,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are    
available ?r\gh       ,int]net          
,ar*ive_/,canadian ,libr>ies4 ,see      
http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/e?ics(
cop]a#jjtuftu(t      ,,! ,,e?ics ,,(    
,,co,,p]ation        99      99      99 
99      99  ,b>b>a ,we9/ock ,lectures on
 ,! ,morals ( ,trade   ,,! ,,e?ics ,,(  
,,co,,p]ation4 ,by ,,james ,h4 ,,tufts4 
,,high] ,,education ,,& ,,bus9ess       
,,/&>ds4 ,by ,,will>d ,,eug5e           
,,hot*kiss4  ,,creat+ ,,capital3        
,,money-,,mak+ ,,z ,,an ,,aim ,,9       
,,bus9ess4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,l4 ,,lipman4  
,,is ,,civilization ,a ,,disease8 ,by   
,,/anton ,,coit4  ,,social ,,ju/ice     
,,)\t ,,socialism4 ,by ,,john ,,bates   
,,cl>k4  ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5        
,,private ,,monopoly ,,& ,,good         
,,citiz5%ip4 ,by ,,john ,,graham        
,,brooks4  ,,comm]cialism ,,&           
,,j\rnalism4 ,by ,,hamilton ,,holt4  ,,!
 ,,bus9ess ,,c>e] ,,9 ,,its ,,public    
,,relations4 ,by ,,alb]t ,,%aw4         
99      99      99      99      99  ,,! 

,,e?ics ,,( ,,co,,p]ation  by  ,,james  
,h4 ,,tufts  ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 !
 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago        ,bo/on &   
,new ,york ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,! 
,riv]side ,press ,cambridge #aiah       
,copyright1 #aiah1 by ! ,reg5ts ( !     
,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,all ,rights     
,res]v$  ,publi%$ ,septemb] #aiah       
,,b>b>a ,,we9/ock ,,lectures ,,on ,,!   
,,morals ,,( ,,trade   ,?is s]ies w     
conta9 essays by repres5tative s*ol>s & 
m5 ( affairs deal+ ) ! v>i\s phases ( ! 
moral law 9 its be>+ on bus9ess life "u 
! new economic ord]1 fir/ deliv]$ at !  
,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia on ! ,we9/ock    
f\ndation4     ,,! ,,e?ics ,,(          
,,co,,p]ation     ,i   ,accord+ to      
,plato's fam\s my?1 two gifts ( ! gods  
equipp$ man = liv+3 ! "o1 arts &        
inv5tions to supply him ) ! means (     
livelihood2 ! o!r1 rev]5ce & ju/ice to  
be ! ord]+ pr9ciples ( societies & !    
bonds ( fri5d%ip & conciliation4        
,ag5cies = ma/]y ov] nature & ag5cies = 
cop]ation among m5 rema9 ! two great    

s\rces ( human p[]4 ,b aft] two ?\s&    
ye>s1 x is possible to note an int]e/+  
fact z to _! relative ord] ( developm5t 
9 civilization4 ,ne>ly all ! great      
skills & inv5tions t _h be5 acquir$ up  
to ! eighte5? c5tury 7 br\ght into man's
 s]vice at a v e>ly date4 ,! use ( fire1
 ! arts ( weav]1 pott]1 & metal work]1 (
 sailor1 hunt]1 fi%]1 & s[]1 e>ly f$ man
 & clo!d him4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ to high]      
p]fection by ,egyptian & ,greek1 by     
,tyrian & ,flor5t9e1 b x w\ld be        
difficult to po9t to any great new      
unlock+ ( mat]ial res\rces until ! days 
( ! *emi/ & electrician4 ,dome/ic       
animals & crude wat] mills 7 = c5turies 
9 man's s]vice1 & until /eam 0 h>ness$1 
no additions 7 made ( new p[]s4  ,dur+  
?is long p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! progress (     
human association made great & v>i$     
developm5t4 ,! gap betwe5 ! m5 (        
,sant&]'s caves1 or e>ly ,egypt1 & !    
civilization ( a c5tury ago is bridg$ r 
by union ( human p[]s1 by ! ne$s &      
/imulat+ contacts ( society1 ?an by     

conque/ 9 ! field ( nature4 ,x 0 9      
milit>y1 political1 & religi\s          
organization t ! p[] ( associat$ ef=t 0 
fir/ %[n4 ,army1 /ate1 & hi]>*y 7 its   
visible repres5tatives4 ,!n1 a little   
ov] a c5tury ago1 began :at we call !   
indu/rial revolution1 /ill incomplete1  
:i* comb9$ new natural =ces ) new =ms ( 
human association4 ,/eam1 electricity1  
ma*9es1 ! factory sy/em1 railroads3 ^!  
sugge/ ! natural =ces at man's disposal2
 capital1 cr$it1 corporations1 labor    
unions3 ^! sugge/ ! br++ toge!r ( m5 &  
_! res\rces into units = exploit+ or    
controll+ ! new natural =ces4 ,sometimes
 resi/+ ! political1 milit>y1 or        
ecclesia/ical =ces :i* 7 e>li] 9 ! lead1
 sometimes ma/]+ !m1 sometimes comb9+ ) 
!m1 economic organization has n[ tak5   
its place 9 ! _w z a f\r? great         
/ructure1 or r z a f\r? great ag5cy     
?r\gh :i* man a*ieves 8 great] tasks1 & 
9 s do+ becomes consci\s ( hi!rto       
unrealiz$ p[]s4  ,e>ly 9 ?is great      
process ( social organization ?ree      

div]g5t types em]g$1 :i* /ill cont5d =  
supremacy 9 ! worlds ( action & (       
valuation3 dom9ance1 competition1 &     
cop]ation4 ,all mean a meet+ ( human    
=ces4 ,!y re/ respectively on p[]1      
rivalry1 & sympa!tic int]*ange4 ,ea* may
 contribute to human welf>e4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ea* may be tak5 s ab/ractly z to    
?reat5 human values4 ,i hope to po9t out
 t ! greate/ ( ^! is cop]ation1 & t x is
 l>gely ! t\*/one = ! o!rs4  ,cop]ation 
& dom9ance bo? mean organization4       
,dom9ance implies inequality1 direction 
& ob$i5ce1 sup]ior & subord9ate4        
,cop]ation implies "s sort ( equality1  
"s mutual relation4 ,x does n exclude   
diff]5ce 9 ability or 9 function4 ,x    
does n exclude lead]%ip1 = lead]%ip is  
usually necess>y to make cop]ation      
effective4 ,b 9 dom9ance ! special      
excell5ce is kept isolat$2 ideas are    
transmitt$ f above d[nw>d4 ,9 cop]ation 
!re is int]*ange1 curr5ts fl[+ 9 bo?    
directions1 contacts ( mutual sympa?y1 r
 ?an ( pride-humility1                  

condesc5sion-s]vility4 ,! purpose ( !   
jo9t pursuit 9 organization *>act]iz$ by
 dom9ance may be ei!r ! exclusive good (
 ! ma/] or ! jo9t good ( ! :ole organiz$
 gr\p1 b 9 any case x is a purpose =m$ &
 kept by ^? few :o "k4 ,! gr\p may %>e 9
 its execution & its b5efits1 b n 9 its 
con/ruction or 9 ! e/imat+ & =eca/+ (   
its values4 ,! purpose 9 cop]ation is   
jo9t4 ,:e!r orig9ally sugge/$ by "s     
lead] ( ?\ght or action1 or :e!r a      
composite ( _m sugge/ions 9 ! give &    
take ( discussion or 9 exp]i5ces (      
common ne$1 x is weigh$ & adopt$ z a    
common end4 ,x is n ! "w or possession (
 lead]s alone1 b embodies 9 v>y+ degrees
 ! "w & active int]e/ ( all4  ,cop]ation
 & competition at fir/ glance may seem m
 radically oppos$4 ,= :ile dom9ance &   
cop]ation bo? mean union ( =ces1        
competition appe>s to mean antagonism4  
,!y /& = comb9ation2 x = exclusion ( "o 
by ano!r4 ,yet a deep] look %[s t ?is is
 n true ( competition 9 :at we may call 
its social1 z contra/$ ) its unsocial1  

aspect4 ,! be/ illu/ration ( :at ,i     
v5ture to call social competition is    
sport4 ,"h is rivalry1 & "h 9 any giv5  
conte/ "o w9s1 ! o!r loses1 or few w9 & 
_m lose4 ,b ! great ?+ 9 sport is n to  
w92 ! great ?+ is ! game1 ! conte/2 & ! 
conte/ is no conte/ unless ! conte/ants 
are s ne>ly equal z to =bid any c]ta9ty 
9 advance z to :i* w w94 ,! be/ sport is
 f\nd :5 no "o conte/ant w9s too (t54   
,!re is 9 reality a common purpose--!   
ze/ ( conte/4 ,play]s comb9e & compete  
to c>ry out ?is purpose2 & ! rules are  
design$ s to re/rict ! competition z to 
rule out c]ta9 k9ds ( action & pres]ve  
fri5dly relations4 ,! cont5d+ rivals are
 9 reality unit+ to /imulate ea* o!r4   
,)\t ! cop]ation !re w\ld be no         
competition1 & ! competition is s       
conduct$ z to cont9ue ! relation4       
,competition 9 ! _w ( ?\ght is simil>ly 
social4 ,9 ef=ts to rea* a solution ( a 
sci5tific problem or to discuss a       
policy1 ! spur ( rivalry or ! mat*+ (   
wits aids ! common purpose ( arriv+ at !

 tru?4 ,simil> competition exi/s 9      
bus9ess4 ,_m a firm owes its success to 
! competition ( its rivals :i* has =c$ x
 to be effici5t1 progressive4 ,z a      
manufactur+ fri5d once rem>k$ to me3 ,:5
 ! o!r man sells *eap]1 y g5]ally f9d he
 has f\nd out some?+ y don't "k4  ,b we 
also apply ! t]m competition to rivalry 
9 :i* !re is no common purpose2 to      
conte/s 9 :i* !re is no int5tion to     
cont9ue or repeat ! mat*1 & 9 :i* no    
rules control4 ,we$s compete ) fl[]s &  
cr[d !m out4 ,! factory competes ) ! h& 
loom & bani%es x4 ,! tru/ competes ) !  
small firm & puts x out ( bus9ess4 ,!   
result is monopoly4 ,:5 plants or       
inv5tions are ?us said to compete = a   
place1 !re is frequ5tly no room = bo?   
competitors1 & no social ga9 by keep+   
bo? 9 ! field4 ,competition s]ves "h    
sometimes z a me?od ( selection1 al?\gh 
no "o w\ld decide to gr[ we$s r ?an     
fl[]s because we$s are m effici5t4 ,9 ! 
case ( :at are call$ natural monopolies1
 !re is duplication ( ef=t in/ead (     

cop]ation4 ,competition is "h wa/eful4  
,b :5 we h to d1 n ) a specific product1
 or ) a fix$ field su* z t ( /reet      
railways or city light+1 b ) ! op5 field
 ( inv5tion & s]vice1 we ne$ to provide 
= cont9u\s cop]ation1 & competition     
seems at lea/ "o useful ag5cy4 ,to reta9
 ?is1 we frame rules aga9/ unfair       
competition4 ,z ! rules ( sport are     
design$ to place a premium ^u c]ta9 k9ds
 ( /r5g? & skill :i* make a good game1 s
 ! rules ( fair competition are design$ 
to secure effici5cy = public s]vice1 &  
to exclude effici5cy 9 *ok+ or f\l+4 ,9 
unfair competition !re is no common     
purpose ( public s]vice or ( advanc+    
skill or inv5tion2 h5ce1 no cop]ation4  
,! cop]ative purpose or result is ?us ! 
te/ ( useful1 z contra/$ ) wa/eful or   
h>mful1 competition4  ,!re is also an   
ab/ract conception ( cop]ation1 :i*1 9  
its "o-sid$ emphasis ^u equality1       
excludes any =m ( lead]%ip1 or          
direction1 & 9 fe> ( inequality all[s no
 place = competition4 ,selection ( rul]s

 by lot 9 a l>ge & complex gr\p is "o   
illu/ration2 jeal\s suspicion ( ability1
 :i* becomes a cult ( incompet5ce1 is   
ano!r4 ,refusals to accept inv5tions :i*
 require any modification ( indu/ry1 or 
to recognize any inequalities ( s]vice1 
are o!rs4 ,b ^! d n affect ! value ( !  
pr9ciple z we c n[ def9e x 9 prelim9>y  
fa%ion3 union t5d+ to secure common     
ends1 by a me?od :i* promotes equality1 
& ) an outcome ( increas$ p[] %>$ by    
all4     ,,ii   ,:at are we to und]/& by
 ! ,e?ics ( ,cop]ation8 ,c we f9d "s    
ext]nal /&>d ( unque/ion$ value or      
absolute duty by :i* to measure ! ?ree  
processes ( society :i* we h nam$1      
dom9ance1 competition1 cop]ation8 ,ma/]s
 ( ! pa/ h (f]$ _m su*1 mak+ appeal to !
 logic ( reason or ! response ( s5tim5t1
 to ! w = ma/]y or ! claim ( b5evol5ce4 
,to make a selection )\t giv+ reasons   
w\ld seem arbitr>y2 to attempt a reason$
 discussion w\ld take u q beyond ! b\nds
 appropriate to ?is lecture4 ,b aside f 
! =mulations ( philosoph]s1 humanity has

 be5 /ruggl+--(t5 r halt+ly & bl9dly--= 
c]ta9 goods & sett+ c]ta9 sign-po/s :i*1
 if !y d n po9t to a highway1 at lea/   
m>k c]ta9 pa?s z bl9d alleys4 ,su* goods
 ,i take to be ! great words1 lib]ty1   
p[]1 ju/ice2 su* signs ( bl9d pa?s ,i   
take to be rigidity1 passive acceptance 
( :at is4  ,b ^? great words1 j because 
!y are s great1 are giv5 v>i\s mean+s by
 ^? :o w\ld claim !m = _! own4 ,nor is  
!re complete agreem5t z to j :at pa?s   
des]ve to be po/$ z lead+ n[h]e4 ,gr\ps 
*>act]iz$ by dom9ance1 cut-?roat        
competition1 or cop]ation1 t5d to "w out
 ea* its own int]pretations ( lib]ty1   
p[]1 ju/ice2 its own code = ! conduct ( 
its memb]s4 ,)\t assum+ to decide y\r   
*oice1 ,i c indicate briefly :at ! ma9  
elem5ts 9 ^! values & codes are4  ,!    
gr\p ( ma/]s & s]vants w develop :at we 
h le>n$ to call a morality ( ma/]s & a  
morality ( slaves4 ,?is 0 ess5tially !  
code ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,we h survivals (
 su* a gr\p morality 9 our code ( !     
g5tleman1 :i* 9 ,engl& /ill depreciates 

manual labor1 al?\gh x has be5 ref9$ &  
s(t5$ & enl>g$ to include respect = o!r 
?an milit>y & sportsman virtues4 ,! code
 ( ma/]s exalts lib]ty--= ! rul+        
class--& res5ts any re/ra9t by inf]iors 
or civilians1 or by public op9ion ( any 
gr\p b its own4 ,x has a ju/ice :i*     
takes = its premise a grad$ social ord]1
 & seeks to put & keep e man 9 8 place4 
,b its supreme value is p[]1 likewise = 
! few1 or = ! /ate z consi/+ ( society  
organiz$ & direct$ by ! rul+ class4 ,su*
 a gr\p1 accord+ to ,treits*ke1 w also  
ne$ w>1 9 ord] to te/ & exhibit its p[] 
to ! utmo/ 9 fi]ce /ruggle ) o!r p[]s4  
,x w logically honor w> z good4  ,a gr\p
 practic+ cut-?roat competition w simply
 rev]se ! ord]3 fir/1 /ruggle to put    
rivals out ( ! field2 !n1 monopoly )    
unlimit$ p[] to control ! m>ket or      
possess ! soil4 ,x appeals to nature's  
/ruggle = exi/5ce z its /&>d = human    
life4 ,x too sets a high value ^u lib]ty
 9 ! s5se ( fre$om f control1 b orig9at+
 z x did 9 resi/ance to control by      

privilege & o!r aspects ( dom9ance1 x   
has nev] le>n$ ! defects ( a lib]ty :i* 
takes no acc\nt ( ignorance1 pov]ty1 &  
ill heal?4 ,x kn[s ! lib]ty ( nature1 ! 
lib]ty ( ! /rong & ! swift1 b n ! lib]ty
 a*iev$ by ! common ef=t = all4 ,x kn[s 
ju/ice1 b a ju/ice :i* is likely to be  
def9$ z secur+ to ea* 8 natural lib]ty1 
& :i* !re=e means non-int]f]5ce ) !     
/ruggle = exi/5ce except to prev5t      
viol5ce & fraud4 ,x takes no acc\nt z to
 :e!r ! /ruggle kills few or _m1 or     
di/ributes goods widely or sp>+ly1 or   
:e!r inde$ !re is any room at ! table   
:i* civilization spreads2 ?\gh x does n 
begrudge *>ity if adm9i/]$ "u t "n4  ,a 
cop]at+ gr\p has two work+ pr9ciples3   
fir/1 common purpose & common good2     
second1 t m5 c a*ieve by common ef=t :at
 !y _c accompli% s+ly4 ,! fir/1 re9=c$  
by ! actual int]*ange ( ideas & s]vices1
 t5ds to favor equality4 ,x implies     
mutual respect1 confid5ce1 & good-w4 ,! 
second favors a con/ructive &           
progressive attitude1 :i* w f9d /&>ds   

nei!r 9 nature nor 9 humanity's pa/1    
s9ce x conceives man able to *ange      
conditions to a consid]able ext5t & ?us 
to realize new goods4  ,^! pr9ciples t5d
 t[>d a type ( lib]ty diff]5t f ^? j    
m5tion$4 ,z contra/$ ) ! lib]ty ( a     
dom9ant gr\p1 cop]ation favors a lib]ty 
= all1 a lib]ty ( live & let live1 a    
tol]ance & welcome = v>iation 9 type1   
provid$ only ?is is will+ to make its   
contribution to ! common weal4 ,in/ead (
 imitation or passive acceptance (      
patt]ns on ! "p ( ! majority1 x         
/imulates active con/ruction4 ,z        
contra/$ ) ! lib]ty favor$ 9 compet+    
gr\ps1 cop]ation w\ld emphasize positive
 control ov] natural =ces1 ov] heal?    
conditions1 ov] pov]ty & fe>4 ,x w\ld   
make ea* p]son %>e z fully z possible 9 
! k & /r5g? due to comb9$ ef=t1 & ?us   
lib]ate him f _m ( ! limitations :i* h  
hi!rto hamp]$ him4  ,simil>ly ) ju/ice4 
,cop]ation's e?ics ( di/ribution is n   
rigidly set by ! actual int]e/ & rights 
( ! pa/ on ! "o h&1 nor by hi!rto       

available res\rces on ! o!r4 ,nei!r     
natural rights nor pres5t ability &     
pres5t s]vice =m a complete measure4    
,s9ce cop]ation evokes new int]e/s & new
 capacities1 x is hospitable to new     
claims & new rights2 s9ce x makes new   
s\rces ( supply available1 x has 9 view 
! possibility at lea/ ( do+ bett] = all 
?an c an ab/ract insi/5ce ^u old claims4
 ,x may (t5 avoid ! deadlock ( a rigid  
sy/em4 ,x is bett] to gr[ two blades (  
grass ?an to dispute :o %all h ! l>g]   
fraction ( ! "o :i* has previ\sly be5 ! 
yield4 ,x is bett]1 n m]ely because !re 
is m grass1 b also because m5's attitude
 becomes =w>d-look+ & con/ructive1 n    
pugnaci\s & rigid4  ,p[] is likewise a  
value 9 a cop]at+ gr\p1 b x mu/ be p[] n
 m]ely us$ = ! good ( all1 b to "s ext5t
 controll$ by all & ?us actually %>$4   
,only z s controll$ & s %>$ is p[]      
att5d$ by ! responsibility :i* makes x  
safe = its possessors4 ,only on ?is     
basis does p[] ov] o!r m5 p]mit ! free  
*oices on _! "p :i* are ess5tial to full

 moral life4  ,z reg>ds ! actual        
effici5cy ( a cop]at+ gr\p1 x may be    
grant$ t its p[]s are n s rapidly       
mobiliz$4 ,9 small1 homog5e\s gr\ps1 !  
loss ( "t is small2 9 l>ge gr\ps !      
=mation ( public op9ion & ! conv]sion ( 
?is into action is /ill l>gely a problem
 r ?an an a*ievem5t4 ,new te*niques h to
 be develop$1 & x may be t = c]ta9      
milit>y tasks ! milit>y te*nique w      
always be m effici5t4 ,to ! cop]ative   
gr\p1 h[ev]1 ?is te/ w n be ! ultimate  
e?ical te/4 ,x w r consid] !            
possibilities ( sub/itut+ = w> o!r      
activities 9 :i* cop]ation is sup]ior4  
,& if ! advocate ( w> insi/s t w> z su* 
is ! mo/ glori\s & desirable type (     
life1 cop]ation may p]haps fail to      
conv]t him4 ,b x may hope to create a   
new ord] ^: excell5ce %all be ju/ifi$ ( 
h] *ildr54     ,,iii   ,a glance at !   
pa/ rles ( dom9ance1 competition1 &     
cop]ation 9 ! in/itutions ( gov]nm5t1   
religion1 & comm]ce & indu/ry1 w aid u  
to consid] cop]ation 9 relation to      

pres5t int]national problems4           
,primitive tribal life _h elem5ts ( ea* 
( ! ?ree pr9ciples we h nam$4 ,b )      
discov]y by "s g5ius ( ! p[] (          
organization = w> ! pr9ciple ( dom9ance 
won1 seem+ly at a fla%1 a decisive      
position4 ,no p[] ( /eam or lightn+ has 
be5 s spectacul> & wide-rea*+ z ! p[]   
:i* ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,mac$onian1   
,roman1 & _! mod]n successors introduc$ 
& controll$4 ,political /ates ow+ _!    
rise to milit>y means naturally foll[$ !
 milit>y patt]n4 ,! %>p sep>ation betwe5
 rul] or rul+ gr\p & subject p1 bas$ on 
conque/1 0 p]petuat$ 9 class di/9ction4 
,g5try & simple1 "l & ville91 7 inde$   
comb9$ 9 exploitation ( e>?'s res\rces1 
b cop]ation 0 9 ! backgr\nd1 ma/]y 9 !  
=e4 ,& :5 empires includ$ peoples (     
v>i\s races & cultural advance !        
sep>ation betwe5 high] & l[] became     
int5sifi$4 ,yet ?\gh subm]g$ = long     
p]iods1 ! pr9ciple ( cop]ation has      
ass]t$ itself1 /ep by /ep & x seldom    
loses gr\nd4 ,beg9n+ usually 9 "s gr\p  

:i* at fir/ comb9$ to resi/ dom9ance1 x 
has made its way ?r\gh su* /ages z      
equality be=e ! law1 abolition ( special
 privileges1 ext5sion ( suffrage1       
influ5ce ( public s5tim5t1 int]*ange (  
ideas1 t[>d g5u9e p>ticipation by all 9 
! dignity & responsibility ( political  
p[]4 ,x builds a ,panama ,canal1 x      
ma9ta9s a great sy/em ( education1 &    
has1 we may easily believe1 yet great]  
tasks 9 prospect4 ,x may be premature to
 pr$ict its complete displacem5t (      
dom9ance 9 our own day z a me?od (      
gov]nm5t1 yet :o 9 ,am]ica d\bts its    
ultimate preval5ce8  ,religion pres5ts a
 fasc9at+ mixture ( cop]ation ) dom9ance
 on ! "o h&1 & exclusiv5ess on ! o!r4 ,!
 c5tral fact is ! community1 :i* seeks  
"s common end 9 ritual1 or 9 b5efic5t   
activity4 ,b at an e>ly p]iod lead]s    
became inve/$1 or inve/$ !mselves1 ) a  
sanctity :i* l$ to dom9ance4 ,n ! p[] ( 
=ce1 b t ( my/]y & ! invisible rais$ !  
prie/ above ! level ( ! _m4 ,&1 on ano!r
 side1 competition betwe5 rival national

 religions1 l t betwe5 /ates1 exclud$   
fri5dly contacts4 ,jew & ,sam>itan _h no
 deal+s2 betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,baal &     
,jehovah !re 0 no peace b by            
ext]m9ation4 ,yet x 0 religion :i*      
confront$ ! ,h]r5moral ) ! fir/ rev]sal 
( values1 & decl>$1 ,s %all x n be among
 y4 ,b :osoev] w be great among y let   
him be y\r m9i/]4 ,& x 0 religion :i*   
cut across national b\nd>ies 9 its      
vision ( :at ,pr(essor ,royce s happily 
calls ! ,great ,community4 ,prote/ aga9/
 dom9ance result$1 h[ev]1 9 divisions1 &
 al?\gh cop]ation 9 practical activities
 has done mu* to prep>e ! way = national
 und]/&+1 ! ho/ile =ces ( ! _w to-day   
lack ! re/ra9t :i* might h come f a     
unit$ moral s5tim5t & moral w4  ,9 !    
economic field ! /ory ( dom9ance1       
cop]ation1 & competition is m complex   
?an 9 gov]nm5t & religion4 ,x foll[$    
some:at diff]5t c\rses 9 trade & 9      
indu/ry4 ,! simple/ way to supply ne$s )
 goods is to g & take !m2 ! simple/ way 
to obta9 s]vices is to seize !m4        

,dom9ance 9 ! fir/ case gives piracy &  
plund]1 :5 direct$ aga9/ ^? )\t2 f9es & 
taxes1 :5 ex]cis$ ^u ^? )92 9 ! second  
case1 x gives slav]y or =c$ levies4 ,b  
trade1 z a volunt>y ex*ange ( pres5ts1  
or z a b>ga9+ = mutual advantage1 _h    
likewise its e>ly beg9n+s4 ,c>ri$ on at 
fir/ ) timidity & di/ru/1 because !     
p>ties belong$ to diff]5t gr\ps1 x has  
develop$ a high degree ( mutual         
confid5ce betwe5 m]*ant & cu/om]1 bank] 
& cli5t1 insur] & insur$4 ,by its sy/em 
( contracts & fiduci>y relations1 :i*   
b9d m5 ( ! mo/ v>y+ localities1 races1  
occupations1 social classes1 & national 
allegiance1 x has wov5 a new net ( human
 relations f> m intricate & wide-rea*+  
?an ! natural ties ( blood k9%ip4 ,x    
re/s ^u mutual responsibility & good    
fai?2 x is a con/ant =ce = _! ext5sion4 
,! indu/rial side ( ! process has _h    
simil> influ5ce t[>d union4 ,free       
craftsm5 9 ! t[ns f\nd mutual support 9 
guilds1 :5 z yet ! f>m labor] or ville9 
_h to get on z be/ he c\ld unaid$4 ,!   

factory sy/em itself has be5 l>gely     
organiz$ f above d[n4 ,x has v l>gely   
assum$ t ! high] comm& ne$s no advice or
 ideas f bel[4 ,h\rs ( labor1 %op       
conditions1 wages1 h l>gely be5 fix$ by 
ord]s1 j z gov]nm5ts once rul$ by       
decrees4 ,b z dom9ance 9 gov]nm5t has l$
 m5 to unite aga9/ ! new p[] & !n has   
yield$ to ! m complete cop]ation (      
p>ticipation1 s 9 indu/ry ! factory     
sy/em has giv5 rise to ! labor movem5t4 
,z = ! prospects ( full] cop]ation1 ?is 
may be said already to h displac$ ! old]
 autocratic sy/em )9 ! manag+ gr\p1 & ! 
w> is giv+ an increas$ impetus to       
ext5sion ( ! process4  ,ex*ange ( goods 
& s]vices is inde$ a ?reefold cop]ation3
 x meets wants :i* ! p>ties _c !mselves 
satisfy or _c well satisfy2 x awak5s new
 wants2 x calls new inv5tions & new =ces
 into play4 ,x ?us n only satisfies     
man's exi/+ nature1 b enl>ges 8 capacity
 = enjoym5t & 8 active p[]s4 ,x makes n 
only = com=t1 b = progress4     ,,iv    
,if trade & indu/ry1 h[ev]1 embody s    

fully ! pr9ciple ( cop]ation1 h[ does x 
come ab\t t !y h on ! :ole _h a r l[    
reputation1 n only among ! class gr\ps  
f\nd$ on milit>ism1 b among philosoph]s 
& morali/s8 ,:y d we f9d ! pres5t       
calamities ( w> *>g$ to economic causes8
 ,p]haps ! answ] to ^! que/ions w po9t !
 pa? along :i* bett] cop]ation may be   
expect$4  ,!re is1 f ! outset1 "o defect
 9 ! cop]ation betwe5 buy] & sell]1     
employ] & labor]4 ,! cop]ation is l>gely
 un9t5d$4 ,ea* is prim>ily ?9k+ ( 8 own 
advantage1 r ?an t ( ! o!r1 or ( !      
social :ole2 he is seek+ x 9 t]ms (     
money1 :i* z a mat]ial object mu/ be 9 !
 pocket ( "o p>ty or ( ! o!r1 & is n1 l 
fri5d%ip or beauty1 %>able4 ,mutual     
b5efit is ! result ( ex*ange--x ne$ n be
 ! motive4 ,?is b5efit comes ab\t z if x
 7 arrang$ by an invisible h&1 said     
,adam ,smi?4 ,inde$1 x 0 long held t if 
"o ( ! b>ga9]s ga9$1 ! o!r mu/ lose4 ,& 
:5 "u mod]n conditions labor is consid]$
 z a commodity to be b\ght & sold 9 !   
*eape/ m>ket by an imp]sonal corporate  

employ]1 !re is a /rong presumption     
aga9/ ! cop]ative attitude on ei!r side4
  ,! great problem "h is1 !re=e3 ,h[ c  
m5 be br\ght to seek consci\sly :at n[  
!y un9t5tionally produce8 ,h[ c ! man ^:
 ends are bo? self-c5t]$ & ignoble be   
*ang$ into ! man ^: ends are wide &     
high8 ,some?+ may d\btless be done by   
%[+ t a n>r[ selfi%ness is /upid4 ,if we
 rule out monopoly ! be/ way to ga9     
great success is likely to lie ?r\gh    
meet+ ne$s ( a great multitude2 & to    
meet ^! effectively implies ent]+ by    
imag9ation & sympa?y into _! situation4 
,! bus9ess maxim ( s]vice1 ! practices (
 refund+ money if goods are             
unsatisfactory1 ( "o price to all1 (    
provid+ sanit>y & ev5 attractive        
factories & homes1 & ( pay+ a m9imum    
wage f> 9 excess ( ! m>ket price1 h (t5 
prov$ highly remun]ative4 ,yet1 ,i %\ld 
n place exclusive1 & p]haps n *ief1     
reliance on ^! me?ods ( appeal4 ,!y are 
analog\s to ! old maxim1 hone/y is ! be/
 policy2 & we "k too well t :ile ?is    

holds "u c]ta9 conditions1--t is1 among 
intellig5t p1 or 9 ! long run1--x is (t5
 possible to acquire great ga9s by      
exploit+ ! weak1 deceiv+ ! ignorant1 or 
p]petrat+ a fraud ( su* proportions t m5
 =get its di%one/y 9 admiration at its  
audacity4 ,9 ! end x is likely to prove 
t ! level ( economic life is to be rais$
 n by prov+ t cop]ation w bett] satisfy 
selfi% & ignoble int]e/s1 b r by creat+ 
new /&>ds = measur+ success1 new int]e/s
 9 social & wor?y ends1 & by /r5g!n+ !  
appeal ( duty :]e ?is conflicts ) pres5t
 int]e/s4 ,! "o me?od /akes all on human
 nature z x is2 ! o!r *all5ges man's    
capacity to li/5 to new appeals &       
respond to bett] motives4 ,x is1 if y   
please1 idealism2 b be=e x is dismiss$ z
 wor?less1 consid] :at has be5 a*iev$ 9 
sub/itut+ social motives 9 ! field (    
political action4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! aim 9
 political life 0 undisguis$ly selfi%4  
,! /ate1 9 di/9ction f ! k9%ip gr\p or !
 village community1 0 organiz$ = p[] &  
pr(it4 ,x 0 ne>ly a gigantic piratical  

ent]prise1 highly pr(itable to its      
manag]s4 ,! %eph]d1 says ,?rasyma*us 9  
,plato's dialogue1 does n fe$ 8 %eep =  
_! b5efit1 b = 8 own4 ,yet n[1 :at      
presid5t or m9i/]1 legislator or judge1 
w\ld ann\nce z 8 aim to acquire !       
greate/ f9ancial pr(it f 8 position8    
,ev5 9 autocratically gov]n$ c\ntries1 x
 is at lea/ ! assumption t ! good ( !   
/ate does n mean solely ! pre/ige &     
weal? ( ! rul]4  ,a great social &      
political ord] has be5 built up1 & we   
all hold t x mu/ n be exploit$ = private
 ga94 ,x has n be5 creat$ or ma9ta9$ by 
*ance4 ,nor c\ld x survive if e man     
s\ght prim>ily 8 own advantage & left ! 
commonweal? to c>e = itself4 ,nor 9 a   
democracy w\ld x be ma9ta9$1 provid$ !  
gov]n+ class alone 7 dis9t]e/$1 depriv$ 
( private prop]ty1 & giv5 education1 z  
,plato sugge/$4 ,! only safety is 9 !   
g5]al & intellig5t desire = ! public    
int]e/ & common welf>e4 ,at ?is mom5t   
almo/ unanim\s acceptance (             
responsibility = :at we believe to be ! 

public good & ! ma9t5ance ( ,am]ican    
ideals--?\gh x br+s to ea* ( u sacrifice
 & to _m ! full measure ( devotion--be>s
 witness to ! ability ( human nature to 
adopt z its compell+ motives a high end 
:i* opposes private advantage4  ,is !   
economic process too desp]ate a field = 
l>g] motives8 ,to me x seems less       
desp]ate ?an ! field ( gov]nm5t 9 ! days
 ( autocratic k+s4 ,"o great ne$ is to  
sub/itute a diff]5t /&>d ( success = !  
f9ancial ga9s :i* h seem$ ! only te/4   
,our s*ools ( comm]ce are aim+ to p]=m  
?is s]vice1 by introduc+ pr(essional    
/&>ds4 ,a physician is measur$ by 8     
ability to cure ! sick1 an eng9e] by !  
s\ndness ( 8 bridge & %ip2 :y n measure 
a railroad presid5t by 8 ability to     
supply coal 9 w9t]1 to run tra9s on "t1 
& decrease ! co/ ( freight1 r ?an by 8  
private accumulations8 ,:y n measure a  
m]*ant or bank] by simil> te/s8  ,mank9d
 has built up a great economic sy/em4   
,pione]1 adv5tur]1 inv5tor1 sci5ti/1    
labor]1 organiz]1 all h contribut$4 ,x  

is z ess5tial to human welf>e z !       
political sy/em1 & l t sy/em x comes to 
u z an inh]itance4 ,i c see no reason :y
 x %\ld be ?\ght unwor?y ( a /atesman or
 a judge to use ! political /ructure = 8
 own pr(it1 b p]fectly ju/ifiable = a   
man to exploit ! economic /ructure =    
private ga94 ,?is does n necess>ily     
exclude pr(it z a me?od ( pay+ =        
s]vices1 & ( increas+ capital ne$$ =    
developm5t1 b x w\ld seek to adju/      
pr(its to s]vices1 & treat capital1 j z 
x reg>ds political p[]1 z a public tru/ 
9 ne$ ( cop]ative regulation & to be us$
 = ! g5]al welf>e4  ,b ! w> is tea*+ )  
dramatic swiftness :at x might h ne$$   
decades ( peace to br+ home to u4 ,we   
are ?9k+ ( ! common welf>e4 ,high prices
 may /ill be a r\gh guide to %[ m5's    
ne$s1 b we are le>n+ to raise :eat      
because o!rs ne$ x--n m]ely because !   
price is high4 ,prices may also be a    
r\gh guide to consumption1 b we are     
le>n+ t eat+ :eat or sug> is n m]ely a  
matt] ( :at ,i c af=d4 ,x is a "q ( :e!r

 ,i take :eat or sug> away f "s "o else 
:o ne$s x--! soldi] 9 ,france1 ! *ild 9 
,belgium1 ! family ( my less =tunate    
neighbor4 ,! great argum5t = n int]f]+ )
 private ex*ange 9 all su* matt]s has   
be5 t if prices %\ld by "s au?ority be  
kept l[ 9 "t ( sc>city1 m5 w\ld consume 
! supply too rapidly2 :]eas if prices   
rise 9 response to sc>city1 m5 at once  
beg9 to economize & s prev5t ! total    
exhau/ion ( ! supply4 ,we n[ reflect t  
if prices ( milk rise x does n mean     
uni=m economy--x means cutt+ (f to a    
l>ge degree ! *ildr5 ( ! poor & leav+   
relatively unt\*$ ! consumption ( !     
well-to-d4 ,m]ely rais+ ! price ( meat  
or :eat means tak+ ^! articles f ! table
 ( "o class to leave !m ^u ! table (    
ano!r4 ,w>1 requir+1 z x does1 ! unit$  
/r5g? & purpose ( ! :ole p1 has f\nd ?is
 me?od antiquat$4 ,9 ,europe gov]nm5ts h
 said to _! peoples3 we mu/ all ?9k ( ! 
common weal2 we mu/ all %>e alike4 ,9   
?is c\ntry1 ! appeal ( ! food           
adm9i/rator1 ?\gh l>gely )\t =ce ( law1 

has be5 loyally answ]$ by ! great       
majority4 ,x is d\btless ra% to pr$ict  
h[ mu* peace w reta9 ( :at w> has       
taught1 b :o ( u w aga9 say s easily1   
,my "w or leisure1 my economy or my     
luxury1 is my own affair1 if ,i c af=d  
x8 ,:o c fail to see t common welf>e    
comes n )\t common int5tion8  ,! second 
great defect 9 our economic ord]1 f !   
po9t ( view ( cop]ation1 has be5 !      
inequality ( its di/ribution4 ,?is has  
be5 due l>gely to competition :5 p>ties 
7 unequal1 n m]ely 9 _! ability1 b 9 _! 
opportunity4 ,& ! mo/ s]i\s1 ?\gh n !   
mo/ app>5t1 aspect ( ?is inequality1 has
 n be5 t "s h m com=t or luxuries to    
enjoy2 x is ! fact t weal? means p[]4 ,9
 s f> z x c set prices on all t we eat1 
we>1 & enjoy1 x is controll+ ! intimate 
affairs ( life m ?or\ghly ?an any       
gov]nm5t ev] attempt$4 ,9 s f> z x      
controls natural res\rces1 means (      
transportation1 organization ( cr$it1 & 
! capital necess>y = l>ge-scale         
manufactur+ & m>ket+1 x c set prices4 ,!

 great que/ions !n are1 z ) political   
p[]3 ,h[ c ?is great p[] be cop]atively 
us$8 ,is x s]v+ all or a few8  ,two     
notable doctr9es ( ! c\rts po9t ways =  
e?ics4 ,! fir/ is t ( prop]ty affect$ ) 
public int]e/4 ,appli$ ?us f> by ! c\rts
 to w>eh\ses1 transportation1 & simil>  
public s]vices1 :at limits c we set     
e?ically to ! doctr9e t p[] ( "o man ov]
 8 fell[s1 :e!r ?r\gh 8 (fice1 or ?r\gh 
8 prop]ty1 is affect$ ) public int]e/8  
,! police p[]1 :i* sets ! welf>e ( all  
above private prop]ty :5 ^! conflict1 is
 a second doctr9e ^: e?ical import f>   
outruns its legal applications4  ,yet x 
is by nei!r ( ^! t ! mo/ significant    
progress has be5 made t[>d remov+ t     
h&icap ( inequality :i* is ! *ief       
inju/ice ( our economic sy/em4 ,x is by 
our great educational sy/em1 lib]al 9   
its provisions1 g5]\sly support$ by all 
classes1 unselfi%ly s]v$1 op5+ to all   
doors ( opportunity :i* once 7 clos$ to 
! _m1 ! mo/ successful dep>tm5t ( our   
democratic in/itutions 9 help+ & ga9+   

confid5ce ( all--a sy/em ( :i* ?is      
,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia is "o ( ! mo/    
notable lead]s & ! mo/ useful memb]s--t 
fair conditions = competition &         
intellig5t cop]ation 9 ! economic _w are
 increas+ly possible4     ,v   ,:at be>+
 has ?is sket* ( ! significance &       
progress ( cop]ation ^u ! int]national  
que/ions :i* n[ ov]%ad[ all else8       
,c]ta9ly ! _w _c rema9 z be=e3 great    
p[]s /ruggl+ = empire2 less] p[]s       
/ruggl+ = _! sep>ate exi/5ce2 great     
areas ( backw>d peoples view$ z subjects
 = exploitation2 we ourselves alo(4 ,x  
mu/ !n *oose betwe5 a future _w ord]    
bas$ on dom9ance1 :i* means _w empire2 a
 _w ord] bas$ on nationalism jo9$ ) !   
non-social type ( competition1 :i*      
means1 e nation ! judge ( its own       
int]e/s1 cont9uance ( jeal\sies & f "t  
to "t ! recurr5ce ( w>2 & a _w ord] bas$
 on nationalism plus int]national       
cop]ation1 to e/abli% ju/ice1 to provide
 = common def5se1 to promote ! g5]al    
welf>e1 & to secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty  

to ourselves & our po/]ity4  ,x is n    
necess>y to discuss 9 ?is c\ntry !      
pr9ciple ( dom9ance & _w empire4 ,x     
contradicts our :ole philosophy4 ,safety
 = dom9ance lies only 9 a civilization (
 discipl9e f above d[n1 9 ru?less       
repression ( all ?9k+ on ! "p ( !       
subject class or race4  ,nor c ,i see   
any g5u9e alt]native 9 :at "s           
advocate--reliance by ea* nation on its 
own milit>y /r5g? z ! sole effective    
gu>antee = its int]e/s4 ,aft] ! milit>y 
lessons ( ?is w>1 ! conc5tration (      
sci5tific1 economic1 & ev5 educational  
att5tion ^u milit>y purposes w\ld almo/ 
inevitably be va/ly 9 excess ( any?+    
previ\sly conceiv$4 ,:at limits c be set
 to ! armies ( ,france & ,great ,brita9 
if ^! are to protect ^? c\ntries f a    
,g]man empire already d\ble its previ\s 
ext5t1 & tak+ /eps to control ! res\rces
 ( ea/]n ,europe & ! ne> ,ea/8 ,:at navy
 c\ld gu>antee ,g]man comm]ce aga9/ !   
comb9$ =ces ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ 
,/ates8 ,:at limits to ! frightfulness  

yet to be discov]$ by *emi/ &           
bact]iologi/8 ,:at gu>antee aga9/ !     
insidi\s gr[? ( a milit>i/ attitude ev5 
9 democratically m9d$ peoples if !      
con/ant t]ror ( w> exalts milit>y       
prep>ations to ! supreme place8 ,some?+ 
has *ang$ ! ,g]many ( o!r days :i* _m ( 
u lov$ ev5 :ile we %rank f its milit>i/ 
ma/]s4 ,is x absolutely c]ta9 t no?+ c  
*ange ! _s ( democratic peoples8 ,at any
 rate1 ,am]ica1 :i* has exp]im5t$ on a  
l>g] scale ) cop]ation--political1      
economic1 & religi\s--?an any o!r       
cont95t1 may well ass]t /eadily &       
insi/5tly t ?is is ! m hopeful pa?4 ,x  
may urge ?is ^u di/ru/ful ,europe4  ,!  
ob/acles to cop]ation are3  #a4 ,!      
survival ( ! pr9ciple ( dom9ance1 %[+   
itself 9 desire = political p[] &       
pre/ige1 & 9 c]ta9 conceptions (        
national honor4  #b4 ,! pr9ciple (      
non-social competition1 exhibit$ 9 "p 9 
! political policy ( elim9at+ weak]     
peoples1 & conspicu\sly 9 =eign trade :5
 ! use ( unfair me?ods relies ^u        

national p[] to back up its exploitation
 or monopoly4  #c4 ,! pr9ciple (        
nationali/ic s5tim5t1 itself bas$ on    
cop]ation1 on social tradition & common 
ideals1 b b\nd up s closely ) political 
sov]eignty & antagonisms z to become    
exclusive in/ead ( cop]ative 9 its      
attitude t[>d o!r cultures4  ,! pr9ciple
 ( dom9ance det]s f cop]ation1 n only ! 
p t seeks to dom9ate1 b peoples t fe> to
 be dom9at$ or to become involv$ 9      
entangl+ alliances4 ,d\btless a policy (
 alo(ness 0 long ! safe policy = u4 ,we 
c\ld n tru/ political lib]ty to an      
alliance ) mon>*ies1 ev5 z ) equal "r "s
 ,european peoples might di/ru/ !       
policies ( a republic seem+ly controll$ 
by ! slav]y int]e/4 ,at ! pres5t "t "o  
great p[] pr(esses itself incr$ul\s ( ! 
fairness ( any _w tribunal2 small] p[]s 
fe> ! comm&+ influ5ce ( ! great2 new    
national gr\ps j /ruggl+ to expression  
fe> t a league ( nations w\ld be bas$ on
 pres5t /atus & !re=e give !m no        
recognition1 or else a measure (        

recognition condition$ by pa/ inju/ices 
r ?an by future aspirations & real      
des]t4 ,all ^! fe>s are ju/ifi$ 9 s f> z
 ! pr9ciple ( dom9ance is /ill pot5t4 ,!
 only league t c be tru/$ by peoples    
will+ to live & let live1 is "o t is    
controll$ by a cop]ative _s4 ,& yet :o c
 d\bt t ?is _s is spread+8 ,few         
gov]nm5ts are n[ organiz$ on ! av[$     
basis t milit>y p[]1 :i* embodies ! _s (
 dom9ance1 %\ld be sup]ior to civil     
control1 & ev5 ) !m ! pr9ciple (        
irresponsible rule1 despite its         
re9=cem5t by milit>y success1 is likely 
to yield to ! _s ( ! age :5 once !      
pressure ( w> is remov$ :i* n[ holds =m]
 prote/]s aga9/ milit>ism solid 9 its   
support4 ,= all p[]s t are g5u9e 9 _!   
desire = cop]ation !re is ov]:elm+      
reason to try x2 = only by ! comb9$     
/r5g? ( ^? :o accept ?is pr9ciple c     
lib]ty & ju/ice be ma9ta9$ aga9/ !      
aggression ( p[]s capable ( conc5trat+  
all _! res\rces ) a sudd5ness &         
ru?lessness 9 :i* dom9ance is probably  

sup]ior4  ,yet cop]ation = protection ( 
lib]ty & ju/ice is liable to fall %ort (
 humanity's hopes unless lib]ty & ju/ice
 be !mselves def9$ 9 a cop]ative s5se4  
,! great lib]ties :i* man has ga9$1 z   
/ep by /ep he has ris5 f savag]y1 h n   
be5 *iefly ! ass]tion ( already exi/+   
p[]s or ! /rik+-(f ( fett]s =g$ by 8    
fell[s4 ,!y h be5 additions to previ\s  
p[]s4 ,sci5ce1 art1 inv5tion1 associat$ 
life 9 all its =ms1 h op5$ ! w9d[s ( 8  
dwell+1 h giv5 possibilities to 8 *oice1
 h giv5 ! dream & ! int]pretation :i* h 
set him free f 8 prison4 ,! lib]ty to   
:i* int]national cop]ation po9ts is n   
m]ely self-direction or                 
self-det]m9ation1 b a l>g] fre$om f fe>1
 a l>g] fre$om f suspicion1 a full]     
control ov] nature & society1 a new set 
( ideas1 :i* w make m5 free 9 a f> l>g] 
degree ?an ev] be=e4  ,simil>ly ju/ice  
ne$s to be cop]atively def9$4 ,a ju/ice 
t looks m]ely to exi/+ /atus w n give   
la/+ peace4 ,peoples *ange 9 ne$s z     
truly z !y diff] 9 ne$s4 ,b no p c be   

tru/$ to judge its own ne$s any m ?an to
 judge its own "r4 ,a ju/ice :i* adh]es 
rigidly to ve/$ int]e/s1 & a ju/ice :i* 
is bas$ on exp&+ int]e/s1 are likely to 
be deadlock$ unless a con/ructive _s is 
br\ght to be>4 ,ab/ract rights to !     
soil1 to trade1 to expansion1 mu/ be    
subord9ate to ! supreme "q3 ,h[ c       
peoples live toge!r & help in/ead (     
de/roy8 ,?is c be approa*$ only f an    
int]national po9t ( view4  ,! second    
ob/acle1 unsocial competition1 is =     
trade :at dom9ance is 9 politics4 ,x    
prev5ts t solution = _m ( ! delicate    
problems ( int]national life :i*        
cop]ation ?r\gh trade might o!rwise     
af=d4 ,ex*ange ( goods & s]vices by     
volunt>y trade accompli%es :at once     
seem$ atta9able only by conque/ or      
slav]y4 ,if ,g]many or ,japan or ,italy 
ne$s iron or coal2 if ,engl& ne$s :eat1 
or if ! ,unit$ ,/ates sug>1 x is        
possible1 or %\ld be possible1 to obta9 
^! )\t own+ ! c\ntry 9 :i* are ! m9es1  
gra91 & sug> cane4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$s

 ,canada's products2 x has no desire to 
own ,canada4 ,b 9 rec5t ye>s ! ex*ange (
 products has be5 subject$ to a new     
influ5ce4 ,national self-int]e/ has be5 
add$ to private self-int]e/4 ,?is has   
int5sifi$ & call$ out _m ( ! wor/       
features ( antagonism & inequality4     
,few 9 ?is c\ntry h realiz$ ! ext5t to  
:i* o!r c\ntries h organiz$ _! =eign    
comm]ce on national l9es4 ,we are n[    
becom+ in=m$ z to ! c>efully work$-out  
programmes ( comm]cial education1 m]*ant
 m>9es1 trade agreem5ts1 consul> s]vice1
 f9ancial & moral support f ! home      
gov]nm5t1 & mutual aid among v>i\s      
salesm5 ( ! same nationality liv+ 9 a   
=eign c\ntry4 ,we are prep>+ to und]take
 simil> ent]prises4 ,we are rem9d$ t    
eighty p] c5t ( ! _w's p live 9 !       
c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & 
t z a result ( ! re>rangem5t ( trade    
r\tes1 ,san ,francisco's *ance ( becom+ 
! greate/ di/ribut+ port ( ! ,pacific = 
goods en r\te to ! m>kets ( ! ,ori5t1   
are n[ m promis+ ?an ev] be=e4 ,c !     

,unit$ ,/ates take "p 9 ?is comm]ce 9   
su* a way z to help1 n h9d]1            
int]national progress 9 h>mony8 ,n      
unless we rememb] t comm]ce may be z    
pr$atory z armies1 & t we mu/ provide   
int]national gu>antees aga9/ ! exclusive
 types ( competition :i* we h _h to     
control by law 9 our own dome/ic        
affairs4 ,an ,indian or an ,african may 
be depriv$ ( 8 possessions q z          
effectively by trade z by viol5ce4 ,we  
ne$ at lea/ z high /&>ds ( social welf>e
 z 9 dome/ic comm]ce4 ,i _c bett] pres5t
 ! situation ?an by quot+ f a rec5t     
article by ,mr4 ,william ,notz 9 !      
,j\rnal ( ,political ,economy 7,feb4    
#aiah73      ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s
 competition 9 ! _w m>kets     became   
enorm\sly ke54 ,9 ! wild scramble =     
trade !     /&>ds ( hone/ bus9ess 7     
disreg>d$ m & m by all     ! v>i\s rival
 nations4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any special     
regulation     or legislation1 x appe>$ 
z ?\gh a sil5t und]/&+     prevail$ 9   
wide circles t =eign trade 0 subject to 

a code     ( bus9ess e?ics widely at    
v>iance ) ! rules obs]v$ 9     dome/ic  
trade4 ,:at 0 fr[n$ ^u z une?ical & poor
     bus9ess policy1 if n illegal at    
home1 0 condon$ & w9k$ at     or op5ly  
esp\s$ :5 =eign m>kets =m$ ! basis (    
op]ations & =eign]s 7 ! competitors4    
,high-m9d$ m5 (     all nations h long  
obs]v$ ) conc]n ! gr[+ t5d5cy (         
mod]n int]national trade t[>d selfi%    
exploitation1     concession-hunt+1     
cut-?roat competition1 & comm]ciali/ic  
practices ( ! mo/ sordid type4 ,"t &    
aga9 compla9ts h     be5 voic$1         
retaliatory measures ?reat5$1 & m ?an   
once     s]i\s friction has ensu$4  ,mr4
 ,notz br+s to our att5tion v>i\s ef=ts 
by (ficial & comm]cial bodies look+ t[>d
 rem$ies = su* conditions & t[>d (ficial
 recognition by all c\ntries ( unfair   
competition z a p5al (f5se4  ,:at m d we
 ne$ ?an fair competition to con/itute !
 cop]ative int]national life :i* we     
dream$ ye/]day & n[ mu/ consid]1 n m]ely
 z a dream1 b z ! only alt]native to a  

future ( horror8  ,free trade has be5 n 
unnaturally urg$ z at lea/ "o condition4
 ,t>iffs c]ta9ly isolate4 ,to say to a  
c\ntry3 ,y %all manufacture no?+ unless 
y own ! raw mat]ial2 y %all sell no?+   
unless at prices :i* ,i fix1 is likely  
to provoke ! reply3 ,!n ,i mu/ acquire  
l&s 9 :i* raw mat]ials are f\nd2 ,i mu/ 
acquire colonies :i* w buy my products4 
,trade agreem5ts mean cop]ation = ^? )91
 unless !y are "o-sid$ & made "u duress2
 9 any case !y are exclusive ( ^? )\t4  
,free trade1 ! op5 door1 seems to (f] a 
bett] way4 ,b free trade 9 "n is n free 
trade unless ! p>ties are really        
free--free f ignorance1 f pressure (    
want4 ,if "o p>ty is weak & ! o!r       
unscrupul\s2 if "o competitor has a l[] 
/&>d ( liv+ ?an ! o!r1 fre$om ( trade w 
n mean g5u9e cop]ation4 ,su* cop]ation z
 means good = all requires ei!r an      
equality ( conditions betwe5 trad]s &   
labor]s ( compet+ nations & ( nations   
:i* ex*ange goods1 or else an           
int]national control to prev5t unfair   

competition1 exploitation ( weak]       
peoples1 & l[]+ ( /&>ds ( liv+4 ,m$ical 
sci5ce is giv+ an object lesson :i* may 
well h a wide application4 ,x is seek+  
to combat disease 9 its c5t]s (         
diffusion4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to        
qu>ant9e aga9/ ! ,ori5t1 x is aid+ !    
,ori5t to ov]come ^? conditions :i* d   
h>m alike to ,ori5t & ,occid5t4 ,plague1
 an?rax1 yell[ fev]1 _c exi/ 9 "o c\ntry
 )\t h>m to all4 ,nor 9 ! long run c m5 
rea* true cop]ation s long z ,*9a &     
,africa are a prize = ! exploit] r ?an  
equals 9 ! m>ket4 ,n m]ely 9 ! political
 s5se1 b 9 its l>g] mean+s democracy "h 
is n safe )\t democracy !re4 ,education1
 & ! lift+ ( all to a high] level1 is ! 
ultimate goal4 ,& until education1      
inv5tion1 & int]communication h done _! 
"w ( elevation1 int]national control mu/
 protect & regulate4  ,9 _m respects !  
ob/acle to int]national cop]ation :i* is
 mo/ difficult to remove is ! /rong &   
/ill gr[+ s5tim5t ( nationality4 ,?is is
 n1 l dom9ance1 a wan+ survival ( a     

crud] me?od ( social ord]2 x is a g5u9e 
type ( cop]ation4 ,root$ z x is 9 a     
hi/oric pa/1 9 community ( ideals &     
traditions1 & usually ( language & art1 
x wak5s ! emotional response to a degree
 once true only ( religion4 ,born ( su* 
a social tradition1 ! mod]n may be said 
9 tru? m5tally & spiritually1 z well z  
physically1 to be born a ,fr5*man or a  
,g]man1 a ,scot*man or ,iri%man or      
,engli%man4 ,he may be cont5t to m]ge   
?is inh]itance 9 an empire if he c be   
s5ior p>tn]1 b ! /ruggles ( ,iri%1      
,poles1 ,cze*s1 & ,s\? ,slavs1 ! ,zioni/
 movem5t1 ! nationali/ic /irr+s 9       
,india1 ) _! lit]>y revivals1 _! fi]ce  
self-ass]tions1 seem to po9t away f     
int]nationalism r ?an t[>d x4 ,!        
,balkans1 9 :i* ,s]b1 ,bulg>1 ,r\manian1
 & ,greek h be5 develop+ ?is national   
consci\sness1 h be5 ! despair (         
peacemak]s4  ,! /ronge/ po9t 9 !        
nationali/ programme is1 h[ev]1 n 9 any 
wise oppos$ to cop]ation1 b r to        
dom9ance or non-social competition4 ,!  

/ronge/ po9t is ! importance ( div]sity 
comb9$ ) gr\p unity = ! fulle/ enri*m5t 
( life & ! wide/ developm5t ( human     
capacity4 ,a _w all ( "o sort w\ld n    
only be less int]e/+1 b less            
progressive4 ,we are /imulat$ by diff]5t
 cu/oms1 temp]am5ts1 arts1 & ideals4 ,b 
all ?is is ! /ronge/ argum5t = g5u9e    
cop]ation1 s9ce by ?is only c div]sity  
be helpful1 ev5 z x is only ?r\gh       
div]sity 9 its memb]s t a community c   
develop fulle/ life4 ,a _w organization 
bas$ on ! pr9ciple t any s+le gr\p is   
be/ & !re=e ought to rule1 or to        
displace all o!rs1 w\ld be a calamity4  
,a _w organization :i* enc\rages e memb]
 to be itself w\ld be a bless+4  ,:y d  
nationalism & int]nationalism cla%8     
,because ?is national _s has rightly or 
wrongly be5 b\nd up s intimately )      
political indep5d5ce4 ,t>a's h>p long   
hangs mute :5 ,er9 is conqu]$4 ,pol&'s  
*ildr5 mu/ n use a language 9 :i* !y    
might le>n to plot aga9/ _! ma/]s4 ,a   
,fr5*-speak+ ,alsatian is suspect$ (    

disloyalty4 ,pr(essor ,dewey has rec5tly
 po9t$ out t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we h gone
 f> t[>d sep>at+ culture f ! /ate1 &    
sugge/s t ?is may be ! pa? ( peace =    
,europe4 ,we all[ gr\ps to keep _!      
religion1 _! language1 _! song fe/ivals4
 ,x may p]haps be claim$ t ?is ma9t5ance
 ( di/9ct languages & sep>ate cultures  
is a s\rce ( weakness 9 su* a crisis z  
we n[ face4 ,yet x may well be urg$1 on 
! o!r h&1 t a policy less lib]al w\ld h 
increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ disunion &       
disloyalty4     ,,vi   ,! /ud5t ( human 
progress is likely to be increas+ly     
impress$ ) ! int]action betwe5 ideas &  
in/itutions4 ,h[ f> does man build &    
%ape in/itutions to give body to 8      
ideas8 ,h[ f> is x ! organiz$ life ) its
 social contacts1 its give & take1 its  
enl>gem5t ( its memb]%ip to see life sub
 specie communitatis1 :i* itself br+s   
ideas to bir?8 ,desire may br+ ! sexes  
toge!r1 b x is ! association & organiz$ 
relation%ips ( ! family :i* trans=m     
casual to p]man5t affection & %ape our  

conceptions ( its values4 ,a h]d+ in/9ct
 or a common ne$ ( def5se or ( food     
supplies may br+ toge!r e>ly gr\ps1 & w 
to p[] may beg9 ! /ate1 b x is ! liv+   
toge!r :i* g5]ates laws & wak5s ! crav+ 
= lib]ty & ! /ruggle = ju/ice4 ,se] &   
poet d\btless contribute to progress by 
_! k9dl+ appeals to ! imag9ation &      
sympa?y2 ! philosoph] may1 z ,plato     
claim$ = him1 live z citiz5 ( a p]fect  
/ate :i* has no e>?ly be+1 & %ape 8 life
 accord+ to its laws2 b mank9d 9 g5]al  
has le>n$ law & "r1 z well z ! arts (   
use & beauty1 9 ! s*ool ( life 9 common4
  ,s x is likely to be ) int]national   
cop]ation4 ,fe>s & hopes n[ urge x ^u a 
reluctant1 incr$ul\s _w4 ,b !           
beg9n+s--sci5tific1 legal1 comm]cial1   
political--timid & imp]fect ?\gh !y be1 
l our own e>ly conf$]ation1 w "w to     
re%ape ^? :o take "p4 ,mutual und]/&+ w 
increase ) common action4 ,:5 m5 "w     
consi/5tly to create new res\rces in/ead
 ( treat+ _! _w z a fix$ sy/em1 :5 !y   
see x z a f\nta91 n z a ci/]n1 !y w     

gradually ga9 a new _s4 ,! ,great       
,community mu/ create z well z prove !  
e?ics ( cop]ation4   ,! ,riv]side ,press
 ,,cambridge  ,,massa*usetts ,u  ,s  ,a