,,rem>ks  ,,conc]n+  ,,/ones  ,,said    
,,to ,,h ,,fall5 ,,f ,,! ,,cl\ds1 ,,bo? 
,,9 ,,^! ,,days1  ,,& ,,9 ,,anti5t      
,,times4   ,,by  ,,edw>d ,,k+1 ,,esq4   
,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,& ,f4 ,a4 ,s4       ,res  
ubi plurimum pr(ic]e1 et val]e possunt1 
colloc>i deb5t4                         
,cic]o de ,orat4 #cg4    ,,london3      
,,pr9t$ ,,= ,g4 ,,nicol1 ,,booksell]    
,,to ,,8 ,,maje/y1  ,,pall-,,mall4      
#agif4     ,illu/ration3 ,f4#a4  ,f4#c4 
,f4#b4       ,an ,attempt to acc\nt = ! 
,production ( a ,%[] ( ,/ones1   t fell 
9 ,tuscany1 on ! #af? ( ,june1 #agid2 & 
to %ew t   !re are ,traces ( simil>     
,ev5ts hav+ tak5 place1 9 !   highe/    
,ages ( ,antiquity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( :i*    
,detail is also   ins]t$1 an ,acc\nt (  
an extraord9>y ,hail-/one1 t fell1 )    
_m o!rs1 9 ,cornwall1 on ! #bj? (       
,octob]1 #agia4   ,hav+ receiv$ ?is la/ 
w9t]1 f ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 "s v curi\s
 manuscript acc\nts1 conc]n+ a surpris+ 
%[] ( /ones2 :i* is said1 on ! te/imony 
( sev]al p]sons1 to h fall5 9 ,tuscany1 

on ! #af? ( ,june1 #agid2--;& hav+ also 
p]us$1 ) mu* att5tion1 a v int]e/+      
pamphlet1 writt5 9 ,italian1 by ,abbate 
,ambrose ,soldani1 ,pr(essor (          
ma!matics1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,si5a1      
conta9+ an extraord9>y & full detail (  
su* facts z c\ld be collect$ relat+ to  
?is %[]2 ! :ole has appe>$ to me to af=d
 su* an ample field = philosophical     
contemplation1 & also = ! illu/ration ( 
anti5t hi/oric facts2 t 7leav+ ! :ole to
 re/ ^u su* te/imony z ! le>n$ ,pr(essor
 has already collect$ toge!r2 & to be   
support$ by su* fur!r corroboration1 z  
,i am in=m$ is likely soon to arrive 9  
,engl&17 ,i _c b ?9k x do+ "s s]vice to 
! cause ( lit]ature1 & sci5ce1 to give  
to ! _w1 9 ! e>lie/ in/ance1 a %ort     
abridgem5t ( ! sub/ance ( ! :ole ( !    
in=mation2 express$ 9 ! mo/ concise &   
pla9e/ language1 9 :i* x is possible =  
me to convey a full & exact idea ( !    
phnom5on4  ,x may be ( "s use1 & af=d   
satisfaction to sev]al curi\s p]sons1 to
 f9d ! :ole "h compress$ 9 s small a    

compass4  ,&1 z ,i %all add my own      
conclusions )\t res]ve2 because ! :ole (
 ! phnom5on t5ds greatly to confirm "s  
ideas :i* ,i _h previ\sly be5 l$ to =m1 
_m ye>s ago1 conc]n+ ! consolidation (  
c]ta9 species ( /one2 x may op5 a door =
 fur!r curi\s inve/igation4  ,& x may at
 lea/ amuse1 if n in/ruct2 :il/ ,i add a
 %ort detail ( uncommon facts1 record$ 9
 anti5t hi/ory1 & t5d+ to %ew cle>ly1 t 
we are n )\t prec$5ts ( simil> ev5ts    
hav+ happ5$1 9 ! e>ly ages ( antiquity4 
,on ! #af? ( ,june1 #agid1 a trem5d\s   
cl\d 0 se5 9 ,tuscany1 ne> ,si5a1 &     
,radac(ani2 com+ f ! nor?1 ab\t sev5    
o'clock 9 ! ev5+2--s5d+ =? sp>ks1 l     
rockets2--?r[+ out smoke l a            
furnace2--r5d]+ viol5t explosions1 &    
bla/s1 m l ^? ( cannon1 & ( num]\s      
muskets1 ?an l ?und]2--& ca/+ d[n to !  
gr\nd hot /ones3--:il/ ! lightn+ t issu$
 f ! cl\d 0 rem>kably r$2 & mov$ ) less 
velocity ?an usual4  ,! cl\d appe>$ (   
diff]5t %apes2 to p]sons 9 diff]5t      
situations2 & rema9$ susp5d$ a long "t3 

b e :]e 0 pla9ly se5 to be burn+1 &     
smok+ l a furnace4  ,& its orig9al      
height1 f a v>iety ( circum/ances put   
toge!r1 seems to h be5 mu* above !      
common region ( ! cl\ds4  ,! te/imony1  
conc]n+ ! fall+ ( ! /ones f x1 appe>s to
 be almo/ unque/ionable3--& is1         
evid5tly1 f diff]5t p]sons1 :o _h no    
communication ) ea* o!r4  ,= fir/2 !    
fall ( f\r /ones is precisely asc]ta9$3 
"o ( :i* 0 ( an irregul> figure1 ) a    
po9t l t ( a diamond2--weigh$ five p\nds
 & an half2--& _h a vitriolic smell4--,&
 ano!r weigh$ ?ree p\nds & an half2--0  
black on ! outside1 z if f smoke2--&1   
int]nally1 seem$ compos$ ( matt] ( !    
col\r ( a%es2--9 :i* 7 p]ceiv$ small    
spots ( metals1 ( gold & silv]4  ,&1    
besides ^!1 ,pr(essor ,soldani ( ,si5a1 
0 %ewn ab\t fifte5 o!rs3 ! surfaces (   
:i* 7 glaz$ black1 l a sort (           
v>ni%2--resi/$ acids2--& 7 too h>d to be
 scrat*$ ) ! po9t ( a p5knife4  ,signior
 ,&rew ,montauli1 :o saw ! cl\d1 z he 0 
travell+1 describ$ x z appe>+ mu* above 

! common region ( ! cl\ds2 & z be+      
cle>ly disc]n$ to be on fire2--& becom+ 
:ite1 by degrees2 n only :]e x _h a     
communication1 by a sort ( /ream ( smoke
 & lightn+1 ) a neighb\r+ simil> cl\d3 b
 also1 at la/1 9 two-?ird p>ts ( its    
:ole mass1 :i* 0 orig9ally black4 ,& yet
 he took notice1 t x 0 n affect$ by !   
rays ( ! sun1 ?\gh !y %one full on its  
l[] p>ts4--,& he c\ld disc]n z x 7 !    
bason ( a fi]y furnace1 9 ! cl\d1 hav+ a
 :irl+ motion4  ,?is curi\s obs]v] gives
 an acc\nt also1 ( a /one1 :i* he 0     
assur$ fell f ! cl\d1 at ! feet ( a     
f>m]2 & 0 dug out ( ! gr\nd1 into :i* x 
_h p5etrat$4--,& he says1 t x 0 ab\t    
five in*es long1 & f\r broad2 ne>ly     
squ>e2 & poli%$3 black on ! surface1 z  
if smok$2 b )91 l a sort ( s&-/one1 )   
v>i\s small p>ticles ( iron1 & bright   
metallic />s4  ,o!r /ones are describ$  
by him2 :i* 7 said to h fall5 at ! same 
"t3 7 triangul>2 & t]m9at$ 9 a sort (   
7pyramidal7 or conical figure4--,& o!rs 
7 s small z to weigh n m ?an an ounce4  

,pr(essor ,soldani saw ano!r /one1 said 
to h fall5 f ! cl\d1 :i* _h ! figure ( a
 p>allelopip$1 blunt$ at ! angles2 & 0 z
 x 7 v>ni%$1 on ! outside1 ) a black    
cru/2 & q unlike any /ones :atev] ( !   
soil ( ! c\ntry :]e x _h fall54  ,two   
ladies be+ at ,cozone1 ab\t #bj miles f 
,si5a1 saw a numb] ( /ones fall1 ) a    
great noise1 9 a neighb\r+ mead[3 "o (  
:i*1 be+ soon aft] tak5 up by a "y      
woman1 burnt h] h&3 ano!r burnt a       
c\ntryman's hat3 & a ?ird 0 said to     
/rike (f ! bran* ( a mulb]ry tree2 & to 
cause ! tree to )]4  ,ano!r /one1 ( ab\t
 two ounces weight1 fell ne> a girl     
wat*+ %eep2 a "y p]son1 ^: v]acity x is 
said c\ld n be d\bt$4--,?is /one1 !     
,pr(essor tells u1 is also a            
p>allelopip$1 ) ! angles r\nd$2 & its   
int]nal sub/ance is l t ( ! o!rs2 only )
 m metallic spots2 especially :5 view$ )
 a magnify+ glass3 & ! black ext]nal    
cru/ appe>s to be m9utely cry/alliz$4   
,_m o!rs1 ( a simil> k9d1 7 9 !         
possession ( diff]5t p]sons at ,si5a4   

,& besides ! fall+ ( ^! f ! cl\d1 !re is
 describ$ to h be5 a fall ( s&2 se5 by  
keep]s ( cattle ne> ,cozone1 toge!r ) ! 
fall+ ( :at appe>$ l squibs2 & :i* prov$
 aft]w>ds to be /ones1 ( ! sort j       
describ$1 weigh+ two or ?ree ounces3--& 
"s only a qu>t] ( an ounce4  ,among/ o!r
 /ones t fell2 0 "o weigh+ two p\nds1 & 
two ounces2 :i* 0 also an oblong        
p>allelopip$1 ) blunt$ angles1 7z !y are
 call$1 b :i* ,i ?9k meant pla9ly       
prismatical t]m9ations1 & are said to h 
be5 ab\t an in* 9 height27 & ?is 0 mo/  
rem>kable = hav+1 a small circle1 or    
sort ( belt r\nd x1 9 "o "p2 :]e9 !     
black cru/ appe>$ m smoo?2 & %9+ l      
glass2 z if t "p _h suff]$ a great]     
degree ( heat ?an ! re/4  ,ano!r1 also1 
0 no less rem>kable1 = hav+ _m r\nd$    
cavities on its surface3 z if ! /one _h 
be5 /ruck ) small balls1 :il/ x 0 =m+2 &
 be=e x 0 h>d5$2 :i* left _!            
impressions4--,& "s appe>ances1 ( ! same
 k9d1 7 f\nd on "o ( ! f\r surfaces (   
ano!r /one1 9 ! possession ( ,soldani4  

,on m9ute exam9ation1 ! ,pr(essor f\nd !
 /ones 7 compos$ ( blacki% cry/als1 (   
diff]5t k9ds2 ) metallic or pyritical   
spots1 all unit$ toge!r by a k9d (      
consolidat$ a%es4--,&1 on poli%+ !m1 !y 
appe>$ to h a gr\nd ( a d>k a% col\r2   
int]mix$ ) cubical blacki% cry/als1 &   
%9+ pyritical specks1 ( a silv] & gold  
col\r4  ,! conclusion :i* ,pr(essor     
,soldani evid5tly =ms1 is2 t ! /ones 7  
g5]at$ 9 ! air1 by a comb9ation ( m9]al 
sub/ances1 :i* _h ris5 some:]e or o!r1  
,,z ,,exhalations1 f ! e>?3 b1 z he     
seems to ?9k1 n f ,vesuvius4  ,! names (
 _m p]sons1 besides ^? already ref]r$   
to1 are m5tion$2 :o 7 eye witnesses to !
 fall ( ! /ones4 ,& sev]al depositions 7
 made1 9 a regul> juridical mann]1 to   
asc]ta9 ! tru? ( ! facts4  ,! space (   
gr\nd1 )9 :i* ! /ones fell1 0 f ?ree to 
f\r miles4  ,! fall+ ( !m1 0 ! v day    
aft] ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius4  ,& !
 di/ance ( ! place1 f ,vesuvius1 c\ld n 
be less ?an two hundr$ miles1 & seems to
 h be5 m4  ,vesuvius is situat$ to ! s\?

 ( ! spot3 & ! cl\d came f ! nor?2 ab\t 
?irte51 or at mo/ eighte5 h\rs1 aft] !  
eruption4  ,n[1 putt+ all ^!            
circum/ances toge!r1 ,i _c b v5ture to  
=m a conclusion1 some:at diff]5t f      
,pr(essor ,soldani's2 ?\gh p]fectly     
agree+ ) 8 g5]al pr9ciples4  ,f a c\rse 
( obs]vations1 & inquiries1 :i* ,i h be5
 l$ to pursue1 = a great _m ye>s3 t5d+  
to elucidate ! hi/ory ( extrane\s       
fossils1 & ( ! deluge2 ,i h long be5    
conv9c$1 t /ones 9 g5]al1 & /rata (     
rocks1 ( all k9ds1 h be5 =m$ by two v   
diff]5t op]ations ( ^? elem5ts1 :i* !   
wisdom1 & omnipot5t h& ( ,god1 has      
orda9$1 & creat$4  ,! "o1 by means (    
fire3--& ! o!r1 by means ( wat]4  ,&1 ( 
ea* sort1 !re are two subdivisions4  ,( 
! /ones1 & rocks1 =m$ by fire2--!re are 
"s1 7besides lavas17 ^: compon5t p>ts1  
hav+ be5 previ\sly fus$1 & 9 a melt$    
/ate1 did m]ely cool1 & h>d5 gradually4 
,& !re are o!rs2 ^: compon5t p>ts1 hav+ 
be5 fus$1 & 9 a melt$ /ate1 & hav+ s    
become completely liquid2 did in/antly1 

by ! op]ation ( ! p[]s ( attraction1    
become cry/alliz$4  ,&1 9 l mann]2 (    
/ones1 & ( /rata ( rocks1 =m$ by means (
 wat]2--!re are "s1 :i* hav+ _h _!      
compon5t p>ts br\ght toge!r1 9 a fluid  
/ate2 did !n m]ely become gradually     
settl$2 & by ! p[] ( attraction1 & !    
mixture ( cry/all9e p>ticles1 7 h>d5$ by
 degrees4  ,& !re are o!rs3 :i*1 hav+ _h
 _! compon5t p>ts1 9 l mann]1 br\ght    
toge!r by wat]1 did yet1 on acc\nt ( !  
peculi> nature1 & m p[]ful attraction ( 
^? p>ts1 in/antly cry/allize4  ,& bo? ( 
/ones1 & ( /rata ( rocks1 =m$ by fire2 &
 ( /ones1 & ( /rata ( rocks =m$ by means
 ( wat]2 !re are "s su*1 z h be5 sl[ly  
consolidat$ by ! fir/ k9d ( op]ation2   
namely by ! gradual cool+ or settl+ ( ! 
sub/ances2 :i* yet d conta9 imb$d$ 9 !m1
 cry/als =m$ by ! latt] k9d ( op]ation4 
,in/ances ( :i*1 we seem to h1 9 "s     
granites1 on ! "o h&2--& 9 "s sorts (   
lime/ones on ! o!r4  ,to ?is ,i mu/ add 
also2 t !re appe> fur!r1 to h be5 "s    
/ones =m$ by a sort ( precipitation3 mu*

 9 ! same mann] z ,grew describes,a !   
k]nels1 & /ones ( fruit to h be5 h>d5$4 
,& ,i h met ) _m in/ances1 :]e9 x appe>s
 unque/ionably1 t all ^! k9d ( processes
 9 nature are go+ on cont9ually3 & t    
extrane\s sub/ances are actually        
inclos$1 & cont9ually inclos+1 :i* c\ld 
n be ant$iluvian2 b mu/ h be5 rec5t4    
,to ^! %ort premises1 ,i mu/ beg leave  
to add2 t 9 two pap]s =m]ly pr9t$ 9 !   
,philosophical ,transactions1,b ,i      
endeav\r$1 by "s v rem>kable in/ances1  
to prove1 t iron1 :]ev] x comes into    
comb9ation ) any sub/ances t are t5d+ to
 consolidation1 ha/5s ! process         
exce$+ly2--& also r5d]s ! h>dness ( !   
body mu* great]4  ,& ,i h also          
endeav\r$1 else:]e1,c to %ew1 9         
consequ5ce ( conclusions d$uc$ f        
exp]im5ts ( ! mo/ unque/ionable         
au?ority1 t air1 9 its v>i\s %apes &    
modifications1 is inde$ itself ! great  
consolidat+ fluid1 out ( :i* solid      
bodies are compos$2 & by means ( :i* !  
v>i\s attractions take place1 :i* =m all

 ! h>d bodies1 & visible sub/ances ^u   
e>?4  ,f all ^! premises !n1 x 0        
impossible = me n to be l$ to conclude2 
t we h1 9 ?is augu/ phnom5on ( ! fall ( 
/ones f ! cl\ds1 9 ,tuscany1 an obvi\s  
pro(1 z x 7 be=e our eyes1 ( ! comb9$   
op]ation ( ^? v p[]s1 & processes1 to   
:i* ,i h be5 allud+4  ,x is well kn[n2 t
 pyrites1 :i* are compos$ ( iron1 &     
sulphur1 & o!r adv5titi\s matt]1 :5 laid
 9 heaps1 & moi/5$1 w take fire4  ,x is 
also well kn[n1 t a mixture ( pyrites ( 
almo/ any k9d1 beat5 small1 & mix$ )    
iron fil+s & wat]1 :5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd w 
take fire2 & produce a sort ( artificial
 volcano4 ,&1 surely !n1 :]ev] a va/    
quantity ( su* k9d ( matt] %\ld at any  
"t become mix$ toge!r1 z fly+ du/1 or   
a%es2 & be by any means cond5s$ toge!r1 
or compress$1 ! same effect might be    
produc$1 ev5 9 ! atmosph]e & air4       
,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( hav+ rec\rse to !     
supposition1 ( ! cl\d 9 ,tuscany hav+   
be5 produc$ by any o!r k9d ( exhalations
 f ! e>?2 we may v5ture to believe1 t an

 imm5se cl\d ( a%es1 mix$ ) pyritical   
du/1 & ) num]\s p>ticles ( iron1 hav+   
be5 project$ f ,vesuvius to a mo/       
prodigi\s height1 became aft]w>ds       
cond5s$ 9 its desc5t2--took fire1 bo? ( 
itself1 z well z by means ( ! electric  
fluid x conta9$2--produc$ _m            
explosions2--melt$ ! pyritical1 &       
metallic1 & argillace\s p>ticles1 ( :i* 
! a%es 7 compos$2--&1 by ?is means1 _h a
 sudd5 cry/allization1 & consolidation (
 ^? p>ticles tak5 place1 :i* =m$ ! /ones
 ( v>i\s sizes1 t fell to ! gr\nd3 b did
 n h>d5 ! clayey a%es s rapidly z !     
metallic p>ticles cry/alliz$2 &1 !re=e1 
gave an opportunity = impressions to be 
made on ! surfaces ( "s ( ! /ones1 z !y 
fell1 by means ( ! imp++ ( ! o!rs4  ,nor
 does x appe> to me1 to be any solid    
objection to ?is conclusion1 ei!r t     
,vesuvius 0 s f> di/ant2 or t ! cl\d    
came f ! nor?4  ,=1 if we exam9e ,sir   
,william ,hamilton's acc\nt ( ! v       
eruption 9 "q1,d we %all f9d1 t he _h   
reason to conclude1 t ! p9e-l cl\d (    

a%es project$ f ,vesuvius1 at "o "p ( ! 
"t dur+ ?is eruption1 0 tw5ty-five or   
?irty miles 9 height2 &1 if to ?is      
conclusion we add1 n only t "s a%es     
actually 7 c>ri$ to a great] di/ance ?an
 two hundr$ miles2,e b t1 :5 any        
sub/ance is at a va/ height 9 !         
atmosph]e1 a v small v>iation ( !       
direction ( its c\rse1 causes a mo/     
prodigi\s v>iation 9 ! ext5t ( ! range (
 gr\nd :]e x %all fall2 7j z ! lea/     
v>iation 9 ! angle1 at ! v]tex ( an     
isosceles triangle1 causes a v great    
alt]ation 9 ! ext5t ( its base27 we may 
easily p]ceive1 n only ! possibility1 b 
! probability1 t ! a%es 9 "q1 project$  
to s va/ an height1 7 fir/ c>ri$ ev5    
beyond ,si5a 9 ,tuscany1 nor?w>d2 & !n  
br\ght back1 by a contr>y curr5t ( w9d1 
9 ! direction 9 :i* !y fell4  ,sir      
,william ,hamilton himself =m$ some:at  
?is sort ( conclusion1 on receiv+ ! fir/
 intimation ( ?is %[] ( /ones f ! ,e>l (
 ,bri/ol4,f  ,i _c !re=e b all[ my own  
conclusion to c>ry conviction ) x to my 

own m9d2 & to s5d x =? into ! _w2 z a   
gr\nd1 at lea/1 = speculation1 &        
reflection1 to ! m9ds ( o!rs4  ,t a%es1 
& s&1 & pyritical & sulphure\s du/1 mix$
 ) metallic p>ticles f volcanoes2 fit = 
! in/antane\s cry/allization1 &         
consolidation ( su* bodies z we h be5   
describ+1 are (t5 actually float+ 9 !   
atmosph]e1 at incr$ible di/ances f      
volcanoes1 & m frequ5tly ?an ! _w are at
 all aw>e (1 is manife/ f sev]al well   
atte/$ facts4  ,on ! #bf? ( ,decemb]1   
#afca1 ,capta9 ,badily1 be+ 9 ! ,gulph (
 ,volo1 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 rid+ at an*or1 
ab\t t5 o'clock at night1 x began to ra9
 s& & a%es2 & cont9u$ to d s till two   
o'clock ! next morn+4 ,! a%es lay ab\t  
two in*es ?ick on ! deck3 s t !y ca/ !m 
ov]bo>d j z !y _h done sn[ ! day be=e4  
,!re 0 no w9d /irr+1 :5 ! a%es fell3 &  
yet ?is extraord9>y %[] 0 n conf9$ m]ely
 to ! place :]e ,badily's %ip 02,g b1 z 
x appe>$ aft]w>ds1 0 ext5d$ s widely to 
o!r p>ts1 t %ips com+ f ,/4 ,john       
d',acre to t port1 be+ at ! di/ance ( "o

 hundr$ leagues f !nce1 7 cov]$ ) ! same
 sort ( a%es4 ,& no possible acc\nt c\ld
 be giv5 ( !m1 except t !y might come f 
,vesuvius4  ,on ! #bc;d ( ,octob]1      
#agee1 a %ip belong+ to a m]*ant (      
,lei?1 b\nd = ,*>les ,t[n1 9 ,c>ol9a1   
be+ betwixt ,%etl& & ,icel&1 & ab\t     
tw5ty-five leagues di/ant f ! =m]1 &    
!re=e ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles f ! latt]1 
a %[] ( du/ fell 9 ! night ^u ! decks4,h
  ,9 ,octob]1 #agfb1 at ,detroit1 9     
,am]ica1 0 a mo/ surpris+ d>kness1 f    
day-break till f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 dur+   
:i* "t "s ra9 fall+1 br\ght d[n1 ) !    
drops1 sulphur & dirt2 :i* r5d]$ :ite   
pap] black1 & :5 burn$ fizz$ l wet      
gunp[d]3,i & :5ce su* matt] c\ld        
orig9ally be br\ght1 appe>$ to be pa/   
all conjecture1 unless x came s f> (f z 
f ! volcano 9 ,guadal\pe4  ,condam9e    
says1 ! a%es ( ! volcano ( ,sangay1 9   
,s\? ,am]ica1 sometimes pass ov] !      
prov9ces ( ,maca1 & ,quito2 & are ev5   
c>ri$ z f> z ,guayaquil4,j  ,& ,hooke   
says1,k t on occasion ( a great         

explosion f a volcano1 9 ! isl& (       
,t]nata1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 !re foll[$ s 
great a d>kness1 t ! inhabitants c\ld n 
see ea* o!r ! next day3 & he ju/ly leads
 u to inf] :at an imm5se quantity ( a%es
 mu/1 by ?is means1 h be5 %[]$ d[n      
some:]e on ! sea2 because at ,m9danao1  
an hundr$ miles (f1 all ! l& 0 cov]$ )  
a%es a foot ?ick4  ,& n[1 ,i mu/ add2 t 
su* k9d ( fall+ ( /ones f ! cl\ds1 z has
 be5 describ$ to h happ5$ 9 ,tuscany1   
seems to h happ5$ also 9 v remote ages1 
( :i* we are n )\t suffici5t te/imony2 &
 su* z well des]ves to be all[$ &       
consid]$1 on ! pres5t occasion2 al?\gh !
 k ( ! facts 01 at fir/1 9 days (       
ignorance & gross d>kness1 soon p]v]t$  
to ! v wor/ purposes4  ,9 ! ,acts ( !   
holy ,apo/les1 we read1 t ! *ief        
magi/rate1 at ,ephesus1 begun 8 h>angue 
to ! p1 by say+1 ,ye m5 ( ,ephesus1 :at 
man is !re t kn[e? n h[ t ! ,city ( !   
,ephesians is a wor%ipp] ( ! great      
goddess ,diana1 & ( ! ,,image :i* fell  
d[n f ,jupit]8 7or r1 z ! orig9al ,greek

 has x7 ( ,,t :i* fell d[n f ,jupit]8 ,&
 ! le>n$ ,greaves leads u to conclude   
?is image ( ,diana to h be5 no?+ b a    
conical1 or pyramidal /one1 t fell f !  
cl\ds4 ,= he tells u1,l on unque/ionable
 au?orities1 t _m o!rs ( ! images (     
hea!n deities 7 m]ely su*4  ,h]odian    
expressly decl>es1,m t ! ,pho5icians _h 
no /atue ( ! sun1 poli%$ by h&1 to      
express an image2 b only _h a c]ta9     
great /one1 circul> bel[1 & end+ ) a    
%>pness above1 9 ! figure ( a cone1 (   
black col\r4 ,& !y report x to h fall5 f
 heav51 & to be ! image ( ! sun4  ,s    
,tacitus says1,n t at ,cyprus1 ! image (
 ,v5us 0 n ( human %ape2 b a figure ris+
 cont9ually r\nd1 f a l>g] bottom to a  
small top1 9 conical fa%ion4 ,& x is to 
be rem>k$1 t ,maximus ,tyrius 7:o p]haps
 0 a m accurate ma!matician17 says1 !   
/one 0 pyramidal4  ,& 9 ,cor9?1 we are  
told by ,pausanias1,o t ! images bo? (  
,jupit] ,meli*ius1 & ( ,diana1 7 made   
7if made at all by h&7 ) little or no   
art4 ,! =m] be+ repres5t$ by a pyramid1 

! latt] by a column4  ,clem5s ,alex&r9us
 0 s well acqua9t$ ) ^! facts1 t he ev5 
concludes,p ! wor%ip ( su* /ones to h   
be5 ! fir/1 & e>lie/ idolatry1 9 ! _w4  
,x is h>d to conceive h[ mank9d %\ld ev]
 h be5 l$ to s accurs$ an abom9ation1 z 
! wor%ip ( /ocks1 & /ones1 at all3 b1 z 
f> z any ?+ s horrid is to be acc\nt$ =1
 !re is no way s likely ( r5d]+ a       
possible acc\nt2 z t ( conclud+1 t "s ( 
^! pyramidal /ones1 at lea/1 l ! image (
 ,diana1 actually did fall1 9 ! e>lie/  
ages1 f ! cl\ds2 9 ! same mann] z ^!    
pyramidal /ones fell1 9 #agid1 9        
,tuscany4  ,plut>*1 x is well kn[n1     
m5tions,q a /one :i* =m]ly fell f !     
cl\ds1 9 ,?race1 & :i* ,anaxagoras      
fanci$,r to h fall5 f ! sun4  ,& x is v 
rem>kable1 t ! old writ]1 f :om ,plut>* 
_h 8 acc\nt1 describ$ ! cl\d1 f :i* ?is 
/one 0 said to fall1 9 a mann] 7if we   
only make "s all[ance = a little        
exagg]ation 9 b>b>\s ages17 v simil> to 
,soldani's acc\nt ( ! cl\d 9            
,tuscany4--,x hov]$ ab\t = a long "t2   

seem$ to ?r[ out spl9t]s1 :i* flew ab\t1
 l w&]+ />s1 be=e !y fell2 & at la/ x   
ca/ d[n to ! e>? a /one ( extraord9>y   
size4  ,pl9y1,s :o tells u t n only !   
remembrance ( ?is ev5t1 b t ! /one      
itself 0 pres]v$ to 8 days1 says1 x 0 ( 
a d>k burnt col\r4 ,& ?\gh he does inde$
 speak ( x z be+ ( an extravagant weight
 & size1 9 :i* circum/ance p]haps he 0  
misl$3 yet he m5tions ano!r ( a mod]ate 
size1 :i* fell 9 ,abydos1 & 0 become an 
object ( idolatr\s wor%ip 9 t place2 z 0
 /ill ano!r1 ( ! same sort1 at ,potida4 
,livy1 :o l ,h]odotus1 has be5 (t5times 
c5sur$ z too cr$ul\s1 & z a relat] (    
falsehoods1 = pres]v+ traditions ( an   
extraord9>y k9d2 :i*1 aft] all1 9 ages (
 m enl>g$ in=mation1 h prov$ to h be5   
f\nd$ 9 tru?2 describes,t a fall ( /ones
 to h happ5$ on m\nt ,alba1 dur+ ! reign
 ( ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 7t is ab\t #feb   
ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra71 9 words t     
exactly convey an idea ( j su* a        
phnom5on1 z ?is :i* has s lately be5    
obs]v$ 9 ,tuscany4  ,he says1 ! s5ate 7 

told1 t lapidibus pluisse1 x _h ra9$    
/ones4 ,&1 :5 !y d\bt$ ( ! fact2 & s5t  
to inquire2 !y 7 assur$ t /ones _h      
actually fall52 & _h fall5 j z hail     
does1 :i* is concret$ 9 a /orm4,u  ,he  
m5tions also %ortly ano!r %[] ( /ones1,v
 ,a4 ,c4 #bjb1 & /ill a ?ird1,w :i* mu/ 
h happ5$ ab\t ! ye> #aid be=e ! ,*ri/ian
 ra4  ,su* are ! records ( anti5t       
hi/ory4 ,& 9 ,holy ,writ also a         
remembrance ( simil> ev5ts is pres]v$4  
,= :5 ! royal ,psalmi/ says1,x ,! ,"l   
also ?und]$ out ( heav51 & ! ,highe/    
gave 8 ?und]3 hail-/ones1 ,,& ,,coals   
,,( ,,fire1--! latt] expression1 9      
consi/5cy ) common s5se1 & con=mably to 
! "r mean+ ( language1 _c b allude to "s
 su* phnom5on z we h be5 describ+4 ,&   
especially1 z 9 ! cauti\s translation ( 
! sev5ty1 a ,greek ^w is us$1 :i*       
decid$ly means real h>d sub/ances made  
r$ hot2 & n m]e appe>ances ( fire or    
flame4  ,:il/ !re=e1 ) ! same sacr$     
writ]1,y we %\ld be l$ to consid] all ^!
 p[]ful op]ations1 z ! works ( ,god2 ,:o

 ca/e? =? 8 ice l morsels2,z & %\ld be  
l$ to consid] fire & hail1 sn[ & vap\rs1
 w9d & /orm z fulfill+ 8 ^w2,,aa we %\ld
 also be l$ to p]ceive1 t ! objections  
to ,holy ,writ1 f\nd$ on a suppos$      
impossibility ( ! tru? ( :at is writt5 9
 ! book ( ,jo%ua1,,bb conc]n+ ! /ones t 
fell f heav51 on ! army ( ! ,canaanites2
 are only f\nd$ 9 ignorance1 & error4   
,& mu* m %\ld we be l$ to d s2 :51 to ^!
 obs]vations1 & te/imonies1 conc]n+ %[]s
 ( hot burn+ /ones1 is add$ !           
consid]ation2 t )9 ! %ort p]iod ( our   
own lives1 incr$ibly l>ge real          
hail-/ones1 =m$ ( consolidat$ ice2--(   
ice consolidat$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 h fall5  
bo? 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl&4  ,9 ,france1 
on ! #ac? ( ,july 9 ! ye> #aghh2--( :i* 
x is well kn[n !re has be5 a pr9t$      
acc\nt3 & conc]n+ :i* x is said1 & has  
be5 confirm$1 on good au?ority1 t "s ( !
 /ones weigh$ ?ree p\nds3 :il/ o!rs h   
be5 said to weigh ev5 five p\nds4  ,& 9 
,engl&1 on ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 #agia1 9   
,cornwall4  ,( "o ( ! hail-/ones ( ?is  

latt]1 m9or /orm1 ,i h _h an opportunity
 ( obta9+1 by ! fav\r ( a fri5d1 an     
exact model 9 glass2 :]e( ,i n[ add an  
engrav+4  ,?is /one fell1 ) ?\s&s ( o!rs
 ( ! same k9d1 ne> ,m5abilly1 ! seat (  
,philip ,ra%leigh1 ,esq42 well kn[n = 8 
sci5ce1 & att5tion to :atev] is curi\s2 
:o hav+ great copp] works1 & _m +5i\s   
m9]s1 & workm51 on 8 e/ate1 & directly  
"u 8 eye2 caus$ x to be in/antly pick$  
up3 & hav+ !n1 himself1 fir/ trac$ bo?  
its top1 & bottom1 ^u pap]2 & hav+      
measur$ its ?ickness 9 e "p1 ) a pair ( 
compasses2 caus$ a v exact m\ld to be   
=m$3 & aft]w>ds1 9 t m\ld1 _h ?is model 
ca/ 9 glass3 :]e91 also1 ! appe>ances ( 
! imb$d$1 common1 small1 r\ndi%         
hail-/ones1 are se5 transp>5tly2 j z !y 
appe>$ 9 ! great hail-/one itself       
orig9ally4  ,fig4 #a1 is a repres5tation
 ( ! flat bottom ( ! /one4  ,fig4 #b1 is
 a repres5tation ( ! top ( ! /one4  ,&  
fig4 #c1 %ews ! :ole solid appe>ance    
sideways4  ,:il/ ,mr4 ,ra%leigh 0 tak+ !
 measures1 x melt$ s fa/1 t he c\ld n1 9

 ! end1 take ! exact weight1 z he fully 
int5d$ to h done4 ,b z ?is model 9 glass
 weighs exactly #a ounce1 #af           
p5nyweights1 #bc gra9s1 we may fairly   
conclude1 t ! hail-/one itself weigh$   
mu* above half an ounce4  ,= x is well  
kn[n1 t ! specific gravity ( common     
glass1 ( :i* sort ?is model is made1 is 
to t ( wat]1 z #b4fbj to #a4jjj4 ,& !   
specific gravity ( common wat]1 is to   
ice1 z #h to #g4;,,cc--,& comput+       
accord+ to ?is /&>d1 ,i make ! exact    
weight ( ! hail-/one to h be5 #bie      
gra9s4  ,f ! s+ul> mann] 9 :i* ! small1 
prior1 common hail-/ones appe> to h be5 
imb$d$ 9 ?is l>g] "o1 :il/ !y 7 fall+ to
 ! e>?2 !re is reason to be conv9c$1 t x
 0 =m$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 by a sudd5        
extraord9>y congelation almo/           
in/antane\sly1 out ( ra9 sudd5ly        
cond5s$1 :i* 0 m+l$ ) ! common hail4  ,&
 x 0 v rem>kable1 t its dissolution1 &  
melt+1 also1 0 mu* m rapid ?an t ( !    
common small :ite hail-/ones3 z 0 !     
case1 9 l mann]1 ) ! o!r num]\s l>ge    

ones4  ,p]haps x ought to be "h add$3--t
 on ! #ah? ( ,may1 9 ! ye> #afhj1 "s    
hail-/ones are record$ to h fall5 9     
,london1 ne> ,gre%am college1 :i* 7 se5 
& exam9$ by ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,hooke2 & 7
 "s ( !m n less ?an two in*es ov]1 &    
o!rs ?ree in*es4  ,?is :i* fell 9       
,cornwall 0 only ab\t "o in* & ?ree     
qu>t]s long2 an in*1 or 9 "s p>ts an in*
 & a qu>t] broad2 & betwe5 half an in*1 
& ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick4 ,& its     
weight 0 ne> an ounce4--,h[ mu* m       
trem5d\s !n 7 ^? o!rs1 t h be5 describ$ 
z hav+ fall5 9 ,france8--! acc\nts ( "s 
( !m may v probably h be5 exagg]at$3 b !
 reality 0 nev]!less z wond]ful1 surely1
 z any ?+ relat$ conc]n+ ! ages (       
antiquity4  ,a pron5ess to cr$ulity is  
ev] blameable4 ,& x is v possible1 t    
sometimes1 9 a v wond]ful n>ration1 a   
je/ may be int5d$ to be palm$ ^u ! _w1  
in/ead ( any elucidation ( tru?4--,b    
facts1 positively affirm$1 %\ld be      
he>k5$ to ) pati5ce3 &1 at lea/1 s f>   
record$1 z to give an opportunity (     

v]ify+ :e!r simil> ev5ts d aft]w>ds     
happ52 & ( comp>+ su* ev5ts "o ) ano!r4 
,to :at has be5 said1 !re=e1 conc]n+ !  
fall ( /ones 9 ,tuscany1 & conc]n+ ^!   
/range %[]s ( hail1 9 ,france1 & 9      
,engl&1 x might p]haps too ju/ly be     
deem$ an unw>rantable omission1 on ?is  
occasion1 n to m5tion ! v /range fact t 
is affirm$ to h happ5$ ! la/ ye>1 ne> ! 
,wold ,cottage 9 ,york%ire4  ,i leave ! 
fact to re/ on ! support ( ! te/imonies 
ref]r$ to 9 ! pr9t$ pap]1 :i* is 9 s _m 
p]sons' h&s2 & t is giv5 to ^? :o h !   
curiosity to exam9e ! /one itself1 n[   
exhibit+ 9 ,london2--& %all only relate 
! sub/ance ( ! acc\nt %ortly1 z x is    
giv5 to u4  ,9 ! aft]noon ( ! #ac? (    
,decemb]1 #agie1 ne> ! ,wold ,cottage1  
noises 7 he>d 9 ! air1 by v>i\s p]sons1 
l ! report ( a pi/ol2 or ( guns at a    
di/ance at sea2 ?\gh !re 0 nei!r any    
?und] or lightn+ at ! "t3--two di/9ct   
concussions ( ! e>? 7 said to be        
p]ceiv$3--& an hiss+ noise1 0 also      
affirm$ to be he>d by o!r p]sons1 z (   

some?+ pass+ ?r\gh ! air2--& a lab\r+   
man pla9ly saw 7z we are told7 t some?+ 
0 s pass+2 & beheld a /one1 z x seem$1  
at la/1 7ab\t t5 y>ds1 or ?irty feet1   
di/ant f ! gr\nd7 desc5d+1 & /rik+ into 
! gr\nd1 :i* flew up all ab\t him3 & 9  
fall+1 sp>ks ( fire1 seem$ to fly f x4  
,aft]w>ds he w5t to ! place1 9 company )
 o!rs2 :o _h witness$ "p ( ! phnom5a1 & 
dug ! /one up f ! place1 :]e x 0 buri$  
ab\t tw5ty-"o in*es deep4  ,x smelt1 7z 
x is said17 v /rongly ( sulphur1 :5 x 0 
dug up3 & 0 ev5 w>m1 & smok$3--x 0 f\nd 
to be ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 & tw5ty-eight 
& a half in*es 9 bread?4 ,& x weigh$    
fifty-six p\nds4  ,su* is ! acc\nt4--,i 
affirm no?+4--,nei!r d ,i pret5d ei!r   
absolutely to believe3 or to            
disbelieve4--,i h n an opportunity to   
exam9e ! :ole ( ! evid5ce4--,b x may be 
exam9$3 & s ,i leave x to be4  ,?is1    
h[ev]1 ,i w say3 t fir/ ,i saw a fragm5t
 ( ?is /one2 :i* _h come into ! h&s (   
,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 f ! ,duke ( ,le$s3 
& aft]w>ds ,i saw ! /one itself4--,t x  

pla9ly _h a d>k1 black cru/2 ) sev]al   
concave impressions on ! outside1 :i*   
mu/ h be5 made be=e x 0 q h>d5$2 j l :at
 is relat$ conc]n+ ! cru/s ( ^? /ones t 
fell 9 ,italy4--,t its sub/ance 0 n     
prop]ly ( a granite k9d1 z describ$ 9 ! 
pr9t$ pap]2 b a sort ( grit /one2       
compos$ 7some:at l ! /ones said to h    
fall5 9 ,italy7 ( s& & a%es4--,t x      
conta9$ v _m p>ticles1 obvi\sly ( !     
appe>ance ( gold1 & silv]1 & iron2 7or r
 m truly ( pyrites74--,t !re 7 also     
sev]al small ru/y specks2 probably f    
decompos$ pyrites2--& "s /riat$ m>ks2--t
 x does n eff]vesce ) acids2--& t1 z f> 
z ,i h ev] se51 or kn[n1 or h be5 able  
to obta9 any in=mation1 no su* /one has 
ev] be5 f\nd1 be=e ?is "t1 9 ,york%ire2 
or 9 any "p ( ,engl&4 ,nor c ,i easily  
conceive t su* a species ( /one c\ld be 
=m$1 by art1 to impose ^u ! public4     
,:e!r1 !re=e1 x might1 or might n1      
possibly be ! effect ( a%es flung out f 
,heckla1 & waft$ to ,engl&2 l ^? flung  
out f ,vesuvius1 & 7z ,i am dispos$ to  

believe7 waft$ to ,tuscany1 ,i h no?+ to
 affirm4  ,i wi% to be und]/ood to      
pres]ve m]e records1 ! full au?ority =  
:i*1 des]ves to be inve/igat$ m & m4    
,hav+1 nev]!less1 gone s f> z to say ?us
 mu*2 ,i ought to add1 t ! memorial (   
su* sort ( l>ge /ones hav+ fall5 f !    
cl\ds is /ill pres]v$ also 9 ,g]many4   
,= "o is record$ to h fall5 9 ,alsace1 9
 ! mid/ ( a /orm ( hail1 ,novemb] #bi?1 
,a4 ,d4 #afcj2;,,dd :i* is said to be   
pres]v$ 9 ! great *ur* ( ,anxissem3 & to
 be l a l>ge d>k sort ( fl9t-/one2 hav+ 
its surface op]at$ ^u by fire3 & to be (
 v _m p\nds weight4  ,& ano!r is said to
 be /ill pres]v$ at ,vi5na4  ,?is la/ is
 describ$ by ,abb ,/utz1 ,assi/ant 9 !  
,imp]ial cab9et ( curiosities at ,vi5na1
 9 a book pr9t$ 9 ,g]man1 at ,leipsyc1 9
 #agij3 entitl$ ,b]gbaukimde 7or !      
,sci5ce ( ,m9+47  ,aft] describ+ two o!r
 /ones1 said to h fall5 f ! cl\ds3 "o 9 
! ,ei*/$t c\ntry 9 ,g]many2 & ano!r 9 ! 
,be*9 circle1 9 ,bohemia1 9 ,july1      
#agec2 conc]n+ ! real fall+ ( :i* he _h 

express$ "s d\bts2 he proce$s to        
describe ! fall+ ( two1 7:]e( ?is 0 "o17
 n f> f ,agram1 ! capital ( ,croatia1 9 
,hung>y2 :i* caus$ him to *ange 8       
op9ion2 & to believe1 t ! fall+ ( su*   
/ones f heav51 0 v possible4  ,8 words1 
fairly translat$1,,ee 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8    
n>rative1 are1 ,^! acc\nts put me 9 m9d 
( a mass ( iron1 weigh+ sev5ty-"o p\nds1
 :i* 0 s5t to ! imp]ial collection (    
natural curiosities3 ab\t ! orig9 ( :i* 
_m m\?s h be5 di/ort$ ) sc(f+ laught]4  
,if1 9 ! ,ei*/$t specim51 ! effects (   
fire appe> tol]ably evid5t2 !y are1 9   
?is1 n to be mi/ak54--,its surface is   
full ( sph]ical impressions1 l ! mass ( 
iron1 :i* ! celebrat$ ,pallas f\nd on ! 
,j5isei riv]2 except t "h ! impressions 
are l>g]1 & less deep2 & x wants bo? !  
yell[ glass1 :i* fills up ! holl[s ( !  
,sib]ian iron2 & ! s& /one1 :i* is f\nd 
9 ! ,ei*/$t specim52 ! :ole mass be+    
solid1 compact1 & black1 l hamm]$ iron4 
,& 8 words 9 ! end ( ! n>rative are1    
,!re is a great /ep f ! disbelief (     

tales1 to ! f9d+ out ! true cause ( a   
phnom5on :i* appe>s wond]ful to u4 ,&   
probably ,i %\ld h committ$ ! fault into
 :i* we s naturally fall1 respect+ ?+s  
we _c expla92 & h r d5i$ ! :ole hi/ory1 
?an h det]m9$ to believe any ?+ s       
incr$ible2 if v>i\s new writ+s1 on      
electricity1 & ?und]1 _h n =tunately1 at
 t "t come into my h&s2 conc]n+         
rem>kable exp]im5ts ( reviv+ metallic   
calces by ! electric sp>k4 ,lightn+ is  
an electrical /roke on a l>ge           
scale4--,if !n ! r$uction ( iron c be   
obta9$1 by ! dis*>ge ( an electrical    
ma*9e2 :y %\ld n ?is be accompli%$ z    
well1 & ) mu* great] effect by ! v      
p[]ful dis*>ge ( ! lightn+ ( ! cl\ds8   
,! sub/ance ( ! acc\nt ( ! fall ( /ones1
 9 ,hung>y1 z giv5 by him1 aft] ! mo/   
accurate inquiries1 is :at ,i %all n[   
add 9 ! foll[+ abridg$ detail2 & x 0    
v]ifi$ by ,wolfgang ,kukulyewi*1        
,spiritual vic> ( ,francis ,b>on        
,clobus*iczky1 ,bi%op ( ,agram1 :o caus$
 sev5 eye witnesses to be exam9$1       

conc]n+ ! actual fall+ ( ^! /ones on !  
#bf? ( ,may1 #agea2--:i* witnesses 7    
ready to te/ify all !y affirm$1 ^u      
oa?1--& "o ( !m 0 ,mr4 ,george ,m>si*1  
,curate1 z we %\ld call him1 ( ! p>i%4  
,accord+ to _! acc\nts2 ab\t six        
o'clock1 9 ! aft]noon ( ! day j m5tion$1
 !re 0 se5 t[>ds ! ea/1 a k9d ( fi]y    
ball2 :i*1 aft] x _h bur/ into two p>ts1
 ) a great report1 exce$+ t ( a cannon1 
fell f ! sky1 9 ! =m1 & appe>ance ( two 
*a9s entangl$ 9 "o ano!r3--& also ) a   
l\d noise1 z ( a great numb] ( c>riages 
roll$ along4 ,& aft] ?is a black smoke  
appe>$2 & a "p ( ! ball seem$ to fall 9 
an arable field ( "o ,mi*ael ,koturnass2
 on ! fall ( :i* to ! gr\nd a /ill      
great] noise 0 he>d2 & a %ock p]ceiv$1  
some?+ l an e>?quake4  ,?is piece 0     
aft]w>ds soon dug out ( ! gr\nd2 :i* _h 
be5 p>ticul>ly not$ to be pla9 & level1 
& pl\gh$ j be=e2 b :]e x 0 n[ f\nd to h 
made a great fissure1 or cleft1 an ell  
wide1 :il/ x s+$ ! e>? on ! sides4  ,!  
o!r piece1 :i* fell 9 a mead[1 0 also   

dug up2 & weigh$ sixte5 p\nds4  ,& x is 
fairly obs]v$1 t ! unadorn$ mann] 9 :i* 
! :ole acc\nt f ,agram is writt52 !     
agreem5t ( ! diff]5t witnesses1 :o _h no
 reason to accord 9 a lie2 & ! simil>ity
 ( ?is hi/ory to t ( ! ,ei*/$t /one2    
makes x at lea/ v probable1 t !re 0     
inde$ some?+ real1 & wor? notice1 9 !   
acc\nt4  ,! ,ei*/$t /one 7some:at l t   
said to h fall5 s lately 9 ,york%ire7 is
 describ$ z hav+ be5 compos$ ( a%-grey  
s& /one1 ) f9e gra9s int]mix$ all ?r\gh 
x1 p>tly ( real native iron1 & p>tly (  
yell[i% br[n o*re ( iron3 & z be+ ab\t z
 h>d z build+ /one4--,x is said n to    
eff]vesce ) acids1 & evid5tly to consi/ 
( small p>ticles ( silice\s /one &      
iron4--,x _h also a solid malleable coat
 ( native iron1 z 0 suppos$1 q free f   
sulphur1 & ab\t two l9es ?ick2 :i* q    
cov]$ its surface2 resembl+ a blacki%   
glaz+4 ,& ! :ole mass exhibit$ evid5t   
m>ks ( hav+ be5 expos$ to fire4  ,a pla9
 te/imony ( ! fall+ ( ?is 0 affirm$ to  
be1 produc$ z foll[s2 t a lab\r]1 at a  

brick-kiln1 9 w9t]1 :5 ! e>? 0 cov]$ )  
sn[1 saw x fall d[n out ( ! air         
imm$iately aft] a viol5t clap (         
?und]2--& t he in/antly ran up to take x
 out ( ! sn[2 b f\nd he c\ld n d s1 on  
acc\nt ( its heat2 & 0 oblig$ !re=e to  
wait1 to let x cool4 ,t x 0 ab\t half a 
foot 9 diamet]2 & 0 entirely cov]$ ) a  
black coat l iron4,,ff  ,& ,i mu/ n[ add
 t !re is a record2,,gg t /ones1 to !   
numb] ( "s hundr$s1 did once fall 9 !   
neighb\rhood ( a place call$ ,abdua2 :i*
 7 v l>ge & heavy2--( ! col\r ( ru/y    
iron2--smoo?1 & h>d2--& ( a sulphure\s  
smell3--& :i* 7 obs]v$ to fall f a      
vehem5t :irlw9d2 t appe>$ 7l t 9        
,tuscany7 z an atmosph]e ( fire4  ,"h ,i
 int5d$ to h conclud$ all my            
obs]vations4 ,b a rec5t publication1 :i*
 ,i knew n (1 :5 ^! %eets 7 writt51     
obliges me to add a few m pages4  ,9 a v
 s+ul> tract1 publi%$ 9 #agid1 at ,riga1
 by ,dr4 ,*ladni1 conc]n+ ! suppos$     
orig9 ( ! mass ( iron f\nd by ,dr4      
,pallas 9 ,sib]ia2 :i* ! ,t>t>s /ill    

affirm to be an holy ?+1 &1 to h fall5 f
 heav52 & conc]n+ :at h be5 suppos$1 by 
him1 to be simil> phnom5a2 "s           
circum/ances are also m5tion$1 :i* x    
w\ld be an unju/ omission n to take     
notice ( %ortly1 on ! pres5t occasion4  
,) ! au?or's hypo!sis ,i d n presume to 
int]f]e2 b surely 8 facts1 :i* he       
affirms 9 support ( 8 ideas1 des]ve mu* 
att5tion2 & ought to be ins]t$1 be=e ,i 
conclude ^! obs]vations3 & ! r1 z !y 7  
adduc$ to ma9ta9 conclusions v diff]5t f
 ^! n[ (f]$ to ! consid]ation ( !       
curi\s4  ,on ! #ba/ ( ,may1 #afgf1 a    
fire ball 0 se5 to come f ,dalmatia1,,hh
 proce$+ ov] ! ,adriatic sea2 x pass$   
obliquely ov] ,italy2 :]e an hiss+ noise
 0 he>d2 x bur/ ,,ssw f ,leghorn1 ) a   
t]rible report2 & ! pieces are said to h
 fall5 into ! sea1 ) ! same sort (      
noise1 z :5 r$ hot iron is qu5*$ or     
ext+ui%$ 9 wat]4 ,its height 0 comput$  
to be n less ?an ?irty-eight ,italian   
miles2 & x is said to h mov$ ) imm5se   
velocity4 ,its =m 0 oblong1 at lea/ z ! 

lum9\s appe>ance seem$ 9 its passage4   
,avic5na m5tions1 7,av]rhoes1 lib4 #b;d 
,meteor4 cap4 #b47 t he _h se5 at       
,cordova1 9 ,spa91 a sulphure\s /one t  
_h fall5 f heav54  ,9 ,spang5b]g's      
,*ron4 ,saxon1 an acc\nt is f\nd1 t at  
,magdeburg1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #iih1 two great   
/ones1 fell d[n 9 a /orm ( ?und]3 "o 9 !
 t[n itself2 ! o!r ne> ! ,elbe1 9 ! op5 
c\ntry4  ,! well kn[n1 & celebrat$      
,c>dan1 9 8 book1 ,de ,v>ietate ,r]um1  
lib4 #ad4 cap4 #gb4 tells u1 t he       
himself1 9 ! ye> #aeaj1 _h se5 "o hundr$
 & tw5ty /ones fall f heav52 among :i*  
"o weigh$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty2 & ano!r    
sixty p\nds4 ,t !y 7 mo/ly ( an iron    
col\r1 & v h>d1 & smelt ( brim/one4 ,he 
rem>ks1 moreov]1 t ab\t ?ree o'clock1 a 
great fire 0 to be se5 9 ! heav5s2 & t  
ab\t five o'clock ! /ones fell d[n ) a  
ru%+ noise4  ,& ,julius ,scalig] 79 8   
book ,de ,subtilitate ,ex]c4 p4 #ccc47  
affirms1 t he _h 9 8 possession a piece 
( iron 7z he calls x17 :i* _h fall5 f   
heav5 9 ,savoy4  ,wolf 79 ,lection4     

,memorab4 ,tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #iaa47 m5tions 
a great triangul> /one1 describ$ by     
,seba/ian ,br&t1 7:i* seems to h be5 !  
id5tical /one ,i h already m5tion$ z    
hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,anxissem17 
& :i* 0 said to h fall5 f heav51 9 ! ye>
 #adic1 at ,ensi%eim or ,en%eim4        
,mus*5broek1,,ii speak+ ( ! same /one1  
says1 t ! /one 0 blacki%1 weigh$ ab\t   
#cjjlb4 & t m>ks ( fire 7 to be se5 ^u  
x2 b appreh5d$ 79 :i* he seems to h be5 
mi/ak57 t ! date ( ! fall 0 #afcj4      
,*ladni also m5tions ano!r in/ance 7f   
,nic4 ,huknanfii ,hi/4 ,hung>4 lib4 #bj4
 fol4 #cid47 ( five /ones1 said to h    
fall5 f heav5 at ,miscoz1 9             
,transylvania1 9 a t]rible ?und] /orm & 
commotion ( ! air1 :i* 7 z big z a man's
 head1 v heavy1 ( a pale yell[1 & iron1 
or ru/y col\r2 & ( a /rong sulphure\s   
smell2 & t f\r ( !m 7 kept 9 ! treasury 
room at ,vi5na4  ,he adds1 7f ,john     
,b9b>d's ,?ur+4 ,*ron4 p4 #aic47 t on ! 
#bf? ( ,july1 #aeha1 betwe5 "o & two    
o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 a /one fell d[n 9 

,?ur+ia1 ) a clap ( ?und]1 :i* made !   
e>? %ake2 at :i* "t a small light cl\d 0
 to be se51 ! sky be+ o!rwise cle>4 ,x  
weigh$ #cilb42 0 ( a blue & br[ni%      
col\r4 ,x gave sp>ks1 :5 /ruck ) a fl9t1
 z /eel does4 ,x _h sunk five qu>t]s (  
an ell deep 9 ! gr\nd2 s t ! soil1 at ! 
"t1 0 /ruck up to twice a man's height2 
& ! /one itself 0 s hot1 t no "o c\ld   
be> to t\* x4 ,x is said to h be5       
aft]w>ds c>ri$ to ,dresd54  ,he adds1   
also1 t 9 ! #ca/ ,essay ( ! ,breslau    
,collections1 p4 #dd1 is f\nd an acc\nt 
by ,dr4 ,ro/2 t on ! #bb;d ( ,june1     
#agbc1 ab\t two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 9 
! c\ntry ( ,plesk[icz1 "s miles f       
,rei*/adt1 9 ,bohemia1 a small cl\d 0   
se51 ! sky be+ o!rwise cle>2 :]eupon1 at
 "o place tw5ty-five1 at ano!r eight1   
great & small /ones fell d[n1 ) a l\d   
report1 & )\t any lightn+ be+ p]ceiv$4  
,! /ones appe>$ ext]nally black1        
int]nally l a metallic ore1 & smelt     
/rongly ( brim/one4  ,& ,i %all conclude
 all ,*ladni's rem>kable facts1 9       

addition to ^? :i* ,i _h myself         
collect$1 be=e ev] ,i he>d ( 8 curi\s   
book1 ) a %ort summ>y ( :at he calls "o 
( ! newe/ acc\nts ( ?is k9d1 extract$ f 
! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1  
#agfi1 p4 #bj4  ,x is an acc\nt ( ?ree  
masses1 :i* fell d[n ) ?und]1 9 prov9ces
 v di/ant f "o ano!r2 & :i* 7 s5t to !  
,academy 9 #agfi4 ,!y 7 s5t f ,ma9e1    
,artois1 & ,cot5t93 & x is affirm$1 t :5
 !y fell an hiss+ 0 he>d2 & t !y 7 f\nd 
hot4 ,all ?ree 7 l "o ano!r2 all ?ree 7 
( ! same col\r1 & ne>ly ( ! same gra92 &
 small metallic & pyritical p>ticles    
c\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 !m2 &1 ext]nally1 all
 ?ree 7 cov]$ ) an h>d f]rug9\s coat3 &1
 on *emical inve/igation1 !y 7 f\nd to  
conta9 iron1 & sulphur4,,jj  ,consid]+1 
!n1 all ^! facts s positively affirm$1  
conc]n+ ^! v>i\s1 mo/ curi\s phnom5a3--!
 explosions2--! sp>ks2--! lights2--!    
hiss+ noises2--! /ones se5 to fall2--!  
/ones dug up hot1 & ev5 smok+2--& "s    
scor*+1 & ev5 burn+ o!r bodies 9 _!     
passage2--we _c b also br+ to           

remembrance1 :at ,sir ,john ,pr+le      
affirm$ to h be5 obs]v$2 conc]n+ a fi]y 
meteor1 se5 on ,sunday1 ! #bf? (        
,novemb]1 #ageh1 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl& 
& ,scotl&4,,kk  ,t ! head1 :i* appe>$   
ab\t half ! diamet] ( ! moon1 0 ( a     
bright :ite1 l iron :5 almo/ 9 a melt+  
heat2,,ll ! tail1 :i* appe>$ ab\t #h 9  
l5g?1 0 ( a duski% r$1 bur/ 9 !         
atmosph]e1 :5 ! head 0 ab\t #g above !  
horizon1 & disappe>$2 & 9 ! room !re( 7 
se5 ?ree bodies l />s1 )9 ! compass ( a 
little m ?an ?ree degrees f ! head1 :i* 
also kept desc5d+ ) ! head4  ,t be=e    
?is1 9 ano!r place1 ne> ,ancram 9       
,scotl&1 7:]e ! same meteor 0 se57      
"o-?ird ( ! tail1 t[>ds ! extremity1    
appe>$ to break (f1 & to sep>ate into   
sp>ks1 resembl+ />s4--,t soon aft] ?is !
 body ( ! meteor _h its light ext+ui%$1 
) an explosion2 b1 z x seem$ to ! obs]v]
 !re1 ! =m ( ! entire figure ( ! body1 q
 black1 0 se5 to g /ill =w>ds 9 !       
air4,,mm ,by "s p]sons1 also1 an hiss+  
noise,,nn 0 appreh5d$ to be he>d4  ,:e!r

 ?is might1 or might n be an ignit$     
body1 ( ! k9d we h be5 describ+1 fall+  
to ! e>?1 des]ves consid]ation4 ,sir    
,john ,pr+le seems to h be5 conv9c$ t x 
0 really a solid sub/ance2 b fairly     
adds1,,oo t if su* meteors _h really ev]
 fall5 to ! e>?1 !re mu/ h be51 long    
ago1 s /rong evid5ce ( ! fact1 z to     
leave no room to d\bt4  ,p]haps1 9 !    
prec$+ acc\nts1 we h su* evid5ce1 n[    
fairly collect$ toge!r2 at lea/ 9 a     
c]ta9 degree4  ,i take all ! facts1 j z 
,i f9d !m affirm$4 ,i h pres]v$ a       
fai?ful & an hone/ record4  ,= ! sake ( 
possible philosophical use2--let !      
philosophical1 & curi\s j pres]ve ^!    
facts 9 remembrance4  ,= ! sake (       
philological advantage2--let ! disc]n+  
weigh1 & judge4 ,= 7if su* ?+s be17 :at 
has s (t5 come to pass1 accord+ to :at  
is commonly call$ ! usual c\rse (       
nature2 may mo/ und\bt$ly1 h5ce=?1 )\t  
any hesitat+ d\bts1 be believ$ to h be5 
br\ght to pass1 on an extraord9>y       
occasion1 9 a /ill m trem5d\s mann]1 by 

! imm$iate fiat ( ! ,almighty4  ,let no 
man sc(f2 le/ he drives away ! means (  
real in=mation4--,& let all m5 wat*1 = !
 increase ( sci5ce4--  ,! wisdom & p[] (
 ,god are f> above n only ! fir/        
appreh5sions1 b ev5 ! highe/ ideas (    
man4 ,& our true/ wisdom1 & be/         
improvem5t ( k1 consi/ 9 se>*+ out1 & 9 
att5d+ dilig5tly1 to :at he has actually
 done3 ev] be>+ 9 m9d ^? words ( ! holy 
,psalmi/4,,pp  ,! works ( ,! ,"l are    
great3 s\ght out ( all !m t h pleasure  
!re94  ,! ,"l ha? s done 8 m>vell\s     
works1 t !y ought to be _h 9            
remembrance4     ,,po/script4   ,s9ce ^!
 %eets 7 pr9t$1 ,i h receiv$ f ,sir     
,*>les ,blagd51 a pres5t ( "o ( ! v     
small /ones m5tion$1 p4 #g1 t are       
affirm$ to h fall5 9 ,tuscany2 & :i* has
 v lately be5 br\ght c>efully f ,italy4 
,its figure pla9ly indicates1 t 9 !     
in/ant ( its =mation1 !re 0 a /rong ef=t
 t[>ds cry/allization4 ,= x is an       
irregul> quadrilat]al pyramid2--^: base1
 an imp]fect k9d ( squ>e1 has two ( its 

adjo9+ sides ab\t six-t5?s ( an in*     
long1 ea*2 & ! o!r two1 ea* ab\t        
five-t5?s3 :il/ two ( ! triangul> sides 
( ! pyramid1 are ab\t six-t5?s1 on e    
side ( ea* triangle1 all ( :i* are a    
little curv$3 & ! o!r two triangul>     
sides1 are only five-t5?s on ! sides :]e
 ^! two la/ jo94  ,its black cru/1 or   
coat+1 is su* z has be5 describ$ 9 !    
prec$+ pages3 & is also rem>kable1 = !  
appe>ance ( a sort ( m9ute *equ] "w1 =m$
 by v f9e :ite l9es on ! black surface4 
,,footnotes3   ,a ,9 8 ,anatomy (       
,plants1 p4 #da-ahd4  ,b ,vol4 ,,lxiii4 
p4 #bda--;& ,vol4 ,,lxix4 p4 #ce4  ,c ,9
 ! ,morsels ( ,criticism1 p4 #ajc4  ,d  
,9 ! ,philos4 ,trans4 = #agie1 p4 #ia1  
#ib4  ,e ,?is is m5tion$ by ,sir        
,william ,hamilton himself1 p4 #aje4  ,f
 ,see ,philos4 ,trans4 = #agie1 p4 #ajd1
 #aje4  ,g ,see ,l[?orp's ,abridgem5t ( 
! ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adc4 
,h ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,xlix4 p4    
#eaj4  ,i ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,liii4
 p4 #ed4  ,j ,condam9e's ,j\rnal1 p4    

#eg4  ,k ,9 8 ,exp]im5ts1 p4 #ce4  ,l   
,pyramidographia1 ,vol4 ,i4 #hi-ia4  ,m 
,lib4 #e4  ,n ,lib4 #b4  ,o ,9 8        
,cor9?iaca4  ,p ,clem4 ,alex4 lib4      
#a4--,/romatum4  ,q ,9 ,vita ,lys&ri4   
,r ,diog5es 9 ,anaxag4  ,s ,hi/oria     
,nat4 lib4 #b4 cap4 #ei4  ,t ,lib4 #a4  
,sec4 #ca4  ,u ,haud alit] quam quum    
gr&9em v5ti glom]atam 9 t]ras agunt1    
crebri cecid]e coelo lapides4  ,v ,lib4 
#cj4 ,sec4 #bh4  ,w ,lib4 #cd4 ,sec4    
#de4  ,x ,psalm #ah4 v4 #ac4  ,y ,psalm 
#adh4 v4 #h4  ,z ,psalm #adg4 v4 #ag4   
,,aa ,psalm #adh4 v4 #h4  ,,bb ,jo%ua1  
*4 #aj4 v4 #aa4  ,,cc ,hooke's          
,exp]im5ts1 p4 #acd4  ,,dd ,vide        
,gesn]4--& ,ans de ,boot ,hi/4 ,lapidum4
  ,,ee ,= :i* translation ,i am oblig$  
to ,sir ,*>les ,blagd54  ,,ff ,?is      
acc\nt1 f ,abb ,/utz1 & ! foll[+ f ,dr4 
,*ladni1 ,i receiv$1 translat$ f !      
,g]man1 by ! fav\r ( ,sir ,*>les        
,blagd54  ,,gg ,vide ,c>dan ,de ,v>iet1 
lib4 #ad4 c4 #gb4  ,,hh ,an acc\nt ( ?is
 /one is giv5 by ,dr4 ,halley 9 !       

,philosophical ,trans4 ,no4 #cda4 ,&    
also !re is an acc\nt ( x by ,mont5>i4  
,,ii ,essai de ,physique1 ,tom4 ,,ii4   
sect4 #aeeg4  ,,jj ,all ^! facts are to 
be f\nd m5tion$ 9 ,*ladni's book2 fir/  
at p4 #h1 & !n f p4 #cd to #cg4  ,,kk   
,see ! full acc\nt 9 ! ,philosophical   
,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,li4 = #agei1 p4  
#bah1 c4  ,,ll ,?is is accord+ to !     
acc\nt s5t by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,mi*ell1     
,fell[ ( ,que5's ,college1 ,cambridge1  
p4 #bbc4  ,,mm ,ib4 p4 #bcg1 #bfe1 #bfi4
  ,,nn ,ib4 p4 #bfe4  ,,oo ,ib4 p4 #bgb4
  ,,pp ,psalm ,,iii4 v4 #b & #d4