,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,by ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley ,,preface ,,! disc\rse on ,evolution & ,e?ics1 repr9t$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t volume1 0 deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 z ! second ( ! annual lectures f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,romanes3 ^: "n ,i may n write )\t deplor+ ! untimely dea?1 9 ! fl[] ( 8 age1 ( a fri5d ende>$ to me1 z to s _m o!rs1 by 8 k9dly nature2 & ju/ly valu$ by all 8 colleagues = 8 p[]s ( inve/igation & 8 zeal = ! advancem5t ( k4 ,i well rememb]1 :5 ,mr4 ,romanes' e>ly "w came into my h&s1 z "o ( ! secret>ies ( ! ,royal ,society1 h[ mu* ,i rejoic$ 9 ! accession to ! ranks ( ! little army ( work]s 9 sci5ce ( a recruit s well qualifi$ to take a high place among u4 ,x 0 at my fri5d's urg5t reque/ t ,i agre$ to und]take ! lecture1 %\ld ,i be hon\r$ ) an (ficial proposal to give x1 ?\gh ,i confess n )\t misgiv+s1 if only on acc\nt ( ! s]i\s fatigue & ho>s5ess :i* public speak+ has = "s ye>s caus$ me2 :ile ,i knew t x w\ld be my fate to foll[ ! mo/ accompli%$ & facile orator ( our "t1 ^: indomitable y\? is 9 no matt] m manife/ ?an 9 8 p5etrat+ & musical voice4 ,a c]ta9 say+ ab\t comp>isons intrud$ itself some:at importunately4 ,& ev5 if ,i disreg>d$ ! weakness ( my body 9 ! matt] ( voice1 & t ( my m9d 9 ! matt] ( vanity1 !re rema9$ a ?ird difficulty4 ,= sev]al reasons1 my att5tion1 dur+ a numb] ( ye>s1 has be5 mu* direct$ to ! be>+ ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght on ! problems ( morals & ( politics1 & ,i did n c>e to be div]t$ f t topic4 ,moreov]1 ,i ?\ght x ! mo/ important & ! wor?ie/ :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 c\ld engage ! att5tion ev5 ( an anci5t & r5[n$ ,univ]sity4 ,b x is a condition ( ! ,romanes f\ndation t ! lectur] %all ab/a9 f treat+ ( ei!r ,religion or ,politics2 & x appe>$ to me t1 m ?an mo/1 p]haps1 ,i 0 b\nd to act1 n m]ely up to ! lett]1 b 9 ! _s1 ( t prohibition4 ,yet ,e?ical ,sci5ce is1 on all sides1 s entangl$ ) ,religion & ,politics t ! lectur] :o essays to t\* ! =m] )\t com+ into contact ) ei!r ( ! latt]1 ne$s all ! dext]ity ( an egg-danc]2 & may ev5 discov] t 8 s5se ( cle>ness & 8 s5se ( propriety come into conflict1 by no means to ! advantage ( ! =m]4 ,i _h little notion ( ! real magnitude ( ^! difficulties :5 ,i set ab\t my task2 b ,i am consol$ = my pa9s & anxiety by obs]v+ t none ( ! multitud9\s criticisms ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ &1 (t51 in/ruct$1 f9d fault ) me on ! score ( hav+ /ray$ out ( b\nds4 ,among my critics !re are n a few to :om ,i feel deeply indebt$ = ! c>eful att5tion :i* !y h giv5 to ! exposition ?us hamp]$2 & fur!r weak5$1 ,i am afraid1 by my =getfulness ( a maxim t\*+ lectures ( a popul> "*1 :i* has desc5d$ to me f t pr9ce ( lectur]s1 ,mr4 ,f>aday4 ,he 0 once ask$ by a beg9n]1 call$ ^u to address a highly select & cultivat$ audi5ce1 :at he might suppose 8 he>]s to "k already4 ,:]eupon ! pa/ ma/] ( ! art ( exposition emphatically repli$ ,no?+6 ,to my %ame z a retir$ vet]an1 :o has all 8 life pr(it$ by ?is great precept ( lectur+ /rategy1 ,i =got all ab\t x j :5 x w\ld h be5 mo/ useful4 ,i 0 fatu\s en\gh to imag9e t a numb] ( propositions1 :i* ,i ?\ght e/abli%$1 & :i*1 9 fact1 ,i _h advanc$ )\t *all5ge on =m] occasions1 ne$$ no repetition4 ,i h endeav\r$ to repair my error by prefac+ ! lecture ) "s matt]--*iefly elem5t>y or recapitulatory--to :i* ,i h giv5 ! title ( ,prolegom5a ,i wi% ,i c\ld h hit ^u a head+ ( less p$antic aspect :i* w\ld h s]v$ my purpose2 & if x be urg$ t ! new build+ looks ov] l>ge = ! edifice to :i* x is add$1 ,i c only plead ! prec$5t ( ! anci5t ar*itects1 :o always made ! adytum ! smalle/ "p ( ! temple4 ,if ,i _h attempt$ to reply 9 full to ! criticisms to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ,i "k n :at ext5t ( gr\nd w\ld h be5 cov]$ by my pronaos4 ,all ,i h endeav\r$ to d1 at pres5t1 is to remove t :i* seems to h prov$ a /umbl+-block to _m--namely1 ! app>5t p>adox t e?ical nature1 :ile born ( cosmic nature1 is necess>ily at enmity ) its p>5t4 ,unless ! argum5ts set =? 9 ! ,prolegom5a1 9 ! simple/ language at my comm&1 h "s flaw :i* ,i am unable to disc]n1 ?is seem+ p>adox is a tru?1 z great z x is pla91 ! recognition ( :i* is fundam5tal = ! e?ical philosoph]4 ,we _c d )\t our inh]itance f ! =efa!rs :o 7 ! puppets ( ! cosmic process2 ! society :i* r5\nces x mu/ be de/roy$ f )\t4 ,/ill less c we de ) too mu* ( x2 ! society 9 :i* x dom9ates mu/ be de/roy$ f )94 ,! motive ( ! drama ( human life is ! necessity1 laid ^u e man :o comes into ! _w1 ( discov]+ ! mean betwe5 self-ass]tion & self-re/ra9t suit$ to 8 "* & 8 circum/ances4 ,& ! et]nally tragic aspect ( ! drama lies 9 ?is3 t ! problem set be=e u is "o ! elem5ts ( :i* c be b imp]fectly kn[n1 & ( :i* ev5 an approximately "r solution r>ely pres5ts itself1 until t /]n critic1 ag$ exp]i5ce1 has be5 furni%$ ) ample ju/ification = v5t+ 8 s>ca/ic hum\r ^u ! irrep>able blund]s we h already made4 ,i h repr9t$ ! lett]s on ! ,d>ke/ ,engl& s*eme1 publi%$ 9 ! ,times ( ,decemb]1 #ahij1 & ,janu>y1 #ahia2 & subsequ5tly issu$1 ) additions1 z a pamphlet1 "u ! title ( ,social ,diseases & ,worse ,rem$ies1 because1 al?\gh ! clev] attempt to ru% ! c\ntry on behalf ( t s*eme has be5 balk$1 ,boo?'s /&+ army rema9s afoot1 reta9+ all ! capacities = mis*ief :i* are inh]5t 9 its con/itution4 ,i am desir\s t ?is fact %\ld be kept /eadily 9 view2 & t ! mod]ation ( ! clam\r ( ! drums & trumpets %\ld n lead u to =get ! exi/5ce ( a =ce1 :i*1 9 bad h&s1 may1 at any "t1 be us$ = bad purposes4 ,9 #ahib1 a ,committee 0 =m$ = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! moneys1 subscrib$ 9 response to ! appeal made 9 ! book entitl$ ',9 ,d>ke/ ,engl& & ! ,way out1' h be5 exp5d$4 ,! memb]s ( ?is body 7 g5tlem5 9 ^: compet5cy & equity e "o mu/ h complete confid5ce2 & 9 ,decemb]1 #ahib1 !y publi%$ a report 9 :i* !y decl>e t1 ) ! exception ( ! sums exp5d$ on ! 'b>racks' at ,hadleigh1 ! moneys 9 "q h be5 devot$ only to ! objects & exp5d$ 9 ! me?ods set out 9 t appeal1 & to & 9 no o!rs4 ,nev]!less1 _! f9al conclusion runs z foll[s3 7#d7 ,t :il/ ! inve/$ prop]ty1 real & p]sonal1 result+ f su* ,appeal is s ve/$ & controll$ by ! ,tru/ ( ! ,de$ ( ,janu>y #cj?1 #ahia1 t any application ( x to purposes o!r ?an ^? decl>$ 9 ! de$ by any ',g5]al' ( ! ,salvation ,army w\ld am\nt to a brea* ( tru/1 & w\ld subject him to ! proce$+s ( a civil & crim9al "*1 be=e m5tion$ 9 ! ,report1 ,,adequate ,,legal ,,safegu>ds ,,d ,,n ,,at ,,pres5t ,,exi/ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,! ,,misapplication ,,( ,,su* ,,prop]ty4 ,! passage ,i h italicis$ =ms "p ( a docum5t dat$ ,decemb] #ai?1 #ahib4 ,x foll[s1 t1 ev5 aft] ! ,de$ ( ,janu>y #cj?1 #ahia1 0 execut$1 adequate legal safegu>ds to prev5t ! misapplication ( ! prop]ty did n exi/4 ,:at !n 0 ! /ate ( ?+s1 up to a week e>li]1 t is on ,janu>y #bbnd1 #ahia1 :5 my twelf? & la/ lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,times8 ,a bett] ju/ification = :at ,i h said ab\t ! want ( adequate security = ! prop] adm9i/ration ( ! funds intru/$ to ,mr4 ,boo? c\ld n be desir$1 unless x be t :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passages ( ! ,report 7pp4 #cf & #cg73-- ,x is possible t a ',g5]al' may be =getful ( 8 duty1 & sell prop]ty & appropriate ! proce$s to 8 own use1 or to meet+ ! g5]al liabilities ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,z matt]s n[ /&1 he1 & he alone1 w\ld h control ov] su* a sale4 ,aga9/ su* possibilities x appe>s to ! ,committee to be reasonable t "s *eck %\ld be impos$4 ,once m let x be rememb]$ t ?is op9ion giv5 "u ! h& ( ,sir ,h5ry ,james1 0 express$ by ! ,committee1 ) ! ,tru/ ,de$ ( #ahia1 :i* has be5 s s$ul\sly flaunt$ be=e ! public1 9 full view4 ,! ,committee made a sugge/ion = ! improvem5t ( ?is v unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s2 b ! exact value set ^u x by ! sugge/ors %\ld be c>efully consid]$ 7p4#cg74 ,! ,committee are fully aw>e t if ! views ?us express$ are c>ri$ out1 ! safegu>ds & *ecks creat$ w n be suffici5t = all purposes absolutely to prev5t possible deal+ ) ! prop]ty & moneys inconsi/5t ) ! purposes to :i* !y are int5d$ to be devot$4 ,9 fact1 !y are cont5t to express ! v mode/ hope t if ! sugge/ion made be act$ ^u1 "s h9drance w !reby be plac$ 9 ! way ( any "o act+ di%one/ly 9 respect ( ! disposal ( ! prop]ty & moneys ref]r$ to4 ,i d n "k1 &1 "u ! circum/ances1 ,i _c say ,i mu* c>e1 :e!r ! sugge/ions ( ! ,committee h1 or h n1 be5 act$ ^u4 ,:e!r or n1 ! fact rema9s t an unscrupul\s ,g5]al w h a pretty free h&1 not)/&+ "s h9drance4 ,?us1 ! judgm5t ( ! highly au?oritative1 & c]ta9ly n ho/ile1 ,committee ( #ahib1 ^u ! issues ) :i* !y conc]n$ !mselves is h>dly su* z to inspire en?usia/ic confid5ce4 ,& x is fur!r to be borne 9 m9d t !y c>efully exclud$ f _! duties any exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples1 gov]nm5t1 tea*+1 or me?ods ( ! ,salvation ,army z a religi\s organization1 or ( its affairs except s f> z !y relat$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ! moneys collect$ by ! ,d>ke/ ,engl& appeal4 ,consequ5tly1 ! mo/ important que/ions discuss$ 9 my lett]s 7 n 9 any way t\*$ by ! ,committee4 ,ev5 if _! report _h be5 f> m fav\rable to ! ,d>ke/ ,engl& s*eme ?an x is2 if x _h really assur$ ! contributors t ! funds rais$ 7 fully secur$ aga9/ malv]sation2 ! objections1 on social & political gr\nds1 to ,mr4 ,boo?'s despotic organization1 ) its ?\s&s ( docile satellites pl$g$ to bl9d ob$i5ce1 set =? 9 ! lett]s1 w\ld be 9 no degree weak5$4 ,! sixp5nywor? ( good w\ld /ill be out-weigh$ by ! %ill+swor? ( h>m2 if inde$ ! relative wor?1 or unwor?1 ( ! latt] %\ld n be rat$ 9 p\nds r ?an 9 %ill+s4 ,:at w\ld "o n give = ! op9ion ( ! f9ancial memb]s ( ! ,committee ab\t ! fam\s ,bank2 & t ( ! legal exp]ts ab\t ! propos$ tribunes ( ! p8 ,,hodeslea1 ,,ea/b\rne1 ,july1 #ahid4 ,,cont5ts ,i ,,page ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,,prolegom5a #ahid 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,ii ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics #ahic4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#df ,,iii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,morals #ahhf4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aag ,,iv ,,capital--,,! ,,"m ,,( ,,lab\r #ahij 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adg ,v ,,social ,,diseases ,,& ,,worse ,,rem$ies #ahia4 4 4 4 4 #ahh ,preface4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahh ,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce 9 ,human ,society4 #aie ,lett]s to ! ,times 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcg ,legal ,op9ions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cab ,! ,articles ( ,w> ( ! ,salvation ,army4 4 #cba #a ,i4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,,prolegom5a4 #ahid4 ,i4 ,,x may be safely assum$ t1 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 be=e ,caes> set foot 9 s\!rn ,brita91 ! :ole c\ntry-side visible f ! w9d[s ( ! room 9 :i* ,i write1 0 9 :at is call$ ! /ate ( nature4 ,except1 x may be1 by rais+ a few sepul*ral m\nds1 su* z ^? :i* /ill1 "h & !re1 break ! fl[+ cont\rs ( ! d[ns1 man's h&s _h made no m>k ^u x2 & ! ?9 veil ( vegetation :i* ov]spread ! broad-back$ heights & ! %elv+ sides ( ! coombs 0 unaffect$ by 8 indu/ry4 ,! native grasses & we$s1 ! scatt]$ pat*es ( gorse1 cont5d$ ) "o ano!r = ! possession ( ! scanty surface soil2 !y f\ght aga9/ ! dr\ghts ( summ]1 ! fro/s ( w9t]1 & ! furi\s gales :i* swept1 ) unbrok5 =ce1 n[ f ! #b ,atlantic1 & n[ f ! ,nor? ,sea1 at all times ( ! ye>2 !y fill$ up1 z !y be/ might1 ! gaps made 9 _! ranks by all sorts ( und]gr\nd & ov]gr\nd animal ravag]s4 ,"o ye> ) ano!r1 an av]age population1 ! float+ balance ( ! unceas+ /ruggle = exi/5ce among ! indig5\s plants1 ma9ta9$ itself4 ,x is z little to be d\bt$1 t an ess5tially simil> /ate ( nature prevail$1 9 ?is region1 = _m ?\s& ye>s be=e ! com+ ( ,caes>2 & !re is no assignable reason = d5y+ t x might cont9ue to exi/ ?r\gh an equally prolong$ futurity1 except = ! int]v5tion ( man4 ,reckon$ by our cu/om>y /&>ds ( duration1 ! native vegetation1 l ! ev]la/+ hills :i* x clo!s1 seems a type ( p]man5ce4 ,! little ,am>ella ,g5tians1 :i* ab\nd 9 "s places to-day1 are ! desc5dants ( ^? t 7 trodd5 und]foot1 by ! prehi/oric savages :o h left _! fl9t tools1 ab\t1 "h & !re2 & !y foll[$ ance/ors :i*1 9 ! climate ( ! glacial epo*1 probably fl\ri%$ bett] ?an !y d n[4 ,comp>$ ) ! long pa/ ( ?is humble plant1 all ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ m5 is b an episode4 ,yet no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t1 measur$ by ! lib]al scale ( "t-keep+ ( ! univ]se1 ?is pres5t /ate ( nature1 h[ev] x may seem to h gone & to g on = ev]1 is #c b a fleet+ phase ( h] inf9ite v>iety2 m]ely ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( *anges :i* ! e>?'s surface has und]gone 9 ! c\rse ( ! millions ( ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,turn back a squ>e foot ( ! ?9 turf1 & ! solid f\ndation ( ! l&1 expos$ 9 cliffs ( *alk five hundr$ feet high on ! adjac5t %ore1 yields full assurance ( a "t :5 ! sea cov]$ ! site ( ! ev]la/+ hills2 & :5 ! vegetation ( :at l& lay ne>e/1 0 z diff]5t f ! pres5t ,flora ( ! ,sussex d[ns1 z t ( ,c5tral ,africa n[ is499 ,no less c]ta9 is x t1 betwe5 ! "t dur+ :i* ! *alk 0 =m$ & t at :i* ! orig9al turf came into exi/5ce1 ?\s&s ( c5turies elaps$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 ! /ate ( nature ( ! ages dur+ :i* ! *alk 0 deposit$1 pass$ into t :i* n[ is1 by *anges s sl[ t1 9 ! com+ & go+ ( ! g5]ations ( m51 _h su* witness$ !m1 ! contempor>y conditions w\ld h seem$ to be un*ang+ & un*angeable4 99 ,see ,on a piece ( ,*alk 9 ! prec$+ volume ( ^! ,essays 7vol4 viii4 p4 #a74 ,b x is also c]ta9 t1 be=e ! deposition ( ! *alk1 a va/ly long] p]iod _h elaps$2 ?r\gh\t :i* x is easy to foll[ ! traces ( ! same process ( ceaseless modification & ( ! int]nec9e /ruggle = exi/5ce ( liv+ ?+s2 & t ev5 :5 we c get no fur!r #d back1 x is n because !re is any reason to ?9k we h rea*$ ! beg9n+1 b because ! trail ( ! mo/ anci5t life rema9s hidd51 or has become oblit]at$4 ,?us t /ate ( nature ( ! _w ( plants :i* we began by consid]+1 is f> f possess+ ! attribute ( p]man5ce4 ,r its v ess5ce is imp]man5ce4 ,x may h la/$ tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& ye>s1 x may la/ = tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& ye>s m1 )\t obvi\s *ange2 b1 z surely z x has foll[$ ^u a v diff]5t /ate1 s x w be foll[$ by an equally diff]5t condition4 ,t :i* endures is n "o or ano!r association ( liv+ =ms1 b ! process ( :i* ! cosmos is ! product1 & ( :i* ^! are among ! transitory expressions4 ,& 9 ! liv+ _w1 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ?is cosmic process is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! competition ( ea* ) all1 ! result ( :i* is ! selection1 t is to say1 ! survival ( ^? =ms :i*1 on ! :ole1 are be/ adapt$1 to ! conditions :i* at any p]iod obta92 & :i* are1 !re=e1 9 t respect1 & only 9 t respect1 ! fitte/499 ,! acme rea*$ by ! cosmic #e process 9 ! vegetation ( ! d[ns is se5 9 ! turf1 ) its we$s & gorse4 ,"u ! conditions1 !y h come out ( ! /ruggle victori\s2 &1 by surviv+1 h prov$ t !y are ! fitte/ to survive4 99 ,t e !ory ( evolution mu/ be consi/5t n m]ely ) progressive developm5t1 b ) indef9ite p]si/5ce 9 ! same condition & ) retrogressive modification1 is a po9t :i* ,i h insi/$ ^u repeat$ly f ! ye> #ahfb till n[4 ,see ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dfa-hi2 vol4 iii4 p4 #cc2 vol4 viii4 p4 #cjd4 ,9 ! address on ,geological ,contemporaneity & ,p]si/5t ,types 7#ahfb71 ! paleontological pro(s ( ?is proposition 71 ,i believe1 fir/ set =?4 ,t ! /ate ( nature1 at any "t1 is a tempor>y phase ( a process ( incessant *ange1 :i* has be5 go+ on = innum]able ages1 appe>s to me to be a proposition z well e/abli%$ z any 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,paleontology assures u1 9 addition1 t ! anci5t philosoph]s :o1 ) less reason1 held ! same doctr9e1 err$ 9 suppos+ t ! phases =m$ a cycle1 exactly repeat+ ! pa/1 exactly =e%ad[+ ! future1 9 _! rotations4 ,on ! contr>y1 x furni%es u ) conclusive reasons = ?9k+ t1 if e l9k 9 ! ance/ry ( ^! humble indig5\s plants _h be5 pres]v$ & 7 accessible to u1 ! :ole w\ld pres5t a conv]g+ s]ies ( =ms ( gradually dim9i%+ complexity1 until1 at "s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 f> m remote ?an any ( :i* organic rema9s h yet be5 discov]$1 !y w\ld m]ge 9 ^? l[ gr\ps among :i* ! ,b\nd>ies betwe5 animal & vegetable life become effac$499 99 ,on ! ,bord] ,t]ritory betwe5 ! ,animal & ! ,vegetable ,k+doms1 ,essays1 vol4 viii4 p4 #afb #f ,! ^w evolution1 n[ g5]ally appli$ to ! cosmic process1 has _h a s+ul> hi/ory1 & is us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses499 ,tak5 9 its popul> signification x means progressive developm5t1 t is1 gradual *ange f a condition ( relative uni=mity to "o ( relative complexity2 b its connotation has be5 wid5$ to include ! ph5om5a ( retrogressive metamorphosis1 t is1 ( progress f a condition ( relative complexity to "o ( relative uni=mity4 ,z a natural process1 ( ! same "* z ! developm5t ( a tree f its se$1 or ( a f[l f its egg1 evolution excludes creation & all o!r k9ds ( sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,z ! expression ( a fix$ ord]1 e /age ( :i* is ! effect ( causes op]at+ accord+ to def9ite rules1 ! conception ( evolution no less excludes t ( *ance4 ,x is v desirable to rememb] t evolution is n an explanation ( ! cosmic process1 b m]ely a g5]aliz$ /atem5t ( ! me?od & results ( t process4 ,&1 fur!r1 t1 if !re is pro( t ! cosmic process 0 set go+ by any ag5t1 !n t ag5t w be1 ! creator ( x & ( all its products1 al?\gh sup]natural int]v5tion may rema9 /rictly exclud$ f its fur!r c\rse4 ,s f> z t limit$ revelation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 :i* we call sci5tific k1 has #g yet gone1 x t5ds1 ) con/antly increas+ emphasis1 to ! belief t1 n m]ely ! _w ( plants1 b t ( animals2 n m]ely liv+ ?+s1 b ! :ole fabric ( ! e>?2 n m]ely our planet1 b ! :ole sol> sy/em2 n m]ely our /> & its satellites1 b ! millions ( simil> bodies :i* be> witness to ! ord] :i* p]vades b\ndless space1 & has endur$ ?r\gh b\ndless "t2 are all work+ out _! pr$e/9$ c\rses ( evolution4 99 ,see ,evolution 9 ,biology1 ,essays1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahg ,) none ( ^! h ,i any?+ to d1 at pres5t1 except ) t exhibit$ by ! =ms ( life :i* t5ant ! e>?4 ,all plants & animals exhibit ! t5d5cy to v>y1 ! causes ( :i* h yet to be asc]ta9$2 x is ! t5d5cy ( ! conditions ( life1 at any giv5 "t1 :ile fav\r+ ! exi/5ce ( ! v>iations be/ adapt$ to !m1 to oppose t ( ! re/ & ?us to ex]cise selection2 & all liv+ ?+s t5d to multiply )\t limit1 :ile ! means ( support are limit$2 ! obvi\s cause ( :i* is ! production ( (fspr+ m num]\s ?an _! prog5itors1 b ) equal expectation ( life 9 ! actu>ial s5se4 ,)\t ! fir/ t5d5cy !re c\ld be no evolution4 ,)\t ! second1 !re w\ld be no good reason :y "o v>iation %\ld disappe> & ano!r take its place2 t is to say !re w\ld be no selection4 ,)\t ! #h ?ird1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! ag5t ( ! selective process 9 ! /ate ( nature1 w\ld vani%499 99 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 ii4 passim4 ,grant+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! t5d5cies1 all ! kn[n facts ( ! hi/ory ( plants & ( animals may be br\ght into rational correlation4 ,& ?is is m ?an c be said = any o!r hypo!sis t ,i "k (4 ,su* hypo!ses1 = example1 z t ( ! exi/5ce ( a primitive1 ord]less *aos2 ( a passive & sluggi% et]nal matt] m\ld$1 ) b p>tial success1 by ar*etypal ideas2 ( a br&-new _w-/uff sudd5ly creat$ & swiftly %ap$ by a sup]natural p[]2 receive no enc\ragem5t1 b ! contr>y1 f our pres5t k4 ,t our e>? may once h =m$ "p ( a nebul\s cosmic magma is c]ta9ly possible1 inde$ seems highly probable2 b !re is no reason to d\bt t ord] reign$ !re1 z completely z amid/ :at we reg>d z ! mo/ f9i%$ works ( nature or ( man49999 ,! fai? :i* is born ( k1 f9ds its object 9 an et]nal ord]1 br++ =? ceaseless *ange1 ?r\gh endless "t1 9 endless space2 ! manife/ations ( ! cosmic en]gy alt]nat+ betwe5 phases ( pot5tiality & phases ( explication4 ,x may be t1 z ,kant sugge/s1999999 e cosmic #i magma pr$e/9$ to evolve into a new _w1 has be5 ! no less pr$e/9$ end ( a vani%$ pr$ecessor4 9999,ibid41 vol4 iv4 p4 #ach2 vol4 v4 pp4 #ga-gc4 999999,ibid41 vol4 viii4 p4 #cba4 ,,ii4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! /ate ( nature1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 0 br\ght to an end1 s f> z a small pat* ( ! soil is conc]n$1 by ! int]v5tion ( man4 ,! pat* 0 cut (f f ! re/ by a wall2 )9 ! area ?us protect$1 ! native vegetation 01 z f> z possible1 extirpat$2 :ile a colony ( /range plants 0 import$ & set d[n 9 its place4 ,9 %ort1 x 0 made into a g>d54 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ?is artificially treat$ area pres5ts an aspect extraord9>ily diff]5t f t ( s mu* ( ! l& z rema9s 9 ! /ate ( nature1 outside ! wall4 ,trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs1 _m ( !m app]ta9+ to ! /ate ( nature ( remote p>ts ( ! globe1 ab\nd & fl\ri%4 ,moreov]1 consid]able quantities ( vegetables1 fruits1 & fl[]s are produc$1 ( k9ds :i* nei!r n[ exi/1 nor h ev] exi/$1 except "u conditions su* z obta9 9 ! g>d52 & :i*1 !re=e1 are z mu* works ( ! art ( man z ! frames & glas%\ses 9 :i* "s ( !m are rais$4 ,t ! /ate ( ,art1 ?us creat$ 9 ! /ate ( nature by man1 is su/a9$ by & dep5d5t on him1 w\ld at once become #aj app>5t1 if ! wat*ful sup]vision ( ! g>d5] 7 )drawn1 & ! antagoni/ic influ5ces ( ! g5]al cosmic process 7 no long] s$ul\sly w>d$ (f1 or c\nt]act$4 ,! walls & gates w\ld decay2 quadrup$al & bip$al intrud]s w\ld dev\r & tread d[n ! useful & beautiful plants2 birds1 insects1 blight1 & mildew w\ld "w _! w2 ! se$s ( ! native plants1 c>ri$ by w9ds or o!r ag5cies1 w\ld immigrate1 & 9 virtue ( _! long-e>n$ special adaptation to ! local conditions1 ^! despis$ native we$s w\ld soon *oke _! *oice exotic rivals4 ,a c5tury or two h5ce1 little beyond ! f\ndations ( ! wall & ( ! h\ses & frames w\ld be left1 9 evid5ce ( ! victory ( ! cosmic p[]s at "w 9 ! /ate ( nature1 ov] ! tempor>y ob/acles to _! supremacy1 set up by ! art ( ! horticulturi/4 ,x w be admitt$ t ! g>d5 is z mu* a "w ( art199 or artifice1 z any?+ t c be m5tion$4 ,! en]gy localis$ 9 c]ta9 human bodies1 direct$ by simil>ly localis$ intellects1 has produc$ a collocation ( o!r mat]ial bodies :i* c\ld n be br\ght ab\t 9 ! /ate ( nature4 ,! same proposition is true ( all ! 99 ,! s5se ( ! t]m ,art is becom+ n>r[$2 "w ( ,art to mo/ p means a picture1 a /atue1 or a piece ( bij\t]ie2 by way ( comp5sation arti/ has includ$ 9 its wide embrace cooks & ballet girls1 no less ?an pa9t]s & sculptors4 #aa works ( man's h&s1 f a fl9t implem5t to a ca!dral or a *ronomet]2 & x is because x is true1 t we call ^! ?+s artificial1 t]m !m works ( art1 or artifice1 by way ( di/+ui%+ !m f ! products ( ! cosmic process1 work+ outside man1 :i* we call natural1 or works ( nature4 ,! di/9ction ?us drawn betwe5 ! works ( nature & ^? ( man1 is univ]sally recogniz$2 & x is1 z ,i conceive1 bo? useful & ju/ifiable4 ,,iii4 ,no d\bt1 x may be prop]ly urg$ t ! op]ation ( human en]gy & intellig5ce1 :i* has br\ght into exi/5ce & ma9ta9s ! g>d51 by :at ,i h call$ ! horticultural process1 is1 /rictly speak+1 "p & p>cel ( ! cosmic process4 ,& no "o c\ld m readily agree to t proposition ?an ,i4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n "k t any "o has tak5 m pa9s ?an ,i h1 dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 to insi/ ^u ! doctr9e1 s mu* revil$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( t p]iod1 t man1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral1 is z mu* a "p ( nature1 z purely a product ( ! cosmic process1 z ! humble/ we$499 99 ,see ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 vii41 & ,on ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce 9 ,human ,society 7#ahhh71 bel[4 ,b if1 foll[+ up ?is admission1 x is urg$ #ab t1 su* be+ ! case1 ! cosmic process _c be 9 antagonism ) t horticultural process :i* is "p ( itself--,i c only reply1 t if ! conclusion t ! two are antagoni/ic is logically absurd1 ,i am sorry = logic1 because1 z we h se51 ! fact is s4 ,! g>d5 is 9 ! same position z e o!r "w ( man's art2 x is a result ( ! cosmic process work+ ?r\gh & by human en]gy & intellig5ce2 &1 z is ! case ) e o!r artificial ?+ set up 9 ! /ate ( nature1 ! influ5ces ( ! latt]1 are con/antly t5d+ to break x d[n & de/roy x4 ,no d\bt1 ! ,=? bridge & an ironclad 9 ! (f+1 are1 9 ultimate resort1 products ( ! cosmic process2 z mu* s z ! riv] :i* fl[s "u ! "o1 or ! seawat] on :i* ! o!r floats4 ,nev]!less1 e breeze /ra9s ! bridge a little1 e tide does some?+ to weak5 its f\ndations2 e *ange ( temp]ature alt]s ! adju/m5t ( its p>ts1 produces friction & consequ5t we> & te>4 ,f "t to "t1 ! bridge mu/ be repair$1 j z ! ironclad mu/ g into dock2 simply because nature is always t5d+ to reclaim t :i* h] *ild1 man1 has borr[$ f h] & has arrang$ 9 comb9ations :i* are n ^? fav\r$ by ! g5]al cosmic process4 ,?us1 x is n only true t ! cosmic en]gy1 work+ ?r\gh man ^u a portion ( #ac ! plant _w1 opposes ! same en]gy z x works ?r\gh ! /ate ( nature1 b a simil> antagonism is ev]y:]e manife/ betwe5 ! artificial & ! natural4 ,ev5 9 ! /ate ( nature itself1 :at is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce b ! antagonism ( ! results ( ! cosmic process 9 ! region ( life1 "o to ano!r899 99 ,or to put ! case /ill m simply4 ,:5 a man lays hold ( ! two ends ( a piece ( /r+ & pulls !m1 ) int5t to break x1 ! "r arm is c]ta9ly ex]t$ 9 antagonism to ! left arm2 yet bo? arms d]ive _! en]gy f ! same orig9al s\rce4 ,,iv4 ,n only is ! /ate ( nature ho/ile to ! /ate ( art ( ! g>d52 b ! pr9ciple ( ! horticultural process1 by :i* ! latt] is creat$ & ma9ta9$1 is anti!tic to t ( ! cosmic process4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! latt] is ! int5se & unceas+ competition ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! =m] is ! elim9ation ( t /ruggle1 by ! removal ( ! conditions :i* give rise to x4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! cosmic process is to br+ ab\t ! adju/m5t ( ! =ms ( plant life to ! curr5t conditions2 ! t5d5cy ( ! horticultural process is ! adju/m5t ( ! conditions to ! ne$s ( ! =ms ( plant life :i* ! g>d5] desires to raise4 ,! cosmic process uses unre/rict$ multiplication #ad z ! means :]eby hundr$s compete = ! place & n\ri%m5t adequate = "o2 x employs fro/ & dr\ght to cut (f ! weak & un=tunate2 to survive1 !re is ne$ n only ( /r5g?1 b ( flexibility & ( good =tune4 ,! g>d5]1 on ! o!r h&1 re/ricts multiplication2 provides t ea* plant %all h suffici5t space & n\ri%m5t2 protects f fro/ & dr\ght2 &1 9 e o!r way1 attempts to modify ! conditions1 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ab\t ! survival ( ^? =ms :i* mo/ ne>ly approa* ! /&>d ( ! useful or ! beautiful1 :i* he has 9 8 m9d4 ,if ! fruits & ! tub]s1 ! foliage & ! fl[]s ?us obta9$1 rea*1 or suffici5tly approa*1 t ideal1 !re is no reason :y ! /atus quo atta9$ %\ld n be indef9itely prolong$4 ,s long z ! /ate ( nature rema9s approximately ! same1 s long w ! en]gy & intellig5ce :i* creat$ ! g>d5 suffice to ma9ta9 x4 ,h[ev]1 ! limits )9 :i* ?is ma/]y ( man ov] nature c be ma9ta9$ are n>r[4 ,if ! conditions ( ! cretace\s epo* return$1 ,i fe> ! mo/ skilful ( g>d5]s w\ld h to give up ! cultivation ( apples & gooseb]ries2 :ile1 if ^? ( ! glacial p]iod once aga9 obta9$1 op5 asp>agus b$s w\ld be sup]flu\s1 & ! tra9+ ( fruit #ae trees aga9/ ! mo/ fav\rable ( ,s\? walls1 a wa/e ( "t & tr\ble4 ,b x is extremely important to note t1 ! /ate ( nature rema9+ ! same1 if ! produce does n satisfy ! g>d5]1 x may be made to approa* 8 ideal m closely4 ,al?\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce may be at end1 ! possibility ( progress rema9s4 ,9 discussions on ^! topics1 x is (t5 /rangely =gott5 t ! ess5tial conditions ( ! modification1 or evolution1 ( liv+ ?+s are v>iation & h]$it>y transmission4 ,selection is ! means by :i* c]ta9 v>iations are fav\r$ & _! prog5y pres]v$4 ,b ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is only "o ( ! means by :i* selection may be effect$4 ,! endless v>ieties ( cultivat$ fl[]s1 fruits1 roots1 tub]s1 & bulbs are n products ( selection by means ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b ( direct selection1 9 view ( an ideal ( utility or beauty4 ,amid/ a multitude ( plants1 occupy+ ! same /ation & subject$ to ! same conditions1 9 ! g>d51 v>ieties arise4 ,! v>ieties t5d+ 9 a giv5 direction are pres]v$1 & ! re/ are de/roy$4 ,& ! same process takes place among ! v>ieties until1 = example1 ! wild kale becomes a cabbage1 or ! wild ,viola tricolor1 a prize pansy4 #af ,v4 ,! process ( colonisation pres5ts analogies to ! =mation ( a g>d5 :i* are highly in/ructive4 ,suppose a %ipload ( ,engli% coloni/s s5t to =m a settlem5t1 9 su* a c\ntry z ,tasmania 0 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,on l&+1 !y f9d !mselves 9 ! mid/ ( a /ate ( nature1 widely diff]5t f t left beh9d !m 9 ev]y?+ b ! mo/ g5]al physical conditions4 ,! common plants1 ! common birds & quadrup$s1 are z totally di/9ct z ! m5 f any?+ to be se5 on ! side ( ! globe f :i* !y come4 ,! coloni/s proce$ to put an end to ?is /ate ( ?+s ov] z l>ge an area z !y desire to occupy4 ,!y cle> away ! native vegetation1 extirpate or drive out ! animal population1 s f> z may be necess>y1 & take measures to def5d !mselves f ! re-immigration ( ei!r4 ,9 _! place1 !y introduce ,engli% gra9 & fruit trees2 ,engli% dogs1 %eep1 cattle1 horses2 & ,engli% m52 9 fact1 !y set up a new ,flora & ,fauna & a new v>iety ( mank9d1 )9 ! old /ate ( nature4 ,_! f>ms & pa/ures repres5t a g>d5 on a great scale1 & !mselves ! g>d5]s :o h to keep x up1 9 wat*ful antagonism to ! old regime4 ,consid]$ z a :ole1 ! colony is a composite unit introduc$ into ! old /ate ( nature2 &1 #ag !nce=w>d1 a competitor 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 to conqu] or be vanqui%$4 ,"u ! conditions suppos$1 !re is no d\bt ( ! result1 if ! "w ( ! coloni/s be c>ri$ out en]getically & ) intellig5t comb9ation ( all _! =ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are slo?ful1 /upid1 & c>eless2 or if !y wa/e _! en]gies 9 conte/s ) "o ano!r1 ! *ances are t ! old /ate ( nature w h ! be/ ( x4 ,! native savage w de/roy ! immigrant civiliz$ man2 ( ! ,engli% animals & plants "s w be extirpat$ by _! indig5\s rivals1 o!rs w pass into ! f]al /ate & !mselves become compon5ts ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,9 a few decades1 all o!r traces ( ! settlem5t w h vani%$4 ,,vi4 ,let u n[ imag9e t "s adm9i/rative au?ority1 z f> sup]ior 9 p[] & intellig5ce to m51 z m5 are to _! cattle1 is set ov] ! colony1 *>g$ to deal ) its human elem5ts 9 su* a mann] z to assure ! victory ( ! settlem5t ov] ! antagoni/ic influ5ces ( ! /ate ( nature 9 :i* x is set d[n4 ,he w\ld proce$ 9 ! same fa%ion z t 9 :i* ! g>d5] dealt ) 8 g>d54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he w\ld1 z f> z possible1 put a #ah /op to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal competition by ?or\ghly extirpat+ & exclud+ ! native rivals1 :e!r m51 bea/s1 or plants4 ,& our adm9i/rator w\ld select 8 human ag5ts1 ) a view to 8 ideal ( a successful colony1 j z ! g>d5] selects 8 plants ) a view to 8 ideal ( useful or beautiful products4 ,9 ! second place1 9 ord] t no /ruggle = ! means ( exi/5ce betwe5 ^! human ag5ts %\ld weak5 ! effici5cy ( ! corporate :ole 9 ! battle ) ! /ate ( nature1 he w\ld make arrangem5ts by :i* ea* w\ld be provid$ ) ^? means2 & w\ld be reliev$ f ! fe> ( be+ depriv$ ( !m by 8 /rong] or m cunn+ fell[s4 ,laws1 sanction$ by ! comb9$ =ce ( ! colony1 w\ld re/ra9 ! self-ass]tion ( ea* man )9 ! limits requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( peace4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cosmic /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z betwe5 man & man1 w\ld be rigor\sly suppress$2 & selection1 by its means1 w\ld be z completely exclud$ z x is f ! g>d54 ,at ! same "t1 ! ob/acles to ! full developm5t ( ! capacities ( ! coloni/s by o!r conditions ( ! /ate ( nature ?an ^? already m5tion$1 w\ld be remov$ by ! creation ( artificial conditions ( exi/5ce ( a m fav\rable "*3 ,protection aga9/ extremes ( heat & cold w\ld #ai be af=d$ by h\ses & clo?+2 dra9age & irrigation works w\ld antagonise ! effects ( excessive ra9 & excessive dr\ght2 roads1 bridges1 canals1 c>riages1 & %ips w\ld ov]come ! natural ob/acles to locomotion & transport2 me*anical eng9es w\ld supplem5t ! natural /r5g? ( m5 & ( _! draught animals2 hygi5ic precautions w\ld *eck1 or remove1 ! natural causes ( disease4 ,) e /ep ( ?is progress 9 civilization1 ! coloni/s w\ld become m & m indep5d5t ( ! /ate ( nature2 m & m1 _! lives w\ld be condition$ by a /ate ( art4 ,9 ord] to atta9 8 ends1 ! adm9i/rator w\ld h to avail himself ( ! c\rage1 indu/ry1 & co-op]ative intellig5ce ( ! settl]s2 & x is pla9 t ! int]e/ ( ! community w\ld be be/ s]v$ by increas+ ! proportion ( p]sons :o possess su* qualities1 & dim9i%+ t ( p]sons devoid ( !m4 ,9 o!r words1 by selection direct$ t[>ds an ideal4 ,?us ! adm9i/rator might look to ! e/abli%m5t ( an e>?ly p>adise1 a true g>d5 ( ,ed51 9 :i* all ?+s %\ld "w toge!r t[>ds ! well-be+ ( ! g>d5]s3 )9 :i* ! cosmic process1 ! co>se /ruggle = exi/5ce ( ! /ate ( nature1 %\ld be aboli%$2 9 :i* t /ate %\ld be replac$ by a /ate ( art2 #bj :]e e plant & e l[] animal %\ld be adapt$ to human wants1 & w\ld p]i% if human sup]vision & protection 7 )drawn2 :]e m5 !mselves %\ld h be5 select$1 ) a view to _! effici5cy z organs = ! p]=mance ( ! functions ( a p]fect$ society4 ,& ?is ideal polity w\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t1 n by gradually adju/+ ! m5 to ! conditions ar\nd !m1 b by creat+ artificial conditions = !m2 n by all[+ ! free play ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b by exclud+ t /ruggle2 & by sub/itut+ selection direct$ t[>ds ! adm9i/rator's ideal = ! selection x ex]cises4 ,,vii4 ,b ! ,ed5 w\ld h its s]p5t1 & a v subtle bea/ too4 ,man %>es ) ! re/ ( ! liv+ _w ! mighty in/9ct ( reproduction & its consequ5ce1 ! t5d5cy to multiply ) great rapidity4 ,! bett] ! measures ( ! adm9i/rator a*iev$ _! object1 ! m completely ! de/ructive ag5cies ( ! /ate ( nature 7 defeat$1 ! less w\ld t multiplication be *eck$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )9 ! colony1 ! en=cem5t ( peace1 :i* deprives e man ( ! p[] to take away ! means ( exi/5ce f ano!r1 simply because he is ! /rong]1 #ba w\ld h put an end to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 ! coloni/s1 & ! competition = ! commodities ( exi/5ce1 :i* w\ld alone rema91 is no *eck ^u population4 ,?us1 z soon z ! coloni/s began to multiply1 ! adm9i/rator w\ld h to face ! t5d5cy to ! re9troduction ( ! cosmic /ruggle into 8 artificial fabric1 9 consequ5ce ( ! competition1 n m]ely = ! commodities1 b = ! means ( exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! colony rea*$ ! limit ( possible expansion1 ! surplus population mu/ be dispos$ ( someh[2 or ! fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ recomm5ce & de/roy t peace1 :i* is ! fundam5tal condition ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! /ate ( art aga9/ ! /ate ( nature4 ,suppos+ ! adm9i/rator to be guid$ by purely sci5tific consid]ations1 he w\ld1 l ! g>d5]1 meet ?is mo/ s]i\s difficulty by sy/ematic extirpation1 or exclusion1 ( ! sup]flu\s4 ,! hopelessly diseas$1 ! infirm ag$1 ! weak or de=m$ 9 body or 9 m9d1 ! excess ( infants born1 w\ld be put away1 z ! g>d5] pulls up defective & sup]flu\s plants1 or ! bre$] de/roys undesirable cattle4 ,only ! /rong & ! heal?y1 c>efully mat*$1 ) a view to ! prog5y be/ adapt$ to ! purposes ( ! adm9i/rator1 w\ld be p]mitt$ to p]petuate _! k9d4 #bb ,,viii4 ,( ! m ?or\ghgo+ ( ! multitud9\s attempts to apply ! pr9ciples ( cosmic evolution1 or :at are suppos$ to be su*1 to social & political problems1 :i* h appe>$ ( late ye>s1 a consid]able proportion appe> to me to be bas$ ^u ! notion t human society is compet5t to furni%1 f its own res\rces1 an adm9i/rator ( ! k9d ,i h imag9$4 ,! pigeons1 9 %ort1 are to be _! own ,sir ,john ,sebright499 ,a despotic gov]nm5t1 :e!r individual or collective1 is to be end[$ ) ! pret]natural intellig5ce1 & ) :at1 ,i am afraid1 _m w consid] ! pret]natural ru?lessness1 requir$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple ( improvem5t by selection1 ) ! some:at dra/ic ?or\ghness ^u :i* ! success ( ! me?od dep5ds4 ,exp]i5ce c]ta9ly does n ju/ify u 9 limit+ ! ru?lessness ( individual savi\rs ( society2 &1 on ! well-kn[n gr\nds ( ! aphorism :i* d5ies bo? body & s\l to corporations1 x seems probable 7inde$ ! belief is n )\t support 9 hi/ory7 t a collective despotism1 a mob got to believe 9 its own div9e "r by demagogic mission>ies1 w\ld be capable ( m ?or\gh #bc "w 9 ?is direction ?an any s+le tyrant1 puff$ up ) ! same illusion1 has ev] a*iev$4 ,b intellig5ce is ano!r affair4 ,! fact t savi\rs ( society take to t trade is evid5ce en\gh t !y h none to sp>e4 ,& su* z !y possess is g5]ally sold to ! capitali/s ( physical =ce on ^: res\rces !y dep5d4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 ! ke5e/ judge ( "*1 if he _h be=e him a hundr$ boys & girls "u f\rte51 c\ld pick out1 ) ! lea/ *ance ( success1 ^? :o %\ld be kept1 z c]ta9 to be s]viceable memb]s ( ! polity1 & ^? :o %\ld be *lor(orm$1 z equally sure to be /upid1 idle1 or vici\s4 ,! po9ts ( a good or ( a bad citiz5 are really f> h>d] to disc]n ?an ^? ( a puppy or a %ort-horn calf2 _m d n %[ !mselves be=e ! practical difficulties ( life /imulate manhood to full ex]tion4 ,& by t "t ! mis*ief is done4 ,! evil /ock1 if x be "o1 has _h "t to multiply1 & selection is nullifi$4 99 ,n t ! conception ( su* a society is necess>ily bas$ ^u ! idea ( evolution4 ,! ,platonic /ate te/ifies to ! contr>y4 ,,ix4 ,i h o!r reasons = fe>+ t ?is logical ideal ( evolution>y regim5tation--?is pigeon-fanci]s' polity--is unatta9able4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any su* a sev]ely sci5tific adm9i/rator z we h be5 dream+ (1 human society #bd is kept toge!r by bonds ( su* a s+ul> "*1 t ! attempt to p]fect society aft] 8 fa%ion w\ld run s]i\s risk ( loos5+ !m4 ,social organization is n peculi> to m54 ,o!r societies1 su* z ^? con/itut$ by bees & ants1 h also aris5 out ( ! advantage ( co-op]ation 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & _! resemblances to1 & _! diff]5ces f1 human society are alike in/ructive4 ,! society =m$ by ! hive bee fulfils ! ideal ( ! communi/ic aphorism to ea* accord+ to 8 ne$s1 f ea* accord+ to 8 capacity4 ,)9 x1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is /rictly limit$4 ,que51 drones1 & work]s h ea* _! allott$ suffici5cy ( food2 ea* p]=ms ! function assign$ to x 9 ! economy ( ! hive1 & all contribute to ! success ( ! :ole coop]ative society 9 its competition ) rival collectors ( nect> & poll5 & ) o!r enemies1 9 ! /ate ( nature )\t4 ,9 ! same s5se z ! g>d51 or ! colony1 is a "w ( human art1 ! bee polity is a "w ( api>ian art1 br\ght ab\t by ! cosmic process1 work+ ?r\gh ! organization ( ! hym5opt]\s type4 ,n[ ?is society is ! direct product ( an organic necessity1 impell+ e memb] ( x to a c\rse ( action :i* t5ds to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,ea* bee has its duty & none #be has any rights4 ,:e!r bees are susceptible ( feel+ & capable ( ?\ght is a "q :i* _c be dogmatically answ]$4 ,z a pi\s op9ion1 ,i am dispos$ to d5y !m m ?an ! m]e/ rudim5ts ( consci\sness499 ,b x is curi\s to reflect t a ?\ghtful drone 7work]s & que5s w\ld h no leisure = speculation7 ) a turn = e?ical philosophy1 mu/ ne$s pr(ess himself an intuitive morali/ ( ! pure/ wat]4 ,he w\ld po9t out1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 t ! devotion ( ! work]s to a life ( ceaseless toil = a m]e subsi/5ce wage1 _c be acc\nt$ = ei!r by enlight5$ selfi%ness1 or by any o!r sort ( utilit>ian motives2 s9ce ^! bees beg9 to "w1 )\t exp]i5ce or reflection1 z !y em]ge f ! cell 9 :i* !y are hat*$4 ,pla9ly1 an et]nal & immutable pr9ciple1 innate 9 ea* bee1 c alone acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! biologi/1 :o traces out all ! extant /ages ( gradation betwe5 solit>y & hive bees1 z cle>ly sees 9 ! latt]1 simply ! p]fection ( an automatic me*anism1 hamm]$ out by ! bl[s ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ^u ! prog5y ( ! =m]1 dur+ long ages ( con/ant v>iation4 99 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i41 ,animal ,automatism2 vol4 v41 ,prologue1 pp4 #de et seq4 #bf ,x4 ,i see no reason to d\bt t1 at its orig91 human society 0 z mu* a product ( organic necessity z t ( ! bees499 ,! human family1 to beg9 )1 re/$ ^u exactly ! same conditions z ^? :i* gave rise to simil> associations among animals l[] 9 ! scale4 ,fur!r1 x is easy to see t e increase 9 ! duration ( ! family ties1 ) ! result+ co-op]ation ( a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( desc5dants = protection & def5ce1 w\ld give ! families 9 :i* su* modification took place a di/9ct advantage ov] ! o!rs4 ,&1 z 9 ! hive1 ! progressive limitation ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! family w\ld involve increas+ effici5cy z reg>ds outside competition4 ,b !re is ?is va/ & fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 bee society & human society4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! memb]s ( ! society are ea* organically pr$e/9$ to ! p]=mance ( "o p>ticul> class ( functions only4 ,if !y 7 end[$ ) desires1 ea* c\ld desire to p]=m none b ^? (fices = :i* its organization specially fits x2 & :i*1 9 view ( ! good ( ! :ole1 x is prop] x %\ld d4 ,s long z a new que5 does n make h] appe>ance1 rivalries1 & competition are abs5t f ! bee polity4 99 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol v41 ,prologue1 pp4 #ej-ed1 #bg ,among mank9d1 on ! contr>y1 !re is no su* pr$e/9ation to a %>ply def9$ place 9 ! social organism4 ,h[ev] mu* m5 may diff] 9 ! quality ( _! intellects1 ! int5sity ( _! passions1 & ! delicacy ( _! s5sations1 x _c be said t "o is fitt$ by 8 organization to be an agricultural lab\r] & no?+ else1 & ano!r to be a l&[n] & no?+ else4 ,moreov]1 ) all _! enorm\s diff]5ces 9 natural end[m5t1 m5 agree 9 "o ?+1 & t is _! innate desire to enjoy ! pleasures & to escape ! pa9s ( life2 &1 9 %ort1 to d no?+ b t :i* x pleases !m to d1 )\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( ! society into :i* !y are born4 ,t is _! inh]itance 7! reality at ! bottom ( ! doctr9e ( orig9al s97 f ! long s]ies ( ance/ors1 human & semi-human & brutal1 9 :om ! /r5g? ( ?is innate t5d5cy to self-ass]tion 0 ! condition ( victory 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,t is ! reason ( ! aviditas vitae99--! insatiable hung] = enjoym5t--( all mank9d1 :i* is "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( success 9 ! w> ) ! /ate ( nature outside2 & yet ! sure ag5t ( ! de/ruction ( society if all[$ free play )94 99 ,see bel[4 ,romanes' ,lecture1 note #g4 ,! *eck ^u ?is free play ( self-ass]tion1 or natural lib]ty1 :i* is ! necess>y condition = ! orig9 ( human society1 is ! product #bh ( organic necessities ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? ^u :i* ! con/itution ( ! hive dep5ds4 ,"o ( ^! is ! mutual affection ( p>5t & (fspr+1 int5sifi$ by ! long infancy ( ! human species4 ,b ! mo/ important is ! t5d5cy1 s /rongly develop$ 9 man1 to reproduce 9 himself actions & feel+s simil> to1 or correlat$ )1 ^? ( o!r m54 ,man is ! mo/ consummate ( all mimics 9 ! animal _w2 none b himself c draw or model2 none comes ne> him 9 ! scope1 v>iety1 & exactness ( vocal imitation2 none is su* a ma/] ( ge/ure2 :ile he seems to be impell$ ?us to imitate = ! pure pleasure ( x4 ,& !re is no su* ano!r emotional *ameleon4 ,by a purely reflex op]ation ( ! m9d1 we take ! hue ( passion ( ^? :o are ab\t u1 or1 x may be1 ! complem5t>y col\r4 ,x is n by any consci\s putt+ "o's self 9 ! place ( a joyful or a suff]+ p]son t ! /ate ( m9d we call sympa?y usually arises2 99 inde$1 x is (t5 contr>y to "o's s5se ( #bi "r1 & 9 spite ( "o's w1 t fell[-feel+ makes u wondr\s k9d1 or ! rev]se4 ,h[ev] complete may be ! indiff]5ce to public op9ion1 9 a cool1 intellectual view1 ( ! traditional sage1 x has n yet be5 my =tune to meet ) any actual sage :o took its ho/ile manife/ations ) entire equanimity4 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt if ! philosoph] lives1 or ev] has liv$ :o c\ld "k himself to be he>tily despis$ by a /reet boy )\t "s irritation4 ,&1 ?\gh "o _c ju/ify ,haman = wi%+ to hang ,mordecai on su* a v high gibbet1 yet1 really1 ! consci\sness ( ! ,vizi] ( ,ahasu]us1 z he w5t 9 & out ( ! gate1 t ?is obscure ,jew _h no respect = him1 mu/ h be5 v annoy+49999 99 ,adam ,smi? makes ! pi?y obs]vation t ! man :o sympa?ises ) a woman 9 *ildb$1 _c be said to put himself 9 h] place4 7,! ,!ory ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 ,"p vii4 sec4 iii4 *ap4 i47 ,p]haps !re is m hum\r ?an =ce 9 ! example2 &1 9 spite ( ?is & o!r obs]vations ( ! same t5or1 ,i ?9k t ! "o defect ( ! rem>kable "w 9 :i* x occurs is t x lays too mu* /ress on consci\s sub/itution1 too little on purely reflex sympa?y4 9999 ,e/h] v4 #i-ac4 4 4 4 b :5 ,haman saw ,mordecai 9 ! k+'s gate1 t he /ood n up1 nor mov$ = him1 he 0 full ( indignation aga9/ ,mordecai4 4 4 4 ,& ,haman told !m ( ! glory ( 8 ri*es 4 4 4 & all ! ?+s :]e9 ! k+ _h promot$ him 4 4 4 ,yet all ?is availe? me no?+1 s long z ,i see ,mordecai ! ,jew sitt+ at ! k+'s gate4 ,:at a %rewd exposure ( human weakness x is6 ,x is ne$ful only to look ar\nd u1 to see t ! greate/ re/ra9] ( ! anti-social t5d5cies ( m5 is fe>1 n ( ! law1 b ( ! op9ion ( _! fell[s4 ,! conv5tions ( hon\r b9d m5 :o break legal1 moral1 & religi\s bonds2 &1 :ile p endure ! extremity ( physical pa9 r ?an "p ) life1 %ame drives ! weake/ to suicide4 ,e =w>d /ep ( social progress br+s #cj m5 into clos] relations ) _! fell[s1 & increases ! importance ( ! pleasures & pa9s d]iv$ f sympa?y4 ,we judge ! acts ( o!rs by our own sympa?ies1 & we judge our own acts by ! sympa?ies ( o!rs1 e day & all day long1 f *ildhood upw>ds1 until associations1 z indissoluble z ^? ( language1 are =m$ betwe5 c]ta9 acts & ! feel+s ( approbation or disapprobation4 ,x becomes impossible to imag9e "s acts )\t disapprobation1 or o!rs )\t approbation ( ! actor1 :e!r he be "o's self1 or any "o else4 ,we come to ?9k 9 ! acquir$ dialect ( morals4 ,an artificial p]sonality1 ! man )91 z ,adam ,smi?99 calls consci5ce1 is built up beside ! natural p]sonality4 ,he is ! wat*man ( society1 *>g$ to re/ra9 ! anti-social t5d5cies ( ! natural man )9 ! limits requir$ by social welf>e4 99 ,!ory ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 ,"p iii4 *ap4 #c4 ,on ! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce4 ,,xi4 ,i h t]m$ ?is evolution ( ! feel+s out ( :i* ! primitive bonds ( human society are s l>gely =g$1 into ! organiz$ & p]sonifi$ sympa?y we call consci5ce1 ! e?ical process499 ,s f> z x t5ds to 99 ,work$ out1 9 its ess5tial features1 *iefly by ,h>tley & ,adam ,smi?1 long be=e ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution 0 ?\ght (4 ,see ,note bel[1 p4 #de4 #ca make any human society m effici5t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) ! /ate ( nature1 or ) o!r societies1 x works 9 h>moni\s contra/ ) ! cosmic process4 ,b x is none ! less true t1 s9ce law & morals are re/ra9ts ^u ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 m5 9 society1 ! e?ical process is 9 opposition to ! pr9ciple ( ! cosmic process1 & t5ds to ! suppression ( ! qualities be/ fitt$ = success 9 t /ruggle499 99 ,see ! essay ,on ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce 9 ,human ,society bel[2 & ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgf1 = ,kant's recognition ( ^! facts4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t1 j z ! self-ass]tion1 necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( society aga9/ ! /ate ( nature1 w de/roy t society if x is all[$ free op]ation )92 s ! self-re/ra9t1 ! ess5ce ( ! e?ical process1 :i* is no less an ess5tial condition ( ! exi/5ce ( e polity1 may1 by excess1 become ru9\s to x4 ,morali/s ( all ages & ( all fai?s1 att5d+ only to ! relations ( m5 t[>ds "o ano!r 9 an ideal society1 h agre$ ^u ! gold5 rule1 ,d z y w\ld be done by4 ,9 o!r words1 let sympa?y be y\r guide2 put y\rself 9 ! place ( ! man t[>ds :om y\r action is direct$2 & d to him :at y w\ld l to h done to y\rself "u ! circum/ances4 ,h[ev] mu* "o may admire ! g5]osity ( su* a rule ( #cb conduct2 h[ev] confid5t "o may be t av]age m5 may be ?or\ghly dep5d$ ^u n to c>ry x out to its full logical consequ5ces2 x is nev]!less desirable to recognise ! fact t ^! consequ5ces are incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( a civil /ate1 "u any circum/ances ( ?is _w :i* h obta9$1 or1 s f> z "o c see1 are1 likely to come to pass4 ,= ,i imag9e !re c be no d\bt t ! great desire ( e wrongdo] is to escape f ! pa9ful consequ5ces ( 8 actions4 ,if ,i put myself 9 ! place ( ! man :o has robb$ me1 ,i f9d t ,i am possess$ by an exce$+ desire n to be f9$ or imprison$2 if 9 t ( ! man :o has smitt5 me on "o *eek1 ,i contemplate ) satisfaction ! abs5ce ( any worse result ?an ! turn+ ( ! o!r *eek = l treatm5t4 ,/rictly obs]v$1 ! gold5 rule involves ! negation ( law by ! refusal to put x 9 motion aga9/ law-break]s2 &1 z reg>ds ! ext]nal relations ( a polity1 x is ! refusal to cont9ue ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x c be obey$1 ev5 p>tially1 only "u ! protection ( a society :i* repudiates x4 ,)\t su* %elt]1 ! foll[]s ( ! gold5 rule may indulge 9 hopes ( heav51 b !y mu/ reckon ) ! c]ta9ty t o!r p w be ma/]s ( ! e>?4 ,:at w\ld become ( ! g>d5 if ! #cc g>d5] treat$ all ! we$s & slugs1 & birds & trespass]s z he w\ld l to be treat$1 if he 7 9 _! place8 ,,xii4 ,"u ! prec$+ heads1 ,i h endeav\r$ to repres5t 9 broad1 b ,i hope fai?ful1 outl9es ! ess5tial features ( ! /ate ( nature & ( t cosmic process ( :i* x is ! outcome1 s f> z 0 ne$ful = my argum5t2 ,i h contra/$ ) ! /ate ( nature ! /ate ( art1 produc$ by human intellig5ce & en]gy1 z x is exemplifi$ by a g>d52 & ,i h %[n t ! /ate ( art1 "h & else:]e1 c be ma9ta9$ only by ! con/ant c\nt]action ( ! ho/ile influ5ces ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,fur!r1 ,i h po9t$ out t ! horticultural process1 :i* ?us sets itself aga9/ ! cosmic process is oppos$ to ! latt] 9 pr9ciple1 9 s f> z x t5ds to arre/ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 by re/ra9+ ! multiplication :i* is "o ( ! *ief causes ( t /ruggle1 & by creat+ artificial conditions ( life1 bett] adapt$ to ! cultivat$ plants ?an are ! conditions ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,& ,i h dwelt ^u ! fact t1 ?\gh ! progressive modification1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! /ate ( nature1 is at an end1 su* modification may /ill be effect$ #cd by t selection1 9 view ( an ideal ( usefulness1 or ( pleasantness1 to man1 ( :i* ! /ate ( nature kn[s no?+4 ,i h proce$$ to %[ t a colony1 set d[n 9 a c\ntry 9 ! /ate ( nature1 pres5ts close analogies ) a g>d52 & ,i h indicat$ ! c\rse ( action :i* an adm9i/rator1 able & will+ to c>ry out horticultural pr9ciples1 w\ld adopt1 9 ord] to secure ! success ( su* a newly =m$ polity1 suppos+ x to be capable ( indef9ite expansion4 ,9 ! contr>y case1 ,i h %[n t difficulties mu/ arise2 t ! unlimit$ increase ( ! population ov] a limit$ area mu/1 soon] or lat]1 re9troduce into ! colony t /ruggle = ! means ( exi/5ce betwe5 ! coloni/s1 :i* x 0 ! prim>y object ( ! adm9i/rator to exclude1 insomu* z x is fatal to ! mutual peace :i* is ! prime condition ( ! union ( m5 9 society4 ,i h briefly describ$ ! nature ( ! only radical cure1 kn[n to me1 = ! disease :i* w\ld ?us ?reat5 ! exi/5ce ( ! colony2 &1 h[ev] regretfully1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to admit t ?is rigor\sly sci5tific me?od ( apply+ ! pr9ciples ( evolution to human society h>dly comes )9 ! region ( practical politics2 n = want ( w on ! "p ( a great _m p2 b because1 = "o reason1 !re is no hope t m]e human be+s w ev] possess en\gh intellig5ce to select ! fitte/4 ,& ,i #ce h adduc$ o!r gr\nds = arriv+ at ! same conclusion4 ,i h po9t$ out t human society took its rise 9 ! organic necessities express$ by imitation & by ! sympa!tic emotions2 & t1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) ! /ate ( nature & ) o!r societies1 z "p ( x1 ^? 9 :i* m5 7 ?us l$ to close co-op]ation _h a great advantage499 ,b1 s9ce ea* man reta9$ m or less ( ! faculties common to all ! re/1 & especially a full %>e ( ! desire = unlimit$ self-gratification1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce )9 society c\ld only be gradually elim9at$4 ,s long z any ( x rema9$1 society cont9u$ to be an imp]fect in/rum5t ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce &1 consequ5tly1 0 improvable by ! selective influ5ce ( t /ruggle4 ,o!r ?+s be+ alike1 ! tribe ( savages 9 :i* ord] 0 be/ ma9ta9$2 9 :i* !re 0 mo/ security )9 ! tribe & ! mo/ loyal mutual support outside x1 w\ld be ! survivors4 99 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 v41 ,prologue1 p4 #eb4 ,i h t]m$ ?is gradual /r5g!n+ ( ! social bond1 :i*1 ?\gh x arre/ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce inside society1 up to a c]ta9 po9t improves ! *ances ( society1 z a corporate :ole1 9 ! cosmic /ruggle--! e?ical process4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t1 :5 ! e?ical process has advanc$ s f> z to secure #cf e memb] ( ! society 9 ! possession ( ! means ( exi/5ce1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z betwe5 man & man1 )9 t society is1 ipso facto1 at an end4 ,&1 z x is und5iable t ! mo/ highly civiliz$ societies h sub/antially rea*$ ?is position1 x foll[s t1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce c play no important "p )9 !m499 ,9 o!r words1 ! k9d ( evolution :i* is br\ght ab\t 9 ! /ate ( nature _c take place4 99 ,:e!r ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) ! /ate ( nature & ) o!r societies1 s f> z !y /& 9 ! relation ( ! /ate ( nature ) x1 ex]ts a selective influ5ce ^u mod]n society1 & 9 :at direction1 are que/ions n easy to answ]4 ,! problem ( ! effect ( milit>y & indu/rial w>f>e ^u ^? :o wage x is v complicat$4 ,i h fur!r %[n cause = ! belief t direct selection1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! horticulturi/ & ! bre$]1 nei!r has play$1 nor c play1 any important "p 9 ! evolution ( society2 ap>t f o!r reasons1 because ,i d n see h[ su* selection c\ld be practis$ )\t a s]i\s weak5+1 x may be ! de/ruction1 ( ! bonds :i* hold society toge!r4 ,x /rikes me t m5 :o are accu/om$ to contemplate ! active or passive extirpation ( ! weak1 ! un=tunate1 & ! sup]flu\s2 :o ju/ify t conduct on ! gr\nd t x has ! sanction ( ! cosmic process1 & is ! only way ( ensur+ ! progress ( ! race2 :o1 if #cg !y are consi/5t1 mu/ rank m$ic9e among ! black arts & c\nt ! physician a mis*iev\s pres]v] ( ! unfit2 on ^: matrimonial und]tak+s ! pr9ciples ( ! /ud h ! *ief influ5ce2 ^: :ole lives1 !re=e1 are an education 9 ! noble art ( suppress+ natural affection & sympa?y1 are n likely to h any l>ge /ock ( ^! commodities left4 ,b1 )\t !m1 !re is no consci5ce1 nor any re/ra9t on ! conduct ( m51 except ! calculation ( self-int]e/1 ! balanc+ ( c]ta9 pres5t gratifications aga9/ d\btful future pa9s2 & exp]i5ce tells u h[ mu* t is wor?4 ,e day1 we see firm believ]s 9 ! hell ( ! !ologians commit acts by :i*1 z !y believe :5 cool1 !y risk et]nal puni%m5t2 :ile !y hold back f ^? :i* are oppos$ to ! sympa?ies ( _! associates4 ,,xiii4 ,t progressive modification ( civilization :i* passes by ! "n ( ! evolution ( society1 is1 9 fact1 a process ( an ess5tially diff]5t "*1 bo? f t :i* br+s ab\t ! evolution ( species1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 & f t :i* gives rise to ! evolution ( v>ieties1 9 ! /ate ( art4 ,!re c be no d\bt t va/ *anges h tak5 place 9 ,engli% civilization s9ce ! reign #ch ( ! ,tudors4 ,b ,i am n aw>e ( a p>ticle ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! conclusion t ?is evolution>y process1 has be5 accompani$ by any modification ( ! physical1 or ! m5tal1 *>act]s ( ! m5 :o h be5 ! subjects ( x4 ,i h n met ) any gr\nds = suspect+ t ! av]age ,engli%m5 ( to-day are s5sibly diff]5t f ^? t ,%aksp]e knew & drew4 ,we look into 8 magic mirror ( ! ,elizabe?an age1 & behold1 n[ise d>kly1 ! pres5tm5t ( ourselves4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree c5turies1 f ! reign ( ,elizabe? to t ( ,victoria1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 man & man has be5 s l>gely re/ra9$ among ! great mass ( ! population 7except = "o or two %ort int]vals ( civil w>71 t x c h _h little1 or no1 selective op]ation4 ,z to any?+ comp>able to direct selection1 x has be5 practis$ on s small a scale t x may also be neglect$4 ,! crim9al law1 9 s f> z by putt+ to dea? or by subject+ to long p]iods ( imprisonm5t1 ^? :o infr+e its provisions1 prev5ts ! propagation ( h]$it>y crim9al t5d5cies2 & ! poor-law1 9 s f> z x sep>ates m>ri$ c\ples1 ^: de/itution arises f h]$it>y defects ( "*1 are d\btless selective ag5ts op]at+ 9 fav\r ( ! non-crim9al & ! m effective memb]s ( society4 ,b ! proportion ( ! population :i* !y influ5ce #ci is v small2 &1 g5]ally1 ! h]$it>y crim9al & ! h]$it>y paup] h propagat$ _! k9d be=e ! law affects !m4 ,9 a l>ge proportion ( cases1 crime & paup]ism h no?+ to d ) h]$ity2 b are ! consequ5ce1 p>tly1 ( circum/ances &1 p>tly1 ( ! possession ( qualities1 :i*1 "u diff]5t conditions ( life1 might h excit$ e/eem & ev5 admiration4 ,x 0 a %rewd man ( ! _w :o1 9 discuss+ sewage problems1 rem>k$ t dirt is ri*es 9 ! wrong place2 & t s\nd aphorism has moral applications4 ,! b5evol5ce & op5-h&$ g5]osity :i* adorn a ri* man1 may make a paup] ( a poor "o2 ! en]gy & c\rage to :i* ! successful soldi] owes 8 rise1 ! cool & d>+ subtlety to :i* ! great f9anci] owes 8 =tune1 may v easily1 "u unfav\rable conditions1 lead _! possessors to ! gall[s1 or to ! hulks4 ,moreov]1 x is fairly probable t ! *ildr5 ( a failure w receive f _! o!r p>5t j t little modification ( "* :i* makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,i sometimes wond] :e!r p1 :o talk s freely ab\t extirpat+ ! unfit1 ev] dispassionately consid] _! own hi/ory4 ,surely1 "o mu/ be v fit1 inde$1 n to "k ( an occasion1 or p]haps two1 9 "o's life1 :5 x w\ld h be5 only too easy to qualify = a place among ! unfit4 #dj ,9 my belief ! innate qualities1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral1 ( our nation h rema9$ sub/antially ! same = ! la/ f\r or five c5turies4 ,if ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has affect$ u to any s]i\s ext5t 7& ,i d\bt x7 x has be51 indirectly1 ?r\gh our milit>y & indu/rial w>s ) o!r nations4 ,,xiv4 ,:at is (t5 call$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 society 7,i plead guilty to hav+ us$ ! t]m too loosely myself71 is a conte/1 n = ! means ( exi/5ce1 b = ! means ( enjoym5t4 ,^? :o occupy ! fir/ places 9 ?is practical competitive exam9ation are ! ri* & ! influ5tial2 ^? :o fail1 m or less1 occupy ! l[] places1 d[n to ! squalid obscurity ( ! paup] & ! crim9al4 ,^u ! mo/ lib]al e/imate1 ,i suppose ! =m] gr\p w n am\nt to two p] c5t4 ( ! population4 ,i d\bt if ! latt] exce$s ano!r two p] c5t42 b let x be suppos$1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t x is z great z five p] c5t499 99 ,^? :o read ! la/ ,essay 9 ?is volume w n accuse me ( wi%+ to att5uate ! evil ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is gr\p1 :e!r great or small4 ,z x is only 9 ! latt] gr\p t any ?+ comp>able to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! /ate ( nature c take place2 z x is #da only among ?is tw5tie? ( ! :ole p t num]\s m51 wom51 & *ildr5 die ( rapid or sl[ />vation1 or ( ! diseases incid5tal to p]man5tly bad conditions ( life2 & z !re is no?+ to prev5t _! multiplication be=e !y are kill$ (f1 :ile1 9 spite ( great] infant mortality1 !y increase fa/] ?an ! ri*2 x seems cle> t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ?is class c h no appreciable selective influ5ce ^u ! o!r #ie p] c5t4 ( ! population4 ,:at sort ( a %eep bre$] w\ld he be :o %\ld cont5t himself ) pick+ out ! wor/ fifty out ( a ?\s&1 leav+ !m on a b>r5 common till ! weake/ />v$1 & !n lett+ ! survivors g back to mix ) ! re/8 ,& ! p>allel is too fav\rable2 s9ce 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 ! actual poor & ! convict$ crim9als are nei!r ! weake/ nor ! wor/4 ,9 ! /ruggle = ! means ( enjoym5t1 ! qualities :i* ensure success are en]gy1 indu/ry1 intellectual capacity1 t5acity ( purpose1 &1 at lea/1 z mu* sympa?y z is necess>y to make a man und]/& ! feel+s ( 8 fell[s4 ,7 !re none ( ^? artificial arrangem5ts by :i* fools & knaves are kept at ! top ( society in/ead ( s9k+ to _! natural place at ! bottom199 ! /ruggle = ! means #db ( enjoym5t w\ld ensure a con/ant circulation ( ! human units ( ! social comp\nd1 f ! bottom to ! top & f ! top to ! bottom4 ,! survivors ( ! conte/1 ^? :o cont9u$ to =m ! great bulk ( ! polity1 w\ld n be ^? fitte/ :o got to ! v top1 b ! great body ( ! mod]ately fit1 ^: numb]s & sup]ior propagative p[]1 enable !m always to swamp ! exceptionally end[$ m9ority4 99 ,i h else:]e lam5t$ ! abs5ce f society ( a ma*9]y = facilitat+ ! desc5t ( incapacity4 ,adm9i/rative ,nihilism4 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be obvi\s to e "o1 t1 :e!r we consid] ! int]nal or ! ext]nal int]e/s ( society1 x is desirable !y %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o are end[$ ) ! l>ge/ %>e ( en]gy1 ( indu/ry1 ( intellectual capacity1 ( t5acity ( purpose1 :ile !y are n devoid ( sympa!tic humanity2 &1 9 s f> z ! /ruggle = ! means ( enjoym5t t5ds to place su* m5 9 possession ( weal? & influ5ce1 x is a process :i* t5ds to ! good ( society4 ,b ! process1 z we h se51 has no real resemblance to t :i* adapts liv+ be+s to curr5t conditions 9 ! /ate ( nature2 nor any to ! artificial selection ( ! horticulturi/4 #dc ,to return1 once m1 to ! p>allel ( horticulture4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 ! g>d5+ ( m5 by !mselves is practically re/rict$ to ! p]=mance1 n ( selection1 b ( t o!r function ( ! g>d5]1 ! creation ( conditions m fav\rable ?an ^? ( ! /ate ( nature2 to ! end ( facilitat+ ! free expansion ( ! innate faculties ( ! citiz51 s f> z x is consi/5t ) ! g5]al good4 ,& ! bus9ess ( ! moral & political philosoph] appe>s to me to be ! asc]ta9m5t1 by ! same me?od ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & ratioc9ation1 z is practis$ 9 o!r k9ds ( sci5tific "w1 ( ! c\rse ( conduct :i* w be/ conduce to t end4 ,b1 suppos+ ?is c\rse ( conduct to be sci5tifically det]m9$ & c>efully foll[$ out1 x _c put an end to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! /ate ( nature2 & x w n s mu* z t5d1 9 any way1 to ! adaptation ( man to t /ate4 ,ev5 %\ld ! :ole human race be absorb$ 9 "o va/ polity1 )9 :i* absolute political ju/ice reigns1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) ! /ate ( nature outside x1 & ! t5d5cy to ! return to ! /ruggle )91 9 consequ5ce ( ov]-multiplication1 w rema92 &1 unless m5's inh]itance f ! ance/ors :o f\ght a good fight 9 ! /ate ( #dd nature1 _! dose ( orig9al s91 is root$ out by "s me?od at pres5t unreveal$1 at any rate to disbeliev]s 9 sup]naturalism1 e *ild born into ! _w w /ill br+ ) him ! in/9ct ( unlimit$ self-ass]tion4 ,he w h to le>n ! lesson ( self-re/ra9t & r5unciation4 ,b ! practice ( self-re/ra9t & r5unciation is n happ9ess1 ?\gh x may be some?+ mu* bett]4 ,t man1 z a political animal1 is susceptible ( a va/ am\nt ( improvem5t1 by education1 by in/ruction1 & by ! application ( 8 intellig5ce to ! adaptation ( ! conditions ( life to 8 high] ne$s1 ,i ent]ta9 n ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,b s long z he rema9s liable to error1 intellectual or moral2 s long z he is compell$ to be p]petually on gu>d aga9/ ! cosmic =ces1 ^: ends are n 8 ends1 )\t & )9 himself2 s long z he is haunt$ by inexpugnable memories & hopeless aspirations2 s long z ! recognition ( 8 intellectual limitations =ces him to ackn[l$ge 8 incapacity to p5etrate ! my/]y ( exi/5ce2 ! prospect ( atta9+ untr\bl$ happ9ess1 or ( a /ate :i* c1 ev5 remotely1 des]ve ! title ( p]fection1 appe>s to me to be z mislead+ an illusion z ev] 0 dangl$ be=e ! eyes ( poor humanity4 ,& !re h be5 _m ( !m4 ,t :i* lies be=e ! human race is a #de con/ant /ruggle to ma9ta9 & improve1 9 opposition to ! ,/ate ( ,nature1 ! ,/ate ( ,art ( an organiz$ polity2 9 :i*1 & by :i*1 man may develop a wor?y civilization1 capable ( ma9ta9+ & con/antly improv+ itself1 until ! evolution ( our globe %all h ent]$ s f> ^u its d[nw>d c\rse t ! cosmic process resumes its sway2 &1 once m1 ! ,/ate ( ,nature prevails ov] ! surface ( our planet4 ,note3 7,see p4 #cj74--;,x seems ! fa%ion n[adays to ignore ,h>tley2 ?\gh1 a c5tury & a half ago1 he n only laid ! f\ndations b built up mu* ( ! sup]/ructure ( a true !ory ( ! ,evolution ( ! intellectual & moral faculties4 ,he speaks ( :at ,i h t]m$ ! e?ical process z our ,progress f ,self-int]e/ to ,self-annihilation4 ,obs]vations on ,man 7#agdi71 vol4 ii p4 #bha4 #df ,,ii4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,! ,romanes ,lecture1 #ahic4 ,soleo enim et 9 ali5a ca/ra transire1 non tanquam transfuga s$ tanquam explorator4 7,l4 ,,annaei ,,s5ecae ,,epi/4 ,,ii4 #d47 ,,!re is a delightful *ild's /ory1 kn[n by ! title ( ,jack & ! ,bean-/alk1 ) :i* my contempor>ies :o are pres5t w be famili>4 ,b s _m ( our grave & rev]5d ,juniors h be5 br\ght up on sev]] intellectual diet1 &1 p]haps1 h become acqua9t$ ) fairyl& only ?r\gh prim]s ( comp>ative my?ology1 t x may be ne$ful to give an outl9e ( ! tale4 ,x is a leg5d ( a bean-plant1 :i* gr[s & gr[s until x rea*es ! high heav5s & !re spreads out into a va/ canopy ( foliage4 ,! h]o1 be+ mov$ to climb ! /alk1 discov]s t ! leafy expanse supports a _w compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z t bel[ b yet /rangely new2 & 8 adv5tures !re1 on :i* ,i may n dwell1 mu/ #dg h completely *ang$ 8 views ( ! nature ( ?+s2 ?\gh ! /ory1 n hav+ be5 compos$ by1 or =1 philosoph]s1 has no?+ to say ab\t views4 ,my pres5t ent]prise has a c]ta9 analogy to t ( ! d>+ adv5tur]4 ,i beg y to accompany me 9 an attempt to rea* a _w :i*1 to _m1 is probably /range1 by ! help ( a bean4 ,x is1 z y "k1 a simple1 in]t-look+ ?+4 ,yet1 if plant$ "u prop] conditions1 ( :i* suffici5t w>m? is "o ( ! mo/ important1 x manife/s active p[]s ( a v rem>kable k9d4 ,a small gre5 se$l+ em]ges1 rises to ! surface ( ! soil1 rapidly increases 9 size &1 at ! same "t1 und]goes a s]ies ( metamorphoses :i* d n excite our wond] z mu* z ^? :i* meet u 9 leg5d>y hi/ory1 m]ely because !y are to be se5 e day & all day long4 ,by ins5sible /eps1 ! plant builds itself up into a l>ge & v>i\s fabric ( root1 /em1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 e "o m\ld$ )9 & )\t 9 accordance ) an extremely complex b1 at ! same "t1 m9utely def9$ patt]n4 ,9 ea* ( ^! complicat$ /ructures1 z 9 _! smalle/ con/itu5ts1 !re is an imman5t en]gy :i*1 9 h>mony ) t resid5t 9 all ! o!rs1 incessantly works t[>ds ! ma9t5ance 1( ! :ole & ! effici5t p]=mance ( ! "p :i* x has to play 9 ! economy ( nature4 #dh ,b no soon] has ! edifice1 re>$ ) su* exact elaboration1 atta9$ complet5ess1 ?an x beg9s to crumble4 ,by degrees1 ! plant )]s & disappe>s f view1 leav+ beh9d m or few] app>5tly in]t & simple bodies1 j l ! bean f :i* x sprang2 &1 l x1 end[$ ) ! pot5tiality ( giv+ rise to a simil> cycle ( manife/ations4 ,nei!r ! poetic nor ! sci5tific imag9ation is put to mu* /ra9 9 ! se>* aft] analogies ) ?is process ( go+ =? &1 z x 71 return+ to ! />t+-po9t4 ,x may be lik5$ to ! asc5t & desc5t ( a slung /one1 or ! c\rse ( an arr[ along its trajectory4 ,or we may say t ! liv+ en]gy takes fir/ an upw>d & !n a d[nw>d road4 ,or x may seem pref]able to comp>e ! expansion ( ! g]m into ! full-gr[n plant1 to ! unfold+ ( a fan1 or to ! roll+ =? & wid5+ ( a /ream2 & ?us to arrive at ! conception ( developm5t1 or evolution4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 names are noise & smoke2 ! important po9t is to h a cle> & adequate conception ( ! fact signifi$ by a "n4 ,&1 9 ?is case1 ! fact is ! ,sisyphaean process1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 ! liv+ & gr[+ plant passes f ! relative simplicity & lat5t pot5tiality ( ! se$ to ! full epiphany ( a highly diff]5tiat$ type1 !nce to fall back to simplicity & pot5tiality4 #di ,! value ( a /rong intellectual grasp ( ! nature ( ?is process lies 9 ! circum/ance t :at is true ( ! bean is true ( liv+ ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,f v l[ =ms up to ! highe/--9 ! animal no less ?an 9 ! vegetable k+dom--! process ( life pres5ts ! same appe>ance ,note #a ( cyclical evolution4 ,nay1 we h b to ca/ our eyes ov] ! re/ ( ! _w & cyclical *ange pres5ts itself on all sides4 ,x meets u 9 ! wat] t fl[s to ! sea & returns to ! spr+s2 9 ! heav5ly bodies t wax & wane1 g & return to _! places2 9 ! inexorable sequ5ce ( ! ages ( man's life2 9 t successive rise1 apogee1 & fall ( dyna/ies & ( /ates :i* is ! mo/ prom95t topic ( civil hi/ory4 ,z no man =d+ a swift /ream c dip 8 foot twice into ! same wat]1 s no man c1 ) exactness1 affirm ( any?+ 9 ! s5sible _w t x is4,note #b ,z he utt]s ! words1 nay1 z he ?9ks !m1 ! pr$icate ceases to be applicable2 ! pres5t has become ! pa/2 ! is %\ld be 04 ,& ! m we le>n ( ! nature ( ?+s1 ! m evid5t is x t :at we call re/ is only unp]ceiv$ activity2 t seem+ peace is sil5t b /r5u\s battle4 ,9 e "p1 at e mom5t1 ! /ate ( ! cosmos is ! expression ( a transitory adju/m5t ( cont5d+ =ces2 a sc5e1 ( /rife1 9 :i* all ! combatants fall 9 turn4 ,:at is #ej true ( ea* "p1 is true ( ! :ole4 ,natural k t5ds m & m to ! conclusion t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>? are ! transitory =ms ( p>cels ( cosmic sub/ance w5d+ along ! road ( evolution1 f nebul\s pot5tiality1 ?r\gh endless gr[?s ( sun & planet & satellite2 ?r\gh all v>ieties ( matt]2 ?r\gh inf9ite div]sities ( life & ?\ght2 possibly1 ?r\gh modes ( be+ ( :i* we nei!r h a conception1 nor are compet5t to =m any1 back to ! indef9able lat5cy f :i* !y arose4 ,?us ! mo/ obvi\s attribute ( ! cosmos is its imp]man5ce4 ,x assumes ! aspect n s mu* ( a p]man5t entity z ( a *angeful process 9 :i* naught endures save ! fl[ ( en]gy & ! rational ord] :i* p]vades x4 ,we h climb$ our bean-/alk & h rea*$ a wond]l& 9 :i* ! common & ! famili> become ?+s new & /range4 ,9 ! exploration ( ! cosmic process ?us typifi$1 ! highe/ intellig5ce ( man f9ds inexhau/ible employm5t2 giants are subdu$ to our s]vice2 & ! spiritual affections ( ! contemplative philosoph] are engag$ by beauties wor?y ( et]nal con/ancy4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ! cosmic process1 s p]fect z a me*anism1 s beautiful z a "w ( art4 ,:]e ! cosmopoietic en]gy #ea works ?r\gh s5ti5t be+s1 !re arises1 among its o!r manife/ations1 t :i* we call pa9 or suff]+4 ,?is baleful product ( evolution increases 9 quantity & 9 int5sity1 ) advanc+ grades ( animal organization1 until x atta9s its highe/ level 9 man4 ,fur!r1 ! consummation is n rea*$ 9 man1 ! m]e animal2 nor 9 man1 ! :ole or half savage2 b only 9 man1 ! memb] ( an organiz$ polity4 ,& x is a necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 attempt to live 9 ?is way2 t is1 "u ^? conditions :i* are ess5tial to ! full developm5t ( 8 noble/ p[]s4 ,man1 ! animal1 9 fact1 has work$ 8 way to ! head%ip ( ! s5ti5t _w1 & has become ! sup]b animal :i* he is1 9 virtue ( 8 success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! conditions hav+ be5 ( a c]ta9 ord]1 man's organization has adju/$ itself to !m bett] ?an t ( 8 competitors 9 ! cosmic /rife4 ,9 ! case ( mank9d1 ! self-ass]tion1 ! unscrupul\s seiz+ ^u all t c be grasp$1 ! t5aci\s hold+ ( all t c be kept1 :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 h answ]$4 ,= 8 successful progress1 ?r\gh\t ! savage /ate1 man has be5 l>gely indebt$ to ^? qualities :i* he %>es ) ! ape & ! tig]2 8 exceptional physical organization2 8 cunn+1 8 sociability1 8 curiosity1 & 8 imitativ5ess2 8 ru?less & #eb f]oci\s de/ructiv5ess :5 8 ang] is r\s$ by opposition4 ,b1 9 proportion z m5 h pass$ f an>*y to social organization1 & 9 proportion z civilization has gr[n 9 wor?1 ^! deeply +ra9$ s]viceable qualities h become defects4 ,aft] ! mann] ( successful p]sons1 civiliz$ man w\ld gladly kick d[n ! ladd] by :i* he has climb$4 ,he w\ld be only too pleas$ to see ! ape & tig] die4 ,b !y decl9e to suit 8 conv5i5ce2 & ! unwelcome intrusion ( ^! boon companions ( 8 hot y\? into ! rang$ exi/5ce ( civil life adds pa9s & griefs1 innum]able & immeasurably great1 to ^? :i* ! cosmic process necess>ily br+s on ! m]e animal4 ,9 fact1 civiliz$ man br&s all ^! ape & tig] prompt+s ) ! "n ( s9s2 he puni%es _m ( ! acts :i* fl[ f !m z crimes2 &1 9 extreme cases1 he does 8 be/ to put an end to ! survival ( ! fitte/ ( =m] days by axe & rope4 ,i h said t civiliz$ man has rea*$ ?is po9t2 ! ass]tion is p]haps too broad & g5]al2 ,i _h bett] put x t e?ical man has atta9$ !reto4 ,! sci5ce ( e?ics pr(esses to furni% u ) a reason$ rule ( life2 to tell u :at is "r action & :y x is s4 ,:atev] diff]5ces ( op9ion may exi/ among exp]ts !re is a g5]al cons5sus t ! ape & #ec tig] me?ods ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce are n reconcilable ) s\nd e?ical pr9ciples4 ,! h]o ( our /ory desc5d$ ! bean-/alk1 & came back to ! common _w1 :]e f>e & "w 7 alike h>d2 :]e ugly competitors 7 mu* common] ?an beautiful pr9cesses2 & :]e ! ev]la/+ battle ) self 0 mu* less sure to be cr[n$ ) victory ?an a turn-to ) a giant4 ,we h done ! l4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( our fell[s1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 h prec$$ u 9 f9d+ !mselves face to face ) ! same dread problem ( evil4 ,!y also h se5 t ! cosmic process is evolution2 t x is full ( wond]1 full ( beauty1 &1 at ! same "t1 full ( pa94 ,!y h s\ght to discov] ! be>+ ( ^! great facts on e?ics2 to f9d out :e!r !re is1 or is n1 a sanction = morality 9 ! ways ( ! cosmos4 ,!ories ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* ! conception ( evolution plays a lead+ "p1 7 extant at lea/ six c5turies be=e our era4 ,c]ta9 k ( !m1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 rea*es u f localities z di/ant z ! valley ( ! ,ganges & ! ,asiatic coa/s ( ! ,aegean4 ,to ! e>ly philosoph]s ( ,h9do/an1 no less ?an to ^? ( ,ionia1 ! sali5t & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ph5om5al _w 0 its #ed *angefulness2 ! unre/+ fl[ ( all ?+s1 ?r\gh bir? to visible be+ & !nce to n be+1 9 :i* !y c\ld disc]n no sign ( a beg9n+ & = :i* !y saw no prospect ( an end+4 ,x 0 no less pla9 to "s ( ^! antique =]unn]s ( mod]n philosophy t suff]+ is ! badge ( all ! tribe ( s5ti5t ?+s2 t x is no accid5tal accompanim5t1 b an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cosmic process4 ,! en]getic ,greek might f9d fi]ce joys 9 a _w 9 :i* /rife is fa!r & k+2 b ! old ,aryan _s 0 subdu$ to quietism 9 ! ,indian sage2 ! mi/ ( suff]+ :i* spread ov] humanity hid ev]y?+ else f 8 view2 to him life 0 "o ) suff]+ & suff]+ ) life4 ,9 ,h9do/an1 z 9 ,ionia1 a p]iod ( relatively high & tol]ably /able civilization _h succe$$ long ages ( semi-b>b>ism & /ruggle4 ,out ( weal? & security _h come leisure & ref9em5t1 &1 close at _! heels1 _h foll[$ ! malady ( ?\ght4 ,to ! /ruggle = b>e exi/5ce1 :i* nev] ends1 ?\gh x may be alleviat$ & p>tially disguis$ = a =tunate few1 succe$$ ! /ruggle to make exi/5ce intelligible & to br+ ! ord] ( ?+s into h>mony ) ! moral s5se ( man1 :i* also nev] ends1 b1 = ! ?9k+ few1 becomes ke5 er ) e increase ( k & ) e /ep t[>ds ! realization ( a wor?y ideal ( life4 #ee ,two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! value ( civilization 0 z app>5t z x is n[2 !n1 z n[1 x 0 obvi\s t only 9 ! g>d5 ( an ord]ly polity c ! f9e/ fruits humanity is capable ( be>+ be produc$4 ,b x _h also become evid5t t ! bless+s ( culture 7 n unmix$4 ,! g>d5 0 apt to turn into a ho?\se4 ,! /imulation ( ! s5ses1 ! pamp]+ ( ! emotions1 endlessly multipli$ ! s\rces ( pleasure4 ,! con/ant wid5+ ( ! intellectual field indef9itely ext5d$ ! range ( t especially human faculty ( look+ be=e & aft]1 :i* adds to ! fleet+ pres5t ^? old & new worlds ( ! pa/ & ! future1 :]e9 m5 dwell ! m ! high] _! culture4 ,b t v %>p5+ ( ! s5se & t subtle ref9em5t ( emotion1 :i* br\ght su* a weal? ( pleasures1 7 fatally att5d$ by a proportional enl>gem5t ( ! capacity = suff]+2 & ! div9e faculty ( imag9ation1 :ile x creat$ new heav5s & new e>?s1 provid$ !m ) ! correspond+ hells ( futile regret = ! pa/ & morbid anxiety = ! future4 ,note #c ,f9ally1 ! inevitable p5alty ( ov]-/imulation1 exhau/ion1 op5$ ! gates ( civilization to its great enemy1 ennui2 ! /ale & flat we>9ess :5 man delights-n1 nor woman nei!r2 :5 all ?+s are vanity & vexation2 & life seems n wor? liv+ except to escape ! bore ( dy+4 #ef ,ev5 purely intellectual progress br+s ab\t its rev5ges4 ,problems settl$ 9 a r\gh & ready way by rude m51 absorb$ 9 action1 dem& r5ew$ att5tion & %[ !mselves to be /ill unread riddles :5 m5 h "t to ?9k4 ,! b5efic5t demon1 d\bt1 ^: "n is ,legion & :o dwells among/ ! tombs ( old fai?s1 ent]s into mank9d & !nce=? refuses to be ca/ out4 ,sacr$ cu/oms1 v5]able dooms ( ance/ral wisdom1 hall[$ by tradition & pr(ess+ to hold good = all "t1 are put to ! "q4 ,cultur$ reflection asks = _! cr$5tials2 judges !m by its own /&>ds2 f9ally1 ga!rs ^? ( :i* x approves into e?ical sy/ems1 9 :i* ! reason+ is r>ely mu* m ?an a dec5t pretext = ! adoption ( =egone conclusions4 ,"o ( ! olde/ & mo/ important elem5ts 9 su* sy/ems is ! conception ( ju/ice4 ,society is impossible unless ^? :o are associat$ agree to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( conduct t[>ds "o ano!r2 its /ability dep5ds on ! /ead9ess ) :i* !y abide by t agreem5t2 &1 s f> z !y wav]1 t mutual tru/ :i* is ! bond ( society is weak5$ or de/roy$4 ,wolves c\ld n hunt 9 packs except = ! real1 ?\gh unexpress$1 und]/&+ t !y %\ld n attack "o ano!r dur+ ! *ase4 ,! mo/ rudim5t>y polity is a pack ( m5 liv+ "u ! l tacit1 or express$1 #eg und]/&+2 & hav+ made ! v important advance ^u wolf society1 t !y agree to use ! =ce ( ! :ole body aga9/ individuals :o violate x & 9 fav\r ( ^? :o obs]ve x4 ,?is obs]vance ( a common und]/&+1 ) ! consequ5t di/ribution ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds accord+ to accept$ rules1 receiv$ ! "n ( ju/ice1 :ile ! contr>y 0 call$ inju/ice4 ,e>ly e?ics did n take mu* note ( ! animus ( ! violator ( ! rules4 ,b civilization c\ld n advance f>1 )\t ! e/abli%m5t ( a capital di/9ction betwe5 ! case ( involunt>y & t ( wilful misde$2 betwe5 a m]ely wrong action & a guilty "o4 ,&1 ) increas+ ref9em5t ( moral appreciation1 ! problem ( des]t1 :i* arises out ( ?is di/9ction1 acquir$ m & m !oretical & practical importance4 ,if life mu/ be giv5 = life1 yet x 0 recogniz$ t ! un9t5tional slay] did n altoge!r des]ve dea?2 &1 by a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! public & ! private conception ( ju/ice1 a sanctu>y 0 provid$ 9 :i* he might take refuge f ! av5g] ( blood4 ,! idea ( ju/ice ?us und]w5t a gradual sublimation f puni%m5t & rew>d accord+ to acts1 to puni%m5t & rew>d accord+ to des]t2 or1 9 o!r words1 accord+ to motive4 ,righte\sness1 t is1 action f "r motive1 #eh n only became synonym\s ) ju/ice1 b ! positive con/itu5t ( innoc5ce & ! v he>t ( goodness4 ,n[ :5 ! anci5t sage1 :e!r ,indian or ,greek1 :o _h atta9$ to ?is conception ( goodness1 look$ ! _w1 & especially human life1 9 ! face1 he f\nd x z h>d z we d to br+ ! c\rse ( evolution into h>mony ) ev5 ! elem5t>y requirem5t ( ! e?ical ideal ( ! j & ! good4 ,if !re is "o ?+ pla9] ?an ano!r1 x is t nei!r ! pleasures nor ! pa9s ( life1 9 ! m]ely animal _w1 are di/ribut$ accord+ to des]t2 = x is admitt$ly impossible = ! l[] ord]s ( s5ti5t be+s1 to des]ve ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,if !re is a g5]alization f ! facts ( human life :i* has ! ass5t ( ?\ghtful m5 9 e age & c\ntry1 x is t ! violator ( e?ical rules con/antly escapes ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves2 t ! wick$ fl\ri%es l a gre5 bay tree1 :ile1 ! righte\s begs 8 bread2 t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs are visit$ ^u ! *ildr52 t1 9 ! realm ( nature1 ignorance is puni%$ j z sev]ely z wilful wrong2 & t ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( innoc5t be+s suff] = ! crime1 or ! un9t5tional trespass ( "o4 ,greek & ,semite & ,indian are agre$ ^u #ei ?is subject4 ,! book ( ,job is at "o ) ! ,works & ,days & ! ,buddhi/ ,sutras2 ! ,psalmi/ & ! ,prea*] ( ,israel1 ) ! ,tragic ,poets ( ,greece4 ,:at is a m common motive ( ! anci5t trag$y 9 fact1 ?an ! unfa?omable inju/ice ( ! nature ( ?+s2 :at is m deeply felt to be true ?an its pres5tation ( ! de/ruction ( ! blameless by ! "w ( 8 own h&s1 or by ! fatal op]ation ( ! s9s ( o!rs8 ,surely ,o$ipus 0 pure ( he>t2 x 0 ! natural sequ5ce ( ev5ts--! cosmic process--:i* drove him1 9 all innoc5ce1 to slay 8 fa!r & become ! husb& ( 8 "m1 to ! desolation ( 8 p & 8 own headlong ru94 ,or to /ep1 = a mom5t1 beyond ! *ronological limits ,i h set myself1 :at con/itutes ! sempit]nal attraction ( ,hamlet b ! appeal to deepe/ exp]i5ce ( t hi/ory ( a no less blameless dream]1 dragg$1 9 spite ( himself1 into a _w out ( jo9t involv$ 9 a tangle ( crime & mis]y1 creat$ by "o ( ! prime ag5ts ( ! cosmic process z x works 9 & ?r\gh man8 ,?us1 br\ght be=e ! tribunal ( e?ics1 ! cosmos might well seem to /& condemn$4 ,! consci5ce ( man revolt$ aga9/ ! moral indiff]5ce ( nature1 & ! microcosmic atom %\ld h f\nd ! illimitable macrocosm guilty4 ,b few1 or none1 v5tur$ to record t v]dict4 #fj ,9 ! great ,semitic trial ( ?is issue1 ,job takes refuge 9 sil5ce & submission2 ! ,indian & ! ,greek1 less wise p]haps1 attempt to reconcile ! irreconcilable & plead = ! def5dant4 ,to ?is end1 ! ,greeks inv5t$ ,!odicies2 :ile ! ,indians devis$ :at1 9 its ultimate =m1 mu/ r be t]m$ a ,cosmodicy4 ,=1 al?\gh ,buddhism recognizes gods _m & lords _m1 !y are products ( ! cosmic process2 & transitory1 h[ev] long endur+1 manife/ations ( its et]nal activity4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 :atev] its orig91 ,brahm9ical & ,buddhi/ speculation f\nd1 ready to h&,note #d ! means ( con/ruct+ a plausible v9dication ( ! ways ( ! cosmos to man4 ,if ?is _w is full ( pa9 & sorr[2 if grief & evil fall1 l ! ra91 ^u bo? ! j & ! unju/2 x is because1 l ! ra91 !y are l9ks 9 ! endless *a9 ( natural causation by :i* pa/1 pres5t1 & future are indissolubly connect$2 & !re is no m inju/ice 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,e s5ti5t be+ is reap+ z x has s[n2 if n 9 ?is life1 !n 9 "o or o!r ( ! inf9ite s]ies ( antec$5t exi/5ces ( :i* x is ! late/ t]m4 ,! pres5t di/ribution ( good & evil is1 !re=e1 ! algebraical sum ( accumulat$ positive & negative des]ts2 or1 r1 x dep5ds on ! float+ balance ( ! acc\nt4 ,= x 0 n ?\ght necess>y t a complete settlem5t #fa %\ld ev] take place4 ,arre>s might /& ov] z a sort ( hang+ gale2 a p]iod ( cele/ial happ9ess j e>n$ might be succe$$ by ages ( torm5t 9 a hide\s ne!r _w1 ! balance /ill ov]due = "s remote ance/ral error4 ,note #e ,:e!r ! cosmic process looks any m moral ?an at fir/1 aft] su* a v9dication1 may p]haps be que/ion$4 ,yet ?is plea ( ju/ification is n less plausible ?an o!rs2 & none b v ha/y ?9k]s w reject x on ! gr\nd ( inh]5t absurdity4 ,l ! doctr9e ( evolution itself1 t ( transmigration has its roots 9 ! _w ( reality2 & x may claim su* support z ! great argum5t f analogy is capable ( supply+4 ,ev]yday exp]i5ce famili>izes u ) ! facts :i* are gr\p$ "u ! "n ( h]$ity4 ,e "o ( u be>s ^u him obvi\s m>ks ( 8 p>5tage1 p]haps ( remot] relation%ips4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 ! sum ( t5d5cies to act 9 a c]ta9 way1 :i* we call "*1 is (t5 to be trac$ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( prog5itors & collat]als4 ,s we may ju/ly say t ?is "*--?is moral & intellectual ess5ce ( a man--does v]itably pass ov] f "o fle%ly tab]nacle to ano!r1 & does really transmigrate f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 ! new-born infant1 ! "* ( ! /ock lies lat5t1 & ! ,ego is little m #fb ?an a bundle ( pot5tialities4 ,b1 v e>ly1 ^! become acutalities2 f *ildhood to age !y manife/ !mselves 9 dulness or brightness1 weakness or /r5g?1 vici\sness or uprightness2 & ) ea* feature modifi$ by conflu5ce ) ano!r "*1 if by no?+ else1 ! "* pass$ on to its inc>nation 9 new bodies4 ,! ,indian philosoph]s call$ "*1 z ?us def9$1 k>ma4,note #f ,x is ?is k>ma :i* pass$ f life to life & l9k$ !m 9 ! *a9 ( transmigrations2 & !y held t x is modifi$ 9 ea* life1 n m]ely by conflu5ce ( p>5tage1 b by its own acts4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 /rong believ]s 9 ! !ory1 s mu* disput$ j at pres5t1 ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,t ! manife/ation ( ! t5d5cies ( a "* may be greatly facilitat$1 or imp$$1 by conditions1 ( :i* self-discipl9e1 or ! abs5ce ( x1 are among ! mo/ important1 is indubitable2 b t ! "* itself is modifi$ 9 ?is way is by no means s c]ta92 x is n s sure t ! transmitt$ "* ( an evil liv] is worse1 or t ( a righte\s man bett]1 ?an t :i* he receiv$4 ,indian philosophy1 h[ev]1 did n admit ( any d\bt on ?is subject2 ! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( conditions1 notably ( self-discipl9e1 on ! k>ma 0 n m]ely a necess>y po/ulate ( its !ory ( retribution1 b x pres5t$ #fc ! only way ( escape f ! endless r\nd ( transmigrations4 ,! e>li] =ms ( ,indian philosophy agre$ ) ^? preval5t 9 our own times1 9 suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( a p]man5t reality1 or sub/ance1 b5ea? ! %ift+ s]ies ( ph5om5a1 :e!r ( matt] or ( m9d4 ,! sub/ance ( ! cosmos 0 ,brahma1 t ( ! individual man ,atman2 & ! latt] 0 sep>at$ f ! =m] only1 if ,i may s speak1 by its ph5om5al envelope1 by ! cas+ ( s5sations1 ?\ghts & desires1 pleasures & pa9s1 :i* make up ! illusive phantasmagoria ( life4 ,?is ! ignorant take = reality2 _! ,atman !re=e rema9s et]nally imprison$ 9 delusions1 b\nd by ! fett]s ( desire & sc\rg$ by ! :ip ( mis]y4 ,b ! man :o has atta9$ enlight5m5t sees t ! app>5t reality is m]e illusion1 or1 z 0 said a c\ple ( ?\s& ye>s lat]1 t !re is no?+ good nor bad b ?9k+ makes x s4 ,if ! cosmos is j & ( our pleasant vices makes in/rum5ts to sc\rge u1 x w\ld seem t ! only way to escape f our h]itage ( evil is to de/roy t f\nta9 ( desire :5ce our vices fl[2 to refuse any long] to be ! in/rum5ts ( ! evolution>y process1 & )draw f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if ! k>ma is modifiable by self-discipl9e1 if its co>s] desires1 "o aft] ano!r1 c be ext+ui%$1 ! ultimate #fd fundam5tal desire ( self-ass]tion1 or ! desire to be1 may also be de/roy$4 ,note #g ,!n ! bubble ( illusion w bur/1 & ! fre$ individual ,atman w lose itself 9 ! univ]sal ,brahma4 ,su* seems to h be5 ! pre-,buddhi/ic conception ( salvation1 & ( ! way to be foll[$ by ^? :o w\ld atta9 !reto4 ,no m ?or\gh mortification ( ! fle% has ev] be5 attempt$ ?an-t a*iev$ by ! ,indian ascetic an*orite2 no lat] mona*ism has s ne>ly succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! human m9d to t condition ( impassive quasi-somnambulism1 :i*1 b = its ackn[l$g$ hol9ess1 might run ! risk ( be+ conf\nd$ ) idiocy4 ,& ?is salvation1 x w be obs]v$1 0 to be atta9$ ?r\gh k1 & by action bas$ on t k2 j z ! exp]im5t]1 :o w\ld obta9 a c]ta9 physical or *emical result1 mu/ h a k ( ! natural laws involv$ & ! p]si/5t discipl9$ w adequate to c>ry out all ! v>i\s op]ations requir$4 ,! sup]natural1 9 our s5se ( ! t]m1 0 entirely exclud$4 ,!re 0 no ext]nal p[] :i* c\ld affect ! sequ5ce ( cause & effect :i* gives rise to k>ma2 none b ! w ( ! subject ( ! k>ma :i* c\ld put an end to x4 ,only "o rule ( conduct c\ld be bas$ ^u ! rem>kable !ory ( :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to give a reason$ outl9e4 ,x 0 folly to cont9ue #fe to exi/ :5 an ov]plus ( pa9 0 c]ta92 & ! probabilities 9 fav\r ( ! increase ( mis]y ) ! prolongation ( exi/5ce1 7 s ov]:elm+4 ,slay+ ! body only made matt]s worse2 !re 0 no?+ = x b to slay ! s\l by ! volunt>y arre/ ( all its activities4 ,prop]ty1 social ties1 family affections1 common companion%ip1 mu/ be ab&on$2 ! mo/ natural appetites1 ev5 t = food1 mu/ be suppress$1 or at lea/ m9imiz$2 until all t rema9$ ( a man 0 ! impassive1 ext5uat$1 m5dicant monk1 self-hypnotis$ into cataleptic trances1 :i* ! delud$ my/ic took = =eta/es ( ! f9al union ) ,brahma4 ,! f\nd] ( ,buddhism accept$ ! *ief po/ulates dem&$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! practical annihilation involv$ 9 m]g+ ! individual exi/5ce 9 ! uncondition$--! ,atman 9 ,brahma4 ,x w\ld seem t ! admission ( ! exi/5ce ( any sub/ance :atev]--ev5 ( ! t5uity ( t :i* has nei!r quality nor en]gy & ( :i* no pr$icate :atev] c be ass]t$--appe>$ to him to be a dang] & a sn>e4 ,?\gh r$uc$ to a hypo/atiz$ negation1 ,brahma 0 n to be tru/$2 s long z entity 0 !re1 x might conceivably resume ! we>y r\nd ( evolution1 ) all its tra9 ( immeasurable mis]ies4 ,gautama got rid ( ev5 t #ff %ade ( a %ad[ ( p]man5t exi/5ce by a metaphysical t\r de =ce ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( philosophy1 see+ t x supplies ! want+ half ( ,bi%op ,b]keley's well-kn[n ideali/ic argum5t4 ,grant+ ! premises1 ,i am n aw>e ( any escape f ,b]keley's conclusion1 t ! sub/ance ( matt] is a metaphysical unkn[n quantity1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re is no pro(4 ,:at ,b]keley does n seem to h s cle>ly p]ceiv$ is t ! non-exi/5ce ( a sub/ance ( m9d is equally arguable2 & t ! result ( ! imp>tial applications ( 8 reason+s is ! r$uction ( ! ,all to coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ( ph5om5a1 b5ea? & beyond :i* !re is no?+ cognoscible4 ,x is a rem>kable indication ( ! subtlety ( ,indian speculation t ,gautama %\ld h se5 deep] ?an ! greate/ ( mod]n ideali/s2 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t1 if "s ( ,b]keley's reason+s respect+ ! nature ( _s are pu%$ home1 !y rea* pretty mu* ! same conclusion4 ,note #h ,accept+ ! preval5t ,brahm9ical doctr9e t ! :ole cosmos1 cele/ial1 t]re/rial1 & inf]nal1 ) its population ( gods & o!r cele/ial be+s1 ( s5ti5t animals1 ( ,m>a & 8 devils1 is incessantly %ift+ ?r\gh recurr+ cycles ( production & de/ruction1 9 ea* ( :i* e human be+ has 8 transmigratory #fg repres5tative1 ,gautama proce$$ to elim9ate sub/ance altoge!r2 & to r$uce ! cosmos to a m]e fl[ ( s5sations1 emotions1 volitions1 & ?\ghts1 devoid ( any sub/ratum4 ,z1 on ! surface ( a /ream ( wat]1 we see ripples & :irlpools1 :i* la/ = a :ile & !n vani% ) ! causes t gave rise to !m1 s :at seem individual exi/5ces are m]e tempor>y associations ( ph5om5a circl+ r\nd a c5tre1 l a dog ti$ to a po/4 ,9 ! :ole univ]se !re is no?+ p]man5t1 no et]nal sub/ance ei!r ( m9d or ( matt]4 ,p]sonality is a metaphysical fancy2 & 9 v tru?1 n only we1 b all ?+s1 9 ! worlds )\t end ( ! cosmic phantasmagoria1 are su* /uff z dreams are made (4 ,:at !n becomes ( k>ma8 ,k>ma rema9s unt\*$4 ,z ! peculi> =m ( en]gy we call magnetism may be transmitt$ f a load/one to a piece ( /eel1 f ! /eel to a piece ( nickel1 z x may be /r5g!n$ or weak5$ by ! conditions to :i* x is subject$ :ile resid5t 9 ea* piece1 s x seems to h be5 conceiv$ t k>ma might be transmitt$ f "o ph5om5al association to ano!r by a sort ( induction4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,gautama d\btless _h a bett] gu>antee = ! abolition ( transmigration1 :5 no wrack ( sub/ance1 ei!r ( ,atman or ( ,brahma1 0 left beh9d2 :51 9 %ort1 a man _h b to #fh dream t he will$ n to dream1 to put an end to all dream+4 ,?is end ( life's dream is ,nirvana4 ,:at ,nirvana is ! le>n$ d n agree4 ,b1 s9ce ! be/ orig9al au?orities tell u !re is nei!r desire nor activity1 nor any possibility ( ph5om5al reappe>ance = ! sage :o has ent]$ ,nirvana1 x may be safely said ( ?is acme ( ,buddhi/ic philosophy--! re/ is sil5ce4 ,note #i ,?us !re is no v great practical disagreem5t betwe5 ,gautama & 8 pr$ecessors ) respect to ! end ( action2 b x is o!rwise z reg>ds ! means to t end4 ,) j insight into human nature1 ,gautama decl>$ extreme ascetic practices to be useless & inde$ h>mful4 ,! appetites & ! passions are n to be aboli%$ by m]e mortification ( ! body2 !y mu/1 9 addition1 be attack$ on _! own gr\nd & conqu]$ by /eady cultivation ( ! m5tal habits :i* oppose !m2 by univ]sal b5evol5ce2 by ! return ( good = evil2 by humility2 by ab/95ce f evil ?\ght2 9 %ort1 by total r5unciation ( t self-ass]tion :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! cosmic process4 ,d\btless1 x is to ^! e?ical qualities t ,buddhism owes its m>vell\s success4,note #aj ,a sy/em :i* kn[s no ,god 9 ! we/]n s5se2 :i* d5ies a s\l to man2 :i* c\nts ! belief 9 immortality a blund] & ! hope ( x a s92 #fi :i* refuses any efficacy to pray] & sacrifice2 :i* bids m5 look to no?+ b _! own ef=ts = salvation2 :i*1 9 its orig9al purity1 knew no?+ ( v[s ( ob$i5ce1 abhorr$ intol]ance1 & nev] s\ght ! aid ( ! secul> arm2 yet spread ov] a consid]able moiety ( ! ,old ,_w ) m>vell\s rapidity1 & is /ill1 ) :atev] base admixture ( =eign sup]/itions1 ! dom9ant cre$ ( a l>ge fraction ( mank9d4 ,let u n[ set our faces we/w>ds1 t[>ds ,asia ,m9or & ,greece & ,italy1 to view ! rise & progress ( ano!r philosophy1 app>5tly indep5d5t1 b no less p]vad$ by ! conception ( evolution4,note #aa ,! sages ( ,miletus 7 pron\nc$ evolutioni/s2 &1 h[ev] d>k may be "s ( ! say+s ( ,h]acleitus ( ,ephesus1 :o 0 probably a contempor>y ( ,gautama1 no bett] expressions ( ! ess5ce ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution c be f\nd ?an are pres5t$ by "s ( 8 pi?y aphorisms & /rik+ metaphors4 ,note #ab ,inde$1 _m ( my pres5t auditors mu/ h obs]v$ t1 m ?an once1 ,i h borr[$ f him 9 ! brief exposition ( ! !ory ( evolution ) :i* ?is disc\rse comm5c$4 ,b :5 ! focus ( ,greek intellectual activity %ift$ to ,a!ns1 ! lead+ m9ds #gj conc5trat$ _! att5tion ^u e?ical problems4 ,=sak+ ! /udy ( ! macrocosm = t ( ! microcosm1 !y lo/ ! key to ! ?\ght ( ! great ,ephesian1 :i*1 ,i imag9e1 is m intelligible to u ?an x 0 to ,socrates1 or to ,plato4 ,socrates1 m especially1 set ! fa%ion ( a k9d ( inv]se agno/icism1 by tea*+ t ! problems ( physics lie beyond ! rea* ( ! human intellect2 t ! attempt to solve !m is ess5tially va92 t ! "o wor?y object ( inve/igation is ! problem ( e?ical life2 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by ! ,cynics & ! lat] ,/oics4 ,ev5 ! compreh5sive k & ! p5etrat+ intellect ( ,ari/otle fail$ to sugge/ to him t 9 hold+ ! et]nity ( ! _w1 )9 its pres5t range ( mutation1 he 0 mak+ a retrogressive /ep4 ,! sci5tific h]itage ( ,h]acleitus pass$ into ! h&s nei!r ( ,plato nor ( ,ari/otle1 b into ^? ( ,democritus4 ,b ! _w 0 n yet ready to receive ! great conceptions ( ! philosoph] ( ,abd]a4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! ,/oics to return to ! track m>k$ out by ! e>li] philosoph]s2 &1 pr(ess+ !mselves disciples ( ,h]acleitus1 to develop ! idea ( evolution sy/ematically4 ,9 do+ ?is1 !y n only omitt$ "s *>act]i/ic features ( _! ma/]'s tea*+1 b !y made additions altoge!r =eign to x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ influ5tial ( ^! importations 0 ! transc5d5tal #ga !ism :i* _h come into vogue4 ,! re/less1 fi]y en]gy1 op]at+ accord+ to law1 out ( :i* all ?+s em]ge & into :i* !y return1 9 ! endless successive cycles ( ! great ye>2 :i* creates & de/roys worlds z a wanton *ild builds up1 & anon levels1 s& ca/les on ! sea%ore2 0 metamorphos$ into a mat]ial _w-s\l & deck$ out ) all ! attributes ( ideal ,div9ity2 n m]ely ) inf9ite p[] & transc5d5t wisdom1 b ) absolute goodness4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is /ep 7 mom5t\s4 ,= if ! cosmos is ! effect ( an imman5t1 omnipot5t1 & inf9itely b5efic5t cause1 ! exi/5ce 9 x ( real evil1 /ill less ( necess>ily inh]5t evil1 is pla9ly inadmissible4 ,note #ac ,yet ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( mank9d te/ifi$ !n1 z n[1 t1 :e!r we look )9 u or )\t u1 evil />es u 9 ! face on all sides2 t if any?+ is real1 pa9 & sorr[ & wrong are realities4 ,x w\ld be a new ?+ 9 hi/ory if a priori philosoph]s 7 daunt$ by ! facti\s opposition ( exp]i5ce2 & ! ,/oics 7 ! la/ m5 to all[ !mselves to be beat5 by m]e facts4 ,give me a doctr9e & ,i w f9d ! reasons = x1 said ,*rysippus4 ,s !y p]fect$1 if !y did n inv5t1 t +5i\s & plausible =m ( plead+1 ! ,!odicy2 = ! purpose ( %[+ fir/ly1 t !re is no su* #gb ?+ z evil2 secondly1 t if !re is1 x is ! necess>y correlate ( good2 &1 moreov]1 t x is ei!r due to our own fault1 or inflict$ = our b5efit4 ,!odicies h be5 v popul> 9 _! "t1 & ,i believe t a num]\s1 ?\gh some:at dw>f$1 prog5y ( !m /ill survives4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !y are all v>iations ( ! !me set =? 9 ^? fam\s six l9es ( ! ,essay on ,man1 9 :i* ,pope sums up ,bol+broke's rem9isc5ces ( /oical & o!r speculations ( ?is k9d-- ,all nature is b art1 unkn[n to !e2 ,all *ance1 direction :i* ?\ can/ n see2 ,all discord1 h>mony n und]/ood2 ,all p>tial evil1 univ]sal good2 ,& spite ( pride1 9 err+ reason's spite1 ,"o tru? is cle>3 :atev] is is "r4 ,yet1 surely1 if !re are few m important tru?s ?an ^? enunciat$ 9 ! fir/ triad1 ! second is op5 to v grave objections4 ,t !re is a s\l ( good 9 ?+s evil is unque/ionable2 nor w any wise man d5y ! discipl9>y value ( pa9 & sorr[4 ,b ^! consid]ations d n help u to see :y ! imm5se multitude ( irresponsible s5ti5t be+s1 :i* _c pr(it by su* discipl9e1 %\ld suff]2 nor :y1 among ! endless possibilities op5 to omnipot5ce--t ( s9less1 happy exi/5ce among ! re/--! actuality 9 :i* s9 & mis]y ab\nd %\ld be t select$4 #gc ,surely x is m]e *eap rhetoric to call argum5ts :i* h nev] yet be5 answ]$ by ev5 ! meeke/ & ! lea/ rational ( ,optimi/s1 sugge/ions ( ! pride ( reason4 ,z to ! conclud+ aphorism1 its fitte/ place w\ld be z an inscription 9 lett]s ( mud ov] ! portal ( "s /ye ( ,epicurus,note #ad2 = t is :]e ! logical application ( x to practice w\ld l& m51 ) e aspiration /ifl$ & e ef=t p>alyz$4 ,:y try to set "r :at is "r already8 ,:y /rive to improve ! be/ ( all possible worlds8 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = z today all is "r1 s to-morr[ all w be4 ,b ! attempt ( ! ,/oics to bl9d !mselves to ! reality ( evil1 z a necess>y concomitant ( ! cosmic process1 _h less success ?an t ( ! ,indian philosoph]s to exclude ! reality ( good f _! purview4 ,un=tunately1 x is mu* easi] to %ut "o's eyes to good ?an to evil4 ,pa9 & sorr[ knock at our doors m l\dly ?an pleasure & happ9ess2 & ! pr9ts ( _! heavy foot/eps are less easily effac$4 ,be=e ! grim realities ( practical life ! pleasant fictions ( optimism vani%$4 ,if ?is 7 ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 x nev]!less prov$ itself a v inconv5i5t habitation = ! ideal sage4 ,! /oical summ>y ( ! :ole duty ( man1 ,live accord+ to nature1 w\ld seem to imply t ! cosmic process is an exempl> = human #gd conduct4 ,e?ics w\ld ?us become appli$ ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,9 fact1 a confus$ employm5t ( ! maxim1 9 ?is s5se1 has done immeasurable mis*ief 9 lat] times4 ,x has furni%$ an axiomatic f\ndation = ! philosophy ( philosopha/]s & = ! moraliz+ ( s5tim5tali/s4 ,b ! ,/oics 71 at bottom1 n m]ely noble1 b sane1 m52 & if we look closely into :at !y really meant by ?is ill-us$ phrase1 x w be f\nd to pres5t no ju/ification = ! mis*iev\s conclusions t h be5 d$uc$ f x4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,/oa1 ,nature 0 a ^w ( _m mean+s4 ,!re 0 ! ,nature ( ! cosmos & ! ,nature ( man4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! animal nature1 :i* man %>es ) a moiety ( ! liv+ "p ( ! cosmos1 0 di/+ui%$ f a high] nature4 ,ev5 9 ?is high] nature !re 7 grades ( rank4 ,! logical faculty is an in/rum5t :i* may be turn$ to acc\nt = any purpose4 ,! passions & ! emotions are s closely ti$ to ! l[] nature t !y may be consid]$ to be pa?ological1 r ?an normal1 ph5om5a4 ,! "o supreme1 hegemonic1 faculty1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( man1 is mo/ ne>ly repres5t$ by t :i*1 9 ! language ( a lat] philosophy1 has be5 call$ ! pure reason4 ,x is ?is nature :i* holds up ! ideal ( ! supreme good & dem&s absolute submission ( ! w to its behe/s4 ,x is #ge :i* comm&s all m5 to love "o ano!r1 to return good = evil1 to reg>d "o ano!r z fell[-citiz5s ( "o great /ate4 ,inde$1 see+ t ! progress t[>ds p]fection ( a civiliz$ /ate1 or polity1 dep5ds on ! ob$i5ce ( its memb]s to ^! comm&s1 ! ,/oics sometimes t]m$ ! pure reason ! political nature4 ,un=tunately1 ! s5se ( ! adjective has und]gone s mu* modification1 t ! application ( x to t :i* comm&s ! sacrifice ( self to ! common good w\ld n[ s\nd almo/ grotesque4 ,note #ae ,b :at "p is play$ by ! !ory ( evolution 9 ?is view ( e?ics8 ,s f> z ,i c disc]n1 ! e?ical sy/em ( ! ,/oics1 :i* is ess5tially intuitive1 & rev]5ces ! categorical imp]ative z /rongly z t ( any lat] morali/s1 might h be5 j :at x 0 if !y _h held any o!r !ory2 :e!r t ( special creation1 on ! "o side1 or t ( ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ! pres5t ord]1 on ! o!r4,note #af ,to ! ,/oic1 ! cosmos _h no importance = ! consci5ce1 except 9 s f> z he *ose to ?9k x a p$agogue to virtue4 ,! p]t9aci\s optimism ( our philosoph]s hid f !m ! actual /ate ( ! case4 ,x prev5t$ !m f see+ t cosmic nature is no s*ool ( virtue1 b ! headqu>t]s ( ! enemy ( e?ical nature4 ,! logic ( facts 0 necess>y to conv9ce !m #gf t ! cosmos works ?r\gh ! l[] nature ( man1 n = righte\sness1 b aga9/ x4 ,& x f9ally drove !m to confess t ! exi/5ce ( _! ideal wise man 0 incompatible ) ! nature ( ?+s2 t ev5 a passable approximation to t ideal 0 to be atta9$ only at ! co/ ( r5unciation ( ! _w & mortification1 n m]ely ( ! fle%1 b ( all human affections4 ,! /ate ( p]fection 0 t apa!ia,note #ag 9 :i* desire1 ?\gh x may /ill be felt1 is p[]less to move ! w1 r$uc$ to ! sole function ( execut+ ! comm&s ( pure reason4 ,ev5 ?is residuum ( activity 0 to be reg>d$ z a tempor>y loan1 z an efflux ( ! div9e _w-p]vad+ _s1 *af+ at its imprisonm5t 9 ! fle%1 until su* "t z dea? enabl$ x to return to its s\rce 9 ! all-p]vad+ logos4 ,i f9d x difficult to discov] any v great diff]5ce betwe5 ,apa!ia & ,nirvana1 except t /oical speculation agrees ) pre-,buddhi/ic philosophy1 r ?an ) ! tea*+s ( ,gautama1 9 s f> z x po/ulates a p]man5t sub/ance equival5t to ,brahma & ,atman2 & t1 9 /oical practice1 ! adoption ( ! life ( ! m5dicant cynic 0 held to be m a c\nsel ( p]fection ?an an indisp5sable condition ( ! high] life4 ,?us ! extremes t\*4 ,greek ?\ght & #gg ,indian ?\ght set out f gr\nd common to bo?1 div]ge widely1 develop "u v diff]5t physical & moral conditions1 & f9ally conv]ge to practically ! same end4 ,! ,v$as & ! ,hom]ic epos set be=e u a _w ( ri* & vigor\s life1 full ( joy\s fight+ m5 ,t ev] ) a frolic welcome took ,! ?und] & ! sun%9e 4444 & :o 7 ready to brave ! v ,gods !mselves :5 _! blood 0 up4 ,a few c5turies pass away1 & "u ! influ5ce ( civilization ! desc5dants ( ^! m5 are sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght--frank pessimi/s1 or1 at be/1 make-believe optimi/s4 ,! c\rage ( ! w>like /ock may be z h>dly tri$ z be=e1 p]haps m h>dly1 b ! enemy is self4 ,! h]o has become a monk4 ,! man ( action is replac$ by ! quieti/1 ^: highe/ aspiration is to be ! passive in/rum5t ( ! div9e ,reason4 ,by ! ,tib]1 z by ! ,ganges1 e?ical man admits t ! cosmos is too /rong = him2 &1 de/roy+ e bond :i* ties him to x by ascetic discipl9e1 he seeks salvation 9 absolute r5unciation4,note #ah ,mod]n ?\ght is mak+ a fre% />t f ! base :5ce ,indian & ,greek philosophy set out2 &1 ! human m9d be+ v mu* :at #gh x 0 six-&-tw5ty c5turies ago1 !re is no gr\nd = wond] if x pres5ts indications ( a t5d5cy to move along ! old l9es to ! same results4 ,we are m ?an suffici5tly famili> ) mod]n pessimism1 at lea/ z a speculation2 = ,i _c call to m9d t any ( its pres5t vot>ies h seal$ _! fai? by assum+ ! rags & ! b[l ( ! m5dicant ,bhikku1 or ! cloak & ! wallet ( ! ,cynic4 ,! ob/acles plac$ 9 ! way ( /urdy vagrancy by an unphilosophical police h1 p]haps1 prov$ too =midable = philosophical consi/5cy4 ,we also "k mod]n speculative optimism1 ) its p]fectibility ( ! species1 reign ( peace1 & lion & lamb trans=mation sc5es2 b "o does n he> s mu* ( x z "o did =ty ye>s ago2 inde$1 ,i imag9e x is to be met ) m commonly at ! tables ( ! heal?y & weal?y1 ?an 9 ! congregations ( ! wise4 ,! majority ( u1 ,i appreh5d1 pr(ess nei!r pessimism nor optimism4 ,we hold t ! _w is nei!r s good1 nor s bad1 z x conceivably might be2 &1 z mo/ ( u h reason1 n[ & aga91 to discov] t x c be4 ,^? :o h fail$ to exp]i5ce ! joys t make life wor? liv+ are1 probably1 9 z small a m9ority z ^? :o h nev] kn[n ! griefs t rob exi/5ce ( its sav\r & turn its ri*e/ fruits into m]e du/ & a%es4 #gi ,fur!r1 ,i ?9k ,i d n err 9 assum+ t1 h[ev] div]se _! views on philosophical & religi\s matt]s1 mo/ m5 are agre$ t ! proportion ( good & evil 9 life may be v s5sibly affect$ by human action4 ,i nev] he>d anybody d\bt t ! evil may be ?us increas$1 or dim9i%$2 & x w\ld seem to foll[ t good mu/ be simil>ly susceptible ( addition or subtraction4 ,f9ally1 to my k1 nobody pr(esses to d\bt t1 s f> =? z we possess a p[] ( bett]+ ?+s1 x is our p>am\nt duty to use x & to tra9 all our intellect & en]gy to ?is supreme s]vice ( our k9d4 ,h5ce ! press+ int]e/ ( ! "q1 to :at ext5t mod]n progress 9 natural k1 &1 m especially1 ! g5]al outcome ( t progress 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 is compet5t to help u 9 ! great "w ( help+ "o ano!r8 ,! prop\nd]s ( :at are call$ ! e?ics ( evolution1 :5 ! evolution ( e?ics w\ld usually bett] express ! object ( _! speculations1 adduce a numb] ( m or less int]e/+ facts & m or less s\nd argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! orig9 ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 9 ! same way z o!r natural ph5om5a1 by a process ( evolution4 ,i h little d\bt1 = my own "p1 t !y are on ! "r track2 b z ! immoral s5tim5ts h no less be5 evolv$1 !re is1 s f>1 z mu* natural sanction = ! #hj "o z ! o!r4 ,! ?ief & ! murd]] foll[ nature j z mu* z ! philan?ropi/4 ,cosmic evolution may tea* u h[ ! good & ! evil t5d5cies ( man may h come ab\t2 b1 9 itself1 x is incompet5t to furni% any bett] reason :y :at we call good is pref]able to :at we call evil ?an we _h be=e4 ,"s day1 ,i d\bt n1 we %all arrive at an und]/&+ ( ! evolution ( ! /hetic faculty2 b all ! und]/&+ 9 ! _w w nei!r increase nor dim9i% ! =ce ( ! intuition t ?is is beautiful & t is ugly4 ,!re is ano!r fallacy :i* appe>s to me to p]vade ! s-call$ e?ics ( evolution4 ,x is ! notion t because1 on ! :ole1 animals & plants h advanc$ 9 p]fection ( organization by means ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! consequ5t survival ( ! fitte/2 !re=e m5 9 society1 m5 z e?ical be+s1 mu/ look to ! same process to help !m t[>ds p]fection4 ,i suspect t ?is fallacy has aris5 out ( ! un=tunate ambiguity ( ! phrase survival ( ! fitte/4 ,fitte/ has a connotation ( be/2 & ab\t be/ !re hangs a moral flav\r4 ,9 cosmic nature1 h[ev]1 :at is fitte/ dep5ds ^u ! conditions4 ,long s9ce ,note #ai1 ,i v5tur$ to po9t out t if our hemisph]e 7 to cool aga91 ! survival ( ! fitte/ might br+ ab\t1 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 a population ( m & m /unt$ & humbl] #ha & humbl] organisms1 until ! fitte/ t surviv$ might be no?+ b li*5s1 diatoms1 & su* microscopic organisms z ^? :i* give r$ sn[ its col\r2 :ile1 if x became hott]1 ! pleasant valleys ( ! ,?ames & ,isis might be un9habitable by any animat$ be+s save ^? t fl\ri% 9 a tropical jungle4 ,!y1 z ! fitte/1 ! be/ adapt$ to ! *ang$ conditions1 w\ld survive4 ,m5 9 society are und\bt$ly subject to ! cosmic process4 ,z among o!r animals1 multiplication goes on )\t cessation1 & involves sev]e competition = ! means ( support4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce t5ds to elim9ate ^? less fitt$ to adapt !mselves to ! circum/ances ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! /ronge/1 ! mo/ self-ass]tive1 t5d to tread d[n ! weak]4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! cosmic process on ! evolution ( society is ! great] ! m rudim5t>y its civilization4 ,social progress means a *eck+ ( ! cosmic1 process at e /ep & ! sub/itution = x ( ano!r1 :i* may be call$ ! e?ical process2 ! end ( :i* is n ! survival ( ^? :o may happ5 to be ! fitte/1 9 respect ( ! :ole ( ! conditions :i* obta91 b ( ^? :o are e?ically ! be/4,note #bj ,z ,i h already urg$1 ! practice ( t :i* is e?ically be/--:at we call goodness or virtue--involves a c\rse ( conduct :i*1 9 all #hb respects1 is oppos$ to t :i* leads to success 9 ! cosmic /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 place ( ru?less self-ass]tion x dem&s self-re/ra9t2 9 place ( ?ru/+ aside1 or tread+ d[n1 all competitors1 x requires t ! individual %all n m]ely respect1 b %all help 8 fell[s2 its influ5ce is direct$1 n s mu* to ! survival ( ! fitte/1 z to ! fitt+ ( z _m z possible to survive4 ,x repudiates ! gladiatorial !ory ( exi/5ce4 ,x dem&s t ea* man :o ent]s into ! enjoym5t ( ! advantages ( a polity %all be m9dful ( 8 debt to ^? :o h labori\sly con/ruct$ x2 & %all take he$ t no act ( 8 weak5s ! fabric 9 :i* he has be5 p]mitt$ to live4 ,laws & moral precepts are direct$ to ! end ( curb+ ! cosmic process & rem9d+ ! individual ( 8 duty to ! community1 to ! protection & influ5ce ( :i* he owes1 if n exi/5ce itself1 at lea/ ! life ( some?+ bett] ?an a brutal savage4 ,x is f neglect ( ^! pla9 consid]ations t ! fanatical individualism ,note #ba ( our "t attempts to apply ! analogy ( cosmic nature to society4 ,once m we h a misapplication ( ! /oical injunction to foll[ nature2 ! duties ( ! individual to ! /ate are =gott51 & 8 t5d5cies to self-ass]tion are dignifi$ by ! "n ( rights4 ,x is s]i\sly debat$ :e!r ! memb]s ( a community are ju/ifi$ 9 us+ #hc _! comb9$ /r5g? to con/ra9 "o ( _! numb] to contribute 8 %>e to ! ma9t5ance ( x2 or ev5 to prev5t him f do+ 8 be/ to de/roy x4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* has done su* admirable "w 9 cosmic nature1 mu/1 x appe>s1 be equally b5efic5t 9 ! e?ical sph]e4 ,yet if t :i* ,i h insi/$ ^u is true2 if ! cosmic process has no sort ( relation to moral ends2 if ! imitation ( x by man is inconsi/5t ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( e?ics2 :at becomes ( ?is surpris+ !ory8 ,let u und]/&1 once = all1 t ! e?ical progress ( society dep5ds1 n on imitat+ ! cosmic process1 /ill less 9 runn+ away f x1 b 9 combat+ x4 ,x may seem an audaci\s proposal ?us to pit ! microcosm aga9/ ! macrocosm & to set man to subdue nature to 8 high] ends2 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! great intellectual diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t times ) :i* we h be5 occupi$ & our day1 lies 9 ! solid f\ndation we h acquir$ = ! hope t su* an ent]prise may meet ) a c]ta9 measure ( success4 ,! hi/ory ( civilization details ! /eps by :i* m5 h succe$$ 9 build+ up an artificial _w )9 ! cosmos4 ,fragile re$ z he may be1 man1 z ,pascal says1 is a ?9k+ re$3 ,note #bb !re lies )9 him a fund ( en]gy op]at+ intellig5tly & s f> ak9 to t :i* p]vades ! univ]se1 t x is compet5t #hd to influ5ce & modify ! cosmic process4 ,9 virtue ( 8 intellig5ce1 ! dw>f b5ds ! ,titan to 8 w4 ,9 e family1 9 e polity t has be5 e/abli%$1 ! cosmic process 9 man has be5 re/ra9$ & o!rwise modifi$ by law & cu/om2 9 surr\nd+ nature1 x has be5 simil>ly influ5c$ by ! art ( ! %eph]d1 ! agriculturi/1 ! artisan4 ,z civilization has advanc$1 s has ! ext5t ( ?is int]f]5ce increas$2 until ! organiz$ & highly develop$ sci5ces & arts ( ! pres5t day h end[$ man ) a comm& ov] ! c\rse ( non-human nature great] ?an t once attribut$ to ! magicians4 ,! mo/ impressive1 ,i might say />tl+1 ( ^! *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ two c5turies2 :ile a "r compreh5sion ( ! process ( life & ( ! means ( influ5c+ its manife/ations is only j dawn+ ^u u4 ,we d n yet see our way beyond g5]alities2 & we are befogg$ by ! obtrusion ( false analogies & crude anticipations4 ,b ,a/ronomy1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 h all _h to pass ?r\gh simil> phases1 be=e !y rea*$ ! /age at :i* _! influ5ce became an important factor 9 human affairs4 ,physiology1 ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1 ,political ,sci5ce1 mu/ submit to ! same ordeal4 ,yet x seems to me irrational to d\bt t1 at no di/ant p]iod1 !y w "w z great a revolution 9 ! sph]e ( practice4 #he ,! !ory ( evolution enc\rages no mill5nial anticipations4 ,if1 = millions ( ye>s1 our globe has tak5 ! upw>d road1 yet1 "s "t1 ! summit w be rea*$ & ! d[nw>d r\te w be comm5c$4 ,! mo/ d>+ imag9ation w h>dly v5ture ^u ! sugge/ion t ! p[] & ! intellig5ce ( man c ev] arre/ ! procession ( ! great ye>4 ,moreov]1 ! cosmic nature born ) u &1 to a l>ge ext5t1 necess>y = our ma9t5ance1 is ! outcome ( millions ( ye>s ( sev]e tra9+1 & x w\ld be folly to imag9e t a few c5turies w suffice to subdue its ma/]fulness to purely e?ical ends4 ,e?ical nature may c\nt ^u hav+ to reckon ) a t5aci\s & p[]ful enemy z long z ! _w la/s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i see no limit to ! ext5t to :i* intellig5ce & w1 guid$ by s\nd pr9ciples ( inve/igation1 & organiz$ 9 common ef=t1 may modify ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 = a p]iod long] ?an t n[ cov]$ by hi/ory4 ,& mu* may be done to *ange ! nature ( man himself4 ,note #bc ,! intellig5ce :i* has conv]t$ ! bro!r ( ! wolf into ! fai?ful gu>dian ( ! flock ought to be able to d some?+ t[>ds curb+ ! in/9cts ( savag]y 9 civiliz$ m54 ,b if we may p]mit ourselves at l>g] hope ( abatem5t ( ! ess5tial evil ( ! _w ?an 0 possible to ^? :o1 9 ! infancy ( #hf exact k1 fac$ ! problem ( exi/5ce m ?an a score ( c5turies ago1 ,i deem x an ess5tial condition ( ! realization ( t hope t we %\ld ca/ aside ! notion t ! escape f pa9 & sorr[ is ! prop] object ( life4 ,we h long s9ce em]g$ f ! h]oic *ildhood ( our race1 :5 good & evil c\ld be met ) ! same frolic welcome2 ! attempts to escape f evil1 :e!r ,indian or ,greek1 h end$ 9 flight f ! battle-field2 x rema9s to u to ?r[ aside ! y\?ful ov]confid5ce & ! no less y\?ful disc\ragem5t ( nonage4 ,we are gr[n m51 & mu/ play ! man 444/rong 9 w ,to /rive1 to seek1 to f9d1 & n to yield1 *]i%+ ! good t falls 9 our way1 & be>+ ! evil1 9 & ar\nd u1 ) /\t he>ts set on dim9i%+ x4 ,s f>1 we all may /rive 9 "o fai? t[>ds "o hope3 444 ,x may be t ! gulfs w wa% u d[n1 ,x may be we %all t\* ! ,happy ,isles1 444 b some?+ ere ! end1 ,"s "w ( noble note may yet be done4 ,note #bd #ahg ,,notes4 ,note #a 7p4 #di74 ,i h be5 c>eful to speak ( ! appe>ance ( cyclical evolution pres5t$ by liv+ ?+s2 =1 on critical exam9ation1 x w be f\nd t ! c\rse ( vegetable & ( animal life is n exactly repres5t$ by1 ! figure ( a cycle :i* returns into itself4 ,:at actually happ5s1 9 all b ! l[e/ organisms1 is t "o "p ( ! gr[+ g]m 7,a7 gives rise to tissues & organs2 :ile ano!r "p 7,b7 rema9s 9 its primitive condition1 or is b slightly modifi$4 ,! moiety ,a becomes ! body ( ! adult &1 soon] or lat]1 p]i%es1 :ile portions ( ! moiety ,b are deta*$ &1 z (fspr+1 cont9ue ! life ( ! species4 ,?us1 if we trace back an organism along ! direct l9e ( desc5t f its remote/ ance/or1 ,b1 z a :ole1 has nev] suff]$ dea?2 portions ( x1 only1 h be5 ca/ (f & di$ 9 ea* individual (fspr+4 ,ev]ybody is famili> ) ! way 9 :i* ! suck]s ( a /rawb]ry plant behave4 ,a ?9 cyl9d] ( liv+ tissue keeps on gr[+ at its free end1 until x atta9s a consid]able l5g?4 ,at #hh successive int]vals1 x develops buds :i* gr[ into /rawb]ry plants2 & ^! become indep5d5t by ! dea? ( ! p>ts ( ! suck] :i* connect !m4 ,! re/ ( ! suck]1 h[ev]1 may g on liv+ & gr[+ indef9itely1 &1 circum/ances rema9+ fav\rable1 !re is no obvi\s reason :y x %\ld ev] die4 ,! liv+ sub/ance ,b1 9 a mann]1 answ]s to ! suck]4 ,if we c\ld re/ore ! cont9uity :i* 0 once possess$ by ! portions ( ,b1 conta9$ 9 all ! individuals ( a direct l9e ( desc5t1 !y w\ld =m a suck]1 or /olon1 on :i* ^! individuals w\ld be /rung1 & :i* w\ld nev] h :olly di$4 ,a species rema9s un*ang$ s long z ! pot5tiality ( developm5t resid5t 9 ,b rema9s unalt]$2 s long1 e4g41 z ! buds ( ! /rawb]ry suck] t5d to become typical /rawb]ry plants4 ,9 ! case ( ! progressive evolution ( a species1 ! developm5tal pot5tiality ( ,b becomes ( a high] & high] ord]4 ,9 retrogressive evolution1 ! contr>y w\ld be ! case4 ,! ph5om5a ( atavism seem to %[ t retrogressive evolution t is1 ! return ( a species to "o or o!r ( its e>li] =ms1 is a possibility to be reckon$ )4 ,! simplification ( /ructure1 :i* is s common 9 ! p>asitic memb]s ( a gr\p1 h[ev]1 does n prop]ly come "u ?is head4 ,! worm-l1 limbless ,l]noea has no resemblance to any ( ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! _m-limb$ active animals ( ! gr\p to :i* x belongs4 #hi ,note #b 7p4 #di74 ,h]acleitus says1,greek phrase ,potamo g> ouk e/i dis emb5ai to suto b1 to be /rictly accurate1 ! riv] rema9s1 ?\gh ! wat] ( :i* x is compos$ *anges--j z a man reta9s 8 id5tity ?\gh ! :ole sub/ance ( 8 body is con/antly %ift+4 ,?is is put v well by ,s5eca 7,ep4 lvii4 i4 #bj1 ,ed4 ,ruhkopf73 ,corpora no/ra rapiuntur flum9um m1 quidquid vides currit cum tempore2 nihil ex 8 quae videmus manet4 ,ego ipse dum loquor mut>i i/a1 mutatus sum4 ,hoc e/ quod ait ,h]aclitus ',9 idem flum5 bis non desc5dimus4' ,manet idem flum9is nom51 aqua transmissa e/4 ,hoc 9 amne manife/ius e/ quam 9 hom9e1 s$ nos quoque non m9us velox cursus praet]vehit4 ,note #c 7p4 #ee74 ,multa bona no/ra nobis noc5t1 timoris enim torm5tum memor9 r$ucit1 provid5tia anticipat4 ,nemo tantum praes5tibus mis] e/4 7,s5eca1 ,ed4 v4 #g47 ,among ! _m wise & weighty aphorisms ( ! ,roman ,bacon1 few s\nd ! realities ( life m deeply ?an ,multa bona no/ra nobis noc5t4 ,if !re is a s\l ( good 9 ?+s evil1 x is at lea/ equally true t !re is a s\l ( evil 9 ?+s good3 = ?+s1 l m51 h les defauts de leurs qualites4 ,x is "o ( ! la/ lessons "o le>ns f exp]i5ce1 b n ! lea/ important1 t a #ij heavy tax is levi$ ^u all =ms ( success1 & t failure is "o ( ! commone/ disguises assum$ by bless+s4 ,note #d 7p4 #fj74 ,!re is )9 ! body ( e man a s\l :i*1 at ! dea? ( ! body1 flies away f x l a bird out ( a cage1 & ent]s ^u a new life 444 ei!r 9 "o ( ! heav5s or "o ( ! hells or on ?is e>?4 ,! only exception is ! r>e case ( a man hav+ 9 ?is life acquir$ a true k ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ! pre-,buddhi/ic !ory1 ! s\l ( su* a man goes along ! pa? ( ! ,gods to ,god1 &1 be+ unit$ ) ,him1 ent]s ^u an immortal life 9 :i* 8 individuality is n ext+ui%$4 ,9 ! latt] !ory 8 s\l is directly absorb$ into ! ,great ,s\l1 is lo/ 9 x1 & has no long] any indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! s\ls ( all o!r m5 ent]1 aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 ^u a new exi/5ce 9 "o or o!r ( ! _m diff]5t modes ( be+4 ,if 9 heav5 or hell1 ! s\l itself becomes a god or demon )\t ent]+ a body2 all sup]human be+s1 save ! great gods1 be+ look$ ^u z n et]nal1 b m]ely tempor>y creatures4 ,if ! s\l returns to e>? x may or may n ent] a new body2 & ?is ei!r ( a human be+1 an animal1 a plant1 or ev5 a mat]ial object4 ,= all ^! are possess$ ( s\ls1 & !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ^! s\ls & ! s\ls ( m5--all be+ alike m]e sp>ks ( ! ,great ,_s1 :o is #ia ! only real exi/5ce4 7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahha1 p4 #hc47 ,= :at ,i h said ab\t ,indian ,philosophy1 ,i am p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ! lum9\s exposition ( primitive ,buddhism & its relations to e>li] ,h9du ?\ght1 :i* is giv5 by ,pr(4 ,rhys ,davids 9 8 rem>kable ,hibb]t ,lectures = #ahha1 & ,buddhism 7#ahij74 ,! only apology ,i c (f] = ! fre$om ) :i* ,i h borr[$ f him 9 ^! notes1 is my desire to leave no d\bt z to my indebt$ness4 ,i h also f\nd ,dr4 ,old5b]g's ,buddha 7,ed4 #b1 #ahij7 v helpful4 ,! orig9 ( ! !ory ( transmigration /at$ 9 ! above extract is an unsolv$ problem4 ,t x diff]s widely f ! ,egyptian metempsy*osis is cle>4 ,9 fact1 s9ce m5 usually p ! o!r _w ) phantoms ( ?is1 ! ,egyptian doctr9e w\ld seem to presuppose ! ,indian z a m ar*aic belief4 ,pr(4 ,rhys ,davids has fully insi/$ ^u ! e?ical importance ( ! transmigration !ory4 ,"o ( ! late/ speculations n[ be+ put =w>d among ourselves w\ld seek to expla9 ea* man's "*1 & ev5 8 outw>d condition 9 life1 by ! "* he inh]it$ f 8 ance/ors1 a "* gradually =m$ dur+ a practically endless s]ies ( pa/ exi/5ces1 modifi$ only by ! conditions into :i* he 0 born1 ^? v conditions be+ also1 9 l mann]1 ! la/ result ( a practically endless s]ies ( pa/ causes4 ,gotama's2 speculation might be /at$ 9 ! same words4 ,b x attempt$ also to expla91 9 a way diff]5t f #ib t :i* w\ld be adopt$ by ! expon5ts ( ! mod]n !ory1 t /range problem :i* x is also ! motive ( ! wond]ful drama ( ! book ( ,job to expla9--! fact t ! actual di/ribution "h ( good =tune1 or mis]y1 is entirely indep5d5t ( ! moral qualities :i* m5 call good or bad4 ,we _c wond] t a tea*]1 ^: :ole sy/em 0 s ess5tially an e?ical re=mation1 %\ld h felt x incumb5t ^u him to seek an explanation ( ?is app>5t inju/ice4 ,& all ! m s1 s9ce ! belief he _h inh]it$1 ! !ory ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 _h provid$ a solution p]fectly suffici5t to any "o :o c\ld accept t belief4 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ic47 ,i %\ld v5ture to sugge/ ! sub/itution ( l>gely = entirely 9 ! =ego+ passage4 ,:e!r a %ip makes a good or a bad voyage is l>gely indep5d5t ( ! conduct ( ! capta91 b x is l>gely affect$ by t conduct4 ,?\gh p[]less be=e a hurricane he may wea!r a bad gale4 ,note #e 7,p4 #fa74 ,! outw>d condition ( ! s\l is1 9 ea* new bir?1 det]m9$ by its actions 9 a previ\s bir?2 b by ea* action 9 succession1 & n by ! balance /ruck aft] ! evil has be5 reckon$ (f aga9/ ! good4 ,a good man :o has once utt]$ a sl&] may sp5d a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s z a god1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 goodness1 & :5 ! p[] ( 8 good actions is exhau/$1 may be born #ic z a dumb man on acc\nt ( 8 transgression2 & a robb] :o has once done an act ( m]cy1 may come to life 9 a k+'s body z ! result ( 8 virtue1 & !n suff] torm5ts = ages 9 hell or z a gho/ )\t a body1 or be re-born _m times z a slave or an outca/1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 evil life4 ,!re is no escape1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 f ! result ( any act2 ?\gh x is only ! consequ5ces ( its own acts t ea* s\l has to endure4 ,! =ce has be5 set 9 motion by itself & c nev] /op2 & its effect c nev] be =etold4 ,if evil1 x c nev] be modifi$ or prev5t$1 = x dep5ds on a cause already complet$1 t is n[ = ev] beyond ! s\l's control4 ,!re is ev5 no cont9u+ consci\sness1 no memory ( ! pa/ t c\ld guide ! s\l to any k ( its fate4 ,! only advantage op5 to x is to add 9 ?is life to ! sum ( its good actions1 t x may be> fruit ) ! re/4 ,& ev5 ?is c only happ5 9 "s future life "u ess5tially !m same conditions z ! pres5t "o3 subject1 l ! pres5t "o1 to old age1 decay1 & dea?2 & af=d+ opportunity1 l ! pres5t "o1 = ! commission ( errors1 ignorances1 or s9s1 :i* 9 _! turn mu/ inevitably produce _! due effect ( sickness1 disability1 or woe4 ,?us is ! s\l toss$ ab\t f life to life1 f bill[ to bill[ 9 ! great ocean ( transmigration4 ,& !re is no escape save = ! v few1 :o1 dur+ _! bir? z m51 atta9 to a "r k ( ! ,great ,_s3 & ?us ent] into immortality1 or1 z ! lat] #id philosoph]s taught1 are absorb$ into ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #he1 #hf47 ,! /ate aft] dea? ?us imag9$ by ! ,h9du philosoph]s has a c]ta9 analogy to ! purgatory ( ! ,roman ,*ur*2 except t escape f x is dep5d5t1 n on a div9e decree modifi$1 x may be1 by sac]dotal or sa9tly int]cession1 b by ! acts ( ! individual himself2 & t :ile ultimate em]g5ce into heav5ly bliss ( ! good1 or well-pray$ =1 ,ca?olic is pr(ess$ly assur$1 ! *ances 9 fav\r ( ! atta9m5t ( absorption1 or ( ,nirvana1 by any individual ,h9du are extremely small4 ,note #f 7,p4 #fb74 ,t "p ( ! !n preval5t transmigration !ory :i* c\ld n be prov$ false seem$ to meet a deeply felt necessity1 seem$ to supply a moral cause :i* w\ld expla9 ! unequal di/ribution "h ( happ9ess or woe1 s utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! pres5t *>act]s ( m54 ,gautama /ill !re=e talk$ ( m5's previ\s exi/5ce1 b by no means 9 ! way t he is g5]ally repres5t$ to h done4 ,:at he taught 0 ! transmigration ( "*4 ,he held t aft] ! dea? ( any be+1 :e!r human or n1 !re surviv$ no?+ at all b t be+'s ,k>ma1 ! result1 t is1 ( its m5tal & bodily actions4 ,e individual1 :e!r human or div9e1 0 ! la/ inh]itor & ! la/ result ( ! ,k>ma ( a long s]ies ( pa/ individuals--a s]ies #ie s long t its beg9n+ is beyond ! rea* ( calculation1 & its end w be co9cid5t ) ! de/ruction ( ! _w4 7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ib47 ,9 ! !ory ( evolution1 ! t5d5cy ( a g]m to develop accord+ to a c]ta9 specific type1 e4g4 ( ! kidney bean se$ to gr[ into a plant hav+ all ! *>act]s ( ,phaseolus vulg>is1 is its ,k>ma4 ,x is ! la/ inh]itor & ! la/ result ( all ! conditions t h affect$ a l9e ( ance/ry :i* goes back = _m millions ( ye>s to ! "t :5 life fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,! moiety ,b ( ! sub/ance ( ! bean plant 7see ,note #a7 is ! la/ l9k 9 a once cont9u\s *a9 ext5d+ f ! primitive liv+ sub/ance3 & ! *>act]s ( ! successive species to :i* x has giv5 rise are ! manife/ations ( its gradually modifi$ ,k>ma4 ,z ,pr(4 ,rhys ,davids aptly says1 ! sn[drop is a sn[drop & n an oak1 & j t k9d ( sn[drop1 because x is ! outcome ( ! ,k>ma ( an endless s]ies ( pa/ exi/5ces4 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aad47 ,note #g 7p4 #fd74 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! v po9t :i* is ! weakness ( ! !ory--! suppos$ conc5tration ( ! effect ( ! ,k>ma 9 "o new be+--pres5t$ itself to ! e>ly ,buddhi/s !mselves z a difficulty4 ,!y avoid$ x1 p>tly by expla9+ t x 0 a p>ticul> ?ir/ 9 ! creature dy+ 7a crav+1 ,tanha1 :i* plays o!r #if wise a great "p 9 ! ,buddhi/ !ory7 :i* actually caus$ ! bir? ( ! new individual :o 0 to inh]it ! ,k>ma ( ! =m] "o4 ,b1 h[ ?is too place1 h[ ! crav+ desire produc$ ?is effect1 0 ackn[l$g$ to be a my/]y pat5t only to a ,buddha4 7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,p4 #ie47 ,among ! _m p>allelisms ( ,/oicism & ,buddhism1 x is curi\s to f9d "o = ?is ,tanha1 ?ir/1 or crav+ desire = life4 ,s5eca writes 7,epi/4 lxxvi4 #ah73 ,si enim ullum aliud e/ bonum quam hone/um1 sequetur nos aviditas vitae aviditas r]um vitam in/ru5tium3 quod e/ intol]abile inf9itum1 vagum4 ,note #h 7,p4 #ff74 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,buddhism 0 t x />t$ a new l9e1 t x look$ ^u ! deepe/ que/ions m5 h to solve f an entirely diff]5t /&po9t4 ,x swept away f ! field ( its vision ! :ole ( ! great s\l !ory :i* _h hi!rto s completely fill$ & dom9at$ ! m9ds ( ! sup]/iti\s & ! ?\ghtful alike4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 x proclaim$ a salvation :i* ea* man c\ld ga9 = himself & by himself1 9 ?is _w1 dur+ ?is life1 )\t any ! lea/ ref]5ce to ,god1 or to ,gods1 ei!r great or small4 ,l ! ,upani%ads1 x plac$ ! fir/ importance on k2 b x 0 no long] a k ( ,god1 x 0 a cle> p]ception ( ! real nature1 z #ig !y suppos$ x to be1 ( m5 & ?+s4 ,& x add$ to ! necessity ( k1 ! necessity ( purity1 ( c\rtesy1 ( uprightness1 ( peace & ( a univ]sal love f> rea*+1 gr[n great & beyond measure4 7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bi47 ,! contempor>y ,greek philosophy takes an analog\s direction4 ,accord+ to ,h]acleitus1 ! univ]se 0 made nei!r by ,gods nor m52 b1 f all et]nity1 has be51 & to all et]nity1 w be1 immortal fire1 gl[+ & fad+ 9 due measure4 7,mulla*1 ,h]acliti ,fragm5ta1 #bg47 ,& ! "p assign$ by 8 successors1 ! ,/oics1 to ! k & ! volition ( ! wise man made _! ,div9ity 7= logical ?9k]s7 a subject = complim5ts1 r ?an a p[] to be reckon$ )4 ,9 ,h9du speculation ! ,arahat1 /ill m ! ,buddha1 becomes ! sup]ior ( ,brahma2 ! /oical wise man is1 at lea/1 ! equal ( ,zeus4 ,b]keley affirms ov] & ov] aga9 t no idea c be =m$ ( a s\l or _s--,if any man %all d\bt ( ! tru? ( :at is "h deliv]$1 let him b reflect & try if he c =m any idea ( p[] or active be+2 & :e!r he ha? ideas ( two pr9cipal p[]s m>k$ by ! names ( w & und]/&+ di/9ct f ea* o!r1 z well z f a ?ird idea ( sub/ance or be+ 9 g5]al1 ) a relative notion ( its support+ or be+ ! subject ( ! a=esaid p[]1 :i* is signifi$ by ! "n s\l or _s4 ,?is is :at "s hold b1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! words w1 s\l1 _s1 d n /& = diff]5t ideas or1 9 tru?1 = any idea at all1 b = some?+ :i* is v diff]5t f ideas1 & :i*1 be+ an ag5t1 _c be l unto or repres5t$ by ,any idea :atev] ?\gh x mu/ be own$ at ! same "t1 t we h "s notion ( s\l1 _s1 & ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 su* z will+1 lov+1 hat+1 inasmu* z we "k or und]/& ! mean+ ( ^! words4 7,! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 lxxvi4 ,see also sections lxxxix41 cxxxv41 cxlv47 ,x is op5 to discussion1 ,i ?9k1 :e!r x is possible to h "s notion ( t ( :i* we c =m no idea4 ,b]keley atta*es sev]al pr$icates to ! p]ceiv+ active be+ m9d1 _s1 s\l or myself 7,p>ts ,i4 ,,ii47 ,x is said1 = example1 to be indivisible1 incorporeal1 unext5d$1 & incorruptible4 ,! pr$icate indivisible1 ?\gh negative 9 =m1 has highly positive consequ5ces4 ,=1 if p]ceiv+ active be+ is /rictly indivisible1 man's s\l mu/ be "o ) ! ,div9e _s3 :i* is good ,h9du or ,/oical doctr9e1 b h>dly or?odox ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sub/ance ( active p]ceiv+ be+ is actually divid$ into ! "o ,div9e & innum]able human entities1 h[ c ! pr$icate indivisible be rigor\sly applicable to x8 ,tak+ ! words cit$1 z !y /&1 ! am\nt to ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( any k ( sub/ance4 ,matt] hav+ be5 resolv$ into m]e affections ( _s1 _s melts away into an admitt$ly inconceivable & unkn[able #ii hypo/asis ( ?\ght & p[]--consequ5tly ! exi/5ce ( any?+ 9 ! univ]se beyond a fl[ ( ph5om5a is a purely hypo!tical assumption4 ,inde$ a pyrrhoni/ might raise ! objection t if esse is p]cipi _s itself c h no exi/5ce except z a p]ception1 hypo/atiz$ into a self1 or z a p]ception ( "s o!r _s4 ,9 ! =m] case1 objective reality vani%es2 9 ! latt]1 !re w\ld seem to be ! ne$ ( an inf9ite s]ies ( spirits ea* p]ceiv+ ! o!rs4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ v closely ! phraseology ( ,b]keley sometimes approa*es t ( ! ,/oics3 ?us 7cxlviii47 ,x seems to be a g5]al pret5ce ( ! un?9k+ h]d t !y _c see ,god4 4 4 ,b1 alas1 we ne$ only op5 our eyes to see ! ,sov]eign ,"l ( all ?+s ) a m full & cle> view1 ?an we d any ( our fell[-creatures 4 4 4 we d at all times & 9 all places p]ceive manife/ tok5s ( ! ,div9ity3 ev]y?+ we see1 he>1 feel1 or any wise p]ceive by s5se1 be+ a sign or effect ( ! p[] ( ,god 4 4 4 cxlix4 ,x is !re=e pla91 t no?+ c be m evid5t to any "o t is capable ( ! lea/ reflection1 ?an ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or a _s :o is intimately pres5t to our m9ds1 produc+ 9 !m all t v>iety ( ideas or s5sations :i* cont9ually affect u1 on :om we h an absolute & entire dep5d5ce1 9 %ort1 9 :om we live & move & h our be+4 cl4 ,b y w say ha? ,nature no %>e 9 ! production ( natural ?+s1 & mu/ !y all be ascrib$ to ! imm$iate & sole op]ation ( ,god8 444 if by ,nature is #ajj meant "s be+ di/9ct f ,god1 z well z f ! laws ( nature & ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se1 ,i mu/ confess t ^w is to me an empty s\nd1 )\t any intelligible mean+ annex$ to x4 ,nature 9 ?is acceptation is a va9 ,*ima]a introduc$ by ^? hea!ns1 :o _h n j notions ( ! omnipres5ce & inf9ite p]fection ( ,god4 ,comp>e ,s5eca 7,de ,b5eficiis1 iv4 #g73 ,natura1 inquit1 haec mihi prae/at4 ,non intelligis te1 quum hoc dicis1 mut>e ,nom5 ,deo8 ,quid enim e/ aliud ,natura quam ,deus1 et div9a ratio1 toti mundo et p>tibus ejus ins]ta8 ,quoties voles tibi licet alit] hunc auctorem r]um no/r>um compell>e1 et ,jovem illum optimum et maximum rite dices1 et tonantem1 et /atorem3 qui non1 ut hi/orici tradid]unt1 ex eo quod po/ votum susceptum acies ,romanorum fugi5tum /etit1 s$ quod /ant b5eficio ejus omn9a1 /ator1 /abilitorque e/3 hunc eundem et fatum si dix]is1 non m5ti]is1 nam quum fatum nihil aliud e/1 quam s]ies implexa caus>um1 ille e/ prima omnium causa1 ea qua caet]ae p5d5t4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! good ,bi%op is some:at h>d ^u ! hea!n1 ( ^: words 8 own might be a p>aphrase4 ,!re is yet ano!r direction 9 :i* ,b]keley's philosophy1 ,i w n say agrees ) ,gautama's1 b at any rate helps to make a fundam5tal dogma ( ,buddhism intelligible4 ,i f9d ,i c excite ideas 9 my m9d at pleasure1 & v>y & %ift ! sc5e z (t5 z ,i ?9k fit4 ,x is no m ?an will+1 & /raightway ?is or t idea arises 9 my fancy3 & by ! same p[] #aja x is oblit]at$1 & makes way = ano!r4 ,?is mak+ & unmak+ ( ideas do? v prop]ly d5om9ate ! m9d active4 ,?is mu* is c]ta9 & gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 4 4 7,pr9ciples1 xxviii47 ,a good _m ( u1 ,i fancy1 h reason to ?9k t exp]i5ce tells !m v mu* ! contr>y2 & are pa9fully famili> ) ! obsession ( ! m9d by ideas :i* _c be oblit]at$ by any ef=t ( ! w & /eadily refuse to make way = o!rs4 ,b :at ,i desire to po9t out is t if ,gautama 0 equally confid5t t he c\ld make & unmake ideas--!n1 s9ce he _h resolv$ self into a gr\p ( ideal phantoms--! possibility ( aboli%+ self by volition naturally foll[$4 ,note #i 7,p4 #fh74 ,accord+ to ,buddhism1 ! relation ( "o life to ! next is m]ely t borne by ! flame ( "o lamp to ! flame ( ano!r lamp :i* is set alight by x4 ,to ! ,arahat or adept no outw>d =m1 no comp\nd ?+1 no creature1 no creator1 no exi/5ce ( any k9d1 mu/ appe> to be o!r ?an a tempor>y collocation ( its compon5t p>ts1 fat$ inevitably to be dissolv$4--7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #baa47 ,! self is no?+ b a gr\p ( ph5om5a held toge!r by ! desire ( life2 :5 t desire %all h ceas$1 ! ,k>ma ( t p>ticul> *a9 ( lives w cease to influ5ce any long] any di/9ct individual1 & !re w be no m bir?2 #ajb = bir?1 decay1 & dea?1 grief1 lam5tation1 & despair w h come1 s f> z reg>ds t *a9 ( lives1 = ev] to an end4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( ! ,arahat 9 :i* ! desire ( life has ceas$ is ,nirvana4 ,dr4 ,old5b]g has v acutely & pati5tly consid]$ ! v>i\s int]pretations :i* h be5 atta*$ to ,nirvana 9 ! "w to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7pp4 #bhe et seq474 ,! result ( 8 & o!r discussions ( ! "q may ,i ?9k be briefly /at$ ?us3 #a4 ,logical d$uction f ! pr$icates atta*$ to ! t]m ,nirvana /rips x ( all reality1 conceivability1 or p]ceivability1 :e!r by ,gods or m54 ,= all practical purposes1 !re=e1 x comes to exactly ! same ?+ z annihilation4 #b4 ,b x is n annihilation 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 inasmu* z x c\ld take place 9 ! liv+ ,arahat or ,buddha4 #c4 ,&1 s9ce1 = ! fai?ful ,buddhi/1 t :i* 0 aboli%$ 9 ! ,arahat 0 ! possibility ( fur!r pa91 sorr[1 or s92 & t :i* 0 atta9$ 0 p]fect peace2 8 m9d direct$ itself exclusively to ?is joyful consummation1 & p]sonifi$ ! negation ( all conceivable exi/5ce & ( all pa9 into a positive bliss4 ,?is 0 all ! m easy1 z ,gautama refus$ to give any dogmatic def9ition ( ,nirvana4 ,!re is some?+ analog\s 9 ! way 9 :i* p commonly talk ( ! happy release ( a man :o has be5 long suff]+ f mortal disease4 ,accord+ to _! own views1 x mu/ always be extremely d\btful :e!r ! man w be any happi] aft] ! release #ajc ?an be=e4 ,b !y d n *oose to look at ! matt] 9 ?is light4 ,! popul> notion t1 ) practical1 if n metaphysical1 annihilation 9 view1 ,buddhism mu/ ne$s be a sad & gloomy fai? seems to be inconsi/5t ) fact2 on ! contr>y1 ! prospect ( ,nirvana fills ! true believ]1 n m]ely ) *e]fulness1 b ) an ec/atic desire to rea* x4 ,note #aj 7,p4 #fh47 ,! influ5ce ( ! picture ( ! p]sonal qualities ( ,gautama1 af=d$ by ! leg5d>y anecdotes :i* rapidly grew into a biography ( ! ,buddha2 & by ! bir? /ories1 :i* coalesc$ ) ! curr5t folk-lore1 & 7 intelligible to all ! _w1 d\btless play$ a great "p4 ,fur!r1 al?\gh ,gautama appe>s n to h m$dl$ ) ! ca/e sy/em1 he refus$ to recognize any di/9ction1 save t ( p]fection 9 ! way ( salvation1 among 8 foll[]s2 & by su* tea*+1 no less ?an by ! inculcation ( love & b5evol5ce to all s5ti5t be+s1 he practically levell$ e social1 political1 & racial b>ri]4 ,a ?ird important condition 0 ! organization ( ! ,buddhi/s into mona/ic communities = ! /rict] pr(essors1 :ile ! laity 7 p]mitt$ a wide indulg5ce 9 practice & 7 all[$ to hope = accommodation 9 "s ( ! tempor>y abodes ( bliss4 ,) a few hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ( imm$iate p>adise 9 sight1 ! av]age man c\ld be cont5t to %ut 8 eyes to :at might foll[4 #ajd ,note #aa 7,p4 #fi74 ,9 anci5t times x 0 ! fa%ion1 ev5 among ! ,greeks !mselves1 to d]ive all ,greek wisdom f ,ea/]n s\rces2 n long ago x 0 z g5]ally d5i$ t ,greek philosophy _h any connection1 ) ,ori5tal speculation2 x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t ! tru? lies betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,! ,ionian intellectual movem5t does n /& alone4 ,x is only "o ( sev]al sporadic indications ( ! work+ ( "s p[]ful m5tal f]m5t ov] ! :ole ( ! area compris$ betwe5 ! ,aegean & ,nor!rn ,h9do/an dur+ ! eigh?1 sev5?1 & six? c5turies be=e our era4 ,9 ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 prophetism atta9$ its apogee among ! ,semites ( ,pale/9e2 ,zoroa/]ism grew & became ! cre$ ( a conqu]+ race1 ! ,iranic ,aryans2 ,buddhism rose & spread ) m>vell\s rapidity among ! ,aryans ( ,h9do/an2 :ile sci5tific naturalism took its rise among ! ,aryans ( ,ionia4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d ano!r ?ree c5turies :i* h giv5 bir? to f\r ev5ts ( equal importance4 ,all ! pr9cipal exi/+ religions ( mank9d h gr[n out ( ! fir/ ?ree3 :ile ! f\r? is ! little spr+1 n[ swoll5 into ! great /ream ( positive sci5ce4 ,s f> z physical possibilities g1 ! prophet ,j]emiah & ! olde/ ,ionian philosoph] might h met & conv]s$4 ,if !y _h done s1 !y w\ld probably h disagre$ a good deal2 & x is int]e/+ to reflect t _! discussions might h #aje embrac$ ,que/ions :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 are /ill hotly controv]t$4 ,! old ,ionian philosophy1 !n1 seems to be only "o ( _m results ( a /irr+ ( ! moral & intellectual life ( ! ,aryan & ! ,semitic populations ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! conditions ( ?is g5]al awak5+ 7 d\btless manifold2 b !re is "o :i* mod]n rese>* has br\ght into great prom95ce4 ,?is is ! exi/5ce ( extremely anci5t & highly advanc$ societies 9 ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ( ! ,nile4 ,x is n[ kn[n t1 m ?an a ?\s&--p]haps m ?an two ?\s&--ye>s be=e ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 civilization _h atta9$ a relatively high pit* among ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians4 ,n only _h pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 & ! indu/rial arts rea*$ a rem>kable developm5t2 b 9 ,*aldaea1 at any rate1 a va/ am\nt ( k _h be5 accumulat$ & me?odiz$1 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( gramm>1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & natural hi/ory4 ,:]e su* traces ( ! sci5tific _s are visible1 naturali/ic speculation is r>ely f> (f1 ?\gh1 s f> z ,i "k1 no rema9s ( an ,accacian1 or ,egyptian1 philosophy1 prop]ly s call$1 h yet be5 recov]$4 ,geographically1 ,*aldaea occupi$ a c5tral position among ! olde/ seats ( civilization4 ,comm]ce1 l>gely aid$ by ! int]v5tion ( ^? colossal p$l>s1 ! ,pho5icians1 _h br\ght ,*aldaea into connection ) all ( !m1 = a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! epo* at pres5t "u consid]ation4 ,& 9 ! n9?1 eigh? & sev5? #ajf c5turies1 ! ,assyrian1 ! deposit>y ( ,*aldaean civilization1 z ! ,mac$onian & ! ,roman1 at a lat] date1 7 ! depositories ( ,greek culture1 _h add$ irresi/ible =ce to ! o!r ag5cies = ! wide di/ribution ( ,*aldaean lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce4 ,i confess t ,i f9d x difficult to imag9e t ! ,greek immigrant--:o /ood 9 some:at ! same relation to ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians z ! lat] ,g]manic b>b>ians to ! ,romans ( ! ,empire--%\ld n h be5 imm5sely influ5c$ by ! new life ) :i* !y became acqua9t$4 ,b !re is abundant direct evid5ce ( ! magnitude ( ?is influ5ce 9 c]ta9 sph]es4 ,i suppose x is n d\bt$ t ! ,greek w5t to s*ool ) ! ,ori5tal = 8 prim>y in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic2 & t ,semitic !ology suppli$ him ) "s ( 8 my?ological lore4 ,nor does !re n[ seem to be any "q ab\t ! l>ge indebt$ness ( ,greek art to t ( ,*aldaea & t ( ,egypt4 ,b ! mann] ( t indebt$ness is v in/ructive4 ,! obligation is cle>1 b its limits are no less def9ite4 ,no?+ bett] exemplifies ! indomitable orig9ality ( ! ,greeks ?an ! relations ( _! art to t ( ! ,ori5tals4 ,f> f be+ subdu$ into m]e imitators by ! te*nical excell5ce ( _! tea*]s1 !y lo/ no "t 9 bett]+ ! in/ruction !y receiv$1 us+ _! models z m]e /epp+ /ones on ! way to ^? unsurpass$ & unsurpassable a*ievem5ts :i* are all _! own4 ,! %ibbole? ( ,art is #ajg ! human figure4 ,! anci5t ,*aldaeans & ,egyptians1 l ! mod]n ,japanese1 did wond]s 9 ! repres5tation ( birds & quadrup$s2 !y ev5 atta9$ to some?+ m ?an respectability 9 human portraiture4 ,b _! utmo/ ef=ts nev] br\ght !m )9 range ( ! be/ ,greek embodim5ts ( ! grace ( womanhood1 or ( ! sev]] beauty ( manhood4 ,x is wor? :ile to consid] ! probable effect ^u ! acute & critical ,greek m9d ( ! conflict ( ideas1 social1 political1 & !ological1 :i* arose out ( ! conditions ( life 9 ! ,asiatic colonies4 ,! ,ionian polities _h pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( social & political *anges1 f patri>*al & occasionally oppressive k+%ip to r[dy & /ill m burd5some mob%ip--no d\bt ) inf9itely eloqu5t & copi\s argum5tation1 on bo? sides1 at e /age ( _! progress t[>ds t arbitram5t ( =ce :i* settles mo/ political que/ions4 ,! m>vell\s speculative faculty1 lat5t 9 ! ,ionian1 _h come 9 contact ) ,mesopotamian1 ,egyptian1 ,pho5ician !ologies & cosmogonies2 ) ! illum9ati ( ,orphism & ! fanatics & dream]s ( ! ,my/]ies2 possibly ) ,buddhism & ,zoroa/]ism2 possibly ev5 ) ,judaism4 ,& x has be5 obs]v$ t ! mutual contradictions ( antagoni/ic sup]naturalisms are apt to play a l>ge "p among ! g5]ative ag5cies ( naturalism4 ,?us1 v>i\s ext]nal influ5ces may h contribut$ to ! rise ( philosophy among ! ,ionian ,greeks ( ! six? c5tury4 ,b ! assimilative #ajh capacity ( ! ,greek m9d--its p[] ( ,hell5iz+ :atev] x t\*$--has "h work$ s effectually1 t1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 no indubitable traces ( su* extrane\s contributions are n[ all[$ to exi/ by ! mo/ au?oritative hi/orians ( ,philosophy4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,h]acleito-/oical doctr9es & ^? ( ! old] ,h9du philosophy are extremely rem>kable4 ,9 bo?1 ! cosmos pursues an et]nal succession ( cyclical *anges4 ,! great ye>1 answ]+ to ! ,kalpa1 cov]s an entire cycle f ! orig9 ( ! univ]se z a fluid to its dissolution 9 fire--,humor initium1 ignis exitus mundi1 z ,s5eca has x4 ,9 bo? sy/ems1 !re is imman5t 9 ! cosmos a s\rce ( en]gy1 ,brahma1 or ! ,logos1 :i* works accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,! individual s\l is an efflux ( ?is _w-_s1 & returns to x4 ,p]fection is atta9able only by individual ef=t1 ?r\gh ascetic discipl9e1 & is r a /ate ( pa9lessness ?an ( happ9ess2 if inde$ x c be said to be a /ate ( any?+1 save ! negation ( p]turb+ emotion4 ,! hat*m5t motto ,9 ,coelo ,quies w\ld s]ve bo? ,h9du & ,/oic2 & absolute quiet is n easily di/+ui%able f annihilation4 ,zoroa/]ism1 :i*1 geographically1 occupies a position int]m$iate betwe5 ,hell5ism & ,h9duism1 agrees ) ! latt] 9 recogniz+ ! ess5tial evil ( ! cosmos2 b diff]s f bo? 9 its int5sely an?ropomorphic p]sonification ( ! two antagoni/ic pr9ciples1 to ! "o ( :i* x ascribes all ! good2 &1 to ! o!r1 all ! evil4 #aji ,9 fact1 x assumes ! exi/5ce ( two worlds1 "o good & "o bad2 ! latt] creat$ by ! evil p[] = ! purpose ( damag+ ! =m]4 ,! exi/+ cosmos is a m]e mixture ( ! two1 & ! la/ judgm5t is a root-&-bran* extirpation ( ! "w ( ,ahriman4 ,note #ab 7p4 #fi74 ,!re is no sn>e 9 :i* ! feet ( a mod]n /ud5t ( anci5t lore are m easily entangl$1 ?an t :i* is spread by ! simil>ity ( ! language ( antiquity to mod]n modes ( expression4 ,i d n presume to int]pret ! obscure/ ( ,greek philosoph]s2 all ,i wi% is to po9t out1 t 8 words1 9 ! s5se accept$ by compet5t int]pret]s1 fit mod]n ideas s+ul>ly well4 ,s f> z ! g5]al !ory ( evolution goes !re is no difficulty4 ,! aphorism ab\t ! riv]2 ! figure ( ! *ild play+ on ! %ore2 ! k+%ip & fa!rhood ( /rife1 seem decisive4 ,! ,greek phrase osod ano kato mie expresses1 ) s+ul> aptness1 ! cyclical aspect ( ! "o process ( organic evolution 9 individual plants & animals3 yet x may be a "q :e!r ! ,h]acleitean /rife includ$ any di/9ct conception ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,aga91 x is tempt+ to comp>e ! "p play$ by ! ,h]acleitean fire ) t ascrib$ by ! mod]ns to heat1 or r to t cause ( motion ( :i* heat is "o expression2 & a little +5uity might f9d a =e%ad[+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 9 ! say+ #aaj t all ! ?+s are *ang$ into fire & fire into all ?+s1 z gold into goods & goods into gold4 ,note #ac 7p4 #ga74 ,pope's l9es 9 ! ,essay on ,man7,ep4 i4 #bfg-h71 ,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole1 ,^: body ,nature is1 & ,god ! s\l1 simply p>aphrase ,s5eca's quem 9 hoc mundo locum deus obt9et1 hunc 9 hom9e animus3 quod e/ illic mat]ia1 id nobis corpus e/4--7,ep4 lxv4 #bd72 :i* aga9 is a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! old ,/oical doctr9e1 ,greek phrase eis apan t\ kos\ m]os diekei o n\s1 katap] aph emon e psu*e4 ,s f> z ! te/imony = ! univ]sality ( :at ord9>y p call evil goes1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! writ+s ( ! ,/oics !mselves4 ,!y might s]ve1 z a /oreh\se = ! epigrams ( ! ultra-pessimi/s4 ,h]acleitus 7circa #ejj ,b4,c47 says j z h>d ?+s ab\t ord9>y humanity z 8 disciples c5turies lat]2 & !re really seems no ne$ to seek = ! causes ( ?is d>k view ( life 9 ! circum/ances ( ! "t ( ,alex&]'s successors or ( ! e>ly ,emp]ors ( ,rome4 ,to ! man ) an e?ical ideal1 ! _w1 includ+ himself1 w always seem full ( evil4 ,note #ad 7,p4 #gc74 ,i use ! well-kn[n phrase1 b decl9e responsibility = ! libel ^u ,epicurus1 ^: doctr9es #aaa 7 f> less compatible ) exi/5ce 9 a /ye ?an ^? ( ! ,cynics4 ,if x 7 /eadily borne 9 m9d t ! conception ( ! fle% z ! s\rce ( evil1 & ! great say+ ,initium e/ salutis notitia peccati1 are ! prop]ty ( ,epicurus1 few] illusions ab\t ,epicureanism w\ld pass mu/] = accept$ tru?4 ,note #ae 7,p4 #ge74 ,! ,/oics said t man 0 a ,greek phrase zoon logikon politikon philallelon1 or a rational1 a political1 & an altrui/ic or philan?ropic animal4 ,9 _! view1 8 high] nature t5d$ to develop 9 ^! ?ree directions1 z a plant t5ds to gr[ up into its typical =m4 ,s9ce1 )\t ! introduction ( any consid]ation ( pleasure or pa91 :atev] ?w>t$ ! realization ( its type by ! plant might be said to be bad1 & :atev] help$ x good2 s virtue1 9 ! ,/oical s5se1 z ! conduct :i* t5d$ to ! atta9m5t ( ! rational1 political1 & philan?ropic ideal1 0 good 9 itself1 & irrespectively ( its emotional concomitants4 ,man is an animal sociale communi bono g5itum4 ,! safety ( society dep5ds ^u practical recognition ( ! fact4 ,salva autem esse societas nisi cu/odia et amore p>tium non possit1 says ,s5eca4 7,de4 ,ira1 ii4 #ca47 ,note #af 7,p4 #ge74 ,! importance ( ! physical doctr9e ( ! ,/oics lies 9 its cle> recognition ( ! univ]sality #aab ( ! law ( causation1 ) its coroll>y1 ! ord] ( nature3 ! exact =m ( t ord] is an altoge!r second>y consid]ation4 ,_m +5i\s p]sons n[ appe> to consid] t ! incompatibility ( pan!ism1 ( mat]ialism1 & ( any d\bt ab\t ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ) religion & morality1 is to be held z an axiomatic tru?4 ,i confess t ,i h a c]ta9 difficulty 9 accept+ ?is dogma4 ,= ! ,/oics 7 notori\sly mat]iali/s & pan!i/s ( ! mo/ extreme "*2 & :ile no /rict ,/oic believ$ 9 ! et]nal duration ( ! individual s\l1 "s ev5 d5i$ its p]si/5ce aft] dea?4 ,yet x is equally c]ta9 t ( all g5tile philosophies1 ,/oicism exhibits ! highe/ e?ical developm5t1 is animat$ by ! mo/ religi\s _s1 & has ex]t$ ! pr(\nde/ influ5ce ^u ! moral & religi\s developm5t n m]ely ( ! be/ m5 among ! ,romans1 b among ! mod]ns d[n to our own day4 ,s5eca 0 claim$ z a ,*ri/ian & plac$ among ! sa9ts by ! fa!rs ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 & ! g5u95ess ( a correspond5ce betwe5 him & ! apo/le ,paul has be5 hotly ma9ta9$ 9 our own "t1 by or?odox writ]s4 ,t ! lett]s1 z we possess !m1 are wor?less =g]ies is obvi\s2 & writ]s z wide ap>t z ,baur & ,lightfoot agree t ! :ole /ory is devoid ( f\ndation4 ,! diss]tation ( ! late ,bi%op ( ,durham 7,epi/le to ! ,philippians7 is p>ticul>ly wor?y ( /udy1 ap>t f ?is "q1 on acc\nt ( #aac evid5ce :i* x supplies ( ! num]\s simil>ities ( ?\ght betwe5 ,s5eca & ! writ] ( ! ,paul9e epi/les4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! writ] ( ! ,acts puts a quotation f ,aratus1 or ,clean!s1 into ! m\? ( ! apo/le2 & t ,t>sus 0 a great seat ( philosophical & especially /oical le>n+ 7,*rysippus himself 0 a native ( ! adjac5t t[n ( ,soli71 !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! orig9 ( ^! resemblances4 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ,sir ,alex&] ,grant's diss]tation 9 8 edition ( ,! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle 7:]e !re is an int]e/+ ref]5ce to ! /oical "* ( ,bi%op ,butl]'s e?ics71 ! conclud+ pages ( ,dr4 ,weygoldt's in/ructive little "w ,die ,philosophie d] ,/oa1 & ,aub]t9's ,s5eque et ,sa9t ,paul4 ,x is surpris+ t a writ] ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot's /amp %\ld speak ( ,/oicism z a philosophy ( despair4 ,surely1 r1 x 0 a philosophy ( m5 :o1 hav+ ca/ (f all illusions1 & ! *ildi%ness ( despair among !m1 7 m9d$ to endure 9 pati5ce :atev] conditions ! cosmic process might create1 s long z ^? conditions 7 compatible ) ! progress t[>ds virtue1 :i* alone1 = !m1 conf]r$ a wor?y object on exi/5ce4 ,!re is no note ( despair 9 ! /oical decl>ation t ! p]fect$ wise man is ! equal ( ,zeus 9 ev]y?+ b ! duration ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,&1 9 my judgm5t1 !re is z little pride ab\t x1 (t5 z x s]ves = ! text ( disc\rses on /oical arrogance4 ,grant ! /oical po/ulate t !re is no good except virtue2 grant t #aad ! p]fect$ wise man is altoge!r virtu\s1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ guid$ 9 all ?+s by ! reason1 :i* is an efflu5ce ( ,zeus1 & !re seems no escape f ! /oical conclusion4 ,note #ag 7p4 #gf74 ,our ,apa?y c>ries su* a diff]5t set ( connotations f its ,greek orig9al t ,i h v5tur$ on us+ ! latt] z a te*nical t]m4 ,note #ah 7,p4 #gg74 ,_m ( ! /oical philosoph]s recomm5d$ _! disciples to take an active %>e 9 public affairs2 & 9 ! ,roman _w1 = sev]al c5turies1 ! be/ public m5 7 /rongly incl9$ to ,/oicism4 ,nev]!less1 ! logical t5d5cy ( ,/oicism seems to me to be fulfill$ only 9 su* m5 z ,diog5es & ,epictetus4 ,note #ai 7,p4 #hj74 ,criticisms on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 #ahfd4 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ia4ahid4 ,note #bj 7,p4 #ha74 ,( c\rse1 /rictly speak+1 social life1 & ! e?ical process 9 virtue ( :i* x advances t[>ds p]fection1 ,are "p & p>cel ( ! g5]al process ( evolution1 j z ! greg>i\s habit ( 9 #aae num]able plants & animals1 :i* has be5 ( imm5se advantage to !m1 is s4 ,a hive ( bees is an organic polity1 a society 9 :i* ! "p play$ by ea* memb] is det]m9$ by organic necessities4 ,que5s1 work]s1 & drones are1 s to speak1 ca/es1 divid$ f "o ano!r by m>k$ physical b>ri]s4 ,among birds & mammals1 societies are =m$1 ( :i* ! bond 9 _m cases seems to be purely psy*ological2 t is to say1 x appe>s to dep5d ^u ! lik+ ( ! individuals = "o ano!r's company4 ,! t5d5cy ( individuals to ov] self-ass]tion is kept d[n by fight+4 ,ev5 9 ^! rudim5t>y =ms ( society1 love & fe> come into play1 & en=ce a great] or less r5unciation ( self-w4 ,to ?is ext5t ! g5]al cosmic process beg9s to be *eck$ by a rudim5t>y e?ical process1 :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 "p ( ! =m]1 j z ! gov]nor 9 a /eam-eng9e is "p ( ! me*anism ( ! eng9e4 ,note #ba 7p4 #hb74 ,see ,gov]nm5t3 ,an>*y or ,regim5tation1 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dac-dah4 ,x is ?is =m ( political philosophy to :i* ,i conceive ! epi!t ( reason$ savag]y to be /rictly applicable4#ahid4 ,note #bb 7p4 #hc74 ,l'homme n'e/ qu'un roseau1 le plus faible de la nature1 mais c'e/ un roseau p5sant4 ,il ne faut #aaf pas que l'univ]s enti] s'arme p\r l'ecras]4 ,une vap\r1 une g\tte d'eau1 suffit p\r le tu]4 ,mais qu& l'univ]s l'ecras]ait1 l'homme s]ait encore plus noble que ce qui le tue1 p>ce qu'il sait qu'il mu]t2 et l'avantage que l'univ]s a sur lui1 l'univ]s n'en sait ri54--,p5sees de ,pascal4 ,note #bc 7p4 #he74 ,! use ( ! ^w ,nature "h may be criticis$4 ,yet ! manife/ation ( ! natural t5d5cies ( m5 is s pr(\ndly modifi$ by tra9+ t x is h>dly too /rong4 ,consid] ! suppression ( ! sexual in/9ct betwe5 ne> relations4 ,note #bd 7p4 #hf74 ,a great proportion ( poetry is address$ by ! "y to ! "y2 only ! great ma/]s ( ! art are capable ( div9+1 or ?9k x wor? :ile to ent] into1 ! feel+s ( retrospective age4 ,! two great poets :om we h s lately lo/1 ,t5nyson & ,br[n+1 h done ?is1 ea* 9 8 own inimitable way2 ! "o 9 ! ,ulysses1 f :i* ,i h borr[$2 ! o!r 9 t wond]ful fragm5t ,*ilde ,rol& to ! d>k ,t[] came4 #adg 7,note3 ,section ,,iii came f a diff]5t s\rce ?an ! o!r sections & ?us does n h page numb]s4 ,section ,,iii ( ! volume1 ,sci5ce & ,!ology1 is n ,huxley's text & is n by ,huxley4 ,x repr9ts in/ead an entirely diff]5t essay1 "o by ,asa ,gray on ,d>w91 publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic 9 #ahfj z specifi$ 9 a note be=e ! text "h2 :at looks l a subhead+1 ,,natural ,,selection ,,n ,,inconsi/5t ,,) ,,natural ,,!ology1 is ! title giv5 to ,gray's essay 9 "s repr9ts47 ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,morals #ahhf ,,natural ,,selection ,,n ,,inconsi/5t ,,) ,,natural ,,!ology 7,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,octob]1 #ahfj1 repr9t$ 9 #ahfa7 ,i ,novelties are entic+ to mo/ p2 to u !y are simply annoy+4 ,we cl+ to a long-accept$ !ory1 j z we cl+ to an old suit ( clo!s4 ,a new !ory1 l a new pair ( bree*es 7! ,atlantic /ill affects ! old] type ( ne!r g>m5t71 is sure to h h>d-fitt+ places2 or1 ev5 :5 no p>ticul> fault c be f\nd ) ! article1 x oppresses ) a s5se ( g5]al discom=t4 ,new notions & new /yles worry u1 till we get well us$ to !m1 :i* is only by sl[ degrees4 ,:]e=e1 9 ,galileos "t1 we might h help$ to proscribe1 or to burn--_h he be5 /ubborn en\gh to w>rant cremation--ev5 ! great pione] ( inductive rese>*2 al?\gh1 :5 we _h fairly recov]$ our composure1 & bad leisurely excogitat$ ! matt]1 we might h come to conclude t ! new doctr9e 0 bett] ?an ! old "o1 aft] all1 at lea/ = ^? :o _h no?+ to unle>n4 ,su* be+ our habitual /ate ( m9d1 x may well be believ$ t ! p]usal ( ! new book ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection left an uncom=table impression1 9 spite ( its plausible & w9n+ ways4 ,we 7 n :olly unprep>$ = x1 z _m ( our contempor>ies seem to h be54 ,! sci5tific read+ 9 :i* we indulge z a relaxation f sev]] /udies _h rais$ dim =ebod+s4 ,inve/igations ab\t ! succession ( species 9 "t1 & _! actual geographical di/ribution ov] ! e>?s surface1 7 lead+ up f all sides & 9 v>i\s ways to ! "q ( _! orig94 ,n[ & !n we enc\nt]$ a s5t5ce1 l ,pr(4 ,ow5s axiom ( ! cont9u\s op]ation ( ! orda9$ becom+ ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* haunt$ u l an app>ition4 ,=1 dim z our conception mu/ ne$s be z to :at su* oracul> & gr&iloqu5t phrases might really mean1 we felt confid5t t !y presag$ no good to old beliefs4 ,=esee+1 yet deprecat+1 ! com+ "t ( tr\ble1 we /ill hop$ t1 ) "s repairs & make%ifts1 ! old views might la/ out our days4 ,apres n\s le deluge4 ,/ill1 n to lag beh9d ! re/ ( ! _w1 we read ! book 9 :i* ! new !ory is promulgat$4 ,we took x up1 l our neighbors1 &1 z 0 natural1 9 a some:at capti\s frame ( m9d4 ,well1 we f\nd no cause ( qu>rel ) ! fir/ *apt]4 ,"h ! au?or takes u directly to ! b>n-y>d & ! kit*5-g>d54 ,l an honorable rural memb] ( our ,g5]al ,c\rt1 :o sat sil5t until1 ne> ! close ( a long session1 a bill requir+ all sw9e at l>ge to we> pokes 0 introduc$1 :5 he claim$ ! privilege ( address+ ! h\se1 on ! prop] gr\nd t he _h be5 br\ght up among ! pigs1 & knew all ab\t !m--s we 7 br\ght up among c[s & cabbages2 & ! l[+ ( cattle1 ! cackle ( h5s1 & ! coo+ ( pigeons1 7 s\nds native & pleasant to our e>s4 ,s ,v>iation "u ,dome/ication dealt ) famili> subjects 9 a natural way1 & g5tly introduc$ ,v>iation "u ,nature1 :i* seem$ likely en\gh4 ,!n foll[s ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce--a pr9ciple :i* we exp]im5tally "k to be true & cog5t--br++ ! com=table assurance1 t man1 ev5 ^u ,levia?an ,hobbess !ory ( society1 is no worse ?an ! re/ ( creation1 s9ce all ,nature is at w>1 "o species ) ano!r1 & ! ne>] k9dr$ ! m int]nec9e--br++ 9 ?\s&fold confirmation & ext5sion ( ! ,mal?usian doctr9e t population t5ds f> to outrun means ( subsi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! animal & vegetable _w1 & has to be kept d[n by %>p prev5tive *ecks2 s t n m ?an "o ( a hundr$ or a ?\s& ( ! individuals ^: exi/5ce is s wond]fully & s s$ul\sly provid$ = ev] comes to any?+1 "u ord9>y circum/ances2 s ! lucky & ! /rong mu/ prevail1 & ! weak] & ill-favor$ mu/ p]i%2 & !n foll[s1 z naturally z "o %eep foll[s ano!r1 ! *apt] on ,natural ,selection1 ,d>w9s *eval de bataille1 :i* is v mu* ! ,napoleonic doctr9e t ,provid5ce favors ! /ronge/ battalions--t1 s9ce _m m individuals are born ?an c possibly survive1 ^? individuals & ^? v>iations :i* possess any advantage1 h[ev] slight1 ov] ! re/1 are 9 ! long-run sure to survive1 to propagate1 & to occupy ! limit$ field1 to ! exclusion or de/ruction ( ! weak] bre?r54 ,all ?is we pond]$1 & c\ld n mu* object to4 ,9 fact1 we began to contract a lik+ = a sy/em :i* at ! outset illu/rates ! advantages ( good bre$+1 & :i* makes ! mo/ ( e creatures be/4 ,c\ld we let by-gones be by-gones1 &1 beg9n+ n[1 g on improv+ & div]sify+ = ! future by natural selection1 c\ld we ev5 take up ! !ory at ! introduction ( ! actually exi/+ species1 we %\ld be well cont5t2 & s1 p]haps1 w\ld mo/ naturali/s be4 ,x is by no means difficult to believe t v>ieties are incipi5t or possible species1 :5 we see :at tr\ble naturali/s1 especially botani/s1 h to di/+ui% betwe5 !m--"o reg>d+ z a true species :at ano!r reg>ds z a v>iety2 :5 ! progress ( k cont9ually increases1 r ?an dim9i%es1 ! numb] ( d\btful in/ances2 & :5 !re is less agreem5t ?an ev] among naturali/s z to :at is ! basis 9 ,nature ^u :i* our idea ( species reposes1 or h[ ! ^w is to be def9$4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] ! endless disputes ( naturali/s & e?nologi/s ov] ! human races1 z to :e!r !y belong to "o species or to m1 &1 if to m1 :e!r to ?ree1 or five1 or fifty1 we c h>dly help fancy+ t bo? may be "r--or r1 t ! uni-humanit>ians w\ld h be5 "r _m ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! multi-humanit>ians w be sev]al ?\s& ye>s lat]2 :ile at pres5t ! safe ?+ to say is1 t probably !re is "s tru? on bo? sides4 ,natural selection1 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 leads to div]g5ce ( "*2 = ! m liv+ be+s c be support$ on ! same area1 ! m !y div]ge 9 /ructure1 habits1 & con/itution 7a pr9ciple :i*1 by-!-way1 is p>allel$ & illu/rat$ by ! div]sification ( human labor72 & also leads to mu* ext9ction ( int]m$iate or unimprov$ =ms4 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is div]g5ce may /eadily t5d to increase1 yet ?is is evid5tly a sl[ process 9 ,nature1 & liable to mu* c\nt]action :]ev] man does n int]pose1 & s n likely to "w mu* h>m = ! future4 ,& if natural selection1 ) artificial to help x1 w produce bett] animals & bett] m5 ?an ! pres5t1 & fit !m bett] to ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :y1 let x "w1 say we1 to ! top ( its b5t ,!re is /ill room en\gh = improvem5t4 ,only let u hope t x always works = good3 if n1 ! div]g5t l9es on ,d>w9's li?ographic diagram ( ,transmutation made ,easy1 om9\sly %[ :at small deviations f ! /raight pa? may come to 9 ! end4 ,! prospect ( ! future1 accord+ly1 is on ! :ole pleasant & enc\rag+4 ,x is only ! backw>d glance1 ! gaze up ! long vi/a ( ! pa/1 t reveals any?+ al>m+4 ,"h ! l9es conv]ge z !y rec$e into ! geological ages1 & po9t to conclusions :i*1 ^u ! !ory1 are inevitable1 b h>dly welcome4 ,! v fir/ /ep backw>d makes ! negro & ! ,hott5tot our blood-relations--n t reason or ,scripture objects to t1 ?\gh pride may4 ,! next sugge/s a clos] association ( our ance/ors ( ! old5 "t ) our poor relations ( ! quadruman\s family ?an we l to ackn[l$ge4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]--ev5 if we mu/ acc\nt = him sci5tifically --man ) 8 two feet /&s ^u a f\ndation ( 8 own4 ,int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 ! ,bimana & ! ,quadrumana are lack+ altoge!r2 s t1 put ! g5ealogy ( ! brutes ^u :at foot+ y w1 ! f\r-h&$ races w n s]ve = our =]unn]s--at lea/1 n until "s monkey1 live or fossil1 is producible ) great-toes1 in/ead ( ?umbs1 ^u 8 ne!r extremities2 or until "s lucky geologi/ turns up ! bones ( 8 ance/or & prototype 9 ,france or ,engl&1 :o 0 s busy napp+ ! *uckie-/anes & *ipp+ out fl9t knives & arr[-heads 9 ! "t ( ! drift1 v _m ages ago--be=e ! ,briti% ,*annel exi/$1 says ,lyell ,,iii-#a--;& until ^! m5 ( ! old5 "t are %[n to h worn _! great-toes 9 ! div]g5t & ?umblike fa%ion4 ,t w\ld be evid5ce inde$3 b1 until "s te/imony ( ! sort is produc$1 we mu/ ne$s believe 9 ! sep>ate & special creation ( man1 h[ev] x may h be5 ) ! l[] animals & ) plants4 ,no d\bt1 ! full developm5t & symmetry ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis /rongly sugge/ ! evolution ( ! human no less ?an ! l[] animal races out ( "s simple primordial animal--t all are equally l9eal desc5dants ( "s few be+s :i* liv$ long be=e ! fir/ b$ ( ! ,silurian sy/em 0 deposit$4 ,b1 z ! au?or speaks disrespectfully ( spontane\s g5]ation1 & accepts a sup]natural beg9n+ ( life on e>?1 9 "s =m or =ms ( be+ :i* includ$ pot5tially all t h s9ce exi/$ & are yet to be1 he is !reby n w>rant$ to ext5d 8 inf]5ces beyond ! evid5ce or ! fair probability4 ,!re seems z great likelihood t "o special orig9ation %\ld be foll[$ by ano!r ^u fitt+ occasion 7su* z ! introduction ( man71 z t "o =m %\ld be transmut$ into ano!r ^u fitt+ occasion1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! succession ( species :i* diff] f ea* o!r only 9 "s details4 ,to comp>e small ?+s ) great 9 a homely illu/ration3 man alt]s f "t to "t 8 in/rum5ts or ma*9es1 z new circum/ances or conditions may require & 8 wit sugge/4 ,m9or alt]ations & improvem5ts he adds to ! ma*9e he possesses2 he adapts a new rig or a new rudd] to an old boat3 ?is answ]s to ,v>iation4 ,l begets l1 be+ ! great rule 9 ,nature1 if boats c\ld eng5d]1 ! v>iations w\ld d\btless be propagat$1 l ^? ( dome/ic cattle4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! old ones w\ld be worn out or wreck$2 ! be/ sorts w\ld be *os5 = ea* p>ticul> use1 & fur!r improv$ ^u2 & s ! primordial boat be develop$ into ! sc[1 ! skiff1 ! sloop1 & o!r species ( wat]-craft--! v div]sification1 z well z ! successive improvem5ts1 entail+ ! disappe>ance ( int]m$iate =ms1 less adapt$ to any "o p>ticul> purpose2 :]e=e ^! g sl[ly out ( use1 & become ext9ct species3 ?is is ,natural ,selection4 ,n[1 let a great & important advance be made1 l t ( /eam navigation3 "h1 ?\gh ! eng9e might be add$ to ! old vessel1 yet ! wis] & !re=e ! actual way is to make a new vessel on a modifi$ plan3 ?is may answ] to ,specific ,creation4 ,anyh[1 ! "o does n necess>ily exclude ! o!r4 ,v>iation & natural selection may play _! "p1 & s may specific creation also4 ,:y n8 ,?is leads u to ask = ! reasons :i* call = ?is new !ory ( transmutation4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?+s mu/ ne$s lie 9 obscurity1 beyond ! b\nds ( pro(1 ?\gh )9 ^? ( conjecture or ( analogical inf]5ce4 ,:y n hold fa/ to ! cu/om>y view1 t all species 7 directly1 in/ead ( indirectly1 creat$ aft] _! respective k9ds1 z we n[ behold !m--& t 9 a mann] :i*1 pass+ our compreh5sion1 we intuitively ref] to ! sup]natural8 ,:y ?is cont9ual /riv+ aft] ! unatta9$ & dim8 :y ^! anxi\s endeavors1 especially ( late ye>s1 by naturali/s & philosoph]s ( v>i\s s*ools & diff]5t t5d5cies1 to p5etrate :at "o ( !m calls t my/]y ( my/]ies1 ! orig9 ( species8 ,to ?is1 9 g5]al1 suffici5t answ] may be f\nd 9 ! activity ( ! human intellect1 ! deliri\s yet div9e desire to "k1 /imulat$ z x has be5 by its own success 9 unveil+ ! laws & processes ( inorganic ,nature2 9 ! fact t ! pr9cipal triumphs ( our age 9 physical sci5ce h consi/$ 9 trac+ connections :]e none 7 kn[n be=e1 9 r$uc+ het]og5e\s ph5om5a to a common cause or orig91 9 a mann] q analog\s to t ( ! r$uction ( suppos$ indep5d5tly orig9at$ species to a common ultimate orig9--?us1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 l>gely & legitimately ext5d+ ! doma9 ( second>y causes4 ,surely ! sci5tific m9d ( an age :i* contemplates ! sol> sy/em z evolv$ f a common revolv+ fluid mass--:i*1 ?r\gh exp]im5tal rese>*1 has come to reg>d light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 & me*anical p[] z v>ieties or d]ivative & conv]tible =ms ( "o =ce1 in/ead ( indep5d5t species--:i* has br\ght ! s-call$ elem5t>y k9ds ( matt]1 su* z ! metals1 into k9dr$ gr\ps1 & p]t95tly rais$ ! "q1 :e!r ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p may n be m]e v>ieties ( "o species--& :i* speculates /eadily 9 ! direction ( ! ultimate unity ( matt]1 ( a sort ( prototype or simple elem5t :i* may be to ! ord9>y species ( matt] :at ! ,protozoa or :at ! compon5t cells ( an organism are to ! high] sorts ( animals & plants--! m9d ( su* an age _c be expect$ to let ! old belief ab\t species pass unque/ion$4 ,x w raise ! "q1 h[ ! div]se sorts ( plants & animals came to be z !y are & :]e !y are & w all[ t ! :ole inquiry transc5ds its p[]s only :5 all endeavors h fail$ ,grant+ ! orig9 to be sup] natural or miracul\s ev51 w n arre/ ! inquiry ,all real orig9ation ! philosoph]s w say1 is sup]natural1 _! v "q is1 :e!r we h yet gone back to ! orig9 & c affirm t ! pres5t =ms ( plants & animals are ! primordial1 ! miracul\sly creat$ ones4 ,&1 ev5 if !y admit t1 !y w /ill inquire into ! ord] ( ! ph5om5a1 into ! =m ( ! miracle ,y might z well expect ! *ild to gr[ up cont5t ) :at x is told ab\t ! adv5t ( its infant bro!r ,inde$1 to le>n t ! new com] is ! gift ( ,god1 f> f lull+ inquiry1 only /imulates speculation z to h[ ! preci\s gift 0 be/[$ ,t que/ion+ *ild is fa!r to ! man--is philosoph] 9 %ort-clo!s4 ,s9ce1 !n que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( species w be rais$1 & h be5 rais$--& s9ce ! !oriz+s1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 p>ticul>s1 all proce$ ^u ! notion t "o species ( plant or animal is someh[ d]iv$ f ano!r1 t ! diff]5t sorts :i* n[ fl\ri% are l9eal 7or unl9eal7 desc5dants ( o!r & e>li] sorts--x n[ conc]ns u to ask1 ,:at are ! gr\nds 9 ,nature1 ! admitt$ facts1 :i* sugge/ hypo!ses ( d]ivation 9 "s 3%ape or o!r8 ,reasons !re mu/ be1 & plausible ones1 = ! p]si/5t recurr5ce ( !ories ^u ?is g5etic basis4 ,a /udy ( ,d>w9s book1 & a g5]al glance at ! pres5t /ate ( ! natural sci5ces1 enable u to ga!r ! foll[+ z among ! mo/ sugge/ive & influ5tial4 ,we c only enum]ate !m "h1 )\t mu* indication ( _! p>ticul> be>+4 ,!re is-- #a4 ,! g5]al fact ( v>iability1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! v>iety to propagate its l--! pat5t facts t all species v>y m or less2 t dome/icat$ plants & animals1 be+ 9 conditions favorable to ! production & pres]vation ( v>ieties1 are apt to v>y widely2 & t1 by int]bre$+1 any v>iety may be fix$ into a race1 t is1 into a v>iety :i* comes true f se$4 ,_m su* races1 x is all[$1 diff] f ea* o!r 9 /ructure & appe>ance z widely z d _m admitt$ species2 & x is practically v difficult1 ev5 impossible1 to draw a cle> l9e betwe5 races & species4 ,witness ! human races1 = in/ance4 ,wild species also v>y1 p]haps ab\t z widely z ^? ( dome/ication1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s ( !m app>5tly v>y little1 o!rs mod]ately1 o!rs immod]ately1 to ! great bewild]m5t ( sy/ematic botani/s & zoologi/s1 & increas+ disagreem5t z to :e!r v>i\s =ms %all be held to be orig9al species or /rong v>ieties4 ,moreov]1 ! degree to :i* ! desc5dants ( ! same /ock1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t directions1 may at l5g? div]ge1 is unkn[n4 ,all we "k is1 t v>ieties are !mselves v>iable1 & t v div]se =ms h be5 educ$ f "o /ock4 #b4 ,species ( ! same g5us are n di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by equal am\nts ( diff]5ce4 ,!re is div]sity 9 ?is respect analog\s to t ( ! v>ieties ( a polymorph\s species1 "s ( !m slight1 o!rs extreme4 ,& 9 l>ge g5]a ! unequal resemblance %[s itself 9 ! clu/]+ ( ! species ar\nd sev]al types or c5tral species1 l satellites ar\nd _! respective planets4 ,obvi\sly sugge/ive ?is ( ! hypo!sis t !y 7 satellites1 n ?r[n (f by revolution1 l ! moons ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & our own solit>y moon1 b gradually & peacefully deta*$ by div]g5t v>iation4 ,t su* closely-relat$ species may be only v>ieties ( high] grade1 e>li] orig91 or m favor$ evolution1 is n a v viol5t supposition4 ,anyh[1 x 0 a supposition sure to be made4 #c4 ,! actual geographical di/ribution ( species ^u ! e>?s surface t5ds to sugge/ ! same notion4 ,=1 z a g5]al ?+1 all or mo/ ( ! species ( a peculi> g5us or o!r type are gr\p$ 9 ! same c\ntry1 or occupy cont9u\s1 proximate1 or accessible areas4 ,s well does ?is rule hold1 s g5]al is ! implication t k9dr$ species are or 7 associat$ geographically1 t mo/ tru/wor?y naturali/s1 q free f hypo!ses ( transmutation1 are con/antly inf]r+ =m] geographical cont9uity betwe5 p>ts ( ! _w n[ widely disjo9$1 9 ord] to acc\nt !reby = c]ta9 g5]ic simil>ities among _! inhabitants2 j z philologi/s inf] =m] connection ( races1 & a p>5t language1 to acc\nt = g5]ic simil>ities among exi/+ languages4 ,yet no sci5tific explanation has be5 (f]$ to acc\nt = ! geographical association ( k9dr$ species1 except ! hypo!sis ( a common orig94 #d4 ,"h ! fact ( ! antiquity ( creation1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! pres5t k9ds ( ! e>?s inhabitants1 or ( a l>ge "p ( !m1 comes 9 to rebut ! objection t !re has n be5 "t en\gh = any m>k$ div]sification ( liv+ ?+s ?r\gh div]g5t v>iation--n "t en\gh = v>ieties to h div]g$ into :at we call species4 ,s long z ! exi/+ species ( plants & animals 7 ?\ght to h orig9at$ a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 & )\t pr$ecessors1 !re 0 no room = a !ory ( d]ivation ( "o sort f ano!r1 nor "t en\gh ev5 to acc\nt = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! races :i* are g5]ally believ$ to h div]g$ f a common /ock4 ,n s mu* t five or six ?\s& ye>s 0 a %ort all[ance = ?is2 b because "s ( our famili> dome/icat$ v>ieties ( gra91 ( f[ls1 & ( o!r animals1 7 pictur$ & mummifi$ by ! old ,egyptians m ?an half t numb] ( ye>s ago1 if n e>li]4 ,inde$1 p]haps ! /ronge/ argum5t = ! orig9al plurality ( human species 0 drawn f ! id5tification ( "s ( ! pres5t races ( m5 ^u ^! e>ly hi/orical monum5ts & records4 ,b ?is v ext5sion ( ! curr5t *ronology1 if we may rely ^u ! ar*aeologi/s1 removes ! difficulty by op5+ up a long] vi/a4 ,s does ! discov]y 9 ,europe ( rema9s & implem5ts ( prehi/oric races ( m51 to :om ! use ( metals 0 unkn[n--m5 ( ! /one age1 z ! ,sc&9avian ar*aeologi/s designate !m4 ,& n[1 axes & knives ( fl9t1 evid5tly wr\ght by human skill1 are f\nd 9 b$s ( ! drift at ,ami5s 7also 9 o!r places1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&71 associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct species ( animals4 ,^! implem5ts1 inde$1 7 notic$ tw5ty ye>s ago2 at a place 9 ,suffolk !y h be5 exhum$ f "t to "t = m ?an a c5tury2 b ! full confirmation1 ! recognition ( ! age ( ! deposit 9 :i* ! implem5ts occur1 _! abundance1 & ! appreciation ( _! be>+s ^u mo/ int]e/+ que/ions1 belong to ! pres5t "t4 ,to complete ! connection ( ^! primitive p ) ! fossil ages1 ! ,fr5* geologi/s1 we are told1 h n[ f\nd ^! axes 9 ,pic>dy associat$ ) rema9s ( ,elephas primig5ius1 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 ,equus fossilis1 & an ext9ct species ( ,bos4,,iii-#b ,9 pla9 language1 ^! work]s 9 fl9t liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! mammo?1 ( a rh9oc]os n[ ext9ct1 & along ) horses & cattle unlike any n[ exi/+--specifically diff]5t1 z naturali/s say1 f ^? ) :i* man is n[ associat$4 ,_! connection ) exi/+ human races may p]haps be trac$ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ p ( ! /one age1 :o 7 succe$$ by ! p ( ! bronze age1 & ^! by work]s 9 iron4,,iii-#c ,n[1 v>i\s evid5ce c>ries back ! exi/5ce ( _m ( ! pres5t l[] species ( animals1 & probably ( a l>g] numb] ( plants1 to ! same drift p]iod4 ,all agree t ?is 0 v _m ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,agassiz tells u t ! same species ( polyps :i* are n[ build+ coral walls ar\nd ! pres5t p59sula ( ,florida actually made t p59sula1 & h be5 build+ !re = _m ?\s& c5turies4 #e4 ,! ov]lapp+ ( exi/+ & ext9ct species1 & ! seem+ly gradual transition ( ! life ( ! drift p]iod into t ( ! pres5t1 may be turn$ to ! same acc\nt4 ,mammo?s1 ma/odons1 & ,iri% elks1 n[ ext9ct1 mu/ h liv$ d[n to human1 if n almo/ to hi/oric times4 ,p]haps ! la/ dodo did n long outlive 8 huge ,new ,zeal& k9dr$4 ,! auro*s1 once ! companion ( mammo?s1 /ill survives1 b owes 8 pres5t & prec>i\s exi/5ce to mans c>e4 ,n[1 no?+ t we "k ( =bids ! hypo!sis t "s new species h be5 indep5d5tly & sup]naturally creat$ )9 ! p]iod :i* o!r species h surviv$4 ,"s may ev5 believe t man 0 creat$ 9 ! days ( ! mammo?1 became ext9ct1 & 0 recreat$ at a lat] date4 ,b :y n say ! same ( ! auro*s1 contempor>y bo? ( ! old man & ( ! new8 ,/ill x is m natural1 if n inevitable1 to inf] t1 if ! auro*s ( t old5 "t 7 ! ance/ors ( ! auro*s ( ! ,li?uanian =e/s1 s likewise 7 ! m5 ( t age ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t human races4 ,!n1 :oev] concludes t ^! primitive mak]s ( rude fl9t axes & knives 7 ! ance/ors ( ! bett] workm5 ( ! succe$+ /one age1 & ^! aga9 ( ! succe$+ artific]s 9 brass & iron1 w also be likely to suppose t ! ,equus & ,bos ( t "t1 diff]5t ?\gh !y be1 7 ! remote prog5itors ( our own horses & cattle4 ,9 all c&or we mu/ at lea/ conc$e t su* consid]ations sugge/ a g5etic desc5t f ! drift p]iod d[n to ! pres5t1 & all[ "t en\gh--if "t is ( any acc\nt-- = v>iation & natural selection to "w out "s appreciable results 9 ! way ( div]g5ce into races1 or ev5 into s-call$ species4 ,:atev] might h be5 ?\ght1 :5 geological "t 0 suppos$ to be sep>at$ f ! pres5t era by a cle> l9e1 x is n[ c]ta9 t a gradual replacem5t ( old =ms by new ones is /rongly sugge/ive ( "s mode ( orig9ation :i* may /ill be op]ative4 ,:5 species1 l individuals1 7 f\nd to die out "o by "o1 & app>5tly to come 9 "o by "o1 a !ory = :at ,ow5 sonor\sly calls ! cont9u\s op]ation ( ! orda9$ becom+ ( liv+ ?+s c\ld n be f> (f4 ,t all su* !ories %\ld take ! =m ( a d]ivation ( ! new f ! old seems to be inevitable1 p]haps f our inability to conceive ( any o!r l9e ( second>y causes 9 ?is connection4 ,ow5 himself is app>5tly 9 travail ) "s transmutation !ory ( 8 own conceiv+1 :i* may yet see ! light1 al?\gh ,d>w9s came fir/ to ! bir?4 ,diff]5t z ! two !ories w probably be1 !y _c fail to exhibit t fundam5tal resemblance 9 ?is respect :i* betok5s a community ( orig91 a common f\ndation on ! g5]al facts & ! obvi\s sugge/ions ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,inde$--to turn ! po9t ( a pung5t simile direct$ aga9/ ,d>w9--! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,d>w9ian & ! ,ow5ian hypo!ses may1 aft] all1 be only t betwe5 homoeopa?ic & h]oic doses ( ! same drug4 ,if !ories ( d]ivation c\ld only /op "h1 cont5t ) expla9+ ! div]sification & succession ( species betwe5 ! t]iti>y p]iod & ! pres5t "t1 ?r\gh natural ag5cies or second>y causes /ill 9 op]ation1 we fancy !y w\ld n be g5]ally or viol5tly object$ to by ! savants ( ! pres5t day4 ,b x is h>d1 if n impossible1 to f9d a /opp+-place4 ,"s ( ! facts or accept$ conclusions already ref]r$ to1 & sev]al o!rs1 ( a m g5]al "*1 :i* mu/ be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 impel ! !ory onw>d ) accumulat$ =ce4 ,vires 7n to say virus7 acquirit eundo4 ,! !ory hit*es on wond]fully well to ,lyells uni=mit>ian !ory 9 geology--t ! ?+ t has be5 is ! ?+ t is & %all be--t ! natural op]ations n[ go+ on w acc\nt = all geological *anges 9 a quiet & easy way1 only give !m "t en\gh1 s connect+ ! pres5t & ! proximate ) ! f>!/ pa/ by almo/ imp]ceptible gradations--a view :i* f9ds l>ge & increas+1 if n g5]al1 acceptance 9 physical geology1 & ( :i* ,d>w9s !ory is ! natural complem5t4 ,s ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 once gett+ a foo?old1 m>*es2 boldly on1 foll[s ! suppos$ ne> ance/ors ( our pres5t species f>!r & yet f>!r back into ! dim pa/1 & ends ) an analogical inf]5ce :i* makes ! :ole _w k94 ,z we said at ! beg9n+1 ?is up%ot discomposes u4 ,sev]al features ( ! !ory h an uncanny look4 ,!y may prove to be innoc5t3 b _! fir/ aspect is suspici\s1 & high au?orities pron\nce ! :ole ?+ to be positively mis*iev\s4 ,9 ?is dilemma we are go+ to take advice4 ,foll[+ ! b5t ( our prejudices1 & hop+ to =tify ^! by new & /rong argum5ts1 we are go+ n[ to read ! pr9cipal reviews :i* und]take to demoli% ! !ory--) :at result our read]s %all be duly in=m$4 ,,ii ,i c ent]ta9 no d\bt1 aft] ! mo/ delib]ate /udy & dispassionate judgm5t ( :i* ,i am capable1 t ! view :i* mo/ naturali/s ent]ta91 & :i* ,i =m]ly ent]ta9$1 namely1 t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 is errone\s4 ,i am fully conv9c$ t species are n immutable2 b t ^? belong+ to :at are call$ ! same g5]a are l9eal desc5dants ( "s o!r & g5]ally ext9ct species1 9 ! same mann] z ! ackn[l$g$ v>ieties ( any "o species are ! desc5dants ( t species4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i am conv9c$ t ,natural ,selection has be5 ! ma91 b n exclusive1 means ( modification4 ,?is is ! k]nel ( ! new !ory1 ! ,d>w9ian cre$1 z recit$ at ! close ( ! introduction to ! rem>kable book "u consid]ation4 ,! que/ions1 ,:at w he d ) x8 & ,h[ f> w he c>ry x8 ! au?or answ]s at ! close ( ! volume3 ,i _c d\bt t ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification embraces all ! memb]s ( ! same class4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i believe t all animals h desc5d$ f at mo/ only f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less] numb]4 ,see+ t analogy z /rongly sugge/s a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction1 :ile he prote/s t analogy may be a deceitful guide1 yet he foll[s its inexorable lead+ to ! inf]5ce t-- ,probably all ! organic be+s :i* h ev] liv$ on ?is e> h desc5d$ f "s "o primordial =m1 into :i* life 0 fir/ brea!d4,,iii-#d ,9 ! fir/ extract we h ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge driv5 a little way2 9 ! la/1 ! w$ge driv5 home4 ,we h already sket*$ "s ( ! reasons sugge/ive ( su* a !ory ( d]ivation ( species1 reasons :i* gave x plausibility1 & ev5 no small probability1 z appli$ to our actual _w & to *anges occurr+ s9ce ! late/ t]ti>y p]iod4 ,we are well pleas$ at ?is mom5t to f9d t ! conclusions we 7 arriv+ at 9 ?is respect are su/a9$ by ! v high au?ority & imp>tial judgm5t ( ,pictet1 ! ,swiss paleontologi/4 ,9 8 review ( ,d>w9s book,,iii-#e -- ! faire/ & mo/ admirable oppos+ "o t has appe>$--he freely accepts t ensemble ( natural op]ations :i* ,d>w9 imp]sonates "u ! n[ famili> "n ( ,natural ,selection1 all[s t ! exposition ?r\gh\t ! fir/ *apt]s seems a la fois prud5t et =t1 & is dispos$ to accept ! :ole argum5t 9 its f\ndations1 t is1 s f> z x relates to :at is n[ go+ on1 or has tak5 place 9 ! pres5t geological p]iod--:i* p]iod he c>ries back ?r\gh ! diluvial epo* to ! bord]s ( ! t]ti>y4,,iii-#f ,pictet accord+ly admits t ! !ory w v well acc\nt = ! orig9ation by div]g5ce ( ne>ly-relat$ species1 :e!r )9 ! pres5t p]iod or 9 remot] geological times2 a v natural view = him to take1 s9ce he appe>s to h rea*$ & publi%$1 sev]al ye>s ago1 ! pregnant conclusion t !re mo/ probably 0 "s mat]ial connection betwe5 ! closely-relat$ species ( two successive faunas1 & t ! num]\s close species1 ^: limits are s difficult to det]m9e1 7 n all creat$ di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,b :ile ?us accept+1 or ready to accept1 ! basis ( ,d>w9s !ory1 & all its legitimate direct inf]5ces1 he rejects ! ultimate conclusions1 br+s "s weighty argum5ts to be> aga9/ !m1 & is evid5tly conv9c$ t he c draw a cle> l9e betwe5 ! s\nd inf]5ces1 :i* he favors1 & ! uns\nd or unw>rant$ !oretical d$uctions1 :i* he rejects4 ,we hope he c4 ,?is raises ! "q1 ,:y does ,d>w9 press 8 !ory to ^! extreme conclusions8 ,:y d all hypo!ses ( d]ivation conv]ge s inevitably to "o ultimate po9t8 ,hav+ already consid]$ "s ( ! reasons :i* sugge/ or support ! !ory at its outset--:i* may c>ry x z f> z su* s\nd & exp]i5c$ naturali/s z ,pictet all[ t x may be true--p]haps z f> z ,d>w9 himself unfolds x 9 ! introductory proposition cit$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article--we may n[ inquire aft] ! motives :i* impel ! !ori/ s mu* f>!r4 ,"h pro(s1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 are n to be _h4 ,we are beyond ! region ( demon/ration1 & h only probabilities to consid]4 ,:at are ^! probabilities8 ,:at "w w ?is hypo!sis d to e/abli% a claim to be adopt$ 9 its complet5ess8 ,:y %\ld a !ory :i* may plausibly en\gh acc\nt = ! div]sification ( ! species ( ea* special type or g5us be exp&$ into a g5]al sy/em = ! orig9ation or successive div]sification ( all species1 & all special types or =ms1 f f\r or five remote primordial =ms1 or p]haps f "o8 ,we accept ! !ory ( gravitation because x expla9s all ! facts we "k1 & be>s all ! te/s t we c put x to4 ,we incl9e to accept ! nebul> hypo!sis1 = simil> reasons2 n because x is prov$--?us f> x is incapable ( pro(--b because x is a natural !oretical d$uction f accept$ physical laws1 is ?or\ghly congru\s ) ! facts1 & because its assumption s]ves to connect & h>monize ^! into "o probable & consi/5t :ole4 ,c ! d]ivative hypo!sis be ma9ta9$ & c>ri$ out into a sy/em on simil> gr\nds8 ,if s1 h[ev] unprov$1 x w\ld appe> to be a t5able hypo!sis1 :i* is all t its au?or ought n[ to claim4 ,su* hypo!ses z1 f ! conditions ( ! case1 c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$ by direct evid5ce or exp]im5t1 are to be te/$ only indirectly1 & !re=e imp]fectly1 by try+ _! p[] to h>monize ! kn[n facts1 & to acc\nt = :at is o!rwise unacc\ntable4 ,s ! "q comes to ?is3 ,:at w an hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( species expla9 :i* ! oppos+ view leaves unexpla9$8 ,que/ions ^! :i* ought to be ent]ta9$ be=e we take up ! argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$ aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,we c b>ely glance at "s ( ! consid]ations :i* ,d>w9 adduces1 or w be sure to adduce 9 ! future & full] exposition :i* is promis$4 ,to display !m 9 su* wise z to indoctr9ate ! unsci5tific read] w\ld require a volume4 ,m]ely to ref] to !m 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms w\ld suffice = ^? famili> ) sci5tific matt]s1 b w\ld sc>cely enlight5 ^? :o are n4 ,:]e=e let ^! tru/ ! imp>tial ,pictet1 :o freely admits t1 9 ! abs5ce ( suffici5t direct pro(s to ju/ify ! possibility ( 8 hypo!sis1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 relies ^u indirect pro(s1 ! be>+ ( :i* is real & inconte/able2 :o conc$es t 8 !ory accords v well ) ! great facts ( comp>ative anatomy & zoology--comes 9 admirably to expla9 unity ( composition ( organisms1 also to expla9 rudim5t>y & repres5tative organs1 & ! natural s]ies ( g5]a & species--equally corresponds ) _m paleontological data--agrees well ) ! specific resemblances :i* exi/ betwe5 two successive faunas1 ) ! p>allelism :i* is sometimes obs]v$ betwe5 ! s]ies ( paleontological succession & ( embryonal developm5t1 etc42 & f9ally1 al?\gh he does n accept ! !ory 9 ^! results1 he all[s t x appe>s to (f] ! be/ means ( expla9+ ! mann] 9 :i* organiz$ be+s 7 produc$ 9 epo*s ant]ior to our own4 ,:at m ?an ?is c\ld be said = su* an hypo!sis8 ,"h1 probably1 is its *>m1 & its /rong hold ^u ! speculative m9d4 ,unprov5 ?\gh x be1 & cumb]$ prima facie ) cumulative improbabilities z x proce$s1 yet x s+ul>ly accords ) great classes ( facts o!rwise insulat$ & enigmatic1 & expla9s _m ?+s :i* are ?us f> utt]ly inexplicable ^u any o!r sci5tific assumption4 ,we h said t ,d>w9s hypo!sis is ! natural complem5t to ,lyells uni=mit>ian !ory 9 physical geology4 ,x is = ! organic _w :at t is = ! inorganic2 & ! accept]s ( ! latt] /& 9 a position f :i* to reg>d ! =m] 9 ! mo/ favorable light4 ,:]e=e ! rumor t ! cauti\s ,lyell himself has adopt$ ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis ne$ n surprise u4 ,! two views are made = ea* o!r1 &1 l ! two c\nt]p>t pictures = ! /]eoscope1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 comb9e into "o app>5tly solid :ole4 ,if we all[1 ) ,pictet1 t ,d>w9s !ory w v well s]ve = all t conc]ns ! pres5t epo* ( ! worlds hi/ory--an epo* 9 :i* ?is r5[n$ paleontologi/ includes ! diluvial or quat]n>y p]iod--!n ,d>w9s fir/ & =emo/ ne$ 9 8 onw>d c\rse is a practicable road f ?is into & ?r\gh ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! int]v5+ region betwe5 ! comp>atively ne> & ! f> remote pa/4 ,"h ,lyells doctr9e paves ! way1 by %[+ t 9 ! physical geology !re is no g5]al or absolute break betwe5 ! two1 probably no great] betwe5 ! late/ t]ti>y & ! quat]n>y p]iod ?an betwe5 ! latt] & ! pres5t "t4 ,s f>1 ! ,lyellian view is1 we suppose1 g5]ally concurr$ 94 ,x is l>gely admitt$ t num]\s t]ti>y species h cont9u$ d[n into ! quat]n>y1 & _m ( !m to ! pres5t "t4 ,a goodly p]c5tage ( ! e>li] & ne>ly half ( ! lat] t]ti>y mollusca1 accord+ to ,des ,hayes1 ,lye661 &1 if we mi/ake n1 ,bronn1 /ill live4 ,?is id5tification1 h[ev]1 is n[ que/ion$ by a naturali/ ( ! v highe/ au?ority4 ,b1 9 its be>+s on ! new !ory1 ! po9t "h turns n ^u absolute id5tity s mu* z ^u close resemblance4 ,= ^? :o1 ) ,agassiz1 d\bt ! specific id5tity 9 any ( ^! cases1 & ^? :o say1 ) ,pictet1 t ! lat] t]ti>y deposits conta9 9 g5]al ! debris ( species v ne>ly relat$ to ^? :i* /ill exi/1 belong+ to ! same g5]a1 b specifically diff]5t1 may also agree ) ,pictet1 t ! ne>ly-relat$ species ( successive faunas mu/ or may h _h a mat]ial connection4 ,b ! only mat]ial connection t we h an idea ( 9 su* a case is a g5ealogical "o4 ,& ! supposition ( a g5ealogical connection is surely n unnatural 9 su* cases--is demon/rably ! natural "o z respects all ^? t]ti>y species :i* exp]i5c$ naturali/s h pron\nc$ to be id5tical ) exi/+ ones1 b :i* o!rs n[ deem di/9ct ,= to id5tify ! two is ! same ?+ z to conclude ! "o to be ! ance/or ( ! o!r ,no d\bt !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! t]ti>y & ! pres5t individuals1 diff]5ces equally notic$ by bo? classes ( naturali/s1 b diff]5tly e/imat$ ,by ! "o ^! are deem$ q compatible1 by ! o!r incompatible1 ) community ( orig9 ,b :o c tell u :at am\nt ( diff]5ce is compatible ) community ( orig98 ,?is is ! v "q at issue1 & "o to be settl$ by obs]vation alone ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t ! pea* & ! nect>9e came f "o /ock8 ,b1 ?is be+ prov$ is x n[ v improbable t bo? 7 d]iv$ f ! almond1 or f "s common amygdal9e prog5itor8 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t ! cabbage1 caulifl[]1 broccoli kale1 & kohlrabi are d]ivatives ( "o species1 & rape or colza1 turnip1 & probably ruta-baga1 ( ano!r species8 ,& :o t is conv9c$ ( ?is c long und\bt+ly hold ! orig9al di/9ctness ( turnips f cabbages z an article ( fai?8 ,on sci5tific gr\nds may n a primordial cabbage or rape be assum$ z ! ance/or ( all ! cabbage races1 on mu* ! same gr\nd t we assume a common ance/ry = ! div]sifi$ human races8 ,if all ,our bre$s ( cattle came f "o /ock :y n ?is /ock f ! auro*1 :i* has _h all ! "t betwe5 ! diluvial & ! hi/oric p]iods 9 :i* to set (f a v>iation p]haps no great] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 "s sorts ( dome/ic cattle8 ,t consid]able diff]5ces are (t5 disc]nible betwe5 t]ti>y individuals & _! suppos$ desc5dants ( ! pres5t day af=ds no argum5t aga9/ ,d>w9s !ory1 z has be5 ra%ly ?\ght1 b is decid$ly 9 its favor4 ,if ! id5tification 7 s p]fect t no m diff]5ces 7 obs]vable betwe5 ! t]ti>y & ! rec5t %ells ?an betwe5 v>i\s individuals ( ei!r1 !n ,d>w9s oppon5ts1 :o argue ! immutability ( species f ! ibises & cats pres]v$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians be+ j l ^? ( ! pres5t day1 c\ld triumphantly add a few hundr$ ?\s& ye>s m to ! l5g? ( ! exp]im5t & to ! =ce ( _! argum5t4 ,z ! facts /&1 x appe>s t1 :ile "s t]ti>y =ms are ess5tially undi/+ui%able f exi/+ ones1 o!rs are ! same ) a diff]5ce1 :i* is judg$ n to be specific or aborig9al2 & yet o!rs %[ some:at great] diff]5ces1 su* z are sci5tifically express$ by call+ !m m>k$ v>ieties1 or else d\btful species2 :ile o!rs1 diff]+ a little m1 are confid5tly t]m$ di/9ct1 b ne>ly-relat$ species4 ,n[1 is n all ?is a "q ( degree1 ( m]e gradation ( diff]5ce8 ,& is x at all likely t ^! sev]al gradations came to be e/abli%$ 9 two totally diff]5t ways--"s ( !m 7?\gh naturali/s cant agree :i*7 ?r\gh natural v>iation1 or o!r second>y cause1 & "s by orig9al creation1 )\t second>y cause8 ,we h se5 t ! judici\s ,pictet answ]s su* que/ions z ,d>w9 w\ld h him d1 9 affirm+ t1 9 all probability1 ! ne>ly-relat$ species ( two successive faunas 7 mat]ially connect$1 & t contemporane\s species1 simil>ly resembl+ ea* o!r1 7 n all creat$ s1 b h become s4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t species 7us+ ! t]m z all naturali/s d1 & mu/ cont9ue to employ ! ^w7 h only a relative1 n an absolute fixity2 t diff]5ces fully equival5t to :at are held to be specific may arise 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 s t "o species may at l5g? be naturally replac$ by ano!r species a good deal l x1 or may be div]sifi$ into two1 ?ree1 or m species1 or =ms z diff]5t z species4 ,?is conc$es all t ,d>w9 has a "r to ask1 all t he c directly inf] f evid5ce4 ,we mu/ add t x af=ds a locus /&i1 m or less t5able1 = inf]r+ m4 ,"h ano!r geological consid]ation comes 9 to help on ?is inf]5ce4 ,! species ( ! lat] t]ti>y p]iod = ! mo/ "p n only resembl$ ^? ( our days--_m ( !m s closely z to sugge/ an absolute cont9uity--b also occupi$ 9 g5]al ! same regions t _! relatives occupy n[4 ,! same may be said1 ?\gh less specially1 ( ! e>li] t]ti>y & ( ! lat] second>y2 b !re is less & less localization ( =ms z we rec$e1 yet "s localization ev5 9 palaeozoic times4 ,:ile 9 ! second>y p]iod "o is /ruck ) ! simil>ity ( =ms & ! id5tity ( _m ( ! species :i* fl\ri%$ app>5tly at ! same "t 9 all or 9 ! mo/ widely-sep>at$ p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ! t]ti>y epo*1 on ! contr>y1 along ) ! increas+ specialization ( climates & _! approximation to ! pres5t /ate1 we f9d abundant evid5ce ( increas+ localization ( ord]s1 g5]a & species1 & ?is localization /rik+ly accords ) ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( ! same gr\ps ( species ,:]e ! imput$ =efa!rs liv$ _! relatives & suppos$ desc5dants n[ fl\ri% ,all ! actual classes ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms 7 repres5t$ 9 ! t]ti>y faunas & floras & 9 ne>ly ! same proportions & ! same div]sities z at pres5t ,! faunas ( :at is n[ ,europe1 ,asia ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 diff]$ f ea* o!r mu* z !y n[ diff]3 9 fact--accord+ to ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 ^: /atem5ts we "h cond5se,,iii-#g--! inhabitants ( ^! diff]5t regions appe> = ! mo/ "p to h acquir$1 be=e ! close ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! *>act]s :i* ess5tially di/+ui% _! exi/+ faunas4 ,! ,ea/]n ,cont95t _h !n1 z n[1 its great pa*yd]ms1 elephants1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus2 ,s\? ,am]ica1 its armadillos1 slo?s1 & anteat]s2 ,au/ralia1 a cr[d ( m>supials2 & ! v /range birds ( ,new ,zeal& _h pr$ecessors ( simil> /rang5ess4 ,ev]y:]e ! same geographical di/ribution z n[1 ) a diff]5ce 9 ! p>ticul> area1 z respects ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95ts1 answ]+ to a w>m] climate !n ?an ours1 su* z all[$ species ( hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 & elephant1 to range ev5 to ! regions n[ inhabit$ by ! re9de] & ! musk-ox1 & ) ! s]i\s di/urb+ int]v5tion ( ! glacial p]iod )9 a comp>atively rec5t "t4 ,let x be not$ also t ^? t]ti>y species :i* h cont9u$ ) little *ange d[n to our days are ! m>9e animals ( ! l[] grades1 especially mollusca4 ,_! l[ organization1 mod]ate s5sibility1 & ! simple conditions ( an exi/5ce 9 a m$ium l ! ocean1 n subject to great v>iation & incapable ( sudd5 *ange1 may well acc\nt = _! cont9uance2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m int5se1 h[ev] gradual1 climatic vicissitudes on l&1 :i* h driv5 all tropical & subtropical =ms out ( ! high] latitudes & assign$ to !m _! actual limits1 w\ld be almo/ sure to ext+ui% su* huge & unwieldy animals z ma/odons1 mammo?s1 & ! l1 ^: p[] ( endur+ alt]$ circum/ances mu/ h be5 small4 ,?is g5]al replacem5t ( ! t]ti>y species ( a c\ntry by o!rs s mu* l !m is a notewor?y fact4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! indep5d5t creation ( all species1 irrespective ( _! antec$5ts1 leaves ?is fact j z my/]i\s z is creation itself2 t ( d]ivation und]takes to acc\nt = x4 ,:e!r x satisfactorily does s or n1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! facts well accord ) t hypo!sis4 ,! same may be said ( ano!r conclusion1 namely1 t ! geological succession ( animals & plants appe>s to correspond 9 a g5]al way ) _! relative /&+ or rank 9 a natural sy/em ( classification4 ,x seems cle> t1 ?\gh no "o ( ! gr& types ( ! animal k+dom c be trac$ back f>!r ?an ! re/1 yet ! l[] classes long prec$$ ! high]2 t !re has be5 on ! :ole a /eady progression )9 ea* class & ord]2 & t ! highe/ plants & animals h appe>$ only 9 relatively mod]n times4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 9 a broad s5se t ?is g5]alization is n[ ?\ght to hold good4 ,x enc\nt]s _m app>5t exceptions1 & sundry real ones4 ,s f> z ! rule holds1 all is z x %\ld be ^u an hypo!sis ( d]ivation4 ,! rule has its exceptions4 ,b1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! mo/ /rik+ class ( exceptions1 if su* !y be1 seems to u ev5 m favorable to ! doctr9e ( d]ivation ?an is ! g5]al rule ( a pure & simple asc5d+ gradation4 ,we ref] to :at ,agassiz calls prophetic & syn!tic types2 = :i* ! =m] "n may suffice1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is evanesc5t4 ,x has be5 notic$1 writes our great zoologi/1 t c]ta9 types1 :i* are frequ5tly prom95t among ! repres5tatives ( pa/ ages1 comb9e 9 _! /ructure peculi>ities :i* at lat] p]iods are only obs]v$ sep>ately 9 diff]5t1 di/9ct types4 ,sauroid fi%es be=e reptiles1 ,pt]odactyles be=e birds1 ,i*?yosauri be=e dolph9s1 etc4 ,!re are entire families1 ( ne>ly e class ( animals1 :i* 9 ! /ate ( _! p]fect developm5t exemplify su* prophetic relations4 ,! sauroid fi%es ( ! pa/ geological ages are an example ( ?is k9d ,^! fi%es :i* prec$$ ! appe>ance ( reptiles pres5t a comb9ation ( i*?yic & reptilian *>act]s n to be f\nd 9 ! true memb]s ( ?is class1 :i* =m its bulk at pres5t4 ,! ,pt]odactyles1 :i* prec$$ ! class ( birds1 & ! ,i*?yosauri1 :i* prec$$ ! ,cetacea1 are o!r examples ( su* prophetic types4--7,agassiz1 ,contributions1 ,essay on ,classification1 p4 #aag47 ,n[1 ^! reptile-l fi%es1 ( :i* g>-pikes are ! liv+ repres5tatives1 ?\gh ( e>li] appe>ance1 are admitt$ly ( high] rank ?an common fi%es4 ,!y dom9at$ until reptiles appe>$1 :5 !y mo/ly gave place to 7or1 z ! d]ivationi/s w insi/1 7 resolv$ by div]g5t v>iation & natural selection into7 common fi%es1 de/itute ( reptilian *>act]s1 & saurian reptiles--! int]m$iate grades1 :i*1 accord+ to a famili> pisc9e say+1 are nei!r fi%1 fle%1 nor good r$-h]r+1 be+ elim9at$ & ext+ui%$ by natural consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ,d>w9 s aptly portrays4 ,& s1 p]haps1 ( ! o!r prophetic types4 ,"h type & antitype correspond4 ,if ^! are true prophecies1 we ne$ n wond] t "s :o read !m 9 ,agassizs book w read _! fulfillm5t 9 ,d>w9s4 ,note also1 9 ?is connection1 t along ) a wond]ful p]si/5ce ( type1 ) *ange ( species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 f =mation to =mation1 no species & no high] gr\p :i* has once unequivocally di$ out ev] aft]w>d reappe>s4 ,:y is ?is1 b t ! l9k ( g5]ation has be5 sund]$8 ,:y1 on ! hypo!sis ( indep5d5t orig9ations1 7 n fail+ species recreat$1 ei!r id5tically or ) a diff]5ce1 9 regions em95tly adapt$ to _! well-be+8 ,to take a /rik+ case4 ,t no "p ( ! _w n[ (f]s m suitable conditions = wild horses & cattle ?an ! pampas & o!r pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 is %[n by ! facility ) :i* !y h !re run wild & enorm\sly multipli$1 s9ce introduc$ f ! ,old ,_w n long ago4 ,!re 0 no wild ,am]ican /ock4 ,yet 9 ! times ( ! ma/odon & mega!rium1 at ! dawn ( ! pres5t p]iod1 wild-horses--c]ta9ly v mu* l ! exi/+ horse--roam$ ov] ^? pla9s 9 abundance4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( orig9al & direct creat$ adaptation ( species to climate & o!r conditions1 :y 7 !y n reproduc$1 :51 aft] ! cold] int]v5+ era1 ^? regions became aga9 em95tly adapt$ to su* animals8 ,:y1 b because1 by _! complete ext9ction 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! l9e ( desc5t 0 !re utt]ly brok58 ,^u ! ord9>y hypo!sis1 !re is no sci5tific explanation possible ( ?is s]ies ( facts1 & ( _m o!rs l !m4 ,^u ! new hypo!sis1 ! succession ( ! same types ( /ructure )9 ! same areas dur+ ! lat] geological p]iods ceases to be my/]i\s1 & is simply expla9$ by inh]itance4 ,_! cessation is failure ( issue4 ,along ) ^! consid]ations ! fact 7allud$ to on page #ih7 %\ld be rememb]$ t1 z a g5]al ?+1 relat$ species ( ! pres5t age are geographically associat$4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! plants1 & /ill m ( ! animals1 ( ea* sep>ate c\ntry are peculi> to x2 &1 z mo/ species n[ fl\ri% ov] ! graves ( _! by-gone relatives ( =m] ages1 s !y n[ dwell among or accessibly ne> _! k9dr$ species4 ,"h also comes 9 t g5]al p>allelism betwe5 ! ord] ( succession ( animals & plants 9 geological times1 & ! gradation among _! liv+ repres5tatives f l[ to highly organiz$1 f simple & g5]al to complex & specializ$ =ms2 also ! p>allelism betwe5 ! ord] ( succession ( animals 9 geological times & ! *anges _! liv+ repres5tatives und]go dur+ _! embryological gr[?1 z if ! _w 7 "o prolong$ ge/ation4 ,mod]n sci5ce has mu* insi/$ on ?is p>allelism1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t is all[$ to h made x out4 ,all ^! ?+s1 :i* conspire to prove t ! anci5t & ! rec5t =ms ( life are someh[ intimately connect$ toge!r 9 "o gr& sy/em1 equally conspire to sugge/ t ! connection is "o simil> or analog\s to g5]ation4 ,surely no naturali/ c be blam$ = ent]+ some:at confid5tly ^u a field ( speculative inquiry :i* "h op5s s invit+ly2 nor ne$ =m] premature endeavors & failures utt]ly di%e>t5 him4 ,all ^! ?+s1 x may naturally be said1 g to expla9 ! ord]1 n ! mode1 ( ! incom+ ( species4 ,b !y all d t5d to br+ out ! g5]alization express$ by ,mr4 ,wallace 9 ! =mula t e species has come into exi/5ce co9cid5t bo? 9 "t & space ) preexi/+ closely-alli$ species4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t ?is is prov$ ev5 ( exi/+ species z a matt] ( g5]al fact4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to prove any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b we mu/ conc$e t ! kn[n facts /rongly sugge/ su* an inf]5ce4 ,&--s9ce species are only cong]ies ( individuals1 s9ce e individual came into exi/5ce 9 consequ5ce ( preexi/+ individuals ( ! same sort1 s lead+ up to ! individuals ) :i* ! species began1 & s9ce ! only mat]ial sequ5ce we "k ( among plants & animals is t f p>5t to prog5y--! presumption becomes exce$+ly /rong t ! connection ( ! incom+ ) ! preexi/+ species is a g5ealogical "o4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 all dep5ds ^u ! probability t ,mr4 ,wallaces inf]5ce is really true4 ,c]ta9ly x is n yet g5]ally accept$2 b a /rong curr5t is sett+ t[>d its acceptance4 ,s long z univ]sal cataclysms 7 9 vogue1 & all life ^u ! e>? 0 ?\ght to h be5 sudd5ly de/roy$ & r5ew$ _m times 9 succession1 su* a view c\ld n be ?\ght (4 ,s ! equival5t view ma9ta9$ by ,agassiz1 & =m]ly1 we believe1 by ,d,orbigny1 t irrespectively ( g5]al & sudd5 cata/rophes1 or any kn[n adequate physical cause1 !re has be5 a total depopulation at ! close ( ea* geological p]iod or =mation1 say =ty or fifty times or m1 foll[$ by z _m indep5d5t great acts ( creation1 at :i* alone h species be5 orig9at$1 & at ea* ( :i* a vegetable & an animal k+dom 7 produc$ entire & complete1 full-fl$g$1 z fl\ri%+1 z wide-spread1 & popul\s1 z v>i$ & mutually adapt$ f ! beg9n+ z ev] aft]w>d--su* a view1 ( c\rse1 sup]s$es all mat]ial connection betwe5 successive species1 & removes ev5 ! association & geographical range ( species entirely out ( ! doma9 ( physical causes & ( natural sci5ce4 ,?is is ! extreme opposite ( ,wallaces & ,d>w9 s view1 & is q z hypo!tical4 ,! ne>ly univ]sal op9ion1 if we rightly ga!r x1 manife/ly is1 t ! replacem5t ( ! species ( successive =mations 0 n complete & simultane\s1 b p>tial & successive2 & t along ! c\rse ( ea* epo* "s species probably 7 introduc$1 & "s1 d\btless1 became ext9ct4 ,if all s9ce ! t]ti>y belongs to our pres5t epo*1 ?is is c]ta9ly true ( x3 if to two or m epo*s1 !n ! hypo!sis ( a total *ange is n true ( !m4 ,geology makes huge dem&s ^u "t2 & we regret to f9d t x has exhau/$ ours--t :at we meant = ! briefe/ & mo/ g5]al sket* ( "s geological consid]ations 9 favor ( ,d>w9s hypo!sis has s ext5d$ z to leave no room = consid]+ ! great facts ( comp>ative anatomy & zoology ) :i* ,d>w9s !ory v well accords1 nor = indicat+ h[ x admirably s]ves = expla9+ ! unity ( composition ( all organisms1 ! exi/5ce ( repres5tative & rudim5t>y organs1 & ! natural s]ies :i* g5]a & species compose4 ,suffice x to say t ^! are ! real /rongholds ( ! new sy/em on its !oretical side2 t x goes f> t[>d expla9+ bo? ! physiological & ! /ructural gradations & relations betwe5 ! two k+doms1 & ! arrangem5t ( all _! =ms 9 gr\ps subord9ate to gr\ps1 all )9 a few great types2 t x reads ! riddle ( abortive organs & ( morphological con=mity1 ( :i* no o!r !ory has ev] (f]$ a sci5tific explanation1 & supplies a gr\nd = h>moniz+ ! two fundam5tal ideas :i* naturali/s & philosoph]s conceive to h rul$ ! organic _w1 ?\gh !y c\ld n reconcile !m2 namely1 ,adaptation to ,purpose & ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce1 & ,unity ( ,type4 ,to reconcile ^! two und5iable pr9ciples is ! capital problem 9 ! philosophy ( natural hi/ory2 & ! hypo!sis :i* consi/5tly does s !reby secures a great advantage4 ,we all "k t ! arm & h& ( a monkey1 ! =eleg & foot ( a dog & ( a horse1 ! w+ ( a bat1 & ! f9 ( a porpoise1 are fundam5tally id5tical2 t ! long neck ( ! giraffe has ! same & no m bones ?an ! %ort "o ( ! elephant2 t ! eggs ( ,sur9am frogs hat* into tadpoles ) z good tails = swimm+ z any ( _! k9dr$1 al?\gh z tadpoles !y nev] ent] ! wat]2 t ! ,gu9ea-pig is furni%$ ) incisor tee? :i* x nev] uses1 z x %$s !m be=e bir?2 t embryos ( mammals & birds h bran*ial slits & art]ies runn+ 9 loops1 9 imitation or rem9isc5ce ( ! arrangem5t :i* is p]man5t 9 fi%es2 & t ?\s&s ( animals & plants h rudim5t>y organs :i*1 at lea/ 9 num]\s cases1 are :olly useless to _! possessors1 etc41 etc4 ,^u a d]ivative !ory ?is morphological con=mity is expla9$ by community ( desc5t2 & x has n be5 expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,naturali/s are con/antly speak+ ( relat$ species1 ( ! aff9ity ( a g5us or o!r gr\p1 & ( family resemblance--vaguely consci\s t ^! t]ms ( k9%ip are some?+ m ?an m]e metaphors1 b unaw>e ( ! gr\nds ( _! aptness4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 assures !m t !y h be5 talk+ d]ivative doctr9e all _! lives--z ,m4 ,j\rda9 talk$ prose--)\t kn[+ x4 ,if x is difficult & 9 _m cases practically impossible to fix ! limits ( species1 x is /ill m s to fix ^? ( g5]a2 & ^? ( tribes & families are /ill less susceptible ( exact natural circumscription4 ,int]m$iate =ms occur1 connect+ "o gr\p ) ano!r 9 a mann] sadly p]plex+ to sy/emati/s1 except to ^? :o h ceas$ to expect absolute limitations 9 ,nature4 ,all ?is bl5d+ c\ld h>dly fail to sugge/ a =m] mat]ial connection among alli$ =ms1 su* z t :i* ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation dem&s4 ,"h x w\ld n be amiss to consid] ! g5]al pr9ciple ( gradation ?r\gh\t organic ,nature--a pr9ciple :i* answ]s 9 a g5]al way to ! ,law ( ,cont9uity 9 ! inorganic _w1 or r is s analog\s to x t bo? may fairly be express$ by ! ,leibnitzian axiom1 ,natura non agit saltatim4 ,z an axiom or philosophical pr9ciple1 us$ to te/ modal laws or hypo!ses1 ?is 9 /rictness belongs only to physics4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ,nature at l>ge1 at lea/ 9 ! organic _w1 nobody w\ld und]take to apply ?is pr9ciple z a te/ ( ! validity ( any !ory or suppos$ law4 ,b naturali/s ( enl>g$ views w n fail to inf] ! pr9ciple f ! ph5om5a !y inve/igate--to p]ceive t ! rule holds1 "u due qualifications & alt]$ =ms1 ?r\gh\t ! realm ( ,nature2 al?\gh we d n suppose t ,nature 9 ! organic _w makes no di/9ct /eps1 b only %ort & s]ial /eps--n inf9itely f9e gradations1 b no long leaps1 or few ( !m4 ,to glance at a few illu/rations out ( _m t pres5t !mselves4 ,x w\ld be ?\ght t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two organic k+doms 0 broad & absolute4 ,plants & animals belong to two v diff]5t categories1 fulfill opposite (fices &1 z to ! mass ( !m are s unlike t ! difficulty ( ! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld be to f9d po9ts ( comp>ison ,)\t ent]+ into details :i* w\ld fill an article1 we may safely say t ! difficulty ) ! naturali/ is all ! o!r way--t all ^! broad diff]5ces vani% "o by "o z we approa* ! l[] conf9es ( ! two k+doms1 & t no absolute di/9ction :atev] is n[ kn[n betwe5 !m4 ,x is q possible t ! same organism may be bo? vegetable & animal1 or may be fir/ ! "o & !n ! o!r4 ,if "s organisms may be said to be at fir/ vegetables & !n animals1 o!rs1 l ! spores & o!r reproductive bodies ( _m ( ! l[] ,algae1 may equally claim to h fir/ a *>act]i/ically animal1 & !n an unequivocally vegetable exi/5ce4 ,nor is ! gradation re/rict$ to ^! simple organisms4 ,x appe>s 9 g5]al functions1 z 9 t ( reproduction1 :i* is r$ucible to ! same =mula 9 bo? k+doms1 :ile x exhibits close approximations 9 ! l[] =ms2 also 9 a common or simil> gr\nd ( s5sibility 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( bo?1 a common faculty ( effect+ movem5ts t5d+ to a det]m9ate end1 traces ( :i* p]vade ! vegetable k+dom--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is indef9able pr9ciple1 ?is vegetable ,animula vagula1 bl&ula1 ,hospes comesque corporis1 graduates into ! high] s5sitiv5ess ( ! l[] class ( animals4 ,nor ne$ we hesitate to recognize ! f9e gradations f simple s5sitiv5ess & volition to ! high] in/9ctive & to ! o!r psy*ical manife/ations ( ! high] brute animals4 ,! gradation is und\bt$1 h[ev] we may expla9 x4 ,aga91 propagation is ( "o mode 9 ! high] animals1 ( two 9 all plants2 b vegetative propagation1 by budd+ or (f%oots1 ext5ds ?r\gh ! l[] grades ( animals4 ,9 bo? k+doms !re may be sep>ation ( ! (f%oots1 or indiff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 or cont9u$ & organic union ) ! p>5t /ock2 & ?is ei!r ) ess5tial indep5d5ce ( ! (f%oots1 or ) a subord9ation ( ^! to a common :ole2 or f9ally ) su* subord9ation & amalgamation1 along ) specialization ( function1 t ! same p>ts1 :i* 9 o!r cases c be reg>d$ only z prog5y1 9 ^! become only memb]s ( an individual4 ,?is leads to ! "q ( individuality1 a subject q too l>ge & too recondite = pres5t discussion4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]1 h[ev]1 is1 t individuality--t v gr\nd ( be+ z di/+ui%$ f ?+--is n atta9$ 9 ,nature at "o leap4 ,if any:]e truly exemplifi$ 9 plants1 x is only 9 ! l[e/ & simple/1 :]e ! be+ is a /ructural unit1 a s+le cell1 memb]-less & organless1 ?\gh organic--! same ?+ z ^? cells ( :i* all ! m complex plants are built up1 & ) :i* e plant & 7/ructurally7 e animal began its developm5t4 ,9 ! asc5d+ gradation ( ! vegetable k+dom individuality is1 s to say1 /riv5 aft]1 b nev] atta9$2 9 ! l[] animals x is /riv5 aft] ) great] ?\gh incomplete success2 x is realiz$ only 9 animals ( s high a rank t vegetative multiplication or (f%oots are out ( ! "q1 :]e all p>ts are /rictly memb]s & no?+ else1 & all subord9at$ to a common n]v\s c5tre--is fully realiz$ only 9 a consci\s p]son4 ,s1 also1 ! broad di/9ction betwe5 reproduction by se$s or ova & propagation by buds1 ?\gh p]fect 9 "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 becomes evanesc5t 9 o!rs2 & ev5 ! mo/ absolute law we "k 9 ! physiology ( g5u9e reproduction--t ( sexual coop]ation--has its exceptions 9 bo? k+doms 9 p>!nog5esis1 to :i* 9 ! vegetable k+dom a mo/ curi\s & intimate s]ies ( gradations leads4 ,9 plants1 likewise1 a long & f9ely graduat$ s]ies ( transitions leads f bisexual to unisexual blossoms2 & s 9 v>i\s o!r respects4 ,ev]y:]e we may p]ceive t ,nature secures h] ends1 & makes h] di/9ctions on ! :ole manife/ & real b ev]y:]e )\t abrupt breaks ,we ne$ n wond] !re=e t gradations betwe5 species & v>ieties %\ld occur2 ! m s1 s9ce g5]a1 tribes1 & o!r gr\ps into :i* ! naturali/ collocates species1 are f> f be+ always absolutely limit$ 9 ,nature1 ?\gh !y are necess>ily repres5t$ to be s 9 sy/ems4 ,f ! necessity ( ! case1 ! classifications ( ! naturali/ abruptly def9e :]e ,nature m or less bl5ds4 ,our sy/ems are no?+1 if n def9ite4 ,!y express diff]5ces1 & "s ( ! co>s] gradations4 ,b ?is ev9ces n _! p]fection1 b _! imp]fection4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( !m are to ! sy/em ( ,nature :at consecutive pat*es ( ! sev5 colors are to ! ra9b[4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( gradation ?r\gh\t organic ,nature may1 ( c\rse1 be int]pret$ ^u o!r assumptions ?an ^? ( ,d>w9s hypo!sis--c]ta9ly ^u q o!r ?an ^? ( a mat]iali/ic philosophy1 ) :i* we ourselves h no sympa?y4 ,/ill we conceive x n only possible1 b probable1 t ?is gradation1 z x has its natural gr\nd1 may yet h its sci5tific explanation4 ,9 any case1 !re is no ne$ to d5y t ! g5]al facts correspond well ) an hypo!sis l ,d>w9s1 :i* is built ^u f9e gradations4 ,we h contemplat$ q long en\gh ! g5]al presumptions 9 favor ( an hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( species4 ,we _c =get1 h[ev]1 :ile = ! mom5t we ov]look1 ! =midable difficulties :i* all hypo!ses ( ?is class h to enc\nt]1 & ! s]i\s implications :i* !y seem to involve4 ,we feel1 moreov]1 t ,d>w9s p>ticul> hypo!sis is expos$ to "s special objections4 ,x requires no small /r5g? ( n]ve /eadily to conceive1 n only ( ! div]sification1 b ( ! =mation ( ! organs ( an animal ?r\gh cumulative v>iation & natural selection4 ,?9k ( su* an organ z ! eye1 t mo/ p]fect ( optical in/rum5ts1 z s produc$ 9 ! l[] animals & p]fect$ 9 ! high]6 ,a fri5d ( ours1 :o accepts ! new doctr9e1 confesses t = a long :ile a cold *ill came ov] him :5ev] he ?\ght ( ! eye4 ,he has at l5g? got ov] t /age ( ! compla9t1 & is n[ 9 ! fev] ( belief1 p]*ance to be succe$$ by ! sweat+ /age1 dur+ :i* sundry peccant humors may be elim9at$ f ! sy/em4 ,= ourselves1 we dread ! *ill1 & h "s misgiv+s ab\t ! consequ5ces ( ! reaction4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ! s+ul> position ackn[l$g$ by ,pictet--t is1 confront$ ) a !ory :i*1 al?\gh x c really expla9 mu*1 seems inadequate to ! heavy task x s boldly assumes1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 appe>s bett] fitt$ ?an any o!r t has be5 broa*$ to expla91 if x be possible to expla91 some:at ( ! mann] 9 :i* organiz$ be+s may h aris5 & succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is dilemma we might take advantage ( ,mr4 ,d>w9s c&id admission1 t he by no means expects to conv9ce old & exp]i5c$ p1 ^: m9ds are /ock$ ) a multitude ( facts all reg>d$ dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s f ! old po9t ( view4 ,?is is ne>ly our case4 ,s1 own+ no call to a l>g] fai? ?an is expect$ ( u1 b n prep>$ to pron\nce ! :ole hypo!sis unt5able1 "u su* con/ruction z we %\ld put ^u x1 we naturally s\ght to atta9 a settl$ conviction ?r\gh a p]usal ( sev]al pr(f]$ refutations ( ! !ory4 ,at lea/1 ?is c\rse seem$ to (f] ! readie/ way ( br++ to a head ! v>i\s objections to :i* ! !ory is expos$4 ,on sev]al acc\nts "s ( ^! oppos$ reviews especially invite exam9ation4 ,we propose1 accord+ly1 to conclude our task ) an article ^u ,d>w9 & 8 ,review]s4 ,,iii ,! orig9 ( species1 l all orig9ation1 l ! in/itution ( any o!r natural /ate or ord]1 is beyond our imm$iate k54 ,we see or may le>n h[ ?+s g on2 we c only frame hypo!ses z to h[ !y began4 ,two hypo!ses divide ! sci5tific _w1 v unequally1 ^u ! orig9 ( ! exi/+ div]sity ( ! plants & animals :i* surr\nd u4 ,"o assumes t ! actual k9ds are primordial2 ! o!r1 t !y are d]ivative4 ,"o1 t all k9ds orig9at$ sup]naturally & directly z su*1 & h cont9u$ un*ang$ 9 ! ord] ( ,nature2 ! o!r1 t ! pres5t k9ds appe>$ 9 "s sort ( g5ealogical connection ) o!r & e>li] k9ds1 t !y became :at !y n[ are 9 ! c\rse ( "t & 9 ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,or1 br++ 9 ! ^w species1 :i* is well def9$ z ! p]5nial succession ( individuals1 commonly ( v l individuals--z a close corporation ( individuals p]petuat$ by g5]ation1 in/ead ( election--& r$uc+ ! "q to ma!matical simplicity ( /atem5t3 species are l9es ( individuals com+ d[n f ! pa/ & runn+ on to ! future2 l9es rec$+1 !re=e1 f our view 9 ei!r direction4 ,)9 our limit$ obs]vation !y appe> to be p>allel l9es1 z a g5]al ?+ nei!r approa*+ to nor div]g+ f ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis assumes t !y 7 p>allel f ! unkn[n beg9n+ & w be to ! unkn[n end4 ,! second hypo!sis assumes t ! app>5t p>allelism is n real & complete1 at lea/ aborig9ally1 b approximate or tempor>y2 t we %\ld f9d ! l9es conv]g5t 9 ! pa/1 if we c\ld trace !m f> en\gh2 t "s ( !m1 if produc$ back1 w\ld fall into c]ta9 fragm5ts ( l9es1 :i* h left traces 9 ! pa/1 ly+ n exactly 9 ! same direction1 & ^! f>!r back into o!rs to :i* !y are equally unp>allel4 ,x w also claim t ! pres5t l9es1 :e!r on ! :ole really or only approximately p>allel1 sometimes =k or s5d (f bran*es on "o side or ! o!r1 produc+ new l9es 7v>ieties71 :i* run = a :ile1 & = aught we "k indef9itely :5 n int]f]$ )1 ne> & approximately p>allel to ! p>5t l9e4 ,?is claim x c e/abli%2 & x may also %[ t ^! close subsidi>y l9es may bran* or v>y aga91 & t ^? bran*es or v>ieties :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! exi/+ conditions may be cont9u$1 :ile o!rs /op or die out4 ,& s we may h ! basis ( a real !ory ( ! div]sification ( species & "h inde$1 !re is a real1 ?\gh a n>r[1 e/abli%$ gr\nd to build ^u ,b z sy/ems ( organic ,nature1 bo? doctr9es are equally hypo!ses1 are suppositions ( :at !re is no pro( ( f exp]i5ce1 assum$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & support$ by su* indirect evid5ce z c be _h4 ,ev5 :5 ! uphold]s ( ! =m] & m popul> sy/em mix up revelation ) sci5tific discussion--:i* we decl9e to d--!y by no means !reby r5d] _! view o!r ?an hypo!tical4 ,agree+ t plants & animals 7 produc$ by ,omnipot5t fiat does n exclude ! idea ( natural ord] & :at we call second>y causes4 ,! record ( ! fiat--,let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 ! h]b yield+ se$1 etc41 & x 0 s2 let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature aft] 8 k9d1 cattle & creep+ ?+ & bea/ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 & x 0 s--seems ev5 to imply !m4 ,agree+ t !y 7 =m$ ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & ( ?9 air1 only leads to ! conclusion t ! pri/9e individuals 7 corporeally con/itut$ l exi/+ individuals1 produc$ ?r\gh natural ag5cies4 ,to agree t !y 7 creat$ aft] _! k9ds det]m9es no?+ z to :at 7 ! orig9al k9ds1 nor 9 :at mode1 dur+ :at "t1 & 9 :at connections x pleas$ ! ,almighty to introduce ! fir/ individuals ( ea* sort ^u ! e>?4 ,sci5tifically consid]$1 ! two oppos+ doctr9es are equally hypo!tical4 ,! two views v unequally divide ! sci5tific _w2 s t believ]s 9 ! div9e "r ( majorities ne$ n hesitate :i* side to take1 at lea/ = ! pres5t4 ,up to a "t q )9 ! memory ( a g5]ation /ill on ! /age1 two hypo!ses ab\t ! nature ( light v unequally divid$ ! sci5tific _w4 ,b ! small m9ority has already prevail$3 ! emission !ory has gone out2 ! undulatory or wave !ory1 aft] "s fluctuation1 has rea*$ high tide1 & is n[ ! p]vad+1 ! fully-e/abli%$ sy/em4 ,!re 0 an int]v5+ "t dur+ :i* mo/ physici/s held _! op9ions 9 susp5se4 ,! adoption ( ! undulatory !ory ( light call$ = ! ext5sion ( ! same !ory to heat1 & ?is promptly sugge/$ ! hypo!sis ( a correlation1 mat]ial connection1 & transmutability ( heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 etc42 :i* hypo!sis ! physici/s held 9 absolute susp5se until v lately1 b are n[ g5]ally adopt+4 ,if n already e/abli%$ z a sy/em1 x promises soon to become s4 ,at lea/1 x is g5]ally receiv$ z a t5able & probably true hypo!sis4 ,p>allel to ?is1 h[ev] less cog5t ! reasons1 ,d>w9 & o!rs1 hav+ %[n x likely t "s v>ieties ( plants or animals h div]g$ 9 "t into cognate species1 or into =ms z diff]5t z species1 are l$ to inf] t all species ( a g5us may h ?us div]g$ f a common /ock1 & !nce to suppose a high] community ( orig9 9 ages /ill f>!r back1 & s on4 ,foll[+ ! safe example ( ! physici/s1 & ackn[l$g+ ! fact ( ! div]sification ( a once homog5e\s species into v>ieties1 we may receive ! !ory ( ! evolution ( ^! into species1 ev5 :ile = ! pres5t we hold ! hypo!sis ( a fur!r evolution 9 cool susp5se or 9 grave suspicion4 ,9 respect to v _m que/ions a wise mans m9d re/s long 9 a /ate nei!r ( belief nor unbelief4 ,b y\r intellectually %ort-sight$ p are apt to be pret]naturally cle>-sight$1 & to f9d _! way v pla9 to positive conclusions ^u "o side or ! o!r ( e moot$ "q4 ,9 fact1 mo/ p1 & "s philosoph]s1 refuse to hold que/ions 9 abeyance1 h[ev] incompet5t !y may be to decide !m4 ,&1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! m difficult1 recondite1 & p]plex+1 ! que/ions or hypo!ses are--su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? ab\t organic ,nature--! m impati5t !y are ( susp5se4 ,sometimes1 & evid5tly 9 ! pres5t case1 ?is impati5ce gr[s out ( a fe> t a new hypo!sis may endang] *]i%$ & mo/ important beliefs4 ,impati5ce "u su* circum/ances is n unnatural1 ?\gh p]haps ne$less1 &1 if s1 unwise4 ,to u ! pres5t revival ( ! d]ivative hypo!sis1 9 a m w9n+ %ape ?an x ev] be=e _h1 0 n unexpect$4 ,we wond] t any ?\ghtful obs]v] ( ! c\rse ( inve/igation & ( speculation 9 sci5ce %\ld n h =ese5 x1 & h le>n$ at l5g? to take its inevitable com+ pati5tly2 ! m s1 z 9 ,d>w9s treatise x comes 9 a purely sci5tific =m1 address$ only to sci5tific m54 ,! notoriety & wide popul> p]usal ( ?is treatise appe> to h a/oni%$ ! au?or ev5 m ?an ! book itself has a/oni%$ ! read+ _w ,com+ z ! new pres5tation does f a naturali/ ( ackn[l$g$ "* & ability & m>k$ by a consci5ti\sness & c&or :i* h n always be5 reciprocat$ we h ?\ght x simply "r to set =? ! doctr9e z fairly & z favorably z we c\ld ,!re are pl5ty to decry x & ! :ole !ory is widely expos$ to attack ,= ! argum5ts on ! o!r side we may look to ! num]\s adv]se publications :i* ,d>w9 s volume has already call$ out & especially to ^? reviews :i* propose directly to refute x4 ,tak+ v>i\s l9es & reflect+ v div]se modes ( ?\ght1 ^! ho/ile critics may be expect$ to conc5trate & en=ce ! pr9cipal objections :i* c be br\ght to be> aga9/ ! d]ivative hypo!sis 9 g5]al1 & ,d>w9s new exposition ( x 9 p>ticul>4 ,^u ! oppos+ side ( ! "q we h read ) att5tion--#a4 ,an article 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,april la/2 #b4 ,"o 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 ,bo/on1 = ,may2 #c4 ,m4 ,pictets article 9 ! ,biblio!que ,univ]selle1 :i* we h already made consid]able use (1 :i* seems ?r\gh\t mo/ able & correct1 & :i* 9 tone & fairness is admirably 9 contra/ )--#d4 ,! article 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,may1 attribut$--al?\gh aga9/ a l>ge am\nt ( int]nal presumptive evid5ce--to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,briti% comp>ative anatomi/2 #e4 ,an article 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,may2 #f4 ,pr(4 ,agassiz has af=d$ an e>ly opportunity to p]use ! criticisms he makes 9 ! =?com+ ?ird volume ( 8 great "w1 by a publication ( !m 9 advance 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,july4 ,9 our survey ( ! lively discussion :i* has be5 rais$1 x matt]s little h[ our own p>ticul> op9ions may incl9e4 ,b we may confess to an impression1 ?us f>1 t ! doctr9e ( ! p]man5t & complete immutability ( species has n be5 e/abli%$1 & may fairly be d\bt$4 ,we believe t species v>y1 & t ,natural ,selection works2 b we suspect t its op]ation1 l e analog\s natural op]ation1 may be limit$ by some?+ else4 ,j z e species by its natural rate ( reproduction w\ld soon completely fill any c\ntry x c\ld live 91 b does n1 be+ *eck$ by "s o!r species or "s o!r condition--s x may be surmis$ t v>iation & natural selection h _! /ruggle & consequ5t *eck1 or are limit$ by some?+ inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( organic be+s4 ,we are dispos$ to rank ! d]ivative hypo!sis 9 its fullness ) ! nebul> hypo!sis1 & to reg>d bo? z all[able1 z n unlikely to prove t5able 9 spite ( "s /rong objections1 b z n !re=e demon/rably true4 ,^?1 if any !re be1 :o reg>d ! d]ivative hypo!sis z satisfactorily prov$1 mu/ h loose notions z to :at pro( is4 ,^? :o imag9e x c be easily refut$ & ca/ aside1 mu/1 we ?9k1 h imp]fect or v prejudic$ conceptions ( ! facts conc]n$ & ( ! que/ions at issue4 ,we are n dispos$ nor prep>$ to take sides = or aga9/ ! new hypo!sis1 & s1 p]haps1 occupy a good position f :i* to wat* ! discussion & criticise ^? objections :i* are seem+ly inconclusive4 ,on survey+ ! argum5ts urg$ by ^? :o h und]tak5 to demoli% ! !ory1 we h be5 mo/ impress$ ) a s5se ( _! great inequality4 ,"s /rike u z excell5t & p]haps unansw]able2 "s1 z incongru\s ) o!r views ( ! same writ]s2 o!rs1 :5 c>ri$ out1 z incompatible ) g5]al exp]i5ce or g5]al beliefs1 & !re=e z prov+ too mu*2 /ill o!rs1 z prov+ no?+ at all2 s t1 on ! :ole1 ! effect is r confus+ & disappo9t+4 ,we c]ta9ly expect$ a /rong] adv]se case ?an any :i* ! ?or\ghgo+ oppos]s ( ,d>w9 appe> to h made out4 ,:]e=e1 if x be f\nd t ! new hypo!sis has gr[n ^u our favor z we proce$$1 ?is mu/ be attribut$ n s mu* to ! =ce ( ! argum5ts ( ! book itself z to ! want ( =ce ( sev]al ( ^? by :i* x has be5 assail$4 ,d>w9s argum5ts we might resi/ or adj\rn2 b "s ( ! refutations ( x give u m conc]n ?an ! book itself did4 ,^! rem>ks apply ma9ly to ! philosophical & !ological objections :i* h be5 elaborately urg$1 almo/ exclusively by ! ,am]ican review]s4 ,! ,nor? ,briti% review]1 inde$1 r\ndly d5\nces ! book z a!i/ical1 b evid5tly deems ! case too cle> = argum5t4 ,! ,ed9burgh review]1 on ! contr>y1 sc\ts all su* objections--z well he may1 s9ce he records 8 belief 9 a cont9u\s creative op]ation1 a con/antly op]at+ second>y creational law1 ?r\gh :i* species are successively produc$2 & he emits fa9t1 b n indi/9ct1 glimm]+s ( a transmutation !ory ( 8 own2,,iii-#h s t he is equally expos$ to all ! philosophical objections advanc$ by ,agassiz1 & to mo/ ( ^? urg$ by ! o!r ,am]ican critics1 aga9/ ,d>w9 himself4 ,propos+ n[ to criticise ! critics1 s f> z to see :at _! mo/ g5]al & compreh5sive objections am\nt to1 we mu/ ne$s beg9 ) ! ,am]ican review]s1 & ) _! argum5ts adduc$ to prove t a d]ivative hypo!sis ought n to be true1 or is n possible1 philosophical1 or !i/ic4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t on =m] occasions v confid5t judgm5ts h be5 pron\nc$ by v compet5t p]sons1 :i* h n be5 f9ally ratifi$4 ,( ! two great m9ds ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,newton & ,leibnitz1 bo? pr(\ndly religi\s z well z philosophical1 "o produc$ ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! o!r object$ to t !ory t x 0 subv]sive ( natural religion4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis--a natural consequ5ce ( ! !ory ( gravitation & ( ! subsequ5t progress ( physical & a/ronomical discov]y--has be5 d5\nc$ z a!i/ical ev5 d[n to our own day4 ,b x is n[ l>gely adopt$ by ! mo/ !i/ical natural philosoph]s z a t5able & p]haps suffici5t hypo!sis1 & :]e n accept$ is no long] object$ to1 s f> z we "k1 on philosophical or religi\s gr\nds4 ,! gi/ ( ! philosophical objections urg$ by ! two ,bo/on review]s aga9/ an hypo!sis ( ! d]ivation ( species--or at lea/ aga9/ ,d>w9s p>ticul> hypo!sis-- is1 t x is incompatible ) ! idea ( any manife/ation ( design 9 ! univ]se1 t x d5ies f9al causes4 ,a s]i\s objection ?is1 & "o t dem&s v s]i\s att5tion4 ,! proposition1 t ?+s & ev5ts 9 ,nature 7 n design$ to be s1 if logically c>ri$ out1 is d\btless tantam\nt to a!ism4 ,yet mo/ p believe t "s 7 design$ & o!rs 7 n1 al?\gh !y fall into a hopeless maze :5ev] !y und]take to def9e _! position4 ,s we %\ld n l to /igmatize z a!i/ically dispos$ a p]son :o reg>ds c]ta9 ?+s & ev5ts z be+ :at !y are ?r\gh design$ laws 7:atev] t expression means71 b z n !mselves specially orda9$1 or :o1 9 ano!r connection1 believes 9 g5]al1 b n 9 p>ticul> ,provid5ce4 ,we c\ld sadly puzzle him ) que/ions2 b 9 return he might equally puzzle u4 ,!n1 to d5y t any?+ 0 specially design$ to be :at x is1 is "o proposition2 :ile to d5y t ! ,design] sup]naturally or imm$iately made x s1 is ano!r3 ?\gh ! review]s appe> n to recognize ! di/9ction4 ,also1 scornfully to repudiate or to sne] at ! idea ( any manife/ation ( design 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1,,iii-#i is "o ?+2 :ile to consid]1 & p]haps to exagg]ate1 ! difficulties :i* att5d ! practical application ( ! doctr9e ( f9al causes to c]ta9 in/ances1 is q ano!r ?+3 yet ! ,bo/on review]s1 we regret to say1 h n be5 duly reg>dful ( ! diff]5ce4 ,:atev] be ?\ght ( ,d>w9s doctr9e1 we are surpris$ t he %\ld be *>g$ ) scorn+ or sne]+ at ! op9ions ( o!rs1 ^u su* a subject4 ,p]haps ,d>w9s view is incompatible ) f9al causes--we w consid] t "q pres5tly-- b z to ! ,exam9]s *>ge1 t he sne]s at ! idea ( any manife/ation ( design 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 ?\gh we are confid5t t no misrepres5tation 0 int5d$1 we are equally confid5t t x is n at all w>rant$ by ! two passages cit$ 9 support ( x4 ,"h are ! passages3 ,if gre5 woodpeck]s alone _h exi/$1 or we did n "k t !re 7 _m black & pi$ k9ds1 ,i d>e say t we %\ld h ?\ght t ! gre5 color 0 a beautiful adaptation to hide ?is tree-frequ5t+ bird f its enemies4 ,if our reason leads u to admire ) en?usiasm a multitude ( inimitable contrivances 9 ,nature1 ?is same reason tells u1 ?\gh we may easily err on bo? sides1 t "s contrivances are less p]fect4 ,c we consid] ! /+ ( ! wasp or ( ! bee z p]fect1 :i*1 :5 us$ aga9/ _m attack+ animals1 _c be )drawn1 ow+ to ! backw>d s]ratures1 & s inevitably causes ! dea? ( ! insect by te>+ out its visc]a8 ,if ! sne] "h escapes ord9>y vision 9 ! deta*$ extracts 7"o ( !m want+ ! end ( ! s5t5ce71 x is1 if possible1 m imp]ceptible :5 read ) ! context4 ,moreov]1 ?is p]usal incl9es u to ?9k t ! ,exam9] has misappreh5d$ ! p>ticul> argum5t or object1 z well z ! _s1 ( ! au?or 9 ^! passages4 ,! :ole reads m naturally z a caution aga9/ ! inconsid]ate use ( f9al causes 9 sci5ce1 & an illu/ration ( "s ( ! manifold errors & absurdities :i* _! ha/y assumption is apt to involve--consid]ations probably equival5t to ^? :i* induc$ ,"l ,bacon to lik5 f9al causes to ve/al virg9s4 ,s1 if any "o1 x is "h ,bacon t sitte? 9 ! seat ( ! scornful4 ,z to ,d>w91 9 ! section f :i* ! extracts 7 made1 he is consid]+ a subsidi>y "q1 & try+ to obviate a p>ticul> difficulty1 b1 we suppose1 is :olly unconsci\s ( d5y+ any manife/ation ( design 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,he concludes ! fir/ s5t5ce3 --& consequ5tly t x 0 a "* ( importance1 & might h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection2 z x is1 ,i h no d\bt t ! color is due to "s q di/9ct cause1 probably to sexual selection4 ,aft] an illu/ration f ! vegetable creation1 ,d>w9 adds3 ,! nak$ sk9 on ! head ( a vulture is g5]ally look$ at z a direct adaptation = wall[+ 9 putridity2 & s x may be1 or x may possibly be due to ! direct action ( putrid matt]2 b we %\ld be v cauti\s 9 draw+ any su* inf]5ce1 :5 we see t ! sk9 on ! head ( ! clean-fe$+ male turkey is likewise nak$4 ,! sutures 9 ! skulls ( "y mammals h be5 advanc$ z a beautiful adaptation = aid+ p>turition1 & no d\bt !y facilitate or may be indisp5sable = ?is act2 b z sutures occur 9 ! skulls ( "y birds & reptiles1 :i* h only to escape f a brok5 egg1 we may inf] t ?is /ructure has aris5 f ! laws ( gr[?1 & has be5 tak5 advantage ( 9 ! p>turition ( ! high] animals4 ,all ?is1 simply tak51 is beyond cavil1 unless ! attempt to expla9 sci5tifically h[ any design$ result is accompli%$ savors ( impropriety4 ,9 ! o!r place1 ,d>w9 is contemplat+ ! pat5t fact t p]fection "h bel[ is relative1 n absolute--& illu/rat+ ?is by ! circum/ance t ,european animals1 & especially plants1 are n[ prov+ to be bett] adapt$ = ,new ,zeal& ?an _m ( ! indig5\s ones--t ! correction = ! ab]ration ( light is said1 on high au?ority1 n to be q p]fect ev5 9 t mo/ p]fect organ1 ! eye4 ,& !n foll[s ! second extract ( ! review]4 ,b :at is ! position ( ! review] ^u 8 own int]pretation ( ^! passages8 ,if he insi/s t gre5 woodpeck]s 7 specifically creat$ s 9 ord] t !y might be less liable to capture1 mu/ he n equally hold t ! black & pi$ ones 7 specifically made ( ^! colors 9 ord] t !y might be m liable to be caught8 ,& w\ld an explanation ( ! mode 9 :i* ^? woodpeck]s came to be gre51 h[ev] complete1 conv9ce him t ! color 0 undesign$8 ,z to ! o!r illu/ration1 is ! review] s complete an optimi/ z to insi/ t ! arrangem5t & ! weapon are :olly p]fect 7quoad ! insect7 ! normal use ( :i* (t5 causes ! animal fatally to injure or to disemb[el itself8 ,ei!r way x seems to u t ! argum5t "h1 z well z ! insect1 p]=ms h>i-k>i4 ,! ,exam9] adds3 ,we %\ld 9 l mann] object to ! ^w favorable1 z imply+ t "s species are plac$ by ! ,creator "u unfavorable circum/ances1 at lea/ "u su* z might be advantage\sly modifi$4 ,b are n _m individuals & "s races ( m5 plac$ by ! ,creator "u unfavorable circum/ances1 at lea/ "u su* z might be advantage\sly modifi$8 ,surely ^! review]s mu/ be liv+ 9 an ideal _w1 surr\nd$ by ! faultless mon/]s :i* our _w ne] saw1 9 "s elysium :]e imp]fection & di/ress 7 nev] he>d (6 ,su* argum5ts resemble "s :i* we (t5 he> aga9/ ! ,bible1 hold+ t book responsible z if x orig9at$ c]ta9 facts on ! %ady side ( human nature or ! app>5tly d>k] l9es ( ,provid5tial deal+1 ?\gh ! facts are facts ( common obs]vation & h to be confront$ ^u any !ory4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican review] also has a _w ( 8 own--j su* a "o z an idealiz+ philosoph] w\ld be apt to devise--t is1 full ( %>p & absolute di/9ctions3 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! absolute inv>iabl5ess ( in/9ct2 an absolute want ( intellig5ce 9 any brute animal2 & a complete monopoly ( in/9ct by ! brute animals1 s t ?is in/9ct is a great matt] = !m only1 s9ce x %>ply & p]fectly di/+ui%es ?is portion ( organic ,nature f ! vegetable k+dom on ! "o h& & f man on ! o!r3 mo/ conv5i5t views = argum5tative purposes1 b we suppose n borne out 9 fact4 ,9 _! sci5tific objections ! two review]s take some:at diff]5t l9es2 b _! philosophical & !ological argum5ts /rik+ly co9cide4 ,!y agree 9 emphatically ass]t+ t ,d>w9s hypo!sis ( ! orig9ation ( species ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection repudiates ! :ole doctr9e ( f9al causes1 & all indication ( design or purpose 9 ! organic _w 4 4 4 is nei!r m nor less ?an a =mal d5ial ( any ag5cy beyond t ( a bl9d *ance 9 ! develop+ or p]fect+ ( ! organs or in/9cts ( creat$ be+s4 4 4 4 ,x is 9 va9 t ! apologi/s ( ?is hypo!sis might say t x m]ely attributes a diff]5t mode & "t to ! ,div9e ag5cy--t all ! qualities subsequ5tly appe>+ 9 _! desc5dants mu/ h be5 implant$1 & h rema9$ lat5t 9 ! orig9al pair4 ,su* a view1 ! ,exam9] decl>es1 is n[h]e /at$ 9 ?is book1 & w\ld be1 we are sure1 disclaim$ by ! au?or4 ,we %\ld l to be in=m$ ( ! gr\nds ( ?is sur5ess4 ,! m>k$ rejection ( spontane\s g5]ation--! /atem5t ( a belief t all animals h desc5d$ f f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less] numb]1 or1 p]haps1 if con/ra9$ to x by analogy1 f "s "o primordial =m into :i* life 0 fir/ brea!d--c\pl$ ) ! expression1 ,to my m9d x accords bett] ) :at we "k ( ! laws impress$ on matt] by ! ,creator1 t ! production & ext9ction ( ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w %\ld h be5 due to second>y causes1 ?an t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$--^! & simil> expressions lead u to suppose t ! au?or probably does accept ! k9d ( view :i* ! ,exam9] is sure he w\ld disclaim4 ,at lea/1 we *>itably see no?+ 9 8 sci5tific !ory to h9d] 8 adoption ( ,"l ,bacons ,confession ( ,fai? 9 ?is reg>d-- ,t1 not)/&+ ,god ha? re/$ & ceas$ f creat+1 yet1 nev]!less1 he do? accompli% & fulfill 8 div9e w 9 all ?+s1 great & small1 s+ul> & g5]al1 z fully & exactly by provid5ce z he c\ld by miracle & new creation1 ?\gh 8 work+ be n imm$iate & direct1 b by compass2 n violat+ ,nature1 :i* is 8 own law ^u ! creature4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is und5iable t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has purposely be5 sil5t ^u ! philosophical & !ological applications ( 8 !ory4 ,?is retic5ce1 "u ! circum/ances1 argues design1 & raises inquiry z to ! f9al cause or reason :y4 ,"h1 z 9 high] in/ances1 confid5t z we are t !re is a f9al cause1 we mu/ n be ov]confid5t t we c inf] ! p>ticul> or true "o4 ,p]haps ! au?or is m famili> ) natural-hi/orical ?an ) philosophical inquiries1 &1 n hav+ decid$ :i* p>ticul> !ory ab\t effici5t cause is be/ f\nd$1 he mean:ile argues ! sci5tific que/ions conc]n$--all t relates to second>y causes--^u purely sci5tific gr\nds1 z he mu/ d 9 any case4 ,p]haps1 confid5t1 z he evid5tly is1 t 8 view w f9ally be adopt$1 he may enjoy a sort ( satisfaction 9 he>+ x d5\nc$ z %e] a!ism by ! inconsid]ate1 & aft]w>d1 :5 x takes its place ) ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! l1 see ?is judgm5t rev]s$1 z we suppose x w\ld be 9 su* ev5t4 ,:atev] ,mr4 ,d>w9s philosophy may be1 or :e!r he has any1 is a matt] ( no consequ5ce at all1 comp>$ ) ! important que/ions1 :e!r a !ory to acc\nt = ! orig9ation & div]sification ( animal & vegetable =ms ?r\gh ! op]ation ( second>y causes does or does n exclude design2 & :e!r ! e/abli%m5t by adequate evid5ce ( ,d>w9 s p>ticul> !ory ( div]sification ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection w\ld ess5tially alt] ! pres5t sci5tific & philosophical gr\nds = !i/ic views ( ,nature4 ,! unqualifi$ affirmative judgm5t r5d]$ by ! two ,bo/on review]s1 evid5tly able & practis$ reason]s1 mu/ give u pause4 ,we hesitate to advance our conclusions 9 opposition to !irs4 ,b1 aft] full & s]i\s consid]ation1 we are con/ra9$ to say t1 9 our op9ion1 ! adoption ( a d]ivative hypo!sis1 & ( ,d>w9s p>ticul> hypo!sis1 if we und]/& x1 w\ld leave ! doctr9es ( f9al causes1 utility1 & special design1 j :]e !y 7 be=e4 ,we d n pret5d t ! subject is n environ$ ) difficulties4 ,e view is s environ$2 & e %ift+ ( ! view is likely1 if x removes "s difficulties1 to br+ o!rs into prom95ce4 ,b we _c p]ceive t ,d>w9s !ory br+s 9 any new k9d ( sci5tific difficulty1 t is1 any ) :i* philosophical naturali/s 7 n already famili>4 ,s9ce natural sci5ce deals only ) second>y or natural causes1 ! sci5tific t]ms ( a !ory ( d]ivation ( species--no less ?an ( a !ory ( dynamics--mu/ ne$s be ! same to ! !i/ z to ! a!i/4 ,! diff]5ce appe>s only :5 ! inquiry is c>ri$ up to ! "q ( prim>y cause--a "q :i* belongs to philosophy4 ,:]e=e1 ,d>w9 s retic5ce ab\t effici5t cause does n di/urb u4 ,he consid]s only ! sci5tific que/ions4 ,z already /at$1 we ?9k t a !i/ic view ( ,nature is impli$ 9 8 book1 & we mu/ *>itably refra9 f sugge/+ ! contr>y until ! contr>y is logically d$uc$ f 8 premises4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he any:]e ma9ta9s t ! natural causes ?r\gh :i* species are div]sifi$ op]ate )\t an orda9+ & direct+ intellig5ce1 & t ! ord]ly arrangem5ts & admirable adaptations we see all ar\nd u are =tuit\s or bl9d1 undesign$ results--t ! eye1 ?\gh x came to see1 0 n design$ = see+1 nor ! h& = h&l+--!n1 we suppose1 he is ju/ly *>geable ) d5y+1 & v ne$lessly d5y+1 all design 9 organic ,nature2 o!rwise1 we suppose n4 ,:y1 if ,d>w9s well-kn[n passage ab\t ! eye,,iii-#aj equivocal ?\gh "s ( ! language be--does n imply orda9+ & direct+ intellig5ce1 !n he refutes 8 own !ory z effectually z any ( 8 oppon5ts are likely to d4 ,he asks3 ,may we n believe t "u v>iation proce$+ long en\gh1 g5]ation multiply+ ! bett] v>iations times en\gh1 & natural selection secur+ ! improvem5ts a liv+ optical in/rum5t might be ?us =m$ z sup]ior to "o ( glass z ! works ( ! ,creator are to ^? ( man8 ,?is mu/ mean "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r t ! liv+ in/rum5t 0 made & p]fect$ "u 7:i* is ! same ?+ z by7 an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 or t x 0 n4 ,if x 01 !n !ism is ass]t$2 & z to ! mode ( op]ation1 h[ d we "k1 & :y mu/ we believe1 t1 fitt+ prec$5t =ms be+ 9 exi/5ce1 a liv+ in/rum5t 7s diff]5t f a lifeless manufacture7 w\ld be orig9at$ & p]fect$ 9 any o!r way1 or t ?is is n ! fitt+ way8 ,if x means t x 0 n1 if he s misuses words t by ! ,creator he int5ds an un9tellig5t p[]1 undirect$ =ce1 or necessity1 !n he has put 8 case s z to invite disbelief 9 x4 ,= !n bl9d =ces h produc$ n only manife/ adaptions ( means to specific ends--:i* is absurd en\gh--b bett] adju/$ & m p]fect in/rum5ts or ma*9es ?an intellect 7t is1 human intellect7 c contrive & human skill execute--:i* no sane p]son w believe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,d>w9 ev5 admits--we w n say adopts--! !i/ic view1 he may save himself mu* ne$less tr\ble 9 ! endeavor to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( e sort ( int]m$iate =m4 ,^? 9 ! l9e betwe5 "o species & ano!r suppos$ to be d]iv$ f x he may be b\nd to provide2 b z to an inf9ite numb] ( o!r v>ieties n int]m$iate1 gross1 rude1 & purposeless1 ! unmean+ creations ( an unconsci\s cause1 born only to p]i%1 :i* a rel5tless review] has impos$ ^u 8 !ory--rightly en\gh ^u ! a!i/ic alt]native--! !i/ic view rids him at once ( ?is scum ( creation4 ,=1 z species d n n[ v>y at all times & places & 9 all directions1 nor produce crude1 vague1 imp]fect1 & useless =ms1 !re is no reason = suppos+ t !y ev] did4 ,good-=-no?+ mon/rosities1 failures ( purpose r ?an purposeless1 inde$1 sometimes occur2 b ^! are j z anomal\s & unlikely ^u ,d>w9s !ory z ^u any o!r4 ,= 8 p>ticul> !ory is bas$1 & ev5 ov]-/rictly insi/s1 ^u ! mo/ univ]sal ( physiological laws1 namely1 t successive g5]ations %all diff] only slightly1 if at all1 f _! p>5ts2 & ?is effectively excludes crude & impot5t =ms4 ,:]e=e1 if we believe t ! species 7 design$1 & t natural propagation 0 design$1 h[ c we say t ! actual v>ieties ( ! species 7 n equally design$8 ,h we n simil> gr\nds = inf]r+ design 9 ! suppos$ v>ieties ( species1 t we h 9 ! case ( ! suppos$ species ( a g5us8 ,:5 a naturali/ comes to reg>d z ?ree closely relat$ species :at he be=e took to be s _m v>ieties ( "o species h[ has he !reby /r5g!n$ our conviction t ! ?ree =ms are design$ to h ! diff]5ces :i* !y actually exhibit8 ,:]e=e s long z gradatory1 ord]ly1 & adapt$ =ms 9 ,nature argue design1 & at lea/ :ile ! physical cause ( v>iation is utt]ly unkn[n & my/]i\s1 we %\ld advise ,mr4 ,d>w9 to assume 9 ! philosophy ( 8 hypo!sis t v>iation has be5 l$ along c]ta9 b5eficial l9es4 ,/reams fl[+ ov] a slop+ pla9 by gravitation 7"h ! c\nt]p>t ( natural selection7 may h worn _! actual *annels z !y fl[$2 yet _! p>ticul> c\rses may h be5 assign$2 & :]e we see !m =m+ def9ite & useful l9es ( irrigation1 aft] a mann] unacc\ntable on ! laws ( gravitation & dynamics1 we %\ld believe t ! di/ribution 0 design$4 ,to insi/1 !re=e1 t ! new hypo!sis ( ! d]ivative orig9 ( ! actual species is incompatible ) f9al causes & design1 is to take a position :i* we mu/ consid] philosophically unt5able4 ,we mu/ also reg>d x z highly unwise & dang]\s1 9 ! pres5t /ate & pres5t prospects ( physical & physiological sci5ce4 ,we %\ld expect ! philosophical a!i/ or skeptic to take ?is gr\nd2 also1 until bett] in=m$1 ! unle>n$ & unphilosophical believ]2 b we %\ld ?9k t ! ?\ghtful !i/ic philosoph] w\ld take ! o!r side4 ,n to d s seems to conc$e t only sup]natural ev5ts c be %[n to be design$1 :i* no !i/ c admit--seems also to misconceive ! scope & mean+ ( all ord9>y argum5ts = design 9 ,nature4 ,?is misconception is %>$ bo? by ! review]s & ! review$4 ,at lea/1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 uses expressions :i* imply t ! natural =ms :i* surr\nd u1 because !y h a hi/ory or natural sequ5ce1 c\ld h be5 only g5]ally1 b n p>ticul>ly design$--a view at once sup]ficial & contradictory2 :]eas 8 true l9e %\ld be1 t 8 hypo!sis conc]ns ! ord] & n ! cause1 ! h[ & n ! :y ( ! ph5om5a1 & s leaves ! "q ( design j :]e x 0 be=e4 ,to illu/rate ?is f ! !i/s po9t ( view3 ,transf] ! "q = a mom5t f ! orig9ation ( species to ! orig9ation ( individuals1 :i* occurs1 z we say1 naturally4 ,because natural1 t is1 /at$1 fix$1 or settl$1 is x any ! less design$ on t acc\nt8 ,we ackn[l$ge t ,god is our mak]--n m]ely ! orig9ator ( ! race1 b our mak] z individuals--& none ! less s because x pleas$ him to make u 9 ! way ( ord9>y g5]ation4 ,if any ( u 7 born unlike our p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 9 a slight degree1 or 9 :atev] degree1 w\ld ! case be alt]$ 9 ?is reg>d8 ,! :ole argum5t 9 natural !ology proce$s ^u ! gr\nd t ! inf]5ce = a f9al cause ( ! /ructure ( ! h& & ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s is j z valid n[1 9 individuals produc$ ?r\gh natural g5]ation1 z x w\ld h be5 9 ! case ( ! fir/ man1 sup]naturally creat$4 ,:y n1 !n1 j z good ev5 on ! supposition ( ! desc5t ( m5 f *impanzees & gorillas1 s9ce ^? animals possess ^! same contrivances8 ,or1 to take a m supposable case3 ,if ! argum5t f /ructure to design is conv9c+ :5 drawn f a p>ticul> animal1 say a ,newf\ndl& dog1 & is n weak5$ by ! k t ?is dog came f simil> p>5ts1 w\ld x be at all weak5$ if1 9 trac+ 8 g5ealogy1 x 7 asc]ta9$ t he 0 a remote desc5dant ( ! ma/iff or "s o!r bre$1 or t bo? ^! & o!r bre$s came 7z is suspect$7 f "s wolf8 ,if n1 h[ is ! argum5t = design 9 ! /ructure ( our p>ticul> dog affect$ by ! supposition t 8 wolfi% prog5itor came f a po/-t]ti>y wolf1 p]haps less unlike an exi/+ "o ?an ! dog 9 "q is to "s o!r ( ! num]\s exi/+ races ( dogs1 & t ?is po/-t]ti>y came f an equally or m diff]5t t]ti>y wolf8 ,& if ! argum5t f /ructure to design is n invalidat$ by our pres5t k t our individual dog 0 develop$ f a s+le organic cell1 h[ is x invalidat$ by ! supposition ( an analog\s natural desc5t1 ?r\gh a long l9e ( connect$ =ms1 f su* a cell1 or f "s simple animal1 exi/+ ages be=e !re 7 any dogs8 ,aga91 suppose we h two well-kn[n & app>5tly mo/ decid$ly diff]5t animals or plants1 ,a & ,d1 bo? pres5t+1 9 _! /ructure & 9 _! adaptations to ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 z valid & cle> evid5ce ( design z any animal or plant ev] pres5t$3 suppose we h n[ discov]$ two int]m$iate species1 ,b & ,c1 :i* make up a s]ies ) equable diff]5ces f ,a to ,d4 ,is ! pro( ( design or f9al cause 9 ,a & ,d1 :atev] x am\nt$ to1 at all weak5$ by ! discov]y ( ! int]m$iate =ms8 ,r does n ! pro( ext5d to ! int]m$iate species1 & g to %[ t all f\r 7 equally design$8 ,suppose1 n[1 ! numb] ( int]m$iate =ms to be mu* increas$1 & !re=e ! gradations to be clos] yet--z close z ^? betwe5 ! v>i\s sorts ( dogs1 or races ( m51 or ( horn$ cattle3 w\ld ! evid5ce ( design1 z %[n 9 ! /ructure ( any ( ! memb]s ( ! s]ies1 be any weak] ?an x 0 9 ! case ( ,a & ,d8 ,:oev] cont5ds t x w\ld be1 %\ld likewise ma9ta9 t ! orig9ation ( individuals by g5]ation is incompatible ) design1 or an impossibility 9 ,nature4 ,we might all h confid5tly ?\ght ! latt]1 antec$5tly to exp]i5ce ( ! fact ( reproduction4 ,let our exp]i5ce tea* u wisdom4 ,^! illu/rations make x cle> t ! evid5ce ( design f /ructure & adaptation is furni%$ complete by ! individual animal or plant itself1 & t our k or our ignorance ( ! hi/ory ( its =mation or mode ( production adds no?+ to x & takes no?+ away4 ,we inf] design f c]ta9 arrangem5ts & results2 & we h no o!r way ( asc]ta9+ x4 ,te/imony1 unless infallible1 _c prove x1 & is out ( ! "q "h4 ,te/imony is n ! appropriate pro( ( design3 adaptation to purpose is4 ,"s arrangem5ts 9 ,nature appe> to be contrivances1 b may leave u 9 d\bt4 ,_m o!rs1 ( :i* ! eye & ! h& are notable examples1 compel belief ) a =ce n appreciably %ort ( demon/ration4 ,cle>ly to settle t su* z ^! mu/ h be5 design$ goes f> t[>d prov+ t o!r organs & o!r seem+ly less explicit adaptations 9 ,nature mu/ also h be5 design$1 & cl9*es our belief1 f manifold consid]ations1 t all ,nature is a preconc]t$ arrangem5t1 a manife/$ design4 ,a /range contradiction w\ld x be to insi/ t ! %ape & m>k+s ( c]ta9 rude pieces ( fl9t1 lately f\nd 9 drift-deposits1 prove design1 b t nic] & ?\s&-fold m complex adaptations to use 9 animals & vegetables d n a =tiori argue design4 ,we c\ld n affirm t ! argum5ts = design 9 ,nature are conclusive to all m9ds4 ,b we may insi/1 ^u gr\nds already intimat$1 t1 :atev] !y 7 good = be=e ,d>w9s book appe>$1 !y are good = n[4 ,to our m9ds ! argum5t f design always appe>$ conclusive ( ! be+ & cont9u$ op]ation ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,orda9] ( ,nature2 & we d n see t ! gr\nds ( su* belief w\ld be di/urb$ or %ift$ by ! adoption ( ,d>w9s hypo!sis4 ,we are n bl9d to ! philosophical difficulties :i* ! ?or\ghgo+ implication ( design 9 ,nature has to enc\nt]1 nor is x our vocation to obviate !m ,x suffices u to "k t !y are n new nor peculi> difficulties--t1 z ,d>w9 s !ory & our reason+s ^u x did n raise ^! p]turb+ spirits1 !y are n b\nd to lay !m4 ,mean:ile1 t ! doctr9e ( design enc\nt]s ! v same difficulties 9 ! mat]ial t x does 9 ! moral _w is ,j :at ought to be expect$4 ,s ! issue betwe5 ! skeptic & ! !i/ is only ! old "o1 long ago argu$ out--namely1 :e!r organic ,nature is a result ( design or ( *ance4 ,v>iation & natural selection op5 no ?ird alt]native2 !y conc]n only ! "q h[ ! results1 :e!r =tuit\s or design$1 may h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,organic ,nature ab\nds ) unmi/akable & irresi/ible indications ( design1 &1 be+ a connect$ & consi/5t sy/em1 ?is evid5ce c>ries ! implication ( design ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *ance c>ries no probabilities ) x1 c nev] be develop$ into a consi/5t sy/em1 b1 :5 appli$ to ! explanation ( ord]ly or b5eficial results1 heaps up improbabilities at e /ep beyond all computation4 ,to u1 a =tuit\s ,cosmos is simply inconceivable4 ,! alt]native is a design$ ,cosmos4 ,x is v easy to assume t1 because ev5ts 9 ,nature are 9 "o s5se accid5tal1 & ! op]ative =ces :i* br+ !m to pass are !mselves bl9d & un9tellig5t 7physically consid]$1 all =ces are71 !re=e !y are undirect$1 or t he :o describes ^! ev5ts z ! results ( su* =ces !reby assumes t !y are undirect$4 ,?is is ! assumption ( ! ,bo/on review]s1 & ( ,mr4 ,agassiz1 :o insi/s t ! only alt]native to ! doctr9e1 t all organiz$ be+s 7 sup]naturally creat$ j z !y are1 is1 t !y h aris5 spontane\sly ?r\gh ! omnipot5ce ( matt]4,,iii-#aa ,z to all ?is1 no?+ is easi] ?an to br+ out 9 ! conclusion :at y introduce 9 ! premises4 ,if y import a!ism into y\r conception ( v>iation & natural selection1 y c readily exhibit x 9 ! result4 ,if y d n put x 91 p]haps !re ne$ be none to come out4 ,:ile ! me*anician is consid]+ a /eamboat or locomotive-eng9e z a mat]ial organism1 & contemplat+ ! fuel1 wat]1 & /eam1 ! s\rce ( ! me*anical =ces1 & h[ !y op]ate1 he may n h occasion to m5tion ! eng9e]4 ,b1 ! ord]ly & special results accompli%$1 ! :y ! movem5ts are 9 ?is or t p>ticul> direction1 etc41 is inexplicable )\t him4 ,if ,mr4 ,d>w9 believes t ! ev5ts :i* he supposes to h occurr$ & ! results we behold 7 undirect$ & undesign$1 or if ! physici/ believes t ! natural =ces to :i* he ref]s ph5om5a are uncaus$ & undirect$1 no argum5t is ne$$ to %[ t su* belief is a!ism4 ,b ! admission ( ! ph5om5a & ( ^! natural processes & =ces does n necessitate any su* belief1 nor ev5 r5d] x "o :it less improbable ?an be=e4 ,surely1 too1 ! accid5tal elem5t may play its "p 9 ,nature )\t negativ+ design 9 ! !i/s view4 ,he believes t ! e>?s surface has be5 v gradually prep>$ = man & ! exi/+ animal races1 t vegetable matt] has ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations imp>t$ f]tility to ! soil 9 ord] t x may support its pres5t occupants1 t ev5 b$s ( coal h be5 /or$ up = mans b5efit ,yet :at is m accid5tal1 & m simply ! consequ5ce ( physical ag5cies ?an ! accumulation ( vegetable matt] 9 a peat bog & its trans=mation into coal8 ,no sci5tific p]son at ?is day d\bts t our sol> sy/em is a progressive developm5t1 :e!r 9 8 conception he beg9s ) molt5 masses1 or a]i=m or nebul\s masses1 or ) a fluid revolv+ mass ( va/ ext5t1 f :i* ! specific exi/+ worlds h be5 develop$ "o by "o ,:at !i/ d\bts t ! actual results ( ! developm5t 9 ! inorganic worlds are n m]ely compatible ) design b are 9 ! true/ s5se design$ re suits8 ,n ,mr4 ,agassiz1 c]ta9ly1 :o adopts a rem>kable illu/ration ( design directly f\nd$ on ! nebul> hypo!sis draw+ f ! position & times ( ! revolution ( ! _w1 s orig9at$ direct evid5ce t ! physical _w has be5 orda9$ 9 con=mity ) laws :i* obta9 also among liv+ be+s ,b ! read] ( ! int]e/+ exposition,,iii-#ab w notice t ! design$ result has be5 br\ght to pass ?r\gh :at1 speak+ aft] ! mann] ( m51 might be call$ a *apt] ( accid5ts4 ,a natural coroll>y ( ?is demon/ration w\ld seem to be1 t a mat]ial connection betwe5 a s]ies ( creat$ ?+s--su* z ! developm5t ( "o ( !m f ano!r1 or ( all f a common /ock--is highly compatible ) _! intellectual connection1 namely1 ) _! be+ design$ & direct$ by "o m9d4 ,yet ^u "s gr\nd :i* is n expla9$1 & :i* we are unable to conjecture1 ,mr4 ,agassiz concludes to ! contr>y 9 ! organic k+doms1 & insi/s t1 because ! memb]s ( su* a s]ies h an intellectual connection1 !y _c be ! result ( a mat]ial diff]5tiation ( ! objects !mselves1,,iii-#ac t is1 !y _c h _h a g5ealogical connection4 ,b is !re n z mu* intellectual connection betwe5 ! successive g5]ations ( any species z !re is betwe5 ! sev]al species ( a g5us1 or ! sev]al g5]a ( an ord]8 ,z ! intellectual connection "h is realiz$ ?r\gh ! mat]ial connection1 :y may x n be s 9 ! case ( species & g5]a8 ,on all sides1 !re=e1 ! implication seems to be q ! o!r way4 ,return+ to ! accid5tal elem5t1 x is evid5t t ! /ronge/ po9t aga9/ ! compatibility ( ,d>w9s hypo!sis ) design 9 ,nature is made :5 natural selection is ref]r$ to z pick+ out ^? v>iations :i* are improvem5ts f a va/ numb] :i* are n improvem5ts1 b p]haps ! contr>y1 & !re=e useless or purposeless1 & born to p]i%4 ,b ev5 "h ! difficulty is n peculi>2 = ,nature ab\nds ) analog\s in/ances4 ,"s ( our race are useless1 or worse1 z reg>ds ! improvem5t ( mank9d2 yet ! race may be design$ to improve1 & may be actually improv+4 ,or1 to avoid ! complication ) free ag5cy--! :ole animate life ( a c\ntry dep5ds absolutely ^u ! vegetation1 ! vegetation ^u ! ra94 ,! moi/ure is furni%$ by ! ocean1 is rais$ by ! suns heat f ! oceans surface1 & is waft$ inl& by ! w9ds4 ,b :at multitudes ( ra9drops fall back into ! ocean--are z mu* )\t a f9al cause z ! incipi5t v>ieties :i* come to no?+6 ,does x !re=e foll[ t ! ra9s :i* are be/[$ ^u ! soil ) su* rule & av]age regul>ity 7 n design$ to support vegetable & animal life8 ,consid]1 likewise1 ! va/ proportion ( se$s & poll51 ( ova & "y--a ?\s& or m to "o--:i* come to no?+1 & are !re=e purposeless 9 ! same s5se1 & only 9 ! same s5se1 z are ,d>w9s unimprov$ & unus$ slight v>iations4 ,! _w is full ( su* cases2 & ^! mu/ answ] ! argum5t--= we _c1 except by ?us %[+ t x proves too mu*4 ,f9ally1 x is wor? notic+ t1 ?\gh natural selection is sci5tifically explicable1 v>iation is n4 ,?us f> ! cause ( v>iation1 or ! reason :y ! (fspr+ is sometimes unlike ! p>5ts1 is j z my/]i\s z ! reason :y x is g5]ally l ! p>5ts4 ,x is n[ z inexplicable z any o!r orig9ation2 &1 if ev] expla9$1 ! explanation w only c>ry up ! sequ5ce ( second>y causes "o /ep f>!r1 & br+ u 9 face ( a some:at diff]5t problem1 b :i* w h ! same elem5t ( my/]y t ! problem ( v>iation has n[4 ,circum/ances may pres]ve or may de/roy ! v>iations man may use or direct !m b selection :e!r artificial or natural no m orig9ates !m ?an man orig9ates ! p[] :i* turns a :eel :5 he dams a /ream & lets ! wat] fall ^u x ,! orig9ation ( ?is p[] is a "q ab\t effici5t cause4 ,! t5d5cy ( sci5ce 9 respect to ?is obvi\sly is n t[>d ! omnipot5ce ( matt]1 z "s suppose1 b to w>d ! omnipot5ce ( _s4 ,s ! real "q we come to is z to ! way 9 :i* we are to conceive intellig5t & effici5t cause to be ex]t$1 & ^u :at ex]t$4 ,are we b\nd to suppose effici5t cause 9 all cases ex]t$ ^u no?+ to evoke some?+ into exi/5ce--& ?is ?\s&s ( times repeat$1 :5 a slight *ange 9 ! details w\ld make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 successive species8 ,:y may n ! new species1 or "s ( !m1 be design$ div]sifications ( ! old8 ,!re are1 p]haps1 only ?ree views ( effici5t cause :i* may claim to be bo? philosophical & !i/ic3 #a4 ,! view ( its ex]tion at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 end[+ matt] & creat$ ?+s ) =ces :i* d ! "w & produce ! ph5om5a4 #b4 ,?is same view1 ) ! !ory ( insulat$ int]positions1 or occasional direct action1 engraft$ ^u x--! view t ev5ts & op]ations 9 g5]al g on 9 virtue simply ( =ces communicat$ at ! fir/1 b t n[ & !n1 & only n[ & !n1 ! ,deity puts 8 h& directly to ! "w4 #c4 ,! !ory ( ! imm$iate1 ord]ly1 & con/ant1 h[ev] inf9itely div]sifi$1 action ( ! intellig5t effici5t ,cause4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t1 :ile ! ?ird is preem95tly ! ,*ri/ian view1 all ?ree are philosophically compatible ) design 9 ,nature4 ,! second is probably ! popul> conception4 ,p]haps mo/ ?\ghtful p oscillate f ! middle view t[>d ! fir/ or ! ?ird--adopt+ ! fir/ on "s occasions1 ! ?ird on o!rs4 ,^? philosoph]s :o l & expect to settle all moot$ que/ions w take "o or ! o!r extreme4 ,! ,exam9] incl9es t[>d1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican review] fully adopts1 ! ?ird view1 to ! logical ext5t ( ma9ta9+ t ! orig9 ( an individual1 z well z ! orig9 ( a species or a g5us1 c be expla9$ only by ! direct action ( an intellig5t creative cause4 ,to sil5ce 8 critics1 ?is is ! l9e = ,mr4 ,d>w9 to take2 = x at once & completely relieves 8 sci5tific !ory f e !ological objection :i* 8 review]s h urg$ aga9/ x4 ,at pres5t we suspect t our au?or pref]s ! fir/ conception1 ?\gh he might cont5d t 8 hypo!sis is compatible ) ei!r ( ! ?ree4 ,t x is also compatible ) an a!i/ic or pan!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se1 is an objection :i*1 be+ %>$ by all physical1 & "s e?ical or moral sci5ce1 _c specially be urg$ aga9/ ,d>w9s sy/em4 ,z he rejects spontane\s g5]ation1 & admits ( int]v5tion at ! beg9n+ ( organic life1 & probably 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 he is n :olly exclud$ f adopt+ ! middle view1 al?\gh ! int]v5tions he w\ld all[ are few & f> back4 ,yet "o int]position admits ! pr9ciple z well z m4 ,int]position presupposes p>ticul> necessity or reason = x1 & raises ! "q1 :5 & h[ (t5 x may h be5 necess>y4 ,x might be ! natural supposition1 if we _h only "o set ( species to acc\nt =1 or if ! successive inhabitants ( ! e>? _h no o!r connections or resemblances ?an ^? :i* adaptation to simil> conditions1 :i* f9al causes 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 might expla94 ,b if ?is explanation ( organic ,nature requires "o to believe t1 at innum]able p]iods 9 ! e>?s hi/ory1 c]ta9 elem5tal atoms h be5 comm&$ sudd5ly to fla% into liv+ tissues1 & ?is :5 ! results are se5 to be /rictly connect$ & sy/ematic1 we _c wond] t su* int]v5tions %\ld at l5g? be consid]$1 n z int]positions or int]f]5ces1 b r--to use ! review]s own language--z ex]tions s frequ5t & b5efic5t t we come to reg>d !m z ! ord9>y action ( ,him :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! e>?1 & )\t :om n a sp>r[ falle? to ! gr\nd4,,iii-#ad ,:at does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 review] n[ am\nt to8 ,if we say t accord+ to "o view ! orig9ation ( species is natural1 accord+ to ! o!r miracul\s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 agrees t :at is natural z mu* requires & presupposes an intellig5t m9d to r5d] x s-- t is1 to effect x cont9ually or at /at$ times--z :at is sup]natural does to effect x = once4,,iii-#ae ,he m]ely inquires into ! =m ( ! miracle1 may rem9d u t all record$ miracles 7except ! primal creation ( matt]7 7 trans=mations or actions 9 & ^u natural ?+s1 & w ask h[ _m times & h[ frequ5tly may ! orig9ation ( successive species be repeat$ be=e ! sup]natural m]ges 9 ! natural4 ,9 %ort1 ,d>w9 ma9ta9s t ! orig9ation ( a species1 no less ?an t ( an individual1 is natural2 ! review]1 t ! natural orig9ation ( an individual1 no less ?an ! orig9ation ( a species1 requires & presupposes ,div9e p[]4 ,a =tiori1 !n1 ! orig9ation ( a v>iety requires & presupposes ,div9e p[]4 ,& s betwe5 ! sci5tific hypo!sis ( ! "o & ! philosophical conception ( ! o!r no contr>iety rema9s4 ,& s1 concludes ! ,nor? ,am]ican review]1 a prop] view ( ! nature ( causation places ! vital doctr9e ( ! be+ & ! provid5ce ( a ,god on gr\nd t c nev] be %ak54,,iii-#af ,a wor?y conclusion1 & a suffici5t answ] to ! d5unciations & argum5ts ( ! re/ ( ! article1 s f> z philosophy & natural !ology are conc]n$4 ,if a writ] mu/ ne$s use 8 own favorite dogma z a weapon ) :i* to give c\p de grace to a p]nici\s !ory1 he %\ld be c>eful to seize 8 edge-tool by ! h&le1 & n by ! blade4 ,we c b>ely glance at a subsidi>y philosophical objection ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican review]1 :i* ! ,exam9] also raises1 ?\gh less explicitly4 ,l all geologi/s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 draws ^u "t 9 ! mo/ unlimit$ mann]4 ,he is n peculi> 9 ?is reg>d4 ,mr4 ,agassiz tells u t ! conviction is n[ univ]sal1 among well-in=m$ naturali/s1 t ?is globe has be5 9 exi/5ce = innum]able ages1 & t ! l5g? ( "t elaps$ s9ce x fir/ became inhabit$ _c be c\nt$ 9 ye>s2 ,pictet1 t ! imag9ation refuses to calculate ! imm5se numb] ( ye>s & ( ages dur+ :i* ! faunas ( ?irty or m epo*s h succe$$ "o ano!r1 & develop$ _! long succession ( g5]ations4 ,n[1 ! review] decl>es t su* indef9ite succession ( ages is virtually inf9ite1 lacks no *>act]i/ic ( et]nity except its "n1 at lea/1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a conception & t ( ! /rictly inf9ite1 if any1 is n appreciable4 ,b inf9ity belongs to metaphysics4 ,!re=e1 he concludes1 ,d>w9 supports 8 !ory1 n by sci5tific b by metaphysical evid5ce2 8 !ory is ess5tially & completely metaphysical 9 "*1 re/+ altoge!r ^u t idea ( ! inf9ite :i* ! human m9d c nei!r put aside nor compreh5d4,,iii-#ag ,& s a !ory :i* w be g5]ally reg>d$ z mu* too physical is transf]r$ by a s+le syllogism to metaphysics4 ,well1 physical geology mu/ g ) x3 =1 ev5 on ! sob]e/ view1 x dem&s an indef9itely long "t antec$5t to ! introduction ( organic life ^u our e>?4 ,a =tiori is physical a/ronomy a bran* ( metaphysics1 dem&+1 z x does1 /ill l>g] in/alm5ts ( inf9ity1 z ! review] calls !m1 bo? z to "t & numb]4 ,moreov]1 f> ! great] "p ( physical inquiries n[ relate to molecul> actions1 :i*1 a di/+ui%$ natural philosoph] in=ms u1 we h to reg>d z ! results ( an inf9ite numb] ( 9 f9itely small mat]ial p>ticles1 act+ on ea* o!r at inf9itely small di/ances--a triad ( inf9ities--& s physics becomes ! mo/ metaphysical ( sci5ces4 ,v]ily1 if ?is /yle ( reason+ is to prevail-- ,?9k+ is b an idle wa/e ( ?\ght1 ,& naught is ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ is naught4 ,! lead+ objection ( ,mr4 ,agassiz is likewise ( a philosophical "*4 ,x is1 t species exi/ only z categories ( ?\ght--t1 hav+ no mat]ial exi/5ce1 !y c h _h no mat]ial v>iation1 & no mat]ial community ( orig94 ,"h ! pr$ication is ( species 9 ! subjective s5se1 ! inf]5ce 9 ! objective s5se4 ,r$uc$ to pla9 t]ms1 ! argum5t seems to be3 ,species are ideas2 !re=e ! objects f :i* ! idea is d]iv$ _c v>y or bl5d1 & _c h _h a g5ealogical connection4 ,! common view ( species is1 t1 al?\gh !y are g5]alizations1 yet !y h a direct objective gr\nd 9 ,nature1 :i* g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 h n4 ,accord+ to ! succ9ct def9ition ( ,jussieu--& t ( ,l9naeus is id5tical 9 mean+--a species is ! p]5nial succession ( simil> individuals 9 cont9u$ g5]ations4 ,! species is ! *a9 ( :i* ! individuals are ! l9ks4 ,! sum ( ! g5ealogically-connect$ simil> individuals con/itutes ! species1 :i* ?us has an actuality & gr\nd ( di/9ction n %>$ by g5]a & o!r gr\ps :i* 7 n suppos$ to be g5ealogically connect$4 ,h[ a d]ivative hypo!sis w\ld modify ?is view1 9 assign+ to species only a tempor>y fixity1 is obvi\s4 ,yet1 if naturali/s adopt t hypo!sis1 !y w /ill reta9 ,jussieus def9ition1 :i* leaves unt\*$ ! "q z to h[ & :5 ! p]5nial successions 7 e/abli%$4 ,! practical "q w only be1 ,h[ mu* diff]5ce betwe5 two sets ( individuals entitles !m to rank "u di/9ct species8 & t is ! practical "q n[1 on :atev] !ory4 ,! !oretical "q is--z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article--:e!r ^! specific l9es 7 always z di/9ct z n[4 ,mr4 ,agassiz has lo/ no opportunity ( urg+ ! idea t1 :ile species h no mat]ial exi/5ce1 !y yet exi/ z categories ( ?\ght 9 ! same way & only 9 ! same way z g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 classes1 etc4 ,he has tak5 ! gr\nd t all ! natural divisions 9 ! animal k+dom are prim>ily di/9ct1 f\nd$ ^u diff]5t categories ( *>act]s1 & t all exi/ 9 ! same way1 t is1 z categories ( ?\ght1 embodi$ 9 individual liv+ =ms4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ t bran*es 9 ! animal k+dom are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t plans ( /ructure1 & = t v reason h embrac$ f ! beg9n+ repres5tatives betwe5 :i* !re c\ld be no community ( orig92 t classes are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t modes ( execution ( ^! plans1 & !re=e !y also embrace repres5tatives :i* c\ld h no community ( orig92 t ord]s repres5t ! diff]5t degrees ( complication 9 ! mode ( execution ( ea* class1 & !re=e embrace repres5tatives :i* c\ld n h a community ( orig9 any m ?an ! memb]s ( diff]5t classes or bran*es2 t families are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t patt]ns ( =m1 & embrace1 repres5tatives equally indep5d5t 9 _! orig92 t g5]a are f\nd$ ^u ultimate peculi>ities ( /ructure1 embrac+ repres5tatives :i*1 f ! v nature ( _! peculi>ities1 c\ld h no community ( orig92 & t1 f9ally1 species are bas$ ^u relations--& proportions t exclude1 z mu* z all ! prec$+ di/9ctions1 ! idea ( a common desc5t4 ,z ! community ( *>act]s among ! be+s belong+ to ^! diff]5t categories arises f ! intellectual connection :i* %[s !m to be categories ( ?\ght1 !y _c be ! result ( a gradual mat]ial diff]5tiation ( ! objects !mselves4 ,! argum5t on :i* ^! views are f\nd$ may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ few words3 ,species1 g5]a1 families1 etc41 exi/ z ?\ghts1 individuals z facts4,,iii-#ah ,an +5i\s dilemma caps ! argum5t3 ,x seems to me t !re is mu* confusion ( ideas 9 ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! v>iability ( species s (t5 repeat$ lately4 ,if species d n exi/ at all1 z ! support]s ( ! transmutation !ory ma9ta91 h[ c !y v>y8 ,& if individuals alone exi/1 h[ c ! diff]5ces :i* may be obs]v$ among !m prove ! v>iability ( species8 ,n[1 we imag9e t ,mr4 ,d>w9 ne$ n be dang]\sly gor$ by ei!r horn ( ?is curi\s dilemma4 ,al?\gh we ourselves *]i% old-fa%ion$ prejudices 9 favor ( ! probable p]man5ce1 & !re=e ( a m /able objective gr\nd ( species1 yet we agree--& ,mr4 ,d>w9 w agree fully ) ,mr4 ,agassiz--t species1 & he w add v>ieties1 exi/ z categories ( ?\ght1 t is1 z cognizable di/9ctions--:i* is all t we c make ( ! phrase "h1 :atev] x may mean 9 ! ,ari/otelian metaphysics4 ,admitt+ t species are only categories ( ?\ght1 & n facts or ?+s1 h[ does ?is prev5t ! individuals1 :i* are mat]ial ?+s1 f hav+ v>i$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 s z to exemplify ! pres5t almo/ innum]able categories ( ?\ght1 or embodim5ts ( ,div9e ?\ght 9 mat]ial =ms1 or--view$ on ! human side--9 =ms m>k$ ) su* ord]ly & graduat$ resemblances & diff]5ces z to sugge/ to our m9ds ! idea ( species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 & to our reason ! inf]5ce ( a ,div9e ,orig9al8 ,we h no cle> idea h[ ,mr4 ,agassiz int5ds to answ] ?is "q1 9 say+ t bran*es are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t plans ( /ructure1 classes ^u diff]5t mode ( execution ( ^! plans1 ord]s on diff]5t degrees ( complication 9 ! mode ( execution1 families ^u diff]5t patt]ns ( =m1 g5]a ^u ultimate peculi>ities ( /ructure1 & species ^u relations & proportions4 ,t is1 we d n p]ceive h[ ^! sev]al categories ( ?\ght exclude ! possibility or ! probability t ! individuals :i* manife/ or sugge/ ! ?\ghts _h an ultimate community ( orig94 ,moreov]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 might ins9uate t ! p>ticul> philosophy ( classification ^u :i* ?is :ole argum5t reposes is z purely hypo!tical & z little accept$ z is 8 own doctr9e4 ,if bo? are pure hypo!ses1 x is h>dly fair or satisfactory to ext+ui% ! "o by ! o!r4 ,if !re is no real contradiction betwe5 !m1 no?+ is ga9$ by ! attempt4 ,z to ! dilemma prop\nd$1 suppose we try x ^u t category ( ?\ght :i* we call *air4 ,?is is a g5us1 compris+ a common *air 7,sella vulg>is71 arm or easy *air 7,s4 ca!dra71 ! rock+-*air 7,s4 oscillans7--widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& "s o!rs1 ea* ( :i* has sport$1 z ! g>d5]s say1 into _m v>ieties4 ,b n[1 z ! g5us & ! species h no mat]ial exi/5ce1 h[ c !y v>y8 ,if only individual *airs exi/1 h[ c ! diff]5ces :i* may be obs]v$ among !m prove ! v>iability ( ! species8 ,to :i* we reply by ask+1 ,:i* does ! "q ref] to1 ! category ( ?\ght1 or ! individual embodim5t8 ,if ! =m]1 !n we w\ld rem>k t our categories ( ?\ght v>y f "t to "t 9 ! readie/ mann]4 ,&1 al?\gh ! ,div9e ?\ghts are et]nal1 yet !y are manife/$ to u 9 "t & succession1 & by _! manife/ation only c we "k !m1 h[ imp]fectly6 ,all[+ t :at has no mat]ial exi/5ce c h _h no mat]ial connection or v>iation1 we %\ld yet inf] t :at has intellectual exi/5ce & connection might h intellectual v>iation2 &1 turn+ to ! individuals1 :i* repres5t ! species1 we d n see h[ all ?is %[s t !y may n v>y4 ,obs]vation %[s u t !y d4 ,:]e=e1 taught by fact t successive individuals d v>y1 we safely inf] t ! idea mu/ h v>i$1 & t ?is v>iation ( ! individual repres5tatives proves ! v>iability ( ! species1 :e!r objectively or subjectively reg>d$4 ,ea* species or sort ( *air1 z we h said1 has its v>ieties1 & "o species %ades (f by gradations into ano!r4 ,&--note x well--^! num]\s & successively slight v>iations & gradations1 f> f sugge/+ an accid5tal orig9 to *airs & to _! =ms1 are v pro(s ( design4 ,aga91 edifice is a g5]ic category ( ?\ght4 ,egyptian1 ,grecian1 ,byzant9e1 & ,go?ic build+s are well-m>k$ species1 ( :i* ea* individual build+ ( ! sort is a mat]ial embodim5t4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 :e!r ^! categories or ideas may n h be5 evolv$1 "o f ano!r 9 succession1 or f "s primal1 less specializ$1 edificial category4 ,:at bett] evid5ce = su* hypo!sis c\ld we h ?an ! v>iations & grades :i* connect ^! species ) ea* o!r8 ,we might ext5d ! p>allel1 & get "s good illu/rations ( natural selection f ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 & ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t /yles "u diff]5t climates & conditions4 ,two consid]ations may qualify or limit ! comp>ison4 ,"o1 t h\ses d n propagate1 s z to produce cont9u+ l9es ( ea* sort & v>iety2 b ?is is ( small mom5t on ,agassizs view1 he hold+ t g5ealogical connection is n ( ! ess5ce ( a species at all4 ,! o!r1 t ! =mation & developm5t ( ! ideas ^u :i* human works proce$ are gradual2 or1 z ! same great naturali/ well /ates x1 :ile human ?\ght is consecutive1 ,div9e ?\ght is simultane\s4 ,b we h no "r to affirm ?is ( ,div9e action4 ,we mu/ close "h4 ,we meant to review "s ( ! m g5]al sci5tific objections :i* we ?\ght n altoge!r t5able4 ,b1 aft] all1 we are n s anxi\s j n[ to "k :e!r ! new !ory is well f\nd$ on facts1 z :e!r x w\ld be h>mless if x 74 ,besides1 we feel q unable to answ] "s ( ^! objections1 & x is pleasant] to take up ^? :i* "o ?9ks he c4 ,among ! unansw]able1 p]haps ! weightie/ ( ! objections1 is t ( ! abs5ce1 9 geological deposits1 ( ve/iges ( ! int]m$iate =ms :i* ! !ory requires to h exi/$4 ,"h all t ,mr4 ,d>w9 c d is to insi/ ^u ! extreme imp]fection ( ! geological record & ! unc]ta9ty ( negative evid5ce4 ,b1 )al1 he all[s ! =ce ( ! objection almo/ z mu* z 8 oppon5ts urge x--s mu* s1 inde$1 t two ( 8 ,engli% critics turn ! concession unfairly ^u him1 & *>ge him ) actually bas+ 8 hypo!sis ^u ^! & simil> difficulties--z if he held x because ( ! difficulties1 & n 9 spite ( !m2 a h&some return = 8 c&or6 ,z to ?is imp]fection ( ! geological record1 p]haps we %\ld get a fair & intelligible illu/ration ( x by imag9+ ! exi/+ animals & plants ( ,new ,engl&1 ) all _! rema9s & products s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,mayfl[]1 to be annihilat$2 & t1 9 ! com+ "t1 ! geologi/s ( a new colony1 dropp$ by ! ,new ,zeal& fleet on its way to explore ! ru9s ( ,london1 und]take1 aft] fifty ye>s ( exam9ation1 to recon/ruct 9 a catalogue ! flora & fauna ( our day1 t is1 f ! close ( ! glacial p]iod to ! pres5t "t4 ,) all ! advantages ( a surface exploration1 :at a begg>ly acc\nt x w\ld be6 ,h[ _m ( ! l& animals & plants :i* are enum]at$ 9 ! ,massa*usetts (ficial reports w\ld x be likely to conta98 ,ano!r unansw]able "q ask$ by ! ,bo/on review]s is1 ,:y1 :5 /ructure & in/9ct or habit v>y-- z !y mu/ h v>i$1 on ,d>w9s hypo!sis--!y v>y toge!r & h>moni\sly1 in/ead ( vaguely8 ,we _c tell1 because we _c tell :y ei!r v>ies at all4 ,yet1 z !y bo? d v>y 9 successive g5]ations--z is se5 "u dome/ication--& are correlat$1 we c only adduce ! fact4 ,d>w9 may be preclud$ f our answ]1 b we may say t !y v>y toge!r because design$ to d s4 ,a review] says t ! *ance ( _! v>y+ toge!r is inconceivably small2 yet1 if !y d n1 ! v>iant individuals mu/ all p]i%4 ,!n x is well t x is n left to *ance4 ,to ref] to a p>allel case3 be=e we 7 born1 n\ri%m5t & ! equival5t to respiration took place 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,b ! mom5t we 7 u%]$ into ?is brea?+ _w1 our actions promptly con=m$1 bo? z to respiration & n\ri%m5t1 to ! be=e unus$ /ructure & to ! new surr\nd+s4 ,n[1 says ! ,exam9]1 suppose1 = in/ance1 ! gills ( an aquatic animal conv]t$ into lungs1 :ile in/9ct /ill compell$ a cont9uance "u wat]1 w\ld n dr[n+ ensue8 ,no d\bt4 ,b--simply contemplat+ ! facts1 in/ead ( !oriz+--we notice t "y frogs d n keep _! heads "u wat] aft] ceas+ to be tadpoles4 ,! in/9ct promptly *anges ) ! /ructure1 )\t sup]natural int]position--j z ,d>w9 w\ld h x1 if ! developm5t ( a v>iety or incipi5t species1 ?\gh r>e1 7 z natural z a metamorphosis4 ,or if a quadrup$1 n yet furni%$ ) w+s1 7 sudd5ly inspir$ ) ! in/9ct ( a bird1 & precipitat$ itself f a cliff1 w\ld n ! desc5t be haz>d\sly rapid8 ,d\btless ! animal w\ld be no bett] support$ ?an ! objection4 ,b ,d>w9 makes v little inde$ ( volunt>y ef=ts z a cause ( *ange1 & ev5 poor ,lam>ck ne$ n be c>icatur$4 ,he nev] suppos$ t an elephant w\ld take su* a notion into 8 wise head1 or t a squirrel w\ld beg9 ) o!r ?an %ort & easy leaps2 yet might n ! l5g? ( ! leap be increas$ by practice8 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican review]s position1 t ! high] brute animals h comp>atively little in/9ct & no intellig5ce1 is a heavy bl[ & great disc\ragem5t to dogs1 horses1 elephants1 & monkeys4 ,?us /ripp$ ( _! all1 & left to %ift = !mselves z !y may 9 ?is h>d _w1 _! pursuit & seem+ atta9m5t ( k "u su* peculi> difficulties are int]e/+ to contemplate4 ,h[ev]1 we are n s sure z is ! critic t in/9ct regul>ly increases d[nw>d & decreases upw>d 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,n[ t ! case ( ! bee is r$uc$ to mod]ate proportions1,,iii-#ai we "k ( no?+ 9 in/9ct surpass+ t ( an animal s high z a bird1 ! talegal1 ! male ( :i* plumes himself ^u mak+ a hot-b$ 9 :i* to bat* 8 p>tn]s eggs--:i* he t5ds & regulates ! beat ( ab\t z c>efully & skillfully z ! unplum$ bip$ does an eccaleobion4,,iii-#bj ,z to ! real intellig5ce ( ! high] brutes1 x has be5 ably def5d$ by a f> m compet5t obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,agassiz1 to ^: conclusions we yield a g5]al ass5t1 al?\gh we _c q place ! be/ ( dogs 9 t respect ^u a level ) a consid]able proportion ( poor humanity1 nor indulge ! hope1 or inde$ ! desire1 ( a r5ew$ acqua9tance ) ! :ole animal k+dom 9 a future life4 ,! ass]tion t acquir$ habitudes or in/9cts1 & acquir$ /ructures1 are n h]itable1 any bre$] or good obs]v] c refute4 ,t ! human m9d has become :at x is out ( a develop$ in/9ct1 is a /atem5t :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 n[h]e makes1 &1 we presume1 w\ld n accept4 ,t he w\ld h u believe t individual animals acquire _! in/9cts gradually1,,iii-#ba is a /atem5t :i* mu/ h be5 p5n$ 9 inadv]t5ce bo? ( ! v def9ition ( in/9ct1 & ( ev]y?+ we "k ( 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9s book4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to de/roy ! v f\ndation ( ,d>w9s hypo!sis by d5y+ t !re are any wild v>ieties1 to speak (1 = natural selection to op]ate ^u4 ,we _c gravely sit d[n to prove t wild v>ieties ab\nd4 ,we %\ld ?9k x j z necess>y to prove t sn[ falls 9 w9t]4 ,t v>iation among plants _c be l>gely due to hybridism1 & t _! v>iation 9 ,nature is n ess5tially diff]5t f mu* t occurs 9 dome/ication1 &1 9 ! long-run1 probably h>dly less 9 am\nt1 we c\ld %[ if our space p]mitt$4 ,z to ! /]ility ( hybrids1 t c no long] be insi/$ ^u z absolutely true1 nor be practically us$ z a te/ betwe5 species & v>ieties1 unless we all[ t h>es & rabbits are ( "o species4 ,t su* /]ility1 :e!r total or p>tial1 subs]ves a purpose 9 keep+ species ap>t1 & 0 s design$1 we d n d\bt4 ,b ! critics fail to p]ceive t ?is /]ility proves no?+ :atev] aga9/ ! d]ivative orig9 ( ! actual species2 = x may z well h be5 int5d$ to keep sep>ate ^? =ms :i* h rea*$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( div]g5ce1 z ^? :i* 7 always ?us di/9ct4 ,! argum5t = ! p]man5ce ( species1 drawn f ! id5tity ) ^? n[ liv+ ( cats1 birds1 & o!r animals pres]v$ 9 ,egyptian catacombs1 0 good en\gh z us$ by ,cuvi] aga9/ ,/4-,hilaire1 t is1 aga9/ ! supposition t "t br+s ab\t a gradual alt]ation ( :ole species2 b x goes = little aga9/ ,d>w91 unless x be prov$ t species nev] v>y1 or t ! p]petuation ( a v>iety necessitates ! ext9ction ( ! p>5t bre$4 ,= ,d>w9 cle>ly ma9ta9s--:at ! facts w>rant--t ! mass ( a species rema9s fix$ s long z x exi/s at all1 ?\gh x may set (f a v>iety n[ & !n4 ,! v>iety may f9ally sup]s$e ! p>5t =m1 or x may coexi/ ) x2 yet x does n 9 ! lea/ h9d] ! unv>i$ /ock f cont9u+ true to ! bre$1 unless x crosses ) x4 ,! common law ( inh]itance may be expect$ to keep bo? ! orig9al & ! v>iety ma9ly true z long z !y la/1 & none ! less s because !y h giv5 rise to occasional v>ieties4 ,! tailless ,manx cats1 l ! curtail$ fox 9 ! fable1 h n induc$ ! normal bre$s to disp5se ) _! tails1 nor h ! ,dork+s 7app>5tly kn[n to ,pl9y7 affect$ ! p]man5ce ( ! common sort ( f[l4 ,z to ! objection t ! l[] =ms ( life ought1 on ,d>w9s !ory1 to h be5 long ago improv$ out ( exi/5ce1 & replac$ by high] =ms1 ! objectors =get :at a vacuum t w\ld leave bel[1 & :at a va/ field !re is to :i* a simple organization is be/ adapt$1 & :]e an advance w\ld be no improvem5t1 b ! contr>y4 ,to accumulate ! greate/ am\nt ( be+ ^u a giv5 space1 & to provide z mu* enjoym5t ( life z c be "u ! conditions1 is :at ,nature seems to aim at2 & ?is is effect$ by div]sification4 ,f9ally1 we advise nobody to accept ,d>w9s or any o!r d]ivative !ory z true4 ,! "t has n come = t1 & p]haps nev] w4 ,we also advise aga9/ a simil> cr$ulity on ! o!r side1 9 a bl9d fai? t species--t ! manifold sorts & =ms ( exi/+ animals & vegetables--h no second>y cause4 ,! contr>y is already n unlikely1 & we suppose w h]eaft] become m & m probable4 ,b we are confid5t t1 if a d]ivative hypo!sis ev] is e/abli%$1 x w be s on a solid !i/ic gr\nd4 ,mean:ile an inevitable & legitimate hypo!sis is on trial--an hypo!sis ?us f> n unt5able--a trial j n[ v useful to sci5ce1 &1 we conclude1 n h>mful to religion1 unless injudici\s assailants tempor>ily make x s4 ,"o good effect is already manife/2 its enabl+ ! advocates ( ! hypo!sis ( a multiplicity ( human species to p]ceive ! d\ble insecurity ( _! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! races ( m5 are admitt$ to be ( "o species1 ! coroll>y1 t !y are ( "o orig91 may be expect$ to foll[4 ,^? :o all[ !m to be ( "o species mu/ admit an actual div]sification into /rongly-m>k$ & p]si/5t v>ieties1 & s admit ! basis ( fact ^u :i* ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis is built2 :ile ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o recognize sev]al or num]\s human species1 w h>dly be able to ma9ta9 t su* species 7 primordial & sup]natural 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! ,engli% m9d is prone to positivism & k9dr$ =ms ( mat]iali/ic philosophy1 & we mu/ expect ! d]ivative !ory to be tak5 up 9 t int]e/4 ,we h no pr$ilection = t s*ool1 b ! contr>y4 ,if we _h1 we might h look$ complac5tly ^u a l9e ( criticism :i* w\ld indirectly1 b effectively1 play into ! h&s ( positivi/s & mat]iali/ic a!i/s g5]ally4 ,! wis] & /rong] gr\nd to take is1 t ! d]ivative hypo!sis leaves ! argum5t = design1 & !re=e = a design]1 z valid z x ev] 02 t to d any "w by an in/rum5t mu/ require1 & !re=e presuppose1 ! ex]tion r ( m ?an ( less p[] ?an to d x directly2 t :oev] w\ld be a consi/5t !i/ %\ld believe t ,design 9 ! natural _w is coext5sive ) ,provid5ce1 & hold z firmly to ! "o z he does to ! o!r1 9 spite ( ! :olly simil> & app>5tly insup]able difficulties :i* ! m9d enc\nt]s :5ev] x endeavors to develop ! idea into a sy/em1 ei!r 9 ! mat]ial & organic1 or 9 ! moral _w4 ,x is en\gh1 9 ! way ( obviat+ objections1 to %[ t ! philosophical difficulties ( ! "o are ! same1 & only ! same1 z ( ! o!r4 ,,iv4 ,,capital--,,! ,,"m ,,( ,,lab\r ,,an ,,economical ,,problem ,,discuss$ ,,f ,a ,,physiological ,,po9t ,,( ,,view #ahij4 ,,! fir/ act ( a new-born *ild is to draw a deep brea?4 ,9 fact1 x w nev] draw a deep]1 inasmu* z ! passages & *amb]s ( ! lungs1 once di/5d$ ) air1 d n empty !mselves aga92 x is only a fraction ( _! cont5ts :i* passes 9 & out ) ! fl[ & ! ebb ( ! respiratory tide4 ,me*anically1 ?is act ( draw+ brea?1 or inspiration1 is ( ! same nature z t by :i* ! h&les ( a bell[s are sep>at$1 9 ord] to fill ! bell[s ) air2 &1 9 l mann]1 x involves t exp5diture ( en]gy :i* we call ex]tion1 or "w1 or lab\r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no m]e metaphor to say t man is de/9$ to a life ( toil3 ! "w ( respiration :i* began ) 8 fir/ brea? ends only ) 8 la/2 nor does "o born 9 ! purple get (f ) a light] task ?an ! *ild :o fir/ sees light "u a h$ge4 #adh ,h[ is x t ! new-born infant is enabl$ to p]=m ?is fir/ in/alm5t ( ! s5t5ce ( life-long lab\r :i* no man may escape8 ,:atev] else a *ild may be1 9 respect ( ?is p>ticul> "q1 x is a complicat$ piece ( me*anism1 built up out ( mat]ials suppli$ by its "m2 & 9 ! c\rse ( su* build+-up1 provid$ ) a set ( motors--! muscles4 ,ea* ( ^! muscles conta9s a /ock ( sub/ance capable ( yield+ en]gy "u c]ta9 conditions1 "o ( :i* is a *ange ( /ate 9 ! n]ve fibres connect$ ) x4 ,! p[d] 9 a load$ gun is su* ano!r /ock ( sub/ance capable ( yield+ en]gy 9 consequ5ce ( a *ange ( /ate 9 ! me*anism ( ! lock1 :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! f+] ( ! man :o pulls ! trigg] & ! c>tridge4 ,if t *ange is br\ght ab\t1 ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! p[d] passes sudd5ly into actual en]gy1 & does ! "w ( propell+ ! bullet4 ,! p[d]1 !re=e1 may be appropriately call$ "w-/uff1 n only because x is /uff :i* is easily made to yield "w 9 ! physical s5se1 b because a good deal ( "w 9 ! economical s5se has contribut$ to its production4 ,lab\r 0 necess>y to collect1 transport1 & purify ! raw sulphur & saltpetre2 to cut wood & conv]t x into p[d]$ *>coal2 to mix ^! +r$i5ts 9 ! "r proportions2 to give ! mixture ! prop] gra91 & s on4 ,! p[d] #adi once =m$ "p ( ! /ock1 or capital1 ( a p[d]-mak]3 & x is n only c]ta9 natural bodies :i* are collect$ & /or$ 9 ! gunp[d]1 b ! lab\r be/[$ on ! op]ations m5tion$ may be figuratively said to be incorporat$ 9 x4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! "w-/uff /or$ 9 ! muscles ( ! new-born *ild is comp>able to t /or$ 9 ! gun-b>rel4 ,! infant is laun*$ into altoge!r new surr\nd+s2 & ^! op]ate ?r\gh ! me*anism ( ! n]v\s ma*9]y1 ) ! result t ! pot5tial en]gy ( "s ( ! "w-/uff 9 ! muscles :i* br+ ab\t inspiration is sudd5ly conv]t$ into actual en]gy2 & ?is1 op]at+ ?r\gh ! me*anism ( ! respiratory app>atus1 gives rise to an act ( inspiration4 ,z ! bullet is propell$ by ! go+ (f ( ! p[d]1 z x might be said t ! ribs are rais$ & ! midriff depress$ by ! go+ (f ( c]ta9 portions ( muscul> "w-/uff4 ,?is "w-/uff is "p ( a /ock or capital ( t commodity /or$ up 9 ! *ild's organism be=e bir?1 at ! exp5se ( ! "m2 & ! "m has made good h] exp5diture by draw+ ^u ! capital ( food-/uffs :i* furni%$ h] daily ma9t5ance4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x does n appe> to me to be op5 to d\bt t ! prim>y act ( outw>d lab\r 9 ! s]ies :i* necess>ily accompany #aej ! life ( man is dep5d5t ^u ! pre-exi/5ce ( a /ock ( mat]ial :i* is n only ( use to him1 b :i* is dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z to be utilisable ) facility4 ,& ,i fur!r imag9e t ! propriety ( ! application ( ! t]m 'capital' to ?is /ock ( useful sub/ance _c be ju/ly call$ 9 "q2 inasmu* z x is easy to prove t ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! "w-/uff accumulat$ 9 ! *ild's muscles h m]ely be5 transf]r$ f ! /ore ( food-/uffs1 :i* ev]ybody admits to be capital1 by means ( ! mat]nal organism to t ( ! *ild1 9 :i* !y are aga9 deposit$ to await use4 ,e subsequ5t act ( lab\r1 9 l mann]1 involves an equival5t consumption ( ! *ild's /ore ( "w-/uff--its vital capital2 & "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ! process ( brea?+ is to get rid ( "s ( ! effects ( t consumption4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t1 ev5 if no o!r ?an ! respiratory "w 7 go+ on 9 ! organism1 ! capital ( "w-/uff1 :i* ! *ild br\ght ) x into ! _w1 mu/ soon] or lat] be us$ up1 & ! movem5ts ( brea?+ mu/ come to an end2 j z ! see-saw ( ! pi/on ( a /eam-eng9e /ops :5 ! coal 9 ! fireplace has burnt away4 ,milk1 h[ev]1 is a /ock ( mat]ials :i* ess5tially consi/s ( sav+s f ! food-/uffs suppli$ to ! "m4 ,& ^! sav+s are #aea 9 su* a physical & *emical condition t ! organism ( ! *ild c easily conv]t !m into "w-/uff4 ,t is to say1 by borr[+ directly f ! vital capital ( ! "m1 indirectly f ! /ore 9 ! natural bodies accessible to h]1 x c make good ! loss ( its own4 ,! op]ation ( borr[+1 h[ev]1 involves fur!r "w2 t is1 ! lab\r ( suck+1 :i* is a me*anical op]ation ( mu* ! same nature z brea?+4 ,! *ild ?us pays = ! capital x borr[s 9 lab\r2 b z ! value 9 "w-/uff ( ! milk obta9$ is v f> great] ?an ! value ( t lab\r1 e/imat$ by ! consumption ( "w-/uff x involves1 ! op]ation yields a l>ge pr(it to ! infant4 ,! ov]plus ( food-/uff suffices to increase ! *ild's capital ( "w-/uff2 & to supply n only ! mat]ials = ! enl>gem5t ( ! build+s & ma*9]y :i* is express$ by ! *ild's gr[?1 b also ! en]gy requir$ to put all ^! mat]ials toge!r1 & to c>ry !m to _! prop] places4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>s ( infancy1 & s long !reaft] z ! y\? or man is n ?r[n ^u 8 own res\rces1 he lives by consum+ ! vital capital provid$ by o!rs4 ,to use a t]m9ology :i* is m common ?an appropriate1 :atev] "w he p]=ms 7& he does a good deal1 if only 9 m]e locomotion7 is unproductive4 #aeb ,let u n[ suppose ! *ild come to man's e/ate 9 ! condition ( a w&]+ savage1 dep5d5t = 8 food ^u :at he c pick up or cat*1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,x is pla9 t ! place ( "m1 z ! suppli] ( vital capital1 is n[ tak5 by ! fruits1 se$s1 & roots ( plants & by v>i\s k9ds ( animals4 ,x is !y alone :i* conta9 /ocks ( ^? sub/ances :i* c be conv]t$ )9 ! man's organism into "w-/uff2 & ( ! o!r matt]s1 except air & wat]1 requir$ to supply ! con/ant consumption ( 8 capital & to keep 8 organic ma*9]y go+4 ,9 no way does ! savage contribute to ! production ( ^! sub/ances4 ,:atev] lab\r he be/[s ^u su* vegetable & animal bodies1 on ! contr>y1 is devot$ to _! de/ruction2 & x is a m]e matt] ( accid5t :e!r a little lab\r yields him a great deal--z 9 ! case1 = example1 ( a /r&$ :ale2 or :e!r mu* lab\r yields next to no?+--z 9 times ( long-cont9u$ dr\ght4 ,! savage1 l ! *ild1 borr[s ! capital he ne$s1 &1 at any rate1 int5tionally1 does no?+ t[>ds repaym5t2 x w\ld pla9ly be an improp] use ( ! ^w produce to say t 8 lab\r 9 hunt+ = ! roots1 or ! fruits1 or ! eggs1 or ! grubs & snakes1 :i* he f9ds & eats1 produces or contributes to produce !m4 ,! same ?+ is true ( m advanc$ tribes1 :o #aec are /ill m]ely hunt]s1 su* z ! ,esquimaux4 ,!y may exp5d m lab\r & skill2 b x is sp5t 9 de/ruction4 ,:5 we pass f ^! to m5 :o lead a purely pa/oral life1 l ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,gau*os1 or "s ,asiatic nomads1 !re is an important *ange4 ,let u suppose ! own] ( a flock ( %eep to live on ! milk1 *eese1 & fle% :i* !y yield4 ,x is obvi\s t ! flock /&s to him 9 ! economic relation ( ! "m to ! *ild1 inasmu* z x supplies him ) food-/uffs compet5t to make good ! daily & h\rly losses ( 8 capital ( work/uff4 ,if we imag9e our %eep-own] to h access to ext5sive pa/ures & to be tr\bl$ nei!r by pr$aci\s animals nor by rival %eph]ds1 ! p]=mance ( 8 pa/oral functions w h>dly involve ! exp5diture ( any m lab\r ?an is ne$ful to provide him ) ! ex]cise requir$ to ma9ta9 heal?4 ,& ?is is true1 ev5 if we take into acc\nt ! tr\ble orig9ally devot$ to ! dome/ication ( ! %eep4 ,x surely w\ld be a mo/ s+ul> pret5sion = ! %eph]d to talk ( ! flock z ! produce ( 8 lab\r 9 any b a v limit$ s5se4 ,9 tru?1 8 lab\r w\ld h be5 a m]e accessory ( production ( v little consequ5ce4 ,"u ! circum/ances suppos$1 a ram & "s ewes1 left to !mselves = a few ye>s1 w\ld probably g5]ate z l>ge a flock2 #aed & ! sup]add$ lab\r ( ! %eph]d w\ld h little m effect ^u _! production ?an ^u t ( ! blackb]ries on ! bu%es ab\t ! pa/ures4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! increm5t w\ld be ?or\ghly une>n$2 &1 if x is a rule ( absolute political e?ics t own]s h no claim ^u bett]m5t br\ght ab\t indep5d5tly ( _! own lab\r1 !n ! %eph]d w\ld h no claim to at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( ! increase ( ! flock4 ,b if ! %eph]d has no real claim to ! title ( produc]1 :o has8 ,are ! rams & ewes ! true produc]s8 ,c]ta9ly _! title is bett] if1 borr[+ f ! old t]m9ology ( *emi/ry1 !y only claim to be reg>d$ z ! proximate pr9ciples ( production4 ,& yet1 if /rict ju/ice is to be disp5s$1 ev5 !y are to be reg>d$ r z collectors & di/ributors ?an z produc]s4 ,= all t !y really d is to collect1 slightly modify1 & r5d] easily accessible1 ! vital capital :i* already exi/s 9 ! gre5 h]bs on :i* !y fe$1 b 9 su* a =m z to be practically out ( ! rea* ( man4 ,?us1 f an economic po9t ( view1 ! %eep are m comp>able to confection]s ?an to produc]s4 ,! usefulness ( biscuit lies 9 ! raw fl\r ( :i* x is made2 b raw fl\r does n answ] z an article ( human diet1 & biscuit does4 ,s ! usefulness ( mutton lies ma9ly 9 c]ta9 *emical comp\nds :i* x #aee conta9s3 ! %eep gets !m out ( grass2 we _c live on grass1 b we c on mutton4 ,n[1 h]bace\s & all o!r gre5 plants /& alone among t]re/rial natural bodies1 9 s f> z1 "u ! influ5ce ( light1 !y possess ! p[] to build up1 out ( ! c>bonic acid gas 9 ! atmosph]e1 wat] & c]ta9 nitrog5\s & m9]al salts1 ^? sub/ances :i* 9 ! animal organism are utilis$ z "w-/uff4 ,!y are ! *ief &1 = practical purposes1 ! sole produc]s ( t vital capital :i* we h se5 to be ! necess>y antec$5t ( e act ( lab\r4 ,e gre5 plant is a laboratory 9 :i*1 s long z ! sun %9es ^u x1 mat]ials furni%$ by ! m9]al _w1 gases1 wat]1 sal9e comp\nds1 are work$ up into ^? food/uffs )\t :i* animal life _c be c>ri$ on4 ,& s9ce1 up to ! pres5t "t1 syn!tic *emi/ry has n advanc$ s f> z to a*ieve ?is feat1 ! gre5 plant may be said to be ! only liv+ work] ^: lab\r directly results 9 ! production ( t vital capital :i* is ! necess>y antec$5t ( human lab\r499 ,nor is ?is /atem5t a p>adox involv+ p]petual motion1 because ! en]gy by :i* ! plant does its "w is suppli$ by ! sun--! primordial capitali/ s f> z we are conc]n$4 ,b #aef x _c be too /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9d t sun%9e1 air1 wat]1 ! be/ soil t is to be f\nd on ! surface ( ! e>?1 might co-exi/2 yet )\t plants1 !re is no kn[n ag5cy compet5t to g5]ate ! s-call$ prote9 comp\nds1 by :i* alone animal life c be p]man5tly support$4 ,& n only are plants ?us ess5tial2 b1 9 respect ( p>ticul> k9ds ( animals1 !y mu/ be plants ( a p>ticul> nature4 ,if !re 7 no t]re/rial gre5 plants b1 say1 cypresses & mosses1 pa/oral & agricultural life w\ld be alike impossible2 inde$1 x is difficult to imag9e ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( any l>ge animal1 z ! lab\r requir$ to get at a suffici5cy ( ! /ore ( food-/uffs1 conta9$ 9 su* plants z ^!1 c\ld h>dly extract f !m an equival5t = ! wa/e involv$ 9 t exp5diture ( "w4 99 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! plants :i* h no *lorophyll1 & fl\ri% 9 d>kness1 su* z ! ,fungi1 c live ^u purely m9]al food4 ,we are compact ( du/ & air2 f t we set out1 & to t complexion mu/ we come at la/4 ,! plant ei!r directly1 or by "s animal int]m$i>y1 l5ds u ! capital :i* enables u to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( life1 z we flit ?r\gh ! upp] _w1 f ! "o t]m ( our j\rney to ! o!r4 ,popul>ly1 no d\bt1 x is p]missible to speak ( ! soil z a produc]1 j z we may talk ( ! daily movem5t ( ! sun4 ,b1 z ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 propositions :i* are to be> any d$uctive /ra9 t may be put ^u !m mu/ run ! risk ( #aeg seem+ p$antic1 r ?an t ( be+ inaccurate4 ,& ! /atem5t t l&1 9 ! s5se ( cultivable soil1 is a produc]1 or ev5 "o ( ! ess5tials ( economic production1 is any?+ b accurate4 ,! process ( wat]-culture1 9 :i* a plant is n plant$ 9 any soil1 b is m]ely support$ 9 wat] conta9+ 9 solution ! m9]al +r$i5ts ess5tial to t plant1 is n[ ?or\ghly und]/ood2 &1 if x 7 wor? :ile1 a crop yield+ abundant food-/uffs c\ld be rais$ on an acre ( fre% wat]1 no less ?an on an acre ( dry l&4 ,9 ! ,arctic regions1 aga91 l& has no?+ to d ) production 9 ! social economy ( ! ,esquimaux1 :o live on seals & o!r m>9e animals2 & might1 l ,proteus1 %eph]d ! flocks ( ,poseidon if !y _h a m9d = pa/oral life4 ,b ! seals & ! be>s are dep5d5t on o!r inhabitants ( ! sea1 until1 some:]e 9 ! s]ies1 we come to ! m9ute gre5 plants :i* float 9 ! ocean1 & are ! real produc]s by :i* ! :ole ( its va/ animal population is support$499 ,?us1 :5 we f9d set =? z an absolute #aeh tru? ! /atem5t t ! ess5tial factors 9 economic production are l&1 capital & lab\r--:5 ?is is (f]$ z an axiom :5ce all sorts ( o!r important tru?s may be d$uc$--x is ne$ful to rememb] t ! ass]tion is true only ) a qualification4 ,und\bt$ly vital capital is ess5tial2 =1 z we h se51 no human "w c be done unless x exi/s1 n ev5 t int]nal "w ( ! body :i* is necess>y to passive life4 ,b1 ) respect to lab\r 7t is1 human lab\r7 ,i hope to h left no d\bt on ! read]'s m9d t1 9 reg>d to production1 ! importance ( human lab\r may be s small z to be almo/ a vani%+ quantity4 ,moreov]1 x is c]ta9 t !re is no approximation to a fix$ ratio betwe5 ! exp5diture ( lab\r & ! production ( t vital capital :i* is ! f\ndation ( all weal?4 ,=1 suppose t we introduce into our suppositi\s pa/oral p>adise bea/s ( prey & rival %eph]ds1 ! am\nt ( lab\r ?r[n ^u ! %eep-own] may increase almo/ indef9itely1 & its importance z a condition ( production may be enorm\sly augm5t$1 :ile ! quantity ( produce rema9s /ation>y4 ,comp>e = a mom5t ! unimportance ( ! %eph]d's lab\r1 "u ! circum/ances fir/ def9$1 ) its indisp5sability 9 c\ntries 9 :i* ! wat] = ! %eep has to be drawn f deep #aei wells1 or 9 :i* ! flock has to be def5d$ f wolves or f human depr$ators4 ,z to l&1 x has be5 %[n t1 except z af=d+ m]e room & /&+ gr\nd1 ! importance ( l&1 great z x may be1 is second>y4 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful = economic production is ! gre5 plant1 z ! sole produc] ( vital capital f natural inorganic bodies4 ,m5 might exi/ )\t lab\r 79 ! ord9>y s5se7 & )\t l&2 )\t plants !y mu/ inevitably p]i%4 99 ,9 "s rem>kable passages ( ! ,botany ( ,sir ,james ,ross's ,ant>ctic voyage1 :i* took place half a c5tury ago1 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] demon/rat$ ! dep5d5ce ( ! animal life ( ! sea ^u ! m9ute1 inde$ microscopic1 plants :i* float 9 x3 a m>vell\s example ( :at may be done by wat]-culture4 ,"o might indulge 9 dreams ( cultivat+ & improv+ diatoms1 until ! dome/icat$ bore ! same relation to ! wild =ms1 z caulifl[]s to ! primitive ,brassica ol]acea1 )\t pass+ beyond ! limits ( fair sci5tific speculation4 ,t :i* is true ( ! purely pa/oral condition is a =tiori true ( ! purely agricultural99 condition1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! cultivator is directly dep5d5t on ! production ( vital capital by ! plants :i* he cultivates4 ,"h1 aga91 ! condition prec$5t ( ! "w ( ea* ye> is vital capital4 ,suppose t a man lives exclusively ^u ! plants :i* he cultivates4 ,x is obvi\s t he mu/ h food-/uffs to live ^u1 :ile he prep>es ! soil = s[+ & ?r\gh\t ! p]iod :i* elapses betwe5 ?is & h>ve/4 ,^! food-/uffs mu/ be yield$ by ! /ock rema9+ ov] f =m] crops4 ,! result is ! same z be=e--! pre-exi/5ce ( vital capital is ! necess>y antec$5t ( lab\r4 ,moreov]1 ! am\nt ( lab\r :i* contributes1 z an accessory condition1 to ! production #afj ( ! crop v>ies z widely 9 ! case ( plant-rais+ z 9 t ( cattle-rais+4 ,) fav\rable soil1 climate & o!r conditions1 x may be v small1 ) unfav\rable1 v great1 = ! same rev5ue or yield ( food-/uffs4 99 ,x is a pity t we h no ^w t signifies plant-culture exclusively4 ,b = ! pres5t purpose ,i may re/rict agriculture to t s5se4 ,?us1 ,i d n ?9k x is possible to dispute ! foll[+ proposition3 ! exi/5ce ( any man1 or ( any numb] ( m51 :e!r organis$ into a polity or n1 dep5ds on ! production ( food/uffs 7t is1 vital capital7 readily accessible to man1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 by plants4 ,b x foll[s t ! numb] ( m5 :o c exi/1 say = "o ye>1 on any giv5 area ( l&1 tak5 by itself1 dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( food-/uffs produc$ by su* plants gr[+ on ! area 9 "o ye>4 ,if a is t quantity1 & b ! m9imum ( food-/uffs requir$ = ea* man1 ,a_/,b,n1 ! maximum numb] ( m5 :o c exi/ on ! area4 ,n[ ! am\nt ( production 7a7 is limit$ by ! ext5t ( area occupi$2 by ! quantity ( sun%9e :i* falls ^u ! area2 by ! range & di/ribution ( temp]ature2 by ! =ce ( ! w9ds2 by ! supply ( wat]2 by ! composition & ! physical *>act]s ( ! soil2 by animal & vegetable competitors & de/roy]s4 ,! lab\r ( man nei!r does1 nor c1 produce vital capital2 all t x c d is to modify1 fav\rably or unfav\rably1 ! conditions ( its production4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!-- #afa namely1 sun%9e1 range ( daily & nightly temp]ature1 w9d--are practically out ( m5's rea*499 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! supply ( wat]1 ! physical & *emical qualities ( ! soil1 & ! influ5ces ( competitors & de/roy]s1 c (t51 ?\gh by no means always1 be l>gely affect$ by lab\r & skill4 ,& !re is no h>m 9 call+ ! effect ( su* lab\r production1 if x is cle>ly und]/ood t production 9 ?is s5se is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! production ( food-/uffs by a plant4 99 ,i d n =get electric light+1 gre5h\ses & ho?\ses1 & ! v>i\s modes ( af=d+ %elt] aga9/ viol5t w9ds3 b 9 reg>d to production ( food-/uffs on ! l>ge scale !y may be neglect$4 ,ev5 if syn!tic *emi/ry %\ld effect ! con/ruction ( proteids1 ! ,laboratory w h>dly ent] into competition ) ! ,f>m )9 any "t :i* ! pres5t g5]ation ne$ tr\ble itself ab\t4 ,we h be5 deal+ hi!rto ) suppositions ! mat]ials ( :i* are furni%$ by ev]yday exp]i5ce1 n ) m]e a priori assumptions4 ,our hypo!tical solit>y %eph]d ) 8 flock1 or ! solit>y f>m] ) 8 gra9 field1 are m]e bits ( su* exp]i5ce1 cut out1 z x 71 = easy /udy4 ,/ill borr[+ f daily exp]i5ce1 let u suppose t ei!r %eep-own] or f>m]1 = any reason t may be imag9$1 desires ! help ( "o or m o!r m52 & t1 9 ex*ange = _! lab\r1 he (f]s s _m %eep1 or qu>ts ( milk1 or p\nds ( #afb *eese1 or s _m measures ( gra91 = a ye>'s s]vice4 ,i fail to discov] any a priori rights ( lab\r 9 virtue ( :i* ^! m5 may insi/ on be+ employ$1 if !y are n want$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i ?9k x is cle> t !re is only "o condition ^u :i* ! p]sons to :om ! (f] ( ^! wages is made c accept x2 & t is t ! ?+s (f]$ 9 ex*ange = a ye>'s "w %all conta9 at lea/ z mu* vital capital z a man uses up 9 do+ ! ye>'s "w4 ,= no rational man c\ld kn[+ly & will+ly accept conditions :i* necess>ily involve />vation4 ,!re=e !re is an irr$ucible m9imum ( wages2 x is su* an am\nt ( vital capital z suffices to replace ! inevitable consumption ( ! p]son hir$4 ,n[1 surely1 x is beyond a d\bt t ^! wages1 :e!r at or above ! irr$ucible m9imum1 are paid out ( ! capital disposable aft] ! wants ( ! own] ( ! flock or ( ! crop ( gra9 are satisfi$2 &1 f :at has be5 said already1 x foll[s t !re is a limit to ! numb] ( m51 :e!r hir$1 or br\ght 9 any o!r way1 :o c be ma9ta9$ by ! %eep own] or l&[n] out ( 8 own res\rces4 ,s9ce no am\nt ( lab\r c produce an ounce ( food/uff beyond ! maximum producible by a limit$ numb] ( plants1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances 9 reg>d to ^? conditions :i* are n affect$ by lab\r1 x foll[s #afc t1 if ! numb] ( m5 to be f$ increases indef9itely1 a "t mu/ come :5 "s w h to />ve4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( ! s-call$ ,mal?usian doctr9e2 & x is a tru? :i*1 to my m9d1 is z pla9 z ! g5]al proposition t a quantity :i* con/antly increases w1 "s "t or o!r1 exce$ any great] quantity ! am\nt ( :i* is fix$4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations leave no d\bt ab\t ! fundam5tal condition ( ! exi/5ce ( any polity1 or organis$ society ( m51 ei!r 9 a purely pa/oral or purely agricultural /ate1 or 9 any mixture ( bo? /ates4 ,x mu/ possess a /ore ( vital capital to />t )1 & ! means ( repair+ ! consumption ( t capital :i* takes place z a consequ5ce ( ! "w ( ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,&1 if ! polity occupies a completely isolat$ area ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! num]ical /r5g? ( t polity c nev] exce$ ! quoti5t ( ! maximum quantity ( food-/uffs producible by ! gre5 plants on t area1 9 ea* ye>1 divid$ by ! quantity necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ea* p]son dur+ ! ye>4 ,b1 !re is a ?ird mode ( exi/5ce possible to a polity2 x may1 conceivably1 be nei!r purely pa/oral nor purely agricultural1 b purely manufactur+4 ,let u suppose ?ree isl&s1 l ,gran ,can>ia1 ,t5]iffe & ,lanz]ote1 9 ! ,can>ies1 to be q cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,let ,gran ,can>ia be #afd inhabit$ by gra9-rais]s1 ,t5]iffe by cattle-bre$]s2 :ile ! population ( ,lanz]ote 7:i* we may suppose to be utt]ly b>r57 consi/s ( c>p5t]s1 wooll5 manufactur]s1 & %oemak]s4 ,!n ! facts ( daily exp]i5ce tea* u t ! p ( ,lanz]ote c\ld nev] h exi/$ unless !y came to ! isl& provid$ ) a /ock ( food-/uffs2 & t !y c\ld n cont9ue to exi/1 unless t /ock1 z x 0 consum$1 0 made up by contributions f ! vital capital ( ei!r ,gran ,can>ia1 or ,t5]iffe1 or bo?4 ,moreov]1 ! c>p5t]s ( ,lanz]ote c\ld d no?+1 unless !y 7 provid$ ) wood f ! o!r isl&s2 nor c\ld ! wool sp9n]s & weav]s or ! %oemak]s "w )\t wool & sk9s f ! same s\rces4 ,! wood & ! wool & ! sk9s are1 9 fact1 ! capital )\t :i* _! "w z manufactur]s 9 _! respective trades is impossible--s t ! vital & o!r capital suppli$ by ,gran ,can>ia & ,t5]iffe is mo/ indubitably ! necess>y antec$5t ( ! indu/rial lab\r ( ,lanz]ote4 ,x is p]fectly true t by ! "t ! wood1 ! wool1 & ! sk9s rea*$ ,lanz]ote a good deal ( lab\r 9 cutt+1 %e>+1 sk9n+1 transport1 & s on1 w\ld h be5 sp5t ^u !m4 ,b ?is does n alt] ! fact t ! only production :i* is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! population ( ,t5]iffe & ,gran ,can>ia is t effect$ by ! #afe gre5 plants 9 bo? isl&s2 & t all ! lab\r sp5t ^u ! raw produce useful 9 manufacture1 directly or indirectly yield$ by !m--by ! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s & by ^? ( ,lanz]ote into ! b>ga9--w n provide "o solit>y ,lanz]otian ) a d9n]1 unless ! ,t5]iffians & ,can>iotes happ5 to want 8 goods & to be will+ to give "s ( _! vital capital 9 ex*ange = !m4 ,"u ! circum/ances def9$1 if ,t5]iffe & ,gran ,can>ia disappe>$1 or if _! inhabitants ceas$ to c>e = c>p5try1 clo?+1 or %oes1 ! p ( ,lanz]ote mu/ />ve4 ,b if !y wi% to buy1 !n ! ,lanz]otians1 by cultivat+ ! buy]s1 indirectly fav\r ! cultivation ( ! produce ( ^? buy]s4 ,?us1 if ! "q is ask$ :e!r ! lab\r employ$ 9 manufacture 9 ,lanz]ote is productive or unproductive !re c be only "o reply4 ,if anybody w ex*ange vital capital1 or t :i* c be ex*ang$ = vital capital1 = ,lanz]ote goods1 x is productive2 if n1 x is unproductive4 ,9 ! case ( ! manufactur]1 ! dep5d5ce ( lab\r ^u capital is /ill m intimate ?an 9 t ( ! h]dsman or agriculturi/4 ,:5 ! latt] are once />t$ !y c g on1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t ! exi/5ce ( any o!r p4 ,b ! manufactur] dep5ds on pre-exi/+ capital1 n only at ! #aff beg9n+1 b at ! end ( 8 op]ations4 ,h[ev] great ! exp5diture ( 8 lab\r & ( 8 skill1 ! result1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ 8 exi/5ce1 is j ! same z if he _h done no?+1 unless !re is a cu/om] able & will+ to ex*ange food-/uffs = t :i* 8 lab\r & skill h a*iev$4 ,!re is ano!r po9t conc]n+ :i* x is v necess>y to h cle> ideas4 ,suppose a c>p5t] 9 ,lanz]ote to be engag$ 9 mak+ *e/s ( draw]s4 ,let u suppose t a1 ! timb]1 & b1 ! gra9 & meat ne$ful = ! man's su/5ance until he c f9i% a *e/ ( draw]s1 h to be paid = by t *e/4 ,!n ! capital ) :i* he />ts is repres5t$ by a b4 ,he c\ld n />t at all unless he _h x2 day by day1 he mu/ de/roy m or less ( ! sub/ance & ( ! g5]al adaptability ( a 9 ord] to "w x up into ! special =ms ne$$ to con/itute ! *e/ ( draw]s2 &1 day by day1 he mu/ use up at lea/ s mu* ( b z w replace 8 loss ( vital capital by ! "w ( t day4 ,suppose x takes ! c>p5t] & 8 workm5 t5 days to saw up ! timb]1 to plane ! bo>ds1 & to give !m ! %ape & size prop] = ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! *e/ ( draw]s4 ,& suppose t he !n (f]s 8 heap ( bo>ds to ! advanc] ( a b z an equival5t = ! wood t5 days' supply ( vital capital8 ,! latt] w surely say3 ,no4 #afg ,i did n ask = a heap ( bo>ds4 ,i ask$ = a *e/ ( draw]s4 ,up to ?is "t1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 y h done no?+ & are z mu* 9 my debt z ev]4 ,& if ! c>p5t] ma9ta9$ t he _h virtually creat$ two-?irds ( a *e/ ( draw]s1 inasmu* z x w\ld take only five days m to put toge!r ! pieces ( wood1 & t ! heap ( bo>ds ought to be accept$ z ! equival5t ( two-?irds ( 8 debt1 ,i am afraid ! cr$itor w\ld reg>d him z little bett] ?an an impud5t sw9dl]4 ,x obvi\sly makes no sort ( diff]5ce :e!r ! ,can>iote or ,t5]iffian buy] advanc$ ! wood & ! food-/uffs1 on :i* ! c>p5t] _h to ma9ta9 himself2 or :e!r ! c>p5t] _h a /ock ( bo?1 ! consumption ( :i* mu/ be rec\p$ by ! ex*ange ( a *e/ ( draw]s = a fre% supply4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x is ev5 less d\btful t1 if ! c>p5t] (f]$ 8 bo>ds to ! man :o want$ a *e/ ( draw]s1 ! latt] w\ld laugh 9 8 face4 ,& if he took ! *e/ ( draw]s = himself1 !n s mu* ( 8 vital capital w\ld be sunk 9 x pa/ recov]y4 ,aga91 ! paym5t ( goods 9 a lump1 = ! *e/ ( draw]s1 comes to ! same ?+ z ! paym5t ( daily wages = ! fifte5 days t ! c>p5t] 0 occupi$ 9 mak+ x4 ,if1 at ! end ( ea* day1 ! c>p5t] *ose to say to himself ,i h 'virtually' creat$1 by my day's lab\r1 a fifte5? ( :at ,i %all get = ! *e/ #afh ( draw]s--!re=e my wages are ! produce ( my day's lab\r--!re is no great h>m 9 su* metaphorical spee*1 s long z ! poor man does n delude himself into ! supposition t x repres5ts ! exact tru?4 ,virtually is apt to cov] m intellectual s9s ?an *>ity does moral delicts4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x surely mu/ be pla9 en\gh t ea* day's "w has involv$ ! consumption ( ! c>p5t]'s vital capital1 & ! fa%ion+ ( 8 timb]1 at ! exp5se ( m or less consumption ( ^? =ms ( capital4 ,:e!r ! a b to be ex*ang$ = ! *e/ has be5 advanc$ z a loan1 or is paid daily or weekly z wages1 or1 at "s lat] "t1 z ! price ( a f9i%$ commodity--! ess5tial elem5t ( ! transaction1 & ! only ess5tial elem5t1 is1 t x mu/1 at lea/1 effect ! replacem5t ( ! vital capital consum$4 ,nei!r bo>ds nor *e/ ( draw]s are eatable2 &1 s f> f ! c>p5t] hav+ produc$ ! ess5tial "p ( 8 wages by ea* day's lab\r1 he has m]ely wa/$ t lab\r1 unless somebody :o happ5s to want a *e/ ( draw]s (f]s to ex*ange vital capital1 or some?+ t c procure x1 equival5t to ! am\nt consum$ dur+ ! process ( manufacture499 99 ,see ! discussion ( ?is subject fur!r on4 ,t x %\ld be necess>y1 at ?is "t ( day1 to set =? su* elem5t>y tru?s z ^! may #afi well seem /range2 b no "o :o consults t int]e/+ museum ( political delusions1 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 "s ( ! treasures ( :i* ,i h already br\ght to light1 w d\bt ! fact1 if he be/[s prop] att5tion ^u ! fir/ book ( t widely-read "w4 ,at page #ae x is ?us writt53 ,! proposition ,i %all endeav\r to prove is3 t wages1 in/ead ( be+ drawn f capital1 are1 9 reality1 drawn f ! product ( ! lab\r = :i* !y are paid4 ,aga9 at page #ah3-- ,9 e case 9 :i* lab\r is ex*ang$ = commodities1 production really prec$es enjoym5t 4 4 4 wages are ! e>n+s--t is to say1 ! mak+s--( lab\r--n ! advances ( capital4 ,& ! proposition :i* ! au?or endeav\rs to disprove is ! hi!rto g5]ally accept$ doctr9e 444t lab\r is ma9ta9$ & paid out ( exi/+ capital1 be=e ! product :i* con/itutes ! ultimate object is secur$ 7p4 #af74 ,! doctr9e respect+ ! relation ( capital & wages1 :i* is ?us oppos$ 9 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 is t illu/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ pages2 ! tru? ( :i*1 ,i conceive1 mu/ be pla9 to any "o :o has appreh5d$ ! v simple argum5ts by :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to #agj demon/rate x4 ,"o conclusion or ! o!r mu/ be hopelessly wrong2 &1 ev5 at ! co/ ( go+ once m ov] "s ( ! gr\nd trav]s$ 9 ?is essay & t on ,natural & ,political ,rights199 ,i propose to %[ t ! error lies ) ,progress & ,pov]ty2 9 :i* "w1 s f> z political sci5ce is conc]n$1 ! pov]ty is1 to my eye1 mu* m app>5t ?an ! progress4 99 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cei-chb4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,! au?or prop\nds a def9ition ( weal?3 ,no?+ :i* nature supplies to man )\t 8 lab\r is weal? 7p4 #bh74 ,weal? consi/s ( natural sub/ances or products :i* h be5 adapt$ by human lab\r to human use or gratification1 _! value dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( lab\r :i*1 ^u ! av]age1 w\ld be requir$ to produce ?+s ( l k9d 7p4 #bg74 ,! foll[+ examples ( weal? are giv53-- 4 4 4 ,build+s1 cattle1 tools1 ma*9]y1 agricultural & m9]al products1 manufactur$ goods1 %ips1 waggons1 furniture1 & ! l 7p4 #bg74 ,i take x t native metals1 coal & brick clay1 are m9]al products2 & ,i q believe t !y are prop]ly t]m$ weal?4 ,b :5 a seam ( coal crops out at ! surface1 & lumps ( coal are to be _h = ! pick+ up2 or :5 native copp] lies ab\t 9 nuggets1 or #aga :5 brick clay =ms a sup]ficial /ratum1 x appe>s to me t ^! ?+s are suppli$ to1 nay almo/ ?ru/ ^u1 man )\t 8 lab\r4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition1 !re=e1 !y are n weal?4 ,accord+ to ! enum]ation1 h[ev]1 !y are weal?3 a tol]ably fair specim5 ( a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,or does ,progress & ,pov]ty really sugge/ t a coal seam :i* crops out at ! surface is n weal?2 b t if somebody breaks (f a piece & c>ries x away1 ! be/[al ( ?is am\nt ( lab\r ^u t p>ticul> lump makes x weal?2 :ile ! re/ rema9s n weal?8 ,! notion t ! value ( a ?+ be>s any necess>y relation to ! am\nt ( lab\r 7av]age or o!rwise7 be/[$ ^u x1 is a fallacy :i* ne$s no fur!r refutation ?an x has already receiv$4 ,! av]age am\nt ( lab\r be/[$ ^u w>m+-pans conf]s no value ^u !m 9 ! eyes ( a ,gold-,coa/ negro2 nor w\ld an ,esquimaux give a slice ( blubb] = ! mo/ elaborate ( ice-ma*9es4 ,s mu* = ! doctr9e ( ,progress & ,pov]ty t\*+ ! nature ( weal?4 ,let u n[ consid] its tea*+s respect+ capital z weal? or a "p ( weal?4 ,adam ,smi?'s def9ition t "p ( a man's /ock :i* he expects to yield him a rev5ue is call$ 8 capital is quot$ ) approval 7p4 #cb72 else:]e capital is said to be t "p ( weal? :i* #agb is devot$ to ! aid ( production 7p4 #bh72 & yet aga9 x is said to be 4 4 4 weal? 9 c\rse ( ex*ange199 und]/&+ ex*ange to include1 n m]ely ! pass+ f h& to h&1 b also su* transmutations z occur :5 ! reproductive or trans=m+ =ces ( nature are utilis$ = ! increase ( weal? 7p4 #cb74 99 ,! italics are ! au?or's4 ,b if too mu* pond]+ ov] ! possible s5ses & scope ( ^! def9itions %\ld we>y ! read]1 he w be reliev$ by ! foll[+ ackn[l$gm5t3-- 4 4 4 ,nor is ! def9ition ( capital ,i h sugge/$ ( any importance 7p4 #cc74 ,! au?or in=ms u1 9 fact1 t he is n writ+ a text-book1 !reby intimat+ 8 op9ion t x is less important to be cle> & accurate :5 y are try+ to br+ ab\t a political revolution ?an :5 a m]ely academic int]e/ atta*es to ! subject treat$4 ,b he is n busy ab\t any?+ s s]i\s z a textbook3 no1 he is only attempt+ to discov] ! laws :i* control a great social problem--a mode ( expression :i* indicates p]haps ! high-wat] m>k ( intellectual muddlem5t4 ,i h he>d1 9 my "t1 ( laws :i* control o!r laws2 b ?is is ! fir/ occasion on :i* laws :i* control a problem h come "u my notice4 ,ev5 ! disquisitions ( #agc ^? flabby writ]s :o h burd5$ ! press & d>k5$ c\nsel by num]\s volumes :i* are dubb$ political economy 7p4 #bh7 c\ld h>dly furni% _! critics ) a f9] specim5 ( t :i* a h]o ( ! ,dunciad1 by ! "o fla% ( g5ius record$ ( him1 call$ clott$ nons5se4 ,d\btless x is a sign ( grace t ! au?or ( ^! def9itions %\ld atta* no importance to any ( !m2 b s9ce1 un=tunately1 8 :ole argum5t turns ^u ! tacit assumption t !y are important1 ,i may n pass !m ov] s lightly4 ,! ?ird ,i give up4 ,:y any?+ %\ld be capital :5 x is 9 c\rse ( ex*ange1 & n be capital "u o!r circum/ances1 passes my und]/&+4 ,we are told t t "p ( a f>m]'s crop held = sale or = se$1 or to fe$ 8 help1 9 "p paym5t ( wages1 w\ld be acc\nt$ capital2 t held = ! c>e ( 8 family w\ld n be 7p4 #ca74 ,b ,i fail to discov] any gr\nd ( reason or au?ority = ! doctr9e t x is only :5 a crop is ab\t to be sold or s[n1 or giv5 z wages1 t x may be call$ capital4 ,on ! contr>y1 :e!r we consid] cu/om or reason1 s mu* ( x z is /or$ away 9 ricks & b>ns dur+ h>ve/1 & rema9s !re to be us$ 9 any ( ^! ways mon?s or ye>s aft]w>ds1 is cu/om>ily & rightly t]m$ capital4 ,surely1 ! mean+ ( ! clumsy phrase t capital is weal? 9 ! #agd c\rse ( ex*ange mu/ be t x is weal? capable ( be+ ex*ang$ aga9/ lab\r or any?+ else4 ,t1 9 fact1 is ! equival5t ( ! second def9ition1 t capital is t "p ( weal? :i* is devot$ to ! aid ( production4 ,obvi\sly1 if y possess t = :i* m5 w give lab\r1 y c aid production by means ( t lab\r4 ,&1 aga91 x agrees ) ! fir/ def9ition 7borr[$ f ,adam ,smi?7 t capital is t "p ( a man's /ock :i* he expects to yield him a rev5ue4 ,= a rev5ue is bo? etymologically & 9 s5se a return4 ,a man gives 8 lab\r 9 s[+ gra91 or 9 t5d+ cattle1 because he expects a return--a rev5ue--9 ! %ape ( ! increase ( ! gra9 or ( ! h]d2 & also1 9 ! latt] case1 9 ! %ape ( _! lab\r & manure :i* aid ! production ( su* increase4 ,! gra9 & cattle ( :i* he is possess$ imm$iately aft] h>ve/ is 8 capital2 & 8 rev5ue = ! twelvemon?1 until ! next h>ve/1 is ! surplus ( gra9 & cattle ov] & above ! am\nt ) :i* he />t$4 ,?is is disposable = any purpose = :i* he may desire to use x1 leav+ him j z well (f z he 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,:e!r ! man keeps ! surplus gra9 = s[+ m l&1 & ! surplus cattle = occupy+ m pa/ure2 :e!r he ex*anges !m = o!r commodities1 su* z ! use ( ! l& 7z r5t72 or lab\r 7z #age wages72 or :e!r he fe$s himself & 8 family1 9 no way alt]s _! nature z rev5ue1 or affects ! fact t ?is rev5ue is m]ely disposable capital4 ,t 7ev5 ap>t f etymology7 cattle are typical examples ( capital _c be d5i$ 7,progress & ,pov]ty1 p4 #be72 & if we seek = t p>ticul> quality ( cattle :i* makes !m capital1 nei!r has ! au?or ( ,progress & ,pov]ty suppli$1 nor is any "o else v likely to supply1 a bett] acc\nt ( ! matt] ?an ,adam ,smi? has done4 ,cattle are capital because !y are /ock :i* yields rev5ue4 ,t is to say1 !y af=d to _! own] a supply ( t :i* he desires to possess4 ,&1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! rev5ue is n only desirable1 b ( supreme importance1 inasmu* z x is capable ( ma9ta9+ human life4 ,! h]d yields a rev5ue ( food-/uffs z milk & meat2 a rev5ue ( sk9s2 a rev5ue ( manure2 a rev5ue ( lab\r2 a rev5ue ( ex*angeable commodities 9 ! %ape ( ^! ?+s1 z well z 9 t ( live cattle4 ,9 ea* & all ( ^! capacities cattle are capital2 &1 conv]sely1 ?+s :i* possess any or all ( ^! capacities are capital4 ,!re=e :at we f9d at page #be ( ,progress & ,pov]ty mu/ be reg>d$ z a welcome lapse into cle>ness ( appreh5sion3-- ,a f]tile field1 a ri* ve9 ( ore1 a fall+ /ream :i* supplies p[]1 may give ! possessor advantages #agf equival5t to ! possession ( capital2 b to class su* ?+s z capital w\ld be to put an end to ! di/9ction betwe5 l& & capital4 ,j s4 ,b ! fatal tru? is t ^! ?+s are capital2 & t !re really is no fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 l& & capital4 ,is x d5i$ t a f]tile field1 a ri* ve9 ( ore1 or a fall+ /ream1 may =m "p ( a man's /ock1 & t1 if !y d1 !y are capable ( yield+ rev5ue8 ,w n somebody pay a %>e ( ! produce 9 k9d1 or 9 money1 = ! privilege ( cultivat+ ! fir/ royalties = t ( work+ ! second2 & a l equival5t = t ( erect+ a mill on ! ?ird8 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 are ^! ?+s less capital ?an ! build+s & tools :i* on page #bg ( ,progress & ,pov]ty are admitt$ to be capital8 ,is x n pla9 t if ^! ?+s conf] advantages equival5t to ! possession ( capital1 & if ! advantage ( capital is no?+ b ! yield+ ( rev5ue1 !n ! d5ial t !y are capital is m]ely a r\ndab\t way ( self-contradiction8 ,all ?is confus$ talk ab\t capital1 h[ev]1 is lucidity itself comp>$ ) ! exposition ( ! rem>kable !sis1 ,wages n drawn f capital1 b produc$ by lab\r1 :i* occupies ! ?ird *apt] ( ,progress & ,pov]ty4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i devote my lab\r to ga!r+ birds' eggs or pick+ wild b]ries1 ! eggs or b]ries ,i ?us #agg get are my wages4 ,surely no "o w cont5d t1 9 su* a case1 wages are drawn f capital4 ,!re is no capital 9 ! case 7p4 #cd74 ,nev]!less1 ^? :o h foll[$ :at has be5 said 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is essay surely nei!r w1 nor c1 h any hesitation ab\t sub/antially adopt+ ! *all5g$ cont5tion1 ?\gh !y may possibly h qualms z to ! propriety ( ! use ( ! t]m wages499 ,!y w h no difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ! fact t birds' eggs & b]ries are /ores ( food/uffs1 or vital capital2 t ! man :o devotes 8 lab\r to gett+ !m does s at ! exp5se ( 8 p]sonal vital capital2 & t1 if ! eggs & ! b]ries are wages = 8 "w1 !y are s because !y enable him to re/ore to 8 organism ! vital capital :i* he has consum$ 9 do+ ! "w ( collection4 ,s t !re is really a great deal ( capital 9 ! case4 99 ,n m]ely on ! gr\nds /at$ bel[1 b on ! /r5g? ( ,mr4 ,george's own def9ition4 ,does ! ga!r] ( eggs1 or b]ries1 produce !m by 8 lab\r8 ,if s1 :at d ! h5s & ! bu%es d8 ,our au?or proce$s3-- ,an absolutely nak$ man1 ?r[n on an isl& :]e no human be+ has be=e trod1 may ga!r birds' eggs or pick b]ries 7p4 #cd74 ,no d\bt4 ,b ^? :o h foll[$ my argum5t ?us f> w be aw>e t a man's vital capital does n reside 9 8 clo!s2 &1 !re=e1 #agh !y w probably fail1 z completely z ,i d1 to discov] ! relevancy ( ! /atem5t4 ,aga93-- 4 4 4 ,or1 if ,i take a piece ( lea!r & "w x up into a pair ( %oes1 ! %oes are my wages--! rew>d ( my ex]tion4 ,surely !y are n drawn f capital--ei!r my capital or anybody else's capital--b are br\ght into exi/5ce by ! lab\r ( :i* !y became ! wages2 &1 9 obta9+ ?is pair ( %oes z ! wages ( my lab\r1 capital is n ev5 mom5t>ily less5$ "o iota4 ,= if we call 9 ! idea ( capital1 my capital at ! beg9n+ consi/s ( ! piece ( lea!r1 ! ?read1 c4 7p4 #cd74 ,x takes away "o's brea? to h su* a concat5ation ( fallacies adm9i/]$ 9 ! space ( half a p>agraph4 ,x does n seem to h occurr$ to our economical re=m] to imag9e :5ce 8 capital at ! beg9n+1 ! lea!r1 ?read1 c4 came4 ,i v5ture to suppose t lea!r to h be5 orig9ally cattle-sk92 & s9ce calves & ox5 are n flay$ alive1 ! exi/5ce ( ! lea!r implies ! less5+ ( t =m ( capital by a v consid]able iota4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z sure z any?+ c be t1 9 ! long run1 ! %oes are drawn f t :i* is capital p> excell5ce2 to wit1 cattle4 ,x is fur!r beyond d\bt t ! op]ation ( tann+ mu/ involve loss ( capital 9 ! %ape ( b>k1 to say no?+ ( o!r losses2 & t ! use ( ! awls & knives ( ! %oemak] involves loss ( capital 9 ! %ape ( ! /ore ( #agi iron2 fur!r1 ! %oemak] has be5 enabl$ to d 8 "w n only by ! vital capital exp5d$ dur+ ! "t occupi$ 9 mak+ ! pair ( %oes1 b by t exp5d$ f ! "t ( 8 bir?1 up to ! "t t he e>n$ wages t w\ld keep him alive4 ,progress & ,pov]ty cont9ues3-- 4 4 4 ,z my lab\r goes on1 value is /eadily add$ until1 :5 my lab\r results 9 ! f9i%$ %oes1 ,i h my capital plus ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! %oes4 ,9 obta9+ ?is additional value--my wages--h[ is capital1 at any "t1 drawn ^u8 7p1 #cd74 ,9 return we may inquire1 h[ c any "o prop\nd su* a "q8 ,capital is drawn ^u all ! "t4 ,n only :5 ! %oes are comm5c$1 b :ile !y are be+ made1 & until !y are ei!r us$ by ! %oemak] himself or are pur*as$ by somebody else2 t is1 ex*ang$ = a portion ( ano!r man's capital4 ,9 fact 7suppos+ t ! %oemak] does n want %oes himself71 x is ! exi/5ce ( vital capital 9 ! possession ( ano!r p]son & ! will+ness ( t p]son to "p ) m or less ( x 9 ex*ange = ! %oes--x is ^! two conditions1 alone1 :i* prev5t ! %oemak] f hav+ consum$ 8 capital unproductively1 j z mu* z if he _h sp5t 8 "t 9 *opp+ up ! lea!r into m9ute fragm5ts4 ,?us1 ! exam9ation ( ! v case select$ #ahj by ! advocate ( ! doctr9e t lab\r be/[$ ^u manufacture1 )\t any int]v5tion ( capital1 c produce wages1 proves to be a delusion ( ! fir/ magnitude2 ev5 ?\gh x be support$ by ! dictum ( ,adam ,smi? :i* is quot$ 9 its fav\r 7p4 #cd7-- 4 4 4 ,! produce ( lab\r con/itutes ! natural recomp5se or wages ( lab\r4 ,9 t orig9al /ate ( ?+s :i* prec$es bo? ! appropriation ( l& & ! accumulation ( /ock1 ! :ole produce ( lab\r belongs to ! lab\r]4 ,he has nei!r l&lord nor ma/] to %>e ) him 7,weal? ( ,nations1 *4 viii74 ,b ! :ole ( ?is passage exhibits ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,physiocrats by :om ,adam ,smi? 0 inspir$1 at _! wor/2 t is to say1 :5 !y mo/ completely =sook ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce = a priori speculation4 ,! confid5t ref]5ce to t orig9al /ate ( ?+s is q 9 ! mann] ( ! ,essai sur l',inegalie4 ,n[1 ! /ate ( m5 be=e ! appropriation ( l& & ! accumulation ( /ock mu/ surely h be5 t ( purely savage hunt]s4 ,z1 by ! supposition1 nobody w\ld h possess$ l&1 c]ta9ly no man c\ld h _h a l&lord2 &1 if !re 0 no accumulation ( /ock 9 a transf]able =m1 z surely !re c\ld be no ma/]1 9 ! s5se ( hir]4 ,b hir] & hire 7t is1 wages7 are correlative t]ms1 l "m & *ild4 ,z *ild implies "m1 s does hire or wages imply a #aha hir] or wage-giv]4 ,!re=e1 :5 a man 9 ! orig9al /ate ( ?+s ga!r$ fruit or kill$ game = 8 own su/5ance1 ! fruit or ! game c\ld be call$ 8 wages only 9 a figurative s5se2 z "o sees if ! t]m hire1 :i* has a m limit$ connotation1 is sub/itut$ = wage4 ,if n1 x mu/ be assum$ t ! savage hir$ himself to get 8 own d9n]2 :]eby we are l$ to ! tol]ably absurd conclusion t1 z 9 ! /ate ( nature he 0 8 own employ]1 ! ma/] & ! lab\r]1 9 t model age1 appropriat$ ! produce 9 equal %>es6 ,& if ?is %\ld be n en\gh1 x has already be5 se5 t1 9 ! hunt+ /ate1 man is n ev5 an accessory ( production ( vital capital2 he m]ely consumes :at nature produces4 ,accord+ to ! au?or ( ,progress & ,pov]ty political economi/s h be5 delud$ by a fallacy :i* has entangl$ "s ( ! mo/ acute m9ds 9 a web ( _! own sp9n+4 ,x is 9 ! use ( ! t]m capital 9 two s5ses4 ,9 ! prim>y proposition t capital is necess>y to ! ex]tion ( productive lab\r1 ! t]m capital is und]/ood z includ+ all food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 c42 :]eas 9 ! d$uctions f9ally drawn f x1 ! t]m is us$ 9 its common & legitimate mean+ ( weal? devot$1 n to ! imm$iate gratification ( desire1 b to ! procurem5t ( m weal?--( weal? 9 ! h&s ( employ]s z di/+ui%$ f lab\r]s 7p4 #dj74 #ahb ,i am by no means conc]n$ to def5d ! political economi/s :o are ?us *>g$ ) blund]+2 b ,i %all be surpris$ to le>n t any h c>ri$ ! art ( self-entanglem5t to ! degree ( p]fection exhibit$ by ?is passage4 ,:o has ev] imag9$ t weal? :i*1 9 ! h&s ( an employ]1 is capital1 ceases to be capital if x is 9 ! h&s ( a lab\r]8 ,suppose a workman to be paid ?irty %ill+s on ,saturday ev5+ = six days' lab\r1 t ?irty %ill+s comes out ( ! employ]'s capital1 & receives ! "n ( wages simply because x is ex*ang$ = lab\r4 ,9 ! workman's pocket1 z he goes home1 x is a "p ( 8 capital1 9 exactly ! same s5se z1 half an h\r be=e1 x 0 "p ( ! employ]'s capital2 he is a capitali/ j z mu* z if he 7 a ,ro?s*ild4 ,suppose him to be a s+le man1 ^: cook+ & h\sehold matt]s are att5d$ to by ! p ( ! h\se 9 :i* he has a room2 !n ! r5t :i* he pays !m out ( ?is capital is1 9 "p1 wages = _! lab\r1 & he is1 s f>1 an employ]4 ,if he saves "o %ill+ out ( 8 ?irty1 he has1 to t ext5t1 add$ to 8 capital :5 ! next ,saturday comes r\nd4 ,& if he puts 8 sav$ %ill+s week by week into ! ,sav+s ,bank1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ! mo/ bloat$ ( bank]s is simply "o ( degree4 ,at page #db1 we are confid5tly told t #ahc lab\r]s by receiv+ wages _c less5 ev5 tempor>ily ! capital ( ! employ]1 :ile at page #dd x is admitt$ t 9 c]ta9 cases ! capitali/ pays out capital 9 wages4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! pay+ out ( capital is h>dly possible )\t at lea/ a tempor>y dim9ution ( ! capital f :i* paym5t is made4 ,b ,progress & ,pov]ty *anges all t by a little v]bal leg]dema93-- 4 4 4 ,= :]e wages are paid be=e ! object ( ! lab\r is obta9$1 or is f9i%$--z 9 agriculture1 :]e pl\gh+ & s[+ mu/ prec$e by sev]al mon?s ! h>ve/+ ( ! crop2 z 9 ! erection ( build+s1 ! con/ruction ( %ips1 railroads1 canals1 c4--x is cle> t ! own]s ( ! capital paid 9 wages _c expect an imm$iate return1 b1 z ! phrase is1 mu/ outlay x or lie out ( x = a "t :i* sometimes am\nts to _m ye>s4 ,& h5ce1 if fir/ pr9ciples are n kept 9 m9d1 x is easy to jump to ! conclusion t wages are advanc$ by capital 7p4 #dd74 ,^? :o h paid att5tion to ! argum5t ( =m] p>ts ( ?is pap] may n be able to und]/& h[1 if s\nd fir/ pr9ciples are kept 9 m9d1 any o!r conclusion c be rea*$1 :e!r by jump+1 or by any o!r mode ( logical progression4 ,b ! fir/ pr9ciple :i* our au?or keeps 9 m9d possesses j t am\nt ( ambiguity :i* enables him to play hocus-pocus ) x4 ,x is ?is2 t ! creation ( value does n dep5d ^u ! f9i%+ ( ! product 7p4 #dd74 #ahd ,!re is no d\bt t1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 ?is proposition is correct4 ,x is n true t lab\r always adds to capital by its ex]tion be=e x takes f capital its wages 7p4 #dd71 b x is true t x may1 & (t5 does1 produce t effect4 ,to take "o ( ! examples giv51 ! con/ruction ( a %ip4 ,! %ap+ ( ! timb]s und\bt$ly gives !m a value 7= a %ipbuild]7 :i* !y did n possess be=e4 ,:5 !y are put toge!r to con/itute ! framework ( ! %ip1 !re is a /ill fur!r addition ( value 7= a %ipbuild]72 & :5 ! outside plank+ is add$1 !re is ano!r addition 7= a %ipbuild]74 ,suppose ev]y?+ else ab\t ! hull is f9i%$1 except ! "o little item ( caulk+ ! seams1 !re is no d\bt t x has /ill m value = a %ipbuild]4 ,b = :om else has x any value1 except p]haps = a fire-wood m]*ant8 ,:at price w any "o :o wants a %ip--t is to say1 some?+ t w c>ry a c>go f "o port to ano!r--give = ! unf9i%$ vessel :i* w\ld take wat] 9 at e seam & g d[n 9 half an h\r1 if %e 7 laun*$8 ,suppose ! %ipbuild]'s capital to fail be=e ! vessel is caulk$1 & t he _c f9d ano!r %ipbuild] :o c>es to buy & f9i% x1 :at sort ( proportion does ! value creat$ by ! lab\r1 = :i* he has paid out ( 8 capital1 /& to t ( 8 advances8 #ahe ,surely no "o w give him "o-t5? ( ! capital disburs$ 9 wages1 p]haps n s mu* ev5 z ! prime co/ ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ! ass]tion t ! creation ( value does n dep5d on ! f9i%+ ( ! product may be /rictly true "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x ne$ n be & is n always true4 ,&1 if x is meant to imply or sugge/ t ! creation ( value 9 a manufactur$ article does n dep5d ^u ! f9i%+ ( t article1 a m s]i\s error c\ld h>dly be prop\nd$4 ,is !re n a prodigi\s diff]5ce 9 ! value ( an uncaulk$ & 9 t ( a f9i%$ %ip2 betwe5 ! value ( a h\se 9 :i* only ! tiles ( ! ro( are want+ & a f9i%$ h\se2 betwe5 t ( a clock :i* only lacks ! escapem5t & a f9i%$ clock8 ,z %ips1 h\se1 & clock1 ! unf9i%$ articles h no value :atev]--t is to say1 no p]son :o want$ to pur*ase "o ( ^! ?+s1 = imm$iate use1 w\ld give a f>?+ = ei!r4 ,! only value !y c h1 ap>t f t ( ! mat]ials !y conta91 is t :i* !y possess = "s "o :o c f9i% !m1 or = "s "o :o c make use ( p>ts ( !m = ! con/ruction ( o!r ?+s4 ,a man might buy an unf9i%$ h\se = ! sake ( ! bricks2 or he might buy an incomplete clock to use ! works = "s o!r piece ( ma*9]y4 ,?us1 ?\gh e /age ( ! lab\r #ahf be/[$ on raw mat]ial1 = ! purpose ( giv+ rise to a c]ta9 product1 conf]s "s additional value on t mat]ial 9 ! e/imation ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 manufactur+ t product1 ! ratio ( t accumulat$ value1 at any /age ( ! process1 to ! value ( ! f9i%$ product is extremely incon/ant1 & (t5 small2 :ile1 to o!r p]sons1 ! value ( ! unf9i%$ product may be no?+1 or ev5 a m9us quantity4 ,a h\se-timb] m]*ant1 = example1 might consid] t wood :i* _h be5 work$ into ! ribs ( a %ip 0 spoil$--t is1 _h less value ?an x _h z a log4 ,accord+ to ,progress & ,pov]ty1 !re 01 really1 no advance ( capital :ile ! great ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel 0 cut4 ,suppose t1 z ! ,swiss & ! ,italian halves ( ! tunnel approa*$ to )9 half a kilometre1 t half-kilometre _h turn$ out to be compos$ ( practically imp5etrable rock--w\ld anybody h giv5 a c5time = ! unf9i%$ tunnel8 ,& if n1 h[ comes x t ! creation ( value does n dep5d on ! f9i%+ ( ! product8 ,i ?9k x may be n too mu* to say t1 ( all ! political delusions :i* are curr5t 9 ?is que] _w1 ! v /upide/ are ^? :i* assume t lab\r & capital are necess>ily antagoni/ic2 t all capital is produc$ by lab\r & !re=e1 by natural "r1 is ! prop]ty ( #ahg ! lab\r]2 t ! possessor ( capital is a robb] :o preys on ! workman & appropriates to himself t :i* he has _h no %>e 9 produc+4 ,on ! contr>y1 capital & lab\r are1 necess>ily1 close allies2 capital is nev] a product ( human lab\r alone2 x exi/s ap>t f human lab\r2 x is ! necess>y antec$5t ( lab\r2 & x furni%es ! mat]ials on :i* lab\r is employ$4 ,! only indisp5sable =m ( capital--vital capital--_c be produc$ by human lab\r4 ,all t man c d is to fav\r its =mation by ! real produc]s4 ,!re is no intr9sic relation betwe5 ! am\nt ( lab\r be/[$ on an article & its value 9 ex*ange4 ,! claim ( lab\r to ! total result ( op]ations :i* are r5d]$ possible only by capital is simply an a priori iniquity4 #ahh ,v4 ,,social ,,diseases ,,& ,,worse ,,rem$ies ,,lett]s ,,to ,,! ,,times ,,on ,,mr4 ,,boo?',s ,,s*eme4 ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,& ,,introductory ,,essay4 #ahia ,,preface ,! lett]s :i* are "h collect$ toge!r 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,times 9 ! c\rse ( ! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 #ahij1 & ,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ me to write ! fir/ lett] are suffici5tly set =? 9 its op5+ s5t5ces2 & ! mat]ials on :i* ,i bas$ my criticisms ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s s*eme1 9 ?is & 9 ! second lett]1 7 :olly d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,boo?'s book4 ,i _h "s reason to "k1 h[ev]1 t :5 anybody all[s 8 s5se ( duty s f> to prevail ov] 8 s5se ( ! bless$ness ( peace z to write a lett] to ! ,times1 on any subject ( public int]e/1 8 reflections1 be=e he has done ) ! bus9ess1 w be v l #ahi ^? ( ,johnny ,gilp91 :o little ?\ght1 :5 he set out1 ( runn+ su* a rig4 ,su* und\bt$ly are m9e :5 ,i contemplate ^! twelve docum5ts1 & call to m9d ! di/9ct addition to ! rev5ue ( ! ,po/ ,(fice :i* mu/ h accru$ f ! mass ( lett]s & pamphlets :i* h be5 deliv]$ at my door2 to say no?+ ( ! unexpect$ light ^u my "*1 motives1 & doctr9es1 :i* has be5 ?r[n by "s ( ! ,times' correspond5ts1 & by no end ( comm5ts else:]e4 ,if self-k is ! highe/ aim ( man1 ,i ought by ?is "t to h little to le>n4 ,& yet1 if ,i am awake1 "s ( my tea*]s--unable1 p]haps1 to control ! div9e fire ( ! poetic imag9ation :i* is s closely ak9 to1 if n a "p (1 ! my?opoeic faculty--h surely dream$ dreams4 ,s f> z my humbl] & ess5tially prosaic faculties ( obs]vation & comp>ison g1 pla9 facts are aga9/ !m4 ,b1 z ,i may be mi/ak51 ,i h ?\ght x well to prefix to ! lett]s 7by way ( ,prolegom5a7 an essay :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,janu>y1 #ahhh1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples t1 to my m9d1 lie at ! bottom ( ! social "q are /at$4 ,s f> z ,individualism & ,regim5tal ,socialism are conc]n$1 ?is pap] simply emphasizes & exp&s ! op9ions express$ 9 an address to ! memb]s ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 deliv]$ sev5te5 ye>s e>li]1 #aij & /ill m fully develop$ 9 sev]al essays publi%$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 9 #ahhi1 :i* ,i hope1 be=e long1 to republi%499 99 ,see ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bij to end2 & ?is volume1 p4 #adg4 ,! fundam5tal proposition :i* runs ?r\gh ! writ+s1 :i* ?us ext5d ov] tw5ty ye>s1 is1 t ! common a priori doctr9es & me?ods ( reason+ ab\t political & social que/ions are ess5tially vici\s2 & t argum5tation on ?is basis leads1 ) equal logical =ce1 to two contradictory & extremely mis*iev\s sy/ems1 ! "o t ( ,an>*aic ,individualism1 ! o!r t ( despotic or ,regim5tal ,socialism4 ,:e!r ,i am "r or wrong1 ,i am at lea/ consi/5t 9 oppos+ bo? to ! be/ ( my ability4 ,mr4 ,boo?'s sy/em appe>s to me1 &1 z ,i h %[n1 is reg>d$ by ,sociali/s !mselves1 to be m]e autocratic ,socialism1 mask$ by its !ological ext]ior4 ,t ! fanta/ic religi\s sk9 w we> away1 & ! ,sociali/ic reality x cov]s w %[ its real nature1 is ! express$ hope ( "o c&id ,sociali/1 & may be fairly conceiv$ to be ! unexpress$ belief ( ! despotic lead] ( ! new ,trades ,union1 :o has %[n 8 zeal1 if n 8 discretion1 9 *ampion+ ,mr4 ,boo?'s projects4 ,see ,lett] ,,viii4 ,yet ano!r ^w to comm5tators ^u my lett]s4 ,!re are "s :o r *uckle1 & #aia "s :o sne]1 at :at !y seem to consid] ! dext]ity ( an old controv]sial h&1 exhibit$ by ! contra/ :i* ,i h drawn betwe5 ! me?ods ( conv]sion depict$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & ^? pursu$ by fanatics ( ! ,salvationi/ type1 :e!r !y be su* z are n[ exploit$ by ,mr4 ,boo?1 or su* z ^? :o1 f ! "t ( ! ,anabapti/s1 to g no fur!r back1 h work$ ^u simil> l9es4 ,:e!r su* obs]vations 7 int5d$ to be flatt]+ or s>ca/ic1 ,i mu/ respectfully decl9e to accept ! complim5t1 or to apply ! s>casm to myself4 ,i object to obliquity ( proc$ure & ambiguity ( spee* 9 all %apes4 ,& ,i confess t ,i f9d x difficult to und]/& ! /ate ( m9d :i* leads any "o to suppose1 t deep respect = s+le-m9d$ devotion to high aims is incompatible ) ! unhesitat+ conviction t ^? aims include ! propagation ( doctr9es :i* are devoid ( f\ndation--p]haps ev5 mis*iev\s4 ,! mo/ degrad+ feature ( ! n>r[] =ms ( ,*ri/ianity 7( :i* t pr(ess$ by ,mr4 ,boo? is a notable example7 is _! insi/5ce t ! noble/ virtues1 if display$ by ^? :o reject _! pitiable =mulae1 are1 z _! pet phrase goes1 spl5did s9s4 ,b !re is1 p]haps1 "o /ep l[]2 & t is t m51 :o pr(ess fre$om ( ?\ght1 %\ld fail to see & #aib appreciate t l>ge s\l ( goodness :i* (t5 animates ev5 ! fanatical adh]5ts ( su* t5ets4 ,i am sorry = any man :o c read ! epi/les to ! ,galatians & ! ,cor9?ians )\t yield+ a l>ge me$ ( admiration to ! f]v5t humanity ( ,paul ( ,t>sus2 :o c /udy ! lives ( ,francis ( ,assisi1 or ( ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 )\t wi%+ t1 = ! fur!rance ( 8 own ideals1 he might be ev5 z !y2 or :o c contemplate unmov$ ! /eadfa/ v]acity & true h]oism :i* loom ?r\gh ! fogs ( my/ical utt]ance 9 ,george ,fox4 ,9 all ^! great m5 & wom5 !re lay ! root ( ! matt]2 a burn+ desire to am5d ! condition ( _! fell[-m51 & to put aside all o!r ?+s = t end4 ,if1 9 spite ( all ! dogmatic helps or h9drances 9 :i* !y 7 entangl$1 ^! p are n to be held 9 high hon\r1 :o are8 ,i h nev] express$ a d\bt--= ,i h none--t1 :5 ,mr4 ,boo? left ! ,me?odi/ connection1 & />t$ t organisation ( ! ,salvation ,army ^u :i*1 comp>atively rec5tly1 su* ambiti\s s*emes ( social re=m h be5 graft$1 he may h des]v$ "s %>e ( su* hon\r4 ,i d n say t1 s f> z 8 p]sonal desires & int5tions g1 he may n /ill des]ve x4 ,b ! correlate ( despotic au?ority is unlimit$ responsibility4 ,if ,mr4 ,boo? is to take #aic cr$it = any good t ! ,army sy/em has effect$1 he mu/ be prep>$ to be> blame = its inh]5t evils4 ,z x seems to me1 t has happ5$ to him :i* soon] or lat] happ5s to all despots3 he has become ! slave ( 8 own creation--! prosp]ity & glory ( ! s\l-sav+ ma*9e h become ! end1 in/ead ( a means1 ( s\l-sav+2 & to ma9ta9 ^! at ! prop] pit*1 ! ,g5]al is l$ to d ?+s :i* ! ,mr4 ,boo? ( tw5ty ye>s ago w\ld probably h scorn$4 ,& ^? :o desire1 z ,i mo/ emphatically desire1 to be j to ,mr4 ,boo?1 h[ev] badly !y may ?9k ( ! work+ ( ! organization he has f\nd$1 w be> 9 m9d t "s a/ute back]s ( 8 probably c>e little en\gh = ,salvationi/ religion2 &1 p]haps1 are n v ke5 ab\t _m ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s projects4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! rubb+ ( ! h&s ( ! ,sociali/s ov] ,mr4 ,boo?'s success299 b1 unless ,i err greatly1 !re are politicians ( a c]ta9 s*ool to :om x af=ds /ill great] satisfaction4 ,consid] :at electione]+ ag5ts ! capta9s ( ! ,salvation ,army1 scatt]$ ?r\gh all our t[ns1 & direct$ f a political bureau 9 ,london1 w\ld make6 ,?9k h[ political adv]s>ies c\ld be h>ass$ by our local attorney--tribune ( ! p1 ,i mean2 & h[ a tr\blesome man1 on ! o!r side1 c\ld be hunt$ #aid d[n ^u any conv5i5t *>ge1 :e!r true or false1 br\ght by our ,vigilance-famili>69999 99 ,see ,lett] ,,viii4 9999 ,see ,lett] ,,ii4 ,i entirely acquit ,mr4 ,boo? ( any complicity 9 f>-rea*+ s*emes ( ?is k9d2 b ,i did n write idly :51 9 my fir/ lett]1 ,i gave no vague w>n+ ( :at might gr[ out ( ! organis$ =ce1 drill$ 9 ! habit ( unhesitat+ ob$i5ce1 :i* he has creat$4 #aie ,,introductory ,,essay4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,exi/5ce ,,9 ,,human ,,society4 #ahhh4 ,! va/ & v>i$ procession ( ev5ts1 :i* we call ,nature1 af=ds a sublime spectacle & an inexhau/ible weal? ( attractive problems to ! speculative obs]v]4 ,if we conf9e our att5tion to t aspect :i* engages ! att5tion ( ! intellect1 nature appe>s a beautiful & h>moni\s :ole1 ! inc>nation ( a faultless logical process1 f c]ta9 premises 9 ! pa/ to an inevitable conclusion 9 ! future4 ,b if x be reg>d$ f a less elevat$1 ?\gh m human1 po9t ( view2 if our moral sympa?ies are all[$ to influ5ce our judgm5t1 & we p]mit ourselves to criticise our great "m z we criticise "o ano!r2 !n our v]dict1 at lea/ s f> z s5ti5t nature is conc]n$1 c h>dly be s fav\rable4 ,9 sob] tru?1 to ^? :o h made a /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( life z !y exhibit$ by ! high] =ms ( ! animal _w1 #aif ! optimi/ic dogma1 t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 w seem little bett] ?an a libel ^u possibility4 ,x is really only ano!r in/ance to be add$ to ! _m extant1 ( ! audacity ( a priori speculators :o1 hav+ creat$ ,god 9 _! own image1 f9d no difficulty 9 assum+ t ! ,almighty mu/ h be5 actuat$ by ! same motives z !mselves4 ,!y are q sure t1 _h any o!r c\rse be5 practicable1 ,he w\ld no m h made inf9ite suff]+ a necess>y +r$i5t ( ,8 h&iwork ?an a respectable philosoph] w\ld h done ! l4 ,b ev5 ! modifi$ optimism ( ! "t-hon\r$ !sis ( physico-!ology1 t ! s5ti5t _w is1 on ! :ole1 regulat$ by pr9ciples ( b5evol5ce1 does b ill /& ! te/ ( imp>tial confrontation ) ! facts ( ! case4 ,no d\bt x is q true t s5ti5t nature af=ds ho/s ( examples ( subtle contrivances direct$ t[>ds ! production ( pleasure or ! avoidance ( pa92 & x may be prop] to say t ^! are evid5ces ( b5evol5ce4 ,b if s1 :y is x n equally prop] to say ( ! equally num]\s arrangem5ts1 ! no less necess>y result ( :i* is ! production ( pa91 t !y are evid5ces ( malevol5ce8 ,if a va/ am\nt ( t :i*1 9 a piece ( human workman%ip1 we %\ld call skill1 is #aig visible 9 ^? p>ts ( ! organization ( a de] to :i* x owes its ability to escape f bea/s ( prey1 !re is at lea/ equal skill display$ 9 t bodily me*anism ( ! wolf :i* enables him to track1 & soon] or lat] to br+ d[n1 ! de]4 ,view$ "u ! dry light ( sci5ce1 de] & wolf are alike admirable2 &1 if bo? 7 non-s5ti5t automata1 !re w\ld be no?+ to qualify our admiration ( ! action ( ! "o on ! o!r4 ,b ! fact t ! de] suff]s1 :ile ! wolf inflicts suff]+1 engages our moral sympa?ies4 ,we %\ld call m5 l ! de] innoc5t & good1 m5 su* z ! wolf malignant & bad2 we %\ld call ^? :o def5d$ ! de] & aid$ him to escape brave & compassionate1 & ^? :o help$ ! wolf 9 8 bloody "w base & cruel4 ,surely1 if we transf] ^! judgm5ts to nature outside ! _w ( man at all1 we mu/ d s imp>tially4 ,9 t case1 ! goodness ( ! "r h& :i* helps ! de]1 & ! wick$ness ( ! left h& :i* eggs on ! wolf1 w neutralize "o ano!r3 & ! c\rse ( nature w appe> to be nei!r moral nor immoral1 b non-moral4 ,?is conclusion is ?ru/ ^u u by analog\s facts 9 e "p ( ! s5ti5t _w2 yet1 inasmu* z x n only j>s ^u preval5t prejudices1 b ar\ses ! natural dislike to t :i* is pa9ful1 mu* +5uity has be5 ex]cis$ 9 devis+ an escape f x4 ,f ! !ological side1 we are told t #aih ?is is a /ate ( probation1 & t ! seem+ inju/ices & immoralities ( nature w be comp5sat$ by & by4 ,b h[ ?is comp5sation is to be effect$1 9 ! case ( ! great majority ( s5ti5t ?+s1 is n cle>4 ,i appreh5d t no "o is s]i\sly prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ! gho/s ( all ! myriads ( g5]ations ( h]bivor\s animals :i* liv$ dur+ ! millions ( ye>s ( ! e>?'s duration1 be=e ! appe>ance ( man1 & :i* h all t "t be5 torm5t$ & dev\r$ by c>nivores1 are to be comp5sat$ by a p]5nial exi/5ce 9 clov]2 :ile ! gho/s ( c>nivores are to g to "s k5nel :]e !re is nei!r a pan ( wat] nor a bone ) any meat on x4 ,besides1 f ! po9t ( view ( morality1 ! la/ /age ( ?+s w\ld be worse ?an ! fir/4 ,= ! c>nivores1 h[ev] brutal & sangu9>y1 h only done t :i*1 if !re is any evid5ce ( contrivance 9 ! _w1 !y 7 expressly con/ruct$ to d4 ,moreov]1 c>nivores & h]bivores alike h be5 subject to all ! mis]ies incid5tal to old age1 disease1 & ov]-multiplication1 & bo? might well put 9 a claim = comp5sation on ?is score4 ,on ! evolutioni/ side1 on ! o!r h&1 we are told to take com=t f ! reflection t ! t]rible /ruggle = exi/5ce t5ds to f9al good1 & t ! suff]+ ( ! ance/or is paid = by ! increas$ p]fection ( ! prog5y4 ,!re w\ld be some?+ 9 ?is argum5t if1 9 #aii ,*9ese fa%ion1 ! pres5t g5]ation c\ld pay its debts to its ance/ors2 o!rwise x is n cle> :at comp5sation ! ,eohippus gets = 8 sorr[s 9 ! fact t1 "s millions ( ye>s aft]w>ds1 "o ( 8 desc5dants w9s ! ,d]by4 ,&1 aga91 x is an error to imag9e t evolution signifies a con/ant t5d5cy to increas$ p]fection4 ,t process und\bt$ly involves a con/ant remodell+ ( ! organism 9 adaptation to new conditions2 b x dep5ds on ! nature ( ^? conditions :e!r ! direction ( ! modifications effect$ %all be upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,retrogressive is z practicable z progressive metamorphosis4 ,if :at ! physical philosoph]s tell u1 t our globe has be5 9 a /ate ( fusion1 &1 l ! sun1 is gradually cool+ d[n1 is true2 !n ! "t mu/ come :5 evolution w mean adaptation to an univ]sal w9t]1 & all =ms ( life w die out1 except su* l[ & simple organisms z ! ,diatom ( ! arctic & ant>ctic ice & ! ,protococcus ( ! r$ sn[4 ,if our globe is proce$+ f a condition 9 :i* x 0 too hot to support any b ! l[e/ liv+ ?+ to a condition 9 :i* x w be too cold to p]mit ( ! exi/5ce ( any o!rs1 ! c\rse ( life ^u its surface mu/ describe a trajectory l t ( a ball fir$ f a mort>2 & ! s9k+ half ( t c\rse is z mu* a "p ( ! g5]al process ( evolution z ! ris+4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! morali/ ! #bjj animal _w is on ab\t ! same level z a gladiator's %[4 ,! creatures are fairly well treat$1 & set to fight--:]eby ! /ronge/1 ! swifte/1 & ! cunn+e/ live to fight ano!r day4 ,! spectator has no ne$ to turn 8 ?umbs d[n1 z no qu>t] is giv54 ,he mu/ admit t ! skill & tra9+ display$ are wond]ful4 ,b he mu/ %ut 8 eyes if he w\ld n see t m or less endur+ suff]+ is ! me$ ( bo? vanqui%$ & victor4 ,& s9ce ! great game is go+ on 9 e corn] ( ! _w1 ?\s&s ( times a m9ute2 s9ce1 7 our e>s %>p en\gh1 we ne$ n desc5d to ! gates ( hell to he>-- 4 4 4 sospiri1 pianti1 ed alti guai4 ,voci alte e flo*e1 e suon di man con elle --x seems to foll[ t1 if ! _w is gov]n$ by b5evol5ce1 x mu/ be a diff]5t sort ( b5evol5ce f t ( ,john ,h[>d4 ,b ! old ,babylonians wisely symboliz$ ,nature by _! great goddess ,i/>1 :o comb9$ ! attributes ( ,aphrodite ) ^? ( ,ares4 ,h] t]rible aspect is n to be ignor$ or cov]$ up ) %ams2 b x is n ! only "o4 ,if ! optimism ( ,leibnitz is a fooli% ?\gh pleasant dream1 ! pessimism ( ,s*op5hau] is a nightm>e1 ! m fooli% because ( its hide\sness4 ,error :i* is n pleasant is surely ! wor/ =m ( wrong4 #bja ,?is may n be ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 b to say t x is ! wor/ is m]e petulant nons5se4 ,a worn-out voluptu>y may f9d no?+ good "u ! sun1 or a va9 & inexp]i5c$ y\?1 :o _c get ! moon he cries =1 may v5t 8 irritation 9 pessimi/ic moan+s2 b !re c be no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any reasonable p]son t mank9d c\ld1 w\ld1 & 9 fact d1 get on fairly well ) va/ly less happ9ess & f> m mis]y ?an f9d _! way into ! lives ( n9e p out ( t54 ,if ea* & all ( u _h be5 visit$ by an attack ( neuralgia1 or ( extreme m5tal depression1 = "o h\r 9 e tw5ty-f\r--a supposition :i* _m tol]ably vigor\s p "k1 to _! co/1 is n extravagant--! burd5 ( life w\ld h be5 imm5sely increas$ )\t mu* practical h9drance to its g5]al c\rse4 ,m5 ) any manhood 9 !m f9d life q wor? liv+ "u worse conditions ?an ^!4 ,!re is ano!r suffici5tly obvi\s fact1 :i* r5d]s ! hypo!sis t ! c\rse ( s5ti5t nature is dictat$ by malevol5ce q unt5able4 ,a va/ multitude ( pleasures1 & ^! among ! pure/ & ! be/1 are sup]fluities1 bits ( good :i* are to all appe>ances unnecess>y z inducem5ts to live1 & are1 s to speak1 ?r[n into ! b>ga9 ( life4 ,to ^? :o exp]i5ce !m1 few delights c be m entranc+ ?an su* z are af=d$ by natural #bjb beauty1 or by ! arts1 & especially by music2 b !y are products (1 r ?an factors 91 evolution1 & x is probable t !y are kn[n1 9 any consid]able degree1 to b a v small proportion ( mank9d4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] seems to be t1 if ,ormuzd has n _h 8 way 9 ?is _w1 nei!r has ,ahriman4 ,pessimism is z little consonant ) ! facts ( s5ti5t exi/5ce z optimism4 ,if we desire to repres5t ! c\rse ( nature 9 t]ms ( human ?\ght1 & assume t x 0 int5d$ to be t :i* x is1 we mu/ say t its gov]n+ pr9ciple is intellectual & n moral2 t x is a mat]ializ$ logical process1 accompani$ by pleasures & pa9s1 ! incid5ce ( :i*1 9 ! majority ( cases1 has n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to moral des]t4 ,t ! ra9 falls alike ^u ! j & ! unju/1 & t ^? ^u :om ! ,t[] ( ,siloam fell 7 no worse ?an _! neighb\rs1 seem to be ,ori5tal modes ( express+ ! same conclusion4 ,9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w nature1 x d5otes ! sum ( ! ph5om5al _w1 ( t :i* has be51 & is1 & w be2 & society1 l art1 is !re=e a "p ( nature4 ,b x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% ^? p>ts ( nature 9 :i* man plays ! "p ( imm$iate cause1 z "s ?+ ap>t2 &1 !re=e1 society1 l art1 #bjc is usefully to be consid]$ z di/9ct f nature4 ,x is ! m desirable1 & ev5 necess>y1 to make ?is di/9ction1 s9ce society diff]s f nature 9 hav+ a def9ite moral object2 :5ce x comes ab\t t ! c\rse %ap$ by ! e?ical man--! memb] ( society or citiz5--necess>ily runs c\nt] to t :i* ! non-e?ical man--! primitive savage1 or man z a m]e memb] ( ! animal k+dom--t5ds to adopt4 ,! latt] fights out ! /ruggle = exi/5ce to ! bitt] end1 l any o!r animal2 ! =m] devotes 8 be/ en]gies to ! object ( sett+ limits to ! /ruggle499 ,9 ! cycle ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! life ( man1 ! animal1 no m moral end is disc]nible ?an 9 t pres5t$ by ! lives ( ! wolf & ( ! de]4 ,h[ev] imp]fect ! relics ( prehi/oric m5 may be1 ! evid5ce :i* !y af=d cle>ly t5ds to ! conclusion t1 = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 be=e ! orig9 ( ! olde/ kn[n civilizations1 m5 7 savages ( a v l[ type4 ,!y /rove ) _! enemies & _! competitors2 !y prey$ ^u ?+s weak] or less cunn+ ?an !mselves2 !y 7 born1 multipli$ )\t /9t1 & di$1 = ?\s&s ( g5]ations alongside ! mammo?1 ! urus1 ! lion1 & ! hya5a1 ^: lives 7 sp5t 9 ! same way2 #bjd & !y 7 no m to be prais$ or blam$ on moral gr\nds1 ?an _! less erect & m hairy compatriots4 99 ,! read] w obs]ve t ?is is ! argum5t ( ! ,romanes ,lecture1 9 brief4--#ahid4 ,z among ^!1 s among primitive m51 ! weake/ & /upide/ w5t to ! wall1 :ile ! t\ghe/ & %rewde/1 ^? :o 7 be/ fitt$ to cope ) _! circum/ances1 b n ! be/ 9 any o!r s5se1 surviv$4 ,life 0 a cont9ual free fight1 & beyond ! limit$ & tempor>y relations ( ! family1 ! ,hobbesian w> ( ea* aga9/ all 0 ! normal /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! human species1 l o!rs1 pla%$ & fl\nd]$ amid ! g5]al /ream ( evolution1 keep+ its head above wat] z x be/ might1 & ?9k+ nei!r ( :5ce nor :i!r4 ,! hi/ory ( civilization--t is1 ( society--on ! o!r h&1 is ! record ( ! attempts :i* ! human race has made to escape f ?is position4 ,! fir/ m5 :o sub/itut$ ! /ate ( mutual peace = t ( mutual w>1 :atev] ! motive :i* impell$ !m to take t /ep1 creat$ society4 ,b1 9 e/abli%+ peace1 !y obvi\sly put a limit ^u ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,betwe5 ! memb]s ( t society1 at any rate1 x 0 n to be pursu$ a outrance4 ,& ( all ! successive %apes :i* society has tak51 t mo/ ne>ly approa*es p]fection 9 :i* ! w> ( individual aga9/ individual is mo/ /rictly limit$4 #bje ,! primitive savage1 tutor$ by ,i/>1 appropriat$ :atev] took 8 fancy1 & kill$ :omsoev] oppos$ him1 if he c\ld4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ideal ( ! e?ical man is to limit 8 fre$om ( action to a sph]e 9 :i* he does n int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( o!rs2 he seeks ! common weal z mu* z 8 own2 &1 inde$1 z an ess5tial "p ( 8 own welf>e4 ,peace is bo? end & means ) him2 & he f\nds 8 life on a m or less complete self-re/ra9t1 :i* is ! negation ( ! unlimit$ /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,he tries to escape f 8 place 9 ! animal k+dom1 f\nd$ on ! free developm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( non-moral evolution1 & to e/abli% a k+dom ( ,man1 gov]n$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( moral evolution4 ,= society n only has a moral end1 b 9 its p]fection1 social life1 is embodi$ morality4 ,b ! ef=t ( e?ical man to "w t[>ds a moral end by no means aboli%$1 p]haps has h>dly modifi$1 ! deep-seat$ organic impulses :i* impel ! natural man to foll[ 8 non-moral c\rse4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial conditions1 if n ! *ief cause1 ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 is ! t5d5cy to multiply )\t limit1 :i* man %>es ) all liv+ ?+s4 ,x is notable t increase & multiply is a comm&m5t traditionally mu* old] ?an ! t52 & t x is1 p]haps1 ! only "o :i* has be5 spontane\sly & ex animo obey$ by #bjf ! great majority ( ! human race4 ,b1 9 civiliz$ society1 ! inevitable result ( su* ob$i5ce is ! re-e/abli%m5t1 9 all its int5sity1 ( t /ruggle = exi/5ce--! w> ( ea* aga9/ all--! mitigation or abolition ( :i* 0 ! *ief end ( social organization4 ,x is conceivable t1 at "s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fabl$ ,atlantis1 ! production ( food %\ld h be5 exactly suffici5t to meet ! wants ( ! population1 t ! mak]s ( ! commodities ( ! artific] %\ld h am\nt$ to j ! numb] supportable by ! surplus food ( ! agriculturi/s4 ,&1 z !re is no h>m 9 add+ ano!r mon/r\s supposition to ! =ego+1 let x be imag9$ t e man1 woman1 & *ild 0 p]fectly virtu\s1 & aim$ at ! good ( all z ! highe/ p]sonal good4 ,9 t happy l&1 ! natural man w\ld h be5 f9ally put d[n by ! e?ical man4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no competition1 b ! indu/ry ( ea* w\ld h be5 s]viceable to all2 nobody be+ va9 & nobody av>ici\s1 !re w\ld h be5 no rivalries2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce w\ld h be5 aboli%$1 & ! mill5nium w\ld h f9ally set 94 ,b x is obvi\s t ?is /ate ( ?+s c\ld h be5 p]man5t only ) a /ation>y population4 ,add t5 fre% m\?s2 & z1 by ! supposition1 !re 0 only exactly en\gh be=e1 somebody mu/ g on %ort rations4 ,! #bjg ,atlantis society might h be5 a heav5 ^u e>?1 ! :ole nation might h consi/$ ( j m51 ne$+ no rep5tance1 & yet somebody mu/ />ve4 ,reckless ,i/>1 non-moral ,nature1 w\ld h riv5 ! e?ical fabric4 ,i 0 once talk+ ) a v em95t physician99 ab\t ! vis m$icatrix naturae4 ,/uff6 said he2 n9e times out ( t5 nature does n want to cure ! man3 %e wants to put him 9 8 c(f94 ,& ,i/>-,nature appe>s to h equally little sympa?y ) ! ends ( society4 ,/uff6 %e wants no?+ b a fair field & free play = h] d>l+ ! /ronge/4 99 ,! late ,sir ,w4 ,gull ,our ,atlantis may be an impossible figm5t1 b ! antagoni/ic t5d5cies :i* ! fable adumbrates h exi/$ 9 e society :i* 0 ev] e/abli%$1 &1 to all appe>ance1 mu/ /rive = ! victory 9 all t w be4 ,hi/orians po9t to ! gre$ & ambition ( rul]s1 to ! reckless turbul5ce ( ! rul$1 to ! debas+ effects ( weal? & luxury1 & to ! deva/at+ w>s :i* h =m$ a great "p ( ! occupation ( mank9d1 z ! causes ( ! decay ( /ates & ! f\nd]+ ( old civilizations1 & !reby po9t _! /ory ) a moral4 ,no d\bt immoral motives ( all sorts h figur$ l>gely among ! m9or causes ( ^! ev5ts4 ,b b5ea? all ?is #bjh sup]ficial turmoil lay ! deep-seat$ impulse giv5 by unlimit$ multiplication4 ,9 ! sw>ms ( colonies ?r[n out by ,pho5icia & by old ,greece2 9 ! v] sacrum ( ! ,lat9 races2 9 ! floods ( ,gauls & ( ,teutons :i* bur/ ov] ! fronti]s ( ! old civilization ( ,europe2 9 ! sway+ to & fro ( ! va/ ,mongolian hordes 9 late times1 ! population problem comes to ! front 9 a v visible %ape4 ,nor is x less pla9ly manife/ 9 ! ev]la/+ agr>ian que/ions ( anci5t ,rome ?an 9 ! ,arreoi societies ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&s4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 & 9 a l>ge "p ( t 9 :i* we live1 ! practice ( infanticide 01 or is1 a regul> & legal cu/om2 fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 & w> 7 & are normal factors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & !y h s]v$1 9 a gross & brutal fa%ion1 to mitigate ! int5sity ( ! effects ( its *ief cause4 ,b1 9 ! m advanc$ civilizations1 ! progress ( private & public morality has /eadily t5d$ to remove all ^! *ecks4 ,we decl>e infanticide murd]1 & puni% x z su*2 we decree1 n q s successfully1 t no "o %all die ( hung]2 we reg>d dea? f prev5tible causes ( o!r k9ds z a sort ( con/ructive murd]1 & elim9ate pe/il5ce to ! be/ ( our ability2 we declaim aga9/ ! curse #bji ( w>1 & ! wick$ness ( ! milit>y _s1 & we are nev] we>y ( dilat+ on ! bless$ness ( peace & ! innoc5t b5efic5ce ( ,indu/ry4 ,9 _! mom5ts ( expansion1 ev5 /atesm5 & m5 ( bus9ess g ?us f>4 ,! f9] spirits look to an ideal civitas ,dei2 a /ate :51 e man hav+ rea*$ ! po9t ( absolute self-negation1 & hav+ no?+ b moral p]fection to /rive aft]1 peace w truly reign1 n m]ely among nations1 b among m51 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce w be at an end4 ,:e!r human nature is compet5t1 "u any circum/ances1 to rea*1 or ev5 s]i\sly advance t[>ds1 ?is ideal condition1 is a "q :i* ne$ n be discuss$4 ,x w be admitt$ t mank9d has n yet rea*$ ?is /age by a v long way1 & my bus9ess is ) ! pres5t4 ,& t :i* ,i wi% to po9t out is t1 s long z ! natural man increases & multiplies )\t re/ra9t1 s long w peace & indu/ry n only p]mit1 b !y w necessitate1 a /ruggle = exi/5ce z %>p z any t ev] w5t on "u ! regime ( w>4 ,if ,i/> is to reign on ! "o h&1 %e w dem& h] human sacrifices on ! o!r4 ,let u look at home4 ,= sev5ty ye>s peace & indu/ry h _h _! way among u ) less int]ruption & "u m fav\rable conditions ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! weal? ( ,croesus 0 no?+ to #baj t :i* we h accumulat$1 & our prosp]ity has fill$ ! _w ) envy4 ,b ,nemesis did n =get ,croesus3 has %e =gott5 u8 ,i ?9k n4 ,!re are n[ #cf1jjj1jjj ( p 9 our isl&s1 & e ye> consid]ably m ?an #cjj1jjj are add$ to our numb]s499 ,t is to say1 ab\t e hundr$ seconds1 or s1 a new claimant to a %>e 9 ! common /ock or ma9t5ance pres5ts him or h]self among u4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! produce ( ! soil does n suffice to fe$ half its population4 ,! o!r moiety has to be suppli$ ) food :i* mu/ be b\ght f ! p ( food-produc+ c\ntries4 ,t is to say1 we h to (f] !m ! ?+s :i* !y want 9 ex*ange = ! ?+s we want4 ,& ! ?+s !y want & :i* we c produce bett] ?an !y c are ma9ly manufactures--indu/rial products4 99 ,^! numb]s are only approximately accurate4 ,9 #ahha1 our population am\nt$ to #ce1bda1dhb1 exce$+ ! numb] 9 #ahga by #c1cif1ajc4 ,! av]age annual increase 9 ! dec5nial4 #ahga--ahha is !re=e #cci1faj4 ,! numb] ( m9utes 9 a cal5d> ye> is #ebe1fjj4 ,! insol5t reproa* ( ! fir/ ,napoleon _h a v solid f\ndation4 ,we n only are1 b1 "u p5alty ( />vation1 we are b\nd to be1 a nation ( %opkeep]s4 ,b o!r nations also lie "u ! same necessity ( keep+ %op1 & "s ( !m deal 9 ! same goods z ourselves4 ,our cu/om]s naturally seek to get ! mo/ & #baa ! be/ 9 ex*ange = _! produce4 ,if our goods are inf]ior to ^? ( our competitors1 !re is no gr\nd1 compatible ) ! sanity ( ! buy]s1 :i* c be alleg$1 :y !y %\ld n pref] ! latt]4 ,&1 if t result %\ld ev] take place on a l>ge & g5]al scale1 five or six millions ( u w\ld soon h no?+ to eat4 ,we "k :at ! cotton fam9e 02 & we c !re=e =m "s notion ( :at a de>? ( cu/om]s w\ld be4 ,judg$ by an e?ical /&>d1 no?+ c be less satisfactory ?an ! position 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,9 a real1 ?\gh incomplete1 degree we h atta9$ ! condition ( peace :i* is ! ma9 object ( social organization2 &1 = argum5t's sake1 x may be assum$ t we desire no?+ b t :i* is 9 itself innoc5t & praisewor?y--namely1 ! enjoym5t ( ! fruits ( hone/ indu/ry4 ,& lo6 9 spite ( ourselves1 we are 9 reality engag$ 9 an int]nec9e /ruggle = exi/5ce ) our presumably no less peaceful & well-mean+ neighb\rs4 ,we seek peace & we d n ensue x4 ,! moral nature 9 u asks = no m ?an is compatible ) ! g5]al good2 ! non-moral nature proclaims & acts ^u t f9e old ,scotti% family motto1 ,?\ %alt />ve ere ,i want4 ,let u be "u no illusions1 !n4 ,s long z unlimit$ multiplication goes on1 no social organization :i* has ev] be5 devis$1 or is likely to #bab be devis$1 no fiddle-faddl+ ) ! di/ribution ( weal?1 w deliv] society f ! t5d5cy to be de/roy$ by ! reproduction )9 itself1 9 its int5se/ =m1 ( t /ruggle = exi/5ce ! limitation ( :i* is ! object ( society4 ,& h[ev] %ock+ to ! moral s5se ?is et]nal competition ( man aga9/ man & ( nation aga9/ nation may be2 h[ev] revolt+ may be ! accumulation ( mis]y at ! negative pole ( society1 9 contra/ ) t ( mon/r\s weal? at ! positive pole299 ?is /ate ( ?+s mu/ abide1 & gr[ cont9ually worse1 s long z ,i/> holds h] way un*eck$4 ,x is ! true riddle ( ! ,sph9x2 & e nation :i* does n solve x w soon] or lat] be dev\r$ by ! mon/] itself has g5]at$4 ,! practical & press+ "q = u1 j n[1 seems to me to be h[ to ga9 "t4 ,"t br+s c\nsel1 z ! ,teutonic prov]b has x2 & wis] folk among our po/]ity may see _! way out ( t :i* at pres5t looks l an impasse4 ,x w\ld be folly to ent]ta9 any ill-feel+ t[>ds ^? neighb\rs & rivals :o1 l ourselves1 are slaves ( ,i/>2 b1 if somebody is to be />v$1 ! mod]n _w has no ,oracle ( ,delphi to :i* ! nations c appeal = an #bac indication ( ! victim4 ,x is op5 to u to try our =tune2 &1 if we avoid imp5d+ fate1 !re w be a c]ta9 gr\nd = believ+ t we are ! "r p to escape4 ,securus judicat orbis4 99 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ! increase ( ! unemploy$ poor1 or t ( ! unemploy$ ri*1 is ! great] social evil4 -- #ahid ,to ?is end1 x is well to look into ! necess>y condition ( our salvation by works4 ,!y are two1 "o pla9 to all ! _w & h>dly ne$+ insi/5ce2 ! o!r seem+ly n s pla91 s9ce too (t5 x has be5 !oretically & practically left out ( sight4 ,! obvi\s condition is t our produce %all be bett] ?an t ( o!rs4 ,!re is only "o reason :y our goods %\ld be pref]r$ to ^? ( our rivals--our cu/om]s mu/ f9d !m bett] at ! price4 ,t means t we mu/ use m k1 skill1 & indu/ry 9 produc+ !m1 )\t a proportionate increase 9 ! co/ ( production2 &1 z ! price ( lab\r con/itutes a l>ge elem5t 9 t co/1 ! rate ( wages mu/ be re/rict$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x is p]fectly true t *eap production & *eap lab\r are by no means synonym\s2 b x is also true t wages _c increase beyond a c]ta9 proportion )\t de/roy+ *eapness4 ,*eapness1 !n1 )1 z "p & p>cel ( *eapness1 a mod]ate price ( lab\r1 is ess5tial to our success z competitors 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,! second condition is really q z pla9ly indisp5sable z ! fir/1 if "o ?9ks s]i\sly #bad ab\t ! matt]4 ,x is social /ability4 ,society is /able1 :5 ! wants ( its memb]s obta9 z mu* satisfaction z1 life be+ :at x is1 common s5se & exp]i5ce %[ may be reasonably expect$4 ,mank9d1 9 g5]al1 c>e v little = =ms ( gov]nm5t or ideal consid]ations ( any sort2 & no?+ really /irs ! great multitude to break ) cu/om & incur ! manife/ p]ils ( revolt except ! belief t mis]y 9 ?is _w1 or damnation 9 ! next1 or bo?1 are ?reat5$ by ! cont9uance ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* !y h be5 br\ght up4 ,b :5 !y d atta9 t conviction1 society becomes z un/able z a package ( dynamite1 & a v small matt] w produce ! explosion :i* s5ds x back to ! *aos ( savag]y4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to prove t :5 ! price ( lab\r s9ks bel[ a c]ta9 po9t1 ! work] infallibly falls into t condition :i* ! ,fr5* emphatically call la mis]e--a ^w = :i* ,i d n ?9k !re is any exact ,engli% equival5t4 ,x is a condition 9 :i* ! food1 w>m?1 & clo?+ :i* are necess>y = ! m]e ma9t5ance ( ! functions ( ! body 9 _! normal /ate _c be obta9$2 9 :i* m51 wom51 & *ildr5 are =c$ to cr[d into d5s :]e9 dec5cy is aboli%$ & ! mo/ ord9>y conditions ( heal?ful exi/5ce are impossible ( atta9m5t2 9 :i* ! #bae pleasures )9 rea* are r$uc$ to be/iality & drunk5ness2 9 :i* ! pa9s accumulate at comp\nd int]e/1 9 ! %ape ( />vation1 disease1 /unt$ developm5t1 & moral degradation2 9 :i* ! prospect ( ev5 /eady & hone/ indu/ry is a life ( unsuccessful battl+ ) hung]1 r\nd$ by a paup]'s grave4 ,t a c]ta9 proportion ( ! memb]s ( e great aggregation ( mank9d %\ld con/antly t5d to e/abli% & populate su* a ,sl\gh ( ,despond z ?is is inevitable1 s long z "s p are by nature idle & vici\s1 :ile o!rs are disabl$ by sickness or accid5t1 or ?r[n ^u ! _w by ! dea? ( _! bread-w9n]s4 ,s long z t proportion is re/rict$ )9 tol]able limits1 x c be dealt )2 &1 s f> z x arises only f su* causes1 its exi/5ce may & mu/ be pati5tly borne4 ,b1 :5 ! organization ( society1 in/ead ( mitigat+ ?is t5d5cy1 t5ds to cont9ue & int5sify x2 :5 a giv5 social ord] pla9ly makes = evil & n = good1 m5 naturally en\gh beg9 to ?9k x high "t to try a fre% exp]im5t4 ,! animal man1 f9d+ t ! e?ical man has l&$ him 9 su* a sl\gh1 resumes 8 anci5t sov]eignty1 & prea*es an>*y2 :i* is1 sub/antially1 a proposal to r$uce ! social cosmos to *aos1 & beg9 ! brute /ruggle = exi/5ce once aga94 ,any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( #baf ! population ( all great indu/rial c5tres1 :e!r 9 ?is or o!r c\ntries1 is aw>e t1 amid/ a l>ge & increas+ body ( t population1 la mis]e reigns supreme4 ,i h no pret5sions to ! "* ( a philan?ropi/1 & ,i h a special horror ( all sorts ( s5tim5tal rhetoric2 ,i am m]ely try+ to deal ) facts1 to "s ext5t )9 my own k1 & fur!r evid5c$ by abundant te/imony1 z a naturali/2 & ,i take x to be a m]e pla9 tru? t1 ?r\gh\t indu/rial ,europe1 !re is n a s+le l>ge manufactur+ city :i* is free f a va/ mass ( p ^: condition is exactly t describ$2 & f a /ill great] mass :o1 liv+ j on ! edge ( ! social swamp1 are liable to be precipitat$ into x by any lack ( dem& = _! produce4 ,&1 ) e addition to ! population1 ! multitude already sunk 9 ! pit & ! numb] ( ! ho/ slid+ t[>ds x cont9ually increase4 ,argum5tation c h>dly be ne$ful to make x cle> t no society 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( decomposition are ?us swiftly & surely accumulat+ c hope to w9 9 ! race ( indu/ries4 ,intellig5ce1 k1 & skill are und\bt$ly conditions ( success2 b ( :at avail are !y likely to be unless !y are back$ up by hone/y1 en]gy1 goodwill1 & all ! physical & moral faculties t g to ! mak+ ( manhood1 & unless !y are /imulat$ by hope ( su* #bag rew>d z m5 may fairly look to8 ,& :at dwell] 9 ! sl\gh ( want1 dw>f$ 9 body & s\l1 demoraliz$1 hopeless1 c reasonably be expect$ to possess ^! qualities8 ,any full & p]man5t developm5t ( ! productive p[]s ( an indu/rial population1 !n1 mu/ be compatible ) &1 inde$1 bas$ ^u a social organization :i* w secure a fair am\nt ( physical & moral welf>e to t population2 :i* w make = good & n = evil4 ,natural sci5ce & religi\s en?usiasm r>ely g h& 9 h&1 b on ?is matt] _! concord is complete2 & ! lea/ sympa!tic ( naturali/s c b admire ! insight & ! devotion ( su* social re=m]s z ! late ,"l ,%aftesbury1 ^: rec5tly publi%$ ,life & ,lett]s gives a vivid picture ( ! condition ( ! work+ classes fifty ye>s ago1 & ( ! pit :i* our indu/ry1 ignor+ ^! pla9 tru?s1 0 !n digg+ "u its own feet4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no m hopeful sign ( progress among u1 9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 ?an ! /eadily increas+ devotion :i* has be5 & is direct$ to measures = promot+ physical & moral welf>e among ! poor] classes4 ,sanit>y re=m]s1 l mo/ o!r re=m]s :om ,i h _h ! advantage ( kn[+1 seem to ne$ a good dose ( fanaticism1 z a sort ( moral coca1 to keep !m up to ! m>k1 &1 d\btless1 !y h made _m mi/akes2 b t ! #bah endeav\r to improve ! condition "u our indu/rial population live1 to am5d ! dra9age ( d5sely peopl$ /reets1 to provide ba?s1 wa%h\ses1 & gymnasia1 to facilitate habits ( ?rift1 to furni% "s provision = in/ruction & amusem5t 9 public libr>ies & ! l1 is n only desirable f a philan?ropic po9t ( view1 b an ess5tial condition ( safe indu/rial developm5t1 appe>s to me to be indisputable4 ,x is by su* means alone1 s f> z ,i c see1 t we c hope to *eck ! con/ant gravitation ( indu/rial society t[>ds la mis]e1 until ! g5]al progress ( intellig5ce & morality leads m5 to grapple ) ! s\rces ( t t5d5cy4 ,if x is said t ! c>ry+ out ( su* arrangem5ts z ^? indicat$ mu/ enhance ! co/ ( production1 & ?us h&icap ! produc] 9 ! race ( competition1 ,i v5ture1 9 ! fir/ place1 to d\bt ! fact2 b if x be s1 x results t indu/rial society has to face a dilemma1 ei!r alt]native ( :i* ?reat5s de/ruction4 ,on ! "o h&1 a population ! lab\r ( :i* is suffici5tly remun]at$ may be physically & morally heal?y & socially /able1 b may fail 9 indu/rial competition by reason ( ! de>ness ( its produce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a population ! lab\r ( :i* is insuffici5tly remun]at$ mu/ become physically & morally unheal?y1 & socially un/able2 & ?\gh x #bai may succe$ = a :ile 9 indu/rial competition1 by reason ( ! *eapness ( its produce1 x mu/ 9 ! end fall1 ?r\gh hide\s mis]y & degradation1 to utt] ru94 ,well1 if ^! are ! only possible alt]natives1 let u = ourselves & our *ildr5 *oose ! =m]1 &1 if ne$ be1 />ve l m54 ,b ,i d n believe t ! /able society made up ( heal?y1 vigor\s1 in/ruct$1 & self-rul+ p w\ld ev] incur s]i\s risk ( t fate4 ,!y are n likely to be tr\bl$ ) _m competitors ( ! same "*1 j yet2 & !y may be safely tru/$ to f9d ways ( hold+ _! own4 ,assum+ t ! physical & moral well-be+ & ! /able social ord]1 :i* are ! indisp5sable conditions ( p]man5t indu/rial developm5t1 are secur$1 !re rema9s = consid]ation ! means ( atta9+ t k & skill )\t :i*1 ev5 !n1 ! battle ( competition _c be successfully f\ght4 ,let u consid] h[ we /&4 ,a va/ sy/em ( elem5t>y education has n[ be5 9 op]ation among u = sixte5 ye>s1 & has rea*$ all b a v small fraction ( ! population4 ,i d n ?9k t !re is any room = d\bt t1 on ! :ole1 x has work$ well1 & t its indirect no less ?an its direct b5efits h be5 imm5se4 ,b1 z might be expect$1 x exhibits ! defects ( all our educational sy/ems--fa%ion$ #bbj z !y 7 to meet ! wants ( a bygone condition ( society4 ,!re is a widespread &1 ,i ?9k1 well-ju/ifi$ compla9t t x has too mu* to d ) books & too little to d ) ?+s4 ,i am z little dispos$ z any "o c well be to n>r[ e>ly education & to make ! prim>y s*ool a m]e annexe ( ! %op4 ,& x is n s mu* 9 ! int]e/s ( indu/ry1 z 9 t ( bread? ( culture1 t ,i e*o ! common compla9t aga9/ ! booki% & !oretical "* ( our prim>y in/ruction4 ,if !re 7 no su* ?+s z indu/rial pursuits1 a sy/em ( education :i* does no?+ = ! faculties ( obs]vation1 :i* tra9s nei!r ! eye nor ! h&1 & is compatible ) utt] ignorance ( ! commone/ natural tru?s1 might /ill be reasonably reg>d$ z /rangely imp]fect4 ,& :5 we consid] t ! in/ruction & tra9+ :i* are lack+ are exactly2 ^? :i* are ( mo/ importance = ! great mass ( our population1 ! fault becomes almo/ a crime1 ! m t !re is no practical difficulty 9 mak+ good ^! defects4 ,!re really is no reason :y draw+ %\ld n be univ]sally taught1 & x is an admirable tra9+ = bo? eye & h&4 ,arti/s are born1 n made2 b ev]ybody may be taught to draw elevations1 plans1 & sections2 & pots & pans are z good1 inde$ bett]1 models = #bba ?is purpose ?an ! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 ,! plant is n exp5sive2 & !re is ?is excell5t quality ab\t draw+ ( ! k9d indicat$1 t x c be te/$ almo/ z easily & sev]ely z ari?metic4 ,su* draw+s are ei!r "r or wrong1 & if !y are wrong ! pupil c be made to see t !y are wrong4 ,f ! indu/rial po9t ( view1 draw+ has ! fur!r m]it t !re is h>dly any trade 9 :i* ! p[] ( draw+ is n ( daily & h\rly utility4 ,9 ! next place1 no good reason1 except ! want ( capable tea*]s1 c be assign$ :y elem5t>y notions ( sci5ce %\ld n be an elem5t 9 g5]al in/ruction4 ,9 ?is case1 aga91 no exp5sive or elaborate app>atus is necess>y4 ,! commone/ ?+--a c&le1 a boy's squirt1 a piece ( *alk--9 ! h&s ( a tea*] :o kn[s 8 bus9ess1 may be made ! />t+-po9t :5ce *ildr5 may be l$ into ! regions ( sci5ce z f> z _! capacity p]mits1 ) effici5t ex]cise ( _! obs]vational & reason+ faculties on ! road4 ,if object lessons (t5 prove trivial failures1 x is n ! fault ( object lessons1 b t ( ! tea*]1 :o has n f\nd out h[ mu* ! p[] ( tea*+ a little dep5ds on kn[+ a great deal1 & t ?or\ghly2 & t he has n made t discov]y is n ! fault ( ! tea*]s1 b ( ! dete/able sy/em ( tra9+ !m :i* is widely preval5t499 99 ,tra9+ 9 ! use ( simple tools is no d\bt desirable1 on all gr\nds4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( culture1 ! man ^: f+]s are all ?umbs is b a /unt$ creature4 ,b ! practical difficulties 9 ! way ( introduc+ h&iwork ( ?is k9d into elem5t>y s*ools appe> to me to be consid]able4 #bbb ,z ,i h said1 ,i d n reg>d ! proposal to add ^! to ! pres5t subjects ( univ]sal in/ruction z made m]ely 9 ! int]e/s ( indu/ry4 ,elem5t>y sci5ce & draw+ are j z ne$ful at ,eton 7:]e ,i am happy to say bo? are n[ p>ts ( ! regul> c\rse7 z 9 ! l[e/ prim>y s*ool4 ,b _! importance 9 ! education ( ! artisan is enhanc$1 n m]ely by ! fact t ! k & skill ?us ga9$--little z !y may am\nt to--w /ill be ( practical utility to him2 b1 fur!r1 because !y con/itute an introduction to t special tra9+ :i* is commonly call$ te*nical education4 ,i conceive t our wants 9 ?is la/ direction may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ,in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( ^? bran*es ( sci5ce & ( art :i* are peculi>ly applicable to indu/rial pursuits1 :i* may be call$ prelim9>y sci5tific education4 7#b7 ,in/ruction 9 ! special bran*es ( su* appli$ sci5ce & art1 z te*nical education prop]4 7#c7 ,in/ruction ( tea*]s 9 bo? ^! bran*es4 7#d7 ,capacity-cat*+ ma*9]y4 ,a great deal has already be5 done 9 ea* ( ^! directions1 b mu* rema9s to be done4 ,if elem5t>y education is am5d$ 9 ! way #bbc t has be5 sugge/$1 ,i ?9k t ! s*ool bo>ds w h q z mu* on _! h&s z !y are capable ( do+ well4 ,! influ5ces "u :i* ! memb]s ( ^! bodies are elect$ d n t5d to secure fitness = deal+ ) sci5tific or te*nical education2 & x is ! less necess>y to burd5 !m ) an uncong5ial task z !re are o!r organizations1 n only mu* bett] fitt$ to d ! "w1 b already actually do+ x4 ,9 ! matt] ( prelim9>y sci5tific education1 ! *ief ( ^! is ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 :i* has done m dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury = ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y sci5ce among ! masses ( ! p ?an any organization :i* exi/s ei!r 9 ?is or 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,x has become v]itably a p's univ]sity1 s f> z physical sci5ce is conc]n$4 ,at ! f\ndation ( our old univ]sities !y 7 freely op5 to ! poore/1 b ! poore/ mu/ come to !m4 ,9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 by means ( its classes spread all ov] ! c\ntry & op5 to all1 has convey$ in/ruction to ! poore/4 ,! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion movem5t %[s t our old] le>n$ corporations h discov]$ ! propriety ( foll[+ suit4 ,te*nical education1 9 ! /rict s5se1 has become a necessity = two reasons4 ,! old appr5tice%ip sy/em has brok5 d[n1 p>tly by #bbd reason ( ! *ang$ conditions ( indu/rial life1 & p>tly because trades h ceas$ to be crafts1 ! traditional secrets :]e( ! ma/] h&$ d[n to 8 appr5tices4 ,inv5tion is con/antly *ang+ ! face ( our indu/ries1 s t use & wont1 rule ( ?umb1 & ! l1 are gradually los+ _! importance1 :ile t k ( pr9ciples :i* alone c deal successfully ) *ang$ conditions is becom+ m & m valuable4 ,socially1 ! ma/] ( f\r or five appr5tices is disappe>+ 9 fav\r ( ! employ] ( =ty1 or f\r hundr$1 or f\r ?\s&1 h&s1 & ! odds & ends ( te*nical k1 =m]ly pick$ up 9 a %op1 are n1 & _c be1 suppli$ 9 ! factory4 ,! in/ruction =m]ly giv5 by ! ma/] mu/ !re=e be m ?an replac$ by ! sy/ematic tea*+ ( ! te*nical s*ool4 ,in/itutions ( ?is k9d on v>y+ scales ( magnitude & complet5ess1 f ! spl5did edifice set up by ! ,city & ,guilds ,in/itute to ! smalle/ local te*nical s*ool1 to say no?+ ( classes1 su* z ^? 9 te*nology in/itut$ by ! ,society ( ,arts 7subsequ5tly tak5 ov] by ! ,city ,guilds71 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & ! movem5t 9 fav\r ( _! increase & multiplication is rapidly gr[+ 9 bread? & int5sity4 ,b !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ #bbe way 9 :i* ! te*nical in/ruction1 s g5]ally desir$1 %\ld be giv54 ,two c\rses appe> to be practicable3 ! "o is ! e/abli%m5t ( special te*nical s*ools ) a sy/ematic & l5g!n$ c\rse ( in/ruction dem&+ ! employm5t ( ! :ole "t ( ! pupils4 ,! o!r is ! sett+ afoot ( te*nical classes1 especially ev5+ classes1 compris+ a %ort s]ies ( lessons on "s special topic1 :i* may be att5d$ by p]sons already e>n+ wages 9 "s bran* ( trade or comm]ce4 ,!re is no d\bt t te*nical s*ools1 on ! plan indicat$ "u ! fir/ head1 are extremely co/ly2 &1 s f> z ! tea*+ ( artisans is conc]n$1 x is v commonly object$ to !m t1 z ! le>n]s d n "w "u trade conditions1 !y are apt to fall into amateuri% habits1 :i* prove ( m h9drance ?an s]vice 9 ! actual bus9ess ( life4 ,:5 su* s*ools are atta*$ to factories "u ! direction ( an employ] :o desires to tra9 up a supply ( intellig5t workm51 ( c\rse ?is objection does n apply2 nor c ! usefulness ( su* s*ools = ! tra9+ ( future employ]s & = ! high] grade ( ! employ$ be d\btful2 b !y are cle>ly out ( ! rea* ( ! great mass ( ! p1 :o h to e>n _! bread z soon z possible4 ,we mu/ !re=e look to ! classes1 & especially to ev5+ classes1 z ! great in/rum5t = ! te*nical #bbf education ( ! artisan4 ,! utility ( su* classes has n[ be5 plac$ beyond all d\bt2 ! only "q :i* rema9s is to f9d ! ways & means ( ext5d+ !m4 ,we are "h1 z 9 all o!r que/ions ( social organization1 met by two diametrically oppos$ views4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! me?ods pursu$ 9 =eign c\ntries are held up z our example4 ,! ,/ate is exhort$ to take ! matt] 9 h& & e/abli% a great sy/em ( te*nical education4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m economi/s ( ! individuali/ s*ool exhau/ ! res\rces ( language 9 condemn+ & repudiat+1 n m]ely ! int]f]5ce ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t 9 su* matt]s1 b ! application ( a f>?+ ( ! funds rais$ by local taxation to ^! purposes4 ,i ent]ta9 a /rong conviction t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 at any rate1 ! ,/ate _h mu* bett] leave purely te*nical & trade in/ruction alone4 ,b1 al?\gh my p]sonal lean+s are decid$ly t[>ds ! individuali/s1 ,i h arriv$ at t conclusion on m]ely practical gr\nds4 ,9 fact1 my individualism is r ( a s5tim5tal sort1 & ,i sometimes ?9k ,i %\ld be /rong] 9 ! fai? if x 7 less vehem5tly advocat$499 ,i am unable to see t civil society is any?+ b a corporation e/abli%$ #bbg = a moral object only--namely1 ! good ( its memb]s--& !re=e t x may take su* measures z seem fitt+ = ! atta9m5t ( t :i* ! g5]al voice decides to be ! g5]al good4 ,t ! suffrage ( ! majority is by no means a sci5tific te/ ( social good & evil is un=tunately too true2 b1 9 practice1 x is ! only te/ we c apply1 & ! refusal to abide by x means an>*y4 ,! pure/ despotism t ev] exi/$ is z mu* bas$ ^u t w ( ! majority 7:i* is usually submission to ! w ( a small m9ority7 z ! free/ republic4 ,law is ! expression ( ! op9ion ( ! majority2 & x is law1 & n m]e op9ion1 because ! _m are /rong en\gh to en=ce x4 99 ,9 :at foll[s ,i am only repeat+ & emphasiz+ op9ions :i* ,i express$ sev5te5 ye>s ago1 9 an ,address to ! memb]s ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute 7republi%$ 9 ,critiques & ,addresses 9 #ahgc1 & 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ( ^! ,essays 74 ,i h se5 no reason to modify !m1 not)/&+ high au?ority on ! o!r side4 ,i am z /rongly conv9c$ z ! mo/ pron\nc$ individuali/ c be1 t x is desirable t e man %\ld be free to act 9 e way :i* does n limit ! correspond+ fre$om ( 8 fell[-man4 ,b ,i fail to connect t great induction ( political sci5ce ) ! practical coroll>y :i* is frequ5tly drawn f x3 t ! ,/ate--t is1 ! p 9 _! corporate capacity--has no bus9ess to m$dle ) any?+ b ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ext]nal def5ce4 ,x appe>s to me t ! #bbh am\nt ( fre$om :i* incorporate society may fitly leave to its memb]s is n a fix$ quantity1 to be det]m9$ a priori by d$uction f ! fiction call$ natural rights2 b t x mu/ be det]m9$ by1 & v>y )1 circum/ances4 ,i conceive x to be demon/rable t ! high] & ! m complex ! organization ( ! social body1 ! m closely is ! life ( ea* memb] b\nd up ) t ( ! :ole2 & ! l>g] becomes ! category ( acts :i* cease to be m]ely self-reg>d+1 & :i* int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( o!rs m or less s]i\sly4 ,if a squatt]1 liv+ t5 miles away f any neighb\r1 *ooses to burn 8 h\se d[n to get rid ( v]m91 !re may be no necessity 79 ! abs5ce ( insurance (fices7 t ! law %\ld int]f]e ) 8 fre$om ( action2 8 act c hurt nobody b himself4 ,b1 if ! dwell] 9 a /reet *ooses to d ! same ?+1 ! ,/ate v prop]ly makes su* a proce$+ a crime1 & puni%es x z su*4 ,he does m$dle ) 8 neighb\r's fre$om1 & t s]i\sly4 ,s x might1 p]haps1 be a t5able doctr9e1 t x w\ld be ne$less1 & ev5 tyrann\s1 to make education compulsory 9 a sp>se agricultural population1 liv+ 9 abundance on ! produce ( its own soil2 b1 9 a d5sely populat$ manufactur+ c\ntry1 /ruggl+ = exi/5ce ) competitors1 e ignorant p]son t5ds to #bbi become a burd5 ^u1 &1 s f>1 an infr+] ( ! lib]ty (1 8 fell[s1 & an ob/acle to _! success4 ,"u su* circum/ances an education rate is1 9 fact1 a w> tax1 levi$ = purposes ( def5ce4 ,t ,/ate action always has be5 m or less misdirect$1 & always w be s1 is1 ,i believe1 p]fectly true4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t x is m true ( ! action ( m5 9 _! corporate capacity ?an x is ( ! do+s ( individuals4 ,! wise/ & mo/ dispassionate man 9 exi/5ce1 m]ely wi%+ to g f "o /ile 9 a field to ! opposite1 w n walk q /raight--he is always go+ a little wrong1 & always correct+ himself2 & ,i c only congratulate ! individuali/ :o is able to say t 8 g5]al c\rse ( life has be5 ( a less undulatory "*4 ,to aboli% ,/ate action1 because its direction is nev] m ?an approximately correct1 appe>s to me to be mu* ! same ?+ z aboli%+ ! man at ! :eel altoge!r1 because1 d :at he w1 ! %ip yaws m or less4 ,:y %\ld ,i be robb$ ( my prop]ty to pay = tea*+ ano!r man's *ildr58 is an individuali/ "q1 :i* is n unfrequ5tly put z if x settl$ ! :ole bus9ess4 ,p]haps x does1 b ,i f9d difficulties 9 see+ :y x %\ld4 ,! p>i% 9 :i* ,i live makes me pay my %>e = ! pav+ & light+ ( a great _m /reets t ,i nev] pass ?r\gh2 #bcj & ,i might plead t ,i am robb$ to smoo? ! way & light5 ! d>kness ( o!r p4 ,b ,i am afraid ! p>o*ial au?orities w\ld n let me (f on ?is plea2 & ,i mu/ confess ,i d n see :y !y %\ld4 ,i _c speak ( my own k1 b ,i h e reason to believe t ,i came into ?is _w a small r$di% p]son1 c]ta9ly )\t a gold spoon 9 my m\?1 & 9 fact ) no disc]nible ab/ract or concrete rights or prop]ty ( any description4 ,if a foot 0 n set ^u me1 at once1 z a squall+ nuisance1 x 0 ei!r ! natural affection ( ^? ab\t me1 :i* ,i c]ta9ly _h done no?+ to des]ve1 or ! fe> ( ! law :i*1 ages be=e my bir?1 0 pa9fully built up by ! society into :i* ,i intrud$1 t prev5t$ t cata/rophe4 ,if ,i 0 n\ri%$1 c>$ =1 taught1 sav$ f ! vagabondage ( a wa/rel1 ,i c]ta9ly am n aw>e t ,i did any?+ to des]ve ^? advantages4 ,&1 if ,i possess any?+ n[1 x /rikes me t1 ?\gh ,i may h fairly e>n$ my day's wages = my day's "w1 & may ju/ly call !m my prop]ty--yet1 )\t t organization ( society1 creat$ out ( ! toil & blood ( long g5]ations be=e my "t1 ,i %\ld probably h _h no?+ b a fl9t axe & an indiff]5t hut to call my own2 & ev5 ^? w\ld be m9e only s long z no /rong] savage came my way4 ,s t if society1 hav+1 q gratuit\sly1 #bca done all ^! ?+s = me1 asks me 9 turn to d some?+ t[>ds its pres]vation--ev5 if t some?+ is to contribute to ! tea*+ ( o!r m5's *ildr5--,i really 9 spite ( all my individuali/ lean+s1 feel r a%am$ to say no4 ,& if ,i 7 n a%am$1 ,i _c say t ,i ?9k t society w\ld be deal+ unju/ly ) me 9 conv]t+ ! moral obligation into a legal "o4 ,!re is a manife/ unfairness 9 lett+ all ! burd5 be borne by ! will+ horse4 ,x does n appe> to me1 !n1 t !re is any valid objection to taxation = purposes ( education2 b1 9 ! case ( te*nical s*ools & classes1 ,i ?9k x is practically exp$i5t t su* a taxation %\ld be local4 ,our indu/rial population accumulates 9 p>ticul> t[ns & di/ricts2 ^! di/ricts are ^? :i* imm$iately pr(it by te*nical education2 & x is only 9 !m t we c f9d ! m5 practically engag$ 9 indu/ries1 among :om "s may reasonably be expect$ to be compet5t judges ( t :i* is want$1 & ( ! be/ means ( meet+ ! want4 ,9 my belief1 all me?ods ( te*nical tra9+ are at pres5t t5tative1 &1 to be successful1 ea* mu/ be adapt$ to ! special peculi>ities ( its locality4 ,?is is a case 9 :i* we want tw5ty ye>s1 n ( /rong gov]nm5t1 b ( *e]ful & hopeful blund]+2 & we may be #bcb ?ankful if we get ?+s /raight 9 t "t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,bill introduc$1 b dropp$1 by ! ,gov]nm5t la/ session1 appe>s to me to be wise1 & "s ( ! objections to x ,i ?9k are due to a misund]/&+4 ,! bill propos$ 9 sub/ance to all[ localities to tax !mselves = purposes ( te*nical education--on ! condition t any s*eme = su* purpose %\ld be submitt$ to ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 & decl>$ by t dep>tm5t to be 9 accordance ) ! int5tion ( ! ,legislature4 ,a cry 0 rais$ t ! ,bill propos$ to ?r[ te*nical education into ! h&s ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,b1 9 reality1 no p[] ( initiation1 nor ev5 ( m$dl+ ) details1 0 giv5 to t ,dep>tm5t--! sole function ( :i* 0 to decide :e!r any plan propos$ did or did n come )9 ! limits ( te*nical education4 ,! necessity = su* control1 some:]e1 is obvi\s4 ,no legislature1 c]ta9ly n ours1 is likely to grant ! p[] ( self-taxation )\t sett+ limits to t p[] 9 "s way2 & x w\ld nei!r h be5 practicable to devise a legal def9ition ( te*nical education1 nor comm5dable to leave ! "q to ! ,auditor-,g5]al1 to be f\ght out 9 ! law-c\rts4 ,! only alt]native 0 to leave ! decision to an appropriate ,/ate au?ority4 ,if x is #bcc ask$ :at is ! ne$ ( su* control if ! p ( ! localities are ! be/ judges1 ! obvi\s reply is t !re are localities & localities1 & t :ile ,man*e/]1 or ,liv]pool1 or ,birm+ham1 or ,glasg[ might1 p]haps1 be safely left to d z !y ?\ght fit1 small] t[ns1 9 :i* !re is less c]ta9ty ( full discussion by compet5t p ( diff]5t ways ( ?9k+1 might easily fall a prey to cro*ete]s4 ,suppos+ our int]m$iate sci5ce tea*+ & our te*nical s*ools & classes are e/abli%$1 !re is yet a ?ird ne$ to be suppli$1 & t is ! want ( good tea*]s4 ,& x is necess>y n only to get !m1 b to keep !m :5 y h got !m4 ,x is impossible to insi/ too /rongly ^u ! fact t ! effici5t tea*]s ( sci5ce & ( te*nology are n to be made by ! processes 9 vogue at ord9>y tra9+ colleges4 ,! memory load$ ) m]e bookwork is n ! ?+ want$--is1 9 fact1 r worse ?an useless--9 ! tea*] ( sci5tific subjects4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial t 8 m9d %\ld be full ( k & n ( m]e le>n+1 & t :at he kn[s %\ld h be5 le>n$ 9 ! laboratory r ?an 9 ! libr>y4 ,!re are happily already1 bo? 9 ,london & 9 ! prov9ces1 v>i\s places 9 :i* su* tra9+ is to be _h1 & ! ma9 ?+ at pres5t is to make x 9 ! fir/ place accessible1 & 9 ! next #bcd indisp5sable1 to ^? :o und]take ! bus9ess ( tea*+4 ,b :5 ! well-tra9$ m5 are suppli$1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! pr(ession ( tea*] is n a v lucrative or o!rwise tempt+ "o1 & t x may be advisable to (f] special inducem5ts to good m5 to rema9 9 x4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are que/ions ( detail into :i* x is unnecess>y to ent] fur!r4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 comes ! "q ( provid+ ! ma*9]y = enabl+ ^? :o are by nature specially qualifi$ to und]take ! high] bran*es ( indu/rial "w1 to rea* ! position 9 :i* !y may r5d] t s]vice to ! community4 ,if all our educational exp5diture did no?+ b pick "o man ( sci5tific or inv5tive g5ius1 ea* ye>1 f amid/ ! hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]1 & give him ! *ance ( mak+ ! be/ ( 8 inborn faculties1 x w\ld be a v good inve/m5t4 ,if !re is "o su* *ild among ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( our annual increase1 x w\ld be wor? any money to drag him ei!r f ! sl\gh ( mis]y1 or f ! hotb$ ( weal?1 & tea* him to devote himself to ! s]vice ( 8 p4 ,"h1 aga91 we h made a beg9n+ ) our s*ol>%ips & ! l1 & ne$ only foll[ 9 ! tracks already worn4 ,! programme ( indu/rial developm5t briefly set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages is n :at ,kant calls a ,hirngesp9n/1 a cobweb #bce spun 9 ! bra9 ( a ,utopian philosoph]4 ,m or less ( x has tak5 bodily %ape 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & !re are t[ns ( no great size or weal? 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts 7,keighley1 = example7 9 :i* almo/ ! :ole ( x has1 = "s "t1 be5 c>ri$ out1 s f> z ! means at ! disposal ( ! en]getic & public-spirit$ m5 :o h tak5 ! matt] 9 h& p]mitt$4 ,! ?+ c be done2 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ good gr\nds = ! belief t x mu/ be done1 & t spe$ily1 if we wi% to hold our own 9 ! w> ( indu/ry4 ,i d\bt n t x w be done1 :5ev] its absolute necessity becomes z app>5t to all ^? :o are absorb$ 9 ! actual bus9ess ( indu/rial life z x is to "s ( ! look]s on4 ,p]haps x is necess>y = me to add t te*nical education is n "h propos$ z a panacea = social diseases1 b simply z a m$icam5t :i* w help ! pati5t to pass ?r\gh an imm95t crisis4 ,an oph?almic surgeon may recomm5d an op]ation = cat>act 9 a man :o is go+ bl9d1 )\t be+ suppos$ to und]take t x w cure him ( g\t4 ,& ,i may pursue ! metaphor s f> z to rem>k1 t ! surgeon is ju/ifi$ 9 po9t+ out t a diet ( pork-*ops & burgundy w probably kill 8 pati5t1 ?\gh he may be q able to sugge/ a mode ( liv+ #bcf :i* w free him f 8 con/itutional disord]4 ,mr4 ,boo? asks me1 ,:y d y n propose "s plan ( y\r own8 ,really1 t is no answ] to my argum5t t 8 treatm5t w make ! pati5t v mu* worse4 ,note add$ 9 ,social ,diseases & ,worse ,rem$ies1 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 #bcg ,,lett]s ,,to ,,! ,times ,,on ,,! ,,d>ke/ ,,engl& ,,s*eme4 ,i4 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #a/1 #ahij ,,sir3 ,a %ort "t ago a g5]\s & philan?ropic fri5d wrote to me1 plac+ at my disposal a l>ge sum ( money = ! fur!rance ( ! va/ s*eme :i* ! ,g5]al ( ! ,salvation ,army has prop\nd$1 if ,i ?\ght x wor?y ( support4 ,! responsibility ( advis+ my b5evol5t correspond5t has weigh$ heavily ^u me1 b ,i felt t x w\ld be c[>dly1 z well z ungraci\s1 to refuse to accept x4 ,i h !re=e /udi$ ,mr4 ,boo?'s book ) "s c>e1 = ! purpose ( sep>at+ ! ess5tial f ! accessory features ( 8 project1 & ,i h bas$ my judgm5t--,i am sorry to say an unfav\rable "o--^u ! data ?us obta9$4 ,be=e communicat+ my conclusions to my fri5d1 h[ev]1 ,i am desir\s to "k :at !re may be to be said 9 arre/ ( t judgm5t2 #bch & ! matt] is ( su* va/ public importance t ,i tru/ y w aid me by publi%+ ?is lett]1 not)/&+ its l5g?4 ,!re are "o or two po9ts ^u :i* ,i imag9e all ?9k+ m5 h arriv$ at ! same convictions z ^? f :i* ,mr4 ,boo? />ts4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is an imm5se am\nt ( rem$iable mis]y among u1 t1 9 addition to ! pov]ty1 disease1 & degradation :i* are ! consequ5ces ( causes beyond human control1 !re is a va/1 probably a v mu* l>g]1 quantity ( mis]y :i* is ! result ( individual ignorance1 or misconduct1 & ( faulty social arrangem5ts4 ,fur!r1 ,i ?9k x is n to be d\bt$ t1 unless ?is rem$iable mis]y is effectually dealt )1 ! hordes ( vice & paup]ism w de/roy mod]n civilization z effectually z unciviliz$ tribes ( ano!r k9d de/roy$ ! great social organization :i* prec$$ ours4 ,moreov]1 ,i ?9k all w agree t no re=ms & improvem5ts w g to ! root ( ! evil unless !y attack x 9 its ultimate s\rce--namely1 ! motives ( ! individual man4 ,hone/1 indu/ri\s1 & self-re/ra9+ m5 w make a v bad social organization prosp]2 :ile vici\s1 idle1 & reckless citiz5s w br+ to ru9 ! be/ t ev] 01 or ev] w be1 inv5t$4 ,! lead+ propositions :i* are peculi> to ,mr4 ,boo? ,i take to be ^!3-- #bci 7#a7 ,t ! only adequate means to su* re=mation ( ! individual man is ! adoption ( t =m ( some:at corybantic ,*ri/ianity ( :i* ! soldi]s ( ! ,salvation ,army are ! militant mission>ies4 ,?is implies ! belief t ! excitem5t ( ! religi\s emotions 7l>gely by processes describ$ by _! employ]s z r\s+ & convivial7 is a desirable & tru/wor?y me?od ( p]man5tly am5d+ ! conduct ( mank9d4 ,i demur to ^! propositions4 ,i am ( op9ion t ! te/imony ( hi/ory1 no less ?an ! cool obs]vation ( t :i* lies )9 ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( _m ( u1 is :olly adv]se to x4 7#b7 ,t ! appropriate in/rum5t = ! propagation & ma9t5ance ( ?is peculi> sacram5tal en?usiasm is ! ,salvation ,army--a body ( devotees1 drill$ & discipl9$ z a milit>y organization1 & provid$ ) a num]\s hi]>*y ( (fic]s1 e "o ( :om is pl$g$ to bl9d & unhesitat+ ob$i5ce to ! ,g5]al1 :o frankly tells u t ! fir/ condition ( ! s]vice is implicit1 unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,a telegram f me w s5d any ( !m to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?2 e "o has tak5 s]vice on ! express condition t he or %e w obey1 )\t que/ion+1 or ga9say+1 ! ord]s f headqu>t]s 7,d>ke/ ,engl&1 p4 #bdc74 #bdj ,?is proposition seems to me to be indisputable4 ,hi/ory confirms x4 ,francis ( ,assisi & ,ignatius ,loyola made _! great exp]im5ts on ! same pr9ciple4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t a body ( religi\s en?usia/s 7p]haps we may ev5 say fanatics7 pl$g$ to bl9d ob$i5ce to _! *ief1 is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t in/rum5ts = effect+ any purpose t ! wit ( man has yet succe$$ 9 devis+4 ,& ,i c b admire ! insight into human nature :i* has l$ ,mr4 ,boo? to leave 8 unque/ion+ & unhesitat+ in/rum5ts unb\nd by v[s4 ,a volunte] slave is wor? t5 sworn bondsm54 7#c7 ,t ! success ( ! ,salvation ,army1 ) its pres5t =ce ( #idaf (fic]s :olly engag$ 9 ! "w1 its capital ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a million1 its income ( ! same am\nt1 its #acge corps at home1 & #adii 9 ! colonies & =eign c\ntries 7,app5dix1 pp4 #c & #d71 is a pro( t ,div9e assi/ance has be5 v\*saf$ to its ef=ts4 ,"h ,i am n able to agree ) ! sangu9e ,comm&]-9-*ief ( ! new model1 ^: lab\rs 9 creat+ x h probably int]f]$ ) 8 acquisition ( in=mation respect+ ! fate ( previ\s ent]prises ( l k9d4 ,x does n appe> to me t 8 success is 9 any degree m rem>kable ?an t ( ,francis ( ,assisi or t ( ,ignatius ,loyola1 ?an t #bda ( ,george ,fox1 or ev5 ?an t ( ! ,mormons1 9 our own "t4 ,:5 ,i obs]ve ! discrepancies ( ! doctr9al f\ndations f :i* ea* ( ^! great movem5ts set out1 ,i f9d x difficult to suppose t sup]natural aid has be5 giv5 to all ( !m2 /ill m1 t ,mr4 ,boo?'s small] measure ( success is evid5ce t x has be5 grant$ to him4 ,b :at became ( ! ,franciscan exp]im5t899 ,if !re 0 "o rule r ?an ano!r on :i* ! f\nd] laid /ress1 x 0 t 8 army ( fri>s %\ld be absolute m5dicants1 keep+ !mselves /]nly ap>t f all worldly entanglem5ts4 ,yet1 ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,francis1 9 #abbf1 a /rong p>ty1 head$ by ,elias ( ,cortona1 ! deputy ( 8 own appo9tm5t1 began to hank] aft] ^! v ?+s2 &1 )9 ?irty ye>s ( t "t1 ! ,franciscans _h become "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 weal?y1 & worldly corporations 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ) _! f+]s 9 e s9k ( political & social corruption1 if s be pr(it = ! ord] c\ld be fi%$ out ( x2 _! pr9cipal int]e/ be+ to fight _! rivals1 ! ,dom9icans1 & to p]secute su* ( _! own bre?r5 z 7 hone/ en\gh to try to c>ry out _! f\nd]'s pla9e/ injunctions4 ,we also "k :at has become ( ,loyola's exp]im5t4 ,= two c5turies ! ,jesuits h be5 ! hope ( ! enemies ( ! ,papacy2 :5ev] x becomes too prosp]\s1 !y are sure to br+ ab\t a cata/rophe by _! corrupt use ( ! political & social influ5ce :i* _! organization & _! weal? secure4 99 ,see note pp4 #bde-bdg #bdb ,) ^! examples ( t :i* may happ5 to in/itutions f\nd$ by noble m51 ) high aims1 9 ! h&s ( successors ( a diff]5t /amp1 arm$ ) despotic au?ority1 be=e me1 common prud5ce surely requires t1 be=e advis+ ! h&+ ov] ( a l>ge sum ( money to ! g5]al ( a new ord] ( m5dicants1 ,i %\ld ask :at gu>antee !re is t1 ?irty ye>s h5ce1 ! ,g5]al :o !n autocratically controls ! action1 say1 ( #ajj1jjj (fic]s pl$g$ to bl9d ob$i5ce1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? & bread? ( ! poor] classes1 & ea* ) 8 f+] on ! trigg] ( a m9e *>g$ ) discont5t & religi\s fanaticism2 ) ! absolute control1 say1 ( eight or t5 millions /]l+ ( capital & z _m ( income2 ) b>racks 9 e t[n1 ) e/ates scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & ) settlem5ts 9 ! colonies--w ex]cise 8 enorm\s p[]s1 n m]ely hone/ly1 b wisely8 ,:at %ad[ ( security is !re t ! p]son :o wields ?is uncontroll$ au?ority ov] _m ?\s&s ( m5 %all use x solely = ^? philan?ropic & religi\s objects :i*1 ,i d n d\bt1 are alone 9 ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,boo?8 ,:o is to say t ! ,salvation ,army1 9 ! ye> #bdc #aibj1 %all n be a replica ( :at ! ,franciscan ord] _h become 9 ! ye> #abfj8 ,! p]sonal "* & ! int5tions ( ! f\nd]s ( su* organizations z we are consid]+ c\nt = v little 9 ! =mation ( a =eca/ ( _! future2 & if !y did1 x is no disrespect to ,mr4 ,boo? to say t he is n ! pe] ( ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,b if ,francis's judgm5t ( m5 0 s imp]fect z to p]mit him to appo9t an ambiti\s intrigu] ( ! /amp ( ,bro!r ,elias 8 deputy1 we h no "r to be sangu9e ab\t ! p]spicacity ( ,mr4 ,boo? 9 a l matt]4 ,add+ to all ^! consid]ations ! fact t ,mr4 ,llewelyn ,davies1 ! w>m? ( ^: philan?ropy is beyond "q1 & 9 ^: compet5cy & fairness ,i1 = "o1 place implicit reliance1 flatly d5ies ! boa/$ success ( ! ,salvation ,army 9 its pr(ess$ mission1 ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion t1 z at pres5t advis$1 ,i _c be ! in/rum5t ( c>ry+ out my fri5d's proposal4 ,mr4 ,boo? has pi?ily *>act]iz$ c]ta9 b5evol5t s*emes z do+ sixp5nywor? ( good & a %ill+'s wor? ( h>m4 ,i grieve to say t1 9 my op9ion1 ! def9ition exactly fits 8 own project4 ,few social evils are ( great] magnitude ?an un9/ruct$ & un*a/5$ religi\s fanaticism2 no p]sonal habit m surely degrades ! consci5ce & ! intellect ?an #bdd bl9d & unhesitat+ ob$i5ce to unlimit$ au?ority4 ,und\bt$ly1 h>lotry & intemp]ance are sore evils1 & />vation is h>d to be>1 or ev5 to "k (2 b ! pro/itution ( ! m9d1 ! sodd5+ ( ! consci5ce1 ! dw>f+ ( manhood are worse calamities4 ,x is a great] evil to h ! intellect ( a nation put d[n by organiz$ fanaticism2 to see its political & indu/rial affairs at ! m]cy ( a despot ^: *ief ?\ght is to make t fanaticism prevail2 to wat* ! degradation ( m51 :o %\ld feel !mselves individually responsible = _! own & _! c\ntry's fates1 to m]e brute in/rum5ts1 ready to ! h& ( a ma/] = any use to :i* he may put !m4 ,b t is ! end to :i*1 9 my op9ion1 all su* organizations z t to :i* k9dly p1 :o d n look to ! consequ5ces ( _! acts1 are n[ giv+ _! ?\s&s1 inevitably t5d4 ,unless cle> pro( t ,i am wrong is furni%$1 ano!r ?\s& %all n be add$ by my in/rum5tality4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 #bde ,,note4 ,an au?oritative contempor>y hi/orian1 ,mat!w ,p>is1 writes ?us ( ! ,m9orite1 or ,franciscan1 ,fri>s 9 ,engl& 9 #abce1 j n9e ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,francis ( ,assisi3-- ,at ?is "t "s ( ! ,m9orite bre?r51 z well z "s ( ! ,ord] ( ,prea*]s1 unm9dful ( _! pr(ession & ! re/rictions ( _! ord]1 impud5tly ent]$ ! t]ritories ( "s noble mona/]ies1 "u pret5se ( fulfill+ _! duties ( prea*+1 z if int5d+ to dep>t aft] prea*+ ! next day4 ,"u pret5ce ( sickness1 or on "s o!r pretext1 h[ev]1 !y rema9$1 &1 con/ruct+ an alt> ( wood1 !y plac$ on x a consecrat$ /one alt>1 :i* !y _h br\ght ) !m1 & cl&e/9ely & 9 a l[ voice p]=m$ mass1 & ev5 receiv$ ! confessions ( _m ( ! p>i%ion]s1 to ! prejudice ( ! prie/s4 ,& if by *ance !y 7 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 !y broke =? 9 insults & ?reats1 revil+ e o!r ord] except _! own1 & ass]t+ t all ! re/ 7 doom$ to damnation1 & t !y w\ld n sp>e ! soles ( _! feet till !y _h exhau/$ ! weal? ( _! oppos]s1 h[ev] great x might be4 ,! religi\s m51 !re=e1 gave way to !m 9 _m po9ts1 yield+ to avoid sc&al1 & (f5d+ ^? 9 p[]4 ,= !y 7 ! c\ncillors & mess5g]s ( ! nobles1 & ev5 secret>ies ( ! ,pope1 & !re=e obta9$ mu* #bdf secul> fav\r4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 f9d+ !mselves oppos$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,rome1 7 re/ra9$ by obvi\s reasons1 & w5t away 9 confusion2 = ! ,supreme ,pontiff1 ) a sc[l+ look1 said to !m1 ',:at means ?is1 my bre?r58 ,to :at l5g?s are y go+8 ,h y n pr(ess$ volunt>y pov]ty1 & t y w\ld trav]se t[ns & ca/les & di/ant places1 z ! case requir$1 b>efoot$ & uno/5tati\sly1 9 ord] to prea* ! ^w ( ,god 9 all humility8 ,& d y n[ presume to usurp ^! e/ates to y\rselves aga9/ ! w ( ! lords ( ^! fees8 ,y\r religion appe>s to be 9 a great measure dy+ away1 & y\r doctr9es to be confut$4 ,"u date ( #abdc1 ,mat!w writes3-- ,= ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s or m ! mona/ic ord] did n ha/5 to de/ruction s quickly z _! ord] ,m9orites & ,prea*]s ( :om n[ ! bro!rs1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s hav+ sc>cely elaps$1 _h fir/ built 9 ,engl& dwell+s :i* rivall$ regal palaces 9 height4 ,^! are !y :o daily expose to view _! ine/imable treasures1 9 enl>g+ _! sumptu\s edifices1 & erect+ l(ty walls1 !reby impud5tly transgress+ ! limits ( _! orig9al pov]ty & violat+ ! basis ( _! religion1 accord+ to ! prophecy ( ,g]man ,hildeg>de4 ,:5 noblem5 & ri* m5 are at ! po9t ( dea?1 :om !y "k to be possess$ ( great ri*es1 !y1 9 _! love ( ga91 dilig5tly urge !m1 to ! injury & loss ( ! ord9>y pa/ors1 & extort confessions & hidd5 wills1 laud+ !mselves & _! own ord] only1 #bdg & plac+ !mselves be=e all o!rs4 ,s no fai?ful man n[ believes he c be sav$1 except he is direct$ by ! c\nsels ( ! ,prea*]s & ,m9orites4--,mat!w ,p>is's ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,ii ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #i?1 #ahij ,sir1--,! purpose ( my previ\s lett] ab\t ,mr4 ,boo?'s s*eme 0 to ar\se ! contributors to ! milit>y *e/ ( ! ,salvation ,army to a cle> s5se ( :at !y are do+4 ,i ?\ght x desirable t !y %\ld be di/9ctly aw>e t !y are sett+ up & end[+ a sect1 9 _m ways analog\s to ! ,rant]s & ,revivali/s ( undesirable notoriety 9 =m] times2 b ) ?is imm5sely important diff]5ce1 t x possesses a /rong1 f>-rea*+1 c5traliz$ organization1 ! disposal ( ! physical1 moral1 & f9ancial /r5g? ( :i* re/s ) an irresponsible *ief1 :o1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 is assur$ ( ! bl9d ob$i5ce ( ne>ly #aj1jjj subord9ates4 ,i wi% !m to ask !mselves1 ,ought prud5t m5 & good citiz5s to aid 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an organization :i*1 "u sundry1 by no means improbable1 cont+5cies1 may easily become a worse & m #bdh dang]\s nuisance ?an ! m5dicant fri>s ( ! middle ages8 ,if ?is is an academic "q1 ,i really d n "k :at que/ions des]ve to be call$ practical4 ,z y div9$1 ,i purposely omitt$ any consid]ation ( ! details ( ! ,salvationi/ s*eme1 & ( ! pr9ciples :i* animate ^? :o "w x1 because ,i desir$ t ! public appreciation ( ! evils1 necess>ily inh]5t 9 all su* plans ( despotic social & religi\s regim5tation %\ld n be obscur$ by ! rais+ ( po9ts ( less comp>ative1 h[ev] great absolute1 importance4 ,b x is n[ "t to und]take a m p>ticul> criticism ( ,d>ke/ ,engl&4 ,at ! outset ( my exam9ation ( t "w1 ,i 0 />tl$ to f9d t ,mr4 ,boo? _h put =w>d 8 s*eme ) an almo/ incr$ibly imp]fect k ( :at _h be5 done & is do+ 9 ! same direction4 ,a simple read] might well imag9e t ! au?or ( ,d>ke/ ,engl& pos$ z ! ,columbus1 or at any rate ! ,cortez1 ( t region4 ,g to ,mudie's1 he tells u1 & y w be surpris$ to see h[ few books !re are ^u ! social problem4 ,t may or may n be correct2 b if ,mr4 ,boo? _h gone to a c]ta9 read+-room n f> f ,mudie's1 ,i und]take to say t ! well-in=m$ & oblig+ /aff ( ! national libr>y 9 ,bloomsbury w\ld h provid$ him ) m books on ?is topic1 9 almo/ all ,european languages1 ?an he w\ld #bdi read 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,has socialism no lit]ature8 ,& :at is socialism b an inc>nation ( ! social "q8 ,moreov]1 ,i am p]suad$ t ev5 ,mudie's res\rces c\ld h furni%$ ,mr4 ,boo? ) ! ,life ( ,"l ,%aftesbury & ,c>lyle's works4 ,mr4 ,boo? seems to h und]tak5 to in/ruct ! _w )\t hav+ he>d ( ,pa/ & ,pres5t or ( ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets2 ?\gh1 some:at late 9 ! day1 a judici\s fri5d calls 8 att5tion to !m4 ,to ^? ( my contempor>ies on :om1 z on myself1 ,c>lyle's writ+s on ?is topic made an ineffaceable impression =ty ye>s ago1 :o "k t1 = all t "t1 hundr$s ( able & devot$ m51 bo? cl]ical & lay1 h work$ he>t & s\l = ! p]man5t am5dm5t ( ! condition ( ! poor1 ,mr4 ,boo?'s ,g to ,mudie's af=ds an apt measure ( ! dep? ( 8 prelim9>y /udies4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am b\nd to admit t ^! e>li] lab\r]s 9 ! field lab\r$ 9 su* a diff]5t fa%ion1 t ! orig9ality ( ! plan />t$ by ,mr4 ,boo? rema9s l>gely unaffect$4 ,= !m no drums h beat1 no trombones bray$2 no sanctifi$ buffoon]y1 aft] ! model ( ! oration ( ! ,fri> 9 ,wall5/e9's camp de> to ! read]s ( ,s*ill]1 has tickl$ ! e>s ( ! gr\ndl+s on _! behalf4 ,sadly beh9d ! great age ( r[dy self-adv]tisem5t 9 :i* _! lot has fall51 !y seem n to h advanc$ "o :it #bej beyond ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! ,apo/les1 #ahjj ye>s ago1 9 _! notions ( ! way 9 :i* ! metanoia1 ! *ange ( m9d ( ! ill-do]1 is to be br\ght ab\t4 ,yet ! new model 0 !re1 ready = ! imitation ( ^? anci5t sav]s ( s\ls4 ,! rant+ & ro>+ my/agogues ( "s ( ! mo/ v5]able ( ,greek & ,syrian cults also _h _! processions & bann]s1 _! fifes & cymbals & holy *ants1 _! hi]>*y ( (fic]s to :om ! art ( mak+ collections 0 n :olly unkn[n2 & :o1 z freely z _! mod]n imitators1 promis$ an ,elysian future to contributory conv]ts4 ,! success ( ^! antique ,salvation armies 0 enorm\s4 ,simon ,magus 0 q z notori\s a p]sonage1 & probably _h z /rong a foll[+ z ,mr4 ,boo?4 ,yet ! ,apo/les1 ) _! old-fa%ion$ ways1 w\ld n accept su* a success z a satisfactory sign ( ! ,div9e sanction1 nor dep>t f _! own me?ods ( lead+ ! way to ! high] life4 ,i deem x uness5tial to v]ify ,mr4 ,boo?'s /ati/ics4 ,! exact /r5g? ( ! population ( ! realm ( mis]y1 be x "o1 two1 or ?ree millions1 has no?+ to d ) ! efficacy ( any means propos$ = ! highly desirable end ( r$uc+ x to a m9imum4 ,! sole "q = consid]ation at pres5t is :e!r ! s*eme1 keep+ specially 9 view ! _s 9 :i* x is to be work$1 is likely to d m good ?an h>m4 #bea ,mr4 ,boo? tells u1 ) comm5dable frankness1 t x is prim>ily & ma9ly = ! sake ( sav+ ! s\l t ,i seek ! salvation ( ! body 7p4 #de71 :i* language1 be+ int]pret$1 means t ! propagation ( ! special ,salvationi/ cre$ comes fir/1 & ! promotion ( ! physical1 intellectual1 & purely moral welf>e ( mank9d second 9 8 e/imation4 ,m5 are to be made sob] & indu/ri\s1 ma9ly1 t1 z wa%$1 %orn1 & docile %eep1 !y may be driv5 into ! n>r[ !ological fold :i* ,mr4 ,boo? patronizes4 ,if !y refuse to ent]1 = all _! moral cleanl9ess1 !y w h to take _! place among ! goats z s9n]s1 only less dirty ?an ! re/4 ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ 7& ,i believe ! op9ion is l>gely %>$ by reasonable m57 t self-respect & ?rift are ! rungs ( ! ladd] by :i* m5 may mo/ surely climb out ( ! sl\gh ( despond ( want2 & ,i h reg>d$ !m z p]haps ! mo/ em95t ( ! practical virtues4 ,t is n ,mr4 ,boo?'s op9ion4 ,= him !y are m]e v>ni%$ s9s--no?+ bett] ?an ,pride re-baptis$ 7p4 #df74 ,%utt+ 8 eyes to ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! /ruggle = life1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he accepts z fully z any ,d>w9ian199 ,mr4 ,boo? tells m51 ^: evil case is "o ( ^? consequ5ces1 t envy is a corn]-/one ( our #beb competitive sy/em4 ,) ?rift & self-respect d5\nc$ z s91 ) ! suff]+ ( />v+ m5 ref]r$ to ! s9s ( ! capitali/1 ! gospel accord+ to ,mr4 ,boo? may save s\ls1 b x w h>dly save society4 99 ,see p4 #ajj ,9 e/imat+ ! social & political influ5ce :i* ! ,salvation ,army is likely to ex]t1 x is important to reflect t ! (fic]s 7pl$g$ to bl9d ob$i5ce to _! ,g5]al7 are n to conf9e !mselves to ! functions ( m]e deacons & cate*i/s 7?\gh1 "u a ,g5]al l ,cyril1 ,alex&ria knew to h] co/ :at ev5 !y c\ld effect72 !y are to be tribunes ( ! p1 :o are to act z _! gratuit\s legal advis]s2 &1 :5 law is n suffici5tly effective1 ! :ole =ce ( ! army is to obta9 :at ! said tribunes may conceive to be ju/ice1 by ! practice ( ru?less intimidation4 ,society1 says ,mr4 ,boo?1 ne$s mo!r+2 & he sets =?1 ) mu* complac5cy1 a v>iety ( cases1 by :i* we may e/imate ! sort ( mo!r+ to be expect$ at 8 p>5tal h&s4 ,^? :o /udy ! mat]ials ?us set be=e !m w1 ,i ?9k1 be driv5 to ! conclusion t ! "m has already prov$ h]self a mo/ unscrupul\s m$dl]1 ev5 if %e has n fall5 )9 rea* ( ! arm ( ! law4 ,consid] ?is case4 ,a1 ass]t+ h]self to h be5 s$uc$ twice1 appli$ to our p4 ,we hunt$ up ! man1 foll[$ him to ! c\ntry1 #bec ?reat5$ him ) public exposure1 & =c$ f him ! paym5t to 8 victim ( ,p\nds #fj d[n1 an all[ance ( ,p\nds #a a week1 & an insurance policy on 8 life = ,p\nds #dej 9 h] fav\r 7p4 #bbb7 4 ,j$burgh ju/ice ?is4 ,we con/itute ourselves prosecutor1 judge1 jury1 %]iff's (fic]1 all 9 "o2 we practice intimidation z deftly z if we 7 a bran* ( ano!r ,league2 &1 "u ?reat ( exposure1 we extort a tol]ably heavy hu%-money 9 paym5t ( our sil5ce4 ,well1 really1 my poor moral s5se is unable to di/+ui% ^! rem>kable proce$+s ( ! new popul> tribunate f :at1 9 ,fr5*1 is call$ *antage &1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 blackmail+4 ,& :5 we consid] t anybody1 = any reason ( jeal\sy1 or p]sonal spite1 or p>ty hatr$1 might be ?us hunt$1 foll[$1 ?reat5$1 & f9ancially squeez$ or ru9$1 )\t a p>ticle ( legal inve/igation1 at ! w ( a man :om ! famili> *>g$ ) ! inquisitorial bus9ess d>e n hesitate to obey1 surely x is n unreasonable to ask h[ f> does ! ,salvation ,army1 9 its tribune ( ! p aspect1 diff] f a ,sicilian ,mafia8 ,i am no apologi/ ( m5 guilty ( ! acts *>g$ aga9/ ! p]son :o yet1 ,i ?9k1 might be z fairly call$ a victim1 9 ?is case1 z 8 p>tn] 9 wrong-do+4 ,x is possible t1 9 s peculi> a case1 ,solomon himself might h be5 puzzl$ #bed to apportion ! relative moral del9qu5cy ( ! p>ties4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! man 0 morally & legally b\nd to support 8 *ild1 & any "o w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 help+ ! woman to h] legal rights1 & ! man to ! legal consequ5ces 79 :i* exposure is includ$7 ( 8 fault4 ,! action ( ! ,g5]al ( ! ,salvation ,army 9 extort+ ! heavy f9e he *ose to impose z ! price ( 8 sil5ce1 h[ev] excell5t 8 motives1 appe>s to me to be z immoral z1 ,i hope1 x is illegal4 ,s mu* = ! ,salvation ,army z a tea*] ( que/ionable e?ics & ( ecc5tric economics1 z ! legal advis] :o recomm5ds & practices ! extraction ( money by intimidation1 z ! fairy godmo!r :o proposes to "m society1 9 a fa%ion :i* is n to my ta/e1 h[ev] mu* x may comm5d itself to "s ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s support]s4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 #bee ,,iii ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #aa?1 #ahij ,sir1--,:5 ,i fir/ address$ y on ! subject ( ! project$ op]ations ( ! ,salvation ,army1 all t ,i knew ab\t t body 0 d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s book1 f common repute1 & f occasional att5tion to ! say+s & do+s ( 8 noisy squadrons1 ) :i* my walks ab\t ,london1 9 pa/ ye>s1 h made me famili>4 ,i 0 q unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( evid5ce respect+ ! pres5t adm9i/ration ( ! ,salvation =ces1 :i* w\ld h enabl$ me to act ^u ! sagaci\s maxim ( ! ,am]ican hum\ri/1 ,don't prophesy unless y "k4 ,! lett] y 7 good en\gh to publi% has br\ght ^u me a sw>m ( lett]s & pamphlets4 ,"s fav\r me ) abuse2 "s ?\ghtful correspond5ts w>mly agree ) me1 & !n proce$ to po9t out h[ mu* wor?i] c]ta9 s*emes ( _! own are ( my fri5d's support2 "s s5d valuable enc\ragem5t1 = :i* ,i (f] my he>ty ?anks1 & ask !m to excuse any m special ackn[l$gm5t4 ,b t :i* ,i f9d mo/ to ! purpose1 j n[1 is ! revelation made by "s ( ! docum5ts :i* h rea*$ me1 ( a fact ( :i* ,i 0 :olly ignorant--namely1 t #bef p]sons :o h fai?fully & zeal\sly s]v$ 9 ! ,salvation ,army1 :o express un*ang$ atta*m5t to its orig9al pr9ciples & practice1 & :o h be5 9 close (ficial relations ) ! ,g5]al h publicly decl>$ t ! process ( degradation ( ! organization into a m]e eng9e ( fanatical intol]ance & p]sonal ambition1 :i* ,i decl>$ 0 inevitable1 has already set 9 & is mak+ rapid progress4 ,x is out ( ! "q1 ,sir1 t ,i %\ld occupy ! columns ( ! ,times ) a detail$ exposition & criticism ( ^! pieces ju/ificatives ( my =eca/4 ,i say criticism1 because ! ass]tions ( p]sons :o h quitt$ any society mu/1 9 fairness1 be tak5 ) ! caution t is requir$ 9 ! case ( all ex p>te /atem5ts ( ho/ile witnesses4 ,b x is1 at any rate1 a notable fact t !re are p>ts ( my fir/ lett]1 indicat+ ! inh]5t & necess>y evil consequ5ces ( any su* organization1 :i* might s]ve = ab/racts ( portions ( ?is evid5ce1 long s9ce pr9t$ & publi%$ "u ! public responsibility ( ! witnesses4 ,let u ask ! att5tion ( y\r read]s1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ,an ex-,capta9's ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,salvation ,army1 by ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,r$/one1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is gu>ante$ by ! preface 7dat$ ,april #e?1 #ahhh7 :i* ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cunn+ham ,geikie has suppli$4 ,mr4 ,r$/one's /ory is well wor? read+ on its own acc\nt4 #beg ,told 9 simple1 direct language su* z ,john ,bunyan might h us$1 x p]mits no d\bt ( ! s+le-m9d$ s9c]ity ( ! man1 :o gave up ev]y?+ to become an (fic] ( ! ,salvation ,army1 b1 exhibit+ a sad want ( t capacity = unhesitat+ & bl9d ob$i5ce on :i* ,mr4 ,boo? lays s mu* /ress1 0 ?r[n aside1 p5niless--no1 ,i am wrong1 ) #bs4 #d;d4 = 8 la/ week's sal>y--to %ift1 ) 8 equally devot$ wife1 z he be/ might4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld induce int5d+ contributors to ,mr4 ,boo?'s army *e/ to read ,mr4 ,r$/one's /ory4 ,i w\ld p>ticul>ly ask !m to contra/ ! pure simplicity ( 8 pla9 tale ) ! artificial pietism & slobb]+ unction ( ! lett]s :i* ,mr4 ,ball+ton ,boo? addresses to 8 de> boy 7a m>ri$ man app>5tly old] ?an himself71 s long z ! said de> boy is fac+ brickbats & />vation1 z p] ord]4 ,i confess t my op9ion ( ! *iefs ( ! ,salvation ,army has be5 s di/9ctly modifi$ by ! p]usal ( ?is pamphlet t ,i am glad to be reliev$ f ! necessity ( express+ x4 ,x w be mu* bett] t ,i %\ld cite a few s5t5ces f ! preface writt5 by ,dr4 ,cunn+ham ,geikie1 :o expresses w>m admiration = ! e>ly & uncorrupt$ "w ( ! ,salvation ,army1 & _c possibly be accus$ ( prejudice aga9/ x on religi\s gr\nds3-- 7#a7 ,! ,salvation ,army is emphatically a #beh family conc]n4 ,mr4 ,boo?1 s5ior1 is ,g5]al2 "o son is *ief ( ! /aff1 & ! rema9+ sons & daught]s engross ! o!r *ief positions4 ,x is ,boo? all ov]2 inde$1 l ! sun 9 y\r eyes1 y c see no?+ else :]ev] y turn4 ,&1 z ,dr4 ,geikie %rewdly rem>ks1 'to be ! head ( a widely spread sect c>ries ) x _m advantages--n all exclusively spiritual4' 7#b7 ,:oev] becomes a ,salvation (fic] is h5ce=? a slave1 helplessly expos$ to ! caprice ( 8 sup]iors4 ,mr4 ,r$/one bore an excell5t "* bo? be=e he ent]$ ! army & :5 he left x4 ,to jo9 x1 ?\gh a m>ri$ man1 he gave up a situation :i* he _h held = five ye>s1 & he s]v$ ,mr4 ,boo? two ye>s1 work+ h>d 9 mo/ difficult po/s4 ,8 "o fault1 ,major ,lawley tells u1 01 t he 0 'too /raight'--t is1 too hone/1 tru?ful1 & manly--or1 9 o!r words1 too real a ,*ri/ian4 ,yet )\t trial1 )\t =mulat$ *>ges1 on ! /r5g? ( secret compla9ts :i* 7 nev]1 app>5tly1 te/$1 he 0 dismiss$ ) less c\rtesy ?an mo/ p w\ld %[ a begg>--) #bs4 #d;d4 = 8 la/ week's sal>y4 ,if !re be any mi/ake 9 ?is matt]1 ,i %all be glad to le>n x4 7#c7 ,dr4 ,geikie confirms1 on ! gr\nd ( in=mation giv5 confid5tially by o!r (fic]s1 #bei ,mr4 ,r$/one's ass]tion t !y are wat*$ & report$ by spies f headqu>t]s4 7#d7 ,mr4 ,boo? refuses to gu>antee 8 (fic]s any fix$ am\nt ( sal>y4 ,:ile he & 8 family ( high (ficials live 9 com=t1 if n 9 luxury1 ! pl$g$ slaves ^: devotion is ! f\ndation ( any true success ! ,army has met ) (t5 h h>dly food en\gh to su/a9 life4 ,"o good fell[ frankly told me t :5 he _h no?+ he j w5t & begg$4 ,at ?is po9t1 x is prop] t ,i %\ld int]pose an apology = hav+ ha/ily spok5 ( su* m5 z ,francis ( ,assisi1 ev5 = purposes ( w>n+1 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,boo?4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! wisdom ( ! plans ( ! f\nd]s ( ! great mona/ic ord]s ( ! middle ages1 !y took _! full %>e ( suff]+ & privation1 & nev] %irk$ 9 _! own p]sons ! sacrifices !y impos$ on _! foll[]s4 ,i h already express$ ! op9ion1 t :atev] ! o/5sible purpose ( ! s*eme "u discussion1 "o ( its consequ5ces w be ! sett+ up & end[m5t ( a new ,rant]-,sociali/ sect4 ,i may n[ add t ano!r effect w be--inde$1 has be5--to set up & end[ ! ,boo? dyna/y ) unlimit$ control ( ! physical1 moral1 & f9ancial res\rces ( ! sect4 ,mr4 ,boo? is already a pr9t] & publi%]1 :o1 x is pla9ly decl>$1 utilizes ! (fic]s ( ! #bfj ,army z ag5ts = adv]tis+ & sell+ 8 publications2 & "s ( !m are s /rongly impress$ ) ! belief t active pu%+ ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s bus9ess is ! be/ road to _! ma/]'s fav\r1 t :5 ! public ob/9ately refuse to pur*ase 8 pap]s !y buy !m !mselves & s5d ! proce$s to headqu>t]s4 ,mr4 ,boo? is also a retail trad] on a l>ge scale1 & ! ,dean ( ,wells has1 mo/ seasonably1 drawn att5tion to ! v notable bank+ project :i* he is try+ to float4 ,any "o :o foll[s ,dean ,plumptre's cle> exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( ?is f9ancial op]ation c h little d\bt t1 :e!r !y are1 or are n1 adequate to ! atta9m5t ( ! fir/ & second ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s o/5sible objects1 !y may be tru/$ to effect a wide ext5sion ( any k+dom 9 :i* worldly possessions are ( no value4 ,we are1 9 fact1 9 sight ( a f9ancial cata/rophe l t ( ,law a c5tury ago4 ,only x is ! poor :o w suff]4 ,i h already occupi$ too mu* ( y\r space1 & yet ,i h drawn ^u only "o ( ! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ! inn] work+ ( ! ,salvation ,army at my disposition4 ,f> grav] *>ges ?an any "h dealt ) are publicly br\ght 9 ! o!rs4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 #bfa ,p4,s4-- ,i h j read ,mr4 ,bu*anan's lett] 9 ! ,times ( to-day4 ,mr4 ,bu*anan is1 ,i believe1 an imag9ative writ]4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) 8 works1 b no?+ 9 ! way ( fiction he has yet a*iev$ c well surpass 8 acc\nt ( my op9ions & ( ! purport ( my writ+s4 ,,iv ,! ,times ,decemb] #bj?1 #ahij ,sir1--,9 discuss+ ,mr4 ,boo?'s projects ,i h hi!rto left 9 ! backgr\nd a di/9ction :i* mu/ be kept well 9 sight by ^? :o wi% to =m a fair judgm5t ( ! influ5ce1 = good or evil1 ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,salvationism1 ! "w ( sav+ s\ls by revivali/ me?ods1 is "o ?+2 ,boo?ism1 ! utilization ( ! work]s = ! fur!rance ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s peculi> projects1 is ano!r4 ,mr4 ,boo? has captur$1 & h>ness$ ) %>p bits & effectual bl9k]s1 a multitude ( ultra-,evangelical mission>ies ( ! revivali/ s*ool :o 7 w&]+ at l>ge4 ,x is ?is skilfully1 if some:at m]cilessly1 driv5 team :i* has dragg$ ! ,g5]al's coa*-load ( projects into _! pres5t position4 #bfb ,look+1 !n1 at ! ho/ ( ,salvationi/s prop]1 f ! capta9s d[nw>ds 7to :om1 9 my judgm5t1 ! family hi]>*y /&s 9 ! relation ( ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea to ,s9bad71 z an indep5d5t entity1 ,i desire to say t ! evid5ce be=e me1 :e!r ho/ile or fri5dly to ! ,g5]al & 8 s*emes1 is di/9ctly fav\rable to !m4 ,x exhibits !m z1 9 ! ma91 poor1 un9/ruct$1 n unfrequ5tly fanatical1 en?usia/s1 ! purity ( ^: lives1 ! s9c]ity ( ^: belief1 & ! *e]fulness ( ^: endurance ( privation & r\gh usage1 9 :at !y consid] a j cause1 comm& s9c]e respect4 ,= my "p1 ?\gh ,i conceive ! corybantic me?od ( s\l-sav+ to be full ( dang]s1 & ?\gh ! !ological speculations ( ^! good p are to me :olly unacceptable1 yet ,i believe t ! evils :i* mu/ foll[ 9 ! track ( su* errors1 z ( all o!r errors1 w be l>gely outweigh$ by ! moral & social improvem5t ( ! p :om !y conv]t4 ,i w\ld no m raise my voice aga9/ !m 7s long z !y ab/a9 f annoy+ _! neighb\rs7 ?an ,i w\ld qu>rel ) a man1 vigor\sly sweep+ out a /ye1 on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( 8 broom1 or because he made a great noise ov] 8 "w4 ,i h always _h a /rong fai? 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! injunction1 ,?\ %alt n muzzle ! ox t treade? out ! corn4 ,if a k+dom is wor? a ,mass1 z a great #bfc rul] said1 surely ! reign ( clean liv+1 indu/ry1 & ?rift is wor? any quantity ( tamb\r9es & ecc5tric doctr9al hypo!ses4 ,all t ,i h hi!rto said1 & propose fur!r to say1 is direct$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,boo?'s extremely clev]1 audaci\s1 & hi!rto successful attempt to utilize ! cr$it won by all ?is hone/ devotion & self-sacrifice = ! purposes ( 8 sociali/ic autocracy4 ,i n[ propose to br+ =w>d a little m evid5ce z to h[ ?+s really /& :]e ,mr4 ,boo?'s sy/em has _h a fair trial4 ,i obta9 x1 ma9ly1 f a curi\s pamphlet1 ! title ( :i* runs3 ,! ,new ,papacy4 ,beh9d ! ,sc5es 9 ! ,salvation ,army1 by an ex-,/aff ,(fic]4 ,make n my ,fa!r's h\se a h\se ( m]*&ise 7,john ii4 #af74 #ahhi4 ,publi%$ at ,toronto1 by ,a4 ,britnell4 ,on ! cov] x is /at$ t ,?is is ! book :i* 0 burn$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,i rem9d ! read]1 once m1 t ! /atem5ts :i* ,i %all cite mu/ be reg>d$ z ex p>te2 all ,i c v\* = is t1 on gr\nds ( int]nal evid5ce & f o!r concurr5t te/imony respect+ ! ways ( ! ,boo? hi]>*y1 ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 us+ !m4 ,?is is ! picture ! writ] draws ( ! army 9 ! e>ly days ( its invasion ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada3-- #bfd ,!n1 x w be rememb]$1 x pr(ess$ to be ! humble h&maid ( ! exi/+ *ur*es2 its pr(ess$ object 0 ! evangelization ( ! masses4 ,x repudiat$ ! idea ( build+ up a sep>ate religi\s body1 & x d5\nc$ ! practice ( ga!r+ toge!r weal? & ! accumulation ( prop]ty4 ,m5 & wom5 o!r ?an its own conv]ts ga!r$ ar\nd x & ?rew !mselves he>t & s\l into ! "w1 = ! simple reason t x (f]$1 z !y suppos$1 a m ext5d$ & widely op5 field = evangelical ef=t4 ,m9i/]s ev]y:]e 7 invit$ & welcom$ to its plat=ms1 majors & colonels 7 few & f> betwe51 & ! supremacy & p[] ( ! ,g5]al 7 ?+s unkn[n 4 4 4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to avoid any?+ l proselytism2 its conv]ts 7 nev] co]c$ into jo9+ its ranks444 ,9 a ^w1 ! organization occupi$ ! position ( an auxili>y mission & recruit+ ag5cy = ! v>i\s religi\s bodies4444 ,! meet+s 7 cr[d$1 p pr(ess$ conv]sion by ! score1 ! public lib]ally suppli$ ! means to c>ry on ! "w 9 _! respective communities2 !re=e e corps 0 :olly self-support+1 its (fic]s 7 prop]ly1 if n luxuri\sly1 c>$ =1 ! local exp5diture 0 amply provid$1 &1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! secret>y1 a local memb]1 & ! (fic] 9 *>ge1 ! funds 7 disburs$ 9 ! t[ns :]e !y 7 collect$1 & ! #bfe _s ( satisfaction & confid5ce 0 mutual all ar\nd 7pp4 #d1 #e74 ,su* 0 ! army z ! gre5 tree4 ,n[ = ! dry3-- ,^? :o h be5 daily conv]sant ) ! army's ma*9]y are well aw>e h[ entirely & radically ! :ole sy/em has *ang$1 & h[1 f a b& ( devot$ & dis9t]e/$ work]s1 unit$ 9 ! bonds ( zeal & *>ity = ! good ( _! fell[s1 x has develop$ into a colossal & aggressive ag5cy = ! build+ up ( a sy/em & a sect1 b\nd by rules & regulations altoge!r subv]sive ( religi\s lib]ty & antagoni/ic to e 7o!r87 bran* ( ,*ri/ian endeav\r1 & b\nd h& & foot to ! w ( "o supreme head & rul]4444 ,z ! "w has spread ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & z ! area ( its endeav\rs has enl>g$1 ea* lead+ position has be5 fill$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 by individuals /rang]s to ! c\ntry1 totally ignorant ( ! s5tim5ts & idiosyncrasies ( ! ,canadian p1 tra9$ 9 "o s*ool "u ! tea*+s & dom9ance ( a memb] ( ! ,boo? family1 & out ( :om e idea has be5 cru%$1 except t ( unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to ! ,g5]al1 & ! absolute necessity ( go+ =w>d to 8 bidd+ )\t hesitation or "q 7p4 #f74 #bff ,:at is ! result ( all ?is8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :il/ mat]ial prosp]ity has und\bt$ly be5 atta9$1 spirituality has be5 qu5*$1 &1 z an evangelical ag5cy1 ! army has become almo/ a dead lett]444 ,9 sev5ty-five p] c5t ( its /ations its (fic]s suff] ne$ & privation1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! heavy taxation t is plac$ ^u !m to ma9ta9 an impos+ headqu>t]s & a l>ge ornam5tal /aff4 ,! :ole f9ancial arrangem5ts are c>ri$ on by a sy/em ( inflation & a h&-to-m\? extravagance & bl9dness z to future cont+5cies4 ,ne>ly all ( its orig9al work]s & memb]s h disappe>$ 7p4 #g74 ,9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s bodies at l>ge ! army has become entirely antagoni/ic4 ,soldi]s are =bidd5 by its rules to att5d o!r places ( wor%ip )\t ! p]mission ( _! (fic]s444 ,(fic]s or soldi]s :o may consci5ti\sly leave ! s]vice or ! ranks are look$ ^u & (t5 d5\nc$ publicly z backslid]s444 ,means ( ! mo/ despicable description h be5 resort$ to 9 ord] to />ve !m back to ! s]vice 7p4 #h74 ,9 its inn] work+s ! army sy/em is id5tical ) ,jesuitism444 ,t '! end ju/ifies ! means1' if n op5ly taught1 is z tacitly agre$ z 9 t celebrat$ ord] 7p4 #i74 ,surely a bitt]1 ov]*>g$1 anonym\s libel1 is ! reflection :i* w occur to _m :o read #bfg ^! passages1 especially ! la/4 ,well1 ,i turn to o!r evid5ce :i*1 at any rate1 is n anonym\s4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,g5]al ,boo?1 ! ,family1 & ! ,salvation ,army1 %[+ its ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,moral & ,spiritual ,decl9e1 by ,s4 ,h4 ,hodges1 ,,ll4,b41 late ,major 9 ! ,army1 & =m]ly private secret>y to ,g5]al ,boo? 7,man*e/]1 #ahij74 ,i recomm5d pot5tial contributors to ,mr4 ,boo?'s weal? to /udy ?is little "w also4 ,i h le>n$ a great deal f x4 ,among o!r int]e/+ novelties1 x tells me t ,mr4 ,boo? has discov]$ ! necessity ( a ?ird /ep or bless+1 9 ! "w ( ,salvation4 ,he said to me "o day1 ',hodges1 y h only two b>rels to y\r gun2 ,i h ?ree' 7p4 #ca74 ,& if ,mr4 ,hodges's description ( ?is ?ird b>rel is correct--giv+ up y\r consci5ce &1 = ,god & ! army1 /oop+ to d ?+s :i* ev5 hon\rable worldly m5 w\ld n cons5t to d 7p4 #cb7--;x is surely calculat$ to br+ d[n a good _m ?+s1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality among !m4 ,mr4 ,hodges gives "s rem>kable examples ( ! army practice ) ! ,g5]al's new rifle4 ,b ,i mu/ ref] ! curi\s to 8 in/ructive pamphlet4 ,! position ,i am ab\t to take up is a s]i\s "o2 & ,i pref] to =tify x by ! help ( evid5ce :i*1 ?\gh "s ( x may be anonym\s1 _c be sne]$ away4 ,& ,i %all #bfh be believ$1 :5 ,i say t no?+ b a s5se ( ! great social dang] ( ! spread ( ,boo?ism c\ld induce me to revive a sc&al1 ev5 ?\gh x is b>ely entitl$ to ! b5efit ( ! ,/atute ( ,limitations4 ,on ! #g? ( ,july1 #ahhc1 y1 ,sir1 did ! public a great s]vice by writ+ a lead+ article on ! notori\s ,eagle case1 f :i* ,i take ! foll[+ extract3-- ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,kay refus$ ! application1 b he 0 induc$ to refuse x by means :i*1 z ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,/eph5 ju/ly rem>k$1 7 highly discr$itable to ,mr4 ,boo?4 ,mr4 ,boo? fil$ an affidavit :i* appe>s totally to h misl$ ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,kay1 z x w\ld h misl$ any "o :o reg>d$ x z a frank & hone/ /atem5t by a pr(ess$ tea*] ( religion4 ,:5 ,i address$ my fir/ lett] to y ,i _h nev] s mu* z he>d ( ! ,eagle sc&al4 ,b ,i am ?ankful t my p]ception ( ! inevitable t5d5cy ( all religi\s autocracies t[>ds evil 0 cle> en\gh to br+ ab\t a provisional condemnation ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s s*emes 9 my m9d4 ,suppos+ t ,i _h decid$ ! o!r way1 ) :at sort ( feel+ %\ld ,i h fac$ my fri5d1 :5 ,i _h to confess t ! money _h pass$ into ! absolute control ( a p]son ab\t ! "* ( ^: adm9i/ration ?is #bfi concurr5ce ( damnatory evid5ce 0 already extant8 ,i h no?+ to say ab\t ,mr4 ,boo? p]sonally1 = ,i "k no?+4 ,on t subject1 z on sev]al o!rs1 ,i pr(ess myself an agno/ic4 ,b1 if he is1 z he may be1 a sa9t actuat$ by ! pure/ ( motives1 he is n ! fir/ sa9t :o1 z y h said1 has %[n himself 9 ! ard\r ( prosecut+ a well-meant object to be capable ( ov]look+ ! pla9 maxims ( e-day morality4 ,if ,i 7 a ,salvationi/ soldi]1 ,i %\ld cry ) ,o!llo1 ,cassio1 ,i love !e2 b nev] m be (fic] ( m9e4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,v ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #bd?1 #ahij-- ,sir1--,if ,i h any /rong po9ts1 f9ance is c]ta9ly n "o ( !m4 ,b ! f9ancial1 or r fiscal1 op]ations ( ! ,g5]al ( ! ,salvation ,army1 z !y are set =? & exemplifi$ 9 ,! ,new ,papacy1 possess t gr& simplicity :i* is ! m>k ( g5ius2 #bgj & ev5 ,i c compreh5d !m--or1 to be m mode/1 ,i c portray !m 9 su* a mann] t e l9eam5t1 h[ev] h>%1 & e %ade1 h[ev] d>k1 c be v]ifi$ by publi%$ evid5ce4 ,suppose !re is a ?riv+1 exp&+ colonial t[n1 & t1 scatt]$ among its artisans & lab\r]s1 !re is a spr9kl+ ( ,me?odi/s1 or o!r su* ultra-evangelical good p1 do+ _! be/1 9 a quiet way1 to save s\ls4 ,cle>ly1 ?is is an outpo/ :i* x is desirable to capture4 ,we1 !re=e1 take measures to get up a ,salvation boom ( ! ord9>y patt]n4 ,en?usiasm is r\s$4 ,a score or two ( soldi]s are enli/$ into ! ranks ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,we select ! man :o promises to s]ve our purposes be/1 make a capta9 ( him1 & put him 9 comm& ( ! corps4 ,he is v pleas$ & grateful2 & inde$ he ought to be4 ,all he has done is t he has giv5 up 8 trade2 t he has promis$ to "w at lea/ n9e h\rs a day 9 our s]vice 7none ( y\r eight-h\r nons5se = u7 z collector1 booksell]1 g5]al ag5t1 & any?+ else we may ord] him to be4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 gu>antee him no?+ :atev]2 to d s might weak5 8 fai? & sub/itute worldly = spiritual ties betwe5 u4 ,kn[+ t1 if he ex]ts himself 9 a "r _s1 8 lab\rs w surely be bless$1 we cont5t ourselves ) tell+ him t if1 aft] all #bga exp5ses are paid & our dem&s are satisfi$ ea* week1 #bes4 rema9s1 he may take x4 ,&1 if no?+ rema9s1 he may take t1 & /ay 8 /oma* ) :at ! fai?ful may give him4 ,) a c]ta9 grim playfulness1 we add t ! value ( ^! contributions w be reckon$ z s mu* sal>y4 ,s long z our capta9 is successful1 !re=e1 a b5efic5t spr+ ( ca% trickles unse5 into our treasury2 :5 x beg9s to dry up we say1 ,god bless y1 de> boy1 turn him adrift 7) or )\t #bs4 #d;d4 9 8 pocket71 & put "s o!r will+ horse 9 ! %afts4 ,! ,g5]al1 ,i believe1 proposes1 among o!r ?+s1 to d away ) sweat+4 ,may he n z well set a good example by beg9n+ at home8 ,my little sket*1 h[ev]1 looks s l a mon/r\s c>icature t1 aft] all1 ,i mu/ produce ! orig9al f ! pages ( my ,canadian au?ority4 ,he says t a capta9 has to pay #aj p] c5t4 ( all collections & donations to ! divisional fund = ! support ( 8 divisional (fic]1 :o has also ! privilege ( arrang+ = su* special meet+s z he %all ?9k fit1 ! proce$s ( :i* he takes away = ! g5]al ne$s ( ! division4 ,headqu>t]s1 too1 has ! "r to hold su* special meet+s at ! corps & s5d ar\nd su* special attractions z its wisdom sees fit1 & to take away ! proce$s = ! purposes x decides ^u4 #bgb ,he has to pay ! r5t ( 8 build+1 ei!r to headqu>t]s or a private individual2 he has to s5d ! :ole collection ( ! aft]noon meet+ ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ! mon? to ! ',ext5sion ,fund' at headqu>t]s2 he has to pay = ! heat+1 light+1 & clean+ ( 8 hall1 toge!r ) su* necess>y repairs z may be ne$$2 he has to provide ! food1 lodg+1 & clo?+ ( 8 cadet1 if he has "o2 headqu>t]s taxes him ) s _m copies ( ! army pap]s ea* week1 = :i* he has to pay1 sold or unsold2 & :5 he has done ?is1 he may take #f 7or #e1 be+ a woman71 or su* proportion ( x z may be left1 ) :i* to clo! & fe$ himself & to pay ! r5t & provide = ! heat+ & light+ ( 8 qu>t]s4 ,if he has a lieut5ant he has to pay him #f p] week1 or su* proportion ( x z he himself gets1 & %>e ! h\se exp5ses ) him4 ,n[1 x w be easily und]/ood t at lea/ #fj p] c5t4 ( ! /ations 9 ,canada ! (fic] gets no money at all1 & he has to beg specially among/ 8 p = 8 h\se-r5t & food4 ,!re are few places 9 ! ,dom9ion 9 :i* ! soldi]s d n f9d _! (fic]s 9 all ! food !y ne$2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! value ( ! food s receiv$ has to be acc\nt$ = at headqu>t]s & ent]$ ^u ! books ( ! corps z ca% receiv$1 ! am\nt be+ d$uct$ f any moneys t ! (fic] is able to take f ! #bgc week's collections4 ,s t1 no matt] h[ mu* may be specially giv51 ! (fic] _c receive m ?an ! value ( #f p] week4 ,! (fic] _c collect any arre>s ( sal>y1 z ea* week has to pay its own exp5ses2 & if !re is any surplus ca% aft] all dem&s are met x mu/ be s5t to ! 'w> *e/' at headqu>t]s4--,! ,new ,papacy 7pp4 #ce1 #cf74 ,evid5tly1 ,sir1 headqu>t]s has tak5 to he>t ! injunction ab\t ca/+ y\r bread ^u ! wat]s4 ,x ca/s ! crumb ( a day or two's "w ( an emiss>y1 & gets back any quantity ( loaves ( ca%1 s long z capta9s pres5t !mselves to be us$ up & replac$ by new victims4 ,:at c be said ( ^! devot$ poor fell[s except1 ,o sancta simplicitas6 ,b x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t ! money-ga!r+ efficacy ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s fiscal ag5cies is exhau/$ by ! =ego+ enum]ation ( _! regul> op]ations4 ,consid] ! foll[+ edify+ hi/ory ( ! ,rescue ,home 9 ,toronto3-- ,x is a f9e build+ 9 ! he>t ( ! city2 ! lot co/ #g1jjj1 & a build+ 0 put up at a co/ ( #g1jjj m1 & !re is a mortgage on x am\nt+ to half ! co/ ( ! :ole4 ,! l& to-day w\ld probably fet* d\ble its orig9al price1 & e ye> enhances its value4444,9 ! fir/ five mon?s ( its #bgd exi/5ce ?is in/itution receiv$ f ! public an income ( #a1hab #gj;c42 out ( ?is #fjj 0 paid to headqu>t]s = r5t1 #eij #eb;c4 0 sp5t ^u ! build+ 9 v>i\s ways1 & ! balance ( #fbb #ah;c4 paid ! sal>ies ( ! /aff & support$ ! inmates 7pp4 #bd1 #be74 ,said ,i n truly t ,mr4 ,boo?'s fisc be>s ! /amp ( g5ius8 ,:o else c\ld h got ! public to buy him a corn] lot1 put a build+ ^u x1 pay all its work+ exp5ses3 & !n1 n cont5t ) pay+ him a heavy r5t = ! use ( ! h&some pres5t !y _h made him1 !y say n a ^w aga9/ 8 mortgag+ x to half its value8 ,&1 s f> z any "o kn[s1 !re is no?+ to /op headqu>t]s f sell+ ! :ole e/ate tomorr[1 & us+ ! money z ! ,g5]al may direct4 ,once m li/5 to ! au?or ( ,! ,new ,papacy1 :o affirms t out ( ! funds giv5 by ! ,dom9ion = ! evangelization ( ! p by means ( ! ,salvation ,army1 "o six? _h be5 sp5t 9 ! ext5sion ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & ! o!r five six?s _h be5 inve/$ 9 valuable prop]ty1 all h&$ ov] to ,mr4 ,boo? & 8 heirs & assigns1 z we h already /at$ 7p4 #bf74 ,& ?is br+s me to ! la/ po9t ^u :i* ,i wi% to t\*4 ,! answ] to all inquiries z to :at has become ( ! enorm\s #bge p]sonal & real e/ate :i* has be5 giv5 ov] to ,mr4 ,boo? is t x is held 9 tru/4 ,! support]s ( ,mr4 ,boo? may feel ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ t /atem5t on tru/4 ,i d n4 ,anyh[1 ! m completely satisfactory ?is tru/ is1 ! less c any man :o asks ! public to put bl9d fai? 9 8 integrity & 8 wisdom object to acqua9t !m exactly ) its provisions4 ,is ! tru/ drawn up 9 fav\r ( ! ,salvation ,army8 ,b :at is ! legal /atus ( ! ,salvation ,army8 ,h ! soldi]s any claim8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,h ! (fic]s any legal int]e/ 9 ! tru/8 ,surely n4 ,! ,g5]al has tak5 good c>e to insi/ on _! r5\nc+ all claims z a condition ( _! appo9tm5t4 ,?us1 to all appe>ance1 ! army1 z a legal p]son1 is id5tical ) ,mr4 ,boo?4 ,&1 9 t case1 any tru/ o/5sibly = ! b5efit ( ! army is--:at %all we say t is at once accurate & polite8 ,i conclude ) ^! pla9 que/ions--,w ,mr4 ,boo? take c\nsel's op9ion z to :e!r !re is any?+ 9 su* legal arrangem5ts z he has at pres5t made :i* prev5ts him f dispos+ ( ! weal? he has accumulat$ at 8 own w & pleasure8 ,w anybody be 9 a position to set ei!r ! civil or ! crim9al law 9 motion aga9/ him or 8 successors if he or !y *oose to sp5d e f>?+ 9 ways v diff]5t f ^? contemplat$ by ! donors8 #bgf ,i may add t a c>eful /udy ( ! t]ms ( a ,decl>ation ( ,tru/ by ,william ,boo? 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ri/ian ,mission1 made 9 #ahgh1 has n enabl$ p]sons ( mu* great] compet5ce ?an myself to answ] ^! que/ions satisfactorily499 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 99 ,see ,preface to ?is volume1 pp4 ix-xiii4 ,on ,decemb] #bd? a lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,times sign$ ,j4 ,s4 ,trott]1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passages appe>3-- ,x seems a pity to put a damp] on ! spirits ( ^? :o agree ) ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 d5unciation ( ,g5]al ,boo? & all 8 works4 ,may ,i give a few p>ticul>s z to ! 'book' :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,canada8 ,i _h ! pleasure ( an int]view ) ! au?or ( a book writt5 9 ,canada4 ,! book 0 pr9t$ at ,toronto1 & two copies only /ruck (f by ! pr9t]s2 "o ( ^! copies 0 /ol5 f ! pr9t]1 & ! quotation s5t to y by ,pr(essor ,huxley 0 ins]t$ 9 ! book1 & is consequ5tly a =g]y4 ,! book 0 publi%$ )\t ! cons5t & aga9/ ! w ( ! au?or4 #bgg ,s ! quotation is n only 'a bitt]1 ov]*>g$ anonym\s libel1' z ,pr(essor ,huxley intimates1 b a =g]y z well4 ,z to ,mr4 ,hodges1 x seems to me to be simply trifl+ ) y\r read]s to br+ him 9 z an au?ority4 ,he 0 turn$ out ( ! army1 out ( k9dness tak5 on aga91 & aga9 dismiss$4 ,if ?is _h happ5$ to "o ( y\r /aff1 w\ld 8 op9ion ( ! ',times' z a newspap] be tak5 = gospel8 ,b 9 ! ,times ( ,decemb] #bi? ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,trott] writes3-- ,i f9d ,i 0 mi/ak5 9 say+1 9 my lett] ( ,w$nesday1 to ! ',times' t ,mr4 ,hodges 0 dismiss$ f ! s]vice ( ,g5]al ,boo?1 & regret any inconv5i5ce ! /atem5t may h caus$ to ,mr4 ,hodges4 ,& on ,decemb] #cj? ! ,times publi%$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,hodges 9 :i* he says t ,mr4 ,trott]'s /atem5ts z !y reg>d himself are ! v rev]se ( tru?4--,i 0 nev] turn$ out ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,nor1 s f> z ,i 0 made acqua9t$ ) ,g5]al ,boo?'s motives1 0 ,i tak5 on aga9 out ( k9dness4 ,9 ord] to rejo9 ! ,salvation ,army1 ,i resign$ ! position ( manag] 9 a mill :]e ,i 0 9 #bgh receipt ( a sal>y ( ,p\nds #bej p] annum1 ) h\se-r5t & "o ?ird ( ! pr(its4 ,in/ead ( ?is ,mr4 ,boo? all[$ me ,p\nds #b p] week & h\se-r5t4 ,,vi ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #bf?1 #ahij ,sir1--,i am mu* oblig$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,trott] = ! lett] :i* y publi%$ ?is morn+4 ,x furni%es evid5ce1 :i* ,i mu* desir$ to possess on ! foll[+ po9ts3-- #a4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,new ,papacy is a responsible1 tru/wor?y p]son2 o!rwise ,mr4 ,trott] w\ld n speak ( hav+ _h ! pleasure ( an int]view ) him4 #b4 ,aft] ?is responsible p]son _h tak5 ! tr\ble to write a pamphlet ( sixty-f\r closely pr9t$ pages1 "s influ5ce 0 br\ght to be> ^u him1 ! effect ( :i* 0 t he refus$ 8 cons5t to its publication4 ,mr4 ,trott]'s excell5t in=mation w surely enable him to tell u :at influ5ce t 04 #c4 ,h[ does ,mr4 ,trott] "k t any passage ,i h quot$ is an int]polation8 ,does he possess t o!r copy ( ! two :i* alone1 z he affirms1 7 pr9t$8 #bgi #d4 ,if s1 he w be able to say :i* ( ! passages ,i h cit$ is g5u9e & :i* is n2 & :e!r ! t5or ( ! :ole un9t]polat$ copy diff]s 9 any important respect f t ( ! copy ,i h quot$4 ,x w be int]e/+ to he> :at ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,trott] has to say ^u ^! po9ts4 ,b ! really important ?+ :i* he has done is t he has te/ifi$1 ( 8 own k1 t ! anonym\s au?or ( ,! ,new ,papacy is no m]e irresponsible libell]1 b a p]son ( :om ev5 an ard5t ,salvationi/ has to speak ) respect4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,i may add t ! un=tunate ,mr4 ,trott] did me ! fur!r s]vice ( elicit+ ! lett] f ,mr4 ,hodges ref]r$ to on p4 #bgg--:i* suffici5tly e/abli%es t g5tleman's cr$it1 & leads me to atta* full weight to 8 evid5ce ab\t ! ?ird b>rel4 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 #bhj ,,vii ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #bg?1 #ahij ,,sir1--,9 mak+ use ( ! only evid5ce ( ! actual work+ ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s autocratic gov]nm5t accessible to me1 ,i 0 fully aw>e ( ! slipp]y nature ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ,i 0 tread+4 ,=1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 my fir/ lett]1 no p]sonal habit m surely degrades ! consci5ce & ! intellect ?an bl9d & unhesitat+ ob$i5ce to unlimit$ au?ority4 ,n[ we h x1 on ,mr4 ,boo?'s own %[+ t e (fic] ( 8 has und]tak5 to obey )\t que/ion+ or ga9say+ ! ord]s f headqu>t]s4 ,& ! possible relations ( su* ord]s to hon\r & v]acity are demon/rat$ n only by ! judicial deliv]ance on ,mr4 ,boo?'s affidavit 9 ! ,eagle case1 :i* ,i h already cit$2 n only by ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo?'s admission be=e ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,lopes t he _h /at$ :at 0 n q correct because he _h promis$ ,mr4 ,/ead n to divulge ! facts ( ! case 7! ,times1 ,novemb] #d?1 #ahhe72 b by ! foll[+ passage 9 ,mr4 ,hodges's acc\nt ( ! reasons ( 8 )drawal f ! ,salvation ,army3-- ,! g5]al & ,*ief did n & c\ld #bha n d5y do+ ^! ?+s2 ! only "q 0 ?is1 ,0 x "r to practise ?is deception8 ,^! po9ts ( diff]5ce 7 fully discuss$ betwe5 myself & ! ,*ief ( ! ,/aff on my )drawal1 especially ! ,leam+ton incid5t1 :i* 0 ! "o t f9ally drove me to decision4 ,i _h come to ! conclusion1 f ! fir/1 t !y _h act$ z !y suppos$ ) a s+le eye to ! good ( ,god's cause1 & _h p]suad$ myself t ! ?+s 71 z aga9/ ! devil1 "r to be done1 t z 9 battle "o p>ty captur$ & turn$ ! enemy's own guns ^u !m1 s1 z !y 7 fight+ aga9/ ! devil1 x w\ld be fair to use aga9/ him 8 weapons4 ,& ,i wrote to ?is effect to ! ,g5]al 7p4 #fc74 ,n[1 ,i d n wi% to say any?+ ne$lessly h>%1 b ,i ask any prud5t man ^! que/ions4 ,c\ld ,i1 "u ^! circum/ances1 tru/ any uncorroborat$ /atem5t emanat+ f headqu>t]s1 or made by ! ,g5]al's ord]8 ,_h ,i any reason to d\bt ! tru? ( ,mr4 ,hodges's naive confession ( ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s sy/em8 ,& did x n behove me to pick my way c>efully ?r\gh ! mass ( /atem5ts be=e me1 _m ( !m due to p ^: moral s5se might1 by possibility1 h be5 z mu* blunt$ by ! army discipl9e 9 ! #bhb use ( ! weapons ( ! devil z ,mr4 ,hodges affirms t 8 08 ,!re=e1 9 my ?ird lett]1 ,i comm5c$ my illu/rations ( ! practical work+ ( ,boo?ism ) ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,r$/one1 =tifi$ & supplem5t$ by t ( a non-,salvationi/1 ,dr4 ,cunn+ham ,geikie4 ,t te/imony has n be5 *all5g$1 &1 until x is1 ,i %all assume t x _c be4 ,9 my f\r? lett]1 ,i cit$ a def9ite /atem5t by ,mr4 ,hodges 9 evid5ce ( ! ,jesuitical pr9ciples ( headqu>t]s4 ,:at sort ( answ] is x to tell u t ,mr4 ,hodges 0 dismiss$ ! army8 ,a *ild might expect t "s su* r$ h]r+ w\ld be drawn across ! trail2 &1 9 anticipation ( ! /ale trick1 ,i add$ ! /rong prima facie evid5ce ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( my witness1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :i* is af=d$ by ! ,eagle case4 ,x 0 n until ,i wrote my f\r? lett] to y1 ,sir--until ! exploitation ( ! capta9s & ! ,jesuitry ( headqu>t]s c\ld be prov$ up to ! hilt--t ,i v5tur$ to h rec\rse to ,! ,new ,papacy4 ,s f> z ! pamphlet itself goes1 ?is is an anonym\s "w2 &1 = suffici5t reasons1 ,i did n *oose to g beyond :at 0 to be f\nd betwe5 its cov]s4 ,to any "o accu/om$ to deal ) ! facts ( evolution1 ! ,boo?ism ( ,! ,new ,papacy 0 m]ely ! natural & necess>y developm5t ( ! ,boo?ism ( ,mr4 ,r$/one's case & ( ! #bhc ,eagle case4 ,!re=e1 ,i felt fully ju/ifi$ 9 us+ x1 at ! same "t c>efully w>n+ my read]s t x mu/ be tak5 ) due caution4 ,mr4 ,trott]'s useful lett] admits t su* a book 0 writt5 by a p]son ) :om he _h ! pleasure ( an int]view1 & t a v]sion ( x 7int]polat$1 accord+ to 8 ass]tion7 0 publi%$ aga9/ ! w ( ! au?or4 ,h5ce ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t !re is a f\ndation ( tru? 9 c]ta9 /atem5ts1 "s ( :i* h long be5 9 my possession1 b :i* = lack ( ,mr4 ,trott]'s valuable corroboration ,i h refra9$ f us+4 ,! "t is come :5 ,i c set =? "s ( ! heads ( ?is in=mation1 ) ! reque/ t ,mr4 ,trott]1 :o kn[s all ab\t ! bus9ess1 w be s good z to po9t out any error t !re may be 9 !m4 ,i am b\nd to suppose t 8 sole object1 l m9e1 is ! elucidation ( ! tru?1 & to assume 8 will+ness to help me !re9 to ! be/ ( 8 ability4 #a4 ,! au?or ( ',! ,new ,papacy' is a ,mr4 ,sumn]1 a p]son ( p]fect respectability1 & greatly e/eem$ 9 ,toronto1 :o held a high position 9 ! ,army4 ,:5 he left1 a l>ge public meet+1 presid$ ov] by a popul> ,me?odi/ m9i/]1 pass$ a vote ( sympa?y ) him4 #bhd ,is ?is true or false8 #b4 ,on ,saturday la/1 ab\t noon1 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 ! au?or ( ! book1 & ,mr4 ,fr$ ,p]ry1 ! ,salvation ,army pr9t]1 accompani$ by a lawy]1 w5t d[n to ,messrs4 ,imrie & ,graham's e/abli%m5t1 & ask$ = all ! manuscript1 /]eotype plates1 c41 ( ! book4 ,mr4 ,sumn] expla9$ t ! book _h be5 sold to ! ,army1 &1 on a *eque = ! am\nt due be+ giv51 ! pr9t+ mat]ial 0 deliv]$ up4 ,did ^! p>agraphs appe> 9 ! ,toronto ,telegram ( ,april #bd?1 #ahhi1 or did !y n8 ,are ! /atem5ts !y conta9 true or false8 #c4 ,public int]e/ 9 ! fate or probable outcome ( t my/]i\s book call$ ',! ,new ,papacy2 or1 ,beh9d ! ,sc5es 9 ! ,salvation ,army1' cont9ues unabat$1 ?\gh ! l9e ( proce$+s by ! publi%] & 8 solicitor1 ,mr4 ,smoke1 ( ,watson1 ,?orne1 ,smoke1 & ,ma/51 has n be5 alt]$ s9ce ye/]day4 ,! book1 no d\bt1 w be issu$ 9 "s =m4 ,s f> z kn[n1 only "o complete copy rema9s1 & ! :]eab\ts ( ?is is a secret :i* w be pr(\ndly kept4 ,x is safe to say t if ! ,commission] kept on guess+ until ! next anniv]s>y1 he w\ld n /rike ! seclud$ #bhe location ( ! "o volume among five ?\s& :i* escap$1 :5 he & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,fr$ ,p]ry1 believ$ !y _h ca/ e ve/ige ( ! =bidd5 "w into ! fi]y furnace4 ,on ,tuesday la/1 :5 ! discov]y 0 made t a copy ( ',! ,new ,papacy' 0 9 exi/5ce1 ,publi%] ,britnell1 ( ,yonge ,/reet1 0 at once ! suspect$ hold]1 & 9 a %ort "t 8 book-/ore 0 ! resort ( army ag5ts s5t to reconnoitre 7,toronto ,news1 ,april #bh?1 #ahhi74 ,is ?is a =g]y1 or is x n8 ,is x 9 sub/ance true or false8 ,:5 ,mr4 ,trott] has answ]$ ^! inquiries categorically1 we may proce$ to discuss ! "q ( int]polations 9 ,mr4 ,sumn]'s book4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] a lett]1 sign$ ,j4 ,t4 ,cunn+ham1 late ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d1 call$ =? ! foll[+ comm5t>y4 #bhf ,,viii ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #bi?1 #ahij-- ,sir1--,if ,mr4 ,cunn+ham d\bts ! efficacy ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z a factor 9 social conditions1 he %\ld f9d fault ) ,mr4 ,boo? & n ) me4 ,i am lab\r+ "u no delusion z to ! possibility ( inaugurat+ ! mill5nium by my social specific4 ,9 ! /ruggle ( life ! weake/ w g to ! wall1 & !re are s _m weak4 ,! fitte/ 9 too? & claw w survive4 ,all t we c d is to s(t5 ! lot ( ! unfit1 & make _! suff]+ less horrible ?an x is at pres5t 7,9 ,d>ke/ ,engl&1 p4 #dd74 ,t is :at ,mr4 ,cunn+ham w\ld h f\nd if he _h read ,mr4 ,boo?'s book ) att5tion4 ,&1 if he w be/[ equal pa9s on my second lett]1 he w discov] t he has int]polat$ ! ^w wilfully 9 8 /atem5t ( my argum5t1 :i* runs ?us3 ,%utt+ 8 eyes to ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! /ruggle = life1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he admits z fully z any ,d>w9ian1 ,mr4 ,boo? tells m5 ^: evil case is "o ( ^? consequ5ces t envy is a corn]-/one ( our competitive sy/em4 ,mr4 #bhg ,cunn+ham's physiological /udies w h in=m$ him t ! process ( %utt+ ! eyes1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! words1 is n always wilful2 & ,i propose to illu/rate1 by ! crucial in/ance 8 own lett] furni%es1 t ! %utt+ ( ! eyes ( ! m9d to ! obvi\s consequ5ces ( accept$ propositions may also be involunt>y4 ,at lea/1 ,i hope s4 #a4 ,soon] or lat]1 says ,mr4 ,cunn+ham1 ! population problem w block ! way once m4 ,:at does ?is mean1 except t multiplication1 excessive 9 relation to ! contemporane\s means ( support1 w create a sev]e competition = ^? means8 ,& ?is seems to me to be a pretty accurate reflection ( ! conceptions ( ,mal?us & ! o!r poor b5ight$ folks ( a pa/ g5]ation at :om ,mr4 ,cunn+ham sne]s4 #b4 ,by way ( leav+ no d\bt ^u ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham fur!r tells u1 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is always go+ on1 ( c\rse2 let u ?ank ,d>w9 = mak+ u realize x4 ,x is pleasant to meet ) a little gratitude to ,d>w9 among ! epigoni :o are squabbl+ ov] ! h]itage he conqu]$ = !m1 b ,mr4 ,cunn+ham's p]sonal expression ( t feel+ is ha/y4 ,= x is obvi\s t he has n realiz$ ! significance ( ,d>w9's tea*+--inde$1 ,i fail to discov] 9 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham's lett] any sign t he has ev5 realiz$ :at #bhh he w\ld be at4 ,if ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is always go+ on2 & if1 z ,i suppose w be grant$1 indu/rial competition is "o phase ( t /ruggle1 ,i fail to see h[ my conclusion t x is %e] wick$ness to tell ignorant m5 t envy is a corn]-/one ( competition c be disput$4 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham has foll[$ ! lead ( t poli%$ & in/ruct$ p]son1 ,mr4 ,b5 ,tillett1 9 rebuk+ me = 7z ! associates say7 attack+ ,mr4 ,boo?'s p]sonal "*4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i 0 writ+1 ,i did n d\bt t ?is v h&y1 ?\gh n too clean1 weapon w\ld be us$ by "o or o!r ( ,mr4 ,boo?'s support]s4 ,& my action 0 f9ally decid$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,i happ5 to be a memb] ( "o ( ! l>ge/ life insurance societies4 ,!re is a vacancy 9 ! directory at pres5t1 = :i* half a doz5 g5tlem5 are c&idates4 ,n[1 ,i said to myself1 suppos+ t "o ( ^! g5tlem5 7^: p>don ,i humbly beg = />t+ ! hypo!sis71 say ,mr4 ,a41 9 8 adm9i/rative capacity & z a man ( bus9ess1 has be5 ! subject ( su* obs]vations z a ,judge on ! ,b5* be/[$ ^u ,mr4 ,boo?1 is he a p]son = :om ,i c prop]ly vote8 ,&1 if ,i f9d1 :5 ,i g to ! meet+ ( ! policy-hold]s1 t mo/ ( !m "k no?+ ( ?is & o!r evid5ces ( :at1 by ! milde/ judgm5t1 mu/ be t]m$ ,mr4 ,a4's unfitness = adm9i/rative #bhi responsibilities1 am ,i to let !m rema9 9 _! ignorance8 ,i leave ! answ] & its application to m5 ( s5se & integrity4 ,! m5tion ( ,mr4 ,cunn+ham's ally rem9ds me t ,i h omitt$ to ?ank ,mr4 ,tillett = 8 v useful & in/ructive lett]2 & ,i ha/5 to repair a neglect :i* ,i assure ,mr4 ,tillett 0 m app>5t ?an real4 ,mr4 ,tillett's lett] is dat$ ,decemb] #bj?4 ,on ! #ba/ ! foll[+ pregnant 7h[ev] unconsci\s7 comm5t>y ^u x appe>$ 9 ,reynolds's ,newspap]3- ,i h always ma9ta9$ t ! ,salvation ,army is "o ( ! mightie/ ,sociali/ic ag5cies 9 ! c\ntry2 & n[ ,pr(essor ,huxley comes 9 to confirm t view4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,! fanta/ic religi\s side ( ,salvationism w disappe> 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & :at w be left8 ,a l>ge numb] ( m5 & wom5 :o h be5 organiz$1 discipl9$1 & taught to look = some?+ bett] ?an _! pres5t condition1 & :o h become public speak]s & n afraid ( ridicule4 ,!re y h ! raw mat]ials = a ,sociali/ army4 ,mr4 ,b5 ,tillett evid5tly kn[s ,lat9 en\gh to con/rue proximus ardet4 ,i tru/ t ! public w n all[ !mselves to be l$ away by ! false issues :i* are #bij dangl$ be=e !m4 ,a man really may love 8 fell[-m52 *]i% any =m ( ,*ri/ianity he pleases2 & hold n only t ,d>w9ism is tott]+ to its fall1 b1 if he pleases1 ! equally sane belief t x nev] exi/$2 & yet may feel x 8 duty to oppose1 to ! be/ ( 8 capacity1 despotic ,socialism 9 all its =ms1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 its ,boo?ian disguise4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4,h4 ,huxley4 ,p]sons :o h n _h ! advantage ( a classical education might fairly compla9 ( my use ( ! ^w epigoni4 ,to say tru?1 ,i _h be5 read+ ,droys5's ,ges*i*te des ,hell5ismus1 & ! famili> hi/orical title slipp$ out unaw>es4 ,9 reply+ to me1 h[ev]1 ! late ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d1 decl>es he _h to look ! ^w out 9 a ,lexicon4 ,i comm5d ! fact to ! notice ( ! combatants ov] ! desirability ( reta9+ ! pres5t compulsory modicum ( ,greek 9 our ,univ]sities4 #bia ,,ix4 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #cj?1 #ahij ,sir1--,i am mu* oblig$ to ,messrs4 ,rang]1 ,burton1 & ,mat!ws = _! prompt answ] to my que/ions4 ,i presume x applies to all money collect$ by ! ag5cy ( ! ,salvation ,army1 ?\gh n specifically giv5 = ! purposes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,mission nam$ 9 ! de$ ( #ahgh2 to all sums rais$ by mortgage ^u h\ses & l& s giv52 &1 fur!r1 to funds subscrib$ = ,mr4 ,boo?'s v>i\s projects1 :i* h no app>5t ref]5ce to ! objects ( ! ,*ri/ian ,mission z def9$ 9 ! de$4 ,o!rwise1 to use a phrase :i* has become classical1 x does n assi/ u mu*4 ,b ,i mu/ leave ^! po9ts to p]sons le>n$ 9 ! law4 ,&1 inde$1 ) _m ?anks to y1 ,sir1 = ! am\nt ( valuable space :i* y h all[$ me to occupy1 ,i n[ propose to leave ! :ole subject4 ,my sole purpose 9 emb>k+ ^u an ent]prise :i* 0 extremely di/a/eful to me 0 to prev5t ! skilful ,g5]al1 or r ,g5]als1 :o devis$ ! plan ( campaign f sweep+ all be=e !m ) a ru%4 ,i f\nd ! pass already held by su* /\t def5d]s z ,mr4 ,lo* & ! ,dean #bib ( ,wells1 &1 ) y\r p[]ful help1 we h giv5 "t = ! re9=cem5ts1 sure to be s5t by ! abundant1 ?\gh some:at sl[ly act+1 common s5se ( our c\ntrym51 to come up4 ,i c no long] be useful1 & ,i return to m cong5ial occupations4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,! foll[+ lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,times ( ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahia3-- ,de> ,mr4 ,tillett1--,i h n _h pati5ce to read ,pr(essor ,huxley's lett]s4 ,! exi/5ce ( hung]1 nak$ness1 mis]y1 'dea? f insuffici5t food1' ev5 ( />vation1 is c]ta91 & no ag5cy z yet rea*es x4 ,h[ c any man h9d] or disc\rage ! giv+ ( food or help8 ,:y is ! h\se call$ a workh\se8 ,because x is = ^? :o _c "w8 ,no1 because x 0 ! h\se to give "w or bread4 ,! v "n is an argum5t4 ,i am v sure :at ,our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les w\ld d if !y 7 9 ,london4 ,let u be ?ankful ev5 to h a w to d ! same4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,h5ry ,e4 ,c>d4 ,mann+4 #bic ,x4 ,! ,times1 ,janu>y #crd1 #ahia ,,sir1--,9 my old fav\rite1 ,! ,arabian ,nights1 ! motive ( ! :ole s]ies ( delightful n>ratives is t ! sultan1 :o refuses to att5d to reason1 c be got to li/5 to a /ory4 ,may ,i try :e!r ,c>d9al ,mann+ is to be rea*$ 9 ! same way8 ,:5 ,i 0 att5d+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,belfa/ ne>ly =ty ye>s ago1 ,i _h promis$ to breakfa/ ) ! em95t s*ol> ,dr4 ,h9cks4 ,hav+ be5 up v late ! previ\s night1 ,i 0 beh9d "t2 s1 hail+ an outside c>1 ,i said to ! driv] z ,i jump$ on1 ,n[ drive fa/1 ,i am 9 a hurry4 ,:]eupon he :ipp$ up 8 horse & set (f at a h&-gallop4 ,ne>ly j]k$ (f my seat1 ,i %\t$1 ,my good fri5d1 d y "k :]e ,i want to g8 ,no1 y] honn]1 said ! driv]1 b1 any way1 ,i am driv+ fa/4 ,i h nev] =gott5 ?is object-lesson 9 ! dang]s ( ill-regulat$ en?usiasm4 ,we are all invit$ to jump on to ! ,salvation ,army c>1 :i* ,mr4 ,boo? is und\bt$ly driv+ v fa/4 ,"s ( u h a firm conviction1 n only t he is tak+ a v diff]5t direction f t 9 :i* we wi% to g1 b t1 be=e long1 c> & driv] w come to grief4 ,are we to accept #bid ! invitation1 ev5 at ! bidd+ ( ! em95t p]son :o appe>s to ?9k himself entitl$ to pl$ge ! cr$it ( ,our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les 9 fav\r ( ,boo?ism8 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,,xi4 ,! ,times1 ,janu>y #ac?1 #ahia ,,sir1--,a lett] f ,mr4 ,boo?-,clibborn1 dat$ ,janu>y #crd1 appe>$ 9 ! ,times ( ye/]day4 ,?is elaborate docum5t occupies ?ree columns ( small pr9t--space en\gh1 assur$ly1 = an effectual reply to ! sev5 lett]s ( m9e to :i* ! writ] ref]s1 if any su* 7 =?com+4 ,mr4 ,boo?-,clibborn signs himself ,commission] ( ! ,salvation ,army = ,france & ,switz]l&1 b he says t he accepts my *all5ge )\t ! k ( 8 *iefs4 ,consid]+ ! self-damag+ "* ( 8 lett]1 x 01 p]haps1 h>dly necess>y to make t /atem5t4 ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn speaks ( my *all5ge4 ,i presume t he ref]s to my reque/ = in=mation ab\t ! au?or%ip & fate ( ,! ,new ,papacy1 9 ! lett] #bie publi%$ 9 ! ,times on ,decemb] #bg?1 #ahij4 ,! ,commission] deals ) ?is matt] 9 p>agraph ,no4 #d ( 8 lett]2 & ,i obs]ve1 ) no little satisfaction1 t he does n v5ture to controv]t any "o ( ! /atem5ts ( my witnesses4 ,he tacitly admits t ! au?or ( ,! ,new ,papacy 0 a p]son greatly e/eem$ 9 ,toronto1 & t he held a high position 9 ! army2 fur!r1 t ! ,canadian ,commission] ?\ght x wor? :ile to pay ! pr9t]'s bill1 9 ord] t ! copies already pr9t$ (f might be de/roy$ & ! pamphlet effectually suppress$4 ,?us ! ess5tial facts ( ! case are admitt$ & e/abli%$ beyond "q4 ,h[ does ,mr4 ,boo?-,clibborn try to expla9 !m away8 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 :o wrote ! little book 9 a hot fit1 soon regrett$ x 7z any man w\ld d ^: consci5ce %[$ him 9 a calm] mom5t :5 8 'respectability' return$ ) 8 rep5tance1 t he _h grossly misrepres5t$71 & j be=e x appe>$ (f]$ to ord] its suppression if ! army w\ld pay ! co/s already incurr$1 & :i* he 0 unable to be>4 ,! ,new ,papacy fills sixty closely pr9t$ duodecimo pages4 ,x is c>efully writt51 & = ! mo/ "p 9 /udi\sly mod]ate language2 moreov]1 x conta9s _m precise details & #bif figures1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( :i* mu/ h tak5 mu* "t & tr\ble4 ,yet1 =soo?1 x 0 writt5 9 a hot fit4 ,i s9c]ely hope1 = ! sake ( 8 own cr$it1 t ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn does n "k z mu* ab\t ?is melan*oly bus9ess z ,i d4 ,my h&s are un=tunately ti$1 & ,i am n at lib]ty to use all ! in=mation 9 my possession4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) quot+ ! foll[+ passage f ! preface to ,! ,new ,papacy3-- ,x has n be5 )\t consid]able ?\ght & a good deal ( urg+ t ! foll[+ pages h be5 giv5 to ! public4 ,b ?\gh we w\ld h %runk f a lab\r s di/a/eful1 & h gladly avoid$ a notoriety any?+ b pleasant to ! feel+s1 or conducive to our mat]ial welf>e1 we h felt t 9 ! int]e/s ( ! b5evol5t public1 9 ! int]e/s ( religion1 9 ! int]e/s ( a b& ( devot$ m5 & wom5 ^: p]sonal ends are be+ defeat$1 & ! fruit ( ^: lab\r is be+ de/roy$1 &1 above all1 9 ! int]e/s ( t future :i* lies be=e ! ,salvation ,army itself1 if purg$ & purifi$ 9 its executive & return$ to its orig9al position 9 ! ranks ( ,canadian ,*ri/ian ef=t1 x is no m ?an our duty to ?r[ su* light z we are able ^u its true inw>dness1 & ) t object & = ! #big fur!rance ( ^? ends we (f] our pages to ! public view4 ,! preface is dat$ ,april #ahhi4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t 9 ! ,toronto ,telegram :i* ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn does n d>e to dispute1 8 ,canadian fell[-,commission] b\ght & de/roy$ ! :ole edition ( ,! ,new ,papacy ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird week 9 ,april4 ,x is cle> t ! writ] ( ! p>agraph quot$ f ! preface 0 well out ( a hot fit1 if he _h ev] be5 9 "o1 :ile he _h n ent]$ on ! /age ( rep5tance )9 ?ree weeks ( t "t4 ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn's sc&al\s ins9uations t ,mr4 ,sumn] 0 brib$ by a few sov]eigns1 & t he 0 b\ght (f1 9 ! face ( 8 own admission t ,mr4 ,sumn] (f]$ to ord] its suppression if ! army w\ld pay ! co/s already incurr$1 & :i* he 0 unable to be> is a crucial example ( t ,jesuitry ) :i* ! (ficials ( ! army h be5 s frequ5tly *>g$4 ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn says t :5 ,london headqu>t]s he>d ( ! affair1 x disapprov$ ( ! action ( ! ,commission]4 ,t circum/ance indicates t headqu>t]s is n :olly devoid ( intellig5ce2 b x has no?+ to d ) ! value ( ,mr4 ,sumn]'s evid5ce1 :i* is all ,i am conc]n$ ab\t4 ,v likely ,london headqu>t]s w disapprove ( its ,fr5* #bih ,commission]'s pres5t action4 ,b :at !n8 ,! up%ot ( all ?is is t ,mr4 ,boo?-,clibborn has made z great a blund] z simple ,mr4 ,trott] did4 ,! pair ( ,balaams greatly desir$ to curse1 b h be5 compell$ to bless4 ,!y h1 betwe5 !m1 completely ju/ifi$ my reliance on ,mr4 ,sumn] z a p]fectly tru/wor?y witness2 & nei!r ( !m has d>$ to *all5ge ! accuracy ( "o solit>y /atem5t made by t wor?y g5tleman1 ^: full /ory ,i hope "s day or o!r to see set be=e ! public4 ,!n ! true causes ( 8 action w be made kn[n4 ,p>agraph #b ( ! ,commission]'s lett] says _m ?+s1 b n mu* ab\t ,mr4 ,hodges4 ,! columns ( ! ,times rec5tly %[$ t ,mr4 ,hodges 0 able to compel an apology f ,mr4 ,trott]4 ,i leave x to him to deal ) ! ,commission]4 ,z to ! ,eagle case1 treat$ ( 9 p>agraph ,no4 #c1 a g5tleman well v]s$ 9 ! law1 :o 0 9 c\rt dur+ ! he>+ ( ! appeal1 has assur$ me t ! argum5t 0 purely te*nical2 t ! facts 7 v slightly gone into2 & t1 s f> z he kn[s1 no diss5t+ comm5t 0 made on ! /rictures ( ! ,judge be=e :om ! case fir/ came4 ,moreov]1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls1 fully record$ 9 ! ,times ( ,febru>y #ad?1 #ahhd1 ! foll[+ passages occur3-- #bii ,! case _h be5 he>d by a le>n$ ,judge1 :o _h ex]cis$ 8 discretion ^u x1 & ! ,c\rt w\ld n int]f]e ) 8 discretion unless !y c\ld see t he 0 wrong4 ,! le>n$ ,judge _h tak5 a /rong view ( ! conduct ( ! def5dant1 b nev]!less _h said t he w\ld h giv5 relief if he c\ld h se5 h[ f> protection & comp5sation c\ld be giv54 ,& if ?is ,c\rt diff]$ f him 9 t view1 & c\ld give relief )\t =feiture1 !y w\ld be act+ on 8 own pr9ciple 9 do+ s4 ,c]ta9 sugge/ions _h be5 made ) t view1 & ! ,c\rt _h to consid] ! case "u all ! circum/ances4444 ,he himself 7! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls7 consid]$ t x 0 probable ! def5dant1 ) 8 pr9ciples1 _h int5d$ to de/roy ! prop]ty z a public-h\se1 & t x 0 n "r ?us to take prop]ty "u a cov5ant to keep x up z a public-h\se1 int5d+ to de/roy x z su*4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 ?9k ?is 0 en\gh to deprive him ( all relief4 ,! def5dant c\ld only expect sev]e t]ms4 ,yet1 ,sir1 ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn1 ?is high (ficial ( ! ,salvation ,army1 has ! audacity to tell ! public t if ,i _h made inquiries ,i %\ld h f\nd t 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal ! ,judge rev]s$ ! decision ( 8 pr$ecessor z reg>ds sev5 eigh?s ( ! prop]ty1 & ! ,g5]al 0 decl>$ to h act$ #cjj all along ) /raight =w>dness & good fai?4 ,b ! nature ( ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn's conceptions ( /raight=w>dness & good fai? is s m>vell\sly illu/rat$ by ! portions ( 8 lett] ) :i* ,i h dealt t ,i d\bt n 8 /atem5ts are q up to ! level ( ! ,army ,regulations & ,in/ructions 9 reg>d to ^? c>d9al virtues4 ,z ,i po9t$ out mu/ be ! case1 ! slave is subdu$ to t he works 94 ,= myself1 ,i mu/ confess t ! process ( wad+ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,commission]'s v]bose & clumsy plead+s has giv5 me a hot fit1 :i*1 ,i und]take to say1 w be foll[$ by n s mu* z a pass+ %iv] ( rep5tance4 ,& x is "u ! influ5ce ( ! g5ial w>m? diffus$ ?r\gh ! frame1 on "o ( ^? r>e occasions :5 "o may be angry & s9 n1 t ,i infr+e my resolution to tr\ble y ) no m lett]s4 ,on reflection1 ,i am conv9c$ t x is undesirable t ! public %\ld be misl$1 = ev5 a few days1 by misrepres5tations s s]i\s4 ,i am copi\sly abus$ = speak+ ( ! ,jesuitical me?ods ( ! sup]ior (ficials ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,b ! foll[+ facts h n be51 &1 ,i believe1 _c be1 d5i$3-- #a4 ,mr4 ,boo?'s conduct 9 ! ,eagle case has be5 c5sur$ by two ( ! ,judges4 #cja #b4 ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? admitt$ be=e ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,lopes t he _h made an untrue /atem5t because ( a promise he _h made to ,mr4 ,/ead499 99 ,?is /atem5t has be5 disput$1 b n yet publicly4 7,see p4 #cje47 ,& ,i h j prov$ t ,mr4 ,commission] ,boo?-,clibborn ass]ts ! exact contr>y ( t :i* y\r report ( ! judgm5t ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls tells u t di/+ui%$ judge said4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i ?9k t my polit5ess 9 apply+ no h>d] adjective ?an ,jesuitical to ^! proce$+s is n prop]ly appreciat$4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,,xii4 ,! ,times1 ,janu>y #bbnd1 #ahia ,,sir1--,i ?9k t y\r read]s w be int]e/$ 9 ! accompany+ op9ion1 writt5 9 consultation ) an em95t ,*anc]y ,que5's ,c\nsel1 ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is important legal deliv]ance #cjb ju/ifies mu* /rong] language ?an any :i* ,i h appli$ to ! only security 787 = ! prop] adm9i/ration ( ! funds 9 ,mr4 ,boo?'s h&s :i* appe>s to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 #a1 ,dr4 ,johnson's ,build+s1 ,temple1 ,e4,c41 ,janu>y #ad1 #ahia4 ,,mr4 ,,boo?',s ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,tru/ ,,de$1 #ahgh4 ,i am ( op9ion1 subject to ! "q :e!r !re may be any provision 9 ! ,*>itable ,tru/s ,acts :i* c be made available = en=c+ "s s*eme = ! appropriation ( ! prop]ty1 & ) reg>d to ! real & leasehold prop]ties :e!r ! conveyances & leases are n altoge!r void1 z frauds on ! ,mortma9 ,acts1 t no?+ c be done to control or to int]f]e ) ,boo? 9 ! disposition or application ( ! prop]ties or moneys purport$ to be affect$ by ! de$4 ,z to ! prop]ties ve/$ 9 ,boo? himself1 x appe>s to me t su* are plac$ absolutely "u 8 p[] & control bo? z to ! disposal & application !re(1 & t !re are no tru/s = any specific purposes decl>$ :i* #cjc c\ld be en=c$1 & t !re are no def9$ p]sons nor classes ( p]sons :o c claim to be entitl$ to ! b5efits ( !m1 or at ^: in/ance !y c\ld be en=c$ by any legal process4 ,z to ! prop]ties 7if any7 ve/$ 9 tru/ees appo9t$ by ,boo?1 x appe>s to me t ! only p]son :o has a locus /&i to en=ce ^! tru/s is ,boo? himself1 & t he w\ld h absolute p[] ov] ! tru/s & ! prop]ty1 & might deal ) ! prop]ty z he pleas$1 & t1 z 9 ! =m] case1 no?+ c\ld be done 9 ! way ( en=c+ any tru/s aga9/ him4 ,z to ! moneys contribut$ or rais$ by mortgage = ! g5]al purposes ( ! mission1 x appe>s to me t ,boo? may exp5d !m z he pleases1 )\t be+ subject to any legal control1 & t he _c ev5 be compell$ to publi% any balance-%eets4 ,:e!r !re are any provisions 9 ! ,*>itable ,tru/s ,acts :i* c\ld be made available = en=c+ "s s*eme = ! application ( ! prop]ty or funds is a "q to :i* ,i %\ld require to give a clos] consid]ation %\ld x become necess>y to g into x2 b at pres5t1 aft] p]us+ ^! ,acts1 & especially #af & #ag ,vict4 c4 #acg & #ah & #ai ,vict4 c4 #abd1 ,i _c see h[ !y c\ld be made applicable to ! tru/s z decl>$ 9 ?is de$4 #cjd ,z to ! ,mortma9 ,acts1 ! matt] is cle>ly *>itable1 & unless 9 ! conveyances & leases to ,boo?1 or to ! tru/ees 7if any7 nam$ by him1 all ! provisions ( ! ,acts h be5 compli$ )1 & ! de$s h be5 enroll$ "u ! ,acts1 !y w\ld be void4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t e conveyance & lease has be5 tak5 )\t disclos+ any *>itable tru/1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ x f be+ void on ! face ( x4 ,x is to be not$ t ! de$ is a m]e de$ poll by ,boo? himself1 )\t any o!r p>ty to x1 :o1 z a contract+ p>ty1 w\ld h a "r to en=ce x4 ,:e!r !re are any objects ( ! tru/ ,i _c say4 ,if !re is1 z ! recital indicates1 a society ( enroll$ memb]s call$ ',! ,*ri/ian ,mission1' ^? memb]s w\ld be objects ( ! tru/1 b !n1 x appe>s to me1 ,boo? has entire control & det]m9ation ( ! application4 ,&1 z to ! tru/s enur+ = ! b5efit ( ! ',salvation ,army1' ,i am n aw>e :at is ! con/itution ( ! ',salvation ,army1' b !re is no ref]5ce :atev] to any su* body 9 ! de$4 ,i h und]/ood ! army z be+ m]ely ! mission>ies1 & n ! society ( wor%ipp]s4 ,if !re is no ,*ri/ian ,mission ,society ( enroll$ memb]s1 !n !re are no objects ( ! tru/4 ,! tru/s are purely religi\s1 & trad+ is entirely beyond its purposes4 ,boo? c #cje 'give away' ! prop]ty1 simply because !re is no "o :o has any "r to prev5t 8 do+ s4 ,erne/ ,hatton4 ,x is probably my want ( legal k :i* prev5ts me f appreciat+ ! value ( ! pr(ess$ corrections ( ,mr4 ,hatton's op9ion conta9$ 9 ! lett]s ( ,messrs4 ,rang]1 ,burton1 & ,mat!ws1 ,times1 ,janu>y #bh? & #bi?1 #ahia4 ,! note on page #cja ref]s to a correspond5ce1 incomplete at ! "t fix$ = ! publication ( my pamphlet1 ! nature ( :i* is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! subjo9$ extracts f ,mr4 ,/ead's lett] 9 ! ,times ( ,janu>y #bj?1 & f my reply 9 ! ,times ( ,janu>y #bd?4 ,ref]r+ to ! p>agraphs numb]$ #a1 #b1 at ! end ( my lett] ,,xi41 ,mr4 ,/ead says3-- ,on read+ ?is1 ,i at once wrote to ,pr(essor ,huxley1 /at+ t1 z he _h m5tion$ my "n1 ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 int]v5+ to expla9 t1 s f> z ! second c\nt 9 8 indictm5t w5t--= ! ,eagle dispute is no conc]n ( m9e--he _h be5 misl$ by an error 9 ! reports ( ! case :i* appe>$ 9 ! daily pap]s #cjf ( ,novemb] #d1 #ahhe4 ,i h 8 reply to-day1 say+ t ,i _h bett] write to y direct4 ,may ,i ask y1 !n1 see+ t my "n has be5 br\ght into ! affair1 to /ate t1 z ,i 0 9 ! dock :5 ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? 0 9 ! witness-box1 ,i am 9 a position to give ! mo/ unqualifi$ d5ial to ! /atem5t z to ! alleg$ admission on 8 "p ( falsehood8 ,no?+ 0 he>d 9 ,c\rt ( any su* admission4 ,nei!r ! prosecut+ c\nsel nor ! ,judge :o tri$ ! case ev] ref]r$ to x1 al?\gh x w\ld obvi\sly h _h a direct be>+ on ! cr$it ( ! witness2 & ! jury1 by acquitt+ ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo?1 %[$ t !y believ$ him to be a witness ( tru?4 ,b =tunately ! facts c be v]ifi$ beyond all ga9say+ by a ref]5ce to ! (ficial %or?&-writ]'s report ( ! evid5ce4 ,dur+ ! he>+ ( ! case = ! prosecution1 ,inspector ,born] 0 int]rupt$ by ! ,judge1 :o said3-- ',i want to ask y a "q4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( t conv]sation1 did ,boo? 9 any way sugge/ t t *ild _h be5 sold8' ,born] repli$3-- ',n at t int]view1 my ,"l4' ,x 0 to ?is t ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? ref]r$ :51 aft] exam9ation1 cross-exam9ation1 #cjg & re-exam9ation1 dur+ :i* no sugge/ion _h be5 made t he _h ev] made ! untrue /atem5t n[ alleg$ aga9/ him1 he ask$ & receiv$ leave f ! ,judge to make ! foll[+ explanation1 :i* ,i quote f ! (ficial report3-- ',w y all[ me to expla9 a matt] m5tion$ ye/]day 9 ref]5ce to a "q ask$ by y\r ,lord%ip "s days ago ) respect to "o matt] connect$ ) my conduct8 ,y\r ,lord%ip ask$1 ,i ?9k x 0 ,inspector ,born]1 :e!r ,i _h said to him at ei!r ( our int]views t ! *ild 0 sold by h] p>5ts1 & he repli$ ,no4 ,t is q correct2 ,i did n say s to him1 & :at ,i wi% to say n[ is t ,i _h be5 specially reque/$ by ,mr4 ,/ead1 & _h giv5 him a promise1 t ,i w\ld n "u any circum/ances divulge ! fact ( t sale to any p]son :i* w\ld ma ke x at all probable t any tr\ble w\ld be br\ght ^u ! p]sons :o _h tak5 "p 9 ?is inve/igation4' 7,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt ,reports1 ,vol4 ,,cii41 "p #fab1 pp4 #a1jce-f47 ,9 ! daily pap]s ( ! foll[+ day ?is /atem5t 0 misreport$ z foll[s3-- ',i wi% to expla91 9 reg>d to y\r ,lord%ip's condemnation ( my hav+ said ,no to #cjh ,inspector ,born] :5 he ask$ me :e!r ! *ild _h be5 sold by h] p>5ts--! reason :y ,i /at$ :at 0 n correct 0 t ,i _h promis$ ,mr4 ,/ead n to divulge ! fact ( ! sale to any p]son :i* w\ld make x probable t any tr\ble %\ld be br\ght on p]sons tak+ "p 9 ?is proce$+4' ,h5ce ! mi/ake into :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley has unwitt+ly fall54 ,i may add t1 s f> f ! /atem5t nev] hav+ be5 *all5g$ = five ye>s1 x 0 d5\nc$ z 'a rem>kably /rik+ lie' 9 ! ',w> ,cry' ( ,novemb] #ad?1 & aga9 ! same (ficial organ ( ! ,salvation ,army ( ,novemb] #ah? specifically adduc$ ?is misreport z an in/ance ( '! mo/ disgraceful way' 9 :i* ! reports ( ! trial 7 g>bl$ by "s ( ! pap]s4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( "o ( ! two ma9 pill>s ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's argum5t8 ,9 my reply1 ,i po9t out t1 on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 ,mr4 ,/ead address$ to me a lett]1 :i* comm5ces ?us3 ,i see 9 ! ',times' ( ?is morn+ t y are ab\t to republi% y\r lett]s on ,boo?'s book4 ,i repli$ to ?is lett] on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y3-- #cji ,de> ,mr4 ,/ead1--,i *>ge ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? ) no?+4 ,i simply quote ! ',times' report1 ! accuracy ( :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] be5 *all5g$ by ,mr4 ,boo?4 ,i say ,i quote ! ',times' & n ,mr4 ,hodges199 because ,i took "s pa9s ab\t ! v]ification ( ,mr4 ,hodges's citation4 99 ,?is is a slip ( ! p54 ,mr4 ,hodges _h no?+ to d ) ! citation ( :i* ,i made use4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x r app]ta9$ to ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? to contradict a /atem5t :i* ref]s1 n to :at y he>d1 b to :at he said4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am ! la/ p]son to wi% to give circulation to a /ory :i* may n be q correct2 & ,i w take c>e1 if y h no objection 7y\r lett] is m>k$ 'private'71 to make public z mu* ( y\r lett] z relates to ! po9t to :i* y h call$ my att5tion4 ,i am1 y\rs v fai?fully1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,/ead answ]$1 "u date ( ,janu>y #ac?1 #ahia3-- ,de> ,pr(essor ,huxley1--,i ?ank y = y\r lett] ( ! #ab? in/4 ,i am q sure y w\ld n wi% to d any inju/ice 9 ?is matt]4 ,b1 in/ead ( publi%+ any extract f my lett]1 might ,i ask y to read ! passage z x #caj appe>s 9 ! v]batim report ( ! trial :i* 0 pr9t$ day by day1 & us$ by c\nsel on bo? sides1 & by ! ,judge dur+ ! case8 ,i _h hop$ to h got y a copy to-day1 b f9d t ,i 0 too late4 ,i %all h x fir/ ?+ to-morr[ morn+4 ,y w f9d t x is q cle>1 & conclusively disposes ( ! alleg$ admission ( untru?fulness4 ,aga9 ?ank+ y = y\r c\rtesy1 ,i am1 y\rs fai?fully1 ,w4 ,t4 ,/ead4 ,?us x appe>s t ! lett] :i* ,mr4 ,/ead wrote to me on ! #ac? ( ,janu>y does n conta9 "o ^w ( t :i* he ways x conta9s1 9 ! /atem5t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,times to-day4 ,moreov]1 ! lett] ( m9e to :i* ,mr4 ,/ead ref]s 9 8 fir/ communication to me is n ! lett] :i* appe>$ on ! #ac?1 z he /ates1 b t :i* y publi%$ on ,decemb] #bg?1 #ahij4 ,!re=e1 x is n true t ,mr4 ,/ead wrote at once4 ,on ! contr>y1 he all[$ ne>ly a =tnight to elapse be=e he address$ me on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y #ahia4 ,fur!rmore1 ,mr4 ,/ead suppresses ! fact t1 s9ce ! #ac? ( ,janu>y1 he has _h 9 8 possession my (f] to publi% 8 v]sion ( ! /ory2 & he leads ! read] to suppose t my only answ] 0 t he _h bett] write to #caa y direct4 ,all ! :ile1 ,mr4 ,/ead kn[s p]fectly well t ,i 0 )held f mak+ public use ( 8 lett] ( ! #aj? by no?+ b my scruples ab\t us+ a docum5t :i* 0 m>k$ private2 & t he did n give me leave to quote 8 lett] ( ! #aj? ( ,janu>y until aft] he _h writt5 t :i* appe>$ ye/]day4 ,& ,i add3-- ,z to ! subject-matt] ( ,mr4 ,/ead's lett]1 ! po9t :i* he wi%es to prove appe>s to be ?is--t ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? did n make a false /atem5t1 b t he )held f ! (fic]s ( ju/ice1 pursu+ a mo/ s]i\s crim9al inquiry1 a fact ( grave importance1 :i* lay )9 8 own k4 ,& ?is because he _h promis$ ,mr4 ,/ead to keep ! fact secret4 ,9 %ort1 ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? did n say :at 0 wrong2 b he did :at 0 wrong4 ,i w take c>e to give e weight to ! correction4 ,mo/ p1 ,i ?9k1 w consid] t "o ( ! ma9 pill>s ( my argum5t1 z ,mr4 ,/ead is pleas$ to call !m1 has become v mu* /r5g!n$4 #cab ,,legal ,,op9ions ,,respect+ ,,g5]al ,,boo?',s ,,acts4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! c\rse ( action adopt$ by ,g5]al ,boo? & ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo? 9 respect ( _! legal obligations to o!r p]sons1 or to ! crim9al & civil law1 ,i h be5 z c>eful z ,i 0 b\nd to be1 to put any difficulties sugge/$ by m]e lay commons5se 9 an int]rogative or m]ely d\btful =m2 & to conf9e myself1 = any positive expressions1 to citations f publi%$ decl>ations ( ! judges be=e :om ! acts ( ,g5]al ,boo? came2 f reports ( ! ,law ,c\rts2 & f ! delib]ate op9ions ( legal exp]ts4 ,i h n[ "s fur!r rem>ks to make on ^! topics4 ,i4 ,! obs]vations at p4 #cje express1 ) due res]ve1 ! impression :i* ! c\nsel's op9ions1 quot$ by ,g5]al ,boo?'s solicitors1 made on my m9d4 ,!y 7 writt5 & s5t to ! pr9t] be=e ,i saw ! lett] f a ,b>ri/] ,,n ,practis+ on ! ,common ,law ,side1 & ^? f ,messrs4 ,cl>ke & ,calk9 & ,mr4 ,george ,kebbell1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,times ( ,febru>y #crd & #d?4 ,^! lett]s fully be> out ! conclusion :i* ,i _h =m$1 b :i* x w\ld h #cac be5 presumptu\s on my "p to express1 t ! op9ions cit$ by ,g5]al ,boo?'s solicitors 7 l ! fam\s brok5 tea-cups wisely rang$ = %[2 & t1 z ,messrs4 ,cl>ke & ,calk9 say1 !y d n at all meet ! ma9 po9ts on :i* ,mr4 ,hatton advis$4 ,i d n ?9k t any "o :o reads att5tively ! able lett] ( ,a ,b>ri/] ,,n ,practic+ on ! ,common ,law ,side w arrive at any o!r conclusion2 or :o w n %>e ! v natural desire ( ,mr4 ,kebbell to be provid$ ) cle> & intelligible answ]s to ! foll[+ inquiries3-- 7#a7 ,does ! tru/ de$ by its op]ation emp[] any "o legally to call ^u ,mr4 ,boo? to acc\nt = ! application ( ! funds8 7#b7 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! funds n be+ prop]ly acc\nt$ =1 is any "o1 &1 if s1 :o1 9 a position to in/itute civil or crim9al proce$+s aga9/ any "o1 & :om1 9 respect ( su* refusal or neglect to acc\nt8 7#c7 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! proce$+s1 civil or crim9al1 fail+ to obta9 re/itution ( misappli$ funds1 is or are any o!r p]son or p]sons liable to make good ! loss8 ,on ,decemb] #bd?1 #ahij1 a lett] ( m9e appe>$ 9 ! ,times 7,no4 ,v4 above7 9 :i* ,i put que/ions ( ! same import1 & ask$ ,mr4 ,boo? if he w\ld n be s good z to take c\nsel's op9ion on ! tru/s ( :i* s #cad mu* has be5 he>d & s little se51 n z !y /ood 9 #ahgh1 or 9 #ahhh1 b z !y /& n[8 ,six weeks h elaps$1 & ,i wait = a reply4 ,x is true t ,dr4 ,gre5wood has be5 au?oriz$ by ,mr4 ,boo? to publi% :at he calls a ,r\gh outl9e ( ! int5d$ ,tru/ ,de$ 7,g5]al ,boo? & ,8 ,critics1 p4 #abj71 b un=tunately we are especially told t x does n pr(ess to be an absolutely accurate analysis4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,i am afraid t nei!r lawy]s nor laym5 ( mod]ate intellig5ce w pay mu* att5tion to ! ass]tion1 t x gives a fair idea ( ! g5]al effect ( ! draft1 ev5 al?\gh ! words 9 quotation m>ks are tak5 f x v]batim4 ,^! words1 :i* ,i give 9 italics1 7#a7 def9e ! purposes ( ! s*eme to be = ! social & moral reg5]ation & improvem5t ( p]sons ne$y1 de/itute1 degrad$1 or crim9al1 9 "s mann] indicat$1 impli$1 or sugge/$ 9 ! book call$ ',9 ,d>ke/ ,engl&4' ,:5ce ,i appreh5d t1 if ! :ole funds collect$ are appli$ to mo!r+ society by ! help ( speculative attorney tribunes ( ! p1 ! purposes ( ! tru/ w be unassailably fulfill$4 7#b7 ,! "n is to be ,d>ke/ ,engl& ,s*eme1 7#c7 ! ,g5]al ( ! ,salvation ,army is to be ,director ( ! ,s*eme4 ,truly valuable in=mation all ?is6 ,b tak+ x = :at x is wor?1 ! #cae public mu/ n be misl$ into suppos+ t x has ! lea/ be>+ ^u ! que/ions to :i* nei!r ,i1 nor anybody else1 has yet be5 able to obta9 an intelligible answ]1 & t is1 :]e are ! va/ funds :i* h be5 obta9$1 9 "o way or ano!r1 dur+ ! la/ doz5 ye>s 9 ! "n ( ! ,salvation ,army8 ,:]e is ! presumably am5d$ ,tru/ ,de$ ( #ahhh8 ,i ask once m3 ,w ,mr4 ,boo? submit to compet5t & imp>tial legal scrut9y ! arrangem5ts by :i* he & 8 successors are prev5t$ f deal+ ) ! funds ( ! s-call$ army *e/ exactly z he or !y may please8 ,,ii4 ,) respect to ! ,eagle case1 ,i am advis$ t ,dr4 ,gre5wood1 ^: good fai? ,i d n "q1 has be5 misl$ into misrepres5t+ x 9 ! app5dix to 8 pamphlet4 ,& c]ta9ly1 ! evid5ce ( au?oritative records :i* ,i h _h ! opportunity ( p]us+1 appe>s to my non-legal m9d to be utt]ly at v>iance ) ! /atem5t to :i* ,dr4 ,gre5wood /&s committ$4 ,i may obs]ve1 fur!r1 t ! excuse alleg$ on behalf ( ,mr4 ,boo?1 t he sign$ ! affidavit set be=e him by 8 solicitors )\t duly consid]+ its cont5ts1 is "o :i* ,i %\ld n l to h put =w>d 7 ! case my own4 ,x may be1 & (t5 is1 necess>y = a p]son to sign an affidavit )\t #caf be+ able fully to appreciate ! te*nical language 9 :i* x is c\*$4 ,b 8 solicitor w always in/ruct him z to ! effect ( ^! t]ms4 ,&1 9 ?is p>ticul> case :]e ! :ole matt] turns on ,mr4 ,boo?'s p]sonal int5tions1 x 0 8 pla9e/ duty to inquire1 v s]i\sly1 :e!r ! legal phraseology employ$ w\ld convey nei!r m nor less ?an su* int5tions to ^? :o w\ld act on ! affidavit1 be=e he put 8 "n to x4 ,,iii4 ,) respect to ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo?'s case1 ,i ref] ! read] to p4 #caa4 ,,iv4 ,z to ,mr4 ,boo?-,clibborn's misrepres5tations1 see above1 pp4 #bih1 #bii4 ,?is mu* = ! legal que/ions :i* h be5 rais$ by v>i\s p]sons s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ! pamphlet 0 publi%$4 ,,dr4 ,,gre5wood',s ,,g5]al ,,boo? ,,& ,,8 ,,critics ,s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 !re is little or no?+ 9 ?is bro*ure beyond a reproduction ( ! vitup]ative /uff :i* has be5 go+ ! r\nd ( ^? newspap]s :i* fav\r ,g5]al ,boo? = "s weeks4 ,^? :o d n want to see ! real wor? ( x all w n read #cag ! prec$+ pages2 & ^? :o d w ne$ no help f me4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t 9 ju/ice to o!r p ,i mu/ put "o ( ,dr4 ,gre5wood's p>agraphs 9 ! pillory4 ,he says t ,i h built up1 on ! flimsy f\ndation ( /ories told by ?ree or f\r des]t]s f ! ,army 7p4 #aad71 a sweep+ indictm5t aga9/ ,g5]al ,boo?4 ,?is is ! sort ( ?+ to :i* ,i am well accu/om$ at ! h&s ( anonym\s newspap] writ]s4 ,b 9 view ( ! foll[+ easily v]ifiable /atem5ts1 ,i d n ?9k t an educat$ &1 ,i h no d\bt1 highly respectable g5tleman l ,dr4 ,gre5wood c1 9 cold blood1 contemplate t ass]tion ) satisfaction4 ,! p]sons "h allud$ to z ?ree or f\r des]t]s f ! army are3-- 7#a7 ,mr4 ,r$/one1 = ^: "* ,dr4 ,cunn+ham ,geikie is gu>antee1 & :om x has be5 left to ,dr4 ,gre5wood to attempt to besmir*4 7#b7 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 :o is a g5tleman q z wor?y ( respect z ,dr4 ,gre5wood1 & ^: publi%$ evid5ce n "o ( ! *ampions ( ! ,salvation ,army has yet v5tur$ to impugn4 7#c7 ,mr4 ,hodges1 simil>ly libell$ by t unhappy m$dl] ,mr4 ,trott]1 :o 0 compell$ to ! prompt confession ( 8 error 7see p4 #bgg74 7#d7 ,not)/&+ ?is evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,trott]'s claims to att5tion1 ,dr4 ,gre5wood quotes a #cah /atem5t ( 8 z evid5ce t a /atem5t quot$ by me f ,mr4 ,sumn]'s "w is a =g]y4 ,b ,dr4 ,gre5wood un=tunately =gets to m5tion t on ! #bg? ( ,decemb] #ahij 7,lett] ,no4 ,,vii4 above7 ,mr4 ,trott] 0 publicly requir$ to produce pro( ( 8 ass]tion2 & t he has n ?\ght fit to produce t pro(4 ,if ,i 7 dispos$ to use to ,dr4 ,gre5wood language ( ! sort he s freely employs to me1 ,i ?9k t he c\ld n compla9 ( a h&some scold+4 ,= :at is ! real /ate ( ! case8 ,simply ?is--t hav+ come to ! conclusion1 f ! p]usal ( ,9 ,d>ke/ ,engl&1 t ,g5]al ,boo?'s colossal s*eme 7z ap>t f ! local action ( ,salvationi/s7 0 bad 9 pr9ciple & mu/ produce c]ta9 evil consequ5ces1 & hav+ w>n$ ! public to t effect1 ,i q unexpect$ly f\nd my h&s full ( evid5ce t ! exact evils pr$ict$ _h1 9 fact1 already %[n !mselves on a great scale2 &1 c>efully w>n+ ! public to criticize ?is evid5ce1 ,i produc$ a small "p ( x4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,gre5wood talks ab\t my want ( reg>d to ! op9ion ( ! n9e ?\s& odd :o /ill rema9 among ! fai?ful 7p4 #aad71 he commits an imprud5ce4 ,he w\ld obvi\sly be surpris$ to le>n ! ext5t ( ! support1 enc\ragem5t1 & in=mation :i* ,i h receiv$ f active & s9c]e memb]s ( ! ,salvation ,army #cai --b ( :i* ,i c make no use1 because ( ! t]rori/ic discipl9e & sy/ematic espionage :i* my correspond5ts tell me is en=c$ by its *ief4 ,"s ( ^! days1 :5 nobody c be damag$ by _! use1 a curi\s light may be ?r[n ^u ! inn] work+s ( ! organization :i* we are bidd5 to reg>d z a happy family1 by ^! docum5ts4 #cbj 7blank page7 #cba ,,! ,,salvation ,,army ,,articles ,,( ,,w>1 ,to be sign$ by all :o wi% to be ent]$ on ! roll z soldi]s4 ,hav+ receiv$ ) all my he>t ! ,salvation (f]$ to me by ! t5d] m]cy ( ,jehovah1 ,i d "h & n[ publicly ackn[l$ge ,god to be my ,fa!r & ,k+1 ,jesus ,*ri/ to be my ,savi\r1 & ! ,holy ,_s to be my ,guide1 ,com=t]1 & ,/r5g?2 & t ,i w1 by ,8 help1 love1 s]ve1 wor%ip1 & obey ?is glori\s ,god ?r\gh all "t & ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,believ+ solemnly t ,! ,salvation ,army has be5 rais$ up by ,god1 & is su/a9$ & direct$ by ,him1 ,i d "h decl>e my full det]m9ation1 by ,god's help1 to be a true soldi] ( ! ,army till ,i die4 ,i am ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,army's tea*+4 ,i believe t rep5tance t[>ds ,god1 fai? 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & conv]sion by ! ,holy ,_s1 are necess>y to ,salvation1 & t all m5 may be sav$4 ,i believe t we are sav$ by grace1 ?r\gh fai? 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & he t believe? ha? ! witness ( x 9 himself4 ,i h got x4 ,?ank ,god6 ,i believe t ! ,scriptures 7 giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 & t !y tea* t n only does cont9uance 9 ! fav\r ( ,god dep5d ^u cont9u$ fai? 91 & ob$i5ce to1 ,*ri/1 #cbb b t x is possible = ^? :o h be5 truly conv]t$ to fall away & be et]nally lo/4 ,i believe t x is ! privilege ( all ,god's p to be :olly sanctifi$1 & t _! :ole _s & s\l & body may be pres]v$ blameless unto ! com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t is to say1 ,i believe t aft] conv]sion !re rema9 9 ! he>t ( ! believ] incl9ations to evil1 or roots ( bitt]ness1 :i*1 unless ov]p[]$ by ,div9e grace1 produce actual s92 b ^! evil t5d5cies c be entirely tak5 away by ! ,_s ( ,god1 & ! :ole he>t ?us cleans$ f any?+ contr>y to ! w ( ,god1 or entirely sanctifi$1 w !n produce ! fruit ( ! ,_s only4 ,& ,i believe t p]sons ?us entirely sanctifi$ may1 by ! p[] ( ,god1 be kept unblamable & unreprovable be=e ,him4 ,i believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2 9 ! resurrection ( ! body2 9 ! g5]al judgm5t at ! end ( ! _w2 9 ! et]nal happ9ess ( ! righte\s2 & 9 ! ev]la/+ puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ,,!re=e1 ,i d "h1 & n[1 & = ev]1 r5\nce ! _w ) all its s9ful pleasures1 companion%ip treasures1 & objects1 & decl>e my full det]m9ation boldly to %[ myself a ,soldi] ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 all places & companies1 no matt] :at ,i may h to suff]1 d1 or lose1 by s do+4 ,i d "h & n[ decl>e t ,i w ab/a9 f ! use ( all intoxicat+ liquors1 & also f ! habitual use ( opium1 laudanum1 morphia1 & all o!r baneful drugs1 except :5 9 illness su* drugs %all be ord]$ = me by a doctor4 ,i d "h & n[ decl>e t ,i w ab/a9 f #cbc ! use ( all l[ or pr(ane language2 f ! tak+ ( ! "n ( ,god 9 va92 & f all impurity1 or f tak+ "p 9 any unclean conv]sation or ! read+ ( any obsc5e book or pap] at any "t1 9 any company1 or 9 any place4 ,i d "h decl>e t ,i w n all[ myself 9 any falsehood1 deceit1 misrepres5tation1 or di%one/y2 nei!r w ,i practise any fraudul5t conduct1 ei!r 9 my bus9ess1 my home1 or 9 any o!r relation 9 :i* ,i may /& to my fell[ m51 b t ,i w deal tru?fully1 fairly1 hon\rably1 & k9dly ) all ^? :o may employ me or :om ,i may myself employ4 ,i d "h decl>e t ,i w nev] treat any woman1 *ild1 or o!r p]son1 ^: life1 com=t1 or happ9ess may be plac$ )9 my p[]1 9 an oppressive1 cruel1 or c[>dly mann]1 b t ,i w protect su* f evil & dang] s f> z ,i c1 & promote1 to ! utmo/ ( my ability1 _! pres5t welf>e & et]nal salvation4 ,i d "h decl>e t ,i w sp5d all ! "t1 /r5g?1 money1 & influ5ce ,i c 9 support+ & c>ry+ on ?is ,w>1 & t ,i w endeav\r to lead my family1 fri5ds1 neighb\rs1 & all o!rs :om ,i c influ5ce1 to d ! same1 believ+ t ! sure & only way to rem$y all ! evils 9 ! _w is by br++ m5 to submit !mselves to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i d "h decl>e t ,i w always obey ! lawful ord]s ( my ,(fic]s1 & t ,i w c>ry out to ! utmo/ ( my p[] all ! ,ord]s & ,regulations ( ,! ,army2 & fur!r1 t ,i w be an example ( fai?fulness to its pr9ciples1 advance to ! utmo/ ( my ability its op]ations1 & nev] all[1 :]e ,i c prev5t x1 any injury to its int]e/s or h9drance to its success4 #cbd ,& ,i d "h & n[ call ^u all pres5t to witness t ,i ent] into ?is und]tak+ & sign ^! ,articles ( ,w> ( my own free w1 feel+ t ! love ( ,*ri/ :o di$ to save me requires f me ?is devotion ( my life to ,8 s]vice = ! ,salvation ( ! :ole _w1 & !re=e wi% n[ to be enroll$ z a ,soldi] ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,,corps #ah ,corps ,division #ah 7,,s+le7 ,,=m ,,( ,,application ,,= ,,an ,,appo9tm5t ,,z ,,an ,,(fic] ,,9 ,,! ,,salvation ,,army ,"n ,address #a4 ,:at 0 y\r ,,age la/ bir?day8 ,:at is ! date ( y\r bir?day8 #b4 ,:at is y\r height8 #c4 ,are y free f bodily defect or disease8 #d4 ,:at s]i\s illnesses h y _h1 & :58 #e4 ,h y ev] _h fits ( any k9d8 ,if s h[ long1 & :at k9d8 #f4 ,d y consid] y\r heal? good1 & t y are /rong en\gh = ! "w ( an (fic]8 ,if n1 or if y are d\btful1 write a lett] & expla9 ! matt]4 #g4 ,is y\r doctor's c]tificate a full & correct /atem5t s f> z y "k8 #h4 ,are y1 or h y ev] be51 m>ri$8 #i4 ,:5 & :]e ,,conv]t$8 #aj4 ,:at o!r ,religi\s ,societies h y belong$ to8 #aa4 ,7 y ev] a ,junior ,soldi]8 ,if s1 h[ long8 #ab4 ,h[ long h y be5 enroll$ z a ,,soldi]8 & sign$ ,articles ( ,w>8 #ac4 ,if y hold any (fice 9 y\r ,corps1 say :at & h[ long held8 #ad4 ,d y int5d to live & die 9 ! ranks ( ! ,salvation ,army8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #ae4 ,h y ev] be5 an op5 ,,backslid]8 ,if s1 h[ long8 #af4 ,:y8 ,date ( y\r ,re/oration8 #ag4 ,are y 9 ,,debt8 ,if s1 h[ mu*8 #ah4 ,h[ long ow+8 #ai4 ,did y ev] use ,intoxicat+ ,dr9k8 ,if s1 h[ long is x s9ce y entirely gave up its use8 #bj4 ,did y ev] use ,tobacco or ,snuff8 ,if s1 h[ long is x s9ce y gave up us+ ei!r8 ------------------------ #ba4 ,:at ,,uni=m d y we>8 #bb4 ,h[ long h y worn x8 #bc4 ,d y agree to dress 9 accordance ) ! direction ( ,headqu>t]s8 #bd4 ,c y provide y\r own uni=m & ,li/ ( ,necess>ies be=e ent]+ ! ,s]vice8 -------------------------------- #be4 ,are y 9 a ,situation8 ,if s1 h[ long8 #bf4 ,nature ( duties1 & sal>y #bg4 ,"n & address ( employ]8 #bh4 ,if out1 date ( leav+ la/ situation8 ,h[ long !re8 #bi4 ,:y did y leave8 #cj4 ,"n & address ( la/ employ]8 #ca4 ,c y />t ! ,,s++8 #cb4 ,c y play any musical in/rum5t8 ,if s1 :at8 #cc4 ,is ?is =m fill$ up by y8 ,c y read well at fir/ sight8 #cd4 ,c y write ,,%or?&8 ,if s1 :at spe$ & sy/em8 #ce4 ,c y speak any language o!r ?an ,engli%8 ,if s1 :at8 #cf4 ,h y _h any exp]i5ce & success 9 ! ,,junior ,,soldi]s' ,,w>8 #cg4 ,if s1 :at8 #ch4 ,are y will+ to sell ! ,,w> ,,cry on ,sundays8 #ci4 ,d y engage n to publi% any books1 songs1 or music except = ! b5efit ( ! ,salvation ,army1 & !n only ) ! cons5t ( ,headqu>t]s8 #dj4 ,d y promise n to engage 9 any trade1 pr(ession1 or o!r money- mak+ occupation1 except = ! b5efit ( ! ,salvation ,army1 & !n only ) ! cons5t ( ,headqu>t]s8 #da4 ,w\ld y be will+ to g ,,abroad if requir$8 #db4 ,d y promise to d y\r utmo/ to help =w>d ! ,junior ,soldi]s' "w if accept$8 #dc4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself to sp5d n less ?an n9e h\rs e day 9 ! active s]vice ( ! ,army1 ( :i* n less ?an ?ree h\rs ( ea* week day %all be sp5t 9 ,,visitation8 #dd4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself to fill up & s5d to ,headqu>t]s =ms z to h[ y\r day is sp5t8 ---------------------------- #de4 ,h y read1 & d y believe1 ! ,,doctr9es pr9t$ on ! o!r side8 #df4 ,h y read ! ,ord]s & ,regulations = ,field ,(fic]s ( ! ,army8 ,if y h n got a copy ( ,ord]s & ,regulations1 get "o f ,c&idates' ,dep>tm5t at once4 ,! price to ,c&idates is #bs4 #f;d4 #dg4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself to /udy & c>ry out & to endeav\r to tra9 o!rs to c>ry out all ,ord]s & ,regulations ( ! ,army8 #dh4 ,h y read ! ,ord] on page #c ( ?is ,=m z to ,,pres5ts & ,,te/imonials1 & d y engage to c>ry x out8 #di4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself nev] to receive any sum 9 ! =m ( pay beyond ! am\nt ( all[ances grant$ "u ! scale :i* foll[s8 ,,all[ances-- ,f ! day ( arrival at 8 /ation1 ea* (fic] is entitl$ to draw ! foll[+ all[ances1 provid$ ! am\nt rema9s 9 h& aft] meet+ all local exp5ses1 namely3 -- ,= ,s+le ,m53 ,lieut5ants1 #afs4 weekly1 & ,capta9s1 #ahs4 -- = ,s+le ,wom53 ,lieut5ants1 #abs4 weekly1 & ,capta9s1 #aes4 weekly4 -- ,m>ri$ ,m51 #bgs4 p] week1 & ls4 p] week = ea* *ild "u #ad ye>s ( age2 9 all cases )\t h\se-r5t4 #ej4 ,d y p]fectly und]/& t no sal>y or all[ance is gu>ante$ to y1 & t y w h no claim aga9/ ! ,salvation ,army1 or aga9/ any "o connect$ !re)1 on acc\nt ( sal>y or all[ances n receiv$ by y8 ----------------------------- #ea4 ,h y ev] ,,appli$ ,,be=e8 ,if s1 :58 #eb4 ,) :at result8 #ec4 ,if y h ev] be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,salvation ,army 9 any position1 say :at8 #ed4 ,:y did y leave8 #ee4 ,are y will+ to come into ,,tra9+ t we may see :e!r y h ! necess>y goodness & ability = an ,(fic] 9 ! ,salvation ,army1 & %\ld we conclude t y h n ! necess>y qualifications1 d y pl$ge y\rself to return home & "w 9 y\r ,corps )\t creat+ any dissatisfaction8 #ef4 ,w y pay y\r own travell+ exp5ses if we decide to receive y 9 ,tra9+8 #eg4 ,h[ mu* c y pay = y\r ma9t5ance :ile 9 ,tra9+8 #eh4 ,c y deposit ,p\nd #a s t we c provide y ) a suit ( ,uni=m :5 y are ,commission$8 #ei4 ,:at is ! %orte/ ,,notice y require %\ld we want y8 #fj4 ,are y\r ,,p>5ts will+ t y %\ld become an ,(fic]8 #fa4 ,does any "o dep5d ^u y = support8 ,if s1 :o8 #fb4 ,to :at ext5t8 #fc4 ,give y\r p>5ts'1 or ne>e/ liv+ relatives'1 full address --------------------------------- #fd4 ,are y ,,c\rt+8 ,if s1 give "n & address ( ! p]son3 #fe4 ,h[ long h y be5 engag$8 ,:at is ! p]son's age8 #ff4 ,:at is ! date ( ,bir?day8 ,h[ long enroll$ z a ,,soldi]8 #fg4 ,:at ,uni=m does ! p]son we>8 ,h[ long worn8 #fh4 ,:at does ! p]son d 9 ! ,corps8 #fi4 ,has ! p]son appli$ = ! "w8 #gj4 ,if n1 :5 does ! p]son int5d do+ s8 #ga4 ,d ! p>5ts agree to ! p]son com+ into ,tra9+8 --------------------------------- #gb4 ,d y und]/& t y may n be all[$ to m>ry until ?ree ye>s aft] y\r appo9tm5t z an ,(fic]1 & d y engage to abide by ?is8 #gc4 ,if y are n c\rt+1 d y pl$ge y\rself to ab/a9 f any?+ ( ! k9d dur+ ,tra9+ & = at lea/ twelve mon?s aft] y\r appo9tm5t z a ,commission$ ,field ,(fic]8 #gd4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself n to c>ry on c\rt%ip ) any "o at ! /ation to :i* y are at ! "t appo9t$8 #ge4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself nev] to comm5ce1 or all[ to comm5ce1 or break (f any?+ ( ! sort1 )\t fir/ in=m+ y\r ,divisional ,(fic]1 or ,headqu>t]s1 ( y\r int5tion to d s8 #gf4 ,d y pl$ge y\rself nev] to m>ry any "o m>riage ) :om w\ld take y out ( ! ,army altoge!r8 #gg4 ,h y read1 & d y agree to c>ry out1 ! foll[+ ,regulations z to ,c\rt%ip & ,m>riage8 7a7 ,(fic]s mu/ in=m _! ,divisional ,(fic] or ,headqu>t]s ( _! desire to ent] into or break (f any engagem5t1 & no ,(fic] is p]mitt$ to ent] into or break (f an engagem5t )\t ! cons5t ( 8 or h] ,d4,o4 7b7 ,(fic]s w n be all[$ to c>ry on any c\rt%ip 9 ! ,t[n 9 :i* !y are appo9t$2 nor until twelve mon?s aft] ! date ( _! ,commission4 7c7 ,headqu>t]s _c cons5t to ! engagem5t ( ,male ,lieut5ants1 until _! ,divisional ,(fic] is prep>$ to recomm5d !m = comm& ( a ,/ation z ,capta94 7d7 ,be=e ,headqu>t]s c cons5t to ! m>riage ( any ,(fic]1 ! ,divisional ,(fic] mu/ be prep>$ to give him ?ree /ations z a m>ri$ man4 7e7 ,no ,(fic] accept$ w be all[$ to m>ry until he or %e has be5 at lea/ ?ree ye>s 9 ! field1 except 9 cases ( long-/&+ engagem5ts be=e application = ! "w4 7f7 ,no ,male ,(fic] w1 "u any circum/ances1 be all[$ to m>ry be=e he is tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 unless requir$ by ,headqu>t]s = special s]vice4 7g7 ,headqu>t]s w n agree to ! ,m>riage ( any ,male ,(fic] 7except "u extraord9>y circum/ances7 until twelve mon?s aft] cons5t+ to 8 engagem5t4 7h7 ,cons5t w n be giv5 to ! engagem5t ( any male ,(fic] unless ! "y woman is likely to make a suitable wife = an ,(fic]1 & 7if n already an ,(fic]7 is prep>$ to come into ,tra9+ at once4 7i7 ,cons5t w be giv5 to engagem5ts betwe5 ,female ,(fic]s & ,soldi]s1 on condition t ! latt] are suitable = ,(fic]s1 & are will+ to come into ,tra9+ if call$ ^u4 7j7 ,cons5t w nev] be giv5 to any engagem5t or m>riage :i* w\ld take an ,(fic] out ( ! ,army4 7k7 ,e ,(fic] mu/ sign be=e m>riage ! ,articles ( ,m>riage1 conta9$ 9 ! ,ord]s & ,regulations = ,field ,(fic]s4 ---------------------------- ,,pres5ts ,,& ,,te/imonials4 #a4 ,(fic]s are expect$ to refuse utt]ly1 & to prev5t1 if possible1 ev5 ! proposal ( any pres5t or te/imonial to !m4 #b4 ,( c\rse1 an ,(fic] :o is receiv+ no sal>y1 or only "p sal>y1 may accept food or o!r gifts1 su* z are ne$$ to meet 8 wants2 b x is di%on\rable = any "o :o is receiv+ _! sal>y to accept gifts ( food also4 ,,! ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,! ,,salvation ,,army4 ,! pr9cipal ,doctr9es taught 9 ! ,army are z foll[s3 -- #a4 ,we believe t ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t 7 giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 & t !y only con/itute ! ,div9e rule ( ,*ri/ian fai? & practice4 #b4 ,we believe !re is only "o ,god1 :o is inf9itely p]fect1 ! ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 & ,gov]nor ( all ?+s4 #c4 ,we believe t !re are ?ree p]sons 9 ! ,godhead--! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 undivid$ 9 ess5ce1 coequal 9 p[] & glory1 & ! only prop] object ( religi\s wor%ip4 #d4 ,we believe t1 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,div9e & human natures are unit$1 s t ,he is truly & prop]ly ,god1 & truly & prop]ly man4 #e4 ,we believe t our fir/ p>5ts 7 creat$ 9 a /ate ( innoc5cy1 b by _! disob$i5ce !y lo/ _! purity & happ9ess2 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( _! fall1 all m5 h become s9n]s1 totally deprav$1 & z su* are ju/ly expos$ to ! wra? ( ,god4 #f4 ,we believe t ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ has1 by ,8 suff]+ & dea?1 made an atonem5t = ! :ole _w1 s t :osoev] w may be sav$4 #g4 ,we believe t rep5tance t[>ds ,god1 fai? 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & reg5]ation by ! ,holy ,_s1 are necess>y to ,salvation4 #h4 ,we believe t we are ju/ifi$ by grace1 ?r\gh fai? 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & t he t believe? ha? ! witness 9 himself4 #i4 ,we believe ! ,scriptures tea* t n only does cont9uance 9 ! fav\r ( ,god dep5d ^u cont9u$ fai? 91 & ob$i5ce to1 ,*ri/1 b t x is possible = ^? :o h be5 truly conv]t$ to fall away & be et]nally lo/4 #aj4 ,we believe t x is ! privilege ( all believ]s to be :olly sanctifi$1 & t ! :ole _s & s\l & body may be pres]v$ blameless unto ! com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t is to say1 we believe t aft] conv]sion !re rema9 9 ! he>t ( ! believ] incl9ations to evil1 or roots ( bitt]ness1 :i*1 unless ov]p[]$ by ,div9e grace1 produce actual s92 b t ^! evil t5d5cies c be entirely tak5 away by ! ,_s ( ,god1 & ! :ole he>t1 ?us cleans$ f ev]y?+ contr>y to ! w ( ,god1 or entirely sanctifi$1 w !n produce ! fruit ( ! ,_s only4 ,& we believe t p]sons ?us entirely sanctifi$ may1 by ! p[] ( ,god1 be kept unblamable & unreprovable be=e ,him4 #aa4 ,we believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2 9 ! resurrection ( ! body2 9 ! g5]al judgm5t at ! end ( ! _w2 9 ! et]nal happ9ess ( ! righte\s2 & 9 ! ev]la/+ puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ----------------------------- ,,decl>ation4 ,i ,,h]eby ,,decl>e t ,i w nev]1 on any consid]ation1 d any?+ calculat$ to injure ,! ,salvation ,army1 & especially1 t ,i w nev]1 )\t fir/ hav+ obta9$ ! cons5t ( ,! ,g5]al1 take any "p 9 any religi\s s]vices or 9 c>ry+ on s]vices held 9 opposition to ! ,army4 ,i ,,pl$ge ,,myself to make true records1 daily1 on ! =ms suppli$ to me1 ( :at ,i d1 & to confess1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 & to report1 z f> z ,i may see 9 o!rs1 any neglect or v>iation f ! ord]s or directions ( ,! ,g5]al4 ,i ,,fully ,,und]/& t he does n und]take to employ or to reta9 9 ! s]vice ( ,! ,army any "o :o does n appe> to him to be fitt$ = ! "w1 or fai?ful & successful 9 x1 & ,i solemnly pl$ge myself quietly to leave any ,army ,/ation to :i* ,i may be s5t1 )\t mak+ any attempt to di/urb or annoy ,! ,army 9 any way1 %\ld ,! ,g5]al desire me to d s4 ,& ,i h]eby dis*>ge ,! ,army & ,! ,g5]al f all liability1 & pl$ge myself to make no claim on acc\nt ( any situation1 prop]ty1 or int]e/ ,i may give up 9 ord] to secure an engagem5t 9 ,! ,army4 ,i und]/& t ,! ,g5]al w n be responsible 9 any way = any loss ,i may suff] 9 consequ5ce ( be+ dismiss$ f ,tra9+2 z ,i am aw>e t ! ,cadets are receiv$ into ,tra9+ = ! v purpose ( te/+ _! suitability = ! "w ( ,salvation ,army ,(fic]s4 ,i h]eby decl>e t ! =ego+ answ]s appe> to me to fully express ! tru? z to ! que/ions put to me1 & t ,i "k ( no o!r facts :i* w\ld prev5t my engagem5t by ,! ,g5]al1 if !y 7 kn[n to him4 ,c&idate to sign "h44444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 -------------------------- ,,notice ,,to ,,c&idates4 #a4 ,all ,c&idates are expect$ to fill up & sign ?is =m !mselves1 if !y c write at all4 #b4 ,y are expect$ to h obta9$ & read ,ord]s & ,regulations = ,field ,(fic]s be=e y make ?is application4 #c4 ,mak+ ?is application does ,,n imply t we c receive y z an (fic]1 & y are1 !re=e1 ,,n to leave y\r home1 or give notice to leave y\r situation1 until y he> aga9 f u4 #d4 ,if y are appo9t$ z an ,(fic]1 or receiv$ into ,tra9+ & x is aft]w>ds discov]$ t any ( ! que/ions 9 ?is =m h n be5 tru?fully answ]$1 y w be in/antly dismiss$4 #e4 ,if y d n und]/& any "q 9 ?is =m1 or if y d n agree to any ( ! requirem5ts /at$ ^u x1 return x to ,headqu>t]s1 & say s 9 a /raight=w>d mann]4 #f4 ,make ! "q = ?is appo9tm5t a matt] ( e>ne/ pray]1 z x is ! mo/ important /ep y h tak5 s9ce y\r conv]sion4 ,we mu/ h y\r ,photo4 ,please enclose x ) y\r =ms1 & address !m to ,c&idate ,dep>tm5t1 #aja1 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c4