,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,zoology  by ,?omas
 ,h4 ,huxley  #a   ,,natural ,,hi/ory is
 ! "n famili>ly appli$ to ! /udy ( !    
prop]ties ( su* natural bodies z m9]als1
 plants1 & animals2 ! sci5ces :i* embody
 ! k man has acquir$ ^u ^! subjects are 
commonly t]m$ ,natural ,sci5ces1 9      
contradi/9ction to o!r s-call$ physical 
sci5ces2 & ^? :o devote !mselves        
especially to ! pursuit ( su* sci5ces h 
be5 & are commonly t]m$ ,naturali/s4    
,l9naeus 0 a naturali/ 9 ?is wide s5se1 
& 8 ',sy/ema ,naturae' 0 a "w ^u natural
 hi/ory1 9 ! broade/ acceptation ( !    
t]m2 9 x1 t great me?odis+ _s embodi$   
all t 0 kn[n 9 8 "t ( ! di/9ctive       
*>act]s ( m9]als1 animals1 & plants4 ,b 
! enorm\s /imulus :i* ,l9naeus gave to !
 inve/igation ( nature soon r5d]$ x     
impossible t any "o man %\ld write ano!r
 ',sy/ema ,naturae1' & extremely        
difficult = any "o to become ev5 a      
naturali/ su* z ,l9naeus 04  ,great z h 
be5 ! advances made by all ! ?ree       
bran*es ( sci5ce1 ( old includ$ "u !    

title ( natural hi/ory1 !re c be no d\bt
 t zoology & botany h gr[n 9 an         
enorm\sly great] ratio ?an m9]alogy2 &  
h5ce1 z ,i suppose1 ! "n ( natural      
hi/ory has gradually become m & m       
def9itely atta*$ to ^! prom95t divisions
 ( ! subject1 & by naturali/ p h meant m
 & m di/9ctly to imply a /ud5t ( !      
/ructure & function ( liv+ be+s4  ,h[ev]
 ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! advance ( k 
has gradually wid5$ ! di/ance betwe5    
m9]alogy & its old associates1 :ile x   
has drawn zoology & botany clos] toge!r2
 s t ( late ye>s x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t
 7& inde$ necess>y7 to associate !      
sci5ces :i* deal ) vitality & all its   
ph5om5a "u ! common head ( biology2 & ! 
biologi/s h come to repudiate any       
blood-relation%ip ) _! fo/]-bro!rs1 !   
m9]alogi/s4  ,c]ta9 broad laws h a g5]al
 application ?r\gh\t bo? ! animal & !   
vegetable worlds1 b ! gr\nd common to ^!
 k+doms ( nature is n ( v wide ext5t1 & 
! multiplicity ( details is s great1 t !
 /ud5t ( liv+ be+s f9ds himself oblig$  

to devote 8 att5tion exclusively ei!r to
 ! "o or ! o!r4 ,if he elects to /udy   
plants1 "u any aspect1 we "k at once :at
 to call him4 ,he is a botani/1 & 8     
sci5ce is botany4 ,b if ! inve/igation (
 animal life be 8 *oice1 ! "n g5]ally   
appli$ to him w v>y accord+ to ! k9d (  
animals he /udies1 or ! p>ticul> ph5om5a
 ( animal life to :i* he conf9es 8      
att5tion4 ,if ! /udy ( man is 8 object1 
he is call$ an anatomi/1 or a           
physiologi/1 or an e?nologi/2 b if he   
dissects animals1 or exam9es into ! mode
 9 :i* _! functions are p]=m$1 he is a  
comp>ative anatomi/ or comp>ative       
physiologi/4 ,if he turns 8 att5tion to 
fossil animals1 he is a palaeontologi/4 
,if 8 m9d is m p>ticul>ly direct$ to !  
specific description1 discrim9ation1    
classification1 & di/ribution ( animals1
 he is t]m$ a zoologi/4  ,= ! purpose ( 
! pres5t disc\rse1 h[ev]1 ,i %all       
recognise none ( ^! titles save ! la/1  
:i* ,i %all employ z ! equival5t (      
botani/1 & ,i %all use ! t]m zoology z  

d5ot+ ! :ole doctr9e ( animal life1 9   
contradi/9ction to botany1 :i* signifies
 ! :ole doctr9e ( vegetable life4       
,employ$ 9 ?is s5se1 zoology1 l botany1 
is divisible into ?ree great b          
subord9ate sci5ces1 morphology1         
physiology1 & di/ribution1 ea* ( :i*    
may1 to a v great ext5t1 be /udi$       
indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4  ,zoological       
morphology is ! doctr9e ( animal =m or  
/ructure4 ,anatomy is "o ( its bran*es2 
developm5t is ano!r2 :ile classification
 is ! expression ( ! relations :i*      
diff]5t animals be> to "o ano!r1 9      
respect ( _! anatomy & _! developm5t4   
,zoological di/ribution is ! /udy (     
animals 9 relation to ! t]re/rial       
conditions :i* obta9 n[1 or h obta9$ at 
any previ\s epo* ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4      
,zoological physiology1 la/ly1 is !     
doctr9e ( ! functions or actions (      
animals4 ,x reg>ds animal bodies z      
ma*9es impell$ by c]ta9 =ces1 & p]=m+ an
 am\nt ( "w :i* c be express$ 9 t]ms ( !
 ord9>y =ces ( nature4 ,! f9al object ( 

physiology is to d$uce ! facts (        
morphology1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? (          
di/ribution on ! o!r1 f ! laws ( !      
molecul> =ces ( matt]4  ,su* is ! scope 
( zoology4 ,b if ,i 7 to cont5t myself )
 ! enunciation ( ^! dry def9itions1 ,i  
%\ld ill exemplify t me?od ( tea*+ ?is  
bran* ( physical sci5ce1 :i* x is my    
*ief bus9ess to-night to recomm5d4 ,let 
u turn away !n f ab/ract def9itions4    
,let u take "s concrete liv+ ?+1 "s     
animal1 ! common] ! bett]1 & let u see  
h[ ! application ( common s5se & common 
logic to ! obvi\s facts x pres5ts1      
inevitably leads u into all ^! bran*es (
 zoological sci5ce4  ,i h be=e me a     
lob/]4 ,:5 ,i exam9e x1 :at appe>s to be
 ! mo/ /rik+ "* x pres5ts8 ,:y1 ,i      
obs]ve t ?is "p :i* we call ! tail ( !  
lob/]1 is made up ( six di/9ct h>d r+s &
 a sev5? t]m9al piece4 ,if ,i sep>ate "o
 ( ! middle r+s1 say ! ?ird1 ,i f9d x   
c>ries ^u its "u surface a pair ( limbs 
or app5dages1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a /alk
 & two t]m9al pieces4 ,s t ,i c repres5t

 a transv]se section ( ! r+ & its       
app5dages ^u ! diagram bo>d 9 ?is way4  
,if ,i n[ take ! f\r? r+1 ,i f9d x has !
 same /ructure1 & s h ! fif? & ! second2
 s t1 9 ea* ( ^! divisions ( ! tail1 ,i 
f9d p>ts :i* correspond ) "o ano!r1 a r+
 & two app5dages2 & 9 ea* app5dage a    
/alk & two end pieces4 ,^! correspond+  
p>ts are call$1 9 ! te*nical language ( 
anatomy1 homolog\s p>ts4 ,! r+ ( ! ?ird 
division is ! homologue ( ! r+ ( ! fif?1
 ! app5dage ( ! =m] is ! homologue ( !  
app5dage ( ! latt]4 ,&1 z ea* division  
exhibits correspond+ p>ts 9 correspond+ 
places1 we say t all ! divisions are    
con/ruct$ ^u ! same plan4 ,b n[ let u   
consid] ! six? division4 ,x is simil>   
to1 & yet diff]5t f1 ! o!rs4 ,! r+ is   
ess5tially ! same z 9 ! o!r divisions2 b
 ! app5dages look at fir/ z if !y 7 v   
diff]5t2 & yet :5 we reg>d !m closely1  
:at d we f9d8 ,a /alk & two t]m9al      
divisions1 exactly z 9 ! o!rs1 b ! /alk 
is v %ort & v ?ick1 ! t]m9al divisions  
are v broad & flat1 & "o ( !m is divid$ 

into two pieces4  ,i may say1 !re=e1 t !
 six? segm5t is l ! o!rs 9 plan1 b t x  
is modifi$ 9 its details4  ,! fir/      
segm5t is l ! o!rs1 s f> z its r+ is    
conc]n$1 & ?\gh its app5dages diff] f   
any ( ^? yet exam9$ 9 ! simplicity ( _! 
/ructure1 p>ts correspond+ ) ! /em & "o 
( ! divisions ( ! app5dages ( ! o!r     
segm5ts c be readily disc]n$ 9 !m4  ,?us
 x appe>s t ! lob/]'s tail is compos$ ( 
a s]ies ( segm5ts :i* are fundam5tally  
simil>1 ?\gh ea* pres5ts peculi>        
modifications ( ! plan common to all4 ,b
 :5 ,i turn to ! =ep>t ( ! body ,i see1 
at fir/1 no?+ b a great %ield-l %ell1   
call$ te*nically ! c>apace1 end+ 9 front
 9 a %>p sp9e1 on ei!r side ( :i* are ! 
curi\s comp\nd eyes1 set ^u ! ends ( /\t
 movable /alks4 ,beh9d ^!1 on ! "u side 
( ! body1 are two pairs ( long feel]s1  
or ant5nae1 foll[$ by six pairs ( jaws  
fold$ aga9/ "o ano!r ov] ! m\?1 & five  
pairs ( legs1 ! =emo/ ( ^! be+ ! great  
p9*]s1 or claws1 ( ! lob/]4  ,x looks1  
at fir/1 a little hopeless to attempt to

 f9d 9 ?is complex mass a s]ies ( r+s1  
ea* ) its pair ( app5dages1 su* z ,i h  
%[n y 9 ! abdom51 & yet x is n difficult
 to demon/rate _! exi/5ce4 ,/rip (f !   
legs1 & y w f9d t ea* pair is atta*$ to 
a v def9ite segm5t ( ! "u wall ( ! body2
 b ^! segm5ts1 in/ead ( be+ ! l[] p>ts (
 free r+s1 z 9 ! tail1 are su* p>ts (   
r+s :i* are all solidly unit$ & b\nd    
toge!r2 & ! l is true ( ! jaws1 !       
feel]s1 & ! eye-/alks1 e pair ( :i* is  
borne ^u its own special segm5t4 ,?us ! 
conclusion is gradually =c$ ^u u1 t !   
body ( ! lob/] is compos$ ( z _m r+s z  
!re are pairs ( app5dages1 namely1 tw5ty
 9 all1 b t ! six h9dmo/ r+s rema9 free 
& movable1 :ile ! f\rte5 front r+s      
become firmly sold]$ toge!r1 _! backs   
=m+ "o cont9u\s %ield--! c>apace4       
,unity ( plan1 div]sity 9 execution1 is 
! lesson taught by ! /udy ( ! r+s ( !   
body1 & ! same in/ruction is giv5 /ill m
 emphatically by ! app5dages4 ,if ,i    
exam9e ! out]mo/ jaw ,i f9d x consi/s ( 
?ree di/9ct portions1 an inn]1 a middle1

 & an out]1 m\nt$ ^u a common /em2 & if 
,i comp>e ?is jaw ) ! legs beh9d x1 or !
 jaws 9 front ( x1 ,i f9d x q easy to   
see1 t1 9 ! legs1 x is ! "p ( ! app5dage
 :i* corresponds ) ! inn] division1 :i* 
becomes modifi$ into :at we "k famili>ly
 z ! leg1 :ile ! middle division        
disappe>s1 & ! out] division is hidd5 "u
 ! c>apace4 ,nor is x m difficult to    
disc]n t1 9 ! app5dages ( ! tail1 !     
middle division appe>s aga9 & ! out]    
vani%es2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! =emo/   
jaw1 ! s-call$ m&ible1 ! inn] division  
only is left2 &1 9 ! same way1 ! p>ts ( 
! feel]s & ( ! eye-/alks c be id5tifi$ )
 ^? ( ! legs & jaws4  ,b :i!r does all  
?is t5d8 ,to ! v rem>kable conclusion t 
a unity ( plan1 ( ! same k9d z t        
discov]able 9 ! tail or abdom5 ( !      
lob/]1 p]vades ! :ole organization ( its
 skeleton1 s t ,i c return to ! diagram 
repres5t+ any "o ( ! r+s ( ! tail1 :i*  
,i drew ^u ! bo>d1 & by add+ a ?ird     
division to ea* app5dage1 ,i c use x z a
 sort ( s*eme or plan ( any r+ ( ! body4

 ,i c give names to all ! p>ts ( t      
figure1 & !n if ,i take any segm5t ( !  
body ( ! lob/]1 ,i c po9t out to y      
exactly1 :at modification ! g5]al plan  
has und]gone 9 t p>ticul> segm5t2 :at "p
 has rema9$ movable1 & :at has become   
fix$ to ano!r2 :at has be5 excessively  
develop$ & metamorphos$ & :at has be5   
suppress$4  ,b ,i imag9e ,i he> ! "q1   
,h[ is all ?is to be te/$8 ,no d\bt x is
 a pretty & +5i\s way ( look+ at !      
/ructure ( any animal2 b is x any?+ m8  
,does ,nature ackn[l$ge1 9 any deep]    
way1 ?is unity ( plan we seem to trace8 
,! objection sugge/$ by ^! que/ions is a
 v valid & important "o1 & morphology 0 
9 an uns\nd /ate s long z x re/$ ^u !   
m]e p]ception ( ! analogies :i* obta9   
betwe5 fully =m$ p>ts4 ,! un*eck$ +5uity
 ( speculative anatomi/s prov$ itself   
fully compet5t to sp9 any numb] (       
contradictory hypo!ses out ( ! same     
facts1 & endless morphological dreams   
?reat5$ to supplant sci5tific !ory4     
,happily1 h[ev]1 !re is a crit]ion (    

morphological tru?1 & a sure te/ ( all  
homologies4 ,our lob/] has n always be5 
:at we see x2 x 0 once an egg1 a        
semifluid mass ( yolk1 n s big z a p9's 
head1 conta9$ 9 a transp>5t membrane1 & 
exhibit+ n ! lea/ trace ( any "o ( ^?   
organs1 ^: multiplicity & complexity1 9 
! adult1 are s surpris+4 ,aft] a "t a   
delicate pat* ( cellul> membrane appe>$ 
^u "o face ( ?is yolk1 & t pat* 0 !     
f\ndation ( ! :ole creature1 ! clay out 
( :i* x w\ld be m\ld$4 ,gradually inve/+
 ! yolk1 x became subdivid$ by transv]se
 con/rictions into segm5ts1 ! =]unn]s ( 
! r+s ( ! body4 ,^u ! v5tral surface (  
ea* ( ! r+s ?us sket*$ out1 a pair (    
bud-l prom95ces made _! appe>ance--!    
rudim5ts ( ! app5dages ( ! r+4 ,at fir/1
 all ! app5dages 7 alike1 b1 z !y grew1 
mo/ ( !m became di/+ui%$ into a /em &   
two t]m9al divisions1 to :i* 9 ! middle 
"p ( ! body1 0 add$ a ?ird out]         
division2 & x 0 only at a lat] p]iod1 t 
by ! modification1 or absorption1 (     
c]ta9 ( ^! primitive con/itu5ts1 ! limbs

 acquir$ _! p]fect =m4  ,?us ! /udy (   
developm5t proves t ! doctr9e ( unity ( 
plan is n m]ely a fancy1 t x is n m]ely 
"o way ( look+ at ! matt]1 b t x is !   
expression ( deep-seat$ natural facts4  
,! legs & jaws ( ! lob/] may n m]ely be 
reg>d$ z modifications ( a common       
type1--9 fact & 9 nature !y are s1--!   
leg & ! jaw ( ! "y animal be+1 at fir/1 
indi/+ui%able4  ,^! are wond]ful tru?s1 
! m s because ! zoologi/ f9ds !m to be (
 univ]sal application4 ,! inve/igation (
 a polype1 ( a snail1 ( a fi%1 ( a      
horse1 or ( a man1 w\ld h l$ u1 ?\gh by 
a less easy pa?1 p]haps1 to exactly !   
same po9t4 ,unity ( plan ev]y:]e lies   
hidd5 "u ! mask ( div]sity ( /ructure--!
 complex is ev]y:]e evolv$ out ( !      
simple4 ,e animal has at fir/ ! =m ( an 
egg1 & e animal & e organic "p1 9 rea*+ 
its adult /ate1 passes ?r\gh conditions 
common to o!r animals & o!r adult p>ts2 
& ?is leads me to ano!r po9t4 ,i h      
hi!rto spok5 z if ! lob/] 7 alone 9 !   
_w1 b1 z ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y1 !re are  

myriads ( o!r animal organisms4 ,( ^!1  
"s1 su* z m51 horses1 birds1 fi%es1     
snails1 slugs1 oy/]s1 corals1 & sponges1
 are n 9 ! lea/ l ! lob/]4 ,b o!r       
animals1 ?\gh !y may diff] a good deal f
 ! lob/]1 are yet ei!r v l x1 or are l  
some?+ t is l x4 ,! cray fi%1 ! rock    
lob/]1 & ! prawn1 & ! %rimp1 = example1 
h[ev] diff]5t1 are yet s l lob/]s1 t a  
*ild w\ld gr\p !m z ( ! lob/] k9d1 9    
contradi/9ction to snails & slugs2 & ^! 
la/ aga9 w\ld =m a k9d by !mselves1 9   
contradi/9ction to c[s1 horses1 & %eep1 
! cattle k9d4  ,b ?is spontane\s gr\p+  
into k9ds is ! fir/ essay ( ! human m9d 
at classification1 or ! call+ by a      
common "n ( ^? ?+s t are alike1 & !     
arrang+ !m 9 su* a mann] z be/ to sugge/
 ! sum ( _! lik5esses & unlik5esses to  
o!r ?+s4  ,^? k9ds :i* include no o!r   
subdivisions ?an ! sexes1 or v>i\s      
bre$s1 are call$1 9 te*nical language1  
species4 ,! ,engli% lob/] is a species1 
our cray fi% is ano!r1 our prawn is     
ano!r4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 !re are  

lob/]s1 cray fi%1 & prawns1 v l ours1 & 
yet pres5t+ suffici5t diff]5ces to      
des]ve di/9ction4 ,naturali/s1 !re=e1   
express ?is resemblance & ?is div]sity  
by gr\p+ !m z di/9ct species ( ! same   
g5us4 ,b ! lob/] & ! cray fi%1 ?\gh     
belong+ to di/9ct g5]a1 h _m features 9 
common1 & h5ce are gr\p$ toge!r 9 an    
assemblage :i* is call$ a family4 ,m    
di/ant resemblances connect ! lob/] ) ! 
prawn & ! crab1 :i* are express$ by     
putt+ all ^! into ! same ord]4 ,aga91 m 
remote1 b /ill v def9ite1 resemblances  
unite ! lob/] ) ! woodl\se1 ! k+ crab1 !
 wat] flea1 & ! b>nacle1 & sep>ate !m f 
all o!r animals2 :5ce !y collectively   
con/itute ! l>g] gr\p1 or class1        
',cru/acea'4 ,b ! ',cru/acea' exhibit _m
 peculi> features 9 common ) insects1   
spid]s1 & c5tip$es1 s t ^! are gr\p$    
into ! /ill l>g] assemblage or prov9ce  
',articulata'2 &1 f9ally1 ! relations   
:i* ^! h to worms & o!r l[] animals1 are
 express$ by comb9+ ! :ole va/ aggregate
 into ! sub-k+dom ( ',annulosa'4  ,if ,i

 _h work$ my way f a sponge in/ead ( a  
lob/]1 ,i %\ld h f\nd x associat$1 by l 
ties1 ) a great numb] ( o!r animals into
 ! sub-k+dom ',protozoa'2 if ,i _h      
select$ a fre%-wat] polype or a coral1 !
 memb]s ( :at naturali/s t]m ! sub-k+dom
 ',coel5t]ata'1 w\ld h gr\p$ !mselves   
ar\nd my type2 _h a snail be5 *os51 !   
inhabitants ( all univalve & bivalve1 l&
 & wat]1 %ells1 ! lamp %ells1 ! squids1 
& ! sea-mat w\ld h gradually l9k$       
!mselves on to x z memb]s ( ! same      
sub-k+dom ( ',mollusca'2 & f9ally1 />t+ 
f man1 ,i %\ld h be5 compell$ to admit  
fir/1 ! ape1 ! rat1 ! horse1 ! dog1 into
 ! same class2 & !n ! bird1 ! crocodile1
 ! turtle1 ! frog1 & ! fi%1 into ! same 
sub-k+dom ( ',v]tebrata'4  ,& if ,i _h  
foll[$ out all ^! v>i\s l9es (          
classification fully1 ,i %\ld discov] 9 
! end t !re 0 no animal1 ei!r rec5t or  
fossil1 :i* did n at once fall into "o  
or o!r ( ^! sub-k+doms4 ,9 o!r words1 e 
animal is organiz$ ^u "o or o!r ( !     
five1 or m1 plans1 ^: exi/5ce r5d]s our 

classification possible4 ,& s def9itely 
& precisely m>k$ is ! /ructure ( ea*    
animal1 t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 !re 
is n ! lea/ evid5ce to prove t a =m1 9 !
 slighte/ degree transitional betwe5 any
 ( ! two gr\ps ',v]tebrata'1            
',annulosa'1 ',mollusca'1 &             
',coel5t]ata'1 ei!r exi/s1 or has exi/$1
 dur+ t p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* is   
record$ by ! geologi/4 ,nev]!less1 y mu/
 n = a mom5t suppose1 because no su*    
transitional =ms are kn[n1 t ! memb]s ( 
! sub-k+doms are disconnect$ f1 or      
indep5d5t (1 "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 
_! e>lie/ condition !y are all alike1 & 
! primordial g]ms ( a man1 a dog1 a     
bird1 a fi%1 a beetle1 a snail1 & a     
polype are1 9 no ess5tial /ructural     
respects1 di/+ui%able4  ,9 ?is broad    
s5se1 x may ) tru? be said1 t all liv+  
animals1 & all ^? dead creations :i*    
geology reveals1 are b\nd toge!r by an  
all-p]vad+ unity ( organization1 ( !    
same "*1 ?\gh n equal 9 degree1 to t :i*
 enables u to disc]n "o & ! same plan   

amid/ ! tw5ty diff]5t segm5ts ( a       
lob/]'s body4 ,truly x has be5 said1 t  
to a cle> eye ! smalle/ fact is a w9d[  
?r\gh :i* ! ,inf9ite may be se54  ,turn+
 f ^! purely morphological              
consid]ations1 let u n[ exam9e into !   
mann] 9 :i* ! att5tive /udy ( ! lob/]   
impels u into o!r l9es ( rese>*4        
,lob/]s are f\nd 9 all ! ,european seas2
 b on ! opposite %ores ( ! ,atlantic & 9
 ! seas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e !y d n exi/4
 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ 9 ^! regions 
by v closely alli$1 b di/9ct =ms--!     
',hom>us ,am]icanus' & ! ',hom>us       
,cap5sis'3 s t we may say t ! ,european 
has "o species ( ',hom>us'2 ! ,am]ican1 
ano!r2 ! ,african1 ano!r2 & ?us !       
rem>kable facts ( geographical          
di/ribution beg9 to dawn ^u u4  ,aga91  
if we exam9e ! cont5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1  
we %all f9d 9 ! latt] ( ^? deposits1 :i*
 h s]v$ z ! great bury+ gr\nds ( pa/    
ages1 numb]less lob/]-l animals1 b none 
s simil> to our liv+ lob/] z to make    
zoologi/s sure t !y belong$ ev5 to !    

same g5us4 ,if we g /ill fur!r back 9   
"t1 we discov]1 9 ! olde/ rocks ( all1 !
 rema9s ( animals1 con/ruct$ on ! same  
g5]al plan z ! lob/]1 & belong+ to !    
same great gr\p ( ',cru/acea'2 b = ! mo/
 "p totally diff]5t f ! lob/]1 & inde$ f
 any o!r liv+ =m ( cru/acean2 & ?us we  
ga9 a notion ( t successive *ange ( !   
animal population ( ! globe1 9 pa/ ages1
 :i* is ! mo/ /rik+ fact reveal$ by     
geology4  ,consid]1 n[1 :]e our         
inquiries h l$ u4 ,we /udi$ our type    
morphologically1 :5 we det]m9$ its      
anatomy & its developm5t1 & :5 comp>+ x1
 9 ^! respects1 ) o!r animals1 we made  
out its place 9 a sy/em (               
classification4 ,if we 7 to exam9e e    
animal 9 a simil> mann]1 we %\ld e/abli%
 a complete body ( zoological           
morphology4  ,aga91 we inve/igat$ !     
di/ribution ( our type 9 space & 9 "t1  
&1 if ! l _h be5 done ) e animal1 !     
sci5ces ( geographical & geological     
di/ribution w\ld h atta9$ _! limit4  ,b 
y w obs]ve "o rem>kable circum/ance1 t1 

up to ?is po9t1 ! "q ( ! life ( ^!      
organisms has n come "u consid]ation4   
,morphology & di/ribution might be /udi$
 almo/ z well1 if animals & plants 7 a  
peculi> k9d ( cry/als1 & possess$ none (
 ^? functions :i* di/+ui% liv+ be+s s   
rem>kably4 ,b ! facts ( morphology &    
di/ribution h to be acc\nt$ =1 & !      
sci5ce1 ^: aim x is to acc\nt = !m1 is  
,physiology4  ,let u return to our lob/]
 once m4 ,if we wat*$ ! creature 9 its  
native elem5t1 we %\ld see x climb+     
actively ! subm]g$ rocks1 among :i* x   
delights to live1 by means ( its /rong  
legs2 or swimm+ by p[]ful /rokes ( its  
great tail1 ! app5dages ( ^: six? jo9t  
are spread out into a broad fan-l       
propell]3 seize x1 & x w %[ y t its     
great claws are no mean weapons ( (f5ce2
 susp5d a piece ( c>rion among its      
haunts1 & x w gre$ily dev\r x1 te>+ &   
cru%+ ! fle% by means ( its multitud9\s 
jaws4  ,suppose t we _h kn[n no?+ ( !   
lob/] b z an in]t mass1 an organic      
cry/al1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 & t we  

c\ld sudd5ly see x ex]t+ all ^! p[]s1   
:at wond]ful new ideas & new que/ions   
w\ld arise 9 our m9ds6 ,! great new "q  
w\ld be1 ,h[ does all ?is take place8 ! 
*ief new idea w\ld be1 ! idea (         
adaptation to purpose1--! notion1 t !   
con/itu5ts ( animal bodies are n m]e    
unconnect$ p>ts1 b organs work+ toge!r  
to an end4 ,let u consid] ! tail ( !    
lob/] aga9 f ?is po9t ( view4           
,morphology has taught u t x is a s]ies 
( segm5ts compos$ ( homolog\s p>ts1 :i* 
und]go v>i\s modifications--b5ea? &     
?r\gh :i* a common plan ( =mation is    
disc]nible4 ,b if ,i look at ! same "p  
physiologically1 ,i see t x is a mo/    
beautifully con/ruct$ organ (           
locomotion1 by means ( :i* ! animal c   
swiftly propel itself ei!r backw>ds or  
=w>ds4  ,b h[ is ?is rem>kable          
propulsive ma*9e made to p]=m its       
functions8 ,if ,i 7 sudd5ly to kill "o (
 ^! animals & to take out all ! s(t     
p>ts1 ,i %\ld f9d ! %ell to be p]fectly 
in]t1 to h no m p[] ( mov+ itself ?an is

 possess$ by ! ma*9]y ( a mill :5       
disconnect$ f its /eam-eng9e or         
wat]-:eel4 ,b if ,i 7 to op5 x1 & take  
out ! visc]a only1 leav+ ! :ite fle%1 ,i
 %\ld p]ceive t ! lob/] c\ld b5d & ext5d
 its tail z well z be=e4 ,if ,i 7 to cut
 (f ! tail1 ,i %\ld cease to f9d any    
spontane\s motion 9 x2 b on p9*+ any    
portion ( ! fle%1 ,i %\ld obs]ve t x    
und]w5t a v curi\s *ange--ea* fibre     
becom+ %ort] & ?ick]4 ,by ?is act (     
contraction1 z x is t]m$1 ! p>ts to :i* 
! ends ( ! fibre are atta*$ are1 (      
c\rse1 approximat$2 & accord+ to !      
relations ( _! po9ts ( atta*m5t to !    
c5tres ( motions ( ! diff]5t r+s1 ! b5d+
 or ! ext5sion ( ! tail results4 ,close 
obs]vation ( ! newly-op5$ lob/] w\ld    
soon %[ t all its movem5ts are due to ! 
same cause--! %ort5+ & ?ick5+ ( ^! fle%y
 fibres1 :i* are te*nically call$       
muscles4  ,"h1 !n1 is a capital fact4 ,!
 movem5ts ( ! lob/] are due to muscul>  
contractility4 ,b :y does a muscle      
contract at "o "t & n at ano!r8 ,:y does

 "o :ole gr\p ( muscles contract :5 !   
lob/] wi%es to ext5d 8 tail1 & ano!r    
gr\p :5 he desires to b5d x8 ,:at is x  
orig9ates1 directs1 & controls ! motive 
p[]8  ,exp]im5t1 ! great in/rum5t = !   
asc]ta9m5t ( tru? 9 physical sci5ce1    
answ]s ?is "q = u4 ,9 ! head ( ! lob/]  
!re lies a small mass ( t peculi> tissue
 :i* is kn[n z n]v\s sub/ance4 ,cords ( 
simil> matt] connect ?is bra9 ( ! lob/]1
 directly or indirectly1 ) ! muscles4   
,n[1 if ^! communicat+ cords are cut1 ! 
bra9 rema9+ entire1 ! p[] ( ex]t+ :at we
 call volunt>y motion 9 ! p>ts bel[ !   
section is de/roy$2 & on ! o!r h&1 if1 !
 cords rema9+ entire1 ! bra9 mass be    
de/roy$1 ! same volunt>y mobility is    
equally lo/4 ,:5ce ! inevitable         
conclusion is1 t ! p[] ( orig9at+ ^!    
motions resides 9 ! bra91 & is propagat$
 along ! n]v\s cords4  ,9 ! high]       
animals ! ph5om5a :i* att5d ?is         
transmission h be5 inve/igat$1 & !      
ex]tion ( ! peculi> en]gy :i* resides 9 
! n]ves has be5 f\nd to be accompani$ by

 a di/urbance ( ! electrical /ate ( _!  
molecules4  ,if we c\ld exactly e/imate 
! signification ( ?is di/urbance2 if we 
c\ld obta9 ! value ( a giv5 ex]tion (   
n]ve =ce by det]m9+ ! quantity (        
electricity1 or ( heat1 ( :i* x is !    
equival5t2 if we c\ld asc]ta9 ^u :at    
arrangem5t1 or o!r condition ( !        
molecules ( matt]1 ! manife/ation ( !   
n]v\s & muscul> en]gies dep5ds 7&       
d\btless sci5ce w "s day or o!r asc]ta9 
^! po9ts71 physiologi/s w\ld h atta9$ _!
 ultimate goal 9 ?is direction2 !y w\ld 
h det]m9$ ! relation ( ! motive =ce (   
animals to ! o!r =ms ( =ce f\nd 9       
nature2 & if ! same process _h be5      
successfully p]=m$ = all ! op]ations :i*
 are c>ri$ on 91 & by1 ! animal frame1  
physiology w\ld be p]fect1 & ! facts (  
morphology & di/ribution w\ld be        
d$ucible f ! laws :i* physiologi/s _h   
e/abli%$1 comb9$ ) ^? det]m9+ !         
condition ( ! surr\nd+ univ]se4  ,!re is
 n a fragm5t ( ! organism ( ?is humble  
animal ^: /udy w\ld n lead u into       

regions ( ?\ght z l>ge z ^? :i* ,i h    
briefly op5$ up to y2 b :at ,i h be5    
say+1 ,i tru/1 has n only enabl$ y to =m
 a conception ( ! scope & purport (     
zoology1 b has giv5 y an imp]fect       
example ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 t 
sci5ce1 or inde$ any physical sci5ce1   
may be be/ taught4 ,! great matt] is1 to
 make tea*+ real & practical1 by fix+ ! 
att5tion ( ! /ud5t on p>ticul> facts2 b 
at ! same "t x %\ld be r5d]$ broad &    
compreh5sive1 by con/ant ref]5ce to !   
g5]alizations ( :i* all p>ticul> facts  
are illu/rations4 ,! lob/] has s]v$ z a 
type ( ! :ole animal k+dom1 & its       
anatomy & physiology h illu/rat$ = u "s 
( ! greate/ tru?s ( biology4 ,! /ud5t :o
 has once se5 = himself ! facts :i* ,i h
 describ$1 has _h _! relations expla9$  
to him1 & has cle>ly compreh5d$ !m1 has1
 s f>1 a k ( zoology1 :i* is real &     
g5u9e1 h[ev] limit$ x may be1 & :i* is  
wor? m ?an all ! m]e read+ k ( ! sci5ce 
he c\ld ev] acquire4 ,8 zoological      
in=mation is1 s f>1 k & n m]e he>-say4  

,& if x 7 my bus9ess to fit y = !       
c]tificate 9 zoological sci5ce grant$ by
 ?is dep>tm5t1 ,i %\ld pursue a c\rse   
precisely simil> 9 pr9ciple to t :i* ,i 
h tak5 to-night4 ,i %\ld select a       
fre%-wat] sponge1 a fre%-wat] polype or 
a ',cyanaea'1 a fre%-wat] mussel1 a     
lob/]1 a f[l1 z types ( ! five prim>y   
divisions ( ! animal k+dom4 ,i %\ld     
expla9 _! /ructure v fully1 & %[ h[ ea* 
illu/rat$ ! great pr9ciples ( zoology4  
,hav+ gone v c>efully & fully ov] ?is   
gr\nd1 ,i %\ld feel t y _h a safe       
f\ndation1 & ,i %\ld !n take y 9 ! same 
way1 b less m9utely1 ov] simil>ly       
select$ illu/rative types ( ! classes2 &
 !n ,i %\ld direct y\r att5tion to !    
special =ms enum]at$ "u ! head ( types1 
9 ?is syllabus1 & to ! o!r facts !re    
m5tion$4  ,t w\ld1 speak+ g5]ally1 be my
 plan4 ,b ,i h und]tak5 to expla9 to y !
 be/ mode ( acquir+ & communicat+ a k ( 
zoology1 & y may !re=e fairly ask me = a
 m detail$ & precise acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 
:i* ,i %\ld propose to furni% y ) !     

in=mation ,i ref] to4  ,my own          
impression is1 t ! be/ model = all k9ds 
( tra9+ 9 physical sci5ce is t af=d$ by 
! me?od ( tea*+ anatomy1 9 use 9 !      
m$ical s*ools4 ,?is me?od consi/s ( ?ree
 elem5ts--lectures1 demon/rations1 &    
exam9ations4  ,! object ( lectures is1 9
 ! fir/ place1 to awak5 ! att5tion &    
excite ! en?usiasm ( ! /ud5t2 & ?is1 ,i 
am sure1 may be effect$ to a f> great]  
ext5t by ! oral disc\rse & by ! p]sonal 
influ5ce ( a respect$ tea*] ?an 9 any   
o!r way4 ,secondly1 lectures h ! d\ble  
use ( guid+ ! /ud5t to ! sali5t po9ts ( 
a subject1 & at ! same "t =c+ him to    
att5d to ! :ole ( x1 & n m]ely to t "p  
:i* takes 8 fancy4 ,& la/ly1 lectures   
af=d ! /ud5t ! opportunity ( seek+      
explanations ( ^? difficulties :i* w1 & 
inde$ ought to1 arise 9 ! c\rse ( 8     
/udies4  ,b = a /ud5t to d]ive ! utmo/  
possible value f lectures1 sev]al       
precautions are ne$ful4  ,i h a /rong   
impression t ! bett] a disc\rse is1 z an
 oration1 ! worse x is z a lecture4 ,!  

fl[ ( ! disc\rse c>ries y on )\t prop]  
att5tion to its s5se2 y drop a ^w or a  
phrase1 y lose ! exact mean+ = a mom5t1 
& :ile y /rive to recov] y\rself1 !     
speak] has pass$ on to some?+ else4  ,! 
practice ,i h adopt$ ( late ye>s1 9     
lectur+ to /ud5ts1 is to cond5se !      
sub/ance ( ! h\r's disc\rse into a few  
dry propositions1 :i* are read sl[ly &  
tak5 d[n f dictation2 ! read+ ( ea* be+ 
foll[$ by a free comm5t>y exp&+ &       
illu/rat+ ! proposition1 expla9+ t]ms1 &
 remov+ any difficulties t may be       
attackable 9 t way1 by diagrams made    
r\ghly1 & se5 to gr[ "u ! lectur]'s h&4 
,9 ?is mann] y1 at any rate1 insure !   
co-op]ation ( ! /ud5t to a c]ta9 ext5t4 
,he _c leave ! lecture-room entirely    
empty if ! tak+ ( notes is en=c$2 & a   
/ud5t mu/ be pret]naturally dull &      
me*anical1 if he c take notes & he> !m  
prop]ly expla9$1 & yet le>n no?+4  ,:at 
books %all ,i read8 is a "q con/antly   
put by ! /ud5t to ! tea*]4 ,my reply    
usually is1 ,none3 write y\r notes out  

c>efully & fully2 /rive to und]/& !m    
?or\ghly2 come to me = ! explanation (  
any?+ y _c und]/&2 & ,i w\ld r y did n  
di/ract y\r m9d by read+4 ,a prop]ly    
compos$ c\rse ( lectures ought to conta9
 fully z mu* matt] z a /ud5t c          
assimilate 9 ! "t occupi$ by its        
deliv]y2 & ! tea*] %\ld always recollect
 t 8 bus9ess is to fe$1 & n to cram !   
intellect4 ,inde$1 ,i believe t a /ud5t 
:o ga9s f a c\rse ( lectures ! simple   
habit ( conc5trat+ 8 att5tion ^u a      
def9itely limit$ s]ies ( facts1 until !y
 are ?or\ghly ma/]$1 has made a /ep (   
immeasurable importance4  ,b1 h[ev] good
 lectures may be1 & h[ev] ext5sive !    
c\rse ( read+ by :i* !y are foll[$ up1  
!y are b accessories to ! great in/rum5t
 ( sci5tific tea*+--demon/ration4 ,if ,i
 insi/ unwe>i$ly1 nay fanatically1 ^u ! 
importance ( physical sci5ce z an       
educational ag5t1 x is because ! /udy ( 
any bran* ( sci5ce1 if prop]ly conduct$1
 appe>s to me to fill up a void left by 
all o!r means ( education4 ,i h !       

greate/ respect & love = lit]ature2 no?+
 w\ld grieve me m ?an to see lit]>y     
tra9+ o!r ?an a v prom95t bran* (       
education3 inde$1 ,i wi% t real lit]>y  
discipl9e 7 f> m att5d$ to ?an x is2 b  
,i _c %ut my eyes to ! fact1 t !re is a 
va/ diff]5ce betwe5 m5 :o h _h a purely 
lit]>y1 & ^? :o h _h a s\nd sci5tific1  
tra9+4  ,seek+ = ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce1
 ,i imag9e ,i c f9d x 9 ! fact t1 9 ! _w
 ( lett]s1 le>n+ & k are "o1 & books are
 ! s\rce ( bo?2 :]eas 9 sci5ce1 z 9     
life1 le>n+ & k are di/9ct1 & ! /udy (  
?+s1 & n ( books1 is ! s\rce ( ! latt]4 
,all t lit]ature has to be/[ may be     
obta9$ by read+ & by practical ex]cise 9
 writ+ & 9 speak+2 b ,i d n exagg]ate :5
 ,i say1 t none ( ! be/ gifts ( sci5ce  
are to be won by ^! means4 ,on !        
contr>y1 ! great b5efit :i* a sci5tific 
education be/[s1 :e!r z tra9+ or z k1 is
 dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! m9d ( !    
/ud5t is br\ght into imm$iate contact ) 
facts--^u ! degree to :i* he le>ns !    
habit ( appeal+ directly to ,nature1 & (

 acquir+ ?r\gh 8 s5ses concrete images (
 ^? prop]ties ( ?+s1 :i* are1 & always w
 be1 b approximatively express$ 9 human 
language4 ,our way ( look+ at ,nature1 &
 ( speak+ ab\t h]1 v>ies f ye> to ye>2 b
 a fact once se51 a relation ( cause &  
effect1 once demon/ratively appreh5d$1  
are possessions :i* nei!r *ange nor pass
 away1 b1 on ! contr>y1 =m fix$ c5tres1 
ab\t :i* o!r tru?s aggregate by natural 
aff9ity4  ,!re=e1 ! great bus9ess ( !   
sci5tific tea*] is1 to impr9t !         
fundam5tal1 irrefragable facts ( 8      
sci5ce1 n only by words ^u ! m9d1 b by  
s5sible impressions ^u ! eye1 & e>1 &   
t\* ( ! /ud5t1 9 s complete a mann]1 t e
 t]m us$1 or law enunciat$1 %\ld        
aft]w>ds call up vivid images ( !       
p>ticul> /ructural1 or o!r1 facts :i*   
furni%$ ! demon/ration ( ! law1 or !    
illu/ration ( ! t]m4  ,n[ ?is important 
op]ation c only be a*iev$ by con/ant    
demon/ration1 :i* may take place to a   
c]ta9 imp]fect ext5t dur+ a lecture1 b  
:i* ought also to be c>ri$ on           

indep5d5tly1 & :i* %\ld be address$ to  
ea* individual /ud5t1 ! tea*] endeav\r+1
 n s mu* to %[ a ?+ to ! le>n]1 z to    
make him see x = himself4  ,i am well   
aw>e t !re are great practical          
difficulties 9 ! way ( effectual        
zoological demon/rations4 ,! dissection 
( animals is n altoge!r pleasant1 &     
requires mu* "t2 nor is x easy to secure
 an adequate supply ( ! ne$ful specim5s4
 ,! botani/ has "h a great advantage2 8 
specim5s are easily obta9$1 are clean & 
:olesome1 & c be dissect$ 9 a private   
h\se z well z any:]e else2 & h5ce1 ,i   
believe1 ! fact1 t botany is s mu* m    
readily & bett] taught ?an its si/]     
sci5ce4 ,b1 be x difficult or be x easy1
 if zoological sci5ce is to be prop]ly  
/udi$1 demon/ration1 &1 consequ5tly1    
dissection1 mu/ be _h4 ,)\t x1 no man c 
h a really s\nd k ( animal organization4
  ,a good deal may be done1 h[ev]1 )\t  
actual dissection on ! /ud5t's "p1 by   
demon/ration ^u specim5s & prep>ations2 
& 9 all probability x w\ld n be v       

difficult1 7 ! dem& suffici5t1 to       
organize collections ( su* objects1     
suffici5t = all ! purposes ( elem5t>y   
tea*+1 at a comp>atively *eap rate4 ,ev5
 )\t ^!1 mu* might be effect$1 if !     
zoological collections1 :i* are op5 to !
 public1 7 arrang$ accord+ to :at has   
be5 t]m$ ! typical pr9ciple2 t is to    
say1 if ! specim5s expos$ to public view
 7 s select$ t ! public c\ld le>n some?+
 f !m1 in/ead ( be+1 z at pres5t1 m]ely 
confus$ by _! multiplicity4 ,= example1 
! gr& orni?ological gall]y at ! ,briti% 
,museum conta9s betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s&  
species ( birds1 & sometimes five or six
 specim5s ( a species4 ,!y are v pretty 
to look at1 & "s ( ! cases are1 inde$1  
spl5did2 b ,i w und]take to say1 t no   
man b a pr(ess$ orni?ologi/ has ev]     
ga!r$ mu* in=mation f ! collection4     
,c]ta9ly1 no "o ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( !     
g5]al public :o h walk$ ?r\gh t gall]y  
ev] knew m ab\t ! ess5tial peculi>ities 
( birds :5 he left ! gall]y ?an :5 he   
ent]$ x4 ,b if1 some:]e 9 t va/ hall1   

!re 7 a few prep>ations1 exemplify+ !   
lead+ /ructural peculi>ities & ! mode ( 
developm5t ( a common f[l2 if ! types ( 
! g5]a1 ! lead+ modifications 9 !       
skeleton1 9 ! plumage at v>i\s ages1 9 !
 mode ( nidification1 & ! l1 among      
birds1 7 display$2 & if ! o!r specim5s 7
 put away 9 a place :]e ! m5 ( sci5ce1  
to :om !y are alone useful1 c\ld h free 
access to !m1 ,i c conceive t ?is       
collection might become a great in/rum5t
 ( sci5tific education4  ,! la/ implem5t
 ( ! tea*] to :i* ,i h adv]t$ is        
exam9ation--a means ( education n[ s    
?or\ghly und]/ood t ,i ne$ h>dly enl>ge 
^u x4 ,i hold t bo? writt5 & oral       
exam9ations are indisp5sable1 &1 by     
requir+ ! description ( specim5s1 !y may
 be made to supplem5t demon/ration4     
,su* is ! fulle/ reply ! "t at my       
disposal w all[ me to give to ! "q--h[  
may a k ( zoology be be/ acquir$ &      
communicat$8  ,b !re is a previ\s "q :i*
 may be mov$1 & :i*1 9 fact1 ,i "k _m   
are incl9$ to move4 ,x is ! "q1 :y %\ld 

tra9+ ma/]s be enc\rag$ to acquire a k (
 ?is1 or any o!r bran* ( physical       
sci5ce8 ,:at is ! use1 x is said1 (     
attempt+ to make physical sci5ce a bran*
 ( prim>y education8 ,is x n probable t 
tea*]s1 9 pursu+ su* /udies1 w be l$    
a/ray f ! acquirem5t ( m important b    
less attractive k8 ,&1 ev5 if !y c le>n 
some?+ ( sci5ce )\t prejudice to _!     
usefulness1 :at is ! good ( _! attempt+ 
to in/il t k into boys ^: real bus9ess  
is ! acquisition ( read+1 writ+1 &      
ari?metic8  ,^! que/ions are1 & w be1 v 
commonly ask$1 = !y arise f t pr(\nd    
ignorance ( ! value & true position (   
physical sci5ce1 :i* infe/s ! m9ds ( !  
mo/ highly educat$ & intellig5t classes 
( ! community4 ,b if ,i did n feel well 
assur$ t !y are capable ( be+ easily &  
satisfactorily answ]$2 t !y h be5 answ]$
 ov] & ov] aga92 & t ! "t w come :5 m5 (
 lib]al education w blu% to raise su*   
que/ions1--,i %\ld be a%am$ ( my        
position "h to-night4 ,)\t d\bt1 x is   
y\r great & v important function to c>ry

 out elem5t>y education2 )\t "q1 any?+ t
 %\ld int]f]e ) ! fai?ful fulfilm5t ( t 
duty on y\r "p w\ld be a great evil2 &  
if ,i ?\ght t y\r acquirem5t ( ! elem5ts
 ( physical sci5ce1 & y\r communication 
( ^? elem5ts to y\r pupils1 involv$ any 
sort ( int]f]5ce ) y\r prop] duties1 ,i 
%\ld be ! fir/ p]son to prote/ aga9/ y\r
 be+ enc\rag$ to d any?+ ( ! k9d4  ,b is
 x true t ! acquisition ( su* a k (     
sci5ce z is propos$1 & ! communication (
 t k1 are calculat$ to weak5 y\r        
usefulness8 ,or may ,i n r ask1 is x    
possible = y to dis*>ge y\r functions   
prop]ly )\t ^! aids8  ,:at is ! purpose 
( prim>y intellectual education8 ,i     
appreh5d t its fir/ object is to tra9 ! 
"y 9 ! use ( ^? tools :]e) m5 extract k 
f ! ev]-%ift+ succession ( ph5om5a :i*  
pass be=e _! eyes2 & t its second object
 is to in=m !m ( ! fundam5tal laws :i* h
 be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to gov]n ! c\rse (
 ?+s1 s t !y may n be turn$ out into !  
_w nak$1 def5celess1 & a prey to ! ev5ts
 !y might control4  ,a boy is taught to 

read 8 own & o!r languages1 9 ord] t he 
may h access to inf9itely wid] /ores ( k
 ?an c\ld ev] be op5$ to him by oral    
int]c\rse ) 8 fell[ m52 he le>ns to     
write1 t 8 means ( communication ) ! re/
 ( mank9d may be indef9itely enl>g$1 & t
 he may record & /ore up ! k he         
acquires4 ,he is taught elem5t>y        
ma!matics1 t he may und]/& all ^?       
relations ( numb] & =m1 ^u :i* !        
transactions ( m51 associat$ 9          
complicat$ societies1 are built1 & t he 
may h "s practice 9 d$uctive reason+4   
,all ^! op]ations ( read+1 writ+1 &     
ciph]+1 are intellectual tools1 ^: use  
%\ld1 be=e all ?+s1 be le>n$1 & le>n$   
?or\ghly2 s t ! y\? may be enabl$ to    
make 8 life t :i* x ought to be1 a      
cont9ual progress 9 le>n+ & 9 wisdom4   
,b1 9 addition1 prim>y education        
endeav\rs to fit a boy out ) a c]ta9    
equipm5t ( positive k4 ,he is taught !  
great laws ( morality2 ! religion ( 8   
sect2 s mu* hi/ory & geography z w tell 
him :]e ! great c\ntries ( ! _w are1 :at

 !y are1 & h[ !y h become :at !y are4   
,)\t d\bt all ^! are mo/ fitt+ &        
excell5t ?+s to tea* a boy2 ,i %\ld be v
 sorry to omit any ( !m f any s*eme (   
prim>y intellectual education4 ,! sy/em 
is excell5t1 s f> z x goes4  ,b if ,i   
reg>d x closely1 a curi\s reflection    
arises4 ,i suppose t1 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s
 ago1 ! *ild ( any well-to-d ,roman     
citiz5 0 taught j ^! same ?+s2 read+ &  
writ+ 9 8 own1 &1 p]haps1 ! ,greek      
tongue2 ! elem5ts ( ma!matics2 & !      
religion1 morality1 hi/ory1 & geography 
curr5t 9 8 "t4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i d n ?9k ,i
 err 9 affirm+1 t1 if su* a ,*ri/ian    
,roman boy1 :o _h f9i%$ 8 education1    
c\ld be transplant$ into "o ( our public
 s*ools1 & pass ?r\gh its c\rse (       
in/ruction1 he w\ld n meet ) a s+le     
unfamili> l9e ( ?\ght2 amid/ all ! new  
facts he w\ld h to le>n1 n "o w\ld      
sugge/ a diff]5t mode ( reg>d+ ! univ]se
 f t curr5t 9 8 own "t4  ,& yet surely  
!re is "s great diff]5ce betwe5 !       
civilization ( ! f\r? c5tury & t ( !    

n9ete5?1 & /ill m betwe5 ! intellectual 
habits & tone ( ?\ght ( t day & ?is8  ,&
 :at has made ?is diff]5ce8 ,i answ]    
fe>lessly--,! prodigi\s developm5t (    
physical sci5ce )9 ! la/ two c5turies4  
,mod]n civilization re/s ^u physical    
sci5ce2 take away h] gifts to our own   
c\ntry1 & our position among ! lead+    
nations ( ! _w is gone to-morr[2 = x is 
physical sci5ce only1 t makes           
intellig5ce & moral en]gy /rong] ?an    
brute =ce4  ,! :ole ( mod]n ?\ght is    
/eep$ 9 sci5ce2 x has made its way into 
! works ( our be/ poets1 & ev5 ! m]e man
 ( lett]s1 :o affects to ignore &       
despise sci5ce1 is unconsci\sly         
impregnat$ ) h] _s1 & indebt$ = 8 be/   
products to h] me?ods4 ,i believe t !   
greate/ intellectual revolution mank9d  
has yet se5 is n[ sl[ly tak+ place by h]
 ag5cy4 ,%e is tea*+ ! _w t ! ultimate  
c\rt ( appeal is obs]vation & exp]im5t1 
& n au?ority2 %e is tea*+ x to e/imate !
 value ( evid5ce2 %e is creat+ a firm & 
liv+ fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( immutable moral 

& physical laws1 p]fect ob$i5ce to :i*  
is ! highe/ possible aim ( an intellig5t
 be+4  ,b ( all ?is y\r old /]eotyp$    
sy/em ( education takes no note4        
,physical sci5ce1 its me?ods1 its       
problems1 & its difficulties1 w meet !  
poore/ boy at e turn1 & yet we educate  
him 9 su* a mann] t he %all ent] ! _w z 
ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! me?ods & facts 
( sci5ce z ! day he 0 born4 ,! mod]n _w 
is full ( artill]y2 & we turn out our   
*ildr5 to d battle 9 x1 equipp$ ) !     
%ield & sword ( an anci5t gladiator4    
,po/]ity w cry %ame on u if we d n rem$y
 ?is deplorable /ate ( ?+s4 ,nay1 if we 
live tw5ty ye>s long]1 our own          
consci5ces w cry %ame on u4  ,x is my   
firm conviction t ! only way to rem$y x 
is1 to make ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce 
an integral "p ( prim>y education4 ,i h 
endeav\r$ to %[ y h[ t may be done = t  
bran* ( sci5ce :i* x is my bus9ess to   
pursue2 & ,i c b add1 t ,i %\ld look ^u 
! day :5 e s*oolma/] ?r\gh\t ?is l& 0 a 
c5tre ( g5u9e1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1         

sci5tific k1 z an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( !   
c\ntry4  ,b let me entreat y to rememb] 
my la/ words4 ,address+ myself to y1 z  
tea*]s1 ,i w\ld say1 m]e book le>n+ 9   
physical sci5ce is a %am & a            
delusion--:at y tea*1 unless y wi% to be
 impo/ors1 t y mu/ fir/ "k2 & real k 9  
sci5ce means p]sonal acqua9tance ) !    
facts1 be !y few or _m4 #b    ,footnote 
#a3 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,s\?       
,k5s+ton ,museum 9 #ahfa4  ,footnote #b3
 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ^! words may
 be tak5 to imply a disc\ragem5t on my  
"p ( any sort ( sci5tific in/ruction :i*
 does n give an acqua9tance ) ! facts at
 fir/ h&4 ,b ?is is n my mean+4 ,! ideal
 ( sci5tific tea*+ is1 no d\bt1 a sy/em 
by :i* ! s*ol> sees e fact = himself1 & 
! tea*] supplies only ! explanations4   
,circum/ances1 h[ev]1 d n (t5 all[ ( !  
atta9m5t ( t ideal1 & we mu/ put up ) ! 
next be/ sy/em--"o 9 :i* ! s*ol> takes a
 good deal on tru/ f a tea*]1 :o1 kn[+ !
 facts by 8 own k1 c describe !m ) s mu*
 vividness z to enable 8 audi5ce to =m  

compet5t ideas conc]n+ !m4 ,! sy/em :i* 
,i repudiate is t :i* all[s tea*]s :o h 
n come into direct contact ) ! lead+    
facts ( a sci5ce to pass _! second-h&   
in=mation on4 ,! sci5tific virus1 l     
vacc9e lymph1 if pass$ ?r\gh too long a 
succession ( organisms1 w lose all its  
effect 9 protect+ ! "y aga9/ !          
intellectual epidemics to :i* !y are    
expos$4