,transcriber's note3 ,page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,they have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book4 ,descriptions of illustrations are indented to distinguish them from the running text4 ,the next page immediately preceding or following a group of illustrations may jump to account for the pages occupied by the illustrations4 ,italic are enclosed in underscores3 this is italicized4 ,some suggestions that have serious consequences are noted 7e4g41 ,use lead acetate to waterproof a tent74 ,numerous untitled or otherwise ambiguous illustrations are described and annotated with 7tr7--transcriber4 ,end ,transcriber's note4 ,,boy ,,scouts ,,handbook ,the ,first ,edition1 #aiaa ,illustration3 ,boy ,scouts at camp4 7tr7 ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,official ,national ,out ,,sigmund ,,eisner ,new ,york ,salesrooms #ajc ,fifth ,avenue ,red ,bank4 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,two ,boy ,scouts in full uniform4 7tr7 ,each part of the uniform is stamped with the official seal of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,if there is no agency for the official uniform in your city write for samples4 ,,sigmund ,,eisner ,manufacturer of ,u4 ,s4 ,army and ,national ,guard ,uniform ,the ,best ,food for ,the ,boy ,scouts is ,illustration3 ,cereal bowl4 7tr7 ,shredded ,wheat because it has all the muscle-building1 bone-making material in the whole wheat grain prepared in a digestible form1 supplying all the strength needed for work or play4 ,it is ready-cooked and ready-to-eat4 ,it has the greatest amount of body-building nutriment in smallest bulk4 ,its crispness compels thorough mastication1 and the more you chew it the better you like it4 ,shredded ,wheat is the favorite food of athletes4 ,it is on the training table of nearly every college and university in this country4 ,the records show that the winners of many brilliant rowing and track events have been trained on ,shredded ,wheat4 ,the ,,biscuit is in little loaf form4 ,it is baked a crisp1 golden brown4 ,it is eaten with milk or cream1 or fruit1 or is delicious when eaten as a toast with butter4 ,,triscuit is the ,shredded ,wheat wafer---the ideal food for the camp or the long tramp4 ,building buster boys is bully business--that's the reason we want to help the ,boy ,scout movement4 ,the ,shredded ,wheat ,company ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,getting the final word before hiking4 ,,boy ,,scouts of ,,america ,,the ,,official ,,handbook ,,for ,,boys ,illustration3 ,first ,class ,scout ,emblem4 7tr7 ,published for ,,the ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america #bjj ,,fifth ,,avenue ,,new ,,york ,,garden ,,city1 ,,new ,,york ,,doubleday1 ,,page ,,company #aiaa ,,copyright #aiaa ,,by ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america ,,boy ,,scout ,,certificate ,this is to certify that of ,state of ,street and ,city or ,town address ,age ,height ,weigh is a member of ,patrol1 of ,troop ,no4 ,scout ,master ,,scout ,,history ,qualified as ,tenderfoot #aia ,second ,class ,scout #aia ,first ,class ,scout #aia ,,qualified ,,for ,,merit ,,badges ,,subject ,,date #a #b #c #d #e ,qualified as ,life ,scout ,qualified as ,star ,scout ,qualified as ,eagle ,scout ,awarded ,honor ,medal v ,,preface ,the ,boy ,scout ,movement has become almost universal1 and wherever organized its leaders are glad1 as we are1 to acknowledge the debt we all owe to ,lieut4-,gen4 ,sir ,robert ,s4 ,s4 ,baden-,powell1 who has done so much to make the movement of interest to boys of all nations4 ,the ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america is a corporation formed by a group of men who are anxious that the boys of ,america should come under the influence of this movement and be built up in all that goes to make character and good citizenship4 ,the affairs of the organization are managed by a ,national ,council1 composed of some of the most prominent men of our country1 who gladly and freely give their time and money that this purpose may be accomplished4 ,in the various cities1 towns1 and villages1 the welfare of the boy scouts is cared for by local councils1 and these councils1 like the ,national ,council are composed of men who are seeking for the boys of the community the very best things4 ,in order that the work of the boy scouts throughout ,america may be uniform and intelligent1 the ,national ,council has prepared its ,official ,handbook1 the purpose of which is to furnish to the patrols of the boy scouts advice in practical methods1 as well as inspiring information4 ,the work of preparing this handbook has enlisted the services of men eminently fitted for such work1 for each is an expert in his own department1 and the ,editorial ,board feels that the organization is to be congratulated in that such men have been found willing to give their time and ripe experience to this movement4 ,it would be impossible adequately to thank all who by advice and friendly criticism have helped in the preparation of the book1 or even to mention their names1 but to the authors whose names are attached to the various chapters1 we acknowledge an especial obligation4 ,without their friendly help this book could not be4 ,we wish especially to express our appreciation of the helpful suggestions made by ,daniel ,carter ,beard4 ,we have carefully examined and approved all the material which goes to make up vi the manual1 and have tried to make it as complete as possible2 nevertheless1 no one can be more conscious than we are of the difficulty of providing a book which will meet all the demands of such widely scattered patrols with such varied interests4 ,we have constantly kept in mind the evils that confront the boys of our country and have struck at them by fostering better things4 ,our hope is that the information needed for successful work with boy scouts will be found within the pages of this book4 ,in these pages and throughout our organization we have made it obligatory upon our scouts that they cultivate courage1 loyalty1 patriotism1 brotherliness1 self-control1 courtesy1 kindness to animals1 usefulness1 cheerfulness1 cleanliness1 thrift1 purity and honor4 ,no one can doubt that with such training added to his native gifts1 the ,american boy will in the near future1 as a man1 be an efficient leader in the paths of civilization and peace4 ,it has been deemed wise to publish all material especially for the aid of scout masters in a separate volume to be known as ,the ,scout ,masters' ,manual4 ,we send out our ,official ,handbook1 therefore1 with the earnest wish that many boys may find in it new methods for the proper use of their leisure time and fresh inspiration in their efforts to make their hours of recreation contribute to strong1 noble manhood in the days to come4 ,,the ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america ,editorial ,board4 ,,william ,d4 ,,murray ,,george ,d4 ,,pratt1 ,a4 ,a4 ,,jameson1 vii ,,officers ,,and ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,council ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america ,,the ,,fifth ,,avenue ,,building1 #bjj ,,fifth ,,avenue ,,new ,,york ,,city ,honorary ,president ,,the ,,hon4 ,,william ,h4 ,,taft ,honorary ,vice-,president ,colonel ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,president ,,colin ,h4 ,,livingstone1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ast ,vice-,president ,b4 ,l4 ,,dulaney1 ,bristol1 ,tenn4 #b;d ,vice-,president ,,milton ,a4 ,mc,r,a,e1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 #c;d ,vice-,president ,,david ,,starr ,,jordan1 ,stanford1 ,ca4 ,chief ,scout ,,ernest ,,thompson ,,seton1 ,cos ,cob1 ,conn4 ,national ,scout ,commissioner ,,daniel ,,carter ,,beard1 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 ,n4,y4 ,national ,scout ,commissioner ,adj4-,gen4 ,,william ,,verbeck1 ,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,national ,scout ,commissioner ,colonel ,,peter ,s4 ,,bomus1 ,new ,york ,city ,treasurer ,,george ,d4 ,,pratt1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,executive ,,board ,,colin ,h4 ,,livingstone1 ,chairman ,daniel ,carter ,beard ,milton ,a4 ,mc,rae ,mortimer ,l4 ,schiff ,col4 ,peter ,s4 ,bomus ,william ,d4 ,murray ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,b4 ,l4 ,dulaney ,george ,d4 ,pratt ,seth ,sprague ,terry ,lee ,f4 ,hanmer ,frank ,presbrey ,adj4-,gen4 ,william ,verbeck ,george ,w4 ,hinckley ,edgar ,m4 ,robinson ,,james ,e4 ,,west1 ,executive ,secretary ,,members ,,of ,,national ,,council ,charles ,conrad ,abbott ,arthur ,adams ,dr4 ,felix ,adler ,harry ,a4 ,allison ,henry ,morrell ,atkinson ,b4 ,n4 ,baker ,ray ,stannard ,baker ,evelyn ,briggs ,baldwin ,clifford ,w4 ,barnes ,daniel ,carter ,beard ,henry ,m4 ,beardsley ,martin ,behrman ,august ,belmont ,ernest ,p4 ,bicknell viii ,edward ,bok ,colonel ,peter ,s4 ,bomus ,hon4 ,charles ,j4 ,bonaparte ,william ,d4 ,boyce ,h4 ,s4 ,braucher ,roeliff ,brinkerhoff ,dr4 ,elmer ,e4 ,brown ,luther ,burbank ,dr4 ,richard ,c4 ,cabot ,rev4 ,s4 ,parkes ,cadman ,arthur ,a4 ,carey ,e4 ,c4 ,carter ,richard ,b4 ,carter ,w4 ,d4 ,champlin ,thomas ,chew ,winston ,churchill ,g4 ,a4 ,clark ,p4 ,p4 ,claxton ,randall ,j4 ,condon ,c4 ,m4 ,connolly ,ernest ,k4 ,coulter ,dr4 ,c4 ,ward ,crampton ,george ,h4 ,dalrymple ,dr4 ,george ,s4 ,davis ,e4 ,b4 ,de,groot ,judge ,william ,h4 ,de ,lacy ,william ,c4 ,demorest ,dr4 ,edward ,t4 ,devine ,admiral ,george ,dewey ,gov4 ,john ,a4 ,diz ,myron ,e4 ,douglas ,benjamin ,l4 ,dulaney ,hon4 ,t4 ,c4 ,du ,pont ,dr4 ,george ,w4 ,ehler ,griffith ,ogden ,ellis ,robert ,erskine ,ely ,henry ,p4 ,emerson ,hon4 ,john ,j4 ,esch ,j4 ,w4 ,everman ,eberhard ,faber ,dr4 ,george ,j4 ,fisher ,horace ,fletcher ,homer ,folks ,dr4 ,william ,byron ,forbush ,dr4 ,lee ,k4 ,frankel ,robert ,ives ,gammell ,hon4 ,james ,r4 ,garfield ,hamlin ,garland ,robert ,garrett ,william ,h4 ,gay ,bishop ,david ,h4 ,greer ,jesse ,a4 ,gregg ,george ,b4 ,grinnell ,s4 ,r4 ,guggenheim ,luther ,halsey ,gulick1 ,m4 ,d4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall ,dr4 ,winfield ,scott ,hall ,lee ,f4 ,hanmer ,dr4 ,hastings ,h4 ,hart ,hon4 ,w4 ,m4 ,hays ,prof4 ,c4 ,r4 ,henderson ,clark ,w4 ,hetherington ,george ,w4 ,hinckley ,allen ,hoben ,hon4 ,r4 ,p4 ,hobson ,rev4 ,r4 ,w4 ,hogue ,john ,sherman ,hoyt ,c4 ,r4 ,h4 ,jackson ,prof4 ,jeremiah ,w4 ,jenks ,g4 ,e4 ,johnson ,dr4 ,david ,starr ,jordan ,mayor ,william ,s4 ,jordan ,otto ,herman ,kahn ,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,kerby ,charles ,h4 ,kip ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kirkland ,judge ,henry ,e4 ,klamroth ,rev4 ,walter ,laidlow ,charles ,r4 ,lamb ,joseph ,lee ,samuel ,mc,c4 ,lindsay ,judge ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey ,colin ,h4 ,livingstone ,col4 ,frank ,l4 ,locke ,hon4 ,nicholas ,longworth ,hon4 ,frank ,o4 ,lowden ,hon4 ,lee ,mc,clung ,william ,mc,cormick ix ,hon4 ,henry ,b4 ,f4 ,macfarland ,j4 ,horace ,mc,farland ,c4 ,w4 ,mc,kee ,hon4 ,william ,b4 ,mc,kinley ,j4 ,s4 ,mc,lain ,francis ,h4 ,mc,lean ,milton ,a4 ,mc,rae ,charles ,g4 ,maphis ,george ,w4 ,manton ,edgar ,s4 ,martin ,frank ,s4 ,mason ,frank ,lincoln ,masseck ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,maxwell ,lieut4-,gen4 ,nelson ,a4 ,miles ,john ,f4 ,moore ,arthur ,c4 ,moses ,william ,d4 ,murray ,dr4 ,cyrus ,northrop ,frank ,w4 ,ober ,hon4 ,c4 ,s4 ,page ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,parkhurst ,hon4 ,herbert ,parsons ,hon4 ,gifford ,pinchot ,david ,r4 ,porter ,george ,d4 ,porter ,perry ,edwards ,powell ,frederic ,b4 ,pratt ,george ,d4 ,pratt ,frank ,presbrey ,g4 ,barrett ,rich1 ,jr4 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis ,clarence ,c4 ,robinson ,edgar ,m4 ,robinson ,colonel ,theodore ,roosevelt ,lincoln ,e4 ,rowley ,oliver ,j4 ,sands ,dr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,sargent ,henry ,b4 ,sawyer ,mortimer ,l4 ,schiff ,charles ,scribner ,george ,l4 ,sehon ,rear ,admiral ,thomas ,oliver ,selfridge ,jefferson ,seligman ,jesse ,seligman ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,samuel ,shuman ,rear ,admiral ,charles ,dwight ,sigsbee ,william ,f4 ,slocum ,fred4 ,b4 ,smith ,hon4 ,george ,otis ,smith ,lorillard ,spencer ,lorillard ,spencer1 ,jr4 ,judge ,william ,h4 ,staake ,hon4 ,adlai ,stevenson ,andrew ,stevenson ,a4 ,e4 ,stilwell ,c4 ,h4 ,stoddard ,rev4 ,john ,timothy ,stone1 ,d4,d4 ,isidor ,straus ,hon4 ,oscar ,s4 ,straus ,josiah ,strong ,hon4 ,william ,h4 ,taft ,edward ,k4 ,taylor ,graham ,romeyn ,taylor ,judge ,harry ,l4 ,taylor ,william ,l4 ,terhune ,seth ,sprague ,terry ,john ,e4 ,thayer ,rev4 ,james ,i4 ,vance ,dr4 ,henry ,van ,dyke ,adj4 ,gen4 ,william ,verbeck ,john ,wanamaker ,henry ,l4 ,ward ,lucien ,t4 ,warner ,richard ,benedict ,watrous ,rear ,admiral ,j4 ,c4 ,watson ,w4 ,d4 ,weatherford ,dr4 ,benjamin ,ide ,wheeler ,eli ,whitney ,mornay ,williams ,gen4 ,george ,w4 ,wingate ,a4 ,e4 ,winship ,henry ,rogers ,winthrop ,major-,gen4 ,leonard ,wood ,surgeon-,gen4 ,walter ,wyman ,major ,andrew ,c4 ,zabriskie x ,a ,,message ,,from ,,the ,,chief ,,scout ,,to ,,the ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america3 ,there was once a boy who lived in a region of rough farms4 ,he was wild with the love of the green outdoors--the trees1 the tree-top singers1 the wood-herbs and the live things that left their nightly tracks in the mud by his spring well4 ,he wished so much to know them and learn about them1 he would have given almost any price in his gift to know the name of this or that wonderful bird1 or brilliant flower2 he used to tremble with excitement and intensity of interest when some new bird was seen1 or when some strange song came from the trees to thrill him with its power or vex him with its mystery1 and he had a sad sense of lost opportunity when it flew away leaving him dark as ever4 ,but he was alone and helpless1 he had neither book nor friend to guide him1 and he grew up with a kind of knowledge hunger in his heart that gnawed without ceasing4 ,but this also it did3 ,it inspired him with the hope that some day he might be the means of saving others from this sort of torment--he would aim to furnish to them what had been denied to himself4 ,there were other things in the green and living world that had a binding charm for him4 ,he wanted to learn to camp out1 to live again the life of his hunter grandfather who knew all the tricks of winning comfort from the relentless wilderness the foster-mother so rude to those who fear her1 so kind to the stout of heart4 ,and he had yet another hankering--he loved the touch of romance4 ,when he first found ,fenimore ,cooper's books1 he drank them in as one parched might drink at a spring4 ,he reveled in the tales of courage and heroic deeds1 he gloated over records of their trailing and scouting by red man and white2 he gloried in their woodcraft1 and lived it all in imagination1 secretly blaming the writer1 a little1 for praising without describing it so it could be followed4 ,some day1 he said1 ,i shall put it all down for other boys to learn4 ,as years went by he found that there were books about most of the things he wished to know1 the stars1 the birds1 the xi quadrupeds1 the fish1 the insects1 the plants1 telling their names2 their hidden power or curious ways1 about the camper's life the language of signs and even some of the secrets of the trail4 ,but they were very expensive and a whole library would be needed to cover the ground4 ,what he wanted--what every boy wants--is a handbook giving the broad facts as one sees them in the week-end hike1 the open-air life4 ,he did not want to know the trees as a botanist1 but as a forester2 nor the stars as an astronomer1 but as a traveler4 ,his interest in the animals was less that of anatomist than of a hunter and camper1 and his craving for light on the insects was one to be met by a popular book on bugs1 rather than by a learned treatise on entomology4 ,so knowing the want he made many attempts to gather the simple facts together exactly to meet the need of other boys of like ideas1 and finding it a mighty task he gladly enlisted the help of men who had lived and felt as he did4 ,young ,scouts of ,america that boy is writing to you now4 ,he thought himself peculiar in those days4 ,he knows now he was simply a normal boy with the interests and desires of all normal boys1 some of them a little deeper rooted and more lasting perhaps--and all the things that he loved and wished to learn have now part in the big broad work we call ,scouting4 ,scout used to mean the one on watch for the rest4 ,we have widened the word a little4 ,we have made it fit the town as well as the wilderness and suited it to peace time instead of war4 ,we have made the scout an expert in ,life-craft as well as ,wood-craft1 for he is trained in the things of the heart as well as head and hand4 ,scouting we have made to cover riding1 swimming1 tramping1 trailing1 photography1 first aid1 camping1 handicraft1 loyalty1 obedience1 courtesy1 thrift1 courage1 and kindness4 ,do these things appeal to you8 ,do you love the woods8 ,do you wish to learn the trees as the forester knows them8 ,and the stars not as an astronomer1 but as a traveler8 ,do you wish to have all-round1 well-developed muscles1 not those of a great athlete1 but those of a sound body that will not fail you8 ,would you like to be an expert camper who can always make himself comfortable out of doors1 and a swimmer that fears no waters8 ,do you desire the knowledge to help the wounded quickly1 and to make yourself cool and self-reliant in an emergency8 ,do you believe in loyalty1 courage1 and kindness8 ,would xii you like to form habits that will surely make your success in life8 ,then1 whether you be farm boy or shoe clerk1 newsboy or millionaire's son1 your place is in our ranks1 for these are the thoughts in scouting2 it will help you to do better work with your pigs1 your shoes1 your papers1 or your dollars2 it will give you new pleasures in life2 it will teach you so much of the outdoor world that you wish to know2 and this ,handbook1 the work of many men1 each a leader in his field1 is their best effort to show you the way4 ,this is1 indeed1 the book that ,i so longed for1 in those far-off days when ,i wandered1 heart hungry in the woods4 ,,ernest ,,thompson ,,seton1 ,chief ,scout4 ,headquarters ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 #bjj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,june #a1 #aiaa4 xiii ,,contents ,,page ,boy ,scout ,certificate iii ,preface v ,officers and ,members of the ,national ,council vii ,,chapter ,i4 ,scoutcraft #c ,,aim ,,of ,,scout ,,movement ,john ,l4 ,alexander ,,what ,,scouting ,,means ,john ,l4 ,alexander ,,scout ,,virtues ,john ,l4 ,alexander ,,the ,,boy ,,scout ,,organization ,special ,committee ,,scout ,,oath ,special ,committee ,,scout ,,law ,special ,committee ,,tenderfoot1 ,,second ,,class1 ,,and ,,first ,,class ,,scout ,,requirements ,special ,committee ,,badges1 ,,awards ,,and ,,equipment ,special ,committee ,,knots ,,every ,,scout ,,should ,,know4 ,samuel ,a4 ,moffat ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,woodcraft #eg ,,woodlore ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,,birdcraft ,national ,association ,audubon ,societies ,,shells ,,and ,,shellfish ,dr4 ,wm4 ,healey ,dall ,,reptiles ,dr4 ,leonhard ,stejneger ,,insects ,,and ,,butterflies ,united ,states ,bureau of ,entomology ,,fishes ,,and ,,angling ,dr4 ,hugh ,m4 ,smith ,,aquarium ,dr4 ,wm4 ,leland ,stowell ,,rocks ,,and ,,pebbles ,united ,states ,geological ,survey ,,flowers1 ,,ferns ,,and ,,grasses ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,corbett ,,mushrooms1 ,,fungi ,,or ,,toadstools ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,,common ,,north ,,american ,,trees ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,,native ,,wild ,,animals ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,campcraft #ade ,,hiking ,,and ,,over-,,night ,,camps ,h4 ,w4 ,gibson ,,tent ,,making ,,made ,,easy ,h4 ,j4 ,holden ,,an ,,open ,,outing ,,tent ,warren ,h4 ,miller ,,canoeing1 ,,rowing1 ,,and ,,sailing ,special ,committee xiv ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,tracks1 ,trailing1 and ,signaling ,ernest ,thompson ,seton #ahg ,,chapter ,v4 ,health and ,endurance ,george ,j4 ,fisher1 ,m4,d4 #bai ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,chivalry ,john ,l4 ,alexander #bcg ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,first ,aid and ,life ,saving ,major ,charles ,lynch #bee ,,water ,,accidents ,wilbert ,e4 ,longfellow ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,games and ,athletic ,standards #bia ,,indoor ,,and ,,outdoor ,,games ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,,athletic ,,standards ,special ,committee ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,patriotism and ,citizenship ,waldo ,h4 ,sherman #cbc ,,practical ,,citizenship ,col4 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,,appendix4 ,,equipment #cei ,,books ,,for ,,reference #cfi ,,index #cic ,,advertisements ,,handbook ,,for ,,boys #c ,,chapter ,i ,,scoutcraft ,this chapter is the result of the work of the ,committee on ,scout ,oath1 ,scout ,law1 ,tenderfoot1 ,second-class and ,first-class ,requirements2 the ,committee on ,badges1 ,awards1 and ,equipment2 the ,committee on ,permanent ,organization and ,field ,supervision1 and ,john ,l4 ,alexander and ,samuel ,a4 ,moffat4 ,aim of the ,scout ,movement ,by ,john ,l4 ,alexander1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,the aim of the ,boy ,scouts is to supplement the various existing educational agencies1 and to promote the ability in boys to do things for themselves and others4 ,it is not the aim to set up a new organization to parallel in its purposes others already established4 ,the opportunity is afforded these organizations1 however1 to introduce into their programs unique features appealing to interests which are universal among boys4 ,the method is summed up in the term ,scoutcraft1 and is a combination of observation1 deduction1 and handiness1 or the ability to do things4 ,scoutcraft includes instruction in ,first ,aid1 ,life ,saving1 ,tracking1 ,signaling1 ,cycling1 ,nature ,study1 ,seamanship1 ,campcraft1 ,woodcraft1 ,chivalry1 ,patriotism1 and other subjects4 ,this is accomplished in games and team play1 and is pleasure1 not work1 for the boy4 ,all that is needed is the out-of-doors1 a group of boys1 and a competent leader4 ,what ,scouting ,means ,in all ages there have been scouts1 the place of the scout being on the danger line of the army or at the outposts1 protecting those of his company who confide in his care4 ,the army scout was the soldier who was chosen out of all the army to go out on the skirmish line4 ,the pioneer1 who was out on the edge of the wilderness1 #d guarding the men1 women1 and children in the stockade1 was also a scout4 ,should he fall asleep1 or lose control of his faculties1 or fail on his watch1 then the lives of the men1 women1 and children paid the forfeit1 and the scout lost his honor4 ,but there have been other kinds of scouts besides war scouts and frontier scouts4 ,they have been the men of all ages1 who have gone out on new and strange adventures1 and through their work have benefited the people of the earth4 ,thus1 ,columbus discovered ,america1 the ,pilgrim ,fathers founded ,new ,england1 the early ,english settlers colonized ,jamestown1 and the ,dutch built up ,new ,york4 ,in the same way the hardy ,scotch-,irish pushed west and made a new home for the ,american people beyond the ,alleghanies and the ,rockies4 ,these peace scouts had to be as well prepared as any war scouts4 ,they had to know scoutcraft4 ,they had to know how to live in the woods1 and be able to find their way anywhere1 without other chart or compass than the sun and stars1 besides being able to interpret the meaning of the slightest signs of the forest and the foot tracks of animals and men4 ,they had to know how to live so as to keep healthy and strong1 to face any danger that came their way1 and to help one another4 ,these scouts of old were accustomed to take chances with death and they did not hesitate to give up their lives in helping their comrades or country4 ,in fact1 they left everything behind them1 comfort and peace1 in order to push forward into the wilderness beyond4 ,and much of this they did because they felt it to be their duty4 ,these little-known scouts could be multiplied indefinitely by going back into the past ages and reading the histories and stories of the knights of ,king ,arthur1 of the ,crusaders1 and of the great explorers and navigators of the world4 ,wherever there have been heroes1 there have been scouts1 and to be a scout means to be prepared to do the right thing at the right moment1 no matter what the consequences may be4 ,the way for achievement in big things is the preparing of one's self for doing the big things--by going into training and doing the little things well4 ,it was this characteristic of ,livingstone1 the great explorer1 that made him what he was1 and that has marked the career of all good scouts4 ,to be a good scout one should know something about the woods and the animals that inhabit them1 and how to care for one's self when camping4 #e ,the habits of animals can be studied by stalking them and watching them in their native haunts4 ,the scout should never kill an animal or other living creature needlessly4 ,there is more sport in stalking animals to photograph them1 and in coming to know their habits than in hunting to kill4 ,but woodcraft means more than this4 ,it means not only the following of tracks and other signs1 but it means to be able to read them4 ,to tell how fast the animal which made the tracks was going2 to tell whether he was frightened1 suspicious1 or otherwise4 ,woodcraft also enables the scout to find his way1 no matter where he is4 ,it teaches him the various kinds of wild fruit1 roots1 nuts1 etc41 which are good for food1 or are the favorite food of animals4 ,illustration3 ,scout ,stalking4 ,by woodcraft a scout may learn a great number of things4 ,he may be able to tell whether the tracks were made by an animal or by man1 bicycle1 automobile or other vehicle4 ,by having his power of observation trained he can tell by very slight signs1 such as the sudden flying of birds1 that someone is moving very near him though he may not be able to see the person4 #f ,through woodcraft then1 a boy may train his eye1 and be able to observe things that otherwise would pass unnoticed4 ,in this way he may be able to save animals from pain1 as a horse from an ill-fitting harness4 ,he may also be able to see little things which may give him the clew to great things and so be able to prevent harm and crime4 ,illustration3 ,horse with head pulled back4 7tr7 ,torture 7,note the check or bearing-rein7 ,illustration3 ,horse with head relaxed4 7tr7 ,comfort ,besides woodcraft one must know something of camp life4 ,one of the chief characteristics of the scout is to be able to live in the open1 know how to put up tents1 build huts1 throw up a lean-to for shelter1 or make a dugout in the ground1 how to build a fire1 how to procure and cook food1 how to bind logs together so as to construct bridges and rafts1 and how to find his way by night as well as by day in a strange country4 ,living in the open in this way1 and making friends of the trees1 the streams1 the mountains1 and the stars1 gives a scout a great deal of confidence and makes him love the natural life around him4 ,illustration3 ,camp loom1 for making mats and mattresses4 ,to be able to tell the difference between the trees by their bark and leaves is a source of pleasure2 to be able to make a #g bed out of rough timber1 or weave a mattress or mat out of grass to sleep on is a joy4 ,and all of these things a good scout should know4 ,then too1 a good scout must be chivalrous4 ,that is1 he should be as manly as the knights or pioneers of old4 ,he should be unselfish4 ,he should show courage4 ,he must do his duty4 ,he should show benevolence and thrift4 ,he should be loyal to his country4 ,he should be obedient to his parents1 and show respect to those who are his superiors4 ,he should be very courteous to women4 ,one of his obligations is to do a good turn every day to some one4 ,he should be cheerful and seek self-improvement1 and should make a career for himself4 ,all these things were characteristics of the old-time ,american scouts and of the ,king ,arthur knights4 ,their honor was sacred4 ,they were courteous and polite to women and children1 especially to the aged1 protected the weak1 and helped others to live better4 ,they taught themselves to be strong1 so as to be able to protect their country against enemies4 ,they kept themselves strong and healthy1 so that they might be prepared to do all of these things at a moment's notice1 and do them well4 ,so the boy scout of to-day must be chivalrous1 manly1 and gentlemanly4 ,when he gets up in the morning he may tie a knot in his necktie1 and leave the necktie outside his vest until he has done a good turn4 ,another way to remind himself is to wear his scout badge reversed until he has done his good turn4 ,the good turn may not be a very big thing--help an old lady across the street2 remove a banana skin from the pavement so that people may not fall2 remove from streets or roads broken glass1 dangerous to automobile or bicycle tires2 give water to a thirsty horse2 or deeds similar to these4 ,the scout also ought to know how to save life4 ,he ought to be able to make a stretcher2 to throw a rope to a drowning person2 to drag an unconscious person from a burning building1 and to resuscitate a person overcome by gas fumes4 ,he ought also to know the method of stopping runaway horses1 and he should have the presence of mind and the skill to calm a panic and deal with street and other accidents4 ,this means also that a boy scout must always be in the pink of condition4 ,a boy cannot do things like these unless he is healthy and strong4 ,therefore1 he must be systematically taking exercise1 playing games1 running1 and walking4 ,it means that he must sleep enough hours to give him the necessary strength1 and if possible to sleep very much in the open1 or at least #h with the windows of his bedroom open both summer and winter4 ,it means also that he should take a cold bath often1 rubbing dry with a rough towel4 ,he should breathe through the nose and not through the mouth4 ,he should at all times train himself to endure hardships4 ,in addition to these the scout should be a lover of his country4 ,he should know his country4 ,how many states there are in it1 what are its natural resources1 scope1 and boundaries4 ,he ought to know something of its history1 its early settlers1 and of the great deeds that won his land4 ,how they settled along the banks of the ,james ,river4 ,how ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 and other great cities were founded4 ,how the ,pilgrim ,fathers established ,new ,england and laid the foundation for our national life4 ,how the scouts of the ,middle ,west saved all that great section of the country for the ,republic4 ,he ought to know how ,texas became part of the ,united ,states1 and how our national heroes stretched out their hands1 north and south1 east and west1 to make one great united country4 ,he ought to know the history of the important wars4 ,he ought to know about our army and navy flags and the insignia of rank of our officers4 ,he ought to know the kind of government he lives under1 and what it means to live in a republic4 ,he ought to know what is expected of him as a citizen of his state and nation1 and what to do to help the people among whom he lives4 ,in short1 to be a good scout is to be a well-developed1 well-informed boy4 ,scout ,virtues ,there are other things which a scout ought to know and which should be characteristic of him1 if he is going to be the kind of scout for which the ,boy ,scouts of ,america stand4 ,one of these is obedience4 ,to be a good scout a boy must learn to obey the orders of his patrol leader1 scout master1 and scout commissioner4 ,he must learn to obey1 before he is able to command4 ,he should so learn to discipline and control himself that he will have no thought but to obey the orders of his officers4 ,he should keep such a strong grip on his own life that he will not allow himself to do anything which is ignoble1 or which will harm his life or weaken his powers of endurance4 ,another virtue of a scout is that of courtesy4 ,a boy scout #i ought to have a command of polite language4 ,he ought to show that he is a true gentleman by doing little things for others4 ,loyalty is also a scout virtue4 ,a scout ought to be loyal to all to whom he has obligations4 ,he ought to stand up courageously for the truth1 for his parents and friends4 ,another scout virtue is self-respect4 ,he ought to refuse to accept gratuities from anyone1 unless absolutely necessary4 ,he ought to work for the money he gets4 ,for this same reason he should never look down upon anyone who may be poorer than himself1 or envy anyone richer than himself4 ,a scout's self-respect will cause him to value his own standing and make him sympathetic toward others who may be1 on the one hand1 worse off1 or1 on the other hand1 better off as far as wealth is concerned4 ,scouts know neither a lower nor a higher class1 for a scout is one who is a comrade to all and who is ready to share that which he has with others4 ,the most important scout virtue is that of honor4 ,indeed1 this is the basis of all scout virtues and is closely allied to that of self-respect4 ,when a scout promises to do a thing on his honor1 he is bound to do it4 ,the honor of a scout will not permit of anything but the highest and the best and the manliest4 ,the honor of a scout is a sacred thing1 and cannot be lightly set aside or trampled on4 ,faithfulness to duty is another one of the scout virtues4 ,when it is a scout's duty to do something1 he dare not shirk4 ,a scout is faithful to his own interest and the interests of others4 ,he is true to his country and his ,god4 ,another scout virtue is cheerfulness4 ,as the scout law intimates1 he must never go about with a sulky air4 ,he must always be bright and smiling1 and as the humorist says1 ,must always see the doughnut and not the hole4 ,a bright face and a cheery word spread like sunshine from one to another4 ,it is the scout's duty to be a sunshine-maker in the world4 ,another scout virtue is that of thoughtfulness1 especially to animals2 not merely the thoughtfulness that eases a horse from the pain of a badly fitting harness or gives food and drink to an animal that is in need1 but also that which keeps a boy from throwing a stone at a cat or tying a tin can on a dog's tail4 ,if a boy scout does not prove his thoughtfulness and friendship for animals1 it is quite certain that he never will be really helpful to his comrades or to the men1 women1 and children who may need his care4 #aj ,and then the final and chief test of the scout is the doing of a good turn to somebody every day1 quietly and without boasting4 ,this is the proof of the scout4 ,it is practical religion1 and a boy honors ,god best when he helps others most4 ,a boy may wear all the scout uniforms made1 all the scout badges ever manufactured1 know all the woodcraft1 campcraft1 scoutcraft and other activities of boy scouts1 and yet never be a real boy scout4 ,to be a real boy scout means the doing of a good turn every day with the proper motive and if this be done1 the boy has a right to be classed with the great scouts that have been of such service to their country4 ,to accomplish this a scout should observe the scout law4 ,every boy ought to commit to memory the following abbreviated form of the ,scout law4 ,the ,twelve ,points of the ,scout ,law #a4 ,a scout is trustworthy4 #b4 ,a scout is loyal4 #c4 ,a scout is helpful4 #d4 ,a scout is friendly4 #e4 ,a scout is courteous4 #f4 ,a scout is kind4 #g4 ,a scout is obedient4 #h4 ,a scout is cheerful4 #i4 ,a scout is thrifty4 #aj4 ,a scout is brave4 #aa4 ,a scout is clean4 #ab4 ,a scout is reverent4 ,the ,boy ,scout ,organization 7,result of work of ,committee on ,permanent ,organization and ,field ,supervision3--,h4 ,s4 ,braucher1 ,chairman4 ,lorillard ,spencer4 ,jr41 ,colin ,h4 ,livingstone4 ,richard ,c4 ,morse4 ,mortimer ,schiff1 ,dr4 ,george ,w4 ,ehler1 ,c4 ,m4 ,connolly1 ,e4 ,b4 ,de,groot1 ,lee ,f4 ,hamner47 ,to do good scouting a boy must understand the organization of which he is a part4 ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america is promoted and governed by a group of men called the ,national ,council4 ,this ,national ,council is made up of leading men of the country and it is their desire that every ,american boy shall have the opportunity of becoming a good scout4 ,the ,national ,council holds one meeting annually at which it elects the officers and the members of the ,executive ,board4 ,it copyrights badges and other scout designs1 arranges for their manufacture and distribution1 selects designs for uniforms and scout equipment1 issues scout commissioners' and scout masters' certificates1 and grants charters for local councils4 #aa ,a local council through its officers--president1 vice-president1 secretary1 treasurer1 and scout commissioner1 its executive committee1 court of honor1 and other committees--deals with all local matters that relate to scouting4 ,the scout commissioner is the ranking scout master of the local council and presides at all scout masters' meetings as well as at all scout field meets4 ,it is also the duty of the scout commissioner to report to and advise with the ,chief ,scout through the ,executive ,secretary concerning the scouts in his district4 ,the scout commissioner's certificate is issued from ,national ,headquarters upon the recommendation of a local council after this council has been granted a charter4 ,the scout master is the adult leader of a troop1 and must be at least twenty-one years of age4 ,he should have a deep interest in boys1 be genuine in his own life1 have the ability to lead1 and command the boys' respect and obedience4 ,he need not be an expert at scoutcraft2 a good scout master will discover experts for the various activities4 ,his certificate is granted upon the recommendation of the local council4 ,an assistant scout master should be eighteen years of age or over4 ,his certificate is granted by the ,national ,council upon the recommendation of the scout master of his troop and the local council4 ,chief ,scout and ,staff ,the ,chief ,scout is elected annually by the ,national ,council and has a staff of deputies each of whom is chairman of a committee of scoutcraft4 ,these deputies are as follows3 ,chief ,scout ,surgeon4 ,chief ,scout ,director of ,health4 ,chief ,scout ,woodsman4 ,chief ,scout ,athletic ,director4 ,chief ,scout ,stalker4 ,chief ,scout ,citizen4 ,chief ,scout ,master4 ,chief ,scout ,director of ,chivalry4 ,chief ,scout ,camp ,master4 ,scouts are graded as follows3 ,chief ,scout and ,staff4 ,scout ,commissioner4 ,scout ,master4 ,assistant ,scout ,master4 ,patrol ,leader4 ,assistant ,patrol ,leader4 ,eagle ,scout4 ,star ,scout4 ,life ,scout4 ,first-class ,scout4 ,second-class ,scout4 ,tenderfoot4 ,how to ,become a ,boy ,scout ,the easiest way to become a boy scout is to join a patrol that has already been started4 ,this patrol may be in #ab a ,sunday ,school1 ,boys' ,brigade1 ,boys' ,club1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 ,young ,men's ,hebrew ,association1 ,young ,men's ,catholic ,association1 or any other organization to which you may belong4 ,if there is no patrol near you1 get some man interested enough to start one by giving him all the information4 ,a patrol consists of eight boys1 one of whom becomes the patrol leader and another the assistant patrol leader4 ,a troop consists of three or more patrols1 and the leader of the troop is called a scout master4 ,there can be no patrols or troops of boy scouts without this scout master4 ,the ,scout ,motto ,the motto of the boy scouts is ,be ,prepared1 and the badge of the boy scouts is a copyrighted design with this motto1 ,be ,prepared1 on a scroll at its base4 ,the motto1 ,be ,prepared1 means that the scout is always in a state of readiness in mind and body to do his duty4 ,to be prepared in mind1 by having disciplined himself to be obedient1 and also by having thought out beforehand any accident or situation that may occur1 so that he may know the right thing to do at the right moment1 and be willing to do it4 ,to be prepared in body1 by making himself strong and active and able to do the right thing at the right moment1 and then to do it4 ,the ,scout ,badge ,the scout badge is not intended to represent the fleur-de-lis1 or an arrowhead4 ,it is a modified form of the sign of the north on the mariner's compass1 which is as old as the history of navigation4 ,the ,chinese claim its use among them as early as #bfcd ,b4 ,c41 and we have definite information that it was used at sea by them as early as #cjj ,a4 ,d4 ,marco ,polo brought the compass to ,europe on his return from ,cathay4 ,the sign of the north on the compass gradually came to represent the north1 and pioneers1 trappers1 woodsmen1 and scouts1 because of this1 adopted it as their emblem4 ,through centuries of use it has undergone modification until it has now assumed the shape of our badge4 ,this trefoil badge of the scouts is now used1 with slight local variations1 in almost every civilized country as the mark of brotherhood1 for good citizenship1 and friendliness4 ,its scroll is turned up at the ends like a scout's mouth1 because he does his duty with a smile and willingly4 ,the knot is to remind the scout to do a good turn to someone daily4 #ac ,the arrowhead part is worn by the tenderfoot4 ,the scroll part only is worn by the second-class scout4 ,the badge worn by the first-class scout is the whole badge4 ,the official badges of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america are issued by the ,national ,council and may be secured only from the ,national ,headquarters4 ,these badges are protected by the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,laws 7letters of patent numbers #dadab and #daecb7 and anyone infringing these patents is liable to prosecution at law4 ,in order to protect the ,boy ,scout ,movement and those who have qualified to receive badges designating the various degrees in scoutcraft1 it is desired that all interested cooperate with the ,national ,headquarters in safeguarding the sale and distribution of these badges4 ,this may be done by observing the following rules3 #a4 ,badges should not be ordered until after boys have actually complied with the requirements prescribed by the ,national ,council and are entitled to receive them4 #b4 ,all orders for badges should be sent in by the scout master with a certificate from the local council that these requirements have been complied with4 ,blanks for this purpose may be secured on application to the ,national ,headquarters4 ,where no local council has been formed1 application for badges should be sent direct to ,headquarters1 signed by the registered scout master of the troop1 giving his official number4 ,scout commissioners'1 scout masters'1 and assistant scout masters' badges can be issued only to those who are registered as such at ,national ,headquarters4 ,tenderfoot ,badge--,gilt metal4 ,patrol ,leader's ,tenderfoot ,badge--,oxidized silver finish4 ,these badges are seven eighths of an inch wide and are made either for the button-hole or with safety-pin clasp4 ,price #e cents4 ,second-,class ,scout ,badge--,gilt metal4 ,patrol ,leader's ,second-,class ,scout ,badge--,oxidized silver4 ,these badges--safety-pin style--to be worn upon the sleeve4 ,price #aj cents4 ,first-,class ,scout ,badge--,gilt metal4 ,patrol ,leader's ,first-,class ,scout ,badge--,oxidized silver4 ,both badges safety-pin style--to be worn upon the sleeve4 ,price #ae cents4 ,scout ,commissioner's1 ,scout ,master's1 and ,assistant ,scout ,master's ,arm ,badges4 ,these badges are woven in blue1 green1 and red silk1 and are to be worn on the sleeve of coat or shirt4 ,price #be cents4 #ad ,buttons--,the official buttons worn on the scout uniforms sell for #aj cents per set for shirt and #ae cents per set for coat4 ,merit ,badges--,price #be cents each4 ,boy ,scout ,certificates--,a handsome certificate in two colors1 #f x #h inches1 has been prepared for boy scouts who wish to have a record of their enrolment4 ,the certificate has the ,scout ,oath and ,law and the official ,seal upon it1 with place for the signature of the scout master4 ,the price is #e cents4 ,directions ,for ,ordering ,important6 ,when ordering supplies send exact remittance with order1 ,if check is used add ,new ,york exchange4 ,make checks and money orders payable to ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,all orders received without the proper remittance will be shipped ,c4 ,o4 ,d41 or held until remittance arrives4 ,the ,scout ,oath ,before he becomes a scout a boy must promise3 ,on my honor ,i will do my best3 #a4 ,to do my duty to ,god and my country1 and to obey the scout law2 #b4 ,to help other people at all times2 #c4 ,to keep myself physically strong1 mentally awake1 and morally straight4 ,illustration3 ,hand position4 7tr7 ,when taking this oath the scout will stand1 holding up his right hand1 palm to the front1 thumb resting on the nail of the little finger and the other three fingers upright and together4 ,the ,scout ,sign ,this is the scout sign4 ,the three fingers held up remind him of his three promises in the scout oath4 ,the ,scout ,salute ,when the three fingers thus held are raised to the forehead1 it is the scout salute4 ,the scout always salutes an officer4 ,the ,scout ,law 7,result of work of ,committee on ,scout ,oath1 ,scout ,law1 ,tenderfoot1 ,second-class and ,first-class ,scout ,requirements3--,prof4 ,jeremiah ,w4 ,jenks1 ,chairman4 ,dr4 ,lee ,k4 ,frankel1 ,george ,d4 ,porter1 ,e4 ,m4 ,robinson1 ,g4 ,w4 ,hinckley1 ,b4 ,e4 ,johnson1 ,clark ,w4 ,hetherington1 ,arthur ,a4 ,carey47 ,there have always been certain written and unwritten laws regulating the conduct and directing the activities of men4 #ae ,we have such unwritten laws coming down from past ages4 ,in ,japan1 the ,japanese have their ,bushido or laws of the old ,samurai warriors4 ,during the ,middle ,ages1 the chivalry and rules of the ,knights of ,king ,arthur1 the ,knights ,templar and the ,crusaders were in force4 ,in aboriginal ,america1 the ,red ,indians had their laws of honor3 likewise the ,zulus1 ,hindus1 and the later ,european nations have their ancient codes4 ,the following laws which relate to the ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 are the latest and most up to date4 ,these laws a boy promises to obey when he takes his scout oath4 #a4 ,a scout is trustworthy4 ,a scout's honor is to be trusted4 ,if he were to violate his honor by telling a lie1 or by cheating1 or by not doing exactly a given task1 when trusted on his honor1 he may be directed to hand over his scout badge4 #b4 ,a scout is loyal4 ,he is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due3 his scout leader1 his home1 and parents and country4 #c4 ,a scout is helpful4 ,he must be prepared at any time to save life1 help injured persons1 and share the home duties4 ,he must do at least one good turn to somebody every day4 #d4 ,a scout is friendly4 ,he is a friend to all and a brother to every other scout4 #e4 ,a scout is courteous4 ,he is polite to all1 especially to women1 children1 old people1 and the weak and helpless4 ,he must not take pay for being helpful or courteous4 #f4 ,a scout is kind4 ,he is a friend to animals4 ,he will not kill nor hurt any living creature needlessly1 but will strive to save and protect all harmless life4 #g4 ,a scout is obedient4 ,he obeys his parents1 scout master1 patrol leader1 and all other duly constituted authorities4 #h4 ,a scout is cheerful4 ,he smiles whenever he can4 ,his obedience to orders is prompt and cheery4 ,he never shirks nor grumbles at hardships4 #i4 ,a scout is thrifty4 ,he does not wantonly destroy property4 ,he works faithfully1 wastes nothing1 and makes the best use of his #af opportunities4 ,he saves his money so that he may pay his own way1 be generous to those in need1 and helpful to worthy objects4 ,he may work for pay but must not receive tips for courtesies or good turns4 #aj4 ,a scout is brave4 ,he has the courage to face danger in spite of fear and has to stand up for the right against the coaxings of friends or the jeers or threats of enemies1 and defeat does not down him4 #aa4 ,a scout is clean4 ,he keeps clean in body and thought1 stands for clean speech1 clean sport1 clean habits1 and travels with a clean crowd4 #ab4 ,a scout is reverent4 ,he is reverent toward ,god4 ,he is faithful in his religious duties and respects the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion4 ,the ,three ,classes of ,scouts ,there are three classes of scouts among the ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 the tenderfoot1 second-class scout1 and first-class scout4 ,before a boy can become a tenderfoot he must qualify for same4 ,a tenderfoot1 therefore1 is superior to the ordinary boy because of his training4 ,to be a tenderfoot means to occupy the lowest grade in scouting4 ,a tenderfoot on meeting certain requirements may become a second-class scout1 and a second-class scout upon meeting another set of requirements may become a first-class scout4 ,the first-class scout may then qualify for the various merit badges which are offered in another part of this chapter for proficiency in scouting4 ,the requirements of the tenderfoot1 second-class scout1 and first-class scout1 are as follows3 ,tenderfoot ,to become a scout a boy must be at least twelve years of age and must pass a test in the following3 #a4 ,know the scout law1 sign1 salute1 and significance of the badge4 #b4 ,know the composition and history of the national flag and the customary forms of respect due to it4 #c4 ,tie four out of the following knots3 square or reef1 sheet-bend1 bowline1 fisherman's1 sheepshank1 halter1 clove hitch1 timber hitch1 or two half hitches4 ,illustration3 ,tenderfoot badge4 7tr7 ,tenderfoot #ag ,he then takes the scout oath1 is enrolled as a tenderfoot1 and is entitled to wear the tenderfoot badge4 ,illustration3 ,second-class ,scout badge4 7tr7 ,second-class ,scout ,second-class ,scout ,to become a second-class scout1 a tenderfoot must pass1 to the satisfaction of the recognized local scout authorities1 the following tests3 #a4 ,at least one month's service as a tenderfoot4 #b4 ,elementary first aid and bandaging2 know the general directions for first aid for injuries2 know treatment for fainting1 shock1 fractures1 bruises1 sprains1 injuries in which the skin is broken1 burns1 and scalds2 demonstrate how to carry injured1 and the use of the triangular and roller bandages and tourniquet4 #c4 ,elementary signaling3 ,know the semaphore1 or ,american ,morse1 or ,myer alphabet4 #d4 ,track half a mile in twenty-five minutes2 or1 if in town1 describe satisfactorily the contents of one store window out of four observed for one minute each4 #e4 ,go a mile in twelve minutes at scout's pace--about fifty steps running and fifty walking1 alternately4 #f4 ,use properly knife or hatchet4 #g4 ,prove ability to build a fire in the open1 using not more than two matches4 #h4 ,cook a quarter of a pound of meat and two potatoes in the open without the ordinary kitchen cooking utensils4 #i4 ,earn and deposit at least one dollar in a public bank4 #aj4 ,know the sixteen principal points of the compass4 ,first-class ,scout ,to become a first-class scout1 the second-class scout must pass the following tests3 #a4 ,swim fifty yards4 #b4 ,earn and deposit at least two dollars in a public bank4 #c4 ,send and receive a message by semaphore1 or ,american ,morse1 or ,myer alphabet1 sixteen letters per minute4 #d4 ,make a round trip alone 7or with another scout7 to a point #ah at least seven miles away1 going on foot or rowing boat1 and write a satisfactory account of the trip and things observed4 #e4 ,advanced first aid3 ,know the methods for panic prevention2 what to do in case of fire and ice1 electric and gas accidents2 how to help in case of runaway horse1 mad dog1 or snake bite2 treatment for dislocations1 unconsciousness1 poisoning1 fainting1 apoplexy1 sunstroke1 heat exhaustion1 and freezing2 know treatment for sunburn1 ivy poisoning1 bites and stings1 nosebleed1 earache1 toothache1 inflammation or grit in eye1 cramp or stomach ache and chills2 demonstrate artificial respiration4 #f4 ,prepare and cook satisfactorily1 in the open1 without regular kitchen utensils1 two of the following articles as may be directed4 ,eggs1 bacon1 hunter's stew1 fish1 fowl1 game1 pancakes1 hoe-cake1 biscuit1 hardtack or a twist1 baked on a stick2 explain to another boy the methods followed4 #g4 ,read a map correctly1 and draw1 from field notes made on the spot1 an intelligible rough sketch map1 indicating by their proper marks important buildings1 roads1 trolley lines1 main landmarks1 principal elevations1 etc4 ,point out a compass direction without the help of the compass4 #h4 ,use properly an axe for felling or trimming light timber2 or produce an article of carpentry or cabinet-making or metal work made by himself4 ,explain the method followed4 #i4 ,judge distance1 size1 number1 height and weight within #be per cent4 #aj4 ,describe fully from observation ten species of trees or plants1 including poison ivy1 by their bark1 leaves1 flowers1 fruit1 or scent2 or six species of wild birds by their plumage1 notes1 tracks1 or habits2 or six species of native wild animals by their form1 color1 call1 tracks1 or habits2 find the ,north ,star1 and name and describe at least three constellations of stars4 #aa4 ,furnish satisfactory evidence that he has put into practice in his daily life the principles of the scout oath and law4 #ab4 ,enlist a boy trained by himself in the requirements of a tenderfoot4 ,,note4--,no deviation from above requirements will be permitted unless in extraordinary cases1 such as physical inability1 and the written consent of the ,national ,headquarters has been obtained by the recognized local scout authority4 ,illustration3 ,first-class ,scout badge4 7tr7 ,first-class ,scout #ai ,patrol ,signs ,each troop of boy scouts is named after the place to which it belongs4 ,for example1 it is ,troop ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 of ,new ,york or ,chicago4 ,each patrol of the troop is named after an animal or bird1 but may be given another kind of name if there is a valid reason4 ,in this way1 the ,twenty-seventh ,new ,york ,troop1 for instance1 may have several patrols1 which may be respectively the ,ox1 ,wolf1 ,jackal1 ,raven1 ,buffalo1 ,fox1 ,panther1 and ,rattlesnake4 ,illustration3 ,boy ,scout in uniform4 7tr7 ,positions of ,various ,badges ,each scout in a patrol has a number1 the patrol leader being ,no4 #a1 the assistant patrol leader ,no4 #b1 and the other scouts the remaining consecutive numbers4 ,scouts in this way should #bb work in pairs1 ,nos4 #c and #d together2 #e and #f together2 #g and4 #h together4 #bj ,illustration3 ,outline of animals4 7tr7 ,,mongoose ,squeak--,cheep ,,brown ,,and ,,orange ,,hawk ,cry 7same as ,eagle7--,kreeee ,,pink ,,wolf ,howl-,how-oooo ,,yellow ,,and ,,black ,,peewit ,whistle-,tewitt ,,green ,,and ,,white ,,hound ,bark ,bawow-wow ,,orange ,,cat ,cry--,meeaow ,,gray ,,and ,,brown ,,jackal ,laughing ,cry-,wahwah-wah-wah-wah4 ,,gray ,,and ,,black ,,raven ,cry-,kar-kaw ,,black ,,buffalo ,lowing 7same as ,bull7 ,um-maouw ,,red ,,and ,,white ,,peacock ,cry-,bee-oik ,,green ,,and ,,blue ,,bull ,lowing-,um-maouw ,,red ,,seal ,call-,hark ,,red ,,and ,,black ,,owl ,whistle ,koot-koot-koo ,,blue ,,tiger ,purr-,grrrao ,,violet ,,lion ,roar-,eu-,ugh ,,yellow ,,and ,,red ,,kangaroo ,call-,coo-ee ,,red ,,and ,,gray ,,horse ,whinney-,hee-e-e-e ,,black ,,and ,,white #ba ,,fox ,bark-,ha-ha ,,yellow ,,and ,,green ,,bear ,growl-,boorrr ,,brown ,,and ,,red ,,stag ,call-,baow ,,violet ,,and ,,black ,,stork ,cry-,korrr ,,blue ,,and ,,white ,,panther ,tongue in side of mouth--,keeook ,,yellow ,,curlew ,whistle--,curley ,,green ,,hyena ,laughing ,cry-,ooowah-oowah-wah ,,yellow ,,and ,,brown ,,ram ,bleat--,ba-a-a ,,brown ,,wood ,,pigeon ,call--,book-hooroo ,,blue ,,and ,,gray ,,eagle ,very shrill cry--,kreeee ,,green ,,and ,,black ,,hippo ,hiss-,brrussssh ,,pink ,,and ,,black ,,rattlesnake ,rattle a pebble in a small potted meat tin4 ,,wild ,,boar ,grunt--,broof-broof ,,gray ,,and ,,pink ,,cobra ,hiss--,pssst ,,orange ,,and ,,black ,,cuckoo ,call--,cook-koo ,,gray ,,otter ,cry--,hoi-oi-oick ,,brown ,,and ,,white ,,beaver ,slap made by clapping bands ,,blue ,,and ,,yellow #bb continued ,each scout in a patrol should be able to imitate the call of his patrol animal4 ,that is1 the scouts of the ,wolf patrol should be able to imitate a wolf4 ,in this way scouts of the same patrol can communicate with each other when in hiding1 or in the dark of night4 ,it is not honorable for a scout to use the call of any other patrol except his own4 ,the patrol leader calls up his patrol at will by sounding his whistle and by giving the call of the patrol4 ,when the scout makes signs anywhere for others to read he also draws the head of his animal4 ,that is to say1 if he were out scouting and wanted to show that a certain road should not be followed by others1 he would draw the sign1 not to be followed1 across it and add the name of his patrol animal1 in order to show which patrol discovered that the road was bad1 and by adding his own number at the left of the head to show which scout had discovered it4 ,illustration3 ,outline of animals4 7tr7 ,,blue ,,buffalo on white ground ,,flying ,,eagles ,yeh-yeh-yeh ,black and white on red ,,blue ,,herons ,hrrrr ,blue and green ,,horned ,,kingbirds ,,sinawa ,black on red ,,blackbears ,black on red ,,ahmeeks ,,silver ,,foxes ,,red ,,trailers ,,moon ,,band ,yellow on blue ,,owneokes ,,blazing ,,arrow ,each patrol leader carries a small flag on the end of his staff #bc or stave with the head of his patrol animal shown on both sides4 ,thus the ,tigers of the ,twenty-seventh ,new ,york ,troop should have the flag shown below4 ,illustration3 ,banner with tiger and #bg ,n4,y4 7tr7 ,the ,merit ,badges 7,result of work of ,committee on ,badges1 ,awards and ,equipment3 ,dr4 ,george ,j4 ,fisher1 ,chairman1 ,gen4 ,george ,w4 ,wingate1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,ward ,crampton1 ,daniel ,carter ,beard4 ,c4 ,m4 ,connolly1 ,a4 ,a4 ,jameson4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton47 ,when a boy has become a first-class scout he may qualify for the merit badges4 ,the examination for these badges should be given by the ,court of ,honor of the local council4 ,this examination must not be given any boy who is not qualified as a first-class scout4 ,after the boy has passed the examination1 the local council may secure the merit badge for him by presenting the facts to the ,national ,council4 ,these badges are intended to stimulate the boy's interest in the life about him and are given for general knowledge4 ,the wearing of these badges does not signify that a scout is qualified to make his living by the knowledge gained in securing the award4 ,scouts winning any of the following badges are entitled to place after their names the insignia of the badges won4 ,for instance1 if he has successfully passed the signaling and seamanship tests1 he signs his name in this manner-- ,illustration3 ,signature of ,james ,e4 ,ward with insignia4 7tr7 #bd ,agriculture ,illustration3 ,plow insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,agriculture a scout must #a4 ,state different tests with grains4 #b4 ,grow at least an acre of corn which produces #be per cent4 better than the general average4 #c4 ,be able to identify and describe common weeds of the community and tell how best to eliminate them4 #d4 ,be able to identify the common insects and tell how best to handle them4 #e4 ,have a practical knowledge of plowing1 cultivating1 drilling1 hedging1 and draining4 #f4 ,have a working knowledge of farm machinery1 haymaking1 reaping1 loading1 and stacking4 #g4 ,have a general acquaintance of the routine seasonal work on the farm1 including the care of cattle1 horses1 sheep1 and pigs4 #h4 ,have a knowledge of ,campbell's ,soil ,culture principle1 and a knowledge of dry farming and of irrigation farming4 ,angling ,illustration3 ,fish insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,angling a scout must #a4 ,catch and name ten different species of fish3 salmon or trout to be taken with flies2 bass1 pickerel1 or pike to be caught with rod or reel1 muskallonge to be caught by trolling4 #b4 ,make a bait rod of three joints1 straight and sound1 #ad oz4 or less in weight1 #aj feet or less in length1 to stand a strain of #a-a_/b lbs4 at the tip1 #ac lbs4 at the grip4 #c4 ,make a jointed fly-rod #h-aj feet long1 #d-h ozs4 in weight1 capable of casting a fly sixty feet4 #d4 ,name and describe twenty-five different species of fish found in ,north ,american waters and give a complete list of the fishes ascertained by himself to inhabit a given body of water4 #e4 ,give the history of the young of any species of wild fish from the time of hatching until the adult stage is reached4 ,archery ,illustration3 ,bow and ,arrow insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,archery a scout must #a4 ,make a bow and arrow which will shoot a distance of one hundred feet with fair precision4 #b4 ,make a total score of #cej with #fj shots in one or #be two meets1 using standard four-foot target at forty yards or three-foot target at thirty yards4 #c4 ,make a total score of #cjj with #gb arrows1 using standard target at a distance of fifty yards4 #d4 ,shoot so far and fast as to have six arrows in the air at once4 ,architecture ,illustration3 ,column and ,lintel insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,architecture a scout must #a4 ,present a satisfactory free-hand drawing4 #b4 ,write an essay on the history of ,architecture and describe the five orders4 #c4 ,submit an original design for a two-story house and tell what material is necessary for its construction1 giving detailed specifications4 ,art ,illustration3 ,brushes and ,pallet insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,art a scout must #a4 ,draw in outline two simple objects1 one composed of straight lines1 and one of curved lines1 the two subjects to be grouped together a little below the eye4 #b4 ,draw in outline two books a little below the eye1 one book to be open2 also a table or chair4 #c4 ,make in outline an ,egyptian ornament4 #d4 ,make in outline a ,greek or ,renaissance ornament from a cast or copy4 #e4 ,make an original arrangement or design using some detail of ornament4 #f4 ,make a drawing from a group of two objects placed a little below the eye and show light and shade4 #g4 ,draw a cylindrical object and a rectangular object1 grouped together a little below the eye1 and show light and shade4 #h4 ,present a camp scene in color4 ,astronomy ,illustration3 ,star insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,astronomy a scout must #a4 ,have a general knowledge of the nature and movements of stars4 #bf #b4 ,point out and name six principal constellations2 find the ,north by means of other stars than the ,pole-star in case of that star being obscured by clouds1 and tell the hour of the night by the stars and moon4 #c4 ,have a general knowledge of the positions and movements of the earth1 sun and moon1 and of tides1 eclipses1 meteors1 comets1 sun-spots1 and planets4 ,athletics ,illustration3 ,winged foot insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,athletics a scout must #a4 ,write an acceptable article of not less than five hundred words on how to train for an athletic event4 #b4 ,give the rules for one track and one field event4 #c4 ,make the required athletic standard according to his weight1 classifications and conditions as stated in chapter eight4 ,automobiling ,illustration3 ,wheel insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,automobiling a scout must #a4 ,demonstrate how to start a motor1 explaining what precautions should be taken4 #b4 ,take off and put on pneumatic tires4 #c4 ,know the functions of the clutch1 carburetor1 valves1 magneto1 spark plug1 differential cam shaft1 and different speed gears1 and be able to explain difference between a two and four-cycle motor4 #d4 ,know how to put out burning gasoline or oil4 #e4 ,have satisfactorily passed the requirements to receive a license to operate an automobile in the community in which he lives4 ,aviation ,illustration3 ,biplane insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,aviation a scout must #a4 ,have a knowledge of the theory of aeroplanes1 balloons1 and dirigibles4 #b4 ,have made a working model of an #bg aeroplane or dirigible that will fly at least twenty-five yards2 and have built a box kite that will fly4 #c4 ,have a knowledge of the engines used for aeroplanes and dirigibles1 and be able to describe the various types of aeroplanes and their records4 ,bee ,farming ,illustration3 ,bee insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,bee ,farming a scout must #a4 ,have a practical knowledge of swarming1 hiving1 hives and general apiculture1 including a knowledge of the use of artificial combs4 #b4 ,describe different kinds of honey and tell from what sources gathered4 ,blacksmithing ,illustration3 ,anvil insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,blacksmithing a scout must #a4 ,upset and weld a one-inch iron rod4 #b4 ,make a horseshoe4 #c4 ,know how to tire a wheel1 use a sledge-hammer and forge1 shoe a horse correctly and roughshoe a horse4 #d4 ,be able to temper iron and steel4 ,bugling ,illustration3 ,bugle insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,bugling a scout must #a4 ,be able to sound properly on the ,bugle the customary ,united ,states ,army calls4 ,business ,illustration3 ,quill ,pen insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,business a scout must #a4 ,write a satisfactory business1 and a personal letter4 #b4 ,state fundamental principles of buying and selling4 #c4 ,know simple bookkeeping4 #d4 ,keep a complete and actual account of personal receipts and expenditures for six months4 #bh #e4 ,state how much money would need to be invested at #e per cent4 to earn his weekly allowance of spending money for a year4 ,camping ,illustration3 ,tent insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,camping a scout must #a4 ,have slept in the open or under canvas at different times fifty nights4 #b4 ,have put up a tent alone and ditched it4 #c4 ,have made a bed of wild material and a fire without matches4 #d4 ,state how to choose a camp site and how to prepare for rain2 how to build a latrine 7toilet7 and how to dispose of the camp garbage and refuse4 #e4 ,know how to construct a raft4 ,carpentry ,illustration3 ,wood plane insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,carpentry a scout must #a4 ,know the proper way to drive1 set and clinch a nail4 #b4 ,know the different kinds of chisels1 planes and saws1 and how to sharpen and use them4 #c4 ,know the use of the rule1 square1 level1 plumb-line and mitre4 #d4 ,know how to use compasses for scribing both regular and irregular lines4 #e4 ,make an article of furniture with three different standard joints or splices1 with at least one surface of highly polished hard or decorative wood4 ,all work to be done without assistance4 ,chemistry ,illustration3 ,chemical retort insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,chemistry a scout must be able to pass the following test3 #a4 ,define physical and chemical change4 ,which occurs when salt is dissolved in water1 milk sours1 iron rusts1 water boils1 iron is magnetized and mercuric oxide is heated above the boiling point of mercury8 #b4 ,give correct tests for oxygen1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 chlorine1 and carbon dioxide gases4 #c4 ,could you use the above gases to extinguish fire8 ,how8 #d4 ,why can baking soda be used to put out a small fire8 #bi #e4 ,give tests for a chloride1 sulphide1 sulphate1 nitrate1 and carbonate4 #f4 ,give the names of three commercial forms of carbon4 ,tell how each is made and the purpose for which it is used4 #g4 ,what compound is formed when carbon is burned in air8 #h4 ,tell process of making lime and mortar from limestone4 #i4 ,why will fresh plaster harden quicker by burning charcoal in an open vessel near it8 ,civics ,illustration3 ,ax insignia 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,civics a scout must #a4 ,state the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his state4 #b4 ,know the principal features of the naturalization laws of the ,united ,states4 #c4 ,know how ,president1 ,vice-,president1 senators1 and congressmen of the ,united ,states are elected and their terms of office4 #d4 ,know the number of judges of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 how appointed1 and their term of office4 #e4 ,know the various administrative departments of government1 as represented in the ,president's ,cabinet4 #f4 ,know how the governor1 lieutenant-governor1 senators1 representatives1 or assemblymen of his state are elected1 and their terms of office4 #g4 ,know whether the judges of the principal courts in his state are appointed or elected1 and the length of their terms4 #h4 ,know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected and for what terms4 #i4 ,know the duties of the various city departments1 such as fire1 police1 board of health1 etc4 #aj4 ,draw a map of the town or city in which he lives1 giving location of the principal public buildings and points of special interest4 #aa4 ,give satisfactory evidence that he is familiar with the #cj provisions and history of the ,declaration of ,independence1 and the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,conservation ,illustration3 ,sunset over forest insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,conservation a scout must #a4 ,be able to recognize in the forest all important commercial trees in his neighborhood2 distinguish the lumber from each and tell for what purpose each is best suited2 tell the age of old blazes on trees which mark a boundary or trail2 recognize the difference in the forest between good and bad logging1 giving reasons why one is good and another bad2 tell whether a tree is dying from injury by fire1 by insects1 by disease or by a combination of these causes2 know what tools to use1 and how to fight fires in hilly or in flat country4 ,collect the seeds of two commercial trees1 clean and store them1 and know how and when to plant them4 #b4 ,know the effect upon stream-flow of the destruction of forests at head waters2 know what are the four great uses of water in streams2 what causes the pollution of streams1 and how it can best be stopped2 and how1 in general1 water power is developed4 #c4 ,be able to tell1 for a given piece of farm land1 whether it is best suited for use as farm or forest1 and why2 point out examples of erosion1 and tell how to stop it2 give the reasons why a growing crop pointed out to him is successful or why not2 and tell what crops should be grown in his neighborhood and why4 #d4 ,know where the great coal fields are situated and whether the use of coal is increasing1 and if so at what rate4 ,tell what are the great sources of waste of coal1 in the mines1 and in its use1 and how they can be reduced4 #e4 ,know the principal game birds and animals in his neighborhood1 the seasons during which they are protected1 the methods of protection1 and the results4 ,recognize the track of any two of the following3 rabbit1 fox1 deer1 squirrel1 wild turkey1 ruffed grouse and quail4 ,cooking ,illustration3 ,cooking pot insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,cooking a scout must #a4 ,prove his ability to build a fireplace out of stone or sod #ca or logs1 light a fire1 and cook in the open the following dishes in addition to those required for a first-class scout3 ,camp stew1 two vegetables1 omelet1 rice pudding2 know how to mix dough1 and bake bread in an oven2 be able to make tea1 coffee1 and cocoa1 carve properly and serve correctly to people at the table4 ,craftsmanship ,illustration3 ,drafting compass insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,craftsmanship a scout must #a4 ,build and finish unassisted one of the following articles3 a round1 square or octagonal tabouret2 round or square den or library table2 hall or piano bench2 rustic arm chair or swing to be hung with chains2 or rustic table4 #b4 ,he must also make plans or intelligent rough sketch drawing of the piece selected4 ,cycling ,illustration3 ,wheel insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,cycling a scout must #a4 ,be able to ride a bicycle fifty miles in ten hours4 #b4 ,repair a puncture4 #c4 ,take apart and clean bicycle and put together again properly4 #d4 ,know how to make reports if sent out scouting on a road4 #e4 ,be able to read a map and report correctly verbal messages4 ,dairying ,illustration3 ,butter churn insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,dairying a scout must #a4 ,understand the management of dairy cattle4 #b4 ,be able to milk4 #c4 ,understand the sterilization of milk1 and care of dairy utensils and appliances4 #cb #d4 ,test at least five cows for ten days each1 with the ,babcock test1 and make proper reports4 ,electricity ,illustration3 ,fist holding lightening insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,electricity a scout must #a4 ,illustrate the experiment by which the laws of electrical attraction and repulsion are shown4 #b4 ,name three uses of the direct current1 and tell how it differs from the alternating current4 #c4 ,make a simple electro-magnet4 #d4 ,have an elementary knowledge of the action of simple battery cells and of the working of electric bells and telephones4 #e4 ,be able to remedy fused wire1 and to repair broken electric connections4 #f4 ,construct a machine to make static electricity or a wireless apparatus4 #g4 ,have a knowledge of the method of resuscitation and rescue of a person insensible from shock4 ,firemanship ,illustration3 ,fire hose nozzle insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,firemanship1 a scout must #a4 ,know how to turn in an alarm for fire4 #b4 ,know how to enter burning buildings4 #c4 ,know how to prevent panics and the spread of fire4 #d4 ,understand the use of hose2 unrolling1 joining up1 connecting two hydrants1 use of nozzle1 etc4 #e4 ,understand the use of escapes1 ladders1 and chutes1 and know the location of exits in buildings which he frequents4 #f4 ,know how to improvise ropes and nets4 #g4 ,know what to do in case of panic1 understand the fireman's lift and drag1 and how to work in fumes4 #h4 ,understand the use of fire extinguishers2 how to rescue animals2 how to save property2 how to organize a bucket brigade1 and how to aid the police in keeping back crowds4 ,first ,aid ,illustration3 ,large ,x insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,first ,aid a scout must #a4 ,be able to demonstrate the ,sylvester and ,schaefer methods of resuscitation4 #cc #b4 ,carry a person down a ladder4 #c4 ,bandage head and ankle4 #d4 ,demonstrate treatment of wound of the neck with severe arterial hemorrhage4 #e4 ,treat mangling injury of the leg without severe hemorrhage4 #f4 ,demonstrate treatment for rupture of varicose veins of the leg with severe hemorrhage4 #g4 ,show treatment for bite of finger by mad dog4 #h4 ,demonstrate rescue of person in contact with electric wire4 #i4 ,apply tourniquet to a principal artery4 #aj4 ,state chief differences between carbolic poisoning and intoxication4 #aa4 ,explain what to do for snake bite4 #ab4 ,pass first aid test of ,american ,red ,cross ,society4 ,first ,aid to ,animals ,illustration3 ,bandaged dog insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,first ,aid to ,animals a scout must #a4 ,have a general knowledge of domestic and farm animals4 #b4 ,be able to treat a horse for colic4 #c4 ,describe symptoms and give treatment for the following3 wounds1 fractures and sprains1 exhaustion1 choking1 lameness4 #d4 ,understand horseshoeing4 ,forestry ,illustration3 ,pine cone insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,forestry a scout must #a4 ,be able to identify twenty-five kinds of trees when in leaf1 or fifteen kinds of deciduous 7broad leaf7 trees in winter1 and tell some of the uses of each4 #b4 ,identify twelve kinds of shrubs4 #c4 ,collect and identify samples of ten kinds of wood and be able to tell some of their uses4 #d4 ,determine the height1 and estimate the amount of timber1 approximately1 in five trees of different sizes4 #cd #e4 ,state laws for transplanting1 grafting1 spraying1 and protecting trees4 ,gardening ,illustration3 ,corn cob insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,gardening1 a scout must #a4 ,dig and care for during the season a piece of ground containing not less than #add square feet4 #b4 ,know the names of a dozen plants pointed out in an ordinary garden4 #c4 ,understand what is meant by pruning1 grafting1 and manuring4 #d4 ,plant and grow successfully six kinds of vegetables or flowers from seeds or cuttings4 #e4 ,cut grass with scythe under supervision4 ,handicraft ,illustration3 ,hammer and ,screwdriver insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,handicraft a scout must #a4 ,be able to paint a door4 #b4 ,whitewash a ceiling4 #c4 ,repair gas fittings1 sash lines1 window and door fastenings4 #d4 ,replace gas mantles1 washers1 and electric light bulbs4 #e4 ,solder4 #f4 ,hang pictures and curtains4 #g4 ,repair blinds4 #h4 ,fix curtains1 portiere rods1 blind fixtures4 #i4 ,lay carpets and mend clothing and upholstery4 #aj4 ,repair furniture and china4 #aa4 ,sharpen knives4 #ab4 ,repair gates4 #ac4 ,fix screens on windows and doors4 ,horsemanship ,illustration3 ,horseshoe insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,horsemanship a scout must #a4 ,demonstrate riding at a walk1 trot1 and gallop4 #b4 ,know how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly4 #c4 ,know how to water and feed and to what amount1 and how to groom a horse properly4 #ce #d4 ,know how to harness a horse correctly in single or double harness and to drive4 #e4 ,have a knowledge of the power of endurance of horses at work and know the local regulations concerning driving4 #f4 ,know the management and care of horses4 #g4 ,be able to identify unsoundness and blemishes4 #h4 ,know the evils of bearing or check reins and of ill-fitting harness or saddlery4 #i4 ,know two common causes of1 and proper remedies for1 lameness1 and know to whom he should refer cases of cruelty and abuse4 #aj4 ,be able to judge as to the weight1 height1 and age of horses2 know three breeds and their general characteristics4 ,interpreting ,illustration3 ,handshake insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,interpreting1 a scout must #a4 ,be able to carry on a simple conversation4 #b4 ,write a simple letter on subject given by examiners4 #c4 ,read and translate a passage from a book or newspaper1 in ,french1 ,german1 ,english1 ,italian1 or any language that is not of his own country4 ,invention ,illustration3 ,gear insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,invention a scout must #a4 ,invent and patent some useful article2 #b4 ,show a working drawing or model of the same4 ,leather ,working ,illustration3 ,awl insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,leather ,working a scout must #a4 ,have a knowledge of tanning and curing4 #cf #b4 ,be able to sole and heel a pair of boots1 sewed or nailed1 and generally repair boots and shoes4 #c4 ,be able to dress a saddle1 repair traces1 stirrup leathers1 etc41 and know the various parts of harness4 ,life ,saving ,illustration3 ,lifesaving buoy insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,life ,saving a scout must #a4 ,be able to dive into from seven to ten feet of water and bring from bottom to surface a loose bag of sand weighing five pounds4 #b4 ,be able to swim two hundred yards1 one hundred yards on back without using the hands1 and one hundred yards any other stroke4 #c4 ,swim fifty yards with clothes on 7shirt1 long trousers1 and shoes as minimum74 #d4 ,demonstrate 7a7 on land--five methods of release2 7b7 in the water--two methods of release2 7c7 the ,schaefer method of resuscitation 7prone pressure74 ,machinery ,illustration3 ,pipewrench insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,machinery a scout must #a4 ,state the principles underlying the use and construction of the lathe1 steam boiler and engine1 drill press and planer4 #b4 ,make a small wood or metal model illustrating the principles of either levers1 gears1 belted pulleys1 or block and fall4 ,marksmanship ,illustration3 ,target insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,marksmanship a scout must #a4 ,qualify as a marksman in accordance with the regulations of the ,national ,rifle ,association4 ,masonry ,illustration3 ,trowel insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,masonry a scout must #a4 ,lay a straight wall with a corner4 #cg #b4 ,make mortar and describe process4 #c4 ,use intelligently a plumb-line1 level1 and trowel4 #d4 ,build a stone oven4 #e4 ,demonstrate a knowledge of various uses for cement4 #f4 ,build a dry wall4 ,mining ,illustration3 ,shovel insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,mining a scout must #a4 ,know and name fifty minerals4 #b4 ,know1 name and describe the fourteen great divisions of the earth's crust 7according to ,geikie74 #c4 ,define watershed1 delta1 drift1 fault1 glacier1 terrace1 stratum1 dip2 and identify ten different kinds of rock4 #d4 ,describe methods for mine ventilation and safety devices4 ,music ,illustration3 ,lyre insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,music a4 scout must #a4 ,be able to play a standard musical instrument satisfactorily4 #b4 ,read simple music4 #c4 ,write a satisfactory essay of not less than five hundred words on the history of ,american music4 ,ornithology ,illustration3 ,bird insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,ornithology a scout must #a4 ,have a list of one hundred different kinds of birds personally observed on exploration in the field4 #b4 ,have identified beyond question1 by appearance or by note1 forty-five different kinds of birds in one day4 #c4 ,have made a good clear photograph of some wild bird1 the bird image to be over one half inch in length on the negative4 #d4 ,have secured at least two tenants in bird boxes erected by himself4 #ch #e4 ,have daily notes on the nesting of a pair of wild birds from the time the first egg is laid until the young have left the nest4 #f4 ,have attracted at least three kinds of birds1 exclusive of the ,english sparrow1 to a lunch counter which he has supplied4 ,painting ,illustration3 ,paintbrush insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,painting a scout must #a4 ,have knowledge of how to combine pigments in order to produce paints in shades and tints of color4 #b4 ,know how to add positive colors to a base of white lead or of white zinc4 #c4 ,understand the mixing of oils2 turpentine1 etc41 to the proper consistency4 #d4 ,paint a porch floor or other surface evenly and without laps4 #e4 ,know how and when to putty up nail holes and uneven surfaces4 #f4 ,present for inspection a panel covered with three coats of paint1 which panel must contain a border of molding1 the body of the panel to be painted in one color and the molding in another4 ,pathfinding ,illustration3 ,indianhead insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,pathfinding a scout must #a4 ,know every lane1 by-path1 and short cut for a distance of at least two miles in every direction around the local scouts' headquarters in the country4 #b4 ,have a general knowledge of the district within a five mile radius of his local headquarters1 so as to be able to guide people at any time1 by day or night4 #c4 ,know the general direction and population of the five principal neighboring towns and be able to give strangers correct directions how to reach them4 #d4 ,know in the country in the two mile radius1 approximately1 the number of horses1 cattle1 sheep1 and pigs owned on the five neighboring farms3 or in a town must know in a half-mile radius what livery stables1 garages and blacksmiths there are4 #e4 ,know the location of the nearest meat markets1 bakeries1 groceries1 and drug stores4 #ci #f4 ,know where the nearest police station1 hospital1 doctor1 fire alarm1 fire hydrant1 telegraph and telephone offices1 and railroad stations are4 #g4 ,know something of the history of the place1 its principal public buildings1 such as town or city hall1 post-office1 schools1 and churches4 #h4 ,as much as possible of the above information should be entered on a large scale map4 ,personal ,health ,illustration3 ,heart insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,personal ,health a scout must #a4 ,write a statement on the care of the teeth4 #b4 ,state a principle to govern in eating1 and state in the order of their importance1 five rules to govern the care of his health4 #c4 ,be able to tell the difference in effect of a cold and hot bath4 #d4 ,describe the effect of alcohol and tobacco on the growing boy4 #e4 ,tell how to care for the feet on a march4 #f4 ,describe a good healthful game and state its merit4 #g4 ,describe the effects of walking as an exercise4 #h4 ,tell how athletics may be overdone4 ,photography ,illustration3 ,camera and tripod insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,photography a scout must #a4 ,have a knowledge of the theory and use of lenses1 of the construction of cameras1 and the action of developers4 #b4 ,take1 develop1 and print twelve separate subjects3 three interiors1 three portraits1 three landscapes1 and three instantaneous action photos4 #c4 ,make a recognizable photograph of any wild bird larger than a robin1 while on its nest2 or a wild animal in its native haunts2 or a fish in the water4 ,pioneering ,illustration3 ,pickaxe and hatchet insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,pioneering a scout must #a4 ,fell a nine-inch tree or pole in a prescribed direction neatly and quickly4 #dj #b4 ,tie six knots of knots quickly4 #c4 ,lash spars properly together for scaffolding4 #d4 ,build a modern bridge or derrick4 #e4 ,make a camp kitchen4 #f4 ,build a shack of one kind or another suitable for three occupants4 ,plumbing ,illustration3 ,faucet insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,plumbing a scout must #a4 ,be able to make wiped and brazed joints4 #b4 ,repair a burst pipe4 #c4 ,mend a ball or faucet tap4 #d4 ,understand the ordinary hot and cold water system of a house4 ,poultry ,farming ,illustration3 ,chicken insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,poultry ,farming a scout must #a4 ,have a knowledge of incubators1 foster-mothers1 sanitary fowl houses1 and coops and runs4 #b4 ,understand rearing1 feeding1 killing1 and dressing birds for market4 #c4 ,be able to pack birds and eggs for market4 #d4 ,raise a brood of not less than ten chickens4 #e4 ,report his observation and study of the hen1 turkey1 duck1 and goose4 ,printing ,illustration3 ,ink roller insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,printing a scout must #a4 ,know the names of ten different kinds of type and ten sizes of paper4 #b4 ,be able to compose by hand or machines4 #c4 ,understand the use of hand or power printing machines4 #d4 ,print a handbill set up by himself4 #e4 ,be able to read and mark proof correctly4 ,public ,health ,illustration3 ,torch insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,public ,health a scout must #a4 ,state what the chief causes of each of the following disease are3 tuberculosis1 typhoid1 malaria4 #da #b4 ,draw a diagram showing how the house-fly carries disease4 #c4 ,tell what should be done to a house which has been occupied by a person who has had a contagious disease4 #d4 ,tell how a scout may cooperate with the board of health in preventing disease4 #e4 ,describe the method used in his community in disposing of garbage4 #f4 ,tell how a city should protect its foods2 milk1 meat1 and exposed foods4 #g4 ,tell how to plan the sanitary care of a camp4 #h4 ,state the reason why school children should undergo a medical examination4 ,scholarship ,,note3 ,the requirements for the merit badge for ,scholarship had not been decided upon when this book was published4 ,information about same may be secured upon application to ,national ,headquarters4 ,sculpture ,illustration3 ,bust insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,sculpture a scout must #a4 ,make a clay model from an antique design4 #b4 ,make a drawing and a model from nature1 these models to be faithful to the original and of artistic design4 ,seamanship ,illustration3 ,anchor insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,seamanship #a4 ,be able to tie rapidly six different knots4 #b4 ,splice ropes4 #c4 ,use a palm and needle4 #d4 ,fling a rope coil4 #e4 ,be able to row1 pole1 scull1 and steer a boat2 also bring a boat properly alongside and make fast4 #f4 ,know how to box the compass1 read a chart1 and show use of parallel rules and dividers4 #g4 ,be able to state direction by the stars and sun4 #h4 ,swim fifty yards with shoes and clothes on4 #db #i4 ,understand the general working of steam and hydraulic winches1 and have a knowledge of weather wisdom and of tides4 ,signaling ,illustration3 ,signal flags insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,signaling a scout must #a4 ,send and receive a message in two of the following systems of signaling3 ,semaphore1 ,morse1 or ,myer1 not fewer than twenty-four letters per minute4 #b4 ,be able to give and read signals by sound4 #c4 ,make correct smoke and fire signals4 ,stalking ,illustration3 ,leaf insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,stalking a scout must #a4 ,take a series of twenty photographs of wild animals or birds from life1 and develop and print them4 #b4 ,make a group of sixty species of wild flowers1 ferns1 or grasses1 dried and mounted in a book and correctly named4 #c4 ,make colored drawings of twenty flowers1 ferns1 or grasses1 or twelve sketches from life of animals or birds1 original sketches as well as the finished pictures to be submitted4 ,surveying ,illustration3 ,theodolite insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,surveying a scout must #a4 ,map correctly from the country itself the main features of half a mile of road1 with #ddj yards each side to a scale of two feet to the mile1 and afterward draw same map from memory4 #b4 ,be able to measure the height of a tree1 telegraph pole1 and church steeple1 describing method adopted4 #c4 ,measure width of a river4 #d4 ,estimate distance apart of two objects a known distance away and unapproachable4 #e4 ,be able to measure a gradient4 ,swimming ,illustration3 ,swimmer insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,swimming a scout must #a4 ,be able to swim one hundred yards4 #dc #b4 ,dive properly from the surface of the water4 #c4 ,demonstrate breast1 crawl1 and side stroke4 #d4 ,swim on the back fifty feet4 ,taxidermy ,illustration3 ,talon insignia4 7tr7 ,to obtain a merit badge for ,taxidermy a scout must #a4 ,have a knowledge of the game laws of the state in which he lives4 #b4 ,preserve and mount the skin of a game bird1 or animal1 killed in season4 #c4 ,mount for a rug the pelt of some fur animal4 ,life ,scout ,illustration3 ,life ,scout insignia4 7tr7 ,the life scout badge will be given to all first-class scouts who have qualified for the following five-merit badges3 first aid1 athletics1 life-saving1 personal health1 and public health4 ,star ,scout ,illustration3 ,star ,scout insignia4 7tr7 ,the star scout badge will be given to the first-class scout who has qualified for ten merit badges4 ,the ten include the list of badges under life scout4 ,eagle ,scout ,illustration3 ,eagle ,scout insignia4 7tr7 ,any first-class scout qualifying for twenty-one merit badges will be entitled to wear the highest scout merit badge4 ,this is an eagle's head in silver1 and represents the all-round perfect scout4 #dd ,honor ,medals ,illustration3 ,honor medal insignia4 7tr7 ,a scout who is awarded any one of the following medals is entitled to wear the same on the left breast3 ,bronze medal4 ,cross in bronze with first-class scout badge superimposed upon it and suspended from a bar by a red ribbon4 ,this is awarded to a scout who has saved life4 ,silver ,medal4 ,silver ,cross with first-class scout badge superimposed upon it and suspended from bar by blue ribbon4 ,this medal is awarded to a scout who saves life with considerable risk to himself4 ,gold ,medal4 ,gold ,cross with first-class scout badge superimposed upon it and suspended from bar by white ribbon4 ,this medal is the highest possible award for service and heroism4 ,it may be granted to a scout who has saved life at the greatest possible risk to his own life1 and also to anyone who has rendered service of peculiar merit to the ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,the ,honor ,medal is a national honor and is awarded only by the ,national ,council4 ,to make application for one of these badges the facts must first be investigated by the ,court of ,honor of the ,local ,council and presented by that body to the ,court of ,honor of the ,national ,council4 ,the ,local ,court of ,honor may at any time invite experts to share in their examinations and recommendations4 ,when the ,national ,court of ,honor has passed upon the application1 the proper medal will be awarded4 ,badges of ,rank ,the following devices are used to distinguish the various ranks of scouts3 ,patrol ,leader ,illustration3 ,patrol leader insignia4 7tr7 ,patrol ,leader3 ,the patrol leader's arm badge consists of two bars1 #a-a_/b-;inches long and #c_/h-;inch wide1 of white braid worn on the sleeve below the left shoulder4 ,in addition he may #de wear all oxidized silver tenderfoot1 second-class or first-class scout badge according to his rank4 ,the assistant patrol leader wears one bar4 ,illustration3 ,service ,stripe insignia4 7tr7 ,service ,stripes3 ,for each year of service as a boy scout1 he will be entitled to wear a stripe of white braid around the sleeve above the wrist1 three stripes being changed for one red one4 ,five years of scouting would be indicated by one red stripe and two white stripes4 ,the star indicates the position for wearing merit badges4 ,illustration3 ,scoutmaster insignia4 7tr7 ,scout ,master3 ,the badge of the scout commissioner1 scout master1 and assistant scout master is the first-class scout's badge reproduced in blue1 green1 and red1 respectively1 and are worn on the sleeve below the left shoulder4 ,illustration3 ,star insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout is the first-class scout badge with a five-pointed star above it embroidered in silver4 ,illustration3 ,caduceus 7snakes on pole7 insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout ,surgeon3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,surgeon is the first-class scout badge with a caduceus above it embroidered in green4 7,the ,chief ,scout's staff wear the badge of rank in the same manner as the ,chief ,scout47 ,illustration3 ,crossed hatchets insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout ,woodsman3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,woodsman is the first-class scout badge with two crossed axes above it embroidered in green4 ,illustration3 ,leaf insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout ,stalker3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,stalker is the first-class scout badge with an oak leaf above it embroidered in blue4 ,illustration3 ,tongues of fire insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout ,director of ,health3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,director of ,health is the first-class scout badge with #df tongues of fire above it embroidered in red4 ,illustration3 ,moccasin insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout ,camp ,master3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,camp ,master is the first-class scout badge with a moccasin above it embroidered in green3 ,illustration3 ,winged foot insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout of ,athletics3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,director of ,athletics is the first-class scout badge with a winged ,mercury foot above it embroidered in green4 ,chief ,scout ,director of ,chivalry3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,director of ,chivalry is the first-class scout badge with the scout sign above it embroidered in gold4 ,illustration3 ,american ,flag insignia4 7tr7 ,chief ,scout ,citizen3 ,the badge of the ,chief ,scout ,citizen is the first-class scout badge with the ,united ,states flag above it in silver4 ,appropriate badges for national and local councilmen may be secured from the ,national ,headquarters4 ,equipment ,it should be clearly understood by all interested in the ,scout ,movement that it is not necessary for a boy to have a uniform or any other special equipment to carry out the scout program4 ,there are a great many troops in the country which have made successful progress without any equipment whatever4 ,however1 for the convenience of boys who wish to secure a uniform or other equipment1 the ,national ,council has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as may be desired by the boys4 ,such arrangements have been made with these manufacturers only after a great number of representative firms have been given an opportunity to submit samples and prices2 the prices quoted to be uniform throughout the country4 ,these manufacturers #dg are given the privilege of using for a limited period an imprint of the official badge as an indication that the ,committee on ,equipment is willing to recommend the use of that particular article4 ,the official badge is fully protected by the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,laws and anyone using it without expressed authority from ,national ,headquarters is subject to prosecution at law4 ,considerable difficulty has been experienced in the selection of the material used in making coats1 breeches1 and shirts4 ,the material used in the boy scout coat1 breeches1 and shirt has been submitted to a thirty-day sun test1 the acid and strength test and is guaranteed to be a fast color and durable4 ,to show the result of the selection made1 the manufacturer of these articles has been given the privilege of using the imprint of the official seal and the right to use the official buttons4 ,we recommend the purchase of the articles having this imprint through any local dealer or through ,national ,headquarters4 ,however1 where a local council exists1 buttons will be supplied on order of the ,executive ,committee for use on such uniforms as the ,committee may desire to have made locally4 ,in communities where no local council has been formed1 they may be supplied on order of a registered scout master4 ,prices of the buttons per set for coat is #ae cents and per set for shirt #aj cents4 ,every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment available to scouts through local dealers4 ,if such arrangements have not been made in a community1 the ,national ,headquarters will be glad to help in making such an arrangement4 ,many scout masters prefer to order uniforms and other supplies direct from ,national ,headquarters4 ,in order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies1 the manufacturers have agreed to allow ,national ,headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local dealers4 ,trade through ,national ,headquarters if sufficiently large will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the ,national ,organization4 ,any combination desired may be made from this list4 ,a fairly complete equipment may be secured at the very nominal sum of #b4ae4 ,for instance1 the ,summer equipment which consists of3 ,hat1 #ej cents2 ,shirt1 #ge cents2 ,shorts1 #ej cents2 ,belt1 #dj cents4 ,where it is desired to equip the members of the troop with a standard uniform the following equipment is suggested3 ,hat1 ,shirt1 ,coat1 ,breeches or ,knickerbockers1 ,belt1 ,leggings or ,stockings1 shoes1 ,haversack4 #dh ,other combinations may be made according to the resources of the boys forming the troop4 ,however1 it is recommended that each troop decide upon a definite combination to be worn by its members so that all of the scouts in the troop may dress alike4 ,each boy should pay for his own supplies and equipment4 ,soliciting donations for this purpose should be prohibited4 ,a complete list of all supplies and equipment with full information about places where same can be secured is given in the appendix of this book4 ,,knots ,,every ,,scout ,,should ,,know ,by ,samuel ,a4 ,moffat1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,every scout knows what rope is4 ,from the earliest moment of his play life he has used it in connection with most of his games4 ,in camp life and on hikes he will be called upon to use it again and again4 ,it is therefore not essential to describe here the formation of rope2 its various sizes and strength4 ,the important thing to know is how to use it to the best advantage4 ,to do this an intelligent understanding of the different knots and how to tie them is essential4 ,every day sailors1 explorers1 mechanics1 and mountain-climbers risk their lives on the knots that they tie4 ,thousands of lives have been sacrificed to ill-made knots4 ,the scout therefore should be prepared in an emergency1 or when necessity demands1 to tie the right knot in the right way4 ,there are three qualities to a good knot3 #a4 ,rapidity with which it can be tied4 #b4 ,its ability to hold fast when pulled tight1 and #c4 ,the readiness with which it can be undone4 ,the following knots1 recommended to scouts1 are the most serviceable because they meet the above requirements and will be of great help in scoutcraft4 ,if the tenderfoot will follow closely the various steps indicated in the diagrams1 he will have little difficulty in reproducing them at pleasure4 ,in practising knot-tying a short piece of hemp rope may be used4 ,to protect the ends from fraying a scout should know how to whip them4 ,the commonest method of whipping is as follows3 ,illustration3 ,whipping4 ,lay the end of a piece of twine along the end of the rope4 #di ,hold it to the rope with the thumb of your left hand while you wind the standing part around it and the rope until the end of the twine has been covered4 ,then with the other end of the twine lay a loop back on the end of the rope and continue winding the twine upon this second end until all is taken up4 ,the end is then pulled back tight and cut off close to the rope4 ,for the sake of clearness a scout must constantly keep in mind these three principal parts of the rope3 ,illustration3 ,rope loop4 7tr7 #a4 ,the ,standing ,part--,the long unused portion of the rope on which he works2 #b4 ,the ,bight--,the loop formed whenever the rope is turned back upon itself2 and1 #c4 ,the ,end--,the part he uses in leading4 ,before proceeding with the tenderfoot requirements1 a scout should first learn the two primary knots3 the overhand and figure-of-eight knots4 ,illustration3 ,overhand knot4 ,the ,overhand ,knot4 ,start with the position shown in the preceding diagram4 ,back the end around the standing part and up through the bight and draw tight4 ,illustration3 ,figure eight knot4 ,the ,figure of ,eight ,knot4 ,make a bight as before4 ,then lead the end around back of the standing part and down through the bight4 ,after these preliminary steps1 the prospective tenderfoot may proceed to learn the required knots4 #ej ,illustration3 ,reef knot4 ,square or ,reef ,knot4 ,the commonest knot for tying two ropes together4 ,frequently used in first-aid bandaging4 ,never slips or jams2 easy to untie4 ,illustration3 ,false reef knot4 ,false ,reef or ,granny4 ,if the ends are not crossed correctly when making the reef knot1 the false reef or granny is the result4 ,this knot is always bad4 ,illustration3 ,sheet bend knot4 ,sheet ,bend or ,weaver's ,knot4 ,this knot is used in bending the sheet to the clew of a sail and in tying two rope-ends together4 ,make a bight with one rope ,a1 ,b1 then pass end ,c1 of other rope up through and around the entire bight and bend it under its own standing part4 ,illustration3 ,bowline knot4 ,the ,bowline4 ,a noose that neither jams nor slips4 ,used in lowering a person from a burning building1 etc4 ,form a small loop on the standing part leaving the end long enough for the size of the noose required4 ,pass the end up through the bight around the standing part and down through the bight again4 ,to tighten1 hold noose in position and pull standing part4 ,illustration3 ,halter knot4 ,halter1 ,slip1 or ,running ,knot4 ,a bight is first formed and an overhand knot made with the end around the standing part4 ,illustration3 ,sheepshank knot4 ,sheepshank4 ,used for shortening ropes4 ,gather up the amount to be shortened1 then make a half hitch round each of the bends as shown in the diagram4 #ea ,illustration3 ,clove hitch knot4 ,clove ,hitch4 ,used to fasten one pole to another in fitting up scaffolding2 this knot holds snugly2 is not liable to slip laterally4 ,hold the standing part in left hand1 then pass the rope around the pole2 cross the standing part1 making a second turn around the pole1 and pass the end under the last turn4 ,illustration3 ,fisherman's bend knot4 ,the ,fisherman's ,bend4 ,used aboard yachts for bending on the gaff topsail halliards4 ,it consists of two turns around a spar or ring1 then a half hitch around the standing part and through the turns on the spar1 and another half hitch above it around the standing part4 ,illustration3 ,timber hitch knot4 ,timber ,hitch4 ,used in hauling timber4 ,pass the end of the rope around the timber4 ,then lead it around its standing part and bring it back to make two or more turns on its own part4 ,the strain will hold it securely4 ,illustration3 ,two half hitches knot4 ,two ,half ,hitches4 ,useful because they are easily made and will not slip under any strain4 ,their formation is sufficiently indicated by the diagram4 ,illustration3 ,blackwall hitch knot4 ,blackwall ,hitch4 ,used to secure a rope to a hook4 ,the standing part when hauled tight holds the end firmly4 ,illustration3 ,becket hitch knot4 ,becket ,hitch4 ,for joining a cord to a rope4 ,may be easily made from diagram4 #eb ,illustration3 ,fisherman's knot4 ,the ,fisherman's ,knot4 ,used for tying silk-worm gut for fishing purposes4 ,it never slips2 is easily unloosed by pulling the two short ends4 ,the two ropes are laid alongside one another1 then with each end an overhand knot is made around the standing part of the other4 ,pull the standing parts to tighten4 ,illustration3 ,carrick bend knot4 ,carrick ,bend4 ,used in uniting hawsers for towing4 ,is easily untied by pushing the loops inwards4 ,turn the end of one rope ,a over its standing part ,b to form a loop4 ,pass the end of the other rope across the bight thus formed1 back of the standing part ,b over the end ,a1 then under the bight at ,c1 passing it over its own standing part and under the bight again at ,d4 ,illustration3 ,mariner's compass4 ,the ,mariner's ,compass ,boxing the ,compass consists in enumerating the points1 beginning with north and working around the circle as follows3 ,north ,north by ,east ,north1 ,north-east ,north-east by ,north ,north-east ,north-east by ,east ,east1 ,north-east ,east by ,north ,east ,east by ,south ,east1 ,south-east ,south-east by ,east ,south-east ,south-east by ,south #ec ,south1 ,south-east ,south by ,east ,south ,south by ,west ,south1 ,south-west ,south-west by ,south ,south-west ,south-west by ,west ,west1 ,south-west ,west by ,south ,west ,west by ,north ,west1 ,north-west ,north-west by ,west ,north-west ,north-west by ,north ,north1 ,north-west ,north by ,west ,north ,,notes #ed ,notes #ee ,notes #ef ,notes #eg ,,chapter ,,ii ,,woodcraft ,woodlore ,by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 ,chief ,scout ,the ,watch for a ,compass 7,from ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 ,copyright1 #aiaj1 by ,doubleday1 ,page ,company 7 ,the watch is often used to give the compass point exactly4 ,thus3 ,point the hour-hand to the sun2 then1 in the morning1 half-way between the hour-hand and noon is due south4 ,if afternoon1 one must reckon half-way backward4 ,thus3 at #h ,a4 ,m41 point the hour-hand to the sun and reckon forward half-way to noon2 the south is at #aj4 ,if at #d ,p4 ,m41 point the hour-hand at the sun and reckon back half-way4 ,the south is at two o'clock4 ,the half-way is because the sun makes a course of twenty-four hours and the clock of but twelve4 ,if we had a rational timepiece of twenty-four hours1 it would fit in much better with all nature1 and with the hour-hand pointed to the sun would make #ab o'clock1 noon1 always south4 ,if you cannot see the sun1 get into a clear1 open space1 hold your knife point upright on your watch dial1 and it will cast a faint shadow1 showing where the sun really is1 unless the clouds are very heavy4 ,finding ,your ,latitude by the ,stars ,the use of the stars to the scout is chiefly to guide him by showing the north1 but the white man has carried the use a step farther3 he makes the ,pole-star tell him not only where the north is1 but where he himself is4 ,from the ,pole-star1 he can learn his latitude4 ,it is reckoned an exploit to take one's latitude from the ,north ,star with a cart-wheel1 or with two sticks and a bucket of water4 #eh ,the first attempt ,i made was with two sticks and a bucket of water4 ,i arranged the bucket in the daytime1 so that it could be filled from rim to rim2 that is1 it was level1 and that gave me the horizon line2 next1 ,i fastened my two sticks together at an adjustable angle4 ,then1 laying one stick across the bucket as a base1 ,i raised the other till the two sight notches on its upper edge were in straight line for the ,pole-star4 ,the sticks were now fastened at this angle and put away till the morning4 ,on a smooth board--the board is allowable because it can be found either far on the plains when you have your wagon1 or on the ship at sea--,i mapped out1 first a right angle1 by the old plan of measuring off a triangle1 whose sides were six1 eight1 and ten inches1 and applied the star angle to this4 ,by a process of equal subdivision ,i got #de degrees1 #bb-a_/b degrees1 finally #dj degrees1 which seemed to be the latitude of my camp2 subsequent looking-up showed it to be #da degrees #aj minutes4 ,illustration3 ,bucket and sticks4 7tr7 ,of course1 it is hard to imagine that the boys will ever be so placed that it is important for them to take their latitude with home-made implements2 but it is also hard to imagine circumstances under which it would be necessary to know that the sun is #ib1jjj1jjj miles away4 ,it is very sure1 however1 that a boy who has once done this has a larger idea of the world and its geography1 and it is likely to help him in realizing that there is some meaning to the lines and figures on the border of his school maps1 and that they are not put there merely to add to his perplexities4 ,illustration3 ,sundial1 or hunter's clock4 #ei ,to make a scout's sundial1 prepare a smooth board about fifteen inches across1 with a circle divided into twenty-four equal parts1 and a temporarily hinged pointer1 whose upper edge is in the middle of the dial4 ,place on some dead level1 solid post or stump in the open4 ,at night fix the dial so that the twelve o'clock line points exactly to north1 as determined by the ,polestar4 ,then1 using two temporary sighting sticks of exactly the same height 7so as to permit sighting clear above the edge of the board7 set the pointer exactly pointing to the ,pole-star2 that is1 the same angle as the latitude of the place1 and fix it there immovably4 ,then remove the two sighting sticks4 ,as a timepiece1 this dial will be found roughly correct for that latitude4 ,the angle of the pointer1 or style1 must be changed for each latitude4 ,building a ,log ,cabin 7,from ,country ,life in ,america4 ,may1 #aije 7 ,there are as many different kinds of log cabins as of any other architecture4 ,it is best to begin with the simplest4 ,the tools needed are a sharp ax1 a crosscut saw1 an inch auger1 and a spade4 ,it is possible to get along with nothing but an ax 7many settlers had no other tool71 but the spade1 saw1 and auger save much work4 ,for the site select a high1 dry place1 in or near the woods1 and close to the drinking-water4 ,it should be a sunny place1 and with a view1 preferably one facing south or east4 ,clear off and level the ground4 ,then bring your logs4 ,these are more picturesque with the bark left on1 but last longer peeled4 ,eight feet by twelve feet outside makes a good cabin for three or four boys4 ,cut and carry about twelve logs1 each ten feet long2 and twelve more1 each fourteen feet long4 ,the logs should be at least six inches through4 ,soft wood is preferable1 as it is easier to handle2 the four ground logs or sills1 at least1 should be of cedar1 chestnut1 or other wood that does not rot4 ,lay two of the fourteen-foot logs on the ground1 at the places for the long sides1 and seven feet apart4 ,then across them1 at the end1 lay two short ones1 eleven feet apart4 ,this leaves about a foot projecting from each log4 ,roll the last two into their resting places1 and flatten them till they sit firmly4 ,it is of prime importance that each log rest immovably on the one below4 ,now cut the upper part of each end log1 to an edge over each corner4 7,fig4 #a47 #fj ,illustration3 ,log cabin1 figures #a to #aj4 ,next put on two long logs1 roll them onto the middle1 taking care to change off1 so the big end at a given comer may be followed next time by the small end and insure the corner rising evenly4 ,roll one of these large logs close to where it is to be placed1 then cut on its upper surface at each end a notch corresponding with the ridge on the log it is to ride on4 ,when ready1 half a roll drops it into place4 ,the log should be one to three inches above the one under it1 and should not touch except at #fa the ends4 ,repeat the process now with the other sides1 then the two ends1 etc41 always keeping the line of the corner plumb4 ,as the walls rise1 it will be found necessary to skid the larger logs2 that is1 roll them up on two long logs1 or skids1 leaning against the wall4 7,fig4 #b47 ,when the logs are in place to the height of four and a half feet from the ground1 it is time to decide where the door and window are to be2 and at that place1 while the next long log is lying on top1 bottom up1 cut out a piece four feet long and four inches deep4 ,roll this log into place4 7,fig4 #c47 ,one more log above this1 or certainly two1 will make your shanty high enough for boys4 ,put on final end logs1 then two others across the shanty4 7,fig4 #d47 ,roll up the biggest1 strongest log of all for the ridge 7sometimes two are used side by side72 it should lie along the middle of the four cross pieces shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,the two cross logs1 ,b and ,c1 and the ridge log should be very strong1 as the roof is heavy4 ,now we are ready to cut the doorway and window4 ,first1 drive in blocks of wood between each of the logs1 all the way down from ,a to the ground1 and from ,b down to ,d1 and ,c to ,e4 7,fig4 #e47 ,saw down now from ,a half-way through the ground log ,f4 ,then from ,b down to half-way through the log ,d2 now continue from ,g1 cutting down to half through the ground log4 ,use the ax to split out the upper half of the ground log1 between the saw-cuts and also the upper half of the log ,d4 ,hew a flat piece of soft wood1 five or six inches wide1 about two inches thick1 and as long as the height of this doorway4 ,set it up against the ends of the logs ,a to ,f4 ,bore an auger hole through it into the end of each log 7these holes must not be in line lest they split the jamb71 including the top and bottom ones1 and drive into each a pin of oak4 ,this holds all safely4 ,do the same on the other side1 ,h to ,e1 and put a small one down ,b1 ,d1 which is the side of the window4 ,now we are ready to finish the roof4 ,use the ax to bevel off the corners of the four cross-logs1 ,a and ,b4 7,fig4 #f47 ,then get a lot of strong poles1 about five feet long1 and lay them close together along the two sides of the roof till it is covered with poles2 putting a very heavy one1 or small log1 on the outer edge of each1 and fastening it down with a pin into the ridge log4 ,cut two long poles and lay one on each of the lower ends of the roof poles1 as at ,a1 ,b1 and ,c 7,fig4 #g71 pinning them to the side logs4 ,cover this roof with a foot of hay or straw or grass1 and cover #fb that again evenly with about four inches of stiff clay4 ,pack this down4 ,it will soon squeeze all that foot of straw down to little more than one inch1 and will make a warm and water-tight roof4 ,as the clay is very heavy1 it is wise1 before going inside1 to test the roof by jumping on it4 ,if it gives too much1 it will be well to add a centre prop4 ,now for the door3 ,hew out planks2 two should be enough4 ,fasten these together with two cross-pieces and one angle-piece1 using oak pegs instead of nails1 if you wish to be truly primitive4 ,for these the holes should be bored part way with a gimlet1 and a peg used larger than the hole4 ,the lower end of the back plank is left projecting in a point4 7,fig4 #h47 ,this point fits into a hole pecked with a point or bored with an auger into the door-sill4 ,bore another hole near the top of the door 7,a71 and a corresponding one through the door-jamb between two logs4 ,set the door in place4 ,a strip of rawhide leather1 a limber willow branch1 or a strip of hickory put through the auger hole of the door and wedged into the hole in the jamb1 makes a truly wild-wood hinge4 ,a peg in the front jamb prevents the door going too far out1 and a string and peg inside answer for a latch4 ,the window opening may be closed with a glass sash1 with a piece of muslin1 or with the rawhide of an animal1 scraped clear of hair and stretched on a frame4 ,it now remains to chink and plaster the place4 ,chinking is best done from the inside4 ,long triangular strips and blocks of wood are driven in between the logs and fastened there with oak pins driven into the lower log till nothing but small crannies remain4 ,some cabins are finished with moss plugged into all the crannies1 but mud worked into plaster does better4 ,it should be put on the outside first1 and afterward finished form the inside4 ,it is best done really with two plasterers working together1 one inside and one out4 ,this completes the shanty1 but a bunk and fireplace are usually added4 ,the fireplace may be in one corner1 or in the middle of the end4 ,it is easiest to make in the former4 ,across the corner1 peg three angle braces1 each about three feet long4 ,these are to prevent the chimney falling forward4 ,now begin to build with stone1 using mud as mortar1 a fireplace this shape4 7,fig4 #i47 ,make the opening about eighteen inches across2 carry it up two feet high1 drawing it in a little1 then lay a long stone across the front1 after which build up #fc the flue behind the corner braces right up to the roof4 ,the top corner-piece carries the rafter that may be cut off to let the flue out4 ,build the chimney up outside as high as the highest part of the ridge4 ,but the ideal fireplace is made with the chimney on the outside of the cabin1 at the middle of the end farthest from the door4 ,for this you must cut a hole in the end log1 like a big1 low window1 pegging a jamb on the ends as before4 ,with stones and mud you now build a fireplace inside the shanty1 with the big chimney carried up outside1 always taking care that there are several inches of mud or stone between the fire and any of the logs4 ,in country where stone cannot be found1 the fireplace is often built of mud1 sustained by an outside cribbing of logs4 ,if the flue is fair size1 that is1 say one quarter the size of the fireplace opening1 it will be sure to draw4 ,the bunk should be made before the chinks are plastered1 as the hammering is apt to loosen the mud4 ,cut eight or ten poles a foot longer than you need the bunk2 cut the end of each into a flat board and drive these between the long logs at the right height and place for the bunk1 supporting the other end on a crosspiece from a post to the wall4 ,put a very big pole on the outer side1 and all is ready for the bed2 most woodsmen make this of small fir boughs4 ,there are two other well-known ways of cornering the logs--one is simply flattening the logs where they touch4 ,this1 as well as the first one1 is known in the backwoods of ,canada as hog-pen finish4 ,the really skilful woodsmen of the ,north always dovetail the comers and saw them flush3 7,fig4 #aj7 ,sometimes it is desirable to make a higher gable than that which one ridge log can make4 ,then it is made thus3 7,fig4 #aa47 ,this is as much slope as a clay roof should have2 with any more1 the clay would wash off4 ,this is the simplest way to build a log-cabin1 but it illustrates all the main principles of log building4 ,shingle roofs and gables1 broad piazzas outside1 and modern fitting inside1 are often added nowadays in summer camps1 but it must be clear that the more towny you make the cabin1 the less woodsy it is1 and less likely to be the complete rest and change that is desired4 ,for fuller instructions1 see ,log-,cabins and ,cottages4 ,by4 ,wm4 ,s4 ,wicks1 #aijj4 7,pub4 ,forest and ,stream1 ,n4 ,y47 #fd ,also1 ,the ,jack of ,all ,trades4 ,by ,dan ,c4 ,beard1 ,scribner's2 and ,field and ,forest ,handy ,book4 ,measuring ,distances 7,see ,two ,little ,savages1 #aijc47 ,the height of a tree is easily measured when on a level1 open place1 by measuring the length of its shadow1 then comparing that with your own shadow1 or that of a ten-foot pole4 ,thus1 the ten-foot pole is casting a fifteen-foot shadow1 and the tree's shadow is one hundred and fifty feet long1 apply the simple rule of three4 #ae 3 #aej 33 #aj 3 x #ajj ,but it is seldom so easy1 and the good old rule of the triangle can be safely counted on3 ,get a hundred or more feet from your tree1 on open ground1 as nearly as possible on the level of its base4 ,set up a ten-foot pole 7,a ,b1 page #fe74 ,then mark the spot where the exact line from the top of the tree over the top of the pole touches the ground 7,c74 ,now measure the distance from that spot 7,c7 to the foot of the ten-foot pole 7,b72 suppose it is twenty feet4 ,measure also the distance from that spot 7,c7 to the base of the tree 7,d72 suppose it is one hundred and twenty feet1 then your problem is3 #bj 3 #aj 33 #abj 3 x #fj i4e41 if at that angle twenty feet from the eye gives ten feet elevation1 one hundred and twenty feet must give sixty4 ,to make a right angle1 make a triangle whose sides are exactly six1 eight1 and ten feet or inches each 7or multiples of these74 ,the angle opposite the ten must be a true right angle4 ,illustration3 ,to make a right angle4 ,there are many ways of measuring distance across rivers1 etc41 without crossing4 ,the simplest1 perhaps1 is by the equilateral triangle4 ,cut three poles of exactly equal length2 peg them together into a triangle4 ,lay #fe this on the bank of the river so one side points to some point on the opposite bank4 ,drive in three pegs to mark the exact points of this triangle 7,a1,b1,c74 ,then move it along the bank until you find a place 7,f1,e1,g7 where its base is on line with the two pegs1 where the base used to be1 and one side in line with the point across the river 7,d74 ,the width of the river is seven eighths of the base of this great triangle4 ,illustration3 ,measuring the width of a river by sighting with a triangle4 7tr7 ,another method is by the isosceles triangle4 ,make a right-angled triangle as above1 with sides six1 eight1 and ten feet 7,a1,b1,c72 then1 after firmly fixing the right angle1 cut down the eight-foot side to six feet and saw off the ten-foot side to fit4 ,place this with the side ,d ,b on the river bank in line with the sight object 7,x7 across4 ,put three pegs to mark the three #ff corner places4 ,then take the triangle along the bank in the direction of ,c until ,c' ,d' are in line with the sight object1 while ,b' ,c' is in line with the pegs ,b ,c4 ,then the length of the long base ,b ,c' will equal the distance from ,b to ,x4 ,illustration3 ,measuring height of tree4 ,illustration3 ,measuring the distance between two distant objects4 ,to measure the space between two distant objects1 ,d and ,e4 ,line ,a ,b on one1 then move this right-angled triangle until ,f ,g is lined on the other1 with ,b ,g in line with ,g ,h4 ,b ,g equals the space between ,d and ,e then4 ,if the distance is considerable1 it may be measured sometimes by sound4 ,thus1 when a gun is fired1 a man is chopping1 or a dog barking1 count the seconds between the sight and the hearing of the sound1 and multiply by eleven hundred feet1 which is the distance sound travels in a second4 ,illustration3 ,to climb a tree that is too thick--,place small tree against it4 #fg ,occasionally1 the distance of an upright bank1 cliff1 or building can be measured by the echo4 ,half the seconds between shout and echo1 multiplied by eleven hundred gives the distance in feet4 ,the usual way to estimate long distances is by the time they take to cover4 ,thus1 a good canoe on dead water goes four to five miles an hour4 ,a man afoot walks three and a half miles an hour on good roads4 ,a packtrain goes two and a half miles an hour1 or perhaps one and a half on the mountain trails4 ,a man's thumb is an inch wide4 ,span of thumb and longest finger1 nine inches4 ,brisk walking pace is one yard for men4 ,what ,to ,do ,when ,lost in the ,woods 7,ladies' ,home ,journal1 ,october1 #aijb47 ,did you ever get lost in the woods8 ,i once asked a company of twenty campers4 ,some answered1 ,yes2 once or twice4 ,others said1 ,many a time4 ,only two said1 ,no1 never4 ,then ,i said1 turning to the two1 ,i know that all the others here have had plenty of experience1 and that you two are the tenderfeet1 and never lived in the woods4 ,it is quite certain to come sooner or later2 if you go camping1 you will get lost in the woods4 ,hunters1 ,indians1 yes1 birds and beasts1 get lost at times4 ,you can avoid it for long by always taking your bearings and noting the landscape before leaving the camp1 and this you should always do2 but still you will get lost some time1 and it is well to be ready for it by carrying matches1 knife1 and compass4 ,when you do miss your way1 the first thing to remember is1 like the ,indian1 ,you are not lost2 it is the teepee that is lost4 ,it isn't serious4 ,it cannot be so unless you do something foolish4 ,the first and most natural thing to do is to get on a hill1 up a tree1 or other high lookout1 and seek for some landmark near camp4 ,you may be sure of this much3 ,you are not nearly so far from camp as you think you are4 ,your friends will soon find you4 ,you can help them best by signaling4 ,the worst thing you can do is to get frightened4 ,the truly dangerous enemy is not the cold or the hunger so much as the fear4 ,it is fear that robs the wanderer of his judgment and of his limb power2 it is fear that turns the passing experience into a final tragedy4 ,only keep cool and all will be well4 #fh ,if there is snow on the ground1 you can follow your back track4 ,if you see no landmark1 look for the smoke of the fire4 ,shout from time to time1 and wait2 for though you have been away for hours it is quite possible you are within earshot of your friends4 ,if you happen to have a gun1 fire it off twice in quick succession on your high lookout2 then wait and listen4 ,do this several times and wait plenty long enough--perhaps an hour4 ,if this brings no help1 send up a distress signal--that is1 make two smoke fires by smothering two bright fires with green leaves and rotten wood1 and keep them at least fifty feet apart1 or the wind will confuse them4 ,two shots or two smokes are usually understood to mean ,i am in trouble4 ,those in camp on seeing this should send up one smoke1 which means1 ,camp is here4 ,if you have a dog or a horse with you1 you may depend upon it he can bring you out all right2 but usually you will have to rely on yourself4 ,the simplest plan1 when there is fresh snow and no wind1 is to follow your own track back4 ,no matter how far around or how crooked it may be1 it will certainly bring you out safely4 ,if you are sure of the general direction to the camp and determined to keep moving1 leave a note pinned on a tree if you have paper2 if not1 write with charcoal on a piece of wood1 and also make a good smoke1 so that you can come back to this spot if you choose4 ,but make certain that the fire cannot run1 by clearing the ground around it and by banking it around with sods4 ,and mark your course by breaking or cutting a twig every fifty feet4 ,you can keep straight by the sun1 the moon1 or the stars1 but when they are unseen you must be guided by the compass4 ,i do not believe much in guidance by what are called nature's compass signs4 ,it is usual to say1 for example1 that the north side of the tree has the most moss or the south side the most limbs1 etc4 ,while these are true in general1 there are so many exceptions that when alarmed and in doubt as to which is north1 one is not in a frame of mind to decide with certainty on such fine points4 ,if a strong west wind1 for example1 was blowing when you left camp1 and has blown ever since1 you can be pretty sure it is still a west wind2 but the only safe and certain natural compass guides are the sun1 moon1 and stars4 ,the ,pole or ,north ,star1 and the ,great ,bear 7also called the ,dipper and the ,pointers71 should be known to every boy as they are to every ,indian4 ,the ,pointers always point out the #fi ,pole-star4 ,of course1 they go around it once in twenty-four hours1 so this makes a kind of clock4 ,the stars1 then1 will enable you to keep straight if you travel4 ,but thick woods1 fog1 or clouds are apt to come up1 and without something to guide you are sure to go around in a circle4 ,old woodsmen commonly follow down the streams4 ,these are certain to bring you out somewhere2 but the very worst traveling is along the edges of the streams1 and they take you a long way around4 ,all things considered1 it is usually best to stay right where you are1 especially if in a wild country where there is no chance of finding a farm house4 ,make yourself comfortable for the night by gathering plenty of good wood while it is daylight1 and building a wind screen on three sides1 with the fire in front1 and something to keep you off the ground4 ,do not worry but keep up a good fire2 and when day comes renew your two smokes and wait4 ,a good fire is the best friend of a lost man4 ,i have been lost a number of times1 but always got out without serious trouble1 because ,i kept cool4 ,the worst losing ,i ever got was after ,i had been so long in the ,west that ,i qualified to act as a professional guide1 and was engaged by a lot of ,eastern farmers looking for land locations4 ,this was in the ,october of #ahhc on the ,upper ,assiniboin4 ,the main body of the farmers had remained behind4 ,i had gone ahead with two of them4 ,i took them over hundreds of miles of wild country4 ,as we went northward the country improved4 ,we were traveling with oxen1 and it was our custom to let them graze for two hours at noon4 ,one warm day1 while the oxen were feeding1 we went in our shirt sleeves to a distant butte that promised a lookout4 ,we forgot about the lateness till the sun got low4 ,even then ,i could have got back to camp1 but clouds came up and darkness fell quickly4 ,knowing the general direction ,i kept on1 and after half an hour's tramp we came to a canyon ,i had never seen before4 ,i got out my compass and a match and found that ,i had been circling1 as one is sure to do in the dark4 ,i corrected the course and led off again4 ,after another brief turn ,i struck another match and learned from the compass that ,i was again circling4 ,this was discouraging1 but with corrected course we again tramped4 ,i was leading1 and suddenly the dark ground ten feet ahead of me turned gray4 ,i could not make it out1 so went cautiously nearer4 ,i lay down1 reached forth1 and then slowly made sure that we were on the edge of a steep precipice4 ,i backed off1 #gj and frankly told the men ,i did not know where we were4 ,i got out my match box and compass and found ,i had but one match left4 ,any of you got any matches8 ,i asked4 ,no2 left 'em all in our coats1 was their answer4 ,well1 said ,i1 ,i have one4 ,shall ,i use it to get a new course from the compass1 or shall we make a fire and stay here till morning8 ,all voted to camp for the night4 ,there was now a cold rain4 ,we groped into a hollow where we got some dead wood1 and by using our knives got some dry chips from the inside of a log4 ,when all was ready we gathered close around1 and ,i got out the one match4 ,i was about to strike it when the younger of the men said3 ,say1 ,seton1 you are not a smoker2 ,jack is4 ,hadn't you better give him that match8 ,there was sense in this4 ,i have never in my life smoked4 ,jack was an old stager and an adept with matches4 ,i handed it to him4 ,rrrp-fizz--and in a minute we had a fire4 ,with the help of the firelight we now found plenty of dead wood2 we made three blazing fires side by side1 and after an hour we removed the centre one1 then raked away all the hot ashes1 and all lay down together on the warm ground4 ,when the morning came the rain ceased4 ,we stretched our stiffened limbs and made for camp4 ,yes1 there it was in plain view two miles away across a fearful canyon4 ,three steps more on that gloomy night and we should have been over the edge of that canyon and dashed to the bottom4 ,how to ,make ,fire by ,rubbing ,sticks ,how do the ,indians make a fire without matches8 asked a boy who loved to play ,indian4 ,most of us have heard the answer to this4 ,the ,indians use a flint and steel1 as our own fathers and mothers did one hundred years ago1 and before they had flint and steel they used rubbing-sticks4 ,we have all read about bringing fire out of two sticks by rubbing them together4 ,i tried it once for an hour1 and ,i know now ,i never would have got it in a thousand years as ,i was doing it4 ,others have had the same experience2 consequently1 most persons look upon this as a sort of fairy tale1 or1 if they believe it to be true1 they think it so difficult as to be worth no second thought4 ,all scouts1 ,i find1 are surprised and greatly interested to learn that not only is it possible1 it is easy1 to make a friction #ga fire1 if you know how2 and hopeless1 if you don't4 ,i have taught many boys and men 7including some ,indians7 to do it1 and some have grown so expert that they make it nearly as quickly as with an old-fashioned sulphur match4 ,when ,i first learned from ,walter ,hough1 who learned from the ,indians1 it took me from five to ten minutes to get a blazing fire--not half an hour1 as some books have it4 ,but later ,i got it down to a minute1 then to thirty-one seconds from the time of taking up the rubbing-sticks to having a fine blaze1 the time in getting the first spark being about six seconds4 ,my early efforts were inspired by book accounts of ,indian methods1 but1 unfortunately1 ,i have never yet seen a book account that was accurate enough to guide anyone successfully in the art of fire-making4 ,all omit one or other of the absolute essentials1 or dwell on some triviality4 ,the impression they leave on those who know is that the writers did not4 ,the surest and easiest method of making a friction fire is by use of the bow-drill4 ,two sticks1 two tools1 and some tinder are needed4 ,the two sticks are the drill and the fire-board1 or fire-block4 ,the books generally tell us that these must be of different kinds of wood4 ,this is a mistake4 ,i have uniformly gotten the best results with two pieces of the same kind--all the better1 indeed1 if they are parts of the same stick4 ,what ,kind of ,wood ,this is a very important question1 as woods that are too hard1 too soft1 too wet1 too oily1 too gummy1 or too resinous will not produce fire4 ,the wood should be soft enough to wear away1 else it produces no punk1 and hard enough to wear slowly1 or the heat is not enough to light the punk1 and1 of course1 it should be highly inflammable4 ,those that ,i have had the best luck with are balsam fir1 cottonwood roots1 tamarack1 ,european larch1 red cedar1 white cedar1 ,oregon cedar1 basswood1 cypress1 and sometimes second-growth white pine4 ,it should always be a dry1 sound stick1 brash1 but not in the least punky4 ,in each part of the country there seems to be a kind of wood well suited for fire-making4 ,the ,eastern ,indians used cedar2 the ,northern ,indians1 cedar or balsam fir2 the plains ,indians used cottonwood or sage-brush roots4 ,perhaps the most reliable of all is dry and seasoned balsam fir2 either the species in the ,north woods or in the ,rockies will do4 ,it gives a fine big spark or coal in about seven seconds4 #gb ,when in the grinding the dust that runs out of the notch is coarse and brown1 it means that the wood is too soft2 when it is very fine and scanty it means that the wood is too hard4 ,illustration3 ,the rubbing-sticks for fire-making4 #a4 ,the simplest kind of bow2 a bent stick with a stout leather thong fastened at each end4 ,it is about #bg inches long and #e_/h inch thick4 #b4 ,a more elaborate bow with a hole at each end for the thong4 ,at the handle end it goes through a disc of wood4 ,this is to tighten the thong by pressure of the hand against the disc while using4 #c4 ,simplest kind of drill-socket2 a pine or hemlock knot with a shallow hole or pit in it4 #c;a is under view of same4 ,it is about #d-a_/b inches long4 #d4 ,a more elaborate drill-socket2 a pebble cemented with gum in a wooden holder4 #d;a is under view of same4 #e4 ,a very elaborate drill-socket2 it is made of tulip wood1 carved to represent the ,thunderbird4 ,it has eyes of green felspar cemented in with resin4 ,on the under side 7#e;a7 is seen1 in the middle1 a soapstone socket let into the wood and fastened with pine gum1 and on the head a hole kept filled with grease1 to grease the top of the drill before use4 #f4 ,the drill2 #ab to #ah inches long and about #c_/d inch thick2 it is roughly eight-sided so the thong will not slip1 and pointed at each end4 ,the best wood for the drill is old1 dry brash1 but not punky1 balsam fir or cottonwood roots2 but basswood1 white cedar1 red cedar1 tamarack1 and sometimes even white pine1 will do4 #g4 ,fire-board or block2 about #c_/d inch thick and any length handy2 a is notch with pit just begun1 b shows the pit after once using and in good trim for second time1 c shows the pit bored through and now useless2 the notch is #a_/b inch wide and #c_/d inch deep4 #h4 ,shows the way of using the sticks4 ,the block 7a7 is held down with one foot1 the end of the drill 7b7 is put in the pit1 the drill-socket 7c7 is held on top in left hand1 one end of the bow 7d7 is held in the right hand1 while the bow is drawn back and forth4 #i4 ,is a little wooden fire-pan1 not essential but convenient2 its thin edge is put under the notch to catch the powder that falls4 #gc ,i have made many experiments to determine whether there is anything in the idea that it is better to have the block and the drill of different woods4 ,but no hybrid combination was so successful as two of a kind4 ,the drill and the bow and socket are fully described in the illustration4 ,the preparing of the fire-board is one of the most important things4 ,at the edge cut a notch half an inch wide and about three fourths of an inch deep2 at the top of this notch make a pit or shallow hole1 and the board is ready4 ,the importance of this notch is such that it is useless to try fire-making without it4 ,while these are the essentials1 it is well to get ready1 also1 some tinder4 ,i have tried a great many different kinds of lint and punk1 including a number that were artificially prepared1 soaked with saltpetre or other combustibles4 ,but these are not really fair play4 ,the true woodcrafter limits himself to the things that he can get in the woods1 and in all my recent fire-making ,i have contented myself with the tinder used for ages by the red men3 that is1 cedar wood finely shredded between two stones4 ,some use the fringes that grow on birch1 improving it by rubbing in powdered charcoal4 ,now that he has the tools and material ready1 it will be an easy matter for the matchless castaway to produce a fire4 ,pass the leather thong once around the drill--and this should make the thong taut2 put the lower point of the drill in the pit at the top of the notch in the fire-board1 and hold the socket with the left hand on top of the drill4 ,the notch of the fire-board should be resting on a chip or thin wooden tray4 ,hold the bow by the handle end in the right hand1 steady the board under the left foot1 and the left arm against the left knee4 ,now draw the bow back and forth with steady1 even strokes1 its full length4 ,this causes the drill to turn in the pit and bore into the wood2 ground-up wood runs out of the side of the notch1 falling on the chip or tray4 ,at first it is brown2 in two or three seconds it turns black1 and then smokes2 in five or six seconds it is giving off a cloud of smoke4 ,a few more vigorous strokes of the bow1 and now it will be found that smoke still comes from the pile of black wood-dust on the chip4 ,fan this gently with the hand2 the smoke increases1 and in a few seconds you see a glowing coal in the middle of the dust4 7,there are never any visible flying sparks47 ,now take a liberal pinch of the cedar tinder--about a teaspoonful2 wrap this in some bark fibre or shredded rope to #gd keep it from blowing away4 ,hold it down on the coal1 and1 lifting tray and all1 blow or fan it until in a few seconds it blazes4 ,carefully pile over it the shreds of birch bark or splinters of fat pine prepared beforehand1 and the fire is made4 ,if you have the right wood and still cannot get the fire1 it is likely because you do not hold the drill steady1 or have not cut the side notch quite into the middle point of the little fire pit4 ,the advantages of learning this method are threefold3 ,first3 ,fire-making by friction is an interesting experiment in woodcraft4 ,second3 ,a boy is better equipped having learned it4 ,he can never afterward freeze to death for lack of matches if he has wood and an old shoe lace4 ,third3 ,for the very reason that it is difficult1 compared with matches1 it tends to prevent the boys making unnecessary fires1 and thus reduces the danger of their setting the woods ablaze or of smoking the forbidden cigarette4 ,there is such a fascination in making the rubbing-stick fire that one of my ,western cooks1 becoming an expert1 gave up the use of matches for a time and lit his morning fire with the fire-drill1 and1 indeed1 he did not find it much slower than the usual way4 ,walter ,hough told me a story of an ,apache ,indian who scoffed at the matches of white men1 and claimed that he could light a fire with rubbing-sticks faster than ,hough could with matches4 ,so each made ready4 ,they were waiting for the word go when the ,indian said3 ,wait4 ,i see if him right4 ,he gave a few strokes with the drill1 and called--,stop--stop him no good4 ,he rearranged the sticks1 and tried a few more strokes4 ,just as ,mr4 ,hough was going to strike the match1 he said3 ,stop--stop him no good4 ,he did this three times before he called ,ready4 ,then the word ,go was given4 ,the white man struck the slow1 sizzling match4 ,the ,indian gave half a dozen twirls to the drill--the smoke burst forth4 ,he covered it with the tinder1 fanned a few seconds1 then a bright flame arose1 just before the white man got his twigs ablaze4 ,so the ,indian won1 but it was by an ,indian trick2 for the three times when he pretended to be trying it1 he was really warming up the wood--that is1 doing a large part of the work4 ,i am afraid that1 deft as he was1 he would have lost in a fair race4 ,yet this incident shows at least that1 in point of speed1 the old rubbing-sticks are not very far behind the matches1 as one might have supposed4 #ge ,it is1 indeed1 a wonder that the soldiers at ,west ,point are not taught this simple trick1 when it is so easily learned1 and might some day be the one thing to save the lives of many of them4 ,archery ,no woodcraft education is complete without a knowledge of archery4 ,it is a pity that this noble sport has fallen into disuse4 ,we shall find it essential to some of our best games4 ,the modern hunting gun is an irresistible weapon of wholesale murder1 and is just as deadly no matter who pulls the trigger4 ,it spreads terror as well as death by its loud discharge1 and it leaves little clew as to who is responsible for the shot4 ,its deadly range is so fearfully great as to put all game at the mercy of the clumsiest tyro4 ,woodcraft1 the oldest of all sciences and one of the best1 has steadily declined since the coming of the gun1 and it is entirely due to this same unbridled power that ,america has lost so many of her fine game animals4 ,the bow is a far less destructive weapon1 and to succeed at all in the chase the bowman must be a double-read forester4 ,the bow is silent and it sends the arrow with exactly the same power that the bowman's arm puts into it--no more1 no less--so it is really his own power that speeds the arrow4 ,there is no question as to which hunter has the right to the game or is responsible for the shot when the arrow is there to tell4 ,the gun stands for little skill1 irresistible force supplied from an outside source1 overwhelming unfair odds1 and sure death to the victim4 ,the bow1 on the other hand1 stands for all that is clever and fine in woodcraft2 so1 no guns or fire-arms of any kind are allowed in our boy scout camp4 ,the ,indian's bow was short1 because1 though less efficient1 it was easier to carry than a long one4 ,yet it did not lack power4 ,it is said that the arrow head sometimes appeared on the far side of the buffalo it was fired into1 and there is a tradition that ,wah-na-tah1 a ,sioux chief1 once shot his arrow through a cow buffalo and killed her calf that was running at the other side4 ,but the long bow is more effective than the short one4 ,the old ,english bowmen1 the best the world has ever seen1 always shot with the long bow4 ,the finest bows and arrows are those made by the professional makers1 but there is no reason why each boy should not make his own4 ,according to several authorities the best bow woods are mulberry1 osage-orange1 sassafras1 ,southern cedar1 black locust1 #gf apple1 black walnut1 slippery elm1 ironwood1 mountain ash1 hickory1 ,california yew1 and hemlock4 ,take a perfectly sound1 straight1 well-seasoned stick five or six feet long 7your bow should be about as long as yourself72 mark off a five-inch space in the middle for the handle2 leave this round and a full inch thick2 shave down the rest1 flat on one side for the front and round on the other for the back1 until it is about one inch wide and three fourths of an inch thick next the handle1 tapering to about one half that at the ends1 which are then nocked1 nicked1 or notched as shown in ,cut ,i4 ,these notches are for the string1 which is to be put on early4 ,draw the bow now1 flat side out1 not more than the proper distance1 and note carefully which end bends the most2 then shave down the other side until it bends evenly4 ,the middle scarcely bends at all4 ,the perfect shape1 when bent1 is shown in ,cut ,,ii4 ,trim the bow down to your strength and finish smoothly with sandpaper and glass4 ,it should be straight when unstrung1 and unstrung when not in use4 ,fancy curved bows are weak affairs4 ,the bow for our boy should require a power of fifteen or twenty pounds 7shown on a spring balance7 to draw the string twenty-three inches from the bow2 not more4 ,the best string is of hemp or linen2 it should be about five inches from the middle of the bow when strung 7,cut ,,ii74 ,the notches for the string should be two-thirds the depth of the string4 ,if you have not a bought string make one of strong1 unbleached linen thread twisted together4 ,at one end the string1 which is heaviest at the ends1 should be fast knotted to the bow notch 7,cut ,v72 at the other it should have a loop as shown in ,cut ,,iv4 ,in the middle it should be lashed with fine silk and wax for five inches1 and the exact place marked where the arrow fits it4 ,the arrow is more important than the bow4 ,anyone can make a bow2 few can make an arrow1 for1 as a ,seminole ,indian expressed it to ,maurice ,thompson1 ,any stick do for bow2 good arrow much heap work1 ugh4 ,hiawatha went all the way to ,dakota to see the famous arrow maker4 ,in ,england when the bow was the gun of the country1 the bow maker was called a bowyer1 and the arrow maker a fletcher 7from the ,norman fleche1 an arrow74 ,so when men began to use surnames those who excelled in arrow making were proud to be called the ,fletchers 2 but to make a good bow was not a notable achievement1 hence few took ,bowyer as their name4 ,the first thing about an arrow is that it must be perfectly straight4 ,straight as an arrow refers to the arrow itself1 not to its flight2 that is always curved4 #gg ,illustration3 ,,the ,,archery ,,outfit 7,not all on scale47 ,i4 ,the five-foot bow as finished1 with sections at the point shown4 ,,ii4 ,the bow braced or strung4 ,,iii4 ,the bow unstrung1 showing the loop slipped down4 ,,iv4 ,the loop that is used on the upper end of the bow4 ,v4 ,the timber hitch always used on the lower end or notch of the bow4 ,,vi4 ,a turkey feather with split midrib1 all ready to lash on4 ,,vii4 ,end view of arrow1 showing notch and arrangement of three feathers4 ,,viii4 ,part of arrow1 showing feathering and lashing4 ,,ix4 ,sanger hunting arrow with wooden point2 #be inches long4 ,x4 ,sanger war arrow with nail point and extra long feathers2 it also is #be inches long4 ,,xi4 ,quiver with ,indian design2 #bj inches long4 ,,xii4 ,the bracer or arm guard of heavy leather for left arm with two laces to tie it on4 ,it is six inches long4 #gh ,the ,indians made arrows of reeds and of straight shoots of viburnum or arrow-wood1 and of elder1 but we make better arrows out of the solid heartwood of hard pine for target use1 and of hickory or ash for hunting4 ,the arrow should be twenty-five inches long1 round1 and three eighths of an inch thick1 and have three feathers set as shown in ,cut ,,vi1 about an inch from the notch4 ,the feather ,b1 that stands out at right angles to notch ,a1 should always be away from the bow in shooting4 ,this is called the cock-feather1 and it is usually marked or colored in some way to be quickly distinguished4 ,illustration3 ,,correct ,,form ,,in ,,shooting4 ,the diagram at bottom is to show the centres of heels in line with target4 ,turkey and goose wing feathers are the best that grow in our country for arrow feathers4 ,the ,indians mostly use turkey4 ,with a sharp knife cut a strip of the midrib on which is the vane of the feather2 make three pieces1 each two to three inches long4 ,white men glue these on to the arrow4 ,the ,indians leave the midrib projecting at each end and by these lash the #gi feathers without gluing4 ,the lashed feathers stand the weather better than those glued1 but do not fly so well4 ,the ,indians use sharp flint arrow heads for war and for big game1 but for birds and small game they make arrow heads with a knob of hard wood or the knuckle bone of some small animal4 ,the best arrow heads for our purpose are like the ferrule of an umbrella top2 they receive the end of the shaft into them and keep it from splitting4 ,one of the best arrows ,i ever shot with was twenty-eight inches long1 five sixteenths of an inch thick1 had a ferrule head and very small feathers4 ,the finishing touch of an arrow is painting it4 ,this is done for several purposes3 ,first1 to preserve it from damp which would twist the arrow and soften the glue that holds the feathers2 second1 each hunter paints all his arrows with his mark so as to know them2 third1 they are thus made bright-colored to help in finding them when lost4 ,there are four other things required by our archer3 ,a smooth1 hard arm-guard1 or bracer1 usually of hard leather4 ,the ,indians who use one make it of wood1 grass1 or rawhide4 ,in photographs of famous ,indians you may often see this on the left wrist1 and will remember that it was there as a protection from the blow of the bow cord4 ,some archers can shoot with the wrist bent so as to need no guard4 ,the three middle fingers of the right hand also need protection4 ,an old leather glove1 with thumb and little finger cut away1 will do very well for this1 though the ready-made tips at the archery stores are more convenient4 ,some archers who practise all their lives can shoot without protecting the fingers4 ,the bow case and quiver are important4 ,any kind of a cover that will keep them from the rain1 and hang on your back1 will do1 but there are many little things that help to make them handy4 ,when the cover is off the arrows should project three or four inches so that they may be more easily drawn out4 ,the ,indians often carried very beautiful quivers of buckskin ornamented with quills and beads4 ,one day out ,west ,i saw an ,omaha brave with a bow case and quiver covered with very odd material--a piece of common red and white cotton print4 ,when allowed to examine it1 ,i felt some other material underneath the print4 ,after a little dickering he sold me bow1 arrows1 quiver1 and all for a couple of dollars4 ,i then ripped open the print and found my first suspicions confirmed2 for1 underneath1 the quiver was of buckskin1 beautifully embroidered with red feathers and porcupine #hj quills of deep red and turquoise blue4 ,the ,indian was as much puzzled by my preference for the quill work as ,i was by his for the cotton print4 ,the standard target for men is four feet across with a nine-inch bull's-eye1 and around that four rings1 each four and three quarter inches wide4 ,the bull's-eye counts nine1 the other rings seven1 five1 three1 one4 ,the bought targets are made of straw1 but a good target may be made of a box filled with sods1 or a bank covered with sacking on which are painted the usual rings4 ,now comes the most important point of all--how to shoot4 ,there are several ways of holding an arrow1 but only one good one4 ,most boys know the ordinary finger and thumb pinch1 or grip4 ,this is all very well for a toy bow1 but a hunter's bow cannot be drawn that way4 ,no one has strength enough in his fingers for it4 ,the true archer's grip of the arrow is shown in the cut4 ,the thumb and little finger have nothing to do with it4 ,illustration3 ,the archer's grip4 ,as in golf and all such things1 there is a right form4 ,you attend to your end of the arrow's flight and the other will take care of itself3 ,stand perfectly straight4 ,plant your feet with the centres of the two heels in line with the target4 7,cut page #gh47 ,grasp the bow in the middle with the left hand and place the arrow on the string at the left side of the bow4 ,hold the bow plumb1 and draw as above till the notch of the arrow is right under your eye1 and the head of the arrow back to the bow4 ,the right elbow must be in the same line with the arrow4 ,let go the arrow by straightening the fingers a little1 turning the hand outward at the bottom and drawing it back one inch4 ,always do this in exactly the same way and your shooting will be even4 ,your left hand should not move a hair's breadth until the arrow strikes the target4 ,to begin shooting put the target very near1 within fifteen or twenty yards2 but the proper shooting distance when the archer is in good practice is forty yards for a four-foot target and thirty yards for a three-foot target4 ,a good shot1 shooting twelve arrows at this1 should score fifty4 #ha ,the ,indians generally used their bows at short range1 so that it was easy to hit the mark4 ,rapid firing was important4 ,in their archery competitions1 therefore1 the prize was given to the one who could have the most arrows in the air at once4 ,their record1 according to ,catlin1 was eight4 ,the ,stars ,as ,seen ,with the ,naked ,eye ,the chief works referred to in this are ,c4 ,flammarion's ,popular ,astronomy 7,gore's translation71 and ,garrett ,p4 ,serviss's ,astronomy with an ,opera ,glass4 7,those who wish to go farther a-sky are referred to these books47 ,whether he expects to use them as guides or not1 every boy should learn the principal constellations and the important stars4 ,a non-scientific friend said to me once3 ,i am always glad that ,i learned the principal star groups when ,i was young4 ,i have never forgotten them1 and1 no matter in what strange country ,i find myself1 ,i can always look up at night1 and see the old familiar stars that shone on me in my home in my own country4 ,all ,american boys know the ,dipper or ,great ,bear4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the most important star group in our sky1 because of its size1 peculiar form1 and the fact that it never sets in our latitude1 and last1 that it always points out the ,pole-star1 and1 for this reason1 it is sometimes known as the ,pointers4 ,it is called the ,dipper because it is shaped like a dipper with a long1 bent handle4 ,why it is called the ,great ,bear is not so easy to explain4 ,the classical legend has it that the nymph ,calisto1 having violated her vow1 was changed by ,diana into a bear1 which1 after death1 was immortalized in the sky by ,zeus4 ,another suggestion is that the earliest astronomers1 the ,chaldeans1 called these stars the shining ones1 and their word happened to be very like the ,greek arktos 7a bear74 ,another explanation 7,i do not know who is authority for either7 is that vessels in olden days were named for animals1 etc4 ,they bore at the prow the carved effigy of the namesake1 and if the ,great ,bear1 for example1 made several very happy voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was in the ascendant1 that constellation might become known as the ,great ,bear's constellation4 ,certainly1 there is nothing in its shape to justify the name4 ,very few of the constellations1 indeed1 are like the thing they are #hb called after4 ,their names were usually given for some fanciful association with the namesake1 rather than for resemblance to it4 ,the ,pole-star is really the most important of the stars in our sky2 it marks the north at all times2 it alone is fixed in the heavens3 all the other stars seem to swing around it once in twenty-four hours4 ,it is in the end of the ,little ,bear's tail4 ,but the ,pole-star1 or ,polaris1 is not a very bright one1 and it would be hard to identify but for the help of the ,dipper1 or ,pointers4 ,the outside 7,alpha and ,beta7 of the ,dipper points nearly to ,polaris1 at a distance equal to three and one half times the space that separates these two stars of the ,dipper's outer side4 ,various ,indians call the ,pole-star the ,home ,star1 and ,the ,star that ,never ,moves1 and the ,dipper they call the ,broken ,back4 ,the last star but one in the ,dipper1 away from the pole--that is1 the star at the bend of the handle1--is known to astronomers as ,mizar1 one of the ,horses2 ,just above it1 and tucked close in1 is a smaller star known to astronomers as ,alcor1 or the ,rider4 ,the ,indians call these two the ,old ,squaw and the ,pappoose on ,her ,back4 ,in the old world1 from very ancient times1 these have been used as tests of eyesight4 ,to be able to see ,alcor with the naked eye means that one has excellent eyesight4 ,so also on the plains1 the old folks would ask the children at night1 ,can you see the pappoose on the old squaw's back8 ,and when the youngster saw it1 and proved that he did by a right description1 they rejoiced that he had the eyesight which is the first requisite of a good hunter4 ,the ,great ,bear is also to be remembered as the ,pointers for another reason4 ,it is the hour-hand of the woodman's clock4 ,it goes once around the ,north ,star in about twenty-four hours1 the same way as the sun1 and for the same reason--that it is the earth that is going and leaving them behind4 ,the time in going around is not exactly twenty-four hours1 so that the position of the ,pointers varies with the seasons1 but1 as a rule1 this for woodcraft purposes is near enough4 ,the bowl of the ,dipper swings one and one half times the width of the opening 7i4e41 fifteen degrees7 in one hour4 ,if it went a quarter of the circle1 that would mean you had slept a quarter of a day1 or six hours4 #hc ,each fifteen days the stars seem to be an hour earlier2 in three months they gain one fourth of the circle1 and in a year gain the whole circle4 ,according to ,flammarion1 there are about seven thousand stars visible to the naked eye1 and of those but nineteen are stars of the first magnitude4 ,thirteen of them are visible in the latitude of ,new ,york1 the other six belong to the ,south ,polar ,region of the sky4 ,here is ,flammarion's arrangement of them in order of seeming brightness4 ,those that can be seen in the ,southern ,hemisphere only1 are in brackets3 #a4 ,sirius1 the ,dog-star4 #b4 ,canopus1 of ,argo4 #c4 ,alpha1 of the ,centaur4 #d4 ,arcturus1 of ,bootes4 #e4 ,vega1 of the ,lyre4 #f4 ,rigel1 of ,orion's foot4 #g4 ,capella1 of ,auriga4 #h4 ,procyon1 or the ,little ,dog-star4 #i4 ,betelguese1 of ,orion's right shoulder4 #aj4 ,beta1 of the ,centaur4 #aa4 ,achernar1 of ,eridanus4 #ab4 ,aldebaran1 of ,taurus1 the ,bull's right eye4 #ac4 ,antares1 of ,scorpio4 #ad4 ,alpha1 of the ,southern ,cross4 #ae4 ,altair1 of the ,eagle4 #af4 ,spica1 of ,virgo4 #ag4 ,fomalhaut1 of the ,southern ,fish4 #ah4 ,beta1 of the ,southern ,cross4 #ai4 ,regulus1 of the ,lion4 ,orion ,orion 7,o-ri-on71 with its striking array of brilliant stars1 ,betelguese1 ,rigel1 the ,three ,kings1 etc41 is generally admitted to be the finest constellation in the heavens4 ,orion was the hunter giant who went to ,heaven when he died1 and now marches around the great dome1 but is seen only in the winter1 because1 during the summer1 he passes over during daytime4 ,thus he is still the hunter's constellation4 ,the three stars of his belt are called the ,three ,kings4 ,sirius1 the ,great ,dog-star1 is in the head of ,orion's hound1 and following farther back is the ,little ,dog-star1 ,procyon4 ,in old charts of the stars1 ,orion is shown with his hound1 hunting the bull1 ,taurus4 #hd ,illustration3 ,taurus4 ,orion1 ,sirius and ,procyon4 7tr7 ,pleiades ,pleiades 7,ply-a-des7 can be seen in winter as a cluster of small stars between ,aldebaran and ,algol1 or1 a line drawn from the back bottom1 through the front rim of the ,dipper1 about two ,dipper lengths1 touches this little group4 ,they are not far from ,aldebaran1 being on the shoulder of the ,bull1 of which ,aldebaran is the right eye4 ,they may be considered the seven arrow wounds made by ,orion4 ,they are nearer the ,pole-star than ,aldebaran is1 and on the side away from the ,dipper2 also1 they are nearly on a line between ,beta of the ,dipper 7front bottom7 and ,capella4 ,serviss tells us that the ,pleiades have a supposed connection with the ,great ,pyramid1 because about #bagj ,b4 ,c41 when the beginning of spring coincided with the culmination of the ,pleiades at midnight2 that wonderful group of stars was visible #he just at midnight1 through the mysterious southward-pointing passage of the ,pyramid4 ,the ,moon ,the moon is one fifth the diameter of the earth1 about one fiftieth of the bulk1 and is about a quarter million miles away4 ,its course1 while very irregular1 is nearly the same as the apparent course of the sun4 ,but in winter the full moon is at an altitude in the sky near the limit attained by the sun in summer1 4 4 4 and even1 at certain times1 five degrees higher4 ,it is the contrary in summer1 a season when the moon remains very low 7,f474 ,the moon goes around the earth in #bg-a_/d days4 ,it loses nearly three fourths of an hour each night2 that is1 it rises that much later4 ,,birdcraft ,by the ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies ,any boy who cares enough for out-doors to be a scout is sure to want a good acquaintance with the birds4 ,even dull people cannot help taking notice of our little brothers of the air1 on account of their beauty1 their songs1 and their wondrous flight4 ,but most folks never take the trouble to try and learn the names of any except a few common birds4 ,scouts whose eyes are sharp and ears are keen will find the study of birds a fascinating sport1 which may prove to be the best fun that the woods provide4 ,knowing the ,birds ,it is no easy matter1 this trying to get to know the birds2 but scouts are not looking for the easiest jobs1 and it is great sport for them to follow some shy songster through the briery thicket until a really good look can be had1 to sit stock still for half an hour to watch some unknown bird come home to her nest1 or to wriggle on all fours through the grass to have a glimpse over the top of the knoll at the ducks in the pool beyond4 ,the only equipment necessary for bird study is an opera or field glass1 a note-book and a good bird reference book4 ,as soon as you get a good look at a strange bird1 notice its colors and markings1 and then1 if it moves1 follow it up until you have seen practically all of its most prominent features4 ,it will be impossible to carry these facts in your head1 and unless some definite memorandum is made at the time you will probably #hf be hopelessly perplexed when you go to consult the bird book later4 ,as it is hard to jot down satisfactory notes in the field1 while catching fleeting glances of some timid bird1 a handy little booklet has been prepared in which observations can be recorded very rapidly4 ,these can be procured for fifteen cents apiece from the ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies1 #aigd ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,location ,date ,hour ,weather ,wind ,illustration3 ,a bird4 7tr7 ,,size3 ,smaller than wren ,between wren and sparrow ,between sparrow and robin ,between robin and crow ,larger than crow ,,seen ,near ground or high up ,in heavy woods ,bushy places ,orchard ,garden ,swamp ,open country ,near water ,name ,order ,family ,genus ,species #hg ,each booklet contains outline figures of the five leading types of birds3 7#a7 small perching birds1 7#b7 hawks1 7#c7 snipes1 7#d7 herons1 7#e7 ducks4 ,on the page opposite is a list of numbers corresponding to colors4 ,you can quickly mark on the outline the proper numbers1 and note with your pencil any marks on the bird4 ,then check the other data on the page1 add any additional memoranda1 and you have your bird in the hand1 ready to take back and look up at your leisure4 ,careful ,observation ,notice particularly the range of the birds in your reference book1 and eliminate all those not stated as occurring in your territory4 ,notice too1 dates of the birds' coming and going1 and do not expect to find species at any other time of year than within the dates mentioned4 ,by thus narrowing down the possibilities the task is much simplified4 ,as a final resort1 the ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies stands ready to help all scouts who are positively stumped1 and if the descriptive slips are mailed with return envelopes to the secretary of the association1 #aigd ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city1 an identification will be made1 if the information furnished renders it in any way possible4 ,the next time you see a bird that you have once identified1 you will probably remember its name1 and in this way you will be surprised to find how rapidly your bird acquaintance will grow4 ,after a time even the flight of a bird or its song will be enough to reveal an old acquaintance1 just as you can often recognize a boy friend by his walk or the sound of his voice1 without seeing his face4 ,and what a new joy in life there is for anybody that really knows the birds about him4 ,he can pick from the medley of bird songs the notes of the individual singers2 he knows when to look for old friends of the year before2 no countryside is ever lonely for him1 for he finds birds everywhere and knows that any moment he may make some rare discovery or see a bird before unknown to him4 ,bird ,lists ,a scout should make a list of all the birds he has positively identified4 ,this is his life list and is added to year by year4 ,in addition he will keep daily lists of the birds seen on special trips in the field4 ,two or more patrols can enjoy a friendly rivalry by covering different regions and seeing which can observe the largest variety of birds4 ,hundreds of well-known #hh ornithologists often have the fun of this kind of competition1 sending in their lists to a central bureau4 ,as many as one hundred and twenty different kinds of birds have been counted in a single day by one energetic band of bird-lovers4 ,such a list is1 however1 attainable only under exceptionally favorable circumstances and by skilled observers who know their country thoroughly4 ,for most scouts1 thirty to forty species on a summer day1 and fifty to sixty during the spring migration1 would be regarded as a good list4 #hh ,boy ,scouts ,illustration3 ,bob-white at feeding station4 ,nesting ,season ,undoubtedly the most interesting season to study birds is during the nesting period which is at its height in ,june4 ,it takes a pair of sharp eyes to find most birds' nests in the first place1 and once found1 there are dozens of interesting little incidents which it is a delight to watch4 ,only a foolish scout would rob himself of his chance to observe the secrets of nest life by stealing the contents1 or would take any delight in piling up a collection of egg shells whose value at its best is almost nothing1 and whose acquisition is necessarily accompanied by #hi genuine heart pangs on the part of the rightful owners4 ,it is more exciting to try to hide yourself near the nest so skilfully that the birds will carry on their domestic duties as though you were not near4 ,a blind made of green cloth and set up near the nest like a little tent will often give opportunity for very close observation4 ,it is surprising how near many birds will allow one to come in this way4 ,even though the blind looks very strange and out of place1 the birds soon seem to get used to it1 so long as it is motionless and the inmate cannot be seen4 ,a simple type of blind can be constructed by sewing the edges of long pieces of green cloth together1 drawing in the top with a cord1 and then draping it over an open umbrella4 ,illustration3 ,bird blind4 ,how to ,photograph ,from such a hiding place1 photographs can often be secured of timid birds at their nests4 ,in attempting to take photographs it must be remembered that cameras of the pocket variety or fixed box type are almost useless4 ,most of them cannot be worked without special attachments at closer range than six feet1 and1 even if the focus is correctly guessed1 the image is apt to be very small4 ,in this work it is far better to invest in a cheap camera 7second-hand if need be7 with which one can obtain a definite image on the ground glass where the plate or film is to be4 ,focus the camera on some spot where it is expected the bird will come2 usually this is on the nest or young1 sometimes it is the food1 a favorite perch1 or some form of decoy4 ,the next requisite is patience4 ,if the coveted opportunity arrives1 set off the shutter by hand in the #ij blind1 or1 where this is not possible1 by means of a long thread1 after carefully hiding the camera with boughs1 leaves1 sods1 etc4 ,how to ,know ,an idea of the details of a bird's life which a scout may come to know1 may be had from the following table3 #a4 ,description4 7,size1 form1 color1 and markings47 #b4 ,haunts4 7,upland1 lowland1 lakes1 rivers1 woods1 fields4 etc47 #c4 ,movements4 7,slow or active1 hops1 walks1 creeps1 swims1 tail wagged1 etc47 #d4 ,appearance4 7,alert1 listless1 crest erect1 tail drooped1 etc47 #e4 ,disposition4 7,solitary1 flocking1 wary1 unsuspicious1 etc47 #f4 ,flight4 7,slow1 rapid1 direct1 undulating1 soaring1 sailing1 flapping1 etc47 #g4 ,song4 7,pleasing1 unattractive1 long1 short1 loud1 faint1 sung from the ground1 from a perch1 in the air1 etc4 ,season of song47 #h4 ,call notes4 7,of surprise1 alarm1 protest1 warning1 signaling1 etc47 #i4 ,season4 7,spring1 fall1 summer1 winter1 with times of arrival and departure and variations in numbers47 #aj4 ,food4 7,berries1 insects1 seeds1 etc42 how secured47 #aa4 ,mating4 7,habits during courtship47 #ab4 ,nesting4 7,choice of site1 material1 construction1 eggs1 incubation1 etc47 #ac4 ,the young4 7,food and care of1 time in the nest1 notes1 actions1 flight1 etc47 ,so varied is a bird's life that there is still plenty to be learned about even our common birds4 ,it is quite possible for a scout to discover some facts that have never yet been published in books4 ,illustration3 ,red-breasted nuthatch4 ,what ,one ,boy ,did ,a boy once originated the idea of varying the usual bird's nesting craze into a systematic study of the breeding of our common birds4 ,in one spring he found within the limits of a single village one hundred and seventy robins' nests4 ,one hundred were in suitable situations on private places1 forty-one were in woods1 swamps and orchards1 eight were placed under bridges 7two being under the iron girders of the railroad bridge71 four were #ia in quarries1 sixteen were in barns1 sheds1 under piazzas1 etc41 and one was on the ground at the foot of a bush4 ,in addition to searching out the birds in their natural haunts1 there is a great fascination in trying to attract them to our homes4 ,during winter evenings boy scouts can busy themselves making nesting boxes4 ,even an old cigar box or a tomato can with a hole in it the size of a quarter will satisfy a house wren4 ,other boxes which are suitable for bluebirds1 chickadees1 tree swallows1 purple martins1 and starlings1 will1 if set up in ,march1 often have tenants the very first season4 ,in many cases it is feasible to have hinged doors or sides on the nesting boxes1 so that they may occasionally be opened and the progress of events within observed4 ,it is needless to add1 however1 that great caution must be exercised to prevent desertion of the nest1 or other disturbance of the birds' home life4 ,under favorable circumstances1 even some of the shyer inhabitants of the woods1 such as woodpeckers1 owls1 and ducks can be induced to patronize artificial cavities1 if they are made right and erected right4 ,illustration3 ,downy woodpecker4 ,illustration3 ,observation box1 open4 ,caring for ,birds ,another way of attracting birds in summer is by providing drinking and bathing places4 ,a little artificial pool protected from cats1 will be a source of joy to the birds and of delight to the observer from morning to night4 ,apply to the #ib ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies for information as to where ready-made nest boxes and fountains can be procured1 also books on this subject1 as well as on the subject of making friends of the birds through feeding4 ,illustration3 ,house wren and tomato-can house ,illustration3 ,birch-bark house ,the ,bird ,lunch ,counter ,how best to feed the birds is almost an art in itself4 ,a winter lunch counter spread with suet1 nuts1 hemp seed1 meat1 and crumbs will attract nuthatches1 chickadees1 downy and hairy woodpeckers1 creepers1 blue jays1 etc4 ,canary seed1 buckwheat1 oats and hay-chaff scattered on the ground beneath will provide an irresistible banquet for other feathered boarders4 ,a feeding place of this sort can be arranged for convenient observation from a window1 and afford no end of diversion and instruction4 ,but whether close to home or far afield1 the great secret of success in such work is regularity4 ,begin to put the food out early in ,november1 and let the birds get to know that they are always sure to find a supply of dainties in a certain spot1 and the news will soon spread among them4 ,in wintry weather1 especially1 it is amazing what can be accomplished by feeding the birds regularly1 and at least the following birds have been induced to feed from the human hand3 chickadee1 white-breasted nuthatch1 red-breasted nuthatch1 brown creeper1 ,carolina wren1 cardinal1 evening grosbeak1 tufted titmouse1 ,canada jay1 ,florida jay1 ,oregon jay1 and redpoll4 ,even in spring untiring patience has resulted in the gratification of this supreme ambition of the bird-lover1 and bluebird1 robin1 cat-bird3 chipping sparrow1 oven-bird1 brown thrasher and yellow-throated vireo have been known to feed from the hand of a trusted friend1 even with plenty of food all around4 ,what scout can add to this list8 ,protecting the ,birds ,many a boy thinks that just because a bird is alive and moves it is a proper target for his air rifle or his sling shot4 #ic ,let us be thankful that there has now arisen a new class of boys1 the scouts1 who1 like the knights of old1 are champions of the defenceless1 even the birds4 ,scouts are the birds' police1 and wo betide the lad who is caught with a nest and eggs1 or the limp corpse of some feathered songster that he has slaughtered4 ,scouts know that there is no value in birds that are shot1 except a few scientific specimens collected by trained museum experts4 ,scouts will not commend a farmer for shooting a hawk or an owl as a harmful bird1 even though it were seen to capture a young chicken4 ,they will post themselves on the subject and find that most hawks and owls feed chiefly on field mice and large insects injurious to the farmer's crops1 and that thus1 in spite of an occasional toll on the poultry1 they are as a whole of tremendous value4 ,the way the birds help mankind is little short of a marvel4 ,a band of nuthatches worked all winter in a pear orchard near ,rochester and rid the trees of a certain insect that had entirely destroyed the crop of the previous summer4 ,a pair of rose-breasted grosbeaks were seen to feed their nest of youngsters four hundred and twenty-six times in a day1 each time with a billful of potato-bugs or other insects4 ,a professor in ,washington counted two hundred and fifty tent caterpillars in the stomach of a dead yellow-billed cuckoo1 and1 what appeals to us even more1 five hundred bloodthirsty mosquitoes inside of one night-hawk4 ,illustration3 ,white-breasted nuthatch ,illustration3 ,bluebird at entrance of nesting-box ,it must not be forgotten that large city parks are among the best places for observing birds4 ,as an example of what can be accomplished1 even with limited opportunities1 there was a boy who happened to know where some owls roosted4 #id ,now all owls swallow their prey whole1 and in digesting this food they disgorge the skulls1 bones1 fur1 and feathers in the form of hard dry pellets4 ,this boy used to go out on ,saturday or ,sunday afternoon and bring home his pockets full of pellets1 and then in the evening he would break them apart4 ,in this way he learned exactly what the owls had been eating 7without killing them7 and he even discovered the skulls of certain field mice that naturalists had never known existed in that region4 ,he let the owl be his collector4 ,patrol ,work ,it is a good idea to keep at patrol headquarters a large sheet on the wall1 where a list of the year's bird observations can be tabulated4 ,each time a new bird is seen1 its name is added1 together with the initial of the observer1 and after that its various occurrences are noted opposite its name4 ,the keenest eyed scouts are those whose initials appear most frequently in the table4 ,in addition1 the tables will show the appearance and relative abundance of birds in a given locality4 ,for patrols of young boys1 a plan of tacking up a colored picture of each bird1 as soon as it is thoroughly known1 has been found very successful1 and the result provides a way to decorate the headquarters4 ,such pictures can be obtained very cheaply from the ,perry ,pictures ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass41 or the ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies1 #aigd ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,mollusca--,shells and ,shellfish ,by ,dr4 ,william ,healey ,dall1 of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a2 ,white lipped snail 7,polygyra albolabris7 ,among the shy and retiring animals which inhabit our woods and waters1 or the borders of the sea1 without making themselves conspicuous to man except when he seeks the larger ones for food1 are the mollusca1 usually confounded with crabs and crayfish under the popular name of shellfish1 except the few which have no external shell1 which are generally called slugs4 ,hardly any part of the world 7except deserts7 is without them1 but1 shy as they are1 it takes pretty sharp eyes to find them4 ,some come out of their hiding places #ie only at night1 and nearly all our ,american kinds live under cover of some sort4 ,the mollusks can be conveniently divided into three groups3 those which inhabit fresh water1 those which breathe air and live on dry land1 and lastly those which are confined to the sea4 ,the land shells1 or snails1 have generally thin shells of spiral form and live upon vegetable matter1 many of them laying small eggs which look like minute pearls4 ,their hiding places are under leaves in shady or moist places1 under the bark of dead trees or stumps1 or under loose stone4 ,they creep slowly and are most active after rain4 ,some of our larger kinds are an inch or two in diameter1 7see ,fig4 #a41 the white-lipped7 but from this size there are others diminishing in size to the smallest1 which are hardly larger than the head of a pin1 ,in collecting them the little ones may be allowed to dry up4 ,the big ones must be killed in boiling water1 when the animal can be pulled out with a hook made of a crooked pin1 leaving the shell clean and perfect4 ,the slugs are not attractive on account of the slime which they throw out and can only be kept in spirits4 ,some of the species found in ,california are as large as a small cigar1 but those of the states east of the ,rocky ,mountains are smaller and have mostly been introduced from ,europe1 where they do a lot of mischief by eating such garden plants as lettuce4 ,many of the fresh-water snails are abundant in brooks and ponds1 and their relations1 the fresh-water mussels1 are often very numerous in shallow rivers4 ,they have a shell frequently beautifully pearly1 white or purple1 and sometimes have the brown outer skin prettily streaked with bright green4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,whelk 7,buccinum umatum7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,pond snail 7,lymnaea palustris7 ,the principal fresh-water snails are the pond snail 7,lymnaea2 see ,fig4 #c72 the ,physa 7see ,fig4 #f71 which is remarkable for having the coil turned to the left instead of the right2 and the orb-snail1 7,planorbis3 see ,fig4 #d7 which has its coil flat4 ,all of #if these lay minute eggs in a mass of transparent jelly1 and are to be found on lily pads and other water plants1 or crawling on the bottom1 while the mussels bury themselves more or less in the mud or lie on the gravelly bottom of streams4 ,there is also a very numerous tribe of small bivalve shells1 varying from half an inch to very minute in size1 which are also mud lovers and are known as ,sphaerium or ,pisidium1 having no common ,english names1 since only those who hunt for them know of their existence4 ,on the seashore everybody knows the mussel 7,mytilus3 see ,fig4 #e71 the soft clam1 the round clam1 and the oyster1 as these are sought for food2 but there is a multitude of smaller bivalves which are not so well known4 ,the sea-snails best known on the coast north of ,chesapeake ,bay are the whelk 7,buccinum3 see ,fig4 #b71 the sand snail or ,natica1 which bores the round holes often found in clam shells on the beach1 in order to suck the juices of its neighbors1 and the various kinds of periwinkles 7rock snails or ,littorina7 found by the millions on the rocks between tides4 ,these1 as well as the limpets1 small boat-shaped or slipper-shaped conical shells found in similar places1 are vegetable feeders4 ,altogether1 there are several hundred kinds found on the seashore and the water near the shore1 and a collection of them will not only contain many curious1 pretty1 and interesting things1 but will have the advantage of requiring no preservative to keep them in good condition after the animal has been taken out4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,orb-,shell 7,planorbis trivolvis7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e ,black ,mussel 7,mytilus7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f ,bubble snail 7,physa heterostropha7 ,the squids1 cuttle-fishes1 octopus1 and their allies are also mollusks1 but not so accessible to the ordinary collector1 and can only be kept in spirits4 ,books which may help the collector to identify the shells he may find are3 ,for the land and fresh-water shells3 #ig ,mollusks of the ,chicago ,area and ,the ,lymnaeidae of ,north ,america4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,baker4 ,published by the ,chicago ,academy of ,sciences4 ,for the ,american ,marine ,shells3 ,bulletin ,no4 #cg4 ,published by the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 at ,washington4 ,for shells in general3 ,the ,shell ,book4 ,published by ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4,y4 ,on the ,pacific ,coast the ,west ,coast ,shells1 by ,prof4 ,josiah ,keep of ,mills ,college1 will be found very useful4 ,,reptiles ,by ,dr4 ,leonhard ,stejneger1 ,curator ,national ,museum ,by reptiles we understand properly a certain class of vertebrate or backboned animals1 which1 on the whole1 may be described as possessing scales or horny shields since most of them may be distinguished by this outer covering1 as the mammals by their hair and the birds by their feathers4 ,such animals as thousand-legs1 scorpions1 tarantulas1 etc41 though often erroneously referred to as reptiles1 do not concern us in this connection4 ,among the living reptiles we distinguish four separate groups1 the crocodiles1 the turtles1 the lizards1 and the snakes4 ,the crocodiles resemble lizards in shape1 but are very much larger and live only in the tropics and the adjacent regions of the temperate zone4 ,to this order belongs our ,north ,american alligator1 which inhabits the states bordering the ,gulf of ,mexico and the coast country along the ,atlantic ,ocean as far north as ,north ,carolina4 ,they are hunted for their skin1 which furnishes an excellent leather for traveling bags1 purses1 etc41 and because of the incessant pursuit are now becoming quite rare in many localities where formerly they were numerous4 ,the ,american crocodile1 very much like the one occurring in the river ,nile1 is also found at the extreme southern end of ,florida4 ,the turtles are easily recognized by the bony covering which encases their body1 and into which most species can withdraw their heads and legs for protection4 ,this bony box is usually covered with horny plates1 but in a large group1 the so-called soft-shell turtles1 the outer covering is a soft skin1 thus forming a #ih notable exception to the rule that reptiles are characterized by being covered with scales or plates4 ,while most of the turtles live in fresh water or on land1 a few species pass their lives in the open ocean1 only coming ashore during the breeding season to deposit their eggs4 ,some of these marine turtles grow to an enormous size1 sometimes reaching a weight of over eight hundred pounds4 ,one of them is much sought for on account of the delicacy of its flesh2 another because of the thickness and beauty of its horny plates which furnish the so-called tortoise-shell1 an important article of commerce4 ,turtles appear to reach a very old age1 specimens having been known to have lived several hundred years4 ,the box tortoise of our woods1 the musk turtles1 the snapping turtles are familiar examples of this order1 while the terrapin1 which lives in brackish ponds and swamps along our sea-coasts1 is famous as a table delicacy4 ,illustration3 ,harlequin snake ,the lizards are four-legged reptiles1 usually of small size1 living on the ground or in the trees1 out very rarely voluntarily entering water4 ,the so-called water lizards are not lizards at all1 but belong to the salamanders and are distinguished by having a naked body not covered with scales4 ,most of the true lizards are of very graceful form1 exceedingly quick at running2 others display the most gorgeous coloration which1 in many of them1 such as the chameleons1 changes according to the light1 or the temperature1 or the mood of the animal4 ,not all of them have four legs1 however1 there being a strong tendency to develop legless species which then externally become so much like snakes that they are told apart with some difficulty4 ,thus our so-called glass-snake1 common in the ,southern states1 is not a snake at all1 but a lizard1 as we may easily see by observing the ear openings on each side of the head1 as no snake has ears4 ,this beautiful animal is also known as the joint-snake1 and both names have reference to the exceeding brittleness of its long tail1 which often breaks in many pieces in the hands of the enemy trying to capture the lizard4 ,that these pieces ever join and heal together is of course a silly fable4 ,as a matter of fact1 the body in a comparatively short time grows a new tail1 which1 however1 is much shorter and stumpier than the old one4 ,the new piece is often of a different color from the rest of the body and #ii greatly resembles a horn1 being conical and pointed1 and has thus given rise to another equally silly fable1 viz41 that of the horn snake1 or hoop snake1 which is said to have a sting in its tail and to be deadly poisonous4 ,the lizards are all perfectly harmless1 except the sluggish ,gila monster 7pronounced ,heela1 named from the ,gila ,river in ,arizona7 which lives in the deserts of ,arizona and ,mexico1 and whose bite may be fatal to man4 ,the poison glands are situated at the point of the lower jaw1 and the venom is taken up by the wound while the animal hangs on to its victim with the tenacity of a bulldog4 ,all the other lizards are harmless in spite of the dreadful stories told about the deadly quality of some of the species in various parts of the country4 ,illustration3 ,rattlesnake palate ,the snakes form the last group of the reptiles4 ,universally legless1 though some of the boas and pythons have distinct outer rudiments of hind limbs1 they are not easily mistaken4 ,and it is perhaps well so1 for unless one is an expert at distinguishing between the poisonous and the harmless kind it is just as well to keep at a respectful distance from them4 ,it is safest not to interfere with them1 especially as those that are not poisonous are usually very useful in destroying rats and mice and other vermin1 except perhaps those living in trees and feeding on eggs and young birds1 which certainly do not deserve our protection4 ,of course the rattlesnake is not to be mistaken4 ,the horny appendix to its tail1 with which it sounds the warning of its presence1 is enough to distinguish it4 ,it should here be explained that both lizards and snakes at various intervals shed the outer layer of their skin1 the so-called epidermis4 ,this transparent layer1 after a certain length of time1 loosens and is usually stripped off whole by the animal crawling out of it and turning it inside out1 as a tight glove is turned4 ,now1 at the end of a rattlesnake's tail there is a horny cap which is #ajj called the button1 and being narrowed at the base and more strongly built than the rest of the epidermis it is not shed with the rest of the skin1 but remains attached4 ,thus for each shedding a new joint or ring is added to the rattle4 ,how often the shedding takes place depends on various circumstances and may occur an uncertain number of times each year4 ,such a rattle1 loose-jointed as it is1 is rather brittle and the tip of the sounding instrument is easily broken and lost4 ,it will therefore be easily understood that the common notion that a rattlesnake's age can be told by the number of the rings in its rattle is absolutely erroneous4 ,another equally common and equally erroneous notion relates to the tongue of the snake1 which the ignorant often term its sting and which they believe to be the death-dealing instrument4 ,of course1 the soft1 forked tongue which constantly darts out and in of the snake's mouth is perfectly harmless4 ,it serves rather as a feeler than as a taste organ4 ,the wound is inflicted by a pair of large1 curved1 teeth or fangs1 in the upper jaw4 ,these fangs are hollow and connected by a duct with the gland on the side of the head1 in which the poison is formed4 ,pressure on this gland at the time of the strike--for our poisonous snakes strike rather than bite--squirts the poison into the wound like a hypodermic syringe4 ,the fangs when shed or damaged are replaced within a short time with new ones1 so that a poisonous snake can only be made harmless for a short period by breaking them off4 ,only in exceptional cases need snake bites prove fatal4 ,it is estimated that in ,north ,america only about two persons in a hundred bitten are killed by the poison1 though many more die from carelessness or bad treatment1 the worst of which is the filling up with whiskey1 which aids the poison rather than counteracts it4 ,the essential things in case of snake bite are3 7#a7 keeping one's wits2 7#b7 tying a string1 or the like1 tightly around the wounded limb between the wound and the heart1 and loosening it about once in fifteen minutes1 so as to admit the poison slowly into the circulation2 7#c7 making the wound bleed freely by enlarging it with a knife or otherwise2 7#d7 if permanganate of potash be handy it should at once be applied to the #aja wound2 7#e7 treat the wound as antiseptically as it is possible with the means at hand and hurry to a doctor4 ,illustration3 ,copperhead ,the danger depends greatly on the amount of the poison injected1 hence upon the size of the snake4 ,it is for this reason that the big ,florida rattlesnakes which grow to six feet and over are more to be feared than are other poisonous snakes4 ,of these1 we have in our country1 besides the rattlesnakes1 the water moccasin1 or cotton mouth1 the copperhead1 and the coral snake4 ,the latter is a bright-colored snake of red1 yellow1 and black rings found in the ,south1 but it is usually small1 and not aggressive1 so that but few cases of poisoning are known4 ,the other two are common enough1 the former from ,norfolk1 ,va41 south1 the other all over the eastern country from ,texas to ,massachusetts4 ,they are usually confounded1 however1 with two perfectly harmless snakes1 the cotton mouth with the common water snake1 the copperhead with the so-called spreading adder1 but as their differences have to be learned from actual inspection and are very hard to express in a description which would help to identify living specimens1 it is wisest to keep away from all of them4 ,see ,the ,poisonous ,snakes of ,north ,america4 ,by ,leonard ,stejneger1 published by ,government ,printing office1 ,washington4 ,illustration3 ,water moccasin ,illustration3 ,chrysalis ,,insects ,,and ,,butterflies ,united ,states ,bureau of ,entomology 7,illustrations are copies from ,comstock's ,how to ,know the ,butterflies1 through courtesy of ,d4 ,appleton ,company47 ,there is an advantage in the study of insects over most other branches of nature1 excepting perhaps plants1 in that there is plenty of material4 ,you may have to tramp miles to see a certain bird or wild animal1 but if you will sit down on the first patch of grass you are sure to see something going on in the insect world4 ,butterflies ,nearly all insects go through several different stages4 ,the young bird is very much like its parent1 so is the young squirrel or a young snake or a #ajb young fish or a young snail2 but with most of the insects the young is very different from its parents4 ,all butterflies and moths lay eggs1 and these hatch into caterpillars which when full grown transform to what are called pupae or chrysalids--nearly motionless objects with all of the parts soldered together under an enveloping sheath4 ,with some of the moths1 the pupae are surrounded by silk cocoons spun by the caterpillars just before finally transforming to pupae4 ,with all butterflies the chrysalids are naked1 except with one species which occurs in ,central ,america in which there is a common silk cocoon4 ,with the moths1 the larger part spin cocoons1 but some of them1 like the owlet moths whose larvae are the cutworms1 have naked pupre1 usually under the surface of the ground4 ,it is not difficult to study the transformations of the butterflies and moths1 and it is always very interesting to feed a caterpillar until it transforms1 in order to see what kind of a butterfly or moth comes out of the chrysalis4 ,take the monarch butterfly1 for example3 ,this is a large1 reddish-brown butterfly1 a strong flier1 which is seen often flying about in the spring and again in the late summer and autumn4 ,this is one of the most remarkable butterflies in ,america4 ,it is found all over the ,united ,states4 ,it is one of the strongest fliers that we know4 ,it passes the winter in the ,southern states as an adult butterfly1 probably hidden away in cracks under the bark of trees or elsewhere4 ,when spring comes the butterflies come out and begin to fly toward the north4 ,wherever they find the milk-weed plant they stop and lay some eggs on the leaves4 ,the caterpillars issue from the eggs1 feed on the milkweed1 transform to chrysalids2 then the butterflies issue and continue the northward flight1 stopping to lay eggs farther north on other milkweeds4 ,by the end of ,june or ,july some of these ,southern butterflies have found their way north into ,canada and begin the return flight southward4 ,along in early ,august they will be seen at the summer resorts in the ,catskill ,mountains1 and by the end of ,october they will have traveled far down into the ,southern states where they pass the winter4 ,illustration3 ,empty chrysalis and butterfly ,the caterpillar of the monarch or milkweed butterfly is a very striking creature4 ,it is nearly two inches long when full grown4 ,its head is yellow striped with black2 its body is white with narrow black and yellow cross-stripes on each #ajc segment4 ,on the back of the second segment of the thorax there is a pair of black1 whiplash-like filaments1 and on the eighth joint there is a similar shorter pair4 ,when this caterpillar gets ready to transform to chrysalis1 it hangs itself up by its tail end1 the skin splits and gradually draws back1 and the chrysalis itself is revealed--pale pea-green in color with golden spots4 ,anyone by hunting over a patch of milkweed anywhere in the ,united ,states during the summer is quite apt to find these caterpillars feeding4 ,it will be easy to watch them and to see them transform1 and eventually to get the butterfly4 ,the same thing may be done with anyone of the six hundred and fifty-two different kinds of butterflies in the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,larva getting ready to transform ,illustration3 ,full grown larva ,moths ,when it comes to moths1 there is a much greater variety4 ,instead of six hundred and fifty-two1 there are fifty-nine hundred and seventy in ,doctor ,dyar's big catalogue4 ,perhaps the most interesting of these caterpillars are the big native silk-worms1 like those of the cecropia moth1 the luna moth1 the polyphemus moth1 or the promethia moth4 ,these caterpillars are very large and are to be found feeding upon the leaves of different trees1 and all spin strong silken cocoons4 ,people have tried to reel these cocoons1 thinking that they might be able to use the silk to make silk cloth as with the domestic silk-worm of commerce1 but they have been unable to reel them properly4 ,the polyphemus moth1 for example1 has been experimented with a great deal4 ,it is found over a greater part of the ,united ,states1 and its caterpillar feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs such as oak1 ,butternut1 hickory1 basswood1 elm1 maple1 birch1 chestnut1 sycamore1 and many others4 ,the caterpillar is light green and has raised lines of silvery white on the side4 ,it grows to a very large size and spins a dense1 hard cocoon1 usually attached to leaves4 ,there #ajd are two generations in the ,southern states1 and one in the ,northern states4 ,the moth which comes out of the cocoon has a wing spread of fully five inches4 ,it is reddish-gray or somewhat buff in color with darker bands near the edge of the wings1 which themselves are pinkish on the outside1 and with a large clear spot near the centre of the forewing and a regular eyespot 7clear in part and blue in the rest7 in the centre of the hind wing4 ,one wishing to know about butterflies and moths should consult a book entitled1 ,how to ,know the ,butterflies1 by ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,comstock of ,cornell ,university and his wife1 ,mrs4 ,comstock1 published by ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 of ,new ,york1 or1 ,the ,butterfly ,book1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland of ,pittsburg1 published by ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 of ,new ,york1 and ,the ,moth ,book1 also by ,doctor ,holland1 and published by the same firm4 ,illustration3 ,caterpillar to chrysalis ,other ,insects ,there are many more different kinds of insects than there are of flowering plants1 and if we were to add together all of the different kinds of birds1 mammals1 reptiles1 fishes1 crabs1 mollusks1 and all of the lower forms of animal life1 they would not all together amount to so many different kinds as there are insects4 ,this makes the classification of insects quite complicated4 ,there are eighteen or nineteen main orders1 and each one is subdivided almost indefinitely4 ,there is not one of these that is not full of interest4 ,the habits of ants1 for example1 living in communities by themselves1 afford a tremendous opportunity for interesting observation4 ,a good book about them has been recently written by ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,wheeler1 of ,harvard1 entitled ,ants1 their ,structure1 ,development1 and ,behavior1 published by the ,columbia ,university ,press1 ,new ,york4 #aje ,many insects live in the water1 and to follow their life histories in small home-made aquaria is one of the most interesting occupations one could have1 and there is a lot to be learned about these insects4 ,go to any stagnant pool and you will find it swarming with animal life3 ,larvae or wigglers of mosquitoes1 and a number of other aquatic insects will be found1 feeding upon these wigglers4 ,water bugs of different kinds will be found and the life histories of most of these were until quite recently almost unknown4 ,beetles and ,wasps ,the order ,coleoptera1 comprising what we know as beetles1 has thousands of species1 each one with its own distinctive mode of life2 some of them feeding upon other insects1 others boring into wood1 others feeding upon flowers1 others upon leaves1 and so on in endless variety4 ,the wasps also will bear study4 ,here1 too1 there is a great variety1 some of them building the paper nests known to every one1 others burrowing into the surface of the ground and storing up in these burrows grasshoppers and other insects for food for their young which are grub-like in form2 others still burrowing into the twigs of bushes1 and others making mud nests attached to the trunks of trees or to the clapboards of houses or outbuildings4 ,this is just a hint at the endless variety of habits of insects4 ,the ,united ,states ,national ,museum publishes a bulletin1 by ,mr4 ,nathan ,banks1 entitled ,directions for ,collecting and ,preserving ,insects1 which gives a general outline of the classification1 and should be possessed by everyone who wishes to take up the study from the beginning4 ,,fishes ,by ,dr4 ,hugh ,m4 ,smith1 ,deputy ,commissioner ,united ,states ,fisheries ,there is no more fascinating and profitable study than the fish life of the lakes1 ponds1 rivers1 brooks1 bays1 estuaries1 and coasts of the ,united ,states2 and no more important service can be rendered our ,american boys than to teach them to become familiar with our native food and game fishes1 to realize their needs1 and by example and precept to #ajf endeavor to secure for the fishes fair consideration and treatment4 ,illustration3 ,esox lucius--,common pike pickerel ,illustration3 ,oncorhynchus tschawytscha--,chinook salmon ,illustration3 ,coregonus clupeiformis--,common whitefish ,illustration3 ,salvelinus fontinalis--,brook trout3 speckled trout ,illustration3 ,ictalurus punctatus--,the speckled catfish ,classes of ,fish ,fishes may be roughly classified as 7#a7 fresh water1 7#b7 migratory between fresh and salt water1 and 7#c7 marine4 ,among the families of ,american fresh-water fishes that are conspicuous on account of their size1 abundance1 or economic importance1 or all of these1 there may be mentioned the sturgeons1 the catfishes1 the suckers1 the minnows or carps1 the pikes1 the killifishes1 the trouts1 salmons1 and whitefishes1 the perches1 and the basses1 and sun fishes4 ,migratory ,fish ,the migratory fishes fall into two groups1 the anadromous and the catadtomous4 ,the anadromous fishes pass most of their lives in the sea1 run up stream only for the purpose of spawning1 and constitute the most valuable of our river fishes4 ,in this group are the shads and the alewives or river herrings1 the white perch1 the striped bass or rock fish1 some #ajg of the sturgeons1 and the ,atlantic salmon1 all of which go back to sea after spawning1 and the ,pacific salmons 7five species71 all of which die after spawning4 ,of the catadromous fishes there is a single example in our waters--the common eel4 ,it spends most of its life in the fresh waters and sometimes becomes permanently landlocked there1 and runs down to the sea to spawn1 laying its eggs off shore in deep water4 ,marine ,fish ,the marine fishes that are found in the coastal waters of the ,united ,states number many hundred species1 some of them of great value as food4 ,among the most important are cod1 haddock1 hake1 halibut1 ,flounder1 herring1 bluefish1 mackeral1 weakfish or squeteague1 mullet1 snapper1 drum1 and rock fishes4 ,illustration3 ,perea flavescens--,yellow perch ,illustration3 ,pomolobus altivalis--,the alewife or river herring ,illustration3 ,micropterus salmoides--,large-mouth black bass ,illustration3 ,notropis hudsonius--,minnow or shiner ,illustration3 ,acipenser oxyrhynchus--,the ,atlantic sturgeon ,studying ,fish ,the study of living fishes is most entertaining and is rendered somewhat difficult by the medium in which they live1 by their #ajh shyness1 and by the necessity of approaching closely in order to obtain any accurate view4 ,the spawning1 feeding1 swimming and other habits of very few of our fishes are so well known that further information thereon is not needed2 and the boy scout's patience1 skill1 and powers of observation will be reflected in the records that may be and should be kept about the different fishes met with4 ,fishes may be studied from a bank1 wharf1 or boat1 or by wading2 and the view of the bottom and the fishes on or adjacent thereto may be greatly improved by the use of a water bucket--an ordinary wooden pail whose bottom is replaced by a piece of window glass4 ,a more elaborate arrangement for observation is to provide at the bow of a row-boat a glass bottom box over which may be thrown a hood so that the student is invisible to the fishes4 ,illustration3 ,fundulus diaphanus--,killifish3 top minnow ,illustration3 ,catostomus commersonii--,common sucker3 white sucker ,identification of ,specimens ,while many of the fishes in a given section are easily recognizable1 there are in every water fishes which1 on account of their small size1 rarity1 retiring habits1 or close similarity to other fishes1 are unknown to the average boy4 ,these latter fishes often afford the most interesting subjects for study2 and in all parts of the country it is possible for energetic observers and collectors to add to the list of fishes already recorded from particular districts4 ,when fishes cannot be identified in the field1 the larger ones may be sketched and notes taken on their color1 while the smaller ones may be preserved with salt1 formalin1 or any kind of spirits4 ,specimens and drawings may be forwarded for identification to the zoological department of the local state university1 to the state fish commission1 to the ,bureau of ,fisheries1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 or to the ,united ,states ,national ,museum in the same city4 #aji ,angling ,this most delightful of outdoor pastimes requires for its enjoyment no elaborate or expensive paraphernalia3 a rod cut on the spot1 a cork float1 an ordinary hook baited with angleworm1 grasshopper1 grub1 may-fly1 or any of a dozen other handy lures1 will answer for most occasions4 ,at the same time1 the joys of fishing will often be increased if one possesses and learns how to use a light1 jointed rod1 with reel1 fine line1 and artificial baits4 ,the necessary equipment for scientific angling is so light and compact that it should form a part of the outfit of every one who spends much time in the open air4 ,it should be the invariable practice of anglers to return to the water all uninjured fish that are not needed for food or study4 ,it is not all of fishing to fish1 and no thoughtful boy who has the interests of the country at heart1 and no lover of nature1 will go fishing merely for the purpose of catching the longest possible string of fish1 thus placing himself in the class of anglers properly known as fish hogs4 ,special ,service by ,boy ,scouts ,valuable service may be rendered by boy scouts in all parts of the country by bringing to the attention of the proper state1 county1 or municipal authorities matters affecting the welfare of the fishes4 ,among the subjects that should be reported to fish commissioners1 fish wardens1 or local legal officers are3 7#a7 ,all cases noticed where fish are being killed by dynamite1 poisons1 or other illegal and improper means4 7#b7 ,threatened destruction of fish by the drying of streams or ponds4 7#c7 ,the existence of obstructions to the passage of fish on their way to their spawning grounds4 ,all dams in streams in which are migratory fish should have fish-ways or fish-ladders4 ,aquarium ,william ,leland ,stowell1 ,m4 ,d4 ,every boy should have an aquarium4 ,the aquarium will give ten times as much pleasure as annoyance1 and the longer time you have one undisturbed the greater will be its revelations4 ,a simple tank can be made from a large water bottle or demijohn4 ,file a line around the top and carefully break it off4 ,for the back yard1 cut a paint barrel in two or coat a tub inside with spar varnish4 ,anything that will hold a few gallons of water1 two inches of clean sand1 and some water plants will be a suitable home for fish and other creatures4 ,a boy handy with tools can make a frame1 and with plate glass and proper cement construct a large tank4 #aaj ,starting the ,aquarium ,you can balance your aquarium by plenty of plants4 ,as they grow they give off oxygen which purifies the water and is breathed by the fish4 ,the water need not be changed for years4 ,the swamps and slow streams afford great numbers of plants4 ,if you know the plants get pond weeds1 ,canadian water weed1 ludwigia1 willow moss1 or tape grass4 7,look in the dictionary for official names of the plants or get special books from the library47 ,take some tape grass 7vallisneria7 to your teacher or doctor and ask him to show you under his microscope how the sap flows and the green coloring matter is deposited4 ,the simplest form of vegetation is algae which grows on the sides of the tank4 ,lest this grow too thick1 put in a few snails4 ,watch the snails' eggs develop in clusters4 ,buy if you cannot find banded swamp snails that give birth to their young instead of laying eggs4 ,any pond or stream will furnish fish that are beautiful or interesting to watch1 e4g41 killies1 sunfish1 cat-fish1 carp1 shiners1 blacknosed dace1 minnows--the mud minnow that seems to stand on his tail--darters1 etc4 ,if you get your supply from dealers1 buy gold fish1 of which there are several varieties1 fan-tailed1 comets1 fringe tails and telescope eyed4 ,mirror carp are lively4 ,paradise fish are as beautiful as butterflies4 ,illustration3 ,a balanced aquarium ,fish ,nests ,every one knows something of birds' nests4 ,did you ever watch sticklebacks build their barrel-like nest1 or the ,paradise fish his floating nest1 and the father fish take all the care of the young8 ,did you ever see the newt roll her eggs in small leaves1 or the caddis fly make a case of bits of stick1 leaves1 and sand8 ,for a real marvel watch a pair of diving spiders weave their balloon-like nest under water and actually carry air down to fill it1 so that the young may be dry though submerged4 #aaa ,put in a few fresh-water clams and insects in variety1 water boatmen1 diving spiders1 and whirligigs4 ,a tank of beetles will be full of interest4 ,always add two or three tadpoles as scavengers1 and watch their legs grow out as the tail grows short and they become frogs4 ,you can find or buy a variety of turtles which will soon be tame and eat from your fingers4 ,do not keep turtles with fish4 ,on every hike or tramp carry a wide-mouthed bottle for specimens and a piece of rubber cloth in which to bring home water plants4 ,fish can be carried wrapped in damp moss for hours and will be found well and lively when put in the aquarium4 ,fish ,food ,fish require very little food other than the minute creatures that develop in the water4 ,the dealers supply proper foods for aquaria1 or you can prepare your own4 ,fine vermicelli is good for gold fish1 scraped lean beef is just what the sunfish and ,paradise fish want4 ,ant eggs suit many fish1 and powdered dog biscuit will fill many mouths4 ,it is evident that an article so brief as this is only suggestive4 ,the libraries contain many books of which two are recommended3 ,home ,aquarium and ,how to ,care ,for ,it4 ,by ,eugene ,smith1 #aijb4 ,published by ,dutton1 ,new ,york4 ,book of ,aquaria4 ,by ,bateman and ,bennett1 #ahij4 ,published by ,l4 ,upcott ,gill1 #agj ,strand1 ,w4 ,c41 ,london4 ,,rocks ,,and ,,pebbles ,united ,states ,geological ,survey ,geologists study the materials of the earth's crust1 the processes continually changing its surface1 and the forms and structures thus produced4 ,in a day's tramp one may see much under each of these heads4 ,the earth's crust is made up chiefly of the hard rocks1 which outcrop in many places1 but are largely covered by thin1 loose1 surface materials4 ,rocks may be igneous1 which have cooled from a melted condition2 or sedimentary1 which are made of layers spread one upon another by water currents or waves1 or by winds4 ,igneous rocks1 while still molten1 have been forced into other rocks from below1 or poured out on the surface from volcanoes4 ,they are chiefly made of crystals of various minerals1 such as quartz1 felspar1 mica1 and pyrite4 ,granite often contains large crystals of felspar or mica4 ,some igneous rocks1 especially lavas1 are glassy2 others are so fine grained that the crystals cannot be seen4 ,in places one may find veins filling cracks in the rocks1 and #aac made of material deposited from solution in water4 ,many valuable minerals and ores occur in such veins1 and fine specimens can sometimes be obtained from them4 #aab ,illustration3 ,fold in stratified rock ,illustration3 ,wearing the soft and hard beds by rain and wind ,illustration3 ,quartz vein in rock #aac continued ,sedimentary rock are formed of material usually derived from the breaking up and wearing away of older rocks4 ,when first deposited1 the materials are loose1 but later1 when covered by other beds1 they become hardened into solid rock4 ,if the layers were of sand1 the rock is sandstone2 if of clay1 it is shale4 ,rocks made of layers of pebbles are called conglomerate or pudding-stone2 those of limy material1 derived perhaps from shells1 are limestone4 ,many sedimentary rocks contain fossils1 which are the shells or bones of animals or the stems and leaves of plants living in former times1 and buried by successive beds of sand or mud spread over them4 ,much of the land is covered by a thin surface deposit of clay1 sand1 or gravel1 which is yet loose material and which shows the mode of formation of sedimentary rocks4 ,some rocks have undergone1 since their formation1 great pressure or heat and have been much changed4 ,they are called metamorphic rocks4 ,some are now made of crystals though at first they were not2 in others the minerals have become arranged #aad in layers closely resembling the beds of sedimentary rocks2 still others1 like slate1 tend to split into thin plates4 ,the earth's surface is continually being changed2 the outcropping hard rock is worn away by wind and rain1 and is broken up by frost1 by solution of some minerals1 etc4 ,the loose material formed is blown away or washed away by rain and deposited elsewhere by streams in gravel bars1 sand beds1 and mud flats4 ,the streams cut away their beds1 aided by the sand and pebbles washed along4 ,thus the hills are being worn down and the valleys deepened and widened1 and the materials of the land are slowly being moved toward the sea1 again to be deposited in beds4 ,illustration3 ,wave-cut cliff with beach and spit built by waves and currents ,along the coast the waves1 with the pebbles washed about1 are wearing away the land and spreading out its materials in new beds elsewhere4 ,the shore is being cut back in some places and built out in others4 ,rivers bring down sand and mud and build deltas or bars at their mouths4 ,volcanoes pour out melted rock on the surface1 and much fine material is blown out in eruptions4 ,swamps are filled #aae by dead vegetable matter and by sand and mud washed in4 ,these materials form new rocks and build up the surface4 ,thus the two processes1 the wearing down in some places and the building up in others1 are tending to bring the surface to a uniform level4 ,another process1 so slow that it can be observed only through long periods of time1 tends to deform the earth's crust and to make the surface more irregular4 ,in times past1 layers of rock once horizontal have been bent and folded into great arches and troughs1 and large areas of the earth's surface have been raised high above sea-level4 ,illustration3 ,rock ledge rounded smooth and scratched by ice ,illustration3 ,sand-dune with wind-rippled surface ,at almost any rock outcrop the result of #aaf the breaking-up process may be seen2 the outer portion is softer1 more easily broken1 and of different color from the fresh rock1 as shown by breaking open a large piece4 ,the wearing away of the land surface is well shown in rain gullies1 and the carrying along and depositing of sand and gravel may be seen in almost any stream4 ,in the ,northern states and ,canada1 which at one time were covered by a great sheet of ice1 moving southward and grinding off the surface over which it passed1 most of the rock outcrops are smoothly rounded and many show scratches made by pebbles dragged along by the ice4 ,the hills too have #aag smoother and rounder outlines1 as compared with those farther south where the land has been carved only by rain and streams4 ,along the coast the wearing away of the land by waves is shown at cliffs1 found where the coast is high1 and by the abundant pebbles on the beaches1 which are built of material torn from the land by the waves4 ,sand bars and tidal flats show the deposition of material brought by streams and spread out by currents4 ,sand dunes and barrens illustrate the carrying and spreading out of fine material by the wind4 ,illustration3 ,slab containing fossil shells ,illustration3 ,conglomerate or pudding-stone ,in many regions the beds of sedimentary rocks1 which must have been nearly horizontal when formed1 are now found sloping at various angles or standing on edge1 the result of slow deforming of these beds at an earlier time4 ,as some beds are more easily worn away than others1 the hills and valleys in such regions owe their form and position largely to the different extent to which the harder and softer beds have been worn down by weather and by streams4 ,the irregular line of many coasts is likewise due to the different hardness of the rocks along the shore4 ,it is by the study of the rocks and of the remains of life found in them1 by observing the way in which the surface of the earth is being changed and examining the results of those changes and by concluding that similar results were produced in former times in the same way1 that geologists are able to read much of the past history of the earth1 uncounted years before there were men upon it4 ,plants1 ,ferns1 and ,grasses ,by ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,corbett1 ,horticulturist1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,plant ,industry ,the appearance of the blossoms and fruits of the fields and forests in any locality note the advent and progress of the seasons more accurately than does the calendar4 ,plants and seeds which have lain asleep during the winter are awakened not by the birth of a month1 but by the return of heat and moisture in proper proportions4 ,this may be early one year and late another1 but1 no matter what the calendar says1 the plants respond to the call and give evidence of spring1 summer1 or autumn as the case may be4 ,the surface of the earth is not flat4 ,we have valleys and we have mountains2 we have torrid and we have temperate zones4 ,the plant life of the world has been adjusted to these varied conditions1 and as a result we have plants with certain characteristics growing in the tropics at sea-level1 but a very different class of plants with #aah different habits and characteristics inhabiting the elevated regions of this same zone4 ,it must be remembered that even under the tropics some of the highest mountains carry a perpetual snow-cap4 ,there is therefore all possible gradations of climate from sea-level to the top of such mountains1 even at the equator1 and plant life is as a result as varied as is climate4 ,each zone1 whether determined by latitude or by altitude1 possesses a distinctive flora4 ,but altitude and latitude are not the only factors which have been instrumental in determining the plants found in any particular locality4 ,this old earth of ours has not always been as we see her to-day4 ,the nature we know and observe is quite different from that which existed in earlier ages of the earth's history4 ,the plants1 the trees1 and the flowers that existed upon the earth during the age when our coal was being deposited were very different from those we now have4 ,there has been a change1 but1 strange as it may seem1 there are in some places upon the earth to-day some of the same species of plants which were abundant during the coal-forming periods4 ,these are among the oldest representatives of the plant world now extant4 ,then we are told that there was a period when the north temperate zone was covered with a great ice field which crowded down as far as southern ,pennsylvania and central ,ohio4 ,this naturally brought about a profound change in the location and character of the plants of this region4 ,there are in the ,black ,hills of ,dakota species of plants which have no relatives anywhere in the prairie region1 and no means is known by which these representatives of a ,rocky ,mountain family could find their way into the ,black ,hills1 save that1 previous to the ice age1 this species was generally scattered over the territory1 and that1 during the ice age1 the species was perpetuated in the hills1 but was killed out between there and the ,rocky ,mountains where it is found in abundance4 ,these are some of the natural reasons for the existence of varied plants in different localities4 ,they are sufficient to explain the reason for the existence of local floras4 ,but nature has provided untold ways for the perpetuation as well as the dispersal of plants for the purpose of1 so far as possible1 enabling the plants of the world to take possession of all parts of the earth's surface4 ,if this adjustment were complete1 the plants would be practically alike all over the surface of the earth1 but we have already explained why this cannot be and why we have a different flora in each zone1 whether it be marked by lines of latitude or height of #abj the mountains4 ,plants are perpetuated by seeds1 by bulbs1 and by woody parts4 ,some seeds are highly perishable and must be sown as soon as ripe2 others remain years without losing their power to produce plants4 ,some grow as soon as they come in contact with the soil2 others must fall1 be buried and frozen before they will germinate4 ,some plants are perpetuated by bulbs1 tubers1 or roots in which a supply of food material is stored away to carry the plant over a period when its above-ground parts cannot thrive owing to frost or drought4 ,upon the return of favorable conditions1 these resting parts throw out shoots and again make the round of growth1 usually producing both seeds and underground parts for the preservation of the species4 ,there are both wild and cultivated plants in nearly all sections which illustrate these methods of preservation4 ,besides plants which have bulbs1 tubers1 or perennial roots1 we have the large1 woody plants which live many years and so perpetuate themselves1 not only as individuals the same as plants with perennial roots2 but they1 too1 as a rule1 produce seed for the multiplication of their kind4 #aai ,illustration3 ,pinkster ,flower--,it shows its pink flowers in rocky woods and thickets during spring4 ,illustration3 ,white ,pine--,common evergreen tree of the ,northeastern states4 ,needle-like leaves in bundles of five4 ,illustration3 ,butterfly ,weed--,the bright1 orange colored flowers are conspicuous in dry meadows from ,june to ,september4 ,illustration3 ,poison ,ivy--,can be distinguished from the harmless woodbine by its three-lobed leaves4 #abj continued ,the agencies which serve to spread plants about over the earth's surface are very varied and interesting4 ,nature has provided seeds with many appendages which assist in their dispersal4 ,some seeds have wings1 and some parachutes to take advantage of the wind4 ,some seeds are provided with hooks and stickers by which they become attached to the fur of animals and are in this way enabled to steal a free ride4 ,other seeds are provided with edible coverings which attract birds1 but the seeds themselves are hard and not digestible2 the fruit is eaten and the seeds rejected and so plants are scattered4 ,besides these methods of perpetuation and dispersal1 some plants are perpetuated as well as dispersed by vegetative reproduction1 i4 e41 by cuttings as in the case of willows2 by runners as in the case of the strawberry2 and by stolons as with the black raspberry4 7,for further information on this point see ,bailey's ,lessons with ,plants47 ,some plant characteristics1 however1 of greatest interest to the scout may be enumerated4 ,plants not only mark zones1 but they indicate soils with certain characteristics1 and the crop wise say that the soil on which chestnut abounds is suitable for buckwheat or peaches4 ,plants also indicate the influence of local conditions such as lakes1 ponds1 or even variations in contour4 ,a knowledge of the local flora of a region will at once tell one whether he is upon a northern or a southern hillside by the plants of the area4 ,the creek bottom will #aba abound with species not to be found on the hillsides1 but species common to both plain and mountain will mark the progress of the season up the slope4 ,in the north temperate zone the moss if any will be found growing upon the north side of the tree trunk4 ,each hundred feet of elevation in a given latitude makes from one to two days difference in time of blooming of plants4 ,the character of the vegetation of a region is an index to its climate4 ,certain plants are adapted to frigid regions1 others to temperate1 and still others to tropical areas4 ,some plants are adapted to humid sections1 while others are admirably adjusted to desert conditions4 ,a knowledge of these differences in plants will be of the greatest value to the scout1 and if this is supplemented by information about the value and uses of the various plant products many hardships can be avoided4 ,many plants produce valuable juices1 gums1 and resins1 while others yield us valuable timber for building and cabinet uses4 ,while it is impossible to even suggest the great variety of plants found within the confines of the ,united ,states1 the following books on botany will be found helpful in each of the different sections for which they are designed4 ,bibliography ,for the botany of the ,northeastern ,united ,states use3 ,new ,manual of ,botany1 #gth ed4 ,asa ,gray4 ,illustrated ,flora of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton and ,hon4 ,addison ,brown4 ,for the botany of the ,southern ,united ,states use3 ,flora of the ,southern ,united ,states4 ,a4 ,w4 ,chapman4 ,southern ,wild ,flowers and ,trees4 ,alice ,lounsberry4 ,for the ,botany of the ,rocky ,mountain region use3 ,new ,manual of ,botany of the ,central ,rocky ,mountains4 ,john ,m4 ,coulter2 ,revised by ,aven ,nelson4 ,rocky ,mountain ,wild ,flower ,studies4 ,burton ,o4 ,longyear4 ,the ,trees of ,california4 ,willis ,linn ,jepson4 ,for general information regarding the shrubby plants of the ,united ,states use3 ,our ,shrubs of the ,united ,states4 ,austin ,c4 ,apgar4 ,our ,northern ,shrubs4 ,harriet ,louise ,keeler4 ,for the wild flowers outside of those already mentioned for the ,southern ,united ,states and the ,rocky ,mountain region use3 ,our ,garden ,flowers4 ,harriet ,louise ,keeler4 ,how to ,know the ,wild ,flowers4 ,frances ,theodora ,parsons4 ,field ,book of ,american ,wild ,flowers4 ,f4 ,schuyler ,mathews4 #abb ,for the ferns and grasses it will be found worth while to consult3 ,how to ,know the ,ferns4 ,frances ,theodora ,parsons4 ,the ,fern ,collector's ,guide4 ,willard ,nelson ,clute4 ,new ,england ,ferns and ,their ,common ,allies4 ,helen ,eastman4 ,the ,grasses1 ,sedges1 and ,rushes of the ,north ,united ,states4 ,edward ,knobel4 ,for the study of the monarchs of our forests the following books will all be found exceedingly useful3 ,manual of the ,trees of ,north ,america4 ,charles ,sprague ,sargent4 ,trees of the ,northern ,united ,states4 ,austin ,c4 ,apgar4 ,handbook of the ,trees of the ,northern ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,romeyn ,beck ,hough4 ,north ,american ,trees4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton4 ,familiar ,trees and ,their ,leaves4 #aiaa4 ,f4 ,schuyler ,mathews4 ,besides these1 several states have issued through their state experiment stations bulletins dealing with the local plant inhabitants4 ,in some instances these publications cover forest trees1 grasses1 and shrubs1 either native or introduced4 ,several of the educational institutions1 as well as the experiment stations1 now regularly issue nature study leaflets or bulletins which treat of popular subjects of interest in connection with outdoor things4 ,it would be well to write the state experiment station in your state for literature of this nature4 ,,mushrooms1 ,,fungi1 ,,or ,,toadstools ,by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 ,chief ,scout ,revised by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,curtis ,there are thousands of different kinds of toadstools or mushrooms in the world2 most of them are good to eat1 yet all have a bad reputation1 because some are deadly poisonous4 ,false tests4 ,first of all let us dispose of some ancient false tests that have led many into disaster4 ,cooking or otherwise trying with silver proves absolutely nothing4 ,it is believed by many that the poisonous mushrooms turn silver black4 ,some do2 some do not2 and some eatable ones do4 ,there is nothing in it4 ,bright colors on the cap also mean nothing2 many gorgeous toadstools are wholesome food4 ,but the color of the pores #abc means a great deal1 and this is determined by laying the fungus cap gills down on gray paper for six or eight hours under a glass4 ,illustration3 ,moose horn clavaria4 ,illustration3 ,spindle clavaria4 ,illustration3 ,club clavaria4 ,illustration3 ,golden clavaria4 ,poisonous ,toadstools ,of all the poisonous kinds the deadliest are the ,amanitas4 ,not only are they widespread and abundant1 but they are unhappily much like the ordinary table mushrooms4 ,they have however one or two strong marks3 ,their stalk always grows out of a poison cup which shows either as a cup or as a bulb2 they have white or yellow gills1 and white spores4 ,the worst of these are3 ,deathcup1 ,destroying ,angel1 ,sure-death1 or ,deadly ,amanita 7,amanita phalloides7 ,one and one half to five inches across the cup2 three to seven inches high2 white1 green1 yellowish olive1 or grayish brown2 #abd smooth but sticky when moist2 gills white2 spores white2 on the stem is an annulus or ring just below the cap4 ,fly ,amanita 7,amanita muscaria7 ,about the same size2 mostly yellow1 but ranging from orange red to or almost white2 usually with raised white spots or scales on the top2 gills white or tinged yellow2 spores white2 flesh white4 ,hated ,amanita 7,amanita spreta7 ,four to six inches high2 cap three to five inches across2 white1 tinged with brown in places especially in the middle of the cap1 where it has sometimes a bump4 ,illustration3 ,deadly amanita ,illustration3 ,fly amanita ,illustration3 ,hated amanita ,there are over a score more of amanitas varying in size and color1 but all have the general style of mushrooms1 and the label marks of poison1 viz41 white or yellow gills1 a poison cup1 and white spores4 ,emetic ,russula 7,russula emetica7 ,in a less degree this russula is poisonous4 ,it is a short-stemmed mushroom1 two to four inches high1 about the size of the ,fly ,amanita2 its cap is rosy red1 pinkish when young1 dark red when older1 fading to straw color in age2 its gills and spores white4 ,its peppery taste when raw is a fair notice of danger4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning3 ,vomiting and purging1 the discharge from the bowels being watery with small flakes suspended #abe and sometimes containing blood1 cramps in the extremities4 ,the pulse is very slow and strong at first but later weak and rapid1 sometimes sweat and saliva pour out4 ,dizziness1 faintness1 and blindness1 the skin clammy1 cold1 and bluish1 or livid2 temperature low with dreadful tetanic convulsions1 and finally stupor4 ,remedy3 ,take an emetic at once1 and send for a physician with instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulphate4 ,the dose is #a_/ahj of a grain1 and doses should be continued heroically until #a_/bj of a grain is administered1 or until1 in the physician's opinion1 a proper quantity has been injected4 ,where the victim is critically ill1 the #a_/bj of a grain may be administered4 7,mc,illvaine ,macadam47 ,illustration3 ,emetic russula3 russula emetica 7after ,marshall7 ,illustration3 ,mushrooms ,,wholesome ,,toadstools ,,important ,,note4--,experimenting with mushrooms is dangerous2 it is better not to eat them unless gathered under expert direction4 ,the ,common ,mushroom 7,agaricus campestris7 ,known at once by its general shape and smell1 its pink or brown gills1 white flesh1 brown spores and solid stem4 ,coprinus ,also belonging to the gilled or true mushroom family are the ink-caps of the genus4 ,they grow on dung piles and rich ground4 ,they spring up over night and perish in a day4 ,in the last stage the gills turn as black as ink4 ,inky ,coprinus 7,coprinus atramentarius7 ,this is the species illustrated4 ,the example was from the woods2 often it is less tall and graceful4 ,the cap is one inch #abf to three inches in diameter1 grayish or grayish brown1 sometimes tinged lead color4 ,wash and stew3 ,stew or bake from twenty to thirty minutes after thorough washing1 being the recognized mode4 ,all the ,clavarias or ,coral ,mushrooms are good except ,clavaria dichotoma which is white1 and has its branches divided in pairs at each fork4 ,it grows on the ground under beeches and is slightly poisonous2 it is rare4 ,the ,delicious ,morel 7,morchella deliciosa7 ,one and a half to three inches high2 greenish with brown hollows4 ,there are several kindred species of various colors4 ,this is known by the cylindrical shape of its cap4 ,wash1 slice1 and stew4 ,illustration3 ,inky coprinus ,illustration3 ,morel ,puffballs 7,lycoperdaceae7 ,the next important and safe group are the puffballs before they begin to puff4 ,all our puffballs when young and solid white inside are good1 wholesome food4 ,some of them1 like the brain puffball or the giant puffball1 are occasionally a foot in diameter1 and yield flesh enough to feed a dozen persons4 ,illustration3 ,brain puffball ,illustration3 ,pear puffball ,illustration3 ,cup puffball ,they are well known to all who live in the country1 their smooth rounded exterior1 without special features except the #abg roots1 and their solid white interior are easily remembered4 ,peel1 slice1 and fry4 ,bibliography ,the following are standard and beautifully illustrated works on mushrooms and toadstools4 ,they have been freely used for guidance and illustrations in the preparation of the above3 ,edible ,fungi of ,new ,york4 ,by ,charles ,h4 ,peck4 ,published by ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 ,albany1 #aijj4 ,the ,mushroom ,book4 ,by ,nina ,l4 ,marshall4 ,published #aijb at ,new ,york by ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 #c4ej4 ,one ,thousand ,american ,fungi4 ,by ,mc,illvaine and ,macadam4 ,published by the ,bobbs-,merrill ,company of ,indianapolis1 #aijb4 #c4jj4 ,add #dj cents express4 ,mushrooms4 ,g4 ,f4 ,atkinson4 ,holt ,co4 ,the ,mushroom4 ,m4 ,e4 ,hard4 ,the ,ohio ,library ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,,common ,,north ,,american ,,trees ,white ,pine 7,pinus strobus7 ,a noble evergreen tree1 up to #age feet high4 ,this is the famous pine of ,new ,england1 the lumberman's prize4 ,its leaves are in bunches of five1 and are #c to #e inches long2 cones #d to #f inches long4 ,wood pale1 soft1 straight-grained1 easily split4 ,newfoundland to ,manitoba and south to ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,white pine ,illustration3 ,hemlock ,illustration3 ,red cedar #abh ,there are many different kinds of pines4 ,they are best distinguished by their cones4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga ,canadensis7 ,evergreen4 ,sixty to seventy feet high4 ,wood pale1 soft1 coarse1 splintery1 not durable4 ,bark full of tannin4 ,leaves #a_/b to #c_/d inches long2 cones about the same4 ,its knots are so hard that they quickly turn the edge of an axe or gap it as a stone might2 these are probably the hardest vegetable growth in our woods4 ,its topmost twig usually points easterly4 ,nova ,scotia to ,minnesota1 south to ,delaware and ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,cottonwood ,illustration3 ,shagbark ,illustration3 ,walnut ,red ,cedar 7,juniperus ,virginiana7 ,evergreen4 ,any height up to #ajj feet4 ,wood1 heart a beautiful bright red2 sap wood nearly white2 soft1 weak1 but extremely durable as posts1 etc4 ,makes a good bow4 ,the tiny scale-like leaves are #c to #f to the inch2 the berry-like cones are light blue and #a_/d of an inch in diameter4 ,it is found in dry places from ,nova ,scotia to ,florida and west to ,british ,columbia4 ,cottonwood 7,populus deltoides7 ,small and rare in the ,northeast1 but abundant and large #abi in ,west2 even #aej feet high4 ,leaves #c to #f inches long4 ,found from ,quebec to ,florida and west to the mountains4 ,shagbark or ,white ,hickory 7,hicoria ovata7 ,a tall forest tree up to #abj feet high4 ,known at once by the great angular slabs of bark hanging partly detached from its main trunk1 forced off by the growth of wood1 but too tough to fall4 ,its leaves are #h to #ad inches long1 with #e to #g broad leaflets4 ,black ,walnut 7,juglans nigra7 ,a magnificent forest tree up to #aej feet high4 ,wood1 a dark purplish-brown or gray2 hard1 close-grained1 strong1 very durable in weather or ground work1 and heavy2 fruit round1 #a-c_/d inches through4 ,leaflets #ac to #bc1 and #c to #e inches long4 ,found from ,canada to the ,gulf4 ,white ,walnut or ,butternut 7,juglans cinerea7 ,a much smaller tree than the last1 rarely #ajj feet high1 with much smoother bark1 leaves similar but larger and coarser1 compound of fewer leaflets1 but the leaflet stalks and the new twigs are covered with sticky down4 ,leaves #ae to #cj inches long1 leaflets #aa to #ai in number and #c to #e inches long2 fruit oblong1 #b to #c inches long4 ,new ,brunswick and ,dakota and south to ,mississippi4 ,common ,birch or ,aspen-leaved ,birch 7,betula populifolia7 ,a small tree on dry and poor soil1 rarely #ej feet high4 ,wood soft1 close-grained1 not strong1 splits in drying1 useless for weather or ground work4 ,a cubic foot weighs #cf pounds4 ,leaves #b to #c inches long4 ,it has a black triangular scar at each armpit4 ,the canoe birch is without these black marks4 ,new ,brunswick to ,ontario to ,pennsylvania and ,delaware4 ,black ,birch1 ,sweet ,birch1 or ,mahogany ,birch 7,betula lenta7 ,the largest of the birches2 a great tree1 in ,northern forests up to #hj feet high4 ,the bark is scarcely birchy1 rather like that of #acj cherry1 very dark1 and aromatic4 ,leaves #b-a_/b to #f inches long4 ,newfoundland to ,western ,ontario and south to ,tennessee4 ,illustration3 ,ashen-leaved birch ,illustration3 ,black birch ,illustration3 ,beech ,beech 7,fagus ,americana7 ,in all ,north ,america there is but one species of beech4 ,it is a noble forest tree1 #gj to #hj and occasionally #abj feet high1 readily distinguished by its smooth1 ashy-gray bark4 ,leaves #c to #d inches long4 ,it shares with hickory and sugar maple the honor of being a perfect firewood4 ,nova ,scotia to ,wisconsin1 south to ,florida and ,texas4 ,chestnut 7,castanea dentata7 ,a noble tree1 #fj to #hj or even #ajj feet high4 ,the most delicious of nuts4 ,leaves #f to #h inches long4 ,maine to ,michigan and south to ,tennessee4 ,red ,oak 7,quercus rubra7 ,a fine forest tree1 #gj to #hj or even #adj feet high4 ,hard1 strong1 coarse-grained1 heavy4 ,it checks1 warps1 and does not stand for weather or ground work4 ,the acorn takes two #aca seasons to ripen4 ,leaves #d to #h inches long4 ,nova ,scotia to ,minnesota1 south to ,texas and ,florida4 ,white ,oak 7,quercus alba7 ,a grand forest tree1 over #ajj up to #aej feet high4 ,wood pale1 strong1 tough1 fine-grained1 durable and heavy1 valuable timber4 ,called white from pale color of bark and wood4 ,leaves #e to #i inches long4 ,acorns ripen in one season4 ,maine to ,minnesota1 ,florida and ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,chestnut ,illustration3 ,red oak ,illustration3 ,white oak ,white ,elm or ,swamp ,elm 7,ulmus ,americana7 ,a tall1 splendid forest tree1 commonly #ajj1 occasionally #abj feet high4 ,wood reddish-brown1 hard1 strong1 tough1 very hard to split1 coarse1 heavy4 ,soon rots near the ground4 ,leaves #b to #e inches long4 ,flowers in early spring before leafing4 ,abundant1 ,newfoundland and ,manitoba to ,texas4 ,sycamore1 ,plane ,tree1 ,buttonball or ,buttonwood 7,platanus occidentalis7 ,one of the largest of our trees2 up to #adj feet high2 commonly hollow4 ,little use for weather work4 ,famous for shedding #acb its bark as well as its leaves2 leaves #d to #i inches long4 ,canada to ,gulf4 ,black or ,yellow ,locust1 ,silver ,chain 7,robinia pseudacacia7 ,a tall forest tree up to #hj feet high2 leaves #h to #ad inches long2 leaflets #i to #ai1 #a to #b inches long1 pods #b to #d inches long1 #d to #g seeded4 ,this is the common locust so often seen about old lawns4 ,illustration3 ,white elm ,illustration3 ,sycamore ,illustration3 ,black locust ,red1 ,scarlet1 ,water1 or ,swamp ,maple 7,acer rubrum7 ,a fine1 tall tree1 often over #ajj feet high4 ,noted for its flaming crimson foliage in fall1 as well as its red leaf stalks1 flowers1 and fruit1 earlier4 ,leaves #b to #f inches long4 ,like all the maples it produces sugar1 though in this case not much4 ,western ,north ,america4 ,the sugar maple is a larger1 finer tree4 ,illustration3 ,red maple ,illustration3 ,white ash ,white ,ash 7,fraxinus ,americana7 ,a fine tree on moist soil4 ,seventy to #hj or even #acj feet high4 ,yellow in autumn2 noted for being last to leaf and first #acc to shed in the forest4 ,called white for the silvery under sides of the leaves2 these are #h to #ab inches long1 each leaflet #c to #f inches long4 ,nova ,scotia to ,texas4 ,for a full unbotanical account of one hundred and twenty of our finest trees with their uses as wood1 their properties1 and the curious and interesting things about them see3 ,the ,forester's ,manual3 or ,forest ,trees ,that ,every ,scout ,should ,know4 ,by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 ,,native ,,wild ,,animals ,every scout ought to know the principal wild animals that are found in ,north ,america4 ,he need not know them as a naturalist1 but as a hunter1 as a camper4 ,here is a brief account of twenty-four of them1 and those who wish to know more will find the fullest possible account in ,life ,histories of ,north ,america1 by ,e4 ,t4 ,seton4 7,scribners1 #aiji47 ,these two volumes are found in all large libraries4 ,illustration3 ,elk ,elk or ,wapiti 7,cervus canadensis7 ,this is smaller than the moose4 ,it stands four to five feet at the shoulder and weighs four hundred to eight hundred pounds4 ,it is known by its rounded horns and the patch of yellowish-white on the rump and tail4 ,at one time this splendid animal was found throughout temperate ,america from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 north to ,massachusetts1 the ,ottawa ,river1 the ,peace ,river1 and ,british ,columbia2 and south to ,georgia1 ,texas1 and southern ,california4 ,it is now exterminated except in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 ,alberta2 ,vancouver ,island1 ,washington1 ,wyoming and a few localities in the mountain states and in parks where it has been reintroduced4 #acd ,the elk of ,washington is very dark in color2 that of the ,southwest is very pale and small4 ,white-tailed ,deer 7,odocoileus virginianus7 ,this is the best known of the common deer of ,america4 ,it is distinguished by the forward bend of the horns1 with the snags pointing backward1 and by its long tail which is brown or blackish above and pure white below4 ,its face is gray1 its throat white4 ,a fair sized buck weighs two hundred pounds1 live weight4 ,a few have been taken of over three hundred and fifty pounds weight4 ,in the ,southern states they run much smaller4 ,several varieties have been described4 ,it was found formerly in all of the timber states east of the ,rockies2 also in ,ontario south of ,lake ,nipissing1 in south ,quebec and south ,new ,brunswick4 ,at present it is exterminated in the highly cultivated states of the ,middle ,west1 but has spread into northern ,ontario1 ,new ,brunswick1 and ,manitoba4 ,illustration3 ,white-tailed deer ,illustration3 ,mule deer ,illustration3 ,moose ,mule ,deer 7,odocoileus hemionus7 ,this is the commonest deer of the hill country in the centre of the continent4 ,it is found in the mountains from ,mexico to ,british ,columbia and northeasterly ,saskatchewan and the ,lake of the ,woods4 ,it is known by its #ace double-forked horns1 its large ears1 the dark patch on the forehead1 the rest of the face being whitish4 ,also by its tail which is white with a black bunch on the end4 ,this is a larger deer than the ,white-tail4 ,there are several varieties of it in the ,south and ,west4 ,moose 7,alces americanus7 ,this is the largest of the deer tribe4 ,it stands five and a half to six and a half feet at the withers and weighs eight hundred to one thousand pounds4 ,it is readily distinguished by its flat horns and pendulous1 hairy muzzle4 ,it is found in all the heavily timbered regions of ,canada and ,alaska and enters the ,united ,states in ,maine1 ,adirondacks1 ,minnesota1 ,montana1 ,idaho1 and northwestern ,wyoming4 ,those from ,alaska are of gigantic stature4 ,in all our deer the antlers are grown and shed each year1 reaching perfection in autumn for the mating season4 ,they are found in the males only1 except in the caribou1 in which species the females also have small horns4 ,illustration3 ,antelope ,antelope 7,antilocapra americana7 ,the antelope is famous as the swiftest quadruped native in ,america4 ,it is a small creature1 less than a common deer2 a fair-sized buck weighs about one hundred pounds4 ,it is known by its rich buff color with pure white patches1 by having only two hoofs on each foot1 and by the horns which are of true horn1 like those of a goat1 but have a snag or branch and are shed each year4 ,in the female the horns are little points about an inch long4 ,formerly the antelope abounded on all the high plains from ,manitoba to ,mexico and west to ,oregon and ,california4 ,it is now reduced to a few straggling bands in the central and wildest parts of the region4 ,mountain ,goat 7,oreamnos montanus7 ,the mountain goat is known at once by its pure white coat of wool and hair1 its black horns1 and peculiar shape4 ,it is #acf above the size of a common deer2 that is1 a full grown male weighs two hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds2 the female a third less4 ,it is famous for its wonderful power as a rock climber and mountaineer4 ,it is found in the higher ,rockies1 chiefly above timber lines1 from central ,idaho to ,alaska4 ,illustration3 ,goat ,illustration3 ,woodchuck ,illustration3 ,beaver ,woodchuck 7,marmota monax7 ,the common woodchuck is a grizzly brown on the back1 chestnut on the breast1 blackish on the crown and paws1 and whitish on the cheeks4 ,its short ears and bushy tail are important characteristics4 ,it measures about twenty-four inches of which the tail is five and a half inches and weighs five to ten pounds4 ,it is found in all the wooded parts of ,canada from the ,rockies to the ,atlantic and south in the eastern states to about #dj degrees latitude4 ,beaver 7,castor canadensis7 ,the beaver is known by its great size--weighing from twenty-five to fifty pounds--its chestnut color1 darker on the crown1 its webbed feet1 and its broad1 flat1 naked1 scaly tail4 ,the pelt of this animal is a valuable fur4 ,the creature is famous for building dams and digging canals4 ,it was found wherever there was water and timber in ,north ,america north of ,mexico1 but is now exterminated in most highly settled regions4 ,muskrat 7,fiber zibethicus7 ,the muskrat is about the size of a cat2 that is1 it is twenty-one inches long1 of which the tail is ten inches4 ,in color it somewhat resembles the beaver1 but its feet are not conspicuously webbed1 its tail is long and flattened vertically1 not #acg horizontally4 ,this abundant animal is found throughout ,north ,america within the limit of trees wherever there is fresh water4 ,it is the most abundant fur on the market4 ,illustration3 ,muskrat ,illustration3 ,black-tailed jack rabbit ,jack ,rabbit 7,lepus ,californicus7 ,the jack-rabbit1 famous for its speed and its ears1 is known by its size1 which about doubles that of a common rabbit and the jet black stripe running from its back into its tail4 ,it is found on the plains from ,nebraska to ,oregon and south to ,mexico4 ,there are several different varieties4 ,cottontail 7,sylvilagus floridanus7 ,the common eastern cottontail is known from the snowshoe by its smaller feet and its much larger1 longer tail1 which is gray above1 and snow-white underneath4 ,sometimes the common tame rabbit resembles the cottontail in general color1 but the latter has the top of its tail black4 ,the cottontails do not turn white in winter4 ,they are found in most parts of the ,united ,states1 entering ,canada only in the ,ontario peninsula and southern ,saskatchewan4 ,illustration3 ,cottontail ,cougar or ,panther 7,felis couguar7 ,the cougar has been called the ,american lion2 it is the largest cat in the western world except the jaguar or ,american #ach tiger4 ,it is known by its unspotted brown coat1 its long1 heavy tail1 and its size4 ,a male cougar weighs one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds2 a few have been taken over that4 ,the females are a third smaller4 ,the young in first coat have black spots4 ,the cougar never attacks man but preys on deer1 horses1 calves1 etc4 ,there are several different forms2 one or other of these is 7or was7 found from ,ottawa1 ,minnesota1 and ,vancouver ,island to ,patagonia4 ,illustration3 ,cougar ,illustration3 ,lynx ,illustration3 ,wild cat or bob cat ,wild ,cat or ,bob ,cat 7,lynx rufus7 ,this is somewhat like the ,canada lynx but is more spotted1 has smaller feet1 and the tail has several dark bars above and is pure white on the under side of the tip4 ,there are several species of bob cats2 they cover the timbered states and enter ,canada in ,ontario1 going north to ,lake ,simcoe4 ,fox 7,vulpes fulvus7 ,the fox is about four feet from snout to tail tip2 of this the tail is sixteen inches or more2 it stands about fifteen inches at the shoulder4 ,it rarely weighs over fifteen pounds and sometimes barely ten4 ,the fox is known by its bright1 sandy-red coat1 black ears and paws1 its white throat1 and the white tip at the end of the tail4 ,at a distance the fox's ears and tail look very large4 ,the silver or black fox is a mere color freak with black coat and white tail tip4 ,red foxes are found throughout the heavily timbered parts of ,north ,america north of latitude thirty-five degrees4 ,gray ,wolf 7,canis occidentalis7 ,the wolf is simply a big wild dog with exceptionally strong jaws and general gray color1 becoming dirty white on the under part4 ,the wolf is found in all parts of ,north ,america1 except where settlement has driven it out1 and varies in color with locality4 ,the ,florida wolves are black1 ,texan wolves are reddish1 and ,arctic wolves are white4 ,wolves weigh from #aci seventy-five to one hundred and twenty pounds and are distinguishable from coyotes by the heavy muzzle and jaws1 greater size1 and comparatively small tail1 which is often held aloft4 ,wolves nowadays rarely molest man4 ,coyote 7,canis latrans7 ,the common coyote is like a small and delicate edition of the gray wolf4 ,it is much smaller1 weighing only twenty to thirty pounds1 and is distinguished by its sharp1 fox-like muzzle and large bushy tail1 which is rarely raised to the level4 ,in color it is much like the ordinary gray wolf but usually more tinged with yellow4 ,it is found in all the interior country from ,wisconsin to ,oregon and from ,mexico to ,great ,slave ,lake4 ,there are several different varieties4 ,it never attacks man4 ,otter 7,lutra canadensis7 ,the otter is a large water weasel with close1 dense1 shiny fur and webbed feet4 ,it is known by its color--dark brown above shaded into dark gray below and white on the cheeks without any markings--and by its size4 ,it is about forty inches long and weighs about twenty pounds4 ,it is found throughout ,north ,america within the limit of trees4 ,its fur is very valuable4 ,it feeds on fish4 ,illustration3 ,otter ,illustration3 ,weasel ,weasel 7,putorius noveboracensis7 ,the common weasel of ,new ,england is about the size of a big rat2 that is1 it is sixteen inches long and all brown with the exception of white chin1 throat1 breast1 and paws1 and black tip to the tail4 ,in winter it turns white except the tail tip2 that does not change4 ,the whole continent is inhabited by weasels of one kind or another4 ,to the north there is a smaller kind with shorter tail2 on the prairies a large kind with a very long tail2 but all are of the same general style and habits4 ,a very small one1 #adj the least weasel1 is only six inches long4 ,it is found chiefly in ,canada4 ,mink 7,putorius vison7 ,the mink is simply a water weasel4 ,it is known by its size1 larger than that of a common weasel1 as it is twenty-four inches long of which the tail is seven inches2 also by its deep brown color all over except the throat and chin which are pure white4 ,its fur is brown1 harder and glossier than that of the marten1 and worth about a quarter as much4 ,it does not turn white in the winter4 ,one form or another of mink is found over all the unarid parts of ,north ,america from the north limit of trees to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,mink ,illustration3 ,skunk ,illustration3 ,badger ,skunk 7,mephitis mephitica7 ,the skunk is known at once by its black coat with white stripes1 its immense bushy tail tipped with white1 and its size1 nearly that of a cat4 ,it weighs three to seven pounds4 ,it ranges from ,virginia to ,hudson ,bay4 ,in the ,northwest is a larger kind weighing twice as much and with black tip to tail4 ,various kinds range over the continent south of latitude #ee degrees4 ,it is harmless and beautiful4 ,the smell gun for which it is famous is a liquid musk2 this is never used except in the extreme of self-defence4 ,badger 7,taxidea taxus7 ,the common badger is known by its general whitish-gray color1 the black and white markings on the head1 the black paws1 and the strong claws for digging4 ,it weighs from twelve to twenty-two pounds4 ,that is1 it is about the size of a 'coon4 #ada ,it is found in all the prairie and plains country from the ,saskatchewan ,valley to ,mexico and from ,wisconsin to the ,pacific4 ,raccoon 7,procyon lotor7 ,the 'coon looks like a small gray bear with a bushy ringed tail and a large black patch on each eye4 ,its paws look like hands1 and it has the full number of five fingers or toes on each extremity4 ,it is found in all wooded regions from ,manitoba south to ,mexico and from ,atlantic to ,pacific1 except the desert and ,rocky ,mountain region4 ,illustration3 ,racoon ,illustration3 ,opossum ,illustration3 ,gray ,squirrel ,opossum 7,didelphis marsupialis7 ,the opossum is famous for carrying its young in a pouch in front of the body4 ,it may be known by its dirty-white woolly fur1 its long1 naked1 prehensile tail1 its hand-like paws1 its white face and sharp muzzle1 and the naked pink and blue ears4 ,in size it resembles a cat4 ,the 'possum is found from ,connecticut to ,florida and westerly to ,california4 ,gray-squirrel 7,sciurus carolinensis7 ,america is particularly rich in squirrels4 ,not counting ground-squirrels or chipmunks1 we have over seventy-five different forms on this continent4 ,the widest spread is probably the red-squirrel2 but the best known in the ,united ,states is the common gray-squirrel4 ,its gray coat white breast1 and immense #adb bushy tail are familiar to all eastern children4 ,it is found in most of the hardwood timber east of the ,mississippi and south of the ,ottawa ,river and the ,state of ,maine4 ,most of the nut trees in the woods of this region were planted by the gray-squirrel4 ,black ,bear 7,ursus americanus7 ,this is the common bear of ,america4 ,it is known at once by its jet black color and brown nose4 ,its claws are short1 rarely over an inch long1 and curved1 serving better as climbers than do the long claws of the grizzly4 ,two hundred pounds would be a good sized female1 three hundred a male2 but ,florida black bears have been taken weighing five hundred pounds4 ,sometimes freaks with cinnamon-brown coats are found4 ,this bear is found throughout ,north ,america wherever there is timber4 ,,notes #adc ,notes #add ,notes #ade ,,chapter ,,iii ,,campcraft 7,in treating of camping there has been an intentional omission of the long-term camp4 ,this is treated extensively in the books of reference given at the close of this chapter47 ,hiking and ,over-night ,camp ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,gibson1 ,boys' ,work ,secretary1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island ,several things should be remembered when going on a hike3 ,first1 avoid long distances4 ,a foot-weary1 muscle-tired and temper-tried1 hungry group of boys is surely not desirable4 ,there are a lot of false notions about courage and bravery and grit that read well in print1 but fail miserably in practice1 and long hikes for boys is one of the most glaring of these notions4 ,second1 have a leader who will set a good easy pace1 say two or three miles an hour1 prevent the boys from excessive water drinking1 and assign the duties of pitching camp1 etc4 ,third1 observe these two rules given by an old woodsman3 7#a7 ,never walk over anything you can walk around2 7#b7 never step on anything that you can step over4 ,every time you step on anything you lift the weight of your body4 ,why lift extra weight when tramping8 ,fourth1 carry with you only the things absolutely needed1 rolled in blankets1 poncho army style4 ,before starting on a hike1 study carefully the road maps1 and take them with you on the walk for frequent reference4 ,the best maps are those of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 costing five cents each4 ,the map is published in atlas sheets1 each sheet representing a small1 quadrangular district4 ,send to the superintendent of documents at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for a list4 ,for tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe1 or the trip will be a miserable failure4 ,a light-soled or a light-built shoe is not suited for mountain work or even for an ordinary hike4 ,the feet will blister and become road weary4 ,the shoe must be neither too big1 too small1 nor too heavy1 and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of room4 ,the shoe should be water-tight4 ,a medium weight1 high-topped lace shoe is about right4 ,bathing the feet at the springs and streams along the road will be refreshing1 if not indulged in too frequently4 #adf ,see ,chapter on ,health and ,endurance for care of the feet and proper way of walking4 ,it is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the sleeves tied around the neck4 ,change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet with perspiration4 ,the most practical and inexpensive pack is the one made for the ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 7,price #fj cents47 ,it is about #ad x #bj inches square1 and #f inches thick1 made of water-proof canvas with shoulder-straps1 and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip4 ,a few simple remedies for bruises1 cuts1 etc41 should be taken along by the leader4 ,you may not need them and some may poke fun at them1 but1 as the old lady said1 ,you can't always sometimes tell4 ,the amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the locality and habitation4 ,the ,lean-to ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,frame of lean-to ,reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time to build your lean-to1 and make your bed for #adg the night4 ,select your camping spot with reference to water1 wood1 drainage1 and material for your lean-to4 ,choose a dry1 level place1 the ground just sloping enough to insure the water running away from your lean-to in case of rain4 ,in building your lean-to look for a couple of good trees standing from eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight feet above the ground4 ,by studying the illustration 7,no4 #a7 you will be able to build a very serviceable shack1 affording protection from the dews and rain4 ,while two or more boys are building the shack1 another should be gathering firewood and preparing the meal1 while another should be cutting and bringing in as many soft1 thick tips of trees as possible1 for the roof of the shack and the beds4 ,how to thatch the lean-to is shown in illustration ,no4 #b4 ,if the camp site is to be used for several days1 two lean-tos may be built facing each other1 about six feet apart4 ,this will make a very comfortable camp1 as a small fire can be built between the two thus giving warmth and light4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,method of thatching ,the ,bed ,on the floor of your lean-to lay a thick layer of the fans or branches of a balsam or hemlock1 with the convex side up1 and the butts of the stems toward the foot of the bed4 ,now thatch this over with more fans by thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward the head of the bed1 so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of the bed1 and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of the lean-to and the foot toward the opening4 ,over this bed spread your rubber blankets or ponchos with rubber side down1 your sleeping blanket on top1 and you will be surprised how soft1 springy1 and fragrant a bed you have1 upon which to rest your weary frame and sing with the poet3 ,then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby1 ,and trickle the white moonbeams ,to my face on the balsam where ,i lie ,while the owl hoots at my dreams4 --,j4 ,george ,frederick4 #adh ,hot-,stone ,wrinkle ,if the night bids fair to be cold1 place a number of stones about six or eight inches in diameter near the fire1 so that they will get hot4 ,these can then be placed at the feet1 back1 etc41 as needed1 and will be found good bed warmers4 ,when a stone loses its heat1 it is replaced near the fire and a hot one taken4 ,if too hot1 wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater or wait for it to cool off4 ,boys desire adventure4 ,this desire may be gratified by the establishment of night watchers in relays of two boys each1 every two hours4 ,their imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction of the camp-fire and the sound of the creatures that creep at night4 ,observation ,practice ,many boys have excellent eyes1 but see not1 and good ears but hear not1 all because they have not been trained to observe or to hear quickly4 ,a good method of teaching observation while on a hike or tramp is to have each boy jot down in a small note-book or diary of the trip1 the different kinds of trees1 birds1 animals1 tracks1 nature of roads1 fences1 peculiar rock formation1 smells of plants1 etc41 and thus be able to tell what he saw or heard to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his home4 ,camera ,snap ,shots ,one of the party should take a small folding camera4 ,photographs of the trip are always of great pleasure and memory revivers4 ,a practical and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras represents an ordinary belt to which a strap with a buckle has been attached1 which is run through the loops at the back of the camera case4 ,the camera may be pushed around the belt to the point where it will be least in the way4 ,camp ,lamp ,a very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the ,baldwin ,camp ,lamp made by ,john ,simmons ,co41 #ac ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,it weighs only five ounces when full2 is charged with carbide and is but #d-c_/d inches high4 ,it projects a strong light #aej feet through the woods4 ,a stiff wind will not blow it out4 ,it can be worn comfortably in your hat or belt4 ,handy ,articles ,a boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things4 ,a good drinking cup may be made from a piece of bark cut #adi in parallelogram shape twisted into pyramid form and fastened with a split stick4 ,a flat piece of bark may serve as a plate4 ,a pot lifter may be made from a green stick about #ah inches long1 allowing a few inches of a stout branch to remain4 ,by reversing the same kind of stick and driving a small nail near the other end or cutting a notch in it1 it may be used to suspend a kettle over a fire4 ,a novel candlestick is made by opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree2 upon the other upturned blade put a candle4 ,a green stick having a split which will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an excellent broiler4 ,don't pierce the bread or meat4 ,driving a good-sized stake into the ground at an angle of #de degrees and cutting a notch on which may be suspended a kettle over a fire will provide a way of boiling water quickly4 ,building the ,fireplace ,take two or three stones and build a fireplace1 a stick first shaved and then whittled for shavings1 a lighted match1 a little blaze1 some bark and dry twigs added1 a few small sticks1 place the griddle over the fire and you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle-cakes4 ,after the cakes are cooked1 fry slices of bacon upon the griddle2 in the surplus fat fry slices of bread1 then some thinly sliced raw potatoes done to a delicious brown4 ,here is a breakfast capable of making the mouth of a camper water4 ,another way3 ,place the green logs side by side1 closer together at one end than the other4 ,build the fire between4 ,on the logs over the fire you can rest a frying-pan1 kettle1 etc4 ,to start the fire have some light1 dry wood split up fine4 ,when sticks begin to blaze1 add a few more of larger size and continue until you have a good fire4 ,to prevent the re-kindling of the fire after it is apparently out1 pour water over it and soak the earth for the space of two or three feet around it4 ,this is very important1 for many forest fires have started through failure to observe this caution4 ,,cooking ,,receipts ,cooking for ,hikes and ,over-night ,camps ,the following tested receipts are given for those who go on hikes and over-night camps3 ,griddle-cakes ,beat one egg1 tablespoonful of sugar1 one cup diluted condensed milk or new milk4 ,mix enough self-raising flour to #aej make a thick cream batter4 ,grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for each batch of cakes4 ,be sure to have the griddle hot4 ,bacon ,slice bacon quite thin2 remove the rind1 which makes slices curl up4 ,fry on griddle or put on a sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals1 or better yet remove the griddle1 and put on a clean1 flat rock in its place4 ,when hot lay the slices of bacon on the rock and broil4 ,keep turning so as to brown on both sides4 ,canned ,salmon on ,toast ,dip slices of stale bread into smoking hot lard4 ,they will brown at once4 ,drain them4 ,heat a pint of salmon1 picked into flakes1 season with salt and pepper and turn in a tablespoonful of melted butter4 ,heat in a pan4 ,stir in one egg1 beaten light1 with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned4 ,pour the mixture on the fried bread4 ,roast ,potatoes ,wash and dry potatoes thoroughly1 bury them deep in a good bed of coals1 cover them with hot coals until well done4 ,it will take about forty minutes for them to bake4 ,then pass a sharpened hard-wood sliver through them from end to end1 and let the steam escape and use immediately as a roast potato soon becomes soggy and bitter4 ,baked ,fresh ,fish ,clean well4 ,small fish should be fried whole with the back bone severed to prevent curling up2 large fish should be cut into pieces1 and ribs loosened from back bone so as to lie flat in pan4 ,rub the pieces in corn meal or powdered crumbs1 thinly and evenly 7that browns them71 fry in plenty of hot fat to a golden brown1 sprinkling lightly with salt just as the color turns4 ,if fish has not been wiped dry it will absorb too much grease4 ,if the frying fat is not very hot when fish are put in1 they will be soggy with it4 ,frogs' ,legs ,first1 after skinning1 soak them an hour in cold water to which vinegar has been added1 or put them for two minutes into scalding water that has vinegar in it4 ,drain1 wipe dry1 and cook4 #aea ,to fry3 roll in flour1 season with salt and pepper1 and fry not too rapidly1 preferably in butter or oil4 ,water-cress is a good relish with them4 ,to griddle3 ,prepare three tablespoonsful melted butter1 one half tablespoonful salt1 and a pinch or two of pepper1 into which dip the frogs' legs1 then roll in fresh bread crumbs and broil for three minutes on each side4 ,eggs ,boiled3 ,have water to boiling point4 ,place eggs in carefully4 ,boil steadily for three minutes if you wish them soft4 ,if wanted hard boiled1 put them in cold water1 bring to a boil1 and keep it up for twenty minutes4 ,the yolk will then be mealy and wholesome4 ,fried3 ,melt some butter or fat in frying-pan2 when it hisses drop in eggs carefully4 ,fry them three minutes4 ,scrambled3 ,first stir the eggs up and after putting some butter in the frying-pan1 stir the eggs in it after adding a little condensed milk4 ,poached3 ,first put in the frying-pan sufficient diluted condensed milk which has been thinned with enough water to float the eggs in1 and let them simmer three or four minutes4 ,serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast1 pouring on enough of the milk to moisten the toast4 ,coffee ,for every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee1 then add one extra4 ,have water come to boiling point first1 add coffee1 hold it just below boiling point for five minutes1 and settle with one fourth of a cup of cold water4 ,serve4 ,some prefer to put the coffee in a small muslin bag loosely tied4 ,cocoa ,allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water4 ,mix the powdered cocoa with water or boiled milk1 with sugar to taste4 ,boil two or three minutes4 ,these receipts have been tried out4 ,biscuit and bread making have been purposely omitted4 ,take bread and crackers with you from camp4 ,amateur biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness4 ,pack butter in small jar3 cocoa1 sugar1 and coffee in small cans or heavy paper2 also salt and pepper4 ,wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent drying up2 #aeb bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper4 ,pickles can be purchased put up in small bottles4 ,use the empty bottle as candle-stick4 ,sample ,menu for an ,over-night ,camp and a ,day ,hike or ,tramp ,breakfast ,griddle-,cakes1 ,fried ,bacon and ,potatoes1 ,bread1 ,coffee1 ,preserves ,dinner ,creamed ,salmon on ,toast1 ,baked ,potatoes1 ,bread1 ,pickles1 ,fruit ,supper ,fried ,eggs1 ,creamed or ,chipped ,beef1 ,cheese1 ,bread1 ,cocoa ,ration ,list for ,six ,boys1 ,three ,meals #b pounds bacon 7sliced thin7 #a pound butter #a dozen eggs #a_/b pound cocoa #a_/b pound coffee #a pound sugar #c cans salmon #bd potatoes #b cans condensed milk #a small package of self-raising flour ,salt and pepper ,utensils ,small griddle ,small stew pan ,small coffee-pot ,large spoon ,plate and cup ,matches and candle4 ,dish ,washing ,first fill the frying-pan with water1 place over the fire1 and let it boil4 ,pour out water and you will find the pan has practically cleaned itself4 ,clean the griddle with sand and water4 ,greasy knives and forks may be cleaned by jabbing #aec them into the ground4 ,after all grease is gotten rid of1 wash in hot water and dry with cloth4 ,don't use the cloth first and get it greasy4 ,leadership ,the most important thing about a camping party is that it should always have the best of leadership4 ,no group of boys should go camping by themselves4 ,the first thing a patrol of scouts should do when it has determined to camp is to insist upon the scout master accompanying the members of the patrol4 ,the reason for this is that there is less likely to be accidents of the kind that will break up your camp and drive you home to the town or city4 ,when the scout master is one of the party1 all of the boys can go in swimming when the proper time comes for such exercise1 and the scout master can stay upon the bank or sit in the boat for the purpose of preventing accidents by drowning4 ,there are also a hundred and one things which will occur in camp when the need of a man's help will show itself4 ,a scout ought to insist on his scout master going to camp4 ,the scout master and patrol leader should be present1 in order to settle the many questions which must of necessity arise1 so that there may be no need of differences or quarrels over disputed points1 which would be sure to spoil the outing4 ,scout ,camp ,program ,in a scout camp there will be a regular daily program1 something similar to the following3 #f3cj ,a4,m4 ,turn out1 bathe1 etc4 #g3jj ,a4,m4 ,breakfast #h3jj ,a4,m4 ,air bedding in sun1 if possible1 and clean camp ground #i3jj ,a4,m4 ,scouting games and practice #aa3jj ,a4,m4 ,swimming #ab3jj ,p4,m4 ,dinner #a3jj ,p4,m4 ,talk by leader #b3jj ,p4,m4 ,water games1 etc4 #f3jj ,p4,m4 ,supper #g3cj ,p4,m4 ,evening council around camp fire4 ,order of ,business #a4 ,opening ,council #b4 ,roll-call #c4 ,record of last council #d4 ,reports of scouts #e4 ,left over business #f4 ,complaints #g4 ,honors #h4 ,new scouts #i4 ,new business #aj4 ,challenges #aa4 ,social doings1 songs1 dances1 stories #ab4 ,closing ,council 7devotional services when desired7 #h3de lights out #aed ,water ,supply ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,a4 ,winslow1 the noted biologist1 is authority for the following statement3 ,the source of danger in water is always human or animal pollution4 ,occasionally we find water which is bad to drink on account of passage through the ground or on account of passage through lead pipes1 but the danger is never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter4 ,if you have to choose between a bright clear stream which may be polluted at some point above and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter1 but which you can inspect all around and find free from contamination1 choose the pond4 ,even in the woods it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely protected and streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply4 ,we have not got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself4 ,it is standing water which purifies itself1 if anything does1 for in stagnation there is much more chance for the disease germs to die out4 ,better than either a pond or stream1 unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their surroundings1 is ground water from a well or spring2 though that again is not necessarily safe4 ,if the well is in good1 sandy soil1 with no cracks or fissures1 even water that has been polluted may be well purified and safe to drink4 ,in a clayey or rocky region1 on the other hand1 contaminating material may travel for a considerable distance under the ground4 ,even if the well is protected below1 a very important point to look after is the pollution from the surface4 ,i believe more cases of typhoid fever from wells are due to surface pollution than to the character of the water itself4 ,there is danger which can1 of course1 be done away with by protection of the well from surface drainage1 by seeing that the surface wash is not allowed to drain toward it1 and that it is protected by a tight covering from the entrance of its own waste water4 ,if good water cannot be secured in any of these ways1 it must in some way be purified4 444 ,boiling will surely destroy all disease germs4 ,the ,indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water level1 a few feet from the pond4 ,after it was filled with water1 they bailed it out quickly1 repeating the bailing process about three times4 ,after the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered water4 ,try it4 ,sanitation ,a most important matter when in camp1 and away from modern conveniences is that of sanitation4 ,this includes not #aee only care as to personal cleanliness1 but also as to the water supply and the proper disposal of all refuse through burial or burning4 ,carelessness in these matters has been the cause of serious illness to entire camps and brought about many deaths4 ,in many instances the loss of life in the armies has been greater through disease in the camp than on the battlefields4 ,typhoid fever is one of the greatest dangers in camping and is caused by unclean habits1 polluted water1 and contaminated milk1 and food4 ,the armies of the world have given this disease the most careful study with the result that flies have been found to be its greatest spreaders4 ,not only should all sources of water supply be carefully examined1 an analysis obtained if possible before use1 but great care should also be taken when in the vicinity of such a supply1 not to pollute it in any way4 ,in districts where typhoid is at all prevalent it is advisable for each scout to be immunized before going to camp4 ,a scout's honor will not permit him to disobey in the slightest particular the sanitary rules of his camp4 ,he will do his part well4 ,he will do everything in his power to make his camp clean1 sanitary1 and healthful from every standpoint4 ,general ,hints ,two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats4 ,don't wring out flannels or woolens4 ,wash in cold water1 very soapy1 hang them up dripping wet1 and they will not shrink4 ,if you keep your head from getting hot and your feet dry there will be little danger of sickness4 ,if your head gets too hot put green leaves inside of your hat4 ,if your throat is parched1 and you cannot get water1 put a pebble in your mouth4 ,this will start the saliva and quench the thirst4 ,water ,hints ,if you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet1 you can stay above water for some time even with your clothes on4 ,it requires a little courage and enough strength not to lose your head4 ,illustration3 ,ready for the hike4 #aef ,many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon after eating4 ,the stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the food for the blood and body4 ,suddenly they are called upon to care for the work of the swimmer4 ,the change is too quick for the organs1 the process of digestion stops1 congestion is apt to follow1 and then paralyzing cramps4 ,indian ,bathing ,precaution ,the ,indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps4 ,coming to a bathing pool1 an ,indian swimmer1 after stripping off1 and before entering the water1 vigorously rubs the pit of the stomach with the dry palm of his hands4 ,this rubbing probably takes a minute1 then he dashes cold water all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for another minute1 and after that he is ready for his plunge4 ,if the water in which you are going to swim is cold1 try this method before plunging into the water4 ,good ,bathing ,rule ,the rule in most camps regarding entering the water is as follows3 ,no one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except at the time and place designated1 and in the presence of a leader4 ,laxity in the observance of this rule will result disastrously4 ,clouds ,every cloud is a weather sign3 ,low clouds1 swiftly moving1 indicate coolness and rain2 hard-edged clouds1 wind2 rolled or jagged clouds1 strong wind2 mackerel sky1 twelve hours day4 ,look out for rain when ,a slack rope tightens4 ,smoke beats downward4 ,sun is red in the morning4 ,there is a pale yellow or greenish sunset4 ,rains ,rain with east wind is lengthy4 ,a sudden shower is soon over4 ,a slow rain lasts long4 ,rain before seven1 clear before eleven4 ,a circle round the moon means storm4 ,the evening red1 the morning gray ,sets the traveler on his way2 ,the evening gray1 the morning red ,brings down showers upon his head4 #aeg ,when the grass is dry at night ,look for rain before the light4 ,when the grass is dry at morning light ,look for rain before the night4 ,clear ,when the dew is on the grass ,rain will never come to pass4 ,a heavy morning fog generally indicates a clear day4 ,east wind brings rain4 ,west wind brings clear1 bright1 and cool weather4 ,north wind brings cold4 ,south wind brings heat4 ,direction of the ,wind ,the way to find which way the wind is blowing is to throw up little bits of dry grass1 or to hold up a handful of light dust and let it fall1 or to suck your thumb1 wet it all around and let the wind blow over it1 and the cold side of it will then tell you which way the wind is blowing4 ,weather ,flags ,the ,united ,states ,weather ,bureau publishes a ,classification of ,clouds in colors1 which may be had for the asking4 ,if you are near one of the weather signal stations1 daily bulletins will be sent to camp upon request2 also the weather map4 ,a set of flag signals run up each day will create interest4 ,the flags are easily made or may be purchased4 ,keep a daily record of temperature4 ,a boy in charge of the weather bureau will find it to be full of interest as well as offering an opportunity to render the camp a real service4 ,he will make a weather vane1 post a daily bulletin1 keep a record of temperature1 measure velocity of wind1 and rainfall4 ,how to ,get ,your ,bearings ,if you have lost your bearings1 and it is a cloudy day1 put the point of your knife blade on your thumb nail1 and turn the blade around until the full shadow of the blade is on the nail4 ,this will tell you where the sun is1 and decide in which direction the camp is4 ,face the sun in the morning1 spread out your arms straight #aeh from body4 ,before you is the east2 behind you is the west2 to your right is the south2 the left hand is the north4 ,grass turns with the sun4 ,remember this when finding your way at night4 ,building a ,camp ,fire ,there are ways and ways of building a camp fire4 ,an old ,indian saying runs1 ,white man heap fool1 make um big fire--can't git near6 ,injun make um little fire--git close6 ,ugh6 good6 ,make it a service privilege for a tent of boys to gather wood and build the fire4 ,this should be done during the afternoon4 ,two things are essential in the building of a fire--kindling and air4 ,a fire must be built systematically4 ,first1 get dry1 small1 dead branches1 twigs1 fir branches1 and other inflammable material4 ,place these on the ground4 ,be sure that air can draw under it and upward through it4 ,next place some heavier sticks and so on until you have built the camp fire the required size4 ,an interesting account of ,how to ,build a ,fire by ,rubbing ,sticks1 by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 will be found in ,chapter #aa4 ,in many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire4 ,never build a large camp fire too near the tent or inflammable pine trees4 ,better build it in the open4 ,be sure and use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire4 ,this may be done by building a circle of stones around the fire1 or by digging up the earth1 or by wetting a space around the fire4 ,always have the buckets of water near at hand4 ,to prevent the re-kindling of the fire after it is apparently out1 pour water over it and soak the earth for a space of two or three feet around it4 ,this is very important1 for many forest fires have started through failure to observe this caution4 ,things to remember3 ,first1 it is criminal to leave a burning fire2 second1 always put out the fire with water or earth4 ,a fire is never out1 says ,chief ,forester ,h4 ,s4 ,graves1 until the last spark is extinguished4 ,often a log or snag will smolder unnoticed after the flames have apparently been conquered only to break out afresh with a rising wind4 ,be sure to get a copy of the laws of your state regarding forest fires1 and if a permit is necessary to build a fire1 secure it1 before building the fire4 ,kephart1 in his book on ,camping and ,woodcraft 7p4 #bh71 says3 ,when there is nothing dry to strike it on1 jerk the head #afj of the match forward through the teeth4 ,or1 face the wind4 ,cup your hands back toward the wind1 remove the right hand just long enough to strike the match on something very close by1 then instantly resume former position4 ,flame of match will run up stick instead of blowing away from it4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aei ,,forest ,,fires6 ,the great annual destruction of forests by fire is an injury to all persons and industries4 ,the welfare of every community is dependent upon a cheap and plentiful supply of timber1 and a forest cover is the most effective means of preventing floods and maintaining a regular flow of streams used for irrigation and other useful purposes4 ,to prevent forest fires ,congress passed the law approved ,may #e1 #aijj1 which-- ,forbids setting fire to the woods1 and ,forbids leaving any fires unextinguished4 ,this law1 for offenses against which officers of the ,,forest ,,service can arrest without warrant1 provides as maximum punishment-- ,a fine of #ejjj1 or imprisonment for two years1 or both1 if a fire is set maliciously1 and ,a fine of #ajjj1 or imprisonment for one years1 or both1 if a fire is set carelessly1 ,it also provides that the money from such fines shall be paid to the school fund of the county in which the offense is committed4 ,,the ,,exercise ,,of ,,care ,,with ,,small ,,fires ,,is ,,the ,,best ,,preventive ,,of ,,large ,,ones4 ,therefore all persons are requested-- #a4 ,not to drop matches or burning tobacco where there is inflammable material4 #b4 ,not to build larger camp fires than are necessary4 #c4 ,not to build fires in leaves1 rotten wood1 or other places where they are likely to spread4 #d4 ,in windy weather and in dangerous places1 to dig holes or clear the ground to confine camp fires4 #e4 ,to extinguish all fires completely before leaving them1 even for a short absence4 #f4 ,not to build fires against large or hollow logs1 where it is difficult to extinguish them4 #g4 ,not to build fires to clear land without informing the nearest officer of the ,,forest ,,service1 so that he may assist in controlling them4 ,this notice is posted for your benefit and the good of every resident of the region4 ,you are requested to cooperate in preventing the removal or defacement1 which acts are punishable by law4 ,,james ,,wilson1 ,secretary of ,agriculture ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,the above is a copy of one of a series of notices posted in forests by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 directing attention to ,u4 ,s4 laws on this important subject4 #afj continued ,illustration3 ,around the camp fire4 ,the ,camp ,fire ,i cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire4 ,our city houses do not have it1 not even a fireplace4 ,the fireplace is one of the greatest schools the imagination has ever had or can ever have4 ,it is moral1 and it always has a tremendous stimulus to the imagination1 and that is why stories and fire go together4 ,you cannot tell a good story unless you tell it before a fire4 ,you cannot have a complete fire unless you have a good story-teller along6 ,there is an impalpable1 invisible1 softly stepping delight in the camp fire which escapes analysis4 ,enumerate all its charms and still there is something missing in your catalogue4 ,anyone who has witnessed a real camp fire and participated in its fun as well as seriousness will never forget it4 ,the huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness of the night1 the perfect shower of golden rain1 the company of happy #afa boys1 and the great dark background of piny woods1 the weird light over all1 the singing1 the yells1 the stories1 the fun1 and then the serious word at the close1 is a happy experience long to be remembered4 ,camp-fire ,stunts ,the camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good stories told well4 ,indian legends1 war stories1 ghost stories1 detective stories1 stories of heroism1 the history of life1 a talk about the stars4 ,don't draw out the telling of a story4 ,make the story life-like4 ,college songs always appeal to boys4 ,let some leader start up a song in a natural way1 and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and harmony4 ,as the fire dies down1 let the songs be of a more quiet type like ,my ,old ,kentucky ,home1 and ballads of similar nature4 ,when the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows4 ,get a long stick sharpened to a point1 fasten a marshmallow on the end1 hold it over the embers1 not in the blaze1 until the marsh-mallow expands4 ,oh1 the deliciousness of it6 ,ever tasted one8 ,before roasting corn on the cob1 tie the end of the husk firmly with string or cord2 soak in water for about an hour2 then put into the hot embers4 ,the water prevents the corn from burning and the firmly tied husks enable the corn to be steamed and the real corn flavor is thus retained4 ,in about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the fire and eaten4 ,have a bowl of melted butter and salt at hand4 ,also a pastry brush to spread the melted butter upon the corn4 ,try it4 ,story ,telling ,for an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire this excellent tale by ,prof4 ,f4 ,m4 ,burr is printed by permission3 ,how ,men ,found the ,great ,spirit ,in the olden time1 when the woods covered all the earth except the deserts and the river bottoms1 and men lived on the fruits and berries they found and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare1 when they dressed in skins and lived in caves1 there was little time for thought4 ,but as men grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to live together1 they had more time to think and more mind to think with4 ,men had learned many things4 ,they had learned that cold weather followed hot2 and spring1 winter2 and that the sun got up in the morning and went to bed at night4 ,they said that the great water was kindly when the sun shone1 but when the sun hid its face and the wind blew upon it1 it grew black and angry and upset their canoes4 ,they found that knocking flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light the dry moss and that the #afb flames which would bring back summer in the midst of winter and day in the midst of night were hungry and must be fed1 and when they escaped devoured the woods and only the water could stop them4 ,these and many other things men learned1 but no one knew why it all was or how it came to be4 ,man began to wonder1 and that was the beginning of the path which led to the ,great ,spirit4 ,in the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name was ,wo1 which meant in the language of his time1 ,whence4 ,as he lay in his mother's arms she loved him and wondered3 ,his body is of my body1 but from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine and yet not like it8 ,and his father seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes1 said1 ,whence came he from8 ,and there was no one to answer1 and so they called him ,wo to remind them that they knew not from whence he came4 ,as ,wo grew up1 he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his tribe4 ,he became a mighty hunter4 ,he knew the ways of all the wild things and could read the signs of the seasons4 ,as he grew older they made him a chief and listened while he spoke at the council board1 but ,wo was not satisfied4 ,his name was a question and questioning filled his mind4 ,whence did he come8 ,whither was he going8 ,why did the sun rise and set8 ,why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of spring8 ,why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die8 ,the mystery grew upon him as he pondered4 ,in the morning he stood on a mountain top and stretching out his hands cried1 ,whence8 ,at night he cried to the moon ,whither8 ,he listened to the soughing of the trees and the song of the brook and tried to learn their language4 ,he peered eagerly into the eyes of little children and tried to read the mystery of life4 ,he listened at the still lips of the dead1 waiting for them to tell him whither they had gone4 ,he went out among his fellows silent and absorbed1 always looking for the unseen and listening for the unspoken4 ,he sat so long silent at the council board that the elders questioned him4 ,to their questioning he replied like one awakening from a dream3 ,our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods4 ,there is none so cunning as the fox1 but we can trail him to his lair4 ,though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo1 yet by our wisdom we overcome them4 ,the deer is more swift of foot1 but by craft we overtake him4 ,we cannot fly like a bird1 but we snare the winged one with a hair4 ,we have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts1 the trees1 the wind1 the water and the fire become our servants4 ,then we speak great swelling words3 ',how great and wise we are6 ,there is none like us in the air1 in the wood1 or in the water6' ,but the words are false4 ,our pride is like that of a partridge drumming on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him4 ,our sight is like that of the mole burrowing under the ground4 ,our wisdom is like a drop of dew upon the grass4 ,our ignorance is like the great water which no eye can measure4 ,our life is like a bird coming out of the dark1 fluttering for a heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again4 ,no one can tell whence it comes or whither it goes4 ,i have asked the wise men and they cannot answer4 ,i have listened to the voice of the trees and wind and water1 but ,i do not know their tongue2 ,i have questioned the sun and the moon and the stars1 but they are silent4 ,but to-day in the silence before the darkness gives place to light1 ,i seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast1 saying to me1 ',wo1 the #afc questioner1 rise up like the stag from his lair2 away1 alone1 to the mountain of the sun4 ,there thou shalt find that which thou seekest4' ,i go1 but if ,i fail by the trail another will take it up4 ,if ,i find the answer ,i will return4 ,waiting for none1 ,wo left the council of his tribe and went his way toward the mountain of the sun4 ,for six days he made his way through the trackless woods1 guided by the sun by day and the stars by night4 ,on the seventh day he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the sun1 on whose top1 according to the tradition of his tribe1 the sun rested each night4 ,all day long he climbed saying to himself1 ,i will sleep tonight in the teepee of the sun1 and he will tell me whence ,i come and whither ,i go4 ,but as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher2 and1 as he neared the top1 a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the mountain4 ,chilled and faint with hunger and fatigue1 ,wo struggled on4 ,just at sunset he reached the top of the mountain1 but it was not the mountain of the sun1 for many days' journey to the west the sun was sinking in the ,great ,water4 ,a bitter cry broke from ,wo's parched lips4 ,his long trail was useless4 ,there was no answer to his questions4 ,the sun journeyed farther and faster than men dreamed1 and of wood and waste and water there was no end4 ,overcome with misery and weakness he fell upon a bed of moss with his back toward the sunset and the unknown4 ,and ,wo slept1 although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known before1 and as he slept he dreamed4 ,he was alone upon the mountain waiting for the answer4 ,a cloud covered the mountain but all was silent4 ,a mighty wind rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags1 but there was no voice in the wind4 ,thunder pealed1 lightning flashed1 but he whom ,wo sought was not there4 ,in the hush that followed up the storm ,wo heard a voice1 low and quiet1 but in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the song of the bird1 the whispering of the trees1 and the murmuring of the brook4 ,wo1 ,i am he whom thou seekest1 ,i am the ,great ,spirit4 ,i am the ,all ,father4 ,ever since ,i made man of the dust of the earth1 and so child of the earth and brother to all living1 and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life1 thus making him my son1 ,i have waited for a seeker who should find me4 ,in the fullness of time thou hast come1 ,wo the questioner1 to the answerer4 ,thy body is of the earth and to earth returns2 thy spirit is mine2 it is given thee for a space to make according to thy will2 then it returns to me better or worse for thy making4 ,thou hast found me because thy heart was pure1 and thy search for me tireless4 ,go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the ,great ,spirit4 ,from henceforth ,i will speak to thee1 and the seekers that come after thee in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes4 ,i will speak in the voices of the woods and streams and of those you love4 ,i will appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night4 ,when thy people and mine are in need and wish for the will of the ,great ,spirit1 then shall my spirit brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be my words4 ,and ,wo awoke1 facing the east and the rising sun4 ,his body was warmed by its rays4 ,a great gladness filled his soul4 ,he had sought and found and prayer came to him like the song to the bird4 ,o ,great ,spirit1 father of my spirit1 the sun is thy messenger1 but thou art brighter than the sun4 ,drive thou the darkness before me4 ,be thou the light of my spirit4 ,as ,wo went down the mountain and took the journey back to the home of his people1 his face shone1 and the light never seemed to leave it1 so that men called him ,he of the shining face4 #afd ,when ,wo came back to his tribe1 all who saw his face knew that he had found the answer1 and they gathered again about the council fire to hear4 ,as ,wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire1 he remembered that the ,great ,spirit had given him no message and for a moment he was dumb4 ,then the words of the ,great ,spirit came to him again4 ,when thy people and mine shall need to know my will1 my spirit shall brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be my words4 ,looking into the eager faces of longing and questioning1 his ,spirit moved within him and he spoke3 ,i went1 ,i sought1 ,i found the ,great ,spirit who dwells in the earth as your spirits dwell in your bodies4 ,it is from ,him the spirit comes4 ,we are ,his children4 ,he cares for us more than a mother for the child on her breast1 or the father for the son that is his pride4 ,his love is like the air we breathe3 it is about us2 it is within us4 ,the sun is the sign of ,his brightness1 the sky of ,his greatness and mother-love and father-love1 and the love of man and woman are the signs of ,his love4 ,we are but ,his children2 we cannot enter into the council of the ,great ,chief until we have been proved1 but this is ,his will1 that we love one another as ,he loves us2 that we bury forever the hatchet of hate1 that no man shall take what is not his own and the strong shall help the weak4 ,the chiefs did not wholly understand the words of ,wo1 but they took a hatchet and buried it by the fire saying1 ,thus bury we hate between man and his brother1 and they took an acorn and put it in the earth saying1 ,thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak4 ,and it became the custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the hatchet and plant the acorn4 ,every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun1 and with right hand raised and left upon their hearts prayed3 ,great ,spirit hear us2 guide us to-day2 make our wills ,thy will1 our ways ,thy way4 ,and the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other tribes--but that is another story4 ,tent ,making ,made ,easy ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,holden 7,reprinted from ,recreation4 ,apr4 #a1 #aiaa4 by permission of the ,editor47 ,the accompanying sketches show a few of the many different tents which may be made from any available piece of cloth or canvas4 ,the material need not be cut1 nor its usefulness for other purposes impaired1 except that rings or tapes are attached at various points as indicated4 ,for each tent the sketches show a front elevation1 with a ground plan1 or a side view2 also a view of the material laid flat1 with dotted lines to indicate where creases or folds will occur4 ,models may be made from stiff paper and will prove as interesting to the kindergartner in geometry as to the old campaigner in camping4 ,in most of the tents a ring for suspension is fastened at the centre of one side4 ,this may be supported by a pole or hung by means #afe of a rope from any convenient fastening2 both methods are shown in the sketches4 ,guy ropes are required for a few of the different models1 but most of them are pegged down to the ground4 ,after making paper models1 find a stack cover1 a tarpaulin1 a tent fly1 an awning1 or buy some wide cotton cloth1 say #ij-;inch4 ,all the shapes may be repeatedly made from the same piece of material1 if the rings for changes are left attached4 ,in ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 a portion of the canvas is not used and may be turned under to serve as sod-cloth1 or rolled up out of the way4 ,if your material is a large piece1 more pegs and guy lines will be required than is indicated in the sketches4 ,the suspension ring1 #a-a_/b inches or #b inches in diameter1 should be well fastened1 with sufficient reinforcement to prevent tearing out2 #a-;inch rings fastened with liberal lengths of tape are large enough for the pegs and guy lines4 ,also reinforce along the lines of the strain from peg to pole4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #a4--;,a square of material hung by one corner1 from any convenient support1 in a manner to make a comfortable shelter2 it will shed rain and reflect heat4 ,this square makes a good fly or a good ground cloth for any of the tents4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,tent from a square of canvas4 ,a #g x #g sheet is ample for a one-man shelter2 #i x #i will house two4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #b4--;,a rectangle equal to two squares4 ,a shelter roomy and warm1 with part of one side open toward the fire4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,rectangle tent4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aff ,fig4 #c4--;,here the rectangle is folded to make a lean-to shelter1 with the roof front suspended from a rope or from a horizontal pole by means of cords4 ,the two corners not in use are folded under1 making a partial ground cloth4 ,a square open front is presented toward the camp fire4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,baker1 or lean-to4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #d4--,same in plan as ,no4#c1 but has a triangular front and only one point of suspension4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,same plan as ,no4#c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #afg ,fig #e4--,uses all the cloth1 has a triangular ground plan1 a square front opening1 plenty of head room at the back and requires two or more guy lines4 ,this shelter resembles a toque4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,the toque tent4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #f4--,square or miner's tent4 ,two corners are turned under4 ,this tent is enclosed on all sides1 with a door in front4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,miner's tent4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #g4--;,conical tent or wigwam1 entirely enclosed1 with door in front4 ,two corners of the canvas are turned under4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,conical tent1 or wigwam_/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #h4--;,has a wall on one side and is called a canoe tent in some catalogues4 ,it requires two or more guy lines and is shown with a pole support4 ,the front has a triangular opening4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,so-called canoe tent4 ,requires three guy lines1 and can be supported by a rope instead of a pole4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #i4--;,a combination of ,no4 #h1 with ,no4 #a in use as an awning or fly4 ,this sketch shows both tent and fly suspended by means of a rope4 ,the awning may be swung around to any angle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,canoe tent with fly4 #afh ,fig4 #aj4--;,combination of ,nos4 #a and #b2 they may be fastened together by a coarse seam or tied with tapes4 ,the ground plan is an equal-sided triangle1 with a door opening on one side1 as shown4 ,there is no waste cloth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,combination of ,nos4 #a and #b4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fig4 #aa4--,no4 #aj changed to a conical shape and suspended as a canopy4 ,the circular shape is secured by the use of small-size gas pipe or limber poles bent into a large hoop4 ,of course guy lines may be used1 but would probably be in the way4 ,notice that a little more material for making a wall would transform the canopy into a ,sibley tent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,sibley awning4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,there are other shapes and combinations1 but perhaps these sketches are enough in the line of suggestion4 ,the diagram ,fig4 #ab shows a method for laying out1 on your cloth1 the location of all the rings to make the tents and shelters4 ,no dimensions are given and none is required4 ,the diagram is good for any size4 ,most of the fastenings are found on radial lines1 which are spaced to divide a semi-circle into eight equal #afi angles1 #bb-a_/b degrees each2 these intersect other construction lines and locate the necessary loops and rings4 ,figures are given at each ring which refer back to the sketch numbers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,showing how ten different tents can be made with but one piece of canvas4 ,suppose the material at hand is the widest unbleached cotton cloth1 #ij inches wide1 #e yards long1 or #g-a_/b feet by #ae feet4 ,the accompanying table will give the dimensions for the various shapes from ,fig4 #a to ,fig4 #aa4 ,if in doubt about the location of rings on your canvas1 suspend the tent by the centre ring and fasten the loops temporarily by means of safety pins1 draw the tent into shape and shift the fastenings as required4 ,the guy lines should have hooks or snaps at one end for ready attachment and removal2 the other end should be provided with the usual slides for take up4 ,the edge of the cloth where the large ring for suspension is fastened should be bound with tape or have a double hem1 for it is the edge of the door in most of the tents shown4 ,,table ,,of ,,dimensions1 #ij ,,in4 ,,material ,size ,area1 ,height ,remarks ,sq4 ,ft4 ,ft4 #a #g-a_/b ft4 triangle #be #f-a_/d ,one side open #b #f-a_/b ,x #ae ft4 #fe #f-a_/d ,one side open #c #f x #g-a_/b ft4 #de #d-a_/b ,one side open #d #g-a_/b x #h ft4 #fj #e-a_/b ,one side open #e #g-a_/b ft4 triangle #be #g-a_/b ,one side open #f #f-a_/d x #f-a_/d ft4 #ci #g ,enclosed #g #g-a_/b ft4 diam4 #dd #f-a_/b ,enclosed #h #e x #g-a_/b ft4 #cg-a_/b #f-a_/b #b-a_/b ft4 wall #i #g-a_/b x #h ft4 #fj #f-a_/b ,no4#h1 with fly #aj #ae ft4 triangle #ig #f-a_/d ,enclosed #aa #aa-a_/d ft4 circle #ajh #e ,canopy1 no sides #agj ,waterproofing a ,tent ,dissolve half a pound of alum in two quarts of boiling water2 then add two gallons of pure cold water4 ,in this solution place the material and let it remain for a day4 ,dissolve a quarter of a pound of sugar of lead in two quarts boiling water1 then add two gallons of cold water4 ,take the material from the alum solution1 wring it lightly1 place in the second solution and leave for five or six hours2 then wring out again lightly and allow it to dry4 ,transcriber's note3 ,sugar of ,lead 7,lead ,acetate7 is toxic4 ,if you want to avoid trouble with a leaky tent1 the following solution is a sure cure2 ,take a gallon or two gallons of turpentine and one or two cakes of paraffin1 drug store size4 ,chip the paraffin fairly fine2 dump it into the turpentine4 ,place the turpentine in a pail and set same in a larger pail or a tub of hot water4 ,the hot water will heat the turpentine1 and the turpentine will melt the paraffin4 ,stir thoroughly1 and renew your supply of hot water if necessary4 ,then pile your tent into a tub and pour in the turpentine and paraffin mixture4 ,work the tent all over thoroughly with your hands1 so that every fiber gets well saturated4 ,you must work fast1 however1 as the paraffin begins to thicken as it cools2 and work out of doors1 in a breeze if possible1 as the fumes of the turpentine will surely make you sick if you try it indoors4 ,when you have the tent thoroughly saturated1 hang it up to dry4 ,it is not necessary to wring the tent out when you hang it up4 ,just let it drip4 ,if you use too much paraffin the tent may look a little dirty after it dries1 but it will be all right after you have used it once or twice4 ,an ,open ,outing ,tent ,by ,warren ,h4 ,miller1 ,editor ,field and ,stream4 ,to make an open outing tent1 get thirteen yards of #h oz4 duck canvas1 which can be bought at any department store or dry goods store for seventeen or eighteen cents a yard4 ,this makes your total expense #b4ba for your tent4 ,layout the strip of canvas on the floor and cut one end square2 measure up #h inches along the edge and draw a line to the other corner4 #aga ,from this corner layoff #g ft4 #h in4 along the edge and on the opposite side1 layoff #e ft4 #i in4 beginning at the end of your #h-;in4 measurement4 ,now take a ruler and draw another diagonal across the canvas at the ends of these measurements and you have the first gore of your tent4 ,cut it across1 turn the gore over1 lay it down on the strip so as to measure off another one exactly like it4 ,this is the corresponding gore for the other side of the tent4 ,to make the second pair of gores1 layoff #e ft4 #i in4 along one side of the remaining strip of canvas beginning at the pointed end1 and #c ft4 #aj in4 on the other side4 ,join these points with a diagonal and you have a second gore1 a duplicate of which is then cut by using it as a pattern1 reversing and laying it down on the strip of canvas4 ,to make the third gore1 layoff #c ft4 #aj in1 on one edge of your strip beginning at the point1 and #a ft4 #aa in4 on the other side4 ,draw a diagonal across and you have the third gore4 ,illustration3 ,how to cut up your strip of canvas4 ,illustration3 ,forester tent pattern4 ,illustration3 ,forester tent with hood4 ,you have now used up all but two yards of your canvas1 plus a little left-over piece of about two feet long4 ,out of this little left-over piece make a triangle #a ft4 #aa in4 on the side1 which will form the back triangle of your tent4 ,now pin your three gores together to make the side of your tent1 just as in the illustrations1 and pin the two sides together along the ridge4 ,then sew this tent up4 ,sew in the little back triangle and hem all around the edges4 ,leave a hole at the peak of the little triangle through which the ridge pole must go4 #agb ,to set it up1 cut three small saplings1 one of which should be twelve feet long and the other two1 ten feet long4 ,tie these two together at the ends making what the sailors call a shears4 ,take the twelve-foot pole and run it down the ridge inside the tent1 and out through the hole in the back4 ,now raise the ridge pole with one end stuck in the ground and the front end resting on the two shear poles and tie all three of them together4 ,at the end of each seam along the hem you must work in a little eyelet hole for a short piece of twine to tie to the tent pegs4 ,stretch out the back triangle1 pegging it down at the two corners on the ground1 and then peg out each hole along the foot until the entire tent stretches out taut as in our illustrations4 ,three feet from the peak along the front edge you must have another eyelet hole with a little piece of twine and you tie this out to the shear pole on each side which gives the tent the peculiar gambrel roof which it has1 and which has the advantage of giving you lots more room inside than the straight tent would4 ,you now have what is known as the open forester tent4 ,illustration3 ,forester tent with hood4 ,if a thunder storm comes up with a driving rain it will surely rain in at the front unless you turn the tent around by moving the poles one at a time4 ,if you don't want to do this you can make a hood for the front out of the two yards of canvas you have left4 ,simply draw a diagonal from one corner to the other of this #agc two-yard piece of duck and cut it down the diagonal1 making two thin triangles which are sewed to the front edges of the open forester tent1 making a hood of the shape shown in our picture4 ,this prevents the rain beating in the opening of your tent but still lets the heat of your fire strike in and at the same time it keeps the heat in the tent as it will not flow out along the ridge pole as it does in the open type4 ,this tent weighs six pounds and packs into a little package fourteen inches long by seven inches wide by six3 inches thick1 and can be carried as a shoulder strap or put in a back pack or any way you wish to take it4 ,it will sleep three boys1 or two men and a boy1 very comfortably indeed4 ,while it really does not need to be water-proofed1 as it immediately shrinks tight after the first rain1 you can water-proof it if you wish by making a solution of ten ounces of quick lime with four ounces of alum in ten quarts of water4 ,stir occasionally until the lime has slackened4 ,put the tent in another pail and pour the solution over it1 letting it stand twelve hours4 ,take out and hang it on the clothes-line to dry4 ,it will then be entirely waterproof4 ,to make a good night fire in front of the tent1 drive two stout stakes three feet long in the ground about three feet from the mouth of the tent2 pile four logs one on top of the other against these stakes or take a large flat stone and rest it against it4 ,make two log andirons for each side of the fire and build your fire in the space between them4 ,it will give you a fine cheerful fire and all the heat will be reflected by the back logs into the tent1 making it warm and cheerful4 ,inside you can put your browse bags stuffed with balsam browse2 or pile up a mountain of dry leaves over which you can stretch your blankets4 ,pile all the duffle way back in the peak against the little back triangle where it will surely keep dry and will form a sort of back for your pillows4 ,you will find the forester tent lighter and warmer than the ordinary lean-to1 as it reflects the heat better4 ,after a couple of weeks in it you will come home with your lungs so full of ozone that it will be impossible to sleep in an ordinary room without feeling smothered4 ,canoeing1 ,rowing and ,sailing 7,prepared with the cooperation of ,mr4 ,arthur ,a4 ,carey1 ,scout ,master1 ,boy ,scout ship ,pioneer2 ,mr4 ,carleton ,e4 ,sholl1 ,captain ,lakanoo ,boat ,club ,crew2 ,mr4 ,frederick ,k4 ,vreeland1 ,camp-,fire ,club of ,america4 and ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,tims1 ,vice-,commodore1 ,american ,canoe ,association47 ,the birch-bark canoe is the boat of the ,north ,american ,indians1 and our modern canvas canoes are made1 with some #agd variations1 on the ,indian model4 ,with the possible exception of the ,venetian gondola1 the motion of a canoe is more graceful than that of any other boat propelled by hand2 it should be continuous and gliding1 and so silent that it may be brought up in the night to an animal or enemy1 ,indian fashion1 without making any sound1 and so take them by surprise4 ,illustration3 ,canoeing stroke 7a7 #age ,campcraft ,many accidents happen in canoes--not because they are unsafe when properly handled1 but because they are unsafe when improperly handled--and many people do not take the trouble even to find out the proper way of managing a canoe4 ,many canoes have seats almost on a level with the gunwale1 whereas1 properly speaking1 the only place to sit in a canoe is on the bottom2 for a seat raises the body too high above the centre of gravity and makes the canoe unsteady and likely to upset4 ,it is1 however1 difficult to paddle while sitting in the bottom of a canoe1 and the best position for paddling is that of kneeling and at the same time resting back against one of the thwarts4 ,the size of the single-blade paddle should be in proportion to the size of the boy who uses it--long enough to reach from the ground to the tip of his nose4 ,the bow paddle may be a little shorter4 ,the canoeman should learn to paddle equally well on either side of a canoe4 ,when paddling on the #age left side the top of the paddle should be held by the right hand1 and the left hand should be placed a few inches above the beginning of the blade4 ,the old ,indian stroke1 which is the most approved modern method for all-round canoeing1 whether racing or cruising1 is made with the arms almost straight--but not stiff--the arm at the top of the paddle bending only slightly at the elbow4 ,this stroke is really a swing from the shoulder1 in which there is little or no push or pull with the arm4 ,when paddling on the left side of the canoe the right shoulder swings forward and the whole force of the body is used to push the blade of the paddle through the water1 the left hand acting as a fulcrum4 ,while the right shoulder is swung forward1 the right hand is at the same time twisted at the wrist so that the thumb goes down2 this motion of the wrist has the effect of turning the paddle around in the left hand--the left wrist being allowed to bend freely--so that1 at the end of the stroke1 the blade slides out of the water almost horizontally4 ,if you should twist the paddle in the opposite direction it would force the head of the canoe around so that it would travel in a circle4 ,at the recovery of the stroke the right shoulder swings back and the paddle is brought forward in a horizontal position1 with the blade almost parallel to the water4 ,it is swung forward until the paddle is at right angles across the canoe1 then the blade is dipped edgewise with a slicing motion and a new stroke begins4 ,in paddling on the right side of the canoe the position of the two hands and the motion of the two shoulders are reversed4 ,illustration3 ,canoeing stroke 7b7 ,something should also be said about double paddles--that is1 paddles with two blades--one at each end--as their use is becoming more general every year4 ,with the double paddle a novice can handle a canoe1 head on to a stiff wind1 a feat which #agf requires skill and experience with a single blade4 ,the doubles give greater safety and more speed and they develop chest1 arm and shoulder muscles not brought into play with a single blade4 ,the double paddle is not to be recommended to the exclusion of the single blade1 but there are many times when there is an advantage in its use4 ,illustration3 ,canoeing stroke 7c7 ,in getting in or out of a canoe it is especially necessary to step in the very centre of the boat2 and be careful never to lean on any object--such as the edge of a wharf--outside of the boat1 for this disturbs your balance and may capsize the canoe4 ,especially in getting out1 put down your paddle first1 and then1 grasping the gunwale firmly in each hand1 rise by putting your weight equally on both sides of the canoe4 ,if your canoe should drift away sideways from the landing-place1 when you are trying to land1 place the blade of your paddle flat upon the water in the direction of the wharf and gently draw the canoe up to the landing-place with a slight sculling motion4 ,when it is necessary to cross the waves in rough water1 always try to cross them quartering1 i4 e4 at an oblique angle1 but not at right angles4 ,crossing big waves at right angles #agg is difficult and apt to strain a canoe1 and getting lengthwise between the waves is dangerous4 ,always have more weight aft than in the bow2 but1 when there is only one person in the canoe1 it may be convenient to place a weight forward as a balance2 but it should always be lighter than the weight aft4 ,a skillful canoeman will paddle a light canoe even in a strong wind by kneeling at a point about one third of the length from the stern4 ,for the purpose of sailing in a canoe the ,lateen rig is the safest1 most easily handled1 and the best all-round sailing outfit4 ,for a seventeen-foot canoe a sail having forty square feet of surface is to be recommended1 and1 in all except very high winds1 this can be handled by one man4 ,illustration3 ,canoe with sail4 ,the ,lateen sail is made in the form of an equilateral triangle1 and two sides are fastened to spars which are connected at one end by a hinge or jaw4 ,the mast--which should be set well forward--should be so long that1 when the sail is spread and the slanting upper spar is swung from the top of the mast1 the lower spar will swing level about six to eight inches above the gunwale and hang clear above all parts of the boat in going about4 ,the sail is hoisted by a halyard attached at1 or a little above1 the centre of the upper spar1 then drawn through a block attached to the brace which holds the mast in position1 #agh and thus to the cleats--within easy reach of the sailor4 ,the sheet line is fastened to the lower spar1 about two feet from the outer end2 and1 when not held in the hand1 may be fastened to another cleat4 ,both halyard and sheet should at all times be kept clear1 so as to run easily1 and with knots about the cleats that can be instantly slipped4 ,the leeboard is a necessary attachment to the sailing outfit4 ,it is made with two blades--about three feet long and ten inches wide would furnish a good-sized surface in the water--one dropping on each side of the canoe and firmly supported by a bar fastened to the gunwale4 ,the blades should be so rigged that1 when striking an object in the water1 they will quickly release1 causing no strain on the canoe4 ,the leeboard1 like a centre board1 is of course intended to keep the canoe from sliding off when trying to beat up into the wind4 ,when running free before the wind the board should be raised4 ,the general rules for sailing larger craft apply to the canoe4 ,the paddle is used as a rudder and may be held by the sailor1 but a better plan is to have two paddles1 one over each side1 made fast to the gunwale or the brace4 ,the sailor can then grasp either one as he goes about and there is no danger of losing the paddles overboard4 ,in sailing1 the sailor sits on the bottom1 on the opposite side from the sail1 except in a high wind1 when he sits on the gunwale where he can the better balance the sail with his weight4 ,the combination of sail1 leeboards1 and the balancing weight of the sailor1 will render the canoe stiff and safe1 with proper care1 in any wind less than a gale4 ,a crew may consist of two or three in a seventeen foot canoe4 ,the spars and mast of a sailing outfit should be of spruce or some other light but strong wood1 while cedar or some non-splitting wood is best for the leeboards4 ,young canoeists will enjoy making their own sailing outfits2 or a complete ,lateen rig as made by various canoe manufacturers can be purchased either directly from them or through almost any dealer4 ,in case of an upset the greatest mistake is to leave the boat4 ,a capsized canoe will support at least four persons as long as they have strength to cling to it4 ,a single man or boy1 in case of upsetting beyond swimming distance to land1 should stretch himself flat upon the bottom of the canoe1 with arms and legs spread down over the tumblehome toward the submerged gunwales4 ,he can thus lie in safety for hours till help arrives4 ,when two persons are upset1 they should range themselves one #agi on each side of the overturned boat2 and1 with one hand grasping each other's wrists across the boat1 use the other hand to cling to the keel or the gunwale4 ,if the canoe should swamp1 #ahj fill with water1 and begin to sink1 it should be turned over in the water4 ,it is the air remaining under the inverted hull that gives the craft sufficient buoyancy to support weight4 ,never overload a canoe4 ,in one of the ordinary size--about seventeen feet in length--three persons should be the maximum number at anytime1 and remember never to change seats in a canoe when out of your depth4 #agi ,illustration3 ,this diagram illustrates some of the angles formed by the boom and the keel line of the boat in different positions4 ,running free1 or before the wind ,wind abeam ,port tack ,wind abeam ,starboard tack ,pointing into the wind ,port tack ,pointing into the wind ,starboard tack4 #ahj continued ,row-boats ,there is a certain caution in the use of boats which you will always find among sailors and fishermen and all persons who are using them constantly4 ,such a person instinctively steps into the middle of the boat when getting in1 and always sits in the middle of the thwart or seat4 ,this is a matter of instinct with seafaring people1 and so is the habit of never fooling in a boat4 ,only landlubbers will try to stand up in a small boat while in motion2 and1 as for the man who rocks a boat for fun1 he is like the man who didn't know the gun was loaded4 ,rowing ,row-boats are propelled either by rowing or by sculling2 and rowing is either pulling or backing water4 ,the usual way of rowing is to pull and to do so1 you sit with your back to the bow and propel the boat by pulling the handles toward your body and so pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the stern1 while pushing with your feet against a brace4 ,in backing water you reverse the action of the oars1 pushing the handles away from your body and pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the bow4 ,turning ,to turn your boat to the right1 when pulling1 you row only with the left oar2 or1 if you wish to make a sharp turn pull with the left oar and back water with the right4 ,to turn your boat to the left the action of the oars is reversed4 ,feathering ,to prevent the momentum of the boat from being checked by the wind blowing on the blades of the oars1 the blades must be turned into a horizontal position as they leave the water4 ,in pulling this is done by turning the hands backward at #aha the wrist1 and in backing water it is done by turning the hands forward at the wrist4 ,sculling ,to scull is to propel a boat by a single oar at the stern4 ,the boat must be provided with rowlock or a semicircular scoop in the stern1 and the boat is propelled by working the oar at the stem1 obliquely from side to side4 ,this is a convenient way of doing when you are working among boats in the water1 and have to go short distances without the necessity of speed4 ,steering ,when rowing a boat without the use of a rudder1 instead of constantly turning the head around to see where you are going1 it is convenient to fix upon some object in the landscape on an imaginary line with the middle of the stern and the middle of the bow2 you can then keep your boat approximately in the right position1 without the trouble of turning your head1 by keeping the object selected on a line with the middle of the stern board4 ,coming ,alongside ,when coming alongside of a boat or wharf always approach on the leeward side or that opposite from which the wind is blowing1 and come up so that the boat will be headed into the wind and waves4 ,stop rowing at a convenient distance from the landing-place and come up with gentle headway2 then take in the oar nearest the landing1 and1 if necessary1 back water with the other oar4 ,keeping ,stroke ,when two or more are rowing together the length and speed of the stroke are set by the man sitting nearest the stern4 ,rough ,weather ,always try to row as nearly as possible into the waves at right angles4 ,in this way you are likely to ship less water and to avoid capsizing4 ,going ,ashore ,when going ashore always leave your oars lying flat on the thwarts on either side of your boat4 ,the ,salute ,to salute a passing vessel or boat1 hold the oars up at right angles with the water4 #ahb ,every row-boat should be provided with a rough sponge and a tin dipper to be used in bailing out the water4 ,always bail out the water after a rain and keep your boat clean and tidy4 ,sailing in ,small ,boats ,the most convenient kind of a boat to learn to sail in is a cat-boat1 which is a boat with a single fore and aft sail held in place by a boom at the bottom and a gaff at the top4 ,to understand the principle of sailing we must realize that a sail-boat1 without the use of a rudder1 acts in the water and wind very much the way a weather vane acts in the air4 ,the bow of the boat naturally turns toward the wind1 thus relieving the sail of all pressure and keeping it shaking4 ,but if by keeping the main sheet in your hand you hold the sail in a fixed position1 and1 at the same time1 draw the tiller away from the sail1 it will gradually fill with air beginning at the hoist or mast end of the sail and impel the boat in the direction in which you are steering4 ,given a certain direction in which you want to travel1 the problem is1 by letting out or hauling in your main-sheet1 to keep the sail as nearly as possible at right angles with the direction of the wind4 ,we must remember1 also1 that1 while the sail must be kept full1 it should not be kept more than full2 that is1 its position must be such that1 by the least push of the tiller toward the sail1 the sail will begin to shake at the hoist4 ,it is even desirable in a strong wind1 and especially for beginners1 to always let the sail1 close to the mast1 shake a little without losing too much pressure4 ,when you are sailing with the wind coming over the boat from its port side you are sailing on the port tack1 and when you are sailing with the wind coming across the boat on its starboard side you are sailing on the starboard tack4 ,the port side of the boat is the left hand side as you face the bow while standing on board1 and the starboard side is the right hand side4 ,an easy way of remembering this is by recalling the sentence1 ,jack left port4 ,direction of ,wind ,of course1 you will see that1 if you should forget which way the wind is blowing1 you could not possibly know the right position for your sail2 and this is one of the first requirements for a beginner4 ,it is quite easy to become confused with regard to the direction of the wind1 and therefore every boat should be provided with a small flag or fly at its mast-head and you should keep watching it at every turn of the boat until the habit #ahc has become instinctive4 ,it is convenient to remember that the fly should always point as nearly as possible to the end of the gaff1 except when you are sailing free or before the wind4 ,close to ,wind ,sailing with the boat pointing as nearly as possible against the wind is called sailing close to the wind2 when you have turned your bow to the right or left so that the wind strikes both boat and sail at right angles you are sailing with the wind abeam2 as you let out your sheet so that the boom makes a larger angle with an imaginary line running from the mast to the middle of the stern you are sailing off the wind2 and1 when your sail stands at right angles to this same line1 you are sailing free or before the wind4 ,before the ,wind ,sailing free1 or before the wind1 is the extreme opposite of sailing close hauled or on the wind1 and the wind is blowing behind your back instead of approaching the sail from the direction of the mast4 ,if you are sailing free on the port tack1 with the boom at right angles to the mast on the starboard side1 and you should steer your boat sufficiently to starboard1 the wind would strike the sail at its outer edge or leech and throw the sail and boom violently over to the port side of the mast4 ,this is called jibing and is a very dangerous thing2 it should be carefully guarded against whenever sailing before the wind4 ,reefing ,if you find that the wind is too strong for your boat1 and that you are carrying too much sail1 you can let her come up into the wind and take in one or two reefs4 ,this is done by letting out both the throat and peak halliards enough to give sufficient slack of sail1 then by hauling the sail out toward the end of the boom1 and afterward by rolling the sail up and tying the points under and around it1 but not around the boom4 ,always use a square or reef knot in tying your reef points4 ,in case of a squall or a strong puff of wind1 remember that you can always ease the pressure on your sail by turning the bow into the wind1 and if for any reason you wish to shorten suddenly you can drop your peak by loosening the peak halliards4 ,ready ,about ,before going about1 or turning your bow so that the wind will strike the other side of the sail at its mast end1 the man #ahd at the helm should always give warning by singing out the words1 ready about4 ,going about is just the opposite of jibbing4 ,right of ,way ,when two boats approach each other in opposite directions1 close hauled1 the boat on the starboard tack has the right of way and should continue her course4 ,the responsibility of avoiding a collision rests with the boat sailing on the port tack4 ,but a boat running before the wind must always give way to a boat close hauled4 ,when sailing through high waves1 always try as far as possible to head into them directly at right angles4 ,always steer as steadily as possible4 ,if you are careful to keep the boat on her course and do not let your mind wander1 only a slight motion of the tiller from side to side will be necessary4 ,flying the ,flag ,while the fly or pennant is carried at the top of the mast1 the flag is carried at the peak or upper corner of the sail at the end of the gaff4 ,the salute consists of tipping or slightly lowering the flag and raising it again into position4 #ahe ,notes #ahf ,notes #ahg ,,chapter ,,iv ,,tracks1 ,,trailing ,,and ,,signaling ,by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 ,chief ,scout ,i wish ,i could go ,west and join the ,indians so that ,i should have no lessons to learn1 said an unhappy small boy who could discover no atom of sense or purpose in any one of the three ,r's4 ,you never made a greater mistake1 said the scribe4 ,for the young ,indians have many hard lessons from their earliest day--hard lessons and hard punishments4 ,with them the dread penalty of failure is 'go hungry till you win1' and no harder task have they than their reading lesson4 ,not twenty-six characters are to be learned in this exercise1 but one thousand2 not clear straight print are they1 but dim1 washed-out1 crooked traces2 not in-doors on comfortable chairs1 with a patient teacher always near1 but out in the forest1 often alone and in every kind of weather1 they slowly decipher their letters and read sentences of the oldest writing on earth--a style so old that the hieroglyphs of ,egypt1 the cylinders of ,nippur1 and the drawings of the cave men are as things of to-day in comparison--the one universal script--the tracks in the dust1 mud1 or snow4 ,these are the inscriptions that every hunter must learn to read infallibly1 and be they strong or faint1 straight or crooked1 simple or overwritten with many a puzzling1 diverse phrase1 he must decipher and follow them swiftly1 unerringly if there is to be a successful ending to the hunt which provides his daily food4 ,this is the reading lesson of the young ,indians1 and it is a style that will never become out of date4 ,the naturalist also must acquire some measure of proficiency in the ancient art4 ,its usefulness is unending to the student of wild life2 without it he would know little of the people of the wood4 ,there ,are ,still ,many ,wild ,animals ,it is a remarkable fact that there are always more wild animals about than any but the expert has an idea of4 ,for #ahh example1 there are1 within twenty miles of ,new ,york ,city1 fully fifty different kinds--not counting birds1 reptiles1 or fishes--one quarter of which at least are abundant4 ,or more particularly within the limits of ,greater ,new ,york there are at least a dozen species of wild beasts1 half of which are quite common4 ,then how is it that we never see any8 is the first question of the incredulous4 ,the answer is3 ,long ago the beasts learned the dire lesson--man is our worst enemy2 shun him at any price4 ,and the simplest way to do this is to come out only at night4 ,man is a daytime creature2 he is blind in the soft half-light that most beasts prefer4 ,while many animals have always limited their activity to the hours of twilight and gloom1 there are not a few that moved about in daytime1 but have given up that portion of their working day in order to avoid the arch enemy4 ,thus they can flourish under our noses and eat at our tables1 without our knowledge or consent4 ,they come and go at will1 and the world knows nothing of them2 their presence might long go unsuspected but for one thing1 well known to the hunter1 the trapper1 and the naturalist3 wherever the wild four-foot goes1 it leaves behind a record of its visit1 its name1 the direction whence it came1 the time1 the thing it did or tried to do1 with the time and direction of departure4 ,these it puts down in the ancient script4 ,each of these dotted lines1 called the trail1 is a wonderful1 unfinished record of the creature's life during the time it made the same1 and it needs only the patient work of the naturalist to decipher that record and from it learn much about the animal that made it1 without that animal ever having been seen4 ,savages are more skilful at it than civilized folk1 because tracking is their serious life-long pursuit and they do not injure their eyes with books4 ,intelligence is important here as elsewhere1 yet it is a remarkable fact that the lowest race of mankind1 the ,australian blacks1 are reputed to be by far the best trackers2 not only are their eyes and attention developed and disciplined1 but they have retained much of the scent power that civilized man has lost1 and can follow a fresh track1 partly at least by smell4 ,it is hard to over-value the powers of the clever tracker4 ,to him the trail of each animal is not a mere series of similar footprints2 it is an accurate account of the creature's life1 habit1 changing whims1 and emotions during the portion of life whose record is in view4 ,these are indeed autobiographical chapters1 #aij and differ from other autobiographies in this--they cannot tell a lie4 ,we may get wrong information from them1 but it is our fault if we do2 we misread the document that cannot falsify4 #ahi ,illustration3 ,animal tracks2 ,deer1 ,sheep1 ,mink1 ,cottontail1 ,hawk1 ,owl1 ,meadow ,mouse4 #aij continued ,when to ,learn ,tracking ,the ideal time for tracking1 and almost the only time for most folk1 is when the ground is white4 ,after the first snow the student walks forth and begins at once to realize the wonders of the trail4 ,a score of creatures of whose existence1 maybe1 he did not know1 are now revealed about him1 and the reading of their autographs becomes easy4 ,it is when the snow is on the ground1 indeed1 that we take our four-foot census of the woods4 ,how often we learn with surprise from the telltale white that a fox was around our hen house last night1 a mink is living even now under the wood pile1 and a deer--yes6 there is no mistaking its sharp-pointed un-sheep-like footprint--has wandered into our woods from the farther wilds4 ,never lose the chance of the first snow if you wish to become a trailer4 ,nevertheless1 remember that the first morning after a night's snow fall is not so good as the second4 ,most creatures lie up during the storm2 the snow hides the tracks of those that do go forth2 and some actually go into a cold sleep for a day or two after a heavy downfall4 ,but a calm1 mild night following a storm is sure to offer abundant and ideal opportunity for beginning the study of the trail4 ,how to ,learn ,here are some of the important facts to keep in view1 when you set forth to master the rudiments3 ,first4--,no two animals leave the same trail2 not only each kind but each individual1 and each individual at each stage of its life1 leaves a trail as distinctive as the creature's appearance1 and it is obvious that in that they differ among themselves just as we do1 because the young know their mothers1 the mothers know their young1 and the old ones know their mates1 when scent is clearly out of the question4 ,another simple evidence of this is the well known fact that no two human beings have the same thumb mark2 all living creatures have corresponding peculiarities1 and all use these parts in making the trail4 ,second4--,the trail was begun at the birthplace of that creature and ends only at its death place2 it may be recorded in visible track or perceptible odor4 ,it may last but a few #aia hours1 and may be too faint even for an expert with present equipment to follow1 but evidently the trail is made1 wherever the creature journeys afoot4 ,third4--,it varies with every important change of impulse1 action1 or emotion4 ,fourth--,when we find a trail we may rest assured that1 if living1 the creature that made it is at the other end4 ,and if one can follow1 it is only a question of time before coming up with that animal4 ,and be sure of its direction before setting out2 many a novice has lost much time by going backward on the trail4 ,fifth4--,in studying trails one must always keep probabilities in mind4 ,sometimes one kind of track looks much like another2 then the question is1 ,which is the likeliest in this place4 ,if ,i saw a jaguar track in ,india1 ,i should know it was made by a leopard4 ,if ,i found a leopard in ,colorado1 ,i should be sure ,i had found the mark of a cougar or mountain lion4 ,a wolf track on ,broadway would doubtless be the doing of a very large dog1 and a ,st4 ,bernard's footmark in the ,rockies1 twenty miles from anywhere1 would most likely turn out to be the happen-so imprint of a gray wolf's foot4 ,to be sure of the marks1 then1 one should know all the animals that belong to the neighborhood4 ,these facts are well known to every hunter4 ,most savages are hunters1 and one of the early lessons of the ,indian boy is to know the tracks of the different beasts about him4 ,these are the letters of the old1 old writing4 ,a ,first ,try ,let us go forth into the woods in one of the ,north-eastern states when there is a good tracking snow1 and learn a few of these letters of the wood alphabet4 ,two at least are sure to be seen--the track of the blarina and of the deer mouse4 ,they are shown on the same scale in ,figs4 #a and #b1 page #aih4 ,in ,fig4 #c is the track of the meadow mouse4 ,this is not unlike that of the blarina1 because it walks1 being a ground animal1 while the deer mouse more often bounds4 ,the delicate lace traceries of the masked shrew1 shown in ,fig4 #d1 are almost invisible unless the sun be low2 they are difficult to draw1 and impossible to photograph or cast satisfactorily but the sketch gives enough to recognize them by4 ,the meadow mouse belongs to the rank grass in the lowland #aib near the brook1 and passing it toward the open1 running1 water we may see the curious track of the muskrat2 its five-toed hind foot1 its four-toed front foot1 and its long keeled tail1 are plainly on record4 ,when he goes slowly the tail mark is nearly straight2 when he goes fast it is wavy in proportion to his pace4 ,page #aic4 ,the muskrat is a valiant beast2 he never dies without fighting to the last1 but he is in dread of another brookland creature whose trail is here--the mink4 ,individual tracks of this animal are shown in ,no4 #a1 page #afa4 ,here he was bounding2 the forefeet are together1 the hindfeet track ahead1 and tail mark shows1 and but four toes in each track1 though the creature has five on each foot4 ,he is a dreaded enemy of poor ,molly ,cottontail1 and more than once ,i have seen the records of his relentless pursuit4 ,one of these fits in admirably as an illustration of our present study4 ,a ,story of the ,trail ,it was in the winter of #aijj1 ,i was standing with my brother1 a business man1 on ,goat ,island1 ,niagara1 when he remarked1 ,how is it8 ,you and ,i have been in the same parts of ,america for twenty years1 yet ,i never see any of the curious sides of animal life that you are continually coming across4 ,largely because you do not study tracks1 was the reply4 ,look at your feet now4 ,there is a whole history to be read4 ,i see some marks1 he replied1 that might have been made by some animal4 ,that is the track of a cottontail1 was the answer4 ,now1 let us read the chapter of his life4 ,see1 he went in a general straight course as though making some well-known haunt1 his easy pace1 with eight or ten inches between each set of tracks1 shows unalarm4 ,but see here1 joining on1 is something else4 ,so there is4 ,another cottontail4 ,not at all1 this new track is smaller1 the forefeet are more or less paired1 showing that the creature can climb a tree2 there is a suggestion of toe pads and there is a mark telling evidently of a long tail2 these things combined with the size and the place identify it clearly4 ,this is the trail of a mink4 ,see6 he has also found the rabbit track1 and finding it fresh1 he followed it4 ,his bounds are lengthened now1 but the rabbit's are not1 showing that the latter was unconscious of the pursuit4 ,after one hundred yards the double trail led us to a great pile of wood1 and into this both went4 ,having followed his #aic game into dense cover1 the trailer's first business was to make sure that it did not go out the other side4 ,we went carefully around the pile2 there were no tracks leading out4 ,now1 ,i said1 if you will take the trouble to move that wood pile you will find in it the remains of the rabbit half devoured and the mink himself4 ,at this moment he is no doubt curled up asleep4 ,as the pile was large and the conclusion more or less self-evident1 my brother was content to accept my reading of the episode4 ,illustration3 ,tracks4 ,dog tracks1 front and back 7#a_/b life-size7 ,cat tracks1 front and bad 7#a_/b life-size7 ,uppermost1 well-developed human foot ,middle1 a foot always cramped by boots ,bottom1 a bare foot1 never in boots ,muskrat tracks1 7#a_/c life-size7 ,what ,about ,winter ,sleepers ,although so much is to be read in the wintry white1 we cannot now make a full account of all the woodland four-foots1 for there are some kinds that do not come out on the snow2 they sleep more or less all winter4 #aid ,thus1 one rarely sees the track of a chipmunk or woodchuck in truly wintry weather2 and never1 so far as ,i know1 have the trails of jumping mouse or mud turtle been seen in the snow4 ,these we can track only in the mud or dust4 ,such trails cannot be followed as far as those in the snow1 simply because the mud and dust do not cover the whole country1 but they are usually as clear and in some respects more easy of record4 ,how to ,make ,pictures of ,tracks ,it is a most fascinating amusement to learn some creature's way of life by following its fresh track for hours in good snow4 ,i never miss such a chance4 ,if ,i cannot find a fresh track1 ,i take a stale one1 knowing that1 theoretically1 it is fresher at every step1 and from practical experience that it always brings one to some track that is fresh4 ,how often ,i have wished for a perfect means of transferring these wild life tales to paper or otherwise making a permanent collection4 ,my earliest attempts were in free-hand drawing1 which answers1 but has this great disadvantage--it is a translation1 a record discolored by an intervening personality1 and the value of the result is likely to be limited by one's own knowledge at the time4 ,casting in plaster was another means attempted2 but not one track in ten thousand is fit to cast4 ,nearly all are blemished and imperfect in some way1 and the most abundant--those in snow--cannot be cast at all4 ,then ,i tried spreading plastic wax where the beasts would walk on it1 in pathways or before dens4 ,how they did scoff6 ,the simplest ground squirrel knew too much to venture on my waxen snare2 around 'it1 or if hemmed in1 over it1 with a mighty bound they went2 but never a track did ,i so secure4 ,photography naturally suggested itself1 but the difficulties proved as great as unexpected1 almost as great as in casting4 ,not one track in one thousand is fit to photograph2 the essential details are almost always left out4 ,you must have open sunlight1 and even when the weather is perfect there are practically but two times each day when it is possible--in mid-morning and mid-afternoon1 when the sun is high enough for clear photographs and low enough to cast a shadow in the faint track4 ,the ,coon that ,showed ,me ,how ,then a new method was suggested in an unexpected way4 ,a friend of mine had a pet coon which he kept in a cage in his bachelor quarters up town4 ,one day1 during my friend's #aie absence the coon got loose and set about a series of long-deferred exploring expeditions1 beginning with the bachelor's bedroom4 ,the first promising object was a writing desk4 ,mounting by a chair the coon examined several uninteresting books and papers1 and then noticed higher up a large stone bottle4 ,he had several times found pleasurable stuff in bottles1 so he went for it4 ,the cork was lightly in and easily disposed of1 but the smell was far from inviting1 for it was merely a quart of ink4 ,determined to leave no stone unturned1 however1 the coon upset the ink to taste and try4 ,alas6 it tasted even worse than it smelt2 it was an utter failure as a beverage4 ,and the coon1 pushing it contemptuously away1 turned to a pile of fine hand-made1 deckle-edge1 heraldry note-paper--the pride of my friend's heart--and when he raised his inky little paws there were left on the paper some beautiful black prints4 ,this was a new idea3 the coon tried it again and again4 ,but the ink held out longer than the paper1 so that the fur-clad painter worked over sundry books1 and the adjoining walls1 while the ink1 dribbling over everything1 formed a great pool below the desk4 ,something attracted the artist's attention1 causing him to jump down4 ,he landed in the pool of ink1 making it splash in all directions2 some of the black splotches reached the white counterpane of the bachelor's bed4 ,another happy idea3 the coon now leaped on the bed1 racing around as long as the ink on his feet gave results4 ,as he paused to rest1 or perhaps to see if any places had been neglected1 the door opened1 and in came the landlady4 ,the scene which followed was too painful for description2 no one present enjoyed it4 ,my friend was sent for to come and take his coon out of there forever4 ,he came and took him away1 ,i suppose forever4 ,he had only one other place for him--his office and there it was ,i made the animal's acquaintance and heard of his exploit--an ink and paper1 if not a literary affair4 ,this gave me the hint at the ,zoo ,i needed1 a plan to make an authentic record of animal tracks4 ,armed with printer's ink and paper rolls ,i set about gathering a dictionary collection of imprints4 ,after many failures and much experiment1 better methods were devised4 ,a number of improvements were made by my wife2 one was the substitution of black paint for printer's ink1 as the latter dries too quickly2 another was the padding of the paper1 which should be light and soft for very light animals1 and stronger and harder for the heavy4 ,printing from a mouse1 for example1 is much like printing a delicate #aif etching2 ink1 paper1 dampness1 etc41 must be exactly right1 and furthermore1 you have this handicap--you cannot regulate the pressure4 ,this is1 of course1 strictly a ,zoo method4 ,all attempts to secure black prints from wild animals have been total failures4 ,the paper1 the smell of paint1 etc41 are enough to keep the wild things away4 ,in the ,zoo we spread the black pad and the white paper in a narrow1 temporary lane1 and one by one drove1 or tried to drive1 the captives over them1 securing a series of tracks that are life-size1 properly spaced1 absolutely authentic1 and capable of yielding more facts as the observer learns more about the subject4 ,as related here1 all this sounds quite easy4 ,but no one has any idea how cross1 crooked1 and contrary a creature can be1 until he wishes it to repeat for him some ordinary things that it has hitherto done hourly4 ,some of them balked at the paint1 some at the paper1 some made a leap to clear all1 and thereby wrecked the entire apparatus4 ,some would begin very well1 but rush back when half-way over1 so as to destroy the print already made1 and in most cases the calmest1 steadiest1 tamest of beasts became utterly wild1 erratic1 and unmanageable when approached with tracklogical intent4 ,trying ,it on the ,cat ,even domestic animals are difficult4 ,a tame cat that was highly trained to do anything a cat could do1 was selected as promising for a black track study1 and her owner's two boys volunteered to get all the cat tracks ,i needed4 ,they put down a long roll of paper in a hall1 painted pussy's feet black1 and proceeded to chase her up and down4 ,her docility banished under the strain4 ,she raced madly about1 leaving long1 useless splashes of black2 then1 leaping to a fanlight1 she escaped up stairs to take refuge among the snowy draperies4 ,after which the boys' troubles began4 ,drawing is ,mostly ,used ,these1 however1 are mere by-accidents and illustrate the many practical difficulties4 ,after these had been conquered with patience and ingenuity1 there could be no doubt of the value of the prints4 ,they are the best of records for size1 spacing1 and detail1 but fail in giving incidents of wild life1 or the landscape surroundings4 ,the drawings1 as already seen1 are best for a long series and for faint features2 in fact1 the #aig drawings alone can give everything you can perceive2 but they fail in authentic size and detail4 ,photography has this great advantage--it gives the surroundings1 the essential landscape and setting1 and1 therefore1 the local reason for any changes of action on the part of the animal2 also the aesthetic beauties of its records are unique1 and will help to keep the method in a high place4 ,thus each of the three means may be successful in a different way1 and the best1 most nearly perfect alphabet of the woods1 would include all three1 and consist of a drawing1 a pedoscript and a photograph of each track1 and a trail2 i4e41 a single footprint1 and the long series of each animal4 ,my practice has been to use all whenever ,i could1 but still ,i find free-hand drawing is the one of the most practical application4 ,when ,i get a photograph ,i treasure it as an adjunct to the sketch4 ,a ,story of the ,trail ,to illustrate the relative value as records1 of sketch and photograph1 ,i give a track that ,i drew from nature1 but which could not at any place have been photographed4 ,this was made in ,february #ae1 #ahhe1 near ,toronto4 ,it is really a condensation of the facts1 as the trail is shortened where uninteresting4 ,page #ahi1 ,no4 #b4 ,at ,a1 ,i found a round place about #e x #h inches1 where a cottontail had crouched during the light snowfall4 ,at ,b he had leaped out and sat looking around2 the small prints in front were made by his forefeet1 the two long ones by his hind feet1 and farther back is a little dimple made by the tail1 showing that he was sitting on it4 ,something alarmed him1 causing him to dart out at full speed toward ,c and ,d1 and now a remarkable change is to be seen3 the marks made by the front feet are behind the large marks made by the hind feet1 because the rabbit overreaches each time2 the hind feet track ahead of the front feet2 the faster he goes1 the farther ahead those hind feet get2 and what would happen if he multiplied his speed by ten ,i really cannot imagine4 ,this overreach of the hind feet takes place in most bounding animals4 ,now the cottontail began a series of the most extraordinary leaps and dodgings 7,d1,e1,f47 as though trying to escape from some enemy4 ,but what enemy8 ,there were no other tracks4 ,i began to think the rabbit was crazy--was flying from an imaginary foe--that possibly ,i was on the trail of a ,march hare4 ,but at ,g ,i found for the first time some spots of blood4 #aih ,this told me that the rabbit was in real danger but gave no due to its source4 ,i wondered if a weasel were clinging to its neck4 ,a few yards farther1 at ,h1 ,i found more blood4 ,twenty yards more1 at ,i1 for the first time on each side of the rabbit trail1 were the obvious marks of a pair of broad1 strong wings4 ,oho6 now ,i knew the mystery of the cottontail running from a foe that left no track4 ,he was pursued by an eagle1 a hawk1 or an owl4 ,a few yards farther and ,i found the remains 7,j7 of the cottontail partly devoured4 ,this put the eagle out of the question2 an eagle would have carried the rabbit off boldly4 ,a hawk or an owl then was the assassin4 ,i looked for something to decide which1 and close by the remains found the peculiar two-paired track of an owl4 ,a hawk's track would have been as ,k1 while the owl nearly always sets its feet in the ground #aii with two toes forward and two toes back4 ,but which owl8 ,there were at least three in the valley that might be blamed4 ,i looked for more proof and got it on the near-by sapling--one small feather1 downy1 as are all owl feathers1 and bearing three broad bars1 telling me plainly that a barred owl had been there lately1 and that1 therefore1 he was almost certainly the slayer of the cottontail4 ,as ,i busied myself making notes1 what should come flying up the valley but the owl himself--back to the very place of the crime1 intent on completing his meal no doubt4 ,he alighted on a branch ten feet above my head and just over the rabbit remains1 and sat there muttering in his throat4 ,the proof in this case was purely circumstantial1 but ,i think that we can come to only one conclusion2 that the evidence of the track in the snow was complete and convincing4 #aih ,illustration3 ,,tracks2 #a4 ,blarina in snow2 #b4 ,deermouse2 #c4 ,meadow mouse2 #d4 ,masked shrew4 #aii continued ,meadow ,mouse ,the meadow mouse autograph 7page #ahi7 illustrates the black-track method4 ,at first these dots look inconsequent and fortuitous1 but a careful examination shows that the creature had four toes with claws on the forefeet1 and five on the hind1 which is evidence1 though not conclusive1 that it was a rodent2 the absence of tail marks shows that the tail was short or wanting2 the tubercules on each palm show to what group of mice the creature belongs4 ,the alternation of the track shows that it was a ground-animal1 not a tree-climber2 the spacing shows the shortness of the legs2 their size determines the size of the creature4 ,thus we come near to reconstructing the animal from its tracks1 and see how by the help of these studies1 we can get much light on the by-gone animals whose only monuments are tracks in the sedimentary rocks about us--rocks that1 when they received these imprints1 were the muddy margin of these long-gone creatures' haunts4 ,what the ,trail ,gives--,the ,secrets of the ,woods ,there is yet another feature of trail study that gives it exceptional value--it is an account of the creature pursuing its ordinary life4 ,if you succeeded in getting a glimpse of a fox or a hare in the woods1 the chances are a hundred to one that it was aware of your presence first4 ,they are much cleverer than we are at this sort of thing1 and if they do not actually sight or sense you1 they observe1 and are warned by the action of some other creature that did sense us1 and so cease their occupations to steal away or hide4 ,but the snow story will #bja tell of the life that the animal ordinarily leads--its method of searching for food1 its kind of food1 the help it gets from its friends1 or sometimes from its rivals--and thus offers an insight into its home ways that is scarcely to be attained in any other way4 ,the trailer has the key to a new storehouse of ,nature's secrets1 another of the ,sybilline books is opened to his view2 his fairy godmother has1 indeed1 conferred on him a wonderful #bjb gift in opening his eyes to the foot-writing of the trail4 ,it is like giving sight to the blind man1 like the rolling away of fogs from a mountain view1 and the trailer comes closer than others to the heart of the woods4 ,dowered with a precious power is he1 ,he drinks where others sipped1 ,and wild things write their lives for him ,in endless manuscript4 #bjj ,illustration3 ,tracks3 ,wild ,turkey1 ,toad1 ,crow1 #a4 ,jackrabbit #b4 ,cottontail #c4 ,gray squirrel #d4 ,coon #e4 ,ground bird1 such as quail #f4 ,tree-bird #g4 ,a bird living partly in tree1 partly on ground #bja ,horses' ,track ,n4,b4--,the large tracks represent the hind feet4 ,illustration3 ,tracks2 ,walking1 ,trotting1 ,canter1 ,galloping1 ,lame ,horse ,walking3 ,which leg is the lame in8 ,these are the tracks of two birds on the ground4 ,one lives generally on the ground1 the other in bushes and trees4 ,which track belongs to which bird8 7,from ,sir ,robert ,baden ,powell's book7 #bjb continued ,the ,american ,morse ,telegraph ,alphabet ,illustration3 ,morse codes4 7tr7 ,signals #d4 ,start me4 #e4 ,have you anything for me8 #i4 ,train order 7or important military message7--give away4 #ac4 ,do you understand8 #bjc #be4 ,busy4 #cj4 ,circuit closed 7or closed station74 #gc4 ,accept compliments4 #ib4 ,deliver 7ed74 ,abbreviations ,ahr--,another4 ,ans--,answer4 ,ck--,check4 ,col--,collect4 ,d ,h--,dead head4 ,g ,a--,go ahead4 ,g ,e--,good evening4 ,g ,m--,good morning4 ,g ,n--,good night4 ,g ,r--,government rate4 ,n ,m--,no more4 ,min--,wait a moment ,o ,b--,official business4 ,o ,k--,all right ,opr--,operator4 ,pd--,paid4 ,qk--,quick4 ,sig--,signature4 ,rememberable ,morse or ,re-,morse ,alphabet ,illustration3 ,rememberable ,morse or ,re-,morse ,alphabet4 ,by this method it is possible to learn the ,morse alphabet in less than an hour4 #bjd ,illustration3 ,scouts using signal flags4 7tr7 ,from ,a to ,b in both figures1 illustrates method of making a dot4 ,a complete swing from ,a to ,c in both figures indicates method of making a dash4 ,wig-,wag or ,myer ,code ,instructions for ,using the ,system ,the whole number opposite each letter or numeral stands for that letter or numeral4 ,a #bb ,b #baab ,c #aba ,d #bbb ,e #ab ,f #bbba ,g #bbaa ,h #abb ,i #a ,j #aabb ,k #baba ,l #bba ,m #abba ,n #aa ,o #ba ,p #abab ,q #abaa ,r #baa ,s #bab ,t #b ,u #aab ,v #abbb ,w #aaba ,x #babb ,y #aaa ,z #bbbb tion #aaab ,numerals #a #aaaa #b #bbbb #c #aaab #d #bbba #e #aabb #f #bbaa #g #abbb #h #baaa #i #abba #j #baab ,conventional ,signals ,end of word #c ,wait a moment #aaaa #c ,end of sentence #cc ,repeat after 7word7 #aba #aba #c #bb #c 7word7 ,end of message #ccc x x #c numerals follow 7or7 numerals end4 ,repeat last word #aba #aba #cc ,repeat last message #aba #aba #aba #ccc sig #c signature follows4 ,error #ab #ab #c ,move a little to right #baa #baa #c ,acknowledgment1 or ,i understand #bb #bb #c ,move a little to left #bba #bba #c ,cease signaling #bb #bb #bb #ccc ,signal faster #bbab #c #bje ,abbreviations a after b before c can h have n not r are t the u you ur your w word wi with y yes ,rememberable ,myer ,code ,the elements--a thick and a thin1 i4 e4 #b and #a ,illustration3 ,rememberable ,myer ,code4 ,to ,signal with ,flag or ,torch ,wig-,wag ,there is but one position and three motions4 ,the first position is with the flag or other appliance held vertically1 the signalman facing squarely toward the station with which it is desired to communicate4 #bjf ,the first motion 7one or #a7 is to the right of the sender and will embrace an arc of #ij degrees1 starting with the vertical and returning to it1 and will be made in a plane at right angle to the line connecting the two stations4 ,the second motion 7two or #b7 is a similar motion to the left of the sender4 ,the third motion 7front1 three or #c7 is downward1 directly in front of the sender1 and instantly returned upward to the first position4 ,numbers which occur in the body of a message must be spelled out in full4 ,numerals may be used in signaling between stations having naval books1 using the code calls4 ,to break or stop the signals from the sending station1 make with the flag or other signal #ab #ab #ab continuously4 ,to ,send a ,message ,to call a station signal its letter until acknowledged2 if the call letter be not known1 signal ,e until acknowledged4 ,to acknowledge a call1 signal #a understand1 followed by the call letter of the acknowledging station4 ,make a slight pause after each letter and also after front4 ,if the sender discovers that he has made an error he should make #c followed by #ab #abc1 after which he begins the word in which the error occurred4 ,the ,semaphore ,signal ,code ,the scout may learn the correct angles at which to hold the flags from the diagram4 ,the easiest method of learning the alphabet is by grouping the various letters together as follows3 ,for all letters from ,a to ,g1 one arm only is used1 making a quarter of a circle for each letter in succession4 ,the letters from ,h to ,n 7except ,j7--the right arm stands at ,a while the left moves round the circle for the other letters4 ,for ,o to ,s1 the right arm stands at ,b--the left arm moves round as before4 ,for ,t1 ,u1 ,y and the annul1 the right arm stands at ,c1 the left moving to the next point of the circle successively4 ,the numerical sign ,j 7or alphabetical sign7 and ,v--the right arm stands at position for letter ,d the left arm only being moved4 #bjg ,w and ,x--the left arm stands at position for letter ,e1 the right in this case moving down #de degrees to show letter ,x4 ,for the letter ,z1 the left arm stands at the position ,g--the right arm crosses the breast taking the position ,f4 ,illustration3 ,semaphore code4 7tr7 #bjh ,the letters ,a to ,i also stand for the figures #a to #i 7,k standing for #j71 if you make the numerical sign to show that you are going to send numbers followed by the alphabetical sign 7,j7 when the figures are finished4 ,they will be checked by being repeated back by the receiving station4 ,should figures be wrongly repeated by the receiving station the sending station will send the annul sign 7which is answered by the same sign7 and then send the group of figures again4 ,the sender must always face the station to which he is sending4 ,on a word failing to make sense1 the writer down will say1 no1 when the reader will at once stop the sending station by raising both arms horizontally to their full extent 7letter ,r74 ,this demand for repetition the sending station will acknowledge by making ,j4 ,the signaller receiving the message will then send the last word he has read correctly1 upon which the sender will continue the message from that word4 ,whistle ,signs #a4 ,one long blast means ,silence1 ,alert1 ,look out for my next signal4 ,also approaching a station4 #b4 ,two short blasts means ,all right4 #c4 ,a succession of long1 slow blasts means ,go out1 ,get farther away1 or ,advance1 ,extend1 ,scatter4 #d4 ,a succession of short1 sharp blasts means ,rally1 ,close in1 ,come together1 ,fall in1 ,danger1 ,alarm4 #e4 ,three short blasts followed by one long one from scout master calls up the patrol leaders--i4e41 ,leaders1 come here4 ,any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double--as fast as you can run--no matter what other job you may be doing at the time4 ,hand or ,flag ,signals ,hand signals1 which can also be made by patrol leaders with their patrol flags when necessary3 ,hand waved several times across the face from side to side or flag waved horizontally1 from side to side opposite the face1 means ,no1 ,never mind1 ,as you were4 ,hand or flag held high1 and waved as though pushing forward1 at full extent of arm1 or whistle a succession of slow blasts means ,extend1 ,go farther out1 ,scatter4 ,hand or flag held high1 and waved rapidly from side to side1 at full extent of arm1 or a succession of short1 quick blasts on the whistle1 means ,close in1 ,rally1 ,come here1 ,danger1 ,cattle on track4 #bji ,hand or flag pointing in any direction means ,go in that direction4 ,clenched hand or flag jumped rapidly up and down several times means1 ,hurry1 ,run4 ,the movement1 pushing or beckoning1 indicates whether ,hurry here or ,hurry there4 ,hand 7or flag7 held straight up over head1 palm forward1 means ,stop1 ,halt4 ,when a leader is shouting an order or message to a scout who is some way off1 the scout1 if he hears what is being said1 should hold up his hand level with his head all the time4 ,if he cannot hear1 he should stand still1 making no sign4 ,the leader will then repeat louder1 or beckon to the scout to come in nearer4 ,the following signals are made by a scout with his staff when he is sent out to reconnoitre within sight of his patrol1 and they have the following meaning3 ,staff held up horizontally1 that is1 level1 with both hands above the head1 means1 ,i have found4 ,the same1 out with staff moved up and down slowly1 means1 ,i have found1 but a long way off4 ,the same1 staff moved up and down rapidly1 means1 ,i have found1 and close by4 ,the staff held straight up over the head means1 ,nothing in sight4 ,indian ,signs and ,blazes ,shaking a blanket3 ,i want to talk to you4 ,hold up a tree-branch3 ,i want to make peace4 ,hold up a weapon1 means war3 ,i am ready to fight4 ,hold up a pole horizontally1 with hands on it3 ,i have found something4 ,illustration3 ,indian ,signs and ,blazes4 ,this is good water4 ,good water not far in this direction4 ,a long way to good water1 go in direction of arrow4 ,we camped here because one of us was sick4 #baj ,illustration3 ,indian ,signs and ,blazes4 ,war or trouble about4 ,peace4 ,road to be followed4 ,letter hidden three paces from here in the direction of arrow4 ,this path not to be followed4 ,i have gone home4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,the ,boy ,scout ,wireless ,club ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,newark1 ,n4,j4 ,the following directions are given for an up-to-date wireless apparatus for stationary use in the home or at the meeting place of each patrol4 ,we will consider the receiving apparatus first3 ,illustration3 ,diagram of wireless transmitter and receiver4 7tr7 ,the first thing to do is to build an aerial4 ,first find out how long your location will allow you to build it1 and how high4 ,it ought to be at least #ej to #fj feet high and about #gj to #ajj feet long4 ,the main point in building an aerial is to have it #baa well insulated from the ground1 and all connections in wire perfectly solid4 ,it is advisable to solder every connection and to make your aerial strong as it has a great deal to do with the working qualities of the station4 ,after this is completed1 the inside work on instruments should begin4 #a4 ,a pair of watch-case receivers having a resistance of #a1jjj ohms each1 manufactured by a reliable firm4 #b4 ,a loose coupler tuning coil of about #hjj meters4 #c4 ,one of ,mordock's metal detectors or one of similar design4 #d4 ,a variable condenser of about #e-aj plates4 #e4 ,a fixed condenser so arranged that its capacity can be changed if desired4 ,with these instruments the receiving set is complete1 so we next take up the sending apparatus4 #a4 ,a two-inch induction coil4 #b4 ,a heavy spark gap 7zinc preferable74 #c4 ,one wireless key with heavy contacts4 #d4 ,a plate condenser which can be easily made by any scout4 ,good glass is the main point4 #e4 ,a triple pole1 double throw aerial switch4 7,can be made by scouts47 ,now you have everything necessary to go ahead and assemble your station4 ,the next thing is to connect them up4 ,above is a diagram which will make a good station for a scout4 ,this station1 if the aero is of the proper height1 is capable of sending messages from #h to #aj miles4 ,the ,receiving ,set ,perhaps the most fundamentally important part of a wireless telegraph station is the aerial4 ,its construction varies with each station1 but a few general suggestions may be of use4 ,the builder should aim to get as high and as long an aerial as possible1 height being the more important factor4 ,in a stationary set the aerial may be fastened to a tree or pole or high building while in a field set a tree or an easily portable pole must be used4 ,the aerial itself should be made of copper wire and should be hung between spreaders as long as convenient and insulated from them by two cleat insulators in series at each end4 ,the experimenter should see that his leading-in wire is placed conveniently and comes in contact with the walls1 etc41 #bab as little as possible4 ,all points of contact must be well insulated with glass1 porcelain1 or hard rubber4 ,the tuning coil is very simple in construction4 ,a cardboard tube1 about three inches in diameter1 is mounted between two square heads4 ,this tube is wound with ,no4 #bd insulated copper wire and very well shellaced to avoid loosening of the wire4 ,two pieces of one quarter inch square brass rod1 to be fastened between the heads1 are secured1 and a slider1 as shown in drawing1 is made4 ,the rods are fastened on the heads and the insulation in the path of the slides is then well scraped off4 ,binding posts are then fastened to rods and coil ends4 ,illustration3 ,details of instruments for field use4 #bac ,the detector1 although the most important of the instruments1 is perhaps the simplest4 ,it is constructed of a hardwood base with a small brass plate fastened on by means of a binding post4 ,on the other end of the base is fastened a double binding post which holds a brass spring1 as in the drawing4 ,on the end of this spring is fastened a copper point made by winding a few inches of ,no4 #cf or #dj wire on it and allowing about three sixteenths of an inch to project4 ,this completes the detector but1 for use in this instrument1 lead sulphide or ,galena crystals must be secured4 ,the condenser is made of two pieces of tin-foil1 four by ten1 and three pieces of waxed paper a little larger than the foil4 ,a piece of wire is twisted into the end of each piece of foil1 and then one sheet of foil is laid on a sheet of paper4 ,this is then covered by another sheet of paper upon which is laid the second sheet of foil4 ,on top of this is laid the third sheet of paper and the whole is folded into a convenient bundle4 ,the sheets of foil must be well insulated from each other and the wires must project from the condenser4 ,the ground connection is made by soldering a wire to a cold water pipe4 ,in the case of a portable set the ground may be made by driving a metal rod into the ground or sinking metal netting into a body of water4 ,the telephone receivers cannot well be made and must therefore be bought4 ,the type of phones used will therefore depend entirely on the builder's purse4 ,the ,sending ,set ,the same aerial and ground are used for sending as were used for receiving1 and for the experimenter1 it will be far cheaper to buy a spark coil for his sending set than to attempt to make one4 ,for a field set there will be very little need of a sending helix1 as close tuning will be hardly possible2 but for the stationary set this is very useful4 ,the helix is made by building a drum with square heads fastened together by six or eight uprights1 arranged on the circumference of a circle4 ,on this then are wound ten or twelve turns of ,no4 #aj or #ab1 brass or copper wire4 ,binding posts are fastened to the ends of the wire and variable contact made on the turns by means of metal spring clips4 ,the spark gap is made of a hard-wood base with two uprights to which are fastened strips of brass4 ,under these strips are #bad placed two pieces of battery zincs so as to make the gap between their ends variable4 ,binding posts are fastened to the strips for contact4 ,the sending condenser is the same as the receiving in construction1 but different in material4 ,the dielectric is glass while the conducting surfaces are tin-foil1 arranged in a pile of alternate sheets of glass and foil4 ,the foil is shaped as in drawing and alternate sheets have their lugs projecting on opposite sides1 all lugs on same side being connected together4 ,for a one-inch coil but a few of these plates are needed1 but for higher power a greater number are necessary4 ,illustration3 ,wireless ,telegraph ,set ,designed for ,boy ,scouts of ,america by ,l4 ,horle4 ,all that now remains is the setting up of the instruments4 ,they are arranged as in the drawing1 a double-point1 #bae double-throw switch being used to switch from sending to receiving4 ,after having connected up the receiving instruments1 the receiver is placed at the ear and the point of the detector placed on the various parts of the mineral until the signals are heard clearly4 ,then the tuning coil is adjusted until the signals are loudest4 ,the sending apparatus is set up1 the key and batteries having been bought or made1 and used to call some other station4 ,the clip is put on various twins of the helix until the other station signals that the signals are loudest4 ,the station is then ready for actual operation4 ,,notes #baf ,notes #bag ,notes #bah ,notes #bai ,,chapter ,v ,,health ,,and ,,endurance ,george ,j4 ,fisher1 ,m4 ,d4 ,secretary1 ,physical ,department ,international ,committee ,young ,men's ,christian ,association ,fitness ,two things greatly affect the conditions under which a boy lives in these days4 ,one is that he lives in-doors for the greater part of the time1 and the other is that he must attend school1 which is pretty largely a matter of sitting still4 ,two things therefore are needs of every boy3 out-door experience and physical activity4 ,to secure endurance1 physical power1 physical courage1 and skill1 the first thing needful is to take stock of one's physical make-up1 put the body in the best possible condition for doing its work and then keep it in good order4 ,proper ,carriage ,head up1 chin in1 chest out1 and shoulders back is a good slogan for a boy scout who desires an erect figure4 ,one can scarcely think of a round-shouldered scout4 ,yet there are such among the boys who desire to be scouts4 ,there is no particular exercise that a boy can take to cure round shoulders4 ,the thing to remember is that all exercise that is taken should be done in the erect position1 then the muscles will hold the body there4 ,an erect body means a deeper chest1 room for the important organs to work and thus affords them the best chance to act4 ,a few setting-up exercises each day in the erect position will help greatly to get this result4 #bbj ,illustration3 ,exercise #a ,position3 ,heels together1 arms down and at sides1 palms in4 ,movement3 ,swing arms1 sideways1 upward to vertical1 and return4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #b ,same as ,exercise ,i1 except that arms are swung forward1 upward to vertical4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #c4 ,position3 ,arms extended to side horizontal4 ,movement3 ,swing forward and return4 7,emphasis upon backward movement47 ,illustration3 ,exercise #d4 ,position3 ,arms at side1 horizontal1 back slightly arched4 ,movement3 ,circle arms backward4 ,setting-up ,exercises #bba ,illustration3 ,exercise #e4 ,position3 ,forearms flexed at side of chest4 ,movement3 ,thrust arms forward and return4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #f4 ,position3 ,arms at front1 horizontal1 forearms flexed1 fingers on shoulders4 ,movement3 ,swing backward to side1 horizontal in position4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #g4 ,position3 ,same as ,exercise #f4 ,movement3 ,swing downward1 forward1 bringing arms beyond sides of body4 ,rise on toes with end of backward swing4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #h;a4 ,position3 ,arms at vertical1 thumbs locked1 head fixed between arms4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #h;b4 ,movement3 ,bend forward as far as possible1 without bending knees1 and return4 ,setting-up ,exercises #bbb ,illustration3 ,exercise #i4 ,position3 ,arms at vertical4 ,repeat exercise #h;b ,illustration3 ,exercise #i;b4 ,movement3 ,arm circles1 downward1 inward1 across chest4 ,reverse the movement4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #aj4 ,position3 ,arms on hips4 ,movement3 ,forward bend4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #aa4 ,position3 ,same as ,exercise #aj4 ,movement3 ,backward bend4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #ab4 ,position3 ,same as ,exercise #aj4 ,movement3 ,sideward bend1 right and left4 ,setting-up ,exercises #bbc ,illustration3 ,exercise #ac4 ,position3 ,same as ,exercise #aj4 ,movement3 ,rotate body of waist4 ,illustration3 ,exercise #ad4 ,position3 ,same as ,exercise #aj4 ,movement3 ,raise high on toes4 7,hold shoulders back firmly7 ,illustration3 ,exercise #ae4 ,position3 ,same as ,exercise #aj4 ,movement3 ,full knee bend4 ,setting-up ,exercises ,growth ,the chief business of a boy is to grow4 ,he may have other affairs1 but this is his chief concern4 ,he should1 therefore1 have a few simple rules for living and make them a part of his daily life4 ,out-door ,exercises ,each day should have its out-door exercises4 ,walking is a splendid form of exercise4 ,walk to school or business2 don't ride unless absolutely necessary because of unusual distance4 ,walk with a good1 swinging stride with chest well up and spine fairly straight4 ,slow running across country is great2 it lacks strain and yet affords splendid stimulation to heart and lungs4 ,cross-country running and hiking should be favorite sport for scout patrols and troops4 ,a boy ought to have at least two hours of sport daily in some good1 vigorous game1 such as baseball or tennis1 and1 if he can possibly afford it1 at least two periods a week1 of an hour each1 in a gymnasium1 where he can receive guidance in body building4 ,boys under sixteen should avoid exercise of strain1 such as weight lifting1 or sprint running over one hundred yards1 or long distance racing4 ,they should have careful guidance in all gymnastic work4 ,work on apparatus may prove harmful unless of the right sort4 ,the horse #bbd and parallel bars should be used largely to jump over rather than perform upon4 ,exercises demanding a sustained support of the body with the arms are not helpful1 but may be harmful4 ,the chief activity should be of the legs1 to strengthen heart and lungs4 ,a boy should be careful not to overdo4 ,in his excitement to win in a contest he is likely to do this unless cautioned4 ,a boy should never try to reduce his weight4 ,now that there are weight classes in sports for boys there is a temptation to do this and it may prove very serious4 ,severe training for athletics should be avoided4 ,all training should be in moderation4 ,medical ,examinations ,every boy ought to have1 as he takes up his boy-scout work1 a thorough medical examination4 ,some physician who is interested in boys will be willing to act as examiner for a patrol or troop4 ,a boy should know the condition of his heart and lungs before entering any contest4 ,if he has any defects in his breathing apparatus--nose1 throat1 or lungs1 these should be attended to or they will seriously interfere with his endurance tests4 ,baths ,beside exercises a boy should have simple1 workable rules for living4 ,a boy ought to take a good soap bath at least twice a week and always after he has played a hard game or performed work of a nature that has caused him to perspire freely4 ,each morning a quick sponge bath should be the first order of the day1 in water as cool as he can stand it1 followed by a good rub with a coarse towel4 ,if there is a feeling of warmth after the bath1 it is helpful1 if not1 the water should be slightly warm or only a portion of the body should be bathed at a time4 ,pain ,one thing that should be regarded seriously is pain in any form in any part of the body4 ,if there is a dull headache frequently1 find out what causes it4 ,pain in the knee1 the arch of the foot1 or at any point1 should be taken seriously4 ,pain means something wrong4 ,it may be brave to bear it1 but it #bbe is not wise4 ,it may mean something serious4 ,remember that pain felt in one part of the body may be the result of something wrong in another part4 ,see a wise doctor about it4 ,eating ,and now in reference to what one shall eat4 ,the average boy ought to have and usually does have an appetite like an ostrich4 ,three points to remember are2 don't eat too much1 most healthy boys do2 don't eat meat more than once a day2 and1 third1 don't eat anything that you always taste for several hours after you have eaten it1 even though you like it4 ,digestion ,the fact that you taste it is an indication that your stomach is having a wresting match with the food4 ,some people can't digest onions1 others thrive upon them4 ,some can't eat cucumbers1 others can do so readily4 ,the one must give them up2 the other can continue to eat them4 ,each person has some peculiarity of diet and must observe it to be happy4 ,many a race has been lost through failure to obey this rule4 ,a simple diet is best4 ,most boys eat too much of a mixed nature4 ,they mix pickles1 soda water1 frankfurters1 and chocolate without fear or favor4 ,no wonder there is so much stomach ache4 ,in boys' camps the chief trouble is indigestion caused by this riot of eating4 ,such boys are laying up for themselves for the future some beautiful headaches and bilious attacks1 which1 when they become chronic later1 will cry out against them and seriously impair their value4 ,don't eat when very tired2 lie down a while and get rested4 ,don't eat heavily before exercising1 or1 better1 put it the other way around1 don't exercise immediately after eating4 ,never eat when excited or angry and very lightly when worried or when expecting to study hard4 ,we should learn to eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly remembering that all food before it can be taken up in the blood must be as thin as pea soup4 ,chewing well will help the digestive organs greatly4 ,always wash the hands before eating4 ,be careful about eating food that has been exposed to the dust unless it has been washed4 ,drink freely of clean water between meals4 ,never use a public drinking cup without thoroughly rinsing it4 ,don't touch your lips to the rim of the cup4 ,boys who cook their own meals when in camp should be #bbf careful to have their food well done4 ,half-baked and soggy food proves indigestible4 ,coffee and ,tea ,should a boy drink coffee or tea8 ,this is a question often asked by boys4 ,coffee and tea are the greatest stimulants known4 ,but does a strong boy need a stimulant8 ,what is a stimulant and what does it do8 ,a stimulant is a whip1 making the body do more at a given time than it ordinarily would4 ,it doesn't add any fibre to the tissues1 doesn't add any strength1 isn't a food1 but merely gets more out of the tissues or nervous system than they would ordinarily yield4 ,of course there is a reaction1 because the tissues have had nothing to feed on4 ,herbert ,fisher says that ,peary's men1 who drank lots of tea on their voyage north1 during the most trying time of their trip showed it in their haggard faces and loss of tissue4 ,their own tissues had turned cannibal and fed on their own material4 ,stimulants are not foods4 ,they add no strength to the body4 ,they exact of the body what ought not to be exacted of it4 ,there is always a reaction and one is always worse off as a result4 ,growing boys especially should have nothing to do with tea1 coffee1 or any stimulant4 ,alcohol and ,tobacco ,alcohol is not a stimulant1 but is really a narcotic that is very depressing4 ,it dulls rather than stimulates4 ,the same is true of nicotine in tobacco4 ,no growing boy should use either4 ,the first athletes to drop out of a race are usually drinkers and all trainers know that smoking is bad for the wind4 ,constipation ,those boys who find their digestion sluggish and are troubled with constipation may find the following plan helpful in overcoming the condition3 ,drink a cool1 copious draught of water upon arising4 ,then take some body-bending exercises4 ,follow this with the sponge bath4 ,then1 if possible1 take a walk around the block before breakfast4 ,after school1 play some favorite game for at least an hour4 ,in the absence of this1 take a good hike of three or four miles or a longer bicycle ride4 ,at least twice a week1 if possible1 enter a gymnasium class and make special emphasis of body-bending exercises4 #bbg ,have a regular time for going to stool4 ,a good plan is to go just before retiring and immediately upon arising4 ,go even though you feel no desire to do so4 ,a regular habit may be established by this method4 ,always respond quickly to any call of nature4 ,toasted bread and graham bread and the coarser foods and fruit will be found helpful4 ,the ,teeth ,closely related to the matter of eating is the proper care of the teeth4 ,perhaps--without care--the mouth is the filthiest cavity of the body4 ,we spend a great deal of energy trying to keep food clean and water pure1 but what is the use if we place them in a dirty cavity as they enter the body4 ,full #ij per cent4 of the children examined in our schools have decayed and dirty teeth4 ,these decayed teeth provide cavities in which food particles decay and germs grow1 and through which poisons are absorbed4 ,these conditions need not exist4 ,now just a few suggestions about the care of the teeth4 ,every boy should own his own tooth brush4 ,the teeth should be scrubbed at least twice a day4 ,at night they should receive most careful cleansing1 using a good tooth paste or powder4 ,then again in the morning they should be rinsed at which time simply clean water is sufficient4 ,time should be taken in the cleansing of the teeth4 ,the gums should be included in the scrubbing1 as this acts as a good stimulant to the circulation of the blood to the teeth4 ,not only should the teeth be brushed with a backward and forward stroke1 as we ordinarily do1 but also upward and downward the length of the teeth4 ,in addition to the scrubbing1 particles of food which are lodged between the teeth should be removed after meals1 or at least after the last meal of the day4 ,this is most safely done by the use of a thread of a fair degree of thickness4 ,dentists and druggists furnish this thread in spools4 ,hard toothpicks often cause bleeding and detach fillings4 ,a dentist should be visited once every six months so as to detect decay immediately4 ,never have a tooth pulled unless absolutely necessary4 ,care of the ,eyes ,most troubles with the eyes come from eye strain4 ,styes and red lids are usually due to this cause4 ,see how foolish1 therefore1 it is to treat these conditions as causes1 when really #bbh they are only the result of something else4 ,of course there are exceptions4 ,sometimes wild hairs and skin disease affect the eyes4 ,eye strain should be removed by wearing well-fitting glasses and then these other conditions will disappear4 ,if constant headache is experienced or the eyes itch or become tired easily1 there is possibly eye strain4 ,one way to test the eye is for vision4 ,place the following letters fifteen feet from you4 ,if you cannot read them clearly with both eyes and with each eye separately1 consult a first-class oculist4 ,c ,l ,v ,f ,o ,t ,e ,a ,c ,f ,d ,l ,o ,t ,d ,v ,c ,l ,a ,e ,o ,t ,f ,never buy eye-glasses unless fitted by an expert4 ,such glasses should be worn in proper relation to the eyes4 ,they should not be permitted to slide forward on the nose or tilt4 ,they may need to be changed often as the eyes grow better4 ,for reading1 a good1 steady light is needed4 ,never sit in front of a window facing it to read4 ,always have the light come from the rear and over the left shoulder preferably4 ,the book should be held on a level with the face and not too close4 ,sit #bbi erect4 ,reading when lying down or from the light of a fireplace is unwise4 ,care of the ,ears ,affections of the ears are exceedingly serious and may lead to grave results4 ,any trouble with them should be given very prompt attention and a good specialist consulted4 ,pain in the ear1 or ringing or hissing sounds1 and particularly any discharge from the ear1 should not be neglected4 ,any sign of deafness must be heeded4 ,sometimes deafness occurs in reference to some particular sounds while hearing is normal to others4 ,no matter what the degree of deafness may be do not neglect to see a physician about it4 ,ordinarily the tick of a watch can be heard at a distance of thirty inches4 ,if you cannot hear it at that distance and can hear it say at fifteen inches then you are just one half from the normal in your hearing4 ,the test should be made with one ear closed4 ,ear troubles are often caused by sticking foreign objects in the ear1 such as hair pins1 pins1 matches1 toothpicks and lead pencils4 ,never pick the ear with anything4 ,often the ear drum is pierced in this way4 ,the normal ear does not require anything more than the usual cleansing with the wash rag over the end of the finger4 ,if wax to any extent accumulates in the ear it should be removed by syringing1 but ought to be done by a physician4 ,in camp an insect might crawl into the ear and if alive cause pain4 ,putting oil or other fluids in the ear to drown it is unwise4 ,if a foreign body should get in the ear it should not cause great alarm unless attended with severe pain4 ,if a physician is not available at once such objects may remain for a day or two without serious results4 ,syringing usually removes them1 but it should be remembered that some objects like peas or beans swell if made wet4 ,in swimming water is apt to get into the ear and cause annoyance4 ,a rubber ear stop can be secured and placed in the ear at the time of swimming1 thus keeping the water out4 ,cotton should not be stuffed into the ear to keep water out1 as it may get inside4 ,one thing to keep in mind is that catarrh of the nose and throat often extends into the ear passages through a tube which reaches from the throat to the ear and that syringing of the nose and throat frequently causes trouble in the ear4 ,care of ,nose and ,throat ,always breathe through the nose4 ,air passing through the nose is warmed and moistened and cleansed2 thus it gets to #bcj the lungs in a better condition4 ,if you cannot breathe clearly through the nose1 have it examined4 ,there may be a growth present which needs to be removed4 ,to become a good runner this is important4 ,adenoids1 which are growths far back in the mouth1 often interfere with nose breathing and are serious in other ways4 ,don't stick anything in the nose2 and nose picking is not cleanly4 ,if crusts form in the nose1 use a little vaseline to soften them4 ,don't blow the nose too vigorously4 ,it may cause trouble4 ,frequent sore throat may be due to enlarged tonsils which either need treatment or removal4 ,to one who has frequent colds in the head1 the out-of-door life and morning sponge bath and moderate eating will be of help4 ,care of the ,feet ,this is an important matter with scouts1 as they will make frequent hikes and tramps4 ,the first thing to do is to walk right4 ,the straight foot is the normal foot4 ,the normal foot is broad at the ball with space between the toes4 ,how different from the awful feet we see with toes twisted upon each other and crowded together4 ,walk with feet pointing straight forward4 ,the feet that turn outward are weak feet4 ,shoes therefore should be straight on the inner border1 broad across the ball1 and have a low1 broad heel4 ,the shoe adopted by the scout movement is a good design4 ,when a foot is normal1 the inner border does not touch the floor4 ,by wetting the foot one can see readily whether he is flat-footed by the imprint made4 ,the following exercises are good to strengthen the arches of the foot if there is a tendency to flat feet3 7#a7 ,turn toes in1 raise the heels1 and come down slowly on the outer borders of the feet2 7#b7 ,walk with heels raised and toes pointing inward1 or walk on the outer borders of the foot1 inner borders turned up4 ,shoes should fit the feet comfortably4 ,tight shoes1 or shoes that fit loosely1 will cause callouses or corns4 ,the way to get rid of these is to remove the cause--namely1 the badly-fitting shoes4 ,soft corns are due to pressure between the toes4 ,the toes in such cases should be kept apart with cotton4 ,pointed shoes should be avoided4 ,patent-leather shoes are non-porous and hot4 ,ingrown toe nails are exceedingly painful4 ,the pain comes from the nail piercing the soft parts4 ,allowing the nail to grow long and beyond the point of the tender spot will help2 #bca and on the side of the nail and under it cotton should be inserted to protect the soft parts4 ,hot foot baths will generally relieve tired feet4 ,boys should be very careful in trimming corns for fear of blood poisoning4 ,never buy plates at a store for flat feet4 ,they may not be adapted to your needs4 ,always consult a foot specialist for treatment and buy plates if needed on his order4 ,only severe cases need plates4 ,many boys are troubled with perspiring feet and are frequently annoyed by the odor resulting4 ,those who are thus troubled should wash the feet often and carefully1 especially1 between the toes4 ,by dusting the feet with boric acid the odor will disappear4 ,at first it may be necessary to change the stockings daily4 ,in severe cases two pairs of shoes should be used1 changing alternately4 ,care of the ,finger ,nails ,the chief thing in the care of the finger nails is to keep them clean4 ,each boy should possess and use a nail brush4 ,always wash the hands thoroughly before eating1 and use the end of a nail file to remove the accumulation still remaining under the nails4 ,keep the nails properly trimmed4 ,they should not be too long nor too short4 ,if long they are liable to break and if short to be sensitive4 ,biting the nails is a filthy practice and mutilates the fingers dreadfully and makes them unsightly4 ,it is a very hard habit to overcome ofttimes and will require persistent effort in order to succeed4 ,by keeping the nails smooth the tendency to bite them will to some extent be overcome4 ,a bitter application to the nails will often remind one of the habit1 as often the biting is done unconsciously4 ,the nails should never be pared with a knife2 a curved pair of scissors is better as the cutting should be done in a curved direction2 but the best method is to use a file4 ,the skin overhanging the nails should be pressed back once a week to keep them shapely4 ,rubbing the nails with a nail buffer or cloth will keep them polished4 ,sleep ,one thing a growing boy wants to be long on is sleep1 and yet he is most apt to be careless about it4 ,it is during sleep that a boy grows most and catches up4 ,during his waking hours he tears down and burns up more tissue than he builds4 ,good1 sound and sufficient sleep is essential to growth1 strength1 #bcb and endurance4 ,a boy scout should have at least nine or ten hours sleep out of every twenty-four4 ,if you lose out on this amount on one day1 make it up the next4 ,whenever unusually tired1 or when you feel out of trim1 stay in bed a few hours more if it is possible4 ,a boy should wake up each morning feeling like a fighting cock4 ,when he doesn't he ought to get to bed earlier that night4 ,sleep is a wonderful restorative and tonic4 ,it helps to store up energy and conserve strength4 ,sleeping ,out of ,doors ,the conditions under which one sleeps are as important as the length of time one sleeps4 ,many people are finding it wonderfully helpful and invigorating to sleep out of doors4 ,often a back porch can be arranged1 or1 in summer1 a tent can be pitched in the yard4 ,but1 by all means1 the sleeping room should be well ventilated4 ,windows should be thrown wide open4 ,avoid drafts4 ,if the bed is in such relation to the windows as to cause the wind to blow directly on it1 a screen can be used to divert it or a sheet hung up as protection4 ,good1 fresh1 cool air is a splendid tonic4 ,in winter open windows are a splendid preparation for camping out in summer4 ,conservation ,in this chapter much has been said of the active measures which a boy should take in order to become strong and well4 ,we should be equally concerned in saving and storing up natural forces we already have4 ,in the body of every boy1 who has reached his teens1 the ,creator of the universe has sown a very important fluid4 ,this fluid is the most wonderful material in all the physical world4 ,some parts of it find their way into the blood1 and through the blood give tone to the muscles1 power to the brain1 and strength to the nerves4 ,this fluid is the sex fluid4 ,when this fluid appears in a boy's body1 it works a wonderful change in him4 ,his chest deepens1 his shoulders broaden1 his voice changes1 his ideals are changed and enlarged4 ,it gives him the capacity for deep feeling1 for rich emotion4 ,pity the boy1 therefore1 who has wrong ideas of this important function1 because they will lower his ideals of life4 ,these organs actually secrete into the blood material that makes a boy manly1 strong1 and noble4 ,any habit which a boy has that causes this fluid to be discharged from the body tends to weaken his strength1 to make him less able to resist disease1 and often unfortunately fastens upon him habits which later in life he #bcc cannot break4 ,even several years before this fluid appears in the body such habits are harmful to a growing boy4 ,to become strong1 therefore1 one must be pure in thought and clean in habit4 ,this power which ,i have spoken of must be conserved1 because this sex function is so deep and strong that there will come times when temptation to wrong habits will be very powerful4 ,but remember that to yield means to sacrifice strength and power and manliness4 ,for boys who desire to know more of this subject we would suggest a splendid book by ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall1 entitled1 ,from ,youth into ,manhood4 ,every boy in his teens who wants to know the secret of strength1 power1 and endurance should read this book4 ,,notes #bcd ,notes #bce ,notes #bcf ,notes #bcg ,,chapter ,,vi ,,chivalry ,by ,john ,l4 ,alexander1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,ancient ,knighthood ,a little over fifteen hundred years ago the great order of knighthood and chivalry was founded4 ,the reason for this was the feeling on the part of the best men of that day that it was the duty of the stronger to help the weak4 ,these were the days when might was right1 and the man with the strongest arm did as he pleased1 often oppressing the poor and riding rough shod without any regard over the feelings and affections of others4 ,in revolt against this1 there sprang up all over ,europe a noble and useful order of men who called themselves knights4 ,among these great-hearted men were ,arthur1 ,gareth1 ,lancelot1 ,bedivere1 and ,alfred the ,great4 ,the desire of these men was ,to live pure1 speak true1 right wrong1 follow the king4 ,of course in these days there also lived men who called themselves knights1 but who had none of the desire for service that inspired ,arthur and the others4 ,these false knights1 who cared for no one but themselves and their own pleasure1 often brought great sorrow to the common people4 ,chivalry then was a revolt against their brutal acts and ignorance and a protest against the continuation of the idea that might was right4 ,nowhere in all the stories that have come down to us have the acts of chivalry been so well told as in the tales of the ,round ,table4 ,here it was that ,king ,arthur gathered about him men like ,sir ,bors1 ,sir ,gawaine1 ,sir ,pellias1 ,sir ,geraint1 ,sir ,tristram1 ,sir ,lancelot1 and ,sir ,galahad4 ,these men moved by the desire of giving themselves in service1 cleared the forests of wild animals1 suppressed the robber barons1 #bch punished the outlaws1 bullies1 and thieves of their day1 and enforced wherever they went a proper respect for women4 ,it was for this great service that they trained themselves1 passing through the degrees of page1 esquire1 and knight with all the hard work that each of these meant in order that they might the better do their duty to their ,god and country4 ,illustration3 ,ancient knight4 ,struggle for ,freedom ,of course this struggle of right against wrong was not confined to the days in which chivalry was born4 ,the founding of the order of knighthood was merely the beginning of the age-long struggle to make right the ruling thought of life4 ,long after knighthood had passed away1 the struggle continued4 ,in the birth of the modern nations1 ,england1 ,germany1 ,france1 and others1 there was the distinct feeling on the part of the best men of these nations that might should and must give way to right1 and that tyranny must yield to the spirit of freedom4 ,the great struggle of the ,english barons under ,king ,john and the wresting from the king of the ,magna ,charta1 which became the basis of ,english liberty1 was merely another development of the idea for which chivalry stood4 ,the protest of the ,french ,revolution1 and the terrible doings of the common people in these days1 although wicked and brutal in method1 were symptoms of the same revolt against oppression4 ,illustration3 ,pilgrim father4 ,the ,pilgrim ,fathers ,when the ,pilgrim ,fathers founded the ,american colonies1 the work of ,arthur and ,alfred and the other great men of ancient days was renewed and extended and fitted to the new conditions and times4 ,with the ,english settlements of ,raleigh and ,captain ,john ,smith we might almost say that a new race of men was born and a new kind of knight was developed4 ,all over ,america an idea made itself felt that in the eyes of the law every man should be considered just as good as every other man1 and that every man ought to have a fair and square chance #bci at all the good things that were to be had in a land of plenty4 ,it was this spirit that compelled the colonists to seek their independence and that found its way into our ,declaration of ,independence as follows3 ,we hold these truths to be self-evident3 that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain inalienable rights2 that among these are life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness4 ,the fight of the colonists was the old-time fight of the knights against the oppression and injustice and the might that dared to call itself right4 ,illustration3 ,pioneer4 ,american ,pioneers ,no set of men1 however1 showed this spirit of chivalry more than our pioneers beyond the ,alleghanies4 ,in their work and service they paralleled very closely the knights of the ,round ,table1 but whereas ,arthur's knights were dressed in suits of armor1 the ,american pioneers were dressed in buckskin4 ,they did1 however1 the very same things which ancient chivalry had done1 clearing the forests of wild animals1 suppressing the outlaws and bullies and thieves of their day and enforcing a proper respect for women4 ,like the old knights they often were compelled to do their work amid scenes of great bloodshed1 although they loved to live in peace4 ,these ,american knights and pioneers were generally termed backwoods men and scouts1 and were men of distinguished appearance1 of athletic build1 of high moral character and frequently of firm religious convictions4 ,such men as ,apple-seed ,johnny1 ,daniel ,boone1 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 ,simon ,kenton and ,john ,james ,audubon1 are the types of men these pioneers were4 ,they were noted for their staunch qualities of character4 ,they hated dishonesty and were truthful and brave4 ,they were polite to women and old people1 ever ready to rescue a companion when in danger1 and equally ready to risk their lives for a stranger4 ,they were very hospitable1 dividing their last crust with one another1 or with the stranger whom they happened to meet4 ,they were ever ready to do an act of kindness4 #bdj ,they were exceedingly simple in their dress and habits4 ,they fought the ,indians1 not because they wished to1 but because it was necessary to protect their wives and children from the raids of the savages4 ,they knew all the things that scouts ought to know4 ,they were acquainted with the woods and the fields2 knew where the best fish were to be caught2 understood the trees1 the signs and blazes1 the haunts of animals and how to track them2 how to find their way by the stars2 how to make themselves comfortable in the heart of the primeval forest2 and such other things as are classed under the general term of woodcraft4 ,and1 with all this1 they inherited the splendid ideas of chivalry that had been developed in the thousand years preceding them1 and fitted these ideas to the conditions of their own day1 standing solidly against evil and falsehood whenever they lifted their head among them4 ,they were not perfect1 but they did their best to be of service to those who came within their reach and worked conscientiously for their country4 ,illustration3 ,modern knight4 ,modern ,knighthood ,a hundred years have passed since then1 and the conditions of life which existed west of the ,alleghanies are no more4 ,just as the life of the pioneers was different from that of the knights of the ,round ,table1 and as they each practised chivalry in keeping with their own sur-roundings1 so the life of to-day is different from both1 but the need of chivalry is very much the same4 ,might still tries to make right1 and while there are now no robber barons or outlaws with swords and spears1 their spirit is not unknown in business and commercial life4 ,vice and dishonesty lift their heads just as strongly to-day as in the past and there is just as much need of respect for women and girls as there ever was4 ,so to-day there is a demand for a modern type of chivalry4 ,it is for this reason that the ,boy ,scouts of ,america have come into being2 for there is need of service in these days1 and that is represented by the good turn done to somebody every day4 ,doing the good turn daily will help to form the habit of useful service4 ,a boy scout1 then1 while living in modern times1 must consider himself the heir of ancient chivalry #bda and of the pioneers1 and he must for this reason give himself to ever renewed efforts to be true to the traditions which have been handed down to him by these great and good leaders of men4 ,the boy-scout movement is a call to ,american boys to-day to become in spirit members of the order of chivalry1 and a challenge to them to make their lives count in the communities in which they live--for clean lives1 clean speech1 clean sport1 clean habits1 and clean relationships with others4 ,it is also a challenge for them to stand for the right against the wrong1 for truth against falsehood1 to help the weak and oppressed1 and to love and seek the best things of life4 ,abraham ,lincoln ,illustration3 ,portrait of ,abraham ,lincoln4 7tr7 ,perhaps there is no better example of chivalry than the life and experience of ,abraham ,lincoln1 the greatest of all our ,american men4 ,every boy ought to read the story of his life and come to understand and appreciate what it means4 ,lincoln was born in the backwoods of ,kentucky4 ,he was a tall1 spare man of awkward build1 and knew very little of the school room as a boy4 ,he fought for his education4 ,he borrowed books wherever he could4 ,many long nights were spent by him before the flickering lights of the log cabin1 gleaning from his borrowed treasures the knowledge he longed to possess4 ,he passed through all the experiences of life that other scouts and pioneers have experienced4 ,he split rails for a livelihood1 and fought his way upward by hard work1 finally achieving for himself an education in the law1 becoming an advocate in the courts of ,illinois4 ,wherever he went1 he made a profound impression on the lives and minds of the people and won over his political opponents by his strength1 sympathy1 #bdb and breadth of mind4 ,at the period when storms threatened to engulf our ,ship of ,state1 he became ,president of our country4 ,although ,lincoln was an untried pilot1 he stood by the helm like a veteran master4 ,a man of earnest and intense conviction1 he strove to maintain the glory of our flag and to keep the ,union un-broken4 ,hundreds of stories are told of his great heart and almost boundless sympathy for others4 ,the generals of the ,civil ,war were deeply attached to him1 and the rank and file of the sold-iers who fought under these generals loved and revered him4 ,he was familiarly known as ,honest ,abe4 ,he could always be relied upon to give help and encouragement4 ,his smile cheered the defenders of the ,union1 and his wise counsel gave heart to the men who were helping him to shape the destinies of the nation4 ,at the close of the war which saw the ,union more firmly established than ever1 he fell by the hand of the assassin1 mourned deeply both by his own country and by the world at large4 ,the further we get from the scene of his life and work the more firmly are we1 his countrymen1 convinced of his sincerity1 strength1 wisdom1 and bigness of heart4 ,the two men who stand out preeminently in history among great ,americans are ,washington and ,lincoln1 the former as the founder of the ,union and the latter as the man who gave it unbreakable continuity and preserved it1 as we hope and believe1 for all time4 ,illustration3 ,using every opportunity4 ,lincoln's life and career should be the study and inspiration of every boy scout4 ,he became familiar with all of the things for which the ,boy ,scouts of ,america stand4 ,he was a lover of the wild things in the woods1 and loved and lived the life of the out-of-doors4 ,he had a high sense of honor and was intensely chivalrous1 as the many hundred stories told about #bdc him testify4 ,he did many times more than one good turn a day2 he sincerely loved his country2 he lived1 fought1 and worked for it2 and finally he sealed his loyalty by giving his life4 ,the path that he travelled from the log cabin to the ,white ,house clearly shows that an ,american boy who has well defined ideas of truth and right1 and then dares to stand by them1 can become great in the councils of the nation4 ,the life1 then1 of ,abraham ,lincoln should be a steady inspiration to every boy who wishes to call himself a scout4 ,challenge of the ,present ,thus we see that chivalry is not a virtue that had its beginning long ago and merely lived a short time1 becoming a mere story4 ,chivalry began in the far-distant past out of the desire to help others1 and the knights of the olden days did this as best they could4 ,later the new race of men in ,america took up the burden of chivalry1 and did the best they could4 ,now the privilege and responsibility comes to the boys of to-day1 and the voices of the knight of the olden time and of the hardy pioneers of our own country are urging the boys of to-day to do the right thing1 in a gentlemanly way1 for the sake of those about them4 ,all of those men1 whether knights or pioneers1 had an unwritten code1 somewhat like our scout law1 and their motto was very much like the motto of the boy scouts1 ,be ,prepared4 ,illustration3 ,politeness4 ,good ,manners ,the same thing that entered into the training of these men1 knights1 pioneers1 and ,lincoln1 then1 must enter into the training of the boy scouts of to-day4 ,just as they respected women and served them1 so the tenderfoot and the scout must be polite and kind to women1 not merely to well-dressed women1 but to poorly-dressed women2 not merely to young women1 but to old women3 to women wherever they may be found-- #bdd wherever they may be4 ,to these a scout must always be courteous and helpful4 ,when a scout is walking with a lady or a child1 he should always walk on the outside of the sidewalk1 so that he can better protect them against the jostling crowds4 ,this rule is only altered when crossing the street1 when the scout should get between the lady and the traffic1 so as to shield her from accident or mud4 ,also in meeting a woman or child1 a scout1 as a matter of course1 should always make way for them even if he himself has to step off the sidewalk into the mud4 ,when riding in a street car or train a scout should never allow a woman1 an elderly person1 or a child to stand1 but will offer his seat2 and when he does it he should do it cheerfully and with a smile4 ,when on the street1 be continually on a quest1 on the lookout to help others1 and always refuse any reward for the effort4 ,this kind of courtesy and good manners is essential to success4 ,it was this unselfish desire to protect and help that made these men of olden time such splendid fellows4 ,good manners attract and please1 and should be cultivated by every boy who expects to win success and make his life interesting to others4 ,in the home1 on the street1 in the school1 in the workshop or the office1 or wherever one may be1 his relationship to others should be characterized as gentle1 courteous1 polite1 considerate and thoughtful4 ,these are virtues and graces that make life easier and pleasanter for all4 ,cheerfulness ,as has been said1 whatever a scout does should be done with cheerfulness1 and the duty of always being cheerful cannot be emphasized too much4 ,why don't you laugh1 and make us all laugh too1 ,and keep us mortals all from getting blue8 ,a laugh will always win4 ,if you can't laugh--just grin4 ,go on6 ,let's all join in6 ,why don't you laugh8 ,benjamin ,franklin said3 ,money never yet made a man happy1 and there is nothing in its nature to produce happiness1 ,one's personal enjoyment is a very small thing1 but one's personal usefulness is a very important thing4 ,those only are happy who have their minds fixed upon some object other and higher than their own happiness4 ,doctor ,raffles once said1 #bde ,i have made it a rule never to be with a person ten minutes without trying to make him happier4 ,a boy once said to his mother1 ,i couldn't make little sister happy1 nohow ,i could fix it1 but ,i made myself happy trying to make her happy4 ,there was once a king who had a tall1 handsome son whom he loved with his whole heart1 so he gave him everything that his heart desired--a pony to ride1 beautiful rooms to live in1 picture books1 stories1 and everything that money could buy4 ,and yet1 in spite of this1 the young prince was unhappy and wore a wry face and a frown wherever he went1 and was always wishing for something he did not have4 ,by and by1 a magician came to the court1 and seeing a frown on the prince's face1 said to the king1 ,i can make your boy happy and turn his frown into a smile1 but you must pay me a very large price for the secret4 ,all right1 said the king1 whatever you ask1 ,i will do4 ,so the magician took the boy into a private room1 and with white liquid wrote something on a piece of paper2 then he gave the boy a candle and told him to warm the paper and read what was written4 ,the prince did as he was told4 ,the white letters turned into letters of blue1 and he read these words2 ,do a kindness to some one every day4 ,so the prince followed the magician's advice and became the happiest boy in all the king's realm4 ,to be a good scout one must remain cheerful under every circumstance1 bearing both fortune and misfortune with a smile4 ,illustration3 ,cheer up4 ,character ,if a scout is cheerful1 follows the advice of the magician to the king's son1 and does a good turn to some one every day1 he will come into possession of a strong character such as the knights of the ,round ,table had2 for1 after all1 character is the thing that distinguishes a good scout from a bad one4 ,character is not what men say about you4 ,a great writer #bdf once said1 ,i can't hear what you say for what you are1 and another one said1 ,your life speaks louder than your words4 ,it was not the words of the knights of old that told what they were4 ,it was their strong life and fine character that gave power to their words and the thrust to their spears4 ,it is necessary that a boy should live right and possess such a character as will help him to do the hardest things of life4 ,every boy should remember that he is in reality just what he is when alone in the dark4 ,the great quests of the knights were most often done singly and alone4 ,will ,another thing that entered into the make-up of a knight was an iron will4 ,he had staying powers because he willed to stick2 and the way he trained his will to do the hard things was to keep himself doing the small things4 ,not long ago1 there was a lad whom the boys nicknamed ,blockey and ,wooden ,man4 ,when they played ball in the school play ground1 ,blockey never caught the ball4 ,when they worked together in the gymnasium1 ,blockey was always left out of the game because he couldn't do things1 and was slow and unwieldy in his motions4 ,but one day1 a great change came over ,blockey and he began to train his will4 ,he worked hard in the gymnasium3 he learned to catch the ball1 and1 by sticking to it1 was not only able to catch the ball but became proficient4 ,then there came a time when the first one chosen upon the team was ,blockey2 and it all came about because he had trained his will so that when he made up his mind to do a thing1 he did it4 ,thrift ,another thing which entered into the training of a knight was his readiness to seize his opportunities4 ,the motto of the scout is ,be ,prepared4 ,he should be prepared for whatever opportunity presents itself4 ,an interesting story is told by ,orison ,swett ,marden4 ,he says that a lad1 who later became one of the millionaires of one of our great ,western cities1 began his earning career by taking advantage of an opportunity that came to him as he was passing an auction shop4 ,he saw several boxes of a kind of soap which his mother was accustomed to buy from the family grocer4 ,hastening to the grocery store he asked the price of the soap4 ,twelve cents a pound was the reply4 ,on being pressed for a lower figure the shopkeeper remarked in a bantering tone that he would buy all that the boy could bring to his store at #bdg nine cents a pound4 ,the boy hurried back to the auction and bought the soap at six cents a pound4 ,it was in this way that he made his first money in trade and laid the foundation of his fortune4 ,the knight never waited for opportunity to come to him4 ,he went out looking for it1 and wore his armor in order that he might be ready for it when it came4 ,there is a story of a ,greek god who had only one lock of hair upon his forehead4 ,the remainder of his head was shining bald4 ,in order to get this ancient god's attention1 it was necessary to grip him by his forelock1 for when he had passed1 nothing could check his speed4 ,so it is with opportunity1 and the hour of opportunity4 ,a good scout is ready for both and always grips time by the forelock4 ,individuality ,if the foregoing qualities enter into a scout's training1 an individuality will be developed in him1 which will make itself known and felt4 ,every scout should read over the following list of scout virtues1 and should strive at all times to keep them before him in his training1 thus making them a part of his life3 ,unselfishness3 ,the art of thinking of others first and one's self afterward4 ,self ,sacrifice3 ,the giving up of one's comfort1 desires1 and pleasures for the benefit of some one else4 ,kindness3 ,the habit of thinking well of others and doing good to them4 ,friendliness3 ,the disposition to make everyone you meet feel at ease1 and to be of service to him if possible4 ,honesty3 ,the desire to give to every one a square deal and the same fair chance that you yourself wish to enjoy4 ,it means also respect for the property and rights of others1 the ability to face the truth1 and to call your own faults by their right name4 ,fair ,play3 ,scorning to take unfair advantage of a rival and readiness even to give up an advantage to him4 ,loyalty3 ,the quality of remaining true and faithful not only to your principles but also to your parents and friends4 ,obedience3 ,compliance with the wishes of parents or those in places of authority4 ,discipline3 ,that self-restraint and self-control that keep a boy steady1 and help him in team work4 ,endurance3 ,a manly moderation which keeps a boy fit and strong and in good condition4 #bdh ,self ,improvement3 ,the ambition to get on in life by all fair means4 ,humility3 ,that fine quality which keeps a scout from boasting1 and which generally reveals a boy of courage and achievement4 ,honor3 ,that great thing which is more sacred than anything else to scouts and gentlemen2 the disdain of telling or implying an untruth2 absolute trustworthiness and faithfulness4 ,duty to ,god3 ,that greatest of all things1 which keeps a boy faithful to his principles and true to his friends and comrades2 that gives him a belief in things that are high and noble1 and which makes him prove his belief by doing his good turn to some one every day4 ,this list of virtues a scout must have1 and if there are any that standout more prominently than the others1 they are the following3 ,illustration3 ,scout protecting child from mad dog4 ,courage ,it is horrible to be a coward4 ,it is weak to yield to fear and heroic to face danger without flinching4 ,the old ,indian who had been mortally wounded faced death with a grim smile on his lips and sang his own death song4 ,the soldier of the #bdi ,roman legions laughed in the face of death1 and died often with a ,hail1 ,imperator6 for the ,roman ,caesar upon his lips4 ,one of the stories connected with the battle of ,agincourt tells us that four fair ladies had sent their knightly lovers into battle4 ,one of these was killed4 ,another was made prisoner4 ,the third was lost in the battle and never heard of afterward4 ,the fourth was safe1 but owed his safety to shameful flight4 ,ah6 woe is me1 said the lady of this base knight1 for having placed my affections on a coward4 ,he would have been dear to me dead4 ,but alive he is my reproach4 ,a scout must be as courageous as any knight of old or any ,roman soldier or any dying ,indian4 ,loyalty ,loyalty is another scout virtue which must stand out prominently1 because it is that which makes him true to his home1 his parents1 and his country4 ,charles ,,viii1 at the ,battle of ,foronovo1 picked out nine of his bravest officers and gave to each of them a complete suit of armor1 which was a counterpart of his own4 ,by this device he outwitted a group of his enemies who had leagued themselves to kill him during the fight4 ,they sought him through all the ranks1 and every time they met one of these officers they thought they had come face to face with the king4 ,the fact that these officers hailed such a dangerous honor with delight and devotion is a striking illustration of their loyalty4 ,the scout should be no less loyal to his parents1 home1 and country4 ,duty to ,god ,no scout can ever hope to amount to much until he has learned a reverence for religion4 ,the scout should believe in ,god and ,god's word4 ,in the olden days1 knighthood1 when it was bestowed1 was a religious ceremony1 and a knight not only considered himself a servant of the king1 but also a servant of ,god4 ,the entire night preceding the day upon which the young esquire was made knight was spent by him on his knees in prayer1 in a fast and vigil4 ,there are many kinds of religion in the world4 ,one important point1 however1 about them is that they all involve the worship of the same ,god4 ,there is but one leader1 although many ways of following ,him4 ,if a scout meets one of another religion1 he should remember that he1 too1 is striving for the best4 #bej ,a scout should respect the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion4 ,illustration3 ,scout helping old lady across street4 ,a ,boy ,scout's ,religion ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america maintain that no boy can grow into the best kind of citizenship without recognizing his obligation to ,god4 ,the first part of the boy scout's oath or pledge is therefore3 ,i promise on my honor to do my best to honor my ,god and my country4 ,the recognition of ,god as the ruling and leading power in the universe1 and the grateful acknowledgement of ,his favors and blessings is necessary to the best type of citizenship and is a wholesome thing in the education of the growing boy4 ,no matter what the boy may be--,catholic1 or ,protestant1 or ,jew--this fundamental need of good citizenship should be kept before him4 ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america therefore recognize the religious element in the training of a boy1 but it is absolutely non-sectarian in its attitude toward that religious training4 ,its policy is that the organization or institution with which the boy scout is connected shall give definite attention to his religious life4 ,if he be a ,catholic boy scout1 the ,catholic ,church of which he is a member is the best channel for his training4 ,if he be a ,hebrew boy1 then the ,synagogue will train him in the faith of his fathers4 ,if he be a ,protestant1 no matter to what denomination of ,protestantism he may belong1 the church of which he is an adherent or a member should be the proper organization to give him an education in the things that pertain to his allegiance to ,god4 ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 then1 while recognizing the fact that the boy should be taught the things that pertain to religion1 insists upon the boy's religious life being stimulated and fostered by the institution with which he is connected4 ,of course1 it is a fundamental principle of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america to insist on #bea clean1 capable leadership in its scout masters1 and the influence of the leader on the boy scout should be of a distinctly helpful character4 ,work1 ,not ,luck ,life1 after all1 is just this3 ,some go through life trusting to luck4 ,they are not worthy to be scouts4 ,others go through life trusting to hard work and clear thinking4 ,these are they who have cleared the wilderness and planted wheat where forests once grew1 who have driven back the savage1 and have fostered civilization in the uncultivated places of the earth4 ,the good scout is always at work--working to improve himself and to improve the daily lot of others4 ,the thing that is to be noticed in all of these men1 those of the ,round ,table1 and those of ,american pioneer days1 is the fact that they were ever ready to do a good turn to some one4 ,the knights of the ,round ,table did theirs by clash of arms1 by the jousts and the tourney1 and by the fierce hand-to-hand fights that were their delight in open battle4 ,the old scouts1 our own pioneers1 very often had to use the rifle and the hatchet and the implements of war4 ,however1 those days have passed1 and we are living in a non-military and peace-loving age2 and the glory of it is that1 whereas these men took their lives in their hands and by dint of rifle and sword did their part in helping others1 our modern civilization gives the ,boy ,scouts of ,america an opportunity to go out and do their good turn daily for others in the thousand ways that will benefit our ,american life the most4 ,sometimes they will have to risk their lives1 but it will be in case of fire or accident or catastrophe4 ,at other times they will be given the privilege of showing simple deeds of chivalry by their courteous treatment of their elders1 cripples1 and children1 by giving up their seats in street cars1 or by carrying the bundles of those who are not as physically strong as themselves4 ,and in it all will come the satisfying feeling that they are doing just as much and perhaps a great deal more than the iron-clad men or the buckskin clothed scouts in making their country a little safer and a little better place to live in4 ,chivalry and courtesy and being a gentleman mean just as much now as they ever did1 and there is a greater demand in these days to live pure1 to speak true1 and to help others by a good turn daily than ever before in the world's history4 #beb ,notes #bec ,notes #bed ,notes #bee ,,chapter ,,vii ,,first ,,aid ,,and ,,life ,,saving ,major ,charles ,lynch1 ,medical ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,acting for the ,american ,red ,cross ,,prevention ,,of ,,accidents ,general ,considerably over a million persons are seriously injured in the ,united ,states each year4 ,the enormous loss of life and the great suffering involved certainly demand that every boy scout do what he can to improve conditions in this respect4 ,some accidents happen under all circumstances1 but1 on the other hand a great many accidents are avoidable and probably quite one half of the injuries which occur in the ,united ,states yearly could be prevented if common care were exercised4 ,panics and ,their ,prevention ,in case of a panic1 at an in-door assembly1 scouts1 if they live up to their motto1 ,be ,prepared1 will be able to save hundreds of lives4 ,there is usually plenty of time for people to get out of a building if the exits are not blocked by too many crowding them at once4 ,one should1 if possible1 try to arrange to have the performance go on1 and the others could reassure the people and get them to go out quietly through the exits provided4 ,almost all scouts know how quickly and safely our school buildings are cleared by means of the fire drill4 ,fires ,fires constitute a danger as great as panics1 and scouts should be equally well informed what to do in case of fire4 ,it is the duty of a scout to know how to prevent fires4 ,many fires are caused by carelessness4 ,never throw away a lighted match1 for it may fall on inflammable material and start a fire4 ,reading in bed by the light of a lamp or candle is dangerous1 for if the reader goes to sleep the bed clothing is likely to catch fire4 #bef ,a scout may often have to dry his clothes before a fire and if so1 they should be carefully watched4 ,hot ashes in wooden boxes1 or in barrels1 are responsible for many fires4 ,in camp1 dry grass should be cut away from the locality of the camp fire2 and not to put out a camp fire on leaving a camp is criminal4 ,many of the great fires in our forests have been due to carelessness in this respect4 ,fires also result frequently from explosions of gas or gunpowder4 ,a room in which the odor of gas is apparent should never be entered with a light1 and in handling gunpowder a scout should have no matches loose in his pockets4 ,how ,to ,put ,out ,burning ,clothing ,if your own clothing should catch fire do not run for help as this will fan the flames4 ,lie down and roll up as tightly as possible in an overcoat1 blanket1 or rug4 ,if nothing can be obtained in which to wrap up1 lie down and roll over slowly at the same time beating out the fire with the hands4 ,if another person's clothing catches fire1 throw him to the ground and smother the fire with a coat1 blanket1 or rug4 ,what ,to ,do in ,case of ,fire ,a fire can usually be put out very easily when it starts1 and here is an occasion when a scout can show his presence of mind and coolness4 ,at first a few buckets of water or blankets or woollen clothing thrown upon a fire will smother it4 ,sand1 ashes1 or dirt1 or even flour1 will have the same effect4 ,transcriber's note3 ,flour dust suspended in air is explosive4 ,if a scout discovers a building to be on fire1 he should sound the alarm for the fire department at once4 ,if possible he should send some one else1 as the scout will probably know better what to do before the fire-engine arrives4 ,all doors should be kept closed so as to prevent draughts4 ,if you enter the burning building1 close the window or door after you1 if possible1 and leave some responsible person to guard it so it will not be opened and cause a draught4 ,in searching for people1 go to the top floor and walk down1 examining each room as carefully as possible4 ,if necessary to get air while making the search1 close the door of the room1 open a window1 and stick the head out until a few breaths can be obtained4 ,afterward close the window to prevent a draught4 ,if doors are found locked and you suspect people are asleep inside1 knock and pound on doors to arouse them4 ,if this produces no results1 you will have to try to break down the door4 ,while searching through a burning building it will be best to tie a wet handkerchief or cloth #beg over the nose and mouth4 ,you will get a little air from the water4 ,remember the air within six inches of the floor is free from smoke1 so when you have difficulty in breathing1 crawl along the floor1 with the head low1 dragging anyone you have rescued behind you4 ,if you tie the hands of an insensible person together with a handkerchief and put them over your head1 you will find it fairly easy to crawl along the floor dragging him with you4 ,illustration3 ,learning by doing4 ,never jump from a window unless the flames are so close to you that this is the only means of escape4 ,if you are outside a building1 put bedding in a pile to break the jumper's fall1 or get a strong carpet or rug to catch him1 and have it firmly held by as many men and boys as can secure hand holds4 ,in country districts1 scouts should organize a bucket brigade which consists of two lines from the nearest water supply to the fire4 ,scouts in one line pass buckets1 pitchers1 or anything else that will hold water from one to another till the last scout #beh throws the water on the fire4 ,the buckets are returned by the other line4 ,drowning ,drowning accidents are very common4 ,every scout should know how to swim and to swim well1 but this is not all that is necessary4 ,he should also know how to prevent accidents that may result in drowning4 ,in summer1 boating and bathing accidents are common4 ,remember a light boat is not intended for heavy seas2 do not change seats except in a wide and steady boat2 and above all things do not put yourself in the class of idiots who rock a boat4 ,at the sea-shore1 unless you are a strong swimmer1 do not go outside the life line1 and if the undertow is strong be careful not to walk out where the water is so deep it will carry you off your feet4 ,very cold water and very long swims are likely to exhaust even a strong swimmer and are therefore hazardous unless a boat accompanies the swimmer4 ,rescue of the ,drowning 7,see pages #bgi to #bhe7 ,ice ,rescue ,to rescue a person who has broken through the ice you should first tie a rope around your body and have the other end tied1 or held1 on shore4 ,then secure a long board or a ladder or limb of a tree1 crawl out on this1 or push it out1 so that the person in the water may reach it4 ,if nothing can be found on which you can support your weight do not attempt to walk out toward the person to be rescued1 but lie down flat on your face and crawl out1 as by doing this much less weight bears at anyone point on the ice than in walking4 ,if you yourself break through the ice remember that if you try to crawl up on the broken edge it will very likely break again with you4 ,if rescuers are near1 it would be much better to support yourself on the edge of the ice and wait for them to come to you4 ,restoring the ,drowning and ,artificial ,respiration 7,see pages #bhf to #bhh7 ,electric ,accidents ,for his own benefit and that of his comrades1 the scout should know how to avoid accidents from electricity4 ,the third rail is always dangerous1 so do not touch #bei it4 ,swinging wires of any kind may somewhere in their course be in contact with live wires1 so they should not be touched4 ,a person in contact with a wire or rail carrying an electric current will transfer the current to the rescuer4 ,therefore he must not touch the unfortunate victim unless his own body is thoroughly insulated4 ,the rescuer must act very promptly1 for the danger to the person in contact is much increased the longer the electric current is allowed to pass through his body4 ,if possible1 the rescuer should insulate himself by covering his hands with a mackintosh1 rubber sheeting1 several thicknesses of silk1 or even dry cloth4 ,in addition he should1 if possible1 complete his insulation by standing on a dry board1 a thick piece of paper1 or even on a dry coat4 ,rubber gloves and rubber shoes or boots are still safer1 but they cannot usually be procured quickly4 ,if a live wire is under a person and the ground is dry1 it will be perfectly safe to stand on the ground and pull him off the wire with the bare hands1 care being taken to touch only his clothing1 and this must not be wet4 ,a live wire lying on a patient may be flipped off with safety with a dry board or stick4 ,in removing the live wire from the person1 or the person from the wire1 do this1 with one motion1 as rocking him to and fro on the wire will increase shock and burn4 ,a live wire may be safely cut by an axe or hatchet with dry1 wooden handle4 ,the electric current may be short circuited by dropping a crow-bar or poker on the wire4 ,these must be dropped on the side from which the current is coming and not on the farther side1 as the latter will not short circuit the current before it is passed through the body of the person in contact4 ,drop the metal bar2 do not place it on the wire or you will then be made a part of the short circuit and receive the current of electricity through your body4 ,what ,to ,do for ,electric ,shocks ,always send for a doctor1 but do not wait for him4 ,treatment should be given even if the man appears to be dead4 ,loosen the clothing around neck and body4 ,proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning4 7,see pages #bhf1 #bhg47 ,gas ,accidents ,the commonest gas encountered is the ordinary illuminating gas4 ,to prevent such gas from escaping in dangerous #bfj quantities1 leaks in gas pipes should be promptly repaired4 ,be careful in turning off gas to make sure that gas is actually shut off4 ,it is dangerous to leave a gas jet burning faintly when you go to sleep3 as it may go out if pressure in the gas pipe becomes less1 and if pressure is afterward increased gas may escape into the room4 ,coal gas will escape through red-hot cast-iron1 and very big fires in such stoves are dangerous1 especially in sleeping rooms4 ,charcoal burned in open vessels in tight rooms is especially dangerous4 ,in underground sewers and wells other dangerous gases are found4 ,if a lighted candle or torch will not burn in such a place1 it is very certain the air will be deadly for any person who enters4 ,to rescue an unconscious person in a place filled with gas1 move quickly and carry him out without breathing yourself4 ,take a few deep breaths before entering and if possible hold breath while in the place4 ,frequently less gas will be found near the floor of a building1 so one may be able to crawl where it would be dangerous to walk4 ,what ,to ,do for ,gas ,poisoning ,proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning4 7,see pages #bhf1 #bhg47 ,runaway ,horses ,the method for checking a horse running away is not to run out and wave your arm in front of him1 as this will only cause him to dodge to one side and to run faster1 but to try to run alongside the vehicle with one hand on the shaft to prevent yourself from falling1 seizing the reins with the other hand and dragging the horse's head toward you4 ,if when he has somewhat slowed down by this method1 you can turn him toward a wall or a house he will probably stop4 ,mad ,dog ,the first thing to do is to kill the mad dog at once4 ,wrap a handkerchief around the hand to prevent the dog's teeth from entering the flesh and grasp a club of some kind4 ,if you can stop the dog with a stick you should hit him hard over the head with it1 or kick him under the jaw4 ,a handkerchief held in front of you in your outstretched hands will generally cause the dog to stop to paw it before he attempts to bite you4 ,this will give you an opportunity to kick him under the lower jaw4 #bfa ,another way suggested is to wrap a coat around the left arm and let the dog bite it2 then with the other hand seize the dog's throat and choke him4 ,,first ,,aid ,,for ,,injuries ,general ,directions ,keep cool4 ,there is no cause for excitement or hurry4 ,in not one case in a thousand are the few moments necessary to find out what is the matter with an injured man going to result in any harm to him1 and of course in order to treat him intelligently you must first know what is the matter4 ,commonsense will tell the scout that he must waste no time1 however1 when there is severe bleeding1 or in case of poisoning4 ,if possible1 always send for a doctor1 unless the injury is a trivial one4 ,don't wait until he arrives1 however1 to do something for the injured person4 ,a crowd should always be kept back and tight clothing should be loosened4 ,if the patient's face is pale1 place him on his back with his head low4 ,if his face is flushed1 fold your coat and put it under his head so as to raise it slightly4 ,in case of vomiting1 place the patient on his side4 ,do not give an unconscious person a stimulant1 as he cannot swallow1 and it will run down his windpipe and choke him4 ,if the injury is covered by clothing1 remove it by cutting or tearing1 but never remove more clothing than necessary1 as one of the results of injury is for a person to feel cold4 ,shoes and boots should be cut in severe injuries about the feet4 ,shock ,for example1 a scout is riding on a trolley-car4 ,the car runs into a loaded wagon4 ,the wagon is overturned and the driver thrown to the pavement4 ,part of the load falls upon his body and when you reach him he is unconscious4 ,so far as you can find out1 nothing else is the matter with him4 ,this is called shock4 ,it accompanies all serious injuries and is itself serious1 as a person may die without ever recovering from shock4 ,of course1 there are different degrees of shock4 ,in severe shock the person is completely unconscious or he may be only slightly confused and feel weak and uncertain of what has happened4 ,in shock always send for a doctor when you can4 ,before he comes1 warm and stimulate the patient in every possible way4 ,place him on his back with his head low and cover him with #bfb your coat or a blanket4 ,rub his arms and legs toward his body but do not uncover him to do this4 ,if you have ammonia or smelling salts1 place them before the patient's nose so he may breathe them4 ,this is all you can do when unconsciousness is complete4 ,when the patient begins to recover a little1 however1 and as soon as he can swallow1 give him hot tea or coffee1 or a half teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a quarter glass of water4 ,warning3 ,remember always that a person with shock may have some other serious injuries4 ,these you should always look for and treat if necessary4 ,injuries in ,which the ,skin is ,not ,broken--,fractures ,a fracture is the same thing as a broken bone4 ,when the bone pierces or breaks through the skin1 it is called a compound fracture1 and when it does not1 a simple fracture4 ,illustration3 ,splints for broken thigh4 ,a scout is in the country with a comrade4 ,the latter mounts a stone wall to cross it4 ,the wall falls with him and he calls out for help4 ,when the other scout reaches him1 he finds the injured scout lying flat on the ground with both legs stretched out4 ,one of these does not look quite natural1 and the scout complains of a great deal of pain at the middle of the thigh and thinks he felt something break when he fell4 ,he cannot raise the injured leg4 ,carefully rip the trousers and the underclothing at the seam to above the painful point4 ,when you have done this the deformity will indicate the location of the fracture4 ,you must be very gentle now or you will do harm1 but if one hand is put above where you think the #bfc break occurred and the other below it and it is lifted gently you will find that there is movement at the broken point4 ,illustration3 ,splints for broken leg4 ,send for a doctor first1 if you can1 and1 if you expect him to arrive very soon1 let your comrade lie where he is1 putting his injured leg in the same position as the sound one and holding it there by coats or other articles piled around the leg4 ,but if the doctor cannot be expected for some time1 draw the injured limb into position like the sound one and hold it there by splints4 ,splints can be made of anything that is stiff and rigid4 ,something flat like a board is better than a pole or staff2 limbs broken off a tree will do if nothing else can be found4 ,shingles make excellent splints4 ,in applying splints remember that they should extend beyond the next joint above and the next joint below2 otherwise1 movements of the joint will cause movement at the broken point4 ,with a fracture of the thigh1 such as that described1 the outer splint should be a very long one1 extending below the feet from the arm pit4 ,a short one extending just below the knee will do for the inner splint4 ,splints may be tied on with handkerchiefs1 pieces of cloth torn from the clothing1 or the like4 ,tie firmly but not tight enough to cause severe pain4 ,in a fracture of the thigh it will also be well to bind the injured leg to the sound one by two or three pieces of cloth around both4 ,the clothing put back in place will serve as padding under the splint1 but with thin summer clothing it is better to use straw1 hay1 or leaves in addition4 ,fractures of the lower leg and of the upper and lower arm are treated in the same way with a splint on the inner and outer sides of the broken bone4 ,a sling will be required for a fracture of the arm4 ,this may be made of the triangular bandage1 or of a triangular piece of cloth1 torn from your shirt4 #bfd ,the ,red ,cross ,first ,aid ,outfit is very convenient to use in fractures as well as in other injuries4 ,the gauze bandage may be used for the strips to tie on the splints and the triangular bandage for an arm sling2 or1 if a sling is not needed1 for strips to fix the splints firmly in place4 ,compound ,fractures ,the edges of a broken bone are very sharp and may cut through the skin at the time of an injury1 but more often afterward1 if the injured person moves about or if the splints are not well applied so as to prevent movement at the point where the bone is broken4 ,if a compound fracture has occurred1 the wound produced by the sharp bone must always be treated first4 ,the treatment is the same for any other wound4 ,warning3 ,you will not always be able to tell whether or not a fracture has occurred4 ,in this case do not pull and haul the limb about to make sure1 but treat as a fracture4 ,there will always be a considerable amount of shock with fracture and this must also be treated4 ,illustration3 ,splints and sling for fracture of upper arm4 ,bruises ,everybody has suffered from a bruise at some time in his life and knows just what it is4 ,a slight bruise needs no treatment4 ,for a severe one1 apply very hot or very cold water to prevent pain and swelling4 ,sprains ,a scout slips and twists his ankle and immediately suffers severe pain1 and in a little while the ankle begins to swell4 #bfe ,the sprained joint should be put in an elevated position and cloths wrung out in very hot or very cold water should be wrapped around it and changed very frequently4 ,movement of any sprained joint is likely to increase the injury1 so this ought not to be permitted4 ,walking with a sprained ankle is not only exceedingly painful but it generally increases the hurt4 ,illustration3 ,triangular sling for arm4 ,dislocation ,a dislocation is an injury where the head of a bone has slipped out of its socket at a joint4 ,a scout is playing foot-ball4 ,he suddenly feels as though his shoulder has been twisted out of place4 ,comparison with the other side will show that the injured shoulder does not look like the other one1 being longer1 or shorter1 and contrary to the case with fracture there will not be increased movement at the point of injury but a lessened movement4 ,do not attempt to get a dislocated joint back in place4 ,cover the joint with cloths wrung out in very hot or very cold water1 and get the patient into the hands of a doctor as soon as possible4 ,injuries in ,which the ,skin is ,broken ,such injuries are called wounds4 ,there is one very important fact which must be remembered in connection with such injuries4 ,any injury in which the skin is unbroken is much less dangerous1 as the skin prevents germs from reaching the injured part4 ,the principle to be followed in treating a wound is to apply something to prevent germs from reaching the injury4 #bff ,all wounds unless protected from germs are very liable to become infected with matter1 or pus4 ,blood poisoning and even death may result from infection4 ,to prevent infection of wounds1 the scout should cover them promptly with what is called a sterilized dressing4 ,this is a surgical dressing which has been so treated that it is free from germs4 ,a number of dressings are on the market and can be procured in drug stores4 ,in using them1 be very careful not to touch the surface of the dressing which is to be placed in contact with the wound4 ,the ,red ,cross ,first ,aid ,dressing is so made that this accident is almost impossible4 ,in taking care of a wound1 do not handle it or do anything else to it4 ,every one's hands1 though they may appear to be perfectly clean1 are not so in the sense of being free from germs2 nor is water1 so a wound should never be washed4 ,illustration3 ,head bandage4 ,it will be a good thing for a scout always to carry a ,red ,cross ,first ,aid ,outfit1 or some similar outfit1 for with this he is ready to take care of almost any injury2 without it he will find it very difficult to improvise anything to cover a wound with safety to the injured person4 ,if no prepared dressing is procurable1 boil a towel if possible for fifteen minutes1 squeeze the water out of it without touching the inner surface1 and apply that to the wound4 ,the next best dressing1 if you cannot prepare this1 will be a towel or handkerchief which has been recently washed and has not been used4 ,these should be held in place on the wound with a bandage4 ,do not be afraid to leave a wound exposed to the air2 germs do not float around in the air and such exposure is much safer than water or any dressing which is not free from germs4 ,of course you can bind up a #bfg wound with a towel not boiled or piece of cotton torn from your shirt1 but you cannot do so without the liability of a great deal of harm to the injured person4 ,snake ,bites ,while snake bites are wounds1 the wounds caused by venomous snakes are not important as such but because the venom is quickly absorbed and by its action on the brain may cause speedy death4 ,the rattlesnake and the moccasin are the most dangerous snakes in the ,united ,states4 ,in order to prevent absorption of the poison1 immediately tie a string1 handkerchief1 or bandage above the bite4 ,this can only be done in the extremities1 but nearly all bites are received on the arms or legs4 ,then soak the wound in hot water and squeeze or suck it to extract the poison4 ,sucking a wound is not dangerous unless one has cuts or scrapes in the mouth4 ,then burn the wound with strong ammonia4 ,this is not aromatic spirits of ammonia1 but what is commonly known as strong ammonia in any drug store4 ,aromatic spirits of ammonia should also be given as a stimulant4 ,if you have nothing but a string to tie off the wound1 be sure to do that and to get out as much poison as you can by squeezing or sucking the wound4 ,a doctor should of course always be sent for when practicable in any injury as severe as a snake bite4 ,leave your string or bandage in place for an hour4 ,a longer period is unsafe1 as cutting off the circulation may cause mortification4 ,loosen the string or bandage after an hour's time1 so that a little poison escapes into the body4 ,if the bitten person does not seem to be much affected1 repeat at the end of a few moments1 and keep this up until the band has been entirely removed4 ,if1 however1 the bitten person seems to be seriously affected by the poison you have allowed to escape into his body1 you must not loosen the bandage again1 but leave it in place and take the chance of mortification4 ,wounds ,without ,severe ,bleeding ,these constitute the majority of all wounds4 ,use the ,red ,cross ,outfit as described in the slip contained in the outfit4 ,the pressure of a bandage will stop ordinary bleeding if firmly bound into place4 ,wounds ,with ,severe ,bleeding ,a scout must be prepared to check severe bleeding at once1 and he should then dress the wound4 ,bleeding from an #bfh artery is by far the most dangerous4 ,blood coming from a cut artery is bright red in color and flows rapidly in spurts or jets4 ,as the course of the blood in an artery is away from the heart1 pressure must be applied on the heart side just as a rubber pipe which is cut must be compressed on the side from which the water is coming in order to prevent leakage at a cut beyond4 ,the scout must also know the course of the larger arteries in order that he may know where to press on them4 ,in the arm the course of the large artery is down the inner side of the big muscle in the upper arm about in line with the seam of the coat4 ,the artery in the leg runs down from the centre of a line from the point of the hip to the middle of the crotch1 and is about in line with the inseam of the trousers4 ,pressure should be applied about three inches below the crotch4 ,in making pressure on either of these arteries1 use the fingers and press back against the bone4 ,you can often feel the artery beat under your fingers1 and the bleeding below will stop when you have your pressure properly made4 ,of course you cannot keep up the pressure with your fingers indefinitely in this way as they will soon become tired and cramped4 ,therefore1 while you are doing this have some other scout prepare a tourniquet4 ,the simplest form of tourniquet is a handkerchief tied loosely about the limb4 ,in this handkerchief a smooth stone or a cork should be placed just above your fingers on the artery4 ,when this is in place put a stick about a foot long under the handkerchief at the outer side of the limb and twist around till the stone makes pressure on the artery in the same way that your #bfi fingers have4 ,tie the stick in position so it will not untwist4 ,illustration3 ,how to apply first aid dressing4 ,warning3 ,when using a tourniquet remember that cutting off the circulation for a long time is dangerous4 ,it is much safer not to keep on a tourniquet more than an hour4 ,loosen it1 but be ready to tighten it again quickly if bleeding re-commences4 ,another method to stop bleeding from an artery when the wound is below the knee or elbow is to place a pad in the bend of the joint and double the limb back over it holding the pad in tightly4 ,tie the arm or leg in this position4 ,if these means do not check the bleeding put a pad into the wound and press on it there4 ,if you have no dressing and blood is being lost very rapidly1 make pressure in the wound with your fingers4 ,remember1 however1 that this should only be resorted to in the case of absolute necessity as it will infect the wound4 ,blood from veins flows in a steady stream back toward the heart and is dark in color4 ,from most veins a pad firmly bandaged on the bleeding point will stop the bleeding4 ,if a vein in the neck is wounded1 blood will be lost so rapidly that the injured person is in danger of immediate death1 so you must disregard the danger of infection and jam your hand tightly against the bleeding point4 ,keep the patent quiet in all cases of severe bleeding1 for even if it is checked it may start up again4 ,do not give any stimulants until the bleeding has been checked unless the patient is very weak4 ,the best stimulant is aromatic spirits of ammonia1 one teaspoonful in half a glass of water4 ,illustration3 ,how to apply tourniquet to upper arm4 #bgj ,unconsciousness and ,poisoning ,unconsciousness1 of course1 means lack of consciousness1 or1 in other words2 one who is unconscious knows nothing of his surroundings or of what is happening4 ,a person may1 however1 be partially1 as well as wholly1 unconscious4 ,unconsciousness may be due to so many causes that1 in order to give the best treatment1 the scout should first know the cause4 ,always try to find this out if you can4 ,if you cannot do this1 however1 you should at least determine whether unconsciousness is due to poison1 to bleeding1 to sunstroke1 or to freezing2 for each of these demand immediate1 special treatment4 ,if it is not due to one of these causes1 and the patient is pale and weak1 have him placed with his head low1 and warm and stimulate him in every possible way4 ,if the face is red and the pulse is bounding and strong1 that patient should have his head raised on a folded coat4 ,no stimulants should be given him and cold water should be sprinkled on his face and chest4 ,the common causes of unconsciousness are shock1 electric shock1 fainting1 apoplexy and injury to the brain1 sunstroke and heat exhaustion1 freezing1 suffocation1 and poisoning4 ,the first two have already been described and the treatment of any form of suffocation in artificial respiration4 ,fainting ,fainting usually occurs in overheated1 crowded places4 ,the patient is very pale and partially or completely unconscious4 ,the pupils of the eye are natural1 the pulse is weak and rapid4 ,the patient should be placed in a lying-down position with the head lower than the rest of the body so that the brain will receive more blood4 ,loosen the clothing1 especially about the neck4 ,keep the crowd back and open the windows if in-doors so that the patient may get plenty of fresh air4 ,sprinkle the face and chest with cold water4 ,apply smelling salts or ammonia to the nose1 rub the limbs toward the body4 ,a stimulant may be given when the patient is so far recovered that he is able to swallow4 ,apoplexy and ,injury to the ,brain ,apoplexy and unconsciousness from injury to the brain are due to the pressure of blood on the brain so that they #bga may be described together4 ,apoplexy is of course much harder to distinguish than injury to the brain as in the latter the scout can always see that the head has been hurt4 ,with both1 unconsciousness will usually be complete4 ,pupils are large and frequently unequal in size1 breathing is snoring1 and the pulse is usually full and slow4 ,one side of the body will be paralyzed4 ,test this by raising arm or leg2 if paralyzed1 it will drop absolutely helpless4 ,send for a doctor at once4 ,keep patient quiet and in a dark room if possible4 ,put in lying-down position with head raised by pillows4 ,apply ice or cold cloths to head4 ,no stimulants4 ,drunkenness is sometimes mistaken for apoplexy4 ,if there is any doubt on this point always treat for apoplexy4 ,sunstroke and ,heat ,exhaustion ,anyone is liable to sunstroke or heat exhaustion if exposed to excessive heat4 ,a scout should remember not to expose himself too much to the sun nor should he wear too heavy clothing in the summer4 ,leaves in the hat will do much to prevent sunstroke4 ,if the scout becomes dizzy and exhausted through exposure to the sun he should find a cool place1 lie down1 and bathe the face1 hands1 and chest in cold water and drink freely of cold water4 ,sunstroke and heat exhaustion1 though due to the same cause1 are quite different and require different treatment4 ,in sunstroke unconsciousness is complete4 ,the face is red1 pupils large1 the skin is very hot and dry with no perspiration4 ,the patient sighs and the pulse is full and slow4 ,the treatment for sunstroke consists in reducing the temperature of the body4 ,a doctor should be summoned whenever possible4 ,the patient should be removed to a cool place and his clothing loosened1 or better the greater part of it removed4 ,cold water1 or ice1 should be rubbed over the face1 neck1 chest1 and in arm pits4 ,when consciousness returns give cold water freely4 ,heat exhaustion is simply exhaustion or collapse due to heat4 ,the patient is greatly depressed and weak but not usually unconscious4 ,face is pale and covered with clammy sweat1 breathing and pulse are weak and rigid4 ,while this condition is not nearly as dangerous as sunstroke1 a doctor should be summoned if possible4 ,remove the patient to a cool place and have him lie down with his clothing loosened4 ,don't use anything cold #bgb externally1 but permit him to take small sips of cold water4 ,stimulants should be given just as in fainting4 ,freezing ,the patient should be taken into a cold room and the body should be rubbed with rough cloths wet in cold water4 ,the temperature of the room should be increased if possible4 ,this should be done gradually and the cloths should be wet in warmer and warmer water4 ,as soon as the patient can swallow give him stimulants4 ,it will be dangerous to place him before an open fire or in a hot bath until he begins to recover4 ,you will know this by his skin becoming warmer1 by his better color1 and by his generally improved appearance4 ,frost-,bite ,remember that you are in danger of frost-bite if you do not wear sufficient clothing in cold weather1 and that rubbing any part of the body which becomes very cold helps to prevent frostbite1 because it brings more warm blood to the surface4 ,the danger is when1 after being cold1 the part suddenly has no feeling4 ,the object of the treatment is gradually to restore warmth to the frozen part4 ,to do this the part should be rubbed first with snow or cold water2 the water should be warmed gradually4 ,the use of hot water at once would be likely to cause mortification of the frozen part4 ,poisoning ,for all poisons give an emetic4 ,send for a doctor at once and if possible have the messenger tell what poison has been taken so that the doctor may bring the proper antidote4 ,do not wait for him to arrive1 but give an emetic to rid the stomach of the poison4 ,good emetics are mustard and water1 salt water1 or lukewarm water alone in large quantities4 ,never mind the exact dose and if vomiting is not profuse repeat the dose4 ,fits ,a person in a fit first has convulsive movements of the body1 then he usually becomes unconscious4 ,a scout should have no difficulty in making out what is the matter with a person in a fit4 ,put the sufferer on the floor or the ground where he can not hurt himself by striking anything4 ,loosen tight clothing and do not try to restrain the convulsive movements4 ,a wad of #bgc cloth thrust in the mouth will prevent biting the tongue4 ,when he becomes quiet do not disturb him4 ,,injuries ,,due ,,to ,,heat ,,and ,,cold ,burns and ,scalds ,for slight burns in order to relieve the pain some dressing to exclude the air is needed4 ,very good substances of this character are pastes made with water and baking soda1 starch1 or flour4 ,carbolized vaseline1 olive or castor oil1 and fresh lard or cream are all good4 ,one of these substances should be smeared over a thin piece of cloth and placed on the burned part4 ,a bandage should be put on over this to hold the dressing in place and for additional protection4 ,severe burns and scalds are very serious injuries which require treatment from a physician4 ,pending his arrival the scout should remember to treat the sufferer for shock as well as to dress the wound4 ,burns from electricity should be treated exactly like other burns4 ,do not attempt to remove clothing which sticks to a burn2 cut the cloth around the part which sticks and leave it on the burn4 ,,first ,,aid ,,for ,,emergencies ,besides the accidents which have been mentioned1 certain emergencies may demand treatment by a scout4 ,the commonest of these are described here4 ,something in the ,eye ,no little thing causes more pain and discomfort than something in the eye4 ,do not rub to remove a foreign body from the eye1 as this is likely to injure the delicate covering of the eyeball4 ,first1 close the eye so the tears will accumulate1 these may wash the foreign body into plain view so that it may be easily removed4 ,if this fails1 pull the upper lid over the lower two or three times1 close the nostril on the opposite side and have the patient blow his nose hard4 ,if the foreign body still remains in the eye1 examine first under the lower and then the upper lid4 ,for the former have the patient look up1 press lower lid down1 and if the foreign body is seen lift it out gently with the corner of a clean handkerchief4 ,it is not so easy #bgd to see the upper lid4 ,seat the patient in a chair with his head bent backward4 ,stand behind him and place a match or thin pencil across the upper lid one half an inch from its edge1 turn the upper lid back over the match1 and lift the foreign body off as before4 ,a drop of castor oil in the eye after removing the foreign body will soothe it4 ,illustration3 ,eye bandage4 ,sunburn ,this is simply an inflammation of the skin due to action of the sun4 ,it may be prevented by hardening the skin gradually4 ,any toilet powder or boracic acid will protect the skin to a considerable extent4 ,the treatment consists of soothing applications such as ordinary or carbolized vaseline4 ,ivy ,poisoning ,poison ivy causes a very intense inflammation of the skin4 ,better avoid1 even though it has not harmed you before4 ,baking soda made in a thick paste with water or carbolized vaseline are good remedies4 ,in severe cases a doctor should be consulted4 ,bites and ,stings ,ammonia should be immediately applied4 ,wet salt and wet earth are also good applications4 ,nosebleed ,slight nosebleed does not require treatment as no harm will result from it4 ,when more severe the collar should be #bge loosened4 ,do not blow the nose4 ,apply cold to the back of the neck by means of a key or cloth wrung out in cold water4 ,a roll of paper under the upper lip1 between it and the gum1 will also help4 ,when the bleeding still continues shove a cotton or gauze plug into the nostrils1 leaving it there until the bleeding stops4 ,illustration3 ,position of hands4 ,illustration3 ,chair carry4 ,earache ,this is likely to result seriously and a doctor should be consulted in order to prevent bad results with possible loss of hearing4 ,hot cloths1 a bag of heated salt1 or a hot bottle applied to the ear will often cure earache4 ,a few drops of alcohol on a hot cloth so placed that the alcohol fumes enter the ear will often succeed4 ,if neither is effective1 heat a few drops of sweet oil as hot as you can stand1 put a few drops in the ear and plug with cotton4 ,be careful that it is not too hot4 ,toothache ,remember that toothache indicates something seriously wrong with the teeth which can only be permanently corrected #bgf by a dentist4 ,in toothache if you can find a cavity1 clean it out with a small piece of cotton or a toothpick4 ,then plug it with cotton1 on which a drop of oil of cloves has been put if you have it4 ,if no cavity is found1 soak a piece of cotton in camphor and apply it to the outside of the gum4 ,hot cloths and hot bottles or bags will help in toothache1 just as they do in earache4 ,inflammation of the ,eye ,cover with a cloth wrung out in cold water and change cloths from time to time when they get warm4 ,see a doctor in order to safeguard your sight4 ,cramp or ,stomachache ,this is usually due to the irritation produced by undigested food4 ,a hot bottle applied to the stomach or rubbing will often give relief4 ,a little peppermint in hot water and ginger tea are both excellent remedies4 ,the undigested matter should be gotten rid of by vomiting or a cathartic4 ,remember this kind of pain is sometimes due to something serious and if it is very severe or continues for some time1 it is much safer to send for a doctor4 ,hiccough ,this is due to indigestion4 ,holding the breath will often cure1 as will also drinking a full glass of water in small sips without taking a breath4 ,if these fail vomiting is an almost certain remedy4 ,illustration3 ,arm carry4 #bgg ,chills ,in order to stop a chill drink hot milk or hot lemonade and get into bed4 ,plenty of covers should be used1 and hot water bottles or hot milk or lemonade help to warm one quickly4 ,illustration3 ,improvised stretcher4 ,carrying ,injured ,a severely injured person is always best carried on a stretcher4 ,the easiest stretcher for a scout to improvise is the coat stretcher4 ,for this two coats and a pair of poles are needed4 ,the sleeves of the coat are first turned inside out4 ,the coats are then placed on the ground with their lower sides touching each other4 ,the poles are passed through the sleeves on each side1 the coats are buttoned up with the button side down4 ,a piece of carpet1 a blanket1 or sacking can be used in much the same way as the coat1 rolling in a portion at each side4 ,shutters and doors make fair stretchers4 ,in order not to jounce the patient in carrying him the bearers should break step4 ,the bearer in front steps off with the left foot and the one in the rear with the right4 ,a number of different methods for carrying a patient by two bearers are practiced4 ,the four-handed #bgh seat is a very good one4 ,to make this each bearer grasps his left wrist in his right hand1 and the other bearer's right wrist in his left hand with the backs of the hands uppermost4 ,the #bgi bearers then stoop and place the chair under the sitting patient who steadies himself by placing his arms around their necks4 ,illustration3 ,first position4 ,illustration3 ,fireman's lift4 ,it will sometimes be necessary for one scout to carry an injured comrade4 ,the scout should first turn the patient on his face2 he then steps astride his body1 facing toward the patient's head1 and1 with hands under his arm-pits1 lifts him to his knees2 then1 clasping hands over the abdomen1 lifts him to his feet2 he then1 with his left hand1 seizes the patient by the left wrist and draws his left arm around his 7the bearer's7 neck and holds it against his left chest1 the patient's left side resting against his body1 and supports him with his right arm about the waist4 ,the scout1 with his left hand1 seizes the right wrist of the patient and draws the arm over his head and down upon his shoulder1 then1 shifting himself in front1 stoops and clasps the right thigh with his right arm passed between the legs1 his right hand seizing the patient's right wrist2 lastly1 the scout1 with his left hand1 grasps the patient's left hand1 and steadies it against his side when he arises4 ,,water ,,accidents ,wilbert ,e4 ,longfellow1 ,united ,states ,volunteer ,life ,saving ,corps ,the scout's motto1 ,be ,prepared1 is more than usually applicable to the work of caring for accidents which happen in the water4 ,to save lives1 the scout must know first how to swim1 to care for himself1 and then to learn to carry another and to break the clutch1 the death grip1 which we read so much about in the newspaper accounts of drowning accidents4 ,by constant training1 a boy1 even though not a good swimmer1 can be perfectly at home in the water1 fully dressed1 undressed1 or carrying a boy of his own size or larger4 ,in fact two boys of twelve or fourteen years can save a man4 ,swimming ,for physical development the breast stroke is useful1 for it is one that is used in carrying a tired swimmer and is used to go to the bottom for lost articles and to search for a person who has sunk before help has reached him4 ,it is possible1 you know1 to go to the bottom and bring a body to the surface and swim with it to shore before life is extinct and to restore consciousness by well-directed efforts4 ,the body of an unconscious person weighs little when wholly or partially submerged and #bhj in salt water weighs less than in fresh water1 and is consequently more readily carried4 ,training makes a small boy the equal or superior of an untrained boy much larger and of greater strength1 and the way to learn to carry a drowning person is to carry a boy who is not drowning to get used to handling the weights4 ,a little struggle now and then lends realism to the work and increases the skill of the scout candidate for a life saver's rating4 ,speed swimming for itself alone is a very selfish sport so that the scout should develop his ability to make it generally useful to others4 ,illustration3 ,breast stroke for tired swimmer4 ,illustration3 ,under-arm carry4 ,floating ,after the breast stroke is learned1 floating on the back for rest and swimming on the back1 using feet only for propulsion1 leaving the hands free to hold a drowning person1 should be learned4 ,this can be readily acquired with a little practice1 carrying the hands on the surface of the water1 arms half bent1 with the elbows close to the sides at the waist line4 ,to carry a man this way the hands are placed at either side of the #bha drowning man's head and he is towed floating on his back1 the rescuer swimming on his back1 keeping the other away4 ,it is well to remember to go with the tide or current1 and do not wear your strength away opposing it4 ,other ways of carrying are to place the hands beneath the arms of the drowning man1 or to grasp him firmly by the biceps from beneath1 at the same time using the knee in the middle of his back to get him into a floating position1 the feet acting as propellers4 ,methods which enable the rescuer's use of one arm in addition to the feet are known as the ,german army and the cross shoulder4 ,in the first1 the swimmer approaches the drowning person from the back1 passes the left arm under the other's left arm1 across in front of the chest1 and firmly grasps the right arm1 either by the biceps or below the elbow1 giving him control4 ,this leaves the right arm to swim with4 ,the other one-arm hold mentioned is one in which the rescuer passes an arm over #bhb the shoulder of the one to be carried1 approaching from the back as before1 and getting a hold under the other's arm1 which makes the drowning man helpless4 ,the breast stroke carry previously mentioned is used only for helping a tired swimmer1 and one in possession of his faculties who will not try to grasp the rescuer4 ,the tired swimmer lies on the back and1 extending his arms fully in front1 rests a hand on either shoulder of the swimmer who rests facing him in the regular breast position allowing the feet of the other to drop between his own4 ,quite good speed can be made in this way1 and all of these methods are practical as a trial will show4 ,a little practice will enable the beginner to see which he can do most readily and then he can perfect himself in it for instant use4 #bha ,illustration3 ,swimming on back without hands4 ,illustration3 ,head carry-swim on back4 ,illustration3 ,break for wrist hold4 ,illustration3 ,breaking back strangle hold4 #bhb continue ,breaking ,death ,grips ,if one uses care in approaching a frightened or drowning person in the water1 there will be no use for the release methods2 but the best of swimmers get careless at times and all swimmers need to know how to get clear when gripped4 ,wrist ,grip ,of these the simplest is the one where the wrists of the swimmer have been grasped by the drowning man in his #bhc struggles4 ,the swimmer throws both hands above his head which forces both low in the water and then turns the leverage of his arms against the other's thumbs1 breaking the hold easily4 ,it should be borne in mind that a drowning man grasps what he can see above the surface of the water1 so he will not attempt to grasp his rescuer below the points of the shoulders4 ,remember also that a tall man and a short man would have about the same amount of their body projecting above the surface of the water4 ,illustration3 ,break for front strangle hold4 ,neck ,grip ,for the grip around the swimmer's neck from the front1 for both arms around the shoulders1 and for a grip in which the drowning man had the other over one shoulder and under the other arm1 the break is much the same4 ,as soon as the rescuer feels the hold1 he covers the other's mouth with the palm of his hand1 clasping the nostrils tightly between his first two fingers1 at the same time pulling the drowning man to him with the left hand in the small of the back1 treading water in the meantime4 ,then1 taking a full breath1 he applies his knee #bhd in the other's stomach1 forcing him to expel the air in his lungs and at the same time preventing him from getting more by pressure on the nostrils and mouth4 ,should the pressure of the grip around the body be too great to allow freedom of the arms1 the preliminary move in that case would be to bring both arms to the level of the shoulder1 thus sliding the other's arms to the neck1 leaving the rescuer's arms to cover the nose4 ,back ,strangle ,the back strangle hold is an awkward one to break and one which must be broken without an instant's delay1 or the would-be rescuer himself will be in great need of help4 ,in practice it will be found that1 by grasping the encircling arms at the wrists and pushing back with the buttocks against the other's abdomen1 room to slip out can be obtained4 ,in a life and death struggle1 sharper measures are needed1 and if the rescuer throws his head suddenly back against the nose of the drowning man1 he will secure his freedom very readily and have him under control by the time he has recovered from his dazed condition4 ,rescue ,from ,shore or ,boat ,it is not always necessary to go into the water to attempt a rescue1 and in many cases1 when some one has fallen off a bridge or dock1 a line or buoy or boat can be used to advantage without placing more lives in danger than the one in the water4 ,discretion in such matters is worthy of recognition rather than too much recklessness in swimming out4 ,use a boat when possible4 ,practice in throwing a life buoy should be indulged in where possible1 and a good scout should always leave the line coiled over pegs and the buoy hanging on top to bind it in place for instant use in an emergency4 ,diving ,from the ,surface ,when a bather or victim from a boating accident sinks to the bottom of a river or pond of from seven to twenty feet in depth1 prompt rescue methods may bring him to the surface1 and resuscitation methods1 promptly applied1 will restore breath4 ,if there is no current in the pond or lake1 bubbles from the body will indicate its whereabouts directly beneath the place where it sank4 ,should there be tide or currents1 the bubbles are carried at an angle with the streams and the searcher must go from the spot where the person disappeared and look along #bhe the bottom going with the current4 ,when a drowning man gives up his struggle and goes down1 his body sinks a little way and is brought up again by the buoyancy within it and the air is expelled4 ,it sinks again and next rises less high and air is again expelled4 ,this happens several times until enough water is taken into the stomach and air passages to offset the floating capacity4 ,the floating capacity is barely overcome1 so the body weighs but little4 ,it is very simple1 as almost any youthful swimmer knows1 to go to the bottom if one can dive from a float1 pier1 or boat1 but to be able to dive down ten feet from the surface requires practice4 ,in most cases to go deeper would require a weight after the manner of the ,southern sponge and pearl fishers4 ,grasp a ten or fifteen pound stone and dive in2 to come up the swimmer lets go and rises to the top4 ,illustration3 ,throwing feet for dive from surface4 ,diving ,for ,lost ,objects ,in covering a considerable area in search for bodies or lost objects1 several ropes can be anchored with grapnels or rocks in squares and a systematic search thus maintained by divers4 ,going down from the surface is not so simple and the knack is attained by practice1 especially by athletic lads4 ,the secret is to swim to a point where a sounding is to be made1 and to plunge the head and shoulders under1 elevating the hips above the surface to drive the shoulders deep and give chance for a few strokes--breast stroke preferred--until the whole body in a vertical position is headed for the bottom4 ,the elevation of the feet and lower legs in the air gives the body additional #bhf impetus downward1 and when the object is attained a push-off from the bottom with both feet sends the swimmer to the surface in quick order4 ,to carry any weight ashore1 it is necessary to carry it low on the body1 hugged close to the waist line1 allowing one hand and both feet for swimming1 or if on the back1 hold by both hands using the feet as propellers4 ,illustration3 ,artificial respiration 7a7 ,illustration3 ,artificial respiration 7b7 ,restoring ,breathing ,knowledge of resuscitation of the apparently drowned is an important part of the equipment of a first-class scout1 and a great many lives could have been saved had it been more general4 ,to be effective no time must be lost in getting the apparently drowned person out of the water and getting the #bhg water out of him4 ,the ,schaefer or prone method requires but one operator at a time and no waste of time in preliminaries4 ,when taken from the water the patient is laid on the ground face downward1 arms extended above the head1 face a little to one side1 so as not to prevent the free passage of air4 ,the operator kneels astride or beside the prone figure and lets his hands fall into the spaces between the short ribs4 ,by letting the weight of the upper body fall upon his hands resting on the prone man1 the air is forced out of the lungs2 by relaxing the pressure1 the chest cavity enlarges and air is drawn in to take the place of that forced out4 ,by effecting this change of air--pressing and relaxing1 twelve to fifteen times a minute 7time it by watch at first1 and then count7 artificial breathing is performed4 ,sometimes it is necessary to work an hour or two before the flicker of an eyelid or a gasp from the patient rewards the life saver's efforts1 and then he must carefully piece in the breathing until natural breathing is resumed4 ,when breathing starts1 then promote circulation by rubbing the legs and body toward the heart4 ,do not attempt to stimulate by the throat until the patient can swallow4 ,give a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia1 in half a glass of water4 ,remember that by laying the patient face downward fluids in the air passages will run or be forced out and the tongue will drop forward1 and require no holding1 always an awkward task4 ,treatment ,after ,respiration ,begins ,the after treatment is important4 ,put the patient to bed1 keep quiet and warm4 ,always get the services of a physician as soon as possible1 but do not wait for him to come4 ,start work instantly4 ,the patient needs oxygen1 so keep spectators away4 ,they are robbing the man of the life-giving properties of the air4 ,for this reason1 in all but the most severe weather1 it is well to work on the patient in the open4 ,life ,buoys ,if one is to place a life buoy for instant use in emergencies it should be hung upon four pegs driven into holes in two pieces of wood nailed together in the form of the diameter of a two-foot square or three pegs in strips of wood arranged in the form of a ,t1 about eighteen or twenty inches high1 the two pegs at either side of the top bar of the ,t and the other one on the upright near the bottom4 ,most life buoys used on shore have fifty or seventy-five feet of light line attached to draw the #bhh rescued person ashore or to recover the buoy after a faulty throw4 ,commencing at the free end of the line1 where a small wooden float is often attached1 the rope should first be coiled on the pegs1 hanging the buoy outside the coil to bind it in place so wind or jars will not loosen it4 ,then1 when the buoy is needed1 the ring is grasped by the throwing hand which clasps the buoy itself1 and the coil is clasped in the free hand1 the end of the rope being secured ashore by standing upon it with one foot4 ,after each use or practice the buoy line should be restored to its pegs for instant use4 ,illustration3 ,life buoy and ice ball_/ #bhi ,notes #bij ,notes #bia ,,chapter ,,viii ,,games ,,and ,,athletic ,,standards ,,the ,,games ,by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 ,chief ,scout ,deer ,hunting ,the deer hunt has proved one of our most successful games4 ,the deer is a dummy1 best made with a wire frame1 on which soft hay is wrapped till it is of proper size and shape1 then all is covered with open burlap4 ,a few touches of white and black make it very realistic4 ,if time does not admit of a well-finished deer1 one can be made of a sack stuffed with hay1 decorated at one end with a smaller sack for head and neck1 and set on four thin sticks4 ,the side of the deer is marked with a large oval1 and over the heart is a smaller one4 ,bows and arrows only are used to shoot this deer4 ,illustration3 ,wooden ,legged ,deer4 ,a pocketful of corn1 peas1 or other large grain is now needed for scent4 ,the boy who is the deer for the first hunt takes the dummy under his arm and runs off1 getting ten minutes' start1 or until he comes back and shouts ready6 ,he leaves a trail of corn1 dropping two or three grains for every yard and making the trail as crooked as he likes1 playing such tricks as a deer would do to baffle his pursuers4 ,then he hides the deer in any place he fancies1 but not among rocks or on the top of a ridge1 because in one case many arrows would be broken1 and in the other1 lost4 ,the hunters now hunt for this deer just as for a real deer1 either following the trail or watching the woods ahead2 the #bib best hunters combine the two4 ,if at any time the trail is quite lost the one in charge shouts3 ,lost ,trail6 ,after that the one who finds the trail scores two4 ,anyone giving a false alarm by shouting ,deer is fined five4 ,illustration3 ,burlap ,deer1 #c ft4 high4 ,thus they go till some one finds the deer4 ,he shouts3 ,deer6 and scores ten for finding it4 ,the others shout3 ,second1 ,third1 etc41 in order of seeing it1 but they do not score4 ,the finder must shoot at the deer with his bow and arrow from the very spot whence he saw it4 ,if he misses1 the second hunter may step up five paces1 and have his shot4 ,if he misses1 the third one goes five1 and so on till some one hits the deer1 or until the ten-yard limit is reached4 ,if the finder is within ten yards on sighting the deer1 and misses his shot1 the other hunters go back to the ten-yard limit4 ,once the deer is hit1 all the shooting must be from the exact spot whence the successful shot was fired4 ,a shot in the big oval is a body wound2 that scores five4 ,a shot outside that is a scratch2 that scores two4 ,a shot in the small oval or heart is a heart wound2 it scores ten1 and ends the hunt4 ,arrows which do not stick do not count1 unless it can be proved that they passed right through1 in which case they take the highest score that they pierced4 ,if all the arrows are used1 and none in the heart1 the deer escapes1 and the boy who was deer scores twenty-five4 ,the one who found the dummy is deer for the next hunt4 ,a clever deer can add greatly to the excitement of the game4 ,originally we used paper for scent1 but found it bad4 ,it littered the woods2 yesterday's trail was confused with that of #bic to-day1 etc4 ,corn proved better1 because the birds and the squirrels kept it cleaned up from day to day1 and thus the ground was always ready for a fresh start4 ,but the best of all is the hoof mark for the shoe4 ,these iron hoof marks are fast to a pair of shoes1 and leave a trail much like a real deer4 ,this has several advantages4 ,it gives the hunter a chance to tell where the trail doubled1 and which way the deer was going1 ,it is more realistic1 and the boy who can follow this skillfully can follow a living deer4 ,in actual practice it is found well to use a little corn with this on the hard places1 a plan quite consistent with realism1 as every hunter will recall4 ,illustration3 ,shoe with iron hoof4 7tr7 ,it is strictly forbidden to any hunter to stand in front of the firing line2 all must be back of the line on which the shooter stands4 ,there is no limit to the situations and curious combinations in this hunt4 ,the deer may be left standing or lying4 ,there is no law why it should not be hidden behind a solid tree trunk4 ,the game develops as one follows it4 ,after it has been played for some time with the iron hoof mark as above1 the boys grow so skilful on the trail that we can dispense with even the corn4 ,the iron mark like a deer hoof leaves a very realistic slot or track1 which the more skilful boys readily follow through the woods4 ,a hunt is usually for three1 five1 or more deer1 according to agreement and the result is reckoned by points on the whole chase4 ,the ,bear ,hunt ,this is played by half a dozen or more boys4 ,each has a club about the size and shape of a baseball club1 but made of straw #bid tied around two or three switches and tightly sewn up in burlap4--,one big fellow is selected for the bear4 ,he has a school bag tightly strapped on his back1 and in that a toy balloon fully blown up4 ,this is his heart4 ,on his neck is a bear-claw necklace of wooden beads and claws4 7,see cut47 ,illustration3 ,bear-claw necklace1 claw and bead4 ,he has three dens about one hundred yards apart in a triangle4 ,while in his den the bear is safe4 ,if the den is a tree or rock1 he is safe while touching it4 ,he is obliged to come out when the chief hunter counts one hundred1 and must go the rounds of the three till the hunt is settled4 ,the object of the hunters is to break the balloon or heart2 that is1 to kill the bear4 ,he must drop dead when the heart bursts4 ,the hunter who kills him claims the necklace4 ,but the bear also has a club for defence4 ,each hunter must wear a hat1 and once the bear knocks a hunter's hat off1 that one is dead and out of this hunt4 ,he must drop where his hat falls4 ,illustration3 ,straw club4 ,tackling of any kind is forbidden4 ,the bear wins by killing or putting to flight all the hunters4 ,in this case he keeps the necklace4 ,the savageness of these big bears is indescribable4 ,many lives are lost in each hunt1 and it has several times happened that the whole party of hunters has been exterminated by some monster of unusual ferocity4 ,this game has also been developed into a play4 #bie ,spearing the ,great ,sturgeon ,this water game is exceedingly popular and is especially good for public exhibition1 being spectacular and full of amusement and excitement4 ,illustration3 ,wooden ,sturgeon4 ,the outfit needed is3 7#a7 ,a sturgeon roughly formed of soft wood2 it should be about three feet long and nearly a foot thick at the head4 ,it may be made realistic1 or a small log pointed at both ends will serve4 7#b7 ,two spears with six-inch steel heads and wooden handles 7about three feet long74 ,the points should be sharp1 but not the barbs4 ,sometimes the barbs are omitted altogether4 ,each head should have an eye to which is attached twenty feet of one-quarter inch rope4 ,on each rope1 six feet from the spearhead1 is a fathom mark made by tying on a rag or cord4 7#c7 ,two boats with crews4 ,each crew consists of a spearman1 who is captain1 and one or two oarsmen or paddlers1 of whom the after one is the pilot4 ,all should be expert swimmers or else wear life-belts during the game4 ,illustration3 ,spearhead4 ,the ,game4--,each boat has a base or harbor2 this is usually part of the shore opposite that of the enemy2 or it obviates all danger of collision if the boats start from the same side4 ,the sturgeon is left by the referee's canoe at a point midway between the bases4 ,at the word ,go6 each boat leaves its base and1 making for the sturgeon1 tries to spear it1 then drag it by the line to his base4 ,when both get their spears into it the contest becomes a tug of war until one of the spears pulls out4 #bif ,the sturgeon is landed when the prow of the boat that has it in tow touches its proper base1 even though the spear of the enemy is then in the fish3 or it is landed when the fish itself touches base4 ,the boats change bases after each heat4 ,matches are usually for one1 three1 or five sturgeon4 ,points are counted only for the landing of the fish1 but the referee may give the decision on a foul or a succession of fouls1 or the delinquent may be set back one or more boat lengths4 ,sometimes the game is played in canoes or boats1 with one man as spearman and crew4 ,rules4--,it is not allowable to push the sturgeon into a new position with the spear or paddle before striking4 ,it is allowable to pull the sturgeon under the boat or pass it around by using the line after spearing4 ,it is allowable to lay hands on the other boat to prevent a collision1 but otherwise it is forbidden to touch the other boat or crew or paddle or spear or line1 or to lay hands on the fish1 or to touch it with the paddle or oar1 or touch your own spear while it is in the fish1 or to tie the line around the fish except so far as this may be accidentally done in spearing4 ,it is allowable to dislodge the enemy's spear by throwing your own over it4 ,the purpose of the barbs is to assist in this4 ,it is allowable to run on to the sturgeon with the boat4 ,it is absolutely forbidden to throw the spear over the other boat or over the heads of your crew4 ,in towing the sturgeon the fathom mark must be over the gunwale--at least six feet of line should be out when the fish is in tow4 ,it is not a foul to have less1 but the spearman must at once let it out if the umpire or the other crew cries fathom6 ,the spearman is allowed to drop the spear and use the paddle or oar at will1 but not to resign his spear to another of the crew4 ,the spearman must be in his boat when the spear is thrown4 ,if the boat is upset the referee's canoe helps them to right4 ,each crew must accept the backset of its accidents4 ,tilting ,in ,the ,water ,for this we usually have two boats or war canoes manned by four men each4 ,these are a spearman1 who is also a captain1 a pilot1 and two oarsmen4 ,the spearman is armed with a light pole or bamboo eight or ten feet long1 with a soft pad on the end4 ,sometimes this is #big further provided with a hook4 ,this is a forked branch with limbs a foot long2 one is lashed to the bamboo1 the other projecting out a foot1 and slightly backward4 ,the end of the spear and the fork are now thoroughly padded with burlap to the shape of a duck's head and bill4 ,and it must be cased in waterproof1 to keep it from getting wet and heavy4 ,the object of the hook is to change suddenly from pushing1 and to pull the enemy by hooking round his neck4 ,each boat should have a quarter-deck or raised platform at one end1 on which the spearman stands4 ,illustration3 ,tilting spear4 ,the battle is fought in rounds and by points4 ,to put your opponent back into the canoe with one foot counts you five2 two feet1 ten4 ,if he loses his spear you count five 7excepting when he is put overboard74 ,if you put him down on one knee on the fighting deck1 you count five2 two knees1 ten4 ,if you put him overboard it counts twenty-five4 ,one hundred points is a round4 ,a battle is for one or more rounds1 as agreed on4 ,it is forbidden to hook or strike below the belt4 ,the umpire may dock for fouls4 ,canoe ,tag ,any number of canoes or boats may engage in this4 ,a rubber cushion1 a hot-water bag full of air1 any rubber football1 #bih or a cotton bag with a lot of corks in it is needed4 ,the game is to tag the other canoe by throwing this into it4 ,the rules are as in ordinary cross-tag4 ,scouting ,scouts are sent out in pairs or singly4 ,a number of points are marked on the map at equal distances from camp1 and the scouts draw straws to see where each goes4 ,if one place is obviously hard1 the scout is allowed a fair number of points as handicap4 ,all set out at same time1 go direct1 and return as soon as possible4 ,points are thus allowed3 ,last back1 zero for travelling4 ,the others count one for each minute they are ahead of the last4 ,points up to one hundred are allowed for their story on return4 ,sometimes we allow ten points for each turtle they have seen2 ten for each owl seen and properly named2 five for each hawk1 and one each for other wild birds2 also two for a cat one for a dog4 ,no information is given the scout2 he is told to go to such a point and do so and so1 but is fined points if he hesitates or asks how or why1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,quicksight ,game4 ,the ,game of ,quicksight ,make two boards about a foot square1 divide each into twenty-five squares2 get ten nuts and ten pebbles4 ,give to one player one board1 five nuts1 and five pebbles4 ,he places #bii these on the squares in any pattern he fancies1 and when ready the other player is allowed to see it for five seconds4 ,then it is covered up1 and from the memory of what he saw the second player must reproduce the pattern on his own board4 ,he counts one for each that was right1 and takes off one for each that was wrong4 ,they take turn and turn about4 ,this game is a wonderful developer of the power to see and memorize quickly4 ,illustration3 ,farsight game4 ,farsight1 or ,spot the ,rabbit ,take two six-inch squares of stiff white pasteboard or whitened wood4 ,on each of these draw an outline rabbit1 one an exact duplicate of the other4 ,make twenty round black wafers or spots1 each half an inch across4 ,let one player stick a few of these on one rabbit-board and set it up in full light4 ,the other1 beginning at one hundred yards1 draws near till he can see the spots well enough to reproduce the pattern on the other which he carries4 ,if he can do it at seventy-five yards he has wonderful eyes4 ,down even to seventy 7done three times out of five71 he counts high honor2 from seventy to sixty counts honor4 ,below that does not count at all4 ,pole-star ,each competitor is given a long straight stick in daytime1 and told to lay it due north and south4 ,in doing this he may guide himself by sun1 moss1 or anything he can find in nature--anything1 indeed1 except a compass4 #cjj ,the direction is checked by a good compass corrected for the locality4 ,the one who comes nearest wins4 ,it is optional with the judges whether the use of a timepiece is to be allowed4 ,rabbit ,hunt ,the game of rabbit hunting is suited for two hunters in limited grounds4 ,three little sacks of brown burlap1 each about eight inches by twelve1 are stuffed with hay4 ,at any given place in the woods the two hunters stand in a ten-foot circle with their bows and arrows4 ,one boy is blindfolded2 the other1 without leaving the circle1 throws the rabbits into good hiding places on the ground4 ,then the second hunter has to find the rabbits and shoot them without leaving the circle4 ,the lowest number of points wins1 as in golf4 ,if the hunter has to leave the circle he gets one point for every step he takes outside4 ,after he sees the rabbit he must keep to that spot and shoot till it is hit once4 ,one shot kills it1 no matter where struck4 ,for every shot he misses he gets five points4 ,after his first shot at each rabbit the hider takes alternate shots with him4 ,if it is the hider who kills the rabbit1 the hunter adds ten points to his score4 ,if the hunter hits it1 he takes ten off his score4 ,if the hunter fails to find all the rabbits1 he scores twenty-five for each one he gives up4 ,the hider cannot score at all4 ,he can only help his friend into trouble4 ,next time the two change places4 ,a match is usually for two brace of rabbits4 ,hostile ,spy ,hanging from the totem pole is a red or yellow horse-tail4 ,this is the grand medicine scalp of the band4 ,the hostile spy has to steal it4 ,the leader goes around on the morning of the day and whispers to the various braves1 ,look out--there's a spy in camp4 ,at length he gets secretly near the one he has selected for spy and whispers1 ,look out1 there's a spy in camp1 and you are it4 ,he gives him at the same time some bright-coloured badge1 that he must wear as soon as he has secured the medicine scalp4 ,he must not hide the scalp on his person1 but keep it in view4 ,he has all day till sunset #cja to get away with it4 ,if he gets across the river or other limit1 with warriors in close pursuit1 they give him ten arrow heads 7two and one half cents each71 or other ransom agreed on4 ,if he gets away safely and hides it1 he can come back and claim fifteen arrow heads from the council as ransom for the scalp4 ,if he is caught1 he pays his captor ten arrow heads ransom for his life4 ,the ,man-,hunt ,this is played with a scout and ten or more hostiles1 or hounds1 according to the country1 more when it is rough or wooded4 ,the scout is given a letter addressed to the ,military ,commandant 7usually the lady of the house that he gets to7 of any given place a mile or two away4 ,he is told to take the letter to anyone of three given houses1 and get it endorsed1 with the hour when he arrived1 then return to the starting-point within a certain time4 ,the hostiles are sent to a point half-way1 and let go by a starter at the same time as the scout leaves the camp4 ,they are to intercept him4 ,if they catch him before he delivers the letter he must ransom his life by paying each two arrow heads 7or other forfeit7 and his captor keeps the letter as a trophy4 ,if he gets through1 but is caught on the road back1 he pays half as much for his life4 ,if he gets through1 but is over time1 it is a draw4 ,if he gets through successfully on time he claims three arrow heads from each hostile and keeps the letter as a trophy4 ,they may not follow him into the house 7that is1 the fort71 but may surround it at one hundred yards distance4 ,they do not know which three houses he is free to enter1 but they do know that these are within certain limits4 ,the scout should wear a conspicuous badge 7hat1 shirt1 coat1 or feather71 and may ride a wheel or go in a wagon1 etc41 as long as his badge is clearly visible4 ,to tag the scout is not to capture4 ,the blockade to be binding must be effectual4 ,hunt the ,coon ,this is an in-door game1 founded on the familiar ,hunt the ,thimble4 ,we use a little dummy coon2 either make it or turn a ready-made toy rabbit into one by adding tail and black mask1 and cropping the ears4 #cjb ,all the players but one go out of the room4 ,that one places the coon anywhere in sight1 high or low1 but in plain view2 all come in and seek4 ,the first to find it1 sits down silently1 and scores one4 ,each sits down1 on seeing it1 giving no clue to the others4 ,the first to score three coons is winner1 usually4 ,sometimes we play till everyone but one has a coon2 that one is the booby4 ,the others are first1 second1 etc4 ,sometimes each is given his number in order of finding it4 ,then1 after seven or eight coons1 these numbers are added up1 and the lowest is winner4 ,if no coon is available use a thimble4 ,spear ,fights ,this is an in-door game with out-door weapons4 ,the soft-headed1 eight foot spears of the tilting-match are used4 ,the contestants stand on barrels eight feet apart4 ,each tries to put the other off his barrel4 ,it is well to have a catcher behind each player to save him if he falls4 ,games are for seven1 eleven1 or thirteen points4 ,navajo ,feather ,dance ,an eagle feather hung on a horse-hair1 so as to stand upright1 is worked by a hidden operator1 so as to dance and caper4 ,the dancer has to imitate all its motions4 ,a marionette may be used4 ,it is a great fun-maker4 ,feather ,football or ,feather ,blow ,this is an in-door1 wet-weather game4 ,the players hold a blanket on the knees or on the table4 ,a soft feather is put in the middle4 ,as many may play as can get near4 ,they may be in sides1 two or four or each for himself4 ,at the signal1 ,go6 each tries to blow the feather off the blanket at the enemy's side1 and so count one for himself4 ,a game is usually best out of seven1 eleven1 or thirteen4 ,cock-,fighting ,get two stout sticks1 each two feet long 7broomsticks will do74 ,pad each of these on the end with a ball of rag4 ,these are the spurs4 ,make an eight-foot ring4 ,the two rivals are on their hunkers1 each with a stick through behind his knees1 his hands clasped in front of the knees1 and the arms under the ends of the spurs4 #cjc ,now they close2 each aiming to upset the other1 to make him lose his spurs1 or to put him out of the ring1 any of which ends that round and scores one for the victor4 ,if both fall1 or lose a spur1 or go out together1 it is a draw4 ,battle is for seven1 eleven1 or thirteen rounds4 ,hand-,wrestling ,this is a jiujitsu game1 introduced by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,gulick4 ,the two contestants stand right toe to right toe1 each right hand clasped1 left feet braced1 left hand free4 ,at the word1 ,go6 each tries to unbalance the other3 that is1 make him lift or move one of his feet4 ,a lift or a shift ends the round4 ,battles are for best out of five1 seven1 eleven1 or thirteen rounds4 ,badger-,pulling ,the two contestants1 on hands and knees1 face each other4 ,a strong belt or strap is buckled into one great loop that passes round the head of each3 that is1 crosses his nape4 ,half-way between them is a dead line4 ,the one who pulls the other over this line is winner4 ,the contestant can at any time end the bout by lowering his head so the strap slips off2 but this counts one against him4 ,game is best out of five1 seven1 eleven1 or thirteen points4 ,poison ,this is an ancient game4 ,a circle about three feet across is drawn on the ground4 ,the players1 holding hands1 make a ring around this1 and try to make one of the number step into the poison circle4 ,he can evade it by side-stepping1 by jumping over1 or by dragging another fellow into it4 ,first to make the misstep is it for the time or for next game4 ,hat-,ball ,when ,i was among the ,chepewyan ,indians of ,great ,slave ,lake1 in #aijg1 ,i made myself popular with the young men1 as well as boys1 by teaching them the old game of hat-ball4 ,the players 7about a dozen7 put their hats in a row near a house1 fence1 or log 7hollows up74 ,a dead line is drawn ten feet from the hats2 all must stand outside of that4 ,the one who is it begins by throwing a soft ball into one of the hats4 ,if he misses the hat1 a chip is put into his own1 and he tries over4 ,as soon as he drops the ball into a hat1 the owner runs #cjd to get the ball2 all the rest run away4 ,the owner must not follow beyond the dead line1 but must throw the ball at some one4 ,if he hits him1 a chip goes into that person's hat2 if not1 a chip goes into his own4 ,as soon as some one has five chips1 he wins the booby prize3 that is1 he must hold his hand out steady against the wall1 and each player has five shots at it with the ball1 as he stands on the dead line4 ,duck-on-a-,rock ,this is a good old grandfather game4 ,each player has a large1 smooth1 roundish stone1 about five or six inches through4 ,this is his duck4 ,he keeps it permanently4 ,toe rock is any low bowlder1 block1 stump1 bump1 or hillock on level ground4 ,a dead line is drawn through the rock1 and another parallel1 fifteen feet away1 for a firing line4 ,the fellow who is it1 or keeper1 perches his duck on the rock4 ,the others stand at the firing line and throw their ducks at his4 ,they must not pick them up or touch them with their hands when they are beyond the dead line4 ,if one does1 then the keeper can tag him 7unless he reaches the firing line71 and send him to do duty as keeper at the rock4 ,but they can coax their ducks with their feet1 up to the dead line1 not beyond1 then watch for a chance to dodge back to the firing line1 where they are safe at all times4 ,if the duck is knocked off by anyone in fair firing1 the keeper is powerless till he has replaced it4 ,meantime1 most of the players have secured their ducks and got back safely to the firing line4 ,road-side ,cribbage ,this is a game we often play in the train1 to pass the time pleasantly4 ,sometimes one party takes the right side of the road1 with the windows there1 and the other the left4 ,sometimes all players sit on the same side4 ,the game is1 whoever is first to see certain things agreed on scores so many points4 ,thus3 ,a crow or a cow counts #a ,a cat #b ,a hawk #c ,an owl #d ,a sheep #e ,a goat #f ,a horse #g #cje ,the winner is the one who first gets twenty-five or fifty points1 as agreed4 ,when afoot1 one naturally takes other things for points1 as certain trees1 flowers1 etc4 ,lion ,hunting 7,the games from ,lion ,hunting to ,hare and ,hounds are from ,general ,baden-,powell47 ,a lion is represented by one scout1 who goes out with tracking irons on his feet1 and a pocketful of corn or peas1 and six lawn-tennis balls or rag balls4 ,he is allowed half an hour's start1 and then the patrol go after him1 following his spoor1 each armed with one tennis ball with which to shoot him when they find him4 ,the lion may hide or creep about or run1 just as he feels inclined1 but whenever the ground is hard or very greasy he must drop a few grains of corn every few yards to show the trail4 ,if the hunters fail to come up to him neither wins the game4 ,when they come near to his lair the lion fires at them with his tennis balls1 and the moment a hunter is hit he must fall out dead and cannot throw his tennis ball4 ,if the lion gets hit by a hunter's tennis ball he is wounded1 and if he gets wounded three times he is killed4 ,tennis balls may only be fired once2 they cannot be picked up and fired again in the same fight4 ,each scout must collect and hand in his tennis balls after the game4 ,in winter1 if there is snow1 this game can be played without tracking irons1 and using snowballs instead of tennis balls4 ,plant ,race ,start off your scouts1 either cycling or on foot1 to go in any direction they like1 to get a specimen of any ordered plant1 say a sprig of yew1 a shoot of ilex1 a horseshoe mark from a chestnut tree1 a briar rose1 or something of that kind1 whichever you may order1 such as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to where they noticed one of the kind required and will also make them quick in getting there and back4 ,throwing the ,assegai ,target1 a thin sack1 lightly stuffed with straw1 or a sheet of card-board1 or canvas stretched on a frame4 ,assegais to be made of wands1 with weighted ends sharpened or with iron arrow heads on them4 #cjf ,flag ,raiding ,two or more patrols on each side4 ,each side will form an outpost within a given tract of country to protect three flags 7or at night three lanterns two feet above ground71 planted not less than two hundred yards 7one hundred yards at night7 from it4 ,the protecting outpost will be posted in concealment either all together or spread out in pairs4 ,it will then send out scouts to discover the enemy's position4 ,when these have found out where the outpost is1 they try to creep round out of sight till they can get to the flags and bring them away to their own line4 ,one scout may not take away more than one flag4 ,this is the general position of a patrol on such an outpost3 ,pair of ,scouts ,pair of ,scouts ,pair of ,scouts ,patrol ,leader ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 ,flags ,any scout coming within fifty yards of a stronger party will be put out of action if seen by the enemy2 if he can creep by without being seen it is all right4 ,scouts posted to watch as outposts cannot move from their ground1 but their strength counts as double1 and they may send single messages to their neighbors or to their own scouting party4 ,an umpire should be with each outpost and with each scouting patrol4 ,at a given hour operations will cease1 and all will assemble at the given spot to hand in their reports4 ,the following points might be awarded3 ,for each flag or lamp captured and brought in--#e ,for each report or sketch of the position of the enemy's outposts up to five--#e ,for each report of movement of enemy's scouting patrols--#b ,the side which makes the biggest total wins4 ,the same game may be played to test the scouts in stepping lightly--the umpire being blindfolded4 ,the practice should preferably be carried out where there are dry twigs lying about1 and gravel1 etc4 ,the scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at one hundred yards' distance1 and he must do it fairly fast--say1 in one minute and a half--to touch the blind man before he hears him4 #cjg ,stalking and ,reporting ,the umpire places himself out in the open and sends each scout or pair of scouts away in different directions about half a mile off4 ,when he waves a flag1 which is the signal to begin1 they all hide1 and then proceed to stalk him1 creeping up and watching all he does4 ,when he waves the flag again1 they rise1 come in1 and report each in turn all that he did1 either by handing in a written report or verbally1 as may be ordered4 ,the umpire meantime has kept a lookout in each direction1 and1 every time he sees a scout he takes two points off that scout's score4 ,he1 on his part1 performs small actions1 such as sitting down1 kneeling1 looking through glasses1 using handkerchief1 taking hat off for a bit1 walking round in a circle a few times1 to give scouts something to note and report about him4 ,scouts are given three points for each act reported correctly4 ,it saves time if the umpire makes out a scoring card beforehand1 giving the name of each scout1 and a number of columns showing each act of his1 and what mark that scout wins1 also a column of deducted marks for exposing themselves4 ,spider and ,fly ,a bit of country or section of the town about a mile square is selected as the web1 and its boundaries described1 and an hour fixed at which operations are to cease4 ,one patrol 7or half-patrol7 is the spider1 which goes out and selects a place to hide itself4 ,the other patrol 7or half-patrol7 go a quarter of an hour later as the fly to look for the spider4 ,they can spread themselves about as they like1 but must tell their leader anything that they discover4 ,an umpire goes with each party4 ,if within the given time 7say1 about two hours7 the fly has not discovered the spider1 the spider wins4 ,the spiders write down the names of any of the fly patrol that they may see4 ,stalking ,instructor acts as a deer--not hiding1 but standing1 moving a little now and then if he likes4 ,scouts go out to find1 and each in his own way tries to get up to him unseen4 ,directly the instructor sees a scout1 he directs him to stand up as having failed4 ,after a certain time the instructor calls #cjh time1 all stand up at the spot which they have reached1 and the nearest wins4 ,demonstrate the value of adapting color of clothes to background by sending out one boy about five hundred yards to stand against different backgrounds in turn1 till he gets one similar in color to his own clothes4 ,the rest of the patrol to watch and to notice how invisible he becomes when he gets a suitable background4 ,e4 g41 a boy in a gray suit standing in front of dark bushes1 etc41 is quite visible but becomes less so if he stands in front of a gray rock or house2 a boy in a dark suit is very visible in a green field1 but not when lie stands in an open door-way against dark interior shadow4 ,scout ,hunting ,one scout is given time to go out and hide himself1 the remainder then start to find him2 he wins if he is not found1 or if he can get back to the starting point within a given time without being touched4 ,relay ,race ,one patrol pitted against another to see who can get a message sent a long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners 7or cyclists74 ,the patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes or tokens 7such as sprigs of certain plants71 from a point1 say1 two miles distant or more4 ,the leader in taking his patrol out to the spot drops scouts at convenient distances1 who will then act as runners from one post to the next and back4 ,if relays are posted in pairs1 messages can be passed both ways4 ,track ,memory ,make a patrol sit with their feet up1 so that other scouts can study them4 ,give the scouts1 say1 three minutes to study the boots4 ,then leaving the scouts in a room or out of sight1 let one of the patrol make some footmarks in a good bit of ground4 ,call up the scouts one by one and let them see the track and say who made it4 ,spot the ,thief ,get a stranger to make a track unseen by the scouts4 ,the scouts study his track so as to know it again4 ,then put the stranger among eight or ten others and let them all make their tracks for the boys to see1 going by in rotation4 ,each scout then in turn whispers to the umpire which man1 #cji made the original track--describing him by his number in filing past4 ,the scout who answers correctly wins2 if more than one answers correctly1 the one who then draws the best diagram1 from memory1 of the footprint wins4 ,smugglers ,over the ,border ,the border is a certain line of country about four hundred yards long1 preferably a road or wide path or bit of sand1 on which foot tracks can easily be seen4 ,one patrol watches the border with sentries posted along this road1 with a reserve posted farther inland4 ,this latter about half-way between the border and the town2 the town would be a base marked by a tree1 building1 or flags1 etc41 about half a mile distant from the border4 ,a hostile patrol of smugglers assemble about half a mile on the other side of the border4 ,they will all cross the border1 in any formation they please1 either singly or together or scattered1 and make for the town1 either walking or running1 or at scouts' pace4 ,only one among them is supposed to be smuggling1 and he wears tracking irons1 so that the sentries walk up and down their beat 7they may not run till after the alarm71 waiting for the tracks of the smuggler4 ,directly a sentry sees the track1 he gives the alarm signal to the reserve and starts himself to follow up the track as fast as he can4 ,the reserves thereupon cooperate with him and try to catch the smuggler before he can reach the town4 ,once within the boundary of the town he is safe and wins the game4 ,shop ,window ,out-doors in ,town ,umpire takes a patrol down a street past six shops1 gives them half a minute at each shop1 then1 after moving them off to some distance1 he gives each boy a pencil and card1 and tells him to write from memory1 or himself takes down1 what they noticed in1 say1 the third and fifth shops4 ,the one who sets down most articles correctly wins4 ,it is useful practice to match one boy against another in heats--the loser competing again1 till you arrive at the worst4 ,this gives the worst scouts the most practice4 ,similar ,game ,in-doors ,send each scout in turn into a room for half a minute2 when he comes out take down a list of furniture and articles which he notices4 ,the boy who notices most wins4 #caj ,the simplest way of scoring is to make a list of the articles in the room on your scoring paper with a column for marks for each scout against them1 which can then easily be totalled up at foot4 ,follow the ,trail ,send out a hare1 either walking or cycling1 with a pocketful of corn1 nutshells1 confetti paper1 or buttons1 etc41 and drop a few here and there to give a trail for the patrol to follow4 ,or go out with a piece of chalk and draw the patrol sign on walls1 gate posts1 pavements1 lamp posts1 trees1 etc41 every here and there1 and let the patrol hunt you by these marks4 ,patrols should wipe out all these marks as they pass them for tidiness1 and so as not to mislead them for another day's practice4 ,the other road signs should also be used1 such as closing up certain roads as not used1 and hiding a letter at some point1 giving directions as to the next turn4 ,scout's ,nose ,in-doors ,prepare a number of paper bags1 all alike1 and put in each a different smelling article1 such as chopped onion in one1 tan in another1 rose leaves1 leather1 anise-seed1 violet powder1 orange peel1 etc4 ,put these packets in a row a couple of feet apart1 and let each competitor walk down the line and have five seconds sniff at each4 ,at the end he has one minute in which to write down or to state to the umpire the names of the different objects smelled1 from memory1 in their correct order4 ,scout ,meets ,scout in ,town or ,country ,single scouts1 or complete patrols or pairs of scouts1 to be taken out about two miles apart1 and made to work toward each other1 either alongside a road1 or by giving each side a landmark to work to1 such as a steep hill or big tree1 which is directly behind the other party1 and will thus insure their coming together4 ,the patrol which first sees the other wins4 ,this is signified by the patrol leader holding up his patrol flag for the umpire to see1 and sounding his whistle4 ,a patrol need not keep together1 but that patrol wins which first holds out its flag1 so it is well for the scouts to be in touch with their patrol leaders by signal1 voice1 or message4 ,scouts may employ any ruse they like1 such as climbing into trees1 hiding in carts1 etc41 but they must not dress up in disguise4 ,this may also be practised at night4 #caa ,shoot ,out ,two patrols compete4 ,targets3 bottles or bricks set up on end to represent the opposing patrol4 ,both patrols are drawn up in line at about twenty to twenty-five yards from the targets4 ,at the word fire1 they throw stones at the targets4 ,directly a target falls1 the umpire directs the corresponding man of the other patrol to sit down--killed4 ,the game goes on1 if there are plenty of stones1 till the whole of one patrol is killed4 ,or a certain number of stones can be given to each patrol1 or a certain time limit1 say one minute4 ,kim's ,game ,place about twenty or thirty small articles on a tray1 or on the table or floor1 such as two or three different kinds of buttons1 pencils1 corks1 rags1 nuts1 stones1 knives1 string1 photos--anything you can find--and cover them over with a cloth or coat4 ,make a list of these1 and make a column opposite the list for each boy's replies4 ,then uncover the articles for one minute by your watch1 or while you count sixty at the rate of quick march4 ,then cover them over again4 ,take each boy separately and let him whisper to you each of the articles that he can remember1 and mark it off on your scoring sheet4 ,the boy who remembers the greatest number wins the game4 ,morgan's ,game ,scouts are ordered to run to a certain boarding1 where an umpire is already posted to time them4 ,they are each allowed to look at this for one minute1 and then to run back to headquarters and report to the instructor all that was on the boarding in the way of advertisements4 ,snow ,fort ,the snow fort may be built by one patrol according to their own ideas of fortification1 with loopholes1 etc41 for looking out4 ,when finished1 it will be attacked by hostile patrols1 using snowballs as ammunition4 ,every scout struck by a snowball is counted dead4 ,the attackers should1 as a rule1 number at least twice the strength of the defenders4 #cab ,siberian ,man ,hunt ,one scout as fugitive runs away across the snow in any direction he may please until he finds a good hiding place1 and there conceals himself4 ,the remainder1 after giving him twenty minutes' start or more1 proceed to follow him by his tracks4 ,as they approach his hiding place1 he shoots at them with snowballs1 and every one that is struck must fall out dead4 ,the fugitive must be struck three times before he is counted dead4 ,hare and ,hounds ,two or more persons representing the hares1 and provided with a large quantity of corn1 are given a start of several minutes and run a certain length of time1 then return by another route to the starting point1 all the time scattering corn in their path4 ,after the lapse of the number of minutes' handicap given the hares1 those representing the hounds start in pursuit1 following by the corn and trying to catch the hares before they reach the starting-point in returning4 ,the handicap given the hares should be small1 depending on the running abilities of the hares and hounds4 ,the fastest runners are usually picked for the hounds4 ,chalk the ,arrow ,this is usually played in the city streets1 one player running and trying to keep out of sight of the others who follow4 ,the runner is given time to disappear around the first corner before the others start after him1 and at every corner he turns he marks 7with chalk7 an arrow pointing in the direction he takes4 ,those pursuing follow by the arrow1 the first one seeing him being the runner for the next time4 ,this may also be played by having any number run and only one follow1 the first becoming it for the next time4 ,dodge ,ball ,of any number of players1 half of that number form a circle1 while the other half stand inside of the ring 7centre7 facing outward4 ,now1 the game for those in the centre is to dodge the ball which is thrown by any of those forming the circle with the intention of striking the centre ones #cac out4 ,every time a member is struck he is dead1 and takes his place among those of the circle4 ,now he has a chance to throw at those remaining in the centre4 ,this arrangement keeps all taking part busy4 ,only one is out at a time4 ,this being kept up until finally only one is left4 ,he is hailed the king4 ,for next round1 players exchange places1 i4 e41 those who were in the centre now form the circle4 ,note3 ,if the touch is preceded by a bound of the ball it does not count4 ,prisoner's ,base ,goals are marked off at both ends of the playground1 the players divided into two equal divisions1 occupying the two goals4 ,about ten paces to the right of each goal is a prison4 ,a player advances toward the opposite goal1 when one from that goal starts out to catch him4 ,he retreats1 and one from his side runs to his rescue by trying to catch the pursuer--who in turn is succored by one from his side1 and so on4 ,every player may catch anyone from the opposite side who has been out of goal longer than he has4 ,any player caught is conducted to the prison by his captor and must remain there until rescued by some one from his side1 who touches him with the hand4 ,the one who does this is subject to being caught like any other player4 ,throwing the ,spear ,the game is an old ,greek and ,persian pastime4 ,throw the spear and speak the truth1 was a national maxim of the ,persians that we may copy with advantage4 ,the apparatus required is some light spears and an archery target4 ,the spears should vary from five to six feet in length2 the point should be shod with a steel tip1 having a socket into which the wooden handle is fitted1 and made fast by small screws passing through holes in the sides of the metal1 and then into the wood itself4 ,the wood1 for about a foot above the barb1 should be about three quarters of an inch in diameter1 and from thence gradually taper to about a quarter of an inch in thickness until the end of the spear is reached4 ,some spears are fitted with feathers1 like an arrow1 but these are not necessary to obtain a good throw1 and soon get dismantled in continually falling upon the ground4 ,any ordinary target will serve4 ,it may be an archery target1 a sack full of straw1 or a sod bank4 #cad ,the object of the contest is to hit the target from a given mark1 the firing line4 ,whoever throws nearest to the centre of the target the greatest number of times out of six shots is hailed the winner4 ,the best form for throwing is with the left foot forward1 the leg perfectly straight1 body well back1 its weight resting on the right leg4 ,now extend the left arm forward1 in a line with the shoulder1 and over the left leg2 poise the spear horizontally in the right hand1 holding at the centre of gravity by the forefinger and thumb4 ,bring the right arm backward until the hand is behind the right shoulder4 ,now1 inclining the point of the spear slightly upward1 make your cast1 bringing the right arm forward1 followed by the right side of the body1 the right leg forward and the left arm backward4 ,count yourself fortunate if you even hit the target in the first few attempts1 but practice will make a wonderful difference4 ,the distance should be mutually agreed upon1 but fifty feet for a boy of fifteen and one hundred feet for an adult will be found about right4 ,to throw the javelin is another phase of this pastime4 ,the javelin is four to five feet in length1 three quarters of an inch in thickness1 and fitted with a barbed end1 slightly heavier than the spear end4 ,the object of the game is to throw the javelin as far as possible but not at a target2 instead1 the javelin must stick into the ground4 ,in throwing the javelin1 hold it in the right hand1 the left leg and hand being advanced2 the barb and arm at this point should be at the rear4 ,then1 describing a semicircle with the arm over the right shoulder1 and leaning well to the rear1 hurl the weapon as far as possible forward4 ,arctic ,expedition ,each patrol make a bob sleigh with ropes1 harness1 for two of their number to pull or for dogs if they have them and can train them to do the work4 ,two scouts or so go a mile or two ahead1 the remainder with the sleigh follow1 finding the way by means of the spoor1 and by such signs as the leading scouts may draw in the snow4 ,all other drawings seen on the way are to be examined1 noted1 and their meaning read4 ,the sleigh carries rations and cooking pots1 etc4 ,build snow huts4 ,these must be made narrow1 according to the length of the sticks available for forming the roof1 which can be made with brushwood and covered with snow4 #cae ,dragging ,race ,a line of patients from one patrol is laid out fifty feet distant from the start4 ,another patrol1 each carrying a rope1 run out1 tie ropes to the patients1 and drag them in4 ,time taken of last in4 ,patrols change places4 ,the one which completes in the shortest time wins4 ,knots must be carefully tied1 and patients' coats laid out under their heads4 ,far and ,near ,umpire goes along a given road or line of country with a patrol in patrol formation4 ,he carries a scoring card with the name of each scout on it4 ,each scout looks out for the details required1 and directly he notices one he runs to the umpire and informs him or hands in the article1 if it is an article he finds4 ,the umpire enters a mark accordingly against his name4 ,the scout who gains the most marks in the walk wins4 ,details like the following should be chosen to develop the scout's observation and to encourage him to look far and near1 up and down1 etc4 ,the details should be varied every time the game is played2 and about eight or ten should be given at a time4 ,every match found #a point ,every button found #a point ,bird tracks #b points ,patch noticed on stranger's clothing or boots #b points ,gray horse seen #b points ,pigeon flying #b points ,sparrow sitting #b points ,ash tree #b points ,broken chimney-pot #b points ,broken window #a point ,fire-lighting ,race ,to collect material1 build1 and light a fire till the log given by umpire is alight4 ,follow ,my ,leader ,with a large number of boys this can be made a very effective display1 and is easy to do at a jog trot1 and occasional knee-up with musical accompaniment4 ,it also can be done at night1 #caf each boy carrying a ,chinese lantern on top of his staff4 ,if in a building all lights1 of course1 would be turned down4 ,a usual fault is that the exercise is kept on too long1 till it wearies both audience and performers4 ,games in ,path-finding ,instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town or into an intricate piece of strange country1 with a cycling map4 ,he then gives instructions as to where he wants to go1 makes each scout in turn lead the patrol1 say1 for seven minutes if cycling1 fifteen minutes if walking4 ,this scout is to find the way entirely by the map1 and points are given for ability in reading4 ,mountain ,scouting ,this has been played by tourists' clubs in the lake district1 and is very similar to the ,spider and ,fly game4 ,three hares are sent out at daybreak to hide themselves about in the mountains3 after breakfast a party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour1 say #d o'clock ,p4,m4 ,if they find them even with field-glasses1 it counts1 provided that the finder can say definitely who it was he spotted4 ,certain limits of ground must be given1 beyond which anyone would be out of bounds1 and therefore disqualified4 ,knight ,errantry ,scouts go out singly1 or in pairs1 or as a patrol4 ,if in a town1 to find women or children in want of help1 and to return and report1 on their honor1 what they have done4 ,if in the country1 call at any farms or cottages and ask to do odd jobs--for nothing4 ,the same can be made into a race called a ,good ,turn race4 ,unprepared ,plays ,give the plot of a short1 simple1 play and assign to each player his part1 with an outline of what he has to do and say1 and then let them act it1 making up the required conversation as they go along4 ,this develops the power of imagination and expression on points kept in the mind1 and is a valuable means of education4 ,it is well before starting to act a play in this way to be a little less ambitious1 and to make two or three players merely #cag carry out a conversation on given topics leading up to a given point1 using their own words and imaginations in doing so4 ,the ,treasure ,hunt ,the treasure hunt needs observation and skill in tracking1 and practically any number can take part in it4 ,several ways of playing the game are given below4 #a4 ,the treasure is hidden and the scouts know what the treasure is2 they are given the first clew1 and from this all the others can be traced4 ,such clews might be 7a7 written on a gate post3 ,go west and examine third gate on north side of stream2 7b7 on that gate1 scout's sign pointing to notice board on which is written1 ,strike south by south-east telegraph post1 ,no4 #bh1 and so on4 ,the clews should be so worded as to need some skill to understand1 and the various points should be difficult of access from one another4 ,this method might be used as a patrol competition1 starting off patrols at ten-minute intervals1 and at one particular clew there might be different orders for each patrol1 to prevent the patrols behind from following the first4 #b4 ,the clews may be bits of colored wood tied to gates1 hedges1 etc41 at about three-yard intervals1 leading in a certain direction1 and when these clews come to the end it should be known that the treasure is hidden within so many feet4 ,to prevent this degenerating into a mere game of follow my leader1 several tracks might be laid working up to the same point1 and false tracks could be laid1 which only lead back again to the original4 #c4 ,each competitor or patrol might be given a description of the way--each perhaps of a slightly different way2 the description should make it necessary to go to each spot in turn2 and prevent any cutting in the following way3 ,go to the tallest tree in a certain field1 from there go one hundred yards north1 and then walk straight toward a church tower which will be on your left1 etc4 ,all the descriptions should lead by an equal journey to a certain spot where the treasure is hidden4 ,the first to arrive at that spot should not let the others know it is the spot1 but should search for the treasure in as casual a manner as possible4 ,will-o'-the-,wisp ,this game should take place across country at night4 ,two scouts set off in a given direction with a lighted bull's-eye #cah lantern4 ,after two minutes have passed the patrol or troop starts in pursuit4 ,the lantern bearer must show his light at least every minute concealing it for the rest of the time4 ,the two scouts take turns in carrying the light1 and so may relieve each other in difficulties1 but either may be captured4 ,the scout without the light can often mingle with the pursuers without being recognized and relieve his friend when he is being hard pressed4 ,they should arrange certain calls or signals between themselves4 ,treasure ,island ,a treasure is known to be hidden upon a certain island or bit of shore marked off1 and the man who hid it leaves a map with clews for finding it 7compass1 directions1 tide marks1 etc474 ,this map is hidden somewhere near the landing-place2 the patrols come in turn to look for it--they have to row from a certain distance1 land1 find the map1 and finally discover the treasure4 ,they should be careful to leave no foot tracks1 etc41 near the treasure1 because then the patrols that follow them will easily find it4 ,the map and treasure are to be hidden afresh for the next patrol when they have been found4 ,the patrol wins which returns to the starting place with the treasure in the shortest time4 7,this can be played on the river1 the patrols having to row across the river to find the treasure47 ,horse and ,rider ,tourney ,in playing this game it is necessary to have a soft1 velvety piece of grass1 or if in doors1 in the gymnasium1 cover the floor with regular gymnasium mats4 ,it requires four boys to play the game1 two being horses and the other two riders4 ,the riders mount their horses and dash at each other with great caution1 striving to get a good hold of each other in such a way as to compel the opponent to dismount4 ,this can be done either by dragging him from his mount or by making the horse and rider lose their balance so as to throw them off their feet4 ,a great deal of sport can be gotten out of this game1 and boys become very skilful after a little practice4 ,mumbly ,peg 7,from ,daniel ,carter ,beard1 ,national ,scout ,commissioner7 ,first3 ,hold the right fist with the back to the ground and with the jack-knife1 with blade pointing to the right1 resting #cai on top of the closed fingers4 ,the hand is swung to the right1 up and over1 describing a semicircle1 so that the knife falls point downward and sticks1 or should stick1 upright in the ground4 ,if there is room to slip two fingers1 one above the other1 beneath the handle of the knife1 and if the point of the knife is hidden in the ground1 it counts as a fair stick or throw4 ,second3 ,the next motion is the same as the one just described1 but is performed with the left4 ,third3 ,take the point of the blade between the first and second fingers of the right hand1 and fillip it with a jerk so that the knife turns once around in the air and strikes the point into the ground4 ,fourth3 ,do the same with the left hand4 ,fifth3 ,hold the knife as in the third and fourth positions1 and bring the arm across the chest so that the knife handle touches the left ear4 ,take hold of the right ear with the left hand and fillip the knife so that it turns once or twice in the air and strikes on its point in the earth4 ,sixth3 ,do the same with the left hand4 ,seventh3 ,still holding the knife in the same manner1 bring the handle up to the nose and fillip it over through the air1 so that it will stick in the ground4 ,eighth3 ,do the same with the handle at the right eye4 ,ninth3 ,repeat with the handle at the left eye4 ,tenth3 ,place the point of the blade on the top of the head4 ,hold it in place with the forefinger1 and with a downward push send it whirling down to earth1 where it must stick with the point of blade in the earth4 ,eleventh to ,fifteenth3 ,hold the left hand with the fingers pointing upward and1 beginning with the thumb1 place the point of the knife on each finger as described above1 and the forefinger of the right hand on the end of the knife handle4 ,by a downward motion1 throw the knife revolving through the air1 so that it will alight with the point of the blade in the sod4 ,sixteenth to ,twentieth3 ,repeat1 with the right hand up and the forefinger of the left hand on the knife handle4 ,twenty-first1 twenty-second3 ,do the same from each knee4 ,twenty-third3 ,hold the point of the blade between the first and second fingers1 and1 placing the hand on the forehead1 fillip the knife back over the head1 so that it will stick in the ground behind the person ready for the next motion4 ,twenty-fourth3 ,after twenty-three the knife is left in the ground4 ,then with the palm of the hand strike the knife handle a smart blow that will send it revolving over the ground #cbj for a yard1 more or less1 and cause it to stick in the ground where it stops4 ,this is called ploughing the field4 ,when a miss is made the next player takes his turn1 and when the first player's turn comes again he must try the feat over that he failed to perform last4 ,a good player will sometimes go through almost all the twenty-four motions without failing to make a two finger1 that is1 a fair stick1 each time2 but it is very unusual for anyone to run the game out in one inning4 ,this is the game in twenty-four motions2 many boys play it double that number4 ,outdoor ,athletic ,standards ,the athletic standards given below are those which most boys ought to be able to attain4 ,they are the result of the experience of several physical directors who have made a special study of athletics and physical work among boys4 ,the rules governing the events are found in the official handbook of the ,athletic ,league of ,north ,america4 ,these rules must be strictly adhered to4 ,,events ,,under ,,under ,,under ,,under ,,over #ij ,,lbs4 #aaj ,,lbs4 #abe ,,lbs4 #adj ,,lbs4 #adj ,,lbs4 7#a7 ,running ,broad ,jump #ab' #ac' #ad' #ae' #af' 7#b7 ,running ,high ,jump #c' #aa #d' #a #d' #d #d' #g #d' #aj 7#c7 ,standing ,broad ,jump #f' #f #g' #g' #f #h' #h' #f 7#d7 ,standing ,high ,jump #c' #b #c' #d #c' #f #c' #h #c' #aj 7#e7 ,pull-,up 7times7 #e #g #i #aa #ac 7#f7 #bj-,yard ,swim #bj sec4 #ah sec4 #af sec4 #ad sec4 #ab sec4 7#g7 #dj-,yard ,swim #dj sec4 #ci sec4 #ch sec4 #cg sec4 #cf sec4 7#h7 #ej-,yard ,dash #g4h sec4 #g4d sec4 #g sec4 #f4f sec4 #f4b sec4 7#i7 ,eight-,potato ,race #de sec4 #dc sec4 #da sec4 #ci sec4 #cg sec4 7#aj7 #h lb4-,shot ,put 99 #be' #cj' #ce' #dj' 7#aa7 ,push-,up from ,floor 99 #aa #ac #ae #ag 7#ab7 ,rope ,climb 99 #ad sec4 #ab sec4 #aj sec4 #h sec4 7#ac7 #ajj-,yard ,dash 99 99 #ac sec4 #ab4f sec4 #ab4b sec4 99 ,should not attempt this event ,for merit badge a boy under ninety pounds must qualify in seven of the first nine events2 a boy under one hundred and ten pounds must qualify in ten of the first twelve events2 all others must qualify in their proper class in eleven of the thirteen events4 #cba ,notes #cbb ,notes #cbc ,,chapter ,,ix ,,patriotism ,,and ,,citizenship ,by ,waldo ,h4 ,sherman1 ,author of ,civics--,studies in ,american ,citizenship ,,our ,,country ,america is the home of social1 religious1 and political liberty--the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,as a nation1 we have always been rich in land1 and for this reason millions of people have sought our shores4 ,we have come into possession of our territory through treaty1 purchase1 and annexation4 ,in speaking of our territorial area we usually speak of the original territory and additions to same4 ,when we speak of original territory we mean that part of the ,united ,states which was ceded to us by ,great ,britain in the peace treaty of #aghc1 at the close of the ,war of the ,revolution4 ,this territory1 in brief1 is described as follows3 ,east to the ,atlantic ,ocean1 west to the ,mississippi ,river1 north to the ,great ,lakes and ,canada1 and as far south as the northern line of ,florida4 ,we sometimes hear it spoken of as the territory of the ,thirteen ,original ,states1 meaning the states that formed the ,government of the ,constitution in #aghi4 ,however if we look at the map we shall see that the original territory includes not only the territory of the thirteen original states1 but comprises also land out of which twelve other states have been formed4 ,looking at this area to-day1 however1 it seems a small part of our country compared with our present limits4 ,additions ,louisiana ,purchase3 ,what is known as the ,louisiana ,purchase we bought from ,france in #ahjc4 ,it consisted of #hge1jbe square miles1 for which we paid #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,it is described as follows3 west of the ,mississippi ,river to the ,rocky ,mountains1 north to ,canada1 and south to the ,gulf of ,mexico1 exclusive of ,texas4 ,this is a territory greater than the present combined areas of ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,hungary1 and the ,balkan states4 #cbd ,florida ,purchase3 ,in #ahai1 we purchased ,florida from ,spain at a cost of over #e1jjj1jjj1 and this single state is larger in territorial area than the combined territory of ,denmark1 ,netherlands1 ,belgium1 and ,switzerland4 ,texas3 ,in #ahde1 ,texas came to us by annexation1 but the outcome of this annexation later on was our war with ,mexico4 ,in territorial area this is an empire in itself--larger than the whole ,german ,empire4 ,oregon ,territory3 ,in #ahdf1 by treaty with ,great ,britain1 we acquired what is known as the ,oregon ,territory4 ,this includes the states of ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,idaho4 ,mexican ,cession and ,purchase from ,texas3 ,as an outcome of the ,mexican ,war1 we obtained from ,mexico1 in #ahdh1 the territory of ,california1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 and a part of ,new ,mexico at a cost of #ae1jjj1jjj2 and in #ahej1 we purchased from ,texas the remaining part of ,new ,mexico and that part of ,colorado not included in the ,louisiana ,purchase1 at a cost of #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,gadsden ,purchase3 ,in #ahec1 we made what is known as the ,gadsden ,purchase1 acquiring thus from ,mexico a needed tract of land on the boundary between ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and ,new ,mexico1 paying for this tract #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,alaska3 ,in #ahfg1 we paid ,russia #g1jjj1jjj1 and added ,alaska to our possessions4 ,this purchase is spoken of in history as ,seward's ,folly1 because the transaction1 made while he was secretary of state1 was not generally considered a good bargain4 ,nevertheless it has proved one of our most valuable possessions4 ,hawaii3 ,in #ahih1 we reached out into the ,pacific waters and annexed the beautiful ,hawaiian or ,sandwich ,islands4 ,porto ,rico1 ,pine ,islands1 ,guam1 ,philippine ,islands3 ,in #ahih1 the island of ,porto ,rico with an area of #cfjj square miles came into our possession as an outcome of the ,spanish-,american ,war2 likewise the ,pine ,islands with their #hhb square miles2 ,guam with #age square miles2 and the ,philippine ,islands with a territorial area of #adc1jjj square miles4 ,but for these latter in settlement of a number of private claims1 and to gain peaceable possession of various public lands1 we paid ,spain #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,samoan ,islands3 ,in #ahii1 we acquired the ,samoan ,islands1 with an area of #gc square miles2 and1 in #aija1 some additional islands in the ,philippines4 #cbe ,land ,settlements ,the first permanent ,english settlements in ,america were made at ,jamestown1 ,va41 in #afjg1 and at ,plymouth1 ,mass41 in #afbj2 and from these two settlements we may trace in large part the growth1 character1 and development of our national life4 ,the story of the ,pilgrim ,fathers in ,massachusetts has been told for generations in literature and in song1 and can never cease to be of romantic and thrilling interest4 ,the story of the settlement and dispersal of other nationalities in ,america--the ,swedes in ,delaware1 the ,dutch in ,new ,york1 the ,spanish and ,french in ,florida and along the banks of the ,mississippi and ,ohio ,rivers--all this is summed up in what is known as colonial history4 ,in #agfc1 at the close of the ,french and ,indian wars1 ,england had come into possession of practically all the territory east of the ,mississippi--that territory which was ceded in #aghc as the original territory of the ,united ,states4 ,you will sometimes hear it said that thirteen is an unlucky number4 ,indeed you may have known people so superstitious that they refuse to sit down at a table when the number is thirteen4 ,again you may know it to be a fact that some hotels do not have a room numbered thirteen1 and that many steamboats likewise follow the same custom in state-room arrangement4 ,strange superstition for ,americans6 ,it took thirteen states to make our ,union2 we have made thirteen additions to our territory2 when ,george ,washington was inaugurated as president1 a salute of thirteen guns was fired2 and1 finally1 the foundation of the flag of our country bears thirteen stripes4 ,the ,american ,revolution ,the story of the ,american ,revolution 7#agge-aghc7--;,declaration of ,independence 7#aggf71 the adoption of the ,articles of ,confederation 7#agha71 and1 finally1 the making and adoption of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states in #aghi--;all is summed up in a period of fourteen years1 and may be told and written in the life of ,george ,washington1 who was indeed the ,father of ,his ,country4 ,the cause of the ,american ,revolution was ,england's oppression of her ,american colonists2 and the injustice of taxation without representation1 with other injustices1 finally brought about rebellion4 ,the war began in ,massachusetts with the battles of ,lexington and ,concord1 ,april #ai1 #agge1 and ended at ,yorktown1 ,va41 ,october #ai1 #agha4 ,the treaty of peace was #cbf signed at ,paris1 ,france1 ,september #c1 #aghc1 and ,november #be of that year1 known in history as ,evacuation ,day1 the ,british took their departure down the bay of ,new ,york harbor and ,america was free4 ,now do we find ourselves at the fireside of ,american patriotism4 ,here is ,washington4 ,he is a ,virginian1 and the ,american people know him at this time as ,colonel ,washington4 ,it is the #acth day of ,june1 #agge1 and the second ,continental ,congress is in session at ,philadelphia4 ,john ,adams of ,massachusetts has the floor4 ,he is to show himself at this time the master statesman4 ,justly has he been called the ,colossus of the ,revolution4 ,on his way to ,independence ,hall this morning he meets his cousin1 ,samuel ,adams1 and tells him what he is going to do4 ,we must1 he says2 act on this matter at once4 ,we must make ,congress declare for or against something4 ,i'll tell you what ,i am going to do4 ,i am determined this very morning to make a direct motion that ,congress shall adopt the army before ,boston1 and appoint the ,virginian1 ,colonel ,washington1 commander of it4 ,adams is now stating to the ,congress the gravity of the situation2 he points out the necessity of immediate action the colonies must be united1 the army must be brought together1 disciplined1 and trained for service1 and1 under ,congress1 a fitting commander appointed4 ,such a gentleman1 he said1 ,i have in mind4 ,i mention no names1 but every gentleman here knows him at once as a brave soldier and a man of affairs4 ,he is a gentleman from ,virginia1 one of this body1 and well known to all of us4 ,he is a gentleman of skill and excellent universal character and would command the approbation of all the colonies better than any other person in the ,union4 ,george ,washington is in the hall4 ,the eyes of all ,congress have turned toward him4 ,he is surprised1 confused1 and embarrassed1 leaves his seat and hurries into the library4 ,congress spent two days considering ,adams's motion1 for there were other men who had hoped for the appointment2 but finally1 on the #aeth of ,june1 #agge1 a ballot was taken1 and ,washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the ,continental ,army4 ,on ,july #b1 #agge1 he took command of the army at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 and ,march #ag1 #aggf1 the ,british were expelled from ,boston4 #cbg ,we now come to the ,declaration of ,independence1 ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,it was written by ,thomas ,jefferson1 at that time a young man of thirty-three4 ,the committee of the ,general ,congress appointed to draft it1 consisted of the following3 ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,john ,adams1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,roger ,sherman1 and ,robert ,r4 ,livingston4 ,the strong feeling of ,thomas ,jefferson as he wrote the ,declaration is indicated by his statement that1 ,rather than submit to the right of legislating for us assumed by the ,british ,parliament1 ,i would lend my hand to sink the whole island in the ocean4 ,here also we get a glimpse of one of the most interesting and delightful characters in the history of this period--,benjamin ,franklin4 ,history records that while ,thomas ,jefferson wrote the ,declaration of ,independence1 a few verbal suggestions were made by ,doctor ,franklin1 as the following conversation reported to have taken place between them would indicate3 ,well1 ,brother ,jefferson1 said ,franklin1 is the fair copy made8 ,all ready1 doctor1 replied ,jefferson4 ,will you hear it through once more8 ,as many times as you wish1 responded the smiling doctor1 with a merry twinkle in his eyes4 ,one can't get too much of a good thing1 you know4 ,jefferson then read to ,franklin the ,declaration of ,independence1 which has been pronounced one of the world's greatest papers4 ,that's good1 ,thomas6 ,that's right to the point6 ,that will make ,king ,george wince4 ,i wish ,i had done it myself4 ,it is said ,franklin would have put a joke into the ,declaration of ,independence1 if it had fallen to his lot to write that immortal document4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence went forth to the world signed by one man1 ,john ,hancock--which explains the expression you sometimes hear1 ,put your ,john ,hancock there4 ,it was1 however1 signed later by all the members of that ,congress--fifty-four in number4 ,this immortal document has been carefully preserved and the original may be seen at ,washington4 ,the ,declaration was a notice to ,great ,britain and to all the world that the ,american colonists would no longer be subject to ,great ,britain2 that henceforth they were to be a free and independent people1 holding ,great ,britain as they held the rest of mankind1 enemies in war--in peace friends4 ,this ,declaration marks the birth of our nation4 ,our government fathers fully realized the step they were taking4 ,they knew it meant a final breaking with the home government of ,england1 but--with a firm reliance on the protection of ,divine ,providence1 in support of this #cbh ,declaration1 they pledged to each other their lives1 their fortunes and their sacred honor4 ,following the expulsion of the ,british from ,boston1 the battle field of the ,revolution changes to ,new ,york1 moving to ,harlem ,heights and ,white ,plains2 then to ,new ,jersey2 ,trenton1 and ,princeton2 then to ,pennsylvania2 ,brandywine1 ,westchester1 ,germantown1 ,valley ,forge1 and on to ,monmouth4 ,but here let us pause4 ,it has been a terrible winter at ,valley ,forge4 ,while the ,british at ,philadelphia1 twenty miles away1 have been living in luxury1 our ,washington and his men have suffered bitterly with hunger and cold2 and out of a list of eleven thousand men1 three thousand at ,valley ,forge lay sick at one time4 ,but at last the spring has come and ,washington has now been nearly three years in service4 ,listen6 ,the order has gone forth6 ,at #aj3cj o'clock comes the signal1 and the firing of a cannon sees all men under arms6 ,at #aa3cj o'clock the second signal is given and the march begins4 ,it is ,may #g1 #aggh1 and ,washington is assembling his men4 ,great news has come and it is fitting to return thanks to ,divine ,providence--so reads his proclamation4 ,now comes the third signal1 the firing of thirteen cannon6 ,another signal6 and the whole army breaks into a loud huzza ,long live the ,king of ,france6 followed by a running fire of guns4 ,on this same day in the afternoon1 ,washington gives a banquet to his officers1 aides1 and guests1 to which they march arm-in-arm1 thirteen abreast4 ,what does it mean8 ,it means that ,benjamin ,franklin has been heard from1 and that an alliance with ,france1 ,england's bitterest enemy1 has been made4 ,some day when you are in ,washington1 you may see directly in front of the ,white ,house1 ,lafayette ,park1 and1 knowing the story of the ,revolution1 you understand why it is there4 ,you also understand why ,washington's army on that ,may morning shouted1 ,long live the ,king of ,france4 ,but it is not our purpose here to tell the whole story3 we can only touch the high points4 ,again the army moves to ,white ,plains and on to ,middlebrook and ,new ,windsor2 and ,washington spends the winter 7#agha7 at ,morristown1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the end is approaching4 ,he joins ,lafayette at ,yorktown1 ,va41 and on ,october #aith1 ,cornwallis1 the ,british general1 surrenders to ,george ,washington1 commander-in-chief of the ,american ,army4 ,thus the conflict begun in one ,english settlement is ended in the other4 ,massachusetts marks the beginning and ,virginia the ending of the ,war of the ,revolution4 #cbi ,the ,war of #ahab-ahae ,the ,war of #ahab was a naval war4 ,it was a battle for rights--the rights of our sailors1 the rights of our commerce4 ,american ships and cargoes were being confiscated4 ,france and ,england and the ,barbary pirates were engaged in a profitable war on our commerce1 and last but not least twenty thousand ,american seamen had been pressed into service and were slaves on ships that were foreign1 ,england especially claiming the right to search ,american ships and press into service all men found on board who were ,english by birth1 though ,american by choice and adoption4 ,once a subject always a subject1 said ,great ,britain1 but our answer in #ahab was as it is now3 any foreigner after five years' residence within our territory1 who has complied with our naturalization laws and taken the oath of allegiance to our flag1 becomes one of our citizens as completely as if he were native born4 ,this war is sometimes spoken of as a leaderless war1 but great leaders came out of it4 ,the names of ,hull1 ,perry1 and ,lawrence are memorable in its history2 it was the war which made ,andrew ,jackson1 known as ,old ,hickory1 ,president of the ,united ,states in #ahbh4 ,you will read the story of his great victory in the ,battle of ,new ,orleans4 ,some day you will read the life story of ,david ,glasgow ,farragut of whom it is said that1 with the exception of ,nelson1 the great ,english admiral1 he was as great an admiral as ever sailed the broad or narrow seas4 ,although the great work of ,farragut was in the ,civil ,war1 the story of his life began in the ,war of #ahab when he was but ten years old4 ,admiral ,farragut is reported as giving this explanation1 in the late years of his life1 of his success in the service of his country ,it was all owing to a resolution that ,i formed when ,i was ten years old4 ,my father was sent to ,new ,orleans with the little navy we had1 to look after the treason of ,burr4 ,i accompanied him as cabin-boy4 ,i had some qualities that ,i thought made a man of me4 ,i could swear like an old salt1 could drink as stiff a glass of grog as if ,i had doubled ,cape ,horn1 and could smoke like a locomotive4 ,i was great at cards1 and was fond of gambling in every shape4 ,at the close of dinner one day1 my father turned everybody out of the cabin1 locked the door1 and said to me3 ,david1 what do you mean to be8 ',i mean to follow the sea1' ,i said4 #ccj ',follow the sea6' exclaimed my father2 'yes1 be a poor1 miserable1 drunken sailor before the mast1 kicked and cuffed about the world1 and die in some fever hospital in a foreign clime8' ',no1 father1' ,i replied1 ',i will tread the quarter-deck1 and command as you do6' ',no1 ,david2 no boy ever trod the quarter-deck with such principles as you have1 and such habits as you exhibit4 ,you will have to change your whole course of life if you ever become a man4' ,my father left me and went on deck4 ,i was stunned by the rebuke1 and overwhelmed with mortification4 ',a poor1 miserable1 drunken sailor before the mast1 kicked and cuffed about the world1 and die in some fever hospital6' ,that's my fate is it8 ,i'll change my life1 and ,i will change it at once4 ,i will never utter another oath1 never drink another drop of intoxicating liquor1 never gamble1 and as ,god is my witness ,i have kept these three vows to this hour4 ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner ,the sun is slowly sinking in the west4 ,the men of the army and navy are drawn up at attention4 ,at every fort1 army post1 and navy yard1 and on every ,american battle-ship at home or abroad1 the flag of our country is flying at full mast4 ,the sunset gun will soon be fired1 and night will follow the day as darkness follows the light4 ,all is ready1 the signal is given1 the men salute1 and the flag to the band's accompaniment of ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner slowly descends for the night to be folded and kept for the morning's hoisting4 ,and the ,star ,spangled ,banner in triumph shall wave ,while the land of the free is the home of the brave4 ,in the cemetery of ,mt4 ,olivet1 near ,frederick1 ,md41 there is a spot where the flag of our country is never lowered4 ,it is keeping watch by night as by day over the grave of ,francis ,scott ,key1 author of ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner4 ,he was born in ,frederick ,county1 ,md41 ,august #a1 #aggi1 and died in ,baltimore1 ,january #aa1 #ahdc4 ,the ,congress of the ,united ,states has never formally adopted ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner as a national anthem1 but it has become such through the recognition #cca given to it by the army and navy4 ,it is played on all state occasions at home or abroad and is the response of our bands at all international gatherings4 ,in the theatre1 at a public meeting1 or at a banquet--whenever it is played1 the people rise and remain standing to the end as a tribute to the flag of our country4 ,the poem itself is descriptive of what the author saw and felt on the night of ,september #ac1 #ahad1 as he watched the bombardment of ,fort ,mc,henry by the ,british during the ,war of #ahab4 ,the city of ,washington had been sacked1 bombarded1 and burned by the ,british1 and now in their march of destruction1 they were bombarding the fort to gain entrance to ,baltimore's harbor1 in which city they had purposed to spend the winter4 ,we can well imagine the joy of ,key's heart1 the son of a ,revolutionary patriot1 held in custody on a ,british battle-ship1 to see in the morning that our flag was still there1 and to know1 therefore1 that there was still hope for our country4 ,then conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto1 ',in ,god is our ,trust'4 ,the ,birth of ,new ,states ,the history of the fifty-six years between #aghi and #ahde is marked by the development of new states formed out of the territorial settlement of the wilderness4 ,the people of our country have always been pioneering1 going ahead of civilization1 so to speak1 but always taking it with them4 ,scouts they have been in every sense of the word4 ,following the rivers1 clearing the forests1 fording the streams1 braving the dangers1 living the wild life--brave men and women6 ,the first state to come into the ,union of the thirteen original states was ,vermont1 the ,green ,mountain state 7#agia72 next came ,kentucky 7#agib71 the ,blue ,grass state1 the home of ,daniel ,boone1 the great hunter and pioneer4 ,four years later1 7#agif7 came ,tennessee1 the ,volunteer state1 receiving this name because of its large number of volunteer soldiers for the ,seminole war and the ,war of #ahab2 next comes ,ohio 7#ahjc71 the ,buckeye1 so called because of the large number of buckeye trees1 the nut of which bears some resemblance to a buck's eye4 ,this is the first state to be formed out of the public domain1 known at this time as the ,northwest ,territory4 ,the land ordinance bill of #aghe and the homestead act of #ahfb #ccb relate to the development and settlement of the public domain1 the first being a plan of survey applied to all public lands owned by the ,united ,states government2 the other being a law by which the possession of these lands was made possible to settlers4 ,following ,ohio into the ,union came ,louisiana 7#ahab71 the ,creole state whose people were descendants of the original ,french and ,spanish settlers4 ,this was the first state to be formed west of the ,mississippi1 and ,new ,orleans1 its chief city1 known as the ,crescent ,city1 is one of the oldest in our country and full of historic interest4 ,after the ,war of #ahab the new states began to come in rapidly4 ,the admission of ,indiana 7#ahaf71 ,the ,hoosier2 ,mississippi 7#ahag71 the ,bayou2 ,illinois1 the ,prairie 7#ahah72 ,alabama 7#ahai71 the ,cotton1 show that the pioneer settlements of our people had been closing in along the banks of the ,ohio and the ,mississippi ,rivers4 ,we now go back to the far ,east1 for the state of ,maine1 our ,pine ,tree state1 has now been developed1 and its admission 7#ahbj7 completes the coast line of states as far south as ,georgia4 ,the next state admitted is ,missouri 7#ahba71 the ,iron1 followed by ,arkansas1 the ,bear 7#ahcf71 to be followed in turn by ,michigan 7#ahcf71 the ,lake or ,wolverine state1 the thirteenth state to be admitted2 and the stars in our flag are now doubled4 ,the first census of the ,united ,states was taken in #agij1 and the ,constitution provided that it must be taken every ten years thereafter4 ,in that year1 the order of states in rank of population was as follows3 ,virginia first1 ,pennsylvania second1 ,north ,carolina third1 ,massachusetts fourth1 and ,new ,york fifth4 ,the census of #ahbj makes a decided change1 we find1 in the order of population1 and ,new ,york comes first1 ,virginia second1 ,pennsylvania third1 ,north ,carolina fourth1 ,ohio fifth1 ,kentucky sixth1 and ,massachusetts seventh4 ,the states of ,florida and ,texas came into the ,union in the same year--the one ,march #c and the other ,december #bi1 #ahde2 and thereby hangs a tale4 ,it had been claimed by our government that ,texas was included in the ,louisiana ,purchase of #ahjc2 but the ,mexicans claimed it also1 and1 in #ahai1 in order to close the deal for the purchase of ,florida1 our government was obliged to relinquish its claim to ,texas4 ,at this time the possession of ,florida was more desirable and necessary to the peace of our country than the #ccc possession of ,texas2 it was under ,spanish rule1 overrun with outlaws and a most undesirable neighbor1 besides being very necessary to the rounding out of our coast territory4 ,the ,mexican ,war ,the annexation and admission of ,texas into the ,union in #ahde came about through the pioneering and settlement of our people in her territory2 where at first welcomed and encouraged by the ,mexicans1 they were later deluged in blood4 ,the spirit of ,americanism grew rampant under the barbaric and military despotism of the ,mexican government1 and in #ahce there was an uprising of the settlers led by a pioneer1 an ex-governor of ,tennessee1 ,gen4 ,samuel ,houston1 the man for whom the city of ,houston1 ,texas1 was named4 ,at this time there were about ten thousand ,americans in ,texas1 and on ,march #b1 #ahcf1 through their representatives in convention assembled1 these ,americans in true ,revolutionary spirit declared ,texas an independent republic4 ,the ,mexican government tried to put down this rebellion1 but met with a crushing defeat1 and ,texas1 the ,lone ,star state1 remained an independent republic up to the time of her annexation and admission as a state of the ,union4 ,the cause of the war with ,mexico1 then1 was her resentment because ,texas began to move for annexation to the ,united ,states4 ,the fact that ,texas had been for many years an independent republic and been so recognized by the ,united ,states1 ,great ,britain1 ,france1 and some smaller countries1 gave ,texas the right on her part to ask for annexation1 and the ,united ,states the right to annex her4 ,but in order to bring ,texas into the ,union and save her people from the ,mexicans1 the ,united ,states was obliged to declare war against ,mexico4 ,this she did ,may #ac1 #ahde1 although ,texas was not admitted as a state until ,december #bith of that year4 ,the war lasted nearly three years1 peace being declared ,february #b1 #ahdh4 ,as an outcome of the war the peaceful possession of ,texas was secured1 and also possession of the territory of ,california1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 and a part of ,colorado and ,new ,mexico1 for which territory1 however1 our government in final settlement paid ,mexico1 #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,new ,states--#ahde-ahfa ,during the ,mexican ,war1 ,iowa 7#ahdf71 the ,hawkeye state1 came into the ,union1 followed by the state of ,wisconsin 7#ahdh71 #ccd the ,badger4 ,next comes the story of the ,forty-niners1 and ,california 7#ahej71 the ,golden ,state1 enters the ,union2 and then comes ,minnesota 7#aheh71 the ,north ,star ,state1 and the ,great ,lakes are walled in1 this state completing the circuit4 ,oregon1 7#ahei71 the ,beaver follows1 then the ,garden of the ,west1 ,kansas 7#ahfa71 and the ,civil ,war is upon us4 ,of course1 we do not mean to say that ,kansas was the cause of the ,civil ,war1 although it had much to do with it4 ,the ,civil ,war--#ahfa-ahfe ,the ,civil ,war was a war between states1 in the government of the ,united ,states between states that were slave and states that were free4 ,the rights of property ownership are involved in state rights1 and slaves held as property in slave-holding states were not recognized as such in states that were free4 ,therefore1 the principle of slavery became involved not alone in the individual ownership of slaves1 but also in the rights of a state1 and the relationship of states to each other in the government of the ,united ,states4 ,at the close of the ,revolutionary ,war1 one of the first things to be settled was the boundaries as between states of the land comprising the thirteen original states2 and as an outcome of this settlement1 there came into possession of the ,united ,states all of that territory ceded by ,great ,britain in #aghc1 which was not included in the boundaries of those states4 ,this territory1 in brief1 may be described as the territory east of the ,mississippi1 and north and south of the ,ohio ,river2 and out of this territory and that west of the ,mississippi added later 7#ahjc7 through the ,louisiana ,purchase1 most of the new states were formed that came into the ,union before the ,civil ,war4 ,and this was the beginning of what is known as the public domain--that is1 land owned by the ,federal ,government4 ,in #aghe1 ,congress passed a law which has become general in its application to all public lands of the ,united ,states4 ,it is a law for the uniform survey of public lands into townships six miles square1 subdivided into sections containing #fdj acres1 and quarter sections containing #afj acres4 ,the purpose of the government in making this survey was to make public lands in the territories of the government easy of settlement1 and as the townships became settled1 to develop in them the local township form of government4 #cce ,the territory north of the ,ohio ,river was designated the ,northwest ,territory4 ,as soon as the public lands in this territory were thrown open to settlers1 they began to pour in4 ,indeed1 in many instances1 they went ahead of the survey4 ,the next step taken by ,congress was to pass a law1 in #aghg1 for the government and protection of those settlers in this ,northwest ,territory1 and in this law ,congress made provision that slavery should be prohibited4 ,therefore1 states formed in this territory had to come into the ,union as free states4 ,this was a restriction of slavery1 however1 which did not apply to the territory south of the ,ohio1 nor west of the ,mississippi2 so that when a new state came into the ,union1 formed out of either one of these territories1 it became a great political factor in our government either for or against slavery4 ,in the passing of the years1 many changes were taking place in our government1 but there came a time when the people began to realize that slavery was spreading and that our government was politically divided between states that were slave and states that were free--or1 in other words1 that in the principle of slavery the peace and preservation of the ,union were involved4 ,and thus it happened that the slave-holding states1 not being able to live at peace in the ,union1 decided to go out of it1 and live by themselves4 ,the right of a state to leave the ,union was called the right of secession--a right which the ,north held did not exist under the ,constitution4 ,nevertheless1 one by one1 under the leadership of ,south ,carolina1 ,december #bj1 #ahfj1 the slave-holding states announced their secession1 either by act of state legislature or in convention assembled2 and on ,february #d1 #ahfa1 there had been formed in our government a ,southern confederacy4 ,at this time the whole number of states in the ,union was thirty-two1 and of this number eleven entered the ,southern confederacy4 ,the first shot was fired by the ,southern confederacy on ,april #ab1 #ahfa1 against ,fort ,sumter1 a fortification of the ,federal ,government over which floated the stars and stripes4 ,the war lasted four years1 ending on ,april #i1 #ahfe1 when ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 commander-in-chief of the army of the ,southern confederacy1 surrendered to ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 commander-in-chief of the ,federal army4 ,abraham ,lincoln ,the central figure in the ,civil ,war is ,abraham ,lincoln--in heart1 brain1 and character1 not only one of our greatest ,americans1 but one of the world's greatest men4 #ccf ,lincoln was born ,february #ab1 #ahji1 in ,hardin ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,his parents had come to this then pioneer state from ,virginia1 and his grandfather1 whose ,christian name he bore1 moved there as early as #agha1 where1 a few years later1 he was killed by the ,indians while trying to make a home in the forest4 ,when ,lincoln was eight years old1 his people moved to the new state of ,indiana about the time it came into the ,union1 and there he lived until he was twenty-one1 when he went to ,illinois1 from which state1 eventually1 he was elected ,president4 ,in #ahei1 when he was beginning to gain some recognition as a national figure1 he was asked to write a little sketch of his life1 and in the letter enclosing it he said3 ,there is not much of it1 for the reason1 ,i suppose1 there is not much of me4 ,in this sketch1 which is indeed brief1 he tells us he was raised to farm work until he was twenty-two2 that up to that time he had had little education2 and when he became of age he did not know much beyond reading1 writing1 and ciphering to the rule of three4 ,he clerked for one year in a store and was elected and served as captain of the volunteers in the ,black ,hawk ,war2 later on he ran for the state legislature 7#ahcb7 and was defeated1 though successful in the three succeeding elections4 ,while in the state legislature1 he studied law and later went to ,springfield to practise it4 ,the only other public office he makes note of is his election to the lower house of ,congress for one term 7#ahdf74 ,he returned to ,springfield and took up more earnestly the study and practice of law2 he entered with spirit into the political campaigns1 and constantly was growing in public esteem4 ,his public debates with ,douglas 7#aheh7 made him a familiar figure throughout the state of ,illinois1 and his profound knowledge and masterful handling of questions debated1 his convincing and unanswerable arguments1 his clear grasp of the political situation1 began to gain the attention of ,eastern politicians1 convincing them and the country at large that they had a mighty force to reckon with in the prairie state of ,illinois4 ,although he lost the election to the ,united ,states ,senate1 and ,douglas won1 the campaign had pushed him to the front as a national figure1 and paved the way for his presidential nomination4 ,in #ahfj1 at the ,republican convention assembled in ,chicago1 ,abraham ,lincoln was nominated for ,president4 ,in ,november he was elected and ,march #d1 #ahfa1 he was inaugurated4 ,his address at this time was an earnest plea for peace and friendship #ccg between the ,north and the ,south3 ,we are not enemies but friends4 ,we must not be enemies4 ,though passion may have strained1 it must not break our bond of affection4 ,but the war tide was rising and could not be stemmed2 four years of bitter conflict ensued4 ,lincoln's emancipation of the slaves was made only after he had convinced himself it could not be longer deferred and preserve the ,union4 ,my paramount duty1 he said1 is to save the ,union1 and not either to destroy or save slavery4 ,what ,i do about slavery and the colored race1 ,i do because ,i believe it helps to save the ,union2 and what ,i forbear1 ,i forbear because ,i do not believe it would save the ,union4 ,his ,emancipation ,proclamation1 officially freeing the slaves1 was finally issued in ,september1 #ahfb1 to take effect ,jan1 #ast of the following year4 ,lincoln was elected to the ,presidency for the second term and inaugurated ,march #d1 #ahfe1 while the war was still on4 ,his second inaugural address closes with these words with which every boy should be familiar1 voicing as they do the exalted spirit of a great and good man3 ,with malice toward none1 with charity for all1 with firmness in the right1 as ,god gives us to see the right1 let us strive on to finish the work we are in2 to bind up the nation's wounds2 to care for him who shall have borne the battle1 and for his widow and for his orphan2 to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves1 and with all nations4 ,the war ended on ,april #ith of this same year1 and on ,april #adth1 the ,president1 weary with the cares of state1 but with the burden of the war clouds lifted1 had gone to ,ford's ,theatre in ,washington for an evening's entertainment and pleasure1 accompanied by ,mrs4 ,lincoln4 ,the box which the ,president occupied had been most elaborately decorated with the flag of the country4 ,his coming had been heralded abroad and the audience that had assembled in his honor was large1 brilliant1 and joyously happy over the assured preservation of the ,union4 ,in the midst of the play1 the assassin1 ,j4 ,wilkes ,booth1 entered the box and fired the fatal shot4 ,the body of the bleeding ,president was taken to a house across the street where the next morning at #g3bj o'clock he died4 ,thus the emancipator of the slave1 the friend of the whole people and the savior of our country died1 a martyr to the cause of freedom4 ,washington has been called the aristocrat1 and ,lincoln the man of the people4 ,the one had culture1 wealth1 and social position2 the other lacked all of these in his early years4 ,lincoln's early life was cradled in the woods1 and all of life out of doors had been his in the new and pioneer states of the #cch wilderness4 ,he grew up not knowing many people1 but somehow in his up-coming there was developed in his life a great heart full of tenderness and kindly feeling4 ,doubtless it was the very hardships of life that made him what he was4 ,at any rate1 he was one of the greatest and noblest figures in all history4 ,he was called ,honest ,abe by those who knew him because always1 even in little things1 he wanted to see perfect justice done2 and thus it was1 when he came to things of large importance1 that the man was only a boy grown tall1 not only in stature but in the things that make for righteousness in a nation4 ,the ,spanish-,american ,war--#ahhi ,the war with ,spain was not of this country's seeking4 ,the island of ,cuba1 whose distress had aroused the sympathy of the whole world1 was our near neighbor1 and to sit idly by and witness the inhuman treatment practised by the ,spanish soldiery upon the helpless islanders would hardly be a part creditable to any people4 ,it was not our intention at first to do other than to relieve the suffering and distress of ,cuba1 near at hand1 and this we tried to do peaceably in the supplying of food and other necessities of life4 ,as the next step1 the ,united ,states sent a remonstrance to ,spain telling her she should send a more humane governor to the island4 ,but as matters grew worse instead of better1 even under a change of governors1 the sympathy of the ,united ,states became daily more deeply enlisted in the freedom of the ,cubans4 ,the battleship ,maine was sent to ,havana ,harbor to protect1 if need be1 the ,americans and ,american interests in ,cuba4 ,on the night of ,february #aeth1 #ahih1 an explosion occurred1 sinking the ship almost immediately4 ,with the destruction of the ,maine--whether by accident or intent--with the appalling loss of two hundred and fifty-six men1 including two officers1 relations with ,spain became more and more strained1 until war seemed inevitable4 ,on ,april #aa1 #ahih1 ,president ,mc,kinley in a special message to ,congress1 said3 ,in the name of humanity and civilization1 the war in ,cuba must stop4 ,war indeed was formally declared ,april #beth1 and in the brief space of one hundred and fourteen days history had added to its annals3 the blockading of ,cuban ports whereby the ,spanish fleet was trapped2 the invasion and siege of the island by ,united ,states regulars1 volunteers1 and rough riders2 the #cci destruction of the ,pacific ,spanish fleet in ,manila ,bay by ,admiral ,dewey2 and1 finally1 the destruction of the remainder of the ,spanish fleet under command of ,admiral ,cervera1 ,sunday morning1 ,july #c;d4 ,the final outcome of this war was the freedom of ,cuba and the possession by the ,united ,states of ,porto ,rico1 ,guam1 and the ,philippine ,islands4 ,peace ,there is no country in the world less warlike than ours1 and no country in the world that more potently argues for universal peace4 ,we have never departed from the spirit of our ,declaration of ,independence1 that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain inalienable rights2 that among these are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness4 ,we put it into our ,constitution when we said1 in order to form a more perfect union1 establish justice1 insure domestic tranquillity1 provide for the common defence1 promote the general welfare1 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity we do ordain and establish this ,constitution for the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,such has been1 then1 and always must be1 our programme--the chart and compass of all our ways4 ,the ,american ,flag ,a star for every state and a state for every star4 ,the flag of one's country is its dearest possession--emblem of home1 and country1 and native land4 ,this is what one thinks and feels when he sees the flag1 and this is what it means4 ,our flag is the emblem of liberty--the emblem of hope--the emblem of peace and good-will toward men4 ,there is a story1 quite generally believed1 that the first flag was planned and made in #aggf by ,betsy ,ross1 who kept an upholstery shop on ,arch ,street1 ,philadelphia1 and that this1 a year later1 was adopted by ,congress4 ,the special committee appointed to design a national flag consisted of ,george ,washington1 ,robert ,morris1 and ,col4 ,george ,ross1 uncle of the late husband of ,betsy ,ross4 ,the star that the committee decided upon had six points1 but ,mrs4 ,ross advised the five-pointed star1 which has ever since been used in the ,united ,states flag4 ,the flag thus designed was colored by a local artist1 and from this colored copy ,betsy ,ross made the first ,american flag4 ,when ,washington was in command at ,cambridge1 in ,january1 #aggf1 the flag used by him consisted of a banner of #cdj thirteen red and white stripes with the ,british ,union ,jack in the upper left-hand comer4 ,the ,betsy ,ross house has been purchased by the ,american ,flag ,house and ,betsy ,ross ,memorial ,association1 and is pointed out as one of the interesting historical places in ,philadelphia4 ,the official history of our flag begins on ,june #ad1 #aggg1 when the ,american ,congress adopted the following resolution proposed by ,john ,adams3 ,resolved3 ,that the flag of the thirteen ,united ,states be thirteen stripes1 alternate red and white3 that the ,union be thirteen stars1 white on a blue field1 representing a new constellation4 ,we take1 said ,washington1 the star from ,heaven1 the red from our mother country1 separating it by white stripes1 thus showing that we have separated from her1 and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty4 ,in designing the flag there was much discussion as to the arrangement of the stars in the field of blue4 ,it was thought at one time that a new stripe as well as a new star should be added for each new state admitted to the ,union4 ,indeed1 in #agid1 ,congress passed an act to the effect that on and after ,may #a1 #agie1 the flag of the ,united ,states be fifteen stripes1 alternate red and white2 and that the union be fifteen stars1 white in a field of blue4 ,these additional stars and stripes were for the states of ,vermont and ,kentucky4 ,the impracticability of adding a stripe for each state was apparent as other states began to be admitted4 ,moreover1 the flag of fifteen stripes1 it was thought1 did not properly represent the ,union2 therefore1 on ,april #ad1 #ahah1 after a period of twenty-one years in which the flag of fifteen stripes had been used1 ,congress passed an act which finally fixed the general flag of our country1 which reads as follows3 ,an ,act to ,establish the ,flag of the ,united ,states4 ,sec4 #a4 ,be it enacted1 etc44 ,that from and after the fourth day of ,july next1 the flag of the ,united ,states be thirteen horizontal stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union have twenty stars1 white in a blue field4 ,sec4 #b4 ,be it further enacted1 that1 on the admission of every new state into the union1 one star be added to the union of the flag2 and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth day of ,july succeeding such admission4 #cda ,patriotism and ,citizenship ,flag ,day ,june #adth1 the anniversary of the adoption of the flag1 is celebrated as flag day in many of our states4 #cda ,in order to show proper respect for the flag1 the following rules should be observed3 ,it should not be hoisted before sunrise nor allowed to remain up after sunset4 ,at retreat1 sunset1 civilian spectators should stand at attention and give the military salute4 ,when the national colors are passing on parade or review1 the spectators should1 if walking1 halt1 and if sitting1 rise and stand at attention and uncover4 ,when the flag is flown at half staff as a sign of mourning it should be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral4 ,in placing the flag at half mast1 it should first be hoisted to the top of the staff and then lowered to position1 and preliminary to lowering from half staff it should first be raised to top4 ,on ,memorial ,day1 ,may #cjth1 the flag should fly at half mast from sunrise until noon1 and full staff from noon to sunset4 7,taken from the ,sons of the ,revolution1 state of ,new ,york47 ,the ,scout's ,pledge to the ,flag ,i pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for which it stands2 one nation indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all4 ,congress ,the ,congress of the ,united ,states is its law-making body1 and is composed of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,senators are elected for six years1 two from each state2 representatives for two years1 each state being represented in proportion to its population4 ,the ,vice-president of the ,united ,states is the president of the ,senate1 and the presiding officer of the ,house of ,representatives is chosen by the members from their number2 he is called the speaker4 ,the salary of the senators and representatives is #g1ejj a year and #bj cents per mile is allowed for traveling to and from ,washington4 ,the speaker's salary is #ab1jjj a year4 ,the ,president ,the ,president is elected for a term of four years4 ,he lives during his term of office at the ,white ,house1 where presidential receptions and social affairs of state are held4 ,the ,president's offices are connected with the ,white ,house4 ,here he receives his callers and here the meetings of his ,cabinet are held4 ,the salary of the ,president is #ge1jjj1 a year4 ,the ,cabinet ,the members of the ,cabinet are the officers and heads of the several departments of the administrative government4 #cdb ,they are appointed by the ,president with the advice and consent of the ,senate4 ,the members of the ,cabinet are as follows3 secretary of state1 secretary of the treasury1 secretary of war1 attorney general1 postmaster general1 secretary of the navy1 secretary of the interior1 secretary of agriculture1 secretary of commerce and labor4 ,the members of the ,cabinet are such men as the ,president believes are qualified to serve during his administration of office1 and are usually members of the same political party as the ,president4 ,united ,states ,courts ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states is at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 but there are other courts of the ,united ,states held in the several states1 called district courts4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the capitol at ,washington is the home of ,congress1 and the ,supreme ,court4 ,the ,library of ,congress1 the ,treasury1 ,army and ,navy1 ,pension1 ,post-office1 and many other buildings of public character are located in ,washington4 ,these during certain hours are open to visitors4 ,the ,army ,the ,president1 in accordance with the ,constitution1 is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the ,united ,states and of the militia of the several states when called to the actual service of the ,united ,states4 ,the law provides that the total strength of the army shall not exceed at any one time #ajj1jjj4 ,as now organized 7#aiaj7 the total strength of the staff and line is #gf1iaa not including the provisional force and the hospital corps4 ,these figures include the ,porto ,rico ,regiment of ,infantry1 the ,service ,school ,detachments1 the ,military ,academy 7officers1 soldiers and cadets71 the ,indian ,scouts1 #eb1jjj native scouts in the ,philippine ,islands1 #aic ,first ,lieutenants of the ,medical ,reserve ,corps on active duty1 and #aa1ggg recruits1 etc4 ,they do not include the veterinary surgeons1 the officers of the ,medical ,reserve ,corps not on active duty1 nor the retired officers and enlisted men of the army4 ,the appropriation for the maintenance of the army for the year #aiji-aj was #ajj1ccj1aha4 ,militia ,the law of our country states that in time of war every able-bodied male citizen1 between the ages of eighteen and forty-five1 #cdc shall be counted a member of the state militia4 ,the state militia is divided into two classes3 one1 the organized1 known as the national guard2 and the other the unorganized1 known as the reserve militia4 ,the membership of the national guard is voluntary4 ,one may join or not1 as he chooses1 except that in some states the law requires that students at the state university shall receive military training for at least a part of their university course1 and during that time they are accounted a part of the national guard of the ,state4 ,the governor of each state holds the same relationship to the state militia as the ,president to the army and navy3 he is commander-in-chief4 ,military ,academy ,the ,united ,states ,military ,academy is at ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 on the ,hudson ,river4 ,the number of students is limited to #ecc1 and appointments to the academy are made in accordance with the rule which permits each ,united ,states senator and each congressman to have one representative1 and also gives the ,president the right to make forty appointments at large4 ,candidates for appointment must be between the ages of seventeen and twenty-two2 must pass the required physical examination2 also an examination in ,english grammar1 composition and literature1 algebra and geometry1 geography and history4 ,the course of instruction is four years2 the discipline very strict4 ,only one leave of absence is granted during the entire four years1 and this comes at the close of the second year4 ,the pay is #gji4ej per year1 and on graduation a cadet is commissioned a second lieutenant4 ,to receive an appointment to ,west ,point1 one must apply to his ,united ,states senator or to a congressman in the state in which he lives1 or to the ,president4 ,the ,navy ,the enlisted strength of the navy1 as in the army1 is limited4 ,the law allows #dg1ejj men and apprenticed seamen4 ,the number of officers and enlisted men at the present time is #df1hih1 and the annual expenditure for the support of the navy at this date 7#aiaa7 is about #acj1jjj1jjj4 ,naval ,enlistment ,the enlistment of men in the ,united ,states navy1 as in the army1 is voluntary4 ,the term is four years4 ,to be eligible for enlistment one must be between the ages of eighteen and #cdd twenty-two4 ,he must be of good moral character1 must pass the physical examination1 must be able to write ,english1 and take the oath of allegiance4 ,naval ,militia ,in the ,district of ,columbia and in twenty of the states we have what is known as the naval militia4 ,the assistant secretary of the navy stands in a special relation to the naval militia through the governor and the adjutant-general of the several states4 ,the naval militia holds the same relationship to the navy that the national guard does to the ,united ,states army4 ,naval ,academy ,the ,united ,states ,naval ,academy is at ,annapolis1 ,md4 ,the students are called midshipmen1 and candidates for appointment must be between the ages of sixteen and twenty4 ,the appointment of candidates is made as at ,west ,point--through senators and congressmen and the ,president1 the only difference being in the number of appointments that may be made3 each senator and representative may be represented by two midshipmen at ,annapolis1 while at ,west ,point he is represented by but one cadet4 ,the ,president has the appointment of seven men to the ,naval ,academy--two from the ,district of ,columbia and five from the ,united ,states at large4 ,he may also appoint one from ,porto ,rico1 who must be a native4 ,the midshipmen's course is six years--four at ,annapolis1 and two at sea4 ,the pay is #fjj per year4 ,civil ,service ,in the administration of the government of the ,united ,states1 thousands of men and women are employed in the various offices at ,washington1 and are sometimes termed the great peace army4 ,in one period of our country's history1 it was believed that each ,president1 when he came into office1 had the right to turn out of office every person employed by the government in any of its civil departments1 should it please him to do so1 and to put into office his own friends or the friends of his party4 ,this right was claimed on the ground that to the victor belong the spoils--a theory of government administration that has been severely dealt with and reformed through what is known as the ,civil ,service ,act4 ,the ,civil ,service ,act was passed #cde by ,congress ,january #af1 #ahhc1 and by this act a civil service commission was brought into existence4 ,the three members of this commission are appointed by the ,president with consent of the ,senate1 not more than two of whom may be members of the same party4 ,thus1 by this civil service act1 positions in the government service are now obtained for the most part through competitive examinations1 and such positions are not affected in any way by the incoming of a new ,president or the appointment of a new head of a department4 ,in some states and in most of the large cities civil service appointments are now made through competitive examinations4 ,anyone interested in learning what positions may be secured in the service of the government1 may apply to the ,civil ,service ,commission at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 or make inquiry at the local post-office4 ,foreign ,service ,the foreign service of our government is carried on through the diplomatic corps and the consular service4 ,in the diplomatic corps1 we have ambassadors1 envoys1 ministers1 diplomatic agents1 and secretaries2 in the consular service1 consuls general1 consuls1 and consular agents4 ,our diplomatic representatives abroad look after our interests as a nation in the family of nations4 ,they represent us socially as well as politically in the great foreign capitals of the world4 ,they are received as our representatives of state1 and it is their duty to sustain and promote good-will and friendly feeling between us and other nations4 ,the consular service is more directly responsible for our trade relationships in the great centres of the world4 ,through our foreign service1 also1 ,americans abroad1 whether as tourists1 or residents1 are protected in person and in property interests4 ,appointments to the foreign service are made by the ,president with the advice of the ,senate4 ,as we send our representatives abroad1 so the countries to which our representatives go in turn send their representatives to us4 ,in the city of ,washington1 one may see representatives of all the principal nations of the earth living there as ambassadors1 for the purpose of promoting friendly commercial and political relationships4 ,the secretary of state is the representative of our government through whose office the great work of the foreign service is directly carried on1 and upon him devolves therefore the great affairs of state relationships with other countries4 ,when our independence as a nation was declared in #aggf1 it #cdf was important to gain as quickly as possible from other nations a recognition of our independence and of our entrance into the family of nations4 ,france was the first to give us recognition1 and the first to enter into a treaty relationship4 ,some of the most thrilling and interesting stories of our national life are to be found in the adventurous determination of our representatives to gain the recognition of our independence as a nation from the great powers of the earth4 ,the name of ,benjamin ,franklin1 sent to the court of ,france1 stands at the head of our diplomatic service2 and we may read with interest of the first appearance of our diplomatic representative1 ,john ,adams1 at the court of ,great ,britain4 ,when we speak of court in this sense1 we mean1 of course1 the king's court--the place of meeting--usually the throne room4 ,in our country1 foreign representatives are received by the ,president at the ,white ,house1 or by the secretary of state in his office apartments4 ,some foreign countries have built for their representatives in ,washington palatial and beautiful residences1 over which floats the flag of the country to which the palace or residence belongs4 ,our own country has already begun to make this residential provision for her representatives abroad1 and in time will undoubtedly own residences in all of the principal foreign capitals4 ,state ,government ,the states of the ,united ,states are not all alike either in constitution or government1 although there is a likeness at many points4 ,for instance1 each state has about the same officers1 a governor1 lieutenant-governor1 secretary of state1 treasurer1 auditor1 adjutant general1 superintendent of schools1 etc4 ,each state has its own state legislature3 a senate to which state senators are elected1 and a house of representatives sometimes called the assembly1 to which state representatives or assemblymen are elected4 ,each state legislature makes laws only for its own state2 therefore not all state laws are alike4 ,indeed1 there is a great deal of individuality to each state1 and rightly so4 ,as each person has his own individuality1 and as each family has its own characteristics1 so each state has an individuality and characteristics peculiar to itself4 ,the history of each state reveals its character1 so also the climate1 the hills1 the valleys1 the mountains1 the plains1 the lakes1 the rivers1 the harbors1 the schools1 the colleges1 the towns1 the villages1 and the cities within its borders1 all help in forming the character of a state4 #cdg ,towns1 ,villages1 and ,cities ,the government of the town1 or the village1 or the city is called local government4 ,it is government close at hand--home government4 ,and out of the home government of each town1 village1 and city in a state must come1 by the votes of the people at the ballot-box1 the men whom they choose as their representatives1 in the government of the state and the nation--for the people rule through representatives of their own choosing4 ,politics ,in every presidential election1 the people1 through the rule of the majority1 as determined by the ,constitution1 elect their chief magistrate1 the ,president1 who becomes the first citizen of the nation and is entitled ,mr4 ,president4 ,the people of a state by the same rule elect their chief magistrate and entitle him ,his ,excellency1 the ,governor2 he is the state's chief or leading citizen4 ,the people of the city by the same rule elect their chief magistrate and entitle him ,his ,honor1 the ,mayor1 the city's leading citizen4 ,the people of the town1 in the ,new ,england ,states1 elect their chief officers three to five men--and entitle them the ,selectmen2 although in towns of the middle and western states1 they are called ,supervisors4 ,so1 likewise1 the people in town1 village1 and city by the same rule of the majority elect aldermen1 councilmen1 state senators1 representatives or assemblymen1 and congressmen4 ,and the state legislatures in turn elect1 according to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 the state's ,united ,states senators1 two in number4 ,thus1 by the rule of the majority1 are all officers of town1 village1 and city1 county and state elected1 except such few as are appointed by law to offices by superior officers1 heads of departments1 bureaus1 or districts of supervision or administration4 ,property ,the ownership of property1 both real and personal1 and the protection of that ownership1 is made possible in the organization of society--termed the government--and in the power of that government to make and enforce its laws4 ,real property is the kind of property which pertains to land1 the ownership of which is transferred from one person to another1 either by a deed recorded in the office of the register of deeds in the county court house1 or else transferred by descent1 or by will through the #cdh administration of the county court1 usually called the probate court4 ,this latter proceeding is in the case of the owner's death when his property is divided by the court and distributed to the heirs--the family or other relatives according to his will2 or in case no will is left the law provides for the manner of its distribution4 ,the ,register of ,deeds3 ,county ,court ,house ,the record title1 therefore1 of all real property is to be found in the office of the register of deeds in the county court house4 ,it makes no difference what kind of real property it is1 acre property or city property1 here the title of ownership is always to be found1 the books of record being always open to the public4 ,thus when one buys a piece of real property1 a home for instance1 he should receive from the owner a deed and an abstract of title1 which is a paper showing the title as it appears on the records1 and this title when not vouched for as perfect by an abstract title company1 should be passed upon by a lawyer in order that any flaw or defect therein may be made right before the deed is passed from one owner to another4 ,in some states1 however1 the law does not require the owner to furnish an abstract4 ,when the title is proved or pronounced good1 the deed should at once be placed on record4 ,personal ,property ,personal property is that form of property which in general terms is stated as movable1 such as animals1 furniture1 clothing1 tools1 implements1 money1 stocks1 bonds1 mortgages1 etc41 the transfer of which from one owner to another is not as a rule a matter of public record1 although in the case of a bill of sale--sometimes made of some forms of personal property--the county record may give evidence thereof4 ,therefore it is1 that in the matter of taxation1 the tax record or assessment comes under two general heads--a tax on real property and a tax on personal property4 ,property and ,government ,it is desirable to be a property owner so long as the government under which one lives protects one in his property ownership4 ,the government must do two things3 it must protect the person and his personal rights as a citizen1 and it must also protect property and the rights of property ownership from enemies within1 as from without4 ,in order that this may #cdi be done and done in all fairness and justice1 we elect some citizens to make laws and term them legislators4 ,we elect others to enforce or administer the laws1 and term them executives--the ,president1 the governor1 and the mayor coming under this head4 ,we elect other citizens to enforce and interpret the laws1 and we term them judges and officers of the court4 ,in fact1 it is a principle in our government that no man or set of men shall have authority in all departments of government1 legislative1 executive1 and judicial4 ,you will see that the ,constitution of the ,united ,states is divided into these three departments of government1 and the state constitutions and city charters are1 as a rule1 likewise divided4 ,you will understand that any property you may obtain will be valuable to you only in proportion as you are protected in your rights of ownership by the government1 and that the government not only protects your property1 it also protects your life and its interest as well as the life and interests of all other citizens4 ,the building and maintenance of schools and colleges1 libraries1 art and natural history museums1 parks1 playgrounds1 hospitals1 etc41 are carried on at the expense of the government by means of taxation1 inasmuch as these things are in the interests of mankind and for its upbuilding4 ,in the city the protection of life and property is found in one or the other of these different departments3 police1 fire1 health1 street cleaning1 parks1 water supply1 etc42 and every good citizen should lend his hand to help in every way possible the enforcement of law in each department4 ,citizenship ,in any form of government1 problems are continually arising as to the rights of property and the rights of persons1 and it is well for us to remember this distinction3 that the end of society 7and by that term we mean government7 is not the protection of property1 but rather the upbuilding of mankind4 ,if we bear this in mind and act upon it as a principle in life1 we shall find ourselves standing and voting on the right side of public questions4 ,we shall also be able to mark the man in private or public life who shows by his talk or his actions that he thinks more of property rights than he does of the rights of individuals4 ,any business that does not benefit society1 but on the other hand degrades it1 whether run by an individual or individuals in a firm1 company1 or corporation1 is a business that ought by the law to be put out of existence4 ,this is why #cej the business of gambling1 for instance1 is made unlawful2 also why the government had the right to make lotteries unlawful2 also why some states 7for instance ,new ,york7 have passed laws making book-making at race tracks unlawful4 ,for all of these things degrade and do not upbuild mankind4 ,it is for every one then1 to apply this principle to the town1 village or city in which he lives1 and determine just what stand he will take as to endorsing and protecting such business interests in his community4 ,one is likely to find in any community men who seem to care nothing for any interests other than their own4 ,they stand for property rights because it is for their interest to do so2 but for the rights of mankind1 the rights of society1 apparently they care nothing4 ,here is the distinction then between the good citizen1 and the bad citizen1 the desirable and the undesirable citizen4 ,practical ,citizenship ,in nearly every town1 village1 and city of any size or importance1 there is at least one individual1 and usually groups of individuals1 working for the betterment of society4 ,they are people who take an interest in the people about them and do what they can to improve the conditions of life in the community4 ,if one were to take a survey of the whole country and make a study of the social workers--the men and the women who give freely of their time and of their money to make the world a better and happier place to live in--he would come to see that such service is a kind of service that grows out of the heart1 and is the fruit of the kindly spirit which prompts the good turn daily4 ,in doing the good turn daily1 then1 one has abundant opportunity to do his part toward the social betterment of the community in which he lives4 ,there are so many ways that one hardly knows what to write down as the most important1 because all are important4 ,it is not alone in big things1 but in the little things as well1 that the really great work is done4 ,the community--the town1 the village1 or the city in which one lives--has many problems to solve4 ,the streets in the community are always interesting and one can do much in the streets to help keep them clean1 attractive1 and pleasing1 as well as safe for the people and horses passing through4 ,in a city where there is a large population the lives of the people are in greater danger at all times than in the country1 and that is the reason why the city has to be so organized in its government that it can make special laws1 or ordinances as they are #cea called1 for its own special protection against the dangers of city life4 ,the policemen of a city1 wherever stationed in the daytime or in the night time1 are there to protect the lives and property of individuals1 at street crossings1 at public buildings1 at theatres1 in the parks1 and on playgrounds2 and it is the privilege as well as the duty of all citizens to help them in every way possible to do their work well4 ,in the good turn daily1 one may be able to help in more ways than one if he is on the lookout4 ,a scout's honor is to be trusted to obey the laws and to see that they are not disobeyed by others4 ,a scout's duty is to be useful and to help others4 ,he must be prepared at any time to save life or to help injured persons4 ,there are often accidents in the streets--many avoidable ones--due simply to carelessness4 ,for instance1 some boys were careless and threw broken glass bottles into the street1 and a passing automobile came to a standstill because of a punctured tire4 ,the man who owned the automobile and was driving it got out and called one of the boys on the street to come over to him4 ,he did not call this particular boy because he thought he had thrown the glass1 but because he thought he was a boy who would appreciate what he wanted to say to him4 ,he told the boy that he had just had a new tire put on his machine and appealed to him as to whether or not he thought he had been treated right through the carelessness of the one who threw that glass into the street4 ,the boy said no1 he didn't think he had been1 and1 after a little more talk1 added that he would do all in his power in that neighborhood to see that such things were kept out of the street in the future4 ,that boy was in line for the making of a first-class scout1 and the man to whom he had been talking1 being a good scout commissioner1 had won the boy1 because instead of being angry1 he had been kind1 courteous1 and friendly--all qualifications of a good scout4 ,a scout is a friend to animals4 ,yes1 said a stable keeper1 ,i have two good horses laid up1 each injured by stepping on a nail in a board in the street4 ,you know people are awfully careless about such things4 ,there are some people who never go out of their way to do helpful things1 just as some people never go out of their way to know people1 and for that reason are often alone and lonesome4 ,it is the little things that count1 just such little things as picking up from the street a board with a nail in it1 and putting it aside--even that is a good turn4 ,lincoln once said in speaking of a man whom he thought lacking in sympathy3 ,he is so put up by nature that a #ceb lash upon his back would hurt him1 but a lash upon anybody's else back does not hurt him4 ,there are many people in the world who seem to be like that man--not so many who feel that way towards mankind1 possibly1 but many who thoughtlessly feel and act that way toward animals4 ,the lash on the back of an animal--the horse1 the cow1 the dog--hurts1 and the good scout always takes the animal's part4 ,he is kind to animals4 ,in the city1 people often become careless as to the necessary precautions against fire and for this reason many lives are lost4 ,in all well-regulated school systems1 each school building is properly provided with fire escapes and the children regularly disciplined in fire drills4 ,proper fire precautions are not yet generally required by law as they should be in great buildings1 factories1 or workshops where men and women are employed in large numbers4 ,if a scout should be employed in such a place1 he might make himself very serviceable in case of a fire1 because having thought of it beforehand1 he would know what to do--his motto being1 ,be ,prepared4 ,one very important thing in city life is the protection of one's health3 it is essential to have good food1 pure water1 plenty of good1 fresh air--things not always easily obtainable1 but always most necessary4 ,the scout learns through the many activities of scouting something of the market places and sources of supply for food2 he has some idea as to the cost of living in his own home1 and should become a good marketer himself1 making himself competent to judge of the quality and prices of food4 ,if he is wide-awake and intelligent1 he knows the products of his own county as well as those of the state4 ,he knows what food products are shipped in and sometimes finds that it would be cheaper1 and more profitable as well1 to produce them in his own community4 ,an industrious scout may often make his own pocket money in this way or provide funds towards his own education4 ,in the ,constitution of the ,united ,states is written this law3 ,no title of nobility shall be granted by the ,united ,states4 ,the purpose of this law is to defeat any attempt to elevate one citizen above another in rank of social or political preferment4 ,ours is a country free from the entanglements of social distinction such as mark one man or family from another by way of title or patent of nobility2 and yet1 in our country of uncrowned kings and unknighted men1 we would not forget the real deeds of valor1 the services rendered1 or the victories won4 ,for it was the purpose #cec in the mind and in the heart of our fathers who framed the ,constitution that each succeeding generation should rise to the duties and responsibilities of the ,state2 that the virtues of the ,state should not descend or be lodged in one family1 or any selected number of families1 but rather should be in the keeping of all the families1 in the care and keeping of all the people4 ,thus do we remember our ,washington and our ,lincoln4 ,they served the generation to which they belonged2 they lived and passed out of their generation having served the ,state3 and all the virtues1 cares1 and responsibilities of the ,state--the government that is--they left to the generations that should come after them4 ,and1 therefore1 each generation as it comes and goes must rise or fall in proportion as it raises or lowers the citizenship standard1 for each generation must prove its own worth as must each individual his own virtues4 ,practical ,citizenship ,as set forth in a letter from ,colonel ,theodore ,roosevelt1 ,honorary ,vice-president1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america3 ,,the ,,outlook #bhg ,fourth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,office of ,theodore ,roosevelt ,july #bjth1 #aiaa4 ,my ,,dear ,,sir3 ,i quite agree with ,judge ,lindsey that the ,boy ,scout ,movement is of peculiar importance to the whole country4 ,it has already done much good1 and it will do far more1 for it is in its essence a practical scheme through which to impart a proper standard of ethical conduct1 proper standards of fair play and consideration for others1 and courage and decency1 to boys who have never been reached and never will be reached by the ordinary type of preaching1 lay or clerical4 ,i have been particularly interested in that extract of a letter from a scout master in the ,philippines1 which runs as follows3 ,it might interest you to know that at a recent fire in ,manila which devastated acres of ground and rendered #c1jjj people homeless1 that two patrols of the ,manila scouts reached the fire almost with the fire companies1 reported to the proper authorities and worked for hours under very trying conditions #ced helping frightened natives into places of safety1 removing valuables and other articles from houses that apparently were in the path of the flames1 and performing cheerfully and efficiently all the tasks given to them by the firemen and scout master4 ,they were complimented in the public press1 and in a kind editorial about their work4 ,during the recent ,carnival the services of the boys were requested by the ,carnival officers1 and for a period of ten days they were on duty performing all manner of service in the ,carnival grounds1 directing strangers to hotels1 and acting as guides and helpers in a hundred ways4 ,what these boy scouts of the ,philippines have just done1 ,i think our boy scouts in every town and country district should train themselves to be able to do4 ,the movement is one for efficiency and patriotism4 ,it does not try to make soldiers of boy scouts1 but to make boys who will turn out as men to be fine citizens1 and who will1 if their country needs them1 make better soldiers for having been scouts4 ,no one can be a good ,american unless he is a good citizen1 and every boy ought to train himself so that as a man he will be able to do his full duty to the community4 ,i want to see the boy scouts not merely utter fine sentiments1 but act on them2 not merely sing1 ,my ,country ',tis of ,thee1 but act in a way that will give them a country to be proud of4 ,no man is a good citizen unless he so acts as to show that he actually uses the ,ten ,commandments1 and translates the ,golden ,rule into his life conduct--and ,i don't mean by this in exceptional cases under spectacular circumstances1 but ,i mean applying the ,ten ,commandments and the ,golden ,rule in the ordinary affairs of every-day life4 ,i hope the boy scouts will practise truth and square dealing1 and courage and honesty1 so that when as young men they begin to take a part not only in earning their own livelihood1 but in governing the community1 they may be able to show in practical fashion their insistence upon the great truth that the eighth and ninth commandments are directly related to every-day life1 not only between men as such in their private relations1 but between men and the government of which they are part4 ,indeed the boys even while only boys can have a very real effect upon the conduct of the grown up members of the community1 for decency and square dealing are just as contagious as vice and corruption4 ,every healthy boy ought to feel and will feel that in order to amount to anything1 it is necessary to have a constructive1 #cee and not merely a destructive1 nature2 and if he can keep this feeling as he grows up he has taken his first step toward good citizenship4 ,the man who tears down and criticises and scolds may be a good citizen1 but only in a negative sense2 and if he never does anything else he is apt not to be a good citizen at all4 ,the man who counts1 and the boy who counts1 are the man and boy who steadily endeavor to build up1 to improve1 to better living conditions everywhere and all about them4 ,but the boy can do an immense amount right in the present1 entirely aside from training himself to be a good citizen in the future2 and he can only do this if he associates himself with other boys4 ,let the boy scouts see to it that the best use is made of the parks and playgrounds in their villages and home towns4 ,a gang of toughs may make a playground impossible2 and if the boy scouts in the neighborhood of that particular playground are fit for their work1 they will show that they won't permit any such gang of toughs to have its way4 ,moreover1 let the boy scouts take the lead in seeing that the parks and playgrounds are turned to a really good account4 ,i hope1 by the way1 that one of the prime teachings among the boy scouts will be the teaching against vandalism4 ,let it be a point of honor to protect birds1 trees and flowers1 and so to make our country more beautiful and not more ugly1 because we have lived in it4 ,the same qualities that mean success or failure to the nation as a whole1 mean success or failure in men and boys individually4 ,the boy scouts must war against the same foes and vices that most hurt the nation2 and they must try to develop the same virtues that the nation most needs4 ,to be helpless1 self-indulgent1 or wasteful1 will turn the boy into a mighty poor kind of a man1 just as the indulgence in such vices by the men of a nation means the ruin of the nation4 ,let the boy stand stoutly against his enemies both from without and from within1 let him show courage in confronting fearlessly one set of enemies1 and in controlling and mastering the others4 ,any boy is worth nothing if he has not got courage1 courage to stand up against the forces of evil1 and courage to stand up in the right path4 ,let him be unselfish and gentle1 as well as strong and brave4 ,it should be a matter of pride to him that he is not afraid of anyone1 and that he scorns not to be gentle and considerate to everyone1 and especially to those who are weaker than he is4 ,if he doesn't treat his mother and sisters well1 then he is a poor creature no matter what else he does2 just as a man who #cef doesn't treat his wife well is a poor kind of citizen no matter what his other qualities may be4 ,and1 by the way1 don't ever forget to let the boy know that courtesy1 politeness1 and good manners must not be neglected4 ,they are not little things1 because they are used at every turn in daily life4 ,let the boy remember also that in addition to courage1 unselfishness1 and fair dealing1 he must have efficiency1 he must have knowledge1 he must cultivate a sound body and a good mind1 and train himself so that he can act with quick decision in any crisis that may arise4 ,mind1 eye1 muscle1 all must be trained so that the boy can master himself1 and thereby learn to master his fate4 ,i heartily wish all good luck to the movement4 ,very sincerely yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,james ,e4 ,west1 ,executive ,secretary ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 ,new ,york ,city4 #ceg ,america ,,my country1 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of thee ,i sing2 ,land where my fathers died1 ,land of the ,pilgrims' pride1 ,from every mountain side ,let freedom ring4 ,my native country1 thee ,land of the noble free1 ,thy name ,i love2 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills2 ,my heart with rapture thrills ,like that above4 ,let music swell the breeze1 ,and ring from all the trees ,sweet freedom's song2 ,let mortal tongues awake1 ,let all that breathe partake1 ,let rocks their silence break1 ,the sound prolong6 ,our father's ,god1 to ,thee1 ,author of liberty1 ,to thee we sing3 ,long may our land be bright ,with freedom's holy light2 ,protect us by ,thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king4 --,samuel ,f4 ,smith1 #ahcb4 #ceh ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner ,o ,say1 can you see1 by the dawn's early light1 ,what so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming8 ,whose broad stripes and bright stars1 thro' the perilous fight1 ,o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming2 ,and the rocket's red glare1 the bombs bursting in air1 ,gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there6 ,o say1 does that star-spangled banner yet wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave8 ,on the shore1 dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep1 ,where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes4 ,what is that which the breeze1 o'er the towering steep1 ,as it fitfully blows1 half conceals1 half discloses8 ,now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam1 ,in full glory reflected1 now shines on the stream-- ',tis the star-spangled banner4 ,o long may it wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,and where is that band who so vauntingly swore1 ',mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion1 ,a home and a country they'd leave us no more8 ,their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution4 ,no refuge could save the hireling and slave ,from the terror of flight1 or the gloom of the grave-- ,and the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave1 ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,o thus be it ever when freemen shall stand ,between their loved homes and foul war's desolation1 ,blest with vict'ry and peace1 may the heav'n-rescued land ,praise the ,power that hath made and preserved us a nation4 ,then conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto1 ,in ,god is our trust ,and the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave1 ,while the land of the free is the home of the brave4 --,francis ,scott ,key1 #ahad4 #cei ,,appendix ,,boy ,,scout ,,equipment ,as stated in the chapter on ,scoutcraft1 for the convenience of boys who wish to secure uniforms or other equipment1 the ,national ,council has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as are most needed by boys4 ,a number of these manufacturers have taken advertising space in this book and it is desired that in case goods are ordered as a result of their advertisement they be informed of the fact4 ,some of them have made arrangements for the distribution of material through ,mr4 ,sigmund ,eisner1 of ,red ,bank1 ,new ,jersey1 who has the contract for making the official uniforms4 ,it should be remembered at all times that the sole purpose of the ,national ,council in entering into any arrangement whatever with manufacturers is to secure a low price on the very best material possible4 ,the manufacturers have agreed to sell all the material listed in this book at a uniform price in all parts of the country4 ,in case local dealers or agents for the ,national ,outfitter ask a price different from that given in the price list herewith1 ,national ,headquarters should be notified4 ,every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment available to scouts through local dealers4 ,if such arrangements have not been made in your community1 the ,national ,headquarters will be glad to help in making such an arrangement4 ,many scout masters prefer to order uniforms and other supplies direct from ,national ,headquarters4 ,in order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies1 the manufacturers in some cases have agreed to allow ,national ,headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local dealers4 ,trade through ,national ,headquarters1 if sufficiently large1 will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the ,national ,organization4 ,in this suggested list of equipment all articles marked with a star 7997 may be secured either through a local dealer or by #cfj ordering direct through ,national ,headquarters in ,new ,york ,city4 ,directions for ,ordering ,important3 ,when ordering supplies care should be taken to see that the exact amount of remittance is included with the order4 ,if check is used add ,new ,york ,exchange4 ,make checks and money orders payable to ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,all orders received without the proper remittance will be shipped ,c4 ,o4 ,d41 or held until remittance arrives4 ,illustration3 ,axe 99 ,axe3 ,any local hardware dealer can suggest quite a variety of good axes which may be used by the scout1 but because of quality and price1 the ,boy ,scout axe is suggested4 ,weight without handle1 #ab oz4 ,made of one piece of solid steel--special temper1 axe pattern hickory handle1 missionized hand forged--non-rusting finish4 ,price #ce cents4 ,axe scabbard or shield1 #be cents extra4 ,bandanna or ,neckerchief3 ,these are so common that every boy will recognize at once what is mean by a bandanna4 ,the members of each patrol wear bandanas made in the colors of their patrol4 ,these can be purchased at any local dry goods store at ten or fifteen cents each4 ,illustration3 ,belts 99 ,belts3 ,any good belt will meet the scout's needs4 ,but for his convenience the belt illustrated herewith is suggested4 ,price #dj cents4 ,illustration3 ,breeches 99 ,breeches3 ,standard material--belt guides--pockets--full pattern-legs laced below the knee1 the lacing to be covered by stockings or leggings4 ,order by age according to following table3 ,boys' sizes3 ,price #a4jj4 ,age-size ,waist ,seat ,inseam ,calf ,ankle #ah #cb #cg #bf #ac-a_/b #i-a_/b #ag #ca #cf-a_/b #be-a_/b #ac-a_/b #i #af #cj #ce #be #ac #i #ae #bi #cd #bd-a_/b #ab-c_/d #h-c_/d #ad #bh #cb-a_/b #bd #ab-a_/b #h-a_/b #ac #bg #ca #bc #ab-a_/b #h-a_/d #ab #bf-a_/b #cj-a_/b #bb #ab #h-a_/d #cfa ,extra ,sizes3 ,breeches above eighteen-year size will be made to order and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment4 ,waist ,seat ,inseam ,calf ,ankle #a #cb #ch #bg #ac-a_/b #i-a_/b #b #cc #ci #bg #ac-c_/d #i-c_/d #c #cd #dj #bh #ad #i-c_/d #d #ce #da #bg #ad-a_/b #i-c_/d #e #cf #db #bh #ae #aj #f #cg #dc #bg #ae-a_/d #aj-a_/d #g #ch #dd #bh #ae-a_/b #aj-a_/b ,illustration3 ,bugle ,bugle3 ,it is recommended that the standard bugle used in an army or drum corps be used4 ,each patrol should purchase these from a local music store4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,knives1 ,forks and ,spoons ,camp ,knives1 ,forks and ,spoons3 ,ordinary table-knives1 forks and spoons may be used4 ,an inexpensive knife1 fork and spoon for use in camps1 like set illustrated herewith1 may be secured for about eight cents per dozen through almost any local hardware store4 ,illustration3 ,canteen ,canteen3 ,a canteen of this design may be carried by each scout on hikes and long tramps4 ,many army supply houses carry these in stock1 where they may be secured if desired4 ,illustration3 ,coat 99 ,coats3 ,standard material--four bellows pockets--standing collar-- dull metal buttons with ,boy ,scout emblem4 ,order by age according_/to following table3 ,boys' sizes3 ,price #a4ce4 ,age ,breast ,waist ,length ,sleeve ,collar #ah #cd #cb #bf #ca #af #ag #cc #ca #be #cj-a_/b #ae-a_/b #af #cb #cj-a_/b #bd-a_/b #bi-a_/b #ae #ae #ca #cj #bd #bh-a_/b #ad-a_/b #ad #cj #bi #bc-a_/b #bg-a_/b #ad #ac #bi #bh-a_/b #bc #bf #ac-a_/b #ab #bh #bg-a_/b #bb #be #ac #cfb ,extra ,sizes3 ,coats above eighteen-year size will be made as extra size and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment than boys' sizes4 ,breast ,waist ,length ,sleeve ,length ,collar ,finish #a #ce #cb #bg #cb #af-a_/d #b #cf #cc #bg-a_/b #cb #af-a_/b #c #cg #cd #bh #cb-a_/b #af-c_/d #d #ch #ce #bh-a_/b #cb-a_/b #ag-a_/d #e #ci #cf #bi #cc #ag-a_/d #f #dj #cg #bi-a_/b #cc #ah #g #db #ch #cj #cc-a_/b #ah-a_/b ,illustration3 ,norfolk ,coat 99 ,norfolk ,coat for ,scout ,masters3 ,made of standard olive drab cotton cloth1 two pleats1 back and front1 with belt4 ,price1 #c4jj4 ,compass3 ,every scout should learn how to use his watch as a compass4 ,however1 should he desire to own a compass1 he will find no difficulty in securing one at any local jeweler's4 ,illustration3 ,drinking ,cup 99 ,drinking ,cup3 ,a drinking cup for individual use is recommended4 ,the folding cup shown in the illustration is made of brass and is nickel plated4 ,price #aj cents4 ,drum3 ,the selection of this is left to each local troop desiring this piece of equipment4 ,place your order with local music dealer4 ,illustration3 ,first ,aid ,kit ,first ,aid ,kit3 ,this kit for the use of the individual scout can be secured through this office or the ,red ,cross ,society in ,washington1 ,new ,york and ,san ,francisco4 ,price #be cents4 99 ,hats3 ,four hats are suggested as follows3 #a4 ,boy ,scout ,hat4 ,olive drab felt--standard quality--detachable ties4 ,price #a4ae4 ,illustration3 ,boy ,scout ,hats ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,nos4 #c and #d #cfc #b4 ,boy ,scout ,summer ,hat4 ,olive drab drill1 inside seams reinforced with leather1 eyelets in crown for ventilation1 detachable ties4 ,price #ej cents4 #c4 ,boy ,scout ,hat4 ,extra fine1 fur felt1 made for hard service4 ,price #b4jj4 #d4 ,scout ,master's ,hat4 ,quality same as above1 but larger dimensions4 ,price #b4ej4 ,be sure to indicate size desired when ordering4 ,illustration3 ,haversack 99 ,haversack3 ,waterproof canvas1 leather straps--buckles and separate pockets--scout emblem on flap4 ,price #fj cents4 ,illustration3 ,hospital ,corps ,pouch ,hospital ,corps ,pouch3 ,this pouch has been made up specially by the ,american ,red ,cross ,society and contains the following3 #a ,shears #a ,tweezers #a ,carbolized ,vaseline #a ,pkg4 ,safety ,pins #b ,wire ,gauze ,splints #a #b-oz4 ,bottle ,aromatic ,spirits of ,ammonia #a ,a4,r4,c4 ,first ,aid ,outfit 7cardboard7 #b #a-yd4 packages ,sterilized ,gauze4 #c #a-;inch ,bandages4 #c #b-a_/b inch ,bandages #b ,triangular ,bandages 7cartons7 #a ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,tourniquet ,arrange with the ,american ,red ,cross ,society for purchase of these4 ,price 4#a4jj4 ,illustration3 ,knickerbockers 99 ,knickerbockers3 ,boy ,scout olive drab drill1 belt guides1 pockets1 knee buckles1 full pattern4 ,price #ge cents4 ,age-,size ,waist #ai #cb #ag #ca #af #cj #ae #bi #ad #bh #ac #bg #ab #bf-a_/b ,illustration3 ,knives 99 ,knives3 ,no4 #a1 ,price #a4jj4 ,a ,stag handle1 brass lining1 german silver bolsters and shield4 ,large polished cutting blade1 screw driver1 can-opener and leather boring tool 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 #f-aj-jb47 ,number #b1 ,price #ej cents4 ,genuine ebony handle1 brass lining1 german silver bolsters and shield4 ,large cutting blade can be opened without using the fingernail4 ,shackle for hanging to belt4 #cfd ,illustration3 ,lanyard ,lanyard3 ,this piece of equipment is so simple in construction that every scout ought to make his own lanyard4 ,these are used for carrying the scout whistle or knife4 ,illustration3 ,leggings 99 ,leggings3 7,puttees74 ,the style of leggings is the same as ,united ,states ,army puttee legging4 ,made of best waterproof army duck4 ,price #ee cents4 ,illustration3 ,mess ,kits 99 ,mess ,kits3 ,number #a4 ,price #ge cents4 ,coffee or tea can1 cup1 stew or fry pan1 with cover1 one broiler two handles4 ,number #b4 ,price #ej cents4 ,coffee or tea can1 cup1 stew or fry pan1 one handle4 ,illustration3 ,patrol ,flag ,patrol ,flags3 ,the patrol flags are made from a good quality muslin or wool bunting in the colors of the local patrol4 ,scouts make their own patrol flags4 ,material may be purchased at a local dry goods store4 ,the size of the flag is #aa in4 by #bg in4 ,emblems can be secured from ,national ,headquarters4 99 ,ponchos3 ,a good poncho is almost an absolute necessity for the scout when on a march or in camp4 ,ponchos suitable for scout purposes can be secured from local dealers at prices from #b4ej upward4 ,shelter ,tents3 ,scouts should make their own tents4 ,directions for making tents are given in the text of this book4 ,illustration3 ,shirts 99 ,shirts3 ,boy ,scout shirt1 standard material--two bellows pockets-- open front1 coat style--standard button same as coat4 ,order by size4 ,price #a4jj ,summer ,shirts3 ,same as above1 light weight4 ,price #ge cents4 #cfe ,illustration3 ,shorts 99 ,shorts3 ,standard material--belt guides4 ,full running pant pattern-- especially desirable for summer use4 ,order according to age and waist measurement4 ,price #ej cents4 ,illustration3 ,shoes 99 ,shoes3 ,any good shoe that is made up for the purpose of ease1 and comfort in tramping will serve the boy scout's needs4 ,the ,boy ,scout shoe is convenient1 inexpensive and especially designed for scouting4 ,price #b4ej4 ,illustration3 ,signal ,flags ,signal ,flags3 ,these can be made from muslin or bunting which may be secured at local stores4 ,it is recommended that each scout make his own flags4 ,regulation sizes of the semaphore #ah in4 by #ah in4 and the ,morse or ,myer flag #bd in4 by #bd in4 as shown in illustration4 ,illustration3 ,staff ,staff3 ,ash or bamboo1 two metres1 7#f ft4 #f-a_/b in471 in length and about one and one-half inches in diameter2 marked off on one side in centimetres up to one-half metre1 and the balance in metres4 ,on the other side it should be marked off in inches up to one foot and the balance in feet4 ,the staff should have a blunt end4 ,scouts should make their own staffs whenever it is possible for them to secure the lumber4 ,hoe or rake handles make excellent staffs4 ,these can be procured through any local dealer at a nominal sum4 ,the ,scout ,staff and ,its ,uses ,many boys1 upon taking up the ,scout ,movement1 are dubious about the value of the scout staff and many friends of the movement ask ,why does a boy scout carry a staff8 ,experience has proven it to be one of the most helpful articles of equipment4 ,in order to show this we are reproducing1 through the courtesy of ,lieut-,gen4 ,sir ,robert ,s4 ,s4 #cff ,baden-,powell1 illustrations from printed matter used by the ,english boy scouts4 ,these illustrations show a number of different ways in which the staff will prove a handy and valuable article2 in fact1 essential to the ,scout outfit4 ,illustration3 ,uses of the ,staff4 ,the staff is very useful for beating out brush fires and outbreaks which occur on open heaths4 ,wading a stream4 ,two or three ,scouts grasp the ,staff like this4 ,both patrol tents and tepees can be made with the aid of the ,staff4 ,an improvised stretcher of coats and staves4 ,a line of ,scouts linked together on a night march4 ,when anyone falls through some ice1 throw him your ,staff so that he can grasp it like this until you can get a rope and pull him out4 ,when climbing gates you can give yourself a push up with your ,staff4 ,for erecting a flagstaff and forming a fence1 the ,staff is very useful4 ,a clear view can be had by looking through a small hole drilled in the ,staff4 ,measuring ,distances4 ,self-defence4 ,making ,splints4 ,jumping ,ditches4 ,making ,rafts4 ,bridge ,building4 ,climbing a ,mountain4--,carry the ,staff cross-wise1 and if you slip1 lean inwards upon it1 against the side of the mountain4 ,the weight of your body will then drive the end of the staff into the earth1 and so anchor you4 ,levering up ,logs and ,stones4 ,rope ladders1 ,feeling the way over marshy ground4 ,recovering ,objects ,floating in the ,water-- ,first tie a line to the centre of the staff4 ,then tie a piece of string to each end of the staff1 and the other ends of these strings being tied to the centre4 ,that will keep the staff at right angles to the line that is in your hand4 ,by swinging the staff out over the water1 beyond the floating article1 you will be able to draw the latter in close to shore4 99 ,stockings3 ,to match uniforms1 made of heavy material and suitable for scouting4 ,price #cj cents in cotton1 #a4be in wool4 ,sweaters3 ,any local clothing store will be able to secure for the scout the kind and quality of sweater needed4 99 ,telegraph ,instruments3 ,beginners' telegraph #cfg instruments1 to be used in learning the ,morse code1 may be secured through any electrical supply house4 ,the instrument illustrated1 five ohms1 price1 #a4cj4 ,tracking ,irons3 ,excellent tracking irons can be made of #g_/h-;inch heavy band iron1 using the design presented here4 ,any local blacksmith will gladly assist the boys in making their irons4 99 ,troop ,colors3 ,made of superior wool bunting upper half1 red2 lower half1 white4 ,reproduction of the official badge super-imposed in green and gold4 ,sufficient space left for troop number and name of city4 ,size of flag1 #bb in4 by #cf in4 ,letters to be attached by the local troop4 ,price without letters #a4jj4 99 ,trousers3 ,full length for scout masters3 ,made of ,standard olive drab cotton cloth1 belt loop4 ,price #b4jj4 ,if breeches are preferred1 they may be had at same price4 ,better quality of boy scout suits--made of ,u4 ,s4 ,army standard olive drab cloth4 ,coat #b4ej1 breeches #b4jj4 ,watch3 ,every scout should possess a good watch4 ,no particular make of watch is recommended4 ,the choice of this article is left entirely with the boy and may be bought through a local jeweler4 ,water ,bottle3 ,in some cases where the individual scout is not furnished with a canteen1 the patrol may desire to carry a supply of water on the march4 ,for this purpose water bottles capable of carrying a large quantity of water may be secured4 ,these should be purchased through some army supply house4 99 ,whistles3 ,scout standard whistle1 for use in signaling by whistle4 ,made of brass1 gun metal finish1 ring at end to attach to lanyard4 ,price #aj cents4 #cfh ,suggestions for ,measuring ,name ,street ,city ,coat ,measure ,l--,all around at breast under coat ,m--,all around at waist under coat ,sleeve ,c to ,d--,from centre of collar seam to shoulder seam ,then ,e--,to elbow4 ,f--,to full length ,breeches ,m--,all around at waist under coat ,leggings ,g--,size of calf ,h--,size of instep ,illustration3 ,scout's clothing4 7tr7 #cfi ,hat ,size of hat ,size of linen collar worn ,answer following questions plainly3 ,age8 ,height8 ,weight8 ,,books ,,for ,,reference ,this list of reference books has been prepared for the use of scouts1 to supplement information given in the handbook prepared for their use4 ,it has been the aim to give as wide a selection as possible1 in order that the boy scout might not fail to find in the local public library1 some book on any subject in which he may have particular interest4 ,the list includes literature directly or indirectly related to scouting1 as well as some appropriate books of fiction4 ,for convenience the books have been listed in accordance with the subject headings of the various chapters of the ,handbook4 ,some of the most experienced librarians of the country have submitted material which has aided in the preparation of this list4 ,for this kindly cooperation1 sincere thanks is given4 ,many of the books have been carefully reviewed by someone connected with the boy scouts1 and in many cases through the courtesy of the publishers copies of these books are available for reference purposes at the office of the ,national ,headquarters4 ,suggestions for additions or improvements upon this list will be gladly received at any time4 ,communications should be addressed to the ,executive ,secretary1 #bjj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,transcriber's note3 ,in the following list of books the first line is the title1 the second the author1 the third the publisher4 ,the author and_/or publisher may be omitted4 ,scoutcraft ,notes on ,scouting and ,reconnaissance ,jas4 ,f4 ,m4 ,livingston ,london1 ,clowes ,pioneering and ,mapmaking for ,boy ,scouts ,c4 ,r4 ,enock ,london1 ,pearson ,scouting for ,boys ,lieut4-,gen4 ,robert ,baden-,powell ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson1 ,ltd4 ,henrietta ,st41 ,london ,three ,amateur ,scouts ,jadberns ,lippincott ,the ,boy ,scouts ,chipman ,burt ,co4 ,yarns for ,boy ,scouts ,lieut4-,gen4 ,robert ,baden-,powell ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson1 ,ltd4 ,henrietta ,st41 ,london ,woodcraft ,,animals ,american ,natural ,history ,hornaday ,animal ,artisans ,c4 ,j4 ,cornish ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 ,animals at ,home ,lillian ,bartlett ,american ,book ,co4 #cgj ,animal ,heroes ,seton ,century ,co4 ,a ,wilderness ,dog ,biography of a ,grizzly ,seton ,scribners ,biography of a ,silver ,fox ,seton ,scribners ,claws and ,hoofs ,james ,johonnot ,american ,book ,co4 ,dan ,beard's ,animal ,book and ,campfire ,stories ,d4 ,c4 ,beard ,scribners ,familiar ,animals and ,their ,wild ,kindred ,john ,monteith ,american ,book ,co4 ,four-footed ,americans and their ,kin ,m4 ,c4 ,wright ,good ,hunting ,theodore ,roosevelt ,harper ,bros4 ,habits of ,animals ,e4 ,ingersoll ,half-hours with the ,lower ,animals ,c4 ,g4 ,holder ,american ,book ,co4 ,haunter of ,pine ,gloom ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,haunters of the ,silences ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,grosset ,dunlap ,homes1 ,haunts and ,habits of ,wild ,animals ,i4 ,t4 ,johnson ,house in the ,water ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,jock of the ,bushvold ,sir4 ,p4 ,fitzpatrick ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 ,jungle ,book ,kipling ,second ,jungle ,book ,kipling ,kindred of the ,wild ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,king of the ,mamozekel ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,krag and ,johny ,bear ,seton ,scribners ,life ,histories of ,north ,america ,seton ,scribners ,little ,beasts of ,field and ,wood ,cram ,little ,brother to the ,bear ,w4 ,j4 ,long ,ginn ,co4 ,lives of the ,fur ,folk ,m4,d4,haviland ,longmans ,green ,co4 ,living ,animals of the ,world1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii ,the ,university ,society ,lobo1 ,rag and ,vixen ,seton ,scribners ,lives of the ,hunted ,seton ,scribners ,mooswa ,w4 ,a4 ,fraser ,my ,dogs in the ,northland ,e4 ,r4 ,young ,revell ,co4 ,monarch1 the ,big ,bear of ,tallac ,seton ,scribners ,red ,fox ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,shaggycoat ,c4 ,hawkes ,shovelhorns1 ,biography of a ,moose ,c4 ,hawkes ,some ,curious ,flyers1 ,creepers and ,swimmers ,j4 ,johonnot ,american ,book ,co4 ,some ,useful ,animals and ,what ,they ,do for ,us ,j4 ,c4 ,monteith ,american ,book ,co4 #cga ,squirrel and ,other ,fur ,bearers ,john ,burroughs ,stories of ,animal ,life ,c4 ,f4 ,holder ,american ,book ,co4 ,stories of ,humble ,friends ,katharine ,pyle ,american ,book ,co4 ,story of the ,trapper ,a4 ,c4 ,laut ,the ,romance of ,animal ,arts and ,crafts ,h4 ,coupin and ,john ,lea ,lippincott ,the ,romance of the ,animal ,world ,edmund ,selous ,seeley ,co4 ,the ,wolf ,patrol ,john ,finnemore ,trapper ,jim ,edwin ,sandys ,ways of ,wood ,folk ,w4 ,j4 ,long ,wild ,animals at ,play ,seton ,doubleday ,page ,co4 ,wild ,animals ,i ,have ,known ,seton ,scribners ,wilderness ,ways ,w4 ,j4 ,long ,wild ,life in the ,rockies ,enos ,a4 ,mills ,houghton ,mifflin ,co4 ,wild ,life of ,orchard and ,field ,ingersoll ,wolf1 the ,storm ,leader ,frank ,caldwell ,dodd1 ,mead ,co4 ,wood ,folk at ,school ,w4 ,j4 ,long ,ginn ,co4 ,,astronomy ,a ,field ,book of the ,stars ,w4 ,f4 ,olcutt ,putnam ,astronomy ,julia ,mc,nair ,wright ,penn ,pub4 ,co4 ,astronomy by ,observation ,eliza ,a4 ,bowen ,american ,book ,co4 ,astronomy for ,everybody ,simon ,newcomb ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,astronomy with an ,opera ,glass ,g4 ,p4 ,serviss ,a ,study of the ,sky ,h4 ,a4 ,howe ,scribners ,astronomy with the ,naked ,eye ,p4 ,serviss ,g ,harper ,bros4 ,children's ,book of the ,stars ,milton ,macmillan ,co4 ,earth and ,sky ,every ,child ,should ,know ,j4 ,e4 ,rogers ,how to ,identify the ,stars ,w4 ,j4 ,milham ,how to ,locate the ,stars ,hinds1 ,noble ,co4 ,popular ,astronomy ,g4 ,flammarion ,round the ,year with the ,stars ,g4 ,p4 ,serviss ,starland ,ball ,ginn ,co4 ,steele's ,popular ,astronomy ,j4 ,d4 ,steele ,american ,book ,co4 ,the ,friendly ,stars ,m4 ,e4 ,martin ,the ,romance of ,modern ,astronomy ,mc,pherson ,lippincott #cgb ,,birds ,bird ,guide--,part #a ,water ,birds ,chester ,a4 ,reed ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,bird ,guide--,part #b ,land ,birds ,neltje ,blanchan ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,bird ,homes ,a4 ,e4 ,dugmore ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,birds in their ,relation to ,men ,weed ,beerborn ,lippincott ,bird ,life ,frank ,chapman ,appleton ,bird ,neighbours ,neltje ,blanchan ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,bird ,neighbors ,john ,burroughs ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america ,chapman ,appleton ,birds that ,every ,child ,should ,know ,neltje ,blanchan ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,birds that ,hunt and ,are ,hunted ,neltje ,blanchan ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,birds ,through the ,year ,a4 ,f4 ,gilmore ,american ,book ,co4 ,citizen ,bird ,m4 ,o4 ,wright ,elo the ,eagle and ,other ,stories ,floyd ,brallian ,pacific ,pub4 ,co4 ,everyday ,birds ,bradford ,torrey ,field ,book of ,wild ,birds and ,their ,music ,f4 ,s4 ,mathews ,putnam's ,sons ,first ,book of ,birds ,h4 ,m4 ,miller ,second ,book of ,birds ,h4 ,m4 ,miller ,flamingo ,feather ,munroe ,how to ,attract the ,birds ,neltje ,blanchan ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,how to ,attract the ,birds ,trafton ,how to ,know the ,birds ,h4 ,e4 ,parkhurst ,scribners ,how to ,know the ,wild ,birds of ,ohio ,dietrich ,lange ,how to ,study ,birds ,in ,birdland ,leander ,s4 ,kyser ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,land ,birds ,east of the ,rockies ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,lord of the ,air ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,nestlings of ,forest and ,marsh ,irene ,g4 ,wheelock ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,our ,birds and ,hew to ,know ,them ,j4 ,b4 ,grant ,scribners ,our ,own ,birds ,wm4 ,l4 ,baily ,lippincott ,tenants of the ,trees ,c4 ,hawkes ,the ,blue ,goose ,chase ,h4 ,k4 ,job ,the ,romance of ,bird ,life ,john ,lea ,lippincott ,short ,stories of our ,shy ,neighbors ,mrs4 ,m4 ,a4 ,b4 ,keely ,american ,book ,co4 ,the ,sport of ,bird ,study ,job ,outing ,pub4 ,co4 ,wild ,birds of ,city ,parks #cgc ,,fish ,,and ,,fishing ,book of ,aquaria ,bateman ,bennett ,l4 ,upcott ,gill ,boy's ,own ,guide to ,fishing ,j4 ,h4 ,keene ,denizens of the ,deep ,frank ,t4 ,bullen ,revell ,co4 ,familiar ,fish ,eugene ,mc,carthy ,favorite ,fish and ,fishing ,j4 ,a4 ,henshall ,outing ,pub4 ,co4 ,fine ,art of ,fishing ,s4 ,g4 ,camp ,outing ,pub4 ,co4 ,fishing and ,shooting ,sketches ,grover ,cleveland ,outing ,pub4 ,co4 ,fishing ,kits and ,equipment ,g4 ,s4 ,camp ,n4 ,y4 ,outing ,co4 ,fish ,stories ,holder and ,jordan ,half ,hours with ,fishes ,reptiles1 and ,birds ,holder ,american ,book ,co4 ,home 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,floating #bhj ,florida and ,texas #ccc ,florida ,purchase 7#ahai7 #cbd ,foreign ,service #cde ,forest ,fires #aei ,forks #cfa ,fort ,sumter 7#ahfa7 #cce ,fractures1 ,compound #bfd ,franklin4 ,benjamin #cbg ,freezing #bgb ,french and ,indian ,wars1 7#agfc7 #cce ,frost ,bite #bgb ,gadsend ,purchase 7#ahec7 #cbd ,games #bia ,arctic ,expedition #cad ,badger ,pulling #cjc ,bear ,hunt #bic ,canoe ,tag #big ,chalk the ,arrow #cab ,cock ,fighting #cjb ,deer ,hunting #bia ,dodge ,ball #cab ,dragging ,race #cea #cig ,,page ,duck-on-a-rock #cjd ,far and ,near #cae ,far ,sight #bii ,feather ,football or ,feather ,blow #cjb ,fire ,lighting ,race #cae ,flag ,raiding #cje ,follow ,my ,leader #cae ,follow the ,trail #caj ,hand ,wrestling #cjc ,hare and ,hound #cab ,hat ,ball #cjc ,horse and ,rider ,tourney #cah ,hostile ,spy #cjj ,hunt the ,coon #cja ,kim's ,game #caa ,knight ,errantry #caf ,lion ,hunting #cje ,man-,hunt1 ,the #cja ,morgan's ,game #caa ,mountain ,scouting #caf ,mumbly ,peg #cah ,navajo ,feather ,dance #cjb ,pathfinding1 ,games in #caf ,plant ,race #cje ,poison #cjc ,pole-star #bii ,prisoner's ,base #cac ,quick ,sight1 ,the ,game of #bih ,rabbit ,hunt #cjj ,relay ,race #cjh ,roadside ,cribbage #cjd ,scouting #bih ,scout ,hunting #cjh ,scout ,meets ,scout #caj ,scout's ,nose 7,indoors7 #caj ,shop ,window 7,indoors in ,town7 #cji ,shop ,window 7,outdoors in ,town7 #cji ,shoot ,out #caa ,siberian ,man ,hunt #cab ,smugglers on the ,border #cji ,snow ,fort #caa ,spear ,fights #cjb ,spearing the ,great ,sturgeon #bie ,spider and ,fly #cjg ,spot the ,rabbit or ,far ,sight #bii ,spot the ,thief #cjh ,stalking #cjg ,stalking and ,reporting #cjg ,throwing the ,assegai #cje ,throwing the ,spear #cac ,tilting in the ,water #bif ,track ,memory #cjh ,treasure ,hunt1 ,the #cag ,treasure ,island #cah ,unprepared ,plays #caf ,will-o-the-,wisp #cag ,gas ,accidents #bei ,gas ,poisoning1 ,what to ,do #bfj ,general ,hints #aee ,grant1 ,ulysses ,s4 #cce ,grasses #aag ,growth #bbc ,guam ,acquired 7#ahjh7 #cbd ,hancock1 ,john #cbg ,hand or ,flag ,signals #bji ,handy ,articles in ,camp #adh ,hats #cfb ,haversack #cfc ,hawaii ,annexed 7#ahih7 #cbd ,head ,bandage #bff ,health and ,endurance #bai-bcf ,hiccough #bgf ,hiking and ,over ,night ,camps #ade ,honor ,medals #dd ,hospital ,corps ,pouch #cfc ,hot ,stone ,wrinkle #adh ,how the ,great ,spirit was ,found #afa ,how to ,become a ,boy ,scout #aa ,how to ,get ,your ,bearings #aeg ,how to ,make ,pictures of ,tracks #aid ,ice ,rescue #beh ,indian ,bathing ,precaution #aef ,indian ,signs and ,blazes #bji ,individuality #bdg ,injuries ,due to ,heat or ,cold #bgc ,injuries ,when ,skin is ,broken #bfe ,injuries ,when ,skin is ,not ,broken #bfb ,insects and ,butterflies #aja-aje ,insects1 ,other #ajd ,ivy ,poisoning #bdg ,key4 ,francis ,scott1 ,author #ccj ,knickerbockers #cfc ,knighthood1 ,ancient #bcg ,knighthood1 ,modern #bdj ,knives #cfc ,knots ,every ,scout ,should ,know #dh-eb ,becket ,hitch #ea ,blackwall ,hitch #ea ,bowline #ej ,carrick ,bend #eb ,clove ,hitch #ea ,fisherman's ,bend #ea ,fisherman's ,knot #eb ,false ,reef or ,granny #ej ,figure of ,eight ,knot #di ,halter1 ,slip or ,running ,knot #ej ,overhand ,knot4 ,the #di ,sheet ,bend or ,weaver's ,knot #ej ,square or ,reef ,knot #ej ,sheepshank #ej ,timber ,hitch #ea ,two ,half ,hitches #ea ,whipping a ,rope #di ,land ,ordinances 7#aghe7 7#aghg7 #ccd ,land ,settlements #cbe ,lanyard #cfd ,leadership #aeb ,lean-to1 ,the #adf ,lee1 ,robert ,e #cce ,leggings #cfd ,letter from ,col4 ,theodore ,roosevelt #cec ,lexington and ,concord 7#agge7 #cbe ,life ,buoys #bhg ,lincoln1 ,abraham #bda1 #cce ,louisiana ,purchase 7#ahjc7 #cbc ,mad ,dog #bfj ,manners1 ,good #bdc ,mariner's ,compass1 ,the #eb ,meadow ,mouse #aii ,measurement1 ,hand #cfh ,measuring ,distances #fd ,medical ,examinations #bbd ,memorial ,day--,may #cjth #cda ,menu for ,camp and ,hike #aeb ,mess-,kits #cfd #cih ,page ,mexican ,cession and ,purchase from ,texas 7#ahdh7 #cbd ,military ,academy ,west ,point #cdc ,militia1 ,naval #cdd ,militia1 ,state #cjh ,molusca--,shells and ,shellfish #id-ig ,moon1 ,the #he ,moths #ajc ,mushrooms1 ,fungi or ,toadstools #abb ,mushrooms1 ,common #abe ,mushrooms1 ,coprinus #abe ,mushrooms1 ,delicious ,morel #abf ,mushrooms1 ,inky ,coprinus #abe ,mushrooms1 ,puff ,balls #abf ,merit ,badges ,agriculture #bd ,angling #bd ,archery #bd ,architecture #be ,art #be ,astronomy #be ,athletics #bf ,automobiling #bf ,aviation #bf ,bee ,farming #bg ,blacksmithing #bg ,bugling #bg ,business #bg ,camping #bh ,carpentry #bh ,chemistry #bh ,civics #bi ,conservation #cj ,cooking #cj ,craftsmanship #ca ,cycling #ca ,dairying #ca ,eagle ,scout #dc ,electricity #cb ,firemanship #cb ,first ,aid #cb ,first ,aid to ,animals #cc ,forestry #cc ,gardening #cd ,handicraft #cd ,horsemanship #cd ,interpreting #ce ,invention #ce ,leather ,working #ce ,life ,saving #cf ,life ,scout #dc ,machinery #cf ,marksmanship #cf ,masonry #cf ,mining #cg ,music #cg ,ornithology #cg ,painting #ch ,pathfinding #ch ,personal ,health #ci ,photography #ci ,pioneering #ci ,plumbing #dj ,poultry ,farming #dj ,printing #dj ,public ,health #dj ,scholarship #da ,sculpture #da ,seamanship #da ,signalling #db ,stalking #db ,star ,scout #dc ,surveying #db ,swimming #db ,taxidermy #dc ,naval ,enlistment #cdc ,naval ,academy #cdd ,navy of ,united ,states #cdc ,neckerchief #cfj ,neck ,grip #bhc ,new ,states 7#ahde-ahfa7 #ccc ,norfolk ,coat #cfb ,northwest ,territory #cce ,nose ,bleed #bgd ,nose1 ,care of #bbi ,observation1 ,practice #adh ,open ,outing ,tent #agj-agc ,order of ,business--,camp #aec ,oregon ,territory ,acquired 7#ahdf7 #cbd ,original ,territory 7#aghc7 #cbc ,orion #hc ,pain #bbd ,panics1 ,prevention of #bee ,patriotism and ,citizenship #cbc-cef ,patrol ,flags #cfd ,patrol ,signs #ai ,patrol ,work #hc ,peace #cci ,peace ,treaty 7#aghc7 #bia-bib ,philippine ,islands ,acquired 7#ahih7 #cbd ,pilgrim ,fathers #bch1 #cbe ,pine ,island ,acquired 7#ahih7 #cbd ,pioneers4 ,american #bci ,plants1 ,ferns and ,grasses #aag-abb ,pleiades #hd ,poisoning #bgb ,poison ,ivy #aai ,politics #cdg ,ponchos #cfd ,porto ,rico ,acquired 7#ahih7 #cbd ,practical ,citizenship #cec ,president--,term of ,office1 ,salary1 etc4 #cda ,program1 ,scout ,camp #aec ,proper ,carriage #bai ,property-- ,real4 ,personal--,relationship to ,government #cdh ,public ,domain #cbb ,purchase from ,texas 7#ahej7 #cbd ,puttees #cfd ,rains1 ,signs of #aef ,ration ,list #aeb ,register of ,deeds #cdg ,religion1 ,boy ,scouts #bej ,rememberable ,morse or ,re-,morse ,alphabet #bjc ,reptiles #ig-aja ,rescue from ,shore or ,boat #bhd ,restoring ,breathing #bhf ,rocks and ,pebbles #aaa-aag ,rocks1 ,stratified #aab ,rocks1 ,quartz vein #aac ,fossill1 ,shells #aaf ,pudding-,stone #aaf ,row ,boats #ahj ,coming ,alongside #aha ,feathering #ahj ,going ,ashore #aha ,keeping ,ashore #aha #cii ,rowing #aha ,sculling #aha ,steering #aha ,salute1 ,the #aha ,turning4 ,the #ahj ,runaway ,horse #bfj ,,page ,sailing ,small ,boats #ahb ,sailing ,before ,wind #ahc ,sailing ,close to ,wind #ahc ,sailing1 ,direction of ,wind #ahb ,sailing--,flying the ,flag #ahd ,sailing--,reefing #ahc ,sailing--,right of ,way #ahd ,samoan ,islands ,acquired 7#ahii7 #cbd ,sanitation #aed ,scout ,badge1 ,the #ab ,scout ,law1 ,the #ad ,scout ,motto1 ,the #ab ,scout ,oath1 ,the #ad ,scout ,salute1 ,the #ad ,scout ,sign1 ,the #ad ,scout ,virtues #h ,scout ,master1 ,the #aec ,scouts ,pledged to the ,flag #cda ,scout ,staff and its ,uses #cfe ,secession of ,states #cce ,second ,class ,scout #ag ,secrets of the ,woods #aii ,semaphore ,signal ,code #bjf ,shells and ,shell ,fish #id-ig ,shelter ,tents #cfd ,shirts #cfd ,shock--,what to do in ,case of #bfa ,shoes #cfe ,signal ,flags #cfe ,signalling by ,flag or ,torch #cje ,slavery #cce ,sleep #bca ,sleeping out of doors #bcb ,snake ,bites #bcg ,snakes1 ,water ,moccasin #aja ,southern ,confederacy formed 7#ahfa7 #cce ,spanish ,american ,war1 ,the 7#ahih7 #cch ,spanish and ,french #cbe ,speaker1 ,house of ,representatives #cda ,special ,service by ,boy ,scouts #aji ,splints and ,sling for ,arm #bfd ,splints for ,broken ,leg #bfc ,splints for ,broken ,thigh #bfb ,spoons #cfa ,sports #cfd ,sprains #bfd ,staff #cfe ,star ,spangled ,banner1 ,the 7#ahae7 #ccj ,star ,spangled ,banner1 ,hymn #ceh ,stars1 ,the #ha ,state ,government #cdf ,stockings #ff ,stomach ,ache #bgf ,stretcher ,improvised #bgg ,struggle for ,freedom #bch ,sunburn #bgd ,sun ,dial or ,hunter's ,clock #ec ,sun ,stroke and ,heat ,exhaustion #bgd ,sweaters #cfa ,swedes in ,delaware #cbe ,taxes #cdi ,tea #bbf ,teeth #bbg ,telegraph ,instruments #cff ,tenderfoot #af ,tent ,making ,made ,easy #afd-agj ,texas ,annexed #cbd ,three ,classes of ,scouts1 ,the #af ,thrift #bdf ,throat #bbi ,toadstools #abb ,toadstools1 ,deadly ,cup #abc ,toadstools1 ,deadly ,amanita #abc ,toadstools1 ,destroying ,angel #abc ,toadstools1 ,fly ,amanita #abd ,toadstools1 ,hated ,amanita #abd ,toadstools1 ,poisonous #abc ,toadstools1 ,sure ,death #abc ,toadstools1 ,wholesome #abe ,tobacco #bbf ,toothache #bge ,torniquet to ,upper ,arm #bfi ,towns1 ,villages and ,cities #cdg ,tracking ,irons #cfg ,tracks1 ,tracking and ,signaling #ahg-bah ,the ,coon that ,showed ,how #aid ,tracking #ahh ,tracking1 ,how to ,learn #aij ,tracking1 ,when to ,learn #aij ,trying ,it on the ,cat #aif ,treatment ,after ,respiration ,begins #bhg ,trees4 ,common ,north ,american #abg-acc ,ash1 ,white #acb ,beech #acj ,birch1 ,black4 ,sweet or ,mahogany #abi ,birch1 ,common or ,aspen ,leaved #abi ,butternut or ,white ,walnut #abi ,cedar1 ,red #abh ,chestnut #acj ,cottonwood #abh ,elm1 ,white or ,swamp #aca ,hemlock #abh ,hickory1 ,white #abh ,locust1 ,black or ,yellow #acb ,maple1 ,red1 ,scarlet4 ,water or ,swamp #acb ,oak1 ,red #acj ,oak1 ,white #aca ,pine1 ,white #abg ,shagbark1 or ,white ,hickory #abh ,sycamore1 ,plane ,tree1 ,buttonball or ,buttonwood #aca ,walnut1 ,black #abi ,walnut1 ,white or ,butternut #abi ,troop ,colors #cfg ,trousers #cfg ,twelve ,points of the ,scout ,law1 ,the #aj ,unconsciousness #bgj ,valley ,forge #cbh ,vice-,president--,president of ,senate #cda ,war of #ahab #cbi ,washington1 ,d4 ,c #cdb ,washington1 ,george #cbe ,wasps #aje ,watch #cfg ,watch for a ,compass #eg ,water ,accidents #bgi-bhh ,water ,bottle #cfg ,water ,hints #aee #djj ,,page ,waterproofing a ,tent #agj ,water ,supply #aed ,waves #agi ,weather ,flags #aeg ,west ,point ,military ,academy #cdc ,what ,one ,boy ,did #ij ,what ,scouting ,means #c ,what to do ,when ,lost in the ,woods #fg ,whistles #cfg ,whistle ,signs #bjh ,white ,house #cda ,white ,pine #aai ,wig-,wag or ,myer ,code #bjd ,will #bdf ,wind1 ,how to ,tell ,direction of #aeg ,wireless ,telegraphy #baj ,wireless ,abbreviations #bje ,wireless ,signs #bjd ,wireless ,numbers #bjd ,wireless4 ,receiving ,set #baa ,wireless ,sending ,set #bac ,woodcraft #eg-ade ,woodlore #eg-he ,work not ,luck #bea ,wounds ,without ,severe ,bleeding #bfg ,wounds ,with ,severe ,bleeding #bfg ,wrist ,grip #bhb ,yorktown1 ,va4 7#agha7 #cbh ,,the ,,country ,,life ,,press4 ,,garden ,,city4 ,n4 ,y4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the following pages are advertisements4 #dja ,do ,you ,know ,this ,manual ,from ,cover ,to ,cover8 ,well1 here is another rule for you to memorize3 ,whenever ,hungry ,eat ,peter's ,chocolate ,alpine climbers1 hunters1 campers1 and woodsmen of all descriptions consider ,peter's ,chocolate the regulation food for camp or trail4 ,it is absolutely the most sustaining2 has the most delicious taste that always makes you want more1 and does not create thirst4 ,don't you go camping this summer without a liberal supply4 ,you can get the nut chocolate or the plain chocolate as you prefer1 but be sure to ask for ,peter's1 the ,original ,milk ,chocolate4 ,peter's comes in several varieties3 ,peter's ,milk ,chocolate ,peter's ,milk ,chocolate ,croquettes ,peter's ,almond ,milk ,chocolate ,peter's ,milk ,chocolate with ,roasted ,hazelnuts ,peter's ,bon-,bons ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djb ,world ,famous ,,scouts ,now on ,sale6 ,now's your chance to get the ,boy ,scout ,shoe1 boys--that world famous shoe about which you have read so much in the magazines4 ,it's making just as big a hit in this town as it has made in the big cities4 ,boys are wild about them--say they never saw anything like them for baseball1 running1 jumping1 and all outdoor sports4 ,the ,boy ,scout ,shoe ,toughest1 lightest1 most sensible1 everyday shoe made4 ,uppers are soft as gloves4 ,soles wear two to three times as long as ordinary soles4 ,no linings4 ,coolest and most healthful boy's shoe ever invented4 ,,colors ,olive1 ,tan and ,black ,tell your pa that ,boy ,scouts outwear two to three pairs of ordinary shoes4 ,good-,luck ,charm ,,free with each pair of genuine ,,boy ,,scout ,,shoes ,write us direct if your dealer does not handle them and we will forward booklet immediately4 ,the ,excelsior ,shoe ,co41 ,portsmouth1 ,ohio ,little ,boys'1 size #aj to #ac-a_/b2 #b4jj ,boys'1 size #a to #e-a_/b1 #b4ej ,big ,boys' and ,men's1 size #f-aj1 #c4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djc ,in conjunction with the ,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america we have published a book called ,boy ,scouts4 ,the text of the book is written by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,alexander and the illustrations are by ,gordon ,grant4 ,it is the only illustrated book of the ,boy ,scouts4 ,we have made arrangements with the ,national ,headquarters of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america to allow a commission of two cents to any patrol on each book sold for ten cents by the members of that patrol4 ,we will send express collect1 to the ,scoutmaster any number of these books which he thinks can be disposed of within thirty days by the boys under him4 ,at the end of that time he is to send us eight cents for each book sold and return the remaining books4 ,if a local organization is in need of funds to purchase pictures1 furniture1 uniforms or anything else needful for its rooms or activities1 this affords an excellent opportunity for the boys to earn part or all of the necessary amount4 ,this book1 ,,boy ,scouts1 will be sent anywhere for ten cents in stamps or coin by ,minute ,tapioca ,co41 ,orange1 ,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djd ,the ,soft1 ,sure ,silent ,step of the ,indian1 the trapper and the guide is yours in the city as well as on the trail1 if you will simply attach ,o',sullivan's ,heels of ,new ,live ,rubber to your ordinary shoes4 ,as you carry home with you the high1 wholesome ideas of the woods1 so also retain the noiseless tread of the true scout by always wearing ,o',sullivan ,heels4 ,the best known men today are wearing these heels4 ,they give that quiet1 springy tread which shows the strong1 self-reliant man4 ,put ,o',sullivan's on all your shoes4 #ej cents per pair attached4 ,we have a free booklet especially for you on the subject4 ,o',sullivan ,rubber ,company #aca ,hudson ,street ,new ,york ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dje ,,scout',s ,,axe ,the ,official ,axe of the ,boy ,scout ,furnished with a ,sheath of ,chrome ,tanned ,leather to carryon the belt4 ,manufactured by the makers of the famous ,plumb ,anchor ,brand tools4 ,solid steel of special analysis1 from head to cutting edge4 ,double tempered1 making a good keen edge1 hard--yet tough4 ,highest grade ,hickory handles1 with special ,forest finish1 which blends with the colors of the woods4 ,the best axe that money can buy or skill produce4 ,for use in forest or camp it is the handiest tool in a woodsman's kit4 ,,fayette ,r4 ,,plumb1 ,,inc4 ,philadelphia ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,st4 ,louis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djf ,scout ,masters' ,manual ,a handbook especially prepared to aid the scout master in his work with boys4 ,it is full of suggestions6 ,programs for ,scout ,meetings2 indoors and out1 summer and winter2 long term camp1 ,scout games1 etc4 ,price #fj cent4 postpaid ,national ,headquarters #bjj ,fifth ,avenue ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,give a ,flood of ,light ,this #ad-;candle-power lamp projects a bright1 white light #aej feet and fulfils every lighting requirement for the camper1 ,hunter and ,angler4 ,the ,baldwin ,camp ,light is only #c-a_/b inches high and weighs but #e ounces4 #be cents worth of carbide gives fifty hours' light4 ,can be hung up in the tent1 fastened to bow of boat or worn on cap or belt1 leaving both hands free4 ,sold by leading ,hardware and ,sporting ,goods ,dealers1 or sent prepaid upon receipt of regular price1 #a4jj ,john ,simmons ,company #bb ,franklin ,street ,new ,york ,write for this interesting booklet1 sent free if you mention your dealer's name and address ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,the ,official ,boys ,scout ,whistle ,,loud ,,tone ,heavy ,metal ,gun ,metal ,finish ,secure from your dealer1 or mailed on receipt of price and #b;c extra for postage4 ,,behrend ,,rothschild ,price #aj cents #cee ,broadway ,new ,york ,city ,strauss ,bros4 ,co41 ,sole ,selling ,agents ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djg ,boy ,scouts and ,scout,masters ,the ,hill ,loper ,co41 ,danbury1 ,conn41 are making a special hat for you--a hat that's built for scouting--one that will hold its shape and color and all the snap and dash that are put into it1 in spite of wind and weather4 ,it's made to supply the increasing demand for a better ,boy ,scout ,hat4 ,it's made from ,fine ,fur ,felt--from the same stock and by the same skilled workmen that produce the ,hill ,loper ,co4's famous ,,hi-,,lo ,felt ,hats which are sold to the most particular trade all over the country4 ,it's ,scout style1 through and through1 and built on the thorough1 thoroughly honest principles that your great organization stands for4 ,it is approved by your ,national ,council1 and you'll approve it as soon as you see it and try it on4 ,you can get one of these ,boy ,scout or ,scout ,master ,hats from your local dealer or from ,national ,headquarters1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,be sure to look for the ,scout ,seal1 stamped on the ,sweat ,leather4 ,none genuine without this seal4 ,if there is no dealer in your locality send your size and the regular price--#b4jj for ,boy ,scout or #b4ej for ,scout ,master ,hat1 direct to ,national ,outfitter ,,sigmund ,,eisner ,red ,bank1 ,new ,jersey ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djh ,,boy ,,scout ,,shoes ,joseph ,m4 ,herman ,co41 of ,boston1 the world famous manufacturers of ,herman's ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,shoes1 the kind the soldiers1 sailors1 marines and militia wear1 have created the moat comfortable and best wearing shoe for boys that ever was known4 ,it is made on the sensible orthopedic last designed by army surgeons4 ,the regular army stamp is on these shoes and so is the official ,boy ,scout seal4 ,look for these marks when buying4 ,the genuine ,u4 ,s4 ,army--,boy ,scout ,shoe is made of ,shrewsbury leather with double sole of solid oak leather reinforced so that it cannot break away4 ,the upper has a cool lining and is soft and pliable4 ,this is not only the best shoe for wear that a boy can put on but is handsome and snappy--one that any boy will be proud to show to his friends4 ,be sure to mention your size when ordering4 ,price #b4ej ,official ,seal ,bottom ,stamp ,herman's ,,us ,army ,shoe ,for ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,t4 ,e4 ,o',donnell ,inspector ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dji ,bailey's ,boy ,scout ,underwear ,consisting of ,knit ,shirts ,drawers and ,union ,suits ,made in plain and open mesh effect cloth1 in olive drab regulation color1 also in ,egyptian and white4 ,shirts made athletic style as shown in cut4 ,drawers finished with strong ribbed cuffs that reach just below the knee which insures comfort to wearer4 ,union suits also made in athletic finish4 ,sizes from #bd to #cd4 ,,prices ,athletic ,shirts 4#be ,athletic ,drawers 4#be ,union ,suits 4#ej ,if you cannot get these goods from your dealer1 advise us and we will mail or express them to you prepaid on receipt of price4 ,,the ,,bailey ,,knitting ,,mills ,,fort ,,plain4 ,n4 ,y4 ,n4 ,b4 ,boy ,scout ,underwear suggested by ,master ,charles ,s4 ,bailey of ,troop #b1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 ,fort ,plain1 ,n4 ,y4 ,showing ,use of ,shirt as a ,jersey ,ideal for ,use in ,camp4 ,color1 ,olive ,drab1 ,matching ,uniform ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #daj ,official ,equipments ',tabloid' ,first-,aid ,no4 #gji1 for ,patrol ,leaders and ,scout ,masters #b4jj ,no4 #gaj1 for ,scouts #a4jj ,special discount on orders for #a_/b doz4 or more when ordered through the local organization4 ,burroughs1 ,wellcome ,co4 #ce ,west #cc;d ,street ,new ,york ,city ,no4 #gji4 ',tabloid' ,first-,aid ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,outfitters for ,explorers1 ,campers1 ,prospectors1 ,hunters and ,boy ,scouts ,light ,weight ,water and ,rot ,proof ,tents4 ,ask ,about ,our ,green ,tents ,,abercrombie',s ,,camp ,,trade ,,mark ,outing ,clothes1 ,camp ,outfits1 ,footwear ,canoes1 ,fishing ,tackle1 ,guns and ,ammunition ,,david ,t4 ,,abercrombie ,,co41 #caa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,american ,agents4 ,,newland1 ,,tarlton ,,co41 ,safari ,outfitters4 ,nairobi1 ,b4,e4 ,africa ,send for ,illustrated ,catalogue4 ,please ,note ,name and ,address ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #daa ,knives ,recommended by ,committee on ,equipment of ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,ask your hardware dealer for these knives ,made to cut and stay sharp ,two ,blades1 ,ebony ,handle1 ,easy ,opener1 ,brass ,lined1 and ,german ,silver ,bolsters ,price #ej cents ,made to cut and stay sharp4 ,stag ,handle1 ,large ,blade1 ,screwdriver1 ,leather ,punch1 ,can ,opener1 ,brass ,lining1 ,german ,silver ,bolsters ,price #a4jj ,new ,york ,knife ,co4 #bbf ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york ,works ,walden1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dab ,it's time you owned a ,waltham ,the ,watch for the ,boy ,scout as well as for the veteran4 ,the boy of today doesn't want a clock watch bought in a notion store at the price of a toy4 ,he wants an accurate watch bought from a jeweler--one he can take pride in and one that teaches him to respect time4 ,an accurate time-piece1 like scouting1 cultivates habits of precision and punctuality4 ,,waltham ,watches are noted time-keepers in every grade4 ,there are moderate priced ,waltham watches that keep perfect time4 ,even low priced ,walthams maintain wonderful records for accuracy4 ,the pride of owning a watch of the world-wide reputation of ,waltham1 adds immensely to any boy's happiness4 ,send for ,descriptive ,booklet of ,waltham ,movements or ,ask ,your ,jeweler4 ,,waltham ,,watch ,,co4--,waltham1 ,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dac ,boy ,scout ,knit ,union ,suits ,a ,new ,kind of ,underwear ,slip into the ,suit1 fasten it on the shoulders--and there you are6 ,that is the whole idea in a nutshell4 ,a simple1 sensible undergarment1 easy to get into1 comfortable to wear1 and very serviceable4 ,there is no pull or strain on any part1 the suit fits smoothly and comfortably and allows free action of the whole body4 ,only four buttons on the whole garment1 and they are so well sewn that not even the most strenuous boy is apt to pull them off4 ,boy ,scout ,union ,suit ,this label on every garment--,none other genuine4 ,made in sizes to fit every boy and youth ,,patent ,,applied ,,for ,price4 #ej;c per ,suit ,ask your store-keeper for them1 if he hasn't1 them1 we'll supply you direct4 ,h4 ,l ,nelke ,,co4 ,manufactures ,nelke ,building ,philadelphia ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dad ,illustration3 ,photograph of two ,scouts4 ,,made ,,with ,a ,,brownie ,,camera4 ,the ,camera for ,field ,service3 ,,brownie ,easy to carry on the march2 simple to operate4 ,loads in daylight with ,kodak ,film ,cartridges4 ,ideal for the equipment of every detachment of ,boy ,scouts4 ,negatives can be easily developed in the field--,no dark-room required4 ,write for the ,book of ,brownies4 ,,eastman ,,kodak ,,co41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dae ,,attention ,,scouts6 ,,dan ,,beard ,one of the ,national ,scout ,commissioner4 ,has written a ,library of ,scout ,books--books you must have for they tell all about the life in fields and forests and on rivers and streams--the things you want to know in your business4 ,,read ,,this ,,list ,the ,boy ,pioneer ,sons of ,daniel ,boone4 ,illustrated by the author4 #b4jj net ,the reader is told how to take part in all the old ,pioneer games4 --,phila4 ,press4 ,the ,field and ,forest ,handy ,book4 ,illustrated by the author4 #b4jj ,a book to be coveted by every active-minded boy capable of handling tools4--,chicago ,news1 ,the ,jack of ,all ,trades4 ,illustrated by the author4 #b4jj ,any boy who is handy with tools of any sort will enjoy this book4 --,youths' ,companion1 ,the ,out ,door ,handy ,book4 ,illustrated by the author4 #b4jj ,it makes a man of a boy and a boy of a man4--,charles ,dana ,gibson1 ,the ,american ,boy's ,handy ,book4 ,illustrated by the author4 #b4jj ,it tells how to make all kinds of things--boats1 traps1 toys1 fishing tackle1 balloons1 rear wild birds1 train dogs1 etc4--,indianapolis ,journal4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons ,new ,york ,city ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,the ,,national ,,conservation ,,association ,offers to ,boy ,scouts an immediate opportunity to earn good returns from useful work in a great cause by acting as ,subscription ,agents for ,american ,conservation ,the new illustrated monthly magazine published by the ,association4 ,handsomely printed1 magnificently illustrated2 every article written by a recognized authority2 full of interest1 each month1 for every thoughtful man and boy in ,america4 ,write for full details of our plan for enabling boys to earn money by helping to put into more ,american homes a magazine in which every thinking ,american is interested at sight4 ,american ,conservation ,colorado ,building ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #daf ,be ,prepared ,when you get your camp supplies don't forget to buy a box of ,,steero ,bouillon ,cubes ,reg4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off ,made by ,american ,kitchen ,products ,co41 ,new ,york ,add them to the list of supplies on page #aeb of your ,handbook4 ,a box of #ajj ,steero ,cubes is the right size for six boys for a week4 ,steero ,cubes will save a lot of cooking in camp4 ,all you have to do is to put a ,steero ,cube in a cup and pour boiling water on it4 ,you can make dandy soup for dinner1 supper1 or any time you're hungry4 ,you can't help getting it just right every time1 and there isn't any waste because ,a ,cube ,makes a ,cup ,send for ,free ,samples and try them at home1 so you'll know just what they are4 ,if the grocer1 druggist1 or sporting goods dealer doesn't have ,steero ,cubes1 send #ce;c for a box of #ab ,cubes1 prepaid1 enough to make #ab cups4 ,we also put them up in boxes of #ej and #ajj ,cubes--they are cheaper this way4 ,distributed and ,guaranteed by ,schleffelin ,co4 #bae ,william ,st41 ,new ,york ,under ,pure ,food ,law1 ,serial ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dag ,,scouts6 ,chief ,scout ,ernest ,thompson ,seton has written ,books without which no ,scout ,library is first-rate4 ,here is a ,list of ,them3 ,animal ,heroes ,illustrated by the author #b4jj ,the ,histories of a dog1 a cat1 a lynx1 a rabbit1 two wolves and a reindeer 99 99 99 ,written in a vein of fiction4 ,yet the general habits and mode of living of the animals are accurately described4--,philia4 ,press ,monarch1 the ,big ,bear of ,tallac4 ,illustrated by the author4 #a4be net ,a fascinating account of a ,bear ,family4--,providence ,journal4 ,lives of the ,hunted4 ,illustrated by the author4 #b4jj ,there is nothing in ,kipling's ,jungle ,books more intensely dramatic and absorbing than ,the ,story of ,krag1 the ,kookney ,ram1 ,scotty's long hunt and its ending4--,brooklyn ,eagle4 ,wild ,animals ,i ,have ,known4 ,illustrated by the author4 ,tells the histories of such wild creatures as a wolf1 a fox1 a molly cottontail and others4 ,the ,trail of the ,sand ,hill ,stag4 ,illustrated by the author4 #a4ej ,ought to make any boy happy and will furnish him some delightful hours4 --,detroit ,free ,press4 ,krag and ,johnny ,bear4 ,illustrated by the author4 #ej cents net ,tobo ,rag and ,vixen4 ,illustrated by the author4 #ej cents net ,charles ,scribner's ,sons ,new ,york ,city ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,american ,red ,cross ,abridged ,text-,book on ,,first ,,aid ,,general ,,edition ,by ,,major ,,charles ,,lynch ,medical ,corps1 ,united ,states ,army ,the attention of all ,boy ,scouts is invited to this small ,,textbook on ,,first ,,aid4 ,it is now in use by a great number of ,boy ,scout organizations throughout the country4 ,in no respect can the ,boy ,scout better fit himself for helping others than by learning ,first ,aid and this text-book will enable him to do so in a thoroughly satisfactory manner and in the shortest space of time4 ,the book contains everything on the subject of ,first ,aid which the ,boy ,scout ought to know and is free from technical details which serve no useful purpose and only result in confusing the student4 ,with #ee ,illustrations4 xii #ahc ,pages4 ,paper ,cover4 #cj;c ,postpaid ,can be purchased through any bookseller1 ,american ,red ,cross ,society4 or ,national ,headquarters1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,p4 ,,blakiston',s ,,son 3 ,,co41 ,,publishers #ajab ,,walnut ,,street1 ,,philadelphia ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dah ,camping for ,boys ,h4 ,w4 ,gibson ,illustrated1 ,cloth1 #a ,a ,knapsack ,full of ,outdoor ,wisdom ,the author has put into this book his experience of twenty-two summers of actual camping with boys4 ,the twenty-three chapters are filled with information such as this3 where to go2 what to take2 how to layout a camp1 pitch tent1 build a camp fire2 what to cook and how to cook it1 how to get well if you eat too much of it2 directions for long trips1 short trips1 any trip at all2 something to do every hour of the day1 from reveille to taps2 first aid1 games1 nature study and that's not half4 #bid pages4 #ajj pictures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,at ,home in the ,water ,swimming1 ,diving4 ,water ,sports1 ,life-,saving4 ,,george ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,swimming ,instructor1 ,university of ,toronto4 ,cloth1 #ge cents2 paper1 #ej cents4 ,the author has started thousands of men and boys on the way to mastery of the various strokes--under arm1 over arm1 crawl1 etc4 ,over one hundred practical illustrations are shown4 ,more value for less money than can be found in any other book of the kind4 ,the methods of illustrating are the best that can be devised1 and the pictures convey an extremely clear idea of what is meant4 ,mr ,corsan's book stands with the best1 of which there are few1 as a most complete work4--,,charles ,m4 ,,daniels1 ,champion swimmer of the ,united ,states1 in the ,playground4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,from ,youth ,into ,manhood4 ,,winfield ,s4 ,,hall4 ,m4 ,d41 ,professor of ,physiology4 ,northwestern ,university ,medical ,school4 ,cloth4 #ej cents1 postpaid4 ,the standard book on ,sexual ,hygiene4 ,it is the only book of this order which ,i should care to recommend4 ,it compactly puts the physical facts of male life2 adds a very valuable chapter of practical advice on personal hygiene2 then stops1 and lets the boy do his own thinking4 --,professor ,g4 ,,walter ,,fiske1 ,oberlin4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,life ,questions of ,high ,school ,boys ,j4 ,w4 ,,jenks4 ,cloth1 #dj cents2 paper1 #be cent4 ,the distinguished ,cornell ,professor has given here brief discussions of ,habit1 ,cheating1 ,societies1 etc41 in a way that starts the boy thinking in the right direction4 ,the boy has the brain and the will1 he doesn't need anybody to think for him or to decide for him4 ,he needs to be guided into right ways of thinking and deciding for himself4 ,this book is such a guide4 ,it simply says1 ,here are two ways--which do you think is right4 ,very well1 do that4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,social ,activities for ,men and ,boys ,a4 ,m4 ,,chesley1 ,editor4 ,illustrated1 cloth1 #a4 ,a book of nearly #cjj plans and programs for cheerful occasions1 gathered from all available sources4 ,all the material has been successfully used4 ,the book tells how to carry on receptions of different sorts2 how to play interesting and original games1 indoors and outdoors1 in the water1 as well as on land2 how to promote an amateur circus or a dramatic entertainment as well as a summer campaign or outing4 ,considerable attention is given to the organization of clubs of all kinds1 civic1 educational1 and athletic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,complete ,catalog ,sent on ,request ,,association ,,press #abd ,east #bhth ,street1 ,new ,york ,the five books bound in cloth1 postpaid #c4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dai ,more ,ponies for ,boys ,two ,blooded ,shetlands1 each with ,cart and ,harness made especially to fit the pony1 will be given each month to boys who sell ,the ,saturday ,evening ,post ,,country ,,and ,,city ,,boys ,no matter whether your town is a large one or a small one1 you have as good a chance to earn a ,pony ,outfit as has a boy in any other town or city4 ,the ways of scoring equalize the opportunities of country and city boys4 ,thus1 ,harry ,royster1 ,yazoo ,city1 ,mississippi1 earned our last ,pony ,outfit by selling only #eee copies within two months4 ,start ,now ,to ,earn ,your ,pony4 ,your pony1 guaranteed to be well-broken and safe for you to drive1 will yet be full of life and a good traveler4 ,the complete outfit is worth #aej4jj4 7,you can have cash if you prefer47 ,if you want a pony1 write at once for details and for copies of the weekly4 ,these you can sell at five cents each4 ,full information will be sent you with the weekly4 ,write today4 ,gold watches and other premiums for boys who do good work4 ,the ,curtis ,publishing ,company1 #dje ,arch ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dbj ,the ,new ,boy's ,leather-,stocking ,by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,rolf in ,the ,woods ,chief ,scout ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,being the ,adventure of a ,boy ,scout with ,indian ,quonab and ,little ,dog ,skookum in the ,war of #ahab4 ,when ,rolf ,kittering crawled out of the window of his little attic room that night to escape his infuriated and brutal uncle1 there was no refuge for him to seek except the camp of his chance friend1 old ,quonab the ,indian4 ,the story of his life outdoors1 of the fight with the monster snapping turtle1 of the journey to the great ,north ,woods1 and how the boy came to know the intimate life of the wild creatures1 will make any boy's1 or man's1 heart beat faster with admiring envy4 ,the most exciting portion of all is where ,rolf comes to put his new knowledge into practice as a daring scout during the ,war of #ahab4 ,profusely illustrated and with marginal decorations by the author4 ,fixed price1 #a4ej ,by the ,same ,author ,two ,little ,savages4 ,net #a4ge 7postage #ag;c47 ,foresters ,manual4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #a4jj 7postage #aj;c47 ,paper1 net1 #ej;c4 7postage #e;c47 ,manual of ,signs and ,sign ,language 7,in ,preparation47 ,cloth1 ,net1 #a4jj 7postage #aj;c47 ,paper4 ,net4 #ej;c4 7postage #e;c47 ,by ,,stewart ,,edward ,,white ,the ,rule of the ,game4 ,fixed price1 #a4dj 7postage #ae;c47 ,the ,cabin ,the ,forest4 ,illustrated4 ,net1 #a4ej 7postage #ae;c47 ,the ,mountains4 ,illustrated4 ,net1 #a4ej 7upstage #ae;c47 ,the ,pass4 ,illustrated4 ,net1 #a4be 7postage #ab;c47 ,camp and ,trail4 ,illustrated4 ,net1 #a4be 7postage #ab;c47 ,garden ,city ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,new ,york ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dba ,you ,can't ,be a ,scout unless you learn how to use your hands in useful work3 ,carpentry1 electrical work and so on4 ,you ,need a ,guide to show you the way1 for all these mechanical matters are easy when you know how1 but terribly difficult to puzzle out by yourself4 ,there's ,only ,one ,set of ,books ever published which really does this1 so simply and clearly that anybody can understand it4 ,it's called ,the ,library of ,work and ,play and its ten volumes tell you all most people ever need to learn about ,carpentry ,mechanics ,electricity ,outdoor ,work ,metal ,work ,gardening and ,farming ,home ,decoration ,games and ,sports ,housekeeping ,needlecraft ,cut off this coupon to-day and mail it to us and we'll send you full information of this most useful and interesting set of books4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,,co4 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,doubleday1 ,page ,,co4 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sent me the booklet descriptive of the ,library of ,work and ,play1 and containing colored plates1 illustrations1 etc4 ,name ,address ---------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dbb ,the ,boys' ,magazine is unquestionably the finest magazine in the world for boys4 ,each issue is filled with fascinating stories and absorbing articles all of intense interest to every live boy4 ,also each issue contains departments devoted to ,electricity1 ,mechanics1 ,photography1 ,carpentry1 ,stamps and ,coins4 ,a big ,athletic department1 edited by ,walter ,camp is a regular feature4 ,every one knows that ,mr4 ,camp is the highest authority on this subject in the country4 ,this department is of great value to every boy who wishes to excel in ,athletic sports4 ,it will be of interest to our ,boy ,scout friends to know that we have recently inaugurated a special department devoted entirely to the ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america4 ,the manuscript and illustrations for this department are specially prepared for us and forwarded each month direct from ,national ,headquarters4 ,a ,new ,handsome ,cover in ,colors ,each ,month4 ,beautifully ,illustrated ,throughout4 ,a ,,big ,,bargain ,,for ,,only ,,fifty ,,cents we will send you ,,the ,,boys' ,,magazine for six months ,,and a copy of the cleverest little book you ever read1 entitled1 ,fifty ,ways for ,boys to ,make ,money ,,and a ,reach ,base ,ball ,fielder's ,glove1 7,this glove is made of fine brown tan leather1 felt padded and leather lined1 patent wide hump1 web thumb and deep pocket47 ,think of it6 ,all the ,above for ,only ,fifty ,cents ,don't put this off but send in your subscription to-day4 ,we will refund your money promptly if you are not more than pleased with your investment4 7,references as to our ,responsibility1 ,hamlin ,bank ,trust ,co41 ,smethport4 ,pa41 or ,dun or ,bradstreet's ,mercantile ,agencies47 ,address ,the ,scott ,f4 ,redfield ,co4 #eie ,main ,street ,smethport1 ,pa4 7,,the ,,boys' ,,magazine is on sale for #aj;c a copy at practically every news stand in ,america4 ,should you prefer to purchase copies each month rather than subscribe1 then your newsdealer will be glad to get our magazine for you in case1 of course1 he does not already handle it47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dbc ,all ,boy ,scouts ,should ,subscribe for this ,best ,boys' ,magazine in the ,world6 ,the ,american ,boy ,,pages are given to the ,boy ,scout movement4 ,its ,editor is a member of the ,national ,council4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 the ,chief ,scout1 contributes a page for each issue4 ,and listen to this6 ,you're a bright1 up-to-date fellow1 you know what's good1 and you like the best of everything4 ,but so far1 you've missed the best reading--the liveliest1 truest1 most fascinating reading you ever set eyes on4 #ejj1jjj boys now read it4 ,you're probably used to reading the ordinary magazines that come to the house1 or newspapers or books4 ,they are all good1 but why not have a magazine all your own1 that comes every month to you1 addressed in your own name1 and that is filled from cover to cover with stories and anecdotes1 and illustrated talks and latest news on sports1 and--oh1 hundreds of things you want to know about--all written by the biggest boys' authors in the country4 ,and pictures6 ,say there are hundreds of them6 ,beats sensational trash all hollow6 ,,subscribe ,,today6 ,subscription ,price #a4jj a ,year4 ,address3 ,,the ,,sprague ,,publishing ,,co4 ,no4#abh ,majestic ,building1 ,,detroit1 ,,mich4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dbd ,for the ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,remington ,,umc 4#bb ,rifles ,repeater1 ,single ,shot ,quickness ,of ,eye1 ,steady ,judgment1 ,self ,confidence--these ,are ,the ,characteristics ,of ,men ,and ,boys ,who ,shoot4 ,buy ,a ,remington-,,umc 4#bb ,single ,shot ,or ,repeater4 ,it ,is ,as ,keen ,a ,rifle ,for ,its ,size ,as ,the ,most ,highly ,developed ,military ,arm4 ,remington-,,umc--,single ,shot ,rifles ,list ,at #d4jj ,and ,up1 ,and ,the ,boys' ,scout ,special ,at #e4jj--;as ,shown ,in ,the ,illustration4 ,it ,is ,especially ,built ,for ,drill ,use4 ,remington-,,umc--repeating ,rifles ,list ,at #ab4fe ,and ,up4 ,these ,rifles ,are ,built ,in ,the ,same ,factory ,by ,the ,same ,experts ,as ,the ,famous ,remington-,u4,m4,c4 ,big ,game ,rifles4 ,send #aj;c in stamps for a beautifully bound and illustrated history of the development of fire arms and ammunition from sling shot to present day high power repeating rifles4 ,this book contains many intensely interesting stories of adventure4 ,address ,boy ,scout ,department ,,remington ,,arms--,,union ,,metallic ,,cartridge ,,co4 #bii ,broadway1 ,new ,york