,"t & ,life99  ,,mr4 ,,d>w9',s 8,,orig9 
,,( ,,species0  by ,?omas ,h4 ,huxley   
,ev]yone kn[s t t sup]ficial film ( !   
e>?'s sub/ance1 h>dly t5 miles ?ick1 :i*
 is accessible to human inve/igation1 is
 compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( b$s or /rata (    
/one1 ! consolidat$ muds & s&s ( =m]    
seas & lakes1 :i* h be5 deposit$ "o ^u !
 o!r1 & h5ce are ! old] ! deep] !y lie4 
,^! multitud9\s /rata pres5t su*        
resemblances & diff]5ces among !mselves 
t !y are capable ( classification into  
gr\ps or =mations1 & ^! =mations aga9   
are brigad$ toge!r into /ill l>g]       
assemblages1 call$ by ! old] geologi/s1 
prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y2 by ! mod]ns1
 palaeozoic1 mesozoic1 & ca9ozoic3 !    
basis ( ! =m] nom5clature be+ ! relative
 age ( ! gr\ps ( /rata2 t ( ! latt]1 !  
k9ds ( liv+ =ms conta9$ 9 !m4  ,?\gh b a
 film if comp>$ ) ! total diamet] ( our 
planet1 ! total s]ies ( =mations is va/ 
inde$ :5 measur$ by any human /&>d1 &1 z
 all action implies "t1 s are we        
compell$ to reg>d ^! m9]al masses z a   

measure ( ! "t :i* has elaps$ dur+ _!   
accumulation4 ,! am\nt ( ! "t :i* !y    
repres5t is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! inv]se        
proportion ( ! int5sity ( ! =ces :i* h  
be5 9 op]ation4 ,if1 9 ! anci5t _w1 mud 
& s& accumulat$ on sea-bottoms at t5fold
 _! pres5t rate1 x is cle> t a b$ ( mud 
or s& t5 feet ?ick w\ld h be5 =m$ !n 9 !
 same "t z a /ratum ( simil> mat]ials "o
 foot ?ick w\ld be =m$ n[1 & vice v]sa4 
,at ! outset ( 8 /udies1 !re=e1 !       
physical geologi/ _h to *oose betwe5 two
 hypo!ses2 ei!r1 ?r\gh\t ! ages :i* are 
repres5t$ by ! accumulat$ /rata1 & :i*  
we may call geologic "t1 ! =ces ( nature
 h op]at$ ) mu* ! same av]age int5sity z
 at pres5t1 & h5ce ! lapse ( "t :i* !y  
repres5t mu/ be some?+ prodigi\s &      
inconceivable1 or1 9 ! primeval epo*s1 !
 natural p[]s 7 inf9itely m int5se ?an  
n[1 & h5ce ! "t ?r\gh :i* !y act$ to    
produce ! effects we see 0 comp>atively 
%ort4  ,! e>li] geologi/s adopt$ ! latt]
 view almo/ ) "o cons5t4 ,= !y _h little
 k ( ! pres5t work+s ( nature1 & !y read

 ! records ( geologic "t z a *ild reads 
! hi/ory ( ,rome or ,greece1 & fancies t
 antiquity 0 gr&1 h]oic1 & unlike !     
pres5t because x is unlike 8 little     
exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t4  ,ev5 s ! e>li]    
obs]v]s 7 mov$ ) wond] at ! seem+       
contra/ betwe5 ! anci5t & ! pres5t ord] 
( nature4 ,! elem5tal =ces seem$ to h   
be5 gr&] & m en]getic 9 primeval times4 
,upheav$ & contort$1 rift$ & fissur$1   
pi]c$ by dykes ( molt5 matt] or worn    
away ov] va/ areas by aque\s action1 !  
old] rocks appe>$ to be> witness to a   
/ate ( ?+s f> diff]5t f t exhibit$ by ! 
peaceful epo* on :i* ! lot ( man has    
fall54  ,b by degrees ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( 
geology h be5 l$ to p]ceive t ! e>lie/  
ef=ts ( nature h be5 by no means !      
gr&e/4 ,alps & ,&es are *ildr5 ( ye/]day
 :5 comp>$ ) ,sn[don & ! ,cumb]l& hills2
 & ! s-call$ glacial epo*--t 9 :i*      
p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive physical *anges ( 
:i* any record rema9+ occurr$--is ! la/ 
& ! newe/ ( ! revolutions ( ! globe4 ,& 
9 proportion z physical geography--:i*  

is ! geology ( our own epo*--has gr[n   
into a sci5ce1 & ! pres5t ord] ( nature 
has be5 ransack$ to f9d :at1 hib]nice1  
we may call prec$5ts = ! ph5om5a ( !    
pa/1 s ! app>5t necessity ( suppos+ !   
pa/ to be widely diff]5t f ! pres5t has 
dim9i%$4  ,! transport+ p[] ( ! greate/ 
deluge :i* c be imag9$ s9ks into        
insignificance beside t ( ! sl[ly       
float+1 sl[ly melt+ iceb]g1 or ! glaci] 
creep+ along at its snail's pace ( a y>d
 a day4 ,! /udy ( ! deltas ( ! ,nile1 ! 
,ganges1 & ! ,mississippi has taught u  
h[ sl[ is ! we>+ action ( wat]1 h[ va/  
its effects :5 "t is all[$ = its        
op]ation4 ,! reefs ( ! ,pacific1 !      
deep-sea s\nd+s ( ! ,atlantic1 %[ t x is
 to ! sl[-gr[+ coral & to ! imp]ceptible
 animalcule1 :i* lives its brief space &
 !n adds its t9y %ell to ! muddy cairn  
left by its bre?r5 & ance/ors1 t we mu/ 
look z ! ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( lime/one & 
*alk1 & n to hypo!tical oceans saturat$ 
) calc>e\s salts & sudd5ly deposit+ !m4 
,& :ile ! inquir] has ?us le>nt t exi/+ 

=ces--give !m "t--are compet5t to       
produce all ! physical ph5om5a we meet )
 9 ! rocks1 s1 on ! o!r side1 ! /udy ( !
 m>ks left 9 ! anci5t /rata by pa/      
physical actions %[s t ^! 7 simil> to ^?
 :i* n[ obta94 ,anci5t bea*es are met ) 
^: pebbles are l ^? f\nd on mod]n %ores2
 ! h>d5$ sea-s&s ( ! olde/ epo*s %[     
ripple-m>ks1 su* z may n[ be f\nd on e  
s&y coa/2 nay1 m1 ! pits left by anci5t 
ra9-drops prove t ev5 9 ! v e>lie/ ages1
 ! 8b[ 9 ! cl\ds0 mu/ h adorn$ !        
palaeozoic firmam5t4 ,s t if we c\ld    
rev]se ! leg5d ( ! ,sev5 ,sleep]s1--if  
we c\ld sleep back ?r\gh ! pa/1 & awake 
a million ages be=e our own epo*1 9 !   
mid/ ( ! e>lie/ geologic times1--!re is 
no reason to believe t sea1 or sky1 or !
 aspect ( ! l& w\ld w>n u ( ! m>vell\s  
retrospection4  ,su* are ! beliefs :i*  
mod]n physical geologi/s hold1 or1 at   
any rate1 t5d t[>ds hold+4 ,b1 9 s do+1 
x is obvi\s t !y by no means prejudge ! 
"q1 z to :at ! physical condition ( !   
globe may h be5 be=e our *apt]s ( its   

hi/ory beg91 9 :at may be call$ 7) t    
lic5ce :i* is impli$ 9 ! (t5-us$ t]m    
8prehi/oric epo*07 8pre-geologic "t40 ,!
 views indicat$1 9 fact1 are n only q   
consi/5t ) ! hypo!sis1 t1 9 ! /ill e>li]
 p]iod ref]r$ to1 ! condition ( our _w 0
 v diff]5t2 b !y may be held by "s to   
necessitate t hypo!sis4 ,! physical     
philosoph] :o is accurately acqua9t$ ) !
 velocity ( a cannon-ball1 & ! precise  
"* ( ! l9e :i* x trav]ses = a y>d ( its 
c\rse1 is necessitat$ by :at he kn[s ( !
 laws ( nature to conclude t x came f a 
c]ta9 spot1 :5ce x 0 impell$ by a c]ta9 
=ce1 & t x has foll[$ a c]ta9           
trajectory4 ,9 l mann]1 ! /ud5t (       
physical geology1 :o fully believes 9 ! 
uni=mity ( ! g5]al condition ( ! e>?    
?r\gh geologic "t1 may feel compell$ by 
:at he kn[s ( causation1 & by ! g5]al   
analogy ( nature1 to suppose t our sol> 
sy/em 0 once a nebul\s mass2 t x        
gradually cond5s$1 t x broke up into t  
wond]ful gr\p ( h>moni\sly roll+ balls  
we call planets & satellites1 & t !n ea*

 ( ^! und]w5t its appo9t$ metamorphosis1
 until at la/ our own %>e ( ! cosmic    
vap\r pass$ into t condition 9 :i* we   
fir/ meet ) def9ite records ( its /ate1 
& 9 :i* x has s9ce1 ) comp>atively      
little *ange1 rema9$4  ,! doctr9e (     
uni=mity & ! doctr9e ( progression are1 
!re=e1 p]fectly consi/5t2 p]haps1 inde$1
 !y might be %[n to be necess>ily       
connect$ ) "o ano!r4  ,if1 h[ev]1 !     
condition ( ! _w1 :i* has obta9$ ?r\gh\t
 geologic "t1 is b ! sequel to a va/    
s]ies ( *anges :i* took place 9         
pre-geologic "t1 !n x seems n unlikely t
 ! duration ( ?is latt] is to t ( ! =m] 
z ! va/ ext5t ( geologic "t is to ! l5g?
 ( ! brief epo* we call ! hi/orical     
p]iod2 & t ev5 ! olde/ rocks are records
 ( an epo* almo/ inf9itely remote f t   
:i* c\ld h witness$ ! fir/ %ap+ ( our   
globe4  ,x is probable t no mod]n       
geologi/ w\ld hesitate to admit ! g5]al 
validity ( ^! reason+s :5 appli$ to !   
physics ( 8 subject1 :5ce x is ! m      
rem>kable t ! mom5t ! "q *anges f "o (  

physics & *emi/ry to "o ( natural       
hi/ory1 sci5tific op9ions & ! popul>    
prejudices1 :i* reflect !m 9 a di/ort$  
=m1 und]go a sudd5 metamorphosis4       
,geologi/s & palaeontologi/s write ab\t 
! 8beg9n+ ( life0 & ! 8fir/-creat$ =ms (
 liv+ be+s10 z if !y 7 ! mo/ famili> ?+s
 9 ! _w2 & ev5 cauti\s writ]s seem to be
 on q fri5dly t]ms ) ! 8ar*etype0 :]eby 
! ,creator 0 guid$ 8amid/ ! cra% ( fall+
 worlds40 ,j z x us$ to be imag9$ t !   
anci5t _w 0 physically oppos$ to !      
pres5t1 s x is /ill widely assum$ t !   
liv+ population ( our globe1 :e!r animal
 or vegetable1 9 ! old] epo*s1 exhibit$ 
=ms s /rik+ly contra/$ ) ^? :i* we see  
ar\nd u1 t !re is h>dly any?+ 9 common  
betwe5 ! two4 ,x is con/antly tacitly   
assum$ t we h be=e u all ! =ms ( life   
:i* h ev] exi/$2 & ?\gh ! progress ( k1 
ye>ly & almo/ mon?ly1 drives ! def5d]s (
 t position f _! gr\nd1 !y entr5*       
!mselves 9 ! new l9e ( def5ces z if no?+
 _h happ5$1 & proclaim t ! new beg9n+ is
 ! real beg9n+4  ,)\t = an in/ant d5y+  

or endeav\r+ to s(t5 d[n ! consid]able  
positive diff]5ces 7! negative ones are 
met by ano!r l9e ( argum5t7 :i*         
und\bt$ly obta9 betwe5 ! anci5t & !     
mod]n worlds ( life1 we believe !y h be5
 va/ly ov]/at$ & exagg]at$1 & ?is belief
 is bas$ ^u c]ta9 facts ^: value does n 
seem to h be5 fully appreciat$1 ?\gh !y 
h long be5 m or less completely kn[n4   
,! multitud9\s k9ds ( animals & plants1 
bo? rec5t & fossil1 are1 z is well kn[n1
 arrang$ by zoologi/s & botani/s1 9     
accordance ) _! natural relations1 into 
gr\ps :i* receive ! names ( sub-k+doms1 
classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a &        
species4 ,n[ x is a mo/ rem>kable       
circum/ance t1 view$ on ! great scale1  
liv+ be+s h diff]$ s little ?r\gh\t all 
geologic "t t !re is no sub-k+dom & no  
class :olly ext9ct or )\t liv+          
repres5tatives4  ,if we desc5d to !     
small] gr\ps1 we f9d t ! numb] ( ord]s (
 plants is ab\t two hundr$2 & ,i h x on 
! be/ au?ority t n "o ( ^! is           
exclusively fossil2 s t !re is          

absolutely n a s+le ext9ct ord9al type (
 vegetable life2 & x is n until we      
desc5d to ! next gr\p1 or ! families1 t 
we f9d types :i* are :olly ext9ct4 ,!   
numb] ( ord]s ( animals1 on ! o!r h&1   
may be reckon$ at a hundr$ & tw5ty1 or  
!reab\ts1 & ( ^!1 eight or n9e h no liv+
 repres5tatives4 ,! proportion ( ext9ct 
ord9al types ( animals to ! exi/+ types1
 !re=e1 does n exce$ sev5 p] c5t4--a    
m>vell\sly small proportion :5 we       
consid] ! va/ness ( geologic "t4  ,ano!r
 class ( consid]ations--( a diff]5t k9d1
 x is true1 b t5d+ 9 ! same             
direction--seems to h be5 ov]look$4 ,n  
only is x true t ! g5]al plan (         
con/ruction ( animals & plants has be5 !
 same 9 all record$ "t z at pres5t1 b   
!re are p>ticul> k9ds ( animals & plants
 :i* h exi/$ ?r\gh\t va/ epo*s1         
sometimes ?r\gh ! :ole range ( record$  
"t1 ) v little *ange4 ,by reason ( ?is  
p]si/5cy1 ! typical =m ( su* a k9d might
 be call$ a 8p]si/5t type10 9           
contradi/9ction to ^? types :i* h appe>$

 = b a %ort "t 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's       
hi/ory4 ,examples ( ^! p]si/5t types are
 abundant en\gh 9 bo? ! vegetable & !   
animal k+doms4 ,! olde/ gr\p ( plants ) 
:i* we are well acqua9t$ is t ( ^:      
rema9s coal is con/itut$2 & z f> z !y c 
be id5tifi$1 ! c>bonif]\s plants are    
f]ns1 or club-mosses1 or ,conif]ae1 9 _m
 cases g5]ically id5tical ) ^? n[ liv+6 
,among animals1 in/ances ( ! same k9d   
may be f\nd 9 e sub-k+dom4 ,! ,globig]9a
 ( ! ,atlantic s\nd+s is id5tical ) t   
:i* occurs 9 ! *alk2 & ! ca/s ( l[]     
silurian ,=am9if]a1 :i* ,ehr5b]g has    
rec5tly describ$1 seem to indicate !    
exi/5ce at t remote p]iod ( =ms s+ul>ly 
l ^? :i* n[ exi/4 ,among ! corals1 !    
palaeozoic ,tabulata are con/ruct$ on   
precisely ! same type z ! mod]n         
millepores2 & if we turn to molluscs1 ! 
mo/ compet5t malacologi/s fail to       
discov] any g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 !    
,craniae1 ,l+ulae & ,disc9ae ( !        
silurian rocks & ^? :i* n[ live4 ,our   
exi/+ ,nautilus has its repres5tative   

species 9 e great =mation1 f ! olde/ to 
! newe/2 & ,loligo1 ! squid ( mod]n     
seas1 appe>s 9 ! lias1 or at ! bottom ( 
! mesozoic s]ies1 9 a =m1 at mo/1       
specifically diff]5t f its liv+ cong5]s4
 ,9 ! great assemblage ( annulose       
animals1 ! two highe/ classes1 ! insects
 & spid] tribe1 exhibit a wond]ful      
p]si/5cy ( type4 ,! cockroa*es ( !      
c>bonif]\s epo* are exce$+ly simil> to  
^? :i* n[ run ab\t our coal-cell>s2 &   
its locu/s1 t]mites & dragon-flies are  
closely alli$ to ! memb]s ( ! same gr\ps
 :i* n[ *irrup ab\t our fields1 und]m9e 
our h\ses1 or sail ) swift grace ab\t ! 
banks ( our s$gy pools4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 !
 palaeozoic scorpions c only be di/+ui%$
 by ! eye ( a naturali/ f ! mod]n ones4 
,f9ally1 ) respect to ! ,v]tebrata1 !   
same law holds good3 c]ta9 types1 su* z 
^? ( ! ganoid & placoid fi%es1 hav+     
p]si/$ f ! palaeozoic epo* to ! pres5t  
"t )\t a great] am\nt ( deviation f !   
normal /&>d ?an t :i* is se5 )9 ! limits
 ( ! gr\p z x n[ exi/s4 ,ev5 among !    

,reptilia--! class :i* exhibits ! l>ge/ 
proportion ( entirely ext9ct =ms ( any  
"o type1--t ( ! ,crocodilia1 has p]si/$ 
f at lea/ ! comm5cem5t ( ! mesozoic epo*
 up to ! pres5t "t ) s mu* con/ancy1 t !
 am\nt ( *ange :i* x exhibits may       
fairly1 9 relation to ! "t :i* has      
elaps$1 be call$ insignificant4 ,& !    
imp]fect k we h ( ! anci5t mammalian    
population ( our e>? leads to ! belief t
 c]ta9 ( its types1 su* z t ( !         
,m>supialia1 h p]si/$ ) correspond+ly   
little *ange ?r\gh a simil> range ( "t4 
,?us x w\ld appe> to be demon/rable1 t1 
not)/&+ ! great *ange :i* is exhibit$ by
 ! animal population ( ! _w z a :ole1   
c]ta9 types h p]si/$ comp>atively )\t   
alt]ation1 & ! "q arises1 ,:at be>+ h   
su* facts z ^! on our notions ( ! hi/ory
 ( life ?r\gh geological "t8 ,! answ] to
 ?is "q w\ld seem to dep5d on ! view we 
take respect+ ! orig9 ( species 9 g5]al4
 ,if we assume t e species ( animal & ( 
plant 0 =m$ by a di/9ct act ( creative  
p[]1 & if ! species :i* h incessantly   

succe$$ "o ano!r 7 plac$ ^u ! globe by  
^! sep>ate acts1 !n ! exi/5ce ( p]si/5t 
types is simply an un9telligible        
irregul>ity4 ,su* assumption1 h[ev]1 is 
z unsupport$ by tradition or by         
,revelation z x is oppos$ by ! analogy (
 ! re/ ( ! op]ations ( nature2 & ^? :o  
imag9e t1 by adopt+ any su* hypo!sis1 !y
 are /r5g!n+ ! h&s ( ! advocates ( !    
lett] ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 are simply    
mi/ak54 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we adopt t    
hypo!sis to :i* alone ! /udy (          
physiology l5ds any support--t hypo!sis 
:i*1 hav+ /ruggl$ beyond ! rea* ( ^?    
fatal support]s1 ! ,telliam$s &         
,ve/igi>ians1 :o s ne>ly caus$ its      
suffocation by w9d 9 e>ly infancy1 is n[
 w9n+ at lea/ ! provisional ass5t ( all 
! be/ ?9k]s ( ! day--! hypo!sis t ! =ms 
or species ( liv+ be+s1 z we "k !m1 h   
be5 produc$ by ! gradual modification ( 
pre-exi/+ species--!n ! exi/5ce (       
p]si/5t types seems to tea* u mu*4 ,j z 
a small portion ( a great curve appe>s  
/raight1 ! app>5t abs5ce ( *ange 9      

direction ( ! l9e be+ ! expon5t ( ! va/ 
ext5t ( ! :ole1 9 proportion to ! "p we 
see2 s1 if x be true t all liv+ species 
are ! result ( ! modification ( o!r &   
simpl] =ms1 ! exi/5ce ( ^! little alt]$ 
p]si/5t types1 rang+ ?r\gh all          
geological "t1 mu/ indicate t !y are b !
 f9al t]ms ( an enorm\s s]ies (         
modifications1 :i* _h _! be+ 9 ! great  
lapse ( pregeologic "t1 & are n[ p]haps 
= ev] lo/4  ,9 o!r words1 :5 rightly    
/udi$1 ! tea*+s ( palaeontology are at  
"o ) ^? ( physical geology4 ,our f>!/   
explorations c>ry u back b a little way 
above ! m\? ( ! great riv] ( ,life3 :]e 
x arose1 & by :at *annels ! noble tide  
has rea*$ ! po9t :5 x fir/ breaks ^u our
 view1 is hidd5 f u4   ,! =ego+ pages   
conta9 ! sub/ance ( a lecture deliv]$   
be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great      
,brita9 _m mon?s ago1 & ( c\rse long    
be=e ! appe>ance ( ! rem>kable "w on !  
8,orig9 ( ,species0 j publi%$ by ,mr4   
,d>w91 :o arrives at v simil>           
conclusions4 ,al?\gh1 9 "o s5se1 ,i     

might fairly say t my own views h be5   
arriv$ at indep5d5tly1 ,i d n "k t ,i c 
claim any equitable "r to prop]ty 9 !m2 
= x has long be5 my privilege to enjoy  
,mr4 ,d>w9's fri5d%ip1 & to pr(it by    
correspond+ ) him1 & by1 to "s ext5t1   
becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! work+s ( 8 s+ul>ly  
orig9al & well-/or$ m9d4 ,x 0 9         
consequ5ce ( my k ( ! g5]al t5or ( !    
rese>*es 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h be5 s long 
engag$2 because ,i _h ! mo/ complete    
confid5ce 9 8 p]sev]ance1 8 k1 &1 above 
all ?+s1 8 high-m9d$ love ( tru?2 &1    
moreov]1 because ,i f\nd t ! bett] ,i   
became acqua9t$ ) ! op9ions ( ! be/     
naturali/s reg>d+ ! vex$ "q ( species1 !
 less fix$ !y seem$ to be1 & ! m incl9$ 
!y 7 to ! hypo!sis ( gradual            
modification1 t ,i v5tur$ to speak z    
/rongly z ,i h done 9 ! f9al p>agraphs (
 my disc\rse4  ,?us1 my daw hav+ s _m   
borr[$ plumes1 ,i see no impropriety 9  
mak+ a tail to ?is brief pap] by tak+   
ano!r h&ful ( fea!rs f ,mr4 ,d>w92      
endeav\r+ to po9t out 9 a few words1 9  

fact1 :at1 z ,i ga!r f ! p]usal ( 8     
book1 8 doctr9es really are1 & on :at   
sort ( basis !y re/4 ,& ,i d ?is ! m    
will+ly1 z ,i obs]ve t already ! ha/i]  
sort ( critics h begun1 n to review my  
fri5d's book1 b to h[l ov] x 9 a mann]  
:i* mu/ t5d greatly to di/ract ! public 
m9d4  ,no "o w be bett] satisfi$ ?an ,i 
to see ,mr4 ,d>w9's book refut$1 if any 
p]son be compet5t to p]=m t feat2 b ,i  
w\ld sugge/ t refutation is ret>d$1 n   
aid$1 by m]e s>ca/ic misrepres5tation4  
,e "o :o has /udi$ cattle-bre$+1 or     
turn$ pigeon-fanci]1 or 8pomologi/10 mu/
 h be5 /ruck by ! extreme modifiability 
or pla/icity ( ^? k9ds ( animals &      
plants :i* h be5 subject$ to su*        
artificial conditions z are impos$ by   
dome/ication4 ,bre$s ( dogs are m       
diff]5t f "o ano!r ?an are ! dog & !    
wolf2 & ! purely artificial races (     
pigeons1 if _! orig9 7 unkn[n1 w\ld mo/ 
assur$ly be reckon$ by naturali/s z     
di/9ct species & ev5 g5]a4  ,^! bre$s   
are always produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,!     

bre$] selects a pair1 "o or o!r1 or bo?1
 ( :i* pres5t an indication ( !         
peculi>ity he wi%es to p]petuate1 & !n  
selects f ! (fspr+ ( !m ^? :i* are mo/  
*>act]i/ic1 reject+ ! o!rs4 ,f ! select$
 (fspr+ he bre$s aga91 &1 tak+ ! same   
precautions z be=e1 repeats ! process   
until he has obta9$ ! precise degree (  
div]g5ce f ! primitive type at :i* he   
aim$4  ,if he n[ bre$s f ! v>iety ?us   
e/abli%$ = "s g5]ations1 tak+ c>e always
 to keep ! /ock pure1 ! t5d5cy to       
produce ?is p>ticul> v>iety becomes m & 
m /rongly h]$it>y2 & x does n appe> t   
!re is any limit to ! p]si/5cy ( ! race 
?us develop$4  ,m5 l ,lam>ck1 appreh5d+ 
^! facts1 & kn[+ t v>ieties comp>able to
 ^? produc$ by ! bre$] are abundantly   
f\nd 9 nature1 & f9d+ x impossible to   
discrim9ate 9 "s cases betwe5 v>ieties &
 true species1 c\ld h>dly fail to div9e 
! possibility t species ev5 ! mo/ di/9ct
 71 aft] all1 only exce$+ly p]si/5t     
v>ieties1 & t !y _h aris5 by !          
modification ( "s common /ock1 j z x is 

) good reason believ$ t turnspits &     
greyh\nds1 c>ri] & tumbl] pigeons1 h    
aris54  ,b !re 0 a l9k want+ to complete
 ! p>allel4 ,:]e 9 nature 0 ! analogue (
 ! bre$] to be f\nd8 ,h[ c\ld t op]ation
 ( selection1 :i* is 8 ess5tial         
function1 be c>ri$ out by m]e natural   
ag5cies8 ,lam>ck did n value ?is        
problem2 nei!r did he admit 8 impot5ce  
to solve x2 b he guess$ a solution4 ,n[1
 guess+ 9 sci5ce is a v haz>d\s proce$+1
 & ,lam>ck's reputation has suff]$      
woefully = ! absurdities into :i* 8     
baseless suppositions l$ him4  ,lam>ck's
 conjectures1 equipp$ ) a new hat &     
/ick1 z ,sir ,walt] ,scott 0 wont to say
 ( an old /ory r5ovat$1 =m$ ! f\ndation 
( ! biological speculations ( !         
8,ve/iges10 a "w :i* has done m h>m to !
 progress ( s\nd ?\ght on ^! matt]s ?an 
any t c\ld be nam$2 &1 inde$1 ,i m5tion 
x "h simply = ! purpose ( d5y+ t x has  
any?+ 9 common ) :at ess5tially         
*>act]ises ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w4  ,! peculi> 
feature ( ! latt] is1 9 fact1 t x       

pr(esses to tell u :at 9 nature takes ! 
place ( ! bre$]2 :at x is t fav\rs !    
developm5t ( "o v>iety into :i* a       
species may run1 & *ecks t ( ano!r2 &1  
f9ally1 %[s h[ ?is natural selection1 z 
x is t]m$1 may be ! physical cause ( !  
production ( species by modification4   
,t :i* takes ! place ( ! bre$] &        
selector 9 nature is ,dea?4 ,9 a mo/    
rem>kable *apt]1 8,on ! ,/ruggle =      
,exi/5ce10 ,mr4 ,d>w9 draws att5tion to 
! m>vell\s de/ruction ( life :i* is     
con/antly go+ on 9 nature4 ,= e species 
( liv+ ?+1 z = man1 8,e9e ,bres*e i/ e9 
j$] ,tag40--,e species has its enemies2 
e species has to compete ) o!rs = !     
necess>ies ( exi/5ce2 ! weake/ goes to !
 wall1 & dea? is ! p5alty inflict$ on   
all lagg>ds & /raggl]s4 ,e v>iety to :i*
 a species may give rise is ei!r worse  
or bett] adapt$ to surr\nd+ circum/ances
 ?an its p>5t4 ,if worse1 x _c ma9ta9   
itself aga9/ dea?1 & spe$ily vani%es    
aga94 ,b if bett] adapt$1 x mu/1 soon]  
or lat]1 8improve0 its prog5itor f !    

face ( ! e>?1 & take its place4 ,if     
circum/ances *ange1 ! victor w be       
simil>ly supplant$ by its own prog5y2 & 
?us1 by ! op]ation ( natural causes1    
unlimit$ modification may 9 ! lapse (   
long ages occur4  ,= an explanation (   
:at ,i h "h call$ vaguely 8surr\nd+     
circum/ances10 & ( :y !y cont9ually     
*ange--= ample pro( t ! 8/ruggle =      
exi/5ce0 is a v great reality1 &        
assur$ly t5ds to ex]t ! influ5ce ascrib$
 to x--,i mu/ ref] to ,mr4 ,d>w9's book4
 ,i believe ,i h /at$ fairly ! position 
^u :i* 8 :ole !ory mu/ /& or fall2 & x  
is n my purpose to anticipate a full    
review ( 8 "w4 ,if x c be prov$ t !     
process ( natural selection1 op]at+ ^u  
any species1 c give rise to v>ieties (  
species s diff]5t f "o ano!r t none (   
our te/s w di/+ui% !m f true species1   
,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( ! orig9 (       
species w take its place among !        
e/abli%$ !ories ( sci5ce1 be its        
consequ5ces :atev] !y may4 ,if1 on ! o!r
 h&1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has err$1 ei!r 9 fact or

 9 reason+1 8 fell[-work]s w soon f9d   
out ! weak po9ts 9 8 doctr9es1 & _!     
ext9ction by "s ne>] approximation to ! 
tru? w exemplify 8 own pr9ciple (       
natural selection4  ,9 ei!r case ! "q is
 "o to be settl$ only by ! pa9/ak+1     
tru?-lov+ inve/igation ( skill$         
naturali/s4 ,x is ! duty ( ! g5]al      
public to await ! result 9 pati5ce2 &1  
above all ?+s1 to disc\rage1 z !y w\ld  
any o!r crimes1 ! attempt to enli/ !    
prejudices ( ! ignorant1 or !           
un*>itabl5ess ( ! bigot$1 on ei!r side (
 ! controv]sy4    99 8,macmillan's      
,magaz9e10 ,decemb] #ahei4