,,criticisms ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(       
,,species  ',! ,natural ,hi/ory         
,review'1 #ahfd  #a  ,by ,?omas ,h4     
,huxley   ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t ye>     
sev]al =eign comm5t>ies ^u ,mr4 ,d>w9's 
great "w h made _! appe>ance4 ,^? :o h  
p]us$ t rem>kable *apt] ( ! ',antiquity 
( ,man1' 9 :i* ,sir ,*>les ,lyell draws 
a p>allel betwe5 ! developm5t ( species 
& t ( languages1 w be glad to he> t "o (
 ! mo/ em95t philolog]s ( ,g]many1      
,pr(essor ,s*lei*]1 has1 indep5d5tly1   
publi%$ a mo/ in/ructive & philosophical
 pamphlet 7an excell5t notice ( :i* is  
to be f\nd 9 ! ',read]'1 = ,febru>y #bg?
 ( ?is ye>7 support+ simil> views ) all 
! weight ( 8 special k & e/abli%$       
au?ority z a l+ui/4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 
to :om ,s*lei*] addresses himself1      
previ\sly took occasion1 9 8 spl5did    
monograph on ! ',radiol>ia' #b1 to      
express 8 high appreciation (1 & g5]al  
concordance )1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4  ,b !
 mo/ elaborate criticisms ( ! ',orig9 ( 
,species' :i* h appe>$ are two works ( v

 widely diff]5t m]it1 ! "o by ,pr(essor 
,kollik]1 ! well-kn[n anatomi/ &        
hi/ologi/ ( ,wurzburg2 ! o!r by ,m4     
,fl\r5s1 ,p]petual ,secret>y ( ! ,fr5*  
,academy ( ,sci5ces4  ,pr(essor         
,kollik]'s critical essay ',^u !        
,d>w9ian ,!ory' is1 l all t proce$s f ! 
p5 ( t ?\ghtful & accompli%$ writ]1     
wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,x   
comprises a brief b cle> sket* ( ,d>w9's
 views1 foll[$ by an enum]ation ( !     
lead+ difficulties 9 ! way ( _!         
acceptance2 difficulties :i* w\ld appe> 
to be insurm\ntable to ,pr(essor        
,kollik]1 inasmu* z he proposes to      
replace ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,!ory by "o :i* he 
t]ms ! ',!ory ( ,het]og5e\s ,g5]ation4' 
,we %all proce$ to consid] fir/ !       
de/ructive1 & secondly1 ! con/ructive   
portion ( ! essay4  ,we regret to f9d   
ourselves compell$ to diss5t v widely f 
_m ( ,pr(essor ,kollik]'s rem>ks2 & f   
none m ?or\ghly ?an f ^? 9 :i* he seeks 
to def9e :at we may t]m ! philosophical 
position ( ,d>w9ism4  ,d>w91 says       

,pr(essor ,kollik]1 is1 9 ! fulle/ s5se 
( ! ^w1 a ,teleologi/4 ,he says q       
di/9ctly 7,fir/ ,edition1 pp4 #aii1     
#bjj7 t e p>ticul> 9 ! /ructure ( an    
animal has be5 creat$ = its b5efit1 & he
 reg>ds ! :ole s]ies ( animal =ms only f
 ?is po9t ( view4  ,& aga93  #g4 ,!     
teleological g5]al conception adopt$ by 
,d>w9 is a mi/ak5 "o4  ,v>ieties arise  
irrespectively ( ! notion ( purpose1 or 
( utility1 accord+ to g5]al laws (      
,nature1 & may be ei!r useful1 or       
hurtful1 or indiff]5t4  ,! assumption t 
an organism exi/s only on acc\nt ( "s   
def9ite end 9 view1 & repres5ts some?+ m
 ?an ! incorporation ( a g5]al idea1 or 
law1 implies a "o-sid$ conception ( !   
univ]se4 ,assur$ly1 e organ has1 & e    
organism fulfils1 its end1 b its purpose
 is n ! condition ( its exi/5ce4 ,e     
organism is also suffici5tly p]fect = ! 
purpose x s]ves1 & 9 t1 at lea/1 x is   
useless to seek = a cause ( its         
improvem5t4  ,x is s+ul> h[ diff]5tly "o
 & ! same book w impress diff]5t m9ds4  

,t :i* /ruck ! pres5t writ] mo/ =cibly  
on 8 fir/ p]usal ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species'
 0 ! conviction t ,teleology1 z commonly
 und]/ood1 _h receiv$ its dea?bl[ at    
,mr4 ,d>w9's h&s4 ,= ! teleological     
argum5t runs ?us3 an organ or organism  
7,a7 is precisely fitt$ to p]=m a       
function or purpose 7,b72 !re=e x 0     
specially con/ruct$ to p]=m t function4 
,9 ,paley's fam\s illu/ration1 !        
adaptation ( all ! p>ts ( ! wat* to !   
function1 or purpose1 ( %[+ ! "t1 is    
held to be evid5ce t ! wat* 0 specially 
contriv$ to t end2 on ! gr\nd1 t ! only 
cause we "k (1 compet5t to produce su*  
an effect z a wat* :i* %all keep "t1 is 
a contriv+ intellig5ce adapt+ ! means   
directly to t end4  ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t  
any "o _h be5 able to %[ t ! wat* _h n  
be5 made directly by any p]son1 b t x 0 
! result ( ! modification ( ano!r wat*  
:i* kept "t b poorly2 & t ?is aga9 _h   
proce$$ f a /ructure :i* c\ld h>dly be  
call$ a wat* at all--see+ t x _h no     
figures on ! dial & ! h&s 7 rudim5t>y2 &

 t go+ back & back 9 "t we came at la/  
to a revolv+ b>rel z ! e>lie/ traceable 
rudim5t ( ! :ole fabric4 ,& imag9e t x  
_h be5 possible to %[ t all ^! *anges _h
 result$1 fir/1 f a t5d5cy ( ! /ructure 
to v>y indef9itely2 & secondly1 f some?+
 9 ! surr\nd+ _w :i* help$ all v>iations
 9 ! direction ( an accurate "t-keep]1 &
 *eck$ all ^? 9 o!r directions2 !n x is 
obvi\s t ! =ce ( ,paley's argum5t w\ld  
be gone4 ,= x w\ld be demon/rat$ t an   
app>atus ?or\ghly well adapt$ to a      
p>ticul> purpose might be ! result ( a  
me?od ( trial & error work$ by          
un9tellig5t ag5ts1 z well z ( ! direct  
application ( ! means appropriate to t  
end1 by an intellig5t ag5t4  ,n[ x      
appe>s to u t :at we h "h1 =            
illu/ration's sake1 suppos$ to be done )
 ! wat*1 is exactly :at ! e/abli%m5t (  
,d>w9's ,!ory w d = ! organic _w4 ,= !  
notion t e organism has be5 creat$ z x  
is & laun*$ /raight at a purpose1 ,mr4  
,d>w9 sub/itutes ! conception ( some?+  
:i* may fairly be t]m$ a me?od ( trial &

 error4 ,organisms v>y incessantly2 ( ^!
 v>iations ! few meet ) surr\nd+        
conditions :i* suit !m & ?rive2 ! _m are
 unsuit$ & become ext+ui%$4  ,accord+ to
 ,teleology1 ea* organism is l a rifle  
bullet fir$ /raight at a m>k2 accord+ to
 ,d>w91 organisms are l grape%ot ( :i*  
"o hits some?+ & ! re/ fall wide4  ,= ! 
teleologi/ an organism exi/s because x 0
 made = ! conditions 9 :i* x is f\nd2 = 
! ,d>w9ian an organism exi/s because1   
out ( _m ( its k9d1 x is ! only "o :i*  
has be5 able to p]si/ 9 ! conditions 9  
:i* x is f\nd4  ,teleology implies t !  
organs ( e organism are p]fect & _c be  
improv$2 ! ,d>w9ian !ory simply affirms 
t !y "w well en\gh to enable ! organism 
to hold its own aga9/ su* competitors z 
x has met )1 b admits ! possibility (   
indef9ite improvem5t4 ,b an example may 
br+ into cle>] light ! pr(\nd opposition
 betwe5 ! ord9>y teleological1 & !      
,d>w9ian1 conception4  ,cats cat* mice1 
small birds & ! l1 v well4 ,teleology   
tells u t !y d s because !y 7 expressly 

con/ruct$ = s do+--t !y are p]fect m\s+ 
app>atuses1 s p]fect & s delicately     
adju/$ t no "o ( _! organs c\ld be      
alt]$1 )\t ! *ange involv+ ! alt]ation (
 all ! re/4 ,d>w9ism affirms on !       
contr>y1 t !re 0 no express con/ruction 
conc]n$ 9 ! matt]2 b t among !          
multitud9\s v>iations ( ! ,fel9e /ock1  
_m ( :i* di$ out f want ( p[] to resi/  
oppos+ influ5ces1 "s1 ! cats1 7 bett]   
fitt$ to cat* mice ?an o!rs1 :5ce !y    
?rove & p]si/$1 9 proportion to !       
advantage ov] _! fell[s ?us (f]$ to !m4 
,f> f imag9+ t cats exi/ '9 ord]' to    
cat* mice well1 ,d>w9ism supposes t cats
 exi/ 'because' !y cat* mice well--m\s+ 
be+ n ! end1 b ! condition1 ( _!        
exi/5ce4 ,& if ! cat type has long      
p]si/$ z we "k x1 ! int]pretation ( !   
fact ^u ,d>w9ian pr9ciples w\ld be1 n t 
! cats h rema9$ inv>iable1 b t su*      
v>ieties z h incessantly occurr$ h be51 
on ! :ole1 less fitt$ to get on 9 ! _w  
?an ! exi/+ /ock4  ,if we appreh5d ! _s 
( ! ',orig9 ( ,species' rightly1 !n1    

no?+ c be m entirely & absolutely oppos$
 to ,teleology1 z x is commonly         
und]/ood1 ?an ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory4 ,s f> f 
be+ a ,teleologi/ 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( !   
^w1 we w\ld d5y t he is a ,teleologi/ 9 
! ord9>y s5se at all2 & we %\ld say t1  
ap>t f 8 m]its z a naturali/1 he has    
r5d]$ a mo/ rem>kable s]vice to         
philosophical ?\ght by enabl+ ! /ud5t ( 
,nature to recognise1 to _! fulle/      
ext5t1 ^? adaptations to purpose :i* are
 s /rik+ 9 ! organic _w1 & :i*          
,teleology has done good s]vice 9 keep+ 
be=e our m9ds1 )\t be+ false to !       
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a sci5tific      
conception ( ! univ]se4 ,! app>5tly     
div]g+ tea*+s ( ! ,teleologi/ & ( !     
,morphologi/ are reconcil$ by ! ,d>w9ian
 hypo!sis4  ,b leav+ our own impressions
 ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' & turn+ to ^? 
passages especially cit$ by ,pr(essor   
,kollik]1 we _c admit t !y be> !        
int]pretation he puts ^u !m4 ,d>w91 if  
we read him rightly1 does 'n' affirm t e
 detail 9 ! /ructure ( an animal has be5

 creat$ = its b5efit4 ,8 words are 7p4  
#aii73--  ,! =ego+ rem>ks lead me to say
 a few words on ! prote/ lately made by 
"s naturali/s aga9/ ! utilit>ian doctr9e
 t e detail ( /ructure has be5 produc$ =
 ! good ( its possessor4 ,!y believe t v
 _m /ructures h be5 creat$ = beauty 9 ! 
eyes ( man1 or = m]e v>iety4 ,?is       
doctr9e1 if true1 w\ld be absolutely    
fatal to my !ory--yet ,i fully admit t  
_m /ructures are ( no direct use to _!  
possessor4  ,& aft] sundry illu/rations 
& qualifications1 he concludes 7p4      
#bjj73--  ,h5ce e detail ( /ructure 9 e 
liv+ creature 7mak+ "s little all[ance =
 ! direct action ( physical conditions7 
may be view$ ei!r z hav+ be5 ( special  
use to "s ance/ral =m1 or z be+ n[ (    
special use to ! desc5dants ( ?is       
=m--ei!r directly1 or indirectly1 ?r\gh 
! complex laws ( gr[?4  ,b x is "o ?+ to
 say1 ,d>w9ically1 t e detail obs]v$ 9  
an animal's /ructure is ( use to x1 or  
has be5 ( use to its ance/ors2 & q ano!r
 to affirm1 teleologically1 t e detail (

 an animal's /ructure has be5 creat$ =  
its b5efit4 ,on ! =m] hypo!sis1 =       
example1 ! tee? ( ! foetal ,bala5a h a  
mean+2 on ! latt]1 none4 ,s f> z we are 
aw>e1 !re is n a phrase 9 ! ',orig9 (   
,species'1 inconsi/5t ) ,pr(essor       
,kollik]'s position1 t v>ieties arise   
irrespectively ( ! notion ( purpose1 or 
( utility1 accord+ to g5]al laws (      
,nature1 & may be ei!r useful1 or       
hurtful1 or indiff]5t4  ,on ! contr>y1  
,mr4 ,d>w9 writes 7,summ>y ( ,*ap4      
,v473--  ,our ignorance ( ! laws (      
v>iation is pr(\nd4 ,n 9 "o case out ( a
 hundr$ c we pret5d to assign any reason
 :y ?is or t "p v>ies m or less f ! same
 "p 9 ! p>5ts4444 ,! ext]nal conditions 
( life1 z climate & food1 etc41 seem to 
h induc$ "s slight modifications4       
,habit1 9 produc+ con/itutional         
diff]5ces1 & use1 9 /r5g!n+1 & disuse1 9
 weak5+ & dim9i%+ organs1 seem to h be5 
m pot5t 9 _! effects4  ,& f9ally1 z if  
to prev5t all possible misconception1   
,mr4 ,d>w9 concludes 8 ,*apt] on        

,v>iation ) ^! pregnant words3--        
,:atev] ! cause may be ( ea* slight     
diff]5ce 9 ! (fspr+ f _! p>5ts--& a     
cause = ea* mu/ exi/--x is ! /eady      
accumulation1 ?r\gh natural selection ( 
su* diff]5ces1 :5 b5eficial to !        
individual1 t gives rise to all ! m     
important modifications ( /ructure :i* !
 innum]able be+s on ! face ( ! e>? are  
enabl$ to /ruggle ) ea* o!r1 & ! be/    
adapt$ to survive4  ,we h dwelt at l5g? 
^u ?is subject1 because ( its great     
g5]al importance1 & because we believe t
 ,pr(essor ,kollik]'s criticisms on ?is 
head are bas$ ^u a misappreh5sion ( ,mr4
 ,d>w9's views--sub/antially !y appe> to
 u to co9cide ) 8 own4 ,! o!r objections
 :i* ,pr(essor ,kollik] enum]ates &     
discusses are ! foll[+ #c3--  #a4 ,no   
transitional =ms betwe5 exi/+ species   
are kn[n2 & kn[n v>ieties1 :e!r select$ 
or spontane\s1 nev] g s f> z to e/abli% 
new species4  ,to ?is ,pr(essor ,kollik]
 appe>s to atta* "s weight4 ,he makes ! 
sugge/ion t ! %ort-fac$ tumbl] pigeon   

may be a pa?ological product4  #b4 ,no  
transitional =ms ( animals are met )    
among ! organic rema9s ( e>li] epo*s4   
,^u ?is1 ,pr(essor ,kollik] rem>ks t !  
abs5ce ( transitional =ms 9 ! fossil _w1
 ?\gh n necess>ily fatal to ,d>w9's     
views1 weak5s 8 case4  #c4 ,! /ruggle = 
exi/5ce does n take place4  ,to ?is     
objection1 urg$ by ,pelzeln1 ,kollik]1 v
 ju/ly1 atta*es no weight4  #d4 ,a      
t5d5cy ( organisms to give rise to      
useful v>ieties1 & a natural selection1 
d n exi/4  ,! v>ieties :i* are f\nd     
arise 9 consequ5ce ( manifold ext]nal   
influ5ces1 & x is n obvi\s :y !y all1 or
 p>tially1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly useful4   
,ea* animal suffices = its own ends1 is 
p]fect ( its k9d1 & ne$s no fur!r       
developm5t4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 a v>iety be   
useful & ev5 ma9ta9 itself1 !re is no   
obvi\s reason :y x %\ld *ange any fur!r4
 ,! :ole conception ( ! imp]fection (   
organisms & ! necessity ( _! becom+     
p]fect$ is pla9ly ! weake/ side (       
,d>w9's ,!ory1 & a 'pis all]'           

7,no?behelf7 because ,d>w9 c\ld ?9k ( no
 o!r pr9ciple by :i* to expla9 !        
metamorphoses :i*1 z ,i also believe1 h 
occurr$4  ,"h aga9 we mu/ v5ture to     
diss5t completely f ,pr(essor ,kollik]'s
 conception ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis4 ,x 
appe>s to u to be "o ( ! _m peculi>     
m]its ( t hypo!sis t x involves no      
belief 9 a necess>y & cont9ual progress 
( organisms4  ,aga91 ,mr4 ,d>w91 if we  
read him aright1 assumes no special     
t5d5cy ( organisms to give rise to      
useful v>ieties1 & kn[s no?+ ( ne$s (   
developm5t1 or necessity ( p]fection4   
,:at he says is1 9 sub/ance3 ,all       
organisms v>y4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree  
improbable t any giv5 v>iety %\ld h     
exactly ! same relations to surr\nd+    
conditions z ! p>5t /ock4 ,9 t case x is
 ei!r bett] fitt$ 7:5 ! v>iation may be 
call$ useful71 or worse fitt$1 to cope )
 !m4 ,if bett]1 x w t5d to supplant !   
p>5t /ock2 if worse1 x w t5d to be      
ext+ui%$ by ! p>5t /ock4  ,if 7z is     
h>dly conceivable7 ! new v>iety is s    

p]fectly adapt$ to ! conditions t no    
improvem5t ^u x is possible1--x w p]si/1
 because1 ?\gh x does n cease to v>y1 ! 
v>ieties w be inf]ior to itself4  ,if1 z
 is m probable1 ! new v>iety is by no   
means p]fectly adapt$ to its conditions1
 b only fairly well adapt$ to !m1 x w   
p]si/1 s long z none ( ! v>ieties :i* x 
?r[s (f are bett] adapt$ ?an itself4    
,on ! o!r h&1 z soon z x v>ies 9 a      
useful way1 i4e4 :5 ! v>iation is su* z 
to adapt x m p]fectly to its conditions1
 ! fre% v>iety w t5d to supplant ! =m]4 
,s f> f a gradual progress t[>ds        
p]fection =m+ any necess>y "p ( !       
,d>w9ian cre$1 x appe>s to u t x is     
p]fectly consi/5t ) indef9ite p]si/5ce 9
 "o e/ate1 or ) a gradual retrogression4
 ,suppose1 = example1 a return ( !      
glacial epo* & a spread ( pol> climatal 
conditions ov] ! :ole globe4 ,! op]ation
 ( natural selection "u ^! circum/ances 
w\ld t5d1 on ! :ole1 to ! we$+ out ( !  
high] organisms & ! *]i%+ ( ! l[] =ms ( 
life4 ,cryptogamic vegetation w\ld h !  

advantage ov] ,phan]ogamic2 ,hydrozoa   
ov] ,corals2 ,cru/acea ov] ,insecta1 &  
,amphipoda & ,isopoda ov] ! high]       
,cru/acea2 ,cetaceans & ,seals ov] !    
,primates2 ! civilization ( ! ,esquimaux
 ov] t ( ! ,european4  #e4 ,pelzeln has 
also object$ t if ! lat] organisms h    
proce$$ f ! e>li]1 ! :ole developm5tal  
s]ies1 f ! simple/ to ! highe/1 c\ld n  
n[ exi/2 9 su* a case ! simpl] organisms
 mu/ h disappe>$4  ,to ?is ,pr(essor    
,kollik] replies1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 t !  
conclusion drawn by ,pelzeln does n     
really foll[ f ,d>w9's premisses1 & t1  
if we take ! facts ( ,palaeontology z !y
 /&1 !y r support ?an oppose ,d>w9's    
!ory4  #f4 ,great weight mu/ be atta*$  
to ! objection br\ght =w>d by ,huxley1  
o!rwise a w>m support] ( ,d>w9's        
hypo!sis1 t we "k ( no v>ieties :i* are 
/]ile ) "o ano!r1 z is ! rule among     
%>ply di/+ui%$ animal =ms4  ,if ,d>w9 is
 "r1 x mu/ be demon/rat$ t =ms may be   
produc$ by selection1 :i*1 l ! pres5t   
%>ply di/+ui%$ animal =ms1 are inf]tile1

 :5 c\pl$ ) "o ano!r1 & ?is has n be5   
done4  ,! weight ( ?is objection is     
obvi\s2 b our ignorance ( ! conditions (
 f]tility & /]ility1 ! want ( c>efully  
conduct$ exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] long s]ies
 ( ye>s1 & ! /range anomalies pres5t$ by
 ! results ( ! cross-f]tilization ( _m  
plants1 %\ld all1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has urg$1
 be tak5 into acc\nt 9 consid]+ x4  ,!  
sev5? objection is t we h already       
discuss$ 7'supra'1 p4 #agh74  ,! eigh? &
 la/ /&s z foll[s3--  #h4 ,!            
developm5tal !ory ( ,d>w9 is n ne$$ to  
enable u to und]/& ! regul> h>moni\s    
progress ( ! complete s]ies ( organic   
=ms f ! simpl] to ! m p]fect4  ,!       
exi/5ce ( g5]al laws ( ,nature expla9s  
?is h>mony1 ev5 if we assume t all be+s 
h aris5 sep>ately & indep5d5t ( "o      
ano!r4 ,d>w9 =gets t inorganic nature1 9
 :i* !re c be no ?\ght ( g5etic         
connexion ( =ms1 exhibits ! same regul> 
plan1 ! same h>mony1 z ! organic _w2 &  
t1 to cite only "o example1 !re is z mu*
 a natural sy/em ( m9]als z ( plants &  

animals4  ,we d n feel q sure t we seize
 ,pr(essor ,kollik]'s mean+ "h1 b he    
appe>s to sugge/ t ! obs]vation ( !     
g5]al ord] & h>mony :i* p]vade inorganic
 nature1 w\ld lead u to anticipate a    
simil> ord] & h>mony 9 ! organic _w4 ,& 
?is is no d\bt true1 b x by no means    
foll[s t ! p>ticul> ord] & h>mony obs]v$
 among !m %\ld be t :i* we see4 ,surely 
! /ripes ( dun horses1 & ! tee? ( !     
foetal ',bala5a'1 are n expla9$ by !    
exi/5ce ( g5]al laws ( ,nature4 ,mr4    
,d>w9 endeav\rs to expla9 ! exact ord] (
 organic nature :i* exi/s2 n ! m]e fact 
t !re is "s ord]4  ,& ) reg>d to !      
exi/5ce ( a natural sy/em ( m9]als2 !   
obvi\s reply is t !re may be a natural  
classification ( any objects--( /ones on
 a sea-bea*1 or ( works ( art2 a natural
 classification be+ simply an assemblage
 ( objects 9 gr\ps1 s z to express _!   
mo/ important & fundam5tal resemblances 
& diff]5ces4 ,no d\bt ,mr4 ,d>w9        
believes t ^? resemblances & diff]5ces  
^u :i* our natural sy/ems or            

classifications ( animals & plants are  
bas$1 are resemblances & diff]5ces :i* h
 be5 produc$ g5etically1 b we c discov] 
no reason = suppos+ t he d5ies ! exi/5ce
 ( natural classifications ( o!r k9ds4  
,&1 aft] all1 is x q s c]ta9 t a g5etic 
relation may n und]lie ! classification 
( m9]als8 ,! inorganic _w has n always  
be5 :at we see x4 ,x has c]ta9ly _h its 
metamorphoses1 &1 v probably1 a long    
,entwickelungsges*i*te out ( a nebul>   
bla/ema4 ,:o kn[s h[ f> t am\nt (       
lik5ess among sets ( m9]als1 9 virtue ( 
:i* !y are n[ gr\p$ into families &     
ord]s1 may n be ! expression ( ! common 
conditions to :i* t p>ticul> pat* (     
nebul\s fog1 :i* may h be5 con/itut$ by 
_! atoms1 & ( :i* !y may be1 9 ! /ricte/
 s5se1 ! desc5dants1 0 subject$8  ,x w  
be obvi\s f :at has prec$$1 t we d n    
agree ) ,pr(essor ,kollik] 9 ?9k+ !     
objections :i* he br+s =w>d s weighty z 
to be fatal to ,d>w9's view4 ,b ev5 if !
 case 7 o!rwise1 we %\ld be unable to   
accept ! ,!ory ( ,het]og5e\s ,g5]ation  

:i* is (f]$ z a sub/itute4 ,t !ory is   
?us /at$3--  ,! fundam5tal conception ( 
?is hypo!sis is1 t1 "u ! influ5ce ( a   
g5]al law ( developm5t1 ! g]ms (        
organisms produce o!rs diff]5t f        
!mselves4 ,?is might happ5 7#a7 by !    
fecundat$ ova pass+1 9 ! c\rse ( _!     
developm5t1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1   
into high] =ms2 7#b7 by ! primitive &   
lat] organisms produc+ o!r organisms )\t
 fecundation1 out ( g]ms or eggs        
7,p>!nog5esis74  ,9 fav\r ( ?is         
hypo!sis1 ,pr(essor ,kollik] adduces !  
well-kn[n facts ( ,agamog5esis1 or      
alt]nate g5]ation2 ! extreme            
dissimil>ity ( ! males & females ( _m   
animals2 & ( ! males1 females1 & neut]s 
( ^? insects :i* live 9 colonies3 & he  
def9es its relations to ! ,d>w9ian !ory 
z foll[s3--  ,x is obvi\s t my hypo!sis 
is app>5tly v simil> to ,d>w9's1 inasmu*
 z ,i also consid] t ! v>i\s =ms (      
animals h proce$$ directly f "o ano!r4  
,my hypo!sis ( ! creation ( organisms by
 het]og5e\s g5]ation1 h[ev]1 is di/+ui%$

 v ess5tially f ,d>w9's by ! entire     
abs5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( useful v>iations &
 _! natural selection3 & my fundam5tal  
conception is ?is1 t a great plan (     
developm5t lies at ! f\ndation ( ! orig9
 ( ! :ole organic _w1 impell+ ! simpl]  
=ms to m & m complex developm5ts4 ,h[   
?is law op]ates1 :at influ5ces det]m9e !
 developm5t ( ! eggs & g]ms1 & impel !m 
to assume con/antly new =ms1 ,i         
naturally _c pret5d to say2 b ,i c at   
lea/ adduce ! great analogy ( !         
alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,if a           
',bip9n>ia'1 a ',bra*ial>ia'1 a         
',pluteus'1 is compet5t to produce !    
,e*9od]m1 :i* is s widely diff]5t f x2  
if a hydroid polype c produce ! high]   
,m$usa2 if ! v]mi=m ,trematode 'nurse' c
 develop )9 itself ! v unlike ',c]c>ia'1
 x w n appe> impossible t ! egg1 or     
ciliat$ embryo1 ( a sponge1 = once1 "u  
special conditions1 might become a      
hydroid polype1 or ! embryo ( a ,m$usa1 
an ,e*9od]m4  ,x is obvi\s1 f ^!        
extracts1 t ,pr(essor ,kollik]'s        

hypo!sis is bas$ ^u ! suppos$ exi/5ce ( 
a close analogy betwe5 ! ph5om5a (      
,agamog5esis & ! production ( new       
species f pre-exi/+ ones4 ,b is !       
analogy a real "o8 ,we ?9k t x is n1 &1 
by ! hypo!sis1 _c be4  ,= :at are !     
ph5om5a ( ,agamog5esis1 /at$ g5]ally8   
,an impregnat$ egg develops into an     
asexual =m1 ,a2 ?is gives rise1         
asexually1 to a second =m or =ms1 ,b1 m 
or less diff]5t f ,a4 ,b may multiply   
asexually aga92 9 ! simpl] cases1 h[ev]1
 x does n1 b1 acquir+ sexual *>act]s1   
produces impregnat$ eggs f :5ce ,a1 once
 m1 arises4  ,no case ( ,agamog5esis is 
kn[n 9 :i*1 ':5 ,a diff]s widely f ,b'1 
x is itself capable ( sexual            
propagation4 ,no case :atev] is kn[n 9  
:i* ! prog5y ( ,b1 by sexual g5]ation1  
is o!r ?an a reproduction ( ,a4  ,b if  
?is be a true /atem5t ( ! nature ( !    
process ( ,agamog5esis1 h[ c x enable u 
to compreh5d ! production ( new species 
f already exi/+ ones8 ,let u suppose    
,hya5as to h prec$$ ,dogs1 & to h       

produc$ ! latt] 9 ?is way4 ,!n ! ,hy5a w
 repres5t ,a1 & ! ,dog1 ,b4 ,! fir/     
difficulty t pres5ts itself is t ! ,hy5a
 mu/ be asexual1 or ! process w be :olly
 )\t analogy 9 ! _w ( ,agamog5esis4 ,b  
pass+ ov] ?is difficulty1 & suppos+ a   
male & female ,dog to be produc$ at !   
same "t f ! ,hya5a /ock1 ! prog5y ( !   
pair1 if ! analogy ( ! simpl] k9ds (    
,agamog5esis #d is to be foll[$1 %\ld be
 a litt]1 n ( puppies1 b ( "y ,hy5as4 ,=
 ! ,agamog5etic s]ies is always1 z we h 
se51 ,a3 ,b3 ,a3 ,b1 etc42 :]eas1 = !   
production ( a new species1 ! s]ies mu/ 
be ,a3 ,b3 ,b3 ,b1 etc4 ,! production ( 
new species1 or g5]a1 is ! extreme      
p]man5t div]g5ce f ! primitive /ock4    
,all kn[n ,agamog5etic processes1 on !  
o!r h&1 end 9 a complete return to !    
primitive /ock4 ,h[ !n is ! production (
 new species to be r5d]$ intelligible by
 ! analogy ( ,agamog5esis8  ,! o!r      
alt]native put by ,pr(essor ,kollik]--! 
passage ( fecundat$ ova 9 ! c\rse ( _!  
developm5t into high] =ms--w\ld1 if x   

occurr$1 be m]ely an extreme case (     
v>iation 9 ! ,d>w9ian s5se1 great] 9    
degree ?an1 b p]fectly simil> 9 k9d to1 
t :i* occurr$ :5 ! well-kn[n ,ancon ,ram
 0 develop$ f an ord9>y ,ewe's ovum4    
,inde$ we h always ?\ght t ,mr4 ,d>w9   
has unnecess>ily hamp]$ himself by adh]+
 s /rictly to 8 fav\rite ,natura non    
facit saltum4 ,we greatly suspect t %e  
does make consid]able jumps 9 ! way (   
v>iation n[ & !n1 & t ^! saltations give
 rise to "s ( ! gaps :i* appe> to exi/ 9
 ! s]ies ( kn[n =ms4  ,/rongly & freely 
z we h v5tur$ to disagree ) ,pr(essor   
,kollik]1 we h always done s ) regret1 &
 we tru/ )\t violat+ t respect :i* is   
due1 n only to 8 sci5tific em95ce & to !
 c>eful /udy :i* he has devot$ to !     
subject1 b to ! p]fect fairness ( 8     
argum5tation1 & ! g5]\s appreciation ( !
 wor? ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's lab\rs :i* he      
always displays4 ,x w\ld be satisfactory
 to be able to say z mu* = ,m4 ,fl\r5s4 
,b ! ,p]petual ,secret>y ( ! ,fr5*      
,academy ( ,sci5ces deals ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 z

 ! fir/ ,napoleon w\ld h treat$ an      
ideologue2 & :ile display+ a pa9ful     
weakness ( logic & %all[ness (          
in=mation1 assumes a tone ( au?ority1   
:i* always t\*es ^u ! ludicr\s1 &       
sometimes passes ! limits ( good bre$+4 
,= example 7p4 #ef73--  ,m4 ,d>w9       
cont9ue3 ',aucune di/9ction absolue n'a 
ete et ne p\t etre etablie entre les    
especes et les v>ietes4' ,je v\s ai deja
 dit que v\s v\s trompiez2 une di/9ction
 absolue sep>e les v>ietes d'avec les   
especes4  ,je v\s ai deja dit2 moi1 ,m4 
le ,secretaire p]petuel de l',academie  
des ,sci5ces3 et v\s  ',qui n'etes ri51 
,pas meme ,academici52'  :at d y mean by
 ass]t+ ! contr>y8' ,be+ devoid ( !     
bless+s ( an ,academy 9 ,engl&1 we are  
unaccu/om$ to see our able/ m5 treat$ 9 
?is fa%ion1 ev5 by a ,p]petual          
,secret>y4  ,or aga91 consid]+ t if !re 
is any "o quality ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w to  
:i* fri5ds & foes h alike borne witness1
 x is 8 c&\r & fairness 9 admitt+ &     
discuss+ objections1 :at is to be ?\ght 

( ,m4 ,fl\r5s' ass]tion1 t  ,m4 ,d>w9 ne
 cite que les auteurs qui p>tag5t ses   
op9ions4 7,p4 #dj47  ,once m 7p4 #fe73--
  ,enf9 l'ouvrage de ,m4 ,d>w9 a p>u4   
,on ne peut qu'etre frappe du tal5t de  
l'auteur4 ,mais que d'idees obscures1   
que d'idees fausses6 ,quel j>gon        
metaphysique jete mal a propos dans     
l'hi/oire naturelle1 qui tombe dans le  
galimatias des qu'elle sort des idees   
claires1 des idees ju/es6 ,quel langage 
pret5tieux et vide6 ,quelles            
p]sonifications pu]iles et surannees6 ,o
 lucidite6 ,o solidite de l'esprit      
,francais1 que dev5ez-v\s8  ,obscure    
ideas1 metaphysical j>gon1 pret5ti\s &  
empty language1 pu]ile & sup]annuat$    
p]sonifications4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has _m & hot
 oppon5ts on ?is side ( ! ,*annel & 9   
,g]many1 b we d n recollect to h f\nd   
precisely ^! s9s 9 ! long catalogue ( ^?
 hi!rto laid to 8 *>ge4 ,x is wor? :ile1
 !re=e1 to exam9e into ^! discov]ies    
effect$ solely by ! aid ( ! lucidity &  
solidity ( ! m9d ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s4         

,accord+ to ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's   
great error is t he has p]sonifi$       
,nature 7p4 #aj71 & fur!r t he has      
imag9$ a natural selection3 he imag9es  
aft]w>ds t ?is p[] ( selection 7p\voir  
d'lire7 :i* he gives to ,nature is      
simil> to ! p[] ( man4 ,^! two          
suppositions admitt$1 no?+ /ops him3 he 
plays ) ,nature z he likes1 & makes h] d
 all he pleases4 7,p4 #f47  ,& ?is is ! 
way ,m4 ,fl\r5s ext+ui%es natural       
selection3  ,voyons donc encore une     
fois1 ce qu'il peut y avoir de fonde    
dans ce qu'on nomme election naturelle4 
,l'election naturelle n'e/ s\s un autre 
nom que la nature4 ,p\r un etre         
organise1 la nature n'e/ que            
l'organisation1 ni plus ni mo9s4  ,il   
faudra donc aussi p]sonnifi]            
l'organisation1 et dire que             
l'organisation *oisit l'organisation4   
,l'election naturelle e/ cette =me      
sub/antielle dont on j\ait autrefois    
avec tant de facilite4 ,ari/ote disait  
que ',si l'art de batir etait dans le   

bois1 cet art agirait comme la nature4' 
,a la place de l'art de batir ,m4 ,d>w9 
met l'election naturelle1 et c'e/ t\t   
un3 l'un n'e/ pas plus *im]ique que     
l'autre4 7,p4#ca47  ,& ?is is really all
 t ,m4 ,fl\r5s c make ( ,natural        
,selection4 ,we h giv5 ! orig9al1 9 fe> 
le/ a translation %\ld be reg>d$ z a    
trave/y2 b ) ! orig9al be=e ! read]1 we 
may try to analyse ! passage4 ,= an     
organiz$ be+1 ,nature is only           
organization1 nei!r m nor less4         
,organiz$ be+s !n h absolutely no       
relation to inorganic nature3 a plant   
does n1 dep5d on soil or sun%9e1        
climate1 dep? 9 ! ocean1 height above x2
 ! quantity ( sal9e matt]s 9 wat] h no  
influ5ce ^u animal life2 ! sub/itution (
 c>bonic acid = oxyg5 9 our atmosph]e   
w\ld hurt nobody6 ,t ^! are absurdities 
no "o %\ld "k bett] ?an ,m4 ,fl\r5s2 b  
!y are logical d$uctions f ! ass]tion j 
quot$1 & f ! fur!r /atem5t t natural    
selection means only t organization     
*ooses & selects organization4  ,= if x 

be once admitt$ 7:at no sane man d5ies7 
t ! *ances ( life ( any giv5 organism   
are increas$ by c]ta9 conditions 7,a7 & 
dim9i%$ by _! opposites 7,b71 !n x is   
ma!matically c]ta9 t any *ange (        
conditions 9 ! direction ( 7,a7 w       
ex]cise a selective influ5ce 9 fav\r ( t
 organism1 t5d+ to its increase &       
multiplication1 :ile any *ange 9 !      
direction ( 7,b7 w ex]cise a selective  
influ5ce aga9/ t organism1 t5d+ to its  
decrease & ext9ction4  ,or1 on ! o!r h&1
 conditions rema9+ ! same1 let a giv5   
organism v>y 7& no "o d\bts t !y d v>y7 
9 two directions3 into "o =m 7a7 bett]  
fitt$ to cope ) ^! conditions ?an !     
orig9al /ock1 & a second 7b7 less well  
adapt$ to !m4 ,!n x is no less c]ta9 t !
 conditions 9 "q mu/ ex]cise a selective
 influ5ce 9 fav\r ( 7a7 & aga9/ 7 b71 s 
t 7a7 w t5d to pr$om9ance1 & 7b7 to     
extirpation4  ,t ,m4 ,fl\r5s %\ld be    
unable to p]ceive ! logical necessity ( 
^! simple argum5ts1 :i* lie at !        
f\ndation ( all ,mr4 ,d>w9's reason+2 t 

he %\ld conf\nd an irrefragable d$uction
 f ! obs]v$ relations ( organisms to !  
conditions :i* lie ar\nd !m1 ) a        
metaphysical =me sub/antielle1 or a     
*im]ical p]sonification ( ! p[]s (      
,nature1 w\ld be incr$ible1 7 x n t o!r 
passages ( 8 "w leave no room = d\bt ^u 
! subject4  ,on imag9e une 'election    
naturelle' que1 p\r plus de m5agem5t1 on
 me dit etre inconsci5te1 sans          
s'ap]cevoir que le contre-s5s litt]al e/
 precisem5t la3 'election inconsci5te'4 
7,p4 #eb47  ,j'ai deja dit ce qu'il faut
 p5s] de 'l'election naturelle'4 ,ou    
'l'election naturelle' n'e/ ri51 ou c'e/
 la nature3 mais la nature d\ee         
'd'election'1 mais la nature            
p]sonnifiee3 d]ni]e erreur du d]ni]     
siecle3 ,le xixe fait plus de           
p]sonnifications4 7,p4 #ec47  ,m4       
,fl\r5s _c imag9e an unconsci\s         
selection--x is = him a contradiction 9 
t]ms4 ,did ,m4 ,fl\r5s ev] visit "o ( ! 
prettie/ wat]+-places ( la belle        
,france1 ! ,baie d',arca*on8 ,if s1 he w

 probably h pass$ ?r\gh ! di/rict ( !   
,l&es1 & w h _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ 
! =mation ( dunes on a gr& scale4 ,:at  
are ^! dunes8 ,! w9ds & waves ( ! ,bay (
 ,biscay h n mu* consci\sness1 & yet !y 
h ) great c>e select$1 f among an       
inf9ity ( masses ( silex ( all %apes &  
sizes1 :i* h be5 submitt$ to _! action1 
all ! gra9s ( s& bel[ a c]ta9 size1 & h 
heap$ !m by !mselves ov] a great area4  
,?is s& has be5 unconsci\sly select$ f  
amid/ ! gravel 9 :i* x fir/ lay ) z mu* 
precision z if man _h consci\sly select$
 x by ! aid ( a sieve4 ,physical        
,geology is full ( su* selections--( !  
pick+ out ( ! s(t f ! h>d1 ( ! soluble f
 ! insoluble1 ( ! fusible f ! infusible1
 by natural ag5cies to :i* we are       
c]ta9ly n 9 ! habit ( ascrib+           
consci\sness4  ,b t :i* w9d & sea are to
 a s&y bea*1 ! sum ( influ5ces1 :i* we  
t]m ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 is to liv+  
organisms4 ,! weak are sift$ out f !    
/rong4 ,a fro/y night selects ! h>dy    
plants 9 a plantation f among ! t5d]    

ones z effectually z if x 7 ! w9d1 & !y1
 ! s& & pebbles1 ( our illu/ration2 or1 
on ! o!r h&1 z if ! intellig5ce ( a     
g>d5] _h be5 op]ative 9 cutt+ ! weak]   
organisms d[n4 ,! ?i/le1 :i* has spread 
ov] ! ,pampas1 to ! de/ruction ( native 
plants1 has be5 m effectually select$ by
 ! unconsci\s op]ation ( natural        
conditions ?an if a ?\s& agriculturi/s  
_h sp5t _! "t 9 s[+ x4  ,x is "o ( ,mr4 
,d>w9's _m great s]vices to ,biological 
sci5ce t he has demon/rat$ !            
significance ( ^! facts4 ,he has %[n    
t--giv5 v>iation & giv5 *ange (         
conditions--! inevitable result is !    
ex]cise ( su* an influ5ce ^u organisms t
 "o is help$ & ano!r is imp$$2 "o t5ds  
to pr$om9ate1 ano!r to disappe>2 & ?us !
 liv+ _w be>s )9 itself1 & is surr\nd$  
by1 impulses t[>ds incessant *ange4  ,b 
! tru?s j /at$ are z c]ta9 z any o!r    
physical laws1 q indep5d5tly ( ! tru?1  
or falsehood1 ( ! hypo!sis :i* ,mr4     
,d>w9 has bas$ ^u !m2 & t ,m4 ,fl\r5s1  
miss+ ! sub/ance & grasp+ at a %ad[1    

%\ld be bl9d to ! admirable exposition (
 !m1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has giv51 & see no?+
 !re b a d]ni]e erreur du d]ni] siecle  
--a p]sonification ( ,nature--leads u   
inde$ to cry ) him3 ,o lucidite6 ,o     
solidite de l'esprit ,francais1 que     
dev5ez-v\s8  ,m4 ,fl\r5s has1 9 fact1   
utt]ly fail$ to compreh5d ! fir/        
pr9ciples ( ! doctr9e :i* he assails s  
rudely4 ,8 objections to details are ( !
 old sort1 s batt]$ & hackney$ on ?is   
side ( ! ,*annel1 t n ev5 a ,qu>t]ly    
,review] c\ld be induc$ to pick !m up = 
! purpose ( pelt+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 ov] aga94  
,we h ,cuvi] & ! mummies2 ,m4 ,r\l9 & ! 
dome/icat$ animals ( ,am]ica2 !         
difficulties pres5t$ by hybridism & by  
,palaeontology2 ,d>w9ism a              
'rifacciam5to' ( ,de ,maillet & ,lam>ck2
 ,d>w9ism a sy/em )\t a comm5cem5t1 &   
its au?or b\nd to believe 9 ,m4 ,p\*et1 
etc4 etc4 ,h[ "o kn[s x all by he>t1 & )
 :at relief "o reads at p4 #fe--  ,je   
laisse ,m4 ,d>w96  ,b we _c leave ,m4   
,fl\r5s )\t call+ our read]s' att5tion  

to 8 wond]ful t5? *apt]1 ,de la         
,preexi/5ce des ,g]mes et de            
l',epig5ese1 :i* op5s ?us3--            
,spontane\s g5]ation is only a *ima]a4  
,?is po9t e/abli%$1 two hypo!ses rema93 
t ( 'pre-exi/5ce' & t ( 'epig5esis'4 ,! 
"o ( ^! hypo!ses has z little f\ndation 
z ! o!r4 7,p4 #afc47  ,! doctr9e (      
'epig5esis' is d]iv$ f ,h>vey3 foll[+ by
 ocul> inspection ! developm5t ( ! new  
be+ 9 ! ,w9dsor does1 he saw ea* "p     
appe> successively1 & tak+ ! mom5t (    
'appe>ance' = ! mom5t ( '=mation' he    
imag9$ 'epig5esis'4 7,p4 #afe47  ,on !  
contr>y1 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s 7p4 #afg71  ,!
 new be+ is =m$ at a /roke 7't\t d'un   
c\p'7 z a :ole1 in/antane\sly2 x is n   
=m$ "p by "p1 & at diff]5t times4 ,x is 
=m$ at once at ! s+le 'individual' mom5t
 at :i* ! conjunction ( ! male & female 
elem5ts takes place4  ,x w be obs]v$ t  
,m4 ,fl\r5s uses language :i* _c be     
mi/ak54 ,= him1 ! lab\rs ( von ,ba]1 (  
,ra?ke1 ( ,co/e1 & _! contempor>ies &   
successors 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1

 are non-exi/5t3 &1 z ,d>w9 imag9a      
natural selection1 s ,h>vey imag9a t    
doctr9e :i* gives him an ev5 great]     
claim to ! v5]ation ( po/]ity ?an 8     
bett] kn[n discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! 
blood4  ,language su* z t we h quot$ is1
 9 fact1 s prepo/]\s1 s utt]ly          
incompatible ) any?+ b absolute         
ignorance ( "s ( ! be/ e/abli%$ facts1 t
 we %\ld h pass$ x ov] 9 sil5ce _h x n  
appe>$ to af=d "s clue to ,m4 ,fl\r5s'  
unhesitat+1 'a priori'1 repudiation (   
all =ms ( ! doctr9e ( progressive       
modification ( liv+ be+s4 ,he ^: m9d    
rema9s un9flu5c$ by an acqua9tance ) !  
ph5om5a ( developm5t1 mu/ inde$ lack "o 
( ! *ief motives t[>ds ! endeav\r to    
trace a g5etic relation betwe5 ! diff]5t
 exi/+ =ms ( life4 ,^? :o are ignorant (
 ,geology1 f9d no difficulty 9 believ+ t
 ! _w 0 made z x is2 & ! %eph]d1        
untutor$ 9 hi/ory1 sees no reason to    
reg>d ! gre5 m\nds :i* indicate ! site (
 a ,roman camp1 z aught b "p & p>cel ( !
 primeval hill-side4 ,s ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 :o 

believes t embryos are =m$ t\t d'un c\p1
 naturally f9ds no difficulty 9 conceiv+
 t species came into exi/5ce 9 ! same   
way4    ,footnote #a3 ,! ,natural       
,hi/ory ,review'1 #ahfd4 #a4 ,,ueb]     
,,die ,,d>w9',,s*e ,,s* ,,pfung/heorie2 
,,e9 ,,vortrag1 ,,von ,a4 ,k ,,llik]4   
,leipzig1 #ahfd4 #b4 ,,exam9ation ,,du  
,,livre ,,de ,m4 ,,d>w9 ,,sur           
,l',,orig9e ,,des ,,especes4 ,,p> ,p4   
,,fl\r5s4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4  ,footnote #b3  
',die ,radiol>i53 e9e ,monographie'1 p4 
#bca4  ,footnote #c3 ,space w n all[ u  
to give ,pr(essor ,kollik]'s argum5ts 9 
detail2 our read]s w f9d a full &       
accurate v]sion ( !m 9 ! ',read]' =     
,augu/ #ac? & #bj?1 #ahfd4  ,footnote   
#d3 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we foll[ !       
analogy ( ! m complex =ms (             
,agamog5esis1 su* z t exhibit$ by "s    
',trematoda' & by ! ',aphides'1 ! ,hya5a
 mu/ produce1 asexually1 a brood (      
asexual ,dogs1 f :i* o!r sexless ,dogs  
mu/ proce$4 ,at ! end ( a c]ta9 numb] ( 
t]ms ( ! s]ies1 ! ,dogs w\ld acquire    

sexes & g5]ate "y2 b ^! "y w\ld be1 n   
,dogs1 b ,hya5as4 ,9 fact1 we h         
'demon/rat$'1 9 ,agamog5etic ph5om5a1 t 
inevitable recurr5ce to ! orig9al type1 
:i* is 'ass]t$' to be true ( v>iations 9
 g5]al1 by ,mr4 ,d>w9's oppon5ts2 & :i*1
 if ! ass]tion c\ld be *ang$ into a     
demon/ration w\ld1 9 fact1 be fatal to 8
 hypo!sis4