ! twi/ put 91 x 0 made mu* ?9n] into s-call$ y>n4 ,only "o ?read c\ld by ?is me?od be dealt ) at a "t by "o p]son1 b ! ma9 op]ations c>ri$ out on ! old sp9n+ :eel h _! exact reproductions on ! mule ( to-day1 viz43--,draw+1 ,twi/+ & ,w9d+4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,j]sey sp9n+ :eel 7aft] ,ba9es74 ,b /ill ! process ( evolution w5t on1 & foll[+ quickly on ! heels ( ! ,j]sey :eel is ! ,saxony or ,leipsic :eel4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t is se5 ! comb9ation ( sp9dle1 fly] & bobb94 ,?is ma*9e 0 s arrang$ t by means ( two groov$ :eels ( diff]5t diamet]s1 b bo? driv5 by ! l>ge :eel simil> to ! "o 9 ! ,j]sey :eel1 & :i* 0 op]at$ by ! sp9n]1 two spe$s 7 obta9$4 ,! bobb9 0 atta*$ to ! small]1 & ! sp9dle1 to :i* 0 fa/5$ ! fly] or ,twi/]1 0 driv5 by ! l>g] ( two :eels4 ,9 ?is =m ( sp9n+ ma*9e1 !n1 !re 7 ! foll[+ op]ations p]=m$3-- ,by ! sp9dle & fly] bo? revolv+ at ! same velocity1 ! ?read 0 att5uat$ & twi/$ z x 0 c>ri$ to ! bobb94 ,?is latt] 01 z already nam$1 driv5 by ! small] ( ! two :eels & _h a motion all its own1 ?\gh mu* quick] ?an t ( ! sp9dle4 ,9 ?is way a bobb9 ( y>n 0 built up1 & ! ,saxony :eel no d\bt gave _m fruitful ideas to ! inv5tors :o appe>$ lat] on1 & :o1 by reason ( _! rese>* & exp]im5t1 evolv$ ! fly frames ( to-day2 ?is 0 notably s 9 ! case ( ,arkwright4 ,!re _h be5 v great opposition to ! introduction ( cotton goods into ,engl& by manufactur]s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! wool & fu/ian trade1 & matt]s ev5 got s bad t ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t 0 fooli% en\gh to actually pass an ,act 9 #agbj1 prohibit+ ! use or we> 9 ,great ,brita91 9 any g>m5t or app>el :atsoev]1 ( any pr9t$1 pa9t$1 /a9$1 or dy$ calico1 "u ! p5alty ( =feit+ to ! in=m] ! sum ( #e4 ,j z ?\gh ?is 0 n suffici5tly sev]e1 x 0 also enact$ t p]sons us+ pr9t$ or dy$ calico 9 or ab\t any b$1 *air1 cu%ion1 w9d[-curta91 or any o!r sort ( h\sehold /uff or furniture1 w\ld be f9$ #bj1 & a l am\nt 0 to be paid by ^? :o sold ! /uff4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev]1 t ?is ,act 0 design$ to /rike a dea?-bl[ at ! cotton indu/ry1 :i* at ?is "t 0 beg9n+ to make itself felt 9 ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,a curi\s exception %\ld be m5tion$ "h4 ,calico1 :i* 0 all blue1 0 exempt$ f ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 z 7 also musl9s1 fu/ians & neck-ties4 ,h[ev]1 9 #agcf ?is iniquit\s piece ( legislation 0 some:at relax$1 & ,p>liam5t 0 good en\gh to decree 9 ! ye> j nam$ t x w\ld be lawful = anyone to we> any sort ( /uff made ( l95 y>n & cotton wool manufactur$ & pr9t$ or pa9t$ ) any col\r or col\rs )9 ! k+dom ( ,great ,brita91 provid$ t ! w>p !re( be entirely l95 y>n4 ,n[ z half a loaf is bett] ?an none1 ! cotton manufactur]s receiv$ a direct impulse by ! p>tial removal ( ! obnoxi\s re/riction1 & v soon ! supply 0 f> ahead ( ! dem&4 ,manufactur]s 7 cry+ out con/antly = m weight & bett] /uff1 b h[ by ! me*anical means at ! disposal ( ! sp9n]s 7 !y to get x8 ,lanca%ire hi/orians say t x 0 no uncommon ?+ = weav]s to travel miles 9 se>* ( weft1 & !n _m ( !m return$ to _! looms ) only a qu>t] ( ! am\nt !y requir$4 ,ano!r cause :i* act$ 9 ! direction ( increas+ ! dem& = y>ns & weft 0 ! inv5tion ( ! fly+ %uttle by ,john ,kay ab\t #agch4 ,previ\s to 8 "t1 ! heavy %uttles conta9+ ! wefts 7 s5t across ! looms by two p]sons4 ,n[1 by 8 new %uttle he disp5s$ ) ! s]vices ( "o ( ^! artisans1 & by means ( 8 arrangem5t = quickly s5d+ ! %uttle along ! la! ( ! loom1 mu* m clo? 0 produc$4 ,poor ,kay suff]$ mu* by ! cruel p]secution ( 8 c\ntrym51 :o ignorantly suppos$ t 9 br++ 8 new %uttle to su* p]fection1 !y w\ld be depriv$ p]man5tly ( _! occupations1 ) no?+ b />vation look+ !m 9 ! face4 ,( c\rse1 no?+ c\ld be wid] ( ! tru? ?an ?is1 b ,kay _h to flee 8 c\ntry1 & di$ 9 pov]ty & obscurity 9 a =eign l&4 ,/ill ! %uttle cont9u$ to be us$1 = ! mak]s ( clo? _h le>n$ t increas$ production meant m "w1 & possibly great] pr(it1 & ?\gh ,kay disappe>$1 8 works rema9$ beh9d4 ,! dem& = weft grew m & m4 ,x has be5 said t x is ! occasion :i* makes ! man1 & n man ! occasion4 ,x 0 s 9 ?is case1 = "h 0 a cry = "s me*anical means to be discov]$ = satisfy+ ! ev]-increas+ dem& = cotton weft4 ,hi!rto s+le ?reads only _h be5 dealt ) on ! sp9n+ ma*9es1 b ! same ye> witness$ ! introduction ( an inv5tion :i* 9 a few ye>s completely revolutioniz$ ! sp9n+ indu/ry1 & :i* enabl$ "o work] to sp9 hundr$s ( ?reads at once4 ,! ye> #agch1 :i* witness$ ! bir? ( ,kay's inv5tion1 also saw t ( ,lewis ,paul1 an artisan ( ,birm+ham4 ,?is 0 a new me?od ( sp9n+ by means ( ,roll]s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is 0 ?irty ye>s be=e ,arkwright attempt$ to obta9 lett]s pat5t = 8 sy/em ( sp9n+ by roll]s4 ,mo/ ( ! read]s ( ?is little book w h se5 :at is kn[n 9 dome/ic p>lance z a clo!s-wr+]4 ,"h ! wood5 or rubb] roll]s1 by means ( weights or screws1 are made to squeeze out mo/ ( ! moi/ure :i* rema9s aft] ! g>m5t has left ! wa%+-tub4 ,n[ if two sets ( su* roll]s c\ld be put toge!r1 s t 9 section ! f\r c5tres w\ld co9cide ) ! f\r angul> po9ts ( a squ>e1 & ! back pair c\ld be made to h a great] surface velocity ?an ! front pair1 ?is arrangem5t w\ld give some?+ l ! idea :i* ,paul _h 9 8 m9d at t "t4 ,:y make ! back pair revolve at a great] rate8 ,= ?is reason1 t z ! cotton 0 suppli$ to ! front pair1 & pass$ on to ! second1 rememb]+ t ^! are go+ at a great] rate1 x foll[s t ! cotton w\ld be drawn out 9 pass+ f ! fir/ to ! second pair4 ,_h ! roll]s be5 bo? go+ at ! same spe$s1 ! cotton w\ld pass out z x w5t 91 unaffect$4 ,n[ x 0 ?is idea :i* ,paul practically set out 9 8 ma*9e4 ,f "s reason or o!r1 ,paul's "r to ?is pat5t has be5 (t5 call$ into "q1 & up to #aheh x 0 popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 ! sole inv5tion ( ,john ,wyatt ( ,birm+ham4 ,9 ! ye> nam$1 ,mr4 ,cole1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 prov$ t ,paul 0 ! real pat5tee1 & e/abli%$ ! validity ( 8 claim )\t d\bt4 ,! two di/+ui%+ features ( ,paul's ,sp9n+ ,ma*9e 73 7#a7 by means ( ! roll]s & fly]s he p]=m$ ! op]ations ( draw+-out & twi/+1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 done by ! f+]s & ?umbs ( ! sp9n]s2 & 7#b7 he *ang$ ! position ( ! sp9dle itself f ! horizontal to ! v]tical4 ,a glance at ! ,transactions ( ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 ,manufactures & ,comm]ce1 %[s t ?is p]iod 7#agfj-aggj7 0 mo/ prolific ( inv5tions specially relat+ to ! v>i\s sections ( ! cotton indu/ry4 ,!re 7 improv$ sp9n+ :eels1 a horizontal sp9n+ :eel1 & ?ree o!r =ms ( sp9n+ ma*9es submitt$ to ! above society betwe5 #agfa & #agfg1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ money grants 9 ! %ape ( premiums1 :i* _h be5 (f]$ to ! be/ inv5tions = improv+ sp9n+ ma*9]y 9 g5]al4 ,! above li/ does n h[ev] conta9 any ref]5ce to "o improvem5t by ,james ,h>greaves ( ,blackburn1 ,lanca%ire1 to :i* 9 ?is /ory special m5tion mu/ be made4 ,x appe>s t 9 #agfd or #agfe ?is individual _h complet$ a ma*9e = sp9n+ elev5 ?reads simultane\sly2 & five ye>s lat] he _h develop$ ! ma*9e to s p]fect a /ate t he took out a pat5t = x1 f :i* "t x became kn[n to ! indu/rial _w z a ,sp9n+ ,j5ny4 ,8 "r to ! pat5t has ov] & ov] aga9 be5 *all5g$1 & x has be5 alleg$ t ,?omas ,highs ( ,leigh1 also 9 ,lanca%ire1 0 ! real inv5tor4 ,ba9es1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture1 is incl9$ to ! view t ,h>greaves 0 ! fir/ to p]fect ! ma*9e kn[n z ! ,j5ny 7see ,fig4 #ba74 ,f :atev] po9t ( view ,h>greaves' ma*9e is look$ at1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be a decid$ /ep =w>d 9 ! direction ( sp9n+ ma*9]y improvem5t4 ,! j5ny 0 s unlike ,arkwright's frame or ,paul's1 & prec$$ t ( ! =m] by "s ye>s1 t its claim to orig9ality c n be que/ion$4 ,h[ ! inv5tor came to produce 8 ma*9e c n be /at$1 b x is report$ t on "o occasion he saw a s+le ?read sp9n+ :eel :i* _h be5 accid5tally knock$ ov]1 ly+ ) ! :eel & sp9dle free & bo? revolv+4 ,if ! read] w ?9k = a m9ute x w be app>5t t ! horizontal position ( ! sp9dle w\ld be *ang$ to a v]tical "o1 & ,h>greaves argu$ if "o sp9dle c\ld revolve 9 t way1 :y %\ld n eight or any numb] ( sp9dles be made to "w at ! same "t4 ,h[ f> he successfully work$ out t idea w be se5 if ref]5ce be made to ! illu/ration ( ! j5ny :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,aft] :at has be5 said "u ! head ( ,c>d+1 ,draw+1 & ,rov+1 x w easily be und]/ood :5 x is said t1 unlike ,arkwright's ,ma*9e1 ,h>greaves' ,j5ny c\ld only deal ) ! cotton :5 9 ! /ate ( rov+1 & x 0 ! rov+ :i* ?is ma*9e att5uat$ & twi/$ or spun into y>n4 ,if ! read] w imag9e he or %e is /&+ 9 front ( ! j5ny1 ! foll[+ description w be made mu* cle>]3-- ,image3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,h>greaves' sp9n+ j5ny 7aft] ,ba9es74 ,! rov+s1 :i* h previ\sly be5 prep>$1 are ea* pass$ f ! bobb9s se5 on ! l[] creel1 ?r\gh a numb] ( grooves on "o ( ! b>s :i* run across ! frame1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! rov+s are next pass$ on to ! sp9dles /&+ at ! back ( ! frame & secur$ to !m4 ,a second b> 9 front ( ! "o ov] :i* ! rov+s pass1 acts z a brake & prev5ts1 :5 9 its prop] position1 any m rov+ be+ deliv]$1 ?us secur+ all betwe5 ! sp9dles & ! said b>4 ,! :eel :i* is se5 on ! "r ( ! j5ny communicates ) a cyl9d] by means ( a /rap or rope1 & ?is cyl9d] 9 turn+ gives circul> motion to ! sp9dles :i* are connect$ ) ! cyl9d] by endless b&s4 ,on ! sp9dle is ! :>f1 specially =m$ to all[ ! b& to run )\t slipp+4 ,! op]ations = a complete sp9n+ ( "o deliv]y is describ$ by ,ba9es z foll[s3-- ,a c]ta9 portion ( rov+ be+ ext5d$ f ! sp9dles to ! wood5 clasp1 ! clasp 0 clos$1 & 0 !n drawn along ! horizontal frame to a consid]able di/ance f ! sp9dles1 by :i* ! ?reads 7 l5g!n$ out1 & r$uc$ to ! prop] t5uity2 ?is 0 done ) ! sp9n]'s left h&1 & 8 "r h& at ! same "t turn$ a :eel :i* caus$ ! sp9dles to revolve rapidly1 & ?us ! rov+ 0 spun into y>n4 ,by return+ ! clasp to its fir/ situation1 & lett+ d[n a press] wire1 ! y>n 0 w\nd on ! sp9dle4 ,hatr$ & jeal\sy 7 imm$iately born :5 ,h>greaves' spl5did improvem5t became kn[n1 &1 l poor ,kay be=e him1 he _h to leave 8 native soil & get to "s m seclud$ spot4 ,he ultimately arriv$ 9 ,nott+ham1 set at once to accommodate himself to 8 new environm5t1 & soon ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) a ,mr4 ,james1 & 9 #aggj took out a pat5t = 8 ,j5ny4 ,9 conjunction ) 8 new p>tn]1 a mill 0 built1 said to be "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! fir/1 sp9n+ mill s call$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?\gh x is /at$ by ,arkwright t ,h>greaves di$ 9 comp>ative obscurity & pov]ty1 o!rs say t ?is is n s2 ?\gh he 0 n weal?y ! evid5ce is suffici5tly good to believe t he di$ 9 mod]ate circum/ances4 ,! regi/] ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,p>i%1 ,nott+ham1 conta9s ! foll[+ entry3--#aggh1 ,april #bb1 ,james ,h>graves4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fur!r ,,developm5ts--,,arkwright ,,& ,,crompton4 ,:atev] may be said 9 fav\r ( o!r sp9n+ ma*9]y inv5tors1 x is q c]ta9 t :5 we put ! :ole ( !m toge!r1 two /& out 9 great] prom95ce ?an any ( ! re/1 viz41 ,arkwright & ,crompton4 ,probably ! =m] did m ?an any o!r ,engli%man to e/abli% :at is kn[n z ! ,mod]n ,factory ,sy/em4 ,he 0 n :at "o might call a brilliant man or great inv5tor1 b he _h ! happy knack ( appreciat+ & seiz+ ^u :at he knew 0 a good ?+1 & set ab\t in/antly to get all out ( x t he c\ld1 & !re are ^? :o /rongly affirm t he (t5 got mu* m ?an he 0 entitl$ to4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x c n be d5i$ t he possess$ em95t bus9ess qualifications1 & ^!1 c\pl$ ) o!r ( 8 qualities1 help$ to make him exce$+ly successful4 ,he fir/ saw ! light ( day on ,decemb] #bcrd1 #agcb1 9 ,pre/on1 ,lanca%ire1 tw5ty-"o ye>s be=e 8 great rival & contempor>y1 ,samuel ,crompton4 ,8 p>5ts c\ld n possibly af=d to give him any s*ool+1 he be+ ! y\nge/ ( ?irte54 ,appr5tic$ to ! trade ( b>b]1 he became 9 "t a fir/-rate man 9 t bus9ess4 ,9 #agfj1 :5 tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age1 he left ,pre/on & settl$ d[n 9 ,bolton 9 ,lanca%ire1 sett+ up ! bus9ess ( b>b] & p]uke-mak]4 ,! y\?ful ,samuel ,crompton w\ld no d\bt pay him _m visits :5 9 ,*ur*gate1 & little did he dream t ! head he s (t5 w\ld und\bt$ly use 8 skill ^u 0 ! "o :i* w\ld evolve by & by a ma*9e :i* w\ld amaze ! !n comm]cial _w2 b x 0 s4 ,ano!r "p ( ,arkwright's bus9ess1 t ( travell+ up & d[n ! c\ntry buy+ & sell+ human hair = wig-mak+1 w\ld put him au fait ) almo/ e new inv5tion & idea4 ,ri*>d's bus9ess c>d proves t he believ$ 9 adv]tis+ himself ev5 z a b>b]4 ,j ab\t ?is "t !re 0 mu* excitem5t1 especially 9 ,lanca%ire1 ab\t ! m>vell\s inv5tion ( ,h>greaves1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* _h n[ become kn[n to ! public4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to appreciate ! significance ( ?is inv5tion 0 ,arkwright himself1 s t x may reasonably be suppos$ t he w\ld 9 good "t "k all !re 0 to be kn[n ( ! me*anism us$ by ,h>greaves 9 8 new me?od ( sp9n+4 ,lat] on1 ,arkwright became acqua9t$ ) a man nam$ ,highs ( ,leigh1 ano!r exp]im5t] 9 sp9n+4 ,! circle ( 8 acqua9tance%ip also includ$ ,kay1 a clockmak] ( ,w>r+ton1 :o _h assi/$ ,highs on sev]al occasions 9 8 inve/igations4 ,at ?is "t ,arkwright's all-absorb+ hobby 0 me*anics1 & fir/ "o exp]im5t & !n ano!r 0 made 9 rapid succession4 ,ne$less to say1 8 bus9ess ( b>b]+ suff]$ 9 ! mean:ile4 ,f ! fir/ he turn$ 8 att5tion to an improvem5t ( sp9n+ cotton by draw+ roll]s4 ,8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success1 & he ultimately blossom$ into a knight1 & 0 elect$ ,high ,%]iff ( ,d]by%ire4 ,x is r s+ul> t he %\ld be ab\t ! only "o ( ! cotton-ma*9]y inv5tors ( ?is age :o amass$ a =tune2 mo/ ( ! o!rs be+ b slightly remov$ f want 9 _! la/ days4 ,!re 7 _m :o claim$ t !y 7 ! real & orig9al inv5tors ( ?is me?od ( sp9n+ by roll]s1 b !re c be no d\bt t to ,arkwright alone belongs ! cr$it = br++ ^! improvem5ts to a high] /ate ( p]fection ?an !y ev] atta9$ be=e4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 roll] draw+ is ! great basis ( ! op]ations ( mod]n sp9n+1 :]ev] p]=m$4 ,n only is ?is ! case 9 ! f9al /ages ( production1 b x is especially true ( mo/ ( ! prep>atory processes1 :e!r us$ = ! production ( co>se1 m$ium or f9e y>ns4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! great pr9ciple ( draw+ roll]s is1 t ! cotton is pass$ ?r\gh ?ree or f\r pairs ( roll]s 9 quick succession1 & att5uat$ by ea* pair 9 turn1 ea* pair be+ made to revolve m quickly ?an ! prec$+ pair4 ,?is id5tical process is repeat$ 9 ma*9e aft] ma*9e1 until f9ally ! bulk ( cotton is r$uc$ to a f9e ?read1 ( :i*1 9 "s cases1 x takes two or ?ree hundr$ miles to weigh "o p\nd4 ,ev5 9 :at are t]m$ m$ium numb]s or c\nts ( cotton y>n1 !re are f fifte5 to tw5ty-five miles ( ?read 9 a p\nd avoirdupois1 & m ?an a ?\s& million p\nds ( su* y>ns are spun annually4 ,! ye> #agfg f\nd ,arkwright entirely absorb$ 9 8 ideas ( roll] draw+1 & he got ! clockmak] ,kay to j\rney ) him to ,nott+ham1 possibly ?9k+ t :at _h be5 met$ out to o!r inv5tors 9 ,lanca%ire %\ld n be repeat$ 9 8 case4 ,he "h collect$ ab\t him a numb] ( fri5ds1 money$ & o!rwise1 :o help$ 9 8 evolution ( sp9n+ ma*9]y4 ,a man nam$ ,john ,smalley ( ,pre/on f\nd him ! :]e)al to c>ry on 8 exp]im5ts fir/ at ,pre/on & lat] on at ,nott+ham4 ,c]ta9ly :at he put up at ,nott+ham gave su* promise ( practical utility1 t two exp]i5c$ bus9ess m5 7 l$ to jo9 him 9 p>tn]%ip1 & ! ?ree ( !m1 ,ne$1 ,/rutt1 & ,arkwright1 v soon _h mills built 9 ,nott+ham1 ,crom=d & ,matlock4 ,! fir/-nam$ mill 0 work$ by horses1 ! two latt] by wat]1 h5ce ! common "n ( wat] frame1 giv5 to ! ma*9es ( ,arkwright4 ,! g5tlem5 tak5 into p>tn]%ip 7 able & qualifi$ to give good s\nd advice & help to ,arkwright1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! ye> #agfi he took out a pat5t = 8 wat] frame4 ,to use 8 own words1 9 8 specification he _h1 by great /udy & long application1 inv5t$ a new piece ( ma*9]y1 nev] be=e f\nd out1 practis$ or us$1 = ! mak+ ( weft or y>n f cotton1 flax1 & wool2 :i* w\ld be ( great utility to a great _m manufactur]s1 z well z to ,8 ,maje/y's subjects 9 g5]al1 by employ+ a great _m poor p 9 work+ ! said ma*9]y1 & by mak+ ! said weft or y>n mu* sup]ior 9 quality to any h]et(ore manufactur$ or made4 ,no useful purpose c\ld be s]v$ by reproduc+ ,arkwright's description ( ! ma*9e 9 "q1 b a picture ( ! actual ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,arkwright's ma*9e 7aft] ,ba9es74 ,! mo/ important feature ( ! inv5tion1 ( c\rse1 0 ! draw+ out or att5uat+ ( ! cotton by roll]s revolv+ at diff]5t spe$s4 ,b x 0 also ess5tial t prop] me*anism %\ld be provid$ by :i* twi/ w\ld be put into ! y>n to make x suffici5tly /rong2 & fur!rmore1 x 0 necess>y to arrange = ! att5uat$ & twi/$ cotton to be automatically guid$ & coil$ up or w\nd up into a conv5i5t =m4 ,z we h se51 ! draw+ out ( ! cotton f9] he accompli%$ by ! ,draw+ ,roll]s orig9ally inv5t$ by ,lewis ,paul1 :ile = ! latt] purpose he successfully adapt$ ! pr9ciple already exi/+ 9 ! ,saxony :eel1 us$ 9 ! l95 manufacture1 ) :i* he probably became acqua9t$ dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,pre/on4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ,h>greaves _h introduc$ into ! comm]cial _w 8 ,j5ny1 a few ye>s ant]ior to ,arkwright's wat] frame becom+ s successful4 ,^! two ma*9es 7 m or less 9 rivalry1 b n p]haps to t ext5t :i* _m w\ld suppose4 ,f ! v fir/ x 0 f\nd t ! frame ( ,arkwright's 0 mu* m suitable = w>p or twi/ y>ns1 i4e41 ! longitud9al ?reads ( a clo?1 :]eas ,h>greaves' ma*9e 0 m adapt$ = ! production ( weft y>ns1 i4e41 ! transv]se ?reads ( a clo?4 ,n[ x _c be too /rongly rem>k$ t1 at ! pres5t "t1 aft] ! lapse ( a c5tury1 ! same /ate ( ?+s practically obta9 9 ! improv$ ma*9es ( to-day2 ,h>greaves' ma*9e be+ repres5t$ by ! sy/em ( int]mitt5t sp9n+ ^u ! improv$ self-actor mule1 :ile ,arkwright's wat] frame is repres5t$ by ! sy/em ( cont9u\s sp9n+ ^u ! mod]n ,r+ ,sp9n+ frame4 ,:ile weft y>n is n[ almo/ entirely produc$ on ! mule1 w>p y>ns are 9 _m cases n[ obta9$ f ! ,r+ ,frames1 ?is latt] sy/em at ! pres5t "t be+ greatly on ! increase & daily becom+ m popul>4 ,! ,c>d+ ,eng9e 0 greatly improv$ by ,arkwright's _m useful improvem5ts1 especially t ( ! ,d(f] comb1 be+ entirely 8 own4 ,! effect ( ?is comb is fully describ$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) manipulation ( ! cotton by ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e4 ,paul 0 probably ! fir/1 9 #agdh1 to inv5t ! ,c>d+ ,ma*9e4 ,8 inv5tions seem$ to hang fire until introduc$ into ,lanca%ire1 :5 !y 7 adopt$ by a ,mr4 ,peel1 ,arkwright & o!rs4 ,! *ief defects1 p]haps1 ( ?is ma*9e 0 ! abs5ce ( prop] means = putt+ ! cotton on ! revolv+ cyl9d] & hav+ x /ripp$ :5 suffici5tly c>d$4 ,h5ce ! great value ( ,arkwright's /ripp+ comb4 ,"s old ,c>d+ ,eng9es :i* 7 us$ at ?is "t are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ?\gh only us$ = museum purposes4 ,z w h be5 ga!r$ 9 a =m] *apt] deal+ ) ! manipulation ( ! cotton 9 ! mill1 betwe5 ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e & ! f9al process ( sp9n+ !re are o!r & important /ages ( prep>ation1 & 9 ^! x is se5 h[ 9 "o respect ,arkwright's me?od ( draw+ out cotton by revolv+ roll]s 0 immeasurably sup]ior to ! travell+ c>riage ( ,h>greaves4 ,! /r5g? ( a rope is repres5t$ by its weake/ p>ts1 & ! same may be said ( y>n4 ,!re c be no d\bt t "o ( ,arkwright's greate/ difficulties 0 to give an uni=m y>n1 & ?\gh he successfully laun*$ 8 new ma*9es he felt !re 0 /ill mu* to be done 9 ! direction ( rem$y+ y>n :i* 0 irregul> 9 ?ickness & /r5g?4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 he f9ally adapt$ 8 draw+ roll]s to :at is n[ ! mod]n draw+ frame--a ma*9e q z l>gely us$1 & q z necess>y 9 pres5t-day sp9n+1 z x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x 0 s\ght to make ?is ma*9e d two ?+s4 7#a7 ,sev]al sliv]s ( cotton f ! ,c>d 7 put up toge!r at ! back1 & by means ( f\r pairs ( draw+ roll]s1 7 r$uc$ to ! ?ickness ( "o sliv] 7see ! description 9 *apt] vi474 ,x w be suffici5t to say "h t ?is me?od ( d\bl+ & draw+ equalises ! sliv] ( cotton by ! comb9ation ( ! ?ick places ) ! ?94 ,d\bl+ is n[ ! reason ( ! uni=mity ( ! y>ns t are produc$ 9 su* l>ge quantities4 7#b7 ,! ,c>d+ ,eng9e did n by any means lay ! fibres ( cotton suffici5tly p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ?is process ( p>allelisation 0 fully accompli%$ by ! front ends ( ! fibres be+ drawn =w>d m rapidly ?an _! back ends by ! draw+ roll]s revolv+ at diff]5t velocities4 ,mr4 ,ba9es says x 0 common to p]=m ?is op]ation until ! f9i%$ sliv] conta9$ portions f sev]al ?\s& c>d+ sliv]s1 b we ?9k he w\ld h be5 ne>] ! m>k if he _h said sev]al hundr$2 al?\gh ! high] numb] may be occasionally rea*$4 ,yet aga91 9 ord] to obta9 a ?read or y>n ( suffici5t f95ess1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to p]=m "s ( ! att5uation ( ! cotton sliv] z x left ! draw+ frame & be=e x rea*$ ! f9al sp9n+ process4 ,to ?is end1 ,arkwright adopt$ ! ,rov+ frame1 9 :i* ! lead+ feature 0 aga9 ! celebrat$ draw+ roll]s4 ,?is ma*9e made a s(t & mod]ately twi/$ /r& or rov+1 & if mu* twi/ _h be5 put 91 x w\ld h refus$ to draw out f9] at ! sp9n+ ma*9e4 ,h5ce ! means provid$ by ,arkwright = ! twi/+ & w9d+-on ( ! att5uat$ cotton on 8 sp9n+ frame 7 utt]ly inadequate to cope ) ! s(t loose rov+1 & z a matt] ( fact ,arkwright nev] did see ?is problem satisfactorily solv$4 ,he all[$1 9 8 ma*9e1 ! rov+ to fall into a rapidly revolv+ c :i* /ood upright2 ! revolution imp>t+ twi/ to ! cotton4 ,:5 ?is c 0 fill$1 x 0 c>ri$ to a w9d+ frame1 by :i* ! rov+ 0 w\nd ^u bobb9s suitable = ! sp9n+ frame4 ,t ,arkwright 0 unscrupul\s 9 "s ( 8 deal+s w soon be ga!r$ if ! v>i\s trials :i* he in/itut$ to def5d 8 s-call$ pat5ts be c>efully read1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t he possess$ a mo/ wond]ful bus9ess capacity1 & t he work$ e>ly & late1 9 pu%+ 8 ideas ) ! mo/ tireless en]gy & det]m9$ p]sev]ance4 ,a glimpse ( ! nature ( 8 e>ly /ruggles is obta9$ :5 x is record$ t on "o occasion 8 wife broke "s ( 8 fir/ rude models1 "u ! impression t he w\ld />ve 8 family by neglect ( 8 legitimate bus9ess ( b>b]4 ,s inc5s$ at h] = ?is 0 he1 t he ceas$ to live ) h]4 ,su* 7 ! defects ( 8 e>ly education & su* 8 det]m9ation to le>n1 t at fifty he did n ?9k he 0 too old to beg9 ,engli% gramm>1 writ+ & ari?metic4 ,t he succe$$ 9 gett+ toge!r a l>ge =tune is n[ hi/ory4 ,he di$ at ! age ( sixty on ! #crd ,augu/1 #agib1 at ,crom=d 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,samuel ,crompton4--,p]haps ! greate/ ( ! cotton-sp9n+ ma*9]y inv5tors 0 ,samuel ,crompton1 :o 0 born a few miles away f ,bolton 9 a delightfully seclud$ & sylvan spot1 ,firwood ,fold1 on ! #crd ,decemb]1 #agec4 ,no /ory ( ! ,cotton plant w\ld be complete )\t m5tion ( ?is individual1 = :]ev] f9e sp9n+ ma*9]y is practis$ !re is a monum5t to ! +5uity1 ! skill & brilliant g5ius ( ,samuel ,crompton4 ,at a v e>ly age he1 along ) 8 p>5ts1 remov$ into a mu* l>g] h\se /ill 9 exi/5ce & kn[n z ,! ,hall i? ,wood4 ,?is anci5t mansion /&s on a piece ( high rocky gr\nd & is di/ant f ,bolton ab\t #a-a_/b miles4 ,x 0 9 ?is h\se t he inv5t$ 8 celebrat$ ma*9e :i* he call$ ,a ,mule4 ,at ! pres5t "t "o looks 9 va9 = ! ,wood1 b 9 ! e>ly days ( ,crompton's t5ancy x 0 surr\nd$ by a great numb] ( v f9e trees1 h5ce ! "n ,! ,hall 9 ! ,wood or ,hall i? ,wood4 ,= "s reason ! ,hall is be+ all[$ to fall into decay1 & at ! pres5t "t is 9 great dang] ( collaps+4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to buy ! place & reclaim z mu* ( x z possible & conv]t x into a museum1 b z yet no?+ has be5 done4 ,x 0 built at two diff]5t p]iods3 "o portion ( x1 t ( ! po/ & pla/] "w1 be+ built probably 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 :ile ! new] or lat] portion ( /one 0 erect$ ab\t #afdh1 = t date is inscrib$ on ! por*4 ,! inside does n appe> to h receiv$ mu* c>e or improvem5t4 ,orig9ally ! w9d[s 7 mu* l>g] ?an at pres5t4 ,pitt's w9d[ tax1 long s9ce repeal$1 0 ! direct cause = ! r$uc+ ( ! w9d[s f _! =m] proportions4 ,! illu/ration gives an excell5t idea ( its pres5t-day appe>ance4 ,! build+ is always an object ( extreme int]e/ to visitors to ! locality1 pres5t+ ev5 n[ a v picturesque appe>ance4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,! ,hall i? ,wood1 :]e ! sp9n+ mule 0 inv5t$4 ,v soon aft] ! removal ( ! family to ! ,hall i? ,wood1 ,samuel's fa!r di$4 ,8 "m1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! be/ ( wom51 fill$ ! duties ( head ( ! h\se ) mu* success1 & foll[$ ! labori\s occupation ( f>m+1 & 9 h] leisure mom5ts1 did :at _m h\sewives ( h] class did--c>d$1 spun1 & wove1 9 ord] to provide h] family & h]self ) a dec5t livelihood4 ,%e manag$ to give :at might be t]m$ "u ! circum/ances a mo/ excell5t & practical education to h] son ,samuel2 & x may be "h rem>k$1 t 9 _m respects he 0 ! exact opposite ( 8 pr$ecessor ,arkwright4 ,! latt] 0 c]ta9ly a bu/l+1 pu%+ man ( bus9ess1 :ile ,crompton 0 a born inv5tor & recluse1 & be x said also1 z big a failure1 z a bus9ess man1 z c\ld be well conceiv$4 ,( c\rse ,arkwright1 z is well kn[n1 0 ! opposite ( ?is4 ,! e>ly y\? ( ,crompton 0 id5tifi$ ) ! great progress 9 ! cotton indu/ry ( ,engl&1 &1 at fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s ( age1 he 0 to be f\nd assi/+ 8 "m dur+ ! daytime1 :ile 9 ! ev5+s he att5d$ night-classes 9 ,bolton1 :]e he made great progress 9 ma!matics4 ,he 0 s good at ! latt] subject t he 0 call$ a wit* at figures4 ,x may be tak5 z p]fectly natural t a man ( ! "*1 tra9+ & e>ly associations ( ,crompton %\ld turn to inv5tion 9 connection ) ! cotton indu/ry1 especially s9ce ! beg9n+ ( 8 association ) ! trade !re _h always be5 a sc>city ( weft = ! loom :i* he & 8 "m op]at$4 ,! cont9ual ef=ts ( ,engli% weav]s ( t p]iod to produce f9e cotton goods to compete ) ^? at t "t l>gely import$ f ,india1 l$ to a great dem& = f9e y>ns1 & ^! ! comp>atively clumsy f+]s ( ,engli% sp9n]s c\ld n produce 9 a mann] at all equal to ! delicate filam5ts produc$ by ! ,h9doos4 ,kay's inv5tion ( ! fly %uttle1 & ! introduction by 8 son ( ! drop-box 9 ! loom1 _h va/ly increas$ ! output ( ! loom1 ?us increas+ ! dem& = weft & w>p to fe$ x4 ,! inv5tions ( ,arkwright1 ,paul & o!rs _h c]ta9ly done mu* t[>d supply+ ?is dem&1 b 9 ,crompton's y\? & e>ly manhood ! ne$ ( suitable weft 0 great] ?an ev]4 ,mrs4 ,crompton 0 n long 9 he>+ ab\t ! ,j5ny ( ,h>greaves1 & det]m9$ %e w\ld get "o = h] son to "w ^u4 ,?is %e did1 & ,crompton v soon became famili> ) x & produc$ ^u x suffici5t weft = _! own use4 ,?is he cont9u$ to d = sev5 or eight ye>s1 al?\gh he con/antly _h ! tru? =c$ ^u him1 t ! y>n he 0 produc+ 0 nei!r z suitable = w>ps z t f ,arkwright's wat] frame1 nor at all adapt$ = ! f9e musl9s !n v mu* 9 requisition = ladies' dresses4 ,! manufacture ( ^! musl9s & ( cotton quilt+s 0 comm5c$ 9 ,bolton1 ,lanca%ire1 by ,joseph ,%aw1 :5 ,crompton 0 ab\t t5 ye>s ( age2 & f t "t up to ! pres5t1 no t[n 9 ! _w enjoys ! same reputation = ?is class ( goods z does ,bolton4 ,) s contemplative & reflective a m9d z ,crompton's1 & ! _m ye>s ( con/ant &1 to a great ext5t1 solit>y occupation on ,h>greaves' ,j5ny1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ,crompton's +5i\s bra9 l$ him to devise "s me*anism = improv+ ! j5ny on :i* he work$4 ,9 #aggd1 !re=e1 he began ^? exp]im5ts :i*1 aft] five ye>s lab\r1 result$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,new ,:eel1 or ,musl9 ,:eel1 or ,hall i? ,wood ,:eel1 z x 0 v>i\sly designat$4 ,! t]m ,mule 0 ( lat] application1 ow+ to its compris+ ! ess5tial features ( bo? ,arkwright's & ,h>greaves' inv5tions4 ,because x 0 a cross or comb9ation ( ! two x receiv$ ! "n ( ,mule1 by :i* x is kn[n to-day4 ,at ! v "t ,crompton p]fect$ 8 ma*9e suffici5tly to give x a practical te/1 ! ,blackburn sp9n]s & weav]s 7 go+ riot\sly ab\t1 sma%+ to pieces e j5ny ) m ?an tw5ty sp9dles1 t c\ld be f\nd = miles ar\nd ! locality1 s t ,crompton took elaborate pa9s to conceal ! v>i\s p>ts ( 8 new ma*9e 9 ! ceil+ ( 8 "w-room at ! ,hall i? ,wood 9 ord] to prev5t _! de/ruction4 ,crompton's hopes & prospects 7 v bright at ?is "t1 z he _h a wat* co/+ five gu9eas expressly made = him1 & j aft] ! completion ( 8 inv5tion1 he m>ri$ "o ,m>y ,pimlott1 at ,bolton ,p>i% ,*ur*1 #af? ,febru>y #aghj4 ,he 0 !n b tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & 8 great inv5tion1 de/9$ to revolutionise ! cotton trade1 0 already an accompli%$ fact al?\gh practically a secret to ! _w at l>ge4 ,:5 m>ri$1 he & 8 wife set !mselves assidu\sly to produce ! f9e/ /rong y>n :i* 8 ma*9e 0 s em95tly adapt$ to sp94 ,x did n take long = ! good news to travel t f9e y>n suitable = ! production ( musl9s 0 be+ made at ! ,hall i? ,wood4 ,hundr$s ( manufactur]s visit$ ,samuel to pur*ase1 b _m m came out ( curiosity1 if by any means !y c\ld see ?is wond]ful ma*9e4 ,"o individual is said to h hidd5 himself five days 9 ! cockl(t &1 hav+ bor$ a hole ?r\gh ! ceil+1 fea/$ "o eye at lea/ by a sight ( ! m>vell\s me*anism :i* ,crompton _h inv5t$4 ,ballantyne records t z mu* z #ads4 p] p\nd 0 obta9$ = #dj's y>n2 #bes4 = #fj's1 & = a small quantity ( #hj's1 #dbs4 p] lb4 ,at ! "t ( writ+ ! m>ket prices = ^! are respectively1 #g-c_/d;d41 #i-c_/d;d41 & #as4 #c;d4 p] lb4 ,crompton1 h[ev]1 0 n p]mitt$ to enjoy 8 prosp]ity & monopoly v long1 & "h aga9 may be not$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ,arkwright4 ,:ile ! latt] extort$ ! full bus9ess pr(it f 8 inv5tions1 ! =m] suff]$ 8 +5i\s ma*9e to get out ( 8 h&s by promises n wor? ! pap] on :i* !y 7 writt54 ,8 inv5tion 0 n at all adequately protect$ by pat5t rights1 & a numb] ( manufactur]s 7 all[$ to use ! ,mule on _! simple writt5 promise to give him "s remun]ation4 ,long aft]w>ds he wrote3 ,at la/ ,i cons5t$1 9 hope ( a g5]\s & lib]al subscription4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t f _m subscrib]s1 :o w\ld n pay ! sums !y _h set opposite _! names1 :5 ,i appli$ to !m = x1 ,i got no?+ b abusive language giv5 to me to drive me f !m1 :i* 0 easily done1 = ,i nev] till !n c\ld ?9k x possible t any man 79 su* situation & circum/ances7 c\ld pret5d "o ?+ & act ! direct opposite4 ,i !n f\nd x 0 possible1 hav+ _h pro( positive4 ,ano!r side ( ,crompton's "* may be se5 :5 x is /at$ he 0 an en?usia/ic musician1 & e>n$ #as4 #f;d4 a night by play+ ! viol9 at ! ,bolton ,!atre4 ,f\r or five ye>s aft] ! inv5tion 0 kn[n1 he remov$ to ! t[n%ip ( ,%>ples1 :]e he occupi$ a f>m-h\se call$ ,! ,oldhams1 be+ probably induc$ to take ?is /ep 9 ord] to secure great] privacy4 ,a few words may v pr(itably be exp5d$ at ?is po9t 9 describ+ ! ma9 features ( ! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,crompton's sp9n+ mule4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ,arkwright _h already atta9$ great success 9 ! production ( y>n by ! ext5sive application ( ! pr9ciple ( pull+ out ! cotton by draw+ roll]s4 ,h>greaves _h also %[n h[ to produce a ?read by att5uat+ ! cotton by means ( a travell+ c>riage4 ,crompton1 h[ev]1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t sy/em ( mule sp9n+ by comb9+ ! ess5tial features ( ! two ma*9es & bl5d+ !m into "o4 ,he appli$ ! pr9ciple ( roll] draw+ 9 ord] to fir/ att5uate ! cotton1 & he utilis$ ! travell+ c>riage z a res]ve p[] ) :i* to improve ! quality ( ! ?read & draw x out f9]4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t 8 travell+ c>riage 0 id5tical ) t ( ,h>greaves4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 a va/ improvem5t ^u x4 ,crompton put ! twi/+ sp9dles into ! travell+ c>riage & ! rov+ bobb9s he transf]r$ to a fix$ creel1 & ^! conditions are inv>iably to be f\nd 9 ! self-actor sp9n+ mule ( to-day4 ,9 ,h>greaves' ma*9e ! rov+s 7 plac$ on ! travell+ c>riage1 & ! twi/+ sp9dles 9 ! fix$ frame beh9d1 a position :i* has nev] be5 acceptable s9ce t "t = cotton-sp9n+ mules4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a ^w may be said 9 fav\r ( ,h>greaves' disposition ( ! p>ts m5tion$4 ,! ,j5ny did n conta9 any heavy draw+ roll]s & roll] beams1 & x 0 probably be/ 9 8 ma*9e to h 8 crude rov+ creel to trav]se & ! twi/+ sp9dles to be 9 a fix$ frame4 ,?is disposition ( ! p>ts is ev5 n[ to be f\nd 9 mo/ ,tw9] ,mules1 t is1 mules us$ to d\ble two or m s+le ?reads toge!r )\t any process ( draw+ be+ appli$ to ! cotton4 ,:5 ,crompton appli$ ! pr9ciple ( draw+ roll]s1 8 +5i\s m9d saw t x w\ld be be/ to let ! roll]s1 roll] beam1 & rov+ creel be 9 a fix$ framework on acc\nt ( _! comb9$ weight & size1 mak+ x v difficult to move !m ab\t4 ,crompton's great idea seems to h be5 to produce a bett] ?read by 8 ma*9e ?an c\ld be giv5 by o!r ma*9es1 & 9 ?is he admirably succe$$4 ,! mule be+ set 9 motion1 ! roll]s fir/ att5uat$ & !n deliv]$ ! cotton to ! sp9dle c>riage4 ,! latt]1 by ! action ( ! h& & knee1 0 made to rec$e f ! roll]s j ab\t z fa/ z ! cotton 0 deliv]$ to ! sp9dles1 or possibly at a r quick] rate4 ,!n1 :ile ! ?read 0 /ill 9 a s(t /ate1 ! roll]s c\ld be /opp$ & ! ?reads pull$ /ill f9] by ! cont9u$ recession ( ! sp9dle c>riage f ! roll]s4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 t l5g? ( ?read 0 fully made1 x w\nd on ! sp9dles1 & ! c>riage at ! same "t return$ to ! roll] beam4 ,?us ea* portion ( ?read 0 fir/ subject$ to ! action ( draw+ roll]s1 z 9 ,arkwright's ma*9e1 & !n drawn /ill f9] by ! )drawal ( ! travell+ c>riage1 z 9 ,h>greaves' ,j5ny4 ,%ortly aft] ,crompton's inv5tion 0 giv5 to ! public1 x began to be improv$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,h5ry ,/ones1 a me*anic ( ,horwi*1 ne> ,bolton1 sub/itut$ metal draw+ roll]s = ,crompton's crude wood5 roll]s1 d\btless copy+ ! idea f ,arkwright's wat] frame4 ,all ! mules employ$ at fir/ 7 necess>ily %ort2 by t is meant !y conta9$ b few sp9dles1 (t5 #dj or #ej sp9dles4 ,! bigge/ mule 9 ,bolton 9 #aghf 0 said to conta9 #ajj sp9dles4 ,! prep>ation ( ! rov+s = ! mule ab\t ?is "t occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,crompton1 & he inv5t$ a ,c>d+ ,eng9e :i*1 h[ev]1 did n atta9 v mu* success4 ,inde$ x is said t "o day s inc5s$ 0 ,crompton at ! way he _h be5 treat$ on acc\nt ( 8 mule1 t he took an axe & sma%$ 8 eng9e to pieces4 ,9 #agia ,crompton e/abli%$ a small manufactory 9 ,k+ ,/reet1 (f ,deansgate1 9 ,bolton4 ,9 #ahjj a subscription1 promot$ ma9ly by ,man*e/] g5tlem51 result$ 9 #ejj be+ h&$ ov] to ,crompton1 "o ( ! contributors = ?irty gu9eas be+ ! son ( ,sir ,r4 ,arkwright4 ,) ?is money he 0 enabl$ to enl>ge 8 bus9ess some:at--"o ( 8 new mules conta9+ upw>ds ( #cfj sp9dles & ano!r #bbj sp9dles4 ,! mules 7 work$ = _m ye>s1 9 fact1 up to ! sixties1 :5 !y pass$ into ! h&s ( ,messrs4 ,dobson ,b>l[1 ! em95t cotton ma*9i/s ( ,bolton4 ,"o ( ! mules made by ,crompton is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahab an agitation = a gov]nm5t grant 9 recognition ( ,crompton's "w made great progress4 ,mr4 ,p]ceval1 ! !n ,prime ,m9i/]1 0 proce$+ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons to move t a grant ( #bj1jjj be made to ,crompton1 :5 he 0 %ot by an assass9 nam$ ,bell+ham4 ,!re is no d\bt1 _h ?is disa/r\s affair nev] happ5$ & ,p]ceval made 8 proposal1 a grant mu* l>g] ?an 0 actually vot$ 7#ejjj7 w\ld h be5 made4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is grant 0 altoge!r inadequate1 see+ t l>g] sums _h be5 vot$ to o!r inve/igators & inv5tors ab\t ?is "t4 ,ow+ to 8 lack ( bus9ess ability1 & to ill =tune comb9$1 poor ,crompton did n get out ( ?is money :at he might h done4 ,sev]al v5tures turn$ out altoge!r v diff]5tly ?an he expect$4 ,he became poor] & poor]1 & 0 only protect$ f absolute want by subscriptions & assi/ance provid$ by 8 true fri5ds 9 ! trade1 notably ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 a ,man*e/] manufactur]4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #be4--,portrait ( ,samuel ,crompton4 7,by ! k9d p]mission ( ,w4 ,agnew ,son1 ,man*e/]47 ,at ! age ( #gd he di$1 #bf? ,june1 #ahbg4 ,he 0 int]r$ 9 ,bolton ,p>i% ,*ur*y>d1 :]e a pla9 granite tomb sets =? ! foll[+3--,samuel ,crompton ( ,hall i? ,wood1 ,inv5tor ( ! ,mule1 born #crd ,decemb]1 #agec1 di$ #bf? ,june1 #ahbg4 ,a noble monum5t ( him is to be f\nd /&+ on ,nelson ,squ>e1 ,bolton1 9 front ( ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,sp9n+ ,,mule4 ,! ,self-,actor ,mule4--,9 ! prec$+ *apt] !re has be5 detail$ ! p>ticul>s ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,mule by ,samuel ,crompton4 ,s9ce t ev5t ! mule has be5 ! object ( ov] a c5tury ( con/ant & un9t]rupt$ improvem5t & developm5t1 especially 9 ! details ( great] or less importance4 ,! ,self-,actor ,mule ( to-day repres5ts & embodies ! inv5tions ( hundr$s ( ! mo/ intellig5t m5 ev] connect$ ) any indu/ry 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful & useful ma*9es ev] us$4 ,! actual op]ations ( mak+ a ?read are h[ev] practically z left by ,samuel ,crompton ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is only 9 details ( me*anism involv$ 9 mak+ ! v>i\s op]ations m p]fectly automatic1 & ( great] size & productiv5ess1 t ! long l9e ( inv5tors s9ce ,crompton's fir/ mule 0 made1 has be5 engag$4 ,to-day1 su* is ! great size & wond]fully p]fect automatic action ( ^! ma*9es1 t !y are f\nd #abj feet long1 :ile 9 wid?1 ov] all1 !y may be #i or #aj feet4 ,su* a mule ( ?is l5g? w\ld conta9 ov] #acjj sp9dles1 ea* sp9n+ & w9d+ #fd in*es ( ?read 9 ab\t #ae seconds1 & "o man ) two y\?s w\ld be suffici5t to give all ! att5tion su* a ma*9e requir$4 ,indep5d5tly ( a va/ numb] ( inv5tors ( small] importance1 !re are sev]al names :i* /& out 9 great] prom95ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5ts ( ! mule4 ,among ^! names mu/ c]ta9ly be plac$1 ahead ( any o!rs t might be nam$1 t ( ,ri*>d ,rob]ts ( ,man*e/]1 :o succe$$ 9 #ahcj1 aft] ab\t five ye>s' application1 9 mak+ ! mule self-act+4 ,a good numb] ( +5i\s individuals _h contribut$ m or less to ?is result betwe5 ! dates ( ,crompton's & ,rob]ts' inv5tions1 & d\btless ! results ( ! lab\rs ( ^! w\ld be ( great s]vice to ,rob]ts 9 8 great task4 ,inde$1 sev]al inv5tors _h previ\sly br\ght out :at might be t]m$ self-action mules1 b x rema9$ = ,rob]ts to end[ x ) t con/ant & automatic motion :i* obta9s to-day 9 practically ! same =m z left by him4 ,! special portion ( me*anism ) :i* 8 "n is m especially id5tifi$1 is :at is d5om9at$ ! ,quadrant4 ,?is is practically ! f\r? "p ( a l>ge :eel1 :i* is s arrang$ & connect$ t x p]=ms almo/ exactly ! same functions on a mule t ,holdswor?'s diff]5tial motion p]=ms on ! bobb9 & fly frames4 ,to look at x1 "o w\ld imag9e x to be--:at x really is--"o ( ! simple/ pieces ( me*anism possible1 yet ! actions p]=m$ by x are complex & beautiful 9 ! extreme4 ,lat] on1 ^! actions ( ! ,quadrant w be c>efully exam9$4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,mule head %[+ quadrant4 ,! self-actor mule is an int]mitt5t sp9n+ ma*9e1 i4e41 x is n cont9u\s 9 action1 z are mo/ ma*9es us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ?read or y>n f ! fibr\s product ( ! ,cotton plant4 ,take = in/ance ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e1 & ! bobb9 & fly frames1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,s long z ^! ma*9es are work+1 practically all ( ! act+ p>ts ( ! me*anism h a cont9u\s =w>d motion4 ,?is is by no means ! case ) ! ma*9e n[ "u consid]ation1 z _m ( ! m important & pr9cipal p>ts move alt]nately 9 opposite directions1 :ile o!r ( ! less important may revolve at "o "t1 & be /ation>y at ano!r4 ,:at are call$ ! m$ium c\nts ( y>n conta9 say f #cj to #ej hanks 9 "o p\nd avoirdupois2 a cotton hank be+ equal to #hdj y>ds1 s t "o p\nd ( #dj's y>n w conta9 no less ?an #dj #hdj y>ds or #cc1fjj4 ,= su* y>ns z ^!1 a mod]n self-actor mule w\ld probably g ?r\gh its cycle ( movem5ts f\r times p] m9ute4 ,= co>s] or ?ick] y>ns ?is spe$ might be increas$1 :ile = f9] & bett] qualities ( y>n ! spe$ w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,n[ z ea* succe$+ /ret* m>ks a complete cycle ( movem5ts & is a repetition ( o!rs1 x w probably suffice if a brief non-te*nical description ( "o ( ^! /ret*es or draws1 z !y are t]m$ 9 mill p>lance1 be giv54 ,z 9 ! bobb9 & fly frames1 ! bobb9s conta9+ ! rov+s ( cotton to be op]at$ ^u1 are plac$ beh9d ! mules on skew]s fitt$ 9 a suitable framework ( wood & iron call$ creels1 s z to all[ ! cotton to be easily pull$ (f & unw\nd )\t break+4 ,^! rov+s are guid$ to & drawn ?r\gh ?ree pairs ( draw+ roll]s 7see ,fig4 #bg71 :i* %[s ?is v fully4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ^! roll]s & ^? ( ! previ\sly describ$ ma*9es be+ 9 ! less5$ diamet]s ( ! mule roll]s1 & consequ5tly att5uat+ ! cotton to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,x is a truism well und]/ood by ^? 9 ! trade1 t ! f9] ! rov+s are ! bett] ! raw cotton mu/ be1 & ! m draw+-out !y w /& 9 any "o ma*9e4 ,"o in* ( rov+ put up beh9d ! roll]s ( a mule sp9n+ m$ium numb]s w\ld probably be drawn out into #i in*es4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,mules %[+ /ret* ( cotton y>n4 ,no?+ m ne$ be said "h ab\t ! action ( ! draw+ roll]s4 ,z ! att5uat$ rov+s leave ! roll] at ! front1 ea* "o is conduct$ d[n to a sp9dle revolv+ at a high rate ( spe$2 s quickly inde$1 t !re is no o!r body us$ 9 sp9n+ :i* approa*es x = spe$4 ,x is q a usual practice to h !m mak+ ab\t #hjjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & sometimes a spe$ ( #aj1jjj is atta9$ by !m4 ,assum+ t a ,cop ( y>n 7see ,fig4 #bg71 %[+ ! cops on ! sp9dles1 has be5 p>tly made ^u ea* sp9dle1 ! rov+ or ?read f ! roll]s w\ld ext5d d[n to ! cop & be coil$ r\nd ! sp9dle upw>ds up to ! apex4 ,! sp9dle w\ld probably twi/ ! ?read = #dj's c\nts tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r times = ea* in* t issu$ f ! roll]s1 !re be+ a well-recognis$ scale ( twi/s p] in* = v>i\s sorts & degrees ( f95ess ( y>n4 ,unlike ! bobb9 & fly frames1 ! rov+ or y>n is n w\nd on its cop or sp9dle z x is deliv]$1 b a c]ta9 def9ite & regulat$ l5g? ( cotton is giv5 out to ea* sp9dle1 & fully twi/$ & att5uat$ be=e x is w\nd into a suitable %ape = transit & = subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,to keep ea* ?read 9 t5sion1 !re=e1 z x is deliv]$ f ! roll]s1 ! c>riage conta9+ ! twi/+ sp9dles is made to rec$e quickly away f ! roll]s1 a common di/ance = su* movem5t be+ #fd in*es4 ,all ! "t ! sp9dles are quickly revolv+ & putt+ twi/ into ! rov+s1 ?us imp>t+ /r5g? to !m to a f> great] degree ?an at any previ\s /age4 ,(t5 ! c>riage is made to rec$e f ! roll]s a little quick] ?an ! latt]1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! surface spe$s betwe5 ! two be+ te*nically kn[n z ga94 ,! object ( ?is c>riage ga9 is to improve ! ev5ness ( ! y>n by draw+ out any ?ick s(t places !re may be 9 ! l5g? ( ?read betwe5 ea* sp9dle & ! roll]1 a di/ance ( #fd in*es4 ,x is a prop]ty ( ! twi/ t x w run mu* m readily into ! ?9n] portions ( ?read ?an ! ?ick]1 ?us leav+ ! latt] capable ( /ret*+ out )\t break+4 ,arriv$ at ! limit ( #fd in*es /ret* 7see ,fig4 #bg71 c]ta9 rods1 lev]s1 :eels & spr+s are s actuat$ t ! p>ts :i* draw out ! c>riage & cause ! roll]s to revolve are disconnect$1 s t bo? are br\ght to a /&/ill = ! mom5t4 ,9 _m cases ! sp9dles at ?is /age are kept on revolv+ 9 ord] to put 9 any twi/ t may be lack+ 9 any portion ( ! /ret*4 ,twi/+ be+ f9i%$1 ! important op]ation ( back+ (f comm5ces4 ,x maybe at once expla9$ t back+ (f means ! rev]s+ ( ! sp9dles2 ! uncoil+ ( a portion ( ! y>n f ! sp9dles2 & g5]ally putt+ all ! requisite app>atus into position ready = w9d+ or coil+ ! att5uat$ & twi/$ rov+s ^u ! sp9dles4 ,"h come n[ into action ^? mo/ beautiful & +5i\s applications ( me*anical pr9ciples1 ! work+ out ( :i* entail$ s _m ye>s ( ardu\s ef=t1 & :i* r5d]$ ! mule practically self-act+ & automatic4 ,by a mo/ wond]ful1 intricate & clev] comb9ation ( lev]s1 :eels1 pulleys & spr+s1 aid$ by :at is call$ a friction clut*1 ! in/ant ! sp9dles h ceas$ twi/+ ! y>n1 !y are rev]s$ 9 direction ( revolution4 ,?is rev]sal only occupies two or ?ree seconds1 & z ! motion imp>t$ to ! sp9dles is v sl[ at ?is /age1 ! practical effect is1 t a small portion ( y>n is uncoil$ f ea* sp9dle1 suffici5t to all[ ( two guide wires to assume prop] & necess>y positions = w9d+ ! att5uat$ ?reads ^u ! sp9dles4 ,^! two wires are t]m$ fall] wires1 & :ile "o is controll$ by ! cop-%ap+ me*anism & t]m$ ! w9d+ fall] wire ! o!r simply keeps ! ?reads 9 ! requisite /ate ( t5sion dur+ w9d+ on & is t]m$ ! c\nt] or t5sion fall] wire4 ,bo? ^! wires c be se5 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,dur+ back+ (f1 ! w9d+ fall] wire has a desc5d+ motion1 :ile ! c\nt] fall] has an asc5d+ motion1 ^! be+ necess>y = !m to atta9 _! prop] positions = w9d+ on4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,mule %[+ action ( fall] wires4 ,! movem5t ( ^! fall] wires into prop] position1 & ! uncoil+ ( a small portion ( y>n f ea* sp9dle1 are bo? br\ght ab\t by ! back+ (f motion1 :i* =m$ an important "p ( ,rob]ts' ,mule4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 ( ! pr$ecessors ( ,rob]ts _h made great ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 ?us mak+ ! way mu* easi] = 8 applications1 :i* 7 entirely successful4 ,:5 back+ (f is complet$1 all ! necess>y p>ts are 9 position = w9d+ ! #fd in*es ( ?read j giv5 out ^u ea* sp9dle4 ,?is practically involves ?ree prim>y & mo/ important op]ations4 7#a7 ,! draw+-9 ( ! c>riage back to its orig9al position4 7#b7 ,! revolution ( ! sp9dles at a spe$ suitable = w9d+ ! ?reads ^u ! sp9dles z ! c>riage moves inw>ds4 7#c7 ,! guid+ ( ! ?reads ^u ! sp9dles 9 su* a mann] t a cop ( y>n w ev5tually be =m$ ^u ea* sp9dle1 ( su* dim5sions & %ape z to be q suitable = any subsequ5t processes or h&l+4 ,tak+ ^! ?ree important divisions 9 ! ord] giv51 x may be said t ! draw+-9 ( ! c>riage is effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! scroll b&s1 :i* are atta*$ to ! c>riage at "o end1 & to c]ta9 spiral scrolls or fusees at ! o!r end4 ,! scrolls be+ revolv$1 w9d ! cords or b&s r\nd !m1 s pull+ 9 ! c>riage4 ,!re are usually two back scroll b&s & "o front b&1 ! latt] be+ a sort ( *eck b& ^u ! action ( ! o!r two4 ,:at is t]m$ ! rim b& revolves ! sp9dles dur+ ! outw>d trav]se ( ! c>riage4 ,! draw+-9 ( ! c>riage 9 a s5se causes ! o!r two op]ations to be p]=m$4 ,) respect to ! second ( ^!1 viz41 revolv+ ! sp9dles & ?us w9d+ ! ?reads ^u !m1 x may be said ?is action causes :at is t]m$ ! ,w9d+ ,*a9 to pull (f a small drum ( six in*es diamet]1 ?us rotat+ ! latt] & !reby ! sp9dles4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 comes 9 n[ ! action ( ! v beautiful & effective piece ( me*anism1 ,rob]ts' quadrant 7see ,fig4 #bf74 ,! w9d+ *a9 j m5tion$ is atta*$ to "o extremity to ! arm ( ! quadrant1 & ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* ! quadrant moves 9 relation to ! w9d+ drum gives ! v>iable motion to ! sp9dles t is requir$4 ,:5 comm5c+ a new set ( cops x may take ab\t eighty revolutions ( ! sp9dles to w9d on ! #fd in*es ( ?read to ea* sp9dle1 repres5t+ "o /ret*4 ,! b>e sp9dle may be ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 b x may f9ally atta9 a diamet] ( an in* & a qu>t] 7i4e41 ! cop ^u ! sp9dle74 ,?is cop w only require ab\t tw5ty revolutions to w9d on ! #fd in*es1 :i* are only "o-f\r? ( ! revolutions necess>y = ! empty sp9dles4 ,x is ! action ( ! quadrant :i* gives ?is v>iation 9 spe$ to ! sp9dles dur+ w9d+-on4 ,b z has be5 po9t$ out previ\sly1 ! quadrant imp>ts a diff]5tial w9d+ motion to ! sp9dles 9 two di/9ct & diff]5t ways1 & ! second motion is ev5 m important ?an ! fir/4 ,x is necess>y = practical purposes t ! cop ( y>n %\ld be built up ( a conical %ape 9 ! upp] "p1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,n[ x mu/ be obvi\s to ! lea/ te*nical ( ! read]s ( ?is /ory1 t to w9d a giv5 portion ( y>n ^u ! ?9 apex ( a cone1 w require a great] numb] ( revolutions ?an w\ld be necess>y to w9d ! same l5g? ( y>n ^u ! base ( ! same cop4 ,all ! way betwe5 ! apex & ! base ( ! cone are also o!r v>y+ diamet]s1 & dur+ ea* return movem5t ( ! mule c>riage ! ?read is w\nd ^u all ! v>y+ diamet]s ( ! cone 9 succession4 ,?is implies ! necessity = ! revolutions ( ! sp9dles to a v>y+ quantity all ! "t ( ! return or inw>d movem5t ( ! sp9dle c>riage4 ,! quadrant gives ?is v>y+ spe$ 9 a mann] :i* is all b ma!matically correct1 any slight deviation f any su* ma!matical correctness be+ easily comp5sat$ = 9 o!r ways4 ,= ! specific mann] 9 :i* ?is quadrant works1 ! read] is ref]r$ to any ( ! rec5t text-books on cotton sp9n+4 ,! ?ird prim>y & important op]ation1 :i* takes place dur+ ea* return movem5t ( ! c>riage1 is ! guid+ ( ! ?read ^u ! sp9dles 9 a correct mann]4 ,?is op]ation is closely associat$1 h[ev]1 ) ! action ( ! quadrant4 ,t portion ( a self-actor mule :i* guides ! fall] wires is t]m$ ! %ap] or copp+ motion4 ,x consi/s ( an incl9$ iron rail ^u ! upp] smoo? surface ( :i* slides ! copp+ b[l1 ?is be+ a portion ( ! me*anism :i* connects ! rail ) ! fall] wires4 ,! rail re/s ^u suitable incl9es t]m$ copp+ plates1 ^: duty x is to regulate ! movem5t ( ! rail s z to all[ = ! ev]-increas+ dim5sions ( ! cop dur+ ! build+ process4 ,:5 ! c>riage aga9 rea*es its initial position1 suitable me*anism causes all ! p>ts to return 9 ! position requir$ = sp9n+4 ,su* is ! complete cycle ( movem5ts ( ! mule1 ea* succe$+ cycle be+ simply a repetition ( ! prec$+4 ,x w probably take su* a mule z ! "o describ$ ab\t six h\rs to make a set ( cops1 i4e41 "o on ea* sp9dle1 ea* cop be+ #a-a_/d in*es 9 diamet] & #g-a_/b in*es long4 ,e fifte5 seconds1 :ile ! mule is mak+ a cycle ( its movem5ts1 may be divid$ up approximately z foll[s3 n9e seconds = ! draw+-out & twi/+2 two seconds = back+-(f2 f\r seconds = w9d+-on & resum+ initial position4 ,a multitude ( m9or motions & details might be easily exp&$ into sev]al *apt]s2 9 fact1 m c be said ab\t ! mule ?an ab\t any o!r sp9n+ ma*9e1 b su* detail$ description w\ld be out ( place 9 ?is /ory4 ,all ! motions j nam$ are c5tr$ 9 :at is t]m$ ! ,head ,/ock1 ?is be+ plac$ midway 9 ! l5g? ( ! mule4 ,?is head /ock receives all ! p[] to drive ! v>i\s motions1 f ! %aft+ & ge>+1 & di/ributes x 9 a suitable mann] to v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ by ?is "t1 t1 z 9 ! case ( ! bobb9 & fly frames1 ! intricate & wond]ful me*anism ( ! self-actor mule is n devot$ to ! =mation ( ?reads1 b to ! effective & economical plac+ ( ! ?reads ( y>n1 9 ! =m ( cops1 aft] x has be5 spun4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,mule head %[+ copp+ rail4 ,! sp9n+ processes take place dur+ ! outw>d trav]se ( ! mule c>riage1 ! me*anism involv$ 9 ?is motion be+ comp>atively simple4 ,! really complicat$ & difficult motions be+ back+-(f1 revolv+ ! sp9dles dur+ w9d+-on1 & ! guid+ ( ! spun ?reads ^u ! sp9dles dur+ ! w9d+-on process4 ,x 0 ! addition ( ^! ?ree motions by ! lat] inv5tors :i* gave ! mule ! title ( ,self-,act+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,o!r ,,processes ,,9 ,,cotton ,,sp9n+4 ,! ,r+ ,sp9n+ ,ma*9e4--,9 a =m] *apt] x 0 %[n h[ )9 ! space ( two decades ! ?ree rival sp9n+ ma*9es ( ,h>greaves1 ,arkwright & ,crompton 7 introduc$1 also x 0 po9t$ out1 t ,crompton's ma*9es conta9$ ! be/ po9ts ( bo? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! mule did n imm$iately become ! sole sp9n+ ma*9e4 ,f ! outset !re 0 a close conte/ betwe5 ! cont9u\s sp9n+ ma*9e ( ,arkwright & ! int]mitt5t sp9n+ ma*9e ( ,crompton4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! mule ass]t$ its sup]iority ov] ! wat] frame = f9e musl9 y>ns1 & = weft y>ns4 ,ev5tually ! wat] frame 0 relegat$ to ! production ( /rong w>p y>ns1 & lat] /ill x has come to be l>gely utilis$ z a d\bl+ ma*9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is cont5d$ by exp]ts ( ! pres5t day1 t no ma*9e ev] made a r\nd] & m solid ?read ?an ! wat] frame1 or fly]-?ro/le1 z x has be5 call$ 9 its improv$ =m4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,r+ sp9n+ frame4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 a revolution practically 9 cotton sp9n+ has be5 gradually br\ght ab\t1 & ev5 to-day active developm5ts are to be se54 ,! cont9u\s sy/em ( sp9n+1 :i* = a "t _h to take a second place1 n[ appe>s to be aga9 =g+ ahead1 & looks z ?\gh x w\ld sup]s$e its m pond]\s rival4 ,especially 9 c\ntries outside ,engl& is ?is ! case1 = x is f\nd t ! me?od ( r+ sp9n+ prepond]ates1 & ev5 9 ,engl& ! numb] ( sp9dles devot$ to cont9u\s sp9n+ is con/antly increas+4 ,?is *ange has *iefly be5 br\ght ab\t by :at may be t]m$ a revolution 9 ! w9d+ & twi/+ me*anism ( ! cont9u\s sp9n+ ma*9e itself4 ,arkwright's fly] & sp9dle1 aft] improvem5t by subsequ5t inv5tors1 c\ld n be revolv$ at any?+ l ! spe$ ( ! sp9dle ( ! mule1 &1 9 addition to ?is1 ! y>n _h to be w\nd always ^u ! bobb91 v mu* aft] ! /yle ( ! bobb9 & fly frames previ\sly describ$4 ,exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 repeat$ly made 9 ! direction ( disp5s+ ) ! fly] altoge!r1 & "s ?irty ye>s ago ^! unique sp9n+ frames _h atta9$ v g5]al adoption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! comp>ative de>? ( skill$ mule sp9n]s _h furni%$ an impetus to improvem5t ( ! simple ma*9e ( ,arkwright4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! att5tion ( c]ta9 ,engli% mak]s be+ direct$ to ! success ( ! new sp9n+ frames 9 ,am]ica1 l$ to _! introduction into ,engl&4 ,b little "t elaps$ be=e !y receiv$ a fair am\nt ( adoption1 b = _m ye>s !y _h a re/rict$ use1 viz41 = d\bl+1 t is1 ! twi/+ ( two or m spun ?reads toge!r1 to =m a /rong] f9i%$ ?read4 ,9 ?is way1 !y 71 /rictly speak+1 rivals ( ! ?ro/le d\bl+ frame m ?an ! sp9n+ mule4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 ! "t came :5 ! new frames began to be adopt$ z sp9n+ ma*9es1 & to-day !re are _m ,engli% & =eign mills conta9+ no?+ else 9 sp9n+ ma*9es on ! cont9u\s sy/em except ^!4 ,9 n a few mills 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 bo? types are f\nd runn+4 ,a c>eful glance at ! picture ( ?is rival ( ! mule1 w help 9 ! foll[+ description ( x3-- ,! fly] :i* is to be se5 on ! old ,saxony :eel1 & :i* 0 p]petuat$ 9 ! celebrat$ ma*9e ( ,arkwright1 is entirely disp5s$ )1 & all its functions effici5tly p]=m$ by app>atus1 simple 9 itself2 x is yet capable ( high spe$ & heavy production4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is a va/ly improv$ & clev]ly con/ruct$ =m ( sp9dle1 by :i*1 9 ! late/ & be/ makes1 any spe$ c be atta9$ :i* is likely to be requir$ = sp9n+ purposes4 ,p]haps ! app>atus :i* plays ! mo/ important "p 9 p]=m+ ! duties ( ! displac$ fly]1 is a t9y travell] revolv+ r\nd a specially made /eel r+ ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! use ( ^! two latt] gives ! di/9ctive names ( ,r+-sp9n+ to ! new sy/em & ,r+ ,frame to ! ma*9e itself4 ,9 describ+ ?is sy/em ( sp9n+ ! creel ( rov+s to be op]at$ ^u1 & ! draw+ roll]s be+ practically id5tical ) ma*9es already describ$1 little "h is requir$ to be said ( !m1 b !re is1 h[ev]1 a modification 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! roll]s :i* is ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,aft] leav+ ! roll]s1 a ?read ( y>n is conduct$ d[nw>ds & pass$ ?r\gh ! travell]s1 :i* may be se5 9 ! illu/ration1 & !n atta*$ to ! bobb94 ,! travell] is a t9y r+ made ( f9ely temp]$ /eel4 ,x is sprung ^u ! edge ( ! r+ %[n 9 ! frame1 & :i* is specially %ap$ to receive ! t9y r+ or travell] ref]r$ to4 ,! bobb9 9 ?is case is practically fa/ to ! sp9dle--unlike any o!r case 9 cotton-sp9n+ ma*9]y--& x is !re=e c>ri$ r\nd by ! sp9dle at ! same rate ( spe$4 ,z ! sp9dle & bobb9 revolve1 !y pull ! travell] r\nd by ! y>n :i* passes ?r\gh x1 be+ connect$ at "o end to ! bobb9 & ! roll]s above =m+ ano!r po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,if ! read] w look c>efully at ! illu/ration he w see h[ twi/ is put 9 ! y>n4 ,! jo9t action1 !n1 ( bobb91 travell] & fix$ r+1 is to put ! necess>y twi/ 9 ! y>n :i* gives x its prop] degree ( /r5g?4 ,if no fre% rov+ f ! roll]s 7 issu+ = ! mom5t1 ! small portion ( ?read rea*+ f ! roll]s to ! bobb9s w\ld simply be twi/$ )\t any w9d+-on tak+ place4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! rov+ always is issu+ f ! roll]s1 & w9d+-on ( ! twi/$ rov+ is p]=m$ by ! travell] lagg+ beh9d ! bobb9 9 spe$1 to a degree equal to ! deliv]y ( rov+ by ! roll]s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! old fly]-?ro/le w9d+-on 0 p]=m$ by ! bobb9 lagg+ beh9d ! sp9dle1 a proc$ure :i* is impossible on ! r+ frame4 ,!re is also an arrangem5t ( ! me*anism = guid+ & %ap+ ! y>n ^u ! bobb9s 9 suitable =m1 ! action be+ z ne>ly z possible an imitation ( ! mule4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ^! frames1 x 0 f\nd t ! ?reads (t5 broke d[n ow+ to ! twi/ n ext5d+ ?r\gh ! rov+ to ! po9t :]e x issu$ f ! roll]s4 ,?is 0 ev5tually rem$i$ by plac+ ! draw+ roll]s 9 a diff]5t position1 ?us caus+ ! ?read runn+ f ! roll]s to ! travell] to approa* m to ! v]tical2 ?is con/itut+ ! modification :i* has j be5 ref]r$ to previ\sly4 ,ano!r difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! fact t dur+ sp9n+ ! ?reads w\ld sometimes fly outw>ds to su* an ext5t t adjac5t ?reads came 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 caus+ excessive breakage4 ,?is 0 te*nically t]m$ balloon+1 & has be5 v satisfactorily re/rict$ by ! inv5tion ( special app>atus4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 !re=e1 a conte/ betwe5 ! two rival sy/ems ( cont9u\s sp9n+ :i* 7 9 bitt] antagonism ov] a c5tury ago1 is wag+ a m fi]cely conte/$ fight ?an at any previ\s "t4 ,z ! case /&s to-day1 ! mule is reta9$ = ne>ly all ! be/ & f9e/ y>ns z yet f\nd2 ! mo/ suitable = !m1 j z x 0 :5 ,crompton got #bes4 p] p\nd = sp9n+ f9e musl9 y>ns on 8 fir/ mule4 ,9 _m cases1 also1 y>n is specially requir$ to be spun ^u ! b>e sp9dle z on a mule1 z = in/ance :5 us$ z weft & put into ! %uttle ( a loom4 ,x is probably ! v greate/ defect ( ! r+ frame t x c only1 ) great difficulty1 be made to =m a good cop ( y>n on ! b>e sp9dle1 al?\gh ?\s&s ( p\nds h be5 sp5t on exp]im5t+ 9 t direction4 ,h[ soon x may be accompli%$ ) comm]cial success _c be kn[n1 z a great numb] ( individuals are con/antly work+ 9 t direction4 ,if x does come ab\t1 !re c be no d\bt t ! r+ frame w receive a /ill fur!r impetus4 ,ev5 n[1 = m$ium c\nts ( y>n x is mu* m productive ?an ! mule1 ow+ to its be+ a cont9u\s sp9n]4 ,ano!r va/ advantage t x possesses is ! extreme simplicity ( its p>ts & "w z comp>$ ) ! mule4 ,because ( ?is1 wom5 & girls are inv>iably employ$ on ! r+ frames1 :]eas x requires skill$ & well-paid workm5 = ! mules4 ,! ,comb+ ,ma*9e4--,z comp>$ ) ! ,scut*]1 ! ,c>d+ ,eng9e & ,mule1 ! ,comb] is a mu* m mod]n ma*9e4 ,comb+ may be def9$ z be+ ! mo/ highly p]fect$ application ( ! c>d+ pr9ciple4 ,! *ief objects aim$ at by ! comb] are3--,to extract all fibres bel[ a c]ta9 l5g?2 to make ! fibres p>allel2 & to extract any f9e impurities t may h escap$ ! scut*+ & c>d+ processes4 ,x is wor?y ( note t al?\gh ne>ly all ! great inv5tions relat+ to cotton-sp9n+ h be5 br\ght out by ,engli%m51 ! comb+ ma*9e is a notable exception4 ,x 0 inv5t$ a few ye>s prior to #ahea by ,jo%ua ,heilman1 :o 0 born at ,mulh\se1 ! pr9cipal seat ( ! ,alsace cotton manufacture1 9 #agif4 ,l ,samuel ,crompton--! inv5tor ( ! mule--,jo%ua ,heilman appe>s to h possess$ ! inv5tive faculty 9 a high degree1 & he receiv$ an excell5t tra9+ 9 ma!matics1 me*anical draw+1 practical me*anics1 & o!r subjects calculat$ to assi/ him 9 8 c>e] z an inv5tor4 ,heilman 0 ! inv5tor ( sev]al useful improvem5ts 9 connection ) sp9n+ & weav+ ma*9]y1 b ! inv5tion ( ! comb] 0 und\bt$ly 8 greate/ a*ievem5t4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 comp>atively easy circum/ances1 & m>ri$ a wife possess+ a consid]able am\nt ( money2 b all t bo? ( !m possess$ 0 swall[$ up by ,heilman's exp5ses 9 connection ) 8 inv5tions1 & he himself 0 only rais$ f pov]ty aga9 by ! success ( ! comb] %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 8 wife hav+ di$ 9 ! mid/ ( _! pov]ty _m ye>s previ\sly4 ,aft] ,heilman became possess$ ( ! idea ( inv5t+ a comb+ ma*9e1 he lab\r$ incessantly at ! project = sev]al ye>s1 fir/ 9 8 native c\ntry & subsequ5tly 9 ,engl&4 ,! firm ( ,%>pe ,rob]ts1 =m]ly s fam\s 9 connection ) ! self-actor mule1 made him a model1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n p]=m :at ,heilman requir$4 ,aft]w>ds he return$ aga9 to 8 native ,alsace /ill possess$ ) ! idea1 & f9ally x is said t ! successful inspiration came to him :il/ wat*+ 8 daught]s comb out _! long hair4 ,! ultimate result 0 t he inv5t$ a ma*9e :i* 0 %[n at ! great exhibition ( ,london 9 #ahea & imm$iately attract$ ! att5tion ( ! textile manufactur]s ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire4 ,l>ge sums ( money 7 paid him by c]ta9 ( ! ,lanca%ire cotton sp9n]s = its exclusive use 9 ! cotton trade4 ,c]ta9 ( ! wooll5 ma/]s ( ,york%ire did ! same1 = its exclusive application to _! trade1 & x 0 also adopt$ = o!r textiles1 al?\gh ,heilman himself only liv$ a %ort "t aft] 8 great success4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! comb] is only us$ by a comp>atively small proportion ( ! cotton sp9n]s ( ! _w4 ,= all ord9>y purposes a suffici5tly good quality ( y>n c be made )\t ! comb]1 & no o!r ma*9e 9 cotton sp9n+ adds half z mu* z ! comb] to ! exp5se ( produc+ cotton y>n f ! raw mat]ial4 ,to %[ ?is po9t ) great] =ce1 x may be m5tion$ t ! comb] may make ab\t #ag p] c5t4 ( wa/e1 :i* is approximately z mu* z all ! o!r ma*9es 9 ! mill put toge!r w\ld make4 ,its use1 h[ev]1 is indisp5sable 9 ! production ( ! f9e/ y>ns1 s9ce no o!r ma*9e c extract %ort fibre l ! comb]4 ,x is seldom us$ = c\nts ( y>n bel[ #fj's & (t5 z f9e y>ns z #ajj's or m are made )\t ! comb]4 ,9 ,engl& its use is *iefly c5tr$ 9 ! localities ( ,bolton1 ,man*e/]1 & ,boll+ton1 al?\gh !re is a little comb+ 9 ,pre/on1 ,a%ton "u ,lyne1 & o!r places4 ,p]haps its greate/ value consi/s 9 ! fact t its use enables f9e y>ns to be made out ( cotton o!rwise mu* too poor 9 quality = ! "w2 ?is be+ r5d]$ possible *iefly by ! special virtue possess$ by ! comb] ( extract+ all fibres ( cotton bel[ a c]ta9 l5g?4 ,?is ( c\rse has l$ to ! increas$ production & consequ5tly r$uc$ price ( ! bett] qualities ( y>n4 ,rev]t+ n[ to ! ,heilman ,comb] z x /&s to-day1 an excell5t idea ( ! ma*9e z a :ole w be ga!r$ f ! photograph 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,!re are usually six small laps be+ op]at$ ^u simultane\sly 9 "o comb]4 ,ea* small lap be+ f #g-a_/b in*es to #aj-a_/b in*es wide1 be+ plac$ on flut$ wood5 roll]s beh9d ! ma*9e1 is sl[ly unw\nd by frictional contact !re)1 & ! %eet ( cotton ?us unw\nd is pass$ d[n a highly poli%$ convex guide-plate to a pair ( small flut$ /eel roll]s4 ,bo? ! wood5 & ! /eel roll]s h an int]mitt5t motion1 z inde$ h also all ! *ief p>ts ( ! ma*9e conc]n$ 9 ! actual comb+ ( ! cotton4 ,! roll]s1 dur+ ea* int]mitt5t movem5t1 may project =w>d ab\t #c_/h ( an in* l5g? ( ?9 cotton lap4 ,by ?is =w>d movem5t ! cotton fibres are pass$ betwe5 a pair ( nipp]s :i* has be5 = ! in/ant op5$ on purpose to all[ ( ?is action4 ,imm$iately ! cotton has pass$ betwe5 ! nipp]s1 ! fe$ roll]s /op = an in/ant & ! jaws ( ! nipp]s %ut & hold ! long] ( ! cotton fibres 9 a v firm mann]4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,comb+ ma*9e4 ,! %ort] fibres1 h[ev]1 are n held s firmly1 & are n[ comb$ away f ! ma9 body ( ! fibres by f9e ne$les be+ pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! ne$les are fix$ 9 a revolv+ cyl9d] & are graduat$ 9 f95ess & 9 clos5ess ( sett+1 s t :ile ! fir/ r[s ( ne$les may be ab\t #bj to ! in*1 ! la/ r[s may conta9 z _m z #hj to ! in*1 !re be+ f #ae to #ag r[s ( ne$les 9 an ord9>y comb]4 ,! %ort fibres be+ comb$ out by ! ne$les are /ripp$ !refrom1 & pass$ by suitable me*anism to ! back ( ! ma*9e to be aft]w>ds us$ 9 ! production ( l[] c\nts ( y>n4 ,! ne$les ( ! revolv+ cyl9d] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! fibres1 ! nipp]s op5 aga9 & at ! same "t ano!r r[ ( comb tee? or ne$les1 t]m$ ! top comb1 desc5ds into ! fibres4 ,! fibres n[ be+ lib]at$1 c]ta9 deta*+ & atta*+ me*anism2 z x is t]m$1 is br\ght into action1 & ! long fibres are tak5 =w>d1 be+ pull$ ?r\gh ! top comb dur+ ?is op]ation4 ,?us ! front ends ( ! fibres are fir/ comb$ & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! back ends ( ! same fibres are comb$4 ,dur+ ! actual op]ation ( comb+ ea* small portion ( cotton1 ! latt] is q sep>at$ f ! portion previ\sly comb$1 & x is "p ( ! "w ( ! deta*+ & atta*+ me*anism to lay ! newly comb$ portion ^u t previ\sly comb$4 ,f a me*anical po9t ( view1 ! deta*+ & atta*+ me*anism is m difficult to und]/& ?an any o!r portion ( ! comb]1 & x is no "p ( ! purpose ( ?is /ory ( ! ,cotton plant to ent] into a description ( ?is intricate me*anism4 ,suffici5t be x to say t ! comb$ cotton leaves ! deta*+ roll]s 9 a ?9 silky-look+ fleece :i* is at once ga!r$ up into a r\nd sliv] or /r& & conduct$ d[n a long guide-plate t[>ds ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is guide-plate is cle>ly %[n 9 ! photograph ( ! comb]1 :]e also x w be se5 t ! sliv]s f ! six laps :i* h be5 op]at$ ^u simultane\sly are n[ laid side by side4 ,9 ?is =m ! cotton passes ?r\gh ! draw-box at ! end ( ! comb]1 & be+ "h r$uc$ practically to ! dim5sions ( "o sliv] x passes ?r\gh a n>r[ funnel & is plac$ 9 a c 9 conv5i5t =m = ! next process4 ,:5 ! comb+ is adopt$1 x prec$es ! draw+ frame1 :i* has previ\sly be5 describ$1 & ! cans ( sliv] f ! comb] are tak5 directly to ! draw-frame4 ,= intricacy & multiplicity ( p>ts ( me*anism1 ! comb] is second only 9 cotton-sp9n+ ma*9]y to ! self-act+ mule1 & is probably less und]/ood1 s9ce its use is conf9$ to a section ( ! trade4 ,! late/ developm5t is ! duplex comb]1 :i* makes ! extraord9>ily l>ge numb] ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty nips p] m9ute1 z comp>$ ) ab\t eighty-five nips p] m9ute = ! mod]n s+le nip comb]4 ,all ?is is ! result ( improvem5t 9 detail1 z ! pr9ciple ( ,heilman's ,comb] rema9s ! same z he left x4 ,x ought to be add$ t o!r types ( comb] h be5 adopt$ on ! cont95t ) "s %[ ( success4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,sliv] lap ma*9e4 ,sliv] ,lap ,ma*9e4--,comb+ succe$s c>d+ & is practically a cont9uation ( ! c>d+ pr9ciple to a mu* f9] degree ?an is possible on ! c>d4 ,! ,c>d+ ,eng9e1 h[ev]1 makes sliv]s or /r&s ( cotton1 :ile ! comb] requires ! cotton to be pres5t$ to x 9 ! =m ( ?9 %eets4 ,x !re=e becomes requisite to employ app>atus = conv]t+ a numb] ( ! c>d sliv]s into a n>r[ lap = ! comb]4 ,! ma*9e univ]sally employ$ is t]m$ ,! ,sliv] ,lap ,ma*9e1 or1 9 "s cases1 ,! ,d]by ,d\bl]1 & a mod]n ma*9e is %[n 9 ! photograph =m+ ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 ?is case1 eighte5 cans are plac$ beh9d ! ma*9es1 & ! sliv] f ea* c is conduct$ ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! back guide-plate design$ to prev5t entanglem5ts ( sliv] f pass+ =w>d4 ,next ea* sliv] passes ov] a spoon lev] =m+ "p ( a motion = automatically /opp+ ! ma*9e :5 an end breaks4 ,! eighte5 sliv]s n[ pass side by side ?r\gh ?ree pairs ( draw+ roll]s ) a slight draft1 & betwe5 cal5d] roll]s to a wood5 core or roll]4 ,^u ?is roll] ! sliv]s are w\nd 9 ! =m ( a lap1 be+ assimilat$ to "o ano!r by ! action ( ! draw+ & cal5d] roll]s4 ,special ,draw+ ,frame4--,9 ord] to h ! fibres ( cotton 9 ! be/ possible condition = obta9+ ! maximum effici5cy out ( ! comb+ action1 x is ! common practice to employ a special draw+ frame betwe5 ! c>d & ! sliv] lap ma*9e4 ,z describ$ else:]e 9 ?is little /ory1 ! use ( ! draw+ frame is to make ! fibres ( cotton m p>allel to ea* o!r by ! draw+ action ( ! roll]s1 & to produce uni=mity 9 ! sliv]s ( cotton by d\bl+ ab\t six ( !m toge!r & r$uc+ ! six d[n to ! dim5sions ( "o4 ,9 ! case "u discussion ! sliv]s f ! c>d are tak5 to ! special draw+ frame & treat$ by x1 & !n pass$ along to ! sliv] lap ma*9e z j describ$4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,ribbon lap ma*9e4 ,ribbon ,ma*9e4--,q rec5tly a ma*9e has come slightly into use design$ to sup]s$e ?is special draw+ frame4 ,?is new ma*9e is t]m$ ! ,ribbon ,lap ,ma*9e1 & x may be describ$ z a v>iation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9e x is design$ to sup]s$e4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is1 t1 :]eas ! draw+ frame d\bles & att5uates sliv]s ( cotton1 ! ,ribbon ,ma*9e op]ates ^u small laps =m$ ( ribbons or n>r[ %eets ( cotton4 ,by ?is treatm5t1 ! ev5+ & p>allelis+ b5efits ( ! draw+ frame are secur$1 ) ! addition ( a ?ird advantage1 :i* may be briefly expla9$4 ,! sliv]s1 :i* 9 ! sliv] lap ma*9e are laid side by side s z to =m a lap1 h a t5d5cy to %[ an individuality s z to pres5t a m or less ?ick & ?9 %eet to ! action ( ! nipp]s ( ! comb]4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 hold ! cotton some:at feebly at ! ?9 places1 ?us all[+ ! ne$les ( ! revolv+ cyl9d] to comb out a portion ( good cotton4 ,:5 ! ,ribbon ,lap ,ma*9e is employ$1 ! sliv]s f ! c>d are tak5 directly to ! ,sliv] ,lap ,ma*9e & ! laps made by ?is ma*9e are pass$ ?r\gh ! ,ribbon ,ma*9e4 ,six laps be+ op]at$ ^u simultane\sly by ! roll]s1 are laid "o ^u ano!r at ! front s t ?ick & ?9 places amalgamate to produce a %eet ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,! use ( ! ,ribbon ,ma*9e is limit$ at pres5t ow+ to its possess+ c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,de/9ation ,,( ,,! ,,spun ,,y>n4 ,hav+ initiat$ our read]s into all ! processes incid5tal to ! production ( ! long f9e ?reads ( y>n f ! pond]\s & weighty bales ( cotton z receiv$ at ! mill1 x rema9s = u to briefly indicate ! m common uses to :i* ! spun y>n is appli$4 ,a v l>ge quantity ( y>n is consum$ 9 ! weav+ mills = ! production ( grey clo? )\t fur!r treatm5t 9 ! sp9n+ mill1 except t ! cops ( y>n are pack$ 9 %ips1 boxes1 or casks1 9 conv5i5t =m = transit purposes4 ,if = weft1 ! cops are =?) tak5 to ! loom1 ready = ! %uttle4 ,if = w>p1 !n ! y>n passes ?r\gh a numb] ( processes necess>y = its conv]sion1 f ! mule cop or r+ bobb9 =m1 into ! %eet =m1 consi/+ ( _m hundr$s ( ?reads1 :i* are !n w\nd on a beam4 ,briefly enum]at$1 ^! processes are z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,! w9d+ frame1 9 :i* ! ?reads f ! cops or spools are w\nd ^u flang$ wood5 bobb9s1 suitable = ! creel ( ! next ma*9e4 7b7 ,! beam w>p+ frame1 9 :i* p]haps #djj ?reads are pull$ f ! bobb9s made at ! w9d+ frame1 & w\nd side by side ^u a l>ge wood5 beam4 7c7 ,! sla%] siz+ frame1 9 :i* ! ?reads f p]haps five ( ! beams made at ! w>p+ ma*9e are unw\nd & laid ^u "o ano!r1 s z to =m a mu* d5s] w>p ( p]haps #bjjj ?reads1 & wrapp$ on a beam 9 a suitable =m = fitt+ 9 ! loom z ! w>p or wo( ( ! wov5 fabric4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! siz+ ma*9e conta9s me*anism by :i* ! ?reads are made to pass ?r\gh a mix+ ( size or pa/e1 :i* /r5g!ns ! ?reads4 ,9 "s cases ?is size is laid on ! y>n v ?ickly1 9 ord] to make ! clo? weigh heavi]4 7d7 ,aft] siz+ comes ! subsidi>y process ( draw+ 9 or twi/+ 91 by :i* all ! ?reads are pass$ 9 a suitable mann] ?r\gh healds & re$s1 s z to all[ ( _! prop] manipulation by ! me*anism ( ! loom1 to :i* !y are imm$iately aft]w>ds transf]r$4 ,9 ! production ( clo?s ( a m or less fancy description1 x is (t5 requir$ t ! spun y>ns %all be blea*$ & dy$ be=e us+1 & to p]=m "o or bo? ( ^! op]ations effici5tly1 x is usual to r$uce ! y>n into prop] condition by ! processes ( reel+ & bundl+1 al?\gh 9 comp>atively few in/ances y>n is dy$ 9 ! cop =m1 :ile 9 a few o!r cases ! raw cotton is dy$ be=e be+ subject$ to ! processes ( cotton sp9n+4 ,reel+ & ,bundl+ are op]ations :i* are frequ5tly necess>y = o!r purposes besides ^? above allud$ to1 & may !re=e be m fully describ$1 z !y (t5 =m "p ( ! equipm5t ( a sp9n+ mill1 & y>n is frequ5tly s5t away f ! sp9n+ mill 9 bundle =m4 ,reel+4--,?is is a simple b v ext5sively adopt$ process1 9 :i* y>n is w\nd f cops1 bobb9s or spools into hanks4 ,x may be expla9$ "h t a cotton hank consi/s ( #hdj y>ds1 & is made up ( #g leas ( #abj y>ds ea*1 :ile on a reel ea* lea is made up ( #hj ?reads1 a ?read be+ #ed in*es & equall+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! reel4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common size ( reel conta9s at "o "t #dj sp9dles1 & is capable !re=e ( w9d+ #dj hanks ( y>n simultane\sly4 ,! photograph 9 ,fig4 #cd %[s a numb] ( reels fitt$ = w9d+ hanks f cops =m$ ^u ! mule4 ,! cops be+ put on ! skew]s1 ! end ( y>n f ea* is atta*$ to ! reel or swift ready = />t+4 ,^! reels may be arrang$ s z to be op]at$ f %aft+ by me*anical p[]1 or by ! h& ( ! att5dants4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,reel+ ma*9e4 ,reel+ is p]=m$ by wom51 & 9 our photo ! att5dant is se5 9 ! actual op]ation ( reel+4 ,a hank ( y>n hav+ be5 tak5 f ea* cop1 ! reel is /opp$ & clos$ up s z to all[ ( ! ready )drawal ( ! hanks4 ,bundl+ ,ma*9e4--,! ,bundl+ press is solely int5d$ to assi/ 9 ! mak+ up ( ! hanks ( y>n into a =m suitable = ready & conv5i5t transit4 ,9 ord] to ex]cise a suffici5t pressure ^u ! y>n to make a compact bundle1 x is necess>y = ! fram+ to be ( a v /rong "*1 z w be especially notic$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,bundl+ ma*9e4 ,! bundles ( y>n made up on ! bundl+ ma*9e are usually #e to #aj p\nds weight1 ! latt] be+ by f> ! m common size4 ,! bundle %[n 9 ! y>n-box ( our illu/ration is #aj p\nds 9 weight & is practically ready = removal4 ,be=e plac+ ! y>n 9 ! ma*9e1 sev]al hanks are twi/$ toge!r to =m a knot1 & ^! knots comprise ! individual memb]s ( ! bundle %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! sides ( ! y>n-box !re are f\r divisions1 ?r\gh :i* are ?read$ z _m /r+s1 ^u :i* may be plac$ c>dbo>d backs4 ,!n ! knots ( y>n are neatly plac$ ^u ! /r+s1 & ! c>dbo>d & ! /rong top b>s ( ! press securely fa/5$ d[n4 ,c]ta9 cams & lev]s are !n set 9 motion1 by :i* ! y>n table is sl[ly & p[]fully rais$ s z to press ! y>n ) great =ce aga9/ ! top b>s4 ,a suffici5t pressure hav+ be5 ex]t$1 ! bundle is ti$ up & )drawn f ! press1 only requir+ to be neatly wrapp$ 9 /\t pap] to be q ready = transit purposes4 ,sew+ ,?read4--,a v l>ge quantity ( spun y>n is subsequ5tly made into sew+ ?read4 ,x is a fact well kn[n to practical m5 t we h no means 9 cotton sp9n+ by :i* a ?read c be spun directly ( suffici5t /r5g? to be us$ z sew+ ?read4 ,= in/ance1 suppose we want$ a #ab's sew+ ?read1 i4e41 a ?read conta9+ #ab hanks 9 "o p\nd ( y>n2 x w\ld be practically impossible to sp9 a ?read suffici5tly good to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,! me?od g5]ally adopt$ is to sp9 a mu* f9] y>n & to make ! f9i%$ ?read by d\bl+ sev]al ( ! f9e spun y>ns toge!r 9 ord] to =m ! ?ick] f9al ?read4 ,= in/ance1 to produce a #ab's ?read x is probable t #d ?reads ( s+le #dh's w\ld be d\bl$ toge!r1 or say #d ?reads ( #ej's1 to all[ = ! slight contraction ( ! y>n br\ght ab\t by twi/+ ! s+le ?reads r\nd "o ano!r4 ,9 ord] to p]=m ?is d\bl+ op]ation 9 an effici5t mann] = ! production ( ?read1 x is usual to employ two ma*9es4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & is t]m$ ! quick trav]se w9d+ ma*9e4 ,"h ! cops f ! mule1 or ! bobb9s f ! r+ frame1 are fitt$ 9 a suitable creel1 z %[n cle>ly at ! front & l[] "p ( our illu/ration4 ,ea* ?read ( y>n is conduct$ ov] a flannel-cov]$ bo>d :i* cleans ! y>n & keeps x tight4 ,!n ea* ?read passes ?r\gh ! eye ( a small detector wire :i* is held up by ! ?read & =ms "p ( an automatic /op motion :i* /ops ! rotation ( any p>ticul> bobb9 or *eese :5 an end or ?read belong+ to t *eese fails or breaks1 leav+ ! ne$les or detector wires4 ,all ! ?reads--f two to six 9 numb]--belong+ to "o *eese are comb9$ to =m "o loose rope or ?ick] ?read4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,quick trav]se w9d+ frame4 ,x ought to be expla9$ t ! t]m *eese is appli$ to ! k9d ( bobb9 ( y>n :i* is =m$ ^u ?is p>ticul> ma*9e1 "o or two be+ plac$ z %[n on ! frame "w4 ,d\bl+ ,ma*9e4--,! ma*9e j describ$ does n put any twi/ into ! ?read1 al?\gh twi/+ is a process :i* is absolutely indisp5sable = ! prop] comb9ation ( ! sev]al s+le ?reads s z to produce a /rong d\bl$ ?read4 ,! twi/+ op]ation is !re=e p]=m$ on ! ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg1 & t]m$ ! ,r+ d\bl+ ma*9e4 ,9 ! creel ( ?is ma*9e are plac$ ! *eeses =m$ on ! w9d+ ma*9e1 & ! ?reads are conduct$ d[nw>d & usually "u a glass rod 9 tr\gh conta9+ wat]1 z ! addition ( wat] helps to solidify ! s+le ?reads bett] into "o d\bl$ ?read4 ,f ! wat] tr\gh ! ?reads are conduct$ betwe5 a pair ( revolv+ brass roll]s :i* draw ! ?reads f ! *eeses & pass !m =w>d to ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,"h ea* d\bl$ ?read ext5ds d[nw>ds & passes ?r\gh a travell] ^u ! bobb94 ,?is ma*9e is a modification ( ! r+ sp9n+ frame previ\sly describ$ & !re=e does n call = detail$ treatm5t at our h&s4 ,! two ma*9es are practically id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! d\bl] !re are no draw+ roll]s1 z ! cotton is n att5uat$ 9 any degree at ?is /age4 ,o!r diff]5ces consi/ 9 hav+ l>g] travell]s & r+s & sp9dles1 & 9 a diff]5t k9d ( bobb9 be+ =m$4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,r+ d\bl+ ma*9e4 ,at ! d\bl+ mill ^! ?reads are submitt$ to f9i%+ processes1 by :i* !y may be poli%$ & cle>$ & f9ally w\nd ^u small bobb9s or spools ready = ! m>ket1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a fair proportion ( ! v be/ y>ns are utilis$ 9 ! manufacture ( lace & to imitate silk4 ,su* y>ns are usually pass$ ?r\gh :at is t]m$ a gass+ ma*9e4 ,9 ?is process ea* ?read is pass$ rapidly sev]al times ?r\gh a gas flame usually emanat+ f a burn] ( ! ,buns5 type4 ,! passage ( ! ?read ?r\gh ! flame is too rapid to all[ ( ! burn+ d[n ( ! ?reads1 b is n too quickly to prev5t ! loose oozy fibres1 pres5t m or less on ! surface ( all cotton y>ns1 to be burn$ away4 ,?is process is some:at exp5sive1 z x burns away p]haps #f p\nds weight ( y>n 9 e #ajj p\nds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is obta9$ back aga9 by ! increas$ price ( ! y>n4 ,x is a prop]ty ( ! cotton fibre t x c be made to imitate m or less ei!r wooll51 l95 or silk goods1 & s9ce cotton is ! *eape/ fibre ( ! lot x foll[s t a consid]able am\nt ( cotton y>n is us$ 9 comb9ation ) ^! o!r fibres1 9 ord] to produce *eap] fabrics4 ,embroid]y1 cro*et+ & knitt+ cottons1 & ! hosi]y trade absorb a l>ge am\nt ( ! spun cotton y>n2 ! latt] be+ d\bl$ 9 mo/ cases 9 ord] to fit x = ! special "w x is design$ to d4 ,9 a mod]n sp9n+ mill ! gr\nd floor usually conta9s ! op5]s1 scut*]s1 draw+ frames1 c>d+ eng9es & bobb9 & fly-frames4 ,! upp] floors are usually cov]$ by mules & o!r sp9n+ frames4 ,image3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,eng9e h\se1 %[+ driv+ to v>i\s /oreys4 ,9 ! la/ illu/ration 7,fig4 #ch7 is %[n "o ( ! late/ eng9es built = special "w su* z is requir$ 9 a cotton mill4 ,! huge drum1 on :i* re/ ! ropes & :i* c be cle>ly se5 9 ! picture1 is divid$ into grooves4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! is set ap>t = ! special rooms4 ,! /r5g? ( ! rope is kn[n & its transmitt+ p[] is also kn[n4 ,:5 ! p[] requir$ to drive say ! fir/ /orey or second /orey is calculat$1 x becomes an easy matt] to di/ribute ! ropes on ! drum z requir$4 ,?is eng9e is n[ at "w 9 ! ,bee-,hive ,sp9n+ ,mill1 ,bolton4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abbasi ,cotton1 #fb4 ,ale?ia argillacea1 #ce4 ,an?onomus grundis1 #ch4 ,aphis gossypia1 #ch4 ,arkwright1 ,ri*>d1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aac1 #aah1 #abc1 #abf1 #afj4 ,a%m\ni ,cotton1 #fb4 ,ataxia crypta1 #ch4 ,b4 ,back+ (f1 #aeb4 ,bale ,break]1 #hc1 #hf4 ,bales1 cyl9drical1 #hj2 v>ieties (1 #hj4 ,bal+1 #gf1 #gi4 ,balloon+1 #afe4 ,bamia ,cotton1 #fb4 ,b$d+ ( cotton plants1 #dd4 ,bobb9 & ,fly ,frames1 #hd1 #aje4 ,bobb9s1 #aaj4 ,botany ( cotton1 #ai4 ,b\rbon ,cotton1 #be4 ,bran1 cotton se$1 #cc4 ,brazil1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #dg4 ,breyn1 #ad4 ,broa* ,cotton1 #ee4 ,bundl+1 #agh1 #agi4 ,c4 ,cra ,cotton1 #cj4 ,c>d+1 #hc1 #ic1 #aaf1 #aca1 #acb1 #adc1 #aff4 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ah4 ,*emi/ry ( cotton plant1 #ca4 ,*9a1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ei4 ,civil ,w>1 ,am]ican1 effect on production1 #dc1 #eg4 ,climate1 #ba4 ,coccia rosaceana1 #ch4 ,columbus1 voyages (1 #ag4 ,comb+1 #he1 #aff4 ,cone drums1 #aab4 ,congo ,riv] z a cotton di/rict1 #fc4 ,cop1 #aea1 #aef4 ,copp+ motion1 #aeg4 ,coral polyp1 #aa4 ,corea1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ei4 ,cortes1 ,h]n&o1 #ah4 ,cotton ,boll-,cat]pill>1 #ce1 #cg4 ,cotton-,boll ,weevil1 #ch4 ,cotton ,cat]pill>1 #ce4 ,cotton ,cutworm1 #ch4 ,cotton lice1 #ch4 ,cotton ,pull]1 #hc1 #hf4 ,cri\lo ,cotton1 #bi4 ,crompton1 ,samuel1 #aac1 #abf1 #acd1 #afj4 ,cultivation 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #ci4 ,d4 ,dacca cotton1 #bh1 #ed4 ,da ,gama1 ,vasco1 #ah4 ,deo ,cotton1 #bh4 ,diff]5tial motion1 #aaa1 #adg4 ,diff]5tial w9d+1 #aef4 ,diseases ( cotton plant1 #cd1 #ch4 ,di/aff1 #aae4 ,d(f] & comb1 #ih1 #aca4 ,d\bl+ ma*9es1 #afc1 #ahc4 ,dra9+1 #dd4 ,draw+1 #hd1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aje1 #acb4 ,drop-box1 #acg4 ,dye+1 #ag1 #fh4 ,e4 ,egypt1 production ( cotton 91 #ae1 #ai1 #fa4 ,f4 ,fall] wires1 #aec4 ,feltia malefida1 #ch4 ,f]tilis]s1 value ( artificial1 #dc4 ,fibres1 /r5g? (1 #cj4 ,fly]1 #aaj4 ,fly+ %uttle1 #abj1 #acg4 ,friction clut*1 #aec4 ,fungi affect+ cotton plant1 #ci4 ,g4 ,gall9i ,cotton1 #be1 #fb4 ,gass+1 #ahe4 ,g9n+1 #gd4 ,g91 ,mac>?y1 #gg2 saw1 #gh4 ,gossypium1 #bj2 ,acum9atum1 #bi2 ,arboreum1 #bg2 ,b>bad5se1 #bc1 #bh2 ,h]baceum1 #be2 ,hirsutum1 #bg2 ,neglectum1 #bh2 ,p]uvianum1 #bi2 ,religiosum1 #bg4 ,greece1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #fc4 ,h4 ,hall i? ,wood1 #ace4 ,h>greaves1 ,james1 #aje1 #aac1 #abb1 #abg1 #afj4 ,haul+1 #de4 ,heilman1 ,jo%ua1 #afg4 ,helio?is armig]1 #ce1 #cg4 ,h]odotus1 description ( cotton1 #ae4 ,highs1 ,?omas1 #aac1 #abc1 #abg4 ,h+unghat ,cotton1 #eb4 ,hi/ory1 cotton plant 91 #aj4 ,holdswor?1 #aaa1 #adg4 ,i4 ,india1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ae1 #af1 #ci1 #ej4 ,insects1 injuri\s1 #cd4 ,j4 ,japan1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ei4 ,java1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #fc4 ,k4 ,kay1 ,john1 #aac1 #abj1 #abg4 ,kidney ,cotton1 #bi4 ,kir*] ( ,avignon1 #ad4 ,l4 ,lap1 !1 #hc1 #ib1 #ic1 #agc1 #age4 ,leaf-roll]1 #ch4 ,lee1 ,h5ry1 ,vegetable ,lamb ( ,t>t>y1 #ab4 ,levant ,cotton1 #fc4 ,lib]ia1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #fc4 ,l9t1 #be4 ,l9t+ ma*9es1 #gf4 ,m4 ,mac>?y g91 #gg4 ,mako ,jumel cotton1 #fb4 ,mall[1 #bj4 ,mananams ,cotton1 #bi4 ,m&eville1 ,sir ,john1 #ac4 ,m>anho ,cotton1 #bi4 ,meal1 cotton se$1 #cc4 ,measurem5t ( fibres1 #fh4 ,mexico1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ah1 #dh4 ,microscopic exam9ation ( fibre1 #fd4 ,mitafifi ,cotton1 #fb4 ,mix+1 #hc1 #he4 ,monsoons1 #ej4 ,mule1 !1 #hd2 ,crompton's1 #ace2 self-actor1 #aca1 #adf4 ,my?s ab\t cotton plant1 #ab4 ,n4 ,nanke5 ,cotton1 #bf4 ,ne>*us1 #af4 ,o4 ,odoricus1 #ad4 ,oil1 cotton se$1 #cc4 ,oomrawattee ,cotton1 #eb4 ,op5+1 #hc1 #hh4 ,p4 ,paul ,lewis1 #aac1 #aba1 #abc1 #acb4 ,p]nan ,cotton1 #cj4 ,p]u1 cultivation ( cotton 91 #ah1 #di4 ,pick+ cotton1 #gb4 ,piz>ro1 #ah1 #di4 ,plantation life1 #gb4 ,press1 cotton1 #gi4 ,production1 ,brazil1 #dg2 ,*9a1 #fj2 ,corea1 #fj2 ,egypt1 #ai1 #ci1 #fa2 ,india1 #ci1 #ej2 ,japan1 #ei2 ,mexico1 #dh2 ,p]u1 #di2 ,russia 9 ,asia1 #eg2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ci1 #dj4 ,q4 ,quadrant1 mule1 #adg1 #aef4 ,r4 ,r$ ,p]uvian ,cotton1 #cj4 ,reel+1 #agh4 ,ribbon ,lap ,ma*9e1 #he1 #age4 ,r+ ,sp9n+ ,frame1 #hd1 #aca1 #afj4 ,rob]ts1 ,ri*>d1 #adg4 ,rock+ ,day1 #aaf4 ,roll]s1 draw+1 #aba1 #abh4 ,roots ( cotton plant1 #bb2 m$ic9al use1 #cb4 ,rov+ ,frames1 #ajg4 ,rov+s1 #ajf1 #aag4 ,russia 9 ,asia1 cotton production 91 #eg4 ,s4 ,/4 ,di/aff's ,day1 #aaf4 ,santos ,cotton1 #cj4 ,saw g91 #gh4 ,scut*+1 #hc1 #ib1 #aff4 ,se$s1 cotton1 #bb1 #ca1 #cc1 #gf4 ,seguro1 #dg4 ,s5egambia1 #fc4 ,%uttle1 fly+1 #abj1 #acg4 ,s9d ,cotton1 #ee4 ,siz+1 #agg4 ,slav]y1 abolition (1 effect on production1 #dc4 ,sliv] ,lap ,ma*9e1 #he1 #agc4 ,sliv]1 !1 #hd1 #id1 #aja4 ,slubb]s1 #ajg4 ,soil1 #ba4 ,soils1 ,am]ican cotton1 #da4 ,s\dan1 cotton production 91 #fc4 ,s\? ,africa1 cotton production 91 #ah1 #fc4 ,species1 #ba4 ,sp9dle1 !1 #aaj1 #aad1 #abb4 ,sp9n+1 e>ly attempts1 #aab4 ,sp9n+ ,j5ny1 #abb1 #ach4 ,sp9n+ :eels1 #aaf4 ,/r5g? ( fibres1 #cj4 ,sumatra1 cotton production 91 #fc4 ,surat cotton1 #bf1 #ee4 ,t4 ,!ophra/us1 description ( cotton1 #af4 ,?read1 sew+1 #i1 #aha4 ,turke/an1 cotton production 91 #eg4 ,turkey1 cotton production 91 #fc4 ,twi/ 9 fibre1 #ff2 9 rov+s1 #aji4 ,u4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 cotton production ( !1 #ci1 #dj4 ,unripe cotton1 #fh1 #hd4 ,v4 ,vegetable ,lamb ( ,t>t>y1 #ab4 ,v9e ,cotton1 #bf4 ,w4 ,wadd+1 cotton1 #gg4 ,w>p+ ma*9e1 #agg4 ,wat] ,frame1 #aca1 #afb4 ,we/ ,indies1 cotton production 91 #ah1 #fc4 ,:itney1 ,eli4 #gh4 ,w9d+1 #aaa4 ,w9d+ ,*a91 #aef4 ,w9d+ frame1 #ahb4 ,wyatt1 ,john1 #aac1 #aba4 ,z4 ,zahn1 ,johannes1 #ac4 ,,! ,,end4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 a add$ 7page #aj2 orignial text reads3 444?read ready alike = ! sew+ ma*9e or ! ne$le ( seam/ress4 aecord+ correct$ to accord+ 7page #cf7 produ$ correct$ to produc$ 7page #eb7 qnantities correct$ to quantities 7page #fc7 reama9s correct$ to rema9s 7page #aba7 rapily correct$ to rapidly 7page #abe7 to to correct$ to to 7page #acc7 correet correct$ to correct 7page #aeg7 ,additional spac+ is int5tional to indicate bo? ! end ( a quotation & ! beg9n+ ( a new p>agraph or to repres5t a section break z pres5t$ 9 ! orig9al text4