,,six ,,c5turies ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,illu/ration2 ,,vittore ,,pisano 7,,call$ ,,pisanello7 ,,/ ,,an?ony ,,& ,,/ ,,george ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,six ,,c5turies ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,r&all ,,davies ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack #fg ,,long ,,acre1 ,w4,c41 ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,,cont5ts ,,tuscan ,,s*ools-- ,,page ,i4 ,,giovanni ,,cimabue #a ,,ii4 ,,giotto ,,di ,,bondone #aj ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,quattroc5ti/s #ah ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,quattroc5ti/s #bf ,v4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci #cc ,,vi4 ,,mi*elangelo ,,buon>roti #dj ,,vii4 ,,raffaello ,,di ,,santi #dg ,,v5etian ,,s*ools-- ,i4 ,,! ,,viv>9i ,,& ,,bell9i #ei ,,ii4 ,,tiziano ,,vecellio #gh ,,iii4 ,,paolo ,,v]onese ,,& ,,il ,,t9toretto #ii ,,spani% ,,s*ool #aji ,,flemi% ,,s*ool-- ,i4 ,,hub]t ,,& ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck #aba ,,ii4 ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s #adc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pupils ,,( ,,rub5s #aeg ,,dut* ,,s*ool-- ,i4 ,,frans ,,hals #afe ,,ii4 ,,rembr&t ,,van ,,ryn #aga ,,iii4 ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,g5re #ahc ,,iv4 ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,animals #aia ,v4 ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,l&scape #bjb ,,g]man ,,s*ools #baa ,,fr5* ,,s*ool-- ,i4 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #bbe ,,ii4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #bce ,,! ,,engli% ,,s*ool-- ,i4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s #bea ,,ii4 ,,william ,,hog>? #beh ,,iii4 ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds ,,& ,,?omas ,,ga9sbor\gh #bfg ,,iv4 ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #bie ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury-- ,i4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,revolt #cje ,,ii4 ,,eug,,ne ,,delacroix #cji ,,iii4 ,,rusk9 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,phili/9es #cac ,,iv4 ,,manet ,,& ,,:i/l] ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,_w #cbd ,v4 ,,! ,,royal ,,academy #cbi ,,index #cce ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,vittore ,,pisano 7call$ ,,pisanello7--,/ ,an?ony & ,/ ,george ,frontispiece ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,plate ,,fac+ ,,page ,i4 ,,filippo ,,lippi--,! ,annunciation #bb ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,ii4 ,,s&ro ,,botticelli787--,! ,virg9 & ,*ild #bf ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,iii4 ,,s&ro ,,botticelli--,portrait ( a ,"y ,man #bh ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,iv4 ,,s&ro ,,botticelli--,! ,nativity #cb ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,v4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci--,! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks #cf ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,vi4 ,,pietro ,,p]ug9o--,c5tral ,portion ( ,alt>-,piece #ej ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,vii4 ,,raphael--,! ,ansidei ,madonna #eb ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,viii4 ,,raphael--,la ,belle ,j>d9ire #eb ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,ix4 ,,raphael--,portrait ( ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione #ef ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,x4 ,,correggio--,m]cury1 ,cupid1 & ,v5us #eh ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xi4 ,,&rea ,,mantegna--,! ,madonna della ,vittoria #fh ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xii4 ,,giovanni ,,bell9i--,! ,doge ,lor$ano #gb ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xiii4 ,,giorgione--,v5etian ,pa/oral #gh ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xiv4 ,,titian--,portrait said to be ( ,ario/o #hd ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xv4 ,,titian--,! ,holy ,family #hf ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xvi4 ,,titian--,! ,entombm5t #hh ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xvii4 ,,t9toretto--,/ ,george & ! ,dragon #ajb ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xviii4 ,,velazquez--,! ,infante ,philip ,prosp] #aab ,imp]ial ,gall]y1 ,vi5na ,,xix4 ,,velazquez--,! ,rokeby ,v5us #aah ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xx4 ,,murillo--,a ,boy ,dr9k+ #abj ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxi4 ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck--,jan ,arnolf9i & ,8 ,wife #abh ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxii4 ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck--,portrait ( ! ,pa9t]'s ,wife #acb ,t[n ,gall]y1 ,bruges ,,xxiii4 ,,jan ,,mabuse--,portrait ( ,jean ,c>ondelet #acf ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxiv4 ,,sir ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s--,portrait ( ,hlne ,f\rm5t1 ! ,arti/'s ,second ,wife1 & two ( ,h] ,*ildr5 #aej ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxv4 ,,frans ,,hals--,portrait ( a ,lady #afh ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxvi4 ,,rembr&t--,portrait ( ,h5drickje ,/(fels #agf ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxvii4 ,,rembr&t--,portrait ( an ,old ,lady #ahb ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxviii4 ,,t]bor*--,! ,conc]t #ahf ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxix4 ,,gabriel ,,metsu--,! ,music ,lesson #ahh ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxx4 ,,piet] ,,de ,,hoo*--,int]ior ( a ,dut* ,h\se #aij ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxxi4 ,,jan ,,v]me]--,! ,lace ,mak] #aib ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,/ ,,b>?olomew--,two ,sa9ts #bab ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxxiii4 ,,hans ,,holbe9--,portrait ( ,*ri/9a1 ,du*ess ( ,milan #bbd ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxxiv4 ,,anto9e ,,watteau--,l',indiffr5t #bcf ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxxv4 ,,jean-,,bapti/e ,,greuze--,! ,brok5 ,pit*] #bdd ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxxvi4 ,,jean ,,honor ,,fragon>d--,l'tude #bdh ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxxvii4 ,,hans ,,holbe9--,anne ( ,cleves #bef ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xxxviii4 ,,william ,,hog>?--,! ,%rimp ,girl #bfj ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xxxix4 ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds--,lady ,cockburn & ,h] ,*ildr5 #bgd ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xl4 ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds--,! ,age ( ,innoc5ce #bhd ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xli4 ,,?omas ,,ga9sbor\gh--,! ,m>ket ,c>t #bij ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xlii4 ,,george ,,romney--,! ,p>son's ,daught] #bih ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xliii4 ,,george ,,romney--,mrs ,rob9son--,p]dita #cjj ,h]t=d ,h\se1 ,london ,,xliv4 ,,jacques ,,l\is ,,david--,portrait ( ,mme4 ,rcami] #cjf ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xlv4 ,,eug,,ne ,,delacroix--,dante & ,virgil #caj ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xlvi4 ,,john ,,con/able--,! ,hay ,wa9 #cab ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,xlvii4 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,turn]--,cross+ ! ,brook #caf ,national ,gall]y ( ,briti% ,art1 ,london ,,xlviii4 ,,d\>d ,,manet--,olympia #cbf ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,xlix4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,:i/l]--,lillie 9 ,our ,alley #cbh ,9 ! possession ( ,john ,j4 ,c[an1 ,esq4 ,,introductory ,s f> z x conc]ns pictures pa9t$ ^u panel or canvas 9 temp]a or oils1 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ beg9s ) ,cimabue1 :o work$ 9 ,flor5ce dur+ ! latt] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,t ! art 0 practis$ 9 mu* e>li] times may readily be admitt$1 & ! life-l portraits 9 ! ve/ibule at ! ,national ,gall]y tak5 f ,greek tombs ( ! second or ?ird c5tury are suffici5t pro(s ( x2 b = ! orig9 ( pa9t+ z we are n[ g5]ally accu/om$ to und]/& ! t]m we ne$ g no fur!r back ?an to ,cimabue & 8 contempor>ies1 f ^: "t ! art has un9t]rupt$ly develop$ ?r\gh\t ,europe until ! pres5t day4 ,oddly en\gh x is to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ^: e>ly fa!rs put _! heavie/ ban ^u all =ms ( art1 t ?is developm5t is almo/ :olly due4 ,! reaction aga9/ paganism began to die out :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 m firmly e/abli%$1 & repres5tations ( ,*ri/ & ! ,sa9ts execut$ 9 mosaic became m & m to be reg>d$ z a necess>y1 or at any rate a regul> embelli%m5t ( ! num]\s *ur*es :i* 7 built4 ,= ^! mosaics panel pa9t+s began 9 "t to be sub/itut$2 b x 0 long be=e any ( ! human feel+ ( art 0 to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,! influ5ce ( ,s4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0 ne$$ to prep>e ! way1 & x 0 only t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury t ! brea? ( life began to be infus$ into ^! conv5tional repres5tations1 & pa9t+ became a liv+ art4 ,z x _h begun 9 ,italy1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,*ur*1 s x *iefly develop$ 9 t c\ntry2 at fir/ 9 ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 lat] 9 ,rome1 :i!r its greate/ ma/]s 7 summon$ by ! ,pope1 & 9 ,v5ice1 :]e1 f>!r f ! ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 x fl\ri%$ m exub]antly1 & s became m capable ( be+ transplant$ to o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries x _h appe>$ e>ly en\gh to be consid]$ almo/ z an indep5d5t gr[?1 ?\gh n till consid]ably lat] 7 ! nor!rn s*ools capable ( su/a9+ ! reputation giv5 !m by ! ,van ,eycks & ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd54 ,b = ! effects ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury x is que/ionable :e!r pa9t+ w\ld ev] h spread z x did 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? to ,spa9 & ,france4 ,b by ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury su* enorm\s progress _h be5 made by ! ,italian pa9t]s t[>ds ! realisation ( human action & emotion 9 pictures1 t f be+ m]ely an accessory ( religi\s e/abli%m5ts1 pa9t+ _h become z mu* a "p ( ! recognis$ means ( intellectual enjoym5t ( ev]yday life z music1 sculpture1 or ev5 ! ref9em5ts ( food & clo?+4 ,portraiture1 9 p>ticul>1 _h gradually advanc$ to a =emo/ place 9 pa9t+4 ,orig9ally x 0 us$ exclusively = memorials ( ! dead--z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! pa9t+s f ! ,greek tombs--& on co9s & m$als4 ,b gradually ! practice arose1 z pa9t]s became m skilful 9 repres5t+ ! appe>ance ( ! model1 ( introduc+ ! features & figures ( actual p]sonages into religi\s pictures1 9 ! "* ( donors1 & z ^! increas$ 9 importance1 ! sacr$ p]sonages 7 gradually relegat$ to ! backgr\nd1 & ultimately disp5s$ ) altoge!r4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d ,hans ,holbe9 7z an example7 recomm5d$ by ,erasmus to ,sir ,?omas ,m z a portrait pa9t] :o wi%$ to try 8 =tunes 9 ,engl&2 & dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life pa9t+ practically no?+ b portraits4 ,by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 if n e>li]1 pa9t+ _h become almo/ z mu* a bus9ess z an art1 n only 9 ,italy b 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe1 & 0 e/abli%$ 9 ea* c\ntry m or less indep5d5tly4 ,s t mak+ e all[ance = ! v>i\s =eign influ5ces t affect$ ea* diff]5t c\ntry1 x is conv5i5t to trace ! developm5t ( pa9t+ 9 ea* c\ntry sep>ately1 & we arrange our *apt]s accord+ly "u ! titles ( ,tuscan & ,v5etian 7! two ma9 divisions ( ,italian pa9t+71 ,spani%1 ,flemi%1 ,dut*1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,briti% ,s*ools4 ,9 ea* c\ntry1 z might be expect$--& especially 9 ,italy--!re are subdivisions2 b1 broadly speak+1 ! lov] ( pictures w be q well en\gh equipp$ = ! enjoym5t ( !m if he is able to recognise _! c\ntry1 & r\ghly _! p]iod1 )\t tr\bl+ ab\t ! p>ticul> di/rict or p]sonal influ5ce ( _! orig94 ,= :ile x is und\bt$ly true t ! m "o kn[s ab\t ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 g5]al ! great] w be ! appreciation ( ! v>i\s excell5ces :i* t5d to p]fection1 x is absolutely ridicul\s to suppose t only ! le>n$ 9 su* matt]s are capable ( d]iv+ enjoym5t f a beautiful picture1 or ( express+ an op9ion ^u x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! picture is int5d$ = ! public1 & ! public h !re=e ! be/ "r to say :e!r x pleases !m or n--& :y4 ,& x may be not$ z a positive fact t :5ev] ! public1 9 any c\ntry1 h a free *oice 9 matt]s ( art1 t *oice g5]ally turns out to be "r1 & is ultimately endors$ by ! be/ critics4 ,mo/ ( ! vulg> art to be f\nd 9 adv]tisem5ts & ! illu/rat$ pap]s is put !re by ignorant & vulg> provid]s1 :o imag9e t ! :ole public are z ignorant & vulg> z !mselves2 :]eas :5ev] a bett] /&>d ( ta/e is giv5 an opportunity1 x nev] fails to f9d a welcome4 ,until ,sir ,h5ry ,wood inaugurat$ ! pres5t rgime1 ! ,prom5ade ,conc]ts at ,cov5t ,g>d5 7 popul>ly suppos$ to repres5t ! national ta/e 9 music4 ,until ! ,temple ,classics & ,e ,man's ,libr>y 7 publi%$ x 0 commonly suppos$ t ! p at l>ge c>$ = no?+ b ,b[ ,bells1 ! ,p5ny ,novelette1 or su* unclassical if allur+ prov5d]4 ,9 ! doma9 ( pa9t+1 ! ,royal ,academy has su* a firm & anci5t hold on ! popul> imag9ation ( ! ,engli% t its influ5ce is difficult to dispel2 b !re are _m signs t its baneful asc5d5cy is at l5g? on ! decl9e2 & x is well kn[n t ! ,national ,gall]y is attract+ m & m visitors & ,burl+ton ,h\se less & less z ! ye>s g on4 ,9 ! foll[+ attempt at a g5]al survey ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+--imp]fect or ill-proportion$ z x may appe> to ?is or t speciali/ or lov] ( any p>ticul> s*ool--,i h ?\ght x be/ to assume a fair am\nt ( ignorance ( ! subject on ! "p ( ! read]1 ?\gh )\t1 ,i hope1 tak+ any advantage ( x1 ev5 if x exi/s2 & ,i h !re=e drawn freely ^u sev]al old hi/ories & h&books = bo? facts & op9ions conc]n+ ! old ma/]s & _! works4 ,9 "s cases1 ,i ?9k1 a dead lion is decid$ly bett] ?an a live dog4 ,r4 ,d4 ,,*elsea1 #aiad4 ,,tuscan ,,s*ools ,i ,,giovanni ,,cimabue ,by ! w ( ,god1 9 ! ye> #abdj1 we are told by ,vas>i1 ,,giovanni ,,cimabue1 ( ! noble family ( t "n1 0 born 9 ! city ( ,flor5ce1 to give ! fir/ light to ! art ( pa9t+4 ,vas>i's ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #aeej1 & ) all its defects & all its inaccuracies1 :i* h af=d$ s mu* food = cont5tion among mod]n critics1 x is /ill ! pr9cipal s\rce ( our k ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( pa9t+ z x 0 reviv$ 9 ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,mak+ prop] all[ance = ,vas>i's desire to glorify 8 own city1 & to make a dignifi$ comm5cem5t to 8 "w by attribut+ to ,cimabue m ?an 0 possibly 8 due1 we ne$ n be det]r$ by ! v late/ dicta ( ! le>n$ f accept+ ! outl9es ( 8 life ( ,cimabue z an embodim5t ( ! tradition ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$--two c5turies & a qu>t] aft] ,cimabue--&1 until contradict$ by positive evid5ce1 z wor?y ( g5]al cr$5ce4 ,9 ! popul> m9d ,cimabue /ill rema9s ,! ,fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+1 & ?\gh 8 r5[n may h attract$ m pictures & m leg5ds to 8 "n ?an prop]ly belong to him1 x is c]ta9 t ,dante1 8 contempor>y1 wrote ( him ?us3-- ,cr$ette ,cimabue nella p9tura ,t5] lo campo1 ed ora ha ,giotto il grido ,si *e la fama di colui s'oscura4 ,?is is at lea/ z important z any?+ writt5 by a contempor>y ( ,william ,%akespe>e2 & ev5 if we are requir$ to believe t "s ( 8 mo/ important works are by ano!r h&1 8 influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( art is beyond "q4 ,let u !n foll[ ,vas>i a little fur!r1 & we %all f9d1 at any rate1 :at is typical ( ! developm5t ( g5ius4 ,?is y\?1 ,vas>i cont9ues1 be+ consid]$ by 8 fa!r & o!rs to give pro( ( an acute judgm5t & a cle> und]/&+1 0 s5t to ,santa ,m>ia ,novella to /udy lett]s "u a relation :o 0 !n ma/] 9 gramm> to ! novices ( t conv5t4 ,b ,cimabue1 in/ead ( devot+ himself to lett]s1 consum$ ! :ole day 9 draw+ m51 horses1 h\ses1 & o!r v>i\s fancies on 8 books & diff]5t pap]s--an occupation to :i* he felt himself impell$ by nature4 ,?is is exactly :at is record$ ( ,reynolds1 x may be not$1 & v mu* ! same z 9 ! case ( ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,b5jam9 ,we/--& _m a mod]n pa9t]4 ,?is natural incl9ation 0 fav\r$ by =tune1 = ! gov]nors ( ! city _h invit$ c]ta9 ,greek 7probably ,byzant9e7 pa9t]s to ,flor5ce1 = ! purpose ( re/or+ ! art ( pa9t+1 :i* _h n m]ely deg5]at$ b 0 altoge!r lo/4 ,^! arti/s1 among o!r works1 began to pa9t ! *apel ( ! ,gondi 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 & ,cimabue1 (t5 escap+ f ! s*ool1 & hav+ already made a comm5cem5t ( ! art he 0 s fond (1 w\ld /& wat*+ ^! ma/]s at _! "w4 ,8 fa!r1 & ! arti/s !mselves1 !re=e conclud$ t he mu/ be well end[$ = pa9t+1 & ?\ght t mu* might be expect$ f him if he devot$ himself to x4 ,giovanni 0 accord+ly1 mu* to 8 delight1 plac$ ) ^! ma/]s1 :om he soon greatly surpass$ bo? 9 design & col\r+4 ,= !y1 c>+ little = ! progress ( art1 execut$ _! works n 9 ! excell5t mann] ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 b 9 ! rude mod]n /yle ( _! own day4 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh ,cimabue imitat$ !m1 he v mu* improv$ ! art1 reliev+ x greatly f _! unc\? mann] & do+ hon\r to 8 c\ntry by ! "n t he acquir$ & by ! works :i* he p]=m$4 ,( ?is we h evid5ce 9 ,flor5ce f ! pictures :i* he pa9t$ !re--z = example ! front ( ! alt> ( ,sa9t ,cecilia & a picture ( ! ,virg91 9 ,santa ,croce1 :i* 0 & /ill is 7i4e4 9 #aeej7 atta*$ to "o ( ! pila/]s on ! "r ( ! *oir4 ,un=tunately ! v fir/ example cit$ pulls u up %ort alongside ! (ficial catalogue ( ! ,uffizi ,gall]y 7:]e ! picture 0 plac$ 9 #ahda71 9 :i* x is catalogu$ 7,no4 #bj7 z ,unkn[n 444 ,vas>i errone\sly attributes x to ,cimabue4 ,tiresome z x may seem to be ?us di/ract$1 at ! v outset1 by ! "q ( au!nticity1 x is nev]!less desirable to />t ) a cle> und]/&+ t 9 survey+ 9 a g5]al way ! hi/ory & developm5t ( pa9t+1 x w be q hopeless to wait = ! f9al ^w on ! suppos$ au?or%ip ( e picture m5tion$4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 z x happ5s1 !re is no reason to "q ! mod]n catalogue1 ?\gh t is by no means ! same ?+ z d5y+ t ,cimabue pa9t$ ! picture :i* exi/$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,cecilia 9 ,vas>i's "t4 ,is x m likely1 x may be ask$1 t ,vas>i1 :o is accus$ ( unduly glorify+ ,cimabue1 w\ld attribute to him a "w n wor?y ( 8 fame1 or t dur+ ! ?ree c5turies s9ce ,vas>i wrote a sub/itution 0 effect$8 ,! o!r picture1 ! ,madonna & ,*ild ,en?ron$1 :i* f\nd its way into our ,national ,gall]y 9 #aheg1 is /ill (ficially catalogu$ z ! "w ( ,cimabue1 & x is to be hop$ t ?is preci\s relic1 toge!r ) ! ,madonnas 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! ,flor5ce ,academy1 & 9 ! l[] *ur* at ,assisi1 may be long sp>$ to u by ! au?ority ( ! critics z g5u9e productions ( ! belov$ ma/]4 ,on ! g5]al "q1 h[ev]1 let me reassure ! read] by /at+ t s f> z possible ,i h avoid$ ! m5tion ( any pictures1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ab\t :i* !re is any grave d\bt1 save 9 a few cases :]e tradition is s firmly e/abli%$ t x seems he>tless to di/urb x until f9al judgm5t is ent]$--( :i* ! foll[+ examples ( ,cimabue's reput$ "w may be tak5 z types4 ,! late/ criticism seeks to deprive him ( e s+le exi/+ picture he is believ$ to h pa9t$2 ^? m5tion$ by ,vas>i :i* h p]i%$ may be consid]$ equally unau!ntic1 b1 z be=e m5tion$1 8 acc\nt ( !m gives u z well z any?+ else ! /ory ( ! beg9n+s ( ! art4 ,hav+ aft]w>ds und]tak51 ,vas>i cont9ues1 to pa9t a l>ge picture 9 ! ,abbey ( ! ,santa ,tr9it 9 ,flor5ce = ! monks ( ,vallombrosa1 he made great ef=ts to ju/ify ! high op9ion already =m$ ( him & %[$ great] p[]s ( inv5tion1 especially 9 ! attitude ( ! ,virg91 :om he depict$ ) ! *ild 9 h] arms & num]\s angels ar\nd h]1 on a gold gr\nd4 ,?is is ! picture n[ 9 ! ,accademia 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! frescoes next describ$ are no long] 9 exi/5ce3-- ,cimabue next pa9t$ 9 fresco at ! hospital ( ! ,porcellana at ! corn] ( ! ,via ,nuova :i* leads into ! ,borgo ,ogni ,santi4 ,on ! front ( ?is build+1 :i* has ! pr9cipal door 9 ! c5tre1 he pa9t$ ! ,virg9 receiv+ ! ,annunciation f ! angel1 on "o side1 & ,*ri/ ) ,cleophas & ,luke on ! o!r1 all ! figures ! size ( life4 ,9 ?is "w he dep>t$ m decid$ly f ! dry & =mal mann] ( 8 in/ructors1 giv+ m life & movem5t to ! drap]ies1 ve/m5ts & o!r accessories1 & r5d]+ all m flexible & natural ?an 0 common to ! mann] ( ^? ,greeks ^: "w 7 full ( h>d l9es & %>p angles z well 9 mosaic z 9 pa9t+4 ,& ?is rude unskilful mann] ! ,greeks _h acquir$ n s mu* f /udy or settl$ purpose z f hav+ s]vilely foll[$ c]ta9 fix$ rules & habits transmitt$ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s by "o pa9t] to ano!r1 :ile none ev] ?\ght ( ! amelioration ( 8 design1 ! embelli%m5t ( 8 col\r+1 or ! improvem5t ( 8 inv5tion4 ,aft] describ+ ,cimabue's activities at ,pisa & ,assisi ) equal circum/ance1 ,vas>i passes to ! fam\s ,rucellai ,madonna1 n[ suppos$ to be by ! h& ( ,duccio ( ,si5a4 ,h[ev] d\btful ! /ory may appe> 9 ! light ( mod]n criticism1 hi/orical or arti/ic1 x c]ta9ly =ms "p ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+--= its _s if n = its accuracy--& z su* x c nev] be too (t5 quot$3-- ,he aft]w>ds pa9t$ ! picture ( ! ,virg9 = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 :]e x is susp5d$ on high betwe5 ! *apel ( ! ,rucellai family & t ( ! ,b>di4 ,?is picture is ( l>g] size ?an any figure t _h be5 pa9t$ d[n to ^? times1 & ! angels surr\nd+ x make x evid5t t al?\gh ,cimabue /ill reta9$ ! ,greek mann]1 he 0 nev]!less gradually approa*+ ! mode ( outl9e & g5]al me?od ( mod]n times4 ,?us x happ5$ t ?is "w 0 an object ( s mu* admiration to ! p ( t day--!y hav+ nev] se5 any?+ bett]--t x 0 c>ri$ 9 solemn procession1 ) ! s\nd ( trumpets & o!r fe/al demon/ration1 f ! h\se ( ,cimabue to ! ,*ur*1 he himself be+ highly rew>d$ & hon\r$ = x4 ,x is fur!r report$1 & may be read 9 c]ta9 records ( old pa9t]s1 t :ile ,cimabue 0 pa9t+ ?is picture 9 a g>d5 ne> ! gate ( ,s4 ,pietro1 ,k+ ,*>les ! ,eld] ( ,anj\ pass$ ?r\gh ,flor5ce1 & ! au?orities ( ! city1 among o!r m>ks ( respect1 conduct$ him to see ! picture ( ,cimabue4 ,:5 ?is "w 0 ?us %[n to ! ,k+1 x _h n be=e be5 se5 by anyone2 :]e=e all ! m5 & wom5 ( ,flor5ce ha/5$ 9 great cr[ds to admire x1 mak+ all possible demon/ration ( delight4 ,n[ :e!r or n ,vas>i 0 "r 9 cr$it+ ,cimabue ) ^! hon\rs 9 ,flor5ce in/ead ( ,duccio 9 ,si5a1 makes little diff]5ce 9 ! /ory ( ! orig9 & e>ly developm5t ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,"o may d\bt ! accuracy ( ! mosaic acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 ! au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel or ! ,%akespe>ean poems1 or ! li/ ( names ( ! ,normans :o are record$ to h f\ght ) ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,b :at if "o may8 ,! ,creation1 ! poems & plays ( ,%akespe>e & ! battle ( ,ha/+s are all ( !m hi/oric facts1 & nei!r sci5ce1 nor lit]ature1 nor hi/ory is a p5ny ! worse = ! loose ?\gh p]fectly und]/&able conditions "u :i* ^! facts h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,:5 we come d[n to times ne>] to our own ! accuracy ( data is m easily asc]ta9able1 ?\gh ! confusion aris+ out ( !m (t5 obscures _! real significance2 b 9 look+ = orig9s we are cont5t to ignore ! details1 provid$ we c f9d en\gh g5]al in=mation on :i* to =m an idea ( !m4 ,to ^! fir/ *apt]s ( ,vas>i1 !n1 we ne$ n hesitate to resort = ! ma9 s\rces ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,ev5 s f> z we h gone we h le>nt sev]al important facts z to ! nature ( ! f\ndations on :i* ! glori\s /ructure 0 to be rais$4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is app>5t t ! practice ( pa9t+1 ?\gh /rictly =bidd5 by ! e>lie/ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 0 us$ by ! fai?ful 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*es = purposes ( decoration1 & 0 introduc$ into ,italy--we may safely say ,tuscany--= ! same purpose4 ,second1 t be+ transplant$ into ?is new soil1 x put =? su* wond]ful blossoms t x came to be cultivat$ ) mu* m reg>d2 & f be+ m]ely a necess>y or conv5tional ornam5t ( c]ta9 portions ( ! *ur*1 0 soon acc\nt$ its greate/ glory4 ,?ird1 t x 0 accord$ popul> acclamation4 ,f\r?1 t its mo/ attractive feature 9 ! eyes ( behold]s 0 its life-l repres5tation ( ! human =m & o!r natural objects4 ,prosaic z ^! consid]ations may appe>1 !y are nev]!less ! fundam5tal pr9ciples t und]lie ! :ole ( ! subsequ5t developm5t ( pa9t+2 & unless e picture 9 ! _w 7 de/roy$1 & ! art ( pa9t+ :olly lo/ = at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s1 !re c\ld n be ano!r picture produc$ :i* w\ld n ref] back ?r\gh cont9u\s tradition to "o or e "o ( !m4 ,fir/1 ! basis ( religion4 ,second1 ! developm5t peculi> to ! soil4 ,?ird1 ! imitation ( nature4 ,f\r?1 ! approbation ( ! public--!re we h ! f\r c>d9al po9ts 9 ! *>t ( pa9t+4 ,x w\ld be easy en\gh to cont5d t pa9t+ _h no?+ :atev] to d ) religion--if only by ref]5ce to ! godless ef=ts ( "s ( ! mod]ni/s2 b su* a cont5tion c\ld only be bas$ on ! imp]fect recognition ( :at religion actually means4 ,9 ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 z 9 ,spa9 9 ! sev5te5?1 x meant ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,9 ,g]many ( ! sixte5?1 z 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5?1 x meant some?+ totally diff]5t4 ,to put x a little diff]5tly1 all pa9t+ t is wor? s call+ has be5 done to ! glory ( ,god2 & aft] mak+ due all[ance = human frailties ( e v>iety1 x is h>d to say t among all ! hundr$s ( great & good pa9t]s !re has ev] be5 "o :o 0 n a good man4 ,z = ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 or nationality1 ?is is s univ]sally recognis$ t ! t]m s*ool m (t5 means locality ?an tuition4 ,we talk g5]ally ( ! ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 or ,dut* s*ools1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,paduan1 ,v5etian1 or ,flor5t9e4 ,x is only :5 we hesitate to call our national treasure a ,botticelli or a ,bell9i t we add ! words s*ool ( to ! "n ( ! ma/] :o is fondly suppos$ to h inspir$ its au?or4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a wood block ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury execut$ 9 ,engl& & ,japan respectively may be cit$ z an extreme in/ance ( ! effect ( locality on idea1 :5 ! me?od is id5tical4 ,) ref]5ce to ! imitation ( nature1 at ! m]e m5tion ( :i* mod]ni/s become s furi\s1 x is wor? recall+ t ! e>lie/ /ory ab\t pa9t+ relates to ,zeuxis1 :o is said to h pa9t$ a bun* ( grapes ) su* skill t ! birds ignor$ ! fruit & peck$ at ! picture4 ,9 lat] times we he> ( ,rembr&t be+ ! butt ( 8 pupils1 :o1 kn[+ 8 love ( money1 us$ to pa9t co9s on ! floor2 & !re are pl5ty ( /ories ( p pa9t+ flies & o!r objects s naturally z to deceive ! unw>y spectator4 ,vas>i is cont9ually prais+ 8 compatriots = pa9t+ l ! life4 ,la/ly1 ! approbation1 or if possible ! acclamation1 ( ! public has seldom if ev] be5 unconsid]$ by ! arti/4 ,:]e x has1 x has only be5 ! greate/ g5ius t has be5 able to exi/ )\t x4 ,a man :o has any?+ to say mu/ h somebody to say x to2 & ?\gh a pa9t] may seem to be wa/+ ! be/ "p ( 8 life 9 try+ to make ! p und]/& :at he has to say 9 8 language in/ead ( talk+ to !m 9 _! own common tongue1 x is r>ely t he fails 9 ! end1 ev5 if1 alas = him1 ! und]/&+ comes too late to be ( any b5efit to himself4 ,cimabue's la/ "w is said to be a figure1 :i* 0 left unf9i%$1 ( ,s4 ,john1 9 mosaic1 = ! ,duomo at ,pisa4 ,?is 0 9 #acjb1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! date ( 8 dea?1 ?\gh ,vas>i puts x two ye>s e>li]1 at ! "t he 0 engag$ ) ! ar*itect ,arnolfo ,lapi 9 sup]9t5d+ ! build+ ( ! ,duomo 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e he is buri$4 ,,ii ,,giotto ,,di ,,bondone ,:ile accord+ all due hon\r1 & probably m1 to ,cimabue z ! orig9ator ( mod]n pa9t+1 x is to 8 pupil1 ,,giotto1 t we are accu/om$ to look = ! fir/ developm5ts ( its possibilities4 ,_h ,cimabue's successors be5 z cons]vative z 8 in/ructors1 we might /ill be n v mu* bett] (f ?an if he _h nev] liv$4 ,= mu* z !re is to admire 9 ,cimabue's pa9t+1 x is only ! fir/ flu% ( ! dawn :i* x h]ald$1 & ?\gh conta9+ ! g]m ( ! future developm5t ( ! art1 is yet )\t any ( ! glory :i* 9 ! fulness ( "t 0 to result f x4 ,to ,giotto1 ,vas>i consid]s1 is due ! gratitude :i* ! ma/]s 9 pa9t+ owe to ,nature1 see+ t he alone succe$$ 9 resuscitat+ art & re/or+ h] to a pa? t may be call$ ! true "o2 & t ! art ( design1 ( :i* 8 contempor>ies _h little if any k1 0 by 8 means effectually recall$ to life4 ,?is seems to detract 9 "s degree f 8 eulogies ( ,cimabue2 b x is to ! la/ s5t5ce t our att5tion %\ld be direct$1 :i* implies t 9 pr(it+ by ! ma/]'s example he succe$$ 9 ext5d+ ! possibilities ( ! new art beyond its fir/ limits4 ,cimabue1 we may believe1 drew 8 ,virg9s & ,sa9ts f liv+ models1 :]eas 8 pr$ecessors _h m]ely repeat$ =mulas laid d[n = !m by long tradition4 ,giotto w5t fur!r1 & ext5d$ 8 scope to ! _w at l>ge4 ,= ! pla9 gold backgr\nd he sub/itut$ ! l&scape1 ?us break+ d[n1 z x 71 a great wall1 & see+ beyond x4 ,nor 0 ?is innovation m]ely a te*nical "o--x 0 ! man's nature t effect$ x & made 8 art a liv+ ?+4 ,giotto1 :o 0 born 9 #abgf1 0 ! son ( a simple husb&man1 :o liv$ at ,vespignano1 ab\t f\rte5 miles f ,flor5ce4 ,cimabue *anc$ ^u ! boy :5 he 0 only ab\t t5 ye>s old1 t5d+ 8 fa!r's %eep1 & 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t he 0 occupi$ 9 mak+ a draw+ ( "o ( !m ^u a smoo? piece ( rock ) a %>p /one4 ,he 0 s pleas$ ) ?is t he ask$ to be all[$ to take him back to ,flor5ce1 & ! boy prov$ s apt a pupil t be=e v long he 0 regul>ly employ$ 9 pa9t+4 ,8 influ5ce 0 n conf9$ to ,flor5ce1 or ev5 to ,tuscany1 b ! :ole ( ,italy 0 indebt$ to him = a new impulse 9 art1 & he is said to h foll[$ ,pope ,clem5t ,v4 to ,avignon & execut$ _m pictures !re4 ,giotto 0 n only a pa9t]1 b 8 "n is also fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture3 ! wond]ful ,campanile adjo9+ ! ,duomo 9 ,flor5ce 0 design$ by him1 & ! f\ndations laid & ! build+ erect$ "u 8 in/ructions4 ,on sculpture too he ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce1 z may be se5 9 ! panels & /atues :i* adorn ! l[] "p ( ! t[]1 sugge/$ if n actually design$ by ,giotto1 & c>v$ by ,&rea ,pisano4 ,*ief ( ! e>li] works ( ,giotto are 8 frescoes 9 ! "u *ur* at ,assisi1 & 9 ^! may be se5 ! rem>kable f]tility ( inv5tion ) :i* he end[$ 8 successors4 ,in/ead ( ! conv5tional ,madonna & ,*ild1 & gr\ps ( sa9ts & angels1 we h "h :ole leg5ds repres5t$ 9 a s]ies ( pictures ( almo/ dramatic "*4 ,9 ! f\r triangul> comp>tm5ts ( ! gro9$ vault+ are ! ?ree v[s ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 namely1 ,pov]ty1 ,*a/ity1 & ,ob$i5ce1 & 9 ! f\r? ! glorification ( ! sa9t4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! ,v[ ( ,pov]ty1 x is significant to f9d t he has tak5 8 subject f ,dante4 ,pov]ty appe>s z a woman :om ,*ri/ gives 9 m>riage to ,s4 ,francis3 %e /&s among ?orns2 9 ! =egr\nd are two y\?s mock+ h]1 & on ei!r side a gr\p ( angels z witnesses ( ! holy union4 ,on ! left is a y\?1 att5d$ by an angel1 giv+ 8 cloak to a poor man2 on ! "r are ! ri* & great1 :o are invit$ by an angel to approa*1 b turn scornfully away4 ,! o!r designs appe> to be ,giotto's own inv5tion4 ,*a/ity1 z a "y woman1 sits 9 a =tress surr\nd$ by walls1 & angels pay h] devotion4 ,on "o side are laym5 & *ur*m5 l$ =w>d by ,s4 ,francis1 & on ! o!r ,p5ance1 habit$ z a h]mit1 driv+ away e>?ly love & impurity4 ,s4 ,francis 9 glory is m conv5tional1 z might be expect$ f ! nature ( ! subject4 ,9 ! anci5t ,basilica ( ,s4 ,pet] 9 ,rome ,giotto made ! celebrat$ mosaic ( ! ,navicella1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ve/ibule ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,x repres5ts a %ip1 9 :i* are ! disciples1 on a /ormy sea4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian symbolisation ! %ip d5ot$ ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! =egr\nd on ! "r ! ,savi\r1 walk+ on ! waves1 rescues ,pet]4 ,opposite sits a fi%]man 9 tranquil expectation1 typify+ ! confid5t hope ( ! simple believ]4 ,?is mosaic has frequ5tly be5 mov$1 & has und]gone s mu* re/oration t only ! composition c be attribut$ to ,giotto4 ,( ! pa9t+s ( scriptural hi/ory attribut$ to ,giotto v few rema91 & ! great] "p ( ^? h 9 rec5t times be5 pron\nc$ to be ! "w ( 8 foll[]s4 ,=emo/1 h[ev]1 among ! und\bt$ examples are pa9t+s 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,madonna dell',ar5a at ,padua1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #acjc4 ,9 ?irty-eight pictures1 ext5d+ 9 ?ree r[s along ! wall1 is conta9$ ! life ( ! ,virg94 ,! gr\nd ( ! vault+ is blue /udd$ ) gold />s1 among :i* appe> ! heads ( ,*ri/ & ! prophets1 :ile above ! ar* ( ! *oir is ! ,savi\r 9 a glory ( angels4 ,comb9$ ) ^! sacr$ sc5es & p]sonages are introduc$ fitt+ allusions to ! moral /ate ( man1 ! l[] "p ( ! side walls conta9+1 9 m$allions pa9t$ 9 mono*rome1 allegorical figures ( ! virtues & vices--! =m] fem99e & ideal1 ! latt] mascul9e & individual--:ile ! entrance wall is cov]$ ) ! wond]ful ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,"h1 z 9 8 allegorical pieces1 ,giotto appe>s z a great innovator1 a numb] ( situations sugge/$ by ! ,scriptures be+ n[ ei!r repres5t$ = ! fir/ "t or se5 9 a totally new =m4 ,well-kn[n subjects are enri*$ ) num]\s subord9ate figures1 mak+ ! picture m tru?ful & m intelligible2 z 9 ! ,flight into ,egypt1 :]e ! ,holy ,family is accompani$ by a s]vant1 & ?ree o!r figures are introduc$ to complete ! composition4 ,9 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 too1 ! disciples beh9d ! ,savi\r on ! "o side & ! a/oni%$ multitude on ! o!r =m two *oruses1 an arrangem5t :i* is foll[$1 b ) consid]able modification1 9 ,ouwat]'s unique picture ( ! same subject n[ 9 ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum at ,b]l94 ,?is approa* to dramatic reality sometimes assumes a "* :i*1 z ,kugl] puts x1 ov]/eps ! /rict limits ( ! high] ecclesia/ical /yle4 ,x is wor? not+1 h[ev]1 t ! e>ly ,ne!rl&i% s*ool--z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]--develop$ ?is *>act]i/ic to a f> great] ext5t1 cont9u+ ! tradition h&$ d[n1 q indep5d5tly ( ,giotto1 ?r\gh illum9at$ manuscripts1 & ) less ( t expression ( ! highe/ religi\s or moral feel+ :i* is s evid5t 9 ,giotto4 ,! few exi/+ alt>-pieces ( ,giotto are less important ?an 8 frescoes1 inasmu* z !y d n admit ( ! exhibition ( 8 high] & mo/ orig9al gifts4 ,two sign$ examples are a ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 9 ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce1 & a ,madonna1 ) sa9ts & angels on ! side panels1 orig9ally 9 ,s4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli at ,bologna1 & n[ 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is n n[ recognis$ z 84 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic example is ! s-call$ ,/efanes*i alt>-piece1 pa9t$ 9 #abih = ! same patron :o commission$ ! ,navicella4 ,giotto's highe/ m]it consi/s especially 9 ! numb] ( new subjects :i* he introduc$1 9 ! life-l & spiritual expression ) :i* he height5$ all famili> occurr5ces & sc5es1 & 9 ! *oice ( ! mom5t ( repres5tation4 ,9 all ^! no e>li] ,*ri/ian pa9t] c be comp>$ ) him4 ,ano!r & sc>cely less important quality he possess$ is 9 ! p[] ( convey+ tru? ( "*4 ,! faces introduc$ into "s ( 8 compositions be> an inw>d gu>antee ( _! lively resemblance to "s liv+ model1 & ?is *>act]i/ic seems to h be5 eag]ly seiz$ ^u by 8 imm$iate foll[]s = emulation1 z is noticeable 9 two ( ! pr9cipal works--9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce1 & 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,incoronata at ,naples--=m]ly attribut$ to him b n[ relegat$ to 8 pupils4 ,! portrait ( ,dante 9 a fresco on ! wall ( ! ,b>gello %[s a deep & p5etrat+ m9d1 & 9 ! ,sacram5ts at ,naples we f9d heads copi$ f life ) obvi\s fidelity & su* a natural conception ( p>ticul> sc5es z br+s !m to ! m9d ( ! spectator ) extraord9>y di/9ctness4 ,( ,giotto's num]\s foll[]s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury x is impossible 9 ! pres5t "w to give any p>ticul> acc\nt1 b ( 8 influ5ce at l>ge on ! practice z on ! treatm5t & conception ( pa9t+ at ?is /age ( its developm5t1 "o or two examples may be cit$ z typical ( ! progress he urg$1 su* z ! frescoes 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa4 ,?is wond]ful cloi/]1 :i* measures f\r hundr$ feet 9 l5g? & ov] a hundr$ 9 wid?--traditionally ! dim5sions ( ,noah's ark--0 f\nd$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ,ubaldo1 be=e #abjj1 on 8 return f ,pale/9e br++ fifty-?ree %ips lad5 ) e>? f ! ,holy ,l&4 ,on ?is soil x 0 erect$1 & surr\nd$ by high walls 9 #abgh4 ,! :ole ( ^! walls 7 aft]w>ds adorn$ ) pa9t+s1 9 two ti]s4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ^! frescoes--:i* are by sev]al di/9ct h&s--is altoge!r subord9ate to t ( ! subjects depict$ & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are treat$1 & we %all le>n m f a g5]al survey ( !m ?an by foll[+ out ! =tunes ( p>ticul> pa9t]s4 ,! e>lie/ are ^? on ! ea/ side1 ne> ! *apel1 b m important are ^? on ! nor?1 ( ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :i* %[ a decid$ advance1 bo? 9 feel+ & execution1 beyond ,giotto4 ,! fir/ is ,! ,triumph ( ,dea?1 9 :i* ! sup]natural is temp]$ ) repres5tations ( :at is mortal to an ext5t t already %[s t pa9t+ 0 n to be conf9$ to religi\s uses alone4 ,all ! pleasures & sorr[s ( life are "h repres5t$1 on ! e>?2 x is only 9 ! sky t we see ! demons & angels4 ,on "o side is a fe/ive company ( ladies & cavali]s1 ) hawks & dogs1 seat$ "u orange trees1 ) ri* c>pets at _! feet1 all spl5didly dress$4 ,a tr\bad\r & a s++ girl amuse !m ) songs1 amor9i flutt] ar\nd !m & wave _! tor*es4 ,on ! o!r side is ano!r gr\p1 also a hunt+ p>ty1 on spl5didly cap>ison$ horses1 & accompani$ by a tra9 ( att5dants4 ,on ! m\nta9s 9 ! backgr\nd are sev]al h]mits1 :o 9 contra/ to ! vot>ies ( pleasure h atta9$ 9 a life ( contemplation & ab/95ce ! highe/ t]m ( human exi/5ce4 ,_m ( ! figures are traditionally suppos$ to be portraits4 ,! c5tre =egr\nd is devot$ to ! less =tunate on e>?1 ! begg>s & cripples1 & also corpses ( ! mighty2 & ) ^! we may turn to ! allegorical treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,to ! fir/ gr\p desc5ds ! angel ( dea?1 sw++ a scy!1 & to h] ! un=tunate are /ret*+ out _! arms 9 supplication = an end to _! sorr[s4 ,! second gr\p1 x w be se51 are trac+ a pa? :i* leads to ?ree op5 c(f9s 9 :i* lie ! bodies ( ?ree pr9ces 9 diff]5t /ages ( decay1 :ile a monk on crut*es--int5d$ = ,s4 ,mac>ius--is po9t+ to !m4 ,! air is fill$ ) angels & demons1 "s ( :om receive ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,a second picture is ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & a ?ird ,hell1 ! resemblance betwe5 :i* & ! great alt>-piece 9 ! ,/rozzi ,*apel 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce1 pa9t$ by ,&rea ,orcagna 9 #aceg1 0 =m]ly consid]$ pro( ( ! same au?or%ip4 ,!y are n[ attribut$ to an unkn[n disciple ( ,pietro ,lor5zetti1 :o 0 pa9t+ 9 ,si5a betwe5 #acjf & #acdh1 & is assum$ to h be5 a pupil ( ,duccio4 ,! f\r? picture1 app>5tly by ano!r h&--possibly t ( ,lor5zetti himself--is ,! ,life ( ! ,h]mits 9 ! wild]ness ( ,!bais1 compos$ ( a numb] ( s+le gr\ps 9 :i* ! calm life ( contemplation is repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ mann]4 ,9 front fl[s ! ,nile1 & a numb] ( h]mits are se5 on its banks /ill subject$ to e>?ly occupations2 !y cat* fi%1 hew wood1 c>ry burd5s to ! city1 etc4 ,high] up1 9 ! m\nta9s1 !y are m e/rang$ f ! _w1 b ! ,tempt] foll[s !m 9 v>i\s disguises1 sometimes frightful1 sometimes s$uc+4 ,z a :ole ?is composition is con/ruct$ 9 ! anci5t mann]--z 9 ,byzant9e art--sev]al s]ies ris+ "o above ! o!r1 ea* ( equal size1 & )\t any pret5sion to p]spective3 ! s+le gr\ps1 at ! same "t1 are execut$ ) mu* grace & feel+4 ,next to ?is are six pictures ( ! hi/ory ( ,s4 ,rani]i1 & z _m ( ! lives ( ,s4 ,efeso & ,s4 ,potito4 ,! latt] are kn[n to h be5 pa9t$ 9 #acib by ,sp9ello ( ,arezzo1 or ,sp9ello ,aret9o z he is call$1 ( ^: "w we h "s fragm5ts 9 ! ,national ,gall]y--alas too few6 ,two ( ^! fragm5ts are f 8 l>ge fresco ,! ,fall ( ! ,rebelli\s ,angels1 pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli at ,arezzo1 :i* aft] be+ :itewa%$ ov] 7 rescu$ on ! conv]sion ( ! *ur* to secul> uses4 ,vas>i relates t :5 ,sp9ello _h f9i%$ ?is "w ! devil appe>$ to him 9 ! night z horrible & de=m$ z 9 ! picture1 & ask$ him :]e he _h se5 him 9 s frightful a =m1 & :y he _h treat$ him s ignom9i\sly4 ,sp9ello awoke f 8 dream ) horror1 fell into a /ate ( ab/raction1 & soon aft]w>ds di$4 ,on ! ?ird "p ( ! s\? wall is repres5t$ ! hi/ory ( ,job1 9 a s]ies ( pa9t+s :i* 7 =m]ly attribut$ to ,giotto himself1 ?\gh x is n[ recognis$ t !y _c be ( an e>li] date ?an ab\t #acgj4 ,! ,temptation ( ,job is by ,taddeo ,gaddi1 & ! o!rs1 pa9t$ 9 #acgb1 are probably by ,francesco da ,volt]ra--n to be confus$ ) ! sixte5? c5tury pa9t] ,daniele da ,volt]ra4 ,! pa9t+s on ! we/ wall are ( inf]ior workman%ip1 :ile ^? on ! nor? 7 ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli a c5tury lat]4 ,,iii ,,! ,,e>li] ,,quattroc5ti/s ,,com+ to ! second p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ! new art--r\ghly1 t is to say1 f #adjj to #adej--,vas>i obs]ves t ev5 :]e !re is no great facility display$1 yet ! works ev9ce great c>e & ?\ght2 ! mann] is m free & graceful1 ! col\r+ m v>i$ & pleas+2 m figures are employ$ 9 ! compositions1 & ! draw+ is m correct inasmu* z x is clos] to nature4 ,x 0 ,masaccio1 he says1 :o dur+ ?is p]iod sup]s$$ ! mann] ( ,giotto 9 reg>d to ! pa9t+ ( fle%1 drap]ies1 build+s1 etc41 & also re/or$ ! practice ( =e%ort5+ & br\ght to light t mod]n mann] :i* has be5 foll[$ by all arti/s4 ,m natural attitudes1 & m effectual expression ( feel+ 9 ! ge/ures & movem5ts ( ! body result$1 z art seek+ to approa* ! tru? ( nature by m correct draw+ & to exhibit s close a resemblance to ! face ( ! liv+ p]son t ea* figure might at once be recognis$4 ,?us ^! ma/]s con/antly endeav\r$ to reproduce :at !y beheld 9 nature & no m2 _! works became consequ5tly m c>efully consid]$ & bett] und]/ood4 ,?is gave !m c\rage to lay d[n rules = p]spective & to c>ry ! =e%ort5+s precisely to ! po9t :i* gives an exact imitation ( ! relief app>5t 9 nature & ! real =m4 ,m9ute att5tion to ! effects ( light & %ade & to v>i\s te*nical difficulties ensu$1 & ef=ts 7 made t[>ds a bett] ord] ( composition4 ,l&scapes also 7 attempt$2 tracts ( c\ntry1 trees1 %rubs1 fl[]s1 cl\ds1 ! air1 & o!r natural objects 7 depict$ ) "s resemblance to ! realities repres5t$2 insomu* t ! art might be said n only to h become ennobl$1 b to h atta9$ to t fl[] ( y\? f :i* ! fruit aft]w>ds to foll[ might reasonably be look$ =4 ,=emo/ among ! pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod 0 ,,fra ,,angelico1 or to give him 8 prop] title1 ,frate ,giovanni da ,fiesole1 :o 0 born 9 #achg n f> f ,flor5ce1 & di$ 9 #adee4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s old he jo9$ ! ord] ( ! prea*+ fri>s1 & all 8 pa9t+ is devot$ to religi\s subjects4 ,he 0 a man ( ! utmo/ simplicity1 & mo/ holy 9 e act ( 8 life4 ,he disreg>d$ all worldly advantages4 ,k9dly to all1 & temp]ate 9 all 8 habits1 he us$ to say t he :o practis$ ! art ( pa9t+ _h ne$ ( quiet1 & %\ld live )\t c>es & anxi\s ?\ghts2 add+ t he :o w\ld d ! "w ( ,*ri/ %\ld p]petually rema9 ) ,*ri/4 ,he 0 mo/ humble & mode/1 & 9 8 pa9t+ he gave evid5ce ( piety & devotion z well z ( ability1 & ! sa9ts t he pa9t$ h m ( ! air ( sanctity ?an h ^? ( any o!r ma/]4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ,fra ,angelico to ab/a9 f ret\*+ or improv+ any pa9t+ once f9i%$4 ,he alt]$ no?+1 b left all z x 0 done ! fir/ "t1 believ+1 z he said1 t su* 0 ! w ( ,god4 ,x is also affirm$ t he w\ld nev] take 8 bru%es 9 h& until he _h fir/ (f]$ a pray]1 & he is said nev] to h pa9t$ a crucifix )\t te>s /ream+ f 8 eyes1 & 9 ! c\nt5ance & attitude ( 8 figures x is easy to p]ceive pro( ( 8 s9c]ity1 8 goodness1 & ! dep? ( 8 devotion to ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is well se5 9 ! picture ( ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #abij74 ,sup]ior to all 8 o!r works1 ,vas>i says ( ?is ma/]piece1 & "o 9 :i* he surpass$ himself1 is a picture 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,dom5ico at ,fiesole2 9 ?is "w he proves ! high quality ( 8 p[]s z well z ! pr(\nd intellig5ce he possess$ ( ! art he practis$4 ,! subject is ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 by ,jesus ,*ri/2 ! pr9cipal figures are surr\nd$ by a *oir ( angels1 among :om are a va/ numb] ( sa9ts & holy p]sonages1 male & female4 ,^! figures are s num]\s1 s well execut$ 9 attitudes1 s v>i\s1 & ) expressions ( ! head s ri*ly div]sifi$1 t "o feels inf9ite pleasure & delight 9 reg>d+ !m4 ,nay1 "o is conv9c$ t ^? bless$ spirits c look no o!rwise 9 heav5 itself1 or1 to speak "u correction1 c\ld n if !y _h =ms appe> o!rwise2 = all ! sa9ts male & female assembl$ "h h n only life & expression mo/ delicately & truly r5d]$1 b ! col\r+ also ( ! :ole "w w\ld seem to h be5 giv5 by ! h& ( a sa9t or ( an angel l !mselves4 ,x is n )\t suffici5t reason !re=e t ?is excell5t ecclesia/ic is always call$ ,frate ,giovanni ,angelico4 ,! /ories f ! life ( ,our ,lady & ( ,san ,dom5ico :i* adorn ! pr$ella1 moreov]1 are 9 ! same div9e mann]2 & ,i = myself c affirm ) tru? t ,i nev] see ?is "w b x appe>s some?+ new1 nor c ,i ev] satisfy myself ) ! sight ( x or h en\gh ( behold+ x4 ,no less beautiful are ! five comp>tm5ts ( ! pr$ella to ! alt>-piece /ill 9 ,san ,dom5ico at ,fiesole--:i* 7 pur*as$ = ! ,national ,gall]y 9 #ahfj at ! !n al>m+ price ( #cejj--) no less ?an two hundr$ & sixty little figures ( sa9tly p]sonages1 s beautiful1 z ,vas>i says1 t !y appe> to be truly be+s ( ,p>adise4 ,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi1 born 9 ,flor5ce ab\t #adjf1 & dy+ !re 9 #adfi1 0 ! exact anti!sis ( ,fra ,angelico1 bo? 9 8 private life & 9 ! me?od ( 8 pa9t+4 ,he 0 j z e>?ly 9 bo? respects z ,fra ,angelico 0 heav5ly4 ,z a *ild he 0 put ) ! ,c>melites1 & z he %[$ an incl9ation = draw+ r ?an = /udy1 he 0 all[$ e facility = /udy+ ! newly pa9t$ *apel ( ! ,branacci1 & foll[$ ! mann] ( ,masaccio s closely t x 0 said t ! _s ( t ma/] _h ent]$ into 8 body4 ,x is only fair to ,masaccio to add t ?is means 8 arti/ic _s1 = ,filippo's moral "* 0 by no means exempl>y4 ,! /ory ( "o ( 8 be/-kn[n works1 ,! ,nativity1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #acdc71 is ?us relat$ by ,vas>i3--,hav+ receiv$ a commission f ! nuns ( ,santa ,m>gh]ita1 at ,prato1 to pa9t a picture = ! high alt> ( _! *ur*1 he *anc$ "o day to see ! daught] ( ,francesco ,buti1 a citiz5 ( ,flor5ce1 :o _h be5 s5t to ! conv5t z a novice4 ,filippo1 aft] a glance at ,lucrezia--= t 0 h] "n--0 s tak5 ) h] beauty t he prevail$ ^u ! nuns to all[ him to pa9t h] z ! ,virg94 ,?is result$ 9 8 fall+ s viol5tly 9 love ) h] t he induc$ h] to run away ) him4 ,resi/+ e ef=t ( h] fa!r & ( ! nuns to make h] leave ,filippo1 %e rema9$ ) him1 & bore him a son :o liv$ to be almo/ z fam\s a pa9t] z 8 fa!r4 ,he 0 call$ ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,! picture ( ,s4 ,john & six sa9ts 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #fgg7 also recalls ! /ory ( 8 wildness1 inasmu* z x came f ! ,palazzo ,m$ici1 :]e ,filippo work$ = ! great ,cosimo di ,m$ici4 ,x 0 well kn[n t ,filippo paid no att5tion to 8 "w :5 he 0 engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( 8 pleasures1 & s ,cosimo %ut him up 9 ! palace s t he might n wa/e 8 "t 9 runn+ ab\t :ile work+ = him4 ,b ,filippo aft] a c\ple ( days' conf9em5t made a rope out ( 8 b$ clo!s1 & let himself d[n f ! w9d[1 & = sev]al days gave himself up to 8 own amusem5ts4 ,:5 ,cosimo f\nd t he _h disappe>$1 he _h se>* made = him1 & at la/ ,filippo return$2 aft] :i* ,cosimo 0 afraid to %ut him up aga9 9 view ( ! risk he _h run 9 desc5d+ f ! w9d[4 ,vas>i consid]s t ,filippo excell$ 9 8 small] pictures--,9 ^! he surpass$ himself1 imp>t+ to !m a grace & beauty ?an :i* no?+ f9] c\ld be imag9$4 ,examples ( ?is may be se5 9 ! pr$ellas ( all ! works pa9t$ by him4 ,he 0 inde$ an ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,filippo ,,lippi ,,! ,,annunciation ,national ,gall]y1 ,london arti/ ( su* p[] t 9 8 own "t he 0 surpass$ by none2 !re=e x is t he has n only be5 always prais$ by ,mi*elangelo1 b 9 _m p>ticul>s has be5 imitat$ by him4 ,z a contributor to ! progress ( ! art ( pa9t+ he is cr$it$ by ,vas>i ) two innovations1 :i* may be se5 9 8 pa9t+s 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,dom5ico at ,prato1 namely 7#a7 ! figures be+ l>g] ?an life1 & !reby =m+ an example to lat] arti/s = giv+ true gr&eur to l>ge figures2 & 7#b7 c]ta9 figures clo!d 9 ve/m5ts b little us$ at t "t1 :]eby ! m9ds ( o!r arti/s 7 awak5$ & began to dep>t f t sam5ess :i* %\ld r be call$ obsolete monotony ?an antique simplicity4 ,x is noticeable t despite 8 bad "*--:i* is said to h be5 ! cause ( 8 dea? by poison--all 8 "w 0 9 religi\s subjects4 ,he 0 pa9t+ ! *apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady at ,spoleto :51 9 #adfi1 he di$4 ,,paolo ,,uccello1 z he 0 call$1 0 born at ,flor5ce 9 #acig1 & di$ !re 9 #adge4 ,8 real "n 0 ,paolo di ,dono1 b he 0 s fond ( pa9t+ animals & birds--especially ! latt]--t he (ficially sign$ himself z ,paolo ,uccello4 ,he devot$ s mu* ( 8 "t1 h[ev]1 to ! /udy ( p]spective1 t bo? 8 life & 8 "w suff]$ !reby4 ,8 wife us$ to relate t he w\ld /& ! :ole night ?r\gh beside 8 writ+ table1 & :5 %e entreat$ him to come to b$1 w\ld only say1 ,oh1 :at a delightful ?+ is ?is p]spective6 ,donatello1 ! sculptor1 is said to h told him t 9 8 ceaseless /udy ( p]spective he 0 leav+ ! sub/ance = ! %ad[2 b ,donatello 0 n a pa9t]4 ,be=e 8 "t ! pa9t]s _h n /udi$ ! "q ( p]spective sci5tifically4 ,giotto _h made no attempt at x1 & ,masaccio only came ne>] to realis+ x by *ance4 ,brunelles*i1 ! ar*itect1 laid d[n its fir/ pr9ciples1 b x 0 ,uccello :o fir/ put ^! pr9ciples into practice 9 pa9t+1 & !reby pav$ ! way = 8 successors to walk firmly ^u4 ,h[ he /ruggl$ ) ! difficulties ( ?is vitally important subject may be se5 9 ! l>ge battle-piece at ! ,national ,gall]y1 & h[ev] crude & absurd ?is f9e composition may seem at fir/ sight to ^? :o are only accu/om$ to look+ at mod]n pictures1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,uccello is "h /ruggl+1 z x 71 ) a savage mon/] :i* to succe$+ pa9t]s has1 ?r\gh 8 ef=ts1 be5 a submissive slave4 ,?is picture is "o ( f\r panels execut$ = ! ,b>tol9i family4 ,"o ( ! o!rs is 9 ! ,l\vre1 & a ?ird 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,ano!r--or inde$ almo/ ! only o!r--"w ( ,uccello :i* is n[ to be se5 is ! colossal pa9t+ 9 mono*rome 7t]ra-v]de7 on ! wall ( ! ca!dral at ,flor5ce4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is eque/rian portrait commemorates an ,engli%man1 ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 ^: "n is ,italianiz$ 9 ! inscription into ,giovanni ,acuto4 ,he 0 born at ,sible ,h$+ham 9 ,essex1 ! son ( a tann]1 & adv5tur+ "u ,edw>d ,,iii4 into ,france1 f\nd 8 way to ,flor5ce1 :]e he s]v$ ! ,/ate s well t !y int]r$ him1 on 8 dea? 9 #acic1 at ! public exp5se1 & subsequ5tly commission$ ,uccello to execute 8 monum5t4 ,) all 8 devotion to sci5ce1 ! arti/ has committ$ ! /range mi/ake ( mak+ ! horse /& on two legs on ! same side1 ! o!r two be+ lift$4 ,,to ,,masaccio1 born 9 or ab\t #adjj1 & dy+ 9 #addc1 we owe a great /ep 9 art t[>ds realism4 ,x 0 he1 says ,vas>i1 :o fir/ atta9$ ! cle> p]ception t pa9t+ is only ! close imitation1 by draw+ & col\r+ simply1 ( all ! =ms pres5t$ by nature %[+ !m z !y are produc$ by h]1 & t :oev] %all mo/ p]fectly effect ?is may be said to h mo/ ne>ly approa*$ ! summit ( excell5ce4 ,! conviction ( ?is tru?1 he adds1 0 ! cause ( ,masaccio's atta9+ s mu* k by means ( p]petual /udy t he may be acc\nt$ among ! fir/ by :om art 0 9 a measure deliv]$ f rud5ess & h>dness2 x 0 he :o l$ ! way to ! realisation ( beautiful attitudes & movem5ts :i* 7 nev] exhibit$ by any pa9t] be=e 8 day1 :ile he also imp>t$ a life & =ce to 8 figures1 ) a c]ta9 r\ndness & relief :i* r5d] !m truly *>act]i/ic & natural4 ,possess+ great correctness ( judgm5t1 ,masaccio p]ceiv$ t all figures n suffici5tly =e%ort5$ to appe> /&+ firmly on ! plane :]eon !y are plac$1 b re>$ up on ! po9ts ( _! feet1 mu/ ne$s be depriv$ ( all grace & excell5ce 9 ! mo/ important ess5tials4 ,x is true t ,uccello1 9 8 /udies ( p]spective1 _h help$ to less5 ?is difficulty1 b ,masaccio manag$ 8 =e%ort5+s ) mu* great] skill 7?\gh d\btless ) less sci5ce7 & succe$$ bett] ?an any arti/ be=e him4 ,moreov]1 he imp>t$ extreme s(tness & h>mony to 8 pa9t+s1 & 0 c>eful to h ! c>nations ( ! heads & o!r nude p>ts 9 accordance ) ! col\rs ( ! drap]ies1 :i* he repres5t$ ) few & simple folds z !y are se5 9 real life4 ,masaccio's pr9cipal rema9+ works are 8 frescoes 9 ! fam\s ,branacci ,*apel at ! ,c>m9e conv5t 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! "w ( decorat+ ! *apel 0 begun by ,masol9o1 b f9i%$ by ,masaccio & ,filippo ,lippi4 ,vas>i /ates x z a fact t all ! mo/ celebrat$ sculptors & pa9t]s _h become excell5t & illu/ri\s by /udy+ ,masaccio's "w 9 ?is *apel1 & !re is good reason to believe t ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael pr(it$ by _! /udies !re1 )\t m5tion+ all ! names enum]at$ by ,vas>i4 ,see+ h[ important ! influ5ce ( ,masaccio 0 de/9$ to become1 ,i h v5tur$ to italicise ,vas>i's op9ions on ! causes :i* op]at$ 9 creat+ ! ,flor5t9e /yle & 9 rais+ ! art ( pa9t+ to heights undreamt ( by its e>lie/ pione]s4 ,,iv ,,! ,,lat] ,,quattroc5ti/s ,,?ree names /& out conspicu\sly f ! ranks ( ,flor5t9e pa9t]s 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b progress be+ "o ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! art at ?is p]iod1 z 9 all o!rs1 x is n surpris+ t ! ord] ( _! fame co9cides 7inv]sely7 pretty ne>ly ) t ( _! date4 ,fir/1 ,,antonio ,,pollaiuolo2 second1 ,,s&ro ,,botticelli2 & la/ly1 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,x is important to note t ,pollaiuolo 0 fir/ appr5tic$ to a goldsmi?1 & atta9$ su* pr(ici5cy 9 t craft t he 0 employ$ by ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti 9 ! c>v+ ( ! gates ( ! ,bapti/ry1 & subsequ5tly set up a work%op = himself4 ,9 competition ) ,f9igu]ra he execut$ v>i\s /ories1 says ,vas>i1 :]e9 he fully equall$ 8 competitor 9 c>eful execution1 :ile he surpass$ him 9 beauty ( design4 ,! guild ( m]*ants1 be+ conv9c$ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,s&ro ,,botticelli 787 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ( 8 ability1 resolv$ to employ him to execute c]ta9 /ories 9 silv] = ! alt> ( ,san ,giovanni1 & he p]=m$ !m s excell5tly t !y 7 ackn[l$g$ to be ! be/ ( all ^? previ\sly execut$ by v>i\s ma/]s4444 ,9 o!r *ur*es also 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome1 & o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 8 miracul\s enamels are to be se54 ,n[ :e!r or n ,antonio1 l o!rs1 cont9u$ to ex]cise ?is craft1 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,vas>i1 z foll[s1 ( 8 le>n+ to pa9t is extremely significant z %[+ h[ pa9t+ 0 reg>d$ 9 relation to ! k9dr$ arts s widely practis$ 9 ,flor5ce3--,ev5tually1 consid]+ t ?is craft did n secure a long life to ! "w ( its ma/]s1 ,antonio1 desir+ = 8 lab\rs a m endur+ memory1 resolv$ to devote himself to x no long]2 & 8 bro!r ,pi]o be+ a pa9t]1 he jo9$ himself to him = ! purpose ( le>n+ ! modes ( proce$+ 9 pa9t+4 ,he !n f\nd ?is to be an art s diff]5t f t ( ! goldsmi? t he wi%$ he _h nev] address$ himself to x4 ,b be+ impell$ by %ame r ?an any advantage to be obta9$1 he acquir$ a k ( ! processes us$ 9 pa9t+ 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 & became an excell5t ma/]4 ,z e>ly z #adfj he _h pa9t$ ! ?ree l>ge canvases ( ,h]cules = ,lor5zo de',m$ici1 n[ no long] exi/+1 b probably reflect$ 9 ! two small panels ( ! same subject 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,^! alone are en\gh to m>k him z "o ( ! greate/ arti/s ( 8 "t4 ,! magnific5t ,david1 at ,b]l91 soon foll[$1 & ! little ,daphne & ,apollo 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,^! 7 all accompli%$ unaid$1 b a little lat] he work$ 9 conc]t ) 8 bro!r ,pi]o1 to :om we are told to attribute p>ts ( ! pa9t+ ( ! l>ge ,s4 ,seba/ian 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 pa9t$ 9 #adge = ,antonio ,pucci1 f ^: desc5dant x 0 pur*as$4 ,= ! *apel ( ! ,pucci 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,seba/ian1 says ,vas>i1 ,antonio pa9t$ ! alt>-piece--a rem>kable & wond]fully execut$ "w ) num]\s horses1 _m nude figures1 & s+ul>ly beautiful =e%ort5+s4 ,also ! portrait ( ,s4 ,seba/ian tak5 f life1 t is to say1 f ,g9o di ,ludovico ,capponi4 ,?is picture has be5 m extoll$ ?an any by ,antonio4 ,he has evid5tly copi$ nature to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 z we see m especially 9 "o ( ! ar*]s1 :o1 b5d+ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 & re/+ 8 b[ aga9/ 8 brea/1 is employ+ all 8 =ce to prep>e x = action2 ! ve9s are swell+1 ! muscles /ra9$1 & ! man holds 8 brea? z he applies all 8 /r5g? to ! ef=t4 ,all ! o!r figures 9 ! div]sity ( _! attitudes cle>ly prove ! arti/'s ability & ! lab\r he has be/[$ on ! "w4 ,x is 9 8 sup]b r5d]+ ( ! figure1 especially 9 ! nude1 t ,antonio ,pollaiuolo m>ks a decisive /ep 9 ! progress ( pa9t+1 & is entitl$ to be reg>d$ z ! fir/ mod]n arti/ to ma/] expression ( ! human =m1 its _s1 & its action4 ,b = him we %\ld miss mu* ( ! /r5g? & vig\r t di/+ui%es ! real f ! false ,botticelli4 ,9 ! same "t ) ! illu/ri\s ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 ! eld]1 ,vas>i writes1 :i* 0 truly an age ( gold = m5 ( tal5t1 !re fl\ri%$ a c]ta9 ,aless&ro1 call$ aft] our cu/om ,s&ro1 & fur!r nam$ di ,botticello1 = a reason :i* we %all pres5tly see4 ,8 fa!r1 ,m>iano ,filipepi1 a ,flor5t9e citiz51 br\ght him up ) c>e2 b al?\gh ! boy readily acquir$ :atev] he _h a m9d to le>n1 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,s&ro ,,botticelli ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,"y ,,man ,national ,gall]y1 ,london yet he 0 always discont5t$1 nor w\ld he take any pleasure 9 read+1 writ+1 or acc\nts2 s t 8 fa!r turn$ him ov] 9 despair to a fri5d ( 8 call$ ,botticello1 :o 0 a goldsmi?4 ,!re 0 at t "t a close connection & almo/ con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 ! goldsmi?s & ! pa9t]s1 :]e=e ,s&ro1 :o _h rem>kable tal5t & 0 /rongly dispos$ to ! arts ( design1 became enam\r$ ( pa9t+ & resolv$ to devote himself entirely to t vocation4 ,he ackn[l$g$ 8 purpose =?) to 8 fa!r1 :o accord+ly took him to ,fra ,filippo4 ,devot+ himself entirely to ! vocation he _h *os51 ,s&ro s closely foll[$ ! directions & imitat$ ! mann] ( 8 ma/]1 t ,filippo conceiv$ a great love = him1 & in/ruct$ him s effectually t ,s&ro rapidly atta9$ a degree 9 art t none c\ld h pr$ict$ = him4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,giottesque tradition :i* 0 ?us h&$ on to ! y\?ful ,botticelli by ,filippo ,lippi is traceable 9 ! beautiful little ,adoration ( ! ,magi--! oblong1 n ! tondo--9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #eib74 ,?is 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ,filipp9o ,lippi1 b is n[ univ]sally recognis$ z "o ( ,s&ro's v e>lie/ productions1 :5 /ill "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ,filippo1 & prior to ! ,=titude1 pa9t$ be=e #adgj1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 & is ! fir/ picture m5tion$ by ,vas>i1 ?us--,:ile /ill a y\? he pa9t$ ! figure ( ,=titude among ^? pictures ( ! virtues :i* ,antonio & ,pietro ,pollaiuolo 7 execut+ 9 ! ,m]catanzia or ,tribunal ( ,comm]ce 9 ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,santo ,spirito 7,vas>i cont9ues1 nam+ a picture :i* is probably ,! ,virg9 ,en?ron$1 n[ at ,b]l9 7,no4 #ajf771 he pa9t$ a picture = ! ,b>di family2 ?is "w he execut$ ) great dilig5ce1 & f9i%$ x v successfully1 depict+ ! olive & palm trees ) extraord9>y c>e4 ,! influ5ce ( ,pollaiuolo is m evid5t 9 8 two next productions1 ! two small panels ( ,hol(]nes & ! ,portrait ( a ,man ) a ,m$al1 9 ! ,uffizi1 & aga9 9 ! ,s4 ,seba/ian n[ at ,b]l91 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #adgc4 ,ab\t #adgf ! second ,adoration ( ! ,magi 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 0 pa9t$1 & a ye> or two lat] ! fam\s & m spl5did picture ( ! same subject :i* is 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,) ?is he e/abli%$ 8 reputation1 %[+ himself unmi/akably z an arti/ ( pr(\nd feel+ & noble "* besides be+ a skilful pa9t]4 ,x 0 commission$ = ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,9 ! face ( ! olde/ ( ! k+s1 says ,vas>i1 !re is ! mo/ lively expression ( t5d]ness z he kisses ! foot ( ! ,savi\r1 & ( satisfaction at ! atta9m5t ( ! purpose = :i* he _h und]tak5 8 long j\rney4 ,?is figure is ! portrait ( ,cosimo de',m$ici1 ! mo/ fai?ful & animat$ lik5ess ( all n[ kn[n ( him4 ,! second ( ! k+s is ! portrait ( ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 fa!r ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 & he is pres5t+ 8 gift ) an expression ( ! mo/ dev\t s9c]ity4 ,! ?ird1 :o is likewise kneel+1 seems to be (f]+ ?anksgiv+ z well z adoration2 ?is is ! lik5ess ( ,giovanni1 ! son ( ,cosimo4 ,! beauty :i* ,s&ro has imp>t$ to ^! heads _c be adequately describ$2 all ! figures are 9 diff]5t attitudes1 "s se5 full face1 o!rs 9 pr(ile1 "s almo/ entirely turn$ away1 o!rs b5t d[n2 & to all ! arti/ has giv5 an appropriate expression1 :e!r old or "y1 %[+ num]\s peculi>ities1 :i* prove ! ma/]y he possess$ ov] 8 art4 ,he has ev5 di/+ui%$ ! foll[]s ( ea* k+1 s t "o c see :i* belong to "o & :i* to ano!r4 ,x is inde$ a mo/ wond]ful "w2 ! composition1 ! col\r+1 & ! design are s beautiful t e arti/ to-day is amaz$ at x1 & at ! "t x acquir$ s great a fame = ,s&ro t ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 appo9t$ him sup]9t5d5t ( ! pa9t+ ( ! *apel he _h built 9 ,rome4 ,! visit to ,rome 0 9 #adha1 & meantime ,botticelli _h produc$ ! wayw>d ,primav]a1 & ! m /]n & h>% ,s4 ,augu/9e 9 ! *ur* ( ,ognissanti4 ,( 8 frescoes 9 ! ,pope's *apel ne>ly all h surviv$1 includ+ ,moses slay+ ! ,egyptian1 ,! ,temptation1 & ,! ,de/ruction ( ,korah's ,company1 besides su* ( ! heads ( ! ,popes z 7 n pa9t$ by ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio & 8 o!r assi/ants 9 ! "w4 ,return+ to ,flor5ce 9 #adhb1 he 0 = tw5ty ye>s )\t a rival 9 ! city--aft] ! dep>ture ( ,leon>do to ,milan--& he appe>s to h be5 subject$ to no new influ5ces1 b /eadily to h develop$ ! imm5se =ces )9 him4 ,be=e #adib may be dat$ ! two examples 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! ,portrait ( a ,y\? & ! fasc9at+ ,m>s & ,v5us1 :i* 0 probably int5d$ z a decoration = "s l>ge piece ( furniture4 ,! beautiful & extraord9>ily life-l frescoes 9 ! ,l\vre 7! only recognis$ works ( ! ma/] 9 t ,gall]y7 f ! ,villa ,lemmi1 repres5t+ ,giovanna ,tornabuoni ) ,v5us & ! ,graces1 & ,lor5zo ,tornabuoni ) ! ,lib]al ,arts1 are assign$ to #adhf4 ,( ?is p]iod are also ! m famili> ,bir? ( ,v5us2 ,! ,tondo ( ! ,pomegranate & ! ,annunciation 9 ! ,uffizi1 & ! ,san ,m>co alt>-piece1 ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,flor5ce ,academy4 ,to ! influ5ce ( ,savon>ola1 h[ev] great or little t may h be51 is attribut$ ! s]i\sness ( 8 late/ "w4 ,pr(essor ,mu!r *>act]ises ,botticelli z ! ,j]emiah ( ! ,r5aissance1 b :e!r or n ?is is a rhetorical ov]/atem5t1 ! t5d5cy to impassion$ & fev]i% action1 s evid5t 9 ! fam\s ,calumny ( ,apelles1 reflects1 no d\bt1 ! agitation ( 8 spiritual /ress4#a ,?is is ! late/ ( ,s&ro's works :i* are 9 public gall]ies1 & !re is e probability t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 n v productive4 ,?is ma/] is said to h _h an extraord9>y love = ^? :om he knew to be zeal\s /ud5ts 9 art1 ,vas>i tells u1 & is affirm$ to h ga9$ consid]able sums ( money1 b be+ a bad manag] & v c>eless1 all came to no?+4 ,f9ally1 hav+ become old1 unfit = "w1 & helpless1 he 0 oblig$ to g on crut*es1 be+ unable to /& upright1 & s di$1 aft] long illness & decrepitude1 9 8 sev5ty-eigh? ye>4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,flor5ce1 9 ! *ur* ( ,ognissanti 9 ! ye> #aeaj4 ,! l>ge & beautiful ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 ) ! circles ( sa9ts & angels1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* has only ( late ye>s be5 tak5 out ( ! catalogue ( ,botticelli's works1 is n[ said to h be5 execut$ by 8 e>ly pupil ,,francesco ,,bottic9i 7c4 #addf-adig7 9 #adgj or !reab\ts4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro1 ,vas>i writes ( ,botticelli1 he execut$ a picture = ,matteo ,palmi]i1 ) a v l>ge numb] ( figures4 ,! subject is ! ,assumption ( our ,lady1 & ! zones or circles ( heav5 are ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,s&ro ,,botticelli ,,! ,,nativity ,national ,gall]y1 ,london !re pa9t$ 9 _! ord]4 ,! patri>*s1 prophets1 apo/les1 evangeli/s1 m>tyrs1 confessors1 doctors1 virg9s1 & ! hi]>*ies2 all ( :i* 0 execut$ by ,s&ro accord+ to ! design furni%$ to him by ,matteo1 :o 0 a v le>n$ & able man4 ,! :ole "w 0 conduct$ & f9i%$ ) ! mo/ wond]ful skill & c>e2 at ! foot 7 ! portraits ( ,matteo & 8 wife kneel+4 ,b al?\gh ?is picture is exce$+ly beautiful1 & ought to h put envy to %ame1 yet !re 7 c]ta9 malevol5t & c5sori\s p]sons :o1 n be+ able to fix any o!r blame ^u x1 decl>$ t ,matteo & ,s&ro _h fall5 into griev\s h]esy4 ,x is app>5t t ! picture has suff]$ int5tional injury1 & x is kn[n t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is suppos$ h]esy ! alt> :i* x adorn$ 0 int]dict$ & ! picture cov]$ up4 ,9 view ( all ! circum/ances x is c]ta9 t x 0 design$ by ,botticelli1 & v possibly execut$ "u 8 imm$iate sup]vision & ) "s assi/ance f him4 ,if we d n see ! real ,botticelli 9 x1 we see 8 influ5ce & 8 p[] f> m cle>ly ?an 9 ! num]\s tondi ( ,madonna & ,*ild t h be5 assign$ to him 9 less critical ages ?an our own4 ,= ! real ,botticelli 0 some?+ v real inde$1 & ?\gh x 0 easy en\gh to imitate 8 mann]isms1 nei!r ! /yle nor ! _s ( 8 "w 7 ev] )9 rea* ( 8 close/ foll[]s4 ,v ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,twelve ye>s y\ng] ?an ,botticelli 0 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci 7#adeb-aebj71 ^: c>e] z a pa9t] comm5c$ 9 ! work%op ( ,&rea ,v]roc*io1 goldsmi?1 pa9t]1 & sculptor4 ,t s extraord9>y a g5ius %\ld h fix$ ^u pa9t+ = 8 means ( expression r ?an any ( 8 o!r natural gifts is ! mo/ tell+ evid5ce ( ! pre-em95ce e>n$ = t art by ! ef=ts ( ^? ^: works we h be5 consid]+4 ,= once we may g all ! way ) ,vas>i1 & accept 8 e/imate ( him z ev5 mod]ate 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( mod]n writ]s4 ,! ri*e/ gifts1 he writes1 are sometimes %[]$1 z by cele/ial influ5ce1 on human creatures1 & we see beauty1 grace1 & tal5t s unit$ 9 a s+le p]son t :atev] ! man ?us fav\r$ may turn to1 8 e action is s div9e z to leave all o!r m5 f> beh9d him1 & to prove t he has be5 specially end[$ by ! h& ( ,god himself1 & has n obta9$ 8 pre-em95ce by human tea*+4 ,?is 0 se5 & ackn[l$g$ by all m5 9 ! case ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 9 :om1 to say no?+ ( ! beauty ( 8 p]son1 :i* 0 su* t x c\ld nev] be suffici5tly extoll$1 !re 0 a grace beyond expression :i* 0 manife/$ )\t ?\ght or ef=t 9 e act & de$1 & :o besides _h s r>e a gift ( tal5t & ability t to :atev] subject he turn$1 h[ev] difficult1 he pres5tly made himself absolute ma/] ( x4 ,extraord9>y /r5g? 0 9 him jo9$ ) rem>kable facility1 a m9d ( regal boldness & magnanim\s d>+4 ,8 gifts 7 su* t 8 fame ext5d$ f> & wide1 & he 0 held 9 ! highe/ e/imation n 9 8 own "t only1 b also & ev5 to a great] ext5t aft] 8 dea?2 & ?is w cont9ue to be 9 all succe$+ ages4 ,truly wond]ful inde$ & div9ely gift$ 0 ,leon>do4 ,to 8 activities 9 directions o!r ?an pa9t+1 ,i ne$ n allude except to say t !y acc\nt 9 a great measure = ! sc>city ( ! pictures he has left u1 & to emphasise ! significance ( 8 hav+ pa9t$ at all4 ,to a man ( su* supreme g5ius ! circum/ances 9 :i* he f\nd himself1 r ?an any p>ticul> te*nical facility1 det]m9$ ! c\rse ( 8 c>e]1 & 9 ano!r age & ano!r c\ntry he might h be5 a ,pheidias or a ,newton1 a ,%akespe>e or a ,bee?ov54 ,b if ! pictures he has left u are few 9 numb]--accord+ to ! pres5t e/imate n m ?an a doz5--!y are altoge!r great] ?an any?+ else 9 ! realm ( pa9t+1 & ) _! m>vell\s beauty & subtlety h probably _h a wid] influ5ce1 bo? on pa9t]s & on lov]s ( pa9t+1 ?an ^? ( any o!r ma/]4 ,!y seem to be end[$ ) a _s ( some?+ beyond pa9t+ itself1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ,! ,la/ ,supp] or ! ,mona ,lisa ! babble ( conflict+ op9ions on que/ions ( /yle1 te*nique1 & :at n is sil5c$4 ,simil>ly1 9 writ+ ( ,leon>do's pictures1 e "o ( :i* is a ma/]piece1 x seems sup]flu\s to say ev5 a ^w ab\t :at ! :ole _w already kn[s s well4 ,all t c be usefully add$ is a little ( ! tradition1 :]e x is suffici5tly au!nticat$1 relat+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* !y came into exi/5ce1 & su* ( ! circum/ances ( 8 life z conc]n _! production4 ,:5 /ill q a y\? ,leon>do 0 appr5tic$ to ,&rea ,v]roc*io1 & ! /ory goes t x 0 ! m>vell\s pa9t+ ( ! angel1 by ! pupil1 9 ! ma/]'s ,baptism 9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce1 t induc$ ,v]roc*io to ab&on pa9t+ & devote himself entirely to sculpture4 ,?is angel has be5 attribut$ to ! h& ( ,leon>do f ! e>lie/ times1 b c h>dly be tak51 at any rate 9 its pres5t condition1 z a decid$ pro( ( ! g5ius t 0 to be display$ 9 manhood4 ,m c]ta9 are ! ,s4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 9 ! ,uffizi1 ?\gh nei!r is c>ri$ beyond ! e>li] /ages ( "u-pa9t+4 ,a few f9i%$ portraits are n[ assign$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty to 8 e>li] ye>s2 b = 8 fam\s ma/]pieces we mu/ jump to ! ye> #adhb1 :5 he left ,flor5ce & w5t to ,milan1 :]e = ! next sixte5 ye>s he 0 int]mitt5tly engag$ 9 ! execution ( ! great eque/rian /atue1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ! ,fr5* m]c5>ies be=e x 0 actually complet$4 ,x appe>s t he 0 recomm5d$ by ,lor5zo de',m$ici to ,lodovico il ,moro1 ,duke ( ,milan1 probably = ! v purpose ( execut+ ?is /atue4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is n[ c]ta9 t 9 #adhc he 0 commission$ by ! ,franciscan monks to pa9t a picture ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild = _! *ur* ( ! ,conception1 & t betwe5 #adia & #adid ,leon>do & 8 assi/ant1 ,ambrogio di ,pr$is1 petition$ ! ,duke = an arbitration z to price4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! simil>1 & ?\gh n precisely id5tical1 composition 9 our ,national ,gall]y is g5]ally suppos$ to be a replica1 pa9t$ by ,ambrogio "u ! sup]vision (1 & possibly ) "s assi/ance f1 ,leon>do himself4 ,betwe5 #adie & #adih ,leon>do 0 engag$ on ! pa9t+ ( ,! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,9 ! ,=/] ,libr>y at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum is a notebook :i* conta9s 8 fir/ memor&a = ! wond]ful design ( ?is ma/]piece4 ,at ,w9dsor are /udies = ! heads ( ,s4 ,mat!w1 ,s4 ,philip1 & ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,,! ,,virg9 ,,( ,,! ,,rocks ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,judas1 & = ! "r arm ( ,s4 ,pet]4 ,t ( ! head ( ! ,*ri/ 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan has be5 s mu* re/or$ t x c h>dly be reg>d$ z ,leon>do's "w4 ,vas>i's acc\nt ( ! delays 9 ! completion ( ! pa9t+ is bett] kn[n1 & probably less tru/wor?y1 ?an "o or two notices ( ab\t ! same date1 quot$ by ,mr ,h4 ,p4 ,horne1 9 translat+ & comm5t+ on ,vas>i4 ,9 ,june #adig1 :5 ! "w _h be5 9 progress ov] two ye>s1 ,duke ,lodovico wrote to 8 secret>y to urge ,leon>do1 ! ,flor5t9e1 to f9i% ! "w ( ! ,refectory :i* he has begun1 444 & t articles subscrib$ by 8 h& %all be execut$ :i* %all oblige him to f9i% ! "w )9 ! "t t %all be agre$ ^u4 ,matteo ,b&ello1 9 ! prologue to "o ( 8 ,novelle1 describes h[ he saw him actually at "w--,leon>do1 z ,i h m ?an once se5 & obs]v$ him1 us$ (t5 to g e>ly 9 ! morn+ & m\nt ! scaffold+ 7= ,! ,la/ ,supp] is some:at rais$ above ! gr\nd71 & f morn+ till dusk nev] lay ! bru% out ( 8 h&1 b1 oblivi\s ( bo? eat+ & dr9k+1 pa9t )\t ceas+4 ,aft] t1 he w\ld rema9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r days )\t t\*+ x3 yet he always /ay$ !re1 sometimes = "o or two h\rs1 & only contemplat$1 consid]$1 & criticis$1 z he exam9$ ) himself ! figures he _h made4 ,vas>i's /ory ( ! ,prior's head s]v+ = t ( ,judas is relat$ ) less col\r1 b probably m tru?1 9 ! ,disc\rses ( ,g4 ,b4 ,giraldi1 :o says t :5 ,leon>do _h f9i%$ ! pa9t+ ) ! exception ( ! head ( ,judas1 ! fri>s compla9$ to ! ,duke t he _h left x 9 ?is /ate = m ?an a ye>4 ,leon>do repli$ t = m ?an a ye> he _h gone e morn+ & ev5+ into ! ,borghetto1 :]e all ! wor/ sort ( p liv$1 yet he c\ld nev] f9d a head suffici5tly evil to s]ve = ! lik5ess ( ,judas3 b he add$1 ,if p]*ance ,i %all n f9d "o1 ,i w put !re ! head ( ?is ,fa!r ,prior :o is n[ s tr\blesome to me1 :i* w become him mightily4 ,9 #aejj ,leon>do 0 back aga9 9 ,flor5ce1 & 8 next important "w 0 ! design+1 ?\gh probably n ! actual pa9t+1 ( ! beautiful picture 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,s4 ,anne1 ! commission = :i* _h be5 giv5 to ,filipp9o ,lippi1 b resign$ by him on ,leon>do's return4 ,9 #aeja ,isabella d',e/e wrote to "k :e!r ,leon>do 0 /ill 9 ,flor5ce1 & :at he 0 do+1 z %e wi%$ him to pa9t a picture = h] 9 ! palace at ,mantua1 & 9 ! reply ( ! ,vic>-,g5]al ( ! ,c>melites we h a valuable acc\nt ( ! arti/ & 8 "w4 ,z f> z ,i c ga!r1 he writes1 ! life ( ,leon>do is extremely v>iable & undet]m9$4 ,s9ce 8 arrival "h he has only made a sket* 9 a c>toon4 ,x repres5ts a ,*ri/ z a little *ild ( ab\t a ye> old1 rea*+ =w>d out ( 8 "m's arms t[>ds a lamb4 ,! "m1 half ris+ f ! lap ( ,s4 ,anne1 cat*es at ! *ild z ?\gh to take x away f ! lamb1 ! animal ( sacrifice signify+ ! ,passion4 ,s4 ,anne1 also ris+ a little f h] seat1 seems to wi% to re/ra9 h] daught] f sep>at+ ! *ild f ! lamb2 :i* p]haps is int5d$ to signify ! ,*ur*1 t w\ld n wi% t ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ %\ld be h9d]$4 ,^! figures are z l>ge z life1 b !y are all conta9$ 9 a small c>toon1 s9ce all ( !m sit or are b5t2 ! figure ( ! ,virg9 is some:at 9 front ( ! o!r1 turn$ t[>ds ! left4 ,?is sket* is n yet f9i%$4 ,he has n execut$ any o!r "w1 except t 8 two assi/ants pa9t portraits & he1 at times1 l5ds a h& to "o or ano!r ( !m4 ,he gives pr(\nd /udy to geometry1 & gr[s mo/ impati5t ( pa9t+4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is c>toon--z inde$ ( ! ,l\vre picture--is some:at obscure1 b x is c]ta9 t ! beautiful c>toon ( ! same subject 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,academy is n ! "o above describ$4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! fam\s--or1 may we say1 n[ m fam\s ?an ev]--portrait ( ,mona ,lisa4 ,:oev] wi%es to "k h[ f> art c imitate nature1 ,vas>i writes1 may d s 9 ?is head1 :]e9 e detail t c\ld be depict$ by ! bru% has be5 fai?fully reproduc$4 ,! eyes h ! lu/r\s brightness & wat]y %e5 t is se5 9 life1 & ar\nd !m are all ^? rosy & pe>ly t9ts :i*1 l ! eyela%es too1 c only be r5d]$ by means ( ! deepe/ subtlety2 ! eyebr[s also are pa9t$ ) ! close/ exactitude1 :]e full] & :]e m ?9ly set1 9 a mann] t c\ld n be m natural4 ,! nose1 ) its beautiful & delicately roseate no/rils1 seems to be alive4 ,! m\?1 wond]ful 9 its outl9e1 %[s ! lips p]fectly unit+ ! rose t9ts ( _! col\r ) t ( ! face1 & ! c>nation ( ! *eek appe>s r to be fle% & blood ?an only pa9t$4 ,look+ at ! pit ( ! ?roat "o c h>dly believe t "o _c see ! beat+ ( ! pulse1 & 9 tru? x may be said t ! :ole "w is pa9t$ 9 a mann] well calculat$ to make ! bolde/ ma/] tremble4 ,mona ,lisa 0 exce$+ly beautiful1 & :ile ,leon>do 0 pa9t+ h] portrait he kept someone con/antly ne> h] to s+ or play1 to je/ or o!rwise amuse h]1 s t %e might cont9ue *e]ful1 & keep away ! melan*oly t pa9t]s are apt to give to _! portraits4 ,9 ?is picture !re is a smile s pleas+ t ! sight ( x is a ?+ t appe>s m div9e ?an human1 & x has ev] be5 consid]$ a m>vel t x is n actually alive4 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t :ile ^! raptur\s expressions ( wond] at ! life-l qualities ( ! portrait may seem some:at tame & *ildi% 9 comp>ison ) ! appreciation accord$ to ,leon>do's "w 9 ^! times--notably t ( ,walt] ,pat] 9 ?is case--!y are 9 reality at ! root ( all criticism4 ,if ,vas>i1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 pit*es ^u ?is quality ( life-lik5ess & direct imitation ( nature = 8 p>ticul> admiration1 x is only because ! fir/ & =emo/ object ( ! e>li] pa9t]s 0 9 fact to repres5t ! life2 & ?\gh 9 ! r>efi$ atmosph]e ( mod]n talk ab\t art ^! nave criticisms may seem out ( date1 x is significant t betwe5 ,vas>i & ourselves !re is little1 if any1 diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :i* ma/]s 7 ! great ones1 & :i* 7 n4 ,truly div9e is a phrase 9 :i* he sums up ! impressions creat$ 9 8 m9d by ! less mat]ial qualities ( "s ( ! greate/1 b be=e ev5 ! greate/ c\ld create su* an impression !y mu/ h le>nt ! rudim5ts ( ! art 9 ! s*ool ( nature4 ,,vi ,,mi*elangelo ,,buon>roti ,,9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! art ( pa9t+ _h atta9$ su* a pit* ( excell5ce t unless c>ri$ onw>d by a supreme g5ius x c\ld h>dly hope to escape f ! common lot ( all ?+s 9 nature1 & beg9 to decl9e4 ,aft] ,botticelli & ,leon>do1 ! works ( ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! p]fect pa9t] z he has be5 call$1 fall r flat2 & no less a prodigy ?an ,mi*elangelo 0 capable ( excell+ 8 m>vell\s pr$ecessors1 or ?an ,raphael ( rivall+ !m4 ,vas>i prefaces 8 life to ,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to 7#adhf-aeca7 ) some?+ m def9ite ?an 8 usual rhetorical fl\ri%es4 ,at l5g? we h come1 he says1 aft] hav+ writt5 ! lives ( _m arti/s di/+ui%$ = col\r1 = design1 or = inv5tion1 to t ( ! truly excell5t ,&rea del ,s>to1 9 :om art & nature comb9$ to %[ all t may be done 9 pa9t+ :5 design1 col\r+1 & inv5tion unite 9 "o & ! same p]son4 ,_h he possess$ a some:at bold] & m elevat$ m9d1 _h he be5 di/+ui%$ = high] qualifications z he 0 = g5ius & dep? ( judgm5t 9 ! art he practis$1 he w\ld beyond all d\bt h be5 )\t an equal4 ,b !re 0 9 8 nature a c]ta9 timidity ( m9d1 a sort ( diffid5ce & want ( /r5g?1 :i* prev5t$ ^? evid5ces ( ard\r & animation :i* are prop] to ! highe/ *>act]s f ev] appe>+ 9 him :i*1 c\ld !y h be5 add$ to 8 natural advantages1 w\ld h made him truly a div9e pa9t]1 s t 8 works are want+ 9 t gr&eur1 ri*ness1 & =ce :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ^? ( _m o!r ma/]s4 ,8 figures are well drawn1 & entirely free f errors1 & p]fect 9 all _! proportions1 & = ! mo/ "p are simple & *a/e4 ,8 airs ( heads are natural & graceful 9 wom5 & *ildr51 :ile bo? 9 y\? & old m5 !y are full ( life & animation4 ,8 drap]ies are m>vell\sly beautiful4 ,8 nudes are admirably execut$1 simple 9 draw+1 exquisite 9 col\r+--nay1 !y are truly div9e4 ,& yet8 ,well1 let u turn to ,mi*elangelo4 ,:ile ! be/ & mo/ indu/ri\s arti/s1 says ,vas>i1 7 lab\r+ by ! light ( ,giotto & 8 foll[]s to give ! _w examples ( su* p[] z ! b5ignity ( _! />s & ! v>i$ "* ( _! fantasies enabl$ !m to comm&1 & :ile desir\s ( imitat+ ! p]fection ( ,nature by ! excell5ce ( ,art1 !y 7 /ruggl+ to atta9 t high compreh5sion :i* _m call intellig5ce1 & 7 univ]sally toil+1 b = ! mo/ "p 9 va91 ! ,rul] ( ,heav5 0 pleas$ to turn ! eyes ( 8 clem5cy t[>ds e>?1 & p]ceiv+ ! fruitlessness ( s _m lab\rs1 ! ard5t /udies pursu$ )\t any result1 & ! presumptu\s self-suffici5cy ( m5 :i* is f>!r f tru? ?an is d>kness f light1 he resolv$1 by way ( deliv]+ u f su* great errors1 to s5d to ! _w a _s end[$ ) univ]sality ( p[] 9 ea* art1 & 9 e pr(ession1 "o capable ( %[+ by himself alone :at is ! p]fection ( art 9 ! sket*1 ! outl9e1 ! %ad[s1 or ! lights2 "o :o c\ld give relief to pa9t+ & ) an upright judgm5t c\ld op]ate z p]fectly 9 sculpture2 nay1 :o 0 s highly accompli%$ 9 ar*itecture also1 t he 0 able to r5d] our habitations secure & commodi\s1 heal?y & *e]ful1 well-proportion$1 & enri*$ ) ! v>i$ ornam5ts ( art4 ,a m prosaic passage foll[s pres5tly1 occasion$ by ! innu5does ( ,condivi z to ,vas>i's intimacy ) ,mi*elangelo & 8 k ( ! facts ( 8 life at fir/ h&4 ,vas>i meets ?is accusation by quot+ ! foll[+ docum5t relat+ to ! appr5tice%ip ( ,mi*elangelo to ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio :5 f\rte5 ye>s old4 #adhh4 ,i ackn[l$ge & record ?is fir/ day ( ,april t ,i1 ,lodovico di ,buon>roti1 h engag$ ,mi*elangelo my son to ,dom5ico & ,david di ,tommaso di ,currado = ! ?ree ye>s next to come1 "u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,t ! said ,mi*elangelo %all rema9 ) ! above nam$ all ! said "t1 to ! end t !y may tea* him to pa9t & to ex]cise _! vocation1 & t ! above nam$ %all h full comm& ov] him pay+ him 9 ! c\rse ( ^! ?ree ye>s tw5ty-f\r flor9s z wages4444 ,besides ?is tea*+ 9 8 e>lie/ y\?1 x is consid]$ probable t 9 #adid1 :5 he visit$ ,bologna1 he came "u influ5ces :i* result$ 9 ! execution at ab\t t "t ( ! unf9i%$ ,entombm5t & ! ,holy ,family1 :i* are two ( our greate/ treasures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,z he took to sculpture1 h[ev]1 be=e he 0 out ( ,ghirl&aio's h&s1 !re are few traces ( any activity 9 pa9t+ until #aejf1 :5 he 0 engag$ on ! designs = ! great battle-piece = ! ,c\ncil ,hall at ,flor5ce4 ,! "o easel picture ( :i* ,vas>i makes any m5tion1 ! tondo 9 ! ,uffizi1 is ! only "o besides ^? already not$ :i* is kn[n to exi/4 ,! ,flor5t9e citiz51 ,angelo ,doni1 ,vas>i says1 desir$ to h "s "w f 8 h& z he 0 8 fri5d2 :]e=e ,mi*elangelo began a circul> pa9t+ ( ,our ,lady = him4 ,%e is kneel+1 & pres5ts ! ,div9e ,*ild to ,joseph4 ,"h ! arti/ has f9ely express$ ! delight ) :i* ! ,"m reg>ds ! beauty ( h] ,son1 z is cle>ly manife/ 9 ! turn ( h] head & fix$ness ( h] gaze2 equally evid5t is h] wi% t ?is cont5tm5t %all be %>$ by t pi\s old man :o receives ! babe ) inf9ite t5d]ness & rev]5ce4 ,nor 0 ?is en\gh = ,mi*elangelo1 s9ce ! bett] to display 8 art he has gr\p$ sev]al undrap$ figures 9 ! backgr\nd1 "s upright1 "s half recumb5t1 & o!rs seat$4 ,! :ole "w is execut$ ) s mu* c>e & f9i% t ( all 8 pictures1 :i* inde$ are b few1 ?is is consid]$ ! be/4 ,aft] relat+ ! /ory ( ! arti/'s qu>rel ) 8 fri5d ov] ! price ( ?is ma/]piece 7= :i* he at fir/ only ask$ sixty ducats71 ,vas>i goes on to describe ! n[ lo/ c>toons = ! great fresco 9 ! ,c\ncil ,hall at ,flor5ce1 9 sub/ance z foll[s3-- ,:5 ,leon>do 0 pa9t+ 9 ! great hall ( ! ,c\ncil1 ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 :o 0 !n ,gonfaloni]e1 mov$ by ! extraord9>y ability :i* he p]ceiv$ 9 ,mi*elangelo he calls him 9 a lett] a "y man :o /&s above all 8 call+ 9 ,italy2 nay1 9 all ! _w1 caus$ him to be entru/$ ) a portion ( ! "w1 & our arti/ began a v l>ge c>toon repres5t+ ! ,battle ( ,pisa4 ,x repres5t$ a va/ numb] ( nude figures ba?+ 9 ! ,arno1 z m5 d on hot days1 :5 sudd5ly ! enemy is he>d to be attack+ ! camp4 ,! soldi]s spr+ =? 9 ha/e to arm !mselves4 ,"o is an eld]ly man1 :o to %elt] himself f ! heat has wrea!d a g>l& ( ivy r\nd 8 head1 &1 seat$ on ! gr\nd1 is lab\r+ to draw on 8 hose1 h9d]$ by 8 limbs be+ wet4 ,he>+ ! s\nd ( ! drums & ! cries ( ! soldi]s he /ruggles viol5tly to get on "o ( 8 /ock+s2 ! action ( ! muscles & di/ortion ( ! m\? ev9ce ! zeal ( 8 ef=ts4 ,drumm]s & o!rs ha/5 to ! camp ) _! clo!s 9 _! arms1 all 9 ! mo/ s+ul> attitudes2 "s /&+1 o!rs kneel+ or /oop+2 "s fall+1 o!rs spr++ high into ! air & exhibit+ ! mo/ difficult =e%ort5+s4444 ,! arti/s 7 amaz$ z !y realis$ t ! ma/] _h 9 ?is c>toon laid op5 to !m ! v highe/ res\rces ( art2 nay1 !re are "s :o /ill decl>e t !y h nev] se5 any?+ to equal x1 ei!r f 8 h& or any o!r1 & !y d n believe t g5ius w ev] m atta9 to su* p]fection4 ,nor is ?is an exagg]ation1 = all :o h design$ f x & copi$ x--z x 0 ! habit = bo? natives & /rang]s to d--h become excell5t 9 art1 among/ :om 7 ,raphael1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,franciabigio1 ,pontormo1 & ,pi]o del ,vaga4 ,9 #aejh ,mi*elangelo began to prep>e ! c>toons = ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,space =bids me to attempt any description ( ^!1 b ! /ory ( _! completion z relat$ by ,vas>i c h>dly be omitt$4 ,:5 half ( !m 7 ne>ly f9i%$1 he says1 ,pope ,julius1 :o _h gone m ?an once to see ! "w--m\nt+ ! ladd]s ) ! arti/'s help--insi/$ on hav+ !m op5$ to public view )\t wait+ till ! la/ t\*es 7 giv51 & ! *apel 0 no soon] op5 ?an all ,rome ha/5$ ?i!r1 ! ,pope be+ fir/1 ev5 be=e ! du/ caus$ by remov+ ! scaffold _h subsid$4 ,!n x 0 t ,raphael1 :o 0 v prompt 9 imitation1 *ang$ 8 mann]1 & to give pro( ( 8 ability imm$iately execut$ ! frescoes ) ! ,prophets & ,sibyls 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,pace4 ,bramante 7! ar*itect7 also lab\r$ to conv9ce ! ,pope t he w\ld d well to entru/ ! second half to ,raphael4444 ,b ,julius1 :o ju/ly valu$ ! ability ( ,mi*elangelo1 comm&$ t he %\ld cont9ue ! "w1 judg+ f :at he saw ( ! fir/ half t he w\ld be able to improve ! second4 ,mi*elangelo accord+ly f9i%$ ! :ole 9 tw5ty mon?s1 )\t help4 ,x is true t he (t5 compla9$ t he 0 prev5t$ f giv+ x ! f9i% he w\ld h lik$ ow+ to ! ,pope's impati5ce1 & 8 con/ant inquiries z to :5 x w\ld be f9i%$1 & on "o occasion he answ]$1 ,x w be f9i%$ :5 ,i %all h done all t ,i believe necess>y to satisfy art4 ,& we comm&1 repli$ ,julius1 t y satisfy our wi% to h x done quickly1 add+ f9ally t if x 7 n at once complet$ he w\ld h ,mi*elangelo ?r[n headlong f ! scaffold+4 ,he>+ ?is1 ! arti/1 )\t tak+ "t to add :at 0 want+1 took d[n ! rema9d] ( ! scaffold+1 to ! great satisfaction ( ! :ole city1 on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 :5 ! ,pope w5t into 8 *apel to s+ ,mass4 ,mi*elangelo _h mu* wi%$ to ret\* "s portions ( ! "w a secco1 z _h be5 done by ! old] ma/]s :o _h pa9t$ ! walls2 & to add a little ultram>9e to "s ( ! drap]ies1 & gild o!r p>ts1 s z to give a ri*] & m /rik+ effect4 ,! ,pope1 too1 w\ld n[ h lik$ ^! additions to be made1 b z ,mi*elangelo ?\ght x w\ld take too long to re-erect ! scaffold+1 ! pictures rema9$ z !y 74 ,! ,pope w\ld sometimes say to him1 ,let ! *apel be enri*$ ) gold & bright col\rs2 x looks poor4 ,to :i* ,mi*elangelo w\ld reply1 ,holy ,fa!r1 ! m5 ( ^? days did n adorn !mselves ) gold2 ^? :o are pa9t$ "h less ?an any2 = !y 7 none too ri*4 ,besides1 !y 7 holy m51 & mu/ h despis$ ri*es & ornam5ts4 ,,vii ,,raffaello ,,di ,,santi ,! "* & ! influ5ce ( ,,raphael are well express$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ) :i* ,vas>i concludes 8 biography3--,o happy & bless$ _s6 e "o speaks ) int]e/ ( !e2 celebrates ?y de$s2 admires !e 9 ?y works6 ,well might ,pa9t+ die :5 ?is noble arti/ ceas$ to live2 = :5 8 eyes 7 clos$ %e rema9$ 9 d>kness4 ,= u :o survive him x rema9s to imitate ! excell5t me?od :i* he has left = our guidance2 & z 8 great qualities des]ve1 & our duty bids u1 to *]i% 8 memory 9 our he>ts1 & keep x alive 9 our disc\rse by speak+ ( him ) ! high respect :i* is 8 due4 ,= ?r\gh him we h ! art 9 all its ext5t c>ri$ to a p]fection :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 look$ =2 & 9 ?is univ]sality let no human be+ ev] hope to surpass him4 ,&1 beside ?is b5efit :i* he conf]r$ on ,art z h] true fri5d1 he neglect$ n to %[ u h[ e man %\ld conduct himself 9 all ! relations ( life4 ,among 8 r>e gifts !re is "o :i* especially excites my wond]2 ,i mean1 t ,heav5 %\ld h grant$ him to infuse a _s among ^? :o liv$ ar\nd him s contr>y to t :i* is preval5t among pr(essional m54 ,! pa9t]s--,i d n allude to ! humble-m9d$ only1 b to ^? ( an ambiti\s turn1 & _m ( ?is sort !re are--! pa9t]s :o work$ 9 company ) ,raphael liv$ 9 p]fect h>mony1 z if all bad feel+s 7 ext+ui%$ 9 8 pres5ce1 & e base1 unwor?y ?\ght _h pass$ f _! m9ds4 ,?is 0 because ! arti/s 7 at once subdu$ by 8 oblig+ mann]s & by 8 surpass+ m]it1 b m ?an all by ! spell ( 8 natural "*1 :i* 0 s full ( affectionate k9dness1 t n only m51 b ev5 ! v brutes1 respect$ him4 ,he always _h a great numb] ( arti/s employ$ = him1 help+ !m & tea*+ !m ) ! k9dness ( a fa!r to 8 *ildr51 r ?an z a ma/] direct+ 8 s*ol>s4 ,= :i* reason x 0 obs]v$ he nev] w5t to c\rt )\t be+ accompani$ f 8 v door by p]haps fifty pa9t]s :o took pleasure 9 ?us att5d+ him to d him hon\r4 ,9 %ort1 he liv$ m z a sov]eign ?an z a pa9t]4 ,& ?us1 ,o ,art ( ,pa9t+6 ?\ too1 !n1 c\ld acc\nt ?yself mo/ happy1 s9ce an arti/ 0 ?9e1 :o1 by 8 skill & by 8 moral excell5ce exalt$ !e to ! highe/ heav56 ,raphael 0 ! son ( ,giovanni ,sanzio1 or di ,santi1 ( ,urb9o4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ education z an arti/ f 8 fa!r1 :om1 h[ev]1 he lo/ 9 8 elev5? ye>4 ,z e>ly z #adie probably1 he ent]$ ! s*ool ( ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 at ,p]ugia1 :]e he rema9$ till ab\t 8 tw5tie? ye>4 ,! ,umbrian ,s*ool1 9 :i* ,raphael receiv$ 8 fir/ education1 & 9 :i* he is accord+ly plac$1 is di/+ui%$ f ! ,flor5t9e1 ( :i* x may be said to h be5 an (f%oot1 by sev]al well-def9$ *>act]i/ics4 ,*ief ( ^! are1 fir/1 ! m s5tim5tal expression ( religi\s feel+1 & second1 ! great] att5tion paid to di/ance z comp>$ ) ! pr9cipal figures2 bo? ( :i* are expla9able on ! gr\nd ( local circum/ances4 ,!y reflect ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! bu/l+ intellectual activity ( ,flor5ce & ! dreamy exi/5ce b broad] horizon ( ! dwell]s 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,tib]4 ,9 ! beautiful ,nativity ( ,,pi]o ,,della ,,francesca 7,no4 #ijh 9 ! ,national ,gall]y7 we see some?+ ak9 to ! ,flor5t9e pictures1 & yet some?+ m besides4 ,pi]o %>$ ) ,paolo ,uccello ! eag] desire to discov] ! secrets ( p]spective2 b 9 addition he seems to h be5 influ5c$ by ! /udy ( nature h]self1 9 ! op5 air1 z ,uccello nev] 04 ,8 pupil1 ,,luca ,,signorelli 7#adda-aebc71 0 m =mal & less naturali/ic1 z may be se5 by a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,circumcision 7,no4 #aabh 9 ! ,national ,gall]y7 & ,pi]o's ,baptism ( ,*ri/ on ! opposite wall4 ,,pietro ,,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebc7--;8 real "n 0 ,vannucci--0 influ5c$ bo? by ,signorelli & by ,v]roc*io4 ,9 ! /udio ( ! latt] he _h probably work$ ) ,leon>do & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 s t 9 e/imat+ ! influ5ces :i* w5t to =m ! art ( ,raphael we ne$ n insi/ too /rongly on ! di/9ction betwe5 ,umbrian & ,flor5t9e4 ,raphael's fir/ indep5d5t works 7ab\t #aejj7 are entirely 9 ,p]ug9o's /yle4 ,!y be> ! g5]al /amp ( ! ,umbrian ,s*ool1 b 9 its highe/ beauty4 ,8 y\?ful ef=ts are ess5tially y\?ful1 & seem to conta9 ! e>ne/ ( a high developm5t4 ,two are 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,9 ! "o 7,no4 #ada7 call$ ! ,madonna ,solly1 ! ,madonna reads 9 a book2 ! ,*ild on h] lap holds a goldf9*4 ,! o!r 7,no4 #ade71 ) heads ( ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,j]ome1 is bett]4 ,simil> to x1 b mu* m f9i%$ & develop$1 is a small r\nd picture1 ! ,madonna ,casa ,conne/abile1 n[ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,a m important picture ( ?is "t is ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,p]ugia 9 #aejc1 b n[ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,9 ! upp] "p1 ,*ri/ & ! ,madonna are ?ron$ on cl\ds & surr\nd$ by angels ) musical in/rum5ts2 und]nea?1 ! disciples /& ar\nd ! empty tomb4 ,9 ?is l[] "p ( ! picture !re is a v evid5t attempt to give ! figures m life1 motion1 & en?usia/ic expression ?an 0 be=e attempt$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,aft] ?is1 ,raphael appe>s to h quitt$ ! s*ool ( ,p]ug9o1 & to h comm5c$ an indep5d5t c>e]3 he execut$ at ?is "t "s pictures 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,citt di ,ca/ello4 ,) all ! features ( ! ,umbrian ,s*ool1 !y already %[ ! fre] impulse ( 8 own m9d1--a decid$ ef=t to individualize4 ,! mo/ excell5t ( ^!1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ example ( ?is fir/ p]iod ( ,raphael's developm5t1 is ! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg9 7,lo ,sposalizio71 inscrib$ ) 8 "n & ! date #aejd1 n[ 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan4 ,) mu* ( ! /iffness & con/ra9t ( ! old s*ool1 ! figures are noble & dignifi$2 ! c\nt5ances1 ( ! sweete/ /yle ( beauty1 are expressive ( a t5d]1 en?usia/ic melan*oly1 :i* l5ds a peculi> *>m to ?is subject4 ,9 #aejd ,raphael pa9t$ ! two little pictures 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,s4 ,george & ,s4 ,mi*ael 7,nos4 #aeja-b7 = ! ,duke ( ,urb9o4 ,! ,knight ,dream+1 a small picture1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #bac71 is suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$ a ye> e>li]4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aejd ,raphael w5t to ,flor5ce4 ,tuscan art _h n[ atta9$ its highe/ p]fection1 & ! mo/ celebrat$ arti/s 7 !re cont5d+ = ! palm4 ,f ?is p]iod beg9s 8 emancipation ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,pietro ,,p]ug9o ,,c5tral ,,portion ,,( ,,alt>-,,piece ,national ,gall]y1 ,london f ! conf9$ mann] ( ,p]ug9o's s*ool2 ! y\? rip5s into manhood & acquires ! free ma/]y ( =m4 ,to ?is "t belong ! celebrat$ ,madonna del ,gr&uca1 n[ 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y1 & ano!r =m]ly belong+ to ! ,duke ( ,t]ra ,nuova1 & n[ at ,b]l9 7,no4 #bdg;a74 ,9 ! next ye> we f9d him employ$ on sev]al l>ge works 9 ,p]ugia2 ^! %[ = ! fir/ "t ! influ5ce ( ,flor5t9e art 9 ! purity1 fullness1 & intellig5t treatm5t ( =m2 at ! same "t _m ( ! motives ( ! ,p]ug9esque s*ool are /ill app>5t4 ,! fam\s ,c[p] ,madonna1 rec5tly sold to an ,am]ican = #adj1jjj1 also belongs to ! ye> #aeje1 :5 ! bl5d+ ( ! two influ5ces result$ 9 a picture :i* has be5 extoll$ by ! sane/ ( critics z ! lovelie/ ( ,raphael's ,virg9s4 ,an alt>-piece1 execut$ = ! *ur* ( ! ,s]viti at ,p]ugia1 inscrib$ ) ! date #aejf1 is ! fam\s ,madonna dei ,ansidei1 pur*as$ = ! ,national ,gall]y f ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,besides ! dreamy religi\s feel+ ( ! ,s*ool ( ,p]ugia1 we p]ceive "h ! aim at a great] fre$om1 f\nd$ on deep] /udy4 ,raphael 0 soon back 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e he rema9$ until #aejh4 ,! e>ly pa9t+s ( ?is p]iod betray1 z might be expect$1 _m rem9isc5ces ( ! ,p]ug9esque s*ool1 bo? 9 conception & execution2 ! lat] ones foll[ 9 all ess5tial respects ! g5]al /yle ( ! ,flor5t9es4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ is ! ,virg9 9 ! ,mead[1 9 ! ,belv$]e ,gall]y at ,vi5na4 ,two o!rs %[ a close aff9ity ) ?is composition2 "o is ! ,madonna del ,c>dell9o1 9 ! ,tribune ( ! ,uffizi1 9 :i* ,s4 ,john pres5ts a goldf9* to ! infant ,*ri/4 ,! o!r is ! s-call$ ,belle ,j>d9ire1 inscrib$ #aejg1 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ,raphael's progress 9 ! small] pictures :i* he pa9t$ 9 ,flor5ce--half-figures ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,"h aga9 ! e>lie/ are *>act]is$ by ! t5d]e/ feel+1 :ile a fre] & m *e]ful enjoym5t ( life is app>5t 9 ! lat] ones4 ,! ,madonna della ,casa ,tempi1 at ,muni*1 is ! fir/ ( ?is s]ies4 ,9 ! picture f ! ,colonna ,palace at ,rome1 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7,no4 #bdh71 ! same *ildlike sportiv5ess1 ! same mat]nal t5d]ness1 are develop$ ) m h>moni\s ref9em5t4 ,a l>g] picture1 belong+ to ! middle "t ( 8 ,flor5t9e p]iod1 is 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y--! ,madonna ,canignani1 :i* pres5ts a peculi> /udy ( artificial gr\p+1 9 a pyramidal %ape4 ,among ! be/ pictures ( ! latt] "p ( ?is ,flor5t9e p]iod are ! ,s4 ,ca!r9e1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 =m]ly 9 ! ,aldobr&9i ,gall]y at ,rome1 & two l>ge alt>-pieces4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,madonna del ,baldac*9o1 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y4 ,! o!r1 ,! ,entombm5t1 pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,p]ugia1 is n[ 9 ! ,borghese ,gall]y at ,rome4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( ,raphael's compositions 9 :i* an hi/orical subject is dramatically develop$2 b 9 ?is respect ! task exce$$ 8 p[]s4 ,! composition lacks repose & unity ( effect2 ! movem5ts are exagg]at$ & mann]$2 b ! figure ( ! ,savi\r is extremely beautiful1 & may be plac$ among ! greate/ ( ! ma/]'s creations4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ye> #aejh1 :5 only 9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 ,raphael 0 invit$ by ,pope ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,raphael ,,! ,,ansidei ,,madonna ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,raphael ,,la ,,belle ,,j>d9i,,re ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,julius ,,ii4 to decorate ! /ate ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,vatican4 ,) ^! works comm5ces ! ?ird p]iod ( 8 developm5t1 & 9 ^! he rea*$ 8 highe/ p]fection4 ,! subjects1 m important ?an any 9 :i* he _h hi!rto be5 occupi$1 gave full scope to 8 p[]s2 & ! proximity ( ,mi*elangelo1 :o at ?is "t began ! pa9t+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 excit$ 8 emulation4 ,at ?is p]iod1 j be=e ! ,re=mation1 ! ,papal p[] _h rea*$ its pr\de/ elevation4 ,to glorify ?is p[]--to repres5t ,rome z ! c5tre ( spiritual culture--7 ! objects ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,vatican4 ,!y cov] ! ceil+s & walls ( ?ree *amb]s & a l>ge saloon1 :i* n[ be> ! "n ( ! ,/anze ( ,raphael4 ,! execution ( ^! pa9t+s pr9cipally occupi$ ,raphael to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & 7 only complet$ by 8 s*ol>s4 ,9 #aeac & #aead ,raphael also execut$ designs = ! t5 tape/ries int5d$ to adorn ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 repres5t+ ev5ts f ! lives ( ! apo/les4 ,sev5 ( ^! magnific5t c>toons are n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,beside ^! important commissions execut$ = ! ,papal c\rt1 dur+ twelve ye>s1 _m claims 7 made on him by private p]sons4 ,two frescoes execut$ = ,roman *ur*es may be m5tion$4 ,"o1 9 ,s4 ,m>ia della ,pace1 repres5ts f\r ,sibyls surr\nd$ by angels1 :i* x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! ,sibyls ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,9 ea* we f9d ! peculi> excell5ce ( ! two great ma/]s2 ,mi*elangelo's figures are gr&1 sublime1 pr(\nd1 :ile ! fresco ( ! ,pace exhibits ,raphael's s]5e & +5i\s grace4 ,9 a second fresco1 ! prophet ,isaiah & two angels1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,ago/9o at ,rome1 ! comp>ison is less fav\rable to ,raphael1 ! ef=t to rival ! p[]ful /yle ( ,mi*elangelo be+ r too obvi\s4 ,l all o!r arti/s1 ,raphael is at 8 be/ :51 undi/urb$ by outside influ5ces1 he foll[s ! free orig9al impulse ( 8 own m9d4 ,8 peculi> elem5t 0 grace & beauty ( =m1 9 s f> z ^! are ! expression ( high moral purity4 ,! foll[+ works ( 8 ?ird p]iod are especially des]v+ ( m5tion4 ,! ,aldobr&9i ,madonna1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y--9 :i* ! ,madonna is sitt+ on a b5*1 & b5ds d[n to ! little ,s4 ,john1 h] left arm r\nd him4 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,duke ( ,alba1 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,la ,vi]ge au voile1 9 ! ,l\vre2 ! ,madonna is seat$ 9 a kneel+ position1 lift+ ! veil f ! sleep+ ,*ild 9 ord] to %[ him to ! little ,s4 ,john4 ,! ,madonna della ,seggiola1 9 ! ,pitti at ,flor5ce 7pa9t$ ab\t #aeaf71 a circul> picture4 ,! ,madonna della ,t5da at ,muni*2 a composition simil> to ! la/1 except t ! ,*ild is repres5t$ 9 m lively action1 & look+ upw>ds4 ,a s]ies ( simil>1 b 9 "s in/ances m copi\s compositions1 belong to a /ill lat] p]iod2 !y are 9 a great measure ! "w ( 8 s*ol>s1 pa9t$ aft] 8 draw+s1 & only p>tly work$ ^u by ,raphael himself4 ,inde$ _m pictures ( ?is class %\ld p]haps be consid]$ altoge!r z ! productions ( 8 s*ool1 at a "t :5 t s*ool 0 "u 8 direct sup]9t5d5ce1 & :5 x 0 enabl$ to imitate 8 f9] *>act]i/ics 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,9 ?is class are ! ,madonna dell',impannata1 9 ! ,pitti1 :i* takes its "n f ! oil$-pap] w9d[ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! l>ge picture ( a ,holy ,family 9 ! ,l\vre1 pa9t$ 9 #aeah1 = ,francis ,i41 is peculi>ly excell5t4 ,! :ole has a "* ( *e]fulness & joy3 an easy & delicate play ( graceful l9es1 :i* unite 9 an intelligible & h>moni\s :ole4 ,giulio ,romano assi/$ 9 ! execution4 ,) reg>d to ! l>ge alt>-pieces ( 8 lat] p]iod 9 :i* sev]al ,sa9ts are assembl$ r\nd ! ,madonna1 x is to be obs]v$ t ,raphael has contriv$ to place !m 9 reciprocal relation to ea* o!r1 & to e/abli% a connection betwe5 !m2 :ile ! e>li] ma/]s ei!r rang$ !m next to "o ano!r 9 simple symmetrical repose1 or dispos$ !m ) a view to picturesque effect4 ,( ^! ! ,madonna di ,foligno1 9 ! ,vatican1 is ! e>lie/4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture is ! ,madonna ) ! ,*ild1 en?ron$ on ! cl\ds 9 a glory1 surr\nd$ by angels4 ,und]nea?1 on "o side1 kneels ! donor1 beh9d him /&s ,s4 ,j]ome4 ,on ! o!r side is ,s4 ,francis1 kneel+1 :ile he po9ts ) "o h& out ( ! picture to ! p1 = :om he entreats ! protection ( ! ,"m ( ,grace2 beh9d him is ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o po9ts to ! ,madonna1 :ile he looks at ! spectator z if invit+ him to wor%ip h]4 ,! second1 ! ,madonna del ,pesce has mu* m repose & gr&eur z :ole1 & unites ! sublime & ab/ract "* ( sacr$ be+s ) ! individuality ( nature 9 ! happie/ mann]4 ,x is n[ 9 ,madrid1 b 0 orig9ally pa9t$ = ,s4 ,dom5ico at ,naples1 ab\t #aeac4 ,x repres5ts ! ,madonna & ,*ild on a ?rone2 on "o side is ,s4 ,j]ome2 on ! o!r ! gu>dian angel ) ! "y ,tobias :o c>ries a fi% 7:5ce ! "n ( ! picture74 ,! arti/ has imp>t$ a wond]fully poetic "* to ! subject4 ,s4 ,j]ome1 kneel+ on ! /eps ( ! ?rone1 has be5 read+ f a book to ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & appe>s to h be5 int]rupt$ by ! entrance ( ,tobias & ! ,angel4 ,! infant ,*ri/ turns t[>ds !m1 b at ! same "t lays 8 h& on ! op5 book1 z if to m>k ! place4 ,! ,virg9 turns t[>ds ! ,angel1 :o introduces ,tobias2 :ile ! latt] dropp+ on 8 knees1 looks up meekly to ! ,div9e ,infant4 ,s4 ,j]ome looks ov] ! book to ! new-com]s1 z if ready to proce$ ) 8 occupation aft] ! int]ruption4 ,b ! mo/ important is ! fam\s ,madonna di ,san ,si/o1 at ,dresd54 ,"h ! ,madonna appe>s z ! que5 ( ! heav5ly ho/1 9 a brilliant glory ( c\ntless angel-heads1 /&+ on ! cl\ds1 ) ! et]nal ,son 9 h] arms2 ,s4 ,sixtus & ,s4 ,b>b>a kneel at ! sides4 ,bo? ( !m seem to connect ! picture ) ! real spectators4 ,?is is a r>e example ( a picture ( ,raphael's lat] "t1 execut$ entirely by 8 own h&4 ,two l>ge alt> pictures /ill claim our att5tion2 !y also belong to ,raphael's lat] p]iod4 ,"o is ! ,*ri/ ,be>+ ! ,cross1 9 ,madrid1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,lo ,spasimo di ,sicilia1 f ! conv5t ( ,santa ,m>ia dello ,spasimo at ,pal]mo1 = :i* x 0 pa9t$4 ,"h1 z 9 ! tape/ries1 we aga9 f9d a f9ely conceiv$ developm5t ( ! ev5t1 & an excell5t composition4 ,! o!r is ! ,transfiguration1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 =m]ly 9 ,s4 ,pietro at ,montorio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,,raphael ,,portrait ,,( ,,baldass>e ,,ca/iglione ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,?is 0 ! la/ "w ( ! ma/] 7left unf9i%$ at 8 dea?72 ! "o :i* 0 susp5d$ ov] 8 c(f91 a trophy ( 8 fame1 = public homage4 ,i _c believe myself 9 ,rome1 wrote ,c\nt ,ca/iglione1 on ! dea? ( ! ma/]1 n[ t my poor ,raphael is no long] "h4 ,m5 reg>d$ 8 works ) religi\s v5]ation z if ,god _h reveal$ himself ?r\gh ,raphael z 9 =m] days ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,8 rema9s 7 publicly laid out on a spl5did catafalque1 :ile 8 la/ "w1 ! ,transfiguration1 0 susp5d$ ov] 8 head4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,pan!on1 "u an alt> adorn$ by a /atue ( ! ,holy ,virg91 a consecration (f]+ f ,raphael himself4 ,d\bts hav+ be5 rais$ z to ! precise spot1 a se>* 0 made 9 ! ,pan!on 9 #ahcc1 & ,raphael's bones 7 f\nd2 ! situation agree+ exactly ) ,vas>i's description ( ! place ( int]m5t4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,octob]1 9 ! same ye>1 ! relics 7 re9t]r$ 9 ! same spot ) great solemnities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s*ools ( ,lomb>dy & ! ,emilia1 :i* d]ive _! *>act]i/ics f ,flor5t9e r ?an f ,v5etian influ5ces1 may "h be briefly m5tion$ be=e turn+ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4 ,9 #adhb1 x w be rememb]$1 ,leon>do w5t to ,milan1 :]e he rema9$ till ! end ( ! c5tury2 & ! ext5t ( 8 influ5ce may be judg$ f _m ( ! productions ( ,,b]nad9o ,,lu9i 7#adge-aecb7 & ,,giovanni ,,antonio ,,bazzi1 kn[n z ,,sodoma 7#adgg-aedi74 ,( ,,ambrogio ,,di ,,pr$is we h already he>d 9 connection ) ! pa9t+ ( our v]sion ( ,leon>do's ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks4 ,,giovanni ,,antonio ,,boltraffio 7#adfg-aeaf7 0 a pupil ( ,,v9c5zo ,,foppa1 b he soon ab&on$ ! mann] ( ! old ,lomb>d ,s*ool1 & came "u ! influ5ce ( ! great ,flor5t9e1 ( :om he became a mo/ en?usia/ic disciple4 ,m indep5d5t--inde$1 he is (ficially *>act]is$ z an isolat$ ph5om5on 9 ,italian ,art--0 ,,antonio ,,allegri1 commonly call$ ,,correggio1 f ! place ( 8 bir?4 ,9 #aeah he settl$ at ,p>ma1 :]e he rema9$ till #aecj1 s t he is usually catalogu$ z ( ! ,s*ool ( ,p>ma1 :i* = an isolat$ ph5om5on s]ves z well z any o!r4 ,( late ye>s 8 popul>ity has be5 some:at dim9i%$ by ! increas+ dem&s ( private collectors = works :i* are pur*asable1 & mo/ ( ,correggio's are 9 public gall]ies4 ,at ,dresd5 are "s ( ! mo/ fam\s1 notably ! ,nativity1 call$ ,la ,notte1 f its wond]ful s*eme ( illum9ation1 & two or ?ree l>ge alt>-pieces4 ,! ,v5us ,m]cury & ,cupid 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 ?\gh sadly injur$1 is /ill "o ( 8 ma/]pieces4 ,x 0 pur*as$ by ,*>les ,i4 ) ! fam\s collection ( ! ,duke ( ,mantua4 ,our ,ecce ,homo is entitl$ to rank ) x1 z is also ! little ,madonna ( ! ,basket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,correggio ,,m]cury1 ,,cupid1 ,,& ,,v5us ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,v5etian ,,s*ools ,i ,,! ,,viv>9i ,,& ,,bell9i ,9 ,v5ice ! ,byzant9e /yle appe>s to h (f]$ a m /ubborn resi/ance to ! innovators ?an 9 ,tuscany1 or1 9 fact1 9 any o!r "p ( ,italy4 ,few1 if any1 ( ! allegorical subjects ) :i* ,giotto & 8 s*ol>s decorat$ :ole build+s are to be f\nd "h1 & ! alt> pictures reta9 long] ?an any:]e else ! gilt canopi$ comp>tm5ts & divisions1 & ! tranquil positions ( s+le figures4 ,x 0 n until a c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,cimabue & ,duccio t ! real developm5t ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool 0 manife/$1 s t :5 ?+s did beg9 to move ! conditions 7 n ! same1 & ! results accord+ly 7 some?+ sub/antially diff]5t4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e /yle /ill hangs heavily ov] ! "w ( ,,nicolo ,,semitecolo1 :o 0 work+ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z may be se5 9 ! great alt>-piece ascrib$ to him 9 ! ,academy--! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 ) f\rte5 sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is "w !re is little ( ! g5]al advancem5t visible 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 ,x corresponds mo/ ne>ly ) ! "w ( ,duccio ( ,si5a1 ?\gh )\t atta9+ 8 excell5ce2 :ile ! gold hat*+s & olive br[n tones are /ill ,byzant9e4 ,an alt>-piece1 by ,,mi*ele ,,giambono1 also 9 ! ,academy1 pa9t$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 %[s a m decid$ advance1 & ev5 anticipates "s ( ! lat] excell5ces ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4 ,! drap]y is 9 ! long & easy l9es :i* we see 9 ! ,tuscan pictures ( ! p]iod1 & :at is especially significant1 9 view ( ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ,v5etian pa9t+1 ! col\r+ is ri*1 deep1 & transp>5t1 & ! fle% t9ts unusually s(t & w>m4 ,?is is sign$ by ,giambono1 & is "o ( 8 mo/ important works1 z well z ! mo/ complete1 z x exi/s 9 its orig9al /ate z an ancona or alt>-piece divid$ into comp>tm5ts by canopies ( jo9]s' "w4 ,x is unusual 9 =m1 inasmu* z ! c5tral panel1 ?\gh slightly l>g] ?an ! pair on ei!r side1 conta9s b a s+le figure4 ,?is figure 0 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! ,savi\r1 b x has rec5tly be5 po9t$ out t x is ,s4 ,james ! ,great1 ! o!rs be+ ,,ss4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,philip ,b5izi1 ,mi*ael1 & ,l\is ( ,t\l\se4 ,"s ( ,giambono's f9e/ "w 0 9 mosaic1 & ! walls & ro( ( ! ,cappella de',mascoli 9 ,s4 ,m>k's may be reg>d$ z ! highe/ a*ievem5t 9 mosaic ( ! e>ly ,v5etian ,s*ool4 ,:ile ?is species ( decoration _h giv5 place to fresco pa9t+ else:]e1 x 0 "h1 9 #adcj1 br\ght to a pit* ( p]fection by ,giambono :i* entitles ?is "w to a prom95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,b ! two *ief pione]s ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury 7 ,giovanni1 or ,,johannes ,,alamanus1 & ,,antonio ,,da ,,murano4 ,! =m] appe>s f 8 surname to h be5 ( ,g]man orig91 ! latt] belong$ to ! family ( ,,viv>9i1 & !y us$ to "w toge!r on ! same pictures4 ,two excell5t examples ( ?is comb9ation are 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice4 ,! "o1 dat$ #addj1 is a ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ) _m figures1 includ+ sev]al boys1 & num]\s sa9ts seat$4 ,9 ! heads ( ! sa9ts we may trace ! h& ( ,alamanus1 9 ! ,g]manic type ( c\nt5ance :i* recalls ! /yle ( ,/eph5 ( ,cologne4 ,a repetition ( ?is1 if x is n actually ! orig9al1 is 9 ,s4 ,pantalone at ,v5ice4 ,! o!r picture1 dat$ #addf1 ( enorm\s dim5sions1 repres5ts ! ,virg9 en?ron$1 b5ea? a canopy su/a9$ by angels1 ) ! f\r ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* at h] side4 ,! col\r+ is fully z fl[+ & spl5did z t ( ,giambono4 ,we d n recognise "h1 z ,kugl] rightly obs]ves1 ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool ( ,giotto1 b r ! types ( ! ,g]manic /yle gradually assum+ a new "*1 possibly ow+ to ! social condition ( ,v5ice itself4 ,!re 0 some?+ p]haps 9 ! nature ( a ri* comm]cial ari/ocracy ( ! middle ages calculat$ to enc\rage t species ( art :i* (f]$ ! greate/ spl5d\r & elegance to ! eye2 & ?is also1 if possible1 9 a portable =m2 ?us pref]r+ ! dome/ic alt> or ! d$ication picture to wall decorations 9 *ur*es4 ,! contempor>y ,flemi% pa9t+s1 "u simil> conditions1 exhibit analog\s results4 ,) reg>d to col\r1 ! dep? & transp>5cy obs]vable 9 ! works ( ! old ,v5etian ,s*ool _h long be5 a di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! ,byzant9e pa9t+s on wood1 & may !re=e be traceable to ?is s\rce )\t assum+ an influ5ce on ! "p ( ,padua1 or f ! nor? ?r\gh ,giovanni ,alamanus4 ,! two side panels ( an alt>-piece1 repres5t+ sev]ally ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,j]ome1 & ,,ss4 ,francis & ,m>k1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,nos4 #gfh & #abhd71 are ascrib$ to ,antonio ,viv>9i alone1 ?\gh ! c5tre panel1 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 n[ 9 ! ,poldi ,pezzoli collection at ,milan is said to be ! jo9t "w ( ,alamanus & ,antonio4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !re is no long] any dispute ab\t ! fasc9at+ ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 9 ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum at ,b]l91 =m]ly suppos$ to be ! "w ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 b n[ catalogu$ z t ( ,antonio4 ,9 #adej ! "n ( ,alamanus disappe>s altoge!r1 & t ( ,,b>tolommeo ,,viv>9i1 ,antonio's y\ng] bro!r1 replaces x 9 an inscription ^u ! great alt>-piece commission$ by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4 9 commemoration ( ,c>d9al ,alb]gati1 n[ 9 ! ,p9acoteca ( ,bologna4 ,! *ange is noticeable z introduc+ ! ,paduan influ5ce ( ,squ>cione1 "u :om ,b>tolommeo _h /udi$1 in/ead ( ! nor!rn influ5ce ( ,alamanus1 into ,antonio's work%op1 & :ile ?is "w ( #adej1 z might be suppos$1 be>s a g5]al resemblance to t ( #addf1 ! *ange ( p>tn]%ip is at lea/ p]ceptible1 & _h a det]m9+ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! ,v5etian /yle4 ,a slightly e>li] "w ( ,b>tolommeo alone is a ,madonna & ,*ild belong+ to ,sir ,hugh ,lane1 sign$ & dat$ #addh4 ,an alt>-piece 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy is dat$ #adfd1 a ,madonna & ,f\r ,sa9ts1 9 ! ,fr>i1 #adhb1 & ,s4 ,b>b>a1 9 ! ,academy1 #adij4 ,b>tolommeo is suppos$ to h di$ 9 #adii4 ,,alvise1 or ,,luigi1 ,,viv>9i 0 ! son ( ,antonio1 & ?\gh he work$ "u him & 8 uncle ,b>tolommeo1 z well z "u ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ! ,paduan influ5ce is app>5t 9 8 "w4 ,he 0 born 9 #addg1 & 8 fir/ dat$ "w is an alt>-piece at ,montefior5t9o1 9 #adge4 ,9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice is a ,madonna dat$ #adhj1 & at ,naples a ,madonna ) ,,ss4 ,francis & ,b]n>d1 #adhe4 ,ano!r ,madonna at ,vi5na is dat$ #adhi1 & ! l>ge alt>-piece 9 ! ,basilica at ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum 9 ,b]l9 is assign$ to ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( 8 works 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,bell9i r ?an t ( 8 family is traceable1 :ile ( ! ,r$5tore ,madonna at ,v5ice1 ( ab\t five ye>s lat]1 ,mr ,b]nh>d ,b]nson says t1 ,z a composition no "w ( ! k9d by ,giovanni ,bell9i ev5 rivals x4 ,9 #adih he _h advanc$ s f> z to be spok5 ( z anticipat+ ,giorgione & ,titian1 9 ! effect ( light & 9 ! r\ndness & s(tness ( ! figures ( ! ,resurrection1 at ,bragora4 ,8 la/ "w1 ! alt>-piece at ! ,fr>i1 0 complet$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #aejd by 8 pupil ,basaiti4 ,b>tolommeo ,montagna1 ,jacopo da ,val5za & ,lor5zo ,lotto 7 ! *ief ( 8 o!r pupils4 ,9 connection ) ! ,viv>9i mu/ be m5tion$ ,,c>lo ,,crivelli1 :o /udi$ ) ,b>tolommeo "u ,antonio & ,squ>cione4 ,b !re 0 some?+ fi]ce & uncong5ial ab\t ,crivelli :i* takes him out ( ! ma9 body ( ,v5etian pa9t]s1 & seems to h giv5 him m pride 9 be+ made a knight ?an 9 8 pictorial a*ievem5ts1 rem>kable z !y 74 ,9 8 ornam5tation ( e detail ) gold & jewels he recalls ! /yle ( ,antonio ,viv>9i1 b :ile ! ma/] us$ x z accessory m]ely1 ,crivelli positively revell$ 9 x4 ,an inv5tory ( ! preci\s /ones1 ornam5ts1 fruits & fl[]s1 & o!r deta*$ items 9 ! great ,demid(f ,alt>-,piece 9 ! ,national ,gall]y w\ld fill sev]al pages4 ,( ! eight examples 9 ?is gall]y ! e>lie/ is probably ! ,dead ,*ri/1 presumably pa9t$ 9 #adgb4 ,! ,demid(f alt>-piece is dat$ #adgf4 ,! ,annunciation 7,no4 #gci71 :i* may be consid]$ 8 ma/]piece1 0 t5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 #adij ,crivelli 0 knight$ by ,pr9ce ,f]d9& ( ,capua1 & f t date onw>d he 0 c>eful to add to 8 signature ! title ,miles--z appe>s 9 our ,madonna & ,*ild ,en?ron$1 ) ,,ss4 ,j]ome & ,seba/ian--call$ ! ,madonna della ,rond9e3---- ,,c>olus ,,crivellus ,,v5etus ,,miles ,,p9xit4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ = ! ,odoni ,*apel 9 ,s4 ,francesco at ,matelica1 ! coat ( arms ( ! family be+ pa9t$ on ! /ep4 ,our ,annunciation 0 execut$ = ! conv5t ( ! ,santissima ,annunziata at ,ascoli1 & is dat$ #adhf4 ,?ree coats ( arms on ! front ( ! /ep at ! bottom ( ! picture are ^? ( ! ,bi%op ( ,ascoli1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,vii41 ! reign+ ,pontiff1 & ! ,city ( ,ascoli4 ,betwe5 ^! are ! words ,lib]tas ,ecclesia/ica1 9 allusion to ! *>t] ( self-gov]nm5t giv5 9 #adhb by ! ,pope to ! citiz5s ( ,ascoli4 ,! patron sa9t ( ! city1 ,s4 ,emidius1 is repres5t$ z a y\? kneel+ beside ! ,ar*angel1 hold+ 9 8 h&s a model ( x4 ,! ,virg9 is se5 ?r\gh ! op5 door ( a h\se1 & 9 an op5 loggia above are peacocks & o!r birds4 ,amid all ! ri* detail1 ! significance ( ! gr\p ( figures at ! top ( a flight ( /eps mu/ n be miss$1 among/ :i* a *ild & a poet are ! only two :o are repres5t$ z notic+ ! my/ic ev5t4 ,ano!r pa9t] ( ! e>li] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury may be m5tion$ "h1 ?\gh z he 0 m fam\s z a m$alli/ 8 influ5ce on ! ma9 c\rse ( pa9t+ is n obs]vable4 ,,vittore ,,pisano1 call$ ,,pisanello1 0 born 9 ,v]ona be=e #adjj1 & di$ 9 #adee4 ,( ! few pictures attribut$ to him we are =tunate 9 hav+ two su* beautiful examples z ! ,,ss4 ,an?ony & ,george & ,! ,vision ( ,s4 ,eu/ace 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,bo? exhibit 8 two mo/ noticeable *>act]i/ics1 namely1 ! m9ute c>e & exquisite feel+ t made him ! mo/ fam\s ( m$alli/s1 & 8 wond]ful draw+ ( animals4 ,! latt]1 x is wor? rem>k+1 0 attribut$ by a =m] own] to ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,! o!r is sign$ ,pisanus2 9 ! frame are ins]t$ ca/s ( two ( 8 m$als1 repres5t+ ,leonello d',e/e1 8 patron1 & a pr(ile ( himself4 ,ano!r v consid]able factor 9 ! developm5t ( ,v5etian pa9t+ 0 ! influ5ce ( ,,g5tile ,,da ,,fabriano 7c4 #acfj-adcj71 :o settl$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 & !re =m$ ! close/ intimacy ) ,antonio ,viv>9i4 ,! rem>kable ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 0 until lately giv5 to ,g5tile1 ?\gh x is n[ catalogu$ z ! "w ( ,antonio4 ,( ,g5tile's education little is kn[n1 & ( ! num]\s works :i* he execut$ at ,fabriano1 9 ,rome & 9 ,v5ice v few h surviv$4 ,f ^? t exi/1 h[ev]1 we c =m an e/imate ( 8 tal5ts & ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 e>li] & lat] /yles4 ,to ! fir/ belong a fresco ( ! ,madonna 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,orvieto1 & ! beautiful picture ( ! ,madonna & sa9ts :i* is n[ 9 ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum at ,b]l94 ,also ! f9e ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 inscrib$ ) 8 "n & ! date #adbc1 =m]ly 9 ! sacri/y ( ,s4 ,tr9it at ,flor5ce1 & n[ 9 ! ,accademia4 ,?is1 8 ma/]piece1 is "o ( ! f9e/ conceptions ( ! subject z well z "o ( ! mo/ excell5t productions ( ! s*ools desc5d$ f ,giotto4 ,( 8 lat] p]iod ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7call$ ! ,quadro della ,romita7 9 ! ,br]a gall]y at ,milan is "o ( ! f9e/4 ,9 _m respects 8 "w is l t ( ,fra ,angelico1 & 0 aptly *>act]is$ by ,mi*elangelo :5 he said t ,g5tile's pictures 7 l 8 "n4 ,ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ! ,paduan ,s*ool1 :i* w next be notic$1 ! ,v5etian ow$ mo/ to ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 if only z ! ma/] ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ^: son1 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 may be reg>d$ z ! real head ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool z develop$ by 8 pupils ,giorgione & ,titian at ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,:e!r or n ,giotto left any actual pupils 9 ,padua aft] complet+ ! frescoes 9 ! *apel ( ! ar5a !re1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! old] s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ,padua1 :i* c5tr$ r\nd ! *ur* conta9+ ! body ( ,s4 ,an?ony1 0 an (f%oot ( ! ,flor5t9e1 & t z ,giotto 0 ! great lead] 9 ,flor5ce he mu/ be consid]$ ! same "h2 ?\gh 8 foll[]s diff] s mu* f ea* o!r 9 /yle t beyond _! indebt$ness to _! f\nd] !y h no di/9ctive feature 9 common4 ,b ) ! op5+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury "o p>ticul> t5d5cy 0 develop$ "u ! fo/]+ influ5ce ( ,,francesco ,,squ>cione1 born 9 #acid1 :i* affect$ 9 a v s5sible degree ! /yle ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! next g5]ation 9 ,v5ice4 ,?is1 9 a ^w1 0 ! cult ( ! antique4 ,among ! ,flor5t9es1 z we h se51 ! /udy ( =m 0 *iefly pursu$ on ! pr9ciple ( direct ref]5ce to nature1 ! especial object 9 view be+ an imitation 9 two dim5sions ( ! actual appe>ances & circum/ances ( life exi/+ 9 ?ree4 ,9 ! ,paduan ,s*ool x n[ came to be v diff]5tly develop$1 namely1 by ! /udy ( ! ma/]pieces ( antique sculpture1 9 :i* ! common =ms ( nature 7 already rais$ to a high ideal ( beauty4 ,?is s*ool has consequ5tly ! m]it1 z ,kugl] po9ts out1 ( apply+ ! ri* results ( an e>li]1 long-=gott5 excell5ce 9 art to mod]n practice4 ,( a real compreh5sion ( ! idealis+ pr9ciple ( classic art !re does n appe> any trace2 :at ! ,paduans borr[$ f ! antique 0 limit$ prim>ily to m]e outw>d beauty4 ,accord+ly 9 ! e>lie/ examples we f9d ! drap]y treat$ accord+ to ! antique co/ume1 & ! g5]al arrangem5t m resembl+ bas-relief ?an r\nd$ gr\ps4 ,! accessories display 9 l mann] a special att5tion to antique models1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ar*itecture1 & ! frequ5t introduction ( fe/oons ( fruit2 :ile ! exagg]at$ %>pness 9 ! m>k+ ( ! =ms due to ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! /udy ( ! antique & ! naturalis+ t5d5cy ( ! "t1 sometimes bord]s on excess4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ?is almo/ sudd5 outbreak ( ! cult ( ! antique--:atev] natural =ces 7 beh9d x--0 ! visit ( ,squ>cione to ,greece1 & ,s\!rn ,italy1 to collect specim5s ( ! rema9s ( anci5t art4 ,on 8 return to ,padua 8 collection soon attract$ a great numb] ( pupils anxi\s to avail !mselves ( ! advantages x (f]$2 & by ^! pupils1 :o p\r$ 9 f all p>ts ( ,italy1 ! mann] ( ! s*ool 0 aft]w>ds spread ?r\gh\t a great portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,squ>cione himself is bett] kn[n z a tea*] ?an z an arti/1 ! few ( 8 rema9+ works be+ ( no great importance4 ,!re is no example 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 b ( ! "w ( 8 great pupil1 ,mantegna1 we h z mu*1 at any rate1 z w s]ve to commemorate ! ma/]4 ,,&rea ,,mantegna 0 born at ,vic5za 9 #adca1 & :5 no m ?an t5 ye>s old 0 inscrib$ 9 ! guild ( ,padua z pupil & adopt$ son ( ,squ>cione4 ,z e>ly z #addh he _h pa9t$ an alt>-piece = ,santa ,sophia1 n[ lo/1 & 9 #adeb ! fresco 9 ,san ,antonio4 ,9 #adee he 0 engag$ ) ,nicolo ,pizzolo 7,donatello's assi/ant71 & o!rs1 on ! six frescoes 9 ! ,eremitani ,*ur* at ,padua4 ,! :ole ( ! left side ( ! *apel ( ,,ss4 ,james & ,*ri/oph]--! life ( ,s4 ,james--& ! m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,*ri/oph] are 81 & 9 ^!1 8 e>lie/ rema9+ works1 we already see ! result ( p$antic antiqu>ianism comb9$ ) 8 extraord9>y individuality4 ,9 #adfj he w5t to ,mantua1 :]e he rema9$ = ! great] "p ( 8 life1 visit+ ,flor5ce 9 #adff & ,rome 9 #adhh4 ,among 8 e>li] works are ! small ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 9 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce1 ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,s4 ,george 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy4 ,f #adhd to #adid he 0 int]mitt5tly engag$ on ! n9e great c>toons ( ,! ,triumph ( ,cs>1 :i* are n[ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 hav+ be5 acquir$ by ,*>les ,i4 ) _m o!r gems f ! ,duke ( ,mantua's collection4 ,on ! completion ( ^! he pa9t$ ! celebrat$ ,madonna della ,vittoria1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre--a l>ge alt>-piece repres5t+ a ,madonna surr\nd$ by sa9ts1 ) ,francesco ,gonzaga1 ,duke ( ,mantua1 & 8 wife1 kneel+ at h] feet4 ,x is a d$ication picture = a victory obta9$ ov] ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france 9 #adie4 ,x is no less rem>kable = its sup]b execution ?an = a s(t] treatm5t ( ! fle% ?an is usual 9 ,mantegna's "w4 ,two o!r pictures 9 ! ,l\vre are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by simil> qualities--! ,p>nassus1 pa9t$ 9 #adig1 & ! ,triumph ( ,virtue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,&rea ,,mantegna ,,! ,,madonna ,,della ,,vittoria ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,9 our own collection we h ,! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d51 pa9t$ 9 #adei--to :i* ,i %all ref] pres5tly--two mono*rome pa9t+s 7,nos4 #aabe & #aade71 ! beautiful ,virg9 & ,*ild ,en?ron$1 ) ,,ss4 ,m>y ,magdal5 & ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* is comp>able ) ! m fam\s ,l\vre ,madonna1 &1 la/ly1 ! ,triumph ( ,scipio1 9 mono*rome1 pa9t$ = ,francesco ,corn>o1 a ,v5etian nobleman1 complet$ 9 #aejf1 only a few mon?s be=e ! pa9t]'s dea?4 ,9 ?is we see t ,mantegna's antiqu>ianism 0 n simply a y\?ful phase1 b la/$ till ! v end ( 8 c>e]4 ,! subject is ! reception ( ! ,phrygian "m ( ! gods among ! recognis$ div9ities ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 z is indicat$ on ! pl9? by ! inscription4 ,9 ! c5tre is ,claudia ,qu9ta ab\t to kneel be=e ! bu/ ( ! goddess4 ,beh9d is ,scipio1 & 9 ! backgr\nd are monum5ts to 8 family4 ,! composition includes tw5ty-two figures4 ,x is significant t ! subject & its treatm5t are s entirely classic z only to be appreciat$ by ref]5ces to ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,ano!r significance atta*es to ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 above m5tion$1 :i* is "o ( ! v e>lie/1 z ! ,scipio is ! v late/1 ( ,mantegna's pictures1 be+ pa9t$ be=e he left ,padua to g to ,mantua4 ,9 ?is we f9d t ! orig9al sugge/ion = ! design appe>s to h be5 tak5 f a draw+ 9 ! sket*-book ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,jacopo ,bell9i1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ! same design appe>s to h s]v$ ,giovanni ,bell9i 9 ! composition ( ! picture 9 our gall]y 7,no4 #gbf74 ,?is takes u back to ,v5ice1 & acc\nts = ! ,paduan influ5ce traceable 9 ! works ( ! ,bell9i family & _! pupils4 ,,jacopo ,,bell9i1 ^: consid]able tal5ts h be5 some:at obscur$ by ! fame ( 8 two sons1 ,g5tile & ,giovanni1 0 orig9ally a pupil ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 aft] :om he nam$ 8 elde/ son4 ,he 0 work+ 9 ,padua 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 rivalry ) ,squ>cione1 & 9 #adec 8 daught] ,nicolosia m>ri$ ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,?us x happ5$ t bo? ( 8 sons came "u ! influ5ce ( ,mantegna1 & evid5tly1 too1 ( ! sculptor ,donatello1 :5 work+ at ,padua betwe5 #adej & #adfj4 ,v few au!ntic pictures by ,jacopo are kn[n to u4 ,a ,crucifixion 7mu* repa9t$7 0 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,episcopal ,palace at ,v]ona2 & ano!r1 :i* recalls ! treatm5t ( 8 ma/]1 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 at ,lov]e1 ne> ,b]gamo4 ,9 ! sket*-book above m5tion$1 ! cont5ts ( :i* consi/ ( sacr$ subjects1 & /udies f ! antique1 bo? 9 ar*itecture & 9 co/ume1 we see ! peculi> t5d5cy ( ! ,paduan ,s*ool express$ 9 ! mo/ complete & compreh5sive mann]4 ,^! draw+s con/itute ! mo/ rem>kable l9k ( connection betwe5 ,mantegna & ! sons ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 all ?ree ( :om mu/ h /udi$ f !m4 ,! book 0 inh]it$ by ,g5tile on 8 "m's dea?1 & bequea!d by him to 8 bro!r on condition t he %\ld f9i% ! picture ( ,s4 ,m>k1 on :i* ,g5tile 0 engag$ at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,,giovanni ,,bell9i 0 born 9 #adbh or #adcj & liv$ to #aeaf4 ,alb]t ,dr]1 writ+ f ,v5ice 9 #aejf1 says t he is v old1 b is /ill ! be/ 9 pa9t+4 ,! great] numb] ( ,bell9i's pictures are to be f\nd 9 ! gall]ies & *ur*es 9 ,v5ice1 all ( ^? :i* are dat$ be+ ! "w ( 8 old age4 ,( 8 e>li] pictures we are =tunate 9 hav+ two f9e examples 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,*ri/'s ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 7,no4 #gbf7 & ,! ,blood ( ! ,r$eem] 7,no4 #abcc74 ,9 bo? ( ^! ! influ5ce ( 8 fam\s bro!r-9-law ,&rea ,mantegna1 is traceable1--! =m] be+ till lately attribut$ to him4 ,bo? ,giovanni & ,g5tile work$ 9 ,padua1 :]e ,mantegna 0 e/abli%$1 9 #adfj or !reab\ts1 & :]e ano!r influ5ce1 t ( ! sculptor ,donatello1 mu/ h _h its effect on ! "y bro!rs4 ,simil> 9 "*1 & ev5 m beautiful 9 "s respects1 is ! ,r$eem]1 a s+le half figure 9 a l&scape1 rec5tly acquir$ = ! ,l\vre--! fir/ au!ntic example ( ! ma/] 9 t collection4 ,9 #adfd1 ,giovanni _h return$ to ,v5ice1 & x 0 "s ye>s be=e ! sev]e ,paduan influ5ce melt$ be=e ! s5su\s feel+ ( ! true ,v5etian temp]am5t4 ,9 #adge1 h[ev]1 ! arrival ( ,antonello da ,mess9a 9 ,v5ice1 br++ ) him ! practice ( pa9t+ 9 oil1 effect$ a revolution1 9 :i* ,giovanni1 if n "o ( ! =emo/1 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ successful 9 adopt+ ! new me?od4 ,8 lat] works1 s f> f %[+ any dim9ution ( p[]1 may be said to anticipate ! ,v5etian /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,"o ( ! *ief1 dat$ #adhh1 is ! l>ge alt>-piece 9 ! sacri/y ( ,s4 ,m>ia di ,fr>i1 a ,madonna ,en?ron$ ) two angels & f\r sa9ts4 ,! two little angels are ( ! utmo/ beauty2 ! "o is play+ on a lute1 & li/5s ) head incl9$ to he> :e!r ! in/rum5t is 9 tune2 ! o!r is bl[+ a pipe4 ,! :ole is p]fectly f9i%$ & ( a spl5did effect ( col\r4 ,to ! ye> #adhf belongs a ,madonna ,en?ron$ ) ,six ,sa9ts1 n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice4 ,! fam\s head ( ! ,doge ,lor$ano 9 ! ,national ,gall]y mu/ h be5 pa9t$ 9 or aft] #aeja4 ,9 #aejg1 he complet$ ! l>ge picture ( ,s4 ,m>k ,prea*+ at ,alex&ria1 n[ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at ,milan1 begun by 8 bro!r ,g5tile4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s ( 8 dea?1 namely 9 #aeac1 he c\ld produce su* a ma/]work z ! alt>-piece 9 ,s4 ,giovanni ,criso/omo4 ,8 la/ "w1 ! l&scape 9 :i* 0 f9i%$ by ,titian1 is dat$ #aead4 ,?is is ! fam\s ,bac*anal n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,! influ5ce ( ,bell9i on ! ,v5etian ,s*ool 0 p>am\nt1 & 8 noble example help$ m ?an any?+ else to develop ! excell5ces obs]vable 9 ! works ( ,cimada ,conegliano1 ,v9c5zo ,cat5a1 ,lor5zo ,lotto1 ,palma ,vec*io & ,basaiti1 to say no?+ ( 8 great pupils ,titian & ,giorgione4 ,x is impossible to conjecture :at c\rse ! g5ius ( ?is y\ng] g5]ation w\ld h tak5 )\t 8 guidance1 b :5 we consid] t 9 #aejj ,bell9i 0 sev5ty ye>s old1 & _h /or$ )9 8 m9d ! exp]i5ce ( 8 e>ly association ) 8 bro!r-9-law ,&rea ,mantegna 9 ,padua1 ! introduction ( ! use ( oil pa9ts by ,antonello da ,mess9a 9 #adge1 s9ce :i* date he _h s$ul\sly develop$ ! new practice2 :5 we also take into acc\nt ! dignity & gravity ( 8 own works1 & ! indication !y af=d ( ! man himself1 x is n difficult to judge h[ mu* 8 pupils & successors ow$ to him4 ,! works ( ,,g5tile ,,bell9i1 ! eld] bro!r ( ,giovanni1 are ( less importance1 b ( consid]able int]e/1 especially 9 view ( 8 j\rney to ,con/ant9ople 9 #adgi at ! reque/ ( ! ,sultan1 ^: portrait he pa9t$ !re 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,a replica ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,giovanni ,,bell9i ,,! ,,doge ,,lor$ano ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ( ?is portrait has be5 bequea!d to ! ,national ,gall]y by ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d1 & x is to be hop$ t ! difficulties rais$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t z to its removal f ,v5ice w %ortly be ov]come4 ,! picture ( ,s4 ,m>k ,prea*+ at ,alex&ria already m5tion$ z hav+ be5 f9i%$ by ,giovanni1 is rem>kable = ! ,ori5tal co/umes ( all ! figures 9 x4 ,g5tile's pictures are (t5 ascrib$ to 8 bro!r2 9 two examples at ! ,national ,gall]y 7,nos4 #hjh & #addj7 !re is actually a false signature on a c>tell9o4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance ,messrs ,ludwig & ,molm5ti are /ill ( op9ion t ! picture is ! "w ( ,giovanni4 ,,v9c5zo ,,cat5a 7c4 #adgj-aecj7 is n kn[n to h be5 a pupil ( ,bell9i1 b he began by s modell+ 8 /yle ^u him t "o ( 8 works 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 0 until q lately (ficially ascrib$ to him1 namely ! ,s4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,/udy4 ,ano!r1 a lat] "w1 ,a ,w>rior ,ador+ ! ,infant ,*ri/ 0 simil>ly ascrib$ to ,giorgione4 ,?is is a pro( t ,cat5a 0 v susceptible to v>i\s influ5ces1 & 0 an arti/ ( extraord9>y suppl5ess ( m9d1 nev] too old to le>n or to appreciate new ideals & new s5tim5ts4 ,9 a mann] m 8 own is ! ,madonna ) ,f\r ,sa9ts 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y 7,no4 #ai74 ,! ,s4 ,j]ome & ! ,w>rior are among ! mo/ popul> pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y--p>tly p]haps on acc\nt ( _! suppos$ illu/ri\s p>5tage1 b by no means entirely4 ,a pa9t] :o c\ld s absorb ! *>act]i/ics ( two su* ma/]s mu/ ne$s be a ma/] himself4 ,,cima ,,da ,,conegliano1 s call$ f 8 bir?place 9 ,friuli--! rocky height ( :i* s]ves z a backgr\nd 9 "s ( 8 pictures--settl$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #adij1 :5 he 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s old4 ,! influ5ce ( ,bell9i may be se5 9 ! temp]am5tal z well z ! te*nical qualities ( 8 "w1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by s\nd draw+ & proportion1 f9e & brilliant col\r1 z well z by sympa!tic types ( c\nt5ance4 ,"o ( 8 be/ & e>lie/ pictures is ! ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ) f\r o!r sa9ts1 9 ,santa ,m>ia del ,orto 9 ,v5ice4 ,ano!r is ! ,madonna ) ,s4 ,j]ome & ,s4 ,l\is1 n[ 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y4 ,a small] b peculi>ly attractive piece is ! ,s4 ,anianus ( ,alex&ria heal+ a %oemak]'s w\nd$ h&1 at ,b]l91 di/+ui%$ = its beautiful cle> col\rs & ! life-l "* ( ! heads4 ,,&rea ,,previtali1 born 9 ,b]gamo 9 #adhj1 came to ,v5ice to /udy "u ,bell9i1 :om he succe$$ 9 imitat+ ) rem>kable success4 ,! ,my/ic ,m>riage ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #adji7 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ,bell9i4 ,if he _h n ! orig9ality to c>ry ! art any f>!r1 8 pictures are nev]!less a decid$ & v agreeable pro( ( ! advance t 0 be+ made 9 x at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 be=e ! full spl5d\r ( ,giorgione & ,titian _h unfold$4 ,,m>co ,,basaiti1 ?\gh probably n a pupil ( ,bell9i1 nev]!less acquir$ _m ( 8 *>act]i/ics4 ,! picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y kn[n z ,! ,madonna ( ! ,mead[ 0 until lately assign$ to ,bell9i1 & ano!r ( 81 9 ! ,giovanelli ,palace at ,v5ice1 :i* is id5tical 9 te*nique1 tone1 & g5]al effect ) ?is "o1 is /ill s ascrib$4 ,:e!r or n he le>nt f ,bell9i1 he 0 c]ta9ly an assi/ant to ,alvise ,viv>9i1 on ^: dea? he complet$ ! l>ge alt>-piece 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia de ,fri>i at ,v5ice1 repres5t+ ,s4 ,ambrose surr\nd$ by ,sa9ts4 ,8 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives & ,! ,call+ ( ,zeb$ee1 bo? dat$ #aeaj1 are n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice1 & toge!r ) ! ,portrait ( a ,man1 dat$ #aeba1 9 ! ,b]gamo ,gall]y1 & ,! ,assumption 9 ,s4 ,pietro ,m>tire at ,murano1 may be consid]$ 8 be/ p]=mances4 ,m remote f ,bell9i1 yet n s f> z to be entirely free f 8 influ5ce 9 "s ( _! m important compositions1 0 ! s*ool =m$ by ,,lazz>o ,,di ,,ba/iani or ,,seba/iani1 ( :i* ! *ief ornam5t 0 ,vittore ,c>paccio1 & among ! less] ones ,giovanni ,mansueti & ,b5$etto ,diana4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is indep5d5t gr\p ( pa9t]s has only ( late ye>s be5 elucidat$2 ,kugl]1 aft] a page devot$ to ,c>paccio1 dismiss$ !m ) ! rem>k t ,mansueti & ,ba/iani 7 bo? pupils ( ,c>paccio1 & t ,b5$etto ,diana 0 less di/+ui%$4 ,our national collection 0 )\t any example until #ahif1 :5 ,mansueti's ,symbolic repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion 0 pur*as$4 ,9 #aije ! ,national ,art-,collections ,fund secur$ ,ba/iani's ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & 9 #aiaj ,sir ,claude ,phillips pres5t$ ,diana's ,*ri/ ,bless+4 ,alas6 t we are /ill )\t any?+ f ! h& ( ,vittore ,c>paccio4 ,sev5 portraits by ,moroni d n fill a gap l ?is4 ,! "n ( ,lazz>o de ,ba/iani fir/ occurs 9 ,v5ice z a witness to 8 bro!r's w 9 #addi1 & z e>ly z #adfj he 0 pa9t+ an alt>-piece = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,samuele4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 ! bro!rs ( ! ,scuolo di ,san ,m>co ord]$ a picture ( ! ,/ory ( ,david f him1 promis+ him ! same paym5t z !y gave to ,jacobo ,bell9i1 :o _h be5 work+ = !m ) 8 two sons ,g5tile & ,giovanni4 ,9 #adgd1 ano!r pro( ( 8 rank & repute z a pa9t] is af=d$ by a lett] f a g5tleman 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ask+ = a picture by him1 b t ,giovanni ,bell9i %\ld pa9t x 9 ! ev5t ( ,ba/iani be+ already dead4 ,he 0 ?us1 x w\ld seem1 pref]r$ to ,bell9i1 ?\gh x w be rememb]$ t five ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,sultan express$ ! wi% t a di/+ui%$ portrait-pa9t] %\ld be s5t him f ,v5ice1 x 0 ,g5tile ,bell9i :o 0 nom9at$4 ,all ! same1 ,g5tile 0 a portrait-pa9t]1 & ,ba/iani 0 n2 & x is fairly evid5t t ! latt] 0 at lea/ 9 ! front rank4 ,"o ( 8 be/-kn[n pictures ! ,v]g9e dai begli oc*i 9 ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice us$ to be attribut$ to ,giovanni ,bell9i2 b ?\gh he appe>s to h drawn inspiration = 8 l>g] & m important compositions f ,jacobo ,bell9i1 8 /yle 0 *iefly develop$ ?r\gh t ( ,giambono4 ,8 mo/ important "w is n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,vi5na--an alt>-piece pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,corpus ,dom9i1 ,v5ice1 ,s4 ,v5]&a ,en?ron$4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,gall]y at ,vi5na are a ,la/ ,communion & ,fun]al ( ,s4 ,girolamo4 ,9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice are ,s4 ,an?ony ( ,padua1 seat$ betwe5 ! bran*es ( a walnut-tree1 ) ,c>d9al ,bonav5tura & ,bro!r ,leo on ei!r side1 a l>ge picture ( a ,miracle ( ! ,holy ,cross1 & a rem>kable r5d]+ ( ,! ,madonna ,kneel+1 ! *ild be+ laid "u an elaborate canopy4 ,an ,entombm5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,anton9o at ,v5ice is rem9isc5t ( ,giovanni ,bell9i at 8 be/4 ,9 #aejh1 ! "n ( ,,vittore ,,c>paccio occurs ) t ( ,ba/iani 9 connection ) ! frescoes ( ,giorgione ^u ! faade ( ! ,fondaco de ,t$es*i1 ab\t :i* !re 0 a dispute4 ,to ,c>paccio we are indebt$ = ! mo/ vivid realization ( ! contempor>y life ( ,v5ice2 = al?\gh 8 subjects 7 nom9ally tak5 f sacr$ hi/ory or leg5d1 !y are treat$ 9 a ?or\ghly secul> fa%ion1 giv+ ! cle>e/ idea ( ! build+s1 p1 & co/ume ( ! ,v5ice ( 8 "t1 ) ! greate/ v>iety & ri*e/ developm5t4 ,8 object is n only to repres5t s+le ev5ts1 b a complete sc5e1 & :ile we obs]ve ?is *>act]i/ic 9 "o or two pictures by ! ,bell9i1 ,c>paccio n only %[s x mu* (t5]1 b c>ries x to a mu* full] developm5t--possibly influ5c$ by ! ,ne!rl&i% ma/]s4 ,_m ( 8 works are 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice2 eight l>ge pictures1 pa9t$ betwe5 #adij & #adie1 repres5t ! hi/ory ( ,s4 ,ursula & ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s4 ,su* a weal? ( *>m+ mat]ial might h emb>rass$ a less capable pa9t]1 b ! monoton\s incid5t :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork ( _m ( !m1 z ,kugl] coldly puts x1 is ?r\gh\t v>i$ & elevat$ by a free /yle ( gr\p+ & by happy moral allusions4 ,ano!r s]ies is t ( ! ,miracles ( ! ,holy ,cross1 among :i* may be especially notic$ ! cure ( a man possess$ by a devil2 ! sc5e is laid 9 ! loggia ( a ,v5etian palace1 & is wat*$ f bel[ by a v>i$ gr\p ( figures on ! ,canal & its banks4 ,l>g] & broad] treatm5t may be se5 9 ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 pa9t$ 9 #aeaj1 :i* is also 9 ! ,academy1 & 9 ! alt>-piece ( ,s4 ,vitale1 dat$ #aead4 ,?is la/ br+s ,c>paccio into clos] comp>ison ) ! lat] ,v5etian pa9t]s1 be+ 9 ! nature ( a ,santa ,conv]sazione1 :]e ! holy p]sonages are gr\p$ 9 "s def9ite relation to ea* o!r1 & n indep5d5t figures4 ,,palma ,,vec*io 7#adhj-aebh71 s call$ to di/+ui% him f ,giacomo ,palma ! y\ng]--,palma ,giovane1--0 s mu* influ5c$ by ,giorgione & ,titian t 8 indebt$ness to ,bell9i appe>s to h be5 comp>atively slight4 ,! beautiful ,portrait ( a ,poet 9 ! ,national ,gall]y has be5 attribut$ bo? to ,giorgione & to ,titian4 ,! numb] ( pictures :i* are n[ p]mitt$ by ! exp]ts to be call$ ,giorgione's is s small1 t we may le>n m ab\t him z an influ5ce on ! "w ( o!r pa9t]s--especially ,titian--?an f ! meagre mat]ials available = 8 own biography4 ,! only unque/ion$ examples ( 8 "w are ?ree pictures at ! ,uffizi1 ,! ,trial ( ,moses1 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 & ,! ,knight ( ,malta2 ! ,v5us at ,dresd52 ,! ,?ree ,philosoph]s at ,vi5na2 & ! fam\s ,conc]t ,*amptre 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,b until ! critics deprive him ev5 ( ^!1 we are able to agree t 8 capital a*ievem5t 0 ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n _s ( lyrical passion & romance 9 pictorial art1 & 8 magical *>m has nev] be5 equall$4 ,,ii ,,tiziano ,,vecellio ,,titian occupies almo/1 if n q1 z important a place 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ z does ,%akespe>e 9 t ( lit]ature4 ,8 fame1 8 popul>ity1 ! wide range z well z ! imm5se quantity ( 8 works1 entitle him to be rank$ ) our poet1 if only = ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,,giorgione ,,v5etian ,,pa/oral ,l\vre1 ,p>is enorm\s influ5ce !y h bo? ex]cis$ on po/]ity3 & )\t c>ry+ ! p>allel f>!r ?an ! limits impos$ by ! diff]5ce ( _! circum/ances & _! me?od ( expression1 x may fairly be said t ,titian1 9 pa9t+1 /&s = u to-day mu* z ,%akespe>e /&s = 9 lett]s4 ,titian1 says ,m4 ,c>o ,delvaille1#b is ! fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,z ! blood ( ! patri>*s ( old infus$ ! ve9s ( a :ole race1 s ! g5ius ( ! mo/ productive ( pa9t]s 0 de/9$ to infuse ^? ( arti/s ?r\gh all ! ages ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,he bequea!d1 9 8 enorm\s oeuvre1 a h]itage 9 :i* g5]ations ( pa9t]s h p>ticipat$4 ,n only 0 he ! fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+1 b he 0 himself ! fir/ mod]n pa9t]1 j z ,%akespe>e 01 to all pres5t int5ts & purposes1 ! fir/ mod]n writ]4 ,among a ?\s& read]s ( ,%akespe>e1 !re is possibly n m ?an "o :o has ev] read a l9e ( ,*auc]1 or :o has ev] he>d ( any ( 8 o!r pr$ecessors4 ,s x is ) ,titian4 ,to ! connoisseur1 ,titian is "o ( ! late/ pa9t]s2 to ! public he is ! e>lie/4 ,9 c]ta9 ( 8 portraits1 we read 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ,catalogue1 he ranks ) ! supreme ma/]s2 9 c]ta9 o!r aspects he is se5 z ! greate/ academician1 z p]haps he 0 ! fir/4 ,z x happ5s1 too1 ,titian /&s 9 mu* ! same relation to ,giorgione z ,%akespe>e did to ,m>l[e4 ,giorgione 0 really ! great innovator1 & ,giorgione di$ "y1 leav+ ,titian to c>ry on ! "w4 ,x has always be5 suppos$ t ,titian & ,giorgione1 l ,m>l[e & ,%akespe>e1 7 born )9 ! same ye>2 b 9 ?is respect ! p>allel is no long] admissible1 z ,mr ,h]b]t ,cook has %[n to ! v]ge ( actual pro( t ! /ory ( ,titian be+ born 9 #aegg1 & hav+ liv$ to be n9ety-n9e ye>s old1 is unwor?y ( acceptance4 ,if ?is 7 m]ely a "q ( biography1 x w\ld n be wor? dwell+ ^u2 b z x s]i\sly affects ! :ole /udy ( e>ly ,v5etian pa9t+1 x is necess>y to po9t out t ! probability1 accord+ to a critical /udy ( all ! evid5ce available1 is t ,titian 0 n born till #adhh or #adhi1 & 0 ?us really ! pupil r ?an ! contempor>y ( ,giorgione1 & !re=e m slightly influ5c$ by ,giovanni ,bell9i ?an has be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,)\t go+ into all ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,mr ,cook 7,reviews & ,appreciations1 ,he9emann1 #aiac7 x is nev]!less pretty evid5t t 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by 8 fri5d & contempor>y1 ,lodovico ,dolce1 publi%$ 9 #aeeg1 we h ! mo/ au!ntic /ory ( ,titian's e>ly ye>s1 & f ?is x is q cle> t ,titian 0 consid]ably y\ng] ?an ,giorgione4 ,be+ born at ,cadore1 he writes1 ( hon\rable p>5ts1 he 0 s5t1 :5 a *ild ( n9e ye>s old1 by 8 fa!r to ,v5ice1 to ! h\se ( 8 fa!r's bro!r1 9 ord] t he might be put "u "s prop] ma/] to /udy pa9t+2 8 fa!r hav+ p]ceiv$ 9 him ev5 at t t5d] age /rong m>ks ( g5ius t[>ds ! art4444 ,8 uncle directly c>ri$ ! *ild to ! h\se ( ,seba/anio1 fa!r ( ! g5tilissimo ,val]io & ( ,francesco ,zuccati 7di/+ui%$ ma/]s ( ! art ( mosaic1 4447 to le>n ! pr9ciples ( ! art4 ,f !m he 0 remov$ to ,g5tile ,bell9i1 bro!r ( ,giovanni1 b mu* inf]ior to him1 :o at t "t 0 at "w ) 8 bro!r 9 ! ,gr& ,c\ncil ,*amb]4 ,b ,titian1 impell$ by nature to great] excell5ce & p]fection 9 8 art1 c\ld n endure foll[+ ! dry & lab\r$ mann] ( ,g5tile1 b design$ ) boldness & exp$ition4 ,:]eupon ,g5tile told him he w\ld make no progress 9 pa9t+ because he div]g$ s mu* f ! old /yle4 ,!reupon ,titian left ! /upid ,g5tile & f\nd means to atta* himself to ,giovanni ,bell9i2 b n p]fectly pleas$ ) 8 mann]1 he *ose ,giorgio da ,ca/el ,franco4 ,titian1 !n1 draw+ & pa9t+ ) ,giorgione1 z he 0 call$1 became 9 a %ort "t s accompli%$ 9 art t :5 ,giorgione 0 pa9t+ 79 #aejg-h7 ! faade ( ! ,fondaco de',t$es*i1 or ,ex*ange ( ! ,g]man m]*ants1 :i* looks t[>ds ! ,gr& ,canal1 ,titian 0 allott$ ! o!r side :i* faces ! m>ket place1 be+ at ! "t sc>cely tw5ty ye>s old4 ,"h he repres5t$ a ,judi? ( wond]ful design & col\r1 s rem>kable inde$1 t :5 ! "w came to be uncov]$ x 0 commonly ?\ght to be ! "w ( ,giorgione1 & all ! latt]'s fri5ds congratulat$ him 7,giorgione7 z be+ by f> ! be/ ?+ he _h produc$4 ,:]eupon ,giorgione1 9 great displeasure1 repli$ t ! "w 0 f ! h& ( 8 pupil1 :o %[$ already h[ he c\ld surpass 8 ma/] & 7:at is m7 ,giorgione %ut himself up = "s days at home1 z if 9 despair1 see+ t a "y 7i4e4 y\ng]7 man knew m ?an he did4 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( ! fam\s alt>-piece--! ,assumption1 n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice--pa9t$ by ,titian 9 #aeaf1 ,dolce m5tions him twice z giov9etto4 ,n long aft]w>ds he 0 commission$ to pa9t a l>ge picture = ! high alt> ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,frate ,m9ori1 :]e ,titian1 q a "y man1 pa9t$ 9 oil ! ,virg9 asc5d+ to ,heav54444 ,?is 0 ! fir/ public "w :i* he pa9t$ 9 oil1 & he did x 9 a v %ort "t1 & :ile /ill a "y man4 ,vas>i's acc\nt ( ,titian's e>ly ye>s is sub/antially ! same1 b un=tunately op5s ) ! /atem5t t he 0 born 9 ! ye> #adhj4 ,?is might easily h be5 a slip ( ! p5 or a pr9t]'s mi/ake = #adhh or #adhi1 & subsequ5t passages 9 ! life be> out ?is supposition4 ,b p>tly because ,titian 0 a ,v5etian & n a ,flor5t9e1 & p>tly1 no d\bt1 because he 0 /ill alive1 & _h be5 produc+ picture aft] picture = ov] sixty ye>s at ! "t ,vas>i publi%$ 8 second edition 9 #aefh1 ! :ole acc\nt is s confus$ & inaccurate t its cr$it has be5 sev]ely %ak5 by mod]n critics1 ) ! result t x is h>dly n[adays consid]$ au!ntic 9 any respect4 ,! foll[+ extracts1 h[ev]1 !re seems no reason to "q3---- ,ab\t ! ye> #aejg1 ,giorgione n be+ satisfi$ ) ! old-fa%ion$ me?ods ( ,bell9i & o!rs began to give 8 works an unwont$ s(tness & relief1 pa9t+ !m 9 a v beautiful mann]4 ,& a little lat] ,hav+ se5 ! mann] ( ,giorgione1 ,titian e>ly resolv$ to ab&on t ( ,gian ,bell9o1 al?\gh well gr\nd$ !re94 ,he n[1 !re=e1 devot$ himself to ?is purpose1 & 9 a %ort "t s closely imitat$ ,giorgione t 8 pictures 7 sometimes tak5 = ^? ( ?is ma/]1 z w be relat$ bel[4 ,increas+ 9 age1 judgm5t & facility ( h&1 our "y arti/ execut$ num]\s works 9 fresco4444 ,at ! "t :5 he began to adopt ! mann] ( ,giorgione1 be+ !n n m ?an eighte51 he took ! portrait ( a g5tleman ( ! ,b>b]igo family1 :o 0 8 fri5d1 & ?is 0 consid]$ v beautiful1 ! col\r+ be+ true & natural1 ! hair s di/9ctly pa9t$ t ea* "o c\ld be c\nt$1 z might also ! /it*es 9 a sat9 d\blet pa9t$ 9 ! same "w2 9 a ^w1 x 0 s well & c>efully done t x w\ld h be5 tak5 = a "w ( ,giorgione if ,titian _h n writt5 8 "n on ! d>k gr\nd4 ,) ?is we may leave ! "q ( ,titian's bir? date1 & consid] ! exceptional int]e/ atta*+ to ! "q ( ?is ,b>b]igo portrait4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,cook1 & also1 "u res]ve1 to sev]al o!r em95t au?orities1 x is no o!r ?an ! s-call$ ,ario/o1 :i* 0 pur*as$ = ! ,national ,gall]y 9 #aijd4 ,! *ief difficulties 9 decid+ ! "q are1 fir/1 :e!r x is possible t a y\? ( eighte5 c\ld h pa9t$ su* a ma/]piece1 second1 t ! signature ,titianus is suppos$ n to h be5 us$ by ! arti/ be=e ab\t #aebj1 & la/ly1 t ! head1 at any rate1 is decid$ly m 9 ! mann] ( ,giorgione ?an t ( ,titian4 ,?is la/1 ( c\rse1 did n tr\ble ,vas>i1 & 8 te/imony is !re=e all ! m valuable2 b all difficulties vani% if we accept ,mr4 ,cook's !ory t ! portrait 0 begun by ,giorgione 9 #aejh1 0 left incomplete at 8 sudd5 dea? 9 #aeaj1 & f9i%$ by ,titian 9 #aebj4 ,t is to say1 ! head & g5]al design is t ( ,giorgione1 ! m>vell\s f9i% ( ! sleeve & o!r p>ts t ( ,titian4 ,( works left unf9i%$ at a ma/]'s dea? & complet$ by a pupil !re are num]\s in/ances2 ! fam\s ,bac*anal at ,alnwick is "o :i* takes u a /ep fur!r 9 ,titian's c>e]4 ,?is 0 begun by ,giovanni ,bell9i1 & ,titian 0 invit$ by ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 9 #aeaf1 to f9i% x4 ,! l&scape is entirely 84 ,to complete ! decoration ( ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ! picture 0 hung1 he 0 call$ ^u to pa9t two o!rs ( ! same size1 "o ! ,triumph ( ,bac*us1 or z x is usually call$ ,bac*us & ,ariadne 7n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y7 & ! o!r a simil> subject1 ! ,bac*anal1 n[ 9 ! ,prado 7,no4 #dah1 =m]ly #dej74 ,ridolfi1 9 8 life ( ,titian *>act]ises our picture z "o to ^: unp>allel$ m]its he is inadequate to d ju/ice2 ,!re is1 he says1 su* a graceful expression 9 ! figure ( ,ariadne1 su* beauty 9 ! *ildr5--s /rongly m>k$ bo? 9 ! looks & attitudes is ! joy\s "* ( ! lic5ti\s vot>ies ( ,bac*us--! r\ndness & correct draw+ ( ! man entw9$ ) snakes1 ! magnific5ce ( ! sky & l&scape1 ! sport+ play ( ! leaves & bran*es ( ! mo/ vivid t9ts1 & ! detail$ h]bage on ! gr\nd t5d+ to enliv5 ! sc5e1 & ! ri* tone ( col\r ?r\gh\t1 =m altoge!r su* a :ole t h>dly any o!r "w ( ,titian c /& 9 competition ) x4 ,9 ! composition ( ! second picture1 ,! ,bac*anal at ,madrid1 a numb] ( ! vot>ies ( ,bac*us are assembl$ on ! bank ( a rivulet1 fl[+ ) r$ w9e f a hill 9 ! di/ance2 "s ( !m are di/ribut+ ! liquor to _! associates1 :ile a nymph & two m5 are danc+4 ,! nymph is suppos$ to be a portrait ( ,violante1 ,titan's mi/ress1 z he has pa9t$1 9 allusion to h] "n1 a violet on h] brea/ & 8 own "n r\nd h] arm4 ,h] light drap]y is rais$ by ! breeze1 & discov]s ! beautiful =m & morbidezza ( h] limbs4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ,ariadne lies asleep1 h] head re/+ on a ri* vase 9 place ( a pill[4#c ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,,titian ,,portrait ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,( ,,ario/o ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,cumb]l& says t ,raphael ,m5gs1 :o liv$ long at ,madrid at ! "t :5 ?is picture 0 9 ! reception room ( ! ,new ,palace1 0 ( op9ion t ,titian's sup]ior ta/e 0 n[h]e m /rik+ly display$1 & rem>ks t he himself c\ld nev] pass by x )\t surprise & admiration1 m p>ticul>ly excit$ by ! beauty ( ! sleep+ ,ariadne 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,respect+ ! m]its ( bo? pictures ! te/imony ( ,ago/9o ,c>racci %\ld n be omitt$2 :5 he view$ !m 9 ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a he decl>$ t he consid]$ !m ! fir/ 9 ! _w1 & t no "o c\ld say he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ m>vell\s works ( art )\t hav+ se5 !m4 ,comm5t+ ^u ano!r picture ( ,titian's e>ly p]iod1 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds deliv]s himself ( ! foll[+ criticisms on ,titian z comp>$ ) ,raphael1 ,x is to ,titian t we mu/ turn1 he says1 to f9d excell5ce 9 reg>d to col\r1 & light & %ade 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,he 0 bo? ! fir/ & ! greate/ ma/] ( ?is art2 by a few /rokes he knew h[ to m>k ! g5]al image & "* ( :atev] object he attempt$1 & produc$ by ?is alone a tru] repres5tation ( nature ?an 8 ma/]1 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 or any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 :o f9i%$ e hair4 ,8 greate/ object 0 to express ! g5]al col\r1 to pres]ve ! masses ( light & %ade1 & to give by opposition ! idea ( t solidity :i* is insep>able f natural objects4444 ,raphael & ,titian seem$ to h look$ at nature = diff]5t purposes2 !y bo? _h ! p[] ( ext5d+ _! view to ! :ole1 b "o look$ only at ! g5]al effect z produc$ by =m1 ! o!r z produc$ by col\r4 ,we _c refuse ,titian ! m]it ( att5d+ to ! g5]al =m ( ! object1 z well z col\r2 b 8 defici5cy lay--a defici5cy at lea/ :5 he is comp>$ ) ,raphael--9 n possess+ ! p[]1 l him1 ( correct+ ! =m ( 8 model by any g5]al idea ( beauty 9 8 own m9d4 ,( ?is 8 ,/4 ,seba/ian ) o!r ,sa9ts 79 ! ,vatican7 is a p>ticul> in/ance4 ,?is figure appe>s to be a mo/ exact repres5tation bo? ( ! =m & col\r ( ! model :i* he !n happ5$ to h be=e him1 & has all ! =ce ( nature1 & ! col\r+ ( fle% itself2 b unluckily ! model 0 ( a bad =m1 especially ! legs4 ,titian has ) mu* c>e pres]v$ ^! defects1 z he has imitat$ ! beauty & brilliancy ( ! col\r+4444 ,( ! ,seba/ian1 ,vas>i says v mu* ! same z ,reynolds4 ,he is nude1 he writes1 & has be5 exactly copi$ f ! life )\t ! slighte/ admixture ( art1 no ef=ts = ! sake ( beauty h be5 s\ght 9 any "p--trunk or limbs2 all is z nature left x1 s t x might seem to be a sort ( ca/ f ! life4 ,x is nev]!less consid]$ v f9e1 & ! figure ( our ,lady ) ! infant 9 h] arms1 :om all ! o!r figures are look+ at1 is also acc\nt$ mo/ beautiful4 ,two m ( ! pictures ( ,titian's e>lie/ p]iod are 9 ! ,national ,gall]y--! ,*ri/ appe>+ to ,m>y ,magdal5 7,no4 #bgj71 & ! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #d74 ,! =m] is ascrib$ to ab\t ! ye> #aead1 p>tly on ! gr\nd t ! gr\p ( build+s 9 ! l&scape is id5tical1 l9e = l9e1 ) t 9 ! ,dresd5 ,v5us pa9t$ by ,giorgione b complet$ by ,titian aft] 8 dea?4 ,! same l&scape also occurs 9 ! beautiful little ,cupid 9 ! ,vi5na ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4--,,titian ,,! ,,holy ,,family ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,academy1 &1 z ,mr ,h]b]t ,cook sugge/s1 possibly repres5ts "s *]i%$ spot 9 ,titian's memory connect$ ) 8 m\nta9 home at ,pieve di ,cadore4 ,! ,holy ,family1 above m5tion$1 is a mo/ *>m+ example ( ! sacra conv]sazione z develop$ by ,titian f ! some:at =mal & au/]e conception ( ,bell9i & 8 contempor>ies into some?+ em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! secul> side ( 8 g5ius4 ,! v titles ( two ( 8 mo/ beautiful & mo/ fam\s pictures ( ?is sort proclaim ! hold !y h tak5 on ! popul> m9d4 ,! "o is ! ,madonna ( ! ,*]ries1 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y4 ,! o!r is ! ,madonna ) ! ,rabbit1 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,9 our picture ! di/+ui%+ feature is ! kneel+ %eph]d1 ) 8 little wat]-cask slung on 8 belt1 :o puts u at once 9 t\* ) ! :ole sc5e by ! simple appeal to our common human exp]i5ce4 ,raphael c\ld move our religi\s feel+s to rev]e ! godhead 9 ! *ild1 b c\ld seldom1 l ,titian1 /ir our human emotions & br+ home to u t ,*ri/ 0 born on e>? = our sakes4 ,if ?is p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( ,titian 7 conf9$ to ! pa/oral sett+ ( ^! ,holy ,conv]sations1 x might be tak5 z m]ely accid5tal1 & )\t fur!r significance ?an %\ld be accord$ to a y\?ful fancy4 ,b 9 ! wond]ful ,entombm5t1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 9 :i* he displays ! full spl5d\r ( 8 e>ly maturity1 ! human elem5t is su* an important factor 9 ! pres5tm5t ( ! div9e trag$y t ev5 a pa9t]1 ,m4 ,c>o-,delvaille1 mu/ po/pone 8 description ( ! picture to s5t5ces l ^!3--,sur un ciel t\rm5t1 he writes1 9 phrases :i* x is impossible to r5d] adequately 9 ,engli%1 se pr(ile le gr\pe tragique4 ,aucun ge/e sup]flu2 le drame e/ intrieur4 ,la ,d\leur plane dans l'air al\rdi du crpuscule1 comme une aile fatale--,jsus e/ mort6 ,le gr& cadavre livide1 que les aptres angoisss s\ti5n5t1 n'a ri5 dans sa robu/esse in]te de la dp\ille macie des ,*ri/s my/iques4 ,le fils de ,dieu semble un patri>*e d\l\reusem5t frapp p> le dcret d'en haut4 ,une pret primitive1 o les l>mes se ca*5t comme une faiblesse1 communique a l'oeuvre un pa?tique si poignant que le my/re de la mort s't5d jusqu' n\s4 ,la ,vi]ge et la ,madele9e sont l4 ,elle1 la ,mre1 d\te de la ralit1 tant elle s\ffre6 ,son reg>d fixe sur le corps *ri1 elle ne peut croire que t\t e/ consomm4 ,la p*]esse pitoyable la pr5d dans ses bras p\r essay] de l'arra*] l'horreur de cette vision4 ,drame huma9 et div96 ne sont-ce po9t des fils qui ramn5t le cadavre de leur pre la p\ssire8 ,t\s ceux qui passr5t p> ces preuves se s\vi5n5t de ce deuil qui semble se prolong] dans la nature entire4 ,titian's fir/ p]iod may be said to end 9 #aecj1 by :i* "t he _h complet$ ! fam\s ,pet] ,m>tyr1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahfg4 ,9 #aecj1 too1 ,titian's wife di$4 ,?is ev5t ( itself ne$ n be suppos$ to h greatly influ5c$ 8 c>e]1 z !re is no evid5ce ( h] hav+ appeal$ to 8 arti/ic nature z did 8 daught] ,lav9ia4 ,z x happ5$1 h[ev]1 a m c]ta9 influ5ce 0 ne>ly co9cid5t ) ?is ev5t--! arrival 9 ,v5ice ( ! notori\s ,aret9e1 :o1 *iefly z x appe>s1 ) an eye to bus9ess1 ent]$ into ! mo/ intimate relations ) ,titian4 ,! accession ( ! sculptor ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,,titian ,,! ,,entombm5t ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,sansov9o to ! comrade%ip e>n$ = ! gr\p ! "n ( ! ,triumvirate4 ,s f> f ,titian be+ corrupt$ by ! society ( ,aret9e1 !re is direct evid5ce 9 "o ( ! poet's lett]s to him t he 0 n4 ,y mu/ come to our fea/ to-night1 he writes1 b ,i may z well w>n y t y _h bett] leave e>ly1 z ,i "k h[ p>ticul> y are ab\t c]ta9 ?+s4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! arti/'s works ( ?is next p]iod--:i* we may r\ghly date f #aecj to #aeej1 t betrays a m s]i\s devotion to ! s5sual side ( life ?an c be acc\nt$ = by ! dem&s ( ! high & mighty patrons t ,aret9e 0 soon to f9d = him4 ,z an arti/ he look$ ^u woman z a beautiful creature1 z a man he mo/ probably nev] tr\bl$ ab\t h]1 or 0 tr\bl$ by h]4 ,!re is no pro( t any ( 8 pictures are rightly call$ ,titian's mi/ress1 & we may conclude t he 0 z good a husb& & a fa!r z 0 ,rub5s1 :o revell$ 9 pa9t+ woman1 or ,velasquez1 :o seems to h frankly dislik$ x4 ,l ,r[l&son1 :om ! g5]al public only "k z a c>icaturi/1 b :o :5 he once got away f ,london 0 ! mo/ pure m9d$ & poetical arti/1 s ,titian1 :5 once dissociat$ f ! dem&s ( corrupt patrons1 l ,philip ,,ii41 nev] reveals himself z hav+ fall5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,aret9e--if inde$ at all4 ,! ,dana & ! ,v5us & a ,musician at ! ,prado are ! only examples x is possible to cite--unless x be ! ,v5us1 to :i* popul> op9ion w\ld h>dly d5y its place ( hon\r 9 ! ,tribune at ! ,uffizi4 ,at ! same "t ! diff]5ce 9 circum/ances1 ! full]1 ri*] life t he mu/ h l$ 9 ^! ye>s ( patronage & prosp]ity1 acc\nts = a c]ta9 %all[ness & complac5cy :i* di/+ui%es 8 "w dur+ ?is p]iod z %>ply f t :i* prec$$ z f t :i* foll[$ x2 & f9e z is 8 accompli%m5t dur+ ^! ye>s1 especially 9 portraiture1 x includes few] ( ^? ma/]pieces :i* appeal to ! he>t z mu* z to ! eye4 ,to #aech belongs ! l>ge & beautiful picture ( ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! ,temple1 pa9t$ = ! ,scuola della ,c>it 9 ,v5ice1 :i* is n[ occupi$ by ! ,academy1 :]e x /ill hangs1 z is said1 9 its orig9al place4 ,x is tw5ty-two feet 9 l5g?1 & conta9s sev]al portraits1 among :i* are ^? ( 8 daught] ,lav9ia 7! ,virg91 z is suppos$71 ,&rea ,fran*esc9i1 gr& *ancellor ( ,v5ice1 9 a sc>let robe2 next him1 9 black1 ,lazz>o ,crasso1 a lawy]1 & c]ta9 monks ( ! conv5t foll[+ !m4 ,we n[ f9d ,titian employ$ by ! ,duke ( ,urb9o on "s ( ! pr9cipal works ( ?is p]iod4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,uffizi ,v5us1 said to be a portrait ( ! ,du*ess h]self4 ,! ,girl 9 a ,fur ,mantle at ,vi5na1 portraits ( ! ,duke & ( ! ,du*ess 7#aecg71 & ! s-call$ ,la ,bella at ! ,uffizi4 ,! s-call$ ,duke ( ,norfolk at ! ,pitti1 suppos$ to repres5t ! "y ,duke ,guidobaldo ( ,urb9o4 ,also ! ,isabella d',e/e at ,vi5na1 & some:at e>li]1 ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito 9 ,hung>ian dress1 at ! ,pitti2 & ! ,daught] ( ,rob]t ,/rozzi1 at ,b]l94 ,! l>ge ,ecce ,homo 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y1 dat$ #aedc1 measur+ #aa ft4 #c 94 by #g ft4 #g 94 0 = "s ye>s 9 ,london1 & ) bett] =tune might /ill be 9 ?is c\ntry if n 9 our national collection4 ,x 0 "o ( ! n9ete5 pictures by ,titian 9 ! wond]ful collection ( ,rub5s1 :i* ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham p]suad$ him to sell to him = a fabul\s price4 ,! collection 0 %ipp$ to ,engl& 9 #afbe1 :5 ! pictures 7 tak5 to ,york ,h\se 9 ! ,/r&1 & ! /atues & gems to ,*elsea4 ,9 #afdi a portion ( ! collection 0 sold at ,brussels1 & ! ,ecce ,homo 0 pur*as$ !re by ! ,ar*duke ,leopold = 8 gall]y at ,prague1 :i* n[ =ms "p ( t at ,vi5na4 ,! ,e>l ( ,arundel (f]$ ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham #gjjj = x--an unhe>d ( price1 especially :5 we rememb] ! great] value ( money at t "t4 ,) ano!r ma/]piece--=tunately /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,prado1 ?\gh n entirely un9jur$ by fire--we may close ! second p]iod4 ,?is is ! magnific5t eque/rian portrait ( ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 :i* 0 pa9t$ at ,augsburg 9 #aedh4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! ,emp]or abdicat$ 9 fav\r ( 8 egregi\s son1 ,philip ,,ii41 ( :om ,titian pa9t$ ?ree portraits 9 succession4 ,! second ( ^!1 n[ 9 ! ,prado1 has an especial int]e/ = u1 inasmu* z x 0 pa9t$ = ! b5efit or ! enticem5t ( ,que5 ,m>y be=e h] m>riage to ,philip4 ,z might be expect$1 x is a highly flatt]+ lik5ess1--9 :ite & gold1 9 half arm\r4 ,to quote ,m4 ,c>o-,delvaille1 ?is k+ ( auto da fs & sunk5 galleys is "h no?+ m ?an a gallant cavali]--neura/h5ic b elegant4 ,= ,engl& 0 also pa9t$ ! ,v5us & ,adonis1 9 #aeed2 b un=tunately ! orig9al is n[ 9 ,madrid1 & only a copy 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,h[ev]1 ! rema9s ( ,philip are !re too1 & n 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey6 ,a copy ( ano!r fam\s picture pa9t$ by ,titian = ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 0 also 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 :o probably br\ght x ) him :5 he return$ f 8 madcap exp$ition ) ,pr9ce ,*>les to ,madrid4 ,x is describ$ 9 8 catalogue z ,"o great ,piece ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les1 a copy call$ ,titian's ,glory1 be+ ! pr9cipal 9 ,spa91 n[ 9 ! ,escurial4 ,?is 0 ! great ,p>adise1 or ,apo!osis ( ,*>les ,v4 :i* ,*>les took ) him into ,spa9 at ! "t ( 8 abdication & plac$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ju/e1 9 ,e/ramadura1 to :i* he retir$4 ,aft] 8 dea? x 0 remov$ by ,philip ,,ii4 to ,madrid4 ,( ! two v]sions ( ,! ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns1 ! e>li] "o at ! ,l\vre1 pa9t$ 9 #aefj1 is m famili> to1 & probably m popul> )1 ! g5]al public ?an ! mu* lat] "o at ,muni* pa9t$ 9 #aega4 ,b = ! real m]its ( ! two we ne$ n hesitate to accept ,m4 ,c>o-,delvaille's judgm5t1 s9ce if he _h any bias x w\ld be 9 fav\r ( 8 own c\ntry's treasure4 ,! =m] he *>act]ises z an incoh]5t composition1 9 :i* useless ge/iculation dim9i%es ! dramatic effect1 :ile /riv+ to =ce x2 & adds t all ! false romanticism ( pa9t+ comes f ?is sort ( !atrical pa?os4 ,( ! o!r he writes ,x 0 ! picture at ! ,l\vre :i* %ock$ me ) its viol5t declamation & its =c$ bl[s t nev] hit any?+4 ,b "h at ,muni* a my/]y s pr(\nd broods ov] ! drama t ! melodramatic elem5t disappe>s4 ,! sc5e becomes tragic1 lam5table1 hopelessly sad4 ,! great arti/ ) a bru% t trembles 9 8 ag$ h&s pa9ts b ! s5tim5t ( x1 to exhale f 8 "w l a pla9tive sigh4 ,! veil ( dea? desc5ds & spreads ov] life4444 ,titian might seem to h pa9t$ x z an (f]+ to ,rembr&t :5 he1 too1 %\ld feel ! approa* ( dea?4 ,ano!r ( 8 late/ pictures1 ! ,adam & ,eve 9 ,p>adise1 is 9 ! ,prado 7,no4 #dbi1 =m]ly #def74 ,?is 0 copi$1 or "o might almo/ say trave/i$1 by ,rub5s :5 he 0 at ,madrid 9 #afbi1 & 8 "w 0 hung 9 ! same room ) x4 ,z ! col\r+ is ( a l[] tone ?an is usual ) ,titian1 & ! attitudes ( ! figures extremely simple & natural1 ! contra/ is all ! m m>k$1 & 0 well express$ by ,cumb]l&1 :o said t :5 we contemplate ,titian's picture ( ,adam & ,eve we are conv9c$ !y nev] wore clo!s2 turn to ! copy1 & ! same p]sons seem to h laid !irs aside4 ,a m g5]\s comp>ison betwe5 ^! two pa9t]s is made by ,reynolds 9 a note on du ,fresnoy's poem on ,pa9t+ respect+ ! qualities ( regul>ity & uni=mity4 ,an in/ance occurs to me :]e ^? two qualities are sep>ately exhibit$ by two great pa9t]s1 ,rub5s & ,titian3 ! picture ( ,rub5s is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,augu/9e at ,antw]p1 ! subject 7if t may be call$ a subject :]e no /ory is repres5t$7 is ! ,virg9 & ,infant ,*ri/ plac$ high 9 ! picture on a p$e/al ) _m sa9ts ab\t !m & z _m bel[ !m1 ) o!rs on ! /eps to s]ve z a l9k to unite ! upp] & l[] "p ( ! picture4 ,! composition ( ?is picture is p]fect 9 its k9d2 ! arti/ has %[n ! greate/ skill 9 compos+ & contra/+ m ?an tw5ty figures )\t confusion & )\t cr[d+2 ! :ole appe>+ z mu* animat$ & 9 motion z x is possible :]e no?+ is to be done4 ,! picture ( ,titian :i* we w\ld oppose to ?is is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,s4 ,fr>i at ,v5ice 7! ,pes>o ,madonna1 :]e ! two donors kneel bel[ ! ,virg9 en?ron$74 ,"o peculi> "* ( ?is piece is gr&eur & simplicity1 :i* proce$ 9 a great measure f ! regul>ity ( ! composition1 two ( ! pr9cipal figures be+ repres5t$ kneel+ directly opposite to ea* o!r1 & ne>ly 9 ! same attitude4 ,?is is :at few pa9t]s w\ld h _h ! c\rage to v5ture2 ,rub5s w\ld c]ta9ly h reject$ s unpicturesque a mode ( composition _h x occurr$ to him4 ,bo? ^! pictures are excell5t 9 _! k9d1 & may be said to *>act]ize _! respective au?ors4 ,!re is a bu/le & animation 9 ! "w ( ,rub5s1 a quiet solemn maje/y 9 t ( ,titian4 ,! excell5ce ( ,rub5s is ! picturesque effect he produces2 ! sup]ior m]it ( ,titian is 9 ! appe>ance ( be+ above seek+ aft] any su* artificial excell5ce4 ,! mo/ important arti/ besides ,titian :o 0 a pupil ( ,giorgione 0 ,,seba/iano ,,del ,,piombo1 z he 0 call$--8 fa!r's "n 0 ,,luciani4 ,b z two o!r notable influ5ces det]m9$ 8 c>e]1 he is n to be tak5 z typical ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool 9 g5]al or t ( ,giorgione 9 p>ticul>4 ,born 9 ,v5ice ab\t ! ye> #adhe1 he fir/ /udi$ "u ,giovanni ,bell9i1 z appe>s f ! signature z well z f ! /yle ( a ,piet by him 9 ! ,lay>d collection1 :i* we may hope soon to see 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,( 8 ,giorgionesque p]iod !re is only "o important picture kn[n to u1 ! beautiful alt>-piece 9 ,s4 ,giovanni ,criso/omo 9 ,v5ice1 :i* is n f> remov$ f ! ri*ness ( ,titian's e>li] "w4 ,! picture repres5ts ! mild & dignifi$ ,s4 ,*ryso/om seat$1 read+ al\d at a desk 9 an op5 hall2 ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ lean+ on 8 cross is look+ att5tively at him2 beh9d him are two male & on ! left two female sa9ts li/5+ dev\tly1 & 9 ! =egr\nd ! ,virg9 look+ maje/ically out ( ! picture at ! spectator--a spl5did type ( ! full & gr& ,v5etian ideal ( female beauty ( t "t4 ,! true expression ( a ,santa ,conv]sazione c\ld n be m wor?ily giv5 ?an 9 ! relation 9 :i* ! li/5]s /& to ! read]1 & 9 gl[ ( col\r ?is "w is n inf]ior to ! be/ ( ,giorgione's or ,titian's4 ,z e>ly z #aeaj1 h[ev]1 he n only left ,v5ice1 b also 8 ,v5etian mann]4 ,he 0 invit$ to ,rome by ! ri* bank] & patron ( ! arts1 ,ago/9o ,*igi1 :]e he met ,raphael1 & ) a/oni%+ v]satility succe$$ z well 9 emulat+ ! excell5ces ( t ma/] z he _h ^? ( ,bell9i & ,giorgione4 ,! half-l5g? ,daught] ( ,h]odias bequea!d to ! ,national ,gall]y by ,george ,salt+ is dat$ #aeaj1 & 9 #aeab he pa9t$ ! fam\s ,=n>9a 9 ! ,uffizi1 :i* until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury 0 suppos$ to be a *ef d'oeuvre ( ,raphael4 ,to ?is p]iod also belongs ! ,s4 ,john 9 ! ,des]t1 at ! ,l\vre4 ,)9 ! next sev5 ye>s a /ill mighti] influ5ce f\nd him1 t ( ,mi*elangelo1 & h[ f> he 0 capable ( respond+ to x may be judg$ by our great ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 pa9t$ at ,rome 9 #aeag-ai = ,giulio de',m$ici1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 to be plac$ ) ,raphael's ,transfiguration 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,n>bonne4 ,bo? pictures 7 publicly exhibit$ 9 ,rome1 & by "s p ,seba/iano's 0 pref]r$ to ,raphael's4 ,accord+ to ,waag5 ! :ole composition 0 design$ by ,mi*elangelo1 ) :om ,seba/iano _h ent]$ into ! close/ intimacy2 & ,kugl] /ates t ! gr\p ( ,laz>us & ^? ar\nd him 0 actually drawn by ! ma/]4 ,h[ev] t may be1 we c h>dly fail to see h[ entirely ! ,v5etian influ5ce is obscur$ by t ( ! great ,flor5t9e1 & to recognise ! extraord9>y g5ius ( a pa9t] :o c\ld d some?+ m ?an imitate f su* ma/]s z ,bell9i1 ,giorgione1 ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,! la/ traces ( ! ,viv>9i influ5ce are to be se5 9 ! e>li] works ( ,,lor5zo ,,lotto7#adhj-aeef71 :o 0 a pupil ( ,alvise1 ?\gh 8 pictures aft] #aejh1 :5 he _h left ,v5ice1 ,treviso & ,reccanti1 :]e he _h be5 employ$1 %[ ! effect ( 8 *ang$ surr\nd+s4 ,to ?is date is assign$ ! ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man1 at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,at ,rome 9 #aeji he 0 pa9t+ ) ,raphael 9 ! ,vatican1 & 9 8 next dat$ "w1 ! ,entombm5t1 at ,jesi1 ! e*oes ( ,raphael's ,disputation & ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns are cle>4 ,! ,dresd5 ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,s4 ,john 0 probably pa9t$ at ,b]gamo 9 #aeah1 & ! ,madonna & ,sa9ts1 lately bequea!d to ! ,national ,gall]y1 is dat$ #aeba4 ,at ,madrid is a picture by him ( ,a ,bride & ,bridegroom dat$ #aebc1 to :i* ye> probably belongs ! ,family ,gr\p 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,^! are e>ly in/ances ( ! comp>atively r>e inclusion ( m ?an a s+le figure 9 a pure portrait4 ,9 our example ! fa!r & "m & two *ildr5 are compos$ into a delightful picture1 9 :i* = once we may see ! actual p ( ! "t 9 some?+ l _! natural surr\nd+s1 in/ead ( be+ pos$1 h[ev] effectively1 to assi/ 9 ! repres5tation ( "s hi/oric or leg5d>y sc5e4 ,9 #aebg ,lotto 0 back aga9 9 ,v5ice1 & 0 probably influ5c$ by ,palma ,vec*io :5 he pa9t$ ! sup]b portrait ( ! sculptor ,odoni1 :i* is at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,a little lat] ! influ5ce ( ,titian is m visible4 ,two o!r portraits are 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 ^? ( ! ,protonot>y ,juliano & ( ,ago/9o & ,niccolo della ,torre4 ,,bonifazio ,,di ,,pitati 7#adhg-aeec71 sometimes call$ ,bonifazio ,v]onese or ,v5eziano1 0 born at ,v]ona1 b /udi$ 9 ,v5ice "u ,palma ,vec*io4 ,! influ5ce ( 8 native city di/+ui%es 8 "w 9 "s degree f ! pure ,v5etian1 z x did t ( ! m fam\s ,paolo 9 lat] ye>s2 b ! atmosph]e creat$ by ,giorgione 0 s /rong z to cause ,bonifazio's ma/]piece 7if we except ! ,dives & ,laz>us at ! ,academy 9 ,v5ice7 to be attribut$ until q lately to ,giorgione4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,kugl]3--,a picture 9 ! ,br]a 9 ,milan1 v des]v+ ( notice1 is p]haps "o ( ,giorgione's mo/ beautiful works2 x is hi/oric 9 subject1 b romantic 9 conception4 ,! subject is ! f9d+ ( ,moses2 all ! figures are 9 ! ri* co/ume ( ,giorgione's "t4 ,9 ! c5tre ! pr9cess sits "u a tree1 & looks ) surprise at ! *ild :o is br\ght to h] by a s]vant4 ,! s5es*al ( ! pr9cess1 ) knights & ladies1 /& ar\nd4 ,on "o side are seat$ two lov]s on ! grass1 on ! o!r side musicians & s+]s1 pages ) dogs1 a dw>f ) an ape1 etc4 ,x is a picture 9 :i* ! highe/ e>?ly spl5d\r & enjoym5t are br\ght toge!r1 & ! incid5t f ,scripture only gives x a m pleas+ int]e/4 ,! co/ume1 h[ev] inappropriate to ! /ory1 di/urbs ! effect z little z 9 o!r ,v5etian pictures ( ! same p]iod1 s9ce x ref]s m to a poetic ?an to a m]e hi/oric tru?1 & ! p]iod itself 0 ri* 9 poetry2 its co/ume too assi/s ! display ( a romantic spl5d\r4 ,?is picture1 ) all its gl[ ( col\r1 is s(t] ?an ! e>li] works ( ! ma/]1 & rem9ds u ( ,titian4444 ,! beautiful ,santa ,conv]sazione 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 aga91 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,casa ,t]zi at ,b]gamo1 0 !re attribut$ to ,palma ,vec*io4 ,"h ! ,virg9 9 a rose-col\r$ mantle is ! c5tre ( ! composition1 ) ! ,*ild on h] knee1 ^: foot ! little ,s4 ,john is b5d+ to kiss4 ,on ! "r is ,s4 ,ca!r9e & on ! left ,s4 ,james ! ,less & ,s4 ,j]ome4 ,9 ! l&scape are se5 a %eph]d ly+ beside 8 flock1 :ile o!r %eph]ds are flee+ f a lion :o has seiz$ _! dog4 ,a copy ( ?is composition is 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice4 ,oddly en\gh x 0 a pupil ( ,bonifazio :o employ$ ! gr& ,v5etian mann] 9 ! humbl] & m commonplace walks ( life1 & neglect+ alike ! ,sacra ,conv]sazione & ! pomp\s sc5es ( fe/ivity1 develop$ into ! fir/ ,italian pa9t] ( g5re4 ,?is 0 ,,jacopo ,,da ,,ponte1 call$ f 8 bir?place ,,bassano1 :o 0 work+ 9 ,v5ice "u ,bonifazio z e>ly z #aece4 ,he aft]w>ds return$ to ,bassano1 & select+ ^? sc5es 9 :i* he c\ld mo/ ext5sively introduce cottages1 peasants1 & animals1 he connect$ !m ) ev5ts f sacr$ hi/ory or my?ology4 ,a peculi> feature by :i* 8 pictures may be kn[n is ! inv>iable & app>5tly int5tional hid+ ( ! feet ( 8 figures1 = :i* purpose %eep & cattle & h\sehold ut5sils are introduc$4 ,he conf9es himself to a bold1 /raight=w>d imitation ( famili> objects1 unit$1 h[ev]1 ) pleas+ composition1 col\r1 & *i>oscuro4 ,8 col\rs1 inde$1 sp>kle l gems1 p>ticul>ly ! gre5s1 9 :i* he displays a brilliancy q peculi> to himself4 ,8 lights are boldly infr+$ on ! objects1 & are seldom introduc$ except on prom95t p>ts ( ! figures4 ,9 accordance ) ?is treatm5t 8 h&l+ is spirit$ & peculi>1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,rembr&t2 & :at on close inspection appe>s d>k & confus$1 =ms at a di/ance ! v /r5g? & magic ( 8 col\r+4 ,! picture ( ! ,good ,sam>itan 9 ! ,national ,gall]y is a good example1 & 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,reynolds1 :o x is said always kept x 9 8 /udio4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #agc7 is excell$ by t ( an ,old ,man at ,b]l94 ,,iii ,,paolo ,,v]onese ,,& ,,il ,,t9toretto ,x _c be said t ! ,v5etian arti/s ( ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury equall$ 9 _! collective excell5ce ! great ma/]s ( ! fir/1 b 9 s+le in/ances !y are frequ5tly entitl$ to rank beside !m4 ,at ! head ( ^! is ,,jacopo ,,robu/i 7#aeah-aeid71 call$ ,,il ,,t9toretto 7! dy]71 9 allusion to 8 fa!r's trade4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s pa9t]s 9 all ! hi/ory ( art2 "o :o s\ght r ?an avoid$ ! greate/ difficulties1 & :o possess$ a true feel+ = animation & gr&eur4 ,if 8 works d n always *>m1 x %\ld be imput$ to ! =eign & non-,v5etian elem5t :i* he adopt$1 b nev] completely ma/]$2 & also to ! times 9 :i* he liv$1 :5 ,v5etian art _h fall5 some:at into ! mi/ak5 way ( colossal & rapid productiv5ess4 ,8 (f-h& /yle1 z ,kugl] calls x1 is always full ( gr& & significant detail1 & ) a few pat*es ( col\r he sometimes a*ieves ! livelie/ =ms & expressions4 ,b he fails 9 t arti/ic arrangem5t ( ! :ole & 9 t nobility ( motives 9 ! p>ts :i* are necess>y expon5ts ( a really high ideal4 ,8 compositions are a*iev$ less by f9ely /udi$ degrees ( p>ticipation 9 ! pr9cipal action ?an by great masses ( light & %ade4 ,attitudes & movem5ts are tak5 imm$iately f common life1 n *os5 f ! be/ models4 ,) ,titian ! highe/ ideal ( e>?ly happ9ess 9 exi/5ce is express$ by beauty2 ) ,t9toretto 9 m]e animal /r5g?1 sometimes ( an almo/ rude "*4 ,= a %ort "t he 0 a pupil ( ,titian1 b = "s unkn[n reason he soon left him1 & /ruck out = himself4 ,9 ! /udio :i* he occupi$ 9 8 y\? he _h inscrib$1 z a def9ition ( ! /yle he pr(ess$1 ,! draw+ ( ,mi*elangelo1 ! col\r+ ( ,titian4 ,he copi$ ! works ( ! latt]1 & also design$ f ca/s ( ,flor5t9e & antique sculpture1 p>ticul>ly by lamplight--z did ,romney a c\ple ( c5turies lat]--to ex]cise himself 9 a m =cible /yle ( relief4 ,he also made models = 8 works1 :i* he light$ artificially1 or hung up 9 8 room1 9 ord] to ma/] p]spective4 ,by ^! means he unit$ great /r5g? ( %ad[ ) ! ,v5etian col\r+1 :i* gives a peculi> "* to 8 pictures1 & is v successful :5 limit$ to ! direct imitation ( nature4 ,b ap>t f ! impossibility ( comb9+ two su* totally diff]5t excell5ces z ! col\r+ ( ,titian & ! draw+ ( ,mi*elangelo1 x appe>s t ,t9toretto's acqua9tance ) ! works ( ! latt] only develop$ 8 t5d5cy to a naturali/ic /yle4 ,t :i* ) ,mi*elangelo 0 ! symbol ( a high] p[] 9 nature 0 adopt$ by ,t9toretto 9 its lit]al =m4 ,mo/ ( 8 defects1 x is probable1 arose f 8 indefatigable vig\r1 :i* e>n$ = him ! nickname ( ,il ,furioso4 ,seba/ian del ,piombo said t ,t9toretto c\ld pa9t z mu* 9 two days z w\ld occupy him two ye>s4 ,o!r say+s 7 t he _h ?ree bru%es1 "o ( gold1 "o ( silv]1 & a ?ird ( brass1 & t if he 0 sometimes equal to ,titian he 0 (t5 inf]ior to ,t9toretto6 ,9 ?is la/ category ,kugl] puts two ( 8 e>lie/ works1 ! enorm\s ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & ,! ,gold5 ,calf1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia dell',orto1 :ile on 8 mu* lat] ,la/ ,supp] he is /ill m sev]e4 ,no?+ m utt]ly d]ogatory1 he writes1 bo? to ! dignity ( art & to ! nature ( ! subject c be imag9$4 ,s4 ,john is se5 ) fold$ arms1 fa/ asleep1 :ile o!rs ( ! ,apo/les ) ! mo/ burlesque ge/ures are ask+1 ',"l1 is x ,i8' ,ano!r ,apo/le is uncov]+ a di% :i* /&s on ! floor )\t rem>k+ t a cat has /ol5 9 & is eat+ f x4 ,a second is rea*+ t[>ds a flask2 a begg> sits by1 eat+4 ,att5dants fill up ! picture4 ,to judge f an ov]?r[n *air ! sc5e appe>s to h be5 a revel ( ! l[e/ description4 ,x is /range t a pa9t] %\ld v5ture on su* a repres5tation ( ?is subject sc>cely a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! creation ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,la/ ,supp]4 ,x 0 9 #aedh1 :5 b ?irty ye>s old1 t ,t9toretto fir/ became fam\s1 ) ! l>ge ,miracle ( ,s4 ,m>k1 n[ 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy4 ,?is is p]haps 8 f9e/ z well z 8 mo/ celebrat$ "w2 b ! greate/ monum5t to 8 indu/ry & g5]al ability is ! ,scuola di',san ,rocco1 :]e he began to "w 9 #aefj "u a contract to produce ?ree pictures a ye> = an annuity ( a hundr$ ducats4 ,9 all !re are sixty-two ( 8 pictures 9 ?is build+1 ! great] "p ( !m v l>ge1 ! figures ?r\gh\t be+ ( ! size ( life4 ,! ,crucifixion1 pa9t$ 9 #aefe1 is ! mo/ ext5sive ( !m1 & on ! :ole ! mo/ p]fect4 ,9 #aeij1 f\r ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 he complet$ ! enorm\s ,p>adise 9 ! ,sala del ,gran ,consiglio1 measur+ sev5ty-f\r feet 9 l5g? & ?irty 9 height4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y we h ?ree *>act]i/ic examples1 =tunately on a small] scale1 namely1 ! ,s4 ,george on a :ite horse1 :i*1 ) its greyi% fle% tones & ! blue ( ! pr9cess's mantle1 is cool] 9 tone ?an ! g5]ality ( 8 pictures2 ,*ri/ wa%+ ! ,disciples' ,feet1 & ! v beautiful & radiant ,orig9 ( ! ,milky ,way1 pur*as$ f ,"l ,d>nley 9 #ahij4 ,at ,hampton ,c\rt a /ill f9] example1 ,! ,n9e ,muses1 is s discol\r$ by age & hung 9 su* a difficult light t x is impossible to enjoy its full beauty4 ,,paolo ,,cali>i1 bett] kn[n z ,,v]onese1 0 born t5 ye>s lat] ?an ,t9toretto1 & di$ six ye>s be=e him 7#aebh-aehh74 ,he /udi$ 9 8 native city ( ,v]ona till he 0 tw5ty1 & aft] work+ = "s "t at ,mantua he came to ,v5ice 9 #aeee1 :]e he 0 quickly recognis$ by ,titian & by ,sansov9o1 ! sculptor & ,director ( ,public ,build+s1 & 0 commission$ 9 t ye> to pa9t a ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 & o!r works 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,seba/ian4 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,giu/9o1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 & ! ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ! ,l\vre are also among 8 e>li] works4 ,z e>ly z #aefb he 0 at "w on ! enorm\s ,fea/ at ,cana1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & a simil> "w at ,dresd5 is ( ! same date4 ,9 #aefd he w5t to ,rome1 :]e he /udi$ ! works ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,on 8 return to ,v5ice 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4--,,t9toretto ,,/ ,,george ,,& ,,! ,,dragon ,national ,gall]y1 ,london #aefe--;aft] visit+ ,v]ona1 :]e he pa9t$ 9 8 p>i% *ur*1 & also m>ri$--he 0 employ$ to decorate ! ,ducal ,palace1 b mu* ( 8 be/ "w !re 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,two ( 8 mo/ important works complet$ be=e #aegc are 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice1 ,! ,battle ( ,lepanto & ! ,fea/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,levi4 ,9 ?is la/ he incurr$ /rictures f ! ,inquisition m sev]e ?an ^? ( ,kugl] ^u ,t9toretto's ,la/ ,supp]1 & possibly ) z mu* reason1 x be+ object$ t ! introduction ( ,g]man soldi]y1 buffoons1 & a p>rot 0 irreligi\s4 ,8 ,family ( ,d>ius1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 0 "o ( 8 late/ works4 ,v]onese1 ev5 m ?an ,titian1 :om 9 col\r+ he s\ght to emulate1 & ,t9toretto1 :om 9 ?is respect he c]ta9ly excell$1 expresses ! _s ( ! ,v5etians ( 8 "t--a p[]ful & noble race ( human be+s1 z ,kugl] calls !m1 elate ) ! consci\sness ( exi/5ce1 & 9 full enjoym5t ( all t r5d]s e>? attractive4 ,by ! spl5d\r ( 8 col\r1 assi/$ by ri* drap]ies & o!r mat]ials1 by a v cle> & transp>5t treatm5t ( ! %ad[s1 he infus$ a magic into 8 great canvases :i* surpasses almo/ all ! o!r ma/]s ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4 ,nev] _h ! pomp ( col\r1 on a l>ge scale1 be5 s exalt$ & glorifi$ z 9 8 works4 ,?is1 8 peculi> quality1 is mo/ decid$ly & gr&ly develop$ 9 sc5es ( worldly spl5d\r2 he lov$ to pa9t fe/ive subjects = ! refectories ( ri* conv5ts1 sugge/$ ( c\rse f p>ticul> passages 9 ! ,scriptures1 b treat$ ) ! greate/ fre$om1 especially z reg>ds ! co/ume1 :i* is always ( 8 own "t4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( any religi\s s5tim5t1 we are pres5t$ ) a display ( ! mo/ *e]ful human sc5es & ! ri*e/ worldly spl5d\r4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es him f ,t9toretto1 & :i* 9 8 lat] p]iod1 aft] ! dea? ( ,titian & ,mi*elangelo1 e>n$ = him ! rank ( ! fir/ liv+ ma/]1 0 t beautiful vitality1 t poetic feel+1 :i* z f> z x 0 possible he infus$ into a decl9+ p]iod ( art4 ,at ! same "t x becomes m & m evid5t1 z our att5tion is turn$ to ! deep] & nobl] _s ( ! e>li] ma/]s 9 ,v5ice1 t ! beauty ( 8 figures is m address$ to ! s5ses ?an to ! s\l1 & t 8 naturali/ic t5d5cies are (t5 all[$ to run wild4 ,! mo/ celebrat$1 & z x happ5s ! mo/ hi/orically int]e/+1 ( 8 great pictures is ! ,fea/ at ,cana1 9 ! ,l\vre1 measur+ ?irty feet wide & tw5ty feet high4 ,?is 0 =m]ly 9 ! refectory ( ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore 9 ,v5ice4 ,! sc5e is a brilliant atrium1 surr\nd$ by maje/ic pill>s4 ,! tables at :i* ! gue/s are seat$ =m ?ree sides ( a p>allelogram4 ,! gue/s are suppos$ to be almo/ entirely contempor>y portraits1 s t ! figures ( ,*ri/ & ,8 "m1 ( !mselves insignificant en\gh1 lose ev5 m 9 ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! subject4 ,s]vants occupy ! =egr\nd1 :ile on ! rais$ balu/rades & ! balconies ( di/ant h\ses are innum]able onlook]s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! :ole composition is a gr\p ( musicians 9 ! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd1 :i* are portraits ( ! arti/ himself & ,t9toretto1 play+ on violon-cellos1 & ,titian1 9 a r$ robe1 ) ! contra-bass4 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,simon1 ! ,magdal5 wa%+ ,8 feet1 is ano!r sc>cely less gigantic picture 9 ! ,l\vre2 b x is mu* simpl] 9 arrangem5t1 & is di/+ui%$ by ! f95ess ( ! heads1 especially t ( ! ,*ri/4 ,an int]e/+ piece ( te*nical criticism on ! ,fea/ at ,cana occurs 9 ,reynolds's ,eigh? ,disc\rse3-- ,ano!r in/ance occurs to me1 he says1 :]e equal lib]ty may be tak5 9 reg>d to ! managem5t ( light4 ,?\gh ! g5]al practice is to make a l>ge mass ab\t ! middle ( ! picture surr\nd$ by %ad[1 ! rev]se may be practis$1 & ! _s ( rule may /ill be pres]v$4444 ,9 ! great composition ( ,paul ,v]onese1 ! ,m>riage at ,cana1 ! figures are = ! mo/ "p 9 half %ad[2 ! great light is 9 ! sky2 & inde$ ! g5]al effect ( ?is picture1 :i* is s /rik+1 is no m ?an :at we (t5 see 9 l&scapes1 9 small pictures ( fairs & c\ntry fea/s2 b ^? pr9ciples ( light & %ad[1 be+ transf]r$ to a l>ge scale1 to a space conta9+ ne> a hundr$ figures z l>ge z life1 & conduct$ to all appe>ance ) z mu* facility & ) an att5tion z /eadily fix$ ^u ! :ole toge!r z if x 7 a small picture imm$iately "u ! eye1 ! "w ju/ly excites our admiration2 ! difficulty be+ increas$ z ! ext5t is enl>g$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! dea? ( ! great ,v5etians1 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & ,paul ,v]onese1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! hi/ory ( ,italian pa9t+ ( ! fir/ rank comes to an end4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 ! imitation ( ,mi*elangelo 0 ! *ief object /riv5 aft]1 &1 z might be expect$1 ! attempt 0 n em95tly successful4 ,! great] numb] ( ! ,italian pa9t]s ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury :o atta9$ any fame are kn[n by ! "n ( ,eclectics1 f _! hav+ endeav\r$1 in/ead ( imitat+ any "o ( _! great pr$ecessors1 to select & unite ! be/ qualities ( ea*1 )\t1 h[ev]1 exclud+ ! direct /udy ( nature4 ,! fallacy ( ?is aim1 :5 c>ri$ to an extreme1 is1 ( c\rse1 t ! greatness ( ! e>li] ma/]s consi/$ really 9 _! individual & peculi> qualities1 & to endeav\r to unite *>act]i/ics ess5tially diff]5t involves a contradiction4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,eclectic s*ools 0 t ( ! ,c>racci1 at ,bologna1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,,lodovico ,,c>racci 7c4 #aeee-afai71 a s*ol> ( ,prosp]o ,fontana & ,passignano at ,flor5ce4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 nicknam$ ! ox1 p>tly f 8 sl[ness1 b possibly also = 8 /udy ( long-=gott5 me?ods1 by :i* he arriv$ at ! decision t re=m 0 necess>y to c\nt]act ! indep5d5ce ( ! mann]i/s4 ,he !re=e obta9$ ! assi/ance ( 8 two nephews1 ,,ago/9o & ,,annibale ,,c>racci1 sons ( a tailor1 & 9 conc]t ) !m op5$ an academy at ,bologna 9 #aehi4 ,?is he furni%$ ) ca/s1 draw+s1 & engrav+s1 & provid$ liv+ models & gave in/ruction 9 p]spective1 anatomy1 etc4 ,9 spite ( opposition ?is academy became m & m popul>1 & be=e long all ! o!r s*ools ( art 9 ,bologna 7 clos$4 ,! pr9ciples ( _! tea*+ 0 succ9ctly express$ 9 a sonnet writt5 by ,ago/9o1 9 sub/ance z foll[s3--,let him :o wi%es to be a good pa9t] acquire ! design ( ,rome1 ,v5etian action & *i>oscuro1 ! dignifi$ col\r+ ( ,lomb>dy 7t is to say1 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci71 ! t]rible mann] ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian's tru? & nature1 ! sov]eign purity ( ,correggio1 & ! p]fect symmetry ( ,raphael4 ,! decorum & well-gr\nd$ /udy ( ,tibaldi1 ! inv5tion ( ! le>n$ ,primaticcio1 & a little ( ! grace ( ,p>migiano4 ,?is pat*work ideal1 z ,kugl] calls x1 01 h[ev]1 b a transition /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,c>racci & _! art4 ,9 ! prime ( _! activity !y ?rew (f a great deal ( _! eclecticism1 & atta9$ an indep5d5ce ( _! own4 ,! m]it ( ,lodovico is *iefly t ( a re=m] & a tea*]1 & ! pictures by ,ago/9o are few & ( no great acc\nt4 ,b 9 ,annibale we f9d mu* m ?an imitation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( great ma/]s4 ,9 8 e>li] works !re are r obvi\s traces ( ,correggio & ,paul ,v]onese1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ! works ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo & ( ! antique1 z he und]/ood x1 he develop$ a /yle ( 8 own4 ,?\gh 9 rec5t ye>s he is a little out ( fa%ion ) ! public1 !re is no "q ab\t 8 hav+ a place among ! great] arti/s4 ,to %[ h[ op9ion c *ange1 ,i v5ture to quote a passage f a lett] writt5 to me on ! subject ( ,c>racci's ,! ,?ree ,m>ies1 lately pres5t$ to ! ,national ,gall]y by ! ,c\ntess ( ,c>lisle3--,i saw ! gall]y at ,ca/le ,h[>d 9 #ahej4 ,! ,?ree ,m>ies 0 !n /ill reg>d$ z "o ( ! great pictures ( ! _w2 & !y told ! /ory ( h[ ,"l ,c>lisle & ,"l ,ellesm]e & ,"l----1 :o %>$ ! ,p>is pur*ases aft] ! ,peace ( #ahae betwe5 !m1 _h to ca/ lots = ?is1 because x 0 ?\ght to be wor? m ?an all ! re/ ( ! spoil4 ,! mo/ important1 or at any rate "o ( ! mo/ popul>1 ( ! pupils ( ,c>racci 0 ,,dom5ico ,,zampi]i1 commonly call$ ,,dom5i*9o 7#aeha-afda74 ,if we are less en?usia/ic ab\t him at ! pres5t1 x may /ill be rememb]$ t ,con/able p>ticul>ly admir$ him1 b x is significant t ! f\r examples 9 ! ,national ,gall]y are numb]$ #dh1 #ge1 #gg & #he--!re is no m rec5t acquisition4 ,he _h great facility1 & 8 compositions--n always orig9al--are treat$ ) great *>m if ) no real dep?4 ,8 mo/ fam\s picture1 ! ,communion ( ,s4 ,j]ome1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 is closely imitat$ f ,ago/9o ,c>racci's4 ,,guido ,,r5i 7#aege-afdb71 ev5 m popul> 9 ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies ?an ,dom5i*9o1 0 z skilful 9 "s respects1 b h>dly z admirable4 ,! ,ecce ,homo1 bequea!d by ,samuel ,rog]s to ! ,national ,gall]y1 is an excell5t example ( 8 ability to *>m ! s5tim5tali/1 & if ev] !re %\ld be a popul> revival ( ta/e 9 ! direction ( ! n[ neglect$ s*ool ( ! ,c>racci1 he w possibly resume all ! hon\r =m]ly paid to him4 ,! same c h>dly be pr$ict$ = ! f> inf]ior ,c>lo ,m>atti1 ,gu]c9o1 & ,c>lo ,dolce4 ,space =bids me m ?an ! b>e m5tion 9 ^! pages ( ! brilliant revival ( pa9t+ 9 ,v5ice dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ,,antonio ,,canale 7#afig-agfh71 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,tiepolo 7#afib-agfi71 ,,pietro ,,longhi 7#agjb-aghe71 & ,,francesco ,,gu>di 7#agab-agic74 ,*>m+ z _! excell5t accompli%m5ts 71 !y mu/ give place to m important claims await+ our att5tion 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,,spani% ,,s*ool ,"o ( ! s5sations ( ! ,exhibition ( ,spani% ,old ,ma/]s at ! ,grafton ,gall]y 9 ! autumn ( #aiac 0 an alt> panel1 dat$ #abej1 :i* 0 acquir$ by ,mr ,rog] ,fry 9 ,p>is1 & catalogu$ z ( ! ,e>ly ,catalan ,s*ool4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ?is picture is c]ta9ly to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! v olde/ ( primitive pictures pa9t$ on wood 9 any c\ntry 444 a decade e>li] ?an ! picture by ,m>g>itone 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 x seems some:at dogmatic to ass]t t :ile reta9+ a /rongly ,byzant9e "* ! /yle is di/9ctly t ( ,catalonia4 ,:at 0 ! /yle ( ,catalonia8 ,s f> z ! hi/ory ( ! art is conc]n$1 ! *apt] on ,spa9 is1 ) "o exception1 a v %ort & a s+ul>ly un9t]e/+ "o1 :e!r ,mr ,fry's panel 0 pa9t$ 9 ,catalonia or :e!r x 0 n2 & 9 spite ( e ef=t to f9d 9 ?is uncong5ial c\ntry t expansion ( pa9t+ t might reasonably h be5 expect$ to fl[ f ,italy & moi/5 its b>r5 soil = ! production ( s wond]ful a g5ius z ,velasquez1 !re is positively no?+ e>li] ?an ,velasquez1 & n v mu* aft] him1 t has m ?an :at we may call a docum5t>y int]e/4 ,:ile 9 ,italy or ! ,ne!rl&s ! names ( scores ( pa9t]s e>li] ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury are ende>$ to u by ! recollection ( ! works !y h left u1 ! enum]ation ( ^? ( ! few ,spani>ds ( :om we h any k awak5s no su* ?rill1 & if we h ev] he>d ( !m1 _! works mean little m to u ?an _! names4 ,only :5 we come )9 t\* ( ,velasquez does our int]e/ awak5--z 9 ! case ( ,rib]a & ,zurb>an--& t is less because ( !m ?an because ( ,velasquez4 ,el ,greco 0 n a ,spani>d by bir?1 b a ,cretan2 & if he 7 rang$ ) ! ,italians1 to :om he m prop]ly belongs1 he w\ld sc>cely be m fam\s ?an "s ,bolognese ma/]s ^: names are n[--or p]haps we ought to say1 at ! pres5t mom5t--almo/ =gott54 ,! ann\ncem5t t "o ( 8 portraits has be5 sold to an ,am]ican = #cj1jjj is ( comm]cial r ?an ( arti/ic int]e/4 ,if "o _h to sum up ! c>e] & ! art ( ,velasquez 9 a s5t5ce1 x might be done by call+ him a ,c\rt pa9t] :o nev] flatt]$4 ,aft] record+ 8 life f ! "t :5 he left 8 ma/] ,pa*eco to ent] ! s]vice ( ,philip ,,iv4 to ! day t he di$ 9 x1 we %all f9d t only a b>e p]c5tage ( 8 "w 0 n commission$ by ! k+2 & 9 all 8 pictures :i* 7 n simply portraits !re is little if any?+ to be f\nd :i* is n z lit]al & tru?ful a pres5tm5t ( ! model 9 front ( him z ! life-l repres5tations ( ,philip & ^? ab\t 8 ,c\rt1 ( :i* ! supreme quality is t ( liv+ resemblance1 or to put x 9 m g5]al t]ms1 vivid realism4 ,gift$ z he mu/ h be5 ) an extraord9>y vision & a /ill r>]1 if n unique1 ability to put d[n on canvas :at he saw1 he conf9$ himself entirely )9 ! limits ( actuality1 & !reby atta9$ to heights :i* 8 great contempor>ies ,rub5s & ,rembr&t 9 _! noble/ flights ( imag9ation nev] rea*$4 ,velasquez 0 baptis$ on ! #f? ( ,june #aeii1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pet] at ,seville4 ,he 0 ! son ( well-to-d p>5ts2 8 fa!r1 a native ( ,seville1 0 nam$ ,juan ,rodriguez de ,silva1 8 "m ,g]onima ,velasquez4 ,at ?irte5 ye>s old he _h display$ s /rong an incl9ation t[>ds pa9t+ t he 0 put to /udy "u ,francisco de ,h]r]a1 !n ! mo/ consid]able pa9t] 9 ,spa9 78 son1 also ,francisco1 0 ! pa9t] ( ! ,*ri/ ,disput+ ) ! ,doctors1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y71 b ow+ to ,h]r]a's viol5t temp] ,velasquez 0 %ortly transf]r$ to ! /udio ( ,francisco ,pa*eco1 ^: daught] he ev5tually m>ri$4 ,pa*eco :o 01 besides be+ an accompli%$ arti/1 a man ( lit]>y ta/es1 & mu* s\ght aft] 9 ,seville by ! m intellectual class ( society1 0 exce$+ly pr\d ( 8 pupil1 & said ( him t he 0 induc$ to be/[ ! h& ( 8 daught] ^u him by ! rectitude ( 8 conduct1 ! purity ( 8 morals1 & 8 great tal5ts1 & f ! high expectation he ent]ta9$ ( 8 natural abilities & transc5d5t g5ius1 add+ t ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 8 in/ructor 0 f> great] ?an t ( be+ 8 fa!r-9-law1 & t he felt x no dem]it to be surpass$ by s brilliant a pupil4 ,9 #afdi ,pa*eco publi%$ a book on pa9t+1 9 :i* we are told t ! fir/ attempts ( ,velasquez 7 /udies 9 /ill life1 or simple compositions ( actual figures1 call$ bodegones 9 ,spani%1 ( :i* we h a fair example at ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ! ,*ri/ at ! ,h\se ( ,m>?a4 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook1 at ,ri*mond1 has ano!r1 an ,old ,woman ,fry+ ,eggs1 & ! ,duke ( ,well+ton two m1 ( :i* ,! ,wat] ,c>ri] ( ,seville is probably ! summit ( ! "y pa9t]'s a*ievem5t be=e he left ,seville1 9 #afbc1 & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,philip ,,iv4 z ,c\rt pa9t]4 ,8 fir/ portrait ( ! k+ 0 ! magnific5t :ole l5g? 9 ! ,prado ,gall]y1 n[ numb]$ #aahb1 /&+ 9 front ( a table ) a lett] 9 8 "r h&4 ,no4 #aahc is ! head ( ! same portrait1 possibly done z a /udy = x4 ,philip 0 s pleas$ ) ?is t he ord]$ all exi/+ portraits ( himself to be remov$ f ! palace1 & appo9t$ ,velasquez exclusively z 8 pa9t]4 ,ano!r ( 8 e>lie/ successes at ,c\rt 0 ! :ole l5g? portrait ( ! k+'s bro!r1 ,don ,c>los1 hold+ a glove 9 8 "r h&2 & ! picture n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,r\5 ( ,a ,geograph] is probably ( ?is date4 ,9 #afbh1 :5 ,velasquez 0 /ill q "y1 & _h fall5 "u no influ5ce save t ( ,pa*eco & ! s*ool ( ,seville1 he 0 *>g$ by ! k+ to ent]ta9 ,rub5s1 :o came to ! ,spani% ,c\rt on a diplomatic mission1 & %[ him all ! treasures 9 ! palace4 ,if any "o c\ld influ5ce ,velasquez1 we might suppose x w\ld h be5 ,rub5s1 :o 0 n only a great pa9t]1 b a man ( ! mo/ captivat+ mann]s & disposition1 ev] ready to help y\ng] arti/s4 ,b n only did he h no p]ceptible effect on ! /yle ( ,velasquez1 b 9 ! picture ( ,! ,top]s1 :i* mu/ h be5 pa9t$ :ile ,rub5s 0 at ,madrid1 or v %ortly aft] he left1 we c almo/ see a det]m9ation n to be influ5c$ by him2 = ! subject 0 a fav\rite "o ( ,rub5s's1 & yet !re is no?+ 9 ?is mo/ reali/ic pres5tm5t ( ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4--,,velazquez ,,! ,,infante ,,philip ,,prosp] ,imp]ial ,gall]y1 ,vi5na actual figures "u ! title ( ,bac*us & 8 vot>ies :i* has any?+ at all 9 common ) ! florid & imag9ative compositions ( ! ,flemi% pa9t]4 ,velasquez _h begun z a reali/1 & a reali/ he 0 to cont9ue till ! end ( 8 days4 ,%ortly aft] pa9t+ ?is picture he left 8 native c\ntry = ! fir/ "t1 & visit$ ,v5ice & ,rome4 ,at ,v5ice he made copies ( ,t9toretto's ,la/ ,supp] & ,crucifixion2 b little if any ( ,t9toretto's influ5ce is to be se5 9 ! two pictures he pa9t$ 9 ,rome--,! ,=ge ( ,vulcan & ,joseph's ,coat1 bo? ( :i* are /ill z reali/ic z ev] 9 treatm5t1 ?\gh %[+ great advances 9 te*nical skill4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,spa9 9 #afca1 he probably pa9t$ ! magnific5t :ole l5g? ,philip ,,iv4 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* comp>es s well1 on exam9ation ) ! m popul> & %[y ,admiral ,pulido ,p>eja pur*as$ "s ye>s ago f ,long=d ,ca/le4 ,s5or ,b]uete1 :o has /udi$ ! "w ( ,velasquez m closely & m intellig5tly ?an any "o else1 consid]s t :]eas !re is n a s+le t\* ^u ! =m] t is n f ! bru% ( ,velasquez1 ! latt] _c be prop]ly attribut$ to him at all--any m ?an c ano!r popul> fav\rite1 ! ,alex&ro del ,borro 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 n[ giv5 to ,b]n>d ,/rozzi4 ,to ?is p]iod may be also assign$ ! ,*ri/ at ! ,column 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 a picture :i* ?\gh n at fir/ sight attractive1 is nev]!less z f9e 9 te*nique1 & 9 s5tim5t1 z any o!r picture 9 ! ,spani% room1 & des]ves f> m att5tion ?an is usually giv5 to x4 ,its simple realism & its pa!tic sweetness are qualities :i* are want+ 9 _m a m %[y or s5sational composition1 & ! m x is /udi$ ! ne>] we f9d we are gett+ to ! real excell5ces t di/+ui% ,velasquez f any pa9t] :o has ev] liv$4 ,! ,crucifixion at ! ,prado is p]haps m wond]ful1 b ! famili> subject helps ! imag9ation ( ! spectator to admire x1 :]eas ! unfamili> sett+ ( our picture is apt at fir/ sight to repel4 ,! mo/ important composition und]tak5 by ,velasquez 9 ?is middle p]iod ( 8 c>e]--t is to say betwe5 8 two visits to ,italy 9 #afbi & #afdi--;is ! fam\s ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ,! ,lances4 ,soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,madrid he _h once pa9t$ an hi/orical subject1 ,! ,expulsion ( ! ,moors1 9 competition ) 8 rivals :o _h ass]t$ t he c\ld pa9t no?+ b heads4 ,9 ?is competition ! prize 0 aw>d$ to him1 b z ! picture has p]i%$ we are unable to judge ( its m]its = ourselves4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 & su* unimportant gr\ps ( figures z we h m5tion$1 he _h be5 occupi$ :olly 9 pa9t+ s+le portraits1 & x is a m>vell\s pro( ( 8 g5ius t he %\ld produce su* a ma/]piece ( composition z ,! ,lances ) s little practice 9 ?is bran* ( 8 art4 ,"h1 at lea/1 we might h expect$ to trace ! influ5ce ( ,rub5s1 b !re is actually no sign ( x2 & if he s\ght any inspiration at all f o!r pa9t]s1 x 0 f :at he recall$ ( ,t9toretto's "w :i* he _h se5 & /udi$ 9 ,v5ice4 ,9 ! k+'s elde/ boy1 ,baltaz> ,c>los1 :o 0 born 9 #afbi1 ,velasquez f\nd a model = two or ?ree ( 8 mo/ *>m+ pictures4 ,"o is at ,ca/le ,h[>d2 a second ! eque/rian portrait1 on a gallop+ pony1 at ! ,prado2 & a ?ird ! full l5g? hunt+ portrait1 also at ! ,prado1 9 :i* we see ! little pr9ce /&+ "u a tree1 gun 9 h&1 ) an enorm\s dog ly+ beside him4 ,ano!r is at ,vi5na1 repres5t+ him z ( ab\t elev5 ye>s old1 full l5g?1 ) 8 h& re/+ on ! back ( a *air4 ,all ( ^! owe "s ( _! *>m to ! y\? & attractive p]sonality ( ! subject2 b if we want to see ! p[] ( ,velasquez )\t any outside elem5t to help u to appreciate x1 !re is ! portrait ( ! sculptor ,m>t9ez ,montanes at ! ,prado4 ,! head is wond]ful 9 its col\r & its modell+1 writes ,s5or ,b]uete2 & :at a lesson 9 te*nique6 ,! eyes1 lightly t\*$ ) col\r1 are set deep 9 _! sockets1 & surm\nt$ by a /rongly m>k$ =ehead4 ,! high lights are ( a ri* impa/o1 manipulat$ ) extraord9>y skill2 ! grey] tones ( ! fle%1 s true & s delicate1 are pa9t$ 9 a way t br+s out ) m>vell\s tru?1 bo? ! s(t p>ts ( ! *eeks & ! h>d] /ructure ( ! face1 "u :i* "o c foll[ ! bones ( ! nose & =ehead4444 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! picture is spontane\s1 & "o c see t x is a pl$ge ( fri5d%ip giv5 by "o arti/ to ano!r2 !re is no?+ "h ( t artificial arrangem5t t spoils commission$ portraits ev5 :5 !y are ! "w ( a pa9t] z indep5d5t z ,velasquez 04 ,"o feels "h ! assurance ( an arti/ :o kn[s t 8 "w w be und]/ood by 8 fri5d 9 ! _s 9 :i* x 0 execut$4 ,m4 ,le=t1 ! ,fr5* critic1 is ev5 m en?usia/ic4 ,ah6 ^! r$\btable neighb\rs1 he exclaims1 see+ x surr\nd$ by ! works ( o!r pa9t]s at ! ,prado4 ,?is canvas makes !m look l m]e imitations--dead conv5tional lik5esses4 ,van ,dyck is dull1 ,rub5s oily1 ,t9toret yell[2 x is ,velasquez alone :o c give u ! illusion ( life 9 all its fulness6 ,9 #afdi ,velasquez paid 8 second visit to ,rome1 :]e he pa9t$ ! fam\s portrait ( ,8 ,hol9ess1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,x4 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,doria palace4 ,?is is exceptional 9 treatm5t1 inasmu* z x is ! only portrait by ,velasquez 9 :i* ! subject is seat$--except+ ( c\rse eque/rian portraits--& in/ead ( ! usual quiet tones ( grey & br[n :i* he 0 s fond ( employ+1 ! picture ( ! ,pope is a radiant h>mony ( rose r$ & :ite4 ,9 its realism x is ev5 m surpris+ ?an mo/ ( ! o!r portraits1 consid]+ h[ ugly ! face _h to be made to resemble nature1 al?\gh ! sitt] 0 ( a /ill high] rank ?an ,velasquez's royal ma/]4 ,return+ to ,madrid 9 #afea1 ,velasquez nev] aga9 left ,spa91 & ! rema9+ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life may be consid]$ ! ?ird p]iod ( 8 arti/ic developm5t1 inasmu* z no special influ5ce 0 ex]t$ ^u him outside ! ord9>y & some:at t$i\s c\rse ( 8 employm5t at ! ,c\rt4 ,to ?is p]iod are assign$ tw5ty-six pictures--,s5or ,b]uete only admits ! au!nticity ( eighty-?ree 9 all1 x may be m5tion$--twelve ( :i* are royal portraits1 sev5 ^? ( buffoons & dw>fs1 ?ree my?ological & two sacr$ subjects1 & ! two fam\s pieces ( real life1 ,las ,m59as & ,las ,hil&]as4 ,( ! royal portraits ^? ( ! ,infanta ,m>g>ita are among ! mo/ fasc9at+1 no less f _! te*nical excell5ce ?an on acc\nt ( ! y\?ful *>m ( ! little ,pr9cess4 ,! "o at ,vi5na repres5ts h] z ab\t ?ree ye>s old1 dress$ 9 r$1 /&+ by a little table4 ,( ?is1 ,s5or ,b]uete says t x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful inspirations ( ,velasquez1 & p]haps "o t reveals bett] ?an any o!r 8 p[] z a col\ri/2 x is a fl[]1 p]fum$ ) e infant9e grace4 ,ano!r /&+ portrait1 ?\gh only a half l5g?1 :5 %e 0 n _m ye>s old]1 is t 9 ! ,salon ,c>r at ! ,l\vre1 :i* is m famili> to u be+ ne>] home & m (t5 reproduc$4 ,m4 de ,wyczewa praises x ?us3--,! p]fect *efs-d'oeuvre collect$ 9 ?is glori\s salon pale 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is *ild portrait2 n "o ( !m c be> comp>ison ) ?is simple yet p[]ful pa9t+1 :i* seems to aim only at ext]nal resemblance & )\t o!r ef=t to atta9 a my/]i\s beauty ( =m & col\r4 ,at ,frank=t aga9 is a *>m+ picture ( ! little ,pr9cess1 :ole l5g?1 at ! age ( six or sev5--a replica ( :i* is at ,vi5na4 ,%e is dress$ 9 greyi% :ite ) trimm+s ( black1 & h] hoop skirt is s enorm\s t h] arms h to be /ret*$ out /raight to all[ h] h&s to rea* ! edge ( h] coat4 ,( ! ?ree my?ological subjects two are 9 ! ,prado1 namely ! ,m>s & ! ,m]cury & ,argus1 :ile ! ?ird & mo/ beautiful is ! ,v5us at ! ,mirror rec5tly pur*as$ = our national collection4 ,^! 7 all ( !m pa9t$ = ! decoration ( ! royal palaces1 & we may !re=e suppose t ! arti/ 0 n entirely at lib]ty ei!r 9 ! *oice ( 8 subject or 9 8 me?od ( treat+ x4 ,c]ta9ly he does n seem to h be5 fond ( pa9t+ ! nude1 unless ) m51 & x is noticeable t he has pos$ 8 model 9 ?is case ) m mode/y & res]ve ?an is to be obs]v$ 9 ! pictures ( ,rub5s & ,titian4 ,! ,holy ,*ur* 0 /]nly av]se to ?is class ( pa9t+1 9 :i*1 accord+ly1 none ( ! ,spani% s*ool indulg$2 b at ! same "t ! royal gall]ies did n exclude ! mo/ exub]ant fancies ( ,rub5s1 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & o!rs1 & ,velasquez 0 9 all probability commission$ by ,philip to pa9t ?is ,v5us--& ano!r :i* has p]i%$--along ) ! ,m>s & ,m]cury )\t reg>d to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,b x is h>dly surpris+ if ,velasquez avail$ himself less fully ( ! privilege ?an a ,flemi% or ,italian pa9t] w\ld no d\bt h done1 & has giv5 u s *a/e & beautiful a realisation ( ! goddess4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! scepticism ) :i* ?is ma/]piece 0 receiv$ 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( its pur*ase = ! nation x is wor? quot+ ,s5or ,b]uete's rem>ks ^u x 9 t connection4 ,! au!nticity ( ?is "w1 he writes has f\nd num]\s d\bt]s 9 ,spa91 less on acc\nt ( its subject--be+ ! only nude female figure 9 ! :ole oeuvre ( ,velasquez--?an because s few p ev] suspect$ its exi/5ce2 b aft] x 0 exhibit$ at ,man*e/] 9 #aheg & 9 ,london 9 #ahij1 x 0 recognis$ t its attribution to ,velasquez 0 well f\nd$4 ,at ! sight ( ! canvas all d\bt vani%es4 ,!re1 inde$1 is ! /yle1 ! inimitable te*nique ( ,velasquez4 ,?is1 f ! connoisseur :o has devot$ ye>s ( /udy to ! "w ( ! ma/]1 & :o rejects su* well e/abli%$ examples z ! ,dulwi* ,philip ,,iv4 & ! ,admiral ,pulido ,p>eja1 is surely m conclusive ?an ! academic p$antry ( ignorance masqu]ad+ z au?ority4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>tolom ,,e/,,ban ,,murillo 7#afag-afhb7 has always be5 acc\nt$ ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,spani% pa9t]s1 & x is only 9 rec5t times t 8 popul>ity has fad$ into comp>ative insignificance on ! full] recognition & und]/&+ ( ! g5ius ( ,velasquez4 ,! int5sely ,anglican feel+ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4--,,velazquez ,,! ,,rokeby ,,v5us ,national ,gall]y1 ,london seems to h f\nd peculi> relief 9 ! s5tim5tal aspirations ( ! foll[]s ( ,raphael 9 ! r5d]+ ( religi\s subjects f ! ,romi% po9t ( view4 ,at ! pres5t "t we are readi] to e/imate ,murillo's ju/ly high place 9 ! annals ( pa9t+ by su* a picture z 8 own portrait1 l5t by ,"l ,sp5c] to ! rec5t ,exhibition1 ?an to all[ x on ! /r5g? ( our recollection ( ! ,madonnas & ,holy ,families1 ,immaculate ,conceptions & ,assumptions1 ( :i* !re exi/ s _m copies 9 ! d9+ rooms ( c\ntry rectories4 ,! ,boy ,dr9k+1 :i* is "h reproduc$1 if x is ! lea/ important ( ! f\r examples 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 is c]ta9ly n ! lea/ excell5t4 ,f ! mis]able /ate into :i* ,spa9 _h fall5 by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x c\ld h>dly be expect$ t any?+ fur!r 9 ! nature ( art w\ld result1 & x 0 n until t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? t ano!r g5ius arose1 9 ! p]son ( ,,francisco ,,goya 7#agdf-ahbh74 ,( ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on 9 ! firmam5t ( art x is impossible to say m ?an a v few words 9 ?is place4 ,l a meteor1 he is r to be po9t$ at ?an talk$ ab\t1 :5 !re are s _m />s & planets ^: regul> c\rses h to be obs]v$ & record$4 ,he 0 l a %>p knife drawn across ! face ( ,spa91 ga%+ x "h & !re1 b = ! mo/ "p j t\*+ x lightly en\gh to /+ & to leave a m>k4 ,z a ,c\rt pa9t] he 0 an unqualifi$ success1 8 sal>y "u ,*>les ,,iv4 ris+ 9 t5 ye>s f #ae1jjj to #ej1jjj reals2 b 8 (ficial productions are n ! less devoid ( int]e/ on t acc\nt1 & are sometimes ! m satirical f ! necessity = concealm5t4 ,9 8 m outspok5 works1 su* z ! ,disa/]s ( ,w>1 & ! s]ies ( pr9ts call$ ,los ,capri*os & ,tauroma*ia1 he is too brutal n to affect ! ord9>y obs]v]'s judgm5t ^u 8 arti/ic qualities4 ,velasquez himself c\ld sc>cely /op %ort en\gh1 :5 pa9t+ dw>fs & idiots & cripples1 to let u admire 8 g5ius unhamp]$ by %iv]s ( repulsion4 ,goya1 be+ exactly ! opposite ( ,velasquez 9 temp]am5t1 _h no scruples ab\t express+ ! utmo/ ( 8 subject2 & ev5 9 decorat+ a *ur* 0 reprov$ = fall+ %ort ( ! /&>d ( *a/ity requir$4 ,b betwe5 ! extremes ( brutality & conv5tionalism !re is su* a wide expanse ( pure joy ( pa9t+ t no?+ c dim9i% ! reputation ( ,goya1 h[ev] mu* x is likely to be enhanc$4 ,to ! mod]n ,spani% pa9t] he is probably z fix$ a beacon z ,velasquez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4--,,murillo ,a ,,boy ,,dr9k+ ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,i ,,hub]t ,,& ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck ,9 #achc1 on ! dea? ( ,l\is de ,maele1 8 son-9-law ,philip ! ,h>dy1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 assum$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,fl&]s4 ,9 ! same ye> ,philip f\nd$ ! ,c>?usian ,conv5t at ,dijon & employ$ a ,flemi% pa9t] nam$ ,mel*9 ,bro$]lam to embelli% two great %r9es )9 x4 ,to ! /rong-h&$ policy ( ,philip & 8 successors dur+ ! ensu+ c5tury may be attribut$ ! rise ( ,ne!rl&i% art :i*1 ?\gh exi/+ be=e _! "t1 requir$ _! vigor\s repression ( inte/9e feuds to give x an opportunity ( develop+4 ,"u ,l\is & 8 pr$ecessors ,fl&]s & its cities _h ris5 to great comm]cial importance1 b its rul]s _h nei!r ! /r5g? nor ! pre/ige to keep ! turbul5t _s ( _! subjects 9 due b\nds4 ,! s*ool ( pa9t+ :i* n[ arose s rapidly to p]fection "u ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy ?us ow$ a portion ( its progress to ! weal? & indep5d5ce ( ! comm]cial classes4 ,! ta/e1 p[]1 & cultivation ( a ,c\rt gave x an additional spur2 & ! cl]gy ?r[+ 9 _! weight1 add$ _! support 9 aid ( art4 ,two w+s ( "o ( ! ,dijon %r9es are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum !re1 & 9 ^! ,messrs ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle obs]ve ! *>act]i/ics ( mu* t 0 to foll[3--,al?\gh ,mel*ior's /yle 0 f\nd$ on ! /udy ( ! pa9t]s ( ! ,rh9e1 8 composition 0 simil> to ! lat] productions ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,a t5d5cy to realism already m>ks ?is e>ly ,flem+1 & is ! di/9ctive feature ( a mann] 9 :i* ! pa9t] /rives to imitate nature 9 its mo/ mat]ial =ms4 ,idealism & noble =ms are lack+1 b ,bro$]lam is a fair imitator ( ! tru?4 ,di/9ctive comb9ation & *oice ( col\rs 9 drap]ies1 & vigor\s tone1 *>act]ise him z !y d ! e>ly works at ,bruges & o!r cities ( ! ,ne!rl&s :i* may be judg$ by 8 /&>d4 ,& aga91 ! pa9t] evid5tly /ruggl$ betwe5 ! desire to give a mat]ial imitation1 & ! inspirations ( graceful tea*]s l ^? ( ,cologne4444 ,p5etrat$ ) simil> ideas ! e>ly ,flem+s might "u simil> circum/ances h ris5 to a sweet & dignifi$ conception ( nature2 & if we fail to discov] t !y atta9$ ?is aim we mu/ attribute ! failure to causes peculi> to ,fl&]s4 ,among/ ^! we may class ! social /atus ( ! ,flemi% pa9t]s1 ^: positions 9 ! h\sehold ( pr9ces subject$ !m p]haps to caprices unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( high aspirations1 or ! contemplation & free communion ) self :i* are ! s\l ( art4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! obs]vations1 s f> z !y ref] to ! realism :i* *>act]ises ,ne!rl&i% pa9t+1 ) ^? ( ,dr ,waag51 :o x w be se5 expla9s x on ! broad] gr\nds ( national temp]am5t4 ,e>ly ,ne!rl&i% pa9t+1 he cont5ds1 9 its fre$om f all =eign influ5ce1 exhibits ! contra/ betwe5 ! natural feel+ ( ! ,greek & ! ,g]man races respectively 9 ! dep>tm5t ( art--^! two races be+ ! *ief repres5tatives ( ! cultivation ( ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w4 ,9 ?is circum/ance consi/s ! high significance ( ?is s*ool :5 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al hi/ory ( art4 ,:ile x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek feel+--f :i* 0 d]iv$ ! ,italian--to idealise1--& to idealise1 be x obs]v$1 n only ! conceptions ( ! ideal _w b ev5 su* mat]ial objects z portraits1--by ! simplification ( =ms & ! prom95ce giv5 to ! m important p>ts ( a "w ( art1 ! e>ly ,ne!rl&]s1 on ! o!r h&1 conf]r$ a portrait-l "* ^u ! mo/ ideal p]sonifications ( ! ,virg91 ! ,apo/les1 ,prophets1 & ,m>tyrs1 & 9 actual portraiture aim$ at r5d]+ ev5 ! mo/ accid5tal peculi>ities ( nature1 l w>ts & wr9kles1 ) excruciat+ fidelity4 ,:ile ! ,greeks express$ ! v>i\s features ( outw>d nature--su* z riv]s1 f\nta9s1 hills1 trees1 etc4--"u ab/ract human =ms1 ! ,ne!rl&]s endeav\r$ to express !m z !y _h se5 !m 9 nature1 & ) a tru? :i* ext5d$ to ! smalle/ details4 ,9 opposition to ! ideal1 & :at may be call$ ! p]sonify+ t5d5cy ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,ne!rl&]s develop$ a purely reali/ic & l&scape s*ool4 ,9 ?is respect ! o!r ,teutonic nations are f\nd to approa* !m mo/ ne>ly1 ! ,g]mans fir/1 & !n ! ,engli%4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! causes :i* produc$ ! di/+ui%+ features ( ,ne!rl&i% pa9t+1 we h /ill to enquire ! orig9 f :i* ! practice ( pa9t+ 9 nor!rn ,europe proce$$4 ,= 9 tak+ ,mel*ior ,bro$]lam z a />t+-po9t we are only go+ z f> back--) ! exception ( c]ta9 rude wall pa9t+s--z ! e>lie/ examples take u2 & hav+ se5 h[ 9 ,italy ! :ole hi/ory ( ! art is traceable to ,cimabue1 ,duccio1 & ,giotto1 ?r\gh ! ,byzant9es1 at lea/ a c5tury be=e ,bro$]lam comes "u our notice1 we might naturally conclude t x 0 f ,italy t x spread to ,cologne1 & f ,cologne to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 n ! case1 & we mu/ look else:]e ?an to ,italy = ! influ5ces :i* =m$ ?is s*ool4 ,nev]!less x 0 a collat]al bran* ( ! same /ock--,byzant9e art--& ! family resemblance comes out none ! less /rongly f ! two bran*es hav+ develop$ "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 ,italy1 z we h se51 ! ,byzant9e se$1 s[n 9 su* f]tile soil1 atta9$ sudd5ly a great luxuriance4 ,9 ! nor?1 transplant$ by ,*>lemagne to ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 ! n9? c5tury1 x grew sl[ly & m timidly1 b none ! less surely1 "u ! cov] ( ,mona/icism1 9 ! manuscripts illum9at$ ) m9iatures2 & ?us :5 x did bur/ =? into full] blossom1 ! boldness ( ! ,italian ma/]s1 :o work$ at l>ge 9 fresco1 0 want+1 & a detail$ & almo/ meticul\s realism 0 its *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,ano!r po9t wor? notic+ is t ?\gh prim>ily introduc$ = religi\s purposes1 z 9 ,italy1 namely ! decoration ( ! ca!dral erect$ by ,*>lemagne at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ! pa9t+s 9 8 palace %[$ =? ev5ts 9 8 own life1 su* z 8 campaigns 9 ,spa91 seiges ( t[ns & feats ( arms by ,franki% w>riors4 ,at ,upp] ,+elheim1 likewise1 8 *apel 0 adorn$ ) sc5es f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 :ile ! banquet+ hall exhibit$ on "o wall ! de$s ( great ,pagan rul]s1 su* z ,cyrus1 ,hannibal1 & ,alex&]1 & on ! o!r ^? ( ,con/ant9e & ,!odosius1 ! seizure ( ,acquita9e by ,pep91 & ,*>lemagne's own conque/ ov] ! ,saxons & f9ally himself en?ron$ z conqu]or4 ,al?\gh no trace rema9s ( ^! pa9t+s1 contempor>y manuscripts execut$ by 8 ord] are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! libr>ies ( ,p>is1 ,trves1 & else:]e f :i* we c =m "s idea ( ! /yle 9 :i* !y 7 r5d]$ & ( ! s\rce f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,( ^! we ne$ only m5tion ! ,vulgate decorat$ by ,,john ,,( ,,bruges1 pa9t] to ,k+ ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france1 9 #acga1 :i* conta9s a portrait ( ! k+ 9 pr(ile ) a figure kneel+ be=e him1 & a few small hi/orical subjects4 ,f ^! x is evid5t t ! art ( pa9t+1 at any rate 9 little1 _h made consid]able progress 9 ! ,ne!rl&s at t date1 & ! express designation ( pictor appli$ to ,john ( ,bruges1 :ile ! ord9>y m9iaturi/ 0 call$ illum9ator1 %[s ! probability ( 8 hav+ pa9t$ pictures on a l>g] scale4 ,! high developm5t ( reali/ic feel+ z x fir/ appe>s to u 9 ! pictures ( ,hub]t & ,jan van ,eyck is ?us p>tly acc\nt$ =1 especially :5 we also consid] ! :olesale de/ruction ( l>g] works ( art t took place 9 ! di/urb$ condition ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ma9 po9ts1 h[ev]1 to be borne 9 m9d is t :]eas ,cimabue & ,duccio />t$ pa9t+ on walls "u ! influ5ce ( ,byzant9e tea*]s1 ,hub]t van ,eyck1 a c5tury lat]1 began pa9t+ on wood5 panels "u t ( illum9ators & pa9t]s 9 books4 ,to ^!1 nev]!less1 !re mu/ be add$ ano!r sc>cely less important1 namely1 t ! e>ly ,italians 7 ignorant ( ! use ( :at we n[ call oil pa9ts1 & work$ entirely 9 temp]a--t is to say1 !re 0 no admixture ( oil or v>ni% ) _! pigm5ts4 ,to ,hub]t van ,eyck is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n practice1 z ,vas>i relates ) m col\r ?an hi/oric tru? 9 8 life ( ,antonello da ,mess9a1 :o is suppos$ to h c>ri$ x into ,italy4 ,be t z x may1 ! works ( ! van ,eycks & _! successors are all 9 oils1 & !re is no d\bt t ! employm5t ( ?is m$ium f ! fir/ consid]ably influ5c$ ! /yle1 col\r1 & execution ( all ! works ( ?is s*ool4 ,,hub]t ,,van ,,eyck :o accord+ to ! common acceptation 0 born 9 ! ye> #acff at ,maaseyck1 a small t[n n f> f ,mae/ri*t1 mu/ h be5 settl$ be=e ! ye> #adab 9 ,bruges1 :5 we he> ( him z a memb] ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,virg9 ) ,rays4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,hub]t van ,eyck 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ?is ,john ( ,bruges1 & t x _h a consid]able influ5ce on him4 ,b :ile on ! "o h& he c>ri$ ! reali/ic t5d5cies ( su* works to an extraord9>y pit* ( excell5ce1 x is evid5t t 9 _m ess5tial respects he 0 actuat$ by a m ideal feel+ & imp>t$ to ! realism ( 8 contempor>ies1 by means ( 8 f> ri*] p[]s ( repres5tation1 great] di/9ctness1 tru? to nature1 & v>iety ( expression4 ,?r\gh\t 8 works is se5 an elevat$ & highly en]getic conception ( ! /]n import ( 8 lab\rs 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! prevail+ arrangem5t ( 8 subjects is symmetrical1 hold+ fa/ to ! e>lie/ rules ( ecclesia/ical art4 ,8 heads appe> to aim at an ideal beauty & dignity only comb9$ ) actual tru? to nature4 ,8 drap]ies exhibit ! pure/ ta/e & s(tness ( folds1 ! reali/ic pr9ciple be+ app>5t 9 t great] att5tion to detail :i* a delicate indication ( ! mat]ial ( ! drap]y necessitates4 ,nude figures are /udi$ f nature ) ! utmo/ fidelity2 undrap$ portions ( figures are also giv5 ) mu* tru?1 especially ! h&s4 ,b :at is ! pr9cipal di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 art is ! hi!rto unprec$5t$ p[]1 dep?1 transp>5cy & h>mony ( 8 col\r+4 ,:atev] want ( exact tru? !re may be 9 ! /ory z relat$ by ,vas>i's /ory ( ! discov]y ( oil pa9t+1 !re is no d\bt t ,hub]t ,van ,eyck succe$$ 9 prep>+ s transp>5t a v>ni% t he c\ld apply x )\t disadvantage to all col\rs4 ,! *ief "w by ,hub]t ,van ,eyck is ! l>ge alt>-piece pa9t$ = ! ca!dral ( ,s4 ,bavon at ,gh5t2--p>ts ( ?is h be5 remov$ & are n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 & supplem5t$ ) excell5t copies ( ! re/1 ! :ole ( ! wond]ful composition may !re be well /udi$2 a l>ge photograph ( ! :ole alt> piece may also be se5 9 ! libr>y at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :i* %[s h[ ! "w 0 orig9ally design$4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = ,jodocus ,vyts1 ,burgoma/] ( ,gh5t1 & 8 wife ,elizabe?1 = _! mortu>y *apel 9 ! ca!dral4 ,! subject ( ! ?ree c5tral panels ( ! upp] portion is ! ,deity seat$ betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,und]nea? ^!1 ( ! same wid?1 is ! fam\s ,adoration ( ! ,lamb4 ,^! toge!r =m$ ! back ( ! alt>-piece1 & 7 cov]$ by w+s :i* op5$ out on h+es on ei!r side4 ,! ?ree l>ge figures ( ! upp] "p are design$ ) all ! dignity & /atuesque repose belong+ to an e>li] /yle1 & !y are pa9t$ on a gr\nd ( gold & tape/ry1 z 0 con/antly ! practice 9 e>li] times3 b unit$ ) ! traditional type we already f9d a successful repres5tation ( life & nature 9 all _! tru?4 ,!y /& z x 7 on ! fronti] ( two diff]5t /yles1 & f ! excell5ce ( bo? =m a wond]ful & mo/ impressive :ole4 ,! ,heav5ly ,fa!r sits directly front+ ! spectator1 9 all ! solemnity ( anci5t dignity1 ,8 "r h& rais$ to give ! b5$iction to ! ,lamb & to all ! multitude ( figures bel[2 9 ,8 left h& is a cry/al sceptre2 on ,8 head ! triple cr[n1 ! emblem ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! features are su* z are ascrib$ to ,*ri/ by ! traditions ( ! ,*ur*1 b noble & well proportion$2 ! expression is =cible1 ?\gh passionless4 ,! tunic & ! mantle ( ?is figure are ( a deep r$1 ! latt] be+ fa/5$ ov] ! brea/ by a clasp1 & fall+ d[n 9 ample folds ov] ! feet4 ,beh9d1 z high z ! head1 is a hang+ ( gre5 tape/ry :i* is ornam5t$ ) a gold5 pelican--a symbol ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,beh9d ! head ! gr\nd is gold1 & on x 9 a semicircle are ?ree inscriptions describ+ ! ,tr9ity z almighty1 all-good1 & all-b\ntiful4 ,! figures ( ,s4 ,john & ( ! ,virg9 display equal maje/y2 bo? are read+ holy books1 z !y turn t[>ds ! c5tre figure4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ,s4 ,john expresses ascetic s]i\sness1 b 9 t ( ! ,virg9 we f9d a s]5e grace & a purity ( =m :i* approa* v ne>ly to ! happi] effects ( ,italian art4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! l[] c5tral picture1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,lamb1 is /rictly symmetrical1 z ! my/ic nature ( ! allegorical subject might seem to ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,,jan ,,van ,,eyck ,,jan ,,arnolf9i ,,& ,,8 ,,wife ,national ,gall]y1 ,london h dem&$2 b !re is su* beauty 9 ! l&scape1 9 ! pure atmosph]e1 9 ! bright gre5 ( ! grass1 9 ! masses ( trees & fl[]s--ev5 9 s+le figures :i* /& out f ! f\r pr9cipal gr\ps--t we no long] p]ceive ei!r h>dness or sev]ity 9 ?is symmetry4 ,! l&scape ( ?is composition & t "p ( x conta9+ ! patri>*s & prophets are g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 complet$ by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck 7c4 #ache-adda71 ^: "n till )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod _h almo/ obscur$ t ( ,hub]t4 ,= al?\gh !re is little d\bt t ! eld] bro!r 0 ! fir/ to develop ! new me?od ( pa9t+1 yet ! fame ( x did n ext5d beyond ,belgium & across ! ,alps until aft] ! dea? ( ,hub]t1 :5 ! celebrity x s spe$ily acquir$ ?r\gh\t ,europe 0 transf]r$ to ,jan ,van ,eyck4 ,)9 fifte5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 #adee1 ,jan 0 commemorat$ 9 ,italy z ! greate/ pa9t] ( ! c5tury1 :ile ! "n ( ,hub]t 0 n ev5 m5tion$4 ,x 0 ,jan van ,eyck to :om ,antonello da ,mess9a is said by ,vas>i to h resort$ 9 ,bruges 9 ord] to le>n ! new /yle ( pa9t+2 he alone also is m5tion$ 9 ,vas>i's fir/ edition ( #aeej1 ,hub]t n until ! second edition 9 #aefh1 & !n only incid5tally4 ,=tunately !re are 9 exi/5ce v>i\s au!ntic pictures by ,jan ,van ,eyck 9 :i* 8 orig9al p[]s are m easily recognis$ ?an 9 ! "p he took 9 ! execution ( ! great alt>-piece at ,gh5t1 9 :i* he d\btless accommodat$ himself ) prop] frat]nal piety bo? to ! composition & to ! /yle ( 8 eld] bro!r--:o 0 also 8 ma/]4 ,9 ^! we c see t he possess$ nei!r ! en?usiasm = ! ri* imag]y & symbolism ( ! ecclesia/ical art ( ! ,middle ,ages1 nor t feel+ = beauty 9 human =ms or 9 drap]y :i* belong$ to 8 eld] bro!r4 ,8 feel+1 on ! o!r h&1 l$ him to ! close/ & true/ conception ( individual nature4 ,:]e he _h to pa9t portraits only--a task :i* 0 mo/ cong5ial to ! t5d5cy ( 8 m9d--he atta9$ a life-l tru? ( =m & col\r+ 9 e "p1 ext5d+ ev5 to ! m9ute/ details1 su* z no o!r arti/ ( 8 "t c\ld rival1 & :i* art 9 g5]al has seldom produc$4 ,9 8 actual bru% "w he %[s great] facility ?an 0 ev] atta9$ by ,hub]t1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to r5d] ! mat]ial ( e sub/ance ) m>vell\s fidelity4 ,:at little we "k ( ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,jan ,van ,eyck is ( exceptional int]e/1 inasmu* z we f9d him employ$ on diplomatic err&s to =eign c\ntries1 l 8 great successor ,rub5s2 & z x happ5s he l&$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh n int5tionally1 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( ^! voyages1 be+ driv5 into ,%oreham & ,falm\? by adv]se wea!r4 ,x 0 9 #adbe t he 0 tak5 into ! s]vice ( ,philip ,,iii41 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 z pa9t] & v>let de *ambre1 %ortly aft] :i* he w5t to ,lille4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 s5t on a pilgrimage z ! ,duke's proxy1 & aga9 on two secret missions4 ,9 #adbh he w5t ) ! ,duke's ,embassy to ! ,k+ ( ,portugal :i* 0 to sue = ! h& ( ,isabella1 ! ,portuguese pr9cess4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t he 0 driv5 on to our %ores4 ,arriv+ at ,lisbon he pa9t$ two portraits ( ,isabella1 "o ( :i* 0 s5t home by sea & ! o!r ov]l&4 ,aft] a happy & successful c>e] he di$ 9 #adda at ,bruges1 :]e he _h m>ri$ & settl$ d[n on 8 return f ,portugal4 ,! mo/ beautiful example ( ,jan ,van ,eyck's "w 9 ,engl& is ! portrait ( ,jean ,arnolf9i & ,jeanne de ,*5any 8 wife1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ahf74 ,?is is dat$ ) ! *>m+ inscription1 ,johannes de ,eyck fuit hic #adcd--t is to say1 in/ead ( simply sign+ ! picture1 he writes1 ,jan ,van ,eyck 0 "h1 #adcd4 ,no o!r picture %[s s high a developm5t ( ! ma/]'s extraord9>y p[] & *>m4 ,besides e o!r quality peculi> to him1 we obs]ve "h a p]fection ( tone & ( *i>oscuro :i* no o!r specim5 ( ?is :ole p]iod af=ds4 ,x is record$ t ,pr9cess ,m>y1 si/] ( ,*>les ,v4 & ,gov]ness ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 pur*as$ ?is picture f a b>b] to :om x belong$ at ! price ( a po/ wor? a hundr$ guld5 a ye>4 ,among its subsequ5t possessors 7 ,don ,diego de ,guev>a1 majordomo ( ,joan1 ,que5 ( ,ca/ile1 by :om x 0 pres5t$ to ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria4 ,9 #aecj x 0 acquir$ by ,m>y ( ,hung>y1 & lat] x return$ to ,spa94 ,9 #aghi x 0 9 ! palace at ,madrid1 & soon aft] x 0 tak5 by "o ( ! ,fr5* ,g5]als1 9 ^: qu>t]s ,major-,g5]al ,hay f\nd x aft] ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,two o!r portraits 9 ! ,national ,gall]y be> ! signature ( ,jan ,van ,eyck4 ,no4 #bbb1 ,an eld]ly man1 head & %\ld]s1 on ! frame ( :i* is ! pa9t]'s motto1 als i* c1 & 8 signature1 ,johannes de ,eyck me fecit anno #adcc1 #ba ,octobris4 ,! o!r1 ,no4 #bij1 is a y\ng] man1 half l5g?1 /&+ inside an op5 w9d[1 on ! sill ( :i* is inscrib$ ,greek3 ,timo!os1 & ,lal ,s\v5ir1 & bel[ ! date & signature1 ,actum anno dom9i #adcb1 #aj die ,octobris a ,iohanne de ,eyck4 ,among ! ,ne!rl&i% s*ol>s & foll[]s ( ! ,van ,eycks ( :om any record has be5 pres]v$ "s appe> to h be5 gift$ ) consid]able p[]s1 ?\gh none atta9$ ! excell5ce ( _! great precursors4 ,al?\gh a numb] ( works repres5t+ ?is s*ool /ill exi/ 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 yet comp>$ ) ! actual abundance ( !m at "o "t !y con/itute b a scanty remnant4 ,?\gh n actually a pupil ( ,jan ,van ,eyck1 ,,rog] ,,van ,,d] ,,weyd5 acquir$ aft] him ! greate/ celebrity4 ,z e>ly z #adcf he fill$ ! hon\rable po/ ( (ficial pa9t] to ! city ( ,brussels4 ,! *ief "w execut$ by him 9 ?is capacity 0 an alt>-piece = ! ,*amb] ( ,ju/ice 9 ,htel de ,ville4 ,accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! "t1 x set =? 9 ! mo/ reali/ic fa%ion examples ( /]n obs]vance ( ! law = ! admonition ( ^? plac$ 9 au?ority4 ,! pr9cipal picture %[$ h[ ,h]k5bald1 a judge 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 execut$ 8 own nephew 7convict$ ( a grave crime1 b :o w\ld o!rwise h escap$ ! p5alty ( ! law7 ) 8 own h&s2 & h[ ! sacram5tal waf] :i*1 on ! plea ( murd]1 0 d5i$ to him by ! prie/1 rea*$ ! lips ( ! upright judge by means ( a miracle4 ,! w+s conta9$ an example ( ! ju/ice ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan4 ,^! pictures are un=tunately no long] 9 exi/5ce1 hav+ probably be5 burn$ :5 ,brussels 0 besieg$ 9 #afie4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ! ,hospital at ,beaune is "o ( ! mo/ important ( 8 works /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ?\gh 9 ?is x is g5]ally suppos$ he 0 assi/$ by ,dirk ,b\ts & ,hans ,meml+4 ,x conta9s sev]al portraits1 notably ^? ( ! ,pope1 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 :o /&s beh9d ! ,apo/les 9 ! "r w+1 & next to him ,philip ! ,good4 ,! cr[n$ female 9 ! opposite w+ is probably ,philip's ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4--,,jan ,,van ,,eyck ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,wife ,t[n ,gall]y1 ,bruges second wife1 ,isabella ( ,portugal1 ^: portrait ,jan ,van ,eyck w5t to ,lisbon to pa9t be=e h] m>riage4 ,on ! out] sides are excell5tly pa9t$ portraits ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,hospital1 ,nicolas ,rol91 & 8 wife4 ,?is "w has be5 class$ ) ! ,van ,eycks' ,adoration ( ! ,lamb1 & ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds by ,hugo ,van d] ,goes1 z cry/alliz+ ! f9e/ expression ( e>ly nor!rn pa9t+4 ,9 #adej he visit$ ,italy1 :]e he pa9t$ ! beautiful little alt>-piece :i* is n[ 9 ! ,/del ,in/itute at ,frank=t1 = ,pi]o & ,giovanni de',m$ici4 ,ano!r v f9e example ( 8 "w is ! tripty*1 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 execut$ = ,pi]re ,bladel94 ,9 ! c5tre is ! ,nativity1 ) a portrait ( ,bladel9 kneel+1 & angels4 ,on ! "o side is ! annunciation ( ! ,r$eem] to ! rul] ( ! ,we/--! ,emp]or ,augu/us--by ! ag5cy ( ! ,tiburt9e ,sibyl2 on ! o!r to ^? ( ! ,ea/--! ,?ree ,k+s--:o are keep+ wat* on a m\nta91 :]e ! *ild appe>s to !m 9 a />4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ z well z ( ! f9e/ ( ! ma/]'s works is a tripty* 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y--! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ) ! ,annunciation & ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple 9 ! w+s4 ,! figure ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,pres5tation is p>ticul>ly pleas+ = its simple & unaffect$ realism4 ,s4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,virg91 also 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 is ascrib$ to ,rog]4 ,no pa9t] ( ?is s*ool1 ! ,van ,eycks ev5 n except$1 ex]cis$ s great & widely ext5d$ an influ5ce z ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd54 ,n only 7 ,hans ,meml+--! greate/ ma/] ( ! next g5]ation 9 ,belgium--& 8 own son1 also nam$ ,rog]1 8 pupils1 b innum]able works o!r ?an pictures 7 produc$1 su* z m9iatures1 block-books1 & engrav+s1 9 :i* 8 =m ( art is recognisable4 ,x 0 "u 8 auspices t ! reali/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,van ,eycks p]vad$ all ,g]many2 = x 0 only aft] ! dea? ( ,jan ,van ,eyck1 9 #adda1 t ! widespread fame ( ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd5 induc$ ,g]mans to visit 8 /udio at ,brussels4 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 "o ( ! greate/ ,g]man ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is kn[n to h be5 8 pupil1 & x is c]ta9 t !re mu/ h be5 _m o!rs4 ,x is 9 ,,hans ,,meml+ 7c4 #adce-adid71 :om ,vas>i /ates to h be5 ! pupil ( ,rog]1 t ! e>ly ,ne!rl&i% ,s*ool atta9s ! highe/ delicacy ( arti/ic developm5t4 ,8 poetical & pr(\ndly human qualities _h a special attraction = ! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood inaugurat$ by ,rossetti & ,holman ,hunt 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is unusual t5d]ness ( feel+ is probably also ! orig9 ( ! leg5d t ,meml+ 0 tak5 into ! ,hospital ( ,s4 ,john at ,bruges--:]e he pa9t$ mo/ ( 8 ma/]pieces--z a sick soldi] aft] ! battle ( ,nancy4 ,9 feel+ = beauty & grace he 0 m gift$ ?an any pa9t] except ,hub]t ,van ,eyck1 & ?is quality1 conspicu\s amid ! some:at ugly realism ( mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 has ensur$ him p]haps a little m popul>ity ?an is rightly 8 %>e4 ,comp>$ ) ! works ( 8 ma/]1 ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd51 8 figures are c]ta9ly ( bett] proportions & less meagr5ess ( =m2 8 h&s & feet tru] to nature2 ! heads ( 8 wom5 are sweet]1 & ^? ( 8 m5 less sev]e4 ,8 outl9es are s(t]1 & 9 ! modell+ ( 8 fle% p>ts m delicacy ( half tones is obs]vable4 ,8 col\rs are /ill m lum9\s & transp>5t4 ,on ! o!r h& he is inf]ior to ,van d] ,weyd5 9 ! c>ry+ out ( detail1 su* z ! mat]ials ( 8 drap]ies or ! r5d]+ ( ! full brilliancy ( gold4 ,9 #adfg ,meml+ 0 a ma/] pa9t] at ,bruges1 & pa9t$ ! portrait ( ! m$alli/1 ,nicolas ,sp9elli1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,antw]p1 & a small alt>-piece n[ at ,*atswor?4 ,8 mo/ fam\s works1 ^? 9 ! ,hospital at ,bruges1 belong to a some:at lat] date1 ! ,%r9e ( ,s4 ,ursula n be+ complet$ till #adhi4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s & ! alt>-piece 7 "s t5 ye>s e>li]4 ,! fam\s %r9e ( ,s4 ,ursula is ab\t f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & ! :ole ( ! outside is adorn$ ) pa9t+4 ,on ea* side ( ! cov] are ?ree m$allions1 a l>ge "o 9 ! c5tre & two small] at ! sides4 ,! latt] conta9 angels play+ on musical in/rum5ts2 9 ! c5tre on "o side is a ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 on ! o!r ! ,glorification ( ,s4 ,ursula & h] companions1 ) two figures ( ,bi%ops4 ,on ! gable-ends are ! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) two si/]s ( ! hospital kneel+ be=e !m1 & ,s4 ,ursula ) ! arr[1 ! in/rum5t ( h] m>tyrdom1 & virg9s seek+ protection "u h] mantle4 ,on ! long] sides ( ! reliqu>y itself1 9 six r l>g] comp>tm5ts1 is pa9t$ ! hi/ory ( ,s4 ,ursula4 ,( ab\t ! same p]iod1 possibly a little e>li]1 is ! ,m>riage ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e1 :i* is also 9 ,s4 ,john's ,hospital at ,bruges4 ,! c5tral figure is t ( ! ,virg91 seat$ "u a por*1 ) tape/ry hang+ d[n beh9d x2 two angels hold a cr[n ov] h] head3 beside h] is ,s4 ,ca!r9e kneel+1 ^: head is "o ( ! f9e/ ev] pa9t$ by ,meml+4 ,beh9d h] is an angel play+ on ! organ1 & fur!r back ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,on ! o!r side kneels ,s4 ,b>b>a1 read+3 beh9d h] ano!r angel holds a book to ! ,virg91 & /ill fur!r back is ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 a figure ( great beauty1 & ( a s+ul>ly mild & ?\ghtful "*4 ,?r\gh ! arcades ( ! por* we look out1 on ei!r side ( ! ?rone1 on a ri* l&scape1 9 :i* are repres5t$ sc5es f ! lives ( ! two ,s4 ,johns4 ,! panel on ! "r conta9s ! behead+ ( ! ,bapti/1 on ! left ! ,evangeli/ 9 ! ,isle ( ,patmos1 :]e ! vision ( ! ,apocalypse appe>s to him--! ,almighty on a ?rone 9 a glory ( dazzl+ light1 encompass$ ) a ra9b[4 ,! :ole =ms a "w /rik+ly poetical & mo/ impressive 9 "*2 x is highly f9i%$1 bo? 9 draw+ & composition4 ,,ian ,,gossa]t 7c4 #adgb-aece71 call$ ,,jan ,,van ,,mabuse f 8 native t[n ( ,maubeuge1 0 ! son ( a bookb9d] :o work$ = ! ,abbey ( ,sa9te-,aldegonde4 ,x is possible !re=e t he might h =m$ an e>ly acqua9tance ) illum9at$ manuscripts be=e /udy+ ! art ( pa9t+ 9 ! /udio ( a ma/]4 ,meml+1 ,g]>d1 ,david1 & ,qu5t9 ,massys h be5 sugge/$ z 8 in/ructors1 b x is n kn[n = c]ta9 t he 0 actually a pupil ( any ( !m4 ,9 #aejh he w5t to ,italy1 :]e he appe>s to h be5 greatly influ5c$ bo? by ! "w ( ! ,r5aissance pa9t]s & by ! antique4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 :i* 0 lately pur*as$ f ,ca/le ,h[>d = ! ,national ,gall]y = #dj1jjj1 0 pa9t$ be=e he w5t to ,italy4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 consequ5ce ( ! transf] ( comm]ce f ,bruges to ,antw]p1 ?is latt] city fir/ became & long cont9u$ ! c5tre ( art1 & especially ( ,ne!rl&i% pa9t+4 ,"h x is t we f9d ,,qu5t9 ,,massys1 ! greate/ ,belgian pa9t] ( ?is lat] "t4 ,he 0 born ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4--,,jan ,,mabuse ,,portrait ,,( ,,jean ,,c>ondelet ,l\vre1 ,p>is probably 9 #adff4 ,8 fa!r is said to h be5 a blacksmi? & clockmak]1 & !re is a tradition t ,qu5t9 only =sook ! hamm] = ! bru% at in/igation ( a t5d] passion = a beautiful lady4 ,be t z x may1 he is an important figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,belgian art4 ,he di/+ui%es1 broadly speak+1 ! close ( ! la/ p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ! next4 ,a numb] ( pictures repres5t+ sacr$ subjects exhibit1 ) little feel+ = real beauty ( =m1 su* delicacy ( features1 beauty & e>ne/ness ( feel+1 t5d]ness & cle>ness ( col\r+ & skill 9 f9i%1 z wor?ily recall ! religi\s pa9t+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh at ! v end ( !m4 ,9 8 drap]ies1 especially1 we obs]ve a *>m :i* is peculi> to ,massys4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! subord9ate figures introduc$ into sacr$ subjects1 su* z ! execution]s1 etc41 he seems to take pleasure 9 co>se & ta/eless c>icatures4 ,9 subjects tak5 f common life1 su* z money *ang]s1 lov+ c\ples1 or ugly old wom51 he uses 8 bru% ) evid5t ze/1 & ) great success4 ,! pictures ( 8 lat] p]iod are also di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r pa9t]s by ! l>ge size ( ! figures1 :i* = ! fir/ "t 9 8 c\ntry are ( ?ree-qu>t]s or ev5 actual life size4 ,among 8 mo/ orig9al & attractive pictures are ! half-l5g? figures ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg94 ,^! mu/ h be5 v popul> 9 8 own "t1 = he has left sev]al repetitions ( !m4 ,two heads ( ?is class are at ,antw]p1 & two o!rs ( equal beauty are 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 9 "o frame 7,no4 #bie74 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 subject pictures is t kn[n by ! "n ( ,! ,mis]s1 or ,! ,money ,*ang]s1 at ,w9dsor ,ca/le--( :i* !re are num]\s copies1 & ?is is n suppos$ to be ! orig9al4 ,! ,money ,*ang] & ,8 ,wife at ! ,l\vre is und\bt$ly 84 ,,lucas ,,van ,,leyd51 z he 0 call$ 78 real "n be+ ,luc ,jacobez71 0 born 9 #adid1 & di$ 9 #aecc4 ,he 0 a pupil ( a little kn[n arti/1 ,cornelis ,engelbre*/e91 :o 0 a foll[] if n a pupil ( ,meml+4 ,lucas 0 an arti/ ( multif>i\s p[]s & v e>ly developm5t4 ,he pa9t$ admirably--?\gh 8 au!nticat$ works are v sc>ce--drew1 & engrav$4 ,he pursu$ ! pa? ( realism 9 ! treatm5t ( sacr$ subjects1 b ) less beauty or elevation ( m9d4 ,8 heads are g5]ally ( a v ugly "*4 ,at ! same "t 8 =m ( expression f\nd sympa?y 9 ! feel+ ( ! p]iod1 & by ! skill ) :i* x 0 express$1 especially 9 8 engrav+s1 attract$ a numb] ( foll[]s4 ,9 sc5es f common life he is full ( tru? & delicate obs]vation ( nature1 ?\gh %[+ n[ & !n a some:at co>se s5se ( hum\r4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important works is a l>ge composition ( ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 :i* is at ,leyd54 ,v e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--beg9n+ 9 fact1 z we h se51 ) ,jan ,mabuse 9 #aejh--! ,ne!rl&i% & ,g]man arti/s made x ! fa%ion to repair to ,italy1 attract$ by ! reputation ( ! great ma/]s2 s t f ?is "t onw>ds _! "w ceases to exhibit ! purely nor!rn *>act]i/ics ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,= x appe>s t precisely ^? qualities mo/ oppos$ to _! own native feel+ = art made ! deepe/ impression on _! m9ds2 m especially su* g5]al qualities z gr&eur1 beauty1 simplicity ( =ms1 draw+ ( ! nude1 unre/ra9$ fre$om1 boldness1 & grace ( movem5t--9 %ort1 all t is compris$ 9 art "u ! t]m ideal4 ,b ! attempt to appropriate all ^! qualities c\ld lead to no successful result4 ,be+ bas$ on no inh]5t want on ! "p ( _! own orig9al feel+ = art1 x became only ! outw>d imitation ( some?+ =eign to !mselves1 & !y nev] !re=e succe$$ 9 ma/]+ ! complete und]/&+ ( =m1 or 9 adopt+ ! true feel+ = beauty ( l9e or grace ( movem5t2 & 9 aim+ at !m !y only deg5]at$ into artificiality1 exagg]ation 9 draw+1 & viol5ce 9 attitude4 ,! pictures ( ?is class1 ev5 ( religi\s subjects1 h accord+ly b little to attract ! eye1 & :5 !y select$ sc5es f anci5t my?ology1 & allegories deck$ out ) an o/5tation ( le>n+1 ! result is positively disagreeable4 ,! mo/ satisfactory productions ( ?is p]iod w be f\nd 9 ! dep>tm5t ( portrait pa9t+1 :i*1 by its nature1 ?rew ! arti/ ^u ! ex]cise ( 8 own orig9al feel+ = art4 ,z 9 e o!r respect ?is epo* is f> m important z a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( hi/ory ?an f any pleasure aris+ f its own works1 x w be suffici5t to m5tion only ! m important pa9t]s & a few ( _! pr9cipal pictures4 ,! fir/ pa9t] :o des]t$ 8 native /yle ( art 01 z be=e m5tion$1 ,jan ,mabuse4 ,aft] ! l>ge ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ! mo/ important picture ( 8 pre-,italian p]iod is ! ,*ri/ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane at ,b]l94 ,ne>ly all 8 works subsequ5t to #aeab1 by :i* "t he _h settl$ 9 ,brussels1 are *>act]is$ by all ! faults above m5tion$4 ,_! r$eem+ quality is _! ma/]ly treatm5t4 ,among ^? ( religi\s subjects ! smalle/ are z a rule ! be/4 ,! ,ecce ,homo at ,antw]p1 s frequ5tly copi$ by contempor>y pa9t]s1 is a specim5 ( ma/]ly modell+ & vigor\s col\r4 ,he is less successful ) 8 life-size ,adam & ,eve1 ( :i* !re are repetitions at ,brussels1 ,hatfield1 ,hampton ,c\rt & ,b]l94 ,b 8 mo/ unpleas+ ef=ts are ! my?ological subjects su* z ! ,dana at ,muni*1 & ! ,neptune & ,amphitrite at ,b]l94 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 portraits are attractive bo? f be+ m orig9al1 & less influ5c$ by 8 acquir$ mann]isms ( /yle ,f\r ( ^! are 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 & ! ,girl weigh+ ,gold ,pieces1 9 ! ,b]l9 gall]y1 is also wor?y ( m5tion4 ,,b]n>d ,,van ,,orley1 born at ,brussels 9 #adga1 is *>act]is$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,national ,gall]y z tak+ 8 place aft] ,massys & ,mabuse on ! d[nw>d slope ( ,ne!rl&i% pa9t+4 ,he has be5 immortalis$ by ! f9e portrait head ( him by ,alb]t ,dr] :i* is n[ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,he 0 ,c\rt pa9t] to ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 ,gov]ness ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & reta9$ ! same po/ "u h] successor1 ,m>y ( ,hung>y4 ,he is said to h visit$ ,rome 9 #aeji1 & !re made ! acqua9tance ( ,raphael1 ^: influ5ce is c]ta9ly app>5t1 ?\gh h>dly 8 inspiration1 9 ! ,holy ,family 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,a m ,ne!rl&i% "w1 bo? 9 feel+ & 9 treatm5t1 is ! ,piet 9 ! ,gall]y at ,brussels4 ,,ian ,,scorel1 born 9 #adie1 0 a pupil ( ,mabuse1 & appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to introduce ! ,italian /yle into 8 native c\ntry--,holl&4 ,:5 on a pilgrimage to ,pale/9e he happ5$ to pass ?r\gh ,rome at ! "t 8 c\ntryman 0 rais$ to ! papal dignity z ,adrian ,,vi41 & aft] pa9t+ 8 portrait he 0 appo9t$ ov]se] ( ! art treasures ( ! ,vatican4 ,return+ to ,utre*t1 :]e he di$1 he pa9t$ ! picture ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) donors1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,a f9e portrait by ,scorel ( ,cornelius ,a]ntz van d] ,duss5 is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 ,! decid$ & /rongly reali/ic /yle 9 :i* ,qu5t9 ,massys _h pa9t$ sc5es f common life1 z = in/ance ! ,mis]e or ,money ,*ang]s1 became ! model = v>i\s pa9t]s 9 _! treatm5t ( simil> subjects4 ,fir/ among ^! 0 8 son1 ,,jan ,,massys1 born ab\t #aejj1 :o foll[$ closely b r clumsily 9 8 fa!r's foot/eps1 & ne$ only be m5tion$ = c>ry+ on ! tradition4 ,m int]e/+ 7 ! ,breughels1 namely1 ,,piet] ,,breughel ! eld]1 born ab\t #aebj1 call$ ,peasant ,breughel1 & 8 two sons ,piet] & ,jan4 ,old ,breughel is be/ /udi$ at ,vi5na1 :]e !re are good examples ( 8 v>i\s subjects1 notably a ,crucifixion & ,! ,t[] ( ,babel--bo? dat$ #aefc--;& secul> sc5es l ,a ,peasant ,w$d+ & a ,fight betwe5 ,c>nival & ,l5t1 :i* are full ( clev] & droll inv5tion4 ,8 eld] son1 ,piet]1 0 call$ ,hell ,breughel1 f 8 *oice ( subject4 ,he is f> inf]ior to 8 fa!r or to 8 y\ng] bro!r ,jan1 call$ ,velvet ,breughel1 born 9 #aefh4 ,?\gh m especially a l&scape pa9t]1 ,jan also takes an important place 9 ! developm5t ( subject pictures1 :i*1 ?\gh seldom ris+ above a some:at co>se reality1 are ( a lively "*1 & wor?y =]unn]s ( ! m accompli%$ productions ( ,t5i]s1 ,o/ade1 & ,br\w]4 ,x is 9 portrait pa9t+1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ne!rl&i% ,s*ool *iefly di/+ui%$ itself dur+ its decl9e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & _h all its sons rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry to enhance its glory1 x is probable t ! effect on ! g5]al practice ( pa9t+ w\ld h be5 m ?an b5eficial4 ,b portrait pa9t]s h n always be5 cont5t to sit at home & wait = sitt]s to come to !m1 especially :5 ! /ate ( society 9 :i* !y happ5 to f9d !mselves makes wait+ r a long & t$i\s process4 ,f ! ,re=mation onw>ds1 = ov] two c5turies1 !re 0 a /eady dem& = portrait pa9t]s 9 ,engl&1 & aft] ! f\ndation ( a really ,engli% s*ool ( pa9t+ by ,reynolds 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! /ream ( =eign1 especially ,ne!rl&i%1 tal5t nev] entirely ceas$ to fl[4 ,b conf9+ ourselves = ! pres5t to ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d t all ! consid]able ,ne!rl&i% portrait pa9t]s 7 employ$ = ! mo/ "p outside _! own c\ntry4 ,typical ( ^! is ,,joos ,,van ,,cleef1 ( ,antw]p1 :o di$ 9 #aedj4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i he visit$ ,spa9 & pa9t$ portraits = ! ,c\rt ( ,france4 ,at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t he work$ = a "t 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! great success ( ,sir ,antonio ,mor is said to h disord]$ 8 bra94 ,! few pictures t c be assign$ to him ) any c]ta9ty ?or\ghly ju/ify ! high reputation he enjoy$ 9 8 "t--! two male portraits = example at ,b]l9 & ,muni*1 ! portraits ( himself & 8 wife at ,w9dsor1 & 8 own at ,al?orp4 ,8 /yle may be class$ z betwe5 t ( ,holbe9 & ,antonio ,mor4 ,8 well-drawn =ms are decid$ )\t be+ h>d1 & 8 w>m & transp>5t col\r+ recalls ! great ma/]s ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4 ,,ii ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s ,dr ,waag5 ?us summ>ises ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! int]val ( ab\t a c5tury & a half t elaps$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jan van ,eyck 9 #addj & ! bir? ( ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s 9 #aegg4 ,! great s*ool ( ! bro!rs van ,eyck1 he writes1 :i* unit$ ) a pr(\nd & g5u9e en?usiasm = religi\s subjects a pure & heal?y feel+ = nature1 & a tal5t = portray+ h] m9ute/ details ) tru? & fidelity1 _h cont9u$ till ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 lat]1 to produce ! mo/ admirable works1 comb9+ ! utmo/ te*nical p]fection 9 t\* & f9i% ) mo/ vivid & beautiful col\r+4 ,to ?is orig9al s*ool1 h[ev]1 _h succe$$ a p]v]t$ rage = imitat+ ! ,italian ma/]s1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ into ! ,ne!rl&s by a few pa9t]s ( tal5t1 p>ticul>ly by ,jean ,mabuse & ,b]n>d van ,orley4 ,to display _! sci5ce by ?r[+ _! figures into =c$ & difficult positions & /rongly m>k+ ! muscles1 by :i* !y ?\ght to emulate ! gr&eur ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 & to exhibit _! le>n+ by ! *oice ( my?ological & allegorical subjects1 became ! aim ( succe$+ pa9t]s1 & be=e ^! false & artificial views ( art1 ! _s ( religi\s en?usiasm & ! pure1 nave p]ception ( ! tru? & beauty ( nature gradually disappe>$4 ,9 proportion z ! ,flemi% pa9t]s lo/ ! prop] conception ( =m1 & ! feel+ = delicacy & beauty ( outl9e1 x foll[$ ( c\rse t !y became m & m remov$ f nature 9 _! desire to rival ea* o!r 9 ! =c$ attitudes ( _! figures1 & 9 ! exhibition ( nudity1 until at la/ su* disgu/+ c>icatures 7 produc$ z we f9d 9 ! works ( ,m>t9 ,heemskirk or ,franz ,floris1 arti/s :o 7 ev5 defici5t 9 good col\r+1 ! old inh]itance ( ! s*ool4 ,"s few pa9t]s1 h[ev]1 ^: feel+ = tru? & nature repell$ !m in/9ctively f a pa? s f> remov$ f bo?1 took to portray+ sc5es ( real life ) consid]able hum\r & vivacity2 or !y del9eat$ nature 9 h] commone/ aspects ) great m9ut5ess ( detail2 & ?us tableaux de g5re & l&scape orig9at$4 ,al?\gh a few isolat$ ef=ts to introduce a bett] /ate ( ?+s 7 visible t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 res]v$ = a m9d ( no common p[] to br+ ab\t a complete revolution4 ,t ,rub5s 0 possess$ ( a m9d ( no common p[] w be readily admitt$4 ,he 0 an extraord9>y p]son1 9 :om 7 comb9$ su* a v>iety ( excell5t qualities t !re seems to h be5 no room left 9 him = any ( ! inf]ior ones :i* are usually necess>y1 z "o mu/ almo/ admit1 = an alloy t w h>d5 ! f9] metal = ! practical purposes ( success4 ,) all 8 feel+ = religion1 he 0 seldom prudi%2 8 amaz+ vitality nev] l$ him into excess or intemp]ance4 ,8 int5se patriotism 0 all = peace2 classical le>n+ nev] made him dry or bumpti\s1 nor ! fav\r ( k+s s]vile4 ,z f9e a g5tleman z ,buck+ham1 he _h no enemies4 ,some?+ m ?an temp]am5t & natural ability1 h[ev]1 0 necess>y to make ,rub5s exactly :at he turn$ out to be1 & t 0 environm5t4 ,_h he rema9$ 9 ,fl&]s all 8 life we %\ld h be5 depriv$ ( mu* t is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 8 art4 ,he 0 too big1 t is to say1 = ! fl[] pot4 ,he ne$$ to be b$d$ out1 s t 8 exub]ant natural g5ius might h ! prop] opportunities = exp&+ "u suitable conditions4 ,x 0 9 ,v5ice & ,mantua1 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome t he f\nd himself1 & took 8 measure f ! giants4 ,rub5s 0 born 9 #aegg at ,cologne1 :]e 8 fa!r1 a juri/ ( consid]able atta9m5ts1 _h tak5 refuge f ! di/urbances at ,antw]p 9 #aeff4 ,he 0 *ri/5$ ,pet] ,paul 9 hon\r ( ! sa9ts on ^: fe/ival 8 bir?day fell--#bi? ,june4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he 0 plac$ z a page 9 ! h\sehold ( ! wid[$ ,c\ntess ( ,lala+1 b z he %[$ a rem>kable love = draw+ he 0 appr5tic$ fir/ to ,tobias ,v]haegt1 a l&scape pa9t]1 & !n to ,adam ,van ,oort4 ,! latt] 0 s unsuitable a ma/]1 h[ev]1 t ,rub5s 0 soon committ$ to ! c>e ( ,otto ,v5nius1 at t "t ,c\rt pa9t] to ! ,infanta ,isabella & ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t1 h] husb&2 he prosp]$ s well t 9 #afjj ,v5nius advis$ him to g to ,italy to f9i% 8 education z a pa9t]4 ,rub5s 0 n[ 9 8 tw5ty-?ird ye>1 & besides be+ pr(ici5t 9 pa9t+ he 0 s well gr\nd$ 9 ! classics & 9 g5]al education & mann]s t he 0 recomm5d$ by ! ,ar*duke to ,v9c5zio1 ,duke ( ,gonzaga1 ^: palace at ,mantua 0 fam\s = conta9+ an imm5se collection ( art treasures1 a great "p ( :i* )9 ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury 7 pur*as$ by ,k+ ,*>les1 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 & ! ,e>l ( ,arundel4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! "y pa9t] by surr\nd+s l ^! is exemplifi$ 9 a note by ,waag53-- ,rub5s dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,mantua 0 s pleas$ ) ! ,triumph ( ,julius ,cs> by ,mantegna 7! l>ge c>toons n[ at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace71 t he made a free copy ( "o ( !m4 ,8 love = ! fanta/ic & pomp\s l$ him to *oose t ) ! elephants c>ry+ ! c&elabra2 b 8 ard5t imag9ation1 ev] direct$ to ! dramatic1 c\ld n be cont5t$ ) ?is4 ,in/ead ( a h>mless %eep1 :i*1 9 ,mantegna1 is walk+ by ! side ( ! =emo/ elephant1 ,rub5s has introduc$ a lion & a lioness1 :i* gr[l angrily at ! elephant4 ,! latt] is look+ furi\sly r\nd1 & is on ! po9t ( /rik+ ! lion a bl[ ) 8 trunk4 ,t ,rub5s %\ld h be5 s specially attract$ by ,mantegna may seem a little surpris+1 until we rememb] t bo? 7 lov]s & /ud5ts ( classical antiquities--a fact t is (t5 =gott5 9 recall+ only ! pr9cipal a*ievem5ts ( ei!r4 ,b x is important to "k :at sort ( f\ndations und]lie ! mo/ spl5did erections if we wi% to und]/& h[ !y came into exi/5ce & :at _! place is 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts4 ,a glance ?r\gh ,lemprire's ,diction>y may furni% a mod]n ,academician ) a subject = a popul> picture1--b t is /ucco r ?an f\ndation4 ,! roots ( tall trees g deep4 ,rub5s :5 he 0 9 ,rome /udi$ ! antiquities ( ! place ) ! utmo/ dilig5ce & zeal1 z is evid5c$ by a book publi%$ by 8 bro!r ,philip 9 #afjh4 ,x 0 9 ! autumn ( ?is ye> t he receiv$ ! news1 :5 at ,g5oa1 ( 8 "m's illness1 :i* induc$ him to return to ,antw]p =?)4 ,on 8 arrival he f\nd %e _h di$ be=e ! mess5g] _h rea*$ ,g5oa4 ,aft] f\r mon?s ( m\rn+ he 0 ready to return to ,fl&]s2 8 soj\rn ( eight ye>s 9 ,italy _h s f> influ5c$ him t he might h rema9$ !re indef9itely _h x n be5 = ! ,ar*duke & ! ,infanta press+ him to rema9 at ,brussels & atta* himself to _! ,c\rt4 ,ano!r circum/ance may possibly h weigh$ ) him2 = )9 a ye> we f9d him m>ri$ to ,elizabe? ,brant1 ! daught] ( a magi/rate ( ,antw]p1 & x 0 n at ,brussels1 b at ,antw]p1 t he took up 8 qu>t]s4 ,"h he proce$$ to build a wond]ful h\se--said to h co/ him #fj1jjj flor9s--aft] designs ( 8 own 9 ! ,italian /yle1 :i* he fill$ ) ! treasures he _h collect$ 9 ,italy4 ,rub5s's fir/ pictures 7 ne>ly all ( !m religi\s subjects4 ,be=e he w5t to ,italy he _h pa9t$ an ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 a ,holy ,tr9ity1 & ! ,dead ,*ri/ 9 ! ,arms ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 :i* 0 engrav$ by ,bolsw]t4 ,:5 ,v9c5zio s5t him to ,rome to copy pictures !re = him1 he f\nd "t to execute a commission :i* he receiv$ f ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t to pa9t ?ree pictures = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce di ,g]usalamme1 namely1 ! ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns1 ! ,crucifixion1 & ! ,f9d+ ( ! ,cross4 ,a ye> lat]--aft] return+ f a j\rney to ,madrid--he pa9t$ ! alt>-piece = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,vallicella1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,paul ,v]onese is conspicu\s4 ,at ,g5oa1 he pa9t$ ! ,circumcision & ,s4 ,ignatius = ! *ur* ( ! ,jesuits4 ,"o ( ! fir/ pictures :i* he pa9t$ on 8 return to ,antw]p 0 an alt>-piece = ! private *apel ( ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t1 ( ! ,holy ,family4 ,?is picture 0 s mu* admir$ t ! memb]s ( ! frat]nity ( ,s4 ,ildefonso1 at ! head ( :i* 0 ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t1 commission$ him to pa9t an alt>-piece = ! ,*apel ( ! ,ord] ( ,s4 ,james ne> ,brussels4 ,?is picture1 :i* is n[ at ,vi5na1 repres5ts ! ,virg9 en?ron$1 surr\nd$ by f\r female sa9ts1 putt+ ! ,cloak ( ! ,ord] on ! %\ld]s ( ,s4 ,ildefonso4 ,on ! w+s are ! portraits ( ! ,ar*duke & ,isabella1 ) _! patron sa9ts4 ,?us we f9d t1 l ! e>lie/ pa9t]s 9 8 own c\ntry z well z 9 ,italy1 ! beg9n+ ( ,rub5s's art 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,fur!r1 we f9d t ! mo/ celebrat$ "w ( 8 e>li] p]iod1 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 9 ! ca!dral at ,antw]p1 0 und]tak5 9 circum/ances :i* abundantly %[ h[ ?or\ghly he 0 imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! religion he pr(ess$4 ,! /ory is t :5 prep>+ ! f\ndations ( 8 new h\se he _h unwitt+ly trespass$ ^u a piece ( gr\nd belong+ to ! ,company ( ,arquebusi]s at ,antw]p4 ,a lawsuit 0 ?reat5$1 & ,rub5s1 ) all ! vivacity ( 8 nature1 prep>$ measures ( resi/ance4 ,b :5 8 fri5d ,rockox1 a lawy]1 _h prov$ him t he 0 9 ! wrong1 he imm$iately drew back1 & (f]$ to pa9t a picture by way ( comp5sation4 ,! (f] 0 accept$1 & ! ,arquebusi]s ask$ = a repres5tation ( _! patron1 ,s4 ,*ri/oph]1 to be plac$ 9 8 *apel 9 ! ca!dral4 ,9 ! magnific5t _s :i* always di/+ui%$ ! man1 he pres5t$ to 8 adv]s>ies n m]ely ! figure ( ! great ,sa9t1 b an elaborate & significant illu/ration ( 8 "n 7,*ri/-be>]74 ,?us1 9 ! c5tre1 ! disciples are lift+ ! ,savi\r f ! ,cross2 9 ! w+s ! ,visitation--,s4 ,simeon ) ,*ri/ 9 8 arms1 ,s4 ,*ri/oph] ) ,*ri/ on 8 %\ld]s1 & an old h]mit be>+ a light4 ,among ! e>li] examples ( secul> pictures "o ( ! mo/ fam\s is ! portrait ( himself & 8 bride1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ 9 #afji1 :5 ,rub5s 0 ov] ?irty ye>s old4 ,9 #afbg ,rub5s w5t to ,madrid on a diplomatic err&1 b /ill z a pa9t]1 z we %all see :5 discuss+ 8 relations ) ,velasquez4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #afbi he 0 s5t on ano!r diplomatic mission1 ?is "t to ,engl&4 ,! *oice ( an ambassador c\ld n h fall5 on anyone bett] calculat$ to suit ! p]sonal "* ( ,*>les ,i41 :o 0 a passionate lov] ( art & easily captivat$ by m5 ( cultivat$ intellect & ref9$ mann]s4 ,rub5s !re=e1 9 :om ! mo/ admirable & attractive qualities 7 unit$ to ! r>e/ g5ius z an arti/1 soon succe$$ 9 w9n+ ! att5tion & reg>d ( ! k+4 ,at ,p>is1 too1 ,rub5s _h made fri5ds ) ,buck+ham1 :o _h pur*as$ 8 :ole collection ( /atues1 pa9t+s1 & o!r works ( art = ab\t t5 ?\s& p\nds4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,london t he pa9t$ ! picture n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 call$ ,peace & ,w> 7,no4 #df74 ,?is 0 int5d$ z an allegory repres5t+ ! bless+s ( peace & ! horrors ( w>1 :i* he pres5t$ to ! k+ z a tangible recomm5dation ( ! pacific measures :i* he _h come to propose4 ,aft] ! disp]sion ( ! ,royal ,collection dur+ ! ,commonweal? ?is picture 0 acquir$ by ! ,doria family at ,g5oa1 :]e x 0 call$1 oddly en\gh1 ,rub5s's ,family4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! *ildr5 are ^? ( ,bal?az> ,g]bi]4 ,he also pa9t$ ! ,s4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 :i* is n[ at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 & made ! sket*es = ! n9e pictures on ! ceil+ ( ! ,banquet+ ,hall--n[ ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution ,museum--9 ,:itehall4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion1 too1 t he receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood f ,*>les ,i41 :o is said to h pres5t$ him ) 8 own sword4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #afcj1 ,rub5s m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,hel5a ,f\rm5t1 :o 0 only sixte5 ye>s old--he 0 n[ fifty-two or fifty-?ree4 ,%e belong$ to "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ respectable families 9 ,antw]p1 & 0 by no means unwor?y ( ! complim5t ( be+ pa9t$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,virg9 receiv+ in/ruction f ,s4 ,anne1 9 ! picture :i* is /ill at ,antw]p4 ,9 #afcc 8 pa9t+ 0 aga9 int]rupt$ by a diplomatic mission1 ?is "t to ,holl&2 & 8 rema9+ ye>s 7 subject to m di/ress+ int]ruptions1 f ! g\t1 to :i* he f9ally succumb$ 9 #afdj4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! ,engli% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ we %all see h[ mu* ( its revival 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 due to ! p]sonality z well z to ! g5ius ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 likewise1 x 0 n m]ely a great pa9t] t 0 requir$ to raise ! art to life1 b a great p]sonality z well2 & to ! influ5ce ( ,rub5s may be attribut$ mu* if n all ( ! extraord9>y f]tility ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* ,s*ools ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,mak+ e all[ance = ! diff]5ce 9 ! times 9 :i* ! ,van ,eycks & ,rub5s 7 work+1 !re is no d\bt t ! =m] liv$ 9 too r>efi$ an atmosph]e ev] to influ5ce _! fell[s1 & ) ! exception ( ,hans ,meml+ !y left no ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4--,,rub5s ,,portrait ,,( ,h,l,,ne ,,f\rm5t1 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,second ,,wife1 ,,& ,,two ,,*ildr5 ,l\vre1 ,p>is "o wor?y to c>ry on _! tradition4 ,rub5s %[$ 8 contempor>ies t art 0 a mi/ress :o c\ld be s]v$ 9 _m ways t 7 yet un?\ght (1 & t %e did n by any means disda9 ! tribute ( o!r ?an religi\s vot>ies4 ,beg9n+1 z we h po9t$ out1 ) sacr$ subjects1 ,rub5s soon turn$ to ! /udy ( ! classics1 & f\nd 9 !m n s mu* ! classical sev]ity t ,mantegna _h s\ght = z ! pagan _s ( fulness & fre$om4 ,i am conv9c$ t to rea* ! highe/ p]fection z a pa9t]1 he himself writes x is necess>y1 n only to be acqua9t$ ) ! anci5t /atues1 b we mu/ be inw>dly imbu$ ) ! ?or\gh compreh5sion ( !m4 ,an insight into ! laws :i* p]ta9 to !m is necess>y be=e !y c be turn$ to any real acc\nt 9 pa9t+4 ,?is w prev5t ! arti/ f transf]r+ to ! canvas t :i* 9 sculpture is dep5d5t on ! mat]ial employ$--m>ble1 = in/ance4 ,_m inexp]i5c$ & inde$ exp]i5c$ pa9t]s d n di/+ui% ! mat]ial f ! =m :i* x expresses--! /one f ! figure :i* is c>v$ 9 x2 t :i* ! arti/ =ces f ! dead m>ble1 f ! univ]sal laws ( art :i* are indep5d5t ( x4 ,"o lead+ rule may be laid d[n1 t inasmu* z ! be/ /atues ( antiquity are ( great value = ! pa9t]1 ! inf]ior ones are n only wor?less b mis*iev\s3 = :ile beg9n]s fancy !y c p]=m wond]s if !y c borr[ f ^! /atues1 & transf] some?+ h>d1 heavy1 ) %>p outl9es & an exagg]at$ anatomy to _! canvas1 ?is c only be done by outrag+ ! tru? ( nature1 s9ce in/ead ( repres5t+ fle% ) col\rs1 !y d b give col\r to m>ble4 ,9 /udy+ ev5 ! be/ ( ! antique /atues1 ! pa9t] mu/ consid] & avoid _m ?+s :i* are n connect$ ) ! art ( ! sculptor1 b solely ) ! mat]ial 9 :i* he work$4 ,i may m5tion p>ticul>ly ! diff]5ce 9 ! %ad+4 ,9 nature1 ow+ to ! transp>5cy ( ! fle%1 ! sk91 & ! c>tilages1 ! %ad+ ( _m p>ts is mod]at$1 :i* 9 sculpture appe> h>d & abrupt1 = ! %ad[s become d\bl$1 z x 71 ow+ to ! natural & unavoidable ?ickness ( ! /one4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ t c]ta9 less important p>ts :i* lie on ! surface ( ! human body1 z ! ve9s1 folds ( ! sk91 etc41 :i* *ange _! appe>ance ) e movem5t1 & :i* ow+ to ! pliancy ( ! sk9 become easily ext5d$ or contract$1 are n express$ at all 9 ! works ( sculptors 9 g5]al--?\gh x is true t sculptors ( high tal5t h m>k$ !m 9 "s degree4 ,! pa9t]1 h[ev]1 mu/ nev] omit to introduce !m--) prop] discretion4 ,9 ! mann] 9 :i* lights fall1 too1 /atues are totally diff]5t f nature2 = ! natural brilliancy ( m>ble1 & its own light1 ?r[s out ! surface f> m /rongly ?an 9 nature1 & ev5 dazzles ! eye4 ,i h quot$ r m ( ?is passage 7f ,mrs ,jameson's translation7 ?an ,i at fir/ int5d$1 because x discloses "o ( ! mo/ important secrets ( ! successful pa9t+ ( figures1 by o!r arti/s besides ,rub5s himself--,george ,romney = example4 ,! advantages ( a classical education at our ,engli% public s*ools & univ]sities are que/ion$1 & !re c be no d\bt t = ! bulk ( ! pupils !y are que/ionable4 ,b ,rub5s %[s t ! case is exactly ! same = pa9t]s /udy+ classical art z = s*ol>s acqua9t+ !mselves ) classical lit]ature4 ,a sup]ficial /udy ( ! antique1 j because x is antique1 is ( no use at all1 b r a h9drance4 ,b if ! /udy is prop]ly und]tak51 !re is no sur] f\ndation1 9 art or lit]ature1 on :i* to build4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at is built2 ! f\ndation is !re1 b5ea? ! surface1 & :atev] is plac$ ^u x w /& = all "t4 ,! rem>kable fre$om & orig9ality ( ,rub5s's treatm5t ( classical subjects is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,"u ! surface is 8 famili>ity ) ! antique1 b in/ead ( c>ry+ ?is above gr\nd1 he builds on x a palace 9 accordance ) ! times & circum/ances 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! pr9ciples ( classical art und]lie ! mod]n /ructure4 ,among 8 num]\s works ( classical my?ology ! picture at ,muni* ( ,ca/or & ,pollux c>ry+ (f ! daught]s ( ,leucippus is wor?y ( be+ fir/ m5tion$4 ,! ,dioscuri m\nt$ on spirit$ /e$s1 "o ( :i* is wildly re>+1 are 9 ! act ( captur+ ! two damsels4 ,! calm expression ( /r5g? 9 ! male1 & ! viol5t b fruitless resi/ance ( ! female figures1 =m a /rik+ contra/4 ,al?\gh ! =m] are m]ely repres5t$ z two co>se & p[]ful m51 & ! wom5 h only common & r r$undant =ms & ,flemi% faces1 yet ! picture produces z a :ole su* a /rik+ effect1 ow+ to ! admirable mann] 9 :i* ! subject is conceiv$1 ! p[] ( imag9ation :i* x displays1 & ! exquisite col\r+ & tone1 t x w\ld nev] occur to any unprejudic$ spectator to regret ! abs5ce ( antique =ms & "*4 ,two o!r pictures ( ?is class are s+l$ out = description by ,waag5 z ma/]pieces4 ,"o is ! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e1 at ,bl5heim1--,pluto 9 8 c>1 drawn by fi]y br[n /e$s1 is c>ry+ (f ! goddess1 :o is /ruggl+ 9 8 arms4 ,! o!r is ! ,battle ( ! ,amazons1 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 :i* 0 pa9t$ by ,rub5s = ,van d] ,gee/4 ,) great judgm5t he has *os5 ! mom5t :5 ! ,amazons are driv5 back by ! ,greeks ov] ! riv] ,!rmodon3 ! battle takes place ^u a bridge1 & ?us ! horror ( ! sc5e is c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,bo? 9 ,fl&]s & 9 ,italy ,rub5s _h be5 br\ght into close contact ) all ! magnific5ce & spl5d\r :i* belong$ to ^? gorge\s times1 & he delight$ 9 repres5t+ ! pomp ( worldly /ate & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x4 ,( all sacr$ subjects none af=d$ su* a ri* field = display z ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s2 he has pa9t$ ?is subject no less ?an twelve times1 & 8 fancy appe>s q inexhau/ible 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ri* (f]+s ( ! ea/]n sages4 ,among ! subjects ( a secul> "* ! hi/ory ( ,m>ie de',m$ici1 ! triumph ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 & ! ,sultan at ! head ( 8 ,army1 gave him abundant opportunities ( portray+ ,ori5tal & ,european pageantry1 ) ri* arms & regalia1 & all ! pomp & circum/ance ( w>4 ,pr(usion--p\r+ =? ( abundance1 t 0 "o ( ,rub5s's mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ics4 ,exub]ance1 pl5ty1 fatness4 ,z a pa9t] ( animals1 aga91 ,rub5s op5$ out a new field = ! en]gy ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 :i* 0 till$ s indu/ri\sly by ,frans ,snyd]s & ,jan ,fyt1 & 9 a less] degree by ! ,dut*m5 ,jan ,we5ix1 fa!r & son1 & ,hondecoet]4 ,t ! nave in/9cts1 agility1 & vivacity ( animals mu/ h _h a great attraction = ,rub5s is easily und]/ood4 ,^? :i* are rem>kable = _! c\rage1 /r5g?1 intellig5ce1 swiftness--z lions1 tig]s1 wild bo>s1 wolves1 horses1 dogs--p>ticul>ly int]e/$ him4 ,he paid special att5tion to animals1 seiz$ e opportunity ( /udy+ !m f nature1 & atta9$ ! mo/ wond]ful skill & facility 9 pa9t+ !m4 ,x is relat$ t he _h a rem>kably f9e & p[]ful lion br\ght to 8 h\se 9 ord] to /udy him 9 e v>iety ( attitude1 & t on "o occasion obs]v+ him yawn1 he 0 s pleas$ ) ! action t he wi%$ to pa9t x4 ,he !re=e desir$ ! keep] to tickle ! animal "u ! *9 to make him repeat$ly op5 8 jaws3 at l5g? ! lion became savage at ?is treatm5t1 & ca/ su* furi\s glances at 8 keep]1 t ,rub5s att5d$ to 8 w>n+ & _h ! bea/ remov$4 ,! keep] is said to h be5 torn to pieces by ! lion %ortly aft]w>ds3 app>5tly ! animal _h nev] =gott5 ! affront put ^u him4 ,by su* means--?\gh x is to be hop$ n always ) su* lam5table results--,rub5s succe$$ 9 seiz+ & portray+ ! peculi> "* & in/9ct ( animals--_! quick movem5ts & manife/ations ( /r5g?--) su* p]fect tru? & en]gy t n "o among ! mod]n pa9t]s has approa*$ him 9 ?is respect--c]ta9ly n ,l&se]1 z ,mrs ,jameson w\ld ask u to believe4 ,! celebrat$ ,wolf ,hunt1 9 ! collection ( ,"l ,a%burton1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/1 pa9t$ 9 #afab = ! ,spani% ,g5]al ,legranes only ?ree ye>s aft] ,rub5s's return f ,italy4 ,9 ?is picture1 8 bold creative fancy & dramatic turn ( m9d are rem>kably conspicu\s--ev5 at ?is e>ly /age 9 8 c>e]4 ,ca!r9e ,brant1 8 fir/ wife1 on a br[n horse1 ) a falcon 9 h] h&1 is ne> h] husb&2 a second huntsman on horseback1 ?ree on foot1 ano!r old wolf & ?ree "y ones1 ) sev]al dogs1 complete ! composition1 :i* is mo/ c>efully pa9t$ 9 a cle> & p[]ful tone ?r\gh\t4 ,( sc5es ( peasant life1 "o ( 8 e>lie/1 & yet ! mo/ fam\s1 is ! ,k]messe1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,a boi/]\s1 m]ry p>ty ( ab\t sev5ty p]sons are assembl$ 9 front ( a c\ntry ale-h\se2 sev]al are wildly danc+ 9 a circle1 o!rs are dr9k+ & %\t+2 o!rs1 aga91 are mak+ love4 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,love1 equally fam\s1 0 "o ( ,rub5s's late/ pictures4 ,( ?is !re are sev]al v]sions 9 exi/5ce1 ( :i* ^? at ,dresd5 & ,madrid may be consid]$ z orig9als4 ,sev]al lov+ c\ples 9 famili> conv]sation are l+]+ be=e ! entrance ( a grotto1 ! front ( :i* is ornam5t$ ) a ru/ic portico4 ,among/ !m we recognise ! portraits ( ,rub5s & 8 second wife1 8 pupil ,van ,dyck1 & ,simon de ,vos4 ,z ,rub5s unit$ to su* great & v>i\s k ! disposition to communicate x to o!rs 9 ! mo/ fri5dly & c&id mann]1 x 0 natural t "y pa9t]s ( tal5t :o 7 admitt$ into 8 ateli] %\ld soon atta9 a high degree ( skill & cultivation4 ,at ! ,h\se 9 ! ,wood1 n f> f ! ,hague1 !re is a salon decorat$ entirely by ! pupils ( ,rub5s4 ,! pr9cipal picture1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge/ oil pa9t+s 9 ! _w1 is by ,jacob ,jorda5s1 & repres5ts ! triumph ( ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,h5ry--! object ( ! :ole s*eme be+ ! glorification ( ! ,h\se ( ,orange1 9 #afdi4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r pictures are ( ,!odore van ,?uld51 :o 9 ^! works has emulat$ 8 illu/ri\s ma/] 9 ! =ce & brilliance ( 8 col\r+4 ,b x is n 9 any p>ticul> salon or palace t we mu/ look = ! effects ( ,rub5s' influ5ce2 x 0 f> wid] ?an to be able to be conta9$ )9 f\r walls4 ,9 portraiture he gave u ,van ,dyck2 9 hi/orical subjects1 ,jacob ,jorda5s2 9 animal pa9t+ & /ill life1 ,frans ,snyd]s1 ,jan ,fyt1 & ! bro!rs ,we5ix4 ,9 pictures ( ev]yday life he gave u ,adrian ,br\w] & ,david ,t5i]s2 9 l&scape1 ,ev]d+51 ,ruisdael & ,wat]loo4 ,?us 0 ! art ( pa9t+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s remodell$ 9 e dep>tm5t1 says ,waag5 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( 8 memoir1 by ! en]gies ( a s+le great & gift$ m9d4 ,?us 0 ,rub5s ! orig9ator ( its second great epo*1 to :i* we are indebt$ = su* num]\s & ma/]ly p]=mances 9 e bran* ( ! art4 ,,iii ,,! ,,pupils ,,( ,,rub5s ,,david ,,t5i]s ! eld]1 :o 0 born at ,antw]p 9 #aehb1 receiv$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( 8 art f ,rub5s1 :o soon p]ceiv$ 9 him ! happy advances t[>ds excell+ 9 8 pr(ession t rais$ him to ! head ( 8 s*ool4 ,! prejudice 9 fav\r ( 8 son1 ,david ,t5i]s ! y\ng]1 is s great t ! fa!r is g5]ally e/eem$ b a middl+ pa9t]2 & 8 pictures n wor? ! inquiry ( a collector4 ,8 h& is s little di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 t ! pa9t+s ( ! fa!r are (t5 tak5 = ^? ( ! son4 ,! fa!r 0 c]ta9ly ! inv5tor ( ! mann]1 :i* ! son1 :o 0 8 pupil1 only improv$ ) :at little 0 want+ to p]fection4 ,rub5s 0 a/oni%$ at 8 e>ly success1 & ?\gh he foll[$ ! mann] ( ,adrian ,br\w]1 look$ on him z 8 mo/ des]v+ pupil by ! brightness ( g5ius t he %[$4 ,he soon sav$ en\gh money to und]take ! j\rney to ,italy1 & :5 at ,rome he e/abli%$ himself ) ,adam ,el%eim]1 :o 0 !n 9 great vogue4 ,9 ,el%eim]'s mann] he soon became a p]fect ma/]1 )\t neglect+ at ! same "t ! /udy ( o!r & great] ma/]s1 endeav\r+ to p5etrate into ! deepe/ my/]ies ( _! practice4 ,an abode ( t5 ye>s 9 ,italy1 & ! influ5ce ( ,el%eim] comb9$ ) t ( ,rub5s1 =m$ him into :at he became4 ,:5 he return$ to 8 own c\ntry he employ$ himself entirely 9 pa9t+ small pictures fill$ ) figures ( p dr9k+ & m]ry-mak+1 & numb]s ( peasants & c\ntry wom54 ,he display$ s mu* ta/e 9 ^! t ! dem& = !m 0 univ]sal4 ,ev5 ,rub5s ?\ght !m an ornam5t to 8 collection4 ,t5i]s drew 8 own "* 9 8 pictures1 & 9 ! subjects he usually express$ ev]y?+ t5ds to joy & pleasure4 ,always employ$ 9 copy+ aft] nature :atsoev] pres5t$ itself1 he taught 8 two sons1 ,david & ,abraham1 to foll[ 8 example1 & accu/om$ !m to pa9t no?+ b f t infallible model1 by :i* means !y bo? became excell5t pa9t]s4 ,^! 7 8 only disciples1 & he di$ at ,antw]p 9 #afdi4 ,! only di/9ction betwe5 8 works & ^? ( 8 son1 ,david ,t5i]s ! y\ng]1 is t 9 ! latt] y discov] a f9] t\*1 a fre%] bru%1 a great] *oice ( attitudes1 & a bett] disposition ( ! figures4 ,! fa!r1 too1 reta9$ some?+ ( ! tone ( ,italy 9 8 col\r+1 :i* 0 /rong] ?an 8 son's2 b 8 pictures h less h>mony & union--?\gh to tell ! tru?1 :5 ! fa!r took pa9s to f9i% 8 picture1 he v ne>ly resembl$ 8 son4 ,! latt]1 ,,david ,,t5i]s ! y\ng]1 0 born 9 #afaj4 ,he 0 nicknam$ ! ,ape ( pa9t+1 f 8 p[]s ( imitation4 ,! ,ar*duke ,leopold ,william made him a g5tleman ( 8 b$*amb]1 & he made copies ( all 8 pictures4 ,he came to ,engl& to buy sev]al ,italian pictures = ,c\nt ,fu5saldegna1 :o on 8 return heap$ fav\rs ^u him4 ,don ,john ( ,au/ria & ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 set s great a value ^u 8 pictures t !y built a gall]y set ap>t to pres]ve !m--!re are no less ?an fifty-two 9 ! ,prado ,gall]y to-day4 ,8 pr9cipal tal5t 0 l&scape adorn$ ) small figures4 ,he pa9t$ m5 dr9k+ & smok+1 al*emi/s1 corps de g>de1 temptations ( ,s4 ,an?ony1 & c\ntry fairs & m]ry-mak+s4 ,8 small pictures are sup]ior to 8 l>ge ones4 ,8 execution displays ! greate/ ease2 ! leaf+ ( 8 trees is light1 8 skies are admirable3 8 small figures h an exquisite expression & a mo/ lively t\*1 & ! *>act]s are m>k$ out ) ! greate/ tru?4 ,f ! ?9ness ( ! col\rs 8 works seem to h be5 f9i%$ at once2 !y are g5]ally cle> 9 all _! p>ts1 & ,t5i]s _h ! art1 )\t d>k %ades1 to relieve 8 lights by o!r lights1 s well manag$ z to produce ! effect he want$1 an art :i* few besides himself h atta9$4 ,he di$ at ,antw]p 9 #afid4 ,,frans ,,snyd]s 0 born at ,antw]p 9 ! ye> #aehg1 t5 ye>s lat]1 t is to say1 ?an ,rub5s4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ruction 9 ! art ( pa9t+ f ,h5ry van ,bal54 ,8 g5ius at fir/ display$ itself only 9 pa9t+ fruit4 ,he aft]w>ds attempt$ animals1 9 :i* k9d ( /udy he succe$$ s well t he surpass$ all t _h ev] excell$ be=e him4 ,he /ay$ = "s "t 9 ,italy1 & ! works he met ) !re by ,ca/iglione prov$ a spur to 8 g5ius to attempt outdo+ him 9 pa9t+ animals4 ,:5 he return$ to ,fl&]s he fix$ 8 ord9>y abode at ,brussels1 :]e he 0 made pa9t] to ! ,ar*duke & ,du*ess1 & became atta*$ to ! h\se ( ,spa94 ,tw5ty-two ( 8 pictures are 9 ! ,prado ,gall]y4 ,:5 ,snyd]s requir$ l>ge figures 9 8 compositions bo? ,rub5s & ,jorda5s took pleasure 9 assi/+ him1 & ,rub5s 9 turn borr[$ ! assi/ance ( ,snyd]s to pa9t ! gr\nd ( 8 pictures2 ?us !y mutually assi/$ ea* o!r 9 _! lab\rs1 :ile ,snyd]s' manly & vigor\s mann] 0 q able to hold its own ev5 :5 jo9$ ) t ( ! great ma/]4 ,,an?ony ,,van ,,dyck 0 born at ,antw]p 9 #aeii1 less ?an ?ree mon?s be=e ,velasquez at ,seville4 ,bo? became s fam\s 9 _! capacity ( ,c\rt pa9t]s t ! re/ ( _! a*ievem5t is popul>ly reg>d$ z little m ?an a bye-product4 ,9 ! case ( ,van ,dyck !re is ! m excuse = ! ,engli% public1 inasmu* z1 l ,holbe9 be=e him1 he 0 exclusively employ$ :ile 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! production ( portraits2 & z 8 works are s frequ5t 9 ,engl&1 z ,horace ,walpole obs]ves 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce ( 8 memoir 9 ! ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+1 t ! g5]ality ( our p c sc>ce avoid ?9k+ him _! c\ntryman1 x is easy en\gh to =get t he only sp5t ! la/ n9e ye>s ( 8 life "h4 ,aga91 ! insatiable craze ( ! ,engli% & ,am]ican public = portraits has help$ to obscure ! ext5t ( ,van ,dyck's capabilities 9 o!r directions1 & :ile ! ,national ,gall]y conta9s n a s+le subject-piece f 8 h&1 m & m ?\s&s are cont9ually sp5t 9 ! acquisition ( m & m portraits4 ,! bewit*+ ,cupid & ,psy*e 9 ,que5 ,m>y's closet at ,hampton ,c\rt1 pa9t$ a ye> be=e 8 dea?1 is sc>cely kn[n to exi/6 ,at ! same "t x w\ld be useless to d5y t ,van ,dyck's pr9cipal claim to 8 place among ! greate/ ma/]s re/s *iefly ^u portraiture4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t portrait pa9t+ nev] yet made a great ma/]1 b t none b a great ma/] ev] became a great portrait pa9t]2 & s long z we are only p]mitt$ to see ! p>ticul> a*ievem5t ( ! arti/ 9 our public gall]ies1 s long is x likely t we %all cont9ue to be flood$ ) m$iocre lik5esses ( fa%ionable p by pa9t]s ^: highe/ or ^: only a*ievem5t !y con/itute4 ,anyone c write a %ort /ory = ! *eap] sort ( mod]n j\rnal2 only writ]s l ,h>dy1 ,/ev5son1 or ,kipl+ c give u a ma/]piece 9 little4 ,x 0 said t ,rub5s advis$ ,van ,dyck to devote himself to portraiture out ( jeal\sy3 b t is h>dly 9 accordance ) :at we "k ( 8 g5]\s nature4 ,if ! advice 0 giv5 at all we may be sure t x 0 giv5 9 a fri5dly _s4 ,b !re 0 some?+ 9 ! temp]am5t ( ,van ,dyck :i* peculi>ly fitt$ him = ! ,c\rt1 ap>t f any "q z to 8 excell5ce 9 any p>ticul> bran* ( 8 art1 & x is evid5t t ! p]sonality ( ,rub5s1 & 8 connection ) ! ri* & mighty ( ! e>?1 influ5c$ him almo/ z mu* z did 8 art4 ,h[ mu* he ow$ to ,rub5s1 & h[ mu* ,rub5s ow$ to him 9 pa9t+ is a matt] t is arguable4 ,he _h be5 sev]al ye>s ) ,van ,bal5 be=e he ent]$ ! /udio ( ,rub5s1 :5 eighte5 ye>s old1 n z a pupil b z an assi/ant4 ,"h he n only _h ! practical task ( pa9t+ ,rub5s's compositions = him1 9 company ) num]\s o!rs1 b _h also ! advantage ( /udy+ ! works ( ,titian & o!r ( ! great ,italian ma/]s 9 ,rub5s's fam\s collection4 ,if ! h& ( ,van ,dyck is traceable 9 "s ( ! pictures ( ,rub5s at ?is p]iod1 s ! _s ( ,rub5s is v obvi\s 9 ^? ( ,van ,dyck4 ,! *ief ?+ to be rememb]$ is t 9 ^! e>ly days he 0 n pa9t+ portraits4 ,8 e>lie/ works1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,titian is p]ceptible z well z t ( ,rub5s1 are ! ,*ri/ be>+ ! ,cross1 9 ,s4 ,paul's at ,antw]p1 pa9t$ 9 #afah2 ! ,s4 ,seba/ian at ,muni*1 & ! ,*ri/ ,mock$1 at ,b]l94 ,! famili> portrait ( ,cornelius van d] ,gee/ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 is "o ( 8 v e>lie/1 probably be=e #afbj4 ,aga91 on 8 fir/ visit to ,g5oa1 9 #afba1 on ! advice ( ,rub5s1 8 ambition 0 n to pa9t portraits1 z on 8 second visit "s ye>s lat]1 b to rival ,rub5s 9 ! composition ( great hi/orical pieces4 ,x 0 n until #afbg1 :5 he left beh9d him 9 ,g5oa ! sup]b s]ies ( ,balbi1 ,brignole-,sala1 ,cattaneo1 & ,lomell9i portraits1 & return$ to ,antw]p to und]take ^? su* z ! ,le ,roys at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 or ! ,beatrice de ,cusance at ,w9dsor1 t he _h really become a portrait pa9t]4 ,ev5 !n1 he 0 /ill det]m9$ n to yield to ,rub5s at ,antw]p1 & pa9t$1 among/ o!r subjects1 ! ,r9aldo & ,armida = ,*>les ,i4 ,x 0 only at ! solicitation ( ,george ,geldorp1 a s*em] z well z a pa9t]1 t he cons5t$ at l5g?1 9 #afcb1 to come to ,engl&2 & x 0 only ! welcome af=d$ to him by ,*>les t induc$ him to settle "h4 ,two consid]ations ( p]sonal vanity may be sugge/$ z actuat+ ,*>les to be specially indulg5t to ,van ,dyck--an indulg5ce ( :i* ! results po/]ity %\ld n omit to cr$it to ! sad acc\nt ( ! m>tyr--fir/1 t 8 fa!r _h fail$ to reta9 ! pa9t] 9 8 s]vice1 & second1 t ,velasquez1 :o _h made a sket* ( him on 8 mad visit to ,madrid 9 #afbc1 0 !n immortalis+ ,philip4 ,velasquez be+ out ( ! "q1 :y n ,van ,dyck6 ,an excell5t idea6 ,especially :5 in/ead ( dw>fs1 buffoons1 & idiots1 ! ,engli% ,c\rt conta9$ "s exce$+ly f9e mat]ial besides ! royal family = ! arti/ to ex]cise 8 tal5t ^u4 ,aft] ?is1 ,fl&]s knew ,van ,dyck no m1 save = a ye> or two's soj\rn f #afcc-afce :5 he pa9t$ "o or two magnific5t portraits1 & !n return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he di$ 9 #afda4 ,) ! dea? ( ,rub5s ! ye> be=e1 ,flemi% pa9t+ _h suff]$ ano!r eclipse2 & ?\gh ,snyd]s liv$ till #afeg1 & ,jorda5s & ! y\ng] ,t5i]s cont9u$ till late 9 ! c5tury1 no fre% se$l+s appe>$1 & ! soil aga9 became b>r54 ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck 7 bo? too big = ! little g>d5--_! gr[? ov]spread ,europe4 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,i ,frans ,hals ,meantime we mu/ turn our att5tion to ,holl&1 :]e ,,frans ,,hals1 :o 0 born only ?ree ye>s lat] ?an ,rub5s1 namely 9 #aehj1 0 ! =]unn] ( ,rembr&t1 ,van d] ,hel/1 ,bol1 ,lely1 & a ho/ m ( great] or less pa9t]s1 :o made _! c\ntry z fam\s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury = art z _! fa!rs _h made x 9 ! sixte5? = arms4 ,)\t go+ into ! complications ( ! political hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s at ?is p]iod1 x is important nev]!less to rememb] t :ile ! ,flemi% prov9ces rema9$ ,ca?olic "u ,spa91 ! nor!rn /ates1 aft] h]oic /ruggles1 =m$ !mselves into a ,republic2 s t :ile x is difficult to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 :at 0 ,dut* & :at 0 ,flemi% 9 e/imat+ ! influ5ce ( "o p>ticul> pa9t] ^u ano!r1 !re is no "q at all z to vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! conditions :i* l$ to ! production ( ! pictures ( ! two s*ools4 ,! ,flemi% pictures 7 = ! ,*ur* & = ! ,c\rt1 ! ,dut* = ! h\se1 ! ,guildhall1 or ! b\rgeoisie4 ,! =m] 7 ari/ocratic1 ! latt] democratic4 ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck 7 ari/ocrats1 ,hals & ,rembr&t democrats4 ,rub5s pa9t$ alt>-pieces1 = ! great *ur*es or ca!drals or = ! *apels ( 8 patrons4 ,rembr&t pa9t$ ,bible /ories = :oev] w\ld pur*ase !m4 ,van ,dyck pa9t$ ! portraits ( k+s & nobles4 ,hals pa9t$ ! r\gh soldi]s & sailors1 s+ly1 or 9 ! great gr\ps into :i* !y =m$ !mselves z ,guilds4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 nei!r ,*ur* nor ,c\rt 7 its patrons4 ,9 any age or "u any circum/ances ,frans ,hals w\ld h seem$ a rem>kable pa9t]1 b to measure 8 extraord9>y g5ius to its full height we mu/ try to realise :at ^? times & ^? circum/ances 74 ,9 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1 z we h se51 !re 7 great s*ools ( pa9t+1 & 9 ,flor5ce especially1 ! :ole city exi/$ 9 an atmosph]e ( art4 ,!re 0 no escape f x4 ,9 ,ha>lem1 :]e ,hals sp5t 8 y\? 7he 0 born 9 ,antw]p71 !re 0 no su* /ate ( affairs4 ,!re 7 no *apels to be decorat$1 no c\rti]s to be flatt]$4 ,! c\ntry 0 see?+ ) ! effects ( w>1 & ! :ole population 7 ready = x aga9 at a mom5t's notice4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( h]oes--e man 0 "o--b n ( ! romantic sort4 ,!y 7 all bluff1 h>dy fell[s1 :o want$ to get on ) _! bus9ess4 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t !y want$ to h _! portraits pa9t$8 ,& :o1 accord+ly1 c\ld h induc$ !m to d s except a bluff1 roy/]+ g5ius l ,hals1 :o sla%$ !m d[n on canvas be=e !y _h "t to /op him8 ,once x got w9d t ,hals 0 su* a good fell[1 & t he da%$ (f a portrait to ! life 9 z little "t z x took to pass ! "t ( day ) him1 he _h pl5ty ( bus9ess1 & f pa9t+ s+le portraits he 0 commission$ to glorify ! ,guilds by depict+ _! banquets1 :i* he did ) almo/ z mu* spe$ & consid]ably m fidelity ?an ! limelight man at a ,city d9n] 9 ^! times4 ,8 fir/ great gr\p--,! ,ar*]s ( ,s4 ,george1 at ,ha>lem--has all ! appe>ance ( be+ pa9t$ in/antane\sly z ! banquet]s /ood ar\nd ! table be=e disp]s+4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! cultur$ ,rub5s1 br\ght up 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,c\rts1 & /udy+ = ye>s among ! f9e/ pa9t+s & pa9t]s 9 ,italy1 & comp>e him ) ?is l[1 ignorant fell[1 :o _h nev] be5 outside ! ,ne!rl&s1 d we n f9d 8 g5ius /ill m amaz+8 ,n[adays we see a portrait by ,hals surr\nd$ ) ! f9e/ works ( ! greate/ pa9t]s 9 all times & 9 all l&s1 & see h[ well x /&s ! comp>ison4 ,b our admiration mu/ be increas$ a hundr$fold1 :5 we "k t he 0 )\t any ( ! tra9+ or tradition ( a great arti/1 & t x mu/ h be5 by %e] "* & g5ius alone t he =c$ 8 art ^u 8 comm]cial1 ?\gh h]oic public4 ,"o ?+ especially x is int]e/+ to notice ab\t ! ,dut* portraits ( ! e>ly ,republican p]iod1 namely1 t !y are obvi\sly inspir$ by ! pleasure ( hav+ a liv+1 speak+ lik5ess r ?an by pride & o/5tation4 ,bluff & swagg]+ z "s ( ,hals's portraits ( m5 appe> to be--notably ,! ,laugh+ ,cavali]1 at ,h]t=d ,h\se--t is only because ! subjects 7 bluff & swagg]+ fell[s--swagg]+1 t is to say1 9 ! consci\sness ( _! ability & _! read9ess to def5d _! c\ntry & _! homes aga91 if ne$ be1 aga9/ ! tyrant4 ,b ^! swagg]]s are ! exception1 & ! prevail+ impression convey$ is t ( hone/1 if det]m9$1 bluffness4 ,!y are n pos+1 ^! jolly ,dut*m51 !y are sitt+ or /&+1 = ,hals to pa9t !m j z !y w\ld sit or /& to be measur$ = a suit ( clo!s4 ,look at ! heads ( ! man & ! woman 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,c\ld any?+ be m natural & unassum+8 ,look at ! ,laugh+ ,cavali]1 & ask if x is n ! man himself1 z ,hals saw & knew him1 n a fak$ up h]o8 ,hals caught him 9 8 be/ clo!s1 t is all4 ,he did n put !m on to be pa9t$ 9--he 0 out on a jaunt4 ,look at ,hals's wom51 h[ pleas$ !y are to be pa9t$1 j z !y are4 ,poor ,hals1 he 0 a good1 hone/ fell[1 ?\gh sadly giv5 to dr9k & l[ company4 ,b = %e] g5ius he has nev] _h an equal4 ,! va/ numb] ( 8 pa9t+s--_m ( :i* n[ only exi/ 9 copies--%[s t ) e pr$ilection to ease & com=t1 he c\ld n help pa9t+--x simply well$ out ( him4 ,x 0 a natural gift :i* seems to h ne$$ no lab\r & no /udy4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is fecundity 0 a v pot5t factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,_h ,hals conf9$ 8 tal5t to pa9t+ ! portraits ( ! highe/ 9 ! l&1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 se5 by ! public at l>ge1 x is improbable t su* a bus9ess-l community w\ld h produc$ _m pa9t]s4 ,b ,hals mu/ h popul>is$ pa9t+ mu* m ?an we g5]ally suppose4 ,an example occurs to me 9 ! picture ( ,! ,rommelpot ,play]1 ( :i* no less ?an ?irte5 v]sions are enum]at$ by ,de ,groot1 none ( :i* c claim to be ! orig9al4 ,"o is at ,wilton1 ano!r 9 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook's gall]y at ,ri*mond1 & a ?ird at ,ar?+wor? ,hall 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4--,,frans ,,hals ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,! subject is an old begg> man play+ 9 front ( ! door ( a cottage on a ridicul\s in/rum5t consi/+ ( an e>!n pot cov]$ ov] l a jampot ) a lid ( p>*m5t1 on :i* he makes a rude noise ) a /ick1 to ! int5se delight ( a gr\p ( *ildr54 ,a picture l ?is1 !n1 x is evid5t1 in/ead ( hang+ 9 solit>y conf9em5t 9 ! h\se ( a great p]son1 0 s widely popul> t x 0 copi$ on all sides1 & mu/ h be5 se5 by ?\s&s ( p4 ,next to ,hals1 9 po9t ( "t1 0 ,,h5drik ,,g]ritz ,,pot1 :o 0 born1 probably at ,ha>lem1 9 #aehe4 ,x is to him r ?an to ,o/ade1 :o 0 a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 t we mu/ trace ! orig9 ( small] g5re pictures ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool :i* 9 lat] ye>s became its pr9cipal product4 ,pot's works are nei!r v important nor v num]\s1 b z a portrait pa9t] he is repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre by a portrait ( ,*>les ,i41 :i* 0 probably pa9t$ :5 he 0 9 ,engl& 9 #afca or !reab\ts2 :ile at ,hampton ,c\rt is a beautiful little piece by him :i* is catalogu$ "u ! title ( ,a ,/>tl+ ,introduction4 ,?is belong$ to ,*>les ,i41 = 8 cyph] is br&$ on ! back ( ! panel on :i* x is pa9t$1 & x 0 sold by ! ,commonweal? z a s\ldi] mak+ a /range po/ure to a ,dut* lady by ,bott4 ,! pa9t]'s monogram ,h4,p4 appe>s on ! l>ge *imney piece be=e :i* ! soldi] is /&+4 ,,g]>d ,,hon?or/1 born at ,utre*t 9 #aeij1 c h>dly be said to belong to ! ,dut* ,s*ool at all4 ,:5 he 0 only tw5ty he w5t to ,rome1 :]e 8 devotion to pa9t+ effects ( c&le-light e>n$ him ! sobriquet ( ,gh]>do della ,notte4 ,9 #afbh he 0 elect$ ,dean ( ! ,guild ( ,/4 ,luke at ,utre*t1 b he 0 9 no s5se a national pa9t]1 & nei!r took nor gave any?+ 9 ! way ( national influ5ce4 ,he 0 9 ,engl& = a few mon?s 9 #afbh1 to :i* *ance we are indebt$ = ! picture ( ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham & 8 family :i* is 9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y1 & ano!r gr\p ( ! ,cav5di% family :i* is at ,*atswor?4 ,pictures ( ! nobility1 or ( celebrities l ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 7 m 9 8 l9e ?an ^? ( 8 republican patriots1 & consequ5tly he plays no "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! s*ool we are n[ consid]+4 ,,b>?olomew ,,van ,,d] ,,hel/1 born 9 ,am/]dam1 #afac1 di$ !re #afgj4 ,he is by f> ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! ,dut* portrait-pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,al?\gh no?+ is kn[n z reg>ds ! ma/] "u :om he /udi$1 x is probable t if ,hals 0 n actually 8 tea*]1 8 works 7 ! models :5ce ,van d] ,hel/ =m$ himself4 ,we see ?is 9 ! portrait ( ,vice-,admiral ,kort5a> at ,am/]dam1 :]e ! conception ( =ms1 & ! unscumbl$ "* ( ! /rokes ( ! bru%1 recall ,hals4 ,! same may be obs]v$ 9 two l>g] pictures ) ar*]s 9 ! ,t[n ,hall at ,ha>lem1 :]e ! in>ti/ic arrangem5t & monotony ( ! o!rwise w>m fle% tones po9t to ! e>li] "t ( ! pa9t]4 ,by ab\t ! ye> #afdj 8 "* 0 m fully develop$4 ,8 arrangem5t ( portrait-pieces ) num]\s figures became v arti/ic & easy1 8 tone excell5t1 & 8 draw+ ma/]ly4 ,?is /&>d ( excell5ce he reta9$ till ab\t #affj4 ,! foll[+ are pr9cipal pictures ( ?is p]iod3--,a sc5e f ! ,ar*]y ,guild ( ,am/]dam 9 #afci1 includ+ ?irty figures4 ,! celebrat$ picture inscrib$ #afdh1 an ,ar*]y ,fe/ival commemorat+ ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 & consi/+ ( a p>ty ( tw5ty-f\r p]sons1 at ,am/]dam4 ,! *ief *>m ( ?is "w consi/s 9 ! /rong & tru?ful individuality ( e "p1 bo? 9 =m & col\r2 9 ! capital draw+1 :i* is especially conspicu\s 9 ! h&s2 9 ! p[]ful & cle> col\r+2 & f9ally1 9 a k9d ( execution :i* obs]ves a happy m$ium betwe5 decision & s(tness4 ,9 #afeg he execut$ ! picture ( ! ,ar*]y ,guild kn[n by ! "n het ,doel5/ck at ,am/]dam ,gall]y4 ,?is "w repres5ts ?ree ( ! ov]se]s ( ! ,guild1 ) gold5 prize vases1 & a f\r? suppos$ to be ! pa9t] himself4 ,x is almo/ surpass$ by a replica on a small] scale execut$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is picture is 9 bett] pres]vation1 & (f]s "o ( ! mo/ typical examples ( portrait-pa9t+ t ! ,dut* ,s*ool produc$4 ,,ii ,,rembr&t ,,van ,,ryn ,b ! greate/ ( all ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 9 "s ways ! greate/ pa9t] t has ev] liv$1 0 ,,rembr&t ,,van ,,ryn 7#afjf-affi74 ,beside him all ! re/ seem m]ely commonplace1 & _! works ! product ( ?is or t dem&1 accord+ to _! diff]5t times & circum/ances1 execut$ ) m or less skill4 ,= ,rembr&t !re seems no place among !m all--he mu/ /& some:]e alone2 & !re is no /&>d by :i* to judge 8 p]fections & imp]fections except ! man himself4 ,p]haps ! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 ,rembr&t & any o!r pa9t] is t he nev] seems to h tri$ to please ! public1 b only pa9t$ to please himself4 ,x is = ?is reason1 no d\bt1 t he 0 nev] popul> ) ! public1 & is nev] likely to be2 b j z ,bee?ov5 is only und]/&able by ! really musical s\l1 s ,rembr&t's appeal is to ^? :o h ! feel+ = some?+ 9 pa9t+ beyond ! m]e repres5tation ( famili> or h]oic sc5es & p]sons on canvas4 ,= ! public x is en\gh t "o ( 8 l&scapes %\ld be sold = #ajj1jjj1 & !y all flock to see x2 b put a f9e ,rembr&t portrait 9 a %op-w9d[ )\t a "n to x1 & !re w\ld be little fe> ( ! pavem5t be+ block$4 ,?is failure ( ,rembr&t to please ! public ( 8 own day br+s out ! tru? t ! practice ( pa9t+ _h up to !n subsi/$ only s long z x suppli$ a popul> dem&2 & :5 we come to consid] :at t dem& 01 we f9d t x is = no?+ else b a pleas+ repres5tation ( natural objects1 :i* may or may n embody "s s5tim5tal or hi/orical association1 b mu/ fir/ & =emo/ be a fair repres5tation ( m or less famili> ?+s4 ,! olde/ /ory ab\t pictures is t ( ,zeuxis & ! bun* ( grapes1 :i* relates t he pa9t$ ! fruit s l nature t ! birds came & peck$ at ! pa9t+--"s v]sions1 ,i believe1 add+ t ! fruit itself 0 !re b !y pref]r$ ! pa9t+4 ,simil> /ories ) innum]able v>iations are told ( lat] arti/s4 ,rembr&t himself is said to h be5 deceiv$ by 8 pupils :o1 kn[+ he 0 c>eful ab\t collect+ money 9 small quantities1 h[ev] extravagant he might be 9 sp5d+ x1 pa9t$ co9s on ! floor ( ! /udio1 & enjoy$ ! joke ( see+ him /oop to pick !m up4 ,we h he>d1 too1 ( flies pa9t$ ) surpris+ skill 9 conspicu\s places to deceive ! unw>y4 ,b ap>t f ^! little pleasantries1 "o has only to rememb] h[ ! e>li] writ]s on pa9t+ h express$ !mselves to see h[ mu* importance1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 0 atta*$ to life-l resemblance to ! object pa9t$4 ,vas>i is con/antly us+ phrases 9 :i* he extols ! pa9t] = hav+ made a figure look l ! life1 z ?\gh t 7 ! real ?+ to be aim$ at4 ,we rememb] ,b5 ,jonson's l9es "u ,%akespe>e's portrait---- ,:]e9 ! grav] _h a /rife ,) nature to outdo ! life4 ,& ?\gh ,b5 ,jonson 0 n a critic1 & if he _h be5 !re 0 little en\gh art 9 8 "t 9 ,engl& = him to criticize1 /ill he expresses ! g5]al feel+ ( ! public = any "w ( art4 ,) ! ,dut* p ?is 0 mo/ c]ta9ly ! case1 & ! popul>ity ( ! pa9t]s ( sc5es ( ev]yday life is a pro( ( x4 ,t ,hals1 ,br\w]1 or ,o/ade 7 great pa9t]s 0 n half s important to !m1 if inde$ !y ?\ght ( x all1 z t !y 7 capable ( turn+ out pictures :i* reflect$ _! ev]yday life l a mirror4 ,s long z ,rembr&t pa9t$ portraits l ^? ( ! ,pellicornes & _! (fspr+--! two pictures at ,h]t=d ,h\se--or a pla9 /raight=w>d gr\p l ,dr ,tulp's ,anatomy ,lesson 7?\gh 9 ?is he 0 already gett+ away f conv5tion71 he 0 tol]at$4 ,& x 0 n s mu* 8 fre$om 9 liv+ & 8 extravagant notions ( ! pleasures ( life t br\ght ab\t 8 d[nfall1 z 8 failure to realize t :5 he took ! money subscrib$ = ! gr\p ( ,capta9 ,bann+ ,cocq's ,company1 ! subscrib]s expect$ some?+ else = _! money ?an a picture 7,! ,night ,wat*7 :i* might be a ma/]piece accord+ to ! pa9t]'s notions1 b 0 c]ta9ly n a portrait gr\p ( ! subscrib]s4 ,"h1 !n1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 we f9d an arti/ def9itely at issue ) ! public4 ,i d n say t ?is 0 ! fir/ "t t an arti/ _h fail$ to please ! public1 b x is ! fir/ occasion on :i* x 0 decid$ t if a pa9t] 0 to und]take commissions1 he mu/ consid] ! wi%es ( ! patron1 or />ve4 ,x 0 some?+ new = a pa9t] ( ,rembr&t's repute to be told t n he1 b ! p]sons :o commission$ ! "w1 7 to be ! judges ( :e!r or n x 0 satisfactory4 ,! consequ5ces 7 important4 ,= ,rembr&t1 in/ead ( tak+ ! matt] z a man ( bus9ess1 devot$ ! re/ ( 8 life to be+ an arti/1 & leav+ ! bus9ess ( pa9t+ to m5 l ,back]1 ,hel/1 & o!rs1 betook himself s]i\sly to develop+ 8 art irrespective ( :at ! public might or might n ?9k ( x4 ,z a result1 we h 9 ! lat] "w ( ,rembr&t some?+ t ! _w--,i mean ! arti/ic "p ( x--w\ld be v sorry to d )\t4 ,n[ ! mean+ ( ?is is1 n t ,rembr&t 0 ill-advis$ 9 des]t+ 8 patrons1 or 9 suff]+ !m to des]t him1 b t = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ an arti/ _h ! p]sonality--,i w n say ! consci\s det]m9ation--to realize t 8 art 0 some?+ q ap>t f ! affairs ( ?is _w1 & t :at he c\ld express on canvas 0 n m]ely a repres5tation ( natural objects design$ to please 8 contempor>ies1 b some?+ m ?an human1 some?+ t w\ld appeal to humanity = all "t4 ,t _m be=e him _h felt t ( _! art1 to a less] or great] degree1 is unque/ionable--b none ( !m _h ev] realis$ x4 ,dr]1 c]ta9ly1 may be cit$ z an exception1 especially :5 contra/$ ) 8 phlegmatic & bus9ess-l compatriot ,holbe94 ,b !n ,dr]1 a c5tury be=e1 & 9 totally diff]5t circum/ances1 0 nev] assur$ ( regul> patronage z 0 ,rembr&t4 ,rembr&t 0 ! son ( a mill] nam$ ,h>mann ,g]itz1 :o call$ himself ,van ,ryn1 f ! hamlet on ! arm ( ! ,rh9e :i* runs ?r\gh ,leyd54 ,8 "m 0 ! daught] ( a bak]4 ,he 0 ent]$ z a /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 8 p>5ts be+ com=tably (f2 b he %[$ s little ta/e = ! /udy ( ! law1 = :i* !y int5d$ him1 t he 0 all[$ to foll[ 8 own b5t ( pa9t+1 9 ! /udio ( a n[ =gott5 pa9t]1 ,jacob van ,swan5burg4 ,"h he /udi$ = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 aft] :i* he w5t to ,am/]dam & 0 = a %ort "t ) ano!r pa9t] nam$ ,la/man1 :o 0 a clev] b sup]ficial imitator ( ! ,italian ,s*ool !n fl\ri%+ 9 ,rome4 ,return+ to ,leyd51 ,rembr&t set up 8 easel & rema9$ !re pa9t+ till #afca1 :5 he w5t to ,am/]dam4 ,8 works dur+ ?is fir/ p]iod are n v well kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 b at ,w9dsor & at ,ed9burgh are portraits ( 8 "m1 :i* mu/ belong to x4 ,! next decade 0 ! happie/ & mo/ prosp]\s 9 ,rembr&t's c>e]4 ,at ,am/]dam he soon f\nd fav\r ) weal?y patrons1 & 8 happ9ess & success 7 complet$ by 8 m>ry+ ,saskia van ,ul5burgh1 ! si/] ( a weal?y connoisseur & art deal]1 ) :om ,rembr&t _h =m$ an intimate fri5d%ip4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! num]\s portraits ( himself & ,saskia1 alone or toge!r1 mo/ ( :i* are *>act]iz$ by a b>b>ic spl5d\r ( co/ume1 utt]ly diff]5t f ! pr(usion ( ,rub5s1 b f> m int5se4 ,liv+ among ! weal?ie/ ,jews 9 ,am/]dam1 he seems to h be5 /rongly attract$ by _! ori5talism1 & :ile ,rub5s glori$ 9 natural abundance ( e sort1 & pa9t$ ! b\nty ( nature 9 ! full sunlight1 ,rembr&t *ose out ! treasures ( art1 & pa9t$ co/ume & jewels gleam+ out ( ! d>kness4 ,! portraits ( himself 9 a cap at ,h]t=d ,h\se 7,no4 #eb71 & ( ! ,old ,lady 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #gge71 bo? pa9t$ 9 #afcd1 are notable examples ( ?is p]iod1 ?\gh !y h none ( ! ori5talism to be se5 9 ! v>i\s portraits ( ,saskia1 or 9 ,! ,turk at ,muni*4 ,! two d\ble portraits at ,h]t=d ,h\se ( ,jean ,pellicorne & 8 wife ) _! son & daught] respectively1 7 among ! commissions :i* he receiv$ aft] he set up at ,am/]dam1 & are !re=e less int]e/+ z self-revelations4 ,prosp]ity is n always ! be/ condition "u :i* to produce ! highe/ "w1 & ! temp]am5t ( ,rembr&t 0 s peculi> t !re is little wond] t ! prim ,dut*m5 7 n entirely captivat$ by 8 exub]ant s5suality1 or t we ourselves res]ve our admiration pr9cipally = ! m sombre & my/]i\s products ( 8 lat] ye>s aft] mis=tune began to fall ^u him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4--,,rembr&t ,,portrait ,,( ,,h5drickje ,,/(fels ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,9 #afdb ! belov$ ,saskia di$1 leav+ an only *ild1 ,titus1 ^: features are famili> to u 9 ! portrait at ,h]t=d ,h\se4 ,z ?\gh ?is 7 n affliction en\gh1 ,rembr&t _h ! mortification ( (f5d+ 8 patrons ov] ! commission to pa9t ,capta9 ,bann+ ,cocq's ,company4 ,f ?is "t onw>d1 z ! _w & ,rembr&t drift$ f>!r & f>!r ap>t1 8 "w becomes m & m wond]ful4 ,dr ,mu!r1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 obs]ves t p]haps x is only possible to und]/& ,rembr&t by int]pret+ 8 pictures n z pa9t+s b z psy*ological docum5ts4 ,a picture by ,rembr&t 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 he says1 repres5ts ,samson ,putt+ ,riddles to ! ,phili/9es2 & ,rembr&t's entire activity1 a riddle to ! phili/9es ( 8 "t1 has rema9$ puzzl+ to ! pres5t day4444 ,z no o!r man bore 8 "n1 s ! arti/1 too1 is some?+ unique1 mocks e hi/orical analysis1 & rema9s :at he 01 a puzzl+1 intangible1 ,hamlet nature--,rembr&t4 ,! au?or's !ory ( ! psy*ological docum5t is h>dly a solution ( ! admitt$ puzzle1 ?\gh x is int]e/+ to foll[ him 9 trac+ x out 9 ,rembr&t's religi\s pictures1 f ! ,samson already m5tion$ to 8 la/ dat$ "w1 9 #affh1 ! ,d>m/adt ,crucifixion4 ,:at di/+ui%es ,rembr&t f all pa9t]s up to1 & consid]ably lat] ?an 8 "t1 & 9 p>ticul> f ^? ( 8 own s*ool1 is ! m5tal1 z comp>$ ) ! physical activity t 8 pictures repres5t4 ,p]haps ?is is only ano!r way ( /at+ ,dr ,mu!r's !ory ( ! psy*ological docum5ts1 b x enables u to te/ t !ory by comp>+ 8 "w ) t ( o!rs4 ,9 te*nical skill ,b]uete claims a f> high] place = ,velasquez1 go+ s f> z to say t ! ,lesson 9 ,anatomy is n a lesson 9 pa9t+4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is n z great z t 9 te*nique1 ?\gh inf9itely wid] 9 ! m5tal process :i* l$ to ! production ( a picture4 ,a reproduction ( ! ,portrait ( an ,old ,pole1 at ,s4 ,pet]sburg1 is 9 front ( me1 z x happ5s1 z ,i am writ+2 & ,i see 9 ?is no inf]iority 9 firmness & precision1 9 tru? & vig\r1 to any portrait by ,velasquez4 ,9 _! te*nical ability to pres5t ! life-l portrait ( a real man1 we c place ,rembr&t1 ,velasquez1 ,hals1 & ,van ,dyck on pretty mu* ( a level2 if we _h ,van d] ,gee/1 ,montanes1 ! ,old ,pole & ! ,laugh+ ,cavali] all 9 a r[1 we %\ld f9d !re 0 n mu* to *oose betwe5 !m = d[nright realization4 ,b :ile 9 ! "w ( ,velasquez we see ! work+ ( a f9e & s5sitive appreciation ( 8 fri5d's p]sonality1 & ! mo/ exquisite realization ( :at 0 be=e him1 9 t ( ,rembr&t we seem to see less ( ! ,pole & m ( ,rembr&t himself4 ,x is z ?\gh he 7 s++ s(tly to himself :ile he 0 pa9t+1 ?9k+ 8 own ?\ghts3 :ile ,velasquez 0 simply conc]n$ ) ! appe>ance & ! ?\ghts ( 8 model4 ,t ,rembr&t's pictures are self-revelations1 or psy*ological docum5ts1 is c]ta9ly true2 & a pro( ( x is 9 ! extraord9>y numb] ( portraits ( himself4 ,! fam\s ,dresd5 picture ( himself ) ,saskia on 8 knee c only be reg>d$ 9 t light1 & t br+s into ! category all ! num]\s pictures ( ,saskia & ( ,h5drike ,/(fels1 :o =m$ s great a "p ( 8 life4 ,if to ^! we add1 ) ,dr ,mu!r1 8 ,biblical subjects1 we f9d t !re is n s v mu* left1 & :5 we turn to ! life's "w ( ,rub5s1 ,titian1 ,velasquez1 or 9 fact any ( ! great pa9t]s1 ! diff]5ce is at once app>5t4 ,s t 9 ! pictures ( ,rembr&t we may expect to f9d less ( :at we look = 9 ^? ( o!rs 9 ! way ( display1 b inf9itely m ( ! qualities :i*1 to :atev] ext5t !y exi/ 9 o!r arti/s1 are b\nd to be sacrific$ to display4 ,:5 we are ask$ to a fea/1 we f9d ! room brilliantly lit1 & our ho/ ! c5tre ( an assemblage = :om he has felt x 8 duty to make a display consi/5t ) 8 means & 8 /ation4 ,if we 7 to peep into 8 h\se "o night we might f9d him 9 a room illum9$ only ) 8 read+-lamp1 absorb$ 9 8 fav\rite /udy2 b in/ead ( only ex*ang+ a few conv5tional phrases ) him1 & pass+ on to m+le ) 8 gue/s & to enjoy 8 hospitality1 we might sit & talk ) him into ! small h\rs4 ,t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! success ( ,hals ) 8 ,fea/ ( ,s4 ,george1 & ! failure ( ,rembr&t ) ,! ,night ,wat*4 ,hals 0 at ! fea/1 & ( x4 ,rembr&t 0 wrapp$ up 9 himself1 & didn't ent] into ! _s ( ! company--he 0 c>ri$ away by 8 own4 ,t is :y 8 pictures are s d>k--n ( delib]ate te*nical purpose1 l ^? ( ! ,t5ebrosi1 b because to him a subject 0 felt )9 him r ?an se5 z a picture on s _m squ>e feet ( canvas4 ,:5 we call up 9 our own m9ds ! recollection ( "s ev5t ( m ?an usually deep significance 9 our pa/1 we only see ! dea?b$1 ! two combatants1 ! face ( ! belov$1 or :atev] x may be2 ! accessories are no?+1 unless our imag9ation is /rong] ?an ! s5tim5t evok$1 & sets to "w to supply !m4 ,x is ?is *>act]i/ic :i* s %>ply di/+ui%es ! "w ( ,rembr&t f t ( 8 close/ imitators4 ,!re is a l>ge picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,*ri/ ,bless+ ! ,*ildr51 catalogu$ z ,s*ool ( ,rembr&t1 9 :i* we see z ne> an approa* to 8 mann] z to ju/ify ! attribution1 b t is all4 ,i d n "k :y x has nev] be5 sugge/$ t ?is is ! "w ( ,,nicolas ,,maes1 :o 0 actually 8 pupil1 & :o 0 "o ( ! few ,dut* arti/s to pa9t life-siz$ gr\ps1 z he is kn[n to h done 9 8 e>li] days :5 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ,rembr&t4 ,! ,c>d ,play]s1 close beside x1 has m>k$ aff9ities 9 /yle1 & especially 9 ! v natural *>act]ization ( ! faces1 :i* is also app>5t 9 t ( ! *ild 9 ! o!r picture1 & ano!r on ! extreme left ( ! picture4 ,t x _c be ,rembr&t's is q evid5t2 ! gr\p+ & ! light+ ( x proclaim ! picture se5 on ! canvas1 & n felt )9 ! arti/'s own consci\sness4 ,! reali/ic t5d5cy :i*1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole art ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 %[$ ! mo/ rem>kable & orig9al results 9 ! "w ( an ideali/ l ,rembr&t4 ,s&r>t1 "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s on pa9t+1 says t ,rembr&t usually pa9t$ ?+s ( a simple & n ?\ghtful "*1 b :i* 7 pleas+ to ! eyes1 & picturesque--s*ild]a*tig1 z ! ,ne!rl&]s call$ x4 ,?is comb9ation ( realism & picturesqu5ess1 assi/$ by 8 m>vell\s te*nical p[]1 put him f> above & ap>t f all 8 compe]s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any pictures by 8 ma/]s ,van ,swan5burg & ,p9as1 x is difficult to asc]ta9 :at1 if any?+1 he le>nt f !m4 ,f ,pet] ,la/man we may be sure he le>nt no?+ 9 ! way ( te*nique4 ,kugl]--:o 9 ^! p>agraphs is my pr9cipal au?ority--sugge/s t x is highly probable t 9 ?is respect he =m$ himself f ! pictures ( ,frans ,hals1 ) :i* he mu/ h be5 e>ly acqua9t$ 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,ha>lem4 ,at all ev5ts unexampl$ fre$om1 _s1 & bread? ( 8 mann] is comp>able ) t ( no o!r e>li] ,dut* ma/]4 ,b all ^! admirable qualities w\ld (f] no suffici5t comp5sation = ! ugly & (t5 vulg> "* ( 8 heads & figures1 & = ! total subv]sion ( all ! traditional rules ( art 9 co/ume & accessory1 & w\ld fail to acc\nt = ! great admiration :i* 8 works enjoy1 if he _h n be5 possess$1 besides1 ( an int5sely arti/ic individuality4 ,9 8 e>lie/ pictures 8 t\* is already ma/]ly & free1 b /ill c>eful1 :ile ! col\r ( ! fle% is w>m & cle> & ! light full4 ,dr ,tulp's ,anatomy1 pa9t$ 9 #afcb1 is ! mo/ fam\s ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ,! ,night ,wat*1 at ,am/]dam1 dat$ #afdb1 ! light is already re/rict$1 fall+ only on isolat$ objects2 ! local tone ( ! fle% is m gold52 ! t\* m spirit$ & di/9ct4 ,lat]1 t is to say f ab\t #afed onw>ds1 ! gold5 fle% tones become /ill m int5se1 pass+ sometimes into a br[n ( less transp>5cy1 & accompani$ frequ5tly ) grey & blacki% %ad[s & sometimes ) r cool lights4 ,! *ief picture ( ?is epo*1 dat$ #affa1 is ,! ,syndics1 also at ,am/]dam1 a gr\p ( six m54 ,?is1 9 ! dep? ( ! /ill transp>5t gold5 tone1 9 ! animation ( ! heads1 & 9 body & bread? ( h&l+1 is a true ma/]piece4 ,) respect to 8 treatm5t ( ,biblical subjects1 two old] writ]s1 ,koll(f & ,guhl1 accord him an hon\r :i*1 z we %all see1 ,kugl] gives to ,dr] a c5tury e>li]1 namely t ( be+ ! pa9t] ( ! true _s ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,?\gh x is c]ta91 ,kugl] admits1 t no o!r s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ,rembr&t's "t--nei!r t ( ,rub5s1 nor t ( ! ,c>racci1 nor ! ,fr5* nor ,spani% s*ools--r5d]$ ! spiritual import ( ,biblical subjects ) ! purity & dep? exhibit$ by ! great ,dut* ma/]4 ,"h ! k9dly elem5t ( deep s5tim5t comb9es mo/ happily ) 8 feel+ = composition1 z 9 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 at ,muni*1 9 ,! ,holy ,family1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & above all 9 ,! ,woman tak5 9 ,adult]y1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,9 ?is la/1 a t\*+ tru?fulness & dep? ( feel+1 ) e o!r gr& quality peculi> to ,rembr&t1 are se5 9 _! highe/ p]fection4 ,( h>dly less excell5ce1 also1 is our ,desc5t f ! ,cross4 ,end[$ ) s _m admirable qualities1 x foll[s t ,rembr&t 0 a portrait pa9t] ( ! highe/ ord]1 :ile 8 peculi> /yle ( light+1 8 col\r+ & treatm5t1 di/+ui% 8 portraits f ^? by all o!r ma/]s4 ,ev5 ! works ( 8 mo/ successful pupils1 :o foll[$ 8 /yle 9 ?is respect1 are f> beh9d him 9 en]gy ( conception & execution4 ,! numb] ( 8 admirable portraits is s l>ge t x is difficult to "k :i* to m5tion z mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,no o!r arti/ ev] pa9t$ 8 own portrait s frequ5tly1 & "s ( ^! may fir/ be m5tion$4 ,t 9 ! ,l\vre1 dat$ #afcc1 repres5ts him 9 y\?ful ye>s1 fre% & full ( hope4 ,x is spirit$ly pa9t$ 9 ! bright tone ( 8 e>li] p]iod4 ,ano!r 9 ! same gall]y1 ( ! ye> #affj1 pa9t$ ) extraord9>y bread? & c]ta9ty ( h& ( t lat] p]iod1 %[s a man weigh$ d[n ) ! c>es ( life1 ) grey hair & deeply furr[$ =ehead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4--,,rembr&t ,,portrait ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,lady ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,! "o at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 already m5tion$1 & two 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 fall betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,( o!r portraits we h already m5tion$ ! two ,pellicorne gr\ps 9 ! ,wallace ,collection2 & ano!r ( ?is e>lie/ p]iod1 ! v popul> ,old ,woman1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 dat$ #afcd4 ,?is is ( great] int]e/ z %[+1 if any?+ does1 :e!r x is fair to attribute any ( 8 tra9+ to ! influ5ce ( ,hals4 ,at any rate ?is picture is a highly important pro( t at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-six1 ! pa9t] 0 already 9 ! full possession ( t en]gy & animation ( conception1 & ( t decision ( ! broad & m>r[y t\* :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( him4 ,( 8 lat] p]iod--probably ab\t #afeg--;a f9e example is ,! ,jewi% ,rabbi1 & ( 8 late/ ! ,old ,man1 bo? 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,,iii ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,g5re ,! pa9t]s ( g5re1 by ! numb]1 quality1 & div]sity ( ^: pictures ! ,dut* ,s*ool is specially di/+ui%$1 may be r\ghly divid$ into ?ree classes2 namely1 ^? :o /udi$ ! upp]1 ! middle1 & ! l[] classes respectively4 ,b z ,holl& 0 a republic1 & ! great /ream ( its art well$ up f ! e>? & 0 n %[]$ ^u x f above1 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to rev]se ! social ord] 9 consid]+ !m1 & beg9 ) ! imm$iate successors ( ,frans ,hals1 ^: influ5ce 0 )\t d\bt a v consid]able factor 9 ! developm5t ( ,adrian ,br\w] & ,adrian & ,isaac ,o/ade4 ,,adrian ,,br\w]1 n[ g5]ally class$ "u ! ,flemi% ,s*ool1 0 born at ,oud5>de 9 #afjf4 ,b he w5t e>ly to ,ha>lem1 & x 0 n until ab\t #afcj t he settl$ at ,antw]p1 :]e he di$ 9 #afda4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,frans ,hals1 & acquir$ f him n only 8 spirit$ & free t\*1 b also a simil> mode ( life4 ,8 pictures1 :i* = ! mo/ "p repres5t ! l[] ord]s eat+ & dr9k+1 (t5 9 furi\s /rife1 are extraord9>y true & life-l 9 "*1 & display a s+ul>ly delicate & h>moni\s col\r+1 :i* incl9es to ! cool scale1 an admirable individuality1 & a sfumato ( surface 9 :i* he is unrivall$2 s t we c well und]/& ! high e/eem 9 :i* ,rub5s held !m4 ,ow+ to 8 mode ( life1 & to its e>ly close1 ! numb] ( 8 works is n l>ge1 & !y are n[ seldom met )4 ,no gall]y is s ri* 9 !m z ,muni*1 :i* possesses n9e1 six ( :i* are ma/]pieces4 ,a ,p>ty ( ,peasants at a ,game ( ,c>ds1 af=ds an example ( ! brightness & cle>ness ( ^? cool tones 9 :i* he evid5tly became ! model ( ,t5i]s4 ,spani% ,soldi]s ,?r[+ ,dice1 is equally h>moni\s1 9 a subdu$ br[ni% tone4 ,a ,surgeon ,remov+ ! ,pla/] f ! ,arm ( a ,peasant is n only mo/ ma/]ly & animat$ 9 expression1 b is a type ( 8 bright1 cle>1 & gold5 tone1 & is s+ul>ly free & light 9 t\*4 ,c>d-play]s ,fight+1 is 9 e respect "o ( 8 be/ pictures4 ,! mom5t>y action 9 ea* figure1 all ( !m be+ individualiz$ ) s+ul> accuracy ev5 z reg>ds ! k9d ( complexion1 is incomp>able1 ! t5d]ness ( ! h>mony a/oni%+1 & ! execution ( extraord9>y delicacy4 ,! only example 9 ! ,national ,gall]y is ! ,?ree ,boors ,dr9k+1 bequea!d by ,george ,salt+ 9 #aiaj2 & at ,h]t=d ,h\se ! ,boor ,asleep1 ?\gh ( ?is we may )\t hesitation accept ! description 9 ! catalogue1 our pa9t+ is ( ! highe/ quality1 & 9 ! audacity ( its realism rises almo/ to gr&eur4 ,,adrian ,,van ,,o/ade1 said to h be5 born at ,lubeck1 0 baptiz$ 9 #afaj at ,ha>lem1 :]e he /udi$ "u ,frans ,hals1 & he =m$ a v good ta/e 9 col\r+4 ,nature guid$ 8 bru% 9 ev]y?+ he und]took2 he devot$ himself almo/ entirely to pa9t+ peasants & drunk>ds1 ^: ge/ures & mo/ trifl+ actions 7 ! subject ( 8 mo/ s]i\s m$itation4 ,! subjects ( 8 little pictures are n m elevat$ ?an ^? ( ,br\w]1 & consid]ably less ?an ^? ( ,t5i]s--!y are ne>ly always aleh\ses or kit*5s4 ,he is p]haps "o ( ! ,dut* ma/]s :o be/ und]/ood *i>oscuro4 ,8 figures are v lively1 & he sometimes put !m into ! pictures ( ! be/ pa9t]s among 8 c\ntrym54 ,no?+ c excel 8 pictures ( /ables1 9 :i* ! light is spread s judici\sly t all "o c\ld wi% is a light] t\* 9 8 draw+1 & a little m height 9 8 figures4 ,_m ( 8 bro!r ,isaak's pictures are improp]ly attribut$ to him1 :i*1 ?\gh pa9t$ 9 ! same mann]1 are nev] ( ! real excell5ce ( ,adrian's4 ,! ,int]ior ) ,peasants at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 & ,! ,al*ymi/ at ! ,national ,gall]y are a *>act]i/ic pair ( 8 pictures1 :i* 7 sold 9 ! collection ( ,m4 de ,jully 9 #agfi = #afd1 ! =m] be+ pur*as$ by ! ?ird ,m>quess ( ,h]t=d & ! latt] pass+ into ! ,peel ,collection4 ,buy+ ,fi%1 at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 dat$ #affi--:5 ! arti/ 0 ne>ly sixty ye>s old1 is rem>kable = its bread? ( effect & brilliancy ( col\r4 ,,jan ,,/e51 born at ,leyd5 ab\t ! ye> #afbf1 di$ #afgi4 ,he fir/ receiv$ in/ruction "u ,nicolas ,knupl]2 & aft]w>ds x is said work$ ) ,jan van ,goy51 ^: daught] he m>ri$4 ,an extraord9>y g5ius = pa9t+ 0 un=tunately co-exi/5t 9 ,jan ,/e5 ) jovial habits ( no mod]ate k9d4 ,! position ( tav]n-keep] 9 :i* he 0 plac$ by 8 family1 gave bo? ! opportunity ( indulg+ 8 prop5sities & also t ( depict+ ! pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+1 ( song1 c>d-play+ & love-mak+ directly f nature4 ,he mu/ h work$ ) amaz+ facility1 = 9 spite ( ! "t consum$ 9 ?is mode ( life1 to :i* 8 comp>atively e>ly dea? may be attribut$1 ! numb] ( 8 pictures is v great4 ,8 fav\rite subjects 7 gr\ps l ! ,family ,jollification2 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,bean ,k+2 & t =m ( div]sion illu/rat+ ! prov]b1 ,s wie die ,alt5 sung51 s pfeif5 au* die ,jung52 fairs1 w$d+s1 etc42 he also treat$ o!r sc5es1 su* z ! ,doctor's ,visit1 ! ,s*oolma/] ) a g5]ally v unmanageable set ( boys--( :i* is a *>m+ example at ,dubl94 ,! ludicr\s ways ( *ildr5 seem especially to h attract$ him2 accord+ly1 he depicts ) great ze/ ! old ,dut* cu/om on ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,day1 ,septemb] #crd1 ( rew>d+ ! good1 & puni%+ ! naughty *ild2 or %[s a mis*iev\s little ur*9 teas+ ! cat1 or /eal+ money f ! pockets ( _!1 alas6--drunk5 prog5itors4 ,jan ,/e5 is ! mo/ g5ial pa9t] ( ! :ole ,dut* ,s*ool4 ,8 hum\r has made him s popul> ) ! ,engli%1 t at lea/ two-?irds ( 8 pictures are 9 _! possession4 ,a peculi> clu/] ( ma/]s1 belong+ to ! ,dut* ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4--,,t]bor* ,,! ,,conc]t ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,s*ool1 0 =m$ by ,g]>d ,d\4 ,h[ev] c>eful 9 execution 7 su* pa9t]s z ,t]burg1 ,metsu1 & ,nets*]1 yet ,g]>d ,d\ & 8 s*ol>s & imitators surpass$ !m 9 ! developm5t ( t te*nical f9i% ) :i* !y r5d]$ ! smalle/ detail ) meticul\s exactitude4 ,,g]>d ,,d\ 0 born at ,leyd5 on ! #g? ,april #afac1 di$ !re #afhj4 ,he ent]$ ,rembr&t's s*ool at fifte5 ye>s ( age1 & 9 ?ree ye>s _h atta9$ ! position ( an indep5d5t arti/4 ,he devot$ himself at fir/ to portraiture1 &1 l 8 ma/]1 made 8 own face frequ5tly 8 subject4 ,aft]w>ds he treat$ sc5es f ! life *iefly ( ! middle classes4 ,he took p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! repres5tation ( h]mits2 he also pa9t$ scriptural ev5ts & occasionally /ill life4 ,8 light+ is frequ5tly t ( lant]ns & c&les4 ,mo/ ( 8 pictures conta9 only f "o to ?ree figures1 & d n exce$ ab\t #b ft4 high & #a ft4 #c 94 wide1 be+ (t5 small]4 ,8 pictures seldom atta9 ev5 an animat$ moral import1 & may be said to be limit$ usually to a c]ta9 k9dl9ess ( s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he possess$ a trace ( 8 ma/]'s feel+ = ! picturesque1 & = *i>oscuro4 ,not)/&+ ! incalculable m9ut5ess ( 8 execution1 ! t\* ( 8 bru% is free & s(t1 & 8 be/ pictures look l ,nature se5 ?r\gh ! cam]a-obscura4 ,8 works 7 s highly e/imat$ 9 8 own "t1 t ! ,presid5t van ,spir+1 at ! ,hague1 (f]$ him #ajjj flor9s a ye> = ! "r ( pre-emption ( 8 pictures4 ,consid]+ ! "t :i* su* f9i% requir$1 & ! e>ly age at :i* he di$1 ! numb] ( 8 pictures--,smi? enum]ates ab\t #bjj--;is rem>kable4 ,9 ! ,l\vre are ! foll[+3--,an old woman seat$ at a w9d[1 read+ ! ,bible to h] husb&2 ?is is "o ( ! be/ among ! _m repres5tations by ,d\ ( a simil> k9d1 be+ ( w>m sunny effect1 & m>vell\s f9i%4 ,also ! ,woman ) ! ,dropsy1 :i* is acc\nt$ 8 *ef-d'oeuvre4 ,among ! s*ol>s ( ,g]>d ,d\1 ,,frans ,,van ,,mi]is1 born at ,leyd5 #afce1 di$ #afha1 takes ! fir/ place4 ,9 *i>oscuro1 & 9 delicacy ( execution he is n inf]ior to 8 ma/]4 ,al?\gh 8 pictures are g5]ally v small1 yet ) _! extraord9>y m9ut5ess ( execution x is surpris+ t1 9 a life ext5d$ only to =ty-six ye>s1 he %\ld h produc$ s _m4 ,! ,muni* ,gall]y has mo/1 !n ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 ,flor5ce1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! date1 #afef1 on a picture 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y1 ,! ,doctor1 %[s ! pa9t] to h atta9$ ! summit ( 8 art at tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,ano!r dat$ #affj1 9 ! same gall]y1 execut$ = ! ,ar*duke ,leopold1 is "o ( 8 be/4 ,! sc5e is a %op ) a "y woman %[+ a g5tleman1 :o has tak5 h] by ! *91 v>i\s h&k]*iefs & /uffs4 ,9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y is ,a ,soldi]1 dat$ #affb1 ( admirable transp>5cy & s(tness4 ,also ,a ,lady 9 a yell[ sat9 dress fa9t+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! doctor4 ,9 ! ,hague ,gall]y is ,a ,boy ,bl[+ ,soap-bubbles1 dat$ #affc4 ,?is is a *>m+ little picture ( great dep? ( ! br[ni% tone4 ,also ,! ,pa9t] & ,8 ,wife1 ^: little %ock dog he is teas+2 v nave & lively 9 ! heads1 & mo/ delicately treat$ 9 a subdu$ b cle> tone4 ,9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y are ,mi]is aga9 & 8 wife be=e h] portrait4 ,?is is "o ( 8 mo/ successful pictures = *i>oscuro1 tone1 & spirit$ h&l+4 ,,nicolas ,,maes1 already m5tion$1 born at ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4--,,gabriel ,,metsu ,,! ,,music ,,lesson ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,dordre*t #afcb1 di$ #afic1 0 actually a pupil ( ,rembr&t4 ,8 mu* priz$ & r>e g5re pictures treat v simple subjects1 & consi/ seldom ( m ?an two or ?ree figures1 g5]ally ( wom54 ,! navete & homel9ess ( 8 feel+1 ) ! addition sometimes ( a trait ( k9dly hum\r2 ! admirable light+1 & a t\* resembl+ ,rembr&t 9 impa/o & vig\r1 r5d] 8 pictures v attractive4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 besides ,! ,c>d ,play]s1 are ,! ,cradle1 ,! ,dut* ,mnage1 dat$ #afee2 & ,! ,idle ,s]vant3 all ^! are admirable1 & ! la/-nam$ a *ef-d'oeuvre4 ,,pet] ,,de ,,hoogh 7#afbi-afgg7 decid$ly belongs to ! num]\s arti/ic po/]ity ( ,rembr&t1 possibly ?r\gh ,k>el ,fabritius1 & /&s ne>] to ,v]me] & to ,maes1 ?an to any o!r pa9t]4 ,8 biography c only be ga!r$ f ! occasional dates on 8 pictures1 ext5d+ f #afeh to #afgj4 ,al?\gh he impresses ! eye by ! same effects z ,maes1 yet he is also v diff]5t f him4 ,he has n 8 hum\r1 & seldom 8 k9dl9ess1 & 8 figures1 :i* are ei!r play+ c>ds1 smok+ or dr9k+1 or engag$ 9 ! transaction ( "s h\sehold duty1--) faces t say b little--h g5]ally only ! int]e/ ( a peaceful or jovial exi/5ce4 ,if ,maes takes ! lead 9 w>m light+1 ,pet] de ,hoogh may be consid]$ p> excell5ce ! pa9t] ( full & cle> sunlight4 ,if1 aga91 ,maes %[s u 8 figures almo/ exclusively 9 int]iors1 ,pet] de ,hoogh places !m mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! op5 air--9 c\rty>ds4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( ! poetry ( light1 & 9 t m>vell\s brilliancy & cle>ness ) :i* he calls x =? 9 v>i\s di/ances till ! backgr\nd is rea*$1 :i* is g5]ally illum9$ by a fre% beam1 no o!r ma/] c comp>e ) him4 ,8 prevail+ local col\r is r$1 repeat$ ) great] delicacy 9 v>i\s planes ( di/ance4 ,?is col\r fixes ! re/ ( ! scale4 ,8 t\* is ( great delicacy2 8 impa/o admirable4 ,,g]>d ,,t]burg1 born at ,zwol #afjh1 di$ #afha1 le>n$ pa9t+ "u 8 fa!r1 & :5 /ill "y visit$ ,g]many & ,italy1 pa9t+ num]\s portraits on a small scale1 & occasionally ! size ( life4 ,b 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( art is ow+ pr9cipally to a numb] ( pictures1 seldom repres5t+ m ?an ?ree1 & (t5 only "o figure1 tak5 f ! weal?i] classes1 9 :i* great elegance ( co/ume1 & ( all accompany+ circum/ances1 is r5d]$ ) ! f9e/ keep+1 & ) a highly delicate b by no means ov]-smoo? execution4 ,he may be consid]$ z ! orig9ator ( ?is class ( pictures1 9 :i*1 aft] 8 example1 sev]al o!r ,dut* pa9t]s di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,) him ! *ief mass ( light is g5]ally =m$ by ! :ite sat9 dress ( a lady1 :i* gives ! tone = ! prevail+ cool h>mony ( ! picture4 ,among 8 pictures we occasionally f9d "s :i*1 tak5 successively1 repres5t sev]al diff]5t mom5ts ( "o sc5e4 ,?us 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 !re are two good pictures3 ! "o ( an (fic] writ+ a lett]1 :ile a trumpt] waits = x2 ! o!r ( a girl 9 :ite sat9 wa%+ h] h&s 9 a bas9 held be=e h] by a maid-s]vant2 :ile at ,muni*1 is ano!r f9e "w1 9 :i* ! trumpet] is (f]+ ! "y lady ! lett]1 :o ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! maid1 :o evid5tly disapproves1 is unc]ta9 :e!r to take ! missive4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,am/]dam ,gall]y1 ! celebrat$ picture kn[n by ! title ( ,conseil pat]nel1 furni%es ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4--,,piet] ,,de ,,hoo* ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,dut* ,,h\se ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ! clos+ sc5e4 ,! maid has betray$ ! affair to ! fa!r1 & he is deliv]+ a lecture to ! "y lady1 9 :om by turn+ h] back on ! spectator1 ! pa9t] has happily express$ ! feel+ ( %ame2 good repetitions are 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,gall]y4 ,b ,t]burg's p]fection z reg>ds ! cle>ness & h>mony ( 8 silv]y tone is %[n 9 a picture at ,cassel1 repres5t+ a "y lady 9 :ite sat9 sitt+ play+ ! lute at a table4 ,,jan ,,v]me] ,,( ,,delft 7#afcb-afge7 0 c]ta9ly a pupil ( ,fabritius1 & ?us gr&son ( ,rembr&t4 ,to class him ) pa9t]s ( g5re seems almo/ a pr(anation ( ! exquisite s5se ( beauty ) :i*1 almo/ alone among ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 he seems to h be5 end[$4 ,x is l class+ ,walt] ,pat] ) art critics4 ,b z ,v]me] _h to express himself 9 "s =m1 x is p]haps =tunate t ! s*ool _h develop$ ?is k9d ( poetic portraiture1 "u ,t]burg1 ,metsu & o!rs1 to a po9t :]e a g5ius l ,v]me] c\ld use x z ! vehicle ( 8 fasc9at+ self-revelations4 ,9 l&scape we h ! ,view ( ,delft1 at ! ,hague1 :i* has %[n ! n9ete5? c5tury pa9t]s m ?an !y c\ld ev] see 9 _! m fam\s pr$ecessors2 b x is 9 ! simple compositions l ,! ,lett] ,read] at ,am/]dam1 ,! ,proposal1 at ,dresd51 or ! ,lady at ! ,virg9als1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 t he displays 8 greate/ p[] & *>m4 ,,iv ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,animals ,z a l9k betwe5 ! pa9t]s ( g5re & ! l&scapi/s1 we may "h m5tion "s ( ! num]\s arti/s :o ei!r made l&scape ! backgr\nd = gr\ps ( figures & animals1 or peopl$ _! l&scapes ) gr\ps--x matt]s n :i* way we put x4 ,among ^! we %all f9d sev]al ( ! mo/ fam\s1 or at any rate ! mo/ popul> arti/s ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool4 ,,philips ,,w\v]man 7#afai-affh71 ^: reputation dur+ ! la/ c5tury 0 great] ?an t ( almo/ any ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s except ,rembr&t & ,d\1 is said to h /udi$ "u ,hals1 b x is m c]ta9 t ! ma/] f :om he le>nt mo/1 if n all1 0 ,jan ,wynants at ,ha>lem1 ^: :ole mann] 9 l&scape he quickly succe$$ 9 acquir+1 & surpass$ him 9 8 facility ) horsem5 & o!r figures4 ,w\v]man's works h all ! excell5ces t may be expect$ f high f9i%+1 correctness1 agreeable composition & col\r+4 ,x does n appe> t he 0 ev] 9 ,italy1 or ev5 quitt$ ! city ( ,ha>lem1 ?\gh x w\ld seem probable t 8 m elaborate compositions ow$ some?+ to o!r influ5ces ?an ^? ( ,hals or ,wynants4 ,9 8 e>li] pictures !re are no horses1 b lat] 9 8 c>e] he g5]ally subord9at$ 8 l&scapes to ! gr\ps or subjects = :i* he is mo/ fam\s4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 among elev5 examples1 are a ,halt ( ,(fic]s1 ,int]ior ( a ,/able1 ,a ,battle1 ,! ,bohemians1 & ,%oe+ a ,horse1 all ( :i* conta9 num]\s figures1 m\nt$ & unm\nt$--& !re is ne>ly always a :ite horse4 ,) all 8 success1 he di$ a poor man1 & x is relat$ t 9 8 la/ h\rs he burn$ a box fill$ ) 8 /udies & draw+s1 say+1 ,i h be5 s ill repaid = all my lab\rs1 t ,i w\ld n h ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4--,,jan ,,v]me] ,,! ,,lace ,,mak] ,l\vre1 ,p>is ^? designs engage my son to embrace s mis]able a pr(ession z m9e4 ,?is son foll[$ 8 advice1 & became a ,*>treux fri>4 ,pet] & ,jan ,w\v]man 7 8 bro!rs4 ,! =m] pa9t$ hawk+ sc5es1 & 8 horses1 ?\gh well design$1 7 n equal to ^? ( ,philips4 ,! latt] is repres5t$ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y by a l&scape 9 :i* ! _s ( ,wynant's1 r ?an t ( ,philips's1 is disc]nible4 ,at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 out ( sev5 examples1 two are ( m ?an usual excell5ce1 & well repres5t 8 e>li] & lat] mann]s4 ,! ,aft]noon ,l&scape ) a ,:ite ,horse 7,no4 #bbf 9 ,room ,,xiii71 :i* ,smi? 79 8 ,catalogue ,raisonn71 *>act]izes z possess+ unusual fre$om ( p5cill+1 & p[]ful effect1 dates f ! transition f ! e>ly to ! middle p]iod1 & is a v effective picture1 z well z be+ v *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,horse ,fair 7,no4 #fe1 9 ,room ,,xvi71 is n only mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r--x measures #be x #ce in*es--b is a really important picture4 ,"l ,h]t=d paid #cbjj = x 9 #ahed4 ,x 0 engrav$ by ,moyrean1 = 8 s]ies ( a hundr$ pr9ts aft] ,w\v]man1 "u ! title ( ,le ,gr& ,m>* aux ,*evaux4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,smi?3--,?is v capital picture exhibits an op5 c\ntry divid$ 9 ! middle di/ance by a riv] ^: c\rse is lo/ among ! di/ant m\nta9s4 ,! pr9cipal sc5e ( activity is repres5t$ along ! front & second gr\nds1 on :i* may be numb]$ ab\t tw5ty-f\r horses1 exhibit+ t noble animal 9 e v>iety ( action1 & ne>ly fifty p]sons4 ,on ! "r ( ! picture is a coa*1 drawn by f\r f9e grey horses1 & 9 front ( ?is object are a grey & a bay horse1 on ! latt] ( :i* are m\nt$ a man & a boy4 ,9 advance ( !m is a gr\p ( f\r horses & sev]al p]sons1 among :om may be notic$ a cavali] & a lady obs]v+ ! paces ( a horse :i* a jockey & 8 ma/] are %[+ (f4 ,a g5tleman on a black horse seems also to be wat*+ ! action ( ! animal4 ,ne> ?is p]son is a m>e ly+ d[n1 & a foal /&+ by x :i* a boy is approa*+4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! picture is a g5tleman on a cream-col\r$ horse1 ne> two spirit$ greys1 "o ( :i* is kick+1 & a woman1 a man & a boy are escap+ f its heels4 ,f !nce ! eye looks ov] an op5 space occupi$ by m5 & horses1 rec$+ 9 succession to ! bank ( ! riv]1 along :i* are h\ses & t5ts conceal$ 9 "p by trees4 ,?is picture is pa9t$ ?r\gh\t ) great c>e & delicacy 9 :at is t]m$ ! la/ mann] ( ! ma/]1 rem>kable = ! preval5t grey or silv]y hues ( col\r+4 ,,alb]t ,,cuyp1 born at ,dortre*t #afbj1 di$ !re ab\t #afgb4 ,( ! life ( ?is great pa9t] little m is kn[n ) any c]ta9ty ?an t he 0 ! s*ol> ( 8 fa!r1 ,jacob ,g]ritsz ,cuyp4 ,cattle =m a prom95t feature 9 _m ( 8 works1 ?\gh nev] s highly f9i%$ z 9 ^? ( ,paul ,pott] or ,adrian van de ,velde2 inde$1 9 _m ( ,cuyp's pictures1 !y are q subord9ate4 ,8 fav\rite subjects1 a l&scape ) a riv]1 ) cattle ly+ or /&+ on its banks1 & l&scapes ) horsem5 9 ! =egr\nd1 7 sugge/$ to him no d\bt by ! c\ntry ab\t ,dortre*t & ! riv] ,maas3 b he also pa9t$ w9t] l&scapes1 & especially views ( riv]s :]e ! broad ext5t ( wat] is animat$ by vessels4 ,sometimes1 too1 ) great p]fection1 f[ls z l>ge z life1 h5s1 ducks1 etc41 & /ill life4 ,he also pa9t$ portraits1 ?\gh less successfully4 ,h[ev] great ! skill display$ 9 ! composition ( 8 works1 _! pr9cipal *>m lies 9 ! beauty & tru?fulness ( _! peculi> light+4 ,no o!r pa9t]1 ) ! exception ( ,claude1 has s well und]/ood ! cool fre%ness ( morn+1 ! bright b mi/y light ( a hot noon1 or ! w>m gl[ ( a cle> sunset4 ,! effect ( 8 pictures is fur!r enhanc$ by ! skill ) :i* he avails himself ( ! aid ( contra/s2 z = example1 d>k1 ri* col\rs ( ! repos+ cattle z se5 aga9/ ! bright sky4 ,9 8 own c\ntry no picture ( 81 till ! ye> #agej1 ev] sold = m ?an ?irty flor9s4 ,inde$1 ,kugl] 0 in=m$ by a ,dut* fri5d1 t 9 pa/ times1 :5 a picture f\nd no bidd]1 ! auctione] w\ld (f] to ?r[ 9 a little ,cuyp 9 ord] to induce a sale4 ,! m]it ( hav+ fir/ giv5 him 8 due rank belongs to ! ,engli%1 :o z e>ly z #aghe1 gave at ! sale ( ,l9d5 van ,sl+el&t's collection at ,dortre*t high prices = ,cuyp's works2 ,ab\t n9e-t5?s ( 8 pictures are consequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,"o ( 8 f9e/ works is ! l&scape1 9 bright1 w>m1 morn+ light1 ) two c[s repos+ 9 ! =egr\nd1 & a woman conv]s+ ) a horseman1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ec74 ,! :ole picture brea!s a *e]ful & rural tranquillity4 ,9 8 mature "t1 ^! admirable qualities are se5 9 high] developm5t4 ,9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #ajd71 is ano!r f9e example--a sc5e ) six c[s1 a %eph]d bl[+ ! horn1 & two *ildr5 li/5+ to him4 ,?is is admirably arrang$1 ( great] tru?fulness z reg>ds ! =m & col\r+ ( ! cattle ?an usual1 & ) ! w>m light+ ( ! sky execut$ ) equal decision & s(tness4 ,?is picture is "o ( ! ma/]'s *ief productions1 be+ also ab\t #d ft4 high by #f ft4 wide4 ,ano!r ) ?ree horsem51 & a s]vant c>ry+ p>tridges1 & 9 ! c5tre a mead[ ) cattle1 is also 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,?is is less attractive 9 subject1 b ranks equally high z a "w ( art4 ,9 ,buck+ham ,palace are two pictures1 "o ) ?ree c[s repos+1 & "o /&+ by a cle> /ream1 ne> !m a h]dsman & a woman2 o!r c[s are 9 wat] ne> ! ru9s ( a ca/le4 ,9 ?is picture1 we see ,cuyp 9 e respect at 8 culm9at+ po9t ( excell5ce4 ,n less f9e1 & ( s+ul> =ce ( col\r1 is ! l&scape1 ) a broad riv] runn+ ?r\gh x1 & a horseman "u a tree 9 conv]sation ) a c\ntryman4 ,,paul ,,pott]1 born at ,enckhuys5 #afbe1 di$ at ,am/]dam #afed4 ,al?\gh ! s*ol> ( 8 fa!r1 ,piet] ,pott]1 :o 0 b a m$iocre pa9t]1 he made su* a/oni%+ progress z to rank at ! age ( #ae z a f9i%$ arti/4 ,he remov$ v e>ly to ! ,hague1 :]e 8 tal5ts met ) univ]sal recognition1 includ+ t ( ,pr9ce ,maurice ( ,orange1 & :]e he m>ri$4 ,9 ! ye> #afeb1 h[ev]1 he remov$ to ,am/]dam at ! in/ance ( "o ( 8 *ief patrons1 ! ,burgoma/] ,tulp4 ,( ! ma/]s :o h /riv5 pre-em95tly aft] tru? he is1 beyond all "q1 "o ( ! greate/ t ev] liv$4 ,9 ord] to succe$ 9 ?is aim1 he acquir$ a correctness ( draw+1 a k9d ( modell+ :i* imp>ts an almo/ pla/ic effect to 8 animals1 an extraord9>y execution ( detail 9 ! mo/ solid impa/o1 & a tru? ( col\r+ :i* h>monises a/oni%+ly ) ! "t ( day4 ,9 8 l&scapes1 :i* g5]ally consi/ ( a few will[s 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ( a wide view ov] mead[s1 ! mo/ delicate graduation ( arial p]spective is se54 ,) few exceptions1 8 animals are small1 & 8 pictures proportionately mod]ate 9 size4 ,by ! ye> #afdg he _h atta9$ 8 full p]fection4 ,( ?is date is ! celebrat$ gr\p call$ ,! ,"y ,bull1 9 ! ,hague ,gall]y4 ,all ! figures 9 ?is are z l>ge z life1 & s extraord9>ily true to nature z n only to appe> real at a c]ta9 di/ance1 b ev5 to keep up ! illusion :5 se5 ne>4 ,a picture dat$ #afdi1 n[ 9 ,buck+ham ,palace1 ( two c[s & a "y bull 9 a pa/ure1 comb9es ) 8 cu/om>y fidelity to nature a m ?an common p[] ( effect1 & bread? & fre$om ( treatm5t4 ,to ! same ye> belongs also ,! ,f>my>d1 =m]ly 9 ! ,cassel ,gall]y1 n[ 9 t ( ,s4 ,pet]sburg1 :i*1 accord+ to ,smi?1 fully des]ves its celebrity bo? = ! cle>ness & w>m? ( ! sunset effect1 z well z = its ma/]ly execution4 ,to #afej belongs ! picture ( ,orpheus1 *>m+ ! animal _w by ! /ra9s ( 8 lyre1 9 ! ,am/]dam ,museum4 ,"h we see t ! ma/] _h also /udi$ wild animals4 ,he is mo/ successful 9 ! be>4 ,9 ! same gall]y is ano!r *ef-d'oeuvre ( ! same ye>--a hilly l&scape ) a %eph]dess s++ to h] *ild1 a %eph]d play+ on ! bagpipe1 & ox51 %eep1 & goats ar\nd4 ,! names ( ,we5ix & ,hondecoet] are s insep>ably associat$ 9 ! popul> m9d z pa9t]s ( birds1 ^: respective works are n readily di/+ui%able moreov] by ! casual obs]v]1 t a %ort excursion into _! family hi/ories is advisable1 = ! purpose ( %[+ h[ x 0 t ?is p>ticul> bran* ( ! art 0 s successfully practis$ by ! two4 ,moreov]1 z !re 7 ?ree ,hondecoet]s & two ,we5ixes :o 7 pa9t]s1 x is necess>y to say some?+ ab\t ea* ( !m4 ,,mel*ior ,,hondecoet]1 ! be/ kn[n1 0 ( an anci5t & noble family4 ,he 0 in/ruct$ till ! age ( sev5te5 by 8 fa!r ,gysb]t1 :o 0 a tol]able pa9t]4 ,giles ,hondecoet]1 8 gr&fa!r1 pa9t$ live birds admirably1 b *iefly cocks & h5s 9 ! ta/e ( ,sav]y & ,v9caboom4 ,mel*ior 0 born 9 #afcf1 & /udi$ = a "t ) 8 fa!r2 b meantime 8 aunt ,jos9a _h m>ri$ ,jan ,bapti/ ,we5ix1 & a son 0 born to !m1 ,jan ,we5ix1 :o inh]it$ f old ,giles ,hondecoet]1 8 gr&fa!r1 8 tal5t = pa9t+ p\ltry1 & f 8 fa!r1 ,jan ,bapti/ ,we5ix1 he acquir$ ! b5efit ( sev]al influ5ces :i* 7 n %>$ by 8 c\s9 ,mel*ior4 ,,jan ,,bapti/ ,,we5ix1 :o 0 nicknam$ ,rattle1 0 born at ,am/]dam ab\t #afba4 ,8 fa!r 0 an ar*itect1 :o br$ 8 son up to t pr(ession1 b he 0 aft]w>ds put to /udy pa9t+ "u ,abraham ,bloem>t4 ,soon aft] 8 m>riage ) ,jos9a he 0 seiz$ ) ! desire to visit ,italy1 & he set (f alone to ,rome1 promis+ to return 9 f\r mon?s4 ,9 ,rome1 h[ev]1 he 0 s well receiv$ t he /ay$ !re f\r ye>s1 & ,italianiz$ himself to an ext5t t may be se5 9 a picture 9 ! ,wallace ,collection1 a ,coa/ ,sc5e ) ,classic ,ru9s1 :i* he signs ,gio4 ,batta4 ,we5ix4 ,?\gh he return$ to ,holl& & settl$ ne> ,utre*t1 8 mann] 0 s5sibly modifi$ by 8 soj\rn 9 ,rome4 ,,jan ,,we5ix1 :o 0 born at ,am/]dam 9 #afdi1 ?\gh he succe$$ 9 s f> assimilat+ 8 fa!r's /yle t 8 e>li] works are (t5 confus$ ) ^? ( ,giovanni ,batti/a1 did n acquire ! en]gy or ! dramatic =ce display$ by ,mel*ior ,hondecoet] 9 repres5t+ live birds & animals1 ?\gh he sometimes surpass$ him 9 ! f9i% & ! h>mony ( 8 decorative arrangem5ts ( dead game & /ill life4 ,accord+ly ! "o usually pa9t$ dead & ! latt] live birds4 ,9 o!r respects !re is n mu* to di/+ui% _! works4 ,,ni*olas ,,b]*em 0 ! only o!r pupil ( ,jan ,bapti/ ,we5ix ( :om we "k any?+4 ,b]*em _h o!r ma/]s1 beg9n+ ) 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a pa9t] ( fi% & tables cov]$ ) plates1 *9a di%es1 & su* l4 ,hav+ giv5 8 son ! fir/ rudim5ts ( 8 art he f\nd himself unequal to ! task ( cultivat+ ! excell5t disposition he obs]v$ 9 him1 & !re=e plac$ him ) ,van ,goy51 ,ni*olas ,moya]t1 ,pet] ,grebb]1 ,jan ,wils1 & la/ly ) ,jan ,bapti/ ,we5ix1 all ( :om _h ! hon\r ( assi/+ to =m s excell5t a pa9t]4 ,indefatigable at 8 easel1 ,b]*em acquir$ a mann] bo? easy & exp$iti\s2 to see him "w1 pa9t+ appe>$ a m]e div]sion to him4 ,8 wife 0 ! daught] ( 8 in/ructor1 ,jan ,wils1 & 0 s av>ici\s t %e all[$ him no re/4 ,busy z he 0 by nature1 %e us$ to sit "u 8 /udio1 & :5 %e nei!r he>d him s+ nor /ir1 %e /ruck ^u ! ceil+ to r\se him4 ,%e got f him all ! money he e>n$ by 8 lab\r1 s t he 0 oblig$ to borr[ f 8 s*ol>s :5 he want$ money to buy pr9ts t 7 (f]$ him1 :i* 0 ! only pleasure he _h4 ,! ,musical ,%eph]dess at ,h]t=d ,h\se is a good example ( 8 /yle1 & ! description ( x 9 ,smi?'s catalogue %[s 9 :at e/imation ! arti/ 0 held 9 e>ly ,victorian days3--,?is beautiful pa/oral sc5e repres5ts a bold rocky coa/ "u ! appe>ance ( ! close ( day4 ,! ru/ics h end$ _! lab\rs & are recreat+ ) music & danc+4 ,a gr\p compos$ ( two peasants & a l numb] ( wom5 occupies ! =egr\nd2 "o ( ! latt]1 attir$ 9 a blue mantle1 is gaily /rik+ a tamb\r9e1 & danc+ to ! music2 h] companion 9 a yell[ dress sits ne> h]2 ! %eph]ds also are seat$1 & "o ( !m appe>s to h j ceas$ play+ a pipe :i* he holds4 ,! goats are br[s+ ne> !m4 ,pa9t$ 9 ! arti/'s mo/ fasc9at+ /yle4 ,t ,b]*em _h be5 to ,italy is pretty c]ta91 & ?\gh no au!ntic acc\nt ( 8 visit is record$1 !re is a /ory t :5 ,jacob ,ruisdael w5t to ,rome z a "y man1 ,ni*olas ,b]*em 0 ! fir/ acqua9tance he met1 & t _! fri5d%ip 0 ( long /&+4 ,_! frequ5t walks r\nd ab\t ,rome gave !m ! opportunity ( work+ toge!r f ,nature1 & "o day a c>d9al see+ !m at "w1 inquir$ :at !y 7 do+4 ,8 em95ce 0 agreeably impress$ ) _! draw+s1 & invit$ !m to visit him 9 ,rome4 ,! pa9t]s return$ to _! "w1 :]e !y met ) a second r5contre ( a v diff]5t nature2 a gang ( ?ieves robb$ & /ripp$ !m ( _! clo!s4 ,!y return$ 9 _! %irts to ! city1 & call$ on ! c>d9al1 :o took pity ^u !m1 ord]$ !m clo!s1 & aft]w>ds employ$ !m 9 sev]al consid]able works 9 8 palace4 ,b]*em at "o "t took up 8 abode 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,b5!im1 & z bo? he & ,ruisdael h left sev]al pictures ( ?is ca/le x may be inf]r$ t !y work$ !re toge!r1 z at ,rome4 ,ap>t f p]sonal fri5d%ip !re is no?+ to connect ,b]*em ) ,ruisdael1 ! popul>ity ( ! =m] be+ d]iv$ f qualities ( a totally diff]5t nature f ^? :i* raise ,ruisdael f> above any ( 8 contempor>ies z a l&scape pa9t]4 ,,jan ,,van ,,huysum 0 born at ,am/]dam 9 #afhb4 ,8 fa!r1 ,ju/us ,van ,huysum1 :o dealt 9 pictures1 0 himself a middl+ pa9t] 9 mo/ k9ds ( pa9t+4 ,he taught 8 son to pa9t scre5s1 figures & vases on wood1 l&scape1 & sometimes fl[]s2 b ! son be+ arriv$ at a reason+ age p]ceiv$ t to "w 9 e bran* ( 8 art 0 ! way to excel 9 none1 !re=e he conf9$ himself to fl[]s1 fruit1 & l&scape1 & quitt+ 8 fa!r's s*ool set up = himself4 ,no "o be=e ,van ,huysum atta9$ s p]fect a mann] ( repres5t+ ! beauty ( fl[]s & ! d[n & bloom ( fruit2 = he pa9t$ ) great] fre$om ?an ,velvet ,breughel & ,mignon1 ) m t5d]ness & nature ?an ,m>io di ,fiori1 ,&rea ,belv$]e1 ,mi*el de ,campidoglio or ,daniel ,segh]s2 ) m mell[ness ?an de ,heem1 & ) m vig\r ( col\r+ ?an ,bapti/ ,monoy]4 ,8 pictures ( fl[]s & fruit pleas+ an ,engli% g5tleman1 he introduc$ !m into 8 own c\ntry1 :]e !y came into vogue & yield$ a high price4 ,to express ! motions ( ! smalle/ insects ) ju/ice he us$ to contemplate !m ?r\gh ! microscope ) great att5tion4 ,at ! times ( ! ye> :5 ! fl[]s 7 9 bloom1 & ! fruit 9 p]fection1 he us$ to design !m 9 8 own g>d51 & ! ,sieur ,gulet & ,voorhelm s5t him ! mo/ beautiful productions 9 ^? k9ds !y c\ld pick up4 ,8 reputation rose to su* a height t all ! curi\s 9 pa9t+ s\ght 8 works ) great eag]ness1 :i* enc\rag$ him to raise 8 prices s high t 8 pictures at la/ grew out ( ! rea* ( any b pr9ces & m5 ( ! greate/ =tune4 ,he 0 ! fir/ fl[] pa9t] t ev] ?\ght ( lay+ !m on light gr\nds1 :i* requires mu* great] art ?an to pa9t !m on d>k ones4 ,van ,huysum di$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agdi4 ,he nev] _h any pupil b a "y woman nam$ ,hav]man1 & 8 bro!r ,mi*ael4 ,two o!r bro!rs h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 pa9t+1 "o nam$ ,ju/us1 :o pa9t$ battles1 & di$ at tw5ty-two ye>s old1 ! o!r nam$ ,james1 :o end$ 8 days 9 ,engl& 9 #agdj4 ,he copi$ ! pictures ( 8 bro!r ,john s well z to deceive ! connoisseurs3 he _h usually #bj = ea* copy4 ,= ! orig9als1 x may be not$1 f a ?\s& to f\rte5 hundr$ flor9s 0 paid4 ,v ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,l&scape ,com+ n[ to ! l&scape pa9t]s we f9d t ,,jan ,,van ,,goy51 born at ,leyd5 9 #aeif1 0 de/9$ to ex]t a really p[]ful influ5ce1 inasmu* z he 0 ! f\nd]1 z is g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 ( ! ,dut* s*ool ( homely native l&scape4 ,beg9n+ ) figure subjects1 he discov]$ 9 _! l&scape backgr\nds 8 real mti]1 & seems only to h realiz$ 8 great gifts :5 he look$ fur!r into nature ?an 0 possible :5 pa9t+ a =egr\nd picture4 ,he appe>s to h be5 by nature or by incl9ation long-sight$1 & he is nev] s happy z :5 pa9t+ di/ance1 ei!r along ! banks ( a riv] or look+ out to sea4 ,?is ext5d$ gaze taught him some?+ ( atmosph]e t few pa9t]s beside himself ev] acquir$1 & help$ him to ! ma/]y ( tone :i* appe>s to h influ5c$ s _m ( 8 foll[]s1 z = example ,van de ,velde 9 ! pa9t+ ( sea-pieces4 ,,jan ,,wynants1 born at ,ha>lem ab\t #afbj1 & /ill liv+ 9 #afgg1 0 ! fir/ ma/] :o appli$ all ! develop$ qualities ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool to ! treatm5t ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,9 g5]al 8 prevail+ tone is cle> & bright1 m especially 9 ! gre5 ( 8 trees & plants1 :i* 9 _m cases1 m]ges into blue4 ,"o ( 8 *>act]i/ics is a fall5 tree trunk 9 ! =egr\nd1 z may be se5 9 ?ree out ( ! six examples 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,! c>efulness ( 8 execution expla9s h[ x 0 t 9 s long a life he only produc$ a mod]ate numb] ( pictures4 ,smi?'s catalogue conta9s ab\t #bad4 ,^! diff] mu* accord+ to _! diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 8 fir/ mann] peasants' cottages or ru9s play an important "p1 & ! view is m or less %ut 9 by trees ( a heavy d>k gre51 ! execution solid & c>eful4 ,9 8 middle "t he g5]ally pa9ts op5 views ( a r unev5 c\ntry1 div]sifi$ by wood & wat]4 ,t ,wynants reta9$ 8 full skill ev5 9 advanc$ life is prov$ by a picture dat$ #afgb1 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 repres5t+ a road lead+ to a f5c$ wood & a s&hill1 ne> :i* 9 ! =egr\nd are "s c[s 7by ,l+elba*7 be+ driv5 along4 ,9 8 la/ mann] a heavy uni=mly br[n tone is (t5 obs]vable4 ,x is 8 g5u9e feel+ = nature t makes ,wynant's pictures s popul> 9 ,engl&1 :]e we meet ) a consid]able numb] ( 8 be/ works4 ,,jacob ,,ruisdael 7born at ,ha>lem #afbh1 di$ !re #afhb7 is suppos$ to h develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( a s*ool !re t 0 oppos+ ,van ,goy5's tone treatm5t by local col\r4 ,?\gh n always ! mo/ *>m+1 ,ruisdael is c]ta9ly ! greate/ & ! mo/ pr(\nd ( ! ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s4 ,8 wide expanses ( sky1 e>? or sea1 ) _! t5d] gradations ( arial p]spective1 div]sifi$ "h & !re by alt]nations ( sun%9e & %ad[1 attract u z mu* by ! pa?os z by ! picturesqu5ess ( _! "*4 ,8 sc5es ( m\nta9\s di/ricts ) foam+ wat]falls2 or b>e piles ( rock & sombre lakes are imbu$ ) a feel+ ( melan*oly4 ,ruisdael's "w may be well /udi$ 9 ! six examples at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 & ! f\rte5 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,among 8 f9] works 9 ,cont95tal collections ! foll[+ are "s ( ^? select$ by ,kugl] = description4 ,at ! ,hague is "o ( 8 wide expanses--a view ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,ha>lem1 ! t[n itself look+ small on ! horizon1 "u a l(ty expanse ( cl\dy sky 9 ! =egr\nd a blea*+-gr\nd & "s h\ses rem9d+ u1 by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are introduc$1 ( ,hobbema4 ,! prevail+ tone is cool1 ! sky s+ul>ly beautiful1 & ! execution wond]fully delicate4 ,a flat c\ntry ) a road lead+ to a village1 & fields ) :eat%eaves1 is 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,?is is temp]ate 9 col\r+ & beautifully light$4 ,equally f9e is an ext5sive view ov] a hilly b b>e c\ntry1 ?r\gh :i* a riv] runs2 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! horseman & begg> on a bridge are by ,w\v]mans3 "h ! grey-gre5i% h>mony ( ! tone is 9 f9e accordance ) ! poetic gr&eur ( ! subject4 ,a hill cov]$ ) oak woods1 ) a peasant ha/5+ to a hut to escape ! ga!r+ %[]1 is 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,! gold5 w>m? ( ! trees & gr\nd1 & ! contra/ betwe5 ! deep cle> *i>oscuro & s(t ra9-cl\ds1 & ! bright gleam ( sun%9e1 r5d] ?is picture "o ( ! f9e/ by ?is ma/]4 ,! peculi> *>m :i* is se5 9 ,holl& by ! comb9ation ( l(ty trees & calm wat] is fully repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ works3--,! ,*ase2 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,"h 9 ! /ill wat] 9 ! =egr\nd--?r\gh :i* a /ag-hunt 7by ,adrian van de ,velde7 is pass+--cl\ds1 w>m ) morn+ sunlight1 appe> reflect$4 ,9 ?is picture1 rem>kable z x is = size1 be+ #c ft4 #aj-a_/b 94 high1 by #e ft4 #b 94 wide1 ! s5se ev5 ( ! fre% morn+ is n )\t a t+e ( g5tle melan*oly4 ,a noble wood ( oaks1 bee*es & elms1 ab\t ! size ( ! la/-m5tion$ picture1 is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! woods1 are se5 di/ant hills4 ,! cattle & figures ^u a flood$ road are by ,b]*em4 ,9 p[]1 w>m?1 & treatm5t1 ?is is also ne>ly alli$ to ! prec$+ "w4 ,( 8 wat]falls1 ! mo/ rem>kable are--,a picture at ! ,hague1 :i* is p>ticul>ly /rik+ = its w>m light+1 & c>eful execution4 ,ano!r ) ,b5!im ,ca/le1 s (t5 repeat$ by ,ruisdael1 is at ,am/]dam4 ,9 ! same collection is a l&scape1 ) rocks1 woods1 & a l>g] wat]fall4 ,?is has a gr&ly poetic "* :i*1 ) ! broad & solid h&l+1 pla9ly %[s ! influ5ce ( ,ev]d+54 ,! same rem>k may be appli$ to ! wat]fall1 ,no4 #cbh1 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,"h ! d>k1 ra9y sky1 enhances ! sublime impression made by ! foam+ torr5t t ru%es d[n ! rocky masses4 ,ano!r "w wor?y to rank ) ! =e-go+ is ,! ,jewi% ,cemetry1 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y3 a pallid sunbeam lights up "s ( ! tomb/ones1 betwe5 :i* a torr5t impetu\sly fl[s4 ,! ,l&scape ) ,wat]fall at ,h]t=d ,h\se is a good example2 ! ,l&scape ) a ,f>m 9 ! same collection is ano!r1 ?\gh 9 ?is ! figures & cattle are by ,adrian ,van d] ,velde4 ,o/ade & ,w\v]man are also said to h help$ him ) 8 figures1 & x is possible t "o or o!r ( !m ought to h "s ( ! cr$it = ! beautiful ,view on ! ,%ore at ,s*ev5+5 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #acij74 ,! ,l&scape ) ,ru9s 7,no4 #gdf7 is p]haps ! f9e/ ( ! o!rs !re4 ,,willem ,,van ,,de ,,velde1 ! y\ng]1 born at ,am/]dam #afcc1 di$ at ,gre5wi* #agjg4 ,8 fir/ ma/] 0 8 fa!r1 ,willem van de ,velde ! eld]1 b 8 pr9cipal in/ructor 0 ,simon de ,vlieg]4 ,! e>li] "p ( 8 pr(essional life 0 sp5t 9 ,holl&1 :]e1 besides num]\s pictures ( ! v>i\s aspects ( m>9e sc5]y1 he pa9t$ sev]al well-kn[n sea-fights 9 :i* ! ,dut* _h obta9$ ! victory ov] ! ,engli%4 ,he aft]w>ds foll[$ 8 fa!r to ,engl&1 :]e he 0 greatly patroniz$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,james ,,ii4 = :om1 9 turn1 he pa9t$ ! naval victories ( ! ,engli% ov] ! ,dut*4 ,he 0 also mu* employ$ by amateurs ( art among ! ,engli% nobility & g5try4 ,!re is no "q t ,willem van de ,velde ! y\ng] is ! greate/ m>9e pa9t] ( ! :ole ,dut* ,s*ool4 ,8 p]fect k ( l9eal & arial p]spective1 & ! incomp>able te*nique :i* he inh]it$ f 8 s*ool1 enabl$ him to repres5t ! sea & ! sky ) ! utmo/ tru? ( =m1 atmosph]e & col\r1 & to enliv5 ! sc5e ) ! pure/ feel+ = ! picturesque1 ) ! mo/ natural incid5ts ( sea-f>+ life4 ,two ( 8 pictures at ,am/]dam are p>ticul>ly rem>kable2 repres5t+ ! ,engli% flag%ip ,! ,pr9ce ,royal /rik+ h] col\rs 9 ! fight ) ! ,dut* fleet ( #afff2 & its companion1 f\r ,engli% m5-(-w> br\ght 9 z prizes at ! same fight4 ,"h ! pa9t] has repres5t$ himself 9 a small boat1 f :i* he actually witness$ ! battle4 ,?is acc\nts = ! extraord9>y tru? ) :i* e p>ticul> ( ! sc5e is r5d]$ 9 su* small pictures1 :i*1 comb9$ ) _! delicate greyi% tone1 & ! ma/]y ( ! execution1 r5d] !m two ( 8 f9e/ works4 ,a view ( ! city ( ,am/]dam1 dat$ #afhf1 tak5 f ! riv]1 is an especially good specim5 ( 8 l>ge pictures4 ,x is ab\t #e ft4 high by #aj ft4 wide4 ,! vessels 9 ! riv] are arrang$ ) great feel+ = ! picturesque1 & ! treatm5t ( details is admirable4 ,8 greate/ successes1 h[ev]1 are 9 ! repres5tation ( calm seas1 z may be se5 9 a small picture at ,muni*4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! middle di/ance is a frigate1 & 9 ! =egr\nd small] vessels4 ,! f9e silv]y tone 9 :i* ! :ole is kept f9ds a suffici5t c\nt]-balance ( col\r 9 ! yell[i% sun-lit cl\ds1 & 9 ! br[ni% vessels & _! sails4 ,no?+ c be m exquisite ?an ! t5d] reflections ( ^! 9 ! wat]4 ,( almo/ simil> beauty is a picture ( ab\t ! same size1 ) f\r vessels1 9 ! ,cassel ,gall]y1 :i* is sign$ & dat$ #afec4 ,z a contra/ to ?is class ( works1 may be m5tion$ ,! ,ga!r+ ,tempe/1 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,?is is brilliantly light$1 & ( great delicacy ( tone 9 ! di/ance1 ?\gh ! =egr\nd has some:at d>k5$4 ,,me9d]t ,,hobbema 7#afch-agji7 0 a fri5d z well z a pupil ( ,jacob ,ruisdael4 ,! fact t su* di/+ui%$ pa9t]s z ,adrian van de ,velde1 ,w\v]mans1 ,b]*em1 & ,l+elba*1 execut$ ! figures & animals 9 8 pictures proves ! e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held by 8 contempor>ies2 nev]!less x is evid5t t ! public 0 sl[ 9 conc$+ to him ! rank :i* he des]v$1 = 8 "n is n f\nd = m ?an a c5tury aft] 8 dea? 9 any ev5 ( ! mo/ elaborate diction>ies ( art1 :ile ! catalogues ( ! mo/ important picture sales 9 ,holl& make no m5tion ( him at all up to ! ye> #agci2 :5 a picture by him1 al?\gh mu* extoll$1 0 sold = only #ga flor9s1 & ev5 9 #agfh "o ( 8 ma/]pieces only fet*$ #cjj flor9s4 ,! ,engli% 7 ! fir/ to discov] 8 m]its4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ?is ma/]1 :o next to ,ruisdael1 is confess$ly at ! head ( l&scape pa9t]s ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool1 w be be/ appreciat$ by comp>+ him ) 8 rival4 ,9 two mo/ important qualities--f]tility ( inv5tive g5ius1 & poetry ( feel+--he is decid$ly inf]ior3 ! range ( 8 subjects be+ f> n>r[]4 ,8 mo/ frequ5t sc5es are villages surr\nd$ by trees1 su* z are frequ5tly met ) 9 ! di/ricts ( ,gueld]l&1 ) w9d+ pa?ways lead+ f h\se to h\se4 ,a wat]-mill occasionally =ms a prom95t feature4 ,(t51 too1 he repres5ts a slightly unev5 c\ntry1 div]sifi$ by gr\ps or r[s ( trees1 :eat-fields1 mead[s1 & small pools4 ,occasionally he gives u a view ( "p ( a t[n1 ) its gates1 canals ) sluices1 & quays ) h\ses2 m r>ely1 ! ru9s ( an old ca/le1 ) an ext5sive view ( a flat c\ntry1 or "s /ately resid5ce4 ,9 ! composition ( all ^! pictures1 h[ev]1 we d n f9d t elevat$ & picturesque ta/e :i* *>act]ises ,ruisdael2 on ! contr>y !y h a ?or\ghly portrait-l appe>ance1 decid$ly prosaic1 b always surpriz+ly tru?ful4 ,! great] numb] ( ,hobbema's pictures are z mu* *>act]iz$ by a w>m & gold5 tone z ^? ( ,ruisdael by ! rev]se2 8 gre5s be+ yell[i% 9 ! lights & br[ni% 9 ! %ad[s--bo? ( s+ul> transp>5cy4 ,9 pictures ( ?is k9d ! influ5ce ( ,rembr&t is p]haps p]ceptible1 & !y are sup]ior 9 brilliancy to any "w by ,ruisdael4 ,:ile ^! works *iefly pres5t u ) ! season ( h>ve/ & sunset-light1 !re are o!rs 9 a cool1 silv]y1 morn+ light+1 & ) ! bright gre5 ( spr+1 t surpass ,ruisdael's 9 cle>ness4 ,8 woods also1 ow+ to ! v>i\s lights t fall on !m1 are ( great] transp>5cy4 ,z almo/ all ! gall]ies on ! ,cont95t 7 =m$ at a p]iod :5 ! works ( ,hobbema 7 little priz$ 7,ticcozzi's ,diction>y1 9 #ahah1 does n include 8 "n71 !y ei!r possess no specim5s1 or "s ( an inf]ior class1 s t no adequate idea c be =m$ ( him4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic example to be met ) on ! ,cont95t is a l&scape 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ,no4 #hhf1 an oak wood1 ) scatt]$ lights1 a calm piece ( wat] 9 ! =egr\nd1 & a sun-lit village 9 ! di/ance4 ,( ! eight pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y f 8 h&1 mo/ are good1 & "o _w-fam\s--,! ,av5ue1 ,middelh>nis1 :i* may be call$ 8 ma/]piece4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ 9 #afhi1 :5 he _h rea*$ ! age ( fifty4 ,8 diploma picture1 pa9t$ 9 #affc1 is at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 toge!r ) f\r o!r int]e/+ examples1 all ( :i* repay c>eful /udy4 ,,g]man ,,s*ools ,! orig9s ( ! ,g]man ,s*ools ( pa9t+ are obscure1 b x is fairly c]ta9 t ,cologne 0 ! fir/ place 9 :i* ! art 0 soone/ e/abli%$ to any consid]able ext5t4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 we _c f9d any traces ( imm$iate ,italian influ5ces4 ,! fir/ pa9t] :o c be id5tifi$ ) any c]ta9ty is ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,h]le1 call$ ,,mei/] ,,wilhelm1 ^: activity is n traceable e>li] ?an ab\t #aceh4 ,mo/ ( ! pictures =m]ly attribut$ to him h1 h[ev]1 be5 assign$ to 8 pupil ,,h]mann ,,wynri* ,,von ,,wesel1 :o on ! dea? ( 8 ma/] 9 #acgh m>ri$ 8 wid[ & cont9u$ 8 practice1 until 8 dea? some:]e ab\t #adad4 ,8 mo/ important works 7 six panels ( ! ,high ,alt> ( ! ,ca!dral1 ! s-call$ ,madonna ( ! ,pea ,blossoms & two ,crucifixions at ,cologne1 & ! ,s4 ,v]onica at ,muni*1 dat$ #adaj4 ,m important 0 ,,/eph5 ,,lo*n]1 :o di$ at ,cologne 9 #adea4 ,8 influ5ce 0 widespread & 8 s*ool app>5tly num]\s1 until1 9 #adej1 ,rog] van d] ,weyd51 return+ f ,italy1 /opp$ at ,cologne & pa9t$ 8 l>ge tripty*1 :i* eclips$ ,lo*n]4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds ! s*ool ( ,cologne is repres5t$ by pa9t]s ^: names are n kn[n1 & :o are accord+ly di/+ui%$ by ! subjects ( _! works2 su* z ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,glorification ( ! ,virg91 ,! ,ma/] ( ,s4 ,b>?olomew1 etc41 until we come to ,b>tel ,bruyn 7c4 #adic-aeec71 a portrait pa9t] :o is repres5t$ at ,b]l91 & by a picture ( ,dr ,fu*sius bequea!d to ! ,national ,gall]y by ,george ,salt+4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,nuremb]g1 ,ulm1 ,augsburg1 & ,basle1 v>i\s names ( pa9t]s ( ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury h surviv$1 b _! works are ( little int]e/ except to ! connoisseur z %[+ ! influ5ce "u :i* ! two great arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,alb]t ,dr] & ,hans ,holbe91 & "o or two less] lights l ,lucas ,crana*1 ,alb]t ,altdorf]1 & ,adam ,el%eim]1 7 =m$4 ,9 ,g]many ! ta/e = ! fanta/ic 9 art peculi> to ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh x eng5d]$ clev] & spirit$ works su* z ^? ( ,qu5t9 ,massys & ,lucas van ,leyd51 0 /ill unfav\rable to ! cultivation ( pure beauty1 sc5es f ! ,apocalypse1 ,dances ( ,dea?1 etc41 be+ among ! fav\rite subjects = art4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pictorial treatm5t ( antique lit]ature1 a _w s sugge/ive ( beautiful =ms1 0 s little compreh5d$ by ! ,g]man m9d t !y only s\ght to express x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? fanta/ic ideas ) v *ildi% & ev5 ta/eless results4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t t av]age education ( ! v>i\s classes ( society :i* ! f9e arts require = _! protection /ood on a v l[ foot+ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,italy ! fav\r ) :i* works ( art 0 reg>d$ 0 f> m widely ext5d$4 ,?is aga9 gave rise to a m elevat$ p]sonal position on ! "p ( ! arti/1 :i* 9 ,italy 0 n only "o ( m consid]ation1 b ( incomp>ably great] indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is latt] respect ,g]many 0 s ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,/ ,,b>?olomew ,,two ,,sa9ts ,national ,gall]y1 ,london defici5t t ! g5ius ( ,alb]t ,dr] & ,holbe9 0 mis]ably cramp$ & h9d]$ 9 developm5t by ! pov]ty & littl5ess ( surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,x is kn[n t ( all ! ,g]man pr9ces no "o b ! ,elector ,fr$]ick ! ,wise ev] gave ,alb]t ,dr] a commission = pictures1 :ile a writ+ address$ by ! great pa9t] to ! magi/racy ( ,nuremb]g tells u t 8 native city nev] gave him employm5t ev5 to ! value ( #ejj flor9s4 ,at ! same "t 8 pictures 7 s meanly paid1 t = ! means ( subsi/5ce1 z he says himself1 he 0 compell$ to devote himself to engrav+4 ,h[ f> m su* a man z ,dr] w\ld h be5 appreciat$ 9 ,italy or 9 ! ,ne!rl&s is fur!r evid5c$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ writ+1 :]e he /ates t he 0 (f]$ #bjj ducats a ye> 9 ,v5ice & #cjj ,philips-guld5 9 ,antw]p1 if he w\ld settle 9 ei!r ( ^? cities4 ,& ,holbe9 f>$ /ill worse3 !re is no evid5ce :atev] t any ,g]man pr9ce ev] tr\bl$ himself at all ab\t ! great pa9t] :ile at ,basle1 & 8 art 0 s little c>$ = t necessity compell$ him to g to ,engl&1 :]e a g5ius fitt$ = ! highe/ und]tak+s ( hi/orical pa9t+ 0 limit$ to ! sph]e ( portraiture4 ,! cr[n+ imp$im5ts f9ally1 :i* h9d]$ ! progress ( ,g]man art1 & p]v]t$ x f its true aim1 7 ! ,re=mation1 :i* n>r[$ ! sph]e ( ecclesia/ical works1 & ! p]nici\s imitation ( ! great ,italian ma/]s :i* ensu$4 ,,lucas ,,crana*1 born 9 #adgb1 receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ructions 9 art f 8 fa!r1 8 lat] tea*+ probably f ,mat!w ,grunewald4 ,9 "s in/ances he atta9$ to ! expression ( dignity1 e>ne/ness & feel+1 b g5]ally 8 *>act]i/ics are a nave & *ildlike *e]fulness & a g5tle & almo/ timid grace4 ,! impression produc$ by 8 /yle ( repres5tation rem9ds "o ( ! ,volksb*] & ,volksli$]4 ,_m ( 8 *ur* pictures h a v peculi> significance3 9 ^! he /&s =? prop]ly speak+ z ! pa9t] ( ! ,re=mation4 ,intimate bo? ) ,lu!r & ,melan*?on1 he seizes on ! c5tral aim ( _! doctr9e1 viz41 ! insuffici5cy ( good works & ! sole efficacy ( fai?4 ,8 my?ological subjects appeal directly to ! eye l real portraits2 & sometimes also by means ( a c]ta9 grace & navet ( motive4 ,we may cite z an in/ance ! ,diana seat$ on a /ag 9 a small picture at ,b]l91 ,no4 #efd4 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\?1 also at ,b]l91 ,no4 #eic1 is a picture ( peculi> "*2 a l>ge bas9 surr\nd$ by /eps & ) a ri*ly adorn$ f\nta9 =ms ! c5tre4 ,on "o side1 :]e ! c\ntry is /ony & b>r51 a multitude ( old wom5 are dragg$ =w>d on horses1 waggons or c>riages1 & ) mu* tr\ble are got into ! wat]4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! f\nta9 !y appe> z "y maid5s spla%+ ab\t & amus+ !mselves ) all k9ds ( playful mis*ief2 close by is a l>ge pavilion into :i* a h]ald c\rte\sly invites !m to ent] & :]e !y are array$ 9 co/ly app>el4 ,a fea/ is prep>$ 9 a smil+ mead[1 :i* seems to be foll[$ by a dance2 ! gay cr[d loses itself 9 a neighb\r+ grove4 ,! m5 un=tunately h n become "y1 & reta9 _! grey be>ds4 ,! picture is ( ! ye> #aedf1 ! sev5ty-f\r? ( ,crana*'s age4 ,,alb]t ,,altdorf] 0 born #adhh at ,altdorf1 ne> ,l&%u?1 9 ,bav>ia1 & settl$ at ,ratisbon1 :]e he di$ #aebh4 ,he inve/$ ! fanta/ic t5d5cy ( ! "t ) a poetic feel+--especially 9 l&scape--& he develop$ x s z to atta9 a p]fection 9 ?is sort ( romantic pa9t+ t no o!r arti/ _h rea*$4 ,9 8 lat] p]iod he 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ,italian art4 ,altdorf]'s pr9cipal "w is 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 & is ?us describ$ by ,s*legel3-- ,x repres5ts ! ,victory ( ,alex&] ! ,great ov] ,d>ius2 ! co/ume is t ( ! arti/'s own day1 z x w\ld be treat$ 9 ! *ivalr\s poems ( ! middle ages--man & horse are %ea!d 9 plate & mail1 ) surcoats ( gold or embroid]y2 ! *amfrons ^u ! heads ( ! horses1 ! glitt]+ lances & /irrups1 & ! v>iety ( ! weapons1 =m altoge!r a sc5e ( indescribable spl5d\r & ri*ness4444 ,x is1 9 tru?1 a little _w on a few squ>e feet ( canvas2 ! ho/s ( combatants :o advance on all sides aga9/ ea* o!r are innum]able1 & ! view into ! backgr\nd appe>s int]m9able4 ,9 ! di/ance is ! ocean1 ) high rocks & a rugg$ isl& betwe5 !m2 %ips ( w> appe> 9 ! (f+ & a :ole fleet ( vessels--on ! left ! moon is sett+--on ! "r ! sun ris+--bo? %9+ ?r\gh ! op5+ cl\ds--a cle> & /rik+ image ( ! ev5ts repres5t$4 ,! armies are arrang$ 9 rank & column )\t ! /range attitudes1 contra/s1 & di/ortions g5]ally exhibit$ 9 s-call$ battle-pieces4 ,h[ inde$ w\ld ?is h be5 possible ) su* a va/ multitude ( figures8 ,! :ole is 9 ! pla9 & sev]e1 or x may be ! /iff mann] ( ! old /yle4 ,at ! same "t ! "* & execution ( ^! little figures is mo/ ma/]ly & pr(\nd4 ,& :at v>iety1 :at expression !re is1 n m]ely 9 ! "* ( ! s+le w>riors & knights1 b 9 ! ho/s !mselves6 ,"h cr[ds ( black ar*]s ru% d[n troop aft] troop f ! m\nta9 ) ! rage ( a foam+ torr5t2 on ! o!r side high ^u ! rocks 9 ! f> di/ance a scatt]$ cr[d ( fly+ m5 are turn+ r\nd 9 a defile4 ,! po9t ( ! greate/ int]e/ /&s out brilliantly f ! c5tre ( ! :ole--,alex&] & ,d>ius bo? 9 arm\r ( burni%$ gold2 ,alex&] on ,bucephalus ) 8 lance 9 re/ advances be=e 8 m5 & presses on ! fly+ ,d>ius1 ^: *>iote] has already fall5 on 8 :ite horses1 & :o looks back ^u 8 conqu]or ) all ! despair ( a vanqui%$ mon>*4 ,,alb]t ,d,,r] 7#adga-aebh71 by 8 ov]p[]+ g5ius1 may be call$ ! sole repres5tative ( ,g]man art ( 8 p]iod4 ,he 0 gift$ ) a p[] ( conception :i* trac$ nature ?r\gh all h] f9e/ %ades1 & ) a lively s5se1 z well = ! solemn & ! sublime1 z = simple grace & t5d]ness2 above all1 he _h an e>ne/ & tru?ful feel+ 9 art unit$ ) a capacity = ! mo/ e>ne/ /udy4 ,^! qualities 7 suffici5t to place him by ! side ( ! greate/ arti/s :om ! _w has ev] se54 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ portraits by ,alb]t ,dr] kn[n to u is t ( 8 fa!r1 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ! goldsmi?1 dat$ #adig1 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,9 ! ye> #afdd1 ano!r v]sion ( ?is picture1 :i* 0 engrav$ by ,holl>1 0 9 ! collection ( ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 & is n[ 9 t ( ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 at ,syon ,h\se4 ,( ab\t ! same "t--t is to say1 be=e #aejj--;are ! portraits ( ,oswald ,krell1 at ,muni*1 ( ,fr$]ick ! ,wise1 at ,b]l91 & ( himself1 at ! ,prado4 ,sev]al ( ,alb]t ,dr]'s pictures ( ! ye> #aejj are kn[n to u4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important is 8 own portrait 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 :i* repres5ts him full face ) 8 h& laid on ! fur trimm+ ( 8 robe4 ,8 f9e/ picture ( ! ye> #aejd is an ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 orig9ally pa9t$ = ,fr$]ick ! ,wise1 ,elector ( ,saxony1 subsequ5tly pres5t$ by ! ,elector ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 to ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii41 & f9ally1 on ! occasion ( an ex*ange ( pictures1 transf]r$ f ,vi5na to ,flor5ce1 :]e x n[ hangs 9 ! ,tribune ( ! ,uffizi4 ,! heads are ( ?or\ghly reali/ic treatm5t2 ! ,virg9 a portrait f "s model ( no attractive "*2 ! second ,k+ a portrait ( ! pa9t] himself4 ,! l&scape backgr\nd exactly resembles t 9 ! well-kn[n engrav+ ( ,s4 ,eu/ace1 ! p]iod ( :i* is ?us pretty ne>ly def9$4 ,x is c>efully pa9t$ 9 a f9e body ( col\r4 ,9 #aeje ,dr] made a second j\rney into ,upp] ,italy1 & rema9$ a consid]able "t at ,v5ice4 ,( 8 occupations 9 ?is city ! lett]s writt5 to 8 fri5d ,wilibald ,pirckheim] :i* h come d[n to u give _m int]e/+ p>ticul>s4 ,he !re execut$ = ! ,g]man ,company a picture kn[n z ,! ,fea/ ( ,rose ,g>l&s1 :i* br\ght him great fame1 & by its brilliant col\r+ sil5c$ ! ass]tion ( 8 envi\s adv]s>ies t he 0 a good engrav]1 b knew n h[ to deal ) col\rs4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a l&scape is ! ,virg9 seat$ ) ! ,*ild & cr[n$ by two angels2 on h] "r is a ,pope ) prie/s kneel+2 on h] left ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 ) knights2 v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,g]man ,company are also kneel+2 all are be+ cr[n$ ) g>l&s ( roses by ! ,virg91 ! ,*ild1 ,s4 ,dom9ick--:o /&s beh9d ! ,virg9--& by angels4 ,! pa9t] & 8 fri5d ,pirckheim] are se5 /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd on ! "r2 ! pa9t] holds a tablet ) ! inscription1 ,alb]tus ,dr] ,g]manus1 ,,mdvi4 ,?is picture1 :i* is "o ( 8 l>ge/ & f9e/1 0 pur*as$ f ! *ur* at a high price by ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 = 8 gall]y at ,prague1 :]e x rema9$ until sold 9 #aghb by ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 ,x !n became ! prop]ty ( ! ,prmon/rat5sian mona/]y ( ,/rat[ at ,prague1 :]e x /ill exi/s1 ?\gh 9 v injur$ condition & greatly ov]-pa9t$4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,gall]y at ,vi5na may be se5 an old copy :i* conveys a bett] idea ( ! picture ?an ! orig9al4 ,) ^! productions beg9s ! z5i? ( ?is ma/]'s fame1 9 :i* a great numb] ( works foll[ "o ano!r )9 a %ort p]iod4 ,( ^! we fir/ notice a picture ( #aejh1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,gall]y at ,vi5na1 pa9t$ = ,duke ,fr$]ick ( ,saxony1 & :i* aft]w>ds adorn$ ! gall]y ( ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 ,x repres5ts ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& ,sa9ts4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture /& ! ma/] & 8 fri5d ,pirckheim] z spectators1 bo? 9 black dresses4 ,dr] has a mantle ?r[n ov] 8 %\ld] 9 ! ,italian fa%ion1 & /&s 9 a firm attitude4 ,he folds 8 h&s & holds a small flag1 on :i* is inscrib$1 ,i/e faciebat anno dom9i #aejh ,alb]tus ,dr] ,alemanus4 ,!re are a multitude ( s+le gr\ps exhibit+ e species ( m>tyrdom1 b !re is a want ( g5]al connection ( ! :ole4 ,! sc5es 9 ! backgr\nd1 :]e ! ,*ri/ians are l$ nak$ up ! rocks1 & are precipitat$ d[n f ! top1 are p>ticul>ly excell5t4 ,! :ole is v m9ute & m9iature-l2 ! col\r+ is beautifully brilliant1 & x is pa9t$ 7! accessories p>ticul>ly7 ) extraord9>y c>e4 ,to #aeaa belongs also "o ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ pictures1 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* is also at ,vi5na1 pa9t$ = ! *apel ( ! ,l&au] ,brd]haus 9 ,nuremb]g4 ,above 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture are se5 ! ,fir/ ,p]son1 :o holds ! ,savi\r 9 8 arms1 :ile ! ,holy ,_s is se5 above2 "s angels spread out ! prie/ly mantle ( ! ,almighty1 :il/ o!rs hov] ne> ) ! in/rum5ts ( ,*ri/'s passion4 ,on ! left h& a little l[] d[n is a *oir ( females ) ! ,virg9 at _! head2 on ! "r are ! male sa9ts ) ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,bel[ all ^! kneel a ho/ ( ! bless$ ( all ranks & nations ext5d+ ov] ! :ole ( ?is "p ( ! picture4 ,und]nea? ! :ole is a beautiful l&scape1 & 9 a corn] ( ! picture ! arti/ himself ri*ly clo!d 9 a fur mantle1 ) a tablet next him ) ! words1 ,alb]tus ,dr] ,noricus faciebat anno a ,virg9is p>tu1 #aeaa4 ,x may be assum$ beyond d\bt t he held 9 p>ticul> e/eem ^? pictures into :i* he introduc$ 8 own portrait4 ,9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y is also a picture ( ! ye> #aeab1 ! ,virg9 hold+ ! nak$ ,*ild 9 h] arms4 ,%e has a veil ov] h] head & blue drap]y4 ,h] face is ( ! =m usual ) ,alb]t ,dr]1 b ( a s(t & maid5ly "*2 ! ,*ild is beautiful--! c\nt5ance p>ticul>ly s4 ,x is pa9t$ ) exce$+ delicacy ( f9i%4 ,two alt>-pieces ( 8 e>lie/ p]iod mu/ be m5tion$4 ,"o is 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 consi/+ ( ?ree pictures pa9t$ 9 temp]a on canvas1 repres5t+ ! ,virg91 ,s4 ,an?ony1 & ,s4 ,seba/ian respectively4 ,al?\gh ?is is probably "o ( 8 v e>lie/ works1 x is rem>kable = ! novelty ( its treatm5t & its indep5d5ce ( tradition4 ,! o!r1 a little lat]1 is 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y 7,nos4 #bdj-c71 pa9t$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,paumg>tn] family1 = ,s4 ,ca!r9e's ,*ur* at ,nuremb]g1 0 br\ght to ,muni* 9 #afab by ,maximilian ,i4 ,! subject ( ! middle picture is ! ,nativity2 ! ,*ild is 9 ! c5tre1 surr\nd$ by little angels1 :il/ ! ,virg9 & ,joseph kneel at ! side4 ,! w+s conta9 portraits ( ! two donors "u ! =m ( ,s4 ,george & ,s4 ,eu/ace repres5t$ z knights 9 /eel arm\r1 ea* ) 8 /&>d1 & ! =m] hold+ ! sla9 dragon4 ,! ye> #aebf 0 di/+ui%$ by ! two pictures ( ! f\r ,apo/les3 ,john & ,pet]1 ,m>k & ,paul2 ! figures are ! size ( life4 ,^!1 :i* are ! ma/]'s gr&e/ "w1 & ! la/ ( importance execut$ by him1 are n[ 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,we "k ) c]ta9ty t !y 7 pres5t$ by ,alb]t ,dr] himself to ! c\ncil ( 8 native city 9 remembrance ( 8 c>e] z an arti/1 & at ! same "t z convey+ to 8 fell[-citiz5s an e>ne/ & la/+ exhortation suit$ to t /ormy p]iod4 ,9 ! ye> #afbg1 h[ev]1 ! pictures 7 all[$ to pass into ! h&s ( ! ,elector ,maximilian ,i4 ( ,bav>ia4 ,! inscriptions select$ by ! pa9t] himself might h giv5 (f5ce to a ,ca?olic pr9ce1 & 7 !re=e cut (f & jo9$ to ! copies by ,john ,fis*]1 :i* 7 int5d$ to indemnify ! city ( ,nuremb]g = ! loss ( ! orig9als4 ,^! copies are /ill 9 ! collection ( ! ,l&au] ,brd]haus at ,nuremb]g4 ,^! pictures are ! fruit ( ! deepe/ ?\ght :i* !n /irr$ ! m9d ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 & are execut$ ) ov]p[]+ =ce4 ,f9i%$ z !y are1 !y =m ! fir/ complete "w ( art produc$ by ,prote/antism4 ,z ! inscription tak5 f ! ,gospels & ,epi/les ( ! ,apo/les conta9s press+ w>n+s n to sw]ve f ! ^w ( ,god1 nor to believe 9 ! doctr9es ( false prophets1 s ! figures !mselves repres5t ! /eadfa/ & fai?ful gu>dians ( t holy ,scripture :i* !y be> 9 _! h&s4 ,!re is also an old tradition1 h&$ d[n f ! ma/]'s own times1 t ^! figures repres5t ! f\r temp]am5ts4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! pictures !mselves2 & ?\gh at fir/ sight x may appe> to re/ on a m]e accid5tal comb9ation1 x s]ves to c>ry out m completely ! arti/'s ?\ght1 & gives to ! figures great] individuality4 ,x %[s h[ e quality ( ! human m9d may be call$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ picture1 we see ! :ole =ce ( ! m9d absorb$ 9 contemplation1 & we are taught t true wat*fulness 9 behalf ( ! ,scripture mu/ beg9 by devotion to its /udy4 ,s4 ,john /&s 9 front1 ! op5 book 9 8 h&2 8 high =ehead & 8 :ole c\nt5ance be> ! impress ( e>ne/ & deep ?\ght4 ,?is is ! melan*olic temp]am5t1 :i* does n %r9k f ! mo/ pr(\nd inquiry4 ,beh9d him ,s4 ,pet] b5ds ov] ! book1 & gazes e>ne/ly at its cont5ts--a ho>y head1 full ( m$itative repose4 ,?is figure repres5ts ! phlegmatic temp]am5t1 :i* reviews its own ?\ghts 9 tranquil reflection4 ,! second picture %[s ! outw>d op]ation ( ! conviction ?us atta9$ & its relation to daily life4 ,s4 ,m>k 9 ! backgr\nd is ! man ( sangu9e temp]am5t2 he looks boldly r\nd1 & appe>s to speak to 8 he>]s ) animation1 e>ne/ly urg+ !m to %>e ^? advantages :i* he has himself d]iv$ f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,s4 ,paul1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! =egr\nd1 holds ! book & sword 9 8 h&s2 he looks angrily & sev]ely ov] 8 %\ld]1 ready to def5d ! ,^w1 & to annihilate ! blasphem] ) ! sword ( ,god's p[]4 ,he is ! repres5tative ( ! *ol]ic temp]am5t4 ,we "k ( no important "w ( a lat] date ?an t j describ$4 ,8 portrait 9 a woodcut ( ! ye> #aebg repres5ts him e>ne/ & s]i\s 9 demean\r1 z w\ld naturally foll[ f 8 advanc+ age & ! pressure ( ev5tful times4 ,8 head is no long] adorn$ ) ^? ri*ly fl[+ locks1 on :i* 9 8 e>li] days he _h set s high a value1 z we le>n f 8 pictures & f je/s /ill record$ ( him4 ,) ! dep>ture ( ,hans ,holbe9 to ,engl& 9 #aebh & ! dea? ( ,alb]t ,dr] 9 ! same ye>1 t excell5ce to :i* !y _h rais$ ,g]man art pass$ away1 & c5turies saw no sign ( its revival4 ,( ,,hans ,,holbe91 born at ,augsburg 9 #adih1 we %all h m to say 9 a lat] *apt]1 :5 consid]+ ! orig9s ( ,engli% portraiture4 ,b z 9 ! case ( ,van ,dyck1 & 9 fact ( e great portrait pa9t]1 8 excell5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( 8 art 0 b "o result ( 8 be+ a born arti/ & fir/ ex]cis+ 8 tal5ts 9 a mu* wid] field4 ,9 ,holbe9 ! reali/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool atta9$ its highe/ developm5t1 & he may1 next to ,dr]1 be pron\nc$ ! greate/ ma/] 9 x4 ,:ile ,dr]'s art exhibits a close aff9ity ) ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,holbe9 appe>s to h be5 imbu$ ) m mod]n & m mat]ial s5tim5ts1 & accord+ly we f9d him excell+ ,dr] 9 clos5ess & delicacy ( obs]vation 9 ! del9eation ( nature4 ,a pro( ( ?is is af=d$ by ! evid5ce ( ,erasmus1 :o said t z reg>ds ! portraits pa9t$ ( him by bo? ^! arti/s1 t by ,holbe9 0 ! mo/ l4 ,9 feel+ = beauty ( =m1 also 9 grace ( movem5t1 9 col\r+1 & 9 ! actual art ( pa9t+--9 :i* 8 fa!r _h ?or\ghly in/ruct$ him--,holbe9 is to be plac$ above ,dr]4 ,t he did n rival ! great ,italians ( 8 "t 9 hi/orical pa9t+ c only be ascrib$ to ! circum/ances ( 8 life 9 ,g]many1 :]e su* subjects 7 n 9 fa%ion4 ,( 8 pictures execut$ be=e he left 8 native c\ntry ! great] numb] are at ,basle & ,augsburg1 & are !re=e less famili> to ! g5]al public ?an 8 lat] works4 ,a notable exception is ! fam\s ,mey] ,madonna1 ! orig9al ( :i* is at ,d>m/adt1 b a v]sion n[ relegat$1 some:at h>%ly1 to ! copyi/ is 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 & c]ta9ly exhibits z mu* ( ! _s ( ! ma/] z w s]ve = an example ( 8 p[]s4 ,x repres5ts ! ,virg9 z ,que5 ( ,heav51 /&+ 9 a ni*e1 ) ! ,*ild 9 h] arms1 & ) ! family ( ! ,burgoma/] ,jacob ,mey] ( ,basle kneel+ on ei!r side ( h]4 ,) ! utmo/ life & tru? to nature1 :i* br+s ^! kneel+ figures actually into our pres5ce1 says ,kugl]1 !re is comb9$ 9 a mo/ exquisite degree an expression ( great e>ne/ness1 z if ! m9d 7 fix$ on "s l(ty object4 ,?is is %[n n m]ely by ! introduction ( div9e be+s into ! circle ( human sympa?ies1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! relation s skilfully indicat$ betwe5 ! ,holy ,virg9 & h] wor%ipp]s1 & 9 h] manife/ desire to communicate to ^? :o are ar\nd h] ! sacr$ peace & tranquillity express$ 9 h] own c\nt5ance & attitude1 & impli$ 9 ! infant9e grace ( ! ,savi\r4 ,9 ! direct union ( ! div9e ) ! human1 & 9 _! reciprocal h>mony1 !re is involv$ a dev\t & e>ne/ purity ( feel+ su* z only ! old] ma/]s 7 capable ( repres5t+4 ,ano!r ( 8 mo/ beautiful pictures pa9t$ 9 ,g]many is ! portrait ( ,erasmus1 dat$ #aebc4 ,?is 0 s5t by ,erasmus to ,sir ,?omas ,m1 at ,*elsea1 ) a lett] recomm5d+ ,holbe9 to 8 c>e1 & z x is /ill 9 ?is c\ntry--9 ! collection ( ! ,e>l ( ,radnor at ,long=d ,ca/le--x is n p]haps too mu* to hope t x may "o ( ^! days f9d its way into ! ,national ,gall]y--p]haps :5 ! alt]ations to ! front entrance are complet$4 ,?is picture has = a v long "t be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ,holbe9's v f9e/ portraits4 ,mr ,w4 ,b>clay ,squire1 9 ! sumptu\s catalogue ( ! ,radnor collection compil$ by him1 quotes ! op9ion ( ,sir ,william ,musgrave1 writt5 9 #aghe1 ,i am n sure :e!r x is n ! f9e/ ,i h se52 & t ( ,dr ,waag51 ,alone wor? a pilgrimage to ,long=d4 ,seldom has a pa9t] s fully succe$$ 9 br++ to view ! :ole "* ( s orig9al a m9d z 9 ?is in/ance4 ,9 ! m\? & small eyes may be se5 ! unspeakable /udies ( a long life 444 ! face also expresses ! sagacity & k ( a life ga9$ by long exp]i5ce 444 ! ma/]ly & c>eful execution ext5ds to e portion 444 yet ! face surpasses ev]y?+ else 9 delicacy ( modell+4 ,cruel1 inde$1 0 ,engl& to h transplant$ ! "o arti/ :o might h sav$ ,g]many f ! arti/ic de/itution f :i* %e has suff]$ ev] s9ce6 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4--,,hans ,,holbe9 ,,portrait ,,( ,,*ri/9a1 ,,du*ess ,,( ,,milan ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,i ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,:5 we consid] ! peculi> beauty ( ! ar*itecture & ecclesia/ical sculpture 9 ,france dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & ! p]iod ( ! r5aissance1 & ( ! enamels1 ivories1 & o!r small works ( art1 x is wrong to regret t pa9t+ 0 n also practis$ by ! ,fr5* z assidu\sly z x 0 9 ,italy4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t 9 be+ conf9$ to "o *annel ! arti/ic impulses ( a p cut deep] ?an if dissipat$ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,we may suppose1 inde$1 t if ^? ( ! ,fr5* _h f\nd _! outlet 9 pa9t+ alone1 we %\ld h pictures ( wond]ful beauty1 ( a beauty moreov] ( a m>k$ly diff]5t k9d f t ( ! ,italian or ,spani% or ,ne!rl&i% pictures4 ,b on ! o!r h& we %\ld h p]haps lo/ ! amaz+ fasc9ation ( ,*>tres1 & ! delights ( ,limoges enamel & ivories4 ,z x happ5s1 ! e>lie/ m5tion to be made ( pa9t+ 9 ,france is ! arrival ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci at ,amboise 9 #aeaf1 :i!r he _h come f ,milan 9 ! tra9 ( ! "y k+ ,franois ,i4 ,un=tunately he 0 by ?is "t sixty-f\r ye>s old1 & 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s he di$4 ,at ab\t ! same "t !re 0 a c\rt pa9t] 9 ! employm5t ( ,franois--"u ! (ficial designation ( v>let de *ambre--nam$ ,,jehan ,,cl\et1 :o is suppos$ to h be5 ( ,flemi% extraction4 ,no?+ v def9ite is kn[n ab\t him or 8 "w1 b he _h a son ,,fran,,ois ,,cl\et1 :o seems to h be5 born at ab\t ! "t ( ,leon>do's arrival1 & :o succe$$ to 8 fa!r's (fice4 ,at ! fun]al ( ,franois ,i4 9 #aedg he 0 ord]$ to make an effige du dict feu roy1 & he cont9u$ to be ! (ficial c\rt pa9t] to ,h5ri ,,ii4 7^: po/hum\s portrait he 0 also ord]$ to pa9t71 ,franois ,,ii41 & ,*>les ,,ix4 ,he di$ 9 #aegb4 ,e portrait ( ?is p]iod is attribut$ to him1 j z 0 ! case ) ,holbe9 9 ,engl&4 ,nei!r ( ! two examples at ! ,national ,gall]y c be safely ascrib$ to him4 ,! little head ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 k+ ( ,spa91 at ,h]e=d ,h\se1 is id5tical 9 /yle & 9 dim5sions ) t ( ,francis ,i41 k+ ( ,france1 9 ! ,museum at ,lyons1 :i* is attribut$ to ,jean ,cl\et4 ,bo? may h be5 pa9t$ :5 ,*>les ,v4 pass$ ?r\gh ,p>is 9 #aeci1 b :e!r by ,jean or "o ( 8 disciples _c be said ) c]ta9ty4 ,n until ! v end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 born ,claude ,gelle & ,ni*olas ,p\ss91 ! only two ,fr5*m5 :o 7 pa9t]s ( consid]able importance be=e ! close ( ! sev5te5?4 ,nor did ei!r ( ^! two contribute any?+ to ! glory ( _! c\ntry by practice or by precept )9 its conf9es1 bo? ( !m pass+ mo/ ( _! lives & pa9t+ _! be/ works 9 ,italy & "u ,italian influ5ce4 ,,ni*olas ,,p\ss9 0 born at ,villi]s ne> ,les ,&elys on ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 9 #aeid1 :]e he /udi$ = "s "t "u ,qu5t9 ,v>9 till he 0 eighte54 ,aft] ?is he 0 9 ,p>is1 b 9 #afbd he w5t to ,rome :]e he liv$ ) ,du ,quesnoy4 ,8 fir/ success 0 obta9$ by ! execution ( two hi/orical pieces :i* 7 commission$ by ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i on 8 return f an ,embassy to ,france4 ,^! 7 ,! ,dea? ( ,g]manicus & ,! ,capture ( ,j]usalem4 ,8 next works 7 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,erasmus1 ,! ,plague at ,a%dod1 ( :i* a replica is 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 & ,! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts n[ at ,belvoir ,ca/le4 ,by ^! he acquir$ su* fame t on 8 return to ,p>is 9 #afdj1 ,l\is ,,xiii4 appo9t$ him royal pa9t]1 & 9 ord] to keep him at home provid$ him ) ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,tuil]ies & a sal>y ( #abj a ye>4 ,)9 two ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,p\ss9 0 back 9 ,rome1 & aft] tw5ty-?ree ye>s' unbrok5 success di$ !re 9 #affe 9 8 sev5ty-second ye>4 ,p\ss9 0 a mo/ consci5ti\s pa9t]1 devot+ himself s]i\sly 9 8 e>li] ye>s to ! /udy bo? ( ! antique & ( practical anatomy4 ,besides be+ ! intimate fri5d ( ,du ,quesnoy1 he 0 a dev\t pupil ( ,dom5i*9o1 = :om he _h ! greate/ rev]5ce4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e to f9d 9 8 e>li] works1 su* z ! ,plague at ,a%dod1 a c]ta9 academic dulness & lack ( spontaneity4 ,he 0 n ! =]unn] ( a new epo*1 b "o ( ! la/ uphold]s ( ! old4 ,he 0 try+ to arre/ decay1 to infuse a heal?i] _s into a decl9+ art1 s t he errs on ! side ( correctness4 ,! influ5ce ( ,titian1 h[ev]1 0 too /rong = him to rema9 long )9 ! n>r[e/ limits1 z may be se5 9 ! ,bac*analian ,dance1 ,no4 #fb 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* 0 probably "o ( a s]ies pa9t$ = ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu dur+ ! %ort "t t ,p\ss9 0 9 ,p>is 9 #afda4 ,9 ?is & 9 ,no4 #db1 ! ,bac*analian ,fe/ival z well z 9 ,! ,%eph]ds 9 ,arcadia1 9 ! ,l\vre1 we get a surpris+ly /rong rem9isc5ce ( ,titian1 m especially 9 ! br[n tones ( ! fle% & ! deep blue ( ! sky4 ,z ! result ( consci5ti\s /udy ( ! human body ! figures 9 ^! pictures are full ( life--= correctness ( draw+ is ! fir/ requisite ( lively pa9t+ )\t :i* all ! o!rs are useless4 ,! fact t ov] two hundr$ pr9ts h be5 engrav$ aft] 8 pictures is a pro( ( 8 popul>ity at "o "t or ano!r1 & ?\gh at ! pres5t "t 8 reputation is n z widely recognis$ z 9 =m] ye>s1 x is c]ta9ly z high among ^? ^: judgm5t is indep5d5t ( pass+ fa%ions4 ,z evid5ce ( ! s\ndness ( 8 pr9ciples1 ! foll[+ is p]haps wor? quot+3-- ,!re are n9e ?+s 9 pa9t+1 ,p\ss9 wrote 9 a lett] to ,m4 de ,*ambrai1 ! au?or ( a treatise on pa9t+1 :i* c nev] be taught & :i* are ess5tial to t art4 ,to beg9 )1 ! subject ( x %\ld be noble1 & receive no quality f ! p]son :o treats x2 & to give opportunity to ! pa9t] to %[ 8 tal5ts & 8 indu/ry x mu/ be *os5 z capable ( receiv+ ! mo/ excell5t =m4 ,a pa9t] %\ld beg9 ) disposition 7or z we %\ld say1 composition71 ! ornam5t %\ld foll[1 _! agreem5t ( ! p>ts1 beauty1 grace1 _s1 co/ume1 reg>d to nature & probability2 & above all1 judgm5t4 ,?is la/ mu/ be 9 ! pa9t] himself & _c be taught4 ,x is ! gold5 b\gh ( ,virgil t no "o c ei!r f9d or pluck unless 8 lucky /> conducts him to x4 ,,gasp> ,,p\ss91 ^: "n 0 really ,gasp>d ,dughet1 0 bro!r-9-law ( ,ni*olas1 & acquir$ 8 "n f be+ 8 pupil4 ,he 0 n9ete5 ye>s 8 junior1 & surviv$ him by t5 ye>s4 ,he 0 born 9 ,rome ( ,fr5* p>5ts1 & di$ !re 9 #afge1 & ?\gh he travell$ a good deal 9 ,italy he nev] appe>s to h visit$ ,france4 ,8 ,italian l&scapes are v beautiful1 & we are =tunate 9 ! possession ( "o :i* is consid]$ 8 be/1 ,no4 #ca 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,l&scape ) ,figures1 ,abraham & ,isaac4 ,sc>cely less f9e is ! ,call+ ( ,abraham1 ,no4 #aaei1 especially 9 ! middle & f> di/ance4 ,! sacr$ figures1 x may z well be said1 are ( little conc]n 9 ! compositions1 ?\gh useful = purposes ( id5tify+ ! pictures4 ,,claude ,,gell,e1 n[adays usually spok5 ( z ,claude1 0 born at ,*amagne 9 ,lorra9e 9 #afjj4 ,accord+ly he has be5 /yl$ ,claude ,lorra9e1 le ,lorra9e1 de ,lorra91 ,lorra91 or ,claudio ,lorr5ese ) wond]ful p]si/5cy ?r\gh ! ages1 ?\gh !re 0 no my/]y ab\t 8 surname & x w\ld h s]v$ j z well4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 8 fa!r's pr(ession ( pa/rycook1 & 9 t capacity he w5t to ,rome seek+ = employm5t4 ,z x happ5$ he f\nd x 9 ! h\se ( a l&scape pa9t]1 ,ago/9o ,tassi1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,paul ,bril1 & he n only cook$ = him b mix$ 8 col\rs z well1 & soon became 8 pupil4 ,lat] he 0 /udy+ "u a ,g]man pa9t]1 ,gottfri$ ,wals1 at ,naples4 ,a m important influ5ce on him1 h[ev]1 0 t ( ,joa*im ,s&r>t1 "o ( ! be/ ( ! lat] ,g]man pa9t]s1 :om he met 9 ,rome4 ,claude's e>lie/ pictures ( any importance 7 two :i* 7 pa9t$ = ,pope ,urban ,,vii4 9 #afci1 :5 he 0 j ^u =ty ye>s old4 ,^! are ! ,village ,dance & ! ,seaport1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! ,seaport at ,sunset & ,n>cissus & ,e*o 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,nos4 #e & #ai7 are dat$ #afdd--! =m] on ! canvas & ! latt] on ! sket* = x 9 ! ,lib] ,v]itatis1 :]e x is /at$ t x 0 pa9t$ = an ,engli% patron4 ,! ,lib] ,v]itatis1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 is ! title giv5 to a portfolio ( ov] two hundr$ draw+s 9 p5 & bi/re1 or ,indian ink1 :i* is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 made f pictures :i* _h be5 pa9t$1 n z sket*es or designs prep>atory to pa9t+ !m1 & 9 "s in/ances !re are notes on ! back ( !m giv+ ! date1 pur*as]1 & o!r p>ticul>s relat+ to !m4 ,s great 0 ! vogue = ,claude's l&scapes 9 ,engl& dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury t z e>ly z #agcj or #agdj a good _m ( 8 draw+s1 :i* _h be5 collect$ by ,jona?an ,ri*>dson1 ,dr4 ,mead & o!rs1 7 engrav$ by ,ar?ur ,pond & ,john ,knapton2 & 9 #aggg a s]ies ( ab\t two hundr$ ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire's draw+s 0 publi%$ by ,ald]man ,boydell1 :i* _h be5 et*$ & mezzot9t$ by ,ri*>d ,e>lom1 "u ! title ( ,lib] ,v]itatis4 ,?is 0 ! model on :i* ,turn] f\nd$ ! publication ( 8 own sket*es "u ! title ( ,lib] ,/udiorum4 ,?us1 if ,claude ex]t$ little influ5ce on ! art ( 8 own c\ntry1 x c h>dly be said t he ex]t$ none else:]e1 = ,turn] 0 by no means ! fir/ ,engli%man to fall "u 8 spell4 ,ri*>d ,wilson1 ! fir/ ,engli% l&scape pa9t]1 0 und\bt$ly influ5c$ by him1 bo? f an acqua9tance ) 8 draw+s 9 ,engli% collections & f ! /udy ( 8 works :5 9 ,rome4 ,9 ?is connection we may consid] ! two l&scapes1 numb]$ #ab & #ad 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ,catalogue1 z our mo/ important examples by ?is ma/]1 = ,turn] bequea!d to ! nation 8 two mo/ important pictures ,! ,sun ,ris+ ,?r\gh a ,vap\r & ,dido ,build+ ,c>?age1 on condition t !y %\ld be hung betwe5 ^! two by ,claude4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y c\ld annul ! condition1 b !y c\ld n nullify ! effect ( ,claude's influ5ce on ,turn] or alt] ! judgm5t ( po/]ity ) reg>d to ! relations ( ! two pa9t]s to ea* o!r & to art 9 g5]al1 & ! ,director has wisely obs]v$ ! wi%es ( ,turn] 9 /ill hang+ ! f\r pictures toge!r1 ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y not)/&+4 ,bo? ( ,claude's are inscrib$1 besides be+ sign$ & dat$1 z foll[s3 ,no4 #ab4 ,m>iage d',isaac avec ,rebeca1 ,claudio ,gil4 inv4 ,romae #afdh4 ,no4 #ad4 ,la ,re9e de ,saba va trov] ,salomon4 ,clavde ,gil4 inv4 faict p\r son altesse le duc de ,buillon ,roma #afdh4 ,bo? pictures are famili> 9 v>i\s engrav+s ( !m1 & ?\gh ! pres5t fa%ion leads _m p 9 o!r directions1 !re c be no d\bt t ! appreciation ( ,claude 9 ?is c\ntry is nev] likely to die out1 & is only wait+ = a turn ( ! :eel to revive ) increas$ vig\r4 ,meantime1 h[ev]1 ,france 0 n entirely de/itute ( pa9t]s1 & ?\gh )\t ,claude1 ,p\ss9 or ,dughet1 :o pref]r$ to ex]cise _! art 9 ,rome1 %e anticipat$ ,engl& by ov] a c5tury 9 t mo/ important /ep1 ! f\ndation ( an ,academy ( ,pa9t+4 ,n _m ( ! names ( its orig9al memb]s ev] became fam\s--z may be said 9 our own c\ntry--b among !m 0 ,,seba/i5 ,,b\rdon 7#afaf-afga71 ^: "w 0 s mu* admir$ by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,b\rdon1 also1 w&]$ away f ,france2 )9 f\r ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! ,academy1 namely1 9 #afeb1 he w5t to ,/ockholm1 & 0 appo9t$ pr9cipal pa9t] to ,que5 ,*ri/9a4 ,on h] abdication1 h[ev]1 9 #affc1 he return$ to ,p>is1 & enjoy$ a great success 9 pa9t+ l&scapes1 & hi/orical subjects4 ,! ,return ( ! ,ark f ,captivity1 ,no4 #fd 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ,catalogue1 0 pres5t$ by t di/+ui%$ patron ( ! arts1 ,sir ,george ,beaumont1 to :om x 0 bequea!d by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 z be+ "o ( 8 mo/ treasur$ possessions4 ,i _c quit ?is subject1 he writes 9 ! f\rte5? ,disc\rse1 allud+ to poetry 9 l&scape1 )\t m5tion+ two examples1 :i* occur to me at pres5t1 9 :i* ! poetical /yle ( l&scape may be se5 happily execut$2 ! "o is ,jacob's ,dream1 by ,salvator ,rosa1 & ! o!r1 ,! ,return ( ! ,ark f ,captivity1 by ,seba/ian ,b\rdon4 ,) :atev] dignity ^? hi/ories are pres5t$ to u 9 ! language ( scripture1 ?is /yle ( pa9t+ possesses ! same p[] ( inspir+ s5tim5ts ( gr&eur & sublimity1 & is able to communicate !m to subjects :i* appe> by no means adapt$ to receive !m4 ,a ladd] aga9/ ! sky has no v promis+ appe>ance ( possess+ a capacity to excite any h]oic ideas1 & ! ,ark 9 ! h&s ( a second-rate ma/] w\ld h little m effect ?an a common waggon on ! highway2 yet ^? subjects are s poetically treat$ ?r\gh\t1 ! p>ts h su* a correspond5ce ) ea* o!r1 & ! :ole & e "p ( ! sc5e is s vision>y1 t x is impossible to look at !m )\t feel+ 9 "s measure ! en?usiasm :i* seems to h inspir$ ! pa9t]s4 ,,eu/a*e ,,le ,,sueur1 born 9 ! same ye> z ,seba/i5 ,b\rdon 7#afaf71 0 ano!r ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! ,academy1 & 0 employ$ by ! ,k+ at ! ,l\vre4 ,8 mo/ fam\s "w 0 ! decorations ( ! cloi/] at ! mona/]y ( ,la ,*>treuse 7n[ 9 ! ,l\vre7 ( :i* ,horace ,walpole speaks s ec/atically 9 ! preface to ! la/ volume ( ! ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+4 ,! la/ sc5e ( ,s4 ,bruno expir+ 7he writes7 9 :i* are express$ all ! /ages ( devotion f ! y\nge/ m9d impress$ ) fe> to ! compos$ resignation ( ! ,prior1 is p]haps inf]ior to no s+le picture ( ! greate/ ma/]4 ,if ,raphael di$ "y1 s did ,le ,sueur2 ! =m] _h se5 ! antique1 ! latt] only pr9ts f ,raphael2 yet 9 ! ,*>treuse1 :at airs ( heads6 ,:at h>mony ( col\r+6 ,:at arial p]spective6 ,h[ ,grecian ! simplicity ( ar*itecture & drap]y6 ,h[ div]sifi$ a s+le quadrangle ?\gh ! life ( a h]mit be ! only subject1 & devotion ! only pa!tic6 ,,philippe ,,de ,,*ampaigne 0 ano!r ( ! orig9al memb]s4 ,he 0 born at ,brussels 9 #afjb1 & did n come to ,p>is till #afba1 :]e he 0 soon aft]w>ds employ$ 9 ! decoration ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace4 ,b he 0 *iefly a portrait pa9t]1 8 pr9cipal works be+ ! f9e full-l5g? ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 & ano!r ( 8 daught] z a nun ( ,port ,royal1 bo? ( :i* are 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!re are f\r 9 ! ,wallace ,collection1 b p]haps ! mo/ famili> to ! ,engli% public is ! canvas at ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #gih71 pa9t$ = ! ,roman sculptor ,moc*i1 to make a bu/ f1 ) a full face & two pr(iles ( ,ri*elieu4 ,z a portrait ?is is exce$+ly int]e/+1 ! m s f hav+ an inscription ov] "o ( ! heads1 de ces deux pr(iles cecy e/ le meilleur4 ,! full l5g? ( ! ,c>d9al pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,butl] 9 #ahie 7,no4 #addi71 is a good example1 :i* _c h[ev] b suff] by juxtaposition ) m accompli%$ works4 ,b x 0 n until ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t portrait pa9t+ 9 ,france became any?+ l a f9e art1 & ev5 !n x did n get beyond be+ =mal & magnific5t4 ,! two pr9cipal expon5ts 7 ,,hyac9! ,,rigaud & ,,nicolas ,,l>gilli,,re1 bo? ( ^: works h a sort ( gr&eur b little subtlety or *>m4 ,rigaud 0 born 9 #afei1 at ,p]pignan 9 ! extreme s\? ( ,france1 & /udi$ at ,montpeli] 9 8 y\?1 !n at ,lyons on 8 way to ,p>is--mu* z a ,scotti% arti/ might h /udi$ fir/ at ,glasg[1 !n at ,birm+ham on 8 way to ,london4 ,on ! advice ( ,lebrun he devot$ himself specially to portrait pa9t+1 :i* he did ) su* success t 9 #agjj he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,he pa9t$ ,l\is ,,xiv4 m (t5 ?an ,l>gillire or any o!r pa9t]1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s 7he liv$ till #agdc7 ,l\is ,,xv4 8 great-gr&son4 ,he is said to h %>$ ) ,knell] ! di/9ction1 su* z x may be1 ( hav+ pa9t$ at lea/ five mon>*s4 ,rigaud is be/ kn[n 9 ^! days by ! f9e pr9ts aft] 8 portraits by ! ,fr5* engrav]s4 ,( 8 bru%work we are only able to judge by ! two d\btful v]sions at ! ,national ,gall]y & ! ,wallace ,collection respectively1 ( ! f9e portrait at ,v]sailles ( ,c>d9al ,fleury4 ,! gr\p ( ,lulli & ! ,musicians ( ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 :i* 0 pur*as$ = ! ,national ,gall]y 9 #aijf is n by him1 & x is difficult to und]/& :y ! public money %\ld h be5 wa/$ on x1 or at lea/ on ! inscription attribut+ x to him4 ,nicolas de ,l>gillire 0 ?ree ye>s old] ?an ,rigaud & surviv$ him by ano!r ?ree4 ,he 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 #afef & di$ six mon?s be=e complet+ 8 n9etie? ye>4 ,e>ly 9 life he w5t z a pupil to ,antw]p1 "u ,anto9e ,g\beau1 & he is said to h work$ 9 ,engl& z an assi/ant to ,sir ,pet] ,lely dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( t ma/]4 ,on 8 return to ,france he 0 receiv$ into ! ,royal ,academy--9 #afhf4 ,9 ! ,wallace ,collection is an int]e/+ example ( 8 "w1 ! l>ge gr\p ( ! ,fr5* ,royal ,family1 9 :i* f\r liv+ g5]ations are portray$ & ! bronze effigies ( two m4 ,h5ri ,,iv4 & ,l\is ,,xiii41 ! gr&fa!r & fa!r ( ! reign+ mon>*1 ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! ,dauph9 8 son1 ! ,duc de ,b\rgogne 8 gr&son1 & ! ,duc d',anj\1 8 great-gr&son--aft]w>ds ,l\is ,,xv41 are all includ$ 9 ?is =mal gr\p1 :i* is a useful lesson 9 hi/ory z well z 9 pa9t+4 ,,ii ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,anto9e ,,watteau 0 born at ,val5ci5nes 9 #afhd1 & di$ ne> !re ab\t ?irty-sev5 ye>s lat] ( consumption4 ,val5ci5nes really belong$ to ,fl&]s1 & _h only lately be5 annex$ to ,france1 s t ,watteau ow$ some?+ ( 8 art to ,flemi% r ?an to ,fr5* s\rces4 ,at ! same "t x _c be said t 8 developm5t w\ld h be5 ! same if he _h gone to ,brussels or ,antw]p in/ead ( to ,p>is to /udy1 = ?\gh ! works ( ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck 7 f 8 e>lie/ ye>s 8 *ief attraction1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* arti/ ,claude ,gillot1 z well z t ( ,audran1 ! keep] ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace1 )\t d\bt ex]t$ a v decid$ help 9 det]m9+ ! future c\rse ( 8 "w4 ,:5 liv+ ) ,audran1 ,watteau _h e opportunity = /udy+ ! works ( ! old] ma/]s1 especially ^? ( ,rub5s1 ^: decorations1 execut$ = ,m>ie de ,m$ici1 _h n at t "t be5 remov$ to ! ,l\vre4 ,besides copy+ f ^! old] pictures1 ,watteau 0 employ$ by ,audran 9 ! execution ( designs = wall decorations1 etc4 ,watteau's two e>lie/ pictures /ill 9 exi/5ce are suppos$ to be ! ,d"p de ,tr\pe & ! ,halte d',arme1 :i* 7 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( milit>y pictures on a small scale4 ,to an e>ly p]iod also belong ! ,accorde de ,village1 at ! ,soane ,museum 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 ! ,m>ie de ,village at ,potsdam1 & ! ,w$d+ ,fe/ivities 9 ! ,dubl9 ,national ,gall]y4 ,9 #agab o!r influ5ces began to "w ^u him4 ,9 ?is ye> he came into contact ) ,crozat1 ! fam\s collector1 9 ^: h\se he became famili> ) a fre% bat* ( ! ,flemi% & ,italian ma/]pieces4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t he 0 approv$ by ! ,royal ,academy1 ?\gh he took five ye>s ov] 8 ,diploma picture1 ,emb>quem5t p\r l'le de ,cy?re1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,meantime ! influ5ce ( ,rub5s & ! ,italian ma/]s--especially ! ,v5etians1 _h greatly wid5$ & deep5$ 8 art1 & ^! influ5ces1 act+ on 8 peculi>ly s5sitive temp]am5t & poetical _s1 _h a magical effect1 trans=m+ ! actual sc5es ( ,p>is & ,v]sailles1 :i* he pa9t$ into en*ant$ places 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4--,,anto9e ,,watteau ,l',,indiff,,r5t ,l\vre1 ,p>is fairyl&1 z he trans=m$ ! =mal actual pa9t+ ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 into ! romantic s*ool ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france4 ,! sett+ ( ! fam\s pictures 9 ! ,wallace ,collection1 catalogu$ z ,! ,music-,p>ty or ,les ,*>nes de la ,vie 7,no4 #daj71 is a view ( ! ,*amps ,elyses tak5 f ! gall]y ( ! ,tuil]ies4 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght x8 ,& :at does x matt]1 except to %[ h[ entirely ,watteau revolutioniz$ ! pomp\s & prosaic me?ods ( 8 "t by inve/+ ! actual ) poetry & romance4 ,two o!r pictures at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 ,nos4 #chi & #cia1 7 pa9t$ 9 ! ,*amps ,elyses1 & ! figures are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! same 9 bo?1 all ?ree ( ^! pictures are f9e examples ( ! arti/'s p[] ( broad & spirit$ treatm5t1 comb9$ ) extreme delicacy & ref9em5t ( conception4 ,?ree o!r pictures at ,h]t=d ,h\se are equally delightful examples ( ano!r class ( subject1 namely gr\ps ( figures dress$ 9 ! p>ts ( actors 9 ,italian com$y4 ,f a note 9 ! ,catalogue we le>n t a company ( ,italian com$ians 7 9 ,p>is 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b 7 bani%$ by ,l\is ,quatorze 9 #afig = a suppos$ affront to ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,9 #agaf1 h[ev]1 !y 7 recall$ by ! ,reg5t1 ! ,duc d',orlans1 & became once m ! delight ( ,p>is4 ,sev]al ( ! figures 9 ! ,italian com$y _h already pass$ into ,fr5* popul> drama1 & 9 ,watteau's "t !re seems to h be5 a fluctuat+ company1 accord+ z "o actor or actress or ano!r develop$ a "p1 & to ,pantalone1 ,arlec*9o1 ,dottore & ,columb9a 7 n[ add$ ,pi]rot--or ,gilles--,mezet91 a sort ( d\ble ( ,pi]rot1 ,sc>am\*e & ,scap94 ,! vague web ( c\rt%ip1 dalliance1 intrigue & jeal\sy call$ up by ^! *>act]s attract$ ,watteau to employ !m 9 8 compositions1 & to make !m also ! m$ium ( ! m s9c]e s5tim5ts ( conjugal love & fri5d%ip1--z 9 ,! ,music ,lesson1 ,gilles & 8 ,family & ,h>lequ9 & ,columb9e1 at ,h]t=d ,h\se4 ,all ( ^! ?ree 7 engrav$ 9 ,watteau's life-"t or %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 & ! v]ses sub-jo9$ to ! engrav+s are a *>m+ r5d]+ ( ! s5tim5t und]ly+ ! pictures4 ,9 ,! ,music ,lesson we see ! half l5g? figures ( a lady1 seat$1 read+ a music book1 & ( a man play+ a lute opposite to h]4 ,ano!r man looks at ! book ov] ! lady's %\ld]1 & two little *ildr5's faces appe> at h] knee4 ,! v]ses are z foll[s3-- ,p\r n\s pr\v] que cette belle ,tr\ve l'hym5 un noeud =t d\x ,le pe9tre n\s la pe9t fidelle suivre le ton d'un p\x4 ,les enfants qui sont aut\r d'elle ,sont les fruits de son t5dre am\r ,dont ce beau j\eur de prunelle ,p\vait bi5 gt] quelque j\r4 ,9 ,gilles & 8 ,family we h a ?ree-qu>t] l5g? full-face portrait ( le ,sieur de ,sirois1 a fri5d ( ,watteau1 ) ^! v]ses "u ! engrav+3-- ,s\s un habit de mezzet9 ,ce gros brun au riant visage ,sur la guit>re avec sa ma9 ,fait un aimable bad9age4 ,p> les d\x accords de sa voix ,enfants d'une b\*e v]meille ,du beau sexe tant la fois ,il *>me les yeux et l'oreille4 ,9 ! little ,lady at h] ,toilet 7,no4 #dci7 we see ! influ5ce ( ,paul ,v]onese1 ?\gh x is probable t ?is 0 n pa9t$ until he visit$ ,london 9 ! lat] "p ( 8 %ort life4 ,= !re is a simil> piece call$ ,la ,toilette du ,mat9 :i* 0 engrav$ by a ,fr5* arti/ :o _h settl$ 9 ,engl&1 ,philip ,m]ci]1 & on ^: "w ! influ5ce ( ,watteau is v noticeable4 ,le ,r5dez-v\s de ,*asse 7,no4 #daf71 :i* is ( ! same size1 & 9 "* simil> to ,les ,amusem5ts ,*amptres 7,no4 #cia71 is ! la/ by ,watteau ( :i* we h any c]ta9 k4 ,x 0 pa9t$ 9 #agbj1 ! ye> be=e 8 dea?1 :5 8 heal? prev5t$ him f mak+ any su/a9$ ef=t4 ,x is said to h be5 a commission f 8 fri5ds ,m4 & ,mme4 de ,juli5ne1 9 ^: %oot+-box at ,sa9t ,maur1 betwe5 ! woods ( ,v9c5nes & ! riv]1 he w5t to repose f "t to "t4 ,,ni*olas ,,lancret 0 only by six ye>s ,watteau's junior1 s t he c h>dly be consid]$ z a pupil or ev5 a disciple1 b only z an imitator ( ,watteau4 ,he 0 ! pupil ( ,claude ,gillot1 & aft]w>ds 8 assi/ant1 & x 0 n unnatural t a close fri5d%ip %\ld h be5 =m$ betwe5 ,lancret & ,watteau1 or t x %\ld h be5 dissolv$ by ! delib]ate imitation by ! =m] ( ! latt]'s /yle--see+ h[ successful ! imitation 04 ,two ( ! pictures by ,lancret at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 ,nos4 #dbb1 ,conv]sation ,galante & #ddj1 ,fte 9 a ,wood1 are fair examples ( h[ close1 at "o p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 ! imitation became4 ,! latt] is ! ,bal dans un ,bois :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,place ,dauph91 & 0 compla9$ ( by ,watteau on acc\nt ( its close resemblance to 8 own "w4 ,ano!r 9 ! ,wallace ,collection belongs to ! same e>ly p]iod ( ,watteau's influ5ce4 ,! ,italian ,com$ians by a ,f\nta9 7,no4 #dfe71 be+ attribut$ to ,watteau 9 ! sale1 9 #ahec1 at :i* x 0 b\ght = ,"l ,h]t=d4 ,8 lord%ip 0 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to secure ?is picture1 ,betwe5 y & ,i1 he writes1 ) ! qua9t reg>dlessness ( gramm> peculi> to ! ,victorian nobility1 7& to no o!r p]son b y %\ld ,i make ?is confid5ce71 ,i mu/ h ! ,lancret call$ ,watteau 9 ! ,/&i% ,collection4 ,s ,i dep5d ^u y = gett+ x = me4 ,i ne$ n beg y n to m5tion a ^w ab\t ?is to anybody1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! sale4 ,& aga91 ,i dep5d ^u y\r gett+ ! ,lancret 7,watteau 9 ! ,catalogue7 = me4 ,i h no d\bt x w sell = a good sum1 mo/ likely m ?an x is wor?1 b we mu/ h x 444 ,i leave x to y1 b ,i mu/ h x1 unless by "s unhe>d ( *ance x 0 to g beyond #cjjj gu9eas4 ,he 0 =tunate inde$ 9 gett+ x = #gce4 ,mademoiselle ,cam>go ,danc+ 7,no4 #cic71 & ,la ,belle ,grecque 7,no4 #dej71 9 ! ,wallace ,collection1 are good examples ( ! ,com$ian motive treat$ ) m actuality1 yet ) no less grace4 ,! f\r little allegorical pieces 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,! ,f\r ,ages ( ,man1 are m lively if less romantic1 be+ compos$ m = ! *>act]s illu/rat+ ! subject ?an = poetical sett+4 ,,jean ,,baptise ,,joseph ,,pat] 0 actually a pupil ( ,watteau4 ,he 0 t5 ye>s 8 junior1 b 0 equally unhappy on acc\nt ( 8 heal?1 & di$ at =ty4 ,l ,lancret1 he incurr$ ,watteau's displeasure = a simil> reason1 ?\gh 9 8 case x 0 r ! fe> ( :at he w\ld d ?an :at he did t 0 ! cause ( ,watteau's displeasure4 ,at ! same "t1 ! names ( bo? ,lancret & ,pat] are insep>able f t ( ,watteau 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 &1 bo? 9 _! *oice ( subject & _! treatm5t ( x1 !y are h>dly di/+ui%able to ! casual obs]v]4 ,watteau1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 0 f> above ! o!r two1 b x 0 =tunate inde$ t 8 romantic g5ius _h two su* gift$ imitators z ,lancret & ,pat]--or to put x ! o!r way1 t !y _h su* a ma/] to imitate1 )\t :om nei!r _! "w nor _! influ5ce w\ld h be5 ne>ly z great z x 04 ,,fran,,ois ,,b\*]1 ?\gh d\btless influ5c$ by ,watteau1 m especially at ! outset ( 8 brilliant c>e]1 0 nev]!less indep5d5t ( him 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! art pa9t+ 9 8 c\ntry1 *oos+ r to rev]t to ! patronage ( ! ,c\rt l 8 pr$ecessors ,le ,brun1 ,rigaud1 & ,l>gillire ?an to devote himself to ! expression ( 8 own ideas & feel+s4 ,be+ a pupil ( ,franois ,le ,mo9e1 ^: pr9cipal "w 0 ! decoration ( ,v]sailles1 x is n unnatural t ,b\*] %\ld h succumb$ to ! influ5ce ( ,royalty1 especially :5 ex]t$ 9 8 fav\r by z *>m+ & z p[]ful an ag5t z ,madame de ,pompad\r4 ,ano!r e>ly influ5ce :i* %ap$ 8 arti/ic t5d5cies z well z 8 =tunes 0 t ( ,c>le van ,loo1 9 ^: hon\r 8 c\ntrym5 co9$ ! v]b vanlotis]--to frivol agreeably--- on acc\nt ( ! popul>ity :i* he a*iev$ z a pa9t] ( elegant trifles4 ,!re is a picture by ,c>le van ,loo 9 ! ,wallace ,collection entitl$ ,! ,gr& ,turk giv+ a ,conc]t to 8 ,mi/ress 7,no4 #dea71 pa9t$ 9 #agcg1 :i* is a fair example ( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ?is direction1 & !re are "o or two portraits scatt]$ ab\t ! c\ntry :i* he pa9t$ :5 ov] "h = a few mon?s t[>ds ! end ( 8 life4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #ae? ,july #agfe1 & ,b\*] 0 imm$iately appo9t$ 8 successor z pr9cipal pa9t] to ,l\is ,,xv4 ,madame de ,pompad\r 0 m ?an a patron to him1 %e 0 a matron6 ,%e made an intimate fri5d & advis] ( him1 & x is to h] t he ow$ mo/ ( 8 advancem5t at ,c\rt1 :i* cont9u$ aft] h] dea?4 ,! full-l5g? portrait ( h] at ,h]t=d ,h\se 7,no4 #dah7 0 commission$ by h] 9 #agei1 & rema9$ 9 h] possession till h] dea? 9 #agfd4 ,x 0 pur*as$ by ,"l ,h]t=d 9 #ahfh = #bh1jjj francs4 ,9 ! ,jones ,collection at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum is ano!r portrait ( h]1 & a ?ird 9 ! ,national ,gall]y at ,ed9burgh1 n to m5tion ^? 9 private collections4 ,! two magnific5t c>toons on ! /aircase at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 call$ ! ,ris+ & ,sett+ ( ! ,sun1 %e begg$ f ! k+4 ,^! 7 ord]$ 9 #agdh z designs to be execut$ 9 tape/ry at ! ,manufacture ,royale des ,gobel9s1 by ,cozette & ,audran1 accord+ to ! catalogue ( ! ,salon 9 #agec :5 !y 7 exhibit$4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by ! bro!rs de ,gonc\rt z le plus gr& ef=t du pe9tre1 les deux gr&es ma*9es de son oeuvre2 & ! writ] ( ! catalogue ( ,madame de ,pompad\r's pictures :5 !y 7 sold 9 #agff te/ifies ?us to ! arti/'s own op9ion ( !m3 ,j'ai ent5du plusieurs fois dire p> l'auteur qu'ils tai5t du nombre de ceux dont il tait le plus satisfait4 ,!y 7 !n sold = #ihjj livres1 & ,"l ,h]t=d paid #bj1bjj francs = !m 9 #ahee4 ,ev5 )\t ^! *efs d'oeuvre ! ,wallace ,collection is ri*] ?an any o!r gall]y 9 ! works ( ,b\*]1 ) tw5ty-f\r examples 79 all71 ( :i* few if any are ( inf]ior quality4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ! abundance ( ,b\*]'s "w does n enhance its arti/ic value1 & we h to ?9k ( him1 9 comp>ison ) ,watteau & 8 s*ool1 r z a great decorator ?an a great pa9t]4 ,) all 8 skill & *>m1 t is to say1 !re is n "o ( 8 canvases t we c\ld place beside a picture by ,watteau on any?+ l equal t]ms4 ,sup]ficially x may be equally or possibly m attractive1 b inw>dly !re is no comp>ison4 ,let u he> :at ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds has to say ( him3-- ,our neighb\rs1 ! ,fr5*1 are mu* 9 ?is practice ( extempore inv5tion1 & _! dext]ity is su* z ev5 to excite admiration1 if n envy2 b h[ r>ely c ?is praise be giv5 to _! f9i%$ pictures6 ,! late ,director ( _! ,academy1 ,b\*]1 0 em95t 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ,i visit$ him "s ye>s s9ce 9 ,france1 ,i f\nd him at "w on a v l>ge picture )\t draw+s or models ( any k9d4 ,on my rem>k+ ?is p>ticul> circum/ance1 he said1 :5 he 0 "y1 /udy+ 8 art1 he f\nd x necess>y to use models1 b he _h left !m (f = _m ye>s4444 ,h[ev]1 9 ju/ice1 ,i _c quit ?is pa9t] )\t add+ t 9 ! =m] "p ( 8 life1 :5 he 0 9 ! habit ( hav+ rec\rse to nature1 he 0 n )\t a consid]able degree ( m]it--en\gh to make half ! pa9t]s ( 8 c\ntry 8 imitators3 he _h (t5 grace & beauty1 & good skill 9 composition1 b ,i ?9k all "u ! influ5ce ( a bad ta/e2 8 imitators are1 inde$1 abom9able4 ,tw5ty-"o ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! bir? ( ,b\*] & ! next pa9t] ( any?+ l 8 ability1 namely1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,greuze4 ,he 0 a native ( ,t\rn\s1 ne> ,macon1 & liv$ to see ! c5tury out1 dy+ 9 #ahje1 at ! age ( sev5ty-eight4 ,8 popul>ity is n[adays due *iefly to 8 heads ( "y girls1 :i* he pa9t$ 9 8 lat] life ) admirable skill1 b ) a s5tim5tality t almo/ repels4 ,! fam\s example 9 ! ,national ,gall]y is m free f ! sickly sweetness t spoils mo/ ( !m1 & rem9ds u t he c\ld pa9t m s]i\s works1 & pa9t !m exce$+ly well4 ,he fir/ came into notice by pictures l ,la ,lecture du ,bible1 ,la ,maldiction ,pat]nelle1 or ,le ,fils ,puni1 :i* are n[ to be se5--?\gh g5]ally pass$ by--at ! ,l\vre1 & 8 /yle 0 imitat$ 9 lat] ye>s 9 ,engl& by ,:eatley & o!rs ( t s*ool ) m or less success4 ,x 0 a great bl[ to him1 & "o :i* s]i\sly affect$ 8 c>e] :5 ! ,academy c5sur$ 8 ,diploma picture1 ,! ,emp]or ,sev]us reproa*+ ,c>acalla4 ,b = ?is we might h _h m ?an ^! s5tim5tal "y ladies f a h& t 0 und\bt$ly wor?y ( bett] ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 z ,"l ,h]t=d admir$ !m suffici5tly to include no less ?an tw5ty-"o ( !m 9 8 collection1 we ought n to be sev]e 9 criticis+ !m1 & we may quote ! description ( ,! ,s\v5ir 7,no4 #cih7 giv5 by ,john ,smi?1 9 8 ,catalogue ,raisonn 9 #ahcg1 z %[+ ! e/eem 9 :i* x 0 held4 ,! ,s\v5ir4 ,an int]e/+ female1 ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age1 press+ fondly to h] bosom a little r$ & :ite spaniel dog2 ! pet animal appe>s to rem9d h] ( "s fav\rite object1 = ^: safety & return %e is brea?+ an e>ne/ wi%2 h] fair oval c\nt5ance & melt+ eyes are direct$ upw>ds1 & h] ruby lips are slightly op52 h] light hair falls neglig5tly on h] %\ld]1 & is ta/efully braid$ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4--,,jean-,,bapti/e ,,greuze ,,! ,,brok5 ,,pit*] ,l\vre1 ,p>is ) a crimson rib& & pe>ls4 ,%e is attir$ 9 a morn+ dress1 consi/+ ( a loose g[n & a br[ni% sc>f1 ! latt] ( :i* hangs across h] arm4 ,^u a tree beh9d h] is inscrib$ ! "n ( ! pa9t]4 ,?is beautiful production ( art ab\nds 9 e attractive *>m :i* gives int]e/ to ! ma/]'s works4 ,v diff]5t1 & f> sup]ior to ,greuze1 0 ,,jean ,,honor ,,fragon>d1 born at ,grasse1 9 ! ,alpes ,m>itimes1 9 #agcb4 ,9 ,engl& 8 "n 0 almo/ unkn[n until )9 q rec5t ye>s1 & ! ,national ,gall]y has only "o picture by him1 :i* 0 bequea!d by ,george ,salt+ 9 #aiaj4 ,=tunately he is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,wallace ,collection1 ?ree at lea/ ( ! n9e examples be+ 9 8 mo/ brilliant mann]4 ,fragon>d's fa!r 0 a glov]4 ,9 #agej ! family mov$ to ,p>is1 & ! boy 0 put into a not>y's (fice4 ,! usual signs ( dis9cl9ation = (fice "w & a passion = art hav+ duly appe>$1 he 0 s5t to ,b\*]1 :o advis$ him to g & /udy "u ,*>d94 ,?is he did = a %ort "t1 b f9d+ x dull--= ,*>d9 0 n z great a tea*] z he 0 a pa9t]--he w5t back to ,b\*] z an assi/ant4 ,9 #ageb he won ! ,prix de ,rome1 al?\gh he _h nev] att5d$ ! ,academy ,s*ools1 & 9 #agef />t$ = ,italy4 ,reynolds _h j return$ f ,rome at ! date ( ,fragon>d's capture ( ! opportunity ( go+ !re1 & we "k f ! ,disc\rses h[ he sp5t 8 "t !re & :at direction 8 /udies took4 ,fragon>d pursu$ an exactly opposite c\rse1 be+ advis$ !reto by ,b\*]1 :o said to him1 ,if y take ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael s]i\sly1 y are lo/4 ,feel+ t ! advice 0 suitable to himself1 if n s\nd on g5]al pr9ciples1 ,fragon>d devot$ himself to ! light] & m sp>kl+ works ( ,tiepolo & o!rs ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,he also made a t\r 9 ,s\? ,italy & ,sicily ) ,hub]t ,rob]t1 ! l&scape pa9t]1 & ! ,abb ,sa9t ,non1 ! latt] ( :om publi%$ a numb] ( et*+s he made aft] ,fragon>d's draw+s1 "u ! title ( ,voyages de ,naples et de ,sicile4 ,on return+ to ,p>is 9 #agfa 8 fir/ success 0 ! l>ge composition ( ,callirho & ,coresus1 :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,salon 9 #agfe1 & is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,b he soon ab&on$ ! gr& /yle1 *iefly1 x is probable1 ow+ to ! patronage ( ! idle or indu/ri\s ri* :o %[]$ commissions ^u him1 = small] & m sociable pictures ) :i* to adorn & enliv5 _! h\ses4 ,! beautiful1 b exce$+ly improp] picture at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 call$ ,! ,sw+--or 9 ,fr5*1 ,les ,haz>ds heureux de l',esc>polette1 appe>s to h be5 commission$ by ! ,b>on de ,/4 ,juli51 )9 ! next ye> or two1 = 9 ! memoirs ( ,cott a conv]sation is record$ :i* %[s t ! ,b>on _h ask$ ano!r pa9t]1 ,doy51 to pa9t x4 ,:o w\ld h believ$1 says ! indignant ,doy51 t )9 a few days ( my picture ( ,/e4 ,g5evive be+ exhibit$ at ! ,salon1 a nobleman w\ld h s5t = me to ord] a picture on a subject l ?is4 ,he !n goes on to relate h[ ! ,b>on expla9$ to him exactly :at he requir$4 ,we _c entirely acquit ,fragon>d ( all blame 9 accept+ su* a commission1 b he 0 a "y man1 j />t+ z a pr(essional arti/1 ) ! example ( ,b\*] be=e him1 & x w\ld h>dly h seem$ wise to beg9 8 c>e] by (f5d+ a noble patron4 ,! :ole incid5t ?r[s a gl>+ light on ! conditions "u :i* ! art ( ,france fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,l\is ,qu9ze p]iod1 :5 ,b\*] 0 ev]ybody & ,*>d9 nobody4 ,= ! real ,fragon>d we may turn to ,le ,*iffre d',am\r1 or ! ,lady c>v+ an initial1 z ! prosaic diction ( ! ,wallace ,collection has x 7,no4 #chb74 ,9 ?is ! equal delicacy ( ! s5tim5t & ( ! pa9t+ comb9e to effect a little ma/]piece ( ,l\is ,qu9ze art4 ,x is simple & natural1 & entirely free f ! besett+ s9s ( s slight a picture triviality1 affectation1 empty prett9ess1 or simply sill9ess4 ,9 its way x is p]fect1 & = t p]fection is = ev] res]v$ ! popul>ity :i* we f9d tempor>ily accord$ to pictures l ,fri?'s ,dolly ,v>d5 or ,millais' ,bubbles4 ,ano!r ( ! ,h]t=d ,h\se examples1 ! portrait ( a ,boy z ,pi]rot1 is equally entitl$ to be popul> = all "t1 & l ,reynolds's ,/rawb]ry ,girl1 might well be call$ "o ( ! half-doz5 orig9al ?+s :i* no arti/ ev] exce$$ 9 8 life's "w4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! two pictures1 :i* 7 probably pa9t$ )9 a few ye>s ( ea* o!r1 w s]ve to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,s*ools at ?is p]iod4 ,on ! "o h&--to put x v %ortly inde$--we see ,fragon>d influ5c$ by ,tiepolo1 ,france1 & ,l\is ,,xv42 on ! o!r1 ,sir ,jo%ua1 influ5c$ by ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael1 ,engl&1 & ,george ,,iii4 ,! m5tion ( ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,simeon ,,*>d9 among ?is brilliant & frivol\s galaxy seems almo/ out ( place4 ,he is n s mu* an eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* arti/1 ,lady ,dilke says ( him1 z a ,fr5* arti/ ( pure race & type4 ,?\gh he treat$ subjects ( ! humble/ & mo/ unpret5ti\s class1 he br\ght to _! r5d]+ n only deep feel+ & a p5etration :i* div9$ ! inn]mo/ tru?s ( ! simple/ =ms ( life1 b a p]fection ( workman%ip by :i* ev]y?+ he h&l$ 0 clo!d ) beauty4 ,t ! ,wallace ,collection includes no "w f 8 h& is p]haps regrettable1 b truly ,*>d9 0 someone ap>t f all ! magnific5ce t dazzles u !re4 ,8 0 ! treasure ( ! humble4 ,! effects ( ! ,revolution ^u ,fr5* pa9t+ 7 z surpris+ z !y 7 great4 ,t ! gay & frivol\s art ( ,b\*] & ,fragon>d %\ld h sudd5ly ceas$ might h be5 consid]$ inevitable2 b :]eas 9 ,holl&1 :5 ! ,spani% yoke _h be5 ?r[n (f1 & a ,republic proclaim$1 a vigor\s democratic s*ool arose "u ,frans ,hals2 & 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,commonweal? ! arti/ic influ5ce :i* 0 beg9n+ to be spread by ,*>les ,i4 & ,buck+ham utt]ly ceas$2 9 ,france an arti/ic ,dictator arose1 z we may well call him1 9 ! p]son ( ,,jacques ,,l\is ,,david1 :o n only made pa9t+ a "p ( ! revolution>y propag&a1 b succe$$ "u ! ,emp]or ,napoleon also 9 ma9ta9+ 8 position z pa9t] to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & !reby impos+ on 8 c\ntry a /yle ( art :i* _h a great influ5ce on ! :ole c\rse ( ,fr5* pa9t+ = _m ye>s to come4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 0 t x 0 to ! classics t ?is revolutionis] w5t = inspiration4 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t he 0 bitt]ly aggriev$ by ! attitude ( ! ,academy to him z a "y man1 & 9 ! accid5t ( 8 fam\s picture ( ,brutus syn*ronis+ ) ! ev5ts ( #aghi4 ,he 0 at once hail$ z a deliv]]1 & made1 z x 71 pa9t] to ! ,revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,fragon>d ,l',,tude ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,b :at 0 ev5 m important 9 ! influ5ce he ex]t$ at ?is "t 0 8 actual appo9tm5t z ,presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion1 :i* gave him ! p[] to rev5ge himself ^u ! ,academy1 :i* he did by ext+ui%+ x 9 #agic1 & to remove any inconv5i5t rivals by indict+ !m z ari/ocrats4 ,( ! old] pa9t]s1 ,fragon>d & ,greuze 7 ! only important ones left1 & z !y c\ld n "u ! alt]$ circum/ances be consid]$ z rivals to ! classical ,david1 !y bo? saw ! c5tury out4 ,fragon>d simply ceas$ pa9t+ = want ( patrons1 & ,david 0 good en\gh to procure him a po/ 9 ! ,museum des ,arts1 or he w\ld h />v$4 ,un=tunately he attempt$ to adapt himself to ! new /yle1 & 0 promptly eject$ f 8 po/--o/5sibly on 8 previ\s connection ) royalty--& 0 wise en\gh to fly to 8 native t[n 9 ! s\?4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! dictator%ip ( ,david 0 supreme4 ,h[ x 0 f9ally ov]?r[n we %all see 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,s*ool ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s ,9 ! preface to ! ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+ writt5 9 #agfb1 ,horace ,walpole obs]ves t ?is c\ntry _h n a s+le volume to %[ on ! works ( its pa9t]s4 ,9 tru?1 he cont9ues1 x has v r>ely giv5 bir? to a g5ius 9 t pr(ession4 ,fl&]s & ,holl& h s5t u ! greate/ m5 t we c boa/4 ,?is v circum/ance may ) reason prejudice ! read] aga9/ a "w1 ! *ief bus9ess ( :i* mu/ be to celebrate ! art ( a c\ntry :i* has produc$ s few good arti/s4 ,?is objection is s /rik+1 t in/ead ( call+ x ,! ,lives ( ,engli% ,pa9t]s1 ,i h simply giv5 x ! title ( ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,engl&4 ,z ,walpole's "w 0 m]ely a compilation f ! volum9\s notes ( ,george ,v]tue1 a pa9/ak+ antiqu>y :o _h collect$ e scrap ( in=mation he c\ld acquire 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 8 conclusions c h>dly be que/ion$1 & ! f\ndation ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( pa9t+ is !re=e g5]ally assum$ to h be5 effect$ by ,reynolds4 ,b z ,wr5's ,ca!dral replac$ an old] "o :i* 0 de/roy$ by ! fire ( ,london1 & z t 0 re>$ on ! f\ndation ( a ,roman temple1 s we f9d t ! art ( pa9t+ 9 ,engl& 0 c]ta9ly practis$ 9 e>li] times1 & b = c]ta9 circum/ances mu* m ( x w\ld h surviv$ ?an is n[ to be f\nd4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 z we h se51 ! ,*ur* 0 9 e>li] times ! greate/ if n ! only patron ( ! arts1 & !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce to %[ t 9 ,engl&1 too1 f ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 onw>ds till ! ,re=mation1 our *ur*es 7 decorat$ ) frescoes4 ,?is evid5ce is ( two k9ds2 fir/1 entries 9 royal & o!r acc\nts1 direct+ paym5t = specifi$ "w2 & secondly1 ! rema9s ( fresco pa9t+ 9 our ca!drals & *ur*es4 ,! =m] is ( little int]e/ except to ! antiqu>y4 ,! latt] has suff]$ s mu* f neglect or actual de/ruction z to be consid]$ unwor?y ( ! att5tion ( ei!r ! arti/ 9 se>* ( inspiration or ! critic 9 pursuit ( any?+ to criticise2 b :5 e inconsid]able production 9 ! little _w ( ,engli% art has _h its bulky qu>to writt5 ^u x1 x is curi\s t no "o has yet discov]$ :at a spl5did h>ve/ awaits ! inve/igation ( ^! old frescoes all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,z x is1 we h only to note t z religion 0 s important an influ5ce on pa9t+ 9 o!r c\ntries s 0 x 9 ,engl&1 only un=tunately z a de/roy+ & n a *]i%+ influ5ce4 ,grant+ ! probability t !re 7 few1 if any1 ( our ,engli% frescoes :i* w\ld be comp>able 9 arti/ic int]e/ ) ^? 9 ,italy1 :]e ! art 0 s s$ul\sly cultivat$1 x mu/ nev]!less be rememb]$ t only a fragm5t rema9s "h & !re out ( all ! "w :i* mu/ h be5 produc$1 & t aft] ! ,re=mation ev5 ^? works :i* did survive 7 treat$ ) positive z well z negative obloquy1 s t :]e !y h be5 pres]v$ at all x is only by hav+ be5 :itewa%$ ov] or o!rwise hidd5 & damag$4 ,ev5 worse ?an ! ,re=mation 9 #aecj1 0 ! ,puritan outbur/ a c5tury lat]1 :i* n only de/roy$ works ( art1 b ext+ui%$ all hope ( _! be+ creat$4 ,is x to be wond]$ at1 !n1 t ! f\ndation ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ %\ld h be5 po/pon$ = a c5tury m8 ,at ! same "t x is int]e/+ to note t ! little pa9t+ :i* did creep into ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 ( ! v k9d t =m$ ! *ief feature ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool :5 x 0 f9ally e/abli%$1 namely portraiture4 ,"h aga9 we see ! influ5ce ( religion2 = to ! re=m$ *ur*1 at lea/ z int]pret$ by ! ,engli% temp]am5t1 ! second comm&m5t 0 & is /ill second only 9 numb]1 n 9 importance4 ,to ,prote/ant or ,puritan ! idea ( a picture 9 a *ur* 0 ana!ma4 ,z late z #agff1 :5 ,b5jam9 ,we/ (f]$ to decorate ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral ) a pa9t+ ( ,moses receiv+ ! tables ( ! law on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! ,bi%op exclaim$1 ,i h he>d ( ! proposition1 & z ,i am head ( ! ,ca!dral ( ! ,metropolis1 ,i w n suff] ! doors to be op5$ to introduce pop]y4 ,! pa9t+ ( a portrait1 h[ev]1 0 a v diff]5t matt]1 & f ! e>lie/ times appe>s to h appeal$ ) peculi> /r5g? to ! vanity ( ,britons4 ,l\dly z !y prote/$ aga9/ ! iniquity ( b[+ d[n to & wor%ipp+ ! lik5ess ( any?+ 9 heav5 above or 9 ! e>? b5ea? or 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?1 !y 7 nev] av]se to giv+ o!rs an opportunity ( b[+ d[n to & wor%ipp+ ! lik5esses ( !mselves2 & :ile religion fo/]$ ! arts 9 o!r c\ntries1 self-importance kept !m alive 9 ?is4 ,! portrait ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 if n actually an in/ance ( ?is1 c]ta9ly happ5s to seem l "o4 ,) ! exception ( ,jan de ,mabuse1 :o is said to h be5 9 ,engl& = a %ort "t dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ! fir/ pa9t] ( any importance 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ,hans ,holbe94 ,he>+ t money 0 to be made by pa9t+ portraits at ! ,engli% ,c\rt1 he =sook 8 native t[n1 8 religi\s art1 & 8 wife1 & came to /ay ) ,sir ,?omas ,m at ,*elsea1 ) an introduction f ,erasmus4 ,arriv+ 9 #aebg1 he />t$ bus9ess by mak+ a sket* 9 p5 & ink ( ,m's entire family1 ) :i* m>vell\s "w1 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,basle1 ! hi/ory ( mod]n ,engli% pa9t+ may fairly be said to h begun2 = ?\gh x 0 long be=e a native ( ,engl& 0 =?com+ :o 0 ( suffici5t =ce to c>ry on ! tradition1 ! se$ 0 s[n1 & 9 due c\rse ! plant appe>$1 & aft] _m vicissitudes1 at la/ fl\ri%$4 ,! imm$iate effect may be not$ by m5tion+ "h ! names ( ,,guillim ,,/reetes1 :o 0 possibly ,engli% born1 & ,,john ,,bettes :o c]ta9ly 04 ,to ! =m] is attribut$ ! l>ge :ole-l5g? portrait at ,hampton ,c\rt ( ,?omas ,h[>d1 ,e>l ( ,surrey1 9 a suit ( bright r$4 ,ano!r portrait ( ,h[>d belongs to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 hav+ be5 pres5t$ to 8 ance/or by ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole4 ,bo? 7 exhibit$ at ! ,tudor ,exhibition 9 #ahib4 ,/reetes 0 pa9t] to ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi41 & accord+ to ,/ype he 0 paid fifty m>ks1 9 #aeea1 = recomp5se ( ?ree great tables :]e( two 7 ! pictures ( 8 ,highness s5t to ,sir ,?omas ,hoby & ,sir ,john ,mason 7ambassadors abroad71 ! ?ird a picture ( ! late ,e>l ( ,surrey atta9t$1 & by ! ,c\ncils' comm&m5t fet*$ f ! said ,guillim's h\se4 ,horace ,walpole 0 "u ! impression t ?is 0 ! ,duke ( ,norfolk's picture1 b ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,catalogue claims ! o!r "o z ! "w ( ,/reetes4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y is a bu/ portrait ( ,edmund ,butts1 physician to ,h5ry ,,viii41 :i* is inscrib$ faict p> ,johan ,bettes ,anglois1 & ) ! date #aede4 ,9 ?is ! influ5ce ( ,holbe9 is c]ta9ly disc]nible1 ?\gh n all p]vad+4 ,!re 7 two bro!rs1 ,,?omas & ,,john ,,bettes :o are m5tion$ by ,m]es ) sev]al o!r ,engli% pa9t]s 9 ,palladis ,tamia1 publi%$ 9 #aeih--;,z ,greece _h moreov] _! pa9t]s1 s 9 ,engl& we h also ^!1 ,william & ,francis ,seg>1 bre?r51 ,?omas & ,john ,bettes1 ,lockie1 ,lyne1 ,peake1 ,pet] ,cole1 ,arnolde1 ,m>cus 7,m>k ,g>r>d71 etc4 ,walpole1 quot+ ?is1 adds1 ,i quote ?is passage to prove to ^? :o le>n "o or two names by rote t e old picture y see is n by ,holbe94 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t until "s consid]able fund ( in=mation conc]n+ ^! e>ly days ( pa9t+ is br\ght to light1 !re is v little to be said ab\t any "o except ,holbe9 till almo/ ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,t ,holbe9 0 a wond]ful arti/1 z ,m wrote to ,erasmus1 is n to be d5i$4 ,b 9 plac+ him among ! v greate/1 we mu/ n =get t 8 range 0 some:at limit$4 ,we might n[adays call him a speciali/1 = 9 ,engl& he pa9t$ no?+ b portraits1 & v few ( 8 pictures conta9$ any?+ besides ! s+le figure1 or head1 ( ! subject4 ,! fam\s exception is ! l>ge picture call$ ,! ,ambassadors1 :i* 0 pur*as$ at an enorm\s price f ! ,long=d ,ca/le collection1 & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,important & int]e/+ z ?is is z %[+ u h[ ,holbe9 c\ld fill a l>ge canvas1 !re is no d\bt t he is f> happi] 9 simple portraiture1 & t ! #fj1jjj exp5d$ on ,*ri/9a ,du*ess ( ,milan 01 relatively1 a bett] inve/m5t = ! nation4 ,9 ! fam\s half-l5g?s l ! ,george ,gisze at ,b]l9 7:i* 0 pa9t$ 9 ,london7 & ! ,man ) ! ,hawk1 :]e ! portrait is surr\nd$ by accessories1 ,holbe9 is p]haps at 8 v be/2 b x is z a pa9t] ( heads1 simply1 t he influ5c$ ! ,engli% ,s*ool1 & set an example :i*1 alas6 has nev] be5 atta9able s9ce4 ,= "o ?+1 :i* is ap>t altoge!r f tal5t or g5ius1 ,holbe9's me?od 0 nev] foll[$ 9 lat] times1 namely1 ! practice ( mak+ c>efully f9i%$ draw+s 9 crayon be=e pa9t+ a portrait 9 oils4 ,he 0 a wond]ful draughtsman1 & 9 ! s]ies ( ov] eighty draw+s at ,w9dsor we h ev5 m life-l images ( ! p]sons repres5t$ ?an _! f9i%$ portraits4 ,i am n aw>e t any portrait draw+s exi/s ( ,holbe9's contempor>ies or successors 9 ,engl& e>li] ?an "o or two by ,van ,dyck4 ,!re are a good _m belong+ to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ) "o or two exceptions !y are little m ?an sket*es4 ,& ?\gh sket*es h only surviv$ by accid5t1 z x 71 n be+ int5d$ = any?+ m ?an ! arti/'s own purposes1 f9i%$ draw+s w\ld h be5 kept1 l ,holbe9's1 ) mu* great] c>e4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ,holbe9's fir/ & *ief bus9ess 0 9 r5d]+ ! lik5ess ( ! sitt]4 ,be+ a ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,hans ,,holbe9 ,,anne ,,( ,,cleves ,l\vre1 ,p>is born g5ius1 he accompli%$ f> m ?an ?is2 b x is important 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ to rememb] t its orig9 0 n 9 ! idealization ( religi\s s5tim5t1 b 9 ! realization ( ! human features4 ,f ! "t ( ! fir/ great g5ius to t ( ! next1 exactly a c5tury lat]1 !re is h>dly a portrait 9 exi/5ce t is valu$ = any?+ b its hi/oric or p]sonal int]e/4 ,betwe5 ,holbe9 & ,van ,dyck is a great gap1 9 :i* ! only names ( ,engli%m5 are ^? ( ! m9iaturi/s1 ,hilli>d & ,oliv]1 :o 7 v]itably ( ! se$ ( ,holbe91 b only 9 little4 ,van ,dyck /ruck deep] into ! ,engli% soil1 & loos5$ x suffici5tly = ! gr[? ( l>g] /uff1 if /ill some:at co>se1 l ! "w ( ,william ,dobson & ,rob]t ,walk]4 ,to ,van ,dyck succe$$ ,pet] ,lely1 :o boldly & wor?ily assum$ ! mantle ( ,van ,dyck1 & kept ,engli% portraiture alive ?r\gh\t ! dismal p]iod ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration he 0 /ill 9 p[]1 & "u him fl\ri%$ "o or two pa9t]s ( ,engli% bir?1 l ,gre5hill & ,riley1 :o 9 turn gave way to o!rs "u ,knell] )\t c$+ ! monopoly to =eign]s4 ,f ^! came ,j]vas1 ,ri*>dson1 &1 mo/ important1 ,hudson1 :o 0 ,reynolds's ma/]1 & s we arrive at ! beg9n+ ( :at is n[ g5]ally kn[n z ! ,engli% ,s*ool4 ,ano!r s\rce1 h[ev]1 mu/ "h be m5tion$ z jo9+ ! ma9 /ream1 & contribut+ a solid body ( wat] to x1 *iefly bel[ ! surface1 namely ! art ( ,,william ,,hog>?4 ,be+ ess5tially ,engli%1 & )\t any arti/ic =efa!rs1 x is n surpris+ t he left less p]ceptible impressions on 8 imm$iate successors ?an ! m accompli%$ & educat$ ,reynolds2 b ! solid =ce ( 8 "*1 z exemplifi$ 9 8 c>e] & 8 works1 is h>dly a less important factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool1 :ile f 8 outspok5 op9ions on ! /ate ( ! arts 9 8 "t he is "o ( ! mo/ valuable s\rces ( its hi/ory4 ,,ii ,,william ,,hog>? ,,william ,,hog>? occupies a curi\s position 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% pa9t+4 ,!re 0 no?+ ev] q l him 9 any c\ntry--except ,greuze 9 ,france2 = ?\gh a comp>ison betwe5 two su* opposites1 seems at fir/ sight absurd1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,fr5* & ,engli% pa9t+ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 no less f> ap>t4 ,bo? ,greuze & ,hog>?1 9 _! own fa%ion1 tri$ to prea* moral lessons 9 pa9t1 ! "o 9 ! ov]-ref9$ atmosph]e ( ,fr5* surr\nd+s1 ! o!r 9 ! co>se language ( ,engl& 9 8 "t4 ,hog>?'s *ief *>act]i/ic 0 8 blunt1 hone/1 bull-dog ,engli%ness1 :i* at ! p>ticul> mom5t ( 8 appe>ance on ! arti/ic /age 0 a quality :i* 0 em95tly s]viceable to ,engli% pa9t+4 ,?\gh ( humble p>5ts1 8 hone/ & =ceful "* won = him ! daught] ( ,sir ,james ,?ornhill 9 m>riage 7by elopem5t7 & 8 /urdy tal5t 9 pa9t+ secur$ = him 8 fa!r-9-law's =giv5ess & enc\ragem5t4 ,?ornhill came ( a good1 old ,wilt%ire family1 & _h be5 knight$ by ,george ,i4 = 8 /]l+ m]its z mu* z = 8 skill 9 pa9t+ & decorat+ ! royal palaces & ! h\ses ( noblem54 ,8 place among ,engli% arti/s is n a v high "o1 b he des]ves ! cr$it ( hav+ /ood out aga9/ ! monopoly t 0 be+ e/abli%$ by =eign]s 9 ?is c\ntry 9 e dep>tm5t ( arti/ic "w1 & 9 ?is s5se he is a /ill e>li] =]unn] ( ! great ,engli% pa9t]s1 ?an 8 m =cible son-9-law4 ,if ,hog>? _h be5 cont5t to foll[ ! beat5 track ( portraiture z 8 ma9 pursuit1 & let ! c\ntry's morals take c>e ( !mselves1 he w\ld 9 all probability h atta9$ mu* great] heights z a pa9t]4 ,b 8 nature w\ld n all[ him to d ?is4 ,8 "* 0 too /rong & 8 orig9ality too uncontrollable4 ,!re is en\gh evid5ce among ! works :i* h surviv$ him1 especially 9 ^? :i* 7 nev] f9i%$1 to %[ t 8 accompli%m5ts 9 oil pa9t+ 7 ( a v high ord] inde$4 ,i ne$ only ref] to ! fam\s head 9 ! ,national ,gall]y kn[n z ,! ,%rimp ,girl to expla9 :at ,i mean4 ,9 ?is surpris+ly vivaci\s & *>m+ sket* we see some?+ t is n inf]ior to ,hals1 9 its broad tru? & its quick seizure ( ! ess5tials ( :at _h to be r5d]$4 ,9 ano!r unf9i%$ piece1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,london ,art ,gall]y at ,camb]well1 we see ! same p[]ful qualities diff]5tly exhibit$1 = x is n a s+le head ?is "t1 b a sket* ( a ballroom :]e ev]ybody is danc+1 except "o g5tleman :o is ev5 m vivid ?an ! re/1 9 ! act ( mopp+ 8 head at ! op5 w9d[4 ,!re is no?+ grotesque 9 ?is picture1 b x is all p]fectly life-l & wond]fully sket*$ 94 ,9 8 f9i%$ pictures ,hog>? does n appe> to su* great advantage--,i mean z a pa9t]2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 8 day !re 0 little example = him to foll[ 9 ! high] dep>tm5ts ( 8 art4 ,nor _h he ev] be5 out ( ,engl& to see f9e pictures on ! ,cont95t4 ,n only ?is1 b z 8 "w 0 int5d$ especially to appeal to ord9>y p1 x is h>dly to be expect$ t he w\ld express himself 9 t]ms o!r ?an might mo/ quickly appeal to !m4 ,8 mo/ fam\s works1 inde$1 7 execut$ z well z design$ = ! engrav]1 namely ,! ,h>lot's ,progress1 ,! ,rake's ,progress1 ,m>riage la ,mode1 & ,! ,election1 ea* ( :i* consi/$ ( a s]ies ( sev]al m9utely f9i%$ pictures4 ,9 portraiture he %[$ f9] qualities1 x is true2 b ev5 9 ^! he 0 ?9k+ m ( gett+ ! mo/ out ( 8 model1 accord+ to 8 =cible "*1 ?an ( any te*nical ref9em5ts = :i* he might be h&$ d[n to po/]ity z a great pa9t]4 ,x 0 easy en\gh = ,reynolds to sne] at ,hog>? = 8 vulg>ity1 :5 he 0 try+ to impress ^u 8 pupils ! importance ( pa9t+ 9 ! gr& /yle4 ,z = ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( pa9t+1 he says 9 8 ?ird ,disc\rse1 :i* d n presume to make su* high pret5sions1 !y are _m4 ,none ( !m are )\t _! m]it1 ?\gh none ent] into competition ) ?is univ]sal presid+ idea ( ! art4 ,! pa9t]s :o h appli$ !mselves m p>ticul>ly to l[ & vulg> *>act]s1 & :o express ) precision ! v>i\s %ades ( passion z !y are exhibit$ by vulg> m9ds 7su* z we see 9 ! works ( ,hog>?71 des]ve great praise2 b z _! g5ius has be5 employ$ on l[ & conf9$ subjects1 ! praise :i* we mu/ give mu/ be z limit$ z its object4 ,& yet x 0 9 foll[+ an example set by ,hog>? 9 portrait pa9t+ t ,reynolds ga9$ 8 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4--,,william ,,hog>? ,,! ,,%rimp ,,girl ,national ,gall]y1 ,london fir/ success 9 t art4 ,i mean ! full-l5g? portrait ( ,capta9 ,keppel1 pa9t$ 9 #ageb4 ,?is orig9ality & boldness 9 disreg>d+ ! tame b univ]sal conv5tion 9 pos+ ! sitt] 0 peculi>ly ,hog>?'s own4 ,) him x am\nt$ almo/ to p]v]s5ess4 ,he w\ld n let anybody sit to him1 if he c\ld help x4 ,:5 he did1 z 9 ! portraits ( ,qu9n1 ! actor1 & ,hoadly1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! result is n ! happie/2 =1 ) all _! =ce1 ^! portraits lack ! grace t a conv5tional pose requires to r5d] x acceptable 9 ! t]ms ( its conv5tion4 ,if a man mu/ put on ! accept$ ev5+ dress ( 8 "t1 he mu/ see t x con=ms 9 ! _s z well z 9 ! lett] ( ! fa%ion1 or he w only look l a dress$-up gre5groc]4 ,hog>? 0 too /urdy & too wilful to put on c\rt clo!s4 ,if he _h to1 he /ruggl$ ) !m4 ,hog>?'s fa!r 0 a man ( lit]>y ta/es1 & a s*ol>4 ,he _h writt5 a supplem5t to ,littleton's ,lat9 ,diction>y1 b 0 unable to get x publi%$4 ,i saw ! difficulties1 writes ! arti/1 "u :i* my fa!r lab\r$2 ! _m inconv5i5ces he endur$ f 8 dep5d5ce1 liv+ *iefly on 8 p51 & ! cruel treatm5t he met ) f booksell]s & pr9t]s4 ,i _h be=e my eyes ! prec>i\s situation ( m5 ( classical education2 x 0 !re=e con=mable to my wi%es t ,i 0 tak5 f s*ool & s]v$ a long appr5tice%ip to a silv]-plate engrav]4 ,?is is pr9t$ 9 ,allan ,cunn+ham's ,life ( ,hog>?1 toge!r ) _m m extracts f autobiographical memor&a1 f :i* we may le>n at fir/ h& a great deal ( in=mation be>+ on ! /ate ( pa9t+ at ?is p]iod1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* x receiv$ su* a /imulus f ,hog>?1 be=e ! sun _h fully ris5 79 ! p]son ( ,reynolds7 to illum9e ! :ole p]iod ( ,briti% art4 ,z ,i _h naturally a good eye & fondness = draw+1 ,hog>? cont9ues1 %[s ( all sorts gave me uncommon pleasure :5 "y1 & mimicry1 common to all *ildr51 0 rem>kable 9 me4 ,an e>ly access to a neighb\r+ pa9t] drew my att5tion f play1 & ,i 0 at e possible opportunity engag$ 9 mak+ draw+s4444 ,my ex]cises at s*ool 7 m rem>kable = ! ornam5ts :i* adorn$ !m ?an = ! ex]cise itself4 ,9 ! =m] ,i soon f\nd t blockheads ) bett] memories w\ld soon surpass me1 b = ! latt] ,i 0 p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$4 ,! pa9t+ ( ,/4 ,paul's & ,gre5wi* ,hospital1 :i* 7 at t "t go+ on1 ran 9 my head1 & ,i det]m9$ t silv]-plate engrav+ %\ld be foll[$ no long] ?an necessity oblig$ me to x4 ,engrav+ on copp] 01 at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 my utmo/ ambition4 ,to atta9 t x 0 necess>y t ,i %\ld le>n to draw objects some?+ l nature1 in/ead ( ! mon/]s ( h]aldry1 & ! common me?ods ( /udy 7 mu* too t$i\s = "o :o lov$ 8 pleasure & came s late to x4444 ,?is l$ me to consid] :e!r a %ort] road ?an t usually travell$ 0 n to be f\nd4444 ,i _h le>n$ by practice to copy ) tol]able correctness 9 ! ord9>y way1 b x occurr$ to me t !re 7 _m disadvantages att5d+ ?is me?od ( /udy1 z hav+ faulty orig9als1 etc42 & ev5 :5 ! pr9ts or pictures to be imitat$ 7 by ! be/ ma/]s1 x 0 little m ?an p\r+ wat] out ( "o vessel into ano!r4 ,_m reasons l$ me to wi% t ,i c\ld f9d a %ort] pa?--fix =ms & *>act]s 9 my m9d--&1 in/ead ( copy+ ! l9es1 try to read ! language1 & if possible f9d ! gramm> ( ! art1 by br++ into "o focus ! v>i\s obs]vations ,i _h made1 & !n try+ by my p[] on ! canvas h[ f> my plan enabl$ me to comb9e & apply !m to practice4444 ,i _h "o mat]ial advantage ov] my competitors1 viz41 ! e>ly habit ,i acquir$ ( reta9+ 9 my m9d's eye1 )\t coldly copy+ on ! spot1 :atev] ,i int5d$ to imitate4444 ,in/ead ( burd5+ ! memory ) mu/y rules1 or tir+ ! eye ) copy+ dry or damag$ pictures1 ,i h ev] f\nd /udy+ f nature ! %orte/ & safe/ way ( obta9+ k 9 my art4444 ,i ent]ta9$ "s ?\ghts1 he writes aga91 ( succe$+ 9 :at ! puff]s 9 books call ! great /yle ( hi/ory pa9t+1 s t1 )\t hav+ _h a /roke ( ?is gr& bus9ess be=e1 ,i quitt$ small portraits & famili> conv]sations1 & ) a smile at my own tem]ity comm5c$ hi/ory pa9t]1 & on a great /aircase at ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital pa9t$ two ,scripture /ories1 ,! ,pool ( ,be!sda & ,! ,good ,sam>itan1 ) figures sev5 feet high4 ,^! ,i pres5t$ to ! *>ity1 & ?\ght t !y might s]ve z a specim5 to %[ t1 7 !re an incl9ation 9 ,engl& = enc\rag+ hi/orical pictures1 su* a fir/ essay might prove ! pa9t+ !m m easily atta9able ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,b z ,religion1 ! great promot] ( ?is /yle 9 o!r c\ntries1 reject$ x 9 ,engl&1 & ,i 0 unwill+ to s9k into a portrait-manufactur]--& /ill ambiti\s ( be+ s+ul>1 ,i soon dropp$ all expectations ( advantage f t s\rce1 & return$ to ! pursuit ( my =m] deal+s ) ! public at l>ge4 ,few seem$ dispos$ to recognise1 9 any ( ,hog>?'s works1 a high] aim ?an t ( rais+ a laugh4 ,som]ville1 ! poet1 d$icat$ 8 ,rural ,games to ,hog>? 9 ^! words--,p]mit me1 ,sir1 to make *oice ( y = my patron1 be+ ! greate/ ma/] 9 ! burlesque way4 ,y\r prov9ce is ! t[n--leave me a small outride 9 ! c\ntry1 & ,i %all be cont5t4 ,field+ _h a diff]5t op9ion ( 8 m]its3 ,he :o w\ld call ! +5i\s ,hog>? a burlesque pa9t] w\ld 9 my op9ion d him v little hon\r1 = sure x is mu* easi]1 mu* less ! subject ( admiration1 to pa9t a man ) a nose1 or any o!r feature ( a prepo/]\s size1 or to expose him 9 "s absurd or mon/r\s attitude1 ?an to express ! affections ( man on canvas4 ,x ha? be5 ?\ght a va/ comm5dation ( a pa9t] to say 8 figures seem to brea!1 b surely x is a mu* great] & nobl] applause t !y appe> to ?9k4 ,9 answ] to criticism ( 8 ,analysis ( ,beauty1 ,hog>? writes3 ,among o!r crimes ( :i* ,i am accus$1 x is ass]t$ t ,i h abus$ ! ',great ,ma/]s'2 ?is is f> f be+ j4 ,s f> f attempt+ to l[] ! anci5ts1 ,i h always ?\ght1 & x is univ]sally admitt$1 t !y knew "s fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 nature :i* enabl$ !m to produce works t h be5 ! admiration ( succe$+ ages2 b ,i h n all[$ ?is m]it to ^? lead5-head$ imitators1 :o1 hav+ no consci\sness ( ei!r symmetry or propriety1 h attempt$ to m5d nature1 & 9 _! truly ideal figures1 gave simil> proportions to a ,m]cury & a ,h]cules4 ,ano!r & a bett] _s influ5c$ him 9 ! foll[+ passage--he is propos+ to seek ! pr9ciples ( beauty 9 nature in/ead ( look+ = !m 9 m]e le>n+4 ,8 words are pla91 direct1 & conv9c+4 ,nature is simple1 pla91 & true 9 all h] works1 & ^? :o /rictly adh]e to h] laws1 & closely att5d to h] appe>ances 9 _! inf9ite v>ieties are gu>d$ aga9/ any prejudicial bias f tru?2 :ile ^? :o h se5 _m ?+s t !y _c well und]/&1 & read _m books :i* !y d n fully compreh5d1 not)/&+ all _! p>ade ( k1 are apt to w&] ab\t x & ab\t x2 p]plex+ !mselves & _! read]s ) ! v>i\s op9ions ( o!r m54 ,z to ^? pa9t]s :o h writt5 treatises on pa9t+1 !y 7 9 g5]al too mu* tak5 up ) giv+ rules = ! op]ative "p ( ! art1 to ent] into physical disquisitions on ! nature ( ! objects4 ,aft] ?is x w\ld be unfair to )hold ! praise ( ,b5jam9 ,we/ 7:o succe$$ ,reynolds z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy7--a pa9t]1 prud5t 9 spee*1 & frugal 9 comm5dation4 ,i rememb]1 :5 ,i 0 a lad1 says ,smi?1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,nollek5s1 ask+ ! late v5]able ,presid5t ,we/ :at he ?\ght ( ,hog>?'s ,analysis ( ,beauty1 & 8 answ] 01 ',x is a "w ( ! highe/ value to ev]yone /udy+ ! art4 ,hog>? 0 a /rutt+ consequ5tial little man1 & made himself _m enemies by t book2 b n[ t mo/ ( !m are dead1 x is exam9$ by dis9t]e/$ read]s1 unbiass$ by p]sonal animosities1 & w be m & m read1 /udi$ & und]/ood4' ,9 8 memor&a respect+ ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,academy ( ,art 9 ,engl&1 ,hog>? writes well & wisely4 ,voltaire ass]ts t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,fr5* ,academy n "o "w ( g5ius appe>$1 = all ! pa9t]s became mann]i/s & imitators4 ,hog>? agrees ) him1 decl>+ t ! in/itution w s]ve to raise & p5sion a few bu/l+ & busy m51 ^: :ole employm5t w be to tell a few simple /ud5ts :5 a leg is too long1 or an arm too %ort4 ,m w flock to ! /udy ( art ?an g5ius s5ds2 ! hope ( pr(it1 or ! ?ir/ ( di/9ction1 w induce p>5ts to pu% _! (fspr+ into ! lecture-room1 & _m w appe> & b few be wor?y4 ,! pa9t+s ( ,italy =m a sort ( ornam5tal fr+e to _! gaudy religion1 & ,rome is ! g5]al /ore%op ( ,europe4 ,! arts owe mu* to ,pop]y1 & ,pop]y owes mu* ( its univ]sality to ! arts4 ,! ,fr5* h atta9$ to a sort ( foppi% magnific5ce 9 art2 9 ,holl&1 selfi%ness is ! rul+ passion1 & 9 ,engl& vanity is unit$ ) selfi%ness4 ,portrait-pa9t+1 !re=e1 has succe$$1 & ev] w succe$ bett] 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & ! dem& w cont9ue z new faces come into ! m>ket4 ,portrait pa9t+ is "o ( ! m9i/]s ( vanity1 & vanity is a munific5t patroness2 hi/orical pa9t+ seeks to revive ! memory ( ! dead1 & ! dead are v indiff]5t payma/]s4 ,pa9t+s are pl5tiful en\gh 9 ,engl& to keep u f ! /udy ( nature2 b /ud5ts :o conf9e _! /udies to ! works ( ! dead1 ne$ nev] hope to live !mselves2 !y w le>n little m ?an ! names ( ! pa9t]s3 true pa9t+ c only be le>nt 9 "o s*ool1 & t is kept by ,nature4 ,hog>? dislik$ a =mal s*ool1 says ,cunn+ham1 because he 0 ! pupil ( nature1 & =esaw t /ud5ts w\ld flock to x f ! feel+ ( trade r ?an ! impulse ( g5ius1 & t x become a manufactory = conv5tional =ms & h]$it>y graces4 ,opul5t collectors 7 fill+ _! gall]ies ) ! religi\s pa9t+s ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 & v9dicat+ _! pur*ases by repres5t+ ^! works z ! only patt]ns ( all t is noble 9 art & wor?y ( imitation4 ,hog>? p]ceiv$ t all ?is 0 n accord+ to ! natural _s ( ! nation2 he well knew t our isl& _h n yet p\r$ out its own orig9al m9d 9 art1 z x _h done 9 poetry2 & he felt assur$ t su* a "t w\ld come1 if native g5ius 7 n ov]laid sy/ematically by mock patrons & false in/ructors4 ,z a pa9t]1 says ,walpole1 ,hog>? has sl5d] m]it4 ,:at is ! m]it ( a pa9t]8 ,cunn+ham concludes4 ,if x be to repres5t life--to give u an image ( man--to exhibit ! work+s ( 8 he>t--to record ! good & evil ( 8 nature--to set 9 motion be=e u ! v be+s ) :om e>? is peopl$--to %ake u ) mir?--to sadd5 u ) woeful reflection--to please u ) natural gr\p+1 vivid action1 & vigor\s col\r+--,hog>? has done all ?is--& if he t has done s be n a pa9t]1 :o w %[ u "o8 ,,iii ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds ,,& ,,?omas ,,ga9sbor\gh ,:e!r or n ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds is entitl$ to be rank$ among ! v greate/ pa9t]s1 !re c be no "q t he has a place among ! mo/ fam\s1 n only on acc\nt ( 8 actual pa9t+1 b also because ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by 8 :ole-he>t$ devotion to 8 art1 & 8 /rong "* 9 =m+1 out ( su* unpromis+ elem5ts1 a really vigor\s s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! example he set 9 ! /r5u\s ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession1 ! precepts he laid d[n = ! guidance ( /ud5ts1 & ! dignity ) :i* he inve/$ ! :ole practice ( pa9t+ :i*1 until he came1 _h deg5]at$ into a m]e bus9ess1 7 ( incalculable b5efit to 8 own & succe$+ ages1 & ,edmund ,burke 0 pay+ him no empty complim5t b only /at+ ! b>e tru? :5 he said t ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man :o add$ ! praise ( ! elegant arts to ! o!r glories ( 8 c\ntry4 ,jo%ua ,reynolds 0 born at ,plympton 9 ,devon%ire on ! #af? ,july #agbc2 ! son ( ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,reynolds & 8 wife ,!ophila ,pott]4 ,he 0 on e side connect$ ) ! ,*ur*1 = bo? 8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r 7 9 holy ord]s1 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( a cl]gyman1 & 8 mat]nal gr&mo!r also4 ,8 fa!r's eld] bro!r1 too1 0 a cl]gyman1 a fell[ ( ,eton ,college & ,canon ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,exet]4 ,s t "h1 z 9 ,italy1 we />t ) a basis ( religion4 ,! "y arti/'s fir/ essays 7 made 9 copy+ sev]al little ?+s done by 8 eld] si/]s1 & he aft]w>ds took great delight 9 copy+ su* pr9ts z he met ) 9 8 fa!r's books1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 & 9 ,jacob ,cats's ,book ( ,emblems1 :i* 8 great-gr&mo!r by 8 fa!r's side1 a ,dut* woman1 _h br\ght f ,holl&4 ,:5 he 0 only eight ye>s old he read ) great avidity a book call$ ,! ,jesuits ,p]spective1 an ar*itectural1 n a religi\s "w1 & made himself s completely ma/] ( x t he nev] aft]w>ds _h occasion to /udy any o!r treatise on ! subject4 ,9 fact1 a draw+ :i* he !n made ( ,plympton ,s*ool s fill$ 8 fa!r ) wond] t he said to him1 ,n[ ?is exemplifies :at ! au?or ( ! ,p]spective says 9 8 preface--t by obs]v+ ! rules laid d[n 9 8 book a man may d wond]s1 = ?is is wond]ful6 ,f ^! attempts he proce$$ to draw lik5esses ( 8 fri5ds & relations ) tol]able success4 ,b :at mo/ /rongly confirm$ him 9 8 love ( ! art 0 ,ri*>dson's ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 ! p]usal ( :i* s delight$ & inflam$ 8 m9d1 t ,raphael appe>$ to him sup]ior to ! mo/ illu/ri\s names ( anci5t or mod]n times--a notion :i* he lov$ to indulge all ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,be=e he 0 eighte5 ye>s old 8 fa!r plac$ him z a pupil ) ,?omas ,hudson1 :o 0 !n ! mo/ di/+ui%$ portrait-pa9t] 9 ,engl&2 b hav+ "s disagreem5t ) 8 ma/]1 ! "y man return$ to ,devon%ire1 :]e he practis$ portrait pa9t+ ) m or less success until 9 #agdi he accompani$ ,admiral ,keppel to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & rema9$ = two or ?ree ye>s /udy+ ! old ma/]s 9 ,italy4 ,z ?is p]iod ( ,reynold's c>e] _h s det]m9+ an influ5ce n only on himself b on ! :ole c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ,engl&--inasmu* z x =m$ ! great] "p ( ! gr\ndwork ( 8 disc\rses :5 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 x is wor? hav+ an acc\nt ( x at fir/ h& f ! pa9t] himself4 ,x has frequ5tly happ5$1 he says1 z ,i 0 in=m$ by ! ,keep] ( ! ,vatican1 t _m ( ^? :om he _h conduct$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s ap>tm5ts ( t edifice :5 ab\t to be dismiss$1 h ask$ = ! works ( ,raphael1 & w\ld n believe t !y _h already pass$ ?r\gh ! room :]e !y are pres]v$1 s little impression _h ^? p]=mances made on !m4 ,"o ( ! fir/ pa9t]s n[ 9 ,france once told me t ?is circum/ance happ5$ to himself1 ?\gh he n[ looks on ,raphael ) t v5]ation :i* he des]ves f all pa9t]s & lov]s ( ! art4 ,i rememb] v well my own disappo9tm5t :5 ,i fir/ visit$ ! ! ,vatican3 b on confess+ my feel+s to a bro!r /ud5t1 ( ^: +5u\sness ,i _h a high op9ion1 he ackn[l$g$ t ! works ( ,raphael _h ! same effect on him1 or r t !y did n produce ! effect :i* he expect$4 ,?is 0 a great relief to my m9d1 & on inquiry fur!r ( o!r /ud5ts ,i f\nd t ^? p]sons only :o f natural imbecility appe>$ to be incapable ( ev] reli%+ ^? div9e p]=mances1 made pret5sions to in/antane\s raptures on fir/ behold+ !m4 ,9 ju/ice to myself1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ add t ?\gh disappo9t$ & mortifi$ at n f9d+ myself enraptur$ ) ! works ( ?is great ma/]1 ,i did n = a mom5t conceive or suppose t ! "n ( ,raphael1 & ^? admirable pa9t+s 9 p>ticul>1 ow$ _! reputation to ! ignorance & prejudice ( mank9d2 on ! contr>y1 my n reli%+ !m z ,i 0 consci\s ,i ought to h done 0 "o ( ! mo/ humiliat+ circum/ances t ev] happ5$ to me4 ,i f\nd myself 9 ! mid/ ( works execut$ ^u pr9ciples ) :i* ,i 0 unacqua9t$3 ,i felt my ignorance1 & /ood aba%$4 ,all ! indige/$ notions ( pa9t+ :i* ,i _h br\ght ) me f ,engl& :]e ! art 0 9 ! l[e/ /ate x _h ev] be5 9 7x c\ld n inde$ be l[]7 7 to be totally done away & eradicat$ f my m9d4 ,x 0 necess>y1 z x is express$ on a v solemn occasion1 t ,i %\ld become z a little *ild4 ,not)/&+ my disappo9tm5t1 ,i proce$$ to copy "s ( ^? excell5t works4 ,i view$ !m aga9 & aga92 ,i ev5 affect$ to feel _! m]it & to admire !m m ?an ,i really did4 ,9 a %ort "t a new ta/e & new p]ceptions began to dawn ^u me1 & ,i 0 conv9c$ t ,i _h orig9ally =m$ a false op9ion ( ! p]fection ( art1 & t ?is great pa9t] 0 well entitl$ to ! high rank :i* he holds 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,v5ice1 he writes 9 a note on ,du ,fresnoy's ,art ( ,pa9t+ ab\t ! *i>oscuro ( ,titian1 ,paul ,v]onese & ,t9toretto1 ! me?od ,i took to avail myself ( _! pr9ciples 0 ?is4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ an extraord9>y effect ( light & %ade 9 any picture1 ,i took a leaf ( my pocket-book & d>k5$ e "p ( x 9 ! same gradation ( light & %ade z ! picture1 leav+ ! :ite pap] unt\*$ to repres5t ! light1 & ?is )\t any att5tion to ! subject or to ! draw+ ( ! figures4 ,aft] a few exp]im5ts ,i f\nd ! pap] blott$ ne>ly alike2 _! g5]al practice appe>$ to be to all[ n above a qu>t] ( ! picture = ! light1 includ+ 9 ?is portion bo? ! pr9cipal & second>y lights2 ano!r qu>t] to be z d>k z possible1 & ! rema9+ half kept 9 mezzot9t or half %ad[4 ,rub5s appe>s to h admitt$ r m light ?an a qu>t]1 & ,rembr&t mu* less1 sc>ce an eigh?2 by ?is conduct ,rembr&t's light is extremely brilliant1 b x co/s too mu*1 ! re/ ( ! picture is sacrific$ to ?is "o object4 ,! results ( ^! /udies 9 ,rome & ,v5ice 7 at once obs]vable on 8 return to ,engl& 9 ! beautiful portrait ( ,giuseppe ,m>*i1 "o ( ! treasures belong+ to ! ,royal ,academy4 ,x 0 altoge!r too mu* = ! ignorant ,briti% arti/s1 & x excit$ lively comm5t4 ,:at *iefly attract$ ! public notice1 h[ev]1 0 ! :ole-l5g? portrait :i* he pa9t$ ( 8 fri5d & patron ,admiral ,keppel4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ?is ,reynolds 0 n only univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be at ! head ( 8 pr(ession1 b to be ! greate/ pa9t] t ,engl& _h se5 s9ce ,van ,dyck4 ,! :ole int]val1 z ,malone obs]ves1 betwe5 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! conclusion ( ! reign ( ,george ,,ii4 seem$ to be annihilat$1 & ! only "q 0 :e!r ! new pa9t] or ,van ,dyck 7 ! m excell5t4 ,reynolds v soon saw h[ mu* animation might be obta9$ by deviat+ f ! insipid mann] ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 & in/ead ( conf9+ himself to m]e lik5ess he div$1 z x 71 into ! m9ds & habits & mann]s ( ^? :o sat to him1 & accord+ly ! majority ( 8 portraits are s appropriate & *>act]i/ic t ! _m illu/ri\s p]sons :om he has del9eat$ are almo/ z well kn[n to u z if we _h se5 & conv]s$ ) !m4 ,v soon aft] 8 return f ,italy 8 acqua9tance ) ,dr ,johnson comm5c$1 & _! intimacy cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ to ! "t ( ,johnson's dea?4 ,h[ mu* he pr(it$ !reby1 especially 9 ! practice ( art1 he has record$ 9 a pap] :i* 0 int5d$ to =m a "p ( "o ( 8 disc\rses4 ,i rememb]1 he writes1 ,mr ,burke speak+ ( ! ,essays ( ,sir ,francis ,bacon1 said he ?\ght !m ! be/ ( 8 works4 ,dr ,johnson 0 ( op9ion 't _! excell5ce & _! value consi/$ 9 be+ ! obs]vations ( a /rong m9d op]at+ ^u life2 & 9 consequ5ce y f9d !re :at y seldom f9d 9 o!r books1' ,x is ?is k9d ( excell5ce :i* gives a value to ! p]=mances ( arti/s also4444 ,! obs]vations :i* he made on poetry1 on life1 & on ev]y?+ ab\t u1 ,i appli$ to our art2 ) :at success o!rs mu/ judge4 ,p]haps an arti/ 9 8 /udies %\ld pursue ! same conduct1 & in/ead ( pat*+ up a p>ticul> "w on ! n>r[ plan ( imitation1 r endeav\r to acquire ! art & p[] ( ?9k+4 ,9 ano!r passage f 8 memor&a1 quot$ by ,malone1 ,sir ,jo%ua lets u into "s m ( ! secrets ( 8 pre-em95ce 9 8 art1 bo? ( pa9t] & preceptor3 = we are to rememb] t ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ owes m to ! influ5ce ( ,reynolds ?an p]haps any o!r s*ool to ! example ( "o man3-- ,i consid]$ myself z play+ a great game1 he writes1 & in/ead ( beg9n+ to save money1 ,i laid x out fa/] ?an ,i got x 91 pur*as+ ! be/ examples ( art t c\ld be procur$2 = ,i ev5 borr[$ money = ?is purpose4 ,! possess+ portraits by ,titian1 ,van ,dyck1 ,rembr&t1 etc41 ,i consid]$ z ! be/ k9d ( weal?4 ,by /udy+ c>efully ! works ( great ma/]s1 ?is advantage is obta9$--we f9d t c]ta9 niceties ( expression are capable ( be+ execut$1 :i* o!rwise we might suppose beyond ! rea* ( art4 ,?is gives u a confid5ce 9 ourselves1 & we are ?us incit$ to endeav\r at n only ! same happ9ess ( execution b also at o!r cong5ial excell5cies4 ,/udy inde$ consi/s 9 le>n+ to see nature1 & may be call$ ! art ( us+ o!r m5's m9ds4 ,by ?is k9d ( contemplation & ex]cise we are taught to ?9k 9 _! way1 & sometimes to atta9 _! excell5ce4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if ,i _h nev] se5 any ( ! works ( ,correggio1 ,i %\ld nev] p]haps h rem>k$ 9 nature ! expression :i* ,i f9d 9 "o ( 8 pieces2 or if ,i _h rem>k$ x ,i might h ?\ght x too difficult1 or p]haps impossible to be execut$4 ,my success & cont9ual improvem5t 9 my art 7if ,i may be all[$ t expression71 may be ascrib$ 9 a good measure to a pr9ciple :i* ,i w boldly recomm5d to imitation2 ,i mean ! pr9ciple ( hone/y2 :i* 9 ?is z 9 all o!r in/ances is accord+ to ! vulg> prov]b c]ta9ly ! be/ policy3 ,i always endeav\r$ to d my be/4 ,my pr9cipal lab\r 0 employ$ on ! :ole toge!r1 & ,i 0 nev] we>y ( *ang+ & try+ diff]5t modes & diff]5t effects4 ,i _h always "s s*eme 9 my m9d1 & a p]petual desire to advance4 ,by con/antly endeav\r+ to d my be/1 ,i acquir$ a p[] ( do+ t ) spontane\s facility t :i* at fir/ 0 ! ef=t ( my :ole m9d4 ,i _h n an opportunity ( be+ e>ly initiat$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( col\r+2 he cont9ues1 no man inde$ c\ld tea* me4 ,if ,i h nev] be5 settl$ ) respect to col\r+1 let x at ! same "t be rememb]$ t my un/ead9ess 9 ?is respect proce$$ f an inord9ate desire to possess e k9d ( excell5ce t ,i ev] saw 9 ! works ( o!rs1 )\t consid]+ t !re are 9 col\r+1 z 9 /yle1 excell5cies :i* are incompatible ) ea* o!r4444 ,i tri$ e effect ( col\r1 & by leav+ out e col\r 9 its turn1 %[$ e col\r t ,i c\ld d )\t x4 ,z ,i alt]nately left out e ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4--,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds ,,lady ,,cockburn ,,& ,,h] ,,*ildr5 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london col\r1 ,i tri$ e new col\r2 & (t51 z is well kn[n1 fail$4444 ,my fickl5ess 9 ! mode ( col\r+ arose f an eag] desire to atta9 ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #agei ,reynolds began to write1 & ?ree ( 8 essays 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ,idl]1 :i* 0 conduct$ by ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,nor?cote records t at ! same "t he committ$ to pap] a v>iety ( rem>ks :i* aft]w>ds s]v$ him z h9ts = 8 disc\rses4 ,"o or two ( ^! w give u z good an idea z we are likely to get f else:]e ( :at are ! fir/ requisites ( a successful pa9t]4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t a pa9t]1 z ! fir/ requisite1 %\ld endeav\r z mu* z possible to =m to himself an idea ( p]fection n only ( beauty1 b ( :at is p]fection 9 a picture4 ,?is conception he %\ld always h fix$ 9 8 view1 & unless he has ?is view we %all nev] see any approa*es t[>ds p]fection 9 8 works2 = x w n come by *ance4 ,if a man has no?+ ( t :i* is call$ g5ius1 t is1 if he is n c>ri$ away1 if ,i may s say1 by ! animation1 ! fire ( en?usiasm1 all ! rules 9 ! _w w nev] make him a pa9t]4 ,he :o possesses g5ius is enabl$ to see a real value 9 ^? ?+s :i* o!rs disreg>d & ov]look4 ,he p]ceives a diff]5ce 9 cases :]e inf]ior capacities see none2 z ! f9e e> = music c di/+ui% an evid5t v>iation 9 s\nds :i* to ano!r e> m dull seem to be ! same4 ,?is example w also apply to ! eye 9 respect to col\r+4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #agfj1 ,reynolds mov$ into ! h\se on ! we/ side ( ,leice/] ,squ>e :i* he occupi$ = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,x is n[ t5ant$ by ,messrs4 ,puttick ,simpson1 ! ,auctione]s4 ,nor?cote has usefully record$ ! foll[+ details 8 /udio4 ,8 pa9t+-room 0 ( an octagonal =m1 ab\t tw5ty feet long & ab\t sixte5 9 brea?4 ,! w9d[ :i* gave ! light to ?is room 0 squ>e1 & n mu* l>g] ?an "o half ! size ( a common w9d[ 9 a private h\se1 :il/ ! l[] "p ( ?is w9d[ 0 n9e feet f\r in*es f ! floor4 ,! *air = 8 sitt]s 0 rais$ eighte5 in*es f ! floor1 & turn$ r\nd on ca/ors4 ,8 palettes 7 ^? :i* are held by a h&le1 n ^? held on ! ?umb4 ,! /icks ( 8 p5cils 7bru%es7 7 long1 measur+ ab\t n9ete5 in*es4 ,he pa9t$ 9 t "p ( ! room ne>e/ ! w9d[1 & nev] sat d[n :5 he work$4 ,z ! actual me?ods ( a great arti/ are possibly ( m value 9 a hi/ory ( pa9t+ ?an ! subjects1 or ev5 ! prices1 ( 8 pictures1 ,i v5ture to quote ! foll[+ extracts f v>i\s p>ts ( ,sir ,jo%ua's own memor&a3-- ,nev] give ! lea/ t\* ) y\r p5cil 7i4e4 bru%7 till y h pres5t 9 y\r m9d a p]fect idea ( y\r future "w4 ,pa9t at ! greate/ possible di/ance f y\r sitt]1 & place ! picture 444 ne> to ! sitt]1 or sometimes "u him1 s z to see bo? toge!r4 ,9 beautiful faces keep ! :ole circumf]5ce ab\t ! eye 9 a mezzot9to1 z se5 9 ! works ( ,guido & ! be/ ( ,c>lo ,m>atti4 ,endeav\r to look at ! subject or sitt] f :i* y are pa9t+1 z if x 0 a picture4 ,?is w 9 "s degree r5d] x m easy to be copi$4 ,9 pa9t+ consid] ! object be=e y1 :atev] x may be1 z m made out by light & %ad[ ?an by l9es4 ,a /ud5t %\ld beg9 8 c>e] by a c>eful f9i%+ & mak+ out ! p>ts2 z practice w give him fre$om & facility ( h&3 a bold & unf9i%$ mann] is commonly ! habit ( old age4 ,on pa9t+ a head-- ,let ^? p>ts :i* turn or retire f ! eye be ( brok5 or mix$ col\rs1 z be+ less di/+ui%$ & ne>] ! bord]s4 ,let all y\r %ad[s be ( "o col\r3 glaze !m till !y are s4 ,use r$ col\rs 9 ! %ad[s ( ! mo/ delicate complexions1 b ) discretion4 ,contrive to h a scre5 ) r$ or yell[ col\r on x1 to reflect ! light on ! %ad$ "p ( ! sitt]'s face4 ,avoid ! *alk1 ! brick du/1 & ! *>coal1 & ?9k on a pe>l & a ripe pea*4 ,avoid long cont9u$ l9es 9 ! eyes1 & too _m %>p ones4 ,take c>e to give y\r figure a sweep or sway4 ,outl9es 9 waves1 s(t1 & almo/ imp]ceptible aga9/ ! backgr\nd4 ,nev] make ! cont\r too co>se4 ,avoid also ^? outl9es & l9es :i* are equal1 :i* make p>allels1 triangles1 etc4 ,! p>ts :i* are ne>e/ to ! eye appe> mo/ enlight5$1 deep] %ad[$1 & bett] se54 ,keep broad lights & %ad[s1 & also pr9cipal lights & %ad[s4 ,:]e !re is ! deepe/ %ad[ x is accompani$ by ! brighte/ light4 ,let no?+ />t out or be too /rong = its place4 ,squ>5ess has gr&eur2 x gives firmness to ! =ms2 a s]p5t9e l9e 9 comp>ison appe>s feeble & tott]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o is apt to =get 9 ^! enlight5$ days h[ greatly ! art ( pa9t+ b5efit$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( public exhibitions4 ,f>+ton's obs]vations on ?is po9t1 occasion$ by ! inauguration ( ! exhibitions at ! ,society ( ,arts f #agfj1 until ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 #agfh1 are bo? in/ructive & amus+4 ,! hi/ory ( our exhibitions1 he says af=ds ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( _! impressive effect ^u public ta/e4 ,at _! comm5cem5t1 ?\gh m5 ( enlight5$ m9ds c\ld di/+ui% & appreciate :at 0 excell5t1 ! admiration ( ! _m 0 conf9$ to subjects ei!r gross or pu]ile1 & commonly to ! meane/ ef=ts ( intellect2 :]eas at ?is "t 7#ahai7 ! :ole tra9 ( subjects mo/ popul> 9 ! e>li] exhibitions h disappe>$4 ,! loaf & *eese t c\ld provoke hung]1 ! cat & can>y bird1 & ! dead mack]el on a deal bo>d1 h long ceas$ to produce a/oni%m5t & delight2 :ile tru? ( imitation n[ f9ds innum]able admir]s ?\gh comb9$ ) ! highe/ qualities ( beauty1 gr&eur & ta/e4 ,to our public exhibitions1 & to arrangem5ts t foll[$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! introduction ?is *ange mu/ be *iefly attribut$4 ,! pres5t g5]ation appe>s to be compos$ ( a new &1 at lea/ ) respect to ! arts1 a sup]ior ord] ( be+s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 _! ?\ghts1 _! feel+s & language1 diff] entirely f :at !y 7 sixty ye>s ago4 ,! /ate ( ! public m9d1 incapable ( discrim9at+ excell5ce f inf]iority prov$ incontrov]tibly t a "r s5se ( art 9 ! spectator c only be acquir$ by long & frequ5t obs]vation1 & t )\t prop] opportunities to improve ! m9d & ! eye1 a nation w\ld cont9ue ins5sible ( ! true value ( ! f9e arts4 ,9 view ( ^! v p]t95t obs]vations x is wor? inquir+ a little z to ! orig9 ( exhibitions 9 ,engl&1 & ! /imulus giv5 by !m to ,briti% art be=e ! in/itution ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,f ! introduction to book writt5 by ,edw>d ,edw>ds1 9 cont9uation ( ,walpole's ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t]s1 & publi%$ 9 #ahjh1 ,i extract ! foll[+ acc\nt ( !m1 z f> z possible us+ 8 own qua9t phraseology4 ,al?\gh ! /udy ( ! human =m _h long be5 cultivat$ & enc\rag$ 9 ,italy & ,france by national s*ools or academies1 yet 9 ,engl& until ! eighte5? c5tury su* sem9>ies 7 unkn[n2 & x is !re=e difficult to trace ! orig9 or asc]ta9 ! precise p]iod :5 ^? nurs]ies ( art 7 fir/ attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 especially z e e/abli%m5t ( t k9d 01 at fir/1 ( a private & tempor>y nature1 dep5d+ *iefly ^u ! protection ( "s arti/ ( rank & reputation 9 8 day4 ,! fir/ attempt t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( an academy is m5tion$ by ,walpole z hav+ be5 =m$ by sev]al arti/s "u ,sir ,godfrey ,knell] 9 #agaa4 ,aft]w>ds we f9d1 by o!r acc\nts 9 ! same au?or1 :i* are corroborat$ by au!ntic in=mation1 t ,sir ,james ,?ornhill =m$ an academy 9 8 own h\se1 9 ! ,piazza1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,b ?is 0 n ( long duration1 = x comm5c$ 9 #agbd & di$ 9 #agcd2 :i* r$uc$ ! arti/s aga9 to seek "s new sem9>y2 = ! public ( t day 7 s little acqua9t$ ) ! use ( su* s*ools1 t !y 7 ev5 suspect$ ( be+ held = immoral purposes4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,?ornhill a few ( ! arti/s 7*iefly =eign]s71 f9d+ !mselves )\t ! necess>y example ( ! liv+ model1 =m$ a small society & e/abli%$ _! regul> meet+s ( /udy 9 a conv5i5t ap>tm5t 9 ,greyh\nd ,c\rt1 ,arundel ,/reet4 ,! pr9cipal conductor ( ?is s*ool 0 ,mi*ael ,mos]1 :o :5 ! ,royal ,academy 0 e/abli%$ 0 appo9t$ keep]4 ,"h !y 7 visit$ by arti/s su* z ,hog>?1 ,wills1 & ,ellis1 :o 7 s well pleas$ ) ! propriety ( _! conduct1 & s ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! utility ( ! in/itution1 t a g5]al union took place1 & ! memb]s !reby becom+ num]\s1 !y requir$ & s\ght = a m conv5i5t situation & accommodation = _! s*ool4 ,by ! ye> #agci !y 7 settl$ 9 ,pet]'s ,c\rt1 ,/ ,m>t9's ,lane1 :]e ! /udy ( ! human figure 0 c>ri$ on till #agfg1 :5 !y remov$ to ,pall ,mall4 ,b a p]man5t & conspicu\s e/abli%m5t 0 /ill want+1 & on ?is acc\nt ! pr9cipal arti/s _h sev]al meet+s ) a view to =m+ a public academy4 ,?is !y did n succe$ 9 do+2 b !y 7 s f> f be+ disc\rag$ t !y cont9u$ _! meet+s & _! /udies1 & ! next ef=t !y made t[>ds acquir+ ! att5tion ( ! public 0 connect$ ) ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital4 ,?is in/itution 0 incorporat$ 9 #agci1 & a few ye>s lat] ! pres5t build+ 0 erect$2 b z ! income ( ! *>ity c\ld n1 ) propriety1 be exp5d$ ^u decorations1 _m ( ! pr9cipal arti/s ( t day volunt>ily ex]t$ _! tal5ts = ! purpose ( ornam5t+ sev]al ap>tm5ts ( ! ,hospital :i* o!rwise mu/ h rema9$ )\t decoration4 ,! pictures ?us produc$1 & g5]\sly giv51 7 p]mitt$ to be se5 by any visitor ^u prop] application4 ,! spectacle 0 s new t x made a consid]able impression ^u ! public1 & ! fav\rable reception ^! works exp]i5c$ impress$ ! arti/s ) an idea ( =m+ a public exhibition1 :i* s*eme 0 c>ri$ into full effect ) ! help ( ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 ,manufactures & ,comm]ce1 :o l5t _! great room = ! purpose4 ,! success ( ?is1 ! fir/1 public display ( art 0 m ?an equal to ! g5]al expectation4 ,yet !re 7 "s circum/ances1 consequ5t to ! arrangem5t ( ! pictures1 ) :i* ! arti/s 7 v ju/ly dissatisfi$2 !y 7 occasion$ by ! foll[+ improprieties4 ,! ,society 9 ! same ye> _h (f]$ premiums = ! be/ pa9t+ ( hi/ory & l&scape1 & x 0 "o ( ! conditions t ! pictures produc$ by ! c&idates %\ld rema9 9 _! great room = a c]ta9 "t2 consequ5tly !y 7 bl5d$ ) ! re/1 & =m$ "p ( ! exhibition4 ,z soon z x 0 kn[n :i* p]=mances _h obta9$ ! premiums1 x 0 naturally suppos$1 by su* p]sons :o 7 defici5t 9 judgm5t1 t ^? pictures 7 ! be/ 9 ! room1 & consequ5tly des]v$ ! *ief att5tion4 ,?is p>tial1 ?\gh unm]it$1 selection gave displeasure to ! arti/s 9 g5]al4 ,nor 7 !y pleas$ ) ! mode ( admitt+ ! spectators1 = e memb] ( ! ,society _h ! discretion>y privilege ( introduc+ z _m p]sons z he *ose1 by means ( gratuit\s tickets2 & consequ5tly ! company 0 f> f be+ select1 or suit$ to ! wi%es ( ! exhibition4 ,^! circum/ances1 toge!r ) ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,society 9 ! conc]n ( ! exhibition1 det]m9$ ! pr9cipal arti/s to )draw !mselves1 :i* !y did 9 ! next ye>4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success ( _! fir/ attempt1 !y engag$ ! great room 9 ,spr+ ,g>d51 & _! fir/ exhibition at t place op5$ on ! #i? ,may #agfa4 ,"h !y f\nd x necess>y to *ange _! mode ( admission1 :i* !y did by mak+ ! catalogue ! ticket ( admission2 consequ5tly "o catalogue w\ld admit a :ole family 9 succession1 = a %ill+1 :i* 0 its price2 b ?is mode ( admittance 0 /ill productive ( cr[d & disord]1 & x 0 !re=e alt]$ ! next ye>4 ,?is exhibition1 :i* 0 ! second 9 ?is c\ntry1 conta9$ sev]al works ( ! be/ ,engli% arti/s1 among :i* _m ( ! pictures 7 equal to any ma/]s !n liv+ 9 ,europe2 & s /rik+ly conspicu\s 7 _! m]its1 & s =cible 0 ! effect ( ?is display ( art1 t x drew f ! p5 ( ,r\billiac1 ! sculptor1 ! foll[+ l9es1 :i* 7 /uck up 9 ! exhibition room1 & 7 also pr9t$ 9 ! ,/ ,james's ,*ronicle3-- ,prt5du ,connoiseur qui sur l',antique glose1 ,idolatrant le hom1 sans connoitre la ,*ose1 ,vrai ,pe/e des beaux ,arts1 sans ,g\t sans ,equit1 ,quitez ce ton p$ant1 ce mpris affect1 ,p\r t\t ce que le ,tems n'a pas encore gat4 ,ne peus tu pas1 en admirant ,les ,maitres de la ,grece1 ceux d l',italie ,r5dre ju/ice galem5t ,a ceux qu'a n\rris ta ,patrie8 ,vois ce ,salon1 et tu p]dras ,cette prv5tion inju/e1 ,et bi5 tonn convi5dras ,qu'il ne faut pas qu'un ,mec5as ,p\r revoir le ,sicle d',augu/e4 ,9 ! foll[+ season1 says ,edw>ds1 !y v5tur$ to fix ! price ( admission at "o %ill+ ea* p]son1 b _h ! precaution to affix a conciliatory preface to _! catalogue1 :i* 0 giv5 gratis1 ,z x is becom+ m & m usual ( late ye>s to preface a catalogue ) a sign$ article1 or1 z 9 a rec5t in/ance1 a facsimile lett]1 x is int]e/+ to "k t ?is conciliatory preface 0 writt5 by ,dr ,johnson4 ,z a docum5t its value 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+ dem&s its reproduction "h 9 full3-- ,! public may ju/ly require to be in=m$ ( ! nature & ext5t ( e design = :i* ! fav\r ( ! public is op5ly solicit$4 ,! arti/s :o 7 !mselves ! fir/ promot]s ( an exhibition 9 ?is nation1 & :o h n[ contribut$ to ! foll[+ catalogue1 ?9k x !re=e necess>y to expla9 _! purpose1 & ju/ify _! conduct4 ,an exhibition ( ! works ( art be+ a spectacle new 9 ?is k+dom1 has rais$ v>i\s op9ions & conjectures among ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! practice 9 =eign nations4 ,^? :o set _! p]=mances to g5]al view1 h be5 too (t5 consid]$ z ! rivals ( ea* o!r2 z m5 actuat$1 if n by av>ice1 at lea/ by vanity1 & cont5d+ = sup]iority ( fame1 ?\gh n = a pecuni>y prize4 ,x _c be d5i$ or d\bt$1 t all :o (f] !mselves to criticism are desir\s ( praise2 ?is desire is n only innoc5t b virtu\s1 :ile x is undebas$ by artifice1 & unpollut$ by envy2 & ( envy or artifice ^? m5 c nev] be accus$1 :o already enjoy+ all ! hon\rs & pr(its ( _! pr(ession are cont5t to /& c&idates = public notice1 ) g5ius yet unexp]i5c$1 & dilig5ce yet unrew>d$2 :o )\t any hope ( increas+ _! own reputation or int]e/1 expose _! names & _! works1 only t !y may furni% an opportunity ( appe>ance to ! "y1 ! diffid5t1 & ! neglect$4 ,! purpose ( ?is exhibition is n to enri* ! arti/1 b to advance ! art2 ! em95t are n flatt]$ ) pref]5ce1 nor ! obscure insult$ ) contempt2 :oev] hopes to des]ve public fav\r1 is "h invit$ to display 8 m]it4 ,( ! price put ^u ?is exhibition "s acc\nt may be dem&$4 ,:oev] sets 8 "w to be %ewn1 naturally desires a multitude ( spectators2 b 8 desire defeats its own end1 :5 spectators assemble 9 su* numb]s z to ob/ruct "o ano!r4 ,?\gh we are f> f wi%+ to dim9i% ! pleasures1 or to depreciate ! s5tim5ts ( any class ( ! community1 we "k1 h[ev]1 :at e "o kn[s1 t all _c be judges or pur*as]s ( works ( art4 ,yet we h already f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t all are desir\s to see an exhibition4 ,:5 ! t]ms ( admission 7 l[1 our room 0 ?rong'd ) su* multitudes1 z made access dang]\s1 & fright5$ away ^?1 ^: approbation 0 mo/ desir$4 ,yet because x is seldom believ$ t money is got b = ! love ( money1 we %all tell ! use :i* we int5d to make ( our expect$ pr(its4 ,_m arti/s ( great abilities are unable to sell _! works = _! due price2 to remove ?is inconv5i5ce1 an annual sale w be appo9t$1 to :i* e man may s5d 8 works1 & s5d !m1 if he w1 )\t 8 "n4 ,^! works w be review$ by ! committee t conduct ! exhibition2 a price w be secretly set on e piece1 & regi/]$ by ! secret>y2 if ! piece expos$ = sale is sold = m1 ! :ole price %all be ! arti/'s2 b if ! pur*as]s value x at less ?an ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl4--,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,innoc5ce ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ! committee1 ! arti/ %all be paid ! defici5cy f ! pr(its ( ! exhibition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is mode ( admission 0 f\nd to answ] all ! wi%$-= purposes1 & ! visitors1 :o 7 highly respectable1 7 also p]fectly gratifi$ ) ! display ( art1 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 !y beheld ) ease & pleasure to !mselves4 ,! exhibition1 ?us e/abli%$1 cont9u$ at ,spr+ ,g>d5 ,room1 "u ! direction & managem5t ( ! pr9cipal arti/s by :om x 0 fir/ promot$1 & !y 7 soon also jo9$ by _m ( ^? :o _h cont9u$ to exhibit 9 ! ,/r& 7i4e4 at ! ,society ( ,arts1 etc471 :i* p>ty be+ mo/ly compos$ ( "y m51 & o!rs :o *ose to become c&idates = ! premiums giv5 by ! ,society1 ?\ght x prud5t to rema9 "u _! protection4 ,b ! ,society f9d+ t ^? :o cont9u$ ) !m began to dim9i% 9 _! numb]s1 & t ! exhibition int]f]$ ) _! own conc]ns1 no long] indulg$ !m ) ! use ( _! room1 & ! exhibitions at t place t]m9at$ 9 #agfd4 ,^! arti/s1 :o 7 mo/ly ! y\ng] "p ( ! pr(ession at t "t1 !reupon engag$ a l>ge room 9 ,maid5 ,lane1 :]e !y exhibit$ 9 #agfe & #agff4 ,b ?is situation n be+ fav\rable1 !y engag$ ) ,mr ,*ri/ie1 9 build+ 8 room ne> ,pall ,mall1 & ! agreem5t 0 t !y %\ld h x = _! use dur+ "o mon? e ye>1 9 ! spr+4 ,"h !y contriv$ to support a feeble exhibition = eight ye>s1 :5 _! engagem5ts int]f]+ ) ,mr ,*ri/ie's auctions1 he pur*as$ _! %>e ( ! premises1 & !y made _! la/ removal to a room 9 ,s4 ,alban's ,/reet1 :]e !y exhibit$ ! next season1 b nev] aft] attempt$ to attract public notice4 ,x may be obs]v$ t :ile ?is ,society cont9u$ !re 7 annually ?ree exhibitions ( ! works ( ,engli% arti/s1 namely1 ! ,royal ,academy1 ! ,*>t]$ ,society1 & t la/ m5tion$1 ! memb]s ( :i* /yl$ !mselves ! ,free ,society ( ,arti/s4 ,_! exhibition 0 consid]ably inf]ior to ^? ( _! rivals4 ,by ! ,*>t]$ ,society1 ,edw>ds means ! arti/s :o =m$ ! exhibition at ! ,spr+ ,g>d5 ,room1 :o 9 #agfe obta9$ a ,*>t] f ! k+4 ,ow+ p>tly to int]nal disagreem5ts1 b m no d\bt to ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 #agfh1 ?is ,society gradually dim9i%$ 9 importance1 until ,edw>ds c\ld write ( _! exhibition 9 #agia t ! articles !y _h !n collect$ 7 v insignificant1 mo/ ( :i* c\ld n be consid]$ z works ( art2 su* z pieces ( ne$lework1 subjects 9 human hair1 cut pap]1 & su* simil> productions z des]ve n ! recomm5dation ( a public exhibition1 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! fir/ exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy1 :i* 0 op5$ on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #agfi1 ,reynolds s5t ?ree pictures3-- ,! ,du*ess ( ,man*e/] & h] son1 z ,diana dis>m+ ,cupid4 ,lady ,blake1 z ,juno receiv+ ! ,ce/us ( ,v5us4 ,miss ,morris z ,hope nurs+ ,love4 ,t all ( !m 71 s to speak1 fancy portraits is n entirely )\t significance4 ,portraiture1 ! pa9t]s bread & butt]1 0 app>5tly deem$ h>dly suitable = ! occasion1 & among a li/ ( ! pictures :i* attract$ mo/ att5tion ,nor?cote only includes ! portraits ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 by ,na?aniel ,dance1 ,lady ,molyneux by ,ga9sbor\gh1 & ! ,duke ( ,gl\ce/] by ,cotes4 ,! re/ are z foll[s3--,! ,dep>ture ( ,regulus f ,rome1 & ,v5us lam5t+ ! ,dea? ( ,adonis1 by ,b5jam9 ,we/2 ,hector & ,&roma*e1 & ,v5us direct+ ,a5eas & ,a*ates1 by ,angelica ,kauffmann2 ,a ,pip+ ,boy1 & ,a ,c&lelight ,piece1 by ,na?aniel ,hone2 ,an ,alt>-,piece ( ! ,annunciation by ,cipriani2 ,hebe1 & ,a ,boy ,play+ ,cricket1 by ,cotes2 ,a l&scape by ,b>rett1 & ,%akespe>e's ,black-smi?1 by ,p5ny4 ,9 all1 ,reynolds exhibit$ two hundr$ & fifty-two pictures dur+ ! ?irty-two ye>s ( 8 life 9 :i* exhibitions exi/$1 namely f #agfj to #agia2 ( :i* two hundr$ & tw5ty-eight w5t to ! ,royal ,academy4 ,( ^!1 or mo/ ( !m1 ample records & criticisms may be f\nd 9 ! copi\s lit]ature :i* has gr[n up ar\nd 8 "n4 ,= our pres5t purpose a glance at 8 influ5ce1 8 me?ods1 & 8 circum/ances has seem$ to me to be m 9 po9t1 & z a succ9ct e/imate ( ! man & 8 "w f "o ( 8 mo/ illu/ri\s contempor>ies1 ! foll[+ passage may be add$ by way ( conclusion3-- ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 wrote ,edmund ,burke six ye>s aft] ! pa9t]'s dea?1 0 on v _m acc\nts "o ( ! mo/ memorable m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man :o add$ ! praise ( ! elegant arts to ! o!r glories ( 8 c\ntry4 ,9 ta/e1 9 grace1 9 facility1 9 happy inv5tion1 & 9 ! ri*ness & h>mony ( col\r+1 he 0 equal to ! great ma/]s ( ! r5[n$ ages4 ,9 portraiture he w5t beyond !m1 = he communicat$ to t description ( ! art1 9 :i* ,engli% arti/s are ! mo/ engag$1 a fancy & a dignity d]iv$ f ! high] bran*es1 :i* ev5 ^? :o pr(ess$1 !m 9 a sup]ior mann]1 did n always pres]ve :5 !y del9eat$ individual nature4 ,8 portraits rem9d ! spectator ( ! inv5tion ( hi/ory & ! am5ity ( l&scape4 ,9 pa9t+ portraits he appe>$ n to be rais$ ^u t plat=m1 b to desc5d to x f a high] sph]e4 ,8 pa9t+s illu/rate 8 lessons1 & 8 lessons seem to be d]iv$ f 8 pa9t+s4 ,he possess$ ! !ory z p]fectly z ! practice ( 8 art4 ,to be su* a pa9t]1 he 0 a pr(\nd & p5etrat+ philosoph]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?omas ,,ga9sbor\gh 7#agbg-aghh71 ^: "n we c seldom help ?9k+ ( :5ev] we he> t ( ,reynolds1 0 9 _m ways ! v anti!sis ( 8 m illu/ri\s rival4 ,9 8 private life he mo/ c]ta9ly 01 & s f> z 8 practical influ5ce on 8 contempor>ies is conc]n$1 he is altoge!r ov]%ad[$ by ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,) respect to _! works !re is a div]sity ( op9ion1 & x is l>gely a matt] ( p]sonal feel+ :e!r we pref] ^? ( ! "o or ( ! o!r4 ,bo? 7 great arti/s1 & on ! common gr\nd ( portraiture !y cont5d$ s equally1 & 9 "s cases ) su* simil>ity ( me?od1 t x is impossible to say imp>tially :i* 0 ! great]4 ,h[ is x possible to decide except on ! gr\nd ( individual ta/e1 z to :e!r we w\ld r lose ,ga9sbor\gh or ,reynolds z a portrait pa9t]1 )\t consid]+ = a mom5t t ! =m] 0 a great l&scape pa9t] z well8 ,&1 putt+ aside ,wilson1 ^: l&scape 0 ess5tially ,italian1 :e!r execut$ 9 ,italy or n1 ! fir/ l&scape pa9t] 9 ,engl& 0 ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,we are s accu/om$ to bracket him ) ,reynolds z a great portrait pa9t]1 s ?rill$ ov] ! sale ( a ,ga9sbor\gh portrait = _m ?\s&s ( p\nds1 t we are apt to =get him altoge!r z a l&scape pa9t]4 ,& yet two or ?ree ( 8 be/ works 9 ! ,national ,gall]y are l&scapes1 & two ( !m at lea/ fam\s ones--,! ,m>ket ,c>t & ,! ,wat]+ ,place4 ,h[ _m m beautiful l&scapes by him !re mu/ be 9 exi/5ce x is impossible to say1 b !re c be no d\bt t !re are n a few :i* are only wait+ _! turn = a fa%ionable m>ket1 b are n[ repos+ unappreciat$ 9 private h&s4 ,9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum at ,new ,york is a spl5did example1 ! l ( :i* ,i h nev] se5 9 ?is c\ntry1 b :i* is s mu* clos] 9 feel+ to 8 num]\s draw+s & sket*es 9 *alk or p5cil t x is impossible to believe t no simil> examples exi/4 ,if we c\ld only br+ !m to light6 ,! fact is t ! /ate ( society 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury 01 ) all its brilliance & intellect1 ! cause ( hamp]+ ! natural developm5t ( ! ?ree great pa9t]s ( t p]iod4 ,reynolds came back f 8 /ay 9 ,italy an ard5t disciple ( ! gr& /yle1 burn+ to foll[ ! example ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,romney1 too1 0 all = ,italian art1 b look$ fur!r back1 & wor%ipp$ ! classics4 ,ga9sbor\gh 0 a born l&scape pa9t]1 & 8 :ole "t 0 devot$1 :5 he 0 n execut+ commissions = portraits1 to mak+ sket*es & /udies ( woods & valleys & trees4 ,b s b5t on hav+ _! lik5esses h&$ ab\t 7 ! brilliant p]sonages ( _! "t1 t ,reynolds1 ,ga9sbor\gh & ,romney 7 compell$ 9 spite ( !mselves to turn _! att5tion to portraiture1 to ! exclusion ( e o!r bran* ( _! art1 & z portrait pa9t]s !y h made !mselves & _! c\ntry fam\s4 ,9 ! num]\s sket*es & /udies t ,ga9sbor\gh has left u1 we c see h[ mu* we h lo/ 9 ga9+ 8 wond]ful portraits4 ,he lov$ l&scape1 f 8 e>lie/ y\? to 8 dy+ day4 ,lov$ x = itself4 ,= among all ! draw+s ( 8 :i* ,i h ev] se51 ,i d n rememb] "o :i* c be id5tifi$ z any p>ticul> place4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0 a p]fect mania among ! small] fry = mak+ topographical draw+s1 9 p5cil or wat]-col\r1 views ( "s t[n or m\nta9 or ca/le4 ,b ) ,ga9sbor\gh ! place 0 no?+--x 0 ! _s ( x t *>m$ him4 ,a cottage 9 a wood1 a glade1 a c\ntry road1 a valley1 0 to him a beautiful sc5e1 :atev] x 0 call$ or :]ev] x happ5$ to be1 & out ( x accord+ly he made a beautiful picture1 or at lea/ a draw+4 ,t 8 pictures ( l&scape are s extraord9>ily few :ile 8 draw+s are s num]\s1 may be acc\nt$ = 9 a great measure by ! exig5ces ( portrait pa9t+1 b n entirely2 & ! probability is t !re are _m m :i* are n[ =gott54 ,= an e/imate ( ,?omas ,ga9sbor\gh bo? 9 reg>d to 8 place 9 ! /ory ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool & to ! abilities & me?ods by :i* he atta9$ x1 x is ne$less to look else:]e ?an to t ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 conta9$ 9 ! disc\rse deliv]$ %ortly aft] ,ga9sbor\gh's dea?3-- ,:5 su* a man z ,ga9sbor\gh rises to great fame )\t ! assi/ance ( an academical education1 )\t travell+ to ,italy1 or any ( ^? prep>atory /udies :i* h be5 s (t5 recomm5d$1 he is produc$ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4--,,?omas ,,ga9sbor\gh ,,! ,,m>ket ,,c>t ,national ,gall]y1 ,london z an in/ance h[ little su* /udies are necess>y1 s9ce s great excell5ce may be acquir$ )\t !m4 ,?is is an inf]5ce n w>rant$ by ! success ( any individual1 & ,i tru/ t x w n be ?\ght t ,i wi% to make ?is use ( x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! /yle & dep>tm5t ( art :i* ,ga9sbor\gh *ose1 & 9 :i* he s mu* excell$1 did n require t he %\ld g out ( 8 own c\ntry = ! objects ( 8 /udy2 !y 7 ev]y:]e ab\t him2 he f\nd !m 9 ! /reets1 & 9 ! fields2 & f ! models ?us accid5tally f\nd he select$ ) great judgm5t su* z suit$ 8 purpose4 ,z 8 /udies 7 direct$ to ! liv+ _w pr9cipally1 he did n pay a g5]al att5tion to ! works ( ! v>i\s ma/]s1 ?\gh !y are1 9 my op9ion1 always ( great use ev5 :5 ! "* ( our subject requires u to dep>t f "s ( _! pr9ciples4 ,x _c be d5i$ t excell5ce 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! art :i* he pr(ess$ may exi/ )\t !m1 t 9 su* subjects & 9 ! mann] t belongs to !m ! want ( !m is suppli$1 & m ?an suppli$1 by natural sagacity & a m9ute obs]vation ( p>ticul> nature4 ,if ,ga9sbor\gh did n look at nature ) a poet's eye1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t he saw h] ) ! eye ( a pa9t]2 & gave a fai?ful1 if n a poetical1 repres5tation ( :at he _h be=e him4 ,?\gh he did n mu* att5d to ! works ( ! great hi/orical pa9t]s ( =m] ages1 yet he 0 well aw>e t ! language ( ! art--! art ( imitation--mu/ be le>n$ some:]e2 & z he knew he c\ld n le>n x 9 an equal degree f 8 contempor>ies1 he v judici\sly appli$ himself to ! ,flemi% s*ool1 :o are und\bt$ly ! greate/ ma/]s ( "o necess>y bran* ( art1 & he did n ne$ to g out ( 8 c\ntry = examples ( t s*ool2 f t he le>n$ ! h>mony ( col\r+1 ! managem5t & disposition ( light & %ad[1 & e means ( x :i* ! ma/]s practis$ to ornam5t & give spl5d\r to _! works4 ,& to satisfy himself1 z well z o!rs1 h[ well he knew ! me*anism & artifice :i* !y employ$ to br+ out t tone ( col\r :i* we s mu* admire 9 _! works1 he occasionally made copies f ,rub5s1 ,t5i]s & ,van ,dyck1 :i* x w\ld be no disgrace to ! mo/ accurate connoisseur to mi/ake at ! fir/ sight = ! works ( ^? ma/]s4 ,:at he ?us le>n$ he appli$ to ! orig9als ( nature1 :i* he saw ) 8 own eyes1 & imitat$ n 9 ! mann] ( ^? ma/]s b 9 8 own4 ,:e!r he mo/ excell$ 9 portraits1 l&scapes1 or fancy pictures1 x is difficult to det]m9e2 :e!r 8 portraits 7 mo/ admirable = exact tru? ( resemblance1 or 8 l&scapes = a portrait-l repres5tation ( nature1 su* z we see 9 ! works ( ,rub5s1 ,ruisdael1 or o!rs ( ^? s*ools4 ,9 8 fancy pictures1 :5 he _h fix$ on 8 object ( imitation1 :e!r x 0 ! mean & vulg> =m ( ! woodcutt]1 or a *ild ( an int]e/+ "*1 z he did n attempt to raise ! "o1 s nei!r did he lose any ( ! natural grace & elegance ( ! o!r2 su* a grace & su* an elegance z are m frequ5tly f\nd 9 cottages ?an 9 c\rts4 ,?is excell5ce 0 8 own1 ! result ( 8 p>ticul> obs]vation & ta/e2 = ?is he 0 c]ta9ly n indebt$ to ! ,flemi% s*ool1 nor inde$ to any s*ool2 = 8 grace 0 n academic1 or antique1 b select$ by himself f ! great s*ool ( nature4444 ,^u ! :ole we may ju/ly say t :atev] he attempt$ he c>ri$ to a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( 8 good s5se & judgm5t t he nev] did attempt t /yle ( hi/orical pa9t+ = :i* 8 previ\s /udies _h made no prep>ation4 ,! peculi>ity ( 8 mann] or /yle1 ,reynolds cont9ues a little lat]1 or we may call x ! language 9 :i* he express$ 8 ideas1 has be5 consid]$ by _m z 8 greate/ defect4444 ,a novelty & peculi>ity ( mann]1 z x is (t5 a cause ( our approbation1 s likewise x is (t5 a gr\nd ( c5sure1 z be+ contr>y to ! practice ( o!r pa9t]s1 9 ^: mann] we h be5 initiat$1 & 9 ^: fav\r we h p]haps be5 prepossess$ f our infancy3 = fond z we are ( novelty1 we are ^u ! :ole creatures ( habit4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t all ^? odd scrat*es & m>ks :i* on a close exam9ation are s obs]vable 9 ,ga9sbor\gh's pictures1 & :i* ev5 to exp]i5c$ pa9t]s appe> r ! effect ( accid5t ?an design2 ?is *aos1 ?is unc\? & %apeless appe>ance1 by a k9d ( magic1 at a c]ta9 di/ance assumes =m1 & all ! p>ts seem to drop into _! prop] places2 s t we c h>dly refuse ackn[l$g+ ! full effect ( dilig5ce "u ! appe>ance ( *ance & ha/y neglig5ce4 ,t ,ga9sbor\gh himself consid]$ ?is peculi>ity 9 8 mann]1 & ! p[] x possesses ( excit+ surprise1 z a beauty 9 8 works1 ,i ?9k may be inf]r$ f ! eag] desire :i* we "k he always express$1 t 8 pictures at ! exhibition %\ld be se5 ne> z well z at a di/ance4 ,! slightness :i* we see 9 8 be/ works _c always be imput$ to neglig5ce4 ,h[ev] !y may appe> to sup]ficial obs]v]s1 pa9t]s "k v well t a /eady att5tion to ! g5]al effect takes up m "t & is mu* m labori\s to ! m9d ?an any mode ( high f9i%+ or smoo?ness )\t su* att5tion4 ,8 h&l+1 ! mann] ( leav+ ! col\rs1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! me?ods he us$ = produc+ ! effect1 _h v mu* ! appe>ance ( ! "w ( an arti/ :o _h nev] le>nt f o!rs ! usual & regul> practice belong+ to ! art2 b /ill1 l a man ( /rong intuitive p]ception ( :at 0 requir$1 he f\nd a way ( 8 own to accompli% 8 purpose4 ,to ,reynolds's op9ion ( ?is te*nique z appli$ to portraits1 we may li/5 ) ev5 m att5tion4 ,x mu/ be all[$1 he cont9ues1 t ?is hat*+ mann] ( ,ga9sbor\gh did v mu* contribute to ! lightness ( effect :i* is s em95t a beauty 9 8 pictures2 z1 on ! contr>y1 mu* smoo?ness & unit+ ! col\rs is apt to produce heav9ess4 ,e arti/ mu/ h rem>k$ h[ (t5 t lightness ( h& :i* 0 9 8 dead-col\r 7or fir/ pa9t+7 escap$ 9 ! f9i%+ :5 he _h det]m9$ ! p>ts ) m precision2 & ano!r loss :i* he (t5 exp]i5ces1 :i* is ( great] consequ5ce3 :ile he is employ$ 9 ! detail1 ! effect ( ! :ole toge!r is ei!r =gott5 or neglect$4 ,! lik5ess ( a portrait1 z ,i h =m]ly obs]v$1 consi/s m 9 pres]v+ ! g5]al effect ( ! c\nt5ance ?an 9 ! mo/ m9ute f9i%+ ( ! features or any ( ! p>ticul> p>ts4 ,n[1 ,ga9sbor\gh's portraits 7 (t5 little m 9 reg>d to f9i%+ or det]m9+ ! =m ( ! features1 ?an :at g5]ally att5ds a fir/ pa9t+2 b z he 0 always att5tive to ! g5]al effect1 or :ole toge!r1 ,i h (t5 imag9$ t ?is unf9i%$ mann] contribut$ ev5 to t /rik+ resemblance = :i* 8 portraits are s rem>kable4 ,,iv ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,n until ! ye> ( ,ga9sbor\gh's dea?1 #aghh1 0 !re born ano!r l&scape pa9t]4 ,?is 0 ,,john ,,crome1 & he too came f ! ea/ ( ,engl&1 ne>e/ to ,holl&1 be+ born 9 ,norfolk1 ! neighb\r+ c\nty to ,ga9sbor\gh's native ,suffolk4 ,)9 t5 ye>s m1 two /ill great] l&scapi/s 7 born1 also 9 ! ea/1 ,con/able 9 ,essex1 /ill clos] to ,sudbury1 & ,turn] 9 ,london4 ,john ,crome--,old ,crome1 z he is usually call$ to di/+ui% him f 8 less di/+ui%$ son1 ,john ,b]nay ,crome--0 born at ,norwi*1 & _h to support himself mo/ ( 8 life by tea*+ draw+1 n to pr(essional pupils un=tunately2 b incid5tally he f\nd$ ,! ,norwi* ,s*ool ( l&scape pa9t]s1 :o loyally c>ri$ =w>d ! traditions he _h inculcat$4 ,b hav+ to sp5d 8 "t z a draw+-ma/]1 he 0 n free l ! old ,dut* pa9t]s to put out pictures :5 & z (t5 z he w\ld1 & 8 "w 9 oils is !re=e comp>atively sc>ce4 ,! ?ree examples at ! ,national ,gall]y are typical ( 8 v>i$ p[]s1 ,! ,slate ,qu>ries1 ,h\sehold ,hea?1 & ,porr+l& ,oak are all ( !m ma/]pieces4 ,,john ,,sell ,,cotman1 born 9 #aghb1 01 aft] ,crome1 ! mo/ consid]able ( ! ,norwi* ,s*ool4 ,he1 too1 0 compell$ to e>n a livelihood by be+ a draw+-ma/]1 = !re 0 n z yet a suffici5t m>ket1 nor = "s "t lat]1 = l&scape pictures1 to support exi/5ce1 h[ev] humble4 ,cotman devot$ mu* ( 8 en]gies to wat]-col\rs1 & he is bett] kn[n 9 ?is bran* ( ! art ?an 9 pa9t+2 t is ! only excuse = ! ,national ,gall]y 9 hav+ pur*as$ z 8 ! v inf]ior picture call$ ,a ,galliot 9 a ,gale4 ,! o!r example1 ,:]ries on ! ,y>e1 is m wor?y ( him1 ?\gh x by no means exhibits all 8 wond]ful p[] & fasc9ation4 ,9 ,,george ,,morl& 7#agfc-ahjd7 we h some?+ m & some?+ less ?an a l&scape pa9t]4 ,l&scape to him 0 n :at x 0 to ,wilson1 ,ga9sbor\gh or ,crome1--! only end 9 view2 nor 0 x m]ely a backgr\nd = 8 subjects4 ,b1 z x g5]ally happ5$1 x 0 bo?4 ,to ,morl&1 ! l&scape & ! figures 7 "o & ! same ?+4 ,out ( ! fulness ( 8 he>t he pa9t$ pictures ( ,boys ,robb+ an ,or*>d1 ,horses 9 a ,/able1 or a ,f>m] on ,horseback /ay+ to talk to a gr\p ( gypsies beside a wood1 & :e!r or n ! picture might be class$ z a l&scape dep5d$ entirely on ! nature ( ! sc5e itself4 ,:atev] he saw or *ose to see he pa9t$ ) equal skill & ) equal *>m2 & z 8 *oice ( vision lay 9 ! simple ev]yday life t surr\nd$ him1 8 v>iety is n ! lea/ ( 8 attractions4 ,! fact t 8 "m 0 a ,fr5*woman 78 fa!r 0 ,h5ry ,morl&1 ! pa9t] ( ! delightful pair ( half-l5g?s1 ,! ,laundry ,maids7 sugge/s to my m9d ! wild surmise t %e may h be5 ! daught] ( ,*>d94 ,= 9 ! te*nique z well z 9 ! temp]am5t ( ,morl&1--mak+ all[ance = diff]5ce ( circum/ances1--!re is some?+ rem>kably ak9 to ^? ( ! great ,fr5*man4 ,bo? es*ew$ ! temptation to become fa%ionable1 bo? pa9t$ ! humble realities ( middle-class life ) a ze/ t c\ld n possibly h be5 affect$1 & bo? pa9t$ !m ) mu* ! same extraord9>y *>m4 ,at 8 be/1 ,morl& is n mu* inf]ior to ,*>d91 & b = 8 un=tunate wildness & 8 susceptibility to ! temptations ( /rong dr9k1 he might easily h excell$ ! o!r4 ,! feel+ exhibit$ 9 two su* diff]5t subjects z ,"l ,gl5conn]'s ,boys ,robb+ an ,or*>d1 & ,! ,int]ior ( a ,/able1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 c]ta9ly equals t ( ,*>d9's mo/ fam\s pieces1 ,i mean ! feel+ = ! p>ticul> sc5e he is depict+4 ,! ne>e/1 9 fact ! only1 approa* t ,morl& made to portrait pa9t+ 0 9 su* pieces z ,! ,=tune ,tell] 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* br+s to m9d ! ,conv]sation ,pieces1 introduc$ by ,hog>? & ,highmore into ,engli% pa9t+1 b :i* 7 nev] widely attempt$4 ,9 ! ,portfolio monograph ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,i tri$ to collect z _m examples z ,i c\ld ( ?is =m ( art1 b f\nd x difficult to fill ev5 a small volume1 s entirely 0 ! s+le figure portrait ! vogue4 ,a few notable in/ances are wor? m5tion+1 if only z exceptions to ! g5]al rule4 ,ga9sbor\gh's ,ladies ,walk+ 9 ! ,mall1 belong+ to ,sir ,audley ,neeld2 ,reynolds's l>ge gr\p ( ,! ,m>lbor\gh ,family at ,bl5heim1 & a v e>ly gr\p ( ,! ,elliott ,family1 consi/+ ( elev5 figures1 belong+ to ,"l ,/ ,g]mans2 ,john ,s+leton ,copley's ,*ildr5 ( ,francis ,sitwell1 ,esq41 at ,r5i%aw2 & la/ly ,z(fany's ,family ,p>ty1 at ,pan%ang]4 ,= life-l repres5tation ( ! ,engli% p we look to ,hog>? & ,morl&1 & yet no?+ c\ld be m diff]5t ?an ! motives :i* inspir$ ! two1 & ! way !y w5t to "w ^u _! subject4 ,hog>? 0 above all ?+s !atrical1 ,morl& natural4 ,hog>? fir/ conceiv$ 8 idea1 !n laid 8 sc5e1 & la/ly peopl$ x ) actual *>act]s z !y appe>$--individually--be=e him4 ,morl& simply look$ ab\t him & pa9t$ :at he happ5$ to see at ! precise mom5t :5 :at he saw co9cid$ ) 8 natural incl9ation1 or we may ev5 say inspiration1 to pa9t x4 ,x 0 mu* ! same diff]5ce z betwe5 ! "w ( ,zola & t ( ,?omas ,h>dy4 ,! "o _h a moral to prea*1 ! o!r a /ory to tell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! mo/ we he> ( ,,george ,,romney n[adays is ! price t has be5 paid = "o ( 8 portraits at ,*ri/ie's1 x is refre%+ z well z in=mative to turn to ! criticism ( "o ( 8 greate/ ?\gh n 9 ^! times s highly pric$ contempor>ies1 ,i mean ,john ,flaxman4 ,:5 ,romney fir/ began to pa9t1 he writes1 he _h se5 no gall]y ( pictures nor ! f9e productions ( anci5t sculpture2 b !n wom5 & *ildr5 7 8 /atues1 & all objects "u ! canopy ( heav5 =m$ 8 s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,! ra9b[1 ! purple di/ance1 or ! silv] lake1 taught him col\r+2 ! v>i\s actions & passions ( ! human figure1 ) ! =ms ( cl\ds1 woods1 & m\nta9s or valleys1 af=d$ him /udies ( composition4 ,inde$1 8 g5ius bore a /rong resemblance to ! sc5es he 0 born 92 l !m1 x p>took ( ! gr& & beautiful2 & l !m also1 ! bright sun%9e & en*ant+ prospects ( 8 fancy 7 occasionally ov]spread ) mi/ & gloom4 ,on 8 arrival 9 ,italy he 0 witness to new sc5es ( art & s\rces ( /udy ( :i* he c\ld only h suppos$ previ\sly t some?+ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4--,,george ,,romney ,,! ,,p>son',s ,,daught] ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ( ! k9d might exi/2 = he !re contemplat$ ! purity & p]fection ( anci5t sculpture1 ! sublimity ( ,mi*elangelo's ,si/9e ,*apel1 & ! simplicity ( ,cimabue & ,giotto's s*ools4 ,he p]ceiv$ ^? qualities di/9ctly1 & judici\sly us$ !m 9 view+ & imitat+ nature2 & ?us 8 quick p]ception & unwe>i$ application enabl$ him1 by a two ye>s' resid5ce abroad1 to acquire z great a pr(ici5cy 9 art z is usually atta9$ by =eign /udies ( a mu* long] duration4 ,aft] 8 return1 ! novelty & s5tim5t ( 8 orig9al subjects 7 univ]sally admir$4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 ( ! delicate class1 & ea* _h its peculi> "*4 ,titania ) h] ,indian vot>ies 0 ar* & sprightly2 ,milton dictat+ to 8 daught]s1 solemn & int]e/+4 ,sev]al pictures ( ,wood ,nymphs & ,bac*antes *>m$ by _! rural beauty1 innoc5ce1 & simplicity4 ,! mo/ pa!tic1 p]haps1 ( all 8 works 0 nev] f9i%$--,ophelia ) ! fl[]s %e _h ga!r$ 9 h] h&1 sitt+ on ! bran* ( a tree1 :i* 0 break+ "u h]1 :il/ ! moody di/raction 9 h] lovely c\nt5ance acc\nts = ! ins5sibility to dang]4 ,few pa9t]s h left s _m examples 9 _! works ( ! t5d] & delicate affections2 & sev]al ( 8 pictures brea! a k9dr$ _s ) ! ,sigismonda ( ,correggio4 ,8 c>toons1 "s ( :i* h un=tunately p]i%$1 7 examples ( ! sublime & t]rible1 at t "t p]fectly new 9 ,engli% art4 ,z ,romney 0 gift$ ) peculi> p[]s = hi/orical & ideal pa9t+1 s 8 he>t & s\l 7 engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( x :5ev] he c\ld extricate himself f ! importunate bus9ess ( portrait pa9t+4 ,x 0 8 delight by day & /udy by night1 & = ?is 8 food & re/ 7 (t5 neglect$4 ,8 compositions1 l ^? ( ! anci5t pictures & basso-relievos1 told _! /ory by a s+le gr\p ( figures 9 ! front1 :il/ ! backgr\nd is made ! simple/ possible1 reject+ all unnecess>y episode & trivial ornam5t1 ei!r ( second>y gr\ps or ar*itectural subdivision4 ,9 8 compositions ! behold] 0 =cibly /ruck by ! s5tim5t at ! fir/ glance3 ! gradations & v>ieties ( :i* he trac$ ?r\gh sev]al *>act]s1 all conceiv$ 9 an elevat$ _s ( dignity & beauty1 ) a lively expression ( nature 9 all ! p>ts4 ,8 heads 7 v>i\s--! male 7 decid$ & gr&1 ! female lovely4 ,8 figures resembl$ ! antique--! limbs 7 elegant & f9ely =m$4 ,8 drap]y 0 well und]/ood1 ei!r =m+ ! figure into a mass ) "o or two deep folds only1 or by its adhesion & transp>5cy discov]+ ! =m ( ! figure1 ! l9es ( :i* 7 f9ely v>i$ ) ! union or expansion ( spiral or cascade folds1 compos+ ) or contra/+ ! outl9e & *i>oscuro4 ,few arti/s s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury h be5 able to d s mu* 9 s _m diff]5t bran*es2 = besides 8 beautiful compositions & pictures1 :i* h add$ to ! k & celebrity ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool1 he modell$ l a sculptor1 c>v$ ornam5ts 9 wood ) great delicacy1 & c\ld make an ar*itectural design 9 a f9e ta/e1 z well z con/ruct e "p ( ! build+4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,reynolds & ! retirem5t ( ,romney1 9 ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! field ( portraiture 0 left vacant--9 ,london at lea/--= ,,john ,,hoppn]1 ^: "n is n[ g5]ally includ$ ) ^? ( ,lawr5ce & ,raeburn among ! fir/ six portrait pa9t]s ( ! ,briti% ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4--,,george ,,romney ,,mrs ,,rob9son--,,p]dita ,h]t=d ,h\se1 ,london ,s*ool4 ,8 fame 9 rec5t ye>s has c]ta9ly exce$$ 8 m]its1 b x is due to him to say t he 0 a consci5ti\s arti/1 & a firm uphold] ( ! tradition ( ,reynolds1 s f> z 9 him lay4 ,! old ,k+ _h always dislik$ ,reynolds1 & ,hoppn] 0 n well en\gh advis$ to hold 8 tongue on ! subject ( ! ma/]3 worse ?an ?is1 he op5ly accept$ ! patronage ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & by s do+ op5$ ! door = ! admission ( ,lawr5ce z royal pa9t] mu* soon] ?an 0 at all necess>y4 ,! /ory ( _! rivalry is ?us--9 sub/ance--sket*$ by ,allan ,cunn+ham1 _! contempor>y3--,! light ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's c\nt5ance 0 ( itself suffici5t to guide ! c\rtly & beautiful to ,hoppn]'s easel4 ,suffice x to say t be=e he 0 =ty ye>s ( age 7he 0 born 9 #agei71 he _h be5 enabl$ to exhibit no less ?an fifte5 ladies ( quality--= s are !y nam$ 9 ! catalogues--a score ( ladies ( l[] degree1 & noblem5 unnumb]$4 ,b by ?is "t ano!r /> _h aris51 de/9$ to out%9e t ( ,hoppn]2 ?\gh "s at t p]iod1 will+ to flatt] ! old] practition]1 call$ x a meteor t w\ld b fla% & disappe>--we allude to ,lawr5ce4 ,urg$ ^u ! ,academy by ! ,k+ & ,que51 & h&$ up to public notice by royal fav\r1 ?is new aspirant rose rapidly 9 ! e/imation ( ! public2 & by ! mo/ delicate flatt]y1 bo? ) tongue & p5cil1 became a =midable rival to ! pa9t] :om x 0 ! ,pr9ce's pleasure to befri5d4 ,! factions ( ,reynolds & ,romney seem$ reviv$ 9 ^? ( ,hoppn] & ,lawr5ce4 ,if ,hoppn] resid$ 9 ,*>les ,/reet1 at ! gates ( ,c>lton ,h\se1 & wrote himself portrait pa9t] to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,lawr5ce likewise _h 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,c\rt end ( ! t[n1 & pr\dly /yl$ himself--& t :5 only tw5ty-?ree ye>s old--portrait pa9t] 9 ord9>y to ,8 ,maje/y4 ,9 o!r respects1 too1 7 hon\rs equally balanc$ betwe5 !m2 !y 7 bo? made ,royal ,academicians1 b 9 ?is1 y\? _h ! />t ( age--,lawr5ce obta9$ t di/9ction fir/4 ,nature1 too1 _h be5 k9d--"s h said prodigal--to bo?2 !y 7 m5 ( f9e address1 & poli%$ by e>ly int]c\rse ) ! _w & by _! trade ( portrait pa9t+ c\ld practise all ! delicate c\rtesies ( draw+-room & b\doir2 b 9 t mo/ fasc9at+ ( all flatt]y1 ! art ( p]suad+1 ) bru%es & f9e col\rs1 v ord9>y mortals t beauty & f9e expression 7 _! portions1 ,lawr5ce 0 soon )\t a rival4 ,! pref]5ce ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 = ,lawr5ce 0 = a "t balanc$ by ! affection ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales = ,hoppn]2 ! ,pr9ce 0 suppos$ to h ! be/ ta/e1 & z he kept a c\rt ( 8 own fill$ ) ! "y nobility1 & all ! wits ( t great faction kn[n by ! "n ( ,:ig1 ,hoppn] _h ! y\? & beauty ( ! l& = a "t2 & x _c be d5i$ t he 0 a rival 9 e way wor?y ( cont5d+ ) any portrait-pa9t] ( 8 day4 ,! b>e li/ ( 8 exhibit$ portraits w %[ h[ & by :om he 0 support$4 ,x is well said by ,williams1 9 8 ,life ( ,lawr5ce1 t ! m sob] & homely ideas ( ! ,k+ 7 n likely to be a passport = any portrait-pa9t] to ! v>iety ( ladies1 & h5ce ,mr4 ,hoppn] = a long "t almo/ monopolis$ ! female beauty & "y fa%ion ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is rivalry cont9u$ = a "t 9 ! _s ( mod]ation--b only = a "t4 ,lawr5ce1 ! g5tl] & ! smoo!r ( ! two1 kept sil5ce longe/2 ! w>m nature ( ,hoppn] broke out at la/4 ,! ladies ( ,lawr5ce1 he said1 %[ a gaudy dissolut5ess ( ta/e1 & sometimes trespass on moral z well z pr(essional decorum4 ,= 8 own he claim$1 by implication1 purity ( look z well z purity ( /yle4 ,?is s>ca/ic rem>k f\nd w+s 9 a mom5t1 & flew ?r\gh all ! cot]ies & ?r\gh bo? c\rts2 x did mo/ h>m to him :o utt]$ x2 all m5 laugh$1 & !n began to wond] h[ ,lawr5ce1 limn] to p]haps ! pure/ c\rt 9 ,europe1 came to be/[ indecor\s looks on ! meek & s$ate ladies ( quality ( ,/4 ,james's & ,w9dsor1 :ile ,hoppn]1 limn] to ! c\rt ( a gallant "y pr9ce1 :o lov$ mir? & w9e1 ! s\nd ( ! lute & ! music ( ladies' feet 9 ! dance1 %\ld to "s ( its gaye/ & giddie/ ornam5ts give ! simplicity ( mann] & purity ( /yle :i* p]ta9$ to ! ,quak] l sobriety ( ! o!r4 ,nor is x ! lea/ curi\s "p ( ! /ory t ! ladies1 f ! mom5t ( ! s>casm ( ,hoppn]1 in/ead ( cr[d+ to ! easel ( him :o dealt 9 ! lovel9ess ( virtue1 %[$ a gr[+ pref]5ce = ! rival :o trespass$ on moral z well z on pr(essional decorum4 ,aft] ?is1 ,lawr5ce _h pl5ty ( ! faire/ sitt]s4 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,i ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,revolt ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h trac$ ! developm5t ( pa9t+ = five c5turies--f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5?1 t is to say1 to ! end ( ! eighte5?--9 ,italy1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,spa91 & la/ly 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ! n9ete5? ! /ory is conf9$ to ! la/ two alone1 z ) "o or two m9ute exceptions ! art ( pa9t+ _h by ?is "t entirely ceas$ to be wor? consid]ation 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,only 9 ,france & ,engl&1 :]e x _h be5 mo/ rec5tly e/abli%$1 0 x to cont9ue2 & besides cont9u+1 rea* out ) ! mo/ a/oni%+ vig\r to snat* at & grasp fruits t no "o be=e w\ld h dreamt ( be+ )9 its rea*4 ,betwe5 ,france & ,engl&--if by ! latt] we may be tak5 to mean ,great ,brita91 & include )9 its arti/s ^? :o h acclimatis$ !mselves )9 h] %ores--! hon\rs ( ! a*ievem5t are pretty equally divid$1 ?\gh x w h to be left to individual *oice to decide exactly on :i* side ! balance ( cr$it is due4 ,a m]e li/ ( ! greate/ names is n suffici5t to apportion ! praise1 ?\gh z a prelim9>y /ep x may be ( value 9 cle>+ ! issue4 ,let u take a doz5 on ei!r side1 & see h[ !y look4 ,engl&4 ,lawr5ce4 ,con/able4 ,turn]4 ,de ,w9t4 ,nasmy?4 ,/ev5s4 ,:i/l]4 ,cotman4 ,cox4 ,watts4 ,rossetti4 ,hunt4 ,france4 ,david4 ,gricault4 ,+res4 ,delacroix4 ,corot4 ,millet4 ,daubigny4 ,c\rbet4 ,daumi]4 ,decamps4 ,manet4 ,degas4 ,among ^! ,turn] /&s out conspicu\sly f ! re/1 & he w\ld be includ$ by anyone 9 a li/ ( tw5ty1 or p]haps a doz51 ( ! greate/ pa9t]s 9 ! _w4 ,b oddly en\gh 8 influ5ce on ! art 9 g5]al has be5 comp>atively small1 if we are to judge by its effects on o!r pa9t]s up to ! pres5t1 :ile t ( ,con/able has be5 consid]ably great]4 ,manet1 aga91 & ,delacroix1 h accompli%$ f> m = ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ ?an any o!r two 9 our li/s--& yet _! names are sc>cely kn[n outside ! circle ( ^? :o "k any?+ at all ab\t pa9t+4 ,= ! ,engli% public at l>ge an entirely diff]5t li/ w\ld probably prove ! sup]iority ( _! own race to _! complete satisfaction--9 spite ( ,meissoni]1 ,dor1 & ,b\gu]eau on ! o!r side4 ,b t is only because ! ,briti% public1 ow+ to ! monopoly ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4--,,jacques ,,l\is ,,david ,,portrait ,,( ,,mme4 ,r,,cami] ,l\vre1 ,p>is enjoy$ by ! ,royal ,academy1 h nev] _h a *ance ( judg+ = !mselves :at !y approve ( & :at !y d n1 & _! ta/e has be5 vitiat$ = g5]ations by ! exhibition ( :at ?is self-con/itut$ au?ority1 no d\bt unconsci\sly1 conceives to be be/ = !m--& :i*1 z might be expect$1 is usually f\nd to co9cide pretty ne>ly ) ! sort ( ?+ !y are capable ( produc+ !mselves4 ,hog>?'s pr$ictions at ! "t ! ,academy 0 in/itut$ h 9 a great measure come p]fectly true1 & ! only b5efit t x has be5 to ! ,engli% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ is t x has kept x go+4 ,h[ f> ?is may be call$ a b5efit is at lea/ arguable1 b 9 ! ma9 x is probable t if s _m bad pictures _h n be5 pa9t$1 !re w\ld n h be5 s _m good ones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! removal ( a man l ,sir ,lawr5ce ,alma-,tadema f 8 native sph]e ( influ5ce is q en\gh to acc\nt = ! unlook$-= fl[]+ ( blossoms l ! bro!rs ,m>is1 ,bosboom1 ,israels1 & ,mauve 9 ! ,dut* g>d51 & if t is s1 "o ne$ n grudge him 8 int]m5t among/ ,nelson1 ,well+ton1 & o!r h]oes ( our own4 ,9 a ^w1 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury is ,revolt4 ,:at x is go+ to be 9 ! tw5tie? ,i am =tunately n call$ ^u to say2 b if ,i may ?r[ out an op9ion bas$ ^u :at is already happ5+1 ,i %\ld say t no ^w has yet be5 co9$ :i* w adequately express x4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ! issues 7 simple1 & c be easily express$4 ,on ! "o side 0 ! complac5t body ( practition]s foll[+ to ! be/ ( _! ability ! practice ( pa9t+ z h&$ d[n to !m 9 a v>iety ( diff]5t =ms1 j z ! ,byzant9e craftsm5 e>n$ _! liv+ :5 !y 7 s rudely di/urb$ by ,cimabue & 8 s*ool4 ,on ! o!r 0 a small b ev]-increas+ numb] ( individuals :o1 l ,cimabue1 began to ?9k ?+s out = !mselves1 b1 unlike him1 did n succe$ 9 effect+ a popul> triumph )\t--if at all--fir/ rais+ bo? ! pa9t]s & ! public to a pit* ( fury4 ,x is inde$ curi\s to read ,vas>i & mod]n hi/orians side by side1 & to wond] if1 aft] all1 ,vas>i knew or told ev]y?+1 9 8 desire to glorify ! art1 or :e!r ,giotto & o!r innovators 7 n 9 fact burnt at ! /ake4 ,probably n4 ,gallileo1 z we "k1 & ,savon>ola suff]$ = _! crimes4 ,b !y 7 work+ aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 & ! arti/s 7 work+ = x4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 pa9t+ _h altoge!r brok5 away f ! ,*ur*1 & s x _h to fight its own battles out 9 ! /reet1 or 9 ! law c\rts4 ,t is :at has giv5 x su* a swagg] & /r5g?4 ,x no long] looks to its protector1 x w hit y 9 ! face be=e y "k :]e y are4 ,! feeble k9d1 only1 looks to ,academies = support1 & !reby becomes feebl] /ill4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt]1 accord+ly1 we %all he> no m ( ! ,madonnas1 ! ,holy ,families1 & all ! sacr$ & pr(ane subjects on :i* ! old ma/]s ex]cis$ _! g5ius4 ,five c5turies ( pa9t+ _h e/abli%$ ! art 9 a position ( indep5d5ce2 & 9 a six?--t is to say1 ! n9ete5?--x began to ass]t itself1 & to prove t its education 0 n 9 itself an end1 b only a means to v>i\s ends4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ out ! =tunes ( ea* pa9t]1 !re=e1 & attempt+ to set 9 any sort ( ord] ! reputations ( arti/s be=e suffici5t "t has elaps$ = !m to cool1 ,i propose to conf9e myself 9 ! rema9+ pages to ! broad issues rais$ dur+ ?is p]iod betwe5 ! pa9t]s1 ! critics1 & ! public4 ,,ii ,,eug,,ne ,,delacroix ,! man :o began all ?is /reet fight+ 0 a ,fr5*man--,eugne ,delacroix4 ,:ile /ill a y\? he 0 bulli$1 & ! bully 0 su* a r$\btable giant t x took somebody ) ! grit & g5ius ( ,delacroix to tackle him1 b tackle him he did4 ,! /ory ( ! fight1 :i* is a long & glori\s "o1 is s admirably told 9 ,madame ,bussy's life ( ,delacroix1 t ,i h obta9$ p]mission to give ! ess5ce ( x 9 h] own words4 ,9 ! ,salon ( #ahbb 0 exhibit$ ,delacroix's picture ( ,dante & ,virgil1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & evok$ ! fir/ ( ^? clam\rs ( abuse :i* 7 b>ely /ill$ be=e ! arti/'s dea?4 ,= ne>ly ?irty ye>s all ,fr5* pa9t]s1 ) ! exception ( ,gros & ,prudhon2 _h %[n !mselves unque/ion+ disciples ( ! s*ool f\nd$ by ,jacques ,l\is ,david1 ^: ma/]ful "* & pot5t p]sonality _h r$uc$ all art to a sy/em2 & ,delacroix himself spoke ( him ) sympa?y & admiration4 ,! *ief dogma ( ,david's s*ool 0 t ! ne>e/ approa* to ! beau ideal p]mitt$ to ! human race _h be5 atta9$ by ! ,greeks1 & t all art mu/ con=m z closely z possible to !irs4 ,un=tunately1 ! *ief specim5s ( ,greek art kn[n at t "t 7 ^? belong+ to a decad5t p]iod--nei!r ! ,elg9 m>bles nor ! ,v5us ( ,milo 7 accessible be=e #ahaf--s t ! works f :i* !y drew _! inspiration 7 )\t "* 9 !mselves1 or m]ely ! feeble & att5uat$ copies ( anci5t ,rome4 ,9 ! pictures ( ?is s*ool1 accord+ly1 we f9d only ! monoton\s p]fection ( r\nd$ & well-modell$ limbs1 classical features & /raight noses4 ,col\r1 to ! s9c]e ,davidian1 0 a va9 & frivol\s accessory1 s]v+ only to di/ract att5tion f ! real purpose ( ! "w1 :i* 0 to aim at moral elevation z well z at ideal beauty4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! picture 0 to be equally dwelt ^u2 !re 0 no sacrifice1 no my/]y4 ,^! pictures1 says ,delacroix1 h no epid]mis 444!y lack ! atmosph]e1 ! lights1 ! reflections :i* bl5d into an h>moni\s :ole1 objects ! mo/ dissimil> 9 col\r4 ,by ! untimely dea? ( ,gricault1 ^: ,raft ( ! ,m$usa _h already caus$ a flutt] 9 #ahai1 ,delacroix 0 left at ! head ( ! revolt aga9/ ?is pseudo-classicism2 & amid ! /orm t greet$ ! ,dante & ,virgil x is int]e/+ to f9d ,?i]s writ+ ( him 9 ! foll[+ /ra93--,x seems to me t no picture 9 ! ,salon reveals ! future ( a great pa9t] bett] ?an ,m4 ,delacroix's1 9 :i* we see an outbreak ( tal5t1 a bur/ ( ris+ sup]iority :i* revives ! hopes t _h be5 slightly disc\rag$ by ! too mod]ate m]its ( all ! re/4444 ,i ?9k ,i am n mi/ak52 ,m4 ,delacroix has g5ius2 let him g on ) confid5ce1 & devote himself to imm5se lab\r1 ! indisp5sable condition ( tal5t4 ,delcluze1 by ! by1 ! critic-9-*ief ( ! ,davidian ,s*ool1 _h *>act]is$ ! picture z une vritable t>t\illade4 ,9 #ahbd ! ,salon includ$ two pictures :i* may be reg>d$ z important docum5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,con/able's ,hay ,wa9--n[ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4--,,eug,,ne ,,delacroix ,,dante ,,& ,,virgil ,l\vre1 ,p>is 9 our ,national ,gall]y--:i* _h be5 pur*as$ by a ,fr5*man2 ! o!r 0 ,delacroix's ,massacre ( ,scio1 ! fir/ to receive ! enlight5m5t af=d$ by ! ,engli%man's me?ods1 :i* spread s widely ov] ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4 ,x 0 said t ,delacroix entirely repa9t$ 8 picture on see+ ,con/able's2 b 8 pupil1 ,lassalle ,bordes1 is probably ne>] ! tru? 9 say+ t ! ma/] be+ dissatisfi$ ) its g5]al tone1 :i* 0 too *alky1 trans=m$ x by means ( viol5t glaz+s4 ,! critics 7 no less noisy ov] ?is picture ?an ! la/4 ,a pa9t] has be5 reveal$ to u1 said "o1 b he is a man :o runs along ! h\setops4 ,yes1 answ]$ ,baudelaire1 b = t "o mu/ h a sure foot1 & an eye guid$ by an inw>d light4 ,:5 ! ,salon op5$ aga9 9 #ahbg1 aft] an int]val ( ?ree ye>s1 ! public 7 a/oni%$ to f9d h[ l>ge a numb] ( pa9t]s _h ab&on$ ,davidism & op5ly jo9$ ! ranks ( ! enemy4 ,delacroix himself exhibit$ ! ,m>9o ,fali]o 7n[ at ,h]t=d ,h\se7 & elev5 o!rs4 ,! gauntlet 0 flung d[n1 & w> began 9 deadly e>ne/ betwe5 ! oppos+ p>ties4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! t]ms ,romanticism & ,romantic came into common use4 ,delacroix always res5t$ be+ labell$ z a ,romantic1 & w\ld only ackn[l$ge t ! t]m might be ju/ly appli$ to him :5 us$ 9 its wide/ signification4 ,if by my ,romanticism1 he wrote1 is meant ! free expression ( my p]sonal impressions1 my av]sion f ! /]eotypes inv>iably produc$ 9 ! s*ools1 & my repugnance to academic receipts1 !n ,i mu/ admit ,i am ,romantic4 ,"h we h ! pla9 tru? ab\t ! pa9t+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--& aft]6 ,! critics 7 unanim\s 9 _! viol5t condemnation ( ,delacroix's works3 ! compositions ( a sick man 9 delirium1 ! fanaticism ( ugl9ess1 b>b>\s execution1 an intoxicat$ broom--su* are "s ( ! t]ms ( abuse %[]$ ^u him4 ,! g5tle/ among !m commis]ate ! tal5t :i* "h & !re c be se5 /ruggl+ ) ! sy/ematic biz>r]ie & ! disord]$ te*nique ( ! arti/1 j z gleams ( reason & sometimes fla%es ( g5ius may be se5 pitiably %9+ ?r\gh ! spee* ( a madman4 ,! f9al t\* to ,delacroix's disgrace 0 giv5 by ! ,directeur des ,beaux ,arts s5d+ = him & recomm5d+ him to /udy draw+ f ca/s1 w>n+ him at ! same "t t unless he c\ld *ange 8 /yle he mu/ expect nei!r commissions nor recognition f ! ,/ate6 ,! ye> #ahcj has giv5 its "n to t brilliant g5]ation ( poets1 noveli/s1 pa9t]s & philosoph]s :i*1 z ,?ophile ,gauti] says ) j pride1 w make its m>k on ! future & be spok5 ( z "o ( ! climact]ic epo*s ( ! human m9d4 ,! revolution ( ,july inspir$ ,delacroix ) "o ( 8 mo/ int]e/+ pictures4 ,le #bh ,juillet is ! only "o ( 8 works 9 :i* he depicts mod]n life1 & 0 a /rik+ refutation to ^? :o compla9$ t mod]n co/ume is too ugly or prosaic to be treat$ 9 pa9t+4 ,e old ma/]1 ,baudelaire usefully po9t$ out1 has be5 mod]n 9 8 day4 ,! great] numb] ( f9e portraits ( =m] times are dress$ 9 ! co/ume ( _! p]iod4 ,!y are p]fectly h>moni\s because ! co/umes1 ! hair1 & ev5 ! attitude & expression 7ea* p]iod has its own71 =m a :ole ( complete vitality4 ,le #bh ,juillet gives u ! v brea? & _s ( mod]n /reet fight+4 ,?\gh ! public ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4--,,john ,,con/able ,,! ,,hay ,,wa9 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london rema9$ ho/ile & ! jury be/[$ none ( its prizes1 z be=e1 ! ,gov]nm5t ackn[l$g$ ! arti/'s tal5t & politics by mak+ him a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,fur!r1 f #ahcc to #ahec he 0 int]mitt5tly employ$ 9 decorat+ ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 ! ,s5ate1 & o!r public build+s4 ,9 #ahee he %[$ at ! ,great ,exhibition a s]ies ( ?irty-five ( 8 mo/ important pictures1 ! effect ( :i* 0 imm5se4 ,= ! fir/ & only "t 9 8 life he enjoy$ a triumph1 none ! less great because 8 life-long rival ,+res also took ! opportunity ( exhibit+ a selection ( 8 works 9 ! same build+4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is success1 & 9 spite ( 8 be+ elect$ an ,academician 9 #aheg1 ! critics rema9$ incorrigible4 ,8 pictures 9 ! ,salon ( #ahei once m call$ =? "o ( ^? /orms ( abuse t ,delacroix _h ! gift ( ar\s+4 ,we>y & di%e>t5$--,all my life long ,i h be5 livr aux btes1 0 8 bitt] exclamation--he v[$ to exhibit no m1 & kept 8 ^w4 ,,iii ,,rusk9 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,phili/9es ,,9 ,engl&1 meantime1 great ?+s 7 be+ accompli%$ amid peaceful surr\nd+s4 ,9 portraiture ,lawr5ce soon became supreme1 & :at excell5ce he possess$ 0 acc5tuat$ on 8 dea? 9 #ahcj by ! appo9tm5t ( ,sir ,m>t9 ,ar*] ,%ee z 8 successor 9 ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,t 0 ! end ( portraiture 9 ,engl& until a new s*ool arose4 ,b x 0 9 l&scape t our c\ntry occupi$ ! field 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & till$ x ) ! a/oni%+ results t are usually ! effect ( do+ mu* & say+ little4 ,! "w accompli%$ by ,turn]1 ,con/able1 & ,cotman1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 to say no?+ ( ,crome & "o or two ( ! old] m5 :o 7 /ill alive1 has nev] be5 equall$ 9 any c\ntry1 & yet less 0 he>d ab\t ! execution ( x ?an w\ld keep a mod]n j\rnali/ 9 bread & *eese = a week4 ,turn]1 :o w\ldn't sell 8 pictures1 & ,con/able1 :o c\ldn't1 betwe5 !m fill$ up ! measure ( ,engli% art )\t any o!r aid ?an t ( ! mat]ials ) :i* !y record$ _! gorge\s communion ) nature4 ,:5 ,rusk9 /epp$ 9 ) ! ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 orig9ally design$ z a v9dication ( ,turn] aga9/ c]ta9 lat]-day critics1 ,turn]'s comm5t 01 ,he kn[s a great deal m ab\t my pictures ?an ,i d4 ,he puts ?+s into my head & po9ts out mean+s 9 !m t ,i nev] int5d$4 ,t 0 9 #ahdc1 :5 ,turn] 0 well on 9 8 ?ird mann]--)9 eight ye>s ( 8 dea?4 ,b let u g back to ! beg9n+4 ,until he develop$ 8 late/ mann]1 ,turn] 0 ab\t ! mo/ popul> arti/ t ev] liv$4 ,8 pictures 7 n above ! compreh5sion ( ! public1 educat$ or o!rwise1 & no ef=t 0 ei!r ne$$ or dem&$ to und]/& !m4 ,9 ! di>y ( a prov9cial amateur1 ,?omas ,gre5e1 are record$ an impression ( ,turn]'s "w z e>ly z #agig3--,visit$ ! ,royal ,exhibition4 ,p>ticul>ly /ruck ) a sea-view by ,turn] 444! :ole composition bold 9 design & ma/]ly 9 execution4 ,i am entirely unacqua9t$ ) ! arti/1 b if he proce$s z he has begun1 he _c fail to become ! fir/ 9 8 dep>tm5t4 ,& aga9 9 #agii3--,0 aga9 /ruck & delight$ ) ,turn]'s l&scapes4444 ,turn]'s views are n m]e ord9>y transcripts ( nature1--he always ?r[s "s peculi> & /rik+ "* into ! sc5e he repres5ts4 ,br\ght up z a topographical draughtsman1 he made no dep>ture till q late 9 life f ! conv5tional me?od ( depict+ sc5]y2 b be+ a supremely gift$ arti/1 he 0 capable ( utilis+ ?is me?od z no o!r be=e or s9ce has ev] succe$$ 9 do+4 ,! accept$ me?od 0 good en\gh = him1 & he laid 8 pa9t ^u ! canvas z anybody else _h done be=e him1 & z _m ( our pres5t-day pa9t]s w\ld d well to d aft] him--if only !y _h ! g5ius 9 !m to make ! in/rum5t speak4 ,! impressions creat$ on our m9d by ,turn]'s e>li] pictures are n convey$ by dots1 cubes1 /reaks1 or any device save t ( pigm5t laid ^u ! canvas 9 su* a mann] z seem$ to ! arti/ to reproduce :at he saw 9 nature4 ,t he did ?is ) surpris+ & altoge!r exceptional skill is ! pro( ( 8 g5ius4 ,unflagg+ en]gy & devotion to 8 art enabl$ him to realise1 n all1 b a wond]ful numb] ( ! beauties he saw 9 ! _w1 ) an exp]i5ce t few beside him h ev] tak5 ! tr\ble to acquire4 ,:5 b>ely ?irty ye>s old--9 #ahje--;he 0 already consid]$ z ! fir/ ( liv+ l&scape pa9t]s1 & 0 ?us notic$ by ,edw>d ,dayes 7! tea*] ( ,girt973--,turn] may be consid]$ z a /rik+ in/ance ( h[ mu* may be ga9$ by indu/ry1 if accompani$ ) p]sev]ance1 ev5 )\t ! assi/ance ( a ma/]4 ,! way he acquir$ 8 pr(essional p[]s 0 by borr[+ :5 he c\ld a draw+ or picture to copy2 or by mak+ a sket* ( any "o 9 ! exhibition e>ly 9 ! morn+ & f9i%+ x up at home4 ,by su* practice1 & a pati5t p]sev]ance1 he has ov]come all ! difficulties ( ! art4 ,turn] himself us$ to say t 8 be/ academy 0 ! fields & ,dr ,monro's p>l\r--:]e ,girt9 & o!r "y arti/s met & sket*$ & copi$ ! draw+s 9 ! doctor's collection4 ,burnet1 9 8 notice ( ,turn] & 8 ,works1 sugge/s t ,john ,rob]t ,coz5s _h pav$ ! way = bo? ,girt9 & ,turn] 9 /rik+ out a broad effect ( light & %ade4 ,! e>ly pictures ( ,turn]1 he obs]ves1 possess ! bread?1 b are de/itute ( ! brilliant p[] ( light & col\r aft]w>ds p]vad+ 8 works1 & ultimately c>ri$ to ! greate/ extreme 9 8 la/ pictures4 ,bread? ( light seems to h be5 latt]ly 8 *ief aim1 support$ by ! contra/ ( hot & cold col\r2 two ( 8 unf9i%$ pictures exemplifi$ ! pr9ciple2 !y 7 divid$ into l>ge masses ( blue :]e ! wat] or sky 0 to come & ! o!r portions laid out 9 broad orange yell[1 fall+ into delicate br[n :]e ! trees & l&scapes 7 to be plac$4 ,?is prep>ation1 :ile x secur$ ! greate/ bread?1 w\ld h %one ?r\gh ! o!r col\rs :5 f9i%$1 giv+ ! lum9\s quality obs]vable 9 8 pictures4 ,9 _m in/ances 8 works s5t = exhibition to ! ,briti% ,in/itution _h little m ?an ?is brilliant f\ndation1 :i* 0 work$ into detail & complet$ 9 ! v>ni%+ days1 ,turn] be+ ! fir/ 9 ! morn+ & ! la/ to leave2 8 c]ta9ty 9 ! comm& ov] 8 col\r1 & ! dext]ity 9 8 h&l+1 seem$ to conv]t 9 a few h\rs 'an unsub/antial pageant' into a f9i%$ l&scape4 ,^! ad capt&um effects1 h[ev]1 are n :at 8 fame w dep5d on = p]petuity2 8 f9e/ pictures are ! production ( great /udy 9 _! composition1 c>eful & repeat$ pa9t+ 9 ! detail1 & ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4--,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,turn] ,,cross+ ,,! ,,brook ,national ,gall]y ( ,briti% ,art1 ,london a natural arrangem5t ( ! col\r & bread? ( ! *i>oscuro4 ,:e!r or n we agree ) all ( ,burnet's op9ions1 we %all be m likely to le>n ! tru? ab\t ,turn] f prosaic contempor>ies ( 8 e>li] ye>s ?an f all ! rhapsodies ( lat] days4 ,h[ significant1 :5 /ripp$ ( its amus+ circum/ances1 is ! simple fact relat$ ?us by ,leslie3--,9 #ahci1 :5 ,con/able exhibit$ 8 ,op5+ ( ,wat]loo ,bridge1 x 0 plac$ 9 "o ( ! small rooms next to a sea-piece by ,turn]--a grey picture1 beautiful & true1 b ) no positive col\r 9 any "p ( x4 ,con/able's picture seem$ z if pa9t$ ) liquid gold & silv]1 & ,turn] came sev]al times :ile he 0 height5+ ) v]milion & lake ! decorations & flags ( ! city b>ges4 ,turn] /ood beh9d him look+ f ! ,wat]loo ,bridge to 8 own picture1 & at la/ br\ght 8 palette f ! great room :]e he 0 t\*+ ano!r picture1 & putt+ a r\nd daub ( r$ lead1 some:at bigg] ?an a %ill+1 on 8 grey sea1 w5t away )\t say+ a ^w4 ,! int5sity ( ?is r$ lead1 made m vivid by ! coolness ( 8 picture1 caus$ ev5 ! v]milion & lake ( ,con/able to look weak4 ,i came into ! room j aft] ,turn] _h left x4 ,he has be5 "h1 said ,con/able1 & fir$ a gun4 ,on ! opposite wall 0 a picture by ,jones ( ,%adra* ,me%a* & ,ab$nego 9 ! ,furnace4 ,a coal1 said ,coop]1 has b\nc$ across ! room f ,jones's picture & set fire to ,turn]'s sea4 ,turn] did n come 9 aga9 = a day & a half1 & !n 9 ! la/ mom5t all[$ = pa9t+1 he glaz$ ! sc>let seal he _h put on 8 picture1 & %ap$ x into a buoy4 ,x 0 9 #ahce1 aft] an unbrok5 popul> triumph la/+ ov] ?irty ye>s1 t ! critics op5ly r\nd$ on him4 ,! occasion seiz$ by ,blackwood's ,magaz9e 0 ! exhibition ( 8 fir/ ,v5etian picture exhibit$ 9 t ye>--x is n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum 9 ,new ,york4 ,:at is ,v5ice 9 ?is picture8 wrote ,blackwood's critic4 ,a flimsy1 :itewa%$1 meagre assemblage ( ar*itecture1 />t+ (f gho/-l into unnatural p]spective1 z if fright5$ at ! affect$ blaze ( "s dogg] vessels 7! only attempt at ri*ness 9 ! picture74 ,! great] "p ( ! picture is :ite1 disagreeable :ite1 )\t light or transp>5cy1 & ! boats ) _! r$ wor/$ ma/s are z gewgaw z a *ild's toy :i* he may h crack$ to see :at x is made (4 ,z to ,v5ice1 no?+ c be m unlike its "*4 ,rusk9 0 !n only sixte5 ye>s old1 b eight ye>s lat] appe>$ 9 pr9t ! fir/ volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 by an und]graduate ( ,ox=d1 z ! result ( 8 gr[+ indignation at ?is & subsequ5t attacks on ,turn]4 ,)\t foll[+ ,rusk9 into ! dubi\s regions :i!r ! pursuit ( 8 romantic fancies ultimately l$ him1 we may 9 fairness quote ! op5+ s5t5ce ( 8 second *apt]1 ,( ,tru? ( ,col\r1 :i* w help u1 moreov]1 9 und]/&+ ! conditions "u :i* pa9t+ 0 be+ conduct$ at ?is p]iod4 ,!re is no?+ s high 9 art1 he says1 b t a scurrile je/ c rea* at1 & (t5 ! great] ! "w ! easi] x is to turn x into ridicule4 ,to appreciate ! sci5ce ( ,turn]'s col\r w\ld require ! /udy ( a life2 b to laugh at x requires little m ?an ! k t ! yolk ( egg is yell[ & sp9age gre52 a fund ( critical in=mation on :i* ! rem>ks ( mo/ ( our lead+ p]iodicals h be5 ( late ye>s exclusively bas$4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! sulphur & treacle criticisms ( our ,scot* connoisseurs1 & ! eggs & sp9age ( our ,engli% ones1 endeav\r to te/ ! works ( ?is great col\ri/ by a k ( nature some:at m ext5sive ?an is to be ga9$ by an acqua9tance1 h[ev] =m$1 ) ! apo!c>y's %op or ! d9n] table4 ,s mu* = ! critics4 ,= ! arti/1 if ,rusk9 said m ?an ,turn] himself c\ld und]/&1 he has summ$ up 8 a*ievem5t 9 a few passages :i* may possibly outla/ ! works !mselves4 ,!re has be5 m>k$ & con/ant progress 9 8 m9d2 he has n1 l "s few arti/s1 be5 )\t *ildhood2 8 c\rse ( /udy has be5 z evid5tly z x has be5 swiftly progressive2 & 9 diff]5t /ages ( ! /ruggle1 sometimes "o ord] ( tru?1 sometimes ano!r1 has be5 aim$ at or omitt$4 ,b f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t height ( 8 c>e] he has nev] sacrific$ a great] tru? to a less4 ,z he advanc$1 ! previ\s k or atta9m5t 0 absorb$ 9 :at succe$$1 or ab&on$ only if incompatible1 & nev] ab&on$ )\t a ga93 & 8 pres5t works pres5t ! sum & p]fection ( 8 accumulat$ k1 deliv]$ ) ! impati5ce & passion ( "o :o feels too mu*1 & has too little "t to say x 91 to pause = expression or pond] ov] 8 syllables4 ,& aga9 ( 8 late/ works--,!re is 9 !m ! obscurity1 b ! tru?1 ( prophecy2 ! in/9ctive & burn+ language1 :i* w\ld express less if x utt]$ m2 :i* is indi/9ct only by its fulness1 & d>k ) its abundant mean+4 ,he feels n[1 ) long-tra9$ vividness & ke5ness ( s5se1 too bitt]ly1 ! impot5ce ( ! h& & ! va9ness ( ! col\r to cat* "o %ad[ or "o image ( ! glory :i* ,god has reveal$ to him4 ,he has dwelt & commun$ ) ,nature all ! days ( 8 life3 he kn[s h] n[ too well1 he _c falt] ov] ! mat]ial littl5esses ( h] outw>d =m3 he mu/ give h] s\l1 or he has done no?+1 & he _c d ?is ) ! flax1 ! e>?1 & ! oil4 ',i _c ga!r ! beams out ( ! ea/1 or ,i w\ld make !m tell y :at ,i h se52 b read ?is1 & int]pret ?is1 & let u rememb] toge!r4 ,i _c ga!r ! gloom out ( ! night sky1 or ,i w\ld make t tea* y :at ,i h se52 b read ?is1 int]pret ?is1 & let u feel toge!r4 ,& if y h n t )9 y :i* ,i c summon to my aid1 if y h n ! sun 9 y\r _s1 & ! passion 9 y\r he>t1 :i* my words may awak51 ?\gh !y be indi/9ct & swift1 leave me2 = ,i w give y no pati5t mock]y1 no labori\s insult ( t glori\s ,nature1 ^: ,i am & :om ,i s]ve4 ,let o!r s]vants imitate ! voice & ! ge/ure ( _! ma/]1 :ile !y =get 8 message4 ,he> t message f me2 b rememb] t ! tea*+ ( ,div9e tru? mu/ /ill be a my/]y4' ,)9 a v few ye>s ,rusk9 0 p]=m+ a m useful s]vice = ! ,engli% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ ?an t ( gild+ ! f9e gold ( its greate/ g5ius4 ,:e!r or n he 0 aw>e ( ! fact1 "y ,holman ,hunt _h borr[$ a copy ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 :i*1 he says1 entirely *ang$ 8 op9ions z to ! views held by society at l>ge conc]n+ art1 & 9 #ahdi !re 7 exhibit$ ,hunt's ,ri5zi1 ,rossetti's ,girlhood ( ,m>y ,virg91 & ,millais' ,lor5zo & ,isabella1 ea* inscrib$ ) ! my/ic lett]s ,p4,r4,b41 mean+ ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is alliance 0 =m$ :5 ! ?ree "y arti/s 7 look+ ov] a book ( engrav+s ( ! frescoes 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,hunt exhibit$ ! ,briti% ,family1 ,millais1 ,! ,c>p5t]'s ,%op1 & ,rossetti ! ,ecce ,ancilla ,dom9i1 & 9 #ahea 7 ,hunt's ,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona & ?ree by ,millais4 ,! fury ( ! critics _h n[ rea*$ a po9t at :i* "s notice _h to be tak5 ( x--z ( a man 9 an apopleptic fit4 ,t ( ! ,times 9 p>ticul>3--,^! "y arti/s h un=tunately become notori\s by addict+ !mselves to an antiquat$ /yle1 false p]spective1 & crude col\r ( remote antiquity4 ,we want n to see :at ,fuseli t]m$ drap]y snapp$ in/ead ( fold$1 faces bloat$ into apoplexy1 or ext5uat$ into skeletons2 col\r borr[$ f ! j>s 9 a druggi/'s %op1 & expression =c$ into c>icature4 ,t morbid infatuation :i* sacrifices tru?1 beauty1 & g5u9e feel+ to m]e ecc5tricity des]ves no qu>t] at ! h&s ( ! public4 ,x 0 9 disapproval ( ! tone ( ?is outbur/ t ! au?or ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s address$ 8 fam\s & useful lett] to ! ,times1 v9dicat+ ! arti/s1 & foll[+ x up ) ano!r 9 :i* he wi%es !m all he>tily good spe$1 believ+ 9 s9c]ity t if !y temp] ! c\rage & en]gy :i* !y h %[n 9 ! adoption ( _! sy/ems ) pati5ce & discretion 9 fram+ x1 & if !y d n suff] !mselves to be driv5 by h>% & c>eless criticism into rejection ( ! ord9>y means ( obta9+ influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( o!rs1 !y may1 z !y ga9 exp]i5ce1 lay 9 our ,engl& ! f\ndation ( a s*ool ( art nobl] ?an ! _w has se5 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,if any "o ( ?is /r5u\s "y b& _h be5 a pa9t] ( ! fir/ rank1 ?is pr$iction might h be5 abundantly v]ifi$4 ,b x mu/ be own$ t none ( !m 04 ,holman ,hunt came ne>e/ to be+1 & ,millais probably ?\ght he 01 :5 he _h ab&on$ 8 e>ly pr9ciples & %ap$ = ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,academy4 ,rossetti _h m g5ius 9 him ?an ! o!rs1 b x came out 9 poetry z well z 9 pa9t+1 & p]haps 9 m la/+ =m4 ,z x 01 ! effects ( ! revolution 7 widespread & entirely b5eficial2 b ^? effects mu/ n be look$ = 9 ! works ( any "o p>ticul> arti/1 b r 9 ! g5]al aspect ( ,engli% art 9 ! succe$+ half c5tury1 & p]haps to-day4 ,x broke up ! soil4 ,! fl[]s t came up 7 nei!r r>e nor great1 b !y 7 _m1 v>i$1 & pleas+1 & 9 e respect an improvem5t on ! ev]gre5s & h>dy annuals ) :i* ! ,engli% g>d5 _h become m & m encumb]$ f want ( intellig5t cultivation4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! fre$om eng5d]$ ( revolt _h n[ enc\rag$ ! "y arti/ to feel t he 0 no long] b\nd to pa9t 9 any p>ticul> fa%ion4 ,p's eyes 7 op5$ to possibilities z well z to actualities2 & ?\gh !y 7 prone to close aga9 "u ! soporific influ5ce ( :at 0 regul> & conv5tional1 !y 7 capable ( op5+ aga91 p]haps ) a />t1 b )\t ! necessity = a surgical op]ation4 ,9 #ahdg1 = example1 ,george ,fr$]ick ,watts _h (f]$ to adorn1 free ( *>ge1 ! book+-hall ( ,eu/on ,/ation1 & _h be5 refus$--,watts1 by ! by1 0 q indep5d5t ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites--:]eas 9 #ahfj ! ,b5*]s ( ,l9coln's ,inn accept$ 8 ,s*ool ( ,legislature1 & 9 #ahfg he 0 elect$ an academician4 ,two some:at rem>kable effects ( ! movem5t are attribut$ to x by ,mr ,edmund ,gosse 79 a note on ! "w ( ,alfr$ ,hunt1 writt5 9 #ahhd71 :i* are probably typical ( _m m4 ,! ,liv]pool ,academy1 f\nd$ 9 #ahaj1 _h an annual grant ( #bjj f ! ,corporation4 ,9 #aheg x gave a prize to ,millais' ,bl9d ,girl 9 pref]5ce to ! mo/ popul> picture ( ! ye> 7,abraham ,solomon's ,wait+ = ! ,v]dict71 & s great 0 ! public indignation t pressure 0 br\ght to be> on ! ,corporation1 ! grant 0 )drawn1 & ! ,academy ru9$4 ,9 ! o!r in/ance we may n g ! :ole way ) ,mr ,gosse1 :5 9 speak+ ( ! ,pre-,raphaelite pr9ciple he says t ! s*ool ( ,turn]ian l&scape 0 fatally affect$ by !m1 or t all ! l&scape pa9t]s1 except ,alfr$ ,hunt1 accept$ ! veto :i* ! ,pre-,raphaelites _h tacitly laid ^u composition or a /riv+ aft] an artificial h>mony ( =ms 9 l&scape4 ,b to a c]ta9 ext5t _! influ5ce und\bt$ly 0 prejudicial 9 t respect4 ,9 sugge/+ ano!r reason = ! cessation ( ,turn] s influ5ce he is q z ne> ! m>k1 namely1 ! action ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 admitt+ no l&scape pa9t]s to memb]%ip4 ,at ,turn]'s dea? 9 #ahea !re 7 only ?ree1 among :om 0 ,creswick4 ,?is popul> arti/1 says ,mr ,gosse1 0 ! ,upas tree "u ^: %ad[ ! ,academical patronage ( l&scape di$ 9 ,engl&4 ,f 8 election z an associate 9 #ahdb to t ( ,vicat ,cole 9 #ahfi1 no l&scape pa9t] ent]$ ! doors ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,( ?is augu/ body we %all h some?+ to say lat] on4 ,,iv ,,manet ,,& ,,:i/l] ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,_w ,let u n[ cross ! *annel aga91 & see :at is go+ on !re1 9 #ahfc4 ,evid5tly !re is some?+ on1 or !re w\ld n be s mu* excitem5t4 ,z we approa* ! ,capital we are aw>e ( "o "n be+ prom95t 9 ! g5]al upro>--t ( ,,d\>d ,,manet4 ,manet's revolt aga9/ tradition began be=e he became an arti/1 z 0 9 fact necess>y1 or he w\ld nev] h be5 all[$ to become "o4 ,! traditions ( ! ,b\rgoisie 7 sacr$1 & _! p[] & importance s9ce ! revolution ( #ahdh n to be lightly set aside4 ,b "y ,manet 0 s det]m9$ t he 0 at la/ all[$ by 8 b\rgeois p>5ts to h 8 way1 & 0 s5t to /udy "u t v r\gh diamond ,c\ture4 ,n[ aga9 8 revolt+ qualities %[$ !mselves1 ?is "t 9 ! life class4 ,?odore ,duret1 8 fri5d & biograph]1 puts x s amus+ly t a quotation1 untranslat$1 is imp]ative3--,cette repulsion qui se dveloppe *ez ,manet p\r l'art de la tradition1 he says1 se manife/e surt\t p> le mpris qu'il tmoigne aux modles posant dans l'ateli] et l'tude du nu telle qu'elle tait alors conduite4 ,le culte de l'antique comme on le compr5ait dans la premire moiti du ,x,i,xe sicle p>mi les pe9tres avait am5 la re*]*e de modles speciaux4 ,on leur dem&ait des =mes ple9es4 ,les hommes en p>ticuli] devai5t avoir une poitr9e l>ge et bombe1 un torse puissant1 des membres muscls4 ,les individus d\s des qualits requises qui posai5t alors dans les ateli]s1 s'etai5t habitus pr5dre des attitudes prt5dues expressive et h]oques1 mais t\j\rs t5dues et conv5tionelles1 d'o l'imprvu tait banni4 ,manet1 port v]s le naturel et pris de re*]*es1 s'irritait de ces poses d'un type fixe et t\j\rs les mmes4 ,aussi faisait-il tres mauvais mnage avec les modles4 ,il *]*ait en obt5ir des poses contraires leurs habitudes1 auxquelles ils se refusai5t4 ,les modles connus qui avai5t vu les morceaux faits d'aprs leurs torses conduire c]ta9s lves l'cole de ,rome1 alors la suprme rcomp5se1 et qui dans leur orgueil s'attribuai5t presqu'une "p du succs1 se revoltai5t de voir un t\t jeune homme ne leur tmoign] aucun respect4 ,il p>at que fatigu de l'et]nelle tude du nu1 ,manet aurait essay de drap] et mme d'habill] les modles1 ce qui aurait caus p>mi eux une vritable indignation4 ,x 0 9 #ahfc t ! /orm ( popul> fury bur/ ov] ,manet's head1 on ! exhibition ( 8 fir/ important picture1 pa9t$ ?ree ye>s be=e1 g5]ally kn[n z ,le ,djeun] sur l'h]be4 ,?is wond]ful canvas 0 some?+ s new & s surpris+ t x 0 reject$ by ! jury ( ! ,salon4 ,b 9 company ) less conspicu\s ?\gh equally unacceptable pieces by su* m5 z ,bracquemond1 ,caz91 ,fant9-,lat\r1 ,h>pignies1 ,jongk9d1 ,j4 ,p4 ,laur5s1 ,le ,gros1 ,piss>ro1 ,vollon1 & ,:i/l]1 x 0 accord$ an exhibition1 alongside ! (ficial ,salon1 :i* 0 call$ le ,salon des refuss4 ,be+ ! l>ge/ & mo/ conspicu\s "w %[n1 x attract$ no less att5tion ?an if x _h be5 (ficially hung1 & probably mu* m4 ,a9si ce ,djeun] sur l'h]be1 says ,m4 ,duret1 v5ait-il faire comme une norme ta*e4 ,il donnait la s5sation de quelque*ose outr4 ,il heurtait la vision4 ,il produisait1 sur les yeux du public de ce temps1 l'effet de la ple9e lumire sur les yeux du hib\4 ,!re 0 m ?an "o reason = ?is rem>kable picture surpris+ & %ock+ ! s5sibilities ( ! public4 ,x repres5ts a c\ple ( m5 9 ev]yday b\rgeois co/ume1 "o sitt+ & ! o!r recl9+ on ! grass "u trees1 :ile next to "o ( !m is seat$ a "y woman1 h] head turn$ to ! spectator1 9 no co/ume at all4 ,a pr(usion ( articles de djeun] is beside h]1 & x is evid5t t !y are only wait+ to arrange ! meal till a second "y woman1 :o is se5 ba?+ 9 ! ne> backgr\nd1 is ready to jo9 !m4 ,! subject & composition are rem9isc5t ( ,giorgione's beautiful & fam\s ,fte ,*amptre1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ,manet q frankly & 9 q good fai? plead$ ,giorgione z 8 prec$5t :5 assail$ on gr\nds ( good ta/e4 ,b un=tunately he _h n put 8 male figures 9 fancy dress1 & ! public c\ld h>dly be expect$ to realise t ,giorgione _h n1 ei!r4 ,z = ! pa9t+1 x 0 a revelation4 ,he _h brok5 e canon ( tradition--& yet x 0 a m>vell\s success6 ,ano!r outbur/ greet$ ! appe>ance ( ! wond]ful ,olympia 9 #ahfe1 ?is "t 9 ! (ficial catalogue4 ,?is is n[ en%r9$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x 0 pa9t$ 9 #ahfc1 b =tunately1 p]haps1 ,manet _h n ! c\rage to exhibit x !n--= :o c tell to :at l5g? ! fury ( ! ,phili/9es might n h be5 goad$ by two su* %ocks8 ,z x 01 ?is second violation ( ! sacr$ traditions ( ! nude1 :i* _h be5 exclusively res]v$ = allegorical subjects1 0 consid]$ an outrage2 & ! innoc5t1 natural model1 ( by no means voluptu\s appe>ance1 0 reg>d$ z a disgraceful intrusion into ! *a/e category ( nymphs & goddesses4 ,z a pa9t]1 h[ev]1 ,manet _h %[n himself unmi/akably z ! great figure ( ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4--,,d\>d ,,manet ,,olympia ,l\vre1 ,p>is ! age1 & if we h to g to ,p>is or to ,new ,york to cat* a glimpse ( any ( 8 "w1 x is p>tly because we are too backw>d 9 seiz+ opportunities s eag]ly snapp$ up by o!rs4 ,! next great /orm 9 ! arti/ic _w foll[$ 9 ! wake ( "o ( ,manet's companions 9 adv]sity at ! ,salon des ,refuss--,,james ,m',,neill ,,:i/l]1 :o left ,p>is & settl$ ) 8 "m 9 ,*elsea 9 ! late 'sixties4 ,t he %\ld h exi/$ = fifte5 :ole ye>s )\t break+ =? into /rife is s extraord9>y t we are almo/ tempt$ to attribute x to ! influ5ce ( 8 "m1 :o us$ to br+ him to ! old *ur* on ,sundays1 z ! pres5t writ] dimly rememb]s4 ,9 ?is case x 0 n ! public1 b ! critic1 ,john ,rusk91 :o s deftly dropp$ ! fat into ! fire4 ,hav+1 z we saw1 tak5 up ! cudgels = poor ,turn] aga9/ ! public 9 #ahdc1 & = ! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood 9 #ahej1 he n[1 9 #ahgg1 rang$ himself on ! o!r side1 & accus$ ,:i/l] ( imp]t95ce 9 fl++ a pot ( pa9t 9 ! face ( ! public4 ,! action = libel :i* ,:i/l] comm5c$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> result$ 9 /rict fact 9 a v]dict ( "o f>?+ damages = ! libell$ "o2 b 9 reality ! results 7 mu* f>!r rea*+4 ,! arti/ _h v9dicat$ n only himself1 b 8 art1 f ! attacks ( ! ignorant & bumpti\s4 ,poor art6 ,:i/l] wrote1 ,:at a sad /ate ! slut is 91 an ^! g5tlem5 %all help h]4 ,! arti/ alone1 by ! way1 is to no purpose & rema9s unconsult$2 8 "w is expla9$ & rectifi$ )\t him1 by ! "o :o 0 nev] 9 x--b ^u :om ,god1 always good ?\gh sometimes c>eless1 has ?r[n away ! k refus$ to ! au?or1 poor devil6 ,?is recalls ,turn]'s comm5t on ,rusk9's eulogies--:i* ,:i/l] _h probably nev] he>d (--& mak+ e all[ance = ,:i/l]'s fi]y1 combative nature1 & %>p p51 !re is mu* tru?1 & tru? t ne$$ tell+1 9 8 cont5tion4 ,art1 he cont9ues1 t = ages has hewn its own hi/ory 9 m>ble1 & writt5 its own comm5ts on canvas1 %all x sudd5ly /& /ill1 & /amm]1 & wait = wisdom f ! pass]-by8 ,= guidance f ! h& t holds nei!r bru% nor *isel8 ,out ^u ! %all[ conceit6 ,( ! hopeless banality ( ! critics dur+ ?is p]iod !re are pl5ty ( examples to be f\nd )\t look+ v f>4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ amus+ h be5 embodi$ 9 a little volume ( ,:i/l] ,/ories1 lately compil$ by ,mr ,don ,c4 ,seitz ( ,new ,york4 ,"h we f9d ,! ,/&>d's little joke ab\t ,:i/l] pay+ 8 co/s 9 ! action--ap>t f ^? all[$ on taxation1 t is to say--,b he has only to pa9t1 or1 z we believe he expresses x 'knock (f' ?ree or f\r 'symphonies' or 'h>monies'--or p]haps he might try 8 h& at a ,set ( ,quadrilles 9 ,peacock ,blue8--& a week's lab\r w set all squ>e4 ,!n !re is ?is priceless revelation ( 8 art :5 que/ion+ 8 class 9 ,p>is4 ,d y "k :at ,i mean :5 ,i say tone1 value1 light1 %ade1 quality1 movem5t1 con/ruction1 etc48 ,*orus1 ,oh1 yes1 ,mr ,:i/l]6 ,i'm glad1 = x's m ?an ,i d myself4 ,m s]i\s 0 ! v]dict ( ,sir ,george ,s*>f1 keep] ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 :5 79 #ahgd7 !re 0 a proposal to pur*ase ! portrait ( ,c>lyle4 ,well1 he said1 icily1 on look+ at ! picture1 & has pa9t+ come to ?is6 ,high place1 x w\ld seem1 did n always conduce to an appreciation ( high art4 ,"h is ! op9ion ( ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 also keep] ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4--,j4 ,m4 ,,:i/l] ,,lillie ,,9 ,,our ,,alley ,9 ! possession ( ,john ,j4 ,c[an1 ,esq4 ,national ,gall]y1 publi%$ 9 #ahhc1 on "o ( ,rembr&t's pictures 9 ! ,l\vre3-- ,! ,ba?1 a v ugly & (f5sive picture1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal object is ! ill-proportion$ figure ( a nak$ woman1 di/+ui%$ by fle% tones ^: col\r sugge/s ! ne$ ( a ba? r ?an ! fact t x has be5 tak54 ,! position ( ! old s]vant wip+ ! woman's feet is n v intelligible1 & ! draw+ ( ! ba!r's legs is di/9ctly defective4 ,! light & %ade ( ! picture1 ?\gh obvi\sly untrue to natural effect1 are manag$ ) ! pa9t]'s usual dext]ity4 ,v ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,! la/ revolt ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 effect$ 9 a peaceable & bus9ess-l1 b none ! less successful mann]1 by ! e/abli%m5t1 9 #ahhf1 ( ! ,new ,engli% ,art ,club z a means ( def5ce aga9/ ! mighty vis in]ti ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,z an example ( ! disadvantage "u :i* any arti/ lab\r$ :o did n b[ d[n to ! great ,idol1 ,i v5ture to quote a few s5t5ces f ! report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords appo9t$ to inquire into ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,*antrey ,tru/1 9 #aijd3---- ,) five exceptions1 all ! works 9 ! collection h be5 b\ght f summ] exhibitions ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,x is admitt$ by ^? mo/ fri5dly to ! pres5t sy/em t ! ,*antrey collection reg>d$ z a national gall]y ( mod]n ,briti% art is incomplete1 & 9 a l>ge degree unrepres5tative4 ,! works ( _m ( ! mo/ brilliant & capable arti/s :o work$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are miss+ f ! gall]y1 & ! endeav\r to acc\nt = ^! omissions has =m$ "o ma9 bran* ( ! inquiry4 ,x has be5 /at$ t :ile conta9+ "s f9e works ( art1 x is lack+ 9 v>iety & int]e/1 & :ile fail+ to give expression to mu* ( ! f9e/ arti/ic feel+ ( its p]iod1 x includes n a few works ( m9or importance4 ,full consid]ation ( ! evid5ce has l$ ! ,committee to reg>d ?is view z approximately correct4 ,up to #ahig1 :5 ! collection 0 h&$ ov] to ! nation1 little %ort ( #ej1jjj _h be5 sp5t ^u x4 ,& ) five exceptions1 am\nt+ to less ?an #ejjj1 ! :ole ( t money _h be5 exp5d$ on su* works alone z 7 p]mitt$ by ! ,academy to be exhibit$ on _! walls4 ,( ! #ejjj1 x may be not$1 #bbjj 0 well laid out on ,watts's ,psy*e2 b ) reg>d to ! v fir/ pur*ase made1 9 #ahgg1 = #ajjj1--;,hilton's ,*ri/ ,mock$1 :i* _h be5 pa9t$ z an alt>-piece = ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ,eaton ,squ>e1 9 #ahci1 ! foll[+ "q & answ] are full ( bitt] significance = ! poor arti/ ( ! "t3---- ,"l ,ribblesdale4--,0 ,mr ,hilton's picture (f]$ by ! ,vic> & ,*ur*w>d5s8 ,! ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,academy4--,yes1 x 0 (f]$ by !m--"o ( ! ,*ur*w>d5s 0 ! late ,"l ,magh]morne--he 0 !n ,sir ,james ,m',g>rell ,hogg--he 0 a great fri5d ( ,sir ,francis ,grant :o 0 ! ,presid5t1 & he (f]$ x to him = ! ,*antrey ,collection4 ,:5 repeat$ly press$ by ! ,committee = ! reasons :y s few pur*ases 7 made outside ! ,academy exhibitions1 ! ,presid5t1 ,sir ,edw>d ,poynt]1 repeat$ly plead$ ! impossibility ( a ,c\ncil ( ,t51 all ( :om mu/ see pictures be=e !y are b\ght1 travell+ ab\t 9 se>* ( !m4 ,9 view ( ?is app>5t--b obvi\sly unreal--difficulty1 ! foll[+ que/ions 7 !n put by ! ,e>l ( ,lytton3---- #dbj4 ,)\t actually *ang+ ! t]ms ( ! w1 has ! "q ( employ+ an ag5t = ! purpose ( f9d+ out :at pictures 7 available & giv+ advice ^u !m ev] be5 sugge/$8--,no4 #dba4 ,t w\ld come )9 ! t]m ( ! w1 w\ld x n1 ! f9al vot+ be+1 z x is n[1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,academy2 x w\ld be op5 to ! ,c\ncil to appo9t an ag5t1 z 0 sugge/$ j n[1 ( go+ to ,scotl&1 & go+ ab\t ! c\ntry mak+ sugge/ions z to pictures :i* 9 8 op9ion might be b\ght8--,! "q has nev] aris54 #dbb4 ,b t c\ld be done1 c\ld x n8--,i suppose t c\ld be done "u ! t]ms ( ! w1 b ,i d n suppose t ! ,academy w\ld ev] d x4 ,z a comm5t on ?is let u turn to ! ,autobiography ( ,w4 ,p4 ,fri? ,r4 ,a4 7,*apt] xl473--,a portion ( ! ye> 444 0 sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! w9t] ,exhibition ( ,old ,ma/]s4 ,my duties took me into /range places4444 ,"o ( my fir/ visits 0 paid to a huge mansion 9 ! ,nor?4444 ,i visit$ ?irty-eight diff]5t collections ( old ma/]s & nam$ = selection ov] ?ree hundr$ pictures4444 ,! pictures ( ,reynolds are s mu* desir$ = ! w9t] ,exhibition t nei!r tr\ble nor exp5se are sp>$ 9 se>*+ = !m2 s he>+ ( "o describ$ to me z ( unusual spl5d\r1 ,i made a j\rney into ,wales ) ! solit>y ,reynolds = its object4 ,"h1 :]e x is n a "q ( a ,tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! public & = ! enc\ragem5t ( arti/s1 !re appe>s to h be5 no tr\ble or exp5se sp>$4 ,b ! real reason = ! ,academic selection leapt navely f ! m\? ( ! ,presid5t a little lat]1 9 reply to "q #ede4--,! be/ arti/s come into ! ,academy ultimately4 ,i d n say t !re h be5 no exceptions1 b z a g5]al rule all ! be/ arti/s ultimately become ,academicians4 ,x is natural1 if we want ! be/ pictures t we %\ld g to ! be/ arti/s4 ,on ?is po9t ! answ] to a "q put by ,"l ,lytton to "o ( ! =ty1 ,sir ,william ,ri*mond1 ,k4,c4,b41 is ( value1 z %[+ t ! grievances ( ! outsid]s 7 n imag9>y3-- #gfg4 ,i j want to ask y "o m "q4 ,:5 y said t 9 y\r op9ion ! walls ( ! ,academy h _h priority ( claim 9 ! pa/1 h y any p>ticul> reason = t /atem5t8--,yes4 ,i may m5tion ?is to %[ t ,i am consi/5t4 ,be=e ,i 0 an ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ,i f\ght h>d = :at are call$1 9 r undignifi$ language1 ! outsid]s1 & ,i 0 anxi\s t m5 %\ld be elect$ ,associates ( ! ,royal ,academy n necess>ily because !y exhibit on ! ,royal ,academy walls1 b because !y are compet5t pa9t]s4 ,t 0 my fight ^u :i* ,i /ood2 & ,i refus$ to s5d a picture to ! ,royal ,academy on ! und]/&+ t if ,i did ,i %\ld probably be elect$ ,associate t ye>1 & also t my picture w\ld be b\ght by ! ,*antrey ,fund4 ,my answ] to t 01 ,if my picture is good en\gh to be pur*as$ = ! ,*antrey ,beque/ my picture c be pur*as$ f ! walls ( ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y z well z f ! walls ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,t seems to me to be ju/ice4 ,! ,new ,engli%1 !n1 _h "s ju/ification = _! e/abli%m5t2 & al?\gh !y did n make v mu* headway be=e ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !y f9d !mselves at ! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? 9 a position to det]m9e to a v consid]able ext5t :at ! future ( ,engli% pa9t+ is to be1 j z ! ,academy succe$$ 9 det]m9+ x be=e !y came into exi/5ce4 ,= ! ,academy ev]y?+ t 0 vital 9 ,engli% art 9 ! la/ half c5tury _h no exi/5ce--0 simply ignor$4 ,= ! ,new ,engli%1 x 0 ! se$ t fl[]$1 "u _! g5tle influ5ce1 into ! _m v>ieties ( blossoms ) :i* our g>d5 is already fill$4 ,to ! ,academy !re 0 no su* ?+ z *ange or developm5t--_! e>s 7 deaf to any innovation1 _! eyes 7 bl9d to any fre% beauty4 ,to o!rs1 e new movem5t =etold its significance1 & ! c5tury clos$ ) ! recognition ( ! fact t art mu/ live & develop if x is to be any?+ b a com=table means ( subsi/5ce = a self-con/itut$ au?ority ( =ty & _! fri5ds4 ,let me be all[$ to conclude ?is *apt]1 & my imp]fect ef=ts to indicate ! en]gies ( six c5turies ( art 9 s small a space1 ) a passage f a lecture deliv]$ 9 #ahhb by ,mr ,selwyn ,image1 n[ ,slade ,pr(essor at ,ox=d1 :i* embodies ! _s 9 ! air at t "t1 & =e%ad[s :at 0 to come4 ,i d n feel t we h come "h to s+ a requiem = art ?is aft]noon1 he said4 ,z a giant x w r5ew its /r5g? & rejoice to run its c\rse4 ,i am n a prophet1 ,i _c tell y j :at t c\rse is go+ to be4 ,nor is x possible to e/imate :at is ar\nd u ) ! same security1 ) ! same value1 t we e/imate :at has pass$--y mu/ be at a c]ta9 di/ance to take ?+s 94 ,b 9 contempor>y art we c notice "s *>act]i/ics1 :i* are q at "o ) :at we call ! mod]n _s2 & extremely sugge/ive--= !y seem to indicate movem5t1 & !re=e life1 9 ?is imag9ative sph]e1 j z !re is movem5t & life 9 ! sph]e ( sci5ce or ( social int]e/s4 ,= in/ance1 9 mod]n repres5tative "w 444 ,i ?9k anyone comp>+ x z a :ole ) ! "w ( ! old ma/]s1 w be /ruck z aga9/ _! di/9ctness1 conta9$ness1 simplicity & s]5ity2 ) its complexity1 re/lessness1 & vagu5ess1 & emotion1 & sugge/iv5ess 9 place ( del9eation1 & impressionism 9 place ( lit]al transcription--& ?is alike 9 execution & motive4 ,i d n mean to say t ^! qualities are bett] ?an ! qualities t prec$$ !m1 or worse--b only t !y are diff]5t1 only t !y are ( ! mod]n _s--only t !y indicate movem5t & life2 & s f> t is hopeful--is x n8 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,academy ( ,pa9t+1 ! ,fr5*1 #bca ---- ! ,royal1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #cbi-ccc ,alamanus1 ,giovanni or ,johannes1 #fj1 #fa ,allegri1 ,antonio1 or ,correggio1 #eh ,alma-,tadema1 ,sir ,lawr5ce1 #cjg ,altdorf]1 ,alb]t1 #bab1 #bad-baf ,angelico1 ,fra1 #ai ,animal ,pa9t]s1 #aed1 #aia-bjb ,aret9o1 ,sp9ello1 #ag ,arnolde1 #bee ,back]1 #agd ,bal51 ,h5ry van1 #aei1 #afb ,b>ret1 #bhg ,basaiti1 ,m>co1 #fc1 #gd ,bassano1 ,jacopo da1 #ih-ii ,ba/iani1 ,lazz>o di1 #ge-gf ,baudelaire1 #caa1 #cab ,bazzi1 ,giovanni ,antonio 7,sodoma71 #eg ,bell9i1 ,g5tile1 #gj1 #gb-gc1 #gf1 #ha ---- ,giovanni1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff1 #gj-gb1 #gf1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #id ---- ,jacopo1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #ge ,belv$]e1 ,&rea1 #bja ,b]*em1 ,ni*olas1 #aii-bja1 #bje1 #bjh ,b]uete1 ,s5or1 quot$1 #aac1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #agg ,bettes1 ,john1 #bed1 #bee ---- ,?omas1 #bee ,bol1 #afe ,boltraffio1 ,giovanni ,antonio1 #eg ,bonifazio ,v]onese or ,v5eziano1 #ig-ih ,bordes1 ,lassalle1 #caa ,bosboom1 #cjg ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 #bf1 #bh-cb1 #cc ,bottic9i1 ,francesco1 #cb ,b\*]1 ,franois1 #bda-bdc1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh ,b\gu]eau1 #cjf ,b\rdon1 ,seba/i51 #bca-bcb ,b\ts1 ,dirk1 #acb ,bracquemond1 #cbe ,bril1 ,paul1 #bbi ,bro$]lam1 ,mel*ior1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd ,br\w]1 ,adrian1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agc1 #ahc-ahe ,brueghel1 ,jan1 or ,velvet ,brueghel1 #ada1 #bja ----- ,piet] 7or ,peasant71 #ada ---- ---- 8 son1 #ada ,brun1 ,le1 #bcd-bda ,bruyn1 ,b>tel1 #bab ,buon>roti4 ,see ,mi*elangelo ,burnet1 on ,turn]1 #cae ,byzant9e ,art1 #ei1 #abd ,cali>i1 ,paolo1 #ajb-ajc ,campidoglio1 ,mi*el de1 #bja ,canale1 ,antonio1 #ajh ,c>o-,delvaille1 quot$1 #gi1 #hg1 #ia1 #ib ,c>paccio1 ,vittore1 #ge1 #gf-gh ,c>racci1 !1 #ajf1 #ahb ---- ,ago/9o1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh ---- ,annibale1 #ajf1 #ajg ---- ,lodovico1 #ajf1 #ajg ,catalonia1 ,s*ool (1 #aji ,cat5a1 ,v9c5zo1 #gb1 #gc ,caz91 #cbe ,*ampaigne1 ,philippe de1 #bcc-bcd ,*antrey ,tru/1 !1 #cbi ,*>d91 #bde1 #bdg1 #bif1 #big ,*>t]$ ,society1 !1 #bhf ,cimabue1 ,giovanni1 #a-i1 #aj1 #aa1 #abd1 #abe1 #cjh ,claude 7or ,claude ,lorra9e1 or ,gelle71 #bbf1 #bbi-bca ,cleef1 ,joos van1 #adb ,cl\et1 ,franois1 #bbf ---- ,jehan or ,jean1 #bbf ,cole1 ,pet]1 #bee ---- ,vicat1 #cbc ,conegliano1 ,cima da1 #gb1 #gc-gd ,con/able1 #bie1 #cjf1 #caj1 #cad1 #cag ,cook1 ,h]b]t1 quot$1 #hj1 #hc1 #hg ,copley1 ,john ,s+leton1 #big ,corot1 #cjf ,correggio1 #eh ,cotes1 #bhg ,cotman1 ,john ,sell1 #bie-bif1 #cjf1 #cad ,c\rbet1 #cjf ,c\ture1 #cbd ,cox1 #cjf ,coz5s1 ,john ,rob]t1 #caf ,crana*1 ,lucas1 #bab1 #bac-bad ,cr$i1 ,lor5zo di1 #di ,creswick1 #cbc ,crivelli1 ,c>lo1 #fc1 #fd ,crome1 ,john1 or ,old ,crome1 #bie1 #cad ---- ,john ,b]nay1 8 son1 #bie ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 quot$1 #abb ,cunn+ham1 ,allan1 ,life ( ,hog>?1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bfg1 #cja ,cuyp1 ,alb]t1 #aid-aif ---- ,jacob ,g]ritz1 #aid ,dance1 ,na?aniel1 #bhf ,daubigny1 #cjf ,daumi]1 #cjf ,david1 ,jacques ,l\is1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #cjf1 #cji ,dayes1 ,edw>d1 quot$1 on ,turn]1 #cae ,decamps1 #cjf ,degas1 #cjf ,delacroix1 ,eugne1 #cjf1 #cji-cac ,diana1 ,b5$etto1 #ge ,dilke1 ,lady1 quot$1 #bdg ,dobson1 ,william1 #beg ,dolce1 ,c>lo1 #ajh ---- ,ludovico1 on ,titian1 #hj1 #ha ,dom5i*9o1 #ajg-ajh1 #bbg ,donatello1 #bc1 #gj ,dor1 #cjf ,d\1 ,g]>d1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aib ,doy51 #bdf ,duccio ( ,si5a1 #e1 #f1 #ei1 #abd1 #abe ,dr]1 ,alb]t1 #gj1 #adj1 #age1 #aha1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae-bbb1 #bbc ,duret1 ,?odore1 quot$1 on ,manet1 #cbd-cbe ,dyck1 ,an?ony van1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afj-afc1 #afe1 #aff1 #agh1 #bcf1 #bgb ---- ---- 9 ,engl&1 #bef-beg ,dut* ,s*ool1 #afe-baj ,eclectics1 !1 #aje ,edw>ds1 ,edw>d1 quot$1 on ,art ,exhibitions1 #bgi ,el%eim]1 ,adam1 #aeh1 #bab ,emilia1 ,s*ools (1 #eg ,engli% ,s*ool1 e>ly ,portrait ,pa9t]s (1 #bea-beh ---- 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #bie-bih ---- _s ( revolt 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #cje et seq4 ,ev]d+51 #aeg1 #bje ,exhibitions ( ,pa9t+1 #bgh ,eyck1 ,hub]t van1 #aba1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #adc1 #aej ---- ,jan van1 #aba1 #abe1 #abi-aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #aej ,fabriano1 ,g5tile da1 #fe1 #gj ,fabritius1 ,k>el1 #ahi ,fant9-,lat\r1 #cbe ,fiori1 ,m>io di1 #bja ,flaxman1 ,john1 on ,romney1 #bih-cjj ,flemi% ,s*ool1 #aba-afc ,floris1 ,franz1 #add ,foppa1 ,v9c5zo1 #eg ,fragon>d1 ,jean ,honor1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bdi ,francesco1 ,pi]o della1 #di ,franciabigio1 #de ,free ,society ( ,arti/s1 #bhf ,fr5* ,academy ( ,pa9t+1 #bca ,fr5* ,s*ool 9 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 #bbe-bce ---- 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #bce-bdi ---- 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #cje ,fri?1 ,w4 ,p41 quot$1 #cca ,fyt1 ,jan1 #aed1 #aeg ,gaddi1 ,taddeo1 #ah ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,?omas1 #bhf1 #bhh-bie1 #big ,g>r>d1 ,m>k1 #bee ,gelle1 ,claude1 or ,claude1 #bbf1 #bbi-bca ,g5re ,pa9t]s ( ,dut* ,s*ool1 #ahc-aia ,gricault1 #cjf1 #caj ,g]man ,s*ools1 #baa-bbd ,ghirl&aio1 ,dom5ico1 #dc1 #caj ,giambono1 ,mi*ele1 #fj1 #fa ,gillot1 ,claude1 #bcf1 #bci ,giorgione1 #gf1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hf1 #ig ,giotto di ,bondone1 #aj-ah1 #bd1 #ff1 #abd1 #cjh ,girt91 #cae1 #caf ,gossa]t1 ,jan1 or ,mabuse1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adc1 #bed ,gosse1 ,edmund1 quot$1 #cbb1 #cbc ,g\beau1 ,anto9e1 #bce ,goya1 ,francisco1 #aai-abj ,goy51 ,jan van1 #ahf1 #aii1 #bjb-bjc1 #bjd ,grebb]1 ,pet]1 #aii ,greco1 ,el1 #aaj ,gre5e1 ,?omas1 quot$1 on ,turn]1 #cad ,gre5hill1 #beg ,gros1 ,le1 #cji1 #cbe ,greuze1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #bdc-bde1 #bdi1 #beh ,gru5ewald1 ,mat!w1 #bac ,gu>di1 ,francesco1 #ajh ,gu]c9o1 #ajh ,hals1 ,frans1 #afe-afi1 #agc1 #agh1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aib1 #bdh ,h>pignies1 #cbe ,heem1 de1 #bja ,heemskirk1 ,m>t91 #add ,hel/1 ,b>?olomew van d]1 #afe1 #agj-aga1 #agd ,h]le1 ,wilhelm van1 or ,mei/] ,wilhelm1 #baa ,h]r]a1 ,francisco de1 #aaa ,highmore1 #big ,hilli>d1 #beg ,hobbema1 ,me9d]t1 #bjh-baj ,hog>?1 ,william1 #beg1 #beh-bfg1 #bhj1 #big1 #bih1 #cjg ,holbe91 ,hans1 #age1 #bab1 #bac1 #bbb-bbd ---- 9 ,engl&1 #bed ,hondecoet]1 ,giles1 #aig1 #aih ---- ,gysb]t1 #aih ---- ,mel*ior1 #aed1 #aih1 #aii ,hone1 ,na?aniel1 #bhg ,hon?or/1 ,g]>d1 #afi-agj ,hoogh1 ,pet] de1 #ahi1 #aij ,hudson1 ,?omas1 #beg1 #bfi ,hunt1 ,alfr$1 #cbc ---- ,holman1 #acd1 #cjf1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb ,huysum1 ,james van1 #bjb ---- ,jan van1 #bja-bjb ---- ,ju/us van1 #bjb ---- ,mi*ael van1 #bjc ,image1 ,mr ,selwyn1 quot$1 #ccc ,+res1 #cjf ,israels1 #cjg ,j]vas1 #beg ,john ( ,bruges1 #abe1 #abf ,jongk9d1 #cbe ,jorda5s1 ,jacob1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afc ,kauffmann1 ,angelica1 #bhg ,knell]1 ,sir ,godfrey1 #bcd1 #beg1 #bgi ,knupl]1 ,nicolas1 #ahf ,kugl]1 quot$1 #ac1 #fa1 #fg1 #ge1 #gg1 #ie1 #ig1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aie1 #bjd1 #bbc ,lancret1 ,ni*olas1 #bci-bdj1 #bda ,l&scape1 pa9t]s (1 #bjb-baj ,l>gillire1 ,ni*olas1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda ,la/man1 ,pet]1 #ahj ,laur5s1 ,j4 ,p41 #cbe ,lawr5ce1 #cjj1 #cja-cjc1 #cjf1 #cac ,le ,brun1 #bcd1 #bda ,le ,gros1 #cji1 #cbe ,le ,mo9e1 ,franois1 #bda ,le ,sueur1 ,eu/a*e1 #bcb-bcc ,le=t1 quot$1 on ,velasquez1 #aae ,lely1 ,sir ,pet]1 #afe1 #bce1 #beg ,leyd51 ,lucas van1 #ach1 #bab ,l+elba*1 #bjc1 #bjh ,lippi1 ,fra ,filippo1 #ba1 #bf1 #bi ---- ,filipp9o1 #bb ,lo*n]1 ,/eph51 #baa ,lockie1 #bee ,lomb>dy1 ,s*ools (1 #eg ,longhi1 ,pietro1 #ajh ,loo1 ,c>le van1 #bda ,lor5zetti1 ,pietro1 #ag ,lorra9e1 ,claude1 #bbf1 #bbi-bca ,lotto1 ,lor5zo1 #fc1 #gb1 #if-ig ,lu9i1 ,b]n>d9o1 #eg ,lyne1 #bee ,mabuse1 ,jan van1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adc1 #bed ,maes1 ,nicolas1 #ahj1 #ahh-ahi ,manet1 d\>d1 #cjf1 #cbd-cbg ,mansueti1 ,giovanni1 #ge ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #fg-gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #adf1 #aea ,m>atti1 ,c>lo1 #ajh ,m>is1 ! ,bro!rs1 #cjg ,masaccio1 #ah1 #ba1 #bd-bf ,masol9o1 #bf ,massys1 ,jan1 #ada ---- ,qu5t91 #acf-ach1 #ada1 #bab ,mauve1 #cjg ,meissoni]1 #cjf ,meml+1 ,hans1 #acb1 #acc-acf1 #aej ,m5gs1 ,raphael1 #he ,mess9a1 ,antonello da1 #ga1 #gb1 #abf1 #abi ,metsu1 #aia ,mi*elangelo1 #bf1 #dj-df1 #ff1 #ie1 #ajj ,mi]is1 ,frans van1 #ahh ,millais1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbc ,millet1 #cjf ,mo9e1 ,franois le1 #bda ,monoy]1 ,bapti/e1 #bja ,montagna1 ,b>tolommeo1 #fc ,mor1 ,sir ,antonio1 #adb ,morl&1 ,george1 #bif-bih ---- ,h5ry1 8 fa!r1 #bif ,moroni1 #ge ,mos]1 ,mi*ael1 #bhj ,moya]t1 ,ni*olas1 #aii ,murano1 ,antonio da1 #fj ,murillo1 ,b>tolom ,e/ban1 #aah-aai ,mu!r1 ,dr1 quot$1 #cb1 #agg1 #agh ,nasmy?1 #cjf ,new ,engli% ,art ,club1 #cbi1 #ccc ,norwi* ,s*ool1 #bie ,oil ,pa9t+1 introduction (1 #abf ,oliv]1 #beg ,oort1 ,adam van1 #ade ,orcagna1 ,&rea1 #af ,orley1 ,b]n>d van1 #adj1 #adc ,o/ade1 ,adrian van1 #agc1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bjf ---- ,isaac van1 #ahc1 #ahe ,ouwat]1 #ac ,pa*eco1 #aaj-aaa ,padua1 ,s*ool (1 #ff ,palma1 ,giovane1 #gh ---- ,vec*io1 #gh1 #if1 #ih ,p>ma1 ,s*ool (1 #eh ,pat]1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,joseph1 #bdj-bda ,peake1 #bee ,p5ny1 #bhg ,p]ugian or ,umbrian ,s*ool1 #dh1 #di1 #ea ,p]ug9o1 ,pietro1 #dh1 #di ,p9as1 #ahj ,piombo1 ,seba/iano del1 #id-if ,pisanello1 ,vittore1 #fd1 #fe ,piss>ro1 #cbe ,pollaiuolo1 ,antonio1 #bf-bh1 #cj ,pontormo1 #de ,pot1 ,h5drik ,g]ritz1 #afi ,pott]1 ,paul1 #aif ---- ,piet]1 #aif ,p\ss91 ,gasp>d 7,gasp>d ,dughet71 #bbh-bbi1 #bca ---- ,ni*olas1 #bbf-bbh ,poynt]1 ,sir ,edw>d1 #cca ,pr$is1 ,ambrogio di1 #cf1 #eg ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood1 #acd1 #cbj1 #cbc1 #cbg ,previtali1 ,&rea1 #gd ,prudhon1 #cji ,quattroc5ti/s1 ! ,e>li]1 #ah-bf ---- ! ,lat]1 #bf et seq4 ,raeburn1 #cjj ,raphael1 #bf1 #de1 #dg-eg ---- ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds on1 #he1 #bgj ,rembr&t van ,ryn1 #afe1 #aff1 #aga-ahc1 #aib ,r5i1 ,guido1 #ajh ,reynolds1 ,sir ,jo%ua1 #bfg-bgh1 #bhf-bhh1 #bhi ---- quot$1 on ,b\*]1 #bdc ---- ---- on ,b\rdon1 #bcb1 #bcc ---- ---- on ,ga9sbor\gh1 #bij-bid ---- ---- on ,hog>?1 #bfj ---- ---- on ,rub5s & ,titian1 #ic-id ---- ---- on ,titian & ,raphael1 #he ---- ---- on ,v]onese1 #aje ---- revival ( ,engli% ,s*ool due to1 #aej ---- ,refs4 to1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bea1 #beg1 #big1 #cja1 #cca1 #ccb ,rib]a1 #aaj ,ri*>dson1 #beg ,ridolfi1 quot$1 #hd ,rigaud1 ,hyac9!1 #bcd1 #bda ,riley1 #beg ,rob]t1 ,hub]t1 #bdf ,robu/i1 ,jacopo4 ,see ,t9toretto ,romano1 ,giulio1 #ee ,romney1 ,george1 #ajj1 #aeb1 #bhi1 #bih-cjj1 #cja ,rossetti1 #acd1 #cjf1 #cba1 #cbb ,r[l&son1 #hi ,royal ,academy1 !1 #cbi-ccc ---- f\ndation (1 #bgi1 #bhf ,rub5s1 ,pet] ,paul1 #adc-aeg ---- & ,van ,dyck1 #afa-afb ---- & ,velasquez1 #aab1 #adi ---- pupils (1 #aeg-afc ---- ,refs4 to1 #hi1 #ic1 #aad1 #aag1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afe1 #afg1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bga ,rucellai ,madonna1 !1 #e ,ruisdael1 ,jacob1 #aeg1 #bjj1 #bjd-bjf1 #bjh1 #bji ,rusk9 aga9/ ! ,phili/9es1 #cac-cbc ---- on ,:i/l]1 #cbg ,s&r>t1 ,joa*im1 #bbi ---- quot$1 #ahj ,sansov9o1 #hi1 #ajb ,s>to1 ,&rea del1 #da1 #de ,s*>f1 ,sir ,george1 #cbh ,s*legel1 on ,altdorf]1 #bae ,s*ongau]1 ,m>t91 #acd ,scorel1 ,jan1 #adj ,seba/iani1 ,lazz>o di4 ,see ,ba/iani ,seg>1 ,francis1 #bee ---- ,william1 #bee ,segh]s1 ,daniel1 #bja ,semitecolo1 ,nicolo1 #ei ,%ee1 ,sir ,m>t9 ,ar*]1 #cac ,signorelli1 ,luca1 #di ,smi?1 ,john1 ,catalogue ,raisonn1 quot$1 #aic1 #aii1 #bdd1 #bfe ,snyd]s1 ,frans1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aei-afj1 #afc ,sodoma1 #eg ,spani% ,s*ool1 #ajh-abj ,sp9ello ( ,arezzo1 or ,aret9o1 #ag ,squ>cione1 ,francesco1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff-fg1 #gj ,/e51 ,jan1 #ahf-ahg ,/ev5s1 #cjf ,/reetes1 ,guillim1 #bed1 #bee ,/rozzi1 ,b]n>d1 #aac ,sueur1 ,eu/a*e le1 #bcb-bcc ,swan5burg1 ,jacob van1 #age1 #ahj ,tassi1 ,ago/9o1 #bbi ,t5i]s1 ,abraham1 #aeh ---- ,david1 ! ,eld]1 #aeg1 #aeh ---- ---- ! ,y\ng]1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afc1 #ahe ,t]burg1 ,g]>d1 #aij-aia ,?ornhill1 ,sir ,james1 #beh1 #bgi ,?uld51 ,!odore van1 #aef ,tiepolo1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #ajh ,t9toretto1 ,il1 #ii-ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag ,titian1 #gh-id1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aag1 #agi ,turn]1 #bie1 #cjf1 #cad-cbj1 #cbc1 #cbg ---- ,claude's influ5ce on1 #bcj1 #bca ,tuscan ,s*ools1 #a-eh ,uccello1 ,paolo1 #bc-bd1 #be ,umbrian or ,p]ugian ,s*ool1 #dh1 #di1 #ea ,vaga1 ,pi]o del1 #de ,van ,bal51 ,h5ry1 #aei1 #afb ,van ,cleef1 ,joos1 #adb ,van de ,velde1 ,adrian1 #bjc1 #bjf1 #bjh ---- ,willem1 ! ,eld]1 #bjf ---- ---- ! ,y\ng]1 #bjf-bjh ,van d] ,hel/1 ,b>?olomew1 #afe1 #agj-aga1 #agd ,van d] ,weyd51 ,rog]1 #acb-acd1 #baa ,van ,dyck1 ,an?ony1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afj-afc1 #afe1 #aff1 #agh1 #bcf1 #bgb ---- ---- 9 ,engl&1 #bef1 #beg ,van ,eyck1 ,hub]t1 #aba1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #adc1 #aej ---- ,jan1 #aba1 #abe1 #abg1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #aej ,van ,goy51 ,jan1 #ahf1 #aii1 #bjb-bjc1 #bjd ,van ,huysum1 ,james1 #bjb ---- ,jan1 #bja-bjb ---- ,ju/us1 #bjb ---- ,mi*ael1 #bjb ,van ,leyd51 ,lucas1 #ach1 #bab ,van ,loo1 ,c>le1 #bda ,van ,mabuse1 ,jan1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adc1 #bed ,van ,mi]is1 ,frans1 #ahh ,van ,oort1 ,adam1 #ade ,van ,orley1 ,b]n>d1 #adj1 #adc ,van ,o/ade1 ,adrian1 #agc1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bjf ---- ,isaac1 #ahc1 #ahe ,van ,swan5burg1 ,jacob1 #age1 #ahj ,van ,?uld51 ,!odore1 #aef ,vas>i1 quot$1 on ,&rea del ,s>to1 #da ---- on ,botticelli1 #bh1 #cj1 #cb ---- on ,cimabue1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #i ---- on ,fra ,angelico1 #bj ---- on ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc ---- on ,giotto1 #aj ---- on introduction ( oil pa9t+1 #abf1 #abg1 #abi ---- on ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #cd1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj ---- on ,masaccio1 #be1 #bf ---- on ,mi*elangelo1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ---- on ,pollaiuolo1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh ---- on ! ,quattroc5ti/s1 #ah ---- on ,raphael1 #dg ---- on ,sp9ello ( ,aret9o1 #hb1 #hf ---- on ,titian1 #hb1 #hf ---- ,refs4 to1 #agc1 #cjh ,vecellio1 ,tiziano4 ,see ,titian ,velasquez1 #hi1 #aji1 #aaj-aah1 #abj1 #afc1 #agh1 #agi ,v5etian ,s*ools1 #ei-ajh ,v]haegt1 ,tobias1 #ade ,v]me] ( ,delft1 ,jan1 #ahi1 #aia ,v]onese1 ,paolo1 #ajc-ajd1 #aje ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea1 #cd1 #ce1 #di ,v]tue1 ,george1 #bea ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #bf1 #cc-dj1 #di1 #eg1 #bbe ,viv>9i ,family1 !1 #ei1 #fj ---- ,antonio1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe ---- ,b>tolommeo1 #fb ---- ,luigi1 or ,alvise1 #fb ,vlieg]1 ,simon de1 #bjf ,vollon1 #cbe ,volt]ra1 ,daniele da1 #ah ---- ,francesco da1 #ah ,vos1 ,simon de1 #aef ,waag51 ,dr1 quot$1 #ie1 #abb-abc1 #adc1 #adf1 #aec1 #aeg1 #bbd ,walk]1 ,rob]t1 #beg ,walpole1 quot$1 #bea1 #beb1 #bfg ,wals1 ,gottfri$1 #bbi ,watteau1 ,anto9e1 #bce-bci1 #bdj1 #bda ,watts1 ,george ,fr$]ick1 #cjf1 #cbb ,we5ix1 ,jan ,bapti/1 #aed1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii ---- ---- 8 son1 #aed1 #aih ,wesel1 ,h]mann ,wynri* von1 #baa ,we/1 ,b5jam91 #bec1 #bef1 #bhg ,weyd51 ,rog] van d]1 #acb-acd1 #baa ,:i/l]1 ,james ,m',neill1 #cjf1 #cbe1 #cbg ,wilhelm1 ,mei/]1 #baa ,wills1 #bhj ,wils1 ,jan1 #aii ,wilson1 ,ri*>d1 #bcj1 #bhh1 #bif ,w9t1 ,pet] de1 #cjf ,w\v]mans1 ,philip1 #aib-aic1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh ,wyczewa1 ,m4 de1 quot$1 #aag ,wynants1 ,jan1 #aib1 #bjc-bjd ,zampi]i1 ,dom5ico1 or ,dom5i*9o1 #ajg-ajh ,z(fany1 #big ,zurb>an1 #aaj ,,footnotes3 #a ,national ,gall]y ,catalogue4 #b ,titi51 p> ,h5ry ,c>o-,delvaille4 ,librairie ,flix ,alcan4 #c ,an old copy ( ?is picture is 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,gall]y4