available by ,case ,western ,reserve ,university ,preservation ,department ,digital ,library7 ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands ,,their ,,resources ,,agricultural1 ,,commercial ,,and ,,financial4 ,illustration 7,cover image74 ,illustration3 ,,map of the ,,hawaiian ,,islands4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i4 #c ,,chapter ,,ii4 #ab ,,chapter ,,iii4 #af ,,chapter ,,iv4 #bj ,,chapter ,v4 #cg ,,chapter ,,vi4 #dc ,,chapter ,,vii4 #eb ,,chapter ,,viii4 #eh ,,official ,,directory4 #he ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands4 ,,sanford ,b4 ,,dole1 ,president of the ,republic of ,hawaii4 ,,executive ,,building4 _/ ,,judiciary ,,building4 ,,ewa ,,mill4 _/ ,,valley ,,scene1 ,,hawaii4 ,,pauoa ,,valley ,,rice ,,fields4 _/ ,,pineapple ,,plantation4 ,,coffee ,,plantation1 ,,hamakua4 _/ ,,coffee ,,plantation1 ,,puna4 ,,oceanic ,,steamship ,,australia4 _/ ,,volcano ,,house4 ,,kohala ,,railroad4 _/ ,,rice ,,field1 ,,pearl ,,city4 ,,nuuanu ,,avenue1 ,,honolulu4 _/ ,,waikiki ,,beach4 ,,lunalilo ,,home1 ,,for ,,aged ,,hawaiians4 _/ ,,kamehameha ,,school4 ,,oahu ,,college4 _/ ,,pauahi ,,hall1 ,,oahu ,,college4 ,,masonic ,,temple4 _/ ,,kamehameha ,,museum4 ,,kawaiahao ,,church 7,hawaiian74 _/ ,,central ,,union ,,church4 ,illustration3 ,,sanford ,b4 ,,dole4 ,president of the ,republic of ,hawaii4 ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands ,,their ,,resources ,,agricultural1 ,,commercial ,,and ,,financial4 ,coffee1 ,,the ,,coming ,,staple ,,product4 ,,issued ,,under ,,the ,,auspices ,,of ,,the ,,department ,,of ,,foreign ,,affairs1 #ahif4 ,,honolulu3 ,,printed ,,by ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,gazette ,,company4 ,the following pamphlet has been compiled for the purpose of giving information to those intending to invest in the industries of the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,the information can be vouched for as correct4 ,the portion dealing with agriculture is from the pen of ,joseph ,marsden1 ,esq41 ,commissioner of ,agriculture4 ,the digest of the land law has been prepared by ,j4 ,f4 ,brown1 ,esq41 ,commissioner of ,public ,lands4 ,the historical portion has been written by ,prof4 ,alexander1 ,chief of the ,government ,survey and author of a ,short ,history of the ,hawaiian ,people and other works4 ,the pamphlet has been planned1 edited and in part written by ,alatau ,t4 ,atkinson1 ,esq41 ex-,inspector ,general of ,schools1 and now ,general ,superintendent of ,census4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,general ,,information4 ,the ,hawaiian ,islands are situated in the ,north ,pacific ,ocean and lie between longitudes #aed #dj' and #afj #cj' ,west1 and latitudes #bb #af' and #ah #ee' ,north4 ,they are thus on the very edge of the tropics1 but their position in mid-ocean and the prevalence of the northeast trade wind gives them a climate unequalled by any other portion of the globe--a perpetual summer without an enervating heat4 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands ,americans and ,europeans can and do work in the open air1 at all seasons of the year1 as they cannot in countries lying in the same latitudes elsewhere4 ,to note an instance1 ,calcutta lies a little to the north of the latitude of ,kauai1 our most northerly ,island1 and in ,calcutta the ,american and ,european can only work with his brain2 hard physical labor he cannot do and live4 ,on the ,hawaiian ,islands he can work and thrive4 ,,rainfall ,,and ,,temperature4 ,the rainfall varies1 being greater on the windward side of the ,islands1 and increasing up to a certain elevation4 ,thus1 at ,olaa1 on the ,island of ,hawaii1 windward side and elevation of about #b1jjj feet1 the rainfall from ,july #ast1 #ahid1 to ,june #cj1 #ahie1 was #agf4hb inches1 while at ,kailua1 on the leeward side1 at a low level1 it was only #ea4ba inches during the same period4 ,the temperature also varies according to elevation and position4 ,on the ,island of ,hawaii you can get any climate from the heat of summer to actual winter at the summits of the two great mountains4 ,a meteorological record1 kept carefully for a period of twelve years1 gives #hi as the highest and #ed as the lowest temperature recorded1 or a mean temperature of #ga #cj' for the year4 ,a case of sunstroke has never been known4 ,people make no special precautions against the sun1 wearing straw and soft felt hats similar to those worn in the ,states during the summer months4 ,,winds4 ,the prevailing winds1 as mentioned above1 are the northeast trades4 ,these blow for about nine months of the year4 ,the remainder of the period the winds are variable and chiefly from the south4 ,the ,islands are outside the cyclone belt1 and severe storms accompanied by thunder and lightning are of rare occurrence4 ,,health4 ,the ,islands possess a healthy climate4 ,there are no virulent fevers such as are encountered on the coast of ,africa or in the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,epidemics seldom visit the ,islands1 and when they do they are generally light4 ,a careful system of quarantine guards the ,islands now from epidemics from abroad4 ,such grave diseases as pneumonia and diphtheria are almost unknown4 ,children thrive wonderfully4 ,,area4 ,for practical purposes--and these lines are written for practical men--there are eight ,islands in the ,hawaiian group4 ,the others are mere rocks1 of no value to mankind at present4 ,these eight ,islands1 beginning from the northwest1 are named ,niihau1 ,kauai1 ,oahu1 ,molokai1 ,lanai1 ,kahoolawe1 ,maui and ,hawaii4 ,the areas of these ,islands are as follows3 ,square ,miles4 ,niihau #ig ,kauai #eij ,oahu #fjj ,molokai #bgj ,maui #gfj ,lanai #aej ,kahoolawe #fc ,hawaii #dbaj ---- ,total #fgdj ,the ,islands that interest an intending immigrant are ,hawaii1 ,maui1 ,oahu and ,kauai4 ,it is on these ,islands that coffee1 fruits1 potatoes1 corn and vegetables can be raised by the small investor1 and where land can be obtained on reasonable terms4 ,,hawaii4 ,the ,island of ,hawaii is the largest in the group1 and presents great varieties of soil and climate4 ,the windward side1 which includes the districts of ,north ,kohala1 ,hamakua1 ,hilo and ,puna1 is copiously watered by rains and1 in the ,hilo district1 the streams rush impetuously down every gulch or ravine4 ,the leeward side of the ,island1 including ,south ,kohala1 ,north and ,south ,kona1 and ,kau1 is not exposed to such strong rains1 but an ample supply of water falls in the rain belt4 ,the ,kona district has given the coffee product a name in the markets of the world4 ,on this ,island are now situated numerous sugar plantations4 ,coffee employs the industry of several hundred owners1 ranging from the man with #bjj1jjj trees to him who has only an acre or so4 ,there are thousands upon thousands of acres at present uncultivated and only awaiting the sturdy arms and enterprising brains of the men of the temperate zone to develop them4 ,,maui4 ,maui is also a very fine ,island4 ,besides its sugar plantations1 it has numerous coffee lands1 especially in the eastern part1 which are just now being opened up4 ,the western slopes of ,haleakala1 the main mountain of ,maui1 are covered with small farms where are raised potatoes1 corn1 beans and pigs4 ,again1 here1 thousands of acres are lying fallow4 ,,honolulu4 ,on ,oahu is the capital1 ,honolulu4 ,it is a city numbering thirty thousand inhabitants and is pleasantly situated on the south side of the ,island4 ,the city extends a considerable distance up ,nuuanu ,valley and has wings extending northwest and southeast4 ,it is a city of foliage4 ,except in the business blocks1 every house stands in its own garden1 and some of the houses are wonderfully beautiful4 ,the city is lighted with electric light2 there is a very complete telephone system1 and tram cars run at short intervals along the principal streets and continue out to a sea-bathing resort and public park1 four miles from the city4 ,there are numerous stores where all kinds of goods can be obtained4 ,in this particular ,honolulu occupies a position ahead of any city of similar size4 ,the public buildings are handsome and commodious4 ,there are numerous churches1 schools1 a public library of over #aj1jjj volumes1 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,hall1 ,masonic ,temple1 ,odd ,fellows' ,hall and ,theater4 ,there is frequent steam communication with ,san ,francisco1 once a month with ,victoria 7,british ,columbia71 and twice a month with ,new ,zealand and the ,australian ,colonies4 ,steamers also connect ,honolulu with ,china and ,japan4 ,there are three evening daily papers published in ,english1 one daily morning paper1 and two weeklies4 ,besides these there are papers published in the ,hawaiian1 ,portuguese1 ,japanese and ,chinese languages1 and also monthly magazines in various tongues4 ,,oahu',s ,,opportunities4 ,the ,island of ,oahu presents excellent opportunities for the investor4 ,acres upon acres of land remain undeveloped among its teeming valleys1 the energies and wealth of the population having been devoted to the development of the sugar lands on the larger ,islands4 ,a line of railroad has been constructed which at present runs along the coast to a distance of thirty miles from the city4 ,it is proposed to continue this line completely around the ,island4 ,this railroad opens up rich coffee and farming lands and affords ready means of transport for the produce1 and an expeditious method for obtaining the necessary supplies1 etc41 from the capital4 ,the management of the railroad offers special inducements for would-be investors to see the country1 and special rates should they conclude to settle4 ,,kauai4 ,kauai is called the ,garden ,island1 it is so well watered and so luxuriant in vegetation4 ,the ,island is at present largely devoted to the cultivation of sugar4 ,rice also cuts a considerable figure in the agricultural production of ,kauai4 ,that it can produce coffee is undoubted1 but there is a timidity about embarking in the industry1 because some forty years ago the experiment of a coffee plantation was tried1 and owing to misjudgment of location and soil1 failed4 ,since then the cultivation of coffee has come to be more thoroughly understood1 and there is no doubt that quantities of land suitable for such cultivation are now lying1 like the sleeping beauty1 waiting for the kiss of enterprise to make them awake into usefulness and profit for mankind4 ,there is room on the ,hawaiian ,islands for at least ten times the present population4 ,the climate1 soil and social conditions all tend to make them a desirable home for those who are willing to work1 and have a moderate capital to begin with4 ,,government4 ,the ,government of the ,hawaiian ,islands is a ,republic4 ,up to the year #ahic it had been a limited monarchy1 but at that date it was felt1 by the progressive party in the state1 that monarchy had had its day1 and that the friends of such a form of government should give way to more liberal institutions1 assimilating to the institutions of the ,united ,states1 and to become a part of which ,great ,republic is the earnest desire of all those who have the interests of the ,islands at heart4 ,the monarchy1 in a bloodless revolution1 disappeared and the ,republic took its place4 ,the ,republic is a republic of progress1 and under the ,government thus established every facility has been given for developing and improving the country4 ,the ,president is elected for six years4 ,the ,legislature consists of a ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 all members being elected by popular vote4 ,the ,senators are elected for a term of six years1 and voters for ,senators must have real property worth #a1ejj1 or personal property worth #c1jjj1 or an income of not less than #fjj per annum4 ,the vote for ,representatives is based on manhood suffrage4 ,,taxation4 ,all males between the ages of #bj and #fj pay a personal tax of #e1 viz3 ,poll tax1 #a2 road tax1 #b2 school tax1 #b4 ,land pays a tax of one per cent4 on the cash value1 and personal property a similar rate4 ,carts pay #b1 brakes #c1 carriages #e1 dogs #a1 female dogs #c4 ,from the above it will be seen that the taxes are not heavy as compared with other countries2 moreover1 there are no local taxes of any kind4 ,,method ,,of ,,acquiring ,,land4 ,land can be obtained from the ,government by two methods1 viz42 ,the cash freehold system1 and the right of purchase leases4 ,under the first system the land is sold at auction4 ,the purchaser pays one-quarter in cash and the rest in equal installments of one1 two and three years1 interest being charged at the rate of six per cent4 upon the unpaid balance4 ,under this system the purchaser is bound to maintain a home on the land from the commencement of the second year to the end of the third4 ,the right of purchase leases are drawn for twenty-one years at a rental of eight per cent4 on the appraised value of the land4 ,the lessee has the privilege of purchasing the land1 after the third year1 at the original appraised value1 provided #be per cent4 of the land is reduced to cultivation1 and other conditions of the lease filled4 ,in this case a home must be maintained from the end of the first year to the end of the fifth year4 ,the limit of first-class agricultural land obtainable is #ajj acres4 ,this amount is increased on lands of inferior quality4 ,under the above conditions the applicant must be #ah years of age and obtain special letters of denization4 ,land can also be obtained from the various land and investment companies1 and from private parties4 ,the full land law will be treated of in ,chapter ,,vi4 of this pamphlet4 ,illustration3 ,,executive ,,building4 ,illustration3 ,,judiciary ,,building4 ,,judiciary1 ,,police1 ,,etc4 ,there is a thoroughly efficient judiciary consisting of a ,supreme ,court1 five ,circuit ,courts in which trials by jury are conducted1 and ,district ,courts in every district4 ,the higher courts are presided over by well trained1 educated men4 ,there is an efficient police force in every part of the group4 ,the inhabitants are law-abiding and crimes of violence are very rare4 ,there is very little petty theft1 and even in ,honolulu1 the greatest center of population and a seaport town1 many of the houses are left with doors unlocked at night4 ,,schools4 ,there is an excellent system of free public schools taught in the ,english language1 the teachers in many cases being imported from the ,united ,states4 ,the main plan of the system is modelled upon the public school system of the ,united ,states1 modified to meet the wants of a heterogeneous population4 ,the children are instructed in writing1 reading1 composition1 arithmetic1 geography1 both local and general4 ,the books are uniform and obtainable at the same price as in the ,united ,states4 ,the schools are strictly non-sectarian4 ,there is no district1 however remote1 in which there is no school4 ,the only people who cannot read and write are those who come from abroad4 ,those born in the ,islands are compelled by law to take advantage of the education offered4 ,besides the common school education1 opportunities are given at various centers for a higher education equivalent to the grammar grade of the ,united ,states1 and in ,honolulu a high school and collegiate course can be obtained at a small cost4 ,,churches4 ,the various ,christian denominations are represented and all forms are tolerated4 ,the country churches of the ,protestant denominations are chiefly conducted by ,hawaiian pastors1 the ,roman ,catholic by ,french and ,german priests1 who are mostly good linguists and speak ,hawaiian1 ,english and ,portuguese1 besides their mother tongue4 ,wherever there is a large collection of ,english speaking people a ,protestant church is usually supported by them4 ,in ,honolulu there is a large number of churches1 ,congregational1 ,roman ,catholic1 ,episcopalian1 ,methodist and ,mormon4 ,there is a ,sunday law1 and all work which is not absolutely necessary is prohibited on that day4 ,rational outdoor amusement is not prohibited1 such as riding1 boating1 shooting1 etc41 and the ,government ,band plays at the public park at ,waikiki every ,sunday afternoon4 ,,physicians4 ,in every district of the ,islands the ,government supports a doctor1 who gives his services to indigent ,hawaiians free of charge--others have to pay4 ,in many places there are physicians settled who carry on a private practice4 ,,telephones4 ,the ,islands of ,oahu1 ,kauai and ,hawaii have telephones to every accessible point4 ,the rent of the instrument is moderate1 and a small charge is made for those who do not care or cannot afford to possess an instrument of their own4 ,on ,maui the telephone is at present established only in part4 ,,communication ,,between ,,the ,,islands4 ,communication between the ,islands is by steamer2 of these some seventeen are constantly plying from port to port1 affording weekly communication with the capital4 ,the regular passenger steamers are well fitted with cabins1 have electric bells and electric lights and all modern accommodations4 ,,postal ,,matters4 ,there is a regular postal system1 and on the arrival of a steamer at any main point1 mail carriers at once start out to distribute the mail through the district4 ,the ,hawaiian ,islands belong to the ,postal ,union1 and money orders can be obtained to the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 ,great ,britain1 ,germany1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 the ,netherlands1 ,portugal1 ,hong ,kong and ,colony of ,victoria1 as well as local orders between the ,islands4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,agricultural ,,industries4 ,the mainstay of the ,hawaiian ,islands has1 for the last thirty-five years1 been the sugar industry4 ,from this source a large amount of wealth has been accumulated4 ,but the sugar industry requires large capital for expensive machinery1 and has never proved remunerative to small investors4 ,an attempt has been made at profit-sharing and has met with some success1 the small farmer cultivating and the capitalist grinding at a central mill4 ,of late years1 moreover1 the small farmer has been steadily developing in the ,hawaiian ,islands and attention has been given to other products than sugar4 ,rice1 neither the ,european nor the ,american can cultivate as laborers4 ,it requires working in marshy land1 and though on the ,islands it yields two crops a year1 none but the ,chinaman can raise it successfully4 ,a dry-land or mountain rice has been introduced1 which will be treated under the head of ,agricultural possibilities4 ,the main staple after sugar and rice is coffee4 ,of this hundreds of thousands of trees have been planted out within the last five years4 ,this is essentially the crop of the future and bids fair to become as important a staple as sugar4 ,coffee does not require the amount of capital that sugar does1 and it can be worked remuneratively upon a small area4 ,it is estimated that at the end of the fourth year the return from a #ge-;acre coffee plantation will much more than pay the running expenses1 while from that time on a return of from eight to ten thousand dollars per annum may be realized4 ,on page #cb will be found an estimate of the cost of establishing a #ge-;acre coffee plantation from the first to the seventh year4 ,fruits can also be cultivated to advantage4 ,at present the banana trade of the ,islands amounts to over #ajj1jjj bunches per annum1 valued at over #ajj1jjj1 and the quantity might be very easily quadrupled4 ,the banana industry may be regarded as in its infancy4 ,the export of the fruit is only from the ,island of ,oahu1 but there are thousands of acres on the other ,islands of the group which could be profitably used for this cultivation and for nothing else4 ,the whole question of the banana industry hinges on the market4 ,at present the market is limited4 ,limes and oranges can be cultivated and the fruit can be easily packed for export2 at present the production does not meet the local market4 ,the fruits can be raised to perfection4 ,the ,hawaiian orange has a fine flavor and the ,hawaiian lime has an aroma and flavor far superior to that cultivated in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,in the uplands of ,hawaii and ,maui potatoes can be and are raised4 ,their quality is good4 ,corn is also raised4 ,in these industries many ,portuguese1 ,norwegians and others have embarked4 ,both these products find an ample local market4 ,the corn is used largely for feed on the plantations4 ,the corn is ground with the cob and makes an excellent feed for working cattle1 horses and mules4 ,in the uplands1 where the climate is temperate1 as at ,waimea1 ,hawaii1 vegetables of all kinds can be raised2 excellent cauliflowers1 cabbages and every product of the temperate zone can be grown to perfection4 ,cattle raising in so small a place as the ,hawaiian ,islands does not present great opportunities except for local consumption4 ,pigs are profitable to the small farmer4 ,in the ,kula district of ,maui pigs are fattened upon the corn and potatoes raised in the district4 ,the price of pork1 dressed1 is #be cents per pound in ,honolulu and about #ae cents per pound in the outside districts4 ,the ,chinese1 of whom there are some #ae1jjj resident on the various ,islands1 are extremely fond of pork1 so that there is a large local market1 which has to be supplemented by importations from ,california4 ,attention has lately been given to fiber plants1 for which there are many suitable locations4 ,ramie grows luxuriantly1 but the lack of proper decorticating and cleaning machinery has prevented any advance in this cultivation4 ,sisal hemp and ,sansevieria have been experimented with1 but without any distinct influence upon the trade output4 ,the cultivation of pineapples is a very growing industry4 ,in #ahie pines were exported from the ,islands to ,san ,francisco to the value of nearly #i1jjj4 ,this has grown up in the last half dozen years4 ,there is every reason to think that canning pineapples for the ,coast and other markets can be made profitable4 ,the guava1 which grows wild1 can also be put up to profit1 for the manufacture of guava jelly4 ,it has never been entered upon on a large scale1 but to the thrifty farmer it would add a convenient slice to his income1 just as the juice of the maple adds an increase to the farmer of the ,eastern ,states4 ,well made guava jelly will find a market anywhere4 ,in ,england it is regarded as a great delicacy1 being imported from the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,besides the guava there are other fruits which can be put up to commercial profit1 notably the poha or ,cape gooseberry 7,physalis ,edulis74 ,this has been successfully made into jams and jelly1 which command an extensive local sale and should find their way into larger markets4 ,in point of fact1 outside the great industries of sugar1 coffee and rice1 there is a good field for many minor industries which can be carried on with profit by those who know what work is1 and are willing to put their shoulders to the wheel4 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands a simple life can be lived1 and entering gradually upon the coffee industry1 a good competence can be obtained long before such could be realized by the agriculturalist elsewhere4 ,however1 it is useless to come to the ,islands without the necessary capital to develop the land that can be obtained4 ,between arriving and the time that the crops begin to give returns there is a period where the living must be close1 and cash must be paid out for the necessary improvements4 ,the land is here1 the climate is here2 it only requires brains1 a small capital and energy to realize such comfort and independence as can not be realized in old countries1 in one-fourth of the time4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,coffee4 ,the most promising of all the ,island products1 outside of sugar1 is coffee4 ,no finer coffee in the world is produced than that of the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,it requires care and does not produce a crop until the third year1 but it remains till the fifth year to make a proper realization upon the investment4 ,it is evidently necessary to give a very full description of the coffee plant and its method of culture to assure intending immigrants of what is before them4 ,coffee is a shrub belonging to the family of the ,rubiaceae4 ,botanists divide it into many species1 but it can be practically divided into two sections1 ,arabian coffee and ,liberian coffee1 or in point of fact1 ,asiatic and ,african4 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands coffee grows best between #ejj and #b1jjj feet above the sea level1 though there are cases in which it has done well close to the sea4 ,it requires a loose porous soil and does not thrive well in heavy clayey ground which holds much water4 ,of such heavy land there is very little in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,the soil is generally very porous4 ,it is very evident that coffee will thrive and give good results in varying conditions of soil and degrees of heat4 ,in these ,islands it grows and produces from very nearly at the sea level to the elevation of #b1fjj feet4 ,the highest elevation of bearing coffee1 known here1 is twenty-five miles from the town of ,hilo and in the celebrated ,olaa district4 ,illustration3 ,,ewa ,,mill4 ,illustration3 ,,valley ,,scene1 ,,hawaii4 ,with such a range it is evident that1 in a tropical climate1 the cultivation of coffee presents greater opportunities for an investor than other tropical products4 ,for years it was thought that coffee would only grow to advantage in the ,kona district of ,hawaii4 ,practical experiment has shown that it can be grown with success in almost any part of the ,islands4 ,the opening up of the ,olaa portion of the ,puna district1 by a well macadamized road leading from ,hilo to the ,volcano1 may be regarded as the commencement of the coffee industry on a large scale on the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,there are now over fifty plantations where six years ago there was nothing but tangled and dense forest4 ,the ,olaa land is ,government property and can be acquired under the land law4 ,there are still #aj1jjj acres not taken up4 ,the location is very desirable as there is direct communication with ,hilo by an excellent road and the crop can be readily taken to the shipping point4 ,indeed it can not be long before a railroad will be built2 when this takes place a far larger extent of land will be available for coffee growing in this section of the country4 ,the soil in the ,olaa district is deep and wonderfully prolific4 ,other portions of ,puna also present many fertile lands1 and coffee plantations in those parts are coming to the front showing excellent results4 ,a considerable number of investors have opened up coffee plantations in them1 all of which are doing excellently4 ,these plantations1 to the knowledge of the writer are1 many of them1 carried on out of the savings made by workers in ,honolulu1 who are thus preparing for themselves a provision for their early middle age4 ,on the ,island of ,hawaii are the great coffee districts of ,olaa1 ,puna1 ,kona and ,hamakua1 in each of which thriving coffee plantations are established1 while tens of thousands of acres of the very finest lands are yet undisturbed4 ,government lands in these districts are being opened up for settlement as fast as circumstances will permit4 ,on the ,island of ,maui there is a large area of splendid coffee lands4 ,the extensive land of ,keanae belonging to the ,government will be opened for settlement as soon as the preliminary work of surveying is completed4 ,on the ,island of ,molokai the industry is making progress and there are several plantations along the leeward valleys4 ,so also on the ,island of ,oahu there is much good coffee land1 which is being experimented upon1 and considerable capital invested in the undertaking4 ,as the case now stands for the investor1 land can be obtained for coffee growing in3-- ,,island ,,of ,,hawaii4 ,north and ,south ,kona1 ,hilo1 ,puna1 including ,olaa1 ,hamakua4 ,,island ,,of ,,maui4 ,keanae1 ,nahiku1 ,lahaina1 ,kaupo4 ,,island ,,of ,,molokai4 ,,island ,,of ,,oahu4 ,,island ,,of ,,kauai4 ,in addition to the large tracts of ,government lands on ,hawaii and ,maui1 there are many fine tracts of first-class coffee lands owned or controlled by private parties4 ,it is the policy of the ,government to encourage the settlement of its lands by small farmers4 ,hence the amount of land1 granted to one party or that one party can take up1 while amply sufficient to enable one person or family1 with honest endeavor1 to acquire an independence1 is not large enough to offer inducements for the employment of large amounts of capital4 ,that areas of land1 for the establishment of large coffee plantations1 can be acquired is reasonably certain as large owners are evincing a disposition to sell and lease their lands4 ,there is no agricultural investment that offers better opportunities for the profitable employment of capital1 than a well managed coffee estate4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,cultivation ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,tree ,,in ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands4 ,in order to obtain the best results the coffee tree requires to be properly planted1 and during its life time needs frequent and intelligent cultivation4 ,the various operations incidental to the opening and carrying on of a coffee plantation will be taken up in their proper order and described in as plain language as possible1 and as briefly as is consistent with a clear explanation of the subject4 ,the very first thing the planter should do after obtaining possession of his land is to plant a nursery1 so that he may have1 as soon as possible1 an abundant supply of strong healthy plants4 ,many planters have planted their fields with wild stumps1 these are young coffee plants that are found under wild growths of coffee trees4 ,the young trees are cut off about six inches above the ground1 they are then taken up and the lateral roots trimmed close to the tap root4 ,the thready end of the tap root is cut off and the stump is ready to plant4 ,in some cases the young plants are taken up1 from under the wild trees1 and planted just as they are4 ,this method can be dismissed at once as the worst possible method of planting the coffee tree4 ,the very best plants are strong healthy nursery plants1 that is1 plants that have been grown from the best seed in a properly prepared nursery4 ,the next best plants to use are nursery stumps4 ,these are nursery trees that have grown too large to safely transplant4 ,by cutting them down and trimming the roots they can be safely transplanted to the field1 where they will grow into good healthy trees4 ,stumps soon after planting send up several shoots1 these1 with the exception of the strongest one1 are taken off4 ,this latter shoot is to grow and make the coffee trees4 ,,making ,,the ,,nursery4 ,the size of the nursery will depend on how large the plantation is to be4 ,for a #ge-;acre plantation1 one acre of ground will more than supply all the plants required4 ,it is always desirable to have a greater number of plants than is needed to just plant the acreage the plantation is to be1 for after the fields are planted some of the plants may get injured from dry weather and require replacing with plants from the nursery4 ,any surplus left1 after the trees in the fields are well established1 can be sold to some later planter1 who will find it to his advantage to purchase good nursery plants for his first planting and thereby save one year of time4 ,it is advisable for all planters to buy plants for their first planting1 but for the second year's planting they should have a nursery of their own from which they can select the strongest and most forward plants4 ,the land for the nursery should be selected as close as possible to where the plantation is to be4 ,it should be on a slight slope to insure drainage1 and free from rocks and stones4 ,the soil should be ploughed or dug over to the depth of one foot and made as fine as possible4 ,beds should be thrown up six inches high and three feet wide4 ,the surface of the beds should be made quite smooth and level2 the seeds should be planted six inches apart and three quarters of an inch deep4 ,a good way to ensure even and regular planting is to make a frame three feet wide each way4 ,pegs1 three quarters of an inch long and five eighths of an inch diameter1 should be fastened to one side of the frame1 placing them exactly six inches apart4 ,the frame1 thus prepared1 is placed1 pegs down1 on the bed4 ,a slight pressure will sink the pegs into the soil4 ,the frame is now lifted and you have the holes for the seeds all of one depth and equi-distant from each other4 ,the seeds can now be dropped one in each hole4 ,the seeds should be placed flat side down1 and covered by brushing over the surface of the bed4 ,if the weather is at all dry it is a good plan to mulch the surface of the bed with dry grass or fern leaves4 ,the soil should be kept moist1 and if there is not sufficient rain the beds must be watered4 ,in six or seven weeks the seeds should sprout and show above ground4 ,the mulching should now be moved from over the plants and arranged in the rows4 ,it has been the practice of some planters to plant the seed much closer than six inches apart1 but it will be found that plants at six inches apart can be more easily and safely transplanted than from close planted beds4 ,it will be advisable in taking up plants from the beds1 to take only every other one1 this will give the remaining plants more room to develop and grow more stocky than would be the case if all the plants were taken up from each bed as they were required4 ,,clearing ,,the ,,land4 ,the next thing for the planter to do is to get his land cleared4 ,this can be done more satisfactorily and cheaply by contract than can be done by days' work4 ,gangs of ,chinese and ,japanese undertake the clearing of land and will make a contract to clear the land as per specification4 ,in the ,olaa ,district land costs from #bj to #ej per acre to clear1 according to the kind of clearing done4 ,the land is forest land and some planters have the trees cut down and everything burned making the land quite clear1 while others just have the vines and ferns cut and the trees felled1 leaving everything on the land to rot4 ,this method while costing much less than burning up everything1 makes it more expensive to lay out and plant the land4 ,the planter must decide for himself which of the two methods he will pursue4 ,however1 it can be said in the case of those who only cut and fell1 in a few years everything1 trees1 vines and ferns rot down and greatly increase the fertility of the soil4 ,the next thing is to lay out the land for the digging of the holes where it is intended to set out the young trees4 ,there is a wide diversity of opinion as to the proper distance apart to plant coffee trees4 ,from #ajx#ab feet down to #ex#f and all intermediate distances are practiced4 ,it is a significant fact that planters who formerly planted their trees at the wider distances are now setting out trees as close as #fx#e4 ,trees planted #fx#f will probably yield better results per acre than trees planted at a wider or closer distance4 ,having fixed upon the distance apart the trees are to be planted1 the planter proceeds to mark with pegs the places where he wants the holes dug4 ,this is usually done with a line or rope that has pieces of red rag fastened in the strands1 at the distance apart at which it is intended to dig the holes4 ,the line is drawn tightly across one end of the clearing and a peg driven into the soil at every place that is marked on the line4 ,the men1 holding the two ends of the line1 are each provided with a stick the exact length that the rows are to be apart4 ,after one row is pegged1 the line is advanced one length of the stick and the operation repeated until the whole clearing is pegged4 ,after the first line is pegged a line should be laid at exactly right angles to the first line so that the rows will be straight both ways4 ,the pegging being completed1 the holes should be dug not less than #ah inches wide and #ah inches deep4 ,the top soil should be carefully placed on one side of the hole and the subsoil on the other1 the holes should remain open as long as possible and should only be filled in a week or so before planting the trees4 ,the bottoms of the holes should be explored with a light crowbar and1 if any rocks or stones are found1 they should be removed4 ,in filling the holes the top soil 7that has been placed on one side7 should be placed in the bottom of the hole and other top soil should be taken from between the rows until the hole is full1 the subsoil can now be disposed of by scattering it between the rows4 ,the holes after filling should have the marking pegs replaced in the center of the filling1 this will serve as a guide for planting the trees4 ,,planting4 ,there is no operation in all the work of establishing a coffee plantation that requires such careful supervision as that of planting out the young trees4 ,if the work is carelessly done and the slender tap root is doubled up or1 if it is shortened too much1 the tree will never thrive4 ,it may grow fairly well for a time1 perhaps until the time for the first crop1 then the foliage will turn yellow and the tree show every sign of decay4 ,the effort to produce a crop is too much for the tree and the sooner it is pulled up and replaced by a properly planted tree the better4 ,the closest supervision is necessary in order that the planter may be certain that the tap roots are placed perfectly straight in the ground2 and the lateral roots placed in a natural position4 ,in order to effect this1 with the least amount of trouble1 transplanters have been used4 ,a transplanter that has been used with success is made as follows3 two pieces of sheet iron 7galvanized7 are bent into two half circles1 which1 when placed together1 form a cylinder #c inches in diameter and seven inches long4 ,a piece of hoop iron is bent to a ring1 that will fit over the cylinder1 and riveted4 ,the mode of using is as follows3 ,the two halves of the cylinder are pressed into the ground1 one on each side of the young coffee tree4 ,they are pressed down until the upper ends are level with the surface of the soil4 ,the hoop iron ring is then pressed over the ends of the two halves of the cylinder1 binding them firmly together4 ,the cylinder can now be lifted from the ground bringing with it the young tree with all its roots in the position in which they grew4 ,in this condition the young trees are carried to the field and1 the holes being opened1 the cylinder1 holding the tree1 is placed in the ground and the soil packed firmly around it4 ,the hoop iron ring is then removed and the two halves of the cylinder withdrawn4 ,the soil is again compacted around the roots and the tree is planted4 ,there is another transplanter1 invented in ,america1 that would probably be better and more economical in working than the one described above4 ,this transplanter consists of a cylinder of thin sheet steel4 ,these are made in ,america of various sizes to suit different kinds of trees4 ,for a coffee tree a good size would be #g inches long and #e inches in diameter4 ,the cylinder has an opening1 five-eighths of an inch wide1 running the whole length of the cylinder and exactly opposite this opening a handle is riveted4 ,this handle is of half inch round iron1 #ah inches long with a cross bar on top4 ,the rod is bent outward in the form of a bow1 so that in working1 the branches of the young tree may not be injured4 ,the mode of working the transplanter is as follows3 the cylinder is placed on the ground with the tree in the center of the cylinder4 ,this can be done by allowing the stem of the young tree to pass through the slot in the cylinder4 ,then1 by means of the cross handle1 the cylinder is turned and pressed into the soil until the upper end is level with the surface of the ground4 ,then1 by lifting on the stem of the tree and the handle of the transplanter at the same time1 the tree is taken from the ground with its roots undisturbed4 ,should the end of the tap root project below the end of the cylinder1 the thready end should be pinched off with the thumb nail4 ,by placing the lower end of the cylinder on the bottom of a box and inserting a wedge-shaped piece of wood in the slot1 the cylinder is sprung open and can be withdrawn1 leaving the young tree1 with a cylinder of earth around its roots1 standing on the bottom of the box4 ,this operation can be repeated until the box is full of the young trees1 when it is carried to the field and the trees placed one at each hole4 ,by using a duplicate transplanter a cylinder of earth is removed from the spot where the tree is to be placed1 and the tree with its cylinder of earth is placed in the round hole1 which it exactly fits1 the earth being slightly compacted around the roots4 ,the tree is thus planted with the absolute certainty that the roots are in their natural position4 ,illustration3 ,,pauoa ,,valley ,,rice ,,fields4 ,illustration3 ,,pineapple ,,plantation4 ,,weeding4 ,the old adage1 a stitch in time saves nine1 will bear its fullest application in the care and weeding of a coffee estate4 ,from the time the land is first cleared1 weeding should commence1 and it is astonishing how little it will cost if care is taken that no weed be allowed to run to seed4 ,the bulk of ,hawaiian coffee lands is situated in the forests where the land is covered with a dense undergrowth of ferns and vines and there are no pernicious weeds to bother4 ,but soon after clearing1 the seeds of weeds are dropped by the birds and are carried in on the feet and clothing of the laborers and visitors4 ,we have no weeds that run to seed in less than thirty days1 and if the fields are gone over1 once a month1 and any weed that can be found pulled up and buried1 the work of weeding will be reduced to a minimum4 ,but if the weeds1 that are bound to spring up1 are allowed to run to seed1 the work of weeding will be greatly increased and will require the labor of a large gang to keep the fields in order4 ,if taken in time1 the labor of one man will keep from #ae to #be acres quite clean4 ,during the first year after setting out the fields1 all that is required is to keep the fields clear of weeds and the replacing1 with a healthy tree from the nursery1 any tree that from any cause looks sickly and does not come along well4 ,it will be found that in parts of the field some trees1 while looking healthy1 do not grow as fast as the average of the trees1 this is often due to the soil not being of as good a quality4 ,knolls and side hills are not generally so rich as the hollows and valleys1 and the coffee trees1 planted in the poorest parts of the field1 should be fertilized until they are as vigorous as the trees in the best parts4 ,,handling4 ,during the second year the young trees will have begun to make a good growth and will require handling4 ,in order to make clear the description of the operations of handling and pruning1 it may be well to describe here the component parts of the coffee tree4 ,the underground portion consists of a tap root and numerous lateral or side roots4 ,the parts above ground consist of3 #ast4 ,the stem or trunk4 #b;d4 ,the primaries or first branches2 these grow from the trunk in pairs at intervals of from two to four inches1 the two primaries1 making a pair1 grow one opposite to the other1 the pair above radiating out at a different angle and so on to the top of the tree4 #crd4 ,the secondaries2 these are the branches that grow in pairs from the primaries4 #dth4 ,the tertiaries2 these are the third branches that grow in pairs from the secondaries in the same manner as the secondaries grow on the primaries4 #eth4 ,the leaves that grow on all the branches4 ,during the whole of the second year1 the field should be gone over at least every two months and all the secondaries that make their appearance should be rubbed off2 this can be done by a touch of the fingers1 if the secondaries are not more than two or three inches long4 ,if allowed to grow longer1 the knife must be used1 or there is danger of tearing out the eye or bud1 which we depend upon for growing new secondaries at the proper time4 ,during the second year1 the secondaries will make their appearance only on the lower sets of primaries1 the upper sets as they grow being too young to grow secondaries4 ,at the beginning of the third year all the secondaries should be allowed to grow till they attain a length of six inches2 then the trees should be carefully gone over and all but five of the secondaries on each primary cut off with a sharp pruning knife4 ,no pairs should be left1 and only the strongest and most vigorous should be retained4 ,they should be disposed on alternate sides of the primary and none left in a space of six inches from the stem of the tree4 ,the object of this is to allow the light to penetrate to the center of the tree1 for the coffee tree bears fruit in greater profusion on branches that are exposed to the light than on those that are shaded4 ,during this third year the tree will blossom and bear the first or maiden crop4 ,in some cases the tree will blossom in the second year1 but it is a wise plan to rub all the blossoms off1 as it only weakens the tree to bear a crop at such an early age4 ,it is of the utmost importance that in the first crop1 as well as in all future crops1 the tree should not be overburdened with a superabundance of growing wood4 ,if left to itself1 the lower primaries will grow a mass of secondaries1 so much so that no blossom will set on them1 and the first crop will come only on the upper primaries1 and be only a third or fourth of the crop that would be produced if the trees were properly handled4 ,by handling1 as described above1 the tree is relieved of all superfluous wood and only such secondaries are left as are needed to bear the fourth year's crop1 and the maiden crop will grow on the primaries4 ,it may be well to mention here1 that coffee only grows on wood of the second year's growth1 and does not grow on the same wood twice4 ,during the third year1 the secondaries will come on the upper primaries4 ,when they are well set1 they should be reduced in number and in no case should more than five be left to grow4 ,in some cases four or even three will be sufficient4 ,whatever the number that may be left1 it must be understood that these are the branches that will bear the crop for the fourth year4 ,during the third year new secondaries will grow from the places where the former secondaries grew4 ,sometimes two will grow from one bud1 they should all be removed1 the trees being gone over two months1 but at the last handling before blossoming time1 which varies greatly with the elevation above sea level1 enough of these new secondaries should be left to make wood for the fifth year's crop4 ,from this time on the coffee planter should be able to point out the wood on which the present and the next year's crop will be borne1 and it is this wood and that only1 that should be allowed to grow4 ,all other shoots1 suckers1 etc41 should be rubbed off each time the tree is handled1 provision being made each year for the wood for the crop two years hence4 ,during the third year1 the trees will require topping4 ,as to the height at which a coffee tree should be topped1 there is a great diversity of opinion4 ,some planters advocate topping as low as four and a half feet1 others at six or seven feet2 as a matter of fact the coffee tree will bear fruit if topped as low as one and one half feet or if not topped at all4 ,the only valid reason for topping as low as four and a half feet is for the convenience of picking the crop4 ,five and a half or six feet is a good height to top a coffee tree on the rich lands of the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,in fact the planters should not be guided by the number of feet1 but by the number of primaries he desires the tree to carry4 ,eighteen to twenty pairs are a reasonable number for a coffee tree to carry in this country1 and it will be found that by not counting those primaries that grow on the stem within fifteen inches from the ground1 eighteen or twenty pairs of primaries will come on the stem within six feet from the ground4 ,before topping the tree1 it should be allowed to grow somewhat higher that it is intended to top1 so that the wood may be hardened and not decay as it sometimes does if topped when the wood is too young4 ,topping is performed by cutting off the top of the tree at a point an inch above a pair of primaries4 ,both primaries should also be cut off an inch from the stem4 ,this will leave the top in the form of a cross2 a knot will form at this point from which the tree will constantly send up shoots striving to make a new top4 ,these should be torn off every time the tree is handled4 ,we have now arrived at the time when the tree is bearing the first or maiden crop4 ,through careful handling the tree has been divested of all superfluous shoots1 branches1 etc41 and the crop is maturing on the primaries4 ,if the trees are situated on good rich soil1 and the trees are well grown1 there should be at least thirteen pairs of primaries bearing crop4 ,at an average of fifty berries to each primary there will be a yield of over one and a quarter pounds of clean coffee to the tree4 ,this yield for the first crop has been much exceeded in this country1 but it can only be assured by careful cultivation and handling as described in this paper4 ,we will now take a look at the condition of our three years old trees4 ,they have all been topped and are carrying from thirty-six to forty primaries1 of which all except the upper six or eight are carrying four or five secondaries that are well advanced and which will bear the crop for the fourth year4 ,there will also be four or five secondaries1 that are one or two months old1 which are intended to bear the fifth year's crop4 ,all other growth should be removed as before up to the time of blossoming for the fourth year's crop4 ,this may be estimated as follows3 ,there should be at least twenty-four primaries that have on each of them say1 four bearing secondaries4 ,at thirty berries to each secondary1 the yield would be close to three pounds of clean coffee to each tree4 ,this again has been exceeded in this country for four year old trees1 but it must be borne in mind1 that in order to obtain these results1 proper cultivation1 handling and pruning must be done4 ,without proper care such results would be impossible1 the coffee cannot grow an abundance of wood and coffee at the same time4 ,as soon as the crop of the fourth year is gathered the work of pruning must commence without delay4 ,this consists of cutting off with a sharp knife the secondaries that have borne the crop4 ,they must not be cut so close as to injure the eye or bud4 ,about three-sixteenths of an inch from the stem of the primary will be quite safe1 and the secondaries for the fifth year's crop will soon make their appearance4 ,care should be taken to leave the stem of the tree clear of shoots and foliage for a space of six inches from the stem2 the tree will want all the light it can get4 ,the coffee tree can be said to be in full bearing when all the primaries are carrying bearing secondaries4 ,during the life of the coffee tree1 the planter must keep a close watch on his trees and restrict their wood-bearing propensities to the wood that is to bear his crops2 nothing else should be allowed to grow4 ,if the work is commenced rightly and carried on systematically1 the work will not be difficult and no crops will be lost4 ,but on the other hand1 if the work is neglected1 the trees will become matted and all the lower primaries die off4 ,these1 if once lost1 will not grow again4 ,the tree under these conditions will only bear a tithe of the crop it would bear with proper attention1 and furthermore it is a most difficult matter to bring a neglected tree into proper shape and it can only be done at a loss of one and perhaps two years' time4 ,there are many minor details connected with the care of the coffee tree which would occupy too much space to describe here1 and which the coffee planter can easily learn as he carries on the work of coffee planting4 ,without doubt coffee planting in this country is destined to become a great industry4 ,we have large tracts of the finest coffee lands in the world1 only waiting to be cultivated to make prosperous and happy homes4 ,one parting word to the intending coffee planter1 take ,davie ,crockett's motto1 ,be sure you're right and then go ahead4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,cost ,,of ,,establishing ,,and ,,maintaining ,a ,,coffee ,,plantation ,,of #ge ,,acres1 ,,from ,,the ,,first ,,to ,,the ,,seventh ,,year4 ,,first ,,year4 ,purchase of #ajj acres of ,government land at #aj4jj per acre #a1jjj #jj ,manager's house and water tank #fjj #jj ,laborers' quarters and water tank #cej #jj ,clearing #ej acres of land1 at #bj per acre #a1jjj #jj ,fencing #cjj #jj ,purchase of #fe1jjj1 #a-year old coffee plants at #e4jj per ,m #cbe #jj ,lining1 holing and planting #ej acres #fjj #jj ,manager's salary1 #a year #a1bjj #jj ,labor of #f ,japanese1 #a year at #ae per month #a1jhj #jj ,purchase of tools and starting nursery #ejj #jj --------- #f1iee #jj #f1iee #jj ,,second ,,year4 ,manager's salary #a1bjj #jj ,labor1 #f ,japanese #a1jhj #jj ,extra labor lining1 holing and planting #be acres #cjj #jj ,sundries #ejj #jj --------- #c1jhj #jj #aj1jce #jj ,,third ,,year4 ,manager's salary #a1bjj #jj ,labor1 #i ,japanese #a1fbj #jj ,pulping shed and drying house #ejj #jj ,pulper1 with engine and boiler #ejj #jj ,extra help for picking1 pulping and drying #bj1jjj lbs4 of coffee from #ej acres 7at #d cents per lb47 #hjj #jj ,hulling1 polishing and grading #bj1jjj lbs4 of coffee at #a cent #bjj #jj ,sundries3 bags1 freight1 etc4 #bej #jj --------- #e1jgj #jj #e1jgj #jj #ae1aje #jj ,,credit4 ,by sale of #bj1jjj lbs4 of coffee at #ah cents #c1fjj #jj --------- #aa1eje #jj ,,fourth ,,year4 ,manager's salary #a1bjj #jj ,labor1 #i ,japanese #a1fbj #jj ,extra labor picking1 pulping and drying #ej1jjj lbs4 of coffee from #ej acres 7at #d cents per lb47 #b1jjj #jj #aj1jjj lbs4 from #be acres 7#c-year-old trees7 #djj #jj ,hulling1 polishing and grading #fj1jjj lbs4 at #a cent #fjj #jj ,sundries3 bags1 freight1 etc4 #djj #jj --------- #f1bbj #jj #f1bbj #jj --------- #ag1gbe #jj ,,credit4 ,by sale of #fj1jjj lbs4 of coffee at #ah;c #aj1hjj #jj --------- #f1ibe #jj ,,fifth ,,year4 ,manager's salary #a1bjj #jj ,labor1 #i ,japanese #a1fbj #jj ,picking1 pulping and drying #fj1jjj lbs4 coffee from #ej acres and #be1jjj lbs4 from #be acres1 at #d cents #c1djj #jj ,hulling1 polishing and grading #he1jjj lbs4 at #a cent per lb4 #hej #jj ,sundries3 bags1 freight1 etc4 #ejj #jj --------- #g1egj #jj #g1egj #jj --------- #ad1die #jj ,,credit4 ,by sale of #he1jjj lbs4 coffee at #ah cents #ae1cjj #jj --------- ,balance on hand #ije #jj ,,sixth ,,year4 ,manager's salary #a1bjj #jj ,labor1 #i ,japanese #a1fbj #jj ,picking1 pulping and drying #ge1jjj lbs4 of coffee from #ej acres1 and #be1jjj lbs4 from #be acres1 #ajj1jjj lbs4 at #d cents #d1jjj #jj ,hulling1 polishing and grading #ajj1jjj lbs4 at #a cent #a1jjj #jj ,sundries3 bags1 freight1 etc4 #a1jjj #jj --------- #h1hbj #jj #h1hbj #jj ,,credit4 ,by sale of #ajj1jjj lbs4 of coffee at #ah cents #ah1jjj #jj --------- ,balance on hand #aj1jhe #jj ,,seventh ,,year4 ,manager's salary #a1bjj #jj ,labor1 #ab ,japanese #b1afj #jj ,picking1 pulping and drying #abe1jjj lbs4 of coffee at #d cents #e1ejj #jj ,hulling1 polishing and grading #abe1jjj lbs4 at #a cent #a1bej #jj ,sundries3 bags1 freight1 etc4 #a1bjj #jj --------- #aa1caj #jj #aa1caj #jj ,,credit4 ,by sale of #abe1jjj lbs4 of coffee at #ah cents #bb1ejj #jj --------- ,balance to credit of ,plantation at end of seventh year #ba1bge #jj ,the yields as given in the above estimate are far below what may be attained by thorough cultivation and fertilizing4 ,the coffee tree responds readily to good treatment1 but will disappoint its owner if neglected4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,plantation1 ,,hamakua4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,plantation1 ,,puna4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,agricultural ,,possibilities4 ,while the coffee trees are growing and during the time that will elapse before the planter receives returns from his investment1 it would be a wise thing for him to plant such things1 as will not only provide the greater part of the food for himself and family1 but may also yield a moderate return in money4 ,the soil and climate of the ,hawaiian ,islands will grow almost anything that grows in any other country4 ,all ,northern fruits can be grown if one will only go high enough on the mountain slopes of ,maui and ,hawaii4 ,but the coffee planter must confine himself to such things as will thrive in the vicinity in which his coffee trees are planted1 and it is for the information of intending planters that this chapter is written4 ,in the first place1 almost all kinds of vegetables will grow in such profusion as will astonish those who have lived only in ,northern climes4 ,green and sweet corn1 potatoes1 ,irish and sweet1 cabbages1 tomatoes1 beans1 lettuce1 radishes and many other kinds of vegetables1 all of the finest quality and in the greatest profusion1 can be had every day in the year4 ,strawberries and raspberries can also be had all the year round4 ,in addition to oranges and limes1 which grow to perfection in this country1 many fruits peculiar to tropical and semi-tropical climates grow well and flourish in these ,islands4 ,among the more important is the ,avocado ,pear 7,persea ,gratissima71 commonly called the ,alligator ,pear4 ,this tree grows well and bears fruit1 of splendid quality1 in from #c to #e years from seed4 ,the fruit is much esteemed by all classes4 ,a small quantity of the fruit is shipped to ,california2 what reaches there in good condition is quickly bought at high prices4 ,it can only be carried safely in cold storage1 and this is very expensive freight4 ,a native peach does well1 and will bear fruit in two years from seed4 ,the fruit is much smaller than the ,american peach1 which by the way does not do well on elevations below #djjj feet1 but very sweet and juicy and makes excellent preserves and pies4 ,without doubt this peach could in a few years be improved so as to rival peaches of any other country4 ,the ,mango 7,mangifera ,indica7 is a tropical fruit tree that grows in the greatest profusion and bears enormous crops of delicious fruit4 ,it comes into bearing in #e or #f years from seed and does well from sea level to an elevation of #bjjj feet4 ,the fruit is much liked by every one2 the green fruit is made into a sauce resembling1 but much superior to1 apple butter4 ,the ,guava 7,psidium ,guayava7 grows wild in all parts of the ,islands below #cjjj feet4 ,the fruit1 of which there is a great abundance1 is made into jam and the very finest jelly in the world4 ,in the fruiting season large quantities of the jelly can be made1 and without doubt1 exported at a profit4 ,the ,poha 7,physalis edulis7 is a quick growing shrub bearing a berry that makes excellent jelly and jam4 ,the shrub grows wild on elevations between #ajjj and #djjj feet4 ,a patch of pohas planted in a corner of a garden1 will grow and yield a bountiful supply of fruit almost without cultivation4 ,pineapples are at home on these ,islands2 a small plot planted with the best varieties of this king of fruits will keep the table supplied the year round4 ,another valuable fruit indigenous to this country is the ,papaia 7,carica papaya74 ,this fine fruit can be raised in enormous quantities and is a most fattening food for pigs and chickens4 ,the tree fruits in eight or nine months from the seed1 and thence forward for years it yields ripe fruit every month in the year4 ,the fruit is of the size of a small melon and is very rich in sugar4 ,the unripe fruit contains a milky juice that1 even when diluted with water1 renders any tough meat1 that is washed in it1 quite tender4 ,a small piece of the unripe fruit placed in the water in which meat or tough chicken is boiled makes it tender and easily digestible4 ,a very valuable food plant1 indigenous to these ,islands1 is the taro 7,colocasia esculenta74 ,the variety known as dry land taro will grow on land that is moist enough for the coffee trees4 ,the taro is a grand food plant1 the tubers containing more nutriment for a given weight than any other vegetable food4 ,the young tops when cooked are hard to distinguish from spinach4 ,the tubers must be cooked before they can be used for food1 in order to dissipate a very acrid principle that exists in both leaves and root4 ,another important food plant that has been introduced and yields abundantly is the ,cassava 7,manihot utilissima74 ,this plant furnishes the staple food for the population of ,brazil4 ,it is easily propagated by the planting pieces of the woody portions of the stems and branches4 ,the tubers are available in nine or ten months after planting4 ,there are two kinds1 the sweet and the bitter2 the latter being the more prolific4 ,the sweet kind can be fed to pigs without cooking4 ,the bitter kind contains a poisonous substance which is entirely destroyed by cooking4 ,there is no danger of animals eating the bitter kind in a raw state1 for no stock will touch it1 while the sweet kind is eagerly eaten in the raw state by pigs1 horses1 cows1 etc4 ,the tubers are prepared for human food by grating them4 ,the juice is then expelled by pressure1 and the residue pounded into a coarse meal1 which is made into thin cakes4 ,it is an excellent food1 and said to be much more digestible than bread and other foods made from wheat4 ,pigs can be very cheaply raised on the sweet variety of this plant4 ,a field of the plant being ready to gather1 a portion is fenced off1 and the pigs turned into it4 ,they will continue to feed until every vestige of the tubers is eaten1 leaving the ground in a fine condition for replanting4 ,the tubers never spoil in the ground1 in fact the soil is the very best storehouse for them4 ,however if left for two or three years the tubers grow very large and tough4 ,bananas1 in great variety1 are grown in all parts of the ,islands where there is sufficient moisture4 ,any land that will grow coffee will grow bananas4 ,the yield of fruit from this remarkable plant is something astonishing4 ,it commences to bear fruit in a little over one year from the time of planting4 ,the stem decays after the formation of a bunch of fruit2 this will weigh from #ej to #ajj pounds and upwards4 ,numerous suckers spring up from around the decaying stem and bear fruit in their turn4 ,one-half an acre planted with bananas would not only furnish a large family with an abundance of delicious and nutritious fruit1 but would also yield a large supply of feed for pigs1 chickens and other stock4 ,the tea plant 7,camellia ,thea7 grows well in this country and yields a tea of good quality4 ,it is hardly likely that it will become an article of export from this country1 as we cannot compete with the very low prices paid for labor in the great tea countries1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 and ,china4 ,but it can be grown for home consumption1 and there is no reason why every coffee planter should not have a patch of tea growing on his land4 ,an eighth of an acre1 planted out in tea plants1 would yield more tea than could be consumed by a large family2 the work of cultivation and preparation is light and easy and could be done by women and children4 ,the coffee lands are situated in forested tracts in which there is little or no pasturage for animals4 ,every coffee planter should keep one or more cows to obtain the milk and butter which will furnish a large addition to the food supply for himself and family4 ,in order to do this1 it will be necessary to plant such things as will furnish food for the animals4 ,we have several fodder plants that will yield a large quantity of feed and which will only grow in tropical and semi-tropical countries4 ,illustration3 ,,oceanic ,,steamship ,,australia4 ,illustration3 ,,volcano ,,house4 ,first among these is the ,teosinte ,reana 7,euchlacna luxurians74 ,this plant is a native of ,guatamala1 and grows splendidly in this country2 each plant requires sixteen feet of ground for its full development4 ,it is an annual if allowed to run to seed2 but its growth can be continued by cutting when four or five feet high1 and green feed obtained all the year round4 ,guinea grass 7,panicum ,maximum71 one of the grandest of fodder plants1 has been introduced and finds a congenial home in this country4 ,it is purely a tropical grass1 it grows to a height of eight feet forming large bunches which1 when cut young1 furnish an abundance of sweet and tender feed4 ,in districts when there is sufficient moisture1 it can be cut every two months4 ,caffir corn1 ,egyptian millet and ,sorghum grow well1 and should be planted in order to have a change of feed4 ,pumpkins and squash grow to an enormous size and yield an immense quantity of feed1 much relished by cows and pigs4 ,a dry land rice is being tried in the coffee districts of ,olaa and ,kona1 on the ,island of ,hawaii1 and there is every reason to believe that it will be successful4 ,nearly all the laborers on the coffee plantations use rice as their staple food and it has to be brought from the ,island of ,oahu to the ,islands of ,hawaii and ,maui4 ,there is no doubt but that the rice used by the labor on the coffee plantations1 can be raised on the spot1 reducing the cost of living to the laborers1 and making them more contented4 ,it will be seen from the foregoing that many things can be grown that will enable the coffee planter to not only reduce the outlay for living expenses for himself and family but will also allow them to enjoy many of the comforts and luxuries of life4 ,while our main industries1 sugar1 coffee and rice1 are being vigorously carried on1 new products are not lost sight of4 ,experiments are in progress that promise to greatly diversify our industries and increase the number of our exports4 ,several fiber plants are receiving attention1 particularly the ,sisal ,hemp 7,agave ,sisalana7 and ,sansevieria or bow string ,hemp4 ,the ,sisal plant will grow and flourish on lands that are too dry for any other cultivation4 ,many thousands of the plants have been introduced and at least one plantation is being set out4 ,the bow string ,hemp requires a wet1 rich land in order to do well4 ,it probably yields the best fiber of all the leaf fiber plants4 ,ramie 7,boehmeria nivea7 grows splendidly in this country and after being well established will yield #d to #f crops per annum4 ,whenever a machine is invented that will economically decorticate the ,ramie fiber1 its cultivation will become an important industry in this country4 ,ramie will grow and do well wherever the coffee tree will grow1 and whenever the machine is available1 the coffee planter will have a profitable industry1 to go hand in hand with coffee and employ the slack time between the coffee picking seasons4 ,cocoa 7,theobroma ,cacao7 is the tree that produces the fruit from which chocolate is made4 ,it grows and bears well in moist humid districts1 and many of the coffee planters are setting out numbers of the trees4 ,there are many other economic plants that are well suited for culture in this country4 ,the country is entering on a new era1 and as the lands become settled and population increases1 many small cultures will become possible1 which will afford many persons the opportunity of making an easy living in a land of eternal summer4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,digest ,,of ,,the ,,land ,,act ,,of #ahie4 7,with reference to unoccupied lands47 ,the ,land ,act of #ahie1 having for its special object the settlement and cultivation of the ,government agricultural and pastoral land1 vested the control and management of ,public ,lands in a ,board of ,three ,commissioners1 composed of the ,minister of the ,interior and two persons appointed and removable by the ,president1 one of whom is designated the ,agent of ,public ,lands2 but excepting from the control of the ,commissioners1 town lots1 landings1 tracts reserved for ,public purposes1 etc41 which remain under the control of the ,minister of the ,interior4 ,for the purposes of the ,act1 the ,republic of ,hawaii is divided into ,six ,land ,districts1 as follows3 #ast4 ,hilo and ,puna on the ,island of ,hawaii4 #b;d4 ,hamakua and ,kohala on the ,island of ,hawaii4 #crd4 ,kona and ,kau on the ,island of ,hawaii4 #dth4 ,the ,islands of ,maui1 ,molokai1 ,lanai and ,kahoolawe4 #eth4 ,the ,island of ,oahu4 #fth4 ,the ,island of ,kauai4 ,the ,commissioners are represented by a ,sub-,agent in each ,district4 ,public ,lands for the purposes of this ,act are classified as follows3 ,i4 ,agricultural ,lands4 ,first ,class3 ,land suitable for the cultivation of ,fruit1 ,coffee1 ,sugar or other perennial crops with or without irrigation4 ,second ,class3 ,land suitable for the cultivation of annual crops only4 ,third ,class3 ,wet lands such as kalo and rice lands4 ,,ii4 ,pastoral ,land4 ,first ,class3 ,land not in the description of ,agricultural land but capable of carrying livestock the year through4 ,second ,class3 ,land capable of carrying livestock only part of the year1 or otherwise inferior to ,first ,class ,pastoral land4 ,,iii4 ,pastoral ,agricultural ,land3 ,land adapted in part for pasturage and in part for cultivation4 ,,iv4 ,forest ,land3 ,land producing forest trees but unsuitable for cultivation4 ,v4 ,waste ,land4 ,land not included in the other classes4 ,the ,act provides three principal methods for the acquirement of ,public ,lands1 under systems known as ,i4 ,homestead ,lease4 ,,ii4 ,right of ,purchase ,lease4 ,,iii4 ,cash ,freehold4 ,,general ,,qualification ,,of ,,applicants4 ,applicants for land under systems named above1 must be over eighteen years of age1 must be citizens by birth or naturalization or have received letters of denization or special rights of citizenship1 be under no civil disability for any offense1 nor delinquent in the payment of taxes4 ,special qualifications are named under the respective systems4 ,,homestead ,,lease ,,system4 ,the ,homestead ,lease system permits the acquirement of ,public ,land by qualified persons without other payments than a fee of two dollars upon application and a fee of five dollars upon issuance of ,homestead ,lease4 ,the limit of area in the different classes of land which may be acquired under ,homestead ,lease is3 #h acres first-class agricultural land2 #af acres second-class agricultural land2 #a acre wet 7rice or taro7 land2 #cj acres first-class pastoral land2 #fj acres second-class pastoral land2 #de acres pastoral-agricultural land4 ,,special ,,qualifications ,,of ,,applicants ,,for ,,homestead ,,lease4 ,any person having the general qualifications 7as to citizenship1 etc47 who is not the owner in his own right of any land in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 other than wet land 7rice1 taro1 etc47 and who is not an applicant for other land under the ,act may apply under this part of the ,act1 and such application may cover one lot of wet land in addition to other land1 if reasonably near4 ,husband and wife may not both be applicants4 ,applications must be made in person at the office of ,sub-,agent of the ,district1 accompanied by sworn declaration of qualifications1 and a fee of #b4 ,,certificate ,,of ,,occupation4 ,the successful applicant receives a certificate of occupation which entitles him to occupy the described premises and to receive a homestead lease for ,nine ,hundred and ,ninety-,nine ,years1 if conditions of certificate of occupation have been fulfilled1 the conditions being3 ,that the occupier shall1 before the end of two years1 build a dwelling house and reside on the premises4 ,he shall maintain his home on the premises from and after the end of two years from date of certificate4 ,he shall before the end of six years from date of certificate have in cultivation not less than #aj per cent4 of the land1 or have in cultivation #e per cent4 of the land and1 in good growing condition1 not less than ten timber1 shade or fruit trees per acre on agricultural land1 or if pastoral land1 fence the same within six years4 ,he shall pay the taxes assessed upon the premises within sixty days after the same are delinquent4 ,he shall perform any conditions of the certificates for the planting or protection of trees1 or prevention or destruction of vegetable pests that may be on the premises4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,homestead ,,lease4 ,the ,lessee or his successors must maintain his home on the leased premises1 must pay the taxes assessed upon the premises1 within sixty days after the same are delinquent1 and perform any conditions of the lease relating to protection or planting of trees1 or destruction and prevention of vegetable pests4 ,lands held under a certificate of occupation or homestead lease are liable to taxation as estates in fee4 ,in case of the death of an occupier or lessee his interests1 notwithstanding any devise or bequest shall vest in his relations1 in the order prescribed in the ,act1 the widow or widower being first in order1 then the children1 etc4 ,certificates of occupation or homestead lease1 or any interest thereunder1 is not assignable by way of mortgage nor is the same subject to attachment1 levy or sale on any process issuing from the ,courts of the country4 ,neither the whole nor any portion of the premises may be sub-let4 ,surrender may be made to the ,government by an occupier or lessee having the whole interest if all conditions to date of surrender have been fulfilled1 and the person so surrendering is entitled to receive from the ,government the value of permanent improvement1 whenever the same is received by the ,government from a new tenant4 ,,right ,,of ,,purchase ,,leases4 ,right of ,purchase ,leases1 for the term of twenty-one years1 may be issued to qualified applicants1 with the privilege to the ,lessee of purchasing at the end of three years and upon fulfillment of special conditions4 ,,qualifications ,,of ,,applicants4 ,any person who is over eighteen years of age1 who is a citizen by birth or naturalization of the ,republic of ,hawaii or who has received letters of denization of special rights of citizenship1 who is under no civil disability for any offense1 who is not delinquent in the payment of taxes1 and who does not own any agricultural or pastoral land in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 may apply for ,right of ,purchase ,lease1 the limit of areas which may be acquired being3 #ajj acres first-class agricultural land2 #bjj acres second-class agricultural land2 #b acres wet 7rice or taro7 land2 #fjj acres first-class pastoral land2 #abjj acres second-class pastoral land2 #djj acres mixed agricultural and pastoral land4 ,any qualified person1 owning less than the respective amounts stated in foregoing list1 and which is not subject to residence condition1 may acquire additional land of the classes already held by him but so that his aggregate holding shall not be in excess of the limit named2 or if desiring additional land of another class may acquire the same according to ratio established between the various classes4 ,husband and wife may not both be applicants for ,right of ,purchase ,leases4 ,application must be made in person at the office of ,sub-,agent of the ,district1 and must be accompanied by a fee equal to six months rent of premises1 fee to be credited on account of rent1 if application is successful1 and to be returned is application is unsuccessful4 ,in case of more than one application for same lot the first application takes precedence4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,right ,,of ,,purchase ,,lease4 ,term3 twenty-one years4 ,rental3 ,eight per cent4 on the appraised value given in lease1 payable semi-annually4 ,the ,lessee must from the end of the first to the end of the fifth year continuously maintain his home on the leased premises4 ,the ,lessee must have in cultivation at the end of three years five per cent4 and at the end of five years ten per cent4 of his holding1 and maintain on agricultural land an average of ten trees to the acre4 ,pastoral land must be fenced4 ,interest in ,right of ,purchase ,lease is not assignable without written consent of the ,commissioners of ,public ,lands1 but the lease may be surrendered to the ,government4 ,in case of forfeiture or surrender of right of purchase lease1 reappraisement is made of the land and of permanent improvements thereon1 and if the land is again disposed of1 the incoming tenant shall pay for such permanent improvements and the amount when so received by the ,government shall be paid to the surrendering ,lessee4 ,,conditions ,,under ,,which ,,purchase ,,may ,,be ,,made4 ,at any time after third year of leasehold term1 the ,lessee is entitled to a ,land ,patent giving fee simple title1 upon his payment of the appraised value set forth in lease1 if he has reduced to cultivation twenty-five per cent4 of his leased premises1 and has substantially performed all other conditions of his lease4 ,illustration3 ,,kohala ,,railroad4 ,illustration3 ,,rice ,,field1 ,,pearl ,,city4 ,,cash ,,freeholds4 ,cash ,freehold ,lots are sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder1 at appraised value as upset price4 ,the qualification of applicants for ,cash ,freeholds and the areas of land which may be acquired are the same as those under ,right of ,purchase lease system4 ,,applications4 ,applications must be made to ,sub-,agent of ,district in writing with sworn declaration as to qualifications1 and a fee of ten per cent4 of appraised value of lot1 which fee is forfeited if applicant declines to take the premises at the appraised value1 and is credited to him if he becomes the purchaser of the lot4 ,if such applicant1 however1 is outbid1 his fee is returned to him4 ,if two or more applications are made and there is no bid above the upset price1 the first application takes precedence4 ,the purchaser at auction sale must pay immediately thereafter one-fourth of purchase price and thereupon receive a ,freehold ,agreement4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,freehold ,,agreement4 ,the freeholder shall pay the balance of purchase price in equal installments in one1 two and three years1 with interest at #f per cent41 but may pay any installment before it is due and stop corresponding interest4 ,twenty-five per cent4 of agricultural land must be cultivated1 and pastoral land fenced before the end of third year4 ,freeholder must maintain his home on the premises1 from end of first to end of third year4 ,he may not assign or sub-let without consent of ,agent of ,public ,lands4 ,he must allow ,agents of the ,government to enter and examine the premises4 ,he must pay all taxes that may be due upon the premises4 ,if all conditions are fulfilled he is entitled at end of three years to ,patent giving fee simple title4 ,in case of forfeiture or surrender the land and permanent improvements are reappraised separately1 and the value of such improvements when received by ,government from new tenant or freeholder1 will be paid to surrendering freeholder4 ,,settlement ,,associations4 ,six or more qualified persons may form a ,settlement ,association and apply for holdings in one block4 ,the provisions for cash freehold apply to the settlement of such blocks1 but first auction sale is confined to members of such ,settlement ,association4 ,any lot in such block which may be forfeited or surrendered1 or which is not taken up by any member of the ,settlement ,association1 within three months1 shall be open to any qualified applicants4 ,disputes1 disagreements or misunderstandings1 between the parties to certificate of occupation1 homestead lease1 right of purchase lease1 or cash freehold and relating thereto1 which can not be amicably settled1 shall be submitted to the ,circuit ,judge in whose jurisdiction the premises are situated and his decision shall be final subject only to appeal to ,supreme ,court4 ,,cash ,,sales ,,and ,,special ,,agreements4 ,with consent of ,executive ,council1 public lands not under lease may be sold in parcels of not over one thousand acres1 at public auction for cash1 and upon such sale and payment of full consideration1 a land patent will issue4 ,parcels of land of not over six hundred acres1 may with consent of ,executive ,council1 be sold at public auction upon part credit and part cash1 and upon such terms and conditions of improvement1 residence1 etc41 as may be imposed4 ,upon fulfillment of all conditions a ,land ,patent will issue4 ,,general ,,leases4 ,general leases of public lands may be made for a term not exceeding twenty-one years4 ,such leases are sold at public auction1 and require rent in advance quarterly1 semi-annually or annually4 ,the conditions of general leases are made at discretion of the ,commissioners1 and may be made for any class of public lands4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,,population4 ,the population of the ,islands according to the census of #ahij was #hi1iia1 or in round numbers #ij1jjj4 ,a census of the population has just been taken1 but the results cannot be exactly known for some months4 ,an estimate recently made based upon the knowledge of general increase from various sources gives the population as follows3 ,hawaiians #ce1jjj ,part ,hawaiians #aj1jjj ,chinese #ae1jjj ,japanese #bd1jjj ,portuguese #i1jjj ,american and ,european #ad1jjj ------- ,total #ajg1jjj ,since the census returns began to come in1 it is very evident that this estimate will be exceeded by some #b1jjj1 making the total population #aji1jjj4 ,the increase will probably be found among ,japanese and ,portuguese4 ,the population of ,honolulu is #bi1ibj1 or practically #cj1jjj4 ,,shipping4 ,the vessels flying the ,hawaiian flag number #eb1 aggregating #ba1fgh tons4 ,they are divided as follows3 #bc steamers1 aggregating #i1ege tons #e barks1 #d1aih #c ships1 #f1bgb #ba schooners and sloops1 aggregating #a1fbc ,of these vessels #ac are employed in foreign trade and #ci in trade between the ,islands4 ,,finances4 ,mention has been made of the taxes of this country4 ,a few words will be to the point upon the financial condition of the government4 ,the direct taxes yielded1 in #ahie1 #eib1fia4ib4 ,the ,customs revenue was #edg1adi4jd and licenses1 c41 produced #fjj1bbd4bc1 in all #a1gdj1jfe4ai4 ,the current expenditures are kept within the current income4 ,great public improvements are provided for by loan4 ,this is what every growing country has to do4 ,the public debt of the country on ,january #a1 #ahif1 was #c1gfd1cce4 ,with a population of #aji1jjj1 this gives about #cd per head of the population4 ,the ,hawaiian ,government finds no difficulty in obtaining means for internal improvements1 and a scheme is now on foot to reduce the interest and consolidate the public debt4 ,the exports in #ahie amounted to #h1dgd1ach4ae and the imports to #e1cci1ghe4jd4 ,this certainly shows well for a country whose total population is exceeded by dozens of cities4 ,of the exports #g1ige1eij4da were accredited to sugar1 #bb1hbc4fh to coffee1 #ajb1eii4be to bananas and #h1ghc4hd to pineapples4 ,these three latter items are elastic and the showing of #ahif will give a very large increase in their yields4 ,of the imports #d1aba1ibj4bb came from the ,pacific ports of the ,united ,states and #cid1cii4af from the ,atlantic ports2 a total of #d1eaf1cai4ch1 leaving but #a1aig1fih4af for every other nation that the country has commercial relations with4 ,in point of fact1 taking exports and imports1 the business in #ahie done by the ,hawaiian ,islands with all its commercial relations amounted to #ad1ahh1aee4fi2 of this sum #ab1ijh1ejh4ib was done with the ,united ,states1 which amounts to #ia per cent4 of the whole business of the ,islands4 ,from these figures it can be judged how prosperous a little community that of the ,hawaiian ,islands is1 and further how close are its relations with the ,great ,republic4 ,what country in the world has #ia per cent4 of its commercial relations with its neighbor8 ,the financial condition of ,hawaii is on a sound basis4 ,the men in charge of its government are frugal and careful of the public expenditure1 the whole tendency of the ,republic is to foster industry and thrift4 ,the institutions are liberal and nothing is more desirable for such a country than the immigration of colonists1 with capital to develop the industries and determination to work honestly and well4 ,,for ,,tourists4 ,it was not the intention when planning this pamphlet to speak of the opportunities for tourists visiting the ,islands1 but a few words are appended4 ,the object of the pamphlet has been to show the agricultural resources and general conditions4 ,the great attraction of the ,islands is undoubtedly the ,volcano of ,kilauea1 the greatest and most striking volcano in the world4 ,though quiescent for a time during part of #ahie and #ahif1 it has now burst forth with renewed splendor and promises to exceed many of its former efforts4 ,moreover1 from the rising of the lakes of fire1 and the floor of the crater generally1 it has evidently come to stay4 ,but it is not only this one great natural wonder that is attractive to the tourist4 ,the crater of ,haleakala1 the largest extinct crater in the world1 is almost1 in its silent magnificence1 equal to the wonder of the boiling and seething ,kilauea4 ,then the delightful climate1 the balmy breezes1 the brilliant coloring of sky1 sea and land1 the luxuriant tropical vegetation1 and the peculiar ,dolce far niente life1 all lend a charm to which no one who visits the place has ever failed to respond4 ,in fact a visit to the ,hawaiian ,islands is one of the pleasantest experiences of a life-time4 ,for people suffering from pulmonary troubles the climate is unrivalled and there are now several sanitariums where such patients can be attended to4 ,san ,francisco and ,victoria are the two points of deportation for the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,the ,oceanic ,steamship ,line has vessels sailing twice a month4 ,one steamer sails for ,honolulu1 stays a few days1 and returns to ,san ,francisco4 ,the other steamers touch at ,honolulu and go on to the ,australian colonies4 ,round trip tickets can be obtained and also lay over tickets1 at the ,company's offices on ,montgomery street1 ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,pacific ,mail and ,o4 ,o4 ,s4 ,s4 lines1 running from ,china and ,japan to ,san ,francisco1 also touch at ,honolulu regularly4 ,arrangements can be made to lay over in ,honolulu1 visit the ,volcano and proceed on the voyage by the next vessel4 ,from ,victoria the ,c4 ,a4 ,s4 ,s4 sail once a month4 ,they give the tourist a chance of seeing the ,canadian ,pacific ,railroad before coming here1 but a round trip ticket would have to be for a full month4 ,by the ,o4 ,s4 ,s4 lines less time need be spent on the ,islands4 ,the cost of round trip passage is #abe4 ,the cost of trip to the ,volcano1 including all expenses is #ej4 ,hotel expenses in ,honolulu from #b a day1 according to accommodation4 ,particulars on these subjects can always be learned by writing to ,wilder ,s4 ,s4 ,co41 ,fort street1 ,honolulu2 or the ,inter-,island ,steamship ,co41 ,queen street1 ,honolulu4 ,,price ,,list ,,of ,,provisions ,,on ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands4 ,fresh ,hawaiian butter1 from #be to #ej;c4 per lb4 ,hams1 from #af-a_/b to #cj;c4 per lb4 ,bacon1 from #af-a_/b to #bj;c4 per lb4 ,cheese1 from #bj to #ce;c4 per lb4 ,family pork1 from #ae to #ah;c4 per lb4 ,corned beef1 #g;c4 per lb4 ,fresh meat1 from #f to #ae;c4 per lb4 ,loin of ,porterhouse steaks1 from #f to #ae;c4 per lb4 ,tinned fruits per doz41 from #a4ge to #b4be4 ,golden ,gate ,flour1 per #ajj-lb41 #b4ej4 ,lower grades1 #b4bj4 ,hawaiian rice1 #c4be to #e4jj per #ajj lbs4 ,hawaiian bananas1 per bunch1 #be to #ee;c4 ,potatoes1 from #a to #b;c4 per lb4 ,eggs per dozen1 #be to #ej;c4 ,rolled oats per case1 #e4ej4 ,ice1 in small quantities1 #a-a_/b;c42 #ej lbs4 and over1 #a;c4 per lb4 ,,wages4 ,the following is an approximation of the wages paid to different classes of labor on the ,hawaiian ,islands3 ,engineers on plantations1 from #abe to #age per month1 house and firewood furnished4 ,sugar boilers1 #abe to #age per month1 house and firewood furnished4 ,blacksmiths1 plantation1 #ej to #ajj per month1 house and firewood furnished4 ,carpenters1 plantation1 #ej to #ajj per month1 house and firewood furnished4 ,locomotive drivers1 #dj to #ge per month1 room and board furnished4 ,head overseers1 or head lunas1 #ajj to #aej4 ,under overseers1 or lunas1 #cj to #ej with room and board4 ,bookkeepers1 plantation1 #ajj to #age1 house and firewood furnished4 ,teamsters1 white1 #cj to #dj with room and board4 ,hawaiians1 #be to #cj with room2 no board4 ,field labor1 ,portuguese and ,hawaiian #af to #ah per month2 no board4 ,field labor1 ,chinese and ,japanese1 #ab4ej to #ae per month2 no board4 ,in ,honolulu bricklayers and masons receive from #e to #f per day2 carpenters1 #b4ej to #e2 machinists1 #c to #e2 painters1 #b to #e1 per day of nine hours4 ,,domestic ,,labor4 ,the domestic labor in ,honolulu and in all parts of the ,islands1 has for many years been performed by ,chinese males1 who undoubtedly make excellent house servants4 ,during the last four or five years the ,japanese have entered the field2 the ,japanese women are especially in demand as nurses for children4 ,the following are the prevailing rates of wages3 ,cooks1 ,chinese and ,japanese1 #c to #f per week1 with board and room4 ,nurses and house servants1 #h to #ab per month1 with board and room4 ,gardeners or yard men1 #h to #ab per month1 with board and room4 ,sewing women1 #a per day and one meal4 ,good substantial meals can be obtained at respectable ,chinese restaurants and at the ,sailors' ,home for #be cents or ,board for #d4ej per week4 ,the market for all kinds of labor is overstocked and it would be very unwise for any one to come to these ,islands with no capital on the mere chance of obtaining employment4 ,the many steamships arriving at this port bring numbers of people seeking employment who are obliged to return disappointed4 ,illustration3 ,,nuuanu ,,avenue1 ,,honolulu4 ,illustration3 ,,waikiki ,,beach4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,historical ,,sketch4 ,although the written history of the ,hawaiian ,islands begins with their discovery by ,captain ,cook in #aggh1 yet the aboriginal inhabitants had at that time an oral traditional history which extended back for several centuries4 ,,origin4 ,as to their origin1 these people formed but one branch of the ,polynesian race1 which at a remote period settled all the groups of islands in the central and ,eastern ,pacific1 as far as ,new ,zealand in the ,south and ,easter ,island in the ,east4 ,this is shown by the close physical and moral resemblance between their inhabitants1 as well as by the facts that they all speak dialects of the same language1 and have the same manners and customs1 the same general system of tabus1 and similar traditions and religious rites4 ,the evidence of both language and physical traits tends to show that their remote ancestors came from the ,east ,indian ,archipelago1 and that they were still more distantly related to the pre-,arian races of ,hindostan4 ,it is also proved by concurrent traditions of the different groups that there was a general movement of population throughout central ,polynesia during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of the ,christian ,era1 during which the ,harvey ,islands and afterwards ,new ,zealand were colonized1 and many voyages were made between the ,hawaiian ,islands and the ,samoan and ,society groups4 ,this intercourse1 however1 seems to have ceased for four or five hundred years before the arrival of ,captain ,cook4 ,,arts ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,the ancient ,hawaiians were not savages1 in the proper sense of the term1 but barbarians of a promising type4 ,when we consider that they occupied the most isolated position in the world1 and that they were destitute of metals and of beasts of burden1 as well as of the cereal grains1 cotton1 flax and wool1 we must admit that they had made a creditable degree of progress towards civilization4 ,like the other ,polynesians1 they had not invented the art of making pottery1 or the use of the loom for weaving4 ,their cutting tools were made of stone1 sharks' teeth or bamboo4 ,their axes were made of hard1 fine grained lava1 chiefly found on the mountain summits4 ,their principal implement for cultivating the soil was simply a stick of hard wood1 either pointed or shaped into a flat blade at the end4 ,with these rude tools they cut and framed the timbers for their houses1 which were oblong with long sides and steep roofs1 and were thatched with pili grass1 ferns or hala leaves4 ,in the building as well as in the management of canoes they were unsurpassed4 ,for containers they used a large gourd 7cucurbita maxima1 which was not found elsewhere in the ,pacific71 and also cut out circular dishes of wood as truly as if they had been turned in a lathe4 ,for clothing they beat out the inner bark of the paper mulberry and of some other trees1 until it resembled thick flexible paper1 when it was called kapa or tapa4 ,for insignia of rank1 they made splendid feather cloaks1 and feather helmets1 which were worn only by chiefs4 ,for lights they used the oily nuts of the kukui or candle-nut tree4 ,for food they chiefly depended upon the tuberous roots of the taro plant 7,colocasia antiquorum71 but sweet potatoes were cultivated in the dry districts1 and yams in ,kauai and ,niihau4 ,they also cultivated bananas and sugar cane and the awa or kava plant for its narcotic properties4 ,fishing was carried on with great ingenuity and skill4 ,extensive fish ponds were built along the coasts1 which must have cost immense labor4 ,their food was cooked then1 as now1 by steaming it in an imu or underground oven with heated stones4 ,fire was produced by friction1 viz41 by rubbing a hard1 pointed stick in a groove made in a piece of softer wood1 until the little heap of fine powder collected at the end of the groove took fire4 ,there was no circulating medium which served the purpose of money1 and all trade was conducted by barter4 ,,civil ,,polity4 ,the civil polity of the ancient ,hawaiians was far more despotic than that of any other ,polynesian tribe4 ,the community was divided into three classes1 namely3 #a4 ,the nobility or ,alii 7,n4 ,z4 ,ariki71 comprising the kings and chiefs of various grades of rank4 #b4 ,the priests1 ,kahuna 7,n4 ,z4 ,tahunga71 including priests1 sorcerers and doctors4 #c4 ,the common people1 ,makaainana1 or laboring class4 ,there was a wide and impassable gulch between the chiefs and common people4 ,in fact1 the distinction between them was primarily of a sacred and religious character4 ,the chief was believed to be descended from the gods1 and to be allied to the invisible powers4 ,the contrast in stature and appearance as well as in bearing between the chiefs and common people was very striking4 ,only a chief had the right to wear the feather cloak and helmet1 or the ivory clasp1 ,niho ,palaoa2 his canoe and his sails were painted red1 and on state occasions he was attended by men carrying kahilis or plumed staffs of various colors4 ,when the highest chiefs appeared abroad1 all the common people prostrated themselves with their faces upon the ground4 ,it was death for a common man to remain standing at the mention of the king's name in song1 or when the king's food1 water or clothing was carried past2 to put on any article of dress belonging to him1 to enter his enclosure without permission1 or to cross his shadow or that of his house4 ,if a common man entered the dread presence of the sovereign1 he must crawl prone on the ground1 kolokolo1 and leave in the same manner4 ,the head chief of an island was styled the ,moi1 and his dignity was generally hereditary4 ,there were usually at least four independent kinglets in the group1 and sometimes the single ,island of ,hawaii was divided between several independent chiefs4 ,,land ,,tenure4 ,as a rule1 the chiefs were the only proprietors of the soil4 ,they were supposed to own not only the soil and all that grew upon it1 not only the fish of the sea1 but also the time and labor of their people4 ,the accepted theory was that all the lands belonged to the king1 of whom they were held by the high chiefs in fief2 i4 e41 on condition of rendering him tribute and military service4 ,each of these district chieftains divided up his territory among an inferior order of petty chiefs1 who owed to him the same service and obedience that he owed to the king4 ,in this way the land was subdivided again and again1 while at the bottom of the scale were the miserable serfs who tilled the soil4 ,these last were simply tenants at will1 liable to be dispossessed of their little holdings at any time1 or to be stripped of their personal property at the requisition of the chief4 ,,war4 ,wars were frequent and cruel4 ,there were numerous wars to settle the succession to the sovereignty of an ,island1 as well as contests between the head chiefs of the principal ,islands4 ,for example1 the chiefs of ,oahu often contended with those of ,maui for the possession of ,molokai1 and there were frequent wars between the chiefs of ,hawaii and those of ,maui for the district of ,hana4 ,their weapons consisted of long spears1 pololu2 javelins1 ihe2 daggers1 pahoa1 and clubs made of hard wood4 ,they never used the bow in war1 but slings made of cocoanut fiber or human hair were extensively employed4 ,they used no shields1 but became wonderfully expert in catching or parrying spears thrown at them4 ,sometimes they engaged in sea fights1 with large fleets of canoes on each side4 ,in general no quarter was given to the vanquished1 but there were certain sanctuaries called puuhonuas1 which afforded an inviolable refuge in time of war4 ,cannibalism was regarded by them with horror and detestation4 ,,religion4 ,the religious system of the ancient ,hawaiians was very similar to that of other ,polynesians4 ,it consisted in a great measure of nature worship4 ,to their minds all the powers of nature1 especially those that are mysterious and terrible1 were conceived of as living and spiritual beings4 ,thus the volcano1 the thunder1 the whirlwind1 the meteor and the shark were feared as being either the embodiment or the work of malevolent spirits 7akuas74 ,the four great gods1 ,kane1 ,kanaloa1 ,ku and ,lono1 who were worshiped throughout ,polynesia1 originally belonged to this class1 as is shown by the cosmogony of the ,new ,zealand ,maoris4 ,among these four ,kane held the primacy4 ,the souls of great chiefs went to his abode after death4 ,pele1 the dread goddess of volcanoes1 and her numerous family1 dwelt in the crater of ,kilauea1 but also caused the eruptions of ,mauna ,loa and ,hualalai4 ,in ,hawaii she was feared more than any other deity4 ,one large class of akuas were supposed to be incarnated in certain species of animals1 which were feared or believed to have a supernatural character1 as the shark4 ,another class of deities1 which included most of the professional gods1 consisted of deified spirits of the dead4 ,the ,aumakuas were tutelar deities1 attached to particular families1 who were often deified ancestors4 ,sickness and disease were generally caused by their displeasure4 ,,ceremonial ,,system4 ,there were two hereditary orders of priests1 endowed with lands1 who kept up the elaborate liturgy and ritual of the temples1 and also preserved whatever knowledge of astronomy1 history1 medicine1 etc41 had been handed down to them4 ,the tabu system covered the entire daily life of the people with a vast network of minute regulations and penalties4 ,thus1 it was tabu for men and women to eat together1 or even to have their food cooked in the same oven4 ,women were forbidden to eat pork1 bananas1 cocoanuts1 or turtle and certain kinds of fish1 on pain of death4 ,there were certain tabu days when no canoe could be launched1 no fire lighted1 and when no sound could be made1 on pain of death4 ,even dogs had to be muzzled and fowls shut up in calabashes for twenty-four hours at a time4 ,the human sacrifice was the crowning act of the ancient worship1 offered only on certain solemn occasions1 and at the temples 7,heiaus7 of the highest class4 ,whenever a temple was to be dedicated1 a new house to be built for the chief1 or a new war canoe to be launched1 many of the people fled to the mountains and lay hidden till the danger was past4 ,besides the regular priesthood1 there were many kinds of medicine men1 necromancers or mediums1 sorcerers and diviners1 who preyed upon the superstition and credulity of their countrymen4 ,the belief that all forms of disease were caused by evil spirits1 and their fear of being prayed to death 7anaana71 kept the people in a state of abject fear4 ,there is too much reason to believe that during several centuries preceding the discovery of the ,islands they had been deteriorating in many respects4 ,as the historian ,fornander has stated3 ,it was an era of strife1 dynastic ambitions1 internal and external wars on each ,island1 with all their deteriorating consequences of anarchy1 depopulation1 social and intellectual degradation1 loss of liberty1 loss of knowledge1 loss of arts4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,islands4 ,it seems to be almost certain that one ,juan ,gaetano1 a ,spanish navigator1 saw ,hawaii in #aeee ,a4 ,d4 ,a group of islands1 the largest of which was called ,la ,mesa1 was laid down in the old ,spanish charts in the same latitude as the ,hawaiian ,islands1 but #aj degrees too far east4 ,on the eighteenth of ,january1 #aggh1 ,captain ,cook1 the great navigator1 while sailing due north from the ,society ,islands1 discovered the ,islands of ,oahu and ,kauai4 ,the next day he landed at ,waimea1 ,kauai1 where he held friendly intercourse with the natives1 and afterwards laid in supplies at ,niihau4 ,he finally sailed for ,alaska1 ,feb4 #b;d4 ,the ,hawaiians looked upon him as an incarnation of the god ,lono1 and upon his crew as supernatural beings4 ,returning from the ,arctic the following winter1 he anchored in ,kealakekua bay1 ,january #agth1 #aggi4 ,here he received divine honors and was loaded with munificent presents of the best that the islands could produce4 ,by his rash and arbitrary conduct1 however1 he involved himself in an affray with the natives1 in which he was killed on ,february #adth1 #aggi4 ,the spot where he fell is now marked by an appropriate monument4 ,illustration3 ,,lunalilo ,,home1 ,,for ,,aged ,,hawaiians4 ,illustration3 ,,kamehameha ,,school4 ,,early ,,traders4 ,for seven years after the death of ,captain ,cook no foreign vessel ventured to touch at the ,islands4 ,after that time many of the vessels engaged in the fur trade on the northwest coast of ,america called at the ,islands for supplies on their way to ,canton or ran down here to spend the winter4 ,waimea1 ,kauai1 and ,kealakekua bay were the two harbors most frequented by them4 ,fire arms1 powder and shot were the articles most in demand among the natives4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,kamehameha4 ,at the death of ,kalaniopuu1 ,moi1 of ,hawaii1 in #aghb1 a civil war broke out1 which rent the ,island into three petty sovereignties1 which were presently reduced to two4 ,the districts of ,kohala and ,kona were held by ,kamehameha1 a nephew of the late king1 while the other districts were loyal to his son1 ,keoua4 ,after a sanguinary war lasting nine years 7during which ,kamehameha had ravaged ,west ,maui and conquered the district of ,hamakua71 he became master of the whole of the ,island of ,hawaii by the assassination of his rival1 ,keoua1 at ,kawaihae1 in #agia4 ,,visits ,,of ,,vancouver4 ,the name of ,capt4 ,george ,vancouver is still cherished as that of a wise and generous benefactor to these ,islands4 ,during his survey of the northwest coast of ,america in #agib-agid1 he made three visits to the ,islands4 ,he uniformly refused to sell fire arms or ammunition to the chiefs1 but gave them useful plants and seeds1 and presented ,kamehameha with the first cattle and sheep ever landed in the ,islands4 ,on the #beth of ,february1 #agid1 ,kamehameha and his chiefs voluntarily placed ,hawaii under the protection of ,great ,britain1 in token of which the ,british flag was hoisted on shore at ,kealakekua4 ,,conquest ,,of ,,oahu4 ,after the death of ,kahekili1 the sovereign of the leeward ,islands1 in #agid1 a civil war broke out between his brother ,kaeo and his son ,kalanikupule1 in which the former was killed4 ,soon after ,kalanikupule treacherously massacred ,captains ,brown and ,gordon1 who had assisted him in the late war1 and seized their vessels in the harbor of ,honolulu4 ,having put his guns and ammunition on board1 he proposed to sail immediately for ,hawaii1 in company with a fleet of war canoes1 to attack ,kamehameha4 ,but the ,english sailors who had been reserved to navigate the two vessels1 suddenly rose at midnight1 recaptured them1 and sailed for ,hawaii1 where they informed ,kamehameha of all that had occurred4 ,kamehameha saw that his opportunity had now come1 and lost no time in mustering all the war canoes and fighting men of ,hawaii4 ,after overrunning ,west ,maui and touching at ,molokai1 he landed in ,waialea bay1 ,oahu1 in the latter part of ,april1 #agie4 ,there he spent a few days in organizing his army before marching up the valley of ,nuuanu1 where ,kalanikupule had prepared to make his last stand4 ,the ,oahu warriors were soon routed and pursued up the valley4 ,some of the fugitives were hemmed in and driven over the ,pali1 or precipice1 at the head of ,nuuanu1 a little north of the present road4 ,this victory made ,kamehameha master of all the ,islands except ,kauai and ,niihau4 ,with the exception of a short insurrection in ,hawaii1 there was peace during the rest of his reign4 ,,decrease ,,of ,,population4 ,the decrease of the population during this period must have been very rapid4 ,vancouver in #agib1 ,broughton in #agif1 and ,trumbull in #ahja1 were strongly impressed with the misery of the common people and their rapid decrease in numbers4 ,this was partly the result of wars1 but was still more due to the diseases and vices introduced by foreigners4 ,in the summer of #ahjd a pestilence1 supposed to have been the cholera1 carried off half of the population of ,oahu4 ,botany ,bay convicts had introduced the art of distilling liquor before the year #ahjj1 and drunkenness had become very prevalent4 ,,the ,,sandal-,,wood ,,trade4 ,during the first quarter of the present century the sandal-wood trade was at its height4 ,this wood was in great request at ,canton1 where it was sold for incense and the manufacture of fancy articles4 ,it was purchased by the picul of #acc-a_/b pounds1 the price varying from eight to ten dollars for the picul4 ,this wood1 while it lasted1 was a mine of wealth for the chiefs1 by means of which they were enabled to buy fire arms1 liquor1 boats and schooners1 as well as silks and other ,chinese goods1 for which they paid exorbitant prices4 ,,the ,,cession ,,of ,,kauai4 ,in ,march1 #ahaj1 ,kaumualii1 the last ,king of ,kauai1 visited ,honolulu in the ship ,albatross1 ,capt4 ,nathan ,winship1 in order to have an interview with ,kamehameha4 ,it was then arranged between the two chiefs that ,kaumualii should continue to hold his ,island in fief of ,kamehameha during his life-time1 on condition of paying tribute4 ,,russian ,,aggressions4 ,during the year #ahae a ,dr4 ,scheffer was sent to the ,islands by ,baranoff1 the ,russian ,governor of ,alaska4 ,he built a fort at ,waimea1 for ,kaumualii1 on which the ,russian colors were displayed1 and urged him to place himself under the protection of ,russia4 ,on hearing of this1 ,kamehameha sent a large force to ,honolulu1 where a substantial fort was built during the year #ahaf4 ,he also sent orders to ,kaumualii to expel ,dr4 ,scheffer1 which was done4 ,,death ,,of ,,kamehameha4 ,kamehameha ,i4 died on ,may #hth1 #ahai1 at ,kailua1 ,hawaii4 ,his work was done4 ,he had consolidated the group under a strong government1 put an end to feudal anarchy and petty wars1 and thus prepared the way for civilization and ,christianity4 ,,abolition ,,of ,,idolatry4 ,in accordance with his will1 his eldest son1 ,liholiho1 was installed as king1 with the title of ,kamehameha ,,ii41 and ,kaahumanu1 his favorite queen1 as premier1 to exercise equal powers with the young prince1 whose dissolute and reckless character is well known4 ,their first important act was the abolition of the tabu system1 which took place at a great feast held at ,kailua in ,october1 #ahai1 at which men and women ate together in public for the first time4 ,this was followed by the general burning of idols and temples throughout the group4 ,kekuaokalani1 a cousin of ,liholiho1 put himself at the head of the adherents of the ancient faith1 but was defeated and slain in the battle of ,kuamoo1 fought about ,december #bjth1 #ahai4 ,,the ,,arrival ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,missionaries4 ,the pioneer company of ,american missionaries to these ,islands arrived at ,kailua1 ,april #dth1 #ahbj4 ,they soon reduced the language to writing and commenced printing the first book in ,january1 #ahbb4 ,they found in the ,hawaiians an amiable and highly receptive race1 eager for knowledge and easily influenced for good or evil4 ,the principal opposition to reform was made by foreigners4 ,,the ,,whaling ,,fleet4 ,the first whale ship called at ,honolulu in #ahbj1 and was soon followed by many others4 ,their number soon increased to #ajj every year1 and the furnishing of supplies for them became the chief resource of the ,islands1 as the sandal-wood became exhausted4 ,,death ,,of ,,liholiho4 ,the young king1 accompanied by his wife and six chiefs1 embarked for ,england1 ,november #bg1 #ahbc1 on an ,english whale ship4 ,on their arrival in ,london they received the utmost hospitality and courtesy1 but in a few weeks the whole party was attacked by the measles1 of which the king and queen both died4 ,,rebellion ,,on ,,kauai4 ,meanwhile1 on the death of ,kaumualii1 a rebellion broke out in ,kauai1 led by his son1 ,humehume4 ,a desperate assault was made on the fort at ,waimea1 which was repulsed with loss4 ,over #a1jjj warriors were sent down from ,oahu and ,maui1 and a battle was fought near ,hanapepe1 ,august #ahth1 #ahbd1 in which the rebels were routed4 ,,visit ,,of ,,lord ,,byron4 ,the frigate ,blonde1 commanded by ,lord ,byron1 cousin of the poet of that name1 was commissioned to convey the remains of the late king and queen1 together with their retinue1 back to their native land4 ,it arrived at ,honolulu1 ,may #fth1 #ahbe1 when the royal remains were deposited in a mausoleum with impressive funeral ceremonies4 ,kauikeaouli1 the younger brother of ,liholiho1 was proclaimed king with the title of ,kamehameha ,,iii41 and ,kaahumanu as regent during his minority4 ,her administration was signalized by a series of outrages at ,lahaina and ,honolulu1 committed by a depraved class of foreigners who resented certain regulations made to restrict public prostitution4 ,com4 ,jones visited the ,islands in the ,peacock in #ahbf1 and concluded the first treaty between the ,hawaiian ,islands and the ,united ,states4 ,the next year the first written laws were published against murder1 theft1 adultery and gambling4 ,,the ,,roman ,,catholic ,,mission4 ,the first ,roman ,catholic missionaries arrived at ,honolulu1 ,july #gth1 #ahbg1 on the ship ,comet1 from ,bordeaux1 and soon gathered a congregation4 ,they were members of the so-called ,picpusian ,order1 or ,congregation of the ,sacred ,hearts of ,jesus and ,mary4 ,unfortunately1 misunderstandings arose1 and from a mistaken belief that they were fomenting discord and sedition1 the chiefs caused them to be deported to ,san ,pedro1 ,california1 in ,january1 #ahcb4 ,,accession ,,of ,,kamehameha ,,iii4 ,kaahumanu died ,june #eth1 #ahcb1 and was succeeded by ,kinau1 half-sister of the king4 ,the king's minority was declared to be at an end in ,march1 #ahcc4 ,a tract of land was leased to ,ladd ,co4 in #ahce1 and about the same time a silk plantation was commenced by ,peck ,titcomb4 ,cotton was raised and manufactured on a small scale at ,kailua1 ,hawaii4 ,,persecutions4 ,during the next few years the chiefs persisted in a harsh and unjustifiable policy1 which imperiled the independence of the country4 ,on the return of the two banished priests from ,california1 in ,april1 #ahcg1 they were ordered to return in the same vessel in which they had come1 and were obliged to go on board of it4 ,meanwhile the ,british sloop of war ,sulphur1 ,captain ,belcher1 and the ,french frigate ,venus1 ,captain ,du ,petit ,thouars1 arrived and interposed in behalf of the priests4 ,as a compromise1 they were landed again on condition that they should leave by the first favorable opportunity4 ,again on the #c;d of ,november1 another priest1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,maigret1 and a lay brother arrived from ,valparaiso1 but were not allowed to land4 ,finally ,revs4 ,maigret and ,bachelot left in a schooner for ,bonabe1 ,micronesia4 ,from #ahce to #ahci the persecution of native converts was resumed1 but was at last put an end to by the declaration of rights promulgated ,june #dth1 #ahci1 and the king's edict of toleration1 issued ,june #agth4 ,,visit ,,of ,,the ,,artemise4 ,in consequence of these proceedings the ,french frigate ,artemise1 ,captain ,laplace1 was ordered to ,honolulu1 where it arrived ,july #ith1 #ahci4 ,captain ,laplace immediately sent the ,government a peremptory letter demanding that full religious liberty be proclaimed1 and that the sum of #bj1jjj be brought on board by noon of the #abth1 or hostilities would commence4 ,the required treaty was signed and the money promptly paid1 and on the #afth1 a commercial convention was also signed4 ,,first ,,constitution4 ,the declaration of rights1 mentioned above1 which guaranteed religious liberty1 produced a feeling of security unknown before1 and formed the first step towards establishing individual property in land4 ,the first constitution was proclaimed ,october #hth1 #ahdj4 ,it constituted a ,legislature1 consisting of a ,house of ,hereditary ,nobles1 and ,representatives to be chosen by the people1 who voted as a separate house4 ,it also defined the duties of the ,governors and provided for a ,supreme ,court4 ,,the ,,first ,,embassy4 ,during the next two years the ,french and ,english consuls seemed to vie with each other in the manufacture of petty grievances4 ,aware of the dangers impending over it1 the ,hawaiian ,government sent an embassy to the ,united ,states1 ,great ,britain and ,france1 in ,july1 #ahdb1 which consisted of ,messrs4 ,haalilio1 ,william ,richards and ,sir ,george ,simpson1 one of the governors of the ,hudson ,bay ,company4 ,,visit ,,of ,,captain ,,mallet4 ,on the #bdth of ,august1 #ahdb1 the ,french corvette ,embuscade1 ,captain ,mallet1 arrived at ,honolulu1 having been sent to investigate complaints of the violation of the ,laplace ,convention1 chiefly relating to local school matters4 ,having received an able and courteous reply to his demands1 he informed the king that ,admiral ,du ,petit ,thouars might be expected the next spring to settle these matters4 ,,the ,,cession ,,to ,,lord ,,paulet4 ,the dispatch of the embassy to ,europe and the visit of ,captain ,mallet both served to bring to a head the designs of ,mr4 ,charlton1 the ,british consul4 ,he suddenly left for ,london1 leaving ,alexander ,simpson as acting consul1 in order to defeat the objects of the embassy4 ,in consequence of their representations1 ,h4 ,b4 ,m4 frigate ,carysford1 commanded by ,george ,paulet1 was ordered to ,honolulu1 arriving there ,february #aj1 #ahdc4 ,on the arrival of the king from ,lahaina1 ,lord ,paulet sent him six demands1 threatening war if they were not acceded to by #d p4 m4 of the next day4 ,these demands chiefly related to a fraudulent land claim of ,charlton's1 and to decisions of the courts in certain civil suits between foreigners4 ,before the hour set for hostilities had arrived1 the king acceded to the demands under protest1 and appealed to the ,british ,government for damages4 ,but a fresh series of demands having been made1 and claims for damages having been trumped up amounting to #hj1jjj1 the king decided1 by ,dr4 ,judd's advice1 to forestall the intended seizure of the ,islands by a provisional cession1 pending an appeal to the justice of the home government4 ,the act of cession was carried into effect ,february #beth1 #ahdc4 ,the ,british flag took the place of the ,hawaiian for five months1 and a body of native troops was organized and drilled by ,british officers4 ,the country was meanwhile governed by a mixed commission consisting of ,lord ,paulet1 ,lieutenant ,frere1 a ,mr4 ,mackay and ,dr4 ,judd4 ,illustration3 ,,oahu ,,college4 ,illustration3 ,,pauahi ,,hall1 ,,oahu ,,college4 ,,the ,,restoration4 ,on being informed of these events1 ,admiral ,thomas1 ,commander-in-,chief of ,h4 ,b4 ,m4's naval forces in the ,pacific ocean1 immediately sailed from ,valparaiso for the ,islands1 arriving at ,honolulu ,july #beth1 #ahdc4 ,he immediately issued a proclamation1 declaring in the name of his government that he did not accept of the provisional cession of the ,hawaiian ,islands1 and on the #cast restored the national flag with impressive ceremonies4 ,his course was fully approved of by the home government1 and certainly tended to exalt the reputation of his country for justice and magnanimity in dealing with inferior races4 ,,the ,,recognition ,,of ,,hawaiian ,,independence4 ,meanwhile the ,hawaiian embassadors1 who had been joined by ,mr4 ,marshall1 the king's envoy1 had done effective work in ,london and ,paris4 ,at their request the matters in dispute had been referred to the law advisers of the crown1 who decided in favor of the ,hawaiian ,government on every point except the ,charlton land claim4 ,at length1 on the #bhth of ,november1 #ahdc1 the two governments of ,france and ,england issued a joint declaration in which they recognized the independence of the ,islands1 and reciprocally engaged never to take possession1 either directly or under the title of a protectorate1 or under any other form1 of any part of the territory of which they are composed4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,government4 ,both the king and his advisers saw that in order to maintain a permanent government it was necessary to combine both the native and foreign elements together in one common organization1 and to make the king the sovereign not merely of one race or class1 but of all4 ,during the next few years the executive departments of the ,government and the judiciary were organized by a group of men of remarkably high character and ability4 ,,land ,,titles4 ,during the period of #ahdf-ahee the ancient tenure of land was abolished1 and the foundation laid of individual property in land4 ,in the first place1 the king as feudal suzerain divided the lands of the kingdom between himself and each one of the chiefs1 his feudatories1 this partition being recorded in a book called the ,mahele ,book1 or ,book of ,division4 ,after this first partition was closed1 out of four million acres there remained in the king's hands about two and a half millions4 ,the king then redivided the lands which had been surrendered to him1 setting apart about a million and a half acres for the ,government1 and reserving for himself as his private domain1 about a million acres1 including the best of the lands4 ,the common people were granted fee simple titles for their house lots and the lands which they actually cultivated for themselves1 called ,kuleanas or homesteads4 ,,the ,,reprisals ,,of #ahdi4 ,from #ahdc till #ahdh the most amicable relations continued to exist between ,france and the ,hawaiian ,government4 ,but this state of things was then reversed by ,m4 ,dillon1 the new ,french consul1 who endeavored to reopen all old disputes and to create new grievances in every possible way4 ,his principal grounds of complaint were the high duty on brandy and the alleged partiality shown to the ,english language4 ,on the #abth of ,august1 #ahdi1 the ,french frigate ,poursuivante1 ,admiral ,de ,tromelin1 arrived at ,honolulu1 and was joined the next day by the corvette ,gassendi4 ,on the #bb;d the admiral sent to the king ten demands1 drawn up by ,m4 ,dillon1 allowing the ,hawaiian ,government three days in which to comply with them4 ,as these demands were firmly but courteously refused1 an armed force was landed on the #beth1 which took possession of the deserted fort1 the custom house and other buildings1 and the harbor was blockaded for ten days4 ,the fort was dismantled and the king's private yacht confiscated by way of reprisal1 after which the ,poursuivante sailed for ,san ,francisco1 taking ,m4 ,dillon as a passenger4 ,,the ,,second ,,embassy ,,to ,,france4 ,the king immediately sent ,dr4 ,judd as special commissioner to ,france1 accompanied by the two nephews of the king1 ,alexander1 the heir-apparent1 and ,lot ,kamehameha4 ,but on arriving in ,paris they found that ,m4 ,dillon had preceded them1 and still retained the confidence of the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs4 ,the embassy1 however1 agreed with ,lord ,palmerston upon the basis of a new treaty with ,great ,britain4 ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,protectorate4 ,the ,french corvette ,serieuse arrived at ,honolulu1 ,december #ac1 #ahej1 bringing ,m4 ,perrin1 ,commissioner of ,france1 and remained in port three months4 ,to the surprise of all1 he presented again the identical ten demands of his predecessor1 and resumed his policy of petty annoyance and interference with internal affairs of the kingdom4 ,at length his attitude became so menacing that the king and privy council passed a proclamation placing the ,islands provisionally under the protectorate of the ,united ,states4 ,this action was ratified by the next ,legislature4 ,although it was finally declined by the ,united ,states1 it had the desired effect1 and the obnoxious demands were dropped4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,of #aheb4 ,was a very liberal one for the times1 and has formed the basis of all succeeding constitutions4 ,the nobles were to be appointed by the kings for life4 ,the representatives1 who were to be not less than twenty-four in number1 were to be elected by universal suffrage4 ,,industrial ,,progress4 ,between the years #ahej and #ahfj a large part of the government land was sold to the common people in small tracts at nominal prices4 ,the rapid settlement of ,california opened a new market for the productions of the ,islands1 and gave a great stimulus to agriculture4 ,for a time large profits were made by raising potatoes for the ,california market4 ,wheat was cultivated in the ,makawao district1 and a steam flouring mill was erected in ,honolulu in #ahed4 ,the next year #dfc barrels of ,hawaiian flour were exported4 ,a coffee plantation was started at ,hanalei1 ,kauai1 in #ahdb1 and promised well1 but was attacked by blight after the severe drought of #ahea-b4 ,the export of coffee rose to #bjh1jjj pounds in #ahej1 but then fell off4 ,the export of sugar only reached #ejj tons in #ahec4 ,the sugar mills were generally worked by oxen or mules1 and the molasses drained in the old fashioned way4 ,,the ,,unfinished ,,annexation ,,treaty4 ,the year #ahec was rendered memorable by a terrible epidemic of small-pox1 which carried off several thousand people on the ,island of ,oahu4 ,during that and the following year there was an active agitation in ,honolulu in favor of annexation to the ,united ,states4 ,the king favored it as a refuge from impending dangers4 ,the missionaries generally opposed it1 fearing that its effects would be injurious to the native race4 ,the negotiations were carried on between ,mr4 ,gregg1 the ,american ,minister1 and ,mr4 ,wyllie1 the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 and a draft of the treaty was completed in ,june1 #ahed4 ,the representatives of ,france and ,great ,britain remonstrated with the king against it1 while the heir-apparent was also opposed to it4 ,the negotiation was still pending when the king suddenly died on the #aeth of ,december1 #ahed4 ,his adopted son and heir1 ,alexander ,liholiho1 was immediately proclaimed king1 under the title of ,kamehameha ,,iv4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,kamehameha ,,iv4 ,was uneventful4 ,he was married to ,emma ,rooke1 a chiefess partly of ,english descent1 who both by her character and her talents was worthy of the position4 ,by their personal exertions the king and queen succeeded in raising the funds with which to found the ,queen's ,hospital at ,honolulu4 ,their little son1 the ,prince of ,hawaii1 died in #ahfb1 at four years of age1 and with him expired the hope of the ,kamehameha dynasty4 ,during the same year ,bishop ,staley1 accompanied by a staff of clergymen1 arrived at ,honolulu and commenced the ,anglican ,mission4 ,during the following year the king was rapidly failing in health1 and on the #cjth of ,november1 #ahfc1 he died1 at the early age of twenty-nine1 and was succeeded by his elder brother1 ,prince ,lot ,kamehameha4 ,the development of the country during his reign was nearly at a stand-still4 ,the cultivation of wheat as well as that of coffee was given up1 but the culture of rice was commenced in #ahfj1 and proved to be a great success4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,kamehameha ,v4 ,the reign of ,kamehameha ,v4 was memorable for the change of the constitution which he made on his own authority1 soon after coming to the throne4 ,the right of suffrage was made to depend on a small property qualification and on ability to read and write4 ,the ,nobles and representatives were henceforth to sit and vote in one chamber4 ,during his reign the ,board of ,education was constituted1 the ,bureau of ,immigration formed1 and the ,act passed in #ahfe to segregate the lepers4 ,a treaty of reciprocity with the ,united ,states was negotiated1 but failed of ratification by the ,senate4 ,a destructive eruption from ,mauna ,loa took place in #ahfh1 in the ,district of ,kau4 ,the almost total destruction of the whaling fleet in the ,arctic ,sea in #ahga was a serious blow to the prosperity of the ,islands4 ,the ,king died suddenly ,december #aath1 #ahgb1 and with him ended the line of the ,kamehamehas4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,lunalilo4 ,as ,kamehameha ,v4 died without appointing any successor1 the choice devolved upon the ,legislature1 which met on the #hth of ,january1 #ahgc1 and elected ,william ,lunalilo1 cousin of the late king1 by a large majority1 amid general rejoicing4 ,during that year1 the proposal to cede or lease ,pearl ,harbor to the ,united ,states in consideration of a treaty of commercial reciprocity gave rise to an extensive agitation1 which intensified the suspicion and race prejudice that already existed4 ,the execution of the law for the segregation of lepers helped to widen the breach1 and the effects were seen in the mutiny of the household troops in ,september1 #ahgc1 which had the sympathy of the populace4 ,the ,king's health was already failing1 and on the #c;d of ,february1 #ahgd1 he died of pulmonary consumption4 ,by his will he left the bulk of his real estate to found a home for aged and indigent ,hawaiians4 ,,accession ,,of ,,kalakaua4 ,again the ,legislature was called together to elect his successor on the #abth of ,february1 #ahgd4 ,the two rival candidates were the ,queen-,dowager ,emma and ,david ,kalakaua1 the latter of whom was elected by thirty-nine votes to six4 ,a large mob1 composed of ,queen ,emma's partisans1 surrounded the court house during the election1 after which they broke into the building and assaulted the members of the ,legislature4 ,at the request of the ,cabinet1 a body of marines was landed from the ,u4 ,s4 ships ,tuscarora and ,portsmouth1 and another from ,h4 ,b4 ,m4's ship ,tenedos1 which dispersed the rioters and guarded the public buildings for a week4 ,kalakaua was sworn in at noon the next day1 and duly proclaimed ,king4 ,,the ,,reciprocity ,,treaty4 ,during the next year negotiations were opened with the ,united ,states for a treaty of commercial reciprocity1 which was ratified in ,june1 #ahge1 and finally went into operation in ,september1 #ahgf1 in spite of bitter opposition in both countries4 ,the development of the resources of the ,islands1 which has resulted from this treaty1 has surpassed all expectation4 ,in connection with it there has also been a large increase of the foreign elements in the population4 ,,the ,,king',s ,,tour ,,around ,,the ,,world4 ,on the #bjth of ,january1 #ahha1 ,king ,kalakaua set out on a tour around the world1 accompanied by the late ,col4 ,c4 ,h4 ,judd1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,armstrong4 ,he was received with royal honors in ,japan1 and afterwards visited ,china1 ,siam1 ,johore and ,british ,india4 ,after visiting the ,khedive of ,egypt1 the party made the tour of ,europe1 and returned home by way of the ,united ,states1 arriving in ,honolulu ,oct4 #bi1 #ahha4 ,,reactionary ,,policy ,,of ,,kalakaua4 ,unlike his predecessors1 ,kalakaua seemed to regard himself as merely a king of the native ,hawaiians1 and foreign residents as alien invaders4 ,it also seemed to be his chief aim to change the system of government into a personal despotism1 in which he should have unchecked control of the ,government ,treasury4 ,thus he took it upon himself in ,july1 #ahgh1 and again in ,august1 #ahhj1 to dismiss a ,ministry1 without assigning any reason1 immediately after it had been triumphantly sustained by a vote of the ,legislature4 ,on the latter occasion1 his appointment of ,celso ,caesar ,moreno as premier called forth the protest of the representatives of three great ,powers1 and such an uprising of the people that he had to give way4 ,adroit politicians were not wanting to flatter his vanity1 defend his follies1 and show him how to violate the spirit and intent of the ,constitution1 while keeping within the letter of the law4 ,the ,legislatures were packed with subservient office-holders1 while every artifice was used to debauch the native electorate and to foment race prejudice4 ,the national debt grew up from #chi1jjj in #ahhj to #a1icf1jjj in #ahhg4 ,at the same time1 under the existing law1 no foreigner could be naturalized without the ,king's approval4 ,illustration3 ,,masonic ,,temple4 ,illustration3 ,,kamehameha ,,museum4 ,,the ,,revolution ,,of #ahhg4 ,after the legislative session of #ahhf1 the ,king was virtually his own prime minister1 and went from one folly to another1 until his acceptance of two bribes1 one of #ge1jjj and another of #hj1jjj in connection with the assignment of an opium license1 precipitated the revolution of #ahhg4 ,overawed by the unanimity of the movement1 and deserted by his followers1 the ,king yielded without a struggle4 ,the ,constitution which he was pleased to sign on the #gth of ,july1 #ahhg1 was a revision of that of #ahfd1 intended to put an end to mere personal government1 and to make the executive responsible to the representatives of the people4 ,office-holders were made ineligible to seats in the ,legislature4 ,the ,ministers were henceforth to be removable only upon a vote of want of confidence passed by a majority of all the elective members of the ,legislature4 ,the ,nobles1 instead of being appointed by the ,king1 were to be elected for terms of six years1 by electors who should be possessed of taxable property worth #c1jjj1 or in receipt of an annual income of #fjj4 ,,the ,,insurrection ,,of #ahhi4 ,the opposition of the ,court and of other adherents of the old regime1 to the reforms of #ahhg1 led to an insurrection headed by ,r4 ,w4 ,wilcox1 on the #cjth of ,july1 #ahhi which was promptly put down1 but not without bloodshed4 ,seven of the rioters were killed and a large number wounded4 ,there can be little doubt that the late ,king and his sister were accessory to this ill-advised outbreak4 ,,accession ,,of ,,liliuokalani4 ,in order to recruit his health1 the ,king visited ,california in ,november1 #ahij4 ,in spite of the best medical attendance1 he continued to fail1 and breathed his last on the #bjth of ,january1 #ahia1 in ,san ,francisco4 ,his remains were brought to ,honolulu in the ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,charleston1 arriving there ,january #bith1 #ahia4 ,on the same day1 his sister took the oath to maintain the ,constitution1 and was proclaimed ,queen1 under the title of ,liliuokalani4 ,,the ,,revolution ,,of #ahic4 ,the ex-,queen in a published statement has since declared that she signed the ,constitution unwillingly4 ,the history of her short reign shows that it was her unaltered purpose to restore autocratic government4 ,in short1 she was determined to govern as well as to reign4 ,the decision of the ,supreme ,court that the term of the last ,cabinet expired with the ,king1 gave her an opportunity 7which she improved71 to dictate terms in advance to the incoming ,cabinet1 and to secure control of all appointments4 ,the legislative session of #ahib was protracted to eight months chiefly by her determination to retain her control of the ,executive1 as well as to carry through the opium and lottery bills4 ,meanwhile she had caused a ,constitution to be drawn up1 which would practically1 have transformed the government from a limited to an absolute monarchy1 besides disfranchising a class of citizens who paid two-thirds of the taxes4 ,this ,constitution she undertook to spring upon the country by a coup d'etat1 on the day of the prorogation of the ,legislature1 ,january #adth1 #ahic4 ,fortunately1 at the critical moment1 when her preparations were complete1 her ,ministers shrank from sharing the responsibility of such a revolutionary act1 and induced her to postpone it4 ,in such an undertaking to hesitate is fatal4 ,again there was a general uprising of the conservative part of the community similar to that of #ahhg4 ,but this time public opinion condemned all half way measures1 and declared the monarchy to be forfeited by its own act4 ,the ,reform leaders reorganized their forces1 and formed a ,provisional ,government1 which was proclaimed ,january #agth1 #ahic from the ,government ,building4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,boston1 which had unexpectedly arrived from ,hilo on the day of the prorogation1 landed a force on the #afth1 to protect the lives and property of ,american citizens1 in case of disorder or incendiarism4 ,the ,queen's ministers availed themselves of the presence of these troops on shore as an excuse for their inaction1 and persuaded the ,queen to resign under protest1 and to appeal to the government of the ,united ,states4 ,a treaty of annexation was soon after negotiated with the ,united ,states during ,president ,harrison's administration1 which was withdrawn by ,president ,cleveland immediately after his accession4 ,the failure of his attempt to restore the monarchy by diplomacy is well known4 ,,the ,,republic ,,of ,,hawaii4 ,during the next year a convention was elected1 which sat in ,honolulu during the month of ,june1 #ahid1 and framed a new ,constitution for the country1 and the ,republic of ,hawaii was formally proclaimed ,july #d1 #ahid4 ,another royalist conspiracy was formed during the fall of that year1 which resulted in the insurrection of ,january #fth1 #ahie1 which was promptly crushed by the patriotic citizens of the ,republic4 ,a dangerous epidemic of ,asiatic cholera in the following ,september1 was stamped out by the united efforts of the public spirited citizens of ,honolulu4 ,for four years1 in spite of hostile influences from without and enemies at home1 the ,republic has maintained peace and order1 administered justice1 carried on extensive internal improvements1 advanced education1 and kept the financial credit of the nation above par in the markets of the world4 ,,official ,,directory1 ,,republic ,,of ,,hawaii4 ,,executive ,,council4 ,sanford ,b4 ,dole1 ,president of the ,republic of ,hawaii4 ,henry ,e4 ,cooper1 ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs4 ,james ,a4 ,king1 ,minister of the ,interior4 ,samuel ,m4 ,damon1 ,minister of ,finance4 ,william ,o4 ,smith1 ,attorney-,general4 ,,council ,,of ,,state4 ,william ,c4 ,wilder1 ,cecil ,brown1 ,p4 ,c4 ,jones1 ,j4 ,a4 ,kennedy1 ,c4 ,bolte1 ,george ,w4 ,smith1 ,john ,phillips1 ,d4 ,l4 ,naone1 ,a4 ,g4 ,m4 ,robertson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,winston1 ,mark ,p4 ,robinson1 ,john ,ena1 ,samuel ,m4 ,ka-ne1 ,john ,nott1 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendonca4 ,,supreme ,,court4 ,hon4 ,a4 ,f4 ,judd1 ,chief ,justice4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,f4 ,frear1 ,first ,associate ,justice4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,austin ,whiting1 ,second ,associate ,justice4 ,henry ,smith1 ,chief ,clerk4 ,geo4 ,lucas1 ,deputy ,clerk4 ,james ,thompson1 ,second ,deputy ,clerk4 ,j4 ,walter ,jones1 ,stenographer4 ,,circuit ,,judges4 ,first ,circuit--,alfred ,w4 ,carter1 ,antonio ,perry1 ,oahu4 ,second ,circuit--,j4 ,w4 ,kalua4 ,third and ,fourth ,circuits--,s4 ,l4 ,austin4 ,fifth ,circuit--,j4 ,hardy4 ,offices and ,court-room in ,court ,house1 ,king street4 ,sitting in ,honolulu3 ,first ,monday in ,february1 ,may1 ,august and ,november4 ,,department ,,of ,,foreign ,,affairs4 ,office in ,executive ,building1 ,king street4 ,henry ,e4 ,cooper1 ,minister ,foreign ,affairs4 ,george ,c4 ,potter1 ,secretary4 ,alexander ,st4 ,m4 ,mackintosh1 ,clerk4 ,miss ,kate ,kelley1 ,stenographer4 ,b4 ,l4 ,marx1 ,clerk ,executive ,council4 ,james ,w4 ,girvin1 ,secretary ,chinese ,bureau4 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior4 ,office in ,executive ,building1 ,king street4 ,james ,a4 ,king1 ,minister of the ,interior4 ,chief ,clerk1 ,john ,a4 ,hassinger4 ,assistant ,clerks1 ,james ,h4 ,boyd1 ,h4 ,c4 ,meyers1 ,stephen ,mahaulu1 ,george ,c4 ,ross1 ,edward ,s4 ,boyd4 ,,chiefs ,,of ,,bureaus1 ,,interior ,,department4 ,surveyor-,general1 ,w4 ,d4 ,alexander4 ,superintendent ,public ,works1 ,w4 ,e4 ,rowell4 ,superintendent ,water ,works1 ,andrew ,brown4 ,inspector ,electric ,lights1 ,john ,cassidy4 ,registrar of ,conveyances1 ,t4 ,g4 ,thrum4 ,road ,supervisor1 ,honolulu1 ,w4 ,h4 ,cummings4 ,insane ,asylum1 ,dr4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,herbert4 ,,board ,,of ,,fire ,,commissioners4 ,andrew ,brown1 ,charles ,crozier and ,j4 ,h4 ,fisher4 ,james ,h4 ,hunt1 ,chief ,engineer1 ,h4 ,f4 ,d4 ,william ,r4 ,sims1 ,secretary4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,agriculture ,,and ,,forestry4 ,president1 the ,minister of the ,interior4 ,allan ,herbert1 ,thomas ,king1 ,wray ,taylor1 ,e4 ,w4 ,jordan4 ,joseph ,marsden1 ,commissioner and ,secretary4 ,,department ,,of ,,finance4 ,office in ,executive ,building1 ,king street4 ,minister of ,finance1 ,samuel ,m4 ,damon4 ,auditor-,general1 ,h4 ,laws4 ,registrar of ,accounts1 ,w4 ,g4 ,ashley4 ,clerk of ,finance ,office1 ,e4 ,r4 ,stackable4 ,collector-,general of ,customs1 ,james ,b4 ,castle4 ,tax ,assessor1 ,oahu1 ,jonathan ,shaw4 ,postmaster-,general1 ,j4 ,m4 ,oat4 ,,customs ,,bureau4 ,office in ,custom ,house1 ,esplanade1 ,fort street4 ,collector-,general1 ,james ,b4 ,castle4 ,deputy ,collector1 ,frank ,b4 ,mc,stocker4 ,harbor ,master1 ,captain ,a4 ,fuller4 ,port ,surveyor1 ,george ,c4 ,stratemeyer4 ,storekeeper1 444444444 ,,department ,,of ,,attorney-,,general4 ,office in ,executive ,building1 ,king street4 ,attorney-,general1 ,william ,o4 ,smith4 ,deputy ,attorney-,general1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dole4 ,clerk1 ,j4 ,m4 ,kea4 ,marshal1 ,a4 ,m4 ,brown4 ,deputy ,marshal1 ,h4 ,r4 ,hitchcock4 ,jailor ,oahu ,prison1 ,j4 ,a4 ,low4 ,prison ,physician1 ,c4 ,b4 ,cooper1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,instruction4 ,office in ,judiciary ,building4 ,henry ,e4 ,cooper1 ,minister of ,public ,instruction4 ,commissioners1 ,professor ,william ,dewitt ,alexander1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,louisa ,dillingham1 ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,bowen1 ,mrs4 ,alice ,clark ,jordan1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 von ,holt4 ,h4 ,s4 ,townsend1 ,inspector-,general of ,schools4 ,j4 ,f4 ,scott1 ,deputy ,inspector-,general of ,schools4 ,c4 ,t4 ,rodgers1 ,secretary of ,department4 ,,board ,,of ,,immigration4 ,office in ,judiciary ,building4 ,president1 ,james ,a4 ,king4 ,members of ,board of ,immigration1 ,j4 ,b4 ,atherton1 ,joseph ,marsden1 ,d4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,james ,g4 ,spencer1 ,j4 ,carden4 ,secretary1 ,wray ,taylor4 ,,board ,,of ,,health4 ,office in ,judiciary ,building4 ,president1 ,william ,o4 ,smith4 ,secretary1 ,charles ,wilcox4 ,members1 ,d4 ,keliipio1 ,c4 ,a4 ,brown1 ,n4 ,b4 ,emerson1 ,m4 ,d42 ,f4 ,r4 ,day1 ,m4 ,d42 ,c4 ,b4 ,wood1 ,m4 ,d41 and ,t4 ,f4 ,lansing4 ,port ,physician1 ,dr4 ,francis ,day4 ,dispensary1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,howard4 ,leper ,settlement1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,oliver4 ,,police ,,court4 ,police ,station ,building1 ,merchant street4 ,george ,h4 de la ,vergne1 ,magistrate4 ,william ,cuelho1 ,clerk4 ,illustration3 ,,kawaiahao ,,church 7,hawaiian74 ,illustration3 ,,central ,,union ,,church4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,foreign ,,representatives ,,in ,,honolulu4 ,diplomatic4 ,united ,states--,envoy ,extraordinary and ,minister ,plenipotentiary1 ,albert ,s4 ,willis1 ,esq42 residence1 ,king ,st4 ,ellis ,mills1 ,esq41 ,secretary of ,legation4 ,portugal--,charge d',affaires and ,consul-,general1 ,senhor ,a4 de ,souza ,canavarro2 residence1 ,beretania ,st4 ,great ,britain--,commissioner and ,consul-,general1 ,captain ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,hawes4 ,japan--,diplomatic ,agent and ,consul-,general1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,shimamura2 residence1 ,nuuanu ,ave4 ,h4 ,i4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eleve ,consul1 ,mr4 ,k4 ,mimashi1 ,secretary ,h4 ,i4 ,j4 ,m4 ,consulate-,general4 ,france--,consul and ,commissioner1 ,mons4 ,louis ,voisson2 ,chancellor of ,legation1 ,mons4 ,a4 ,vizzavona4 ,consular4 ,united ,states--,consul-,general1 ,ellis ,mills4 ,w4 ,porter ,boyd1 ,united ,states ,vice and ,deputy ,consul-,general4 ,italy--,f4 ,a4 ,schaefer1 ,consul4 7,dean of the ,consular ,corps47 ,netherlands--,j4 ,h4 ,paty1 ,consul4 ,denmark--,h4 ,r4 ,macfarlane1 ,consul4 ,mexico1 ,h4 ,renjes1 ,consul4 ,peru--,bruce ,cartwright1 ,consul4 ,chile--,julius ,hoting1 ,consul4 ,austria-,hungary--,j4 ,f4 ,hackfeld1 ,consul4 ,germany--,j4 ,f4 ,hackfeld1 ,consul4 ,belgium--,h4 ,focke1 ,consul4 ,great ,britain--,t4 ,r4 ,walker1 ,vice-,consul4 ,spain--,h4 ,renjes1 ,vice-,consul4 ,russia--,j4 ,f4 ,hackfeld1 ,acting ,vice-,consul4 ,sweden and ,norway--,charles ,weight1 ,acting ,consul4 ,china--,goo ,kim ,fui1 ,commercial ,agent2 ,wong ,kwai1 ,assistant ,commercial ,agent4 ,u4 ,s4 ,consular ,agent1 ,kahului1 ,a4 ,j4 ,dickens1 ,acting4 ,u4 ,s4 ,consular ,agent1 ,mahukona1 ,c4 ,j4 ,falk4 ,u4 ,s4 ,consular ,agent1 ,hilo1 ,charles ,furneaux4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,principal ,,hawaiian ,,representatives ,,abroad4 ,united ,states4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4--,francis ,m4 ,hatch1 ,envoy ,extraordinary and ,minister ,plenipotentiary2 ,major ,frank ,p4 ,hastings1 ,charge d',affaires and ,secretary of ,legation4 ,new ,york--,e4 ,h4 ,allen1 ,consul-,general4 ,chicago--,fred ,w4 ,job1 ,consul-,general for the ,states of ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,indiana and ,wisconsin4 ,san ,francisco--,charles ,t4 ,wilder1 ,consul-,general for the ,pacific ,states1 ,california1 ,oregon1 ,nevada and ,washington2 ,j4 ,f4 ,soper1 ,vice and ,deputy ,consul-,general4 ,boston--,gorham ,d4 ,gilman1 ,consul-,general4 ,portland1 ,oregon--,j4 ,mc,cracken1 ,consul4 ,port ,townsend--,james ,g4 ,swan1 ,consul4 ,seattle--,john ,h4 ,carter1 ,consul4 ,tacoma--,j4 ,t4 ,steeb1 ,acting ,consul4 ,philadelphia--,robert ,h4 ,davis1 ,consul4 ,san ,diego--,h4 ,p4 ,wood1 ,consul4 ,detroit--,a4 ,l4 ,bresler1 ,consul4 ,great ,britain4 ,london--,manley ,hopkins1 ,consul-,general2 ,cyril ,hopkins1 ,vice-,consul4 ,liverpool--,harold ,janion1 ,consul4 ,bristol--,mark ,whitwill1 ,consul4 ,hull--,w4 ,moran1 ,consul4 ,newcastle-on-,tyne--,e4 ,biesterfeld1 ,consul4 ,falmouth--,cecil ,robert ,broad1 ,consul4 ,dover 7and the ,cinque ,ports7--,francis ,wm4 ,prescott1 ,consul4 ,swansea--,h4 ,goldberg1 ,consul4 ,cardiff--,j4 ,bovey1 ,consul4 ,edinburgh and ,leith--,e4 ,g4 ,buchanan1 ,consul4 ,glasgow--,peter ,denniston1 ,consul4 ,dundee--,j4 ,g4 ,zoller1 ,consul4 ,dublin--,r4 ,jas4 ,murphy1 ,consul4 ,queenstown--,geo4 ,b4 ,dawson1 ,consul4 ,belfast--,w4 ,a4 ,ross1 ,consul4 ,middlesborough--,b4 ,c4 ,atkinson1 ,consul4 ,british ,colonies4 ,toronto1 ,ontario--,j4 ,enoch ,thompson1 ,consul-,general2 ,col4 ,geo4 ,a4 ,shaw1 ,vice-,consul4 ,st4 ,john's1 ,n4 ,b4--,allan ,o4 ,crookshank1 ,consul4 ,rimouski--,j4 ,n4 ,pouliot1 ,vice-,consul4 ,montreal--,dickson ,anderson1 ,consul4 ,yarmouth1 ,n4 ,s4--,ed4 ,f4 ,clements1 ,vice-,consul4 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c4--,r4 ,p4 ,rithet1 ,consul-,general for ,british ,columbia4 ,vancouver1 ,b4 ,c4--,j4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,vice-,consul4 ,sydney1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4--,w4 ,e4 ,dixon1 ,consul-,general4 ,melbourne1 ,victoria--,g4 ,n4 ,oakley1 ,consul4 ,brisbane1 ,queensland--,alex4 ,b4 ,webster1 ,consul4 ,hobart1 ,tasmania--,hon4 ,audley ,coote1 ,consul4 ,launceston1 ,tasmania--,geo4 ,collins1 ,vice-,consul4 ,newcastle1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4--,w4 ,j4 ,gillam1 ,consul4 ,auckland1 ,n4 ,z4--,james ,macfarlane1 ,consul4 ,dunedin1 ,n4 ,z4--,w4 ,g4 ,neill1 ,consul4 ,gibraltar--,h4 ,schott1 ,consul4 ,france and ,colonies4 ,paris--,alfred ,houle1 ,charge d',affaires and ,consul-,general2 ,a4 ,n4 ,h4 ,teyssier1 ,consul4 ,marseilles--444444441 ,consul4 ,bordeaux--,ernest de ,boissac1 ,consul4 ,dijon--,h4 ,f4 ,j4 ,vieilhomme1 ,consul4 ,liborne--,c4 ,schaessler1 ,vice-,consul4 ,cette--,julius ,chavasse1 ,vice-,consul4 ,grenoble--,j4 ,l4 ,garcin1 ,vice-,consul4 ,papeete1 ,tahiti--,e4 ,a4 ,bonet1 ,consul4 ,spain4 ,barcelona--,enrique ,minguez1 ,consul-,general4 ,cadiz--,j4 ,shaw1 ,consul4 ,valencia--,julio ,soler1 ,consul4 ,malaga--,f4 ,t4 de ,navarra1 ,consul4 ,cartagena--,j4 ,paris1 ,consul4 ,portugal and ,colonies4 ,lisbon--,a4 ,f4 de ,serpa1 ,consul-,general4 ,oporto--,narciso ,t4 ,m4 ,ferro1 ,consul4 ,madeira ,island--,l4 ,d4 ,f4 ,branco1 ,consul4 ,cape ,vincent1 ,cape de ,verde ,islands--,clarimundo ,martins1 ,vice-,consul4 ,lagos1 ,cape de ,verde ,islands--,manuel ,jose ,barbosa1 ,vice-,consul4 ,azores ,islands4 ,ponta ,delgardo 7,st4 ,michaels7--,senhor ,bernardo ,machado de ,faria ,maia1 ,consul-,general2 ,a4 da ,silva ,moreira1 ,consul4 ,italy4 ,rome--,dwight ,benton1 ,consul-,general2 ,hale ,p4 ,benton1 ,vice and ,deputy ,consul-,general4 ,palermo1 ,sicily--,a4 ,tagliavia1 ,consul4 ,genoa--,raphael de ,luchi1 ,consul4 ,holland4 ,amsterdam--,d4 ,h4 ,schmull1 ,consul-,general4 ,dordrecht--,p4 ,j4 ,bouwman1 ,consul4 ,japan4 ,tokio--,r4 ,w4 ,irwin1 ,minister ,resident4 ,kobe--,c4 ,p4 ,hall1 ,vice-,consul4 ,yokohama--,b4 ,c4 ,howard1 ,consul2 ,dr4 ,stuart ,eldridge1 ,m4 ,d41 ,sanitary ,inspector4 ,china4 ,hong ,kong--,j4 ,j4 ,bell ,irving1 ,acting ,consul-,general2 ,dr4 ,gregory ,p4 ,jordan1 ,m4 ,d41 ,sanitary ,inspector4 ,amoy--,robert ,h4 ,bruce1 ,consul2 ,dr4 ,hugh ,mac,dougald1 ,m4 ,d41 ,sanitary ,inspector4 ,belgium4 ,antwerp--,victor ,forge1 ,consul-,general4 ,ghent--,e4 ,coppieters1 ,consul4 ,liege--,j4 ,blanpain1 ,consul4 ,bruges--,e4 ,van ,den ,brande1 ,consul4 ,sweden and ,norway4 ,stockholm1 ,sweden--,c4 ,a4 ,engvalls1 ,consul-,general4 ,christiana1 ,norway--,l4 ,samson1 ,consul4 ,gothemburg1 ,sweden--,gustaf ,kraak1 ,vice-,consul4 ,austria4 ,vienna--,hugo ,schonberger1 ,consul4 ,germany and ,colonies4 ,bremen--,h4 ,f4 ,glade1 ,charge d',affaires and ,consul-,general2 ,j4 ,f4 ,muller1 ,consul4 ,hamburg--,e4 ,f4 ,weber1 ,consul4 ,frankfort-on-,main--,j4 ,kopp1 ,consul4 ,dresden--,a4 ,p4 ,russ1 ,consul4 ,canary ,islands4 ,las ,palamas--,l4 ,falcon y ,quevedo1 ,consul2 ,j4 ,b4 ,de ,laguna1 ,vice-,consul4 ,santa ,cruz de la ,palma--,antonio ,c4 de las ,casas1 ,vice-,consul4 ,areciefe de ,lanzarote--,e4 ,murales1 ,vice-,consul4 ,mexico4 ,mexico--,col4 ,w4 ,j4 ,de ,gress1 ,consul-,general2 ,r4 ,h4 ,baker1 ,vice-,consul4 ,manzanillo--,robert ,james ,barney1 ,consul4 ,ensenada--,james ,moorkens1 ,vice-,consul4 ,central and ,south ,america4 ,valparaiso1 ,south ,america--,david ,thomas1 ,charge d',affaires and ,consul-,general4 ,lima1 ,south ,america--,f4 ,l4 ,crosby1 ,consul4 ,montevideo1 ,south ,america--,conrad ,hughes1 ,consul4 ,philippine ,islands4 ,iloilo--,geo4 ,shelmerdine1 ,consul4 ,manila--,jasper ,m4 ,wood1 ,consul4 ,cebu--,geo4 ,a4 ,cadell1 ,consul4 ,transcriber's ,note ,with the exception of ,,oceanic ,,steamship ,,australia1 the illustrations and cover image come from a slightly different printing of the pamphlet than the text4 ,minor typographical errors and irregularities have been corrected4 ,the table of contents and list of illustrations have been added for the reader's convenience4