,,yea/  ,by ,?omas ,h4 ,huxley    ,i ,,h
 select$ to-night ! p>ticul> subject (  
,yea/ = two reasons--or1 r1 ,i %\ld say 
= ?ree4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because x is "o
 ( ! simple/ & ! mo/ famili> objects )  
:i* we are acqua9t$4 ,9 ! second place1 
because ! facts & ph5om5a :i* ,i h to   
describe are s simple t x is possible to
 put !m be=e y )\t ! help ( any ( ^?    
pictures or diagrams :i* are ne$$ :5    
matt]s are m complicat$1 & :i*1 if ,i _h
 to ref] to !m "h1 w\ld involve !       
necessity ( my turn+ away f y n[ & !n1 &
 !reby increas+ v l>gely my difficulty  
7already suffici5tly great7 9 mak+      
myself he>d4 ,& ?irdly1 ,i h *os5 ?is   
subject because ,i "k ( no famili>      
sub/ance =m+ "p ( our e-day k &         
exp]i5ce1 ! exam9ation ( :i*1 ) a little
 c>e1 t5ds to op5 up su* v consid]able  
issues z does ?is sub/ance--yea/4  ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 ,i %\ld l to call y\r       
att5tion to a fact ) :i* ! :ole ( y are1
 to beg9 )1 p]fectly acqua9t$1 ,i mean !
 fact t any liquid conta9+ sug>1 any    

liquid :i* is =m$ by press+ out !       
succul5t p>ts ( ! fruits ( plants1 or a 
mixture ( honey & wat]1 if left to      
itself = a %ort "t1 beg9s to und]go a   
peculi> *ange4 ,no matt] h[ cle> x might
 be at />t+1 yet aft] a few h\rs1 or at 
mo/ a few days1 if ! temp]ature is high1
 ?is liquid beg9s to be turbid1 &       
by-&-by bubbles make _! appe>ance 9 x1 &
 a sort ( dirty-look+ yell[i% foam or   
scum collects at ! surface2 :ile at !   
same "t1 by degrees1 a simil> k9d (     
matt]1 :i* we call ! lees1 s9ks to !    
bottom4  ,! quantity ( ?is dirty-look+  
/uff1 t we call ! scum & ! lees1 goes on
 increas+ until x rea*es a c]ta9 am\nt1 
& !n x /ops2 & by ! "t x /ops1 y f9d !  
liquid 9 :i* ?is matt] has be5 =m$ has  
become alt]$ 9 its quality4 ,to beg9 ) x
 0 a m]e sweeti% sub/ance1 hav+ ! flav\r
 ( :atev] might be ! plant f :i* x 0    
express$1 or hav+ m]ely ! ta/e & !      
abs5ce ( smell ( a solution ( sug>2 b by
 ! "t t ?is *ange t ,i h be5 briefly    
describ+ to y is accompli%$ ! liquid has

 become completely alt]$1 x has acquir$ 
a peculi> smell1 &1 :at is /ill m       
rem>kable1 x has ga9$ ! prop]ty (       
intoxicat+ ! p]son :o dr9ks x4 ,no?+ c  
be m innoc5t ?an a solution ( sug>2 no?+
 c be less innoc5t1 if tak5 9 excess1 z 
y all "k1 ?an ^? f]m5t$ matt]s :i* are  
produc$ f sug>4 ,well1 aga91 if y notice
 t bubbl+1 or1 z x 71 see?+ ( ! liquid1 
:i* has accompani$ ! :ole ( ?is process1
 y w f9d t x is produc$ by ! evolution (
 little bubbles ( air-l sub/ance out ( !
 liquid2 & ,i d>e say y all "k ?is air-l
 sub/ance is n l common air2 x is n a   
sub/ance :i* a man c brea! ) impunity4  
,y (t5 he> ( accid5ts :i* take place 9  
brew]s' vats :5 m5 g 9 c>elessly1 & get 
suffocat$ !re )\t kn[+ t !re 0 any?+    
evil await+ !m4 ,& if y tri$ ! exp]im5t 
) ?is liquid ,i am tell+ ( :ile x 0     
f]m5t+1 y w\ld f9d t any small animal   
let d[n into ! vessel w\ld be simil>ly  
/ifl$2 & y w\ld discov] t a light l[]$  
d[n into x w\ld g out4 ,well1 !n1 la/ly1
 if aft] ?is liquid has be5 ?us alt]$ y 

expose x to t process :i* is call$      
di/illation2 t is to say1 if y put x    
into a /ill1 & collect ! matt]s :i* are 
s5t ov]1 y obta91 :5 y fir/ heat x1 a   
cle> transp>5t liquid1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is   
some?+ totally diff]5t f wat]2 x is mu* 
light]2 x has a /rong smell1 & x has an 
acrid ta/e2 & x possesses ! same        
intoxicat+ p[] z ! orig9al liquid1 b 9 a
 mu* m int5se degree4 ,if y put a light 
to x1 x burns ) a bright flame1 & x is t
 sub/ance :i* we "k z spirits ( w9e4    
,n[ ^! facts :i* ,i h j put be=e y--all 
b ! la/--h be5 kn[n f extremely remote  
antiquity4 ,x is1 ,i hope "o ( ! be/    
evid5ces ( ! antiquity ( ! human race1 t
 among ! e>lie/ records ( all k9ds ( m51
 y f9d a "t record$ :5 !y got drunk4 ,we
 may hope t t mu/ h be5 a v late p]iod 9
 _! hi/ory4 ,n only h we ! record ( :at 
happ5$ to ,noah1 b if we turn to !      
traditions ( a diff]5t p1 ^? =efa!rs (  
ours :o liv$ 9 ! high l&s ( ,nor!rn     
,india1 we f9d t !y 7 n less addict$ to 
intoxicat+ liquids2 & ,i h no d\bt t ! k

 ( ?is process ext5ds f> beyond ! limits
 ( hi/orically record$ "t4 ,& x is a v  
curi\s ?+ to obs]ve t all ! names we h (
 ?is process1 & all t belongs to x1 are 
names t h _! roots n 9 our pres5t       
language1 b 9 ^? old] languages :i* g   
back to ! times at :i* ?is c\ntry 0     
peopl$4 ,t ^w f]m5tation = example1 :i* 
is ! title we apply to ! :ole process1  
is a ,lat9 t]m2 & a t]m :i* is evid5tly 
bas$ ^u ! fact ( ! eff]vesc5ce ( !      
liquid4 ,!n ! ,fr5*1 :o are v fond (    
call+ !mselves a ,lat9 race1 h a        
p>ticul> ^w = f]m5t1 :i* is 'levure'4   
,&1 9 ! same way1 we h ! ^w leav51 ^?   
two words hav+ ref]5ce to ! heav+ up1 or
 to ! rais+ ( ! sub/ance :i* is f]m5t$4 
,n[ ^? are words :i* we get f :at ,i may
 call ! ,lat9 side ( our p>5tage2 b if  
we turn to ! ,saxon side1 !re are a     
numb] ( names connect$ ) ?is process (  
f]m5tation4 ,= example1 ! ,g]mans call  
f]m5tation--& ! old ,g]mans did         
s--gahr52 & !y call any?+ :i* is us$ z a
 f]m5t by su* names1 su* z ghei/ & gee/1

 & f9ally 9 l[ ,g]man1 ye/2 & t ^w y "k 
is ! ^w our ,saxon =efa!rs us$1 & is    
almo/ ! same z ! ^w :i* is commonly     
employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry to d5ote ! common  
f]m5t ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,s !y h    
ano!r "n1 ! ^w hefe1 :i* is d]iv$ f _!  
v]b heb51 :i* signifies to raise up2 &  
!y h yet a ?ird "n1 :i* is also "o      
common 9 ?is c\ntry 7,i d n "k :e!r x is
 common 9 ,lanca%ire1 b x is c]ta9ly v  
common 9 ! ,midl& c\ntries71 ! ^w b>m1  
:i* is d]iv$ f a root :i* signifies to  
raise or to be> up4 ,b>m is a some?+    
borne up2 & ?us !re is mu* m real       
relation ?an is commonly suppos$ by ^?  
:o make puns1 betwe5 ! be] :i* a man    
takes d[n 8 ?roat & ! bi] ^u :i* t      
process1 if c>ri$ to excess1 g5]ally l&s
 him1 = !y are bo? d]iv$ f ! root       
signify+ be>+ up2 ! "o ?+ is borne ^u   
m5's %\ld]s1 & ! o!r is ! f]m5t$ liquid 
:i* 0 borne up by ! f]m5tation tak+     
place 9 itself4  ,aga91 ,i spoke ( !    
produce ( f]m5tation z _s ( w9e4 ,n[ :at
 a v curi\s phrase t is1 if y come to   

?9k ( x4 ,! old al*emi/s talk$ ( ! f9e/ 
ess5ce ( any?+ z if x _h ! same sort (  
relation to ! ?+ itself z a man's _s is 
suppos$ to h to 8 body2 & s !y spoke (  
?is f9e ess5ce ( ! f]m5t$ liquid z be+ !
 _s ( ! liquid4 ,?us came ab\t t        
extraord9>y ambiguity ( language1 9     
virtue ( :i* y apply precisely ! same   
sub/antive "n to ! s\l ( man & to a     
glass ( g96 ,& !n !re is /ill yet "o o!r
 mo/ curi\s piece ( nom5clature connect$
 ) ?is matt]1 & t is ! ^w alcohol       
itself1 :i* is n[ s famili> to ev]ybody4
 ,alcohol orig9ally meant a v f9e p[d]4 
,! wom5 ( ! ,arabs & o!r ,ea/]n p are 9 
! habit ( t++ _! eyela%es ) a v f9e     
black p[d] :i* is made ( antimony1 & !y 
call t kohol2 & ! al is simply ! article
 put 9 front ( x1 s z to say ! kohol4 ,&
 up to ! #ag? c5tury 9 ?is c\ntry ! ^w  
alcohol 0 employ$ to signify any v f9e  
p[d]2 y f9d x 9 ,rob]t ,boyle's works t 
he uses alcohol = a v f9e subtle p[d]4  
,b !n ?is "n ( any?+ v f9e & v subtle   
came to be specially connect$ ) ! f9e & 

subtle _s obta9$ f ! f]m5tation ( sug>2 
& ,i believe t ! fir/ p]son :o fairly   
fix$ x z ! prop] "n ( :at we n[ commonly
 call spirits ( w9e1 0 ! great ,fr5*    
*emi/ ,lavoisi]1 s comp>atively rec5t is
 ! use ( ! ^w alcohol 9 ?is specialis$  
s5se4  ,s mu* by way ( g5]al            
introduction to ! subject on :i* ,i h to
 speak to-night4 ,:at ,i h hi!rto /at$  
is simply :at we may call common k1 :i* 
ev]ybody may acqua9t himself )4 ,& y "k 
t :at we call sci5tific k is n any k9d (
 conjuration1 z p sometimes suppose1 b x
 is simply ! application ( ! same       
pr9ciples ( common s5se t we apply to   
common k1 c>ri$ out1 if ,i may s speak1 
to k :i* is uncommon4 ,& all t we "k n[ 
( ?is sub/ance1 yea/1 & all ! v /range  
issues to :i* t k has l$ u1 h simply    
come out ( ! invet]ate habit1 & a v     
=tunate habit = ! human race x is1 :i*  
sci5tific m5 h ( n be+ cont5t until !y h
 r\t$ out all ! diff]5t *a9s &          
connections ( app>5tly simple ph5om5a1  
until !y h tak5 !m to pieces & und]/ood 

! conditions ^u :i* !y dep5d4 ,i w try  
to po9t out to y n[ :at has happ5$ 9    
consequ5ce ( endeav\r+ to apply ?is     
process ( analysis1 z we call x1 ?is    
teaz+ out ( an app>5tly simple fact into
 all ! little facts ( :i* x is made up1 
to ! asc]ta9$ facts relat+ to ! b>m or !
 yea/2 secondly1 :at has come ( !       
attempt to asc]ta9 di/9ctly :at is !    
nature ( ! products :i* are produc$ by  
f]m5tation2 !n :at has come ( ! attempt 
to und]/& ! relation betwe5 ! yea/ & !  
products2 & la/ly1 :at v curi\s side    
issues if ,i may s call !m--h bran*$ out
 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry1 :i* has n[    
occupi$ some:]e ab\t two c5turies4  ,!  
fir/ ?+ 0 to make out precisely & cle>ly
 :at 0 ! nature ( ?is sub/ance1 ?is     
app>5tly m]e scum & mud t we call yea/4 
,& t 0 fir/ comm5c$ s]i\sly by a        
wond]ful old ,dut*man ( ! "n (          
,leeuw5hoek1 :o liv$ "s two hundr$ ye>s 
ago1 & :o 0 ! fir/ p]son to inv5t       
?or\ghly tru/wor?y microscopes ( high   
p[]s4 ,n[1 ,leeuw5hoek w5t to "w ^u ?is 

yea/ mud1 & by apply+ to x high p[]s ( !
 microscope1 he discov]$ t x 0 no m]e   
mud su* z y might at fir/ suppose1 b t x
 0 a sub/ance made up ( an enorm\s      
multitude ( m9ute gra9s1 ea* ( :i* _h j 
z def9ite a =m z if x 7 a gra9 ( corn1  
al?\gh x 0 va/ly small]1 ! l>ge/ ( ^! n 
be+ m ?an ! two-?\s&? ( an in* 9        
diamet]2 :ile1 z y "k1 a gra9 ( corn is 
a l>ge ?+1 & ! v smalle/ ( ^! p>ticles 7
 n m ?an ! sev5-?\s&? ( an in* 9        
diamet]4 ,leeuw5hoek saw t ?is muddy    
/uff 0 9 reality a liquid1 9 :i* !re 7  
float+ ?is imm5se numb] ( def9itely %ap$
 p>ticles1 all aggregat$ 9 heaps & lumps
 & "s ( !m sep>ate4 ,t discov]y rema9$1 
s to speak1 dormant = fully a c5tury1 & 
!n ! "q 0 tak5 up by a ,fr5* discov]]1  
:o1 pay+ great att5tion & hav+ !        
advantage ( bett] in/rum5ts ?an         
,leeuw5hoek _h1 wat*$ ^! ?+s & made !   
a/\nd+ discov]y t !y 7 bodies :i* 7     
con/antly be+ reproduc$ & gr[+2 ?an :5  
"o ( ^! r\nd$ bodies 0 once =m$ & _h    
gr[n to its full size1 x imm$iately     

began to give (f a little bud f "o side1
 & !n t bud grew out until x _h atta9$ !
 full size ( ! fir/1 & t1 9 ?is way1 !  
yea/ p>ticle 0 und]go+ a process (      
multiplication by budd+1 j z effectual &
 j z complete z ! process (             
multiplication ( a plant by budd+2 & ?us
 ?is ,fr5*man1 ,cagni>d de la ,t\r1     
arriv$ at ! conclusion--v cr$itable to 8
 sagacity1 & :i* has be5 confirm$ by e  
obs]vation & reason+ s9ce--t ?is        
app>5tly muddy refuse 0 nei!r m nor less
 ?an a mass ( plants1 ( m9ute liv+      
plants1 gr[+ & multiply+ 9 ! sug>y fluid
 9 :i* ! yea/ is =m$4 ,& f t "t =? we h 
kn[n ?is sub/ance :i* =ms ! scum & !    
lees z ! yea/ plant2 & x has receiv$ a  
sci5tific "n--:i* ,i may use )\t ?9k+ ( 
x1 & :i* ,i w !re=e give y--namely1     
,torula4 ,well1 ?is 0 a capital         
discov]y4 ,! next ?+ to d 0 to make out 
h[ ?is torula 0 relat$ to ! o!r plants4 
,i won't we>y y ) ! :ole c\rse (        
inve/igation1 b ,i may sum up its       
results1 & !y are ^!--t ! torula is a   

p>ticul> k9d ( a fungus1 a p>ticul> /ate
 r1 ( a fungus or m\ld4 ,!re are _m     
m\lds :i* "u c]ta9 conditions give rise 
to ?is torula condition1 to a sub/ance  
:i* is n di/+ui%able f yea/1 & :i* has !
 same prop]ties z yea/--t is to say1 :i*
 is able to decompose sug> 9 ! curi\s   
way t we %all consid] by-&-by4 ,s t !   
yea/ plant is a plant belong+ to a gr\p 
( ! ,fungi1 multiply+ & gr[+ & liv+ 9   
?is v rem>kable mann] 9 ! sug>y fluid   
:i* is1 s to speak1 ! nidus or home ( ! 
yea/4  ,t1 9 a few words1 is1 z f> z    
inve/igation--by ! help ( "o's eye & by 
! help ( ! microscope--has tak5 u4 ,b n[
 !re is an obs]v] ^: me?ods ( obs]vation
 are m ref9$ ?an ^? ( m5 :o use _! eye1 
ev5 ?\gh x be aid$ by ! microscope2 a   
man :o sees indirectly fur!r ?an we c   
see directly--t is1 ! *emi/2 & ! *emi/  
took up ?is "q1 & 8 discov]y 0 n less   
rem>kable ?an t ( ! microscopi/4 ,!     
*emi/ discov]$ t ! yea/ plant be+       
compos$ ( a sort ( bag1 l a bladd]1     
inside :i* is a peculi> s(t1 semifluid  

mat]ial--! *emi/ f\nd t ?is out] bladd] 
has ! same composition z ! sub/ance (   
wood1 t mat]ial :i* is call$ cellulose1 
& :i* consi/s ( ! elem5ts c>bon &       
hydrog5 & oxyg51 )\t any nitrog54 ,b !n 
he also f\nd 7! fir/ p]son to discov] x 
0 an ,italian *emi/1 nam$ ,fabroni1 9 ! 
end ( ! la/ c5tury7 t ?is inn] matt] :i*
 0 conta9$ 9 ! bag1 :i* con/itutes !    
yea/ plant1 0 a sub/ance conta9+ !      
elem5ts c>bon & hydrog5 & oxyg5 &       
nitrog52 t x 0 :at ,fabroni call$ a     
vegeto-animal sub/ance1 & t x _h !      
peculi>ities ( :at are commonly call$   
animal products4  ,?is aga9 0 an        
exce$+ly rem>kable discov]y4 ,x lay     
neglect$ = a "t1 until x 0 subsequ5tly  
tak5 up by ! great *emi/s ( mod]n times1
 & !y1 ) _! delicate me?ods ( analysis1 
h f9ally decid$ t1 9 all ess5tial       
respects1 ! sub/ance :i* =ms ! *ief "p (
 ! cont5ts ( ! yea/ plant is id5tical ) 
! mat]ial :i* =ms ! *ief "p ( our own   
muscles1 :i* =ms ! *ief "p ( our own    
blood1 :i* =ms ! *ief "p ( ! :ite ( !   

egg2 t1 9 fact1 al?\gh ?is little       
organism is a plant1 & no?+ b a plant1  
yet t its active liv+ cont5ts conta9 a  
sub/ance :i* is call$ prote91 :i* is ( !
 same nature z ! sub/ance :i* =ms !     
f\ndation ( e animal organism :atev]4   
,n[ we come next to ! "q ( ! analysis ( 
! products1 ( t :i* is produc$ dur+ !   
process ( f]m5tation4 ,s f> back z !    
beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 9 ! times (     
transition betwe5 ! old al*emy & ! mod]n
 *emi/ry1 !re 0 a rem>kable man1 ,von   
,helmont1 a ,dut*man1 :o saw ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 ! air :i* comes out ( a vat :]e  
some?+ is f]m5t+ & common air4 ,he 0 !  
man :o inv5t$ ! t]m gas1 & he call$ ?is 
k9d ( gas gas silve/re--s to speak gas t
 is wild1 & lives 9 out ( ! way         
places--hav+ 9 8 m9d ! id5tity ( ?is    
p>ticul> k9d ( air ) t :i* is f\nd 9 "s 
caves & cell>s4 ,!n1 ! gradual process (
 inve/igation go+ on1 x 0 discov]$ t ?is
 sub/ance1 !n call$ fix$ air1 0 a       
poison\s gas1 & x 0 f9ally id5tifi$ ) t 
k9d ( gas :i* is obta9$ by burn+ *>coal 

9 ! air1 :i* is call$ c>bonic acid4 ,!n 
! sub/ance alcohol 0 subject$ to        
exam9ation1 & x 0 f\nd to be a          
comb9ation ( c>bon1 & hydrog51 & oxyg54 
,!n ! sug> :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! f]m5t+     
liquid 0 exam9$ & t 0 f\nd to conta9 !  
?ree elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,s
 t x 0 cle> !re 7 9 sug> ! fundam5tal   
elem5ts :i* are conta9$ 9 ! c>bonic     
acid1 & 9 ! alcohol4 ,& !n came t great 
*emi/ ,lavoisi]1 & he exam9$ into !     
subject c>efully1 & possess$ ) t        
brilliant ?\ght ( 8 :i* happ5s to be    
prop\nd$ exactly apropos to ?is matt] ( 
f]m5tation--t no matt] is ev] lo/1 b t  
matt] only *anges its =m & *anges its   
comb9ations--he endeav\r$ to make out   
:at became ( ! sug> :i* 0 subject$ to   
f]m5tation4 ,he ?\ght he discov]$ t !   
:ole weight ( ! sug> 0 repres5t$ by !   
c>bonic acid produc$2 t 9 o!r words1    
suppos+ ?is tumbl] to repres5t ! sug>1 t
 ! action ( f]m5tation 0 z x 7 ! splitt+
 ( x1 ! "o half go+ away 9 ! %ape (     
c>bonic acid1 & ! o!r half go+ away 9 ! 

%ape ( alcohol4 ,subsequ5t inquiry1     
c>eful rese>* ) ! ref9em5ts ( mod]n     
*emi/ry1 h be5 appli$ to ?is problem1 & 
!y h %[n t ,lavoisi] 0 n q correct2 t   
:at he says is q true = ab\t #ie p] c5t4
 ( ! sug>1 b t ! o!r #e p] c5t41 or     
ne>ly s1 is conv]t$ into two o!r ?+s2 "o
 ( !m1 matt] :i* is call$ succ9ic acid1 
& ! o!r matt] :i* is call$ glyc]9e1 :i* 
y all "k n[ z "o ( ! commone/ ( h\sehold
 matt]s4 ,x may be t we h n got to ! end
 ( ?is ref9$ analysis yet1 b at any     
rate1 ,i suppose ,i may say--& ,i speak 
) "s little hesitation = fe> my fri5d   
,pr(essor ,roscoe "h may pick me up =   
trespass+ ^u 8 prov9ce--b ,i believe ,i 
may say t n[ we c acc\nt = #ii p] c5t4  
at lea/ ( ! sug>1 & t #ii p] c5t4 is    
split up into ^! f\r ?+s1 c>bonic acid1 
alcohol1 succ9ic acid1 & glyc]9e4 ,s t x
 may be t none ( ! sug> :atev]          
disappe>s1 & t only its p>ts1 s to      
speak1 are re-arrang$1 & if any ( x     
disappe>s1 c]ta9ly x is a v small       
portion4  ,n[ ^! are ! facts ( ! case4  

,!re is ! fact ( ! gr[? ( ! yea/ plant2 
& !re is ! fact ( ! splitt+ up ( ! sug>4
 ,:at relation h ^! two facts to "o     
ano!r8  ,= a v long "t t 0 a great matt]
 ( dispute4 ,! e>ly ,fr5* obs]v]s1 to d 
!m ju/ice1 disc]n$ ! real /ate ( ! case1
 namely1 t !re 0 a v close connection   
betwe5 ! actual life ( ! yea/ plant &   
?is op]ation ( ! splitt+ up ( ! sug>2 & 
t "o 0 9 "s way or o!r connect$ ) ! o!r4
 ,all inve/igation subsequ5tly has      
confirm$ ?is orig9al idea4 ,x has be5   
%[n t if y take any measures by :i* o!r 
plants ( l k9d to ! torula w\ld be      
kill$1 & by :i* ! yea/ plant is kill$1  
!n ! yea/ loses its effici5cy4 ,b a     
capital exp]im5t ^u ?is subject 0 made  
by a v di/+ui%$ man1 ,helmholz1 :o p]=m$
 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d4 ,he _h two      
vessels--"o ( !m we w suppose full (    
yea/1 b ov] ! bottom ( x1 z ?is might   
be1 0 ti$ a ?9 film ( bladd]2           
consequ5tly1 ?r\gh t ?9 film ( bladd]   
all ! liquid p>ts ( ! yea/ w\ld g1 b !  
solid p>ts w\ld be /opp$ beh9d2 ! torula

 w\ld be /opp$1 ! liquid p>ts ( ! yea/  
w\ld g4 ,& !n he took ano!r vessel      
conta9+ a f]m5table solution ( sug>1 &  
he put "o inside ! o!r2 & 9 ?is way y   
see ! fluid p>ts ( ! yea/ 7 able to pass
 ?r\gh ) ! utmo/ ease into ! sug>1 b !  
solid p>ts c\ld n get ?r\gh at all4 ,&  
he judg$ ?us3 if ! fluid p>ts are ^? :i*
 excite f]m5tation1 !n1 inasmu* z ^! are
 /opp$1 ! sug> w n f]m5t2 & ! sug> did n
 f]m5t1 %[+ q cle>ly1 t an imm$iate     
contact ) ! solid1 liv+ torula 0        
absolutely necess>y to excite ?is       
process ( splitt+ up ( ! sug>4 ,?is     
exp]im5t 0 q conclusive z to ?is        
p>ticul> po9t1 & has _h v great fruits 9
 o!r directions4  ,well1 !n1 ! yea/     
plant be+ ess5tial to ! production (    
f]m5tation1 :]e does ! yea/ plant come  
f8 ,"h1 aga91 0 ano!r great problem op5$
 up1 =1 z ,i said at />t+1 y h1 "u      
ord9>y circum/ances 9 w>m wea!r1 m]ely  
to expose "s fluid conta9+ a solution ( 
sug>1 or any =m ( syrup or vegetable    
juice to ! air1 9 ord]1 aft] a          

comp>atively %ort "t1 to see all ^!     
ph5om5a ( f]m5tation4 ,( c\rse ! fir/   
obvi\s sugge/ion is1 t ! torula has be5 
g5]at$ )9 ! fluid4 ,9 fact1 x seems at  
fir/ q absurd to ent]ta9 any o!r        
conviction2 b t belief w\ld mo/ assur$ly
 be an errone\s "o4  ,t[>ds ! beg9n+ (  
?is c5tury1 9 ! vigor\s times ( ! old   
,fr5* w>s1 !re 0 a ,monsieur ,app]t1 :o 
_h 8 att5tion direct$ to ! pres]vation (
 ?+s t ord9>ily p]i%1 su* z meats &     
vegetables1 & 9 fact he laid ! f\ndation
 ( our mod]n me?od ( pres]v+ meats2 & he
 f\nd t if he boil$ any ( ^! sub/ances &
 !n ti$ !m s z to exclude ! air1 t !y   
w\ld be pres]v$ = any "t4 ,he tri$ ^!   
exp]im5ts1 p>ticul>ly ) ! mu/ ( w9e & ) 
! wort ( be]2 & he f\nd t if ! wort (   
be] _h be5 c>efully boil$ & 0 /opp$ 9   
su* a way t ! air c\ld n get at x1 x    
w\ld nev] f]m5t4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is8 
,t1 aga91 became ! subject ( a long /r+ 
( exp]im5ts1 ) ?is ultimate result1 t if
 y take precautions to prev5t any solid 
matt]s f gett+ into ! mu/ ( w9e or !    

wort ( be]1 "u ^! circum/ances--t is to 
say1 if ! fluid has be5 boil$ & plac$ 9 
a bottle1 & if y /uff ! neck ( ! bottle 
full ( cotton wool1 :i* all[s ! air to g
 ?r\gh & /ops any?+ ( a solid "* h[ev]  
f9e1 !n y may let x be = t5 ye>s & x w n
 f]m5t4 ,b if y take t plug out & give !
 air free access1 !n1 soon] or lat]     
f]m5tation w set up4 ,& !re is no d\bt  
:atev] t f]m5tation is excit$ only by ! 
pres5ce ( "s torula or o!r1 & t t torula
 proce$s 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce1 f       
pre-exi/+ torulae4 ,^! little bodies are
 excessively light4 ,y c easily imag9e  
:at mu/ be ! weight ( little p>ticles1 b
 slightly heavi] ?an wat]1 & n m ?an !  
two-?\s&? or p]haps sev5-?\s&? ( an in* 
9 diamet]4 ,!y are capable ( float+ ab\t
 & danc+ l motes 9 ! sunbeam2 !y are    
c>ri$ ab\t by all sorts ( curr5ts ( air2
 ! great majority ( !m p]i%2 b "o or    
two1 :i* may *ance to ent] into a sug>y 
solution1 imm$iately ent] into active   
life1 f9d !re ! conditions ( _!         
n\ri%m5t1 increase & multiply1 & may    

give rise to any quantity :atev] ( ?is  
sub/ance yea/4 ,&1 :atev] may be true or
 n be true ab\t ?is spontane\s g5]ation1
 z x is call$ 9 reg>d to all o!r k9ds ( 
liv+ ?+s1 x is p]fectly c]ta91 z reg>ds 
yea/1 t x always owes its orig9 to ?is  
process ( transportation or inoculation1
 if y l s to call x1 f "s o!r liv+ yea/ 
organism2 & s f> z yea/ is conc]n$1 !   
doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation is        
absolutely out ( c\rt4 ,& n only s1 b ! 
yea/ mu/ be alive 9 ord] to ex]t ^!     
peculi> prop]ties4 ,if x be cru%$1 if x 
be heat$ s f> t its life is de/roy$1 t  
peculi> p[] ( f]m5tation is n excit$4   
,?us we h come to ?is conclusion1 z !   
result ( our inquiry1 t ! f]m5tation (  
sug>1 ! splitt+ ( ! sug> into alcohol & 
c>bonic acid1 glyc]9e1 & succ9ic acid1  
is ! result ( no?+ b ! vital activity ( 
?is little fungus1 ! torula4  ,& n[     
comes ! fur!r exce$+ly difficult        
inquiry--h[ is x t ?is plant1 ! torula1 
produces ?is s+ul> op]ation ( ! splitt+ 
up ( ! sug>8 ,fabroni1 to :om ,i ref]r$ 

"s "t ago1 imag9$ t ! eff]vesc5ce (     
f]m5tation 0 produc$ 9 j ! same way z ! 
eff]vesc5ce ( a s$litz p[d]1 t ! yea/ 0 
a k9d ( acid1 & t ! sug> 0 a comb9ation 
( c>bonic acid & "s base to =m !        
alcohol1 & t ! yea/ comb9$ ) ?is        
sub/ance1 & set free ! c>bonic acid2 j z
 :5 y add c>bonate ( soda to acid y turn
 out ! c>bonic acid4 ,b ( c\rse !       
discov]y ( ,lavoisi] t ! c>bonic acid & 
! alcohol tak5 toge!r are v ne>ly equal 
9 weight to ! sug>1 completely upset ?is
 hypo!sis4 ,ano!r view 0 !re=e tak5 by !
 ,fr5* *emi/1 ,!n>d1 & x is /ill held by
 a v em95t *emi/1 ,m4 ,pa/eur1 & _! view
 is ?is1 t ! yea/1 s to speak1 eats a   
little ( ! sug>1 turns a little ( x to  
its own purposes1 & by s do+ gives su* a
 %ape to ! sug> t ! re/ ( x breaks up   
into c>bonic acid & alcohol4  ,well1 !n1
 !re is a ?ird hypo!sis1 :i* is ma9ta9$ 
by ano!r v di/+ui%$ *emi/1 ,liebig1 :i* 
d5ies ei!r ( ! o!r two1 & :i* decl>es t 
! p>ticles ( ! sug> are1 z x 71 %ak5    
asund] by ! =ces at "w 9 ! yea/ plant4  

,n[ ,i am n go+ to take y into ^!       
ref9em5ts ( *emical !ory1 ,i _c = a     
mom5t pret5d to d s1 b ,i may put ! case
 be=e y by an analogy4 ,suppose y comp>e
 ! sug> to a c>d h\se1 & suppose y      
comp>e ! yea/ to a *ild com+ ne> ! c>d  
h\se1 !n ,fabroni's hypo!sis 0 t ! *ild 
took half ! c>ds away2 ,!n>d's &        
,pa/eur's hypo!sis is t ! *ild pulls out
 ! bottom c>d & ?us makes x tumble to   
pieces2 & ,liebig's hypo!sis is t ! *ild
 comes by & %akes ! table & tumbles !   
h\se d[n4 ,i appeal to my fri5d "h      
7,pr(essor ,roscoe7 :e!r t is n a fair  
/atem5t ( ! case4  ,hav+ ?us1 z f> z ,i 
c1 discuss$ ! g5]al /ate ( ! "q1 x      
rema9s only t ,i %\ld speak ( "s ( ^?   
collat]al results :i* h come 9 a v      
rem>kable way out ( ! inve/igation (    
yea/4 ,i told y t x 0 v e>ly obs]v$ t ! 
yea/ plant consi/$ ( a bag made up ( !  
same mat]ial z t :i* composes wood1 & ( 
an int]ior semifluid mass :i* conta9s a 
sub/ance1 id5tical 9 its composition1 9 
a broad s5se1 ) t :i* con/itutes ! fle% 

( animals4 ,subsequ5tly1 aft] ! /ructure
 ( ! yea/ plant _h be5 c>efully obs]v$1 
x 0 discov]$ t all plants1 high & l[1   
are made up ( sep>ate bags or cells1 z  
!y are call$2 ^! bags or cells hav+ !   
composition ( ! pure matt] ( wood2 hav+ 
! same composition1 broadly speak+1 z ! 
sac ( ! yea/ plant1 & hav+ 9 _! int]ior 
a m or less fluid sub/ance conta9+ a    
matt] ( ! same nature z ! prote9        
sub/ance ( ! yea/ plant4 ,& !re=e ?is   
rem>kable result came out--t h[ev] mu* a
 plant may diff] f an animal1 yet t !   
ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cont5ts ( ^!     
v>i\s cells or sacs ( :i* ! plant is    
made up1 ! nitrog5\s prote9 matt]1 is ! 
same 9 ! animal z 9 ! plant4 ,& n only 0
 ?is gradually discov]$1 b x 0 f\nd t ^!
 semifluid cont5ts ( ! plant cell _h1 9 
_m cases1 a rem>kable p[] (             
contractility q l t ( ! sub/ance (      
animals4 ,& ab\t #bd or #be ye>s ago1   
namely1 ab\t ! ye> #ahdf1 to ! be/ ( my 
recollection1 a v em95t ,g]man botani/1 
,hugo ,von ,mohl1 conf]r$ ^u ?is        

sub/ance :i* is f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( !    
plant cell1 & :i* is id5tical ) ! matt] 
f\nd 9 ! inside ( ! yea/ cell1 & :i*    
aga9 conta9s an animal sub/ance simil>  
to t ( :i* we ourselves are made up--he 
conf]r$ ^u ?is t title ( protoplasm1 :i*
 has br\ght o!r p a great deal ( tr\ble 
s9ce6 ,i beg p>ticul>ly to say t1       
because ,i f9d _m p suppose t ,i 0 !    
inv5tor ( t t]m1 :]eas x has be5 9      
exi/5ce = at lea/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,& !n
 o!r obs]v]s1 tak+ ! "q up1 came to ?is 
a/oni%+ conclusion 7work+ f ?is basis ( 
! yea/71 t ! diff]5ces betwe5 animals & 
plants are n s mu* 9 ! fundam5tal       
sub/ances :i* compose !m1 n 9 !         
protoplasm1 b 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! cells ( 
:i* _! bodies are built up h become     
modifi$4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* x is      
true--& ! analogy 0 po9t$ out v _m ye>s 
ago by "s ,fr5* botani/s & *emi/s--!re  
is a s5se 9 :i* x is true t e plant is  
sub/antially an enorm\s aggregation (   
bodies simil> to yea/ cells1 ea* hav+ to
 a c]ta9 ext5t its own indep5d5t life4  

,& !re is a s5se 9 :i* x is also        
p]fectly true--al?\gh x w\ld be         
impossible = me to give ! /atem5t to y )
 prop] qualifications & limitations on  
an occasion l ?is--b !re is also a s5se 
9 :i* x is true t e animal body is made 
up ( an aggregation ( m9ute p>ticles (  
protoplasm1 comp>able ea* ( !m to !     
individual sep>ate yea/ plant4 ,& ^? :o 
are acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! wond]ful    
revolution :i* has be5 work$ 9 our :ole 
conception ( ^! matt]s 9 ! la/ ?irty    
ye>s1 w be> me out 9 say+ t ! fir/ g]m (
 !m1 to a v great ext5t1 0 made to gr[ &
 fructify by ! /udy ( ! yea/ plant1 :i* 
pres5ts u ) liv+ matt] 9 almo/ its      
simple/ condition4  ,!n !re is yet "o   
la/ & mo/ important be>+ ( ?is yea/ "q4 
,!re is "o direction probably 9 :i* !   
effects ( ! c>eful /udy ( ! nature (    
f]m5tation w yield results m practically
 valuable to mank9d ?an any o!r4 ,let me
 recall to y\r m9ds ! fact :i* ,i /at$  
at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture4 ,suppose t ,i
 _h "h a solution ( pure sug> ) a little

 m9]al matt] 9 x2 & suppose x 7 possible
 = me to take ^u ! po9t ( a ne$le "o    
s+le1 solit>y yea/ cell1 measur+ no m   
p]haps ?an ! ?ree-?\s&? ( an in* 9      
diamet]--n bigg] ?an "o ( ^? little     
col\r$ specks ( matt] 9 my own blood at 
?is mom5t1 ! weight ( :i* x w\ld be     
difficult to express 9 ! fraction ( a   
gra9--& put x into ?is solution4 ,f t   
s+le "o1 if ! solution 7 kept at a fair 
temp]ature 9 a w>m summ]'s day1 !re w\ld
 be g5]at$1 9 ! c\rse ( a week1 en\gh   
torulae to =m a scum at ! top & to =m   
lees at ! bottom1 & to *ange ! p]fectly 
ta/eless & entirely h>mless fluid1      
syrup1 into a solution impregnat$ ) !   
poison\s gas c>bonic acid1 impregnat$ ) 
! poison\s sub/ance alcohol2 & t1 9     
virtue ( ! *anges work$ ^u ! sug> by !  
vital activity ( ^! inf9itesimally small
 plants4 ,n[ y see t ?is is a case (    
infection4 ,& f ! "t t ! ph5om5on (     
f]m5tation 7 fir/ c>efully /udi$1 x has 
con/antly be5 sugge/$ to ! m9ds (       
?\ghtful physicians t !re 0 a some?+    

a/\nd+ly simil> betwe5 ?is ph5om5a ( !  
propagation ( f]m5tation by infection & 
contagion1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! propagation (
 diseases by infection & contagion4 ,out
 ( ?is sugge/ion has gr[n t rem>kable   
!ory ( _m diseases :i* has be5 call$ !  
g]m !ory ( disease1 ! idea1 9 fact1 t we
 owe a great _m diseases to p>ticles    
hav+ a c]ta9 life ( _! own1 & :i* are   
capable ( be+ transmitt$ f "o liv+ be+  
to ano!r1 exactly z ! yea/ plant is     
capable ( be+ transmitt$ f "o tumbl] (  
sac*>9e sub/ance to ano!r4 ,& t is a    
p]fectly t5able hypo!sis1 "o :i* 9 !    
pres5t /ate ( m$ic9e ought to be        
absolutely exhau/$ & %[n n to be true1  
until we take to o!rs :i* h less analogy
 9 _! fav\r4 ,& !re are "s diseases mo/ 
assur$ly 9 :i* x turns out to be        
p]fectly correct4 ,!re are "s =ms ( :at 
are call$ malignant c>buncle :i* h be5  
%[n to be actually effect$ by a sort (  
f]m5tation1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 by a
 sort ( di/urbance & de/ruction ( !     
fluids ( ! animal body1 set up by m9ute 

organisms :i* are ! cause ( ?is         
de/ruction & ( ?is di/urbance2 & only   
rec5tly ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a :i* accompany
 vacc9ation has ?r[n an imm5se light 9  
?is direction1 t5d+ to %[ by exp]im5ts (
 ! same g5]al "* z t to :i* ,i ref]r$ z 
p]=m$ by ,helmholz1 t !re is a mo/      
a/oni%+ analogy betwe5 ! contagion ( t  
heal+ disease & ! contagion ( de/ructive
 diseases4 ,= x has be5 made out q      
cle>ly1 by inve/igations c>ri$ on 9     
,france & 9 ?is c\ntry1 t ! only "p ( ! 
vacc9e matt] :i* is contagi\s1 :i* is   
capable ( c>ry+ on its influ5ce 9 !     
organism ( ! *ild :o is vacc9at$1 is !  
solid p>ticles & n ! fluid4 ,by         
exp]im5ts ( ! mo/ +5i\s k9d1 ! solid    
p>ts h be5 sep>at$ f ! fluid p>ts1 & x  
has !n be5 discov]$ t y may vacc9ate a  
*ild z mu* z y l ) ! fluid p>ts1 b no   
effect takes place1 ?\gh an excessively 
small portion ( ! solid p>ticles1 ! mo/ 
m9ute t c be sep>at$1 is amply suffici5t
 to give rise to all ! ph5om5a ( ! c[   
pock1 by a process :i* we c comp>e to   

no?+ b ! transmission ( f]m5tation f "o 
vessel into ano!r1 by ! transport to !  
"o ( ! torula p>ticles :i* exi/ 9 ! o!r4
 ,& x has be5 %[n to be true ( "s ( !   
mo/ de/ructive diseases :i* infect      
animals1 su* diseases z ! %eep pox1 su* 
diseases z t mo/ t]rible & de/ructive   
disord] ( horses1 gl&]s1 t 9 ^!1 also1 !
 active p[] is ! liv+ solid p>ticle1 & t
 ! in]t "p is ! fluid4 ,h[ev]1 d n      
suppose t ,i am pu%+ ! analogy too f>4  
,i d n mean to say t ! active1 solid    
p>ts 9 ^! diseas$ matt]s are ( ! same   
nature z liv+ yea/ plants2 b1 s f> z x  
goes1 !re is a mo/ surpris+ analogy     
betwe5 ! two2 & ! value ( ! analogy is  
?is1 t by foll[+ x out we may "s "t or  
o!r come to und]/& h[ ^! diseases are   
propagat$1 j z we und]/&1 n[1 ab\t      
f]m5tation2 & t1 9 ?is way1 "s ( !      
greate/ sc\rges :i* afflict ! human race
 may be1 if n prev5t$1 at lea/ l>gely   
alleviat$4  ,?is is ! conclusion ( !    
/atem5ts :i* ,i wi%$ to put be=e y4 ,y  
see we h n be5 able to h any            

accessories4 ,if y w come 9 su* numb]s  
to he> a lecture ( ?is k9d1 all ,i c say
 is1 t diagrams _c be made big en\gh =  
y1 & t x is n possible to %[ any        
exp]im5ts illu/rative ( a lecture on su*
 a subject z ,i h to deal )4 ,( c\rse my
 fri5ds ! *emi/s & physici/s are v mu*  
bett] (f1 because !y c n only %[ y      
exp]im5ts1 b y c smell !m & he> !m6 ,b 9
 my case su* aids are n atta9able1 &    
!re=e ,i h tak5 a simple subject & h    
dealt ) x 9 su* a way t ,i hope y all   
und]/& x1 at lea/ s f> z ,i h be5 able  
to put x be=e y 9 words2 & hav+ once    
appreh5d$ su* ( ! ideas & simple facts (
 ! case z x 0 possible to put be=e y1 y 
c see = y\rselves ! great & wond]ful    
issues ( su* an app>5tly homely subject4