f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,spell+ & punctuation h be5 pres]v$ z fai?fully z possible4 ,only obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= ease ( read+1 ! footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,nations4 ,,by ,,sir ,,james ,,mack9to%1 ,m4,p4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,goode ,,& ,,co4 ,,que5',s ,,head ,,passage1 ,,pat]no/]-,,r[4 ,,sold ,,by ,t4 ,,cl>k1 ,,ed9burgh2 ,,& ,,w>dlaw ,,& ,,co4 ,,glasg[4 ,m4,,dccc4,,xxviii4 ,a ,,disc\rse1 ,,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e ,i beg9 a c\rse ( lectures on a sci5ce ( great ext5t & importance1 ,i ?9k x my duty to lay be=e ! public ! reasons :i* h induc$ me to und]take su* a lab\r1 z well z a %ort acc\nt ( ! nature & objects ( ! c\rse :i* ,i propose to deliv]4 ,i h always be5 unwill+ to wa/e 9 unpr(itable inactivity t leisure :i* ! fir/ ye>s ( my pr(ession usually all[1 & :i* dilig5t m51 ev5 ) mod]ate tal5ts1 might (t5 employ 9 a mann] nei!r discr$itable to !mselves1 nor :olly useless to o!rs4 ,desir\s t my own leisure %\ld n be consum$ 9 slo?1 ,i anxi\sly look$ ab\t = "s way ( fill+ x up1 :i* might enable me1 accord+ to ! measure ( my humble abilities1 to contribute some:at to ! /ock ( g5]al usefulness4 ,i _h long be5 conv9c$ t public lectures1 :i* h be5 us$ 9 mo/ ages & c\ntries to tea* ! elem5ts ( almo/ e "p ( le>n+1 7 ! mo/ conv5i5t mode 9 :i* ^! elem5ts c\ld be taught2 t !y 7 ! be/ adapt$ = ! important purposes ( awak5+ ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t1 ( abridg+ 8 lab\rs1 ( guid+ 8 inquiries1 ( reliev+ ! t$i\sness ( private /udy1 & ( impress+ on 8 recollection ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,i saw no reason :y ! ,law ( ,engl& %\ld be less adapt$ to ?is mode ( in/ruction1 or less likely to b5efit by x1 ?an any o!r "p ( k4 ,a le>n$ g5tleman1 h[ev]1 _h already occupi$ t gr\nd1#a & w1 ,i d\bt n1 p]sev]e 9 ! useful lab\r :i* he has und]tak54 ,on 8 prov9ce x 0 f> f my wi% to intrude4 ,x appe>$ to me t a c\rse ( lectures on ano!r sci5ce closely connect$ ) all lib]al pr(essional /udies1 & :i* _h long be5 ! subject ( my own read+ & reflection1 might n only prove a mo/ useful introduction to ! law ( ,engl&1 b might also become an int]e/+ "p ( g5]al /udy1 & an important bran* ( ! education ( ^? :o 7 n de/9$ = ! pr(ession ( ! law4 ,i 0 confirm$ 9 my op9ion by ! ass5t & approbation ( m51 ^: names1 if x 7 becom+ to m5tion !m on s slight an occasion1 w\ld add au?ority to tru?1 & furni% "s excuse ev5 = error4 ,enc\rag$ by _! approbation1 ,i resolv$ )\t delay to comm5ce ! und]tak+1 ( :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to give "s acc\nt2 )\t int]rupt+ ! progress ( my disc\rse by anticipat+ or answ]+ ! rem>ks ( ^? :o may1 p]haps1 sne] at me = a dep>ture f ! usual c\rse ( my pr(ession2 because ,i am desir\s ( employ+ 9 a rational & useful pursuit t leisure1 ( :i* ! same m5 w\ld h requir$ no acc\nt1 if x _h be5 wa/$ on trifles1 or ev5 abus$ 9 dissipation4 ,! sci5ce :i* tea*es ! rights & duties ( m5 & ( /ates1 has1 9 mod]n times1 be5 call$ ! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations4 ,"u ?is compreh5sive title are includ$ ! rules ( morality1 z !y prescribe ! conduct ( private m5 t[>ds ea* o!r 9 all ! v>i\s relations ( human life2 z !y regulate bo? ! ob$i5ce ( citiz5s to ! laws1 & ! au?ority ( ! magi/rate 9 fram+ laws & adm9i/]+ gov]nm5t2 z !y modify ! int]c\rse ( indep5d5t commonweal?s 9 peace1 & prescribe limits to _! ho/ility 9 w>4 ,?is important sci5ce compreh5ds only t "p ( private e?ics :i* is capable ( be+ r$uc$ to fix$ & g5]al rules4 ,x consid]s only ^? g5]al pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce & politics :i* ! wisdom ( ! lawgiv] adapts to ! peculi> situation ( 8 own c\ntry1 & :i* ! skill ( ! /atesman applies to ! m fluctuat+ & inf9itely v>y+ circum/ances :i* affect its imm$iate welf>e & safety4 ,= !re are 9 nature c]ta9 f\nta9s ( ju/ice :5ce all civil laws are d]iv$1 b z /reams2 & l z wat]s d take t9ctures & ta/es f ! soils ?r\gh :i* !y run1 s d civil laws v>y accord+ to ! regions & gov]nm5ts :]e !y are plant$1 ?\gh !y proce$ f ! same f\nta9s4#b--;,bacon's ,dig4 & ,adv4 ( ,le>n4 ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #aja4 ,on ! great que/ions ( morality1 ( politics1 & ( municipal law1 x is ! object ( ?is sci5ce to deliv] only ^? fundam5tal tru?s ( :i* ! p>ticul> application is z ext5sive z ! :ole private & public conduct ( m52 to discov] ^? f\nta9s ( ju/ice1 )\t pursu+ ! /reams ?r\gh ! endless v>iety ( _! c\rse4 ,b ano!r "p ( ! subject is treat$ ) great] fulness & m9ut5ess ( application2 namely1 t important bran* ( x :i* pr(esses to regulate ! relations & int]c\rse ( /ates1 & m especially1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! great] p]fection & _! m imm$iate ref]5ce to use1 ! regulations ( t int]c\rse z !y are modifi$ by ! usages ( ! civilis$ nations ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,"h ?is sci5ce no long] re/s 9 g5]al pr9ciples4 ,t prov9ce ( x :i* we n[ call ! law ( nations1 has1 9 _m ( its p>ts1 acquir$ among our ,european nations mu* ( ! precision & c]ta9ty ( positive law1 & ! p>ticul>s ( t law are *iefly to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ^? writ]s :o h treat$ ! sci5ce ( :i* ,i n[ speak4 ,x is because !y h class$ 79 a mann] :i* seems peculi> to mod]n times7 ! duties ( individuals ) ^? ( nations1 & e/abli%$ _! obligation on simil> gr\nds1 t ! :ole sci5ce has be5 call$1 ,! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations4 ,:e!r ?is appellation be ! happie/ t c\ld h be5 *os5 = ! sci5ce1 & by :at /eps x came to be adopt$ among our mod]n morali/s & lawy]s1#c are inquiries1 p]haps1 ( m curiosity ?an use1 & :i*1 if !y des]ve any :]e to be deeply pursu$1 w be pursu$ ) m propriety 9 a full exam9ation ( ! subject ?an )9 ! %ort limits ( an introductory disc\rse4 ,names are1 h[ev]1 9 a great measure arbitr>y2 b ! di/ribution ( k into its p>ts1 ?\gh x may (t5 p]haps be v>i$ ) little disadvantage1 yet c]ta9ly dep5ds ^u "s fix$ pr9ciples4 ,! mod]n me?od ( consid]+ individual & national morality z ! subjects ( ! same sci5ce1 seems to me z conv5i5t & reasonable an arrangem5t z c be adopt$4 ,! same rules ( morality :i* hold toge!r m5 9 families1 & :i* =m families into commonweal?s1 also l9k toge!r ^! commonweal?s z memb]s ( ! great society ( mank9d4 ,commonweal?s1 z well z private m51 are liable to injury1 & capable ( b5efit1 f ea* o!r2 x is1 !re=e1 _! int]e/ z well z _! duty to rev]5ce1 to practise1 & to en=ce ^? rules ( ju/ice :i* control & re/ra9 injury1 :i* regulate & augm5t b5efit1 :i*1 ev5 9 _! pres5t imp]fect obs]vance1 pres]ve civilis$ /ates 9 a tol]able condition ( security f wrong1 & :i*1 if !y c\ld be g5]ally obey$1 w\ld e/abli%1 & p]man5tly ma9ta91 ! well-be+ ( ! univ]sal commonweal? ( ! human race4 ,x is !re=e ) ju/ice t "o "p ( ?is sci5ce has be5 call$ ! natural law ( individuals1 & ! o!r ! natural law ( /ates2 & x is too obvi\s to require obs]vation1#d t ! application ( bo? ^! laws1 ( ! =m] z mu* z ( ! latt]1 is modifi$ & v>i$ by cu/oms1 conv5tions1 "*1 & situation4 ,) a view to ^! pr9ciples1 ! writ]s on g5]al jurisprud5ce h consid]$ /ates z moral p]sons2 a mode ( expression :i* has be5 call$ a fiction ( law1 b :i* may be reg>d$ ) m propriety z a bold metaphor1 us$ to convey ! important tru?1 t nations1 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge no common sup]ior1 & nei!r c nor ought to be subject$ to human puni%m5t1 are yet "u ! same obligations mutually to practise hone/y & humanity1 :i* w\ld h b\nd individuals1 ev5 if !y c\ld be conceiv$ ev] to h subsi/$ )\t ! protect+ re/ra9ts ( gov]nm5t2 if !y 7 n compell$ to ! dis*>ge ( _! duty by ! j au?ority ( magi/rates1 & by ! :olesome t]rors ( ! laws4 ,) ! same views ?is law has be5 /yl$1 & 7not)/&+ ! objections ( "s writ]s to ! vagu5ess ( ! language7 appe>s to h be5 /yl$ ) great propriety1 ! law ( nature4 ,x may ) suffici5t correctness1 or at lea/ by an easy metaphor1 be call$ a law1 inasmu* z x is a supreme1 inv>iable1 & uncontrollable rule ( conduct to all m51 ( :i* ! violation is av5g$ by natural puni%m5ts1 :i* necess>ily fl[ f ! con/itution ( ?+s1 & are z fix$ & inevitable z ! ord] ( nature4 ,x is ! law ( nature1 because its g5]al precepts are ess5tially adapt$ to promote ! happ9ess ( man1 z long z he rema9s a be+ ( ! same nature ) :i* he is at pres5t end[$1 or1 9 o!r words1 z long z he cont9ues to be man1 9 all ! v>iety ( times1 places1 & circum/ances1 9 :i* he has be5 kn[n1 or c be imag9$ to exi/2 because x is discov]able by natural reason1 & suitable to our natural con/itution2 because its fitness & wisdom are f\nd$ on ! g5]al nature ( human be+s1 & n on any ( ^? tempor>y & accid5tal situations 9 :i* !y may be plac$4 ,x is ) /ill m propriety1 & inde$ ) ! highe/ /rictness1 & ! mo/ p]fect accuracy1 consid]$ z a law1 :51 accord+ to ^? j & magnific5t views :i* philosophy & religion op5 to u ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 x is receiv$ & rev]5c$ z ! sacr$ code1 promulgat$ by ! great ,legislator ( ! ,univ]se = ! guidance ( 8 creatures to happ9ess1 gu>d$ & en=c$1 z our own exp]i5ce may in=m u1 by ! p5al sanctions ( %ame1 ( remorse1 ( infamy1 & ( mis]y2 & /ill f>!r en=c$ by ! reasonable expectation ( yet m awful p5alties 9 a future & m p]man5t /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,x is ! contemplation ( ! law ( nature "u ?is full1 mature1 & p]fect idea ( its high orig9 & transc5d5t dignity1 t call$ =? ! en?usiasm ( ! greate/ m51 & ! greate/ writ]s ( anci5t & mod]n times1 9 ^? sublime descriptions1 :]e !y h exhau/$ all ! p[]s ( language1 & surpass$ all ! o!r ex]tions1 ev5 ( _! own eloqu5ce1 9 ! display ( ! beauty & maje/y ( ?is sov]eign & immutable law4 ,x is ( ?is law t ,cic]o has spok5 9 s _m p>ts ( 8 writ+s1 n only ) all ! spl5d\r & copi\sness ( eloqu5ce1 b ) ! s5sibility ( a man ( virtue2 & ) ! gravity & compreh5sion ( a philosoph]4#e ,x is ( ?is law t ,hook] speaks 9 s sublime a /ra93--,( law1 no less c be said1 ?an t h] seat is ! bosom ( ,god1 h] voice ! h>mony ( ! _w2 all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? d h] homage1 ! v lea/ z feel+ h] c>e1 ! greate/ z n exempt$ f h] p[]2 bo? angels & m51 & creatures ( :at condition soev]1 ?\gh ea* 9 diff]5t sort & mann]1 yet all ) uni=m cons5t admir+ h] z ! "m ( _! peace & joy4--,eccles4 ,pol4 book i4 9 ! conclusion4 ,let n ^?1 :o1 to use ! language ( ! same ,hook]1 talk ( tru?1 )\t ev] s\nd+ ! dep? f :5ce x spr+e?1 ha/ily take x = grant$1 t ^! great ma/]s ( eloqu5ce & reason 7 l$ a/ray by ! speci\s delusions ( my/icism1 f ! sob] consid]ation ( ! true gr\nds ( morality 9 ! nature1 necessities1 & int]e/s ( man4 ,!y /udi$ & taught ! pr9ciples ( morals2 b !y ?\ght x /ill m necess>y1 & m wise1 a mu* nobl] task1 & m becom+ a true philosoph]1 to inspire m5 ) a love & rev]5ce = virtue4#f ,!y 7 n cont5t$ ) elem5t>y speculations4 ,!y exam9$ ! f\ndations ( our duty1 b !y felt & *]i%$ a mo/ natural1 a mo/ seemly1 a mo/ rational en?usiasm1 :5 !y contemplat$ ! maje/ic edifice :i* is re>$ on ^! solid f\ndations4 ,!y devot$ ! highe/ ex]tions ( _! m9d to spread t b5efic5t en?usiasm among m54 ,!y consecrat$ z a homage to virtue ! mo/ p]fect fruits ( _! g5ius4 ,if ^! gr& s5tim5ts ( ! good & fair h sometimes prev5t$ !m f deliv]+ ! pr9ciples ( e?ics ) ! nak$ness & dryness ( sci5ce1 at lea/1 we mu/ own t !y h *os5 ! bett] "p2 t !y h pref]r$ virtu\s feel+ to moral !ory2 & practical b5efit to speculative exactness4 ,p]haps ^! wise m5 may h suppos$ t ! m9ute dissection & anatomy ( ,virtue might1 to ! ill-judg+ eye1 weak5 ! *>m ( h] beauty4 ,x is n = me to attempt a !me :i* has p]haps be5 exhau/$ by ^! great writ]s4 ,i am inde$ mu* less call$ ^u to display ! wor? & usefulness ( ! law ( nations1 ?an to v9dicate myself f presumption 9 attempt+ a subject :i* has be5 already h&l$ by s _m ma/]s4 ,= ! purpose ( t v9dication x w be necess>y to sket* a v %ort & slight acc\nt 7= su* 9 ?is place x mu/ unavoidably be7 ( ! progress & pres5t /ate ( ! sci5ce1 & ( t succession ( able writ]s :o h gradually br\ght x to its pres5t p]fection4 ,we h no ,greek or ,roman treatise rema9+ on ! law ( nations4 ,f ! title ( "o ( ! lo/ works ( ,ari/otle1 x appe>s t he compos$ a treatise on ! laws ( w>1#g :i*1 if we _h ! good =tune to possess x1 w\ld d\btless h amply satisfi$ our curiosity1 & w\ld h taught u bo? ! practice ( ! anci5t nations & ! op9ions ( _! morali/s1 ) t dep? & precision :i* di/+ui% ! o!r works ( t great philosoph]4 ,we c n[ only imp]fectly collect t practice & ^? op9ions f v>i\s passages :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! writ+s ( philosoph]s1 hi/orians1 poets1 & orators4 ,:5 ! "t %all arrive = a m full consid]ation ( ! /ate ( ! gov]nm5t & mann]s ( ! anci5t _w1 ,i %all be able1 p]haps1 to (f] satisfactory reasons :y ^! enlight5$ nations did n sep>ate f ! g5]al prov9ce ( e?ics t "p ( morality :i* regulates ! int]c\rse ( /ates1 & erect x into an indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,x w\ld require a long discussion to unfold ! v>i\s causes :i* unit$ ! mod]n nations ( ,europe into a clos] society2 :i* l9k$ !m toge!r by ! firme/ b&s ( mutual dep5d5ce1 & :i* ?us1 9 process ( "t1 gave to ! law t regulat$ _! int]c\rse great] importance1 high] improvem5t1 & m b9d+ =ce4 ,among ^! causes we may enum]ate a common extraction1 a common religion1 simil> mann]s1 in/itutions1 & languages2 9 e>li] ages ! au?ority ( ! ,see ( ,rome1 & ! extravagant claims ( ! imp]ial cr[n2 9 lat] times ! connexions ( trade1 ! jeal\sy ( p[]1 ! ref9em5t ( civilization1 ! cultivation ( sci5ce1 &1 above all1 t g5]al mildness ( "* & mann]s :i* arose f ! comb9$ & progressive influ5ce ( *ivalry1 ( comm]ce1 ( le>n+1 & ( religion4 ,nor mu/ we omit ! simil>ity ( ^? political in/itutions :i*1 9 e c\ntry t _h be5 ov]-run by ! ,go?ic conqu]ors1 bore disc]nible m>ks 7:i* ! revolutions ( succe$+ ages _h obscur$1 b n oblit]at$7 ( ! rude b bold & noble outl9e ( lib]ty t 0 orig9ally sket*$ by ! h& ( ^! g5]\s b>b>ians4 ,^! & _m o!r causes conspir$ to unite ! nations ( ,europe 9 a m intimate connexion & a m con/ant int]c\rse1 & ( consequ5ce made ! regulation ( _! int]c\rse m necess>y1 & ! law t 0 to gov]n x m important4 ,9 proportion z !y approa*$ to ! condition ( prov9ces ( ! same empire1 x became almo/ z ess5tial t ,europe %\ld h a precise & compreh5sive code ( ! law ( nations1 z t ea* c\ntry %\ld h a sy/em ( municipal law4 ,! lab\rs ( ! le>n$ accord+ly began to be direct$ to ?is subject 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 soon aft] ! revival ( le>n+1 & aft] t regul> di/ribution ( p[] & t]ritory :i* has subsi/$1 ) little v>iation1 until our times4 ,! critical exam9ation ( ^! e>ly writ]s w\ld p]haps n be v int]e/+ 9 an ext5sive "w1 & x w\ld be unp>donable 9 a %ort disc\rse4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve t !y 7 all m or less %ackl$ by ! b>b>\s philosophy ( ! s*ools1 & t !y 7 imp$$ 9 _! progress by a timor\s def]5ce = ! inf]ior & te*nical p>ts ( ! ,roman law1 )\t rais+ _! views to ! compreh5sive pr9ciples :i* w = ev] inspire mank9d ) v5]ation = t gr& monum5t ( human wisdom4 ,x 0 only inde$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury t ! ,roman law 0 fir/ /udi$ & und]/ood z a sci5ce connect$ ) ,roman hi/ory & lit]ature1 & illu/rat$ by m5 :om ,ulpian & ,pap9ian w\ld n h disda9$ to ackn[l$ge z _! successors4#h ,among ! writ]s ( t age we may p]ceive ! ineffectual attempts1 ! p>tial advances1 ! occasional /reaks ( light :i* always prec$e great discov]ies1 & works t are to in/ruct po/]ity4 ,! r$uction ( ! law ( nations to a sy/em 0 res]v$ = ,grotius4 ,x 0 by ! advice ( ,"l ,bacon & ,peiresc t he und]took ?is ardu\s task4 ,he produc$ a "w :i* we n[ inde$ ju/ly deem imp]fect1 b :i* is p]haps ! mo/ complete t ! _w has yet ow$1 at s e>ly a /age 9 ! progress ( any sci5ce1 to ! g5ius & le>n+ ( "o man4 ,s great is ! unc]ta9ty ( po/hum\s reputation1 & s liable is ! fame ev5 ( ! greate/ m5 to be obscur$ by ^? new fa%ions ( ?9k+ & writ+ :i* succe$ ea* o!r s rapidly among poli%$ nations1 t ,grotius1 :o fill$ s l>ge a space 9 ! eye ( 8 contempor>ies1 is n[ p]haps kn[n to "s ( my read]s only by "n4 ,yet if we fairly e/imate bo? 8 end[m5ts & 8 virtues1 we may ju/ly consid] him z "o ( ! mo/ memorable m5 :o h done hon\r to mod]n times4 ,he comb9$ ! dis*>ge ( ! mo/ important duties ( active & public life ) ! atta9m5t ( t exact & v>i\s le>n+ :i* is g5]ally ! portion only ( ! recluse /ud5t4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ z an advocate & a magi/rate1 & he compos$ ! mo/ valuable works on ! law ( 8 own c\ntry2 he 0 almo/ equally celebrat$ z an hi/orian1 a s*ol>1 a poet1 & a div9e2 a dis9t]e/$ /atesman1 a philosophical lawy]1 a patriot :o unit$ mod]ation ) firmness1 & a !ologian :o 0 taught c&\r by 8 le>n+4 ,unm]it$ exile did n damp 8 patriotism2 ! bitt]ness ( controv]sy did n ext+ui% 8 *>ity4 ,! sagacity ( 8 num]\s & fi]ce adv]s>ies c\ld n discov] a blot on 8 "*2 & 9 ! mid/ ( all ! h>d trials & gall+ provocations ( a turbul5t political life1 he nev] once des]t$ 8 fri5ds :5 !y 7 un=tunate1 nor insult$ 8 enemies :5 !y 7 weak4 ,9 times ( ! mo/ furi\s civil & religi\s faction he pres]v$ 8 "n unspott$1 & he knew h[ to reconcile fidelity to 8 own p>ty1 ) mod]ation t[>ds 8 oppon5ts4 ,su* 0 ! man :o 0 de/9$ to give a new =m to ! law ( nations1 or r to create a sci5ce1 ( :i* only rude sket*es & indige/$ mat]ials 7 scatt]$ ov] ! writ+s ( ^? :o _h gone be=e him4 ,by trac+ ! laws ( 8 c\ntry to _! pr9ciples1 he 0 l$ to ! contemplation ( ! law ( nature1 :i* be ju/ly consid]$ z ! p>5t ( all municipal law4#i ,few works 7 m celebrat$ ?an t ( ,grotius 9 8 own days1 & 9 ! age :i* succe$$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ! fa%ion ( ! la/ half-c5tury to depreciate 8 "w z a %apeless compilation1 9 :i* reason lies buri$ "u a mass ( au?orities & quotations4 ,?is fa%ion orig9at$ among ,fr5* wits & declaim]s1 & x has be51 ,i "k n = :at reason1 adopt$1 ?\gh ) f> great] mod]ation & dec5cy1 by "s respectable writ]s among ourselves4 ,z to ^? :o fir/ us$ ?is language1 ! mo/ c&id supposition t we c make ) respect to !m is1 t !y nev] read ! "w2 =1 if !y _h n be5 det]r$ f ! p]usal ( x by su* a =midable display ( ,greek *>act]s1 !y mu/ soon h discov]$ t ,grotius nev] quotes on any subject till he has fir/ appeal$ to "s pr9ciples1 & (t51 9 my humble op9ion1 ?\gh1 n always1 to ! s\nde/ & mo/ rational pr9ciples4 ,b ano!r sort ( answ] is due to "s ( ^?#aj :o h criticis$ ,grotius1 & t answ] might be giv5 9 ! words ( ,grotius himself4#aa ,he 0 n ( su* a /upid & s]vile ca/ ( m9d1 z to quote ! op9ions ( poets or orators1 ( hi/orians & philosoph]s1 z ^? ( judges1 f ^: decision !re 0 no appeal4 ,he quotes !m1 z he tells u himself1 z witnesses ^: conspir+ te/imony1 mightily /r5g!n$ & confirm$ by _! discordance on almo/ e o!r subject1 is a conclusive pro( ( ! unanimity ( ! :ole human race on ! great rules ( duty & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( morals4 ,on su* matt]s1 poets & orators are ! mo/ unexceptionable ( all witnesses2 = !y address !mselves to ! g5]al feel+s & sympa?ies ( mank9d2 !y are nei!r w>p$ by sy/em1 nor p]v]t$ by sophi/ry2 !y c atta9 none ( _! objects2 !y c nei!r please nor p]suade if !y dwell on moral s5tim5ts n 9 unison ) ^? ( _! read]s4 ,no sy/em ( moral philosophy c surely disreg>d ! g5]al feel+s ( human nature & ! accord+ judgm5t ( all ages & nations4 ,b :]e are ^! feel+s & t judgm5t record$ & pres]v$8 ,9 ^? v writ+s :i* ,grotius is gravely blam$ = hav+ quot$4 ,! usages & laws ( nations1 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 ! s5tim5ts ( orators & poets1 z well z ! obs]vation ( common life1 are1 9 tru?1 ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! sci5ce ( morality is =m$2 & ^? :o neglect !m are ju/ly *>geable ) a va9 attempt to philosophise )\t reg>d to fact & exp]i5ce1 ! sole f\ndation ( all true philosophy4 ,if ?is 7 m]ely an objection ( ta/e1 ,i %\ld be will+ to all[ t ,grotius has inde$ p\r$ =? 8 le>n+ ) a pr(usion t sometimes r encumb]s ?an adorns 8 "w1 & :i* is n always necess>y to ! illu/ration ( 8 subject4 ,yet1 ev5 9 mak+ t concession1 ,i %\ld r yield to ! ta/e ( o!rs ?an speak f my own feel+s4 ,i own t su* ri*ness & spl5d\r ( lit]ature h a p[]ful *>m = me4 ,!y fill my m9d ) an endless v>iety ( delightful recollections & associations4 ,!y relieve ! und]/&+ 9 its progress ?r\gh a va/ sci5ce1 by call+ up ! memory ( great m5 & ( int]e/+ ev5ts4 ,by ?is means we see ! tru?s ( morality clo!d ) all ! eloqu5ce 7n t c\ld be produc$ by ! p[]s ( "o man1 b7 t c\ld be be/[$ on !m by ! collective g5ius ( ! _w4 ,ev5 ,virtue & ,wisdom !mselves acquire new maje/y 9 my eyes1 :5 ,i ?us see all ! great ma/]s ( ?9k+ & writ+ call$ toge!r1 z x 71 f all times & c\ntries1 to d !m homage1 & to appe> 9 _! tra94 ,b ?is is no place = discussions ( ta/e1 & ,i am v ready to own t m9e may be corrupt$4 ,! "w ( ,grotius is liable to a m s]i\s objection1 ?\gh ,i d n recollect t x has ev] be5 made4 ,8 me?od is inconv5i5t & unsci5tific4 ,he has inv]t$ ! natural ord]4 ,t natural ord] und\bt$ly dictates1 t we %\ld fir/ se>* = ! orig9al pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce 9 human nature2 !n apply !m to ! regulation ( ! conduct ( individuals1 & la/ly1 employ !m = ! decision ( ^? difficult & complicat$ que/ions t arise ) respect to ! int]c\rse ( nations4 ,b ,grotius has *os5 ! rev]se ( ?is me?od4 ,he beg9s ) ! consid]ation ( ! /ates ( peace & w>1 & he exam9es orig9al pr9ciples only occasionally & incid5tally z !y gr[ out ( ! que/ions :i* he is call$ ^u to decide4 ,x is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is disord]ly me?od1 :i* exhibits ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce 9 ! =m ( scatt]$ digressions1 t he seldom employs suffici5t discussion on ^! fundam5tal tru?s1 & nev] 9 ! place :]e su* a discussion w\ld be mo/ in/ructive to ! read]4 ,?is defect 9 ! plan ( ,grotius 0 p]ceiv$1 & suppli$1 by ,puff5dorff1 :o re/or$ natural law to t sup]iority :i* belong$ to x1 & ) great propriety treat$ ! law ( nations z only "o ma9 bran* ( ! p>5t /ock4 ,)\t ! g5ius ( 8 ma/]1 & ) v inf]ior le>n+1 he has yet treat$ ?is subject ) s\nd s5se1 ) cle> me?od1 ) ext5sive & accurate k1 & ) a copi\sness ( detail sometimes inde$ t$i\s1 b always in/ructive & satisfactory4 ,8 "w w be always /udi$ by ^? :o sp>e no lab\r to acquire a deep k ( ! subject2 b x w1 9 our times1 ,i fe>1 be (t5] f\nd on ! %elf ?an on ! desk ( ! g5]al /ud5t4 ,9 ! "t ( ,mr4 ,locke x 0 consid]$ z ! manual ( ^? :o 7 int5d$ = active life2 b 9 ! pres5t age ,i believe x w be f\nd t m5 ( bus9ess are too mu* occupi$1 m5 ( lett]s are too fa/idi\s1 & m5 ( ! _w too indol5t1 = ! /udy or ev5 ! p]usal ( su* works4 ,f> be x f me to d]ogate f ! real & great m]it ( s useful a writ] z ,puff5dorff4 ,8 treatise is a m9e 9 :i* all 8 successors mu/ dig4 ,i only presume to sugge/1 t a book s prolix1 & s utt]ly void ( all ! attractions ( composition1 is likely to repel _m read]s :o are int]e/$1 & :o might p]haps be dispos$ to acquire "s k ( ! pr9ciples ( public law4 ,_m o!r circum/ances might be m5tion$1 :i* conspire to prove t nei!r ( ! great works ( :i* ,i h spok51 has sup]s$$ ! necessity ( a new attempt to lay be=e ! public a ,sy/em ( ! ,law ( ,nations4 ,! language ( sci5ce is s completely *ang$ s9ce bo? ^! works 7 writt51 t :oev] 0 n[ to employ _! t]ms 9 8 moral reason+s w\ld be almo/ un9telligible to "s ( 8 he>]s or read]s2 & to "s among !m too :o are nei!r ill qualifi$ nor ill dispos$ to /udy su* subjects ) consid]able advantage to !mselves4 ,! le>n$ inde$ well "k h[ little novelty or v>iety is to be f\nd 9 sci5tific disputes4 ,! same tru?s & ! same errors h be5 repeat$ f age to age1 ) little v>iation b 9 ! language2 & novelty ( expression is (t5 mi/ak5 by ! ignorant = sub/antial discov]y4 ,p]haps too v ne>ly ! same portion ( g5ius & judgm5t has be5 ex]t$ 9 mo/ ( ! v>i\s =ms "u :i* sci5ce has be5 cultivat$ at diff]5t p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,! sup]iority ( ^? writ]s :o cont9ue to be read1 p]haps (t5 consi/s *iefly 9 ta/e1 9 prud5ce1 9 a happy *oice ( subject1 9 a fav\rable mom5t1 9 an agreeable /yle1 9 ! good =tune ( a preval5t language1 or 9 o!r advantages :i* are ei!r accid5tal1 or are ! result r ( ! second>y ?an ( ! highe/ faculties ( ! m9d4--,b ^! reflections1 :ile !y mod]ate ! pride ( inv5tion1 & dispel ! extravagant conceit ( sup]ior illum9ation1 yet s]ve to prove ! use1 & inde$ ! necessity1 ( compos+1 f "t to "t1 new sy/ems ( sci5ce adapt$ to ! op9ions & language ( ea* succe$+ p]iod4 ,e age mu/ be taught 9 its own language4 ,if a man 7 n[ to beg9 a disc\rse on e?ics ) an acc\nt ( ! moral entities ( ,puff5dorff1#ab he w\ld speak an unkn[n tongue4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 alone z a m]e translation ( =m] writ]s into mod]n language t a new sy/em ( public law seems likely to be useful4 ,! age 9 :i* we live possesses _m advantages :i* are peculi>ly fav\rable to su* an und]tak+4 ,s9ce ! composition ( ! great works ( ,grotius & ,puff5dorff1 a m mode/1 simple1 & intelligible philosophy has be5 introduc$ into ! s*ools2 :i* has inde$ be5 grossly abus$ by sophi/s1 b :i*1 f ! "t ( ,locke1 has be5 cultivat$ & improv$ by a succession ( disciples wor?y ( _! illu/ri\s ma/]4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to discuss ) precision1 & to expla9 ) cle>ness1 ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( human nature1 :i* are 9 !mselves on a level ) ! capacity ( e man ( good s5se1 & :i* only appe>$ to be ab/ruse f ! unpr(itable subtleties ) :i* !y 7 load$1 & ! b>b>\s j>gon 9 :i* !y 7 express$4 ,! deepe/ doctr9es ( morality h s9ce t "t be5 treat$ 9 ! p]spicu\s & popul> /yle1 & ) "s degree ( ! beauty & eloqu5ce ( ! anci5t morali/s4 ,t philosophy on :i* are f\nd$ ! pr9ciples ( our duty1 if x has n become m c]ta9 7= morality admits no discov]ies71 is at lea/ less h>% & crabb$1 less obscure & haughty 9 its language1 less =bidd+ & disgu/+ 9 its appe>ance1 ?an 9 ! days ( our ance/ors4 ,if ?is progress ( le>n+ t[>ds popul>ity has eng5d]$ 7z x mu/ be own$ t x has7 a multitude ( sup]ficial & mo/ mis*iev\s scioli/s1 ! antidote mu/ come f ! same qu>t] ) ! disease4 ,popul> reason c alone correct popul> sophi/ry4 ,nor is ?is ! only advantage :i* a writ] ( ! pres5t age w\ld possess ov] ! celebrat$ juri/s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,s9ce t "t va/ additions h be5 made to ! /ock ( our k ( human nature4 ,_m d>k p]iods ( hi/ory h s9ce be5 explor$4 ,_m hi!rto unkn[n regions ( ! globe h be5 visit$ & describ$ by travell]s & navigators n less intellig5t ?an intrepid4 ,we may be said to /& at ! conflu5ce ( ! greate/ numb] ( /reams ( k fl[+ f ! mo/ di/ant s\rces t ev] met at "o po9t4 ,we are n conf9$1 z ! le>n$ ( ! la/ age g5]ally 71 to ! hi/ory ( ^? r5[n$ nations :o are our ma/]s 9 lit]ature4 ,we c br+ be=e u man 9 a l[] & m abject condition ?an any 9 :i* he 0 ev] be=e se54 ,! records h be5 p>tly op5$ to u ( ^? mighty empires ( ,asia#ac :]e ! beg9n+s ( civilization are lo/ 9 ! d>kness ( an unfa?omable antiquity4 ,we c make human society pass 9 review be=e our m9d1 f ! brutal & helpless b>b>ism ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 & ! mild & voluptu\s savages ( ,otaheite1 to ! tame1 b anci5t & immovable civilization ( ,*9a1 :i* be/[s its own arts on e successive race ( conqu]ors2 to ! meek & s]vile natives ( ,h9do/an1 :o pres]ve _! +5uity1 _! skill1 & _! sci5ce1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ages1 "u ! yoke ( =eign tyrants2 to ! gross & incorrigible rud5ess ( ! ,ottomans1 incapable ( improvem5t1 & ext+ui%+ ! rema9s ( civilization among _! unhappy subjects1 once ! mo/ +5i\s nations ( ! e>?4 ,we c exam9e almo/ e imag9able v>iety 9 ! "*1 mann]s1 op9ions1 feel+s1 prejudices1 & in/itutions ( mank9d1 into :i* !y c be ?r[n1 ei!r by ! rud5ess ( b>b>ism1 or by ! caprici\s corruptions ( ref9em5t1 or by ^? innum]able comb9ations ( circum/ances1 :i*1 bo? 9 ^! opposite conditions & 9 all ! int]m$iate /ages betwe5 !m1 influ5ce or direct ! c\rse ( human affairs4 ,hi/ory1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 is n[ a va/ museum1 9 :i* specim5s ( e v>iety ( human nature may be /udi$4 ,f ^! great accessions to k1 law-giv]s & /atesm51 b1 above all1 morali/s & political philosoph]s1 may reap ! mo/ important in/ruction4 ,!y may pla9ly discov] 9 all ! useful & beautiful v>iety ( gov]nm5ts & in/itutions1 & "u all ! fanta/ic multitude ( usages & rites :i* h prevail$ among m51 ! same fundam5tal1 compreh5sive tru?s1 ! sacr$ ma/]-pr9ciples :i* are ! gu>dians ( human society1 recognis$ & rev]$ 7) few & slight exceptions7 by e nation ^u e>?1 & uni=mly taught 7) /ill few] exceptions7 by a succession ( wise m5 f ! fir/ dawn ( speculation to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! exceptions1 few z !y are1 w1 on m reflection1 be f\nd r app>5t ?an real4 ,if we c\ld raise ourselves to t height f :i* we ought to survey s va/ a subject1 ^! exceptions w\ld altoge!r vani%2 ! brutality ( a h&ful ( savages w\ld disappe> 9 ! imm5se prospect ( human nature1 & ! murmurs ( a few lic5ti\s sophi/s w\ld n asc5d to break ! g5]al h>mony4 ,?is cons5t ( mank9d 9 fir/ pr9ciples1 & ?is endless v>iety 9 _! application1 :i* is "o among _m valuable tru?s :i* we may collect f our pres5t ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( man1 is itself ( va/ importance4 ,mu* ( ! maje/y & au?ority ( virtue is d]iv$ f _! cons5t1 & almo/ ! :ole ( practical wisdom is f\nd$ on _! v>iety4 ,:at =m] age c\ld h suppli$ facts = su* a "w z t ( ,montesquieu8 ,he inde$ has be51 p]haps ju/ly1 *>g$ ) abus+ ?is advantage1 by ! undi/+ui%+ adoption ( ! n>ratives ( travell]s ( v diff]5t degrees ( accuracy & v]acity4 ,b if we reluctantly confess ! ju/ness ( ?is objection2 if we are compell$ to own t he exagg]ates ! influ5ce ( climate1 t he ascribes too mu* to ! =esight & =m+ skill ( legislators1 & f> too little to "t & circum/ances1 9 ! gr[? ( political con/itutions2 t ! sub/antial "* & ess5tial diff]5ces ( gov]nm5ts are (t5 lo/ & conf\nd$ 9 8 te*nical language & arrangem5t2 t he (t5 b5ds ! free & irregul> outl9e ( nature to ! impos+ b fallaci\s geometrical regul>ity ( sy/em2 t he has *os5 a /yle ( affect$ abruptness1 s5t5ti\sness1 & vivacity1 ill suit$ to ! gravity ( 8 subject3 aft] all ^! concessions 7= 8 fame is l>ge en\gh to sp>e _m concessions71 ! ,_s ( ,laws w /ill rema9 n only "o ( ! mo/ solid & durable monum5ts ( ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 b a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! ine/imable advantages :i* political philosophy may receive f a wide survey ( all ! v>i\s conditions ( human society4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury a sl[ & sil5t1 b v sub/antial mitigation has tak5 place 9 ! practice ( w>2 & 9 proportion z t mitigat$ practice has receiv$ ! sanction ( "t1 x is rais$ f ! rank ( m]e usage1 & becomes "p ( ! law ( nations4 ,:oev] w comp>e our pres5t modes ( w>f>e ) ! sy/em ( ,grotius#ad w cle>ly disc]n ! imm5se improvem5ts :i* h tak5 place 9 t respect s9ce ! publication ( 8 "w1 dur+ a p]iod1 p]haps 9 e po9t ( view1 ! happie/ to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,9 ! same p]iod _m important po9ts ( public law h be5 ! subject ( conte/ bo? by argum5t & by arms1 ( :i* we f9d ei!r no m5tion1 or v obscure traces1 9 ! hi/ory ( prec$+ times4 ,!re are o!r circum/ances to :i* ,i allude ) hesitation & reluctance1 ?\gh x mu/ be own$ t !y af=d to a writ] ( ?is age "s degree ( un=tunate & deplorable advantage ov] 8 pr$ecessors4 ,rec5t ev5ts h accumulat$ m t]rible practical in/ruction on e subject ( politics ?an c\ld h be5 9 o!r times acquir$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ages4 ,m5's wit1 %>p5$ by _! passions1 has p5etrat$ to ! bottom ( almo/ all political que/ions4 ,ev5 ! fundam5tal rules ( morality !mselves h1 = ! fir/ "t1 un=tunately = mank9d1 become ! subject ( d\bt & discussion4 ,i %all consid] x z my duty to ab/a9 f all m5tion ( ^! awful ev5ts1 & ( ^! fatal controv]sies4 ,b ! m9d ( t man mu/ inde$ be incuri\s & indocile1 :o has ei!r ov]look$ all ^! ?+s2 or reap$ no in/ruction f ! contemplation ( !m4 ,f ^! reflections x appe>s1 t1 s9ce ! composition ( ^? two great works on ! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations :i* cont9ue to be ! classical & /&>d works on t subject1 we h ga9$ bo? m conv5i5t in/rum5ts ( reason+ & m ext5sive mat]ials = sci5ce2 t ! code ( w> has be5 enl>g$ & improv$2 t new que/ions h be5 practically decid$2 & t new controv]sies h aris5 reg>d+ ! int]c\rse ( indep5d5t /ates1 & ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality & civil gov]nm5t4 ,"s read]s may1 h[ev]1 ?9k t 9 ^! obs]vations :i* ,i (f]1 to excuse ! presumption ( my own attempt1 ,i h omitt$ ! m5tion ( lat] writ]s1 to :om "s "p ( ! rem>ks is n ju/ly applicable4 ,b1 p]haps1 fur!r consid]ation w acquit me 9 ! judgm5t ( su* read]s4 ,writ]s on p>ticul> que/ions ( public law are n )9 ! scope ( my obs]vations4 ,!y h furni%$ ! mo/ valuable mat]ials2 b ,i speak only ( a sy/em4 ,to ! l>ge "w ( ,wolffius1 ! obs]vations :i* ,i h made on ,puff5dorff z a book = g5]al use1 w surely apply ) t5fold =ce4 ,8 abridg]1 ,vattel1 des]ves1 inde$1 consid]able praise4 ,he is a v +5i\s1 cle>1 elegant1 & useful writ]4 ,b he only consid]s "o "p ( ?is ext5sive subject1 namely1 ! law ( nations /rictly s call$2 & ,i _c help ?9k+1 t1 ev5 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce1 he has adopt$ "s d\btful & dang]\s pr9ciples1 n to m5tion 8 con/ant defici5cy 9 t fulness ( example & illu/ration1 :i* s mu* embelli%es & /r5g!ns reason4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to take any notice ( ! text-book ( ,he9eccius1 ! be/ writ] ( elem5t>y books ) :om ,i am acqua9t$ on any subject4 ,burlamaqui is an au?or ( sup]ior m]it2 b he conf9es himself too mu* to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( morality & politics1 to require mu* obs]vation f me 9 ?is place4 ,! same reason w excuse me = pass+ ov] 9 sil5ce ! works ( _m philosoph]s & morali/s1 to :om1 9 ! c\rse ( my propos$ lectures1 ,i %all owe & confess ! greate/ obligations2 & x might p]haps deliv] me f ! necessity ( speak+ ( ! "w ( ,dr4 ,paley1 if ,i 7 n desir\s ( ?is public opportunity ( pr(ess+ my gratitude = ! in/ruction & pleasure :i* ,i h receiv$ f t excell5t writ]1 :o possesses1 9 s em95t a degree1 ^? invaluable qualities ( a morali/1 good s5se1 caution1 sobriety1 & p]petual ref]5ce to conv5i5ce & practice2 & :o c]ta9ly is ?\ght less orig9al ?an he really is1 m]ely because 8 ta/e & mode/y h l$ him to disda9 ! o/5tation ( novelty1 & because he g5]ally employs m art to bl5d 8 own argum5ts ) ! body ( receiv$ op9ions1 s z t !y are sc>ce to be di/+ui%$1 ?an o!r m51 9 ! pursuit ( a transi5t popul>ity1 h ex]t$ to disguise ! mo/ mis]able common-places 9 ! %ape ( p>adox4 ,no writ] s9ce ! "t ( ,grotius1 ( ,puff5dorff1 & ( ,wolf1 has comb9$ an inve/igation ( ! pr9ciples ( natural & public law1 ) a full application ( ^! pr9ciples to p>ticul> cases2 & 9 ^! circum/ances1 ,i tru/1 x w n be deem$ extravagant presumption 9 me to hope t ,i %all be able to exhibit a view ( ?is sci5ce1 :i* %all1 at lea/1 be m intelligible & attractive to /ud5ts1 ?an ! le>n$ treatises ( ^! celebrat$ m54 ,i %all n[ proce$ to /ate ! g5]al plan & subjects ( ! lectures 9 :i* ,i am to make ?is attempt4 ,i4 ,! be+ ^: actions ! law ( nature pr(esses to regulate1 is man4 ,x is on ! k ( 8 nature t ! sci5ce ( 8 duty mu/ be f\nd$4#ae ,x is impossible to approa* ! ?re%old ( moral philosophy1 )\t a previ\s exam9ation ( ! faculties & habits ( ! human m9d4 ,let no read] be repell$ f ?is exam9ation1 by ! odi\s & t]rible "n ( metaphysics2 = x is1 9 tru?1 no?+ m ?an ! employm5t ( good s5se1 9 obs]v+ our own ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & actions2 & :5 ! facts :i* are ?us obs]v$1 are express$ z !y ought to be1 9 pla9 language1 x is1 p]haps1 above all o!r sci5ces1 mo/ on a level ) ! capacity & in=mation ( ! g5]ality ( ?9k+ m54 ,:5 x is ?us express$1 x requires no previ\s qualification1 b a s\nd judgm5t1 p]fectly to compreh5d x2 & ^? :o wrap x up 9 a te*nical & my/]i\s j>gon1 always give u /rong reason to suspect t !y are n philosoph]s b impo/ors4 ,:oev] ?or\ghly und]/&s su* a sci5ce1 mu/ be able to tea* x pla9ly to all m5 ( common s5se4 ,! propos$ c\rse w !re=e op5 ) a v %ort1 &1 ,i hope1 a v simple & intelligible acc\nt ( ! p[]s & op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,by ?is pla9 /atem5t ( facts1 x w n be difficult to decide _m celebrat$1 ?\gh frivol\s1 & m]ely v]bal controv]sies1 :i* h long amus$ ! leisure ( ! s*ools1 & :i* owe bo? _! fame & _! exi/5ce to ! ambigu\s obscurity ( s*ola/ic language4 ,x w1 = example1 only require an appeal to e man's exp]i5ce1 to prove t we (t5 act purely f a reg>d to ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 & are !re=e social be+s2 & x is n necess>y to be a consummate judge ( ! deceptions ( language1 to despise ! sophi/ical trifl]1 :o tells u1 t1 because we exp]i5ce a gratification 9 our b5evol5t actions1 we are !re=e exclusively & uni=mly selfi%4 ,a correct exam9ation ( facts w lead u to discov] t quality :i* is common to all virtu\s actions1 & :i* di/+ui%es !m f ^? :i* are vici\s & crim9al4 ,b we %all see t x is necess>y = man to be gov]n$ n by 8 own transi5t & ha/y op9ion ^u ! t5d5cy ( e p>ticul> action1 b by ^? fix$ & unalt]able rules1 :i* are ! jo9t result ( ! imp>tial judgm5t1 ! natural feel+s1 & ! embodi$ exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,! au?ority ( ^! rules is1 inde$1 f\nd$ only on _! t5d5cy to promote private & public welf>e2 b ! morality ( actions w appe> solely to consi/ 9 _! correspond5ce ) ! rule4 ,by ! help ( ?is obvi\s di/9ction we %all v9dicate a j !ory1 :i*1 f> f be+ mod]n1 is1 9 fact1 z anci5t z philosophy1 bo? f plausible objections1 & f ! odi\s imputation ( support+ ^? absurd & mon/r\s sy/ems :i* h be5 built ^u x4 ,b5eficial t5d5cy is ! f\ndation ( rules1 & ! crit]ion by :i* habits & s5tim5ts are to be tri$4 ,b x is nei!r ! imm$iate /&>d1 nor c x ev] be ! pr9cipal motive ( action4 ,an action1 to be completely virtu\s1 mu/ accord ) moral rules1 & mu/ fl[ f our natural feel+s & affections1 mod]at$1 matur$1 & improv$ into /eady habits ( "r conduct4#af ,)\t1 h[ev]1 dwell+ long] on subjects :i* _c be cle>ly /at$1 unless !y are fully unfold$1 ,i cont5t myself ) obs]v+1 t x %all be my object1 9 ?is prelim9>y1 b mo/ important "p ( ! c\rse1 to lay ! f\ndations ( morality s deeply 9 human nature1 z may satisfy ! colde/ inquir]2 &1 at ! same "t1 to v9dicate ! p>am\nt au?ority ( ! rules ( our duty1 at all times1 & 9 all places1 ov] all op9ions ( int]e/ & speculations ( b5efit1 s ext5sively1 s univ]sally1 & s inviolably1 z may well ju/ify ! gr&e/ & ! mo/ app>5tly extravagant effusions ( moral en?usiasm4 ,if1 not)/&+ all my endeav\rs to deliv] ^! doctr9es ) ! utmo/ simplicity1 any ( my auditors %\ld /ill reproa* me = introduc+ su* ab/ruse matt]s1 ,i mu/ %elt] myself beh9d ! au?ority ( ! wise/ ( m54 ,if !y 7! anci5t morali/s71 be=e !y _h come to ! popul> & receiv$ notions ( virtue & vice1 _h /aid a little long] ^u ! inquiry conc]n+ ! roots ( good & evil1 !y _h giv51 9 my op9ion1 a great light to t :i* foll[$2 & specially if !y _h consult$ ) nature1 !y _h made _! doctr9es less prolix1 & m pr(\nd4--,bacon4 ,dign4 & ,adv4 ( ,le>n4 book ii4 ,:at ,"l ,bacon desir$ = ! m]e gratification ( sci5tific curiosity1 ! welf>e ( mank9d n[ imp]i\sly dem&s4 ,%all[ sy/ems ( metaphysics h giv5 bir? to a brood ( abom9able & pe/il5tial p>adoxes1 :i* no?+ b a m pr(\nd philosophy c de/roy4 ,h[ev] we may1 p]haps1 lam5t ! necessity ( discussions :i* may %ake ! habitual rev]5ce ( "s m5 = ^? rules :i* x is ! *ief int]e/ ( all m5 to practise1 we h n[ no *oice left4 ,we mu/ ei!r dispute1 or ab&on ! gr\nd4 ,undi/+ui%+ & unm]it$ invectives aga9/ philosophy1 w only h>d5 sophi/s & _! disciples 9 ! insol5t conceit1 t !y are 9 possession ( an undisput$ sup]iority ( reason2 & t _! antagoni/s h no arms to employ aga9/ !m1 b ^? ( popul> declamation4 ,let u n = a mom5t ev5 appe> to suppose1 t philosophical tru? & human happ9ess are s irreconcilably at v>iance4 ,i _c express my op9ion on ?is subject s well z 9 ! words ( a mo/ valuable1 ?\gh g5]ally neglect$ writ]3 ,! sci5ce ( ab/ruse le>n+1 :5 completely atta9$1 is l ,a*illes's spe>1 t heal$ ! w\nds x _h made be=e2 s ?is k s]ves to repair ! damage itself _h occasion$1 & ?is p]haps is all x is good =2 x ca/s no additional light ^u ! pa?s ( life1 b disp]ses ! cl\ds ) :i* x _h ov]spread !m be=e2 x advances n ! travell] "o /ep 9 8 j\rney1 b conducts him back aga9 to ! spot f :5ce he w&]$4 ,?us ! l& ( ,philosophy consi/s p>tly ( an op5 *ampaign c\ntry1 passable by e common und]/&+1 & p>tly ( a range ( woods1 trav]sable only by ! speculative1 & :]e !y too frequ5tly delight to amuse !mselves4 ,s9ce !n we %all be oblig$ to make incursions into ?is latt] tract1 & %all probably f9d x a region ( obscurity1 dang]1 & difficulty1 x behoves u to use our utmo/ endeav\rs = enlight5+ & smoo?+ ! way be=e u4#ag ,we %all1 h[ev]1 rema9 9 ! =e/ only long en\gh to visit ! f\nta9s ( ^? /reams :i* fl[ f x1 & :i* wat] & f]tilise ! cultivat$ region ( ,morals1 to become acqua9t$ ) ! modes ( w>f>e practis$ by its savage inhabitants1 & to le>n ! means ( gu>d+ our fair & fruitful l& aga9/ _! desolat+ incursions4 ,i %all ha/5 f speculations1 to :i* ,i am naturally1 p]haps1 b too prone1 & proce$ to ! m pr(itable consid]ation ( our practical duty4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ & mo/ simple "p ( e?ics is t :i* reg>ds ! duties ( private m5 t[>ds ea* o!r1 :5 !y are consid]$ ap>t f ! sanction ( positive laws4 ,i say1 ap>t f t sanction1 n antec$5t to x2 = ?\gh we sep>ate private f political duties = ! sake ( great] cle>ness & ord] 9 reason+1 yet we are n to be s delud$ by ?is m]e arrangem5t ( conv5i5ce z to suppose t human society ev] has subsi/$1 or ev] c\ld subsi/1 )\t be+ protect$ by gov]nm5t & b\nd toge!r by laws4 ,all ^! relative duties ( private life h be5 s copi\sly & beautifully treat$ by ! morali/s ( antiquity1 t few m5 w n[ *oose to foll[ !m :o are n actuat$ by ! wild ambition ( equall+ ,ari/otle 9 precision1 or rivall+ ,cic]o 9 eloqu5ce4 ,!y h be5 also admirably treat$ by mod]n morali/s1 among :om x w\ld be gross inju/ice n to numb] _m ( ! prea*]s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ^: peculi> "* is t _s ( univ]sal *>ity1 :i* is ! liv+ pr9ciple ( all our social duties4 ,= x 0 long ago said1 ) great tru?1 by ,"l ,bacon1 t !re nev] 0 any philosophy1 religion1 or o!r discipl9e1 :i* did s pla9ly & highly exalt t good :i* is communicative1 & depress ! good :i* is private & p>ticul>1 z ! ,*ri/ian fai?4#ah ,! appropriate praise ( ?is religion is n s mu*1 t x has taught new duties1 z t x brea!s a mild] & m b5evol5t _s ov] ! :ole ext5t ( morals4 ,on a subject :i* has be5 s exhau/$1 ,i %\ld naturally h cont5t$ myself ) ! mo/ slight & g5]al survey1 if "s fundam5tal pr9ciples _h n ( late be5 br\ght into "q1 :i*1 9 all =m] times1 h be5 deem$ too evid5t to require ! support ( argum5t1 & almo/ too sacr$ to admit ! lib]ty ( discussion4 ,i %all "h endeav\r to /r5g!n "s p>ts ( ! =tifications ( morality :i* h hi!rto be5 neglect$1 because no man _h ev] be5 h>dy en\gh to attack !m4 ,almo/ all ! relative duties ( human life w be f\nd m imm$iately1 or m remotely1 to arise out ( ! two great in/itutions ( prop]ty & m>riage4 ,!y con/itute1 pres]ve1 & improve society4 ,^u _! gradual improvem5t dep5ds ! progressive civilization ( mank9d2 on !m re/s ! :ole ord] ( civil life4 ,we are told by ,horace1 t ! fir/ ef=ts ( lawgiv]s to civilise m5 consi/$ 9 /r5g!n+ & regulat+ ^! in/itutions1 & f5c+ !m r\nd ) rigor\s p5al laws4 ,oppida coep]unt munire et pon]e leges ,neu quis fur esset1 neu quis latro1 neu quis adult]4 #a ,s]m4 iii4 #aje4 ,a celebrat$ anci5t orator1 ( ^: poems we h b a few fragm5ts rema9+1 has well describ$ ! progressive ord] 9 :i* human society is gradually l$ to its highe/ improvem5ts "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ^? laws :i* secure prop]ty & regulate m>riage4 ,et leges sanctas docuit1 et *>a jugavit ,corpora conjugiis2 et magnas condidit urbes4 ,frag4 ,c4 ,lic94 ,calvi4 ,^! two great in/itutions conv]t ! selfi% z well z ! social passions ( our nature into ! firme/ b&s ( a peaceable & ord]ly int]c\rse2 !y *ange ! s\rces ( discord into pr9ciples ( quiet2 !y discipl9e ! mo/ ungov]nable1 !y ref9e ! grosse/1 & !y exalt ! mo/ sordid prop5sities2 s t !y become ! p]petual f\nta9 ( all t /r5g!ns1 & pres]ves1 & adorns society2 !y su/a9 ! individual1 & !y p]petuate ! race4 ,ar\nd ^! in/itutions all our social duties w be f\nd at v>i\s di/ances to range !mselves2 "s m ne>1 obvi\sly ess5tial to ! good ord] ( human life1 o!rs m remote1 & ( :i* ! necessity is n at fir/ view s app>5t2 & "s s di/ant1 t _! importance has be5 sometimes d\bt$1 ?\gh ^u m mature consid]ation !y w be f\nd to be outpo/s & advanc$ gu>ds ( ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples3 t man %\ld securely enjoy ! fruits ( 8 lab\r1 & t ! society ( ! sexes %\ld be s wisely ord]$ z to make x a s*ool ( ! k9d affections1 & a fit nurs]y = ! commonweal?4 ,! subject ( prop]ty is ( great ext5t4 ,x w be necess>y to e/abli% ! f\ndation ( ! rights ( acquisition1 ali5ation1 & transmission1 n 9 imag9>y contracts or a pret5d$ /ate ( nature1 b 9 _! subs]vi5cy to ! subsi/5ce & well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,x w n only be curi\s1 b useful1 to trace ! hi/ory ( prop]ty f ! fir/ loose & transi5t occupancy ( ! savage1 ?r\gh all ! modifications :i* x has at diff]5t times receiv$1 to t compreh5sive1 subtle1 & anxi\sly m9ute code ( prop]ty :i* is ! la/ result ( ! mo/ ref9$ civilization4 ,i %all obs]ve ! same ord] 9 consid]+ ! society ( ! sexes z x is regulat$ by ! in/itution ( m>riage4#ai ,i %all endeav\r to lay op5 ^? unalt]able pr9ciples ( g5]al int]e/ on :i* t in/itution re/s3 & if ,i ent]ta9 a hope t on ?is subject ,i may be able to add some?+ to :at our ma/]s 9 morality h taught u1 ,i tru/1 t ! read] w be> 9 m9d1 z an excuse = my presumption1 t !y 7 n likely to employ mu* argum5t :]e !y did n =esee ! possibility ( d\bt4 ,i %all also consid] ! hi/ory#bj ( m>riage1 & trace x ?r\gh all ! =ms :i* x has assum$1 to t dec5t & happy p]man5cy ( union1 :i* has1 p]haps above all o!r causes1 contribut$ to ! quiet ( society1 & ! ref9em5t ( mann]s 9 mod]n times4 ,among _m o!r inquiries :i* ?is subject w sugge/1 ,i %all be l$ m p>ticul>ly to exam9e ! natural /ation & duties ( ! female sex1 _! condition among diff]5t nations1 its improvem5t 9 ,europe1 & ! b\nds :i* ,nature h]self has prescrib$ to ! progress ( t improvem5t2 beyond :i*1 e pret5d$ advance w be a real degradation4 ,,iii4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ! pr9ciples ( private duty1 ,i %all proce$ to consid] man "u ! important relation ( subject & sov]eign1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( citiz5 & magi/rate4 ,! duties :i* arise f ?is relation ,i %all endeav\r to e/abli%1 n ^u suppos$ compacts1 :i* are altoge!r *im]ical1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ to be false 9 fact1 :i* if !y are to be consid]$ z fictions1 w be f\nd to s]ve no purpose ( j reason+1 & to be equally ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( univ]sal despotism 9 ,hobbes1 & ( univ]sal an>*y 9 ,r\sseau2 b on ! solid basis ( g5]al conv5i5ce4 ,m5 _c subsi/ )\t society & mutual aid2 !y c nei!r ma9ta9 social int]c\rse nor receive aid f ea* o!r )\t ! protection ( gov]nm5t2 & !y _c enjoy t protection )\t submitt+ to ! re/ra9ts :i* a j gov]nm5t imposes4 ,?is pla9 argum5t e/abli%es ! duty ( ob$i5ce on ! "p ( citiz5s1 & ! duty ( protection on t ( magi/rates1 on ! same f\ndation ) t ( e o!r moral duty2 & x %ews1 ) suffici5t evid5ce1 t ^! duties are reciprocal2 ! only rational end = :i* ! fiction ( a contract c\ld h be5 inv5t$4 ,i %all n encumb] my reason+ by any speculations on ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t2 a "q on :i* s mu* reason has be5 wa/$ 9 mod]n times2 b :i* ! anci5ts#ba 9 a high] _s ( philosophy h nev] once moot$4 ,if our pr9ciples be j1 ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t mu/ h be5 coeval ) t ( mank9d2 & z no tribe has ev] yet be5 discov]$ s bruti% z to be )\t "s gov]nm5t1 & yet s enlight5$ z to e/abli% a gov]nm5t by common cons5t1 x is surely unnecess>y to employ any s]i\s argum5t 9 ! confutation ( a doctr9e t is inconsi/5t ) reason1 & unsupport$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b ?\gh all inquiries into ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t be *im]ical1 yet ! hi/ory ( its progress is curi\s & useful4 ,! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* x pass$ f savage indep5d5ce1 :i* implies e man's p[] ( injur+ 8 neighb\r1 to legal lib]ty1 :i* consi/s 9 e man's security aga9/ wrong2 ! mann] 9 :i* a family exp&s into a tribe1 & tribes coalesce into a nation2 9 :i* public ju/ice is gradually engraft$ on private rev5ge1 f9d tempor>y submission rip5$ into habitual ob$i5ce2 =m a mo/ important & ext5sive subject ( inquiry1 :i* compreh5ds all ! improvem5ts ( mank9d 9 police1 9 judicature1 & 9 legislation4 ,i h already giv5 ! read] to und]/& t ! description ( lib]ty :i* seems to me ! mo/ compreh5sive1 is t ( security aga9/ wrong4 ,lib]ty is !re=e ! object ( all gov]nm5t4 ,m5 are m free "u e gov]nm5t1 ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect1 ?an !y w\ld be if x 7 possible = !m to exi/ )\t any gov]nm5t at all3 !y are m secure f wrong1 m undi/urb$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! natural p[]s1 & !re=e m free1 ev5 9 ! mo/ obvi\s & grosse/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ?an if !y 7 altoge!r unprotect$ aga9/ injury f ea* o!r4 ,b z g5]al security is enjoy$ 9 v diff]5t degrees "u diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 ^? :i* gu>d x mo/ p]fectly1 are by way ( em95ce call$ free4 ,su* gov]nm5ts atta9 mo/ completely ! end :i* is common to all gov]nm5t4 ,a free con/itution ( gov]nm5t & a good con/itution ( gov]nm5t are !re=e diff]5t expressions = ! same idea4 ,ano!r mat]ial di/9ction1 h[ev]1 soon pres5ts itself4 ,9 mo/ civilis$ /ates ! subject is tol]ably protect$ aga9/ gross inju/ice f 8 fell[s by imp>tial laws1 :i* x is ! manife/ int]e/ ( ! sov]eign to en=ce4 ,b "s commonweal?s are s happy z to be f\nd$ on a pr9ciple ( mu* m ref9$ & provid5t wisdom4 ,! subjects ( su* commonweal?s are gu>d$ n only aga9/ ! inju/ice ( ea* o!r1 b 7z f> z human prud5ce c contrive7 aga9/ oppression f ! magi/rate4 ,su* /ates1 l all o!r extraord9>y examples ( public or private excell5ce & happ9ess1 are ?9ly scatt]$ ov] ! diff]5t ages & c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,9 !m ! w ( ! sov]eign is limit$ ) s exact a measure1 t 8 protect+ au?ority is n weak5$4 ,su* a comb9ation ( skill & =tune is n (t5 to be expect$1 & inde$ nev] c arise1 b f ! con/ant ?\gh gradual ex]tions ( wisdom & virtue1 to improve a long succession ( mo/ fav\rable circum/ances4 ,!re is inde$ sc>ce any society s wret*$ z to be de/itute ( "s sort ( weak provision aga9/ ! inju/ice ( _! gov]nors4 ,religi\s in/itutions1 fav\rite prejudices1 national mann]s1 h 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ) unequal degrees ( =ce1 *eck$ or mitigat$ ! ex]cise ( supreme p[]4 ,! privileges ( a p[]ful nobility1 ( opul5t m]cantile communities1 ( great judicial corporations1 h 9 "s mon>*ies approa*$ m ne> to a control on ! sov]eign4 ,means h be5 devis$ ) m or less wisdom to temp] ! despotism ( an ari/ocracy ov] _! subjects1 & 9 democracies to protect ! m9ority aga9/ ! majority1 & ! :ole p aga9/ ! tyranny ( demagogues4 ,b 9 ^! unmix$ =ms ( gov]nm5t1 z ! "r ( legislation is ve/$ 9 "o individual or 9 "o ord]1 x is obvi\s t ! legislative p[] may %ake (f all ! re/ra9ts :i* ! laws h impos$ on x4 ,all su* gov]nm5ts1 !re=e1 t5d t[>ds despotism1 & ! securities :i* !y admit aga9/ mis-gov]nm5t are extremely feeble & prec>i\s4 ,! be/ security :i* human wisdom c devise1 seems to be ! di/ribution ( political au?ority among diff]5t individuals & bodies1 ) sep>ate int]e/s & sep>ate *>act]s1 correspond+ to ! v>iety ( classes ( :i* civil society is compos$1 ea* int]e/$ to gu>d _! own ord] f oppression by ! re/2 ea* also int]e/$ to prev5t any ( ! o!rs f seiz+ on exclusive1 & !re=e despotic p[]2 & all hav+ a common int]e/ to co-op]ate 9 c>ry+ on ! ord9>y & necess>y adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t4 ,if !re 7 n an int]e/ to resi/ ea* o!r 9 extraord9>y cases1 !re w\ld n be lib]ty4 ,if !re 7 n an int]e/ to co-op]ate 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( affairs1 !re c\ld be no gov]nm5t4 ,! object ( su* wise in/itutions :i* make ! selfi%ness ( gov]nors a security aga9/ _! inju/ice1 is to protect m5 aga9/ wrong bo? f _! rul]s & _! fell[s4 ,su* gov]nm5ts are1 ) ju/ice1 peculi>ly & emphatically call$ free2 & 9 ascrib+ t lib]ty to ! skilful comb9ation ( mutual dep5d5ce & mutual *eck1 ,i feel my own conviction greatly /r5g!n$ by call+ to m9d1 t 9 ?is op9ion ,i agree ) all ! wise m5 :o h ev] deeply consid]$ ! pr9ciples ( politics2 ) ,ari/otle & ,polybius1 ) ,cic]o & ,tacitus1 ) ,bacon & ,ma*iavel1 ) ,montesquieu & ,hume4#bb ,x is impossible 9 su* a cursory sket* z ! pres5t1 ev5 to allude to a v small "p ( ^? philosophical pr9ciples1 political reason+s1 & hi/orical facts1 :i* are necess>y = ! illu/ration ( ?is mom5t\s subject4 ,9 a full discussion ( x ,i %all be oblig$ to exam9e ! g5]al frame ( ! mo/ celebrat$ gov]nm5ts ( anci5t & mod]n times1 & especially ( ^? :i* h be5 mo/ r5[n$ = _! fre$om4 ,! result ( su* an exam9ation w be1 t no in/itution s dete/able z an absolutely unbalanc$ gov]nm5t1 p]haps ev] exi/$2 t ! simple gov]nm5ts are m]e creatures ( ! imag9ation ( !ori/s1 :o h trans=m$ names us$ = ! conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t into real polities2 t1 z con/itutions ( gov]nm5t approa* m ne>ly to t unmix$ & uncontroll$ simplicity !y become despotic1 & z !y rec$e f>!r f t simplicity !y become free4 ,by ! con/itution ( a /ate1 ,i mean ! body ( ^? writt5 & unwritt5 fundam5tal laws :i* regulate ! mo/ important rights ( ! high] magi/rates1 & ! mo/ ess5tial privileges#bc ( ! subjects4 ,su* a body ( political laws mu/ 9 all c\ntries arise out ( ! "* & situation ( a p2 !y mu/ gr[ ) its progress1 be adapt$ to its peculi>ities1 *ange ) its *anges2 & be incorporat$ into its habits4 ,human wisdom _c =m su* a con/itution by "o act1 = human wisdom _c create ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! attempt1 always ineffectual1 to *ange by viol5ce ! anci5t habits ( m51 & ! e/abli%$ ord] ( society1 s z to fit !m = an absolutely new s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 fl[s f ! mo/ presumptu\s ignorance1 requires ! support ( ! mo/ f]oci\s tyranny1 & leads to consequ5ces :i* its au?ors c nev] =esee2 g5]ally1 inde$1 to in/itutions ! mo/ opposite to ^? ( :i* !y pr(ess to seek ! e/abli%m5t4#bd ,b human wisdom indefatigably employ$ = rem$y+ abuses1 & 9 seiz+ fav\rable opportunities ( improv+ t ord] ( society :i* arises f causes ov] :i* we h little control1 aft] ! re=ms & am5dm5ts ( a s]ies ( ages1 has sometimes1 ?\gh v r>ely1#be %ewn itself capable ( build+ up a free con/itution1 :i* is ! gr[? ( "t & nature1 r ?an ! "w ( human inv5tion4 ,su* a con/itution c only be =m$ by ! wise imitation ( ! great innovator ,,"t1 :i*1 inde$1 innovate? greatly1 b quietly1 & by degrees sc>ce to be p]ceiv$4#bf ,)\t desc5d+ to ! pu]ile o/5tation ( panegyric1 on t ( :i* all mank9d confess ! excell5ce1 ,i may obs]ve1 ) tru? & sob]ness1 t a free gov]nm5t n only e/abli%es an univ]sal security aga9/ wrong1 b t x also *]i%es all ! noble/ p[]s ( ! human m9d2 t x t5ds to bani% bo? ! mean & ! f]oci\s vices2 t x improves ! national "* to :i* x is adapt$1 & out ( :i* x gr[s2 t its :ole adm9i/ration is a practical s*ool ( hone/y & humanity2 & t !re ! social affections1 exp&$ into public _s1 ga9 a wid] sph]e1 & a m active spr+4 ,i %all conclude :at ,i h to (f] on gov]nm5t1 by an acc\nt ( ! con/itution ( ,engl&4 ,i %all endeav\r to trace ! progress ( t con/itution by ! light ( hi/ory1 ( laws1 & ( records1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t age2 & to %ew h[ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 orig9ally common to x1 ) ! o!r ,go?ic mon>*ies ( ,europe1 b 9 o!r c\ntries lo/ or obscur$1 7 9 ?is m =tunate isl& pres]v$1 matur$1 & adapt$ to ! progress ( civilization4 ,i %all attempt to exhibit ?is mo/ complicat$ ma*9e1 z our hi/ory & our laws %ew x 9 action2 & n z "s celebrat$ writ]s h mo/ imp]fectly repres5t$ x1 :o h torn out a few ( its m simple spr+s1 &1 putt+ !m toge!r1 miscall !m ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,s preval5t1 inde$1 h ^! imp]fect repres5tations hi!rto be51 t ,i w v5ture to affirm1 !re is sc>cely any subject :i* has be5 less treat$ z x des]v$ ?an ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl&4 ,philosoph]s ( great & m]it$ reputation#bg h told u t x consi/$ ( c]ta9 portions ( mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy2 names :i* are1 9 tru?1 v little applicable1 & :i*1 if !y 71 w\ld z little give an idea ( ?is gov]nm5t1 z an acc\nt ( ! weight ( bone1 ( fle%1 & ( blood 9 a human body1 w\ld be a picture ( a liv+ man4 ,no?+ b a pati5t & m9ute inve/igation ( ! practice ( ! gov]nm5t 9 all its p>ts1 & ?r\gh its :ole hi/ory1 c give u j notions on ?is important subject4 ,if a lawy]1 )\t a philosophical _s1 be unequal to ! exam9ation ( ?is great "w ( lib]ty & wisdom1 /ill m unequal is a philosoph] )\t practical1 legal1 & hi/orical k2 = ! fir/ may want skill1 b ! second wants mat]ials4 ,! obs]vations ( ,"l ,bacon on political writ]s1 9 g5]al1 are mo/ applicable to ^? :o h giv5 u sy/ematic descriptions ( ! ,engli% con/itution4 ,all ^? :o h writt5 ( gov]nm5ts h writt5 z philosoph]s1 or z lawy]s1 & none z /atesm54 ,z = ! philosoph]s1 !y make imag9>y laws = imag9>y commonweal?s1 & _! disc\rses are z ! />s1 :i* give little light because !y are s high4--,hc cognitio ad viros civiles propri p]t9et1 z he tells u 9 ano!r "p ( 8 writ+s2 b un=tunately no exp]i5c$ philosophical ,briti% /atesman has yet devot$ 8 leisure to a del9eation ( ! con/itution1 :i* su* a /atesman alone c practically & p]fectly "k4 ,9 ! discussion ( ?is great subject1 & 9 all reason+s on ! pr9ciples ( politics1 ,i %all lab\r1 above all ?+s1 to avoid t :i* appe>s to me to h be5 ! con/ant s\rce ( political error3 ,i mean ! attempt to give an air ( sy/em1 ( simplicity1 & ( rigor\s demon/ration1 to subjects :i* d n admit x4 ,! only means by :i* ?is c\ld be done1 0 by ref]r+ to a few simple causes1 :at1 9 tru?1 arose f imm5se & intricate comb9ations1 & successions ( causes4 ,! consequ5ce 0 v obvi\s4 ,! sy/em ( ! !ori/1 dis5cumb]$ f all reg>d to ! real nature ( ?+s1 easily assum$ an air ( speci\sness4 ,x requir$ little dext]ity to make 8 argum5t appe> conclusive4 ,b all m5 agre$ t x 0 utt]ly inapplicable to human affairs4 ,! !ori/ rail$ at ! folly ( ! _w1 in/ead ( confess+ 8 own2 & ! m5 ( practice unju/ly blam$ philosophy1 in/ead ( condemn+ ! sophi/4 ,! causes :i* ! politician has to consid] are1 above all o!rs1 multipli$1 mutable1 m9ute1 subtile1 &1 if ,i may s speak1 evanesc5t2 p]petually *ang+ _! =m1 & v>y+ _! comb9ations2 los+ _! nature1 :ile !y keep _! "n2 exhibit+ ! mo/ diff]5t consequ5ces 9 ! endless v>iety ( m5 & nations on :om !y op]ate2 9 "o degree ( /r5g? produc+ ! mo/ signal b5efit2 &1 "u a slight v>iation ( circum/ances1 ! mo/ trem5d\s mis*iefs4 ,!y admit inde$ ( be+ r$uc$ to !ory2 b to a !ory =m$ on ! mo/ ext5sive views1 ( ! mo/ compreh5sive & flexible pr9ciples1 to embrace all _! v>ieties1 & to fit all _! rapid transmigrations2 a !ory1 ( :i* ! mo/ fundam5tal maxim is1 di/ru/ 9 itself1 & def]5ce = practical prud5ce4 ,only two writ]s ( =m] times h1 z f> z ,i "k1 obs]v$ ?is g5]al defect ( political reason]s2 b ^! two are ! greate/ philosoph]s :o h ev] appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ ( !m is ,ari/otle1 :o1 9 a passage ( 8 ,politics1 to :i* ,i _c at ?is mom5t turn1 pla9ly condemns ! pursuit ( a delusive geometrical accuracy 9 moral reason+s z ! con/ant s\rce ( ! grosse/ error4 ,! second is ,"l ,bacon1 :o tells u1 ) t au?ority ( consci\s wisdom :i* belongs to him1 & ) t p[] ( ri*ly adorn+ tru? f ! w>drobe ( g5ius :i* he possess$ above almo/ all m51 ,civil k is conv]sant ab\t a subject :i*1 above all o!rs1 is mo/ imm]s$ 9 matt]1 & h>dlie/ r$uc$ to axiom4#bh ,,iv4 ,i %all next endeav\r to lay op5 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( civil & crim9al laws4 ,on ?is subject ,i may ) "s confid5ce hope t ,i %all be enabl$ to philosophise ) bett] mat]ials by my acqua9tance ) ! law ( my own c\ntry1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( my life to practise1 & ( :i* ! /udy has by habit become my fav\rite pursuit4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce are simple maxims ( reason1 ( :i* ! obs]vance is imm$iately discov]$ by exp]i5ce to be ess5tial to ! security ( m5's rights1 & :i* p]vade ! laws ( all c\ntries4 ,an acc\nt ( ! gradual application ( ^! orig9al pr9ciples1 fir/1 to m simple1 & aft]w>ds to m complicat$ cases1 =ms bo? ! hi/ory & ! !ory ( law4 ,su* an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! progress ( m51 9 r$uc+ ju/ice to an applicable & practical sy/em1 w enable u to trace t *a91 9 :i* s _m breaks & int]ruptions are p]ceiv$ by sup]ficial obs]v]s1 b :i* 9 tru? insep>ably1 ?\gh ) _m d>k & hidd5 w9d+s1 l9ks toge!r ! security ( life & prop]ty ) ! mo/ m9ute & app>5tly frivol\s =malities ( legal proce$+4 ,we %all p]ceive t no human =esight is suffici5t to e/abli% su* a sy/em at once1 & t1 if x 7 s e/abli%$1 ! occurr5ce ( un=ese5 cases w\ld %ortly altoge!r *ange x2 t !re is b "o way ( =m+ a civil code1 ei!r consi/5t ) common s5se1 or t has ev] be5 practis$ 9 any c\ntry1 namely1 t ( gradually build+ up ! law 9 proportion z ! facts arise :i* x is to regulate4 ,we %all le>n to appreciate ! m]it ( vulg> objections aga9/ ! subtlety & complexity ( laws4 ,we %all e/imate ! good s5se & ! gratitude ( ^? :o reproa* lawy]s = employ+ all ! p[]s ( _! m9d to discov] subtle di/9ctions = ! prev5tion ( inju/ice2#bi & we %all at once p]ceive t laws ought to be nei!r m simple nor m complex ?an ! /ate ( society :i* !y are to gov]n1 b t !y ought exactly to correspond to x4 ,( ! two faults1 h[ev]1 ! excess ( simplicity w\ld c]ta9ly be ! greate/2 = laws1 m complex ?an are necess>y1 w\ld only produce emb>rassm5t2 :]eas laws m simple ?an ! affairs :i* !y regulate w\ld occasion a defect ( ju/ice4 ,m und]/&+#cj has p]haps be5 9 ?is mann] ex]t$ to fix ! rules ( life ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce2 & x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ hon\rable occupation ( ! und]/&+1 because x is ! mo/ imm$iately subs]vi5t to g5]al safety & com=t4 ,!re is n1 9 my op9ion1 9 ! :ole compass ( human affairs1 s noble a spectacle z t :i* is display$ 9 ! progress ( jurisprud5ce2 :]e we may contemplate ! cauti\s & unwe>i$ ex]tions ( a succession ( wise m5 ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ages2 )draw+ e case z x arises f ! dang]\s p[] ( discretion1 & subject+ x to inflexible rules2 ext5d+ ! dom9ion ( ju/ice & reason1 & gradually contract+1 )9 ! n>r[e/ possible limits1 ! doma9 ( brutal =ce & ( arbitr>y w4 ,?is subject has be5 treat$ ) su* dignity by a writ] :o is admir$ by all mank9d = 8 eloqu5ce1 b :o is1 if possible1 /ill m admir$ by all compet5t judges = 8 philosophy2 a writ]1 ( :om ,i may ju/ly say1 t he 0 gravissimus et dic5di et intellig5di auctor et magi/]2 t ,i _c refuse myself ! gratification ( quot+ 8 words3--,! sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce1 ! pride ( ! human intellect1 :i*1 ) all its defects1 r$undancies1 & errors1 is ! collect$ reason ( ages comb9+ ! pr9ciples ( orig9al ju/ice ) ! inf9ite v>iety ( human conc]ns4#ca ,i %all exemplify ! progress ( law1 & illu/rate ^? pr9ciples ( univ]sal ju/ice on :i* x is f\nd$1 by a comp>ative review ( ! two greate/ civil codes t h be5 hi!rto =m$--^? ( ,rome & ( ,engl&2#cb ( _! agreem5ts & disagreem5ts1 bo? 9 g5]al provisions1 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( _! m9ute practice4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! c\rse1 :i* ,i mean to pursue ) su* detail z to give a view ( bo? codes1 t may p]haps be suffici5t = ! purposes ( ! g5]al /ud5t1 ,i hope to conv9ce him t ! laws ( civilis$ nations1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( 8 own1 are a subject mo/ wor?y ( sci5tific curiosity2 t pr9ciple & sy/em run ?r\gh !m ev5 to ! m9ute/ p>ticul>1 z really1 ?\gh n s app>5tly1 z 9 o!r sci5ces1 & appli$ to purposes m important ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,w x be presumptu\s to express a hope1 t su* an inquiry may n be altoge!r an useless introduction to t l>g] & m detail$ /udy ( ! law ( ,engl&1 :i* is ! duty ( ^? :o are to pr(ess & practise t law4 ,9 consid]+ ! important subject ( crim9al law x w be my duty to f\nd1 on a reg>d to ! g5]al safety1 ! "r ( ! magi/rate to inflict puni%m5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ sev]e1 if t safety _c be effectually protect$ by ! example ( inf]ior puni%m5ts4 ,x w be a m agreeable "p ( my (fice to expla9 ! temp]am5ts :i* ,wisdom1 z well z ,humanity1 prescribes 9 ! ex]cise ( t h>% "r1 un=tunately s ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( human society4 ,i %all collate ! p5al codes ( diff]5t nations1 & ga!r toge!r ! mo/ accurate /atem5t ( ! result ( exp]i5ce ) respect to ! efficacy ( l5i5t & sev]e puni%m5ts2 & ,i %all endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! pr9ciples on :i* mu/ be f\nd$ bo? ! proportion & ! appropriation ( p5alties to crimes4 ,z to ! law ( crim9al proce$+1 my lab\r w be v easy2 = on t subject an ,engli% lawy]1 if he 7 to del9eate ! model ( p]fection1 w\ld f9d t1 ) few exceptions1 he _h transcrib$ ! in/itutions ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,! :ole subject ( my lectures1 ( :i* ,i h n[ giv5 ! outl9e1 may be summ$ up 91 ! words ( ,cic]o3--,natura enim juris explic&a e/ nobis1 eaque ab hom9is repet5da natur2 consid]& leges quibus civitates regi debeant2 tum hc tract&a1 qu composita sunt et descripta1 jura et jussa populorum2 9 quibus4--,cic4 de ,leg4 lib4 i4 c4 #e4 ,v4 ,! next great division ( ! subject is ! law ( nations1 /rictly & prop]ly s call$4 ,i h already h9t$ at ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ?is law is f\nd$4 ,!y1 l all ! pr9ciples ( natural jurisprud5ce1 h be5 m happily cultivat$1 & m g5]ally obey$1 9 "s ages & c\ntries ?an 9 o!rs2 &1 l !m1 are susceptible ( great v>iety 9 _! application1 f ! "* & usages ( nations4 ,i %all consid] ^! pr9ciples 9 ! gradation ( ^? :i* are necess>y to any tol]able int]c\rse betwe5 nations2 ^? :i* are ess5tial to all well-regulat$ & mutually advantage\s int]c\rse2 & ^? :i* are highly conducive to ! pres]vation ( a mild & fri5dly int]c\rse betwe5 civilis$ /ates4 ,( ! fir/ class1 e und]/&+ ackn[l$ges ! necessity1 & "s traces ( a fa9t rev]5ce = !m are discov]$ ev5 among ! mo/ b>b>\s tribes2 ( ! second1 e well-in=m$ man p]ceives ! important use1 & !y h g5]ally be5 respect$ by all poli%$ nations2 ( ! ?ird1 ! great b5efit may be read 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n ,europe1 :]e alone !y h be5 c>ri$ to _! full p]fection4 ,9 unfold+ ! fir/ & second class ( pr9ciples1 ,i %all naturally be l$ to give an acc\nt ( t law ( nations1 :i*1 9 great] or less p]fection1 regulat$ ! int]c\rse ( savages1 ( ! ,asiatic empires1 & ( ! anci5t republics4 ,! ?ird br+s me to ! consid]ation ( ! law ( nations1 z x is n[ ackn[l$g$ 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,f ! great ext5t ( ! subject1 & ! p>ticul>ity to :i*1 = reasons already giv51 ,i mu/ "h desc5d1 x is impossible = me1 )9 any mod]ate compass1 to give ev5 an outl9e ( ?is "p ( ! c\rse4 ,x compreh5ds1 z e read] w p]ceive1 ! pr9ciples ( national indep5d5ce1 ! int]c\rse ( nations 9 peace1 ! privileges ( embassadors & inf]ior m9i/]s1 ! comm]ce ( private subjects1 ! gr\nds ( j w>1 ! mutual duties ( bellig]5t & neutral p[]s1 ! limits ( lawful ho/ility1 ! rights ( conque/1 ! fai? to be obs]v$ 9 w>f>e1 ! =ce ( an armi/ice1 ( safe conducts & passports1 ! nature & obligation ( alliances1 ! means ( negotiation1 & ! au?ority & int]pretation ( treaties ( peace4 ,all ^!1 & _m o!r mo/ important & complicat$ subjects1 ) all ! v>iety ( moral reason+1 & hi/orical examples1 :i* is necess>y to illu/rate !m1 mu/ be fully exam9$ 9 ?is "p ( ! lectures1 9 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to put toge!r a tol]ably complete practical sy/em ( ! law ( nations1 z x has = ! la/ two c5turies be5 recognis$ 9 ,europe4 ,le droit des g5s e/ naturellem5t fond sur ce pr9cipe1 que les div]ses nations doiv5t se faire1 dans la paix1 le plus de bi51 et dans la gu]re le mo9s de mal1 qu'il e/ possible1 sans nuire leurs vritables intrts4 ,l'objet de la gu]re c'e/ la victoire2 celui de la victoire la conqute2 celui de la conqute la cons]vation4 ,de ce pr9cipe et du prcd5t1 doiv5t driv] t\tes les loix qui =m5t le droit des g5s4 ,t\tes les nations ont un droit des g5s2 les ,iroquois mme qui mang5t leurs prisonni]s en ont un4 ,ils envoi5t et reoiv5t des embassades2 ils connoiss5t les droits de la gu]re et de la paix3 le mal e/ que ce droit des g5s n'e/ pas fond sur les vrais pr9cipes4 ,de l',esprit des ,loix1 liv4 i4 c4 #c4 ,,vi4 ,z an important supplem5t to ! practical sy/em ( our mod]n law ( nations1 or r z a necess>y "p ( x1 ,i %all conclude ) a survey ( ! diplomatic & conv5tional law ( ,europe2 ( ! treaties :i* h mat]ially affect$ ! di/ribution ( p[] & t]ritory among ! ,european /ates2 ! circum/ances :i* gave rise to !m1 ! *anges :i* !y effect$1 & ! pr9ciples :i* !y introduc$ into ! public code ( ! ,*ri/ian commonweal?4 ,9 anci5t times ! k ( ?is conv5tional law 0 ?\ght "o ( ! greate/ praises t c\ld be be/[$ on a "n load$ ) all ! hon\rs t em95ce 9 ! arts ( peace & ( w> c conf]3 ,equidem exi/imo1 judices1 cm 9 omni g5]e ac v>ietate artium1 etiam ill>um1 qu s9e summo otio non facil discuntur1 ,cn4 ,pompeius excellat1 s+ul>em qu&am laudem ejus et pr/abilem esse sci5tiam1 9 fd]ibus1 pactionibus1 conditionibus1 populorum1 regum1 ext]>um nationum3 9 univ]so d5ique bellijure ac pacis4--,cic4 ,orat4 pro ,l4 ,corn4 ,balbo1 c4 #f4 ,in=mation on ?is subject is scatt]$ ov] an imm5se v>iety ( volum9\s compilations2 n accessible to e "o1 & ( :i* ! p]usal c be agreeable only to v few4 ,yet s mu* ( ^! treaties has be5 embodi$ into ! g5]al law ( ,europe1 t no man c be ma/] ( x :o is n acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,! k ( !m is necess>y to negotiators & /atesm52 x may sometimes be important to private m5 9 v>i\s situations 9 :i* !y may be plac$2 x is useful to all m5 :o wi% ei!r to be acqua9t$ ) mod]n hi/ory1 or to =m a s\nd judgm5t on political measures4 ,i %all endeav\r to give su* an ab/ract ( x z may be suffici5t = "s1 & a conv5i5t guide = o!rs 9 ! f>!r progress ( _! /udies4 ,! treaties1 :i* ,i %all m p>ticul>ly consid]1 w be ^? ( ,we/phalia1 ( ,oliva1 ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ( ,br$a1 ( ,nimegu51 ( ,ryswick1 ( ,utre*t1 ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ( ,p>is 7#agfc71 & ( ,v]sailles 7#aghc74 ,i %all %ortly expla9 ! o!r treaties1 ( :i* ! /ipulations are ei!r allud$ to1 confirm$1 or abrogat$ 9 ^? :i* ,i consid] at l5g?4 ,i %all subjo9 an acc\nt ( ! diplomatic int]c\rse ( ! ,european p[]s ) ! ,ottoman ,porte1 & ) o!r pr9ces & /ates :o are )\t ! pale ( our ord9>y f$]al law2 toge!r ) a view ( ! mo/ important treaties ( comm]ce1 _! pr9ciples1 & _! consequ5ces4 ,z an useful app5dix to a practical treatise on ! law ( nations1 "s acc\nt w be giv5 ( ^? tribunals :i* 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe decide controv]sies aris+ out ( t law2 ( _! con/itution1 ( ! ext5t ( _! au?ority1 & ( _! modes ( proce$+2 m especially ( ^? c\rts :i* are peculi>ly appo9t$ = t purpose by ! laws ( ,great ,brita94 ,?\gh ! c\rse1 ( :i* ,i h sket*$ ! outl9e1 may seem to compreh5d s great a v>iety ( miscellane\s subjects1 yet !y are all 9 tru? closely & insep>ably int]wov54 ,! duties ( m51 ( subjects1 ( pr9ces1 ( law-giv]s1 ( magi/rates1 & ( /ates1 are all p>ts ( "o consi/5t sy/em ( univ]sal morality4 ,betwe5 ! mo/ ab/ract & elem5t>y maxim ( moral philosophy1 & ! mo/ complicat$ controv]sies ( civil or public law1 !re subsi/s a connexion :i* x w be ! ma9 object ( ^! lectures to trace4 ,! pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 deeply root$ 9 ! nature & int]e/ ( man1 p]vades ! :ole sy/em1 & is discov]able 9 e "p ( x1 ev5 to its m9ute/ ramification 9 a legal =mality1 or 9 ! con/ruction ( an article 9 a treaty4 ,i "k n :e!r a philosoph] ought to confess1 t 9 8 inquiries aft] tru? he is bias$ by any consid]ation2 ev5 by ! love ( virtue4 ,b ,i1 :o conceive t a real philosoph] ought to reg>d tru? itself *iefly on acc\nt ( its subs]vi5cy to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 am n a%am$ to confess1 t ,i %all feel a great consolation at ! conclusion ( ^! lectures1 if1 by a wide survey & an exact exam9ation ( ! conditions & relations ( human nature1 ,i %all h confirm$ b "o individual 9 ! conviction1 t ju/ice is ! p]man5t int]e/ ( all m51 & ( all commonweal?s4 ,to discov] "o new l9k ( t et]nal *a9 by :i* ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se has b\nd toge!r ! happ9ess & ! duty ( 8 creatures1 & indissolubly fa/5$ _! int]e/s to ea* o!r1 w\ld fill my he>t ) m pleasure ?an all ! fame ) :i* ! mo/ +5i\s p>adox ev] cr[n$ ! mo/ eloqu5t sophi/4 ,i %all conclude ?is ,disc\rse 9 ! noble language ( two great orators & philosoph]s1 :o h1 9 a few words1 /at$ ! sub/ance1 ! object1 & ! result ( all morality1 & politics1 & law4 ,nihil e/ quod adhuc de republic putem dictum1 et quo possim longius progr$i1 nisi sit confirmatum1 non modo falsum esse illud1 s9e injuri non posse1 s$ hoc v]issimum1 s9e summ ju/iti rempublicam regi non posse4--,cic4 ,frag4 lib4 ii4 de ,repub4 ,ju/ice is itself ! great /&+ policy ( civil society1 & any em95t dep>ture f x1 "u any circum/ances1 lies "u ! suspicion ( be+ no policy at all4--,burke's ,works1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjg4 ,,footnotes #a ,see ,a ,syllabus ( ,lectures on ! ,law ( ,engl&1 to be deliv]$ 9 ,l9coln's-,inn ,hall by ,m4 ,nolan1 ,esq4 ,london1 #agif4 #b ,i h n be5 det]r$ by "s petty incongruity ( metaphor f quot+ ?is noble s5t5ce4 ,mr4 ,hume _h1 p]haps1 ?is s5t5ce 9 8 recollection1 :5 he wrote a rem>kable passage ( 8 works4 ,see ,hume's ,essays1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceb4 ed4 ,lond4 #aghh4 #c ,! le>n$ read] is aw>e t ! jus natur & jus g5tium ( ! ,roman lawy]s are phrases ( v diff]5t import f ! mod]n phrases1 law ( nature & law ( nations4 ,jus naturale1 says ,ulpian1 e/ quod natura omnia animalia docuit4 ,d4 ,i4 ,i4 ,i4 #c4 ,quod naturalis ratio int] omnes hom9es con/ituit1 id que apud omnes p]que cu/oditur vocaturque jus g5tium4 ,d4 ,i4 ,i4 #i4 ,b !y sometimes neglect ?is subtle di/9ction--,jure naturali quod appellatur jus g5tium4 ,i4 #b4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,jus feciale 0 ! ,roman t]m = our law ( nations4 ,belli quidem quitas sanctissim populi ,rom4 feciali jure p]scripta e/4 ,(f4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,our le>n$ civilian ,z\* has accord+ly entitl$ 8 "w1 ,de ,jure ,feciali1 sive de ,jure int] ,g5tes4 ,! ,*ancellor ,d',aguesseau1 probably )\t kn[+ ! "w ( ,z\*1 sugge/$ t ?is law %\ld be call$1 ,droit entre les ,g5s1 7,oeuvres1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ccg47 9 :i* he has be5 foll[$ by a late +5i\s writ]1 ,mr4 ,b5?am1 ,pr9c4 ( ,morals & ,pol4 p4 #cbd4 ,p]haps ^! le>n$ writ]s d employ a phrase :i* expresses ! subject ( ?is law ) m accuracy ?an our common language2 b ,i d\bt :e!r innovations 9 ! t]ms ( sci5ce always repay u by _! sup]ior precision = ! unc]ta9ty & confusion :i* ! *ange occasions4 #d ,?is rem>k is sugge/$ by an objection ( ,vattel1 :i* is m speci\s ?an solid4 ,see 8 ,prelim4 #f4 #e ,e/ quidem v]a lex1 recta ratio1 natur congru5s1 diffusa 9 omnes1 con/ans1 sempit]na1 qu vocet ad (ficium jub5do1 vet&o fraude det]reat1 qu tam5 neque probos fru/ra jubet aut vetat1 neque improbos jub5do aut vet&o movet4 ,huic legi neque obrog>i fas e/1 neque d]og>i ex hac aliquid licet1 neque tota abrog>i pote/4 ,nec v] aut p] s5atum aut p] populum solvi hac lege possumus4 ,neque e/ qur5dus explanator aut int]pres ejus alius4 ,nec erit alia lex ,rom1 alia ,a!nis1 alia nunc1 alia po/hac1 s$ et omnes g5tes et omni tempore una lex et sempit]na1 et immortalis cont9ebit1 unusque erit communis quasi magi/] et imp]ator omnium ,deus4 ,ille legis hujus inv5tor1 disceptator1 lator1 cui qui non p>ebit ipse se fugiet et naturam hom9is asp]nabitur1 atque hoc ipso luet maximas po5as etiamsi ct]a supplicia qu putantur effug]it4--,fragm4 lib4 iii4 ,cic]4 de ,republ4 apud ,lactant4 ,x is impossible to read su* preci\s fragm5ts )\t deplor+ ! loss ( a "w :i*1 = ! b5efit ( all g5]ations1 %\ld h be5 immortal4 #f ,age v] urbibus con/itutis ut fidem col]e et ju/itiam ret9]e disc]5t et aliis p>]e su voluntate consuesc]5t1 ac non mod labores excipi5dos communis commodi caus s$ etiam vitam amitt5dam exi/im>5t2 qui t&em fi]i potuit nisi hom9es ea qu ratione inv5iss5t eloqu5ti p]suad]e potuiss5t4--,cic4 de ,inv4 ,rhet4 lib4 i4 9 prom4 #g ,greek3 ,di*aimata tt polimt4 #h ,cujacius1 ,brissonius1 ,hottomannus1 c4 c4--,vide ,grav9a ,orig4 ,jur4 ,civil4 pp4 #acb-ch4 edit4 ,lips4 #agcg4 ,leibnitz2 a great ma!matician z well z philosoph]1 decl>es t he kn[s no?+ :i* approa*es s ne> to ! me?od & precision ( geometry z ! ,roman law4--,op4 tom4 iv4 p4 #bed4 #i ,proavia juris civilis4--,de ,jur4 ,bell4 ac ,pac4 ,proleg4 #af4 #aj ,dr4 ,paley1 ,pr9c4 ( ,mor4 & ,polit4 ,philos4 ,pref4 pp4 xiv4 & xv4 #aa ,grot4 ,jur4 ,bell4 et ,pac4 ,proleg4 #dj4 #ab ,i d n mean to impea* ! s\ndness ( any "p ( ,puff5dorff's reason+ f\nd$ on moral entities4 ,x may be expla9$ 9 a mann] consi/5t ) ! mo/ j philosophy4 ,he us$1 z e writ] mu/ d1 ! sci5tific language ( 8 own "t4 ,i only ass]t t1 to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) anci5t sy/ems1 8 philosophical vocabul>y is obsolete & un9telligible4 #ac ,i _c prevail on myself to pass ov] ?is subject )\t pay+ my humble tribute to ! memory ( ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 :o has lab\r$ s successfully 9 ,ori5tal lit]ature1 ^: f9e g5ius1 pure ta/e1 unwe>i$ indu/ry1 unrivall$ & almo/ prodigi\s v>iety ( acquirem5ts1 n to speak ( 8 amiable mann]s & spotless integrity1 mu/ fill e "o :o cultivates or admires lett]s ) rev]5ce1 t+$ ) a melan*oly :i* ! recollection ( 8 rec5t dea? is s well adapt$ to inspire4 ,i hope ,i %all be p>don$ if ,i add my applause to ! g5ius & le>n+ ( ,mr4 ,maurice1 :o treads 9 ! /eps ( 8 illu/ri\s fri5d1 & :o has bewail$ 8 dea? 9 a /ra9 ( g5u9e & beautiful poetry1 n unwor?y ( happi] p]iods ( our ,engli% lit]ature4 #ad ,especially ^? *apt]s ( ! ?ird book1 entitl$1 ,temp]am5tum circa ,captivos1 c4 c4 #ae ,natura enim juris explic&a e/ nobis1 eaque ab hom9is repet5da natur4--,cic4 de ,leg4 lib i4 c4 #e4 #af ,e/ autem virtus nihil aliud quam 9 se p]fecta atque ad summum p]ducta natura4--,cic4 de ,leg4 lib4 i4 c4 #h4 #ag ,se>*'s ,light ( ,nature1 by ,abraham ,tuck]1 esq41 vol4 i4 pref4 p4 xxxiii4 #ah ,bacon1 ,dign4 & ,adv4 ( ,le>n4 book ii4 #ai ,see on ?is subject an incomp>able fragm5t ( ! fir/ book ( ,cic]o's ,economics1 :i* is too long = ins]tion "h1 b :i*1 if x be closely exam9$1 may p]haps dispel ! illusion ( ^? g5tlem51 :o h s /rangely tak5 x = grant$1 t ,cic]o 0 incapable ( exact reason+4 #bj ,?is progress is trac$ ) great accuracy 9 "s beautiful l9es ( ,lucretius3 ---- ,muli] conjuncta viro concessit 9 unum1 ca/aque privat v5]is connubia lta cognita sunt1 prolemque ex se vidre coortam3 ,,tum ,,g5us ,,humanum ,,primum ,,mollesc]e ,,coepit4 ---- pu]isque p>5tum ,bl&itiis facile +5ium freg]e sup]bum4 ,tunc et amicitiam coep]unt jung]e hab5tes ,f9itima int] se1 nec ld]e nec viol>e4 ,et pu]os comm5drunt muliebreque sclum ,vocibus et ge/u cum balb signific>5t ,,imbecillorum ,,esse ,,quum ,,mis]i] ,,omnium4 ,lucret4 lib4 v4 #a4 #ajaj-bb4 #ba ,! introduction to ! fir/ book ( ,ari/otle's ,politics is ! be/ demon/ration ( ! necessity ( political society to ! well-be+1 & inde$ to ! v be+1 ( man1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,hav+ %ewn ! circum/ances :i* r5d] man necess>ily a social be+1 he ju/ly concludes1 ,greek3 ,kai oti an?ropos physei politikon zon4--,ari/4 de ,rep4 lib4 i4 ,! same s*eme ( philosophy is admirably pursu$ 9 ! %ort1 b invaluable fragm5t ( ! six? book ( ,polybius1 :i* describes ! hi/ory & revolutions ( gov]nm5t4 #bb ,to ! weight ( ^! great names let me add ! op9ion ( two illu/ri\s m5 ( ! pres5t age1 z bo? _! op9ions are comb9$ by "o ( !m 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,he 7,mr4 ,fox7 always ?\ght any ( ! simple unbalanc$ gov]nm5ts bad2 simple mon>*y1 simple ari/ocracy1 simple democracy2 he held !m all imp]fect or vici\s1 all 7 bad by !mselves2 ! composition alone 0 good4 ,^! _h be5 always 8 pr9ciples1 9 :i* he agre$ ) 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,burke4--,mr4 ,fox on ! ,army ,e/imates1 #i? ,feb4 #agij4 ,9 speak+ ( bo? ^! illu/ri\s m51 ^: names ,i "h jo91 z !y w be jo9$ 9 fame by po/]ity1 :i* w =get _! tempor>y diff]5ces 9 ! recollection ( _! g5ius & _! fri5d%ip1 ,i d n ent]ta9 ! va9 imag9ation t ,i c add to _! glory by any ?+ t ,i c say4 ,b x is a gratification to me to give utt]ance to my feel+s2 to express ! pr(\nd v5]ation ) :i* ,i am fill$ = ! memory ( ! "o1 & ! w>m affection :i* ,i *]i% = ! o!r1 :om no "o ev] he>d 9 public )\t admiration1 or knew 9 private life )\t lov+4 #bc ,privilege1 9 ,roman jurisprud5ce1 means ! exemption ( "o individual f ! op]ation ( a law4 ,political privileges1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i employ ! t]ms1 mean ^? rights ( ! subjects ( a free /ate1 :i* are deem$ s ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! commonweal?1 t !y are except$ f ! ord9>y discretion ( ! magi/rate1 & gu>d$ by ! same fundam5tal laws :i* secure 8 au?ority4 #bd ,see an admirable passage on ?is subject 9 ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aja-aab1 9 :i* ! true doctr9e ( re=mation is laid d[n ) s+ul> ability by t eloqu5t & philosophical writ]4--,see also ,mr4 ,burke's ,spee* on ,economical ,re=m2 & ,sir ,m4 ,hale on ! ,am5dm5t ( ,laws1 9 ! collection ( my le>n$ & mo/ excell5t fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h>grave1 p4 #bdh4 #be ,p\r =m] un g\v]nem5t modr1 il faut comb9] les puissances1 les rgl]1 les tempr]1 les faire agir1 donn] p\r a9si dire un le/ l'une p\r la mettre en tat de rsi/] une autre1 c'e/ un *ef-d'oeuvre de lgislation que le has>d fait r>em5t1 et que r>em5t on laisse faire la prud5ce4 ,un g\v]nem5t despotique au contraire saute p\r a9si dire aux yeux2 il e/ uni=me p>t\t3 comme il ne faut que des passions p\r l'tablir t\t le monde e/ bon p\r cela4--,montesquieu1 de l',esprit des ,loix1 liv4 v4 c4 #ad4 #bf ,"l ,bacon1 ,essay xxiv4 ,( ,innovations4 #bg ,! read] w p]ceive t ,i allude to ,,montesquieu1 :om ,i nev] "n )\t rev]5ce1 ?\gh ,i %all presume1 ) humility1 to criticise 8 acc\nt ( a gov]nm5t :i* he only saw at a di/ance4 #bh ,?is pr9ciple is express$ by a writ] ( a v diff]5t "* f ^! two great philosoph]s2 a writ]1 qu'on n'appell]a plus philosophe1 mais qu'on appell]a le plus loqu5t des sophi/es1 ) great =ce1 &1 z 8 mann] is1 ) "s exagg]ation4 ,il n'y a po9t de pr9cipes ab/raits dans la politique4 ,c'e/ une sci5ce des calculs1 des comb9aisons1 et des exceptions1 selon les lieux1 les tems1 et les circon/ances4--,lettre de ,r\sseau au ,m>quis de ,mirabeau4 ,! second proposition is true2 b ! fir/ is n a j inf]5ce f x4 #bi ,! casui/ical subtleties are n p]haps great] ?an ! subtleties ( lawy]s2 b ! latt] are innoc5t1 & ev5 necess>y4--,,hume's ,essays1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eeh4 #cj ,law1 said ,dr4 ,johnson1 is ! sci5ce 9 :i* ! greate/ p[]s ( und]/&+ are appli$ to ! greate/ numb] ( facts4 ,nobody1 :o is acqua9t$ ) ! v>iety & multiplicity ( ! subjects ( jurisprud5ce1 & ) ! prodigi\s p[]s ( discrim9ation employ$ ^u !m1 c d\bt ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation4 #ca ,burke's ,works1 vol4 iii4 p4 #acd4 #cb ,on ! intimate connexion ( ^! two codes1 let u he> ! words ( ,"l ,holt1 ^: "n nev] c be pron\nc$ )\t v5]ation1 z long z wisdom & integrity are rev]$ among m53--,inasmu* z ! laws ( all nations are d\btless rais$ out ( ! ru9s ( ! civil law1 z all gov]nm5ts are sprung out ( ! ru9s ( ! ,roman empire1 x mu/ be own$ t ! pr9ciples ( our law are borr[$ f ! civil law1 !re=e gr\nd$ ^u ! same reason 9 _m ?+s4--#ab ,mod4 #dhb4 ,,f9is4 ,j4 ,,moyes1 ,,took',s ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane4