,grace ,actual & ,habitual ,a ,dogmatic ,treatise ,by ,! ,rt4 ,rev4 ,msgr4 ,joseph ,pohle1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,d4 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,dogmatic ,!ology at ,/4 ,joseph's ,sem9>y1 ,le$s 7,engl&71 ,lat] ,pr(essor ( ,fundam5tal ,!ology at ,! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,am]ica ,adapt$ & ,edit$ by ,ar?ur ,preuss ,?ird1 ,revis$ ,edition ,w4 ,e4 ,blake ,son1 ,limit$ ,ca?olic ,*ur* ,supplies #abc ,*ur* ,/4 ,toronto1 ,canada #aiai ,,cont5ts ,imprimatur ,introduction ,"p ,i4 ,actual ,grace ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,nature ,( ,actual ,grace ,section #a4 ,def9ition ,( ,actual ,grace ,section #b4 ,division ,( ,actual ,grace ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,prop]ties ,( ,actual ,grace ,section #a4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,actual ,grace ,article #a4 ,! ,capacity ,( ,m]e ,nature ,)\t ,grace ,article #b4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,actual ,grace ,= ,all ,salut>y ,acts ,article #c4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,actual ,grace ,= ,! ,/ates ,( ,unbelief1 ,mortal ,s91 ,& ,ju/ification ,section #b4 ,! ,gratuity ,( ,actual ,grace ,section #c4 ,! ,univ]sality ,( ,actual ,grace ,article #a4 ,! ,univ]sality ,( ,god's ,w ,to ,save ,article #b4 ,god's ,w ,to ,give ,suffici5t ,grace ,to ,all ,adult ,human ,be+s ,9 ,p>ticul> ,article #c4 ,! ,pr$e/9ation ,( ,! ,elect ,article #d4 ,! ,reprobation ,( ,! ,damn$ ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,grace ,9 ,its ,relation ,to ,free-,w ,section #a4 ,! ,h]esy ( ,! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s ,& ,! ,jans5i/s ,section #b4 ,!ological ,sy/ems ,devis$ ,to ,h>monize ,! ,dogmas ,( ,grace ,& ,free-,w ,article #a4 ,?omism ,& ,augu/9ianism ,article #b4 ,mol9ism ,& ,congruism ,"p ,,ii4 ,sanctify+ ,grace ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,g5esis ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace1 ,or ,! ,process ,( ,ju/ification ,section #a4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,fai? ,= ,ju/ification ,section #b4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,o!r ,prep>atory ,acts ,besides ,fai? ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,/ate ,( ,ju/ification ,section #a4 ,! ,nature ,( ,ju/ification ,article #a4 ,! ,negative ,elem5t ,( ,ju/ification ,article #b4 ,! ,positive ,elem5t ,( ,ju/ification ,section #b4 ,ju/ify+ ,or ,sanctify+ ,grace ,article #a4 ,! ,nature ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,article #b4 ,! ,effects ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,article #c4 ,! ,sup]natural ,concomitants ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,section #c4 ,! ,prop]ties ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,fruits ,( ,ju/ification1 ,or ,! ,m]it ,( ,good ,works ,section #a4 ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,m]it ,section #b4 ,! ,requisites ,( ,m]it ,section #c4 ,! ,objects ,( ,m]it ,index ,footnotes ,,imprimatur ,,nihil ,,ob/at ,/i4 ,ludovici1 die #ah ,jan4 #aiai ,f4 ,g4 ,holweck1 ,c5sor ,librorum ,,imprimatur ,/i4 ,ludovici1 die #ba ,jan4 #aiai ,joannes ,j4 ,gl5non ,ar*iepiscopus ,/i4 ,ludovici ,copyright1 #aiad by ,joseph ,gumm]sba* ,all rights res]v$ ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,becktold ,,pr9t+ ,,book ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,,/4 ,,l\is4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,introduction ,humanity 0 reconcil$ to ,god by ! ,r$emption4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 mean t e individual human be+ 0 =?) ju/ifi$1 = individual ju/ification is wr\ght by ! application to ! s\l ( grace d]iv$ f ! inexhau/ible m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!re are two k9ds ( grace3 7#a7 actual & 7#b7 habitual4 ,actual grace is a sup]natural gift by :i* rational creatures are enabl$ to p]=m salut>y acts4 ,habitual1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 sanctify+1 grace is a habit1 or m or less endur+ /ate1 :i* r5d]s m5 pleas+ to ,god4 ,?is di/9ction is ( comp>atively rec5t date1 b x furni%es an excell5t pr9ciple ( division = a dogmatic treatise on grace47#a7 ,,"p ,i4 ,,actual ,,grace ,actual grace is a transi5t sup]natural help giv5 by ,god f ! treasury ( ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/ = ! purpose ( enabl+ man to "w out 8 et]nal salvation4 ,we %all consid]3 7#a7 ,! ,nature ( ,actual ,grace2 7#b7 ,its ,prop]ties1 & 7#c7 ,its ,relation to ,free-,w4 ,,g5]al ,,read+s3--,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aji-aad1 & ! comm5tators1 especially ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia 7ed4 ,lequette1 t4 ,,iii72 ! ,salmantic5ses1 ,de ,gratia ,dei 7,cursus ,!ologiae1 ,vol4 ,,ix sqq41 ,p>is #ahgj72 ,?omas de ,lemos1 ,panoplia ,div9ae ,gratiae1 ,lige #afgf2 ,dom9icus ,soto1 ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 l4 ,,iii1 ,v5ice #aefj2 99,ripalda17#b7 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 #c vols4 7,i1 ,bordeaux #afcd2 ,,ii1 ,lyons #afde2 ,,iii1 ,cologne #afdh74 99,c4 v4 ,s*zl]1 ,natur und b]natur3 ,das ,dogma von d] ,gnade1 ,ma9z #ahfe2 ,,idem1 ,neue ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,dogma von d] ,gnade1 ,ma9z #ahfg2 99,j4 ,e4 ,kuhn1 ,die *ri/li*e ,lehre von d] gttli*5 ,gnade1 ,tb+5 #ahfh2 ,jos4 ,kleutg51 ,s4 ,j41 ,!ologie d] ,vorseit1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #aeb sqq41 ,mn/] #ahgb2 ,r4 ,c]ci1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 #c vols41 ,p>is #ahgi2 99,c4 ,mazzella1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 #d? ed41 ,rome #ahie2 99,j4 ,h4 ,oswald1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 d4 i4 ,gnade1 ,re*tf]tigung1 ,gnad5wahl1 #crd ed41 ,pad]born #ahhe2 99,d4 ,palmi]i1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 ,gulp5 #ahhe2 99,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,ma9z #ahig2 99,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 ,freiburg #aija2 ,g4 ,lah\sse1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 ,l\va9 #aijb2 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,s4 ,j41 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 ,freiburg #aijh2 ,g4 van ,noort1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 ,am/]dam #aijh2 ,e4 ,j4 ,wir?1 ,div9e ,grace1 ,new ,york #aijc2 ,s4 ,j4 ,hunt]1 ,s4 ,j41 ,outl9es ( ,dogmatic ,!ology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #a sqq42 ,wilhelm-,scannell1 ,a ,manual ( ,ca?olic ,!ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bbg sqq41 ,london #aija2 ,a4 ,dev9e1 ,! ,sacram5ts ,expla9$1 #crd ed4 pp4 #a-dc1 ,london #aije4--,l4 ,labau*e1 ,s4 ,s41 ,god & ,man1 ,lectures on ,dogmatic ,!ology ,,ii1 pp4 #abc sqq41 ,new ,york #aiaf4--;,j4 ,e4 ,ni]emb]g1 ,s4 ,j41 ,! ,m>vels ( ,div9e ,grace1 tr4 by ,lady ,lovat1 ,london #aiag4 ,on ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs cfr4 ,isaac ,hab]t1 ,!ologiae ,grcorum ,patrum ,v9dicatae circa ,univ]sam ,mat]iam ,gratiae ,libri ,,iii1 ,p>is #afdf2 ,e4 ,s*olz1 ,die ,lehre des hl4 ,basilius von d] ,gnade1 ,freiburg #ahha2 ,hmm]1 ,des hl4 ,gregor von ,nazianz ,lehre von d] ,gnade1 ,kempt5 #ahij2 ,e4 ,weigl1 ,die ,heilslehre des hl4 ,cyrill von ,alex&ri51 ,ma9z #aije4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,nature ,( ,actual ,grace ,section #a4 ,def9ition ,( ,actual ,grace #a4 ,,g5]al ,,notion ,,( ,,grace4--,! be/ way to arrive at a correct def9ition ( actual grace is by ! syn!tic me?od4 ,we !re=e beg9 ) ! g5]al notion ( grace4 ,l 8nature107#c7 grace 7gratia1 7 is a ^w ( wide rea*1 us$ 9 a great v>iety ( s5ses4 ,hab]t7#d7 enum]ates no less ?an f\rte52 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be r$uc$ to f\r4 a7 ,subjectively1 grace signifies good w or b5evol5ce %[n by a sup]ior to an inf]ior1 z :5 a crim9al is p>don$ by ! k+'s grace4 b7 ,objectively1 x designates a favor inspir$ by good w or b5evol5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m may be appli$ to any free & gratuit\s gift 7donum gratis datum71 z :5 a k+ be/[s graces on 8 lieges4 c7 ,grace may also mean p]sonal *>m or attractiv5ess4 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m frequ5tly occurs 9 ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature 7! ,?ree ,graces74 ,*>m elicits love & prompts a p]son to ! be/[al ( favors4 d7 ,! recipi5t ( gifts or favors usually feels gratitude t[>ds ! giv]1 :i* he expresses 9 ! =m ( ?anks4 ,h5ce ! ^w gratiae 7plural7 frequ5tly /&s = ?anksgiv+ 78gratias ag]e10 8,deo gratias10 8to say grace aft] meals0747#e7 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal ( ^! mean+s is 8a free gift or favor40 ,! b5evol5ce ( ! giv] & ! attractiv5ess ( ! recipi5t are m]ely ! reasons = :i* ! gift is imp>t$1 :]eas ! expression ( ?anks is an effect foll[+ its be/[al4 ,dogmatic !ology is conc]n$ exclusively ) grace 9 ! fundam5tal s5se ( ! t]m4 e7 ,grace is call$ a gift 7donum1 71 because x is ow+ to free b5evol5ce1 n requir$ by ju/ice4 ,x is call$ gratuit\s 7gratis datum71 because x is be/[$ )\t any correspond+ m]it on ! "p ( ! creature4 ,a gift may be due to ! recipi5t z a matt] ( di/ributive or commutative ju/ice1 & 9 t case x w\ld n be absolutely gratuit\s 7gratis74 ,grace1 on ! contr>y1 is be/[$ out ( pure b5evol5ce1 f no o!r motive ?an %e] love4 ,?is is manife/ly ,/4 ,paul's idea :5 he writes3 8,& if by grace1 x is n n[ by works3 o!rwise grace is no m grace407#f7 ,x is likewise ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e :5 he says1 9 8 ,homilies on ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 t grace is 8some?+ gratuit\sly giv5 444 z a pres5t1 n 9 return = some?+ else407#g7 #b4 ,,natural ,,& ,,sup]natural ,,grace4--,grace is n necess>ily sup]natural4 ,sacr$ ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs sometimes apply ! ^w to purely natural gifts4 ,we petition ,god = our daily bread1 = good heal?1 fair wea!r & o!r temporal favors1 & we ?ank ,him = pres]v+ u f pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 & w>1 al?\gh ^! are bless+s :i* d n transc5d ! ord] ( nature47#h7 a7 ,our petitions = purely natural favors are inspir$ by ! conviction t creation itself1 & ev]y?+ connect$ !re)1 is a gratuit\s gift ( ,god4 ,?is conviction is well f\nd$4 ,god 0 "u no necessity ( creat+ any?+3 creation 0 an act ( ,8 free-w4 ,aga91 _m ( ! favors to :i* human nature1 z su*1 has a claim1 are free gifts :5 conf]r$ ^u ! individual4 ,good heal?1 =titude1 tal5t1 etc41 are natural graces1 = :i* we are all[$1 nay oblig$1 to petition ,god4 ,! ,pelagians employ$ ?is tru? to conceal a p]nici\s error :5 !y unctu\sly descant$ on ! magnitude & necessity ( grace z manife/$ 9 creation4 ,x 0 by su* trick]y t _! lead] succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ! bi%ops assembl$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,diospolis or ,lydda 7,a4 ,d4 #dae7 t 8 tea*+ 0 q or?odox4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & f\r o!r ,african bi%ops lat] report$ to ,pope ,innoc5t ,i1 t if ^! prelates _h p]ceiv$ t ,pelagius meant to d5y t grace by :i* we are ,*ri/ians & sons ( ,god1 !y w\ld n h li/5$ to him s pati5tly1 & t1 consequ5tly1 no blame atta*$ to ^! judges because !y simply took ! t]m 8grace0 9 its ecclesia/ical s5se47#i7 b7 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! t]m 8grace0 is res]v$ = :at are commonly call$ ! sup]natural gifts ( ,god1 ! m]ely pret]natural z well z ! /rictly sup]natural47#aj7 ,9 ?is s5se grace is z %>ply oppos$ to purely natural favors z nature is oppos$ to ! sup]natural4 ,! importance ( ! di/9ction betwe5 sup]natural & purely natural grace w appe> f an analysis ( ! concept itself4 ,consid]$ z gifts ( ,god1 ! /rictly sup]natural graces 7e4g41 ju/ification1 div9e son%ip1 ! beatific vision7 ontologically exce$ ! b\nds ( nature4 ,consid]$ z purely gratuit\s favors1 !y are negatively & positively undes]v$4 ,! grace involv$ 9 creation1 = in/ance1 is n conf]r$ on "s exi/+ b5efici>y1 b actually produces its recipi5t4 ,! creation itself1 !re=e1 be+ entirely gratis data1 all t succe$s x1 sup]natural grace includ$1 mu/ be negatively undes]v$1 9 z f> z x 0 n necess>y = ! recipi5t to exi/ at all4 ,b ! sup]natural graces are indebitae also positively1 i4e4 posit+ ! creation1 because !y transc5d e creatural claim & p[]4 ,bo? elem5ts are conta9$ 9 ! above-quot$ lett] ( ! ,african bi%ops to ,pope ,innoc5t ,i3 8,?\gh x may be said 9 a c]ta9 legitimate s5se1 t we 7 creat$ by ! grace ( ,god1 444 t is a diff]5t grace by :i* we are call$ pr$e/9$1 by :i* we are ju/ifi$1 & by :i* we receive et]nal beatitude407#aa7 ,( ?is la/-m5tion$ grace 7i4e4 grace 9 ! /rictly sup]natural s5se71 ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,?is1 ! grace :i* ,ca?olic bi%ops are wont to read 9 ! books ( ,god & prea* to _! p1 & ! grace :i* ! ,apo/le comm5ds1 is n t by :i* we are creat$ z m51 b t by :i* z s9ful m5 we are ju/ifi$407#ab7 ,9 o!r words1 natural is oppos$ to sup]natural grace 9 ! same way t nature is oppos$ to ! sup]natural4 8,to believe is ! "w ( grace1 n ( nature4 ,x is1 ,i say1 ! "w ( grace1 :i* ! second ,adam br\ght u1 n ( nature1 :i* ,adam :olly lo/ 9 himself407#ac7 ,add+ ! new note obta9$ by ?is analysis we arrive at ! foll[+ def9ition3 ,grace is a gratuit\s sup]-natural gift47#ad7 #c4 ,,! ,,grace ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,grace ,,( ,,*ri/4--,?\gh all sup]natural graces are f ,god1 a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! 8grace ( ,god0 & ! 8grace ( ,*ri/40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is purely accid5tal1 bas$ on ! fact t ! 8grace ( ,*ri/0 fl[s exclusively f ! m]its ( ! atonem5t4 a7 ,! foll[+ po9ts may s]ve z crit]ia to di/+ui% ! two notions3 ,a7 ,! gratia ,dei spr+s f div9e b5evol5ce & presupposes a recipi5t :o is unwor?y m]ely 9 a negative s5se 7n wor?y1 non dignus71 :]eas ! gratia ,*ri/i fl[s f m]cy & b5evol5ce & is conf]r$ on a recipi5t :o is positively unwor?y 7indignus74 ,b7 ,! gratia ,dei elevates ! s\l to ! sup]natural ord] 7gratia elevans71 :ile ! gratia ,*ri/i heals ! w\nds inflict$ by s91 especially concupisc5ce 7gratia elevans simul et sanans74 ,c7 ,! gratia ,dei is a gratuit\s gift conf]r$ by ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity )\t reg>d to ! !&ric m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :]eas ! gratia ,*ri/i is bas$ entirely on ^? m]its4 b7 ,! ,scoti/s hold t ! di/9ction betwe5 gratia ,dei & gratia ,*ri/i is purely logical4 ,!y reg>d ! ,god-man z ! pr$e/9$ c5tre ( ! univ]se & ! s\rce ( all graces47#ae7 ,! ,?omi/s1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d ! grace ( ! angels1 & t :]e) our fir/ p>5ts 7 end[$ 9 ,p>adise1 purely z gratia ,dei2 !y hold t ! m]its ( ,*ri/ did n become op]ative until aft] ! ,fall1 & t1 consequ5tly1 !re is a real di/9ction betwe5 ! grace ( ! angels & t ( our fir/ p>5ts on ! "o h&1 & ! grace ( ,*ri/ on ! o!r4 ,z x _c reasonably be suppos$ t ! angels are end[$ ) specifically ! same graces by :i* mank9d 0 r$eem$ f s91 ! ,scoti/s are =c$ to admit a di/9ction betwe5 ! grace ( ,*ri/ z ,god-man 7gratia ,*ri/i ,dei-hom9is7 & ! grace ( ,*ri/ z ,r$eem] 7gratia ,*ri/i ,r$emptoris71 s t ev5 accord+ to !m1 ! dogmatic treatise on ,grace is conc]n$ solely ) ! grace ( ,*ri/ qua ,r$eem]4 ,h5ce1 grace mu/ be m p>ticul>ly def9$ z a gratuit\s sup]natural gift d]iv$ f ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/47#af7 #d4 ,,ext]nal ,,& ,,int]nal ,,grace4--,ext]nal grace 7gratia ext]na7 comprises all ^? /rictly sup]natural in/itutions :i* /imulate pi\s ?\ghts & salut>y resolutions 9 ! human s\l4 ,su* are1 = example1 ,holy ,scripture1 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,sacram5ts1 ! example ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 etc4 ,int]nal grace 7gratia int]na7 inh]es or op]ates invisibly 9 ! s\l1 & places x 9 relation ) ,god z its sup]natural end4 ,int]nal graces are1 e4g41 ! !ological virtues1 ! p[] ( =giv+ s9s1 etc4 ,! ,pelagians admitt$ ext]nal1 b ob/9ately d5i$ int]nal grace47#ag7 ,/4 ,paul7#ah7 emphasizes ! di/9ction betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal grace by designat+ ! =m] z 8law0 7lex1 7 & ! latt] z 8fai?0 7fides1 74 ,) "o exception1 7viz41 ! ,hypo/atic ,union1 :i* is ! climax ( all graces71 ext]nal is inf]ior to1 because a m]e prep>ation =1 int]nal grace1 :i* aims at sanctification4 ,we are conc]n$ 9 ?is treatise solely ) int]nal grace4 ,h5ce1 proce$+ a /ep fur!r1 we may def9e grace z a gratuit\s1 sup]natural1 int]nal gift ( ,god1 d]iv$ f ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/47#ai7 #e4 8,,gratia ,,gratis ,,data0 & 8,,gratia ,,gratum ,,faci5s40--,! sup]natural grace ( ,*ri/1 exi/+ invisibly 9 ! s\l ei!r z a transi5t impulse 7actus7 or z a p]man5t /ate 7habitus71 t5ds ei!r to ! salvation ( ! p]son 9 :om x inh]es or ?r\gh him to ! sanctification ( o!rs4 ,9 ! =m] case x is call$ +ratiat+ 7gratia gratum faci5s71 9 ! latt]1 gratuit\sly giv5 7gratia gratis data74 ,! t]m gratia gratis data is bas$ on ! words ( our ,"l record$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w3 8,heal ! sick1 raise ! dead1 cleanse ! lep]s1 ca/ out devils3 freely h y receiv$1 freely give407#bj7 a7 ,! gratia gratum faci5s is int5d$ = all m5 )\t exception2 ! gratia gratis data only = a few specially *os5 p]sons4 ,to ! class ( gratuit\sly be/[$ graces belong ! *>ismata ( ! prophets & ! ord9>y p[]s ( ! prie/hood47#ba7 ,ea* ( ^! two species ( int]nal grace may exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r because p]sonal hol9ess is n a necess>y pr]equisite = ! ex]cise ( ! *>ismata or ! p[] ( =giv+ s9s1 etc4 b7 ,consid]$ ) reg>d to its intr9sic wor?1 ! gratia gratum faci5s is decid$ly sup]ior to ! gratia gratis data4 ,/4 ,paul1 aft] enum]at+ all ! *>ismata1 admoni%es ! ,cor9?ians3 8,be zeal\s = ! bett] gifts1 & ,i %[ unto y yet a m excell5t way107#bb7 & !n s+s ! praises ( *>ity37#bc7 8,if ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am become z s\nd+ brass1 or a t9kl+ cymbal4 ,& if ,i %\ld h prophecy & %\ld "k all ! my/]ies1 & all k1 & if ,i %\ld h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 ,i am no?+1 etc407#bd7 ,*>ity is a gratia gratum faci5s4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! gratia gratis data is treat$ else:]e 7,apologetics1 ,my/ic & ,sacram5tal ,!ology71 we mu/ add ano!r note to our def9ition3 ,grace is a gratuit\s1 sup]natural1 int]nal gift1 d]iv$ f ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by :i* man is r5d]$ pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ,god47#be7 #f4 ,,actual ,,& ,,habitual ,,grace4--,! gratia gratum faci5s is giv5 ei!r = ! p]=mance ( a sup]natural act or = ! production ( a p]man5t sup]natural /ate 7habitus74 ,9 ! latt] case x is call$ habitual1 or1 z x sanctifies ! creature 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 sanctify+ grace4 ,actual grace comprises two ess5tial elem5ts3 7#a7 div9e help z ! pr9ciple ( e salut>y sup]natural act1 & 7#b7 ! salut>y act itself4 ,h5ce its designation by ! ,fa!rs z 1 1 1 or1 9 ,lat91 ,dei auxilium1 subsidium1 adiutorium1 motio div9a1--all ( :i* appellations h be5 adopt$ by ! ,s*oolm54 ,actual grace inv>iably t5ds ei!r to produce habitual or sanctify+ grace1 or to pres]ve & increase x :]e x already exi/s4 ,x foll[s t1 be+ m]ely a means to an end1 actual grace is inf]ior to sanctify+ grace1 :i* is t end itself4 ,actual grace may !re=e be def9$ z an unm]it$1 sup]natural1 int]nal div9e help1 bas$ on ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* r5d]s man pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 enabl+ him to p]=m salut>y acts2 or1 some:at m succ9ctly1 z a sup]natural help be/[$ = ! p]=mance ( salut>y acts1 9 consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,actual grace is 7#a7 a help 7auxilium71 because x consi/s 9 a transi5t influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,god on ! s\l4 7#b7 ,a sup]natural help1 to di/+ui% x f ,god's ord9>y provid5ce & all su* m]ely natural graces z man w\ld probably h receiv$ 9 ! /ate ( pure nature47#bf7 7#c7 ,x is attribut$ to ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ord] to indicate t ! graces grant$ to fall5 man are all d]iv$ f ! atonem5t bo? z _! effici5t & _! m]itori\s cause4 7#d7 ,actual grace is said to be giv5 = ! p]=mance ( salut>y acts to %[ t its imm$iate purpose or end is an act1 n a /ate1 & t ! acts = :i* x is giv5 mu/ be 9 ! ord] ( salvation4 #g4 ,,! ,,tw(old ,,causality ,,( ,,actual ,,grace4--,if grace is a sup]natural help1 m]e nature _c1 ( its own /r5g?1 p]=m salut>y acts4 ,consequ5tly1 actual grace ex]cises a causal influ5ce )\t :i* man w\ld be helpless 9 ! matt] ( salvation4 ,! causality ( actual grace is bo? moral & physical4 a7 ,z a moral cause grace removes ! ob/acles :i* r5d] ! "w ( salvation difficult4 ,besides ?is negative x also has a positive effect3 x inspires delight 9 virtue & hatr$ ( s94 ,?is mode ( op]ation manife/ly presupposes a c]ta9 weakness ( ! human w1 i4e4 concupisc5ce1 :i* is an effect ( orig9al s94 ,actual grace ex]cises a heal+ influ5ce on ! w7#bg7 & is !re=e call$ gratia sanans sive m$ic9alis4 8,unless some?+ is put be=e ! s\l to please & attract x10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8! w c 9 no wise be mov$2 b x is n 9 man's p[] to br+ ?is ab\t407#bh7 ,concretely1 ?is moral causality ( grace manife/s itself z a div9ely inspir$ joy 9 virtue & a hatr$ ( s91 bo? ( :i* incl9e ! w to ! free p]=mance ( salut>y acts4 ,^! s5tim5ts may 9 "s cases be s /rong z to deprive ! w tempor>ily ( its fre$om to resi/4 ,! sudd5 conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul is a case 9 po9t4 ,holy ,scripture expressly assures u t ,god is ! absolute ma/] ( ! human w &1 if ,he s *ooses1 c b5d x "u ,8 yoke )\t us+ physical =ce4 ,cfr4 ,prov4 ,,xxi1 #a3 8,! he>t ( ! k+ is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l3 :i!rsoev] he w1 he %all turn x40 8,:o w be s fooli% z to say10 qu]ies ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8t ,god _c *ange ! evil wills ( m51 :i*ev]1 :5ev]1 & :]esoev] ,he *ooses1 & direct !m to :at is good807#bi7 ,x is b r>ely1 ( c\rse1 t ,god grants to any man a summ>y victory ov] 8 s9ful nature2 b ?is fact does n prev5t ! ,*ur* f pray+3 8,v\*safe1 ,o ,"l1 to compel our wills to !e1 ev5 ?\gh !y be rebelli\s407#cj7 b7 ,ev5 m important ?an ! moral causality ( grace is its physical causality4 ,man dep5ds entirely on ,god = ! physical /r5g? necess>y to p]=m salut>y works4 ,grace elevates ! faculties ( ! s\l to ! sup]natural sph]e1 !reby enabl+ x to p]=m sup]natural acts4 ,physical is z di/9ct f moral causality 9 ! ord] ( grace z 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,! hold+ out ( a beautiful toy w n enable a *ild to walk )\t support f its eld]s4 ,moral causality is insuffici5t to enable a man to p]=m salut>y acts4 ,grace 7z we %all %[ lat]7 is absolutely1 i4e4 metaphysically1 necess>y = all salut>y acts1 :e!r easy or difficult1 & h5ce ! incapacity ( nature _c be ascrib$ solely to weakness & to ! moral difficulty result+ f s91 b mu/ be attribut$ ma9ly to physical impot5ce4 ,a bird )\t w+s is n m]ely imp$$ b utt]ly unable to fly2 simil>ly1 man )\t grace is n only h&icapp$ b absolutely incapacitat$ = ! "w ( salvation4 ,consid]$ "u ?is aspect1 actual grace is call$ gratia elevans1 because x elevates man to ! sup]natural /ate47#ca7 ,?is d\ble causality ( grace is well br\ght out 9 ,p]rone's classic def9ition3 8,gratia actualis e/ gratuitum illud auxilium17#cb7 quod ,deus7#cc7 p] ,*ri/i m]ita7#cd7 hom9i lapso7#ce7 l>gitur1 tum ut eius infirmitati consulat17#cf7 444 tum ut eum erigat ad /atum sup]naturalem atque idoneum faciat ad actus sup]naturales elici5dos17#cg7 ut iu/ificationem possit adipisci7#ch7 9 eaque iam consecuta p]sev]>e1 donec p]v5iat ad vitam aet]nam407#ci7 ,9 ,engli%3 8,actual grace is t unm]it$ int]ior assi/ance :i* ,god1 by virtue ( ! m]its ( ,*ri/1 conf]s ^u fall5 man1 9 ord]1 on ! "o h&1 to rem$y 8 infirmity result+ f s9 &1 on ! o!r1 to raise him to ! sup]natural ord] & !reby to r5d] him capable ( p]=m+ sup]natural acts1 s t he may atta9 ju/ification1 p]sev]e 9 x to ! end1 & ?us ent] into ev]la/+ life40 ,?is def9ition is /rictly sci5tific1 = x enum]ates all ! elem5ts t ent] into ! ess5ce ( actual grace4 ,section #b4 ,division ,( ,actual ,grace ,actual grace may be divid$ accord+ to3 7#a7 ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! faculties ( ! human s\l1 & 7#b7 9 ref]5ce to ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,consid]$ 9 its relation to ! diff]5t faculties ( ! s\l1 actual grace is ei!r ( ! intellect1 or ( ! w1 or ( ! s5sitive faculties4 ,) reg>d to ! free cons5t ( ! w1 x is ei!r 7#a7 prev5i5t1 also call$ cop]at+1 or 7#b7 efficaci\s or m]ely suffici5t4 #a4 ,,! ,,illum9at+ ,,grace ,,( ,,! ,,intellect4--,actual grace1 9 s f> z x inspires salut>y ?\ghts1 is call$ illum9at+ 7gratia illum9ationis s4 illu/rationis74 ,?is illum9ation ( ! intellect by grace may be ei!r m$iate or imm$iate4 ,x is m$iate if grace sugge/s salut>y ?\ghts to ! intellect by purely natural means1 or ext]nal graces1 su* z a /irr+ s]mon1 ! p]usal ( a good book1 etc42 x is imm$iate :5 ! ,holy ,gho/ elevates ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 & ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! s-call$ pot5tia ob$i5tialis17#dj7 produces 9 x entitatively sup]natural acts4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! grace ( imm$iate illum9ation foll[s f its absolute necessity z a means ( salvation1 def9$ by ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange1 ,a4 ,d4 #ebi47da7 a7 ,! grace ( m$iate illum9ation may be inf]r$ apriori/ically f ! exi/5ce ( a div9e revelation equipp$ ) su* sup]natural in/itutions z ! ,bible1 ! sacram5ts1 rites1 c]emonies1 etc4 ,9 con=mity ) ! psy*ological laws gov]n+ ! association ( ideas1 intellig5t m$itation on ! ag5cies compris$ "u ! t]m 8ext]nal grace07#db7 elicits 9 ! m9d salut>y ?\ghts1 :i* are n necess>ily sup]natural 9 _! inception4 ,x is n unlikely t ,sacr$ ,scripture ref]s to su* graces z ^! :5 x recomm5ds 8! law ( ,god0 or 8! example ( ,*ri/0 z fit subjects = m$itation4 ,cfr4 ,ps4 ,,xviii1 #h sq43 8,! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$1 conv]t+ s\ls1 444 ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l is lightsome1 enlight5+ ! eyes407#dc7 #a ,pet4 ,,ii1 #ba3 8,*ri/ also suff]$ = u1 leav+ y an example t y %\ld foll[ 8 /eps407#dd7 ,/4 ,augu/9e probably _h 9 m9d ! grace ( m$iate illum9ation :5 he wrote3 8,god acts ^u u by ! inc5tives ( visible objects to w & to believe1 ei!r ext]nally by evangelical exhortations1 444 or int]nally1 z no man has control ov] :at ent]s into 8 ?\ghts407#de7 ,! grace ( m$iate illum9ation has = its object to prep>e ! way quietly & uno/5tati\sly = a grace ( great] import1 namely1 ! imm$iate illum9ation ( ! m9d by ! ,holy ,gho/4 b7 ,! grace ( imm$iate f> surpasses t ( m$iate illum9ation because ! sup]natural life ( ! s\l orig9ates 9 fai?1 :i* 9 turn is bas$ on a /rictly sup]natural enlight5m5t ( ! m9d4 7 ,/4 ,paul expressly tea*es3 8,& su* confid5ce we h1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 t[>ds ,god2 n t we are suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves1 z ( ourselves3 b our suffici5cy is ( ,god407#df7 ,! sali5t portion ( ?is text reads z foll[s 9 ! orig9al ,greek3 1 4 ,speak+ 9 ! plural 7pluralis maie/aticus71 ! ,apo/le confesses himself unable to conceive a s+le salut>y ?\ght 771 & ascribes ! p[] 77 to d s to ,god4 ,consid]$ m]ely z vital acts1 su* ?\ghts proce$ f ! natural faculties ( ! m9d 7 71 b ! p[] t produces !m is div9e 7 71 n human 7 74 ,h5ce ea* salut>y ?\ght exce$s ! p[] ( man1 & is an imm$iate sup]natural grace4 ,a /ill m cog5t argum5t c be d]iv$ f #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #f sq43 8,i h plant$1 ,apollo wat]$1 b ,god gave ! increase4 ,!re=e1 nei!r he t plante? is any?+1 nor he t wat]e?2 b ,god t give? ! increase407#dg7 ,9 ?is beautiful allegory ! ,apo/le comp>es ! g5esis ( sup]natural fai? 9 ! s\l to t ( a plant "u ! c>e ( a g>d5]1 :o :ile he plants & wat]s1 yet looks to ,god = 8! increase40 ,! ,apo/le & 8 disciple ,apollo are ! spiritual g>d5]s ?r\gh ^: prea*+ ! ,cor9?ians receiv$ ! grace ( m$iate illum9ation4 ,b1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 ?is prea*+ w\ld h be5 useless 7non e/ aliquid7 _h n ,god giv5 8! increase40 ,9 o!r words1 ! grace ( imm$iate illum9ation 0 necess>y to make ! ,apo/olic prea*+ effective4 8,=10 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8,god ,himself contributes to ! production ( fruit 9 good trees1 :5 ,he bo? ext]nally wat]s & t5ds !m by ! ag5cy ( ,8 s]vants1 & int]nally by ,himself also gives ! increase407#dh7 7 ,! argum5t f ,tradition is bas$ *iefly on ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8! ,doctor ( ,grace10 ^: au?ority 9 ?is bran* ( dogmatic !ology is unique47#di7 ,8 writ+s ab\nd 9 _m su* synonym\s t]ms = ! grace ( imm$iate illum9ation1 z cogitatio pia1 vocatio alta et secreta1 locutio 9 cogitatione1 ap]itio v]itatis1 etc41 etc4 ,he says among o!r ?+s3 8,in/ruction & admonition are ext]nal aids1 b he :o controls ! he>ts has 8 ca!dra 9 heav5407#ej7 ,augu/9e e/eems human prea*+ z no?+ & ascribes all its good effects to grace4 8,x is ! int]nal ,ma/] :o tea*es2 ,*ri/ tea*es & ,8 inspiration407#ea7 ,9 h>mony ) 8 ma/]1 ,/4 ,fulg5tius ( ,ruspe1 ! able/ def5d] ( ! ,augu/9ian 7i4e4 ,ca?olic7 doctr9e ( grace1 says3 8,9 va9 w our sacr$ disc\rses /rike ! ext]nal e>1 unless ,god by a spiritual gift op5s ! he>+ ( ! int]ior man407#eb7 #b4 ,,! ,,/r5g!n+ ,,grace ,,( ,,! ,,w4--,?is grace1 usually call$ gratia inspirationis17#ec7 may also be ei!r m$iate or imm$iate1 accord+ z pi\s affections & :olesome resolutions are produc$ 9 ! s\l by a prec$+ illum9ation ( ! intellect or directly by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,ow+ to ! psy*ological int]action ( intellect & w1 e grace ( ! m9d1 :e!r m$iate or imm$iate1 is eo ipso also a m$iate grace ( ! w1 :i* implies a new act ( ! s\l1 b n a new grace4 ,:at we are conc]n$ ) "h is ! imm$iate /r5g!n+ grace ( ! w1 :i* is f> m important & m necess>y4 ,we are n able to demon/rate ?is tea*+ f ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,! texts ,john ,,vi1 #dd & ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac1 :i* are usually adduc$ 9 ?is connection1 are inconclusive4 ,h5ce we mu/ rely solely on ,tradition4 ,! argum5t f ,tradition is bas$ ma9ly on ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,9 def5d+ div9e grace aga9/ ,pelagius1 ?is holy ,doctor ass]ts ! indisp5sability & sup]ior value ( ! /r5g!n+ grace ( ! w4 8,by t grace x is effect$1 n only t we discov] :at ought to be done1 b also t we d :at we h discov]$2 n only t we believe :at ought to be lov$1 b also t we love :at we h believ$407#ed7 ,& aga93 8,let him disc]n betwe5 k & *>ity1 z !y ought to be di/+ui%$1 because k puffe? up1 b *>ity edifie?4444 ,& inasmu* z bo? are gifts ( ,god1 al?\gh "o is less & ! o!r great]1 he mu/ n extol our righte\sness above ! praise :i* is due to ,him :o ju/ifies u 9 su* a way z to assign to ! less] ( ^! two gifts ! help ( div9e grace1 & to claim ! great] "o = ! control ( ! human w407#ee7 ,/4 ,augu/9e emphasiz$ ! exi/5ce & necessity ( ?is high] grace ( ! w 9 8 controv]sy ) ! ,pelagians4 ,he 0 firmly conv9c$ t a man may "k ! way ( salvation1 & yet refuse to foll[ x47#ef7 ,he insi/$ t m]e k is n virtue1 z ,socrates _h falsely taught4 ,ecclesia/ical ,tradition 0 always 9 p]fect accord ) ?is tea*+1 :i* ev5tually came to be def9$ by ! pl5>y ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age 7,a4 ,d4 #dah7 z foll[s3 8,if any "o ass]t t ?is same grace ( ,god1 grant$ ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 helps to avoid s9 only = ! reason t x op5s & reveals to u an und]/&+ ( ! div9e comm&s1 s t we may "k :at we %\ld desire & :at we %\ld avoid2 b t x is n grant$ to u by ! same 7grace7 to desire & be able to d t :i* we "k we ought to d1 let him be ana!ma2--s9ce bo? are gifts ( ,god3 to "k :at we mu/ d & to h ! wi% to d x407#eg7 ,l ! illum9at+ grace ( ! intellect ! /r5g!n+ grace ( ! w effects vital acts & manife/s itself *iefly 9 :at are kn[n z ! emotions ( ! w4 ,/4 ,prosp]1 aft] ,fulg5tius ! mo/ prom95t disciple ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 enum]ates ^! z foll[s3 8,fe> 7= #8! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom'72 joy 7#8,i rejoic$ at ! ?+s t 7 said to me3 ,we %all g into ! h\se ( ! ,"l'72 desire 7#8,my s\l longe? & fa9te? = ! c\rts ( ! ,"l'72 delight 7#8,h[ sweet are ?y words to my palate1 m ?an honey to my m\?'720--& he adds3 8,:o c see or tell by :at affections ,god visits & guides ! human s\l807#eh7 #c4 ,,actual ,,graces ,,( ,,! ,,s5sitive ,,sph]e4--,?\gh x _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty ( fai?1 x is highly probable t actual grace influ5ces ! s5sitive faculties ( ! s\l z well z ! intellect & ! w4 ,god1 :o is ! fir/ & sole cause ( all ?+s1 is no d\bt able to excite 9 ! human imag9ation phantasms correspond+ to ! sup]natural ?\ghts produc$ 9 ! intellect1 & to imp$e or p>alyze ! rebelli\s /irr+s ( concupisc5ce :i* resi/ ! grace ( ! w1--ei!r by infus+ contr>y dispositions or by all[+ spiritual joy to run ov] into ! appetitus s5sitivus4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* graces 7:i* ne$ n necess>ily be sup]natural except quoad modum et f9em7 may be inf]r$ ) great probability f ! fact t man is a comp\nd ( body & s\l4 ,ari/otle holds t ! human m9d _c ?9k )\t ! aid ( ! imag9ation47#ei7 ,if ?is is true1 e sup]natural ?\ght mu/ be prec$$ by a correspond+ phantasm to excite & su/a9 x4 ,z = ! s5sitive appetite1 x may ei!r assume ! =m ( concupisc5ce & h9d] ! "w ( salvation1 or aid x by favorable emotions excit$ sup]naturally4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says t ! delectatio victrix has = its object 8to imp>t sweetness to t :i* gave no pleasure407#fj7 ,/4 ,paul1 :o ?rice bes\ght ! ,"l to relieve him ( ! /+ ( 8 fle%1 0 told3 8,my grace is suffici5t = !e407#fa7 #d4 ,! ,illum9at+ ,grace ( ! ,m9d & ! ,/r5g!n+ ,grace ( ! ,w ,consid]$ z ,vital ,acts ( ! ,s\l4--,if we exam9e ^! graces m closely to det]m9e _! physical nature1 we f9d t !y are simply vital acts ( ! intellect & ! w1 & receive ! "* ( div9e 8graces0 f ! fact t !y are sup]naturally excit$ 9 ! s\l by ,god4 a7 ,! ,biblical1 ,patri/ic1 & concili> t]ms cogitatio1 suasio1 sci5tia1 cognitio1 z well z delectatio1 voluptas1 desid]ium1 c>itas1 bona voluntas1 cupiditas1 all manife/ly po9t to vital acts ( ! s\l4 ,b ev5 :]e grace is describ$ z vocatio1 illum9atio1 illu/ratio1 excitatio1 pulsatio1 inspiratio1 or tractio1 ! ref]5ce c only be--if n =malit]1 at lea/ virtualit]--to imman5t vital acts ( ! intellect or w4 ,?is is ! concurr5t tea*+ ( ,,ss4 ,augu/9e & ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,! =m] says3 8,god calls u by our inn]mo/ ?\ghts10 &3 8,see h[ ! ,fa!r draws & by tea*+ delights u407#fb7 ,! latt] quotes ! ,ari/otelian axiom3 8,actus mov5tis 9 moto e/ motus407#fc7 ,if ! graces ( ! intellect & ( ! w are sup]naturally inspir$ acts ( ! s\l1 by :at process does ! m9d ( man respond to ! impulse ( illum9ation & inspiration8 ,! language employ$ by ! ,fa!rs & c\ncils leaves no d\bt t sup]natural k manife/s itself ma9ly 9 judgm5ts4 ,b simple appreh5sion & ratioc9ation mu/ also play a "p1 7#a7 because ^! two op]ations are ( ! ess5ce ( human ?\ght1 & ! grace ( illum9ation always works ?r\gh natural ag5cies2 & 7#b7 because "s intellectual appreh5sions are m]ely cond5s$ judgm5ts & syllogisms4 ,! graces ( ! w naturally "w ?r\gh ! spiritual emotions or passions1 ( :i* !re are elev53 love & hatr$1 joy & sadness1 desire & abhorr5ce1 hope & despair1 fe> & d>+1 & la/ly ang]4 ,) ! exception ( despair 7= :i* !re is no place 9 ! bus9ess ( salvation71 all ^! passions h a practical relation to good & evil & are consequ5tly call$ 8graces0 bo? 9 ,scripture & ,tradition4 ,love 7amor7 is ! fundam5tal affection ( ! w1 to :i* all o!rs are r$ucible1 & h5ce ! pr9cipal function ( grace1 9 s f> z x affects ! w1 mu/ consi/ 9 produc+ acts ( love47#fd7 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age 7,a4 ,d4 #dah7 decl>es t 8bo? to "k :at we mu/ d1 & to love to d x1 is a gift ( ,god407#fe7 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to id5tify ?is 8love0 ) !ological *>ity1 :i* is 8a p]fect love ( ,god above all ?+s = ,8 own sake407#ff7 ,ju/ification beg9s ) sup]natural fai?1 is foll[$ by fe>1 hope1 & contrition1 & culm9ates 9 *>ity47#fg7 ,/4 ,augu/9e sometimes employs ! ^w c>itas 9 connections :]e x _c possibly mean !ological love47#fh7 ,?is peculi> usage is bas$ on ! idea t love ( goodness 9 a c]ta9 way attracts man t[>ds ,god & prep>es him = ! !ological virtue ( *>ity4 ,9 /udy+ ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 !re=e1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 c>itas 9 ! /rict1 & c>itas 9 a second>y & d]iv$ s5se47#fi7 ,! *ampions ( ! falsely s-call$ ,augu/9ian !ory ( grace7#gj7 disreg>d ?is important di/9ction & errone\sly claim t ,/4 ,augu/9e id5tifies 8grace0 ) c>itas 9 ! s5se ( !ological love2 j z if fai?1 hope1 contrition1 & ! fe> ( ,god 7 n also graces 9 ! true mean+ ( ! t]m1 & c\ld n exi/ )\t !ological *>ity4 b7 ,n a few !ologians1 especially ( ! ,?omi/ s*ool1 enl>ge ! li/ ( actual graces by includ+ !re91 besides ! sup]natural vital acts ( ! s\l1 c]ta9 extr9sic1 non-vital qualities 7qualitates flu5tes1 non vitales7 t prec$e ^! acts & =m _! basis4 ,x is impossible1 !y argue1 to elicit vital or imman5t sup]natural acts unless ! faculties ( ! s\l h previ\sly be5 rais$ to ! sup]natural ord] by means ( ! pot5tia obdi5tialis4 ,! gratia elevans1 :i* produces 9 ! s\l ( ! s9n] ! same effects t ! s-call$ infus$ habits produce 9 ! s\l ( ! j1 is a sup]natural p[] really di/9ct f its vital effects4 ,9 o!r words1 !y say1 ! vital sup]natural acts ( ! s\l are prec$$ & produc$ by a non-vital grace1 :i* mu/ be conceiv$ z a 8flu5t quality40 ,^! 8flu5t0 7! oppon5ts ( ! !ory ironically call !m 8dead07 qualities are alleg$ to be real graces47#ga7 ,alv>ez & o!rs endeavor to give _! !ory a dogmatic /&+ by quot+ 9 its support all ^? passages ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 ! ,fa!rs & c\ncils 9 :i* prev5i5t grace is describ$ z pulsatio1 excitatio1 vocatio1 tractio1 tactus1 & s =?4 ,! act ( knock+ or call+1 !y say1 is n id5tical ) ! act ( op5+1 9 fact ! =m] is a grace 9 a high] s5se ?an ! latt]1 because x is p]=m$ by ,god alone1 :ile ! response comes f ! s\l cop]at+ ) ,god47#gb7 ,! !ory ?us briefly describ$ is bo? !ologically & philosophically unt5able4 7 ,holy ,scripture & ,tradition n[h]e m5tion any su* non-vital entities or qualities1--a circum/ance :i* w\ld be inexplicable if x 7 true1 :at ,c>d9al ,gotti ass]ts17#gc7 t ! t]m 8grace0 applies prim>ily & 9 ! /rict s5se to ^! qualities1 :ile ! vital acts are m]ely effects4 ,:5ev] ,sacr$ ,scripture1 ! ,fa!rs1 & ! ,*ur* speak lit]ally1 )\t ! use ( metaphors1 !y inv>iably apply ! t]m 8grace0 to ^! vital acts !mselves & ascribe _! sup]natural "* to an imm$iate act ( ,god47#gd7 ,9 p]fect con=mity ) ?is tea*+ ,/4 ,augu/9e expla9s su* metaphorical t]ms z voc>e & tang]e 9 ! s5se ( cr$]e & fides47#ge7 ,god employs no 8flu5t qualities0 or 8non-vital entities0 9 ! disp5sation ( ,8 grace1 b effects ! sup]natural elevation ( ! s\l imm$iately & by ,himself47#gf7 7 ,! !ory "u consid]ation is inadmissible also f ! philosophical po9t ( view4 ,a quality does n 8fl[0 or t5d to rev]t to no?+ness4 ,on ! contr>y1 its v nature dem&s t x rema9 con/ant until de/roy$ by its opposite or by "s positive cause4 ,x is impossible to conceive a quality t w\ld ( itself rev]t to no?+ness )\t ! int]v5tion ( a de/ructive cause4 ,billu>t m]ely beats ! air :5 he says3 8,pote/ dici qualitas incompleta hab5s se p] modum passionis transeuntis407#gg7 ,:at w\ld ,ari/otle h said if he _h be5 told ( a ?+ t 0 half & half 1 & consequ5tly nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r8 ,actual grace is transitory2 x passes away ) ! act :i* x inspires1 & consequ5tly may be said to 8fl[40 ,b ?is v fact proves t x is n a dead quality1 b a modus vitalis sup]naturalis4 ,9 ! disp5sation ( ,8 grace1 ,god employs no flu5t qualities or non-vital entities1 b ,he ,himself is ! imm$iate cause ( ! sup]natural elevation ( ! human s\l & its faculties4 ,/4 ,?omas is p]fectly consi/5t1 !re=e1 :5 he def9es actual grace z a vital act ( ! s\l47#gh7 #e4 ,,prev5i5t ,,& ,,co,,p]at+ ,,grace4--,! vital acts ( ! s\l are ei!r spontane\s impulses or free acts ( ! w4 ,grace may prec$e free-w or cop]ate ) x4 ,if x prec$es ! free det]m9ation ( ! w x is call$ prev5i5t2 if x accompanies 7or co9cides )7 t det]m9ation & m]ely cop]ates ) ! w1 x is call$ cop]at+ grace4 ,prev5i5t grace1 reg>d$ z a div9e call to p5ance1 is (t5 /yl$ gratia vocans sive excitans1 & if x is receiv$ ) a will+ he>t1 gratia adiuvans4 ,bo? species are di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,scripture4 ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,v1 #ad3 8,:]e=e he sai?3 ,rise ?\ t sleepe/1 & arise f ! dead3 & ,*ri/ %all enlight5 !e40 #b ,tim4 ,i1 #i3 8,:o ha? deliv]$ u & call$ u by 8 holy call+1 n accord+ to our works1 b accord+ to 8 own purpose & grace1 :i* 0 giv5 u 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus be=e ! times ( ! _w40 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bf3 8,likewise ! ,_s also helpe? our infirmity40 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #cj3 8,& :om he pr$e/9at$1 !m he also call$4 ,& :om he call$1 !m he also ju/ifi$4 ,& :om he ju/ifi$1 !m he also glorifi$40 ,apoc4 ,,iii1 #bj3 8,behold ,i /& at ! gate & knock4 ,if any man %all he> my voice1 & op5 to me ! door1 ,i w come 9 to him1 & w sup ) him1 & he ) me40 ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,=asmu* z our turn+ away f ,god is our own act & de$1 & ?is is our deprav$ w2 b t we turn to ,god1 ?is we _c d except ,he r\se & help u1 & ?is is our good w1--:at h we t we h n receiv$807#gi7 ,an equival5t division is t into gratia op]ans & cop]ans1 respectively--names :i* are also f\nd$ on ,scripture4 ,cfr4 ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac3 8,= x is ,god :o worke? 9 y1 bo? to w & to accompli%1 accord+ to 8 good w40 ,m>k ,,xvi1 #bj3 8,b !y go+ =? prea*$ ev]y:]e3 ! ,"l work+ )al1 & confirm+ ! ^w ) signs t foll[$40 ,/4 ,augu/9e describes ! respective functions ( ^! graces z foll[s3 8,he ,god beg9s ,8 influ5ce by work+ 9 u t we may h ! w1 & ,he completes x by work+ ) u :5 we h ! w407#hj7 ,a ?ird division ( ! same grace is t into praev5i5s & subsequ5s4 ,x is likewise di/9ctly ,scriptural17#ha7 & its two memb]s co9cide mat]ially ) gratia vocans & adiuvans1 z c be se5 by comp>+ ! usage ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ) t ( ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil4 8,god's m]cy10 says ! holy ,doctor1 8prev5ts i4e4 prec$es ! unwill+ to make him will+2 x foll[s ! will+ le/ he w 9 va9407#hb7 ,& ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t decl>es t 89 adults ! beg9n+ ( ju/ification is to be d]iv$ f ! prev5i5t grace ( ,god1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 t is to say1 f ,8 vocation1 :]eby1 )\t any m]its exi/+ on _! "p1 !y are call$407#hc7 ,if we conceive a cont9u\s s]ies ( sup]natural graces1 ea* may be call$ ei!r prev5i5t or subsequ5t1 accord+ z x is reg>d$ ei!r z a cause or z an effect4 ,/4 ,?omas expla9s ?is z foll[s3 8,z grace is divid$ into work+ & cop]at+ grace1 accord+ to its div]se effects1 s x may also be divid$ into prev5i5t & subsequ5t grace1 accord+ to ! mean+ atta*$ to ! t]m grace i4e41 ei!r habitual or actual4 ,! effects :i* grace works 9 u are five3 7#a7 ,x heals ! s\l2 7#b7 moves x to w t :i* is good2 7#c7 enables man efficaci\sly to p]=m ! good de$s :i* he wills2 7#d7 helps him to p]sev]e 9 8 good resolves2 & 7#e7 assi/s him 9 atta9+ to ! /ate ( glory4 ,9 s f> z x produces ! fir/ ( ^! effects1 grace is call$ prev5i5t 9 respect ( ! second2 & 9 s f> z x produces ! second1 x is call$ subsequ5t 9 respect ( ! fir/4 ,& z ea* effect is po/]ior to "o & prior to ano!r1 s grace may be call$ prev5i5t or subsequ5t accord+ z we reg>d x 9 its relations to diff]5t effects407#hd7 ,among s _m prev5i5t graces !re mu/ be "o :i* is prec$$ by none o!r 7simplicit] praev5i5s71 & ?is is prem95tly ! gratia vocans s4 excitans4 ,!re is a f\r? & la/ division1 m5tion$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* is also bas$ on ! relation ( grace to free-w4 8,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself10 says ! holy ,synod1 8cont9ually infuses ,8 virtue into ! ju/ifi$1 & ?is virtue always prec$es1 accompanies1 & foll[s _! good works407#he7 ,! opposition "h lies betwe5 gratia antec$5s1 :i* is a spontane\s movem5t ( ! s\l1 & gratia concomitans1 :i* cop]ates ) free-w aft] x has giv5 its cons5t4 ,?is t]m9ology may be appli$ to ! good works ( s9n]s & sa9ts alike4 ,= ! s9n] no less ?an ! j man receives two diff]5t k9ds ( graces--7#a7 su* z prec$e ! free det]m9ation ( ! w & 7#b7 su* z accompany 8 free acts4 ,?us x c be readily se5 t ! fundam5tal division ( actual grace1 consid]$ 9 its relation to free-w1 is t into prev5i5t & cop]at+ grace4 ,all o!r divisions are bas$ on a diff]5ce ( function r ?an ( nature47#hf7 a7 ,! exi/5ce ( prev5i5t grace 7gratia praev5i5s s4 excitans s4 vocans7 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! process ( ju/ification beg9s ) ! illum9ation ( ! intellect1 :i* is by nature unfree1 i4e4 devoid ( ! p[] ( *oos+ betwe5 good & evil4 ,t !re are also graces :i* consi/ 9 spontane\s1 indelib]ate motions ( ! w17#hg7 is cle>ly taught by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t17#hh7 & evid5c$ by c]ta9 ,biblical metaphors4 ,?us ,god is describ$ z knock+ at ! gate 7,apoc4 ,,iii1 #bj71 z draw+ m5 to ,him 7,john ,,vi1 #dd71 & m5 are said to h>d5 _! he>ts aga9/ ,8 voice 7,ps4 ,,xciv1 #h71 etc4 ,cfr4 ,j]4 ,,xvii1 #bc3 8,b !y did n he>1 nor incl9e _! e>3 b h>d5$ _! neck1 t !y might n he> me1 & might n receive in/ruction40 ,! ,ca?olic tradition is voic$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o says3 8,! w itself c 9 no wise be mov$1 unless x meets ) some?+ :i* delights or attracts ! m9d2 b x is n 9 ! p[] ( man to br+ ?is ab\t407#hi7 ,/4 ,prosp] enum]ates a long li/ ( spontane\s emotions :i* he calls sup]natural graces ( ! w47#ij7 ,prev5i5t grace is aptly *>act]iz$ by ! ,patri/ic =mula3 8,gratia e/ 9 nobis1 s$ s9e nobis10 t is1 grace1 z a vital act1 is 9 ! s\l1 b z a salut>y act x proce$s1 n f ! free w1 b f ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh ! salut>y acts ( grace d]ive _! vitality f ! human w1 !y are m]e actus hom9is 771 n actus humani 7747#ia7 8,god10 expla9s ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8does _m good ?+s 9 man1 :i* man does n d2 b man does none :i* ,god does n cause man to d407#ib7 ,& aga93 8,god op]ates )\t u1 9 ord] t we may become will+2 b :5 we once w s z to act1 ,he cop]ates ) u4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 ourselves d no?+ to effect good works ( piety )\t ,him ei!r work+ t we may w1 or cop]at+ :5 we w407#ic7 ,/4 ,b]n>d employs simil> language47#id7 b7 ,cop]at+ grace 7gratia coop]ans s4 adiuvans s4 subsequ5s7 diff]s f prev5i5t grace 9 ?is1 t x supposes a delib]ate act ( cons5t on ! "p ( ! w 71 n 74 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great t]sely expla9s ! di/9ction z foll[s3 8,! div9e goodness fir/ effects some?+ 9 u )\t our cop]ation gratia praev5i5s1 & !n1 z ! w freely cons5ts1 cop]ates ) u 9 p]=m+ ! good :i* we desire gratia coop]ans407#ie7 ,t su* free & consequ5tly m]itori\s acts are attributable to grace is emphasiz$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil3 8,s great is ! b\nty ( ,god t[>ds all m5 t ,he w h ! ?+s :i* are ,8 own gifts to be _! m]its407#if7 ,su* free salut>y acts are n only graces 9 ! g5]al s5se1 b real actual graces1 9 z f> z !y produce o!r salut>y acts1 & _! exi/5ce is z c]ta9 z ! fact t _m m5 freely foll[ ! call ( grace1 "w out _! salvation1 & atta9 to ! beatific vision4 ,x is only 9 ?is way1 9 fact1 t ,heav5 is peopl$ ) ,sa9ts4 7 ,/4 ,augu/9e embodies all ^! consid]ations 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,x is c]ta9 t we keep ! comm&m5ts :5 we w2 b because ! w is prep>$ by ! ,"l1 we mu/ ask ( ,him t we may w s mu* z is suffici5t to make u act 9 will+4 ,x is c]ta9 t we w :5ev] we l1 b x is ,he :o makes u w :at is good1 ( :om x is said 7,prov4 ,,viii1 #ce73 #8,! w is prep>$ by ! ,"l1' & ( :om x is said 7,ps4 ,,xxxvi1 #cb73 #8,! /eps ( a good man are ord]$ by ! ,"l1 & 8 way do? ,he w1' & ( :om x is said 7,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac73 #8,x is ,god :o worke? 9 y1 ev5 to w4' ,x is c]ta9 t we act :5ev] we set to "w2 b x is ,he :o causes u to act1 by giv+ ?or\ghly efficaci\s p[]s to our w1 :o has said 7,eze*4 ,,xxxvi1 #bg73 #8,i w cause y to walk 9 my comm&m5ts1 & to keep my judgm5ts1 & d !m4' ,:5 ,he says3 #8,i w cause y 444 to d !m1' :at else does ,he say 9 fact ?an 7,eze*4 ,,xi1 #ai73 #8,i w take away ! /ony he>t out ( _! fle%1' f :i* us$ to rise y\r inability to act1 & 7,eze*4 ,,xxxvi1 #bf73 #8,i w give y a he>t ( fle%1' 9 ord] t y may act407#ig7 7 ,! mann] 9 :i* grace & free-w cop]ate is a pr(\nd philosophical & !ological problem4 ,a salut>y act d]ives its sup]natural "* f ,god1 its vitality f ! human w4 ,h[ d ^! two factors conjo9tly produce "o & ! same act8 ,! unity ( ! act w\ld be de/roy$ if ,god & ! free-w ( man 9 ea* case p]=m$1 ei!r two sep>ate acts1 or ea* half ( ! same act4 ,to pres]ve ! unity ( a sup]natural act two conditions are requir$3 7#a7 ! div9e p[] ( grace mu/ be trans=m$ into ! vital /r5g? ( ! w & 7#b7 ! creat$ w1 :i* by its own p[] c p]=m at mo/ a naturally good act1 mu/ be equipp$ ) ! sup]natural p[] ( grace4 ,^! conditions are met 7a7 by ! sup]natural elevation ( ! w 7elevatio ext]na71 & 7b7 by ! sup]natural concurr5ce ( ,god 7concursus sup]naturalis ad actum secundum74 ,! sup]natural elevation ( ! w is accompli%$ 9 ?is wise3 ,god1 by employ+ ! illum9at+ & /r5g!n+ grace1 works on ! pot5tia obdi5tialis1 & ?us raises ! w above its purely natural p[]s & con/itutes x a sup]natural faculty 9 actu primo = ! free p]=mance ( a salut>y act4 ,! div9e concursus sup]v5es to enable ! w to p]=m ! actus secundus or salut>y act prop]4 ,?is special div9e concurr5ce1 9 contradi/9ction to ! natural concursus :]eby ,god supports ! creat$ univ]se17#ih7 is a /rictly sup]natural & gratuit\s gift4 ,consequ5tly1 ,god & ! human w jo9tly p]=m "o & ! same salut>y act--,god z ! pr9cipal1 ! w z ! in/rum5tal cause47#ii7 #f4 ,,efficaci\s ,,grace ,,& ,,m]ely ,,suffici5t ,,grace4--,by efficaci\s grace 7gratia efficax7 we und]/& t div9e assi/ance :i* ) infallible c]ta9ty includes ! free salut>y act4 ,:e!r ! c]ta9ty ( its op]ation results f ! physical nature ( ?is p>ticul> grace1 or f ,god's infallible =ekn[l$ge 7sci5tia m$ia71 is a "q 9 dispute betwe5 ,?omi/s & ,mol9i/s47#ajj7 ,m]ely suffici5t grace 7gratia m]e suffici5s7 is t div9e assi/ance :]eby ,god communicates to ! human w full p[] to p]=m a salut>y act 7posse7 b n ! action itself 7ag]e74 ,! division ( grace into efficaci\s & m]ely suffici5t is n id5tical ) t into prev5i5t & cop]at+4 ,cop]at+ grace does n ex vi notionis include ) infallible c]ta9ty ! salut>y act4 ,x may inde$ be efficaci\s1 b 9 matt] ( fact frequ5tly fails to atta9 its object because ! w (f]s resi/ance4 a7 ,! exi/5ce ( efficaci\s graces is z c]ta9 z t !re is a ,heav5 fill$ ) ,sa9ts4 ,god w\ld be nei!r omnipot5t nor inf9itely wise if all ,8 graces 7 fru/rat$ by ! free-w ( man4 ,/4 ,augu/9e repeat$ly expresses 8 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( efficaci\s graces4 ,?us he writes 9 8 treatise on ,grace & ,free-,w3 8,x is c]ta9 t we act :5ev] we set to "w2 b x is ,he ,god :o causes u to act1 by giv+ ?or\ghly efficaci\s p[]s to ! w407#aja7 ,& 9 ano!r treatise3 8,adam _h receiv$ ! ability 7posse7 if he w\ld gratia suffici5s1 b he _h n ! w to ex]cise t ability gratia efficax2 = if he _h possess$ t w1 he w\ld h p]sev]$407#ajb7 b7 ,be=e demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( suffici5t grace x is necess>y1 9 view ( c]ta9 h]etical errors1 c>efully to def9e ! t]m4 7 ,actual grace may be reg>d$ ei!r 9 its intr9sic en]gy or p[] 7virtus1 pote/as ag5di7 or 9 its extr9sic efficacy 7effici5tia1 efficacitas74 ,all graces are efficaci\s consid]$ 9 _! intr9sic en]gy1 because all conf] ! physical & moral p[] necess>y to p]=m ! salut>y act = ! sake ( :i* !y are be/[$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re=e1 & 9 actu primo1 !re is no real b a purely logical di/9ction betwe5 efficaci\s & m]ely suffici5t grace4 ,if we look to ! f9al result1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ?is diff]s accord+ z ! w ei!r freely cop]ates ) grace or refuses its cop]ation4 ,if ! w cop]ates1 grace becomes truly efficaci\s2 if ! w resi/s1 grace rema9s 8m]ely suffici5t40 ,9 o!r words1 m]ely suffici5t grace conf]s full p[] to act1 b is r5d]$ ineffective by ! resi/ance ( ! w4 ,! inefficacy ( m]ely suffici5t grace1 !re=e1 is ow+ to ! resi/ance ( ! w & n to any lack ( intr9sic p[]4 ,?is is a tru? to :i* all ,ca?olic sy/ems ( grace mu/ con=m4 ,m]ely suffici5t grace may be subdivid$ into gratia proxime suffici5s & gratia remote suffici5s4 ,proximately suffici5t grace 7also call$ gratia op]ationis7 conf]s ^u ! w full p[] to act =?)1 :ile remotely suffici5t grace 7also t]m$ gratia orationis7 conf]s only ! grace ( pray]1 :i* 9 its turn br+s d[n full p[] to p]=m o!r salut>y acts4 ,! gratia orationis plays a mo/ important rle 9 ! div9e economy ( grace4 ,god has n oblig$ ,himself to give man imm$iately all ! graces he ne$s4 ,x is ,8 w1 9 _m in/ances1 z :5 we are besieg$ by temptations1 t we petition ,him = fur!r assi/ance4 8,god does n enjo9 impossibilities10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8b 9 ,8 injunctions ,he c\nsels y bo? to d :at y c = y\rself1 & to ask ,8 aid 9 :at y _c d407#ajc7 ,h5ce1 ?\gh grace may sometimes rema9 ineffective 7gratia inefficax gratia v]e et m]e suffici5s71 x is nev] insuffici5t 7insuffici5s71 t is to say1 nev] too weak to accompli% its purpose4 ,calv9ism & ,jans5ism1 :ile reta9+ ! "n1 h elim9at$ suffici5t grace f _! doctr9al sy/ems4 ,jans5ius 7 #afch7 admits a k9d ( 8suffici5t grace10 :i* he calls gratia p>va1 b x is really insuffici5t because no action c result f x unless x is supplem5t$ by ano!r & m p[]ful grace47#ajd7 ,?is h]etic d5\nc$ suffici5t grace 9 ! ,ca?olic s5se z a mon/r\s conception & a means ( peopl+ hell ) reprobates47#aje7 ,"s ( 8 foll[]s ev5 w5t s f> z to ass]t t 89 our pres5t /ate suffici5t grace is p]nici\s r ?an useful to u1 & we h reason to pray3 ,f suffici5t grace1 ,o ,"l1 deliv] u607#ajf7 7 ,x is an article ( fai? t !re is a m]ely suffici5t grace & t x is truly suffici5t ev5 :5 fru/rat$ by ! resi/ance ( ! w4 ,! la/-m5tion$ po9t is emphasiz$ by ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi73 8,?is also we believe1 accord+ to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 t all baptiz$ p]sons1 ?r\gh ! grace receiv$ 9 ,baptism1 & ) ! help & cop]ation ( ,*ri/1 are able & 9 duty b\nd1 if !y w fai?fully d _! %>e1 to comply ) all ! conditions necess>y = salvation407#ajg7 ,! exi/5ce ( suffici5t grace 0 =mally def9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t z foll[s3 8,if any "o sai? t man's free-w1 mov$ & excit$ by ,god1 444 no wise cop]ates t[>ds dispos+ & prep>+ itself = obta9+ ! grace ( ju/ification2 t x _c refuse its cons5t if x w\ld1 444 let him be ana!ma407#ajh7 ,?is dogma c be conv9c+ly demon/rat$ bo? f ,sacr$ ,scripture & ,tradition4 7#a7 ,god ,himself compla9s ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! prophet ,isaias3 8,:at is !re t ,i ought to d m to my v9ey>d1 t ,i h n done to x8 ,0 x t ,i look$ t x %\ld br+ =? grapes1 & x ha? br\ght =? wild grapes807#aji7 ,?is compla9t cle>ly applies to ! ,jews4 ,yahweh did = ! ,jewi% nation :atev] x behoov$ ,him to d lavi%ly 7gratia v]e suffici5s71 b ,8 k9dness 0 unrequit$ 7gratia m]e suffici5s74 ,9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs ,he addresses ! s9n] 9 ^! t]ms3 8,i call$1 & y refus$3 ,i /ret*$ out my h&1 & !re 0 none t reg>d$407#aaj7 ,:at does ?is signify if n ! complete suffici5cy ( grace8 ,! pr(f]$ grace rema9$ inefficaci\s simply because ! s9n] reject$ x ( 8 own free w4 ,upbraid+ ! wick$ cities ( ,coroza9 & ,be?saida1 our ,"l exclaims3 8,if 9 ,tyre & ,sidon _h be5 wr\ght ! miracles t h be5 wr\ght 9 y1 !y _h long ago done p5ance 9 sackclo? & a%es407#aaa7 ,! omnisci5t ,god-man "h ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( graces :i* rema9$ inefficaci\s 9 ,coroza9 & ,be?saida1 ?\gh _h !y be5 giv5 to ! inhabitants ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 !y w\ld h prov$ effective4 ,! conclusion evid5tly is3 ^! graces rema9$ ineffective1 n because !y 7 unequal to ! purpose = :i* !y 7 conf]r$1 b simply & solely because !y 7 reject$ by ^? :om ,god int5d$ to b5efit47#aab7 7#b7 ,?\gh !y did n employ ! "n1 ! ,fa!rs 7 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! notion ( suffici5t grace4 ,?us ,/4 ,ir5aeus comm5ts on our ,"l's lam5tation ov] ! fate ( ! ,holy ,city3 8,:5 ,he says3 7,mat?4 ,,xxiii1 #cg73 #8,h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ toge!r ?y *ildr51 444 & ?\ w\lde/ n1' ,he manife/s ! anci5t lib]ty ( man1 because ,god ha? made him free f ! beg9n+4444 ,= ,god does n employ =ce1 b always has a good int5tion4 ,& = ?is reason ,he gives good c\nsel to all4444 ,& ^? :o d x gratia efficax w receive glory & honor1 because !y h done good1 ?\gh !y 7 free n to d x2 b ^? :o d n d good w exp]i5ce ! j judgm5t ( ,god1 because !y h n done good gratia inefficax1 ?\gh !y 7 able to d x gratia v]e et m]e suffici5s407#aac7 ,/4 ,augu/9e is 9 p]fect agreem5t ) ecclesia/ical tradition1 & ! ,jans5i/s _h no "r :atev] to claim him = _! tea*+4 8,! grace ( ,god10 he expressly says 9 "o place1 8assi/s ! w ( m54 ,if 9 any case m5 are n assi/$ by x1 ! reason lies ) !mselves1 n ,god407#aad7 ,& aga93 8,no "o is guilty because he has n receiv$2 b he :o does n d :at he ought to d1 is truly guilty4 ,x is 8 duty to act if he has receiv$ a free w & amply suffici5t p[] to act407#aae7 ,,read+s3--,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #a2 qu4 #aaa1 art4 #a-e4--;,j4 ,s*eeb51 ,natur und ,gnade1 ,ma9z #ahfa4--,m4 ,glossn]1 ,lehre des hl4 ,?omas vom ,wes5 d] ,gnade1 ,ma9z #ahga4--,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #a-af1 ,gulp5 #ahhe4--,oswald1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 #crd ed41 #a-c1 ,pad]born #ahhe4--,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 disp4 #a1 sect4 #b2 disp4 #c1 sect4 #a-e1 ,freiburg #aija4--;,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #c sqq41 ,ma9z #ahig4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiah1 pp4 #bcd sqq4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,prop]ties ,( ,actual ,grace ,actual grace has ?ree ess5tial prop]ties3 7#a7 necessity1 7#b7 gratuity1 & 7#c7 univ]sality4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is necessity4 ,section #a4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,actual ,grace ,9 treat+ ( ! necessity ( actual grace we mu/ avoid two extremes4 ,! fir/ is t m]e nature is absolutely incapable ( do+ any ?+ good4 ,?is error 0 held by ! e>ly ,prote/ants & ! foll[]s ( ,baius & ,jans5ius4 ,! second is t nature is able to p]=m sup]natural acts by its own p[]4 ,?is 0 taught by ! ,pelagians & ,semipelagians4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ,ca?olic !ology keeps ! gold5 mean4 ,x def5ds ! capacity ( human nature aga9/ ,prote/ants & ,jans5i/s1 & upholds its incapacity & impot5ce aga9/ ,pelagians & ,semipelagians4 ,?us our pres5t ,section naturally falls into ?ree ,articles4 ,article #a4 ,! ,capacity ,( ,m]e ,nature ,)\t ,grace ,! capacity ( nature 9 its own doma9 may be consid]$ ) reg>d ei!r to ! intellect or to ! w4 99,!sis ,i3 ,man is capable by ! natural p[] ( 8 intellect to arrive at a k ( ,god f a consid]ation ( ! physical univ]se499 ,?is proposition embodies an article ( fai? def9$ by ! ,vatican ,c\ncil3 8,if any "o %all say t ! "o true ,god1 our ,creator & ,"l1 _c be c]ta9ly kn[n by ! natural light ( human reason ?r\gh creat$ ?+s1 let him be ana!ma407#aaf7 ,= a =mal demon/ration ( ?is tru? we mu/ ref] ! read] to our treatise on ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #ag sqq4 ,! argum5t !re giv5 may be supplem5t$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ,! ,vatican ,c\ncil v9dicates ! native p[] ( ! human intellect :5 x says3 8,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ) "o cons5t1 has ev] held & does hold1 t !re is a tw(old ord] ( k1 di/9ct bo? 9 pr9ciple & 9 object3 9 pr9ciple1 because our k 9 ! "o is by natural reason1 & 9 ! o!r by div9e fai?2 9 object1 because1 besides ^? ?+s to :i* natural reason c atta91 !re are propos$ to our belief my/]ies hidd5 9 ,god1 :i*1 unless div9ely reveal$1 _c be kn[n407#aag7 ,?is tea*+1 :i* ! ,*ur* _h repeat$ly emphasiz$ on previ\s occasions aga9/ ! scepticism ( ,ni*olas de ,ultricuria17#aah7 ! rationali/ic philosophy ( ,pomponazzi1 ! 8log-/ick-&-/one0 !ory7#aai7 ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 ! exagg]ations ( ! ,jans5i/s1 & ! vag>ies ( ! ,traditionali/s17#abj7 is bas$ on ,revelation z well z on s\nd reason4 ,holy ,scripture cle>ly tea*es t we c ga9 a c]ta9 k ( ,god f a consid]ation ( ! creat$ univ]se47#aba7 ,reason tells u t a creature end[$ ) intellig5ce mu/ be capable ( acquir+ natural k1 & t sup]natural fai? is bas$ on c]ta9 praeambula1 :i* are no?+ else ?an philosophical & hi/orical tru?s47#abb7 8,! exi/5ce ( ,god & o!r l tru?s10 says ,/4 ,?omas1 8are n articles ( fai?1 b preambles to ! articles2 = fai? presupposes natural k1 ev5 z grace presupposes nature1 & p]fection some?+ t c be p]fect$407#abc7 ,lu!r d5\nc$ reason z ! mo/ dang]\s ?+ on e>?1 because 8all its discussions & conclusions are z c]ta9ly false & errone\s z !re is a ,god 9 ,heav5407#abd7 ,! ,*ur* tea*es1 9 accordance ) s\nd philosophy & exp]i5ce1 t ! orig9al p[]s ( human nature1 especially free-w1 ?\gh greatly weak5$1 h n be5 de/roy$ by orig9al s947#abe7 ,! ,s*ola/ics1 x is true1 reckon$ ignorance among ! f\r 8w\nds ( nature0 inflict$ by orig9al s947#abf7 ,b ?is tea*+ mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ! light 9 :i* ! ,*ur* condemn$ ,quesnel's proposition t 8,all natural k ( ,god1 ev5 t f\nd 9 pagan philosoph]s1 c come f n[h]e else ?an ,god1 & )\t grace produces no?+ b presumption1 vanity1 & opposition aga9/ ,god ,himself1 in/ead ( adoration1 gratitude1 & love407#abg7 ,! ,traditionali/ cont5tion t ! intr9sic weakness ( ! human intellect c be cur$ only by a primitive revelation h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( spee* & in/ruction1 or by a special int]ior illum9ation1 involves ! false assumption t !re c be a cognitive faculty incapable ( k1--:i* w\ld ultimately lead to a d5ial ( ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 nature & ! sup]natural1 because x repres5ts ext]ior revelation or int]ior grace z some?+ positively due to fall5 nature47#abh7 ,foll[+ ! lead ( ,/4 ,?omas17#abi7 ,ca?olic apologi/s1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! necessity ( a sup]natural revelation ev5 ) reg>d to ! tru?s ( natural religion & e?ics1 base _! argum5t n on ! alleg$ physical incapacity ( reason to asc]ta9 ^! tru?s1 b on ! moral impossibility 7i4e4 insup]able difficulty7 ( f9d+ !m unaid$4 8,x is to be ascrib$ to ?is div9e ,revelation10 says ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 8t su* tru?s among ?+s div9e z are n ( !mselves beyond human reason1 c1 ev5 9 ! pres5t /ate ( mank9d1 be kn[n by e "o ) facility & firm assurance1 & )\t admixture ( error407#acj7 ,9 con=mity ) ! tea*+ ( ,revelation & ,tradition1 ! ,*ur* has always %>ply di/+ui%$ betwe5 & 1--fai? & k1 revelation & philosophy1--assign+ to reason ! d\ble rle ( an indisp5sable =]unn] & a docile h&maid ( fai?4 ,f> f antagoniz+ reason1 z *>g$ by h] enemies1 ! ,*ur* has on ! contr>y always valiantly *ampion$ its rights aga9/ ,scepticism1 ,positivism1 ,criticism1 ,traditionalism1 ,rationalism1 ,pan!ism1 & ,mod]nism47#aca7 #b4 ,z reg>ds ^? purely natural tru?s t con/itute ! doma9 ( sci5ce & art1 ,ca?olic div9es are practically unanim\s7#acb7 9 hold+ t1 ?\gh man possesses ! physical ability ( kn[+ e s+le "o ( ^! tru?s1 ev5 ! mo/ highly gift$ _c ma/] !m all4 ,c>d9al ,mezz(anti _h acquir$ a k ( _m languages17#acc7 & und\bt$ly 0 capable ( le>n+ _m m2 yet )\t a special grace he c\ld n h le>n$ all ! languages spok5 on e>?1 ?\gh _! numb] is by no means inf9ite4 ,! sci5ce ( ma!matics1 :i* embraces b a limit$ field ( k1 comprises an indef9ite numb] ( propositions & problems :i* ev5 ! greate/ g5ius c n ma/]4 ,add to ^! imp$im5ts ! %ortness ( human life1 ! limitations ( ! intellect1 ! multitude & intricacy ( sci5tific me?ods1 ! inaccessibility ( _m objects :i* are 9 !mselves kn[able1 7e4g4 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ! /ell> univ]se7--& y h a ho/ ( limitations :i* make x physically impossible = ! m9d ( man to encompass ! realm ( natural tru?s47#acd7 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,fall5 man1 :e!r pagan or s9n]1 is able to p]=m "s naturally good works )\t ! aid ( grace499 ,?is !sis may be te*nically qualifi$ z propositio c]ta4 ,pro(4 ,a man p]=m+ moral acts may be ei!r 9 a /ate ( unbelief1 or ( mortal s91 or ( sanctify+ grace4 ,! "q "h at issue is *iefly :e!r all ! works ( pagans1 t is all acts done )\t grace ( any k9d1 are morally bad1 or :e!r any purely natural works may be good despite ! abs5ce ( grace4 ,baius & ,jans5ius affirm$ ?is2 nay m1 !y ass]t$ t no man c p]=m good works unless he is 9 ! /ate ( grace & inspir$ by a p]fect love ( ,god 7c>itas74 ,if ?is 7 true1 all ! works ( pagans & ( su* ,*ri/ians z h lo/ ! fai?1 w\ld be s _m s9s4 ,b x is n true4 ,! g5u9e tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* may be ga!r$ f h] (ficial condemnation ( ! tw5ty-fif?1 ! tw5ty-six?1 & ! ?irty-sev5? propositions ( ,baius4 ,^! propositions run z foll[s3 8,)\t ! aid ( ,god's grace free-w ha? p[] only to s9207#ace7 8,to admit t !re is su* a ?+ z a natural good1 i4e4 "o :i* orig9ates solely 9 ! p[]s ( nature1 is to %>e ! error ( ,pelagius207#acf7 8,all ! actions ( unbeliev]s are s9s & ! virtues ( philosoph]s vices407#acg7 ,to ^! we may add ! proposition condemn$ by ,pope ,alex&] ,,viii1 t 8,! unbeliev] necess>ily s9s 9 :atev] he does407#ach7 #a4 ,sacr$ ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs1 ,/4 ,augu/9e includ$1 admit ! possibility ( p]=m+ naturally good1 ?\gh unm]itori\s1 works 7op]a /]ilit] bona7 9 ! /ate ( unbelief2 & _! tea*+ is 9 p]fect con=mity ) "r reason4 a7 ,our ,div9e ,"l ,himself says37#aci7 8,if y love !m t love y1 :at rew>d7#adj7 %all y h8 ,d n ev5 ! publicans ?is8 ,& if y salute7#ada7 y\r bre?r5 only1 :at d y m8 ,d n also ! hea!ns7#adb7 ?is80 ,! mean+ pla9ly is3 ,to salute "o's neighbor is an act ( *>ity1 a naturally good de$1 common ev5 among ! hea!ns1 & "o :i*1 n be+ done f a sup]natural motive1 des]ves no sup]natural rew>d4 ,b ?is does n by any means imply t to salute "o's neighbor is s9ful4 ,/4 ,paul7#adc7 says3 8,= :5 ! g5tiles17#add7 :o h n ! law17#ade7 d by nature7#adf7 ^? ?+s t are ( ! law2 ^! hav+ n ! law are a law to !mselves3 :o %ew ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts40 ,by 8g5tiles0 ! ,apo/le evid5tly means g5u9e hea!ns1 n conv]ts f paganism to ,*ri/ianity1 & h5ce ! mean+ ( ! passage is t ! hea!ns :o "k ! natural law embodi$ 9 ! ,decalogue only z a po/ulate ( reason1 are by nature7#adg7 able to 8d ^? ?+s t are ( ! law107#adh7 i4e4 obs]ve at lea/ "s ( its precepts4 ,t ,/4 ,paul did n ?9k ! g5tiles capable ( obs]v+ ! :ole law )\t ! aid ( grace appe>s f 8 d5unciation ( _! folly1 a little fur!r up 9 ! same ,epi/le3 8,because t1 :5 !y knew ,god1 !y h n glorifi$ him z ,god1 or giv5 ?anks2 b became va9 9 _! ?\ghts1 & _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$1 etc4107#adi7 & also f ! hypo!tic =m ( ,rom4 ,,ii1 #ad 9 ! orig9al ,greek text3 8 444 --,si qu&o g5tes1 444 quae legis sunt1 faciunt407#aej7 ,9 ,rom4 ,,xiv1 #bc3 8,= all t is n fai? is s9107#aea7 a text (t5 quot$ aga9/ our !sis1 8fai?0 does n mean ! !ological habit ( fai?1 b 8consci5ce107#aeb7 z ! context cle>ly %[s47#aec7 b7 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs is 9 sub/antial h>mony ) ,sacr$ ,scripture4 7 ,?us ,/4 ,j]ome1 speak+ ( ! rew>d :i* ,yahweh gave to ,nabu*odonosor = 8 s]vices aga9/ ,tyre17#aed7 says3 8,! fact t ,nabu*odonosor 0 rew>d$ = a good "w %[s t ev5 ! g5tiles 9 ! judgm5t ( ,god are n pass$ ov] )\t a rew>d :5 !y h p]=m$ a good de$407#aee7 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ! same holy ,doctor obs]ves3 8,_m :o are )\t ! fai? & h n ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 yet p]=m prud5t & holy actions1 e4g4 by obey+ _! p>5ts1 succor+ ! ne$y1 n oppress+ _! neighbors1 n tak+ away ! possessions ( o!rs407#aef7 7 ,! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e (f]s "s difficulties4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is ,fa!r freely admitt$ t pagans & infidels c p]=m naturally good works )\t fai? & grace4 ,?us he says !re is no man s wick$ t "s good _c be f\nd 9 him47#aeg7 ,he extols ! mod]ation ( ,polemo7#aeh7 & ! purity ( ,alypius1 :o 7 bo? pagans47#aei7 ,he admires ! civic virtues ( ! anci5t ,romans17#afj7 etc4 ,hold+ su* views1 h[ c\ld ,augu/9e write3 8,nei!r do? free-w avail = any?+ except s91 if ! way ( tru? is hidd5407#afa7 ,& :at did 8 disciple ,prosp] mean :5 he said3 8,! :ole life ( unbeliev]s is a s91 & no?+ is good )\t ! highe/ good4 ,= :]ev] !re is no recognition ( ! supreme & immutable tru?1 !re c be no g5u9e virtue1 ev5 if ! moral /&>d be ( ! highe/407#afb7 ,to und]/& ^! & simil> passages rightly & to expla9 at ! same "t h[ x 0 possible = ,baius & ,jans5ius to bol/] _! h]etical sy/ems ) quotations f ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 disciples1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! quondam rhetorician & ,platonic ideali/ ( ,hippo delights 9 apply+ to ! g5us ! designation :i* belongs to its highe/ species1 & vice v]sa47#afc7 ,?us1 9 speak+ ( lib]ty1 he (t5 means ! p]fect lib]ty enjoy$ by our fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise27#afd7 9 us+ ! t]m 8*ildr5 ( ,god0 he designates ^? :o p]sev]e 9 righte\sness27#afe7 & 9 employ+ ! phrase 8a good "w0 he means "o sup]naturally m]itori\s4 ,or1 vice v]sa1 he designates ! slighte/ good impulse ( ! w z 8c>itas10 z x 7 by anticipation1 & br&s e unm]itori\s "w 7opus in=me s4 /]ile7 z false virtue 7falsa virtus71 nay s9 7peccatum74 ,to int]pret ,/4 ,augu/9e correctly1 !re=e1 all[ance mu/ be made = 8 peculi> idealism & a c>eful di/9ction drawn betwe5 ! real & ! metaphorical s5se ( ! t]ms :i* he employs4 ,baius neglect$ ?is precaution & fur!rmore paid no att5tion to ! controv]sial attitude ( ! holy ,doctor4 ,augu/9e's peculi> task 0 n to ma9ta9 ! possibility ( naturally good works )\t fai? & grace1 b to def5d aga9/ ,pelagius & ,julian ! impossibility ( p]=m+ sup]naturally good & m]itori\s works )\t ! aid ( grace4 ,x is ?is ess5tial diff]5ce 9 _! respective po9ts ( view t expla9s h[ ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,baius 7 able to employ id5tical or simil> t]ms to express radically diff]5t ideas47#aff7 c7 ,x c easily be demon/rat$ on !ological gr\nds t fall5 man is able1 ( 8 own initiative1 i4e4 )\t ! aid ( grace1 to p]=m morally good works1 & t ,baius err$ 9 ass]t+ t ?is is impossible )\t !ological fai?4 7 ,) reg>d to ! fir/-m5tion$ po9t x w be well1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 to adopt ,palmi]i's di/9ction betwe5 physical & moral capacity47#afg7 ,man s9s :5ev] he transgresses ! law or yields to temptation4 ,?is w\ld be impossible if he 7 physically unable to keep ! :ole law & resi/ temptation4 ,h5ce he mu/ be physically able to d t :i* he is oblig$ to d "u pa9 ( s91 ?\gh 9 ?is or t individual in/ance ! difficulties may be insup]able )\t ! aid ( grace4 ,to put x some:at diff]5tly3 ,baius & ,jans5ius hold t fall5 man c p]=m no morally good works because ( physical or moral impot5ce on ! "p ( ! w4 ,?is assumption is false4 ,man is physically able to p]=m good works because !y are enjo9$ by ! moral law ( nature "u pa9 ( s92 he is morally able because1 9 spite ( num]\s evil t5d5cies1 n a few g5tiles & unbeliev]s h l$ upright lives & !reby prov$ t man c p]=m good works )\t ! aid ( grace47#afh7 ,?is is also ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,?omas47#afi7 7 ,x is an expressly def9$ dogma t ! process ( ju/ification />ts ) !ological fai? 7fides71 prec$$ by ! s-call$ grace ( vocation1 :i* prep>es & effects conv]sion4 ,to say1 z ,baius did1 t all good works p]=m$ 9 a /ate ( unbelief are s _m s9s1 is tantam\nt to ass]t+ t ! prelim9>y acts lead+ up to fai?1 & :i* ! unbeliev] p]=ms by ! aid ( prev5i5t grace1 are s9ful2 9 o!r words1 t ,god requires ! unbeliev] to prep>e himself = ju/ification by committ+ s94 ,?is is z absurd z x is h]etical47#agj7 ,! :ole argum5t ( ?is section applies a =tiori to ! !ory t no act c be morally good unless prompt$ by bo? !ological *>ity & !ological fai?47#aga7 #b4 ,we mu/ n[ def9e ! limitations ( fall5 nature unaid$ by grace4 ,?\gh ! graces disp5s$ by ,provid5ce ev5 = naturally good de$s are 9 ! pres5t economy de facto ne>ly all sup]natural1 no?+ prev5ts u f conceiv+ a diff]5t economy1 consi/+ ( purely natural helps1 su* z w\ld h be5 necess>y 9 ! /ate ( pure nature47#agb7 ,z reg>ds ! limitations ( man's moral p[] 9 ! natural ord]1 we may say1 9 a g5]al way1 t ! w is able to keep ! easi] precepts ( ! moral law ( nature )\t ! assi/ance ( grace 7ei!r sup]natural or natural74 ,h[ev]1 z x is impossible 9 _m in/ances to det]m9e j :]e ! easi] precepts end & ! m difficult ones beg91 a broad field is left op5 = !ological speculation4 a7 ,!ologians are practically unanim\s 9 hold+ t man _c obs]ve ! natural law 9 its entirety = any consid]able l5g? ( "t )\t ! aid ( grace4 ,su>ez is s sure ( ?is t he does n hesitate to d5\nce ! contr>y tea*+1--:i* is 7p]haps unju/ly7 ascrib$ to ,dur&us1 ,scotus1 & ,gabriel ,biel--z 8ra% & v]g+ on error407#agc7 ,9 matt] ( fact ! ,*ur* has =mally def9$ t1 because ( concupisc5ce1 no "o1 n ev5 ! ju/ifi$ man1 mu* less ! s9n]1 is able1 )\t div9e assi/ance 7grace71 to keep = any consid]able l5g? ( "t ! :ole ,decalogue1 :i* embodies ! ess5tials ( ! moral law4 8,nev]!less10 says ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 8let ^? :o ?9k !mselves to /& take he$ le/ !y fall1 & ) fe> & trembl+ "w out _! salvation1 444 = 444 !y ought to fe> = ! combat :i* yet rema9s ) ! fle%1 ) ! _w1 ) ! devil1 :]e9 !y _c be victori\s unless !y be ) ,god's grace ob$i5t to ! ,apo/le1 :o says3 #8,we are debtors1 etc4' 07#agd7 ,/4 ,paul1 :o liv$1 s to speak1 9 an atmosph]e ( grace1 yet f\nd reason to exclaim3 8,i am delight$ ) ! law ( ,god1 accord+ to ! inw>d man1 b ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d1 & captivat+ me 9 ! law ( s91 t is 9 my memb]s107#age7 &3 8,unhappy man t ,i am1 :o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,! grace ( ,god1 by ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l407#agf7 ,surely x w\ld be va9 to expect ! pr\d ideal ( ! ,/oics or ,pelagius' presumptu\s claim ( impeccability ev] to be realiz$ on e>? except by a special privilege ( grace1 su* z t be/[$ ^u ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y47#agg7 ,! ,fa!rs foll[ ,/4 ,paul 9 describ+ ! p[] ( concupisc5ce1 ev5 aft] ju/ification47#agh7 b7 ,a p]t95t "q1 closely alli$ to ! proposition j treat$1 is ?is3 ,c ! human w1 )\t ! aid ( grace1 ov]come all ! griev\s temptations to mortal s9 by :i* x is besieg$8 ,x is ! common tea*+ ( !ologians t1 )\t ! aid ( grace1 man 9 ! fall5 /ate succumbs ) moral 7n physical7 necessity to griev\s temptations aga9/ ! moral law1 i4e4 to mortal s94 ,?is conclusion fl[s f ! impossibility1 :i* we h demon/rat$ above1 ( obs]v+ ! :ole law ( nature = life or = any consid]able l5g? ( "t )\t ! help ( grace4 ,if man 7 able to resi/ all viol5t temptations1 he w\ld be able to keep ! :ole law4 ,! !ological tea*+ :i* we are "h exp\nd+ may be =mulat$ 9 two diff]5t ways3 7#a7 ,no man c ov]come all griev\s temptations aga9/ ! moral law )\t ! aid ( grace2 7#b7 !re is no man liv+ :o is n n[ & !n assail$ by temptations to :i* he w\ld inevitably succumb did n ,god l5d him ,8 assi/ance4 ,9 its fir/ & r indef9ite =m ! proposition is attack$ by ,ripalda17#agi7 ,mol9a17#ahj7 & _m lat] ,s*ola/ics4 ,^! writ]s argue z foll[s3 ,x is impossible to d$uce f ,revelation or exp]i5ce a def9ite rule by :i* man c\ld det]m9e ! conditions on :i* ! griev\sness ( a temptation dep5ds4 ,to say t a temptation is griev\s :5 x _c be resi/$ )\t ! aid ( grace1 w\ld be begg+ ! "q4 ,besides1 ! possibility always rema9s t !re be m5 :o1 ?\gh 9 !ory unable to )/& all griev\s temptations )\t ! aid ( grace1 de facto nev] meet ) su* temptations1 b only ) ! light] k9d :i* c be ov]come )\t sup]natural help4 ,! second & m specific =mulation ( our proposition is support$ by ,sacr$ ,scripture1 :i* explicitly decl>es t all m5 are subject to temptations :i* !y c\ld n resi/ if ,god did n uphold !m47#aha7 ,if ! j are oblig$ to wat* & pray con/antly1 le/ !y fall17#ahb7 ?is mu/ be true 9 an ev5 high] degree ( s9n]s & unbeliev]s4 ,/4 ,augu/9e writes aga9/ ! ,pelagians3 8,fai?ful m5 say 9 _! pray]3 #8,lead u n into temptation4' ,b if !y h ! capacity ( avoid+ evil1 :y d !y pray = x8 ,or1 :at is ! evil :i* !y pray to be deliv]$ f1 b1 above all else1 ! body ( ?is dea?8444 ! c>nal lu/s1 :5ce a man is lib]at$ only by ! grace ( ! ,savi\r4444 ,he may be p]mitt$ to pray t he may be heal$4 ,:y does he presume s /rongly on ! capability ( 8 nature8 ,x is w\nd$1 hurt1 h>ass$1 de/roy$2 :at x /&s 9 ne$ ( is a true confession ( its weakness1 n a false def5se ( its capacity407#ahc7 c7 ,ano!r "q1 on :i* ,ca?olic div9es disagree1 is ?is3 ,c fall5 man1 unaid$ by grace1 elicit an act ( p]fect natural *>ity 7amor ,dei naturalis p]fectus78 ,scotus answ]s ?is "q affirmatively17#ahd7 & 8 op9ion is %>$ by ,cajetan17#ahe7 ,baez17#ahf7 ,dom9icus ,soto17#ahg7 & ,mol9a47#ahh7 ,o!r equally em95t !ologians1 notably ,su>ez7#ahi7 & ,bell>m9e17#aij7 take ! negative side4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! "q at issue we %all h to att5d to sev]al di/9ctions4 ,fir/ & above all we mu/ n lose sight ( ! important di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural love ( ,god4 ,sup]natural *>ity1 9 all its /ages1 necess>ily supposes sup]natural aid4 ,! "q !re=e c ref] only to ! amor ,dei naturalis47#aia7 ,t ?is natural *>ity is no m]e figm5t appe>s f ! ecclesia/ical condemnation ( two propositions ( ,baius47#aib7 ,ano!r1 ev5 m important di/9ction is t betwe5 p]fect & imp]fect *>ity4 ,imp]fect *>ity is ! love ( ,god z our highe/ good 7amor ,dei ut summum bonum nobis72 p]fect *>ity is ! love ( ,god = ,8 own sake above all ?+s 7amor ,dei propt] se et sup] omnia74 ,! holy ,fa!rs & a numb] ( c\ncils7#aic7 decl>e t x is impossible to love ,god p]fectly )\t ! aid ( grace4 ,! context & su* /]eotyp$ explanatory phrases z 8sicut oportet0 or 8sicut exp$it ad salutem107#aid7 %[ t ^! ,patri/ic & concili>y utt]ances apply to ! sup]natural love ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! "q n>r[s itself d[n to ?is3 ,c fall5 man )\t ! aid ( grace love ,god = ,8 own sake & above all ?+s by a purely natural love8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q ,pes*17#aie7 ,tepe17#aif7 & o!r !ologians di/+ui% betwe5 affective & effective love4 ,!y hold t :]eas ! amor affectivus 9 all its /ages is possible )\t ! aid ( grace1 n s ! amor effectivus1 s9ce t w\ld involve ! obs]vance ( ! :ole natural law4 ,?is compromise !ory c be demon/rat$ z highly probable f ,scripture & ,tradition4 ,/4 ,paul says7#aig7 t ! g5tiles knew ,god & %\ld h glorifi$ ,him4 ,?is evid5tly supposes t x 0 possible = !m to glorify ,god1 & consequ5tly to love ,him affectively1 z easily & ) ! same means by :i* !y knew ,him4 ,else h[ c\ld ! ,apo/le say ( ^? g5tiles :o1 8:5 !y knew ,god1 glorifi$ him n z ,god10 t !y 8*ang$ ! tru? ( ,god into a lie1 & wor%ipp$ & s]v$ ! creature r ?an ! ,creator087#aih7 ,?is int]pretation ( ,rom4 ,i1 #ba sqq4 is explicitly confirm$ by ,/4 ,ambrose :5 he says3 8,= !y 7 able to appreh5d ?is by ! law ( nature1 inasmu* z ! fabric ( ! cosmos te/ifies t ,god1 its au?or1 is alone to be lov$1 z ,moses ha? set x d[n 9 8 writ+s2 b !y 7 made impi\s by n glorify+ ,god1 & unrighte\sness became evid5t 9 !m :51 kn[+1 !y *ang$ ! tru? into a lie & refus$ to confess ! "o ,god407#aii7 #c4 ,x foll[s1 by way ( coroll>y1 t ,vasquez's op9ion17#bjj7 t !re c be no good "w )\t sup]natural aid 9 ! %ape ( a cogitatio congrua1 is unt5able1 z is also ! ass]tion ( ,ripalda7#bja7 t 9 ! pres5t economy purely natural good actions are s inv>iably connect$ ) ! prev5i5t grace ( ,*ri/ t !y practically nev] exi/ z su*4 a7 ,vasquez1 ^: position 9 ! matt] is oppos$ by mo/ o!r !ologians1 cont5ds7#bjb7 t no man c p]=m a good "w or resi/ any temptation aga9/ ! natural law 7,decalogue7 )\t ! help ( sup]natural grace d]iv$ f ! m]its ( ,*ri/4 ,to avoid ! h]etical extreme ( ,baianism1 h[ev]1 he makes a tw(old limitation4 ,he assumes ) ! ,scoti/s t !re is su* a ?+ z a morally indiff]5t act ( ! w17#bjc7 & def9es ! grace :i* he holds to be necess>y = ! p]=mance ( e morally good de$1 z cogitatio congrua4 ,?is 8congru\s ?\ght10 he says1 is 9 itself1 i4e4 ontologically1 natural1 & c be reg>d$ z sup]natural only quoad modum et f9em4 ,! subtle argum5t by :i* ,vasquez tries to e/abli% ?is !sis is bas$ pr9cipally on ,/4 ,augu/9e & may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,:5ev] ! ,fa!rs & c\ncils insi/ on ! necessity ( grace = ! p]=mance ( good works1 !y mean all good works1 natural z well z sup]natural4 ,! only alt]native !y "k is virtue or vice1 good or evil4 ,consequ5tly ! grace ( ,*ri/1 9 "s =m or o!r1 is a necess>y requisite ( all morally good de$s4 ,z we h already intimat$1 we reg>d ?is op9ion ( ! le>n$ ,spani% div9e z errone\s47#bjd7 ,?ree solid reasons militate aga9/ x4 ,! fir/ is t1 to gu>d aga9/ ,baianism1 ,vasquez is compell$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( morally indiff]5t acts ( ! w1 :i* is unt5able1 z 8,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas1 & !ologians g5]ally tea* t !re is no su* ?+ 9 ! concrete z a morally indiff]5t act ( ! free w1 & consequ5tly1 if ! w is able1 )\t grace1 to p]=m acts t are n evil1 x is also able to p]=m good acts407#bje7 ,second1 ,vasquez's !ory c\nt]feits ! notion ( ,*ri/ian grace4 8,good ?\ghts0 come s natural to man1 & are s closely b\nd up ) ! grace ( creation1 t ev5 ,pelagius f\nd no difficulty 9 admitt+ ?is sort ( 8grace407#bjf7 ,surely fall5 nature is n s utt]ly corrupt t a good *ild is unable to honor & love 8 p>5ts )\t ! aid ( 8grace0 79 ! s5se ( cogitatio congrua ex m]itis ,*ri/i74 ,! ?ird reason :i* con/ra9s u to reject ,vasquez's !ory1 is t x leaves no room = natural morality 7naturalit] hone/um7 to fill ! void betwe5 ^? acts t are naturally bad 7moralit] inhone/a1 i4e4 peccata7 & su* z are sup]naturally good 7sup]naturalit] bona1 i4e4 salut>ia74 ,! exi/5ce ( su* naturally good acts w\ld seem to be a highly probable inf]5ce f ! condemnation1 by ,pius ,,vi1 ( a c]ta9 proposition taught by ! pseudo-,c\ncil ( ,pi/oia47#bjg7 b7 ,m>t9ez de ,ripalda 7#afdh7 tri$ to improve ,vasquez's !ory by re/or+ ! ,*ri/ian concept ( grace & add+ t ,provid5ce inv>iably prec$es all naturally good works1 includ+ ^? p]=m$ by hea!ns & s9n]s1 ) ! entitatively sup]natural grace ( illum9ation & confirmation47#bjh7 ,9 ?is hypo!sis ! necessity ( grace is n !ological b purely hi/oric47#bji7 ,despite ! weal? ( argum5ts by :i* ,ripalda attempt$ to prove 8 !ory17#baj7 x has n be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,:ile "s1 e4g4 ,platel7#baa7 & ,pes*17#bab7 reg>d x ) a degree ( sympa?y1 o!rs1 notably ,de ,lugo7#bac7 & ,tepe17#bad7 are /rongly oppos$ to x4 ,palmi]i ?9ks x may be accept$ 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 i4e4 :5 limit$ to ! fai?ful47#bae7 ,ripalda's hypo!sis ( ! univ]sality ( grace is truly sublime & w\ld h to be accept$ if ,god's salvific w c\ld be demon/rat$ by revelation or "s hi/oric law to suff] no exceptions4 ,b ,ripalda has n be5 able to prove ?is f ,revelation47#baf7 ,!n1 too1 8 !ory entails two extremely objectionable conclusions3 7#a7 a d5ial1 n inde$ ( ! possibility 7,quesnel71 b ( ! exi/5ce ( purely natural good works1 & 7#b7 ! possibility ( ju/ification )\t !ological fai?4 ,nei!r ( ^! difficulties probably occurr$ to ,vasquez or ,ripalda17#bag7 because at ! "t :5 !y wrote ,pius ,,vi _h n yet condemn$ ! tea*+ ( ! pseudo-,c\ncil ( ,pi/oia17#bah7 nor _h ,innoc5t ,,xi c5sur$ ! proposition t 8,fai? 9 a broad s5se1 z d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( creatures or "s o!r simil> motive1 is suffici5t = ju/ification407#bai7 ,if ! love ( ,god1 ev5 p]fect love1 7su* z we h %[n to be possible 9 ! natural ord]71 7 ( itself necess>ily sup]natural1 z ,ripalda cont5ds1 x w\ld be possible = a pagan to receive ! grace ( ju/ification )\t !ological fai?1 :i* he does n possess1 z is evid5t f ! ,vatican tea*+ t x is 8requisite = div9e fai? t reveal$ tru? be believ$ because ( ! au?ority ( ,god :o reveals x407#bbj7 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,n all actions p]=m$ by man 9 ! /ate ( mortal s9 are s9ful on acc\nt ( 8 n be+ 9 ! /ate ( grace499 ,?is is de fide4 ,pro(4 ,?\gh ?is !sis is1 /rictly speak+1 includ$ 9 ,!sis ,,ii1 x mu/ be demon/rat$ sep>ately on its own m]its1 because x embodies a =mally def9$ dogma :i* has be5 d5i$ by ! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s & by ! foll[]s ( ,baius & ,jans5ius4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r taught1--& 8 tea*+ 0 adopt$ 9 a modifi$ =m by ! ,calv9i/s1--t human nature is entirely deprav$ by orig9al s91 & consequ5tly man necess>ily s9s 9 :atev] he does17#bba7 ev5 9 ! process ( ju/ification4 ,aga9/ ?is h]esy ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil def9$3 8,if any "o %all say t all ! works done be=e ju/ification 444 are inde$ s9s1 444 let him be ana!ma407#bbb7 ,! ,prote/ant notion ( grace 0 r$uc$ to a !ological sy/em by ,baius7#bbc7 & ,jans5ius17#bbd7 ^: num]\s errors may all be trac$ to _! d5ial ( ! sup]natural ord]4 ,! ,jans5i/ tea*+ 0 pu%$ to an extreme by ,pas*asius ,quesnel1 #aja ( ^: propositions 7 =mally condemn$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,xi 9 8 fam\s ,con/itution 8,unig5itus407#bbe7 ,! ,jans5i/ic tea*+s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,pi/oia 7 c5sur$ by ,pius ,,vi1 ,a4 ,d4 #agid1 9 8 ,bull 8,auctorem fidei40 ,! qu9tess5ce ( ?is h]etical sy/em is embodi$ 9 ! proposition t :atev] a man does 9 ! /ate ( mortal s9 is necess>ily s9ful = ! reason t he is n 9 ! /ate ( grace 7/atus c>itatis74 ,baius7#bbf7 & ,quesnel7#bbg7 gave ?is tea*+ an ,augu/9ian turn by say+ t !re is no int]m$iate /ate betwe5 ! love ( ,god & concupisc5ce1 & t all ! works ( a s9n] mu/ consequ5tly & ( necessity be s9ful4 ,?is h]etical tea*+ is %>ply condemn$ 9 ! ,bull 8,auctorem fidei407#bbh7 ,quesnel pu%$ x to its la/ revolt+ conclusion :5 he said3 8,! pray] ( ! wick$ is a new s91 & t ,god p]mits x is b an additional judgm5t ^u !m407#bbi7 ,! tea*+ ( ,baius & ,quesnel is repugnant to ,revelation & to ! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs4 a7 ,! ,bible aga9 & aga9 exhorts s9n]s to rep5t1 to pray = =giv5ess1 to give alms1 etc4 ,cfr4 ,ecclus4 ,,xxi1 #a3 8,my son1 ?\ ha/ s9n$8 ,d s no m3 b = ?y =m] s9s also pray t !y may be =giv5 !e40 ,eze*4 ,,xviii1 #cj3 8,be conv]t$1 & d p5ance = all y\r iniquities3 & iniquity %all n be y\r ru940 ,dan4 ,,iv1 #bd3 8,r$eem ?\ ?y s9s ) alms1 & ?y iniquities ) works ( m]cy to ! poor3 p]haps he w =give ?y (f5ces40 ,za*4 ,i1 #c3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s3 ,turn ye to me1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s3 & ,i w turn to y40 ,if all ! works ?us enjo9$ 7 b s _m s9s1 we %\ld be =c$ to conclude1 on ! au?ority ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 t ,god comm&s ! s9n] to commit new iniquities & t ! process ( ju/ification ) its s-call$ dispositions consi/s 9 a s]ies ( s9ful acts4 ,su* an assumption w\ld be manife/ly absurd & blasphem\s4 ,quesnel endeavor$ to support 8 h]etical conceit by ,mat?4 ,,vii1 #ag sq43 8,ev5 s e good tree br+e? =? good fruit1 & ! evil tree br+e? =? evil fruit2 a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit1 nei!r c an evil tree br+ =? good fruit40 ,b z our ,"l 9 ?is passage speaks ( prophets1 ! fruits he has 9 m9d mu/ obvi\sly be doctr9es n works47#bcj7 ,& :at if !y 7 works8 ,are n doctr9es & morals ultimately relat$1 & may we n inf] f ! lives !y lead 7accord+ to _! doctr9es7 :e!r prophets are true or false8 ,by _! fruits 7i4e4 works7 y %all "k !m 7i4e4 ! s\ndness or uns\ndness ( ! tea*+ ^u :i* _! works are bas$74 b7 ,9 appeal+ to ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs ! ,jans5i/s 7 notori\sly guilty ( mis9t]pretation4 7 ,orig5 pla9ly tea*es t pray] be=e ju/ification is a good "w4 8,?\gh y are s9n]s10 he says1 8pray to ,god2 ,god he>s ! s9n]s407#bca7 ,! seem+ly contradictory text ,john ,,ix1 #ca3 8,n[ we "k t ,god do? n he> s9n]s107#bcb7 is ?us expla9$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,he speaks z "o n yet ano9t$2 = ,god also he>s ! s9n]s4 ,if ,he did n he> s9n]s1 ! publican w\ld h ca/ 8 eyes to ! gr\nd 9 va9 & va9ly /ruck 8 brea/ say+3 ,o ,god1 be m]ciful to me1 a s9n]407#bcc7 ,moreov]1 s9ce !re is "q "h ( extraord9>y works & signs only 7viz4 miracles71 ! text is :olly irrelevant 9 reg>d to works ( p]sonal righte\sness4 ,/4 ,prosp] tea*es3 8,human nature1 creat$ by ,god1 ev5 aft] its prev>ication1 reta9s its sub/ance1 =m1 life1 s5ses1 & reason1 & ! o!r goods ( body & s\l1 :i* are n lack+ ev5 to ^? :o are bad & vici\s4 ,b !re is no possibility ( seiz+ ! true good by su* ?+s z may adorn ?is mortal life1 b _c give m]it et]nal life407#bcd7 7 ,baius & ,quesnel succe$$ 9 veil+ _! h]esy by a phraseology ( ,augu/9ian color b ) implications =eign to ! m9d ( ! ,doctor ( ,grace4 ,augu/9e emphasiz$ ! opposition betwe5 8*>ity0 & 8concupisc5ce0 s /rongly t ! int]m$i>y doma9 ( naturally good works 0 almo/ lo/ to view4 ,?us he says 9 8 ,en*iridion3 8,c>nal lu/ reigns :]e !re is n ! love ( ,god407#bce7 ,& 9 8 treatise on ! ,grace ( ,*ri/3 8,"h !re is no love1 no good "w is reckon$ z done1 nor is !re 9 fact any good "w1 rightly s call$2 because :atev] is n ( fai? is s91 & fai? worke? by love407#bcf7 ,& aga9 9 8 treatise on ,grace & ,free ,w3 8,! comm&m5ts ( love or *>ity are s great & su*1 t :atev] action a man may ?9k he does well1 is by no means well done if done )\t *>ity407#bcg7 ,we h purposely *os5 passages 9 :i* ! 8,doctor ( ,grace0 obvi\sly treats ( *>ity z !ological love1 n 9 ! broad s5se ( dilectio47#bch7 ,at fir/ blu% ^! passages seem to agree ) ! tea*+ ( ,baius1 :o says3 8,e love on ! "p ( a rational creature is ei!r s9ful cupidity1 by :i* ! _w is lov$1 & :i* is =bidd5 by ,/4 ,john1 or t praisewor?y *>ity :i* is infus$ into ! he>t by ! ,holy ,_s1 & by :i* we love ,god20--7#bci7 & ) ! =ty-fif? proposition ( ,quesnel3 8,z ! love ( ,god no long] reigns 9 ! he>ts ( s9n]s1 x is necess>y t c>nal lu/ %\ld reign 9 !m & vitiate all _! actions407#bdj7 ,yet ! s5se ( ^! propositions is any?+ b ,augu/9ian4 ,augu/9e upholds free-w 9 spite ( grace & concupisc5ce1 :]eas ! ,jans5i/s ass]t t ! c>nalis cupiditas & ! c>itas dom9ans produce _! effects by ! v p[] ( nature1 i4e4 necess>ily & ( !mselves47#bda7 ,besides ?is capital diff]5ce !re are _m m9or discrepancies betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & t ( ,baius & ,quesnel4 ,augu/9e1 x is true1 9 8 /ruggle ) ,pelagianism17#bdb7 /rongly emphasiz$ ! opposition exi/+ betwe5 grace & s91 betwe5 love ( ,god & love ( ! _w2 b he nev] dream$ ( ass]t+ t e act p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( mortal s9 is s9ful = ! reason t x is n p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( grace4 ,s*ola/icism has long s9ce appli$ ! necess>y corrective to 8 exagg]ations4 ,x is p]fectly or?odox to say t !re is an irreconcilable opposition betwe5 ! /ate ( mortal s9 & ! /ate ( grace4 8,no "o c s]ve two ma/]s407#bdc7 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 by any means equival5t to say+1 z ! ,jans5i/s d1 t ! s9n]1 n be+ 9 ! /ate ( grace1 ( necessity s9s 9 :atev] he does4 ,augu/9e expressly admits t1 no matt] h[ deeply ,god may all[ a man to fall1 & no matt] h[ /rongly concupisc5ce may dom9ate 8 w1 he is yet able to pray = grace1 :i* is 9 itself a di/9ctly salut>y act4 8,if a s9 is su*10 he says 9 8 ,retractationes1 8t x is itself a puni%m5t = s91 :at c ! w "u ! dom9ation ( cupidity d1 except1 if x be pi\s1 to pray = help807#bdd7 ,comp>e ?is s5t5ce ) ! =tie? proposition ( ,baius3 8,! s9n] 9 all 8 actions s]ves ! lu/ :i* rules him107#bde7 & y w p]ceive ! ?ird ess5tial diff]5ce t sep>ates ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e f t ( ! ,jans5i/s4 ,! =m]1 ev5 :5 he speaks1 n ( ! two oppos+ habits1 b ( _! respective acts1 does n1 l ,jans5ism1 repres5t ! univ]sality ( s9 )\t !ological *>ity z a physical & fundam5tal necessity1 b m]ely z a hi/orical ph5om5on :i* admits ( exceptions4 ,?us he writes 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,_s & ! ,lett]3 8,if !y :o by nature d ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law1 mu/ n be reg>d$ z yet 9 ! numb] ( ^? :om ,*ri/'s grace ju/ifies1 b r z among ^? ^: actions 7al?\gh !y are ^? ( ungodly m5 :o d n truly & rightly wor%ip ! true ,god7 we n only _c blame1 b actually praise1 & ) good reason1 & rightly too1 s9ce !y h be5 done1 s f> z we read or "k or he>1 accord+ to ! rule ( righte\sness2 ?\gh 7 we to discuss ! "q ) :at motive !y are done1 !y w\ld h>dly be f\nd to be su* z to des]ve ! praise & def5se :i* are due to righte\s conduct407#bdf7 ,9 conclusion we w quote a fam\s passage f ,/4 ,augu/9e :i* reads l a prote/ aga9/ ! di/ortions ( ,baius & ,jans5ius4 8,love10 he says1 8is ei!r div9e or human2 human love is ei!r licit or illicit4444 ,i speak fir/ ( licit human love1 :i* is free f c5sure2 !n1 ( illicit human love1 :i* is damnable2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 ( div9e love1 :i* leads u to ,heav54444 ,y1 !re=e1 h t love :i* is licit2 x is human1 b1 z ,i h said1 licit1 s mu* s t1 if x 7 lack+1 ! want ( x w\ld be c5sur$4 ,y are p]mitt$ ) human love to love y\r sp\se1 y\r *ildr51 y\r fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s4 ,b1 z y see1 ! ungodly1 too1 h ?is love1 e4g4 pagans1 ,jews1 h]etics4 ,:o among !m does n love 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 8 bre?r51 8 neighbors1 8 relations & fri5ds8 ,?is1 !re=e1 is human love4 ,if any "o w\ld be s unfeel+ z to lose ev5 human love1 n lov+ 8 own *ildr51 444 we %\ld no long] reg>d him z a human be+407#bdg7 ,tepe p]t95tly obs]ves7#bdh7 t ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ?is passage ass]ts n only ! possibility b ! actual exi/5ce ( naturally good ?\gh unm]itori\s works 7op]a /]ilit] bona71 & t ! !ory ( ,ripalda7#bdi7 is unt5able = ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 t ! quot$ passage is cit$ 9 ,pius ,,vi's ,bull 8,auctorem fidei407#bej7 ,article #b4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,actual ,grace ,= ,all ,salut>y ,acts ,salut>y acts 7actus salut>es7 are ^? direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( sanctify+ grace & ! sup]natural end ( man4 ,accord+ to ?is d\ble purpose1 salut>y acts may be divid$ into two classes3 7#a7 ^? t prep>e = ju/ification 7actus simplicit] salut>es71 & 7#b7 ^? :i*1 foll[+ ju/ification1 ga9 m]its = ,heav5 7actus m]itorii74 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! sup]natural "* ( ! acts :i* !y comprise1 bo? ^! categories are diametrically oppos$ to t class ( acts :i* are good only 9 a natural way17#bea7 & h5ce mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! latt]4 ,! ,fa!rs did n1 ( c\rse1 employ ! te*nical t]ms ( mod]n !ology2 !y _h _! own peculi> phrases = designat+ :at we call salut>y acts1 e4g4 ag]e sicut oportet vel exp$it1 ag]e ad salutem1 ag]e ad iu/ificationem1 ag]e ad vitam aet]nam1 etc47#beb7 #a4 ,,pelagianism4--,pelagianism />t$ z a reaction aga9/ ,mani*aeism1 b fell into ! opposite extreme ( exagg]at+ ! capacity ( human nature at ! exp5se ( grace4 ,x d5i$ orig9al s97#bec7 & grace4 ,z ! necessity ( grace = all salut>y acts is a fundam5tal dogma ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! ,*ur* proce$$ ) unusual sev]ity aga9/ ,pelagian naturalism & condemn$ its vag>ies ?r\gh ! m\? ( _m c\ncils4 a7 ,pelagius 0 a ,briti% lay monk1 :o came to ,rome ab\t ! ye> #djj to propagate 8 errone\s views47#bed7 ,he f\nd a will+ pupil 9 ,cele/ius1 :o aft] di/+ui%+ himself z a lawy]1 _h be5 orda9$ to ! prie/hood at ,ephesus1 ab\t #daa4 ,! ,pelagian h]esy ga9$ ano!r p[]ful *ampion 9 ! p]son ( ,bi%op ,julian ( ,eclanum 9 ,apulia4 ,its /ronge/ oppon5t 0 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,"u 8 p[]ful bl[s ! ,pelagians repeat$ly *ang$ _! tactics1 )\t h[ev] giv+ up _! c>d9al error 9 reg>d to grace4 ,_! tea*+ on ?is po9t may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! human w is able by its natural p[]s to keep all ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 to resi/ temptation1 & to ga9 et]nal life2 9 fact x c atta9 to a /ate ( hol9ess & impeccability7#bee7 9 :i* ! petition 8,=give u our trespasses0 no long] has any mean+ except p]haps z an expression ( humility47#bef7 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z free-w is itself a gift ( ! ,creator1 man c p]=m no good works )\t grace4 ,at a lat] p]iod ( 8 c>e] ,pelagius admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( m]ely ext]nal sup]natural graces1 su* z revelation & ! example ( ,*ri/ & ! sa9ts1--:i* l$ ,/4 ,augu/9e to rem>k3 8,?is is ! hidd5 & despicable poison ( y\r h]esy t y repres5t ! grace ( ,*ri/ z ,8 example1 n ,8 gift1 alleg+ t man is ju/ifi$ by imitat+ ,him1 n by ! m9i/ration ( ! ,holy ,_s407#beg7 ,b ev5 ?is ext]nal grace1 accord+ to ,pelagius1 does n conf] ! /r5g? necess>y to p]=m good works2 x m]ely makes x easi] to keep ! comm&m5ts4 ,pelagius did n d5y t ju/ification & adoptive son%ip1 consid]$ 9 _! ideal relation to ! 8k+dom ( ,heav510 z di/+ui%$ f 8et]nal life107#beh7 are n id5tical 9 adults ) ! grace ( creation1 b he d5i$ _! gratuity by ass]t+ t ! free w is able to m]it all ^! graces by its own p[]47#bei7 ,:atev] may h be5 ! v>iations ( ,pelagianism1 x is pat5t f ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e t its def5d]s "o & all reject$ ! necessity & exi/5ce ( ! imm$iate grace ( ! w47#bfj7 ,_! attitude t[>ds ! illum9at+ grace ( ! intellect is 9 dispute4 ,"s !ologians7#bfa7 ?9k ! ,pelagians admitt$1 o!rs7#bfb7 t !y d5i$ its exi/5ce4 ,no matt] :at !y may h held on ?is po9t1 !re c be no d\bt t ! foll[]s ( ,pelagius conceiv$ ! object ( grace to be no?+ m ?an to facilitate ! "w ( salvation4 b7 ,)9 ! %ort span ( tw5ty ye>s 7,a4 ,d4 #daa to #dca7 no less ?an tw5ty-f\r c\ncils occupi$ !mselves ) ?is new h]esy4 ,at fir/ ! wily h]etic succe$$ 9 deceiv+ ! prelates assembl$ at ,lydda 7,diospolis71 ,a4 ,d4 #dae2 b ! bi%ops ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 among !m ,/4 ,augu/9e1 r\ndly condemn$ 8 tea*+ at two c\ncils held ) ! sanction ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,i at ,c>?age & ,mileve 9 #daf4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 deceiv$ by ! t]ms ( ! cre$s & explanations :i* !y circulat$1 ,pope ,zosimus 7#dag-dah7 decl>$ bo? ,pelagius & ,cele/ius to be innoc5t4 ,despite ?is int]v5tion1 h[ev]1 two hundr$ ,african bi%ops1 at a pl5>y c\ncil held at ,c>?age1 ,a4 ,d4 #dah1 reit]at$ ! canons ( ,mileve & submitt$ !m = approval to ! ,holy ,see4 ,^! proce$+s induc$ ,zosimus to adopt /rong] measures4 ,9 8 ,epi/ula ,tractoria 7#dah7 he =mally condemn$ ,pelagianism & p]suad$ ! ,emp]or to s5d ,julian ( ,eclanum & sev5te5 o!r recalcitrant bi%ops into exile4 ,! canons ( ,c>?age & ,mileve 7 subsequ5tly receiv$ by ! univ]sal ,*ur* z b9d+ def9itions ( ! fai?4 ,! mo/ important ( !m 9 reg>d to grace is ?is3 8,if anyone %all say t ! grace ( ju/ification is giv5 to u = ! purpose ( enabl+ u to d m easily by ! aid ( grace :at we are comm&$ to d by free-w1 z if we 7 able1 also1 ?\gh less easily1 to obs]ve ! comm&m5ts ( ,god )\t ! help ( grace1 let him be ana!ma407#bfc7 ,! ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus 7,a4 ,d4 #dca71 ) ! approval ( ,pope ,cele/9e ,i1 r5ew$ ! condemnation ( ,cele/ius1 b x 0 n until ne>ly a c5tury lat] t ,pelagianism receiv$ its dea?-bl[4 ,9 #ebi ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange def9$3 8,if any "o ass]t t he is able1 by ! p[] ( nature1 & )\t ! illum9ation & inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o grants to all m5 ! disposition believ+ly to accept ! tru?1 rightly 7ut exp$it7 to ?9k or *oose any?+ good p]ta9+ to et]nal salvation1 or to ass5t to salut>y1 i4e4 evangelical prea*+1 su* a "o is deceiv$ by a h]etical _s407#bfd7 ,?is decision 0 reit]at$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t3 8,if any "o sai? t ! grace ( ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ is giv5 only = ?is1 t man may be able m easily to live ju/ly & to m]it et]nal life1 z if by free-w )\t grace he 7 able to d bo?1 ?\gh h>dly inde$ & ) difficulty1 let him be ana!ma407#bfe7 #b4 ,,pelagianism ,,refut$4--,sacr$ ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs pla9ly tea* t man is unable to p]=m any salut>y act by 8 own p[]4 a7 ,among ! _m ,biblical texts t c be quot$ 9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 our ,"l's beautiful p>able ( ! v9e & its bran*es is especially /rik+4 ,cfr4 ,john ,,xv1 #d sq43 8,z ! bran* _c be> fruit ( itself1 unless x abide 9 ! v9e1 s nei!r c y1 unless y abide 9 me4 ,i am ! v9e2 y ! bran*es3 he t abide? 9 me1 & ,i 9 him1 ! same be>e? mu* fruit3 = )\t me y c d no?+407#bff7 7 ,! context %[s t ,jesus is n speak+ "h ( purely natural works ( ! k9d = :i* ! concursus g5]alis ( ,god suffices1 b t ,he has 9 m9d salut>y acts 9 ! /rictly sup]natural s5se2 & ! tru? ,he wi%es to inculcate is t fall5 nature _c p]=m su* acts except ?r\gh ,him & ) ,8 assi/ance4 ,?is sup]natural influ5ce is n1 h[ev]1 to be und]/ood exclusively ( sanctify+ or habitual grace1 because our ,div9e ,savi\r ref]s to ! fruits ( ju/ification & to salut>y works4 8,( ^! he does n say3 #8,)\t me y c d b little1' b3 #8,)\t me y c d no?+4' ,be x !re=e little or mu*1 x _c be done )\t ,him1 )\t :om no?+ c be done407#bfg7 ,if ?is 0 true ( ! ,apo/les1 :o 7 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace17#bfh7 x mu/ be true a =tiori ( s9n]s4 ,consequ5tly1 sup]natural grace is absolutely necess>y = ! p]=mance ( any & all acts pr(itable = salvation4 7 ,n[h]e is ?is fundam5tal tru? s cle>ly & insi/5tly br\ght out z 9 ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o is prem95tly 8! ,doctor ( ,grace0 among ! ,apo/les4 ,!re are1 accord+ to him1 ?ree categories ( sup]natural acts3 salut>y ?\ghts1 holy resolves1 & good works4 ,/4 ,paul tea*es t all "r ?9k+ is f ,god4 #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #e3 8,n t we are suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves1 z ( ourselves2 b our suffici5cy is f ,god407#bfi7 ,he also decl>es t all good resolves come f above4 ,rom4 ,,ix1 #ae sq43 8,= he sai? to ,moses3 ,i w h m]cy on :om ,i w h m]cy2 & ,i w %ew m]cy to :om ,i w %ew m]cy4 ,s !n x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %ewe? m]cy407#bgj7 ,he fur!rmore ass]ts t all good works come f ,god4 ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac3 8,= x is ,god :o worke? 9 y1 bo? to w & to accompli%1 accord+ to 8 good w407#bga7 #a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #c3 8,no man c say3 ,"l ,jesus1 b by ! ,holy ,gho/407#bgb7 ,pron\nc+ ! holy "n ( ,jesus is obvi\sly reg>d$ z a salut>y act1 because m]e physical utt]ance does n require ! assi/ance ( ! ,holy ,gho/47#bgc7 ,b ! act z a salut>y act is physically impossible )\t div9e assi/ance1 because x is ess5tially sup]natural & consequ5tly exce$s ! p[]s ( nature47#bgd7 b7 ,! argum5t f ,tradition is bas$ almo/ entirely on ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 :om1 z ,lieb]mann obs]ves1 ,god wr\ght a miracle ( grace t he might become its p[]ful def5d]4 ,!re is no ne$ ( quot+ specific texts because ?is :ole treatise is int]l>d$ ) ,augu/9ian dicta conc]n+ ! necessity ( grace4 7 ,an important po9t is to prove t ! e>ly ,fa!rs held ! ,augu/9ian1 i4e4 ,ca?olic view4 ,x /&s to reason t if ^! ,fa!rs _h taught a diff]5t doctr9e1 ! ,*ur* w\ld n h s vehem5tly reject$ ,pelagianism z an h]etical innovation4 ,augu/9e himself insi/s on ! novelty ( ! ,pelagian tea*+4 8,su* is ! ,pelagian h]esy10 he says1 8:i* is n an anci5t "o1 b has only lately come into exi/5ce407#bge7 ,& ?is view is confirm$ by ,pope ,cele/9e ,i1 :o decl>es 9 8 lett] to ! ,bi%ops ( ,gaul 7,a4 ,d4 #dca73 8,?is be+ ! /ate ( ! "q1 novelty %\ld cease to attack antiquity407#bgf7 ,9 fact ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 al?\gh less explicit1 agrees entirely ) t ( ,augu/9e4 ,?us ,/4 ,ir5aeus says3 8,z ! dry e>?1 if x receives no moi/ure1 does n br+ =? fruit1 s we1 be+ dry wood1 c\ld nev] be> fruit = life )\t sup]natural ra9 freely giv54444 ,! bless+ ( salvation comes to u f ,god1 n f ourselves407#bgg7 ,! necessity ( grace is indirectly inculcat$ by ! ,*ur* :5 %e petitions ,god to grant salut>y graces to all m5--a mo/ anci5t & v5]able practice1 :i* ,pope ,/4 ,cele/9e expla9s z foll[s3 8,! law ( pray] %\ld det]m9e ! law ( belief4 ,= :5 ! prie/s ( holy nations adm9i/] ! (fice entru/$ to !m1 ask+ ,god = m]cy1 !y plead ! cause ( ! human race1 & toge!r ) ! :ole ,*ur* ask & pray t ! unbeliev]s may receive ! fai?1 t ! idolat]s may be fre$ f ! errors ( _! impiety1 t ! veil be lift$ f ! he>t ( ! ,jews1 & !y be enabl$ to p]ceive ! light ( tru?1 t ! h]etics may return to _! s5ses by a true p]ception ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 t ! s*ismatics may receive ! _s ( reborn *>ity1 t ! s9n]s be grant$ ! rem$y ( p5ance1 & t ! door ( heav5ly m]cy be op5$ to ! cate*um5s :o are l$ to ! sacram5ts ( reg5]ation407#bgh7 ,9 matt]s ( salvation pray] & grace are correlative t]ms2 ! practice ( ! "o implies ! necessity & gratuity ( ! o!r47#bgi7 7 ,t ! ,fa!rs n only conceiv$ grace to be necess>y = ! cure ( weakness induc$ by s9 7gratia sanans7 9 a m]ely moral s5se1 b ?\ght x to be metaphysically necess>y = ! communication ( physical /r5g? 7gratia elevans71 is evid5c$ by su* (t-recurr+ similes z ^!3 ,grace is z necess>y = salvation z ! eye is to see1 or z w+s are to fly1 or z ra9 is = ! gr[? ( plants4 ,x w suffice to quote a passage f ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om4 8,! eyes10 he says1 8are beautiful & useful = see+1 b if !y w\ld attempt to see )\t light1 all _! beauty & visual p[] w\ld avail !m no?+4 ,?us1 too1 ! s\l is b an ob/acle 9 its own way if x endeavors to see )\t ! ,holy ,gho/407#bhj7 ,?is view is /r5g!n$ by ! fur!r tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs t sup]natural grace 0 z indisp5sable to ! angels 9 _! /ate ( probation 79 :i* !y 7 free f concupisc5ce7 & to our fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise 7gift$ z !y 7 ) ! donum integritatis71 z x is to fall5 man2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 grace has ! additional object ( cur+ ! infirmities & ov]com+ ! difficulties aris+ f concupisc5ce4 ,9 reg>d to ! angels ,/4 ,augu/9e says2 8,& :o made ?is w b ,he :o creat$ !m ) a good w1 t is to say ) a *a/e love by :i* !y %\ld cleave to ,him1 9 "o & ! same act creat+ _! nature & end[+ x ) grace8444 ,we mu/ !re=e ackn[l$ge1 ) ! praise due to ! ,creator1 t n only ( holy m51 b also ( ! holy angels1 x c be said t #8! love ( ,god is %$ abroad 9 _! he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o is giv5 unto !m4' 07#bha7 ,equally conv9c+ is ! argum5t t ,adam 9 ,p>adise 0 unable to p]=m any salut>y acts )\t div9e grace4 8,j z x is 9 man's p[] to die :5ev] he w10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8444 b ! m]e w _c pres]ve life 9 ! abs5ce ( food & ! o!r means ( life2 s man 9 ,p>adise 0 able ( 8 m]e w1 simply by ab&on+ righte\sness1 to de/roy himself2 b to h l$ a life ( righte\sness w\ld h be5 too mu* = 8 w1 unless x _h be5 su/a9$ by ! p[] ( ,him :o made him407#bhb7 ,?is is also ! tea*+ ( ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi73 8,ev5 if human nature rema9$ 9 ! /ate ( integrity1 9 :i* x 0 con/itut$1 x w\ld 9 no wise save itself )\t ! help ( its ,creator4 ,if x 0 unable1 )\t ! grace ( ,god1 to keep :at x _h receiv$1 h[ %\ld x be able )\t ! grace ( ,god to rega9 :at x has lo/807#bhc7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t = ! metaphysical necessity ( grace is bas$ on ! ess5tially sup]natural "* ( all salut>y acts4 7 ,/4 ,?omas =mulates x z foll[s3 8,et]nal life is an end transc5d+ ! proportion ( human nature1 444 & !re=e man1 by nature1 c p]=m no m]itori\s works proportion$ to et]nal life1 b requires = ?is purpose a high] p[]1--! p[] ( grace4 ,consequ5tly1 man _c m]it et]nal life )\t grace4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 able to p]=m acts productive ( "s good connatural to man1 su* z till+ ! soil1 dr9k+1 eat+1 acts ( fri5d%ip1 etc407#bhd7 ,= ! reason "h indicat$ x is z impossible = man to p]=m salut>y acts )\t grace z x w\ld be to "w miracles )\t t div9e assi/ance :i* transc5ds ! p[]s ( nature47#bhe7 7 ,ca?olic !ologians are unanim\s 9 admitt+ t all salut>y acts are & mu/ ne$s be sup]natural2 b !y diff] 9 _! conception ( ?is sup]natural quality 7sup]naturalitas74 ,! problem und]ly+ ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion may be /at$ ?us3 ,a ?+ may be sup]natural ei!r entitatively1 quoad sub/antiam1 or m]ely z to ! mann] ( its exi/5ce1 quoad modum4 ,! sup]naturale quoad sub/antiam is divid$ into ! /rictly sup]natural & ! m]ely pret]natural47#bhf7 ,! "q is3 ,to :at category ( ! sup]natural belong ! salut>y acts :i* man p]=ms by ! aid ( grace8 ,und\bt$ly !re are actual graces :i* are entitatively natural1 e4g4 ! purely m$iate grace ( illum9ation17#bhg7 ! natural graces conf]r$ 9 ! pure /ate ( nature1 ! actual graces ( ! s5sitive sph]e17#bhh7 & ! s-call$ cogitatio congrua ( ,vasquez47#bhi7 ,! problem !re=e n>r[s itself d[n to ! imm$iate graces ( intellect & w4 ,be=e ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil !ologians cont5t$ !mselves ) ackn[l$g+ ! div9ely reveal$ fact t ^! graces are sup]natural2 x 0 only aft] ! ,c\ncil t !y began to speculate on ! precise "* ( ?is sup]naturalitas4 ,"s1 foll[+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,scoti/ s*ool1 ascrib$ ! sup]natural "* ( salut>y acts to _! free acceptation on ! "p ( ,god1 hold+ !m to be purely natural 9 _! ess5ce & rais$ to ! sup]natural sph]e m]ely p] d5om9ationem extr9secam47#bij7 ,?is view is unt5able4 ,= if nature1 z su*1 possess$ ! intr9sic p[] to p]=m salut>y acts1 irrespective ( _! acceptation by ,god1 ! ,fa!rs & c\ncils w\ld err 9 tea*+ t ?is p[] is d]iv$ f ! imm$iate graces ( illum9ation & /r5g!n+47#bia7 ,o!rs hold t ! salut>y acts :i* grace enables man to p]=m1 are sup]natural only quoad modum2 because :ile x is ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself :o incites ! natural faculties to salut>y ?\ghts & good resolves1 ,he does n eo ipso raise ^! ?\ghts & resolves to ! sup]natural plane4 ,?is !ory1 besides be+ op5 to ! same objection :i* we h urg$ aga9/ ! fir/1 involves ano!r difficulty4 ,if all salut>y acts 7 sup]natural only quoad modum1 sanctify+ grace1 :i* is z c]ta9ly sup]natural 9 its ess5ce z ! beatific vision ( ,god17#bib7 w\ld cease to h an adequate purpose2 = ! intr9sic reason = its exi/5ce is precisely t x raises ! nature ( ! ju/ifi$ into a p]man5t sup]natural /ate ( be+4 ,a ?ird s*ool ( !ologians tries to solve ! difficulty by add+ to ! natural op]ation ( ! intellect & ! w "s accid5tal sup]natural modus4 ,!re are sev]al su* modi1 :i*1 ?\gh inh]+ 9 nature & really di/9ct !refrom1 dep5d solely on ! ,holy ,gho/1 & consequ5tly transc5d ! natural p[]s ( man1 e4g4 ! duration or int5sity ( a salut>y act4 ,?is !ory at fir/ blu% appe>s m plausible ?an ! o!r two1 b x _c be squ>$ ) ! tea*+ ( ,tradition4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! duration or int5sity ( a salut>y act _c affect its ess5ce or nature4 ,!n aga91 e su* accid5tal sup]natural modus is produc$ ei!r by grace alone1 or by grace work+ conjo9tly ) free-w4 ,9 ! =m] hypo!sis x w\ld be useless1 because x w\ld n r5d] ! free salut>y act1 z su*1 sup]natural2 9 ! latt] case x c\ld d no m ?an aid ! w to d :at is morally impossible1 :]eas e salut>y act is 9 matt] ( fact a physical impossibility1 t is1 impossible to unaid$ nature47#bic7 ,!re rema9s a f\r? explanation1 :i* ascribes to e salut>y act an ontological1 sub/antial1 intr9sic sup]naturalitas1 :]eby x is elevat$ to a high] & ess5tially diff]5t plane ( be+ & op]ation4 ,?is !ory is conv9c+ly set =? by ,su>ez 9 8 treatise on ! ,necessity ( ,grace47#bid7 ,x may be ask$3 ,if ! salut>y acts :i* we p]=m are sup]natural 9 sub/ance1 :y are we n consci\s ( ! fact8 ,! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,philosophical analysis %[s t ! intr9sic nature ( our psy*ic op]ations is no m a subject ( imm$iate consci\sness ?an ! sub/ance ( ! s\l itself4 ,consequ5tly1 sanctify+ grace _c reveal its pres5ce ?r\gh our inn] consci\sness4 ,hav+ no intuitive k ( our own ,ego1 we are compell$ to specify ! diff]5t acts ( ! s\l by means ( _! respective objects & _! v>i\s t5d5cies 7cognition1 volition74 ,to our consci\sness ! sup]natural love ( ,god does n pres5t itself z ess5tially diff]5t f ! natural47#bie7 ,article #c4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,actual ,grace ,= ,! ,/ates ,( ,unbelief1 ,mortal ,s91 ,& ,ju/ification ,e adult man1 view$ 9 8 relation to actual grace1 is 9 "o ( ?ree di/9ct /ates3 7#a7 ,! /ate ( unbelief 7/atus infidelitatis71 :i* may be ei!r negative1 z 9 ! case ( hea!ns1 or positive1 z 9 ! case ( apo/ates & =mal h]etics2 7#b7 ,! /ate ( mortal s9 7/atus peccati mortalis71 :5 ! s9n] has already receiv$1 or n yet lo/1 ! grace ( fai?1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ju/ification2 7#c7 ,! /ate ( ju/ification itself 7/atus iu/itiae sive gratiae sanctificantis71 9 :i* mu* rema9s yet to be done to atta9 et]nal happ9ess4 ,! "q we h n[ to consid] is3 ,does man ne$ actual grace 9 e "o ( ^! ?ree /ates1 & if s1 to :at ext5t8 #a4 ,,semipelagianism4--,semipelagianism is an attempt to effect a compromise betwe5 ,pelagianism & ,augu/9ism by attribut+ to m]e nature a some:at great] importance 9 matt]s ( salvation ?an ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 will+ to admit4 a7 ,aft] ,augu/9e _h = m ?an tw5ty ye>s vigor\sly combatt$ & f9ally defeat$ ,pelagianism1 "s pi\s monks ( ,m>seilles1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,john ,cassian1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,victor17#bif7 tri$ to f9d middle gr\nd betwe5 8 tea*+ & t ( ! ,pelagians4 ,cassian's treatise ,collationes ,patrum17#big7 & ! reports s5t to ,/4 ,augu/9e by 8 disciples ,prosp] & ,hil>y1 enable u to =m a pretty fair idea ( ! ,semipelagian sy/em4 ,its pr9cipal t5ets 7 ! foll[+3 7 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 ! 8beg9n+ ( fai?0 7initium fidei1 affectus cr$ulitatis7 & 8increase 9 fai?0 7augm5tum fidei74 ,! =m] dep5ds entirely on ! w1 :ile ! latt]1 l fai? itself1 requires ! grace ( ,*ri/4 7 ,nature c m]it grace by its own ef=ts1 ?\gh ?is natural m]it 7m]itum naturae7 is f\nd$ on equity only 7m]itum de congruo71 & does n conf] a "r 9 /rict ju/ice1 z ,pelagius cont5d$4 7 ,free-w1 aft] ju/ification1 c ( its own p[] secure ! gift ( f9al p]sev]ance 7donum p]sev]antiae72 :i* consequ5tly is n a special grace1 b a purely natural a*ievem5t4 7 ,! be/[al or d5ial ( baptismal grace 9 ! case ( infants1 :o c h no previ\s m]ita de congruo1 dep5ds on _! hypo!tical future m]its or dem]its z =ese5 by ,god f all et]nity47#bih7 b7 ,in=m$ ( ^! errors by 8 disciples1 ,/4 ,augu/9e en]getically set to "w1 & 9 spite ( 8 advanc$ age wrote two books aga9/ ! ,semipelagians1 entitl$ respectively1 ,de ,pra$e/9atione ,sanctorum & ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae4 ,! new tea*+ 0 n yet1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ z =mally h]etical1 & ,augu/9e treat$ 8 oppon5ts ) great consid]ation1 9 fact he humbly ackn[l$g$ t he himself _h pr(ess$ simil> errors be=e 8 consecration 7,a4 ,d4 #cid747bii7 ,aft] ,augu/9e's dea?1 ,prosp] & ,hil>y w5t to ,rome & int]e/$ ,pope ,cele/9e 9 _! cause4 ,9 a dogmatic lett] address$ to ! ,bi%ops ( ,gaul1 ! ,pontiff =mally approv$ ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e on grace & orig9al s91 b left op5 su* o!r 8m pr(\nd & difficult incid5tal que/ions0 z pr$e/9ation & ! mann] 9 :i* grace op]ates 9 ! s\l47#cjj7 ,b z ?is papal lett] 7call$ 8,indiculus07 0 an in/ruction r ?an an ex-ca!dra def9ition1 ! controv]sy cont9u$ until1 ne>ly a c5tury lat] 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi71 ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange1 convok$ by ,/4 ,caes>ius ( ,arles1 =mally condemn$ ! ,semipelagian h]esy4 ,?is c\ncil1 or at lea/ its fir/ eight canons17#cja7 receiv$ ! solemn approbation ( ,pope ,boniface ,,ii 7,a4 ,d4 #ecj7 & ?us became ve/$ ) ecum5ical au?ority47#cjb7 #b4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es ! absolute necessity ( actual grace = all /ages on ! way to salvation4 ,we %all demon/rate ?is 9 five sep>ate !ses4 99,!sis ,i3 ,prev5i5t grace is absolutely necess>y1 n only = fai?1 b = ! v beg9n+ ( fai?499 ,?is is de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange def9$ aga9/ ! ,semipelagians3 8,if any "o say t increase 9 fai?1 z well z ! beg9n+ ( fai?1 & ! v impulse by :i* we are l$ to believe 9 ,him :o ju/ifies ! s9n]1 & by :i* we obta9 ! reg5]ation ( holy ,baptism1 is 9 u n z a gift ( grace1 t is to say1 ?r\gh ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 b by nature1 444 is an adv]s>y ( ! dogmatic tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les444407#cjc7 a7 ,?is is ?or\ghly ,scriptural doctr9e1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e7#cjd7 & ,prosp]7#cje7 prov$4 ,/4 ,paul's fir/ epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians _h op5$ ! eyes ( ,augu/9e1 z he himself admits4 #a ,cor4 ,,iv1 #g3 8,= :o di/+ui%e?7#cjf7 !e8 ,or :at ha/ ?\ t ?\ ha/ n receiv$8 ,& if ?\ ha/ receiv$1 :y do/ ?\ glory1 z if ?\ had/ n receiv$ x80 ,! ,apo/le means to say3 ,9 matt]s p]ta9+ to salvation no man has any advantage ov] 8 fell[ m51 because all receive ( ! grace ( ,god )\t any m]its ( _! own4 ,?is /atem5t w\ld be false if any man 7 able to p]=m ev5 ! smalle/ salut>y act )\t ! aid ( grace4 ,) a special view to fai? ! same ,apo/le tea*es3 8,= by grace y are sav$ ?r\gh fai?17#cjg7 & t n ( y\rselves17#cjh7 = x is ! gift ( ,god27#cji7 n ( works17#caj7 t no man may glory407#caa7 ,?is1 too1 w\ld be false if fai? c\ld be trac$ to a purely natural in/9ct or to "s m]itum de congruo 9 ! ,semipelagian s5se47#cab7 ,our ,"l ,himself1 9 8 fam\s disc\rse on ! ,holy ,eu*>i/1 unmi/akably describes fai? & man's prep>ation = x z an effect ( prev5i5t grace4 8,no man c come to me1 except ! ,fa!r1 :o ha? s5t me1 draw him407#cac7 ,! metaphorical expression 8come to me10 accord+ to ! context1 means 8believe 9 me20 :]eas ! ,fa!r's 8draw+0 pla9ly ref]s to ! op]ation ( prev5i5t grace4 ,cfr4 ,john ,,vi1 #fe sq43 8,b !re are "s ( y t believe n4444 ,!re=e did ,i say to y1 t no man c come to me1 unless x be giv5 him by ! ,fa!r40 ,john ,,vi1 #bi3 8,?is is ! "w ( ,god17#cad7 t y believe 9 him :om he ha? s5t40 ,accord+ to our ,savi\r's own av]m5t1 !re=e1 prea*+ is ( no avail unless grace gives ! fir/ impulse lead+ to fai?4 b7 ,z reg>ds ! argum5t f ,tradition1 x w suffice to %[ t ! ,fa!rs :o wrote be=e ,augu/9e1 ascrib$ ! beg9n+ ( fai? to prev5i5t grace4 7 ,9 ! light ( ! ,augu/9ian dictum t 8pray] is ! sure/ pro( ( grace107#cae7 x is safe to assume t ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr voic$ our dogma :5 he put into ! m\? ( a v5]able old man ! words3 8,b ?\ pray above all t ! gates ( light may be op5$ unto !e2 = no man is able to und]/& ! words ( ! prophets z praeambula fidei unless ,god & ,8 ,*ri/ h reveal$ _! mean+407#caf7 ,augu/9e himself appeals to ,,ss4 ,cyprian1 ,ambrose1 & ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 & !n cont9ues3 8,su* doctors1 & s great z ^!1 say+ t !re is no?+ ( :i* we may boa/ z ( our own1 :i* ,god has n giv5 u2 & t our v he>t & our ?\ghts are n 9 our own p[]1 444 attribute ^! ?+s to ! grace ( ,god1 ackn[l$ge !m z ,god's gifts1 te/ify t !y come to u f ,him & are n f ourselves407#cag7 7 ,l ! ,pelagians 9 _! tea*+ on orig9al s917#cah7 ! ,semipelagians 9 _! tea*+ on grace reli$ ma9ly on ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 f ^: writ+s !y lov$ to quote su* p]plex+ passages z ?is3 8,we mu/ fir/ select ! good1 & !n ,god adds :at is ( ,82 ,he does n =e/all our w because ,he does n wi% to de/roy our lib]ty4 ,b once we h made our *oice1 ,he gives u mu* help4 ,= :ile x re/s ) u to *oose & to w antec$5tly1 x lies ) him to p]fect & br+ to an issue407#cai7 ,to und]/& ,/4 ,*ryso/om's attitude1 & t ( ! ,ori5tal ,fa!rs g5]ally1 we mu/ rememb] t ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* consid]$ x "o ( its *ief duties to safegu>d ! dogma ( free-w aga9/ ! ,mani*aeans1 :o reg>d$ man z an abject slave ( ,fate4 ,9 su* an environm5t x 0 ( supreme importance to *ampion ! fre$om ( ! w7#cbj7 & to insi/ on ! maxim3 8,help y\rself & ,god w help y40 ,if ! necessity ( prev5i5t grace 0 n suffici5tly emphasiz$1 ! circum/ances ( ! "t expla91 & to "s ext5t excuse1 ! mi/ake4 ,/4 ,augu/9e himself rem>ks 9 8 treatise on ! ,pr$e/9ation ( ! ,sa9ts3 8,:at ne$ is !re = u to look into ! writ+s ( ^? :o1 be=e ?is h]esy sprang up1 _h no necessity ( dwell+ on a "q s difficult ( solution z ?is1 :i* beyond a d\bt !y w\ld d if !y 7 compell$ to answ] su* errors z ^!8 ,:5ce x came ab\t t !y t\*$ ^u :at !y ?\ght ( ,god's grace briefly & cursorily 9 "s passages ( _! writ+s407#cba7 ,palmi]i rem>ks7#cbb7 t x w\ld be easy to cite a numb] ( simil> passages f ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,lat9 ,fa!rs be=e ,pelagius1 :o c]ta9ly _c be suspect$ ( ,semipelagian lean+s47#cbc7 ,! or?odoxy ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om c be positively e/abli%$ by a tw(old argum5t4 7#a7 ,pope ,cele/9e ! ,fir/ recomm5d$ him z a reliable def5d] ( ! ,ca?olic fai? aga9/ ,ne/orianism & ,pelagianism47#cbd7 7#b7 ,*ryso/om reject$ ,semipelagianism z x 7 9 advance :5 he taught3 8,n ev5 fai? is ( ourselves2 = if ,he ,god _h n come1 if ,he _h n call$1 h[ %\ld we h be5 able to believe807#cbe7 & aga9 :5 he says 9 8 explanation ( ! ,paul9e phrase 37#cbf7 8,he ,himself ha? implant$ ! fai? 9 u1 ,he ,himself ha? giv5 ! beg9n+407#cbg7 ,^! utt]ances are diametrically oppos$ to ! h]etical tea*+ ( ! ,semipelagians47#cbh7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis is effectively =mulat$ by ,oswald7#cbi7 z foll[s3 8,x is fai? :i* fir/ leads man f ! sph]e ( nature into a high] doma91--fai? is ! beg9n+ ( salut>y action4 ,t ?is beg9n+ mu/ come :olly f ,god1 & t x _c come f man1 goes )\t say+4 ,by beg9n+ we mean ! v fir/ beg9n+4 ,:e!r we call ?is fir/ beg9n+ itself fai?1 or speak1 z ! ,semipelagians did1 ( c]ta9 preambles ( fai?1--aspirations1 impulses1 desires lead+ to fai? 7praeambula fidei3 conatus1 desid]ia1 cr$ulitatis affectus71 makes no diff]5ce4 ,:]ev] ! sup]natural doma9 ( salut>y action beg9s--& x is divid$ (f f ! natural by a v %>p l9e--!re x is ,god :o beg9s & n man1 !re x is grace :i* prec$es1--gratia praev5i5s1 z x has come to be kn[n by a fam\s t]m40 ,inde$1 if man 7 able by 8 own p[] to m]it = himself ! fir/ beg9n+s ( grace1 !n fai? itself1 & ju/ification :i* is bas$ on fai?1 & ! beatific vision1 w\ld n be /rictly graces4 ,z = ! precise mom5t :5 prev5i5t grace beg9s its "w 9 ! s\l1 ! common op9ion is t ! v fir/ judgm5t :i* a man =ms z to ! cr$ibility ( div9e revelation 7iudicium cr$ibilitatis7 is det]m9$ by ! imm$iate grace ( ! intellect17#ccj7 & t ! subsequ5t affectus cr$ulitatis spr+s f ! /r5g!n+ grace ( ! w4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #e1 demon/rates ?is z foll[s3 8,let !m give att5tion to ?is1 & well weigh ^! words1 :o ?9k t ! beg9n+ ( fai? is ( ourselves1 & ! increase ( fai? is ( ,god4 ,= :o _c see t ?9k+ is prior to believ+8 ,= no "o believes any?+ unless he has fir/ ?\ght t x is to be believ$4444 ,!re=e1 9 :at p]ta9s to religion & piety ( :i* ! ,apo/le 0 speak+1 if we are n capable ( ?9k+ any?+ z ( ourselves1 b our suffici5cy is ( ,god1 we are c]ta9ly n capable ( believ+ any?+ z ( ourselves1 s9ce we _c d ?is )\t ?9k+1 b our suffici5cy1 by :i* we beg9 to believe1 is ( ,god407#cca7 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,! s9n]1 ev5 aft] he has receiv$ ! fai?1 /&s 9 absolute ne$ ( prev5i5t & co-op]at+ grace = e s+le salut>y act requir$ 9 ! process ( ju/ification499 ,?is proposition also embodies an article ( fai?4 ,pro(4 ,! ,semipelagians ascrib$ ! dispositions necess>y = ju/ification to ! natural ef=ts ( ! w1 !reby d5y+ ! necessity ( prev5i5t grace4 ,?is tea*+ 0 condemn$ z h]etical by ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi717ccb7 & aga9 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* def9$3 8,if any "o sai? t )\t ! prev5i5t inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & )\t ,8 help1 man c believe1 hope1 love1 or be p5it5t z he ought1 s t ! grace ( ju/ification may be be/[$ ^u him2 let him be ana!ma407#ccc7 a7 ,! ,scriptural texts :i* we h quot$ aga9/ ,pelagianism7#ccd7 also apply to ! ,semipelagian h]esy4 ,our ,"l's dictum3 8,)\t me y c d no?+107#cce7 proves ! necessity ( prev5i5t & co-op]at+ grace1 n only at ! beg9n+ ( e salut>y act1 b also = its cont9uation & completion4 ,/4 ,augu/9e cle>ly p]ceiv$ ?is4 8,t he might furni% a reply to ! future ,pelagius10 he obs]ves1 8our ,"l does n say3 ,)\t me y c ) difficulty d any?+2 b ,he says3 ,)\t me y c d no?+4444 ,he does n say3 ,)\t me y c p]fect no?+1 b d no?+4 ,= if ,he _h said p]fect1 !y might say t ,god's aid is necess>y1 n = beg9n+ good1 :i* is ( ourselves1 b = p]fect+ x4444 ,= :5 ! ,"l says1 ,)\t me y c d no?+1 9 ?is "o ^w ,he compreh5ds bo? ! beg9n+ & ! end407#ccf7 ,/4 ,paul expressly ascribes ! salvation ( man to grace :5 he says3 8444 ) fe> & trembl+ "w out y\r salvation2 = x is ,god :o worke? 9 y1 bo? to w & to accompli%407#ccg7 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 z we h se51 designates ! f\r salut>y acts ( fai?1 hope1 love1 & p5it5ce z a prep>ation = ju/ification4 ,n[ ,/4 ,paul tea*es3 8,! ,god ( hope fill y ) all joy & peace 9 believ+1 t y may ab\nd 9 hope & 9 ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/207#cch7 & ,/4 ,john3 8,*>ity is ( ,god407#cci7 b7 ,! argum5t f ,tradition is *iefly bas$ on ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o 9 8 two treatises aga9/ ! ,semipelagians1 & likewise 9 8 e>li] writ+s1 inculcates ! necessity ( grace = all /ages on ! way to salvation4 ,?us he writes 9 8 ,en*iridion3 8,surely1 if no ,*ri/ian w d>e to say ?is3 ,x is n ( ,god t %[e? m]cy1 b ( man t wille?1 le/ he %\ld op5ly contradict ! ,apo/le1 x foll[s t ! true int]pretation ( ! say+ 7,rom4 ,,ix1 #af73 #8,x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy1' is t ! :ole "w belongs to ,god1 :o bo? prep>es ! good w t is to be help$1 & assi/s x :5 x is prep>$4 ,= ! good w ( man prec$es _m ( ,god's gifts1 b n all2 & x mu/ itself be includ$ among ^? :i* x does n prec$e4 ,we read 9 ,holy ,scripture1 bo? #8,god's m]cy %all prev5t me' 7,ps4 ,,lviii1 #aa71 & #8,?y m]cy w foll[ me' 7,ps4 ,,xxii1 #f74 ,x prec$es ! unwill+ to make him will+2 x foll[s ! will+ to r5d] 8 w effectual4 ,:y are we taught to pray = our enemies1 :o are pla9ly unwill+ to lead a holy life1 unless x be t ,god may "w will+ness 9 !m8 ,& :y are we admoni%$ to ask t we may receive1 unless x be t ,he :o has creat$ 9 u ! wi%1 may ,himself satisfy ! same8 ,we pray1 !n1 = our enemies1 t ! m]cy ( ,god may prec$e !m1 z x has prec$$ u2 we pray = ourselves1 t ,8 m]cy may foll[ u407#cdj7 ,t grace accompanies u un9t]rupt$ly on ! way to ,heav5 is also ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,j]ome3 8,to w & to run is my own act2 b )\t ! con/ant aid ( ,god1 ev5 my own act w n be m9e2 = ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac73 #8,x is ,god :o worke? 9 y1 bo? to w & to accompli%4'444 ,x is n suffici5t = me t ,he gave x once1 unless ,he gives x always407#cda7 ,/4 ,ephraem ,syrus prays 9 ! "n ( ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*3 8,i possess no?+1 & if ,i possess any?+1 ,?\ ,o ,god ha/ giv5 x to me4444 ,i ask only = grace & ackn[l$ge t ,i %all be sav$ ?r\gh ,!e407#cdb7 ,! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange summ>izes ! tea*+ ( ,tradition on ! subject "u consid]ation47#cdc7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis is bas$ on ! "* ( ! adoptive son%ip result+ f ! process ( ju/ification47#cdd7 ,?is son%ip 7filiatio adoptiva7 is ess5tially sup]natural1 & h5ce c be atta9$ only by /rictly sup]natural acts1 :i* unaid$ nature is bo? morally & physically incapable ( p]=m+47#cde7 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,ev5 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace man is n able to p]=m salut>y acts1 unless aid$ by actual graces499 ,?is is likewise de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! faculties ( ! j man are p]man5tly kept 9 ! sup]natural sph]e by sanctify+ grace & by ! habits ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,h5ce ! j man 9 ! p]=mance ( salut>y acts does n require ! same measure ( prev5i5t grace z ! unreg5]ate s9n]1 :o lacks all1 or at lea/ "s1 ( ! habits m5tion$4 ,! "q "h at issue1 !re=e1 c only be3 ,is actual grace 7z gratia excitans s4 vocans1 n elevans7 absolutely necess>y to enable a man 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace to p]=m salut>y acts8 ,! answ] is--,yes1 & ?is tea*+ is s firmly gr\nd$ on ,sacr$ ,scripture & ,tradition1 & s emphatically sanction$ by ! ,*ur*1 t we d n hesitate to foll[ ,p]rone 9 qualify+ x z de fide47#cdf7 ,! c\ncils 9 _! tea*+ on ! necessity ( grace1 ass]t t necessity alike = ! ju/ifi$ & ! unju/ifi$4 ,t ( ,tr5t expressly decl>es3 8,:]eas ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself cont9ually infuses ,8 virtue into ! ju/ifi$1--z ! head into ! memb]s1 & ! v9e into ! bran*es1--& ?is virtue always prec$es & accompanies & foll[s _! good works1 :i* )\t x c\ld n 9 any wise be pleas+ & m]itori\s be=e ,god1 we mu/ believe t no?+ fur!r is want+ to ! ju/ifi$444407#cdg7 a7 ,our !sis c be easily prov$ f ,holy ,scripture4 ,we h already %[n t ! ,bible & ,tradition make no di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t /ages on ! way to salvation1 or betwe5 diff]5t salut>y acts1 b indiscrim9ately po/ulate = all ! illum9at+ grace ( ! intellect & ! /r5g!n+ grace ( ! w4 ,x foll[s t to p]=m salut>y acts ! ju/ifi$ no less ?an ! unju/ifi$ ne$ actual grace4 ,our ,savi\r's pi?y say+3 8,)\t me y c d no?+107#cdh7 0 n address$ to unbeliev]s or s9n]s1 b to ,8 ,apo/les1 :o 7 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace47#cdi7 ,?is int]pretation is fully borne out by ,tradition4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 aft] lay+ x d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t 8,we c ( ourselves d no?+ to effect good works ( piety )\t ,god ei!r work+ t we may w1 or co-op]at+ :5 we w107#cej7 says ( ju/ifi$ man 9 p>ticul>3 8,! ,heav5ly ,physician cures our maladies1 n only t !y may cease to exi/1 b 9 ord] t we may ev] aft]w>ds be able to walk aright1--a task to :i* we %\ld be unequal1 ev5 aft] our heal+1 7 x n = ,8 cont9u$ help4444 ,= j z ! eye ( ! body1 ev5 :5 completely s\nd1 is unable to see1 unless aid$ by ! brightness ( light1 s also man1 ev5 :5 fully ju/ifi$1 is unable to lead a holy life1 unless he be div9ely assi/$ by ! et]nal light ( righte\sness407#cea7 ,?is agrees ) ! practice ( ! ,*ur* 9 exhort+ all m5 )\t exception1 sa9ts z well z s9n]s1 to pray3 8,prec$e1 we besee* ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 our actions by ,?y holy inspiration1 & c>ry !m on by ,?y graci\s assi/ance1 t e pray] & "w ( ours may beg9 always f ,!e1 & ?r\gh ,!e be happily end$407#ceb7 b7 ,"s !ologians h be5 l$ by c]ta9 speculative difficulties to d5y ! necessity ( actual grace 9 ! /ate ( ju/ification4 ,man 9 ! /ate ( ju/ification1 !y argue1 is end[$ ) sanctify+ grace1 ! sup]natural habits ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 & ! infus$ moral virtues1 & consequ5tly possesses all ^? qualifications :i* are necess>y to enable him to p]=m salut>y acts ) ! sup]natural concurr5ce ( ,god4 ,:y %\ld ! w1 ?us sup]naturally equipp$1 require ! aid ( additional actual graces to enable x to p]=m /rictly sup]natural1 & !re=e salut>y1 actions87#cec7 ,we reply3 ,! necessity ( actual grace 9 ! /ate ( ju/ification is s cle>ly taught by div9e ,revelation t no !ological !ory is t5able :i* d5ies x4 ,besides1 ! objection we h briefly summ>iz$ disreg>ds "s v ess5tial consid]ations1 e4g4 t !re rema9s 9 man1 ev5 aft] ju/ification1 concupisc5ce1 :i* is accompani$ by a c]ta9 weakness t requires at lea/ ! gratia sanans sive m$ic9alis to heal x47#ced7 ,fur!rmore1 a quiesc5t habitus _c set itself 9 motion1 b mu/ be det]m9$ f )\t2 t is to say1 9 our case1 x mu/ be mov$ by ! gratia excitans to elicit sup]natural ?\ghts & to w sup]natural acts4 ,j z a se$ _c spr\t )\t ! aid ( appropriate /imuli1 s sanctify+ grace is incapable ( be>+ fruit unless /imulat$ by ! sun%9e & moi/ure ( actual graces4 ,man may p]=m purely natural acts ev5 ?\gh he be 9 ! sup]natural /ate ( grace2 h5ce if any p>ticul> act ( 8 is to be truly sup]natural & conducive to et]nal salvation1 ,god mu/ l5d ,8 special aid47#cee7 99,!sis ,,iv3 ,except by a special privilege ( div9e grace1 man1 ev5 ?\gh he be 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace1 is unable to avoid v5ial s9 ?r\gh\t life499 ,?is is likewise de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! ,pelagians held t man is able to avoid s91 nay to atta9 to absolute impeccability17#cef7 )\t sup]natural assi/ance4 ,aga9/ ?is error ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,mileve 7,a4 ,d4 #daf7 def9$3 8,x likewise ha? pleas$ ! holy ,synod t :oev] holds t ! words ( ! ,our ,fa!r3 #8,=give u our trespasses1' :5 pron\nc$ by sa9tly m51 are pron\nc$ 9 tok5 ( humility1 b n tru?fully1 %\ld be ana!ma407#ceg7 ,/ill m to ! po9t is ! foll[+ decl>ation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t3 8,if any "o sai? t a man once ju/ifi$ 444 is able1 dur+ 8 :ole life1 to avoid all s9s1 ev5 ^? t are v5ial1 except by a special grace f ,god1 z ! ,*ur* holds 9 reg>d ( ! ,bless$ ,virg92 let him be ana!ma407#ceh7 ,to obta9 a bett] und]/&+ ( ?is ,trid5t9e def9ition x w be well to pond] ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,! ,c\ncil decl>es t x is impossible = man1 ev5 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace1 to avoid all s9s dur+ 8 :ole life1 except by virtue ( a special privilege su* z t enjoy$ by ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y47#cei7 ,a v5ial s9 is "o :i*1 because ( ! unimportance ( ! precept involv$1 or 9 consequ5ce ( incomplete cons5t1 does n de/roy ! /ate ( grace4 ,su* a s9 may be ei!r delib]ate or semi-delib]ate4 ,a semi-delib]ate v5ial s9 is "o committ$ 9 ha/e or surprise4 ,x is *iefly s9s ( ?is k9d t ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil _h 9 view4 ,= no "o w\ld s]i\sly ass]t t ) ! aid ( div9e grace a sa9t c\ld n avoid at lea/ all delib]ate v5ial s9s = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,! phrase 89 tota vita0 indicates a p]iod ( "s l5g?1 ?\gh its limits are r difficult to det]m9e4 ,7 a man to die imm$iately aft] ju/ification1 ! ,trid5t9e canon w\ld p] accid5s n apply to him4 ,z ! ,c\ncil says 9 ano!r place t 8m51 h[ holy & j soev]1 at times fall into at lea/ light & daily s9s1 :i* are also call$ v5ial107#cfj7 x is safe practically to limit ! p]iod ( possible fre$om f v5ial s9 to "o day4 ,!oretically1 ( c\rse1 x may be ext5d$ mu* f>!r4 ,! phrase 8omnia peccata0 mu/ be int]pret$ collectively1 n di/ributively1 = a s9 t c\ld n be avoid$ w\ld cease to be a s94 ,= ! same reason ! t]m 8non posse0 mu/ be und]/ood ( 7moral1 n physical7 disability2 9 o!r words1 ! difficulty ( avoid+ s9 ) ! aid ( ord9>y graces = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 is insup]able ev5 = ! j4 ,?is moral impossibility ( avoid+ s9 c be remov$ only by a special privilege1 su* z t enjoy$ by ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,x may incid5tally be ask$ :e!r ?is privilege 0 also grant$ to o!r sa9ts1 notably ,/4 ,joseph & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,su>ez lays x d[n z a !ological conclusion t no human be+ has ev] be5 or ev] w be able entirely to avoid v5ial s9 except by a special privilege1 :i* mu/ 9 ea* case be prov$4 ,palmi]i ma9ta9s t ! moral impossibility ( lead+ an absolutely s9less life )\t ! special assi/ance ( grace is taught by indirection 9 ! canons ( ,mileve 7#daf7 & ,c>?age 7#dah71 :i* decl>e t no su* life has ev] be5 l$ by mortal man )\t t assi/ance47#cfa7 a7 ,! ,scriptural argum5t = our !sis 0 fully develop$ by ! c\ncils j m5tion$4 ,! c>eful /ud5t w note1 h[ev]1 t ^? texts only are /rictly conclusive :i* positively & exclusively ref] to v5ial s9s4 ,?us :5 ,/4 ,james says3 8,9 _m ?+s we all (f5d107#cfb7 he _c mean t all ,*ri/ians n[ & !n necess>ily commit mortal s94 ,= ,/4 ,john expressly decl>es t 8,:osoev] abide? 9 him ,*ri/1 s9ne? n407#cfc7 ,x foll[s t n ev5 ! j c :olly avoid v5ial s94 ,h5ce ! mo/ dev\t & pi\s ,*ri/ian may tru?fully repeat ! petition ( ! ,"l's ,pray] :i* says3 8,=give u our trespasses17#cfd7 z we =give ^? :o trespass aga9/ u407#cfe7 ,pr(\ndly consci\s ( ! s9fulness ( ! entire human race1 ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs exclaims3 8,:o c say1 ,my he>t is clean1 ,i am pure f s9807#cff7 ,o!r ,scripture texts commonly cit$ 9 confirmation ( our !sis lack cog5cy1 because !y ei!r deal exclusively ) mortal s9 or d n ref] to s9 at all4 ,?us ,prov4 ,,xxiv1 #af3 8,a j man %all fall sev5 times & %all rise aga910 is meant ( temporal adv]sities47#cfg7 ,eccles4 ,,vii1 #ba3 8,!re is no j man ^u e>?1 t do? good & s9ne? n107#cfh7 c sc>cely be und]/ood ( v5ial s91 because ! sacr$ writ] cont9ues3 8,= ?y consci5ce kn[e? t ?\ also ha/ (t5 spok5 evil ( o!rs407#cfi7 #a ,john ,i1 #h3 8,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves1 & ! tru? is n 9 u107#cgj7 w\ld be a spl5did argum5t = our !sis1 c\ld x be %[n t ! ,apo/le _h 9 m9d only ! v5ial s9s committ$ 9 ! /ate ( ju/ification4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 unlikely1 z ! t]m peccatum ?r\gh\t ,/4 ,john's fir/ ,epi/le7#cga7 is obvi\sly employ$ 9 ! s5se ( mortal s947#cgb7 b7 ,tradition is aga9 mo/ effectively voic$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o writes3 8,!re are ?ree po9ts1 z y "k1 :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* *iefly ma9ta9s aga9/ !m ! ,pelagians4 ,"o is1 t ! grace ( ,god is n giv5 accord+ to our m]its4444 ,! second1 t no "o lives 9 ?is corruptible body 9 righte\sness ( any degree )\t s9s ( any k9d4 ,! ?ird1 t man is born obnoxi\s to ! fir/ man's s9444407#cgc7 ,to ,pelagius' objection3 8,if all m5 s91 !n ! j mu/ die 9 _! s9s10 ! holy ,doctor replies3 8,) all 8 acut5ess he ,pelagius ov]looks ! circum/ance t ev5 righte\s p]sons pray ) good reason3 #8,=give u our debts1 z we =give our debtors4'444 ,ev5 if we _c live )\t s91 we may yet die )\t s91 :il/ ! s9 committ$ 9 ignorance or infirmity is blott$ out 9 m]ciful =giv5ess407#cgd7 ,9 ano!r *apt] ( ! same treatise he says3 8,if 444 we c\ld assemble all ! a=e-m5tion$ holy m5 & wom51 & ask !m :e!r !y liv$ )\t s91 444 w\ld !y n all exclaim ) "o voice3 #8,if we say we h no s91 we deceive ourselves1 & ! tru? is n 9 u'807#cge7 c7 ,we come to ! !ological argum5t4 ,! moral impossibility ( avoid+ v5ial s9 = any consid]able l5g? ( "t results p>tly f ! infirmity ( human nature 7infirmitas naturae71 p>tly f ,god's pre-e/abli%$ plan ( salvation 7ordo div9ae provid5tiae74 7 ,! infirmity ( human nature fl[s f f\r sep>ate & di/9ct s\rces3 7#a7 concupisc5ce 7fomes peccati72 7#b7 imp]fection ( ! e?ical judgm5t 7imp]fectio iudicii72 7#c7 incon/ancy ( ! w 7incon/antia voluntatis72 & 7#d7 ! we>9ess caus$ by cont9u$ resi/ance to temptation4 ,9 view ( ^! ag5cies & _! comb9$ attack ^u ! w1 !ologians speak ( a necessitas antec$5s pecc&i2--n z if ! w 7 pr$e/9$ to succumb to any "o temptation 9 p>ticul>1 b 9 ! s5se t x is morally unable to resi/ ! :ole s]ies 7suppositione disiunct74 ,! w simply gr[s weak] & weak]1 & 9 c\rse ( "t fails to resi/ s9 ) suffici5t en]gy4 ,let u exemplify4 ,! pro(%eets ( a book are scrut9iz$ by sev]al tra9$ read]s1 yet 9 spite ( ! greate/ c>e & _m +5i\s devices = ! elim9ation ( error1 a p]fect book1 i4e4 "o entirely free f mi/akes1 is a practical impossibility4 ,h[ mu* h>d] mu/ x be = man to avoid moral lapses ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life1 consid]+ t he _c *oose 8 own "t = meet+ temptations1 b mu/ keep 8 m9d & w "u con/ant control & be prep>$ to resi/ ! enemy at any mom5t47#cgf7 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as says3 8,man _c avoid all v5ial s91 because 8 s5sual appetite is deprav$4 ,true1 reason is able to suppress ! individual /irr+s ( ?is appetite4 ,9 fact1 x is on ?is acc\nt t !y are volunt>y & p>take ( ! nature ( s94 ,b reason is n able to suppress !m all collectively1 because1 :ile x tries to resi/ "o1 !re p]haps arises ano!r1 &1 fur!rmore1 reason is n always 9 a condition to ex]cise ! vigilance necess>y to avoid su* impulses407#cgg7 ,x foll[s t ! necessitas pecc&i antec$5s does n de/roy ! lib]ty ( ! w or ! moral imputability ( ^? v5ial s9s :i* a man actually commits2 = x is m]ely a necessitas indet]m9ata1 :i* ref]s n to c]ta9 p>ticul> in/ances1 b to ! "o or o!r indet]m9ately4 ,x foll[s fur!r t ,god does n comm& ! impossible :5 ,he insi/s t we %\ld avoid v5ial s91 = ,he does n 9 ea* s+le case comm& some?+ :i* is physically or morally impossible17#cgh7 b m]ely dem&s a p]fection :i* 9 itself is n entirely unatta9able hic et nunc ) ! assi/ance ( ord9>y grace47#cgi7 7 ,! second !ological reason = ! impossibility ( avoid+ v5ial s9 = any consid]able "t is bas$ on ! et]nal s*eme ( salvation decre$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,?is s*eme ( salvation mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be conceiv$ z a div9e precept to commit v5ial s9s4 ,x is m]ely a wise tol]ation ( s9 & a j refusal1 on ! "p ( ! ,almighty1 to re/ore ! human race to t entirely unm]it$ /ate ( fre$om f concupisc5ce ) :i* x 0 end[$ 9 ,p>adise1 & :i* alone c\ld gu>antee ! moral possibility ( unspott$ innoc5ce4 ,bo? factors 9 _! la/ analysis are bas$ ^u ! w ( ,god to ex]cise ^? :om ,he has ju/ifi$ 9 humility & to safegu>d u aga9/ pride1 :i* is ! deadlie/ enemy ( our salvation47#chj7 ,9 mak+ ?is wise decree ,god1 ( c\rse1 infallibly =esaw t no man 7) ! sole exception ( ^? to :om ,he might grant a special privilege7 w\ld de facto be able to pass ?r\gh life )\t committ+ v5ial s9s4 ,?is infallible =ekn[l$ge is bas$ n alone on ! sci5tia m$ia1 b also on ! infirmity ( human nature4 ,h5ce ,su>ez 0 entirely ju/ifi$ 9 reject+ ! s+ul> op9ion ( de ,vega17#cha7 t ! ,trid5t9e def9ition does n exclude ! possibility ( exceptions47#chb7 ,nev]!less ! fai?ful are wisely w>n$ aga9/ bo? indiff]5ce & despond5cy4 8,let no "o say t he is )\t s91 b let u n = ?is reason love s94 ,let u dete/ s91 bre?r54 ,?\gh we are n )\t s9s1 let u hate !m2 especially let u avoid griev\s s9s1 & v5ial s9s1 too1 z mu* z we c407#chc7 99,!sis ,v3 ,no man c p]sev]e 9 righte\sness )\t special help f ,god499 ,?is proposition is also de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! ,semipelagians ass]t$ t man is able by 8 own p[] to p]sev]e 9 righte\sness to ! end47#chd7 ,aga9/ ?is tea*+ ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange def9$3 8,ev5 ^? :o are reborn & holy mu/ implore ! help ( ,god1 9 ord] t !y may be enabl$ to atta9 ! good end1 or to p]sev]e 9 ! good "w407#che7 ,?is def9ition 0 repeat$ 9 sub/ance by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t3 8,if any "o sai? t ! ju/ifi$ ei!r is able )\t ! special help ( ,god to p]sev]e 9 ! ju/ice receiv$1 or t1 ) t help1 he is n able2 let him be ana!ma407#chf7 ,p]fect p]sev]ance is ! pres]vation ( baptismal innoc5ce1 or1 9 a less /rict s5se1 ( ! /ate ( grace1 until dea?4 ,imp]fect p]sev]ance is a tempor>y cont9uance 9 grace1 e4g4 = a mon? or a ye>1 until ! next mortal s94 ,imp]fect p]sev]ance1 accord+ to ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 requires no special div9e assi/ance 7speciale auxilium747#chg7 ,f9al p]sev]ance is ei!r passive or active1 accord+ z ! ju/ifi$ dies 9 ! /ate ( grace irrespective ( 8 w 7z baptiz$ *ildr5 & insane adults717#chh7 or actively cop]ates ) grace :5ev] ! /ate ( grace is imp]ill$ by griev\s temptation4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t has especially ?is latt] case 9 view :5 x speaks ( ! necessity ( a speciale auxilium1 because ! special help ext5d$ by ,god presupposes cop]ation ) grace1 & man _c /rictly speak+ cop]ate 9 a happy dea?4 ,! ,c\ncil purposely speaks ( an auxilium1 n a privilegium1 because a privilege is by its v nature grant$ to b few1 :ile ! special help ( grace ext5ds to all ! elect4 ,?is auxilium is designat$ z speciale1 because f9al p]sev]ance is n conf]r$ ) sanctify+ grace1 nor is x a result ( ! m]e p[] ( p]sev]ance 7posse p]sev]>e74 ,! /ate ( sanctify+ grace simply conf]s a claim to ord9>y graces1 :ile ! p[] ( p]sev]ance ( itself by no means insures actual p]sev]ance 7actu p]sev]>e74 ,! p[] ( p]sev]ance is assur$ by ^? m]ely suffici5t graces :i* are con/antly at ! comm& ( ! righte\s4 ,actual p]sev]ance1 on ! o!r h&1 implies a s]ies ( efficaci\s graces4 ,god is "u no obligation to be/[ m ?an suffici5t grace on any man2 consequ5tly1 f9al p]sev]ance is a special grace1 or1 m correctly1 a cont9u\s s]ies ( efficaci\s graces4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t is !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( x z 8a great gift407#chi7 a7 ,sacr$ ,scripture repres5ts f9al p]sev]ance z ! fruit ( pray] & z a special gift n includ$ 9 ! b>e notion ( ju/ification4 7 ,our ,div9e ,savi\r ,himself says 9 ,8 pray] = ,8 disciples1 ,john ,,xvii1 #aa3 8,holy ,fa!r1 keep !m 9 ?y "n :om ?\ ha/ giv5 me1 t !y may be "o1 z we also are407#cij7 ,/4 ,paul tea*es 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,colossians3 8,epaphras salute? y 444 :o is always solicit\s = y 9 pray]s1 t y may /& p]fect & full 9 all ! w ( ,god407#cia7 ,h5ce ! necessity ( con/antly wat*+ & pray+3 8,wat* ye & pray t ye ent] n into temptation407#cib7 7 ,t p]sev]ance is n includ$ 9 ! b>e notion ( ju/ification appe>s f su* passages z ^!3 ,phil4 ,i1 #f3 8,be+ confid5t ( ?is v ?+1 t he :o ha? begun a good "w 9 y1 w p]fect x unto ! day ( ,*ri/ ,jesus407#cic7 #a ,pet4 ,i1 #e3 8,:o1 by ! p[] ( ,god1 are kept by fai? unto salvation1 ready to be reveal$ 9 ! la/ "t407#cid7 b7 ,! ?reads ( ,tradition run toge!r 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o has writt5 a special treatise ,on ! ,gift ( ,p]sev]ance47#cie7 ,8 ma9 argum5t is bas$ on ! necessity ( pray]4 8,:y10 he asks1 8is t p]sev]ance ask$ = f ,god1 if x is n giv5 by ,god8 ,is x a mock+ petition inasmu* z t is ask$ ( ,him :i* x is kn[n ,he does n give1 b1 al?\gh ,he gives x n1 is 9 man's p[]8444 ,or is n t p]sev]ance1 p]*ance1 ask$ = f ,him8 ,he :o says ?is1 is n to be rebuk$ by my argum5ts1 b mu/ be ov]:elm$ ) ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,is !re inde$ "o among !m :o d n ask = !mselves f ,god t !y may p]sev]e 9 ,him1 :5 9 t v pray] :i* is call$ ! ,"l's--because ! ,"l taught x--:5ev] x is pray$ by ! sa9ts1 sc>cely any?+ else is und]/ood to be pray$ = b p]sev]ance807#cif7 ,he !n proce$s to %[1 9 accordance ) ,/4 ,cyprian's little treatise ,on ! ,"l's ,pray]1 t ! sev5 petitions ( ! 8,our ,fa!r0 are all pray]s = p]sev]ance1 & concludes z foll[s3 8,truly 9 ?is matt] let n ! ,*ur* look = labori\s disputations1 b consid] h] own daily pray]s4 ,%e prays t ! unbeliev+ may believe2 !re=e ,god conv]ts to ! fai?4 ,%e prays t believ]s may p]sev]e2 !re=e ,god gives p]sev]ance to ! end407#cig7 ,& aga93 8,= :o is !re t w\ld groan ) a s9c]e desire to receive :at he prays = f ! ,"l1 if he ?\ght t he receiv$ x f himself & n f ! ,"l807#cih7 c7 ,f ?is tea*+ fl[s a coroll>y ( great practical importance1 to wit3 ,! grace ( f9al p]sev]ance _c be m]it$ by good works1 b x c be obta9$ by pi\s & unremitt+ pray]4 8,?is gift ( ,god10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 speak+ ( f9al p]sev]ance1 8may be obta9$ suppliantly by pray]1 b :5 x has be5 giv51 x _c be lo/ contumaci\sly407#cii7 ,& aga93 8,s9ce x is manife/ t ,god has prep>$ "s ?+s to be giv5 ev5 to ^? :o d n pray = !m1 su* z ! beg9n+ ( fai?1 & o!r ?+s n to be giv5 except to ^? :o pray = !m1 su* z p]sev]ance unto ! end1 c]ta9ly he :o ?9ks t he has ?is latt] f himself1 does n pray to obta9 x407#djj7 ,betwe5 m]it 7m]itum7 & pray] 7oratio1 preces7 !re is ?is great diff]5ce1 t m]it appeals to ,god's ju/ice1 pray] to ,8 m]cy4 ,if man 7 able to m]it f9al p]sev]ance by good works 7m]itum de condigno71 ,god w\ld be 9 ju/ice b\nd to give him ?is preci\s grace4 ,b ?is is pla9ly incompatible ) ! ,ca?olic conception ( f9al p]sev]ance4 ,x may be ask$3 ,is ,god det]m9$ by ! m]itum de congruo inh]5t 9 all good works to grant ! gift ( f9al p]sev]ance z a rew>d to ! righte\s8 ,!ologians are at v>iance on ?is po9t4 ,ripalda7#dja7 ?9ks t ?is is ! case at lea/ ) ! m conspicu\s good works p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( grace4 ,su>ez modifies ?is improbable cont5tion some:at by say+ t pray] alone c infallibly gu>antee f9al p]sev]ance47#djb7 ,our pray]s are infallibly he>d if we address ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 because ,*ri/ has promis$3 8,if y ask ! ,fa!r any?+ 9 my "n1 he w give x y407#djc7 ,to insure its be+ infallibly he>d1 pray] = p]sev]ance mu/ be made 9 ! /ate ( grace & unremitt+ly4 ,true1 ,*ri/ did n make sanctify+ grace a necess>y condition ( efficaci\s pray]4 ,b1 z ,su>ez po9ts out1 pray] _c be infallibly efficaci\s unless x proce$s f "o :o is 9 ! /ate ( grace1 because ! moral conditions t r5d] x efficaci\s are f\nd only 9 t /ate47#djd7 ,z to ! second po9t1 if we say t pray] = p]sev]ance mu/ be unremitt+1 we mean1 9 ! words ( ! same em95t !ologian1 t x mu/ cont9ue ?r\gh\t life & mu/ be made ) becom+ tru/fulness & zeal1 especially :5 !re is a duty to be fulfill$ or a temptation to be ov]come47#dje7 ,,read+s3--,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 #a4 ,i-,,ii4--99,tricass91 ,o4 ,cap41 ,de ,necess>ia ad ,salutem ,gratia4--,byonius1 ,de ,gratiae ,auxiliis1 9 ,becanus1 ,!ologia ,s*ola/ica1 ,r\51 #afeh4--,s*eeb5 ,natur und ,gnade1 ,ma9z #ahfa4--;,,idem1 ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #bib-bih1 ,freiburg #ahhb4--99,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ai-bi1 ,gulp5 #ahhe4--,oswald1 ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 #i-aa1 #crd ed41 ,pad]born #ahhe4--,tepe1 ,in/itutiones ,!ologicae1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #h-ea1 ,p>is #ahif4--99;,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #cif-daf1 ,ma9z #ahig4--;,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #cb sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh4--,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 disp4 #b1 ,freiburg #aija4 ,on ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 tea*+ cfr4 99,j4 ,ern/1 ,w]ke und ,tug5d5 d] ,unglubig5 na* ,augu/9us1 ,freiburg #ahga4--;,f4 ,wrt]1 ,die ,gei/es5twicklung des hl4 ,augu/9us bis zu se9] ,taufe1 ,pad]born #ahih4--,wolfsgrub]1 ,augu/9us1 ,pad]born #ahih4--;,b\cat1 ,!ologia ,patrum ,dogmatico-,s*ola/ico-,positiva1 disp4 #c1 ,p>is #agah4--99,zacc>ia1 ,diss]t4 de ,adiutorio s9e quo non1 9 ! ,!saurus ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,v1 ,v5ice #agfb4--,o4 ,rottmann]1 ,o4 ,s4 ,b41 ,gei/esfr*te aus d] ,klo/]zelle1 ,mn*5 #aijh4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiag1 pp4 #cjf sqq41 #cgd sq4 ,on ! h]esy ( ,pelagianism cfr4 99,f4 ,wrt]1 ,d] ,pelagianismus na* se9em ,ursprung und se9] ,lehre1 ,freiburg #ahgd4--;,f4 ,klas51 ,die inn]e ,entwicklung des ,pelagianismus1 ,freiburg #ahhb4--,s*wane1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 #fj sqq41 ,freiburg #ahie4--;,h4 ,zimm]1 ,pelagius 9 ,irl&1 ,b]l9 #aija4--,w>field1 ,two ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,doctr9e1 ,new ,york #ahig4--,tix]ont1 ,hi/oire des ,dogmes1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 ,p>is #aiji 7,engli% tr41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad74--,pohle 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #fjd-fjh4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ceg sqq4 ,on ,semi-,pelagianism cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,prolegom41 ,v1 #e sqq4--,liv9us ,mey]1 ,de ,pelag4 et ,semipelag4 ,erroribus4--,wigg]s1 ,ges*i*te des ,semipelagianismus1 ,hamburg #ahce4--;,a4 ,ho*1 ,lehre des ,johannes ,cassianus von ,natur und ,gnade1 ,freiburg #ahie4--99;,a4 ,ko*1 ,d] hl4 ,fau/us1 ,bis*( von ,riez1 ,/uttg>t #ahie4--;,fr4 ,wrt]1 ,zur ,dogm5ges*i*te des ,semipelagianismus1 ,mn/] #aijj4--,sublet1 ,le ,semiplagianisme1 ,namur #ahig4--,tix]ont1 ,hi/oire des ,dogmes1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 ,p>is #aiji 7,engli% tr41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad74--,pohle 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #gjc-gjf4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cgi sqq4 ,on ,jans5ism cfr4 99,/eph4 ,de*amps1 ,de ,ha]esi ,ians5iana1 ,p>is #afde4--,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 ,vol4 ,,iii3 8,contra ,baium et ,baianos10 ,cologne #afdh4--;,du*esne1 ,hi/oire du ,baianisme1 ,d\ai #agca4--99,l9s5mann1 ,mi*ael ,bajus und die ,grundlegung des ,jans5ismus1 ,tb+5 #ahfg4--;,a4 ,s*ill1 ,die ,kon/itution ,unig5itus1 ihre ,v]anlassung und ihre ,folg51 ,freiburg #ahgf4--;,+old1 ,rome et ,france3 ,la ,seconde ,phase du ,jansnisme1 ,p>is #aija4--,p4 ,m+es1 ,o4 ,f4 ,m41 ,die ,gnad5lehre des ,duns ,scotus auf ihr5 angebli*5 ,pelagianismus und ,semipelagianismus geprft1 ,mn/] #aijf4--,lafiteau1 ,hi/oire de la ,con/itution ,unig5itus1 #b vols41 ,lige #agch4--,van d5 ,pe]eboom1 ,cornelius ,jans5ius1 ,septime vque d',ypres1 ,bruges #ahhb4--;,j4 ,=get 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bhe-bid4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ejg sqq4 ,section #b4 ,! ,gratuity ,( ,actual ,grace ,all grace ex vi t]m9i is a free gift47#djf7 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ,*ri/ian grace1 :i* is s absolutely gratuit\s t its gratuity1 toge!r ) its necessity1 may be call$ ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 #a4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,"q4--,to %[ :at is meant by 8gratuity0 7gratuitas7 we mu/ fir/ expla9 ! te*nical t]m 8m]it40 a7 8,m]it0 7m]itumt :i* is e>n$7 is t prop]ty ( a good "w :i* entitles ! p]=m] to receive a rew>d f him to ^: advantage ! "w r$\nds4 7 ,an analysis ( ?is def9ition %[s t 7#a7 m]it is f\nd only 9 su* works z are positively good2 7#b7 m]it & rew>d are correlative t]ms :i* po/ulate ea* o!r2 7#c7 m]it supposes two di/9ct p]sons1 "o :o des]ves & ano!r :o aw>ds2 7#d7 ! relation betwe5 m]it & rew>d is bas$ on ju/ice1 n on b5evol5ce or m]cy4 ,! la/-m5tion$ det]m9ation is by f> ! mo/ important ( ! f\r47#djg7 7 ,e?ics & !ology cle>ly di/+ui% two k9ds ( m]it3 7#a7 condign m]it17#djh7 :i* is m]it 9 ! /rict s5se 7m]itum adaequatum sive de condigno71 & 7#b7 congru\s m]it 7m]itum inadaequatum sive de congruo71 s call$ because ( ! congruity1 or fitness1 t ! claim %\ld be recogniz$4 ,condign m]it presupposes "s proportion betwe5 ! "w done & ! rew>d giv5 9 comp5sation = x 7aequalitas s4 condignitas dati et accepti74 ,x is measur$ by commutative ju/ice & ?us conf]s a real claim to a rew>d4 ,= example1 a consci5ti\s workman has a /rict claim to 8 wage4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( intr9sic proportion betwe5 s]vice & rew>d1 congru\s m]it c claim a remun]ation only on gr\nds ( fairness4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( m]it 0 already made by ! ,fa!rs1 ?\gh n 9 ! t]ms ( pres5t-day !ology4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! old] ,s*ola/ics & emphasiz$ anew by ,lu!r's fam\s adv]s>y ,johann ,eck47#dji7 ,no relation ( /rict ju/ice is conceivable betwe5 ! ,creator & ,8 creatures4 ,on ! "p ( ,god !re c only be "q ( a gratuit\s promise to rew>d c]ta9 good works1--:i* promise ,he is b\nd to keep because ,he is v]aci\s & fai?ful47#daj7 b7 ,two o!r t]ms mu/ also be cle>ly def9$ 9 ord] to arrive at a true conception ( ! gratuity ( ,*ri/ian grace4 ,!y are pray] = grace17#daa7 & a capacity or disposition to receive x47#dab7 ,to pray means to incite ,god's lib]ality or m]cy by humble supplication4 7 ,despite ! contr>y tea*+ ( ,vasquez7#dac7 & a few o!r !ologians1 congru\s m]it & pray] are really di/9ct because "o c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,z ! angels 9 ,heav5 are able to pray = u )\t e>n+ a m]itum de congruo1 s conv]sely1 all salut>y works are m]itori\s ev5 )\t pray]4 ,moreov]1 humble supplication does n involve any positive s]vice entitl$ to a rew>d4 ,!re is ano!r important & obvi\s di/9ction1 viz43 betwe5 purely natural pray] 7preces naturae7 & sup]natural pray] inspir$ by grace 7oratio sup]naturalis74 7 ,capacity or disposition1 especially :5 x takes ! =m ( prep>ation1 may be ei!r positive or negative4 ,positive capacity is def9$ z 8t real mode by :i* a subject1 9 itself indiff]5t1 becomes apt to receive a new =m40 ,su* a capacity or disposition always entails a claim to its respective =m4 ,positive capacity or disposition diff]s f bo? pray] or quasi-m]it 7m]itum de congruo74 ,quasi-m]it is entitl$ to a rew>d on ! gr\nd ( fairness1 :]eas ! capacitas s4 dispositio positiva is at mo/ ! fulfilm5t ( an expectation bas$ ^u purely teleological consid]ations4 ,aga91 a rew>d c be be/[$ ^u "s subject o!r ?an ! "o by :om ! s]vice 0 r5d]$1 :]eas ! introduction ( a new =m necess>ily supposes a subject dispos$ = or prep>$ to receive x4 ,?us only he :o is hungry is dispos$ = ! reception ( food & entitl$ to h 8 crav+ satisfi$4 ,negative capacity consi/s 9 ! abs5ce or removal ( ob/acles t imp$e ! reception ( a new =m1 z :5 gre5 wood is dri$ to become fit = burn+4 c7 ,!re arises ! important "q :e!r or n div9e grace is an object ( m]it1 & if s1 to :at ext5t x c be m]it$ by pray] & prep>ation4 ,x is ( fai? t ! j man1 by ! p]=mance ( sup]naturally good de$s1 c m]it de condigno an increase 9 ! /ate ( grace & et]nal glory1 & t ! s9n] is able to e>n ju/ification de congruo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also an article ( fai? t div9e grace is /rictly gratuit\s47#dad7 ,! two dogmas seem incompatible1 b !y are n1 z w become evid5t if we consid] t ! good works ( ! j & ! salut>y works ( ! s9n] are entirely root$ 9 div9e grace & consequ5tly ! m]its :i* !y conta9 are /rictly m]its ( grace 9 no wise due to nature47#dae7 ,:5 we speak ( ! absolute gratuity ( grace1 !re=e1 we mean ! v fir/ or initial grace 7gratia prima vocans71 by :i* ! "w ( salvation is begun4 ,( ?is initial grace ! ,*ur* explicitly tea*es t x is absolutely incapable ( be+ m]it$2 :5ce x foll[s t all subsequ5t graces1 up to & includ+ ju/ification1 are also gratuit\s17#daf7 i4e4 unm]it$ by nature 9 /rict ju/ice1 9 s f> z !y are bas$ on ! gratia prima4 #b4 ,,! ,,gratuity ,,( ,,grace ,,prov$ ,,f ,,revelation4--,keep+ ! above explanation well 9 m9d we n[ proce$ to demon/rate ! gratuity ( div9e grace 9 five sy/ematic !ses4 99,!sis ,i3 ,m]e nature _c1 9 /rict ju/ice 7de condigno71 m]it initial grace 7gratia prima71 nor1 consequ5tly1 any ( ! s]ies ( subsequ5t graces 9 ! ord] ( ju/ification499 ,?is proposition embodies an article ( fai?4 ,pro(4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fundam5tal errors ( ,pelagius t grace c be m]it$ by purely natural acts47#dag7 ,:51 at ! in/ance ( ! bi%ops assembl$ at ,diospolis 7,a4 ,d4 #dae71 he retract$ 8 proposition t 8! grace ( ,god is giv5 accord+ to our m]its107#dah7 he employ$ ! t]m gratia ,dei di%one/ly = ! grace ( creation4 ,! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi7 =mally def9$ t grace _c be m]it$1 b is purely & /rictly gratuit\s47#dai7 ,& ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t decl>$3 8,9 adults ! beg9n+ ( ju/ification is to be d]iv$ f ! prev5i5t grace ( ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 t is to say1 f ,8 vocation1 :]eby1 )\t any m]its exi/+ on _! p>ts1 !y are call$444407#dbj7 ,! non-exi/5ce ( m]its prior to ! be/[al ( ! prima gratia vocans1 s positively ass]t$ 9 ?is def9ition1 pla9ly excludes any & all natural m]it de condigno4 a7 ,/4 ,paul demon/rates 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans t ju/ification does n result f ob$i5ce to ! law1 b is a grace freely be/[$ by ,god4 ,! ,apo/le reg>ds ! m]ciful disp5sations ( ,provid5ce 9 favor ( ! ,*os5 ,p1 & ( ! entire s9ful race ( m5 9 g5]al1 z s _m %e] graces4 ,rom4 ,,ix1 #af3 8,s !n x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy407#dba7 ,! gratuity ( grace is ass]t$ 9 t]ms t almo/ s\nd extravagant two v]ses fur!r d[n 9 ! same ,epi/le3 8,!re=e he ha? m]cy on :om he w2 & :om he w1 he h>d5e?407#dbb7 ,! same tru? is emphasiz$ 9 ,rom4 ,,xi1 #f3 8,& if by grace1 x is n n[ by works3 o!rwise grace is no m grace407#dbc7 ,le/ any "o %\ld pride himself on hav+ obta9$ fai?1 :i* is ! root ( ju/ification1 by 8 own m]its1 ,/4 ,paul decl>es 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians3 8,= by grace y are sav$ ?r\gh fai?1 & t n ( y\rselves1 = x is ! gift ( ,god2 n ( works1 t no man may glory4 ,= we are 8 workman%ip1 creat$ 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus 9 good works1 :i* ,god ha? prep>$ t we %\ld walk 9 !m407#dbd7 ,^! & _m simil> passages7#dbe7 make x pla9 t grace _c be m]it$ )\t sup]natural aid4 b7 ,! lead+ *ampion ( ! dogma ( ! gratuity ( grace among ! ,fa!rs is ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o nev] tires ( repeat+ t 8,grace does n f9d m]its1 b causes !m107#dbf7 & sub/antiates ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ?us3 8,grace has prec$$ ?y m]it2 n grace by m]it1 b m]it by grace4 ,= if grace is by m]it1 ?\ ha/ b\ght1 n receiv$ gratis407#dbg7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t is bas$ 7#a7 on ! disproportion betwe5 nature & grace & 7#b7 on ! absolute necessity ( grace = ! p]=mance ( salut>y works4 ,!re is no proportion betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 & x w\ld be a contradiction to say t m]e nature c span ! *asm sep>at+ ! two ord]s4 ,to assume ! exi/5ce ( a /rict m]itum naturae = x1 w\ld be to d5y ! gratuity z well z ! sup]natural "* ( grace4 ,to d5y ^! w\ld be to d5y grace itself & ) x ! :ole sup]natural ord] t =ms ! gr\ndwork ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we "k1 on ! o!r h&17#dbh7 t grace is absolutely indisp5sable = ! p]=mance ( salut>y acts4 ,h5ce1 to d5y ! gratuity ( grace w\ld be to cr$it nature ) ! ability to p]=m salut>y acts by its own p[]1 or at lea/ to m]it grace by ! p]=mance ( naturally good de$s4 ,9 ! fir/ hypo!sis grace w\ld no long] be necess>y = salvation2 9 ! second1 x w\ld be proportionate to natural goodness1 & !re=e no grace at all4 ,consequ5tly1 ! gratuity ( grace _c be consi/5tly d5i$ )\t at ! same "t d5y+ its necessity47#dbi7 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,!re is no naturally good "w by :i* unaid$ nature c\ld acquire ev5 s mu* z an equitable claim to sup]natural grace499 ,?is proposition may be te*nically qualifi$ z fidei proxima saltem4 ,pro(4 ,! ,semipelagians held t1 ?\gh nature _c m]it grace 9 /rict ju/ice1 x c m]it x at lea/ congru\sly1 i4e4 z a matt] ( fitness or equity47#dcj7 ,?is cont5tion 0 reject$ by ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi71 :i* def9$ t 8,god works _m good ?+s 9 man t man does n "w1 b man works no good de$s t ,god does n give him ! /r5g? to d407#dca7 ,& aga93 8,god ,himself inspires u ) fai? & *>ity )\t any prec$+ natural m]its on our "p407#dcb7 ,! phrase 8)\t any prec$+ m]its0 7nullis praec$5tibus m]itis7 excludes bo? ! m]itum de condigno & ! m]itum de congruo4 a7 ,! ,scriptural argum5t giv5 above = !sis ,i also cov]s ?is !sis4 ,! ,semipelagians quot$ ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #ae 9 support ( _! tea*+3 8,to "o he gave five tal5ts1 & to ano!r two1 & to ano!r "o1 to e "o accord+ to 8 prop] ability407#dcc7 ,b ?is text is too vague to s]ve z an argum5t 9 su* an important matt]4 ,n a few exegetes treat x z a k9d ( rhetorical figure4 ,o!rs1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,fa!rs1 take 8tal5ts0 to mean purely natural gifts1 or gratiae gratis datae1 :ile by 8ability0 7virtus7 !y und]/& ! already exi/+ grace ( fai? or a c]ta9 def9ite measure ( initial grace47#dcd7 ,b ev5 if virtus meant natural faculty or tal5t1 x _c be id5tical ) 8m]it40 ,consid]+ ! common tea*+ ( !ologians t ! angels 7 end[$ ) grace accord+ to ! measure ( _! natural p]fection17#dce7 we may well suppose t man receives grace likewise accord+ to 8 natural con/itution 7gratia sequitur naturam7--a pr$isposition or aptitude :i* ,god orda9$ 9 ,8 inf9ite wisdom to be ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ,8 graces %\ld op]ate ei!r = p]sonal sanctification or ! good ( o!rs4 b7 ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 disciples1 9 def5d+ ! or?odox fai? aga9/ ! ,semipelagians1 /rongly insi/$ on ! gratuity ( ! grace ( fai?1 & above all ( ! initial gratia praev5i5s4 7 ,/4 ,augu/9e comm5ts on #a ,cor4 ,,iv1 #g z foll[s3 8,no?+ is s oppos$ to ?is feel+ z = any "o to glory conc]n+ 8 own m]its 9 su* a way z if he himself _h made !m = himself1 & n ! grace ( ,god1--a grace1 h[ev]1 :i* makes ! good to diff] f ! wick$1 & is n common to ! good & ! wick$407#dcf7 ,& 9 ano!r place he says3 8,= x w\ld n 9 any s5se be ! grace ( ,god1 7 x n 9 e s5se gratuit\s407#dcg7 7 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs h be5 suspect$ ( ,semipelagian lean+s because !y appe> to assign ! *ief rle 9 ! bus9ess ( salvation to nature47#dch7 ,a c>eful /udy ( _! writ+s1 h[ev]1 %[s t ^! au?ors _h 9 m9d co-op]at+1 n prev5i5t grace4 ,! g5]al tea*+ ( ! ,ori5tals on ! gratuity ( grace is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! dem& made at ! ,c\ncil ( ,lydda 7,a4 ,d4 #dae71 t ,pelagius be compell$ to retract ! proposition3 8,gratiam ,dei secundum m]ita no/ra d>i40 ,! ,fa!rs :o h be5 accus$ ( ,semipelagian sympa?ies m]ely wi%$ to emphasize free-w & to incite ! morally indiff]5t to co-op]ate he>tily ) div9e grace4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 9 p>ticul>1 expressly ass]ts ! absolute gratuity ( grace :5 he says ( fai?3 8,t :i* is a m]it ( fai?1 may n be ascrib$ to u1 = x is a free gift ( ,god107#dci7 & directly contradicts ,cassian & ! ,massilians :5 he decl>es3 8,?\ ha/ x n ( ?yself1 ?\ ha/ receiv$ x f ,god4 ,h5ce ?\ ha/ receiv$ :atev] ?\ ha/1 n only ?is or t1 b all ?\ ha/4 ,= x is n ?9e own m]it1 b ! grace ( ,god4 ,al?\gh ?\ allege/ ! fai?1 ?\ ha/ receiv$ x by vocation407#ddj7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis may be succ9ctly /at$ ?us3 ,! grace ( ,god is ! cause ( our m]its1 & h5ce _c be itself m]it$4 ,be+ ! cause1 x _c be an effect47#dda7 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,nature _c m]it sup]natural grace ev5 by natural pray]499 ,?is !sis1 l ! prec$+ "o1 may be te*nically qualifi$ z fidei proxima saltem4 ,pro(4 ,let u fir/ cle>ly e/abli% ! /ate ( ! "q4 ,our !sis ref]s to t p>ticul> k9d ( pray] 7preces naturae7 :i* by its intr9sic value1 s to speak1 obliges ,almighty ,god to grant :at ! petition] asks =1 z is und\bt$ly ! case ) sup]natural pray]1 accord+ to our ,savi\r's own promise3 8,ask & ye %all receive407#ddb7 ,! inefficacy ( natural pray] ass]t$ 9 our !sis1 is n1 z 9 ! case ( m]it17#ddc7 due to any intr9sic impossibility1 b to a positive div9e decree to grant sup]natural pray]4 ,! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange def9$ aga9/ ! ,semipelagians3 8,if any "o says t ! grace ( ,god c be obta9$ by human i4e4 natural pray]1 & t x is n grace itself :i* causes u to invoke ,god1 he contradicts ! prophet ,isaias & ! ,apo/le :o say3 ,i 0 f\nd by !m t did n seek me2 ,i appe>$ op5ly to !m t ask$ n aft] me407#ddd7 a7 ,sacr$ ,scripture tea*es t1 unless we are inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 we _c pray efficaci\sly4 ,x foll[s t to be efficaci\s1 pray] mu/ be an effect ( prev5i5t grace4 ,we %\ld n ev5 "k = :at or h[ to pray1 if ! ,holy ,gho/ did n inspire u4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bf3 8,= we "k n :at we %\ld pray = z we ought2 b ! ,_s himself aske? = u inspires u to ask ) unspeakable groan+s407#dde7 #a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #c3 8,no man c say3 ,"l ,god1 b by ! ,holy ,gho/407#ddf7 ,sup]natural union ) ,*ri/ is an indisp5sable condition ( all efficaci\s pray]4 ,john ,,xv1 #g3 8,if y abide 9 me1 & my words abide 9 y1 y %all ask :atev] y w1 & x %all be done unto y407#ddg7 b7 ,?is is also ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs4 8,:o w\ld truly groan1 desir+ to receive :at he prays = f ! ,"l10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e17#ddh7 8if he ?\ght t he receiv$ x f himself1 & n f ,god8 444 ,we und]/& t ?is is also itself ! gift ( ,god1 t ) a true he>t & spiritually we cry to ,god4 ,let !m1 !re=e1 obs]ve h[ !y are mi/ak5 :o ?9k t our seek+1 ask+1 knock+ is ( ourselves1 & is n giv5 to u2 & say t ?is is ! case because grace is prec$$ by our m]its2 t x foll[s !m :5 we ask & receive1 & seek & f9d1 & x is op5$ to u :5 we knock407#ddi7 c7 ,f ! !ological po9t ( view ! inefficacy ( purely natural pray] 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to salvation c be demon/rat$ ?us3 ,revelation tells u t ! "w ( salvation requires = its beg9n+ an initial sup]natural grace4 ,n[ pray]1 t is to say1 efficaci\s pray]1 is 9 itself a salut>y act4 ,consequ5tly1 !re c be no efficaci\s pray] )\t prev5i5t grace1 & purely natural pray] is inefficaci\s = salvation4 ,ripalda holds t1 9 an economy diff]5t f ! pres5t1 natural pray] w\ld h a claim to be he>d4 ,?is op9ion c be def5d$ )\t prejudice to ! dogma ( ! gratuity ( grace4 ,no d\bt ,god might condesc5d to he> su* petitions if ,he w\ld1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ,he is n b\nd to d s by any intr9sic p[] inh]5t 9 natural pray]4 ,unlike m]it1 pray] appeals to ! m]cy ( ,god1 n to ,8 ju/ice4 ,ripalda's !ory1 h[ev]1 re/s ^u an unprovable assumption1 namely1 t man 9 ! /ate ( pure nature w\ld be able to "k ( ! exi/5ce1 or at lea/ ! possibility1 ( a sup]natural ord] & to /rive = ! beatific vision z 8 f9al end47#dej7 99,!sis ,,iv3 ,man _c move ,god to ! be/[al ( sup]natural grace by any positive disposition or prep>ation on 8 "p499 ,?is !sis may be qualifi$ z propositio c]ta4 ,pro(4 ,positive prep>ation or disposition = grace 7capacitas sive praep>atio positiva7 is practically on a level ) natural pray]4 ,! positive disposition = a natural good sometimes includes a c]ta9 dem& to satisfaction1 z e4g4 ?ir/ dem&s to be qu5*$4 ,?is is /ill m ! case :5 ! disposition has be5 acquir$ by a positive prep>ation = ! good 9 "q4 ,?us a /ud5t1 by consci5ti\sly prep>+ himself = exam9ation1 acquires a claim to be admitt$ to x soon] or lat]4 ,c ?is also be said ( grace8 ,does !re exi/ 9 man a positive disposition = grace 9 ! s5se t ! )hold+ ( x w\ld griev\sly injure & disappo9t ! s\l8 ,c man1 )\t sup]natural aid1 positively dispose himself = ! reception ( sup]natural grace1 confid5t t ,god w rew>d 8 ef=ts by be/[+ x on him8 ,bo? ^! que/ions mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 a7 ,if !re 7 some?+ 9 ! natural make-up ( man :i* w\ld move ! ,almighty to give him grace1 ! be/[al ( grace w\ld no long] be a free act ( ,god4 ,b to ass]t ! consequ5t w\ld be ,semipelagian1 h5ce ! antec$5t mu/ be false4 b7 ,?is tru? c easily be d$uc$ f ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs 9 ! ,semipelagian controv]sy4 ,!y decl>e1 9 p]fect con=mity ) ,/4 ,paul1 t grace is be/[$ gratuit\sly because ,god c give or )hold x z ,he pleases4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says7#dea7 t ! grace ( ,baptism is grant$ freely1 t is1 )\t reg>d to any positive disposition on ! "p ( ! baptiz$ infant4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t nature nev] exi/$ 9 its pure =m1 & is n[ ta9t$ by orig9al s947#deb7 ,surely a nature ta9t$ by s9 _c possibly possess ! p[] ( m]it+ div9e grace4 c7 ,! cont5tion ( ! s-call$ ,augu/9ians1 t pure nature ne$s actual grace to save itself1 & consequ5tly has a claim to su* grace at lea/ ex dec5tia ,creatoris & ex lege iu/issimae provid5tiae1 p]il\sly resembles ,baius' condemn$ proposition t ! /ate ( pure nature is impossible47#dec7 99,!sis ,v3 ,man may prep>e himself negatively = ! reception ( sup]natural grace by n putt+ any ob/acles 9 its way499 ,?is proposition is held by a majority ( ,ca?olic !ologians 7s5t5tia communior74 ,pro(4 ,! solution ( ?is "q is intimately connect$ ) ! fam\s ,s*ola/ic axiom3 8,faci5ti quod e/ 9 se ,deus non d5egat gratiam10 t is1 to ! man :o does :at he c1 ,god does n refuse grace4 ,?is axiom is susceptible ( ?ree diff]5t int]pretations4 a7 ,x may mean3 ,faci5ti quod e/ 9 se cum auxilio gratiae ,deus conf]t ult]iorem gratiam1 i4e41 to him :o does :at he c ) ! help ( sup]natural grace1 ,god grants fur!r & m p[]ful graces up to ju/ification4 ,?is is m]ely ano!r way ( /at+ ! indisputable tru? t1 by fai?fully cop]at+ ) ! grace ( ,god1 man is able to m]it additional graces1 & x holds true ev5 ( infidels & s9n]s4 ,! fir/ freely p]=m$ salut>y act e/abli%es a m]itum de congruo t[>ds o!r acts dispos+ a man = ju/ification4 ,& s9ce ! fir/ z well z all subsequ5t salut>y acts1 9 ?is hypo!sis1 are pure graces1 ?is int]pretation ( our axiom is entirely compatible ) ! dogma ( ! gratuity ( grace47#ded7 b7 ,faci5ti quod e/ 9 se ex viribus naturalibus ,deus non d5egat gratiam 7to him :o does :at he c ) 8 natural moral /r5g?1 ,god does n refuse grace47 ,?is does n mean t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ef=ts ( ! natural w1 ,god may n )hold f anyone ! fir/ grace ( vocation4 ,9 ?is s5se ! axiom w\ld be ,semipelagian1 & has be5 reject$ by a majority ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,x is said ( ,mol9a t he tri$ to r5d] x acceptable by ! hypo!sis t ,god b\nd ,himself by a contract ) ,*ri/ to give ,8 grace to all m5 :o w\ld make good use ( _! natural faculties4 ,b h[ c\ld ! exi/5ce ( ?is imag9>y contract be prov$8 ,9 matt] ( fact ,mol9a taught1 ) a l>ge numb] ( o!r div9es17#dee7 t ,god 9 ! be/[al ( ,8 graces freely b\nd ,himself to a def9ite rule1 :i* co9cides ) ,8 univ]sal w to save all mank9d4 ,9 ! application ( ?is law ,he pays no reg>d to any positive disposition or prep>ation1 b m]ely to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ob/acles :i* w\ld prove imp$im5ts to grace4 ,9 o!r words1 ,god1 g5]ally speak+1 is m incl9$ to (f] ,8 grace to "o :o puts no ob/acles 9 its way ?an to "o :o wall[s 9 s9 & neglects to d 8 %>e47#def7 c7 ,faci5ti quod e/ 9 se ex viribus naturae negative se dispon5do i4e4 obicem non pon5do ,deus non d5egat gratiam 7to ! man :o does :at he c ) 8 natural moral /r5g?1 dispos+ himself negatively i4e41 by n plac+ any ob/acle ,god does n d5y grace4 ,9 ?is =m ! axiom is id5tical ) our !sis4 ,! "q arises3 ,c x be made to squ>e ) ! dogma ( ! absolute gratuity ( grace8 ,vasquez17#deg7 ,glossn]17#deh7 & "s o!rs answ] ?is "q 9 ! negative1 :]eas ! great majority ( ,ca?olic !ologians hold ) ,su>ez7#dei7 & ,lessius17#dfj7 t !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! two4 ,?\gh ,lessius did n succe$ 9 prov+ 8 fam\s cont5tion t ! axiom ,faci5ti quod e/ 9 se ,deus non d5egat gratiam1 0 = ?ree full c5turies und]/ood 9 ?is s5se by ! s*ools17#dfa7 !re is no d\bt t _m au?orities c be cit$ 9 favor ( 8 int]pretation47#dfb7 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis may be =mulat$ ?us3 ,! gratuity ( grace does n imply t ! recipi5t mu/ h no sort ( disposition4 ,x m]ely means t man is positively unwor?y ( div9e favor4 ,o!rwise ! ,*ur* c\ld n tea*1 z %e does1 t ! grace be/[$ on ! angels & on our fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise 0 absolutely gratuit\s1 nor c\ld %e hold t ! ,hypo/atic ,union ( ! two natures 9 ,*ri/1 :i* is ! patt]n & exempl> ( all true grace17#dfc7 0 a pure grace 9 respect ( ! humanity ( our ,"l4 ,! dogma ( ! gratuity ( grace is 9 no dang] :atev] s long z ! relation betwe5 negative disposition & sup]natural grace is conceiv$ z actual 7faci5tiqui facit71 n causal 7faci5tiquia facit74 ,! motive = ! di/ribution ( grace is to be s\ght n 9 ! dignity ( human nature1 b 9 ,god's w to save all m54 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 gu>d aga9/ ! errone\s notion t grace is be/[$ accord+ to a fix$ law or an infallible norm regulat+ ! am\nt ( grace 9 accordance ) ! condition ( ! recipi5t4 ,sometimes great s9n]s are miracul\sly conv]t$1 :ile o!rs ( fairly good antec$5ts p]i%4 ,yet1 aga91 :o c\ld say t to ! omnisci5t & all-wise ,god ! great s9n] did n appe> bett] fitt$ to receive grace ?an ! 8dec5t0 b self-suffici5t ph>isee8 ,,read+s3--,hurt]1 ,comp5dium ,!ologiae ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 !s4 #ahg4--,oswald1 ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 #h1 ,pad]born #ahhe4--99,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 c4 #c1 ,gulp5 #ahhe4--;,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dag-dbj1 ,ma9z #ahig4--;,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #aje sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh4--,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #dfh sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4 ,section #c4 ,! ,univ]sality ,( ,actual ,grace ,! gratuity ( grace does n conflict ) its univ]sality4 ,?\gh ,god di/ributes ,8 graces freely1 ,he grants !m to all m5 )\t exception1 because ,he wills all to be sav$4 ,?is div9e 8w to save0 7voluntas ,dei salvifica7 may be reg>d$ 9 relation ei!r to ! wayf>+ /ate or to ! /atus t]m9i4 ,reg>d$ f ! fir/-m5tion$ po9t ( view x is a m]ciful w 7voluntas mis]icordiae7 & is g5]ally call$ fir/ or antec$5t w 7voluntas prima s4 antec$5s7 or ,god's salvific w 7voluntas ,dei salvifica7 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,consid]$ 9 relation to ! /atus t]m9i1 x is a j w1 z ,god rew>ds or puni%es ea* creature accord+ to its des]ts4 ,?is second or consequ5t w 7voluntas secunda s4 consequ5s7 is call$ 8pr$e/9ation0 9 s f> z x rew>ds ! j1 & 8reprobation0 9 s f> z x puni%es ! wick$4 ,god's 8w to save0 may !re=e be def9$ z an e>ne/ & s9c]e desire to ju/ify all m5 & make !m sup]naturally happy4 ,z voluntas antec$5s x is conditional1 dep5d+ on ! free co-op]ation ( man2 z voluntas consequ5s1 on ! o!r h&1 x is absolute1 because ,god owes x to ,8 ju/ice to rew>d or puni% e man accord+ to 8 des]ts47#dfd7 ,h5ce we %all treat 9 f\r di/9ct articles1 7#a7 ,( ! univ]sality ( ,god's w to save2 7#b7 ,( ! div9e voluntas salvifica z ! w to give suffici5t graces to all adult human be+s )\t exception2 7#c7 ,( pr$e/9ation1 & 7#d7 ,( reprobation4 ,article #a4 ,! ,univ]sality ,( ,god's ,w ,to ,save ,al?\gh ,god's w to save all m5 is practically id5tical ) ,8 w to r$eem all17#dfe7 a =mal di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 ! two1 7a7 because !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! ,scriptural pro(s by :i* ei!r is support$1 & 7b7 because ! latt] involves ! fate ( ! fall5 angels1 :ile ! =m] sugge/s a "q peculi> to itself1 viz4 ! fate ( unbaptiz$ *ildr54 99,!sis ,i3 ,god s9c]ely wills ! salvation1 n only ( ! pr$e/9$1 b ( all ! fai?ful )\t exception499 ,?is proposition embodies an article ( fai?4 ,pro(4 ,its *ief oppon5ts are ! ,calv9i/s & ! ,jans5i/s1 :o h]etically ma9ta9 t ,god wills to save none b ! pr$e/9$4 ,aga9/ ,calv9 ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil def9$3 8,if any "o sai? t ! grace ( ju/ification is atta9$ only by ^? :o are pr$e/9$ unto life1 b t all o!rs :o are call$1 are call$ inde$1 b receive n grace1 z be+1 by ! div9e p[]1 pr$e/9$ unto evil2 let him be ana!ma407#dff7 ,! tea*+ ( ,jans5ius t ,*ri/ di$ exclusively = ! pr$e/9$17#dfg7 0 c5sur$ z 8h]etical0 by ,pope ,innoc5t ,x4 ,h5ce x is ( fai? t ,*ri/ di$ = o!rs besides ! pr$e/9$4 ,:o are ^! 8o!rs08 ,z ! ,*ur* obliges all h] *ildr5 to pray3 8,*ri/ desc5d$ f heav5 = u m5 & = our salvation107#dfh7 x is c]ta9 t at lea/ all ! fai?ful are includ$ 9 ! sav+ w ( ,god4 ,we say1 8at lea/ all ! fai?ful10 because 9 matt] ( fact ! div9e voluntas salvifica ext5ds to all ! desc5dants ( ,adam1 z we %all %[ fur!r on47#dfi7 a7 ,holy ,scripture positively decl>es 9 a numb] ( passages t ,god wills ! salvation ( all believ]s1 :e!r pr$e/9$ or n4 ,jesus ,himself says 9 reg>d to ! ,jews3 ,mat?4 ,,xxiii1 #cg3 8,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 ?\ t kille/ ! prophets1 & /one/ !m t are s5t unto !e1 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i 7volui7 h ga!r$ toge!r ?y *ildr51 z ! h5 do? ga!r h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 & ?\ w\ld/ n 7nolui/i740 ,two facts are /at$ 9 ?is text3 7#a7 ,our ,"l's e>ne/ desire to save ! ,jewi% p1 anci5tly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! prophets1 & n[ 9 ,8 own p]son2 7#b7 ! refusal ( ! ,jews to be sav$4 ,( ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/ "u ! ,new ,cov5ant we read 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john 7,,iii1 #af73 8,god s lov$ ! _w1 z to give 8 only begott5 ,son2 t :osoev] believe? 9 him7#dgj7 may n p]i%1 b may h life ev]la/+40 ,h[ev]1 s9ce _m :o believe 9 ,*ri/ d actually p]i%17#dga7 ! div9e voluntas salvifica1 9 pr9ciple1 ext5ds n only to ! pr$e/9$1 b to all ! fai?ful1 i4e4 to all :o h receiv$ ! sacram5t ( ,baptism4 b7 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs c be ga!r$ f ! quotations giv5 "u ,!sis ,,ii1 infra4 c7 ,! !ological argum5t may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,god's w to save is co-ext5sive ) ! grace ( adoptive son%ip 7filiatio adoptiva71 :i* is imp>t$ ei!r by ,baptism or by p]fect *>ity4 ,n[1 "s :o 7 once 9 ! /ate ( grace are et]nally lo/4 ,consequ5tly1 ,god also wills ! salvation ( ^? among ! fai?ful :o d n actually atta9 to salvation & :o are1 !re=e1 n pr$e/9$4 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,god wills to save e human be+499 ,?is proposition is fidei proxima saltem4 ,pro(4 ,! exi/5ce ( orig9al s9 is no reason :y ,god %\ld exclude "s m5 f ! b5efits ( ! atonem5t1 z 0 alleg$ by ! ,calv9i/ic 8,infralaps>ians40 ,our !sis is s solidly gr\nd$ on ,scripture & ,tradition t "s !ologians unhesitat+ly call x an article ( fai?4 a7 ,we %all conf9e ! ,scriptural demon/ration to two classical passages1 ,wisd4 ,,xi1 #bd sq4 & #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #a sqq4 7 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom1 aft] extoll+ ,god's omnipot5ce1 says ( ,8 m]cy3 8,b ?\ ha/ m]cy ^u all1 because ?\ can/ d all ?+s1 & ov]looke/ ! s9s ( m5 = ! sake ( rep5tance4 ,= ?\ love/ all ?+s t are1 & hate/ none ( ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ made4444 ,?\ sp>e/ all1 because !y are ?9e1 ,o ,"l1 :o love/ s\ls407#dgb7 ,9 ?is text ! m]cy ( ,god is describ$ z univ]sal4 ,mis]]is omnium1 p>cis omnibus4 ,?is univ]sality is bas$ 7#a7 on ,8 omnipot5ce 7quia omnia potes71 :i* is unlimit$4 ,8 m]cy1 be+ equally b\ndless1 mu/ !re=e include all m5 )\t exception4 ,! univ]sality ( ,god's m]cy is bas$ 7#b7 on ,8 univ]sal ov]-lord%ip & dom9ion 7quoniam tua sunt2 diligis omnia quae feci/i74 ,z !re is no creature t does n belong to ,god1 s !re is no man :om ,he does n love & to :om ,he does n %[ m]cy4 ,! univ]sality ( ,god's m]cy 9 ! passage quot$ is bas$ 7#c7 on ,8 love = s\ls 7qui amas animas74 ,:]ev] !re is an immortal s\l 7be x 9 *ild or adult1 ,*ri/ian1 pagan or ,jew71 ,god is at "w to save x4 ,consequ5tly ! div9e voluntas salvifica is univ]sal1 n only 9 a moral1 b 9 ! physical s5se ( ! t]m1 t is1 x embraces all ! desc5dants ( ,adam4 7 #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #b sqq43 8,i desire !re=e1 fir/ ( all1 t supplications1 pray]s1 int]cessions1 & ?anksgiv+s be made = all m54444 ,= ?is is good & acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god our ,savi\r1 :o w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come to ! k ( ! tru?4 ,= !re is "o ,god1 & "o m$iator ( ,god & m51 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o gave himself a r$emption = all407#dgc7 ,! ,apo/le comm&s u to pray 8= all m510 because ?is practice is 8good & acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god40 ,:y is x good & acceptable8 ,because ,god 8w h all m5 to be sav$ & to come to ! k ( ! tru?40 ,9 o!r words1 ,god's w to save is univ]sal4 ,! "q arises3 ,is ! univ]sality ( ! div9e voluntas salvifica1 z inculcat$ by ,/4 ,paul1 m]ely moral1 or is x physical1 admitt+ ( no exceptions8 ,! answ] may be f\nd 9 ! ?reefold reason giv5 by ! ,apo/le3 ! on5ess ( ,god1 ! m$iator%ip ( ,*ri/1 & ! univ]sality ( ! ,r$emption4 7#a7 8,= !re is b "o ,god407#dgd7 ,z truly1 !re=e1 z ,god is ! ,god ( all m5 )\t exception1 is ea* & e man includ$ 9 ! div9e voluntas salvifica4 7#b7 8,!re is b 444 "o m$iator ( ,god & m51 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,! human nature :i* ,*ri/ assum$ 9 ! ,inc>nation is common to all m54 ,h5ce1 :oev] is a man1 has ,jesus ,*ri/ = 8 m$iator47#dge7 7#c7 ,*ri/ 8gave himself a r$emption i4e4 di$ = all40 ,t is to say1 ,god's w to save is co-ext5sive ) ,8 w to r$eem4 ,! latt] is univ]sal17#dgf7 consequ5tly also ! =m]47#dgg7 b7 ,! ,fa!rs & e>ly ecclesia/ical writ]s 7 wont to base _! tea*+ 9 ?is matt] on ! above-quot$ texts1 & cle>ly intimat$ t !y reg>d$ ! tru? !re9 set =? z div9ely reveal$4 ,passaglia7#dgh7 has work$ out ! ,patri/ic argum5t 9 detail1 quot+ no less ?an two hundr$ au?orities4 7 ,we mu/ limit ourselves to a few specim5 citations4 ,/4 ,ambrose decl>es t ,god wills to save all m54 8,he will$ all to be ,8 own :om ,he e/abli%$ & creat$4 ,o man1 d n flee & hide ?yself6 ,he wants ev5 ^? :o flee1 & does n w t ^? 9 hid+ %\ld p]i%407#dgi7 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus holds ,god's voluntas salvifica to be co-ext5sive 9 scope ) orig9al s9 & ! atonem5t4 8,! law1 ! prophets1 & ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/10 he says1 8by :i* we 7 r$eem$1 are common prop]ty & admit ( no exception3 b z all m5 are p>ticipators 9 ! same ,adam1 deceiv$ by ! s]p5t & subject to dea? 9 consequ5ce ( s91 s by ! heav5ly ,adam all are re/or$ to salvation & by ! wood ( ignom9y recall$ to ! wood ( life1 f :i* we _h fall5407#dhj7 ,/4 ,prosp] concludes t1 s9ce all m5 are 9 duty b\nd to pray = _! fell[m51 ,god mu/ ne$s be will+ to save all )\t exception4 8,we mu/ s9c]ely believe10 he says1 8t ,god wills all m5 to be sav$1 s9ce ! ,apo/le solicit\sly prescribes supplication to be made = all407#dha7 ,! "q :y s _m p]i%1 ,prosp] answ]s z foll[s3 8,god wills all to be sav$ & to come to ! k ( tru?1 444 s t ^? :o are sav$1 are sav$ because ,he wills !m to be sav$1 :ile ^? :o p]i%1 p]i% because !y des]ve to p]i%407#dhb7 ,9 8 ,responsiones ad ,capitula ,obiectionum ,v9c5tian>um ! same writ] en]getically def5ds ,/4 ,augu/9e aga9/ ! accusation t 8 tea*+ on pr$e/9ation is incompatible ) ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! univ]sality ( ,god's sav+ w47#dhc7 7 ,/4 ,augu/9e ar\s$ suspicion 9 ! camp ( ! ,semipelagians by 8 g5]al tea*+ on pr$e/9ation & m p>ticul>ly by 8 int]pretation ( #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #d4 ,! great ,bi%op ( ,hippo int]prets ?is ,paul9e text 9 no less ?an f\r diff]5t ways4 ,9 8 treatise ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a he describes ! div9e voluntas salvifica z /rictly univ]sal 9 ! physical s5se47#dhd7 ,9 8 ,en*iridion he re/ricts x to ! pr$e/9$47#dhe7 ,9 8 ,contra ,iulianum he says3 8,no "o is sav$ unless ,god s wills407#dhf7 ,9 8 "w ,de ,correptione et ,gratia3 8,god wills all m5 to be sav$1 because ,he makes u to w ?is1 j z ,he s5t ! _s ( ,8 ,son into our he>ts1 cry+3 ,abba1 ,fa!r1 t is1 mak+ u to cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r407#dhg7 ,h[ did ,/4 ,augu/9e come to int]pret ?is simple text 9 s _m diff]5t ways8 ,"s ?9k he *ose ?is me?od to ov]:elm ! ,pelagians & ,semipelagians ) ,scriptural pro(s4 ,b ?is polemical motive c h>dly h induc$ him to becl\d an obvi\s text & inv5t int]pretations :i* nev] occurr$ to any o!r ecclesia/ical writ] be=e or aft] 8 "t4 ,! conundrum c only be solv$ by ! assumption t ,augu/9e believ$ 9 a plurality ( lit]al s5ses 9 ! ,bible & held t ov] & above 7or not)/&+7 ! s5sus obvius e exegete is free to read z mu* tru? into any giv5 passage z possible1 & t su* int]pretation lay )9 ! scope ( ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/ q z mu* z ! s5sus obvius4 ,9 8 ,confessions7#dhh7 he actually argues 9 favor ( a pluralitas s5suum4 ,he 0 ke5 en\gh to p]ceive1 h[ev]1 t if a ,scriptural text is int]pret$ 9 diff]5t ways1 ! sev]al con/ructions put ^u x mu/ n be contradictory4 ,z he 0 und\bt$ly aw>e ( ! di/9ction betwe5 voluntas antec$5s & consequ5s17#dhi7 8 diff]5t int]pretations ( #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #d c be reconcil$ by assum+ t he conceiv$ ,god's voluntas salvifica z antec$5s 9 s f> z x is univ]sal1 & z consequ5s 9 s f> z x is p>ticul>4 ,/4 ,?omas solves ! difficulty 9 a simil> mann]3 8,! words ( ! ,apo/le1 #8,god w h all m5 to be sav$1 etc41' c be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways3 ,fir/1 by a re/rict$ application1 9 :i* case !y w\ld mean1 z ,augu/9e says1 #8,god wills all m5 to be sav$ t are sav$1 n because !re is no man :om he does n wi% to be sav$1 b because !re is no man sav$ ^: salvation ,he does n w4' ,secondly1 !y c be und]/ood z apply+ to e class ( individuals1 n ( e individual ( ea* class2 9 :i* case !y mean t #8,god wills "s m5 ( e class & condition to be sav$1 males & females1 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 great & small1 b n all ( e condition4' ,?irdly1 accord+ to ! ,damasc5e1 !y are und]/ood ( ! antec$5t w ( ,god1 n ( ! consequ5t w4 ,! di/9ction mu/ n be tak5 z apply+ to ! div9e w itself1 9 :i* !re is no?+ antec$5t or consequ5t2 b to ! ?+s will$4 ,to und]/& :i* we mu/ consid] t ev]y?+1 s f> z x is good1 is will$ by ,god4 ,a ?+ tak5 9 its /rict s5se1 & consid]$ absolutely1 may be good or evil1 & yet :5 "s additional circum/ance is tak5 into acc\nt1 by a consequ5t consid]ation may be *ang$ into its contr>y4 ,?us1 t m5 %\ld live is good2 & t m5 %\ld be kill$ is evil1 absolutely consid]$4 ,if 9 a p>ticul> case x happ5s t a man is a murd]] or dang]\s to society1 to kill him becomes good1 to let him live an evil4 ,h5ce x may be said ( a j judge t antec$5tly he wills all m5 to live1 b consequ5tly he wills ! murd]] to be hang$4 ,9 ! same way ,god antec$5tly wills all m5 to be sav$1 b consequ5tly wills "s to be damn$1 z ,8 ju/ice exacts4 ,nor d we w simply :at we w antec$5tly1 b r we w x 9 a qualifi$ mann]2 = ! w is direct$ to ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 & 9 !mselves !y exi/ "u p>ticul> qualifications4 ,h5ce we w a ?+ simply 9 z mu* z we w x :5 all p>ticul> circum/ances are consid]$2 & ?is is :at is meant by will+ consequ5tly4 ,?us x may be said t a j judge wills simply ! hang+ ( a murd]]1 b 9 a qualifi$ mann] he w\ld w him to live1 inasmu* z he is a man4 ,su* a qualifi$ w may be call$ a will+ness r ?an an absolute w4 ,?us x is cle> t :atev] ,god simply wills takes place2 al?\gh :at ,he wills antec$5tly may n take place407#dij7 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,! lot ( unbaptiz$ infants1 ?\gh difficult to reconcile ) ! univ]sality ( ,god's sav+ w1 furni%es no argum5t aga9/ x499 ,pro(4 ,! mo/ difficult problem conc]n+ ! div9e voluntas salvifica--a real crux !ologorum--is ! fate ( unbaptiz$ *ildr54 ,! ,*ur* has nev] utt]$ a dogmatic def9ition on ?is head1 & !ologians hold widely div]g5t op9ions4 ,bell>m9e tea*es t infants :o die )\t be+ baptiz$1 are exclud$ f ! div9e voluntas salvifica1 because1 :ile ! non-reception ( ,baptism is ! proximate reason ( _! damnation1 its ultimate reason mu/ be ! w ( ,god4 a7 ,?is r incauti\s ass]tion ne$s to be c>efully re/rict$4 ,x is an article ( fai? t ,god has in/itut$ ! sacram5t ( ,baptism z ! ord9>y means ( salvation = all m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t ,he expects p>5ts1 prie/s1 & relatives1 z 8 repres5tatives1 to provide consci5ti\sly = its prop] & timely adm9i/ration4 ,s9ful neglig5ce on ! "p ( ^! responsible ag5ts _c1 !re=e1 be *>g$ to ,div9e ,provid5ce1 b mu/ be laid at ! door ( ^? human ag5ts :o fail to d _! duty4 ,9 exceptional cases infants c be sav$ ev5 by means ( ! s-call$ ,baptism ( blood 7baptismus sangu9is71 i4e4 dea? = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,on ! :ole x may be said t ,god has1 9 pr9ciple1 provid$ = ! salvation ( little *ildr5 by ! in/itution ( infant ,baptism4 b7 ,b !re are _m cases 9 :i* ei!r inv9cible ignorance or ! ord] ( nature precludes ! adm9i/ration ( ,baptism4 ,! well-meant op9ion ( "s !ologians7#dia7 t ! responsibility 9 all su* cases lies n ) ,god1 b ) m51 lacks probability4 ,does ,god1 !n1 really w ! damnation ( ^! innoc5ts8 ,"s mod]n writ]s hold t ! physical ord] ( nature is responsible = ! mis=tune ( s _m innoc5t infants2 b ?is hypo!sis contributes no?+ t[>ds cle>+ up ! awful my/]y47#dib7 ,= ,god is ! au?or ( ! natural z well z ( ! sup]natural ord]4 ,to say t ,he is oblig$ to remove exi/+ ob/acles by means ( a miracle w\ld disp>age ,8 ord9>y provid5ce47#dic7 ,klee's assumption t dy+ *ildr5 become consci\s long en\gh to enable !m to receive ! ,baptism ( desire 7baptismus flam9is71 is sc>cely compatible ) ! def9ition ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce t 8! s\ls ( ^? :o die 9 actual mortal s91 or only 9 orig9al s91 =?) desc5d to hell407#did7 ,a /ill m unsatisfactory supposition is t ! pray] ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts acts l a baptism ( desire & saves _! *ildr5 f hell4 ,?is !ory1 esp\s$ by ,c>d9al ,cajetan1 0 reject$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ,tr5t17#die7 & ,pope ,pius ,v ord]$ x to be expung$ f ! ,roman edition ( ,cajetan's works47#dif7 ,a way out ( ! difficulty is sugge/$ by ,gutb]let & o!rs1 :o1 hold+ ) ,/4 ,?omas t infants t die )\t ,baptism w enjoy a k9d ( natural beatitude1 ?9k x possible t ,god1 9 view ( _! suff]+s1 may m]cifully cleanse !m f orig9al s9 & !reby place !m 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce47#dig7 ,?is !ory is bas$ on ! assumption t ! ultimate fate ( unbaptiz$ *ildr5 is deprivation ( ! beatific vision ( ,god & !re=e a /ate ( real damnation 7po5a damni1 inf]num71 & t ! remission ( orig9al s9 has = its object m]ely to enable ^! un=tunate infants to enjoy a p]fect natural beatitude1 :i* !y c\ld n o!rwise atta94 ,x is reasonable to argue t1 z ^! infants are depriv$ ( cele/ial happ9ess ?r\gh no guilt ( _! own1 ! ,creator c h>dly d5y !m "s sort ( natural beatitude1 to :i* _! v nature seems to entitle !m4 8,hell0 = !m probably consi/s 9 be+ depriv$ ( ! beatific vision ( ,god1 :i* is a sup]natural grace & z su* lies outside ! sph]e ( ^? pr]ogatives to :i* human nature has a claim by ! fact ( creation4 ,?is !ory w\ld seem to e/abli% at lea/ "s mann] ( salvation = ! infants 9 "q1 & consequ5tly1 to v9dicate ! div9e voluntas salvifica 9 ! same measure4 ,ne$less to say1 x c claim no m ?an probability1 & we f9d ourselves con/ra9$ to admit1 at ! conclusion ( our survey1 t !re is no sure & p]fect solution ( ! difficulty1 & !ologians !re=e d well to confess _! ignorance47#dih7 c7 ,! difficulty ( :i* we h spok5 does n1 ( c\rse1 9 any way impair ! c]ta9ty ( ! dogma4 ,! ,scriptural passages cit$ above7#dii7 cle>ly prove t ,god wills to save all m5 )\t exception4 ,9 bas+ ! univ]sality ( ,god's m]cy on ,8 omnipot5ce1 ,8 univ]sal dom9ion1 & ,8 love ( s\ls1 ! ,book ( ,wisdom7#ejj7 evid5tly implies t ! unbaptiz$ infants p>ticipate 9 t m]cy 9 all ?ree ( ^! respects4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ,div9e ,omnipot5ce ex]t itself m effectively ?an by conf]r+ grace on ^? :o are inevitably & )\t any fault ( _! own depriv$ ( ,baptism8 ,:o w\ld d5y t little *ildr51 z creatures1 are subject to ,god's univ]sal dom9ion 9 precisely ! same mann] z adults8 ,aga91 if ,god loves ! s\ls ( m51 mu/ ,he n also love ! s\ls ( infants8 #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #d7eja7 applies prim>ily to adults1 because /rictly speak+ only adults c 8come to ! k ( ! tru?40 ,b ,/4 ,paul employs c]ta9 middle t]ms :i* und\bt$ly comprise *ildr5 z well4 ,?us1 if all m5 h b 8"o ,god10 ?is ,god mu/ be ! ,god ( infants no less ?an ( adults1 & ,8 m]cy & goodness mu/ include !m also4 ,& if ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,god-man is ! 8"o m$iator ( ,god & m510 ,he mu/ also h assum$ ! human nature ( *ildr51 9 ord] to r$eem !m f orig9al s94 ,aga91 if ,*ri/ 8gave himself a r$emption = all10 x is impossible to assume t millions ( infants %\ld be directly exclud$ f ! b5efits ( ! atonem5t47#ejb7 ,article #b4 ,god's ,w ,to ,give ,suffici5t ,grace ,to ,all ,adult ,human ,be+s ,9 ,p>ticul> ,9 relation to adults1 ,god manife/s ,8 sav+ w by ! be/[al ( suffici5t grace ^u all47#ejc7 ,! be/[al ( suffici5t grace be+ evid5tly an efflu5ce ( ! univ]sal voluntas salvifica1 ! grant+ ( su* grace to all :o h atta9$ ! use ( reason furni%es ano!r pro( = ! univ]sality ( grace4 ,god gives all m5 suffici5t graces4 ,b ,he is n oblig$ to give to ea* efficaci\s graces1 because all t is requir$ to enable man to rea* 8 sup]natural de/9y is cop]ation ) suffici5t grace1 especially ) ! gratia prima vocans1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( all salut>y op]ation4 ,to prove t ,god gives suffici5t grace to all adult human be+s )\t exception1 we mu/ %[ t ,he gives suffici5t grace 7#a7 to ! j1 7#b7 to ! s9n]1 & 7#c7 to ! hea!n4 ,?is we %all d 9 ?ree di/9ct !ses4 99,!sis ,i3 ,god gives to all j m5 suffici5t grace to keep ,8 comm&m5ts499 ,?is is de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil tea*es3 8,if any "o sai? t ! comm&m5ts ( ,god are1 ev5 = "o t is ju/ifi$ & con/itut$ 9 grace1 impossible to keep2 let him be ana!ma407#ejd7 ,a contr>y proposition 9 ! writ+s ( ,jans5ius7#eje7 0 c5sur$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ! ,t5? z 8foolh>dy1 impi\s1 blasphem\s1 & h]etical40 ,! ,*ur* does n ass]t t ,god gives to ! j suffici5t grace at all times4 ,%e m]ely decl>es t suffici5t grace is at _! disposal :5ev] !y are call$ ^u to obey ! law 7urg5te praecepto74 ,nor ne$ ,god always be/[ a gratia proxime suffici5s2 9 _m in/ances ! grace ( pray] 7gratia remote suffici5s7 fully s]ves ! purpose47#ejf7 ,?is dogma is cle>ly conta9$ 9 ,holy ,scripture4 ,we %all quote ! mo/ important texts4 a7 #a ,john ,v1 #c sq43 8,= ?is is ! *>ity ( ,god1 t we keep 8 comm&m5ts1 & 8 comm&m5ts are n heavy4 ,= :atsoev] is born ( ,god1 ov]come? ! _w407#ejg7 ,accord+ to ?is text ! 8*>ity ( ,god0 manife/s itself 9 8keep+ 8 comm&m5ts0 & 8ov]com+ ! _w40 ,?is is decl>$ to be an easy task4 ,our ,"l ,himself says3 8,my yoke is sweet & my burd5 light407#ejh7 ,h5ce x mu/ be possible to keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 & !re=e ,god does n )hold ! absolutely necess>y graces f ! j4 ,/4 ,paul consoles ! ,cor9?ians by tell+ !m t ,god w n suff] !m to be tempt$ beyond _! /r5g?1 b w help !m to a happy issue1 provid$ !y fai?fully cop]ate ) ,8 grace4 #a ,cor4 ,x1 #ac3 8,god is fai?ful1 :o w n suff] y to be tempt$ above t :i* y are able1 b w make also ) temptation issue1 t y may be able to be> x407#eji7 ,z x is impossible ev5 = ! j to ov]come griev\s temptations )\t sup]natural aid17#eaj7 & z ,god ,himself tells u t we are able to ov]come !m1 x is a necess>y inf]5ce t ,he be/[s suffici5t grace4 ,! context h>dly leaves a d\bt t ,/4 ,paul has 9 m9d ! j1 = a few l9es fur!r up he says3 8,!re=e he t ?9ke? himself to /&1 let him take he$ le/ he fall407#eaa7 ,b !re is no exegetical objection to apply+ ! text to all ! fai?ful )\t exception47#eab7 b7 ,?is dogma is cle>ly set =? 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,"s ( !m1 x is true1 :5 combat+ ! ,pelagians & ,semipelagians1 def5d$ ! proposition t 8grace is n giv5 to all m5107#eac7 b !y meant efficaci\s grace4 7 ,a typical repres5tative ( ?is gr\p ( ecclesia/ical writ]s is ! anonym\s au?or ( ! "w ,de ,vocatione ,omnium ,g5tium17#ead7 :om ,pope ,gelasius prais$ z 8probatus ,ecclesiae magi/]40 ,?is fif?-c5tury writ]1 :o 0 highly e/eem$ by 8 contempor>ies1 discusses ! "q :e!r & 9 :at s5se all m5 are call$1 & :y "s are n sav$4 ,he beg9s by draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 ,god's g5]al & ,8 special provid5ce47#eae7 8,x s pleas$ ,god10 he says1 8to give ,8 efficaci\s grace to _m1 & to )hold ,8 suffici5t grace f none1 9 ord] t x might appe> f bo? actions t :at is conf]r$ ^u a portion is n d5i$ to ! entire race407#eaf7 7 ,! ,jans5i/s appeal$ 9 favor ( _! tea*+ to su* ,patri/ic passages z ! foll[+3 8,aft] ! )drawal ( ! div9e assi/ance he ,/4 ,pet] 0 unable to /&207#eag7 &3 8,he _h und]tak5 m ?an he 0 able to d407#eah7 ,b ! two ,fa!rs f ^: writ+s ^! passages are tak5 7,,ss4 ,*ryso/om & ,augu/9e7 speak1 z ! context ev9ces1 ( ! )drawal ( efficaci\s & proximately suffici5t grace 9 puni%m5t ( ,pet]'s presumption4 ,_h ,/4 ,pet] foll[$ our ,"l's advice7#eai7 & pray$ in/ead ( rely+ on 8 own /r5g?1 he w\ld n h fall54 ,t ?is 0 ! m9d ( ,/4 ,augu/9e cle>ly appe>s f ! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 8 "w ,de ,unitate ,ecclesiae3 8,:o %all d\bt t ,judas1 _h he will$1 w\ld n h betray$ ,*ri/1 & t ,pet]1 _h he will$1 w\ld n h ?rice d5i$ 8 ,ma/]807#ebj7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis may be =mulat$ z foll[s3 ,s9ce ! /ate ( grace conf]s a claim to sup]natural happ9ess1 x mu/ also conf] a claim to ^? graces :i* are necess>y to atta9 x4 ,to ass]t t ,god d5ies ! j suffici5t grace to obs]ve ,8 comm&m5ts1 to avoid mortal s91 & to p]sev]e 9 ! /ate ( grace1 w\ld be to ga9say ,8 solemn promise to ,8 adopt$ *ildr53 8,?is is ! w ( my ,fa!r t s5t me3 t e "o :o see? ! ,son & believe? 9 him1 may h life ev]la/+1 & ,i w raise him up 9 ! la/ day407#eba7 ,consequ5tly1 ,god owes x to ,8 own fidelity to be/[ suffici5t graces ^u ! j4 ,aga91 accord+ to ! pla9 tea*+ ( ,revelation1 ! j are oblig$1 "u pa9 ( s91 to obs]ve ! comm&m5ts ( ,god & ! precepts ( ,8 ,*ur*47#ebb7 ,b ?is is impossible )\t ! aid ( grace4 ,consequ5tly1 ,god grants at lea/ suffici5t grace to 8 s]vants1 = ad impossibile nemo t5etur47#ebc7 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,9 reg>d to ,*ri/ians guilty ( mortal s9 we mu/ hold3 7#a7 t ord9>y s9n]s always receive suffici5t grace to avoid mortal s9 & d p5ance2 7#b7 t ,god nev] entirely )draws ,8 grace ev5 f ! obdurate499 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is !sis embodies a !ological conclusion2 ! second /ates ! common tea*+ ( ,ca?olic !ologians4 #a4 ,pro( ( ! ,fir/ ,"p4 ,! di/9ction "h drawn betwe5 8ord9>y0 & 8obdurate0 s9n]s has its basis 9 revelation & is cle>ly dem&$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( c]ta9ty atta*+ to ! two p>ts ( our !sis4 ,an 8ord9>y0 s9n] is a ,*ri/ian :o has lo/ sanctify+ grace by a griev\s s94 ,an 8obdurate0 s9n] is "o :o1 by repeat$ly & malici\sly transgress+ ! laws ( ,god1 has dull$ 8 intellect & h>d5$ 8 w aga9/ salut>y inspirations4 ,a man may be an habitual s9n] 7consuetud9>ius7 & a backslid]1 )\t be+ obdurate1 or1 :i* comes to ! same1 imp5it5t4 ,weakness is n malice1 ?\gh s9ful habits (t5 beget imp5it5ce1 :i* is "o ( ! s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! mo/ =midable ob/acle 9 ! way ( conv]sion4 ,) reg>d to ord9>y s9n]s1 our !sis ass]ts t !y always receive suffici5t grace to avoid mortal s9 & d p5ance4 a7 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t a man falls deep] & deep] if he does n ha/5 to d p5ance aft] committ+ a mortal s94 ,b ?is is n ! fault ( ,almighty ,god1 :o nev] )holds ,8 grace2 x is :olly ! fault ( ! s9n] :o fails to cop]ate ) ! pr(f]$ sup]natural assi/ance4 7 ,a suffici5t ,scriptural argum5t = ?is "p ( our !sis is conta9$ 9 ! texts cit$ 9 support ( ,!sis ,i4 ,if x is true t ,god suff]s no "o to be tempt$ beyond 8 /r5g?17#ebd7 ?is mu/ surely apply to ,*ri/ians :o h _h ! mis=tune ( committ+ mortal s94 ,/4 ,john says t ! comm&m5ts ( ,god 8are n heavy0 & t fai? is 8! victory :i* ov]come? ! _w407#ebe7 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/ rema9s 9 ! ,*ri/ian1 ev5 ?\gh he be guilty ( mortal s91 & consequ5tly if he wills1 he is able1 by ! aid ( suffici5t grace1 to ov]come ! 8_w10 i4e4 ! temptations aris+ f concupisc5ce17#ebf7 & ?us to cease committ+ mortal s9s4 7 ,z = ! tea*+ ( ,tradition1 ,/4 ,augu/9e lays d[n two !ological pr9ciples :i* apply to sa9t & s9n] alike4 8,god does n enjo9 impossibilities10 he says1 8b 9 ,8 injunctions c\nsels y bo? to d :at y c = y\rself1 & to ask ,8 aid 9 :at y _c d407#ebg7 ,x foll[s t ! s9n] always receives at lea/ ! grace ( pray]1 :i* ,augu/9e !re=e calls gratia initialis sive p>va1 & ( :i* he says t its "r use ensures ! gratia magna4 ,! second pr9ciple is ?is3 8,cum lege coniuncta e/ gratia1 qu lex obs]v>i possit40 ,t is1 e div9e law1 by special ord9ance1 c>ries ) x ! grace by :i* x may be obs]v$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! laws ( ,god c always be obey$ because ! lawgiv] nev] fails to grant suffici5t grace to keep !m47#ebh7 b7 ,t ! s9n] always receives suffici5t grace to be conv]t$1 foll[s f ! ,scriptural injunction ( conv]sion4 ,if conv]sion to ,god is a duty1 & to comply ) ?is duty is impossible )\t ! aid ( grace17#ebi7 ! div9e comm& obvi\sly implies ! be/[al ( suffici5t grace4 ,t conv]sion is a duty foll[s f su* ,scriptural texts z ^!3 8,z ,i live1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 ,i desire n ! dea? ( ! wick$1 b t ! wick$ turn f 8 way & live4 ,turn ye1 turn ye f y\r evil ways607#ecj7 8,! ,"l delaye? n 8 promise1 z "s imag9e1 b deale? pati5tly = y\r sake1 n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld return to p5ance407#eca7 ,?is tea*+ is fai?fully e*o$ by ,tradition4 #b4 ,pro( ( ! ,second ,"p4 ,obduracy is a s]i\s ob/acle to conv]sion because ! obdurate s9n] has confirm$ 8 w 9 malice7#ecb7 & by sy/ematic resi/ance dim9i%$ ! influ5ce ( grace4 ,! "q "h is :e!r or n ,god 9 su* cases ev5tually )draws ,8 grace altoge!r4 ,"s rigori/s hold t ,he does s1 ) ! purpose ( sp>+ ! s9n] great] tortures 9 hell47#ecc7 ,?\gh ?is ass]tion _c be said to contrav5e ! dogma ( ! univ]sality ( ,god's salvific w1 7its def5d]s d n d5y t ,he fai?fully does ,8 %>e to save ^! un=tunate reprobates71 we pref] to adopt ! s5t5tia communis1 t ,god grants ev5 ! mo/ obdurate s9n]--at lea/ n[ & !n1 e4g4 dur+ a mission or on ! occasion ( "s t]rible cata/rophe--suffici5t grace to be conv]t$4 ,! !ological reasons = ?is op9ion1 :i* we hold to be ! true "o1 co9cide 9 _! la/ analysis ) ^? set =? 9 ! fir/ "p ( our !sis4 a7 ,sacr$ ,scripture1 9 speak+ ( ! duty ( rep5tance1 makes no di/9ction betwe5 ord9>y & obdurate s9n]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,book ( ,wisdom po9ts to "o ( ! mo/ wick$ & imp5it5t ( nations1 ! ,canaanites1 z a %9+ object ( div9e m]cy & pati5ce47#ecd7 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 ,god calls especially ^u h>d5$ & imp5it5t s9n]s to d p5ance4 ,rom4 ,,ii1 #d sq43 8,or despise/ ?\ ! ri*es ( 8 goodness1 & pati5ce1 & long suff]+8 ,kn[e/ ?\ n t ! b5ignity ( ,god leade? !e to p5ance8 ,b accord+ to ?y h>dness & imp5it5t he>t1 ?\ treasure/ up to ?yself wra?1 aga9/ ! day ( wra?1 & revelation ( ! j judgm5t ( ,god1 :o w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works407#ece7 ,!re are "s ,scriptural passages :i* seem to imply t ,god )draws ,8 grace f ^? :o are obdurate1 nay1 t ,he ,himself h>d5s _! he>ts 9 puni%m5t ( s94 ,?us ! ,"l says ( ,ph>ao3 8,i %all h>d5 8 he>t107#ecf7 & ,moses tells u3 8,! ,"l h>d5$ ,ph>ao's he>t1 & he h>k5$ n unto !m407#ecg7 ,b x w\ld be wrong to assume t ?is d5otes a positive action on ! "p ( ,god4 ,ph>ao1 z we are told fur!r on1 8h>d5$ 8 own he>t0 7+ravavit cor suum747#ech7 ,! fault 9 all cases lies ) ! s9n]1 :o ob/9ately resi/s ! call ( grace4 ,god's co-op]ation 9 ! matt] is m]ely indirect4 ,! great] & /rong] graces :i* ,he grants to ord9>y s9n]s1 ,he )holds f ! obdurate 9 puni%m5t ( _! malice4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 by no means tantam\nt to a )drawal ( suffici5t grace47#eci7 b7 ,! ,fa!rs speak ( ,god's way ( deal+ ) obdurate s9n]s 9 a mann] :i* cle>ly %[s _! belief t ,he nev] entirely )draws ,8 m]cy4 ,!y insi/ t ! light ( grace is nev] ext+ui%$ 9 ! pres5t life4 8,god gave !m ov] to a reprobate m9d10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8= su* is ! bl9dness ( ! m9d4 ,:osoev] is giv5 ov] !reunto1 is %ut out f ! int]ior light ( ,god3 b n :olly z yet1 :il/ he is 9 ?is life4 ,= !re is #8out] d>kness1' :i* is und]/ood to belong r to ! day ( judgm5t2 t he %\ld r be :olly )\t ,god1 :osoev]1 :il/ !re is "t1 refuses correction407#edj7 ,x foll[s t no s9n]1 h[ desp]ate soev] 8 case may appe>1 ne$ be despair$ (4 ,z long z !re is life !re is hope47#eda7 ,! ,fa!rs consi/5tly tea* t ! reason :y reprobates are lo/ is n lack ( grace b _! own malice4 ,?us ,/4 ,*ryso/om comm5ts on ,isaias' prophecy reg>d+ ! imp5it5ce ( ! ,jews3 8,! reason !y did n believe 0 n t ,isaias _h pr$ict$ _! unbelief1 b 8 pr$iction 0 bas$ on ! fact t !y w\ld n believe4 ,!y 7 unable to believe1 i4e4 !y _h n ! w to believe407#edb7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis is well /at$ by ,/4 ,?omas4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 ob/9atio p]fecta & ob/9atio imp]fecta & says3 ,p]fect ob/9acy exi/s only 9 hell4 ,imp]fect ob/9acy is t ( a s9n] :o has 8 w s firmly set on evil t he is incapable ( any b ! fa9te/ impulses t[>ds virtue1 ?\gh ev5 ^! are suffici5t to prep>e ! way = grace47#edc7 8,if any "o falls into s9 aft] hav+ receiv$ ,baptism10 says ! ,f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 8he c always be re/or$ by s9c]e p5ance407#edd7 ,z ! p[] ( ! keys comprises all s9s1 ev5 ^? aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 s div9e grace is held out to all s9n]s4 ,! ,montani/ic doctr9e ( ! un=givabl5ess ( ! 8?ree capital s9s0 7apo/asy1 murd]1 & adult]y7 0 already condemn$ z h]etical dur+ ! life-"t ( ,t]tullian4 ,! s9n] c obta9 =giv5ess only by receiv+ ! sacram5t ( ,p5ance or mak+ an act ( p]fect contrition47#ede7 ,ju/ly1 !re=e1 does ! ,*ur* reg>d despair ( ,god's m]cy z an additional griev\s s94 ,if ! rigori/s 7 "r 9 ass]t+ t ,god 9 ! end absolutely ab&ons ! s9n]1 !re c\ld be no hope ( =giv5ess1 & despair w\ld be ju/ifi$4 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,! hea!ns1 too1 receive suffici5t graces = salvation499 ,?is proposition may be qualifi$ z c]ta4 ,pro(4 ,! 8hea!ns0 are ^? :om ! ,gospel has n yet rea*$4 ,!y are call$ infideles negativi 9 contradi/9ction to ! infideles positivi1 i4e4 apo/ates & =mal h]etics :o h fall5 away f ! fai?4 ,we ass]t t ,god gives to ! hea!ns suffici5t grace to "k ! tru? & be sav$4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,viii1 on ,decemb] #g1 #afij1 condemn$ ,arnauld's ,jans5i/ic proposition t 8pagans1 ,jews1 h]etics1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d exp]i5ce no influ5ce :atev] f ,*ri/1 & x may !re=e be rightly inf]r$ t !re is 9 !m a nude & helpless w1 lack+ suffici5t grace407#edf7 ,a proposition ( simil> import1 set up by ,quesnel1 0 c5sur$ by ,clem5t ,,xi47#edg7 ,?\gh n =mally def9$1 x is a c]ta9 tru?--d$ucible f ! infallible tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*--t ,god does n p]mit any "o to p]i% = want ( grace4 a7 ,! ,biblical argum5t = our !sis is bas$ on ! dogma t ,god wills all m5 to be sav$4 #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #d3 8,god w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come to ! k ( ! tru? i4e4 ! true fai?40 ,9 speak+ ( ! 8day ( wra?10 ,/4 ,paul emphasizes ! fact t ! ,almighty ,judge 8w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works10--et]nal life to ! good1 wra? & damnation to ! wick$47#edh7 ,& he cont9ues3 8,b glory1 & honor1 & peace to e "o t worke? good1 to ! ,jew fir/1 & also to ! ,greek2 = !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god407#edi7 8,greek0 is "h evid5tly synonym\s ) g5tile or hea!n4 ,x foll[s t ! hea!ns are able to p]=m sup]natural salut>y acts ) ! aid ( grace1 & t !y w receive ! rew>d ( et]nal beatitude if !y lead a good life4 ,9 ano!r passage 7#a ,tim4 ,,iv1 #aj7 ! ,apo/le calls ,*ri/ 8! ,savi\r ( all m51 especially ( ! fai?ful407#eej7 ,consequ5tly1 ,*ri/ is ! ,savi\r also ( unbeliev]s & hea!ns47#eea7 b7 ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ is fai?fully e*o$ by ! ,fa!rs4 ,?us ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome17#eeb7 9 comm5t+ on ! p5it5tial s]mons ( ,no & ! prophet ,jonas1 says3 8,we may roam ?r\gh all ! ages ( hi/ory & le>n t ! ,"l 9 all g5]ations7#eec7 gave opportunity = p5ance to all :o wi%$ to be conv]t$1 444 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 /rang]s to him407#eed7 ,/4 ,*ryso/om says 9 explanation ( ,john ,i1 #i3 8,if ,he enlight5s e man t comes into ?is _w1 h[ is x t s _m are )\t light8 ,= n all "k ,*ri/4 ,mo/ assur$ly ,he illum9es1 s f> z ,he is conc]n$4444 ,= grace is p\r$ out ov] all4 ,x flees or despises no "o1 be he ,jew1 ,greek1 b>b>ian or ,scy?ian1 fre$man or slave1 man or woman1 old or "y4 ,x is ! same = all1 easily atta9able by all1 x calls ^u all ) equal reg>d4 ,z = ^? :o neglect to make use ( ?is gift1 !y %\ld ascribe _! bl9dness to !mselves407#eee7 ,simil> expressions c be cull$ f ! anonym\s "w ,de ,vocatione ,omnium ,g5tium7#eef7 & f ! writ+s ( ,,ss4 ,prosp] & ,fulg5tius1 & especially f ^? ( ,orosius1 :o says t grace is giv5 to all m51 includ+ ! hea!n1 )\t exception & at all times47#eeg7 c7 ,ca?olic !ologians h devot$ consid]able ?\ght to ! "q h[ ,god provides = ! salvation ( ! hea!n4 ,to ! unciviliz$ tribes may be appli$ :at has be5 said reg>d+ ! fate ( unbaptiz$ infants4 ,! real problem is3 ,h[ does ! m]ciful ,creator provide = ^? :o are suffici5tly intellig5t to be able to speculate on ,god1 ! s\l1 ! future de/9y ( man1 etc48 ,holy ,scripture tea*es3 8,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god1 = he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek him407#eeh7 ,fai? "h means1 n any k9d ( religi\s belief1 b t !ological fai? :i* ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil calls 8! beg9n+1 ! f\ndation1 & ! root ( all ju/ification407#eei7 ,m]e intellectual ass5t to ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 immortality1 & retribution w\ld n be suffici5t = salvation1 ev5 if elevat$ to ! sup]natural sph]e & transfigur$ by grace4 ,?is is evid5t f ! condemnation1 by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi1 ( ! proposition t 8,fai? 9 a wide s5se1 bas$ on ! te/imony ( ! creat$ univ]se1 or "s o!r simil> motive1 is suffici5t unto ju/ification407#efj7 ,! only sort ( fai? t results 9 ju/ification1 accord+ to ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 is 8a sup]natural virtue1 :]eby1 inspir$ & assi/$ by ! grace ( ,god1 we believe t ! ?+s :i* ,he has reveal$ are true2 n because ( ! intr9sic tru? ( ! ?+s1 view$ by ! natural light ( reason1 b because ( ! au?ority ( ,god ,himself1 :o reveals !m1 & :o c nei!r be deceiv$ nor deceive407#efa7 ,( special importance is ! foll[+ decl>ation by ! same ,c\ncil3 8,s9ce )\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god & to atta9 to ! fell[%ip ( ,8 *ildr51 !re=e )\t fai? no "o has ev] atta9$ ju/ification444407#efb7 ,! ,cate*ism dem&s ( e "o :o desires to be sav$ t he h a sup]natural belief 9 six di/9ct tru?s3 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 retribution 9 ! next _w1 ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! necessity ( grace4 ,! fir/ two are c]ta9ly necess>y = salvation1 bo? fide explicit & necessitate m$ii4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r f\r !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among !ologians4 ,we base our argum5tation on ! /rict]1 ?\gh n absolutely c]ta9 view1 t all six articles mu/ be believ$ necessitate m$ii4 ,on ?is basis ,god's me?od ( provid+ suffici5t graces = ! hea!n may be expla9$ 9 "o ( two ways1 accord+ z a fides explicita is dem&$ f !m ) reg>d to all ! above-m5tion$ dogmas1 or a fides implicita is deem$ suffici5t 9 reg>d to all b ! fir/ two4 ,by fides explicita we und]/& ! express & fully develop$ fai? ( dev\t ,*ri/ians2 by fides implicita1 an undevelop$ belief ( desire or1 9 o!r words1 g5]al read9ess to believe :atev] ,god has reveal$4 7 ,! def5d]s ( ! fides explicita !ory are compell$ to assume t ,god mu/ someh[ reveal to ea* individual hea!n :o lives accord+ to ! dictates ( 8 consci5ce1 ! six tru?s necess>y = salvation4 8,fai? come? by he>+1 & he>+ by ! ^w ( ,*ri/407#efc7 ,b h[ c ! g5tiles believe 9 a revelation t has nev] be5 prea*$ to !m8 ,"h is an und5iable difficulty4 ,"s !ologians say3 ,god enlight5s !m int]iorly ab\t ! tru?s necess>y = salvation2 or ,he miracul\sly s5ds !m an apo/le1 z ,he s5t ,/4 ,pet] to ,cornelius27#efd7 or ,he in/ructs !m ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an angel47#efe7 ,none ( ^! hypo!ses c be accept$ z satisfactory4 8,int]ior illum9ation0 ( ! k9d po/ulat$ w\ld practically am\nt to private revelation4 ,t ,god %\ld grant a special private revelation to e consci5ti\s pagan is highly improbable4 ,aga91 an angel c no m be ! ord9>y means ( conv]sion ?an ! miracul\s app>ition ( a mission>y4 ,nev]!less1 ^! ?ree hypo!ses admirably illu/rate ! firm belief ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! univ]sality ( ,god's sav+ w1 inasmu* z !y express ! conviction ( h] !ologians t ,he w\ld "w a miracle r ?an d5y ,8 grace to ! poor b5ight$ hea!n47#eff7 ,! difficulties to :i* we h adv]t$ con/itute a /rong argum5t 9 favor ( ano!r !ological !ory :i* reg>ds explicit belief 9 ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation m]ely z a necessitas praecepti1 f :i* "o may be disp5s$4 7 ,! fides implicita !ory is f> m plausible1 = x po/ulates no miracles1 implicit fai? 7or fides 9 voto7 be+ indep5d5t ( ! ext]nal prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 j z ! baptism ( desire 7baptismus 9 voto7 is indep5d5t ( ! use ( wat]4 ,c>d9al ,gotti reg>ds ! fir/-m5tion$ ( ! two !ories z saf] 7tutior71 b admits t ! o!r is highly probable1 because x has ! support ( ,/4 ,?omas47#efg7 ,h[ev]1 a great difficulty rema9s4 ,?\gh x may suffice to hold ! dogmas ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 & a =tiori ^? ( ! immortality ( ! s\l & ! necessity ( grace1 ) an implicit fai?1 x is ! cons5ti5t tea*+ ( ,revelation1 ! ,*ur*1 & ,ca?olic div9es t ! two pr9cipal tru?s ( religion1 viz43 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & retribution1 mu/ be held fide explicit & necessitate m$ii1 because a man _c be conv]t$ to ,god unless ,he kn[s ,him4 ,b h[ is he to acquire a k ( ,god8 ,does ?is n also necessitate a miracle 7e4g4 ! s5d+ ( an angel or ( a mission>y1 :i* we h reject$ z improbable78 ,!re c be b "o answ] to ?is "q4 ,unaid$ reason may conv9ce a ?\ghtful pagan ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( div9e retribution1 & z ^! two fundam5tal tru?s h no d\bt p5etrat$ to ! f>!/ corn]s ( ! e>? also z remnants ( primitive revelation1 _! promulgation may be said to be conta9$ 9 ! traditional in/ruction :i* ! hea!n receive f _! =ebe>s4 ,?is ext]nal factor ( ,div9e ,revelation1 assi/$ by int]ior grace1 may eng5d] a sup]natural act ( fai?1 :i* implicitly includes belief 9 ,*ri/1 ,baptism1 etc41 & ?r\gh :i* ! hea!n are ev5tually cleans$ f s9 & atta9 to ju/ification47#efh7 ,"s !ologians hold t ^? to :om ! ,gospel has nev] be5 prea*$1 may be sav$ by a quasi-fai? bas$ on purely natural motives47#efi7 ,= ! re/1 no "o w presume to dictate to ,almighty ,god h[ & by :at means ,he %all communicate ,8 grace to ! hea!n4 ,x is en\gh1 & v consol+1 too1 to "k t all m5 receive suffici5t grace to save _! s\ls1 & no "o is et]nally damn$ except ?r\gh 8 own fault47#egj7 ,,read+s3--99,didacus ,ruiz1 ,de ,voluntate ,dei1 disp4 #ai sqq4--,petavius1 ,de ,deo1 ,x1 #d sqq42 ,de ,inc>natione1 ,,xiii1 #a sqq4--,fontana1 ,bulla 8,unig5itus0 ,dogmatice ,propugnata1 prop4 #ab1 c4 #e1 ,rome #agag4--,passaglia1 ,de ,p>titione ,voluntatis ,div9ae 9 ,primam et ,secundam1 ,rome #ahea4--99;,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #di-ea1 ,rome #ahhc4--99,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ei-fb1 ,gulp5 #ahhe4--;,a4 ,fis*]1 ,de ,salute ,infidelium1 ,ess5 #ahhf4--99;,j4 ,bucc]oni1 ,de ,auxilio ,suffici5te ,infidelibus ,dato1 ,rome #ahij4--;,fr4 ,s*mid1 ,die auss]ord5tli*5 ,heilswege fr die gefall5e ,m5s*heit1 ,brix5 #ahii4--;,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #crd ed41 pp4 #add sqq41 ,freiburg #aijf4--,l4 ,capran1 ,le ,problme du ,salut des ,infidles1 ,p>is #aiab4--;,a4 ,wagn]1 ,doctr9a de ,gratia ,suffici5te1 ,graz #aiaa4--;,j4 ,ba9vel1 ,s4 ,j41 ,is ,!re ,salvation ,outside ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*8 7tr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,weid5han71 ,/4 ,l\is #aiag4 ,article #c4 ,! ,pr$e/9ation ,( ,! ,elect #a4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,pr$e/9ation4--,we h %[n t ,god antec$5tly wills to save all m517#ega7 & t ,he gives to all suffici5t grace to "w out _! et]nal salvation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sacr$ ,scripture assures u t "s are lo/ ?r\gh _! own fault4 ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #da3 8,dep>t f me1 y curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire40 ,x foll[s t ,god's w to save1 consid]$ z voluntas consequ5s1 rema9s ineffective ) reg>d to a portion ( ! human race1 & consequ5tly1 9 ?is respect1 is no long] univ]sal b p>ticul>4 ,be+ omnisci5t1 ,god has =ese5 ?is f all et]nity & dispos$ ,8 decrees accord+ly4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,ca?olic !ology tea*es ! exi/5ce ( a tw(old pr$e/9ation3 "o to ,heav51 = ^? :o die 9 ! /ate ( grace1 ano!r to hell1 = ^? :o dep>t ?is life 9 mortal s94 ,pres5t-day usage res]ves ! t]m pr$e/9ation = ! election ( ! bless$4 a7 ,rightly does ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t call pr$e/9ation a 8hidd5 my/]y407#egb7 ,= 9 ! la/ analysis x re/s solely ) ,god1 :o are to be admitt$ to ,heav5 & :o condemn$ to hell4 ,b :y does ,god give to "s m]ely suffici5t grace1 ) :i* !y neglect to cop]ate1 :ile on o!rs ,he %[]s efficaci\s graces t infallibly lead to et]nal salvation8 ,9 ?is unequal di/ribution ( efficaci\s grace lies ! sublime my/]y ( pr$e/9ation1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e well knew1 = he says 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,gift ( ,p]sev]ance3 8,!re=e1 ( two infants equally b\nd by orig9al s91 :y ! "o is tak5 & ! o!r left2 & ( two wick$ m5 already mature 9 ye>s1 :y "o %\ld be s call$ t he foll[s ,him t calle?1 :ile ! o!r is ei!r n call$ at all1 or is n call$ 9 su* a mann]1--are unse>*able judgm5ts ( ,god407#egc7 b7 ,:at is meant by 8pr$e/9ation ( ! elect08 ,9 view ( ! _m errors t h aris5 ) reg>d to ?is important dogma1 x is necess>y to />t ) cle>ly def9$ t]ms4 ,pr$e/9ation may mean "o ( ?ree diff]5t ?+s4 ,a man may be simply pr$e/9$ to receive c]ta9 graces 7pra$e/9atio ad gratiam tantum72 or he may be pr$e/9$ to enjoy et]nal happ9ess )\t reg>d to any m]its ( 8 own 7pra$e/9atio ad gloriam tantum72 or1 aga91 he may be pr$e/9$ to bo? grace & glory1 glory z ! end1 grace z a means to t end--vocation1 ju/ification1 & f9al p]sev]ance4 ,:5 ! concepts ( grace & glory are consid]$ sep>ately1 & ea* is made ! object ( a special pr$e/9ation1 we h :at is call$ incomplete or inadequate pr$e/9ation 7pra$e/9atio incompleta sive inadaequata74 ,x is ?is incomplete pr$e/9ation t ,/4 ,paul7#egd7 & ,/4 ,augu/9e7#ege7 h 9 m9d :5 !y apply ! t]m to ! vocation ( m5 to grace1 fai?1 & ju/ification4 ,!ologians speak ( pra$e/9atio ad gloriam tantum1 t is1 ante praevisa m]ita1 z a true pr$e/9ation1 b disagree z to its exi/5ce47#egf7 ,! dogma ( pr$e/9ation1 :i* ma9ly conc]ns u "h1 has = its sole object pr$e/9ation 9 ! complete or adequate s5se ( ! t]m1 :i* is expla9$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e z foll[s3 8,pr$e/9ation is no?+ else ?an ! =ekn[l$ge & ! prep>ation ( ^? gifts ( ,god :]eby !y :o are deliv]$ are mo/ c]ta9ly deliv]$ i4e4 sav$407#egg7 ,/4 ,?omas expresses himself m succ9ctly3 8,pr$e/9ation is ! prep>ation ( grace 9 ! pres5t1 & ( glory 9 ! future407#egh7 #b4 ,,! ,,dogma4--,complete pr$e/9ation involves3 7a7 ! fir/ grace ( vocation 7gratia prima praev5i5s71 especially fai? z ! beg9n+1 f\ndation1 & root ( ju/ification2 7b7 a numb] ( additional actual graces = ! successful accompli%m5t ( ! process2 7c7 ju/ification itself z ! beg9n+ ( ! /ate ( grace2 7d7 ! grace ( f9al p]sev]ance2 7e7 et]nal happ9ess 9 ,heav54 ,! "q arises2 ,d m5 really seek & f9d _! et]nal salvation ) infallible c]ta9ty by pass+ ?r\gh ^! successive /ages--n m]ely 9 ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god 7praesci5tia futurorum71 b by virtue ( an et]nal decree 7decretum pra$e/9ationis78 ,! ,pelagians ass]t$ t man works out 8 et]nal salvation ( 8 own free w1 & t consequ5tly ,god m]ely =ekn[s b does n =e-orda9 :o %all be sav$4 ,! ,semipelagians held t ! beg9n+ ( fai? 7initium fidei7 & f9al p]sev]ance 7donum p]sev]antiae7 are n pure graces b may be obta9$ by natural means1 )\t special aid f above4 ,aga9/ ^! h]etics ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has always taught ! et]nal pr$e/9ation ( ! elect z an article ( fai?47#egi7 a7 ,/4 ,paul says explicitly3 8,we "k t to !m t love ,god1 all ?+s "w toge!r unto good1 to su* z1 accord+ to 8 purpose1 are call$ to be sa9ts4 ,= :om he =eknew1 he also pr$e/9at$ to be made con=mable to ! image ( 8 ,son2 t he might be ! fir/born among/ _m bre?r54 ,& :om he pr$e/9at$1 !m he also call$4 ,& :om he call$1 !m he also ju/ifi$4 ,& :om he ju/ifi$1 !m he also glorifi$407#ehj7 ,"h we h all ! elem5ts ( complete pr$e/9ation3 ,god's et]nal =ekn[l$ge 7praescivit1 71 an et]nal decree ( ! div9e w 7pra$e/9avit1 71 & ! v>i\s /ages ( ju/ification1 beg9n+ ) vocation 7vocavit1 7 up to ju/ification prop] 7iu/ificavit1 71 & et]nal beatitude 7glorificavit1 747#eha7 b7 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! fif? c5tury und\bt$ly taught ! pr$e/9ation ( ! elect z an article ( fai?4 ,?us ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ did n hold ?is fai? 9 pr$e/9ation1 :i* is n[ def5d$ ) fre% solicitude aga9/ ! new h]etics407#ehb7 ,8 fai?ful disciple ,/4 ,prosp] writes3 8,no ,ca?olic d5ies pr$e/9ation by ,god407#ehc7 ,& aga93 8,x w\ld be z impi\s to d5y pr$e/9ation z to oppose grace itself407#ehd7 c7 ,sev]al important !ological coroll>ies foll[ f ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation4 7 ,! fir/ is ! immutability ( ! div9e decree ( pr$e/9ation4 ,?is immutability is bas$ on ,god's infallible =ekn[l$ge t c]ta9 individuals w die 9 ! /ate ( grace1 & on ,8 un*angeable w to rew>d !m ) et]nal happ9ess4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,if any "o ( ^! ! pr$e/9$ p]i%es1 ,god is mi/ak52 b none ( !m p]i% because ,god is n mi/ak5407#ehe7 ,god's un]r+ =ekn[l$ge is symboliz$ by ! 8,book ( ,life407#ehf7 ,*ri/ ,himself said to ,8 ,apo/les3 8,rejoice 9 ?is1 t y\r names are writt5 9 heav5407#ehg7 ,! 8,book ( ,life0 admits nei!r addition nor erasure4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 mean t a man is unable to *ange ,god's hypo!tical decree ( pr$e/9ation ) reg>d to himself into an absolute "o4 ,he c d ?is by pray]1 good works1 & fai?ful co-op]ation ) grace47#ehh7 ,:atev] promotes our salvation is includ$ 9 ! infallible =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 & consequ5tly also 9 ! scope ( pr$e/9ation4 ,9 ?is s5se1 b 9 no o!r1 c we accept ! some:at p>adoxical maxim3 8,if y are n pr$e/9$1 conduct y\rself s t y may be pr$e/9$40 ,sacr$ ,scripture occasionally ref]s to ano!r 8,book ( ,life10 :i* conta9s ! names ( all ! fai?ful1 irrespective ( _! pr$e/9ation4 ,?is 8book10 ( c\rse1 is capable ( alt]ations4 ,cfr4 ,apoc4 ,,iii1 #e3 8,i w n blot out 8 "n out ( ! book ( life407#ehi7 ,f9ally1 !re is ! 8,book ( ,reprobation10 :i* records ! wick$ de$s ( m5 & by :i* ! unrep5tant s9n]s w be judg$4 ,?is is ! 8lib] scriptus0 ( ! 8,dies ,irae03 8,lib] scriptus pr(]etur4 ,9 quo totum cont9etur407#eij7 7 ,if ! div9e decree ( pr$e/9ation is immutable1 ! numb] ( ! elect mu/ be def9itively fix$4 8,! numb] ( ^? :o are pr$e/9$ to ! k+dom ( ,god is s c]ta910 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8t no "o c ei!r be add$ to or tak5 f !m407#eia7 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! absolute & ! relative numb] ( ! pr$e/9$4 ,god1 be+ omnisci5t1 kn[s n only ! ab/ract numb] ( ! elect1 b e individual pr$e/9$ to ,heav54 ,to u ! numb] ( ! elect is wrapp$ 9 imp5etrable my/]y4 ,/4 ,?omas ju/ly obs]ves3 8,"s say t z _m m5 w be sav$ z angels fell2 "s1 s _m z !re 7 angels left2 o!rs1 9 f9e1 s _m z ! numb] ( angels :o fell1 add$ to t ( all ! angels creat$ by ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] to say t #8,god alone kn[s ! numb] = :om is res]v$ et]nal happ9ess1' z ! pray] = ! liv+ & ! dead expresses x407#eib7 ,:e!r ,god w r\nd out ! numb] ( ! elect by sudd5ly precipitat+ ! end ( ! _w or by a sort ( 8natural selection10 is an op5 "q4 ,to assume ! latt] c\ld h>dly be reconcil$ ) ! dogma ( ! univ]sality ( ,8 sav+ w4 ,/4 ,augu/9e seems to favor ! =m]47#eic7 ,z reg>ds ! relative numb] ( ! elect1 "s writ]s 7e4g4 ,massillon7 repres5t x z s inf9itesimally small t x w\ld almo/ drive a sa9t to despair1--8z if ! ,*ur* _h be5 e/abli%$ = ! express purpose ( populat+ hell407#eid7 ,ev5 ,/4 ,?omas held t relatively few are sav$47#eie7 ,b ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 support ( ?is cont5tion are by no means conv9c+47#eif7 ,rec5tly1 ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,ca/ele97#eig7 impugn$ ! rigori/ !ory ) weighty argum5ts4 ,he 0 %>ply attack$ by ! ,r$emptori/ ,godts17#eih7 :o m>%all$ a great numb] ( au?orities 9 favor ( ! /]n] view4 ,! controv]sy _c be decid$ ei!r on ,scriptural or traditional gr\nds4 ,9 our pessimi/ic age x is m grateful & consol+ to assume t ! majority ( ,*ri/ians1 especially ,ca?olics1 w be sav$47#eii7 ,if we add to ?is numb] n a few ,jews1 ,mohamm$ans1 & hea!ns1 x is probably safe to e/imate ! numb] ( ! elect z at lea/ equal to t ( ! reprobates4 ,7 x small]1 8x c\ld be said to ! %ame & (f5se ( ! div9e maje/y & m]cy1 t ! future k+dom ( ,satan is l>g] ?an ! k+dom ( ,*ri/407#fjj7 #c4 ,,! ,,motive ,,( ,,pr$e/9ation4--,! effici5t cause ( pr$e/9ation is ,god2 its in/rum5tal cause1 grace2 its f9al cause1 ! div9e glory2 its prim>y m]itori\s cause1 ! m]its ( our ,"l & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,on ^! po9ts all !ologians are agre$4 ,n s z to ! motive t induc$ ,god to pr$e/9e c]ta9 individuals to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,! "q n>r[s itself d[n to ?is3 ,:at influ5ce1 if any1 d ! m]its ( a man ex]t on ! et]nal decree ( pr$e/9ation8--& may be =mulat$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 a7 ,:at influ5ce d ! m]its ( a man ex]t on 8 pr$e/9ation to ! initial grace ( vocation8 ,recall+ ! dogma ( ! absolute gratuity ( grace1 our answ] mu/ be3 ,none4 ,= :atev] m]its "o may h acquir$ be=e he receives ! initial grace ( vocation1 mu/ be purely natural1 & consequ5tly wor?less 9 ! eyes ( ,god = sup]natural pr$e/9ation4 8,to assume10 says ,/4 ,?omas1 8t !re is on our "p "s m]it1 ! =ekn[l$ge ( :i* on ! "p ( ,god w\ld be ! cause motive ( our pr$e/9ation1 w\ld be to assume t grace is giv5 to u z a rew>d ( our natural m]its407#fja7 b7 ,:at influ5ce d ! m]its ( a man ex]t on 8 pr$e/9ation to grace & glory8 ,ca?olic !ologians are unanim\s 9 hold+ t1 s9ce grace is absolutely gratuit\s & insep>ably connect$ ) glory z its effect1 ! union ( bo? c no m be bas$ ^u natural m]it ?an ! initial grace ( vocation itself1 :i* transmits ! quality ( gratuit\sness to ea* & e "o ( ! graces t foll[ 9 its wake1 up to & includ+ ju/ification & et]nal beatitude4 ,^? among ! ,fa!rs :o def5d$ ! gratuity ( pr$e/9ation aga9/ ! ,pelagians & ,semipelagians1 really aim$ at safegu>d+ ! gratuity ( initial grace1 9 ord] n to be con/ra9$ to say ) ,pelagius t 8! grace ( ,god is giv5 z a rew>d ( m]it407#fjb7 8,:at compell$ me 9 ?is "w ( m9e ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae to def5d m abundantly & cle>ly ^? passages ( ,scripture 9 :i* pr$e/9ation is comm5d$10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8if n ! ,pelagian ass]tion t ,god's grace is giv5 accord+ to our natural m]its807#fjc7 ,obvi\sly ^! ,fa!rs did n h 9 view ! pra$e/9atio ad gloriam tantum1 z ! *ampions ( ! pra$e/9atio ante praevisa m]ita mi/ak5ly ass]t1 b :at !y meant 0 t complete pr$e/9ation :i* comprises grace & glory z "o :ole4 ,simil>ly1 ! e>ly ,s*oolm51 :5 !y speak ( ! 8gratuity ( pr$e/9ation10 usually mean complete pr$e/9ation47#fjd7 ,d',arg5tr's rese>*es %[ h[ necess>y x is to draw %>p di/9ctions & c>efully to e/abli% ! real /ate ( ! "q be=e claim+ ! common tea*+ ( ! ,s*ola/ics 9 favor ( any p>ticul> !ory ( pr$e/9ation4 c7 ,:at influ5ce d ! sup]natural m]its ( a man ex]t on 8 pr$e/9ation to glory z su*8 ,"h ! controv]sy beg9s4 ,pr$e/9ation may be consid]$ ei!r z ! cause ( sup]natural m]it or z its effect4 ,if x is consid]$ z ! cause1 ! problem takes ?is %ape3 ,did ,god1 by an absolute decree1 & )\t any reg>d to _! future sup]natural m]its1 et]nally pr$e/9e c]ta9 m5 to ! glory ( heav51 & only subsequ5tly decide to give !m ! efficaci\s graces necess>y to rea* t end1 p>ticul>ly f9al p]sev]ance8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 pr$e/9ation be consid]$ z an effect ( sup]natural m]it1 ! "q w be3 ,did ,god pr$e/9e c]ta9 m5 to ! glory ( ,heav5 by a m]ely hypo!tical decree1 mak+ ,8 w to save !m dep5d5t on ,8 infallible =ekn[l$ge ( _! sup]natural m]its8 ,! lack ( decisive ,scriptural & ,patri/ic texts on ?is subject has l$ to a division ( ,ca?olic op9ion1 "s !ologians favor+ absolute pr$e/9ation ante praevisa m]ita1 o!rs hypo!tical pr$e/9ation po/ praevisa m]ita4 ,)\t conceal+ our conviction t absolute pr$e/9ation is unt5able1 we %all set =? bo? !ories imp>tially & exam9e ! argum5ts on :i* !y rely4 #d4 ,,or?odox ,,pr$e/9ationism1 ,,or ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,pr$e/9ation ,,ante ,,praevisa ,,m]ita4--,"s !ologians conceive ! div9e s*eme ( salvation 9 ?is wise3 7a7 ,9 ord9e int5tionis1 ,god1 by an absolute decree1 fir/ pr$e/9es c]ta9 m5 to et]nal salvation1 & !n1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is decree1 decides to give !m all ! graces necess>y to be sav$2 7b7 9 "t1 h[ev]1 or 9 ord9e executionis1 ,he obs]ves ! rev]se ord]1 t is to say1 ,he fir/ be/[s ! pre-appo9t$ graces & subsequ5tly ! glory ( heav5 z a rew>d ( sup]natural m]it acquir$ by ! aid ( ^? graces4 ,?is !ory rev]ses ! relation ( grace & glory4 ,:ile x correctly7#fje7 repres5ts glory z ! fruit & rew>d ( sup]natural m]it 9 ! ord] ( execution1 x wrongly repres5ts x 9 ! ord] ( int5tion z ! cause ( sup]natural m]it1 :]eas x is m]ely an effect4 ,?is op9ion is *ampion$ by mo/ ,?omi/s17#fjf7 "s ,augu/9ians17#fjg7 & a few ,mol9i/s47#fjh7 ,_! argum5ts may be sket*$ z foll[s3 a7 ,9 innum]able passages ( ,sacr$ ,scripture pr$e/9ation to et]nal happ9ess is repres5t$ z a "w ( pure m]cy1 nay1 ev5 z an arbitr>y act ( ,god4 ,take1 e4g41 ,mat?4 ,,xxiv1 #bb sqq43 8,& unless ^? days _h be5 %ort5$1 no fle% %\ld be sav$3 b = ! sake ( ! elect ^? days %all be %ort5$4444 ,= !re %all arise false ,*ri/s & false prophets1 & %all %[ great signs & wond]s1 insomu* z to deceive 7if possible7 ev5 ! elect407#fji7 ,"h1 x is claim$1 ! elect are repres5t$ z s ?or\ghly confirm$ 9 fai? & 9 good works z to be pro( aga9/ error4 ,?is conclusion is unw>rant$4 ,! phrase 8^? days0 manife/ly ref]s ei!r to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem or to ! end ( ! _w4 ,if x ref]s to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! 8elect10 accord+ to ,biblical usage17#faj7 are ! fai?ful ,*ri/ian inhabitants ( ! ,holy ,city1 = ^: sake ,god promises to %ort5 ! t]rible siege4 ,if x ref]r$ to ! end ( ! _w1 electi w\ld inde$ /& = pra$e/9ati1 b ! context w\ld n =bid u to int]pret _! pr$e/9ation hypo!tically1 z m]ely indicat+ ! immutability ( ! div9e decree1 :i* is n d5i$ by ! oppon5ts ( ! !ory4 ,ano!r text quot$ 9 favor ( absolute pr$e/9ation ante praevisa m]ita1 is ,acts ,,xiii1 #dh3 8,z _m z 7 orda9$ 7praeord9ati1 7 to life ev]la/+1 believ$40 ,"h1 we are told1 pr$e/9ation to et]nal life is giv5 z ! motive :y _m believ$4 ,b ! text really says no?+ at all ab\t pr$e/9ation4 is n synonym\s ) or 4 ,! m probable explanation is ! foll[+3 ,z _m believ$ z 7 dispos$ to receive ! fai?4 ,x is wellnigh impossible to assume t all :o receiv$ ! fai? at t "t 7 pr$e/9$1 :ile ^? t refus$ to be conv]t$ 7 )\t exception reprobates4 ,b ev5 if praeord9ati 7 synonym\s ) pra$e/9ati1 ! text w\ld m]ely say t c]ta9 pr$e/9$ s\ls embrac$ ! fai?1 )\t af=d+ any clue z to ! relation betwe5 conv]sion & pr$e/9ation4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans is ! ma9 reliance ( ! advocates ( absolute pr$e/9ationism1 ?\gh ! passage is unfit to s]ve z a locus classicus because ( its obscurity4 ,let u exam9e a few ( ! v]ses mo/ frequ5tly quot$4 ,rom4 ,,ix1 #ac3 8,jacob ,i h lov$1 b ,esau ,i h hat$10 is alleg$ to prove ! absolute pr$e/9ation ( ,jacob & ! negative reprobation ( ,esau4 ,b _m !ologians hold t ,esau 0 sav$1 &1 besides1 ! ,apo/le is n deal+ ) pr$e/9ation to glory1 b ) ,jacob's vocation to be ! prog5itor ( ! ,messias4 ,esau1 :o 0 n an ,israelite b an ,idumaean1 0 simply pass$ ov] 9 ?is *oice 7odio hab]e m9us dilig]e2 cfr4 ,mat?4 ,x1 #cg74 ,if ! passage is int]pret$ typically1 x %\ld be done 9 h>mony ) ! context1 t is to say1 z ref]r+ to ! gratuity ( grace1 n to pr$e/9ation4 ,! same may be said ( ,rom4 ,,ix1 #af & #ah3 8,x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy4444 ,he ha? m]cy on :om he w1 & :om he w he h>d5e?407#faa7 ,! /ronge/ text alleg$ by ! advocates ( absolute pr$e/9ation is ,rom4 ,,ix1 #bj sq43 8,o man1 :o art ?\ t replie/ aga9/ ,god8 ,%all ! ?+ =m$ say to him t =m$ x3 ,:y ha/ ?\ made me ?us8 ,or ha? n ! pott] p[] ov] ! clay1 ( ! same lump to make "o vessel unto honor & ano!r unto di%onor80 ,"h ! ,apo/le really seems to h ?\ght ( pr$e/9ation4 ,b ! simile mu/ n be press$1 le/ we arrive at ! ,calv9i/ic blasphemy t ,god positively pr$e/9$ "s m5 to heav5 & o!rs to hell4 ,! t]tium comp>ationis is n ! act ( ! ,div9e ,artific]1 b ! will+ness ( man to yield 8 w to ,god l clay 9 ! h&s ( a pott]4 ,nor is x admissible to read into ! ,apo/le's ?\ght ev5 a negative reprobation ( c]ta9 m54 ,= ! prim>y int5tion ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is to insi/ on ! gratuity ( man's vocation to ,*ri/ianity & to reject ! presumption t ! ,mosaic law & _! bodily desc5t f ,abraham gave ! ,jews pref]5ce ov] ! hea!ns4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans has no be>+ :atev] on ! speculative "q :e!r or n ! free vocation ( grace is a necess>y result ( et]nal pr$e/9ation to glory47#fab7 b7 ,among ! ,fa!rs ! only "o to :om ! advocates ( absolute pr$e/9ationism c appeal ) "s %[ ( ju/ice is ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o1 ) ! possible exception ( ,prosp] & ,fulg5tius1 0 ! mo/ rigor\s among e>ly ecclesia/ical writ]s1--s rigor\s1 9 fact1 t ,oswald does n hesitate to call him 8! head & front ( all rigori/s 9 ! ,*ur*407#fac7 ,h[ev]1 ?is is say+ too mu*4 ,augu/9e's g5u9e tea*+ is /ill 9 dispute among our able/ !ologians4 ,"s7#fad7 d5y t he broke ) ! almo/ unanim\s tea*+ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 :ile o!rs ?9k t 9 ! treatises ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae & ,de ,pra$e/9atione ,sanctorum1 & 9 sev]al ( 8 lett]s1 ! ,sa9t frankly taught absolute pr$e/9ationism4 ,! latt] gr\p ( writ]s is split into two classes4 ,a numb] ( ,?omi/s & ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e n only ass]t t ,augu/9e taught absolute pr$e/9ation1 b boldly adopt 8 suppos$ tea*+4 ,petavius1 ,maldonatus1 ,c]ci1 ,oswald1 & o!rs c5sure ?is view4 ,franzel97#fae7 und\bt$ly /rikes ! "r note :5 he says3 8,if !re 7 a manife/ discrepancy betwe5 ,augu/9e's tea*+ & t ( ! o!r ,fa!rs1 ,i %\ld n hesitate to foll[ ,pighius1 ,ca?>9us1 ,osorius1 ,cam]>ius1 ,maldonatus17#faf7 ,toletus17#fag7 & ,petavius7#fah7 9 rev]5tly dep>t+ f 8 doctr9e1 because 9 t case we %\ld be deal+ m]ely ) a private op9ion407#fai7 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! ,patri/ic argum5t = ! !ory ( absolute pr$e/9ation evid5tly lacks conv9c+ness47#fbj7 c7 ,x 0 probably because !y felt its weakness t "s ( ! lat] *ampions ( ! !ory attempt$ to prove absolute pr$e/9ation ante praevisa m]ita by philosophical argum5ts4 ,gonet reasons z foll[s3 8,he :o proce$s 9 an ord]ly way1 wills ! end be=e he wills ! means necess>y to atta9 x4 ,b ,god proce$s 9 an ord]ly way4 ,!re=e he wills ! end be=e ! means4 ,n[1 glory is an end1 & m]its are means to atta9 t end4 ,consequ5tly1 ,god wills glory be=e ,he wills m]its1 & a man's prelection to glory _c be bas$ on =ekn[l$ge ( 8 m]its407#fba7 ,?is argum5t1 if x prov$ any?+1 w\ld prove ! logical impossibility ( conditional pr$e/9ation4 ,b x ov]%oots ! m>k & consequ5tly proves no?+ at all4 ,qui nimium probat1 nihil probat4 ,gonet moreov] assumes :at he sets out to prove1 namely1 t ,god voluntate antec$5te decre$ ! glory ( c]ta9 m5 to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,?is petitio pr9cipii vitiates ! entire polysyllogism4 ,god's w to save is univ]sal4 ,he wills ! et]nal happ9ess ( all m5 antec$5t]1 & ! reprobation ( "s only consequ5t]2 h5ce et]nal pr$e/9ation is n absolute1 b hypo!tical1 t is1 x dep5ds on m]it4 ,t ! div9e s*eme ( grace c take a diff]5t c\rse 9 ord9e int5tionis f t 9 ord9e executionis is a m]e fiction4 ,if et]nal salvation 9 ! ord] ( temporal execution is giv5 only z a rew>d ( m]it1 x mu/ be a rew>d ( m]it also 9 ! ord] ( int5tion4 ,9 bo? cases pr$e/9ation dep5ds ^u a future condition4 ,p]haps ! wor/ feature ( ! !ory ( absolute pr$e/9ation is ! fact t x involves ! absolute reprobation ( ^? n pr$e/9$ to glory4 8,if x c\ld be validly argu$10 says ,gutb]let1 8t1 s9ce ! end mu/ be will$ be=e ! means1 salvation mu/ be decre$ be=e ! means to its atta9m5t 7i4e4 m]its71 ! argum5t w\ld be applicable also to ! damn$4 ,if ,god voluntate antec$5te wills to lead only a few to salvation1 & if ?is int5tion mu/ prec$e e o!r1 !n ,he mu/ likewise voluntate antec$5te h 9 view ! end ( ! reprobates1 :i* is ,8 own glorification ?r\gh ! manife/ation ( ,8 ju/ice & m]cy4 ,h5ce ,he mu/ also decree ! means necess>y to obta9 ?is end1 i4e4 ,he mu/ cause ^! un=tunate creatures to s91 9 ord] t !y may rea* ! end = :i* ,he has pr$e/9$ !m2 9 o!r words1 ,he mu/ pre-orda9 !m to s9 & et]nal damnation107#fbb7 :i* is :at ,calv9 tea*es4 ,! advocates ( ! !ory naturally %r9k f adopt+ su* a blasphem\s conclusion1 & fall back ^u ! !ory ( negative reprobation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 am\nts practically to ! same ?+47#fbc7 #e4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,hypo!tical ,,pr$e/9ation ,,po/ ,,praevisa ,,m]ita4--,pr$e/9ation1 l ,god's w to save all m51 is bas$ on a hypo!tical decree4 ,^? only are pr$e/9$ to et]nal happ9ess :o %all m]it x z a rew>d4 ,x is solely by reason ( ,8 infallible =ekn[l$ge ( ^! m]its t ,god's hypo!tical decree ( pr$e/9ation becomes absolute4 ,or1 z ,becanus puts x1 8,god fir/ prep>$ ! gifts ( grace1 & !n elect$ to et]nal life ^? ^: good use ( ! gifts ,he =esaw407#fbd7 ,?is view1 :i* /rongly appeals to u = ! reason t x sets aside ! cruel !ory ( 8negative reprobation10 0 def5d$ by su* e>li] ,s*ola/ics z ,alex&] ( ,hales & ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & by _m em95t lat] writ]s1 e4g4 ,toletus1 ,lessius1 ,frass51 ,/apleton1 ,t\rnely1 & is held to-day by ne>ly all !ologians outside ! ,?omi/ s*ool4 ,:at gave x special au?ority 9 mod]n times 0 ! recomm5dation ( ,/4 ,francis de ,sales1 :o1 9 a lett] to ,lessius 7,aug4 #bf1 #afah7 describ$ ! !ory ( conditional pr$e/9ation po/ praevisa m]ita z 8m 9 h>mony ) ! m]cy & grace ( ,god1 tru] & m attractive407#fbe7 ,?is view has a solid basis bo? 9 ,scripture & ,tradition4 a7 ,holy ,scripture cle>ly tea*es ! univ]sality ( ,god's sav+ w4 ,n[ if ,god voluntate antec$5te wills ! et]nal salvation ( all m5 )\t exception17#fbf7 ,he _c possibly int5d t only "s %all be sav$4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t ! ,bible makes n only ! temporal realization b likewise ! et]nal promise ( glory dep5d5t on ! p]=mance ( good works4 ,/4 ,paul1 ^: ,epi/le to ! ,romans is cit$ z a locus classicus by ! advocates ( ! !ory17#fbg7 wrote t[>ds ! end ( 8 life to ,timo?y3 8,i h f\ght a good fight1 ,i h f9i%$ my c\rse1 ,i h kept ! fai?4 ,z to ! re/1 !re is laid up = me a cr[n ( ju/ice1 :i* ! ,"l ! j judge w r5d] to me 9 t day407#fbh7 ,9 writ+ ^! l9es ! ,apo/le no d\bt _h 9 m9d ! s5t5ce ( ! ,univ]sal ,judge3 8,come1 ye bless$ ( my ,fa!r1 possess y ! k+dom prep>$ = y f ! f\ndation ( ! _w107#fbi7--:i* may ) f> great] reason be t]m$ a 8classical0 text ?an ! obscure n9? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,to prep>e = m5 ! k+dom ( heav5 f ! f\ndation 7i4e4 beg9n+7 ( ! _w1 is to pr$e/9e !m to et]nal happ9ess4 ,n[1 ,god has 8prep>$0 ! k+dom ( heav5 = m5 9 view ( _! =ese5 m]its1 t is to say1 conditionally4 ,! causal conjunction enim 9 ! s5t5ce foll[+ ! "o j quot$ 7,mat?4 ,,xxvi1 #be73 8,esurivi enim et d$i/is mihi m&uc>e1 etc410 ref]s to ! entire prec$+ s5t5ce1 n only to ! possidete 9 "t1 b also to ! p>atum 9 et]nity4 ,consequ5tly1 ! et]nal decree ( pr$e/9ation itself1 l its temporal execution1 dep5ds on good works or m]it4 ,?is int]pretation ( ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #cd-cf is confirm$ by ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ ^u ! reprobates1 ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #da sqq43 8,dep>t f me1 y curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 :i* 0 prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels4 ,= ,i 0 hungry1 & y gave me n to eat1 etc40 ,! 8ev]la/+ fire0 is manife/ly decre$ f all et]nity 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x is inflict$ 9 "t1 namely1 propt] et po/ praevisa m]ita4 ,billu>t's cont5tion7#fcj7 t hell has be5 prep>$ solely = 8! devil & 8 angels0 is unt5able1 because 9 sev]al o!r ,scriptural passages7#fca7 ! reprobates are expressly class$ among ! foll[]s ( ,satan4 ,if we add to ?is t our ,div9e ,"l1 9 =etell+ ! la/ judgm5t1 _h naturally to =mulate 8 pr$iction s z n only to %[ its absolute ju/ice b likewise to intimate t1 _h !y s will$1 ! damn$ might h _h _! place on ! "r h& ( ! ,great ,judge1 we mu/ admit t ! !ory ( pr$e/9ation po/ praevisa m]ita has a solid f\ndation 9 ,scripture47#fcb7 b7 ,! ,greek ,fa!rs unanim\sly favor hypo!tical pr$e/9ation1 :i* fact has caus$ ! !ory to be commonly ref]r$ to z 8s5t5tia ,graecorum407#fcc7 ,?us ,/4 ,*ryso/om int]prets ! judgm5t ( ! ,son ( ,man z foll[s3 8,possess ye ! k+dom ( heav5 z y\r own by h]$ity1 z a pat]nal h]itage1 z a gift long due to y2 = x 0 prep>$ & arrang$ = y be=e y came into exi/5ce1 because ,i knew be=eh& t y w\ld be :at y are407#fcd7 ,!odoret says3 8,he did n simply pr$e/9e m51 b ,he pr$e/9$ !m because ,he =eknew _! m]its407#fce7 ,! ,lat9 ,fa!rs be=e ,/4 ,augu/9e all )\t exception taught hypo!tical pr$e/9ation4 ,/4 ,hil>y says3 8,_m are call$1 b few are *os54444 ,h5ce election is n a matt] ( indiscrim9ate *oice1 b a selection bas$ on m]it407#fcf7 ,& ,/4 ,ambrose3 8,!re=e ! ,apo/le says3 #8,:om he =eknew he also pr$e/9$' 7,rom4 ,,viii1 #bi72 = ,he did n pr$e/9e be=e ,he =eknew1 b ,he pr$e/9$ a rew>d to ^? ^: m]its ,he =esaw407#fcg7 ,! "q _c1 z ,bell>m9e cont5ds17#fch7 be decid$ on ! sole au?ority ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 because he is claim$ by bo? p>ties to ! controv]sy47#fci7 ,on acc\nt ( ! exi/+ diff]5ces ( op9ion x is impossible to e/abli% ! !ory ( hypo!tical pr$e/9ation on ! basis ( ,s*ola/ic tea*+47#fdj7 ,! op9ion ( ,/4 ,?omas is 9 dispute27#fda7 likewise t ( ,/4 ,bonav5ture4 ,scotus 9 8 controv]sy ) ,h5ry ( ,gh5t %[s a disposition to favor absolute pr$e/9ation1 b leaves ! "q op54 8,let e "o10 he says17#fdb7 8*oose :i*ev] op9ion suits him be/1 )\t prejudice to ! div9e lib]ty1 :i* mu/ be safegu>d$ aga9/ inju/ice1 & to ! o!r tru?s t are to be held 9 respect ( ,god407#fdc7 #f4 ,a ,,compromise ,,!ory4--,= ! sake ( complet5ess we w add a few words on a !ory :i* takes middle gr\nd betwe5 ! two j review$1 hold+ t1 :ile ! common run ( humanity is pr$e/9$ hypo!tically1 a few exceptionally favor$ ,sa9ts enjoy ! privilege ( absolute pr$e/9ation4 ,among ! *ampions ( ?is 8eclectic0 !ory may be m5tion$3 ,ockam17#fdd7 ,gabriel ,biel17#fde7 ,ysamb]t17#fdf7 & ,ambrosius ,ca?>9us47#fdg7 ,! ,sa9ts reg>d$ by ^! writ]s z absolutely pr$e/9$ to et]nal glory are3 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! prophets & ,apo/les1 ,/4 ,joseph1 ,/4 ,aloysius1 & a few o!rs1 z well z all infants dy+ 9 ! grace ( ,baptism4 ,billu>t17#fdh7 ,dom9icus ,soto1 & c]ta9 o!r div9es attack ?is !ory on ! gr\nd t x makes ! salvation ( ! great majority ( ! elect a matt] ( *ance & !reby imp]ils ! dogmatic tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is objection is unf\nd$4 ,= ?\gh ! 8eclectic0 !ory has little or no support ei!r 9 ,revelation or 9 reason1 x suffici5tly safegu>ds ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation by admitt+ t voluntate consequ5te none b ! pr$e/9$ c atta9 to et]nal beatitude4 ,only ) reg>d to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y are we incl9$ to make an exception4 ,x is probable t %e 0 pr$e/9$ to et]nal glory ante praevisa m]ita1 because1 9 ! words ( ,lessius1 ! privileges %e enjoy$ 8exce$ all measure & mu/ n be ext5d$ to any o!r human be+407#fdi7 ,article #d4 ,! ,reprobation ,( ,! ,damn$ ,! reprobation ( ! damn$ is sometimes call$ pra$e/9atio ad geh5nam1 ?\gh1 z we h rem>k$1 ! t]m 8pr$e/9ation0 %\ld prop]ly be re/rict$ to ! bless$4 ,!re c be no absolute & positive pr$e/9ation to et]nal puni%m5t1 & ! pa9s ( hell c be ?reat5$ only 9 view ( mortal s94 ,h5ce reprobation may be def9$1 9 ! words ( ,pet] ,lomb>d1 z 8,god's =ekn[l$ge ( ! wick$ness ( "s creatures & ! prep>ation ( _! damnation407#fej7 ,a di/9ction mu/1 h[ev]1 be made 7at lea/ 9 !ory71 betwe5 positive & negative reprobation4 ,to tea* positive reprobation w\ld be h]etical4 ,negative reprobation1 on ! o!r h&1 is def5d$ by all ^? ,ca?olic !ologians :o advocate ! !ory ( absolute pr$e/9ation ante praevisa m]ita47#fea7 #a4 ,,h]etical ,,pr$e/9>ianism ,,or ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,positive ,,reprobation ,,( ,,! ,,damn$4--,h]etical ,pr$e/9>ianism 0 taught by ,lucidus1 ,gotts*alk1 ,wiclif1 ,hus1 ! y\ng] ,jans5ius1 & especially by ,calv94 ,! latt] ass]t$ t ! salvation ( ! elect & ! damnation ( ! reprobate are ! effects ( an unconditional div9e decree47#feb7 ,accord+ to ?is abom9able h]esy1 ! s9 ( ,adam & ! spiritual ru9 :i* x entail$ ^u 8 desc5dants are attributable solely to ! w ( ,god4 ,god produces 9 ! reprobate a 8semblance ( fai?10 only to make !m all ! m des]v+ ( damnation4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,arm9ius & a few o!r !ologians ( ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 repell$ by ,calv9's decretum horribile1 ascrib$ ! positive reprobation ( ! damn$ to orig9al s9 7lapsus74 ,^! writ]s1 call$ ,infralaps>ians or ,po/laps>ians1 7 oppos$ by ! /rict s*ool ( ,calv9i/ div9es "u ! lead]%ip ( ,gom>us4 ,! great ,calv9i/ ,synod ( ,dordre*t 7#afah-afai7 condemn$ ! pr9ciples ( ,arm9ius1 & subsequ5tly 8 adh]5ts 7 driv5 f ,holl&4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* condemn$ ,pr$e/9>ianism z e>ly z #ebi at ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange1 :i* among o!r ?+s decl>$3 8,we n only refuse to believe t "s m5 are by div9e p[] pr$e/9$ to evil1 b if !re be any :o hold su* a wick$ ?+1 we condemn !m ) utt] dete/ation407#fec7 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil def9$ aga9/ ,calv93 8,if any "o sai? t ! grace ( ju/ification is atta9$ to only by ^? :o are pr$e/9$ unto life1 b t all o!rs :o are call$1 are call$ inde$1 b receive n grace1 z be+ by div9e p[] pr$e/9$ unto evil2 let him be ana!ma407#fed7 ,calv9ism1 bo? supra- & infra-laps>ian1 is easily refut$ f ,revelation & ,tradition4 a7 ,x runs c\nt] to all ^? texts ( ! ,bible :i* ass]t ! univ]sality ( ,god's sav+ w17#fee7 ! be/[al ( suffici5t grace on all s9n]s17#fef7 & ! div9e attribute ( hol9ess47#feg7 ,calv9 endeavor$ to prove 8 blasphem\s doctr9e *iefly f ! n9? *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans47#feh7 ,8 disciple ,beza reli$ ma9ly on #a ,pet4 ,,ii1 #g sq43 8,b to !m t believe n1 ! /one :i* ! build]s reject$1 ! same is made ! head ( ! corn]3 & a /one ( /umbl+1 & a rock ( sc&al1 to !m :o /umble at ! ^w1 nei!r d believe1 :]eunto also !y are set107#fei7 i4e41 accord+ to ,beza1 pr$e/9$ n to believe47#ffj7 ,b ?is int]pretation is obvi\sly wrong4 ,= we "k f ,is4 ,,viii1 #ad7ffa7 & ,mat?4 ,,xxi1 #dd17ffb7 t ^? :o fall on ?is /one are gr\nd to p[d] z a puni%m5t = ! s9 ( unbelief47#ffc7 b7 ,! ,fa!rs1 especially ^? ( ! ,ea/1 are unanim\s 9 uphold+ ! or?odox tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! only "o :om adh]5ts ( ,pr$e/9>ianism h d>$ to claim is ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,yet ! 8,doctor ( ,grace0 expressly tea*es3 8,god is good1 ,god is j4 ,he c deliv] "s )\t m]its because ,he is good2 b ,he _c damn any "o )\t dem]its1 because ,he is j407#ffd7 ,/4 ,prosp] re-e*oes ?is tea*+ :5 he says ( ! reprobates3 8,( _! own w !y w5t out2 ( _! own w !y fell2 & because _! fall 0 =ekn[n1 !y 7 n pr$e/9$4 ,!y w\ld1 h[ev]1 be pr$e/9$ if !y 7 to return & p]sev]e 9 hol9ess2 h5ce ,god's pr$e/9ation is = _m ! cause ( p]sev]ance1 = none ! cause ( fall+ away407#ffe7 ,/4 ,fulg5tius expresses himself 9 simil> language47#fff7 #b4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( 8,,negative ,,reprobation40--,negative reprobation is def9$ by its def5d]s z an et]nal decree by :i* ,god excludes f ,heav5 ^? n absolutely pr$e/9$1 9 o!r words1 det]m9es n to save !m4 a7 ,gonet expla9s ! diff]5ce betwe5 negative & positive reprobation 9 ,s*ola/ic t]m9ology z foll[s3 8444 quod haec i4e4 positiva habet non solum t]m9um a quo1 nempe exclusionem a gloria1 s$ etiam t]m9um ad quem1 scil4 po5am sive damni sive s5sus2 illa v]o i4e4 negativa solum habet t]m9um a quo1 nempe exclusionem a gloria ut b5eficio indebito1 non v]o t]m9um ad quem1 quia ex vi exclusionis ut sic praecise et ut habet rationem purae negationis1 non intelligitur reprobus esse damn&us aut ulli po5ae sive damni sive s5sus deput&us407#ffg7 ,! g5]al pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ?is quotation is v>i\sly develop$ by ,?omi/ !ologians4 ,! rigori/s 7,alv>ez1 ,john a ,s4 ,?oma1 ,e/ius1 ,sylvius7 assign z ! motive ( reprobation ! sov]eign w ( ,god4 ,god1 !y say1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt possible s9s & dem]its1 det]m9$ a priori to exclude f ,heav5 ^? :o are n pr$e/9$4 ,de ,lemos1 ,gotti1 ,gonet1 ,gazzaniga1 & o!rs condemn ?is view z incompatible ) ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,?omas1 &1 appeal+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e's doctr9e ( ! massa damnata1 f9d ! ultimate reason = ! exclusion ( ! reprobates f heav5 9 orig9al s91 9 :i* ,god1 )\t be+ unju/1 c\ld leave z _m z ,he saw fit4 ,g\d91 ,graveson1 ,billu>t1 & o!rs assume t ! reprobates are n directly exclud$ f et]nal glory b m]ely f 8effective election0 !reunto1 ,god simply hav+ decre$ ante praevisa m]ita to leave !m to _! weakness47#ffh7 ,:ile ! ,?omi/s f\nd no difficulty 9 h>moniz+ ?is view ) _! !ory ( physical premotion1 ! few ,mol9i/s :o esp\s$ x 7 h>d put 9 try+ to squ>e x ) ! sci5tia m$ia47#ffi7 ,on ! :ole ^! ,mol9i/s endorse ! ?ird & milde/ ( ! above-quot$ op9ions1 :i* diff]s only !oretically f ! rigori/ic view describ$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,practically x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ,god directly excludes a man f heav5 or refuses to give him ! graces necess>y to atta9 x4 ,survey+ all ?ree ( ! !ories "u consid]ation we _c b reg>d ! fir/ & ?ird z he>tless & cruel1 because !y attribute et]nal reprobation to a positive decree t takes effect indep5d5tly ( s92 ! second1 7:i* ascribes reprobation to orig9al s971 is op5 to ! s]i\s dogmatic objection t x contradicts ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul & ! ,trid5t9e decl>ation t 8!re is no condemnation 7nihil damnationis7 9 ^? :o are truly buri$ toge!r ) ,*ri/ by baptism into dea?407#fgj7 b7 ,negative reprobation is rightly reg>d$ z ! logical c\nt]p>t ( absolute pr$e/9ation47#fga7 ,if ,almighty ,god1 by an absolute decree1 )\t reg>d to any possible m]its1 m]ely to reveal ,8 div9e attributes & to 8embelli% ! univ]se10 _h det]m9$ t only ^? c\ld ent] ! 8,heav5ly ,j]usalem0 :o 7 antec$5tly pr$e/9$ !reto1 x w\ld inevitably foll[ t ! un=tunate rema9d] ( humanity by ! v same decree 7 8pass$ ov]10 8omitt$10 8ov]look$10 8n elect$10 or1 z ,gonet hone/ly admits1 8exclud$ f ,heav510 :i* is ! same ?+ z be+ negatively condemn$ to hell4 ,! logical di/9ction betwe5 positive & negative reprobation1 !re=e1 consi/s ma9ly 9 ?is1 t ! =m] signifies absolute damnation to hell1 ! latt] 7equally absolute7 non-election to ,heav54 ,to protect ! ,ca?olic *ampions ( negative reprobation aga9/ unju/ asp]sions1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to po9t out c]ta9 fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 _! !ory & ! h]esy ( ,calv94 ,calv9 & ! ,jans5i/s op5ly d5y ! univ]sality bo? ( ,god's sav+ w & ( ! atonem5t2 !y refuse to admit ! actual be/[al ( suffici5t grace ^u ^? =e-orda9$ to et]nal damnation2 & claim t ! human w loses its fre$om "u ! pr$om9ance ( efficaci\s grace or concupisc5ce4 ,! ,ca?olic def5d]s ( negative reprobation indignantly reject ! *>ge t _! position logically leads to any su* h]etical implications4 c7 ,! !ory ( negative reprobation c be suffici5tly refut$ by %[+ t x is incompatible ) ! univ]sality ( ,god's w to save all m54 ,= if ,god will$ absolutely & antec$5tly to 8exclude "s m5 f ,heav510 z ,gonet ass]ts1 or 8n to elect !m to et]nal glory10 z ,su>ez cont5ds1 !n x w\ld be ,8 absolute w t !y p]i%4 7 ,= "o ?us negatively reprobat$ x is metaphysically impossible to atta9 et]nal salvation4 ,to hold o!rwise w\ld be tantam\nt to assum+ t an ess5tially absolute decree ( ,god c be fru/rat$4 ,?is consid]ation l$ c]ta9 ,?omi/s7#fgb7 to describe ! div9e voluntas salvifica z r an ineffectual velleitas47#fgc7 ,b ?is conflicts ) ! obvi\s tea*+ ( ,revelation47#fgd7 ,su>ez labors 9 va9 to reconcile ! s9c]ity ( ,god's salvific w ) ! !ory ( negative reprobation4 ,! two are absolutely irreconcilable4 ,h[ c\ld ,god s9c]ely w ! salvation ( all m5 if x 7 true1 z ,su>ez says1 t 8x is n 9 man's p[] to "w out 8 et]nal salvation 9 case he falls "u non-election1 non-pr$e/9ation1 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 negative reprobation087#fge7 7 ,! cruel absurdity ( ! !ory ( negative reprobation becomes fully app>5t :5 we consid] ! attitude x ascribes to ,god4 ,gonet writes3 8,=esee+ t ! :ole human race w\ld be deprav$ by orig9al s91 ,god1 9 view ( ! m]its ( ,*ri/ :o 0 to come1 elect$ "s m5 to glory &1 9 puni%m5t ( orig9al s9 & to %[ ,8 ju/ice t[>ds !m & ,8 great] m]cy t[>ds ! elect1 p]mitt$ o!rs to miss ! atta9m5t ( beatitude1 9 o!r words1 ,he positively will$ t !y %\ld n atta9 x4444 ,9 virtue ( ?is efficaci\s int5tion ,he devis$ appropriate means = ! atta9m5t ( ,8 purpose1 & see+ t "s w\ld miss beatitude by simply be+ left 9 ! /ate ( orig9al s91 & o!rs by be+ p]mitt$ to fall into actual s9s & to p]sev]e !re91 ,he =mally decre$ ?is p]mission1 & f9ally 444 by a comm& ( ,8 intellect orda9$ ^! means t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! a=esaid end407#fgf7 ,translat$ into pla9 e-day language ?is c only mean t ,god tries ) all ,8 might to prev5t ! reprobate f atta9+ et]nal salvation & sees to x t !y die 9 ! /ate ( s94 ,su>ez is p]fectly "r 9 *>act]iz+ ,gonet's tea*+ z 8incompatible ) s\nd doctr9e407#fgg7 ,b 8 own tea*+ is equally uns\nd & cruel4 ,= he1 too1 is compell$ to ass]t3 8,pr$e/9ation to glory is ! motive = :i* efficaci\s or infallible means t[>ds atta9+ t end are be/[$4 ,h5ce to refuse to pr$e/9e a man = glory is to d5y him ! means :i* are recogniz$ z fit & c]ta9 to atta9 t end407#fgh7 ,holy ,scripture =tunately speaks a diff]5t language4 ,x describes ,god z a lov+ ,fa!r1 :o 8wills n t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld return to p5ance407#fgi7 7 ,practically x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a man is positively condemn$ to et]nal damnation1 z ,calv9 & ! ,jans5i/s ass]t1 or negatively exclud$ f ,heav51 z held by ! or?odox !ologians :om we h j quot$4 ,! alleg$ di/9ction betwe5 positive & negative reprobation is 8a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce40 ,= an adult to be exclud$ f ,heav5 simply means t he is damn$4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a middle /ate or a purely natural beatitude4 ,lessius ju/ly says t to "o reprobat$ by ,god x w\ld be all ! same :e!r 8 reprobation 0 positive or negative1 because 9 ei!r case he w\ld be inevitably lo/47#fhj7 ,,read+s3--99,ruiz1 ,de ,pra$e/9atione et ,reprobatione1 ,lyons #afbh4--,ramirez1 ,de ,pra$e/9atione et ,reprobatione1 #b vols41 ,alcal #agjb4--99,lessius1 ,de ,p]fectionibus ,moribusque ,div9is1 ,,xiv1 #b4--99;,,idem1 ,de ,pra$e/9atione et ,reprobatione 7,opusc41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,p>is #ahgh74--,t\rnely1 ,de ,deo1 qu4 #bb sqq4--,s*rad]1 ,comm5t>ii1 ,i-,,ii1 ,de ,pra$e/9atione1 ,vi5na #ahfe4--;,j4 ,p4 ,baltz]1 ,des hl4 ,augu/9us ,lehre b] ,prde/9ation und ,reprobation1 ,vi5na #ahga4--,mann5s1 ,de ,voluntate ,dei ,salvifica et ,pra$e/9atione1 ,l\va9 #ahhc4--,o4 ,rottmann]1 ,o4 ,s4 ,b41 ,d] ,augu/9ismus1 ,mn*5 #ahib4--,o4 ,pflf1 ,s4 ,j41 8,zur ,prde/9ationslehre des hl4 ,augu/9us10 9 ! ,innsbruck ,zeits*rift fr ka?4 ,!ologie1 #ahic1 pp4 #dhc sqq4--,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiag1 pp4 #bha1 #cgh1 #chb sqq4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,grace ,9 ,its ,relation ,to ,free-,w ,:5 we speak ( ! relation ( grace to free-w1 we mean efficaci\s grace2 m]ely suffici5t grace1 z su*1 does n involve cons5t4 ,! ,prote/ant re=m]s & ! ,jans5i/s d5i$ ! fre$om ( ! human w "u ! influ5ce ( efficaci\s grace4 ,ca?olic !ologians h always /aun*ly upheld bo? ! fre$om ( ! w & ! efficacy ( grace1 b !y disagree 9 expla9+ ! mutual relations betwe5 grace & free-w4 ,section #a4 ,! ,h]esy ( ,! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s ,& ,! ,jans5i/s #a4 ,,! ,,h]etical ,,errors ,,( ,,lu!r1 ,,calv91 ,,& ,,jans5ius ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,! ,,or?odox ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,lu!r & ,calv9 ass]t$ t ! fre$om ( ! w 0 irretrievably lo/ by orig9al s94 ,jans5ius taught t ! w is ov]come by efficaci\s grace 9 exactly ! same way z x is ov]p[]$ by concupisc5ce 9 ! abs5ce ( grace4 ,aga9/ bo? ^! h]esies ! ,*ur* has always ma9ta9$ t ! w rema9s free "u ! influ5ce ( efficaci\s grace4 a7 ,lu!r taught7#fha7 t orig9al s9 has s completely annihilat$ man's free-w t he resembles a horse compell$ to g 9 :atev] direction x is driv5 7accord+ z 8,god or ! devil rides him0717#fhb7 & t ! grace ( ,*ri/1 f> f re/or+ man's lib]ty1 compels him to act ) inte/9e necessity4 ,calv97#fhc7 c>ri$ ?is tea*+ to its logical conclusions by ass]t+3 7#a7 t ! w ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 free 9 ,p>adise1 b lo/ its fre$om by orig9al s92 7#b7 t we _c be deliv]$ f ! slav]y ( ,satan except by ! grace ( ,*ri/1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 re/ore lib]ty1 b simply compels ! w to d good2 7#c7 t1 ?\gh ! w "u ! influ5ce ( grace is passive1 & mu/ ne$s foll[ ! impulse to :i* x is subject$1 yet its acts are vital & spontane\s47#fhd7 ,aga9/ ^! h]esies ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( free-w bo? 9 ! /ate ( orig9al s97#fhe7 & "u ! influ5ce ( efficaci\s grace3 8,if any "o sai? t man's free-w1 mov$ & excit$ by ,god1 by ass5t+ to ,god excit+ & call+1 444 _c refuse its cons5t if x w\ld1 b t1 z some?+ inanimate1 x does no?+ :atev] & is m]ely passive3 let him be ana!ma407#fhf7 b7 ,jans5ius diff]$ f ,lu!r & ,calv9 ma9ly 9 draw+ a %>p] di/9ction betwe5 fre$om f ext]nal con/ra9t 7lib]tas a coactione7 & fre$om f int]nal compulsion 7lib]tas a necessitate71 & ma9ta9+ t ! w1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( grace1 is exempt f ext]nal con/ra9t1 ?\gh n f int]ior compulsion1 & t ! lib]tas a coactione is entirely suffici5t to ga9 m]it or dem]it 9 ! fall5 /ate47#fhg7 ,! ,jans5i/ tea*+ on ! subject ( grace may be outl9$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,by orig9al s9 man lo/ ! moral lib]ty :i* he _h enjoy$ 9 ,p>adise & became subject to a tw(old delectation--delectatio coele/is victrix & delectatio t]r5a sive c>nalis victrix4 7#b7 ,^! two delectations are cont9ually cont5d+ = ! ma/]y2 ! /rong] always defeats ! weak]1 7#c7 & ! w1 unable to (f] resi/ance1 is alt]nately ov]p[]$ n[ by ! "o & !n by ! o!r47#fhh7 7#d7 ,9 ea* case ! delectatio coele/is is ei!r /rong] ?an ! delectatio t]r5a1 or x is weak]1 or x is ( equal /r5g?4 ,:5 x is /rong]1 ! w is ov]come by grace1 :i* 9 t case becomes efficax or irresi/ibilis4 ,:5 x is weak]1 ! w simply mu/ s91 because ! delectatio coele/is is too weak to ov]come ! delectatio t]r5a4 ,! grace giv5 to a man "u su* conditions is call$ by ! ,jans5i/s gratia p>va sive suffici5s4 ,:5 ! two delectations are equally /rong1 ! w f9ds itself unable to come to a def9ite decision4 ,?is false tea*+ inspir$ ! fam\s 8five propositions0 ( ,jans5ius1 to-wit3 7#a7 ,man is unable to keep "s ( ,god's comm&m5ts = want ( grace2 7#b7 ,9 ! /ate ( fall5 nature no "o ev] resi/s int]ior grace2 7#c7 ,to m]it or dem]it 9 ! /ate ( fall5 nature x is suffici5t to be free f ext]nal con/ra9t2 7#d7 ,! ,semipelagian h]esy consi/$ 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a grace :i* man may ei!r obey or resi/2 & 7#e7 ,*ri/ did n die = all m51 b solely = ! pr$e/9$4 ,^! propositions 7 condemn$ z h]etical by ,pope ,innoc5t ,x 9 8 dogmatic ,bull 8,cum occasione10 ( ,may #ca1 #afec4 ,all five are implicitly conta9$ 9 ! second1 viz43 ,9 ! /ate ( fall5 nature no "o ev] resi/s int]ior grace4 8,if x is true t fall5 man nev] resi/s int]ior grace 7second proposition71 x foll[s t a j man :o violates a comm&m5t ( ,god has n _h ! grace to obs]ve x1 t he !re=e transgress$ x ?r\gh inability to fulfil x 7fir/ proposition74 ,if1 h[ev]1 he has s9n$ & ?us incurr$ dem]it1 x is cle> t ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce is n a requisite condition ( dem]it1 & :at is said ( dem]it is likewise true ( its correlative1 m]it 7?ird proposition74 ,on ! o!r h&1 if grace is want+ to ! j :5ev] !y fall1 x is want+ /ill m to s9n]s2 x is !re=e impossible to ma9ta9 t ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ assur$ to e man ! graces necess>y = salvation 7fif? proposition74 ,z a fur!r consequ5ce1 ! ,semipelagians 7 9 error 9 admitt+ ! univ]sal di/ribution ( a grace :i* may be resi/$ 7f\r? proposition7407#fhi7 #b4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,prov$ ,,f ,,revelation4--,f> f favor+ ! det]m9ism ( ! ,re=m]s & ( ,jans5ius1 ! ,bible & ,tradition positively contradict ! cont5tion t free-w is ov]p[]$ by grace4 a7 ,! op]ation ( grace & ! lib]ty ( ! w nev] appe> 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture z mutually exclusive1 b inv>iably z cop]at+ factors1 ?\gh sometimes ! "o is emphasiz$1 & sometimes ! o!r1 accord+ to ! purpose ! sacr$ writ] happ5s to h 9 view4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t expressly calls att5tion to ?is37#fij7 8,:5 x is said 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 #8,turn ye to me1 & ,i w turn to y1'7#fia7 we are admoni%$ ( our lib]ty2 & :5 we answ]3 #8,conv]t u1 ,o ,god1 to !e1 & we %all be conv]t$1'7#fib7 we confess t we are =e/all$ by ! grace ( ,god40 ,/4 ,paul1 x is true1 asks3 8,:o resi/e? 8 ,god's w807#fic7 ,b he also admoni%es 8 favorite disciple ,timo?y3 8,ex]cise ?yself unto godl9ess407#fid7 ,/4 ,/eph5 te/ifies t ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ does n compel ! w4 8,y always resi/ ! ,holy ,gho/10 he tells ! ,jews2 8z y\r fa!rs did1 s d y also407#fie7 ,our ,"l ,himself tea*es t grace ex]ts no int]ior compulsion b invites free cop]ation3 8,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts407#fif7 ,! exhortations1 promises1 & ?reats utt]$ 9 v>i\s portions ( ,holy ,writ w\ld be mean+less if x 7 true t grace de/roys free-w47#fig7 b7 ,z reg>ds ,tradition1 ! ,greek ,fa!rs :o wrote be=e ,/4 ,augu/9e def5d$ ! fre$om ( ! w s en]getically t !y 7 subsequ5tly accus$ ( h>bor+ ,pelagian & ,semipelagian errors47#fih7 ,calv9 himself admits t ) b "o exception ! ,fa!rs are unanim\sly oppos$ to 8 tea*+47#fii7 ,! "o exception not$ is ,/4 ,augu/9e1 to :om bo? ,calv9 & ,jans5ius appeal ) great confid5ce4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! po9t :i* *iefly conc]n$ ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 controv]sies ) ! ,pelagians & ,semipelagians1 0 ! necessity & gratuity ( grace1 n its relation to free-w4 ,:]e he incid5tally t\*es ^u ! latt]1 he %[s by ! mann] 9 :i* he =mulates 8 s5t5ces t he reg>ds ! relation ( grace to free-w z a great my/]y4 ,b he does n try to solve ?is my/]y 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,alex&] ! ,great cut ! ,gordian knot4 ,he does n decl>e3 ,grace is ev]y?+1 free-w is no?+4 ,if ! p[] ( grace de/roy$ ! fre$om ( ! human w1 _! mutual relation w\ld be no problem47#gjj7 ,possibly ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ! heat ( controv]sy n[ & !n express$ himself 9 language op5 to mis9t]pretation1 z :5 he said3 8,!re=e aid 0 br\ght to ! infirmity ( ! human w1 s t x might be un*angeably & inv9cibly influ5c$ by div9e grace407#gja7 ,b ?is & simil> phrases admit ( a p]fectly or?odox int]pretation4 ,z ! context %[s1 ,augu/9e m]ely wi%$ to ass]t ! hegemony ( grace 9 all ?+s p]ta9+ to salvation1 & to emphasize ! fact t free-w1 /r5g!n$ by grace1 is able to resi/ ev5 ! mo/ griev\s temptations47#gjb7 ,at no p]iod ( 8 life did ! ,sa9t d5y ! fre$om ( ! w "u ! influ5ce ( grace4 ,we w quote b two out ( _m available passages 9 pro( ( ?is /atem5t4 8,to yield cons5t or to )hold x1 :5ev] ,god calls1 is ! function ( "o's own w407#gjc7 8,= ! fre$om ( ! w is n de/roy$ because ! w is aid$2 b x is aid$ precisely = ! reason t x rema9s free407#gjd7 ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux e*oes ?is tea*+ :51 9 8 own +5i\s way1 he summ>izes ! ,ca?olic dogma z foll[s3 8,take away free w & !re w be no?+ left to save2 take away grace & !re w be no means left ( salvation407#gje7 ,,read+s3--99,bell>m9e1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio 7,op]a ,omnia1 ed4 ,fvre1 ,vols4 ,v & ,,vi1 ,p>is #ahgc74--99;,de*amps1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,ha]esi ,ians5iana1 ,p>is #afde4--;,f4 ,wrt]1 ,die *ri/li*e ,lehre b] das ,v]hltnis von ,gnade und ,freiheit bis auf ,augu/9us1 ,freiburg #ahef4--99,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ci-dh1 ,gulp5 #ahhe4--,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #ceg sqq41 #cgg sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiah1 pp4 #ejg sqq4 ,section #b4 ,!ological ,sy/ems ,devis$ ,to ,h>monize ,! ,dogmas ,( ,grace ,& ,free-,w ,! relation ( grace to free-w may be reg>d$ f a tw(old po9t ( view4 ,we may take grace z ! prim>y factor & trace x 9 its action on ! human w2 or1 />t+ f ! latt]1 we may endeavor to asc]ta9 h[ free-w is affect$ by grace4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ me?od has giv5 bir? to two closely relat$ !ological sy/ems1 ,?omism & ,augu/9ianism2 ! latt] to ,mol9ism & ,congruism1 :i* are almo/ id5tical 9 sub/ance4 ,besides ^! !re is a fif? !ory1 :i* tries to reconcile ! two extremes & may !re=e be call$ eclectic4 ,t ! human w is free1 yet subject to ! influ5ce ( grace1 is an article ( fai? unhesitat+ly accept$ by all ,ca?olic !ologians4 ,x is 9 try+ to expla9 h[ grace & free-w cop]ate1 t ! above-m5tion$ s*ools diff]4 ,9 approa*+ ?is extremely difficult & obscure problem we consid] x our duty to w>n ! /ud5t aga9/ preconceiv$ op9ions & to rem9d him t ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* we are ab\t to exam9e are all tol]at$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,to-day1 :5 s _m m important ?+s are at /ake & ! fai? is vici\sly assail$ f )\t1 ! anci5t controv]sy betwe5 ,?omism & ,mol9ism _h bett] be left 9 abeyance4 ,article #a4 ,?omism ,& ,augu/9ianism ,?omism & ,augu/9ianism bo? h+e on ! concept ( gratia efficax ab intr9seco s4 p] se1 :]eas ,mol9ism & ,congruism w n admit ev5 ! exi/5ce ( su* a grace4 #a4 ,,! ,,?omi/ic ,,!ory ,,( ,,grace4--,! true f\nd] ( ! ,?omi/ic sy/em is n ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o is also claim$ by ! ,mol9i/s1 b ! le>n$ ,dom9ican !ologian ,baez 7#aebh-afjd74 ,8 tea*+ may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 a7 ,god is ! ,fir/ ,cause 7causa prima7 & ,prime ,mov] 7motor primus7 ( all ?+s1 & all creat$ or second>y causes 7causae secundae7 d]ive _! be+ & faculties1 nay1 _! v acts f ,him4 ,if any creature c\ld act indep5d5tly ( ,god1 ,god w\ld cease to be causa prima & motor primus47#gjf7 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,fir/ ,cause is univ]sal1 t is to say1 x produces all creatural acts )\t exception1--necess>y & free1 good & bad1--because no second>y cause has p[] to act unless x is set 9 motion by ! motor primus4 ,9 influ5c+ ,8 creatures1 h[ev]1 ,god adapts himself to ! peculi> nature ( ea*4 ,! necess>y causes ,he det]m9es to act necess>ily1 ! free causes1 freely4 ,all receive f ,him _! sub/ance & _! mode ( action47#gjg7 ,! rational creature1 !re=e1 ?\gh subject to ,8 det]m9+ influ5ce1 acts ) p]fect fre$om1 j z if x 7 n mov$4 b7 ,9 spite ( free-w1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce :i* ,god ex]ts on ,8 rational creatures is irresi/ible because x proce$s f an absolute & omnipot5t ,be+ ^: decrees brook no opposition4 ,:at ,god wills infallibly happ5s47#gjh7 ,nev]!less1 ,god is n ! au?or ( s94 ,he moves ! s9n] to p]=m an act2 b ,he does n move ,him to p]=m a s9ful act4 ,! malice ( s9 d]ives solely f ! free w ( man47#gji7 c7 ,s9ce ! div9e influ5ce causally prec$es all creatural acts1 ,god's concurr5ce ) creatural causes 7concursus g5]alis7 mu/ be conceiv$ z prev5i5t1 n simultane\s4 ,! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce n only makes ! action possible1 b likewise effects x by mov+ ! w f pot5tiality to actuality47#gaj7 ,consequ5tly1 ! causal influ5ce :i* ! ,creator ex]ts ^u ,8 creatures is n a m]e motio1 b a praemotio1--& n m]ely moral1 b physical 7praemotio physica747#gaa7 ,x is by physical premotion t ,god's prev5i5t influ5ce effects ! free actions ( ,8 creatures1 )\t reg>d to _! ass5t47#gab7 ,free-w is pr$et]m9$ by ,god be=e x det]m9es itself47#gac7 d7 ,if we analyse ,god's physical pr$et]m9ations 9 s f> z !y are creat$ entities1 we f9d t !y are no?+ else ?an ! effect & execution ( ,8 et]nal decrees1 embodi$ 9 ! pra$et]m9atio physica4 ,x is ! temporal execution ( ! latt] t is call$ praemotio physica4 ,h5ce we are ju/ifi$ 9 speak+1 n only ( a temporal praemotio1 b ( an et]nal pra$et]m9atio1 9 fact ! t]ms are (t5 us$ synonym\sly47#gad7 ,view$ 9 its relation to rational creatures1 ?is et]nal pr$et]m9ation is no?+ b a temporal premotion ( ! free w to det]m9e itself4 ,s9ce ,god has f all et]nity made absolute & conditional decrees1 :i* possess ! p[] ( physical pr$et]m9ation )\t reg>d to ! free cons5t ( ,8 creatures1 physical pr$et]m9ation con/itutes an infallible m$ium by :i* ,he c =ekn[ _! future free actions1 & h5ce !re is no ne$ ( a sci5tia m$ia4 ,if ,god kn[s ,8 own w1 ,he mu/ also "k ! free det]m9ations includ$ !re94 ,to d5y ?is w\ld be to de/roy ! v f\ndation ( ,8 =ekn[l$ge47#gae7 ,?is is m]ely ! philosophical basis ( ! ,?omi/ic sy/em4 ,its *ampions c>ry ! argum5t into ! !ological doma9 by reason+ z foll[s3 ,:at is true 9 ! natural mu/ be equally true 9 ! sup]natural sph]e1 z we "k f reason & ,revelation47#gaf7 e7 ,to physical pr$et]m9ation or premotion 9 ! ord] ( nature1 !re corresponds 9 ! sup]natural sph]e ! gratia efficax1 :i* pr$et]m9es man to p]=m salut>y acts 9 su* wise t he acts freely b at ! same "t ) metaphysical necessity 7necessitate consequ5tiae1 n consequ5tis74 ,x w\ld be a contradiction to say t efficaci\s grace giv5 = ! purpose ( elicit+ cons5t may co-exi/ ) non-cons5t1 i4e41 may fail to elicit cons5t47#gag7 ,! w freely ass5ts to ! div9e impulse because x is effectively mov$ !reto by grace4 ,consequ5tly1 efficaci\s grace does n d]ive its efficacy f ! cons5t ( ! w2 x is efficaci\s ( itself & intr9sically 7gratia efficax ab intr9seco sive p] se747#gah7 ,x foll[s t efficaci\s grace mu/ be conceiv$ z a pra$et]m9atio ad unum47#gai7 f7 ,if efficaci\s grace is intr9sically & ( its v nature insep>ably b\nd up ) ! cons5t ( ! w1 x mu/ diff] ess5tially f m]ely suffici5t grace 7gratia m]e suffici5s71 :i* conf]s only ! p[] to act 7posse op]>i71 n ! act itself 7actu op]>i74 ,efficaci\s grace1 by its v def9ition1 includes ! free cons5t ( ! w1 :ile m]ely suffici5t grace lacks t cons5t1 because ) x1 x w\ld cease to be m]ely suffici5t & w\ld become efficaci\s47#gbj7 ,"h ! "q naturally arises3 ,h[1 9 ?is hypo!sis1 c suffici5t grace be call$ truly suffici5t8 ,! ,?omi/s answ] ?is "q 9 diff]5t ways4 ,gazzaniga says t suffici5t grace conf]s ! p[] to p]=m a good de$1 b t some?+ m is requir$ = ! de$ itself47#gba7 ,de ,lemos ascribes ! inefficacy ( m]ely suffici5t grace to a defect ( ! w47#gbb7 ,if ! w did n resi/1 ,god w\ld promptly add efficaci\s grace47#gbc7 ,,critical ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,?omi/ic ,,!ory4--,! ,?omi/ic sy/em und\bt$ly has its m]its4 ,x is logical 9 its d$uctions1 exalts div9e grace z ! prime factor 9 ! bus9ess ( salvation1 & magnific5tly works out ! concept ( ,god z causa prima & motor primus bo? 9 ! natural & ! sup]natural ord]4 ,b ,?omism also has its weak po9ts4 ,a4 ,! ,?omi/ic conception ( efficaci\s grace is op5 to two s]i\s !ological difficulties4 7#a7 ,to draw an intr9sic & sub/antial di/9ction betwe5 efficaci\s & m]ely suffici5t grace de/roys ! true notion ( suffici5t grace4 7#b7 ,! ,?omi/ic !ory ( efficaci\s grace is incompatible ) ! dogma ( free-w4 ,?\gh 9 !ory ! ,?omi/s def5d ! suffici5cy ( grace & ! fre$om ( ! w z valiantly z _! oppon5ts1 !y fail 9 _! attempts at squ>+ ^! dogmas ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( _! sy/em4 a7 ,suffici5t grace1 z conceiv$ by ! ,?omi/s1 is n truly suffici5t to enable a man to p]=m a salut>y act1 because ex vi notionis x conf]s m]ely ! p[] to act1 po/ulat+ = ! act itself a sub/antially new grace 7gratia efficax74 ,a grace :i* requires to be entitatively supplem5t$ by ano!r1 9 ord] to enable a man to p]=m a salut>y act1 is cle>ly n suffici5t = ! p]=mance ( t act4 8,to be truly suffici5t = some?+0 & 8to require to be complem5t$ by some?+ else0 are mutually exclusive notions1 & h5ce 8suffici5t grace0 z conceiv$ by ,?omi/s is 9 reality insuffici5t4 ,_m subtle explanations h be5 devis$ to obviate ?is difficulty4 ,billu>t & ne>ly all ! lat] ,?omi/s say t if any "o :o has receiv$ suffici5t grace 79 ! ,?omi/ic s5se ( ! t]m7 is d5i$ ! gratia efficax1 x mu/ be attribut$ to a s9ful resi/ance ( ! w47#gbd7 ,b ?is explanation is incompatible ) ! ,?omi/ic tea*+ t toge!r ) ! gratia suffici5s !re co-exi/s 9 ! s\l ( ! s9n] an irresi/ible & inevitable praemotio physica to ! entity ( s91 ) :i* entity =mal s9 is insep>ably b\nd up47#gbe7 ,if ?is be true1 h[ c ! w ( man be held responsible s long z ,god d5ies him ! gratia ab intr9seco efficax8 ,speak+ 9 ! ab/ract1 ! w may assume "o ( ?ree di/9ct attitudes t[>d suffici5t grace4 ,x may cons5t1 x may resi/1 or x may rema9 neutral4 ,x _c cons5t except ) ! aid ( a pr$et]m9+ gratia efficax1 to m]it :i* is beyond its p[]4 ,if x )/&s1 x eo ipso r5d]s itself unwor?y ( ! gratia efficax4 ,if x takes a neutral attitude1 7:i* may 9 itself be a s9ful act71 & awaits efficaci\s grace1 ( :at use is suffici5t grace8 ,to resi/ suffici5t grace involves an abuse ( lib]ty4 ,n[1 :]e does ! "r use ( lib]ty come 98 ,if cop]ation ) suffici5t grace moves ,god to be/[ ! gratia p] se efficax1 z ! ,?omi/s cont5d1 !n ! "r use ( lib]ty mu/ lie some:]e betwe5 ! gratia suffici5s & ! gratia efficax p] se4 ,b !re is absolutely no place = x 9 ! ,?omi/ic sy/em4 ,! "r use ( lib]ty = ! purpose ( obta9+ efficaci\s grace is attributable ei!r to grace or to unaid$ nature4 ,to ass]t t x is ! "w ( unaid$ nature w\ld lead to ,semipelagianism4 ,to hold t x is ow+ to grace w\ld be mov+ 9 a vici\s circle1 ?us3 8,because ! w (f]s no resi/ance1 x is efficaci\sly mov$ to p]=m a salut>y act2 t x (f]s no s9ful resi/ance is ow+ to ! fact t x is efficaci\sly mov$ to p]=m a salut>y act407#gbf7 ,x is impossible to devise any satisfactory solution ( ?is difficulty :i* w n at ! same "t upset ! v f\ndation on :i* ! ,?omi/ic sy/em re/s1 viz43 8,nulla secunda causa pote/ op]>i1 nisi sit efficacit] det]m9ata a prima scil4 p] applicationem pot5tiae ad actum10 t is to say1 no second>y cause c act unless x be efficaci\sly det]m9$ by ! ,fir/ ,cause by an application ( ! latt] to ! =m] z ( pot5cy to act4 b7 ,! ,?omi/ic gratia efficax1 conceiv$ z a pra$et]m9atio ad unum1 inevitably de/roys free-w4 7 ,x is important to /ate ! "q cle>ly3 ,n physical premotion z su*17#gbg7 b ! impli$ connotation ( praevia det]m9atio ad unum1 is incompatible ) ! dogma ( free-w4 ,! fre$om ( ! w does n consi/ 9 ! pure cont+5cy ( an act1 or 9 a m]ely passive indiff]5ce1 b 9 active indiff]5ce ei!r to w or n to w1 to w ?us or o!rwise4 ,consequ5tly e physical pr$et]m9ation1 9 s f> z x is a det]m9atio ad unum1 mu/ necess>ily be de/ructive ( free-w4 ,self-det]m9ation & physical pr$et]m9ation by an extrane\s w are mutually exclusive4 ,n[ ! ,?omi/s hold t ! gratia p] se efficax op]ates 9 ! mann] ( a sup]natural pra$et]m9atio ad unum4 ,if ?is 7 true1 ! w "u ! influ5ce ( efficaci\s grace w\ld no long] be free4 ,to p]ceive ! full =ce ( ?is argum5t x is necess>y to keep 9 m9d ! ,?omi/ic def9ition ( praemotio physica z 8actio ,dei1 qu voluntatem humanam1 priusquam se det]m9et1 ita ad actum movet insup]abili virtute1 ut voluntas nequeat omissionem sui actus cum illa praemotione coniung]e407#gbh7 ,t is to say3 ,z ! non-p]=mance ( an act by ! w is ow+ simply & solely to ! abs5ce ( ! respective praemotio physica1 s conv]sely1 ! p]=mance ( an act is condition$ simply & solely by ! pres5ce ( a div9e premotion2 ! w itself c nei!r obta9 nor prev5t su* a premotion1 because ?is w\ld require a new premotion1 :i* aga9 dep5ds entirely on ! div9e pleasure4 ,if ! w ( man 7 ?us inevitably pr$et]m9$ by ,god1 x c\ld n 9 any s5se ( ! t]m be call$ truly free4 ------------------------------------- 7 ,! ,?omi/s meet ?is argum5t ) m]e evasions4 ,!y make a di/9ction betwe5 necessitas consequ5tis 7antec$5s71 :i* really necessitates1 & necessitas consequ5tiae 7subsequ5s71 :i* does n4 ,a free act1 !y say1 necess>ily proce$s f a physical premotion1 b x is n on t acc\nt 9 itself necess>y4 ,b1 we answ]1 a det]m9atio ad unum1 :i* prec$es a free act & is indep5d5t ( ! w1 is m ?an a necessitas consequ5tiae--x is a necessitas consequ5tis de/ructive ( free-w4 ,! ,?omi/s reply3 ,consid]$ z a creat$ entity1 physical premotion may inde$ be incompatible ) free-w2 n s if reg>d$ z an act ( ,god1 :o1 be+ almighty1 is able to pr$et]m9e ! w )\t prejudice to its fre$om47#gbi7 ,! obvi\s rejo9d] is t an intr9sic contradiction _c be solv$ by an appeal to ! div9e omnipot5ce1 because ev5 ,god ,himself _c d :at is intr9sically impossible47#gcj7 ,he c no m *ange a det]m9atio ad unum into a lib]tas ad utrumque ?an ,he c create a squ>e circle1 because ! two notions involve an intr9sic contradiction4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! ,almighty wi%$ intr9sically to compel a man to p]=m "s def9ite act1 w\ld ,he n *oose precisely t praemotio physica :i*1 ! ,?omi/s claim1 also produces free acts8 ,n s1 replies ,alv>ez2 8= ! w rema9s free s long z ! intellect repres5ts to x an object z indiff]5t407#gca7 ,t is to say3 ,lib]ty rema9s z long z its root1 i4e4 an indiff]5t judgm5t1 is pres5t4 ,b ?is new rejo9d]1 f> f solv+ ! riddle1 simply begs ! "q4 ,lib]ty ( *oice resides =malit] 9 ! w1 n 9 ! intellect1 & consequ5tly ! w1 z w1 _c be truly free unless x possesses )9 itself ! unimp$$ p[] to act or n to act4 ,?is indiff]5tia activa ad utrumlibet1 z x is te*nically t]m$1 is absolutely incompatible ) ! ,?omi/ic praemotio ad unum4 ,:at w\ld x avail ! w to enjoy ! indiff]5tia iudicii if x _h to submit to compulsion f "s o!r qu>t]8 7 ,to escape f ?is qu&>y ! ,?omi/s resort to ! fam\s di/9ction betwe5 ! s5sus compositus & ! s5sus divisus4 ,! ,mol9i/s argue3 8,lib]um arbitrium efficacit] praemotum a gratia non pote/ diss5tire2 ergo non e/ lib]um40 ,! ,?omi/s reply3 8,di/+uo3--non pote/ diss5tire 9 s5su diviso1 nego2 non pote/ diss5tire 9 s5su composito1 conc$o40 ,!y expla9 ?is di/9ction by c]ta9 well-kn[n examples tak5 f dialectics4 ,?us ,billu>t says3 8,ut si dicas1 s$5s pote/ />e1 significat 9 s5su composito1 quod possit s$]e simul et />e2 444 9 s5su diviso1 quod s$5s sub sessione ret9et pot5tiam /&i1 non tam5 compon5di /ationem cum sessione4 ,uno v]bo3 s5sus compositus importat pot5tiam simultaneitatis1 s5sus divisus simultaneitatem pot5tiae407#gcb7 ,z "o :o sits _c at ! same "t /& 7s5sus compositus71 al?\gh he is free to rise 7s5sus divisus71 s ! cons5t ( ! w effect$ by efficaci\s grace1 _c become diss5t 7s5sus compositus71 ?\gh ! w reta9s ! p[] to diss5t in/ead ( cons5t+ 7s5sus divisus71 & ?is is suffici5t to safegu>d its fre$om4 ,is ! di/9ction betwe5 s5sus compositus & s5sus divisus correctly appli$ "h8 ,c ! w1 "u ! pr$et]m9+ influ5ce ( ! gratia efficax1 *ange its cons5t into diss5t at any "t & z easily z a man :o is sitt+ on a *air c rise & !reby demon/rate t 8 sitt+ 0 an absolutely free act8 ,alv>ez7#gcc7 describes ! ,?omi/ic pot5tia diss5ti5di z a faculty :i* c nev] "u any circum/ances become active4 ,b su* a pot5tia is really no pot5tia at all4 ,a man ti$ to a *air is n free to /&2 8 natural pot5tia /&i is neutraliz$ by ext]nal re/ra9t4 ,simil>ly1 ! w1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,?omi/ic gratia efficax1 no long] enjoys ! p[] to diss5t1 & ! alleg$ pot5tia resi/5di1 by :i* ! ,?omi/s claim to save free-w1 is a *im]a4 7 ,x is at ?is decisive po9t 9 ! controv]sy t ! ,mol9i/s triumphantly br+ 9 ! decl>ation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t t 8man 444 :ile he receives t inspiration i4e4 efficaci\s grace1 444 is also able to reject x40 ,& aga93 8,if any "o sai? t man's free-w1 mov$ & excit$ by ,god1 by ass5t+ to ,god excit+ & call+1 does 9 no wise cop]ate t[>ds dispos+ & prep>+ itself = obta9+ ! grace ( ju/ification2 t x _c refuse its cons5t if x w\ld1 b t1 z some?+ inanimate1 x does no?+ :atev] & is m]ely passive2 let him be ana!ma407#gcd7 ,to adju/ _! sy/em to ?is important dogmatic decision1 ! old] ,?omi/s claim$ t ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil _h 9 m9d m]ely ! gratia suffici5s1 to :i* ! w c refuse its cons5t4 ,b ?is int]pretation is unt5able4 ,! ,c\ncil pla9ly ref]s to t grace ) :i* ! w cop]ates by giv+ its cons5t 7coop]atur ass5ti5do7 & :i* x c r5d] inefficaci\s by )draw+ its cons5t1 9 o!r words1 ) ! grace :i* disposes & prep>es a s9n] = ju/ification1 & "u ! influ5ce ( :i*1 accord+ to ,lu!r & ,calv91 ! w rema9s inanimate & m]ely passive4 ,?is c only be ! gratia efficax4 ,o!r ,?omi/ !ologians1 n d>+ to contradict ! obvi\s s5se ( ! ,trid5t9e decree1 ass]t t ! ,c\ncil int5tionally *ose ! t]m diss5tire 7s5sus divisus7 r ?an resi/]e 7s5sus compositus71 9 ord] to indicate t "u ! pr$et]m9+ influ5ce ( grace x is possible = ! w to refuse its cons5t 7posse diss5tire7 b n to (f] resi/ance 7posse resi/]e747#gce7 ,?is int]pretation is no long] t5able s9ce ! ,vatican ,c\ncil has def9$ t 8,fai?1 ev5 :5 x does n "w by *>ity1 is 9 itself a gift ( ,god1 & ! act ( fai? is a "w app]ta9+ to salvation1 by :i* man yields volunt>y ob$i5ce to ,god ,himself1 by ass5t+ to & cop]at+ ) ,8 grace1 :i* he is able to resi/407#gcf7 ,if efficaci\s grace c be successfully resi/$1 x c n possess t 8irresi/ible0 influ5ce :i* ! ,?omi/s ascribe to x47#gcg7 ------------------------------------- ,b4 ,! ,?omi/ic sy/em is op5 to two s]i\s objections also f ! philosophical po9t ( view4 ,"o ( ^! conc]ns ! m$ium by :i* ,god =ekn[s ! future free acts ( ,8 rational creatures2 ! o!r1 ,8 relation to s94 a7 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/-m5tion$ po9t we d n1 ( c\rse1 und]e/imate ! imm5se difficulties involv$ 9 ! problem ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( ! free acts ( ! future4 ------------------------------------- ,! ,mol9i/ic !ory also has its difficulties1 & !y are s num]\s & weighty t 9 our treatise on ,god7#gch7 we made no attempt to demon/rate ! sci5tia m$ia by /r+5t argum5ts1 b m]ely accept$ x z a work+ hypo!sis :i* supplies "s sort ( sci5tific basis = ! dogmas ( div9e omnipot5ce & free-w 9 bo? ! natural & ! sup]natural ord]4 b7 ,a m s]i\s objection ?an ! "o j adv]t$ to is t ! ,?omi/ic hypo!sis involves ! blasphem\s inf]5ce t ,god pr$et]m9es m5 to s94 7 ,"u a rigor\s application ( ! ,?omi/ic pr9ciples ,god w\ld h to be ackn[l$g$ z ! cause ( s94 ,z ! pr$et]m9ation ( ! w to ju/ification c take no o!r =m ?an ! gratia p] se efficax1 s s91 consid]$ z an act1 necess>ily po/ulates ! pr$et]m9+ influ5ce ( ! motor primus47#gci7 ,)\t ?is assumption x w\ld be impossible 9 ! ,?omi/ic sy/em to f9d 9 ! absolute w ( ,god an infallible m$ium by :i* ,he c =ekn[ future s9s4 ,baez says on ?is po9t3 8,god kn[s s9 ) an intuitive k1 because ,8 w is ! cause ( ! s9ful act1 z act1 at ! same "t p]mitt+ free-w to concur 9 t act by fail+ to obs]ve ! law407#gdj7 ,?\gh ! ,?omi/s refuse to admit t ,god ,himself is ! imm$iate au?or ( s91 ! conclusion is inevitable f _! premises4 ,& ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! alleg$ praemotio ad malum is z irresi/ible z ! praemotio ad bonum2 & secondly1 because ! mat]ial elem5t ( s9 mu/ be insep>able f its =mal elem5t2 o!rwise ,god w\ld =ekn[ s9 m]ely mat]ialit] z an act b n =malit] z a s94 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t 0 cle>ly def9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t3 8,if any "o sai? t x is n 9 man's p[] to make 8 ways evil1 b t ! works t are evil ,god worke? z well z ^? t are good1 n p]missibly only1 b prop]ly & ( ,himself1 9 su* wise t ! treason ( ,judas is no less ,8 own prop] "w ?an ! vocation ( ,paul2 let him be ana!ma407#gda7 ,if ! rational creature 7 compell$ to p]=m a s9ful act1 z act1 resi/ance w\ld be impossible4 ,& if x 7 true t ! malice ( an act practically _c be sep>at$ f its physical entity1 !n 9 ! ,?omi/ic hypo!sis ,god w\ld be ! au?or n only ( ! entitas b likewise ( ! malitia peccati4 ,! devil tempts u only by moral means1 i4e4 by sugge/ion2 are we to assume t ,god tempts u physically by induc+ s9 z an act & simultane\sly )hold+ ! praemotio ad bonum1 ?us mak+ s9 an inevitable fatality8 ,?is consid]ation may be supplem5t$ by ano!r4 ,s-call$ 8s9s ( malice0 are comp>atively r>e4 ,mo/ s9s are committ$ = ! sake ( "s pleasure or imag9>y advantage4 ,x is = ?is reason t moral !ology 9 =bidd+ s9 =bids its physical entity4 ,h[ gladly w\ld n ^? :o are addict$ to impurity1 = in/ance1 sep>ate ! malice f ! entity ( _! s9ful acts1 9 ord] to be enabl$ to indulge _! passion )\t (f5d+ ,god6 7 ,aga9/ ! logic ( ?is argum5t "s ,?omi/ !ologians def5d !mselves by a simile4 ,! s\l ( a lame man1 !y say1 enables him inde$ to move 8 disabl$ limb2 h[ev]1 ! cause ( limp+ is n ! s\l b a crook$ %9bone4 ,fa!r ,pes* wittily disposes ( su* reason+ z foll[s3 8,! w ( ,adam be=e ! fall 0 n a crook$ %9bone1 b x 0 absolutely /raight1 & became crook$ ?r\gh physical premotion407#gdb7 ,ano!r & m plausible cont5tion ( ! ,?omi/ s*ool is t ,mol9ism1 too1 is compell$ to ascribe s9 someh[ to ,god4 8,x is impossible = a man to s9 unless ,god l5ds ,8 cop]ation4 ,d n1 !re=e1 ! ,mol9i/s also make ,god ! au?or ( s980 ,^? :o argue 9 ?is wise ov]look ! fact t !re is a v l>ge di/9ction betwe5 ! concursus simultaneus ( ! ,mol9i/s & ! praemotio physica ( ! ,?omi/s4 ,! praemotio physica pr$et]m9es ! s9ful act )\t reg>d to ! circum/ance :e!r or n ! w is able to (f] resi/ance4 ,! concursus simultaneus1 on ! o!r h&1 beg9s z a m]e concursus oblatus1 :i* is 9 itself indiff]5t & awaits z x 7 ! free cons5t ( ! w be=e x cop]ates ) ! s9n] z concursus collatus 9 ! p]=mance ( ! s9ful act47#gdc7 ,= ?is reason ! di/9ction betwe5 actus & malitia has a well-def9$ place 9 ! ,mol9i/ic sy/em1 :]eas x is mean+less 9 t ( ! ,?omi/s47#gdd7 #b4 ,,augu/9ianism4--,?is sy/em1 s call$ because its def5d]s pret5d to base x on ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 has "s po9ts ( simil>ity ) ,?omism b diff]s f ! latt] 9 m ?an "o respect1 especially 9 ?is t ! ,augu/9ians17#gde7 ?\gh !y speak ) great def]5ce ( ! gratia p] se efficax1 hold t ! w is n physically b only morally pr$et]m9$ 9 its free acts4 ,h5ce ,augu/9ianism may fitly be describ$ z ! sy/em ( ! pra$et]m9atio moralis4 ,its mo/ em95t def5d] is ,lawr5ce ,b]ti1 ,o4 ,s4 ,a4 7#afif-agff71 :o 9 a volum9\s "w ,de ,!ologicis ,discipl9is7#gdf7 s vigor\sly *ampion$ ! ,augu/9ian !ory t ,ar*bi%op ,jean d',yse de ,salon1 ( ,vi5ne17#gdg7 & o!r contempor>y !ologians combat$ 8 tea*+ z a revival ( ,jans5ism4 ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv in/itut$ an (ficial inve/igation1 :i* result$ 9 a decree p]mitt+ ,augu/9ianism to be freely held & taught4 a7 ,:]eas ,?omism beg9s ) ! concept ( causa prima & motor primus1 ,augu/9ianism is bas$ on ! notion ( delectatio coele/is or c>itas4 ,b]ti holds ?ree pr9ciples 9 common ) ,jans5ius3 7#a7 ,actual grace consi/s ess5tially 9 ! infusion ( cele/ial delectation4 7#b7 ,?is heav5ly delectation 7i4e4 grace7 causally prec$es free-w 9 su* wise t its relative int5sity 9 e in/ance con/itutes ! law & /&>d ( ! w's disposition to d good4 7#c7 ,simultane\sly ) ?is cele/ial delectation1 concupisc5ce 7delectatio c>nalis1 concupisc5tia7 is do+ its "w 9 fall5 man1 & ! two p[]s con/antly cont5d = ! ma/]y4 ,s long z cele/ial delectation 7i4e4 grace7 is weak] ?an1 or equipoll5t )1 concupisc5ce1 ! w inevitably fails to p]=m ! salut>y act to :i* x is invit$ by ! =m]4 ,x is only :5 ! delectatio coele/is ov]comes concupisc5ce 7delectatio coele/is victrix7 t free-w c p]=m ! act inspir$ by grace4 ,!re is a f\r? pr9ciple1 & "o1 too1 ( fundam5tal importance1 :i* br+s out ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,augu/9ianism & ,jans5ism1 viz43 ! delectatio coele/is nev] ov]p[]s ! w b leaves x free to *oose betwe5 good & evil47#gdh7 b7 ,! relation betwe5 m]ely suffici5t & efficaci\s grace 9 ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 !re=e1 may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,m]ely suffici5t grace imp>ts to ! w ! posse b n ! velle1 or at be/ only su* a weak velle t x requires ! delectatio victrix 7gratia efficax7 to become effective4 ,efficaci\s grace 7delectatio coele/is victrix71 on ! o!r h&1 impels ! w actually to p]=m ! good de$4 ,h5ce !re is betwe5 ! two an ess5tial & specific diff]5ce1 & ! efficacy ( t grace :i* leads to ! p]=mance ( salut>y acts does n lie ) free-w b dep5ds on ! delectatio coele/is1 :i* mu/ consequ5tly be conceiv$ z gratia efficax ab intr9seco sive p] se47#gdi7 c7 ,nev]!less1 ! necessity ( ! gratia efficax ab intr9seco1 accord+ to ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 is n due to ! subord9ation ( ! causa secunda to ! causa prima1 z ! ,?omi/s cont5d1 b to a con/itutional weakness ( human nature1 consi/+ 9 ?is t its evil impulses c be ov]come solely by ! delectatio coele/is victrix 7gratia efficax1 adiutorium quo4 ,! case 0 diff]5t be=e ! ,fall1 :5 ! gratia v]satilis 7gratia suffici5s1 adiutorium s9e quo non7 suffic$ = ! p]=mance ( salut>y acts47#gej7 d7 ,h[ev]1 ! ,augu/9ians insi/ aga9/ ! ,jans5i/s1 t ! delectatio coele/is 7i4e4 efficaci\s grace7 does n intr9sically compel ! w1 b acts m]ely z a praemotio moralis1 & t :ile ! w obeys ! inspiration ( grace infallibly 7infallibilit]7 x does n d s necess>ily 7non necess>io74 ,) equal c]ta9ty1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 ! w1 :5 equipp$ solely ) suffici5t grace1 succumbs to concupisc5ce4 ,! ultimate reason = ! fre$om ( ! w is to be f\nd 9 ! indiff]5tia iudicii47#gea7 ,by way ( exemplification ! ,augu/9ians cite ! case ( a well-br$ man :o1 ?\gh physically free & able to d s1 w\ld nev] turn summ]saults on a public ?or\ghf>e or g\ge out 8 own eyes4 ,,critical ,,e/imate ,,( ,,augu/9ianism4--,on acc\nt ( its uncritical me?ods ,augu/9ianism has f\nd b few def5d]s & des]ves notice only 9 s f> z x claims to base its tea*+ on ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,l ! ,bible1 ! writ+s ( t holy ,doctor h be5 quot$ 9 support ( _m contradictory sy/ems47#geb7 ,if ! use ( ,augu/9ian t]ms gu>ante$ ! possession ( ,augu/9ian ideas1 ,jans5ius w\ld h a /rong claim to be consid]$ a fai?ful disciple ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,yet h[ widely does n ! 8,augu/9us ,ipr5sis10 z he has be5 call$1 diff] f ! 8,augu/9us ,hippon5sis06 ,augu/9ianism1 too1 utt]ly misconceives ! t]ms :i* x employs4 ,space p]mits u to call att5tion to "o or two po9ts only4 a7 ,9 ! fir/ place ,augu/9ianism labors "u an absolutely false conception ( suffici5t grace4 ,h[ c t grace be suffici5t = ju/ification :i* is fir/ describ$ 9 gl[+ colors z p>va et invalida & !n 9 ! same brea? is decl>$ to be insuffici5t except :5 re9=c$ by a gratia magna 9 ! %ape ( delectatio victrix8 ,:at k9d ( 8grace0 c t be :i* 9 its v nature is s con/itut$ t ! w1 "u ! prevail+ influ5ce ( concupisc5ce1 infallibly does ! opposite ( t to :i* x is sup]naturally impell$8 ,x is q true t ! di/9ction betwe5 gratia p>va & gratia magna7#gec7 is f\nd 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,h[ev]1 he und]/&s by gratia p>va n suffici5t grace1 b ! grace ( pray] 7gratia remote suffici5s71 & by gratia magna1 n efficaci\s grace z su*1 b grace suffici5t to p]=m a good act 7gratia proxime suffici5s747#ged7 b7 ,augu/9ianism is unable to reconcile its !ory ( a praemotio moralis ) ! dogma ( free-w4 ,"u ! ,augu/9ian sy/em ! influ5ce ( efficaci\s grace c be conceiv$ 9 b two ways4 ,ei!r x is s /rong t ! w is physically unable to )hold its cons5t2 or x is only /rong en\gh t ! cons5t ( ! w c be inf]r$ ) purely moral c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! =m] alt]native we h a prev5i5t necessity :i* det]m9es ! w ad unum & consequ5tly de/roys its fre$om4 ,9 ! latt]1 !re c be no infallible =ekn[l$ge ( ! future free acts ( rational creatures on ! "p ( ,god1 because ! ,augu/9ians reject ! sci5tia m$ia ( ! ,mol9i/s & expressly admit t ! same grace :i* proves effective 9 "o man rema9s ineffective 9 ano!r because ( ! condition ( 8 he>t47#gee7 c7 ,f9ally1 ! ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em are false & h no w>rant 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,x is n true t pleasure 7delectatio7 is ! font & well-spr+ ( all sup]naturally good de$s4 ,su* de$s may also be inspir$ by hatr$1 fe>1 sorr[1 etc47#gef7 ,) _m m5 ! fe> ( ,god or a s5se ( duty is z /rong an inc5tive to d good z ! sweet consci\sness ( tread+ ! "r pa?4 ,/4 ,augu/9e did n reg>d 8cele/ial delectation0 z ! ess5tial m>k ( efficaci\s grace1 nor concupisc5ce z ! *>act]i/ic note ( s947#geg7 ,! second & ?ird pr9ciples ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em are likewise false4 ,if delectation is only "o motive among _m1 its v>y+ int5sity _c be ! /&>d ( our conduct2 & /ill less c x be said t ! w is morally compell$ 9 ea* in/ance to obey ! relatively /rong] z aga9/ ! weak] delectation2 = any necessitation t does n dep5d on ! free w excludes ! lib]tas a coactione1 b n t lib]tas a necessitate :i* con/itutes ! notion ( lib]ty4 ,!re c be no fre$om ( ! w unless ! w is able to resi/ delectation at all times4 ,consequ5tly1 ! f\r? pr9ciple ( ! ,augu/9ians1 by :i* !y pret5d to uphold free-w1 is also false47#geh7 ,,read+s3--,! lit]ature on ! diff]5t sy/ems ( grace is enorm\s4 ,we c m5tion only a few ( ! lead+ works4 ,on ! ,?omi/ side3 99,baez1 ,o4 ,p41 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?om41 ,salamanca #aehd sqq4--99,alv>ez1 ,o4 ,p41 ,de ,auxiliis ,gratiae et ,humani ,arbitrii ,viribus1 ,rome #afaj4--;,,idem1 ,responsionum ,libri ,quatuor1 ,l\va9 #afbb4--,l$esma1 ,o4 ,p41 ,de ,div9ae ,gratiae ,auxiliis1 ,salamanca #afaa4--99;,gonet1 ,o4 ,p41 ,clypeus ,!ologiae ,?omi/icae1 #af vols41 ,bordeaux #afei-fi4--;,cont5son1 ,o4 ,p41 ,!ologia ,m5tis et ,cordis1 ,lyons #afgc4--;,de ,lemos1 ,o4 ,p41 ,panoplia ,div9ae ,gratiae1 #d vols41 ,lige #afgf4--;,g\d91 ,o4 ,p41 ,de ,sci5tia et ,voluntate ,dei1 new ed41 ,l\va9 #ahgd4--99;,gotti1 ,o4 ,p41 ,!ologia ,s*ola/ico-,dogmatica iuxta ,m5tem ,divi ,?omae1 ,v5ice #agej4--;,gazzaniga1 ,o4 ,p41 ,!ologia ,dogmatica 9 ,sy/ema ,r$acta1 #b vols41 ,vi5ne #aggf4--99;,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #e 7ed4 ,lequette1 t4 ,,iii1 pp4 #abc sqq474--,,idem1 ,le ,?omisme ,triomphant1 ,p>is #agbe4--99;,fr4 ,g4 ,feldn]1 ,o4 ,p41 ,die ,lehre des hl4 ,?omas b] die ,will5sfreiheit1 ,prague #ahij4--;,,idem1 9 ,comm]'s ,jahrbu* fr ,philosophie und spekulative ,!ologie1 #ahid sqq4--99,dumm]mu?1 ,o4 ,p41 ,s4 ,?omas et ,doctr9a ,praemotionis ,physicae1 ,p>is #ahhf4--;,i4 ,a4 ,mans]1 ,possibilitas ,praemotionis ,physicae ,?omi/icae1 ,frib\rg 7,switz]l&7 #ahie4--;,joh4 ,ude1 ,doctr9a ,capreoli de ,influxu ,dei 9 ,actus ,voluntatis ,humanae1 ,graz #aije4--;,del ,prado1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 #c vols41 ,frib\rg 7,switz]l&7 #aijg4--,p4 ,g>rig\-,lagrange1 ,s4 ,?omas et le ,nomol9isme1 ,p>is #aiag4 ,on ! ,augu/9ian side3 ,c>d4 ,norisius1 ,v9diciae ,augu/9ianae1 ,padua #afgg4--99;,b]ti1 ,de ,!ologicis ,discipl9is1 #h vols41 ,rome #agci sqq4--,bellelli1 ,m5s ,augu/9i de ,modo ,rep>ationis ,humanae ,naturae1 #b vols41 ,rome #aggc4--,l4 de ,?omass91 ,mmoires sur la ,grce1 etc41 ,l\va9 #affh4 ,= a li/ ( ,mol9i/ic & ,congrui/ic au?ors see pp4 #bfi sq4 ,article #b4 ,mol9ism ,& ,congruism ,! po9t 9 :i* ^! two sy/ems meet1 & 9 reg>d to :i* !y diff] f ,?omism & ,augu/9ianism1 is ! def9ition ( efficaci\s grace z efficax ab extr9seco sive p] accid5s4 ,?is conception 0 viol5tly attack$ by ! ,spani% ,dom9ican ,baez & o!r div9es4 ,ab\t #aeid1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,baez & ! ,mol9i/s wax$ s hot t ,pope ,clem5t ,,viii appo9t$ a special commission to settle x4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,congregatio de ,auxiliis1 consi/+ ( pick$ !ologians f bo? ! ,dom9ican & ! ,jesuit ord]s4 ,x debat$ ! matt] = n9e full ye>s )\t arriv+ at a decision4 ,f9ally ,pope ,paul ,v1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,/4 ,francis de ,sales1 decl>$ bo? sy/ems to be or?odox & def5sible1 & /rictly =bade ! cont5d+ p>ties to d5\nce ea* o!r z h]etical47#gei7 ,:ile ,?omism devot$ its ef=ts ma9ly to ! def5se ( grace1 ,mol9ism made x its *ief bus9ess to *ampion ! dogma ( free-w4 #a4 ,,mol9ism4--,mol9ism takes its "n f ! ,jesuit ,luis de ,mol9a1 :o publi%$ a fam\s treatise "u ! title ,concordia ,lib]i ,arbitrii cum ,gratiae ,donis at ,lisbon1 9 #aehh4 ,8 tea*+ may be outl9$ z foll[s3 a7 ,9 actu primo !re is no intr9sic & ontological b m]ely an extr9sic & accid5tal di/9ction betwe5 efficaci\s & suffici5t grace1 bas$ ^u _! respective effects4 ,suffici5t grace becomes efficaci\s by ! cons5t ( ! w2 if ! w resi/s1 grace rema9s inefficaci\s 7inefficax7 & m]ely suffici5t 7gratia m]e suffici5s74 ,consequ5tly1 "o & ! same grace may be efficaci\s 9 "o case & inefficaci\s 9 ano!r4 ,x all dep5ds on ! w47#gfj7 b7 ,?is !ory involves no d5ial ( ! priority & sup]ior dignity ( grace 9 ! "w ( salvation4 ,! w1 consid]$ z a m]e faculty1 & 9 actu primo1 is rais$ to ! sup]natural ord] by prev5i5t grace 7gratia praev5i5s71 :i* imp>ts to x all ! moral & physical p[] necess>y to p]=m free salut>y acts4 ,nei!r c ! actus secundus be reg>d$ z a product ( ! unaid$ w2 x is ! result ( grace cop]at+ ) free-w47#gfa7 ,consequ5tly1 ! w by giv+ its cons5t does n increase ! p[] ( grace1 b x is grace :i* makes possible1 prep>es1 & aids ! w 9 p]=m+ free acts4 ,to say t ! influ5ce ( grace goes f>!r ?an ?is w\ld be to ass]t t x acts indep5d5tly ( ! w1 & w\ld !reby d5y ! fre$om ( ! latt]47#gfb7 c7 ,! infallibility ) :i* efficaci\s grace works its effects is to be expla9$ n by ,god's absolute w1 b by ,8 infallible =ekn[l$ge ?r\gh ! sci5tia m$ia1--a ,mol9i/ic po/ulate :i* 0 fir/ def9$ & sci5tifically demon/rat$ by ,fa!r ,fonseca1 ,s4 ,j41 ! tea*] ( ,su>ez47#gfc7 ,god =ekn[s n only ! absolutely free acts 7futura7 ( ,8 rational creatures by ! sci5tia visionis1 b likewise _! hypo!tically free acts 7futuribilia7 by means ( ! sci5tia m$ia1 & h5ce ,he infallibly kn[s f all et]nity :at attitude ! free-w ( man w\ld assume 9 ea* case if grace 7 giv5 him4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,god1 9 ! light ( ?is et]nal =ekn[l$ge1 actually be/[s a grace1 ?is grace w prove efficaci\s or inefficaci\s accord+ z ,he has =ekn[n :e!r ! w w give or )hold its cons5t4 ,?us c ! infallibility ( efficaci\s grace be reconcil$ ) ! dogma ( free-w )\t prejudice to su* o!r dogmas z f9al p]sev]ance & ! pr$e/9ation ( ! elect1 because ,god by virtue ( ! sci5tia m$ia has x absolutely 9 ,8 p[] to give or )hold ,8 graces 9 ea* individual case47#gfd7 ,,critical ,,e/imate ,,( ,,mol9ism4--,ev5 ! mo/ det]m9$ oppon5ts ( ,mol9ism admit t ?is sy/em possesses ?ree important advantages4 a7 ,fir/1 x gives a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! suffici5cy ( 8m]ely suffici5t grace10 :i* 9 its physical nature does n diff] ess5tially f efficaci\s grace4 ,second1 ,mol9ism safegu>ds free-w by d5y+ t efficaci\s grace ei!r physically or morally pr$et]m9es ! w to "o c\rse ( action4 ,?ird1 ,mol9ism expla9s 9 a fairly satisfactory mann] :y efficaci\s grace is infallibly efficaci\s4 ,god 9 virtue ( ! sci5tia m$ia kn[s ) metaphysical c]ta9ty f all et]nity :i* graces 9 ea* individual case w prove efficaci\s ?r\gh ! free cons5t ( ! w & :i* w rema9 inefficaci\s1 & is !reby enabl$ to be/[ or )hold grace accord+ to ,8 absolute decrees4 b7 ,! "q may ju/ly be rais$1 h[ev]1 :e!r1 9 endeavor+ to safegu>d freewill1 ! ,mol9i/s d n und]value grace1 :i* is aft] all ! prim>y & decisive factor 9 ! "w ( salvation4 ,!re is some?+ incongru\s 9 ! notion t ! efficacy or inefficacy ( div9e grace %\ld dep5d on ! arbitr>y pleasure ( a creat$ w4 ,if suffici5t grace does n become efficaci\s except by ! cons5t ( ! w1 h[ c ! resultant salut>y act be said to be an effect ( grace8 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* d n say3 8,deus facit1 si volumus10 b !y decl>e3 8,deus facit1 ut faciamus10 8,deus ipse dat ipsum velle et fac]e et p]fic]e10 & s =?4 ,:at c ?is mean if n3 ,div9e grace ne$ n conc]n itself ) ext]nal circum/ances1 occasions1 humors1 etc41 b x takes hold ( ! s9n] & actually conv]ts him1 )\t reg>d to any?+ except ! decree ( ! ,div9e ,w4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is & simil> difficulties ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 :o 0 a *ampion & protector ( ,p4 ,mol9a1 seems to h reject$ ,mol9ism7#gfe7 9 favor ( ,congruism47#gff7 c7 ,! same reasons t induc$ ,bell>m9e to embrace ,congruism probably l$ ! ,jesuit ,g5]al ,claudius ,aquaviva1 9 #afac1 to ord] all tea*]s ( !ology 9 ! ,society to lay great] emphasis on ! ,congrui/ic elem5t 9 ! notion ( efficaci\s grace4 ,?is measure 0 q 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples def5d$ by ! ,jesuit memb]s ( ! ,congregatio de ,auxiliis be=e ,clem5t ,,viii & ,paul ,v4 ,aquaviva's ord] is ( suffici5t importance to des]ve a place 9 ! text ( ?is volume3 8,no/ri 9 po/]um omn9o doceant1 int] eam gratiam quae effectum re ips habet atque efficax dicitur1 et eam quam suffici5tem nom9ant1 non tantum discrim5 esse 9 actu secundo1 quia ex usu lib]i arbitrii etiam coop]antem gratiam hab5tis effectum sortiatur1 alt]a non item2 s$ 9 ipso actu primo1 quod posit sci5ti conditionalium sci5ti m$i ex efficaci ,dei proposito atque int5tione effici5di c]tissime 9 nobis boni1 de indu/ria ipse ea m$ia seligit atque eo modo et tempore conf]t1 quo videt effectum1 infallibilit] habitura1 aliis usurus1 si haec inefficacia praevidisset4 ,qu>e semp] moralit] et 9 ratione b5eficii plus aliquid 9 efficaci1 quam 9 suffici5ti gratia e/1 9 actu primo cont9]i3 atque hac ratione effic]e ,deum1 ut re ips faciamus1 non tantum quia dat gratiam qu fac]e possimus4 ,quod idem dic5dum e/ de p]sev]antia1 quae procul dubio donum e/40 ,?is modifi$1 or p]haps we _h bett] say1 m %>ply det]m9$ =m ( ,mol9ism is call$ ,congruism47#gfg7 #b4 ,,congruism4--,! sy/em ?us recomm5d$ by ,aquaviva 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples really orig9at$ ) ,mol9a himself4 ,x 0 develop$ by ! great ,jesuit !ologians ,su>ez1 ,vasquez1 & ,lessius1 & became ! (ficial sy/em ( ! ,society ( ,jesus "u ,muzio ,vitelles*i 7d4 #afde7 & ,piccolom9i 7d4 #afea74 a7 ,! di/9ction betwe5 gratia congrua & gratia incongrua is f\nd$ on ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o speaks ( ! elect z 8congru5t] vocati407#gfh7 ,! ,congrui/s ma9ta9 aga9/ ! extreme ,mol9i/s t ! efficacy ( grace is n attributable solely to a free det]m9ation ( ! w1 b1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! fact t grace is be/[$ "u circum/ances favorable to its op]ation1 i4e4 8congru\s0 9 t s5se4 ,:5 ! circum/ances are comp>atively adv]se 7incongrua71 grace rema9s m]ely suffici5t4 ,a prud5t fa!r :o kn[s h[ to gov]n 8 *ildr5 )\t physical =ce w speak ! "r ^w to ea* at ! prop] "t4 ,simil>ly ,god adapts ,8 grace1 if x is to prove efficaci\s1 to ! circum/ances ( ea* individual case1 !reby atta9+ ,8 purpose )\t fail4 ,?us ! reckless y\? on ! city /reets ne$s m p[]ful graces ?an ! pi\s nun 9 h] seclud$ conv5t cell1 because he is expos$ to /rong] temptations & 8 environm5t is unfavorable to religi\s influ5ces4 ,s9ce grace is conf]r$ ) a wise reg>d to temp]am5t1 "*1 incl9ations1 prejudices1 "t & place1 !re exi/s betwe5 x & free-w a sort ( intr9sic aff9ity1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,god becomes an infallible means ( execut+ ,8 decrees47#gfi7 b7 ,! actual be/[al ( congru\s grace1 consid]$ 9 actu primo1 is und\bt$ly a special gift ( ,god1 & h5ce ! gratia congrua possesses a high] value ?an ! gratia incongrua sive inefficax4 ,an entitatively weak] impulse ( grace1 if conf]r$ "u comp>atively favorable conditions1 is m preci\s ?an a /rong] impulse :i* fails 9 its purpose by reason ( unfavorable circum/ances creat$ by incl9ation1 tra9+1 or environm5t4 ,little ,david accompli%$ m ) a h&ful ( pebbles 9 8 scrip ?an _h he be5 heavily arm$47#ggj7 c7 ,congruism assigns a f> m important rle to grace ?an extreme ,mol9ism4 ,x makes ! w dep5d on efficaci\s grace1 n ! efficacy ( grace ^u ! w4 ,bell>m9e illu/rates ?is diff]5ce by ! example ( a s]mon :i*1 "u an entirely equal di/ribution ( int]nal grace1 conv]ts "o s9n] :ile x leaves ano!r unt\*$47#gga7 ,,critical ,,e/imate ,,( ,,congruism4--,among ! diff]5t sy/ems devis$ = ! purpose ( h>moniz+ ! dogmas ( grace & free-w1 ,congruism probably comes ne>e/ ! tru?4 ,x /rikes a gold5 mean betwe5 ! two extremes ( ,pelagianism & ,semipelagianism on ! "o h&1 & ,calv9ism & ,jans5ism on ! o!r1 & its pr9cipal !ses c be support$ by cle> & unmi/akable passages f ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 a7 ,o!r po9ts 9 its favor are ! foll[+3 8,suffici5t grace10 9 ! ,congrui/ hypo!sis1 is truly suffici5t s f> z ,god is conc]n$1 because its inefficaci\sness is attributable solely to ! human w4 ,t free-w is prop]ly safegu>d$ "u ! influ5ce ( efficaci\s grace 7gratia congrua7 is admitt$ ev5 by !ologians ( ! oppos+ s*ools4 ,true1 ,congruism does n reg>d ! w z an ab/ract notion1 b z a factor closely int]wov5 ) ! concrete circum/ances ( daily life4 ,z favorable circum/ances 7education1 association1 temp]am5t7 m]ely influ5ce ! w b d n compel x1 s sup]natural grace 7gratia congrua s4 efficax7 may s(t5 ! w & occasionally ev5 break d[n its resi/ance1 b 7r>e cases except$77#ggb7 w nev] compel x to d good4 ,congruism m>ks a di/9ct advance ov] extreme ,mol9ism also 9 ?is1 t x bases ! diff]5ce betwe5 gratia efficax 7congrua7 & gratia inefficax n entirely on ! w ( man1 b likewise on ! w ( ,god1 :]eby x is able to expla9 su* =mulas z 8,deus facit1 ut faciamus10 8,deus e/1 qui disc]nit10 etc41 9 a mann] entirely compatible ) ! dogmatic tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*47#ggc7 ,! modus op]&i ( ! gratia congrua 7efficaci\s grace7 is expla9$ by ,congruism1 9 common ) ,mol9ism1 z foll[s3 ,!re is a ?reefold efficacy3 ! efficacy ( p[] 7efficacia virtutis71 ! efficacy ( union 7efficacia connexionis71 & ! efficacy ( infallible success 7efficacia infallibilitatis74 ,grace 7bo? efficaci\s & suffici5t7 does n d]ive its efficacia virtutis f ! free-w ( man1 nor f ! k ( ,god 7sci5tia m$ia71 b f itself4 ,! efficacia connexionis 7( union betwe5 act & grace7 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds entirely on ! free-w1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t z well z t ( ! ,vatican1 efficaci\s grace does n op]ate irresi/ibly b c be 8ca/ (f40 ,! efficacia infallibilitatis spr+s f ,god's c]ta9 =ekn[l$ge 7sci5tia m$ia71 :i* _c be deceiv$47#ggd7 b7 ,nev]!less1 x w\ld be unreasonable to cont5d t ,congruism solves all difficulties4 ,! my/]y surr\nd+ bo? ! unequal di/ribution ( efficaci\s grace & ! sci5tia m$ia /ill rema9s4 ,moreov]1 ! !ory t ,god adju/s himself slavi%ly to all ! circum/ances ( ,8 creatures1 c h>dly be reconcil$ ) ,8 dignity & omnipot5ce4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be f> wor?i] ( ,8 maje/y to seize ^u ! free w ( man & compel x to p]=m ! salut>y act :i* ,he wi%es x to p]=m4 ,:oev] has /udi$ ! lives ( sa9ts & em95t conv]ts kn[s t ! sudd5 & seem+ly unacc\ntable *anges ( he>t :i* _m ( !m h exp]i5c$ c h>dly be reg>d$ z miracles 9 ! /rict s5se1 ?\gh on ! o!r h& x seems c]ta9 t grace work$ 9 !m ) little or no reg>d to ! 8congruity0 ( circum/ances4 ,aga91 x is "o ( ! highe/ & mo/ sublime missions ( grace n to be balk$ by unfavorable circum/ances b to re-%ape !m by *ang+ a man's temp]am5t1 dull+ concupisc5ce1 weak5+ ! p[] ( temptation1 & s =?4 ,9 o!r words1 grace does n dep5d on b controls & fa%ions ! circum/ances ( ! recipi5t4 ,aft] all is said1 !re=e1 ! relation ( grace & free-w /ill rema9s an unsolv$ my/]y47#gge7 #c4 ,,syncretism4--,see+ t ea* ( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* we s f> review$ conta9s gra9s ( tru?1 "s !ologians7#ggf7 h adopt$ ! good po9ts ( all f\r & comb9$ !m into a fif?1 call$ ,syncretism4 ,^! au?ors beg9 by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( two q di/9ct sorts ( efficaci\s grace1 ! 7,?omi/ic-,augu/9ian7 gratia efficax ab intr9seco1 & ! 7,mol9i/ic-,congrui/ic7 gratia efficax ab extr9seco4 ,! =m]1 !y cont5d1 is be/[$ = ! p]=mance ( m difficult good works1 su* z resi/+ griev\s temptations1 obs]v+ on]\s precepts1 ex]cis+ pati5ce 9 sev]e tribulation1 etc42 :ile ! latt] enables man to accompli% less difficult acts1 su* z %ort pray]s1 slight mortifications1 etc4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two is pray]1 :i* has be5 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ man to obta9 t gratia efficax ab intr9seco :i* is necess>y = ! p]=mance ( ! m difficult works ( salvation4 ,sacr$ ,scripture tea*es t pray] orig9ates 9 grace1 t x is b9d+ ^u all m51 & t x accompli%es its purpose infallibly47#ggg7 ,,critical ,,e/imate ,,( ,,syncretism4--,! out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ,syncretism is its insi/5ce on pray] z a highly important1 n to say ! mo/ important1 factor 9 ! "w ( salvation4 a7 ,9 ?is ! ,syncreti/ic s*ool is und\bt$ly "r4 ,sacr$ ,scripture & ,tradition bo? /rongly emphasize ! importance & necessity ( pray]1 s mu* s t "o naturally expects to f9d pray] play+ an ess5tial & indisp5sable rle 9 e complete & or?odox sy/em ( grace4 8,! pres5t economy ( grace is ess5tially & intr9sically an economy ( pray]10 is a !ological axiom :i* _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,to h br\ght out ?is great tru? =cibly & lum9\sly is ! m]it ( ,syncretism4 b7 ,we d n mean to intimate1 h[ev]1 t ! ,syncreti/ic !ory has solv$ ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 free-w & grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 by adopt+ two su* het]og5e\s concepts z gratia efficax ab intr9seco & gratia efficax ab extr9seco x has actually increas$ ! difficulties f\nd 9 ! o!r sy/ems4 ,= n[ we are put be=e ! dilemma3--! ,?omi/ic gratia efficax ei!r supposes free-w or x does n3 if x does1 !re is no reason to limit ?is grace to ! m difficult works ( salvation2 if x does n1 !n ! gratia efficax c be ( no assi/ance 9 ! p]=mance ( m difficult works1 because ^! too1 to be m]itori\s1 require ! cop]ation ( free-w4 ,! ,syncreti/s try to evade ?is dilemma by cont5d+ t pray]1 z ! connect+ l9k1 communicates its own lib]ty & m]itori\sness to ! salut>y acts p]=m$ ?r\gh its ag5cy1 9 o!r words1 t ^! acts are ! effect ( pray] 7effectus orationis74 ,b aside f ! fact t pray] itself is q (t5 a difficult act1 ! m ardu\s works ( salvation w\ld 9 ! ,syncreti/ hypo!sis be /ripp$ ( _! m]itori\sness & degrad$ to ! level ( a volunt>ium 9 causa1 :i* is an unt5able assumption47#ggh7 ,f9ally1 !re is some?+ illogical & unsatisfactory 9 admitt+ on equal t]ms1 z x 71 two su* incompatible notions z ! ,?omi/ic cognitio ,dei 9 decretis pra$et]m9antibus & ! ,mol9i/ic sci5tia m$ia4 ,?us 9 ! end all attempts to h>monize ! dogmas ( grace & free-w fail to solve ! my/]y1 & we are compell$ to exclaim ) ,/4 ,paul3 8,o ! dep? ( ! ri*es ( ! wisdom & ( ! k ( ,god6 ,h[ incompreh5sible are ,8 judgm5ts1 & h[ unse>*able ,8 ways607#ggi7 ,,read+s3--,mol9i/ic & ,congrui/ic works ( importance are3 99,mol9a1 ,s4 ,j41 ,concordia ,lib]i ,arbitrii cum ,gratiae ,donis1 ,lisbon #aehh 7repr4 ,p>is #ahgf74--,platel1 ,s4 ,j41 ,auctoritas contra ,pra$et]m9ationem ,physicam pro ,sci5tia ,m$ia1 ,d\ai #affi4--;,h5ao1 ,s4 ,j41 ,sci5tia ,m$ia ,hi/orice ,propugnata1 ,lyons #afee4--;,,idem1 ,sci5tia ,m$ia ,!ologice ,def5sa1 ,lyons #afgd-f4--;,de ,ar&a1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,deo ,sci5te1 ,pra$e/9ante et ,auxiliante seu ,s*ola ,sci5tiae ,m$iae1 ,s>agossa #afic4--99,su>ez1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,concursu1 ,motione et ,auxilio ,dei1 new ed41 ,p>is #ahef4--;,,idem1 ,de ,auxilio ,efficaci1 ,p>is ed41 #ahef1 t4 ,,xi4--,,idem1 ,de ,v]a ,intellig5tia ,auxilii ,efficacis 7,op4 ,po/hum41 t4 ,x1 ,app5dix74--99,lessius1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,efficaci 7,opusc41 t4 ,,ii1 ,p>is #ahgh74--,s>dagna1 ,s4 ,j41 ,!ologia ,dogmatico-,polemica1 ,ratisbon #agga4--,wirceburg5ses 7,kilb]1 ,s4 ,j471 ,de ,gratia1 new ed41 ,p>is #ahec4--,murray1 ,de ,gratia1 ,dubl9 #ahgg4--;,b4 ,jungmann1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia1 #f? ed41 ,ratisbon #ahif4--,?4 de ,rgnon1 ,s4 ,j41 ,baez et ,mol9a1 ,hi/oire1 ,doctr9es1 ,critique1 ,mtaphysique1 ,p>is #ahhc4--;,c>d4 ,mazzella1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 #crd ed41 ,rome #ahhb4--,palmi]i1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #di-eh1 ,gulp5 #ahhe4--99,v4 ,fr9s1 ,s4 ,j41 ,s4 ,?omae ,doctr9a de ,coop]atione ,dei cum ,omni ,natura ,creata1 ,praes]tim ,lib]a1 seu ,s4 ,?omas ,pra$et]m9ationis ,physicae ,adv]s>ius1 ,p>is #ahij4--99,s*iff9i1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 disp4 #e1 ,freiburg #aija4--;,c>d4 ,billot1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i et ,lib]o ,hom9is ,arbitrio1 ,i1 ,rome #aijh4--,limb\rg1 ,s4 ,j4 8,selb/zei*nung d] ?omi/is*5 ,gnad5lehre10 9 ! ,innsbruck ,zeits*rift fr ka?4 ,!ologie1 #ahgg4--;,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiah1 pp4 #dic sqq4 ,among ! !ologians :o h tri$ to h>monize ,?omism & ,mol9ism we may m5tion1 besides ,ysamb]t & ,/4 ,alphonsus de' ,liguori1 99,t\rnely1 ,de ,gratia1 ,v5ice #agee4--;,c>d4 ,jos4 ,pecci1 ,s5t5za di ,s4 ,tommaso circa l',influsso di ,dio sulle ,azioni delle ,creature ,ragionevoli e sulla ,sci5za ,m$ia1 ,rome #ahhe4--;,a4 ,adeodatus1 ,j4 ,pecci's ,s*rift3 ,lehre des hl4 ,?omas b] d5 ,e9fluss ,gottes1 etc41 analysi]t1 ,ma9z #ahhh4--;,c4 ,krogh-,tonn+1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i et de ,lib]o ,arbitrio ,s4 ,?omae ,doctr9a1 ,*ri/iania #ahih4--;,j4 ,h]rmann1 ,c4 ,,ss4 ,r41 ,de ,div9a ,gratia1 ,rome #aijd4 ,! hi/ory ( ! great controv]sy betwe5 ,?omism & ,mol9ism c be /udi$ 9 ,h4 ,s]ry1 ,o4 ,p41 ,hi/oria ,congregationum de ,auxiliis ,div9ae ,gratiae1 ,l\va9 #agjj & ,antw]p #agji4--,liv9us de ,mey]1 ,s4 ,j41 ,hi/oria ,controv]si>um de ,div9ae ,gratiae ,auxiliis1 ,antw]p #agje4--99,s*neemann1 ,s4 ,j41 ,ent/ehung d] ?omi/is*-mol9i/is*5 ,controv]se1 ,freiburg #ahgi4--99;,,idem1 ,weit]e ,entwicklung d] ?omi/is*-mol9i/is*5 ,controv]se1 ,freiburg #ahhj4--99;,,idem1 ,controv]si>um de ,div9ae ,gratiae ,lib]ique ,arbitrii ,concordia ,initia et ,progressus1 ,freiburg #ahha4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,sanctify+ ,,grace ,! grace ( ju/ification1 commonly call$ sanctify+ grace1 is relat$ to actual grace z an end to its means4 ,actual grace introduces ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace or pres]ves & augm5ts x :]e x already exi/s4 ,?is fact makes x advisable to consid] ! g5esis ( sanctify+ grace be=e /udy+ its nature & effects4 ,we %all !re=e treat 9 ?ree *apt]s3 7#a7 ( ! ,process ( ,ju/ification 7iu/ificatio 9 fi]i72 7#b7 ( ! ,/ate ( ,ju/ification 7iu/ificatio 9 esse71 & 7#c7 ( ! ,fruits ( ,ju/ification 7iu/ificatio 9 facto esse71 or ! ,m]it ( ,good ,works4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,g5esis ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace1 ,or ,! ,process ,( ,ju/ification ,! ju/ification ( an adult human be+ does n take place sudd5ly1 b runs ?r\gh c]ta9 well-def9$ /ages1 :i* 9 _! totality are call$ ! process ( ju/ification4 ,be+ a 8reg5]ation 9 ,god10 ju/ification be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! developm5t ( ! ftus 9 ! mat]nal womb4 ,l physical bir?1 spiritual reg5]ation is prec$$ by travail+1 i4e4 fe> & pa9ful contrition4 ,! dogmatic tea*+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* on ju/ification is =mally def9$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 ^: decrees7#ghj7 conta9 a ma/]ly analysis ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ ( psy*ological processes4 ,! holy ,synod puts fai? at ! beg9n+4 8,fai?10 x says1 8is ! beg9n+ ( human salvation1 ! f\ndation & ! root ( all ju/ification407#gha7 ,! nature ( fai? & ! "p x plays 9 ju/ification 7 ! *ief po9ts 9 dispute betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! s-call$ ,re=m]s4 ,lu!r & 8 foll[]s d5atur$ ! traditional ,ca?olic tea*+ by bas+ ju/ification solely on fai?1 :i* !y falsely def9$ z m]e confid5ce or tru/ 9 ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,section #a4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,fai? ,= ,ju/ification #a4 ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,h]esy ,,vs4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s1 notably ,lu!r & ,calv91 did n d5y t ju/ification is wr\ght by fai?1 b !y def9$ ju/ify+ fai? 9 a mann] altoge!r =eign to ! m9d ( ! ,*ur*4 a7 ,!y di/+ui%$ ?ree k9ds ( fai?3 7#a7 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! hi/orical fact t ,*ri/ has come on e>?1 suff]$1 & asc5d$ 7fides hi/orica72 7#b7 ! sort ( tru/ :i* is requir$ = ex]cis+ ! gift ( miracles 7fides miraculorum72 & 7#c7 fai? 9 ! div9e promises ) reg>d to ! remission ( s9 7fides promissionum74 ,! la/-m5tion$ species ( fai? !y subdivid$ into g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,fides g5]alis is t by :i* we believe t ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/ 8cov]s0 7b does n wipe out7 our s9s4 ,fides specialis or fiduci>y fai? 7fiducia7 is t by :i* a man applies to himself ! righte\sness ( ! ,r$eem]1 firmly tru/+ t 8 s9s are = ,*ri/'s sake n imput$ to him4 ,?us ! ,re=m]s errone\sly transf]r$ ! seat ( ju/ify+ fai? f ! intellect to ! w & completely subv]t$ ! ,ca?olic notion ( fai? z an intellectual ass5t to reveal$ tru?4 b7 ,to ?is fundam5tal error ! ,fa!rs ( ,tr5t oppos$ ! or?odox doctr9e t 7adults7 8are dispos$ unto ju/ice :51 excit$ & assi/$ by div9e grace1 receiv+ fai? by he>+1 !y are freely mov$ t[>ds ,god1 believ+ ^? ?+s to be true :i* ,god has reveal$ & promis$1 44407#ghb7 & !y solemnly ana!matiz$ ^? :o ass]t 8t ju/ify+ fai? is no?+ else b confid5ce 9 ! div9e m]cy :i* remits s9 = ,*ri/'s sake1 or t ?is confid5ce alone is t :]eby we are ju/ifi$407#ghc7 ,h5ce x is de fide t ! fai? :]eby man is ju/ifi$1 is n a confid5t p]suasion ( be+ e/eem$ righte\s 9 ! sight ( ,god1 b a dogmatic or !oretical belief 9 ! tru?s ( ,div9e ,revelation4 #b4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,fiduci>y ,,fai?4--,:5ev] ,sacr$ ,scripture & ,tradition speak ( ju/ify+ fai?1 !y mean a dogmatic belief 9 ! tru?s ( ,revelation1--t fai? :i* ! ,prote/ants call fides hi/orica4 a7 ,*ri/ ,himself solemnly comm&$ ,8 ,apo/les & _! successors to prea* ! ,gospel to all nations1 & be=e baptiz+ !m to conv]t !m to a firm belief 9 c]ta9 specifi$ tru?s :i* no man may reject except at ! p]il ( 8 et]nal salvation4 7 ,m>k ,,xvi1 #ae sq43 8,g ye into ! :ole _w1 & prea* ! gospel7#ghd7 to e creature3 ,he t believe? i4e4 9 ! ,gospel & is baptiz$1 %all be sav$2 b he t believe? n %all be condemn$40 ,agreeable to ?is injunction ,/4 ,john decl>es x to be ! object ( 8 ,gospel 8t y may believe t7#ghe7 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & t believ+1 y may h life 9 8 "n407#ghf7 ,! ,gospel is writt5 8t we may believe40 ,:at mu/ we believe8 ,t 8,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god40 ,?is is a reveal$ tru? by firmly believ+ :i* we %all be sav$4 ,:5 ! treasur] ( ,que5 ,c&ace begg$ to be baptiz$1 ,philip ! deacon said to him3 8,if ?\ believe/ ) all ?y he>t1 ?\ maye/40 ,! eunu* repli$3 8,i believe t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god10 :]eupon ,philip baptiz$ him47#ghg7 7 ,/4 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ! ,galatians eloqu5tly insi/s on ! necessity ( fai?1 n a m]e fides fiducialis1 b a believ+ acceptance ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,x1 #i sq43 8,= if ?\ confess ) ?y m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & believe 9 ?y he>t t ,god ha? rais$ him up f ! dead1 ?\ %alt be sav$4 ,= ) ! he>t we believe unto ju/ice1 b ) ! m\? confession is made unto salvation407#ghh7 ,we mu/ confess ) ! m\? & believe ) ! he>t4 ,ext]nal pr(ession & int]nal fai? g toge!r & h = _! common object a c]ta9 tru? op5 to our k1 viz43 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1--a dogma 9 :i* ! :ole tea*+ ( ! atonem5t lies imb$d$4 ,! "* ( ju/ify+ fai? is /ill m pla9ly evid5t f ,heb4 ,,xi1 #f3 8,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god4 ,= he t come? to ,god he t is to be ju/ifi$1 mu/ believe t ,he is ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him407#ghi7 ,! ,apo/le "h cle>ly ass]ts bo? ! necessity ( ju/ify+ fai? & ! m9imum ( doctr9e to be explicitly 8believ$10 viz43 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & et]nal retribution47#gij7 7 ,! ,lu!rans appeal *iefly to ,mat?4 ,,ix1 #b1 ,luke ,,xvii1 #ai1 ,rom4 ,,iv1 #e1 & ,heb4 ,,xi1 #a4 ,b n a s+le "o ( ^! texts repres5ts fiduci>y fai? z ! in/rum5tal cause ( ju/ification4 ,! ^w occurs no less ?an eighty times 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels & 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 b !re are only six passages 9 :i* x c\ld possibly be con/ru$ z synonym\s ) fiducia1 & 9 none ( ^! is ! int]pretation entirely c]ta94 ,n once does ! ,new ,te/am5t employ 9 ! s5se ( 8fiduci>y fai?10 i4e4 a confid5t p]suasion ( "o's own righte\sness47#gia7 b7 ,tradition is 9 su* p]fect agreem5t ) ,scripture on ?is po9t t ! ,re=m]s did n v5ture to d5y t _! doctr9e ran c\nt] to ! "t-honor$ tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,fa!rs unanim\sly insi/ on ! necessity ( dogmatic fai? z a requisite ( ju/ification4 7 ,/4 ,fulg5tius ( ,ruspe1 :o is reg>d$ z 8! be/ !ologian ( 8 "t0 7#dfh-ecc717gib7 9 8 gold5 booklet ,de ,fide seu de ,regula ,v]ae ,fidei ad ,petrum1 says3 8,i rejoice t y take c>e to pres]ve ! true fai? )\t :i* conv]sion is useless1 nay1 impossible4 ,apo/olic au?ority tells u t we _c please ,god )\t fai?4 ,= fai? is ! f\ndation ( all good works2 x is ! beg9n+ ( human salvation1 & )\t x no "o c obta9 a place among ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 because )\t x no "o c obta9 ! grace ( ju/ification 9 ?is _w or possess et]nal life 9 ! next407#gic7 ,/4 ,fulg5tius 0 a fai?ful disciple ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! :ole tr5d ( 8 treatise %[s t by v]a fides he und]/&s n ! ,lu!ran fiducia propriae iu/ificationis1 b ,ca?olic belief 9 reveal$ tru?47#gid7 7 ,?is tea*+ is corroborat$ by ! anci5t practice ( in/ruct+ ! cate*um5s 9 ! tru?s ( revelation & requir+ !m to make a public pr(ession ( fai? be=e ,baptism4 ,x 0 because !y believ$ & pr(ess$ ! true fai? t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 :o knew no?+ ( ! ,lu!ran fides fiducialis1 7 call$ 8fai?ful0 7fideles1 71 to di/+ui% !m f false believ]s or h]etics 7ha]etici1 1 f to *oose71 :o d5i$ "s portion or o!r ( ! or?odox cre$4 c7 ,9 analyz+ ! notions ( fides & necessitas !ologians di/+ui% betwe5 fides explicita & fides implicita1 & betwe5 necessitas m$ii & necessitas praecepti4 ,fides explicita is an express & fully develop$ belief 9 ! tru?s ( revelation2 fides implicita1 a virtual belief 9 :atev] may be conta9$ 9 a dogma explicitly pr(ess$4 ,i make an act ( implicit fai? :5 ,i say1 = in/ance3 8,i believe :atev] ! ,*ur* tea*es10 or3 8,i he>tily accept :atev] ,god has reveal$40 ,! necessitas m$ii is bas$ on ! objective relation ( means to an end1 & consequ5tly b9ds all m51 ev5 ! ignorant & ^? :o are 9 error )\t _! own fault4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! necessity ( ! eye = see+1 ( w+s = fly+1 ( grace = p]=m+ salut>y acts1 ( ! lum5 gloriae = ! beatific vision4 ,! necessitas praecepti1 on ! o!r h&1 is f\nd$ entirely on ! w ( ,god1 :o positively comm&s or =bids "u pa9 ( griev\s s91 b is will+ to condone non-compliance ) 8 precepts :5 x is ow+ to guiltless ignorance4 ,?is applies to all positive div9e precepts1 e4g4 ! law ( fa/+ & ab/95ce4 ,x is to be not$ t ! necessitas m$ii always involves ! necessitas praecepti1 because ,god mu/ ne$s w & impose ^u u by positive precept :atev] is objectively necess>y z a means ( salvation4 7 ,! fir/ "q t arises ) reg>d to ?is tw(old fai? & necessity is3 ,are s9n]s prep>+ = ju/ification1 & ! fai?ful 9 g5]al1 oblig$ by necessity ( precept to believe explicitly all reveal$ tru?s8 ,! answ] is1 ,no2 because ?is is practically impossible1 & ,god does n dem& ! impossible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is suffici5t to h an explicit k (1 & give "o's firm ass5t to1 ! m important dogmas & moral precepts--! twelve articles ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 ! ,comm&m5ts ( ,god & ! ,*ur*1 ! ,sacram5ts 7z ne$$71 & ! ,our ,fa!r4 ,all o!r reveal$ tru?s ne$ be held only fide implicit47#gie7 ,m is ( c\rse dem&$ ( educat$ p]sons & ^? :o are 9 duty b\nd to in/ruct o!rs1 su* z prie/s & tea*]s47#gif7 7 ,a m important & m difficult "q is ?is3 ,are !re any dogmas1 & if s h[ _m1 :i* mu/ be believ$ by all m5 fide explicit & necessitate m$ii8 ,/4 ,paul says3 8,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god1 = he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him407#gig7 ,) b few exceptions17#gih7 ,ca?olic !ologians ma9ta9 t ! ,apo/le 9 ?is passage means !ological fai?1 bas$ ^u sup]natural motives4 ,?is int]pretation is borne out by ! context1 by su* p>allel texts z ,john ,,iii1 #aa sqq41 #cb sqq41 #b ,tim4 ,i1 #ab1 #a ,john ,v1 #i sq41 & by ! decisions ( sev]al c\ncils47#gii7 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t all m51 to be ju/ifi$ & sav$1 mu/ h an explicit belief 9 at lea/ two dogmas1 viz43 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & et]nal retribution4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! ,jans5i/ proposition t explicit belief 9 div9e retribution is n necess>y = salvation47#hjj7 ,are !re any o!r dogmas :i* mu/ be explicitly believ$ necessitate m$ii8 ,! only dogmas :i* might come 9 "q are3 ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! necessity ( grace4 ,! la/-m5tion$ two may be omitt$ f ! li/1 because ,/4 ,paul does n m5tion !m17#hja7 & = ! additional reason t belief 9 immortality is includ$ 9 ! dogma ( et]nal retribution1 :ile ! necessity ( grace is insep>ably b\nd up ) ! dogma ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* 9 its turn is b a p>ticul> aspect ( et]nal retribution47#hjb7 ,h5ce ! only two dogmas 9 reg>d to :i* ! "q at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>agraph c reasonably be ask$1 are ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation4 ,!ologians are divid$ 9 ! matt]4 ,"s ma9ta9 t no human be+ c or c\ld ev] be sav$ )\t explicit belief 9 bo? ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation4 ,o!rs7#hjc7 hold t ?is necessitas m$ii did n exi/ "u ! ,old ,cov5ant4 ,a ?ird s*ool7#hjd7 av]s t no su* necessity c be prov$ ei!r = ! ,old or ! ,new ,disp5sation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree op9ions is excessively rigor\s & intr9sically improbable4 ,! ,jews _h no cle>ly reveal$ k ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 & consequ5tly 7 "u no obligation to believe !m4 ,z ! div9ely con/itut$ gu>dians ( ! ,messianic prophecies1 !y 7 b\nd to believe 9 ! ,r$eem]1 ?\gh only necessitate praecepti4 ,! g5tiles 7 disp5s$ ev5 f ?is4 ,! second op9ion1 :i* limits ! necessitas m$ii to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 lacks solid pro(4 ,! ,scripture texts cit$ 9 its support m]ely prove ! efficaci\sness ( belief 9 ,*ri/17#hje7 or ! duty ( embrac+ t belief on ! /r5g? ( ! ,apo/olic prea*+17#hjf7 or1 f9ally1 ! impossibility ( r$emption except ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,jesus27#hjg7--;all tru?s :i* 9 !mselves h no?+ to d ) ! "q "u discussion4 ,! ?ird & mo/ probable op9ion is t ev5 "u ! ,new ,cov5ant1 explicit fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & a =tiori 9 ! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 _c be reg>d$ z an indisp5sable m$ium ( ju/ification & salvation1 7#a7 because ,/4 ,paul does n m5tion ^! two dogmas 9 ! decisive passage1 ,heb4 ,,xi1 #f2 & 7#b7 because a sup]natural act ( ju/ify+ love & contrition may be inspir$ by belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & div9e retribution2 & 7#c7 because ?is latt] belief implicitly1 by way ( desire 7fides 9 voto71 includes belief 9 ,*ri/ & ! ,tr9ity47#hjh7 ,nev]!less x mu/ be held t an adult :o desires to be receiv$ into ! ,*ur* & is baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,holy ,tr9ity1 is b\nd to believe 9 ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation by m ?an a m]e necessitas praecepti1 namely1 by :at is te*nically call$ necessitas m$ii p] accid5s1 a necessity f :i* ,god disp5ses only 9 exceptional cases1 :5 x is ei!r physically or morally impossible to elicit an act ( explicit fai?47#hji7 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice decid$1 ,febru>y #bh1 #agjc1 t mission>ies are b\nd to expla9 to all adult conv]ts :o h ! use ( reason1 ev5 ?\gh !y be ne> dea?1 ^? my/]ies ( ! fai? :i* are necess>y = salvation necessitate m$ii1 especially ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation47#haj7 ,section #b4 ,! ,necessity ,( ,o!r ,prep>atory ,acts ,besides ,fai? #a4 ,,h]etical ,,errors ,,& ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,m>t9 ,lu!r1 to quiet 8 consci5ce1 evolv$ ! notion t fai? alone ju/ifies & t ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! necessity ( good works is ph>isaical & d]ogatory to ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is tea*+ 0 incorporat$ into ! symbolic books ( ! ,lu!rans7#haa7 & adopt$ by ,calv947#hab7 ,x has be5 call$ "o ( ! two basic errors ( ,prote/antism4 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil solemnly condemns x z foll[s3 8,if anyone sai? t by fai? alone ! impi\s is ju/ifi$1 9 su* wise z to mean t no?+ else is requir$ to cop]ate 9 ord] to obta9 ! grace ( ju/ification1 & t x is n 9 any way necess>y t he be prep>$ & dispos$ by ! movem5t ( 8 own w2 let him be ana!ma407#hac7 ,o!r acts t dispose or prep>e ! s\l = ju/ification1 accord+ to ! same ,c\ncil1 are3 ! fe> ( div9e ju/ice2 hope 9 ,god's m]cy2 *>ity1 :i* is ! font ( all righte\sness2 dete/ation ( s91 & p5it5ce47#had7 #b4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,sola ,,fides ,,!ory4--,! ,lu!ran !ory involves an op5 rupture ) ! traditional tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* & is positively unscriptural4 ,lu!r himself felt ?is1 z appe>s f 8 int]polation ( ! ^w 8alone0 9 ,rom4 ,,iii1 #bh & 8 rejection ( ! entire canonical ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james47#hae7 a7 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,bible 9 reg>d to ! rle play$ by good works 9 ! process ( ju/ification may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a man may believe all t ! ,*ur* tea*es & yet be lo/ = want ( good works or because he has n ! love ( ,god2 consequ5tly1 fai? alone does n ju/ify or insure et]nal salvation4 ,our ,div9e ,savi\r ,himself decl>es3 8,n e "o t sai? to me1 ,"l1 ,"l1 %all ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51 b he t doe? ! w ( my ,fa!r :o is 9 heav51 he %all ent] into ! k+dom ( heav5407#haf7 ,/4 ,james says3 8,d y n see t by works a man is ju/ifi$1 & n by fai? only807#hag7 ,& ,/4 ,paul3 8,if ,i %\ld h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+407#hah7 7#b7 ,besides fai?1 ju/ification requires c]ta9 o!r prep>atory or dispositive acts4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! fe> ( div9e ju/ice4 ,cfr4 ,ecclus4 ,i1 #bh3 8,he t is )\t fe> _c be ju/ifi$407#hai7 ,also1 hope 9 ,god's m]cy4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bd3 8,= we are sav$ by hope407#hbj7 ,aga91 *>ity4 ,cfr4 ,luke ,,vii1 #dg3 8,_m s9s are =giv5 h] because %e ha? lov$ mu*407#hba7 ,fur!rmore1 contrition or p5it5ce4 ,cfr4 ,luke ,,xiii1 #c3 8,unless y %all d p5ance1 y %all all likewise p]i%407#hbb7 ,f9ally1 good works 9 g5]al4 ,cfr4 ,/4 ,james ,,ii1 #ag3 8,s fai? also1 if x h n works1 is dead 9 itself407#hbc7 ,no "o :o pond]s ^! & simil> texts c ma9ta91 z ,calv9 & ,melan*?on did1 t ! good works m5tion$ m]ely accompany ju/ification1 = !y are unmi/akably describ$ z causes :i* dispose & prep>e ! s9n] = x4 7#c7 ,x is n fai? alone t ju/ifies1 b fai? in=m$ & actuat$ by *>ity4 ,cfr4 ,gal4 ,v1 #f3 8,= 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus nei!r circumcision availe? any?+1 nor uncircumcision3 b fai? t worke? by *>ity407#hbd7 ,! ,greek text %[s t ! ^w op]atur 9 ! ,vulgate mu/ be tak5 passively1 s t a m correct translation w\ld be3 8444 b fai? effect$ or =m$ by *>ity40 ,b ev5 if 7 us$ z a depon5t 7ag]e1 op]>i7 ! mean+ w\ld be sub/antially ! same1 i4e4 a dead fai?1 )\t *>ity1 avails no?+4 ,cfr4 ,/4 ,james ,,ii1 #bf3 8,= ev5 z ! body )\t ! _s is dead1 s also fai? )\t works is dead407#hbe7 ,9 ,rom4 ,,iii1 #bh3 8,= we acc\nt a man to be ju/ifi$ by fai?1 )\t ! works ( ! law107#hbf7 ,lu!r delib]ately ins]t$ ! ^w 8alone40 ,! context %[s t ?is is a falsification4 ,! ,apo/le contra/s ju/ify+ fai?1 n ) ^? prep>atory acts ( salvation :i* spr+ f x1 b ) ! /]ile 8works ( ! law0 7i4e4 ! ,old ,te/am5t71 :i*1 z su*1 possess$ no m p[] to ju/ify ?an ! good works ( ! hea!n4 ,keep+ ?is contra/ 9 m9d1 x w\ld n be incorrect to say1 & ,/4 ,paul might well h said1 t 8sup]natural fai? alone 7i4e4 only7 ju/ifies1 :ile ! works ( ! law d n40 ,b if fai? be tak5 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r acts op]ative 9 ! process ( ju/ification1 su* z fe>1 hope1 contrition1 love1--& ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,lu!r takes x1--!n x is false & contr>y to ! m9d ( ,/4 ,paul to say3 8,fai? alone ju/ifies1 no?+ else is requir$40 ,= 9 ?is s5se fai? is m]ely ! beg9n+1 ! f\ndation1 ! root ( ju/ification & _c ju/ify ! s9n] until x has absorb$ ! o!r prep>atory acts requir$ by ,holy ,scripture & trans=m$ !m into p]fect love4 ,?is fact 0 already po9t$ out by ,/4 ,augu/9e4 8,un9tellig5t p]sons10 he says1 8) reg>d to ! ,apo/le's /atem5t3 #8,we conclude t a man is ju/ifi$ by fai? )\t ! works ( ! law1' h ?\ght him to mean t fai? is suffici5t = a man1 ev5 if he leads a bad life & has no good de$s to allege4 ,x is impossible t su* a "* %\ld be deem$ #8a vessel ( election' by ! ,apo/le1 :o1 aft] decl>+ t #89 ,*ri/ ,jesus nei!r circumcision availe? any?+ nor uncircumcision1' adds ! important rem>k3 #8b fai? t worke? by *>ity4' ,x is su* fai? :i* sep>ates ! fai?ful *ildr5 ( ,god f unclean devils1--= ev5 ^! #8believe & tremble1' z ! ,apo/le ,james says1 b !y d no good works4 ,!re=e !y possess n ! fai? by :i* ! j man lives1--! fai? :i* op]ates ?r\gh love 9 su* wise t ,god recomp5ses x accord+ to its works ) et]nal life407#hbg7 ,!re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* fai? alone may be said to ju/ify1 viz43 if ! t]m be tak5 to include all ^? ?+s :i* ,god has orda9$ = our salvation1 t is to say1 ! sum-total ( 8revelation0 or 8! true religion0 z oppos$ to 8h]esy40 ,! t]m 7fides7 is sometimes employ$ 9 ?is s5se by ! ,fa!rs1 b nev] 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture47#hbh7 b7 ,!re is a unanim\s & unbrok5 tradition 9 favor ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,/4 ,polyc>p writes 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians3 8444 ! fai? 77 giv5 y1 :i* is ! "m ( u all :5 hope 77 foll[s & love 77 goes be=e407#hbi7 ,/4 ,augu/9e tea*es t :ile fai? is p] se sep>able f hope & love1 x is ineffective )\t !m4 8,man beg9s ) fai?1 b ! demons1 too1 believe & tremble2 to fai?1 !re=e1 mu/ be add$ hope1 & to hope1 love407#hcj7 ,& aga93 8,)\t love1 fai? c inde$ exi/1 b x availe? no?+407#hca7 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 p>aphras+ ,/4 ,james1 says3 8,p]haps "s "o w say to himself3 ,i h believ$1 ,i %all be sav$4 ,he speaks truly if he su/a9s fai? by works4 ,= t is true fai? :i* does n contradict by de$s :at x ass]ts 9 words407#hcb7 c7 ,?is tea*+ is 9 p]fect con=mity ) reason4 7 ,no sup]natural enlight5m5t is ne$$ to p]ceive ! intr9sic propriety ( a moral prep>ation = ju/ification4 ,n only mu/ ! s9n] le>n to "k ,god z ,8 sup]natural end & ! s\rce ( all righte\sness1 b he mu/ also be p]suad$ t x is 8 duty1 ) ! help ( suffici5t grace1 to direct 8 w t[>ds ?is f9al end4 ,e t5d5cy or movem5t presupposes a t]m9us a quo1 f :i* x />ts1 & a t]m9us ad quem1 to :i* x t5ds4 ,! movem5t ( ! w 9 ! process ( ju/ification1 besides fai?1 dem&s a volunt>y )drawal f s9 7contrition1 good resolutions7 & an approa* to righte\sness 7hope1 love1 desire747#hcc7 ,?is argum5t w\ld h made no impression on ,lu!r1 s9ce he bluntly d5i$ free-w 9 ! moral ord] & reg>d$ human nature z s radically deprav$ by orig9al s9 z to be incapable ( cop]at+ ) div9e grace4 ,9 fact he comp>$ man to a 8log1 /ick or /one40 ,?is view 0 %>$ by ,amsdorf1 ,flacius1 & o!rs1 :]eas ,osi&] & ,butz] admitt$ t 8inh]5t righte\sness0 is at lea/ a p>tial factor 9 ju/ification4 ,melan*?on1 9 an endeavor to reconcile ! contradictions ( ?is discordant sy/em1 unwitt+ly gave rise to ! s-call$ ,syn]gi/ dispute4 ,:5 ,pfeff+]7#hcd7 und]took ! def5ce ( free-w1 _m ,lu!ran !ologians1 especially ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 boldly attack$ ! log-/ick-&-/one !ory7#hce7 & tri$ to =ce _! adv]s>ies to admit t man is able to cop]ate ) grace4 ,! 8,half-,melan*?onians10 z !y 7 call$1 succe$$ 9 smuggl+ ,syn]gism into ! 8,book ( ,torgau207#hcf7 b be=e ! 8,=mul>y ( ,concord0 0 f9ally pr9t$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,b]g51 ne> ,magdeburg 7,a4 ,d4 #aegg71 ! /rict ,lu!rans _h elim9at$ t article z het]odox & sub/itut$ = x ! log-/ick-&-/one !ory z x appe>s 9 ! (ficial symbols ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,syncreti/ dispute1 & ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,pieti/s1 ?is h>% tea*+ 0 aft]w>ds mod]at$4 ,b :at probably contribut$ mo/ to ! crumbl+ ( ! sy/em 0 ! rapid gr[? ( ,soc9ianism & ,rationalism among ! ,lu!rans 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,to-day1 ) ! exception ( a small b& ( 8or?odox0 ,lu!rans 9 ,saxony & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,prote/ants no long] hold ! log-/ick-&-/one !ory4 ,! s*ool ( ,lu!r proclaim$ x z ! di/+ui%+ t5et ( ,prote/antism1 z 8! crit]ion ( a /&+ or fall+ *ur*107#hcg7--;& by ?is crit]ion ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* has inde$ fall54 ,common s5se has l$ mod]n ,prote/ants to admit t contrition & p5ance are q z necess>y = ju/ification z fai?1 an op9ion :i*1 9 ! words ( ,dorn]17#hch7 8comes dang]\sly ne> ! ,ca?olic sy/em40 ,9 ,sc&9avia1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,krogh-,tonn+17#hci7 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* has exp]i5c$ a 8quiet re=mation0 & n[ unconsci\sly def5ds ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ju/ification47#hdj7 7 ,z ! suffici5cy ( ! ,bible )\t ,tradition is ! =mal pr9ciple ( 8or?odox0 ,prote/antism1 s ju/ification by fai? alone may be said to be its mat]ial pr9ciple4 ,! absurdity ( ! ,lu!ran position is evid5t f ! fact t ^! two pr9ciples are mutually de/ructive4 ,s f> f tea*+ ju/ification by fai? alone1 ! ,bible inculcates ! exact contr>y1 :ile its suffici5cy z ! s\rce ( fai? c\ld be prov$ f its own pages1 if at all1 only by a vici\s circle47#hda7 ,?us ! :ole ,prote/ant sy/em is bas$ on contradiction4 ,! sola fides !ory is op5 to s]i\s objection also f ! e?ical po9t ( view4 ,x _c be put into practice )\t grave dang]4 8,s9 lu/ily10 writes ,lu!r1 8b be yet m lu/y 9 fai?407#hdb7 ,! fir/ "p at lea/ ( ?is injunction 0 promptly obey$ by 8 foll[]s1 & ! rapid det]ioration ( morals :i* foll[$ 0 b a natural sequel ( ! sola fides !ory4 ,if fai? alone 7 suffici5t = ju/ification1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce :at k9d ( life a man l$1 = unbelief1 i4e4 ! loss ( fiduci>y fai?1 w\ld be ! only s94 ,no wond] ?is e?ical ant9omism ( ! ,lu!ran sy/em1 s radically oppos$ to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,james1 0 reject$ by ,hugo ,grotius1 ,george ,bull]1 & o!r hone/ ,prote/ants4 ,ano!r weighty objection aga9/ ! ,lu!ran !ory ( ju/ification is t x disreg>ds ! law ( causation4 ,accord+ to ,lu!r a man is ju/ifi$ by ! firm belief & tru/ t 8 s9s are =giv54 ,?is 8belief0 is ei!r true or false4 ,if x is false1 ,i c h no c]ta9ty ) reg>d to my salvation1 b am deceiv+ myself4 ,if true1 x presupposes t :i* x is to effect1 9 o!r words1 x puts ! cause be=e ! effect4 ,an or?odox ,lu!ran !ologian ( ! old s*ool w\ld probably retort3 ,my s9s are actually =giv5 by virtue ( ! atonem5t1 because all m5 )\t exception are r$eem$ ?r\gh ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,if ?is be true1 !n :y n be consi/5t & say3 ,all m5 are ju/ifi$ because all are r$eem$1 consequ5tly !re is no ne$ ( fai? & sacram5ts1 & keep+ ! comm&m5ts is a matt] ( indiff]5ce6 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! incompatibility ( ,lu!r's tea*+ ) ! ,bible & s\nd e?ics becomes mo/ gl>+ly app>5t4 ,true1 ,lu!r himself at times emphasiz$ ! necessity ( good works2 b ?is m]ely proves t he _h lucid int]vals :5 8 hone/ nature rebell$ aga9/ ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 tea*+47#hdc7 #c4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,doctr9e4--,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t assign$ to fai? its prop] place 9 ! process ( ju/ification17#hdd7 & gave a lum9\s & pr(\nd analysis ( ! process itself47#hde7 ,s*ola/ic !ology1 9 elaborat+ ! tea*+ ( ,scripture & ,tradition1 drew a di/9ction betwe5 fides =mata1 :i* truly ju/ifies1 & fides in=mis1 :i* falls %ort ( ju/ification4 a7 ,z reg>ds ! intr9sic relation ( 7dogmatic7 fai? to o!r prep>atory acts 9 ! process ( ju/ification1 ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil decl>es3 8,fai? is ! beg9n+ ( human salvation1 ! f\ndation & ! root ( all ju/ification407#hdf7 ,sup]natural fai?1 !re=e1 is ! beg9n+ ( salvation1 & n1 z ,h>nack makes ,lu!r say1 8at once ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end10 because no man c be conv]t$ unless he has believ+ly embrac$ ,god z 8 f9al goal4 ,?is fai? is prec$$ by c]ta9 prelim9>y conditions1 ( :i* ! fir/ is an illum9ation ( ! intellect & a /r5g!n+ ( ! w1 :i* results 9 ! affectus cr$ulitatis 7initia fidei74 ,= ju/ify+ fai? does n fla% =? sudd5ly1 l a deus ex ma*9a1 b requires "t = its developm5t1 z ! hi/ory ( _m conv]sions proves47#hdg7 ,fai? is call$ ! 8f\ndation0 ( ju/ification because x n only m>ks its beg9n+1 b con/itutes ! basis ^u :i* all subsequ5t /ages ( ! process re/4 ,to exclude ! mi/ak5 notion t ! process ( ju/ification is a s]ies ( me*anical & disconnect$ acts1 ! ,c\ncil calls fai? ! 8root0 ( ju/ification1 f :i* ! o!r prep>atory acts spr+ organically1 z ! trunk ( a tree f its root4 ,! psy*ological description ( ! :ole process giv5 by ! ,trid5t9e ,fa!rs1 :i* ev5 ,h>nack admits to be 8a ma/]ly piece ( "w10 runs z foll[s3 8,n[ !y adults are dispos$ unto ju/ice :51 excit$ & assi/$ by div9e grace1 conceiv+ fai? by he>+1 !y are freely mov$ t[>ds ,god1 believ+ ^? ?+s to be true :i* ,god has reveal$ & promis$1--& ?is especially1 t ,god ju/ifies ! impi\s by ,8 grace ?r\gh ! r$emption t is 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 & :51 und]/&+ !mselves to be s9n]s1 !y1 by turn+ !mselves f ! fe> ( div9e ju/ice1 :]eby !y are pr(itably agitat$1 to consid] ! m]cy ( ,god1 are rais$ unto hope1 confid+ t ,god w be propiti\s to !m = ,*ri/'s sake2 & !y beg9 to love ,him z ! f\nta9 ( all ju/ice1 & are !re=e mov$ aga9/ s9s by a c]ta9 hatr$ & dete/ation1 to wit3 by t p5it5ce :i* mu/ be p]=m$ be=e ,baptism2 la/ly1 :5 !y purpose to receive ,baptism1 to beg9 a new life1 & to keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god444407#hdh7 ,! f\r ord9>y /ages 9 ! process ( ju/ification1 !re=e1 are3 7#a7 ,f fai? to fe> ( div9e ju/ice2 7#b7 f fe> to hope2 7#c7 f hope to initial love27#hdi7 7#d7 f initial love to contrition & a firm purpose ( am5dm5t47#hej7 ,if contrition is dictat$ & transfus$ by p]fect love17#hea7 & ! s9n] has an explicit or at lea/ implicit desire = ! ,sacram5t17#heb7 ju/ification takes place at once4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s9n]'s sorr[ is imp]fect 7attritio71 he atta9s ju/ification only by actual reception ( ! ,sacram5t 7,baptism or ,p5ance747#hec7 b7 ,does conv]sion always foll[ ?is concili>y s*ema8 ,no4 ,! ,c\ncil did n mean to def9e t ^! acts mu/ foll[ "o ano!r 9 /rict sequ5ce or t !y are "o & all absolutely indisp5sable = ju/ification4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! process inv>iably beg9s ) fai? & ends ) contrition accompani$ by a firm purpose ( am5dm5t4 ,9 exceptional cases 7e4g4 ! ,prodigal ,son1 ,m>y ,magdal57 p]fect *>ity seems imm$iately to foll[ fai?1 & may !n be said virtually to include ! int]m$iate /ages ( fe>1 hope1 & contrition4 ,yet ?is is n ! usual way4 ,ord9>ily fai? elicits fe>1 :i* 9 turn produces two k9ds ( hope--hope ( =giv5ess 7spes v5iae7 & hope 9 ,god 7spes !ologica71 :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( *>ity 7amor concupisc5tiae74 ,contrition is always a conditio s9e qua non1 because !re c be no =giv5ess ( s9 )\t sorr[ = x47#hed7 ,x is = ?is reason t1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 explicit contrition = mortal s9s is necess>y = ju/ification ev5 :5 !re is p]fect *>ity1 & ! suffici5cy ( ! s-call$ po5it5tia virtualis is limit$ to v5ial (f5ses & su* griev\s s9s z _c be rememb]$47#hee7 ,fe>1 :ile n absolutely indisp5sable1 is seldom abs5t4 ,holy ,scripture tells u t 8! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom10 & x is natural = ! s9n] seek+ =giv5ess to dete/ 8 s9s out ( fe> ( div9e ju/ice be=e he atta9s to ! motive ( p]fect *>ity47#hef7 c7 ,c]ta9 utt]ances ( ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs ) reg>d to ! possibility ( a 8dead0 fai?7#heg7 h l$ !ologians to di/+ui% betwe5 fides in=mis & fides =mata4 ,fides in=mis is a dead fai?1 devoid ( *>ity1 & )\t ju/ify+ p[]4 ,! only fai? t c ju/ify a man is t :i* is animat$ by *>ity & productive ( good works47#heh7 ,?is is ! fides =mata ( ! ,s*oolm51 :i* includes all ! prep>atory acts enum]at$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 f fe> to p]fect *>ity4 ,^! acts1 h[ev]1 ?\gh unit$ 9 ! fides =mata1 reta9 _! respective indep5d5ce1 & c disappe> s+ly1 "o aft] ano!r1 z !y came4 ,zw+li's ass]tion t fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are id5tical1 or at lea/ insep>able1 has be5 expressly condemn$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil3 8,if any "o sai? t1 grace be+ lo/ ?r\gh s91 fai? also is always lo/ ) x2 or t ! fai? :i* rema9s1 ?\gh x be no live fai?1 is n a true fai?2 or t he :o has fai? )\t *>ity is n a ,*ri/ian2 let him be ana!ma407#hei7 ,,read+s3--,besides ! respective *apt]s 9 ! v>i\s text-books1 ! /ud5t may consult3 99,a4 ,vega1 ,de ,iu/ificatione ,doctr9a ,univ]sa ,libris ,,xv ,absolute ,tradita1 ,v5ice #aedh 7repr9t$ at ,cologne1 #aegb74--99;,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione ,impii1 #a4 ,v 7ed4 ,fvre1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #adi sqq4 ,p>is #ahgc74--99,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 #a4 ,,vi sqq4--,becanus1 ,!ol4 ,s*ola/41 8,de ,gratia ,habituali10 ,r\5 #afeh4--,l4 ,nussbaum1 ,die ,lehre d] ka?4 ,kir*e b] die ,re*tf]tigung1 ,mn*5 #ahcg4--;,c4 von ,s*tzl]1 ,neue ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,dogma von d] ,gnade und das ,wes5 des *ri/l4 ,glaub5s1 ,ma9z #ahfg4--,oswald1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 #e1 #crd ed41 ,pad]born #ahhe4--;,b4 ,b>tmann1 ,/4 ,paulus und ,/4 ,jakobus und die ,re*tf]tigung1 ,freiburg #ahig4--,l4 ,galey1 ,la ,foi et les ,oeuvres1 ,montauban #aijb4--,w4 ,liese1 ,d] heilsnotw5dige ,glaube1 se9 ,begriff und ,inhalt1 ,freiburg #aijb4--;,c>d4 ,newman1 ,lectures on ! ,doctr9e ( ,ju/ification1 #h? impression1 ,london #aijj4--;,hugh ,pope1 ,o4 ,p41 art4 8,fai?0 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,v4--,j4 ,mausba*1 ,ca?olic ,moral ,tea*+ & its ,antagoni/s 7tr4 by ,a4 ,m4 ,bu*anan71 pp4 #aej sqq41 ,new ,york #aiad4--,l4 ,labau*e1 ,s4 ,s41 ,god & ,man1 pp4 #bjc sqq41 ,n4 ,y4 #aiaf4 ,on ! tea*+ ( ! ,re=m]s cfr4 99,mhl]1 ,symbolik1 #ah sqq41 #aa? ed41 ,ma9z #ahij 7,engli% tr4 by ,james ,burton ,rob]tson1 pp4 #hb sqq41 #e? ed41 ,london #aijf72 ,ad4 ,h>nack1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #d? ed41 ,freiburg #aiaj2 ,d5ifle-,weiss1 ,o4 ,p41 ,lu!r und ,lu!rtum 9 d] er/5 ,entwicklung1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,ma9z #aiji2 ,h4 ,gris>1 ,s4 ,j41 ,lu!r1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,freiburg #aiaa 7,engli% tr41 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 ,london #aiac74 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,/ate ,( ,ju/ification ,?\gh ! t]m 8ju/ification0 may be ext5d$ to ! prep>atory acts t lead up to ! /ate ( ju/ice1 /rictly speak+ x signifies only t decisive mom5t 9 :i* ! s9n] is cleans$ f mortal s9 by an infusion ( sanctify+ grace4 ,h5ce a c>eful di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ju/ification z an act 7actus iu/ificationis7 & ju/ification z an habitual /ate 7habitus iu/ificationis s4 /atus gratiae sanctificantis74 ,! transi5t act introduces a p]man5t /ate1 j z ! ,sacram5t ( ,holy ,ord]s con/itutes a man 9 ! sac]dotal /ate or prie/hood4 ,bo? z an act & z a /ate ju/ification possesses ?ree di/9ct prop]ties2 x is unc]ta91 unequal1 & capable ( be+ lo/4 ,?is gives u ! basis = a division ( ! pres5t ,*apt] into ?ree ,sections3 7#a7 ,on ! ,nature ( ,ju/ification1 7#b7 ,on ,ju/ify+1 i4e4 ,sanctify+ ,grace1 & 7#c7 ,on ! ,prop]ties ( t ,grace4 ,section #a4 ,! ,nature ,( ,ju/ification ,ju/ification 9 ! active s5se 7iu/ificatio1 7 is def9$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil z 8a translation f t /ate :]e9 man is born a *ild ( ! fir/ ,adam1 to ! /ate ( grace & ( ! adoption ( ! sons ( ,god ?r\gh ! second ,adam1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 our ,savi\r407#hfj7 ,ju/ification1 !re=e1 has bo? a negative & a positive elem5t4 ,! positive elem5t is int]ior sanctification ?r\gh ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! negative elem5t consi/s 9 ! =giv5ess ( s94 ,?\gh ^! elem5ts are objectively insep>able1 ! =giv5ess ( s9 be+ practically an effect ( int]ior sanctification1 yet we mu/ treat !m sep>ately 9 ord] to be able to refute m effectively ! ,lu!ran h]esy t s9 is n wip$ out b m]ely 8cov]$10 & t ju/ification consi/s 9 an ext]nal 8imputation0 ( ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/4 ,article #a4 ,! ,negative ,elem5t ,( ,ju/ification #a4 ,,! ,,h]esy ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,re=m]s ,,& ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,lu!r held t human nature 0 radically deprav$ by orig9al s97#hfa7 & t ju/ification consi/s 9 ?is1 t s9 7orig9al & mortal7 is no long] 8imput$0 to ! s9n]2 t is to say1 x is n blott$ out b m]ely 8cov]$0 by ! m]its ( ,*ri/4 a7 ,=giv5ess ( s9s1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,lu!r1 consi/s simply 9 _! be+ no long] imput$47#hfb7 ,?is h]esy 0 incorporat$ 9 ! ,=mula ( ,concord & o!r symbolical books ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*17#hfc7 & subsequ5tly adopt$ by ,calv947#hfd7 b7 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has always ma9ta9$ t ju/ification is a r5ewal ( ! s\l by :i* a man's s9s are blott$ out & he becomes truly j4 ,?is applies fir/ ( all to orig9al s94 8,if10 says ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 8anyone d5ies t by ! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* is conf]r$ 9 ,baptism1 ! guilt ( orig9al s9 is remitt$1 or ev5 ass]ts t ! :ole ( t :i* has ! true & prop] nature ( s9 is n tak5 away1 b says t x is only rais$ or n imput$1 let him be ana!ma407#hfe7 ,:at x "h def9es 9 reg>d to orig9al s91 ! ,c\ncil else:]e reaffirms 9 respect ( mortal s947#hff7 #b4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,!ory4--,! !ory ?us solemnly condemn$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,fa!rs is unscriptural & oppos$ to ,ca?olic ,tradition4 a7 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,bible on ?is po9t may be r$uc$ to f\r di/9ct heads4 7#a7 ,! remission ( s9 grant$ 9 ! process ( ju/ification is a real annihilation ( guilt2 t is to say1 ! s9s remitt$ cease to exi/ 9 ! moral 7?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 9 ! hi/orical7 ord]4 ,cfr4 ,ps4 ,l1 #c3 8,h m]cy on me1 ,o ,god1 accord+ to ?y great m]cy2 & accord+ to ! multitude ( ?y t5d] m]cies blot out my iniquity407#hfg7 ,is4 ,,xliii1 #be3 8,i am he t blot out ?y iniquities407#hfh7 ,aft] ,god has blott$ out a s91 x no long] exi/s4 ,cfr4 ,is4 ,,xliv1 #bb3 8,i h blott$ out ?y iniquities z a cl\d1 & ?y s9s z a mi/407#hfi7 ,acts ,,iii1 #ai3 8,be p5it5t1 !re=e1 & be conv]t$1 t y\r s9s may be blott$ out407#hgj7 ,else:]e ,god is said to 8take away0 s94 ,cfr4 #b ,k+s ,,xii1 #ac3 8,! ,"l also ha? tak5 away ?y s9407#hga7 #a ,p>al4 ,,xxi1 #h3 8,i besee* !e1 take away ! iniquity ( ?y s]vant407#hgb7 ,:5 ,he takes away s91 x is really & truly blott$ out4 ,cfr4 ,mi*4 ,,vii1 #ah sq43 8,:o is a ,god l to !e1 :o take/ away iniquity8444 ,he w put away our iniquities1 & he w ca/ all our s9s into ! bottom ( ! sea407#hgc7 ,ps4 ,x1 #ae3 8,8 s9 %all be s\ght1 & %all n be f\nd407#hgd7 ,ps4 ,,cii1 #ab3 8,z f> z ! ea/ is f ! we/1 s f> ha? he remov$ our iniquities f u407#hge7 ,consequ5tly1 :5 our ,div9e ,savi\r said ( ,m>y ,magdal53 8,_m s9s are =giv5 h]107#hgf7 ,he meant t h] s9s 7 completely blott$ out & tak5 away4 7#b7 ,ju/ification wa%es ! s\l f iniquity & purifies ! he>t4 ,cfr4 ,ps4 ,l1 #d3 8,wa% me yet m f my iniquity1 & cleanse me f my s9407#hgg7 ,is4 ,i1 #af3 8,wa% y\rselves1 be clean407#hgh7 ,aft] "o's s9s are wa%$ away1 ! he>t is clean & pure4 ,cfr4 ,ez4 ,,xxxvi1 #be sq43 8,& ,i w p\r ^u y clean wat]1 & y %all be cleans$ f all y\r fil?9ess1 444 & ,i w give y a new he>t407#hgi7 #a ,cor4 ,,vi1 #aa3 8,& su* =nicators1 etc4 "s ( y 72 b y are wa%$1 b y are sanctifi$1 b y are ju/ifi$407#hhj7 ,spotless purity takes ! place ( ! impurity t previ\sly defil$ ! s\l ( ! s9n]4 ,cfr4 ,ps4 ,l1 #i3 8,?\ %alt spr9kle me ) hyssop1 & ,i %all be cleans$3 ?\ %alt wa% me1 & ,i %all be made :it] ?an sn[407#hha7 ,is4 ,i1 #ah3 8,if y\r s9s be z sc>let1 !y %all be made z :ite z sn[3 & if !y be r$ z crimson1 !y %all be :ite z wool407#hhb7 ,no trace ( s9 rema9s 9 ! s\l aft] x has be5 wa%$ 9 ! ,preci\s ,blood ( ,*ri/4 ,apoc4 ,i1 #e3 8444 ,jesus ,*ri/1 444 ha? lov$ u1 & wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood407#hhc7 #a ,john ,i1 #g3 8444 ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 444 cleanse? u f all s9407#hhd7 7#c7 ,ju/ification is an awak5+ ( ! s9n] f dea? to life1 a transition f d>kness to light4 ,cfr4 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad3 8,we "k t we h pass$ f dea? to life1 because we love ! bre?r52 he t love? n1 abide? 9 dea?407#hhe7 ,col4 ,,ii1 #ac3 8,& y1 :5 y 7 dead 9 y\r s9s1 444 he ha? quick5$ toge!r ) him1 =giv+ y all (f5ces407#hhf7 ,eph4 ,v1 #h3 8,= y 7 h]et(ore d>kness1 b n[ light 9 ! ,"l407#hhg7 7#d7 ,baptism1 9 p>ticul>1 completely removes all guilt4 ,cfr4 ,acts ,,xxii1 #af3 8,rise up1 & be baptiz$1 & wa% away ?y s9s407#hhh7 ,h5ce1 ?\gh concupisc5ce rema9s1 ! s\l has no long] 9 x any?+ damnable1 i4e4 any trace ( orig9al or mortal s94 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #a3 8,!re is n[ !re=e no condemnation to !m t are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus407#hhi7 ,x requires no special acut5ess to p]ceive t ?is ,biblical tea*+ is irreconcilably oppos$ to ! ,prote/ant !ory ( non-imputation4 ,if1 z ! ,lu!rans allege1 ,god m]ely decl>$ ! believ] j1 ju/ification w\ld n blot out or take away s91 nor c\ld x be tru?fully said t light & life take ! place ( dea? & d>kness2 some?+ des]v+ ( condemnation w\ld /ill rema9 9 ^? t are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus47#hij7 ,!re are a few ,scriptural texts t seem to favor ! ,lu!ran view1 b !y mu/ be int]pret$ 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! ,bible z outl9$ above4 ,among ^! texts is ,ps4 ,,xxxi1 #a sq43 8,bless$ are !y ^: iniquities are =giv51 & ^: s9s are cov]$4 ,bless$ is ! man to :om ! ,"l ha? n imput$ s91 & 9 ^: _s !re is no guile407#hia7 ,! p>allelism app>5t 9 ?is v]se all[s u to conclude t 8cov]$0 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8remitt$0 & t 8he to :om ! ,"l ha? n imput$ s90 is id5tical ) ! man 89 ^: _s !re is no guile40 ,! text manife/ly ref]s to a real =giv5ess ( s9s1 = any s9 t ,god 8cov]s0 & ceases to 8impute10 mu/ be blott$ out & swept away1 because 8all ?+s are nak$ & op5 to ! eyes0 ( ! omnisci5t ,creator47#hib7 ,ano!r favorite text ( ! ,lu!ran !ologians is ,rom4 ,,vii1 #ag3 8,n[ !n x is no m ,i t d x1 b s9 t dwelle? 9 me407#hic7 ,?is passage cle>ly ref]s to concupisc5ce1 :i* rema9s 9 ! s9n] aft] ju/ification1 b1 accord+ to ,rom4 ,,viii1 #a & ,james ,i1 #ad sq41 is n truly & prop]ly s9 b m]ely call$ 8s907#hid7 by metonymy1 8because10 9 ! words ( ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 8x is ( s9 & incl9es to s9407#hie7 b7 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 bo? ,greek & ,lat91 unanim\sly tea* t ju/ification effects ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr says3 8,by do+ p5ance1 all :o desire x c obta9 m]cy f ,god1 & ,scripture calls !m bless$ 9 say+3 #8,bless$ is he to :om ,god ha? n imput$ s91' :i* means t he receives =giv5ess ( 8 s9s f ,god1 n z y1 deceiv+ y\rselves1 & o!rs l y av]1 t ,god does n impute _! s9 to !m1 ?\gh !y are /ill s9n]s407#hif7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria lik5s ,baptism to 8a ba? 9 :i* s9s are wa%$ (f407#hig7 ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 says3 8,x is call$ ,baptism 1 f 1 to imm]se because ! s9 is buri$ 9 wat]1 444 & a ba? 771 because x wa%es (f407#hih7 ,/4 ,augu/9e indignantly opposes ! errone\s op9ion ( ! ,pelagians t ,baptism does n take away s9s b m]ely 8trims !m (f40 8,:o b an unbeliev]10 he exclaims1 8c affirm ?is aga9/ ! ,pelagians8 ,we say1 !re=e1 t ,baptism gives remission ( all s9s & takes away crimes1 n m]ely trims !m (f 7rad]e7 9 su* wise t ! roots ( all s9s may be pres]v$ 9 an evil fle%1 z ( hair trimm$ on ! head1 :5 ! s9s cut d[n may gr[ aga9407#hii7 ,pope ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great seems almo/ to h =ese5 ! h]esy ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s1 = he says3 8,b if !re are any :o say t 9 ,baptism s9s are =giv5 z to outw>d appe>ance only1 :at c be m un-,ca?olic ?an su* prea*+8444 ,he :o says t s9s are n completely =giv5 9 ,baptism might z well say t ! ,egyptians did n p]i% 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,b if he admits t ! ,egyptians actually di$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 let him also admit t ( necessity s9s completely die 9 ,baptism407#ijj7 c7 ,! !ological argum5t may be briefly =mulat$ z foll[s3 ,we c imag9e b two reasons :y ,god %\ld n truly =give u our s9s 9 ! process ( ju/ification3 inability & unwill+ness4 ,to say t ,he is unable to =give u our s9s w\ld be to ass]t t ! remission ( s9 involves a metaphysical impossibility4 ,?is no ,prote/ant w admit1 because all believe t 8no?+ defil$ %all ent] into heav5407#ija7 ,to ass]t t ,god is unwill+ to =give our s9s w\ld be to contradict ! pla9 tea*+ ( ,scripture1 z set =? above4 ,consequ5tly !re is no reason :atev] = assum+ t ,god does n truly =give u our s9s 9 ! process ( ju/ification4 ,fur!rmore1 x w\ld be incompatible ) ,8 v]acity & hol9ess to assume t ,he m]ely decl>es ! s9n] to be 8free f s910 )\t actually cleans+ 8 s\l4 ,x w\ld be a contradiction to ass]t t a man :om ! tru?ful & all-holy ,god has decl>$ free f s91 rema9s /eep$ 9 iniquity4 ,cfr4 ,prov4 ,,xvii1 #ae3 8,he t ju/ifie? ! wick$ i4e4 absolves him f 8 s9s1 & he t condemne? ! j1 bo? are abom9able be=e ,god40 ,accord+ to ,revelation ! ju/ification ( ! s9n] is n a m]e *ange1 ) a privation = its t]m9us a quo7#ijb7 & an indiff]5t =m = its t]m9us ad quem1 b involves a movem5t f extreme to extreme1 & h5ce ! g5esis ( ! "o extreme mu/ co9cide ) ! de/ruction ( ! o!r4 ,s91 be+ 9 contr>y opposition to righte\sness1 mu/ dep>t :5 righte\sness ent]s ! s\l47#ijc7 ,article #b4 ,! ,positive ,elem5t ,( ,ju/ification #a4 ,,h]etical ,,errors ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*4--,calv9 held t ju/ification consi/s ess5tially & exclusively 9 ! remission ( s9s47#ijd7 ,! o!r 8,re=m]s0 ma9ta9$ t !re mu/ also be a positive elem5t 9 ! process1 b diff]$ 9 det]m9+ its nature4 a7 ,! ambigu\s language employ$ by ,lu!r & ,melan*?on gave rise to _m diff]5t op9ions1 :i* agre$ only 9 "o po9t1 t is1 9 hold+1 contr>y to ,ca?olic tea*+1 t ! positive elem5t ( ju/ification is n inw>d sanctification or inh]5t righte\sness 7i4e4 sanctify+ grace74 ,probably ! view mo/ common among ! support]s ( ! ,augsburg ,confession 0 t ! s9n]1 by a 8fiduci>y appreh5sion0 ( ,god's m]cy1 z proclaim$ 9 ! ,gospel1 8appreh5ds0 ! extr9sic ju/ice ( ,*ri/1 & ) x cov]s 8 s9s1 :i* are !reupon no long] 8imput$0 to him4 ,9 o!r words1 he is outw>dly acc\nt$ & decl>$ righte\s 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ?\gh inw>dly he rema9s a s9n]4 ,) ! exception ( 8sola fides0 !re 0 probably no %ibbole? 9 ! sixte5? c5tury s p]si/5tly d9n$ into ! e>s ( ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants alike z 8iu/itia ,*ri/i extra nos40 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,apologia writt5 9 def5ce ( ! ,augsburg ,confession7#ije7 & recurs 9 ! ,=mula ( ,concord47#ijf7 ,accord+ to ! 8or?odox0 ,lu!ran view1 !re=e1 ju/ification on its positive side is a purely =5sic & outw>d imputation ( ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/1 :i* ! s9n] seizes ) ! arm ( fai? & puts on l a cloak to hide ! w\nds ( 8 s\l47#ijg7 b7 ,aga9/ ?is dismal h]esy ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil solemnly decl>$ t 8,ju/ification 444 is n remission ( s9s m]ely1 b also ! sanctification & r5ewal ( ! inw>d man ?r\gh ! volunt>y reception ( ! grace & ( ! gifts107#ijh7 & ana!matiz$ all ^? :o say t 8m5 are ju/ifi$ ei!r by ! sole imputation ( ! ju/ice ( ,*ri/ or by ! sole remission ( s9s1 to ! exclusion ( ! grace & ! *>ity :i* is p\r$ =? 9 _! he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ & is inh]5t 9 !m1 or ev5 t ! grace :]eby we are ju/ifi$ is only ! favor ( ,god407#iji7 ,9 ?us def9+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,c\ncil did n1 h[ev]1 mean to d5y t ! s9n] is 9 a true s5se 8ju/ifi$ by ! ju/ice ( ,*ri/10--9 s f> namely1 z our ,"l has m]it$ = u ! grace ( ju/ification4 ,he m]ely wi%$ to emphasize ! fact t a s9n] is n =malit] ju/ifi$ by ! imputation ( ,*ri/'s ju/ice4 ,= ! sake ( great] cle>ness ! v>i\s 8causes0 ( ju/ification are enum]at$ z foll[s3 8,( ?is ju/ification ! causes are ^!3 ! f9al cause inde$ is ! glory ( ,god & ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & life ev]la/+2 :ile ! effici5t cause is a m]ciful ,god1 :o wa%es & sanctifies gratuit\sly2 444 b ! m]itori\s cause is ,8 mo/ belov$ only-begott5 ,son1 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 444 m]it$ ju/ification = u by ,8 mo/ holy ,passion on ! wood ( ! ,cross2 444 ! in/rum5tal cause is ! ,sacram5t ( ,baptism1 :i* is ! sacram5t ( fai?1 )\t :i* no man 0 ev] ju/ifi$2 la/ly1 ! sole =mal cause is ! ju/ice ( ,god1 n t :]eby ,he ,himself is j1 b t :]eby ,he make? u j1 t1 to wit1 ) :i* we be+ end[$ are r5ew$ 9 ! _s ( our m9d1 & are n only reput$1 b are truly call$1 & are1 j407#iaj7 ,s important did ! di/9ction betwe5 ! causa m]itoria & ! causa =malis ( ju/ification appe> to ! ,fa!rs ( ,tr5t1 t !y made x ! subject ( a sep>ate canon1 to wit3 8,if anyone sai? t m5 are j )\t ! ju/ice ( ,*ri/1 :]eby ,he m]it$ = u to be ju/ifi$2 or t x is by t ju/ice itself t !y are =mally j2 let him be ana!ma407#iaa7 ,ju/ification 9 ! ,ca?olic s5se1 !re=e1 is n a m]e outw>d imputation ( ! ju/ice ( ,*ri/1 b a true inw>d r5ewal & sanctification wr\ght by a grace intr9sically inh]+ 9 ! s\l4 ,?is grace !ologians call ! 8grace ( ju/ification40 #b4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,!ory ,,( ,,imputation4--,no?+ is s =eign to bo? ! _s & ! lett] ( ,holy ,scripture z ! idea t ju/ification m]ely cov]s a man's s9s ) a cloak ( ju/ice & leaves him unsanctifi$ )94 ,ju/ification is describ$ 9 ! ,bible n only z a remission ( s9s17#iab7 b likewise z ! beg9n+ ( a new life17#iac7 a r5ewal ( ! _s17#iad7 a new creation17#iae7 a reg5]ation17#iaf7 a sup]natural lik5ess ( ,god17#iag7 etc4 ,all ^! similes po9t to a p]man5t /ate ( sanctity 9 ! s\l ( ! j4 7 ,! ,lu!ran !ory ( imputation c be mo/ effectively refut$ by an analysis ( ! ,scriptural t]m 8reg5]ation0 7reg5]atio1 1 74 8,unless a man be born aga9 ( wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/10 says our ,div9e ,"l1 8he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god407#iah7 ,?is spiritual rebir? wipes out s9 & inw>dly sanctifies ! s\l4 ,! reg5]ate s9n] receives a new & godlike nature4 ,t ?is nature c be conceiv$ 9 no o!r way ?an z a /ate ( sanctity & ju/ice appe>s cle>ly f ,tit4 ,,iii1 #e sqq43 8,n by ! works ( ju/ice :i* we h done1 b accord+ to ,8 m]cy1 ,he sav$ u1 by ! lav] ( reg5]ation & r5ovation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :om he ha? p\r$ =? ^u u abundantly1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r3 t1 be+ ju/ifi$ by ,8 grace1 we may be heirs1 accord+ to ! hope ( life ev]la/+407#iai7 ,bo? text & context %[ t ! ,apo/le is "h speak+ ( ! ju/ification ( adult s9n]s 9 ,baptism1 :i* he describes z a 8lav] ( reg5]ation & r5ovation0 result+ 9 an 8outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,^! phrases pla9ly d5ote a positive quality ( ! s\l z well z a p]man5t int]ior grace4 ,reg5]ation consi/s 9 ! remission ( s9 ?r\gh ,baptism1 & also1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 man be+ made l ,god1 i4e4 becom+ a *ild ( ,god17#ibj7 :ile 8r5ovation0 means 8putt+ (f ! old man07#iba7 & 8putt+ on ! new407#ibb7 ,! 8outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/0 effect$ by ,baptism is n1 ( c\rse1 an outp\r+ ( ! ,hypo/asis ( ! ,?ird ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 b ( creat$ grace1 :i* re-=ms ! s9n] & makes him j47#ibc7 ,?is ju/ify+ grace mu/ n be conceiv$ z an actual grace1 mu* less z a s]ies ( actual graces1 = x is n giv5 u m]ely z an aid 9 ! p]=mance ( "s p>ticul> act1 b z a new nature4 ,reg5]ation & r5ovation d5ote a /ate ( be+1 z we c pla9ly see 9 ! case ( baptiz$ infants4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,apo/le speaks ( x z a la/+ /ate2--t :i* !ologians call ! /atus gratiae sanctificantis47#ibd7 ,closely ak9 to ! notion ( 8reg5]ation0 is t ( 8re-creation40 ,ju/ification r5ews ! s9n] inw>dly & makes ( him1 s to speak1 a new creature1 :i* has sl\gh$ (f s9 & become j & holy 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,cfr4 #b ,cor4 ,v1 #ag3 8,if !n any be 9 ,*ri/ a new creature1 ! old ?+s are pass$ away1 behold all ?+s are made new407#ibe7 ,?is is all ! m true s9ce re-creation effects an 8incorporation ( man ) ,*ri/10 & is closely connect$ ) 8reg5]ation ( ,god40 ,cfr4 ,james ,i1 #ah3 8,= ( 8 own w ha? he begott5 u by ! ^w ( tru?1 t we might be "s beg9n+ ( 8 creature407#ibf7 ,a comp>ison ) ,gal4 ,,vi1 #ae & ,gal4 ,v1 #f fully e/abli%es x z a ,biblical tru? t 9 ! process ( ju/ification ! s9n]1 ?r\gh fai? in=m$ by *>ity1 is *ang$ into a new creature4 8,= 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus10 says ,/4 ,paul1 8nei!r circumcision availe? any?+1 nor uncircumcision1 b a new creature407#ibg7 ,& aga93 8,9 ,*ri/ ,jesus nei!r circumcision availe? any?+1 nor uncircumcision1 b fai? t worke? by *>ity407#ibh7 ,9 bo? ^! texts ! ,jewi% rite ( circumcision is reject$ z useless & contra/$ ) ju/ification1 :i* by means ( ! fides =mata gives bir? to a 8new creature40 ,?is is incompatible ) ! ,prote/ant notion t a man is ju/ifi$ by be+ decl>$ righte\s 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ?\gh he rema9s inw>dly un*ang$47#ibi7 7 ,! ,lu!rans va9ly appeal to ! fact t ,holy ,scripture employs ! ^w 8ju/ify07#icj7 = ! purpose ( decl>+ a man to be j 9 a purely =5sic s5se1 z 9 ,is4 ,v1 #bc3 8,:o ju/ify ! wick$ = gifts40 ,?is proves no?+ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 :i* is bas$ entirely on texts t exclude ! judicial mean+ ( ! t]m & pla9ly ref] to inw>d sanctification47#ica7 ,! ^w 8ju/ification0 also occurs 9 two o!r mean+s 9 ! ,bible4 ,ps4 ,,cxviii1 #h & #bf x /&s 9 ! plural = ! 8law03 8,i w keep ?y ju/ifications207#icb7 & 8,tea* me ?y ju/ifications407#icc7 ,apoc4 ,,xxii1 #aa & 9 a few o!r passages x signifies 8gr[?0 9 int]ior hol9ess1 :i* !ologians call iu/ificatio secunda47#icd7 ,! ,lu!rans are equally un=tunate 9 ma9ta9+ t ,/4 ,paul c\nt5ances _! !ory :5 he speaks ( 8putt+ on ,*ri/40 ,cfr4 ,gal4 ,,iii1 #bg3 8,= z _m ( y z h be5 baptiz$ 9 ,*ri/1 h put on ,*ri/407#ice7 ,! ,apo/le 9 employ+ ?is simile does n mean to say t ju/ification consi/s 9 putt+ on an outw>d cloak ( grace to cov] s9s :i* inw>dly endure1 b precisely ! contr>y1 viz43 t ! s9n] by be+ ju/ifi$ is inw>dly cleans$ f s9 & becomes a new creature & a *ild ( ,god4 ,?is int]pretation is support$ by v>i\s p>allel texts7#icf7 & by ! /aple ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+4 ,ano!r passage :i* ! ,lu!rans cite 9 _! favor is #a ,cor4 ,i1 #cj3 8444 :o ,*ri/ ,jesus ( ,god is made unto u wisdom1 & ju/ice1 & sanctification1 & r$emption407#icg7 ,*ri/ is made unto u ju/ice & sanctification1 9 :at s5se8 ,manife/ly 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,he is made unto u wisdom ( ,god1 t is to say1 9 s f> z ,he imp>ts to u wisdom1 :i* !reupon becomes our own1 b n 9 ! s5se t ! wisdom ( ,*ri/ is outw>dly imput$ to u4 ,note t ,/4 ,paul 9 ?is & _m o!r passages ( 8 ,epi/les m]ely wi%es to emphasize ! gratuity ( ! ,r$emption & ( grace to ! exclusion ( all natural m]it on ! "p ( man47#ich7 b7 ,z reg>ds ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! 8,re=m]s0 !mselves admitt$ t x 0 aga9/ !m47#ici7 ,we read 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 :i* 0 probably compos$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ajj37idj7 8,s9ce !n ,he made u new by ! remission ( s9s1 he made u ano!r type1 t we %\ld h ! s\l ( *ildr51 z ?\gh ,he 7 creat+ u afre%40 ,! reason :y ,/4 ,paul calls ,baptism ! 8lav] ( reg5]ation0 r ?an ! lav] ( =giv5ess1 is expla9$ by ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om7#ida7 z foll[s3 8,because x ,baptism n only remits our s9s & wipes out our misde$s1 b accompli%es all ?is 9 su* a way z if we 7 born anew27#idb7 = x entirely re-creates & re-=ms u407#idc7 ,/4 ,ambrose reg>ds innoc5ce z ! positive elem5t ( ju/ification3 8,aft] ?is i4e4 ,baptism y receiv$ a :ite robe1 to indicate t y /ripp$ (f ! ve/ure ( s9 & put on ! *a/e g>m5ts ( innoc5ce407#idd7 ,h>nack claims t ,/4 ,augu/9e fir/ /emm$ ! curr5t dogmatic tradition & re%ap$ x by go+ back to ,/4 ,paul4 ,bell>m9e7#ide7 refut$ ?is audaci\s ass]tion long be=e x 0 reha%$ by ! ,g]man rationali/4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 0 s ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! tea*+ ( ,augu/9e t its decrees & canons on ju/ification read z ?\gh !y 7 lift$ bodily f 8 writ+s4 ,! great 8,doctor ( ,grace0 flatly contradicts ! ,prote/ant !ory ( imputation 9 su* utt]ances z ^!3 8,he ,/4 ,paul does n say1 #8! righte\sness ( man1' 444 b #8! righte\sness ( ,god1'--mean+ n t :]eby ,he is ,himself righte\s1 b t ) :i* ,he end[s man :5 ,he ju/ifies ! ungodly4444 ,! righte\sness ( ,god is by fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t is1 by ! fai? :]e) "o believes 9 ,*ri/4 ,= "h is n meant ! fai? ) :i* ,*ri/ ,himself believes1 j z !re 0 n meant ! righte\sness :]eby ,god is ,himself righte\s4 ,bo? no d\bt are ours2 b yet !y are call$ 9 "o case ,god's1 & 9 ! o!r ,*ri/'s1 because x is by _! b\nty t ^! gifts are be/[$ ^u man407#idf7 ,aga93 8,:5 righte\sness is giv5 to u1 x is n call$ our own righte\sness1 b ,god's1 because x becomes ours only s t we h x f ,god407#idg7 ,aga93 8,! grace ( ,god is call$ ! righte\sness ( ,god ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 n t by :i* ! ,"l is j1 b t by :i* ,he ju/ifies ^? :om f unrighte\s ,he makes righte\s407#idh7 ,aga93 8,! love ( ,god is said to be %$ abroad 9 our he>ts1 n because ,he loves u1 b because ,he makes u lov]s ( ,himself2 j z ! righte\sness ( ,god is us$ 9 ! s5se ( our be+ made righte\s by ,8 gift407#idi7 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 !re=e1 ju/ification culm9ates 9 a true sanctification ( ! s\l4 8,:5 he ,/4 ,paul says3 #8,we are trans=m$ into ! same image1' he assur$ly means to speak ( ! image ( ,god2 & by call+ x #8! same1' he means t v image :i* we see 9 ! glass1444 & t we pass f a =m t is obscure to a =m t is bright1444 & ?is human nature1 be+ ! mo/ excell5t among ?+s creat$1 is *ang$ f a =m t is defac$ into a =m t is beautiful1 :5 x is ju/ifi$ by its ,creator f ungodl9ess407#iej7 ,! ,augu/9ian passages :i* we h quot$ 7& !y are n by any means all t c\ld be quot$7 enum]ate ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( sanctify+ grace 9 s f> z x is ! =mal cause ( ju/ification47#iea7 c7 ,! argum5t f ,revelation c be re9=c$ by c]ta9 philosophical consid]ations :i* %[ ! absurdity ( ! imputation !ory f ! /&po9t ( common s5se4 ,a man outw>dly ju/ifi$ b inw>dly a s9n] w\ld be a moral mon/]1 & ,almighty ,god w\ld be guilty ( an intr9sic contradiction 7 ,he to reg>d & treat su* a "o z j4 ,?is contradiction is n remov$ b r int5sifi$ by ! ,lu!ran appeal to ! extrane\s ju/ice ( ,*ri/47#ieb7 ,! incongruity ( ! ,lu!ran doctr9e ( ju/ification becomes fully app>5t f ! consequ5ces :i* x involves1 to wit3 7#a7 all ,*ri/ians )\t di/9ction w\ld possess exactly ! same degree ( sanctity & ju/ice2 7#b7 ju/ification once obta9$ by fiduci>y fai? c\ld n be lo/ except by ! s9 ( unbelief2 & 7#c7 *ildr5 w\ld n be ju/ifi$ by ,baptism because !y are n suffici5tly advanc$ 9 ! use ( reason to enable !m to 8appreh5d0 ! ext]nal righte\sness ( ,*ri/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! inf]5ces runs c\nt] to common s5se & exp]i5ce4 ,! second1 :i* ,lu!r clo!d 9 ! %ameful exhortation1 8,pecca =tit] et cr$e =tius et nihil nocebunt c5tum homicidia et mille /upra107#iec7 is repugnant to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture & de/ructive ( morality47#ied7 ,! ?ird consi/5tly l$ to ! rejection ( infant baptism by ! ,anabapti/s1 ! ,m5nonites1 & o!r ,prote/ant sects4 #c4 ,,sanctify+ ,,grace ,,! ,,sole ,,=mal ,,cause ,,( ,,ju/ification4--,9 decl>+ t 8inh]5t grace0 is ! 8sole =mal cause ( ju/ification10 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t7#iee7 def9$ x z an article ( fai? t sanctify+ grace ( itself is able to produce all ! =mal effects ( ju/ification1 e4g4 =giv5ess ( s9s1 ! sanctification ( ! s9n]1 8 adoption by ,god1 etc417#ief7 & consequ5tly requires no supplem5t>y or contributory causes4 ,9 o!r words1 ju/ification is :olly & fully accompli%$ by ! infusion ( sanctify+ grace4 a7 ,x appe>s f ! discussions prec$+ its six? session t ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil n only meant to condemn ! h]etical cont5tion ( ,butz] t 8inh]5t grace0 mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! 8imput$ ju/ice ( ,*ri/0 z ! really ess5tial factor ( ju/ification17#ieg7 b also wi%$ to reject ! view ( div]s contempor>y ,ca?olic !ologians7#ieh7 t 8intr9sic righte\sness0 is inadequate to effect ju/ification )\t a special favor ,dei ext]nus47#iei7 ,9 ?is ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,c\ncil 7 on ,scriptural gr\nd4 ,! pr9cipal effects ( ju/ification1--=giv5ess ( s9s & int]nal sanctification1--are bo? produc$ by sanctify+ grace4 ,sacr$ ,scripture is p]fectly cle> on ?is po9t4 ,x repres5ts s9 z oppos$ to grace 9 ! same way 9 :i* d>kness is oppos$ to light17#ifj7 life to dea?17#ifa7 ! new man to ! old47#ifb7 ,! "o necess>ily excludes ! o!r4 ,sanctify+ grace & s9 _c co-exi/ 9 ! same subject4 ,int]nal sanctification may be def9$ z a p]man5t1 vital union ) ,god1 by :i* ! s\l becomes righte\s & holy 9 ,8 sight & obta9s a claim to ,heav54 ,t ?is is also a function ( sanctify+ grace appe>s f ^? ,scriptural texts :i* treat ( ! positive elem5t ( ju/ification47#ifc7 ,) ?is doctr9e ,tradition is 9 p]fect accord1 & consequ5tly ! ,fa!rs ( ,tr5t 7 "r 9 tea*+ z !y did1 9 fact !y c\ld n h taught o!rwise47#ifd7 b7 ,:ile all ,ca?olic !ologians admit ! incompatibility ( grace & s9 9 ! same subject1 !y diff] z to ! k9d & degree ( opposition exi/+ betwe5 ! two4 ,"s hold t ?is opposition is purely moral1 o!rs t x is physical1 aga9 o!rs t x is metaphysical4 7 ,nom9ali/s7#ife7 & ,scoti/s7#iff7 be=e ! ,trid5t9e decision ma9ta9$ t ! di/9ction betwe5 sanctify+ grace & 7orig9al or mortal7 s9 is bas$ on a free decree ( ! ,almighty1 & !re=e purely moral4 ,god1 !y held1 by a favor ext]nus sup]additus1 ext]nally supplies :at sanctify+ grace int]nally lacks1 j z a gov]nm5t's /amp raises ! value ( a co9 beyond ! intr9sic wor? ( ! bullion4 ,foll[$ to its legitimate conclusions1 ?is %all[ !ory means t sanctify+ grace is ( itself insuffici5t to wipe out s91 & t1 b = ! sup]add$ div9e favor1 grace & s9 might co-exi/ 9 ! s\l4 ,?is is tantam\nt to say+ t ju/ification requires a tw(old =mal cause1 viz43 sanctify+ grace & a favor ,dei sup]additus1--:i* runs c\nt] to ! tea*+ ( ,tr5t4 ,h5no tries to escape ?is objection by expla9+ t ! favor ,dei acceptans app]ta9s n to ! =mal b m]ely to ! effici5t cause ( ju/ification4 ,b ?is cont5tion is manife/ly unt5able4 ,sanctify+ grace is ei!r able to wipe out s91 or x is unable3 if x is unable to produce ?is effect1 ! favor ,dei acceptans mu/ be "p ( ! causa =malis ( ju/ification1 & !n1 9 ,h5no's hypo!sis1 we %\ld h a duplex causa =malis1 :i* contradicts ! ,trid5t9e decree4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 sanctify+ grace is able to wipe out s9 )\t any favor sup]additus1 !n ! ,scoti/ic !ory has no raison d'tre4 7 ,f :at we h said x foll[s t !re mu/ be at lea/ a physical contr>iety betwe5 grace & s94 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 physical & metaphysical opposition may be illu/rat$ by ! example ( fire & wat]4 ,^! two elem5ts are incompatible by a law ( nature4 ,b z !re is no metaphysical contradiction betwe5 !m1 ,almighty ,god c\ld conceivably br+ !m toge!r4 ,x is ?is physical k9d ( opposition t ,su>ez & a few ( 8 foll[]s assume to exi/ betwe5 grace & s94 ,absolutely speak+1 !y say1 !re is no intr9sic contradiction 9 ! assumption t ,god c\ld pres]ve ! physical entity ( sanctify+ grace 9 a s\l guilty ( mortal s947#ifg7 ,9 s f> z ?is s*ool admits ! exi/5ce ( an int]nal opposition1 :i* actually prev5ts orig9al or mortal s9 f ev] co-exi/+ 9 ! s\l ) ju/ify+ grace1 its tea*+ may be said to be acceptable to all ,ca?olic !ologians4 ,! ,scoti/ic view1 on acc\nt ( its incompatibility ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 is no long] held4 ,x may be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,su>ez goes f> en\gh 9 ?is matt]1 & :e!r ! opposition betwe5 grace & s9 c\ld really be ov]come by a miracle4 ,! simultane\s co-exi/5ce ( grace & s9 seems to involve an absolute1 i4e4 metaphysical1 contradiction4 7 ,?is is :at ! ,?omi/s ma9ta9 ) ! majority ( ,jesuit !ologians47#ifh7 ,z "s subtle objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ ?is view1 x _c be accept$ z !ologically c]ta92 b x und\bt$ly corresponds bett] ?an its opposite to ! _s & lett] ( ,scripture4 ,! ,bible1 z we h already po9t$ out1 lik5s ! opposition exi/+ betwe5 grace & s9 to t betwe5 life & dea?17#ifi7 ju/ice & inju/ice1 ,*ri/ & ,belial1 ,god & an idol47#igj7 ,b ^! are contradictories1 ergo47#iga7 ,! same conclusion c be rea*$ by argu+ f ! "* ( sanctify+ grace z a p>ticipatio div9ae naturae47#igb7 ,if grace is a p>ticipation 9 ! div9e nature1 x mu/ be oppos$ to s9 9 ! same way 9 :i* ,god ,himself is oppos$ to x4 ,n[ ,god z ! ,all-,holy ,"o is metaphysically oppos$ to s92 consequ5tly1 ! same k9d ( opposition mu/ exi/ betwe5 sanctify+ grace & s94 ,x is alleg$ aga9/ ?is tea*+ t betwe5 habitual grace & habitual s9 !re is m]ely a disp>ate opposition1 i4e4 t ( a physical to a moral =m1 ! concepts ( :i* are n mutually exclusive4 ,b sanctify+ grace is m ?an a physical ornam5t ( ! s\l2 x is an e?ical =m :i* has = its ess5tial function to r5d] ! s\l holy & righte\s 9 ! sight ( ,god47#igc7 ,,read+s3--,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aac1 & ! comm5tators1 especially ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #g1 art4 #a sqq42 99,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 l4 ,,ii 7,op]a ,omnia1 ed4 ,fvre1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bjh sqq41 ,p>is #ahgc74 ,besides ! curr5t text-books cfr4 99,jos4 ,wies]1 ,s4 ,pauli ,apo/oli ,doctr9a de ,iu/ificatione1 ,tr5t #ahgd2 ,h4 ,?4 ,sim>1 ,die ,!ologie des hl4 ,paulus1 #bnd ed41 #cc sqq4 ,freiburg #ahhc4 ,on ! ,prote/ant notion ( ju/ification cfr4 ,mhl]1 ,symbolik1 #aj sqq41 ,ma9z #ahij 7,rob]tson's translation1 pp4 #hb sqq41 #e? ed41 ,london #aijf72 ,real5zyklopdie fr prot4 ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #crd ed41 pp4 #dhb sqq41 ,leipzig #aije 7summ>iz$ 9 ,engli% 9 ! ,new ,s*aff-,h]zog ,encyclop$ia ( ,religi\s ,k1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bge sqq41 ,new ,york #aiaj72 ,c>d4 ,newman1 ,lectures on ! ,doctr9e ( ,ju/ification1 #h? impression1 ,london #aijj2 ,j4 ,mausba*1 ,ca?olic ,moral ,tea*+ & its ,antagoni/s1 ,new ,york #aiad1 pp4 #aej sqq4--,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiah1 pp4 #bdf sqq41 #dfd sq41 #dgj sqq4 ,section #b4 ,ju/ify+ ,or ,sanctify+ ,grace ,sanctify+ grace is def9$ by ,deh>be z 8an unm]it$1 sup]natural gift1 imp>t$ to ! s\l by ! ,holy ,gho/1 by :i* we are made j1 *ildr5 ( ,god1 & heirs ( ,heav540 ,z x makes s9n]s j1 sanctify+ grace is also call$ ju/ify+1 ?\gh ?is appellation c n be appli$ to ! sanctification ( our fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise or to t ( ! angels & ! s9less s\l ( ,*ri/4 ,ju/ification1 z we h %[n1 consi/s 9 ! infusion ( sanctify+ grace1 & h5ce x is important t we obta9 a correct idea ( ! latt]4 ,we w !re=e consid] 7#a7 ,! ,nature ( ,sanctify+ ,grace1 7#b7 ,its ,effects 9 ! ,s\l1 & 7#c7 ,its ,sup]natural ,concomitants4 ,article #a4 ,! ,nature ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace #a4 ,,sanctify+ ,,grace ,a 8,,p]man5t ,,quality0 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4--,hav+ no intuitive k ( sanctify+ grace1 we are oblig$1 9 ord] to obta9 an idea ( its true nature1 to /udy its effects1 z made kn[n to u by ,revelation4 ,sacr$ ,scripture & ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* d1 h[ev]1 enable u to =m c]ta9 well-def9$ conclusions1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is t sanctify+ grace mu/ be conceiv$ z a p]man5t quality 7qualitas p]man5s7 ( ! s\l4 ,if x is a p]man5t quality1 sanctify+ grace _c be id5tical ) actual grace or ) 8uncreat$ grace10 i4e4 ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 a7 ,9 con=mity ) su* ,biblical expressions z 8! new life10 8r5ovation ( ! _s10 8reg5]ation10 8div9e son%ip10 etc41 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t def9es ju/ify+ grace z a sup]natural some?+ 8infus$0 into & 8inh]5t0 9 ! s\l4 ,bo? ideas d5ote a p]man5t /ate1 n a m]e transi5t act or ! result ( su* acts4 8,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? by ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! he>ts ( ^? t are ju/ifi$1 & is inh]5t !re9407#igd7 8,t ju/ice :i* is call$ ours1 because we are ju/ifi$ f its be+ inh]5t 9 u1 t same is 7! ju/ice ( ,god7 because x is infus$ into u by ,god1 ?r\gh ! m]it ( ,*ri/407#ige7 8,if any "o sai? t m5 are ju/ifi$ 444 to ! exclusion ( ! grace & ! *>ity :i* is p\r$ =? 9 _! he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ & is inh]5t 9 !m1444 let him be ana!ma407#igf7 ,h5ce ,ju/ification is def9$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ,tr5t z 8a translation 444 to ! /ate ( grace & adoption ( ! sons ( ,god407#igg7 ,be=e ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil a numb] ( !ologians held t sanctify+ grace consi/s 9 "s p>ticul> actual grace or 9 a consecutive s]ies ( actual graces4 ,?is view is incompatible ) ! def9ition j quot$2 9 fact ,su>ez1 ,bell>m9e1 ,ripalda1 & o!rs reg>d x z positively h]etical or at lea/ intol]ably ra%4 ,dur+ ! prelim9>y debates at ,tr5t "s ( ! ,fa!rs ask$ = an express decl>ation ( ! ,c\ncil to ! effect t ju/ification is wr\ght by ! in/rum5tality ( an infus$ habit2 b _! reque/ 0 set aside on ! gr\nd t ! nature ( ju/ify+ grace z a /able habit is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! ^w 8inha]et407#igh7 ,t sanctify+ grace is a p]man5t /ate ( ! s\l may also be inf]r$ f ! ,ca?olic tea*+ t ! grace :i* ,baptism imp>ts to *ildr5 does n diff] ess5tially f t :i* x imp>ts to adults4 ,true1 ?is tea*+ 0 n always reg>d$ z c]ta927#igi7 b at ! ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,vi5ne1 ,a4 ,d4 #acaa1 ,pope ,clem5t ,v decl>$ x to be 8! m probable op9ion107#ihj7 & x 0 r5d]$ absolutely c]ta9 by ! ,trid5t9e decision t infant ,baptism results n only 9 ! remission ( s9s1 b likewise 9 an infusion ( sanctify+ grace4 ,?is be+ s1 !re c be no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ju/ification ( *ildr5 & t ( adults4 ,n[ x _c be actual grace :i* r5d]s *ildr5 righte\s 9 ! sight ( ,god1 = !y are unable to avail !mselves ( actual grace on acc\nt ( ! undevelop$ /ate ( _! intellect4 ,! grace t ,baptism imp>ts to !m is consequ5tly a gratia inha]5s et in=mans1 t is1 a p]man5t /ate ( grace2 & x mu/ be ! same 9 adults47#iha7 ,pet] ,lomb>d7#ihb7 id5tifi$ sanctify+ grace ) ! gratia increata1 i4e4 ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is notion 0 combatt$ by ,/4 ,?omas7#ihc7 & implicitly reject$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil :5 x decl>$ t sanctify+ grace inh]es 9 ! s\l & may be increas$ by good works47#ihd7 ,to say t ! ,holy ,gho/ is p\r$ =? 9 ! he>ts ( m51 or t ,he may be increas$ by good works1 w\ld evid5tly savor ( ,pan!ism4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ p\rs =? sanctify+ grace & is consequ5tly n ! =mal b ! effici5t cause ( ju/ification47#ihe7 b7 ,! gratia inha]5s p]man5s is n a m]e relation or d5om9atio extr9seca1 b a positive entity productive ( real effects17#ihf7 & mu/ consequ5tly be conceiv$ ei!r z a sub/ance or z an accid5t4 ,we h %[n t x is n id5tical ) ! uncreat$ sub/ance ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,nei!r c x be a creat$ sub/ance4 ,! idea ( an intr9sically sup]natural creat$ sub/ance involves a contradiction47#ihg7 ,moreov]1 sanctify+ grace 9 its nature & purpose is n an entity indep5d5tly co-exi/+ ) ! s\l b some?+ physically inh]5t 9 x4 ,n[1 a ?+ :i* has its exi/5ce by inh]+ 9 "s o!r ?+ is 9 philosophic p>lance an 8accid5t40 ,/4 ,?omas expressly tea*es t1 8s9ce x transc5ds human nature1 grace _c be a sub/ance nor a sub/antial =m1 b is an accid5tal =m ( ! s\l itself407#ihh7 ,agreeable to ?is conception is ! fur!r ,?omi/ic tea*+ t sanctify+ grace is n directly creat$ by ,god1 b drawn 7educta7 f ! pot5tia ob$i5tialis ( ! s\l47#ihi7 ,n ev5 ! ,scoti/s1 ?\gh !y held grace to be creat$ out ( no?+7#iij7 claim$ t x 0 a new sub/ance4 ,an accid5t t inh]es 9 a sub/ance p]man5tly & physically is call$ a quality 7qualitas1 74 ,consequ5tly1 sanctify+ grace mu/ be def9$ z a sup]natural quality ( ! s\l4 ,?is is ! express tea*+ ( ! ,roman ,cate*ism3 8,grace 444 is a div9e quality inh]5t 9 ! s\l1 &1 z x 71 a c]ta9 spl5dor & light t effaces all ! /a9s ( our s\ls & r5d]s ! s\ls !mselves bright] & m beautiful407#iia7 #b4 ,,sanctify+ ,,grace ,,an ,,infus$ ,,habit4--,sanctify+ grace may m specifically1 ?\gh ) a less] degree ( c]ta9ty1 be describ$ z a habit 7habitus74 ,be+ entitatively sup]natural1 ?is habit mu/ be infus$ or 8drawn out0 by ! ,holy ,gho/4 a7 ,ari/otle7#iib7 di/+ui%es f\r diff]5t sets ( qualities3 7#a7 habit & disposition2 7#b7 p[] & incapacity2 7#c7 passio 7! p[] ( caus+ s5sations7 & patibilis qualitas 7result ( ! modification ( s5se72 7#d7 figure & circumscrib+ =m 7( ext5d$ bodies74 ,z sanctify+ grace manife/ly _c come "u "o ( ! ?ree la/-m5tion$ heads1 x mu/ be ei!r a habit or a disposition4 ,habit d5otes a p]man5t & comp>atively /able quality1 by :i* a sub/ance1 consid]$ z to its nature or op]ation1 is well or ill adapt$ to its natural end47#iic7 ,z a p]man5tly inh]+ quality1 sanctify+ grace mu/ be a habit4 ,h5ce its o!r "n1 8habitual grace40 ,! ,s*ola/ics draw a di/9ction betwe5 entitative & op]ative habits4 ,an op]ative habit 7habitus op]ativus7 gives n only ! p[] 7pot5tia7 to act1 b also a c]ta9 facility1 & may be ei!r good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,an entitative habit 7habitus entitativus7 is an inh]5t quality by :i* a sub/ance is r5d]$ p]man5tly good or bad1 e4g4 beauty1 ugl9ess1 heal?1 disease4 ,philosophy kn[s only op]ative habits4 ,b sanctify+ grace affects ! v sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,h5ce ! supplem5t>y !ological category ( entitative habits4 8,grace10 says ,/4 ,?omas1 8belongs to ! fir/ species ( quality1 ?\gh x _c prop]ly be call$ a habit1 because x is n imm$iately orda9$ to action1 b to a k9d ( spiritual be+1 :i* x produces 9 ! s\l407#iid7 ,!re is ano!r reason :y grace _c be call$ a habit 9 ! philosophical s5se ( ! t]m3--x supplies no acquir$ facility to act4 ,?is consid]ation l$ ,su>ez to ab/a9 altoge!r f ! use ( ! t]m 8habit0 9 connection ) grace17#iie7 & induc$ ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e to describe sanctify+ grace z a qualitas p] modum habitus17#iif7 by :i* phrase he wi%$ to indicate t x imp>ts a sup]natural p]fection ( be+ r ?an a facility to act4 ,to obviate ^! & simil> subtleties ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t def9$ sanctify+ grace simply z a p]man5t quality4 ,nev]!less sci5tific !ology employs ! t]m habitus because x has no o!r philosophical category ready to h&4 ,?is defect 9 ! ,ari/otelian sy/em is some:at surpris+ 9 view ( ! fact t besides ! sup]natural1 !re are di/9ctly natural qualities :i* 8belong to ! fir/ species10 ?\gh !y imp>t no facility to act b m]ely a disposition to c]ta9 modes ( be+1 e4g4 beauty1 heal?1 etc4 ,!re is also a positive reason :i* ju/ifies ! def9ition ( sanctify+ grace z a habit4 ,x is t grace imp>ts to ! s\l1 if n ! facility1 at lea/ ! p[] to p]=m sup]naturally m]itori\s acts1 s t x is really m ?an a habitus entitativus1 namely1 a habitus 7at lea/ remotely7 op]ativus47#iig7 b7 ,! ,s*ola/ic di/9ction betwe5 native & acquir$ habits does n apply 9 ! sup]natural doma91 because ! sup]natural by its v def9ition c nev] be ei!r a "p or an acquisition ( m]e nature47#iih7 ,x foll[s f ?is t sup]natural habits1 bo? entitative & op]ative1 c be imp>t$ to ! human s\l 9 no o!r way ?an by infusion 7or excitation7 f above4 ,h5ce ! "n habitus infusus4 ,:5 ! ,holy ,gho/ infuses sanctify+ grace1 ! habitus entitativus imp>ts to ! s\l a sup]natural pr9ciple ( be+1 :ile ! habitus op]ativus conf]s ^u x a sup]natural p[]1 :i* by fai?ful cop]ation ) 7actual7 grace may be develop$ into a facility to p]=m salut>y acts4 ,h5ce1 if we adopt ! division ( habits into entitative & op]ative1 sanctify+ grace mu/ be def9$ fir/ z an entitative habit 7habitus entitativus71 because x =ms ! gr\ndwork ( p]man5t righte\sness1 sanctity1 div9e son%ip1 etc42 &1 secondly1 z an infus$ habit1 because x is n born 9 ! s\l & _c be acquir$ by practice4 ,?is view is 9 accord ) ,sacr$ ,scripture1 :i* describes ! grace ( ju/ification z a div9e se$ abid+ 9 man17#iii7 a treasure c>ri$ 9 e>!n vessels17#ajjj7 a reg5]ation by :i* ! s\l becomes ! abode ( ,god7#ajja7 & a temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/47#ajjb7 #c4 ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,id5tity ,,( ,,sanctify+ ,,grace ,,& ,,*>ity4--,z ju/ify+ grace & !ological love 7*>ity7 are bo? infus$ habits1 ! "q arises z to _! objective id5tity4 ,! answ] w dep5d on ! solution ( ! problem1 j treat$1 :e!r sanctify+ grace is prim>ily an entitative or an op]ative habit4 ,( !ological love we "k t x is ess5tially an op]ative habit1 be+ "o1 & inde$ ! *ief ( ! 8?ree !ological virtues40 ,:at we h said 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph w enable ! read] to p]ceive1 at ! outset1 t !re is a real di/9ction betwe5 grace & *>ity1 & t consequ5tly ! two c n be id5tical4 a7 ,nev]!less !re is an impos+ s*ool ( !ologians :o ma9ta9 ! id5tity ( grace ) *>ity4 ,!y are ,scotus7#ajjc7 & 8 foll[]s17#ajjd7 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e17#ajje7 ,mol9a1 ,lessius1 ,salm]on1 ,vasquez1 ,s>dagna1 ,t\rnely1 & o!rs4 ,_! pr9cipal argum5t is t ,holy ,scripture ascribes active ju/ification indiscrim9ately to !ological love & sanctify+ grace1 & t "s ( ! ,fa!rs foll[ ?is example4 ,"h are a few ( ! ,scriptural texts quot$ 9 favor ( ?is op9ion4 ,luke ,,vii1 #dg3 8,_m s9s are =giv5 h]1 because %e ha? lov$ mu*407#ajjf7 #a ,pet4 ,,iv1 #h3 8,*>ity cov]e? a multitude ( s9s407#ajjg7 #a ,john ,,iv1 #g3 8,e "o t love? is born ( ,god407#ajjh7 ,/4 ,augu/9e seems to id5tify ! two habits 9 su* passages z ! foll[+3 8,in*oate love1 !re=e1 is in*oate righte\sness2 444 great love is great righte\sness2 p]fect love is p]fect righte\sness407#ajji7 ,accord+ to ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 8! ju/ification ( ! impi\s0 takes place :5 8! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 444 9 ! he>ts ( ^? t are ju/ifi$1 & is inh]5t !re9407#ajaj7 ,x is argu$ t1 if *>ity & grace produce ! same effects1 !y mu/ be id5tical z causes1 & !re c be at mo/ a virtual di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,?is argum5t is /r5g!n$ by ! obs]vation t sanctify+ grace & !ological love con/itute ! sup]natural life ( ! s\l & ! loss ( ei!r entails spiritual dea?4 ,^! argum5ts prove t grace & *>ity are insep>able1 b no?+ m4 ,all ! ,scriptural & ,patri/ic passages cit$ c be expla9$ )\t rec\rse to ! hypo!sis t !y are id5tical4 ,*>ity is n sup]flu\s alongside ( sanctify+ grace1 because ! prim>y object ( grace is to imp>t sup]natural be+1 :]eas *>ity conf]s a special faculty :i* enables ! intellect & ! w to elicit sup]natural salut>y acts4 b7 ,! majority ( ,ca?olic !ologians7#ajaa7 hold ) ,/4 ,?omas7#ajab7 & 8 s*ool t grace & *>ity1 :ile insep>able1 are really di/9ct1 sanctify+ grace z a habitus entitativus imp>t+ to ! s\l a sup]natural be+1 :]eas *>ity1 be+ purely a habitus op]ativus1 conf]s a sup]natural p[]4 ,let u put ! matt] some:at diff]5tly4 ,grace inh]es 9 ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 :ile *>ity has its seat 9 "o ( its sev]al faculties4 ,inh]+ 9 ! v sub/ance ( ! s\l1 grace1 by a physical or moral p[]1 produces ! ?ree !ological virtues--fai?1 hope1 & love4 8,z ! s\l's p[]s1 :i* are ! wellspr+s ( its acts1 fl[ f its ess5ce10 says ! ,angelic ,doctor1 8s ! !ological virtues fl[ f grace into ! faculties ( ! s\l & move !m to act407#ajac7 ,& ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,grace prec$es *>ity407#ajad7 ,?is is a m plausible view ?an ! "o we h exam9$ a little f>!r up1 & x c claim ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 :i*1 ?\gh x occasionally id5tifies ! effects ( grace & *>ity1 always cle>ly di/+ui%es ! und]ly+ habits4 ,cfr4 #b ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #ac3 8,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ! *>ity ( ,god407#ajae7 #a ,tim4 ,i #ad3 8,! grace ( our ,"l ha? ab\nd$ exce$+ly ) fai? & love407#ajaf7 ,fur!rmore1 8reg5]ation0 & 8new-creation0 9 ,biblical usage affect n only ! faculties ( ! s\l1 b its sub/ance4 ,f9ally1 _m c\ncils consi/5tly di/+ui% betwe5 gratia & c>itas 7dona1 virtutes7--a di/9ction :i* has almo/ ! =ce ( a pro( t grace & *>ity are n ! same ?+47#ajag7 ,^! c\ncils _c h _h 9 m9d a purely virtual di/9ction1 because !ological love presupposes sanctify+ grace 9 exactly ! same mann] z a faculty presupposes a sub/ance or nature 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,! ,roman ,cate*ism expressly designates ! !ological virtues z 8concomitants ( grace407#ajah7 ,! "q nev]!less rema9s an op5 "o1 z nei!r p>ty c fully e/abli% its claim1 & ! ,*ur* has nev] r5d]$ an (ficial decision ei!r "o way or ! o!r47#ajai7 #d4 ,,sanctify+ ,,grace ,a ,,p>ticipation ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,! ,,div9e ,,nature4--,! highe/ & at ! same "t ! mo/ pr(\nd conception ( sanctify+ grace is t x is a real1 ?\gh ( c\rse only accid5tal & analogical1 p>ticipation ( ! s\l 9 ! nature ( ,god4 ,t sanctify+ grace makes u 8p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature0 is ( fai?1 b ! mann] 9 :i* x effects ?is p>ticipation admits ( diff]5t explanations4 a7 ,! fact itself c be prov$ f ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,cfr4 #b ,pet4 ,i1 #d3 8,by :om ,*ri/ ,he ! ,fa!r ha? giv5 u great & preci\s promises3 t by ^! y may be made p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature407#ajbj7 ,to ?is text may be add$ all ^? :i* affirm ! reg5]ation ( ! s\l 9 ,god1 because reg5]ation1 be+ a new bir?1 mu/ ne$s imp>t to ! reg5]ate ! nature ( 8 spiritual prog5itor4 ,cfr4 ,john ,i1 #ac3 8,:o are born1 n ( blood1 444 b ( ,god407#ajba7 ,john ,,iii1 #e3 8,unless a man be born aga9 ( wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( heav5407#ajbb7 ,/4 ,james ,i1 #ah3 8,= ( 8 own w ha? he begott5 u by ! ^w ( tru?407#ajbc7 #a ,john ,,iii1 #i3 8,:osoev] is born ( ,god1 committe? no s9407#ajbd7 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* aga9 & aga9 extol ! deification 7deificatio1 7 ( man effect$ by sanctify+ grace & comp>e ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god to ! comm+l+ ( wat] ) w9e1 ! p5etration ( iron by fire1 etc4 ,/4 ,a?anasius7#ajbe7 beg9s 8 ,*ri/ological tea*+ ) ! decl>ation3 8,he 0 n1 !re=e1 fir/ man & !n ,god1 b fir/ ,god & !n man1 9 ord] t ,he might r deify u407#ajbf7 ,/4 ,augu/9e describes ! process ( deification z foll[s3 8,he ju/ifies :o is j ( ,himself1 n f ano!r2 & ,he deifies :o is ,god ( ,himself1 n by p>ticipation 9 ano!r4 ,b ,he :o ju/ifies also deifies1 because ,he makes m5 sons ( ,god ?r\gh ju/ification4444 ,we h be5 made sons ( ,god & gods2 b ?is is a grace ( ! adopt+ ,god1 n ! nature ( ! prog5itor4 ,! ,son ( ,god alone is ,god2 444 ! o!rs :o are made gods are made gods by ,8 grace2 !y are n born ( ,8 sub/ance1 s z to become t :i* ,he is1 b 9 ord] t !y may come to ,him by favor & become co-heirs ) ,*ri/407#ajbg7 ,! idea und]ly+ ?is passage has f\nd its way into ! liturgy ( ! ,mass17#ajbh7 & ,ripalda is ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ t x _c be d5i$ )\t ra%ness47#ajbi7 b7 ,9 try+ to expla9 9 :at mann] grace enables u to p>take ( ! div9e nature1 x is well to keep 9 view ! absolutely sup]natural "* ( sanctify+ grace & ! impossibility ( any deification ( ! creature 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,a few m$ieval my/ics7#ajcj7 & mod]n ,quieti/s7#ajca7 7 guilty ( exagg]ation :5 !y taught t grace trans=ms ! human s\l into ! sub/ance ( ! ,godhead1 ?us completely m]g+ ! creature 9 its ,creator4 ,?is cont5tion7#ajcb7 leads to ,pan!ism4 ,h[ c ! s\l be m]g$ 9 ! ,creator1 s9ce x cont9ues to be subject to concupisc5ce8 8,we h !re=e10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8ev5 n[ begun to be l ,him1 z we h ! fir/-fruits ( ! ,_s2 b yet ev5 n[ we are unlike ,him1 by reason ( ! old nature :i* leaves its rema9s 9 u4 ,9 z f>1 !n1 z we are l ,him1 9 s f> are we1 by ! reg5]at+ ,_s1 sons ( ,god2 b 9 z f> z we are unlike ,him1 9 s f> are we ! *ildr5 ( ! fle% & ( ?is _w407#ajcc7 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld be und]e/imat+ ! p[] ( grace to say t x effects a m]ely ext]nal & moral p>ticipation ( ! s\l 9 ! div9e nature1 simil> to t by :i* ^? :o embrac$ ! fai? ( ,abraham 7 call$ 8*ildr5 ( ,abraham10 & ^? :o commit he9\s crimes are call$ 8sons ( ! devil40 ,accord+ to ! ,fa!rs7#ajcd7 & !ologians1 to 8p>take ( ! div9e nature0 means to become int]nally & physically l ,god & to receive f ,him truly div9e gifts1 i4e4 su* z are prop] to ,god alone & absolutely transc5d ! ord] ( nature47#ajce7 ,be+ self-exi/+1 absolutely indep5d5t1 & inf9ite1 ,god _c1 ( c\rse1 be reg>d$ z ! =mal cause ( creat$ sanctity2 yet ! /rictly sup]natural gifts :i* ,he conf]s on ,8 creatures1 especially ! beatific vision & sanctify+ grace1 c be conceiv$ only p] modum causae =malis 7n in=mantis71 because ?r\gh !m ,god gives ,himself to ! creature 9 su* an intimate way t ! creature is rais$ up to & transfigur$ by ,him47#ajcf7 ,consequ5tly1 ! s-call$ deificatio ( ! s\l by grace is n a real deification1 b an assimilation ( ! creature to ,god47#ajcg7 c7 ,:i* "o ( ,god's num]\s attributes =ms ! basis ( ! sup]natural communication made to ! s\l 9 ! be/[al ( grace1 is a "q on :i* !ologians diff] widely4 ,! s-call$ incommunicable attributes1 7self-exi/5ce1 imm5sity1 et]nity1 etc471 ( c\rse1 _c be imp>t$ to ! creature except by way ( a hypo/atic union47#ajch7 ,gonet7#ajci7 misses ! po9t at issue1 !re=e1 :5 ,he decl>es ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( deification to be ! communication to ! creature ( ! div9e attributes ( self-exi/5ce & inf9ity4 ,self-exi/5ce is absolutely incommunicable47#ajdj7 ,some:at m plausible1 ?\gh h>dly acceptable1 is ,ripalda's op9ion t deification =mally consi/s 9 ! p>ticipation ( ! creature 9 ! hol9ess ( ! ,creator1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! sup]natural vital communion ( ! s\l ) ,god 9 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 ?us mak+ sanctify+ grace ! radix totius hone/atis moralis47#ajda7 ,:ile x is p]fectly true t ! sup]natural life ( ! s\l is a life 9 & ?r\gh ,god1 & t ! v concept ( sanctify+ grace involves a peculi> & special relation ( ! s\l to ,god1 ! ,biblical t]m po9ts to a /ill deep] pr9ciple ( ! sanctify+ vita dei=mis4 ,?is pr9ciple1 z "s ( ! ,fa!rs intimate1 & ,/4 ,?omas expressly tea*es17#ajdb7 is ! absolute intellectuality ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! object ( sanctify+ grace is to imp>t to ! s\l 9 a sup]natural mann] su* a degree ( intellectuality z is necess>y to p]ceive ! absolute ,_s--"h on e>? 9 ! obscurity ( fai?1 & 9 ! life beyond by ! lum5 gloriae47#ajdc7 ,?is view is to a c]ta9 ext5t confirm$ by ,sacr$ ,scripture1 :i* describes ! reg5]ation ( ! s9n] z a bir? ( _s f _s47#ajdd7 ,x is also held by "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 :o attribute to sanctify+ grace bo? a deify+ & a spiritualiz+ p[]4 ,?us ,/4 ,basil7#ajde7 says3 8,! _s-be>+ s\ls1 illum9at$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 !mselves become spiritual7#ajdf7 & radiate grace to o!rs4 ,h5ce 444 to become l unto ,god17#ajdg7 is ! highe/ ( all goals3 to become ,god407#ajdh7 ,f9ally1 s9ce ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ! highe/ expon5t ( ! spirituality ( ! div9e nature1 by ,8 p]sonal indwell+ cr[ns & consummates bo? ! reg5]ation ( ! s\l & its assimilation to ,god1 !re is a /rong !ological probability 9 favor ( ,su>ez's view4 ,( c\rse ! process does n atta9 its climax until ! creature is f9ally admitt$ to ! beatific vision 9 ,heav54 ,cfr4 #a ,john ,,iii1 #b3 8,we are n[ ! sons ( ,god1 & x ha? n yet appe>$ :at we %all be4 ,we "k t1 :5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him1 because we %all see ,him z ,he is407#ajdi7 ,article #b4 ,! ,effects ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,we %all bett] und]/& ! nature ( sanctify+ grace by /udy+ :at are kn[n z its 8=mal effects40 ,z ! causa effici5s ( a ?+ is commonly f>!r remov$ f our m5tal grasp ?an its effects1 we are ord9>ily m famili> ) ! latt] ?an ) ! =m]4 ,= ?is reason ! glories ( div9e grace c be be/ expla9$ to *ildr5 & to ! fai?ful 9 g5]al by describ+ ! effects x produces 9 ! s\l47#ajej7 #a4 ,,sanctity4--,! fir/ among ! =mal effects ( sanctify+ grace 7an effect connot$ by its v "n7 is sanctity4 ,eph4 ,,iv1 #bd3 8,put on ! new man1 :o accord+ to ,god is creat$ 9 ju/ice & hol9ess ( tru?407#ajea7 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil explicitly m5tions sanctity z an effect ( sanctify+ grace3 8,ju/ification 444 is n remission ( s9s m]ely1 b also ! sanctification & r5ewal ( ! inw>d man ?r\gh ! volunt>y reception ( ! grace & ( ! gifts :]eby man f unju/ becomes j407#ajeb7 ,x foll[s t ! two elem5ts ( active ju/ification1 viz43 remission ( s9 & sanctification1 are also con/itutive elem5ts ( habitual or sanctify+ grace4 ,= x is precisely by ! infusion ( sanctify+ grace t s9 is wip$ out & sanctity e/abli%$ 9 its place47#ajec7 a7 ,by sanctify+ grace ! ju/ifi$ man becomes a liv+ memb] 7membrum vivum7 ( ! my/ical body ( ,*ri/4 ,8 s9s1 x is true1 did n =feit memb]%ip 9 ! ,*ur*1 s long z he pres]v$ ! fai?1 b by s9n+ he became a dead memb] :o c rega9 life only by return+ to ! /ate ( grace4 ,grace is ! life ( ! s\l1 s9 its dea?4 ,h5ce ! evil ( mortal s9 c be mo/ effectively illu/rat$ by contra/ ) ! glory ( div9e grace1 & vice v]sa4 ,cfr4 ,gal4 ,,ii1 #bj3 8,& ,i live1 n[ n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me407#ajed7 b7 ,he :o hates mortal s9 & fai?fully obeys ! w ( ,god1 enjoys peace ( he>t17#ajee7 :]eas ! s9n] is incessantly h>ass$ by qualms ( consci5ce4 ,! fai?ful ,*ri/ian rejoices 9 s]v+ ,8 ,ma/] & combats ! fle%1 ! _w1 & ! devil ) a =titude t n infrequ5tly rises to h]oic proportions1 z ! example ( _m holy m5 & wom5 proves4 c7 ,sanctify+ grace entails a p>ticul> provid5ce1 inasmu* z1 by means ( x1 ,god grants man ,8 special assi/ance t[>ds pres]v+ ! /ate ( grace1 )\t1 ( c\rse1 int]f]+ ) free-w4 ,cfr4 ,is4 ,,xlix1 #af3 8,behold1 ,i h grav5 !e 9 my h&s407#ajef7 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bh3 8444 to !m t love ,god1 all ?+s "w toge!r unto good407#ajeg7 ,m$iately1 ,god also proves 8 special love = ! j man by %ield+ him f bodily & spiritual dang]4 #b4 ,,sup]natural ,,beauty4--,?\gh we c quote no =mal ecclesia/ical def9ition to prove t sanctify+ grace beautifies ! s\l1 ! fact is suffici5tly c]ta9 f ,revelation4 ,if1 z is q g5]ally held by ,ca?olic exegetes1 ! ,sp\se ( ! ,canticle typifies ! human s\l end[$ ) sanctify+ grace1 all ! passages describ+ ! beauty ( t ,sp\se mu/ be applicable to ! s\ls ( ^? :om ,*ri/ embraces ) ,8 t5d] love4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* frequ5tly extol ! sup]natural beauty ( ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( grace4 ,ambrose calls x 8a spl5did pa9t+ made by ,god ,himself20 ,*ryso/om comp>es x to 8a /atue ( gold20 ,cyril1 to 8a div9e seal20 ,basil1 to 8a %9+ light10 & s =?4 ,/4 ,?omas says3 8,div9e grace beautifies ! s\l l light107#ajeh7 & ! ,roman ,cate*ism decl>es3 8,grace 444 is a c]ta9 spl5dor & light t effaces all ! /a9s ( our s\ls & r5d]s ! s\ls !mselves bright] & m beautiful407#ajei7 ,9 def9+ beauty z 8! repres5tation ( an idea 9 a s5sual =m10 mod]n ae/hetics has elim9at$ ! spiritual elem5t & 9 consequ5ce is unable to appreciate ! spiritual beauty ( ,god & ( ! s\l4 ,be+ compos$ ( body & s\l1 man is naturally mo/ impress$ by beauty :5 x appe>s 9 a mat]ial guise4 ,b ?is does n prove t !re is no spiritual beauty1 or t true beauty abides solely 9 matt]4 ,"s pres5t-day writ]s /rongly emphasize ! ne$ ( realism z aga9/ an idealism :i*1 !y claim1 is n truly human because x exalts ! spiritual at ! exp5se ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 its la/ conclusions ?is p]v]t$ realism h>ks back to ! sophi/ry ( ,protagoras :o held t 8man is ! measure ( all ?+s407#ajfj7 ,idealism1 on ! o!r h&1 is bas$ on ! true ,platonic doctr9e t ,god is ! measure ( all ?+s47#ajfa7 ,/4 ,augu/9e def9es beauty z 8unity 9 v>iety10 :i* is a correct def9ition1 because x is adaptable to bo? ! spiritual & ! mat]ial ord]47#ajfb7 ,apply+ ?is def9ition we f9d t ! s\l is n only naturally beautiful by ! sub/antial unity & simplicity :i* %9es =? 9 ! v>iety ( its faculties & p[]s1 b also sup]naturally by virtue ( sanctify+ grace1 :i* transfuses nature into a new unity ) ! sup]natural1--at ! same "t produc+ a v>iety ( !ological & moral virtues & ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ?us creat+ a true "w ( art4 ,moreov]1 by enabl+ man to p>ticipate 9 ! ,div9e ,nature17#ajfc7 grace produces 9 ! s\l a physical reflection ( ! uncreat$ beauty ( ,god1 a lik5ess ( ! creature ) its ,creator1 :i* f> transc5ds ! natural lik5ess impr9t$ by creation4 ,true1 only ,god & ! ,elect 9 ,heav5 p]ceive & enjoy ?is cele/ial beauty2 b we t]re/rial pilgrims c1 z x 71 s5se x f af> & indulge ! hope t we may "o day be privileg$ to contemplate & enjoy ! div9e beauty t envelops ! s\ls end[$ ) grace4 ,! beauty produc$ by sanctify+ grace mu/ be conceiv$ n m]ely z a reflection ( ! absolute nature ( ,god1 :o is ! patt]n-exempl> ( all beauty1 b m specifically z an image ( ! ,tr9ity impress$ ^u ! s\l4 ,/4 ,paul tea*es t ! s\l is trans=m$ into an image ( ! ,div9e ,logos1 to :om1 z ! holy ,fa!rs tell u1 beauty is appropriat$ 9 an especial mann]47#ajfd7 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bi3 8,:om he =eknew1 he also pr$e/9at$ to be made con=mable to ! image ( 8 ,son407#ajfe7 ,gal4 ,,iv1 #ai3 8,my little *ildr51 ( :om ,i am 9 labor aga91 until ,*ri/ be =m$ 9 y407#ajff7 ,9 virtue ( ! adoptive son%ip effect$ by grace17#ajfg7 ! s\l becomes a true 8temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/407#ajfh7 #c4 ,,! ,,fri5d%ip ,,( ,,god4--,closely connect$ ) ! beauty :i* sanctify+ grace conf]s1 is ! sup]natural fri5d%ip x e/abli%es betwe5 ,god & ! s\l4 ,true beauty elicits love & b5evol5ce4 ,by nature man is m]ely a s]vant ( ,god2 9 fact1 s9ce ! fall1 he is ,8 enemy4 ,sanctify+ grace trans=ms ?is ho/ile relation into g5u9e fri5d%ip4 ,by grace1 says ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 8man ( unju/ becomes j1 & ( an enemy a fri5d407#ajfi7 ,& aga93 8,hav+ be5 ?us ju/ifi$ & made ! fri5ds & dome/ics ( ,god407#ajgj7 ,god loves ! j man z ,8 intimate fri5d & enables & impels him1 by means ( habitual grace & habitual *>ity1 to reciprocate t love ) all 8 he>t4 ,"h we h ! two con/itu5t elem5ts ( fri5d%ip4 ,! ,bible frequ5tly speaks ( fri5d%ip exi/+ betwe5 ,god & ! j4 ,cfr4 ,wisd4 ,,vii1 #ad3 8,!y ! j become ! fri5ds ( ,god407#ajga7 ,john ,,xv1 #ad sq43 8,i w n n[ call y s]vants1 444 b ,i h call$ y fri5ds407#ajgb7 ,?is fri5d%ip is sometimes comp>$ to a my/ic m>riage4 ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,ix1 #ae3 8,& ,jesus said to !m3 ,c ! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom m\rn1 z long z ! bridegroom is ) !m807#ajgc7 ,apoc4 ,,xix1 #g3 8,! m>riage ( ! ,lamb is come1 & 8 wife ha? prep>$ h]self407#ajgd7 a7 ,fri5d%ip 771 accord+ to ,ari/otle17#ajge7 is 8! consci\s love ( b5evol5ce ( two p]sons = ea* o!r40 ,h5ce1 to con/itute fri5d%ip1 !re mu/ be 7#a7 two or m di/9ct p]sons2 7#b7 pure love ( b5evol5ce 7amor b5evol5tiae1 n concupisc5tiae71 because only unselfi% love c truly unite he>ts2 7#c7 mutual consci\sness ( affection1 because )\t a consci\sness ( ! exi/+ relation on bo? sides !re w\ld be m]ely "o-sid$ b5evol5ce1 n fri5d%ip4 ,x foll[s t true fri5d%ip is bas$ on virtue & t a relation n bas$ on virtue c be call$ fri5d%ip 9 a qualifi$ or metaphorical s5se only 7amicitia utilis1 delectabilis74 ,f :at we h said x is easy to d$uce ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( true fri5d%ip4 ,!y are3 7#a7 b5evol5ce2 7#b7 love consci\sly ent]ta9$ by bo? p>ties2 7#c7 a mutual ex*ange ( goods or community ( life2 7#d7 equality ( rank or /ation4 ,! fir/ condition is bas$ on ! fact t a true fri5d w n seek 8 own int]e/1 b t ( 8 fri5d4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t "o's joy at ! pres5ce or prosp]ity ( a fri5d mu/ n be inspir$ by selfi%ness or s5sual desire1 = 9 t case !re w\ld be no true fri5d%ip47#ajgf7 ,! second condition is bas$ on ! necessity ( fri5d%ip be+ mutual love1 = fri5d%ip is n a "o-sid$ affection1 nor does x sp5d itself 9 mutual admiration4 ,! ?ird condition is necess>y = ! reason t love1 if x is to be m ?an 8,platonic10 mu/ result 9 acts ( b5evol5ce & good w47#ajgg7 ,( ! f\r? condition ,/4 ,j]ome says3 8,fri5d%ip f9ds m5 equal or makes !m equal407#ajgh7 b7 ,all ^! conditions are f\nd 9 ! fri5d%ip ) :i* ,almighty ,god deigns to honor ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace4 7#a7 ,t ,god loves ! j man ) a love ( pure b5evol5ce & eag]ly seeks 8 companion%ip1 is prov$ by ! my/]ies ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,cfr4 ,prov4 ,,viii1 #ca3 8,& my delight is to be ) ! *ildr5 ( m5407#ajgi7 7#b7 ,! j man is enabl$ to return ,god's love by ! habit ( !ological *>ity1 :i* is insep>ably b\nd up ) & spontane\sly fl[s f sanctify+ grace47#ajhj7 ,god's consci\sness ( ?is mutual love is1 ( c\rse1 bas$ on c]ta9 k1 :]eas man c h m]ely a probable conjecture4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 suffices to e/abli% a true fri5d%ip1 z ! example ( human fri5ds %[s47#ajha7 7#c7 ,!re is also community ( life & prop]ty betwe5 ,god & man :5 ! latt] is 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace2 = n only is he indebt$ to ,god = 8 v nature & all natural favors :i* he enjoys1 b likewise & especially = ! sup]natural bless+s be/[$ ^u him47#ajhb7 ,on 8 own "p1 x is true1 he _c give 8 ,b5efactor any?+ 9 return :i* t ,b5efactor does n already possess2 b ! j man is ev] eag] to fur!r ,god's ext]nal glorification1 agreeable to ! fir/ petition ( ! ,our ,fa!r3 8,hall[$ by ,?y "n407#ajhc7 ,god has fur!rmore giv5 him a k9d ( sub/itute = op]ative *>ity 9 ! love ( 8 neighbor1 :i* has precisely ! same =mal object z ! love ( ,god4 ,cfr4 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ag3 8,he t ha? ! sub/ance ( ?is _w1 & %all see 8 bro!r 9 ne$1 & %all %ut up 8 b[els f him3 h[ do? ! *>ity ( ,god abide 9 him807#ajhd7 7#d7 ,!re c be no real equality betwe5 ,god & ! human s\l1 b ,god 9 ,8 inf9ite goodness1 elevat+ ! s\l to a high] plane & all[+ x to p>ticipate 9 ,8 own nature17#ajhe7 makes possible an amicitia excell5tiae s4 em95tiae1 :i* is suffici5t to con/itute a true relation ( fri5d%ip4 ,)\t ?is elevation ( ! s\l by grace !re c\ld be no fri5d%ip betwe5 ,god & man47#ajhf7 #d4 ,,adoptive ,,son%ip4--,! =mal effects ( sanctify+ grace culm9ate 9 ! elevation ( man to ! rank ( an adopt$ *ild ( ,god 7filius ,dei adoptivus71 ) a claim to ! pat]nal inh]itance1 i4e4 ! beatific vision 9 ,heav54 ,?is tru? is s cle>ly /at$ 9 ,scripture & ,tradition t its d5ial w\ld be h]etical4 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil summ>ily describes ju/ification z 8! /ate ( grace & ( ! adoption ( ! sons ( ,god107#ajhg7 ,! tea*+ ( ,holy ,scripture c be ga!r$ f su* texts z ! foll[+4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ae sqq43 8444 ,y h receiv$ ! _s ( adoption ( sons1 :]eby we cry3 ,abba 7,fa!r74 ,= ! _s himself give? te/imony to our _s1 t we are ! sons ( ,god4 ,& if sons1 heirs also2 heirs inde$ ( ,god1 & jo9t heirs ) ,*ri/407#ajhh7 #a ,john ,,iii1 #a sq43 8,behold :at mann] ( *>ity ! ,fa!r ha? be/[$ ^u u1 t we %\ld be call$1 & %\ld be ! sons ( ,god4444 ,de>ly belov$1 we are n[ ! sons ( ,god407#ajhi7 ,gal4 ,,iv1 #e3 8444 t we might receive ! adoption ( sons407#ajij7 ,t ! j become ! adopt$ sons ( ,god foll[s likewise z a coroll>y f ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation s frequ5tly taught by ,scripture4 ,?is reg5]ation is n a procession ( ! s\l f ! div9e ess5ce1 b a k9d ( accid5tal & analogical procreation sub/antially id5tical ) adoption 7filiatio adoptiva1 74 ,cfr4 ,john ,i1 #ab sq43 8444 ,he gave !m p[] to be made ! sons ( ,god1 444 :o are born 444 ( ,god407#ajia7 a7 ,/4 ,?omas def9es adoption z 8! gratuit\s acceptance ( a *ild ( o!r p>5ts to be ! same z "o's own *ild & heir407#ajib7 ,adoption implies 7#a7 t ! adopt$ *ild be a /rang] to ! adopt+ fa!r2 7#b7 t x h no legal claim to adoption2 7#c7 t x give its cons5t to be+ adopt$2 7#d7 t x be receiv$ by ! adopt+ fa!r ) p>5tal love & affection4 ,all ^! elem5ts are pres5t1 9 a f> high] & m p]fect =m1 9 ! adoption ( a s\l by ,god4 7#a7 ,! rational creature1 z su*1 is n a 8son0 b m]ely a 8s]vant ( ,god107#ajic7 &1 if he be 9 ! /ate ( mortal s91 ,8 enemy4 7#b7 ,t adoption is a gratuit\s favor on ! "p ( ! ,almighty1 foll[s f ! fact t ! adopt$ creature is ,8 enemy & t grace is a free sup]natural gift1 to :i* no creature has a natural claim4 ,adoption fur!rmore implies ! "r ( inh]itance47#ajid7 ,! h]itage ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god is a purely spiritual possession :i* c be enjoy$ simultane\sly by _m1 & consequ5tly excels e natural h]itage4 ,m51 z a rule1 d n di/ribute _! prop]ty dur+ life1 :ile1 aft] _! dea?1 x is usually divid$ up among sev]al heirs47#ajie7 7#c7 ,:]eas adoption among m5 owes its exi/5ce to ! desire ( (fspr+ on ! "p ( *ildless p>5ts1 ! adoption ( ! s\l by ,god spr+s f pure b5evol5ce & unselfi% love1 & = ?is reason presupposes 79 ! case ( adults7 ! free cons5t ( ! adopt$4 ,no "o c become an adopt$ son ( ,god aga9/ 8 w47#ajif7 7#d7 ,:]eas human adoption supposes sub/antial equality betwe5 fa!r & *ild1 & !re=e at be/ am\nts to no m ?an a legal acceptance1 adoption by ,god elevates ! s\l to a high] level by all[+ x to p>ticipate 9 ! ,div9e ,nature1 & consequ5tly is a true 7ev5 ?\gh m]ely an accid5tal & analogical7 reg5]ation 9 ,god4 b7 ,f :at we h said x foll[s--& ?is is a tru? ( consid]able speculative importance--t !re are ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce z well z ( resemblance betwe5 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! true ,son ( ,god1 & ! ju/ifi$ s9n] adopt$ by ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 7 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 8natural ,son ( ,god0 & an 8adopt$ son0 is exactly l t betwe5 ,god & creature4 ,! ,logos-,son1 eng5d]$ by et]nal g5]ation f ! div9e sub/ance1 is ! true natural ,son ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 & ,himself ,god47#ajig7 ,! j man1 on ! o!r h&1 is a *ild ( ,god m]ely by ! possession ( sanctify+ grace17#ajih7 :i* c be lo/ by mortal s9 & consequ5tly is f\nd$ ^u a free relation t may be t]m9at$ by man z freely z x 0 ent]$ into betwe5 himself & ,god4 ,intimately relat$ to ?is di/9ction is ano!r3--,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ! ,fa!r alone1 ! j man is an adopt$ *ild ( ! :ole ,tr9ity47#ajii7 ,?is fact does n1 h[ev]1 prev5t u f 8appropriat+0 adoptive son%ip to ea* ( ! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons accord+ to ,8 peculi> hypo/atic "*3--! ,fa!r z its au?or1 ! ,son z its patt]n1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ z its conveyor47#aajj7 ,n[1 if ,*ri/1 z ! true ,son ( ,god1 is ! effici5t cause 7causa effici5s7 ( t adoptive son%ip ( :i*1 z ,god1 ,he is also ! patt]n-exempl> 7causa exempl>is71 x foll[s t ,he _c be an adopt$ son ( ,god4 8,*ri/us e/ incapax adoptionis10 z ,su>ez puts x47#aaja7 ,to say t ,he is bo? ! natural & an adopt$ ,son ( ,god w\ld be h]etical47#aajb7 ,consequ5tly1 sanctify+ grace1 9 ,him1 did n ex]cise "o ( ! functions x inv>iably ex]cises 9 ! s\ls ( m51 i4e4 x did n make ,him an adopt$ son ( ,god4 7 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! unique position enjoy$ by our ,"l gives rise1 n only to ess5tial di/9ctions b also to an equal numb] ( analogies betwe5 ! ,only-begott5 ,son ( ,god & ,8 adopt$ sons4 ,! fir/ & mo/ fundam5tal ( ^! analogies is ! attribution ( ! common appellation 8son ( ,god0 bo? to ,*ri/ & to ! j4 ,?\gh ,*ri/ is ! only true ,son ( ,god1 ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r has nev]!less *>itably 8be/[$ ^u u1 t we %\ld be call$1 & %\ld be1 ! sons ( ,god407#aajc7 ,accord+ to ,john ,i1 #ac1 ,*ri/ 8gave p[] to be made ! sons ( ,god0 to !m 8:o are born 444 ( ,god40 ,h5ce div9e son%ip =mally consi/s 9 an impression ( ! hypo/atic lik5ess ( ! ,only-begott5 ,son ( ,god1 by :i* ! s\l 9 a my/]i\s mann] becomes an image ( ! ,tr9ity1 & especially ( ! ,only-begott5 ,son ( ,god1 :o is ! ar*etype & patt]n-exempl> ( adoptive son%ip4 ,?is hypo/atic propriety & exempl>9ess 0 ! reason :y ! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity became man47#aajd7 ,t ! s\l ( ! ju/ifi$ is trans=m$ into 8an image ( ! ,son ( ,god0 is expressly taught by ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,?us ,/4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria says3 8,*ri/ is truly =m$ 9 u1 inasmu* z ! ,holy ,gho/ impresses on u a c]ta9 div9e lik5ess by means ( sanctity & ju/ice4444 ,b if any "o is =m$ 9 ,*ri/1 he is =m$ into a *ild ( ,god407#aaje7 ,^! consid]ations also expla9 ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! adoptive son%ip ( ,god & ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,be+ our ,fa!r by adoption1 ,god is b\nd to provide u ) food wor?y ( a div9e prog5itor4 ,! food ,he gives u 7! ,holy ,eu*>i/7 corresponds to our dignity z ,8 *ildr51 su/a9s u 9 ?is sublime relation1 & at ! same "t con/itutes ! pl$ge ( a glori\s resurrection & an et]nal beatitude4 c7 ,is ! adoptive son%ip ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god con/itut$ entirely by sanctify+ grace1 or does x require = its full developm5t ! p]sonal indwell+ 9 ! s\l ( ! ,holy ,gho/87#aajf7 ,?is subtle "q =m$ ! subject ( an int]e/+ controv]sy betwe5 ,joseph ,s*eeb5 & ,!odore ,gr&]a?1 ,s4 ,j4 ,fa!r ,gr&]a? claim$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil t div9e son%ip is an insep>able function ( sanctify+ grace1 & ?r\gh t grace alone1 )\t ! inhabitatio ,spiritus ,sancti1 con/itutes ! unica causa =malis ( ju/ification4 ,aga9/ ?is !ory ,dr4 ,s*eeb5 ma9ta9$ ) great acum5 &1 we ?9k1 successfully1 t sanctify+ grace ( itself alone1 )\t ! aid ( any o!r factor1 n only completely ju/ifies ! s9n] b raises him to ! rank ( an adopt$ son ( ,god1 ?\gh !re is no?+ to prev5t u f hold+ t ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ =ms ! climax ( ! process1 & develops & p]fects ! already exi/+ filiatio adoptiva47#aajg7 ,petavius _h cont5d$7#aajh7 t ! j m5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace1 7 n adopt$ *ildr5 ( ,god1 because ! filiatio adoptiva is an exclusive privilege ( ^? liv+ "u ! ,*ri/ian ,disp5sation4 ,?is !ory became unt5able :5 ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil def9$ sanctity & adoptive son%ip z insep>able =mal effects ( sanctify+ grace4 ,!re c no long] be any d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! patri>*s1 toge!r ) sanctify+ grace also enjoy$ ! privilege ( adoptive son%ip1 ?\gh1 z ,su>ez obs]ves17#aaji7 adoptive son%ip "u ! ,old ,cov5ant dep5d$ bo? z to orig9 & value ^u ! adoptive son%ip ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !re=e 0 inf]ior to x 9 bo? respects47#aaaj7 ,,read+s3--,s*eeb51 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #afh sqq41 ,freiburg #ahgh4--;,j4 ,kirs*kamp1 ,gnade und ,glorie 9 ihrem inn]5 ,zusamm5hang1 ,wrzburg #ahgh4--,p4 ,hagg1 ,die ,rei*tm] d] gttli*5 ,gnade und die ,s*w]e ihres ,v]lu/es1 ,ratisbon #ahhi4--;,c>d4 ,kats*?al]1 ,de ,gratia ,sanctificante1 #crd ed41 ,salzburg #ahhf4--,p4 ,e9ig1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,treves #ahif4--;,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #ege sqq41 ,ma9z #ahig4--,s*eeb51 ,die ,h]rli*keit5 d] gttli*5 ,gnade1 #h? ed41 by ,a4 ,m4 ,weiss1 ,o4 ,p41 ,freiburg #aijh 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,glories ( ,div9e ,grace1 #crd ed41 ,new ,york s4 a474--,?4 ,b\rges1 ,o4 ,p41 ,l',ordre ,surnaturel et le ,devoir ,*rti51 ,p>is #aija4--99;,b4 ,t]ri51 ,la ,grce et la ,gloire ou la ,filiation ,adoptive des ,enfants de ,dieu ,etudie dans sa ,ralit1 ses ,pr9cipes1 son ,p]fectionnem5t et son ,c\ronnem5t ,f9al1 #b vols41 ,p>is #ahig4--99,p4 ,villada1 ,de ,effectibus ,=malibus ,gratiae ,habitualis1 ,valladolid #ahii4--,l4 ,hub]t1 ,de ,gratia ,sanctificante1 ,p>is #aijb4 ,article #c4 ,! ,sup]natural ,concomitants ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,besides produc+ ! effects describ$ 9 ! prec$+ ,article1 sanctify+ grace also conf]s c]ta9 sup]natural privileges1 :i*1 ?\gh n ( ! ess5ce ( grace1 are1 9 ! pres5t economy at lea/1 insep>ably connect$ ) x & may !re=e be reg>d$ z its regul> concomitants4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! privileges is e/abli%$ by ! fact t c]ta9 c\ncils 7e4g4 ^? ( ,vi5ne & ,tr5t71 c\ple 8grace & gifts0 9 _! (ficial def9itions47#aaaa7 ,! doctr9e is cle>ly /at$ by ! ,roman ,cate*ism z foll[s3 8,to ?is sanctify+ grace is add$ a mo/ noble accompanim5t ( all virtues1 :i* are div9ely infus$ into ! s\l toge!r ) grace407#aaab7 ,we w treat ( ! sup]natural concomitants ( sanctify+ grace 9 f\r !ses4 99,!sis ,i3 ,! ?ree div9e virtues ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are infus$ into ! s\l simultane\sly ) sanctify+ grace499 ,"s !ologians 7notably ,su>ez1 ,ripalda1 & ,de ,lugo7 decl>e ?is !sis to be de fide1 :ile o!rs 7,dom4 ,soto1 ,mel*ior ,cano1 & ,vasquez7 hold x m]ely z c]ta94 ,"u ! circum/ances x w be safe/ to take middle gr\nd by *>act]iz+ x z fidei proxima4 ,pro(4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t tea*es3 8,man ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 :om he is +raft$1 receives1 9 ! said ju/ification1 toge!r ) ! remission ( s9s1 all ^! gifts infus$ at once--fai?1 hope1 & *>ity407#aaac7 a7 ,t !ological *>ity1 z a habit1 is infus$ toge!r ) sanctify+ grace c be conv9c+ly demon/rat$ f ,holy ,scripture4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,v1 #e3 8444 ! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o is giv5 to u407#aaad7 ,9 connection ) *>ity1 ,holy ,scripture frequ5tly m5tions fai?4 ,cfr4 #a ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #b3 8,& if ,i %\ld h 444 all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+407#aaae7 ,all ?ree ( ! !ological virtues are expressly enum]at$ 9 #a ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #ac3 8,& n[ !re rema9 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 ^! ?ree3 b ! greate/ ( ^! is *>ity407#aaaf7 ,unlike c]ta9 o!r texts1 ! "o la/ quot$ leaves no d\bt t fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are to be conceiv$ z dona inha]5tia1 i4e4 habits or qualities inh]5t 9 ! s\l4 ,?is int]pretation is approv$ by ! ,fa!rs & ,s*ola/ics4 b7 ,/4 ,?omas proves ! necessity ( ! ?ree !ological virtues = salvation z foll[s3 8,9 ord] t we be prop]ly mov$ t[>ds our end ,god1 t end mu/ be bo? kn[n & desir$4 ,desire ( an end includes two ?+s3 fir/1 hope ( atta9+ x1 because no prud5t man w aspire to t :i* he _c atta92 & secondly1 love1 because no?+ is desir$ t is n lov$4 ,& h5ce !re are ?ree !ological virtues1--fai?1 by :i* we "k ,god2 hope1 by :i* we tru/ to obta9 ,him2 & *>ity1 by :i* we love ,him407#aaag7 ,:5 are ! ?ree !ological virtues infus$ into ! s\l8 ,?is is an op5 "q s f> z fai? & hope are conc]n$4 ,( *>ity we "k t x is always infus$ ) habitual grace4 ,su>ez cont5ds t1 :5 ! s\l is prop]ly dispos$1 fai? & hope are infus$ be=e ju/ification prop]1 t is to say1 9 ! process lead+ up to x4 ,/4 ,?omas & ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 on ! o!r h&1 hold t fai? & hope1 l *>ity1 are infus$ at ! mom5t :5 ju/ification actually takes place 9 ! s\l4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ op9ion is favor$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil47#aaah7 ,mortal s9 fir/ de/roys sanctify+ grace toge!r ) ! habit ( *>ity t is insep>able f x4 ,fai? & hope may cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! s\l1 & if hope1 too1 dep>ts1 fai? may rema9 alone4 ,b ! loss ( fai? inv>iably entails ! de/ruction ( hope & *>ity4 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,toge!r ) sanctify+ grace !re are also infus$ ! sup]natural moral virtues499 ,?is proposition may be *>act]iz$ z s5t5tia communior et probabilior4 ,?\gh d5i$ by "s !ologians1 x c claim a high degree ( probability47#aaai7 ,pro(4 ,! infus$ moral virtues 7virtutes morales infusae7 diff] f ! !ological virtues 9 t !y h = _! imm$iate =mal object1 n ,god ,himself1 b ! creature 9 its relation to ! moral law4 ,! moral virtues may be r$uc$ to f\r1 viz43 prud5ce1 ju/ice1 =titude1 & temp]ance4 ,^! are call$ ! 8c>d9al0 virtues2 fir/1 because !y p]fect ! pr9cipal faculties ( ! s\l2 secondly1 because all ! o!r virtues may be sci5tifically d$uc$ f !m47#aabj7 ,9 ! sup]natural ord] ! infusion ( ! c>d9al virtues & ( ! o!r virtues subord9ate to !m has = its object ! gov]nm5t ( intellect & w 9 _! relation t[>ds creat$ ?+s & ! guidance ( ^! faculties to _! sup]natural end4 a7 ,! exi/5ce ( sup]naturally infus$ moral virtues is intimat$ 9 ,wis4 ,,viii1 #g3 8,& if a man love ju/ice3 h] labors h great virtues2 = %e tea*e? temp]ance1 & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude1 :i* are su* ?+s z m5 c h no?+ m pr(itable 9 life407#aaba7 ,! tea*] ( ! ?ree c>d9al virtues "h m5tion$ is 8,div9e ,wisdom10 i4e4 ,god ,himself1 & we may assume t ,he inculcates !m by ! same me?od :i* ,he employs 9 infus+ ! !ological virtues ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,ano!r relevant text is ,eze*iel ,,xi1 #ai sq43 8444 & ,i w take away ! /ony he>t out ( _! fle%1 & give !m a he>t ( fle%1 t !y may walk 9 my comm&m5ts1 & keep my judgm5ts407#aabb7 ,"h ,yahweh promises to give ! j m5 ( ! ,new ,cov5ant a 8he>t ( fle%0 z oppos$ to ! 8/ony he>t0 ( ! ,jews4 ,! mean+ evid5tly is t a disposition to d good w be a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,*ri/ians 9 contradi/9ction to ! h>dhe>t$ ,old ,te/am5t ,jews4 ,he :o has a 8he>t ( fle%0 w walk 9 ,god's comm&m5ts & keep ,8 judgm5ts4 ,h5ce 8he>t0 signifies ! sum-total ( all ^? habits :i* impel & enable a man to lead a good life4 ,s9ce x is ,god ,himself :o gives ! 8he>t ( fle%10 i4e4 ! moral virtues1 x foll[s t !y are sup]naturally infus$47#aabc7 b7 ,"s ( ! ,fa!rs ascribe ! moral virtues directly to div9e infusion4 ,?us ,/4 ,augu/9e obs]ves t ! c>d9al virtues 8are giv5 to u ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god407#aabd7 ,& ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great says t ! ,holy ,gho/ does 8n des]t ! he>ts ( ^? :o are p]fect 9 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 & 9 ^? o!r goods )\t :i* no man c atta9 to ! heav5ly fa!rl&407#aabe7 ,/4 ,?omas %[s ! !ological reason = ?is by po9t+ to ! p>allel t exi/s betwe5 nature & ! sup]natural4 8,effects10 he says1 8mu/ always be proportionate to _! causes & pr9ciples4 ,n[ all virtues1 intellectual & moral1 :i* we acquire by our acts1 proce$ f c]ta9 natural pr9ciples prexi/+ 9 u4444 ,9 lieu ( ^! natural pr9ciples ,god conf]s on u ! !ological virtues1 by :i* we are direct$ to a sup]natural end4444 ,h5ce !re mu/ correspond to ^! !ological virtues1 proportionally1 o!r habits caus$ 9 u by ,god1 & :i* be> ! same relation to ! !ological virtues t ! moral & intellectual virtues be> to ! natural pr9ciples ( virtue407#aabf7 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are also infus$ ) sanctify+ grace499 ,?is proposition may be qualifi$ z 8probabilis40 ,pro(4 ,! ,*ur*'s tea*+ ) reg>d to ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is bas$ on ,isaias ,,xi1 #b sq43 8,& ! _s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him3 ! _s ( wisdom1 & ( und]/&+1 ! _s ( c\nsel1 & ( =titude1 ! _s ( k1 & ( godl9ess4 ,& he %all be fill$ ) ! _s ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l40 ,f\r ( ^! sup]natural gifts 7wisdom1 und]/&+1 c\nsel1 & k7 p]fect ! intellect 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to salvation1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree 7=titude1 godl9ess1 & ! fe> ( ! ,"l7 direct ! w to its sup]natural end4 ,are ^! sev5 gifts1 7or "s ( !m71 really di/9ct f ! infus$ moral virtues8 ,are !y habits or habitual dispositions1 or m]ely transi5t impulses or inspirations8 ,:at are _! mutual relations & h[ c !y be divid$ (f f "o ano!r8 ,^! & simil> que/ions are 9 dispute among !ologians4 ,! prevail+ op9ion is t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are infus$ habitual dispositions1 realit] di/9ct f ! !ological & moral virtues1 by :i* ! s\l is end[$ ) a sup]natural capacity = receiv+ ! inspirations ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & a sup]natural read9ess to obey ,8 impulses 9 all important matt]s p]ta9+ to salvation47#aabg7 ,t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are infus$ into ! s\l simultane\sly ) sanctify+ grace1 c be demon/rat$ z foll[s3 ,*ri/1 z ! my/ical head1 is ! patt]n ( ju/ification = ! memb]s ( ,8 spiritual body1 :o are unit$ to ,him by sanctify+ grace47#aabh7 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ dwell$ 9 ,*ri/ ) all ,8 gifts z p]man5t habits47#aabi7 ,consequ5tly1 ^! gifts are imp>t$ by infusion to ^? :o receive ! grace ( ju/ification4 ,?is is manife/ly ! belief ( ! ,*ur*1 = %e prays 9 ! 8,v5i ,sancte ,spiritus03 8,%$ ^u ?y fai?ful fold1 ,by unb\nd$ hope controll$1 ,?y sev5 gifts407#aacj7 99,!sis ,,iv3 ,! process ( ju/ification rea*es its climax 9 ! p]sonal indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s\l ( ! j499 ,?is !sis embodies :at is te*nically call$ a propositio c]ta4 ,pro(4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ,god may dwell 9 ! s\l1 ei!r by virtue ( ,8 creat$ grace 7inhabitatio p] dona accid5talia1 7 or by virtue ( ,8 uncreat$ sub/ance 7inhabitatio sub/antialis sive p]sonalis1 74 ,! p]sonal indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !re=e1 may consi/ 9 a tw(old grace3 gratia creata & gratia increata1 ( :i* ! =m] is ! gr\ndwork & necess>y condition ( ! latt]1 :ile ! latt] may be describ$ z ! climax & consummation ( ! =m]47#aaca7 ,! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s\ls ( ! j is taught by ,holy ,scripture & atte/$ by ! ,fa!rs4 a7 ,holy ,scripture draws a cle>-cut di/9ction betwe5 ! accid5tal & ! sub/antial indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 7 ,our ,"l ,himself1 9 addition to ! *>ismata1 promis$ ,8 ,apo/les ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ,p]son4 ,john ,,xiv1 #af sq43 8444 ! ,fa!r 444 %all give y ano!r ,p>aclete1 t he may abide ) y = ev]1 444 b y %all "k him1 because he %all abide ) y1 & %all be 9 y407#aacb7 ,?is promise 0 made to all ! fai?ful4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,v1 #e3 8444 ! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o is giv5 to u407#aacc7 ,h5ce ! ,holy ,gho/ abides 9 ! j & sets up ,8 ?rone 9 _! s\ls4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #aa3 8,& if ! _s ( him t rais$ up ,jesus f ! dead1 dwell 9 y2 he t rais$ up ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! dead %all quick5 also y\r mortal bodies1 because ( 8 ,_s t dwelle? 9 y407#aacd7 ,by ,8 indwell+ our s\ls become temples ( ,god4 #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #af sq43 8,"k y n t y are ! temple ( ,god1 & t ! ,_s ( ,god dwelle? 9 y8444 ,= ! temple ( ,god is holy1 :i* y are407#aace7 #a ,cor4 ,,vi1 #ai3 8,or "k y n t y\r memb]s are ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o is 9 y1 :om y h f ,god2 & y are n y\r own807#aacf7 7 ,agreeable to ?is tea*+ ( ,scripture ! ,fa!rs1 especially ^? ( ! ,ea/1 ass]t ! sub/antial indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s\ls ( ! j4 ,! fact t no "o b ,god c dwell sub/antially & p]sonally 9 a creature 0 cit$ by ! ,greek ,fa!rs 9 _! controv]sies ) ! ,pneumatoma*ians to prove ! div9ity ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,/4 ,a?anasius writes to ,s]apion37#aacg7 8,if we by receiv+ ! ,holy ,gho/ are all[$ to p>ticipate 9 ! ,div9e ,nature1 no "o b a fool w ass]t t ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ( div9e b ( human nature4 ,= all ^? 9 :om ,he abides become deifi$7#aach7 = no o!r reason4 ,b if ,he con/itutes !m gods1 !re c be no d\bt t ,8 nature is div9e40 ,/4 ,basil comm5ts z foll[s on ,ps4 ,,lxxxi1 #f 7,ego dixi1 dii e/is73 8,b ! ,_s t causes ! gods to be gods1 mu/ be div9e1 & f ,god1 444 & ,god407#aaci7 ,/4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria7#aadj7 gl[+ly describes ! s\l inhabit$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ z inlaid ) gold1 transfus$ by fire1 fill$ ) ! sweet odor ( balsam1 & s =?4 ,! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 ) "o exception1 are less def9ite on ?is po9t4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says t ! ,holy ,gho/ 8is giv5 z a gift ( ,god 9 su* a way t ,he ,himself also gives ,himself z be+ ,god107#aada7 & t 8! grace ( ,god is a gift ( ,god1 b ! greate/ gift is ! ,holy ,_s ,himself1 :o !re=e is call$ a grace407#aadb7 ,aga93 8444 ! ,holy ,_s is ! gift ( ,god1 ! gift be+ ,himself inde$ equal to ! giv]1 & !re=e ! ,holy ,gho/ also is ,god1 n inf]ior to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son407#aadc7 b7 ,:ile !ologians are unanim\s 9 accept+ ! doctr9e ( ! p]sonal indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! j z cle>ly conta9$ 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture & ,tradition1 !y diff] 9 expla9+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,he dwells 9 ! s\l4 7 ,! great majority hold t ! ,holy ,gho/ c n dwell 9 ! s\l1 z ! human s\l dwells 9 ! body1 p] modum in=mationis1 nor yet by a hypo/atic union1 z godhead & manhood dwell toge!r 9 ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/2 & t consequ5tly ,8 indwell+ is objectively an indwell+ ( ! :ole ,tr9ity1 :i* is appropriat$ to ! ,?ird ,p]son m]ely because ! ,holy ,gho/ is 8hypo/atic hol9ess0 or 8p]sonal love40 ,?is view is bas$ on :at is call$ 8! fundam5tal law ( ! ,tr9ity10 viz43 8,9 ,god all ?+s are "o except :]e !re is opposition ( relation407#aadd7 ,sacr$ ,scripture speaks ( ! p]sonal indwell+ ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z well z ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,cfr4 ,john ,,xiv1 #bc3 8,if any "o love me1 he w keep my ^w1 & my ,fa!r w love him1 & we w come to him & w make our abode ) him407#aade7 ,/4 ,a?anasius concludes f ^! words t 8! en]gia ( ! ,tr9ity is "o4444 ,inde$ :5 ! ,"l says3 ,i & ! ,fa!r w come1 ! ,_s also comes1 to dwell 9 u 9 precisely ! same mann] 9 :i* ! ,son dwells 9 u407#aadf7 ,& ,/4 ,augu/9e tea*es3 8,love1 !re=e1 :i* is ( ,god & is ,god1 is prop]ly ! ,holy ,_s1 by :om ! love ( ,god is %$ abroad 9 our he>ts1--t love by :i* ! :ole ,tr9ity dwells 9 u407#aadg7 ,accord+ly1 ! p]sonal indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ consi/s 9 ! /ate ( grace z be>+ a special relation to ! ,?ird ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity2 ! 8high] nature0 :i* sanctify+ grace imp>ts to ! s\l is n an absolute b a relative =m 771 by :i* ! s\l is my/]i\sly unit$ ) ! ,?ree ,div9e ,p]sons &1 by appropriation1 ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 !reby becom+ a ?rone & temple ( ,god4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s\l is call$ ! climax ( ju/ification47#aadh7 7 ,o!r em95t !ologians 7,petavius1 ,passaglia1 ,s*rad]1 ,s*eeb51 ,hurt]1 et al47 reg>d ! explanation j giv5 z unsatisfactory4 ,!y cont5d t ! ,fa!rs1 especially ^? ( ! ,ea/1 conceiv$ ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s\ls ( ! j1 n z an indwell+ 77 ( ! ,tr9ity1 appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 b z a union 77 ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself ) ! s\l47#aadi7 ,?is union1 !y say1 is nei!r physical nor hypo/atic1 b an altoge!r unique & inexplicable relation by :i* ! s\l is morally1 accid5tally1 & actively unit$ to ! p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/47#aaej7 7 ,un=tunately ?is exalt$ & my/ic !ory _c be squ>$ ) ! !ological pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,ca?olic tea*+ on ! ,tr9ity1 especially t portion ( x :i* conc]ns ! appropriations & missions ( ! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons47#aaea7 ,x is true t sanctify+ grace culm9ates 9 a communication ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 & t ?is is effect$ by impr9t+ ^u ! s\l an image ( ! div9e processes ( g5]ation & spiration1--! fir/ by adoptive filiation1 ! second by an indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/47#aaeb7 ,9 fact all ! ,tr9it>ian relations are reflect$ 9 ! ju/ification ( ! s9n]4 ,?us reg5]ation corresponds to ! g5]ation ( ! ,logos by ! ,fa!r2 adoptive son%ip & ! accompany+ p>ticipation ( ! s\l 9 ! ,div9e ,nature corresponds to our ,"l's natural son%ip & 8 consub/antiality ) ! ,fa!r2 ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ,8 union ) ! s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 corresponds to ! div9e process ( ,spiration1 inasmu* z x is prem95tly a sup]natural union ( love & effects a sort ( mutual inexi/5ce or p]i*oresis ( ! s\l 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ or ! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons respectively47#aaec7 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is union ( ! s\l ) ! sub/ance ( ! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons 9 g5]al1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 p>ticul>1 is n a sub/antial & physical b only an accid5tal & moral union1 ! reg5]ation ( ! s9n] mu/ be conceiv$ z g5]ation 9 a metaphorical s5se only1 div9e son%ip z adoptive son%ip1 ! deification ( man z a weak imitation ( ! div9e homo\sia1 & ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! s\l z a %ad[y analogue ( ! ,div9e ,p]i*oresis47#aaed7 ,,read+s3--,deh>be1 ,die vollkomm5e ,liebe ,gottes na* dem hl4 ,?omas von ,aqu91 ,ratisbon #ahef4--,m>*ant1 ,die !ologis*5 ,tug5d51 ,ratisbon #ahfd4--,mazzella1 ,de ,virtutibus ,infusis1 #d? ed41 ,rome #ahid4--;,g4 ,lah\sse1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,virtutibus ,!ologicis1 ,l\va9 #ahij4--,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,s4 ,j41 ,tractatus de ,virtutibus ,infusis1 ,freiburg #aijd4--;,j4 ,kirs*kamp1 ,d] ,gei/ des ,ka?olizismus 9 d] ,lehre vom ,glaub5 und von d] ,liebe1 ,pad]born #ahid4--;,c4 ,weiss1 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu9atis de ,septem ,donis ,spiritus ,sancti ,doctr9a ,proposita et ,explicata1 ,vi5na #ahie4 ,on ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s\ls ( ! j see ,a4 ,s*olz1 ,de ,inhabitatione ,spiritus ,sancti1 ,wrzburg #ahef4--99;,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,tr9o1 pp4 #fbe sqq41 ,rome #ahha4--,ob]drff]1 ,de ,inhabitatione ,spiritus ,sancti 9 ,animabus ,iu/orum1 ,t\rnai #ahij4--99 ,b4 ,froget1 ,o4 ,p41 ,de l',inhabitation du ,s4 ,esprit dans les mes ,ju/es d'aprs la ,doctr9e de ,s4 ,?omas d',aqu91 ,p>is #aija4--;,de ,bellevue1 ,l',oeuvre du ,s4 ,esprit ou la ,sanctification des mes1 ,p>is #aija4 ,on ! hi/oric developm5t ( ! dogma see ,s*wane1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #bnd ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ef-ge1 ,freiburg #ahie4 ,section #c4 ,! ,prop]ties ,( ,sanctify+ ,grace ,by a prop]ty 7proprium1 7 we und]/& a quality :i*1 ?\gh n "p ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 necess>ily fl[s f t ess5ce by "s sort ( causation & is consequ5tly f\nd 9 all individuals ( ! same species47#aaee7 ,a prop]ty1 z su*1 is oppos$ to an accid5t 7accid5s1 71 :i* is nei!r "p (1 nor necess>ily atta*$ to1 ! ess5ce1 b may or may n be pres5t 9 ! individual4 ,?us ! ability to laugh is a prop]ty ( human nature1 :]eas ! color ( ! sk9 is an accid5t4 ,h[ d ! prop]ties ( grace diff] f its =mal effects1 & f its sup]natural concomitants8 ,! =mal effects ( grace1 z we h se51 are ! elem5ts con/itut+ its nature1 ! prop]ties are det]m9ations necess>ily fl[+ f t nature1 :ile ! sup]natural concomitants are free gifts sup]add$ by ,god4 ,accord+ to ! ,prote/ant !ory1 ju/ification is absolutely c]ta91 equal 9 all m51 & incapable ( be+ lo/4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 on ! contr>y1 tea*es t ju/ification is 7#a7 unc]ta91 7#b7 unequal1 & 7#c7 amissible4 ,we w expla9 ?is tea*+ 9 ?ree !ses4 99,!sis ,i3 ,no man kn[s ) c]ta9ty ( fai? :e!r he is ju/ifi$ or n499 ,?is proposition is de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil reject$ ! 8fiduci>y fai?07#aaef7 ( ,lu!r z 8an empty h]etical confid5ce107#aaeg7 & 9 ?ree di/9ct canons d5i$ ! prop]ties attribut$ to fai? by ! e>ly ,prote/ant dogmaticians47#aaeh7 a7 ,holy ,scripture aga9 & aga9 w>ns u t we c nev] be sure ( our salvation4 ,/4 ,paul1 ?\gh himself 8a vessel ( election10 freely admits3 8,i am n consci\s to myself ( any ?+1 yet ,i am n h]eby ju/ifi$2 b he t judge? me is ! ,"l107#aaei7 & decl>es3 8,i *a/ise my body & br+ x into subjection1 le/ p]haps1 :5 ,i h prea*$ to o!rs1 ,i myself %\ld become a ca/away407#aafj7 ,he exhorts ! fai?ful to "w out _! salvation 8) fe> & trembl+407#aafa7 b7 ,! ,fa!rs also tea* ! unc]ta9ty ( ju/ification 9 ! individual1 & attribute x to ! fact t1 :ile we "k t ,god p>dons p5it5t s9n]s1 no man c be entirely c]ta9 t he has compli$ ) all ! conditions necess>y = ju/ification4 8,our fate10 says ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 8is unc]ta9 = a numb] ( reasons1 "o ( :i* is t _m ( our own works are hidd5 f u407#aafb7 ,/4 ,j]ome1 comm5t+ on ,eccles4 ,,ix1 #a sq417#aafc7 obs]ves3 8,9 ! future !y w "k all1 & all ?+s are manife/ to !m1 t is to say1 ! k ( ?is matt] w prec$e !m :5 !y dep>t ?is life1 because !n ! judgm5t w be pron\nc$1 :ile n[ we are /ill battl+1 & x is n[ unc]ta9 :e!r ^? :o be> adv]sities1 be> !m = ! love ( ,god1 l ,job1 or because !y hate ,him1 z d _m s9n]s407#aafd7 ,pope ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great said to a noble matron :o ask$ him :e!r %e c\ld be sure ( h] salvation3 8,y ask me some?+ :i* is bo? useless & difficult to answ]2 difficult1 because ,i am unwor?y to receive a revelation2 useless1 because x is bett] t y be unc]ta9 ) reg>d to y\r s9s1 le/ 9 y\r la/ h\r y %\ld be unable to rep5t407#aafe7 c7 ,we n[ proce$ to ! !ological explanation ( ! dogma embodi$ 9 our !sis4 7 ,! purpose ( ?is dogma is n1 z ,h>nack7#aaff7 ?9ks1 8p>tly to assuage & p>tly to excite ! re/lessness t /ill rema9s1 by means ( ! sacram5ts1 indulg5ces1 liturgical wor%ip & ecclesia/ical enc\ragem5t ( my/ical & monki% practices10 b to prev5t undue security & c>eless assurance4 ,:at ! ,*ur* condemns1 9 accordance ) ,sacr$ ,scripture & ,tradition1 is ! c]titudo fidei1 t va9 confid5ce :i* leads m5 to feel c]ta9 t !y are 9 ! /ate ( grace 7inanis fiducia71 n ! c]titudo spei1 i4e4 humble tru/ 9 ,god's abundant m]cy4 8,z no pi\s p]son ought to d\bt ( ! m]cy ( ,god1 ( ! m]it ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! virtue & efficacy ( ! sacram5ts10 says ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 8ev5 s ea* "o1 :5 he reg>ds himself & 8 own weakness & indisposition1 may h fe> & appreh5sion t\*+ 8 own grace2 see+ t no "o c "k ) a c]ta9ty ( fai?1 :i* _c be subject to error1 t he has obta9$ ! grace ( ,god407#aafg7 ,"o ne$s b to apply to !ology ! epi/emological pr9ciples & crit]ia furni%$ by philosophy to p]ceive t ! ,ca?olic dogma is z reasonable z ! ,prote/ant !ory is absurd4 ,! ,prote/ant syllogism3 8,i "k ) a c]ta9ty ( fai? t ! p5it5t s9n] :o does 8 %>e1 is ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ! grace ( ,*ri/2 n[1 ,i1 :o am a p5it5t s9n]1 "k ) a c]ta9ty ( fai? t ,i h done my %>e2 !re=e1 ,i "k ) a c]ta9ty ( fai? t ,i am ju/ifi$10 may be =mally correct1 b ! m9or premise embodies a mat]ial error1 because no man kn[s ) a c]ta9ty ( fai? t he has done 8 %>e1 unless x be specially reveal$ to him by ,god4 ,no matt] h[ sure ,i may feel ( my own goodness1 ,i h no c]ta9ty ( fai?1 su* z t :i* ,m>y ,magdal5 _h1 or t :i* 0 v\*saf$ to ! p5it5t ?ief on ! cross1 t ,i am ju/ifi$4 ,x is "o ( ! approv$ rules ( syllogi/ic reason+ t 8! conclusion mu/ foll[ ! weak] premiss407#aafh7 ,h5ce1 9 ! above syllogism ! c]ta9ty _c be ( fai?1 b human & moral only4 ,we d n mean to d5y t ,god may grant to ?is or t individual a c]ta9ty ( fai? ) reg>d to 8 ju/ification2 9 fact !ologians expressly tea* t 9 su* a r>e & exceptional case ! privileg$ p]son w\ld be oblig$ to believe 9 8 own ju/ification1 fide div947#aafi7 7 ,c any "o1 )\t a special revelation1 be !ologically c]ta9 t he is ju/ifi$8 ,!ological c]ta9ty 7c]titudo !ologica7 is ! result ( a syllogism :i* embodies an article ( fai? 9 "o ( its premises & an obvi\s tru? ( reason 9 ! o!r4 ,ambrosius ,ca?>9us7#aagj7 /&s alone among ,ca?olic !ologians 9 hold+ t !re are r>e cases 9 :i* m5 d h a !ological c]ta9ty z to _! ju/ification )\t a private revelation4 ,all o!r writ]s d5y ! possibility3 7#a7 because ,scripture & ,tradition d n c\nt5ance ! proposition2 7#b7 because !re are no crit]ia available = su* c]ta9ty outside ( private revelation1 & 7#c7 because ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil c5sur$ ! ass]tion 8t !y :o are truly ju/ifi$ mu/ ne$s1 )\t any d\bt :atev]1 settle )9 !mselves t !y are ju/ifi$407#aaga7 7 ,= precisely ! same reasons no man c be metaphysically c]ta9 ( 8 own ju/ification4 ,h5ce !re rema9s only moral c]ta9ty4 ,moral c]ta9ty admits ( v>y+ degrees4 ,! highe/ degree ( moral c]ta9ty conc]n+ ju/ification c be _h 9 ! case ( baptiz$ infants1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 we c nev] be metaphysically c]ta9 ev5 9 reg>d to !m1 because !re is always room = d\bt z to ! int5tion ( ! m9i/] & ! validity ( ! matt] & =m employ$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5t4 ,9 ! case ( adults1 c]ta9ty reg>d+ ju/ification v>ies 9 proportion to ! measure 9 :i* x c be asc]ta9$ :e!r "o has compli$ ) all ! requirem5ts dem&$ by ,god4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9ty may be s great z to exclude all reasonable d\bt4 ,/4 ,paul says3 8,i am sure t nei!r dea? nor life 444 %all be able to sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god1 :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l407#aagb7 ,& ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,:at d we "k8 ,we "k t we h pass$ f dea? to life4 ,:5ce d we "k ?is8 ,because we love our bre?r54 ,let no "o ask ano!r4 ,let ea* "q 8 own he>t2 if he !re f9ds frat]nal *>ity1 let him be sure t he has pass$ f dea? to life407#aagc7 ,?is tea*+ has l$ !ologians to set up c]ta9 crit]ia by :i* ! fai?ful may be reliev$ ( unreasonable anxiety & obta9 "s sort ( assurance z to ! condition ( _! s\ls4 ,su* crit]ia are3 a ta/e = ?+s spiritual2 contempt ( e>?ly pleasures2 zeal & p]sev]ance 9 do+ good2 love ( pray] & pi\s m$itation2 pati5ce 9 suff]+ & adv]sity2 a f]v5t devotion to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y2 frequ5t reception ( ! sacram5ts1 etc47#aagd7 99,!sis ,,ii3 ,sanctify+ grace admits ( degrees & !re=e c be increas$ by good works499 ,bo? propositions conta9$ 9 ?is !sis are de fide4 ,pro(4 ,! ,prote/ant cont5tion t ! grace ( ju/ification is %>$ 9 an equal measure by all ! ju/ifi$1 0 a logical d$uction f ,lu!r's false pr9ciple t m5 are ju/ifi$ by fai? alone ?r\gh ! ext]nal ju/ice ( ,*ri/4 ,if ?is 7 true1 good works w\ld be sup]flu\s1 & all ,*ri/ians w\ld enjoy an equal measure ( grace4 ,lu!r =mally ass]t$ ?is 9 8 s]mon on ! nativity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg93 8,all we :o are ,*ri/ians are equally great & holy ) ! ,"m ( ,god407#aage7 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* rejects ?is tea*+4 ,%e holds t ju/ification is an intr9sic process by :i* ! ju/ice & hol9ess ( ,*ri/ becomes our own ?r\gh sanctify+ grace1 & t consequ5tly sanctify+ grace may be pres5t 9 ! s\l 9 a great] or less degree1 accord+ to ! lib]ality ( ,god & ! disposition ( ! individual ,*ri/ian1 & ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace may augm5t x by good works4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t =mally def9es ^! tru?s :5 x says3 8,we receive ju/ice )9 u1 ea* "o accord+ to 8 own measure1 :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ di/ributes to e "o z ,he wills1 & accord+ to ea* "o's prop] disposition & cop]ation407#aagf7 ,&3 8,! ju/ifi$1 fai? cop]at+ ) good works1 increase 9 t ju/ice :i* !y h receiv$ ?r\gh ! grace ( ,*ri/1 & are /ill fur!r ju/ifi$444407#aagg7 ,! second & m important ( ^! tru?s is re-it]at$ & emphasiz$ 9 ! canons ( ,session ,,vi3 8,if anyone sai? t ! ju/ice receiv$ is n pres]v$ & also increas$ be=e ,god ?r\gh good works1 b t ^? works are m]ely ! fruits & signs ( ju/ification obta9$1 b n a cause ( ! increase !re(3 let him be ana!ma407#aagh7 a7 ,! ,trid5t9e ,fa!rs base _! tea*+ on a numb] ( ,scriptural texts :i* ei!r expressly decl>e or presuppose t grace is capable ( be+ increas$ 9 ! s\l aft] ju/ification4 ,?us we read 9 ,prov4 ,,iv1 #ah3 8,! pa? ( ! j1 z a %9+ light1 goe? =w>ds & increase? ev5 to p]fect day407#aagi7 ,ecclus4 ,,xviii1 #bb3 8,let no?+ h9d] !e f pray+ always1 & be n afraid to be ju/ifi$ ev5 to dea?3 = ! rew>d ( ,god cont9ue? = ev]407#aahj7 #b ,pet4 ,,iii1 #ah3 8,gr[ 9 grace & 9 ! k ( our ,"l & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/407#aaha7 #b ,cor4 ,,ix1 #aj3 8,god w increase ! gr[? ( ! fruits ( y\r ju/ice407#aahb7 ,eph4 ,,iv1 #g3 8,b to e "o ( u is giv5 grace1 accord+ to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/407#aahc7 ,apoc4 ,,xxii1 #aa sq43 8,he t is j1 let him be ju/ifi$ /ill2 & he t is holy1 let him be sanctifi$ /ill4 ,behold1 ,i come quickly1 & my rew>d is ) me1 to r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works407#aahd7 ,su* texts c\ld easily be multipli$4 b7 ,tradition f\nd def9ite utt]ance z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury4 ,:5 ,jov9ian attempt$ to revive ! ,/oic !ory ( ! absolute equality ( all virtues & vices1 he met ) /r5u\s opposition on ! "p ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o wrote a special treatise ,contra ,iov9ianum1 9 :i* he said3 8,ea* ( u receives grace accord+ to ! measure ( ! grace ( ,*ri/ 7,eph4 ,,iv1 #g72 n z if ! measure ( ,*ri/ 7 unequal1 b s mu* ( ,8 grace is infus$ into u z we are capable ( receiv+407#aahe7 ,/4 ,augu/9e tea*es t ! j are z unequal z ! s9n]s4 8,! sa9ts are clad ) ju/ice 7,job ,,xxix1 #ad71 "s m1 "s less2 & no "o on ?is e>? lives )\t s91 "s m1 "s less3 b ! be/ is he :o has lea/407#aahf7 ,b1 we are told1 life z su* is n capable ( be+ increas$2 h[ !n c !re be an increase ( spiritual life8 ,/4 ,?omas answ]s ?is objection z foll[s3 8,! natural life p]ta9s to ! sub/ance ( man1 & !re=e c be nei!r augm5t$ nor dim9i%$2 b 9 ! life ( grace man p>ticipates accid5talit]1 & consequ5tly he c possess x 9 a l>g] or small] degree407#aahg7 c7 ,f :at we h said x is easy to und]/& ! di/9ction :i* !ologians make betwe5 ju/ification z gratia prima & ju/ification z gratia secunda4 ,! latt] is m]ely ano!r t]m = an increase ( grace aft] ju/ification4 7 ,su* an increase may be effect$ ei!r ex op]e op]antis1 t is1 by good works1 or ex op]e op]ato1 ?r\gh ! sacram5ts1 & is call$ ju/ification 7iu/ificatio1 7 p>tly because ,sacr$ ,scripture ref]s to x by t "n7#aahh7 & p>tly because 8to become j0 7iu/um fi]i7 & 8to become m j0 7iu/iorem fi]i7 bo? imply true sanctification4 ,9 ?is connection ! "q may be rais$ :e!r sanctify+ grace is dim9i%$ by v5ial s94 ,v5ial s9 does n de/roy ! /ate ( grace & consequ5tly _c augm5t or dim9i% grace4 ,to assume t x c\ld1 w\ld lead to ! absurd conclusion t a def9ite numb] ( v5ial s9s might ev5tually gr[ into a mortal s91 or t repeat$ v5ial s9s gradually dim9i% grace until f9ally x disappe>s4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ assumption is impossible because v5ial diff]s g5]ically f mortal s91 & a transition f ! "o to ! o!r w\ld be a 4 ,! second assumption w\ld entail ! h]etical inf]5ce t ! /ate ( grace c be lo/ )\t mortal s947#aahi7 ,no d\bt v5ial s9 influ5ces ! /ate ( grace unfavorably2 b ?is evil influ5ce mu/ be conceiv$ z indirect--by committ+ v5ial s9s man weak5s 8 w-p[]1 & temptation ev5tually gr[s s /rong z to make mortal s9 inevitable4 8,he t contemne? small ?+s1 %all fall little by little407#aaij7 7 ,if we inquire h[ sanctify+ grace increases 9 ! s\l1 we f9d t ! process mu/ be conceiv$ z a gr[+ int5sity analog\s to t ( light & heat 9 ! physical ord]4 ,gratia prima1 z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is a sup]natural physical quality47#aaia7 ,h5ce its increase1 i4e4 gratia secunda1 mu/ be an increase ( physical quality4 ,su* an increase is call$ 9 ,s*ola/ic p>lance int5sio47#aaib7 ,9 :at does ?is process consi/8 ,c]ta9 ,?omi/s7#aaic7 describe x z a maior radicatio 9 subiecto1 :ile ! majority ( !ologians hold t x is simply an additio gradus ad gradum4 ,?is latt] explanation is probably ! correct "o4 ,sanctify+ grace is ei!r capable ( gradual increase1 or x is n4 ,if x is1 !re is no reason :y ,god %\ld d5y su* an increase "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,if x is n1 ,lu!r w\ld h be5 "r 9 cont5d+ t a newly baptiz$ infant enjoys ! same measure ( hol9ess z ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y or ! human s\l ( our ,div9e ,"l4 ,x is impossible to imag9e h[ grace c\ld produce a quantitatively high] hol9ess by simply /rik+ its roots deep] into ! s\l47#aaid7 7 ,a "q ( great] practical importance is ?is3 ,is ! increase ( sanctify+ grace accompani$ by a correspond+ increase ( ! infus$ virtues1 & vice v]sa4 ,e increase or decrease ( sanctify+ grace mu/ eo ipso entail a correspond+ increase or decrease1 respectively1 ( !ological *>ity4 ,*>ity is ei!r id5tical ) grace or x is n47#aaie7 ,if x is1 an increase ( ! "o implies an increase ( ! o!r2 if x is n1 ! "o _c increase )\t an increase ( ! o!r1 because !y are insep>able & relat$ to ea* o!r z nature to faculty1 or root to blossom4 ,moreov]1 ! degree ( heav5ly glory enjoy$ by a s\l w be comm5surate ) ! measure ( *>ity :i* x possess$ at dea?4 ,n[ grace & glory be> a proportional relation to ea* o!r4 ,consequ5tly1 grace is augm5t$ z *>ity increases1 & vice v]sa4 ,! same argum5t applies to ! infus$ moral virtues4 ,! case is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! !ological virtues ( fai? & hope4 ,^! may cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! s\l aft] *>ity has dep>t$1 & h5ce are n insep>able f sanctify+ grace & *>ity1 nor f ! moral virtues4 ,?is consid]ation l$ ,su>ez to inf] t1 z ! !ological virtues ( fai? & hope may be infus$ into ! s\l indep5d5tly ( *>ity & be=e ju/ification1 !y mu/ be susceptible ( increase 9 ! c\rse ( ju/ification )\t reg>d to ! exi/+ /ate ( grace & *>ity47#aaif7 ,?is is true ( ! s9n]4 ,9 ! ju/ifi$1 z ,su>ez himself admits1 an increase ( grace 7or *>ity7 probably always entails an increase ( fai? & hope17#aaig7--;a proposition :i* f9ds /rong support 9 ! decree ( ,tr5t :i* says3 8,?is increase ( ju/ification ,holy ,*ur* begs1 :5 %e prays3 #8,give unto u1 ,o ,"l1 increase ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4' 07#aaih7 7 ,a f9al "q =ces itself ^u ! enquir+ m9d1 viz43 ,is sanctify+ grace capable ( an indef9ite increase1 or is !re a limit beyond :i* x _c gr[8 ,9 try+ to f9d an answ] to ?is "q we mu/ draw a c>eful di/9ction betwe5 ! absolute & ! ord9>y p[] ( ,god4 ,!re is no intr9sic contradiction 9 ! assumption t grace c be indef9itely augm5t$4 ,true1 x c nev] become actually inf9ite1 z ?is w\ld involve an absurdity47#aaii7 ,b if we reg>d ! p[] ( ,god z ,he sees fit to ex]cise x 9 ! pres5t economy 7pot5tia ,dei ord9ata71 we f9d t x is limit$ by two sublime ideals ( hol9ess to :i* nei!r man nor angel c atta91 viz43 ! ov]fl[+ measure ( sanctify+ grace 9 ! human s\l ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/7#abjj7 & ! 8fulness ( grace0 grant$ to ,8 ,"m47#abja7 ,?\gh ^! ideals are beyond our rea*1 we mu/ n be disc\rag$1 b try to approa* !m z ne>ly z possible47#abjb7 99,!sis ,,iii3 ,sanctify+ grace is lo/ by mortal s9499 ,?is !sis also embodies an article ( fai?4 ,pro(4 ,calv9 ass]t$ t nei!r ju/ification nor fai? c be lo/ by ^? :o are pr$e/9$ to salvation1 & t ! unpr$e/9$ are nev] truly ju/ifi$4 ,lu!r held t ju/ify+ grace is lo/ solely ?r\gh ! s9 ( infidelity4 ,aga9/ ! =m] ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t decl>$3 8,if anyone sai? t a man once ju/ifi$ c s9 no m1 nor lose grace1 & t !re=e he t falls & s9s 0 nev] truly ju/ifi$2 444 let him be ana!ma407#abjc7 ,aga9/ ! latt] ! same c\ncil def9$3 8,if anyone sai? t !re is no mortal s9 b t ( infidelity1 or t grace once receiv$ is n lo/ by any o!r s91 h[ev] griev\s & enorm\s1 save by t ( infidelity1 let him be ana!ma407#abjd7 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,holy ,synod expressly decl>$ t v5ial s9 does n de/roy ! /ate ( grace3 8,= al?\gh dur+ ?is mortal life1 m51 h[ holy & j soev]1 at times fall into at lea/ light & daily s9s1 :i* are also call$ v5ial1 !y d n !re=e cease to be j407#abje7 a7 ,?is tea*+ is s obvi\sly 9 accord ) ,sacr$ ,scripture t we conf9e ourselves to quot+ ?ree or f\r passages4 ,eze*iel says t sanctify+ grace may be irretrievably lo/3 8,if ! j man turn himself away f 8 ju/ice1 & d iniquity accord+ to all ! abom9ations :i* ! wick$ man use? to "w1 %all he live8 ,all 8 ju/ices :i* he ha? done %all n be rememb]$2 9 ! prev>ication1 by :i* he ha? prev>icat$1 & 9 8 s91 :i* he ha? committ$1 9 !m he %all die407#abjf7 ,our ,"l ,himself admoni%es ,8 ,apo/les3 8,wat* ye & pray1 t ye ent] n into temptation407#abjg7 ,/4 ,paul n only w>ns ! fai?ful 9 g5]al t]ms3 8,he t ?9ke? himself to /&1 let him take he$ le/ he fall207#abjh7 b expressly designates c]ta9 mortal s9s z a b> to ,heav53 8,nei!r =nicators1 nor idolat]s1 nor adult]]s1 nor ! effem9ate1 nor li]s ) mank9d1 nor ?ieves1 nor covet\s1 nor drunk>ds1 nor rail]s1 nor extortion]s1 %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god407#abji7 b7 ,! tea*+ ( ,tradition 0 br\ght out cle>ly 9 ! fight aga9/ ,jov9ian4 ,t wily h]etic claim$ ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,john = ! ass]tion t ! grace ( ,baptism c nev] be lo/4 ,! ,johannean passage 9 "q reads3 8,:osoev] is born ( ,god1 committe? no s93 = ,8 se$ abide? 9 him1 & he _c s91 because he is born ( ,god407#abaj7 ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 reply p>aphrases ! passage z foll[s3 8,!re=e ,i tell y1 my little *ildr51 :osoev] is born ( ,god1 committe? no s91 9 ord] t y may n s9 & t y may "k t y w rema9 sons ( ,god s long z y refra9 f s9407#abaa7 ,/4 ,augu/9e tea*es3 8,if a man1 be+ reg5]ate & ju/ifi$1 relapses ( 8 own w into an evil life1 assur$ly he _c say3 #8,i h n receiv$1' because ( 8 own free *oice ( evil he has lo/ ! grace ( ,god t he has receiv$407#abab7 ,& ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great3 8,z he :o falls away f ! fai? is an apo/ate1 s he :o returns to an evil de$ is reg>d$ by ,almighty ,god z an apo/ate1 ev5 ?\gh he may seem to reta9 ! fai?2 = ! "o )\t ! o!r c be ( no use1 because fai? availe? n\ght )\t good works1 nor good works )\t fai?407#abac7 ,! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! primitive ,*ur* furni%es additional pro(s = ! doctr9e "u consid]ation4 ,if grace c\ld be lo/ 9 no o!r way ?an by unbelief1 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance w\ld be useless47#abad7 c7 ,9 connection ) ?is subject !ologians are wont to discuss ! "q :e!r or n ! =feiture ( sanctify+ grace involves ! loss ( its sup]natural concomitants4 ,!ological love or *>ity is sub/antially id5tical ) sanctify+ grace1 or at lea/ insep>able f x1 & h5ce bo? are ga9$ & lo/ toge!r4 ,?is is an article ( fai?4 ,to lose sanctify+ grace1 !re=e1 is to lose !ological love4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally de fide t !ological fai? 7habitus fidei7 is n de/roy$ by mortal s927#abae7 x c be lo/ only by ! s9 ( unbelief47#abaf7 ,! same is true1 mutatis mut&is1 ( !ological hope4 ,true1 ! ,*ur* has n def9itely decl>$ h] m9d ) reg>d to hope1 b x may be set d[n z h] tea*+ t hope is n lo/ ) grace & *>ity b survives l fai?47#abag7 ,! two contr>y opposites ( hope are desp]ation & presumption1 conc]n+ :i* !ologians commonly hold t ! =m] de/roys hope1 :ile ! latt] probably does n4 ,b ev5 if hope & *>ity are lo/1 fai? may rema9 9 ! s\l l a solit>y root1 f :i*1 "u m favorable conditions1 new life is apt to spr+4 ,z reg>ds ! infus$ moral virtues & ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7&1 a =tiori1 ,8 p]sonal indwell+ 9 ! s\l717#abah7 x is ! unanim\s tea*+ t ^! disappe> ) sanctify+ grace & *>ity1 ev5 ?\gh fai? & hope survive4 ,! reason is t ^! virtues & gifts are m]ely sup]natural adjuncts ( sanctify+ grace & _c p]si/ )\t x4 8,accessorium sequitur pr9cipale407#abai7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,fruits ,( ,ju/ification1 ,or ,! ,m]it ,( ,good ,works ,! pr9cipal fruit ( ju/ification1 accord+ to ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil17#abbj7 is ! m]itori\sness ( all good works p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace4 ,m]it 7m]itum71 z we h expla9$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is treatise17#abba7 is t prop]ty ( a good "w :i* entitles ! do] to a rew>d 7praemium1 m]ces74 ,e?ics & !ology di/+ui% two k9ds ( m]it3 7#a7 condign m]it or m]it 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m 7m]itum adaequatum sive de condigno71 & 7#b7 congru\s m]it or quasi-m]it 7m]itum inadaequatum sive de congruo74 ,condign m]it supposes an equality betwe5 s]vice & return4 ,x is measur$ by commutative ju/ice & conf]s a /rict claim to a rew>d4 ,congru\s m]it1 ow+ to its inadequacy & ! lack ( /rict proportion betwe5 s]vice & recomp5se1 conf]s no su* claim except on gr\nds ( equity47#abbb7 ,9 ?is treatise we are conc]n$ ) m]it only 9 ! !ological s5se ( ! t]m1 i4e4 sup]natural m]it4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 its ,exi/5ce17#abbc7 7#b7 its ,requisites17#abbd7 & 7#c7 its ,objects47#abbe7 ,section #a4 ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,m]it #a4 ,,h]etical ,,errors ,,& ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--a7 ,! m$ieval ,begu9s & ,begh>ds held t man is able to atta9 su* a p]fect /ate ( hol9ess "h bel[ z no long] to require an increase ( grace or good works47#abbf7 ,lu!r1 hold+ t ju/ification consi/s 9 ! cov]+ up ( s9 & ! ext]nal imputation ( ! ju/ice ( ,*ri/1 consi/5tly ?\gh falsely ass]t$ t 8! j man s9s 9 e good "w107#abbg7 t 8a good "w1 no matt] h[ well p]=m$1 is a v5ial s9107#abbh7 & t 8e "w ( ! j des]ves damnation & is mortally s9ful1 if x be consid]$ z x really is 9 ! judgm5t ( ,god407#abbi7 ,calv9 reject$ good works z 8impurities & defilem5ts107#abcj7 :i* ,god cov]s ) ! cloak ( ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & :i* ,he sometimes rew>ds ) temporal bless+s b nev] ) et]nal life4 ,mod]n ,prote/antism has giv5 up or at lea/ att5uat$ ^! h>% doctr9es47#abca7 b7 ,! ,*ur* _h def9$ h] tea*+ on ?is po9t c5turies be=e ! "t ( ! 8,re=m]s40 ,?us ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange decl>$ z e>ly z #ebi3 8,good works1 :5 p]=m$1 des]ve a rew>d2 b grace1 :i* is a free gift1 prec$es good works & is a necess>y condition ( !m407#abcb7 ,! ,f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil reit]at$ ?is doctr9e3 8,n only virg9s & ^? :o practice cont95ce1 b ! m>ri$ also1 :o please ,god by hav+ ! "r fai? & p]=m+ good works1 des]ve to obta9 et]nal happ9ess407#abcc7 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil goes into ! matt] at l5g? 9 ! sixte5? ,*apt] ( its ,six? ,session1 :]e we read int] alia3 8,& = ?is reason life et]nal is to be propos$ to ^? work+ well unto ! end & hop+ 9 ,god1 bo? z a grace m]cifully promis$ to ! sons ( ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 & z a rew>d :i* is accord+ to ! promise ( ,god ,himself to be fai?fully r5d]$ to _! good works & m]its407#abcd7 ,! same ,c\ncil =mally condemn$ ! ,lu!ran position z h]etical3 8,if anyone sai? t 9 e good "w ! j man s9s at lea/ v5ially1 or1 :i* is m intol]able /ill1 mortally1 & consequ5tly des]ves et]nal puni%m5ts2 & t = ?is cause only he is n damn$ t ,god does n impute ^? works unto salvation2 let him be ana!ma407#abce7 ,! positive tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ condemnation3 8,if anyone sai? t ! j ought n1 = _! good works done 9 ,god1 to expect & hope = et]nal recomp5se f ,god ?r\gh ,8 m]cy & ! m]it ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 if s be t !y p]sev]e to ! end 9 well-do+ & 9 keep+ ! comm&m5ts2 let him be ana!ma407#abcf7 ,! exi/5ce ( m]it 9 ! true & prop] s5se ( ! t]m is specially emphasiz$ z foll[s3 8,if anyone sai? t 444 ! ju/ifi$1 by ! good works :i* he p]=ms ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god & ! m]it ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ^: liv+ memb] he is1 does n truly m]it increase ( grace4442 let him be ana!ma407#abcg7 ,! quieti/ic errors ( ,mi*ael de ,mol9os 7 condemn$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi1 ,nov4 #bj1 #afhg47abch7 #b4 ,,! ,,m]itori\sness ,,( ,,good ,,works ,,demon/rat$ ,,f ,,scripture ,,& ,,tradition4--,bo? ,holy ,scripture & ,tradition employ opus bonum & m]itum z reciprocal or correlative t]ms4 a7 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! good de$s ( ! j are (t5 decl>$ to be m]itori\s 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,cfr4 ,wisd4 ,v1 #af3 8,b ! j %all live = ev]more1 & _! rew>d is ) ! ,"l407#abci7 ,ecclus4 ,,xviii1 #bb3 8,be n afraid to be ju/ifi$ ev5 to dea?1 = ! rew>d ( ,god cont9ue? = ev]407#abdj7 ,! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ culm9ates 9 ! 8eight beatitudes10 ea* ( :i* is accompani$ by a special rew>d4 ,aft] enum]at+ !m all1 ) ! promises atta*$ to ea*1 our ,div9e ,savi\r significantly adds3 8,be glad & rejoice1 = y\r rew>d is v great 9 heav5407#abda7 ,/4 ,paul1 :o s /rongly insi/s on ! absolute gratuit\sness ( ,*ri/ian grace1 nev]!less ackn[l$ges ! exi/5ce ( m]its to :i* a rew>d is due f ,god4 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,ii1 #f sq43 8,god w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works1 to !m inde$ :o accord+ to pati5ce 9 good "w1 seek glory & honor & incorruption1 et]nal life407#abdb7 #b ,tim4 ,,iv1 #g sq43 8,i h f\ght a good fight1 ,i h f9i%$ my c\rse1 ,i h kept ! fai?4 ,z to ! re/1 !re is laid up = me a cr[n ( ju/ice1 :i* ! ,"l ! j judge w r5d] to me 9 t day1 & n only to me1 b to !m also t love 8 com+407#abdc7 #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #h3 8,e man %all receive 8 own rew>d1 accord+ to 8 own labor407#abdd7 ,col4 ,,iii1 #bc sq43 8,:atsoev] y d1 d x f ! he>t1 z to ! ,"l1 & n to m51 kn[+ t y %all receive ( ! ,"l ! rew>d ( inh]itance407#abde7 ,! mo/ eloqu5t expon5t ( ! necessity ( good works is ,/4 ,james1 :o also insi/s on _! m]itori\sness3 8,bless$ is ! man t endure? temptation2 = :5 he ha? be5 prov$1 he %all receive ! cr[n ( life1 :i* ,god ha? promis$ to !m t love him407#abdf7 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ,jesus says3 8,be ?\ fai?ful until dea?1 & ,i w give !e ! cr[n ( life407#abdg7 b7 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs is an effective comm5t>y on ! ,scriptural doctr9e j exp\nd$1 z may be se5 f _! homilies reproduc$ 9 ! ,roman ,brevi>y4 ,/4 ,ignatius ( ,antio* says3 8,suff] me to be eat5 by ! bea/s1 ?r\gh :om ,i c atta9 to ,god407#abdh7 ,/4 ,ir5u3 8,preci\s %\ld be to u ! cr[n :i* we ga9 9 battle1 444 & ! m we obta9 x by combat1 ! m preci\s x is407#abdi7 ,/4 ,ambrose3 8,is x n evid5t t ! rew>d & puni%m5t ( m]its endure aft] dea?807#abej7 ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,et]nal life conta9s ! :ole rew>d 9 ! promise ( :i* we rejoice2 nor c ! rew>d prec$e des]t1 nor be giv5 to a man be=e he is wor?y ( x4 ,:at c be m unju/ ?an ?is1 & :at is m j ?an ,god8 ,we %\ld n !n dem& ! rew>d be=e we des]ve to get x407#abea7 ,& aga93 8,z dea? is giv51 s to speak1 to rew>d ! m]it ( s91 s et]nal life is giv5 to rew>d ! m]it ( ju/ice1 444 & h5ce x is also call$ rew>d 9 _m ,scriptural passages407#abeb7 c7 ,!ologically ! m]itori\sness ( good works is bas$ on ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,!re mu/ be "s sort ( sanction to en=ce ! div9e laws1--n only ! natural law 7lex naturae71 b1 a =tiori1 ! 8law ( grace0 7lex gratiae71 z ! sup]natural ord] is s mu* m important ?an ! natural4 7 ,by ! good works :i* he p]=ms 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace1 & ) ! aid ( actual graces 79 gratia et ex gratia71 man acquires a tw(old m]it1--he helps to execute ! div9e plan ( gov]nance 9 reg>d to 8 fell[-creatures & assi/s 9 fur!r+ ! ext]nal glory ( ,god1 :i* is ! ultimate purpose ( creation4 ,= ?is he is entitl$ to a d\ble rew>d1 j z ! s9n] is des]v+ ( a d\ble puni%m5t = ! injury he does to 8 fell[m5 & ! di%onor he reflects ^u 8 ,creator47#abec7 ,x is object$ aga9/ ?is argum5t t our sup]natural m]its1 be+ f9ite1 are 9 no proportion to ! possession & enjoym5t ( an ,inf9ite ,good4 ,?is objection vani%es 9 ! light ( ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7#a7 ,sanctify+ grace is a k9d ( deificatio1 :i* raises man above himself to a quasi-div9e dignity t colors all 8 actions47#abed7 7#b7 ,! ability ( ! ju/ifi$ to p]=m sup]naturally good works is bas$ entirely ^u ! inf9ite m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/47#abee7 7#c7 ,! ,inf9ite ,good is possess$ by ! creature1 n 9 an inf9ite b 9 a m]ely f9ite mann]4 ,h5ce !re is a due proportion betwe5 good works & m]it47#abef7 ,"o difficulty /ill rema9s1 viz43 ,by :at title d infants :o die 9 ! /ate ( baptismal innoc5ce atta9 to et]nal beatitude1 :i* !y h be5 unable to m]it8 ,we answ]3 ,! j man has two di/9ct claims to ,heav51 "o z a *ild ( ,god17#abeg7 & ano!r z a labor] 9 ,8 v9ey>d4 ,baptiz$ infants :o h n yet arriv$ at ! use ( reason1 possess only ! fir/ claim1 :ile adult ,*ri/ians :o lead a good life enjoy also ! titulus m]c$is & consequ5tly are entitl$ to a ri*] rew>d4 ,bo? claims ultimately re/ on ! m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/47#abeh7 7 ,:at we h said is suffici5t to disprove ! gr\ndless ass]tion t ! ,ca?olic doctr9e conc]n+ ! m]itori\sness ( good works d]ogates f ! m]its ( ,*ri/ & fo/]s 8self-righte\sness40 ,w\ld x n be f> m d]ogatory to ! honor ( our ,savi\r to assume t ,he fail$ to obta9 = ^? = :om ,he suff]$ & di$1 a limit$ capacity = ga9+ m]its8 ,does x 9 any way impair ! dignity ( ,god z ! causa prima to assume t ,he communicates to ,8 creatures a limit$ causality1 by :i* !y are enabl$ to act z true causae secundae1 in/ead ( be+ m]e causae occasionales1 z ! ,occasionali/s ass]t87#abei7 ,z reg>ds ! o!r *>ge1 no true ,ca?olic is guilty ( 8self-righte\sness0 because he reg>ds 8 good works z 8fruits ( ju/ification10 ow+ purely to grace4 ,! 8self-righte\sness0 ( :i* ,lu!r speaks is incompatible ) ! virtue ( humility4 ,! fai?ful ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 may safely rejoice ov] 8 m]its1 because ! unc]ta9ty ( ju/ification & ! consci\sness t 8 good works are b limit$ at be/1 are a suffici5t protection aga9/ self-righte\sness & presumption47#abfj7 #c4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,doctr9e4--,?\gh ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil m]ely def9$ 9 g5]al t]ms t all good works p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace are m]itori\s17#abfa7 x is !ologically c]ta9 t ! m]it due to good works is ! m]it ( condignity4 a7 ,accord+ to ,pallavic9i7#abfb7 ! ,fa!rs ( ,tr5t )\t exception 7 conv9c$ t ! m]it inh]5t 9 good works is a m]itum de condigno1 bas$ ^u div9e ju/ice1 & !y purposely employ$ ! t]m v]e to exclude t quasi-m]it :i* 9 ! te*nical t]m9ology ( ! ,s*ools is call$ m]itum de congruo47#abfc7 ,!y refra9$ f expressly employ+ ! t]m m]itum de condigno1 because m]itum v]um is a pla9 & adequate t]m1 & = ?is additional reason t !y wi%$ to avoid c]ta9 !ological controv]sies reg>d+ ! nature ( ! m]itum de condigno & its requisites47#abfd7 b7 ,we ne$ n ent] into ^! controv]sies to und]/& t condign m]it supposes an equality betwe5 s]vice & rew>d4 ,! proposition c be prov$ f ,sacr$ ,scripture by an indirect argum5t4 ,! m]itum de condigno is bas$ on a /rict claim ( ju/ice1 n on m]e equity4 ,n[ ! ,bible leaves no d\bt t ,god meant to make himself a debtor to man 9 /rict ju/ice4 ,cfr4 ,heb4 ,,vi1 #aj3 8,= ,god is n unju/1 t he %\ld =get y\r "w407#abfe7 #b ,tim4 ,,iv1 #h3 8444 !re is laid up = me a cr[n ( ju/ice1 :i* ! ,"l ! j judge w r5d] to me 9 t day3 & n only to me1 b to !m also t love 8 com+407#abff7 ,james ,i1 #ab3 8,bless$ is ! man t endure? temptation2 = :5 he ha? be5 prov$1 he %all receive ! cr[n ( life1 :i* ,god ha? promis$ to !m t love him407#abfg7 ,t !re mu/ be a condignitas betwe5 s]vice & rew>d is cle>ly app>5t f su* texts z ^!3--,wis4 ,,iii1 #e3 8444 ,god ha? tri$ !m & f\nd !m wor?y ( himself407#abfh7 #b ,!ss4 ,i1 #d sq43 8444 9 all y\r p]secutions & tribulations1 :i* y endure1 = an example z a tok5 ( ! j judgm5t ( ,god1 t y may be c\nt$ wor?y ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 = :i* also y suff]407#abfi7 ,apoc4 ,,iii1 #d3 8444 !y %all walk ) me 9 :ite1 because !y are wor?y407#abgj7 ,n m]ely z _! b5efactor b z ! j judge1 ,*ri/ w say to ! elect on judgm5t day3 8,come1 ye bless$ ( my ,fa!r1 possess y ! k+dom prep>$ = y f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,= ,i 0 hungry1 & y gave me to eat444407#abga7 ,ju/ly !re=e is sanctify+ grace1 z ! pr9cipium dignificativum op]um1 call$ ! 8se$ ( ,god107#abgb7 because x conta9s a cele/ial rew>d ev5 z an acorn conta9s ! oak4 ,true1 ,/4 ,?omas1 to :om we are indebt$ = ?is simile17#abgc7 9 ano!r "p ( ! ,summa7#abgd7 def5ds ! !ological axiom3 8,deus punit circa condignum et remun]at ultra condignum10 b he does n mean to d5y ! equality betwe5 s]vice & rew>d1 b m]ely to exalt ! g5]osity t prompts ,god to be/[ ^u creatures :at is due to !m m b\ntifully ?an !y des]ve4 ,cfr4 ,luke ,,vi1 #ch3 8,give1 & x %all be giv5 to y3 good measure & press$ d[n & %ak5 toge!r & runn+ ov] %all !y give into y\r bosom407#abge7 ,section #b4 ,! ,requisites ,( ,m]it ,z we are deal+ ) ! 8fruits ( ju/ification10 x becomes necess>y to asc]ta9 ! requisites or conditions ( true m]it4 ,!re are sev5 su*2 f\r h ref]5ce to ! m]itori\s "w itself1 two to ! ag5t :o p]=ms x1 & "o to ,god :o gives ! rew>d4 #a4 ,,requisites ,,( ,,m]it ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,m]itori\s ,,"w4--,a "w1 to be m]itori\s1 mu/ be morally good1 free1 p]=m$ ) ! assi/ance ( actual grace1 & inspir$ by a sup]natural motive4 a7 ,z e evil de$ implies dem]it & is des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 s ! notion ( m]it supposes a morally good "w 7opus hone/um74 ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,,vi1 #h3 8,kn[+ t :atsoev] good ?+ any man %all d1 ! same %all he receive f ! ,"l407#abgf7 #b ,cor4 ,v1 #aj3 8,we mu/ all be manife/$ be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,*ri/1 t e "o may receive ! prop] ?+s ( ! body1 accord+ z he ha? done1 :e!r x be good or evil407#abgg7 ,!re are no morally indiff]5t works 9 individuo1 i4e4 practically2 & if !re 71 !y c\ld be nei!r m]itori\s nor dem]itori\s1 b w\ld become m]itori\s 9 proportion z !y are made morally good by means ( a 8good int5tion40 ,x w\ld be absolutely wrong to ascribe m]it only to ! m p]fect works ( sup]]ogation 7op]a sup]]ogatoria71 su* z ! v[ ( p]petual *a/ity1 exclud+ all works ( m]e obligation1 su* z ! fai?ful obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,be+ morally good1 ! works ( obligation are also m]itori\s1 because goodness & m]itori\sness are correlative t]ms47#abgh7 ,:e!r ! m]e omission ( an evil act is 9 itself m]itori\s1 is d\btful47#abgi7 ,b mo/ !ologians are agre$ 9 hold+ t ! ext]nal "w1 z su*1 adds no m]it to ! int]nal act1 except 9 s f> z x reacts on ! w & su/a9s & int5sifies its op]ation4 ,?is & simil> que/ions prop]ly belong to moral !ology4 b7 ,! second requisite ( m]it is moral lib]ty 7lib]tas indiff]5s ad actum71 t is to say1 fre$om f bo? ext]nal & int]nal compulsion4 ,?is has be5 dogmatically def9$ aga9/ ,jans5ius47#abhj7 ,t !re c be no m]it )\t lib]ty is cle>ly inculcat$ by ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,cfr4 #a ,cor4 ,,ix1 #ag3 8,= if ,i d ?is will+ly1 ,i h a rew>d407#abha7 ,mat?4 ,,xix1 #ag3 8,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts407#abhb7 8,:]e !re is compulsion10 says ,/4 ,j]ome1 8!re is nei!r a cr[n nor damnation407#abhc7 ,! morality ( an act dep5ds entirely on its be+ an actus humanus4 ,n[ no act is truly 8human0 unless x be freely p]=m$4 ,consequ5tly1 fre$om ( *oice is an indisp5sable condition ( moral goodness & !re=e also ( m]it4 ,:at k9d ( lib]ty is necess>y to enable ! w to acquire m]it8 ,!ologians answ] by say+ t x is lib]tas contradictionis sive ex]citii4 ,if ,i d a good de$ :i* ,i am free to d or n to d1 ,i p]=m a morally good & !re=e m]itori\s "w4 ,z reg>ds ! lib]tas specificationis1 7t fre$om by :i* a p]son may act ?us or o!rwise1 e4g4 give alms to "o applicant 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 or mortify himself 9 ?is or t p>ticul> mann]71 !re c be no d\bt t1 :atev] ! *oice made1 ! action is always good & m]itori\s4 ,h[ev]1 !ologians h excogitat$ a hypo!tical case 9 :i* an action may be physically free )\t be+ m]itori\s4 ,x is :5 "o is compell$ to d a c]ta9 ?+ & is free only 9 s f> z he is able to *oose betwe5 two actions exactly equal 9 moral wor?4 ,?is w\ld be ! case1 = in/ance1 if he _h to pay a debt ( t5 doll>s & 7 left free to pay x ei!r 9 co9 or 9 curr5cy4 ,! m common op9ion is t 9 a case ( ?is k9d !re w\ld be a lack ( t lib]ty :i* is necess>y to r5d] an act morally good & !re=e m]itori\s47#abhd7 c7 ,! ?ird requisite ( m]it is actual grace4 ,its necessity is evid5t f ! fact t1 to be m]itori\s1 an act mu/ be sup]natural & consequ5tly _c be p]=m$ )\t ! aid ( prev5i5t & cop]at+ grace47#abhe7 d7 ,m]it fur!r requires a sup]natural motive1 = ! reason t e good "w mu/ be sup]natural1 bo? z reg>ds object & circum/ances 7ex obiecto et circum/antiis71 & ! end = :i* x is p]=m$ 7ex f9e74 ,9 det]m9+ ! necess>y qualities ( ?is motive1 h[ev]1 !ologians diff] widely4 7 ,a consid]able numb]1 mo/ly ( ! ,?omi/ p]suasion1 dem& ! motive ( !ological *>ity1 & consequ5tly reg>d ! /ate ( *>ity 7c>itas habitualis sive /atus c>itatis et gratiae7 z ess5tial = ! m]itori\sness ( all good works p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( grace1 ev5 if !y are p]=m$ f "s o!r1 truly sup]natural ?\gh inf]ior motive1 su* z ob$i5ce1 ! fe> ( ,god1 etc4 ,?is rigor\s s*ool is con/ra9$ to raise ! "q :e!r e s+le good "w1 to be sup]naturally m]itori\s1 mu/ proce$ f an act ( div9e *>ity 7toties quoties71 or :e!r ! virtual influ5ce ( "o act is suffici5t to end[ a s]ies ( subsequ5t acts ) m]itori\sness4 ,only a few ,?omi/ !ologians7#abhf7 def5d ! fir/-m5tion$ !ory4 ,! majority7#abhg7 hold t ! influxus virtualis c>itatis is suffici5t4 ,?is view is vigor\sly def5d$ by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 :o says3 8,x is n en\gh to make a g5]al good int5tion at ! beg9n+ ( a ye>1 or mon?1 or day1 by :i* all future actions are ref]r$ to ,god2 b x is necess>y to ref] ea* p>ticul> act to ,god be=e x is p]=m$407#abhh7 ,! advocates ( ?is !ory base _! op9ion on c]ta9 ,scriptural & ,patri/ic texts1 & especially on ,/4 ,?omas1 ^: tea*+ !y misund]/&47#abhi7 ,! dogmatic "q :e!r good works c be m]itori\s )\t be+ inspir$ by sup]natural *>ity1 has no?+ to d ) ! moral problem :e!r !re is an obligation to make an act ( *>ity f "t to "t1 except 9 s f> z habitual *>ity1--i4e4 ! /ate ( *>ity1 :i* is always requir$ = m]it1 nay ev5 = ! pres]vation ( sanctify+ grace1--_c be p]man5tly su/a9$ unless r5ew$ f "t to "t & effectuat$ by a fre% act ( t virtue47#abij7 ,/4 ,alphonsus tea*es t e man is oblig$ to make an act ( *>ity at lea/ once a mon?1 b he is contradict$ by o!r em95t morali/s4 ,9 practice x is well to insi/ on frequ5t acts ( *>ity because su* acts n only confirm & pres]ve ! /ate ( grace1 b r5d] our good works incomp>ably m m]itori\s 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! importance ( mak+ a 8good int5tion0 e morn+ be=e beg9n+ ! day's "w47#abia7 7 ,!re is a second gr\p ( v em95t !ologians1 includ+ ,su>ez17#abib7 ,vasquez17#abic7 ,de ,lugo1 & ,ball]9i1 :o hold t1 to be m]itori\s1 ! good works ( a j man1 :o has habitual *>ity1 ne$ only con=m to ! div9e law1 no special motive be+ requir$4 ,^! writ]s base _! tea*+ on ! ,trid5t9e decree :i* says3 8,= ?is is t cr[n ( ju/ice :i* ! ,apo/le decl>$ 01 aft] 8 fight & c\rse1 laid up = him1 to be r5d]$ to him by ! ,j ,judge1 & n only to him1 b also to all t love ,8 com+4 ,=1 :]eas ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself cont9ually infuses ,8 virtue into ! said ju/ifi$1--z ! head into ! memb]s & ! v9e into ! bran*es1--& ?is virtue always prec$es1 & accompanies1 & foll[s _! good works1 :i* )\t x c\ld n 9 any wise be pleas+ & m]itori\s be=e ,god 7c4 #b71 we mu/ believe t no?+ fur!r is want+ to ! ju/ifi$ to prev5t _! be+ acc\nt$ to h1 by ^? v works :i* h be5 done 9 ,god1 fully satisfi$ ! div9e law accord+ to ! /ate ( ?is life1 & to h truly m]it$ et]nal life1 to be obta9$ also 9 its due "t1 if s be1 h[ev]1 t !y dep>t 9 grace407#abid7 ,?is tea*+ is 9 h>mony ) ,scripture4 ,! ,bible n[h]e requires an act ( *>ity to make good works m]itori\s = ,heav54 ,9 ! 8eight beatitudes07#abie7 our ,"l ,himself promises et]nal glory = works :i* are n all works ( *>ity1 nor ev5 dictat$ by *>ity1 ei!r =mal or virtual4 ,:5 ,he 0 ask$3 8,ma/]1 :at good %all ,i d t ,i may h life ev]la/+807#abif7 he did n answ] ) ,bell>m9e3 8,/eep all ?y works 9 ! motive ( *>ity10 b decl>$3 8,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts407#abig7 ,& :5 reque/$ to specify1 ,he simply cit$ ! ord9>y precepts ( ! ,decalogue47#abih7 ,we also "k t at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ,he w receive ! elect into ! 8k+dom ( ,8 ,fa!r0 solely 9 consid]ation ( ! works ( m]cy !y h done47#abii7 ,!ological reason+ l5ds its support to ?is view4 ,if good works p]=m$ )\t ! motive ( *>ity 7 n sup]naturally m]itori\s1 ?is w\ld be attributable to "o ( ?ree causes4 ,ei!r ! j w\ld s9 by do+ good2 or good works p]=m$ )\t *>ity w\ld n be des]v+ ( et]nal beatitude2 or1 f9ally1 !re w\ld be no /rict equality betwe5 s]vice & rew>d4 ,all ?ree ( ^! suppositions are unt5able4 ,! fir/ w\ld lead to ,bajanism or ,jans5ism47#acjj7 ,! second & ?ird ov]look ! fact t ! requisite proportion 7condignitas7 betwe5 s]vice & rew>d is furni%$ by sanctify+ grace or habitual *>ity1 :i*1 z deificatio1 adoptive son%ip1 & union ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 actually supplies t = :i* ! motivum c>itatis is dem&$4 ,we might ask ! advocates ( ! m rigor\s op9ion1 :5ce ! act ( *>ity :i* !y dem& = e m]itori\s "w1 d]ives its peculi> proportionality or condignitas ) ! beatific vision4 ,surely n f itself1 because z an act x is m]ely primus int] p>es1 )\t 9 any ess5tial respect excell+ o!r motives4 ,!re is no alt]native b to attribute x to t quasi-div9e dignity :i* is imp>t$ to ! j man & 8 works by sanctify+ grace4 ,= ^! reasons pres5t-day !ology reg>ds ! second !ory z suffici5tly well e/abli%$ & ! fai?ful are l>gely guid$ by x 9 practice47#acja7 #b4 ,,requisites ,,( ,,m]it ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,ag5t ,,:o ,,m]its4--,! ag5t :o m]its mu/ be a wayf>] & 9 ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace4 a7 ,! wayf>+ /ate 7/atus viae7 is m]ely ano!r "n = life on e>?4 ,dea? z ! natural1 ?\gh n ess5tially necess>y limit ( life1 closes ! "t ( m]it+4 ,no?+ is m cle>ly taught 9 ,holy ,scripture ?an t we mu/ s[ 9 ?is _w if we desire to reap 9 ! next47#acjb7 b7 ,! second requisite is ! /ate ( sanctify+ grace4 ,only ! j c be 8sons ( ,god0 & 8heirs ( heav5407#acjc7 ,cfr4 ,john ,,xv1 #d3 8,z ! bran* _c be> fruit ( itself1 unless x abide 9 ! v9e1 s nei!r c y1 unless y abide 9 me407#acjd7 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ag3 8,& if sons1 heirs also2 heirs inde$ ( ,god1 & jo9t heirs ) ,*ri/407#acje7 ,does ! degree ( sanctify+ grace exi/+ 9 ! s\l ex]t a decisive influ5ce on ! am\nt ( m]it due to ! good works p]=m$8 ,?is "q c be easily solv$ on ! !ological pr9ciple t ! sup]natural dignity ( ! s\l increases 9 proportion to its gr[? 9 sanctify+ grace4 ,vasquez holds t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "o :o is holi] ga9s no great] m]it by p]=m+ a giv5 "w ?an "o :o is less holy47#acjf7 ,all o!r !ologians7#acjg7 hold ) ,/4 ,?omas7#acjh7 t ! m]itori\sness ( a good de$ is l>g] 9 proportion to ! godlike dignity ( ! ag5t1 :i* 9 turn is measur$ by ! degree ( sanctify+ grace 9 ! s\l4 ,?is expla9s :y ,god1 9 consid]ation ( ! great] hol9ess ( "s sa9ts :o are especially de> to ,him1 (t5 deigns ?r\gh _! int]cession to grant favors :i* ,he refuses to o!rs47#acji7 #c4 ,,! ,,requisites ,,( ,,m]it ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,god4--,m]it requires b "o ?+ on ! "p ( ,god1 viz43 t ,he accept ! good "w 9 actu secundo z des]v+ ( rew>d4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !ologians are n agre$ on ?is po9t1 we are deal+ m]ely ) a m or less well-f\nd$ op9ion4 ,?\gh ! good works ( ! j d]ive a special intr9sic value f ! godlike dignity ( adoptive son%ip1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 actu primo1 are truly m]itori\s prior to & ap>t f _! acceptance by ,god1 yet human s]vice & div9e remun]ation are sep>at$ by su* a wide gulf t1 9 ord] to make a good de$ m]itori\s 9 actu secundo1 ! div9e acceptance & promise ( rew>d mu/ be expressly sup]add$4 ,9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 s]vice & rew>d ,ca?olic !ologians are divid$ into ?ree s*ools4 ,! ,scoti/s7#acaj7 hold t ! condignitas ( a good "w re/s entirely on ,god's gratuit\s promise & free acceptance1 )\t :i* ev5 ! mo/ h]oic act w\ld be utt]ly devoid ( m]it1 :]eas ) x ev5 naturally good works may become m]itori\s4 ,?is r %all[ !ory almo/ completely loses sight ( ! godlike dignity peculi> to ! j 9 _! capacity ( 8adopt$ *ildr5 ( ,god0 & 8temples ( ! ,holy ,gho/10 & is unable to acc\nt = su* important ,biblical t]ms z 8cr[n ( ju/ice10 8prize ( victory10 8j judge10 etc4 ,su>ez & 8 s*ool cont5d t !re is su* a p]fectly balanc$ equality betwe5 m]it & rew>d t ,god is oblig$ 9 /rict ju/ice 7ex obligatione iu/itiae71 prior to & ap>t f any =mal act ( acceptance or promise on ,8 "p1 to rew>d good works by ! beatific vision4 ,?is view is sc>cely t5able because !re is no common basis on :i* to con/rue a relation ( /rict ju/ice betwe5 ! ,creator & ,8 creatures17#acaa7 & moreov] ,/4 ,paul expressly tea*es t 8,! suff]+s ( ?is "t are n wor?y to be comp>$ ) ! glory to come407#acab7 ,h5ce we pref] to hold ) ,lessius17#acac7 ,vasquez17#acad7 & ,de ,lugo7#acae7 t ! condignitas or equality exi/+ betwe5 m]it & rew>d1 owes its orig9 bo? to ! intr9sic value ( ! good "w itself & to ! free acceptance & gratuit\s promise ( ,god4 ,?is solution duly respects ! intr9sic value ( m]it 9 actu primo1 )\t d]ogat+ f ! sublime dignity ( ,god1 :o rew>ds good works n because ,he is oblig$ to d s by ! m]its ( a m]e creature1 b solely because ,he is b\nd by ,8 own tru?fulness & fidelity4 ,?us ,god's ju/ice t[>ds ,8 creatures is plac$ ^u a free basis1 & !re is no violation ( ju/ice 7iniuria7 on ,8 "p4 8,f ! fact t our actions h no m]it except on ! supposition t ,god s orda9$10 says ,/4 ,?omas1 8x does n foll[ t ,god is simply our debtor2 ,he is ,8 own debtor1 i4e4 ,he owes x to ,himself to see t ,8 comm&s are obey$407#acaf7 ,?is tea*+ c be prov$ f ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,cfr4 ,james ,i1 #ab3 8,he %all receive ! cr[n ( life1 :i* ,god ha? promis$ to !m t love him407#acag7 ,x is ree*o$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,god is made our debtor1 n by receiv+ any?+ f u1 b because x pleas$ ,him to promise u some?+4 ,= x is 9 a diff]5t s5se t we say to a man3 ,y are indebt$ to me because ,i h giv5 y some?+1 &3 ,y owe ?is to me because y h promis$ x4 ,to ,god we nev] say3 ,give back to me because ,i h giv5 to ,!e4 ,:at h we giv5 to ,god1 s9ce x is f ,him t we h receiv$ :atev] we are & :atev] good we possess8 ,we h !re=e giv5 ,him no?+4444 ,9 ?is mann]1 !re=e1 may we dem& ( ,god1 by say+3 ,give me :at ,?\ ha/ promis$1 because we h done :at ,?\ did/ comm&1 & x is ,?yself t ha/ done x because ,?\ ha/ aid$ our labors407#acah7 ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil seems to endorse ?is view :5 x says3 8,life et]nal is to be propos$ to ^? 444 hop+ 9 ,god 444 z a rew>d :i* is1 accord+ to ! promise ( ,god ,himself1 to be fai?fully r5d]$ to _! good works & m]its407#acai7 ,section #c4 ,! ,objects ,( ,m]it ,aft] def9+ ! exi/5ce ( m]it ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil enum]ates its objects z foll[s3 8,if anyone sai? t ! ju/ifi$1 by ! good works :i* he p]=ms1 444 does n truly m]it increase ( grace1 et]nal life1 & ! atta9m5t ( t et]nal life1--if x be s1 h[ev]1 t he dep>t 9 grace1--& also an increase ( glory3 let him be ana!ma407#acbj7 ,h5ce m]it calls = a ?reefold rew>d3 7#a7 an increase ( sanctify+ grace2 7#b7 heav5ly glory2 & 7#c7 an increase ( t glory4 ,! expression 8v]e m]]i0 %[s t all ?ree ( ^! objects c be m]it$ 9 ! true & /rict s5se ( ! t]m 7de condigno74 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 no m ?an a !ologically c]ta9 conclusion4 #a4 ,,increase ,,( ,,sanctify+ ,,grace4--,! fir/ grace ( ju/ification 7gratia prima7 c nev] be m]it$27#acba7 h5ce ! mean+ ( ! above-quot$ concili> def9ition is t x c be increas$ by good works4 ,?is increase is te*nically call$ gratia secunda4 ,all ,scriptural texts :i* ass]t t sanctify+ grace is unequal 9 diff]5t individuals1 also prove t x c be increas$ or augm5t$ by ! p]=mance ( m]itori\s works47#acbb7 a7 ,no adult p]son c m]it ! fir/ grace ( assi/ance 7gratia prima actualis71 nor any "o ( ! s]ies ( actual graces :i* foll[ x1 & by :i* ju/ification ultimately comes to pass4 ,!y are all purely gratuit\s4 ,simil>ly1 too1 ! fir/ grace ( ju/ification 7gratia prima habitualis7 _c be /rictly m]it$ by ! s9n] prep>+ = ju/ification4 ,?is is ! express tea*+ ( ,tr5t3 8,b we are !re=e said to be ju/ifi$ freely1 because t none ( ^? ?+s :i* prec$e ju/ification--:e!r fai? or works--m]it ! grace itself ( ju/ification2 =1 if x be a grace1 x is n n[ by works2 o!rwise1 z ! same ,apo/le says1 grace is no m grace407#acbc7 ,to d5y ?is w\ld n only imp]il ! dogma ( ! gratuity ( grace 7because if ! fir/ grace giv5 be=e active ju/ification c\ld be /rictly m]it$1 ?is w\ld necess>ily involve ! gratia prima actualis71 b x w\ld also />t a vici\s circle 7because ! gratia prima habitualis is an indisp5sable condition ( m]it74 ,?is expla9s :y ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,augu/9e aga9 & aga9 insi/ on ! gratuity bo? ( ! fir/ grace ( assi/ance & ! grace ( ju/ification prop]47#acbd7 8,?is grace ( ,*ri/10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8)\t :i* nei!r infants nor adults c be sav$1 is n be/[$ = any m]its1 b is giv5 freely1 on acc\nt ( :i* x is also call$ grace4 #8,be+ ju/ifi$1' says ! ,apo/le1 #8freely ?r\gh ,8 blood4' 07#acbe7 ,9 ! light ( ?is tea*+ x is easy to decide ! "q1 rais$ by ,vasquez1 :e!r p]fect contrition ju/ifies ! s9n] m]ely p] modum dispositionis or p] modum causae =malis4 ,bo? contrition & *>ity1 be !y p]fect or imp]fect1 are ess5tially acts t dispose ! s\l = ju/ification47#acbf7 ,h5ce1 no matt] h[ p]fect1 nei!r is capable ( effect+ ju/ification itself by way ( m]it 7m]5do71 nay1 ( ent]+ ev5 p>tially1 z ,vasquez w\ld h x1 into ! =mal cause ( ju/ification1 because1 accord+ to ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 sanctify+ grace & n p]fect contrition is ! unica causa =malis ( ju/ification47#acbg7 b7 ,9 connection ) ! dogma j expla9$ !ologians discuss ! "q :e!r a j man may /rictly 7de condigno7 m]it ! actual graces :i* ,god be/[s on him4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 m]ely suffici5t & efficaci\s graces4 ,!ologians commonly hold7#acbh7 t m]ely suffici5t graces may be m]it$ de condigno1 n s efficaci\s graces1 because ! "r to efficaci\s graces w\ld necess>ily include a /rict "r to f9al p]sev]ance 7donum p]sev]antiae71 :i* lies outside ! sph]e ( condign m]it4 ,assum+ t ! ju/ifi$ c\ld by good works /rictly m]it ! prima gratia efficax 7an impossible hypo!sis1 because m]it presupposes efficaci\s grace71 ?is w\ld involve a simil> claim to a second1 ?ird1 f\r? grace--& ultimately to ! f9al grace ( p]sev]ance1 :i*1 9 matt] ( fact1 no man c m]it4 ,n ev5 h]oic acts ( virtue give a /rict "r to infallibly efficaci\s graces1 or to f9al p]sev]ance4 ,ev5 ! greate/ sa9t is oblig$ to wat*1 pray1 & tremble1 le/ he lapse f righte\sness47#acbi7 ,= ?is reason ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil m5tions nei!r f9al p]sev]ance nor efficaci\s graces among ! objects ( m]it47#accj7 #b4 ,,et]nal ,,life ,,or ,,heav5ly ,,glory4--,! second object ( m]it is et]nal life4 ,! dogmatic pro( = ?is ass]tion has be5 giv5 above47#acca7 ,et]nal life is describ$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil7#accb7 bo? z a grace & z a rew>d4 a7 ,9 ! canon quot$ 9 ! introduction ( ?is ,section ! same ,c\ncil7#accc7 enum]ates f\r app>5tly sep>ate & di/9ct objects ( m]it1 viz43 increase ( grace1 et]nal life1 ! atta9m5t ( et]nal life1 & increase ( glory4 ,:y ! di/9ction betwe5 8et]nal life0 & ! 8atta9m5t ( et]nal life08 ,does ?is imply a tw(old rew>d1 & consequ5tly a tw(old object ( m]it8 ,!ologians d5y t su* 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,c\ncil1 because ! "r to a rew>d evid5tly co9cides ) ! "r to ! paym5t ( ! same4 ,an unatta9able et]nal life w\ld be a *im]a47#accd7 ,nev]!less1 ! di/9ction is n sup]flu\s1 s9ce ! atta9m5t ( et]nal life does n co9cide ) ! ga9+ ( m]it b mu/ be put (f until dea?1 & ev5 !n dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! s\l3 8si tam5 9 gratia decess]it0 7provid$ he dep>t 9 grace74 ,) ?is la/ condition ! holy ,synod also wi%$ to inculcate ! salut>y tru? t ! loss ( sanctify+ grace ipso facto entails ! =feiture ( all previ\sly acquir$ m]its4 ,ev5 ! greate/ sa9t1 7 he to die 9 ! /ate ( mortal s91 w\ld ent] et]nity ) empty h&s & z an enemy ( ,god4 ,all 8 =m] m]its w\ld be cancell$4 ,to revive !m w\ld require a new ju/ification47#acce7 b7 ,a close analysis ( ! ,trid5t9e canon "u review gives rise to ano!r difficulty4 ,c ! gloria prima be m]it$8 ,9 def9+ ! gratia secunda z an object ( /rict m]it1 ! ,c\ncil expressly excludes ! gratia prima4 ,x makes no su* di/9ction 9 reg>d to glory1 b names bo? 8et]nal life0 7gloria prima7 & 8increase ( glory0 7gloria secunda7 z objects ( m]it4 ,?is naturally sugge/s ! qu]y3 ,:y & to :at ext5t c ! j man m]it ! gloria prima1 see+ t he is unable to m]it ! gratia prima8 ,"s !ologians7#accf7 cont5d t ! ju/ifi$ are entitl$ to ! gloria prima only z a h]itage 7titulo ha]$itatis71 nev] z a rew>d 7titulo m]c$is74 ,because ( its intimate causal connection ) ! gratia prima1 :i* is beyond ! rea* ( m]it1 ! gloria prima1 !y argue1 _c be reg>d$ z an object ( m]it except on ! assumption t ! m]its :i* prec$e ju/ification conf] a claim to ! gloria prima4 ,?is assumption is false1 because )\t sanctify+ grace no condign m]its c be acquir$47#accg7 ,9 spite ( ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 mo/ !ologians7#acch7 hold t1 unlike ! gratia prima1 ! gloria prima may "u c]ta9 conditions be an object ( /rict m]it4 ,! ma9 reason is t1 z ! /ate ( glory is n a necess>y requisite ( ! m]itori\sness ( good works1 :ile ! /ate ( grace is1 ! =m] may positis pon5dis be an effect ( ! m]itum de congruo1 ?\gh ! latt] may n4 ,a m]e /atem5t ( ! problem %[s t x _c be satisfactorily solv$ unless we di/+ui% betwe5 & ent] into a detail$ exam9ation ( two di/9ct hypo!ses4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t infants dy+ 9 ! /ate ( baptismal grace owe t grace1 & ! /ate ( glory :i* !y enjoy 9 ,heav51 solely to ,god's m]cy & h no claim to beatitude o!r ?an t ( h]$ity 7titulus h]$itatis74 ,adults :o pres]ve _! baptismal innoc5ce until dea?1 manife/ly _c m]it ! gloria prima by _! good works1 because !y already possess a legal title to x ?r\gh ,baptism47#acci7 ,x foll[s t _! good works increase1 b d n m]it1 ! gloria prima1 to :i* ^! s\ls are already entitl$ titulo ha]$itatis4 ,! case is q diff]5t ) cate*um5s & ,*ri/ians guilty ( mortal s91 :o are ju/ifi$ by an act ( p]fect contrition be=e ! reception ( ,baptism or ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4 ,( !m x may be said1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t !y m]it = !mselves de condigno1 n inde$ ! fir/ grace ( ju/ification1 b ! gloria prima1 because p]fect contrition1 be+ an opus op]ans1 at ! v mom5t ( its infusion becomes an opus m]itorium entitl$ to et]nal glory47#acdj7 ,z reg>ds ! great majority ( adult ,ca?olics :o1 because ( defective prep>ation1 nev] get beyond imp]fect contrition 7attritio71 & !re=e are n ju/ifi$ until !y actually receive ! ,sacram5t1 x is c]ta9 t !y owe :atev] grace !y possess & :atev] glory !y h a claim to1 entirely to ! opus op]atum ( ! ,sacram5t47#acda7 #c4 ,,increase ,,( ,,heav5ly ,,glory4--,! ?ird object ( m]it1 accord+ to ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil1 is 8increase ( glory40 ,?is mu/ evid5tly correspond to an increase ( grace1 :i* 9 its turn is condition$ ^u ! p]=mance ( additional good works4 ,t !re is a causal connection betwe5 m]itori\s works p]=m$ on e>? & ! glory enjoy$ 9 ,heav5 is cle>ly taught by ,holy ,scripture4 ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,xvi1 #bg3 8,= ! ,son ( man %all 444 r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works407#acdb7 #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #h3 8,& e man %all receive 8 own rew>d1 accord+ to 8 own labor407#acdc7 ,a fur!r argum5t may be d]iv$ f ! unequal apportionm5t ( glory to ! elect 9 ,heav547#acdd7 ,?is inequality is bas$ on inequality ( grace1 :i* 9 turn is ow+ to ! fact t grace c be augm5t$ by good works4 ,consequ5tly1 ! inequality ( glory dep5ds ultimately on good works47#acde7 #d4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,m]itum ,,de ,,congruo4--,congru\s1 z di/+ui%$ f condign m]it1 gives no real claim to a rew>d1 b only a quasi-claim bas$ on equity 7ex quadam aequitate1 congru5tia1 dec5tia74 ,h5ce congru\s m]it & condign m]it are n species ( ! same g5us1 b m]ely analog\s t]ms4 ,because ( ! ambiguity ( ! ^w 8equity0 ,dom9icus ,soto1 ,becanus1 & a few o!r ,s*ola/ics reject$ ! use ( ! t]m m]itum de congruo 9 !ology4 ,b ?is 0 a mi/ake4 ,! ,fa!rs engag$ 9 ! ,semipelagian controv]sy1 notably ,/4 ,augu/9e17#acdf7 did n ass]t t ! ju/ify+ fai? ( ! s9n] is entirely )\t m]it4 ,! requisites ( congru\s m]it are id5tical ) ^? ( condign m]it7#acdg7 9 all respects except "o1--! m]itum de congruo does n require ! /ate ( grace4 a7 ,accord+ to ! common op9ion1 f :i* b few !ologians diss5t17#acdh7 a ,*ri/ian 9 ! /ate ( mortal s9 c1 f ! mom5t he beg9s to cop]ate ) sup]natural grace1 m]it de congruo by good works1 & obta9 by pray] ! dispositions necess>y = ju/ification1 & ultimately ju/ification itself4 8,pray] relies on m]cy10 says ,/4 ,?omas1 8condign m]it on ju/ice4 ,& !re=e man obta9s f ! div9e m]cy _m ?+s by pray] :i* he does n m]it 9 /rict ju/ice407#acdi7 ,?is tea*+ is bas$ p>tly on ,holy ,scripture & p>tly on ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & is confirm$ by c]ta9 utt]ances ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,by consci5ti\sly prep>+ himself ) ! aid ( actual grace1 ! s9n] probably m]its an additional claim 79 equity7 to ju/ification4 ,cfr4 ,ps4 ,l1 #ai3 8,a sacrifice to ,god is an afflict$ _s3 a contrite & humbl$ he>t1 ,o ,god1 ?\ wilt n despise407#acej7 ,dan4 ,,iv1 #bd3 8,r$eem ?\ ?y s9s ) alms1 & ?y iniquities ) works ( m]cy to ! poor3 p]haps he ,god w =give ?y (f5ces407#acea7 ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,! remission ( s9s itself is n )\t "s m]it1 if fai? asks = x4 ,nor is t fai? entirely unm]itori\s by :i* ! publican 0 mov$ to say3 #8,god1 be m]ciful to me1 a s9n]1' & !n w5t away ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ! m]it ( fai?ful humility407#aceb7 b7 ,by good works ! j may m]it = !mselves1 n 9 /rict ju/ice 7de condigno71 b z a matt] ( equity 7de congruo71 f9al p]sev]ance1 conv]sion f mortal s91 spiritual favors = o!rs1 & also su* temporal bless+s z may be conducive to et]nal salvation4 7 ,x is a !ologically c]ta9 conclusion1 accept$ by all !ologians )\t exception1 t ! grace ( f9al p]sev]ance 7donum p]sev]antiae7 _c be m]it$ 9 ! /rict s5se 7de condigno74 ,mo/ au?ors hold1 h[ev]1 t x c be m]it$ de congruo4 ,?is m]itum is te*nically call$ m]itum de congruo fallibili4 ,^? :o d5y t x c be m]it$ at all1 admit t x c be infallibly obta9$ by f]v5t & unremitt+ pray]47#acec7 7 ,x is impossible to answ] ) any?+ l c]ta9ty ! "q :e!r ! j man is able to m]it = himself 9 advance ! grace ( conv]sion aga9/ ! ev5tuality ( a future lapse into mortal s94 ,foll[+ ! lead ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,/4 ,?omas takes a negative view17#aced7 on ! gr\nd t mortal s9 int]rupts ! /ate ( grace & annihilates all =m] m]its4 ,9 ano!r passage ( 8 writ+s1 h[ev]1 ! ,angelic ,doctor says3 8,!re are two k9ds ( m]it1 "o bas$ on ju/ice1 & ?is is call$ condign2 & ano!r bas$ solely ^u m]cy1 & ?is is call$ congru\s4 ,( ! latt] ,/4 ,paul says t x is j1 i4e4 congru\s1 t a man :o has p]=m$ _m good works %\ld m]it4444 ,& 9 ?is wise ,god does n =get our "w & love407#acee7 ,scotus17#acef7 ,bonav5ture17#aceg7 & ,su>ez7#aceh7 reg>d ?is z 8a pi\s & probable op9ion10 well support$ by ,holy ,scripture4 ,! prophet ,jehu said to ,josaphat1 ,k+ ( ,juda3 8,?\ helpe/ ! ungodly1 & ?\ art jo9$ 9 fri5d%ip ) !m t hate ! ,"l1 & !re=e ?\ did/ des]ve inde$ ! wra? ( ! ,"l2 b good works are f\nd 9 !e407#acei7 ,to ?is argum5t add ! foll[+ consid]ation3 ,if previ\s mortal s9 does n prev5t ^? acts :]eby man is dispos$ = ju/ification f be+ at lea/ to a limit$ ext5t m]itori\s1 !re is no reason to assume t m]its cancell$ by subsequ5t mortal s9 w n be imput$ to ! s9n]1 ) due reg>d1 ( c\rse1 to a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 pa/ m]its & future s9s47#acfj7 ,to pray = ! grace ( conv]sion aga9/ ! ev5tuality ( future mortal s91 is always good & useful17#acfa7 because x _c b please ,god to "k t we s9c]ely desire to be re/or$ to ,8 fri5d%ip if we %\ld ev] h ! mis=tune ( los+ x47#acfb7 7 ,! j man may congru\sly m]it = o!rs :atev] he is able to m]it = himself1 e4g4 ! grace ( conv]sion1 f9al p]sev]ance1 & also ! fir/ prev5i5t grace 7gratia prima praev5i5s71 :i* no man 9 ! /ate ( orig9al s9 is able to m]it = himself47#acfc7 ,! reason = ?is1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 is ! intimate relation ( fri5d%ip :i* sanctify+ grace e/abli%es betwe5 ! j man & ,god47#acfd7 ,h[ev]1 z ,sylvius rightly obs]ves1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! j to obta9 by ?is fri5d%ip favors :i* w\ld involve ! abrogation ( ! div9ely e/abli%$ ord] ( salvation4 ,su* a favor w\ld be1 = example1 ! ju/ification ( a s9n] )\t ! m$ium ( grace1 or ( a *ild )\t ! ag5cy ( ,baptism4 ,an unreasonable petition des]ves no consid]ation1 ev5 if made by a fri5d4 ,:at may be obta9$ by ! m]it ( good works may be ev5 m effectively obta9$ by pray] = o!rs4 ,! ,apo/le ,/4 ,james tea*es3 8,pray = "o ano!r t y may be sav$2 = ! cont9ual pray] ( a j man availe? mu*407#acfe7 ,?is consol+ tru? is confirm$ by ! dogma ( ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts1 by _m illu/ri\s examples f ! ,bible7#acff7 & ecclesia/ical hi/ory17#acfg7 & by ! traditional practice ( ! ,*ur* 9 pray+ ,god to give /r5g? & p]sev]ance to ! fai?ful & ! grace ( conv]sion to ! hea!n & ! s9n]47#acfh7 7 ,a f9al "q rema9s to be answ]$3 ,c ! j congru\sly m]it su* temporal bless+s z good heal?1 a com=table liv+1 & success 9 bus9ess8 ,!y c1 b only 9 s f> z ^! favors are conducive to et]nal salvation2 = o!rwise !y w\ld n be graces4 ,/4 ,?omas seems to g ev5 fur!r ?an ?is by describ+ temporal favors z objects ( condign m]it :5 !y are conducive to salvation1 & ( congru\s m]it :5 !y be> no relation to t end47#acfi7 ,we h no space left to ent] into an argum5t on ?is po9t1 b 9 conclusion wi% to call att5tion to two important facts3 fir/1 t pray] is m effective ?an good works 9 obta9+ temporal z well z spiritual favors2 & secondly1 t we %\ld n /rive ) too mu* anxiety = e>?ly goods1 b direct our ?\ghts1 desires1 pray]s1 & actions to ,god1 ! ,inf9ite ,good1 :o has promis$ to be our 8exce$+ great rew>d407#acgj7 ,,read+s3--,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #a sqq4--,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #h1 art4 #a-e4--99;,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #a-bb4--99,su>ez1 ,opusc4 de ,div9a ,iu/itia4--,,idem1 ,de ,gratia1 l4 ,,xii1 cap4 #a sqq4--,oswald1 ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 d4 i4 ,gnade1 ,re*tf]tigung1 ,gnod5wahl1 #g1 #crd ed41 ,pad]born #ahhe4--,tepe1 ,in/itutiones ,!ologicae1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bbc sqq41 ,p>is #ahif4--99;,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dgc sqq41 ,ma9z #ahig4--;,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bae sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh4--99,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #eid sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4--,kneib1 ,die ,lohnsu*t d] *ri/li*5 ,moral1 ,vi5na #aijd4--;,i4 ,j4 ,reml]1 ,c4 ,m41 ,sup]natural ,m]it1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad4--;,a4 ,dev9e1 ,c4 ,p41 ,! ,sacram5ts ,expla9$1 #crd ed41 ,london #aije1 pp4 #gd-hi4--,l4 ,labau*e1 ,s4 ,s41 ,god & ,man1 pp4 #bed-bgj1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiaf4 7,on m]it 9 g5]al see ,m4 ,cron91 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,dubl9 #aiji1 pp4 #edd sqq47--,b4 ,j4 ,ott51 ,s4 ,j41 ,a ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,/4 ,l\is #aiah1 pp4 #bdi sqq4 ,on ! ,prote/ant idea ( ! fruits ( ju/ification see ,mhl]1 ,symbolik1 #ba sqq4 7,engli% edition1 pp4 #aeg sqq474 ,,index ,a ,acceptance ( good works by ,god1 #dai sqq4 ,actual ,grace1 #c sqq42 ,its nature1 #e sqq42 ,its relation to habitual ,grace1 #ad sqq42 ,def9ition (1 #ae2 ,its two-fold causality1 #ae sqq42 ,division (1 #ai sqq42 ,prop]ties (1 #di sqq42 ,necessity (1 #ej sqq42 ,gratuity (1 #aca sqq42 ,univ]sality (1 #aeb sqq42 ,its relation to free-w1 #bbb sqq42 ,z a requisite ( sup]natural m]it1 #dac sqq4 ,actus humanus1 #dab4 ,adoption1 #ceg4 ,adoptive son%ip1 #aee1 #cef sqq4 ,adults1 all receive suffici5t grace1 #afg sqq4 ,affectus cr$ulitatis1 #aje4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #bjf1 #dcb4 ,alex&] ,,viii1 #agi sq4 ,alex&] ( ,hales1 #bjf4 ,aloysius1 ,/41 #baa4 ,alphonsus1 ,/41 #dae4 ,alv>ez1 #cj1 #baf1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,ambrose1 ,/41 #fi1 #ajb1 #aeh1 #bji1 #cai1 #cdi1 #djd4 ,amor affectivus et effectivus1 #fh4 ,amsdorf1 #bia4 ,anabapti/s1 #cbb4 ,aquaviva1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,ari/otle1 #bf1 #ca1 #ccc1 #cec4 ,arnauld1 #ahj4 ,a?anasius1 ,/41 #cda sq41 #cgc1 #cgd4 ,attributes1 ,div9e1 #cdd sq4 8,auctorem ,fidei10 ,bull1 #gd sq4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ag1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd sq41 #bg1 #bi1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #db1 #dc1 #dg1 #ef1 #ei sqq41 #ff1 #gj1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh sq41 #aab1 #aah sq41 #abf1 #abg1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #add1 #adf1 #aei sqq41 #aga1 #agd1 #agg1 #ahh1 #ahi sq41 #aia sq41 #aid1 #aig1 #bjc sq41 #baj1 #bae1 #bbh sqq41 #bdi1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bhi1 #cjh1 #cai sq41 #ccg sq41 #cci1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cej1 #cfh1 #cgc sq41 #cge1 #chc1 #chg1 #cid1 #djd1 #dba1 #dbd sq41 #dcj1 #dca4 ,augu/9ianism1 #adg1 #bjj1 #bcb sqq4 ,b ,baius & ,bajanism1 #ee1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fg1 #gj1 #gd sqq41 #adg1 #dag4 ,ball]9i1 #dae4 ,baez1 #bcb sqq41 #bdf1 #bee4 ,baptism1 #afc sqq41 #bgi1 #cjf1 #cjh sq41 #cad1 #cae1 #cah1 #cai1 #ccj sq41 #cid1 #dbh1 #dcd4 ,b>nabas1 ,epi/le (1 #cah4 ,basil1 ,/41 #cdf1 #cdi1 #cgc4 ,beatitudes1 #djb1 #daf4 ,beauty1 ,sup]natural1 an effect ( sanctify+ grace1 #cdi sqq4 ,becanus1 #bjf4 ,begh>ds1 #cii4 ,begu9s1 #cii4 ,bell>m9e1 #afc1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #cai1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #dad4 ,b5$ict ,,xiv1 #bdi4 ,b]n>d1 ,/41 #cg1 #bcj4 ,b]ti1 #bdi4 ,beza1 #bad4 ,biel1 ,gabriel1 #fc1 #baa4 ,billu>t1 #ca1 #baa1 #baf1 #bch1 #bdb4 ,bonav5ture1 ,/41 #baj1 #cfe1 #dcc4 ,boniface ,,ii1 #ii4 ,book ( ,life1 ,!1 #aib sq4 ,book ( ,torgau1 #bib4 ,butz]1 #bib1 #cbb4 ,c ,cs>ius ( ,arles1 ,/41 #ii4 ,cajetan1 #afe4 ,calv9 & ,calv9ism1 #dd1 #aec1 #aef1 #bjf1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbc sq41 #bbh1 #bhe1 #cjb1 #caj1 #cib1 #cii4 ,cam]>ius1 #bjd4 ,cano1 ,mel*ior1 #cfc4 ,capacity = grace1 #acc sqq41 #ade sqq4 ,capacity ( nature1 #ej sqq4 ,c>?age1 ,c\ncils (1 #be1 #bh1 #he1 #aaf4 ,cassian1 ,john1 #ig1 #adb4 ,ca/ele91 #aie4 ,ca?>9us1 #bjd1 #baa1 #chb4 ,causality ( ,grace1 #ae sqq4 ,cele/9e ,i1 ,/41 #hi1 #ij1 #ii1 #ajd4 ,cele/ius1 #hc1 #he1 #hf4 ,c]ci1 #bjc4 ,c]ta9ty reg>d+ ju/ification1 #cgi sqq4 ,*>ismata1 #ac4 ,*>ity1 #bi1 #ef1 #fj1 #fg sqq41 #gh1 #ccf sqq41 #ceb1 #cfc sqq41 #cij1 #cie1 #dac sqq41 #dag4 ,*ildr51 see ,infants4 ,*ri/1 ,! ,grace (1 #aj1 #gj1 #bbf4 ,*ryso/om1 ,/41 #ia1 #ajb sqq41 #ada1 #aga1 #agh1 #aha1 #bji1 #cah1 #cdi1 #chj4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #cjh4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #aha4 ,clem5t ,v1 #cca4 ,clem5t ,,viii1 #bee1 #bfa4 ,clem5t ,,xi1 #gd1 #ahj4 ,cogitatio congrua1 #fi sqq41 #id4 ,concupisc5ce1 #fd1 #abj4 ,condignitas 7equality7 betwe5 m]it & rew>d1 #dag sqq4 ,condign ,m]it1 #acb sq41 #cig sq41 #djg sqq4 ,congregatio de ,auxiliis1 #bee1 #bfa4 ,congruism1 #bfa sqq4 ,congru\s ,grace1 #bfb sqq4 ,congru\s ,m]it1 #acb1 #cig1 #djg sqq41 #dcj sqq4 ,conv]sion1 #agd sqq41 #big1 #dcb sq4 ,cop]at+ ,grace1 #cb sqq4 ,cyprian1 ,/41 #ajb1 #abf4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 ,/41 #cdi1 #cfj1 #cgc4 ,d ,d',arg5tr1 #aih4 ,def9ition ( ,grace1 #e sqq4 ,deh>be1 #cbh4 ,deification ( man1 #cda sq41 #dje4 ,delectatio victrix1 #bg1 #bbe1 #bdi sqq4 ,de ,lemos1 #baf1 #bcf4 ,de ,lugo1 #gb1 #cfc1 #dae1 #dbj4 ,despair1 #agi4 8,de ,vocatione ,omnium ,g5tium10 #agj1 #ahb4 ,diospolis1 ,c\ncil (1 #h1 #he1 #acf1 #ada4 ,dordre*t1 ,synod (1 #bac4 ,dorn]1 #bic4 ,dur&us1 #fc4 ,e ,eck1 ,johann1 #acb4 ,efficaci\s ,grace1 #da sqq4 ,efficacy1 ,?reefold1 #bfe sq4 ,elect1 ,numb] ( !1 #aid sq4 ,ephesus1 ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil (1 #hf4 ,ephrem1 ,/41 #aji4 ,e/ius1 #baf4 ,et]nal life1 #dbf sqq4 ,eu*>i/1 ,! ,holy1 #cfj4 ,ext]nal & ,int]nal ,grace1 #aa sqq4 ,f ,faci5ti quod e/ 9 se ,deus non d5egat gratiam1 #adg sqq4 ,fai?1 #fb1 #gc1 #ajj sqq41 #bgb1 #bgd sqq41 #bih sqq41 #cfc sq41 #cij sq41 #cie4 ,fides explicita--implicita1 #ahd sqq41 #bgi4 ,fiduci>y fai?1 #bgd sqq41 #caj sq4 ,filiatio adoptiva1 #aaj4 ,f9al p]sev]ance1 see ,p]sev]ance4 ,flacius1 #bia4 ,flor5ce1 ,c\ncil (1 #afd4 ,fonseca1 #beg4 ,francis de ,sales1 ,/41 #bjg1 #bef4 ,franzel91 #bjc4 ,frass51 #bjf4 ,fre$om a requisite ( m]it1 #daa sqq4 ,free-w1 #cb sqq42 ,h[ ,grace cop]ates )1 #dj sq42 ,its relation to ,grace1 #bbb sqq4 ,fri5d%ip1 #cec4 ,fri5d%ip ( ,god1 an effect ( sanctify+ grace1 #cea sqq4 ,fulg5tius1 ,/41 #bc1 #ahb1 #bae1 #bgh4 ,g ,gazzaniga1 #baf1 #bcf4 ,gelasius1 ,pope1 #agj4 ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #cfi sq4 ,glory1 #dbf sqq4 ,glossn]1 #adi4 ,god1 ,! ,grace (1 #aj4 ,godts1 #aie4 ,gom>us1 #bac4 ,gonet1 #bjd sq41 #baf1 #bah1 #bai sq41 #cde4 ,good int5tion1 #daa1 #dad4 ,good works1 ,m]it (1 #cig sqq4 ,gotti1 #cj1 #ahe1 #baf4 ,gotts*alk1 #bab4 ,g\d91 #baf4 ,grace ( ju/ification1 #cac4 ,gr&]a?1 #cfa4 ,gratia antec$5s--concomitans1 #ce4 ,gratia congrua--incongrua1 #bfb sqq4 ,gratia efficax ab extr9seco sive p] accid5s1 #bee sqq41 #bfh4 ,gratia efficax ab intr9seco sive p] se1 #bcb sqq41 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,gratia e/ 9 nobis1 s$ s9e nobis1 #cg4 ,gratia gratis data1 #ab sqq4 ,gratia gratum faci5s1 #ab sqq4 ,gratia inspirationis1 #bc4 ,gratia magna1 #beb sq4 ,gratia orationis1 #dc4 ,gratia p>va 7( ,jans5ius7 #dd1 #beb sq4 ,gratia prima1 #acf sqq41 #chh sqq41 #dbd1 #dbg sqq4 ,gratia sanans s4 m$ic9alis1 #af1 #ia1 #aad4 ,gratia secunda1 #chh sqq4 ,gratia vocans1 #cb1 #ce1 #aaa4 ,gratuity ( ,grace1 #aca sqq4 ,graveson1 #baf4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 #ajb1 #aei1 #cjh4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,/41 #ch1 #bij1 #cjh1 #cfh1 #chj1 #cid4 ,grotius1 ,hugo1 #bid4 ,gutb]let1 #afe1 #bje4 ,h ,habits1 #ccc sqq4 8,half-,melan*?onians10 #bib4 ,h>nack1 #bie1 #bif1 #cai1 #cha4 ,hea!ns1 ,!1 receive suffici5t grace = salvation1 #agi sqq4 ,h5no1 #cbd4 ,h5ry ( ,gh5t1 #baj4 ,hil>y1 ,/41 #ig1 #ii1 #bji4 ,holy ,gho/1 #cca sq41 #cce1 #cdf1 #cfa sq41 #cfh1 #cfi sq4 ,hope1 #cfc sqq41 #cij1 #cif4 ,hurt]1 #cge4 ,hus1 #bab4 ,hypo/atic ,union1 #ab1 #aej1 #cde4 ,i ,ignatius ( ,antio*1 ,/41 #djd4 ,illum9at+ grace ( ! intellect1 #ai sqq4 ,imputation1 ,lu!ran !ory (1 #cac sqq4 ,inc>nation1 ,dogma ( !1 #bhb sqq4 ,incompatibility ( ,grace & s91 #cbc sqq4 ,increase ( glory1 #dbi sq4 ,increase ( sanctify+ grace1 #chd sqq41 #dbc sqq41 #dbi4 8,indiculus10 #ii4 ,infants1 ,unbaptiz$1 #afc sqq41 ,baptiz$1 #djf4 ,infralaps>ians1 #aef1 #bac4 ,inhabitatio ,spiritus ,sancti1 #cfa sq41 #cgj sqq4 ,innoc5t ,i1 #h1 #i1 #he1 #aed4 ,innoc5t ,x1 #afh1 #bbf4 ,innoc5t ,,xi1 #gc1 #ahc1 #bha1 #djb4 ,int5sio gratiae1 #chi4 ,ir5u1 ,/41 #dg1 #ij1 #djd4 ,isaias1 #agh4 ,j ,jacob & ,esau1 #bja sq4 ,james1 ,/41 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bid1 #djc1 #dcd4 ,jans5ius & ,jans5ism1 #dd1 #eb1 #ee1 #fb1 #gd1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #aec sq41 #afh1 #aga1 #ahj1 #bab1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd sqq41 #bdi1 #beb1 #bha1 #daa1 #dag4 ,jehu1 #dcc4 ,j]ome1 ,/41 #eh1 #aji1 #ced1 #chj1 #chg1 #cid1 #dab4 ,jews1 #acg1 #aee1 #aie1 #bhb1 #cfg4 ,john a ,s4 ,?oma1 #baf4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/41 #aaf4 ,joseph1 ,/41 #aaf1 #baa4 ,jov9ian1 #chg1 #cid4 ,julian ( ,eclanum1 #hc1 #he4 ,ju/ification1 #cf1 #gc1 #ig1 #aac sq41 #acf sqq42 ,process (1 #bgb sqq42 ,necessity ( fai? =1 #bgd sqq42 ,necessity ( o!r prep>atory acts1 #bhe sqq42 ,! /ate (1 #cjj sqq42 ,! nature (1 #cja sqq42 ,negative elem5t1 #cjb sqq42 ,positive elem5t1 #caj sqq42 ,sanctify+ ,grace ! sole =mal cause (1 #cbb sqq42 ,qualities (1 #cgh sqq42 ,increase ( ,grace1 #chh2 ,fruits (1 #cig sqq4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,/41 #ajb1 #cjh4 ,k ,klee1 #afd4 1 #cde4 ,krogh-,tonn+1 #bic4 ,l ,lat]an1 ,f\r? ,c\ncil ( !1 #agi1 #djj4 ,law ( grace1 #dje4 ,lessius1 #aej1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bba1 #bfb1 #ccg1 #dbj4 ,lib]ty1 see ,fre$om4 ,lieb]mann1 #hi4 ,logos1 ,! ,div9e1 #ceh1 #cei sq4 ,log-/ick-&-/one !ory1 #bia1 #bib4 ,lucidus1 #bab4 ,lum5 gloriae1 #cde4 ,lu!r1 #eb1 #gd1 #acb1 #bbc1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #bia1 #bic1 #bie1 #cjb1 #caj1 #cbb1 #chd1 #chi1 #cib1 #cii1 #djg4 ,m ,maldonatus1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,m>y1 ,b4 ,v41 #fd1 #aaf1 #baa1 #chd1 #chi1 #cia4 ,massillon1 #aid4 ,melan*?on1 #bib1 #caj4 ,m5nonites1 #cbb4 ,m]cy1 ,works (1 #daf4 ,m]ely suffici5t ,grace1 #da sqq4 ,m]it1 #abh1 #aca sqq41 #cig sqq41 #dcj4 ,m]itum de congruo1 #dcj sqq4 ,m]itum naturae1 #ach4 ,mezz(anti1 ,c>d9al1 #ed4 ,mileve1 ,c\ncil (1 #he1 #aad1 #aaf4 ,mod]nism1 #ed4 ,mol9a & ,mol9ism1 #fe1 #adh1 #bjj1 #bag1 #bee sqq41 #ccg4 ,mol9os1 ,m4 de1 #dja4 ,moral virtues1 ,infus$1 #cff sqq4 ,mortal s91 #ig1 #ajf sqq41 #cib sqq4 ,n ,nabu*odonosor1 #eh4 ,natural & ,sup]natural ,grace1 #g sqq4 ,nature1 ,capacity (1 #ej sqq4 ,necessitas antec$5s peccati1 #abj sqq4 ,necessitas m$ii--praecepti1 #bgi sqq4 ,o ,obduracy1 #age sq4 ,objects ( m]it1 #dbc sqq4 ,ob/9acy1 #agh sq4 ,occasionali/s1 #djf4 ,ockam1 #baa4 ,op]a /]ilit] bona1 #eg1 #ha sq4 ,orange1 ,second ,c\ncil (1 #bj1 #dd1 #hf1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #abc1 #acf1 #aci1 #adc1 #bac1 #djj4 ,orig51 #gg4 ,orig9al s91 #cjc1 #dcd4 ,orosius1 #ahb4 ,osi&]1 #bib4 ,osorius1 #bjd4 ,oswald1 #ajd1 #bjc4 ,p ,palmi]i1 #fa1 #gb1 #ajc1 #aaf4 ,pan!ism1 #cdc4 ,passaglia1 #aeh1 #cge4 ,passions1 ,!1 #bh4 ,paul1 ,/41 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #bg1 #eg1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh1 #hh1 #ajj sq41 #aje1 #ajg1 #abe1 #acg1 #adf1 #aeg sq41 #aff1 #afi sq41 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bja sq41 #bjg1 #bbg sq41 #bei1 #bfi1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bha sq41 #bhc1 #bhh sq41 #cad1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah1 #cai sq41 #cea1 #chc1 #cic1 #djb1 #djg1 #dbj1 #dbd4 ,paul ,v1 #bef1 #bfa4 ,pelagius & ,pelagianism1 #ef1 #fd1 #ff1 #ga1 #gi1 #hb sqq41 #hi1 #ig1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aai1 #acf1 #ada1 #agj1 #aij1 #aig1 #bbh1 #cjh4 ,p5ance1 ,sacram5t (1 #cie1 #dbh4 ,p]rone1 #ah4 ,p]sev]ance1 ,f9al1 #abc sqq41 #dbe sq41 #dcb sqq4 ,pes*1 ,*r41 #fh1 #gb1 #bdh4 ,petavius1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #cfa1 #cge4 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 #cca4 ,pet]1 ,/41 #aga1 #ahd4 ,pfeff+]1 #bib4 ,piccolom9i1 #bfb4 ,pighius1 #bjd4 1 #bgg sq41 #bij4 ,pi/oia1 ,c\ncil (1 #ga1 #gd4 ,pius ,v1 #afe4 ,pius ,,vi1 #ga1 #gc4 ,platel1 #gb4 ,plato1 #cej4 ,pneumatoma*ians1 #cgc4 ,polyc>p1 ,/41 #bij4 ,pomponazzi1 #eb4 ,po/laps>ians1 #bac4 ,pot5tia ob$i5tialis1 #ai1 #cj1 #dj4 ,praeambula fidei1 #eb1 #ajb1 #aje4 ,praemotio moralis1 #bdi1 #bec4 ,praemotio physica1 #bcc sqq41 #bdh4 ,pray]1 #dc1 #ia1 #abg sqq41 #acc1 #adb sqq41 #bff sqq41 #dca1 #dcc1 #dce4 ,pr$e/9>ianism1 ,h]etical1 #bab4 ,pr$e/9ation1 #aeb1 #ahg sqq42 ante praevisa ni]ita1 #aii sqq42 po/ praevisa m]ita1 #bjf sqq4 ,pr$e/9ationism1 ,or?odox1 #aii sqq4 ,prev5i5t ,grace1 #cb sqq4 ,prie/hood1 #ac4 ,prop]ties ( sanctify+ ,grace1 #cgh sqq4 ,prosp]1 ,/41 #be1 #cg1 #ei1 #gg1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aei1 #ahb1 #aib1 #bae4 ,protagoras1 #cej4 ,q ,qualitates ,flu5tes1 #bi sqq4 ,qualities1 #ccc sq4 ,quasi-,m]it1 #acd4 ,quesnel1 #ec1 #gb1 #gd sqq41 #ahj4 ,quieti/s1 #cdc1 #dja4 ,r ,re-,creation1 #cae1 #cci4 ,reg5]ation1 #cad sq41 #cbi1 #cci1 #cda1 #cdf4 ,rep5tance1 #agf4 ,reprobation1 #aeb1 #agh1 #bab sqq4 ,requisites ( sup]natural m]it1 #daj sqq4 ,ripalda1 #fe1 #fi1 #ga sqq41 #abh1 #ade1 #adi1 #ccj1 #cdb1 #cde1 #cfc4 ,roman ,cate*ism1 #ccc1 #cdj1 #cdi1 #cfc4 ,s ,sa9ts absolutely pr$e/9$1 #baa2 ,favor$ by ,god1 #dai4 ,salm]on1 #ccg4 ,salut>y acts1 #hb sqq4 ,sanctification1 ,int]nal1 #cbc1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,sanctify+ ,grace1 #bga sqq42 ,g5esis (1 #bgb sqq42 ,! sole =mal cause ( ju/ification1 #cbb sqq42 ,nature (1 #cbh sqq42 ,a p]man5t quality ( ! s\l1 #cbh sqq42 ,an infus$ habit1 #ccc sqq42 ,n id5tical ) *>ity1 #ccf sqq42 ,a p>ticipation ( ! s\l 9 ! div9e nature1 #cdj sqq42 ,! effects (1 #cdg sqq42 ,sanctity1 #cdg sqq42 ,sup]natural beauty1 #cdi sqq42 ,div9e fri5d%ip1 #cea sqq42 ,adoptive son%ip1 #cef sqq42 ,sup]natural concomitants1 #cfb sqq42 ,prop]ties (1 #cgh sqq42 ,admits ( degrees & !re=e c be increas$1 #chd sqq42 ,lo/ by mortal s91 #cib sqq42 ,fruits (1 #cig sqq42 ,z a requisite ( m]it1 #dah sq42 ,increas$ by m]it1 #dbd sqq4 ,sanctity1 an effect ( sanctify+ ,grace1 #cdg sqq4 ,s>dagna1 #ccg4 ,s*eeb51 #cfa1 #cge4 ,s*rad]1 #cge4 ,sci5tia m$ia1 #bde1 #bec1 #beg sq41 #bff4 ,scotus & ! ,scoti/s1 #aj1 #fc1 #fg1 #id1 #baj1 #cbe1 #ccb1 #ccg1 #dai1 #dcc4 8,se$ ( ,god10 ,:y grace is call$ !1 #dji4 ,self-righte\sness1 #djf sq4 ,semipelagianism1 #ig sqq41 #aci sqq41 #adf1 #adh1 #agj1 #aij1 #aig1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bci4 ,s5sitive sph]e1 ,graces ( !1 #bf sqq4 ,s9n]s1 ,ord9>y & obdurate1 #agb sqq4 ,s91 ,incompatible ) ,grace1 #cbc sqq42 ,is sanctify+ ,grace dim9i%$ by v5ial s98 #chh sq4 ,s9s ( malice1 #bdg4 ,society ( ,jesus1 #bfj sqq41 #cbe4 ,soc9ianism1 #bib4 ,socrates1 #be4 ,sola fides !ory1 #bhf sqq4 ,soto1 ,dom9icus1 #baa1 #cfc1 #dcj4 ,/apleton1 #bjf4 ,/oics1 #fd1 #chg4 ,/r5g!n+ ,grace ( ! w1 #bc sqq4 ,su>ez1 #fc1 #if1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abh1 #aej1 #bah1 #bai1 #beg1 #bfb1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #cdf1 #cei1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cij sq41 #dae1 #dbj1 #dcc4 ,suffici5t ,grace1 #da sqq41 #afg sqq4 ,sup]]ogation1 ,works (1 #daa4 ,sup]natural "* ( m]it1 #dac sqq4 ,sylvius1 #baf1 #dcd4 ,syncretism1 #bfg sqq4 ,syn]gi/ dispute1 #bib4 ,t ,temporal bless+s1 #dce4 ,temptations1 #fe sqq4 ,tepe1 #fh1 #gb1 #ha4 ,t]tullian1 #agi4 1 #cda1 #cgf4 ,!odoret1 #bji4 ,!ological sy/ems devis$ to h>monize ! dogmas ( grace & free-w1 #bca sqq42 ,?omism1 #bcb sqq42 ,augu/9ianism1 #bdh sqq42 ,mol9ism1 #bee sqq42 ,congruism1 #bfa sqq42 ,syncretism1 #bfg sqq4 ,?omas1 ,/41 #bg1 #cb1 #cd1 #eb1 #ec1 #fb1 #gj1 #ic1 #aba1 #adi1 #afa1 #afe1 #agh1 #ahe1 #aid1 #baj1 #bcb1 #bih1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccd1 #cch1 #cci1 #cde1 #cdi1 #ceg1 #cfe1 #cfh sq41 #chg1 #dji1 #dad1 #dai1 #dba1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dce4 ,?omism & ! ,?omi/s1 #aa1 #bi1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #baf1 #bai1 #bcb sqq41 #cbe1 #ccb1 #chi1 #dac1 #dad4 ,toletus1 #bjd1 #bjf4 ,t\rnely1 #bjg1 #ccg4 ,traditionalism1 #eb4 ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #de1 #gd1 #hf1 #id1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aae sq41 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #acf1 #aec1 #afe1 #afh1 #ahb1 #ahh1 #bac1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bdc sq41 #bdg1 #bfe1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bhe1 #bie sqq41 #cjc1 #cjg1 #caa sqq41 #cai1 #cbb sq41 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbi sq41 #cca1 #cce1 #cch1 #ceb1 #cfa1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #chc1 #che1 #cia1 #cib1 #djj1 #dja1 #djg sq41 #dae1 #dba sq41 #dbc1 #dbe1 #dbf1 sqq41 #dca4 ,tr9ity1 ,dogma ( !1 #bhb sqq4 ,u ,ultricuria1 ,ni*olas de1 #eb4 ,unbelief1 #ig4 8,unig5itus10 ,con/itution1 #gd4 ,v ,vasquez1 #fi sqq41 #gb1 #id1 #acc1 #adi1 #bfb1 #ccg1 #cfc1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbe4 ,vatican ,c\ncil1 #ea1 #ed1 #gc1 #ahc1 #bdd sq41 #bfe4 ,vega1 #abb4 ,v5ial s91 ,possibility ( avoid+1 #aag sqq42 ,is sanctify+ ,grace dim9i%$ by8 #chh sq4 ,vi5ne1 ,c\ncil (1 #cca1 #cfc4 ,vital acts ( ! s\l1 #bg sqq4 ,vitelles*i1 #bfb4 ,vocation1 ,! grace (1 #aij1 #aif4 ,voluntas salvifica ,dei1 #aeb sqq4 ,w ,wiclif1 #bab4 ,w to save1 ,god's1 #aeb sqq4 ,y ,ysamb]t1 #baa4 ,z ,zosimus1 #he4 ,zw+li1 #bih4 ,,footnotes #a ,! ,fa!rs & ! ,s*oolm5 8d n emphasize ! diff]5ce1 & frequ5tly speak ( habitual & actual grace z ( "o :ole4 ,controv]sial reasons acc\nt = ?is discrepancy1 :i* read]s ( ! old] !ologians %\ld con/antly be> 9 m9d40 7,wilhelm-,scannell1 ,manual ( ,ca?olic ,!ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbi1 #bnd ed41 ,london #aija47 #b ,! a/]isk be=e an au?or's "n indicates t 8 treatm5t ( ! subject is especially cle> & ?or\gh4 ,z ,/4 ,?omas is inv>iably ! be/ guide1 ! omission ( ! a/]isk be=e 8 "n nev] means t we consid] 8 "w inf]ior to t ( o!r writ]s4 ,!re are va/ /ret*es ( !ology :i* he sc>cely t\*$4 #c ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #aha sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiab4 #d ,!ologiae ,graecorum ,patrum ,v9dicatae circa ,univ]sam ,mat]iam ,gratiae ,libri ,,iii1 ,i1 #d1 ,p>is #afdf4 #e 8,! same "n is loosely appli$ to ! act ( #8bless+' ! food be=e tak+ x1 :i* is prop]ly ! function ( a prie/1 b :i* is suitably p]=m$ by e ,*ri/ian40 7,hunt]1 ,outl9es ( ,dogmatic ,!ology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #f47 ,cfr4 ,s4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #a3 8,secundum communem loqu5di modum triplicit] gratia accipi consuevit3 uno modo pro dilectione alicuius4442 secundo sumitur pro aliquo dono gratis dato4442 t]tio modo sumitur pro recomp5satione b5eficii gratis dati1 secundum quod dicimur ag]e gratias b5eficiorum40 #f ,rom4 ,,xi1 #f3 8,si autem gratia1 iam non ex op]ibus2 alioqu9 gratia iam non e/ gratia40 #g ,tract4 9 ,ioannem1 ,,iii1 n4 #i3 8,quid e/ gratia8 ,gratis data4 ,quid e/ gratis data8 ,donata1 non r$dita40 #h ,debitum naturae4 #i ,epi/ula ad ,innoc5t41 n4 #b3 8,nam si intellexiss5t illi episcopi1 eam illum dic]e gratiam1 quam etiam cum impiis habemus1 cum quibus hom9es sumus1 neg>e v]o eam qu ,*ri/iani et filii ,dei sumus1 quis eum pati5t] 444 ante oculos suos f]ret8 ,quapropt] non culp&i sunt iudices1 qui ecclesia/ic consuetud9e nom5 gratiae i4e4 *ri/ianae audi]unt40 #aj ,on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two categories see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #ahj sqq4 #aa ,epi/4 ad ,innoc5t41 l4c43 8,etsi qudam non improb& ratione dicitur gratia ,dei qu creati sumus gratia naturalis1 444 alia e/ tam51 qu pra$e/9ati vocamur1 iu/ificamur1 glorificamur gratia sup]naturalis40 #ab ,epi/4 ad ,sixt41 #aid1 n4 #h3 8,haec e/ enim gratia1 quam 9 libris ,dei leg]e et populis pra$ic>e ca?olici anti/ites consuev]unt1 et gratia quam comm5dat ,apo/olus non e/ ea qu creati sumus1 ut hom9es essemus1 s$ qu iu/ificati sumus1 quum mali hom9es essemus40 #ac ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,ep41 #bag3 8,hoc scil4 cr$]e opus e/ gratiae1 non naturae4 ,opus e/1 inquam1 gratiae quam nobis attulit secundus ,adam1 non naturae quam totam p]didit 9 seipso ,adam40 #ad ,gratia e/ donum gratis datum sup]naturale4 #ae ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,sot]iology4 ,a ,dogmatic ,treatise on ! ,r$emption1 pp4 #bd sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad4 #af ,gratia e/ donum gratis datum1 sup]naturale1 ex m]itis ,*ri/i4 #ag ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,contra ,duas ,epi/olas ,pelagianorum1 ,,iv1 #ae4 #ah ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,iii1 #ba sqq42 ,gal4 ,,ii1 #af4 #ai ,gratia e/ donum gratis datum1 sup]naturale1 int]num1 ex m]itis ,*ri/i4 #bj ,/4 ,mat!w ,x1 #h3 8,infirmos curate1 mortuos suscitate1 leprosos mundate1 daemones eiicite3 gratis accepi/is1 gratis date 7 740--,! "n 8gratuit\sly giv510 z ,fr4 ,hunt] obs]ves 7,outl9es1 ,,iii1 #aj71 is 8tautological & n p>ticul>ly expressive10 & 8helps 9 no way to indicate :at is ! nature ( ! graces :i* x is int5d$ to exclude4 ,^! are su* z1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 we call +ratiat+3 ! ,lat9 "n us$ by !ologians 7gratum faci5s7 d5otes t !y make a man pleas+ to ,god1 grateful to ,him1 if we und]/& grateful ( t :i* gives pleasure1 & n 9 its common] s5se1 :i* is ne>ly ! same z ?ankful40 #ba ,= a li/ ( ! *>ismata see #a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #d sqq4 ,cfr4 ,englmann1 ,von d5 ,*>ism5 im allgeme95 und von dem ,spra*5*>isma im besond]51 ,ratisbon #ahdh2 ,cornely1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,pauli ,priorem ,epi/olam ad ,cor9?ios1 pp4 #daj sqq41 ,p>is #ahij2 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bdc sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh4 #bb #a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #ca3 8,aemulam9i autem *>ismata meliora1 et adhuc excell5tiorem viam vobis demon/ro40 #bc ,c>itas1 4 #bd #a ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #a sqq4 ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaa1 art4 #e3 8,unaquaeque virtus tanto excell5tior e/1 quanto ad altius bonum ord9atur4 ,semp] autem f9is potior e/ 81 quae sunt ad f9em i4e4 m$ia4 ,gratia autem gratum faci5s ord9at hom9em imm$iate ad coniunctionem ultimi f9is2 gratiae autem gratis datae ord9ant hom9em ad qua$am praep>atoria f9is ultimi1 sicut p] prophetiam et miracula et huiusmodi hom9es inducuntur ad hoc quod ultimo f9i coniungantur4 ,et ideo gratia gratum faci5s e/ multo excell5tior quam gratia gratis data40 #be ,gratia e/ donum gratis datum1 sup]naturale1 int]num1 gratum faci5s1 ex m]itis ,*ri/i4 #bf ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bbi sq4 #bg ,ibid41 pp4 #bih sq4 #bh ,ep4 ad ,simplician41 ,i1 #i1 #bb3 8,voluntas ipsa1 nisi aliquid occurr]it quod delectet et invitet animum1 mov]i nullo modo pote/2 hoc autem1 ut occurrat1 non e/ 9 hom9is pote/ate40 #bi ,en*iridion1 c4 #ih3 8,quis tam impie desipiat1 ut dicat1 ,deum malas hom9um voluntates1 quas volu]it1 qu&o volu]it1 ubi volu]it1 9 bonum non posse conv]t]e80 #cj 8,dom9e1 444 ad te no/ras etiam rebelles compelle propitius voluntates40 ,= a full treatm5t ( ,god's moral causality ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #aji1 sect4 #b sq4 #ca ,cfr4 ,d4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ae4 #cb ,causa =malis4 #cc ,causa effici5s4 #cd ,causa m]itoria4 #ce ,causa mat]ialis4 #cf ,causalitas moralis4 #cg ,causalitas physica4 #ch ,causa f9alis inadaequata4 #ci ,causa f9alis adaequata4 #dj ,on ! pot5tia ob$i5tialis see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #ahh sqq4 #da ,c4 #g1 quot$ by ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ahj4 #db ,supra1 p4 #aa4 #dc 8,lex ,dom9i immaculata1 conv]t5s animas1 444 praeceptum ,dom9i lucidum1 illum9ans oculos40 #dd 8,*ri/us passus e/ pro nobis1 vobis rel9qu5s exemplum1 ut sequam9i ve/igia eius40 #de ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #cd3 8,visorum suasionibus agit ,deus1 ut velimus et ut cr$amus1 sive extr9secus p] evangelicas exhortationes sive intr9secus1 ubi nemo habet 9 pote/ate1 quid ei v5iat 9 m5tem40 #df #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #d sq43 8,fiduciam autem talem habemus p] ,*ri/um ad ,deum2 non quod suffici5tes simus cogit>e aliquid a nobis quasi ex nobis1 s$ suffici5tia no/ra ex ,deo e/40 #dg #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #f3 8,ego plantavi1 ,apollo rigavit2 s$ ,deus increm5tum d$it 7 74 ,itaque neque qui plantat e/ aliquid neque qui rigat1 s$ qui increm5tum dat1 ,deus 7 740 #dh ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 c4 #ai3 8,ipse 9 bonis arboribus coop]atur fructum1 qui et =9secus rigat atque excolit p] quemlibet m9i/rum et p] se dat intr9secus increm5tum40 ,cfr4 also ,eph4 ,i1 #ag sq41 ,acts ,,xxvi1 #af sqq41 #b ,cor4 ,,iv1 #f1 #a ,john ,,ii1 #bj & #bg4 #di ,cfr4 ,mazzella1 ,de ,gratia1 disp4 #a1 art4 #a1 #d1 #crd ed41 ,rome #ahhb4 #ej ,tract4 9 ,ioa41 ,,iii1 #ac3 8,magi/]ia =9secus adiutoria qua$am sunt et admonitiones2 ca!dram 9 coelo habet1 qui corda t5et40 #ea ,l4c43 8,int]ior magi/] e/1 qui docet2 ,*ri/us docet1 inspiratio ipsius docet40 #eb ,ep4 #ag de ,inc>n4 et ,grat4 n4 #fg3 8,fru/ra div9us s]mo ext]ioribus auribus sonat1 nisi ,deus spiritali mun]e auditum hom9is int]ioris ap]iat40 ,o!r ,patri/ic texts w be f\nd 9 ! classic "w ( ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #aja1 sect4 #c-d4 #ec ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m gratia inspirationis1 bo? 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & 9 ! decrees ( ,tr5t 7,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #c71 sometimes also d5otes ! imm$iate illum9at+ grace ( ! m9d4 #ed ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 c4 #ab3 8,qu grati agitur1 non solum ut faci5da nov]imus1 v]um etiam ut cognita faciamus1 nec ut solum dilig5da cr$amus1 v]um etiam ut cr$ita diligamus40 #ee ,op4 cit41 c4 #bf3 8,cognitionem et dilectionem1 sicut sunt disc]n5da1 disc]nat1 quia sci5tia inflat1 qu&o c>itas a$ificat4444 ,et quum sit utrumque donum ,dei1 s$ unum m9us1 alt]um maius1 non sic iu/itiam no/ram sup] laudem iu/ificatoris extollat1 ut horum duorum quod m9us e/ div9o tribuat adiutorio1 quod autem maius e/ humano usurpet arbitrio40 #ef ,he applies a v>iety ( practically synonym\s t]ms to ! /r5g!n+ grace ( ! w1 = in/ance3 delectatio coele/is1 spiritus c>itatis1 inspiratio dilectionis1 bona voluntas1 voluptas1 sanctum desid]ium1 inspiratio suavitatis1 cupiditas boni1 etc4 #eg ,canon #d3 8,quisquis dix]it1 e&em gratiam ,dei p] ,iesum ,*ri/um ,d4 ,n4 propt] hoc tantum adiuv>e ad non pecc&um1 quia p] ipsam nobis ap]itur el revelatur intellig5tia m&atorum1 ut sciamus quid appet]e et quid vit>e debeamus1 non autem p] illam nobis prae/>i ut quod faci5dum cognov]imus1 etiam fac]e diligamus atque valeamus1 a4 s42 444 quum sit utrumque donum ,dei1 et scire quid fac]e debeamus et dilig]e ut faciamus40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajd47 #eh ,contra ,collator41 c4 ,,vii1 #b3 8,trahit timor2 pr9cipium enim sapi5tiae timor ,dom9i 7,prov4 ,i1 #g74 ,trahit laetitia1 quoniam laetatus sum 9 81 quae dicta sunt mihi3 9 domum ,dom9i ibimus 7,ps4 ,,cxxi1 #a74 ,trahit desid]ium1 quoniam concupiscit et deficit anima mea 9 atria ,dom9i 7,ps4 ,,lxxxiii1 #c74 ,trahunt delectationes3 quam dulcia enim faucibus meis eloquia tua1 sup] mel et favum ori meo 7,ps4 ,,cxviii1 #ajc74 ,et quis p]spic]e aut en>r>e possit1 p] quos affectus visitatio ,dei animum ducat humanum80 ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 !s4 #aa2 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #h4 #ei ,de ,anima1 ,i1 #h3 4 #fj ,de ,peccatorum ,m]itis et ,remissione1 ,,ii1 #ai1 #cc3 8444 ut suave faciat1 quod non delectabat40 #fa #b ,cor4 ,,xii1 #i3 8,sufficit tibi gratia mea40 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is po9t ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #dd1 sect4 #i4 #fb ,9 ,psalmos1 #ajb1 n4 #af3 8,vocat ,deus p] intimam cognitionem40--,tract4 9 ,ioa41 #bf1 n4 #g3 8,videte quomodo trahit ,pat]1 doc5do delectat40 #fc ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #b4 #fd ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #be1 art4 #b4 #fe 8444 quum sit utrumque donum ,dei1 et scire quid fac]e debeamus1 et dilig]e ut faciamus40 7,v4 supra1 p4 #be47 #ff 8,amor ,dei propt] se sup] omnia40 #fg ,v4 infra1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*4 ,i4 #fh ,cfr41 e4g41 ,de ,tr9itate1 ,,viii1 #aj3 8,quid e/ dilectio vel c>itas1 quam tantop]e ,scriptura div9a laudat et pra$icat1 nisi amor boni80--,contra ,duas ,epi/olas ,pelag41 ,,ii1 #i1 #ba3 8,quid e/ boni cupiditas nisi c>itas80--,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 c4 #ba3 8,quasi v]o aliud sit bona voluntas quam c>itas40 #fi ,x %\ld also be not$ t 9 ,augu/9e's writ+s inspiratio c>itatis1 z an imm$iate grace ( ! w1 is n necess>ily id5tical ) ! infusion ( !ological love4 #gj ,e4g4 ,b]ti1 ,de ,!ol4 ,discipl41 ,,xiv1 #g4 #ga ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 ,de ,aux41 disp4 #fg1 n4 #f4 #gb ,alv>ez1 op4 cit41 disp4 #gd4--;,cfr4 ,john ,,vi1 #dd3 8,nemo pote/ v5ire ad me1 nisi ,pat]1 qui misit me1 trax]it eum40 ,apoc4 ,,iii1 #bj3 8,ecce /o ad o/ium et pulso2 si quis audi]it vocem meam et ap]u]it mihi ianuam1 intrabo ad illum40 #gc ,comm5t4 9 ,summam ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu9atis1 p4 #b1 tr4 #f1 qu4 #b1 art4 #b1 #b4 #gd ,v4 supra1 ,nos4 #a & #b4 #ge ,ad ,simplic41 ,i1 #b1 n4 #ba3 8,quis pote/ cr$]e1 nisi aliqu vocatione1 h4 e4 aliqu r]um te/ificatione tangatur8 ,quis habet 9 pote/ate tali viso att+i m5tem suam1 quo eius voluntas moveatur ad fidem80 #gf ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,div4 ,grat41 ,,iii1 #d3 8,9 ,conciliis et ,patribus nullum ve/igium talis gratiae inv5imus1 qu9 potius ipsam inspirationem ponunt ut gratiam primam et praet]ea indicant imm$iate infundi ab ipso ,spiritu ,sancto et non m$iante aliqu qualitate40 #gg ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #d1 art4 #b4 #gh ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #b3 8,9 eo1 qui dicitur gratiam ,dei hab]e1 significatur esse quidam effectus gratuitae ,dei voluntatis4 ,dictum e/ autem supra 7qu4 #aji1 art4 #a71 quod duplicit] ex gratuita ,dei voluntate homo adiuvatur3 uno modo inquantum anima hom9is movetur a ,deo ad aliquid cognosc5dum vel vol5dum vel ag5dum2 et hoc modo ipse gratuitus effectus 9 hom9e non e/ qualitas1 s$ motus quidam animae2 actus enim mov5tis 9 moto e/ motus1 ut dicitur 7,phys4 #a1 #c1 text4 #ah74 ,alio modo adiuvatur homo ex gratuita ,dei voluntate1 secundum quod aliquod habituale donum a ,deo animae infunditur 444 et sic donum gratiae qualitas qua$am e/40--,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div4 ,actuali1 !s4 #af2 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bc sqq42 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #bbj sqq4 ,! ,?omi/ic doctr9e on ?is po9t is view$ ) favor by sev]al ,mol9i/ !ologians1 e4g41 ,platel 7,de ,gratia1 n4 #edg7 & ,gutb]let 7,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #be sq41 ,ma9z #ahig74 #gi ,de ,peccat4 ,m]it4 et ,rem41 ,,ii1 #ah3 8,quoniam quod a ,deo nos av]timus no/rum e/1 et haec e/ voluntas mala2 quod v]o ad ,deum nos conv]timus nisi ipso excitante et adiuvante non possumus1 et haec e/ voluntas bona40 #hj ,de ,grat4 et ,lib4 ,arbitr41 c4 #ag1 #cc3 8,ipse ut velimus1 op]atur incipi5s1 qui vol5tibus coop]atur p]fici5s40--,on c]ta9 diff]5ces ( op9ion on ?is po9t betwe5 ,su>ez 7,de ,div4 ,motione1 ,,iii1 #e7 & ,/4 ,?omas 7,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaa1 art4 #b71 see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #beb sqq4 #ha ,cfr4 ,ps4 ,,lviii1 #aa2 ,,xxii1 #f4 #hb ,en*iridion1 c4 #cb3 8,nol5tem praev5it1 ut velit2 vol5tem subsequitur1 ne fru/ra velit40 #hc ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #e3 8,decl>at praet]ea1 ipsius ju/ificationis exordium 9 adultis a ,dei p] ,iesum ,*ri/um praev5i5te gratia sum5dum esse1 h4 e4 ab eius vocatione1 qua nullis eorum exi/5tibus m]itis vocantur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gig47 #hd ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaa1 art4 #c3 8,sicut gratia dividitur 9 op]antem et coop]antem secundum div]sos effectus1 ita etiam 9 praev5i5tem et subsequ5tem1 qualit]cumque gratia accipiatur 7i4e4 sive habitualis sive actualis74 ,sunt autem qu9que effectus gratiae 9 nobis1 quorum primus e/ ut anima sanetur2 secundus ut bonum velit2 t]tius e/ ut bonum quod vult efficacit] op]etur2 qu>tus e/ ut 9 bono p]sev]et2 qu9tus e/ ut ad gloriam p]v5iat4 ,et ideo gratia1 secundum quod causat 9 nobis primum effectum1 vocatur praev5i5s respectu secundi effectus2 et pr\t causat 9 nobis secundum1 vocatur subsequ5s respectu primi effectus4 ,et sicut unus effectus e/ po/]ior uno effectu et prior alio1 ita gratia pote/ dici praev5i5s et subsequ5s secundum eundem effectum respectu div]sorum40 #he ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,iesus ,*ri/us 9 ipsos iu/ificatos iugit] virtutem influit1 quae virtus bona eorum op]a semp] antec$it et comitatur et subsequitur40 #hf ,on ! di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ^! pairs1 :e!r x be real or m]ely logical1 !ologians diff]4 ,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,div4 ,grat41 !s4 #ah2 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #ag sqq42 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #bda sqq4 #hg ,v4 supra1 ,nos4 #a & #d4 #hh ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #e & c4 #d1 quot$ 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t's ,en*iridion1 n4 #gig & #had4 #hi ,ad ,simplic41 ,i1 qu4 #b1 n4 #bb3 8,voluntas ipsa1 nisi aliquid occurr]it1 quod delectet atque invitet animum1 mov]i nullo modo pote/2 hoc autem ut occurrat1 non e/ 9 hom9is pote/ate40 #ij ,contr4 ,collator41 c4 ,,vii1 #b3 8,et quis p]spic]e aut en>r>e possit1 p] quos affectus visitatio ,dei animum ducat humanum1 ut quae fugiebat sequatur1 quae od]at diligat1 quae fa/idiebat esuriat1 ac subit commutatione mirabili quae clausa ei fu]ant s9t ap]ta1 quae on]osa levia1 quae am>a s9t dulcia1 quae obscura s9t lucida80 #ia ,cfr4 ,m4 ,cron91 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cj sqq41 ,dubl9 #aiji4 #ib ,contra ,duas ,epi/olas ,pelagian41 ,,ii1 #i1 #ba3 8,multa ,deus facit 9 hom9e bona1 quae non facit homo2 nulla v]o facit homo1 quae non facit ,deus1 ut faciat homo40 #ic ,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arbitr41 c4 #ag1 n4 #cc3 8,ut ergo velimus1 s9e nobis op]atur2 quum autem volumus et sic volumus ut faciamus1 nobiscum coop]atur2 tam5 s9e illo vel op]ante ut velimus1 vel coop]ante quum volumus1 ad bona pietatis op]a nihil valemus40 #id ,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arbitr41 c4 #ad3 8,si ergo ,deus tria haec1 h4 e4 bonum cogit>e1 velle1 p]fic]e1 op]atur 9 nobis 7#b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #e2 ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac71 primum pr(ecto s9e nobis1 secundum nobiscum1 t]tium p] nos facit4 ,siquidem immitt5do bonam cogitationem1 nos praev5it2 immut&o etiam malam voluntatem sibi p] cons5sum iungit2 m9i/r&o et cons5sui facultatem =is p] ap]tum opus no/rum int]nus opifex innotescit4 ,sane ipsi nos praev5ire nequaquam possumus4 ,qui autem bonum nem9em inv5it1 nem9em salvat1 quem non praev5it4 ,a ,deo ergo s9e dubio no/rae fit salutis exordium1 nec p] nos utique nec nobiscum4 ,v]um cons5sus et opus1 etsi non ex nobis1 non iam tam5 s9e nobis40--,on ! mis9t]pretation ( ?is text by ! ,jans5i/s1 see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 pp4 #hd sq4 #ie ,moral41 ,,xvi1 #aj3 8,sup]na pietas prius agit 9 nobis aliquid s9e nobis gratia praev5i5s1 ut subsequ5te lib]o arbitrio bonum1 quod appetimus1 agat nobiscum gratia coop]ans40 #if ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #af3 8,tanta e/ ,dei erga hom9es bonitas1 ut eorum velit esse m]ita quae sunt ipsius dona40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #haj47 #ig ,de ,grat4 et ,lib4 ,arbitr41 c4 #af1 #cb3 8,c]tum enim e/ nos m&ata s]v>e1 si volumus2 s$ quia praep>atur voluntas a ,dom9o1 ab illo pet5dum e/1 ut tantum velimus quantum sufficit1 ut vol5do faciamus4 ,c]tum e/ nos velle1 quum volumus2 s$ ille facit ut velimus bonum1 de quo dictum e/ quod paulo ante posui 7,prov4 ,,viii1 #ce73 ,praep>atur voluntas a ,dom9o2 de quo dictum e/ 7,ps4 ,,xxxvi1 #cb73 ,a ,dom9o gressus hom9is dirig5tur et viam eius volet2 de quo dictum e/ 7,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac73 ,deus e/ qui op]atur 9 nobis et velle4 ,c]tum e/ nos fac]e quum facimus2 s$ ille facit ut faciamus1 praeb5do vires efficacissimas voluntati1 qui dixit 7,eze*4 ,,xxxvi1 #bg73 ,faciam ut 9 iu/ificationibus meis ambuletis et iudicia mea obs]vetis et faciatis4 ,quum dicit3 ,faciam ut faciatis1 quid aliud dicit nisi 7,eze*4 ,,xi1 #ai73 ,auf]am a vobis cor lapideum1 unde non faciebatis1 7,eze*4 ,,xxxvi1 #bf71 et dabo vobis cor c>neum1 unde facitis40--,on ! subject ( ?is p>agraph see ,palmi]i1 op4 cit41 !s4 #aj1 & ,*r4 ,pes*1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ad sqq4 #ih ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #fg sqq4 #ii ,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,div4 ,grat4 ,actuali2 !s4 #ag1 & ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bh sqq4 #ajj ,v4 infra1 ,*4 ,,iii1 ,sect4 #b4 #aja ,de ,grat4 et ,lib4 ,arbitr41 c4 #af1 #cb3 8,c]tum e/ nos fac]e1 quum facimus2 s$ ille facit ut faciamus1 praeb5do vires efficacissimas voluntati40 #ajb ,de ,corrept4 et ,grat41 c4 #aa3 8,accep]at posse1 si vellet gratia suffici5s2 s$ non habuit velle gratia efficax quod posset1 nam si habuisset1 p]sev]asset40 ,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,div4 ,grat4 ,actuali1 !s4 #aa4 #ajc ,de ,nat4 et ,grat41 #dc3 8,nam ,deus impossibilia non iubet1 s$ iub5do monet1 et fac]e quod possis1 et pet]e quod non possis1 et adiuvat ut possis40 #ajd ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 ,,iv1 #aj3 8444 ita inefficax1 ex qua op]atio ne possit quidem sequi1 nisi eius inefficacia p] aliam suppleatur40 #aje 8,illud a rec5tioribus prolatum gratiae suffici5tis g5us1 quo adiuvante nullum unquam opus factum e/ aut fiet unquam1 videtur mon/rum quoddam s+ul>e gratiae1 solummodo peccatis faci5dis maiorique damnationi acc]s5dae s]vi5s40 7,de ,grat4 ,*ri/i1 ,,iii1 #c74 #ajf 8,gratia suffici5s /atui no/ro non tam utilis quam p]niciosa e/1 sic ut pro9de m]ito possimus pet]e3 ,a gratia suffici5ti lib]a nos1 ,dom9e40 ,?is ass]tion 0 condemn$ by ,pope ,alex&] ,,viii 9 #afij4 ,x is conv9c+ly refut$ by ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #ced sqq4 #ajg 8,hoc etiam secundum fidem ca?olicam cr$imus1 quod accept p] baptismum grati omnes baptizati ,*ri/o auxiliante et coop]ante1 quae ad salutem p]t95t1 poss9t et debeant1 si fidelit] labor>e volu]9t1 adimpl]e40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #bjj47 #ajh ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #d3 8,si quis dix]it1 lib]um hom9is arbitrium a ,deo motum et excitatum nihil coop]>i ,deo1 444 neque posse diss5tire1 si velit1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #had47 #aji ,is4 ,v1 #d3 8,quid e/1 quod debui ultra fac]e v9eae meae et non feci ei8 ,an quod exspectavi1 ut fac]et uvas et fecit labruscas80 #aaj ,prov4 ,i1 #bd3 8,vocavi et r5ui/is1 ext5di manum meam et non fuit qui adspic]et40 #aaa ,mat?4 ,,xi1 #ba4 #aab ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,xxiii1 #cg2 ,acts ,,vii1 #ea2 #a ,cor4 ,x1 #ac2 #b ,cor4 ,,vi1 #a2 #a ,!ss4 ,v1 #ai4 #aac ,contra ,ha]41 ,,iv1 #cg1 #a3 8,illud autem quod dicit 7,mat?4 ,,xxiii1 #cg73 ,quoties volui collig]e filios tuos1 et nolui/i1 vet]em lib]tatem hom9is manife/at1 quia lib]um eum fecit ,deus ab initio4444 ,vis enim a ,deo non fit1 s$ bona s5t5tia ade/ illi semp]4 ,et propt] hoc consilium quidem bonum dat omnibus4444 ,et qui op]antur quidem illud gratia efficax1 gloriam et honorem p]cipi5t1 quoniam op]ati sunt bonum1 quum poss9t non op]>i illud2 hi autem1 qui illud non op]antur1 indicium iu/um excipi5t ,dei1 quoniam non sunt op]ati bonum gratia inefficax1 quum poss9t op]>i illud gratia v]e et m]e suffici5s40 #aad 8,gratia ,dei 444 quae hom9um adiuvat voluntates3 qua ut non adiuv5tur1 9 ipsis itidem causa e/1 non 9 ,deo40 ,de ,peccat4 ,m]4 et ,rem41 ,,ii1 #ag4 #aae ,de ,lib4 ,arbitr41 ,,iii1 #af3 8,ex eo quod non accepit1 nullus reus e/2 ex eo autem quod non facit quod debet1 iu/e reus e/4 ,debet autem fac]e1 si accepit et voluntatem lib]am et suffici5tissimam facultatem40 ,on ! ,jans5i/ di/ortions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's tea*+ see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #dh4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs is ?or\ghly rehe>s$ by ,isaac ,hab]t1 ,!ol4 ,patr4 ,graec41 ,,ii1 #f sq4 #aaf ,conc4 ,vat41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 ,de ,revel41 c4 #a3 8,si quis dix]it1 ,deum unum et v]um1 ,creatorem et ,dom9um no/rum1 p] ea1 quae facta sunt1 naturali rationis humanae lum9e c]to cognosci non posse1 ana!ma sit40 #aag ,conc4 ,vat41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 cap4 #d3 8,hoc quoque p]petuus ,ecclesiae ca?olicae cons5sus t5uit et t5et1 duplicem esse ord9em cognitionis1 non solum pr9cipio1 s$ obiecto etiam di/9ctum3 pr9cipio quidem1 quia 9 alt]o naturali ratione et alt]o fide div9 cognoscimus2 obiecto autem1 quia praet] ea1 ad quae naturalis ratio p]t+]e pote/1 cr$5da nobis proponuntur my/]ia 9 ,deo abscondita1 quae1 nisi revelata div9itus1 innotesc]e non possunt40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #agie47 #aah ,ni*olas d',autric\rt1 a ma/] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 9 #acdh1 0 compell$ by ! ,sorbonne & ! ,apo/olic ,see to retract a numb] ( propositions tak5 f 8 writ+s :i* 7 infect$ ) scepticism4 ,^! propositions1 mo/ ( :i* _h be5 c5sur$ z h]etical1 & "s z m]ely false1 may be f\nd 9 ,natalis ,alex&]1 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 ed4 ,b+41 ,,xv1 #aie1 & also1 ) "s explanatory rem>ks1 9 ,d5ifle-,*atela91 ,*>tul>ium ,univ4 ,p>is41 ,,ii1 #a1 ,p>is #ahia4 #aai 8,klotz-1 ,/ock- und ,/e9!orie40 #abj ,on ,traditionalism1 see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #dd sqq41 #bnd ed41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad4 #aba ,wisd4 ,,xiii1 #a sqq42 ,rom4 ,i1 #bj sq42 ,rom4 ,,ii1 #ad sq4 ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ag sqq4 #abb ,ibid41 pp4 #ch sqq4 #abc ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #b1 art4 #b1 ad #a3 8,deum esse et alia huiusmodi 444 non sunt articuli fidei1 s$ praeambula ad articulos2 sic enim fides praesupponit cognitionem naturalem1 sicut gratia naturam et p]fectio p]fectibile40 #abd ,lu!r's ,w]ke1 ed4 ,wal*1 ,,xii1 #djj1 ,halle #agdb3 8,alles1 0 sie rt]t und s*leus/1 s gewissli* fals* und irrig i/1 als ,gott lebt40 #abe ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #a & canon #e4 #abf ,on ! vuln]a naturae cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bih sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiab4 ,already ,/4 ,augu/9e obs]v$3 8,ad mis]iam iu/ae damnationis p]t9et ignorantia et difficultas1 quam patitur homo ab exordio nativitatis suae1 nec ab i/o malo nisi ,dei grati lib]atur40 7,retract41 ,i4 #i47 #abg ,propos4 #da3 8,omnis cognitio ,dei etiam naturalis1 etiam 9 philosophis e?nicis1 non pote/ v5ire nisi a ,deo2 et s9e gratia non producit nisi praesumptionem1 vanitatem et oppositionem ad ipsum ,deum loco affectuum adorationis1 gratitud9is et amoris40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #acia47 #abh ,on ! debitum naturae cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #ahd sq4 #abi ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #b1 art4 #d4 #acj ,conc4 ,vatic41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 ,de ,revel41 cap4 #b3 8,ut ea1 quae 9 rebus div9is humanae rationi p] se imp]via non sunt1 9 praes5ti quoque g5]is humani conditione ab omnibus exp$ite1 firm c]titud9e et nullo admixto errore cognosci poss9t40 #aca ,cfr4 ,*a/el1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de la ,valeur de la ,raison ,huma9e1 ,p>is #ahed2 ,o4 ,willmann1 ,ges*i*te des ,idealismus1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #haa sqq41 ,brauns*weig #aijh2 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,v1 #a sqq4 #acb ,! only diss5t+ voice is t ( ,c>d9al ,cajetan4 #acc ,mezz(anti spoke p]fectly ?irty-eight languages1 ?irty o!rs less p]fectly1 & 0 m or less famili> ) fifty dialects4 ,cfr4 ,u4 ,b5igni 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #bga4 #acd ,on ! "q :e!r grace c enable a man to acquire an unlimit$1 univ]sal k1 see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,*ri/ology1 pp4 #beh sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiac4 ,cfr4 also ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aji1 art4 #a1 & ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ai4 #ace ,prop4 ,baii ,damn41 #bg3 8,lib]um arbitrium s9e gratiae ,dei adiutorio nonnisi ad pecc&um valet40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajbg47 #acf ,prop4 ,baii ,damn41 #cg3 8,cum ,pelagio s5tit1 qui boni aliquid naturalis1 i4e4 quod ex naturae solis viribus ortum ducit1 agnoscit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajcg47 #acg ,prop4 ,baii ,damn41 #be3 8,omnia op]a infidelium sunt peccata et philosophorum virtutes sunt vitia40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajbe47 #ach ,prop4 ,damn4 ab ,alex4 ,,viii3 8,necesse e/ infidelem 9 omni op]e pecc>e40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #abih47 #aci ,mat?4 ,v1 #df sq4 #adj ,m]c$em1 4 #ada ,salutav]itis1 4 #adb ,e?nici1 4 #adc ,rom4 ,,ii1 #ad sqq4 #add ,g5tes1 4 #ade ,t is1 ! ,mosaic law4 #adf ,naturalit]1 4 #adg ,naturalit]1 4 #adh 8,quae legis sunt1 faciunt40 #adi ,rom4 ,i1 #ba sqq4 #aej ,= o!r g]mane texts see ,eze*4 ,,xxix1 #ah sqq42 ,rom4 ,i1 #ba4 #aea 1 4 #aeb 4 #aec ,cfr4 also #a ,cor4 ,,viii1 #aj sqq4 ,= a full] explanation see ,s*eeb51 ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ied sqq4 #aed ,eze*4 ,,xxix1 #bj3 8,& = ! s]vice t he ha? done me aga9/ x ! city ( ,tyre1 ,i h giv5 him ! l& ( ,egypt1 because he ha? labor$ = me1 sai? ! ,"l ,god40 #aee ,9 ,eze*41 ,,xxix1 #bj3 8,ex eo quod ,nabu*odonosor accepit m]c$em boni op]is1 intelligimus etiam e?nicos1 si quid boni fec]9t1 non absque m]c$e ,dei iudicio praet]iri40 #aef ,9 ,gal41 ,i1 #ae3 8,multi absque fide et evangelio ,*ri/i vel sapi5t] faciunt aliquid vel sancte1 ut p>5tibus obsequantur1 ut inopi manum porrigant1 non opprimant vic9os1 non ali5a diripant40 #aeg ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #bh3 8,sicut enim non imp$iunt a vita aet]na iu/um qua$am peccata v5ialia1 s9e quibus haec vita non ducitur1 sic ad salutem aet]nam nihil prosunt impio aliqua bona op]a1 s9e quibus difficillime vita cuiuslibet pessimi hom9is inv5itur40 #aeh ,ep41 #add1 #b4 #aei ,confess41 ,,vi1 #aj4 #afj ,ep41 #ach1 c4 #c3 8,deus enim sic o/5dit 9 opul5tissimo et praecl>o imp]io ,romanorum1 quantum val]5t civiles etiam s9e v] religione virtutes1 ut intellig]etur hc addit fi]i hom9es cives alt]ius civitatis1 cuius rex v]itas1 cuius lex c>itas1 cuius modus aet]nitas40 #afa ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #c1 n4 #e3 8,neque lib]um arbitrium quidquam nisi ad pecc&um valet1 si lateat v]itatis via40 #afb ,s5t4 ex ,augu/41 n4 #ajf3 8,omnis vita infidelium peccatum e/ et nihil e/ bonum s9e summo bono4 ,ubi enim dee/ agnitio summae et incommutabilis v]itatis1 falsa virtus e/ etiam 9 optimis moribus40 #afc ,:at ,augu/9e himself obs]ves ( ! lit]>y /yle ( ,/4 ,cyprian 7,ep41 #ic1 c4 #aj1 n4 #ci73 8,habet qu&am propriam faciem1 qu possit agnosci10 applies 9 an ev5 tru] s5se to 8 own writ+s4 #afd ,cfr4 ,en*irid41 c4 #cj4 #afe ,cfr4 ,de ,correptione et ,gratia1 c4 #i1 n4 #bj sqq4 #aff ,= a full] & m adequate treatm5t ( ?is "q see ,j4 ,ern/1 ,w]ke und ,tug5d5 d] ,unglubig5 na* ,augu/9us1 ,freiburg #ahga2 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 t4 ,,iii1 ,cologne #afdh2 ,s4 ,de*amps1 ,de ,ha]esi ,ians5iana1 ,p>is #afde2 &1 m briefly1 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ba4 #afg ,palmi]i1 l4c41 !s4 #bj4 ,conc]n+ ! effects ( orig9al s9 on free-w1 see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bia sq4 #afh ,on ?is di/9ction see supra1 pp4 #ae sqq4 #afi ,summa ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aj1 art4 #d3 8,bona op]a1 ad quae sufficit bonum naturae1 aliqualit] op]>i possunt infideles4 ,unde non oportet quod 9 omni suo op]e pecc5t2 s$ qu&ocunque aliquod opus op]antur ex infidelitate1 tunc peccant40 #agj ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #g3 8,si quis dix]it1 op]a omnia quae ante iu/ificationem fiunt1 quacunque ratione facta s9t1 v]e esse peccata vel odium ,dei m]]i1 aut quanto vehem5tius quis nititur se dispon]e ad gratiam1 tanto eum gravius pecc>e1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hag47 #aga ,v4 infra1 ,no4 #c4 #agb ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bbf sqq4 #agc 8,propositio tem]>ia et errori proxima40 #agd ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ac3 8,v]umtam5 qui se exi/imant />e1 videant ne cadant1 et cum timore ac tremore salutem suam op]5tur4444 ,=mid>e enim deb5t 444 de pugna1 quae sup]e/ cum c>ne1 cum mundo1 cum diabolo1 9 qua victores esse non possunt1 nisi cum ,dei grati ,apo/olo obtemp]5t dic5ti3 ,debitores etc40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjf47 #age ,rom4 ,,vii1 #bb sqq4 #agf ,rom4 ,,vii1 #bd sq4 #agg ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,m>iology1 pp4 #hj sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad4 #agh ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aji1 art4 #e2 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #daf1 ,ma9z #ahig4 #agi ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #aad1 sect4 #ah4 #ahj ,concord41 art4 #ac1 disp4 #ai4 #aha ,cfr4 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #hg sqq4 #ahb ,cfr4 ! foll[+ passage f ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil3 8444 cum timore ac tremore salutem suam op]5tur 9 laboribus1 9 vigiliis1 9 eleemosynis1 9 orationibus et oblationibus1 9 ieiuniis et ca/itate40 #ahc ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 c4 #dh1 n4 #fb3 8,fideles enim orantes dicunt3 ,ne nos inf]as 9 t5tationem4 ,si ade/ possibilitas1 ut quid orant8 ,aut a quo malo se lib]>i orant nisi maxime de corpore mortis huius8444 de vitiis c>nalibus1 unde non lib]atur homo s9e grati ,salvatoris4444 ,or>e s9atur1 ut sanetur4 ,quid tantum de naturae possibilitate praesumitur8 ,vuln]ata1 sauciata1 vexata1 p]dita e/2 v] confessione1 non fals def5sione opus habet40 ,! necessity ( grace1 & ( pray] to obta9 grace1 is admirably & exhau/ively treat$ by ,su>ez1 ,de ,necessitate ,gratiae1 ,i1 #bc1 sqq4 ,cfr4 also ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,v1 #g sqq4 #ahd ,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 ,,iii1 di/4 #bg1 qu4 unica3 8,ratio recta docet1 solum summum bonum inf9itum esse summe dilig5dum et p] consequ5s voluntas hoc pote/ ex puris naturalibus2 nihil enim pote/ intellectus recte dict>e1 9 quod dictatum non possit voluntas rationalis naturalit] t5d]e40 #ahe ,comm5t4 9 ,summam ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aga1 art4 #b4 #ahf ,comm5t4 9 ,summam ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #b4 #ahg ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 ,i1 #ba4 #ahh ,concord41 qu4 #ad1 art4 #ac1 disp4 #ad4 #ahi ,de ,gratia1 ,i1 #cc4 #aij ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,,vi1 #g3 8,exi/imamus non posse ,deum s9e ope ipsius diligi neque ut auctorem naturae neque ut l>gitorem gratiae et gloriae1 neque p]fecte neque imp]fecte ullo modo1 444 quicquid aliqui m9us consid]ate 9 hac p>te scrips]9t40 ,on ! attitude ( ,/4 ,?omas 7,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aji1 art4 #c7 cfr4 ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #c1 art4 #d4 #aia ,x is n true1 z ,bell>m9e argues1 t ! amor ,dei naturalis at its highe/ w\ld result 9 ju/ification4 #aib ,prop4 ,baii ,damn41 #cd3 8,di/9ctio illa duplicis amoris1 naturalis videlicet1 quo ,deus amatur ut auctor naturae1 et gratuiti1 quo ,deus amatur ut beatificator1 vana e/ et comm5titia40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajcd74--cf3 8,amor naturalis1 qui ex viribus naturae exoritur1 ex sola philosophia p] elationem praesumptionis humanae cum iniuria crucis ,*ri/i def5ditur a nonnullis doctoribus40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajcf47 #aic ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,arausic4 ,,ii1 a4 #ebi1 c4 #be3 8,prorsus donum ,dei e/ dilig]e ,deum40 #aid ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #c4 #aie ,praelect4 ,dogm41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #gc sqq4 #aif ,in/it4 ,!olog41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ai sqq4 #aig ,rom4 ,i1 #ba4 #aih ,rom4 ,i1 #be4 #aii ,9 ,epi/4 ad ,roman41 ,i1 #ah3 8,potu]unt enim id p] legem naturae appreh5d]e1 fabric mundi te/ificante auctorem ,deum solum dilig5dum1 quod ,moyses lit]is tradidit2 s$ impii facti sunt non col5do ,creatorem et iniu/itia 9 eis app>et1 dum vid5tes dissimulabant a v]itate1 non fat5tes unum ,deum40 #bjj ,comm5t4 9 ,summam ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu41 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #ahi sq4 #bja ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #bj4 #bjb ,op4 cit4 #bjc ,to admit ! possibility ( true actus humani t are nei!r good nor bad1 b e?ically indiff]5t1 is to escape ! error ( ,baius t 8,free-w )\t ! aid ( div9e grace avails = no?+ b s940 7,prop4 ,damn41 #bg47 #bjd ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 apply ! ecclesia/ical c5sures pron\nc$ aga9/ ,baius to ! writ+s ( ,vasquez4 ,?is1 z ,s*iff9i conv9c+ly %[s 7,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #aei sqq471 w\ld be an inju/ice4 #bje ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,i1 #h1 #df3 8444 quia secundum ,augu/9i et divi ,?omae s5t5tiam communis a !ologis probatam non datur 9 voluntate lib]e op]ante actus indiff]5s 9 individuo1 et ideo iuxta v]am !ologiam recte sequitur1 si lib]um arbitrium pote/ s9e gratia non male op]>i1 posse etiam b5e40 #bjf ,supra1 p4 #h4 #bjg 8,qu v]o p>te int] dom9antem cupiditatem et c>itatem dom9antem nulli ponuntur affectus m$ii1 a natura ipsa insiti suapteque natur laudabiles 444 falsa1 alias damnata40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aebd47 #bjh ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #bj1 sect4 #b3 8,quotiescunque homo agit quod sibi datum e/1 ut actum virtutis naturalem efficiat1 iam adesse antec$5t] ,deum auxilio intr9sece sup]naturali gratiae1 444 ita ut nullus sit conatus moralit] bonus naturae1 quem aliqua gratia sup]naturalis non praev5iat40 #bji ,?is mu/ be kept 9 m9d 9 judg+ ,ripalda's fam\s !sis3 8,ad quodlibet bonum opus morale sive ad quemlibet virtutis moralis actum necess>ium esse p] se naturae rationali elevatae auxilium !ologicum gratiae40 7,ibid41 sect4 #c47 #baj ,he urges ! sup]natural "*1 9 pr9ciple1 ( ! pres5t economy ( salvation2 ! practical id5tity ( ! naturally good ) ! sup]naturally salut>y acts ( ! w1 :i* he claims is taught 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture 7cfr4 ,acts ,,xiv1 #ad sqq42 ,rom4 ,i1 #ai sqq471 & also by ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 disciples ,prosp] & ,orosius2 ! m]ciful disp5sation ( grace t[>ds hea!ns1 unbeliev]s1 & s9n]s 7v4 infra1 ,sect4 #c1 ,art4 #b72 ! univ]sal belief ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! salut>y effects ( all good works1 includ+ ^? ( ! purely natural ord]1 etc4 ,= a discussion ( ^! argum5ts consult ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 pp4 #bed sqq4 #baa ,synopsis de ,gratia1 n4 #ecj4 #bab ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #gb4 #bac ,de ,virtute ,fidei ,div9ae1 disp4 #ab1 sect4 #b4 #bad ,in/it4 ,!olog41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bb sq41 #bdh sqq4 #bae ,de ,gratia ,div4 ,actuali1 p4 #bfh3 8,si tam5 ad solos fideles co>ctetur1 quum nulla argum5ta ob/5t et pro hac hypo!si maxime valeant rationes ,ripaldae1 eam c5semus v]am esse40 #baf ,v4 supra1 ,no4 #a4 #bag ,cfr4 ,mazzella1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 disp4 #b1 art4 #i4 #bah ,v4 supra1 p4 #ga4 #bai 8,fides late dicta ex te/imonio creatur>um similive motivo ad iu/ificationem sufficit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aagc47 #bbj ,conc4 ,vat41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 ,de ,fide1 c4 #b3 8,si quis dix]it1 444 ad fidem div9am non requiri1 ut revelata v]itas propt] auctoritatem ,dei revelantis cr$atur1 ana!ma sit40 ,on ?is :ole dispute cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #aef sqq4 ,! argum5ts adduc$ by ! def5d]s ( ,ripalda's op9ion c be /udi$ 9 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 pp4 #bfe sqq4 ,cfr4 also ,s*eeb51 ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #iif sqq4 ,a difficulty arises f ! tw5ty-second canon ( ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi73 8,nemo habet de suo nisi m5dacium et peccatum40 ,b ?is canon 0 probably nev] approv$ by ! ,holy ,see4 ,x is ably discuss$ by ,gutb]let 9 8 cont9uation ( ,he9ri*'s ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dae4 #bba 8,ex viribus suis natura coram ,deo nihil nisi pecc>e pote/40 7,solida ,decl>41 ,i1 #bb47 ,cfr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,mhl]1 ,symbolik1 #f-g 7,engli% tr4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,rob]tson1 ,symbolism1 #e? ed41 ,london #aijf1 pp4 #ed sqq47 #bbb ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #g3 8,si quis dix]it1 op]a omnia1 quae ante iu/ificationem fiunt1 444 v]e esse peccata1 444 ana!ma sit40 #bbc ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #ahc sqq41 et passim4 #bbd ,a4 ,d4 #aehe-afch4 ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bbc sqq4 #bbe ,on ?is important docum5t 7issu$ ,a4 ,d4 #agac7 see ,a4 ,s*ill1 ,die ,kon/itution ,unig5itus1 ,freiburg #ahgf2 ,?uilli]1 ,la ,seconde ,phase du ,jansnisme1 ,p>is #aija2 ,m4 ,ott1 art4 8,unig5itus0 9 ,vol4 ,,xv ( ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia4 #bbf ,prop4 ,damn41 #ch4 #bbg ,prop4 ,damn41 #dd4 #bbh 8,doctr9a synodi de duplici amore enuntians1 hom9em s9e gratia esse sub virtute peccati ipsumque 9 eo /atu p] g5]alem cupiditatis dom9antis influxum omnes suas actiones infic]e et corrump]e--quat5us ins9uat1 9 hom9e1 dum e/ sub s]vitute sive 9 /atu peccati1 444 sic dom9>i cupiditatem ut p] g5]alem huius influxum omnes illius actiones 9 se inficiantur et corrumpantur1 aut op]a omnia quae ante iu/ificationem fiunt1 quacunque ratione fiant1 s9t peccata1 quasi 9 omnibus suis actibus peccator s]viat dom9anti cupiditati3 falsa1 p]niciosa1 induc5s 9 errorem a ,trid5t9o damnatum ut ha]eticum1 it]um 9 ,baio damnatum art4 #dj40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aebc74 #bbi ,prop4 ,damn41 #ei3 8,oratio impiorum e/ novum peccatum1 et quod ,deus illis conc$it1 e/ novum 9 eos iudicium40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #adji47 #bcj ,?is passage1 & ! mean+ x evid5tly be>s 9 ! context ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 is ?or\ghly discuss$ by ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,i1 #d4 ,cfr4 also ,j4 ,b4 ,faure1 ,notae 9 ,en*iridion ,s4 ,augu/41 c4 #ae4 ,o!r ,scriptural texts di/ort$ by ! ,jans5i/s are quot$ & expla9$ 9 _! true s5se by ,s*eeb51 ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ibc sqq4 #bca ,hom4 9 ,is41 #e1 n4 #b4 #bcb 8,scimus autem quia peccatores ,deus non audit40 #bcc ,tract4 9 ,ioa41 #dd1 n4 #ac3 8,adhuc inunctus loquitur2 nam et peccatores exaudit ,deus4 ,si enim peccatores ,deus non exaudiret1 fru/ra ille publicanus oculos 9 t]ram demitt5s et pectus suum p]cuti5s dic]et3 ,dom9e1 propitius e/o mihi peccatori ,luc4 ,,xviii1 #ac40 #bcd ,contr4 ,collat41 n4 #cf3 8,naturae humanae1 cuius creator e/ ,deus1 etiam po/ praev>icationem manet sub/antia1 manet =ma1 manet vita et s5sus et ratio cet]aque corporis et animi bona1 quae etiam malis vitiosisque non desunt4 ,s$ non illis v]i boni p]ceptio e/1 quae mortalem vitam hone/>e possunt1 aet]nam conf]re non possunt40 ,= additional ,patri/ic texts 9 confirmation ( our !sis see ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 t4 ,,iii1 disp4 #bj1 sect4 #d4 #bce ,en*iridion1 c4 #aag1 n4 #ca3 8,regnat c>nalis cupiditas1 ubi non e/ ,dei c>itas40 #bcf ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 c4 #bf3 8,ubi non e/ dilectio1 nullum bonum opus imputatur1 non recte bonum opus vocatur1 quia omne quod non e/ ex fide peccatum e/ et fides p] dilectionem op]atur40 #bcg ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitro1 c4 #ah3 8,praecepta dilectionis1 i4e4 c>itatis1 tanta et talia sunt1 ut quidquid se putav]it homo fac]e b5e1 si fiat s9e c>itate1 nullo modo fiat b5e40 #bch ,cfr4 supra1 p4 #bi4 #bci ,proposit4 ,baii ,damn41 #ch3 8,omnis amor creaturae rationalis aut vitiosa e/ cupiditas qu mundus diligitur1 quae a ,ioanne prohibetur1 aut laudabilis c>itas qu p] ,spiritum ,sanctum 9 corde diffusa ,deus amatur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajch47 #bdj ,prop4 ,quesnelli ,damn41 #de3 8,amore ,dei 9 corde peccatorum non amplius regnante necesse e/1 ut 9 eo c>nalis regnet cupiditas omnesque actiones eius corrumpat40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #acie47 #bda ,infra1 ,*4 ,,iii1 ,sect4 #a4 #bdb ,especially aga9/ ,julian ( ,eclanum4 ,cfr4 ,contra ,iulianum1 ,,iv1 #c4 #bdc ,mat?4 ,,vi1 #bd4 #bdd ,retract41 ,i1 #ae3 8,qu&o peccatum tale e/1 ut idem sit po5a peccati1 quantum e/ quod valet voluntas sub dom9ante cupiditate1 nisi =te1 si pia e/1 ut oret auxilium80 #bde ,prop4 ,baii ,damn41 #dj3 8,9 omnibus suis actibus peccator s]vit dom9anti cupiditati40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajdj47 #bdf ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #bg1 n4 #dh3 8,si hi qui naturalit]1 quae legis sunt1 faciunt1 nondum sunt hab5di 9 num]o eorum quos ,*ri/i iu/ificat gratia ,rom4 ,,ii1 #bd1 s$ 9 eorum potius1 quorum 7etiam impiorum nec ,deum v]um v]acit] iu/eque col5tium7 qua$am tam5 facta vel legimus vel novimus vel audimus1 quae secundum iu/itiae regulam non solum vitup]>e non possumus1 v]um etiam m]ito recteque laudamus2 quamquam si discutiantur1 quo f9e fiant1 vix inv5iuntur quae iu/itiae debitam laudem def5sionemve m]eantur40 #bdg ,s]m4 de ,temp41 #cdi1 c4 #a1 #a sq43 8,c>itas alia e/ div9a1 alia humana2 alia e/ humana licita1 alia illicita4444 ,prius ergo loquor de humana licita1 quae non repreh5ditur2 de9de de humana illicita1 quae damnatur2 t]tio de div9a1 quae nos p]ducit ad regnum4444 ,licitam ergo c>itatem habete2 humana e/1 s$ ut dixi licita1 s$ ita licita ut1 si defu]it1 repreh5datur4 ,liceat vobis human c>itate dilig]e coniuges1 dilig]e filios1 dilig]e amicos ve/ros1 dilig]e cives ve/ros4 ,s$ videtis i/am c>itatem esse posse et impiorum1 i4e4 paganorum1 ,iudaeorum1 ha]eticorum4 ,quis enim eorum non amat uxorem1 filios1 fratres1 vic9os1 aff9es1 amicos8 ,haec ergo humana e/4 ,si ergo tali quisque crudelitate eff]tur1 ut p]dat etiam humanum dilectionis affectum1 et non amat filios suos1 444 nec int] hom9es num]&us e/40 7,migne1 ,p4 ,l41 ,,xxxix1 #aebi47 #bdh ,in/itutiones ,!ologicae1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bc4 #bdi ,z expla9$ above1 pp4 #ga sqq4 #bej ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aebd4 ,on ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 see ,j4 ,mausba*1 ,die ,e?ik des hl4 ,augu/9us1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfj sqq41 ,freiburg #aiji4 #bea ,cfr4 supra1 ,art4 #a4 #beb ,on ^! & simil> =mulas see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #bb4 #bec ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bah sqq4 #bed ,= details ( 8 life see ,j4 ,pohle1 art4 8,pelagius & ,pelagianism0 9 ,vol4 ,,xi ( ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia4 #bee ,impeccantia1 4 #bef ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,ha]es4 ad ,quodvultdeum1 n4 #hh4 #beg 8,hoc e/ occultum et horr5dum virus ha]esis ve/rae1 ut velitis gratiam ,*ri/i 9 exemplo eius esse1 non 9 dono eius1 dic5tes quia p] eius imitationem fiunt iu/i1 non p] subm9i/rationem ,spiritus ,sancti40 7,s4 ,aug41 ,opus ,imp]f4 contr4 ,iulian41 ,,ii1 #adf47 #beh ,on ! regnum coelorum 9 contradi/9ction to vita aet]na1 9 ! tea*+ ( ,pelagius1 see ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,pecc4 ,m]4 et ,rem41 ,i1 #ah sqq4 #bei ,v4 infra1 ,sect4 #b4 #bfj ,v4 supra1 p4 #h4 #bfa e4g4 ,petavius1 ,de ,pelag4 et ,semipelag41 c4 #h sq42 ,wirceburg41 ,de ,gratia1 n4 #ahb2 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div4 ,actuali1 pp4 #adj sqq4 #bfb ,among !m ,su>ez1 ,prolegom4 de ,gratia1 c4 #c1 & ,j4 ,s*eeb51 ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #gci sq4 #bfc 8,quicunque dix]it1 ideo nobis gratiam iu/ificationis d>i1 ut quod fac]e p] lib]um iubemur arbitrium facilius possimus impl]e p] gratiam1 tamquam etsi gratia non d>etur1 non quidem facile1 s$ tam5 possimus etiam s9e illa impl]e div9a m&ata1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aje47 #bfd 8,si quis p] naturae vigorem bonum aliquod1 quod ad salutem p]t9et vitae aet]nae1 cogit>e ut exp$it aut elig]e sive salut>i1 i4e4 evangelicae pra$icationi cons5tire posse confirmat absque illum9atione et inspiratione ,spiritus ,sancti1 qui dat omnibus suavitatem 9 cons5ti5do et cr$5do v]itati1 ha]etico fallitur spiritu40 7,c4 #g1 quot$ by ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ahj47 #bfe ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #b3 8,si quis dix]it1 ad hoc solum div9am gratiam p] ,iesum ,*ri/um d>i1 ut facilius homo iu/e viv]e ac vitam aet]nam prom]]i possit1 quasi p] lib]um arbitrium s9e gratia utrumque1 s$ aegre tam5 et difficult] possit1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hab47 #bff 8,sicut palmes non pote/ f]re fructum a semetipso1 nisi mans]it 9 vite3 sic nec vos1 nisi 9 me mans]itis4 ,ego sum vitis1 vos palmites3 qui manet 9 me1 et ego 9 eo1 hic f]t fructum multum3 quia s9e me nihil pote/is fac]e 7 740 #bfg ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,tract4 9 ,ioa41 #ha1 n4 #c3 8,non ait1 quia s9e me p>um pote/is fac]e1 s$ nihil pote/is fac]e4 ,sive ergo p>um sive multum1 s9e illo fi]i non pote/1 s9e quo nihil fi]i pote/40 #bfh ,cfr4 ,john ,,xv1 #c4 #bfi 8,non quod suffici5tes simus1 cogitate aliquid a nobis quasi ex nobis1 s$ suffici5tia no/ra ex ,deo e/40 ,on ?is text cfr4 ,cornely1 ,comm5t4 9 h4 l41 ,p>is #ahib4 #bgj 8,moysi enim dicit3 ,mis]ebor cuius mis]eor et mis]icordiam prae/abo cuius mis]ebor4 ,igitur non vol5tis neque curr5tis 7 71 s$ mis]5tis e/ ,dei40 7,rom4 ,,ix1 #ae sq47 #bga 8,deus e/ enim1 qui op]atur 9 vobis et velle et p]fic]e 7 7 pro bona voluntate40 7,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac47 #bgb 8,nemo pote/ dic]e3 ,dom9us ,iesus1 nisi 9 ,spiritu ,sancto40 7#a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #c47 #bgc ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,vii1 #ba2 ,,viii1 #bi4 #bgd ,o!rs expla9 ! passage #a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #c diff]5tly4 ,cfr4 also ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bf2 ,phil4 ,i1 #f2 ,eph4 ,,ii1 #e sqq4 #bge ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 c4 #d3 8,talis e/ ha]esis pelagiana1 non antiqua1 s$ ante non multum tempus exorta40 #bgf 8,des9at1 si res ita sunt1 incess]e novitas vetu/atem40 #bgg ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,iii1 #ag1 #b3 8,sicut arida t]ra1 si non p]cipiat humorem1 non fructificat1 sic et nos lignum aridum exi/5tes nunquam fructific>emus vitam s9e sup]na volunt>ia pluvia4444 ,non a nobis1 s$ a ,deo e/ bonum salutis no/rae40 #bgh 8,legem cr$5di lex /atuat supplic&i4 ,quum enim sanct>um plebium praesules madat sibi legatione fungantur apud div9am clem5tiam1 humani g5]is agunt causam et tota secum ,ecclesia congemisc5te po/ulant et precantur1 ut infidelibus donetur fides1 ut idololatrae ab impietatis suae lib]5tur erroribus1 ut ,iudaeis ablato cordis velam9e lux v]itatis app>eat1 ut ha]etici ca?olicae fidei p]ceptione resipiscant1 ut s*ismatici spiritum r$ivivae c>itatis accipiant1 ut lapsis po5it5tiae rem$ia conf]antur1 ut d5ique cate*um5is ad reg5]ationis sacram5ta p]ductis coele/is mis]icordiae aula res]etur40 7,migne1 ,p4 ,l41 ,,xlv1 #agei47 #bgi ,= additional ,patri/ic texts see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #bf4 #bhj ,hom4 9 #a ,cor41 #g4 #bha ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,,xii1 #i3 8,i/am bonam voluntatem quis fec]at nisi ille1 qui eos cum bona voluntate1 i4e4 cum amore ca/o quo illi adha]]5t creavit1 simul eis et cond5s naturam et l>gi5s gratiam8444 ,confit5dum e/ igitur cum debita laude ,creatoris1 non ad solos sanctos hom9es p]t9]e1 v]um etiam de sanctis angelis posse dici1 quod c>itas ,dei diffusa sit 9 eis p] ,spiritum ,sanctum1 qui datus e/ eis40 #bhb ,en*iridion1 c4 #ajf3 8,sicut mori e/ 9 hom9is pote/ate1 quum velit1 444 ad vitam v]o t55dam voluntas non satis e/1 si adiutoria sive alim5torum sive quorumcunque tutam9um des9t1 sic homo 9 p>adiso ad se occid5dum rel9qu5do iu/itiam idoneus erat p] voluntatem2 ut autem ab eo t5]etur vita iu/itiae1 p>um erat velle nisi ille1 qui eum fec]at1 adiuv>et40 #bhc ,c4 #ai3 8,natura humana1 etiamsi 9 illa integritate 9 qua e/ condita p]man]et1 nullo modo seipsam1 ,creatore suo non adiuvante1 s]v>et4 ,unde quum s9e gratia ,dei salutem non possit cu/odire quae accepit1 quomodo s9e ,dei gratia pot]it rep>>e quod p]didit80 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aib47--,/4 ,augu/9e holds t our fir/ p>5ts w\ld h be5 able to pres]ve ! /ate ( grace by ! div9e adiutorium s9e quo non1 & t consequ5tly ! adiutorium quo w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s to !m4 ,on ?is subtle "q cfr4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ee sqq41 & ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #dgb sqq4 #bhd ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aji1 art4 #e3 8,vita aet]na e/ f9is exc$5s proportionem naturae humanae 444 et ideo homo p] sua naturalia non pote/ produc]e op]a m]itoria proportionata vitae aet]nae2 s$ ad hoc exigitur altior virtus1 quae e/ virtus gratiae4 ,et ideo s9e gratia homo non pote/ m]]i vitam aet]nam4 ,pote/ tam5 fac]e op]a p]duc5tia ad bonum aliquod hom9i connaturale1 sicut labor>e 9 agro1 bib]e1 m&uc>e et hab]e amicum et alia huiusmodi40 #bhe ,= ! necess>y ,augu/9ian citations 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 pp4 #agd sqq4 #bhf ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #ahf sqq4 #bhg ,v4 supra1 pp4 #bj4 #bhh ,v4 supra1 pp4 #bf sq4 #bhi ,v4 supra1 pp4 #fi sqq4 #bij ,on ! tea*+ ( ,scotus himself ) reg>d to ?is po9t cfr4 ,p4 ,m+es1 ,o4,f4,m41 ,die ,gnad5lehre des ,duns ,scotus auf ihr5 angebli*5 ,pelagianismus und ,semipelagianismus geprft1 ,mn/] #aijf4 #bia ,?is is true ( man ev5 9 ! exalt$ /ate 9 :i* he exi/$ 9 ,p>adise4 ,x is true also ( ! angels4 ,x is true ev5 ( ! human nature ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,*ri/ology1 pp4 #bba sqq4 #bib ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #aij sqq4 #bic ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 p4 #ahd4 #bid ,su>ez1 ,de ,necessitate ,gratiae1 ,,ii1 #d4 #bie ,on ! :ole subject ( ?is ,article cfr4 ,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #bbg sqq42 ,radema*]1 ,natur und ,gnade1 ,m4 ,gladba* #aijh4 #bif ,di$ #dcb4 ,on 8 life & works see ,b>d5hew]-,%ahan1 ,patrology1 pp4 #eae sqq4 #big ,reproduc$ 9 ,migne1 ,p4 ,l41 ,,xlix1 #dgg-acbh4 #bih ,?is cont5tion is false1 b x has nev] be5 proscrib$ z h]etical4 ,prosp] says 9 8 ,ep4 #bbf1 #e3 8,tales aiunt p]di talesque infantes salv>i1 quales futures illos 9 annis maioribus1 si ad activam s]v>5tur vitam1 sci5tia div9a praevid]it40 ,on ?is absurd ass]tion see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #chj sq4 #bii ,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanctorum1 c4 #c1 n4 #g3 8444 putans fidem1 qu 9 ,deum cr$imus1 non esse donum ,dei1 s$ a nobis esse 9 nobis et p] illam nos impetr>e ,dei dona1 quibus temp]ant] et iu/e et pie vivamus 9 hoc saeculo40 #cjj ,cfr4 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 ,en*iridion1 n4 #abh sqq4 #cja ,ern/ 7,w]ke und ,tug5d5 d] ,unglubig5 na* ,augu/9us1 ,freiburg #ahga7 cont5ds t ! approbation ( ,boniface ,,ii compris$ all ! canons ( ?is synod4 #cjb ,cfr4 ,f4 ,wrt]1 ,zur ,dogm5ges*i*te des ,semipelagianismus1 ,mn/] #aijj4 #cjc ,conc4 ,arausic4 ,,ii1 c4 #e 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #agh73 8,si quis sicut augm5tum1 ita etiam initium fidei ipsumque cr$ulitatis affectum1 quo 9 eum cr$imus qui iu/ificat impium et ad reg5]ationem sacri baptismatis p]v5imus1 non p] gratiae donum1 i4e4 p] inspirationem ,spiritus ,s41 444 s$ naturalit] nobis inesse dicit1 apo/olicis dogmatibus adv]s>ius approbatur40 ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,vatican41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 cap4 #c4 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #agia74 #cjd ,9 8 treatise ,de ,pra$e/9atione ,sanctorum4 #cje ,9 8 "w ,adv]sus ,collatorem4 #cjf ,disc]nit1 4 #cjg ,p] fidem1 4 #cjh ,non ex vobis1 4 #cji ,dei donum1 4 #caj ,non ex op]ibus1 4 #caa ,eph4 ,,ii1 #h sq4 #cab ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,iii1 #bj sqq41 ,,ix1 #ae sqq4 #cac ,john ,,vi1 #dd3 8,nemo pote/ v5ire ad me1 nisi ,pat]1 qui misit me1 trax]it 77 eum40 #cad ,opus ,dei1 4 #cae ,ep41 #agg3 8,oratio e/ cl>issima gratiae te/ificatio40 #caf ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #cag ,de ,dono ,p]sev41 c4 #ai1 n4 #ej3 8,i/i tales tantique doctores dic5tes non esse aliquid1 de quo tamquam de no/ro quod nobis ,deus non d$]it gloriemur nec ipsum cor no/rum et cogitationes no/ras 9 pote/ate no/ra esse1 444 haec utique gratiae ,dei tribuunt1 ,dei mun]a agnoscunt1 ab ipso nobis1 non a nobis esse te/antur40--,= additional ,patri/ic texts see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div4 ,act41 pp4 #bij sqq4 #cah ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bci sqq4 #cai ,hom4 9 ,heb41 #ab1 n4 #c4 #cbj ,v4 infra1 ,*4 ,,iii1 ,sect4 #a4 #cba ,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct41 c4 #ad3 8,quid opus e/ ut eorum scrutemur opuscula1 qui priusquam i/a ha]esis oriretur1 non habu]unt necessitatem 9 hac difficili ad solv5dum quae/ione v]s>i8 ,quod procul dubio fac]5t1 si respond]e talibus cog]5tur4 ,unde factum e/1 ut de gratia ,dei quid s5tir5t brevit] quibusdam scriptorum suorum locis et transeunt] att+]5t40 #cbb ,de ,gratia ,div4 ,act41 p4 #bhh4 #cbc ,cfr4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 l4 ,i1 disp4 #ag1 sect4 #aa4 #cbd ,ep41 #bd 7to ,maximilian1 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople73 8,sequ]e priorum1 a quibus eruditus es et nutritus1 exempla pontificum1 beatissimi ,ioannis sci5tiam1 sancti ,attici 9 repugn&is ha]esibus vigilantiam40 #cbe ,hom4 9 #a ,cor41 ,,xii1 n4 #b4 #cbf ,hom4 9 ,ep4 ad ,hebr41 ,,xii1 #b4 #cbg 1 4 #cbh ,!y are fully expla9$ by ,palmi]i1 l4c41 pp4 #bie sqq4 #cbi ,die ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 p4 #afa1 ,pad]born #ahhe4 #ccj ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ai sqq41 #bg sq4 #cca ,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct41 c4 #b1 p4 #e3 8,att5dant hic et v]ba p]p5dant1 qui putant ex nobis esse fidei coeptum et ex ,deo esse fidei supplem5tum4 ,quis enim non videat prius esse cogit>e quam cr$]e8 ,nullus quippe cr$it aliquid nisi prius cogitav]it esse cr$5dum4444 ,quod ergo p]t9et ad religionem atque pietatem1 si non sumus idonei cogit>e aliquid quasi ex nobismet ipsis1 s$ suffici5tia no/ra ex ,deo e/1 pr(ecto non sumus idonei cr$]e aliquid quasi ex nobismet ipsis1 quod s9e cogitatione non possumus1 s$ suffici5tia no/ra1 qu cr$]e incipiamus1 ex ,deo e/40--,cfr4 also ! sev5? canon ( ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,orange 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ahj71 & ,su>ez1 ,de ,fide1 disp4 #f1 sect4 #g sq42 ,,idem1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,iii1 #g4 #ccb ,conc4 ,arausic4 ,,ii1 c4 #g4 #ccc ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #c3 8,si quis dix]it1 s9e praev5i5te ,spiritus ,sancti inspiratione atque eius adiutorio hom9em cr$]e1 sp]>e1 dilig]e aut po5it]e posse1 sicut oportet1 ut ei iu/ificationis gratia conf]atur1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hac47 #ccd ,supra1 pp4 #hg sqq4 #cce ,john ,,xv1 #e3 8,s9e me nihil pote/is fac]e40 #ccf ,contra ,duas ,epi/olas ,pelag41 ,,ii1 #h3 8,dom9us ut respond]et futuro ,pelagio non ait3 ,s9e me difficile pote/is fac]e1 s$ ait3 ,s9e me nihil pote/is fac]e4444 ,non ait3 s9e me nihil pote/is p]fic]e1 s$ fac]e4 ,hoc uno v]bo initium f9emque compreh5dit40 #ccg ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ab sq43 8,cum metu et tremore ve/ram salutem 77 op]am9i2 ,deus e/ enim qui op]atur 9 vobis et velle et p]fic]e40 #cch ,rom4 ,,xv1 #ac3 8,deus autem spei repleat vos omni gaudio et pace 9 cr$5do 7 71 ut abundetis 9 spe 7 7 et virtute ,spiritus ,sancti40 #cci #a ,john ,,iv1 #g3 8,c>itas ex ,deo e/ 7 740 ,cfr4 also ,john ,,vi1 #dd sqq41 :i* text is fully expla9$ by ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #abh sqq4 #cdj ,en*iridion1 c4 #cb3 8,porro si nullus dic]e ,*ri/ianus audebit3 ,non mis]5tis e/ ,dei1 s$ vol5tis e/ hom9is1 ne ,apo/olo ap]tissime contradicat1 re/at ut propt]ea dictum intelligatur 7,rom4 ,,ix1 #af73 ,non vol5tis neque curr5tis1 s$ mis]5tis e/ ,dei1 ut totum ,deo detur1 qui hom9is voluntatem bonam et praep>at adiuv&am et adiuvat praep>atam4 ,praec$it enim bona voluntas hom9is multa ,dei dona1 s$ non omnia2 quae autem non praec$it ipsa1 9 iis e/ et ipsa4 ,nam utrumque legitur 9 sanctis eloquiis3 et 7,ps4 ,,lviii1 #aa73 ,mis]icordia eius praev5iet me1 et 7,ps4 ,,xxii1 #f73 ,mis]icordia eius subsequetur me4 ,nol5tem praev5it1 ut velit2 vol5tem subsequitur1 ne fru/ra velit4 ,cur enim admonemur or>e pro inimicis no/ris1 utique nol5tibus pie viv]e1 nisi ut ,deus 9 illis op]etur et velle8 ,itemque cur admonemur pet]e ut accipiamus1 nisi ut ab illo fiat quod volumus1 a quo factum e/ ut velimus8 ,oramus ergo pro inimicis no/ris1 ut mis]icordia ,dei praev5iat eos1 sicut praev5it et nos2 oramus autem pro nobis1 ut mis]icordia eius subsequatur nos40 ,on ?is important passage cfr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,faure1 ,notae 9 ,en*iridion ,s4 ,augu/9i1 c4 #cb4 ,simil> expressions w be f\nd 9 ,contra ,duas ,epi/4 ,pelag41 ,,ii1 #i & ,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb41 c4 #ag4 #cda ,ep4 ad ,ctesiph41 #acc3 8,velle et curr]e meum e/1 s$ ipsum meum s9e ,dei semp] auxilio non erit meum2 dicit enim ,apo/olus 7,phil4 ,,ii1 #ac73 ,deus e/ enim qui op]atur 9 vobis et velle et p]fic]e4444 ,non mihi sufficit1 quod semel donavit1 nisi semp] donav]it40 #cdb ,s]m4 de ,pret4 ,m>g4 #cdc ,conc4 ,arausic4 ,,ii4 7,a4 ,d4 #ebi72 8,hoc etiam salubrit] pr(itemur et cr$imus1 quod 9 omni op]e bono non nos incipimus et po/ea p] ,dei mis]icordiam adiuvamur1 s$ ipse nobis nullis praec$5tibus bonis m]itis et fidem et amorem sui prius inspirat1 ut et baptismi sacram5ta fidelit] requiramus et po/ baptismum cum ipsius adiutorio ea1 quae sibi sunt placita1 impl]e possimus40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #bjj47 #cdd ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #aib sqq4 #cde ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #acb sq4 #cdf ,p]rone1 ,de ,gratia1 n4 #bjc3 8,quae/io haec non ad s*ola/icas quae/iones p]t9et1 s$ e/ dogma fidei ab ,ecclesia def9itum40 #cdg ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,quum enim ille ipse ,*ri/us ,iesus tamquam caput 9 membra et tamquam vitis 9 palmites 9 ipsos iu/ificatos iugit] virtutem influat1 quae virtus bona eorum op]a semp] antec$it et comitatur et subsequitur et s9e qua nullo pacto ,deo grata et m]itoria esse poss5t1 nihil ipsis iu/ificatis amplius deesse cr$5dum e/40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hji47 ,cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/itutiones ,!ologicae1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #da sqq41 ,p>is #ahif4 #cdh ,john ,,xv1 #e4 #cdi ,v4 supra1 pp4 #hg sq4 ,o!r p]t95t ,scriptural texts are3 #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #e2 ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ab sq42 ,,iii1 #ac sq42 ,heb4 ,,xiii1 #ba4 #cej ,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb41 c4 #ag3 8,s9e illo vel op]ante vel coop]ante quum volumus ad bona pietatis op]a nihil valemus40 #cea ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 c4 #bf3 8,mala no/ra non ad hoc solum m$icus sup]nus sanat1 ut illa iam non s9t1 s$ ut de cet]o recte ambul>e possimus1 quod quidem etiam sani nonnisi illo adiuvante pot]imus4444 ,sicut oculus corporis etiam pl5issime sanus1 nisi c&ore lucis adiutus non pote/ c]n]e1 sic et homo etiam p]fectissime iu/ificatus1 nisi aet]nae luce iu/itiae div9itus adiuvetur1 recte non pote/ viv]e40 #ceb 8,actiones no/ras1 quaesumus ,dom9e1 aspir&o praev5i et adiuv&o prosequ]e1 ut cuncta no/ra oratio et op]atio a te semp] incipiat et p] te coepta f9iatur40 7,missale ,romanum47 ,! argum5t f ,tradition is m fully develop$ by ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #bh4 #cec ,?us ,mol9a 7,concord41 qu4 #ad1 art4 #ac disp4 #h71 ,bell>m9e 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb41 ,,vi1 #ae71 & ,?omass92 ! "q is well treat$ by ,ruiz1 ,de ,provid5tia ,div9a1 disp4 #da1 sect4 #e sq4 #ced ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #cii1 ,ma9z #ahig4 #cee ,cfr4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #ajf1 sect4 #c sqq4 #cef ,impeccantia1 4 #ceg 8,item placuit ut quicunque ipsa v]ba dom9icae orationis1 ubi dicimus3 ,dimitte nobis debita no/ra1 ita volunt a sanctis dici1 ut humilit] hoc1 non v]acit] dicatur1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajh47 #ceh ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bc3 8,si quis hom9em semel iu/ificatum dix]it 444 posse 9 tota vita peccata omnia etiam v5ialia vit>e nisi ex speciali ,dei privilegio1 quemadmodum de beata virg9e t5et ,ecclesia1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hcc47 #cei ,on ?is privilege ( our ,bless$ ,lady see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,m>iology1 pp4 #gb sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad4 #cfj ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aa3 8444 quantumvis sancti et iu/i 9 levia saltem et quotidiana1 quae etiam v5ialia dicuntur1 peccata qu&oque cadunt40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjd47 #cfa ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 p4 #bcf4 #cfb ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 ,,iii1 #b3 8,9 multis enim (f5dimus omnes 7 740 #cfc #a ,john ,,iii1 #f3 8,omnis qui 9 eo scil4 ,*ri/o manet1 non peccat40 #cfd 4 #cfe ,mat?4 ,,vi1 #ab4 ,cfr4 ,m>k ,,xi1 #be4 #cff ,prov4 ,,xx1 #i3 8,quis pote/ dic]e3 ,mundum e/ cor meum1 purus sum a peccato80 #cfg ,on ?is text cfr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,ba9vel1 ,les ,contres5s ,bibliques des ,prdicateurs1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ajb sq41 ,p>is #aijf3 8444 ces *utes sont surt\t les s\ffrances1 les tribulations4 ,le contexte l'indique clairem5t3 ,n'attaquez pas le ju/e 7#ae72 c> ,dieu le def5d1 et s'il tombe il se relv]a2 mais p\r l'impie c'e/ la ru9e irrp>able4 ,peut-on1 comme on le fait d'ord9aire1 ent5dre le texte des *utes morales1 des p*s vniels8 ,plusieurs comm5tateurs rpond5t3 non2 et ils cit5t l'appui sa9t ,augu/93 ,septies cadet iu/us et resurget1 id e/1 quotiescumque c$id]it1 non p]ibit3 quod non de iniquitatibus1 s$ de tribulationibus ad humilitatem p]duc5tibus intelligi voluit 7,civ4 ,d4 xi1 #ca74--;,d'autres ,pres1 sa9t ,jrme p> exemple1 sont mo9s exclusifs2 et de fait1 p\rquoi la maxime1 dans sa plnitude1 ne compr5drait-elle pas t\tes sortes de *utes1 p*s ou afflictions8 ,en t\t cas1 c'e/ all] trop lo9 que de v\loir pr\v] p> l la ?se ca?olique sur l'impossibilit morale d'vit] p5dant longtemps t\t p* de fragilit4 ,l'criva9 sacr veut dire autre *ose1 et n\s avons des textes meilleures 4440 #cfh ,eccles4 ,,vii1 #ba3 8,non e/ enim homo iu/us 9 t]ra1 qui faciat bonum et non peccet40 #cfi ,ibid41 v1 #bc3 8,scit enim consci5tia tua1 quia et tu crebro mal$ixi/i aliis40 #cgj #a ,john ,i1 #h3 8,si dix]imus1 quoniam peccatum non habemus1 ipsi nos s$ucimus et v]itas 9 nobis non e/40 #cga ,e4g4 #a ,john ,i1 #aj1 ,,iii1 #d1 ,,iii #h1 et passim4 #cgb ,! ,johann9e text "h "u consid]ation does1 h[ev]1 furni% a tell+ argum5t aga9/ ! ,pelagians1 9 s f> z !y d5i$ ! necessity ( ! atonem5t4 ,! passage is effectively employ$ = ?is purpose by ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,mileve 7c4 #f1 quot$ 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t's ,en*iridion1 n4 #ajf74 ,cfr4 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 p4 #ii & ,al4 ,wurm1 ,die ,irrlehr] im er/5 ,johannesbrief1 ,freiburg #aijc4 #cgc ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae1 c4 #b1 n4 #d3 8,tria sunt1 ut scitis1 quae maxime adv]sus eos scil4 ,pelagianos def5dit ,ecclesia1 quorum e/ unum1 gratiam ,dei non secundum m]ita no/ra d>i4444 ,alt]um e/1 9 quantacunque iu/itia s9e qualibuscunque peccatis 9 hoc corruptibili corpore nem9em viv]e4 ,t]tium e/1 obnoxium nasci hom9em peccato primi hom9is40 #cgd ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 c4 #ce1 n4 #da3 8,ubi p>um att5dit1 quum sit acutissimus1 non fru/ra etiam iu/os 9 oratione dic]e3 ,dimitte nobis debita no/ra4444 ,etiamsi hic non vivatur s9e peccato1 licet mori s9e peccato1 dum sub9de v5i deletur1 quod sub9de ignoranti vel infirmitate committitur40 #cge ,ibid41 c4 #cf4 8,si omnes illos sanctos et sanctas1 quum hic viv]5t1 congreg>e possemus et int]rog>e1 utrum ess5t s9e peccato1 444 nonne un voce clamass5t3 ,si dix]imus quia peccatum non habemus1 ipsi nos s$ucimus et v]itas 9 nobis non e/80--,= o!r confirmatory ,patri/ic texts see ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #h4 #cgf ,! above-quot$ analogy is tak5 f ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ha4 #cgg ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aji1 art4 #h3 8,non pote/ homo ab/9]e ab omni peccato v5iali propt] corruptionem inf]ioris appetitus s5sualitatis1 cuius motus s+ulos quidem ratio reprim]e pote/1 et ex hoc hab5t rationem peccati et volunt>ii1 non autem omnes1 quia dum uni resi/]e nititur1 =tassis alius insurgit1 et etiam quia ratio non pote/ semp] esse p]vigil ad huiusmodi motus vit&os40 #cgh ,s>dagna 7,de ,gratia1 n4 #ccf7 incorrectly ass]ts ?is4 #cgi ,cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!olog41 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #dg sq4 #chj ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,contra ,iulian41 ,,iv1 #c1 #bh3 8,ideo factum e/ 9 loco infirmitatis1 ne sup]be viv]emus1 ut sub quotidiana peccatorum remissione vivamus40 #cha ,&r4 de ,vega1 ,de ,iu/ificatione ,doctr9a ,univ]sa1 #a4 ,,xiv1 cap4 ult4 #chb ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #h1 #ad3 8quia si vel 9 uno hom9e posset cont+]e1 ut illa duo coniung]5tur1 scil4 c>]e speciali privilegio et nihilom9us cav]e omne peccatum v5iale p] totam vitam1 propositio ,concilii esset simplicit] falsa2 nam e/ absoluta et univ]salis1 ad cuius falsitatem satis e/ quod 9 uno deficiat40 #chc ,aug41 ,ep41 #aha1 n4 #h3 8,nemo itaque dicat1 se esse s9e peccato1 s$ non tam5 ideo debemus am>e peccatum4 ,od]imus ea1 fratres2 etsi non sumus s9e peccatis1 od]imus tam5 ea1 et maxime a crim9ibus nos ab/9eamus2 ab/9eamus quantum possumus a levibus peccatis40--,on ! :ole subject ( ?is !sis cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #aha sqq4 #chd ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ih sqq4 #che ,conc4 ,arausic4 ,,ii1 c4 #aj3 8,adiutorium ,dei etiam r5atis ac sanctis semp] e/ implor&um1 ut ad f9em bonum p]v5ire vel 9 bono poss9t op]e p]dur>e40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ahc47 #chf ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bb3 8,si quis dix]it1 iu/ificatum vel s9e speciali auxilio ,dei 9 accepta iu/itia p]sev]>e posse vel cum eo non posse1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hcb47 #chg ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aa3 8,deus namque su grati semel iu/ificatos non des]it1 nisi ab eis prius des]atur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjd47 #chh ,cfr4 ,wisd4 ,,iv1 #aa3 8,raptus e/1 ne malitia mut>et intellectum eius40 #chi ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #af3 8magnum illud usque 9 f9em p]sev]antiae donum40 ,on ,/4 ,augu/9e's tea*+ 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t heads ( doctr9e def9$ above1 see ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelectiones ,dogmaticae1 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #ajc sqq4 #cij ,john ,,xvii1 #aa3 8,pat] sancte1 s]va eos 9 nom9e tuo 7 71 quos d$i/i mihi1 ut s9t unum1 sicut et nos40 #cia ,col4 ,,iv1 #ab3 8,salutat vos ,epaphras 444 semp] sollicitus pro vobis 9 orationibus1 ut /etis p]fecti 7 7 et pl5i 9 omni voluntate ,dei40 #cib ,mat?4 ,,xxvi1 #da3 8,vigilate1 et orate1 ut non intretis 9 t5tationem40 #cic ,phil4 ,i1 #f3 8444 confid5s hoc ipsum1 quia qui coepit 9 vobis opus bonum1 p]ficiet 77 usque 9 diem ,*ri/i ,iesu40 #cid #a ,pet4 ,i1 #e3 8444qui 9 virtute ,dei cu/odim9i p] fidem 9 salutem1 p>atam revel>i 9 tempore novissimo40--,= ,old ,te/am5t texts 9 confirmation ( ?is !sis see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #aih sq4 #cie ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ?is treatise may be f\nd 9 ,! ,anti-,pelagian ,works ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,bi%op ( ,hippo1 ,translat$ by ,pet] ,holmes & ,r4 ,e4 ,wallis1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aga sqq4 7,vol4 ,,xv ( ,dods' translation ( ! ,works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e71 ,ed9burg #ahgf4 #cif ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae1 c4 #b1 n4 #c3 8,cur autem p]sev]antia i/a poscitur a ,deo1 si non datur a ,deo8 ,an et i/a irrisoria petitio e/1 quum id ab eo petitur quod scitur non ipsum d>e1 s$ ipso non dante esse 9 hom9is pote/ate8444 ,an ab illo p]sev]antia i/a =te non poscitur8 ,iam hoc qui dicit1 non meis disputationibus refell5dus1 s$ sanctorum orationibus on]&us e/4 ,an v]o quisquam eorum e/1 qui non sibi poscat a ,deo ut p]sev]et 9 eo1 quum ips oratione quae dom9ica nuncupatur1 quia eam ,dom9us docuit1 qu&o oratur a sanctis1 nihil pa5e aliud quam p]sev]antia posci intelligatur80 #cig ,op4 cit41 c4 #g1 n4 #ae3 8,prorsus 9 hac re non op]osas disputationes exspectet ,ecclesia1 s$ att5dat quotidianas orationes suas4 ,orat ut incr$uli cr$ant3 ,deus ergo conv]tit ad fidem4 ,orat ut cr$5tes p]sev]5t2 ,deus ergo donat p]sev]antiam usque 9 f9em40 #cih ,op4 cit41 c4 #bc1 n4 #fc3 8,quis enim v]acit] gemat desid]ans accip]e quod orat a ,dom9o1 si hoc a seipso se sum]e exi/imet1 non ab illo80 #cii ,op4 cit41 c4 #f1 n4 #aj3 8,hoc ,dei donum supplicit] em]]i pote/1 s$ quum datum fu]it1 amitti contumacit] non pote/40 #djj ,op4 cit41 c4 #af1 n4 #ci3 8444 quum con/et ,deum alia d&a etiam non orantibus1 sicut initium fidei1 alia nonnisi orantibus praep>asse1 sicut 9 f9em p]sev]antiam1 pr(ecto qui ex se ipso se hanc hab]e putat1 non orat ut habeat40 #dja ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #id1 sect4 #b4 #djb ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ch3 8,infallibilitas non conv5it m]ito de congruo ratione sui1 ut ita dicam1 s$ ratione impetrationis quae propriae soli orationi1 ut talis e/1 respondet4 ,ratio e/1 quia haec infallibilitas solum fundatur 9 promissione div9a1 quae non inv5itur facta op]ibus iu/orum quat5us m]itoriis de congruo1 s$ tantum orationi2 qu>e ut fructus huius m]iti c]tior sit1 adiung5da semp] e/ petitio p]sev]antiae40 #djc ,john ,,xvi1 #bc4 #djd ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ch1 n4 #ad3 8444 quia ut oratio habeat p]sev]antiam debitam1 p]dur>e debet cum illis circum/antiis moralibus1 quas a pr9cipio hab]e etiam debuit1 ut congrue fi]et2 unde eo ipso quod novum imp$im5tum ponitur pecc&o effectui orationis1 deficit p]sev]antia 9 or&o1 saltem debito modo40 #dje ,ibid41 n4 #ag3 8,igitur p]sev]antia orationis 9 tali mat]ia requisita e/1 ut non semel tantum aut it]um fiat1 set ut toto tempore vitae duret1 et praes]tim ut 9 occurr5tibus occasionibus s]v&i m&ata aut v9c5di t5tationes cum debita fiducia repetatur40--,= m detail$ in=mation we mu/ ref] ! read] to ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #cf1 n4 vi sqq4 ,! !ological argum5t = our !sis is conv9c+ly set =? by ,gutb]let 9 ,he9ri*'s ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #djd4 ,! donum p]sev]antiae mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! confirmatio 9 gratia2 on ?is po9t see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #aig sqq4 #djf ,v4 supra1 pp4 #g sq4 #djg ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #a3 8,m]itum et m]ces ad idem ref]untur4 ,id enim m]ces dicitur quod alicui recomp5satur pro retributione op]is vel laboris quasi quoddam pretium ipsius4 ,unde sicut r$d]e iu/um pretium pro re accepta ab aliquo e/ actus iu/itiae1 ita etiam recomp5s>e m]c$em op]is vel laboris e/ actus iu/itiae40 ,cfr4 ,tap>elli1 ,saggio ,teoretico del ,diritto ,naturale1 diss4 #a1 c4 #f1 n4 #acj1 ,pal]mo #ahdb4 #djh 8,?is ^w is sc>cely us$ 9 mod]n ,engli%1 except z express+ t puni%m5t :i* is fully des]v$1 a usage orig9at+ ) ! ,tudor ,p>liam5ts2 b x 0 once commonly us$ 9 ! language 9 a wid] s5se1 = :atev] _h be5 ju/ly e>n$1 & "s attempts to revive x h be5 made 9 rec5t times2 c]ta9ly "s ^w is want$ to express ! idea40 7,hunt]1 ,outl9es ( ,dogmatic ,!ology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #eh sq47 ,cfr4 ,dr4 ,murray's ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ghd1 ,ox=d #ahic4 #dji ,eck did n1 h[ev]1 approve ! t]m m]itum de condigno2 he pref]r$ m]itum digni4 ,cfr4 ,j4 ,grev+1 ,johann ,eck als jung] ,gelehrt]1 pp4 #aec sqq41 ,mn/] #aijf4 #daj ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,9 ,ps41 #hf3 8,debitorem ,deus ipse fecit se1 non accipi5do1 s$ promitt5do40 ,on ?is po9t consult ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #dee sqq4 #daa ,oratio1 preces4 #dab ,capacitas1 dispositio4 #dac ,vasquez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu941 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #baf1 c4 #d4 #dad ,already 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,*ur* emphasiz$ ! proposition 8,gratiam ,*ri/i non secundum m]ita d>i0 aga9/ ,pelagius4 #dae ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,ep4 #aid ad ,sixt41 n4 #ai3 ,vita etiam aet]na1 quam c]tum e/ bonis op]ibus debitam r$di1 ab ,apo/olo tam5 gratia nuncupatur1 nec ideo quia m]itis non datur1 s$ quia data sunt ipsa m]ita1 quibus datur4 ,! dogma 0 =mally def9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t3 8444 cuius tanta e/ erga omnes hom9es bonitas1 ut eorum velit esse m]ita1 quae sunt ipsius dona40 7,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af1 quot$ 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t's ,en*iridion1 n4 #hji47 #daf ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is po9t see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ce4 #dag ,v4 supra1 pp4 #hc sqq4 #dah 8,gratiam ,dei secundum m]ita no/ra d>i40 #dai 8,debetur m]ces bonis op]ibus1 si fiant2 s$ gratia quae non debetur praec$it1 ut fiant40 7,arausic4 ,,ii1 c4 #ah2 see ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aia47 #dbj 8444 ipsius iu/ificationis exordium 9 adultis a ,dei p] ,*ri/um ,iesum praev5i5te gratia sum5dum esse1 h4 e4 ab eius vocatione1 qu nullis eorum exi/5tibus m]itis vocantur40 7,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #e4 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gig47 #dba ,rom4 ,,ix1 #af3 8,igitur non vol5tis neque curr5tis1 s$ mis]5tis e/ ,dei40 #dbb ,rom4 ,,ix1 #ah3 8,ergo cuius vult mis]etur et quem vult indurat 7 407 #dbc ,rom4 ,,xi1 #f3 8,si autem grati1 iam non ex op]ibus 7 71 alioqu9 gratia iam non e/ gratia40 #dbd ,eph4 ,,ii1 #h-aj3 8,grati enim e/is salvati p] fidem et hoc non ex vobis3 ,dei enim donum e/1 non ex op]ibus1 ut ne quis glorietur4 ,ipsius enim sumus factura 771 creati 9 ,*ri/o ,iesu 9 op]ibus bonis1 quae praep>avit ,deus1 ut 9 illis ambulemus40 #dbe ,e4g41 #b ,cor4 ,v1 #ad2 ,gal4 ,,iii1 #bb2 #b ,tim4 ,i1 #i2 ,tit4 ,,iii1 #e2 #a ,pet4 ,i1 #c2 #a ,john ,,iv1 #aj4 #dbf ,tract1 9 ,ioa41 #hf3 8,gratia non inv5it1 s$ efficit m]ita40 #dbg ,s]m41 #afi1 c4 #b3 ,gratia praecessit m]itum tuum1 non gratia ex m]ito1 s$ m]itum ex gratia4 ,nam si gratia ex m]ito1 emi/i non gratis accepi/i4 ,o!r ,patri/ic texts quot$ by ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #ae sqq4 #dbh ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ej sqq4 #dbi ,= a m ext5sive treatm5t ( ?is important po9t ! read] is ref]r$ to ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dah1 ,ma9z #ahig4 #dcj ,v4 supra1 p4 #ih4 #dca ,c4 #bj3 8,multa ,deus facit 9 hom9e bona1 quae non facit homo2 nulla v]o facit homo bona1 quae non ,deus prae/at1 ut faciat homo40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aic47 #dcb 8,s$ ipse ,deus nobis nullis praec$5tibus bonis m]itis scil4 naturalibus et fidem et amorem sui prius inspirat40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #bjj47 #dcc ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #ae3 8,et uni d$it qu9que tal5ta1 alii autem duo1 alii v]o unum1 unicuique secundum propriam virtutem 7 740 #dcd ,cfr4 ,maldonatus' comm5t>y on ?is text4 #dce ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 p4 #cbf4 #dcf ,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct41 #c1 #aj1 #ca3 8,nihil huic s5sui tam contr>ium e/ quam de suis m]itis sic quemquam glori>i1 tamquam ipse sibi ea fec]it1 non ,dei gratia1 s$ gratia quae bonos disc]nit a malis1 non quae communis e/ bonis et malis40 #dcg ,de ,peccato ,orig41 c4 #bd1 n4 #bh3 8,non enim gratia ,dei erit ullo modo1 nisi gratuita fu]it omni modo40 #dch ,cyril ( ,j]usalem 7,cate*41 ,i1 #ag71 ,a?anasius 7,c4 ,g5t41 n4 #cj71 ,basil 7,epi/41 #bid3 8,div9um auxilium 9 no/ra situm e/ pote/ate071 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus 7,or41 #ca71 & especially ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 9 ,g541 #ab2 ,hom4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,rom41 #b74 #dci ,hom4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,ephes41 #d4 #ddj ,hom4 9 #a ,epi/4 ad ,cor41 #ab4 ,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #cc4 #dda ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #e3 8,donum gratiae consid]>i pote/ duplicit]4 ,uno modo secundum rationem gratuiti doni1 et sic manife/um e/ quod omne m]itum repugnat gratiae1 quia ut ,rom4 ,,xi1 #i ,apo/olus dicit3 ,si autem gratia1 iam non ex op]ibus4 ,alt]o modo pote/ consid]>i secundum naturam ipsius rei1 quae donatur1 et sic etiam non pote/ cad]e sub m]ito non hab5tis gratiam1 tum quia exc$it proportionem naturae1 tum etiam quia ante gratiam 9 /atu peccati homo habet imp$im5tum prom]5di gratiam1 scil4 ipsum peccatum4 ,po/quam autem aliquis iam habet gratiam1 non pote/ gratia iam habita sub m]ito cad]e1 quia m]ces e/ t]m9us op]is1 gratia autem e/ pr9cipium cuiuslibet boni op]is 9 nobis40 ,?is is equally true ( ! m]itum de condigno & ! m]itum de congruo4 #ddb ,john ,,xvi1 #bd3 8,petite et accipietis40 #ddc ,v4 supra1 !ses ,i & ,,ii4 #ddd 8,si quis ad invocationem humanam i4e4 naturalem gratiam ,dei dicit posse conf]ri1 non autem ipsam gratiam fac]e1 ut invocetur a nobis1 contradicit ,isaiae prophetae vel ,apo/olo idem dic5ti3 ,inv5tus sum a non qua]5tibus me1 palam app>ui 81 qui me non int]rogabant40 7,c4 #c1 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #agf47 #dde ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bf3 8,quid oremus1 sicut oportet1 nescimus1 s$ ipse ,spiritus po/ulat po/ul>e facit pro nobis gemitibus in5>rabilibus40 #ddf #a ,cor4 ,,xii1 #c3 8,nemo pote/ dic]e ,dom9us ,deus1 nisi 9 ,spiritu sancto40 #ddg ,john ,,xv1 #g3 8,si mans]itis 9 me et v]ba mea 9 vobis mans]9t1 quodcunque volu]itis1 petetis et fiet vobis40 #ddh ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae1 #bc1 n4 #fc sq43 8,quis v]acit] gemat1 desid]ans accip]e quod orat a ,dom9o1 si hoc a se ipso sum]e exi/imet1 non ab illo8444 ,ubi intelligimus et hoc ipsum esse donum ,dei1 ut v]aci corde et spiritualit] clamemus ad ,deum4 ,att5dant ergo1 quomodo falluntur1 qui putant esse a nobis1 non d>i nobis ut petamus1 qua]amus1 pulsemus1 etc40 #ddi ,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #cb4 #dej ,on ?is difficult "q consult ,ruiz1 ,de ,provid41 disp4 #ah1 sect4 #c4 & ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,fide1 disp4 #ab1 sec4 #c4 #dea ,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct41 c4 #ab4 #deb ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bbf sqq4 #dec ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bbh sq4 #ded ,fur!r in=mation on ?is head infra1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*4 ,,iii4 #dee ,cfr4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #aag sqq4 #def titre de curiosit we may note ! op9ion ( ,ripalda 7,de ,ente ,sup]nat41 disp4 #ag1 sect4 #a7 & ,vasquez 7,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 disp4 #ia1 c4 #aj7 t "s pre-,trid5t9e !ologians ascrib$ to nature ! ability ( positively dispos+ itself = actual graces & !reby1 ?\gh 9 p]fect good fai?1 ent]ta9$ ,semipelagian views4 ,ev5 ,/4 ,?omas has be5 accus$ ( conc$+ too mu* to ,semipelagianism 9 two ( 8 e>li] works 7,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 ,,ii1 di/4 #bh1 qu4 #a1 art4 #d1 & ,de ,v]itate1 qu4 #ad1 art4 #aa71 ?\gh 8 tea*+ 9 ! ,summa is admitt$ly or?odox4 ,on ! extremely d\btful "* ( su* a summ>y indictm5t see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #cd2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #die sqq41 #edb sqq42 ,glossn]1 ,die ,lehre des hl4 ,?omas von d] ,gnade1 ,ma9z #ahga4 #deg ,vasquez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 disp4 #ia1 c4 #aj-aa4 #deh ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aia sq41 ,ratisbon #ahgd4 #dei ,de ,auxil41 ,,iii1 #b1 #c4 #dfj ,de ,gratia ,effic41 c4 #aj4 #dfa ,disprov$ hi/orically by ,palmi]i4 #dfb ,cfr4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #aai sqq4 #dfc ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct41 c4 #ae4 #dfd ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,tract4 9 ,ioa41 #cf1 n4 #d3 8,v5it ,*ri/us1 s$ primo salv>e1 po/ea iudic>e1 eos iudic&o 9 po5am1 qui salv>i nolu]unt1 eos p]duc5do ad vitam1 qui cr$5do salutem non respu]unt40 #dfe ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,sot]iology1 pp4 #ge sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiad4 #dff ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #ag3 8,si quis iu/ificationis gratiam nonnisi pra$e/9atis ad vitam cont+]e dix]it1 reliquos v]o omnes qui vocantur1 voc>i quidem1 s$ gratiam non accip]e1 utpote div9 pote/ate pra$e/9atos ad malum1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbg47 #dfg ,prop4 #e1 apud ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajif4 ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,sot]iology1 p4 #gf4 #dfh 8,qui propt] nos hom9es et propt] no/ram salutem desc5dit de coelis40 7,cr$o74 #dfi ,v4 infra1 ,!sis ,,ii4 #dgj 4 #dga ,among !m 0 "o ( our ,"l's own *os5 ,apo/les4 #dgb ,wisd4 ,,xi1 #bd sqq43 8,s$ mis]]is omnium1 quia omnia potes1 et dissimulas peccata hom9um propt] po5it5tiam4 ,diligis enim omnia quae sunt et nihil odi/i eorum quae feci/i4444 ,p>cis autem omnibus1 quoniam tua sunt1 ,dom9e1 qui amas animas40 #dgc #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #a sqq43 8,obsecro igitur primum omnium fi]i obsecrationes1 orationes1 po/ulationes1 grati>um actiones pro omnibus hom9ibus 7 74444 ,hoc enim bonum e/ et acceptum coram ,salvatore no/ro ,deo1 qui omnes hom9es vult salvos fi]i 7 7 et ad agnitionem v]itatis v5ire3 unus enim ,deus 7 71 unus et m$iator 7 7 ,dei et hom9um homo ,*ri/us ,iesus1 qui d$it r$emptionem semetipsum pro omnibus 7 740 #dgd 8,unus enim ,deus40 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,iii1 #bi sq41 ,x1 #ab4 #dge ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,sot]iology1 pp4 #gg sqq4 #dgf ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,xviii1 #aa2 #b ,cor4 ,v1 #ae4 ,t ,god's w to r$eem mank9d is univ]sal has be5 prov$ 9 ,sot]iology1 pp4 #gg sqq4 #dgg ,cfr4 on ?is text ,e/ius1 ,comm5t4 9 ,epi/4 ,s4 ,pauli1 h4 l4 #dgh ,9 8 "w ,de ,p>titione ,voluntatis ,div9ae 9 ,primam et ,secundam1 ,rome #ahea4 #dgi ,9 ,ps41 #ci1 n4 #bj3 8,ille omnes suos vult esse1 quos condidit et creavit4 ,ut9am tu homo non fugias et te abscondas6 ,ille etiam fugi5tes requirit et absconditos non vult p]ire40 #dhj ,orat41 #cc1 n4 #i4 #dha ,resp4 ad ,capitula ,gallor41 c4 #b3 8,s9c]issime cr$5dum e/1 ,deum velle ut omnes hom9es salvi fiant1 siquidem ,apo/olus sollicite praecipit1 ut ,deo pro omnibus supplicetur40 #dhb ,op4 cit41 c4 #h3 8444 qui et omnes vult salvos fi]i et ad agnitionem v]itatis v5ire1 444 ut et qui salvantur ideo salvi s9t1 quia illos voluit ,deus salvos fi]i1 et qui p]eunt1 ideo p]eant1 quia p]ire m]u]unt40 #dhc ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject consult ,ruiz1 ,de ,voluntate ,dei1 disp4 #ai sqq42 ,petavius1 ,de ,deo1 ,x1 #d sq4 #dhd ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #cc1 n4 #eh3 8,vult ,deus omnes hom9es salvos fi]i et ad agnitionem v]itatis v5ire2 non sic tam5 ut iis adimat lib]um arbitrium1 quo vel b5e vel male ut5tes iu/issime iudic5tur40 #dhe ,en*iridion1 c4 #ajc4 #dhf ,contra ,iulian41 ,,iv1 #h1 #db3 8,nemo salvatur nisi vol5te ,deo40 #dhg ,de ,corrept4 et ,gratia1 c4 #ae1 n4 #dg3 8,omnes hom9es vult ,deus salvos fi]i1 quoniam nos facit velle1 sicut misit ,spiritum ,filii sui clamantem3 ,abba1 pat]1 i4e4 nos clam>e faci5tem40 #dhh ,confessiones1 ,,xii1 #ag sqq4 #dhi ,faure has prov$ ?is 9 8 ,notae 9 ,en*iridion ,s4 ,augu/9i1 c4 #ajc1 ,naples #ahdg1 pp4 #aie sqq4 #dij ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #ai1 art4 #f1 ad #a4 ,on ,augu/9e's tea*+ see ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #ea sq41 &1 less favorably1 ,b>d5hew]-,%ahan1 ,patrology1 pp4 #dih sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh4 #dia ,e4g4 ,arrubal 7,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 disp4 #ia1 c4 #c sq47 & ,kilb] 7,!ol4 ,wirceburg41 ,de ,deo1 disp4 #d1 c4 #b1 art4 #c74 #dib ,cfr4 ,alb]tus a ,bulsano1 ,!ol4 ,dogmat41 ed4 ,graun1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ada1 ,innsbruck #ahid4 #dic ,cfr4 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,,ii1 #ab3 8444 haec responsio non videtur digna ,*ritianis1 qui provid5tiam ,dei erga hom9es ex sacris lit]is et ecclesia/ica traditione didic]unt4 ,nam si non cadit pass] 9 t]ram s9e ,patre no/ro1 qui 9 coelis e/1 quanto magis nos apud ,deum pluris sumus illis80 #did 8,def9imus illorum animas1 qui 9 actuali mortali peccato vel solo orig9ali dec$unt1 mox 9 inf]num desc5d]e40 7,decret4 ,unionis1 quot$ by ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #fic47 #die ,cfr4 ,pallavic9i1 ,hi/4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,,ix1 #h4 #dif ,x occurs 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,summa1 #c;a1 qu4 #fh1 art4 #b1 #aa4 #dig ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #bie1 ,ma9z #ahig4 #dih ,on ! probable fate ( unbaptiz$ infants cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #cjj sqq4 #dii ,!sis ,,ii4 #ejj ,quot$ supra1 p4 #aef4 #eja ,quot$ supra1 p4 #aeg4 #ejb ,on ! :ole "q consult ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #ec1 #crd ed41 ,rome #ahhc4 #ejc ,on ! notion & exi/5ce ( suffici5t grace see supra1 ,*4 ,i1 ,sect4 #b1 ,no4 #f4 #ejd ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #ah3 8,si quis dix]it1 ,dei praecepta hom9i etiam iu/ificato et sub gratia con/ituto esse ad obs]v&um impossibilia1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbh74 ,cfr4 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aa 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjd74 #eje 8,aliqua ,dei praecepta hom9ibus iu/is vol5tibus et conantibus secundum praes5tes1 quas hab5t vires1 sunt impossibilia3 dee/ quoque illis gratia1 qu possibilia fiant40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajib47 #ejf ,on ! di/9ction betwe5 gratia proxime suffici5s & gratia remote suffici5s1 cfr4 supra1 pp4 #dc sq4 #ejg #a ,john ,v1 #c sq43 8,haec e/ c>itas ,dei1 ut m&ata eius cu/odiamus et m&ata eius gravia non sunt 7 73 quoniam omne quod natum e/ ex ,deo iu/us v9cit mundum40 #ejh ,mat?4 ,,xi1 #cj4 #eji #a ,cor4 ,x1 #ac3 8,fidelis autem ,deus e/1 qui non patietur vos t5t>i supra id quod pote/is 7 71 s$ faciet etiam cum t5tatione prov5tum 771 ut possitis su/9]e40 #eaj ,v4 supra1 pp4 #fe sq4 #eaa #a ,cor4 ,x1 #ab3 8,itaque qui se exi/imat />e1 videat ne cadat40 #eab ,v4 infra1 ,!sis ,,ii4 ,cfr4 also ,ecclus4 ,,ii1 #aa sqq42 ,john ,,vi1 #cg2 #b ,pet ,i1 #aj sq4 #eac 8,gratiam non omnibus d>i40 #ead ,migne1 ,p4 ,l41 ,,xvii1 #ajgc sqq4 ,cfr4 ,b>d5hew]-,%ahan1 ,patrology1 p4 #eae4 #eae ,b5ignitas ,dei g5]alis--specialis ,dei mis]icordia4 #eaf 8,deo autem placuit et hanc gratiam efficacem multis tribu]e et illam suffici5tem a nem9e submov]e1 ut ex utraque app>eat1 non negatum univ]sitati1 quod collatum e/ portioni40 7,de ,vocatione ,omnium ,g5tium1 ,,ii1 #be47 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! doctr9al "* ( ?is "w see ,fr4 ,wrt]1 ,zur ,dogm5ges*i*te des ,semipelagianismus1 ,mn/] #aijj4 #eag ,*ryso/om1 ,hom4 9 ,mat?41 #hb1 n4 #c4 #eah ,augu/9e1 ,s]m41 #bif3 8,plus ausus erat1 quam eius capacitas su/9ebat40 #eai ,mat?4 ,,xxvi1 #da3 8,wat* ye & pray t ye ent] n into temptation40 #ebj ,lib4 de ,unitate ,ecclesiae1 #i3 8,quis dubitav]it quod ,iudas ,*ri/um1 si voluisset1 non utique tradidisset1 et ,petrus1 si voluisset1 t] ,dom9um non negasset80 #eba ,john ,,vi1 #dj4 #ebb ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #ai-ba4 #ebc ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #egc sqq4 #ebd ,cfr4 #a ,cor4 ,x1 #ac4 #ebe #a ,john ,v1 #c sq4 #ebf ,cfr4 #a ,john ,,ii1 #af4 #ebg ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 c4 #dc1 n4 #ej3 8,deus impossibilia non iubet1 s$ iub5do admonet1 et fac]e quod possis et pet]e quod non possis40 #ebh ,= an explanation ( c]ta9 difficult passages be>+ on ?is po9t 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #eca sqq4 #ebi ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ajd sq4 #ecj ,ez4 ,,xxxiii1 #aa3 8,vivo ego1 dicit ,dom9us ,deus1 nolo mortem impii1 s$ ut conv]tatur impius a via sua et vivat4 ,conv]tim9i1 conv]tim9i a viis ve/ris pessimis40 #eca #b ,pet4 ,,iii1 #i3 8,non t>dat ,dom9us promissionem suam1 sicut quidam exi/imant1 s$ pati5t] agit 77 propt] vos1 nol5s aliquos p]ire1 s$ omnes ad po5it5tiam rev]ti 7 1 740 #ecb ,cfr4 ,is4 ,v1 #bj4 #ecc ,accord+ to ,ruiz 7,de ,pra$e/41 disp4 #ci1 sect4 #a71 !re are b v few div9es 7valde pauci7 :o hold ?is view4 #ecd ,wisd4 ,,xii1 #aj4 #ece ,rom4 ,,ii1 #d sq43 8,an divitias bonitatis eius et pati5tiae et longanimitatis contemnis8 ,ignoras quoniam b5ignitas ,dei ad po5it5tiam 7 7 te adducit8 ,secundum autem duritiem 77 tuam et impo5it5s cor 7 7 !saurizas tibi iram 9 die irae et revelationis iu/i iudicii ,dei1 qui r$det unicuique secundum op]a eius40 ,cfr4 ,prov4 ,i1 #bj sqq4 #ecf ,ex4 ,,vii1 #c3 8,ego indurabo cor eius40 #ecg ,ex4 ,,ix1 #ab3 8,induravitque ,dom9us cor ,ph>aonis1 etc40 #ech ,ex4 ,,viii1 #ae4 #eci ,= ! solution ( o!r difficulties see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #ebi sq4 #edj ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,en>r4 9 ,ps41 ,,vi1 n4 #h3 8,d$it illos 9 reprobum s5sum 7,rom4 ,i1 #bh72 nam ea e/ caecitas m5tis4 ,9 eam quisquis datus fu]it1 ab int]iore ,dei luce secluditur1 s$ nondum p5itus1 quum 9 hac vita e/4 ,sunt enim t5ebrae ext]iores1 quae magis ad diem iudicii p]t9]e intelliguntur1 ut p5itus extra ,deum sit1 quisquis1 dum tempus e/1 corrigi nolu]it40 #eda ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,retractationes1 #dai3 8,de quocunque quamvis pessimo hom9e hac 9 vita con/ituto non e/ desp]&um40 #edb ,tract4 9 ,ioa41 ,,xii1 #ci4 ,simil>ly ibid41 ,,liii1 n4 #f4 ,= a complete exposition ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's tea*+ on ?is po9t consult ,de*amps1 ,de ,ha]esi ,ians5iana1 ,,iii1 #f sqq41 & ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #dj4 #edc ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,de ,v]itate1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #aa3 8,haec e/ ob/9atio imp]fecta1 qu aliquis pote/ esse ob/9atus 9 /atu viae1 dum scilicet habet aliquis ita firmatam voluntatem 9 peccato1 quod non surgunt motus ad bonum nisi debiles4 ,quia tam5 aliqui surgunt1 ex iis datur via1 ut praep>5tur ad gratiam40 #edd ,conc4 ,lat]an4 ,,iv 7#abae71 cap4 8,firmit]03 8,et si po/ susceptionem baptismi quisquam prolapsus fu]it 9 peccatum1 p] v]am pote/ semp] po5it5tiam rep>>i40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #dcj47 #ede ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ad2 ,sess4 ,,xiv1 cap4 #a4 #edf 8,pagani1 ,iudaei1 ha]etici aliique huius g5]is nullum omn9o accipiunt a ,iesu ,*ri/o influxum1 adeoque h9c recte inf]es1 9 illis esse voluntatem nudam et in]mem s9e omni gratia suffici5ti40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #abie47 #edg 8,extra ecclesiam nulla conc$itur gratia40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #acgi47 #edh ,rom4 ,,ii1 #f sqq4 #edi ,rom4 ,,ii1 #aj sq43 8,gloria autem et honor et pax omni op]anti bonum1 ,iudaeo primum et ,graeco 7pagano72 non enim e/ acceptio p]son>um 77 apud ,deum40 #eej 1 4 #eea ,cfr4 #a ,tim4 ,,ii1 #a sqq42 ,john ,i1 #i4 #eeb ,ep4 ad ,cor9?41 #a1 #g4 #eec 4 #eed 4 #eee ,hom4 9 ,ioa41 ,,viii1 #a4 #eef ,,ii1 c4 #ca4 #eeg ,de ,arbitrii ,lib]tate1 n4 #ai3 8444 quotidie p] tempora1 p] dies1 p] mom5ta1 p] et cunctis et s+ulis40 #eeh ,heb4 ,,xi1 #f4 #eei 8,initium1 fundam5tum et radix omnis iu/ificationis40 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #h1 apud ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hja4 #efj 8,fides late dicta1 ex te/imonio creatur>um similive motivo1 ad iu/ificationem sufficit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aagc47 #efa 8444 fides1 qu ,dei aspirante et adiuvante grati ab eo revelata v]a esse cr$imus1 non propt] intr9secam r]um v]itatem naturali rationis lum9e p]spectam1 s$ propt] auctoritatem ipsius ,dei revelantis1 qui nec falli nec fall]e pote/40 7,sess4 ,,iii1 cap4 #c2 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aghi47 #efb 8,quoniam v]o s9e fide impossible e/ plac]e ,deo1 444 ideo nem9i unquam s9e illa contigit iu/ificatio40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #agic47 #efc ,rom4 ,x1 #ag4 #efd ,cfr4 ,acts ,x1 #a sqq4 #efe ,c>d4 ,toletus1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,?41 ,i1 qu4 #a1 art4 #a4 #eff ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,de ,v]it41 qu4 #ad1 art4 #aa1 ad #a3 8,hoc ad div9am provid5tiam p]t9et1 ut cuilibet provideat de necess>iis ad salutem1 dummodo ex p>te eius non imp$iatur4 ,si enim aliquis talit] 79 silvis vel int] bruta animalia7 nutritus ductum naturalis rationis sequ]etur 9 appetitu boni et fuga mali1 c]tissime e/ t55dum quod ei ,deus vel p] int]nam inspirationem revel>et ea1 quae sunt ad cr$5dum necess>ia1 vel aliquem fidei pra$icatorem ad eum dirig]et1 sicut misit ,petrum ad ,cornelium40 #efg ,gotti1 ,de ,fide1 qu4 #b1 dub4 #d1 #a3 8,s5t5tia negans fidem explicitam ,*ri/i et ,tr9itatis esse ita necess>iam1 ut s9e ea nemo iu/ific>i vel salv>i queat1 valde probabilis e/4 ,eam enim videtur doc]e ,s4 ,?omas tum #b--b p41 qu4 #aj1 art4 #d1 tum #c p41 qu4 #fi1 art4 #d1 ubi de ,cornelio ,c5turione ait3 ,ante baptismum ,cornelius et alii similes consequuntur gratiam et virtutes p] fidem ,*ri/i et desid]ium baptismi implicite vel explicite40 #efh ,cfr4 ,fr4 ,s*mid1 ,die auss]ord5tli*5 ,heilswege fr die gefall5e ,m5s*heit1 pp4 #bbe sqq41 ,brix5 #ahii4 #efi ,a4 ,fis*]1 ,de ,salute ,infidelium1 ,ess5 #ahhf2 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #dia sqq4 ,on _! tea*+ see ,p4 ,m+es1 ,o4 ,f4 ,m41 ,comp5dium ,!ologiae ,dogmaticae ,g5]alis1 pp4 #bgj sqq41 ,muni* #aijb4 #egj ,) reg>d to c]ta9 o!r controv]sies on ?is subject consult ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #ece sqq41 & ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aji sqq41 ,p>is #ahif4 #ega ,see ,articles #a & #b1 supra4 #egb ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ab3 8,arcanum div9ae pra$e/9ationis my/]ium40 #egc ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae1 n4 #ba3 8,ex duobus p>vulis orig9ali peccato p>it] ob/rictis cur i/e assumatur1 ille rel9quatur et ex duobus aetate iam gr&ibus impiis1 cur i/e ita vocetur ut vocantem sequatur1 ille autem aut non vocetur pra$icatione fidei aut non ita vocetur1 inscrutabilia sunt iudicia ,dei40 ,on ?is my/]i\s disp5sation see ,s*eeb51 ,die ,my/]i5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #ii-ajc1 #crd ed41 ,freiburg #aiab1 & ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #fb4 #egd ,eph4 ,i1 #c sqq41 & 9 o!r passages4 #ege ,de ,dono ,p]sev41 c4 #aj1 n4 #ai3 8,pra$e/9atio e/ gratiae praep>atio1 gratia v]o iam ipsa donatio40 #egf ,v4 infra1 pp4 #aii sqq4 #egg ,de ,dono ,p]sev41 c4 #ad1 n4 #ce3 8,pra$e/9atio nihil e/ aliud quam praesci5tia et praep>atio b5eficiorum ,dei1 quibus c]tissime lib]antur scil4 salvantur quicunque lib]antur40 #egh ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #b3 8,pra$e/9atio e/ praep>atio gratiae 9 praes5ti et gloriae 9 futuro40 ,on ! ,biblical1 ! ,patri/ic1 & ! !ological use ( ! t]m1 see ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #crd ed41 pp4 #ahi sqq41 ,freiburg #aijf4 #egi ,! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil presupposes x z an unque/ion$ dogma 7,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ab74 #ehj ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bh sqq42 8,scimus autem quoniam dilig5tibus ,deum omnia coop]antur 9 bonum1 iis qui secundum propositum vocati sunt sancti 7 74 ,nam quos praescivit1 et pra$e/9avit con=mes fi]i imag9is ,filii sui1 ut sit ipse primog5itus 9 multis fratribus2 quos autem pra$e/9avit1 hos et vocavit2 et quos vocavit1 hos et iu/ificavit3 quos autem iu/ificavit1 illos et glorificavit40 #eha ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,i1 #d-aa4 #ehb ,de ,pra$e/9atione ,sanctorum1 c4 #be3 8,pra$e/9ationis huius fidem1 quae contra novos ha]eticos nov nunc solicitud9e def5ditur1 nunquam ,ecclesia ,*ri/i non habuit40 #ehc ,resp4 ad ,obiect4 ,gallor41 #a3 8,pra$e/9ationem ,dei nullus ,ca?olicus negat40 #ehd ,ep4 ad ,ruf943 8,pra$e/9ationem tam impium e/ neg>e quam ipsi gratiae contraire40 #ehe ,de ,correptione et ,gratia1 c4 #g1 n4 #ad3 8,horum si quisquam p]it1 fallitur ,deus2 s$ nemo eorum p]it1 quia non fallitur ,deus40 ,on ! "q h[ ?is infallible =ekn[l$ge is compatible ) ! dogma ( free-w1 see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god1 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #cfd sqq4 #ehf ,cfr4 ,apoc4 ,,xvii1 #h3 8,lib] vitae1 40 ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,xx1 #ac3 8,praesci5tia ,dei1 quae non pote/ falli1 lib] vitae e/40 #ehg ,luke ,x1 #bj3 8,gaudete quod nom9a ve/ra scripta sunt 9 coelis40 #ehh ,cfr4 #b ,pet4 ,i1 #aj3 8,satagite1 ut p] bona op]a c]tam 77 ve/ram vocationem et electionem faciatis40 #ehi ,apoc4 ,,iii1 #e3 8,non delebo nom5 eius de libro vitae40 ,cfr4 ,ex4 ,,xxxii1 #cb2 ,ps4 ,,lxviii1 #bi4 #eij ,on ! lib] vitae1 cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #a-c2 & ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dce4 #eia ,de ,corrept4 et ,grat41 c4 #ac3 8444 quorum ita c]tus e/ num]us1 ut nec addatur eis quisquam nec m9uatur ex eis40 #eib ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #g3 8,de num]o omnium pra$e/9atorum hom9um quis sit1 dicunt quidam quod tot ex hom9ibus salvabuntur1 quot angeli cecid]unt2 quidam v]o1 quod tot ex hom9ibus salvabuntur1 quot angeli remans]unt2 quidam v]o1 quod tot ex hom9ibus salvabuntur1 quot angeli cecid]unt et insup] tot quot fu]unt angeli creati4 ,s$ melius dicitur quod soli ,deo e/ cognitus num]us electorum 9 sup]na felicitate loc&us1 ut habet collecta pro vivis et defunctis40 #eic ,de ,bono ,viduitatis1 n4 #bh3 8,quasi propt] aliud ret>detur hoc saeculum1 nisi ut impleatur pra$e/9atus num]us ille sanctorum1 quo citius impleto pr(ecto nec t]m9us saeculi diff]etur40 #eid ,di]+]1 ,epi/elbu*1 8,fe/ ,all]heilig540 #eie ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #g1 ad #c3 8,pauciores sunt qui salvantur40 #eif ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cfc sqq41 & ,w4 ,s*neid]1 ,das &]e ,leb51 #i? ed41 pp4 #dgf sqq41 ,pad]born #aijh4 #eig ,le ,rigorisme1 le ,nombre des lus et la ,doctr9e du ,salut1 #bnd ed41 ,bruxelles #ahii4 #eih ,de ,paucitate ,salv&orum quid ,docu]unt ,sancti1 #c;d ed41 ,bruxelles #ahii4 #eii ,cfr4 #a ,tim4 ,,iv1 #aj3 1 4 ,?is op9ion is conv9c+ly def5d$ by ! ,spani% !ologian ,g5r 7,!ol4 ,dogmat4 ,s*ola/41 ,,ii1 #cdb sqq41 ,rome #agfg47 ,timid s\ls may pr(itably pond] :at ,?omas ,kempis says 9 ! ,imitation1 ,i1 #be4 #fjj ,g5r1 ,!ol4 ,dogmat4 ,s*ola/41 ,,ii1 #cdb3 8444 ne dici possit cum d$ecore et iniuria div9ae maie/atis et clem5tiae1 maius esse imp]ium daemonis quam ,*ri/i40 #fja ,lect4 9 ,ep4 ad ,rom41 ,,viii1 #f3 8,unde pon]e quod aliquod m]itum ex p>te no/ra praesupponatur1 cuius praesci5tia sit ratio scil4 motivum pra$e/9ationis1 nihil e/ aliud quam suppon]e gratiam d>i ex m]itis no/ris scil4 naturalibus40 ,v4 supra1 ,*4 ,,ii1 ,sect4 #b4 #fjb 8,gratiam ,dei secundum m]ita d>i40 #fjc ,de ,dono ,p]sev]ant41 n4 #ec3 8,quid autem coegit loca ,scriptur>um1 quibus pra$e/9atio comm5data e/1 copiosius et enucleatius i/o no/ro labore def5di1 nisi quod ,pelagiani dicunt1 gratiam ,dei secundum m]ita no/ra naturalia d>i80 #fjd ,*>les ,du ,plessis d',arg5tr 7d4 #agdj71 aft] a c>eful /udy ( all ,s*ola/ic works writt5 betwe5 #aabj & #agjh1 conclud$3 8,vet]es ,s*ola/ici de causa pra$e/9ationis omn9o consid]ate et ad gratiam et ad gloriam praecipue agebant4 ,idea nolebant eam esse ex praevisis m]itis1 quia gratia1 quae 9 ea includitur1 non datur nec pro9 pra$e/9atur ob praevisa m]ita40 7,de ,pra$e/41 c4 #aj1 #a74 #fje ,v4 infra1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*4 ,,iii1 ,sect4 #c4 #fjf ,e4g41 ,baez1 ,alv>ez1 ,lemos1 ,gonet1 ,cont5son1 ,g\d94 #fjg ,e4g41 ,b]ti & ,norisius4 #fjh ,e4g41 ,su>ez1 ,ruiz1 ,de ,lugo1 ,bell>m9e4 #fji 8,nisi breviati fuiss5t dies illi1 non fi]et salva omnis c>o1 s$ propt] electos 7 7 breviabuntur dies illi4444 ,surg5t enim pseudo*ri/i1 444 ita ut 9 errorem inducantur1 si fi]i pote/1 etiam electi40 #faj ,cfr4 ,col4 ,,iii1 #ab2 #a ,pet4 ,i1 #a4 #faa 8,non vol5tis neque curr5tis1 s$ mis]5tis e/ ,dei 444 ,cuius vult mis]etur1 et quem vult indurat40 ,on ! mean+ ( ?is text v4 supra1 pp4 #acg1 #agg4 #fab ,cfr4 ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #fe2 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cde sqq42 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,prael4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bab sqq41 ,freiburg #aijf2 ,val4 ,web]1 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,exegese des #i4 ,kapitels des ,rm]briefes1 ,wrzburg #ahhi4 #fac ,die ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 p4 #bdb1 #crd ed41 ,pad]born #ahhe4 #fad ,e4g41 ,petrus de ,comitibus1 ,o4 ,s4 ,a4 7,de ,pra$e/4 et ,reprobat41 disp4 #c1 art4 #d sqq471 ,tricass9us 7,de ,pra$e/471 & ! ,jesuits ,lessius1 ,gregory ( ,val5tia1 ,franzel91 & ,s*rad]4 #fae ,de ,deo ,uno1 p4 #fgg3 8,si v]o diss5sus esset manife/us1 ut prud5t] cum cet]is patribus concili>i non posset1 tum sane non dubit>em1 cum ,pighio1 ,ca?>9o1 ,osorio1 ,cam]>io1 ,maldonato1 ,toleto1 ,petavio1 rev]5t] ab ,augu/9o disc$]e1 quum haec non posset esse nisi privata eius s5t5tia40 #faf ,de ,pra$e/41 qu4 #d4 #fag ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu41 ,i1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #e1 conclus4 #b4 #fah ,de ,deo1 ,x1 col4 #i4 #fai ,a c>eful analysis ( ! ,augu/9ian texts be>+ on ?is "q w be f\nd 9 ! ,!ol4 ,wirceburg41 ,de ,deo ,uno1 n4 #bca sqq41 & ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #ec4 #fbj ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #cea sqq4 #fba ,clypeus ,?omi/41 ,de ,pra$e/41 disp4 #b1 #b1 n4 #bf3 8,qui ord9ate vult1 prius vult f9em quam m$ia ad f9em4 ,s$ ,deus ord9ate vult4 ,ergo prius vult f9em quam m$ia ad illum4 ,atqui gloria e/ f9is et m]ita sunt m$ia ad illum conduc5tia4 ,ergo prius vult gloriam quam m]ita1 et consequ5t] electio ad gloriam non pote/ esse ex praevisione m]itorum40 #fbb ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ccj4 #fbc ,v4 ,art4 #d1 ,no4 #b1 infra4 ,! opposite op9ion is def5d$ by ,billu>t ,de ,deo1 diss4 #i1 art4 #d1 #c 7ed4 ,lequette1 p4 #chf74 #fbd ,or?4 ,pra$41 c4 #a1 n4 #g3 8,deus primo praep>avit dona gratiae ac de9de eos1 quos praevidebat b5e usuros eiusmodi donis1 elegit ad vitam aet]nam40 #fbe 8444 s5t5tiam illam antiquitate1 suavitate ac ,scriptur>um nativ auctoritate nobilissimam de pra$e/9atione ad gloriam po/ praevisa m]ita semp] ut ,dei mis]icordiae ac gratiae magis cons5taneam1 v]iorem ac amabiliorem exi/imavi40 7,cfr4 ,trait de l',am\r de ,dieu1 ,,iii1 #e74 #fbf ,v4 supra1 pp4 #aec sqq4 #fbg ,v4 supra1 ,no4 #d4 #fbh #b ,tim4 ,,iv1 #g sq43 8,bonum c]tam5 c]tavi1 cursum consummavi1 fidem s]vavi2 9 reliquo reposita e/ 7praep>ata ab aet]no7 mihi corona iu/itiae1 quam r$det 77 mihi ,dom9us 9 illa die1 iu/us index40 ,cfr4 #a ,cor4 ,,ix1 #bd sqq42 ,apoc4 ,,ii1 #g1 #bf4 #fbi ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #cd sqq43 8,v5ite1 b5$icti ,patris mei1 possidete p>atum vobis regnum a con/itutione mundi40 #fcj ,de ,deo1 ed4 ,lequette1 p4 #cia4 #fca ,= in/ance1 ,john ,,viii1 #dd2 #a ,john ,,iii1 #h2 ,acts ,,xiii1 #aj4 #fcb ,cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bhi sqq41 ,p>is #ahif2 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dcj4 #fcc ,lessius1 ,antapol41 prop4 #h3 8,t55t hanc s5t5tiam omnes ,patres ,graeci1 adeo ut communit] dicatur esse s5t5tia ,graecorum40 #fcd ,hom4 9 ,mat?41 #hj1 n4 #b3 8,ha]$itate possidete regnum quasi proprium1 quasi pat]num et ve/rum1 iam olim vobis debitum2 priusquam enim exi/]etis1 haec vobis p>ata erant et disposita1 quia ego vos tales futuros esse praescivi40 #fce ,9 ,rom41 ,,viii1 #bi 7,migne1 ,p4 ,g41 ,,lxxxii1 #adb73 8,non simplicit] pra$e/9avit1 s$ quum praescivisset1 pra$e/9avit40 #fcf ,9 ,ps41 #fd1 n4 #e3 8,multi vocati sunt1 s$ pauci electi4444 ,itaque non res indiscreti iudicii e/ electio1 s$ ex m]iti delectu facta discretio e/40 #fcg ,de ,fide1 ,v1 #f1 #hc3 8,unde et ,apo/olus ait3 quos praescivit1 et pra$e/9avit 7,rom4 ,,viii1 #bi72 non enim ante pra$e/9avit quam praescivit1 s$ quorum m]ita praescivit1 eorum praemia pra$e/9avit40 ,cfr4 ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #ei2 ,lessius1 ,de ,pra$e/4 et ,reprob41 sect4 #b1 n4 #g sqq4 #fch ,de ,gratia1 ,,ii1 #aa4 #fci ,cfr4 ,o4 ,rottmann]1 ,o4 ,s4 ,b41 ,d] ,augu/9ismus1 ,mn*5 #ahib2 ,o4 ,pflf1 ,s4 ,j41 8,zur ,prde/9ationslehre des hl4 ,augu/9us0 9 ! ,innsbruck ,zeits*rift fr ka?4 ,!ologie1 #ahic1 pp4 #dhc sqq4 #fdj ,v4 supra1 pp4 #bjj sqq41 #baf sqq4 #fda ,cfr4 ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 !s4 #fd4 #fdb ,comm5t4 9 ,,iv ,libros ,s5t41 #a1 di/4 #da3 8,eligatur ea s5t5tia quae magis placet1 dum tam5 salvetur lib]tas div9a s9e aliqua iniu/itia et alia quae salv&a sunt circa ,deum40 #fdc ,_m ,s*ola/ic utt]ances be>+ on ?is subject h be5 collect$ by ,lessius1 ,de ,pra$e/4 et ,reprob41 sect4 #b1 n4 #g 7,opusc4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bjh sqq41 ,p>is #ahgh74 #fdd ,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 #a1 di/4 #da1 qu4 #a4 #fde ,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 #a1 di/4 #da1 art4 #b4 #fdf ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #bc1 disp4 #c1 art4 #d4 #fdg ,9 8 treatise ,de ,pra$e/9atione1 d$icat$ to ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 #fdh ,de ,deo1 disp4 #i1 art4 #c4 #fdi ,de ,pra$e/4 et ,reprob41 ,p>is edition ( ! ,opuscula1 #ahgh1 p4 #dab3 8444 privilegia eius omnem modum sup]ant et ad nullum alium sunt ext5d5da40 #fej ,s5t41 #a1 di/4 #dj3 8444 e/ praesci5tia iniquitatis quorundam et praep>atio damnationis eorumdem40 #fea ,supra1 ,art4 #c1 ,no4 #d4 #feb ,calv9's tea*+ 9 8 ,in/41 l4 ,,iii1 c4 #ba1 #bd4 ,on ,arm9ianism see ,j4 ,f4 ,l\ghl9 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gdj sqq4 #fec 8,aliquos v]o ad malum div9 pote/ate pra$e/9atos esse non solum non cr$imus1 s$ etiam1 si sunt qui tantum malum cr$]e vel9t1 cum omni dete/atione illis ana!ma dicimus40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #bjj47 #fed ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #ag3 8,si quis iu/ificationis gratiam nonnisi pra$e/9atis ad vitam cont+]e dix]it1 reliquos v]o omnes qui vocantur1 voc>i quidem1 s$ gratiam non accip]e1 utpote div9 pote/ate pra$e/9atos ad malum1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbg47 #fee ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #a4 #fef ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #b1 ,!sis ,,ii4 #feg ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #bea sqq4 #feh ,v4 supra1 pp4 #bja sqq4 #fei #a ,pet4 ,,ii1 #g sq43 8,non cr$5tibus autem ,*ri/us 444 lapis (f5sionis 444 qui (f5dunt v]bo nec cr$unt1 9 quo 7 7 et positi sunt40 #ffj 8,9 hoc positi1 i4e4 pra$e/9ati sunt1 ut non cr$ant40 #ffa 8,& he %all be a sanctification to y4 ,b = a /one ( /umbl+ & = a rock ( (f5se to ! two h\ses ( ,israel1 = a sn>e & a ru9 to ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem40 #ffb 8,& :osoev] %all fall on ?is /one1 %all be brok53 b on :omsoev] x %all fall1 x %all gr9d him to p[d]40 #ffc ,cfr4 ,oecum541 9 h4 l43 8,ad quod positi sunt1 non dicitur1 quasi a ,deo ad hoc ess5t de/9ati2 nulla enim causa p]ditionis m9i/ratur ab eo1 qui omnes hom9es vult salvos fi]i40 #ffd ,contr4 ,iulian41 ,,iii1 #ah1 #ce3 8,bonus e/ ,deus1 iu/us e/ ,deus3 pote/ aliquos s9e bonis m]itis lib]>e1 quia bonus e/2 non pote/ quemquam s9e malis m]itis damn>e1 quia iu/us e/40 #ffe ,resp4 ad ,,xii ,object4 ,v9c5t43 8,voluntate exi]unt1 voluntate cecid]unt1 et quia praesciti sunt casuri1 non sunt pra$e/9ati2 ess5t autem pra$e/9ati1 si ess5t rev]suri et 9 sanctitate remansuri1 ac p] hoc pra$e/9atio ,dei multis e/ causa /&i1 nem9i e/ causa lab5di40 #fff ,ad ,monim41 l4 ,i4 ,cfr4 ,petavius1 ,de ,deo1 ,x1 #g sqq4 #ffg ,clypeus ,?omi/41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 tr4 #e1 disp4 #e1 art4 #b1 n4 #bc4 #ffh ,cfr4 ,limb\rg1 ,s4 ,j41 9 ! ,innsbruck ,zeits*rift fr ka?4 ,!ologie1 #ahgi1 pp4 #bjc sqq4 #ffi ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,pra$e/41 ,v1 #d sqq4 #fgj ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,v1 c4 #e4 #fga ,:i* expla9s :y bo? !ories h ! same def5d]s4 ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #c1 ,no4 #d4 #fgb ,baez1 ,alv>ez1 ,gonet4 #fgc 8,deus non s]io vult1 s$ vellet salv>e etiam reprobos1 nisi p] hoc imp$iretur pul*ritudo univ]si40 #fgd ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #a & #b4 #fge ,de ,pra$e/41 ,v1 #h1 #h3 8,non e/ 9 pote/ate hom9is1 cum non-electione seu cum non-pra$e/9atione aut1 quod idem e/1 cum reprobatione negativa actu pon]e seu compon]e suam aet]nam salutem40 ,cfr4 ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,uno1 p4 #ehc1 #crd ed41 ,rome #ahhh4 #fgf 8,deus ex omnibus hom9ibus1 quos infectos orig9ali peccato praevidit1 efficacit] ex m]itis ,*ri/i v5turi quosdam elegit ad gloriam1 et alios 9 po5am eiusdem orig9alis peccati et ad o/5sionem suae iu/itiae erga illos et maioris mis]icordiae erga electos voluit p]mitt]e1 ut defic]5t a consecutione gloriae seu positive eis non voluit gloriam4444 ,ex vi huius int5tionis efficacis excogitavit m$ia apta ad consecutionem talis f9is1 et vid5s 9 aliquibus hom9ibus esse aptum m$ium 9 solo orig9ali peccato eos rel9qu]e1 9 aliis v]o p]mitt]e1 ut cadant 9 haec vel illa peccata actualia ac 9 illis p]sev]5t1 has p]missiones p] subsequ5tem electionem approbavit4 ,et t&em 444 p] actum imp]ii sui intellectus haec m$ia ad pra$ictum f9em ord9avit40 ,clyp4 ,?omi/41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 disp4 #e1 art4 #d1 n4 #aee4 #fgg ,de ,reprob41 c4 #c1 n4 #f4 #fgh ,de ,pra$e/41 ,v1 #g1 #ad3 8,electio ad f9em e/ ratio d&i m$ia efficacia seu infallibilia ad illum2 ergo negatio illius electionis erit suo modo ratio non d&i m$ia1 quae cognoscuntur congrua et infallibilia ad illum f9em consequ5dum40 #fgi #b ,pet4 ,,iii1 #i3 8444 nol5s aliquos p]ire1 s$ omnes ad po5it5tiam rev]ti40 #fhj ,de ,pra$e/41 sect4 #b1 n4 #ac3 8,secundum communem ae/imationem hom9um p>ia vid5tur1 ,deum velle ut p]eas et nolle te pon]e 9 electorum suorum num]o neque gratiam congruam et p]sev]antiam d>e2 aeque enim infallibilit] ex huiusmodi decretis sequ]etur damnatio4 ,et si alt]utrum horum decretorum esset subeundum1 quivis c5s]et sibi esse indiff]5s1 utrum eligatur1 quum utrumque ante praevisionem op]um sit conceptum40 ,! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & t ( ,/4 ,?omas on ?is po9t is 9 dispute4 ,see ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bcj sqq41 & ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dcc4 #fha ,9 8 treatise ,de ,s]vo ,arbitrio4 #fhb ,cfr4 ,d5ifle1 ,lu!r und ,lu!rtum 9 d] er/5 ,entwicklung1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,ma9z #aijd4 #fhc ,in/it4 ,*ri/4 ,religionis1 l4 ,,ii4 #fhd ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #cgh sqq4 #fhe ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bia sqq4 #fhf ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #d3 8,si quis dix]it1 lib]um hom9is arbitrium a ,deo motum et excitatum nihil coop]>i ass5ti5do ,deo vocanti 444 neque posse diss5tire1 si velit1 s$ velut inanime quoddam nihil omn9o ag]e m]eque passive se hab]e1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #had47 #fhg ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 op4 cit4 7note #e71 pp4 #bie sq4 #fhh ,9 support ( ?is cont5tion ,jans5ius quot$ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,9 ,gal41 n4 #di3 8,quod amplius nos delectat1 secundum id op]emur necesse e/40 #fhi ,j4 ,=get 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bhh sqq4 ,on ,jans5ism see ,h]g5r!r1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 #d? ed41 ed4 by ,j4 ,p4 ,kirs*1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #chf sqq41 #dff sqq41 ,freiburg #aiji4 #fij ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #e3 8,unde 9 sacris lit]is quum dicitur3 ,conv]tim9i ad me et ego conv]t> ad vos1 lib]tatis no/rae admonemur2 quum respondemus3 ,conv]te nos1 ,dom9e1 ad te et conv]temur1 ,dei nos grati praev5iri confitemur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gig47 ,cfr4 ,oswald1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,heiligung1 #crd ed41 pp4 #ahf sq4 #fia ,za*4 ,i1 #c4 #fib ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #ba4 #fic ,rom4 ,,ix1 #ai3 8,voluntati enim eius quis resi/it80 #fid #a ,tim4 ,,iv1 #g3 8,ex]ce autem teipsum 7 7 ad pietatem40 #fie ,acts ,,vii1 #ea3 8,vos semp] ,spiritui ,sancto resi/itis 771 sicut patres ve/ri1 ita et vos40 #fif ,mat?4 ,,xix1 #ag3 8,si autem vis ad vitam +r$i1 s]va m&ata40 ,cfr4 ,apoc4 ,,iv1 #bj3 8,ecce /o ad o/ium et pulso2 si quis audi]it vocem meam et ap]u]it mihi ianuam1 intrabo ad illum40 #fig ,cfr4 ! ,scriptural argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( suffici5t grace1 supra1 pp4 #de sq4 #fih ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ajb sq41 #ada sq4 #fii ,in/it41 l4 ,,ii1 c4 #c1 sect4 #aj3 8,voluntatem movet gratia ,*ri/i1 non qualit] multis saeculis traditum e/ et cr$itum1 ut no/rae po/ea sit electionis1 motioni aut obtemp]>e aut refrag>i1 s$ illam efficacit] affici5do4 ,illud ergo toties a ,*ryso/omo repetitum repudi>i necesse e/3 ,quem trahit1 vol5tem trahit40 ,_m ,patri/ic texts ( simil> t5or h be5 ga!r$ & expla9$ by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e 9 8 treatise ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,,vi1 #aa4 #gjj ,cfr4 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 c4 #dg3 8,i/a quae/io1 ubi de arbitrio voluntatis et ,dei gratia disputatur1 ita e/ ad disc]n5dum difficilis1 ut qu&o def5ditur lib]um arbitrium1 neg>i ,dei gratia videatur2 qu&o autem ass]itur ,dei gratia1 lib]um arbitrium putetur auf]ri40 #gja ,de ,corrept4 et ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ch3 8,subv5tum e/ infirmitati voluntatis humanae1 ut div9 grati indecl9abilit] et insup]abilit] ag]etur40 #gjb ,cfr4 8 ,s]mones1 #afc1 c4 #aa1 n4 #ac3 8,totum ex ,deo1 non tam5 quasi dormi5tes1 non quasi ut non conemur1 non quasi ut non velimus4 ,s9e voluntate tua non erit 9 te iu/itia ,dei4 ,voluntas quidem non e/ nisi tua1 iu/itia non e/ nisi ,dei4444 ,s9e te fecit te ,deus4 ,non enim adhibui/i aliquem cons5sum1 ut te fac]et ,deus4 ,quomodo cons5tiebas1 qui non eras8 ,qui ergo fecit te s9e te1 non te iu/ificat s9e te4 ,ergo fecit nesci5tem1 iu/ificat vol5tem4 ,tam5 ipse iu/ificat1 ne sit iu/itia tua40 #gjc ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #cd3 8,cons5tire vocationi ,dei vel ab ipsa diss5tire propriae voluntatis e/40 #gjd ,ep41 #aeg1 #b1 #aj3 8,neque enim voluntatis arbitrium ideo tollitur1 quia iuvatur2 s$ ideo iuvatur1 quia non tollitur40 7,migne1 ,p4 ,l41 ,,xxxiii1 #fgg74 #gje ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,i1 #b3 8,tolle lib]um arbitrium et non erit1 quod salvetur2 tolle gratiam et non erit1 unde salvetur40 ,on o!r difficult passages 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e cfr4 ,mausba*1 ,die ,e?ik des hl4 ,augu/9us1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bjh sqq41 ,freiburg #aiji4 #gjf ,cfr4 ,baez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a p41 qu4 #ad1 art4 #ac3 8,nulla secunda causa pote/ op]>i1 nisi sit efficacit] det]m9ata a prima40 #gjg ,cfr4 ,billu>t1 ,de ,deo1 diss4 #h1 art4 #d3 8,movet nempe ,deus non solum ad sub/antiam actus1 s$ etiam ad modum eius1 qui e/ lib]tas40 #gjh ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #hc1 n4 #i3 8,qu&o ag5s inf9itae virtutis movet aliquod subiectum1 tale subiectum infallibilit] movetur1 quid tunc resi/5tia passi non sup]at nec adaequat virtutem ag5tis4 ,s$ ,deus e/ ag5s inf9itae virtutis4 ,ergo motio ,dei efficax respectu cuiuscumque hom9is 9 quibuslibet circum/antiis positi erit m$ium congruum et aptum1 ut infallibilit] inducat effectum1 ad quem ex ,dei int5tione datur40 #gji ,cfr4 ,billu>t1 ,de ,deo1 diss4 #h1 art4 #e3 8,re/at ergo t]tia s5t5tia1 scilicet ,deum praemov]e physice ad entitatem peccati et sic se effecturum def9ivisse decreto positivo et effectivo2 op]atur enim omnia secundum consilium voluntatis suae40 #gaj ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #gc sqq4 #gaa ,cfr4 ,de ,lemos1 ,acta ,congr4 de ,aux41 p4 #ajfe3 8,illa praepositio 'prae' nihil aliud d5otat aut d5ot>e pote/ quam ,deum esse priorem et primam causam1 prius natur et causalitate mov5tem1 applicantem1 incl9antem et det]m9antem voluntatem1 quam ipsa voluntas se det]m9et40 #gab ,cfr4 ,gonet1 ,clypeus ,!ol4 ,?omi/41 disp4 #aa1 art4 #e3 8,haec div9a motio 9 creatura recepta a ,?omi/is physica appellatur1 444 quia ex propria ess5tia et ab intr9seco e/ efficax1 indep5d5t] a quocumque creato cons5su40 #gac ,cfr4 ,graveson1 ,epi/4 ,!ol4 ,polem41 t4 ,i1 ep4 #aa3 8,voluntas creata priusquam se det]m9et1 a ,deo debet det]m9>i1 quia scil4 indiff]5s sit eaque indiff]5tia non solvatur quam p] praeviam ,dei motionem40 ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #bh3 8,lib]um arbitrium1 quia creatum e/1 licet det]m9et sibi actum1 illum tam5 det]m9at pra$et]m9atum a ,deo40 #gad ,cfr4 ,reg9ald41 ,de ,novit4 ,antiquit4 ,nom9is ,pra$et]m4 ,phys41 l4 ,,ii1 c4 #cf3 8,quum ,deus hanc motionem det causis sci5s et vol5s atque adeo cum aet]na cognitione et int5tione c]ta cuiusdam det]m9ati effectus1 alias haec ess5t a casu respectu ,dei3 consequitur illam praemotionem physicam esse pra$et]m9ationem40 #gae ,cfr4 ,naz>ius1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?om41 #a p41 qu4 #bb1 art4 #d3 8,sublat a ,deo physicae praemotionis efficacitate nulla rel9quitur alia 9 ,deo suffici5s causalitas respectu det]m9ationis lib]orum actuum et consequ5t] neque 9 ,deo esse pot]it talium praesci5tia futurorum40 ,see also ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #chc sqq41 #djj sqq4 #gaf ,cfr4 ,cont5son1 ,!ol4 ,m5tis et ,cordis1 l4 ,,viii1 diss4 #b1 specul4 #c3 8,g5]alem praemotionem ideo solum ad/ruimus1 ut p] eam ad gratiam p] se efficacem ub]ius =tiusque /abili5dam viam muniamus ad eamque propugn&am s]viat etiam philosophia40 #gag ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #ib1 n4 #f3 8,repugnant ad invicem auxilium efficax ad cons5ti5dum et actualis diss5sus40 #gah ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 op4 cit41 disp4 #abb1 n4 #af3 8,efficacia auxilii praev5i5tis gratiae et connexio eius infallibilis cum lib]a coop]atione arbitrii tota fundatur et desumitur1 tamquam ex prima radice1 ex omnipot5tia ,dei atque ex absoluto et efficaci decreto voluntatis eius vol5tis1 ut homo quem movet conv]tatur et pie op]etur1 nec huiusmodi efficacia ullo modo dep5det etiam1 tamquam a conditione s9e qua non1 ex futura coop]atione arbitrii creati40 #gai ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 op4 cit41 disp4 #ai1 n4 #g3 8,pra$ictum auxilium actuale det]m9at lib]um arbitrium ad unam num]o actionem1 non subditur lib]o arbitrio quantum ad usum40 #gbj ,cfr4 ,graveson1 ,epi/4 ,!ol4 ,polem41 t4 ,i1 ep4 #a3 8,gratia ?omi/ice suffici5s ita ex natur sua ess5tialit] di/+uitur a gratia ?omi/ice efficaci1 ut numquam et 9 nullo casu gratia ?omi/ice suffici5s evad]e possit gratia efficax ?omi/ice nec umquam ponatur actus secundus1 nisi access]it gratia efficax ?omi/ice40 #gba ,prael4 ,!ol41 disp4 #e1 c4 #f3 8,9 gratia suffici5te totum id cont9etur quod ad pot5tiam b5e op]&i exigitur1 non autem totum id quod ult]ius requiritur ad actum2 c]tum e/ enim 9 omni causa ag5te aliquid plus ad actum quam ad pot5tiam requiri40 #gbb ,panoplia1 t4 ,,iv1 p4 #b1 tr4 #c1 c4 #b3 8,auxilium suffici5s ita suffici5tiam tribuit ad op]&um1 si homo velit1 quod defectus op]ationis nullo modo prov5it ex insuffici5tia aliqua ipsius auxilii1 s$ tantum ex defectu arbitrii1 quod ei resi/it et imp$im5tum ponit40 #gbc ,cfr4 ,limb\rg1 ,s4 ,j41 8,selb/zei*nung d] ?omi/is*5 ,gnad5lehre0 9 ! ,innsbruck ,zeits*rift fr ka?4 ,!ologie1 #ahgg4 #gbd ,billu>t1 ,de ,deo1 diss4 #h1 art4 #d4 #c4 #gbe ,cfr4 ,baez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?om41 #a p41 qu4 #ad1 art4 #ac1 concl4 #ad3 8,nam voluntas creata infallibilit] deficiet circa quamcumque mat]iam virtutis1 nisi efficacit] det]m9etur a div9a voluntate ad b5e op]&um40 #gbf ,o!r evasions are treat$ by ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #djj sqq4 ,on ! true notion ( m]ely suffici5t grace1 v4 ,*4 ,i1 ,sect4 #b1 ,no4 #f1 supra4 #gbg ,! ,mol9i/s also reg>d sup]natural grace z a praemotio physica2 cfr4 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #ade sq41 ,freiburg #aijh4 #gbh ,gonet1 ,clypeus ,!ol4 ,?omi/41 disp4 #i1 art #e1 #c4 #gbi ,cfr4 ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #bb1 n4 #ci3 8,solus ,deus propt] suam inf9itatem et omnipot5tiam1 quia e/ auctor voluntatis creatae1 pote/ illam immut>e con=mit] ad suam naturam et mov]e efficacit] atque applic>e ad produc5dum actum 9 p>ticul>i1 non solum secundum sub/antiam1 s$ etiam secundum modum lib]tatis1 quod tam5 non pote/ alia causa creata40 #gcj ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #bhb sqq4 #gca ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #bb1 n4 #ai3 8,nam tamdiu manet lib]tas 9 voluntate1 quamdiu intellectus illi repraes5tat obiectum cum indiff]5tia40 #gcb ,de ,deo1 diss4 #h1 art4 #d1 #b4 #gcc ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #ib1 n4 #aa3 8,etiam posito auxilio efficaci 9 voluntate componitur cum illo pot5tia ad diss5ti5dum1 quamvis nulla sit pot5tia ad coniung5dum actualem diss5sum cum auxilio efficaci n3 cum actuali cons5su40 #gcd ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #e3 8,homo 444 inspirationem illam gratiam efficacem recipi5s 444 illam et abiic]e pote/40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gig74 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #d3 8,si quis dix]it1 lib]um hom9is arbitrium a ,deo motum et excitatum nihil coop]>i ass5ti5do ,deo excitanti atque vocanti1 quo ad obt95dam iu/ificationis gratiam se disponat ac praep>et1 neque posse diss5tire1 si velit1 s$ velut inanime quoddam nihil omn9o ag]e m]eque passive se hab]e1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #had47 #gce ,?us ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxiliis1 disp4 #ic1 art4 #a3 8,nunc autem dicimus ,concilium ,trid5t9um 444 numquam usum fuisse v]bo illo resi/]e1 s$ v]bo diss5tire et abiic]e1 ut ins9u>et non esse idem =malit] resi/]e seu posse resi/]e auxilio efficaci et posse diss5tire seu abiic]e gratiam vocationis4444 ,unde licet arbitrium motum auxilio efficaci ad cons5ti5dum possit diss5tire1 si velit1 non tam5 pote/ ,deo resi/]e vel auxilio eius efficaci1 secundum quod e/ in/rum5tum voluntatis div9ae40 #gcf ,sess4 ,,iii1 cap4 #c3 8,qu>e fides ipsa 9 se1 etiamsi p] c>itatem non op]etur1 donum ,dei e/ et actus eius e/ opus ad salutem p]t95s1 quo homo lib]am prae/et ipsi ,deo ob$i5tiam1 gratiae eius cui resi/]e possit cons5ti5do et coop]&o40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #agia47 #gcg ,cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #gd sqq41 ,p>is #ahif2 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #adj sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #dje sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4 ,on ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ej2 on t ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ,l4 de ,san1 ,s4 ,j41 ,de ,deo ,uno1 t4 ,i3 ,de ,m5te ,s4 ,?omae circa ,pra$et]m9ationes ,physicas1 ,l\va9 #ahid4 #gch ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #chc sqq41 #djj sqq4 #gci 8,quidquid entitatis rep]itur 9 quocumque actu peccati1 etiamsi alias sit intr9sece malus1 debet r$uci 9 ,deum tamquam 9 primam causam praemov5tem et pra$et]m9antem actuali motione voluntatem creatam ad talem actum1 inquantum actus e/1 secundum quod e/ ens40 ,alv>ez1 ,de ,auxil41 disp4 #bd1 n4 #ae4 #gdj ,cfr4 ,baez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol4 ,s4 ,?om41 #a p41 qu4 #bc1 art4 #c1 dub4 #b1 conclus4 #b3 8,deus cognoscit cognitione intuitiv peccatum quat5us ,dei voluntas e/ causa entitatis actus peccati et simul p]mitt5s1 quod ad eundem actum concurrat lib]um arbitrium defici5do a regula40 #gda ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #f4 ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #bec sqq41 #ddb sqq4 #gdb 8,voluntas ,adami ante peccatum non erat tibia curva1 s$ omn9o recta1 facta autem e/ curva ex promotione physica40 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #crd ed41 p4 #acg4 #gdc ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #gb sqq4 #gdd ,cfr4 on ?is subject ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #da2 ,t4 ,papagni1 ,o4 ,p41 ,la ,m5te di ,s4 ,tommaso intorno alla ,mozione ,div9a nelle ,creature1 p4 #dd1 ,b5ev5to #aija4 #gde ,! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ,augu/9ianism are ,b]ti1 ,bellelli1 & ,b]ti]i4 #gdf ,publi%$ at ,rome 9 #agci sqq4 #gdg ,cfr4 8 "w ,le ,bajanisme et le ,jansnisme ,resuscits dans les ,livres de ,bellelli et ,b]ti1 s4 l41 #agde4 #gdh ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #dai sqq4 #gdi ,cfr4 ,b]ti1 ,de ,!ol4 ,discipl9is1 ,,xiv1 #i1 n4 #f3 8,s5t5tia e/ ,?omi/>um et ,augu/95sium omnium affirmantium1 gratiam efficacem esse se ips1 non talem r$di aut coop]atione lib]i arbitrii aut ex circum/antiis congruis1 utque c]tissime et infallibilit] cum effectu coniunctam esse40 #gej ,cfr4 ,b]ti1 op4 cit41 ,,xiv1 #aa3 8,9 aequali gradu concupisc5tiae et gratiae gratia concupisc5tiae1 non concupisc5tia gratiae succumbet1 quia homo etiam cum aequali virtute maiorem habet ad malum quam ad bonum incl9ationem4444 ,ag]e et non ag]e 9 aequilibrio virium et det]m9>e seipsum absque efficaci ,dei praemotione e/ lib]i arbitrii sani et robu/i1 non autem infirmi40 #gea ,cfr4 ,b]ti1 ,de ,!ol4 ,discipl9is1 ,,xiv1 #h1 n4 #ah3 8,quamvis sit haec efficax gratia antec$5s et ,deus s9e nobis faciat ut velimus1 nihilo tam5 m9us p] illam non proponitur nobis bonum sub ratione omnis boni1 quemadmodum proponitur beatis p] lum5 gloriae1 ideoque remanet indiff]5tia iudicii et v]a lib]tas40 #geb ,calv9ism1 ,bajanism1 ,jans5ism--,?omism1 ,augu/9ianism1 ,mol9ism1 & ,congruism4 #gec ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 c4 #ag4 #ged ,cfr4 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 pp4 #dcc sqq4 #gee ,on ! insuffici5cy ( ! indiff]5tia iudicii to pres]ve free-w1 v4 supra1 p4 #bdb4 #gef ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f4 #geg 8,proponitur praemium ut pecces1 i4e4 quod te delectat10 he says2 8444 ,t]r]is m9is1 facis propt] quod times4444 ,si cupiditas non valuit1 =te timor valebit ut pecces4444 ,itaque ad omne recte factum amor et timor ducit4 ,ut facias b5e1 amas ,deum et times ,deum2 ut autem facias male1 amas mundum et times mundum40 ,9 ,ps41 #gi1 c4 #ac4 #geh ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #dbb sqq42 ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ed4 #gei ,on ! ,congregatio de ,auxiliis1 s call$ because ! pr9cipal "q "u discussion 0 ! help 7auxilia7 af=d$ by grace1 see ,a/ra91 ,s4 ,j41 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bch sq41 & ,s*neemann1 ,s4 ,j41 ,die ,ent/ehung und weit]e ,entwicklung d] ?omi/is*-mol9i/is*5 ,controv]se1 ,freiburg #ahgi2 also 9 a ,lat9 translation1 ,freiburg #ahha4 #gfj ,cfr4 ,mol9a1 ,concordia ,lib]i ,arbitrii cum ,gratiae ,donis1 qu4 #ad1 art4 #ac1 dip4 #ch3 8,ass]imus auxilia praev5i5tis atque adiuvantis gratiae 444 p5d]e a lib]o cons5su et coop]atione lib]i arbitrii no/ri cum illis atque adeo 9 lib]a pote/ate no/ra esse1 vel illa efficacia r$d]e cons5ti5do et coop]&o cum illis ad actus1 quibus ad iu/ificationem disponimur1 vel inefficacia illa r$d]e cont95do cons5sum et coop]ationem no/ram aut ettam elici5do contr>ium cons5sum40 ,ibid41 disp4 #ab3 8,qu>e fi]i pote/1 ut duorum qui aequali auxilio int]ius a ,deo vocantur1 unus pro lib]tate sui arbitrii conv]tatur et alt] infidelitate p]maneat40 #gfa 8,auxilium gratiae praev5i5tis10 says ,mol9a1 8e/ influxus ,dei 9 lib]um arbitrium1 quo illud movet et excitat pot5sque r$dit1 ut eo pacto motum tamquam hab5s iam 9 se ipso pr9cipium effici5s actuum sup]naturalium simul influ5do ult]ius eos producat40 ,mol9a1 op4 cit41 qu4 #ad1 art4 #ac1 disp4 #da4 #gfb ,cfr4 ,mol9a1 op4 cit41 qu4 #bc1 art4 #d1 disp4 #a3 8,qu&o audis cons5sum no/rum efficacia r$d]e auxilia gratiae1 non ita id intelligas1 quasi arbitrium no/rum vim aliquam seu efficacitatem tribuat auxiliis ipsis2 arbitrium enim et influxus no/] nullam vim conf]unt gratiae auxiliis1 s$ potius auxilia vim et prop5sionem arbitrio tribuunt ad cons5sum elici5dum40 ,ibid41 ,app5dix ad obi4 #c 7ed4 ,p>is41 #ahgf1 p4 #eie73 8,solum signific>e volumus1 auxilium illud lib]um nobis rel9qu]e cons5sum no/rum ad conv]sionem1 nec tale esse1 ut nullam necessitatem1 etiam consequ5tiae1 arbitrio ad talem cons5sum aut conv]sionem ponat40 #gfc ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #chc sqq4 #gfd ,cfr4 ,mol9a1 op4 cit41 qu4 #ai1 art4 #f1 disp4 #b3 8,hac ratione ,deus ,o4 ,m4 vult omnia bona1 quae p] arbitrium no/rum sunt futura1 non solum voluntate conditionali1 si nos quoque ea velimus1 s$ etiam voluntate absoluta1 quat5us ipsi praevid5ti ea futura plac5t eademque div9a eius ac s+ul>is bonitas p] arbitrium no/rum int5dit ac vult4 ,quod autem haec etiam absoluta voluntas semp] impleatur1 ex eo e/ manife/um1 quia nititur c]titud9e praesci5tiae div9ae1 quod ita res futura sit p] no/rum arbitrium40--,ibid41 qu4 #bc1 art4 #d1 disp4 #c3 8,quoniam quod ,deus eleg]it eum r]um ord9em1 circum/anti>um et auxiliorum1 sive maiorum sive m9orum1 9 quo praevidebat eos pro sua lib]tate salv&os1 qui electione eius ord9is eo ipso pra$e/9ati sunt vitamque aet]nam pro sua lib]tate consequuntur1 potius quam alium ex inf9itis1 9 quo res alit] pro eadem ipsorum lib]tate habuisset1 non fuit ex nobis aut pro m]itorum et coop]ationis no/rae qualitate1 s$ ex sola mis]icordia ,dei40 ,cfr4 ,g4 ,s*neemann1 ,hi/oria ,controv]si>um de ,div9ae ,gratiae ,lib]ique ,arbitrii ,concordia ,initia et ,progressus1 ,freiburg #ahha1 pp4 #ch sqq4 #gfe ,cfr4 8 treatise ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,i1 #ab 7ed4 ,fvre1 tom4 ,v1 p4 #ebg1 ,p>is #ahgc73 8,prima op9io eorum e/1 qui gratiam efficacem con/ituunt 9 ass5su et coop]atione humana1 ita ut ab ev5tu dicatur gratia efficax1 quia videlicet sortitur effectum et ideo sortitur effectum1 quia voluntas humana coop]atur4 ,itaque exi/imant hi autores1 9 pote/ate hom9is esse ut gratiam faciat esse efficacem1 quae alioqu9 ex se non esset nisi suffici5s40 ,bell>m9e treats ?is op9ion z ! extreme c\nt]p>t ( ,?omism 7:i* he also combats7 & disposes ( x ?us3 8,haec op9io ali5a e/ omn9o a s5t5tia b4 ,augu/9i et1 quantum ego exi/imo1 a s5t5tia etiam ,scriptur>um div9>um40 7l4c47 ,among ! ,scriptural texts :i* he quotes 9 support ( ?is view are ,john ,,vi1 #de1 #a ,cor4 ,,iv1 #g1 ,rom4 ,,ix1 #aa4 #gff ,! le>n$ ,c>d9al describes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,congruism & extreme ,mol9ism 7:i* latt]1 x may be rem>k$1 0 n def5d$ by ,mol9a himself7 z foll[s3 8,neque enim intelligi pote/1 quo pacto gratia efficax consi/at 9 illa int]na suasione1 quae p] lib]um arbitrium respui pote/1 et tam5 infallibilem effectum habeat1 nisi addamus1 ,deum iis quos efficacit] et infallibilit] trah]e decrevit1 eam suasionem adhib]e quam videt congru]e +5io eorum et quam c]to novit ab eis non contemn5dam40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #eca47 ,! objection t ?is explanation ev5tually resolves itself into ! ,mol9i/ic !ory :i* he _h c5sur$1 ,bell>m9e meets z foll[s3 8,respondeo s5t5tiam no/ram1 quam ,s4 ,augu/9i esse demon/ravimus1 aliqua 9 re cum prima illa op9ione conv5ire1 s$ 9 multis ab illa discrep>e4 ,conv5it enim 9 eo quod utraque s5t5tia gratiam suffic5tem et efficacem ponit 9 auxilio excitante potissimum1 non 9 adiuvante4 ,s$ discrepant int] se1 quod prima op9io vult efficaciam gratiae p5d]e a voluntate humana1 no/ra v]o p5d]e vult a voluntate ,dei40 7l4c41 cap4 #ac47 #gfg ,fur!r details 9 ,s*neemann1 ,hi/4 ,controv41 pp4 #cjb sqq4 #gfh ,cfr4 ,ad ,simplician41 ,i1 qu4 #b1 n4 #ac3 8,si vellet ,deus etiam ipsorum mis]]i1 posset ita voc>e1 quomodo illis aptum esset1 ut et mov]5tur et intellig]5t et sequ]5tur4 ,v]um e/ ergo3 ,multi vocati1 pauci electi4 ,illi enim electi1 qui congru5t] vocati2 illi autem qui non congruebant neque contemp]abantur vocationi1 non electi1 quia non secuti1 quamvis vocati4 ,item v]um e/3 ,neque vol5tis neque curr5tis1 s$ mis]5tis e/ ,dei1 quia etiamsi multos vocet1 eorum tam5 mis]etur1 quos ita vocat1 quomodo iis voc>i aptum e/ ut sequantur4 ,falsum e/ autem1 si quis dicit3 ,igitur non mis]5tis ,dei1 s$ vol5tis atque curr5tis e/ hom9is1 quia nullius ,deus fru/ra mis]etur4 ,cuius autem mis]etur1 sic eum vocat quomodo scit ei congru]e1 ut vocantem non respuat40 #gfi ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,aux41 ,v1 #be3 8,vocatio efficax illa e/1 quae 444 includit congruitatem qu&am respectu p]sonae1 cui datur1 ut sit illi proportionata et accommodata1 sicut oportet1 ut 9 tali p]sona1 9 tali tempore et occasione infallibilit] effectum habeat1 et p] hoc habet illa vocatio quod congrua et efficax sit40 #ggj #a ,k+s ,,xvii1 #ch sqq4--,cfr4 ,lessius1 ,de ,pra$e/4 et ,reprob41 sect4 #e1 n4 #ajf3 8,ex quibus patet1 gratiam efficacem1 si physice spectetur1 non semp] esse maius b5eficium1 quum saep5um]o ea1 quae effectu c>et1 secundum suam entitatem longe sit prae/antior4 ,si tam5 spectetur moralit]1 nimirum ut sube/ praesci5tiae infallibili effectus1 sic semp] maius e/ b5eficium1 etiam ut praecisa ab actuali effectu et gratia coop]ante seu ut prior actuali suo influxu 9 opus1 quum ,deus1 qui non caeco modo op]atur1 ex m]o suo b5eplacito et inscrutabili iudicio seligat pro quibusdam gratias illas quas effectum habituras videt1 non solum ut gratiae qua$am sunt1 s$ etiam =malit]1 ut effectum habiturae sunt4444 ,ex quibus con/at1 quo s5su di/9ctio gratiae congruae et non congruae admitt5da sit1 quam numquam reieci1 s$ totis animis et s5su et praxi semp] sum amplexus40 #gga ,de ,grat4 et ,lib4 ,arbitr41 ed4 ,fvre1 t4 ,v1 p4 #ecc4 #ggb ,v4 supra1 p4 #af4 #ggc ,= ! pro(s ( ?is ass]tion see ,palmi]i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a ,actuali1 !s4 #ej4 #ggd ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,v1 #i1 #d3 8,quod voluntates facturae sunt1 ipsae omn9o facturae1 quia facturas ille praescivit1 cuius praesci5tia falli non pote/40 #gge ,on ,congruism cfr4 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,prael4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #afg sqq42 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #ddg4 ,on ! v>i\s int]pretations ( ! pra$ef9itio actuum salut>ium1 )9 z well z )\t ! ,jesuit ,ord]1 see ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ic sqq41 ,p>is #ahif1 & especially ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #deh sqq4 #ggf ,*ief among !m ,ysamb]t1 ,t\rnely1 ,/4 ,alphonsus de' ,liguori1 ,alb]t ,knoll1 & m rec5tly ,c>d9al ,kats*?al]4 #ggg ,= a m detail$ acc\nt see ,t\rnely1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 qu4 #g1 art4 #d1 concl4 #e2 ,kats*?al]1 ,de ,gratia1 pp4 #agc sqq41 ,ratisbon #ahhj4 #ggh ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,v1 #bj1 #b4 #ggi ,rom4 ,,xi1 #cc4 ,on ,syncretism cfr4 ,alb4 a ,bulsano1 ,in/4 ,!ol4 ,dogmat4 ,specialis1 ed4 by ,gottfri$ a ,graun1 ,o4 ,m4 ,cap41 tom4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aic sqq41 ,innsbruck #ahid4 #ghj ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #e3 8,de ,necessitate ,praep>ationis10 & cap4 #f3 8,de ,modo ,praep>ationis40 #gha ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #h3 8,fides e/ humanae salutis initium1 fundam5tum et radix omnis iu/ificationis40 #ghb ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f3 8,disponuntur autem ad ipsam iu/itiam1 dum excitati div9 grati et adiuti fidem ex auditu concipi5tes lib]e mov5tur 9 ,deum1 cr$5tes v]a esse quae div9itus revelata et promissa sunt40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gih74 #ghc ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #ab3 8,si quis dix]it1 fidem iu/ificantem nihil aliud esse quam fiduciam div9ae mis]icordiae peccata remitt5tis propt] ,*ri/um1 vel eam fiduciam solam esse1 qu iu/ificamur1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbb47 ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,vatic41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 cap4 #c1 8,de ,fide0 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aghi74 #ghd 4 #ghe 4 #ghf ,john ,,xx1 #ca4 #ghg ,acts ,,viii1 #cg4 #ghh ,rom4 ,x1 #i sq43 8,quia si confite>is 9 ore tuo ,dom9um ,iesum et 9 corde tuo cr$id]is quod ,deus illum suscitav]it a mortuis1 salvus eris4 ,corde enim cr$itur ad iu/itiam1 ore autem confessio fit ad salutem40 #ghi ,heb4 ,,xi1 #f3 8,s9e fide autem impossibile e/ plac]e ,deo2 cr$]e enim oportet acc$5tem ad ,deum i4e4 iu/ific&um quia e/ exi/5tia ,dei et inquir5tibus se remun]ator sit40 #gij ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #ci sq4 #gia ,murray1 ,de ,gratia1 disp4 #aj1 n4 #ah4 ,cfr4 ,becanus1 ,de ,gratia ,habituali1 c4 ,i1 qu4 #g1 art4 #f sq42 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,i1 #e sqq4 #gib ,cfr4 ,b>d5hew]-,%ahan1 ,patrology1 p4 #faf1 ,freiburg & ,/4 ,l\is #aijh4 #gic ,prologus3 ,gaudeo quod pro fide v]a s9e ullo p]fidiae vitio cu/odi5da sollicitud9em g]is1 s9e qua nulla pote/ prodesse1 imo nec esse conv]sio4 ,apo/olica quippe dicit auctoritas1 quia s9e fide impossibile e/ plac]e ,deo4 ,fides namque e/ bonorum omnium fundam5tum4 ,fides e/ humanae salutis initium4 ,s9e hac fide nemo ad filiorum ,dei num]um pote/ p]v5ire1 quia s9e ipsa nec 9 hoc saeculo quisquam iu/ificationis gratiam consequitur nec 9 futuro possidebit vitam aet]nam4 #gid ,on ! traditional concepts ( 8fai?0 & 8ju/ification0 z held 9 ! ,*ur* be=e ,lu!r's "t1 see ,d5ifle1 ,o4 ,p41 ,die ab5dlndis*5 ,s*riftausleg] bis ,lu!r b] die ,iu/itia ,dei und ,iu/ificatio1 ,ma9z #aije4 #gie ,cfr4 ,m>k ,,xvi1 #ae sq42 ,gal4 ,i1 #f sqq42 ,tit4 ,,iii1 #aj sq4 #gif ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #b1 art4 #g3 8,po/ tempus autem gratiae revelatae tam maiores quant m9ores t55tur necessitate praecepti hab]e fidem explicitam de my/]iis ,*ri/i1 praecipue quantum ad ea1 quae communit] 9 ,ecclesia solemnizantur et publice proponuntur1 sicut sunt articuli ,inc>nationis4444 ,alias autem subtiles consid]ationes circa ,inc>nationis articulos t55tur aliqui magis vel m9us explicite cr$]e1 secundum quod conv5it /atui et (ficio uniuscuiusque40 ,?is po9t is well develop$ by ,ball]9i1 ,opus ,!ologicum ,morale1 ed4 ,d4 ,palmi]i1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #crd ed41 pp4 #i sqq41 ,prati #ahih4 #gig ,heb4 ,,xi1 #f4 #gih ,*iefly ,&rew ,vega1 ,ripalda1 & "s mod]n writ]s4 #gii ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f2 ,conc4 ,vatican41 ,sess4 ,,iii1 cap4 #c1 ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ahb sqq4 #hjj 8,nonnisi fides unius ,dei necess>ia videtur necessitate m$ii1 non autem explicita remun]atoris40 ,prop4 ,damn4 ab ,innoc5ti ,,xi41 prop4 #bb1 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aagb4 #hja ,heb4 ,,xi1 #f4 #hjb ,cfr4 ,wirceburg1 ,de ,gratia1 n4 #abj3 8,quia tam5 qui cr$it et sp]at remun]atorem sup]naturalem1 satis hoc ipso etiam cr$it animae p]petuitatem et necessitatem auxilii melioris ad salutem1 fides horum explicita et p] di/9ctos conceptus non semp] 9 re et actualit] necess>ia exi/imatur40 #hjc ,gregory ( ,val5tia1 ,becanus1 ,?omas ,san*ez1 & _m ,?omi/s4 #hjd ,su>ez1 ,de ,lugo1 & a l>ge numb] ( o!r !ologians4 #hje ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,iii1 #bb4 #hjf ,cfr4 ,john ,,iii1 #ah4 #hjg ,cfr4 ,acts ,,iv1 #ab4 #hjh ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #b1 art4 #g1 ad #c3 8,si qui salvati fu]unt1 quibus revelatio non fuit facta1 non fu]unt salvati absque fide m$iatoris1 quia1 etsi non habu]unt fidem explicitam1 habu]unt tam5 fidem implicitam 9 div9a provid5tia1 cr$5tes ,deum esse lib]atorem hom9um secundum modos sibi placitos40 #hji ,! practical be>+ ( ?is "q on ! hea!ns is treat$ supra1 pp4 #agi sqq4 #haj 8,mission>ium t5]i adulto etiam moribundo1 qui incapax omn9o non sit1 explic>e fidei my/]ia1 quae sunt necess>ia necessitate m$ii1 ut sunt praecipue my/]ia ,tr9itatis et ,inc>nationis40 ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,damn4 ab ,innoc5tio ,,xi4 a4 #afgi1 prop4 #fd 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #abad74 ,= a full explanation ( ! topics treat$ 9 ! pres5t ,section consult ,su>ez1 ,de ,fide1 disp4 #ab1 sect4 #d2 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,fide1 disp4 #ab1 sect4 #d sq42 ,w4 ,liese1 ,d] heilsnotw5dige ,glaube1 ,freiburg #aijb4 #haa ,cfr4 ,solid4 ,decl>41 art4 #c3 8,neque contritio neque dilectio neque ulla virtus1 s$ sola fides fiducia e/ m$ium et in/rum5tum1 quo gratiam ,dei1 m]ita ,*ri/i et remissionem peccatorum appreh5d]e possumus40 #hab ,in/it41 ,,iii1 #aa1 #ai3 8,dicimus hom9em sol fide iu/ific>i40 ,= a classic exposition ( ! ,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ic views ( fai?1 see ,mhl]1 ,symbolik1 #af2 ,engli% tr4 by ,james ,burton ,rob]tson1 #e? ed41 ,london #aijf1 pp4 #abd sqq4 #hac ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #i3 8,si quis dix]it1 sol fide impium iu/ific>i1 ita ut intelligat nihil aliud requiri quod ad iu/ificationis gratiam consequ5dam coop]etur et null ex p>te necesse esse1 eum suae voluntatis motu praep>>i atque disponi1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hai47 #had ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f4 ,! passage is quot$ infra1 p4 #bif4 #hae ,he contemptu\sly call$ x 8e9 /rh]ne ,epi/el10 a lett] ( /raw4 #haf ,mat?4 ,,vii1 #ba3 8,non omnis1 qui dicit mihi1 ,dom9e1 ,dom9e1 intrabit 9 regnum caelorum3 s$ qui facit voluntatem ,patris mei1 qui 9 caelis e/1 ipse intrabit 9 regnum caelorum40 #hag ,jas4 ,,ii1 #bd3 8,videtis quoniam ex op]ibus iu/ificatur homo1 et non ex fide tantum 7 1 740 #hah #a ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #b3 8,et si habu]o omnem fidem 7 71 ita ut montes transf]am1 c>itatem 77 autem non habu]o1 nihil sum40 #hai ,ecclus4 ,i1 #bh3 8,qui s9e timore e/1 non pot]it iu/ific>i40 #hbj ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bd3 8,spe enim salvi facti sumus40 #hba ,luke ,,vii1 #dg3 8,remittuntur ei peccata multa1 quoniam 77 dilexit multum40 #hbb ,luke ,,xiii1 #c3 8,nisi po5it5tiam habu]itis1 omnes similit] p]ibitis40 #hbc ,jac4 ,,ii1 #ag3 8,fides1 si non habet op]a1 mortua e/ 9 semetipso40 #hbd ,gal4 ,v1 #f3 8,9 ,*ri/o ,iesu neque circumcisio aliquid valet neque praeputium1 s$ fides quae p] c>itatem op]atur 7 740 #hbe ,jac4 ,,ii1 #bf3 8,sicut enim corpus s9e spiritu mortuum e/1 ita et fides s9e op]ibus mortua e/40 #hbf ,rom4 ,,iii1 #bh3 8,arbitramur enim hom9em iu/ific>i p] fidem s9e op]ibus legis40 #hbg ,de ,fide et ,lib4 ,arbitrio1 c4 #g1 n4 #ah4 #hbh ,on ! mis9t]pretation ( o!r ,scripture texts by ! ,re=m]s see ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,i1 #ai-bd4 #hbi ,ep4 ad ,philipp41 #c4 #hcj ,s]m41 ,,xvi1 c4 #f3 8,a fide incipit homo1 s$ et daemones cr$unt et contremiscunt2 adde ergo fidei spem speique ipsi adde c>itatem40 #hca ,de ,tr9it41 ,,xxv1 #ah3 8,s9e c>itate quippe fides pote/ quidem esse1 s$ non et prodesse40 #hcb ,hom4 9 ,evang41 #bi3 8,=tasse unusquisque apud semetipsum dicat3 ,ego iam cr$idi1 salvus ero4 ,v]um dicit1 si fidem op]ibus t5et4 ,v]a et5im fides e/1 quae 9 hoc quod v]bis dicit moribus non contradicit40 ,z to ! s5se 9 :i* "s ( ! ,fa!rs speak ( fai? z ! only ?+ t c save m51 cfr4 ,bell>m9e ,de ,iu/ificat41 ,i1 #bf4 #hcc ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aac1 art4 #e3 8,iu/ificatio impii e/ quidam motus1 quo humana m5s movetur a ,deo a /atu peccati 9 /atum iu/itiae4444 ,unde oportet quod m5s humana1 dum iu/ificatur1 p] motum lib]i arbitrii rec$at a peccato et acc$at ad iu/itiam4 ,recessus autem et accessus 9 motu lib]i arbitru accipitur secundum dete/ationem et desid]ium4444 ,oportet igitur quod 9 iu/ificatione impii sit motus lib]i arbitrii duplex3 unus quo p] desid]ium t5dat 9 ,dei iu/itiam1 et alius quo dete/etur peccatum40 #hcd ,de ,lib]tate ,voluntatis ,humanae1 ,leipzig #aeee4 #hce 8,klotz-1 ,/ock- und ,/e9-!orie40 #hcf 8,das ,torgis*e ,bu*10 ,a4 ,d4 #aegf4 #hcg 8,articulus /antis et cad5tis ecclesiae40 ,cfr4 ,newman1 ,lectures on ,ju/ification1 p4 #aac4 #hch ,ges*i*te d] prote/antis*5 ,!ologie1 p4 #ehc1 ,mn*5 #ahfg4 #hci ,die ,gnad5lehre und die /ille ,re=mation1 ,*ri/iania #ahid4 ,n long aft] writ+ ?is book ,dr4 ,krogh-,tonn+ became a ,ca?olic4 #hdj ,h[ ,lu!r came to adopt ! sola fides !ory is exhau/ively expla9$ by ,h4 ,gris>1 ,s4 ,j41 ,lu!r1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,freiburg #aiaa2 ,engli% tr41 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 ,london #aiac4 ,cfr4 also ,f4 ,hett+]1 ,die ,krisis des ,*ri/5tums1 pp4 #gb sqq41 ,freiburg #ahha4 #hda ,cfr4 ,pohle1 art4 on 8,tradition0 9 ,h]d]'s ,kir*5lexikon1 #bnd ed41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #aicc sqq41 ,freiburg #ahii4 #hdb 8,pecca =tit]1 cr$e =tius40 ,cfr4 ,mhl]1 ,symbolism 7,engli% tr41 p4 #acj74 #hdc ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dee1 ,ma9z #ahii4 ,! 8or?odox0 ,lu!ran tea*+ is /rongly /at$ by ! fam\s conv]t ,dr4 ,edw4 ,preuss 9 8 "w1 /ill reg>d$ z a classic by 8or?odox0 ,lu!rans1 ,die ,re*tf]tigung des ,snd]s vor ,gott1 ,b]l9 #ahfh4 #hdd ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #h4 #hde ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f4 #hdf ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #h3 8,fides e/ humanae salutis initium1 fundam5tum et radix omnis iu/ificationis40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hja47 #hdg ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ajj sq4 #hdh ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f3 8,disponuntur autem ad ipsam iu/itiam1 dum excitati div9 grati et adiuti1 fidem ex auditu concipi5tes1 lib]e mov5tur 9 ,deum1 cr$5tes v]a esse1 quae div9itus revelata et promissa sunt1 atque illud 9 primis1 a ,deo iu/ific>i impium p] gratiam eius1 p] r$emptionem1 quae e/ 9 ,*ri/o ,iesu1 et dum peccatores se esse intellig5tes1 a div9ae iu/itiae timore1 quo utilit] concutiuntur1 ad consid]&am ,dei mis]icordiam se conv]t5do1 9 spem eriguntur fid5tes1 ,deum sibi propt] ,*ri/um propitium =e1 illumque tamquam omnis iu/itiae fontem dilig]e incipiunt3 ac propt]ea mov5tur adv]sus peccata p] odium aliquod et dete/ationem1 hoc e/1 p] eam po5it5tiam1 quam ante baptismum agi oportet3 d5ique dum proponunt suscip]e baptismum1 in*o>e novam vitam et s]v>e div9a m&ata40 #hdi 8,dilig]e incipiunt40 7ibid47 #hej ,contritio cum proposito novae vitae4 #hea ,contritio c>itate p]fecta4 #heb ,votum sacram5ti1 sacram5tum 9 voto4 #hec ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #d & #ad4 #hed ,cfr4 ,ez4 ,,xviii1 #cj2 ,joel ,,ii1 #ab2 ,luke ,,xiii1 #c2 ,acts ,,ii1 #ch4 ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,xiv1 cap4 #d3 8,contritio1 quae primum locum int] dictos po5it5tis actus habet1 animi dolor ac dete/atio e/ de peccato commisso cum proposito non pecc&i de cet]o4 ,fuit autem quovis tempore ad impetr&am v5iam peccatorum hic contritionis motus necess>ius40 #hee ,cfr4 ,summa ,!ol41 #c;a1 qu4 #hg1 art4 #a3 8,exigitur autem ad remissionem peccati mortalis p]fectior po5it5tia1 ut scil4 homo actualit] pecoatum mortale commissum dete/etur1 quantum 9 ipso e/1 ut scil4 dilig5tiam adhibeat ad memor&um s+ula peccata mortalia1 ut s+ula dete/etur4 ,s$ hoc non requiritur ad remissionem v5ialium peccatorum4444 ,unde sequitur quod requiratur qua$am virtualis displic5tia1 444 quod tam5 non sufficit ad remissionem peccati mortalis1 nisi quantum ad peccata oblita po/ dilig5tem inquisitionem40 #hef ,cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bjd sqq41 ,p>is #ahif4 #heg ,fides mortua 9 contradi/9ction to fides viva4 #heh ,gal4 ,v1 #f4 #hei ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bh3 8,si quis dix]it1 amiss p] peccatum grati simul et fidem semp] amitti aut fidem1 quae remanet1 non esse v]am fidem1 licet non sit viva1 aut eum qui fidem s9e c>itate habet1 non esse ,*ri/ianum1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hch47 ,! ,scriptural argum5t = ?is !sis is develop$ by ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,i1 #ae4 #hfj ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #d3 8,iu/ificatio impii e/ translatio ab eo /atu1 9 quo homo nascitur filius primi ,adae1 9 /atum gratiae et adoptionis filiorum ,dei p] secundum ,adam ,iesum ,*ri/um ,salvatorem no/rum40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gif47 #hfa ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bba sq4 #hfb ,cfr4 ! second on ! li/ ( ,lu!ran propositions condemn$ by ,leo ,x1 ,a4 ,d4 #aebj3 8,9 pu]o po/ baptismum neg>e reman5s peccatum e/ ,paulum et ,*ri/um simul conculc>e40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gdb47 #hfc ,=m4 ,conc41 p4 #b1 c4 #c3 8,qu&o autem docemus1 quod p] op]ationem ,spiritus ,sancti reg5]amur et iu/ificamur1 non ita accipi5dum e/ quod iu/ificatis et r5atis nulla prorsus iniu/itia sub/antiae ipsorum et conv]sationi adha]eat1 s$ quod ,*ri/us p]fectissim ob$i5ti su omnia ipsorum peccata tegat1 quae quidem 9 ipsa natura infixa ha]5t4 ,nihilom9us tam5 p] fidem propt] ob$i5tiam ,*ri/i boni et iu/i pronuntiantur et reputantur1 etiamsi ratione corruptae naturae suae s9t maneantque peccatores1 dum mortale hoc corpus circumf]unt40 #hfd ,antid4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ad ,sess4 ,v3 8,manet v]e peccatum 9 nobis neque p] baptismum /atim uno die ext+uitur40 ,cfr4 ,mhl]1 ,symbolik1 #ad 7,rob]tson's translation1 #e? ed41 pp4 #aaj sqq474 #hfe ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,v1 c4 #e3 8,si quis p] ,iesu ,*ri/i ,d4 ,n4 gratiam1 quae 9 baptismate conf]tur1 reatum orig9alis peccati remitti negat aut etiam ass]it1 non tolli totum id quod v]am et propriam peccati rationem habet1 s$ illud dicit tantum radi aut non imput>i1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gib47 #hff ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ad2 ,sess4 ,,xiv1 cap4 #b4 ,see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,! ,sacram5ts1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,p5ance4 #hfg 8,dele iniquitatem meam40 #hfh ,is4 ,,xliii1 #be3 8,ego sum ipse1 qui deleo iniquitates tuas40 #hfi ,is4 ,,xliv1 #bb3 8,delevi ut nubem iniquitates tuas et quasi nebulam peccata tua40 #hgj ,acts ,,iii1 #ai3 8,po5item9i igitur et conv]tim9i1 ut deleantur peccata ve/ra40 #hga #b ,k+s ,,xii1 #ac3 8,dom9us quoque tran/ulit peccatum tuum40 #hgb #a ,p>al4 ,,xxi1 #h3 8,obsecro1 auf] iniquitatem s]vi tui40 #hgc ,mi*4 ,,vii1 #ah sq43 8,quis1 ,deus1 similis tui1 qui auf]s iniquitatem8444 ,deponet ,deus iniquitates no/ras et proiiciet 9 pr(undum m>is omnia peccata no/ra40 #hgd ,ps4 ,x1 #ae3 8,qua]etur peccatum illius1 et non inv5ietur40 #hge ,ps4 ,,cii1 #ab3 8,quantum di/at ortus ab occid5te1 longe fecit a nobis iniquitates no/ras40 #hgf ,luke ,,vii1 #dg3 8,remittuntur ei peccata multa40 #hgg ,ps4 ,l1 #d3 8,amplius lava me ab iniquitate mea et a peccato meo munda me40 #hgh ,is4 ,i1 #af3 8,lavam9i1 mundi e/ote40 #hgi ,ez4 ,,xxxvi1 #be sq43 8,effundam sup] vos aquam mundam et mundabim9i ab omnibus inqu9am5tis ve/ris4444 ,et dabo vobis cor novum40 #hhj #a ,cor4 ,,vi1 #aa3 8,et haec quidam =nic>ii etc4 fui/is1 s$ abluti e/is1 s$ sanctificati e/is1 s$ iu/ificati e/is40 #hha ,ps4 ,l1 #i3 8,asp]ges me hyssopo et mundabor1 lavabis me et sup] nivem dealbabor40 #hhb ,is4 ,i1 #ah3 8,si fuev9t peccata ve/ra ut cocc9um1 quasi nix dealbabuntur1 et si fu]9t rubra quasi v]miculus1 velut lana alba erunt40 #hhc ,apoc4 ,i1 #e3 8444 dilexit nos et lavit nos a peccatis no/ris 9 sangu9e suo40 #hhd #a ,john ,i1 #g3 8,sanguis ,iesu ,*ri/i 444 emundat nos ab omni peccato40 #hhe #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad3 8,translati sumus de morte ad vitam1 quoniam diligimus fratres3 qui non diligit1 manet 9 morte40 #hhf ,col4 ,,ii1 #ac3 8,et vos1 quum mortui essetis 9 delictis1 444 convivificavit cum illo donans vobis omnia delicta40 #hhg ,eph4 ,v1 #h3 8,eratis enim aliqu&o t5ebrae1 nunc autem lux 9 ,dom9o40 #hhh ,acts ,,xxii1 #af3 8,exsurge et baptiz>e et ablue peccata tua40 #hhi ,rom4 ,,viii1 #a3 8,nihil ergo nunc damnationis e/ iis1 qui sunt 9 ,*ri/o ,iesu40 ,cfr4 on ?is po9t ! dogmatic treatise on ! ,sacram5t ( ,baptism4 #hij ,cfr4 ,becanus1 ,!ol4 ,s*ola/41 ,p4 ,,ii1 tr4 #e1 cap4 #a1 qu4 #a4 #hia ,ps4 ,,xxxi1 #a sq43 8,beati quorum remissae sunt iniquitates et quorum tecta sunt peccata2 beatus vir cui non imputavit ,dom9us peccatum nec e/ 9 spiritu eius dolus40 #hib ,heb4 ,,iv1 #ac4 ,cfr4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,en>r4 9 ,ps41 ,,ii1 #ca1 n4 #ab3 8,deus tegat vuln]a1 noli tu4 ,nam si tu teg]e volu]is erubesc5s1 m$icus non curabit4 ,m$icus tegat et curet2 empla/ro enim tegit4 ,sub tegm9e m$ici curatur vulnus1 sub tegm9e vuln]ati celatur vulnus40 #hic ,rom4 ,,vii1 #ag3 8,nunc autem iam non ego op]or illud1 s$ quod habitat 9 me peccatum40 #hid ,peccatum1 4 #hie ,sess4 ,v1 c4 #e3 8444 ex peccato e/ et ad peccatum incl9at40 ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bdb sqq41 #bfa sqq4 ,on ,jas4 ,i1 #ad sq41 ,/4 ,augu/9e obs]ves3 8,pr(ecto 9 8 v]bis p>tus a p>i5te disc]nitur4 ,p>i5s enim e/ concupisc5tia1 p>tus peccatum4 ,s$ concupisc5tia non p>it nisi concep]it1 nec concipit nisi illex]it1 h4 e4 ad malum p]petr&um obt9u]it vol5tis ass5sum4 ,quod ergo adv]sus eam dimicamur1 hoc agitur1 ne concipiat p>iatque peccatum40 7,contra ,iulian41 ,,vi1 #ae1 #dg47 ,= a m exhau/ive discussion ( ?is subject see ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,ju/if41 ,,ii1 #i4 #hif ,dial4 c4 ,tryph41 n4 #ada4 #hig ,/rom41 l4 ,,ii4 #hih ,or41 #dj4 #hii ,contra ,duas ,epi/olas ,pelagian41 ,i1 #ac1 #bf3 8,quis hoc adv]sus ,pelagianos nisi infidelis affirmet8 ,dicimus ergo baptisma d>e omnium indulg5tiam peccatorum et auf]re crim9a1 non rad]e2 nec ut omnium peccatorum radices 9 mala c>ne t5eantur1 quasi rasorum 9 capite capillorum1 unde crescunt it]um resec&a peccata40 #ijj ,ep41 l4 ,,ii1 ep4 #de3 8,si qui v]o sunt qui dicunt1 peccata 9 baptismate sup]ficie t5us dimitti1 quid e/ hac pra$icatione infidelius8444 ,qui dicit peccata 9 baptismate funditus non dimitti1 dicat 9 m>i rubro ,aegyptios non v]acit] mortuos4 ,si autem fatetur1 ,aegyptios v]acit] mortuos1 fateatur necesse e/1 peccata 9 baptismate funditus mori40 ,o!r confirmatory texts apud ,alb4 a ,bulsano1 ,in/it4 ,!ol4 ,dogmat4 ,specialis1 ed4 ,p4 ,gottfr4 a ,graun1 ,o4 ,cap41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbf sq41 ,innsbruck #ahid4 #ija ,apoc4 ,,xxi1 #bg3 8,non intrabit 9 coelum aliquod co9qu9atum40 #ijb ,privatio1 4 #ijc ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,de ,v]itate1 qu4 #bh1 art4 #a sqq42 ,,idem1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aac1 art4 #b4 #ijd ,cfr4 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,,ii1 #a & #f4 #ije ,apol4 ,confess4 ,augu/41 c4 #c1 art4 #f3 8,iu/ific>e veto hoc loco 7,rom4 ,,viii1 #a7 =5si consuetud9e significat reum absolv]e et pronunti>e iu/um1 s$ propt] ali5am iu/itiam1 videl4 ,*ri/i1 quae ali5a iu/itia nobis communicatur p] fidem40 #ijf ,solida ,decl>41 ,,iii1 8,de ,fide ,iu/if410 #aa3 8,vocabulum iu/ificationis 9 hoc negotio significat iu/um pronunti>e1 a peccatis et aet]nis peccatorum suppliciis absolv]e propt] iu/itiam ,*ri/i1 quae a ,deo fidei imputatur40 #ijg ,! ,lu!ran doctr9e is fully & lucidly set =? by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,preuss 9 8 "w1 ,die ,re*tf]tigung des ,snd]s vor ,gott 7,b]l9 #ahfh71 :i* he retract$ at 8 conv]sion1 9 #ahgb4 ,cfr4 also ,newman's ,lectures on ,ju/ification1 ,lecture ,i 7#h? impression1 ,london #aijj74 #ijh ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8,iu/ificatio non e/ sola peccatorum remissio1 s$ et sanctificatio et r5ovatio int]ioris hom9is p] volunt>iam susceptionem gratiae et donorum44440 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gii47 #iji ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aa3 8,si quis dix]it1 hom9es iu/ific>i vel sol imputatione iu/itiae ,*ri/i vel sol peccatorum remissione1 exclus grati et c>itate1 quae 9 cordibus eorum p] ,spiritum ,sanctum diffundatur atque illis inha]eat1 aut etiam gratiam qu iu/ificamur esse tantum favorem ,dei1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hba47 #iaj ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8,huius iu/ificationis causae sunt3 =malis quidem gloria ,dei et ,*ri/i ac vita aet]na2 effici5s v]o mis]icors ,deus1 qui gratuito abluit et sanctificat2 444 m]itoria autem dilectissimus ,unig5itus suus ,d4 ,n4 ,iesus ,*ri/us1 qui 444 su sanctissim passione 9 ligno crucis nobis iu/ificationem m]uit2 444 in/rum5talis item sacram5tum baptismi1 quod e/ sacram5tum fidei1 s9e qu nulli unquam contigit iu/ificatio2 demum unica =malis causa e/ iu/itia ,dei1 non qu ipse iu/us e/1 s$ qu nos iu/os facit1 qu videl4 ab eo donati r5ovamur spiritu m5tis no/rae et non modo reputamur1 s$ v]e iu/i nom9amur et sumus40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gii74 #iaa ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #aj3 8,si quis dix]it1 hom9es s9e ,*ri/i iu/itia1 p] quam nobis m]uit iu/ific>i aut p] eam ipsam =malit] iu/os esse1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbj47 #iab ,v4 supra1 ,article #a4 #iac ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,,ii1 #e2 ,col4 ,,ii1 #ac2 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad4 #iad ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,,iv1 #bc sq4 #iae ,cfr4 #b ,cor4 ,v1 #ag2 ,gal4 ,,vi1 #ae2 ,jas4 ,i1 #ah2 ,ps4 ,l1 #ab4 #iaf ,cfr4 ,john ,,iii1 #e2 ,tit4 ,,iii1 #e4 #iag ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bi2 #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #ah2 #b ,pet4 ,i1 #d4 #iah ,john ,,iii1 #e4 #iai ,tit4 ,,iii1 #e sqq43 8,non ex op]ibus iu/itiae quae fecimus nos1 s$ secundum suam mis]icordiam salvos nos fecit 7 7 p] lavacrum reg5]ationis et r5ovationis 7 7 ,spiritus ,sancti1 quem effudit 77 9 nos abunde p] ,iesum ,*ri/um ,salvatorem no/rum1 ut iu/ificati 77 grati ipsius ha]$es simus secundum spem vitae aet]nae40 #ibj ,cfr4 ,john ,i1 #ab sq42 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #af2 ,gal4 ,,iii1 #g2 ,,iv1 #f sq42 #a ,john ,,iii1 #a4 #iba ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,,iv1 #bb sqq4 #ibb ,cfr4 ,col4 ,,iii1 #i sq4 #ibc ,cfr4 ,acts ,,ii1 #ch2 ,x1 #de sqq42 ,rom4 ,v1 #e4 #ibd ,cfr4 ,j4 ,pohle1 article 8,reg5]ation0 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 & ,a4 ,radema*]1 ,die b]natrli*e ,leb5sordnung na* d] paul9is*5 und johanneis*5 ,!ologie1 pp4 #da sqq41 ,freiburg #aijc4 #ibe #b ,cor4 ,v1 #ag3 8,si qua ergo 9 ,*ri/o nova creatura 7 71 vet]a transi]unt2 ecce facta sunt omnia nova40 ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,,ii1 #aj4 #ibf ,jac4 ,i1 #ah3 8,volunt>ie enim g5uit 77 nos v]bo v]itatis1 ut simus initium aliquod creaturae eius40 #ibg ,gal4 ,,vi1 #ae3 8,9 ,*ri/o enim ,iesu neque circumcisio aliquid valet neque praeputium1 s$ nova creatura 7 740 #ibh ,gal4 ,v1 #f3 8,nam 9 ,*ri/o ,iesu neque circumcisio aliquid valet neque praeputium1 s$ fides quae p] c>itatem op]atur 7 740 #ibi ,on ! argum5t f ,rom4 ,v1 #ae sqq4 cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bdg sqq4 #icj ,iu/ific>e1 4 #ica ,e4g41 ,rom4 ,v1 #ae sqq4 & ,gal4 ,,iii1 #h sqq4 #icb ,ps4 ,,cxviii1 #h3 8,iu/ificationes tuas cu/odiam40 #icc ,ps4 ,,cxviii1 #bf3 8444 doce me iu/ificationes tuas40 #icd ,apoc4 ,,xxii1 #aa3 8,qui iu/us e/1 iu/ificetur adhuc1 et sanctus sanctificetur adhuc40 ,on ! diff]5t mean+s ( ! t]m ju/ification 9 ,scripture see ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ific41 ,i1 #a2 ,,ii1 #c4 #ice ,gal4 ,,iii1 #bg3 8,quicunque enim 9 ,*ri/o baptizati e/is1 ,*ri/um indui/is40 #icf ,cfr4 ,eph4 ,,iv1 #bb sqq42 ,col4 ,,iii1 #h sqq4 #icg #a ,cor4 ,i1 #cj3 8,qui factus e/ nobis sapi5tia a ,deo et iu/itia 77 et sanctificatio 77 et r$emptio40 #ich ,o!r objections are refut$ by ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/if41 ,,ii1 #i sqq4 #ici ,cfr4 ,calv91 ,in/it41 ,,iii1 #aa1 #ae3 8,ac nec ,augu/9i quidem s5t5tia recipi5da e/1 qui gratiam ad sanctificationem ref]t1 qu 9 vitae novitatem p] ,spiritum ,sanctum reg5]amur40 #idj ,on ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas see ,b>d5hew]-,%ahan1 ,patrology1 p4 #bd4 ,! passage quot$ w be f\nd ,ep4 ,b>n41 ,,vi1 #aa4 #ida ,hom4 ad ,illum941 ,i1 n4 #c4 #idb 4 #idc 4 #idd ,de ,my/41 c4 #g3 8,accepi/i po/ haec ve/im5ta c&ida scil4 po/ baptismum1 ut s9t indicium quod exu]is involucrum peccati1 indu]is innoc5tiae ca/a velam9a40 #ide ,de ,iu/ific41 ,,ii1 #h4 #idf ,de ,spiritu et ,lit]a1 c4 #i1 n4 #ae3 8,non dicit iu/itia hom9is1444 s$ iu/itia ,dei1 non qu ,deus iu/us e/1 s$ qu induit hom9em1 quum iu/ificat impium4444 ,iu/itia autem ,dei p] fidem ,iesu ,*ri/i1 hoc e/1 p] fidem qu cr$itur 9 ,*ri/um4 ,sicut autem i/a fides ,*ri/i dicta e/1 non qu cr$it ,*ri/us1 sic et illa iu/itia ,dei1 non qu iu/us e/ ,deus4 ,utrumque enim no/rum e/2 s$ ideo ,dei et ,*ri/i dicuntur1 quod eius nobis l>gitate donatur40 #idg ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 c4 #ac3 8,si data e/ nobis iu/itia1 non dicitur iu/itia no/ra1 s$ ,dei1 quia sic fit no/ra1 ut sit nobis ex ,deo40 #idh ,s]m41 #aca3 8,dei gratia p] ,dom9um no/rum ,iesum ,*ri/um iu/itia ,dei dicitur1 non qu iu/us e/ ,dom9us1 s$ qu iu/ificat eos1 quos ex impiis iu/os facit40 #idi ,de ,spir4 et ,lit41 c4 #cb1 n4 #ef3 8,c>itas ,dei dicta e/ diffundi 9 cordibus no/ris1 non qu ipse nos diligit1 s$ qu1 nos facit dilectores suos1 sicut iu/itia ,dei1 qu nos iu/i eius mun]e efficimur40 #iej ,de ,tr9it41 ,,xv1 #h1 #ad3 8,quod v]o ait 7#b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #ah73 ,9 e&em imag9em trans=mamur1 utique imag9em ,dei vult intellegi1 e&em dic5s i/am ipsam1 scil41 quam speculamur 444 atque transimus de =ma obscura 9 =mam lucidam4444 ,quae natura humana 9 rebus creatis excell5tissima1 quum a suo ,creatore ab impietate iu/ificatur1 a de=mi =ma =mosam transf]tur 9 =mam40 #iea ,o!r ,patri/ic texts c be se5 9 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]nal41 disp4 #acb1 sect4 #g2 ,petavius1 ,de ,tr9it41 ,,viii1 #d-g2 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arbitrio1 ,i1 #d4 #ieb ,= a m detail$ treatm5t ( ?is po9t we mu/ ref] ! read] to ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmat4 ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #ecg sqq4 #iec ,quot$ by ,de ,wette1 ,,ii1 #cg4 #ied ,v4 infra1 ,section #c4 #iee ,sess4 ,,iv1 cap4 #g4 #ief ,v4 infra1 ,sect4 #b1 ,art4 #b4 #ieg ,cfr4 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ific41 ,,ii1 #a4 #ieh ,s]ip&o1 ,alb]tus ,pighius1 ,gropp]1 & o!rs4 #iei ,on ! discussion ref]r$ to 9 ! text see ,pallavic9i1 ,hi/4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,,viii1 #aa1 #ab2 ,aug4 ,!9]1 ,acta ,g5u9a ,concil4 ,trid41 tom4 ,i1 pp4 #bbb sqq41 ,leipzig #ahgd4 #ifj ,eph4 ,v1 #h2 #b ,cor4 ,,vi1 #ad4 #ifa ,col4 ,,ii1 #ac2 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad4 #ifb ,eph4 ,,iv1 #bb sqq42 ,col4 ,,iii1 #i4 #ifc ,v4 supra1 ,no4 #b4 #ifd ,on ! hi/ory ( ! ,trid5t9e decree reg>d+ ju/ification cfr4 ,j4 ,hefn]1 ,die ,ent/ehungsges*i*te des ,tri5t] ,re*tf]tigungsdekretes1 ,pad]born #aiji4 #ife ,ockam1 ,gabriel ,biel1 et al4 #iff ,h5no1 ,ma/rius1 et al4 #ifg ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 #a4 ,,vii1 c4 #bj1 n4 #g3 8444 non ob/ante ill oppositione et repugnanti connaturali pote/ ,deus de su absolut pot5ti eam v9c]e et cons]v>e gratiam 9 eo1 qui peccavit1 non remitt5do illi peccatum40 #ifh ,vasquez1 ,s>dagna1 ,anto9e1 ,mazzella1 ,tepe1 et al4 #ifi ,col4 ,,ii1 #ac2 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad4 #igj #b ,cor4 ,,vi1 #ad sqq4 #iga ,cfr4 #a ,john ,,iii1 #i3 8,omnis1 qui natus e/ ex ,deo1 peccatum non facit1 quoniam sem5 ipsius 7 7 9 eo manet et non pote/ pecc>e 7 71 quoniam ex ,deo natus e/40 #igb ,v4 infra1 ,sect4 #b1 ,art4 #a4 #igc ,= ! solution ( o!r difficulties consult ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aeb sqq4 ,on ! :ole subject ( ?is subdivision cfr4 ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #g1 art4 #b sq4 ,on c]ta9 incid5tal que/ions1 e4g4 :e!r ju/ification takes place 9 in/anti1 :e!r ! infusion ( sanctify+ grace 9 ord9e naturae prec$es or foll[s ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 :e!r ju/ification is ! greate/ ( ,god's works1 :e!r x is to be reg>d$ z a miracle1 etc41 see ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aac1 art4 #g-aj2 cfr4 also ,s*eeb51 ,die ,my/]i5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #crd ed41 pp4 #edc sqq41 ,freiburg #aiab4 #igd ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8,p] spiritum sanctum c>itas ,dei diffunditur 9 cordibus eorum1 qui iu/ificantur1 atque ipsis inha]et40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjj47 #ige ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,quae enim iu/itia no/ra dicitur1 quia p] eam nobis inha]5tem iu/ificamur1 illa eadem ,dei e/1 quia a ,deo nobis infunditur p] ,*ri/i m]itum40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hji47 #igf ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #aa3 8,si quis dix]it1 hom9es iu/ific>i 444 exclus grati et c>itate1 quae 9 cordibus eorum p] ,spiritum sanctum diffundatur atque 9 illis inha]eat1 444 ana!ma sit407,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hba47 #igg ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #d3 8,iu/ificatio e/ translatio 444 9 /atum gratiae et adoptionis filiorum ,dei40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gif47 #igh ,cfr4 ,pallavic9i1 ,hi/4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,,viii1 #ad1 #c3 8,po/ulantibus quibusdam1 ut expressius decl>>etur fi]i iu/itiam p] habitum infusum1 delecti ,patres ad id respond]unt1 id satis explic>i p] vocem inha]et1 quae /abilitatem significat et habitibus congruit1 non actibus40 ,x 0 on ! same gr\nd t ,pius ,v c5sur$ ! =ty-second proposition ( ,baius1 viz43 8,iu/itia qu iu/ificatur p] fidem impius1 consi/it =malit] 9 ob$i5tia m&atorum1 quae e/ op]um iu/itia2 non autem 9 gratia aliqua animae infusa1 qu adoptatur homo 9 filium ,dei1 et secundum int]iorem hom9em r5ovatur ac div9ae naturae consors efficitur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajdb47 #igi ,cfr4 ! ,cap4 ,maiores ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii 7,decret41 l4 #c1 tit4 #db1 ,de ,bapt473 8,aliis ass]5tibus1 p] virtutem baptismi p>vulis quidem culpam remitti1 s$ gratiam non conf]ri2 nonnullis dic5tibus1 dimitti peccatum et virtutes infundi quantum ad habitum1 non quoad usum40 #ihj ,de ,summa ,tr9it4 et ,fide ,ca?43 8,quantum ad effectum baptismi 9 p>vulis rep]iuntur doctores quidam !ologi op9iones contr>ias habuisse1 quibusdam ex ipsis dic5tibus1 p] virtutem baptismi p>vulis quidem culpam remitti1 s$ gratiam non conf]ri1 aliis e contra ass]5tibus1 quod et culpa eisdem 9 baptismo remittitur et virtutes ac in=mans gratia infunduntur quoad habitum1 etsi non pro illo tempore quoad usum4 ,nos att5d5tes g5]alem efficaciam mortis ,*ri/i1 quae p] baptisma applicatur p>it] omnibus baptizatis1 op9ionem secundam tamquam probabiliorem et dictis sanctorum et mod]norum !ologorum magis consonam et con=mem sacro approbante concilio duximus elig5dam40 #iha ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,v1 c4 #d2 ,sess4 ,,vii1 c4 #ac4 ,= a full] treatm5t consult ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,vi1 #c2 ,vasquez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,?41 ,i1 #b1 disp4 #bjc1 cap4 #f4 ,! false views ( ,h]mes & ,hirs*] are refut$ by ,kleutg51 ,!ologie d] ,vorzeit1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bed-cdc1 ,mn/] #ahgb4 #ihb ,libri ,quatuor ,s5t41 ,i1 di/ #ag1 #ah4 #ihc ,summa ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #b4 #ihd ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bd4 #ihe ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #bfc sq4 #ihf ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #a2 ,summa contra ,g5tiles1 ,,iii1 #aej4 #ihg ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 p4 #aic4 #ihh ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #b1 ad #b3 8,omnis sub/antia vel e/ ipsa natura rei1 cuius e/ sub/antia1 vel e/ p>s naturae1 secundum quem modum mat]ia vel =ma sub/antia dicitur4 ,et quia gratia e/ supra naturam humanam1 non pote/ esse quod sit sub/antia aut =ma sub/antialis1 s$ e/ =ma accid5talis ipsius animae4 ,id enim quod sub/antialit] e/ 9 ,deo1 accid5talit] fit 9 anima p>ticipante div9am bonitatem40 #ihi ,cfr4 ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #f1 art4 #b4 #iij ,?is !ory 0 bas$ on su* texts z ,ps4 ,l1 #ab3 8,cor mundum crea 9 me40 #iia ,cat4 ,rom41 ,p4 ,,ii1 c4 #b de ,bapt41 qu4 #di3 8,e/ autem gratia 444 div9a qualitas 9 anima inha]5s ac veluti spl5dor quidam et lux1 quae anim>um no/r>um maculas omnes delet ipsasque animas pul*riores et spl5didiores r$dit40 ,on ! sup]natural "* ( sanctify+ grace see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #aia sqq4 #iib ,categ41 #f4 #iic 8444 qualitas difficile mobilis1 secundum quam res b5e vel male se habet 9 ord9e ad suam naturam et ad op]ationem vel f9em eius40 ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #ai1 art4 #b2 ,s4 ,s*iff9i1 ,pr9cipia ,philosophica ad ,m5tem ,aqu9atis1 pp4 #egd sqq41 ,tur9 #ahhf2 ,a4 ,lehm51 ,lehrbu* d] ,philosophie auf ari/otelis*-?omi/is*] ,grundlage1 ,vol4 ,i1 #crd ed41 pp4 #cih sqq41 ,freiburg #aijd4 #iid ,de ,v]itate1 qu4 #bg1 art4 #b1 ad #g3 8,gratia e/ 9 prima specie qualitatis1 quamvis non proprie possit dici habitus1 quia non imm$iate ord9atur ad actum1 s$ ad quoddam esse spiritale1 quod 9 anima facit40 #iie ,de ,gratia1 ,,vi1 #d1 #a3 8,ab/9uimus ab hac voce1 quia p] habitum solet intelligi pr9cipium actus2 quamvis1 si vox illa latius sumatur1 pro quacumque qualitate p]fici5te animam1 quae non sit actus secundus1 eadem c]titud9e1 qu o/5dimus d>i gratiam p]man5tem1 concluditur esse qualitatem habitualem40 #iif ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,i1 #c4 #iig ,cfr4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #cj4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,su>ez 0 ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 9 reg>d to ! degree ( c]titude to be attribut$ to ?is tea*+3 8,si quis neg>et gratiam sanctificantem esse habitum1 licet esse tem]e dictum1 non posset tam5 ut ha]eticum damn>i40 #iih ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #aij sqq4 #iii ,cfr4 #a ,john1 ,,iii1 #i3 8 scil4 40 #ajjj ,cfr4 #b ,cor4 ,,iv1 #g3 8444 !saurum 9 vasis fictilibus40 #ajja ,cfr4 ,john ,,xiv1 #bc3 8,mansionem apud eum faciemus40 #ajjb ,cfr4 #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #af4--,on ! subtle "q :e!r habitual grace is to be reg>d$ z a real or m]ely z a modal accid5t ( ! s\l1 see ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aed sqq41 ,p>is #ahif2 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,prael4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #aha sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh4 ,an extreme & altoge!r unacceptable view is t ( ,billu>t 7,de ,gratia1 diss4 #f1 art4 #b71 :o reg>ds sanctify+ grace z an absolute accid5t1 i4e4 "o :i* ! omnipot5ce ( ,god c\ld miracul\sly su/a9 if ! s\l ceas$ to exi/4 ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,vii1 #ae2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 p4 #bei2 ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #afd sqq4 #ajjc ,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 ,,ii1 di/4 #bg4 #ajjd ,e4g41 ,ma/rius1 ,de ,iu/if41 disp4 #g1 qu4 #f4 #ajje ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 ,i1 #f4 #ajjf ,luke ,,vii1 #dg3 8,remittuntur ei peccata multa1 quoniam dilexit 77 multum40 #ajjg #a ,pet4 ,,iv1 #h3 8,c>itas 77 op]it multitud9em peccatorum40 #ajjh #a ,john ,,iv1 #g3 8,omnis qui diligit 7 7 ex ,deo natus e/40 #ajji ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 c4 #gj1 n4 #hd3 8,c>itas ergo in*oata1 in*oata iu/itia e/1 444 c>itas magna1 magna iu/itia e/1 c>itas p]fecta1 p]fecta iu/itia e/40 #ajaj ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8444 dum c>itas ,dei diffunditur 9 cordibus eorum qui iu/ificantur atque ipsis inha]et40 #ajaa ,prem95tly ,su>ez1 ,tann]1 ,ripalda4 #ajab ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #c sq42 ,de ,v]itate1 qu4 #bg1 art4 #b4 #ajac ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aaj1 art4 #d1 ad #a3 8,sicut ab ess5tia animae effluunt eius pot5tiae1 quae sunt op]um pr9cipia1 ita etiam ab ipsa gratia effluunt virtutes !ologicae 9 pot5tias animae1 p] quas virtutes pot5tiae mov5tur ad actus40 #ajad ,de ,dono ,p]sev]antiae1 c4 #af1 n4 #da3 8,gratia praev5it c>itatem40 #ajae #b ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #ac3 8,gratia ,dom9i no/ri ,iesu ,*ri/i et c>itas ,dei40 #ajaf #a ,tim4 ,i1 #ad3 8,sup]abundavit autem gratia ,dom9i no/ri cum fide et dilectione40 #ajag ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,vi5n5se1 ,a4 ,d4 #acaa3 8444 gratiam in=mantem et virtutes40 ,conc4 ,trid41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8444 p] volunt>iam susceptionem gratiae et donorum40 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #aa3 8444 exclus grati et c>itate40 #ajah ,= a full] treatm5t ( ?is topic consult ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #d1 art4 #d4 #ajai ,ripalda ju/ly obs]ves 7,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #acb1 n4 #acb1 n4 #ec73 8,haec controv]sia olim ,celebris fuit4 ,nunc facile dirimitur1 quum iam con/it]it nullius p>tis argum5ta plane conv9c]e40 ,on ! !ological aspects ( ,h]b>t's philosophy1 :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( qualities & faculties 9 ! s\l1 see ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #efj1 ,ma9z #ahig4 #ajbj #b ,pet4 ,i1 #d3 8444 p] quem i4e4 ,*ri/um maxima et pretiosa nobis promissa donavit1 ut p] haec efficiam9i div9ae consortes naturae 7 740 #ajba ,john ,i1 #ac3 8444 qui non ex sangu9ibus1 444 s$ ex ,deo nati sunt40 #ajbb ,john ,,iii1 #e3 8,nisi quis r5atus fu]it ex aqua et ,spiritu ,sancto1 non pote/ introire 9 regnum ,dei40 #ajbc ,jac4 ,i1 #ah3 8,volunt>ie enim g5uit nos v]bo v]itatis40 #ajbd #a ,john ,,iii1 #i3 8,omnis qui natus e/ ex ,deo1 peccatum non facit40 #ajbe ,or4 contr4 ,arian41 ,i1 #ci4 #ajbf 4 #ajbg ,9 ,psalmos1 #di1 n4 #b3 8,ille iu/ficat1 qui p] seipsum1 non ex alio iu/us e/2 et ille deificat qui p] seipsum non alt]ius p>ticipatione ,deus e/4 ,qui autem iu/ificat1 ipse deificat1 quia iu/ific&o filios ,dei facit4444 ,filii ,dei facti sumus et dii facti sumus2 s$ hoc gratia e/ adoptantis1 non natura g5]antis4 ,unicum enim ,dei ,filius ,deus1 444 cet]i qui dii fiunt1 grati ipsius fiunt1 non de sub/antia ipsius nascuntur1 ut hoc s9t quod ille1 s$ ut p] b5eficium p]v5iant ad eum et s9t coha]$es ,*ri/i40 ,_m o!r cognate ,patri/ic texts 9 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #acb1 sect4 #g-i4 #ajbh ,see1 e4g41 ! ,(f]tory & ,preface = ! fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion ( our ,"l & ! ,secreta = ! f\r? ,sunday aft] ,ea/]4 #ajbi ,cfr4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #acb1 sect4 #g3 8,p] gratiam v]o habitualem fi]i hom9em p>ticipem div9ae naturae ideoque gratiam esse p>ticipationem deitatis1 adeo frequ5s e/ et con/ans !ologorum ass]tum1 ut absque tem]itate neg>i non possit40 ,on ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,?omas & ! ,?omi/s see ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #d1 art4 #c4 #ajcj ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,ekk>di a4 #acbi damn4 a ,ioanne ,,xxii1 prop4 #aj1 quot$ 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t's ,en*iridion1 n4 #eaj4 #ajca ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,mi*4 de ,mol9os a4 #afhg damn1 ab ,innoc5tio ,,xi1 prop4 #e1 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #abbe4 #ajcb ,! ,f\r? ,c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an 7,a4 ,d4 #abae7 calls x 8doctr9a non tam ha]etica quam insana40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #dcc47 #ajcc ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,peccatorum ,m]itis et ,remissione1 ,,ii1 #h1 #aj3 8,nunc ergo et similes esse iam coepimus primitias spiritus hab5tes1 et adhuc dissimiles sumus p] reliquias vetu/atis4 ,pro9de inquantum similes1 9 tantum reg5]ante ,spiritu filii ,dei2 inquantum autem dissimiles1 9 tantum filii c>nis et saeculi40 #ajcd ,quot$ by ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #acb1 sect4 #i4 #ajce ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae qu4 #aab1 art4 #a3 8,donum autem gratiae exc$it omnem facultatem naturae creatae1 quum nihil aliud sit quam qua$am p>ticipatio div9ae naturae1 quae exc$it omnem aliam naturam40 #ajcf ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #afe sqq42 ,*ri/ology1 pp4 #he sqq4 #ajcg ,cfr4 ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus1 ,de ,fide ,or?odoxa1 ,,ii1 #ab 8 40 #ajch ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #afe sqq4 #ajci ,clyp4 ,?omi/41 tom4 ,,vi1 disp4 #b1 #aj4 #ajdj ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,vii1 #a1 #bg3 8,eo ipso quod div9um esse p>ticipatur1 non p>ticipatur ut imp>ticipatum e/40 #ajda ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #bj1 sect4 #ad4 #ajdb ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #ic1 art4 #d4 #ajdc ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,vii1 #a1 #cj3 8,v]a ergo excell5tia gratiae habitualis1 propt] quam dicitur esse s+ul>is p>ticipatio div9ae naturae1 e/ 444 quia1 quum natura div9a sit qua$am intellectualis natura altioris ord9is quam sit vel esse possit ulla sub/antia intellectualis creata1 ille gradus intellectualitatis1 qui e/ 9 div9a natura1 div9o quodam et sup]naturali modo p>ticipatur p] habitualem gratiam1 quo quidem modo a nulla sub/antia creata p] se ipsam vel p] pot5tiam sibi connaturalem p>ticip>i pote/4444 ,div9a enim ess5tia 9 ratione obiecti intelligibilis 9 se et p] visionem intuitivam ad ipsam ,dei ess5tiam imm$iate t]m9atam adeo e/ elevata et excell5s ratione purissimae actualitatis et immat]ialitatis suae1 ut a nulla sub/antia intellectuali possit connaturalit] vid]i1 nisi a seipsa4 ,p] gratiam v]o et dona sup]naturalia elevatur natura creata intellectualis ad p>ticipationem illius gradus intellectualitatis div9ae1 9 quo possit obiectum illud intelligibile div9ae ess5tiae 9 se intu]i40 #ajdd ,john ,,iii1 #f2 cfr4 #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #ah2 ,eph4 ,v1 #ah4 #ajde ,de ,spiritu ,sancto1 c4 #i1 n4 #bc4 #ajdf 4 #ajdg 4 #ajdh 4 #ajdi #a ,john ,,iii1 #b3 8,nunc filii ,dei sumus et nondum app>uit1 quid erimus2 scimus quoniam1 quum app>u]it1 similes ei erimus 7 71 quoniam videbimus eum sicuti e/40 ,on ?is passage see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #if sq4 ,on ! :ole subject treat$ 9 ?is subdivision consult ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #ehh sqq42 ,a4 ,radema*]1 ,die b]natrli*e ,leb5sordnung na* d] paul9is*5 und johanneis*5 ,!ologie1 pp4 #hh sqq41 ,freiburg #aijc2 ,a4 ,prumbs1 ,die ,/ellung des ,tri5t] ,konzils zu d] ,frage na* dem ,wes5 d] heiligma*5d5 ,gnade1 ,pad]born #aiaj4 #ajej ,= a full] treatm5t we mu/ ref] ! read] to ,s*eeb51 ,die ,h]rli*keit5 d] gttli*5 ,gnade1 #h? ed41 ,freiburg #aijh2 ,engli% translation by a ,b5$ict9e monk ( ,/4 ,me9rad's ,abbey1 ,! ,glories ( ,div9e ,grace1 #crd ed41 ,new ,york s4 a4 #ajea ,eph4 ,,iv1 #bd3 8,induite novum hom9em1 qui secundum ,deum creatus e/ 9 iu/itia et sanctitate v]itatis40 ,on ?is text see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 p4 #aig4 #ajeb ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8444 non e/ sola peccatorum remissio1 s$ et sanctificatio et r5ovatio int]ioris hom9is p] volunt>iam susceptionem gratiae et donorum1 unde homo ex iniu/o fit iu/us40 #ajec ,on ! concept ( sanctity see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #bea sqq4 #ajed ,gal4 ,,ii1 #bj3 8,vivo autem iam non ego1 vivit v]o 9 me ,*ri/us40 ,on ! life ( ! s\l 9 & ?r\gh grace cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dff4 #ajee ,cfr4 #b ,cor4 ,,vii1 #d3 8,sup]abundo gaudio 9 omni tribulatione no/ra40 #ajef ,is4 ,,xlix1 #af3 8,ecce 9 manibus meis descripsi te40 #ajeg ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bh3 8,dilig5tibus ,deum omnia coop]antur 9 bonum40 #ajeh ,9 ,ps41 #be3 8,gratia div9a pul*rificat sicut lux40 #ajei ,cat4 ,rom41 ,p4 ,,ii1 ,*4 ,,ii1 qu4 #di3 8,e/ autem gratia 444 spl5dor quidam et lux1 quae anim>um maculas delet ipsasque animas pul*riores et spl5didiores r$dit40 ,on ! aptness ( ?is simile see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 p4 #bfh4 ,freiburg #aija4 #ajfj 4 #ajfa 4 #ajfb ,on ! notion ( beauty see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #bfe sqq4 #ajfc ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #a1 ,no4 #d4 #ajfd ,on ! div9e appropriations see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 pp4 #bdd sqq4 #ajfe ,rom4 ,,viii1 #bi3 8444 pra$e/9avit con=mes fi]i imag9is ,filii sui40 #ajff ,gal4 ,,iv1 #ai3 8,filioli mei1 quos it]um p>turio1 donec =metur ,*ri/us 9 vobis40 #ajfg ,v4 infra1 ,no4 #d4 #ajfh ,v4 infra1 ,art4 #c1 ,no4 #d4 ,on ! :ole subject cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dfe2 ,h4 ,krug1 ,de ,pul*ritud9e ,div9a1 pp4 #ec sqq41 #add sqq41 #bda sqq41 ,freiburg #aijb4 #ajfi ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8444 unde homo ex iniu/o fit iu/us et ex inimico amicus40 #ajgj ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aj3 8,sic ergo iu/ificati et amici ,dei ac dome/ici facti44440 #ajga ,wisd4 ,,vii1 #ad3 8,p>ticipes facti sunt amicitiae ,dei40 #ajgb ,john ,,xv1 #ad sq43 8,iam non dicam vos s]vos1 444 vos autem dixi amicos40 #ajgc ,mat?4 ,,ix1 #ae3 8,numquid possunt filii sponsi lug]e1 quamdiu cum illis e/ sponsus80 #ajgd ,apoc4 ,,xix1 #g3 8,v5]unt nuptiae ,agni et uxor eius praep>avit se40 ,cfr4 ,john ,,iii1 #bi2 ,eph4 ,v1 #bc sqq42 #b ,cor4 ,,xi1 #b2 ,cant4 ,,iv1 #a sqq42 ,ps4 ,,xliv1 #bb sqq4 ,on ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs see ,cornelius a ,lapide1 ,comm5t4 9 #b ,cor41 ,,xi1 #b4 #ajge ,e?4 ad ,ni*om41 ,,viii sq4 #ajgf ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 ,,iii1 di/4 #bg1 qu4 #b1 art4 #a1 ad #a3 8,amicitia v]a desid]at vid]e amicum et colloquiis mutuis gaud]e facit1 ad quem pr9cipalit] e/ amicitia2 non autem ita1 quod delectatio ex amici visione et p]fruitione1 f9is amicitiae ponatur40 #ajgg ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bh1 art4 #a3 8,quum aliquis amat aliquem amore amicitiae1 vult ei bonum1 sicut et sibi vult bonum1 unde appreh5dit eum ut alt]um se1 inquantum scil4 ei vult bonum1 sicut et sibi vult bonum4 ,et inde e/1 quod amicus dicitur esse alt] ipse4 ,et ,augu/9us dicit 9 l4 #d ,confess43 ,b5e quidam dixit de amico suo1 dimidium animae meae40 #ajgh 8,amicitia p>es aut inv5it aut facit40 ,9 ,mi*41 #g4 #ajgi ,prov4 ,,viii1 #ca3 8,deliciae meae esse cum filiis hom9um40 #ajhj ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #a1 ,no4 #c4 #ajha ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 ,,iii1 di/4 #cg1 qu4 #b1 art4 #a1 ad #aj3 8,amicitia dicitur esse non lat5s1 non quod p] c]titud9em amor amid cognoscatur1 s$ quia p] signa probabilia amor mutuus hab5tium coligitur4 ,et talis manife/atio pote/ esse de c>itate1 inquantum p] aliqua signa pote/ aliquis probabilit] ae/im>e se hab]e c>itatem40 #ajhb ,cfr4 ,ecclus4 ,,xxxiv1 #ad sqq4 #ajhc ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 op4 cit41 ,,iii1 di/4 #bi1 qu4 #a1 art4 #c1 ad #d3 8,si esset possibile1 quod ex no/ris op]ibus aliquid ,deo accresc]et1 hab5s c>itatem multo plura fac]et propt] beatitud9em ei cons]v&am1 quam propt] eam sibi adipisc5dam40 #ajhd #a ,john ,,iii1 #ag3 8,qui habu]it sub/antiam huius mundi et vid]it fratrem suum necessitatem hab]e et claus]it visc]a sua ab eo1 quomodo c>itas ,dei 7 7 manet 9 ea80 #ajhe ,v4 supra1 ,art4 #a1 ,no4 #d4 #ajhf ,! s+ul> op9ion ( ,ripalda 7,de ,c>itate1 disp4 #cc71 t su* a relation w\ld be possible ev5 9 ! /ate ( pure nature1 is reject$ by ,su>ez z incorrect 7,de ,c>itate1 disp4 #c1 sect4 #e1 n4 #d74 ,on ! :ole "q cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #cje sqq4 #ajhg ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #d3 8444 /atus gratiae et adoptionis filiorum ,dei40 #ajhh ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ae sqq43 8,accepi/is 444 spiritum adoptionis filiorum1 9 quo clamamus ,abba1 ,pat]2 ipse enim ,spiritus te/imonium r$dit spiritui no/ro1 quod sumus filii ,dei2 si autem filii1 et ha]$es3 ha]$es quidem ,dei1 coha]$es autem ,*ri/i40 #ajhi #a ,john ,,iii1 #a sq43 8,videte1 qualem c>itatem d$it nobis ,pat]1 ut filii ,dei nom9emur et simus 444 ,c>issimi1 nunc filii ,dei sumus40 #ajij ,gal4 ,,iv1 #e3 8444 ut adoptionem filiorum recip]emus40 #ajia ,john ,i1 #ab sq43 8444 d$it eis pote/atem filios ,dei fi]i1 qui 444 ex ,deo nati sunt 7 1 444 740 #ajib ,summa ,!ol41 #c;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #a3 8,adoptio e/ p]sonae extraneae 9 filium et ha]$em gratuita assumptio40 #ajic ,cfr4 ,gal4 ,,iv1 #g3 8,itaque iam non e/ s]vus1 s$ filius2 quod si filius1 et ha]es p] ,deum40 #ajid ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ag2 ,gal4 ,,iv1 #g4 #ajie ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #c;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #a1 ad #b4 #ajif ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8444 p] volunt>iam susceptionem gratiae et donorum40 #ajig ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 pp4 #di sqq4 #ajih ,cfr4 ,john ,,iii1 #e sq42 #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #ah2 ,tit4 ,,iii1 #e sqq4 #ajii ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica1 #c;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #b1 ad4 #b3 8,= ,he ,god ! ,fa!r is ,*ri/'s fa!r by natural g5]ation2 & ?is is prop] to him3 :]eas ,he is our ,fa!r by a volunt>y op]ation1 :i* is common to ,him & to ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/3 s t ,*ri/ is n ! ,son ( ! :ole ,tr9ity1 z we are40 #aajj ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 l4c41 ad #b4 #aaja ,su>ez1 ,de ,inc>natione1 disp4 #di1 sect4 #b1 n4 #e4 #aajb ,?is h]esy is call$ ,adoptionism2 = a refutation ( x see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,*ri/ology1 pp4 #aif sqq4 #aajc #a ,john ,,iii1 #a4 #aajd ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,sot]iology1 pp4 #ae sqq4 #aaje ,or4 9 ,is41 ,,ii1 #d4 #aajf ,v4 infra1 ,art4 #c1 ,no4 #d4 #aajg ,cfr4 ,j4 ,s*eeb51 8,kontrov]se b] die ,=malursa*e d] ,k9ds*aft ,gottes10 9 ! ,ka?olik1 ( ,may5ce1 #ahhc1 ,i1 pp4 #adb sqq41 ,,ii1 pp4 #efa sqq42 #ahhd1 ,i1 #ah sqq4 ,,ii1 #dfe sqq41 #faj sqq42 ,gr&]a?1 8,kontrov]se b] die ,gottesk9ds*aft10 9 ! ,innsbruck ,zeits*rift fr ka?4 ,!ologie1 #ahha1 pp4 #bhc sqq41 #ahhc1 pp4 #dia sqq41 #eic sqq41 #ahhd1 pp4 #ede sqq4 #aajh ,de ,tr9itate1 ,,viii1 #d sqq4 #aaji ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #c;a1 qu4 #bc1 art4 #c4 #aaaj ,cfr4 ,gal4 ,,iv1 #g4 ,on ! subject ( ! adoptive son%ip ( ! j ! /ud5t may pr(itably consult ,a4 ,radema*]1 ,die b]natrli*e ,leb5sordnung na* d] paul9is*5 und johanneis*5 ,!ologie1 pp4 #ig sqq41 ,freiburg #aijc4 #aaaa ,v4 supra1 p4 #cdj4 #aaab ,cat4 ,rom41 ,p4 ,,ii1 c4 #a1 n4 #ea3 8,huic gratiae sanctificanti additur nobilissimus omnium virtutum comitatus1 quae 9 animam cum gratia div9itus infunduntur40 #aaac ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8,unde 9 ipsa iu/ificatione cum remissione peccatorum haec omnia simul infusa accipit homo p] ,iesum ,*ri/um1 cui ins]itur1 fidem1 spem et c>itatem40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjj47 ,! "q :e!r ! ?ree !ological virtues are g5u9e habitus op]ativi1 mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative2 b its d5ial incurs no c5sure s long z ! di/9ction exi/+ betwe5 ^! habitual virtues & actual grace is left intact4 ,x is ( fai? t habitual *>ity is infus$ simultane\sly ) habitual grace4 ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #aa3 8,si quis dix]it1 hom9es iu/ific>i 444 exclus grati et c>itate1 quae 9 cordibus eorum p] ,spiritum ,sanctum diffundatur atque illis inha]eat1 ana!ma sit40 ,on ! be>+ ( ?is def9ition see ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #age sq41 ,p>is #ahif2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #cae sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4 #aaad ,rom4 ,v1 #e3 8,c>itas ,dei 7 7 diffusa e/ 77 9 cordibus no/ris p] ,spiritum ,sanctum1 qui datus e/ nobis40 #aaae #a ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #b3 8,et si habu]o omnem fidem1 ita ut montes transf]am1 c>itatem autem non habu]o1 nihil sum40 #aaaf #a ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #ac3 8,nunc autem man5t fides1 spes1 c>itas 71 1 71 tria haec2 maior autem horum e/ c>itas40 #aaag ,quae/iones ,disputatae de ,virtutibus 9 ,communi1 art4 #ab3 8,ad hoc autem1 quod moveamur recte 9 f9em scil4 ,deum1 oportet f9em esse et cognitum et desid]atum4 ,desid]ium autem f9is duo exigit1 scil4 fiduciam de f9e obt95do1 quia nullus sapi5s movetur ad id quod consequi non pote/2 et amorem f9is1 quia non desid]atur nisi amatum4 ,et ideo virtutes !ologicae sunt tres1 scil4 fides qu ,deum cognoscimus1 spes qu ipsum nos obt5turos esse sp]amus1 et c>itas qu eum diligimus40 #aaah ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g4 #aaai ,?is !sis is n1 h[ev]1 s c]ta9 t x w\ld be wrong to contradict x1 z has actually be5 done by ,scotus1 ,dur&us1 & o!rs4 ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,vi1 #i1 #ab4 #aabj ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #eg sqq4 ,t ! c>d9al virtues are f\r 9 numb]1 ,/4 ,?omas proves z foll[s3 8,bonum rationis pote/ duplicit] consid]>i3 uno modo1 pr\t habet ratione9 consiliabilis et eligibilis1 secundum quam ratio circa illud op]atur et sic e/ prud5tia1 quae e/ m$ia int] intellectuales et morales2 444 alio modo1 secundum quod habet rationem boni appetibilis4 ,ad appetitum autem duo p]t95t1 scil4 actio et passio2 passio autem e/ 9 irascibili et concupiscibili4 ,circa actiones ergo e/ iu/itia1 circa passiones irascibiles e/ =titudo1 circa passiones concupiscibiles e/ temp]antia4 ,et sic sunt quatuor virtutes c>d9ales40 7,comm5t4 9 ,quatuor ,libros ,s5t41 ,,iii1 di/4 #cc1 qu4 #b1 art4 #a1 solut4 #c47 #aaba ,wis4 ,,viii1 #g3 8,et si iu/itiam quis diligit1 labores huius magnas hab5t virtutes2 sobrietatem enim et prud5tiam docet ,deus et iu/itiam et virtutem1 quibus utilius nihil e/ 9 vita hom9ibus40 #aabb ,ez4 ,,xi1 #ai sq43 8,et auf]am cor lapideum de came eorum et dabo eis cor c>neum1 ut 9 praeceptis meis ambul5t et iudicia mea cu/odiant40 #aabc ,cfr4 ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #cc2 ,col4 ,i1 #aj sq42 #a ,john ,,ii1 #bg4 #aabd ,9 ,ps41 #hc3 8,i/ae virtutes nunc 9 convalle plorationis p] gratiam ,dei donantur nobis40 #aabe ,hom4 9 ,eze*41 ,i1 #e1 n4 #aa3 8,9 fide enim1 spe atque c>itate1 et 9 aliis bonis1 s9e quibus ad coele/em patriam non pote/ p]v5iri1 444 p]fectorum corda ,spiritus ,sanctus non des]it40 #aabf ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #fc1 art4 #c3 8,oportet effectus esse suis causis et pr9cipiis proportionatos4 ,omnes autem virtutes tam intellectuales quam morales1 quae ex no/ris actibus acquiruntur1 proc$unt ex quibusdam naturalibus pr9cipiis 9 nobis praeexi/5tibus4444 ,loco quorum naturalium pr9cipiorum conf]untur nobis a ,deo virtutes !ologicae1 quibus ord9amur ad f9em sup]naturalem4444 ,unde oportet quod 8 etiam virtutibus !ologicis proportionalit] respondeant alii habitus div9itus causati 9 nobis1 qui sic se hab5t ad virtutes !ologicas sicut se hab5t virtutes morales et intellectuales ad pr9cipia naturalia virtutum40 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject consult ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dga1 ,ma9z #ahig2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #cai sqq41 ,freiburg #aija2 ,van ,noort1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 pp4 #afa sqq41 ,am/]dam #aijh4 #aabg ,cfr4 ,gregory ( ,val5tia1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #e1 qu4 #h1 p4 #a3 8,dona ,spiritus ,s4 pot5tias animae p]ficiunt ad actiones quasdam h]oicas1 444 qu ratione peculi>it] proc$unt ex div9o quodam ,spiritus ,s4 in/9ctu1 quo m5s no/ra pl]umque mirabilit] solet agi et impelli ad qua$am op]a prae/antia et r>a4444 ,atque ita 9 usu donorum homo potius agitur1 9 usu autem virtuturn se habet potius ut ag5s40 ,cfr4 ,sim>1 ,dogmatik1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #d? ed41 pp4 #fda sqq41 ,freiburg #ahii2 ,van ,noort1 ,de ,gratia ,*ri/i1 pp4 #agd sqq4 #aabh ,rom4 ,,viii1 #i sqq4 #aabi ,cfr4 ,is4 ,,xi1 #a sqq42 ,,lxi1 #a2 ,luke ,,iv1 #ah4 #aacj 8,da tuis fidelibus1 9 te confit5tibus1 sacrum sept5>ium40 7,missale ,rom41 ,sequ5ce = ,:it ,sunday47 ,= a m detail$ treatm5t ( ! subject dealt ) 9 ,!sis ,,iii consult ,j4 ,kleutg51 ,!ologie d] ,vorzeit1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cfe sqq41 ,mn/] #ahgb2 ,c4 ,weiss1 ,s4 ,?omae ,aqu9atis de ,septem ,donis ,spiritus ,s4 ,doctr9a1 ,vi5ne #ahie2 ,j4 ,regl]1 ,die sieb5 ,gab5 des ,hl4 ,gei/es 9 ihr] ,b$eutung fr das *ri/li*e ,leb51 ,ratisbon #ahii2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #ccg sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4 ,on ! connection ( ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ) ! beatitudes 7cfr4 ,mat?4 ,v1 #c sqq47 & ! 8twelve fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/0 7cfr4 ,gal4 ,v1 #bb sq471 see ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #fi & #gj4 ,! /ud5t may also consult ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,vi1 #aj1 & ,vasquez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 ,,iii1 disp4 #dd1 cap4 #b4 #aaca ,cfr4 ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ,comp5dium ,!ol4 ,v]it41 ,i1 #i3 8,9 iu/ificatione duplex c>itas nobis datur1 scil4 creata et increata3 illa qu diligimus1 et illa qu diligimur4444 ,ex 8 colligitur1 quod licet ,deus sit 9 omnibus p] ess5tiam1 praes5tiam et pot5tiam1 non tam5 habetur ab omnibus p] gratiam40 #aacb ,john ,,xiv1 #af sq43 8444 alium ,p>aclitum dabit vobis1 ut maneat vobiscum 9 aet]num4444 ,vos autem cognoscetis eum1 quia apud vos manebit et 9 vobis 7 7 erit40 #aacc ,rom4 ,v1 #e3 8,c>itas ,dei diffusa e/ 9 cordibus no/ris p] ,spiritum sanctum1 qui datus e/ nobis40 #aacd ,rom4 ,,viii1 #aa3 8,quodsi ,spiritus eius1 qui suscitavit ,iesum a mortuis1 habitat 9 vobis 7 71 qui suscitavit ,iesnm ,*ri/um a mortuis1 vivificabit et mortalia corpora ve/ra propt] inhabitantem ,spiritum eius 9 vobis 7 740 #aace 8,nescitis1 quia templum ,dei 7 7 e/is et ,spiritus ,dei habitat 9 vobis 7 78444 ,templum enim ,dei sanctum e/1 quod e/is vos40 #aacf #a ,cor4 #f1 #ai3 8,an nescitis1 quoniam membra ve/ra templum sunt ,spiritus ,s41 qui 9 vobis e/1 quem habetis a ,deo et non e/is ve/ri80 ,cfr4 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #i2 ,gal4 ,,iv1 #f2 #b ,cor4 ,,vi1 #af4 #aacg ,ep4 ad ,s]ap41 ,i1 n4 #bd4 #aach 4 #aaci ,contra ,eunom41 ,i1 ,v4 #aadj ,dialog41 ,,vii1 p] totum4 #aada ,de ,tr9itate1 ,,xv1 n4 #cf3 8,ita enim datur sicut donum ,dei1 ut etiam seipsum det sicut ,deus40 #aadb ,s]m41 #add1 c4 #a3 8,gratia quippe ,dei donum ,dei e/2 donum autem maximum ipse ,spiritus ,sanctus e/1 et ideo gratia dicitur40 #aadc ,en*iridion1 c4 #cg3 8,et utique ,spiritus ,sanctus ,dei donum e/1 quod quidem et ipsum e/ aequale donanti2 et ideo ,deus e/ etiam ,spiritus ,sanctus1 ,patre ,filioque non m9or40 ,additional ,patri/ic texts ( l t5or 9 ,petavius1 ,de ,tr9itate1 l4 ,,viii1 cap4 #d sq43 ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,tr9o1 !s4 #dc2 ,j4 ,kleutg51 ,!ologie d] ,vorseit1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cfi sqq4 #aadd ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 pp4 #bcj sqq4 #aade ,john ,,xiv1 #bc3 8,si quis diligit me1 s]monem meum s]vabit1 et ,pat] meus diliget eum1 et ad eum v5iemus et mansionem 77 apud eum faciemus40 #aadf ,ep4 #a ad ,s]ap41 n4 #cj3 8,ex 8 una ,tr9itatis o/5ditur 444 pr(ecto quum ,dom9us ait3 ,v5iemus ego et ,pat]1 simul v5it ,spiritus1 non alio modo quam ut ,filius 9 nobis habitaturus40 #aadg ,de ,tr9it41 ,,xv1 #ah1 #cb3 8,dilectio igitur1 quae ex ,deo e/ et ,deus e/1 proprie ,spiritus ,s4 e/1 p] quem diffunditur 9 cordibus no/ris ,dei c>itas1 p] quam nos tota inhabitat ,tr9itas40 #aadh ,= a m detail$ treatm5t see ,franzel91 ,de ,deo ,tr9o1 !s4 #dc-dh1 ,rome #ahha4 #aadi ,cfr4 ,pseudo-,dionys4 ,areop41 ,de ,hi]4 ,eccl41 #a1 #c 7,migne1 ,p4 ,g41 ,,iii1 #cgf73 4 #aaej ,cfr4 ,petavius1 ,de ,tr9it41 ,,viii1 #g1 #ab3 8,o/5dimus enim non semel1 coniunctionem illam ,spiritus ,s4 neque neque esse1 h4 e4 neque naturalem neque p]sonalem1 quasi una fiat ex ambobus natura vel p]sona4 ,non enim quia et illi p] adoptionis gratiam filii ,dei sunt1 ait ,augu/9us 7,9 ,ps4 #fg71 ideo quisquam illorum e/ unig5itus4 ,neque enim ex p]son>um du>um copulatione unum aliquid p] sese1 s$ pote/ effici40 #aaea ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 pp4 #bdd sqq4 #aaeb ,cfr4 ,s*eeb51 ,die ,my/]i5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #bnd ed41 p4 #afe1 ,freiburg #ahih4 #aaec ,cfr4 ,john ,,xiv1 #bc2 ,,xvii1 #bj sqq4 #aaed ,gutb]let takes middle gr\nd betwe5 ! two !ories & tries to reconcile !m4 ,cfr4 ,he9ri*-,gutb]let1 ,dogmatis*e ,!ologie1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #dfh4 ,see also ,a4 ,radema*]1 ,die b]natrli*e ,leb5sordnung na* d] paul9is*5 und johanneis*5 ,!ologie1 pp4 #aic sqq41 ,freiburg #aijc4 #aaee ,cfr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,cl>ke1 ,s4 ,j41 ,logic1 p4 #agd4 #aaef 8,fides fiducialis10 v4 supra1 pp4 #bee sqq4 #aaeg ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #i2 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #fhd4 #aaeh ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #ac-ae2 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbc sqq4 #aaei #a ,cor4 ,,iv1 #d3 8,nihil enim mihi conscius sum1 s$ non 9 hoc iu/ificatus sum2 qui autem iudicat me1 ,dom9us e/40 #aafj #a ,cor4 ,,ix1 #bg3 8,ca/igo corpus meum et 9 s]vitutem r$igo1 ne =te1 quum aliis pra$icav]im1 ipse reprobus 77 effici>40 #aafa ,phil4 ,,ii1 #ab3 8,cum metu et tremore ve/ram salutem op]am9i40 ,o!r ,scriptural texts 9 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,,iii1 #d sqq4 ,= ! solution ( c]ta9 exegetical difficulties see ! same au?or1 op4 cit41 ,,iii1 #i1 & ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #baj sqq41 ,p>is #ahif4 #aafb ,hom4 9 ,i4 ,epi/4 ad ,cor41 #b4 #aafc ,eccles4 ,,ix1 #a sq43 8,nescit homo1 utrum amore an odio dignus1 etc40 #aafd ,hi]onymus 9 h4 l4 7,migne1 ,p4 ,l41 ,,xxiii1 #ajhj73 8,9 futuro igitur sci5t omnia et 9 vultu eorum sunt omnia1 i4e4 antec$et eos1 quum de hac vita decess]9t1 notitia i/ius rei quia tunc e/ iudicum et nunc c]tam54 ,et quicunque adv]sa su/95t1 utrum p] amorem ,dei su/9eant1 ut ,iob1 an p] odium1 ut plurimi peccatores1 nunc habetur inc]tum40 #aafe ,ep41 ,,vii1 #be3 8,rem et inutilem et difficilem po/ula/i3 difficilem quidem1 quia ego indignus sum1 cui revelatio fi]i debeat2 inutilem v]o1 quia secura de peccatis tuis fi]i non debes1 nisi quum iam 9 die vitae tuae ultimo plang]e eadem peccata m9ime valebis40 ,! ,patri/ic argum5t is m fully develop$ by ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/if41 ,,iii1 #g4 #aaff ,dogm5ges*i*te1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fag4 #aafg ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #i3 8,sicut nemo pius de ,dei mis]icordia1 de ,*ri/i m]ito deque sacram5torum efficacia dubit>e debet1 sic quilibet1 dum seipsum suamque propriam infirmitatem et indispositionem respicit1 de sua gratia =mid>e et tim]e pote/1 quum nullus scire valeat c]titud9e fidei1 cui non pote/ subesse falsum1 se gratiam ,dei esse consecutum40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjb47 #aafh 8,peirorem sequitur semp] conclusio p>tem40 ,cfr4 ,cl>ke1 ,logic1 p4 #cbb4 #aafi ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #af3 8,si quis magnum illud usque 9 f9em p]sev]antiae donum se c]to habiturum absolut et infallibili c]titud9e dix]it1 nisi hoc speciali revelatione didic]it1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hbf47 #aagj ,9 8 little treatise ,de ,c]titud9e ,gratiae4 #aaga ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #i3 8444 iu/ificatos absque ulla dubitatione apud semetipsos /atu]e1 se esse iu/ificatos40 #aagb ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ch sq43 8,c]tus sum enim 7p]suasum habeo71 quia neque mors neque vita 444 pot]it nos sep>>e a c>itate ,dei1 quae e/ 9 ,*ri/o ,iesu40 #aagc ,tract4 9 ,ioa41 ,i1 #c1 #e1 n4 #aj3 8,quid nos scimus8 ,quia transivimus de morte ad vitam4 ,unde scimus8 ,quia diligimus fratres4 ,nemo int]roget hom9em1 r$eat unusquisque ad cor suum2 si ibi inv5]it c>itatem frat]nam1 securus sit1 quia transiit a morte ad vitam40 #aagd ,cfr4 ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/ by ,?omas ,kempis1 ,,iii1 #ed sqq4 ,on ! :ole subject ( ?is subdivision ! /ud5t may pr(itably consult ! ,summa ,!ologica ( ,/4 ,?omas1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aab1 art4 #e2 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #i-aa1 & ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #f1 art4 #d4 #aage ,s]m4 de ,nativitate ,m>iae3 8,omnes ,*ri/iani aeque magni sumus sicut mat] ,dei1 et aeque sancti sicut ipsa40 #aagf ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g3 8,iu/itiam 9 nobis recipi5tes1 unusquisque suam secundum m5suram1 quam ,spiritus ,sanctus p>titur s+ulis pr\t vult1 et secundum propriam cuiusque dispositionem et coop]ationem40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gii47 #aagg ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aj3 8,iu/ificati 444 9 ipsa iu/itia p] ,*ri/i gratiam accepta1 coop]ante fide bonis op]ibus crescunt atque magis iu/ificantur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjc47 #aagh ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bd3 8,si quis dix]it1 iu/itiam acceptam non cons]v>i atque etiam aug]i coram ,deo p] bona op]a1 s$ op]a ipsa fructus solummodo et signa esse iu/ificationis adeptae1 non autem ipsius aug5dae causam1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hcd47 #aagi ,prov4 ,,iv1 #ah3 8,iu/orum autem semita quasi lux spl5d5s proc$it et crescit usque ad p]fectam diem40 #aahj ,ecclus4 ,,xviii1 #bb3 8,non imp$i>is or>e semp] et ne v]e>is usque ad mortem iu/ific>i1 quoniam m]ces ,dei manet 9 aet]num40 #aaha #b ,pet4 ,,iii1 #ah3 8,crescite v]o 9 gratia et 9 cognitione ,dom9i no/ri et ,salvatoris ,iesu ,*ri/i40 #aahb #b ,cor4 ,,ix1 #aj3 8,deus augebit increm5ta frugum iu/itiae ve/rae40 #aahc ,eph4 ,,iv1 #g3 8,unicuique autem no/rum data e/ gratia secundum m5suram donationis ,*ri/i40 #aahd ,apoc4 ,,xxii1 #aa sq43 8,qui iu/us e/1 iu/ificetur adhuc1 et sanctus sanctificetur adhuc4 ,ecce v5io cito et m]ces mea mecum e/1 r$d]e unicuique secundum op]a sua40 ,cfr4 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ific41 ,,iii1 #af4 #aahe ,contra ,iov941 ,,ii1 n4 #bc3 8,unicuique no/rum data e/ gratia iuxta m5suram gratiae 7,eph4 #d1 #g72 non quod m5sura ,*ri/i div]sa sit1 s$ tantum gratiae eius infunditur1 quantum valemus haurire40 #aahf ,ep41 #afg1 n4 #ac3 8,induti sunt sancti iu/iti 7,job #bi1 #ad71 alius magis1 alius m9us2 et nemo hic vivit s9e peccato et hoc alius magis1 alius m9us3 optimus autem e/ qui m9imum40 #aahg ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aab1 art4 #d1 ad #c3 8,vita naturalis p]t9et ad sub/antiam hom9is1 et ideo non recipit magis et m9us2 s$ vitam gratiae p>ticipat homo accid5talit]1 et ideo eam pote/ homo magis vel m9us hab]e40 ,on ! tea*+ ( ,tradition cfr4 ,alb4 a ,bulsano1 ,in/it4 ,!ol4 ,dogmat41 ed4 ,g4 a ,graun1 ,o4 ,cap41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bed1 ,innsbruck #ahid4 #aahh ,ecclus4 ,,xviii1 #bb2 ,apoc4 ,,xxii1 #aa4 #aahi ,cfr4 ,vasquez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,summam ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #bba1 cap4 #i1 n4 #gg4 #aaij ,ecclus4 ,,xix1 #a3 8,qui sp]nit modica1 paulatim decidet40 ,= a full] treatm5t ( ?is subject we ref] ! /ud5t to ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #aj4 #aaia ,v4 supra1 pp4 #cbh sqq4 #aaib ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,disp4 ,metaph41 l4 ,,ii1 disp4 #af4 #aaic ,! au?ority ( ,/4 ,?omas himself c be invok$ by nei!r p>ty to ?is controv]sy4 ,cfr4 ,sylvius1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #c4 #aaid ,= a full] treatm5t ( ?is topic see ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bag sqq4 #aaie ,v4 supra1 pp4 #ccf sqq4 #aaif ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #b1 #ac4 #aaig ,su>ez1 op4 cit41 ,,ix1 #d1 #ae4 #aaih ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aj3 8,hoc v]o iu/itiae increm5tum petit sancta ,ecclesia1 quum orat3 ,da nobis1 ,dom9e1 fidei1 spei et c>itatis augm5tum40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjc74 ,cfr4 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,fide1 disp4 #af1 sect4 #b4 #aaii ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #b;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #g4 #abjj ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,*ri/ology1 pp4 #bca sqq4 #abja ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,m>iology1 pp4 #bd sqq4 #abjb ,= a m elaborate treatm5t ! read] is ref]r$ to ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #f1 #aa1 & ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #egj sq41 ,freiburg #aija4 #abjc ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bc3 8,si quis hom9em semel iu/ificatum dix]it amplius pecc>e non posse neque gratiam amitt]e atque ideo eum1 qui labitur et peccat1 numquam v]e fuisse iu/ificatum2 444 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hcc47 #abjd ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bg3 8,si quis dix]it1 nullum esse mortale peccatum nisi infidelitatis1 aut nullo alio quantumvis gravi et enormi praet]quam infidelitatis peccato semel acceptam gratiam amitti1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hcg74 #abje ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #aa3 8,licet 9 hac mortali vita quantumvis sancti et iu/i 9 levia saltem et quotidiana1 quae etiam v5ialia dicuntur1 peccata qu&oque cadant1 non propt]ea des9unt esse iu/i40 #abjf ,ez4 ,,xviii1 #bd3 8,si autem av]t]it se iu/us a iu/itia sua1 et fec]it iniquitatem secundum omnes abom9ationes1 quas op]>i solet impius1 numquid vivet8 ,omnes iu/itiae eius1 quas fec]at1 non recordabuntur2 9 praev>icatione1 qu praev>icatus e/1 et 9 peccato suo1 quod peccavit1 9 ipsis morietur40 #abjg ,mat?4 ,,xxvi1 #da3 8,vigilate et orate1 ut non intretis 9 t5tationem40 #abjh #a ,cor4 ,x1 #ab3 8,qui se exi/itmat />e1 videat ne cadat40 #abji #a ,cor4 ,,vi1 #i sq43 8,nolite err>e1 neque =nic>ii neque idolis s]vi5tes neque adult]i neque molles neque masculorum concubitores neque fures neque av>i neque ebriosi neque mal$ici neque rapaces regnum ,dei possidebunt40 ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ae 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hjh74 #abaj #a ,john ,,iii1 #i3 8,omnis1 qui natus e/ ex ,deo1 peccatum non facit3 quoniam sem5 ipsius 9 eo manet1 et non pote/ pecc>e1 quoniam ex ,deo natus e/40 #abaa ,contra ,iov941 #a4 ,,ii3 8,propt]ea scribo vobis1 filioli mei1 omnis qui natus e/ ex ,deo1 non peccat1 ut non peccetis et tamdiu sciatis vos 9 g5]atione ,dom9i p]man]e1 quamdiu non peccav]itis40 ,on ! diff]5t int]pretations ( #a ,john ,,iii1 #i1 an admitt$ly difficult text1 see ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ific41 ,,iii1 #ae4 #abab ,de ,corrept4 et ,gratia1 c4 ,,vi1 n4 #i3 8,si iam reg5]atus et iu/ificatus 9 malam vitam su voluntate relabitur1 c]te i/e non pote/ dic]e3 ,non accepti1 quia acceptam gratiam ,dei suo 9 malum lib]o amisit arbitrio40 #abac ,hom4 9 ,ez41 #i1 #a3 8,sicuti qui a fide rec$it1 apo/ata e/1 ita qui ad p]v]sum opus1 quod des]u]it1 r$it1 ab omnipot5te ,deo apo/ata deputatur1 etiamsi fidem t5]e videatur2 unum enim s9e alt]o nil prodesse valet1 quia nec fides s9e op]ibus nec op]a adiuvant s9e fide40 #abad ,= ! solution ( c]ta9 difficulties see ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #eia sqq4 ,on ! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! e>ly ,*ur* cfr4 ,g4 ,raus*51 ,eu*>i/ & ,p5ance 9 ! ,fir/ ,six ,c5turies1 pp4 #aeb sqq41 ,/4 ,l\is #aiac4 #abae ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bh3 8,si quis dix]it1 amiss p] peccatum grati simul et fidem semp] amitti1 aut fidem quae remanet non esse v]am fidem1 licet non sit viva1 aut eum qui fidem s9e c>itate habet1 non esse ,*ri/ianum1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hch47 #abaf ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #ae3 8,non modo infidelitate1 p] quam et ipsa fides amittitur1 s$ etiam quocunque alio mortali peccato1 quamvis non amittatur fides1 acceptam iu/ificationis gratiam amitti40 #abag ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,quesnelli damn4 a ,clem5te ,,xi1 prop4 #eg3 8,totum dee/ peccatori1 qu&o ei dee/ spes1 et non e/ spes 9 ,deo1 ubi non e/ amor ,dei40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #adjg47 #abah ,v4 supra1 ,section #b4 #abai ,! que/ions discuss$ 9 ?is subdivision ( our treatise are m fully treat$ by ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #abh1 sect4 #d1 & by ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #c sqq4 #abbj ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af4 #abba ,v4 supra1 p4 #aca4 #abbb ,v4 supra1 pp4 #acb sqq4 #abbc ,realitas sive exi/5tia m]iti4 #abbd ,conditiones m]iti4 #abbe ,obiecta m]iti4 #abbf ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,vi5n5se1 ,a4 ,d4 #acaa 7,clem5t941 l4 ,v1 tit4 #c3 8,de ,ha]eticis07 9 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #dga sqq4 #abbg 8,9 omni op]e bono iu/us peccat40 ,prop4 ,lu!ri ,damnatae ,a4 ,d4 #aebj a ,leone ,x1 prop4 #ca 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gga74 #abbh 8,opus bonum1 optime factum e/ v5iale peccatum40 ,prop4 #cb1 l4 c41 n4 #ggb4 #abbi 8,omne opus iu/i damnabile e/ et peccatum mortale1 si iudicio ,dei iudicetur40 #abcj 8,inqu9am5ta et sordes40 ,in/it41 ,,iii1 #ab1 #d4 #abca ,quietism 7,mi*ael de ,mol9os et al47 d5i$ ! m]itori\sness ( good works p]=m$ 9 ! 8/ate ( passive repose0 7quies74 #abcb 8,debetur m]ces bonis op]ibus1 si fiant2 s$ gratia1 quae non debetur1 praec$it ut fiant40 ,c4 #ah 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aia47 #abcc ,cap4 ,firmit]3 8,non solum autem virg9es et cont95tes1 v]um etiam coniugati p] rectam fidem et op]ationem bonam plac5tes ,deo ad aet]nam m]5tur beatitud9em p]v5ire40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #dcj47 #abcd ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,atque ideo b5e op]antibus usque 9 f9em et 9 ,deo sp]antibus propon5da e/ vita aet]na et tamquam gratia filiis ,dei p] ,*ri/um ,iesum mis]icordit] promissa et tamquam m]ces ex ipsius ,dei promissione bonis ipsorum op]ibus et m]itis fidelit] r$d5da40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hji47 #abce ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #be3 8,si quis 9 quolibet bono op]e iu/um saltem v5ialit] pecc>e dix]it1 aut quod intol]abilius e/1 mortalit] atque ideo po5as aet]nas m]]i1 tantumque ob id non damn>i quia ,deus ea op]a non imputat ad damnationem1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hce47 #abcf ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bf3 8,si quis dix]it1 iu/os non deb]e pro bonis op]ibus1 quae 9 ,deo fu]9t facta1 exspect>e et sp]>e aet]nam retributionem a ,deo p] eius mis]icordiam et ,iesu ,*ri/i m]itum1 si b5e ag5do et div9a m&ata cu/odi5do usque 9 f9em p]sev]av]9t1 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hcf47 #abcg ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #cb3 8,si quis dix]it1 444 ipsum iu/ificatum bonis op]ibus1 quae ab eo p] ,dei gratiam et ,iesu ,*ri/i m]itum1 cuius vivum membrum e/1 fiunt1 non v]e m]]i augm5tum gratiae1 444 ana!ma sit40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hdb47 #abch ,cfr4 ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #abba sqq4 #abci ,wisd4 ,v1 #af3 8,iu/i autem 9 p]petuum viv5t et apud ,dom9um e/ m]ces eorum40 #abdj ,ecclus4 ,,xviii1 #bb3 8,ne v]e>is usque ad mortem iu/ific>i1 quoniam m]ces ,dei manet 9 aet]num40 ,cfr4 ,g54 ,,xv1 #a4 #abda ,mat?4 ,v1 #ab3 8,gaudete et exultate1 quoniam m]ces ve/ra copiosa e/ 9 caelis40 #abdb ,rom4 ,,ii1 #f sq43 8444 qui r$det unicuique secundum op]a eius1 iis quidem1 qui secundum pati5tiam boni op]is gloriam et honorem et incorruptionem qua]unt1 vitam aet]nam40 #abdc #b ,tim4 ,,iv1 #g sq43 8,bonum c]tam5 c]tavi1 cursum consummavi1 fidem s]vavi4 ,9 reliquo reposita e/ mihi corona iu/itiae1 quam r$det mihi ,dom9us 9 illa die iu/us iudex2 non solum autem mihi1 s$ et iis qui diligunt adv5tum eius40 ,cfr4 #a ,cor4 ,,ix1 #be4 #abdd #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #h3 8,unusquisque autem propriam m]c$em accipiet1 secundum suum laborem40 #abde ,col4 ,,iii1 #bc sq43 8,quodcunque facitis1 ex animo op]am9i sicut ,dom9o et non hom9ibus1 sci5tes quod a ,dom9o accipietis retributionem ha]$itatis40 #abdf ,iac4 ,i1 #ab3 8,beatus vir1 qui suff]t t5tationem1 quoniam1 quum probatus fu]it1 accipiet coronam vitae1 quam repromisit ,deus dilig5tibus se40 #abdg ,apoc4 ,,ii1 #aj3 8,e/o fidelis usque ad mortem1 et dabo tibi coronam vitae40 ,= additional ,scripture texts see ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #c1 #e4 #abdh ,ep4 ad ,rom41 ,,iv1 #a4 #abdi ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,iv1 #cg4 #abej ,de ,(fic41 ,i1 #ae1 #eg3 8,nonne evid5s e/1 m]itorum aut praemia aut supplicia po/ mortem man]e80 #abea ,de ,moribus ,ecclesiae1 ,i1 #be3 8,vita aet]na e/ totum praemium1 cuius promissione gaudemus1 nec praemium pote/ praec$]e m]ita priusque hom9i d>i1 quam dignus e/4 ,quid enim hoc iniu/ius et quid iu/ius ,deo8 ,non ergo debemus posc]e praemia1 antequam m]eamur accip]e40 #abeb ,ep4 ad ,sixt41 #aid1 n4 #bj3 8,sicut m]ito peccati tamquam /ip5dium r$ditur mors1 ita m]ito iu/itiae tamquam /ip5dium vita aet]na4444 ,unde etiam et m]ces appellatur plurimis s4 ,scriptur>um locis40 ,o!r ,patri/ic texts inculcat+ ! m]itori\sness ( good works p]=m$ 9 ! /ate ( grace c be f\nd 9 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/if41 ,v1 #d1 #f4 ,= ! solution ( objections rais$ aga9/ ! ,patri/ic argum5t consult ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #fji sqq4 #abec ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #ba1 art4 #d4 #abed ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,baii damn1 a ,pio ,v1 #ac 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajac73 8,op]a bona a filiis adoptionis facta non accipiunt rationem m]iti ex eo1 quod fiunt p] ,spiritum adoptionis inhabitantem corda filiorum ,dei1 s$ tantum ex eo1 quod sunt con=mia legi quodque p] ea prae/atur ob$i5tia legi40 #abee ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,absit1 ut ,*ri/ianus homo 9 se ipso vel confidat vel glorietur1 et non 9 ,dom9o1 cuius tanta e/ erga hom9es bonitas1 ut eorum velit esse m]ita1 quae sunt ipsius dona40 #abef ,conc4 ,flor5t41 ,a4 ,d4 #adci1 7apud ,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #fic73 8444 et intu]i cl>e ipsum ,deum tr9um et unum1 sicuti e/1 pro m]itorum tam5 div]sitate alium alio p]fectius40 #abeg ,v4 supra1 pp4 #cef sqq4 #abeh ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,xiv1 cap4 #h3 8,ita non habet homo1 unde glorietur1 s$ omnis gloriatio no/ra 9 ,*ri/o e/1 9 quo vivimus1 9 quo movemur1 9 quo satisfacimus faci5tes fructus dignos po5it5tiae1 qui ex illo vim hab5t1 ab illo (f]untur ,patri et p] illum acceptantur a ,patre40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ijd47 #abei ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #cc3 8,si quis dix]it1 p] hanc doctr9am ca?olicam de iu/ificatione1 a s4 ,synodo hoc praes5ti decreto expressam1 aliqu ex p>te gloriae ,dei vel m]itis ,iesu ,*ri/i ,d4 ,n4 d]og>i1 et non potius v]itatem fidei no/rae1 ,dei d5ique ac ,*ri/i ,iesu gloriam illu/r>i1 ana!ma sit40 #abfj ,cfr4 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #g4 ,see also ! article on 8,m]it0 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,x4 #abfa ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8v]e prom]uisse20 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #cb3 8v]e m]]i40 #abfb ,hi/4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,,viii1 #d4 #abfc 8,op]ibus po/ acceptam iu/ificationem p]actis adeoque div9 grati in=matis r$ditisque ob m]ita ,*ri/i pot5tioribus1 cuius vivum membrum e/ is qui ea p]agit1 omnes conc$ebant rationem m]iti condigni ad cons]v&am aug5damque e&em gratiam aet]naeque felicitatis consequ5dam40 7,pallavic9i1 l4c47 #abfd ,v4 infra1 ,sect4 #b4 #abfe ,heb4 ,,vi1 #aj3 8,non enim iniu/us e/ ,deus1 ut obliviscatur op]is ve/ri40 #abff #b ,tim4 ,,iv1 #h3 8444 reposita e/ mihi10 etc4 ,see note #bd1 supra1 p4 #djc4 #abfg ,iac4 ,i1 #ab3 8,beatus vir1 qui suff]t t5tationem10 etc4 ,v4 supra1 note #bg1 p4 #djc4 #abfh ,wisd4 ,,iii1 #e3 8,deus t5tavit eos et inv5it illos dignos se40 #abfi #b ,!ss4 ,i1 #d sq43 8,9 omnibus p]secutionibus ve/ris et tribulationibus1 quas su/9etis 9 exemplum iu/i iudicii ,dei1 ut digni habeam9i 9 regno ,dei1 pro quo et patim9i40 #abgj ,apoc4 ,,iii1 #d3 8,ambulabunt mecum 9 albis1 quia digni sunt40 #abga ,mat?4 ,,xxv1 #cd sq43 8,v5ite1 b5$icti ,patris mei1 possidete p>atum vobis regnum a con/itutione mundi2 esurivi enim et d$i/is mihi m&uc>e44440 #abgb #a ,john ,,iii1 #i4 #abgc ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #c1 ad #c3 8,gratia ,spiritus ,s41 quam 9 praes5ti habemus1 etsi non sit aequalis gloriae 9 actu1 e/ tam5 aequalis 9 virtute1 sicut sem5 arboris1 9 quo e/ virtus ad totam arborem4 ,et similit] p] gratiam inhabitat hom9em ,spiritus ,s41 qui e/ suffici5s causa vitae aet]nae1 unde et dicitur esse pignus hr$itatis no/rae40 #abgd ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a1 qu4 #ba1 art4 #d1 ad #a4 #abge ,luke ,,vi1 #ch3 8,date1 et dabitur vobis3 m5suram bonam1 et confectam1 et coagitatam1 et sup]efflu5tem dabunt 9 s9um ve/rum40 ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,baii damn4 ,a4 ,d4 #aefg a ,pio ,v1 #ad 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajad73 8,op]a bona iu/orum non accipi5t 9 die iudicii extremi m]c$em ampliorem1 quam iu/o ,dei iudicio m]eantur accip]e40 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is topic consult ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #ai2 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,po5it5tia1 disp4 #bd1 n4 #aj4 ,! ,?omi/ic axiom1 8,deus punit citra condignum et remun]at ultra condignum0 & ,baius' condemn$ proposition are int]pret$ some:at diff]5tly ?an we h expla9$ !m by ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ca1 #ad4 ,on ! g5]al argum5t ( ?is ,section ! /ud5t may pr(itably consult ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ,breviloquium1 ,p4 ,v1 #ab2 ,billu>t1 ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #h1 art4 #c2 ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bbf sqq41 ,p>is #ahif2 ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bah sqq41 ,freiburg #aijh2 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #fad sqq41 ,freiburg #aija4 #abgf ,eph4 ,,vi1 #h3 8,sci5tes1 quoniam unusquisque1 quodcunque fec]it bonum1 hoc recipiet a ,dom9o40 #abgg #b ,cor4 ,v1 #aj3 8,omnes enim nos manife/>i oportet ante tribunal ,*ri/i1 ut ref]at unusquisque propria corporis1 pr\t gessit1 sive bonum sive malum40 #abgh ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #a1 ad #a3 8,homo1 9 quantum propri voluntate facit illud quod debet1 m]etur2 alioqu9 actus iu/itiae1 quo quis r$dit debitum1 non esset m]itorius40 #abgi ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,x1 #b1 #e sqq4 #abhj ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god ! ,au?or ( ,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #bia sqq4 #abha #a ,cor4 ,,ix1 #ag3 8,si enim vol5s hoc ago1 m]c$em habeo40 #abhb ,mat?4 ,,xix1 #ag3 8,si autem vis ad vitam +r$i1 s]va m&ata40 #abhc ,contra ,jov941 #a4 ,,ii1 n4 #c3 8,ubi necessitas e/1 nec corona nec damnatio e/40 #abhd ,= a m ext5sive treatm5t ( ?is & alli$ que/ions consult ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #gd1 sect4 #c2 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,inc>natione1 disp4 #bf1 sect4 #aj1 n4 #abf sq4 #abhe ,v4 supra1 pp4 #hb sqq4 #abhf ,especially ,baez 7,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #bd1 art4 #f1 dub4 #f74 ,?is view is also tak5 by ! s-call$ ,augu/9ians4 #abhg ,notably ,billu>t2 see 8 treatise ,de ,gratia1 diss4 #h1 art4 #d4 #abhh ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #ae3 8,non suffic]e1 si quis ad initium anni vel m5sis vel etiam diei g5]ali quadam int5tione ref]at omnia sua futura op]a 9 ,deum1 s$ necesse esse ut illud ipsum opus p>ticul>e ref]atur 9 ,deum1 quod po/ea faci5dum e/40 #abhi ,summa ,!ologica1 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #d3 8,et ideo m]itum vitae aet]nae primo p]t9et ad c>itatem1 ad alias autem virtutes secund>io1 secundum quod e>um actus a c>itate imp]antur40 ,& aga91 l4c41 ad #c3 8,similit] etiam actus pati5tiae et =titud9is non e/ m]itorius1 nisi aliquis ex c>itate haec op]etur40 ,on ! true s5se ( ^! passages cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #fdg sqq4 #abij ,cfr4 ,prop4 damn4 ab ,innoc5tio ,,xi1 prop4 #f 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #aaef73 8,probabile e/1 ne s+ulis quidem rigorose qu9qu5niis p] se oblig>e praeceptum c>itatis erga ,deum40 #abia ,cfr4 ,j4 ,ern/1 ,die ,notw5digkeit d] gut5 ,me9ung4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,gottesliebe als ,pr9zip d] ,sittli*keit und ,v]di5/li*keit1 ,freiburg #aije4 #abib ,de ,gratia1 ,,ix1 #c4 #abic ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #bbj4 #abid ,concilium ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,haec e/ enim illa corona iu/itiae1 quam po/ suum c]tam5 et cursum repositam sibi esse aiebat ,apo/olus a iu/o iudice sibi r$d5dam1 non solum autem sibi1 s$ et omnibus qui diligunt adv5tum eius4 ,quum enim ille ipse ,*ri/us ,iesus tamquam caput 9 membra et tamquam vitis 9 palmites 9 ipsos iu/ificatos iugit] virtutem influat1 quae virtus bona eorum op]a semp] antec$it et comitatur et subsequitur et s9e qu nullo pacto ,deo grata et m]itoria esse poss5t1 nihil ipsis iu/ificatis amplius deesse cr$5dum e/1 quom9us pl5e illis quidem op]ibus1 quae 9 ,deo p] ,deum2 v4 ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #bf1 #cb sunt facta1 div9ae legi pro huius vitae /atu satisfecisse et vitam aet]nam suo etiam tempore1 si tam5 9 gratia decess]9t1 consequ5dam v]e prom]uisse c5seantur40 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #hji47 #abie ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,v1 #b sqq4 #abif ,mat?4 ,,xix1 #af3 8,quid boni faciam1 ut habeam vitam aet]nam80 #abig ,mat?4 ,,xix1 #ag3 8,si autem vis ad vitam +r$i1 s]va m&ata40 #abih ,cfr4 ,mat?4 ,,xix1 #ah sqq4 #abii ,! ,scriptural argum5t is m fully develop$ by ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bcc sqq4 #acjj ,v4 supra1 pp4 #gc sqq4 #acja ,on a simil> controv]sy reg>d+ ! necessity ( ! motive ( fai?1 see ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bbe sqq41 & ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #fdi sqq4 #acjb ,! ,scriptural pro( = ?is proposition w be f\nd 9 ! dogmatic treatise on ,es*atology4 ,on ! absurdity ( ! semi-,pelagian hypo!sis ( m]ita sub conditione futura see ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 pp4 #cge sq4 #acjc ,cfr4 ,prop4 ,baii damn4 #aefg a ,pio ,v1 prop4 #ag 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #ajag73 8,s5tiunt cum ,pelagio1 qui dicunt esse necess>ium ad rationem m]iti1 ut homo p] gratiam adoptionis sublimetur ad /atum deificum40 #acjd ,john ,,xv1 #d3 8,sicut palmes non pote/ f]re fructum a semetipso1 nisi mans]it 9 vite1 sic nec vos1 nisi 9 me mans]itis40 #acje ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ag3 8,si autem filii1 et ha]$es2 ha]$es quidem ,dei1 coha]$es autem ,*ri/i40 ,additional ,biblical texts 9 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #ab sq4 #acjf ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #c;a1 disp4 #f1 cap4 #d4 #acjg ,su>ez 7,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #bb71 ,ripalda 7,de ,ente ,sup]naturali1 disp4 #ha71 ,de ,lugo 7,de ,inc>natione1 disp4 #f1 sect4 #b1 n4 #cg74 #acjh ,comm5t4 9 ,s5t41 ,,ii1 di/4 #bi1 qu4 #a1 art4 #d4 #acji ,cfr4 ,job ,,xlii1 #h2 ,dan4 ,,iii1 #ce4 #acaj ,cfr4 ,scotus1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s5t41 ,i1 di/4 #ag1 qu4 #b4 #acaa ,cfr4 ,pohle-,preuss1 ,god3 ,8 ,kn[ability1 ,ess5ce1 & ,attributes1 ,,pp4 #def sq4 #acab ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ah3 8,non sunt condignae passiones huius temporis ad futuram gloriam40 #acac ,de ,p]fect4 ,div941 ,,xiii1 #b4 #acad ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #bad1 #bbc4 #acae ,de ,inc>natione1 disp4 #c1 sect4 #a sq4 #acaf ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #a1 ad #c3 8,dic5dum quod1 quia actio no/ra non habet rationem m]iti nisi ex praesuppositione div9ae ord9ationis1 non sequitur quod ,deus efficiatur simplicit] debitor nobis1 s$ sibi ipsi1 inquantum debitum e/1 ut sua ord9atio impleatur40 #acag ,iac4 ,i1 #ab3 8,accipiet coronam vitae ,/4 ,paul says3 1 quam repromisit 77 ,deus dilig5tibus se40 #acah ,s]m41 #aeh1 c4 #b1 n4 #b3 8,debitor factus e/ ,deus non aliquid a nobis accipi5do1 s$ quod ei placuit promitt5do4 ,alit] enim dicimus hom9i3 ,debes mihi1 quia d$i tibi2 et alit] dicimus3 ,debes mihi1 quia promisi/i mihi4 ,deo autem nunquam dicimus3 ,r$de mihi1 quia d$i tibi4 ,quid d$imus ,deo1 qu&o totum quod sumus et quod habemus boni1 ab illo habemus8 ,nihil ergo ei d$imus4444 ,illo ergo modo possumus exig]e ,dom9um no/rum ut dicamus3 ,r$de1 quod promisi/i1 quia fecimus quod iussi/i1 et hoc tu feci/i1 quia laborantes iuvi/i40 #acai ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af3 8,9 ,deo sp]antibus propon5da e/ vita aet]na 444 tamquam m]ces ex ipsius ,dei promissione bonis ipsorum op]ibus et m]itis fidelit] i4e4 ex fidelitate r$d5da40 ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #daf sqq4 #acbj ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #cb3 8,si quis dix]it1 iu/ificatum bonis op]ibus 444 non v]e m]]i augm5tum gratiae1 vitam aet]nam et ipsius vitae aet]nae1 si tam5 9 gratia decess]it1 consecutionem atque etiam gloriae augm5tum1 ana!ma sit40 #acba ,see ! article on 8,m]it0 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia4 #acbb ,v4 supra1 ,*4 ,,ii1 ,sect4 #c1 ,!sis ,,ii4 #acbc ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #h3 8,gratis autem iu/ific>i ideo dicimur1 quia nihil eorum quae iu/ificationem praec$unt1 sive fides1 sive op]a1 ipsam iu/ificationis gratiam prom]etur2 si enim gratia e/1 iam non ex op]ibus1 alioqu91 ut idem ,apo/olus inquit1 gratia iam non e/ gratia40 #acbd ,v4 supra1 ,sect4 #b1 ,no4 #b4 #acbe ,de ,natura et ,gratia1 c4 #d1 n4 #d3 8,haec ,*ri/i gratia1 s9e qu nec infantes nec aetate gr&es salvi fi]i possunt1 non m]itis r$ditur1 s$ gratis datur1 propt] quod et gratia nom9atur4 ,iu/ificati1 inquit 7,rom4 ,,iii1 #bd2 ,v1 #d71 gratis p] sangu9em ipsius40 #acbf ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #f2 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #c2 ,sess4 ,,xiv1 cap4 #d2 supra1 pp4 #bhf sqq4 #acbg ,= a m exhau/ive treatm5t ( ?is topic consult ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aeh sqq4 #acbh ,see1 = example1 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #bf3 8,de auxiliis suffici5tibus et necess>iis1 quae po/ aliquod m]itum de condigno augm5ti gratiae dantur1 vel (f]untur1 probabile e/ concomitant] cad]e sub idem m]itum de condigno augm5ti gratiae2 nam qui m]etur de condigno aliquam =mam1 m]etur quidquid connaturalit] sequitur ex tali =ma vel ei connaturalit] debetur40 ,on ! actual di/ribution ( suffici5t grace1 v4 supra1 pp4 #afg sqq4 #acbi ,v4 supra1 pp4 #cib sqq4 #accj ,= a full] treatm5t cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #beh sqq41 & ,*r4 ,pes*1 ,praelect4 ,dogmat41 ,vol4 ,v1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bcg sqq4 #acca ,v4 supra1 ,sect4 #a4 #accb ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #af2 v4 supra1 pp4 #djj sq4 #accc ,sess4 ,,vi1 c4 #cb4 #accd ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #bi3 8,dic5dum vitam aet]nam et vitae aet]nae consecutionem non esse duo praemia di/9cta1 quia m]]i m]c$em et solutionem m]c$is non sunt duae m]c$es40 #acce ,on ! revivisc5tia m]itorum see ! treatise on ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 ,vol4 ,x ( ?is s]ies2 cfr4 also ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #ffa sqq4 #accf ,e4g4 ,ripalda 7,de ,ente ,sup]nat41 disp4 #hi1 sect4 #a7 & ,de ,lugo 7,de ,inc>natione1 disp4 #c1 n4 #ei74 #accg ,v4 supra1 ,sect4 #b1 ,no4 #b4 #acch ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #bh1 & ,vasquez1 ,comm5t4 9 ,s4 ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 disp4 #bai1 c4 #b4 #acci ,despite ,bell>m9e's contradiction 7,de ,iu/ificatione1 ,v1 #bj47 #acdj ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #abb1 art4 #b1 ad #a3 8,praep>atio hom9is ad gratiam hab5dam qua$am e/ simul cum ipsa infusione gratiae2 et talis op]atio e/ quidem m]itoria1 s$ non gratiae quae iam habetur1 s$ gloriae quae nondum habetur40 #acda ,cfr4 ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bff sqq4 #acdb ,mat?4 ,,xvi1 #bg3 8,et tunc r$det unicuique secundum op]a eius 7 740 #acdc #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #h3 8,unusquisque autem propriam m]c$em 7 7 accipiet secundum suum laborem 7 740 #acdd ,see ,es*atology4 #acde ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #h4 #acdf ,de ,pra$4 ,sanctorum1 c4 #b4 #acdg ,v4 supra1 ,sect4 #b4 #acdh ,prom95t among ! diss5t]s is ,billu>t 7,de ,gratia1 diss4 #h1 art4 #e74 #acdi ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #f1 ad #b3 8,impetratio orationis innititur mis]icordiae1 m]itum autem condigni innititur iu/itiae4 ,et ideo multa or&o impetrat homo ex div9a mis]icordia1 quae tam5 non m]etur secundum iu/itiam40 #acej ,ps4 ,l1 #ai3 8,cor contritum et humiliatum ,deus non despicies40 #acea ,dan4 ,,iv1 #bd3 8,peccata tua eleemosynis r$ime et iniquitates tuas mis]icordiis paup]um2 =sitan ignoscet delictis tuis40 #aceb ,ep4 ad ,sixt41 #aid1 c4 #c1 n4 #i3 8,s$ nec ipsa remissio peccatorum s9e aliquo m]ito e/1 si fides hanc impetret4 ,neque enim nullum e/ m]itum fidei1 qu fide ille dicebat3 ,deus propitius e/o mihi peccatori1 et desc5dit iu/ificatus m]ito fidelis humilitatis40 ,cfr4 ,conc4 ,trid5t41 ,sess4 ,,vi1 cap4 #g 7,d5z+]-,bannw>t1 n4 #gii73 8,hanc dispositionem seu praep>ationem iu/ificatio ipsa consequitur40 ,= a full] treatm5t cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #cg4 #acec ,v4 supra1 pp4 #abc sqq4 ,! /ud5t may also consult ,tepe1 ,in/it4 ,!ol41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #beh sqq41 & ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,iu/ific41 ,v1 #bb4 #aced ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #g3 8,respondeo dic5dum quod nullus pote/ sibi m]]i rep>ationem po/ lapsum futurum neque m]ito condigni neque m]ito congrui40 #acee ,lect4 9 ,hebr41 ,,iii1 #f1 #aj3 8,duplex e/ m]itum4 ,unum quod innititur iu/itiae et i/ud e/ m]itum condigni2 aliud quod soli mis]icordiae innititur1 quod dicitur m]itum congrui4 ,et de i/o dicit ,paulus1 quod iu/um e/1 i4e4 congruum1 quod homo1 qui multa bona fecit1 m]eatur4444 ,et i/o modo non obliviscitur ,deus op]is no/ri et dilectionis40 #acef ,comm5t4 9 ,s5t41 ,,iv1 di/4 #b1 qu4 #a1 art4 #b4 #aceg ,comm5t4 9 ,s5t41 ,,ii1 di/4 #bh1 dub4 #b4 #aceh ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ch1 #f4 #acei #b ,p>al4 ,,xix1 #b sq43 8,impio praebes auxilium et 81 qui od]unt ,dom9um1 amiciti iung]is et idcirco iram quidem ,dom9i m]eb>is2 s$ bona op]a inv5ta sunt 9 te40 #acfj ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ch1 #g3 8,possunt enim praec$5tia m]ita esse tam pauca et tot peccata po/ea multiplicata1 ut omn9o obruant m]ita et efficiant1 ut nullo modo ,deum ad mis]icordiam provoc5t2 secus v]o erit1 si e contr>io m]ita magna fu]9t et peccatum subsequ5s et r>um sit et excusationem aliquam ex ignorantia vel infirmitate habeat40 #acfa ,ps4 ,,lxx1 #i3 8,quum defec]it virtus mea1 ne d]el9quas me40 #acfb ,cfr4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #g1 ad #a3 8,desid]ium1 quo quis desid]at rep>ationem po/ lapsum1 iu/um dicitur2 et similit] oratio1 qu petit eiusmodi rep>ationem1 dicitur iu/a1 quia t5dit ad iu/itiam2 non tam5 ita quod iu/itiae innitatur p] modum m]iti1 s$ solum mis]icordiae40 ,cfr4 ,s*iff9i1 ,de ,gratia ,div9a1 pp4 #fhg sq4 #acfc ,v4 supra1 pp4 #acf sqq4 #acfd ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #f3 8,quia enim homo 9 gratia con/itutus implet ,dei voluntatem1 congruum e/ secundum amicitiae proportionem ut ,deus impleat hom9is voluntatem 9 salvatione alt]ius1 licet qu&oque possit hab]e imp$im5tum ex p>te illius1 cuius aliquis sanctus iu/ificationem desid]at40 #acfe ,iac4 ,v1 #af3 8,orate pro invicem1 ut salvem9i2 multum enim valet deprecatio iu/i assidua40 #acff ,e4g4 ,abraham1 ,job1 ,/4 ,/eph54 #acfg ,e4g4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 "m ,/4 ,monica4 #acfh ,cfr4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,gratia1 ,,xii1 #ch1 #ba4 #acfi ,summa ,!ol41 #a;a #b;ae1 qu4 #aad1 art4 #aj3 8,dic5dum e/ quod1 si temporalia bona consid]5tur1 pr\t sunt utilia ad op]a virtutum1 quibus p]ducimur 9 vitam aet]nam1 secundum hoc directe et simplicit] cadunt sub m]ito1 sicut et augm5tum gratiae et omnia illa1 quibus homo adiuvatur ad p]v5i5dum 9 beatitud9em po/ primam gratiam4444 ,si autem consid]5tur huiusmodi temporalia bona secundum se1 sic non sunt simplicit] bona hom9is1 s$ secundum quid1 et ita non simplicit] cadunt sub m]ito1 s$ secundum quid1 inquantum scil4 hom9es mov5tur a ,deo ad aliqua temporalit] ag5da1 quibus suum propositum consequuntur ,deo fav5te40 #acgj ,g54 ,,xv1 #a3 8,ego 444 m]ces tua magna nimis40