,transcrib]'s ,note ,a numb] ( typographical errors h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is v]sion ( ?is book4 ,!y h be5 m>k$ ) a ,,tn-1 :i* ref]s to a description 9 ! complete li/ f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,,an ,,e?nologi/',s ,,view ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,,an ,,address ,,be=e ,,! ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,j]sey ,,hi/orical ,,society1 ,,at ,,tr5ton1 ,,new ,,j]sey1 ,,janu>y #bh1 #ahif4 ,,by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,d4 ,sc4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,am]ican ,,ar*,,ology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,,& ,,( ,,g5]al ,,e?nology ,,at ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,philadelphia4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #ahif4 ,an ,e?nologi/'s ,view ( ,hi/ory4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t3 99 99 99 99 99 ,! intellig5t ?\ght ( ! _w is ev] advanc+ to a full] appreciation ( ! wor? ( ! pa/ to ! pres5t & ! future4 ,nev] be=e h associations1 societies & j\rnals devot$ to hi/orical /udies be5 s num]\s4 ,all times & tribes are se>*$ = memorials2 ! remote corn]s ( mod]n1 m$ieval & anci5t p]iods are br\ght "u scrut9y2 & go+ beyond ^! aga91 ! semi-hi/oric eras ( tradition & ! nebul\s gleams f pre-hi/oric mill5iums,,tn-#a are dilig5tly scann$1 t _! unc]ta9 /ory may be prefac$ to t regi/]$ 9 ! syllables ( record$ "t4 ,9 ?is mann] a va/ mass ( mat]ial is accumulat+ ) :i* ! hi/orian has to deal4 ,:at n[ is ! real nature ( ! task he sets be=e himself8 ,:at is ! mission ) :i* he is entru/$8 ,to und]/& ?is task1 to appreciate t mission1 he mu/ ask himself ! broad que/ions3 ,:at is ! aim ( hi/ory8 ,:at are ! purposes = :i* x %\ld be /udi$ & writt58 ,he w f9d no lack ( answ]s to ^! inquiries1 all (f]$ ) equal confid5ce1 b s+ul>ly discrepant among !mselves4 ,8 emb>rassm5t w be t ( selection betwe5 widely div]g5t views1 ea* ably support$ by di/+ui%$ advocates4 ,z ,i am go+ to add /ill ano!r1 n exactly l any already on ! li/1 x may well be ask$ ( me to %[ :y "o or o!r ( ^? already curr5t is n z good or bett] ?an my own4 ,?is requires me to pass 9 brief review ! !ories ( hi/oric me?ods1 or1 z x is prop]ly t]m$1 ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 :i* are mo/ popul> to-day4 ,!y may be classifi$ "u ?ree lead+ op9ions1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,hi/ory %\ld be an accurate record ( ev5ts1 & no?+ m2 an exact & dis9t]e/$ /atem5t ( :at has tak5 place1 conceal+ no?+ & color+ no?+1 recit+ incid5ts 9 _! natural connections1 )\t bias1 prejudice1 or didactic application ( any k9d4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a high ideal & an excell5t model4 ,= _m1 yes1 = ! majority ( hi/orical works1 none bett] c be sugge/$4 ,i place x fir/ & "n x z wor?ie/ ( all curr5t !ories ( hi/orical composition4 ,b1 ,i w\ld submit to y1 is a lit]>y production answ]+ to ?is precept1 really ,hi/ory8 ,is x any?+ m ?an a well-prep>$ annal or *ronicle8 ,is x1 9 fact any?+ else ?an a compilation conta9+ ! mat]ials ( :i* real hi/ory %\ld be compos$8 ,i consid] t ! mission ( ! hi/orian1 tak5 9 its complete/ s5se1 is some?+ mu* m1 mu* high]1 ?an ! collection & n>ration ( ev5ts1 no matt] h[ well ?is is done4 ,! hi/orian %\ld be l ! man ( sci5ce1 & gr\p 8 facts "u inductive sy/ems s z to rea* ! g5]al laws :i* connect & expla9 !m4 ,he %\ld1 /ill fur!r1 be l ! arti/1 & endeavor s to exhibit ^! connections "u lit]>y =ms t !y pres5t to ! read] ! impression ( a symmetrical & organic unity1 9 :i* ea* "p or ev5t be>s def9ite relations to all o!rs4 ,collection & collation are n en\gh4 ,! hi/orian mu/ "w up 8 field notes1 z ! geologi/s say1 s z to extract f 8 data all ! useful results :i* !y are capable ( yield+4 ,i am q c]ta9 t 9 ^! objections ,i c c\nt on ! suffrages ( mo/4 ,= ! majority ( au?ors write hi/ory 9 a /yle widely diff]5t f t :i* ,i h be5 describ+4 ,!y are di/9ctly tea*]s1 ?\gh n at all 9 accord z to :at !y tea*4 ,!y are g5]ally advocates1 & ) m or less op5ness ma9ta9 :at ,i call ! second !ory ( ! aim ( hi/ory1 to wit3 #b4 ,hi/ory %\ld be a collection ( evid5ce 9 favor ( c]ta9 op9ions4 ,9 ?is category are to be includ$ all religi\s & political hi/ories4 ,_! pages are int5d$ to %[ ! deal+s ( ,god ) man2 or ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ( "o ( its sects1 ,ca?olicism or ,prote/antism2 or ! sure gr[? ( republican or ( mon>*ial in/itutions2 or ! pro( ( a div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 or ! c\nt]-pro( t !re is no su* gov]nm5t2 & ! l4 ,y w f9d t mo/ g5]al hi/ories may be plac$ 9 ?is class4 ,probably a man _c himself h v /rong convictions ab\t politics or religion1 & n let !m be se5 9 8 n>rative ( ev5ts :]e su* que/ions are prom95tly pres5t4 ,a few famili> in/ances w illu/rate ?is4 ,no "o c take ei!r ,l+>d's or ,macauley's ,hi/ory ( ,engl& z any?+ m ?an a plea = ei!r writ]'s p]sonal views4 ,gibbon's anti-,*ri/ian feel+ is z p]ceptibly disabl+ to him 9 _m passages z 9 ! *ur* hi/orians is _! se>* = acts ( ,provid5ce1 & ! h& ( ,god 9 human affairs4 ,all su* hi/ories suff] f fatal flaws4 ,!y are d$uctive in/ead ( inductive2 !y are a def5sio s5t5ti>um in/ead ( an inve/igatio v]i2 !y assume ! f9al tru? z kn[n1 & g n =? to seek x4 ,!y are !re=e teleologic1 t is1 !y /udy ! record ( man z ! demon/ration ( a problem ! solution ( :i* is already kn[n4 ,9 ?is !y are ess5tially div9atory1 claim+ =ekn[l$ge ( ! future2 &1 z e e?nologi/ kn[s1 div9ation belongs to a /adium ( incomplete intellectual culture1 "o consid]ably %ort ( ! highe/4 ,z has be5 well said by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 any teleologic !ory di/urbs & falsifies ! facts ( hi/ory2#f-a & x has be5 acutely po9t$ out by ! philosoph] ,hegel1 t x contradicts ! notion ( progress & is no advance ov] ! anci5t t5et ( a recurr5t cycle4#f-b ,i ne$ n dilate ^u ^! errors4 ,!y mu/ be pat5t to y4 ,no matt] h[ noble ! conviction1 h[ pure ! purpose1 !re is some?+ nobl] & pur] ?an x1 & t is1 unsw]v+ devotion to r5d]+ 9 hi/ory ! tru?1 ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,i n[ turn to ano!r op9ion1 t :i* tea*es t-- #c4 ,hi/ory %\ld be a portraiture1 m or less ext5d$1 ( ! evolution ( ! human species4 ,?is is claim$ to be ! sci5tific view ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 t]sely express$ by ,alex&] von ,humboldt 9 ! phrase3 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is ! m]e expression ( a pr$et]m9$1 t is1 fix$1 evolution4#f-c ,x is t advocat$ by ,augu/e ,comte1 ,drap] & ,sp5c]1 & a few ye>s ago ,pr(4 ,g]l&1 ( ,/rasburg1 =mulat$ its basic maxim 9 ^! words3 ,man has develop$ f ! brute ?r\gh ! action ( purely me*anical1 !re=e fix$1 laws4#g-a ,! sci5ti/ ( to-day :o hesitates to subscribe to ^! maxims is liable to be reg>d$ z ( d\btful le>n+ or ( debilitat$ intellect4 ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i am "o su*1 & believe t ,i c %[ s\nd reasons = d5y+ ! assumption on :i* ?is view is bas$4 ,x appe>s to me j z teleologic & div9atory z ^? ,i h previ\sly nam$4 ,x assumes ,evolution z a law ( ! univ]se1 :]eas 9 natural sci5ce x is only a limit$ g5]alization1 inapplicable to mo/ s]ies ( natural ev5ts1 & !re=e ( unc]ta9 cont9uance 9 any s]ies4 ,! optimism :i* x inculcates is insecure & belongs to d$uctive1 n inductive1 reason+4 ,! me*anical !ory on :i* x is bas$ lacks pro(1 & is1 ,i ma9ta91 insuffici5t to expla9 motive1 &1 !re=e1 hi/oric occurr5ces4 ,! assumption t hi/ory is ! record ( a necess>y & un9t]rupt$ evolution1 progress+ "u ironclad me*anical laws1 is a preconceiv$ !ory z detrim5tal to cle> vision z are ! preoccupations ( ! !ologian or ! political p>tisan4 ,any def9ition ( evolution :i* c>ries ) x ! ju/ification ( optimism is z errone\s 9 hi/ory1 z x w\ld be 9 biology to ass]t t all v>iations are b5eficial4 ,!re is no m c]ta9ty t ! human species w improve "u ! op]ation ( physical laws ?an t any individual w2 !re is f> m evid5ce t x w n1 z e species ( ! old] geologic ages has succumb$ to ^? laws1 usually )\t leav+ a repres5tative4 ,i am aw>e t ,i am "h 9 opposition to ! popul> z well z ! sci5tific view4 ,no commonplace is bett] receiv$ ?an t1 ,et]nal progress is ! law ( nature2 ?\gh by :at process et]nal laws are discov]$ is imp]fectly expla9$4 ,appli$ to hi/ory1 a favorite dream ( "s ( ! mo/ rec5t tea*]s is t ! life ( ! species runs ! same c\rse z t ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,"l ,acton1 ( ,ox=d1 9 a late lecture /ates t3 ,! developm5t ( society is l t ( individual2#h-a & ,pr(4 ,fell[s1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 advances ! same op9ion 9 ! words1 ,humanity z a :ole developes,,tn-#b l a *ild4#h-b ,! error ( ?is view 0 cle>ly po9t$ out "s ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,tobl]4#h-c ,!re has be5 no gr[? ( humanity at l>ge at all comp>able to t ( ! individual4 ,!re are tribes to-day 9 ! full /one age1 & o!rs 9 all /ages ( culture above x4 ,! horizons ( progress h be5 z local z ^? ( geography4 ,no solid>ity ( advancem5t exi/s 9 ! species z a :ole4 ,epo*s & /adia ( culture v>y ) race & climate4 ,! mu* talk$ ( law ( cont9uity does n hold good ei!r 9 national or intellectual gr[?4 ,su* are ! criticisms :i* may be urg$ aga9/ ! hi/orical me?ods n[ 9 vogue4 ,:at1 y w ask1 is (f]$ 9 _! /ead8 ,t :i* ,i (f] is ! view ( ! e?nologi/4 ,x is n s ambiti\s z "s ,i h nam$4 ,x does n deal 9 et]nal laws1 nor div9e ! di/ant future4 ,! e?nologi/ does n pr(ess to h be5 admitt$ into ! c\nsels ( ! ,almighty1 nor to h caught 9 8 grasp ! secret purposes ( ! ,univ]se4 ,he seeks ! suffici5t reason = kn[n facts1 & is cont5t ) apply+ ! k he ga9s to pres5t action4 ,be=e /at+ ! view ( ! e?nologi/1 ,i mu/ briefly describe :at ! sci5ce ( ,e?nology is4 ,y w see at once h[ closely x is alli$ to hi/ory1 & t ! explanation ( ! "o almo/ c>ries ) x ! prescription = ! o!r4 ,x beg9s ) ! ackn[l$g$ maxim t man is by nature a greg>i\s animal1 a zoon politikon1 z ,ari/otle call$ him1 liv+ 9 society1 & ow+ to society all ^? traits :i* x is ! bus9ess ( hi/ory1 z di/+ui%$ f biology1 to /udy4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 all t ! man is he owes to o!rs2 & :at ! o!rs are1 !y owe1 9 "p1 to him4 ,toge!r1 !y make up ! social unit1 at fir/ ! family or clan1 itself becom+ "p ( a l>g] unit1 a tribe1 nation or p4 ,! typical folk1 or e?nos1 is a social unit1 ! memb]s ( :i* are b\nd toge!r by c]ta9 traits common to all or mo/1 :i* imp>t to !m a prevail+ "*1 an organic unity1 specific peculi>ities & g5]al t5d5cies4 ,y may inquire :at ^! traits are to :i* ,i ref] z mak+ up e?nic "*4 ,! answ] _c be s precise z y w\ld l4 ,we are deal+ ) a natural ph5om5on1 & ,nature1 z ,goe! once rem>k$1 nev] makes gr\ps1 b only individuals4 ,! gr\p is a subjective category ( our own m9ds4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 psy*ologically real1 & capable ( def9ition4 ,! ,e?nos mu/ be def9$1 l a species ( natural hi/ory1 by a rehe>sal ( a s]ies ( its *>act]i/ics1 n by "o alone4 ,! memb]s ( ?is s]ies are num]\s1 & by no means ( equal importance2 ,i %all m5tion ! mo/ prom95t ( !m1 & 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ,i believe !y %\ld be rank$ = influ5ce on national "*4 ,fir/1 ,i %\ld rank ,language4 ,n only is x ! m$ium ( intelligible int]c\rse1 ( ?\ght-tranf]5ce1,,tn-#c b ?\ght itself is p[]fully aid$ or imp$$ by ! modes ( its expression 9 s\nd4 ,z spok5 language1 9 poetry & oratory1 its might is recogniz$ on all h&s2 :ile 9 writt5 language1 z lit]ature1 x works sil5tly b ) incalculable effect on ! "* ( a p4#aj-a ,next to ?is ,i %\ld place ,gov]nm5t1 und]/&+ ?is ^w 9 its wide/ s5se1 z embrac+ ! t]ms on :i* man agrees to live ) 8 fell[ man & ) woman1 family1 !re=e1 z well z society ties4 ,?is includes ! legal /&>ds ( duty1 ! rules ( relation%ip & desc5t1 ! rights ( prop]ty & ! cu/oms ( comm]ce1 ! in/itutions ( ca/es1 classes & rul]s1 & ^? int]national relations on :i* dep5d w> & peace4 ,i ne$ n enl>ge on ! pr(\nd impress :i* ^! ex]t on ! traits ( ! p4#aj-b ,aft] ^! ,i %\ld "n ,religion1 ?\gh "s brilliant s*ol>s1 su* z ,s*ell+ & ,max ,mll]1#aj-c h claim$ = x ! fir/ place z a =mative influ5ce on e?nic "*4 ,no "o w d5y ! prom95t rank x holds 9 ! e>li] /ages ( human culture4 ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say t mo/ ( ! wak+ h\rs ( ! males ( "s tribes are tak5 up ) religi\s c]emonies4 ,religion is1 h[ev]1 ess5tially div9atory1 t is1 its *ief end & aim is t[>d ! future1 n ! pres5t1 & !re=e ! impress x leaves on national "* is f> less p]man5t1 mu* m ephem]al1 ?an ei!r gov]nm5t or language4 ,?is is con/antly se5 9 daily life4 ,p]sons *ange _! religion ) facility1 b adh]e resolutely to ! laws :i* protect _! prop]ty4 ,! mighty empire ( ,rome secur$ e?nic unity to a degree nev] s9ce equall$ 9 p>allel circum/ances1 & its plan 0 to tol]ate all religions--z1 inde$1 d all enlight5$ /ates to-day--b to insi/ on ! adoption ( ! ,roman law1 &1 9 (ficial int]c\rse1 ! ,lat9 language4 ,i h n =gott5 ! conv]se example ( ! ,jews1 :i* "s attribute to _! religion2 b ! ,romany1 :o h no religion wor? m5tion+1 h be5 j z t5aci\s ( _! traits "u simil> adv]se circum/ances4 ,! ,arts1 ^? ( ,utility1 su* z pott]y1 build+1 agriculture & ! dome/ication ( animals1 & ^? ( ,pleasure1 su* z music1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 mu/ come 9 = a full %>e ( ! e?nologi/'s att5tion4 ,!y repres5t1 h[ev]1 /adia ( culture r ?an national "*4 ,!y influ5ce ! latt] mat]ially & are influ5c$ by x1 & diff]5t peoples h t[>d !m widely diff]5t end[m5ts2 b _! action is g5]ally indirect & unequally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! social unit4 ,^! f\r fields1 ,language1 ,gov]nm5t1 ,religion & ! ,arts1 are ^? :i* ! e?nologi/ explores :5 he w\ld r5d] himself acqua9t$ ) a nation's "*2 & n[ a few words ab\t ! me?ods ( /udy he adopts1 & ! aims1 ne> or remote1 :i* he keeps 9 view4 ,he fir/ ga!rs 8 facts1 f ! be/ s\rces at 8 comm&1 ) ! close/ sift+ he c give !m1 s z to exclude errors ( obs]vation or int5tional bias4 ,f ! facts he aims to discov] on ! above l9es :at are or 7 ! regul> *>act]i/ics ( ! p or peoples he is /udy+4 ,! e?nic diff]5ces s reveal$ are to him :at organic v>iations are to ! biologi/ & morphologi/2 !y indicate evolution or retrogression1 & %[ an advance t[>d high] =ms & wid] p[]s1 or t[>d increas+ feebl5ess & decay4 ,to und]/& !m !y mu/ be /udi$ 9 connection & causation4 ,h5ce1 ! me?od ( ! e?nologi/ becomes t :i* 9 ! natural sci5ces is call$ ! developm5tal me?od4 ,x may be def9$ z ! hi/oric me?od :]e hi/ory is lack+4 ,! biologi/ expla9s ! pres5t /ructure ( an organ by trac+ x back to simpl] =ms 9 l[] animals until he rea*es ! g]m f :i* x began4 ,! e?nologi/ pursues ! same c\rse4 ,he selects1 let u say1 a peculi> in/itution1 su* z ca/e1 & :5 he loses ! traces ( its orig9 ?r\gh failure ( writt5 records1 he seeks = !m 9 ! survivals ( unwritt5 folk-lore1 or 9 simil> =ms 9 primitive conditions ( culture4 ,"h is :]e ,ar*ology r5d]s him mo/ effici5t aid4 ,by means ( x he has be5 able to foll[ ! trail ( mo/ ( ! arts & in/itutions ( life back to a p]iod :5 !y 7 s simple & uncomplicat$ t !y are q transp>5t & intelligible4 ,lat] *anges are to be analyz$ & expla9$ by ! same proc$ure4#ab-a ,?is is ! :ole ( ! e?nologic me?od4 ,x is op5 & easy :5 ! facts are 9 our possession4 ,!re are no secret spr+s1 no occult =ces1 9 ! hi/oric developm5t ( culture4 ,:atev] seems hidd5 or my/]i\s1 is s only because our k ( ! facts is imp]fect4 ,no magic & no miracle has aid$ man 9 8 long conflict ) ! mat]ial =ces ar\nd him4 ,no gho/ has come f ! grave1 no ,god f on high1 to help him 9 ! bitt] /ruggle4 ,:at he has won is 8 own by ! "r ( conque/1 & he c apply to himself ! words ( ! poet3 ,ha/ du ni*t alles selb/ voll5det1 ,heilig glh5d ,h]z8 7,goe!74 ,fre$ f fe> we c n[ brea! easily1 = we "k t no ,deus ex ma*9a m$dles ) ^? s]5e & mighty =ces ^: adamant9e grasp encloses all ! ph5om5a ( nature & ( life4 ,! e?nologi/1 h[ev]1 has n complet$ 8 task :5 he has def9$ an e?nos1 & expla9$ its traits by foll[+ !m to _! s\rces4 ,he has m]ely prep>$ himself = a m delicate & difficult "p ( 8 und]tak+4 ,x has be5 well said by "o ( ! able/ e?nologi/s ( ?is g5]ation1 ! late ,dr4 ,po/1 ( ,brem51 t ,! facts ( e?nology mu/ ev] be reg>d$ z ! expressions ( ! g5]al consci\sness ( ,humanity4#ac-a ,! "t has pass$ :5 real ?9k]s c be satisfi$ ) ! doctr9es ( ! positive philosoph]s1 :o insi/$ t ev5ts & in/itutions mu/ be expla9$ solely f ! ph5om5al or objective _w1 t is1 by o!r ev5ts4 ,s\nd] views prevail1 bo? 9 e?nology & its hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory ( man1 says a ,g]man writ]1 is nei!r a div9e revelation1 nor a process ( nature2 x is fir/ & above all1 ! "w ( man2#ac-b an op9ion reit]at$ by ,pr(4 ,fl9t 9 8 "w on ! philosophy ( hi/ory 9 ^! words3 ,hi/ory is ess5tially ! record ( ! "w & manife/ation ( human nature4#ad-a ,9 bo? sci5ces x is ! ess5tially human :i* alone occupies u2 x is ! life ( man4 ,n[ m5 d n live 9 mat]ial ?+s1 b 9 m5tal /ates2 & solely z !y affect ^! are ! mat]ial ?+s valuable or valueless4 ,religions1 arts1 laws1 hi/oric ev5ts1 all h b "o /&>d ( appraisem5t1 to wit1 ! degree to :i* !y produce p]man5tly b5eficial m5tal /ates 9 ! individuals influ5c$ by !m4 ,all mu/ agree to ?is1 ?\gh !y may diff] widely z to :at su* a m5tal /ate may be2 :e!r "o ( pleasurable activity1 or t ( ! ,buddhi/ h]mit :o s9ks into a trance by />+ at 8 navel1 or t ( ! ,trappi/ monk ^: occupations are ! m$itation ( dea? & digg+ 8 own grave4 ,! e?nologi/ mu/ make up 8 own m9d ab\t ?is1 & ) utmo/ c>e1 = if 8 /&>d ( m]it & dem]it is errone\s1 8 results1 h[ev] mu* he labors on !m1 w h no p]man5t value4 ,!re are means1 if he *ooses to use !m1 :i* w aid him "h4 ,he mu/ endeavor to picture vividly to himself ! m5tal condition :i* gave rise to special arts & in/itutions1 or :i* ^! evolv$ 9 ! p4 ,he mu/ asc]ta9 :e!r !y increas$ or dim9i%$ ! joy ( liv+1 or /imulat$ ! ?ir/ = k & ! love ( ! true & ! beautiful4 ,he mu/ cultivate ! livel9ess ( imag9ation :i* w enable him to transport himself into ! epo* & surr\nd+s he is /udy+1 & feel on himself1 z x 71 _! peculi> influ5ces4 ,m ?an all1 *ief ( all1 he mu/ h a broad1 _m-sid$1 t5d] sympa?y ) all ?+s human1 enabl+ him to appreciate ! emotions & argum5ts ( all p>ties & all peoples4 ,su* complete compreh5sion & spiritual accord w n weak51 b w /r5g!n 8 cle> p]ception ( ^? /&>ds by :i* all actions & in/itutions mu/ ultimately be weigh$ & measur$4 ,!re are su* /&>ds1 & ! really le>n$ e?nologi/ w be ! la/ to d5y or ov]look !m4 ,! say+ ( ,goe! t ,! mo/ unnatural action is yet natural1 is a noble sugge/ion ( tol]ance2 b human judgm5t c sc>cely g to ! l5g? ( ,madame de ,/ael's op9ion1 :5 %e claims t ,to und]/& all actions is to p>don all4 ,we mu/ bru% away ! sophisms :i* insi/ t all /&>ds are m]ely relative1 & t "t & place alone decide on "r & wrong4 ,7 t s1 n only all morality1 b all sci5ce & all k 7 fluctuat+ z s&4 ,b x is n s4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,reason1 ,tru?1 ,ju/ice & ,love h be51 are1 & ev] w be ! same4 ,"t & place1 race & culture1 make no diff]5ce4 ,:5ev] a c\ntry is engag$ 9 ! diffusion ( ^! immortal v]ities1 :5ev] in/itutions are calculat$ to fo/] & ext5d !m1 t c\ntry1 ^? in/itutions1 take noble prec$5ce ov] all o!rs ^: ef=ts are direct$ to l[] aims4#ae-a ,some?+ else rema9s4 ,:5 ! e?nologi/ has acquir$ a compet5t k ( 8 facts1 & d$uc$ f !m a cle> conception ( ! m5tal /ates ( ! peoples he is /udy+1 he has n f9i%$ 8 labors4 ,in/itutions & arts 9 "s degree reflect ! m5tal conditions ( a p1 9 "s degree br+ !m ab\t2 b ! und]ly+ s\rce ( bo? is some?+ /ill m immat]ial & intangible1 yet m pot5t1 to wit1 ,ideas & ,ideals4 ,^! are ! prim>y impulses ( consci\s human endeavor1 & x is va9 to attempt to und]/& e?nology or to write hi/ory )\t assign+ _! consid]ation ! fir/ place 9 ! n>ration4 ,i am anxi\s to avoid "h any metaphysical obscurity4 ,my ass]tion is1 t ! *ief impulses ( nations & peoples are ab/ract ideas & ideals1 unreal & unrealizable2 & t x is 9 pursuit ( ^! t ! great z well z ! small movem5ts on ! ar5a ( national life & on ! /age ( hi/ory h tak5 place4 ,y are d\btless aw>e t ?is is no new discov]y ( m9e4 ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury ,wilhelm von ,humboldt wrote3 ,! la/ & highe/ duty ( ! hi/orian is to portray ! ef=t ( ! ,idea to atta9 realization 9 fact2 & ! mo/ rec5t lecture on ! philosophy ( hi/ory :i* ,i h read1 t by ,"l ,acton1 conta9s ?is maxim3 ,ideas :i* 9 religion & politics are tru?s1 9 hi/ory are liv+ =ces4 ,i d claim t x is timely = me to repeat ^! doctr9es & to urge !m ) vehem5ce1 = !y are g5]ally repudiat$ by ! prevail+ s*ools ( e?nology & hi/ory 9 favor ( ! op9ion t objective1 me*anical influ5ces alone suffice to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( human life4 ,?is ,i pron\nce an inadequate & an unsci5tific op9ion4 ,!re is 9 liv+ matt] ev]y:]e some?+ :i* escapes ! mo/ exhau/ive inve/igation1 "s subtle c5t] ( impulse1 :i* lies beyond ! doma9 ( correlat$ en]gy1 & :i* acts directively1 )\t increas+ or dim9i%+ ! total ( t en]gy4 ,also 9 ! trans=mations ( organic =ms1 !re are prep>ations & propulsions :i* no kn[n doctr9e ( ! me*anical1 natural causes c int]pret4 ,we mu/ accept ! pres5ce ( ! same p[]s1 & 9 a great] degree1 9 ! life & ! hi/ory ( man4#ag-a ,x may be object$ t ab/ract ideas are f> beyond ! grasp ( ! uncultivat$ intellect4 ,! reply is1 consci\sly to reg>d !m z ab/ract1 may be2 b !y exi/ & act = all t4 ,all sane p ?9k & talk accord+ to c]ta9 ab/ract laws ( gramm> & logic2 & !y act 9 simil> unconsci\sness ( ! ab/ractions :i* impel !m4 ,moreov]1 ! ,idea is usually clo!d 9 a concrete ,ideal1 a p]sonification1 :i* br+s x home to ! simple/ m9d4 ,?is 0 long ago po9t$ out by ! obs]vant ,ma*iavelli 9 8 /atem5t t e re=m ( a gov]nm5t or religion is 9 ! popul> m9d p]sonifi$ z ! ef=t ( "o individual4 ,9 e nation or e?nos !re is a prevail+ op9ion z to :at ! highe/ typical human be+ %\ld be4 ,?is ,ideal ( ,humanity1 z x has be5 call$1 is m or less con/antly & consci\sly pursu$1 & becomes a spur to national action & to a consid]able degree an arbit] ( national de/9y4 ,if ! ideal is l[ & be/ial1 ! c\rse ( t nation is d[nw>d1 self-de/roy+2 if x is l(ty & pure1 ! en]gies ( ! p are direct$ t[>d ! ma9t5ance ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are elevat+ & pres]vative4 ,^! are n me*anical =ces1 9 any rational s5se ( ! t]m2 b !y are =ces ! pot5t directive & =mative influ5ce ( :i* _c be d5i$ & mu/ n be und]e/imat$4 ,j 9 proportion z su* ideas are num]\s1 cle> & true 9 ! national m9d1 d _! p[] augm5t & _! doma9 ext5d2 j s mu* m quickly & firmly d !y express !mselves1 9 acts1 =ms & in/itutions1 & ?us enable ! nation to enri*1 beautify & /r5g!n its own exi/5ce4 ,we h b to glance along ! nations ( ! _w & to reflect on ! outl9es ( _! hi/ories1 to p]ceive ! correctness ( ! conclusion :i* ,pr(4 ,laz>us1 p]haps ! mo/ em95t analy/ ( e?nic "* ( ?is g5]ation1 rea*es 9 "o ( 8 essays3 ,a p :i* is n ri* 9 ideas1 is nev] ri*2 "o t is n /rong 9 its ?9k+ p[]s1 is nev] /rong4#ah-a ,i claim1 !re=e1 t ! facts ( e?nology & ! /udy ( racial psy*ology ju/ify me 9 =mulat+ ?is maxim = ! guidance ( ! hi/orian3 ,! consci\s & delib]ate pursuit ( ideal aims is ! highe/ causality 9 human hi/ory4 ,! hi/orian :o w\ld fulfil 8 mission 9 its ample/ s5se mu/ trace 8 facts back to ! ideas :i* gave !m bir?2 he mu/ recognize & def9e ^! z ! prop]ties ( specific peoples2 & he mu/ e/imate _! wor? by _! t5d5cy to national pres]vation or national de/ruction4 ,?is is ! maxim1 ! axiom1 if y please1 :i* bo? ! e?nologi/ & ! hi/orian mu/ be> ev] pres5t 9 m9d if !y w\ld compreh5d ! mean+ ( in/itutions or ! significance ( ev5ts4 ,!y mu/ be ref]r$ to1 & expla9$ by1 ! ideas :i* gave !m bir?4 ,z an ,am]ican hi/orian has t]sely put x1 ,! facts relat+ to successive phases ( human ?\ght con/itute ,hi/ory4#ah-b ,i am aw>e t a /rong s*ool ( mod]n philosoph]s w pres5t ! objection t ?\ght itself is b a necess>y result ( *emical & me*anical laws1 & !re=e t x _c be an indep5d5t cause4 ,dr4 ,po/ has po9t$ly express$ ?is position 9 ! words3 ,we d n ?9k2 ?9k+ goes on )9 u1#ai-a j z o!r functions1 su* z circulation & secretion1 g on4 ,x is n possible = me at ?is "t to ent] into ?is bran* ( ! discussion4 ,b ,i may ask y\r att5tion to ! fact t "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on ! laws ( natural sci5ce1 ! late ,george ,j4 ,romanes1 rea*$ by ! sev]e/ induction an exactly opposite op9ion1 :i* he ann\nc$ 9 ^! words3 ,! human m9d is itself a causal ag5t4 ,its motives are 9 l>ge "p matt]s ( its own creation4 99 99 99 ,intellig5t volition is a true cause ( adju/ive movem5t4#ai-b ,= myself1 aft] :at ,i h endeavor$ to make an unbias$ /udy ( bo? op9ions1 ,i subscribe unhesitat+ly to ! latt]1 & look ^u ,m9d n only z a pot5t b z an indep5d5t cause ( motion 9 ! natural _w1 ( action 9 ! individual life1 &1 !re=e1 ( ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! species4 ,conf9+ ourselves to e?nology & hi/ory1 ! causative idea1 z ,i h said1 makes itself felt ?r\gh e?nic ideals4 ,^! are influ5tial 9 proportion z !y are vividly realiz$ by ! national g5ius2 & elevat+ 9 proportion z !y p>take ( ^? f9al tru?s already ref]r$ to1 :i* are all m]ely =ms ( expression ( "r reason+4 ,^! ideals are ! idola =i1 :i* h sometimes delud$1 sometimes glorifi$1 ^? :o believ$ 9 !m4 ,i %all m5tion a few ( !m to make my mean+ m app>5t4 ,t ) :i* we are mo/ famili> 9 hi/ory is ! w>rior ideal1 ! p]sonification ( milit>y glory & m>tial success4 ,x is pres5t among ! rude/ tribes1 & t x is active to-day1 ev5ts 9 rec5t ,european hi/ory prove only too cle>ly2 & among ourselves1 little w\ld be ne$$ to awak5 x to vivid life4 ,we are less acqua9t$ ) religi\s ideals1 z !y h weak5$ "u ! conditions ( high] culture4 ,!y belong 9 ,european hi/ory m to ! m$ieval ?an to ! mod]n p]iod4 ,among ,mohamm$ans & ,brahm9s we c /ill see !m 9 _! full vigor4 ,9 ^! l[] fai?s we c /ill f9d t int5se fanaticism :i* c be/ be describ$ by ! expression ( ,novalis1 intoxicat$ ) ,god1 drunk ) ! div9e2#bj-a & ?is x is :i* pres]ves to ^! nations :at p[] !y /ill reta94 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld claim = our own p a gr&] conception ( ! purpose ( life ?an ei!r ( ^!4 ,b alas6 _! ideal is too evid5t to be mi/ak54 ,i call x ! divitial ideal1 t ( ! ri* man1 t :i* makes ! acquisition ( mat]ial weal? ! "o /&>d ( success 9 life1 ! only ju/ifiable aim ( ef=t4 ,to mo/ ,am]ican citiz5s ! ass]tion t !re is any m important1 m s5sible purpose ?an ?is1 is simply incompreh5sible or incr$ible4 ,9 place ( any ( ^!1 ! man :o loves 8 k9d w\ld sub/itute o!rs2 & z ^! t\* closely on ! bus9ess ( ! e?nologi/ & ! hi/orian :5 ei!r w\ld apply ! k he has ga9$ to ! pres5t condition ( society1 ,i w briefly ref] to "s advanc$ by v>i\s writ]s4 ,! fir/ & mo/ favorite is t ( moral p]fection4 ,x has be5 =mulat$ 9 ! expression3 ,9 ! progress ( e?ical conceptions lies ! progress ( hi/ory itself4 7,s*f]47 ,to su* writ]s ! ideal ( duty p]=m$ transc5ds all o!rs1 & is complete 9 itself4 ,! *ief end ( man1 !y say1 is to lead ! moral life1 dilig5tly to cultivate ! e?ical p]ception1 ! notion ( ! ought1 & to seek 9 ?is ! f9ality ( 8 exi/5ce4#ba-a ,ke5] ?9k]s h1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ t virtue1 morality1 ! e?ical evolution1 _c be an end 9 itself1 b mu/ be a means to "s o!r end4 ,ef=t direct$ t[>d o!r1 altruism 9 any =m1 mu/ h its f9al measurem5t ( value 9 t]ms ( self2 o!rwise ! immutable pr9ciples ( ju/ice are attack$4 ,i _c enl>ge ^u ?is po9t1 & w cont5t myself ) a ref]5ce to ,pr(4 ,/e9?al's admirable essay on ,! ,idea ( e?ical ,p]fection1 publi%$ "s ye>s ago4#ba-b ,he %[s t 9 its la/ analysis ! ,good has its value solely 9 ! fre$om :i* x conf]s4 ,7 all m5 truly e?ical1 all w\ld be p]fectly free4 ,!re=e ,fre$om1 9 its highe/ s5se1 accord+ to him & sev]al o!r accompli%$ reason]s1 is ! aim ( morality1 & is t :i* gives x wor?4 ,?is argum5t seems to me a /ep ahead1 b yet to rema9 incomplete4 ,= aft] all1 :at is fre$om8 ,x means only opportunity1 n action2 & opportunity alone is a negative quantity1 a z]o4 ,opportunity = :at1 ,i ask8 ,= an answ]1 ,i turn ) satisfaction to an old] writ] on ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 "o ^: g5ial sympa?y ) ! human he>t gl[s on e page ( 8 volumes1 to ,johann ,gottfri$ von ,h]d]4#ba-c ,! "o f9al aim1 he tells u1 ( all in/itutions1 laws1 gov]nm5ts & religions1 ( all ef=ts & ev5ts1 is t ea* p]son1 undi/urb$ by o!rs1 may employ 8 own p[]s to _! fulle/ ext5t1 & ?us ga9 = himself a complet] exi/5ce1 a m beautiful enjoym5t ( 8 faculties4 ,?us1 to ! enri*+ ( ! individual life1 its wor?1 its happ9ess & its fullness1 does all endeavor ( humanity t5d2 9 x1 lies ! end ( all ex]tion1 ! rew>d ( all toil2 to def9e x1 %\ld be ! object ( e?nology2 & to tea* x1 ! purpose ( hi/ory4 ,let me recapitulate4 ,! e?nologi/ reg>ds ea* social gr\p z an entity or individual1 & endeavors to place cle>ly be=e 8 m9d its simil>ities & diff]5ces ) o!r gr\ps4 ,tak+ objective facts z 8 guides1 su* z laws1 arts1 in/itutions & language1 he seeks f ^! to und]/& ! m5tal life1 ! psy*ical welf>e ( ! p1 & beyond ?is to rea* ! ideals :i* !y *]i%$ & ! ideas :i* 7 ! impulses ( _! activities4 ,ev5ts & incid5ts1 su* z are record$ 9 national annals1 h = him _! ma91 if n only value1 z indications ( ! inn] or s\l life ( ! p4 ,by ! comp>ison ( sev]al social gr\ps he rea*es wid] g5]alizations2 & f9ally to ^? :i* *>act]ize ! common consci\sness ( ,humanity1 ! psy*ical univ]sals ( ! species4 ,by su* comp>ison he also asc]ta9s "u :at conditions & 9 :at directions m5 h progress$ mo/ rapidly t[>d ! cultivation & ! enjoym5t ( ! noble/ elem5ts ( _! nature2 & ?is /rictly inductive k is t alone :i* he w\ld apply to fur!r+ ! pres5t ne$s & aspirations ( social life4 ,?is is ! me?od :i* he w\ld sugge/ = hi/ory 9 ! broad mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,x %\ld be nei!r a m]e record ( ev5ts1 nor ! demon/ration ( a !sis1 b a /udy1 ?r\gh occurr5ces & in/itutions1 ( ! m5tal /ates ( peoples at diff]5t epo*s1 explanatory ( _! success or failure1 & practically applicable to ! pres5t ne$s ( human society4 ,su* explanation %\ld be /rictly limit$ 9 two directions4 ,fir/1 by ! pr9ciple t man c be expla9$ only by man1 & c be s expla9$ completely4 ,t is1 no sup]-human ag5cies ne$ be invok$ to int]pret any ( ! incid5ts ( hi/ory3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 no m]ely mat]ial or me*anical conditions1 su* z climate1 food & environm5t1 are suffici5t = a full int]pretation4 ,beyond ^! lie ! inexhau/ible s\rces ( impulse 9 ! ess5ce ( ,m9d itself4 ,secondly1 ! pa/ c tea* u no?+ ( ! future beyond a vague surmise4 ,all !ories :i* proce$ on an assumption ( k conc]n+ f9alities1 :e!r 9 sci5ce or dogma1 are cobwebs ( ! bra91 n ! fruit ( k1 & obscure ! faculty ( intellectual p]ception4 ,x is wa/eful ( "o's "t to frame !m1 & fatal to "o's "w to adopt !m4 ,^! are also two p]sonal traits :i*1 x seems to me1 are requisite to ! compreh5sion ( e?nic psy*ology1 & !re=e are desirable to bo? ! e?nologi/ & ! hi/orian4 ,! "o ( ^! is ! poetic in/9ct4 ,i fe> ?is does n s\nd well f ! sci5tific ro/rum1 = ! prevail+ notion among sci5ti/s is t ! poet is a fabuli/1 & is !re=e z f> (f z possible f ! plat=m !y occupy4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 c really und]/& a p :o rema9s outside ! pale ( ! _w ( imag9ation 9 :i* x f9ds its deepe/ joys2 & n[h]e is ?is depict$ s cle>ly z 9 its songs & by its b>ds4 ,! e?nologi/ :o has no ta/e = poetry may ga!r mu* t is good1 b w miss ! be/2 ! hi/orian :o neglects ! poetic lit]ature ( a nation turns away 8 eyes f ! vi/a :i* w\ld give him ! f>!/ insight into national "*4 ,! o!r trait is m difficult to def9e4 ,to appreh5d :at is noble/ 9 a nation "o mu/ oneself be noble4 ,k ( facts & an unbias$ judgm5t ne$ to be accompani$ by a c]ta9 developm5t ( p]sonal "* :i* enables "o to be 9 sympa?y ) ! f9e/ tissue ( human nature1 f ! fibre ( :i* are =m$ h]oes & m>tyrs1 patriots & sa9ts1 en?usia/s & devotees4 ,to appreciate ^! some?+ ( ! same /uff mu/ be 9 ! m5tal con/itution ( ! obs]v]4 ,su* is ! e?nologi/'s view ( hi/ory4 ,he does n pret5d to be ei!r a prie/ or a prophet4 ,he claims nei!r to possess ! f9al tru? nor to =esee x4 ,he is1 !re=e equally unwelcome to ! dogmati/1 ! optimi/ic naturali/ & ! speculative philosoph]4 ,he refuses any explanations :i* ei!r contradict or transc5d human reason2 b he insi/s t human reason is "o ( ! causal facts :i* he has to consid]2 & ?is br+s him into conflict ) bo? ! my/ic & ! mat]iali/4 ,?\gh he exalts ! p[] ( ideas1 he is no ideali/1 b practical to ! la/ degree2 = he d5ies ! wor? ( any art1 sci5ce1 ev5t or in/itution :i* does n directly or indirectly contribute to ! elevation ( ! individual man or woman1 ! common av]age p]son1 ! human be+4 ,to ?is "o end1 und]/&+ x z we be/ c1 he claims all ef=t %\ld t5d2 & any o!r view ?an ?is ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 any o!r /&>d ( value appli$ to ! records ( ! pa/1 he looks ^u z delusive & deceptive1 no matt] "u :at h]aldry ( title or seal ( sanctity x is (f]$4 ,,footnotes3 #f-a ,9 8 epo*al essay ,die ,aufgabe des ,ges*i*ts*reib]s4 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 ,i41 s4 #ac4 ,x 0 republi%$ ) a discrim9at+ introduction by ,pr(essor ,/e9?al 9 ,die ,spra*philosophis*5 ,w]ke ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's 7,b]l91 #ahhc74 #f-b ,d] ,zweck-,begriff bewirkt nur si* selb/1 und i/ am ,ende 0 er im ,anfange1 9 d] ,unsprngli*keit1 w>4 ,encyclopdie d] philosophis*5 ,wiss5s*aft54 ,!il1,,tn-#d ,i41 #bjd4 #f-c ,die ,weltges*i*te i/ d] blosse ,ausdruck e9] vorbe/immt5 ,entwicklung4 7,quot$ by ,"l ,acton47 #g-a ,die ,m5s*heit hat si* aus natrli*]1 ti]is*] ,grundlage auf re9 natrli*e me*anis*e ,weise entwickelt4 ,an?ropolgis*e ,beitrge1 s4 #ba4 #h-a ,a ,lecture on ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #a 7,london1 #ahie74 #h-b ,see 8 article ,! ,relation ( ,an?ropology to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,july1 #ahie4 #h-c ,ludwig ,tobl]1 9 8 article ,zur ,philosophie d] ,ges*i*te1 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,bd4 ,,xii41 s4 #aie4 #aj-a ,"o ( ! mo/ lucid ( mod]n ,g]man philosophical writ]s says1 ,)\t language1 !re c\ld be no unity ( m5tal life1 no national life at all4 ,fri$ri* ,pauls51 ,introduction to ,philosophy1 p4 #aic4 7,engli% translation1 ,new ,york1 #ahie47 ,i ne$ sc>cely recall to ! /ud5t t ?is 0 ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ! e?nological writ+s ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 & t 8 mo/ celebrat$ essay is entitl$ ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit des m5s*li*5 ,spra*baues und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die gei/ige ,entwickelung des ,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 ,! ?\ght is well & t]sely put by ,pr(4 ,frank ,grang]--,language is ! in/9ctive expression ( national _s4 7,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #ai1 ,london1 #ahif47 #aj-b ,law1 9 its positive =ms1 may be view$ z an in/rum5t us$ to produce a c]ta9 k9d ( "*4 ,frank ,grang]1 ubi supra1 p4 #ai4 #aj-c ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #ee4 #ab-a ,h[ diff]5t f ! position ( ,voltaire1 :o1 express+1,,tn-#e ! g5]al s5tim5t ( 8 times1 wrote1--,! hi/ory ( b>b>\s nations has no m int]e/ ?an t ( be>s & wolves6 #ac-a ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ,bd4 ,i41 s4 #e4 7,leipzig1 #ahid47 #ac-b ,das ,ges*i*te i/ w$] e9e ,(f5b>ung ,gottes1 no* e9 ,naturprocess1 sond]n eb5 ,m5s*5w]k4 ,tobl] 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,bd4 ,,xii41 s4 #bja4 #ad-a ,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #egi4 #ae-a ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,lecky3 ,! m5 ( ea* age mu/ be judg$ by ! ideal ( _! own age & c\ntry1 & n by ! ideal ( ourselves4--,! ,political ,value ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #ej1 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 ,! di/9ction is t betwe5 ! relative /&>d1 :i* we apply to motives & p]sons1 & ! absolute /&>d1 :i* we apply to actions4 ,! effects ( ! latt]1 = good or evil1 are fix$1 & indep5d5t ( ! motives :i* prompt !m4 #ag-a ,! hi/orian1 says ,tol/oi1 is oblig$ to admit an inexplicable =ce1 :i* acts ^u 8 elem5t>y =ces4 ,p[] & ,lib]ty1 p4 #bh 7,eng4 ,trans41 ,new ,york1 #ahhh74 #ah-a ,see 8 article ,ueb] die ,ide5 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie4,,tn-#f ,bd4 ,,iii41 ,s4 #dhf4 #ah-b ,brooks ,adams1 ,! ,law ( ,civilization & ,decay1 ,preface 7,london1 #ahie74 ,?is au?or has rea*$ an advanc$ position ) ref]5ce to ?\ght & emotion z ! impulses ( humanity4 #ai-a ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ,b& ,i41 s4 #d4 #ai-b ,m9d & ,motion1 pp4 #bi1 #adj1 etc4 7,london1 #ahie47 ,pr(4 ,pauls5 goes mu* fur!r1 z1 ,! inn] disposition spontane\sly det]m9es ! developm5t ( ! individual1 & ,! organism is1 z x 71 congeal$ volunt>y action4--,introduction to ,philosophy1 pp1,,tn-#g #ahg1 #aij4 #bj-a ,be=e him1 h[ev]1 ! expression ebrius ,deo 0 appli$ to ! anci5t rhapsodi/s4 #ba-a ,z express$ by ,pr(4 ,droys51 9 8 "w1 ,pr9ciples ( ,hi/ory1 7p4 #af1 ,new ,york1 #ahic71 rec5tly translat$ by ,presid5t ,&rews1 ( ,br[n ,univ]sity--,hi/orical ?+s are ! p]petual actualization ( ! moral =ces4 ,else:]e he says--,hi/ory is humanity becom+ consci\s conc]n+ itself1,,tn-#h ,!re is no objection to su* expressions2 !y are good z f> z !y g2 b !y d n g to ! end4 #ba-b ,9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,b& ,,xi41 ,heft ,,ii4 #ba-c ,ide5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ,b4 ,,xv41 ,cap4 ,i4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! foll[+ misspell+s & typographical errors 7 ma9ta9$4 ,page ,error ,,tn-#a #c mill5iums %\ld read mill5niums ,,tn-#b #h developes %\ld read develops ,,tn-#c #aj ?\ght-tranf]5ce1 %\ld read ?\ght-transf]5ce ,,tn-#d fn4 #f-b ,!il1 %\ld read ,!il ,,tn-#e fn4 #ab-a express+1 %\ld read express+ ,,tn-#f fn4 #ah-a ,vlk]psy*ologie4 %\ld read ,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,,tn-#g fn4 #ai-b pp1 %\ld read pp4 ,,tn-#h fn4 #ba-a itself1 %\ld read itself4