,,remarks  ,,concerning  ,,stones       
,,said ,,to ,,have ,,fallen ,,from ,,the
 ,,clouds1 ,,both  ,,in ,,these ,,days1 
,,and ,,in ,,antient ,,times4   ,,by    
,,edward ,,king1 ,,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4     
,,and ,f4 ,a4 ,s4       ,res ubi        
plurimum proficere1 et valere possunt1  
collocari debent4                       
,cicero de ,orat4 #cg4    ,,london3     
,,printed ,,for ,g4 ,,nicol1            
,,bookseller ,,to ,,his ,,majesty1      
,,pall-,,mall4  #agif4                  
,illustration3 ,f4#a4  ,f4#c4  ,f4#b4   
,an ,attempt to account for the         
,production of a ,shower of ,stones1    
that fell in ,tuscany1 on the #afth of  
,june1 #agid2 and to shew that   there  
are ,traces of similar ,events having   
taken place1 in the   highest ,ages of  
,antiquity4 ,in the course of which     
,detail is also   inserted1 an ,account 
of an extraordinary ,hail-stone1 that   
fell1 with   many others1 in ,cornwall1 
on the #bjth of ,october1 #agia4        
,having received this last winter1 from 

,sir ,charles ,blagden1 some very       
curious manuscript accounts1 concerning 
a surprising shower of stones2 which is 
said1 on the testimony of several       
persons1 to have fallen in ,tuscany1 on 
the #afth of ,june1 #agid2--;and having 
also perused1 with much attention1 a    
very interesting pamphlet1 written in   
,italian1 by ,abbate ,ambrose ,soldani1 
,professor of mathematics1 in the       
,university of ,siena1 containing an    
extraordinary and full detail of such   
facts as could be collected relating to 
this shower2 the whole has appeared to  
me to afford such an ample field for    
philosophical contemplation1 and also   
for the illustration of antient historic
 facts2 that 7leaving the whole to rest 
upon such testimony as the learned      
,professor has already collected        
together2 and to be supported by such   
further corroboration1 as ,i am informed
 is likely soon to arrive in ,england17 
,i cannot but think it doing some       
service to the cause of literature1 and 

science1 to give to the world1 in the   
earliest instance1 a short abridgement  
of the substance of the whole of the    
information2 expressed in the most      
concise and plainest language1 in which 
it is possible for me to convey a full  
and exact idea of the phnomenon4  ,it   
may be of some use1 and afford          
satisfaction to several curious persons1
 to find the whole here compressed in so
 small a compass4  ,and1 as ,i shall add
 my own conclusions without reserve2    
because the whole of the phnomenon tends
 greatly to confirm some ideas which ,i 
had previously been led to form1 many   
years ago1 concerning the consolidation 
of certain species of stone2 it may open
 a door for further curious             
investigation4  ,and it may at least    
amuse1 if not instruct2 whilst ,i add a 
short detail of uncommon facts1 recorded
 in antient history1 and tending to shew
 clearly1 that we are not without       
precedents of similar events having     
happened1 in the early ages of          

antiquity4  ,on the #afth of ,june1     
#agid1 a tremendous cloud was seen in   
,tuscany1 near ,siena1 and ,radacofani2 
coming from the north1 about seven      
o'clock in the evening2--sending forth  
sparks1 like rockets2--throwing out     
smoke like a furnace2--rendering violent
 explosions1 and blasts1 more like those
 of cannon1 and of numerous muskets1    
than like thunder2--and casting down to 
the ground hot stones3--whilst the      
lightning that issued from the cloud was
 remarkably red2 and moved with less    
velocity than usual4  ,the cloud        
appeared of different shapes2 to persons
 in different situations2 and remained  
suspended a long time3 but every where  
was plainly seen to be burning1 and     
smoking like a furnace4  ,and its       
original height1 from a variety of      
circumstances put together1 seems to    
have been much above the common region  
of the clouds4  ,the testimony1         
concerning the falling of the stones    
from it1 appears to be almost           

unquestionable3--and is1 evidently1 from
 different persons1 who had no          
communication with each other4  ,for    
first2 the fall of four stones is       
precisely ascertained3 one of which was 
of an irregular figure1 with a point    
like that of a diamond2--weighed five   
pounds and an half2--and had a vitriolic
 smell4--,and another weighed three     
pounds and an half2--was black on the   
outside1 as if from smoke2--and1        
internally1 seemed composed of matter of
 the colour of ashes2--in which were    
perceived small spots of metals1 of gold
 and silver4  ,and1 besides these1      
,professor ,soldani of ,siena1 was shewn
 about fifteen others3 the surfaces of  
which were glazed black1 like a sort of 
varnish2--resisted acids2--and were too 
hard to be scratched with the point of a
 penknife4  ,signior ,andrew ,montauli1 
who saw the cloud1 as he was travelling1
 described it as appearing much above   
the common region of the clouds2 and as 
being clearly discerned to be on        

fire2--and becoming white1 by degrees2  
not only where it had a communication1  
by a sort of stream of smoke and        
lightning1 with a neighbouring similar  
cloud3 but also1 at last1 in two-third  
parts of its whole mass1 which was      
originally black4 ,and yet he took      
notice1 that it was not affected by the 
rays of the sun1 though they shone full 
on its lower parts4--,and he could      
discern as it were the bason of a fiery 
furnace1 in the cloud1 having a whirling
 motion4  ,this curious observer gives  
an account also1 of a stone1 which he   
was assured fell from the cloud1 at the 
feet of a farmer2 and was dug out of the
 ground1 into which it had              
penetrated4--,and he says1 that it was  
about five inches long1 and four broad2 
nearly square2 and polished3 black on   
the surface1 as if smoked2 but within1  
like a sort of sand-stone1 with various 
small particles of iron1 and bright     
metallic stars4  ,other stones are      
described by him2 which were said to    

have fallen at the same time3 were      
triangular2 and terminated in a sort of 
7pyramidal7 or conical figure4--,and    
others were so small as to weigh not    
more than an ounce4  ,professor ,soldani
 saw another stone1 said to have fallen 
from the cloud1 which had the figure of 
a parallelopiped1 blunted at the angles2
 and was as it were varnished1 on the   
outside1 with a black crust2 and quite  
unlike any stones whatever of the soil  
of the country where it had fallen4     
,two ladies being at ,cozone1 about #bj 
miles from ,siena1 saw a number of      
stones fall1 with a great noise1 in a   
neighbouring meadow3 one of which1 being
 soon after taken up by a young woman1  
burnt her hand3 another burnt a         
countryman's hat3 and a third was said  
to strike off the branch of a mulberry  
tree2 and to cause the tree to wither4  
,another stone1 of about two ounces     
weight1 fell near a girl watching sheep2
 a young person1 whose veracity it is   
said could not be doubted4--,this stone1

 the ,professor tells us1 is also a     
parallelopiped1 with the angles rounded2
 and its internal substance is like that
 of the others2 only with more metallic 
spots2 especially when viewed with a    
magnifying glass3 and the black external
 crust appears to be minutely           
crystallized4  ,many others1 of a       
similar kind1 were in the possession of 
different persons at ,siena4  ,and      
besides the falling of these from the   
cloud1 there is described to have been a
 fall of sand2 seen by keepers of cattle
 near ,cozone1 together with the falling
 of what appeared like squibs2 and which
 proved afterwards to be stones1 of the 
sort just described1 weighing two or    
three ounces3--and some only a quarter  
of an ounce4  ,amongst other stones that
 fell2 was one weighing two pounds1 and 
two ounces2 which was also an oblong    
parallelopiped1 with blunted angles1 7as
 they are called1 but which ,i think    
meant plainly prismatical terminations1 
and are said to have been about an inch 

in height27 and this was most remarkable
 for having1 a small circle1 or sort of 
belt round it1 in one part2 wherein the 
black crust appeared more smooth2 and   
shining like glass2 as if that part had 
suffered a greater degree of heat than  
the rest4  ,another1 also1 was no less  
remarkable1 for having many rounded     
cavities on its surface3 as if the stone
 had been struck with small balls1      
whilst it was forming2 and before it was
 hardened2 which left their             
impressions4--,and some appearances1 of 
the same kind1 were found on one of the 
four surfaces of another stone1 in the  
possession of ,soldani4  ,on minute     
examination1 the ,professor found the   
stones were composed of blackish        
crystals1 of different kinds2 with      
metallic or pyritical spots1 all united 
together by a kind of consolidated      
ashes4--,and1 on polishing them1 they   
appeared to have a ground of a dark ash 
colour2 intermixed with cubical blackish
 crystals1 and shining pyritical specks1

 of a silver and gold colour4  ,the     
conclusion which ,professor ,soldani    
evidently forms1 is2 that the stones    
were generated in the air1 by a         
combination of mineral substances1 which
 had risen somewhere or other1 ,,as     
,,exhalations1 from the earth3 but1 as  
he seems to think1 not from ,vesuvius4  
,the names of many persons1 besides     
those already referred to1 are          
mentioned2 who were eye witnesses to the
 fall of the stones4 ,and several       
depositions were made1 in a regular     
juridical manner1 to ascertain the truth
 of the facts4  ,the space of ground1   
within which the stones fell1 was from  
three to four miles4  ,the falling of   
them1 was the very day after the great  
eruption of ,vesuvius4  ,and the        
distance of the place1 from ,vesuvius1  
could not be less than two hundred      
miles1 and seems to have been more4     
,vesuvius is situated to the south of   
the spot3 and the cloud came from the   
north2 about thirteen1 or at most       

eighteen hours1 after the eruption4     
,now1 putting all these circumstances   
together1 ,i cannot but venture to form 
a conclusion1 somewhat different from   
,professor ,soldani's2 though perfectly 
agreeing with his general principles4   
,from a course of observations1 and     
inquiries1 which ,i have been led to    
pursue1 for a great many years3 tending 
to elucidate the history of extraneous  
fossils1 and of the deluge2 ,i have long
 been convinced1 that stones in general1
 and strata of rocks1 of all kinds1 have
 been formed by two very different      
operations of those elements1 which the 
wisdom1 and omnipotent hand of ,god1 has
 ordained1 and created4  ,the one1 by   
means of fire3--and the other1 by means 
of water4  ,and1 of each sort1 there are
 two subdivisions4  ,of the stones1 and 
rocks1 formed by fire2--there are some1 
7besides lavas17 whose component parts1 
having been previously fused1 and in a  
melted state1 did merely cool1 and      
harden gradually4  ,and there are       

others2 whose component parts1 having   
been fused1 and in a melted state1 and  
having so become completely liquid2 did 
instantly1 by the operation of the      
powers of attraction1 become            
crystallized4  ,and1 in like manner2 of 
stones1 and of strata of rocks1 formed  
by means of water2--there are some1     
which having had their component parts  
brought together1 in a fluid state2 did 
then merely become gradually settled2   
and by the power of attraction1 and the 
mixture of crystalline particles1 were  
hardened by degrees4  ,and there are    
others3 which1 having had their         
component parts1 in like manner1 brought
 together by water1 did yet1 on account 
of the peculiar nature1 and more        
powerful attraction of those parts1     
instantly crystallize4  ,and both of    
stones1 and of strata of rocks1 formed  
by fire2 and of stones1 and of strata of
 rocks formed by means of water2 there  
are some such1 as have been slowly      
consolidated by the first kind of       

operation2 namely by the gradual cooling
 or settling of the substances2 which   
yet do contain imbedded in them1        
crystals formed by the latter kind of   
operation4  ,instances of which1 we seem
 to have1 in some granites1 on the one  
hand2--and in some sorts of limestones  
on the other4  ,to this ,i must add     
also2 that there appear further1 to have
 been some stones formed by a sort of   
precipitation3 much in the same manner  
as ,grew describes,a the kernels1 and   
stones of fruit to have been hardened4  
,and ,i have met with many instances1   
wherein it appears unquestionably1 that 
all these kind of processes in nature   
are going on continually3 and that      
extraneous substances are actually      
inclosed1 and continually inclosing1    
which could not be antediluvian2 but    
must have been recent4  ,to these short 
premises1 ,i must beg leave to add2 that
 in two papers formerly printed in the  
,philosophical ,transactions1,b ,i      
endeavoured1 by some very remarkable    

instances1 to prove1 that iron1 wherever
 it comes into combination with any     
substances that are tending to          
consolidation1 hastens the process      
exceedingly2--and also renders the      
hardness of the body much greater4  ,and
 ,i have also endeavoured1 elsewhere1,c 
to shew1 in consequence of conclusions  
deduced from experiments of the most    
unquestionable authority1 that air1 in  
its various shapes and modifications1 is
 indeed itself the great consolidating  
fluid1 out of which solid bodies are    
composed2 and by means of which the     
various attractions take place1 which   
form all the hard bodies1 and visible   
substances upon earth4  ,from all these 
premises then1 it was impossible for me 
not to be led to conclude2 that we have1
 in this august phnomenon of the fall of
 stones from the clouds1 in ,tuscany1 an
 obvious proof1 as it were before our   
eyes1 of the combined operation of those
 very powers1 and processes1 to which ,i
 have been alluding4  ,it is well known2

 that pyrites1 which are composed of    
iron1 and sulphur1 and other            
adventitious matter1 when laid in heaps1
 and moistened1 will take fire4  ,it is 
also well known1 that a mixture of      
pyrites of almost any kind1 beaten      
small1 and mixed with iron filings and  
water1 when buried in the ground will   
take fire2 and produce a sort of        
artificial volcano4 ,and1 surely then1  
wherever a vast quantity of such kind of
 matter should at any time become mixed 
together1 as flying dust1 or ashes2 and 
be by any means condensed together1 or  
compressed1 the same effect might be    
produced1 even in the atmosphere and    
air4  ,instead1 therefore1 of having    
recourse to the supposition1 of the     
cloud in ,tuscany having been produced  
by any other kind of exhalations from   
the earth2 we may venture to believe1   
that an immense cloud of ashes1 mixed   
with pyritical dust1 and with numerous  
particles of iron1 having been projected
 from ,vesuvius to a most prodigious    

height1 became afterwards condensed in  
its descent2--took fire1 both of itself1
 as well as by means of the electric    
fluid it contained2--produced many      
explosions2--melted the pyritical1 and  
metallic1 and argillaceous particles1 of
 which the ashes were composed2--and1 by
 this means1 had a sudden               
crystallization1 and consolidation of   
those particles taken place1 which      
formed the stones of various sizes1 that
 fell to the ground3 but did not harden 
the clayey ashes so rapidly as the      
metallic particles crystallized2 and1   
therefore1 gave an opportunity for      
impressions to be made on the surfaces  
of some of the stones1 as they fell1 by 
means of the impinging of the others4   
,nor does it appear to me1 to be any    
solid objection to this conclusion1     
either that ,vesuvius was so far        
distant2 or that the cloud came from the
 north4  ,for1 if we examine ,sir       
,william ,hamilton's account of the very
 eruption in question1,d we shall find1 

that he had reason to conclude1 that the
 pine-like cloud of ashes projected from
 ,vesuvius1 at one part of the time     
during this eruption1 was twenty-five or
 thirty miles in height2 and1 if to this
 conclusion we add1 not only that some  
ashes actually were carried to a greater
 distance than two hundred miles2,e but 
that1 when any substance is at a vast   
height in the atmosphere1 a very small  
variation of the direction of its       
course1 causes a most prodigious        
variation in the extent of the range of 
ground where it shall fall2 7just as the
 least variation in the angle1 at the   
vertex of an isosceles triangle1 causes 
a very great alteration in the extent of
 its base27 we may easily perceive1 not 
only the possibility1 but the           
probability1 that the ashes in question1
 projected to so vast an height1 were   
first carried even beyond ,siena in     
,tuscany1 northward2 and then brought   
back1 by a contrary current of wind1 in 
the direction in which they fell4  ,sir 

,william ,hamilton himself formed       
somewhat this sort of conclusion1 on    
receiving the first intimation of this  
shower of stones from the ,earl of      
,bristol4,f  ,i cannot therefore but    
allow my own conclusion to carry        
conviction with it to my own mind2 and  
to send it forth into the world2 as a   
ground1 at least1 for speculation1 and  
reflection1 to the minds of others4     
,that ashes1 and sand1 and pyritical and
 sulphureous dust1 mixed with metallic  
particles from volcanoes2 fit for the   
instantaneous crystallization1 and      
consolidation of such bodies as we have 
been describing1 are often actually     
floating in the atmosphere1 at          
incredible distances from volcanoes1 and
 more frequently than the world are at  
all aware of1 is manifest from several  
well attested facts4  ,on the #bfth of  
,december1 #afca1 ,captain ,badily1     
being in the ,gulph of ,volo1 in the    
,archipelago1 riding at anchor1 about   
ten o'clock at night1 it began to rain  

sand and ashes2 and continued to do so  
till two o'clock the next morning4 ,the 
ashes lay about two inches thick on the 
deck3 so that they cast them overboard  
just as they had done snow the day      
before4 ,there was no wind stirring1    
when the ashes fell3 and yet this       
extraordinary shower was not confined   
merely to the place where ,badily's ship
 was2,g but1 as it appeared afterwards1 
was extended so widely to other parts1  
that ships coming from ,st4 ,john       
d',acre to that port1 being at the      
distance of one hundred leagues from    
thence1 were covered with the same sort 
of ashes4 ,and no possible account could
 be given of them1 except that they     
might come from ,vesuvius4  ,on the     
#bc;d of ,october1 #agee1 a ship        
belonging to a merchant of ,leith1 bound
 for ,charles ,town1 in ,carolina1 being
 betwixt ,shetland and ,iceland1 and    
about twenty-five leagues distant from  
the former1 and therefore about three   
hundred miles from the latter1 a shower 

of dust fell in the night upon the      
decks4,h  ,in ,october1 #agfb1 at       
,detroit1 in ,america1 was a most       
surprising darkness1 from day-break till
 four in the afternoon1 during which    
time some rain falling1 brought down1   
with the drops1 sulphur and dirt2 which 
rendered white paper black1 and when    
burned fizzed like wet gunpowder3,i and 
whence such matter could originally be  
brought1 appeared to be past all        
conjecture1 unless it came so far off as
 from the volcano in ,guadaloupe4       
,condamine says1 the ashes of the       
volcano of ,sangay1 in ,south ,america1 
sometimes pass over the provinces of    
,maca1 and ,quito2 and are even carried 
as far as ,guayaquil4,j  ,and ,hooke    
says1,k that on occasion of a great     
explosion from a volcano1 in the island 
of ,ternata1 in the ,east ,indies1 there
 followed so great a darkness1 that the 
inhabitants could not see each other the
 next day3 and he justly leads us to    
infer what an immense quantity of ashes 

must1 by this means1 have been showered 
down somewhere on the sea2 because at   
,mindanao1 an hundred miles off1 all the
 land was covered with ashes a foot     
thick4  ,and now1 ,i must add2 that such
 kind of falling of stones from the     
clouds1 as has been described to have   
happened in ,tuscany1 seems to have     
happened also in very remote ages1 of   
which we are not without sufficient     
testimony2 and such as well deserves to 
be allowed and considered1 on the       
present occasion2 although the knowledge
 of the facts was1 at first1 in days of 
ignorance and gross darkness1 soon      
perverted to the very worst purposes4   
,in the ,acts of the holy ,apostles1 we 
read1 that the chief magistrate1 at     
,ephesus1 begun his harangue to the     
people1 by saying1 ,ye men of ,ephesus1 
what man is there that knoweth not how  
that the ,city of the ,ephesians is a   
worshipper of the great goddess ,diana1 
and of the ,,image which fell down from 
,jupiter8 7or rather1 as the original   

,greek has it7 of ,,that which fell down
 from ,jupiter8 ,and the learned        
,greaves leads us to conclude this image
 of ,diana to have been nothing but a   
conical1 or pyramidal stone1 that fell  
from the clouds4 ,for he tells us1,l on 
unquestionable authorities1 that many   
others of the images of heathen deities 
were merely such4  ,herodian expressly  
declares1,m that the ,phoenicians had no
 statue of the sun1 polished by hand1 to
 express an image2 but only had a       
certain great stone1 circular below1 and
 ending with a sharpness above1 in the  
figure of a cone1 of black colour4 ,and 
they report it to have fallen from      
heaven1 and to be the image of the sun4 
,so ,tacitus says1,n that at ,cyprus1   
the image of ,venus was not of human    
shape2 but a figure rising continually  
round1 from a larger bottom to a small  
top1 in conical fashion4 ,and it is to  
be remarked1 that ,maximus ,tyrius 7who 
perhaps was a more accurate             
mathematician17 says1 the stone was     

pyramidal4  ,and in ,corinth1 we are    
told by ,pausanias1,o that the images   
both of ,jupiter ,melichius1 and of     
,diana1 were made 7if made at all by    
hand7 with little or no art4 ,the former
 being represented by a pyramid1 the    
latter by a column4  ,clemens           
,alexandrinus was so well acquainted    
with these facts1 that he even          
concludes,p the worship of such stones  
to have been the first1 and earliest    
idolatry1 in the world4  ,it is hard to 
conceive how mankind should ever have   
been led to so accursed an abomination1 
as the worship of stocks1 and stones1 at
 all3 but1 as far as any thing so horrid
 is to be accounted for1 there is no way
 so likely of rendering a possible      
account2 as that of concluding1 that    
some of these pyramidal stones1 at      
least1 like the image of ,diana1        
actually did fall1 in the earliest ages1
 from the clouds2 in the same manner as 
these pyramidal stones fell1 in #agid1  
in ,tuscany4  ,plutarch1 it is well     

known1 mentions,q a stone which formerly
 fell from the clouds1 in ,thrace1 and  
which ,anaxagoras fancied,r to have     
fallen from the sun4  ,and it is very   
remarkable1 that the old writer1 from   
whom ,plutarch had his account1         
described the cloud1 from which this    
stone was said to fall1 in a manner 7if 
we only make some allowance for a little
 exaggeration in barbarous ages17 very  
similar to ,soldani's account of the    
cloud in ,tuscany4--,it hovered about   
for a long time2 seemed to throw out    
splinters1 which flew about1 like       
wandering stars1 before they fell2 and  
at last it cast down to the earth a     
stone of extraordinary size4  ,pliny1,s 
who tells us that not only the          
remembrance of this event1 but that the 
stone itself was preserved to his days1 
says1 it was of a dark burnt colour4    
,and though he does indeed speak of it  
as being of an extravagant weight and   
size1 in which circumstance perhaps he  
was misled3 yet he mentions another of a

 moderate size1 which fell in ,abydos1  
and was become an object of idolatrous  
worship in that place2 as was still     
another1 of the same sort1 at ,potida4  
,livy1 who like ,herodotus1 has been    
oftentimes censured as too credulous1   
and as a relater of falsehoods1 for     
preserving traditions of an             
extraordinary kind2 which1 after all1 in
 ages of more enlarged information1 have
 proved to have been founded in truth2  
describes,t a fall of stones to have    
happened on mount ,alba1 during the     
reign of ,tullus ,hostilius1 7that is   
about #feb years before the ,christian  
ra71 in words that exactly convey an    
idea of just such a phnomenon1 as this  
which has so lately been observed in    
,tuscany4  ,he says1 the senate were    
told1 that lapidibus pluisse1 it had    
rained stones4 ,and1 when they doubted  
of the fact2 and sent to inquire2 they  
were assured that stones had actually   
fallen2 and had fallen just as hail     
does1 which is concreted in a storm4,u  

,he mentions also shortly another shower
 of stones1,v ,a4 ,c4 #bjb1 and still a 
third1,w which must have happened about 
the year #aid before the ,christian ra4 
,such are the records of antient        
history4 ,and in ,holy ,writ also a     
remembrance of similar events is        
preserved4  ,for when the royal         
,psalmist says1,x ,the ,lord also       
thundered out of heaven1 and the        
,highest gave his thunder3 hail-stones1 
,,and ,,coals ,,of ,,fire1--the latter  
expression1 in consistency with common  
sense1 and conformably to the right     
meaning of language1 cannot but allude  
to some such phnomenon as we have been  
describing4 ,and especially1 as in the  
cautious translation of the seventy1 a  
,greek word is used1 which decidedly    
means real hard substances made red hot2
 and not mere appearances of fire or    
flame4  ,whilst therefore1 with the same
 sacred writer1,y we should be led to   
consider all these powerful operations1 
as the works of ,god2 ,who casteth forth

 his ice like morsels2,z and should be  
led to consider fire and hail1 snow and 
vapours1 wind and storm as fulfilling   
his word2,,aa we should also be led to  
perceive1 that the objections to ,holy  
,writ1 founded on a supposed            
impossibility of the truth of what is   
written in the book of ,joshua1,,bb     
concerning the stones that fell from    
heaven1 on the army of the ,canaanites2 
are only founded in ignorance1 and      
error4  ,and much more should we be led 
to do so2 when1 to these observations1  
and testimonies1 concerning showers of  
hot burning stones1 is added the        
consideration2 that within the short    
period of our own lives1 incredibly     
large real hail-stones1 formed of       
consolidated ice2--of ice consolidated  
in the atmosphere1 have fallen both in  
,france1 and in ,england4  ,in ,france1 
on the #acth of ,july in the year       
#aghh2--of which it is well known there 
has been a printed account3 and         
concerning which it is said1 and has    

been confirmed1 on good authority1 that 
some of the stones weighed three pounds3
 whilst others have been said to weigh  
even five pounds4  ,and in ,england1 on 
the #bjth of ,october1 #agia1 in        
,cornwall4  ,of one of the hail-stones  
of this latter1 minor storm1 ,i have had
 an opportunity of obtaining1 by the    
favour of a friend1 an exact model in   
glass2 whereof ,i now add an engraving4 
,this stone fell1 with thousands of     
others of the same kind1 near           
,menabilly1 the seat of ,philip         
,rashleigh1 ,esq42 well known for his   
science1 and attention to whatever is   
curious2 who having great copper works1 
and many ingenious miners1 and workmen1 
on his estate1 and directly under his   
eye2 caused it to be instantly picked   
up3 and having then1 himself1 first     
traced both its top1 and bottom1 upon   
paper2 and having measured its thickness
 in every part1 with a pair of          
compasses2 caused a very exact mould to 
be formed3 and afterwards1 in that      

mould1 had this model cast in glass3    
wherein1 also1 the appearances of the   
imbedded1 common1 small1 roundish       
hail-stones1 are seen transparently2    
just as they appeared in the great      
hail-stone itself originally4  ,fig4 #a1
 is a representation of the flat bottom 
of the stone4  ,fig4 #b1 is a           
representation of the top of the stone4 
,and fig4 #c1 shews the whole solid     
appearance sideways4  ,whilst ,mr4      
,rashleigh was taking the measures1 it  
melted so fast1 that he could not1 in   
the end1 take the exact weight1 as he   
fully intended to have done4 ,but as    
this model in glass weighs exactly #a   
ounce1 #af pennyweights1 #bc grains1 we 
may fairly conclude1 that the hail-stone
 itself weighed much above half an      
ounce4  ,for it is well known1 that the 
specific gravity of common glass1 of    
which sort this model is made1 is to    
that of water1 as #b4fbj to #a4jjj4 ,and
 the specific gravity of common water1  
is to ice1 as #h to #g4;,,cc--,and      

computing according to this standard1 ,i
 make the exact weight of the hail-stone
 to have been #bie grains4  ,from the   
singular manner in which the small1     
prior1 common hail-stones appear to have
 been imbedded in this larger one1      
whilst they were falling to the earth2  
there is reason to be convinced1 that it
 was formed in the atmosphere1 by a     
sudden extraordinary congelation almost 
instantaneously1 out of rain suddenly   
condensed1 which was mingled with the   
common hail4  ,and it was very          
remarkable1 that its dissolution1 and   
melting1 also1 was much more rapid than 
that of the common small white          
hail-stones3 as was the case1 in like   
manner1 with the other numerous large   
ones4  ,perhaps it ought to be here     
added3--that on the #ahth of ,may1 in   
the year #afhj1 some hail-stones are    
recorded to have fallen in ,london1 near
 ,gresham college1 which were seen and  
examined by the celebrated ,dr4 ,hooke2 
and were some of them not less than two 

inches over1 and others three inches4   
,this which fell in ,cornwall was only  
about one inch and three quarters long2 
an inch1 or in some parts an inch and a 
quarter broad2 and between half an inch1
 and three quarters of an inch thick4   
,and its weight was near an ounce4--,how
 much more tremendous then were those   
others1 that have been described as     
having fallen in ,france8--the accounts 
of some of them may very probably have  
been exaggerated3 but the reality was   
nevertheless as wonderful1 surely1 as   
any thing related concerning the ages of
 antiquity4  ,a proneness to credulity  
is ever blameable4 ,and it is very      
possible1 that sometimes1 in a very     
wonderful narration1 a jest may be      
intended to be palmed upon the world1   
instead of any elucidation of           
truth4--,but facts1 positively affirmed1
 should be hearkened to with patience3  
and1 at least1 so far recorded1 as to   
give an opportunity of verifying whether
 similar events do afterwards happen2   

and of comparing such events one with   
another4  ,to what has been said1       
therefore1 concerning the fall of stones
 in ,tuscany1 and concerning these      
strange showers of hail1 in ,france1 and
 in ,england1 it might perhaps too      
justly be deemed an unwarrantable       
omission1 on this occasion1 not to      
mention the very strange fact that is   
affirmed to have happened the last year1
 near the ,wold ,cottage in ,yorkshire4 
,i leave the fact to rest on the support
 of the testimonies referred to in the  
printed paper1 which is in so many      
persons' hands2 and that is given to    
those who have the curiosity to examine 
the stone itself1 now exhibiting in     
,london2--and shall only relate the     
substance of the account shortly1 as it 
is given to us4  ,in the afternoon of   
the #acth of ,december1 #agie1 near the 
,wold ,cottage1 noises were heard in the
 air1 by various persons1 like the      
report of a pistol2 or of guns at a     
distance at sea2 though there was       

neither any thunder or lightning at the 
time3--two distinct concussions of the  
earth were said to be perceived3--and an
 hissing noise1 was also affirmed to be 
heard by other persons1 as of something 
passing through the air2--and a         
labouring man plainly saw 7as we are    
told7 that something was so passing2 and
 beheld a stone1 as it seemed1 at last1 
7about ten yards1 or thirty feet1       
distant from the ground7 descending1 and
 striking into the ground1 which flew up
 all about him3 and in falling1 sparks  
of fire1 seemed to fly from it4         
,afterwards he went to the place1 in    
company with others2 who had witnessed  
part of the phnomena1 and dug the stone 
up from the place1 where it was buried  
about twenty-one inches deep4  ,it      
smelt1 7as it is said17 very strongly of
 sulphur1 when it was dug up3 and was   
even warm1 and smoked3--it was found to 
be thirty inches in length1 and         
twenty-eight and a half inches in       
breadth4 ,and it weighed fifty-six      

pounds4  ,such is the account4--,i      
affirm nothing4--,neither do ,i pretend 
either absolutely to believe3 or to     
disbelieve4--,i have not an opportunity 
to examine the whole of the             
evidence4--,but it may be examined3 and 
so ,i leave it to be4  ,this1 however1  
,i will say3 that first ,i saw a        
fragment of this stone2 which had come  
into the hands of ,sir ,charles         
,blagden1 from the ,duke of ,leeds3 and 
afterwards ,i saw the stone             
itself4--,that it plainly had a dark1   
black crust2 with several concave       
impressions on the outside1 which must  
have been made before it was quite      
hardened2 just like what is related     
concerning the crusts of those stones   
that fell in ,italy4--,that its         
substance was not properly of a granite 
kind1 as described in the printed paper2
 but a sort of grit stone2 composed     
7somewhat like the stones said to have  
fallen in ,italy7 of sand and           
ashes4--,that it contained very many    

particles1 obviously of the appearance  
of gold1 and silver1 and iron2 7or      
rather more truly of pyrites74--,that   
there were also several small rusty     
specks2 probably from decomposed        
pyrites2--and some striated marks2--that
 it does not effervesce with acids2--and
 that1 as far as ,i have ever seen1 or  
known1 or have been able to obtain any  
information1 no such stone has ever been
 found1 before this time1 in ,yorkshire2
 or in any part of ,england4 ,nor can ,i
 easily conceive that such a species of 
stone could be formed1 by art1 to impose
 upon the public4  ,whether1 therefore1 
it might1 or might not1 possibly be the 
effect of ashes flung out from ,heckla1 
and wafted to ,england2 like those flung
 out from ,vesuvius1 and 7as ,i am      
disposed to believe7 wafted to ,tuscany1
 ,i have nothing to affirm4  ,i wish to 
be understood to preserve mere records1 
the full authority for which1 deserves  
to be investigated more and more4       
,having1 nevertheless1 gone so far as to

 say thus much2 ,i ought to add1 that   
the memorial of such sort of large      
stones having fallen from the clouds is 
still preserved also in ,germany4  ,for 
one is recorded to have fallen in       
,alsace1 in the midst of a storm of     
hail1 ,november #bith1 ,a4 ,d4          
#afcj2;,,dd which is said to be         
preserved in the great church of        
,anxissem3 and to be like a large dark  
sort of flint-stone2 having its surface 
operated upon by fire3 and to be of very
 many pounds weight4  ,and another is   
said to be still preserved at ,vienna4  
,this last is described by ,abb ,stutz1 
,assistant in the ,imperial cabinet of  
curiosities at ,vienna1 in a book       
printed in ,german1 at ,leipsyc1 in     
#agij3 entitled ,bergbaukimde 7or the   
,science of ,mining47  ,after describing
 two other stones1 said to have fallen  
from the clouds3 one in the ,eichstedt  
country in ,germany2 and another in the 
,bechin circle1 in ,bohemia1 in ,july1  
#agec2 concerning the real falling of   

which he had expressed some doubts2 he  
proceeds to describe the falling of two1
 7whereof this was one17 not far from   
,agram1 the capital of ,croatia1 in     
,hungary2 which caused him to change his
 opinion2 and to believe1 that the      
falling of such stones from heaven1 was 
very possible4  ,his words1 fairly      
translated1,,ee in the beginning of his 
narrative1 are1 ,these accounts put me  
in mind of a mass of iron1 weighing     
seventy-one pounds1 which was sent to   
the imperial collection of natural      
curiosities3 about the origin of which  
many mouths have been distorted with    
scoffing laughter4 ,if1 in the          
,eichstedt specimen1 the effects of fire
 appear tolerably evident2 they are1 in 
this1 not to be mistaken4--,its surface 
is full of spherical impressions1 like  
the mass of iron1 which the celebrated  
,pallas found on the ,jenisei river2    
except that here the impressions are    
larger1 and less deep2 and it wants both
 the yellow glass1 which fills up the   

hollows of the ,siberian iron2 and the  
sand stone1 which is found in the       
,eichstedt specimen2 the whole mass     
being solid1 compact1 and black1 like   
hammered iron4  ,and his words in the   
end of the narrative are1  ,there is a  
great step from the disbelief of tales1 
to the finding out the true cause of a  
phnomenon which appears wonderful to us4
 ,and probably ,i should have committed 
the fault into which we so naturally    
fall1 respecting things we cannot       
explain2 and have rather denied the     
whole history1 than have determined to  
believe any thing so incredible2 if     
various new writings1 on electricity1   
and thunder1 had not fortunately1 at    
that time come into my hands2 concerning
 remarkable experiments of reviving     
metallic calces by the electric spark4  
,lightning is an electrical stroke on a 
large scale4--,if then the reduction of 
iron can be obtained1 by the discharge  
of an electrical machine2 why should not
 this be accomplished as well1 and with 

much greater effect by the very powerful
 discharge of the lightning of the      
clouds8  ,the substance of the account  
of the fall of stones1 in ,hungary1 as  
given by him1 after the most accurate   
inquiries1 is what ,i shall now add in  
the following abridged detail2 and it   
was verified by ,wolfgang ,kukulyewich1 
,spiritual vicar of ,francis ,baron     
,clobuschiczky1 ,bishop of ,agram1 who  
caused seven eye witnesses to be        
examined1 concerning the actual falling 
of these stones on the #bfth of ,may1   
#agea2--which witnesses were ready to   
testify all they affirmed1 upon         
oath1--and one of them was ,mr4 ,george 
,marsich1 ,curate1 as we should call    
him1 of the parish4  ,according to their
 accounts2 about six o'clock1 in the    
afternoon of the day just mentioned1    
there was seen towards the east1 a kind 
of fiery ball2 which1 after it had burst
 into two parts1 with a great report1   
exceeding that of a cannon1 fell from   
the sky1 in the form1 and appearance of 

two chains entangled in one             
another3--and also with a loud noise1 as
 of a great number of carriages rolled  
along4 ,and after this a black smoke    
appeared2 and a part of the ball seemed 
to fall in an arable field of one       
,michael ,koturnass2 on the fall of     
which to the ground a still greater     
noise was heard2 and a shock perceived1 
something like an earthquake4  ,this    
piece was afterwards soon dug out of the
 ground2 which had been particularly    
noted to be plain and level1 and        
ploughed just before2 but where it was  
now found to have made a great fissure1 
or cleft1 an ell wide1 whilst it singed 
the earth on the sides4  ,the other     
piece1 which fell in a meadow1 was also 
dug up2 and weighed sixteen pounds4     
,and it is fairly observed1 that the    
unadorned manner in which the whole     
account from ,agram is written2 the     
agreement of the different witnesses1   
who had no reason to accord in a lie2   
and the similarity of this history to   

that of the ,eichstedt stone2 makes it  
at least very probable1 that there was  
indeed something real1 and worth notice1
 in the account4  ,the ,eichstedt stone 
7somewhat like that said to have fallen 
so lately in ,yorkshire7 is described as
 having been composed of ash-grey sand  
stone1 with fine grains intermixed all  
through it1 partly of real native iron1 
and partly of yellowish brown ochre of  
iron3 and as being about as hard as     
building stone4--,it is said not to     
effervesce with acids1 and evidently to 
consist of small particles of siliceous 
stone and iron4--,it had also a solid   
malleable coat of native iron1 as was   
supposed1 quite free from sulphur1 and  
about two lines thick2 which quite      
covered its surface2 resembling a       
blackish glazing4 ,and the whole mass   
exhibited evident marks of having been  
exposed to fire4  ,a plain testimony of 
the falling of this was affirmed to be1 
produced as follows2 that a labourer1 at
 a brick-kiln1 in winter1 when the earth

 was covered with snow1 saw it fall down
 out of the air immediately after a     
violent clap of thunder2--and that he   
instantly ran up to take it out of the  
snow2 but found he could not do so1 on  
account of its heat2 and was obliged    
therefore to wait1 to let it cool4 ,that
 it was about half a foot in diameter2  
and was entirely covered with a black   
coat like iron4,,ff  ,and ,i must now   
add that there is a record2,,gg that    
stones1 to the number of some hundreds1 
did once fall in the neighbourhood of a 
place called ,abdua2 which were very    
large and heavy2--of the colour of rusty
 iron2--smooth1 and hard2--and of a     
sulphureous smell3--and which were      
observed to fall from a vehement        
whirlwind2 that appeared 7like that in  
,tuscany7 as an atmosphere of fire4     
,here ,i intended to have concluded all 
my observations4 ,but a recent          
publication1 which ,i knew not of1 when 
these sheets were written1 obliges me to
 add a few more pages4  ,in a very      

singular tract1 published in #agid1 at  
,riga1 by ,dr4 ,chladni1 concerning the 
supposed origin of the mass of iron     
found by ,dr4 ,pallas in ,siberia2 which
 the ,tartars still affirm to be an holy
 thing1 and1 to have fallen from heaven2
 and concerning what have been supposed1
 by him1 to be similar phnomena2 some   
circumstances are also mentioned1 which 
it would be an unjust omission not to   
take notice of shortly1 on the present  
occasion4  ,with the author's hypothesis
 ,i do not presume to interfere2 but    
surely his facts1 which he affirms in   
support of his ideas1 deserve much      
attention2 and ought to be inserted1    
before ,i conclude these observations3  
and the rather1 as they were adduced to 
maintain conclusions very different from
 these now offered to the consideration 
of the curious4  ,on the #bast of ,may1 
#afgf1 a fire ball was seen to come from
 ,dalmatia1,,hh proceeding over the     
,adriatic sea2 it passed obliquely over 
,italy2 where an hissing noise was      

heard2 it burst ,,ssw from ,leghorn1    
with a terrible report2 and the pieces  
are said to have fallen into the sea1   
with the same sort of noise1 as when red
 hot iron is quenched or extinguished in
 water4 ,its height was computed to be  
not less than thirty-eight ,italian     
miles2 and it is said to have moved with
 immense velocity4 ,its form was oblong1
 at least as the luminous appearance    
seemed in its passage4  ,avicenna       
mentions1 7,averrhoes1 lib4 #b;do       
,meteor4 cap4 #b47 that he had seen at  
,cordova1 in ,spain1 a sulphureous stone
 that had fallen from heaven4  ,in      
,spangenberg's ,chron4 ,saxon1 an       
account is found1 that at ,magdeburg1 in
 ,a4 ,d4 #iih1 two great stones1 fell   
down in a storm of thunder3 one in the  
town itself2 the other near the ,elbe1  
in the open country4  ,the well known1  
and celebrated ,cardan1 in his book1 ,de
 ,varietate ,rerum1 lib4 #ad4 cap4 #gb4 
tells us1 that he himself1 in the year  
#aeaj1 had seen one hundred and twenty  

stones fall from heaven2 among which one
 weighed one hundred and twenty2 and    
another sixty pounds4 ,that they were   
mostly of an iron colour1 and very hard1
 and smelt of brimstone4 ,he remarks1   
moreover1 that about three o'clock1 a   
great fire was to be seen in the        
heavens2 and that about five o'clock the
 stones fell down with a rushing noise4 
,and ,julius ,scaliger 7in his book ,de 
,subtilitate ,exerc4 p4 #ccc47 affirms1 
that he had in his possession a piece of
 iron 7as he calls it17 which had fallen
 from heaven in ,savoy4  ,wolf 7in      
,lection4 ,memorab4 ,tom4 ,,ii4 p4      
#iaa47 mentions a great triangular      
stone1 described by ,sebastian ,brandt1 
7which seems to have been the identical 
stone ,i have already mentioned as      
having been preserved in the church of  
,anxissem17 and which was said to have  
fallen from heaven1 in the year #adic1  
at ,ensisheim or ,ensheim4              
,muschenbroek1,,ii speaking of the same 
stone1 says1 that the stone was         

blackish1 weighed about #cjjlb4 and that
 marks of fire were to be seen upon it2 
but apprehended 7in which he seems to   
have been mistaken7 that the date of the
 fall was #afcj4  ,chladni also mentions
 another instance 7from ,nic4 ,huknanfii
 ,hist4 ,hungar4 lib4 #bj4 fol4 #cid47  
of five stones1 said to have fallen from
 heaven at ,miscoz1 in ,transylvania1 in
 a terrible thunder storm and commotion 
of the air1 which were as big as a man's
 head1 very heavy1 of a pale yellow1 and
 iron1 or rusty colour2 and of a strong 
sulphureous smell2 and that four of them
 were kept in the treasury room at      
,vienna4  ,he adds1 7from ,john         
,binbard's ,thuring4 ,chron4 p4 #aic47  
that on the #bfth of ,july1 #aeha1      
between one and two o'clock in the      
afternoon1 a stone fell down in         
,thuringia1 with a clap of thunder1     
which made the earth shake2 at which    
time a small light cloud was to be seen1
 the sky being otherwise clear4 ,it     
weighed #cilb42 was of a blue and       

brownish colour4 ,it gave sparks1 when  
struck with a flint1 as steel does4 ,it 
had sunk five quarters of an ell deep in
 the ground2 so that the soil1 at the   
time1 was struck up to twice a man's    
height2 and the stone itself was so hot1
 that no one could bear to touch it4 ,it
 is said to have been afterwards carried
 to ,dresden4  ,he adds1 also1 that in  
the #cast ,essay of the ,breslau        
,collections1 p4 #dd1 is found an       
account by ,dr4 ,rost2 that on the #bb;d
 of ,june1 #agbc1 about two o'clock in  
the afternoon1 in the country of        
,pleskowicz1 some miles from            
,reichstadt1 in ,bohemia1 a small cloud 
was seen1 the sky being otherwise clear2
 whereupon1 at one place twenty-five1 at
 another eight1 great and small stones  
fell down1 with a loud report1 and      
without any lightning being perceived4  
,the stones appeared externally black1  
internally like a metallic ore1 and     
smelt strongly of brimstone4  ,and ,i   
shall conclude all ,chladni's remarkable

 facts1 in addition to those which ,i   
had myself collected1 before ever ,i    
heard of his curious book1 with a short 
summary of what he calls one of the     
newest accounts of this kind1 extracted 
from the ,histoire de l',acadmie des    
,sciences1 #agfi1 p4 #bj4  ,it is an    
account of three masses1 which fell down
 with thunder1 in provinces very distant
 from one another2 and which were sent  
to the ,academy in #agfi4 ,they were    
sent from ,maine1 ,artois1 and          
,cotentin3 and it is affirmed1 that when
 they fell an hissing was heard2 and    
that they were found hot4 ,all three    
were like one another2 all three were of
 the same colour1 and nearly of the same
 grain2 and small metallic and pyritical
 particles could be distinguished in    
them2 and1 externally1 all three were   
covered with an hard ferruginous coat3  
and1 on chemical investigation1 they    
were found to contain iron1 and         
sulphur4,,jj  ,considering1 then1 all   
these facts so positively affirmed1     

concerning these various1 most curious  
phnomena3--the explosions2--the         
sparks2--the lights2--the hissing       
noises2--the stones seen to fall2--the  
stones dug up hot1 and even             
smoking2--and some scorching1 and even  
burning other bodies in their           
passage2--we cannot but also bring to   
remembrance1 what ,sir ,john ,pringle   
affirmed to have been observed2         
concerning a fiery meteor1 seen on      
,sunday1 the #bfth of ,november1 #ageh1 
in several parts of ,england and        
,scotland4,,kk  ,that the head1 which   
appeared about half the diameter of the 
moon1 was of a bright white1 like iron  
when almost in a melting heat2,,ll the  
tail1 which appeared about #h in length1
 was of a duskish red1 burst in the     
atmosphere1 when the head was about #g  
above the horizon1 and disappeared2 and 
in the room thereof were seen three     
bodies like stars1 within the compass of
 a little more than three degrees from  
the head1 which also kept descending    

with the head4  ,that before this1 in   
another place1 near ,ancram in          
,scotland1 7where the same meteor was   
seen7 one-third of the tail1 towards the
 extremity1 appeared to break off1 and  
to separate into sparks1 resembling     
stars4--,that soon after this the body  
of the meteor had its light             
extinguished1 with an explosion2 but1 as
 it seemed to the observer there1 the   
form of the entire figure of the body1  
quite black1 was seen to go still       
forwards in the air4,,mm ,by some       
persons1 also1 an hissing noise,,nn was 
apprehended to be heard4  ,whether this 
might1 or might not be an ignited body1 
of the kind we have been describing1    
falling to the earth1 deserves          
consideration4 ,sir ,john ,pringle seems
 to have been convinced that it was     
really a solid substance2 but fairly    
adds1,,oo that if such meteors had      
really ever fallen to the earth1 there  
must have been1 long ago1 so strong     
evidence of the fact1 as to leave no    

room to doubt4  ,perhaps1 in the        
preceding accounts1 we have such        
evidence1 now fairly collected together2
 at least in a certain degree4  ,i take 
all the facts1 just as ,i find them     
affirmed4 ,i have preserved a faithful  
and an honest record4  ,for the sake of 
possible philosophical use2--let the    
philosophical1 and curious just preserve
 these facts in remembrance4  ,for the  
sake of philological advantage2--let the
 discerning weigh1 and judge4 ,for 7if  
such things be17 what has so often come 
to pass1 according to what is commonly  
called the usual course of nature2 may  
most undoubtedly1 henceforth1 without   
any hesitating doubts1 be believed to   
have been brought to pass1 on an        
extraordinary occasion1 in a still more 
tremendous manner1 by the immediate fiat
 of the ,almighty4  ,let no man scoff2  
lest he drives away the means of real   
information4--,and let all men watch1   
for the increase of science4--  ,the    
wisdom and power of ,god are far above  

not only the first apprehensions1 but   
even the highest ideas of man4 ,and our 
truest wisdom1 and best improvement of  
knowledge1 consist in searching out1 and
 in attending diligently1 to what he has
 actually done3 ever bearing in mind    
those words of the holy ,psalmist4,,pp  
,the works of ,the ,lord are great3     
sought out of all them that have        
pleasure therein4  ,the ,lord hath so   
done his marvellous works1 that they    
ought to be had in remembrance4         
,,postscript4   ,since these sheets were
 printed1 ,i have received from ,sir    
,charles ,blagden1 a present of one of  
the very small stones mentioned1 p4 #g1 
that are affirmed to have fallen in     
,tuscany2 and which has very lately been
 brought carefully from ,italy4  ,its   
figure plainly indicates1 that in the   
instant of its formation1 there was a   
strong effort towards crystallization4  
,for it is an irregular quadrilateral   
pyramid2--whose base1 an imperfect kind 
of square1 has two of its adjoining     

sides about six-tenths of an inch long1 
each2 and the other two1 each about     
five-tenths3 whilst two of the          
triangular sides of the pyramid1 are    
about six-tenths1 on every side of each 
triangle1 all of which are a little     
curved3 and the other two triangular    
sides1 are only five-tenths on the sides
 where these two last join4  ,its black 
crust1 or coating1 is such as has been  
described in the preceding pages3 and is
 also remarkable1 for the appearance of 
a sort of minute chequer work1 formed by
 very fine white lines on the black     
surface4     ,,footnotes3   ,a ,in his  
,anatomy of ,plants1 p4 #da-ahd4  ,b    
,vol4 ,,lxiii4 p4 #bda--;and ,vol4      
,,lxix4 p4 #ce4  ,c ,in the ,morsels of 
,criticism1 p4 #ajc4  ,d ,in the        
,philos4 ,trans4 for #agie1 p4 #ia1 #ib4
  ,e ,this is mentioned by ,sir ,william
 ,hamilton himself1 p4 #aje4  ,f ,see   
,philos4 ,trans4 for #agie1 p4 #ajd1    
#aje4  ,g ,see ,lowthorp's ,abridgement 
of the ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4  

#adc4  ,h ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,xlix4
 p4 #eaj4  ,i ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4    
,,liii4 p4 #ed4  ,j ,condamine's        
,journal1 p4 #eg4  ,k ,in his           
,experiments1 p4 #ce4  ,l               
,pyramidographia1 ,vol4 ,i4 #hi-ia4  ,m 
,lib4 #e4  ,n ,lib4 #b4  ,o ,in his     
,corinthiaca4  ,p ,clem4 ,alex4 lib4    
#a4--,stromatum4  ,q ,in ,vita          
,lysandri4  ,r ,diogenes in ,anaxag4  ,s
 ,historia ,nat4 lib4 #b4 cap4 #ei4  ,t 
,lib4 #a4 ,sec4 #ca4  ,u ,haud aliter   
quam quum grandinem venti glomeratam in 
terras agunt1 crebri cecidere coelo     
lapides4  ,v ,lib4 #cj4 ,sec4 #bh4  ,w  
,lib4 #cd4 ,sec4 #de4  ,x ,psalm #ah4 v4
 #ac4  ,y ,psalm #adh4 v4 #h4  ,z ,psalm
 #adg4 v4 #ag4  ,,aa ,psalm #adh4 v4 #h4
  ,,bb ,joshua1 ch4 #aj4 v4 #aa4  ,,cc  
,hooke's ,experiments1 p4 #acd4  ,,dd   
,vide ,gesner4--and ,ans de ,boot ,hist4
 ,lapidum4  ,,ee ,for which translation 
,i am obliged to ,sir ,charles ,blagden4
  ,,ff ,this account1 from ,abb ,stutz1 
and the following from ,dr4 ,chladni1 ,i

 received1 translated from the ,german1 
by the favour of ,sir ,charles ,blagden4
  ,,gg ,vide ,cardan ,de ,variet1 lib4  
#ad4 c4 #gb4  ,,hh ,an account of this  
stone is given by ,dr4 ,halley in the   
,philosophical ,trans4 ,no4 #cda4 ,and  
also there is an account of it by       
,montenari4  ,,ii ,essai de ,physique1  
,tom4 ,,ii4 sect4 #aeeg4  ,,jj ,all     
these facts are to be found mentioned in
 ,chladni's book2 first at p4 #h1 and   
then from p4 #cd to #cg4  ,,kk ,see the 
full account in the ,philosophical      
,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,li4 for #agei1 p4
 #bah1 c4  ,,ll ,this is according to   
the account sent by the ,rev4 ,mr4      
,michell1 ,fellow of ,queen's ,college1 
,cambridge1 p4 #bbc4  ,,mm ,ib4 p4 #bcg1
 #bfe1 #bfi4  ,,nn ,ib4 p4 #bfe4  ,,oo  
,ib4 p4 #bgb4  ,,pp ,psalm ,,iii4 v4 #b 
and #d4